SentenceTransformer based on PaDaS-Lab/xlm-roberta-base-msmarco

This is a sentence-transformers model finetuned from PaDaS-Lab/xlm-roberta-base-msmarco. It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 768-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.

Model Details

Model Description

Model Type: Sentence Transformer
Base model: PaDaS-Lab/xlm-roberta-base-msmarco
Maximum Sequence Length: 512 tokens
Output Dimensionality: 768 dimensions
Similarity Function: Cosine Similarity

Model Sources

Documentation: Sentence Transformers Documentation
Repository: Sentence Transformers on GitHub
Hugging Face: Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face

Full Model Architecture

SentenceTransformer(
  (0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 512, 'do_lower_case': False, 'architecture': 'XLMRobertaModel'})
  (1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 768, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)

Usage

Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)

First install the Sentence Transformers library:

pip install -U sentence-transformers

Then you can load this model and run inference.

from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer

# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("sentence_transformers_model_id")
# Run inference
sentences = [
    'Quando rivolgersi all’ortopedico?',
    'È opportuno avvalersi di un consulto specialistico da parte di un medico ortopedico nel caso in cui il paziente abbia subito lesioni traumatiche come quelle sopra menzionate oppure manifesti sintomi quali dolore locale e difficoltà motorie e articolatorie a carico degli arti o delle strutture muscolari.',
    'In caso di epicondilite si raccomanda di rivolgersi ad uno specialista (ad esempio un ortopedico); il punto cardine del trattamento del gomito del tennista è in ogni caso la sospensione del movimento che causa dolore; impacchi di ghiaccio ed antinfiammatori possono ridurre il fastidio e il medico specialista può inoltre suggerire il ricorso a tutori specifici che allevino la tensione sul tendine. Anche un approccio fisioterapico può sicuramente aiutare, ma se queste terapie (od altre più avanzate come ) non dovessero funzionare è possibile valutare come ultima risorsa una gestione chirurgica (non prima di 6-12 mesi di trattamento tradizionale).',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 768]

# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities)
# tensor([[1.0000, 0.6583, 0.3812],
#         [0.6583, 1.0000, 0.5606],
#         [0.3812, 0.5606, 1.0000]])

Training Details

Training Dataset

Unnamed Dataset

Size: 1,275,279 training samples
Columns: sentence_0, sentence_1, sentence_2, sentence_3, sentence_4, and sentence_5

Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:

	sentence_0	sentence_1	sentence_2	sentence_3	sentence_4	sentence_5
type	string	string	string	string	string	string
details	min: 5 tokens mean: 15.57 tokens max: 117 tokens	min: 11 tokens mean: 72.16 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 11 tokens mean: 98.51 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 11 tokens mean: 104.17 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 12 tokens mean: 99.14 tokens max: 512 tokens	min: 10 tokens mean: 98.24 tokens max: 512 tokens

Samples:

sentence_0	sentence_1	sentence_2	sentence_3	sentence_4	sentence_5
`What kind of careers could I pursue?`	The sky is pretty much the limit! Earning a degree from AUM helps provide a strong foundation for a career in business, healthcare, science, fine arts, nursing and a lot more. Many of our 32,000 graduates are nurses, teachers, theatre professionals, historians, business executives, economists, IT managers, kinesiologists–in addition to many other job titles. If you’re already passionate about a specific career direction, great! We can help you determine the College and the major that will help you get there. However, if you do not know what career field is right for you, we can help with valuable resources like the Career Development Center. Our career development specialists will help you assess your natural skills and interests, explore your academic options, and assist you in developing an implementation plan. This way, on graduation day you’ll be ready to hit the job market and jumpstart your career!	There is a greater demand for CFP certificate holders in the BFSI domain and they would have an upper hand over others. A CFP professional could look at working with: Banks Wealth managements firms and distribution houses Mutual fund and insurance companies Boutique financial planning firms Financial planning software firms The certification would open up the doors of entrepreneurship. Aspiring individuals could look at starting on her own and pursue a career as a practicing financial planner.	`Primarily, Developmental Disability Nurses work in any role that brings them in contact with patients. This could be in a hospital, a clinic, in a group home, in the community, or in any other institutional environment. Some DD nurses also pursue careers in teaching, medical administration, and some policy work.`	`After graduating, you could have the opportunity to play volleyball professionally, either domestically or internationally. You could also pursue coaching or related athletic professions. Additionally, the degree you earn will open doors to careers in your chosen field of study.`	A bachelor’s degree in interior design opens many doors. It will open the doors to a wide variety of opportunities. In addition to working in the field of residential design, you can pursue a career in commercial interior design, facility management, set design, showroom design, and sales. No matter what your interests are, you’ll find a career that suits you and your interests. Here are some of the different kinds of jobs you can get with an interiors degree. In addition to being a talented designer, you’ll be in high demand. A large number of businesses and restaurants seek a fresh look that will attract new customers. Individuals hire interior designers to help them remodel or flip existing spaces, or to create their dream home. The field of interior design is very diverse, and you’ll need a thorough knowledge of color theory, textiles, and other design elements to be successful.
`¿Cuáles son las actividades que se realizan en una excursión?`	Puedes saber qué incluye una excursión haciendo clic en una actividad. Entonces verás una descripción completa de esta bajo el título ‘Experiencia’. En especial, encontrarás información sobre lo que está incluido y no incluido en el precio de la excursión. Por ejemplo, transporte, refrescos o guía. La duración de la actividad aparece en la sección ‘Sobre esta experiencia’. Para conocer las distintas horas de salida antes de reservar, tendrás que introducir la siguiente información: Número de participantes Fecha Idioma Tras la reserva, encontrarás la duración y la hora de salida en el bono de confirmación.	Excursiones y actividades cercanas: Punta Cana le ofrece innumerables planes para combinar el ambiente relajante de los hoteles todo incluido con unas vacaciones más activas que consisten en excursiones, actividades y entretenidas atracciones. Hay varios parques naturales para los amantes de la naturaleza como Los Haitises (cerca de Samaná), e islas semidesiertas como la Isla Saona y la Isla Catalina (cerca de La Romana). Además, si te apetece descubrir la mezcla de la cultura nativa, te encantarán los Altos de Chavón en La Romana y, por supuesto, la ciudad de Santo Domingo.	`Sí, ofrecemos una variedad de actividades extracurriculares y oportunidades de inmersión cultural diseñadas específicamente para personas mayores. Estas actividades pueden incluir excursiones a museos, eventos culturales, talleres o clases de tango, lo que brinda a los estudiantes la oportunidad de sumergirse en la cultura argentina mientras mejoran sus habilidades lingüísticas.`	`Las actividades que se realizan en Auckland son excursiones, visitar las playas, museos, actividad deportiva, pasear por los parques, entre otras, todas llenas de mucha diversión y facilitan la práctica del idioma inglés.`	Las excursiones incluye el transporte de ida y vuelta y la recogida en tu hotel de Mallorca. Dependiendo del proveedor algunas solo pasan por determinadas zonas de a isla a la hora de recoger a la personas. Te recomendamos que antes hacer la reserva te informes bien de esto. Además del transporte las excursiones incluyen también la entrada a las cuevas con paseo en baro por el Lago Martel y otras actividades por Mallorca como un tour por Porto Cristo, un tour a la fábrica de perlas Majorica o la entrada a las cuevas dels Hams.
`Why is chicken used for coward?`	`The belief is that hens were used in this way because they were characterized as timid while roosters were portrayed as brave. Powerful leaders and other important men were sometimes referred to as “cocks” (in a good way) in the mid-16th century and hens were compared to them as weak.`	`If someone calls you a chicken, they mean that you are a coward or afraid to do something.`	`Definitely! You can to use chicken thighs, chicken breasts as well ss chicken drumsticks here. Just keep a note that if you are using chicken breasts, do not use small cut pieces, keep large chunks and cook. You can opt to use boneless chicken in this recipe. However, chicken on bone gives the best flavor, so I would recommend that.`	`Sure, why not! It won't be the same, but it will be delicious. Shred up the cooked chicken and toss it with the marinade. Let it sit for 15 minutes before lightly sautéeing it just to warm through.`	`Chickens are not considered prey of rats so they are safe from predation. However, rats will be attracted to chicken feed. That is why it is so important to keep the area clean, not only of poop but excess food on the ground.`

Loss: CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss with these parameters:

{
    "scale": 20.0,
    "similarity_fct": "cos_sim",
    "mini_batch_size": 32,
    "gather_across_devices": false
}

Training Hyperparameters

Non-Default Hyperparameters

per_device_train_batch_size: 128
per_device_eval_batch_size: 128
num_train_epochs: 1
fp16: True
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin

All Hyperparameters

Click to expand

overwrite_output_dir: False
do_predict: False
eval_strategy: no
prediction_loss_only: True
per_device_train_batch_size: 128
per_device_eval_batch_size: 128
per_gpu_train_batch_size: None
per_gpu_eval_batch_size: None
gradient_accumulation_steps: 1
eval_accumulation_steps: None
torch_empty_cache_steps: None
learning_rate: 5e-05
weight_decay: 0.0
adam_beta1: 0.9
adam_beta2: 0.999
adam_epsilon: 1e-08
max_grad_norm: 1
num_train_epochs: 1
max_steps: -1
lr_scheduler_type: linear
lr_scheduler_kwargs: {}
warmup_ratio: 0.0
warmup_steps: 0
log_level: passive
log_level_replica: warning
log_on_each_node: True
logging_nan_inf_filter: True
save_safetensors: True
save_on_each_node: False
save_only_model: False
restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint: False
no_cuda: False
use_cpu: False
use_mps_device: False
seed: 42
data_seed: None
jit_mode_eval: False
bf16: False
fp16: True
fp16_opt_level: O1
half_precision_backend: auto
bf16_full_eval: False
fp16_full_eval: False
tf32: None
local_rank: 0
ddp_backend: None
tpu_num_cores: None
tpu_metrics_debug: False
debug: []
dataloader_drop_last: False
dataloader_num_workers: 0
dataloader_prefetch_factor: None
past_index: -1
disable_tqdm: False
remove_unused_columns: True
label_names: None
load_best_model_at_end: False
ignore_data_skip: False
fsdp: []
fsdp_min_num_params: 0
fsdp_config: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap: None
accelerator_config: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
parallelism_config: None
deepspeed: None
label_smoothing_factor: 0.0
optim: adamw_torch_fused
optim_args: None
adafactor: False
group_by_length: False
length_column_name: length
project: huggingface
trackio_space_id: trackio
ddp_find_unused_parameters: None
ddp_bucket_cap_mb: None
ddp_broadcast_buffers: False
dataloader_pin_memory: True
dataloader_persistent_workers: False
skip_memory_metrics: True
use_legacy_prediction_loop: False
push_to_hub: False
resume_from_checkpoint: None
hub_model_id: None
hub_strategy: every_save
hub_private_repo: None
hub_always_push: False
hub_revision: None
gradient_checkpointing: False
gradient_checkpointing_kwargs: None
include_inputs_for_metrics: False
include_for_metrics: []
eval_do_concat_batches: True
fp16_backend: auto
push_to_hub_model_id: None
push_to_hub_organization: None
mp_parameters:
auto_find_batch_size: False
full_determinism: False
torchdynamo: None
ray_scope: last
ddp_timeout: 1800
torch_compile: False
torch_compile_backend: None
torch_compile_mode: None
include_tokens_per_second: False
include_num_input_tokens_seen: no
neftune_noise_alpha: None
optim_target_modules: None
batch_eval_metrics: False
eval_on_start: False
use_liger_kernel: False
liger_kernel_config: None
eval_use_gather_object: False
average_tokens_across_devices: True
prompts: None
batch_sampler: batch_sampler
multi_dataset_batch_sampler: round_robin
router_mapping: {}
learning_rate_mapping: {}

Training Logs

Epoch	Step	Training Loss
0.0502	500	1.601
0.1004	1000	0.5685
0.1505	1500	0.5108
0.2007	2000	0.4857
0.2509	2500	0.4684
0.3011	3000	0.4544
0.3513	3500	0.4383
0.4014	4000	0.4292
0.4516	4500	0.4209
0.5018	5000	0.4125
0.5520	5500	0.4097
0.6022	6000	0.4045
0.6523	6500	0.4039
0.7025	7000	0.3965
0.7527	7500	0.3946
0.8029	8000	0.3912
0.8531	8500	0.3908
0.9033	9000	0.3872
0.9534	9500	0.3849

Framework Versions

Python: 3.10.4
Sentence Transformers: 5.2.0
Transformers: 4.57.3
PyTorch: 2.9.1+cu128
Accelerate: 1.12.0
Datasets: 2.21.0
Tokenizers: 0.22.1

Citation

BibTeX

Sentence Transformers

@inproceedings{reimers-2019-sentence-bert,
    title = "Sentence-BERT: Sentence Embeddings using Siamese BERT-Networks",
    author = "Reimers, Nils and Gurevych, Iryna",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing",
    month = "11",
    year = "2019",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://arxiv.org/abs/1908.10084",
}

CachedMultipleNegativesRankingLoss

@misc{gao2021scaling,
    title={Scaling Deep Contrastive Learning Batch Size under Memory Limited Setup},
    author={Luyu Gao and Yunyi Zhang and Jiawei Han and Jamie Callan},
    year={2021},
    eprint={2101.06983},
    archivePrefix={arXiv},
    primaryClass={cs.LG}
}