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---
license: apache-2.0
library_name: transformers
tags:
- causal-lm
- text-generation
- transformer
- decoder-only
- research
language:
- en
---
# Learned Input Table Model Classic
Research checkpoint for the paper:
**Language Models Without a Trainable Input Embedding Table: Learning from Fixed Minimal Binary Token Codes**
## Model variant
This repository contains the **learned input table baseline**.
The model is a 32-layer decoder-only Transformer with:
- vocabulary size: 65,536
- model width: 1024
- number of layers: 32
- number of attention heads: 32
- context length: 1024
- rotary positional embeddings
- GELU activations
- untied trainable output projection
This baseline uses a standard trainable input embedding table of size:
```text
65,536 x 1024 = 67,108,864 trainable input parameters
```
## Intended use
This checkpoint is provided for reproducibility of the paper's controlled comparison. It is intended for research use only.
## Loading example
```python
import torch
from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM
repo_id = "Bochkov/llm-fix-min-baseline-learned-input-table-model-classic"
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained(repo_id, trust_remote_code=True)
model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained(repo_id, trust_remote_code=True)
model.eval()
prompt = "Question: What is the capital of United Kingdom?\nAnswer:"
input_ids = torch.tensor([tokenizer.encode(prompt)], dtype=torch.long)
with torch.no_grad():
output_ids = model.generate(input_ids, max_new_tokens=3, do_sample=False)
print(tokenizer.decode(output_ids[0].tolist()))
```
## Limitations
This is a small research language model trained for architectural comparison. It is not instruction-tuned for safe deployment and should not be used as a production system.
## Training data
The model was trained on the same FineWeb-Edu + Cosmopedia mixture used for the matched comparisons in the paper. Dataset terms and licenses are those of the original datasets.
---
## 🧑‍🔬 Citation & Concept
If you use this model or the underlying concepts in your research, please cite our work:
```
@misc{bochkov2026languagemodelstrainableinput,
title={Language Models Without a Trainable Input Embedding Table: Learning from Fixed Minimal Binary Token Codes},
author={A. Bochkov},
year={2026},
eprint={2605.09751},
archivePrefix={arXiv},
primaryClass={cs.CL},
url={https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.09751},
}
```