Upload all models and assets for fr (latest)
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- .gitattributes +7 -0
- README.md +230 -0
- RESEARCH_REPORT.md +686 -0
- fr_morph_tokenizer.json +0 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fr_128d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fr_128d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fr_128d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fr_128d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fr_32d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fr_32d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fr_32d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fr_32d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fr_64d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fr_64d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fr_64d.projection.npy +3 -0
- models/embeddings/aligned/fr_64d_metadata.json +8 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fr_128d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fr_128d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fr_128d_metadata.json +16 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fr_32d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fr_32d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fr_32d_metadata.json +16 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fr_64d.bin +3 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fr_64d.meta.json +1 -0
- models/embeddings/monolingual/fr_64d_metadata.json +16 -0
- models/subword_markov/fr_markov_ctx1_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/fr_markov_ctx1_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/fr_markov_ctx2_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/fr_markov_ctx2_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/fr_markov_ctx3_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/fr_markov_ctx3_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_markov/fr_markov_ctx4_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_markov/fr_markov_ctx4_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/fr_2gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/fr_2gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/fr_3gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/fr_3gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/fr_4gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/fr_4gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/subword_ngram/fr_5gram_subword.parquet +3 -0
- models/subword_ngram/fr_5gram_subword_metadata.json +7 -0
- models/tokenizer/fr_tokenizer_16k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/fr_tokenizer_16k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/fr_tokenizer_32k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/fr_tokenizer_32k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/fr_tokenizer_64k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/fr_tokenizer_64k.vocab +0 -0
- models/tokenizer/fr_tokenizer_8k.model +3 -0
- models/tokenizer/fr_tokenizer_8k.vocab +0 -0
- models/vocabulary/fr_vocabulary.parquet +3 -0
.gitattributes
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*.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*.zst filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*.zip filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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*tfevents* filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/embedding_similarity.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/embedding_tsne_multilingual.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/performance_dashboard.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/position_encoding_comparison.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_sentences.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/tsne_words.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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visualizations/zipf_law.png filter=lfs diff=lfs merge=lfs -text
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README.md
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| 1 |
+
---
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| 2 |
+
language: fr
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+
language_name: French
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+
language_family: romance_galloitalic
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+
tags:
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- wikilangs
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- nlp
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- tokenizer
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- embeddings
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- n-gram
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- markov
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- wikipedia
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- feature-extraction
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- sentence-similarity
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- tokenization
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- n-grams
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- markov-chain
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- text-mining
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- fasttext
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- babelvec
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- vocabulous
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- vocabulary
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- monolingual
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- family-romance_galloitalic
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license: mit
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library_name: wikilangs
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pipeline_tag: text-generation
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datasets:
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- omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly
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dataset_info:
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name: wikipedia-monthly
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description: Monthly snapshots of Wikipedia articles across 300+ languages
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metrics:
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- name: best_compression_ratio
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type: compression
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value: 4.573
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- name: best_isotropy
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type: isotropy
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value: 0.7808
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- name: best_alignment_r10
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type: alignment
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value: 0.9680
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- name: vocabulary_size
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type: vocab
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value: 1519124
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generated: 2026-03-03
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---
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# French — Wikilangs Models
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| 50 |
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Open-source tokenizers, n-gram & Markov language models, vocabulary stats, and word embeddings trained on **French** Wikipedia by [Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org).
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🌐 [Language Page](https://wikilangs.org/languages/fr/) · 🎮 [Playground](https://wikilangs.org/playground/?lang=fr) · 📊 [Full Research Report](RESEARCH_REPORT.md)
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## Language Samples
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Example sentences drawn from the French Wikipedia corpus:
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> Le décane est un alcane linéaire de formule brute qui possède 136 isomères. Ces diverses molécules comportent toutes dix [en grec δέκα (déca)] atomes de carbone. Notes et références linéaire du décane
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| 60 |
+
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> Cette liste représente les plus importantes villes de l'Égypte antique ordonnées par nome et suivies des divinités qui y étaient adorées. Basse-Égypte
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| 62 |
+
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| 63 |
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> L'eicosane est un alcane linéaire de formule brute . Il possède isomères structuraux. Notes et références linéaire
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| 64 |
+
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| 65 |
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> Hapy se réfère à Hâpi : Génie à tête de singe de la mythologie égyptienne. Hâpy : Dieu du Nil dans la mythologie égyptienne.
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| 66 |
+
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| 67 |
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> L'heptane ou n-heptane est l'hydrocarbure saturé de la famille des alcanes linéaires de formule CH. Notes et références linéaire de l'heptane
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| 68 |
+
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| 69 |
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## Quick Start
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| 70 |
+
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| 71 |
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### Load the Tokenizer
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| 72 |
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| 73 |
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```python
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| 74 |
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import sentencepiece as spm
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| 75 |
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| 76 |
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sp = spm.SentencePieceProcessor()
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| 77 |
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sp.Load("fr_tokenizer_32k.model")
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| 78 |
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text = "Lapon peut désigner : les Samis ; les langues sames ; Lapon, une ville du Soudan"
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| 80 |
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tokens = sp.EncodeAsPieces(text)
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| 81 |
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ids = sp.EncodeAsIds(text)
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| 82 |
+
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| 83 |
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print(tokens) # subword pieces
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| 84 |
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print(ids) # integer ids
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| 85 |
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| 86 |
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# Decode back
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| 87 |
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print(sp.DecodeIds(ids))
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| 88 |
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```
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| 89 |
+
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<details>
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| 91 |
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<summary><b>Tokenization examples (click to expand)</b></summary>
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| 92 |
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| 93 |
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**Sample 1:** `Lapon peut désigner : les Samis ; les langues sames ; Lapon, une ville du Soudan…`
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| 94 |
+
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| 95 |
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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| 96 |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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| 97 |
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| 8k | `▁lap on ▁peut ▁désigner ▁: ▁les ▁sam is ▁; ▁les … (+27 more)` | 37 |
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| 98 |
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| 16k | `▁lap on ▁peut ▁désigner ▁: ▁les ▁sam is ▁; ▁les … (+27 more)` | 37 |
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| 99 |
+
| 32k | `▁lap on ▁peut ▁désigner ▁: ▁les ▁sam is ▁; ▁les … (+26 more)` | 36 |
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| 100 |
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| 64k | `▁lap on ▁peut ▁désigner ▁: ▁les ▁sam is ▁; ▁les … (+25 more)` | 35 |
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| 101 |
+
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| 102 |
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**Sample 2:** `Le pentadécane est un alcane linéaire de formule brute . Il possède 4 347 isomèr…`
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| 103 |
+
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| 104 |
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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| 105 |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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| 106 |
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| 8k | `▁le ▁pent ad éc ane ▁est ▁un ▁al c ane … (+27 more)` | 37 |
|
| 107 |
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| 16k | `▁le ▁pent ad éc ane ▁est ▁un ▁alc ane ▁linéaire … (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 108 |
+
| 32k | `▁le ▁pent ad éc ane ▁est ▁un ▁alc ane ▁linéaire … (+20 more)` | 30 |
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| 109 |
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| 64k | `▁le ▁pent ad éc ane ▁est ▁un ▁alcane ▁linéaire ▁de … (+18 more)` | 28 |
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| 110 |
+
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| 111 |
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**Sample 3:** `L'eicosane est un alcane linéaire de formule brute . Il possède isomères structu…`
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| 112 |
+
|
| 113 |
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| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
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| 114 |
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|-------|--------|-------|
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| 115 |
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| 8k | `▁l ' e ic os ane ▁est ▁un ▁al c … (+22 more)` | 32 |
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| 116 |
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| 16k | `▁l ' e icos ane ▁est ▁un ▁alc ane ▁linéaire … (+16 more)` | 26 |
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| 117 |
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| 32k | `▁l ' e icos ane ▁est ▁un ▁alc ane ▁linéaire … (+14 more)` | 24 |
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| 118 |
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| 64k | `▁l ' e icos ane ▁est ▁un ▁alcane ▁linéaire ▁de … (+12 more)` | 22 |
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| 119 |
+
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| 120 |
+
</details>
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| 121 |
+
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| 122 |
+
### Load Word Embeddings
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| 123 |
+
|
| 124 |
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```python
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| 125 |
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from gensim.models import KeyedVectors
|
| 126 |
+
|
| 127 |
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# Aligned embeddings (cross-lingual, mapped to English vector space)
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| 128 |
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wv = KeyedVectors.load("fr_embeddings_128d_aligned.kv")
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| 129 |
+
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| 130 |
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similar = wv.most_similar("word", topn=5)
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| 131 |
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for word, score in similar:
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| 132 |
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print(f" {word}: {score:.3f}")
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| 133 |
+
```
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| 134 |
+
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| 135 |
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### Load N-gram Model
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| 136 |
+
|
| 137 |
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```python
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| 138 |
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import pyarrow.parquet as pq
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| 139 |
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|
| 140 |
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df = pq.read_table("fr_3gram_word.parquet").to_pandas()
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| 141 |
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print(df.head())
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| 142 |
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```
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| 143 |
+
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| 144 |
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## Models Overview
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| 145 |
+
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| 146 |
+

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| 147 |
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| 148 |
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| Category | Assets |
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| 149 |
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|----------|--------|
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| 150 |
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| Tokenizers | BPE at 8k, 16k, 32k, 64k vocab sizes |
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| 151 |
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| N-gram models | 2 / 3 / 4 / 5-gram (word & subword) |
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| 152 |
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| Markov chains | Context 1–5 (word & subword) |
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| 153 |
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| Embeddings | 32d, 64d, 128d — mono & aligned |
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| 154 |
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| Vocabulary | Full frequency list + Zipf analysis |
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| 155 |
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| Statistics | Corpus & model statistics JSON |
|
| 156 |
+
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| 157 |
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## Metrics Summary
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| 158 |
+
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| 159 |
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| Component | Model | Key Metric | Value |
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| 160 |
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|-----------|-------|------------|-------|
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| 161 |
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| Tokenizer | 8k BPE | Compression | 3.72x |
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| 162 |
+
| Tokenizer | 16k BPE | Compression | 4.08x |
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| 163 |
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| Tokenizer | 32k BPE | Compression | 4.37x |
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| 164 |
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| Tokenizer | 64k BPE | Compression | 4.57x 🏆 |
|
| 165 |
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| N-gram | 2-gram (subword) | Perplexity | 251 🏆 |
|
| 166 |
+
| N-gram | 2-gram (word) | Perplexity | 197,170 |
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| 167 |
+
| N-gram | 3-gram (subword) | Perplexity | 1,988 |
|
| 168 |
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| N-gram | 3-gram (word) | Perplexity | 1,815,223 |
|
| 169 |
+
| N-gram | 4-gram (subword) | Perplexity | 11,120 |
|
| 170 |
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| N-gram | 4-gram (word) | Perplexity | 5,518,864 |
|
| 171 |
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| N-gram | 5-gram (subword) | Perplexity | 46,850 |
|
| 172 |
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| N-gram | 5-gram (word) | Perplexity | 4,103,331 |
|
| 173 |
+
| Markov | ctx-1 (subword) | Predictability | 0.0% |
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| 174 |
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| Markov | ctx-1 (word) | Predictability | 9.5% |
|
| 175 |
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| Markov | ctx-2 (subword) | Predictability | 39.6% |
|
| 176 |
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| Markov | ctx-2 (word) | Predictability | 53.5% |
|
| 177 |
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| Markov | ctx-3 (subword) | Predictability | 36.4% |
|
| 178 |
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| Markov | ctx-3 (word) | Predictability | 74.5% |
|
| 179 |
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| Markov | ctx-4 (subword) | Predictability | 34.0% |
|
| 180 |
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| Markov | ctx-4 (word) | Predictability | 87.3% 🏆 |
|
| 181 |
+
| Vocabulary | full | Size | 1,519,124 |
|
| 182 |
+
| Vocabulary | full | Zipf R² | 0.9927 |
|
| 183 |
+
| Embeddings | mono_32d | Isotropy | 0.7808 🏆 |
|
| 184 |
+
| Embeddings | mono_64d | Isotropy | 0.7574 |
|
| 185 |
+
| Embeddings | mono_128d | Isotropy | 0.6995 |
|
| 186 |
+
| Embeddings | aligned_32d | Isotropy | 0.7808 |
|
| 187 |
+
| Embeddings | aligned_64d | Isotropy | 0.7574 |
|
| 188 |
+
| Embeddings | aligned_128d | Isotropy | 0.6995 |
|
| 189 |
+
| Alignment | aligned_32d | R@1 / R@5 / R@10 | 48.2% / 74.8% / 82.4% |
|
| 190 |
+
| Alignment | aligned_64d | R@1 / R@5 / R@10 | 70.8% / 89.6% / 94.2% |
|
| 191 |
+
| Alignment | aligned_128d | R@1 / R@5 / R@10 | 81.2% / 93.4% / 96.8% 🏆 |
|
| 192 |
+
|
| 193 |
+
📊 **[Full ablation study, per-model breakdowns, and interpretation guide →](RESEARCH_REPORT.md)**
|
| 194 |
+
|
| 195 |
+
---
|
| 196 |
+
|
| 197 |
+
## About
|
| 198 |
+
|
| 199 |
+
Trained on [wikipedia-monthly](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly) — monthly snapshots of 300+ Wikipedia languages.
|
| 200 |
+
|
| 201 |
+
A project by **[Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org)** · Maintainer: [Omar Kamali](https://omarkamali.com) · [Omneity Labs](https://omneitylabs.com)
|
| 202 |
+
|
| 203 |
+
### Citation
|
| 204 |
+
|
| 205 |
+
```bibtex
|
| 206 |
+
@misc{wikilangs2025,
|
| 207 |
+
author = {Kamali, Omar},
|
| 208 |
+
title = {Wikilangs: Open NLP Models for Wikipedia Languages},
|
| 209 |
+
year = {2025},
|
| 210 |
+
doi = {10.5281/zenodo.18073153},
|
| 211 |
+
publisher = {Zenodo},
|
| 212 |
+
url = {https://huggingface.co/wikilangs},
|
| 213 |
+
institution = {Omneity Labs}
|
| 214 |
+
}
|
| 215 |
+
```
|
| 216 |
+
|
| 217 |
+
### Links
|
| 218 |
+
|
| 219 |
+
- 🌐 [wikilangs.org](https://wikilangs.org)
|
| 220 |
+
- 🌍 [Language page](https://wikilangs.org/languages/fr/)
|
| 221 |
+
- 🎮 [Playground](https://wikilangs.org/playground/?lang=fr)
|
| 222 |
+
- 🤗 [HuggingFace models](https://huggingface.co/wikilangs)
|
| 223 |
+
- 📊 [wikipedia-monthly dataset](https://huggingface.co/datasets/omarkamali/wikipedia-monthly)
|
| 224 |
+
- 👤 [Omar Kamali](https://huggingface.co/omarkamali)
|
| 225 |
+
- 🤝 Sponsor: [Featherless AI](https://featherless.ai)
|
| 226 |
+
|
| 227 |
+
**License:** MIT — free for academic and commercial use.
|
| 228 |
+
|
| 229 |
+
---
|
| 230 |
+
*Generated by Wikilangs Pipeline · 2026-03-03 05:41:40*
|
RESEARCH_REPORT.md
ADDED
|
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|
| 1 |
+
# French — Full Ablation Study & Research Report
|
| 2 |
+
|
| 3 |
+
Detailed evaluation of all model variants trained on **French** Wikipedia data by [Wikilangs](https://wikilangs.org).
|
| 4 |
+
|
| 5 |
+
👈 [Back to README](README.md)
|
| 6 |
+
|
| 7 |
+
## 📋 Repository Contents
|
| 8 |
+
|
| 9 |
+
### Models & Assets
|
| 10 |
+
|
| 11 |
+
- Tokenizers (8k, 16k, 32k, 64k)
|
| 12 |
+
- N-gram models (2, 3, 4, 5-gram)
|
| 13 |
+
- Markov chains (context of 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5)
|
| 14 |
+
- Subword N-gram and Markov chains
|
| 15 |
+
- Embeddings in various sizes and dimensions (aligned and unaligned)
|
| 16 |
+
- Language Vocabulary
|
| 17 |
+
- Language Statistics
|
| 18 |
+
|
| 19 |
+

|
| 20 |
+
|
| 21 |
+
### Analysis and Evaluation
|
| 22 |
+
|
| 23 |
+
- [1. Tokenizer Evaluation](#1-tokenizer-evaluation)
|
| 24 |
+
- [2. N-gram Model Evaluation](#2-n-gram-model-evaluation)
|
| 25 |
+
- [3. Markov Chain Evaluation](#3-markov-chain-evaluation)
|
| 26 |
+
- [4. Vocabulary Analysis](#4-vocabulary-analysis)
|
| 27 |
+
- [5. Word Embeddings Evaluation](#5-word-embeddings-evaluation)
|
| 28 |
+
- [6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)](#6--morphological-analysis-experimental)
|
| 29 |
+
- [7. Summary & Recommendations](#7-summary--recommendations)
|
| 30 |
+
- [Metrics Glossary](#appendix-metrics-glossary--interpretation-guide)
|
| 31 |
+
- [Visualizations Index](#visualizations-index)
|
| 32 |
+
|
| 33 |
+
---
|
| 34 |
+
## 1. Tokenizer Evaluation
|
| 35 |
+
|
| 36 |
+

|
| 37 |
+
|
| 38 |
+

|
| 39 |
+
|
| 40 |
+

|
| 41 |
+
|
| 42 |
+

|
| 43 |
+
|
| 44 |
+
### Results
|
| 45 |
+
|
| 46 |
+
| Vocab Size | Compression | Avg Token Len | UNK Rate | Total Tokens |
|
| 47 |
+
|------------|-------------|---------------|----------|--------------|
|
| 48 |
+
| **8k** | 3.723x | 3.72 | 0.0810% | 7,061,086 |
|
| 49 |
+
| **16k** | 4.078x | 4.08 | 0.0887% | 6,446,468 |
|
| 50 |
+
| **32k** | 4.368x | 4.37 | 0.0950% | 6,018,653 |
|
| 51 |
+
| **64k** | 4.573x 🏆 | 4.57 | 0.0994% | 5,748,614 |
|
| 52 |
+
|
| 53 |
+
### Tokenization Examples
|
| 54 |
+
|
| 55 |
+
Below are sample sentences tokenized with each vocabulary size:
|
| 56 |
+
|
| 57 |
+
**Sample 1:** `Lapon peut désigner : les Samis ; les langues sames ; Lapon, une ville du Soudan...`
|
| 58 |
+
|
| 59 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 60 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 61 |
+
| 8k | `▁lap on ▁peut ▁désigner ▁: ▁les ▁sam is ▁; ▁les ... (+27 more)` | 37 |
|
| 62 |
+
| 16k | `▁lap on ▁peut ▁désigner ▁: ▁les ▁sam is ▁; ▁les ... (+27 more)` | 37 |
|
| 63 |
+
| 32k | `▁lap on ▁peut ▁désigner ▁: ▁les ▁sam is ▁; ▁les ... (+26 more)` | 36 |
|
| 64 |
+
| 64k | `▁lap on ▁peut ▁désigner ▁: ▁les ▁sam is ▁; ▁les ... (+25 more)` | 35 |
|
| 65 |
+
|
| 66 |
+
**Sample 2:** `Le pentadécane est un alcane linéaire de formule brute . Il possède 4 347 isomèr...`
|
| 67 |
+
|
| 68 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 69 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 70 |
+
| 8k | `▁le ▁pent ad éc ane ▁est ▁un ▁al c ane ... (+27 more)` | 37 |
|
| 71 |
+
| 16k | `▁le ▁pent ad éc ane ▁est ▁un ▁alc ane ▁linéaire ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 72 |
+
| 32k | `▁le ▁pent ad éc ane ▁est ▁un ▁alc ane ▁linéaire ... (+20 more)` | 30 |
|
| 73 |
+
| 64k | `▁le ▁pent ad éc ane ▁est ▁un ▁alcane ▁linéaire ▁de ... (+18 more)` | 28 |
|
| 74 |
+
|
| 75 |
+
**Sample 3:** `L'eicosane est un alcane linéaire de formule brute . Il possède isomères structu...`
|
| 76 |
+
|
| 77 |
+
| Vocab | Tokens | Count |
|
| 78 |
+
|-------|--------|-------|
|
| 79 |
+
| 8k | `▁l ' e ic os ane ▁est ▁un ▁al c ... (+22 more)` | 32 |
|
| 80 |
+
| 16k | `▁l ' e icos ane ▁est ▁un ▁alc ane ▁linéaire ... (+16 more)` | 26 |
|
| 81 |
+
| 32k | `▁l ' e icos ane ▁est ▁un ▁alc ane ▁linéaire ... (+14 more)` | 24 |
|
| 82 |
+
| 64k | `▁l ' e icos ane ▁est ▁un ▁alcane ▁linéaire ▁de ... (+12 more)` | 22 |
|
| 83 |
+
|
| 84 |
+
|
| 85 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 86 |
+
|
| 87 |
+
- **Best Compression:** 64k achieves 4.573x compression
|
| 88 |
+
- **Lowest UNK Rate:** 8k with 0.0810% unknown tokens
|
| 89 |
+
- **Trade-off:** Larger vocabularies improve compression but increase model size
|
| 90 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 32k vocabulary provides optimal balance for production use
|
| 91 |
+
|
| 92 |
+
---
|
| 93 |
+
## 2. N-gram Model Evaluation
|
| 94 |
+
|
| 95 |
+

|
| 96 |
+
|
| 97 |
+

|
| 98 |
+
|
| 99 |
+

|
| 100 |
+
|
| 101 |
+
### Results
|
| 102 |
+
|
| 103 |
+
| N-gram | Variant | Perplexity | Entropy | Unique N-grams | Top-100 Coverage | Top-1000 Coverage |
|
| 104 |
+
|--------|---------|------------|---------|----------------|------------------|-------------------|
|
| 105 |
+
| **2-gram** | Word | 197,170 | 17.59 | 5,674,755 | 9.3% | 21.3% |
|
| 106 |
+
| **2-gram** | Subword | 251 🏆 | 7.97 | 40,333 | 68.1% | 99.4% |
|
| 107 |
+
| **3-gram** | Word | 1,815,223 | 20.79 | 18,029,220 | 2.4% | 9.5% |
|
| 108 |
+
| **3-gram** | Subword | 1,988 | 10.96 | 269,239 | 30.3% | 73.7% |
|
| 109 |
+
| **4-gram** | Word | 5,518,864 | 22.40 | 36,868,834 | 1.8% | 8.6% |
|
| 110 |
+
| **4-gram** | Subword | 11,120 | 13.44 | 1,563,238 | 15.8% | 42.2% |
|
| 111 |
+
| **5-gram** | Word | 4,103,331 | 21.97 | 28,227,926 | 2.4% | 11.6% |
|
| 112 |
+
| **5-gram** | Subword | 46,850 | 15.52 | 5,742,636 | 8.7% | 25.7% |
|
| 113 |
+
|
| 114 |
+
### Top 5 N-grams by Size
|
| 115 |
+
|
| 116 |
+
**2-grams (Word):**
|
| 117 |
+
|
| 118 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 119 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 120 |
+
| 1 | `de la` | 5,296,650 |
|
| 121 |
+
| 2 | `de l` | 3,236,403 |
|
| 122 |
+
| 3 | `à la` | 1,514,334 |
|
| 123 |
+
| 4 | `à l` | 1,261,623 |
|
| 124 |
+
| 5 | `dans le` | 992,683 |
|
| 125 |
+
|
| 126 |
+
**3-grams (Word):**
|
| 127 |
+
|
| 128 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 129 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 130 |
+
| 1 | `de la commune` | 330,769 |
|
| 131 |
+
| 2 | `notes et références` | 310,459 |
|
| 132 |
+
| 3 | `occupation des sols` | 189,915 |
|
| 133 |
+
| 4 | `et de la` | 154,877 |
|
| 134 |
+
| 5 | `le nom de` | 144,766 |
|
| 135 |
+
|
| 136 |
+
**4-grams (Word):**
|
| 137 |
+
|
| 138 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 139 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 140 |
+
| 1 | `l occupation des sols` | 124,755 |
|
| 141 |
+
| 2 | `occupation des sols de` | 93,658 |
|
| 142 |
+
| 3 | `des sols de la` | 93,553 |
|
| 143 |
+
| 4 | `sols de la commune` | 93,442 |
|
| 144 |
+
| 5 | `notes et références voir` | 79,475 |
|
| 145 |
+
|
| 146 |
+
**5-grams (Word):**
|
| 147 |
+
|
| 148 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 149 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 150 |
+
| 1 | `occupation des sols de la` | 93,478 |
|
| 151 |
+
| 2 | `des sols de la commune` | 93,402 |
|
| 152 |
+
| 3 | `l occupation des sols de` | 93,364 |
|
| 153 |
+
| 4 | `notes et références voir aussi` | 79,373 |
|
| 154 |
+
| 5 | `notes et références liens externes` | 68,549 |
|
| 155 |
+
|
| 156 |
+
**2-grams (Subword):**
|
| 157 |
+
|
| 158 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 159 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 160 |
+
| 1 | `e _` | 125,785,698 |
|
| 161 |
+
| 2 | `s _` | 74,291,364 |
|
| 162 |
+
| 3 | `_ d` | 73,439,085 |
|
| 163 |
+
| 4 | `_ l` | 55,706,551 |
|
| 164 |
+
| 5 | `e s` | 54,301,349 |
|
| 165 |
+
|
| 166 |
+
**3-grams (Subword):**
|
| 167 |
+
|
| 168 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 169 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 170 |
+
| 1 | `_ d e` | 41,554,921 |
|
| 171 |
+
| 2 | `e s _` | 37,119,081 |
|
| 172 |
+
| 3 | `d e _` | 32,944,492 |
|
| 173 |
+
| 4 | `e _ d` | 22,149,546 |
|
| 174 |
+
| 5 | `l e _` | 20,731,208 |
|
| 175 |
+
|
| 176 |
+
**4-grams (Subword):**
|
| 177 |
+
|
| 178 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 179 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 180 |
+
| 1 | `_ d e _` | 30,047,475 |
|
| 181 |
+
| 2 | `_ l a _` | 16,205,522 |
|
| 182 |
+
| 3 | `e _ d e` | 12,867,124 |
|
| 183 |
+
| 4 | `_ l e _` | 11,621,670 |
|
| 184 |
+
| 5 | `_ e t _` | 11,489,728 |
|
| 185 |
+
|
| 186 |
+
**5-grams (Subword):**
|
| 187 |
+
|
| 188 |
+
| Rank | N-gram | Count |
|
| 189 |
+
|------|--------|-------|
|
| 190 |
+
| 1 | `_ d e _ l` | 9,678,287 |
|
| 191 |
+
| 2 | `e _ d e _` | 9,546,481 |
|
| 192 |
+
| 3 | `_ d e s _` | 7,709,198 |
|
| 193 |
+
| 4 | `_ l e s _` | 7,167,363 |
|
| 194 |
+
| 5 | `e _ l a _` | 6,536,044 |
|
| 195 |
+
|
| 196 |
+
|
| 197 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 198 |
+
|
| 199 |
+
- **Best Perplexity:** 2-gram (subword) with 251
|
| 200 |
+
- **Entropy Trend:** Decreases with larger n-grams (more predictable)
|
| 201 |
+
- **Coverage:** Top-1000 patterns cover ~26% of corpus
|
| 202 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 4-gram or 5-gram for best predictive performance
|
| 203 |
+
|
| 204 |
+
---
|
| 205 |
+
## 3. Markov Chain Evaluation
|
| 206 |
+
|
| 207 |
+

|
| 208 |
+
|
| 209 |
+

|
| 210 |
+
|
| 211 |
+

|
| 212 |
+
|
| 213 |
+
### Results
|
| 214 |
+
|
| 215 |
+
| Context | Variant | Avg Entropy | Perplexity | Branching Factor | Unique Contexts | Predictability |
|
| 216 |
+
|---------|---------|-------------|------------|------------------|-----------------|----------------|
|
| 217 |
+
| **1** | Word | 0.9052 | 1.873 | 14.72 | 3,729,596 | 9.5% |
|
| 218 |
+
| **1** | Subword | 1.2049 | 2.305 | 9.45 | 20,472 | 0.0% |
|
| 219 |
+
| **2** | Word | 0.4648 | 1.380 | 3.15 | 54,852,526 | 53.5% |
|
| 220 |
+
| **2** | Subword | 0.6045 | 1.520 | 3.87 | 193,340 | 39.6% |
|
| 221 |
+
| **3** | Word | 0.2551 | 1.193 | 1.71 | 172,431,097 | 74.5% |
|
| 222 |
+
| **3** | Subword | 0.6357 | 1.554 | 3.88 | 747,541 | 36.4% |
|
| 223 |
+
| **4** | Word | 0.1275 🏆 | 1.092 | 1.26 | 294,675,620 | 87.3% |
|
| 224 |
+
| **4** | Subword | 0.6602 | 1.580 | 3.61 | 2,901,861 | 34.0% |
|
| 225 |
+
|
| 226 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Word-based)
|
| 227 |
+
|
| 228 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each word-based Markov chain model:
|
| 229 |
+
|
| 230 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 231 |
+
|
| 232 |
+
1. `de titan éditions plon 424 p haffner inventaire de paris occupation des modèles différents les début...`
|
| 233 |
+
2. `la haine féroce le bon pasteur afro américaine par la saison régulière se basent sur le`
|
| 234 |
+
3. `le sprinteur britannique de l insigne homologué au rat dû à l ambitieux antipater d apel`
|
| 235 |
+
|
| 236 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 237 |
+
|
| 238 |
+
1. `de la légion d honneur fleurs chapelle de la mer alt gauche vignette cimetière protestant de maulbro...`
|
| 239 |
+
2. `de l œuvre est un dessinateur et peintre ses tableaux de derain h 10 min 50 s`
|
| 240 |
+
3. `à la fin du la classe 1 avec un chevalet en butée dans ces moments là le`
|
| 241 |
+
|
| 242 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 243 |
+
|
| 244 |
+
1. `de la commune est de 325 soit un indicateur de concentration d emploi de 85 2 la répartition`
|
| 245 |
+
2. `notes et références liens externes sud coréen sorti en d aventure américain d aventure américain met...`
|
| 246 |
+
3. `occupation des sols center carte des infrastructures et de l électromagnétisme universel de vitalité...`
|
| 247 |
+
|
| 248 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 249 |
+
|
| 250 |
+
1. `l occupation des sols carte des infrastructures et de l occupation des sols de la commune telle qu e...`
|
| 251 |
+
2. `occupation des sols de la commune telle qu elle ressort de la base de données européenne d occupatio...`
|
| 252 |
+
3. `des sols de la commune en clc risques majeurs le territoire de la commune durant quinze ans christop...`
|
| 253 |
+
|
| 254 |
+
|
| 255 |
+
### Generated Text Samples (Subword-based)
|
| 256 |
+
|
| 257 |
+
Below are text samples generated from each subword-based Markov chain model:
|
| 258 |
+
|
| 259 |
+
**Context Size 1:**
|
| 260 |
+
|
| 261 |
+
1. `_partene_doy_e_s`
|
| 262 |
+
2. `e_larit_dus_iome`
|
| 263 |
+
3. `avide_cèsouéoù_c`
|
| 264 |
+
|
| 265 |
+
**Context Size 2:**
|
| 266 |
+
|
| 267 |
+
1. `e_jam_à_les_du_de`
|
| 268 |
+
2. `s_thé_ilite_la_wa`
|
| 269 |
+
3. `_de_sa_comist_est`
|
| 270 |
+
|
| 271 |
+
**Context Size 3:**
|
| 272 |
+
|
| 273 |
+
1. `_de_prementrest_un`
|
| 274 |
+
2. `es_non_de_balling_`
|
| 275 |
+
3. `de_canadieurs_la_p`
|
| 276 |
+
|
| 277 |
+
**Context Size 4:**
|
| 278 |
+
|
| 279 |
+
1. `_de_saxe,_le_cumulu`
|
| 280 |
+
2. `_la_capitalie._8_si`
|
| 281 |
+
3. `e_de_de_fumer_l'éco`
|
| 282 |
+
|
| 283 |
+
|
| 284 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 285 |
+
|
| 286 |
+
- **Best Predictability:** Context-4 (word) with 87.3% predictability
|
| 287 |
+
- **Branching Factor:** Decreases with context size (more deterministic)
|
| 288 |
+
- **Memory Trade-off:** Larger contexts require more storage (2,901,861 contexts)
|
| 289 |
+
- **Recommendation:** Context-3 or Context-4 for text generation
|
| 290 |
+
|
| 291 |
+
---
|
| 292 |
+
## 4. Vocabulary Analysis
|
| 293 |
+
|
| 294 |
+

|
| 295 |
+
|
| 296 |
+

|
| 297 |
+
|
| 298 |
+

|
| 299 |
+
|
| 300 |
+
### Statistics
|
| 301 |
+
|
| 302 |
+
| Metric | Value |
|
| 303 |
+
|--------|-------|
|
| 304 |
+
| Vocabulary Size | 1,519,124 |
|
| 305 |
+
| Total Tokens | 496,742,137 |
|
| 306 |
+
| Mean Frequency | 326.99 |
|
| 307 |
+
| Median Frequency | 4 |
|
| 308 |
+
| Frequency Std Dev | 37954.61 |
|
| 309 |
+
|
| 310 |
+
### Most Common Words
|
| 311 |
+
|
| 312 |
+
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 313 |
+
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 314 |
+
| 1 | de | 30,301,637 |
|
| 315 |
+
| 2 | la | 16,417,649 |
|
| 316 |
+
| 3 | le | 11,875,190 |
|
| 317 |
+
| 4 | et | 11,702,997 |
|
| 318 |
+
| 5 | l | 10,150,468 |
|
| 319 |
+
| 6 | en | 9,437,564 |
|
| 320 |
+
| 7 | à | 9,348,887 |
|
| 321 |
+
| 8 | des | 7,741,717 |
|
| 322 |
+
| 9 | d | 7,508,960 |
|
| 323 |
+
| 10 | les | 7,283,372 |
|
| 324 |
+
|
| 325 |
+
### Least Common Words (from vocabulary)
|
| 326 |
+
|
| 327 |
+
| Rank | Word | Frequency |
|
| 328 |
+
|------|------|-----------|
|
| 329 |
+
| 1 | caracallæ | 2 |
|
| 330 |
+
| 2 | santapaulina | 2 |
|
| 331 |
+
| 3 | publinf | 2 |
|
| 332 |
+
| 4 | vijñānabhairava | 2 |
|
| 333 |
+
| 5 | benbor | 2 |
|
| 334 |
+
| 6 | kunpan | 2 |
|
| 335 |
+
| 7 | moderndrawings | 2 |
|
| 336 |
+
| 8 | jexiste | 2 |
|
| 337 |
+
| 9 | ⴰⵣⵎⵎⵓⵔ | 2 |
|
| 338 |
+
| 10 | pseudocarcinus | 2 |
|
| 339 |
+
|
| 340 |
+
### Zipf's Law Analysis
|
| 341 |
+
|
| 342 |
+
| Metric | Value |
|
| 343 |
+
|--------|-------|
|
| 344 |
+
| Zipf Coefficient | 1.0347 |
|
| 345 |
+
| R² (Goodness of Fit) | 0.992664 |
|
| 346 |
+
| Adherence Quality | **excellent** |
|
| 347 |
+
|
| 348 |
+
### Coverage Analysis
|
| 349 |
+
|
| 350 |
+
| Top N Words | Coverage |
|
| 351 |
+
|-------------|----------|
|
| 352 |
+
| Top 100 | 44.8% |
|
| 353 |
+
| Top 1,000 | 63.9% |
|
| 354 |
+
| Top 5,000 | 79.7% |
|
| 355 |
+
| Top 10,000 | 85.5% |
|
| 356 |
+
|
| 357 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 358 |
+
|
| 359 |
+
- **Zipf Compliance:** R²=0.9927 indicates excellent adherence to Zipf's law
|
| 360 |
+
- **High Frequency Dominance:** Top 100 words cover 44.8% of corpus
|
| 361 |
+
- **Long Tail:** 1,509,124 words needed for remaining 14.5% coverage
|
| 362 |
+
|
| 363 |
+
---
|
| 364 |
+
## 5. Word Embeddings Evaluation
|
| 365 |
+
|
| 366 |
+

|
| 367 |
+
|
| 368 |
+

|
| 369 |
+
|
| 370 |
+

|
| 371 |
+
|
| 372 |
+

|
| 373 |
+
|
| 374 |
+
|
| 375 |
+
### 5.1 Cross-Lingual Alignment
|
| 376 |
+
|
| 377 |
+

|
| 378 |
+
|
| 379 |
+

|
| 380 |
+
|
| 381 |
+
|
| 382 |
+
### 5.2 Model Comparison
|
| 383 |
+
|
| 384 |
+
| Model | Dimension | Isotropy | Semantic Density | Alignment R@1 | Alignment R@10 |
|
| 385 |
+
|-------|-----------|----------|------------------|---------------|----------------|
|
| 386 |
+
| **mono_32d** | 32 | 0.7808 🏆 | 0.3764 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 387 |
+
| **mono_64d** | 64 | 0.7574 | 0.3033 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 388 |
+
| **mono_128d** | 128 | 0.6995 | 0.2569 | N/A | N/A |
|
| 389 |
+
| **aligned_32d** | 32 | 0.7808 | 0.3878 | 0.4820 | 0.8240 |
|
| 390 |
+
| **aligned_64d** | 64 | 0.7574 | 0.3079 | 0.7080 | 0.9420 |
|
| 391 |
+
| **aligned_128d** | 128 | 0.6995 | 0.2657 | 0.8120 | 0.9680 |
|
| 392 |
+
|
| 393 |
+
### Key Findings
|
| 394 |
+
|
| 395 |
+
- **Best Isotropy:** mono_32d with 0.7808 (more uniform distribution)
|
| 396 |
+
- **Semantic Density:** Average pairwise similarity of 0.3163. Lower values indicate better semantic separation.
|
| 397 |
+
- **Alignment Quality:** Aligned models achieve up to 81.2% R@1 in cross-lingual retrieval.
|
| 398 |
+
- **Recommendation:** 128d aligned for best cross-lingual performance
|
| 399 |
+
|
| 400 |
+
---
|
| 401 |
+
## 6. Morphological Analysis (Experimental)
|
| 402 |
+
|
| 403 |
+
This section presents an automated morphological analysis derived from the statistical divergence between word-level and subword-level models. By analyzing where subword predictability spikes and where word-level coverage fails, we can infer linguistic structures without supervised data.
|
| 404 |
+
|
| 405 |
+
### 6.1 Productivity & Complexity
|
| 406 |
+
|
| 407 |
+
| Metric | Value | Interpretation | Recommendation |
|
| 408 |
+
|--------|-------|----------------|----------------|
|
| 409 |
+
| Productivity Index | **5.000** | High morphological productivity | Reliable analysis |
|
| 410 |
+
| Idiomaticity Gap | **-0.550** | Low formulaic content | - |
|
| 411 |
+
|
| 412 |
+
### 6.2 Affix Inventory (Productive Units)
|
| 413 |
+
|
| 414 |
+
These are the most productive prefixes and suffixes identified by sampling the vocabulary for global substitutability patterns. A unit is considered an affix if stripping it leaves a valid stem that appears in other contexts.
|
| 415 |
+
|
| 416 |
+
#### Productive Prefixes
|
| 417 |
+
| Prefix | Examples |
|
| 418 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 419 |
+
| `-a` | altschloss, aën, alfège |
|
| 420 |
+
| `-s` | similairesselon, shochugeiko, sodapop |
|
| 421 |
+
| `-c` | cugn, crocefisso, colomer |
|
| 422 |
+
| `-m` | maracanaú, mandriole, morzine |
|
| 423 |
+
| `-ma` | maracanaú, mandriole, mastaï |
|
| 424 |
+
| `-d` | drăculeștibasarab, déchirent, durégnatons |
|
| 425 |
+
| `-p` | pame, pichery, pleased |
|
| 426 |
+
| `-b` | bingoto, blennies, brusuglio |
|
| 427 |
+
|
| 428 |
+
#### Productive Suffixes
|
| 429 |
+
| Suffix | Examples |
|
| 430 |
+
|--------|----------|
|
| 431 |
+
| `-e` | pame, mandriole, morzine |
|
| 432 |
+
| `-s` | altschloss, blennies, durégnatons |
|
| 433 |
+
| `-es` | blennies, moyensles, fraternelles |
|
| 434 |
+
| `-n` | cugn, similairesselon, fransson |
|
| 435 |
+
| `-a` | occasionna, exea, paçoca |
|
| 436 |
+
| `-t` | déchirent, lovefist, crabbet |
|
| 437 |
+
| `-r` | colomer, elvir, eckersbacher |
|
| 438 |
+
| `-i` | wubi, idiomorphini, oroi |
|
| 439 |
+
|
| 440 |
+
### 6.3 Bound Stems (Lexical Roots)
|
| 441 |
+
|
| 442 |
+
Bound stems are high-frequency subword units that are semantically cohesive but rarely appear as standalone words. These often correspond to the 'core' of a word that requires inflection or derivation to be valid.
|
| 443 |
+
|
| 444 |
+
| Stem | Cohesion | Substitutability | Examples |
|
| 445 |
+
|------|----------|------------------|----------|
|
| 446 |
+
| `ient` | 2.44x | 382 contexts | nient, fient, rient |
|
| 447 |
+
| `aphi` | 2.02x | 140 contexts | aphis, aphia, aphid |
|
| 448 |
+
| `ienn` | 1.59x | 391 contexts | ienne, vienn, fienne |
|
| 449 |
+
| `ogra` | 1.62x | 276 contexts | logra, bogra, fogra |
|
| 450 |
+
| `éren` | 1.81x | 150 contexts | héren, kéren, érenn |
|
| 451 |
+
| `ontr` | 1.59x | 266 contexts | montr, ontra, kontr |
|
| 452 |
+
| `tiqu` | 1.49x | 318 contexts | tiqui, tique, tiqué |
|
| 453 |
+
| `aiso` | 1.66x | 172 contexts | baiso, gaiso, daiso |
|
| 454 |
+
| `utre` | 1.56x | 215 contexts | butre, outre, autre |
|
| 455 |
+
| `niqu` | 1.42x | 248 contexts | nique, niqué, niqua |
|
| 456 |
+
| `rtic` | 1.44x | 179 contexts | artic, hrtica, artici |
|
| 457 |
+
| `onal` | 1.50x | 136 contexts | conal, monal, sonal |
|
| 458 |
+
|
| 459 |
+
### 6.4 Affix Compatibility (Co-occurrence)
|
| 460 |
+
|
| 461 |
+
This table shows which prefixes and suffixes most frequently co-occur on the same stems, revealing the 'stacking' rules of the language's morphology.
|
| 462 |
+
|
| 463 |
+
| Prefix | Suffix | Frequency | Examples |
|
| 464 |
+
|--------|--------|-----------|----------|
|
| 465 |
+
| `-c` | `-s` | 143 words | couleuses, cammaerts |
|
| 466 |
+
| `-m` | `-s` | 137 words | morians, merckens |
|
| 467 |
+
| `-c` | `-e` | 121 words | clémentine, classessite |
|
| 468 |
+
| `-p` | `-s` | 115 words | pétards, psylles |
|
| 469 |
+
| `-a` | `-s` | 114 words | alvaros, aldrinus |
|
| 470 |
+
| `-s` | `-s` | 107 words | sportpaleis, shaggys |
|
| 471 |
+
| `-p` | `-e` | 105 words | pédagogique, poursuiveuse |
|
| 472 |
+
| `-m` | `-e` | 102 words | maastrichtle, martinofiministre |
|
| 473 |
+
| `-a` | `-e` | 95 words | alboize, autoparodie |
|
| 474 |
+
| `-s` | `-e` | 92 words | salicyline, studiesthe |
|
| 475 |
+
|
| 476 |
+
### 6.5 Recursive Morpheme Segmentation
|
| 477 |
+
|
| 478 |
+
Using **Recursive Hierarchical Substitutability**, we decompose complex words into their constituent morphemes. This approach handles nested affixes (e.g., `prefix-prefix-root-suffix`).
|
| 479 |
+
|
| 480 |
+
| Word | Suggested Split | Confidence | Stem |
|
| 481 |
+
|------|-----------------|------------|------|
|
| 482 |
+
| sarrabeyrouse | **`sarrabeyrou-s-e`** | 7.5 | `s` |
|
| 483 |
+
| grippement | **`grippem-e-nt`** | 7.5 | `e` |
|
| 484 |
+
| égalementsite | **`égalements-i-te`** | 7.5 | `i` |
|
| 485 |
+
| rediviser | **`redivi-s-er`** | 7.5 | `s` |
|
| 486 |
+
| ambrosini | **`ambrosi-n-i`** | 7.5 | `n` |
|
| 487 |
+
| rencontrerai | **`rencontrer-a-i`** | 7.5 | `a` |
|
| 488 |
+
| détroitsaison | **`détroitsai-s-on`** | 7.5 | `s` |
|
| 489 |
+
| monpalais | **`monpal-a-is`** | 7.5 | `a` |
|
| 490 |
+
| vieumaison | **`vieumai-s-on`** | 7.5 | `s` |
|
| 491 |
+
| caractéristise | **`caractéristi-s-e`** | 7.5 | `s` |
|
| 492 |
+
| circonvient | **`circonvi-e-nt`** | 7.5 | `e` |
|
| 493 |
+
| tilehurst | **`tilehur-s-t`** | 7.5 | `s` |
|
| 494 |
+
| chongsheng | **`chongsh-e-ng`** | 7.5 | `e` |
|
| 495 |
+
| bloemfontein | **`bloemfont-e-in`** | 7.5 | `e` |
|
| 496 |
+
| voorspoel | **`voorspo-e-l`** | 7.5 | `e` |
|
| 497 |
+
|
| 498 |
+
### 6.6 Linguistic Interpretation
|
| 499 |
+
|
| 500 |
+
> **Automated Insight:**
|
| 501 |
+
The language French shows high morphological productivity. The subword models are significantly more efficient than word models, suggesting a rich system of affixation or compounding.
|
| 502 |
+
|
| 503 |
+
---
|
| 504 |
+
## 7. Summary & Recommendations
|
| 505 |
+
|
| 506 |
+

|
| 507 |
+
|
| 508 |
+
### Production Recommendations
|
| 509 |
+
|
| 510 |
+
| Component | Recommended | Rationale |
|
| 511 |
+
|-----------|-------------|-----------|
|
| 512 |
+
| Tokenizer | **64k BPE** | Best compression (4.57x) |
|
| 513 |
+
| N-gram | **2-gram** | Lowest perplexity (251) |
|
| 514 |
+
| Markov | **Context-4** | Highest predictability (87.3%) |
|
| 515 |
+
| Embeddings | **100d** | Balanced semantic capture and isotropy |
|
| 516 |
+
|
| 517 |
+
|
| 518 |
+
---
|
| 519 |
+
## Appendix: Metrics Glossary & Interpretation Guide
|
| 520 |
+
|
| 521 |
+
This section provides definitions, intuitions, and guidance for interpreting the metrics used throughout this report.
|
| 522 |
+
|
| 523 |
+
### Tokenizer Metrics
|
| 524 |
+
|
| 525 |
+
**Compression Ratio**
|
| 526 |
+
> *Definition:* The ratio of characters to tokens (chars/token). Measures how efficiently the tokenizer represents text.
|
| 527 |
+
>
|
| 528 |
+
> *Intuition:* Higher compression means fewer tokens needed to represent the same text, reducing sequence lengths for downstream models. A 3x compression means ~3 characters per token on average.
|
| 529 |
+
>
|
| 530 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher is generally better for efficiency, but extremely high compression may indicate overly aggressive merging that loses morphological information.
|
| 531 |
+
|
| 532 |
+
**Average Token Length (Fertility)**
|
| 533 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean number of characters per token produced by the tokenizer.
|
| 534 |
+
>
|
| 535 |
+
> *Intuition:* Reflects the granularity of tokenization. Longer tokens capture more context but may struggle with rare words; shorter tokens are more flexible but increase sequence length.
|
| 536 |
+
>
|
| 537 |
+
> *What to seek:* Balance between 2-5 characters for most languages. Arabic/morphologically-rich languages may benefit from slightly longer tokens.
|
| 538 |
+
|
| 539 |
+
**Unknown Token Rate (OOV Rate)**
|
| 540 |
+
> *Definition:* Percentage of tokens that map to the unknown/UNK token, indicating words the tokenizer cannot represent.
|
| 541 |
+
>
|
| 542 |
+
> *Intuition:* Lower OOV means better vocabulary coverage. High OOV indicates the tokenizer encounters many unseen character sequences.
|
| 543 |
+
>
|
| 544 |
+
> *What to seek:* Below 1% is excellent; below 5% is acceptable. BPE tokenizers typically achieve very low OOV due to subword fallback.
|
| 545 |
+
|
| 546 |
+
### N-gram Model Metrics
|
| 547 |
+
|
| 548 |
+
**Perplexity**
|
| 549 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how "surprised" the model is by test data. Mathematically: 2^(cross-entropy). Lower values indicate better prediction.
|
| 550 |
+
>
|
| 551 |
+
> *Intuition:* If perplexity is 100, the model is as uncertain as if choosing uniformly among 100 options at each step. A perplexity of 10 means effectively choosing among 10 equally likely options.
|
| 552 |
+
>
|
| 553 |
+
> *What to seek:* Lower is better. Perplexity decreases with larger n-grams (more context). Values vary widely by language and corpus size.
|
| 554 |
+
|
| 555 |
+
**Entropy**
|
| 556 |
+
> *Definition:* Average information content (in bits) needed to encode the next token given the context. Related to perplexity: perplexity = 2^entropy.
|
| 557 |
+
>
|
| 558 |
+
> *Intuition:* High entropy means high uncertainty/randomness; low entropy means predictable patterns. Natural language typically has entropy between 1-4 bits per character.
|
| 559 |
+
>
|
| 560 |
+
> *What to seek:* Lower entropy indicates more predictable text patterns. Entropy should decrease as n-gram size increases.
|
| 561 |
+
|
| 562 |
+
**Coverage (Top-K)**
|
| 563 |
+
> *Definition:* Percentage of corpus occurrences explained by the top K most frequent n-grams.
|
| 564 |
+
>
|
| 565 |
+
> *Intuition:* High coverage with few patterns indicates repetitive/formulaic text; low coverage suggests diverse vocabulary usage.
|
| 566 |
+
>
|
| 567 |
+
> *What to seek:* Depends on use case. For language modeling, moderate coverage (40-60% with top-1000) is typical for natural text.
|
| 568 |
+
|
| 569 |
+
### Markov Chain Metrics
|
| 570 |
+
|
| 571 |
+
**Average Entropy**
|
| 572 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean entropy across all contexts, measuring average uncertainty in next-word prediction.
|
| 573 |
+
>
|
| 574 |
+
> *Intuition:* Lower entropy means the model is more confident about what comes next. Context-1 has high entropy (many possible next words); Context-4 has low entropy (few likely continuations).
|
| 575 |
+
>
|
| 576 |
+
> *What to seek:* Decreasing entropy with larger context sizes. Very low entropy (<0.1) indicates highly deterministic transitions.
|
| 577 |
+
|
| 578 |
+
**Branching Factor**
|
| 579 |
+
> *Definition:* Average number of unique next tokens observed for each context.
|
| 580 |
+
>
|
| 581 |
+
> *Intuition:* High branching = many possible continuations (flexible but uncertain); low branching = few options (predictable but potentially repetitive).
|
| 582 |
+
>
|
| 583 |
+
> *What to seek:* Branching factor should decrease with context size. Values near 1.0 indicate nearly deterministic chains.
|
| 584 |
+
|
| 585 |
+
**Predictability**
|
| 586 |
+
> *Definition:* Derived metric: (1 - normalized_entropy) × 100%. Indicates how deterministic the model's predictions are.
|
| 587 |
+
>
|
| 588 |
+
> *Intuition:* 100% predictability means the next word is always certain; 0% means completely random. Real text falls between these extremes.
|
| 589 |
+
>
|
| 590 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher predictability for text generation quality, but too high (>98%) may produce repetitive output.
|
| 591 |
+
|
| 592 |
+
### Vocabulary & Zipf's Law Metrics
|
| 593 |
+
|
| 594 |
+
**Zipf's Coefficient**
|
| 595 |
+
> *Definition:* The slope of the log-log plot of word frequency vs. rank. Zipf's law predicts this should be approximately -1.
|
| 596 |
+
>
|
| 597 |
+
> *Intuition:* A coefficient near -1 indicates the corpus follows natural language patterns where a few words are very common and most words are rare.
|
| 598 |
+
>
|
| 599 |
+
> *What to seek:* Values between -0.8 and -1.2 indicate healthy natural language distribution. Deviations may suggest domain-specific or artificial text.
|
| 600 |
+
|
| 601 |
+
**R² (Coefficient of Determination)**
|
| 602 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how well the linear fit explains the frequency-rank relationship. Ranges from 0 to 1.
|
| 603 |
+
>
|
| 604 |
+
> *Intuition:* R² near 1.0 means the data closely follows Zipf's law; lower values indicate deviation from expected word frequency patterns.
|
| 605 |
+
>
|
| 606 |
+
> *What to seek:* R² > 0.95 is excellent; > 0.99 indicates near-perfect Zipf adherence typical of large natural corpora.
|
| 607 |
+
|
| 608 |
+
**Vocabulary Coverage**
|
| 609 |
+
> *Definition:* Cumulative percentage of corpus tokens accounted for by the top N words.
|
| 610 |
+
>
|
| 611 |
+
> *Intuition:* Shows how concentrated word usage is. If top-100 words cover 50% of text, the corpus relies heavily on common words.
|
| 612 |
+
>
|
| 613 |
+
> *What to seek:* Top-100 covering 30-50% is typical. Higher coverage indicates more repetitive text; lower suggests richer vocabulary.
|
| 614 |
+
|
| 615 |
+
### Word Embedding Metrics
|
| 616 |
+
|
| 617 |
+
**Isotropy**
|
| 618 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures how uniformly distributed vectors are in the embedding space. Computed as the ratio of minimum to maximum singular values.
|
| 619 |
+
>
|
| 620 |
+
> *Intuition:* High isotropy (near 1.0) means vectors spread evenly in all directions; low isotropy means vectors cluster in certain directions, reducing expressiveness.
|
| 621 |
+
>
|
| 622 |
+
> *What to seek:* Higher isotropy generally indicates better-quality embeddings. Values > 0.1 are reasonable; > 0.3 is good. Lower-dimensional embeddings tend to have higher isotropy.
|
| 623 |
+
|
| 624 |
+
**Average Norm**
|
| 625 |
+
> *Definition:* Mean magnitude (L2 norm) of word vectors in the embedding space.
|
| 626 |
+
>
|
| 627 |
+
> *Intuition:* Indicates the typical "length" of vectors. Consistent norms suggest stable training; high variance may indicate some words are undertrained.
|
| 628 |
+
>
|
| 629 |
+
> *What to seek:* Relatively consistent norms across models. The absolute value matters less than consistency (low std deviation).
|
| 630 |
+
|
| 631 |
+
**Cosine Similarity**
|
| 632 |
+
> *Definition:* Measures angular similarity between vectors, ranging from -1 (opposite) to 1 (identical direction).
|
| 633 |
+
>
|
| 634 |
+
> *Intuition:* Words with similar meanings should have high cosine similarity. This is the standard metric for semantic relatedness in embeddings.
|
| 635 |
+
>
|
| 636 |
+
> *What to seek:* Semantically related words should score > 0.5; unrelated words should be near 0. Synonyms often score > 0.7.
|
| 637 |
+
|
| 638 |
+
**t-SNE Visualization**
|
| 639 |
+
> *Definition:* t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding - a dimensionality reduction technique that preserves local structure for visualization.
|
| 640 |
+
>
|
| 641 |
+
> *Intuition:* Clusters in t-SNE plots indicate groups of semantically related words. Spread indicates vocabulary diversity; tight clusters suggest semantic coherence.
|
| 642 |
+
>
|
| 643 |
+
> *What to seek:* Meaningful clusters (e.g., numbers together, verbs together). Avoid over-interpreting distances - t-SNE preserves local, not global, structure.
|
| 644 |
+
|
| 645 |
+
### General Interpretation Guidelines
|
| 646 |
+
|
| 647 |
+
1. **Compare within model families:** Metrics are most meaningful when comparing models of the same type (e.g., 8k vs 64k tokenizer).
|
| 648 |
+
2. **Consider trade-offs:** Better performance on one metric often comes at the cost of another (e.g., compression vs. OOV rate).
|
| 649 |
+
3. **Context matters:** Optimal values depend on downstream tasks. Text generation may prioritize different metrics than classification.
|
| 650 |
+
4. **Corpus influence:** All metrics are influenced by corpus characteristics. Wikipedia text differs from social media or literature.
|
| 651 |
+
5. **Language-specific patterns:** Morphologically rich languages (like Arabic) may show different optimal ranges than analytic languages.
|
| 652 |
+
|
| 653 |
+
|
| 654 |
+
### Visualizations Index
|
| 655 |
+
|
| 656 |
+
| Visualization | Description |
|
| 657 |
+
|---------------|-------------|
|
| 658 |
+
| Tokenizer Compression | Compression ratios by vocabulary size |
|
| 659 |
+
| Tokenizer Fertility | Average token length by vocabulary |
|
| 660 |
+
| Tokenizer OOV | Unknown token rates |
|
| 661 |
+
| Tokenizer Total Tokens | Total tokens by vocabulary |
|
| 662 |
+
| N-gram Perplexity | Perplexity by n-gram size |
|
| 663 |
+
| N-gram Entropy | Entropy by n-gram size |
|
| 664 |
+
| N-gram Coverage | Top pattern coverage |
|
| 665 |
+
| N-gram Unique | Unique n-gram counts |
|
| 666 |
+
| Markov Entropy | Entropy by context size |
|
| 667 |
+
| Markov Branching | Branching factor by context |
|
| 668 |
+
| Markov Contexts | Unique context counts |
|
| 669 |
+
| Zipf's Law | Frequency-rank distribution with fit |
|
| 670 |
+
| Vocab Frequency | Word frequency distribution |
|
| 671 |
+
| Top 20 Words | Most frequent words |
|
| 672 |
+
| Vocab Coverage | Cumulative coverage curve |
|
| 673 |
+
| Embedding Isotropy | Vector space uniformity |
|
| 674 |
+
| Embedding Norms | Vector magnitude distribution |
|
| 675 |
+
| Embedding Similarity | Word similarity heatmap |
|
| 676 |
+
| Nearest Neighbors | Similar words for key terms |
|
| 677 |
+
| t-SNE Words | 2D word embedding visualization |
|
| 678 |
+
| t-SNE Sentences | 2D sentence embedding visualization |
|
| 679 |
+
| Position Encoding | Encoding method comparison |
|
| 680 |
+
| Model Sizes | Storage requirements |
|
| 681 |
+
| Performance Dashboard | Comprehensive performance overview |
|
| 682 |
+
|
| 683 |
+
---
|
| 684 |
+
👈 [Back to README](README.md)
|
| 685 |
+
|
| 686 |
+
*Generated by Wikilangs Pipeline · 2026-03-03 09:31:27*
|
fr_morph_tokenizer.json
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models/embeddings/aligned/fr_128d.bin
ADDED
|
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|
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+
version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
|
| 2 |
+
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|
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|
models/embeddings/aligned/fr_64d.projection.npy
ADDED
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models/embeddings/monolingual/fr_128d.bin
ADDED
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{"lang": "fr", "dim": 128, "max_seq_len": 512, "is_aligned": false}
|
models/embeddings/monolingual/fr_128d_metadata.json
ADDED
|
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|
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ADDED
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models/embeddings/monolingual/fr_32d.meta.json
ADDED
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|
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ADDED
|
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ADDED
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ADDED
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|
models/embeddings/monolingual/fr_64d_metadata.json
ADDED
|
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|
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ADDED
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|
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|
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|
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ADDED
|
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ADDED
|
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models/subword_ngram/fr_2gram_subword_metadata.json
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|
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models/subword_ngram/fr_3gram_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
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ADDED
|
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|
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models/subword_ngram/fr_4gram_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
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models/subword_ngram/fr_4gram_subword_metadata.json
ADDED
|
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models/subword_ngram/fr_5gram_subword.parquet
ADDED
|
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ADDED
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|
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|
| 6 |
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models/tokenizer/fr_tokenizer_16k.model
ADDED
|
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|
|
models/tokenizer/fr_tokenizer_32k.model
ADDED
|
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| 1 |
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/tokenizer/fr_tokenizer_32k.vocab
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models/tokenizer/fr_tokenizer_64k.model
ADDED
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models/tokenizer/fr_tokenizer_64k.vocab
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models/tokenizer/fr_tokenizer_8k.model
ADDED
|
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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models/tokenizer/fr_tokenizer_8k.vocab
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models/vocabulary/fr_vocabulary.parquet
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