"""BBB-permeability downstream classifier — train / save / load / predict.

Built on top of `data/processed/bbbp_features.parquet` produced by
`src.pipelines.bbb_pipeline`. Uses scikit-learn's `RandomForestClassifier`
(no XGBoost — saves a heavy dep without losing accuracy at this scale).

The model takes a 2,048-bit Morgan fingerprint as input. SHAP-based
explanation is added in Task 2 (`explain_prediction`).
"""
from __future__ import annotations

from pathlib import Path

import joblib
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier
from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split

from src.core.logger import get_logger
from src.pipelines.bbb_pipeline import (
    compute_morgan_fingerprint,
    is_valid_smiles,
)

logger = get_logger(__name__)


_FP_COL_PREFIX = "fp_"


def _split_features_and_label(
    df: pd.DataFrame, label_col: str,
) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, list[str]]:
    """Pull out fp_* columns as X and `label_col` as y. Returns (X, y, fp_col_names)."""
    if label_col not in df.columns:
        raise KeyError(f"Label column {label_col!r} not in DataFrame")
    fp_cols = [c for c in df.columns if c.startswith(_FP_COL_PREFIX)]
    if not fp_cols:
        raise KeyError(
            f"No {_FP_COL_PREFIX}* columns found — was this DataFrame produced "
            f"by bbb_pipeline.run_pipeline?"
        )
    X = df[fp_cols].to_numpy()
    y = df[label_col].to_numpy()
    return X, y, fp_cols


_CALIBRATION_THRESHOLDS: tuple[float, ...] = (0.50, 0.60, 0.70, 0.75, 0.80, 0.90)


def _compute_calibration_bins(
    model: RandomForestClassifier,
    X_test: np.ndarray,
    y_test: np.ndarray,
) -> list[dict[str, float]]:
    """Compute precision-at-confidence-threshold bins on a held-out test set.

    For each threshold T in `_CALIBRATION_THRESHOLDS`, picks the predictions
    whose max class probability >= T, computes precision and support, and
    returns one bin per threshold. Bins with zero support are still emitted
    (precision = 0.0, support = 0) so the API can always find a match.
    """
    if len(y_test) == 0:
        return [
            {"threshold": float(t), "precision": 0.0, "support": 0}
            for t in _CALIBRATION_THRESHOLDS
        ]
    proba = model.predict_proba(X_test)
    pred = model.predict(X_test)
    confidence = proba.max(axis=1)
    correct = (pred == y_test).astype(int)
    bins: list[dict[str, float]] = []
    for t in _CALIBRATION_THRESHOLDS:
        mask = confidence >= t
        support = int(mask.sum())
        if support == 0:
            precision = 0.0
        else:
            precision = float(correct[mask].mean())
        bins.append({
            "threshold": float(t), "precision": precision, "support": support,
        })
    return bins


def _compute_train_stats(
    model: RandomForestClassifier,
    X_train: np.ndarray,
) -> dict[str, float]:
    """Compute median + std of the model's own confidence on the training set.

    Used as the reference distribution for runtime drift detection. All values
    are floats so the dict is joblib-roundtrip-safe and JSON-serializable.
    """
    if len(X_train) == 0:
        return {"median": 0.0, "std": 0.0, "n_train": 0}
    proba = model.predict_proba(X_train)
    confidence = proba.max(axis=1)
    return {
        "median": float(np.median(confidence)),
        "std": float(np.std(confidence)),
        "n_train": int(len(X_train)),
    }


def train(
    df: pd.DataFrame,
    label_col: str = "p_np",
    n_estimators: int = 100,
    random_state: int = 42,
) -> RandomForestClassifier:
    """Train a Random Forest classifier on Morgan fingerprints.

    Args:
        df: Output of `bbb_pipeline.run_pipeline` — has `fp_0..fp_N-1` cols
            plus a binary `label_col`.
        label_col: Name of the binary target column. Defaults to "p_np".
        n_estimators: Number of trees. 100 is the sklearn default.
        random_state: Seed for split + tree construction (determinism).

    Returns:
        Fitted `RandomForestClassifier` with `feature_names_in_` set so
        downstream callers can map SHAP values back to fp_<bit> indices.
    """
    X, y, fp_cols = _split_features_and_label(df, label_col)
    # Stratified 80/20 split for honest calibration metrics. Falls back to
    # train-on-all if the dataset is too tiny for a stratified split (test
    # fixtures with 3-4 rows hit this branch).
    try:
        X_train, X_test, y_train, y_test = train_test_split(
            X, y, test_size=0.2, random_state=random_state, stratify=y,
        )
    except ValueError as e:
        logger.warning(
            "Stratified split failed (%s); training on full data; "
            "calibration bins will be zero-support.",
            e,
        )
        X_train, X_test = X, np.empty((0, X.shape[1]))
        y_train, y_test = y, np.empty((0,))

    model = RandomForestClassifier(
        n_estimators=n_estimators,
        random_state=random_state,
        n_jobs=1,
    )
    model.fit(X_train, y_train)
    # Stash the column names under a project-owned attribute so SHAP (Task 2)
    # can map values back to fp_<bit> indices. Sklearn's own feature_names_in_
    # is only set automatically when fit receives a DataFrame; setting it
    # manually fires UserWarning on every predict call.
    model._neurobridge_fp_cols = list(fp_cols)
    model._neurobridge_calibration = _compute_calibration_bins(
        model, X_test, y_test,
    )
    model._neurobridge_train_stats = _compute_train_stats(model, X_train)
    logger.info(
        "Trained BBB classifier: n=%d, n_features=%d, classes=%s, "
        "calibration_bins=%d, train_confidence_median=%.3f",
        len(y), X.shape[1], model.classes_.tolist(),
        len(model._neurobridge_calibration),
        model._neurobridge_train_stats["median"],
    )
    return model


def save(model: RandomForestClassifier, path: Path) -> None:
    """Persist a fitted model to `path` (parent dirs auto-created)."""
    path = Path(path)
    path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
    joblib.dump(model, path)
    logger.info("Saved BBB model to %s", path)


def load(path: Path) -> RandomForestClassifier:
    """Load a previously-saved model. Raises FileNotFoundError on missing artifact."""
    path = Path(path)
    if not path.exists():
        raise FileNotFoundError(f"BBB model artifact not found: {path}")
    return joblib.load(path)


def predict_with_proba(
    model: RandomForestClassifier,
    smiles: str,
    n_bits: int = 2048,
    radius: int = 2,
) -> dict[str, object]:
    """Predict BBB permeability for a single SMILES.

    Returns:
        `{"label": int, "confidence": float}` where confidence is the
        predicted class's probability (max class probability — model's
        self-rated certainty).

    Raises:
        ValueError: if `smiles` cannot be parsed by RDKit.
    """
    if not is_valid_smiles(smiles):
        raise ValueError(f"invalid SMILES: {smiles!r}")
    fp = compute_morgan_fingerprint(smiles, n_bits=n_bits, radius=radius)
    proba = model.predict_proba(fp.reshape(1, -1))[0]
    label_idx = int(np.argmax(proba))
    label = int(model.classes_[label_idx])
    return {
        "label": label,
        "confidence": float(proba[label_idx]),
    }


def explain_prediction(
    model: RandomForestClassifier,
    smiles: str,
    top_k: int = 5,
    n_bits: int = 2048,
    radius: int = 2,
) -> list[dict[str, object]]:
    """Return the top-`top_k` feature attributions (SHAP values) for `smiles`.

    Uses `shap.TreeExplainer` (exact for tree ensembles, no sampling). The
    explanation is for the *predicted* class — i.e. SHAP values that pushed
    the model toward whichever label was returned by `predict_with_proba`.

    Reads fingerprint column names from `model._neurobridge_fp_cols` (set by
    `train()`). Falls back to `fp_<index>` if the attribute is missing — useful
    for models loaded from a joblib without the project-owned attribute.

    Args:
        model: Fitted classifier from `train()` or `load()`.
        smiles: A SMILES string (validated via `is_valid_smiles`).
        top_k: How many top features to return. Default 5 — matches the
            jury-demo budget (more bars = noisier waterfall chart).
        n_bits / radius: Must match training-time fingerprint settings.

    Returns:
        A list of `{"feature": "fp_<bit_idx>", "shap_value": float}` dicts,
        sorted by `abs(shap_value)` descending.

    Raises:
        ValueError: if `smiles` cannot be parsed by RDKit.
    """
    import shap  # local import — heavy module, only loaded when needed

    if not is_valid_smiles(smiles):
        raise ValueError(f"invalid SMILES: {smiles!r}")
    fp = compute_morgan_fingerprint(smiles, n_bits=n_bits, radius=radius)
    X = fp.reshape(1, -1)

    explainer = shap.TreeExplainer(model)
    # uint8 fingerprints cause benign additivity violations in SHAP's
    # reconstruction (base + sum != model output within tolerance); the
    # default check produces false-positive errors on tree ensembles
    # over quantized inputs, so we skip it.
    shap_values = explainer.shap_values(X, check_additivity=False)
    # `shap_values` shape varies by sklearn / shap versions:
    #   - older: list of (1, n_features) arrays, one per class
    #   - newer: ndarray of shape (1, n_features, n_classes) for binary RF
    #   - or (1, n_features) when output already condensed
    if isinstance(shap_values, list):
        proba = model.predict_proba(X)[0]
        label_idx = int(np.argmax(proba))
        per_feature = shap_values[label_idx][0]
    else:
        arr = np.asarray(shap_values)
        if arr.ndim == 3:
            # (1, n_features, n_classes)
            proba = model.predict_proba(X)[0]
            label_idx = int(np.argmax(proba))
            per_feature = arr[0, :, label_idx]
        else:
            # (1, n_features)
            per_feature = arr[0]

    fp_cols = (
        list(model._neurobridge_fp_cols)
        if hasattr(model, "_neurobridge_fp_cols")
        else [f"fp_{i}" for i in range(len(per_feature))]
    )

    pairs = sorted(
        zip(fp_cols, per_feature, strict=True),
        key=lambda p: abs(p[1]),
        reverse=True,
    )
    return [
        {"feature": str(name), "shap_value": float(value)}
        for name, value in pairs[:top_k]
    ]


DEFAULT_FEATURES_PATH = Path("data/processed/bbbp_features.parquet")
DEFAULT_MODEL_PATH = Path("data/processed/bbb_model.joblib")


def main() -> None:
    """Train and persist the production BBB model from the Day-4 features Parquet.

    Reads from `DEFAULT_FEATURES_PATH`, trains with default hyperparameters,
    and writes the artifact to `DEFAULT_MODEL_PATH`. Re-runs are idempotent
    (same random_state).
    """
    if not DEFAULT_FEATURES_PATH.exists():
        raise FileNotFoundError(
            f"Features Parquet not found at {DEFAULT_FEATURES_PATH}. "
            f"Run `python -m src.pipelines.bbb_pipeline` first."
        )
    df = pd.read_parquet(DEFAULT_FEATURES_PATH)
    model = train(df, label_col="p_np")
    save(model, DEFAULT_MODEL_PATH)
    logger.info("BBB model artifact ready at %s", DEFAULT_MODEL_PATH)


if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()