¿Qué son las migrañas? Las migrañas son un tipo recurrente de dolor de cabeza. Causan dolor de moderado a intenso que puede ser pulsante o vibrante. A menudo, el dolor se siente a un lado de su cabeza. También puede tener otros síntomas, como náuseas y debilidad. Puede ser sensible a la luz y el sonido. ¿Qué causa las migrañas? Los investigadores piensan que las migrañas tienen una causa genética. También hay una serie de factores que pueden desencadenar una migraña. Estos factores varían de persona a persona, e incluyen: Estrés Ansiedad Cambios hormonales en las mujeres Luces brillantes o intermitentes Ruidos fuertes Olores fuertes Medicamentos Demasiada o poca cantidad de sueño Cambios repentinos en el clima o el medio ambiente Sobreesfuerzo (demasiada actividad física) Tabaco Cafeína (consumo o abstinencia) Saltarse comidas Uso excesivo de medicamentos (tomar medicamentos para migrañas con demasiada frecuencia) Algunas personas han descubierto que ciertos alimentos o ingredientes pueden desencadenar dolores de cabeza, especialmente cuando se combinan con otros desencadenantes. Estos alimentos e ingredientes incluyen: Alcohol Chocolate Quesos maduros Glutamato monosódico Algunas frutas y nueces Productos fermentados o encurtidos Levadura Carnes curadas o procesadas ¿Quién está en riesgo de tener migrañas? Cerca del 12% de los estadounidenses sufren migrañas. Pueden afectar a cualquier persona, pero es más probable que las sufra si: Es mujer : Las mujeres tienen tres veces más probabilidades que los hombres de tener migrañas Tiene historia familiar de migrañas : La mayoría de las personas con migrañas tienen familiares que sufren migrañas Tiene otros problemas médicos : Como depresión , ansiedad , trastorno bipolar , problemas del sueño y epilepsia ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de las migrañas? Las migrañas tiene cuatro fases diferentes. Es posible que no siempre pase por todas las fases cada vez que tenga una migraña.: Fase prodómica (previa)


Tiene otros problemas médicos : Como depresión , ansiedad , trastorno bipolar , problemas del sueño y epilepsia ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de las migrañas? Las migrañas tiene cuatro fases diferentes. Es posible que no siempre pase por todas las fases cada vez que tenga una migraña.: Fase prodómica (previa) : Esta fase comienza hasta 24 horas antes de que tenga la migraña. Existen signos y síntomas tempranos, como antojos de comida, cambios de humor inexplicables, bostezos incontrolables, retención de líquidos y aumento de la micción Aura : Si tiene esta fase, es posible que vea luces intermitentes o brillantes o líneas zigzagueantes. Puede sentir debilidad muscular o que lo están tocando o agarrando. El aura puede ocurrir justo antes o durante una migraña Fase de dolor de cabeza : En general, una migraña comienza en forma gradual y luego se vuelve más severa. A menudo, causa dolor palpitante o pulsante, usualmente a un lado de la cabeza. Pero, a veces, puede tener una migraña sin dolor de cabeza. Otros síntomas de migraña pueden incluir: Mayor sensibilidad a la luz, el ruido y los olores Náuseas y vómitos Dolor que empeora cuando se mueve, tose o estornuda Fase postdrómica (después del dolor de cabeza) : Puede sentirse agotado, débil y confundido después de una migraña. Esto puede durar hasta un día Las migrañas son más comunes en la mañana. A menudo, las personas se despiertan con ellas. Hay quienes sufren migrañas en momentos predecibles, como antes de la menstruación o los fines de semana tras una semana estresante de trabajo. ¿Cómo se diagnostican las migrañas? Para hacer un diagnóstico, su proveedor de atención médica: Evaluará su historia clínica Preguntará sobre sus síntomas Hará un examen físico y neurológico Una parte importante del diagnóstico de migrañas es descartar otras afecciones médicas


los fines de semana tras una semana estresante de trabajo. ¿Cómo se diagnostican las migrañas? Para hacer un diagnóstico, su proveedor de atención médica: Evaluará su historia clínica Preguntará sobre sus síntomas Hará un examen físico y neurológico Una parte importante del diagnóstico de migrañas es descartar otras afecciones médicas que podrían estar causando los síntomas. Por lo tanto, es posible que también le solicite un análisis de sangre, una resonancia magnética o una tomografía computarizada u otras pruebas. ¿Cómo se tratan las migrañas? No hay cura para las migrañas. El tratamiento se enfoca en aliviar los síntomas y prevenir nuevas crisis. Existen diferentes tipos de medicinas para aliviar los síntomas, incluyendo triptanos, ergotamina y analgésicos . Cuanto antes los tome, más efectivo serán. También existen otras cosas que puede hacer para sentirse mejor: Descansar con los ojos cerrados en una habitación silenciosa y oscura Colocar un paño frío o compresa de hielo en la frente Beber líquidos Existen algunos cambios en el estilo de vida que puede hacer para prevenir las migrañas: Las estrategias para controlar el estrés, como el ejercicio, las técnicas de relajación y la biorretroalimentación, pueden reducir la frecuencia y la gravedad de las migrañas. La biorretroalimentación utiliza dispositivos electrónicos para enseñarle a controlar ciertas funciones del cuerpo, como el latido cardíaco, la presión arterial y la tensión muscular Haga un registro de lo que parece desencadenar sus migrañas. Puede averiguar lo que necesita evitar, como ciertos alimentos y medicamentos. También puede ayudar a descubrir qué debe hacer, como establecer un horario de sueño constante y no saltarse comidas La terapia hormonal puede ayudar a algunas mujeres cuyas migrañas parecen estar relacionadas con su ciclo menstrual Si tiene obesidad , perder peso también puede ayudar Si tiene migrañas frecuentes o severas, es posible que deba tomar


debe hacer, como establecer un horario de sueño constante y no saltarse comidas La terapia hormonal puede ayudar a algunas mujeres cuyas migrañas parecen estar relacionadas con su ciclo menstrual Si tiene obesidad , perder peso también puede ayudar Si tiene migrañas frecuentes o severas, es posible que deba tomar medicamentos para prevenir futuras crisis. Hable con su proveedor de atención médica sobre qué medicamento puede ser el adecuado para usted. Ciertos tratamientos naturales, como la riboflavina (vitamina B2) y la coenzima Q10, pueden ayudar a prevenir las migrañas. Si su nivel de magnesio es bajo, puede intentar tomar magnesio. También hay una hierba que algunas personas toman para prevenir las migrañas, la petasita. Pero esta no es segura para el uso a largo plazo. Siempre consulte con su proveedor de atención médica antes de tomar cualquier suplemento. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Trastornos Neurológicos y Accidentes Cerebrovasculares


Some forgetfulness can be a normal part of aging. However, some people have more memory problems than other people their age. This condition is called mild cognitive impairment, or MCI. People with MCI can take care of themselves and do their normal activities. MCI memory problems may include: Losing things often Forgetting to go to events and appointments Having more trouble coming up with words than other people of the same age Memory problems can also have other causes, including certain medicines and diseases that affect the blood vessels that supply the brain. Some of the problems brought on by these conditions can be managed or reversed. Your health care provider can do thinking, memory, and language tests to see if you have MCI. You may also need to see a specialist for more tests. Because MCI may be an early sign of Alzheimer's disease , it's really important to see your health care provider every 6 to 12 months. At this time, there is no proven drug treatment for MCI. Your health care provider can check to see if you have any changes in your memory or thinking skills over time. NIH: National Institute on Aging


Los minerales son importantes para su cuerpo y para mantenerse sano. El organismo usa los minerales para muchas funciones distintas, incluyendo el mantener los huesos, corazón y cerebro funcionando bien. Los minerales también son importantes para las enzimas y las hormonas. Existen dos tipos de minerales, los macrominerales y los oligoelementos. Usted necesita mayores cantidades de macrominerales. Estos incluyen calcio , fósforo, magnesio, sodio , potasio , cloro y azufre. Usted necesita menores cantidades de oligoelementos. Estos incluyen hierro , manganeso, cobre, yodo, cinc, cobalto, flúor y selenio. La mayoría de las personas obtienen los minerales que necesitan al comer una amplia variedad de alimentos. En algunos casos, su médico puede recomendarle un suplemento mineral. Personas con algunos problemas de salud o que están tomando algunas medicinas pueden necesitar consumir menos de un mineral. Por ejemplo, personas con enfermedad renal crónica tienen que limitar su consumo de potasio.


Minerals are important for your body to stay healthy. Your body uses minerals for many different jobs, including keeping your bones, muscles, heart, and brain working properly. Minerals are also important for making enzymes and hormones. There are two kinds of minerals: macrominerals and trace minerals. You need larger amounts of macrominerals. They include calcium , phosphorus, magnesium, sodium , potassium , chloride and sulfur. You only need small amounts of trace minerals. They include iron , manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride and selenium. Most people get the amount of minerals they need by eating a wide variety of foods. In some cases, your doctor may recommend a mineral supplement. People who have certain health problems or take some medicines may need to get less of one of the minerals. For example, people with chronic kidney disease need to limit foods that are high in potassium.


La miositis es la inflamación de los músculos que se usan para mover el cuerpo. Puede ser causada por una lesión, una infección o una enfermedad autoinmune . Dos tipos principales de miositis son la polimiositis y la dermatomiositis. La polimiositis causa debilidad en los músculos y en general afecta a los músculos cercanos al tronco del cuerpo. La dermatomiositis causa también debilidad muscular y además un sarpullido en la piel. Otros síntomas de la miositis pueden ser: Cansancio después de caminar o estar parado Tropiezos o caídas Problemas para tragar o respirar Para su diagnóstico el doctor hará un examen físico, exámenes de laboratorio, de imagen y una biopsia muscular. No existe una cura para estas enfermedades pero los síntomas se pueden controlar. Tanto la polimiositis como la dermatomiositis se tratan con altas dosis de corticosteroides . Otras opciones pueden ser otros medicamentos, terapia de rehabilitación, ejercicio, calor, aparatos de asistencia y descanso. Instituto Nacional de Trastornos Neurológicos y Accidentes Cerebrovasculares


What is a miscarriage? A miscarriage is an unexpected loss of pregnancy before the 20th week. Most miscarriages happen very early in the pregnancy, often before a woman even knows she is pregnant . What causes a miscarriage? A miscarriage can happen in any pregnancy. Most miscarriages occur because the fetus doesn't develop properly. This is often linked to a genetic problem with the fetus, such as an extra or missing chromosome. In many cases, the cause of a miscarriage is unknown. Some possible factors that may increase the chance of a miscarriage can include: Problems with the uterus or cervix Chronic diseases, including polycystic ovary syndrome Genetic problems with the fetus Pregnancy after 35 years of age Smoking, drug or alcohol use Certain chronic (long-term) health conditions, such as uncontrolled diabetes Severe malnutrition What are the signs of a miscarriage? The signs of a miscarriage may be different for everyone and can vary based on how far along you are in your pregnancy. Signs of a miscarriage can include: Vaginal spotting or bleeding with or without pain. Some women may have some spotting in early pregnancy and don't miscarry. To be sure, contact your provider right away if you have any bleeding. Dark-colored vaginal discharge. A gush of fluid or tissue from your vagina. Cramping or pain in your abdomen (belly) or lower back. Sometimes, it's hard to know what's normal during pregnancy. If something seems unusual or is worrying you, talk to your provider. How is a miscarriage diagnosed? To check if you have had a miscarriage, your provider may do the following: A pelvic exam to check your cervix. Blood tests to check things such as the amount of blood loss and confirm pregnancy . An ultrasound to check the fetus. What is the treatment for a


diagnosed? To check if you have had a miscarriage, your provider may do the following: A pelvic exam to check your cervix. Blood tests to check things such as the amount of blood loss and confirm pregnancy . An ultrasound to check the fetus. What is the treatment for a miscarriage? Treatment after a miscarriage often depends on when it occurs during the pregnancy. If you miscarry early in your pregnancy, you may not need any treatment. If you are 12 or more weeks pregnant, you may need a shot to prevent problems with the Rh factor in future pregnancies. In some cases, tissue is left in the uterus. If you don't have any signs of infection, your provider may recommend waiting for the tissue to pass naturally. If you need treatment to remove the tissue, it can include: Medicines A procedure called dilatation and curettage (D&C) or vacuum aspiration No matter when it occurs, losing a pregnancy can be difficult. Counseling may help you cope with your grief. Later, if you decide to try to get pregnant again, talk with your provider to understand any risks. Many women who have a miscarriage go on to have healthy pregnancies later. Can a miscarriage be prevented? Miscarriage can affect anyone and often can't be prevented. Focus on taking good care of yourself and start prenatal care visits early in your pregnancy. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development


Metabolism is the process your body uses to make energy from the food you eat. Food is made up of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats. Chemicals in your digestive system (enzymes) break the food parts down into sugars and acids, your body's fuel. Your body can use this fuel right away, or it can store the energy in your body tissues. If you have a metabolic disorder , something goes wrong with this process. Mitochondrial diseases are a group of metabolic disorders. Mitochondria are small structures that produce energy in almost all of your cells. They make it by combining oxygen with the fuel molecules (sugars and fats) that come from your food. When the mitochondria are defective, the cells do not have enough energy. The unused oxygen and fuel molecules build up in the cells and cause damage. The symptoms of mitochondrial disease can vary. It depends on how many mitochondria are defective, and where they are in the body. Sometimes only one organ, tissue, or cell type is affected. But often the problem affects many of them. Muscle and nerve cells have especially high energy needs, so muscular and neurological problems are common. The diseases range from mild to severe. Some types can be fatal. Genetic mutations cause these diseases. They usually happen before age 20, and some are more common in infants. There are no cures for these diseases, but treatments may help with symptoms and slow down the disease. They may include physical therapy, vitamins and supplements, special diets, and medicines.


What is the mitral valve? The mitral valve is one of the four valves in your heart. Heart valves have flaps that open and close. The flaps make sure that blood flows in the right direction through your heart and to the rest of your body. When your heart beats, the flaps open to let blood through. Between heartbeats, they close to stop the blood from flowing backwards. The mitral valve opens to let blood flow from your heart's upper left chamber to the lower left chamber. When the lower left chamber contracts (squeezes) to pump blood to your body, the mitral valve closes tightly to keep any blood from flowing backwards. What is mitral valve prolapse (MVP)? Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) happens when the flaps of the mitral valve become floppy and don't close tightly. In some cases, blood may leak backwards through the valve to the chamber it came from. This is called backflow, or regurgitation. When there is a lot of mitral valve backflow, the heart can't push enough blood out to the body. But most people who have MVP don't have any backflow. In fact, MVP doesn't cause any health problems for most people who have it. Who is more likely to develop mitral valve prolapse (MVP)? Anyone can have MVP. Most people who have it were born with it. MVP tends to run in families, but researchers don't know the exact cause. You may be more likely to develop MVP if you: Are older. The risk of MVP increases as aging affects the valve. Had rheumatic fever, a disease that can develop after a strep throat infection and cause damage to the heart valves. Were born with a connective tissue disorder , such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome . Have Graves' disease , a


risk of MVP increases as aging affects the valve. Had rheumatic fever, a disease that can develop after a strep throat infection and cause damage to the heart valves. Were born with a connective tissue disorder , such as Marfan syndrome or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome . Have Graves' disease , a type of thyroid condition. Have scoliosis (a side-to-side curve of the spine) or other problems with the bones of your body. Have some types of muscular dystrophy . Mitral valve prolapse with backflow is most common in men and people who have high blood pressure . What are the symptoms of mitral valve prolapse (MVP)? Most people who have MVP don't have any symptoms. But if it does cause symptoms, they may include: Heart palpitations (feeling that your heart is fluttering, skipping beats, or beating too hard or too fast) Shortness of breath (feeling like you can't get enough air) A cough Fatigue , dizziness , or anxiety Migraines Chest pain What other problems can mitral valve prolapse (MVP) cause? In rare cases, MVP can cause other problems. They're most often caused by backflow. They can include: Arrhythmia , a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat Endocarditis , an infection in the lining of the heart and heart valves Heart failure How is mitral valve prolapse (MVP) diagnosed? Health care providers often find MVP during routine health check-ups. If you have MVP, your provider may hear a clicking sound when listening to your heart with a stethoscope. If blood flows backwards through the valve, your heart may also make a whooshing sound called a heart murmur. You may also need certain heart tests . The most useful test is an echocardiogram, or echo. This is a type of ultrasound that uses sound waves to make a moving


If blood flows backwards through the valve, your heart may also make a whooshing sound called a heart murmur. You may also need certain heart tests . The most useful test is an echocardiogram, or echo. This is a type of ultrasound that uses sound waves to make a moving picture of your heart. What are the treatments for mitral valve prolapse (MVP)? Most people don't need any treatment for MVP. If you have symptoms with little or no backflow, you may only need medicine to relieve your discomfort. If the amount of backflow is significant, you may need treatment to prevent other heart problems from developing. Treatments may include: Medicines to help your heart work better. Heart surgery to repair or replace a very abnormal mitral valve with backflow. The goal of surgery is to improve your symptoms and reduce your risk of developing heart failure. When possible, valve repair is generally preferred over replacement. That's because repairs are less likely to weaken the heart muscle, and they're less likely to cause heart infection. Can mitral valve prolapse be prevented? You can't prevent mitral valve prolapse. But if you have mitral valve prolapse, you can help prevent the rare but serious problems it can cause by: Brushing and flossing your teeth regularly . That helps keep bacteria out of your bloodstream, which further reduces the rare risk of a heart infection. Asking your provider if you need to take antibiotics before dental work or surgery to lower your risk of heart infection. This mostly applies to people who have had valve repair or replacement surgery. Getting regular check-ups and taking any medicines that your provider may have prescribed. Making heart-healthy habits part of your life to prevent heart disease . NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute


What are mobility aids? Mobility aids help you walk or move from place to place if you have a disability or an injury. Types of mobility aids can include: Crutches Canes Walkers Wheelchairs Motorized scooters Prostheses, a device to replace a missing part of your body or make part of your body work better, such as a leg Ramps, stairlifts, and handrails are also mobility aids. These additions can help you safely move around your environment. Who might benefit from mobility aids? Mobility aids can help people who have a physical disability or trouble moving around be more independent. A few reasons a mobility aid might help you include: If you are at risk of falling or are healing from a lower-body injury, you may need a walker or cane. You may use crutches to keep your body weight off your foot, ankle, or knee. You may need a wheelchair or a scooter if an injury or disease has left you unable to walk. Various mobility aids may also benefit people with certain health conditions or older adults. How do I choose a mobility aid? Your health care provider or a physical therapist may help you choose a mobility aid. Choosing these devices takes time and research. You might need good upper body strength or balance to use some mobility aids safely. Otherwise, they may not be the best choice for you. You should be fitted for some mobility aids such as crutches, canes, and walkers. If they fit, these devices give you support, but they can be uncomfortable and unsafe if they don't.


El moho está formado por hongos que pueden encontrarse en exteriores o interiores. Crecen mejor en condiciones cálidas, mojadas y húmedas. Si tiene lugares mojados o húmedos en su casa, probablemente tendrá hongos. El moho puede causarle problemas de salud. Inhalar o tocar moho o esporas de moho puede causar reacciones alérgicas o crisis de asma en personas sensibles. También puede causar infecciones micóticas . Además, la exposición al moho puede irritarle los ojos, la piel, la nariz, la garganta y los pulmones. Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades


Molds are fungi that can be found both outdoors and indoors. They grow best in warm, damp and humid conditions. If you have damp or wet spots in your house, you will probably get mold. Molds can cause health problems. Inhaling or touching mold or mold spores may cause allergic reactions or asthma attacks in sensitive people. Molds can cause fungal infections . In addition, mold exposure may irritate your eyes, skin, nose, throat, and lungs. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Moles are growths on the skin. They happen when pigment cells in the skin, called melanocytes, grow in clusters. Moles are very common. Most people have between 10 and 40 moles. A person may develop new moles from time to time, usually until about age 40. In older people, they tend to fade away. Moles are usually pink, tan or brown. They can be flat or raised. They are usually round or oval and no larger than a pencil eraser. About one out of every ten people has at least one unusual (or atypical) mole that looks different from an ordinary mole. They are called dysplastic nevi. They may be more likely than ordinary moles to develop into melanoma , a type of skin cancer. You should have a health care professional check your moles if they look unusual, grow larger, change in color or outline, or in any other way. NIH: National Cancer Institute


¿Qué es la mononucleosis infecciosa? La mononucleosis infecciosa (también conocida como mono) es una enfermedad causada por virus . La causa más común es el virus de Epstein-Barr. La mononucleosis es contagiosa, es decir, puede transmitirse de persona a persona. Es común entre adolescentes y adultos jóvenes, especialmente estudiantes universitarios. ¿Qué causa la mononucleosis infecciosa? La mononucleosis puede ser causada por muchos virus diferentes, pero la causa más frecuente es el virus de Epstein-Barr. Este virus se encuentra en todo el mundo. La mayoría de las personas contraen una infección por Epstein-Barr en algún momento de sus vidas, pero solo algunas experimentan síntomas de mononucleosis. Las infecciones por Epstein-Barr suelen ocurrir durante la niñez o cuando es adulto joven. En general, las infecciones por Epstein-Barr en niños no causan síntomas, y cuando lo hacen, es difícil distinguir entre los síntomas de la mononucleosis y los de otras afecciones infantiles comunes, como la gripe . Los adolescentes y adultos jóvenes que contraen Epstein-Barr tienen más probabilidades de tener síntomas típicos de mononucleosis. En general, el virus de Epstein-Barr y los otros virus que causan mononucleosis se transmiten a través de fluidos corporales, especialmente la saliva. Esto significa que puede contraerlo a través de los besos. Por ello, a veces se conoce a la mononucleosis como la "enfermedad del beso". Pero también puede contraerlos si comparte alimentos, bebidas, tenedores, cucharas o bálsamo labial con alguien que tiene mononucleosis. Otras formas menos comunes de contraer la infección son a través de transfusiones de sangre , trasplantes de órganos y sangre y semen durante el contacto sexual. ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de la mononucleosis infecciosa? Los síntomas de la mononucleosis suelen comenzar entre cuatro y seis semanas después de contraer la infección. Pero es posible que comiencen antes en niños pequeños. Los síntomas suelen


sangre , trasplantes de órganos y sangre y semen durante el contacto sexual. ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de la mononucleosis infecciosa? Los síntomas de la mononucleosis suelen comenzar entre cuatro y seis semanas después de contraer la infección. Pero es posible que comiencen antes en niños pequeños. Los síntomas suelen aparecer lentamente y es posible que no todos se presenten al mismo tiempo. Pueden incluir: Fatiga extrema Fiebre Dolor de garganta Dolores de cabeza y cuerpo Inflamación de los ganglios linfáticos del cuello y las axilas Sarpullido Inflamación de hígado, bazo o ambos (estos son síntomas menos comunes) La mayoría de las personas mejoran en dos a cuatro semanas. Sin embargo, otras pueden sentirse fatigadas durante varias semanas más. En ocasiones, los síntomas pueden durar seis meses o más. ¿Cómo se diagnostica la mononucleosis infecciosa? Su profesión al de la salud puede diagnosticarla según sus síntomas y un examen físico. El examen incluye comprobar si los ganglios linfáticos, las amígdalas, el hígado o el bazo están inflamados. En algunos casos, su proveedor también podría solicitar una Sarpullido para confirmar el diagnóstico. ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para la mononucleosis infecciosa? No existe un tratamiento específico para la mononucleosis ya que desaparece por sí sola. Pero usted puede ayudar a aliviar sus síntomas al: Beber muchos líquidos para evitar la deshidratación Descansar mucho Tomar medicamentos de venta libre para el dolor y la fiebre. No le dé aspirina a niños ni adolescentes porque puede causar el síndrome de Reye , una enfermedad rara y grave que puede afectar el cerebro y el hígado Si tiene síntomas serios, su profesional de la salud puede sugerirle un tratamiento adicional según los órganos de su cuerpo afectados por la mononucleosis. Los antibióticos no tratan las infecciones virales, por lo que no ayudan con la mononucleosis.


rara y grave que puede afectar el cerebro y el hígado Si tiene síntomas serios, su profesional de la salud puede sugerirle un tratamiento adicional según los órganos de su cuerpo afectados por la mononucleosis. Los antibióticos no tratan las infecciones virales, por lo que no ayudan con la mononucleosis. Algunas personas contraen infecciones bacterianas , como faringitis estreptocócica , junto con mononucleosis. En ese caso, es probable que necesite antibióticos para tratar la infección. Pero no debe tomar antibióticos tipo penicilina como ampicilina o amoxicilina. Estos pueden causar sarpullido en personas con mononucleosis. La mononucleosis puede causar un agrandamiento del bazo, que podría romperse y provocar una emergencia médica. Para tratar de proteger el bazo, los profesionales de la salud recomiendan evitar el ejercicio intenso y los deportes de contacto hasta que se recupere por completo (cerca de un mes). ¿Se puede prevenir la mononucleosis infecciosa? No existe una vacuna que proteja contra la mononucleosis. Para reducir sus posibilidades de contraer o transmitir mononucleosis: No comparta alimentos, bebidas, tenedores, cucharas ni protector labial con nadie, especialmente si usted o la otra persona tienen mononucleosis No bese a alguien si usted o la otra persona tienen mononucleosis Lávese las manos frecuentemente con agua y jabón


Most people feel sad or irritable from time to time. They may say they're in a bad mood. A mood disorder is different. It affects a person's everyday emotional state. Nearly one in ten people aged 18 and older have mood disorders. These include depression and bipolar disorder (also called manic depression). Mood disorders can increase a person's risk for heart disease, diabetes, and other diseases. Treatments include medication, psychotherapy, or a combination of both. With treatment, most people with mood disorders can lead productive lives.


Los animales salvajes suelen huir de las personas. Sin embargo, pueden atacar si se sienten amenazados, si están enfermos, si protegen a sus crías o su territorio. Los ataques de mascotas son los más comunes. Las mordeduras de animales rara vez ponen en peligro la vida, pero si se infectan pueden surgir problemas médicos graves. Para evitar las mordeduras de animales y sus complicaciones: Nunca acaricie, manipule o alimente animales desconocidos No moleste a las serpientes Vigile cuidadosamente a sus hijos cuando haya animales cerca Vacune a sus gatos, hurones y perros contra la rabia Esterilice o castre a su perro para que sea menos agresivo Vacúnese con un refuerzo de la vacuna contra el tétanos si no ha recibido uno recientemente Use botas y pantalones largos cuando vaya a regiones con serpientes venenosas Si un animal lo muerde, limpie la herida con agua y jabón lo más pronto posible. De ser necesario, obtenga atención médica. Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades


Un moretón o hematoma es una marca en la piel causada por la presencia de sangre atrapada debajo de la superficie de la piel. Ocurre cuando una lesión rompe los vasos sanguíneos pequeños, pero no rompe la piel. Estos vasos se abren y dejan salir la sangre por debajo de la piel. Los moretones o hematomas suelen ser dolorosos e hinchados. Los hematomas pueden ser en la piel, un músculo o un hueso. Los hematomas óseos son los más serios. La desaparición de un hematoma puede llevar meses, pero la mayoría dura aproximadamente dos semanas. Comienzan de un color rojizo, luego se tornan azul violáceo y amarillo verdoso; antes de volver a la coloración normal. Para reducir los hematomas, coloque hielo sobre el área lesionada y elévela por arriba del nivel del corazón. Consulte a su médico si considera que tiene hematomas sin motivo o si parece haber una infección.


Mosquitoes are insects that live all over the world. There are thousands of different species of mosquitoes; about 200 of those live in the United States. Female mosquitoes bite animals and humans and drink a very small amount of their blood. They need protein and iron from blood to produce eggs. After drinking blood, they find some standing water and lay their eggs in it. The eggs hatch into larvae, then pupae, and then they become adult mosquitos. The males live for about a week to ten days, and the females can live up to several weeks. Some female mosquitoes can hibernate in the winter, and they can live for months. What health problems can mosquito bites cause? Most mosquito bites are harmless, but there are times when they can be dangerous. The ways that mosquito bites can affect humans include: Causing itchy bumps , as an immune system response to the mosquito's saliva. This is the most common reaction. The bumps usually go away after a day or two. Causing allergic reactions , including blisters, large hives, and in rare cases, anaphylaxis . Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction that affects the whole body. It is a medical emergency. Spreading diseases to humans . Some of these diseases can be serious. Many of them do not have any treatments, and only a few have vaccines to prevent them. These diseases are more of a problem in Africa and other tropical areas of the world, but more of them are spreading to the United States. One factor is climate change , which makes the conditions in some parts of the United States more favorable to certain types of mosquitoes. Other reasons include increased trade with, and travel to, tropical and subtropical areas. Which diseases can mosquitoes spread? Common diseases spread


spreading to the United States. One factor is climate change , which makes the conditions in some parts of the United States more favorable to certain types of mosquitoes. Other reasons include increased trade with, and travel to, tropical and subtropical areas. Which diseases can mosquitoes spread? Common diseases spread by mosquitoes include: Chikungunya , a viral infection that causes symptoms such as fever and severe joint pain. The symptoms usually last about a week, but for some, the joint pain may last for months. Most cases of chikungunya in the United States are in people who traveled to other countries. There have been a few cases where it has spread in the United States. Dengue , a viral infection that causes a high fever, headaches, joint and muscle pain, vomiting, and a rash. Most people get better within a few weeks. In some cases, it can become very severe, even life-threatening. Dengue is rare in the United States. Malaria , a parasitic disease that causes serious symptoms such as high fevers, shaking chills, and flu-like illness. It can be life-threatening, but there are drugs to treat it. Malaria is a major health problem in many tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Almost all cases of malaria in the United States are in people who traveled to other countries. West Nile Virus (WNV), a viral infection that often has no symptoms. In those that do have symptoms, they are usually mild, and include fever, headache, and nausea. In rare cases, the virus can enter the brain, and it can be life-threatening. WNV has spread across the continental United States. Zika Virus , a viral infection that often does not cause symptoms. One in five infected people do get symptoms, which are usually mild. They include a fever, rash, joint


cases, the virus can enter the brain, and it can be life-threatening. WNV has spread across the continental United States. Zika Virus , a viral infection that often does not cause symptoms. One in five infected people do get symptoms, which are usually mild. They include a fever, rash, joint pain, and pink eye. Besides being spread by mosquitoes, Zika can spread from mother to baby during pregnancy and cause serious birth defects. It can also spread from one partner to another during sex. There have been a few outbreaks of Zika in the southern United States. Can mosquito bites be prevented? Use an insect repellent when you go outdoors. Choose an Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellent. They are evaluated to make sure they are safe and effective. Make sure that the repellant has one of these ingredients: DEET, picaridin, IR3535, oil of lemon eucalyptus, or para-menthane-diol. It is important to follow the instructions on the label. Cover up. Wear long sleeves, long pants, and socks when outdoors. Mosquitoes may bite through thin fabric, so spray thin clothes with an EPA-registered repellent like permethrin. Don't apply permethrin directly to skin. Mosquito-proof your home. Install or repair screens on windows and doors to keep mosquitoes out. Use air conditioning if you have it. Get rid of mosquito breeding sites. Regularly empty standing water from your house and yard. The water could be in flowerpots, gutters, buckets, pool covers, pet water dishes, discarded tires, or birdbaths. If you plan to travel, get information about the areas you will be going to. Find out whether there is a risk of diseases from mosquitoes, and if so, whether there is a vaccine or medicine to prevent those diseases. See a health care provider familiar with travel medicine, ideally 4 to 6 weeks before


get information about the areas you will be going to. Find out whether there is a risk of diseases from mosquitoes, and if so, whether there is a vaccine or medicine to prevent those diseases. See a health care provider familiar with travel medicine, ideally 4 to 6 weeks before your trip.


Motion sickness is a common problem in people traveling by car, train, airplanes, and especially boats. Anyone can get it, but it is more common in children, pregnant women, and people taking certain medicines. Motion sickness can start suddenly, with a queasy feeling and cold sweats. It can then lead to dizziness and nausea and vomiting . Your brain senses movement by getting signals from your inner ears, eyes, muscles, and joints. When it gets signals that do not match, you can get motion sickness. For example, if you are reading on your phone while riding a bus, your eyes are focused on something that is not moving, but your inner ear senses motion. Where you sit can make a difference. The front seat of a car, forward cars of a train, upper deck on a boat or wing seats in a plane may give you a smoother ride. Looking out into the distance - instead of trying to read or look at something in the vehicle - can also help. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Every year thousands of people in the U.S. die from motor vehicle crashes. Trying to prevent these crashes is one part of motor vehicle safety. Here are some things you can do to be safer on the road: Make sure your vehicle is safe and in working order Use car seats for children Wear your seat belt Don't speed or drive aggressively Don't drive impaired Safety also involves being aware of others. Share the road with bicycles and motorcycles, and watch for pedestrians.


Your mouth is one of the most important parts of your body. It has many different functions. It allows you to: Take in food and drink Breathe in air Start digestion, with your teeth chewing the food you eat and your salivary glands releasing saliva to help break down the food Speak and sing Show emotion, by smiling or pouting Any problem that affects your mouth can make it hard to eat, drink, or even smile. Some common mouth problems include: Cold sores - painful sores on the lips and around the mouth, caused by a virus Canker sores - painful sores in the mouth, caused by bacteria or viruses Thrush - a yeast infection that causes white patches in your mouth Leukoplakia - white patches of excess cell growth on the cheeks, gums or tongue, common in smokers Dry mouth - a lack of enough saliva, caused by some medicines and certain diseases Gum or tooth problems Bad breath Treatment for mouth disorders varies, depending on the problem. If a mouth problem is caused by some other disease, treating that disease can help. It is also important to keep your mouth clean and healthy by brushing, flossing, and not using tobacco.


Movement disorders are neurologic conditions that cause problems with movement, such as: Increased movement that can be voluntary (intentional) or involuntary (unintended) Decreased or slow voluntary movement There are many different movement disorders. Some of the more common types include: Ataxia, the loss of muscle coordination Dystonia , in which involuntary contractions of your muscles cause twisting and repetitive movements. The movements can be painful. Huntington's disease , an inherited disease that causes nerve cells in certain parts of the brain to waste away. This includes the nerve cells that help to control voluntary movement. Parkinson's disease , which is a disorder that slowly gets worse over time. It causes tremors, slowness of movement, and trouble walking . Tourette syndrome , a condition that causes people to make sudden twitches, movements, or sounds (tics) Tremor and essential tremor, which cause involuntary trembling or shaking movements. The movements may be in one or more parts of your body. Causes of movement disorders include: Genetics Infections Medicines Damage to the brain , spinal cord , or peripheral nerves Metabolic disorders Stroke and vascular diseases Toxins Treatment varies by disorder. Medicines can cure some disorders. Others get better when an underlying disease is treated. Often, however, there is no cure. In that case, the goal of treatment is to improve symptoms and relieve pain.


¿Qué es el mpox? El mpox (antes conocido como viruela del simio, viruela del mono o viruela símica) es una enfermedad causada por el virus de la viruela símica. Pertenece a la misma familia de virus que el virus de la viruela . El virus del mpox se puede transmitir entre animales y personas, pero principalmente se transmite a través del contacto cercano con alguien que lo tiene. Se encuentra regularmente en partes de África central, oriental y occidental. El virus que lo causa se ha encontrado en pequeños roedores, monos y otros mamíferos que viven en estas áreas. Algunos brotes de mpox han afectado a personas en muchos países del mundo, incluyendo los Estados Unidos. ¿Cuáles son los tipos de virus del mpox? Hay dos tipos de virus del mpox: El "clado I" se encuentra con regularidad en África central y oriental. Causa enfermedades más graves y muertes que el otro tipo El "clado II" se encuentra regularmente en África occidental. Las infecciones del clado II son menos graves. La mayoría de las personas que contraen este tipo sobreviven. Este tipo es la causa del brote mundial que alcanzó su punto máximo en 2022 pero que ha seguido disminuyendo ¿Cómo se propaga el mpox? El mpox se propaga de diferentes maneras: A través de contacto cercano, personal, a menudo piel con piel con alguien que tiene el virus: A través del contacto directo con un sarpullido, costras o fluidos corporales Al inhalar el virus durante un prolongado contacto cara a cara Durante un contacto físico íntimo, como besos, caricias, abrazos, masajes o relación sexual Durante el embarazo, de la madre al feto. Por tocar artículos (como ropa, ropa de cama o toallas) que usó una persona con el virus. El riesgo de contraer mpox de esta manera es bajo


a cara Durante un contacto físico íntimo, como besos, caricias, abrazos, masajes o relación sexual Durante el embarazo, de la madre al feto. Por tocar artículos (como ropa, ropa de cama o toallas) que usó una persona con el virus. El riesgo de contraer mpox de esta manera es bajo De animales infectados: Al ser arañado o mordido por un animal Al preparar o comer carne o usar productos de un animal Una persona con mpox puede transmitirlo desde el momento en que comienzan los síntomas hasta que la erupción haya sanado por completo, todas las costras se hayan caído y se haya formado una nueva capa de piel. Esto suele tardar de dos a cuatro semanas. Los investigadores han encontrado que algunas personas pueden transmitir el mpox a otras de uno a cuatro días antes que los síntomas aparezcan. No se conoce con cuánta frecuencia sucede esto. ¿Cuáles son los síntomas del mpox? Usualmente, los síntomas del mpox comienzan dentro de 3 semanas después de haber estado expuesto al virus. Estos pueden incluir: Una erupción con llagas que pueden parecer granos o ampollas. Puede aparecer en la cara, dentro de la boca y en otras partes del cuerpo, como las manos, los pies, el pecho, los genitales o el ano. Pasa por diferentes etapas, incluyendo costras, antes de curarse. Esto puede tomar de dos a cuatro semanas Fiebre Escalofríos Ganglios linfáticos inflamados (glándulas inflamadas) Agotamiento Dolores musculares y de espalda Dolor de cabeza Ganglios linfáticos inflamados (glándulas inflamadas) Síntomas respiratorios, como dolor de garganta, congestión nasal o tos Puede tener todos o solo algunos síntomas: Es posible que primero tenga un sarpullido, seguido de otros síntomas Es posible que tenga síntomas similares a los de la gripe y luego desarrolle un sarpullido de 1 a 4 días después Es


respiratorios, como dolor de garganta, congestión nasal o tos Puede tener todos o solo algunos síntomas: Es posible que primero tenga un sarpullido, seguido de otros síntomas Es posible que tenga síntomas similares a los de la gripe y luego desarrolle un sarpullido de 1 a 4 días después Es posible que solo tenga un sarpullido ¿Cómo se diagnostica el mpox? Para saber si tiene mpox, su profesional de la salud: Le preguntará sobre sus síntomas e historia clínica Examinará su sarpullido Tomará una muestra de tejido de una de las llagas para analizarla en busca del virus de la viruela símica Puede solicitar un análisis de sangre para comprobar si tiene el virus de la viruela símica o si tiene anticuerpos contra el virus. Los anticuerpos son proteínas que su sistema inmunitario produce para combatir sustancias extrañas, como virus y bacterias ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para el mpox? No existen tratamientos específicos para el mpox, pero muchas personas mejoran por sí solas. Dado que el mpox y la viruela son similares, los medicamentos antivirales que tratan la viruela también pueden ayudar a tratar el mpox. Se pueden recomendar medicamentos antivirales para las personas con mpox grave o están en riesgo de tener mpox grave, por ejemplo, porque: Tienen sistemas inmunitarios debilitados debido al VIH u otras afecciones Están embarazadas Son niños, especialmente los menores de un año Tienen ciertas afecciones de la piel activas que pueden causar una infección generalizada, como eccema , impétigo o psoriasis Si tiene mpox, se recomienda que se quede en casa desde el momento en que presente los síntomas hasta que la erupción de mpox se haya curado y se haya formado una nueva capa de piel. Si es posible, es mejor que esté en una habitación separada de los miembros de su familia


se recomienda que se quede en casa desde el momento en que presente los síntomas hasta que la erupción de mpox se haya curado y se haya formado una nueva capa de piel. Si es posible, es mejor que esté en una habitación separada de los miembros de su familia y las mascotas. ¿Se puede prevenir el mpox? JYNNEOS es una vacuna que puede ayudar a prevenir mpox (y la viruela). La vacuna se administra en dos dosis con cuatro semanas de diferencia. Recibir ambas dosis brinda la mejor protección. La vacuna se recomienda para personas que tienen riesgo de contraer mpox, por ejemplo, porque: Tuvieron o creen que pueden haber tenido exposición a alguien con mpox Son hombres que tienen relaciones sexuales con hombres, que en los últimos seis meses tuvieron: Una o más infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) Más de una pareja sexual Sexo en un local de sexo comercial (como un club de sexo o un baño público) Sexo en un evento público grande donde personas diseminaron mpox Tuvieron una pareja sexual que tiene riesgo de contraer mpox Esperan estar en alguna de estas situaciones En en riesgo de exposición en el trabajo, por ejemplo, en un laboratorio o centro de atención médica Viajará a una zona donde hay un brote y, mientras esté ahí, probablemente tendrá relaciones sexuales: Con una nueva pareja En un local de sexo comercial o en un gran evento público A cambio de dinero o drogas Consulte con su profesional de la salud para ver si la vacuna es recomendable para usted. Existen pasos adicionales que puede tomar para ayudar a prevenir el mpox: Evite el contacto cercano de piel con piel con la erupción del mpox. Por ello, si una persona está enferma de mpox: No toque su sarpullido o costras


salud para ver si la vacuna es recomendable para usted. Existen pasos adicionales que puede tomar para ayudar a prevenir el mpox: Evite el contacto cercano de piel con piel con la erupción del mpox. Por ello, si una persona está enferma de mpox: No toque su sarpullido o costras No les bese, abrace, no se acueste ni tenga relaciones sexuales con ellas Evite el contacto con utensilios que hayan sido ocupados por alguien con mpox: No comparta utensilios para comer ni tazas con ellos No toque la ropa de cama, toallas o ropa de una persona que tenga mpox Si usted o alguien con el que usted vive tiene mpox, limpie y desinfecte su hogar Lávese las manos con frecuencia con agua y jabón o use un desinfectante para manos a base de alcohol, especialmente después del contacto con personas enfermas Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades


What is mpox? Mpox, which used to be called monkeypox, is a disease caused by the monkeypox virus. This virus is in the same family of viruses as the smallpox virus. Mpox can be spread between animals and people, but it's mainly spread through close contact with someone who has it. It is found regularly in parts of Central, Eastern and West Africa. The virus that causes it has been found in small rodents, monkeys, and other mammals that live in these areas. Some outbreaks of mpox have affected people in many countries around the world, including the United States. What are the types of monkeypox viruses? There are two types of monkeypox viruses: Clade I is regularly found in Central and Eastern Africa. It causes more severe illness and deaths than clade II. Clade II is regularly found in West Africa. Infections from clade II are less severe. Most people who get this type will survive. This type is the cause of the global mpox outbreak that peaked in 2022 but has continued to decrease. How does mpox spread? Mpox spreads in different ways: Through close, personal contact with someone who has the virus: Through direct contact with their rash, scabs, or body fluids By breathing in the virus during prolonged, face-to-face contact During intimate physical contact such as kissing, cuddling, hugging, massage or sex During pregnancy, from the mother to the fetus. From touching items (such as clothes, bedding, or towels) that were used by someone who has the virus From infected animals: By being scratched or bitten by the animal By preparing or eating meat or using products from the animal Someone who has mpox can spread it from the time their symptoms start until their rash has fully healed, all scabs have fallen off, and a


the virus From infected animals: By being scratched or bitten by the animal By preparing or eating meat or using products from the animal Someone who has mpox can spread it from the time their symptoms start until their rash has fully healed, all scabs have fallen off, and a fresh layer of skin has formed. This usually takes 2-4 weeks. Researchers have found that some people can spread mpox to others from 1 to 4 days before their symptoms appear. It is not known how often this happens. What are the symptoms of mpox? The symptoms of mpox usually start within 3 weeks from the time you were exposed to the virus. The symptoms may include: A rash with sores that can look like pimples or blisters. It could be on the face, inside the mouth, and on other parts of the body, like the hands, feet, chest, genitals, or anus. It goes through different stages, including scabs, before healing. This can take 2-4 weeks. Fever . Chills. Swollen lymph nodes ("swollen glands"). Exhaustion. Headache . Muscle aches and backache. Respiratory symptoms, such as a sore throat, nasal congestion, or cough . You may have all or only a few symptoms: You may get a rash first, followed by other symptoms You may have flu-like symptoms and then develop a rash 1-4 days later You may only get a rash How is mpox diagnosed? To find out if you have mpox, your health care provider: Will ask about your symptoms and medical history. Will look at your rash. Will take a sample of tissue from one of the sores so it can be tested for the monkeypox virus. May do blood tests to check for monkeypox virus or for antibodies to the virus. Antibodies are proteins that your immune


symptoms and medical history. Will look at your rash. Will take a sample of tissue from one of the sores so it can be tested for the monkeypox virus. May do blood tests to check for monkeypox virus or for antibodies to the virus. Antibodies are proteins that your immune system makes to fight foreign substances such as viruses and bacteria . What are the treatments for mpox? There are no treatments specifically for mpox, but many people get better on their own. Since mpox and smallpox are similar, antiviral medicines that treat smallpox may also help treat mpox. Antiviral medicines may be recommended for people have severe mpox or are at risk of severe mpox, for example because they: Have immune system , for example from HIV or other conditions Are pregnant Are children, especially those under age 1 Have certain active skin conditions that can cause widespread infection, such as eczema , impetigo , or psoriasis If you have mpox, it is recommended that you stay home from the time you have symptoms until your mpox rash has healed and a new layer of skin has formed. It would be best to stay in a separate room from your family members and pets if you can. Can mpox be prevented? JYNNEOS is a vaccine that can help prevent mpox (and smallpox). The vaccine is given in two doses 4 weeks apart. Getting both doses gives the best protection. The vaccine is recommended for people who are at risk of mpox, for example because they: Had or think they could've had exposure to someone with mpox Are a man who has sex with men, who in the last 6 months had: One or more sexually transmitted infections (STIs) More than one sexual partner Sex at a commercial sex venue


of mpox, for example because they: Had or think they could've had exposure to someone with mpox Are a man who has sex with men, who in the last 6 months had: One or more sexually transmitted infections (STIs) More than one sexual partner Sex at a commercial sex venue (like a sex club or bathhouse) Sex at a large public event where people had spread mpox Had a sex partner who is at risk of mpox Expect to be in any of these situations Are at risk of exposure at work, for example at a lab or healthcare facility Will be traveling to an area where there is an outbreak and, while there, will likely have sex: With a new partner At a commercial sex venue or large public event In exchange for money or drugs Check with your provider to see if the vaccine is recommended for you. There are also other steps you can take to help prevent mpox: Avoid close, skin-to-skin contact with the mpox rash. So, while a person is sick with mpox: Do not touch their rash or scabs Do not kiss, hug, cuddle, or have sex with them Avoid contact with items that were used by someone who has mpox: Do not touch the bedding, towels, or clothing of a person who has mpox Do not share eating utensils or cups with them If you or someone you live with has mpox, clean and disinfect your home Wash your hands often with soap and water or use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer, especially after contact with sick people. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses a large magnet and radio waves to look at organs and structures inside your body. Health care professionals use MRI scans to diagnose a variety of conditions, from torn ligaments to tumors. MRIs are very useful for examining the brain and spinal cord. During the scan, you lie on a table that slides inside a tunnel-shaped machine. Doing the scan can take a long time, and you must stay still. The scan is painless. The MRI machine makes a lot of noise. The technician may offer you earplugs. Before you get a scan, tell your doctor if you: Are pregnant Have pieces of metal in your body. You might have metal in your body if you have a shrapnel or bullet injury or if you are a welder. Have metal or electronic devices in your body, such as a cardiac pacemaker or a metal artificial joint


MRSA stands for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. It causes a staph infection (pronounced "staff infection") that is resistant to several common antibiotics . There are two types of infection. Hospital-associated MRSA happens to people in health care settings. Community-associated MRSA happens to people who have close skin-to-skin contact with others, such as athletes involved in football and wrestling. Infection control is key to stopping MRSA in hospitals. To prevent community-associated MRSA: Practice good hygiene Keep cuts and scrapes clean and covered with a bandage until healed Avoid contact with other people's wounds or bandages Avoid sharing personal items, such as towels, washcloths, razors, or clothes Wash soiled sheets, towels, and clothes in hot water with bleach and dry in a hot dryer If a wound appears to be infected, see a health care provider. Treatments may include draining the infection and antibiotics.


Multiple myeloma is a cancer that begins in plasma cells, a type of white blood cell. These cells are part of your immune system, which helps protect the body from germs and other harmful substances. In time, myeloma cells collect in the bone marrow and in the solid parts of bones. No one knows the exact causes of multiple myeloma, but it is more common in older people and African Americans. It can run in families. Common symptoms may include: Bone pain, often in the back or ribs Fractures (broken bones) Weakness or fatigue Weight loss Frequent infections and fevers Feeling very thirsty Frequent urination Doctors diagnose multiple myeloma using lab tests, imaging tests, and a bone marrow biopsy. Your treatment depends on how advanced the disease is and whether you have symptoms. If you have no symptoms, you may not need treatment right away. If you have symptoms, you may have chemotherapy, stem cell transplantation, radiation, or targeted therapy. Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances that attack specific cancer cells with less harm to normal cells. NIH: National Cancer Institute


Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a nervous system disease that affects your brain and spinal cord. It damages the myelin sheath, the material that surrounds and protects your nerve cells. This damage slows down or blocks messages between your brain and your body, leading to the symptoms of MS. They can include: Visual disturbances Muscle weakness Trouble with coordination and balance Sensations such as numbness, prickling, or "pins and needles" Thinking and memory problems No one knows what causes MS. It may be an autoimmune disease, which happens when your immune system attacks healthy cells in your body by mistake. Multiple sclerosis affects women more than men. It often begins between the ages of 20 and 40. Usually, the disease is mild, but some people lose the ability to write, speak, or walk. There is no specific test for MS. Doctors use a medical history, physical exam, neurological exam, MRI, and other tests to diagnose it. There is no cure for MS, but medicines may slow it down and help control symptoms. Physical and occupational therapy may also help. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


Mumps is an illness caused by the mumps virus. It starts with: Fever Headache Muscle aches Tiredness Loss of appetite After that, the salivary glands under the ears or jaw become swollen and tender. The swelling can be on one or both sides of the face. Symptoms last 7 to 10 days. Serious complications are rare. You can catch mumps by being with another person who has it. There is no treatment for mumps, but the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine can prevent it. Before the routine vaccination program in the United States, mumps was a common illness in infants, children and young adults. Now it is a rare disease in the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


What are muscle cramps? Muscle cramps are sudden, involuntary contractions or spasms in one or more of your muscles. They are very common and often occur after exercise. Some people get muscle cramps, especially leg cramps, at night. They can be painful, and they may last a few seconds to several minutes. You can have a cramp in any muscle, but they happen most often in the: Thighs Feet Hands Arms Abdomen Area along your ribcage What causes muscle cramps? Causes of muscle cramps include: Straining or overusing a muscle. This is the most common cause. Compression of your nerves, from problems such as a spinal cord injury or a pinched nerve in the neck or back Dehydration Low levels of electrolytes such as magnesium, potassium , or calcium Not enough blood getting to your muscles Pregnancy Certain medicines Getting dialysis Sometimes the cause of muscle cramps is unknown. Who is at risk for muscle cramps? Anyone can get muscle cramps, but they are more common in some people: Older adults People who are overweight Athletes Pregnant women People with certain medical conditions, such as thyroid and nerve disorders When do I need to see a health care provider for muscle cramps? Muscle cramps are usually harmless, and they go away after a few minutes. But you should contact your health care provider if the cramps: Are severe Happen frequently Don't get better with stretching and drinking enough fluids Last a long time Are accompanied by swelling, redness, or a feeling of warmth Are accompanied by muscle weakness What are the treatments for muscle cramps? You usually don't need treatment for muscle cramps. You may be able to find some relief from cramps by: Stretching or gently massaging the muscle Applying heat when the muscle is tight and ice when


feeling of warmth Are accompanied by muscle weakness What are the treatments for muscle cramps? You usually don't need treatment for muscle cramps. You may be able to find some relief from cramps by: Stretching or gently massaging the muscle Applying heat when the muscle is tight and ice when the muscle is sore Getting more fluids if you are dehydrated If another medical problem is causing the cramps, treating that problem will likely help. There are medicines that providers sometimes prescribe to prevent cramps, but they are not always effective and may cause side effects. Talk to your provider about the risks and benefits of medicines. Can muscle cramps be prevented? To prevent muscle cramps, you can: Stretch your muscles, especially before exercising. If you often get leg cramps at night, stretch your leg muscles before bed. Drink plenty of liquids. If you do intense exercise or exercise in the heat, sports drinks can help you replace electrolytes.


Your muscles help you move and help your body work. Different types of muscles have different jobs. There are many problems that can affect muscles. Muscle disorders can cause weakness, pain or even paralysis. Causes of muscle disorders include: Injury or overuse, such as sprains or strains , cramps or tendinitis A genetic disorder, such as muscular dystrophy Some cancers Inflammation, such as myositis Diseases of nerves that affect muscles Infections Certain medicines Sometimes the cause of muscle disorders is unknown.


What is muscular dystrophy (MD)? Muscular dystrophy (MD) is a group of more than 30 genetic diseases . They cause weakness of the muscles. Over time, the weakness gets worse and can cause trouble walking and doing daily activities. Some types of MD can also affect other organs. What are the types of muscular dystrophy (MD)? There are many different types of MD. Some of the more common types include: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which is the most common childhood form. It is severe and affects boys more often than girls. The symptoms usually start between ages 3 and 6. Becker muscular dystrophy, which is similar to Duchenne but is less severe and gets worse more slowly. It often starts in the teenage years. Congenital muscular dystrophies, which are present at birth or before age 2. They can be mild or severe. Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy, which often starts in the teenage years. At first, it affects the muscles of the face, shoulders, and upper arms. Each of the types of MD can be different in many ways, such as: Who is more likely to get them Which muscles they affect When they appear, such as in infancy, childhood, middle age, or later What the symptoms are How serious the symptoms are How quickly they get worse Whether they run in families Whether they affect other organs Even within the same type of MD, people can have different symptoms. What causes muscular dystrophy (MD)? MD is genetic, meaning that it caused by a change in one or more genes. Gene changes are also called gene variants or mutations. The gene changes in MD affect proteins that strengthen and protect muscles. There are different gene changes that cause each type of MD. And sometimes people who have the same type of MD can


a change in one or more genes. Gene changes are also called gene variants or mutations. The gene changes in MD affect proteins that strengthen and protect muscles. There are different gene changes that cause each type of MD. And sometimes people who have the same type of MD can have different gene changes. Muscular dystrophy can run in families, or you can be the first in your family to have a muscular dystrophy. How is muscular dystrophy (MD) diagnosed? To find out if you or your child has MD, your health care provider may use: A medical and family history A physical exam Blood and urine tests, including genetic tests and tests for certain enzymes that may be released by damaged muscles Muscle biopsies Electromyography and nerve conduction studies to find out if muscles are responding the right way to nerve signals Heart testing , such as an electrocardiogram (EKG), since some types of MD can cause heart problems Exercise tests to measure muscle strength and breathing and detect any increased rates of certain chemicals following exercise Imaging tests such as an MRI to look at muscle quality and bulk and measure fatty replacement of muscle tissue What are the treatments for muscular dystrophy (MD)? There is no cure for muscular dystrophy. Treatment can help with the symptoms and prevent complications. It usually includes a combination of therapies, such as: Physical therapy to help keep muscles flexible and strong Occupational therapy to relearn lost motor skills and learn ways to work around weakened muscles Respiratory care, such as breathing exercises, oxygen therapy , and ventilators Speech therapy to help with speech and swallowing problems Assistive devices , such as wheelchairs, splints and braces, and walkers Medicines to help delay damage to muscles or minimize the symptoms of MD Surgery


to work around weakened muscles Respiratory care, such as breathing exercises, oxygen therapy , and ventilators Speech therapy to help with speech and swallowing problems Assistive devices , such as wheelchairs, splints and braces, and walkers Medicines to help delay damage to muscles or minimize the symptoms of MD Surgery to treat some of the conditions associated with MD, such as heart problems, scoliosis , and cataracts NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

What is myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)? Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a serious, long-term illness that affects many body systems. Another name for it is chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). ME/CFS can often make you unable to do your usual activities. Sometimes you may not even be able to get out of bed. What causes myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)? Researchers don't yet know what causes ME/CFS. There may be more than one potential cause. It is also possible that two or more triggers might work together to cause the illness. Researchers are studying many possible causes, including: Infections Immune system changes Physical or emotional stress Changes in the way cells in the body get their energy Genetics; the illness can sometimes run in families Who is more likely to develop myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)? Anyone can get ME/CFS, but it is most common in people between 40 and 60 years old. Adult women are more likely to develop it than adult men. What are the symptoms of myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)? The primary, or core, symptoms of ME/CFS are: Not being able to do activities that you used to do before the illness, along with severe fatigue. The fatigue must last six months or longer, and it is not improved by rest. Post-exertional malaise (PEM), which means that your symptoms get worse after any physical or mental activity. Sleep problems . Along with the primary symptoms, to be diagnosed with ME/CFS, you need to have one or both of these symptoms: Problems with thinking and memory . Worsening of symptoms while standing or sitting upright. This is called orthostatic intolerance. It can cause you to feel lightheaded, dizzy , weak, or faint while standing or sitting up. Some of the other symptoms that ME/CFS can cause


or both of these symptoms: Problems with thinking and memory . Worsening of symptoms while standing or sitting upright. This is called orthostatic intolerance. It can cause you to feel lightheaded, dizzy , weak, or faint while standing or sitting up. Some of the other symptoms that ME/CFS can cause include: Pain , including muscle pain, joint pain, and headaches Sore throat Tender lymph nodes (glands) in the neck or armpits Digestive issues, like irritable bowel syndrome Chills and night sweats Allergies and sensitivities to foods, odors, chemicals, light, or noise ME/CFS can be unpredictable. Your symptoms may come and go. They may change over time; sometimes they might get better, and other times they may get worse. How is myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) diagnosed? ME/CFS can be difficult to diagnose. There is no specific test for ME/CFS, and other illnesses can cause similar symptoms. Your health care provider has to rule out other diseases before making a diagnosis of ME/CFS. Your provider will do a thorough medical exam, which will include: Asking about your medical history and your family's medical history. Asking about your current illness, including your symptoms. Some questions they may ask could include how often you have symptoms, how bad they are, how long they have lasted, and how they affect your life. Thorough physical and mental status exams. Blood, urine, or other tests to check for other illnesses which could be causing your symptoms. Your provider may also ask you to see a specialist to check for other conditions which can cause similar symptoms. What are the treatments for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)? There is no cure or approved treatment for ME/CFS, but you may be able to treat or manage some of your symptoms. You, your family, and your provider should work


to check for other conditions which can cause similar symptoms. What are the treatments for myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS)? There is no cure or approved treatment for ME/CFS, but you may be able to treat or manage some of your symptoms. You, your family, and your provider should work together to decide on a plan. You should figure out which symptom causes you the most problems and try to treat that first. For example, if sleep problems affect you the most, you might first try using good sleep habits . If those do not help, you may need to take medicines or see a sleep specialist. Strategies such as learning new ways to manage activity can also be helpful. You need to make sure that you do not "push and crash." This can happen when you feel better, do too much, and then get worse again. When you have ME/CFS, it can be hard to help develop a treatment plan. It can also be difficult to try to take care of yourself. So it's important that you have support from family members and friends. There are also various resources and strategies that might be helpful to you, such as: Getting counseling to help you cope with the illness and its impact on your life. Eating a healthy diet. Nutritional supplements, if your provider suggests them. Complementary therapies such as meditation, gentle massage, or relaxation therapy. Make sure to talk to your provider before you try any new treatments. Some treatments that are promoted as cures for ME/CFS are unproven, often costly, and could be dangerous. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


What is myasthenia gravis? Myasthenia gravis, sometimes called MG, is a chronic (long-lasting) disease that causes weakness in your voluntary muscles. The voluntary muscles are the ones that you can control. They include the muscles you use for: Eye and eyelid movement Facial expressions Chewing Talking Swallowing Breathing Moving your arms and legs You can also have weakness in other muscles. This weakness gets worse with activity, and better with rest. Myasthenia gravis is a type of autoimmune disease. In autoimmune diseases , your immune system attacks the healthy cells of your organs and tissues by mistake. What causes myasthenia gravis? Myasthenia gravis is caused by an error in how nerve signals are sent to muscles. These signals get blocked at the nerve-muscle junction. This junction is the place where the nerve endings connect with the muscles they control. Normally, this is how the signals work: The signals travel down a nerve that controls movement in the muscle The nerve endings release a substance called acetylcholine Acetylcholine binds to the muscle tissue at the nerve-muscle junction This causes the muscle to contract (move) But in someone with myasthenia gravis, the body's own immune system makes antibodies that block the binding of acetylcholine to the muscle. This makes the muscles weaker. The thymus gland, which is part of your immune system, may play a role in myasthenia gravis. Normally, your thymus gland is active and growing when you are a child. It makes white blood cells to fight infections. At puberty, it starts getting smaller and is replaced by fat. It is usually small by the time you are an adult. But in many adults with myasthenia gravis, the thymus gland stays large. And some people with myasthenia gravis can get thymomas, which are tumors of the thymus. The are usually


it starts getting smaller and is replaced by fat. It is usually small by the time you are an adult. But in many adults with myasthenia gravis, the thymus gland stays large. And some people with myasthenia gravis can get thymomas, which are tumors of the thymus. The are usually benign (not cancer), but they can sometimes become cancerous . Who is more likely to develop myasthenia gravis? Although myasthenia gravis can affect people of any age, it is most common in young adult women (under age 40) and older men (over age 60). It is usually not inherited (passed down in families). Myasthenia gravis normally does not affect infants. But if you are pregnant and have myasthenia gravis it's possible to pass the antibodies to your fetus. The baby can then be born with neonatal myasthenia. This condition is usually temporary, and the symptoms typically go away within two to three months after birth. What are the symptoms of myasthenia gravis? The symptoms of myasthenia gravis will depend on which muscles are affected. The symptoms often include: Weakness of the eye muscles Drooping of one or both eyelids Blurred or double vision Changes in facial expressions Trouble swallowing Shortness of breath Speech problems Weakness in the arms, hands, fingers, legs, and neck Different people have different levels of muscle weakness. And the weakness can vary from day to day. Some days it might be mild, and other days it might be worse. Physical activity often makes the muscle weakness worse. Some people with myasthenia gravis can get severe weakness that affects the muscles that control breathing. This is called a myasthenic crisis, and it is a life-threatening emergency. How is myasthenia gravis diagnosed? There are many other conditions that can cause muscle weakness, so myasthenia gravis can be hard


worse. Some people with myasthenia gravis can get severe weakness that affects the muscles that control breathing. This is called a myasthenic crisis, and it is a life-threatening emergency. How is myasthenia gravis diagnosed? There are many other conditions that can cause muscle weakness, so myasthenia gravis can be hard to diagnose. To find out if you have myasthenia gravis, your health care provider: Will ask about your medical history and symptoms Will do a physical exam, including a neurological exam Will likely order tests for myasthenia gravis , including: Blood tests Imaging tests Electromyography (EMG) and nerve conduction studies What are the treatments for myasthenia gravis? There is no cure for myasthenia gravis, but treatments that can improve muscle weakness and help with symptoms. They include: Anticholinesterase medicines, which can improve nerve-to-muscle messages and make muscles stronger. Immunosuppressive medicines, which are medicines that decrease your body's immune system responses. They can lower your body's production of abnormal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies, which can also help decrease your body's immune system responses. Plasmapheresis (plasma exchange) and intravenous immunoglobulin, which are procedures to remove abnormal antibodies from your blood. They are usually used in severe cases. They can help with symptoms for a few weeks or months. Thymectomy, surgery to remove the thymus gland. It can reduce the symptoms of myasthenia gravis, possibly by rebalancing the immune system. Lifestyle changes may be helpful for some people. The changes could include regular gentle exercise, getting enough rest, and eating healthy foods. Some people with myasthenia gravis go into remission. This means that they do not have symptoms. The remission is usually temporary, but sometimes it can be permanent. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


Mycobacteria are a type of germ. There are many different kinds. The most common one causes tuberculosis . Another one causes leprosy. Still others cause infections that are called atypical mycobacterial infections. They aren't "typical" because they don't cause tuberculosis. But they can still harm people, especially people with other problems that affect their immunity, such as AIDS. Sometimes you can have these infections with no symptoms at all. At other times, they can cause lung symptoms similar to tuberculosis: Cough Weight loss Coughing up blood or mucus Weakness or fatigue Fever and chills Night sweats Lack of appetite and weight loss Medicines can treat these infections, but often more than one is needed to cure the infection.


Your bone marrow is the spongy tissue inside some of your bones, such as your hip and thigh bones. It contains immature cells, called stem cells. The stem cells can develop into the red blood cells that carry oxygen through your body, the white blood cells that fight infections, and the platelets that help with blood clotting. If you have a myelodysplastic syndrome, the stem cells do not mature into healthy blood cells. Many of them die in the bone marrow. This means that you do not have enough healthy cells, which can lead to infection, anemia , or easy bleeding. Myelodysplastic syndromes often do not cause early symptoms and are sometimes found during a routine blood test. If you have symptoms, they may include: Shortness of breath Weakness or feeling tired Skin that is paler than usual Easy bruising or bleeding Pinpoint spots under the skin caused by bleeding Fever or frequent infections Myelodysplastic syndromes are rare. People at higher risk are over 60, have had chemotherapy or radiation therapy, or have been exposed to certain chemicals. Treatment options include transfusions, drug therapy, chemotherapy, and blood or bone marrow stem cell transplants. NIH: National Cancer Institute


Myositis means inflammation of the muscles that you use to move your body. An injury, infection, or autoimmune disease can cause it. Two specific kinds are polymyositis and dermatomyositis. Polymyositis causes muscle weakness, usually in the muscles closest to the trunk of your body. Dermatomyositis causes muscle weakness, plus a skin rash. Other symptoms of myositis may include: Fatigue after walking or standing Tripping or falling Trouble swallowing or breathing Doctors may use a physical exam, lab tests, imaging tests and a muscle biopsy to diagnose myositis. There is no cure for these diseases, but you can treat the symptoms. Polymyositis and dermatomyositis are first treated with high doses of a corticosteroid . Other options include medications, physical therapy, exercise, heat therapy, assistive devices, and rest. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


Your toenails and fingernails protect the tissues of your toes and fingers. They are made up of layers of a hardened protein called keratin, which is also in your hair and skin. The health of your nails can be a clue to your overall health. Healthy nails are usually smooth and consistent in color. Specific types of nail discoloration and changes in growth rate can be signs of lung, heart, kidney, and liver diseases, as well as diabetes and anemia. White spots and vertical ridges are harmless. Nail problems that sometimes require treatment include: Bacterial and fungal infections Ingrown nails Tumors Warts Keeping your nails clean, dry, and trimmed can help you avoid some problems. Do not remove the cuticle, which can cause infection.


Your paranasal sinuses are small hollow spaces around the nose. They are lined with cells that make mucus, which keeps your nose from drying out. The nasal cavity is the passageway just behind your nose. Air passes through it on the way to your throat as you breathe. Cancer of the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is rare. You are at greater risk if you are: Male and over 40 years old Exposed to certain workplace chemicals Infected with HPV A smoker There may be no symptoms at first, and later symptoms can be like those of infections. Doctors diagnose nasal cancer with imaging tests, lighted tube-like instruments that look inside the nose, and biopsies. Treatment options include surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. NIH: National Cancer Institute


What are nausea and vomiting? Nausea is when you feel sick to your stomach, as if you are going to throw up. Vomiting is when you throw up. What causes nausea and vomiting? Nausea and vomiting can be symptoms of many different conditions, including: Morning sickness during pregnancy Gastroenteritis (infection of your intestines) and other infections Migraines Motion sickness Food poisoning Medicines, including those for cancer chemotherapy GERD (reflux) and ulcers Intestinal obstruction When do I need to see a health care provider for nausea and vomiting? Nausea and vomiting are common. They are usually not serious. However, you should contact your health care provider immediately if you have: A reason to think that your vomiting is from poisoning Vomited for longer than 24 hours Blood in the vomit Severe abdominal pain Severe headache and stiff neck Signs of dehydration , such as dry mouth, infrequent urination or dark urine How is the cause of nausea and vomiting diagnosed? Your health care provider will take your medical history, ask about your symptoms and do a physical exam. The provider will look for signs of dehydration. You may have some tests, including blood and urine tests. Women may also have a pregnancy test. What are the treatments for nausea and vomiting? Treatments for nausea and vomiting depend on the cause. You may get treatment for the underlying problem. There are some medicines that can treatment nausea and vomiting. For severe cases of vomiting, you may need extra fluids through an IV (intravenous). There are things that you can do to feel better: Get enough fluids, to avoid dehydration. If you are having trouble keeping liquids down, drink small amounts of clear liquids often. Eat bland foods; stay away from spicy, fatty, or salty foods Eat smaller meals more often Avoid strong


(intravenous). There are things that you can do to feel better: Get enough fluids, to avoid dehydration. If you are having trouble keeping liquids down, drink small amounts of clear liquids often. Eat bland foods; stay away from spicy, fatty, or salty foods Eat smaller meals more often Avoid strong smells, since they can sometimes trigger nausea and vomiting If you are pregnant and have morning sickness, eat crackers before you get out of bed in the morning


Any part of your neck - muscles, bones, joints, tendons, ligaments, or nerves - can cause neck problems. Neck pain is very common. Pain may also come from your shoulder, jaw, head, or upper arms. Muscle strain or tension often causes neck pain. The problem is usually overuse, such as from sitting at a computer for too long. Sometimes you can strain your neck muscles from sleeping in an awkward position or overdoing it during exercise. Falls or accidents, including car accidents, are another common cause of neck pain. Whiplash, a soft tissue injury to the neck, is also called neck sprain or strain. Treatment depends on the cause, but may include applying ice, taking pain relievers, getting physical therapy or wearing a cervical collar. You rarely need surgery.


¿Qué es la neumonía? La neumonía es una infección en uno o ambos pulmones. Causa que los alvéolos pulmonares se llenen de líquido o pus. Puede variar de leve a grave, dependiendo de la causa de la infección, su edad y su estado general de salud. ¿Qué causa la neumonía? Las infecciones bacterianas , virales y fúngicas pueden causar neumonía. Las bacterias son la causa más común. La neumonía bacteriana puede ocurrir por sí sola. También puede desarrollarse después de haber tenido ciertas infecciones virales, como resfríos o gripe. Varios tipos diferentes de bacterias pueden causar neumonía, incluyendo: Streotococcus pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila: Este tipo de neumonía a menudo se llama enfermedad del legionario Mycoplasma pneumoniae Chlamydia pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae tipo b (hib) Los virus que infectan las vías respiratorias pueden causar neumonía. A menudo, la neumonía viral es leve y desaparece por sí sola en pocas semanas. Pero en ocasiones es lo suficientemente grave como para necesitar tratamiento en un hospital. Si tiene neumonía viral, corre el riesgo de contraer también neumonía bacteriana. Los diferentes virus que pueden causar neumonía incluyen: Virus respiratorio sincitial Algunos virus del resfrío común y la gripe SARS-CoV-2, el virus que causa COVID-19 La neumonía fúngica es más común en personas con problemas de salud crónicos o sistemas inmunitarios debilitados. Algunos de los tipos incluyen: Neumonía por Pneumocystis Fiebre del valle (coccidioidomicosis) Histoplasmosis Neumonía criptocócica La aspiración también puede causar neumonía. Puede ocurrir cuando aspira (inhala accidentalmente) alimentos o líquidos hacia los pulmones. Si no puede expulsar la comida o el líquido, puede causar una infección. ¿Quién tiene más probabilidades de tener neumonía? Cualquier persona puede tener neumonía, pero ciertos factores pueden aumentar su riesgo: Su edad: El riesgo es mayor para los niños menores de 2 años y los adultos mayores de 65 años


puede expulsar la comida o el líquido, puede causar una infección. ¿Quién tiene más probabilidades de tener neumonía? Cualquier persona puede tener neumonía, pero ciertos factores pueden aumentar su riesgo: Su edad: El riesgo es mayor para los niños menores de 2 años y los adultos mayores de 65 años Exposición a ciertos químicos, contaminantes o humos tóxicos Estilo de vida: Como fumar , consumo excesivo de alcohol y desnutrición Estar en un hospital, especialmente si está en la UCI . Estar sedado y / o conectado a un ventilador aumenta aún más el riesgo Tener una enfermedad pulmonar Tener un sistema inmunitario debilitado Tener problemas para toser o tragar , por un derrame cerebral u otra afección Haberse enfermado recientemente con un resfriado o gripe Otras afecciones de salud crónicas (de larga duración), como diabetes, insuficiencia cardíaca, anemia falciforme, enfermedad hepática y renal ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de la neumonía? Los síntomas de la neumonía pueden variar de leves a graves e incluyen: Fiebre Escalofríos Tos, generalmente con flema ((un tipo de mucosidad espesa que se produce en los pulmones) Dificultad para respirar Dolor en el pecho cuando respira o tose Náuseas y / o vómitos Diarrea Los síntomas pueden variar para diferentes grupos. Los recién nacidos y los bebés pueden no mostrar ningún signo de infección. Otros pueden vomitar y tener fiebre y tos. Pueden parecer enfermos, sin energía o estar inquietos. Los adultos mayores y las personas con enfermedades graves o sistemas inmunitarios débiles pueden tener síntomas menores y más leves. Incluso pueden tener una temperatura inferior a la normal. En ocasiones, los adultos mayores que tienen neumonía pueden sentirse débiles o confundidos súbitamente. ¿Qué otros problemas puede causar la neumonía? A veces, la neumonía puede causar complicaciones graves, como: Bacteriemia: Ocurre cuando las bacterias entran al


menores y más leves. Incluso pueden tener una temperatura inferior a la normal. En ocasiones, los adultos mayores que tienen neumonía pueden sentirse débiles o confundidos súbitamente. ¿Qué otros problemas puede causar la neumonía? A veces, la neumonía puede causar complicaciones graves, como: Bacteriemia: Ocurre cuando las bacterias entran al torrente sanguíneo. Es grave y puede provocar un shock séptico Abscesos pulmonares: Acumulaciones de pus en las cavidades de los pulmones Trastornos pleurales : Afecciones que afectan la pleura, el tejido que cubre el exterior de los pulmones y recubre el interior de la cavidad torácica Insuficiencia renal Insuficiencia respiratoria ¿Cómo se diagnostica la neumonía? En ocasiones, la neumonía puede ser difícil de diagnosticar porque puede causar algunos de los mismos síntomas que un resfriado o gripe. Puede llevarle tiempo darse cuenta de que tiene una afección más grave. Para saber si tiene neumonía, su profesional de la salud: Analizará su historia clínica, incluyendo preguntas sobre sus síntomas Realizará un examen físico, que incluye escuchar sus pulmones con un estetoscopio Puede solicitar varias pruebas, incluyendo: Radiografía de tórax Exámenes de sangre como un conteo sanguíneo completo para ver si su sistema inmunitario está combatiendo activamente una infección Un hemocultivo para determinar si tiene una infección bacteriana que se ha diseminado al torrente sanguíneo Si está en el hospital, tiene síntomas graves, es adulto mayor o tiene otros problemas de salud, también es posible que le hagan más pruebas, como: Prueba de esputo: Busca bacterias en una muestra de su esputo (saliva) o flema (mucosidad que se expulsa de los pulmones al toser) Tomografía computarizada del tórax para ver cuánto de sus pulmones están afectados. También puede mostrar si tiene complicaciones como abscesos pulmonares o derrames pleurales (acumulación de líquido en el espacio pleural) Cultivo de líquido pleural : Busca bacterias


(saliva) o flema (mucosidad que se expulsa de los pulmones al toser) Tomografía computarizada del tórax para ver cuánto de sus pulmones están afectados. También puede mostrar si tiene complicaciones como abscesos pulmonares o derrames pleurales (acumulación de líquido en el espacio pleural) Cultivo de líquido pleural : Busca bacterias en una muestra de líquido que se tomó del espacio pleural Oximetría de pulso o prueba de nivel de oxígeno en la sangre : Busca verificar cuánto oxígeno hay en su sangre Broncoscopia: Procedimiento que se utiliza para observar el interior de las vías respiratorias de los pulmones ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para la neumonía? El tratamiento para la neumonía depende del tipo de neumonía, qué germen la causa y qué tan grave es: Los antibióticos tratan la neumonía bacteriana y algunos tipos de neumonía por neumococo. No funcionan para la neumonía viral En algunos casos, su profesional de la salud puede recetarle medicamentos antivirales para la neumonía viral Los medicamentos antimicóticos tratan otros tipos de neumonía fúngica Es posible que deba ser tratado en un hospital si sus síntomas son graves o si está en riesgo de complicaciones. Mientras esté allí, puede recibir tratamientos adicionales. Por ejemplo, puede recibir oxigenoterapia si su nivel de oxígeno en la sangre es bajo. Puede tomar tiempo recuperarse de la neumonía. Algunas personas se sienten mejor en una semana. Para otras puede tomar un mes o más. ¿Se puede prevenir la neumonía? Las vacunas pueden ayudar a prevenir la neumonía por neumococo o el virus de la gripe . Lavarse las manos frecuentemente , no fumar y tener un estilo de vida saludable también puede ayudar a prevenirla. NIH: Instituto Nacional del Corazón, los Pulmones y la Sangre


Neural tube defects are birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord. They happen in the first month of pregnancy, often before a woman even knows that she is pregnant. The two most common neural tube defects are spina bifida and anencephaly. In spina bifida, the fetal spinal column doesn't close completely. There is usually nerve damage that causes at least some paralysis of the legs. In anencephaly, most of the brain and skull do not develop. Babies with anencephaly are usually either stillborn or die shortly after birth. Another type of defect, Chiari malformation , causes the brain tissue to extend into the spinal canal. The exact causes of neural tube defects aren't known. You're at greater risk of having an infant with a neural tube defect if you: Have obesity Have poorly controlled diabetes Take certain antiseizure medicines Getting enough folic acid , a type of B vitamin, before and during pregnancy prevents most neural tube defects. Neural tube defects are usually diagnosed before the infant is born, through lab or imaging tests. There is no cure for neural tube defects. The nerve damage and loss of function that are present at birth are usually permanent. However, a variety of treatments can sometimes prevent further damage and help with complications. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development


La neuralgia del trigémino es un tipo de dolor crónico que afecta a la cara. Causa dolor, ardor repentino o sensación de shock extremo. Por lo general, afecta a un lado de la cara. Cualquier vibración en su rostro, incluso por hablar, puede provocarla. La afección puede aparecer y desaparecer por días o incluso meses. Pero cuanto más tiempo dure, menores son las posibilidades de que desaparezca. La neuralgia del trigémino generalmente afecta a personas mayores de 50 años, especialmente a mujeres. La causa probable es un vaso sanguíneo que presiona el nervio trigémino, uno de los nervios más grandes en la cabeza. Los tumores y esclerosis múltiple también pueden provocarla, pero en algunos casos se desconoce la causa. No existe una prueba específica para diagnosticarla. Puede ser difícil de diagnosticar, ya que muchas otras afecciones pueden causar dolor facial. Las opciones de tratamiento incluyen medicamentos, cirugía y terapias complementarias. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Trastornos Neurológicos y Accidentes Cerebrovasculares


¿Qué es el neuroblastoma? El neuroblastoma es un tipo de cáncer que se forma en las células nerviosas llamadas neuroblastos. Los neuroblastos son tejido nervioso inmaduro. Normalmente, se convierten en células nerviosas, pero en el neuroblastoma forman un tumor. En general, el neuroblastoma comienza en las glándulas suprarrenales . Usted tiene dos glándulas suprarrenales, una encima de cada riñón. Estas producen hormonas importantes que ayudan a controlar la frecuencia cardíaca, la presión arterial, la glucosa en la sangre (azúcar) y la forma en que el cuerpo reacciona al estrés. El neuroblastoma también puede comenzar en el cuello, el tórax o la médula espinal. ¿Qué causa el neuroblastoma? El neuroblastoma es causado por cambios en los genes . Estos cambios también se llaman mutaciones o variantes. En la mayoría de los casos, se desconoce la causa de la mutación. En algunos otros, la mutación se transmite de padres a hijos . ¿Cuáles son los síntomas del neuroblastoma? El neuroblastoma a menudo comienza en la primera infancia . A veces comienza antes de nacer el niño. Los síntomas más comunes son causados por el tumor que presiona los tejidos cercanos a medida que crece o por la propagación del cáncer al hueso. Estos incluyen: Un bulto en el abdomen, cuello o pecho Ojos saltones Círculos oscuros alrededor de los ojos Dolor de huesos Estómago hinchado y dificultad para respirar en los bebés Bultos azulados y sin dolor debajo de la piel en los bebés Debilidad o parálisis (pérdida de la capacidad de mover una parte del cuerpo) ¿Cómo se diagnostica el neuroblastoma? Para diagnosticar el neuroblastoma, el profesional de la salud realizará varias pruebas y procedimientos al niño, las que pueden incluir: Su historia clínica Un examen neurológico Pruebas de imagen como radiografías , tomografía computarizada , ecografía , resonancia magnética o