¿Qué es la gota? La gota es un tipo común de artritis inflamatoria. Provoca dolor, inflamación y enrojecimiento en una o más articulaciones. En general, ocurre como un ataque, que puede durar una semana o dos y luego mejora. Los ataques suelen comenzar en el dedo gordo del pie o en una extremidad inferior. ¿Qué causa la gota? La gota ocurre cuando se acumula demasiado ácido úrico (urato) en el cuerpo durante un período prolongado. El ácido úrico es un producto de desecho que el cuerpo produce cuando descompone purinas, sustancias que se encuentran en los tejidos del cuerpo y en muchos alimentos. Cuando su cuerpo descompone células viejas o digiere alimentos que contienen purina, la mayor parte del ácido úrico que se produce se disuelve en la sangre. Los riñones filtran el ácido úrico de la sangre y este sale del cuerpo a través de la orina. Sin embargo, en ocasiones su cuerpo puede producir demasiado ácido úrico o no eliminarlo en cantidad suficiente. Entonces los niveles de ácido úrico aumentan en su cuerpo. Tener demasiado ácido úrico en la sangre se conoce como hiperuricemia. No causa problemas de salud a todas las personas, pero en algunas, el ácido úrico forma cristales que parecen agujas. Pueden formarse en las articulaciones, lo que causa gota. Los cristales también pueden provocar cálculos renales . La artritis por pirofosfato de calcio, a veces llamada pseudogota, es una enfermedad relacionada. Provoca síntomas similares y en ocasiones se confunde con gota. Pero es causada por una acumulación de fosfato de calcio, no de ácido úrico. ¿Quién tiene más probabilidades de tener gota? Muchas personas desarrollan gota. Es más probable que la tenga si: Es hombre Es mayor (generalmente se desarrolla en la mediana edad) Tiene obesidad Tiene ciertos problemas de salud, como: Insuficiencia cardiaca


por una acumulación de fosfato de calcio, no de ácido úrico. ¿Quién tiene más probabilidades de tener gota? Muchas personas desarrollan gota. Es más probable que la tenga si: Es hombre Es mayor (generalmente se desarrolla en la mediana edad) Tiene obesidad Tiene ciertos problemas de salud, como: Insuficiencia cardiaca Presión arterial alta Síndrome metabólico Enfermedad renal crónica Afecciones que hacen que las células se descompongan más rápidamente, como la psoriasis o algunos cánceres Trastornos genéticos raros que conducen a un aumento del ácido úrico Tiene antecedentes familiares de gota Tiene una dieta poco saludable y consume alimentos ricos en purinas, como carnes rojas, vísceras y ciertos mariscos Bebe alcohol Consume muchos alimentos y bebidas que contienen fructosa (un tipo de azúcar) Toma ciertos medicamentos, como diuréticos (pastillas para eliminar el agua), aspirina en dosis bajas y algunos medicamentos que debilitan su sistema inmunitario Toma altas cantidades de niacina (vitamina B3) ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de la gota? La gota suele aparecer en una sola articulación a la vez. A menudo ocurre en el dedo gordo del pie, pero también puede afectar otras articulaciones, incluyendo los otros dedos, el tobillo y la rodilla. Los ataques de gota suelen comenzar repentinamente por la noche y los síntomas en la articulación afectada suelen incluir: Dolor intenso, que puede ser lo suficientemente fuerte como para despertarlo Inflamación Enrojecimiento Calor en el área afectada Los brotes suelen mejorar en una semana o dos. Entre los ataques, normalmente no ocurren síntomas. Algunas personas pueden tener ataques frecuentes, mientras que otras pueden no tener otro ataque durante años. Pero con el tiempo, si no se tratan, estos pueden ocurrir más seguidos y durar más. Y si la gota no se trata durante largos períodos de tiempo, se puede desarrollar tofos. Los tofos son depósitos duros de


ataques frecuentes, mientras que otras pueden no tener otro ataque durante años. Pero con el tiempo, si no se tratan, estos pueden ocurrir más seguidos y durar más. Y si la gota no se trata durante largos períodos de tiempo, se puede desarrollar tofos. Los tofos son depósitos duros de ácido úrico debajo de la piel. Al principio son indoloros, pero con el tiempo pueden causar dolor. También pueden provocar daños a los huesos y tejidos blandos y deformar las articulaciones. ¿Cómo se diagnostica la gota? Para saber si tiene gota, su profesional de la salud: Analizará su historia clínica, incluyendo preguntas sobre sus síntomas Realizará un examen físico, incluyendo un examen de las articulaciones afectadas Puede solicitar diversas pruebas, como: Un análisis de una muestra de líquido de una de sus articulaciones dolorosas. El líquido se examina bajo un microscopio y se comprueba si hay cristales de ácido úrico Una prueba de ácido úrico en sangre u orina Una ecografía o una tomografía computarizada especial para buscar acumulación de cristales de ácido úrico en la articulación afectada y detectar otras afecciones que puedan estar causando los síntomas ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para la gota? Hay tratamientos efectivos para la gota. El tratamiento que reciba depende de sus síntomas y de la causa de la afección. Los objetivos del tratamiento son: Reducir el dolor de los ataques de gota mediante el uso de medicamentos como: Medicamentos antiinflamatorios no esteroides (AINE) como el ibuprofeno Acetaminofén y el fármaco antiinflamatorio colchicina Corticoides orales o inyectados Prevenir futuros ataques, por ejemplo: Haciendo cambios en el estilo de vida, como bajar de peso, limitar el consumo de alcohol y evitar alimentos con alto contenido de purinas. Si está tomando medicamentos que pueden causar niveles altos de ácido úrico en la sangre, su profesional de


orales o inyectados Prevenir futuros ataques, por ejemplo: Haciendo cambios en el estilo de vida, como bajar de peso, limitar el consumo de alcohol y evitar alimentos con alto contenido de purinas. Si está tomando medicamentos que pueden causar niveles altos de ácido úrico en la sangre, su profesional de la salud puede sugerirle que suspenda o cambie esos medicamentos Si es necesario, tomar medicamentos para reducir el ácido úrico en la sangre Prevenir los tofos y los cálculos renales, por ejemplo, con medicamentos que reducen el ácido úrico en la sangre Con un diagnóstico temprano, tratamiento y cambios en el estilo de vida, la gota es una de las formas de artritis más controlables. El tratamiento y los cambios en el estilo de vida pueden ayudar a las personas a evitar los ataques de gota, disminuir sus síntomas y, en ocasiones, incluso liberarse de la gota. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Artritis y Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas y de la Piel


What is gout? Gout is a common type of inflammatory arthritis . It causes pain, swelling, and redness in one or more joints. It usually happens as a flare, which can last for a week or two and then gets better. The flares often begin in your big toe or a lower limb. What causes gout? Gout happens when too much uric acid (urate) builds up in your body over a long time. Uric acid is a waste product your body makes when it breaks down purines. Purines are substances that are in your body's tissues and in many foods. When your body breaks down old cells or digests foods that contain purine, most of the uric acid that's made dissolves in your blood. Your kidneys filter the uric acid out of your blood, and it leaves your body in your urine (pee). However, sometimes your body can make too much uric acid or does not remove enough of it. Then the uric acid levels build up in your body, including in your blood. Having too much uric acid in the blood is called hyperuricemia. It does not cause health problems for everyone. But in some people, uric acid forms needle-like crystals. They can form in your joints, which causes gout. The crystals can also cause kidney stones . Calcium pyrophosphate arthritis, sometimes called pseudogout, is a related disease. It causes similar symptoms and is sometimes confused with gout. But it is caused by a buildup of calcium phosphate, not uric acid. Who is more likely to develop gout? Many people develop gout. You are more likely to get it if you: Are male. Are older; it usually develops in middle age. Have obesity . Have certain health conditions, such as: Heart failure High blood pressure Metabolic syndrome Chronic kidney


uric acid. Who is more likely to develop gout? Many people develop gout. You are more likely to get it if you: Are male. Are older; it usually develops in middle age. Have obesity . Have certain health conditions, such as: Heart failure High blood pressure Metabolic syndrome Chronic kidney disease Conditions that cause your cells to break down more quickly, such as psoriasis or some cancers Rare genetic conditions that lead to increased uric acid Have a family history of gout. Have an unhealthy diet and eat foods that are rich in purines, such as red meat, organ meats, certain seafoods. Drink alcohol. Eat and drink lots of foods and beverages that contain fructose (a type of sugar). Take certain medicines, such as diuretics (water pills), low-dose aspirin, and some medicines that weaken your immune system. Take high amounts of niacin (vitamin B-3). What are the symptoms of gout? Gout usually happens in only one joint at a time. It is often found in the big toe, but can also affect other joints, including your other toes, ankle, and knee. Gout flares often start suddenly at night, and the symptoms in the affected joint often include: Intense pain, which may be bad enough to wake you up Swelling Redness Warmth The flares typically get better within a week or two. In between flares, you usually don't have symptoms. Some people may have flares often, while others may not have another flare for years. But over time, if left untreated, your flares may happen more often and last longer. And if gout is untreated over long periods of time, you can develop tophi. Tophi are hard, uric acid deposits under the skin. They start out as painless, but over time, they can become painful. They can also cause bone and


your flares may happen more often and last longer. And if gout is untreated over long periods of time, you can develop tophi. Tophi are hard, uric acid deposits under the skin. They start out as painless, but over time, they can become painful. They can also cause bone and soft tissue damage and misshapen joints. How is gout diagnosed? To find out if you have gout, your health care provider: Will take your medical history, which includes asking about your symptoms. Will do a physical exam, including examining the affected joint(s). May order various tests, such as: A test of a sample of fluid from one of your painful joints. The fluid is examined under a microscope and is checked for uric acid crystals. A uric acid blood or urine test . An ultrasound or special CT scan to look for uric acid crystal buildup in the affected joint and check for other conditions that may be causing the symptoms. What are the treatments for gout? There are effective treatments for gout. Which treatment you get will depend on your symptoms and the cause of your gout. The goals of your treatment will be to: Reduce the pain from gout flares, by using medicines such as: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen. Acetaminophen and the anti-inflammatory drug colchicine. Oral or injected corticosteroids . Prevent future flares, for example by: Making lifestyle changes such as losing weight, limiting alcohol, and avoiding foods high in purines. If you are taking medicines that can cause high uric acid in the blood, your provider may suggest stopping or changing those medicines. If needed, taking medicines to lower uric acid in the blood. Prevent tophi and kidney stones, for example with medicines that lower uric acid in the blood. With early diagnosis, treatment, and


that can cause high uric acid in the blood, your provider may suggest stopping or changing those medicines. If needed, taking medicines to lower uric acid in the blood. Prevent tophi and kidney stones, for example with medicines that lower uric acid in the blood. With early diagnosis, treatment, and lifestyle changes, gout is one of the most controllable forms of arthritis. Treatment and lifestyle changes may help people avoid gout flares, lessen their symptoms, and sometimes even become gout free. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


La granulomatosis con poliangeítis, conocida anteriormente como granulomatosis de Wegener, es una enfermedad rara. Es un tipo de vasculitis o inflamación de los vasos sanguíneos. La inflamación limita el flujo de sangre hacia órganos importantes y provoca daños. Puede afectar cualquier órgano, pero afecta principalmente los senos paranasales, la nariz, la tráquea, los pulmones y los riñones. Se desconoce la causa de la granulomatosis con poliangeítis. Puede afectar a personas de cualquier edad. Hombres y mujeres la sufren por igual. Es más común en caucásicos. Los síntomas pueden incluir dolor de las articulaciones, debilidad, cansancio y síntomas gripales como secreción nasal que no mejora. Los médicos utilizan análisis de sangre, radiografías de tórax y biopsias para diagnosticar la enfermedad y descartar otras causas según los síntomas. El tratamiento temprano es importante. La mayoría de las personas mejora con medicinas reducen o detienen la inflamación.


Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), previously known as Wegener's granulomatosis, is a rare disease. It is a type of vasculitis , or inflammation of the blood vessels. The inflammation limits the flow of blood to important organs, causing damage. It can affect any organ, but it mainly affects the sinuses, nose, trachea (windpipe), lungs, and kidneys. The cause of GPA is unknown. It can affect people at any age. Men and women are equally affected. It is more common in whites. Symptoms may include joint pain, weakness, tiredness, and cold symptoms such as a runny nose that doesn't get better. Doctors use blood tests, chest X-rays, and biopsies to diagnose GPA and rule out other causes of the symptoms. Early treatment is important. Most people improve with medicines to slow or stop the inflammation.


La grasa es un tipo de nutriente. Usted necesita un poco de grasa en su dieta pero no demasiada. La grasa es una fuente de energía y ayuda al cuerpo a absorber vitaminas. También tiene un rol importante en los niveles de colesterol . No todas las grasas son iguales. Usted debe intentar evitar: Las grasas saturadas como la mantequilla, grasa sólida y grasa de cerdo Las grasas trans , que se encuentran en las grasas vegetales, ciertas margarinas, galletas saladas y dulces, los bocadillos y otras comidas hechas o fritas con aceites parcialmente hidrogenados Trate de reemplazar estas grasas por aceites como el de canola, oliva, cártamo, sésamo y girasol. Por supuesto, consumir demasiadas grasas hará que suba de peso. La grasa tiene el doble de calorías que las proteínas o hidratos de carbono. NIH: Instituto Nacional del Corazón, los Pulmones y la Sangre


¿Qué es la gripe? La gripe, también llamada influenza, es una infección respiratoria causada por virus. Cada año, millones de personas se enferman de gripe. En ocasiones, causa una enfermedad leve, pero también puede ser grave e incluso mortal, especialmente para personas mayores de 65 años, recién nacidos y personas con ciertas enfermedades crónicas. ¿Qué causa la gripe? La gripe es causada por el virus de la influenza que se transmite de persona a persona. Cuando alguien con gripe tose, estornuda o habla, expulsa pequeñas gotas. Estas gotitas pueden caer en la boca o en la nariz de las personas que están cerca. Con menos frecuencia, una persona puede contraer la gripe al tocar una superficie u objeto que tiene el virus de la gripe y luego tocarse la boca, la nariz o posiblemente los ojos. ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de la gripe? Los síntomas de la gripe aparecen de repente y pueden incluir: Fiebre o sensación de fiebre y escalofríos Tos Dolor de garganta Goteo o congestión nasal Dolores musculares o del cuerpo Dolor de cabeza Fatiga (cansancio) Algunas personas también pueden tener vómitos y diarrea . Esto es más común en los niños. En ocasiones, las personas tienen problemas para saber si tienen un resfrío o la gripe, pero hay diferencias entre ellos: Signos y síntomas Resfriado Gripe Comienzo de síntomas Gradual Repentino Fiebre Rara vez Normal Dolores A veces (leve) Normal Fatiga, debilidad A veces Normal Dolor de cabeza Rara vez Común Congestión, estornudos o dolor de garganta Común A veces A veces, las personas dicen que tienen una "gripe" cuando realmente tienen otra cosa. Por ejemplo, la "gripe estomacal" no es gripe, sino gastroenteritis . ¿Qué otros problemas puede causar la gripe? Algunas personas que contraen la gripe pueden desarrollar complicaciones. Algunas de ellas pueden ser


garganta Común A veces A veces, las personas dicen que tienen una "gripe" cuando realmente tienen otra cosa. Por ejemplo, la "gripe estomacal" no es gripe, sino gastroenteritis . ¿Qué otros problemas puede causar la gripe? Algunas personas que contraen la gripe pueden desarrollar complicaciones. Algunas de ellas pueden ser graves o incluso potencialmente mortales. Estas incluyen: Bronquitis Infección de oído Sinusitis Neumonía Inflamación del corazón (miocarditis), cerebro ( encefalitis ) o tejidos musculares ( miositis , rabdomiolisis) La gripe también puede empeorar problemas de salud crónicos. Por ejemplo, las personas con asma pueden tener ataques de asma mientras tienen gripe. Algunas personas tienen más probabilidades de tener complicaciones de la gripe, incluyendo: Adultos mayores de 65 años Mujeres embarazadas Niños menores de 5 años Personas con ciertas afecciones crónicas de salud, como asma, diabetes y enfermedades del corazón ¿Cómo se diagnostica la gripe? Para diagnosticar la gripe, los profesionales de la salud primero harán un historial médico y preguntarán sobre sus síntomas. Hay varias pruebas para la gripe . Su profesional médico le pasará un hisopo por el interior de la nariz o la parte posterior de la garganta. Luego se examinará el hisopo para detectar el virus de la gripe. Algunas pruebas son rápidas y tienen los resultados entre 15 y 20 minutos. Pero estas no son tan precisas como otras pruebas, las que pueden demorarse una o varias horas en tener los resultados. ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para la gripe? La mayoría de las personas con gripe se recuperan solas sin atención médica. Las personas con casos leves de gripe deben quedarse en casa y evitar el contacto con otras personas, excepto para recibir atención médica. Pero si tiene síntomas de gripe y está en un grupo de alto riesgo o está muy enfermo o preocupado por


se recuperan solas sin atención médica. Las personas con casos leves de gripe deben quedarse en casa y evitar el contacto con otras personas, excepto para recibir atención médica. Pero si tiene síntomas de gripe y está en un grupo de alto riesgo o está muy enfermo o preocupado por su afección, contacte a su profesional de la salud. Es posible que necesite medicamentos antivirales para tratar su gripe. Los antivirales pueden aliviar la enfermedad y acortar el tiempo que esté enfermo. También pueden prevenir las complicaciones graves de la gripe. Por lo general, funcionan mejor cuando comienza a tomarlos dentro de los 2 días de haberse enfermado. ¿Se puede prevenir la gripe? La mejor manera de prevenir la gripe es vacunarse todos los años. Pero también es importante tener buenos hábitos de salud, como cubrirse la tos con el brazo y lavarse las manos con frecuencia. Esto puede ayudar a detener la propagación de gérmenes y prevenir la gripe. Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades


¿Qué es la gripe aviar? Las aves, al igual que las personas, pueden contraer la gripe. Otro nombre para la gripe aviar es influenza aviar. Los virus que causan la gripe aviar normalmente sólo infectan a las aves, incluyendo gallinas, otras aves de corral y aves silvestres como los patos. Pero, en ocasiones, los virus pueden infectar a otros animales y, en casos raros, a personas. Pocos tipos de estos virus han causado la mayoría de las infecciones en personas. Estos son los virus H5N1, H7N9 y H5N6. Estas infecciones se han producido en personas principalmente en Asia, África, Europa, el Pacífico y el Cercano Oriente. Aunque es muy raro, también han habido algunas infecciones en personas en los Estados Unidos. ¿Cómo se contrae la gripe aviar? Las formas más comunes de contraer la gripe aviar son: Tocarse los ojos, la nariz o la boca después de manipular aves infectadas, vivas o muertas Tocar superficies o manipular artículos contaminados por los virus de la gripe aviar y luego tocarse los ojos, la nariz o la boca Respirar gotitas o polvo contaminado con el virus También es posible (pero muy raro) contraer la gripe aviar a través de: Otro tipo de animal con gripe aviar. La gripe aviar también puede infectar a muchos otros animales, incluyendo perros, gatos, ciertos animales salvajes y de zoológicos, y ganado como el ganado vacuno. Estos animales luego pueden transmitir la gripe a las personas Otra persona Comer aves, huevos y carne de res que no fueron manipulados ni cocinados adecuadamente Beber leche cruda ¿Quién tiene más probabilidades de contraer la gripe aviar? Ciertas personas pueden tener más probabilidades de contraer gripe aviar, entre ellas: Trabajadores avícolas Cuidadores de animales Biólogos de vida silvestre Trabajadores de control de enfermedades Trabajadores de laboratorio de investigación Veterinarios Personas


fueron manipulados ni cocinados adecuadamente Beber leche cruda ¿Quién tiene más probabilidades de contraer la gripe aviar? Ciertas personas pueden tener más probabilidades de contraer gripe aviar, entre ellas: Trabajadores avícolas Cuidadores de animales Biólogos de vida silvestre Trabajadores de control de enfermedades Trabajadores de laboratorio de investigación Veterinarios Personas que viajan a países donde hay gripe aviar ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de la gripe aviar en humanos? En ocasiones, la gripe aviar no causa ningún síntoma. Pero si se siente enfermo, sus síntomas pueden variar de leves a graves. A menudo, los síntomas son similares a los de la gripe (estacional), por ejemplo: Fiebre (aunque no todas las personas presentan fiebre) Tos Dolor de garganta Secreción o congestión nasal Dolores musculares o corporales Fatiga Dolor de cabeza Enrojecimiento de los ojos (conjuntivitis) Problemas para respirar Diarrea Las personas con enfermedades graves por la gripe aviar pueden tener neumonía y es posible que deban ser hospitalizadas. ¿Cómo se diagnostica la gripe aviar? Para diagnosticar la gripe aviar se usan pruebas de laboratorio. En general, se realiza un hisopado nasal o de garganta . Esta prueba es más precisa cuando el hisopo se recolecta durante los primeros días de la enfermedad. Para las personas que están gravemente enfermas, los profesional es de la salud pueden realizar pruebas de una muestra diferente, como el líquido tomado durante un lavado broncoalveolar u otro procedimiento. ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para la gripe aviar? La gripe aviar se trata con medicamentos antivirales. Es importante conseguirlos lo antes posible. Los medicamentos pueden hacer que su enfermedad sea menos grave. También es posible que le administren medicamentos antivirales si estuvo expuesto a una persona o animal con el virus. Esto puede ayudar a evitar que se enferme. ¿Se puede prevenir la gripe aviar? Actualmente no hay ninguna


lo antes posible. Los medicamentos pueden hacer que su enfermedad sea menos grave. También es posible que le administren medicamentos antivirales si estuvo expuesto a una persona o animal con el virus. Esto puede ayudar a evitar que se enferme. ¿Se puede prevenir la gripe aviar? Actualmente no hay ninguna vacuna disponible para la población. El gobierno ha desarrollado un virus similar a algunos virus H5N1. El virus podría usarse para producir una vacuna para las personas, si fuera necesario. Es importante tomar precauciones para prevenir la gripe aviar: Si tiene un trabajo o pasatiempo que le pone en contacto con aves u otros animales, asegúrese de utilizar el equipo de protección adecuado De lo contrario, trate de evitar el contacto directo con aves silvestres y otros animales Lávese las manos con agua y jabón después de tocar pájaros u otros animales Dado que es posible contraer la gripe aviar a través de algunos alimentos, asegúrese de manipular y cocinar los alimentos de manera segura y evitar la leche cruda


La gripe porcina es una infección causada por un virus. Se llama así por un virus que los cerdos contraen. La gente, generalmente, no contrae esta gripe pero pueden darse infecciones. En 2009, una cepa de gripe porcina llamada H1N1 infectó a varias personas alrededor del mundo. El virus es contagioso y puede diseminarse de persona a persona. Los síntomas de la gripe porcina son similares a los síntomas de la gripe común e incluyen fiebre, tos, picazón de garganta, dolor muscular, dolor de cabeza, escalofríos y fatiga. Existen algunas medicinas antivirales que usted puede tomar para prevenir o tratar la gripe porcina y hay una vacuna contra esta gripe. Usted puede prevenir la propagación de gérmenes que causan enfermedades respiratorias como la gripe de esta manera: Cúbrase su nariz y boca con un pañuelo cuando tosa o estornude. Tire el pañuelo a la basura una vez usado. Lávese las manos con agua y jabón, sobre todo después de toser o estornudar. También puede usar alcohol en gel. Evite tocarse los ojos, nariz o boca. Así se diseminan los gérmenes. Trate de evitar el contacto con gente enferma. Quédese en su casa y no vaya a trabajar o a la escuela si usted está enfermo. Centro para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades


Does your child seem much shorter - or much taller - than other kids his or her age? It could be normal. Some children may be small for their age but still be developing normally. Some children are short or tall because their parents are. But some children have growth disorders. Growth disorders are problems that prevent children from developing normal height, weight, sexual maturity or other features. Very slow or very fast growth can sometimes signal a gland problem or disease. The pituitary gland makes growth hormone, which stimulates the growth of bone and other tissues. Children who have too little of it may be very short. Treatment with growth hormone can stimulate growth. People can also have too much growth hormone. Usually the cause is a pituitary gland tumor, which is not cancer. Too much growth hormone can cause gigantism in children, where their bones and their body grow too much. In adults, it can cause acromegaly, which makes the hands, feet and face larger than normal. Possible treatments include surgery to remove the tumor, medicines, and radiation therapy.


Good posture is about more than standing up straight so you can look your best. It is an important part of your long-term health. Making sure that you hold your body the right way, whether you are moving or still, can prevent pain, injuries, and other health problems. What is posture? Posture is how you hold your body. There are two types: Dynamic posture is how you hold yourself when you are moving, like when you are walking, running, or bending over to pick up something. Static posture is how you hold yourself when you are not moving, like when you are sitting, standing, or sleeping. It is important to make sure that you have good dynamic and static posture. The key to good posture is the position of your spine. Your spine has three natural curves - at your neck, mid back, and low back. Correct posture should maintain these curves, but not increase them. Your head should be above your shoulders, and the top of your shoulder should be over the hips. How can posture affect my health? Poor posture can be bad for your health. Slouching or slumping over can: Misalign your musculoskeletal system Wear away at your spine, making it more fragile and prone to injury Cause neck, shoulder, and back pain Decrease your flexibility Affect how well your joints move Affect your balance and increase your risk of falling Make it harder to digest your food Make it harder to breathe How can I improve my posture in general? Be mindful of your posture during everyday activities, like watching television, washing dishes, or walking Stay active. Any kind of exercise may help improve your posture, but certain types of exercises can be especially helpful. They include yoga, tai chi, and other classes that focus on


my posture in general? Be mindful of your posture during everyday activities, like watching television, washing dishes, or walking Stay active. Any kind of exercise may help improve your posture, but certain types of exercises can be especially helpful. They include yoga, tai chi, and other classes that focus on body awareness. It is also a good idea to do exercises that strengthen your core (muscles around your back, abdomen, and pelvis). Maintain a healthy weight. Extra weight can weaken your abdominal muscles, cause problems for your pelvis and spine, and contribute to low back pain. All of these can hurt your posture. Wear comfortable, low-heeled shoes. High heels, for example, can throw off your balance and force you to walk differently. This puts more stress on your muscles and harms your posture. Make sure work surfaces are at a comfortable height for you, whether you're sitting in front of a computer, making dinner, or eating a meal. How can I improve my posture when sitting? Many Americans spend a lot of their time sitting - either at work, at school, or at home. It is important to sit properly, and to take frequent breaks: Switch sitting positions often Take brief walks around your office or home Gently stretch your muscles every so often to help relieve muscle tension Don't cross your legs; keep your feet on the floor, with your ankles in front of your knees Make sure that your feet touch the floor, or if that's not possible, use a footrest Relax your shoulders; they should not be rounded or pulled backwards Keep your elbows in close to your body. They should be bent between 90 and 120 degrees. Make sure that your back is fully supported. Use a back pillow or other back support if your chair


use a footrest Relax your shoulders; they should not be rounded or pulled backwards Keep your elbows in close to your body. They should be bent between 90 and 120 degrees. Make sure that your back is fully supported. Use a back pillow or other back support if your chair does not have a backrest that can support your lower back's curve. Make sure that your thighs and hips are supported. You should have a well-padded seat, and your thighs and hips should be parallel to the floor. How can I improve my posture when standing? Stand up straight and tall Keep your shoulders back Pull your stomach in Put your weight mostly on the balls of your feet Keep your head level Let your arms hang down naturally at your sides Keep your feet about shoulder-width apart With practice, you can improve your posture; you will look and feel better.


Guillain-Barre syndrome is a rare disorder that causes your immune system to attack your peripheral nervous system (PNS). The PNS nerves connect your brain and spinal cord with the rest of your body. Damage to these nerves makes it hard for them to transmit signals. As a result, your muscles have trouble responding to your brain. No one knows what causes the syndrome. Sometimes it is triggered by an infection, surgery, or a vaccination. The first symptom is usually weakness or a tingling feeling in your legs. The feeling can spread to your upper body. In severe cases, you become almost paralyzed. This is life-threatening. You might need a respirator to breathe. Symptoms usually worsen over a period of weeks and then stabilize. Guillain-Barre can be hard to diagnose. Possible tests include nerve tests and a spinal tap. Most people recover. Recovery can take a few weeks to a few years. Treatment can help symptoms, and may include medicines or a procedure called plasma exchange. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


If you have gum disease, you're not alone. Many U.S. adults currently have some form of the disease. It ranges from simple gum inflammation, called gingivitis, to serious damage to the tissue and bone supporting the teeth. In the worst cases, you can lose teeth. In gingivitis, the gums become red and swollen. They can bleed easily. Gingivitis is a mild form of gum disease. You can usually reverse it with daily brushing and flossing and regular cleanings by a dentist or dental hygienist. Untreated gingivitis can lead to periodontitis. If you have periodontitis, the gums pull away from the teeth and form pockets that become infected. If not treated, the bones, gums and connective tissue that support the teeth are destroyed. NIH: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research


Una buena postura es más que pararse derecho para verse mejor. Es una parte importante de su salud a largo plazo. El mantener su cuerpo en la posición correcta, ya sea que esté en movimiento o quieto, puede ayudarle a evitar dolores, lesiones y otros problemas de salud. ¿Qué es la postura? La postura es cómo mantiene o sostiene su cuerpo. Hay dos tipos: La postura dinámica se refiere a cómo se sostiene al moverse, como cuando está caminando, corriendo o al agacharse para recoger algo La postura estática se refiere a cómo se mantiene cuando no está en movimiento, como cuando está sentado, de pie o durmiendo Es importante mantener una buena postura dinámica y estática. La clave para lograr una buena postura es la posición de su columna vertebral. Su columna vertebral tiene tres curvas naturales: En el cuello, en la parte media de la espalda y en la parte baja de la espalda. La postura correcta debería mantener estas curvas, pero no aumentarlas. Su cabeza debe mantenerse erguida sobre sus hombros y sus hombros deben alinearse con sus caderas. ¿Cómo puede la postura afectar mi salud? Una mala postura puede ser perjudicial para su salud. Andar encorvado o agachado puede: Desalinear su sistema musculoesquelético Desgastar su columna vertebral, haciéndola más frágil y con tendencia a lesiones Causar dolor en el cuello, hombros y espalda Disminuir su flexibilidad Afectar la forma correcta de cómo se mueven sus articulaciones Afectar su equilibrio y aumentar su riesgo de caerse Hacer más difícil digerir la comida Dificultar la respiración ¿Cómo puedo mejorar mi postura en general? Tenga en cuenta su postura durante sus actividades diarias, como mirar televisión, lavar los platos o caminar Manténgase activo. Cualquier tipo de ejercicio puede ayudar a mejorar su postura, pero ciertos tipos de ejercicios pueden


más difícil digerir la comida Dificultar la respiración ¿Cómo puedo mejorar mi postura en general? Tenga en cuenta su postura durante sus actividades diarias, como mirar televisión, lavar los platos o caminar Manténgase activo. Cualquier tipo de ejercicio puede ayudar a mejorar su postura, pero ciertos tipos de ejercicios pueden ser especialmente útiles. Por ejemplo, yoga, tai chi y otros tipos que se centran en la conciencia del cuerpo. También es una buena idea hacer ejercicios que fortalezcan los músculos alrededor de la espalda, el abdomen y la pelvis Mantenga un peso saludable. El peso extra puede debilitar los músculos abdominales, causar problemas de la pelvis y la columna vertebral y contribuir al dolor lumbar (espalda baja). Todo esto puede dañar tu postura Use zapatos cómodos de tacón bajo. Los tacones altos pueden afectar su equilibrio y obligarlo a caminar de manera diferente. Esto puede aumentar la presión sobre sus músculos y dañar su postura Asegúrese de que las superficies de trabajo estén a una altura cómoda para usted , ya sea al estar sentado frente a una computadora, preparando la cena o comiendo ¿Cómo puedo mejorar mi postura cuando estoy sentado? Muchas personas pasan demasiado tiempo sentadas, ya sea en el trabajo, la escuela o en casa. Es importante sentarse correctamente y tomar descansos frecuentes: Cambie frecuentemente su posición al estar sentado Haga caminatas breves alrededor de su oficina o casa Estire sus músculos suavemente de vez en cuando para ayudar a aliviar la tensión muscular No cruce las piernas. Mantenga los pies en el piso con los tobillos un poco más adelante de sus rodillas Asegúrese de que sus pies toquen el piso. Si eso no es posible, use un reposapiés Relaje sus hombros. No deben encorvarse o estar tirados hacia atrás Mantenga los codos cerca de su


piernas. Mantenga los pies en el piso con los tobillos un poco más adelante de sus rodillas Asegúrese de que sus pies toquen el piso. Si eso no es posible, use un reposapiés Relaje sus hombros. No deben encorvarse o estar tirados hacia atrás Mantenga los codos cerca de su cuerpo. Deben doblarse entre 90 y 120 grados Asegúrese de que su espalda tenga un buen apoyo. Use una almohada u otro soporte si su silla no tiene respaldo para la curva de la parte baja de la espalda Asegúrese de que sus muslos y caderas estén bien apoyados. Debe tener un asiento bien acolchado y sus muslos y caderas deben estar paralelos al piso ¿Cómo puedo mejorar mi postura cuando estoy parado? Póngase de pie en forma derecha Mantenga sus hombros atrás Evite que su estómago sobresalga Coloque su peso principalmente en las puntas de tus pies Mantenga su cabeza erguida Deje que sus brazos cuelguen naturalmente a los lados Mantenga los pies separados a la altura de los hombros Con práctica puede mejorar tu postura, y se verá y se sentirá mejor.


¿Qué son los gérmenes? Los gérmenes son microorganismos. Esto significa que solo se pueden ver con un microscopio. Se pueden encontrar en todas partes, como en el aire, el suelo y el agua. También hay gérmenes en su piel y en su cuerpo. Muchos gérmenes viven dentro y sobre nuestros cuerpos sin causar daño. Algunos incluso nos ayudan a mantenernos saludables. Pero algunos gérmenes pueden causar enfermedades. Las enfermedades infecciosas son causadas por gérmenes. Los principales tipos de gérmenes son bacterias , virus , hongos y parásitos . ¿Cómo se propagan los gérmenes? Hay diferentes formas en que los gérmenes pueden propagarse, como: Al tocar a una persona con gérmenes o al hacer otro tipo de contacto cercano con ellos, como besar, abrazar o compartir tazas o utensilios para comer Al respirar aire después de que una persona con gérmenes tose o estornuda Al tocar las heces (caca) de alguien con gérmenes, como cambiar pañales y luego tocarse los ojos, la nariz o la boca Tocar objetos y superficies con gérmenes y luego tocarse los ojos, la nariz o la boca De madre a bebé durante el embarazo y / o parto Por picaduras o mordeduras de insectos o animales A través de alimentos , agua , tierra o plantas contaminadas ¿Cómo puedo protegerme a mí mismo y a los demás de los gérmenes? Usted puede ayudar a protegerse y proteger a otros de los gérmenes, por ejemplo: Cuando tenga que toser o estornudar, cúbrase la boca y la nariz con un pañuelo desechable o use la parte interna del codo Lávese bien y con frecuencia las manos. Debe fregarlas por al menos 20 segundos. Es importante hacerlo cuando es más probable que contraiga y propague gérmenes, como: Antes, durante y después de preparar alimentos Antes de comer Antes y


con un pañuelo desechable o use la parte interna del codo Lávese bien y con frecuencia las manos. Debe fregarlas por al menos 20 segundos. Es importante hacerlo cuando es más probable que contraiga y propague gérmenes, como: Antes, durante y después de preparar alimentos Antes de comer Antes y después de atender a un enfermo en casa que tenga vómitos o diarrea Antes y después de tratar un corte o herida Después de usar el baño Después de cambiar pañales o limpiar a un niño que ha usado el baño Después de sonarse la nariz, toser o estornudar Después de tocar un animal, alimento para animales o desechos de animales Después de manipular alimentos para mascotas o golosinas para mascotas Después de tocar la basura Si no tiene agua y jabón disponibles, puede usar un desinfectante para manos a base de alcohol que tenga al menos 60% de alcohol Quédese en casa si está enfermo Evite el contacto cercano con personas enfermas Practique la seguridad alimentaria al manipular, cocinar y almacenar alimentos Limpiar y desinfectar regularmente superficies y objetos que se tocan con frecuencia


Swine flu is an infection caused by a virus. It's named for a virus that pigs can get. People do not normally get swine flu, but human infections can and do happen. In 2009 a strain of swine flu called H1N1 infected many people around the world. The virus is contagious and can spread from human to human. Symptoms of swine flu in people are similar to the symptoms of regular human flu and include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. There are antiviral medicines you can take to prevent or treat swine flu. There is a vaccine available to protect against swine flu. You can help prevent the spread of germs that cause respiratory illnesses like influenza by: Covering your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze. Throw the tissue in the trash after you use it. Washing your hands often with soap and water, especially after you cough or sneeze. You can also use alcohol-based hand cleaners. Avoiding touching your eyes, nose or mouth. Germs spread this way. Trying to avoid close contact with sick people. Staying home from work or school if you are sick. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Qué tan bien usted y su profesional de la salud o proveedor se comuniquen es una de las partes más importantes de conseguir una buena atención médica. Estar preparado puede ayudar a sacar el máximo provecho a su visita, ya sea en persona o a través de la telesalud . A continuación, le presentamos algunas cosas que puede hacer para aprovechar su cita médica: Haga una lista con sus dudas, cualquier alergia que tenga y todas las medicinas, hierbas , vitaminas y suplementos que tome Haga una lista de las preguntas e inquietudes que usted quiera conversar Si está teniendo cualquier problema de salud, escriba una descripción de sus síntomas. Incluya información como cuándo comenzaron, qué los mejora y qué los empeora Pídale a un amigo de confianza o un familiar que lo acompañe a la cita Si su profesional de la salud o proveedor no habla su idioma, llame a su consultorio con anticipación y solicite que un intérprete le ayude Durante su cita, tome notas sobre lo que le diga su médico o proveedor de atención médica. O puede pedirle a un amigo o familiar que tome notas por usted Sea honesto durante su cita. No diga simplemente lo que cree que su profesional de la salud quiere escuchar. Por ejemplo, no diga que dejó de fumar o que está alimentándose de manera saludable si no es cierto. Su médico o proveedor necesita saber qué está sucediendo realmente, para poder brindarle la mejor atención y los mejores tratamientos para usted Si no entiende algo que dice su profesional de la salud, haga preguntas hasta que lo entienda Solicite instrucciones por escrito si las necesita Entérese cómo acceder a sus registros médicos, para conocer sus resultados de pruebas de laboratorio, diagnósticos, planes de tratamiento y medicamentos Pida la información


para usted Si no entiende algo que dice su profesional de la salud, haga preguntas hasta que lo entienda Solicite instrucciones por escrito si las necesita Entérese cómo acceder a sus registros médicos, para conocer sus resultados de pruebas de laboratorio, diagnósticos, planes de tratamiento y medicamentos Pida la información de contacto de su profesional de la salud o proveedor y averigüe la mejor forma de comunicarse con ellos Entérese qué hacer si necesita más información después


Haemophilus is the name of a group of bacteria. There are several types of Haemophilus. They can cause different types of illnesses involving breathing, bones and joints, and the nervous system. One common type, Hib (Haemophilus influenzae type b), causes serious disease. It usually strikes children under 5 years old. Your child can get Hib disease by being around other children or adults who may have the bacteria and not know it. The germs spread from person to person. If the germs stay in the child's nose and throat, the child probably will not get sick. But sometimes the germs spread into the lungs or the bloodstream, and then Hib can cause serious problems such as meningitis and pneumonia . Treatment is with antibiotics. There is a vaccine to prevent Hib disease. All children younger than 5 years of age should be vaccinated with the Hib vaccine. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


You lose up to 100 hairs from your scalp every day. That's normal, and in most people, those hairs grow back. But many men -- and some women -- lose hair as they grow older. You can also lose your hair if you have certain diseases, such as thyroid problems, diabetes, or lupus. If you take certain medicines or have chemotherapy for cancer, you may also lose your hair. Other causes are stress, a low protein diet, a family history, or poor nutrition. Treatment for hair loss depends on the cause. In some cases, treating the underlying cause will correct the problem. Other treatments include medicines and hair restoration.


The average person has 5 million hairs. Hair grows all over your body except on your lips, palms, and the soles of your feet. It takes about a month for healthy hair to grow half an inch. Most hairs grow for up to six years and then fall out. New hairs grow in their place. Hair helps keep you warm. It also protects your eyes, ears and nose from small particles in the air. Common problem with the hair and scalp include hair loss , infections, and flaking .


No matter how old you are or what you do for a living, you are always using your hands. When there is something wrong with them, you may not be able to do your regular activities. Hand problems include : Carpal tunnel syndrome - compression of a nerve as it goes through the wrist, often making your fingers feel numb Injuries that result in fractures (broken bones), ruptured ligaments and dislocations Osteoarthritis - wear-and-tear arthritis, which can also cause deformity Tendinitis - irritation of the tendons Disorders and injuries of your fingers and thumb


El síndrome pulmonar por hantavirus (HPS, por sus siglas en inglés) es una infección viral poco frecuente pero mortal. Es diseminada por los ratones y ratas. Ellos eliminan el virus en la orina, los excrementos y la saliva. Pequeñas gotas con el virus pueden flotar en el aire. Las personas pueden adquirir la enfermedad si respiran aire infectado o entran en contacto con roedores o sus excrementos. Las personas no lo contagian. Los primeros síntomas del HPS incluyen: Fatiga Fiebre Dolores musculares, especialmente en los muslos, caderas y espalda Dolor de cabeza Escalofríos Mareos Nausea, vómitos, diarrea o dolor abdominal Los síntomas posteriores incluyen tos y falta de aire. El control de los roedores dentro y alrededor de su casa es la mejor forma para protegerse de una infección. Si ha estado cerca de roedores y tiene síntomas como fiebre, dolores musculares profundos y una intensa sensación de falta de aire, consulte inmediatamente a un médico. No existe un tratamiento específico, cura o vacuna para esta infección. A los pacientes les va mejor si reconocen los síntomas con anticipación y reciben atención en terapia intensiva. Generalmente, necesitan un respirador y terapia de oxígeno. Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades


Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) is a rare but deadly viral infection. It is spread by mice and rats. They shed the virus in their urine, droppings, and saliva. Tiny droplets with the virus can enter the air. People can get the disease if they breathe infected air or come into contact with rodents or their urine or droppings. You cannot catch it from people. Early symptoms of HPS include: Fatigue Fever Muscle aches, especially in the thighs, hips and back Headaches Chills Dizziness Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or abdominal pain Later symptoms include coughing and shortness of breath. Controlling rodents in and around your house is the best way to prevent infection. If you have been around rodents and have symptoms of fever, deep muscle aches, and severe shortness of breath, see your doctor immediately. There is no specific treatment, cure, or vaccine for HPS. Patients may do better if it is recognized early and they get medical care in an intensive care unit. They often need to use a breathing machine and have oxygen therapy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Each spring, summer, and fall, trees, weeds, and grasses release tiny pollen grains into the air. Some of the pollen ends up in your nose and throat. This can trigger a type of allergy called hay fever. Symptoms can include: Sneezing, often with a runny or clogged nose Coughing and postnasal drip Itching eyes, nose and throat Red and watery eyes Dark circles under the eyes Your health care provider may diagnose hay fever based on a physical exam and your symptoms. Sometimes skin or blood tests are used. Taking medicines and using nasal sprays can relieve symptoms. You can also rinse out your nose, but be sure to use distilled or sterilized water with saline. Allergy shots can help make you less sensitive to pollen and provide long-term relief.


What is cholesterol? Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all the cells in your body. Your liver makes cholesterol, and it is also in some foods, such as meat and dairy products. Your body needs some cholesterol to work properly. But having too much cholesterol in your blood raises your risk of coronary artery disease . What are HDL and LDL? HDL and LDL are two types of lipoproteins.They are a combination of fat (lipid) and protein. The lipids need to be attached to the proteins so they can move through the blood. HDL and LDL have different purposes: HDL stands for high-density lipoproteins. It is sometimes called the "good" cholesterol because it carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. Your liver then removes the cholesterol from your body. LDL stands for low-density lipoproteins. It is sometimes called the "bad" cholesterol because a high LDL level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries. How do I know what my HDL level is? A blood test can measure your cholesterol levels, including HDL. When and how often you should get this test depends on your age, risk factors, and family history. The general recommendations are: For people who are age 19 or younger: : The first test should be between ages 9 to 11 Children should have the test again every 5 years Some children may have this test starting at age 2 if there is a family history of high blood cholesterol, heart attack, or stroke For people who are age 20 or older: : Younger adults should have the test every 5 years Men ages 45 to 65 and women ages 55 to 65 should have it every 1 to 2 years What should my HDL level be? With


blood cholesterol, heart attack, or stroke For people who are age 20 or older: : Younger adults should have the test every 5 years Men ages 45 to 65 and women ages 55 to 65 should have it every 1 to 2 years What should my HDL level be? With HDL cholesterol, higher numbers are better, because a high HDL level can lower your risk for coronary artery disease and stroke . How high your HDL should be depends on your age and sex: Group Healthy HDL Level Age 19 or younger More than 45mg/dl Men age 20 or older More than 40mg/dl Women age 20 or older More than 50mg/dl How can I raise my HDL level? If your HDL level is too low, lifestyle changes may help. These changes may also help prevent other diseases, and make you feel better overall: Eat a healthy diet. To raise your HDL level, you need to eat good fats instead of bad fats. This means limiting saturated fats, which include full-fat milk and cheese, high-fat meats like sausage and bacon, and foods made with butter, lard, and shortening. You should also avoid trans fats, which may be in some margarines, fried foods, and processed foods like baked goods. Instead, eat unsaturated fats, which are found in avocado, vegetable oils like olive oil, and nuts. Limit carbohydrates, especially sugar. Also try to eat more foods naturally high in fiber, such as oatmeal and beans. Stay at a healthy weight. You can boost your HDL level by losing weight, especially if you have lots of fat around your waist. Exercise. Getting regular exercise can raise your HDL level, as well as lower your LDL. You should try to do 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise on most, if not all, days.


your HDL level by losing weight, especially if you have lots of fat around your waist. Exercise. Getting regular exercise can raise your HDL level, as well as lower your LDL. You should try to do 30 minutes of moderate to vigorous aerobic exercise on most, if not all, days. Avoid cigarettes. Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke can lower your HDL level. If you are a smoker, ask your health care provider for help in finding the best way for you to quit . You should also try to avoid secondhand smoke. Limit alcohol. Moderate alcohol may lower your HDL level, although more studies are needed to confirm that. What we do know is that too much alcohol can make you gain weight, and that lowers your HDL level. Some cholesterol medicines , including certain statins , can raise your HDL level, in addition to lowering your LDL level. Health care providers don't usually prescribe medicines only to raise HDL. But if you have a low HDL and high LDL level, you might need medicine. What else can affect my HDL level? Taking certain medicines can lower HDL levels in some people. They include: Beta blockers, a type of blood pressure medicine Anabolic steroids , including testosterone, a male hormone Progestins, which are female hormones that are in some birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy Benzodiazepines, sedatives that are often used for anxiety and insomnia If you are taking one of these and you have a very low HDL level, ask your provider if you should continue to take them. Diabetes can also lower your HDL level, so that gives you another reason to manage your diabetes .


What is head and neck cancer? Head and neck cancer is the name for cancers that develop in the mouth , nose and sinuses , salivary glands , and throat and voice box (larynx). Most head and neck cancers are squamous cell cancers . They begin in the moist tissues that line the head and neck. The cancer cells may spread into deeper tissue as the cancer grows. There are other cancers that develop in the head and neck, such as brain cancer , eye cancer , and esophageal cancer . But they are usually not considered to be head and neck cancers, because those types of cancer and their treatments are different. Who is more likely to develop head and neck cancer? Anyone can get head and neck cancer, but you are more likely to develop it if you: Use tobacco or drink lots of alcohol. Your risk of developing head and neck cancer is even higher if you do both. Are male. Are over age 50. Have a history of head or neck cancer. Have HPV (for cancers in the tonsils and base of the tongue). Are exposed to wood dusts or certain other toxic substances at work (for upper throat, nose, and sinus cancers). Have had radiation exposure to the head and neck (for salivary gland cancer). Have Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection (for upper throat and salivary gland cancers). Are Asian (for upper throat cancer). What are the symptoms of head and neck cancer? The symptoms of head and neck cancer may include: A lump in the neck A sore in the mouth or the throat that does not heal and may be painful A sore throat that does not go away Trouble swallowing A change or hoarseness in the voice Other possible symptoms can depend on


head and neck cancer may include: A lump in the neck A sore in the mouth or the throat that does not heal and may be painful A sore throat that does not go away Trouble swallowing A change or hoarseness in the voice Other possible symptoms can depend on the specific type of head and neck cancer. How is head and neck cancer diagnosed? Which exams and tests used to diagnose head and neck cancer can depend on the specific type of cancer. Possible exams and tests may include: A physical exam of the area that might have cancer. Blood and/or urine tests. An endoscopy . A biopsy or other procedure to collect cells from the area that might have cancer. The cells are viewed under a microscope to find out if they are abnormal. Imaging tests . What are the treatments for head and neck cancer? The treatment for head and neck cancer will depend on the specific type of cancer, the stage (how advanced the cancer is), your overall health, and other factors. The treatment options might include: Surgery Radiation therapy Chemotherapy Cancer immunotherapy Targeted therapy, which uses drugs or other substances that mainly attack specific cancer cells and cause less harm to normal cells In some cases, you may need a combination of treatments. Sometimes surgery can affect how well you can chew, swallow, or talk. Rehabilitation, such as physical therapy, dietary counseling, and speech therapy, may help. Can head and neck cancer be prevented? There are steps you can take to help prevent head and neck cancer: Not smoking Limiting alcohol use or not drinking at all Getting regular dental exams Talking to your provider about HPV vaccination NIH: National Cancer Institute


Chances are you've bumped your head before. Often, the injury is minor because your skull is hard and it protects your brain. But other head injuries can be more severe, such as a skull fracture, concussion , or traumatic brain injury . Head injuries can be open or closed. A closed injury does not break through the skull. With an open, or penetrating, injury, an object pierces the skull and enters the brain. Closed injuries are not always less severe than open injuries. Some common causes of head injuries are falls , motor vehicle accidents , violence, and sports injuries . It is important to know the warning signs of a moderate or severe head injury. Get help immediately if the injured person has: A headache that gets worse or does not go away Repeated vomiting or nausea Convulsions or seizures An inability to wake up Dilated (enlarged) pupil in one or both eyes Slurred speech Weakness or numbness in the arms or legs Loss of coordination Increased confusion, restlessness, or agitation Doctors use a neurologic exam and imaging tests to make a diagnosis. Treatment depends on the type of injury and how severe it is. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


What are head lice? Head lice are tiny insects that live on people's heads. Adult lice are about the size of sesame seeds. The eggs, called nits, are even smaller - about the size of a dandruff flake. Lice and nits are found on or near the scalp, most often at the neckline and behind the ears. Head lice are parasites, and they need to feed on human blood to survive. They are one of the three types of lice that live on humans. The other two types are body lice and pubic lice . Each type of lice is different, and getting one type does not mean that you will get another type. How do head lice spread? Lice move by crawling, because they cannot hop or fly. They spread by close person-to-person contact. Rarely, they can spread through sharing personal belongings such as hats or hairbrushes. Personal hygiene and cleanliness have nothing to do with getting head lice. You also cannot get pubic lice from animals. Head lice do not spread disease. Who is at risk for head lice? Children ages 3-11 and their families get head lice most often. This is because young children often have head-to-head contact while playing together. What are the symptoms of head lice? The symptoms of head lice include: Tickling feeling in the hair Frequent itching, which is caused by an allergic reaction to the bites Sores from scratching. Sometimes the sores can become infected with bacteria. Trouble sleeping, because head lice are most active in the dark How do you know if you have head lice? A diagnosis of head lice usually comes from seeing a louse or nit. Because they are very small and move quickly, you may need to use a magnifying lens and a fine-toothed comb to find


are most active in the dark How do you know if you have head lice? A diagnosis of head lice usually comes from seeing a louse or nit. Because they are very small and move quickly, you may need to use a magnifying lens and a fine-toothed comb to find lice or nits. What are the treatments for head lice? Treatments for head lice include both over-the-counter and prescription shampoos, creams, and lotions. If you want to use an over-the-counter treatment and you aren't sure which one to use or how to use one, ask your health care provider or pharmacist. You should also check with your health care provider first if you are pregnant or nursing, or if you want to use a treatment on a young child. Follow these steps when using a head lice treatment: Apply the product according to the instructions. Only apply it to the scalp and the hair attached to the scalp. You should not use it on other body hair. Use only one product at a time, unless your health care provider tells you to use two different kinds at once Pay attention to what the instructions say about how long you should leave the medicine on the hair and on how you should rinse it out After rinsing, use a fine-toothed comb or special "nit comb" to remove dead lice and nits After each treatment, check your hair for lice and nits. You should comb your hair to remove nits and lice every 2-3 days. Do this for 2-3 weeks to be sure that all lice and nits are gone. All household members and other close contacts should be checked and treated if necessary. If an over-the-counter treatment does not work for you, you can ask your health care provider for a


every 2-3 days. Do this for 2-3 weeks to be sure that all lice and nits are gone. All household members and other close contacts should be checked and treated if necessary. If an over-the-counter treatment does not work for you, you can ask your health care provider for a prescription product. Can head lice be prevented? There are steps you can take to prevent the spread of lice. If you already have lice, besides treatment, you should: Wash your clothes, bedding, and towels with hot water, and dry them using the hot cycle of the dryer Soak your combs and brushes in hot water for 5-10 minutes Vacuum the floor and furniture, particularly where you sat or lay If there are items that you cannot wash, seal them in a plastic bag for two weeks To prevent your children from spreading lice: Teach children to avoid head-to-head contact during play and other activities Teach children not to share clothing and other items that they put on their head, such as headphones, hair ties, and helmets If your child has lice, be sure to check the policies at school and/or daycare. Your child may not be able to go back until the lice have been completely treated. There is no clear scientific evidence that lice can be suffocated by home remedies, such as mayonnaise, olive oil, or similar substances. You also should not use kerosene or gasoline; they are dangerous and flammable. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Almost everyone has had a headache. Headache is the most common form of pain. It's a major reason people miss days at work or school or visit the doctor. The most common type of headache is a tension headache. Tension headaches are due to tight muscles in your shoulders, neck, scalp and jaw. They are often related to stress, depression or anxiety. You are more likely to get tension headaches if you work too much, don't get enough sleep, miss meals, or use alcohol. Other common types of headaches include migraines , cluster headaches, and sinus headaches. Most people can feel much better by making lifestyle changes, learning ways to relax and taking pain relievers . Not all headaches require a doctor's attention. But sometimes headaches warn of a more serious disorder. Let your health care provider know if you have sudden, severe headaches. Get medical help right away if you have a headache after a blow to your head, or if you have a headache along with a stiff neck, fever, confusion, loss of consciousness, or pain in the eye or ear. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


Regular checkups with your health care provider are different from appointments for sickness or injury. These checkups include physical exams as well as preventive care. Preventative care may include: Screening tests , which are medical tests to check for diseases early, when they may be easier to treat. Which screenings you need will depend on your: Age Sex Overall health Family health history Risks for certain diseases Vaccines , which can improve your health by preventing diseases and other health problems. Education and counseling to help you make informed health decisions. This could include advice about your lifestyle, including your diet, how much exercise you get, and any alcohol, tobacco, or other substances you may be using. To make the most of your next check-up, here are some things to do before you go: Review your family health history Find out if you are due for any general screenings or vaccines Make and bring a list of issues and questions you would like to talk about with your provider Make and bring a list of any medicines, vitamins, supplements that you take Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Health disparities are health differences between different groups of people. These health differences may include: How many people get certain diseases How severe the diseases are How many people have complications because of the diseases How many people die from a disease Whether people can get health care How many people get screened for a disease These groups of people may be based on: Race Ethnicity Immigrant status Disability Sex or gender Sexual orientation Geography Income Level of education NIH: National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities


Health facilities are places that provide health care. They include hospitals, clinics, outpatient care centers, and specialized care centers, such as birthing centers and psychiatric care centers. When you choose a health facility, you might want to consider: How close it is to where you live or work Whether your health insurance will pay for services there Whether your health care provider can treat you there The quality of the facility Quality is important. Some facilities do a better job than others. One way to learn about the quality of a facility is to look at report cards developed by federal, state, and consumer groups.


Health fraud scams involve selling medicines, supplements , devices, foods, or cosmetics that have not been proven effective. At best, these scams don't work. At worst, they're dangerous. They also waste money and might keep you from getting the treatment you really need. Some of the possible dangers of scam products are that they could: Be contaminated from being made in unclean facilities or without proper quality control Contain harmful ingredients that are not listed on the label Trigger a harmful interaction with medicines you are taking Cause serious, even life-threatening, injuries Health fraud scams can be found everywhere, promising help for many common health issues, including weight loss, memory loss, sexual performance, and joint pain. They target people with serious conditions such as cancer , diabetes , heart disease , HIV , and Alzheimer's disease . Just remember - if it sounds too good to be true, it's probably a scam. Some red flags to watch for are product claims that: Have personal testimonials by "real" people or "doctors" played by actors claiming amazing results. Say that the product can treat or cure a wide range of unrelated diseases. No one product can treat or cure many different illnesses. Mention conspiracy theories like "This is the cure our government and Big Pharma don't want you to know about." Include phrases such as: Ancient remedy Miracle cure No-risk money back guarantee Natural cure Quick fix Secret ingredient Scientific breakthrough Use scientific-sounding terms that don't make sense for the products, such as "molecule multiplicity." Refer to prestigious prizes, for example "Nobel Prize winning technology." Before taking an unproven or little-known product, talk to your health care provider, especially if you are taking any prescription medicines. Food and Drug Administration


Health insurance helps protect you from high medical care costs. It is a contract between you and your insurance company. You buy a plan or policy, and the company agrees to pay part of your expenses when you need medical care. Many people in the United States get a health insurance policy through their employers. In most cases, the employer helps pay for that insurance. Insurance through employers is often with a managed care plan. These plans contract with health care providers and medical facilities to provide care for members at reduced costs. You can also purchase health insurance on your own. People who meet certain requirements can qualify for government health insurance, such as Medicare and Medicaid . The Affordable Care Act expands health insurance coverage for many people in the U.S.


What is health literacy? Health literacy involves the information that people need to be able to make good decisions about health. There are two parts: Personal health literacy is about how well a person can find and understand the health information and services that they need. It is also about using the information and services to make good health decisions. Organizational health literacy is about how well organizations help people find the health information and services that they need. It also includes helping them use that information to make good health decisions. Which factors can affect health literacy? Many different factors can affect a person's health literacy, including their: Knowledge of medical words Understanding of how the health care system works Ability to communicate with health care providers Ability to find health information, which may require computer skills Reading, writing, and number skills Personal factors, such as age, income, education, language abilities, and culture Physical or mental limitations Many of the same people who are at risk for limited health literacy also have health disparities . Health disparities are health differences between different groups of people. These groups may be based on age, race, sex, or other factors. Why is health literacy important? Health literacy is important because it can affect your ability to: Make good decisions about your health. Get the medical care you need. This includes preventative care, which is care that focuses on preventing disease and keeping you healthy. Take your medicines correctly . Manage a disease, especially a chronic (long-term) disease . Lead a healthy lifestyle. One thing that you can do is to make sure that you communicate well with your health care providers . If you don't understand something a provider tells you, ask them to explain it to you so that you understand.


especially a chronic (long-term) disease . Lead a healthy lifestyle. One thing that you can do is to make sure that you communicate well with your health care providers . If you don't understand something a provider tells you, ask them to explain it to you so that you understand. You can also ask the provider to write down their instructions.


Every day, around the clock, people who work in the health care industry provide care for millions of people, from newborns to the very ill. In fact, the health care industry is one of largest providers of jobs in the United States. Many health jobs are in hospitals. Others are in nursing homes, doctors' offices, dentists' offices, outpatient clinics and laboratories. To work in a health occupation, you often must have special training. Some, like doctors, must have more than 4 years of college. Bureau of Labor Statistics


What are health problems in pregnancy? A health problem in pregnancy is any disease or condition that could affect your health or the health of your fetus . Some health problems may make it more likely that you will have a high-risk pregnancy. A high-risk pregnancy is one in which you, your fetus, or both are at higher risk for health problems than in a typical pregnancy. But just because you have health problems, it doesn't mean that you, or your fetus, will have a problem during the pregnancy. Taking care of yourself and getting early and regular prenatal care from a health care provider may help you reduce pregnancy risks from health problems. What raises my risk for health problems during pregnancy? Every pregnancy has some risk of problems, but your lifestyle, as well as factors like certain conditions and health issues, can raise that risk, such as: A health condition you had before you got pregnant A health condition you develop during pregnancy A pregnancy with more than one baby A health problem that happened during a previous pregnancy and could happen again Substance use during pregnancy Being over age 35 Any of these can affect your health, the health of your fetus, or both. Can chronic health conditions cause problems in pregnancy? Every pregnancy is different. If you have specific risks in one pregnancy, it doesn't mean that you will have them in another. But, if you have a chronic condition, you should talk to your provider about how to minimize your risk before you get pregnant. Once you are pregnant, you may need a health care team to monitor your pregnancy. Some common conditions that can complicate a pregnancy include: High blood pressure Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Kidney problems Autoimmune disorders Thyroid disease Obesity HIV Cancer


about how to minimize your risk before you get pregnant. Once you are pregnant, you may need a health care team to monitor your pregnancy. Some common conditions that can complicate a pregnancy include: High blood pressure Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) Kidney problems Autoimmune disorders Thyroid disease Obesity HIV Cancer Infections Other conditions that may make pregnancy risky can develop during pregnancy - for example, gestational diabetes and Rh incompatibility . Can health problems in pregnancy be prevented? You may be able to lower your risk of certain health problems by making healthy lifestyle changes before you get pregnant. These can include reaching a healthy weight, not smoking , and managing any health conditions. However, health problems during pregnancy are not always preventable. Some chronic conditions can be treated and controlled, while others aren't treatable and carry a higher risk than usual, even if the health problem is well-managed. Share your symptoms with your provider for early detection and treatment of health problems. Sometimes, it's hard to know what's normal. Some symptoms, like nausea , back pain , and fatigue , are common during pregnancy, while other symptoms, like vaginal bleeding or a severe or long-lasting headache , can be signs of a problem. Call your provider to let them know if something is bothering or worrying you.


What is an inactive lifestyle? Being a couch potato. Not exercising. A sedentary or inactive lifestyle. These all mean the same thing: a lifestyle with a lot of sitting and lying down, with very little or no exercise. People are spending more time doing sedentary activities. During our leisure time, we are often sitting while using a computer or other device, watching TV, or playing video games. Many of our jobs have become more sedentary, with long days sitting at a desk or while commuting. And the way most of us get around involves sitting - in cars, on buses, and on trains. How does an inactive lifestyle affect your body? When you have an inactive lifestyle: You burn fewer calories. This makes you more likely to gain weight You may lose muscle strength and endurance, because you are not using your muscles as much Your bones may get weaker and lose some mineral content Your metabolism may be affected, and your body may have more trouble breaking down fats and sugars Your immune system may not work as well You may have poorer blood circulation Your body may have more inflammation You may develop a hormonal imbalance What are the health risks of an inactive lifestyle? Having an inactive lifestyle can increase your risk of developing chronic (long-term) diseases. This is sometimes referred to as "sitting disease". By not getting regular exercise, you raise your risk of: Obesity Heart diseases , including coronary artery disease and heart attack High blood pressure High cholesterol Stroke Metabolic syndrome Type 2 diabetes Certain cancers, including colon , breast , and uterine cancers Osteoporosis and falls Increased feelings of depression and anxiety Having a sedentary lifestyle can also raise your risk of premature death. And the more sedentary you are, the higher your


blood pressure High cholesterol Stroke Metabolic syndrome Type 2 diabetes Certain cancers, including colon , breast , and uterine cancers Osteoporosis and falls Increased feelings of depression and anxiety Having a sedentary lifestyle can also raise your risk of premature death. And the more sedentary you are, the higher your health risks are. How can I get started with exercise? If you have been inactive, you may need to start slowly. Your health care provider can help you choose the best type or amount of activity for you based on your fitness level and health. You can keep adding more exercise gradually. The more you can do, the better. But try not to feel overwhelmed and do what you can. Getting some exercise is always better than getting none. Eventually, your goal can be to get the recommended amount of exercise for your age and health. There are many ways to get exercise; it is important to find the types that are best for you . You can also try to add activity to your life in smaller ways, such as at home and at work. How can I be more active around the house? There are some ways you can be active around your house: Housework, gardening, and yard work are all physical work. To increase the intensity, you could try doing them at a more vigorous pace. Keep moving while you watch TV. Lift hand weights, do some gentle yoga stretches, or pedal an exercise bike. Work out at home with a workout video (on your TV or on the internet). Go for a walk in your neighborhood. It can be more fun if you walk your dog, walk your kids to school, or walk with a friend. Stand up when talking on the phone. Get some exercise


at home with a workout video (on your TV or on the internet). Go for a walk in your neighborhood. It can be more fun if you walk your dog, walk your kids to school, or walk with a friend. Stand up when talking on the phone. Get some exercise equipment for your home. Treadmills and elliptical trainers are great, but not everyone has the money or space for one. Less expensive equipment such as yoga balls, exercise mats, stretch bands, and hand weights can help you get a workout at home too. How can I be more active at work? Most of us sit when we are working, often in front of a computer. It can be challenging to fit physical activity into your busy workday, but here are some tips to help you get moving: Get up from your chair and move around at least once an hour Park at the back of the parking lot Stand when you are talking on the phone or during a video conference Find out whether your company can get you a stand-up or treadmill desk Take the stairs instead of the elevator Use your break or part of your lunchtime to walk around the building Stand up and walk to a colleague's office instead of sending an email Have "walking" or standing meetings with co-workers instead of sitting in a conference room The good news is that it's never too late to change your exercise habits. You can start slowly and find ways to fit more physical activity into your life. Regular exercise has many benefits and may help prevent or control many diseases.


Screenings are tests that look for diseases before you have symptoms. Screening tests can find diseases early, when they're easier to treat. You can get some screenings in your doctor's office. Others need special equipment, so you may need to go to a different office or clinic. Some conditions that doctors commonly screen for include: Breast cancer and cervical cancer in women Colorectal cancer Diabetes High blood pressure High cholesterol Osteoporosis Overweight and obesity Prostate cancer in men Which tests you need depends on your age, your sex, your family history, and whether you have risk factors for certain diseases. After a screening test, ask when you will get the results and whom to talk to about them. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality


Health statistics are numbers that summarize information related to health. Researchers and experts from government, private, and non-profit agencies and organizations collect health statistics. They use the statistics to learn about public health and health care. Some of the types of statistics include: How many people in the country have a disease or how many people got the disease within a certain period of time How many people of a certain group have a disease. The groups could be based on location, race, ethnic group, sex, age, profession, income level, or level of education. This can help identify health disparities . Whether a treatment is safe and effective How many people were born and died. These are known as vital statistics. How many people have access to and use health care The quality and efficiency of our health care system Health care costs, including how much the government, employers, and individuals pay for health care. It could include how poor health can affect the country economically The impact of government programs and policies on health Risk factors for different diseases. An example would be how air pollution can raise your risk of lung diseases Ways to lower risk for diseases, such as exercise and weight loss to lower the risk of getting type 2 diabetes Numbers on a graph or in a chart may seem straightforward, but that's not always the case. It's important to be critical and consider the source. If needed, ask questions to help you understand the statistics and what they are showing.


People in the U.S. are living longer, and the number of older adults in the population is growing. As we age, our minds and bodies change. Having a healthy lifestyle can help you deal with those changes. It may also prevent some health problems and help you to make the most of your life. A healthy lifestyle for older adults includes: Healthy eating . As you age, your dietary needs may change. You may need fewer calories, but you still need to get enough nutrients. A healthy eating plan includes Eating foods that give you lots of nutrients without a lot of extra calories. This includes fruits and vegetables, whole grains, lean meats, low-fat dairy, nuts, and seeds. Avoiding empty calories, such as foods like chips, candy, baked goods, soda, and alcohol Eating foods that are low in cholesterol and fat Drinking enough liquids, so you don't get dehydrated Regular physical activity . Being physically active may help you maintain a healthy weight and avoid chronic health problems. If you have not been active, you can start slowly and work up to your goal. How much exercise you need depends on your age and health. Check with your health care provider on what is right for you. Staying at a healthy weight . Being either overweight or underweight can lead to health problems. Ask your health care professional what a healthy weight for you may be. Healthy eating and exercise can help you get to that weight. Keeping your mind active. Lots of activities can keep your mind active and improve your memory , including learning new skills, reading, and playing games. Making your mental health a priority. Work on improving your mental health , for example by practicing mediation, relaxation techniques, or gratitude. Know the warning signs of a


active. Lots of activities can keep your mind active and improve your memory , including learning new skills, reading, and playing games. Making your mental health a priority. Work on improving your mental health , for example by practicing mediation, relaxation techniques, or gratitude. Know the warning signs of a problem and ask for help if you are struggling. Participating in activities that you enjoy. People who are involved in hobbies and social and leisure activities may be at lower risk for some health problems. Doing things that you enjoy may help you feel happier and improve your thinking abilities. Playing an active role in your health care. Make sure that you get regular checkups and the health screenings that you need. You should know which medicines you are taking, why you need them, and how to take them properly . Not smoking. If you are a smoker, quitting is one of the most important things that you can do for your health. It can lower your risk of several different types of cancer, certain lung diseases, and heart disease. Taking steps to prevent falls . Older adults have a higher risk of falling. They are also more likely to fracture (break) a bone when they fall. Getting regular eye checkups , getting regular physical activity, and making your house safer can lower your risk of falling. Following these tips can help you to stay healthy as you age. Even if you have never done them before, it's never too late to start taking care of your health. If you have questions about these lifestyle changes or need help figuring out how to make them, ask your health care provider.


What is healthy living? Healthy living means taking care of your body and mind by making choices that support your overall wellbeing. Many things affect your health. Some you can't control, like your genetic makeup or your age. But there are many daily habits you can change to help you feel your best. Creating new healthy habits takes time, but small, steady changes are easier to maintain and can become part of your everyday routine. Why is healthy living important? Healthy living can help you feel better, boost your energy, and lower your risk for serious health problems such as heart disease, cancer, and stroke. What steps can I take toward healthy living? You don't have to change everything at once. Start with a few steps to build a foundation for a healthier lifestyle. These can include: Get the screening tests recommended for you, including those specific to women's health and men's health Stay up to date on vaccines to protect yourself from disease Maintain a healthy weight that's right for you Eat a variety of healthy foods , and limit calories, added sugar, and saturated fat Be physically active , even small amounts of exercise can be helpful Keep your blood pressure and cholesterol in a healthy range Don't smoke , or take steps to quit if you do Protect your skin from too much sun Limit alcohol , or choose not to drink at all Get enough sleep each night to help your body and mind recharge Manage stress and work on improving your mental health , such as by practicing meditation, relaxation techniques, or gratitude Protect yourself from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Visit your health care provider regularly for checkups See your dentist and eye care specialist for routine care Stay connected with friends, family, or community


stress and work on improving your mental health , such as by practicing meditation, relaxation techniques, or gratitude Protect yourself from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Visit your health care provider regularly for checkups See your dentist and eye care specialist for routine care Stay connected with friends, family, or community groups, and do activities you enjoy Healthy living is a lifelong journey. Over time, small steps can add up to big health benefits.


What is sleep? While you are sleeping your brain and body functions are still active. Sleep is a natural process that helps your body restore energy, supports learning and memory, and keeps you healthy. During sleep, your brain cycles through different stages of non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Non-REM sleep has three stages that range from light to deep sleep, while REM sleep is when most dreaming occurs. During each stage, your brain waves, breathing, heart rate, and body temperature change throughout the night. Certain phases of sleep help you: Feel rested and energetic the next day. Learn new information, get insight, and form memories. Give your heart and blood vessels a rest. Release growth hormone, which helps children grow and assists in muscle repair and tissue healing for everyone. Release sex hormones, which contribute to puberty and fertility. Maintain a healthy balance of hormones that control hunger and fullness. Strengthen your immune system by producing cytokines (hormones that help the body fight infection). You need all the stages to get a healthy sleep. How much sleep do I need? The amount of sleep you need depends on your age, lifestyle, health, and sleep patterns. The general recommendations for sleep are: Babies (4-12 months): 12-16 hours a day (including naps) Children (1-2 years): 11-14 hours a day (including naps) Children (3-5 years): 10-13 hours a day (including naps) Children (6-12 years): 9-12 hours a day Teens (13-18 years): 8-10 hours a day Adults (18 years and older): 7-9 hours a day During puberty, teenagers' biological clocks shift. They tend to fall asleep later and wake up later, which can conflict with the early school start times. This is one reason many teenagers don't get enough sleep. Some people think adults need less sleep as


years and older): 7-9 hours a day During puberty, teenagers' biological clocks shift. They tend to fall asleep later and wake up later, which can conflict with the early school start times. This is one reason many teenagers don't get enough sleep. Some people think adults need less sleep as they age, but there is no evidence to support this. However, older adults often get less sleep or spend less time in the deep, restful stages of sleep. They also wake up more easily. It's not just the number of hours of sleep you get that matters. The quality of the sleep you get is also important. People whose sleep is frequently interrupted might not get enough of certain stages of sleep. If you are wondering whether you are getting enough sleep, including quality sleep, ask yourself: Do I have trouble getting up in the morning? Do I have trouble focusing during the day? Do I doze off during the day? If you answered yes to any of these questions, you may need to improve your sleep habits. What are the health effects of not getting enough sleep? Sleep is important for overall health. When you don't get enough sleep (sleep deprivation), it does more than just make you feel tired. It can impair your ability to think clearly, react quickly, and form memories. This increases your risk of making mistakes, taking risks, or getting into accidents. Sleep deprivation can also affect your mood, leading to: Irritability Problems with relationships, especially for children and teenagers Depression Anxiety It can also affect your physical health. Not getting enough sleep, or getting poor-quality sleep, increases your risk of: High blood pressure Heart disease Stroke Kidney disease Obesity Type 2 diabetes Not getting enough sleep can also lower your levels of hormones that


especially for children and teenagers Depression Anxiety It can also affect your physical health. Not getting enough sleep, or getting poor-quality sleep, increases your risk of: High blood pressure Heart disease Stroke Kidney disease Obesity Type 2 diabetes Not getting enough sleep can also lower your levels of hormones that help children grow and help the body build muscle, repair tissue, and fight infections. Sleep deprivation also magnifies the effect of alcohol. A tired person who drinks too much alcohol will be more impaired than a well-rested person who drinks the same amount. How can I get better sleep? You can take steps to improve your sleep habits. First, make sure that you allow yourself enough time for sleep. Getting enough sleep each night may help you feel happier and more productive during the day. To improve your sleep habits, it also may help to: Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. Avoid caffeine , especially in the afternoon and evening. Avoid nicotine. Exercise regularly, but not too close to bedtime. Avoid alcoholic drinks before bed. Avoid large meals and drinks late at night. Don't take a nap after 3 p.m. Relax before bed by taking a bath, reading or listening to calm music. Keep your bedroom cool, dark, and quiet. Get rid of distractions such as TVs, computers, and phones. Get enough sunlight exposure during the day. If you can't fall asleep for 20 minutes, get up and do something relaxing. See a health care provider if you have continued trouble sleeping. You may have a sleep disorder , such as insomnia or sleep apnea . In some cases, your provider may suggest trying a sleep study or other treatments. If you are a shift worker, getting good sleep can be more challenging. You


care provider if you have continued trouble sleeping. You may have a sleep disorder , such as insomnia or sleep apnea . In some cases, your provider may suggest trying a sleep study or other treatments. If you are a shift worker, getting good sleep can be more challenging. You may also want to: Take naps and extend your total sleep time Keep the lights bright at work Limit shift changes to help your body adjust Limit caffeine to the first part of your shift Remove sound and light distractions in your bedroom during daytime sleep (for example, use light-blocking curtains or earplugs)


A hearing aid is a small electronic device that you wear in or behind your ear. It makes some sounds louder. A hearing aid can help people hear more in both quiet and noisy situations. Hearing aids help people who have hearing loss from damage to the small sensory cells in the inner ear. The damage can occur as a result of disease, aging, or injury from noise or certain medicines. There are different types of hearing aids. They differ by size, their placement on or inside the ear, and how much they amplify sound. The hearing aid that will work best for you depends on what kind of hearing loss you have and how severe it is. If you think that you need a hearing aid, you have two different options: Over-the-counter (OTC) hearing aids, which you can buy directly. You don't have to get a hearing exam from a healthcare professional first. OTC hearing aids are for adults who have mild to moderate hearing loss. Prescription hearing aids, which you get from an audiologist (a health professional who specializes in hearing and balance disorders). The audiologist will program the hearing aids, based on how severe your hearing loss is. You may need prescription hearing aids or other devices if you have significant or complicated hearing loss. NIH: National Institute of Deafness and Communication Disorders


It's frustrating to be unable to hear well enough to enjoy talking with friends or family. Hearing disorders make it hard, but not impossible, to hear. They can often be helped. Deafness can keep you from hearing sound at all. What causes hearing loss? Some possibilities are: Heredity Diseases such as ear infections and meningitis Trauma Certain medicines Long-term exposure to loud noise Aging There are two main types of hearing loss. One happens when your inner ear or auditory nerve is damaged. This type is usually permanent. The other kind happens when sound waves cannot reach your inner ear. Earwax buildup, fluid, or a punctured eardrum can cause it. Treatment or surgery can often reverse this kind of hearing loss. Untreated, hearing problems can get worse. If you have trouble hearing, you can get help. Possible treatments include hearing aids , cochlear implants , special training, certain medicines, and surgery. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders


Most children hear and listen from the moment they are born. They learn to talk by imitating the sounds around them and the voices of their parents and caregivers. But about 2 or 3 out of every 1,000 children in the United States are born deaf or hard-of-hearing. More lose their hearing later during childhood. Babies should have a hearing screening before they are a month old. If your child has a hearing loss, it is important to consider the use of hearing devices and other communication options by age 6 months. That's because children start learning speech and language long before they talk. Hearing problems can be temporary or permanent. Sometimes, ear infections , injuries or diseases affect hearing. If your child does not hear well, get help. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders


Each year almost 800,000 Americans have a heart attack. A heart attack happens when blood flow to the heart suddenly becomes blocked. Without the blood coming in, the heart can't get oxygen. If not treated quickly, the heart muscle begins to die. But if you do get quick treatment, you may be able to prevent or limit damage to the heart muscle. That's why it's important to know the symptoms of a heart attack and call 911 if you or someone else is having them. You should call, even if you are not sure that it is a heart attack. The most common symptoms in men and women are: Chest discomfort. It is often in center or left side of the chest. It usually lasts more than a few minutes. It may go away and come back. It can feel like pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain . It also can feel like heartburn or indigestion. Shortness of breath. Sometimes this is your only symptom. You may get it before or during the chest discomfort. It can happen when you are resting or doing a little bit of physical activity. Discomfort in the upper body. You may feel pain or discomfort in one or both arms, the back, shoulders, neck, jaw, or upper part of the stomach. You may also have other symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and lightheadedness. You may break out in a cold sweat. Sometimes women will have different symptoms then men. For example, they are more likely to feel tired for no reason. The most common cause of heart attacks is coronary artery disease (CAD). With CAD, there is a buildup of cholesterol and other material, called plaque, on their inner walls or the arteries. This is atherosclerosis . It can build up for years. Eventually