Talk with your provider if you are at risk for vitamin D deficiency. There is a blood test that can measure how much vitamin D is in your body. What problems does vitamin D deficiency cause? Vitamin D deficiency can lead to a loss of bone density , which can contribute to osteoporosis and fractures (broken bones). Severe vitamin D deficiency can also lead to other diseases: In children, it can cause rickets . Rickets is a rare disease that causes the bones to become soft and bend. African American infants and children are at higher risk of getting rickets. In adults, severe vitamin D deficiency leads to osteomalacia. Osteomalacia causes weak bones, bone pain, and muscle weakness. How can I get more vitamin D? There are a few foods that naturally have some vitamin D: Fatty fish such as salmon, tuna, and mackerel Beef liver Cheese Mushrooms Egg yolks You can also get vitamin D from fortified foods. You can check the food labels to find out whether a food has vitamin D. Foods that often have added vitamin D include: Milk Breakfast cereals Orange juice Other dairy products, such as yogurt Soy drinks Vitamin D is in many multivitamins. There are also vitamin D supplements, both in pills and in a liquid for babies. If you have vitamin D deficiency, the treatment is with supplements. Check with your provider about how much you need to take, how often you need to take it, and how long you need to take it. Can too much vitamin D be harmful? Getting too much vitamin D (known as vitamin D toxicity) can be harmful. Signs of toxicity include nausea and vomiting , poor appetite, constipation , weakness, and weight loss. Very high levels of vitamin D can damage the kidneys. It


to take it. Can too much vitamin D be harmful? Getting too much vitamin D (known as vitamin D toxicity) can be harmful. Signs of toxicity include nausea and vomiting , poor appetite, constipation , weakness, and weight loss. Very high levels of vitamin D can damage the kidneys. It also raises the level of calcium in your blood. High levels of blood calcium (hypercalcemia) can cause confusion, kidney failure , and irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia). Most cases of vitamin D toxicity happen when someone overuses vitamin D supplements. You cannot get too much vitamin D from sun exposure because the skin limits the amount of vitamin D it makes.


Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. Vitamin E is an antioxidant . It plays a role in your immune system and metabolic processes. Good sources of vitamin E include: Vegetable oils Margarine Nuts and seeds Leafy greens Vitamin E is also added to foods like cereals. Most people get enough vitamin E from the foods they eat. People with certain disorders, such as liver diseases, cystic fibrosis, and Crohn's disease may need extra vitamin E. Vitamin E supplements may be harmful for people who take blood thinners and other medicines. Check with your health care provider before taking the supplements. NIH: National Institutes of Health Office of Dietary Supplements


Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. Vitamin K helps your body by making proteins for healthy bones and tissues. It also makes proteins for blood clotting. If you don't have enough vitamin K, you may bleed too much. Newborns have very little vitamin K. They usually get a shot of vitamin K soon after they are born. If you take blood thinners , you need to be careful about how much vitamin K you get. You also need to be careful about taking vitamin E supplements. Vitamin E can interfere with how vitamin K works in your body. Ask your health care provider for recommendations about these vitamins. There are different types of vitamin K. Most people get vitamin K from plants such as green vegetables, and dark berries. Bacteria in your intestines also produce small amounts of another type of vitamin K.


Las vitaminas son sustancias que el cuerpo necesita para crecer y se desarrollarse en forma normal. La vitamina A juega un rol en su: Visión Crecimiento de los huesos Aparato reproductivo Funciones celulares Sistema inmune La vitamina A es un antioxidante . Se obtiene de las plantas o animales. Buenas fuentes son frutas de colores y verduras. Las fuentes animales incluyen el hígado y la leche entera. La vitamina A también es agregada a algunos alimentos como los cereales. Los vegetarianos, niños pequeños y alcohólicos quizás necesiten más vitamina A. También puede necesitar mayor cantidad si padece ciertas afecciones como enfermedades del hígado, fibrosis quística y enfermedad de Crohn. Pregúntele a su proveedor de salud si usted necesita suplementos de vitamina A. NIH: Oficina de Suplementos Dietéticos


Las vitaminas son sustancias que su cuerpo necesita para crecer y funcionar en forma normal. La vitamina C es un antioxidante . Es importante para la piel, los huesos y el tejido conectivo. Promueve la curación y ayuda al cuerpo a absorber el hierro. La vitamina C viene de las frutas y verduras. Buenas fuentes de esta vitamina incluyen los cítricos, los pimentones rojos y verdes, tomates, brócoli y las verduras de hoja verde. Algunos jugos y cereales tienen vitamina C adicional. Algunas personas necesitan vitamina C extra: Mujeres embarazadas o dando pecho Fumadores Personas recuperándose de una cirugía Víctimas de quemaduras


¿Por qué necesito vitamina D? Las vitaminas son sustancias que su cuerpo necesita para crecer y desarrollarse normalmente. La vitamina D es importante para su cuerpo porque: Ayuda a absorber calcio . El calcio es uno de los principales bloques de construcción de los huesos. Una deficiencia de vitamina D puede provocar afecciones de los huesos, como osteoporosis y raquitismo Tiene un papel en los nervios, músculos y sistema inmunitario : Sus músculos la necesitan para moverse Sus nervios la necesitan para llevar mensajes entre su cerebro y su cuerpo Su sistema inmunitario necesita vitamina D para combatir bacterias y virus ¿Cómo obtengo vitamina D? Usted puede obtener vitamina D de tres maneras: a través de su piel, en su dieta y en forma de suplementos. Su cuerpo forma vitamina D en forma natural después de exponerse a la luz solar . No obstante, demasiada exposición solar puede provocar envejecimiento de la piel y cáncer de piel . Por esta razón, muchas personas intentan obtener vitamina D de otras fuentes. Muy pocos alimentos contienen vitamina D de manera natural. La mayoría de las personas obtiene vitamina D en su dieta de alimentos que son fortificados. Estos alimentos pueden incluir leche, cereal y yogur. Los alimentos que contienen vitamina D naturalmente son yemas de huevo, pescado de agua salada e hígado. La vitamina D está disponible en suplementos. También se incluye en muchos suplementos multivitamínicos. Las dos formas de vitamina D en suplementos son D2 y D3. Ambos tipos aumentan la vitamina D en su sangre, pero la vitamina D3 puede elevarla más y por más tiempo que la D2. La vitamina D se disuelve con la grasa. Usted puede absorberla mejor cuando toma sus suplementos con una comida o refrigerio que incluya algo de grasa. ¿Cuánta vitamina D necesito? La


vitamina D en su sangre, pero la vitamina D3 puede elevarla más y por más tiempo que la D2. La vitamina D se disuelve con la grasa. Usted puede absorberla mejor cuando toma sus suplementos con una comida o refrigerio que incluya algo de grasa. ¿Cuánta vitamina D necesito? La cantidad de vitamina D que usted necesita cada día depende de su edad. La cantidad recomendada en unidades internacionales (IU por sus siglas en inglés) son: Del nacimiento a los 12 meses: 400 IU Niños de 1 a 13 años: 600 IU Adolescentes de 14 a 18 años: 600 IU Adultos de 19 a 70 años: 600 IU Adultos de 71 años y más: 800 IU Si está embarazada o amamantando: 600 IU Sin embargo, ciertas personas pueden necesitar vitamina D extra como: Adultos mayores Bebés amamantados Personas con tono de piel oscura Personas con ciertas afecciones que limitan su absorción de grasa como enfermedad de Crohn , enfermedad celíaca , y colitis ulcerativa Personas que tienen obesidad o han tenido cirugía de bypass gástrico Pregunte a su profesional de la salud si necesita tomar suplementos de vitamina D y, si es así, cuánto debe tomar. Su profesional de la salud puede pedir una prueba de vitamina D para saber si está obteniendo lo suficiente. NIH: Oficina de Suplementos Dietéticos


Las vitaminas son sustancias que su cuerpo necesita para crecer y desarrollarse en forma normal. La vitamina E es un antioxidante . Juega un papel en los procesos de su sistema inmunitario y metabólico. Buenas fuentes de vitamina E incluyen: Aceites vegetales Margarina Nueces y semillas Verduras de hojas La vitamina E también se encuentra en los cereales. La mayoría de la gente consume suficiente vitamina E a través de la dieta. Las personas que padecen enfermedades tal como trastornos hepáticos, fibrosis quística y enfermedad de Crohn pueden necesitar más vitamina E. Los suplementos de vitamina E pueden ser dañinos para las personas que toman anticoagulantes u otros medicamentos. Consulte con su proveedor de salud antes de consumir cualquier suplemento. NIH: Oficina de Suplementos Dietéticos


Las vitaminas son sustancias que ayudan a su cuerpo a crecer y desarrollarse en forma normal. La vitamina K ayuda al cuerpo a construir huesos y tejidos saludables a través de las proteínas. También produce proteínas que ayudan a coagular la sangre. Si no tiene suficiente vitamina K, podría sangrar mucho . Los recién nacidos tienen muy poca vitamina K. Frecuentemente reciben una vacuna de vitamina K poco después de nacer. Si está tomando anticoagulantes , necesita tener cuidado con la cantidad de vitamina K que consume. También necesitaría tener cuidado al consumir suplementos de vitamina E. La vitamina E puede interferir con la manera en que la vitamina K se procesa en el cuerpo. Hable con su proveedor de salud para que le aconseje sobre el consumo de estas vitaminas. Hay diferentes tipos de vitamina K. La mayoría de las personas consume vitamina K a través de las verduras de hojas y las bayas de color oscuro. Las bacterias en su intestino también producen pequeñas cantidades de vitamina K.


Las vitaminas son sustancias que el cuerpo necesita para crecer y desarrollarse normalmente. Su cuerpo necesita 13 vitaminas. Estas son: Vitamina A Vitaminas B (tiamina, riboflavina, niacina, ácido pantoténico, biotina, vitamina B-6, vitamina B-12 y folato o ácido fólico ) Vitamina C Vitamina D Vitamina E Vitamina K Por lo general, las vitaminas provienen de los alimentos que consume. El cuerpo también puede producir vitaminas D y K. Las personas que llevan una dieta vegetariana pueden necesitar un suplemento de vitamina B12. Cada vitamina tiene funciones específicas. Si tiene bajos niveles de determinadas vitaminas, puede tener problemas de salud. Por ejemplo, si no recibe suficiente vitamina C, podría desarrollar anemia. Algunas vitaminas pueden ayudar a prevenir los problemas médicos. La vitamina A previene la ceguera nocturna. La mejor manera de obtener suficientes vitaminas es mantener una dieta balanceada con alimentos variados. En algunos casos, es posible que se necesite un multivitamínico diario. Es una buena idea hablar con su proveedor de salud al respecto. Altas dosis de algunas vitaminas pueden ocasionar problemas.


Las vitaminas son sustancias que el cuerpo necesita para crecer y desarrollarse normalmente. Las vitaminas B son: B1 (tiamina) B2 (riboflavina) B3 (niacina) B5 (ácido pantoténico) B6 B7 (biotina) B12 Ácido fólico Estas vitaminas ayudan al proceso que hace su cuerpo para obtener energía de la comida que usted consume. También ayudan a formar glóbulos rojos. Usted puede obtener vitaminas B en las proteínas como pescado, pollo, carne de res, huevos y productos lácteos. Los vegetales de hojas verdes, frijoles y judías también tienen vitaminas B. A algunos cereales y panes también se les ha agregado vitaminas B. Si usted sufre una deficiencia de vitaminas B, puede sufrir enfermedades. La falta de las vitaminas B12 o B 6 puede causar anemia .


Vitamins are substances that your body needs to grow and develop normally. There are 13 vitamins your body needs. They are: Vitamin A B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12 and folate ) Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K You can usually get all your vitamins from the foods you eat. Your body can also make vitamins D and K. People who eat a vegetarian diet may need to take a vitamin B12 supplement. Each vitamin has specific jobs. If you have low levels of certain vitamins, you may get health problems. For example, if you don't get enough vitamin C, you could become anemic. Some vitamins may help prevent medical problems. Vitamin A prevents night blindness. The best way to get enough vitamins is to eat a balanced diet with a variety of foods. In some cases, you may need to take vitamin supplements. It's a good idea to ask your health care provider first. High doses of some vitamins can cause problems.


Vitiligo causes white patches on your skin. It can also affect your eyes, mouth, and nose. It occurs when the cells that give your skin its color are destroyed. No one knows what destroys them. It is more common in people with autoimmune diseases, and it might run in families. It usually starts before age 40. The white patches are more common where your skin is exposed to the sun. In some cases, the patches spread. Vitiligo can cause your hair to gray early. If you have dark skin, you may lose color inside your mouth. Using sunscreen will help protect your skin, and cosmetics can cover up the patches. Treatments for vitiligo include medicines, light therapy, and surgery. Not every treatment is right for everyone. Many have side effects. Some take a long time. Some do not always work. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


El vitiligo causa manchas blancas en la piel. También afecta sus ojos, boca y nariz. Ocurre cuando se destruyen las células que dan color a la piel. No se conoce la causa de la destrucción celular. Es más común entre las personas con enfermedades autoinmunes y puede tener una tendencia familiar. Suele comenzar antes de los 40 años. Las manchas blancas son más comunes donde la piel está expuesta al sol. En algunos casos, las manchas se diseminan. El vitiligo puede provocar la aparición anticipada de canas. Si tiene la piel oscura, puede perder color dentro de la boca. El uso de bloqueadores solares lo ayudará a proteger su piel y los cosméticos pueden cubrir las manchas. El tratamiento del vitiligo incluye medicinas, fototerapia y cirugía. No todos los tratamientos son adecuados para todas las personas. Muchos tienen efectos secundarios. Algunos necesitan un largo tiempo. Algunos no siempre surten efecto. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Artritis y Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas y de la Piel


¿Qué es el VIH y el sida? VIH significa virus de inmunodeficiencia humana. Daña su sistema inmunitario al destruir un tipo de glóbulo blanco que ayuda a su cuerpo a combatir las infecciones. Sida significa síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida. Es la etapa final de la infección por VIH. No todas las personas con VIH desarrollan sida. ¿Existen tratamientos para el VIH? No existe una cura para el VIH, pero hay muchos medicamentos para tratar tanto la infección por VIH como los problemas de salud e infecciones (llamadas infecciones oportunistas) que la acompañan. Los medicamentos ayudan a las personas con VIH a tener una vida larga y saludable. ¿Cómo puedo vivir una vida más saludable con el VIH? Si tiene VIH, puede ayudarse a sí mismo al: Recibir atención médica tan pronto como sepa que tiene VIH. Debe buscar un profesional de la salud que tenga experiencia en el tratamiento del VIH y sida Tomar sus medicamentos cada día Informar a su proveedor si tiene algún síntoma o problema de salud nuevo Mantenerse al día con su atención médica y dental habitual . Esto incluye estar al día con sus pruebas de detección y vacunas recomendadas . Su profesional de la salud puede indicarle cuáles necesita Manejar el estrés y obtener ayuda, como grupos de apoyo, terapeutas y organizaciones de servicios sociales Tratar de llevar un estilo de vida saludable, incluyendo: Consumir alimentos saludables: Esto puede brindarle a su cuerpo la energía que necesita para combatir el VIH y otras infecciones. También puede ayudarle a controlar los síntomas del VIH y los efectos secundarios de los medicamentos . También puede mejorar la absorción de sus medicamentos contra el VIH Hacer actividad física con regularidad : Esto puede fortalecer su cuerpo y su sistema inmunitario. También puede reducir el riesgo de depresión


También puede ayudarle a controlar los síntomas del VIH y los efectos secundarios de los medicamentos . También puede mejorar la absorción de sus medicamentos contra el VIH Hacer actividad física con regularidad : Esto puede fortalecer su cuerpo y su sistema inmunitario. También puede reducir el riesgo de depresión . Dormir lo suficiente : El sueño es importante para su fuerza física y salud mental No fumar: Las personas con VIH que fuman tienen un mayor riesgo de desarrollar afecciones como ciertos tipos de cáncer e infecciones. Fumar también puede interferir con sus medicamentos. Hable con su proveedor si necesita ayuda para dejar de fumar Evitar beber en exceso o tomar drogas ilegales : Esto puede dañar su hígado, lo que significa que su medicamento contra el VIH podría no funcionar bien. También pueden dificultar que su cuerpo combata las infecciones Protegerse de las infecciones oportunistas: Hable con su proveedor sobre medicamentos y vacunas que previenen ciertas infecciones oportunistas. También tenga cuidado de evitar la exposición a alimentos y agua contaminados También es importante reducir el riesgo de transmitir el VIH a otras personas. Debe decirles a sus parejas sexuales que tiene el VIH y usar siempre condón de látex. Si usted o su pareja es alérgica al látex , puede usar condones de poliuretano.


¿Qué es una vida saludable? Vivir saludablemente significa cuidar de su cuerpo y mente al tomar decisiones que favorezcan su bienestar general. Muchas cosas pueden afectar su salud. Algunas no las puede controlar, como es el caso de su genética o su edad. Pero hay muchos hábitos diarios que puede cambiar para ayudarle a sentirse lo mejor posible. Crear nuevos hábitos saludables lleva tiempo, pero los cambios pequeños y constantes son fáciles de mantener y pueden pasar a ser parte de su rutina diaria. ¿Por qué es importante llevar una vida saludable? Llevar una vida saludable puede ayudarle a sentirse mejor, aumentar su energía y reducir su riesgo ante problemas de salud severos, como enfermedad cardíaca, cáncer y accidente cerebrovascular. ¿Qué medidas puedo tomar para llevar una vida saludable? Usted no necesita hacer todos los cambios a la vez. Comience con pequeños pasos para construir un estilo de vida saludable. Estos pueden incluir: Hágase los exámenes diagnósticos que le recomienden, incluyendo aquellos que son específicos para la salud del hombre y la mujer Tenga sus vacunas al día para protegerse de enfermedades Mantenga un peso saludable que sea adecuado para usted Consuma una variedad de alimentos saludables y límite las calorías, azúcares añadidos y grasas saturadas Manténgase activo físicamente , incluso pequeñas cantidades de ejercicio pueden ayudar Controle su presión arterial y su colesterol para que estén en un rango saludable No fume o tome medidas para dejar el cigarrillo si fuma Proteja su piel del exceso de sol Limite su consumo de alcohol o elija no consumirlo en lo absoluto Duerma suficiente cada noche para ayudar a que su cuerpo y mente se recarguen Gestione el estrés y trabaje en mejorar su salud mental , a través de prácticas como la meditación, de técnicas de relajación o de gratitud


su consumo de alcohol o elija no consumirlo en lo absoluto Duerma suficiente cada noche para ayudar a que su cuerpo y mente se recarguen Gestione el estrés y trabaje en mejorar su salud mental , a través de prácticas como la meditación, de técnicas de relajación o de gratitud Protéjase de enfermedades de transmisión sexual (ETS) Visite a su proveedor de servicios de salud regularmente para sus chequeos Acuda a su dentista y especialista en cuidado de los ojos para sus cuidados de rutina Manténgase conectados a sus amigos, familiares o a grupos comunitarios y realice actividades que disfrute Vivir de forma saludable es un viaje para toda una vida. Pequeños pasos a lo largo del camino pueden sumar para alcanzar grandes beneficios de salud.


What is cholesterol? Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all the cells in your body. Your liver makes cholesterol, and it is also in some foods, such as meat and dairy products. Your body needs some cholesterol to work properly. But having too much cholesterol in your blood raises your risk of coronary artery disease . What is VLDL cholesterol? VLDL stands for very-low-density lipoprotein. Your liver makes VLDL and releases it into your bloodstream. The VLDL particles mainly carry triglycerides , another type of fat, to your tissues. VLDL is similar to LDL cholesterol , but LDL mainly carries cholesterol to your tissues instead of triglycerides. VLDL and LDL are sometimes called "bad" cholesterols because they can contribute to the buildup of plaque in your arteries. This buildup is called atherosclerosis . The plaque that builds up is a sticky substance made up of fat, cholesterol, calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Over time, the plaque hardens and narrows your arteries. This limits the flow of oxygen-rich blood to your body. It can lead to coronary artery disease and other heart diseases . How do I know what my VLDL level is? There isn't a way to directly measure your VLDL level. Instead, you will most likely get a blood test to measure your triglyceride level. The lab can use your triglyceride level to estimate what your VLDL level is. Your VLDL is about one-fifth of your triglyceride level. However, estimating your VLDL this way does not work if your triglyceride level is very high. What should my VLDL level be? Your VLDL level should be less than 30 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter). Anything higher than that puts you at risk of heart disease and stroke . How can I lower my VLDL level?


way does not work if your triglyceride level is very high. What should my VLDL level be? Your VLDL level should be less than 30 mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter). Anything higher than that puts you at risk of heart disease and stroke . How can I lower my VLDL level? Because VLDL and triglycerides are linked, you can lower your VLDL level by lowering your triglyceride level. You may be able to lower your triglycerides with a combination of losing weight, changing your diet, and getting exercise. It is important to switch to healthy fats and cut back on sugar and alcohol. Some people may also need to take medicines.


Voice is the sound made by air passing from your lungs through your larynx, or voice box. In your larynx are your vocal cords, two bands of muscle that vibrate to make sound. For most of us, our voices play a big part in who we are, what we do, and how we communicate. Like fingerprints, each person's voice is unique. Many things we do can injure our vocal cords. Talking too much, screaming, constantly clearing your throat, or smoking can make you hoarse. They can also lead to problems such as nodules, polyps, and sores on the vocal cords. Other causes of voice disorders include infections, upward movement of stomach acids into the throat, growths due to a virus, cancer, and diseases that paralyze the vocal cords. Signs that your voice isn't healthy include: Your voice has become hoarse or raspy You've lost the ability to hit some high notes when singing Your voice suddenly sounds deeper Your throat often feels raw, achy, or strained It's become an effort to talk Treatment for voice disorders varies depending on the cause. Most voice problems can be successfully treated when diagnosed early. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders


Un volcán es una abertura en la corteza terrestre. Cuando un volcán hace erupción, salen a la superficie terrestre rocas calientes, vapor, gases tóxicos y cenizas. Una erupción también puede causar terremotos , flujos de lodo e inundaciones repentinas, caídas de rocas y deslizamientos de tierra, lluvia ácida, incendios , y hasta tsunamis . El gas y las cenizas provenientes del volcán pueden lesionar los pulmones de los niños pequeños, los adultos mayores y las personas con enfermedades respiratorias graves. Las cenizas volcánicas pueden afectar a personas que se encuentren a cientos de millas del lugar de la erupción. Aunque no hay garantías de seguridad durante una erupción volcánica, usted puede tomar medidas para protegerse. Debe tener un plan de acción para casos de desastres . El estar preparado puede ayudar a reducir el miedo, la ansiedad y las pérdidas. Si usted experimenta un desastre, es normal sentirse estresado. Es probable que necesite ayuda para superarlo . Agencia Federal para el Manejo de Emergencias


A volcano is a vent in the Earth's crust. Hot rock, steam, poisonous gases, and ash reach the Earth's surface when a volcano erupts. An eruption can also cause earthquakes , mudflows and flash floods , rock falls and landslides, acid rain, fires , and even tsunamis . Volcanic gas and ash can damage the lungs of small infants, older adults, and people with severe respiratory illnesses. Volcanic ash can affect people hundreds of miles away from the eruption. Although there are no guarantees of safety during a volcanic eruption, you can take actions to protect yourself. You should have a disaster plan . Being prepared can help reduce fear, anxiety, and losses. If you do experience a disaster, it is normal to feel stressed. You may need help in finding ways to cope . Federal Emergency Management Agency


What is Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL)? Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) is a rare disease that causes tumors and cysts to grow in your body. They can grow in your brain and spinal cord, kidneys, pancreas, adrenal glands, and reproductive tract. The tumors are usually benign (non-cancerous). But some tumors, such as those in the kidney and pancreas, can become cancerous. What causes Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL)? VHL is a genetic disease. It is inherited, which means that it is passed down from parent to child. What are the symptoms of Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL)? Symptoms of VHL depend on the size and location of the tumors. They may include: Headaches Problems with balance and walking Dizziness Weakness of the limbs Vision problems High blood pressure How is Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL) diagnosed? Detecting and treating VHL early is important. Your health care provider may suspect that you have VHL if you have certain patterns of cysts and tumors. There is a genetic test for VHL. If you have it, you will need other tests, including imaging tests, to look for tumors and cysts. What are the treatments for Von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL)? Treatment can vary, depending on the location and size of the tumors and cysts. It usually involves surgery. Certain tumors may be treated with radiation therapy. The goal is to treat growths while they are small and before they do permanent damage. You will need to have careful monitoring by a doctor and/or medical team familiar with the disorder. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


Vulvar cancer is a rare type of cancer. It forms in a woman's external genitals, called the vulva. The cancer usually grows slowly over several years. First, precancerous cells grow on vulvar skin. This is called vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN), or dysplasia. Not all VIN cases turn into cancer, but it is best to treat it early. Often, vulvar cancer doesn't cause symptoms at first. However, see your doctor for testing if you notice: A lump in the vulva Vulvar itching or tenderness Bleeding that is not your period Changes in the vulvar skin, such as color changes or growths that look like a wart or ulcer You are at greater risk if you've had a human papillomavirus (HPV) infection or have a history of genital warts. Your health care provider diagnoses vulvar cancer with a physical exam and a biopsy. Treatment varies, depending on your overall health and how advanced the cancer is. It might include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or biologic therapy. Biologic therapy boosts your body's own ability to fight cancer. NIH: National Cancer Institute


The vulva is the external part of a woman's genitals. Some problems you can have with the vulvar area include: Vaginitis or vulvovaginitis, swelling or infection of the vulva and vagina Skin problems due to allergy Vulvar cancer Vulvodynia, or vulvar pain Symptoms may include redness, itching, pain, or cracks in the skin. Treatment depends on the cause.


Las venas varicosas son venas hinchadas y retorcidas que pueden verse justo debajo de la piel. Por lo general ocurren en las piernas, pero también se pueden formar en otras partes del cuerpo. Las hemorroides son un tipo de vena varicosa. Sus venas tienen válvulas que ayudan a mantener la sangre fluyendo en una sola dirección hacia su corazón. Si las válvulas están débiles o dañadas, la sangre puede detenerse y acumularse en las venas. Esto hace que las venas se hinchen, lo que puede conducir a venas varicosas. Las várices son muy comunes. Usted está en mayor riesgo si es mayor, mujer, tiene obesidad, no hace ejercicio o tiene antecedentes familiares de venas varicosas. También pueden ser más comunes durante el embarazo. Los médicos a menudo diagnostican las várices con un examen físico. A veces es posible que necesite pruebas adicionales. Hacer ejercicio, perder peso, elevar las piernas al descansar y no cruzarlas al sentarse puede ayudar a evitar que las várices empeoren. El uso de ropa suelta y evitar largos períodos de pie también puede ayudar. Si las várices son dolorosas o no le gusta su apariencia, su médico puede recomendar procedimientos para extirparlas. NIH: Instituto Nacional del Corazón, los Pulmones y la Sangre


What are walking problems? If you are like most people, you walk thousands of steps each day. You walk to do your daily activities, get around, and exercise. It's something that you usually don't think about. But for those people who have a problem with walking, daily life can be more difficult. Walking problems may cause you to: Walk with your head and neck bent over Drag, drop, or shuffle your feet Have irregular, jerky movements when walking Take smaller steps Waddle Walk more slowly or stiffly What causes walking problems? The pattern of how you walk is called your gait. Many different diseases and conditions can affect your gait and lead to problems with walking. They include: Abnormal development of the muscles or bones of your legs or feet Arthritis of the hips, knees, ankles, or feet Cerebellar disorders , which are disorders of the area of the brain that controls coordination and balance Foot problems, including corns and calluses , sores, and warts Infections Injuries, such as fractures (broken bones), sprains , and tendinitis Movement disorders , such as Parkinson's disease Neurologic diseases , including multiple sclerosis and peripheral nerve disorders Vision problems How is the cause of a walking problem diagnosed? To make a diagnosis, your health care provider will ask about your medical history and do a physical exam. This will include checking your bones and muscles and doing a neurological exam . In some cases, you may have other tests, such as lab or imaging tests . What are the treatments for walking problems? Treatment of walking problems depends on the cause. If the cause is a medical condition, treating that condition often improves your walking. Some common types of treatments for walking problems may include: Medicines Mobility aids such as walkers and canes Physical


tests . What are the treatments for walking problems? Treatment of walking problems depends on the cause. If the cause is a medical condition, treating that condition often improves your walking. Some common types of treatments for walking problems may include: Medicines Mobility aids such as walkers and canes Physical therapy Special shoes, insoles, splints, or braces Surgery


Warts are growths on your skin caused by an infection with humanpapilloma virus, or HPV . Types of warts include : Common warts, which often appear on your fingers Plantar warts, which show up on the soles of your feet Genital warts , which are a sexually transmitted infection (STI) Flat warts, which appear in places you shave frequently In children, warts often go away on their own. In adults, they tend to stay. If they hurt or bother you, or if they multiply, you can remove them. Chemical skin treatments usually work. If not, various freezing, surgical and laser treatments can remove warts.


We all need clean water. People need it to grow crops and to operate factories, and for drinking and recreation. Fish and wildlife depend on it to survive. Many different pollutants can harm our rivers, streams, lakes, and oceans. The three most common are soil, nutrients, and bacteria. Rain washes soil into streams and rivers. The soil can kill tiny animals and fish eggs. It can clog the gills of fish and block light, causing plants to die. Nutrients, often from fertilizers, cause problems in lakes, ponds, and reservoirs. Nitrogen and phosphorus make algae grow and can turn water green. Bacteria, often from sewage spills, can pollute fresh or salt water. You can help protect your water supply: Don't pour household products such as cleansers, beauty products, medicines, auto fluids, paint, and lawn care products down the drain. Take them to a hazardous waste collection site. Throw away excess household grease (meat fats, lard, cooking oil, shortening, butter, margarine, etc.) diapers, condoms, and personal hygiene products in the garbage can. Clean up after your pets. Pet waste contains nutrients and germs. Environmental Protection Agency


Playing in the water - whether swimming, boating or diving - can be fun. It can also be dangerous, especially for children. Being safe can help prevent injuries and drowning . To stay safe in the water: Avoid alcohol when swimming or boating Wear a life jacket whenever you're in a boat Don't swim alone, or in bad weather Learn CPR Learn to swim and teach your children to swim Supervise your children when they are in the water Prevent sunburns - use plenty of sunscreen


Why is weight control important? If you are struggling with your weight, you are not alone. In the United States, more than 70 percent of adults are overweight or have obesity . Having this extra weight raises your risk for many health conditions, such as type 2 diabetes , heart disease , kidney disease , and certain cancers. Reaching and staying at a healthy weight can be challenging. But having a healthy lifestyle, including healthy eating patterns and regular physical activity, can help you lose weight. It can also lower your chance of developing weight-related health conditions. What factors affect weight and health? You gain weight when you take in more calories (through food and drinks) than you use up from physical activity and daily living. But there are many different factors that can affect weight gain, such as: The world around you. Your home, community, and workplace all may affect how you make daily lifestyle choices. For example: It is often easier to find food and beverages high in calories, sugar, and fat . For instance, vending machines, cafeterias, and special events may not offer healthy, lower calorie options. Less healthy foods may be cheaper than healthier foods. Many people are getting less physical activity because they are spending more time using smartphones and other devices. Families. Overweight and obesity tend to run in families. This suggests that genes may play a role in weight gain. Families may also share eating and lifestyle habits. For example, some families may often have foods and drinks that are high in calories, sugar, and fat. And some families may tend to be less active and spend more time doing things like sitting and watching TV or using computers. Not enough sleep. People who don't get enough sleep may eat more calories and


often have foods and drinks that are high in calories, sugar, and fat. And some families may tend to be less active and spend more time doing things like sitting and watching TV or using computers. Not enough sleep. People who don't get enough sleep may eat more calories and snack more. Emotions. Some people eat when they feel bored, sad, or stressed, even if they are not hungry. Medicines and health conditions. Taking certain medicines, such as steroids and certain antidepressants , can lead to weight gain. Some chronic health problems can also cause you to gain weight. A few examples are Cushing's syndrome and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). How can I get to and stay at a healthy weight? Getting to and staying at a healthy weight involves finding a balance of food and activity. To lose weight, you need to take in fewer calories than you use up. Some ways to do this are: Eating more nutrient-rich foods, such as foods with lots of vitamins , minerals , and fiber . Eating and drinking less of the foods and beverages that have lots of calories, salt , sugar, and fat. Limiting alcohol . Finding healthier ways to cook, such as using healthier oils to cook with and baking or grilling instead of frying foods. Getting more physical activity . The general recommendation is for adults to get 150 minutes of physical activity each week. This time can be broken down into short bursts of activity throughout your day. Types of physical activity include: Aerobic activity, which is also called cardio. It uses your large muscle groups (chest, legs, and back) to speed up your heart rate and breathing. Muscle-strengthening activity, which is also called strength training. It works your muscles by making you push or pull against


day. Types of physical activity include: Aerobic activity, which is also called cardio. It uses your large muscle groups (chest, legs, and back) to speed up your heart rate and breathing. Muscle-strengthening activity, which is also called strength training. It works your muscles by making you push or pull against something. You may decide to do these lifestyle changes on your own, or you may decide to try a weight-loss diet or program. Before you start, it's important to check with your health care provider first. Your provider can tell you what a healthy weight is for you, help you set goals, and give you tips on how to lose weight. What are weight management medicines? If making lifestyle changes or doing a weight-loss program are not enough to help you lose weight, your provider may prescribe medicines. These medicines are meant to help people who have weight-related health conditions and should be used along with healthy eating and physical activity. The prescription medicines to treat overweight and obesity work in different ways. Some may help you feel less hungry or full sooner. Others may make it harder for your body to absorb fat from the foods you eat. Another treatment is weight loss surgery . Your provider may recommend the surgery if you have severe obesity or serious obesity-related health problems and you have not been able to lose enough weight. How can I maintain my weight loss? Maintaining weight loss can be challenging, and it's normal to slip back into old habits sometimes. The key is to keep a healthy balance of food and activity that works for you. Checking your weight regularly can help you notice small changes early and stay on track. And if you have a setback, don't be discouraged, simply refocus on your healthy


back into old habits sometimes. The key is to keep a healthy balance of food and activity that works for you. Checking your weight regularly can help you notice small changes early and stay on track. And if you have a setback, don't be discouraged, simply refocus on your healthy habits and keep going. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


Weight loss surgery helps people with extreme obesity to lose weight. It may be an option if you cannot lose weight through diet and exercise or have serious health problems caused by obesity. There are different types of weight loss surgery. They often limit the amount of food you can take in. Some types of surgery also affect how you digest food and absorb nutrients. All types have risks and complications, such as infections, hernias, and blood clots. Many people who have the surgery lose weight quickly, but regain some weight later on. If you follow diet and exercise recommendations, you can keep most of the weight off. You will also need medical follow-up for the rest of your life. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


What is West Nile Virus? West Nile virus (WNV) is an infectious disease. It is most often spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. Most people have no symptoms, while some may develop mild symptoms. But WNV can sometimes cause serious symptoms if the virus enters your brain. How does West Nile Virus spread? WNV usually spreads to people through the bite of an infected mosquito. However, in rare cases, it can spread from person-to-person. This can happen through an organ transplant or blood transfusion . If you are preganant you can spread WNV to your fetus during pregnancy or delivery. And after delivery, it can spread to the baby during breastfeeding . Who is more likely to develop West Nile Virus? Anyone could be bitten by an infected mosquito and get WNV. But certain people are at higher risk for more serious illness they get a WNV infection. They include people who: Are over age 60 Have certain medical conditions, such as cancer, diabetes , high blood pressure , or kidney disease Had an organ transplant What are the symptoms of West Nile Virus? Symptoms can be mild to severe. But most people have no symptoms or mild symptoms. Mild symptoms of WNV can include: Fever Headache Body aches Vomiting Diarrhea Skin rash These symptoms usually go away on their own within a few days to several weeks. But some people will have weakness or fatigue that lasts for weeks or months. Although rare, If West Nile virus enters your brain, it can be life-threatening. It may cause inflammation of the brain ( encephalitis ) or inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord ( meningitis ). Serious symptoms of WNV can include: High fever Headache Neck stiffness Numbness Coma Muscle weakness Vision loss How


enters your brain, it can be life-threatening. It may cause inflammation of the brain ( encephalitis ) or inflammation of the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord ( meningitis ). Serious symptoms of WNV can include: High fever Headache Neck stiffness Numbness Coma Muscle weakness Vision loss How is West Nile Virus diagnosed? To find out if you have WNV, your health care provider: Will do a physical exam Will take your medical history, including asking about your symptoms May order blood tests What are the treatments for West Nile Virus? There are no specific vaccines or treatments for human WNV disease. But rest, fluids, and over-the-counter pain medicines may relieve some symptoms. You may need to be hospitalized if you have serious symptoms. Can West Nile Virus be prevented? There are no vaccines or medicines to prevent WNV. The best way to avoid WNV is to help prevent mosquito bites : Wear insect repellent with DEET or another U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellent. Make sure to follow the instructions for using the repellent. Wear long-sleeved shirts and pants if you're outside. Get rid of mosquito breeding sites by emptying standing water from flowerpots, buckets, or barrels. Stay indoors between dusk and dawn, when mosquitoes are most active. Use screens on windows to keep mosquitoes out. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)


What is whooping cough? Whooping cough, or pertussis, is a respiratory infection that can cause coughing fits. In serious cases, the coughing can become violent and rapid. You may cough so hard that you vomit . The name of the disease comes from the whooping noise you might make when you try to breathe in after coughing. Whooping cough is very contagious and can affect anyone. But it can be especially serious in babies who did not yet get the vaccine. About half of babies under age one who get whooping cough need care in the hospital. What causes whooping cough? Whooping cough is caused by a type of bacteria called Bordetella pertussis. It spreads from person to person. People who have pertussis usually spread it through coughing, sneezing, or breathing very close to someone. It can also sometimes be spread by touching an infected surface and then touching your nose or mouth. If you get pertussis, you are contagious for about 2 weeks after you start coughing. Antibiotics may shorten the time that you are contagious. What are the symptoms of whooping cough? The symptoms of pertussis usually start within 5 to 10 days after you are exposed. But sometimes you may not get symptoms until up to 3 weeks later. Whooping cough usually starts with cold-like symptoms. They may last for 1 to 2 weeks and can include: Runny nose Mild fever Mild, occasional cough The early symptoms in babies can be different. They may only cough a little bit, or they may not cough at all. Babies may have apnea, which means that there is a pause in breathing. They may start to turn blue. If this happens, get medical care for your baby right away. As whopping cough gets worse, the symptoms may include: Fits of


little bit, or they may not cough at all. Babies may have apnea, which means that there is a pause in breathing. They may start to turn blue. If this happens, get medical care for your baby right away. As whopping cough gets worse, the symptoms may include: Fits of many, rapid coughs followed by a high-pitched "whoop" sound Vomiting during or after coughing fits Exhaustion after coughing fits The coughing fits get worse and start happening more often, especially at night. You may have them for up to 10 weeks or more. Recovery from this can happen slowly. Your cough gets milder and happens less often. The coughing fits can come back if you have another respiratory infection, even months after you first got whooping cough. How is whooping cough diagnosed? Your health care provider may use many tools to diagnose whooping cough : A medical history, which includes asking about your symptoms A physical exam A lab test which involves taking a sample of mucus from the back of the throat through the nose. This may be done with a swab or syringe filled with saline. The sample is tested for the bacteria that causes whooping cough. Blood test Chest x-ray What are the treatments for whooping cough? The treatment for whooping cough is usually antibiotics. Early treatment is very important. It may make your infection less serious and can also help prevent spreading the disease to others. Treatment after you have been sick for 3 weeks or longer may not help. The bacteria are gone from your body by then, even though you usually still have symptoms. This is because the bacteria have already done damage to your body. Whooping cough can sometimes be very serious and require treatment in the hospital. Can whooping cough be prevented?


longer may not help. The bacteria are gone from your body by then, even though you usually still have symptoms. This is because the bacteria have already done damage to your body. Whooping cough can sometimes be very serious and require treatment in the hospital. Can whooping cough be prevented? Vaccines are the best way to prevent whooping cough. There are two vaccines in the United States that can help prevent whooping cough: DTaP and Tdap. These vaccines also provide protection against tetanus and diphtheria . Babies and other people at high risk serious disease should be kept away from people who have whooping cough. Sometimes health care providers give antibiotics to family members of people who have had whooping cough or people who have been exposed to it. The antibiotics may prevent them from getting the disease. You may also help prevent the spread of whooping cough (and other respiratory diseases) by: Washing your hands often with soap and water. You can use an alcohol-based hand rub if soap and water are not available. Avoiding touching your face with unwashed hands Cleaning and disinfecting surfaces that you frequently touch, including toys Covering coughs and sneezes with a tissue or upper shirt sleeve, not hands Staying home when sick Avoiding close contact with people who are sick Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Wildfires are fires that burn out of control in a natural area, like a forest, grassland, or prairie. They often begin unnoticed. They spread quickly, and can damage natural resources, destroy homes, and threaten the safety of the public and firefighters. Humans cause most wildfires. It can be an accident, like when people don't take care of their campfire properly, burn debris, or are careless when getting rid of their cigarettes. It can also be on purpose, which is called arson. Lightning and lava also can also cause wildfires. Wildfires are more common when conditions are dry. High winds can make them spread more quickly. Although there are no guarantees of safety if you live in an area threatened by a wildfire, you can take actions to protect yourself. You should have a disaster plan . Being prepared can help reduce fear, anxiety, and losses. If you do experience a disaster, it is normal to feel stressed. You may need help in finding ways to cope . Federal Emergency Management Agency


Wilms tumor is a rare type of kidney cancer. It causes a tumor on one or both kidneys. It usually affects children, but can happen in adults. Having certain genetic conditions or birth defects can increase the risk of getting it. Children that are at risk should be screened for Wilms tumor every three months until they turn eight. Symptoms include a lump in the abdomen, blood in the urine, and a fever for no reason. Tests that examine the kidney and blood are used to find the tumor. Doctors usually diagnose and remove the tumor in surgery. Other treatments include chemotherapy and radiation and biologic therapies. Biologic therapy boosts your body's own ability to fight cancer. NIH: National Cancer Institute


Wilson disease is a rare inherited disorder that prevents your body from getting rid of extra copper. You need a small amount of copper from food to stay healthy. Too much copper is poisonous. Normally, your liver releases extra copper into bile, a digestive fluid. With Wilson disease, the copper builds up in your liver, and it releases the copper directly into your bloodstream. This can cause damage to your brain, kidneys, and eyes. Wilson disease is present at birth, but symptoms usually start between ages 5 and 35. It first attacks the liver, the central nervous system or both. The most characteristic sign is a rusty brown ring around the cornea of the eye. A physical exam and laboratory tests can diagnose it. Treatment is with drugs to remove the extra copper from your body. You need to take medicine and follow a low-copper diet for the rest of your life. Don't eat shellfish or liver, as these foods may contain high levels of copper. At the beginning of treatment, you'll also need to avoid chocolate, mushrooms, and nuts. Have your drinking water checked for copper content and don't take multivitamins that contain copper. With early detection and proper treatment, you can enjoy good health. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


What kinds of problems can severe winter weather cause? Winter storms can bring extreme cold, freezing rain, snow, ice, and high winds. Staying safe and warm can be a challenge. You may have to cope with problems such as: Cold-related health problems, including frostbite and hypothermia Household fires and carbon monoxide poisoning from space heaters and fireplaces Unsafe driving conditions on icy roads Power failures and loss of communication Floods after the snow and ice melt How can I prepare for a winter weather emergency? If there is a winter storm coming, there are things you can do to try to keep yourself and your loved ones safe: Have a disaster plan that includes Making sure that you have important phone numbers, including numbers for your health care providers, pharmacy, and veterinarian Having a communication plan for your family Knowing how to get reliable information during the storm Prepare your home to keep out the cold with insulation, caulking, and weather stripping. Learn how to keep pipes from freezing. Gather supplies in case you need to stay home for several days without power If you plan to use your fireplace or wood stove for emergency heating, have your chimney or flue inspected each year Install a smoke detector and a battery-operated carbon monoxide detector If you have to travel, be sure you have an emergency car kit with some basic supplies like An ice scraper A shovel Cat litter or sand for better tire traction Water and snacks Extra warm clothing Jumper cables First aid kit with any necessary medicines and a pocketknife A battery-powered radio, a flashlight, and extra batteries Emergency flares or distress flags Waterproof matches and a can to melt snow for water If you do experience a disaster, it is normal to feel stressed. You may


clothing Jumper cables First aid kit with any necessary medicines and a pocketknife A battery-powered radio, a flashlight, and extra batteries Emergency flares or distress flags Waterproof matches and a can to melt snow for water If you do experience a disaster, it is normal to feel stressed. You may need help in finding ways to cope . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Women have unique health issues. And some of the health issues that affect both men and women can affect women differently. Unique issues include pregnancy , menopause , and conditions of the female organs. Women can have a healthy pregnancy by getting early and regular prenatal care . They should also get recommended breast cancer, cervical cancer , and bone density screenings. Women and men also have many of the same health problems. But these problems can affect women differently. For example: Women are more likely to die following a heart attack than men Women are more likely to show signs of depression and anxiety than men The effects of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be more serious in women Osteoarthritis affects more women than men Women are more likely to have urinary tract problems NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development


Regular checkups with your health care provider are different from appointments for sickness or injury. Your checkups, which are also called well-woman exams, include physical exams as well as preventive care. They can help find health problems early, when they may be easier to treat. Your checkup is usually done by a provider with special training in caring for women. It will include screenings for chronic diseases. As a woman, you may also get special exams and screenings, such as: A pelvic exam to check the health of your reproductive organs. Your provider will look at your vulva, vagina, and cervix. They will also do an internal exam to feel the size and shape of your internal organs such as the uterus and ovaries. A cervical cancer screening , which uses a Pap test , an HPV test , or both. The tests can help prevent cervical cancer . A Pap test checks for cervical cancer and for abnormal cells that could turn into cancer. An HPV test looks for the types of HPV which can cause cervical cancer. For both tests, your provider will take a sample of cells from the surface of your cervix and send them to a lab to be examined under a microscope. A clinical breast exam to check for breast cancer . Your provider will feel and look at your breasts and armpit area for lumps or other changes. They may also recommend a mammogram , which is an x-ray picture of your breast. Which tests you get and how often you need them will depend on your age, overall health, and family health history . In some cases, your provider may also recommend other tests as well. For example, if you have a family history of certain cancers, your provider may recommend genetic


Which tests you get and how often you need them will depend on your age, overall health, and family health history . In some cases, your provider may also recommend other tests as well. For example, if you have a family history of certain cancers, your provider may recommend genetic testing . During your checkup, you and your provider may also talk about other issues, such as: Birth control or family planning Menopause Menstrual concerns Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Vaccines Your overall physical health and mental well-being , including suggestions on how to have a healthy lifestyle To make the most of your next checkup, bring a list of any questions or concerns you have, so you can talk about them with your provider.


An injury is damage to your body. It is a general term that refers to harm caused by accidents, falls , hits, weapons, and more. In the U.S., millions of people injure themselves every year. These injuries range from minor to life-threatening. Injuries can happen at work or play , indoors or outdoors, driving a car, or walking across the street. Wounds are injuries that break the skin or other body tissues. They include cuts, scrapes, scratches, and punctured skin. They often happen because of an accident, but surgery, sutures, and stitches also cause wounds. Minor wounds usually aren't serious, but it is important to clean them. Serious and infected wounds may require first aid followed by a visit to your doctor. You should also seek attention if the wound is deep, you cannot close it yourself, you cannot stop the bleeding or get the dirt out, or it does not heal. Other common types of injuries include: Animal bites Bruises Burns Dislocations Electrical injuries Fractures (broken bones) Sprains and strains


Your wrist connects your hand to your forearm. It is not one big joint; it has several small joints. This makes it flexible and allows you to move your hand in different ways. The wrist has two big forearm bones and eight small bones known as carpals. It also has tendons and ligaments, which are connective tissues. Tendons connect muscles to bones. Ligaments connect bones to each other. What are the types of wrist injuries and disorders? Some of the more common types of wrist injuries and disorders are: Carpal tunnel syndrome , which happens when a nerve that runs from your forearm into your palm becomes squeezed at the wrist Ganglion cysts , which are noncancerous lumps or masses Gout , which is a form of arthritis caused by a buildup of uric acid in your joints Fractures (broken bones) Osteoarthritis , the most common type of arthritis. It is caused by wear and tear of the joints. Sprains and strains , which are injuries to ligaments and injuries to muscles or tendons Tendinitis , inflammation of a tendon, usually due to overuse Who is at risk for wrist injuries and disorders? Certain things can put you at higher risk of having a wrist problem, including: Doing sports, which can put you at risk for injuries and puts stress on your wrist. For example, you may fall on your outstretched hand when you are skating or snowboarding. Your wrist could be injured while doing contact sports. And other sports such as gymnastics and basketball can strain your wrists. Doing repetitive wrist motions, such as typing on a keyboard, working on an assembly line, or using power tools. Having certain diseases. For example, rheumatoid arthritis can cause wrist pain. What are the symptoms of wrist injuries and disorders? The symptoms


such as gymnastics and basketball can strain your wrists. Doing repetitive wrist motions, such as typing on a keyboard, working on an assembly line, or using power tools. Having certain diseases. For example, rheumatoid arthritis can cause wrist pain. What are the symptoms of wrist injuries and disorders? The symptoms of a wrist problem can vary, depending on the problem. A common symptom is wrist pain. Some other possible symptoms include swelling, a decrease in wrist strength, and sudden numbness or tingling. How are wrist injuries and disorders diagnosed? Your health care provider may use many tools to make a diagnosis: A medical history, which includes asking about your symptoms A physical exam, including checking your wrist strength and range of motion An x-ray or other imaging test Blood tests What are the treatments for wrist injuries and disorders? Treatments for wrist pain depends on the type of injury or disorder. They may include: Resting your wrist Wearing a wrist brace or cast Pain relievers Cortisone shots Physical therapy Surgery Can wrist injuries and disorders be prevented? To try to prevent wrist problems, you can: Use wrist guards, when doing sports that put you at risk for wrist injuries In the workplace, perform stretching exercises and take frequent rest breaks. You should also pay attention to ergonomics to make sure that you are using the proper wrist position while working. Make sure that you get enough calcium and vitamin D to keep your bones strong


What is an x-ray? X-rays are a painless medical imaging test . They send a small amount of radiation through your body to create pictures of bones and organs. X-rays are a type of electromagnetic radiation. They create images in shades of black, white, and gray because different tissues absorb radiation differently. Bones absorb the most radiation and appear white. Fat and other soft tissues absorb less and appear gray. Air absorbs the least radiation, so areas like the lungs appear black. The image is recorded on film or sent to a computer. Health care providers use x-rays to find health problems and to check how well certain treatments are working. Who needs an x-ray? X-rays are commonly used to check for fractures (broken bones). They are also used for other purposes. For example, chest x-rays can detect pneumonia . Mammograms use x-rays to look for breast cancer. X-rays are also used as part of other imaging tests, such as CT scans . How do you prepare for an x-ray? In most cases, little or no preparation is needed. You may be asked to wear a lead apron to protect certain parts of your body. You may also be asked to remove jewelry or other items that could affect the image. The amount of radiation from an x-ray is small. For example, the radiation from a chest x-ray is about the same as the natural radiation you are exposed to from the environment over about 10 days. Always tell your provider if you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant. How is an x-ray done? Depending on the part of your body being examined, you may be asked to stand, sit, or lie down. You will need to stay still for a short time while the image is taken.


provider if you are pregnant or think you may be pregnant. How is an x-ray done? Depending on the part of your body being examined, you may be asked to stand, sit, or lie down. You will need to stay still for a short time while the image is taken. What should you expect after an x-ray? After an x-ray, you can return to normal activities right away. A specialist called a radiologist reviews the images and shares the results with your provider.


Candida is the scientific name for yeast. It is a fungus that lives almost everywhere, including in your body. Usually, your immune system keeps yeast under control. If you are sick or taking antibiotics, it can multiply and cause an infection. Yeast infections affect different parts of the body in different ways: Thrush is a yeast infection that causes white patches in your mouth Candida esophagitis is thrush that spreads to your esophagus, the tube that takes food from your mouth to your stomach. It can make it hard or painful to swallow. Women can get vaginal yeast infections, causing vaginitis Yeast infections of the skin cause itching and rashes Yeast infections in your bloodstream can be life-threatening Antifungal medicines get rid of yeast infections in most people. If you have a weak immune system, treatment might be more difficult.


Zika is a virus that is spread mostly by mosquitoes. A pregnant mother can pass it to her baby during pregnancy or around the time of birth. It can spread through sexual contact. There have also been reports that the virus has spread through blood transfusions. There have been outbreaks of Zika virus in the United States, Africa, Southeast Asia, the Pacific Islands, parts of the Caribbean, and Central and South America. Most people who get the virus do not get sick. One in five people do get symptoms, which can include a fever, rash, joint pain, and conjunctivitis ( pink eye ). Symptoms are usually mild, and start 2 to 7 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. A blood test can tell whether you have the infection. There are no vaccines or medicines to treat it. Drinking lots of fluids, resting, and taking acetaminophen might help. Zika can cause microcephaly (a serious birth defect of the brain ) and other problems in babies whose mothers were infected while pregnant. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that pregnant women do not travel to areas where there is a Zika virus outbreak. If you do decide to travel, first talk to your doctor. You should also be careful to prevent mosquito bites : Use insect repellent Wear clothes that cover your arms, legs, and feet Stay in places that have air conditioning or that use window and door screens Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Hacer ejercicio en forma regular es una de las mejores cosas que puede hacer para su salud. Tiene muchos beneficios , incluyendo mejorar su salud general y estado físico y bajar su riesgo de muchas enfermedades crónicas. Para obtener el mayor beneficio, las recomendaciones sobre la cantidad de ejercicio que necesita son: Para adultos Trate de hacer un total entre 150 a 300 minutos de actividad aeróbica de intensidad moderada o entre 75 a 150 minutos de alta intensidad cada semana, o una combinación de ambos: Trate de distribuir esta cantidad de ejercicio durante varios días de la semana. Eso es mejor que tratar de hacer todo en sólo un par de días Es posible que algunos días no disponga de períodos largos de tiempo para hacer ejercicio. Puede comenzar lentamente y tratar de dividir sus ejercicios en segmentos. Incluso cortos periodos de ejercicio pueden ayudar Las actividades aeróbicas incluyen caminar rápido, trotar, nadar y andar en bicicleta El ejercicio de intensidad moderada significa que usted debería poder decir algunas palabras de corrido, pero no poder cantar, por ejemplo El ejercicio de alta intensidad significa que, al hacer esta actividad física, usted no puede decir más que unas pocas palabras sin tener que parar para tomar aire Además, haga actividades de fortalecimiento dos o más días a la semana: Las actividades de fortalecimiento incluyen levantar pesas, trabajar con bandas elásticas y hacer abdominales y flexiones Elija actividades que trabajen todas las diferentes partes del cuerpo: piernas, caderas, espalda, pecho, estómago, hombros y brazos. Debe repetir cada ejercicio entre 8 y 12 veces. En la medida que gane fuerza, aumente a dos o tres series de cada ejercicio para mejores resultados Si usted es una persona mayor , también puede beneficiarse de una mezcla de actividades que incluya ejercicios aeróbicos, entrenamiento


hombros y brazos. Debe repetir cada ejercicio entre 8 y 12 veces. En la medida que gane fuerza, aumente a dos o tres series de cada ejercicio para mejores resultados Si usted es una persona mayor , también puede beneficiarse de una mezcla de actividades que incluya ejercicios aeróbicos, entrenamiento de fuerza o resistencia y entrenamiento del equilibrio. El entrenamiento del equilibrio, como caminar con los talones y luego apoyar las puntas de los pies o mantenerse de pie sobre una sola pierna, puede ayudar a mejorar su estabilidad y prevenir caídas. Antes de comenzar a hacer ejercicio, consulte con su proveedor de atención médica para saber el tipo o la cantidad de actividad más adecuada para usted en función de su estado físico y su salud. Para niños preescolares (de 3 a 5 años) Para ayudar a los niños preescolares con su desarrollo y crecimiento, ellos deben estar físicamente activos durante el día. Deben practicar juegos estructurados y desestructurados. El juego estructurado tiene un objetivo y está dirigido por un adulto. Ejemplos incluyen practicar un deporte o un juego. El juego no estructurado es libre y creativo, como jugar en el patio de recreo Incentive el juego activo con una variedad de actividades Para niños y adolescentes Deben hacer 60 minutos o más de actividad física todos los días, la mayoría de intensidad moderada: Las actividades deben variar y ser adecuadas para la edad y el desarrollo físico del niño Las actividades aeróbicas de intensidad moderada incluyen caminar, correr, saltar, jugar en el patio, jugar al baloncesto y andar en bicicleta Como parte de los 60 minutos o más de actividad física diaria, deben tratar de hacer cada una de las siguientes actividades al menos tres días a la semana: Actividad aeróbica de alta intensidad, fortalecimiento muscular y fortalecimiento


saltar, jugar en el patio, jugar al baloncesto y andar en bicicleta Como parte de los 60 minutos o más de actividad física diaria, deben tratar de hacer cada una de las siguientes actividades al menos tres días a la semana: Actividad aeróbica de alta intensidad, fortalecimiento muscular y fortalecimiento de los huesos: Las actividades aeróbicas de alta intensidad incluyen correr, saltos de tijera (jumping jacks en inglés) y nadar rápido El ejercicio para fortalecer los músculos incluye jugar en el parque, jugar a las remolcadas, y hacer flexiones y dominadas Las actividades de fortalecimiento óseo incluyen saltar a la cuerda, saltar con una sola pierna, hacer saltos de tijera, jugar vóleibol y entrenar con bandas elásticas Personas mayores, mujeres embarazadas y personas con problemas crónicos de salud Las personas mayores, las mujeres embarazadas y quienes tienen discapacidades deben consultar con su proveedor de atención médica sobre cuánto ejercicio requieren y qué tipos de ellos pueden hacer. Sugerencias para el ejercicio Las personas que están tratando de perder peso pueden necesitar hacer más ejercicio. También necesitan ajustar su dieta, para poder quemar más calorías de las que consumen. Si ha estado inactivo , puede que tenga que comenzar a ejercitarse despacio. Puede seguir agregando más actividad física lentamente. Cuanto más pueda hacer, mejor. Pero trate de no abrumarse y haga lo que pueda. Hacer un poco de ejercicio es siempre mejor que no hacer nada. Incluso pequeños incrementos de ejercicio pueden ser beneficiosos para su salud. NIH: Instituto Nacional del Corazón, los Pulmones y la Sangre


El ácido fólico es una vitamina B . Ayuda al organismo a crear células nuevas. Todas las personas necesitan ácido fólico. Es muy importante para las mujeres en edad fértil. Obtener suficiente ácido fólico antes y durante el embarazo puede prevenir defectos congénitos importantes en el cerebro y la columna vertebral del bebé. Entre los alimentos que contienen ácido fólico se encuentran: Vegetales de hojas verdes Frutas Guisantes secos, chícharos y nueces Panes enriquecidos, cereales y otros productos hechos con granos Si no obtiene suficiente ácido fólico a través de los alimentos, puede consumirlo como suplemento dietético . NIH: Oficina de Suplementos Dietéticos


El ántrax es una enfermedad causada por el Bacillus anthracis , un microbio que vive en la tierra. Muchas personas han oído hablar de él en los ataques bioterroristas de 2001. En esos ataques, alguien diseminaba intencionalmente ántrax por medio del correo estadounidense. Murieron cinco personas y 22 se enfermaron. El ántrax no es común. Afecta animales como al ganado, ovejas y cabras más que a las personas. Los humanos pueden contraer ántrax a través del contacto con animales, lana, carne o cuero infectados. Hay tres formas en que las personas se infectan con ántrax. Estas son: Cutánea, que afecta la piel. Las personas con cortaduras o heridas abiertas pueden adquirirla si tocan las bacterias. Por inhalación, que afecta los pulmones. Puede adquirirse si se respiran las esporas de las bacterias. Gastrointestinal, que afecta el sistema digestivo. También por consumir alimentos infectados. Si se diagnostica anticipadamente, el tratamiento con antibióticos suele curar el ántrax. Pero muchas personas no saben que padecen de ántrax hasta que es demasiado tarde para tratarlo. Existe una vacuna para prevenir el ántrax, para las personas en el servicio militar y otros grupos de alto riesgo.


Las úlceras por presión son áreas de piel lesionada por permanecer en una misma posición durante demasiado tiempo. Comúnmente se forman donde los huesos están más cerca de la piel, como los tobillos, los talones y las caderas. El riesgo es mayor si está recluido en una cama, utiliza una silla de ruedas o no puede cambiar de posición. Las úlceras por presión pueden causar infecciones graves, algunas de las cuales pueden poner la vida en peligro. Pueden constituir un problema para las personas en los centros de cuidados especializados. Para prevenir las úlceras: Mantenga la piel limpia y seca Cambie de posición cada dos horas Utilice almohadas y productos que alivien la presión Las úlceras por presión tienen una variedad de tratamientos. Las úlceras más avanzadas se curan lentamente, de modo que lo mejor es el tratamiento anticipado.


Una úlcera péptica es una llaga en la mucosa que recubre el estómago o el duodeno, que es la primera parte del intestino delgado. El síntoma más común es un ardor en el estómago. El dolor puede: Aparecer entre comidas o durante la noche Desaparecer después de comer algo o de tomar un antiácido Durar minutos u horas Ir y venir por varios días o semanas Las úlceras pépticas ocurren cuando los ácidos que lo ayudan a digerir los alimentos dañan las paredes del estómago o del duodeno. La causa más común es la infección por una bacteria llamada Helicobacter pylori . Otra causa es el uso prolongado de antiinflamatorios no esteroides, tales como la aspirina y el ibuprofeno. El estrés y las comidas picantes no causan úlceras, pero pueden empeorarlas. Para detectar una infección por Helicobacter pylori, el doctor realizará exámenes de sangre, de aliento o fecales. También podrá examinar dentro del estómago y del duodeno haciendo una endoscopía o rayos X. Las úlceras pépticas empeorarán si no se tratan. El tratamiento puede incluir medicinas para reducir los ácidos del estómago o antibióticos para matar el Helicobacter pylori. Los antiácidos o la leche no curan las úlceras aunque pueden aliviarlas temporalmente. Dejar de fumar y evitar el consumo del alcohol puede ayudar. La cirugía puede ser necesaria para las úlceras que no sanan. NIH: Instituto Nacional de la Diabetes y las Enfermedades Digestivas y Renales