other sexual behavior that's ongoing) Any sexual activity that happens without your consent is sexual assault. What does "consent" mean? Giving your consent means that you clearly and freely say "yes" to sexual activity. Your consent means that you: Know and understand what's going on Can say what you want to do and don't want to do Are not underage Are not being pressured or tricked to do things you don't want to do Giving consent is not : Silence. Not saying "no" doesn't mean you're saying "yes." Having consented in the past. Having said "yes" to sex with someone in the past doesn't mean that you've agreed to all sexual activity in the future. That's true when you're dating or in a lasting relationship. Being passive and not fighting off an attacker. You cannot give consent if you are: Drugged, drunk, passed out, or asleep. Mentally unable to consent due to illness or disability. Underage (States have different laws about how old you must be to give legal consent to sexual activity.). Sexually coerced. This means that someone is pressuring you to take part in sexual activity. Agreeing to sex under pressure is not giving consent. The pressure may include: Abusing power over you, for example, a boss threatening your job. Making threats to harm people you care about. Making false promises to reward you for sex. Threatening to end a relationship or spread rumors about you. Wearing you down by constantly asking for sex or making you feel guilty or obligated. Who commits sexual assault? Both men and women commit sexual assault. A person who commits sexual assault may be a stranger, but more often it's someone you know, for example: A friend or acquaintance Someone you work with A neighbor A family member A current or past


guilty or obligated. Who commits sexual assault? Both men and women commit sexual assault. A person who commits sexual assault may be a stranger, but more often it's someone you know, for example: A friend or acquaintance Someone you work with A neighbor A family member A current or past romantic partner, including a spouse What are the possible health effects from sexual assault? Sexual assault may have many health effects. Many of them can affect your lifelong health and well-being. The effects may include: Physical effects such as: Bruises or genital injuries Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Pregnancy Ongoing problems with: Female reproductive health Digestive disorders Your heart Sexual health Psychological effects such as: Depression or anxiety Thoughts about suicide Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) Sexual assault victims are more likely to smoke , have an alcohol use disorder (AUD), use illegal drugs , and have risky sexual behavior. Girls who experience sexual violence are more likely to become victims of intimate partner violence in adulthood. What can I do if I'm a victim of sexual assault? If you are in danger or need medical care, call 911. If you can, get away from the person who assaulted you and get to a safe place as fast as you can. You can call the National Sexual Assault Hotline at 800-656-HOPE (4673) to connect with a sexual assault service provider in your area who can direct you to local resources. Getting support after a sexual assault may help you cope better and reduce the long-term effects. Victim services like rape crisis centers may offer a safe, healing place where you can find support. Studies show that treatments such as Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) can help victims cope with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Can sexual assault be prevented? Sexual assault


reduce the long-term effects. Victim services like rape crisis centers may offer a safe, healing place where you can find support. Studies show that treatments such as Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) can help victims cope with depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Can sexual assault be prevented? Sexual assault is never the victim's fault. No one who has been assaulted should be blamed for something that they did or did not do. You can take some steps to try to be safer around others: Go to parties with friends. Look out for each other. If a friend seems drunk or drugged, get them to a safe place. Have a plan for how you'll get home, too. Keep control of your drink. Someone could add alcohol or put a drug in it without you knowing. Meet people for the first time in a public place. Listen to your "gut feelings." If you feel uncomfortable around someone, leave. Pay attention to your surroundings. When walking alone, stay in busy well-lit areas. And don't wear headphones; you want to be able to hear what's happening around you. Centers for Disease and Control and Prevention


Sexuality is a big part of being human. Love, affection and sexual intimacy all play a role in healthy relationships. They also contribute to your sense of well-being. A number of disorders can affect the ability to have or enjoy sex in both men and women . Factors that can affect sexual health include: Fear of unplanned pregnancy Concerns about infertility Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) Chronic diseases such as cancer or heart disease Medicines that affect sexual desire or performance


Many men have sexual problems. They become more common as men age. Problems can include: Erectile dysfunction Reduced or lost interest in sex Problems with ejaculation Low testosterone Stress, illness, medicines, or emotional problems may also be factors. Occasional problems with sexual function are common. If problems last more than a few months or cause distress for you or your partner, you should see your health care provider.


There are many problems that can keep a woman from enjoying sex. They include: Lack of sexual desire Inability to become aroused Lack of orgasm, or sexual climax Painful intercourse These problems may have physical or psychological causes. Physical causes may include conditions like diabetes, heart disease, nerve disorders, or hormone problems. Some drugs can also affect desire and function. Psychological causes may include work-related stress and anxiety. They may also include depression or concerns about marriage or relationship problems. For some women, the problem results from past sexual trauma. Occasional problems with sexual function are common. If problems last more than a few months or cause distress for you or your partner, you should see your health care provider.


What are sexually transmitted infections (STIs)? Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are infections that are passed from one person to another through sexual contact. If not treated, a STI can develop into a sexually transmitted disease (STD). STIs are usually spread during vaginal, oral, or anal sex. But sometimes they can spread through other sexual contact involving the penis, vagina, mouth, or anus. This is because some STIs, like herpes and HPV, are spread by skin-to-skin contact. Some STIs can be passed to the fetus during pregnancy or childbirth. Other ways that some STIs may spread include while breastfeeding , through blood transfusions , or by sharing needles. There are more than 20 types of STIs, including: Chlamydia Genital herpes Genital warts Gonorrhea HIV HPV Pubic lice Syphilis Trichomoniasis What causes sexually transmitted infections (STIs)? STIs can be caused by bacteria , viruses , and parasites . Who is affected by sexually transmitted infections (STIs)? Most STIs affect both men and women, but in many cases the health problems they cause can be more severe for women. If an STI is passed to a fetus during pregnancy or childbirth , it can cause serious health problems. What are the symptoms of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)? STIs don't always cause symptoms or may only cause mild symptoms. So, it is possible to have an infection and not know it. And even without symptoms, STIs can still be harmful and may be passed on during sex. If you do have symptoms, they could include: Unusual discharge from the penis or vagina Sores or warts on the genital area Painful or frequent urination (peeing) Itching and redness in the genital area Blisters or sores in or around the mouth Abnormal vaginal odor Anal itching, soreness, or bleeding Abdominal (belly) pain Fever How are sexually


include: Unusual discharge from the penis or vagina Sores or warts on the genital area Painful or frequent urination (peeing) Itching and redness in the genital area Blisters or sores in or around the mouth Abnormal vaginal odor Anal itching, soreness, or bleeding Abdominal (belly) pain Fever How are sexually transmitted infections (STIs) diagnosed? If you are sexually active, you should talk to your health care provider about your risk for STIs and whether you need to be tested. This is especially important since many STIs do not usually cause symptoms. Some STIs may be diagnosed during a physical exam or through STI testing . Some tests involve a microscopic examination of a sore or fluid swabbed from the vagina, penis, or anus. Blood tests can diagnose other types of STIs. What are the treatments for sexually transmitted infections (STIs)? Antibiotics can treat STIs that are caused by bacteria or parasites. There is no cure for STIs caused by viruses, but antiviral medicines can often help with the symptoms and lower your risk of spreading the infection. It's important to get treatment if you have an STI. Some types of STIs can cause serious health problems if they are not treated. Talk to your provider about how long to not have sex after treatment to avoid passing the infection back and forth with your partner. Can sexually transmitted infections (STIs) be prevented? The surest way to protect yourself against STIs is to not have sex. If you do decide to have sex, you can lower your risk of getting an STI by: Having you and your partner tested for STIs before having sex. Using a condom every time you have sex. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading STIs. If


have sex, you can lower your risk of getting an STI by: Having you and your partner tested for STIs before having sex. Using a condom every time you have sex. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading STIs. If your or your partner is allergic to latex , you can use polyurethane condoms. Reducing your number of sex partners. You might even consider "mutual monogamy" with just one partner. This means that you agree to be sexually active only with them, and they agree to be sexually active only with you. But first you should both get tested to make sure that you don't already have an STI. Getting vaccinated against HPV and hepatitis B .


What is shingles? Shingles (herpes zoster) is an infection that causes a painful rash. It is caused by the varicella-zoster virus (VZV). This is the same virus that causes chickenpox . After you have chickenpox, the virus stays in your body. It may not cause problems for many years. But as you get older, the virus may become active again and cause shingles. Is shingles contagious? Shingles is not contagious. You cannot get shingles from someone else. But you can catch chickenpox from someone with shingles if you have direct contact with fluid from their shingles rash. The risk of spreading the virus is low if the shingles rash is kept covered. People with shingles cannot spread the virus before their rash blisters appear or after the rash crusts. Who is at risk for shingles? Anyone who has had chickenpox can get shingles. But the risk of shingles goes up as you get older. Shingles is most common in people over age 50. People with weakened immune systems are at higher risk of getting shingles. This includes those who: Have immune system diseases such as HIV Have certain cancers Take medicines that weaken their immune system, such as steroids and medicines you take after organ transplant Your immune system may be weaker when you have an infection or are stressed. This can raise your risk of shingles. It is rare, but possible, to get shingles more than once. What are the symptoms of shingles? Early signs of shingles include burning or shooting pain and tingling or itching. It is usually on one side of the body or face. The pain can be mild to severe. Up to several days later, you will get a rash. It consists of blisters that typically scab over in 7 to 10 days. The rash


or shooting pain and tingling or itching. It is usually on one side of the body or face. The pain can be mild to severe. Up to several days later, you will get a rash. It consists of blisters that typically scab over in 7 to 10 days. The rash is usually a single stripe around either the left or the right side of the body. In other cases, the rash is only on one side of the face. In rare cases (usually among people with weakened immune systems), the rash may be more widespread. It might look similar to a chickenpox rash. Some people may also have other symptoms: Fever Headache Chills Upset stomach What other problems can shingles cause? Shingles can cause other problems (complications): Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is most common complication of shingles. It causes severe pain in the areas where you had the shingles rash. It usually gets better in a few weeks or months. But some people can have pain from PHN for many years, and it can interfere with daily life. Vision loss can happen if shingles affects your eye. It may be temporary or permanent. Hearing or balance problems are possible if you have shingles within or near your ear. You may also have weakness of the muscles on that side of your face. These problems can be temporary or permanent. Very rarely, shingles can also lead to pneumonia , brain inflammation ( encephalitis ), or death. How is shingles diagnosed? Usually your health care provider can diagnose shingles by taking your medical history and looking at your rash. In some cases, your provider may scrap off tissue from the rash or swab some fluid from the blisters and send the sample to a lab for testing. What are the treatments for shingles?


health care provider can diagnose shingles by taking your medical history and looking at your rash. In some cases, your provider may scrap off tissue from the rash or swab some fluid from the blisters and send the sample to a lab for testing. What are the treatments for shingles? There is no cure for shingles. Antiviral medicines may help to make the attack shorter and less severe. They may also help prevent PHN. The medicines are most effective if you can take them within 3 days after the rash appears. So if you think you might have shingles, contact your provider as soon as possible. Pain relievers may also help with the pain. A cool washcloth, calamine lotion, and oatmeal baths may help relieve some of the itching. Can shingles be prevented? There is a vaccine, called Shingrix, to help prevent shingles and its complications. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends that healthy adults 50 years and older get the vaccine. Your provider might also recommend the vaccine if you are over 19 and have a weakened immune system. The vaccine is given in two doses. If you have shingles, you can help prevent spreading the virus to others by: Staying away from: People with weakened immune systems People who have not had chickenpox or the chickenpox vaccine, especially if they are pregnant Premature or low birth weight babies Keeping the rash covered Not touching or scratching the rash Washing your hands often Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Shock happens when not enough blood and oxygen can get to your organs and tissues. It causes very low blood pressure and may be life-threatening. It often happens along with a serious injury. There are several kinds of shock. Hypovolemic shock happens when you lose a lot of blood or fluids. Causes include internal or external bleeding, dehydration, burns, and severe vomiting and/or diarrhea. Septic shock is caused by infections in the bloodstream. A severe allergic reaction can cause anaphylactic shock . An insect bite or sting might cause it. Cardiogenic shock happens when the heart cannot pump blood effectively. This may happen after a heart attack. Neurogenic shock is caused by damage to the nervous system. Symptoms of shock include: Confusion or lack of alertness Loss of consciousness Sudden and ongoing rapid heartbeat Sweating Pale skin A weak pulse Rapid breathing Decreased or no urine output Cool hands and feet Shock is a life-threatening medical emergency and it is important to get help right away. Treatment of shock depends on the cause. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute


El shock ocurre cuando no hay suficiente suministro de sangre y oxígeno a sus órganos y tejidos. Puede causar baja presión y ser un peligro para la vida. El shock suele suceder con una lesión grave. Existen muchos tipos de shocks: El shock hipovolémico que se da cuando la persona pierde mucha sangre o líquidos y causa sangrado interno o externo, deshidratación, quemaduras y diarrea y vómitos severos. El shock séptico que es causado por infecciones en el torrente sanguíneo. El shock anafiláctico, causado por una reacción alérgica grave y puede ser causado, por ejemplo, por una picadura de insecto en una persona que es alérgica a él. El shock cardiogénico, causado por la incapacidad del corazón de bombear sangre de manera eficiente y puede causar un ataque al corazón. El shock neurogénico que es causado por daño al sistema nervioso. Los síntomas incluyen : Confusión o falta de lucidez mental Pérdida de la conciencia Latidos del corazón rápidos y de forma repentina Transpiración Palidez Pulso débil Respiración acelerada Reducción del flujo o detención total de orina Pies y manos frías Un shock es una emergencia médica que puede poner en peligro la vida y por ello es importante obtener ayuda médica de manera inmediata. El tratamiento del shock depende de la causa. NIH: Instituto Nacional del Corazón, los Pulmones y la Sangre


Your shoulder joint is composed of three bones: the clavicle (collarbone), the scapula (shoulder blade), and the humerus (upper arm bone). Your shoulders are the most movable joints in your body. They can also be unstable because the ball of the upper arm is larger than the shoulder socket that holds it. To remain in a stable or normal position, the shoulder must be anchored by muscles, tendons, and ligaments. Because your shoulder can be unstable, it can be easily injured. Common problems include: Sprains and strains Dislocations Separations Tendinitis Bursitis Torn rotator cuffs Frozen shoulder Fractures (broken bones) Arthritis Health care providers diagnose shoulder problems by using your medical history, a physical exam, and imaging tests. Often, the first treatment for shoulder problems is RICE. This stands for Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation. Other treatments include exercise and medicines to reduce pain and swelling. If those don't work, you may need surgery. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


What is sickle cell disease (SCD)? Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a group of inherited red blood cell disorders. If you have SCD, there is a problem with your hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen throughout the body. With SCD, the hemoglobin forms into stiff rods within the red blood cells. This changes the shape of the red blood cells. The cells are supposed to be disc-shaped, but instead they are crescent, or sickle, shaped. The sickle-shaped cells are not flexible and cannot change shape easily. Many of them burst apart as they move through your blood vessels. The sickle cells usually only last 10 to 20 days, instead of the normal 90 to 120 days. Your body may have trouble making enough new cells to replace the ones that you lost. Because of this, you may not have enough red blood cells. This is a condition called anemia , and it can make you feel tired. The sickle-shaped cells can also stick to vessel walls, causing a blockage that slows or stops the flow of blood. When this happens, oxygen can't reach nearby tissues. The lack of oxygen can cause attacks of sudden, severe pain, called pain crises. These attacks can occur without warning. If you get one, you might need to go to the hospital for treatment. What causes sickle cell disease (SCD)? SCD is caused by a variant (change) in a gene that has instructions for your body to make one part of the hemoglobin. This changed gene is sometimes called a sickle cell gene. People with SCD are born with two sickle cell genes, one from each parent. If you are born with one sickle cell gene, it's called sickle cell trait. People with sickle cell trait are generally healthy,


part of the hemoglobin. This changed gene is sometimes called a sickle cell gene. People with SCD are born with two sickle cell genes, one from each parent. If you are born with one sickle cell gene, it's called sickle cell trait. People with sickle cell trait are generally healthy, but they can pass the defective gene on to their children. Who is more likely to have sickle cell disease (SCD)? In the United States, most of the people with SCD are African Americans: About 1 in 13 Black or African American babies are born with sickle cell trait About 1 in every 365 Black or African American babies are born with sickle cell disease SCD also affects some people who come from Hispanic, southern European, Middle Eastern, or Asian Indian backgrounds. What are the symptoms of sickle cell disease (SCD)? People with SCD start to have signs of the disease during the first year of life, usually around 5 or 6 months of age. Early symptoms of SCD may include: Painful swelling of the hands and feet Fatigue or fussiness from anemia A yellowish color of the skin ( jaundice ) or the whites of the eyes (icterus) The effects of SCD vary from person to person and can change over time. Most of the signs and symptoms of SCD are related to complications of the disease. They may include severe pain, anemia, organ damage, and infections. How is sickle cell disease (SCD) diagnosed? A blood test can show if you have SCD or sickle cell trait. Genetic tests can tell if you have one or two copies of the sickle cell gene. Genetic tests can help confirm an SCD diagnosis if the results from blood tests are not clear. All states now test newborns for SCD (as well


if you have SCD or sickle cell trait. Genetic tests can tell if you have one or two copies of the sickle cell gene. Genetic tests can help confirm an SCD diagnosis if the results from blood tests are not clear. All states now test newborns for SCD (as well as many other treatable conditions) as part of their screening programs . These programs help find the conditions early, so treatment can be started right away. Health care providers can also diagnose SCD before a baby is born. That test uses a sample of amniotic fluid (the liquid in the sac surrounding the baby) or tissue taken from the placenta (the organ that brings oxygen and nutrients to the baby). People who are thinking about having children can have the test to find out how likely it is that their children will have SCD. What are the treatments for sickle cell disease (SCD)? There are many ways to manage sickle cell disease. Your medical team will probably include a hematologist, a doctor who specializes in blood diseases. You will work with your medical team to set up a treatment plan. Possible treatment options may include: Treatments that can help relieve symptoms and lessen complications, including: Hydroxyurea, a medicine to reduce sickling of red blood cells. This can help prevent serious symptoms of sickle cell disease. This medicine can be used in adults and in children as young as 9 months old. But this medicine is not safe during pregnancy. Voxelotor, another medicine to prevent the sickling of red blood cells. It can be used in adults and children ages 4 years and older. Pain relievers for acute or chronic pain. Antibiotics to try to prevent infections in younger children. Blood transfusions for severe anemia. If you have had some serious


another medicine to prevent the sickling of red blood cells. It can be used in adults and children ages 4 years and older. Pain relievers for acute or chronic pain. Antibiotics to try to prevent infections in younger children. Blood transfusions for severe anemia. If you have had some serious complications, such as a stroke , you may have transfusions to prevent more complications. Other treatments for specific complications, such as medicines to lower blood pressure and vitamins to treat a vitamin deficiency. Bone marrow or stem cell transplantation, which can cure SCD. Because these transplants are risky and can have serious side effects, they are usually only used in children with severe SCD. For the transplant to work, the bone marrow must be a close match. Usually, the best donor is a brother or sister. Gene therapies to treat SCD in people who are 12 years and older and have had repeated sickle cell crises. These new therapies involve taking some of your blood stem cells and either adding new DNA to them or changing their existing DNA. Then these cells are given back to you, and they can make a type of hemoglobin that is healthy. This can reduce the complications of SCD, including the SCD crises. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) seems to help some people deal with pain caused by SCD. These types of CAM may lower your pain, especially if it is not well managed with medicines:: Cognitive behavioral therapy (a type of counseling) Acupuncture Exercise or movement programs, such as yoga Massage Meditation and mindfulness practices Virtual reality, a computer-generated 3D environment you can see with special goggles It's also important to take steps to keep yourself as healthy as possible: Get regular medical care Get your routine vaccinations Live a healthy lifestyle Avoid


Exercise or movement programs, such as yoga Massage Meditation and mindfulness practices Virtual reality, a computer-generated 3D environment you can see with special goggles It's also important to take steps to keep yourself as healthy as possible: Get regular medical care Get your routine vaccinations Live a healthy lifestyle Avoid situations that may set off a pain crisis NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute


Sus signos vitales muestran qué tan bien está funcionando su cuerpo. Por lo general, se miden en la consulta del médico, a menudo como parte de un chequeo médico , o durante una visita de emergencia médica . Estos incluyen: La presión arterial , que mide la fuerza de la sangre contra las paredes de las arterias. La presión arterial que es muy alta o muy baja puede causar problemas. Su presión arterial tiene dos números. El primer número es la presión cuando el corazón late y bombea la sangre. El segundo es cuando el corazón está en reposo entre latidos. Una lectura de la presión arterial normal para adultos es inferior a 120/80 y superior a 90/60 La frecuencia cardiaca o pulso , que mide la velocidad con la que su corazón late. Un problema con el ritmo cardíaco puede ser una arritmia . Su ritmo cardíaco normal depende de factores tales como su edad, cantidad de ejercicio, si usted está sentado o de pie, los medicamentos que toma y su peso La frecuencia respiratoria , que mide su respiración. Cambios respiratorios leves pueden ser por causas tales como tener la nariz tapada o hacer ejercicio intenso. Pero una respiración lenta o rápida también puede ser un signo de un problemas respiratorios graves La temperatura , que mide qué tan caliente está su cuerpo. Una temperatura corporal que es más alta de lo normal (más de 98,6 ºF o 37 ºC) se llama fiebre


Sinusitis means your sinuses are inflamed. The cause can be an infection or another problem. Your sinuses are hollow air spaces within the bones surrounding the nose. They produce mucus, which drains into the nose. If your nose is swollen, this can block the sinuses and cause pain. There are several types of sinusitis, including: Acute, which lasts up to 4 weeks Subacute, which lasts 4 to 12 weeks Chronic, which lasts more than 12 weeks and can continue for months or even years Recurrent, with several attacks within a year Acute sinusitis often starts as a cold, which then turns into a bacterial infection. Allergies, nasal problems, and certain diseases can also cause acute and chronic sinusitis. Symptoms of sinusitis can include fever, weakness, fatigue, cough, and congestion. There may also be mucus drainage in the back of the throat, called postnasal drip. Your health care professional diagnoses sinusitis based on your symptoms and an examination of your nose and face. You may also need imaging tests. Treatments include antibiotics, decongestants, and pain relievers. Using heat pads on the inflamed area, saline nasal sprays, and vaporizers can also help.


Sinusitis consiste en la inflamación de los senos paranasales. Esto puede ser por una infección u otro problema. Los senos paranasales son espacios huecos donde pasa el aire por el interior de los huesos que rodean la nariz. Producen secreción mucosa que drena hacia la nariz. Si la nariz está inflamada, puede bloquear los senos paranasales y causar dolor. Hay varios tipos de sinusitis, incluyendo: Aguda, que dura hasta cuatro semanas Subaguda, que dura de cuatro a 12 semanas Crónica, que dura más de 12 semanas y puede continuar durante meses o incluso años Recurrente, con varios ataques dentro de un año La sinusitis aguda suele comenzar como un resfriado, que luego se convierte en una infección bacteriana. Alergias, problemas nasales y ciertas enfermedades también pueden causar sinusitis aguda y crónica. Los síntomas de la sinusitis pueden incluir fiebre, debilidad, fatiga, tos y congestión. También puede haber drenaje de mucosidad en la parte posterior de la garganta, llamada goteo retronasal. Los médicos diagnostican sinusitis según sus síntomas y el examen de la nariz y la cara. Usted también puede necesitar pruebas de imagen. Los tratamientos incluyen antibióticos, descongestionantes y analgésicos. El uso de almohadillas de calor en la zona inflamada, aerosoles nasales salinos y vaporizadores también puede ayudar.


La siringomielia es un trastorno raro que causa la formación de un quiste en la médula espinal . Con el transcurso del tiempo, el quiste, llamado syrinx, se hace más grande y largo y destruye parte de la médula espinal. Las lesiones en la médula espinal por el quiste puede causar éstos síntomas: Dolor y debilidad en la espalda, los hombros, los brazos o las piernas Dolores de cabeza Incapacidad para sentir frío o calor Los síntomas varían según el tamaño y la ubicación del quiste. Suelen comenzar en la edad adulta. Por lo general, la siringomielia resulta de una anomalía en el cráneo denominada malformación de Chiari . Un tumor, una meningitis o un traumatismo físico también pueden ocasionarla. El principal tratamiento para este trastorno es la cirugía. Algunas personas también necesitan un drenaje del quiste. Medicinas pueden ayudar a reducir el dolor. En algunos casos no se presentan síntomas, por lo que no es necesario tratarla. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Trastornos Neurológicos y Accidentes Cerebrovasculares


¿Qué es el sistema inmunitario? Su sistema inmunitario es una compleja red de células, tejidos y órganos. Juntos ayudan a su cuerpo a combatir infecciones y otras enfermedades. Cuando los gérmenes como bacterias o virus invaden su cuerpo, atacan y se multiplican. Esto se conoce como infección. La infección causa la enfermedad que lo afecta. Su sistema inmunitario lo protege de la enfermedad combatiendo los gérmenes. ¿Cuáles son las partes del sistema inmunitario? El sistema inmunitario tiene muchas partes diferentes, incluyendo: Su piel: Puede ayudar a evitar que los gérmenes ingresen al cuerpo Membranas mucosas: Son los revestimientos internos húmedos de algunos órganos y cavidades corporales. Producen mucosidad y otras sustancias que pueden atrapar y combatir los gérmenes Glóbulos blancos: Luchan contra los gérmenes Órganos y tejidos del sistema linfático : Incluyen el timo, el bazo , las amígdalas, los ganglios linfáticos, los vasos linfáticos y la médula ósea . Producen, almacenan y transportan glóbulos blancos ¿Cómo funciona el sistema inmunitario? Su sistema inmunitario defiende su cuerpo contra sustancias que considera dañinas o extrañas. Estas sustancias se llaman antígenos. Pueden ser gérmenes como bacterias y virus; o sustancias químicas o toxinas. También pueden ser células dañadas por el cáncer o quemaduras solares . Cuando su sistema inmunitario reconoce un antígeno, lo ataca. A esto se le llama respuesta inmune. Parte de esta respuesta es producir anticuerpos. Los anticuerpos son proteínas que actúan para atacar, debilitar y destruir antígenos. Su cuerpo también produce otras células para combatir el antígeno. Luego, su sistema inmunitario recuerda el antígeno. Si vuelve a reconocerlo, puede identificarlo y enviar rápidamente los anticuerpos correctos. Gracias a esto, en la mayoría de los casos usted no se enferma. A esta protección contra una determinada enfermedad se conoce como inmunidad. ¿Cuáles son los tipos de inmunidad? Hay tres tipos


sistema inmunitario recuerda el antígeno. Si vuelve a reconocerlo, puede identificarlo y enviar rápidamente los anticuerpos correctos. Gracias a esto, en la mayoría de los casos usted no se enferma. A esta protección contra una determinada enfermedad se conoce como inmunidad. ¿Cuáles son los tipos de inmunidad? Hay tres tipos diferentes de inmunidad: Inmunidad innata : Es la protección con la que nace. Es la primera línea de defensa de su cuerpo. Incluye barreras como la piel y las membranas mucosas. Evitan que sustancias nocivas entren al cuerpo. También incluye algunas células y sustancias químicas que pueden atacar sustancias extrañas Inmunidad activa : También llamada inmunidad adaptativa, se desarrolla cuando se infecta o se vacuna contra una sustancia extraña. La inmunidad activa suele ser de larga duración. Para muchas enfermedades, puede durar toda la vida Inmunidad pasiva : Ocurre cuando recibe anticuerpos contra una enfermedad en lugar de producirlos a través de su propio sistema inmunitario. Por ejemplo, los bebés recién nacidos tienen anticuerpos de sus madres. Las personas también pueden obtener inmunidad pasiva a través de productos sanguíneos que contienen anticuerpos. Este tipo de inmunidad le brinda protección inmediata, pero solo dura unas pocas semanas o meses ¿Qué problemas puede tener el sistema inmunitario? A veces, una persona puede tener una respuesta inmune aunque no exista una amenaza real. Esto puede provocar problemas como alergias , asma y enfermedades autoinmunes . Si tiene una enfermedad autoinmune, su sistema inmunitario ataca por error a las células sanas de su cuerpo. Otros problemas del sistema inmunitario ocurren cuando no funciona bien. Estos problemas incluyen enfermedades por inmunodeficiencia. Si tiene una enfermedad de inmunodeficiencia, se enferma con más frecuencia. Sus infecciones pueden durar más y pueden ser más graves y más difíciles de tratar. A menudo son trastornos genéticos . Existen otras


Otros problemas del sistema inmunitario ocurren cuando no funciona bien. Estos problemas incluyen enfermedades por inmunodeficiencia. Si tiene una enfermedad de inmunodeficiencia, se enferma con más frecuencia. Sus infecciones pueden durar más y pueden ser más graves y más difíciles de tratar. A menudo son trastornos genéticos . Existen otras enfermedades que pueden afectar su sistema inmunitario. Por ejemplo, el VIH es un virus que daña su sistema inmunitario al destruir sus glóbulos blancos. Si el VIH no se trata, puede causar sida (síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida). Las personas con sida tienen gravemente dañado su sistema inmunitario y sufren muchas enfermedades serias.


What is Sjogren's syndrome? Sjogren's syndrome, also called Sjogren's disease, is a chronic (long-lasting) autoimmune disease . When you have an autoimmune disease, your immune system attacks healthy tissues and organs by mistake. In Sjogren's syndrome, your immune system attacks the glands that make moisture in the eyes, mouth, and other parts of the body. This causes a dry mouth and dry eyes . You may have dryness in other places that need moisture, such as your nose, throat, and skin. Sjogren's can also affect other parts of the body, including your joints, lungs, kidneys, blood vessels, digestive organs, and nerves. What causes Sjogren's syndrome? Normally, your immune system protects the body from infection and disease. But with Sjogren's syndrome and other autoimmune diseases, your immune system attacks healthy tissues and organs. Researchers don't know for sure what causes the immune system to do this. But they think that it is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Studies have linked Sjogren's syndrome to gene changes in several genes. Some researchers also think that the disease may be triggered by something in the environment. For example, they think that one possible trigger could be a previous infection with a virus or bacteria . Who is more likely to develop Sjogren's syndrome? Most people with Sjogren's syndrome are women. You can get it at any age, but it is most common in people in their 40s and 50s. Sjogren's syndrome is more common in people who have other autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus . This is known as a secondary form of Sjogren's syndrome. People who don't have another autoimmune disease have a primary form of Sjogren's syndrome. What are the symptoms of Sjogren's syndrome? Sjogren's syndrome may have different effects on the body. Not everyone


diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus . This is known as a secondary form of Sjogren's syndrome. People who don't have another autoimmune disease have a primary form of Sjogren's syndrome. What are the symptoms of Sjogren's syndrome? Sjogren's syndrome may have different effects on the body. Not everyone will have the same symptoms. Some people have cycles of mild and then severe symptoms. The two main symptoms are: Dry eyes. Your eyes may burn or itch or feel like they have sand in them. Sometimes your vision may be blurry, or you could be bothered by bright lights. Dry mouth. Your tongue and your throat may feel dry. You might have trouble swallowing , speaking , and tasting . Sjogren's syndrome can also affect other parts of the body, causing symptoms such as: Joint and muscle pain Dry skin Rashes on the skin of hands or feet Numbness or tingling in the hands or feet Vaginal dryness Dry cough that doesn't go away Fatigue that doesn't go away How is Sjogren's syndrome diagnosed? There is no single test for Sjogren's syndrome. To find out if you have it, your provider: Will ask about your medical history and symptoms. Will do a physical exam, which includes checking for signs of dry mouth and signs of related autoimmune diseases. May order tests, including: Eye tests to see if you produce a normal amount of tears and to find out if your eyes have been damaged by dryness. Salivary gland tests to measure how much saliva your mouth produces. They could include imaging tests and a biopsy . Blood tests. What are the treatments for Sjogren's syndrome? There is no cure for Sjogren's syndrome. Treatment focuses on relieving your symptoms. The treatments can be different for each person, depending on which


to measure how much saliva your mouth produces. They could include imaging tests and a biopsy . Blood tests. What are the treatments for Sjogren's syndrome? There is no cure for Sjogren's syndrome. Treatment focuses on relieving your symptoms. The treatments can be different for each person, depending on which parts of the body are affected. They may include: Eye drops (artificial tears) or ointments to relieve dryness in the eyes. Saliva substitutes. Prescription medicines that cause your salivary glands to make more saliva. A minor procedure that places small plugs the tear duct in the corners of the eyes. The plugs block your tears from draining so they stay in your eyes longer. Medicines to help with other symptoms caused by Sjogren's syndrome, such as medicines for pain and inflammation. Medicines that suppress (weaken) your immune system (for severe cases). You can also try to relieve some of your symptoms by sucking on sugar-free candy, drinking water often, increasing the humidity in your room, and not smoking. Because having a dry mouth can raise your risk of cavities, it's important to take good care of your teeth and see your dentist regularly.


Your skin changes as you age. You might notice wrinkles, age spots and dryness. Your skin also becomes thinner and loses fat, making it less plump and smooth. It might take longer to heal, too. Sunlight is a major cause of skin aging. You can protect yourself by staying out of the sun when it is strongest, using sunscreen with an SPF of 15 or higher, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding sunlamps and tanning beds. Cigarette smoking also contributes to wrinkles. The wrinkling increases with the amount of cigarettes and number of years a person has smoked. Many products claim to revitalize aging skin or reduce wrinkles, but the Food and Drug Administration has approved only a few for sun-damaged or aging skin. Various treatments soothe dry skin and reduce the appearance of age spots. NIH: National Institute on Aging


Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in the United States. The two most common types are basal cell cancer and squamous cell cancer. They usually form on the head, face, neck, hands, and arms. Another type of skin cancer, melanoma , is more dangerous but less common. Anyone can get skin cancer, but it is more common in people who : Spend a lot of time in the sun or have been sunburned Have light-colored skin, hair and eyes Have a family member with skin cancer Are over age 50 You should have your doctor check any suspicious skin markings and any changes in the way your skin looks. Treatment is more likely to work well when cancer is found early. If not treated, some types of skin cancer cells can spread to other tissues and organs. Treatments include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and biologic therapy. PDT uses a drug and a type of laser light to kill cancer cells. Biologic therapy boosts your body's own ability to fight cancer. NIH: National Cancer Institute


What does your skin do? Your skin is your body's largest organ. It covers the entire outside of your body. There are many ways that your skin protects your body and helps keep you healthy. For example, it: Holds body fluids in, which helps prevent you from getting dehydrated Keeps out harmful germs, which helps prevent infections Helps you feel things like heat, cold, and pain Helps control your body temperature Makes vitamin D when the sun shines on it Shields your body against heat and light What problems and conditions can affect your skin? There are many different problems and conditions which can affect your skin. Some of them can cause uncomfortable symptoms, such as itching , burning, redness, and rashes . They might also affect your appearance. Some of the more common skin conditions include: Acne , which causes pimples when hair follicles under your skin get clogged up Burns Cuts and scrapes Dandruff , flaking of the skin on your scalp (the top of your head) Eczema (atopic dermatitis), which causes inflammation, redness, and irritation of the skin Hives , which are red and sometimes itchy bumps on your skin Insect bites Psoriasis , which causes itchy, scaly red patches Skin cancer Skin infections How can I keep my skin healthy? Since your skin protects your body in many ways, it's important to try to keep your skin healthy. For example, you can: Wear the right protective equipment, like gloves, long sleeves, knee and elbow pads, or helmets to protect against cuts, bumps and scrapes. If you do get a cut or scrape, clean it right away with soap and warm water. Put on a bandage to protect it while it heals. When you are spending time outdoors, wear long sleeves and pants and use insect repellant


helmets to protect against cuts, bumps and scrapes. If you do get a cut or scrape, clean it right away with soap and warm water. Put on a bandage to protect it while it heals. When you are spending time outdoors, wear long sleeves and pants and use insect repellant to prevent insect bites. Prevent sunburn by covering up and using sunscreen when outdoors. Wash your hands often with soap and water. When you take a shower or bath, use warm (not hot) water. Use mild cleansers and wash gently (don't scrub). Use moisturizers, like lotions, creams, or ointments, to prevent dry skin. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


What are skin infections? Your skin is your body's largest organ. It has many different functions, including covering and protecting your body. It helps keep germs out. But sometimes the germs can cause a skin infection. It often happens when the germs enter your body through a break, cut, or wound on your skin. Other skin infections can happen in places where the skin rubs together, especially if the area is moist. Infections can also happen when you have a poor blood supply to an area of your body or if your immune system is weakened because of another disease or a medical treatment. Some skin infections cover a small area on the top of your skin. Other infections can go deep into your skin or spread to a larger area. What causes skin infections? Skin infections are caused by different kinds of germs. For example,: Bacteria cause cellulitis , impetigo , and staphylococcal (staph) infections Viruses cause shingles , warts , and herpes simplex Fungi cause athlete's foot and yeast infections Parasites cause body lice , head lice , and scabies Who is more likely to get a skin infection? You are more likely to get a skin infection if you: Have poor circulation Have diabetes Are older Have an immune system disease , such as HIV Have a weakened immune system because of chemotherapy or other medicines that suppress your immune system Have to stay in one position for a long time, such as if you are sick and have to stay in bed for a long time or you are paralyzed Are malnourished Have excessive skinfolds, which can happen if you have obesity What are the symptoms of skin infections? The symptoms depend on the type of infection. Some symptoms that are common to many skin infections


and have to stay in bed for a long time or you are paralyzed Are malnourished Have excessive skinfolds, which can happen if you have obesity What are the symptoms of skin infections? The symptoms depend on the type of infection. Some symptoms that are common to many skin infections include rashes , swelling, redness, pain, pus, and itching . How are skin infections diagnosed? To diagnose a skin infection, your health care provider will do a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. You may have lab tests, such as a skin culture. This is a test to identify what type of infection you have, using a sample from your skin. Your provider may take the sample by swabbing or scraping your skin or removing a small piece of skin ( biopsy ). Sometimes providers use other tests, such as blood tests. How are skin infections treated? The treatment depends on the type of infection and how serious it is. Some infections will go away on their own. When you do need treatment, it may include a cream or lotion to put on the skin. Other possible treatments include medicines and a procedure to drain pus.


Pigmentation means coloring. Skin pigmentation disorders affect the color of your skin. Your skin gets its color from a pigment called melanin. Special cells in the skin make melanin. When these cells become damaged or unhealthy, it affects melanin production. Some pigmentation disorders affect just patches of skin. Others affect your entire body. If your body makes too much melanin, your skin gets darker. Pregnancy, Addison's disease, and sun exposure all can make your skin darker. If your body makes too little melanin, your skin gets lighter. Vitiligo is a condition that causes patches of light skin. Albinism is a genetic condition affecting a person's skin. A person with albinism may have no color, lighter than normal skin color, or patchy missing skin color. Infections, blisters and burns can also cause lighter skin.


Sleep apnea is a common disorder that causes your breathing to stop or get very shallow. Breathing pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes. They may occur 30 times or more an hour. The most common type is obstructive sleep apnea. It causes your airway to collapse or become blocked during sleep. Normal breathing starts again with a snort or choking sound. People with sleep apnea often snore loudly. However, not everyone who snores has sleep apnea. You are more at risk for sleep apnea if you are overweight, male, or have a family history or small airways. Children with enlarged tonsils or adenoids may also get it. Doctors diagnose sleep apnea based on medical and family histories, a physical exam, and sleep study results. When your sleep is interrupted throughout the night, you can be drowsy during the day. People with sleep apnea are at higher risk for car crashes, work-related accidents, and other medical problems. If you have it, it is important to get treatment. Lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, surgery, and breathing devices can treat sleep apnea in many people. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute


What is sleep? While you are sleeping your brain and body functions are still active. Sleep is a natural process that helps your body restore energy, supports learning and memory, and keeps you healthy. It's not just the number of hours of sleep you get that matters. The quality of your sleep is also important. During the night, your brain cycles through different stages of non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. If your sleep is often interrupted, you may not get enough time in certain stages of sleep. Poor-quality sleep does more than make you feel tired. It can affect your physical and mental health, thinking, and daily functioning. What are sleep disorders? Sleep disorders are conditions that disturb your normal sleep patterns. There are many types of sleep disorders. Some general types include: Insomnia , which is trouble falling asleep or staying asleep. Sleep-related breathing disorders such as sleep apnea , a condition in which you stop breathing for 10 seconds or more during sleep. Sleep-related movement disorders such as restless leg syndrome (RLS), which involves tingling or prickling sensations in your legs, and a strong urge to move them. Hypersomnia, which is extreme daytime sleepiness. This includes narcolepsy. Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders , which are problems falling asleep or waking up at the right times. This may be due to shift work or jet lag. Parasomnia , which is unusual behaviors during sleep or while falling asleep or waking up. This may include sleepwalking, talking, or eating during sleep. Some people who feel tired during the day have a true sleep disorder, while others simply don't get enough sleep. The amount of sleep you need depends on your age, lifestyle, health, and sleep patterns. Most adults need about 7-9 hours each night. What


sleepwalking, talking, or eating during sleep. Some people who feel tired during the day have a true sleep disorder, while others simply don't get enough sleep. The amount of sleep you need depends on your age, lifestyle, health, and sleep patterns. Most adults need about 7-9 hours each night. What causes sleep disorders? There are different causes for different sleep disorders. They may include: Other health conditions, such as heart disease , lung disease , nerve disorders , or pain Mental illnesses , including depression and anxiety Medicines Genetics Sometimes the cause is unknown. Other factors that may contribute to sleep problems include: Using caffeine or alcohol Having an irregular schedule, such as working the night shift Aging, since older adults may sleep less, spend less time in deep sleep, and wake easily What are the symptoms of sleep disorders? The symptoms of sleep disorders depend on the specific disorder. Some signs that you may have a sleep disorder include that: You regularly take more than 30 minutes to fall asleep. You regularly wake up several times and then have trouble falling back to sleep, or you wake up too early in the morning. You often feel sleepy during the day, take frequent naps, or fall asleep at the wrong times during the day. Your bed partner says that when you sleep, you snore loudly, snort, gasp, make choking sounds, or stop breathing for short periods. You have creeping or tingling sensations in your legs or arms that are relieved by moving or massaging them, especially in the evening and when trying to fall asleep. Your bed partner notices that your legs or arms jerk often during sleep. You have vivid, dreamlike experiences while falling asleep or dozing. You have episodes of sudden muscle weakness triggered by strong emotions. You


by moving or massaging them, especially in the evening and when trying to fall asleep. Your bed partner notices that your legs or arms jerk often during sleep. You have vivid, dreamlike experiences while falling asleep or dozing. You have episodes of sudden muscle weakness triggered by strong emotions. You feel as though you cannot move or speak for a brief time when you first wake up. How are sleep disorders diagnosed? To diagnose a sleep disorder, your health care provider will review your medical and sleep history and do a physical exam. You may also have a sleep study (polysomnogram). Most sleep studies monitor and record data about your body during a full night of sleep. The data includes: Brain wave activity Eye movements Breathing rate Blood pressure Heart rate and electrical activity in the heart and other muscles Other types of sleep studies may check how quickly you fall asleep during daytime naps or how well you can stay awake during the day. What are the treatments for sleep disorders? Treatments for sleep disorders depend on which disorder you have. They may include: Practicing good sleep habits and other lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet and getting regular exercise Reducing anxiety about sleep with cognitive behavioral therapy or relaxation techniques Using a CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) machine for sleep apnea Using bright light therapy (in the morning) Taking sleep aid medicines, or natural products such as melatonin Always check with your provider before taking any medicine or supplement. Most sleep aid medicines are generally for short-term use.


Your small intestine is the longest part of your digestive system - about twenty feet long! It connects your stomach to your large intestine (or colon) and folds many times to fit inside your abdomen. Your small intestine does most of the digesting of the foods you eat. It has three areas called the duodenum, the ileum, and the jejunum. Problems with the small intestine can include: Bleeding Celiac disease Crohn's disease Infections Intestinal cancer Intestinal obstruction Irritable bowel syndrome Ulcers, such as peptic ulcer Treatment of disorders of the small intestine depends on the cause.


Smallpox is a disease caused by the Variola major virus. Some experts say that over the centuries it has killed more people than all other infectious diseases combined. Worldwide vaccination stopped the spread of smallpox three decades ago. The last case was reported in 1977. Two research labs still keep small amounts of the virus. Experts fear bioterrorists could use the virus to spread disease. Smallpox spreads very easily from person to person. Symptoms are flu-like. They include: High fever Fatigue Headache Backache A rash with flat red sores There is no treatment. Fluids and medicines for pain or fever can help control symptoms. Most people recover, but some can die. Those who do recover may have severe scars. The U.S. stopped routine smallpox vaccinations in 1972. Military and other high-risk groups continue to get the vaccine. The U.S. has increased its supply of the vaccine in recent years. The vaccine makes some people sick, so doctors save it for those at highest risk of disease.


Many people who chew tobacco or dip snuff think it's safer than smoking . But you don't have to smoke tobacco for it to be dangerous. Chewing or dipping carries risks like: Cancer of the mouth Decay of exposed tooth roots Pulling away of the gums from the teeth White patches or red sores in the mouth that can turn to cancer Recent research shows the dangers of smokeless tobacco may go beyond the mouth. It might also play a role in other cancers, heart disease and stroke. Smokeless tobacco contains more nicotine than cigarettes. Nicotine is a highly addictive drug that makes it hard to stop using tobacco once you start. Having a quit date and a quitting plan can help you stop successfully. NIH: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research


What are the health effects of smoking? There's no way around it; smoking is bad for your health. It harms nearly every organ of the body, even some that you would not expect. Cigarette smoking causes many cancers and other health problems. It is also the cause of nearly one in five deaths in the United States. Some of the many health problems that smoking can cause include: Cancers. Smoking is the most common cause of lung and oral cancers. But it can also cause cancer in many other parts of your body, such as in your larynx (voice box), esophagus , throat , bladder , kidney , liver , stomach , pancreas , colon and rectum , and cervix . It can also cause acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Lung diseases . Smoking is the most common cause of COPD . It can also worsen asthma and raise your risk of pneumonia . Cardiovascular diseases. Smoking can damage your blood vessels and make them thicken and grow narrower. This makes your heart beat faster and raises your blood pressure . Smoking also increases your risk of blood clots and stroke . Vision problems . Smoking can raise your risk of cataracts and cause macular degeneration (AMD). You have a greater chance of certain pregnancy problems if you smoke while pregnant . Your baby is also at higher risk of dying of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Smoking also causes addiction to nicotine, a stimulant drug that is in tobacco. Nicotine addiction makes it much harder for people to quit smoking . What are the health risks of secondhand smoke? Your smoke is also bad for other people. If they breathe in your secondhand smoke , they can get many of the same problems as smokers do. These problems can include


addiction makes it much harder for people to quit smoking . What are the health risks of secondhand smoke? Your smoke is also bad for other people. If they breathe in your secondhand smoke , they can get many of the same problems as smokers do. These problems can include heart disease and lung cancer. Children exposed to secondhand smoke have a higher risk of ear infections , colds , pneumonia, bronchitis, and more severe asthma . If you breathe secondhand smoke while pregnant, you're more likely to have preterm labor and a baby with low birth weight . Are other forms of tobacco also dangerous? Besides cigarettes, there are several other forms of tobacco. Some people smoke tobacco in cigars and water pipes (hookahs). These forms of tobacco also contain harmful chemicals and nicotine. Some cigars contain as much tobacco as an entire pack of cigarettes. E-cigarettes often look like cigarettes, but they work differently. They are battery-operated smoking devices. Using an e-cigarette is called vaping. Researchers still have a lot to learn about the health effects of using e-cigarettes. We do know that they contain nicotine, which is highly addictive and a health danger to you and your fetus if you are pregnant, children, and teens. And e-cigarettes also expose non-smokers to secondhand aerosols (rather than secondhand smoke), which contain harmful chemicals. Smokeless tobacco , such as chewing tobacco and snuff, is also bad for your health. Smokeless tobacco can cause certain cancers, including oral cancer. It also increases your risk of getting heart disease, gum disease , and oral lesions. Why should I quit? Remember, there is no safe level of tobacco use. Smoking even just one cigarette per day over a lifetime can cause smoking-related cancers and premature death. Quitting smoking can reduce your risk of


increases your risk of getting heart disease, gum disease , and oral lesions. Why should I quit? Remember, there is no safe level of tobacco use. Smoking even just one cigarette per day over a lifetime can cause smoking-related cancers and premature death. Quitting smoking can reduce your risk of health problems and add years to your life. The earlier you quit, the greater the benefit. Some immediate benefits of quitting include: Lower heart rate and blood pressure Less carbon monoxide in the blood (carbon monoxide reduces the blood's ability to carry oxygen) Better circulation Less coughing and wheezing Quitting smoking can be challenging, but it is so important for your health. Contact your health care provider if you need help quitting.


Smoking cigarettes has many health risks for everyone. However, the younger you are when you start smoking, the more problems it can cause. People who start smoking before the age of 21 have the hardest time quitting. Teens who smoke are also more likely to use alcohol and illegal drugs. The problem is not just cigarettes. Spit tobacco , e-cigarettes , and cigars are not safe alternatives to cigarettes. Low-tar and additive-free tobacco products are not safe either. Young people who do not start using tobacco by age 18 will most likely never start. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Snoring is the sound you make when your breathing is blocked while you are asleep. The sound is caused by tissues at the top of your airway that strike each other and vibrate. Snoring is common, especially among older people and people who are overweight. When severe, snoring can cause frequent awakenings at night and daytime sleepiness. It can disrupt your bed partner's sleep. Snoring can also be a sign of a serious sleep disorder called sleep apnea . You should see your health care provider if you are often tired during the day, don't feel that you sleep well, or wake up gasping. To reduce snoring: Lose weight if you are overweight. It may help, but thin people can snore, too. Cut down or avoid alcohol and other sedatives at bedtime Don't sleep flat on your back NIH: National Institute on Aging


¿Qué son los opioides? Los opioides, a veces llamados narcóticos, son un tipo de medicamento. Incluyen analgésicos fuertes recetados como la oxicodona, hidrocodona, fentanilo y tramadol. También es un opioide la heroína , una droga ilegal. Un profesional de la salud puede recetarle un opioide para su dolor tras sufrir una lesión importante o después de una cirugía. También puede recetarlos si tiene dolor severo por enfermedades como el cáncer. Algunos proveedores de atención médica los recetan para el dolor crónico . En general, los opioides recetados para aliviar el dolor son seguros cuando se toman por un tiempo corto y según lo indicado por su profesional de la salud. Sin embargo, quienes los toman están en riesgo de trastorno por consumo de opioides y una sobredosis. Estos riesgos aumentan cuando hay un uso indebido de opioides. El uso indebido puede incluir tomar más de la dosis recetada o tomarla más seguido, usarla para drogarse o tomar los opioides de otra persona. ¿Qué es una sobredosis de opioides? Los opioides afectan la parte del cerebro que controla la respiración. Tomar altas dosis de opioides puede llevar a una sobredosis y a una desaceleración o interrupción de la respiración, lo que puede provocar la muerte. ¿Qué causa una sobredosis de opioides? Una sobredosis de opioides puede ocurrir por varias razones, incluyendo si usted: Toma un opioide para drogarse Toma una dosis adicional de un opioide recetado o con demasiada frecuencia (ya sea en forma accidental o a propósito) Mezcla un opioide con otros medicamentos, drogas ilegales o alcohol. Una sobredosis puede ser fatal al mezclar un opioide y ciertos medicamentos para el tratamiento de la ansiedad, como el Xanax o Valium Toma un opioide que le recetaron a otra persona. Los niños están en mayor riesgo de una sobredosis accidental si


con otros medicamentos, drogas ilegales o alcohol. Una sobredosis puede ser fatal al mezclar un opioide y ciertos medicamentos para el tratamiento de la ansiedad, como el Xanax o Valium Toma un opioide que le recetaron a otra persona. Los niños están en mayor riesgo de una sobredosis accidental si toman estos medicamentos por error También existe el riesgo de sobredosis si está recibiendo medicamentos para el trastorno por uso de opioides, un tratamiento para el trastorno por consumo de opioides . Muchos de los medicamentos que se usan para este tratamiento también son sustancias controladas que se pueden abusar. ¿Quién está en riesgo de una sobredosis de opioides? Cualquier persona que toma un opioide puede estar en riesgo de una sobredosis, pero el riesgo es mayor si: Toma opioides ilegales Toma más medicamento opioide del que le recetaron Combina los opioides con otros medicamentos y/o con alcohol Tiene ciertas afecciones médicas, como apnea del sueño o insuficiencia renal o hepática Tiene más de 65 años de edad ¿Cuáles son los signos de una sobredosis de opioides? Los signos de una sobredosis de opioides incluyen: Pupilas de los ojos muy pequeñas Quedarse dormido o perder el conocimiento Respiración lenta y superficial Sonidos de asfixia o gorgoteo Vómitos Cuerpo flácido Piel pálida, azulada o fría Latidos cardíacos débiles Labios y uñas morados ¿Qué debo hacer si creo que alguien está teniendo una sobredosis de opiáceos? Si cree que alguien está teniendo una sobredosis de opiáceos: Llame al 911 de inmediato Administre a la persona naloxona, si está disponible. La naloxona es un medicamento seguro que puede detener rápidamente una sobredosis de opioides. Hay dos tipos disponibles. Uno es un aerosol nasal que se rocía en la nariz. El otro tipo se inyecta en el músculo debajo de la piel o en


a la persona naloxona, si está disponible. La naloxona es un medicamento seguro que puede detener rápidamente una sobredosis de opioides. Hay dos tipos disponibles. Uno es un aerosol nasal que se rocía en la nariz. El otro tipo se inyecta en el músculo debajo de la piel o en las venas. La naloxona actúa bloqueando los efectos de los opioides en el cuerpo. Es importante leer las instrucciones del producto y verificar la fecha de vencimiento antes de aplicarlo a una persona Trate de mantener a la persona despierta y respirando Acueste a la persona de lado para evitar que se asfixie Quédese con la persona hasta que llegue el servicio de emergencias La naloxona no dañará a una persona si tiene una sobredosis de drogas que no sean opioides, por lo que se recomienda usarla si piensa que alguien tiene una sobredosis. ¿Cómo se puede prevenir una sobredosis de opioides? Si está tomando analgésicos opioides, hay pasos que puede seguir para ayudar a prevenir una sobredosis de opioides: Tome su medicamento exactamente según lo indicado por su proveedor de atención médica. No tome más de la dosis recomendada a la vez ni los tome con mayor frecuencia de lo que se supone Nunca mezcle medicamentos para el dolor con alcohol, pastillas para dormir o drogas ilegales Guarde sus medicinas en forma segura y fuera del alcance de niños o mascotas. Considere usar una caja de seguridad de medicamentos. Además de mantener seguros a los niños, evite que alguien que viva con usted o alguna visita tenga acceso a sus medicinas Deseche de inmediato el medicamento que no haya usado También es importante enseñar a su familia y amigos cómo responder a una sobredosis. Si tiene un mayor riesgo de sufrir una sobredosis, obtenga naloxona y llévela consigo dondequiera


que viva con usted o alguna visita tenga acceso a sus medicinas Deseche de inmediato el medicamento que no haya usado También es importante enseñar a su familia y amigos cómo responder a una sobredosis. Si tiene un mayor riesgo de sufrir una sobredosis, obtenga naloxona y llévela consigo dondequiera que vaya. Puede comprar naloxona en una farmacia.


Tener una enfermedad a largo plazo, o crónica, puede afectar su vida de muchas maneras. Puede sentirse frecuentemente cansado y con dolor . La enfermedad puede alterar su apariencia o sus capacidades físicas, así como su independencia. Es posible que no pueda trabajar, lo que puede ocasionarle problemas financieros. Para los niños, las enfermedades crónicas pueden ser atemorizantes, ya que a veces no entienden por qué les ocurre a ellos. Estos cambios pueden causar estrés, ansiedad y enojo. Si así le sucede, es importante buscar ayuda. Un consejero capacitado puede ayudarlo a desarrollar estrategias para recuperar la sensación de control. Los grupos de apoyo también pueden serle de ayuda. Descubrirá que no está solo y podrá enterarse de nuevos consejos para aprender a lidiar con la enfermedad. Es posible que pueda manejar mejor su enfermedad si aprende más al respecto. Es importante evaluar la información que encuentre para asegurarse de que es confiable. También es importante encontrar un proveedor de atención médica que pueda confiar.


La sal de mesa está hecha de dos minerales , sodio y cloruro. El cuerpo necesita una determinada cantidad de sodio para funcionar adecuadamente, pues ayuda en la función de los nervios y los músculos. El sodio también ayuda a mantener un equilibrio adecuado de los líquidos . Los riñones controlan la cantidad de sodio presente en el cuerpo; si tiene demasiado y los riñones no pueden eliminarlo, se acumula en la sangre. Eso puede causar presión arterial alta . A su vez, la presión alta puede ocasionar otros problemas de salud. La mayoría de las personas en los Estados Unidos consume más sodio en su dieta de lo que necesita. Una clave para alimentarse sanamente es escoger alimentos con bajo contenido de sodio. Los directrices dietéticas recomiendan comer menos de 2.3 gramos por día. Eso equivale a una cucharadita de sal de mesa al día, aproximadamente. Algunas personas son más sensibles a los efectos de la sal que otras y deben comer menos. Estas incluyen a quienes tienen presión arterial alta, diabetes o problemas renales, o son afroamericanos o mayores de 50 años. Leer las etiquetas de los alimentos puede ayudarlo a saber la cantidad de sodio en los alimentos preparados. NIH: Instituto Nacional del Corazón, los Pulmones y la Sangre


Table salt is a combination of two minerals - sodium and chloride Your body needs some sodium to work properly. It helps with the function of nerves and muscles. It also helps to keep the right balance of fluids in your body. Your kidneys control how much sodium is in your body. If you have too much and your kidneys can't get rid it, sodium builds up in your blood. This can lead to high blood pressure . High blood pressure can lead to other health problems. Most people in the U.S. get more sodium in their diets than they need. A key to healthy eating is choosing foods low in sodium. The Dietary Guidelines recommend that most adults eat less than 2.3 grams per day. That equals about 1 teaspoon of table salt a day. Some people are more sensitive to the effects of salt than others and should eat less. This includes people who have high blood pressure, diabetes, or kidney problems, or are African American or over age 50. Reading food labels can help you see how much sodium is in prepared foods. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute


Your soft tissues connect, support, or surround other tissues. Examples include your muscles, tendons, fat, and blood vessels. Soft tissue sarcoma is a cancer of these soft tissues. There are many kinds, based on the type of tissue they started in. They may cause a lump or swelling in the soft tissue. Sometimes they spread and can press on nerves and organs, causing problems such as pain or trouble breathing. No one knows exactly what causes these cancers. They are not common, but you have a higher risk if you have been exposed to certain chemicals, have had radiation therapy, or have certain genetic diseases. Doctors diagnose soft tissue sarcomas with a biopsy. Treatments include surgery to remove the tumor, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or a combination. NIH: National Cancer Institute


Your throat is a tube that carries food to your esophagus and air to your windpipe and larynx (also called the voice box). The technical name for the throat is pharynx. You can have a sore throat for many reasons. Often, colds and flu cause sore throats. Other causes can include: Allergies Mononucleosis Smoking Strep throat Tonsillitis Treatment depends on the cause. Sucking on lozenges, drinking lots of liquids, and gargling may ease the pain. Over-the-counter pain relievers can also help, but children should not take aspirin.


Many disorders can affect our ability to speak and communicate. They range from saying sounds incorrectly to being completely unable to speak or understand speech. Causes include: Hearing disorders and deafness Voice problems , such as dysphonia or those caused by cleft lip or palate Speech problems like stuttering Developmental disabilities Learning disabilities Autism spectrum disorder Brain injury Stroke Some speech and communication problems may be genetic. Often, no one knows the causes. By first grade, about 5% of children have noticeable speech disorders. Speech and language therapy can help. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders


Speech and Language Problems in Children

Children vary in their development of speech and language skills. Health care professionals have lists of milestones for what's normal. These milestones help figure out whether a child is on track or if he or she may need extra help. For example, a child usually has one or two words like "Hi," "dog," "Dada," or "Mama" by her first birthday. Sometimes a delay may be caused by hearing loss . Other times it may be due to a speech or language disorder. Children who have speech disorders may have trouble making speech sounds correctly. They may hesitate or stutter when talking. Children with language disorders might have trouble understanding what others say or difficulty sharing their thoughts. If you have concerns about your child's speech or language development, talk to your child's health care provider. NIH: National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders


Though many people are afraid of spiders, they rarely bite people unless threatened. Most spider bites are harmless. Occasionally, spider bites can cause allergic reactions. And bites by the venomous black widow and brown recluse spiders can be very dangerous to people. If you are bitten by a spider, you may see a reaction similar to that of a bee sting, including redness, pain and swelling at the site. To treat a spider bite: Wash the area well with soap and water Apply an ice pack or a wet compress to the area Take over-the-counter pain medicine, if needed Consider using antihistamines for severe swelling Seek medical treatment for small children and adults with severe symptoms


Spina bifida is a neural tube defect - a type of birth defect of the brain, spine, or spinal cord. It happens if the spinal column of the fetus doesn't close completely during the first month of pregnancy. This can damage the nerves and spinal cord. Screening tests during pregnancy can check for spina bifida. Sometimes it is discovered only after the baby is born. The symptoms of spina bifida vary from person to person. Most people with spina bifida are of normal intelligence. Some people need assistive devices such as braces, crutches, or wheelchairs. They may have learning difficulties, urinary and bowel problems, or hydrocephalus , a buildup of fluid in the brain. The exact cause of spina bifida is unknown. It seems to run in families. Taking folic acid can reduce the risk of having a baby with spina bifida. It's in most multivitamins. Women who could become pregnant should take it daily. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


Your spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that runs down the middle of your back. It carries signals back and forth between your body and your brain. It is protected by your vertebrae, which are the bone disks that make up your spine. If you have an accident that damages the vertebrae or other parts of the spine, this can also injure the spinal cord. Other spinal cord problems include: Tumors Infections such as meningitis and polio Inflammatory diseases Autoimmune diseases Degenerative diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal muscular atrophy Symptoms vary but might include pain, numbness, loss of sensation and muscle weakness. These symptoms can occur around the spinal cord, and also in other areas such as your arms and legs. Treatments often include medicines and surgery.


Your spinal cord is a bundle of nerves that runs down the middle of your back. It carries signals back and forth between your body and your brain. A spinal cord injury disrupts the signals. Spinal cord injuries usually begin with a blow that fractures (breaks) or dislocates your vertebrae, the bone disks that make up your spine. Most injuries don't cut through your spinal cord. Instead, they cause damage when pieces of vertebrae tear into cord tissue or press down on the nerve parts that carry signals. Spinal cord injuries can be complete or incomplete. With a complete spinal cord injury, the cord can't send signals below the level of the injury. As a result, you are paralyzed below the injury. With an incomplete injury, you have some movement and sensation below the injury. A spinal cord injury is a medical emergency. Immediate treatment can reduce long-term effects. Treatments may include medicines, braces or traction to stabilize the spine, and surgery. Later treatment usually includes medicines and rehabilitation therapy. Mobility aids and assistive devices may help you to get around and do some daily tasks. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


What is spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)? Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a group of genetic diseases that damages and kills motor neurons. Motor neurons are a type of nerve cell in the spinal cord and lower part of the brain. They control movement in your arms, legs, face, chest, throat, and tongue. As the motor neurons die off, your muscles start to weaken and atrophy (waste away). The muscle damage gets worse over time and can affect speaking, walking, swallowing, and breathing. What are the types of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) and what are their symptoms? There are different types of SMA. They are based on how serious the disease is and when the symptoms start: Type l is also called Werdnig-Hoffman disease or infantile-onset SMA. It is the most severe type. It is also the most common. Babies with this type usually show signs of the disease before 6 months of age. In more severe cases, the signs show up even before or just after birth (Types 0 or 1A). The babies may have trouble swallowing and breathing and may not move around a lot. They have chronic shortening of muscles or tendons (called contractures). They usually cannot sit up without help. Without treatment, many children with this type will die before 2 years of age. Type ll is a moderate to severe type of SMA. It usually first noticed between 6 and 18 months of age. Most children with this type can sit without support but cannot stand or walk without help. They may also have trouble breathing. They can usually live into adolescence or young adulthood. Type lll is also called Kugelberg-Welander disease. It is the mildest type that affects children. The signs of the disease usually show up after age 18 months. Children with this type


or walk without help. They may also have trouble breathing. They can usually live into adolescence or young adulthood. Type lll is also called Kugelberg-Welander disease. It is the mildest type that affects children. The signs of the disease usually show up after age 18 months. Children with this type can walk by themselves but may have trouble running, getting up from a chair, or climbing stairs. They may also have scoliosis (curvature of the spine), contractures, and respiratory infections. With treatment, most children with this type will have a normal lifespan. Type IV is rare and often mild. It usually causes symptoms after 21 years of age. The symptoms include mild to moderate leg muscle weakness, tremors , and mild breathing problems. The symptoms slowly get worse over time. People with this type of SMA have a normal lifespan. What causes spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)? Most types of SMA are caused by a change in the SMN1 gene . This gene is responsible for making a protein that the motor neurons need to be healthy and to function. But when part of the SMN1 gene is missing or abnormal, there isn't enough protein for the motor neurons. This causes the motor neurons to die off. Most people have two copies of the SM1 gene - one from each parent. SMA normally only happens when both copies have the gene change. If only one copy has the change, there usually aren't any symptoms. But that gene could be passed down from parent to child. Some of the less common types of SMA may be caused by changes in other genes. How is spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) diagnosed? Your health care provider may use many tools to diagnose SMA: A physical exam A medical history, including asking about family history Genetic


from parent to child. Some of the less common types of SMA may be caused by changes in other genes. How is spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) diagnosed? Your health care provider may use many tools to diagnose SMA: A physical exam A medical history, including asking about family history Genetic testing to check for the gene changes that cause SMA Electromyography and nerve conduction studies and a muscle biopsy may be done, especially if no gene changes were found Parents who have a family history of SMA may want to do a prenatal test to check to see whether their baby has an SMN1 gene change. An amniocentesis or in some cases a chorionic villi sampling (CVS) is used to get the sample for testing. In some states, genetic testing for SMA is part of newborn screening tests . What are the treatments for spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)? There is no cure for SMA. Treatments can help manage symptoms and prevent complications. They may include: Medicines to help the body make more of the proteins that the motor neurons need Gene therapy for children under 2 years of age Physical, occupational, and rehabilitation therapy to help to improve posture and the mobility of the joints. These therapies may also improve blood flow and slow muscle weakness and atrophy. Some people may also need therapy for trouble speaking , chewing, and swallowing. Assistive devices such as supports or braces, orthotics, speech synthesizers, and wheelchairs to help people stay more independent Good nutrition and a balanced diet to help maintain weight and strength. Some people might need a feeding tube in order to get the nutrition they need. Breathing support for people who have muscle weakness in the neck, throat, and chest. The support may include devices to help with breathing during


nutrition and a balanced diet to help maintain weight and strength. Some people might need a feeding tube in order to get the nutrition they need. Breathing support for people who have muscle weakness in the neck, throat, and chest. The support may include devices to help with breathing during the day and to prevent sleep apnea at night. Some people might need to be on a ventilator. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


Your spine, or backbone, protects your spinal cord and allows you to stand and bend. Spinal stenosis causes narrowing in your spine. The narrowing puts pressure on your nerves and spinal cord and can cause pain. Spinal stenosis occurs mostly in people older than 50. Younger people with a spine injury or a narrow spinal canal are also at risk. Diseases such as arthritis and scoliosis can cause spinal stenosis, too. Symptoms might appear gradually or not at all. They include: Pain in your neck or back Numbness, weakness, cramping, or pain in your arms or legs Pain going down the leg Foot problems Doctors diagnose spinal stenosis with a physical exam and imaging tests. Treatments include medications, physical therapy, braces, and surgery. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


Your backbone, or spine, is made up of 26 bone discs called vertebrae. The vertebrae protect your spinal cord and allow you to stand and bend. A number of problems can change the structure of the spine or damage the vertebrae and surrounding tissue. They include: Infections Injuries Tumors Conditions, such as ankylosing spondylitis and scoliosis Bone changes that come with age, such as spinal stenosis and herniated disks Spinal diseases often cause pain when bone changes put pressure on the spinal cord or nerves. They can also limit movement. Treatments differ by disease, but sometimes they include back braces and surgery.


Your spleen is an organ above your stomach and under your ribs on your left side. It is about as big as your fist. The spleen is part of your lymphatic system , which fights infection and keeps your body fluids in balance. It contains white blood cells that fight germs. Your spleen also helps control the amount of blood in your body, and destroys old and damaged cells. Certain diseases might cause your spleen to swell. You can also damage or rupture your spleen in an injury, especially if it is already swollen. If your spleen is too damaged, you might need surgery to remove it. You can live without a spleen. Other organs, such as your liver, will take over some of the spleen's work. Without a spleen, however, your body will lose some of its ability to fight infections.


Sports can be a great way to get in shape or stay that way. Having a specific goal can be a great motivator. Physically, you need strength and endurance. Your training will vary with your sport. You would not train the same way for pole vaulting as for swimming. You might, however, cross train. Cross training simply means that you include a variety of fitness activities in your program. Research shows that cross training builds stronger bones. Remember to listen to your body. If you frequently feel exhausted or you are in pain, you may be overdoing it. Injuries can be the result. And be sure that you use your body and your equipment safely . What you eat and drink is also important. Water is the most important nutrient for active people. Drink it before, during and after workouts.


Exercising is good for you, but sometimes you can injure yourself when you play sports or exercise. Accidents, poor training practices, or improper gear can cause them. Some people get hurt because they are not in shape. Not warming up or stretching enough can also lead to injuries. The most common sports injuries are: Sprains and strains Knee injuries Swollen muscles Achilles tendon injuries Pain along the shin bone Rotator cuff injuries Fractures (broken bones) Dislocations If you get hurt, stop playing. Continuing to play or exercise can cause more harm. Treatment often begins with the RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation) method to relieve pain, reduce swelling, and speed healing. Other possible treatments include pain relievers, keeping the injured area from moving, rehabilitation, and sometimes surgery. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


Playing sports can be fun, but it can also be dangerous if you are not careful. You can help prevent injuries by: Getting a physical to make sure you are healthy before you start playing your sport Wearing the right shoes, gear, and equipment Drinking lots of water Warming up and stretching If you have already hurt yourself playing a sport, make sure you recover completely before you start up again. If possible, protect the injured part of your body with padding, a brace, or special equipment. When you do start playing again, start slowly.


A sprain is a stretched or torn ligament. Ligaments are tissues that connect bones at a joint. Falling, twisting, or getting hit can all cause a sprain. Ankle and wrist sprains are common. Symptoms include pain, swelling, bruising, and being unable to move your joint. You might feel a pop or tear when the injury happens. A strain is a stretched or torn muscle or tendon. Tendons are tissues that connect muscle to bone. Twisting or pulling these tissues can cause a strain. Strains can happen suddenly or develop over time. Back and hamstring muscle strains are common. Many people get strains playing sports. Symptoms include pain, muscle spasms, swelling, and trouble moving the muscle. At first, treatment of both sprains and strains usually involves resting the injured area, icing it, wearing a bandage or device that compresses the area, and medicines. Later treatment might include exercise and physical therapy. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


What are Staphylococcal (staph) infections? Staphylococcus (staph) is a group of bacteria. There are more than 30 types. A type called Staphylococcus aureus causes most infections. Staph bacteria can cause many different types of infections, including: Skin infections , which are the most common types of staph infections. Bacteremia, an infection of the bloodstream. This can lead to sepsis , a very serious immune response to infection. Bone infections . Endocarditis , an infection of the inner lining of the heart chambers and valves. Food poisoning . Pneumonia . Toxic shock syndrome (TSS), a life-threatening condition caused by toxins from certain types of bacteria. What causes staph infections? Some people carry staph bacteria on their skin or in their noses, but they do not get an infection. But if they get a cut or wound, the bacteria can enter the body and cause an infection. Staph bacteria can spread from person to person. They can also spread on objects, such as towels, clothing, door handles, athletic equipment, and remotes. If you have staph and do not handle food properly when you are preparing it, you can also spread staph to others. Who is more likely to get a staph infection? Anyone can develop a staph infection, but certain people are more likely to get one, including those who: Have a chronic condition such as diabetes , cancer, vascular disease , eczema , and lung disease Have a weakened immune system, such as from HIV , medicines to prevent organ rejection, or chemotherapy Had surgery Are in the hospital Use a catheter, breathing tube, or feeding tube Have an implanted device, such as a pacemaker or artificial joint or heart valve Have burns , especially if they are deep or cover a large area of the body Are on dialysis Inject


or chemotherapy Had surgery Are in the hospital Use a catheter, breathing tube, or feeding tube Have an implanted device, such as a pacemaker or artificial joint or heart valve Have burns , especially if they are deep or cover a large area of the body Are on dialysis Inject illegal drugs Do contact sports, since you may have skin-to-skin contact with others or share equipment What are the symptoms of staph infections? The symptoms of a staph infection depend on the type of infection: Skin infections can look like pimples or boils. They may be red, swollen, and painful. Sometimes there is pus or other drainage. They can turn into impetigo , which turns into a crust on the skin, or cellulitis , a swollen, red area of skin that feels hot. Bone infections can cause pain, swelling, warmth, and redness in the infected area. You may also have chills and a fever . Endocarditis causes some flu-like symptoms: fever , chills, and fatigue. It also causes symptoms such as rapid heartbeat, shortness of breath, and fluid buildup in your arms or legs. Food poisoning typically causes nausea and vomiting , diarrhea , and fever. If you lose too many fluids, you may also become dehydrated . Pneumonia symptoms include a high fever, chills, and cough that doesn't get better. You may also have chest pain and shortness of breath . Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) causes high fever, sudden low blood pressure, vomiting, diarrhea, and confusion. You may have a sunburn-like rash somewhere on your body. TSS can lead to organ failure. How are staph infections diagnosed? Your health care provider will do a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. Often, providers can tell if you have a staph skin infection by looking at it. To check for


a sunburn-like rash somewhere on your body. TSS can lead to organ failure. How are staph infections diagnosed? Your health care provider will do a physical exam and ask about your symptoms. Often, providers can tell if you have a staph skin infection by looking at it. To check for other types of staph infections, providers may do a culture , with a skin scraping, tissue sample, stool sample, or throat or nasal swabs. There may be other tests, such as imaging tests , depending on the type of infection. What are the treatments for staph infections? Treatment for staph infections is antibiotics . Depending on the type of infection, the antibiotics might be a cream, ointment, medicines (to swallow), or intravenous (IV) medicine. If you have an infected wound, your provider might drain it. Sometimes you may need surgery for bone infections. Some staph infections, such as MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), are resistant to many antibiotics . There are still certain antibiotics that can treat these infections. Can staph infections be prevented? Certain steps can help to prevent staph infections: Use good hygiene , including washing your hands often. Don't share towels, sheets, or clothing with someone who has a staph infection. It's best not to share athletic equipment. If you do need to share, make sure that it is properly cleaned and dried before you use it. Practice food safety , including not preparing food for others when you have a staph infection. If you have a cut or wound, keep it covered.


What is cholesterol? Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all the cells in your body. Your body needs some cholesterol to work properly. But if you have too much of it in your blood, it can stick to the walls of your arteries and narrow or even block them. This puts you at risk for coronary artery disease and other heart diseases . Cholesterol is made by your liver. It travels through the blood on proteins called lipoproteins. One type of lipoprotein, LDL , is sometimes called the "bad" cholesterol. A high LDL level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries. Another type, HDL , is sometimes called the "good" cholesterol. It carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. Then your liver removes the cholesterol from your body. What are statins? Statins are a type of cholesterol medicine . Your health care provider may prescribe them if you have high cholesterol and making lifestyle changes does not lower your cholesterol enough. Statins are the most common medicines used to treat high cholesterol. How do statins lower cholesterol? Statins lower LDL cholesterol by slowing down how much cholesterol the liver makes. They also increase your liver's ability to remove LDL cholesterol that is already in the blood. This can slow the formation of plaques in your arteries. Studies have shown that statins lower the risk of heart attack and stroke in people with high LDL cholesterol. Statins can lower your triglyceride level as well. Triglycerides are another type of fat in your blood that can raise the risk of heart disease. Statins may also increase your HDL cholesterol. What are the risks of taking statins? Statins usually don't cause side effects , but they may raise the risk of type 2


level as well. Triglycerides are another type of fat in your blood that can raise the risk of heart disease. Statins may also increase your HDL cholesterol. What are the risks of taking statins? Statins usually don't cause side effects , but they may raise the risk of type 2 diabetes . However, this mainly happens in people already at high risk of diabetes, such as those who are overweight or have obesity , prediabetes , or metabolic syndrome . Statins may also cause abnormal results on liver enzymes tests, but actual liver damage is very rare. Another uncommon side effect is muscle damage. In rare cases, this muscle damage can lead to muscle pain and kidney damage. You should not take statins if you are pregnant or breastfeeding . They are also not recommended for people who have certain types of liver disease . How can I safely take statins? To safely take statins, you should: Take your statin as prescribed. You should not stop taking this medicine on your own, since that can lead to a serious problem or, in rare cases, even cause death. Talk to your provider if you have any concerns about your statin or if you would like to stop or change to a different treatment. Ask your provider which other medicines, supplements , or foods you should avoid. Some of these can interact with statins and cause serious side effects or make statins less effective. For example, grapefruit (fresh or as juice) affects how your liver breaks down some statins. Tell your provider about any symptoms or side effects you are having. Sometimes, people report muscle problems while taking statins. If you start having muscle pain, your provider may order a blood test to look look for muscle damage. The pain may go


how your liver breaks down some statins. Tell your provider about any symptoms or side effects you are having. Sometimes, people report muscle problems while taking statins. If you start having muscle pain, your provider may order a blood test to look look for muscle damage. The pain may go away if you switch to a different statin. Muscle damage with statins is rare, and your muscles may heal when you switch to a different medicine.