All packaged foods and beverages in the United States have food labels. These "Nutrition Facts" labels can help you make smarter food choices and eat a healthy diet. Before you read the food label, you should know a few things: Serving size is based on how much people usually eat and drink at one time Number of servings tells you how many servings are in the container. Some labels will give you information about calories and nutrients for both the whole package and each serving size. But many labels just tell you that information for each serving size. You need to think about the serving size when you decide how much to eat or drink. For example, if a bottle of juice has two servings and you drink the whole bottle, then you are getting twice the amount of sugar that is listed on the label. Percent daily value (%DV) is a number that helps you understand how much of a nutrient is in one serving. Experts recommend that you get a certain amount of different nutrients daily. %DV tells you what percentage of the daily recommendation you get from one serving of a food. With this, you can figure out if a food is high or low in a nutrient: 5% or less is low, 20% or more is high. The information on a food label can help you see how a certain food or drink fits into your overall diet. The label lists, per serving,: The number of calories Fats , including total fat, saturated fat, and trans fat Cholesterol Sodium Carbohydrates , including fiber , total sugar, and added sugar Protein Vitamins and minerals Food and Drug Administration


Safe steps in food handling, cooking, and storage can prevent foodborne illness . There are four basic steps to food safety at home: Clean - always wash your fruits and vegetables, hands, counters, and cooking utensils. Separate - keep raw foods to themselves. Germs can spread from one food to another. Cook - foods need to get hot and stay hot. Heat kills germs. Chill - put fresh food in the refrigerator right away. In the grocery store, avoid cans that are bulging or jars that have cracks or loose lids. Check packages to be sure food hasn't reached its expiration date. United States Department of Agriculture


Each year, around 48 million people in the United States get sick from contaminated food. Common causes include bacteria and viruses. Less often, the cause may be a parasite or a harmful chemical, such as a high amount of pesticides. Symptoms of foodborne illness depend on the cause. They can be mild or serious. They usually include: Upset stomach Abdominal cramps Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Fever Dehydration Most foodborne illnesses are acute. This means that they happen suddenly and last a short time. It takes several steps to get food from the farm or fishery to your dining table. Contamination can happen during any of these steps. For example, it can happen to: Raw meat during slaughter Fruits and vegetables when they are growing or when they are processed Refrigerated foods when they are left on a loading dock in warm weather But it can also happen in your kitchen if you leave food out for more than 2 hours at room temperature. Handling food safely can help prevent foodborne illnesses. Most people with foodborne illness get better on their own. It is important to replace lost fluids and electrolytes to prevent dehydration. If your health care provider can diagnose the specific cause, you may get medicines such as antibiotics to treat it. For more serious illness, you may need treatment at a hospital. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


Each step you take involves a complex network of bones, muscles, tendons, and ligaments. This, combined with all of the weight they carry, explains why feet can have problems. To keep your feet healthy: Examine your feet regularly Wear comfortable shoes that fit Wash your feet daily with soap and lukewarm water Trim your toenails straight across and not too short Your foot health can be a clue to your overall health. For example, joint stiffness could mean arthritis. Tingling or numbness could be a sign of diabetes. Swelling might indicate kidney disease, heart disease, or high blood pressure. Good foot care and regular foot checks are an important part of your health care. If you have foot problems, be sure to talk to your doctor. NIH: National Institute on Aging


Each of your feet has 26 bones, 33 joints, and more than 100 tendons, muscles, and ligaments. No wonder a lot of things can go wrong. Here are a few common problems: Bunions - hard, painful bumps on the big toe joint Corns and calluses - thickened skin from friction or pressure Plantar warts - warts on the soles of your feet Fallen arches - also called flat feet Ill-fitting shoes often cause these problems. Aging and being overweight also increase your chances of having foot problems.


If you've ever gotten a splinter or had sand in your eye, you've had experience with a foreign body. A foreign body is something that is stuck inside you but isn't supposed to be there. You may inhale or swallow a foreign body, or you may get one from an injury to almost any part of your body. Foreign bodies are more common in small children, who sometimes stick things in their mouths, ears, and noses. Some foreign bodies, like a small splinter, do not cause serious harm. Inhaled or swallowed foreign bodies may cause choking or bowel obstruction and may require medical care.


¿Qué es una fractura? Una fractura es un hueso roto. Las fracturas generalmente son causadas por lesiones. Como a veces pueden ser serias, es importante que obtenga atención médica inmediata si cree que tiene una fractura. ¿Cuáles son los diferentes tipos de fracturas? Hay diferentes formas de describir las fracturas. Por ejemplo, hay diferentes tipos de fracturas basadas en: Si el hueso está parcial o completamente roto Si el hueso atraviesa la piel ; si lo hace, se le llama fractura abierta (o compuesta). Si no, es una fractura cerrada La dirección o forma de la fractura , por ejemplo, si está en una línea a lo largo del hueso o si tiene algún tipo de patrón La causa de la fractura , por ejemplo, una fractura por estrés es una rotura pequeña que frecuentemente es causada por exceso de uso El hueso que está roto , por ejemplo, fracturas faciales incluyen nariz y mandíbula ¿Qué causa las fracturas? En general, las fracturas suceden a causa de accidentes de auto, caídas y lesiones deportivas . El uso excesivo y movimientos repetitivos también pueden causar fracturas. Densidad ósea baja y osteoporosis son afecciones que causan debilidad de sus huesos. Tener estas afecciones lo hace más propenso a romperse un hueso. ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de una fractura? Los síntomas de una fractura pueden variar, dependiendo de qué hueso se rompa. Pueden incluir: Dolor intenso Deformidad, por ejemplo, una extremidad que parezca fuera de lugar Hinchazón, moretones o sensibilidad alrededor de la lesión Problemas para mover la parte lesionada Si piensa que puede tener un hueso roto, busque atención médica de inmediato. ¿Cómo se diagnostican las fracturas? Para averiguar si tiene una fractura, su profesional de la salud le hará un examen físico y preguntará acerca de su lesión. También puede pedir


lesión Problemas para mover la parte lesionada Si piensa que puede tener un hueso roto, busque atención médica de inmediato. ¿Cómo se diagnostican las fracturas? Para averiguar si tiene una fractura, su profesional de la salud le hará un examen físico y preguntará acerca de su lesión. También puede pedir una radiografía u otra prueba de imagen para ver si su hueso está roto. ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para las fracturas? El tratamiento más común para una fractura es un yeso o férula. Esto evitará que su hueso se mueva mientras sana. El tiempo que deba usar el yeso o férula dependerá del tipo de fractura y el hueso afectado. Frecuentemente, es por varias semanas. Su profesional de la salud le dirá cuándo puede quitárselo. En algunos casos, usted puede necesitar cirugía para colocar placas, clavos y tornillos para mantener el hueso en su lugar. ¿Se pueden prevenir las fracturas? Hay pasos que usted puede tomar para disminuir su riesgo de facturas: Mantenga sus huesos fuertes al: Obtener suficiente calcio y vitamina D en su dieta Realizar actividad física regular , incluyendo ejercicios como caminar, tenis y bailar Obtener tratamiento para densidad ósea baja u osteoporosis (si es necesario) Vestir equipo protectivo cuando practica deportes Prevenir caídas al: Deshacerse de cualquier cosa que pueda hacerlo tropezar en casa Tener cuidado al caminar en superficies resbalosas o congeladas Elegir el calzado adecuado


What is a fracture? A fracture is a break in a bone. Fractures are usually caused by injuries. Since they can sometimes be serious, it's important to get medical care right away if you think you have a fracture. What are the different types of fractures? There are different ways to describe fractures. For example, there are different types of fractures based on: Whether the bone is partially or completely broken. Whether the bone breaks through the skin; if it does, it's called an open (or compound) fracture. If not, it's a closed fracture. The direction or shape of the break, for example if it's in a line across the bone or if it has some kind of pattern. The cause of the break. For example, a stress fracture is a small break in a bone that is often caused by overuse. Which bone is broken, for example facial fractures include nose and jaw fractures. What causes fractures? Fractures commonly happen because of car accidents, falls , or sports injuries . Overuse and repetitive motions can also cause fractures. Low bone density and osteoporosis are conditions which cause weakening of your bones. Having one of these conditions makes you much more likely to break a bone. What are the symptoms of a fracture? The symptoms of a fracture can vary, depending on which bone you broke. But they may include: Intense pain Deformity, for example a limb that looks out of place Swelling, bruising, or tenderness around the injury Trouble moving the injured part If you think that you may have broken a bone, get medical care right away. How are fractures diagnosed? To find out if you have a fracture, your health provider will do a physical exam and ask about your injury. They will also likely order an


moving the injured part If you think that you may have broken a bone, get medical care right away. How are fractures diagnosed? To find out if you have a fracture, your health provider will do a physical exam and ask about your injury. They will also likely order an x-ray or other imaging test to see if your bone is broken. What are the treatments for fractures? The most common treatment for a fracture is for you to wear a cast or a splint. This will keep your bone from moving while it heals. How long you need to wear it will depend on the type of fracture and which bone is affected. But it's often for several weeks. Your provider will let you know when you can get it off. In some cases, you may need surgery to put in plates, pins, or screws to keep the bone in place. Can fractures be prevented? There are steps you can take to lower your risk of fractures: Keeping your bones strong by: Getting enough calcium and vitamin D in your diet Getting regular physical activity , including weight bearing exercises such as walking, tennis, and dancing Getting treatment for low bone density or osteoporosis (if needed) Wearing protective equipment when you do sports Preventing falls by: Getting rid of any tripping hazards in your home Being careful when walking on wet or icy surfaces Choosing the right footwear


Fragile X syndrome is the most common form of inherited developmental disability . A problem with a specific gene causes the disease. Normally, the gene makes a protein you need for brain development. But the problem causes a person to make little or none of the protein. This causes the symptoms of Fragile X. People with only a small change in the gene might not show any signs of Fragile X. People with bigger changes can have severe symptoms. These might include: Intelligence problems, ranging from learning disabilities to severe intellectual disabilities Social and emotional problems, such as aggression in boys or shyness in girls Speech and language problems, especially in boys A genetic blood test can diagnose Fragile X. There is no cure. You can treat some symptoms with educational, behavioral, or physical therapy, and with medicines. Getting treatment early can help. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development


Las estafas y el fraude a la salud implican la venta de medicamentos, suplementos , dispositivos, alimentos o cosméticos cuya eficacia no ha sido probada. En el mejor de los casos, estas estafas no funcionan. En el peor de los casos, son peligrosos. También desperdician dinero y pueden impedir que reciba el tratamiento que realmente necesita. Algunos de los posibles peligros de los productos fraudulentos son que podrían: Estar contaminados por haber sido elaborados en instalaciones sucias o sin un control de calidad adecuado Contener ingredientes nocivos que no figuran en la etiqueta Desencadenar una interacción dañina con los medicamentos que está tomando Provocar lesiones graves y potencialmente mortales Las estafas y el fraude de salud se pueden encontrar en todas partes y prometen ayuda para muchos problemas de salud comunes, incluyendo pérdida de peso, pérdida de memoria, rendimiento sexual y dolor en las articulaciones. Se dirigen a personas con enfermedades graves como cáncer , diabetes , enfermedades cardíacas , VIH y enfermedad de Alzheimer . Solo recuerde, si suena demasiado bueno para ser verdad, probablemente sea una estafa. Algunas señales de alerta para tener en cuenta son afirmaciones de productos que: Ofrecen testimonios personales de personas "reales" o "médicos" interpretados por actores que aseguran resultados asombrosos Dicen que el producto puede tratar o curar una amplia gama de enfermedades no relacionadas. Ningún producto puede tratar o curar muchas enfermedades diferentes Mencionan teorías de conspiración como "Esta es la cura que nuestro gobierno y las farmacéuticas no quieren que sepa" Incluyen frases como: Remedio antiguo Cura milagrosa Garantía de devolución de dinero sin riesgo Cura natural Recuperación rápida Ingrediente secreto Descubrimiento científico Utilizan términos que suenan científicos pero que no tienen sentido para los productos, como "multiplicidad de moléculas" Hacen referencia a premios prestigiosos, por ejemplo, "Tecnología ganadora del Premio


Incluyen frases como: Remedio antiguo Cura milagrosa Garantía de devolución de dinero sin riesgo Cura natural Recuperación rápida Ingrediente secreto Descubrimiento científico Utilizan términos que suenan científicos pero que no tienen sentido para los productos, como "multiplicidad de moléculas" Hacen referencia a premios prestigiosos, por ejemplo, "Tecnología ganadora del Premio Nobel" Antes de tomar un producto no probado o poco conocido, hable con su profesional de la salud, especialmente si está tomando algún medicamento recetado. Administración de Alimentos y Medicamentos


Friedreich ataxia is an inherited disease that damages your nervous system. The damage affects your spinal cord and the nerves that control muscle movement in your arms and legs. Symptoms usually begin between the ages of 5 and 15. The main symptom is ataxia, which means trouble coordinating movements. Specific symptoms include: Difficulty walking Muscle weakness Speech problems Involuntary eye movements Scoliosis (curving of the spine to one side) Heart palpitations, from the heart disease which can happen along with Friedreich ataxia People with Friedreich ataxia usually need a wheelchair 15 to 20 years after symptoms first appear. In severe cases, people become incapacitated. There is no cure. You can treat symptoms with medicines, braces, surgery, and physical therapy. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


Frostbite is an injury to the body that is caused by freezing. It most often affects the nose, ears, cheeks, chin, fingers, or toes. Frostbite can permanently damage the body, and severe cases can lead to amputation . If you have frostbite, the skin in that area may turn white or grayish-yellow. It may feel firm or waxy when you touch it. The area will also feel numb. If you have symptoms of frostbite, seek medical care. But if immediate medical care isn't available, here are steps to take: Get into a warm room as soon as possible. If possible, do not walk on frostbitten feet or toes. Walking increases the damage. Put the affected area in warm - not hot - water. You can also warm the affected area using body heat. For example, use your armpit to warm frostbitten fingers. Don't rub the frostbitten area with snow or massage it at all. This can cause more damage. Don't use a heating pad, heat lamp, or the heat of a stove, fireplace, or radiator for warming. Since frostbite makes an area numb, you could burn it. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


¿Cuáles son los efectos de fumar en la salud? No hay otra manera de decirlo: Fumar es dañino para la salud. Daña a casi todos los órganos del cuerpo, incluso algunos que no se esperaría. Fumar cigarrillos causa muchos casos de cáncer y otros problemas de salud. También es la causa de casi una de cada cinco muertes en los Estados Unidos. Algunos de los muchos problemas de salud que puede causar fumar incluyen: Cáncer : Fumar es la causa más común de cáncer de pulmón y de boca. Pero también puede causar cáncer en muchas otras partes del cuerpo, como en la laringe, esófago , garganta , vejiga , riñón , hígado , estómago , páncreas , colon y recto ; y cuello uterino . También puede causar leucemia mieloide aguda Enfermedades pulmonares : Fumar es la causa más común de EPOC . También puede empeorar el asma y aumentar el riesgo de tener neumonía Enfermedades cardiovasculares : Fumar puede dañar los vasos sanguíneos y hacerlos más gruesos y estrechos. Esto hace que su corazón lata más rápido y sube su presión arterial . Fumar también aumenta el riesgo de sufrir coágulos sanguíneos y accidentes cerebrovasculares Problemas de la visión : Fumar puede aumentar su riesgo de cataratas y causar degeneración macular Si fuma durante el embarazo tiene más posibilidades de tener ciertos problemas durante el embarazo. Su bebé también corre un mayor riesgo de morir por síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante . Fumar además causa adicción a la nicotina, un estimulante que se encuentra en el tabaco. La adicción a la nicotina hace más difícil que las personas dejen de fumar . ¿Cuáles son los riesgos para la salud de la inhalación pasiva de humo? Su humo también es malo para otras personas. Si respiran el humo


la nicotina, un estimulante que se encuentra en el tabaco. La adicción a la nicotina hace más difícil que las personas dejen de fumar . ¿Cuáles son los riesgos para la salud de la inhalación pasiva de humo? Su humo también es malo para otras personas. Si respiran el humo de segunda mano pueden tener muchos de los mismos problemas que los fumadores. Estos problemas pueden incluir enfermedades del corazón y cáncer de pulmón. Los niños expuestos al humo de segunda mano tienen un mayor riesgo de infecciones de oído , resfriados , neumonía , bronquitis y asma más grave. Si respira humo de segunda mano durante el embarazo, tendrá más probabilidades de tener un parto prematuro y un bebé con bajo peso al nacer . ¿Son peligrosas las otras formas de tabaco? Además de los cigarrillos, hay varios otros productos hechos con tabaco. Algunas personas fuman tabaco en cigarros y pipas de agua (narguiles). Estas formas de tabaco también tienen sustancias químicas dañinas y nicotina. Algunos cigarros contienen tanto tabaco como un paquete completo de cigarrillos. Con frecuencia, los cigarrillos electrónicos parecen cigarrillos, pero funcionan de manera diferente. Son dispositivos para fumar con baterías. Usar un cigarrillo-e se llama vapear. Los investigadores aún tienen mucho que aprender sobre los efectos del uso de cigarrillos electrónicos en la salud. Se sabe que contienen nicotina, que es altamente adictiva y un peligro para su salud y la de su feto si está embarazada, y la salud de niños y adolescentes. Además, los cigarrillos electrónicos también exponen a los no fumadores al vapor de segunda mano (en lugar de humo de segunda mano), que contienen sustancias químicas nocivas. El tabaco que no se fuma , como que se mastica o el rapé, también es malo para la salud. El tabaco sin humo


los cigarrillos electrónicos también exponen a los no fumadores al vapor de segunda mano (en lugar de humo de segunda mano), que contienen sustancias químicas nocivas. El tabaco que no se fuma , como que se mastica o el rapé, también es malo para la salud. El tabaco sin humo puede causar ciertos tipos de cáncer, incluido el oral. También aumenta el riesgo de contraer enfermedades cardíacas, enfermedades de las encías y lesiones de la boca. ¿Por qué debo dejar de fumar? Debe saber que no hay un nivel seguro de consumo de tabaco. Fumar incluso un solo cigarrillo al día durante la vida puede causar algún cáncer relacionado con el fumar y muerte prematura. dejen de fumar puede reducir su riesgo de problemas de salud y sumar años a su vida. Cuanto antes deje de fumar, mayor será el beneficio. Algunos beneficios inmediatos de dejar de fumar incluyen: Menor ritmo cardíaco y presión arterial Menos monóxido de carbono en la sangre (el monóxido de carbono reduce la capacidad de la sangre para transportar oxígeno) Mejor circulación Menos tos y sibilancias Dejar de fumar puede ser un desafío, pero es muy importante para su salud. Consulte con su profesional de la salud si necesita ayuda para dejar de fumar.


Fumar cigarrillos tiene muchos riesgos de salud para todos. Sin embargo, cuanto más joven sea al empezar a fumar, más problemas puede causarle. Las personas que empiezan a fumar antes de los 21 años tienen más dificultades para dejar de fumar. Los adolescentes que fuman tienen más posibilidades de consumir alcohol y drogas ilegales. El problema no es sólo los cigarrillos. El tabaco que no se fuma , los cigarrillos electrónicos y los habanos no son alternativas seguras a los cigarrillos. Los de bajo contenido de alquitrán y productos de tabaco sin aditivos no son seguros tampoco. Los jóvenes que no han empezado a usar tabaco a los 18 años es probable que nunca lo hagan. Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades


If you have ever had athlete's foot or a yeast infection , you can blame a fungus. A fungus is a primitive organism. Mushrooms, mold and mildew are examples. Fungi live in air, in soil, on plants and in water. Some live in the human body. Only about half of all types of fungi are harmful. Some fungi reproduce through tiny spores in the air. You can inhale the spores or they can land on you. As a result, fungal infections often start in the lungs or on the skin. You are more likely to get a fungal infection if you have a weakened immune system or take antibiotics. Fungi can be difficult to kill. For skin and nail infections, you can apply medicine directly to the infected area. Oral antifungal medicines are also available for serious infections.


Una fístula es una conexión anormal entre dos partes internas del cuerpo. Pueden desarrollarse entre distintos órganos, como entre el esófago y la tráquea o entre el intestino y la vagina. También pueden formarse entre dos vasos sanguíneos, como una arteria y una vena o entre dos arterias. Algunas personas nacen con una fístula. Otras causas comunes son: Complicaciones después de una cirugía Lesiones Infecciones Enfermedades como la de Crohn o colitis ulcerativa El tratamiento depende de la causa, dónde está ubicada y cuán grave es. Algunas fístulas cierran por sí solas. Otras necesitan antibióticos y/o cirugías.


La deficiencia de glucosa -6- fosfato-deshidrogenasa (también llamada deficiencia de G-6-PD) es una enfermedad hereditaria que se da generalmente en los varones. Aproximadamente uno de cada 10 afroamericanos en los EE. UU. la padece. La deficiencia de G-6-PD afecta principalmente los glóbulos rojos , que son los que llevan el oxígeno desde los pulmones a los tejidos del cuerpo. El problema médico que puede causar es la anemia hemolítica . Esto sucede cuando los glóbulos rojos son destruidos antes que el cuerpo pueda reponerlos. Si usted sufre esta deficiencia, es posible que no tenga ningún síntoma. Estos comienzan cuando sus glóbulos rojos se combinan con ciertos químicos presentes en algunos alimentos o medicamentos o por ciertas infecciones bacterianas o virales o también por estrés. Estos síntomas incluyen: Palidez Ictericia Orina de color oscuro Cansancio Dificultad para respirar Agrandamiento del bazo Corazón que late rápidamente Un examen de sangre puede diagnosticar la enfermedad. Los tratamientos incluyen medicamentos para controlar la infección, la suspensión de cualquier sustancia que cause problemas con los glóbulos rojos y, a veces, transfusiones de sangre. NIH: Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina


Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is a genetic disorder that is most common in males. About 1 in 10 African American males in the United States has it. G6PD deficiency mainly affects red blood cells , which carry oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body. The most common medical problem it can cause is hemolytic anemia . That happens when red blood cells are destroyed faster than the body can replace them. If you have G6PD deficiency, you may not have symptoms. Symptoms happen if your red blood cells are exposed to certain chemicals in food or medicine, certain bacterial or viral infections, or stress. They may include: Paleness Jaundice Dark urine Fatigue Shortness of breath Enlarged spleen Rapid heart rate A blood test can tell if you have it. Treatments include medicines to treat infection, avoiding substances that cause the problem with red blood cells, and sometimes transfusions. NIH: National Library of Medicine


Your gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ under your liver. It stores bile, a fluid made by your liver to digest fat. As your stomach and intestines digest food, your gallbladder releases bile through a tube called the common bile duct. The duct connects your gallbladder and liver to your small intestine. Cancer of the gallbladder is rare. It is more common in women and Native Americans. Symptoms include Jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes) Pain above the stomach Fever Nausea and vomiting Bloating Lumps in the abdomen It is hard to diagnose gallbladder cancer in its early stages. Sometimes doctors find it when they remove the gallbladder for another reason. But people with gallstones rarely have gallbladder cancer. Because it is often found late, it can be hard to treat gallbladder cancer. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, or a combination. NIH: National Cancer Institute


Your gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ under your liver. It stores bile, a fluid made by your liver to digest fat. As your stomach and intestines digest food, your gallbladder releases bile through a tube called the common bile duct. The duct connects your gallbladder and liver to your small intestine. Your gallbladder is most likely to give you trouble if something blocks the flow of bile through the bile ducts . That is usually a gallstone . Gallstones form when substances in bile harden. Rarely, you can also get cancer in your gallbladder. Many gallbladder problems get better with removal of the gallbladder. Fortunately, you can live without a gallbladder. Bile has other ways of reaching your small intestine.


Your gallbladder is a pear-shaped organ under your liver. It stores bile, a fluid made by your liver to digest fat. As your stomach and intestines digest food, your gallbladder releases bile through a tube called the common bile duct. The duct connects your gallbladder and liver to your small intestine. Your gallbladder is most likely to give you trouble if something blocks the flow of bile through the bile ducts . That is usually a gallstone. Gallstones form when substances in bile harden. Gallstone attacks usually happen after you eat. Signs of a gallstone attack may include nausea, vomiting, or pain in the abdomen, back, or just under the right arm. Gallstones are most common among older adults, women, overweight people, Native Americans and Mexican Americans. Gallstones are often found during imaging tests for other health conditions. If you do not have symptoms, you usually do not need treatment. The most common treatment is removal of the gallbladder. Fortunately, you can live without a gallbladder. Bile has other ways to reach your small intestine. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


La gangrena es la muerte de los tejidos en su cuerpo. Ocurre cuando el suministro de sangre no llega a una parte de su cuerpo. La gangrena puede ocurrir en la superficie del cuerpo, como la piel o al interior del cuerpo, como en los músculos o los órganos. Las causas incluyen: Lesiones graves Problemas con la circulación de la sangre, como la aterosclerosis y la enfermedad arterial periférica Diabetes Los síntomas en la piel pueden incluir manchas de un color azul o negro, dolor, entumecimiento y úlceras que producen una secreción con mal olor. Si la gangrena es interna, es posible que tenga fiebre, malestar y la zona pueda estar hinchada y ser dolorosa. La gangrena es un problema serio. Necesita atención de urgencia. El tratamiento incluye cirugía, antibióticos y terapia de oxígeno. En los casos graves, una amputación puede ser necesaria.


Gangrene is the death of tissues in your body. It happens when a part of your body loses its blood supply. Gangrene can happen on the surface of the body, such as on the skin, or inside the body, in muscles or organs. Causes include: Serious injuries Problems with blood circulation, such as atherosclerosis and peripheral arterial disease Diabetes Skin symptoms may include a blue or black color, pain, numbness, and sores that produce a foul-smelling discharge. If the gangrene is internal, you may run a fever and feel unwell, and the area may be swollen and painful. Gangrene is a serious condition. It needs immediate attention. Treatment includes surgery, antibiotics, and oxygen therapy. In severe cases an amputation may be necessary.


Everyone has gas. Most people pass gas 13 to 21 times a day. Passing gas through the mouth is called belching or burping. Passing gas through the anus is called flatulence. Most of the time gas does not have an odor. The odor comes from bacteria in the large intestine that release small amounts of gases that contain sulfur. Gas in the digestive tract comes from two sources: air that you swallow and the breakdown of undigested food by bacteria in the large intestine. Certain foods may cause gas. Foods that produce gas in one person may not cause gas in another. You can reduce the amount of gas you have by: Drinking lots of water and non-fizzy drinks Eating more slowly so you swallow less air when you eat Avoiding milk products if you have lactose intolerance Medicines can help reduce gas or the pain and bloating caused by gas. If your symptoms still bother you, see your health care provider. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


Todas las personas tienen gases. La mayoría de las personas expulsa gases entre 13 y 21 veces al día. Los gases eliminados por la boca se llaman eructos. La eliminación a través del recto se llama flatulencia. La mayoría de las veces el gas no tiene olor. El olor proviene de las bacterias en el intestino grueso que liberan pequeñas cantidades de gases que contienen sulfuro. El gas en las vías intestinales tiene dos orígenes: El aire que se traga y la descomposición de la comida no digerida por las bacterias en el intestino grueso. Ciertos alimentos pueden causar gases. Las comidas que producen gases en una persona pueden no causarlos en otra. Para disminuir la cantidad de gases que se expulsa al día, usted puede: Tomar mucha agua y bebidas sin gas Comer más despacio, así no traga tanto aire al comer Evitar productos lácteos si usted tiene intolerancia a la lactosa Algunos medicamentos pueden ayudar a reducir la cantidad de gas o de dolor e hinchazón que causa el gas. Si los síntomas todavía son molestos, consulte con su proveedor de cuidados de salud. NIH: Instituto Nacional de la Diabetes y las Enfermedades Digestivas y Renales


What is gastroenteritis? Gastroenteritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines. The main symptoms include vomiting and diarrhea . It is usually not serious in healthy people, but it can sometimes lead to dehydration or cause severe symptoms. What causes gastroenteritis? There can be many different causes of gastroenteritis: Viruses Bacteria Parasites Chemicals Reactions to certain medicines and food Viral gastroenteritis is the most common type. It can be caused by many different viruses, including noroviruses and rotaviruses . Some people call viral gastroenteritis the "stomach flu." But this name is not medically correct. It is not caused by flu viruses. The flu is a respiratory infection that affects your nose, throat and lungs. When gastroenteritis is caused by consuming foods or drinks contaminated with viruses, bacteria, parasites, or chemicals, this is called food poisoning . The viruses, bacteria, and parasites that cause gastroenteritis can also spread from person to person. You could be infected when you touch something that has the germs on it and then touch your eyes, mouth, or nose. What are the symptoms of gastroenteritis? The symptoms of gastroenteritis include: Diarrhea Pain or cramping in your abdomen (belly) Nausea Vomiting Sometimes fever Gastroenteritis is usually not serious. But it can sometimes cause lead to dehydration or cause severe symptoms. Certain people are at higher risk for these problems. They include: Pregnant women Older adults People with weakened immune systems or other serious health conditions Infants Babies who were born prematurely or have other health conditions If you or a family member are at higher risk and have symptoms of gastroenteritis, contact a health care provider right away. Even if you are not at high risk, it is possible to become dehydrated or have more serious symptoms. There are some warning signs to


other health conditions If you or a family member are at higher risk and have symptoms of gastroenteritis, contact a health care provider right away. Even if you are not at high risk, it is possible to become dehydrated or have more serious symptoms. There are some warning signs to watch for. It's important to contact a provider right away if you or your child have any of them: For adults, they include: Change in mental state, such as irritability or lack of energy Diarrhea lasting more than 2 days High fever Vomiting often Six or more loose stools in a day Severe pain in the abdomen (belly) or rectum Stools that are black and tarry or contain blood or pus Symptoms of dehydration, such as thirst, dry mouth , headache, dark-colored urine, and urinating less than normal For infants and children, they include: Change in the child's mental state, such as irritability or lack of energy Diarrhea lasting more than a day Any fever in infants High fever in older children Frequent loose stools Vomiting often Severe pain in the abdomen (belly) or rectum Signs or symptoms of dehydration, such as thirst, dry mouth, urinating less than usual or no wet diapers for 3 hours or more, and no tears when crying Stools that are black and tarry or contain blood or pus How is gastroenteritis diagnosed? To find out if you have gastroenteritis, your provider: Will do a physical exam Will ask about your symptoms May do tests of your stool What are the treatments for gastroenteritis? Usually, people with gastroenteritis get better on their own, with rest and plenty of fluids and electrolytes . Your provider may suggest that you take a probiotic. Studies suggest that some probiotics may help shorten a case of diarrhea. People with


of your stool What are the treatments for gastroenteritis? Usually, people with gastroenteritis get better on their own, with rest and plenty of fluids and electrolytes . Your provider may suggest that you take a probiotic. Studies suggest that some probiotics may help shorten a case of diarrhea. People with more severe symptoms may need medicines to control nausea or vomiting. Providers may also give other medicines for certain types of gastroenteritis, such as antibiotics for some bacterial types and antiparasitic medicines for some parasitic types. Can gastroenteritis be prevented? Gastroenteritis cannot always be prevented. But proper hand washing , cleaning surfaces that may be infected with germs, and safe food preparation may help prevent some of the infections that can cause gastroenteritis. There are vaccines for infants to protect against rotavirus infections. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


¿Qué es la gastroenteritis? La gastroenteritis es una inflamación del revestimiento del estómago y los intestinos. Sus principales síntomas incluyen vómitos y diarrea . Por lo general, no es grave en personas sanas, pero en ocasiones puede causar deshidratación o síntomas más serios. ¿Qué causa la gastroenteritis? Puede haber muchas causas diferentes de gastroenteritis: Virus Bacterias Parásitos Productos químicos Reacciones a ciertos medicamentos y alimentos La gastroenteritis viral es el tipo más común. Puede ser causada por muchos virus diferentes, incluyendo norovirus y rotavirus . Algunas personas se refieren a la gastroenteritis viral como "gripe estomacal". Sin embargo, este nombre no es médicamente correcto, ya que no es causada por el virus de la gripe . La gripe es una infección respiratoria que afecta la nariz, la garganta y los pulmones. Cuando la gastroenteritis es causada por consumir alimentos o bebidas contaminados con virus, bacterias, parásitos o químicos, se conoce como intoxicación alimentaria . Los virus, bacterias y parásitos que causan la gastroenteritis también pueden transmitirse de persona a persona. Podría infectarse cuando toca algo con los gérmenes y luego se toca los ojos, la boca o la nariz. ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de la gastroenteritis? Los síntomas de la gastroenteritis incluyen: Diarrea Dolor o calambres en el abdomen (vientre) Náuseas Vómitos En ocasiones, fiebre La gastroenteritis no suele ser grave. Pero a veces puede causar deshidratación o síntomas graves. Algunas personas tienen un mayor riesgo de tener estos problemas, incluyendo: Mujeres embarazadas Adultos mayores Personas con sistemas inmunitarios debilitados u otras afecciones graves de salud Bebés Bebés prematuros o con otros problemas de salud Si usted o un miembro de su familia tienen un mayor riesgo y presentan síntomas de gastroenteritis, hable con un profesional de la salud lo antes posible. Incluso si no tiene un alto riesgo, es


u otras afecciones graves de salud Bebés Bebés prematuros o con otros problemas de salud Si usted o un miembro de su familia tienen un mayor riesgo y presentan síntomas de gastroenteritis, hable con un profesional de la salud lo antes posible. Incluso si no tiene un alto riesgo, es posible que se deshidrate o tenga síntomas más graves. Hay algunas señales de advertencia a las que hay que prestar atención. Es importante ver a un profesional de la salud lo antes posible si usted o su hijo tienen alguno de ellos: Para adultos, incluyen: Cambio en su estado mental, como irritabilidad o falta de energía Diarrea que dura más de 2 días Fiebre alta Vómitos frecuentes Seis o más deposiciones sueltas en un día Dolor intenso en el abdomen (vientre) o recto Heces negras y alquitranadas o que contienen sangre o pus Síntomas de deshidratación, como sed, boca seca , dolor de cabeza, orina de color oscuro y orinar menos de lo normal Para bebés y niños, incluyen: Cambio en el estado mental del niño, como irritabilidad o falta de energía Diarrea que dura más de un día Cualquier fiebre en los bebés Fiebre alta en niños mayores Heces sueltas frecuentes Vómitos frecuentes Dolor intenso en el abdomen (vientre) o recto Signos o síntomas de deshidratación, como sed, boca seca, orinar menos de lo habitual o no mojar los pañales durante 3 horas o más, y no tener lágrimas al llorar Heces negras y alquitranadas o que contienen sangre o pus ¿Cómo se diagnostica la gastroenteritis? Para saber si tiene gastroenteritis, su profesional de la salud puede: Hacer un examen físico Preguntar sobre sus síntomas Solicitar un análisis de sus heces ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para la gastroenteritis? Por lo general, las personas con gastroenteritis mejoran por sí solas,


o pus ¿Cómo se diagnostica la gastroenteritis? Para saber si tiene gastroenteritis, su profesional de la salud puede: Hacer un examen físico Preguntar sobre sus síntomas Solicitar un análisis de sus heces ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para la gastroenteritis? Por lo general, las personas con gastroenteritis mejoran por sí solas, con reposo y abundantes líquidos y electrolitos . Su profesional de la salud puede sugerir que tome un probiótico. Los estudios sugieren que algunos probióticos pueden ayudar a acortar un caso de diarrea. Las personas con síntomas más graves pueden necesitar medicamentos para controlar las náuseas o los vómitos. Los profesionales de la salud también pueden recetar otros medicamentos para ciertos tipos de gastroenteritis, como antibióticos para algunos tipos de bacterias y medicamentos antiparasitarios para algunos tipos de parásitos. ¿Se puede prevenir la gastroenteritis? La gastroenteritis no siempre se puede prevenir. Pero lavarse las manos bien, limpiar las superficies que pueden estar infectadas con gérmenes y preparar alimentos de manera segura pueden ayudar a prevenir algunas de las infecciones que pueden causar gastroenteritis. Existen vacunas para bebés que protegen contra las infecciones por rotavirus. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Diabetes y Enfermedades Digestivas y del Riñón


Your digestive or gastrointestinal (GI) tract includes the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine or colon, rectum, and anus. Bleeding can come from any of these areas. The amount of bleeding can be so small that only a lab test can find it. Signs of bleeding in the digestive tract depend on where it is and how much bleeding there is. Signs of bleeding in the upper digestive tract include: Bright red blood in vomit Vomit that looks like coffee grounds Black or tarry stool Dark blood mixed with stool Signs of bleeding in the lower digestive tract include: Black or tarry stool Dark blood mixed with stool Stool mixed or coated with bright red blood GI bleeding is not a disease, but a symptom of a disease. There are many possible causes of GI bleeding, including hemorrhoids , peptic ulcers , tears or inflammation in the esophagus, diverticulosis and diverticulitis , ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease , colonic polyps , or cancer in the colon , stomach or esophagus . The test used most often to look for the cause of GI bleeding is called endoscopy . It uses a flexible instrument inserted through the mouth or rectum to view the inside of the GI tract. A type of endoscopy called colonoscopy looks at the large intestine. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


Gaucher disease is a rare, inherited disorder. It is a type of lipid metabolism disorder . If you have it, you do not have enough of an enzyme called glucocerebrosidase. This causes too much of a fatty substance to build up in your spleen, liver, lungs, bones and, sometimes, your brain. This prevents these organs from working properly. There are three types: Type 1, the most common form, causes liver and spleen enlargement, bone pain and fractures (broken bones), and, sometimes, lung and kidney problems. It does not affect the brain. It can occur at any age. Type 2, which causes severe brain damage, appears in infants. Most children who have it die by age 2. In type 3, there may be liver and spleen enlargement. The brain is gradually affected. It usually starts in childhood or adolescence. Gaucher disease has no cure. Treatment options for types 1 and 3 include medicine and enzyme replacement therapy, which is usually very effective. There is no good treatment for the brain damage of types 2 and 3. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


Si está embarazada de más de un bebé, dista mucho de estar sola. Los nacimientos múltiples están en ascenso en los Estados Unidos. ¿Por qué? Cada vez más mujeres tienen bebés después de los 30 años y muchas toman medicamentos para la fertilidad. Ambos factores incrementan potencialmente las posibilidades de tener más de un bebé. Los antecedentes familiares de gemelos también aumentan las posibilidades. Hace años, la mayoría de los gemelos llegaban por sorpresa. Actualmente, la mayoría de las mujeres se entera anticipadamente del embarazo múltiple. Deben ver al médico con más frecuencia que las mujeres que esperan a un solo niño ya que los embarazos múltiples deben controlarse más cuidadosamente. Los bebés de embarazos múltiples tienen mayor riesgo de nacer prematuramente . Algunas mujeres tienen que guardar reposo en cama para demorar el parto. Finalmente, es posible que necesiten cesárea , especialmente si tienen tres bebés o más. Después de que los bebés llegan a su casa, las mamás pueden sentirse agobiadas y exhaustas. La ayuda de voluntarios y los grupos de apoyo para padres de bebés múltiples pueden facilitar la transición.


What are genes? Genes are sections of DNA in your cells that are passed down (inherited) from your parents. You inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent. Genes carry information that controls what you look like and how your body works. There are about 20,000 genes that provide instructions for making proteins, which your body needs to work correctly. Some genes don't make proteins themselves but instead help control how other genes work. They act like switches, turning other genes on or off. This means they help decide when, where, and how much of a protein is made in your body. What happens when genes change? Changes in your genes are also called gene variants or mutations. These changes can be inherited, occur as you age, or result from environmental factors such as chemicals or radiation. Often, these changes have no effect, but sometimes, even a small change in the DNA can alter the instructions for making proteins. If genes don't make the right proteins, or don't make them correctly, this can cause a genetic disorder . What is gene therapy? Gene therapy uses genes to treat or prevent disease by correcting genetic problems. It works by changing your genetic material, rather than relying on traditional treatments like medicine or surgery. New genetic material can be delivered into cells in two main ways: ex-vivo treatment . Cells are removed from your body, modified by adding genetic material, and then placed back into your body. in-vivo treatment . Genetic material is delivered directly into your body, often through an injection. A common form of gene therapy involves inserting a normal gene to replace an abnormal gene. Other approaches include: Repairing an abnormal gene Altering the degree to which a gene is turned on or off Newer techniques offer


Genetic material is delivered directly into your body, often through an injection. A common form of gene therapy involves inserting a normal gene to replace an abnormal gene. Other approaches include: Repairing an abnormal gene Altering the degree to which a gene is turned on or off Newer techniques offer different ways to correct genetic problems: Genome editing (also called gene editing). Instead of adding new genetic material into cells, this approach changes the DNA that's already in your cells. A well-known example is CRISPR-Cas9. This promising technique is still being studied and may soon be used to treat genetic disorders. Cell-based gene therapy combines gene therapy and cell therapy. An example of this would be CAR T cell therapy. Cells, which are often immune system cells, are genetically altered to help treat a disease and then introduced into the body. Gene therapies are currently only approved to treat a small number of diseases, such as: Leber congenital amaurosis , an inherited eye disorder. Spinal muscular atrophy , a genetic muscle disorder. What are the risks and challenges of gene therapy? While gene therapy holds great promise, it comes with risks and challenges. Studies are still ongoing to ensure these treatments are safe and effective. Some challenges include: Immune system reactions. Your body may see the new material as a threat and react to it. Unintended effects. Changes to DNA could affect other genes in harmful ways. High costs. Gene therapies are often expensive and are not widely accessible.


¿Qué son los genes? Los genes son secciones de ADN en sus células que se transmiten (heredan) de sus padres. Usted hereda dos copias de cada gen, una de cada padre. Los genes contienen información que controla su apariencia y el funcionamiento de su cuerpo.. Existen alrededor de 20.000 genes que proporcionan instrucciones para la producción de proteínas, necesarias para que su cuerpo funcione correctamente. Algunos genes no producen proteínas por sí mismos, sino que ayudan a controlar el funcionamiento de otros genes. Actúan como interruptores, activando o desactivando otros genes. Esto significa que ayudan a decidir cuándo, dónde y cuánta proteína se produce en su cuerpo. ¿Qué sucede cuando los genes cambian? Los cambios en los genes también se llaman variantes o mutaciones genéticas. Estos cambios pueden ser hereditarios, ocurrir con la edad o ser resultado de factores ambientales como sustancias químicas o radiación. Normalmente, estos cambios no tienen ningún efecto, pero a veces, incluso un pequeño cambio en el ADN puede alterar las instrucciones para la producción de proteínas. Si los genes no producen las proteínas adecuadas, o no las producen correctamente, esto puede causar una enfermedad genética . ¿Qué es la terapia genética? La terapia genética (también conocida como terapia génica o genoterapia) usa genes para tratar o prevenir enfermedades al corregir problemas genéticos. Esta funciona al modificar el material genético, en lugar de depender de tratamientos tradicionales como medicamentos o cirugía. Se puede introducir nuevo material genético en las células de dos maneras principales: Tratamiento ex-vivo . Se extraen células del cuerpo, se modifican añadiendo material genético y luego se reintroducen en el organismo Tratamiento in-vivo . El material genético se introduce directamente en el cuerpo, por lo general mediante una inyección Una forma común de terapia genética consiste en insertar un gen normal para reemplazar


. Se extraen células del cuerpo, se modifican añadiendo material genético y luego se reintroducen en el organismo Tratamiento in-vivo . El material genético se introduce directamente en el cuerpo, por lo general mediante una inyección Una forma común de terapia genética consiste en insertar un gen normal para reemplazar un gen anormal. Otros enfoques incluyen: Reparación de un gen anormal Alteración del grado en el que se active o se desactive un genf Las técnicas más recientes ofrecen diferentes maneras de corregir problemas genéticos: Edición de genes (también llamada edición genética): En lugar de añadir nuevo material genético a las células, este enfoque modifica el ADN que ya se encuentra en ellas. Un ejemplo bien conocido es CRISPR-Cas9. Esta técnica prometedora aún se está estudiando y pronto podría utilizarse para tratar enfermedades genéticas Terapia genética celular: Combina la terapia genética y la terapia celular. Un ejemplo de esto sería la terapia con células CAR-T. Las células, que por lo general son células del sistema inmunitario , se modifican genéticamente para ayudar a tratar una enfermedad y luego se introducen en el organismo Actualmente, las terapias genéticas sólo están aprobadas para tratar un número reducido de enfermedades, como: Amaurosis congénita de Leber, un trastorno ocular hereditario Atrofia muscular espinal, un trastorno muscular genético ¿Cuáles son los riesgos y los desafíos de la terapia genética? Si bien la terapia genética es muy prometedora, conlleva riesgos y desafíos. Aún se están realizando estudios para garantizar la seguridad y eficacia de estos tratamientos. Algunos desafíos incluyen: Reacciones del sistema inmunitario: El cuerpo podría percibir el nuevo material como una amenaza y reaccionar ante él Efectos no deseados: Los cambios en el ADN podrían afectar a otros genes de forma perjudicial Altos costos: Las terapias genéticas suelen ser costosas y no son de fácil


Algunos desafíos incluyen: Reacciones del sistema inmunitario: El cuerpo podría percibir el nuevo material como una amenaza y reaccionar ante él Efectos no deseados: Los cambios en el ADN podrían afectar a otros genes de forma perjudicial Altos costos: Las terapias genéticas suelen ser costosas y no son de fácil acceso


A genetic brain disorder is caused by a variation or a mutation in a gene. A variation is a different form of a gene. A mutation is a change in a gene. Genetic brain disorders affect the development and function of the brain. Some genetic brain disorders are due to random gene mutations or mutations caused by environmental exposure, such as cigarette smoke. Other disorders are inherited, which means that a mutated gene or group of genes is passed down through a family. They can also be due to a combination of both genetic changes and other outside factors. Some examples of genetic brain disorders include: Leukodystrophies Phenylketonuria Tay-Sachs disease Wilson disease Many people with genetic brain disorders fail to produce enough of certain proteins that influence brain development and function. These brain disorders can cause serious problems that affect the nervous system. Some have treatments to control symptoms. Some are life-threatening.


Genetic counseling provides information and support to people who have, or may be at risk for, genetic disorders . A genetic counselor meets with you to discuss genetic risks. The counseling may be for yourself or a family member. Or you may get it when you are planning or expecting a baby. You may follow up with genetic testing . There are many reasons to seek genetic counseling. You may consider it if you : Have a personal or family history of a genetic condition or birth defect Are pregnant or planning to be pregnant after age 35 Already have a child with a genetic disorder or birth defect Have had two or more pregnancy losses or a baby who died Have had ultrasound or screening tests that suggest a possible problem


What are genetic disorders? Genetic disorders are health conditions caused by changes (also called mutations or variants) in your genes. Genes are parts of DNA found in your cells that carry instructions for how your body grows, develops, and functions. Many genes tell your body how to make proteins, which are needed for your body to work properly. What causes genetic disorders? A genetic disorder happens when a gene variant changes how a protein is made. The variant may cause the protein to work poorly or not be made at all. If genes don't make the right proteins, or don't make them correctly, it can lead to a genetic disorder. Not all gene changes cause disease. Often, these changes have no effect. But sometimes, even a small change in DNA can affect how proteins are made. Gene variants can be grouped into two main types: Inherited variants (also called germline variants) are passed down from your parents. They come from egg or sperm cells. Non-inherited (also called somatic variants) are not passed down from your parents. They happen during your lifetime. They may be caused by things like harmful chemicals or ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun. What are the types of genetic disorders? Genetic disorders may be caused by: Single gene disorders are caused by changes in one gene. Examples can include sickle cell anemia , where a change in a single gene can cause the condition, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease , where a variant in one of many different genes can cause the condition. Chromosomal disorders are caused by missing, extra, or altered chromosomes. Chromosomes are structures that carry genes. These disorders involve changes in the number of chromosomes people have or changes in the structure of one or more chromosomes. An example is Down syndrome , which is


genes can cause the condition. Chromosomal disorders are caused by missing, extra, or altered chromosomes. Chromosomes are structures that carry genes. These disorders involve changes in the number of chromosomes people have or changes in the structure of one or more chromosomes. An example is Down syndrome , which is caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21. Complex (multifactorial) disorders are caused by changes in many genes. Each change alone may not cause the disease, but together they increase the risk. Lifestyle and environmental factors, such as exercise, diet, or exposure to pollutants, also play a role. Colon cancer is an example. What are the different ways a genetic disorder can be inherited? Some genetic conditions are passed down through families (inherited) in one of several patterns, depending on the specific gene involved. Patterns of inheritance can include: Dominant means you only need one changed gene to cause the condition. Recessive means you need two changed copies of the gene (one from each parent) for the condition to occur. X-linked conditions involve genes located on the X chromosome. These conditions often affect males more frequently. Mitochondrial conditions are passed down by the mother. How are genetic disorders diagnosed? Your health care provider may check for a genetic condition based on: A physical examination. Your personal medical history. Your family health history. Laboratory tests, including genetic testing . NIH: National Library of Medicine


What is genetic testing? Genetic testing is a type of medical test that looks for changes, sometimes called variants or mutations, in your DNA . DNA contains the genetic instructions in all living things. Often, these changes have no effect, but sometimes, even a small change in DNA can cause disease or other health conditions. Genetic tests take a sample of your blood or tissues and check your cells to look for any changes in: Genes are parts of DNA found in your cells that carry information that controls what you look like and how your body works. Many genes tell your body how to make proteins, which are needed for your body to work correctly. Genome sequencing is a process that checks all your DNA. Exome sequencing is a process that only checks the parts of your DNA that provide instructions to make proteins. Proteins do most of the work in your cells. If there are changes in the amount and activity level of proteins, they might be due to changes in the genes that produce those proteins. Chromosomes are thread-like structures in your cells. Each chromosome is made up of DNA tightly packaged around proteins. People usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes that contain all their DNA. What are the different ways to get genetic tests? Most of the time, genetic testing is done through your health care provider. This is called clinical testing . It is done to find out about an inherited disorder (passed down through families) and to help make decisions about your care. Other ways to get genetic testing include: Research-based testing is a genetic test done as part of a research study (clinical trial). Direct-to-consumer (DTC) testing is a genetic test that allows you to send a DNA sample and get the results.


families) and to help make decisions about your care. Other ways to get genetic testing include: Research-based testing is a genetic test done as part of a research study (clinical trial). Direct-to-consumer (DTC) testing is a genetic test that allows you to send a DNA sample and get the results. You may do this to learn about your ancestry or your risk for certain diseases. Why is genetic testing done? Genetic testing may be done for many different reasons, including to: Find genetic diseases in a fetus. This is a type of prenatal testing . Screen newborn babies for certain treatable conditions. Lower the risk of genetic diseases in embryos that were created using assisted reproductive technology . Find out if you carry a gene for a certain disease that could be passed on to your children. This is called carrier testing. See whether you are at an increased risk of getting a specific disease. This may be done for a disease that runs in your family. Diagnose certain diseases. Identify genetic changes that may be causing or contributing to a disease that you were already diagnosed with. Help guide your provider in deciding the best medicine and dosage for you. This is called pharmacogenomic testing . To check for, monitor, or manage a disease. This is sometimes used to help find the best cancer treatment. To confirm the biological father (paternity) of a child, or how much genetic information is shared with other relatives. To explore the likelihood of having or developing certain physical traits, such as hair color or facial dimples, or to learn about your ancestry. To help advance our understanding of genetic conditions, learn how genes work, and find unknown genes. How is genetic testing done? Genetic tests are often done on a blood or cheek


having or developing certain physical traits, such as hair color or facial dimples, or to learn about your ancestry. To help advance our understanding of genetic conditions, learn how genes work, and find unknown genes. How is genetic testing done? Genetic tests are often done on a blood or cheek swab sample. But they may also be done on samples of hair, saliva, skin, amniotic fluid (the fluid that surrounds a fetus during pregnancy), or other tissue. The sample is sent to a laboratory. There, a lab technician will use one of several different techniques to look for genetic changes. What are the benefits of genetic testing? The benefits of genetic testing include: Helping your provider make recommendations for the management or monitoring of a genetic condition. Giving you more information for making decisions about your health and your family's health: If you find out that you are at risk for a certain disease, you might take steps to lower that risk. For example, you may find out that you should be screened for a disease earlier and more often. Or you might decide to make healthy lifestyle changes . If you find out that you are not at risk for a certain disease, then you can talk to your provider about when it would be appropriate to schedule checkups or screenings. A test could give you information that helps you make decisions about having children. Identifying genetic disorders early in life so that treatment can start as soon as possible. What are the drawbacks of genetic testing? The physical risks of the different types of genetic testing are small. But there can be emotional, social, or financial drawbacks: Depending on the results, you may feel angry, depressed, anxious, or guilty. This can be especially true if you are diagnosed


possible. What are the drawbacks of genetic testing? The physical risks of the different types of genetic testing are small. But there can be emotional, social, or financial drawbacks: Depending on the results, you may feel angry, depressed, anxious, or guilty. This can be especially true if you are diagnosed with a disease that does not have effective treatments. Despite the protections that are in place, you may be worried about genetic discrimination in employment or insurance. Genetic testing may give you limited information about a genetic disease. For example, it cannot tell you whether you will have symptoms, how severe a disease might be, or whether a disease will get worse over time. Genetic testing results might be inconclusive. For example, you might keep getting negative results or not get an answer at all. Some genetic tests may give you results that you didn't expect. For example, if you are tested to check for the cause of a rare disease, and a different variant is found that puts you at increased risk for something else that was previously unknown. Some genetic tests are expensive, and health insurance might only cover part of the cost. Or they may not cover it at all. How do I decide whether to be tested? The decision about whether to have genetic testing is complex. In addition to discussing the test with your provider, you can meet with a genetic counselor . Genetic counselors have specialized degrees and experience in genetics and counseling. They can help you understand the tests and weigh the risks and benefits. If you do take a test, they can explain the results and make sure that you have the support that you need.


Genital herpes is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) caused by a herpes simplex virus (HSV). It can cause sores on your genital or rectal area, buttocks, and thighs. You can get it from having vaginal, anal, or oral sex with someone who has it. The virus can spread even when sores are not present. Mothers can also infect their babies during childbirth. Symptoms of herpes are called outbreaks. You usually get sores near the area where the virus has entered the body. The sores are blisters which break and become painful, and then heal. Sometimes people do not know they have herpes because they have no symptoms or very mild symptoms. The virus can be more serious in newborn babies or in people with weak immune systems. Repeat outbreaks are common, especially during the first year. Over time, you get them less often and the symptoms become milder. The virus stays in your body for life. There are tests that can diagnose genital herpes. There is no cure. However, medicines can help lessen symptoms, decrease outbreaks, and lower the risk of passing the virus to others. Correct usage of latex condoms can reduce, but not eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading herpes. If you or your partner is allergic to latex , you can use polyurethane condoms. The most reliable way to avoid infection is to not have anal, vaginal, or oral sex.


What are genital warts? Genital warts are a sexually transmitted infection ( STI ) caused by the human papillomavirus ( HPV ). There are many types of HPV. Some types of HPV can cause genital warts. Other types of HPV can cause cancer . There is no treatment for HPV, but your health care provider can treat genital warts. HPV vaccines may help prevent some of the HPV infections that cause genital warts. Who is at risk for genital warts? If you are sexually active, you can get genital warts during oral, vaginal, or anal sex with an infected partner. You can still get genital warts even if they are so small that you can't see them. It doesn't happen often, but genital warts can also be spread from a woman to her baby during childbirth. What are the symptoms of genital warts? Genital warts are often painless and may not cause any symptoms. You might not even know that you have them. Sometimes, they can also cause itching, burning, bleeding, or discomfort. The warts usually appear as a small bump or group of bumps in the genital area. They are flesh-colored and can be flat or look bumpy like cauliflower. How are genital warts diagnosed? Your provider can usually find out if you have genital warts by seeing them during a physical exam or pelvic exam . In women, the warts usually occur in or around the vagina, on the cervix, or around the anus. Men may have warts on the tip of the penis, around the anus, or on the scrotum, thigh, or groin. What are the treatments for genital warts? The warts might disappear on their own, stay the same, or grow bigger or increase in number. A few ways that your provider can treat them include:


on the tip of the penis, around the anus, or on the scrotum, thigh, or groin. What are the treatments for genital warts? The warts might disappear on their own, stay the same, or grow bigger or increase in number. A few ways that your provider can treat them include: Use medicines, cream, or ointment Remove them by burning, freezing, or cutting out the warts HPV stays in your body even after treatment. This means that warts can come back, and you can still spread HPV to others after genital warts are removed. Can genital warts be prevented? Getting an HPV vaccine may help prevent genital warts. HPV vaccines provide the most protection if you get them before exposure to the virus. This means that it's best to get vaccinated before becoming sexually active. If you're over age 26 and haven't been vaccinated, talk with your provider about the possible benefits of vaccination. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading HPV. If you or your partner is allergic to latex , you can use polyurethane condoms. The best way to avoid infection is not to have anal, vaginal, or oral sex. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health


What is GERD? Sometimes, after eating a large meal or lying down too soon after eating, you might feel acid coming up into your throat. This is called gastroesophageal reflux (GER). It happens when the muscle at the end of your esophagus (the tube that carries food from your mouth to your stomach) doesn't close properly. Stomach contents can then move back up and irritate the esophagus. Having reflux occasionally is common. But if you have symptoms two or more times a week or if they cause damage to the lining of your esophagus, you may have gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). GERD is a chronic (long-lasting) condition that can cause discomfort and, over time, lead to other health problems. Anyone can have GERD, including infants and children . What causes GERD? GERD can happen when the muscle at the bottom of your esophagus becomes weak or relaxes at the wrong time. You are more likely to have GERD if you: Are overweight or have obesity Are pregnant Smoke or are around secondhand smoke Have a hiatal hernia (when part of the stomach pushes up into the chest) Certain foods, drinks, or medicines can also make GERD worse. What are common symptoms of GERD? The most common symptom of GERD is heartburn . This is a burning feeling in your chest or throat. You can also have GERD without having heartburn. Other symptoms may include: Tasting acid or food in the back of your mouth A dry cough or hoarse voice Asthma -like symptoms Trouble swallowing Get medical help right away if you have chest pain with shortness of breath , or pain in your jaw or arm. These can be signs of a heart problem. How is GERD diagnosed? Your health care provider will ask about your symptoms and medical


Asthma -like symptoms Trouble swallowing Get medical help right away if you have chest pain with shortness of breath , or pain in your jaw or arm. These can be signs of a heart problem. How is GERD diagnosed? Your health care provider will ask about your symptoms and medical history. They may recommend tests such as: Upper GI endoscopy to look at the esophagus and stomach lining with a tiny camera. Biopsy to check a small tissue sample. X-Ray to take pictures of the upper digestive system. Esophageal pH test to measure how often acid backs up the esophagus and how long the acid stays there. Esophageal manometry to check how well your esophagus moves food when you swallow. Transnasal esophagoscopy to look for damage to the esophagus by using a small tube with a camera. How is GERD treated? Most people can manage GERD with lifestyle changes and medicine. In rare cases, surgery is needed. Lifestyle changes can include: Eating smaller meals and avoiding lying down for at least 2-3 hours after eating Avoiding foods that trigger symptoms, such as spicy foods, chocolate, caffeine, or fatty foods Losing weight if needed Raising the head of your bed Quitting smoking Medicines can include: Over-the-counter medicines , such as antacids Prescription medicines If not treated, GERD can cause problems like inflammation of the esophagus , scarring, or changes in the tissue lining (Barrett's esophagus). It can also worsen asthma or cause chronic (long-term) cough or hoarseness. Can GERD be prevented? You may be able to improve symptoms of GERD by: Avoiding alcohol and trigger foods Eating smaller meals Not eating close to bedtime Wearing loose-fitting clothes Sleeping on your left side or raising the head of your bed Maintaining a healthy weight NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and


You may be able to improve symptoms of GERD by: Avoiding alcohol and trigger foods Eating smaller meals Not eating close to bedtime Wearing loose-fitting clothes Sleeping on your left side or raising the head of your bed Maintaining a healthy weight NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


What are germs? Germs are microorganisms. This means that they can be seen only through a microscope. They can be found everywhere - in the air, soil, and water. There are also germs on your skin and in your body. Many germs live in and on our bodies without causing harm. Some even help us to stay healthy. But some germs can make you sick. Infectious diseases are diseases that are caused by germs. The main types of germs are bacteria , viruses , fungi , and parasites . How do germs spread? There are different ways that germs can spread, including: Through touching a person who has the germs or making other close contact with them, such as kissing, hugging, or sharing cups or eating utensils Through breathing air after a person with the germs coughs or sneezes Through touching the feces (poop) of someone who has the germs, such as changing diapers, then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth Through touching objects and surfaces that have germs on them, then touching your eyes, nose, or mouth From mother to baby during pregnancy and/or childbirth From insect or animal bites From contaminated food , water , soil, or plants How can I protect myself and others from germs? You can help protect yourself and others from germs: When you have to cough or sneeze, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or use the inside of your elbow Wash your hands well and often. You should scrub them for at least 20 seconds. It is important to do this when you are most likely to get and spread germs: Before, during, and after preparing food Before eating food Before and after caring for someone at home who is sick with vomiting or diarrhea Before and after treating a


for at least 20 seconds. It is important to do this when you are most likely to get and spread germs: Before, during, and after preparing food Before eating food Before and after caring for someone at home who is sick with vomiting or diarrhea Before and after treating a cut or wound After using the toilet After changing diapers or cleaning up a child who has used the toilet After blowing your nose, coughing, or sneezing After touching an animal, animal feed, or animal waste After handling pet food or pet treats After touching garbage If soap and water are not available, you can use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer that contains at least 60% alcohol Stay home if you are sick Avoid close contact with people who are sick Practice food safety when handling, cooking, and storing food Regularly clean and disinfect frequently touched surfaces and objects


Giant cell arteritis is a disorder that causes inflammation of your arteries, usually in the scalp, neck, and arms. It narrows the arteries, which keeps blood from flowing well. Giant cell arteritis often occurs with another disorder called polymyalgia rheumatica . Both are more common in women than in men. They almost always affect people over the age of 50. Early symptoms of giant cell arteritis resemble the flu: fatigue, loss of appetite, and fever. Other symptoms include: Headaches Pain and tenderness over the temples Double vision or visual loss, dizziness Problems with coordination and balance Pain in your jaw and tongue Your doctor will make the diagnosis based on your medical history, symptoms, and a physical exam. There is no specific test for giant cell arteritis, but you may have tests that measure inflammation. Treatment is usually with corticosteroids . Early treatment is important; otherwise there is a risk of permanent vision loss or stroke. However, when properly treated, giant cell arteritis rarely comes back. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


Giardiasis is an illness caused by a parasite called Giardia intestinalis. It lives in soil, food, and water. It may also be on surfaces that have been contaminated with waste. You can become infected if you swallow the parasite. You can also get it if you're exposed to human feces (poop) through sexual contact. The risk of getting giardia is higher for travelers to countries where it is common, people in child care settings, and those who drink untreated water. Diarrhea is the main symptom of giardia infection. Others include: Passing gas Greasy stools Stomach cramps Upset stomach or nausea These symptoms may lead to weight loss and loss of body fluids. Some people have no symptoms at all. Symptoms of infection often last two to six weeks. Stool sample tests can diagnose it. You often need to collect several samples to test. Doctors use several drugs to treat it. The best way to prevent giardia infection is to practice good hygiene, including frequent hand washing. You should not drink water that may be contaminated. You should also peel or wash fresh fruit and vegetables before eating. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


¿Qué es el glaucoma? El glaucoma es un grupo de enfermedades que pueden dañar el nervio óptico de uno o ambos ojos, lo que puede provocar pérdida de la visión . Existen distintos tipos de glaucoma, pero el más común es el de ángulo abierto. Otros tipos menos comunes son el de ángulo cerrado y el congénito. Es posible que no presente síntomas de glaucoma. Los exámenes de los ojos periódicos realizados por un profesional de la salud ocular pueden detectar la presencia de glaucoma y otros problemas de los ojos para ayudar a proteger su visión. Los tratamientos que reducen la presión ocular ayudan a retrasar la enfermedad. Sin tratamiento, el glaucoma puede acabar provocando ceguera. ¿Qué causa el glaucoma? Los expertos médicos no están seguros sobre cuál es la causa del glaucoma, pero los tipos más comunes suelen producirse cuando la presión del líquido dentro del ojo aumenta lentamente, dañando el nervio óptico. Otros tipos de glaucoma pueden ser causados por afecciones médicas o un bebé puede nacer con la afección. No todas las personas con presión ocular alta desarrollan glaucoma. Algunas personas pueden incluso presentarlo con una presión ocular normal. La cantidad de presión que puede soportar el nervio óptico es diferente para cada persona. Realizarse exámenes oculares con dilatación de pupilas regularmente ayuda a su profesional de la salud a averiguar el nivel de presión del ojo que es normal para usted. ¿Cuáles son los síntomas del glaucoma? A menudo, al principio el glaucoma no presenta síntomas. O bien, los síntomas pueden comenzar tan lentamente que puede no notarlos. Sin tratamiento, usted pierde lentamente su visión periférica (lateral). Puede parecer que está mirando a través de un túnel. Con el tiempo, su visión frontal puede disminuir hasta no tener más visión. Si de repente tiene síntomas


síntomas. O bien, los síntomas pueden comenzar tan lentamente que puede no notarlos. Sin tratamiento, usted pierde lentamente su visión periférica (lateral). Puede parecer que está mirando a través de un túnel. Con el tiempo, su visión frontal puede disminuir hasta no tener más visión. Si de repente tiene síntomas como dolor ocular intenso, visión borrosa, ojos rojos o malestar estomacal (náuseas), debe acudir a su profesional de la salud ocular o a una sala de emergencias de inmediato. Estos podrían ser síntomas de glaucoma de ángulo cerrado. Este tipo menos común de glaucoma hace que se acumule líquido rápidamente en el ojo. ¿Cómo se diagnostica el glaucoma? Un examen ocular completo puede determinar si tiene glaucoma. Esto incluye: Examen ocular con dilatación de pupilas: Esto implica la aplicación de gotas para los ojos que dilatan (ensanchan) las pupilas, lo que permite que entre más luz en el ojo. Su profesional de la salud ocular examina los ojos con una lupa especial, lo que permite observar con claridad los tejidos importantes de la parte posterior del ojo para comprobar si tiene glaucoma u otros problemas oculares. Es posible que su visión sea borrosa y sensible a la luz por algunas horas después de su examen, por lo que necesitará que alguien lo lleve a su casa Examen del campo visual: Esta comprobación de la visión periférica (lateral) permite a su profesional de la salud ocular u oftalmólogo averiguar qué tan bien puede ver los objetos que se encuentran a los costados de su campo visual sin mover los ojos Tonometría: Esta prueba mide la presión dentro del ojo Si tiene un mayor riesgo de tener glaucoma, debe hacerse exámenes oculares completos cada uno o dos años. El riesgo es mayor si: Es afrodescendiente y tiene más de 40 años Tiene


costados de su campo visual sin mover los ojos Tonometría: Esta prueba mide la presión dentro del ojo Si tiene un mayor riesgo de tener glaucoma, debe hacerse exámenes oculares completos cada uno o dos años. El riesgo es mayor si: Es afrodescendiente y tiene más de 40 años Tiene más de 60 años, especialmente si es hispano o latino Tiene antecedentes familiares de glaucoma Su riesgo también es mayor si tiene presión arterial alta o diabetes y debe hacerse un examen con dilatación de pupilas al menos una vez al año. Hable con su profesional de la salud sobre su riesgo y con qué frecuencia debe hacerse un examen de la vista. ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para el glaucoma? El tratamiento temprano puede ayudar a proteger sus ojos contra la pérdida de la visión. Si bien el glaucoma no tiene cura, generalmente se puede controlar. Sin tratamiento, eventualmente puede causar ceguera. Los tratamientos pueden incluir: Las gotas para los ojos recetadas son el tratamiento más común para reducir la presión en el ojo y prevenir daños en el nervio óptico Otros tratamientos pueden incluir medicamentos orales, tratamiento con láser y/o cirugía Una combinación de estos tratamientos se puede usar para reducir la presión ocular y ayudar a drenar el líquido del ojo. ¿Se puede prevenir el glaucoma? No hay forma de prevenir el glaucoma. Los exámenes oculares pueden ayudar a detectar el glaucoma u otros problemas de los ojos antes de que afecten su visión. Si tiene glaucoma, asegúrese de continuar con el tratamiento para evitar que su visión empeore. NIH: Instituto Nacional del Ojo


What is glaucoma? Glaucoma is a group of diseases that can damage the optic nerve of one, or both, of your eyes. This can result in vision loss . There are different types of glaucoma, but the most common type is open-angle glaucoma. Other less common types include angle-closure glaucoma, and congenital glaucoma. You may not have any symptoms of glaucoma. Regular eye exams by an eye care provider can check for glaucoma and other eye problems to help protect your vision. Treatments that lower eye pressure help slow the disease. Without treatment, glaucoma can eventually lead to blindness. What causes glaucoma? Medical experts aren't sure what causes glaucoma, but the most common types usually happen when the fluid pressure inside your eye slowly rises, damaging the optic nerve. Other types of glaucoma may be caused by medical conditions, or a baby may be born with it. Not everyone with high eye pressure develops glaucoma. Some people may even get glaucoma with normal eye pressure. The amount of pressure your optic nerve can handle is different for each person. Getting regular dilated eye exams helps your provider figure out what level of eye pressure is normal for you. What are the symptoms of glaucoma? Often there are no symptoms of glaucoma at first. Or symptoms may start so slowly that you may not notice them. Without treatment, you slowly lose your peripheral (side) vision. It may seem like you're looking through a tunnel. Over time, your straight-ahead vision may decrease until no vision remains. If you have sudden symptoms of intense eye pain, blurry vision, red eyes, or an upset stomach (nausea), you need to go to your eye care provider or an emergency room right away. These could be symptoms of angle-closure glaucoma. This less common type of glaucoma


until no vision remains. If you have sudden symptoms of intense eye pain, blurry vision, red eyes, or an upset stomach (nausea), you need to go to your eye care provider or an emergency room right away. These could be symptoms of angle-closure glaucoma. This less common type of glaucoma causes fluid to build up quickly in your eye. How is glaucoma diagnosed? A comprehensive eye exam can tell if you have glaucoma. This would include: A dilated eye exam . This involves getting eye drops that dilate (widen) your pupils. This allows more light to enter your eye. Your eye care provider examines your eyes using a special magnifying lens. This provides a clear view of important tissues at the back of your eye to check for glaucoma or other eye problems. For a few hours after the exam your vision may be blurry and sensitive to light, so you will need someone to take you home. Visual field testing . This check of your peripheral (side) vision allows your eye care provider to find out how well you can see objects off to the side of your vision without moving your eyes. Tonometry . This measures the pressure inside your eye. If you're at higher risk for glaucoma, you should get comprehensive eye exams every one to two years. You're at higher risk if you: Are Black or African American and over age 40 Are over age 60, especially if you're Hispanic or Latino Have a family history of glaucoma You're also at higher risk if you have high blood pressure or diabetes and should get a dilated eye exam at least once a year. Talk with your provider about your risk and how often you should get your eyes checked. What are the treatments for glaucoma? Early


of glaucoma You're also at higher risk if you have high blood pressure or diabetes and should get a dilated eye exam at least once a year. Talk with your provider about your risk and how often you should get your eyes checked. What are the treatments for glaucoma? Early treatment can help protect your eyes against vision loss. There is no cure, but glaucoma can usually be controlled. Without treatment it can eventually cause blindness. Treatments can include: Prescription eye drops are the most common treatment to lower the pressure in your eye and prevent damage to your optic nerve. Other treatments may include oral medicines, laser treatment, and/or surgery. A combination of these treatments may be used to lower eye pressure and help drain the fluid out of your eye. Can glaucoma be prevented? There is no way to prevent glaucoma. Eye exams can help find glaucoma or other eye problems before they can affect your vision. If you have glaucoma, be sure to continue with treatment to prevent your vision from getting worse. NIH: National Eye Institute


The spread of a disease doesn't stop at a country's borders. With more people living in crowded cities and traveling to other countries, it's easier for germs to spread. Infectious diseases that start in one part of the world can quickly reach another part of the world. Some of the major diseases currently affecting countries around the globe include HIV , malaria , COVID-19 , and tuberculosis . Besides the spread of diseases, there are other global health challenges. Resistance to medicines such as antibiotics is on the rise. That makes it harder to treat certain diseases. Natural and man-made disasters create refugee populations with immediate and long-term health problems. Climate change and not enough access to food and safe water are also global problems which can affect people's health. Many countries and health organizations are working together and sharing information on these and other health issues.


¿Qué es la glucosa en sangre? La glucosa en sangre, o azúcar en la sangre, es el azúcar principal que se encuentra en la sangre. Es la principal fuente de energía de su cuerpo. Proviene de los alimentos que consume. Su cuerpo descompone la mayor parte de ese alimento en glucosa y la libera en el torrente sanguíneo. Cuando su glucosa en sangre sube, le indica a su páncreas que libere insulina. La insulina es una hormona que ayuda a que la glucosa entre en las células para ser utilizada como energía. ¿Qué es la diabetes? La diabetes es una enfermedad en la que los niveles de glucosa en la sangre son demasiado altos. Cuando tiene diabetes, su cuerpo no produce suficiente insulina, no puede usarla tan bien como debería, o ambas cosas a la vez. Eso provoca que demasiada glucosa permanezca en la sangre y no llegue a las células. Con el tiempo, tener demasiada glucosa en la sangre puede causar problemas de salud serios (llamadas complicaciones de la diabetes). Por ello, si tiene diabetes, es importante mantener sus niveles de glucosa en la sangre dentro de su rango objetivo. ¿Qué son los objetivos de glucosa en sangre? Si tiene diabetes, su objetivo de glucosa en sangre (objetivo glucémico) es el rango que intenta alcanzar en lo posible. Los objetivos típicos son: Antes de una comida: 80 a 130 mg/dL Dos horas después del comienzo de una comida: Menos de 180 mg/dL Sus objetivos de glucosa en sangre pueden ser diferentes según su edad, algún problema de salud adicional que tenga y otros factores. Hable con su equipo de atención médica sobre el mejor rango objetivo para usted. ¿Cuándo y cómo debo controlar mi glucosa en sangre? Si tiene diabetes, es probable que deba controlar su glucosa en sangre


ser diferentes según su edad, algún problema de salud adicional que tenga y otros factores. Hable con su equipo de atención médica sobre el mejor rango objetivo para usted. ¿Cuándo y cómo debo controlar mi glucosa en sangre? Si tiene diabetes, es probable que deba controlar su glucosa en sangre todos los días para asegurarse de que sus valores de glucosa en sangre se encuentren en su rango objetivo. Algunas personas pueden necesitar controlar su glucosa en sangre varias veces al día. Pregúntele a su equipo de atención médica con qué frecuencia debe revisarlo. La forma más común de verificar su nivel de glucosa en sangre en el hogar es con un medidor de glucosa en sangre. Un medidor de glucosa en sangre mide la cantidad de glucosa en una pequeña muestra de sangre, generalmente de la punta de su dedo. El monitoreo continuo de glucosa (MCG) es otra forma de verificar sus niveles de glucosa. La mayoría de los sistemas de MCG utilizan un pequeño sensor que se inserta debajo de la piel. El sensor mide su nivel de glucosa cada pocos minutos. Puede mostrar cambios en su nivel de glucosa durante el día y la noche. Un sistema de MCG es especialmente útil para las personas que usan insulina y tienen problemas de glucosa en sangre baja. Su profesional de la salud también controlará su glucosa en sangre con un análisis de sangre llamado hemoglobina glicosilada (HbA1c o A1C ). Este comprueba su nivel promedio de glucosa en sangre durante los últimos tres meses. En general, las personas con diabetes se hacen una prueba de hemoglobina glicosilada al menos dos veces al año. Pero es posible que necesite la prueba con más frecuencia si no cumple con sus objetivos de tratamiento de la diabetes. ¿Qué ocurre si mi


sangre durante los últimos tres meses. En general, las personas con diabetes se hacen una prueba de hemoglobina glicosilada al menos dos veces al año. Pero es posible que necesite la prueba con más frecuencia si no cumple con sus objetivos de tratamiento de la diabetes. ¿Qué ocurre si mi nivel de glucosa en sangre es demasiado alto? La glucemia alta se llama hiperglucemia . Los síntomas de que sus niveles de glucosa en la sangre pueden ser demasiado altos incluyen: Sensación de sed Sentirse cansado o débil Dolores de cabeza Orinar con frecuencia Visión borrosa Si tiene a menudo niveles altos de glucosa en sangre o síntomas de niveles altos de glucosa en sangre, hable con su equipo de atención médica. Es posible que necesite un cambio en su plan de alimentación para la diabetes, plan de actividad física o medicamentos para la diabetes . El nivel alto de glucosa en la sangre también puede ser causado por otros trastornos que pueden afectar los niveles de insulina o glucosa en la sangre. Estas afecciones incluyen problemas con el páncreas o las glándulas suprarrenales . ¿Qué ocurre si mi nivel de glucosa en sangre se vuelve bajo para mí? La hipoglucemia , también llamada bajo nivel de glucosa en la sangre, ocurre cuando su nivel de glucosa en la sangre cae por debajo de lo que es saludable para usted. Para muchas personas con diabetes, esto significa una lectura de glucosa en sangre inferior a 70 mg/dL. Su cifra puede ser diferente, por lo que consulte con su equipo de atención médica para averiguar qué nivel de glucosa en sangre es bajo para usted. Los síntomas de un nivel bajo de glucosa en la sangre tienden a aparecer rápidamente. Los síntomas pueden ser diferentes para cada persona, pero pueden incluir:


ser diferente, por lo que consulte con su equipo de atención médica para averiguar qué nivel de glucosa en sangre es bajo para usted. Los síntomas de un nivel bajo de glucosa en la sangre tienden a aparecer rápidamente. Los síntomas pueden ser diferentes para cada persona, pero pueden incluir: Agitación Sudoración Nerviosismo o ansiedad Irritabilidad o confusión Mareos Hambre Los niveles bajos de glucosa en sangre pueden ser comunes en las personas con diabetes tipo 1 y diabetes tipo 2 que toman ciertos medicamentos para la diabetes. Si piensa que puede tener un nivel bajo de glucosa en la sangre, verifique su nivel aunque no tenga síntomas. Un nivel bajo de glucosa en la sangre puede ser peligroso y debe tratarse lo antes posible. Aunque es raro, aún puede tener un nivel bajo de glucosa en la sangre sin tener diabetes. Las causas pueden incluir afecciones como enfermedad del hígado , enfermedad renal y deficiencias hormonales (falta de ciertas hormonas). Algunos medicamentos, como ciertas medicinas para el corazón y antibióticos , también pueden causarlo. Consulte a su proveedor para averiguar la causa de su nivel bajo de glucosa en sangre y cómo tratarlo. NIH: Instituto Nacional de la Diabetes y Enfermedades Digestivas y Renales


Gluten is a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. It is found mainly in foods. But it may also be in other products like medicines, vitamins, and supplements. People with gluten sensitivity have problems with gluten. Gluten sensitivity may sometimes be called non-celiac gluten sensitivity or gluten intolerance. Gluten sensitivity is different from celiac disease . Both involve problems with gluten. They can also cause some of the same symptoms, such as abdominal (belly) pain and fatigue . But celiac disease causes damage to the small intestine. Gluten sensitivity does not. Wheat allergy, a type of food allergy , is also different from gluten sensitivity and celiac disease. A wheat allergy can cause some different symptoms, such as itchy eyes or trouble breathing . A wheat allergy does not damage the small intestine. In addition to abdominal pain and fatigue, gluten sensitivity can cause digestive symptoms. They may include gas , diarrhea , and constipation . You may also have other symptoms such as headaches , joint pain, and rashes . Researchers are still learning more about gluten sensitivity. If your health care provider thinks you have it, they may suggest that you stop eating gluten to see if your symptoms go away. However, you should first be tested to make sure that you don't have celiac disease. This may be done with a blood test or biopsies of the small intestine. The symptoms of gluten sensitivity usually get better with a gluten-free diet. But it's important to make sure that you are still getting enough vitamins , minerals , and fiber . Your provider or a dietician can help you plan your diet. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health


La gonorrea es una infección de transmisión sexual (ITS) . Es más común en los adultos jóvenes. La bacteria que causa la gonorrea puede infectar el tracto genital, la boca o el ano. Puede contraerse a través del sexo vaginal, oral o anal con una pareja infectada. Una mujer embarazada puede transmitírsela a su bebé durante el parto. Algunas veces, la gonorrea no provoca síntomas. En los hombres, la gonorrea puede causar dolor al orinar y secreción proveniente del pene. De no tratarse, puede causar problemas en la próstata y testículos. En las mujeres, los primeros síntomas de gonorrea generalmente son leves. A medida que pasa el tiempo, puede provocar hemorragias entre los períodos menstruales, dolor al orinar y aumento de las secreciones vaginales. De no tratarse, puede provocar la enfermedad inflamatoria pélvica , que causa problemas en el embarazo e infertilidad. Su profesional de la salud puede diagnosticar la gonorrea con exámenes de laboratorio. El tratamiento consiste en antibióticos. El tratamiento se está volviendo más difícil a raíz del aumento de cepas resistentes a los medicamentos. El uso correcto de preservativos de látex reduce enormemente, aunque no elimina, el riesgo de contraer y contagiar la gonorrea. Si su pareja es alérgica al látex , puede ayudar usar condones de poliuretano. La forma más confiable de evitar la infección es no tener sexo anal, vaginal u oral. Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades


Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection (STI). It is most common in young adults. The bacteria that cause gonorrhea can infect the genital tract, mouth, or anus. You can get gonorrhea during vaginal, oral, or anal sex with an infected partner. A pregnant woman can pass it to her baby during childbirth. Gonorrhea does not always cause symptoms. In men, gonorrhea can cause pain when urinating and discharge from the penis. If untreated, it can cause problems with the prostate and testicles. In women, the early symptoms of gonorrhea often are mild. Later, it can cause bleeding between periods, pain when urinating, and increased discharge from the vagina. If untreated, it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease , which causes problems with pregnancy and infertility. Your health care provider will diagnose gonorrhea with lab tests. Treatment is with antibiotics. Treating gonorrhea is becoming more difficult because drug-resistant strains are increasing. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading gonorrhea. If your or your partner is allergic to latex , you can use polyurethane condoms. The most reliable way to avoid infection is to not have anal, vaginal, or oral sex. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention