how much fiber a product has. Try to avoid foods that have a lot of added sugar. These foods can have many calories but not much nutrition. Eating too much added sugar raises your blood sugar and can make you gain weight. You can tell if a food or drink has added sugars by looking at the Nutrition Facts label on the back of the food package. It tells you how much total sugar and added sugar is in that food or drink. How many carbohydrates should I eat? There is no one-size-fits-all amount of carbohydrates that people should eat. This amount can vary, depending on factors such as your age, sex, health, and whether or not you are trying to lose or gain weight. On average, people should get 45 to 65% of their calories from carbohydrates every day. On the Nutrition Facts labels, the Daily Value for total carbohydrates is 275 g per day. This is based on a 2,000-calorie daily diet. Your Daily Value may be higher or lower depending on your calorie needs and health. Is it safe to eat a low-carb diet? Some people go on a low-carb diet to try to lose weight. This usually means eating between 25 g and 150 g of carbs each day. This kind of diet can be safe, but you should talk to your health care provider before starting it. One problem with low-carb diets is that they can limit the amount of fiber you get each day. They can also be hard to stay on for the long term.


Carbon monoxide (CO) is a gas that has no odor or color. But it is very dangerous. It can cause sudden illness and death. CO is found in combustion fumes, such as those made by cars and trucks, lanterns, stoves, gas ranges and heating systems. CO from these fumes can build up in places that don't have a good flow of fresh air. You can be poisoned by breathing them in. The most common symptoms of CO poisoning are: Headache Dizziness Weakness Nausea Vomiting Chest pain Confusion It is often hard to tell if someone has CO poisoning, because the symptoms may be like those of other illnesses. People who are sleeping or intoxicated can die from CO poisoning before they have symptoms. A CO detector can warn you if you have high levels of CO in your home. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Carcinoid tumors are rare, slow-growing cancers. They usually start in the lining of the digestive tract or in the lungs. They grow slowly and don't produce symptoms in the early stages. As a result, the average age of people diagnosed with digestive or lung carcinoids is about 60. In later stages the tumors sometimes produce hormones that can cause carcinoid syndrome. The syndrome causes flushing of the face and upper chest, diarrhea, and trouble breathing. Surgery is the main treatment for carcinoid tumors. If they haven't spread to other parts of the body, surgery can cure the cancer.


Los tumores carcinoides son cánceres raros y de crecimiento lento. Comienzan en la membrana interna de las vías digestivas o en los pulmones. Crecen lentamente y no presentan síntomas en las etapas tempranas. Debido a esto, la edad promedio de las personas al momento del diagnóstico es aproximadamente de 60 años de edad. En etapas más avanzadas, el tumor a veces produce hormonas que provocan síndrome carcinoide. El síndrome causa enrojecimiento de la cara y la parte superior del pecho, diarrea y problemas respiratorios. El principal tratamiento para los carcinoides es la cirugía. Si no se han diseminado a otras partes del cuerpo, la cirugía puede curar el cáncer.


Cardiac rehabilitation (rehab) is a medically supervised program to help people who have: A heart attack Angioplasty or coronary artery bypass grafting for coronary heart disease A heart valve repair or replacement A heart transplant or a lung transplant Angina Heart failure The goal is to help you return to an active life, and to reduce the risk of further heart problems. A team of specialists will create a plan for you that includes exercise training, education on heart healthy living, and counseling to reduce stress. You will learn how to reduce your risk factors, such as high blood pressure, high blood cholesterol, depression, and diabetes. Being overweight, having obesity, smoking, and not exercising are other risk factors. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute


Cardiomiopatía es el nombre que se usa para llamar a las enfermedades del músculo cardíaco. Estas enfermedades aumentan el tamaño del corazón o lo hacen más grueso y rígido que lo normal. En raros casos, el tejido cicatrizante reemplaza el tejido muscular. Algunas personas con cardiomiopatía tienen vidas largas y sanas. Muchas de ellas no se dan cuenta de que la tienen. Sin embargo, en otros casos puede hacer que el corazón sea menos capaz de bombear sangre a todo el cuerpo. Esto puede causar complicaciones serias, entre ellas: Insuficiencia cardiaca Ritmos cardíacos anormales Paro cardíaco Los infartos , la hipertensión arterial , algunas infecciones y otras enfermedades también pueden causar cardiomiopatía. Algunos tipos de cardiomiopatía son hereditarios. A pesar de eso, en muchas personas se desconoce la causa. El tratamiento puede incluir medicinas, cirugía, otros procedimientos médicos y cambios en el estilo de vida. NIH: Instituto Nacional del Corazón, los Pulmones y la Sangre


Cardiomyopathy is the name for diseases of the heart muscle. These diseases enlarge your heart muscle or make it thicker and more rigid than normal. In rare cases, scar tissue replaces the muscle tissue. Some people live long, healthy lives with cardiomyopathy. Some people don't even realize they have it. In others, however, it can make the heart less able to pump blood through the body. This can cause serious complications, including: Heart failure Abnormal heart rhythms Heart valve problems Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) Heart attacks , high blood pressure , infections, and other diseases can all cause cardiomyopathy. Some types of cardiomyopathy run in families. In many people, however, the cause is unknown. Treatment might involve medicines, surgery, other medical procedures, and lifestyle changes. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute


What is a caregiver? A caregiver gives care to someone who needs help taking care of themselves. The person who needs help may be a child, an adult, or an older adult. They may need help because of an injury, chronic illness, or disability . Some caregivers are informal caregivers. They are usually family members or friends. Other caregivers are paid professionals. Caregivers may give care at home or in a hospital or other health care setting. Sometimes they are caregiving from a distance. The types of tasks that caregivers do may include: Helping with daily tasks like bathing, eating, or taking medicine Arranging activities and medical care Making health and financial decisions How does caregiving affect the caregiver? Caregiving can be rewarding. It may help to strengthen connections to a loved one. You may feel fulfillment from helping someone else. But caregiving may also be stressful and sometimes even overwhelming. Caregiving may involve meeting complex demands without any training or help. You may also be working and have children or others to care for. To meet all of the demands, you might be putting your own needs and feelings aside. But that's not good for your long-term health. But you need to make sure that you are also taking care of yourself. What is caregiver stress? Many caregivers are affected by caregiver stress . This is the stress that comes from the emotional and physical strain of caregiving. The signs include: Feeling overwhelmed Feeling alone, isolated, or deserted by others Sleeping too much or too little Gaining or losing a lot of weight Feeling tired most of the time Losing interest in activities you used to enjoy Becoming easily irritated or angered Feeling worried or sad often Having headaches or body aches often Turning to unhealthy behaviors like smoking


others Sleeping too much or too little Gaining or losing a lot of weight Feeling tired most of the time Losing interest in activities you used to enjoy Becoming easily irritated or angered Feeling worried or sad often Having headaches or body aches often Turning to unhealthy behaviors like smoking or drinking too much alcohol How can caregiver stress affect my health? Long-term caregiver stress may put you at risk for many different health problems. Some of these problems can be serious. They include: Depression and anxiety A weak immune system Excess weight and obesity Chronic diseases such as heart disease , cancer, diabetes , or arthritis . Depression and obesity can raise the risk of these diseases even more. Problems with short-term memory or paying attention What can I do to prevent or relieve caregiver stress? Taking steps to prevent or relieve caregiver stress may help prevent health problems. Remember that if you feel better, you can take better care of your loved one. It will also be easier to focus on the rewards of caregiving. Some ways to help yourself include: Learning better ways to help your loved one. For examples, hospitals offer classes that can teach you how to care for someone with an injury or illness. Finding caregiving resources in your community to help you. Many communities have adult daycare services or respite services. Using one of these can give you a break from your caregiving duties. Asking for and accepting help. Make a list of ways others can help you. Let helpers choose what they would like to do. For instance, someone might sit with the person you care for while you do an errand. Someone else might pick up groceries for you. Joining a support group for caregivers. A support group can allow you


ways others can help you. Let helpers choose what they would like to do. For instance, someone might sit with the person you care for while you do an errand. Someone else might pick up groceries for you. Joining a support group for caregivers. A support group can allow you to share stories, pick up caregiving tips, and get support from others who face the same challenges as you do. Being organized to make caregiving more manageable. Make to-do lists and set a daily routine. Staying in touch with family and friends. It's important for you to have emotional support. Taking care of your own health. Try to find time to be physically active on most days of the week, choose healthy foods, and get enough sleep . Make sure that you keep up with your medical care such as regular checkups and screenings . Considering taking a break from your job , if you also work and are feeling overwhelmed. Under the federal Family and Medical Leave Act, eligible employees can take up to 12 weeks of unpaid leave per year to care for relatives. Check with your human resources office about your options. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health


A caregiver gives care to someone who needs help taking care of themselves. The person who needs help may be a child, an adult, or an older adult. They may need help because of an injury or disability . Or they may have a chronic illness such as Alzheimer's disease or cancer. Some caregivers are informal caregivers. They are usually family members or friends. Other caregivers are paid professionals. Caregivers may give care at home or in a hospital or other health care setting. Sometimes they are caregiving from a distance. The types of tasks that caregivers do may include: Helping with daily tasks like bathing, eating, or taking medicine Doing housework and cooking Running errands such as shopping for food and clothes Driving the person to appointments Providing company and emotional support Arranging activities and medical care Making health and financial decisions Caregiving can be rewarding. It may help to strengthen connections to a loved one. You may feel fulfillment from helping someone else. But caregiving may also be stressful and sometimes even overwhelming. You may be "on call" for 24 hours a day. You may also be working outside the home and taking care of children. So you need to make sure that you are not ignoring your own needs. You have to take care of your own physical and mental health as well. Because when you feel better, you can take better care of your loved one. It will also be easier to focus on the rewards of caregiving. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health


¿Qué es una caries? La caries es el daño en la superficie o esmalte de un diente. Ocurre cuando bacterias en la boca fabrican ácido que ataca el esmalte. Las caries son huecos en el diente. Si no son tratadas, pueden causar dolor, infección e incluso pérdida de dientes. ¿Cuál es la causa de las caries? Nuestras bocas están llenas de bacteria. Algunas bacterias son beneficiosas, pero otras dañinas, incluyendo las que causan las caries. Estas bacterias se mezclan con la comida para formar una capa pegajosa llamada placa bacteriana. Las bacterias usan el azúcar y el almidón que usted come y toma para fabricar ácidos. Estos ácidos corroen los minerales del esmalte. Con el tiempo, la placa se endurece y forma el sarro. Además de dañar sus dientes, la placa y el sarro puede irritar sus encías y causar enfermedades de las encías . Usted obtiene el flúor de la pasta dental, agua y otras fuentes. Este flúor, junto a la saliva, ayuda al esmalte a repararse a sí mismo al reemplazar los minerales perdidos. Sus dientes pasan por este proceso de perder y recuperar minerales durante el día. Pero si no cuida sus dientes y/o come muchos alimentos azucarados, su esmalte seguirá perdiendo minerales. Esto conduce a la aparición de caries. Puede aparecer una mancha blanca donde se han perdido minerales. Este es un signo temprano de caries. Es posible que pueda detenerla o revertirla. Su esmalte aún puede repararse a sí mismo si cuida mejor sus dientes y limita los alimentos y bebidas azucarados o almidonados. Pero si el proceso de caries dental continúa, se pierden más minerales. Con el tiempo, el esmalte se debilita y se destruye, formando una caries, o un agujero en su diente. Este es un daño permanente que un dentista tiene que


y limita los alimentos y bebidas azucarados o almidonados. Pero si el proceso de caries dental continúa, se pierden más minerales. Con el tiempo, el esmalte se debilita y se destruye, formando una caries, o un agujero en su diente. Este es un daño permanente que un dentista tiene que reparar con un relleno. ¿Quién está en riesgo de caries? Los principales factores de riesgo de caries dental son descuidar sus dientes y consumir demasiadas comidas y bebidas azucaradas o con almidón. Algunas personas tienen un mayor riesgo de caries dentales, incluyendo quieres: No tienen suficiente saliva debido a medicamentos, ciertas enfermedades o algunos tratamientos para el cáncer No obtener suficiente flúor Son muy jóvenes. Los bebés y niños pequeños que toman biberón están en riesgo, especialmente si se les da jugo o se los toman a la hora de acostarse. Esto expone sus dientes a los azúcares durante largos períodos de tiempo Son mayores. Muchos adultos mayores tienen encías en retroceso y más desgaste en sus dientes. Estos aumentan el riesgo de caries en las superficies expuestas de las raíces de sus dientes ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de las caries? La caries dental temprana por lo general no tiene síntomas. A medida que la caries empeora, puede causar: Dolor de dientes Sensibilidad a los dulces, calientes o fríos Manchas blancas o marrones en la superficie de un diente Un hueco Una infección que puede provocar la formación de un absceso (bolsa de pus). El absceso puede causar dolor, hinchazón facial y fiebre ¿Cómo se diagnostican las caries? En general, los dentistas encuentran caries al observar sus dientes y examinarlos con instrumentos dentales. Su dentista también le preguntará si tiene algún síntoma. A veces es posible que necesite una radiografía dental. ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para las caries? Existen varios


facial y fiebre ¿Cómo se diagnostican las caries? En general, los dentistas encuentran caries al observar sus dientes y examinarlos con instrumentos dentales. Su dentista también le preguntará si tiene algún síntoma. A veces es posible que necesite una radiografía dental. ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para las caries? Existen varios tratamientos para la caries dental. El tratamiento que reciba depende de qué tan serio sea el problema: Tratamientos con flúor: Si tiene caries dental temprana, un tratamiento con flúor puede ayudar al esmalte a repararse por sí mismo Rellenos: Si tiene una caries típica, su dentista removerá el tejido dental cariado y luego lo restaurará llenándolo con un material de relleno Tratamiento de conducto: Si el daño al diente y/o una infección se extienden a la pulpa (interior del diente), es posible que necesite una endodoncia. Su dentista extirpará la pulpa cariada y limpiará el interior del diente y la raíz. El siguiente paso es tapar el diente con un relleno temporal. Luego tendrá que regresar para obtener un relleno permanente o una corona (una cubierta en el diente) Extracción: En los casos más severos, cuando el daño a la pulpa no puede ser reparado, su dentista puede sacar el diente. Su dentista le sugerirá que obtenga un puente o implante para reemplazar la pieza faltante. De lo contrario, los dientes junto a la pieza extraída pueden moverse y cambiar su mordida ¿Se puede prevenir la caries dental? Hay pasos que puede tomar para prevenir la caries dental: Obtenga suficiente flúor Cepíllese con una pasta dental con flúor Beba agua del grifo con flúor. La mayoría del agua embotellada no contiene flúor Use un enjuague bucal con flúor Practique una buena salud bucal al cepillarse los dientes dos veces al día con una pasta dental con fluoruro y usar hilo


flúor Cepíllese con una pasta dental con flúor Beba agua del grifo con flúor. La mayoría del agua embotellada no contiene flúor Use un enjuague bucal con flúor Practique una buena salud bucal al cepillarse los dientes dos veces al día con una pasta dental con fluoruro y usar hilo dental regularmente Opte por alimentos y bebidas que no tengan un alto contenido de azúcares y almidones. Consuma comidas nutritivas, balanceadas y limite las meriendas No use productos de tabaco, incluido el tabaco sin humo . Si actualmente consume tabaco, considere dejar de fumar Visite a un dentista para chequeos regulares y limpiezas profesionales Asegúrese de que a sus hijos le sellen los dientes. Los selladores dentales son recubrimientos plásticos delgados que protegen las superficies de los dientes posteriores. Los niños deben ponerse selladores en sus dientes traseros tan pronto salgan, antes de que las caries puedan atacar los dientes NIH: Instituto Nacional de Investigación Dental y Craneofacial


Your carotid arteries are two large blood vessels in your neck. They supply your brain and head with blood. If you have carotid artery disease, the arteries become narrow or blocked, usually because of atherosclerosis . Atherosclerosis is the buildup of plaque, which is made up of fat, cholesterol , calcium, and other substances found in the blood. Carotid artery disease is serious because it can block the blood flow to your brain, causing a stroke . Too much plaque in the artery can cause a blockage. You can also have a blockage when a piece of plaque or a blood clot breaks off the wall of an artery. The plaque or clot can travel through the bloodstream and get stuck in one of your brain's smaller arteries. Carotid artery disease often does not cause symptoms until the blockage or narrowing is severe. One sign may be a bruit (whooshing sound) that your doctor hears when listening to your artery with a stethoscope. Another sign is a transient ischemic attack (TIA), a "mini-stroke." A TIA is like a stroke, but it only lasts a few minutes, and the symptoms usually go away within an hour. Stroke is another sign. Imaging tests can confirm whether you have carotid artery disease. Treatments may include: Healthy lifestyle changes Medicines Carotid endarterectomy, surgery to remove the plaque Angioplasty , a procedure to place a balloon and stent into the artery to open it and hold it open NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute


What is carpal tunnel syndrome? Carpal tunnel syndrome is the name for a group of problems that includes numbness, tingling, weakness, or pain in your wrist or hand . It's a very common condition that happens when a nerve in your wrist becomes squeezed. The carpal tunnel is a narrow opening between the bones in your wrist and the ligament that holds them together. A nerve, called the median nerve, runs from your lower arm through the carpal tunnel and into your hand. This nerve provides feeling to your thumb and first three fingers. It also helps you move your thumb. Tendons also run from your lower arm, through the carpal tunnel, and into your hand. The tendons connect your finger bones to muscles in your arm, so you can bend your fingers. If the tendons become swollen or irritated inside the carpal tunnel, they may press on the nerve. The squeezed nerve may not work well, which can lead to numbness, weakness, and other symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome. What causes carpal tunnel syndrome? In certain cases, the cause of carpal tunnel syndrome is unknown. But it usually happens from a combination of things that affect the structures in your wrist, such as: Injury to your wrist that causes swelling, such as a sprain or broken bone Health conditions that can affect your nerves , joints , or other parts of your wrist, for example: Diabetes . Rheumatoid arthritis . A cyst or tumor in your wrist. Changes in certain hormones , which may cause swelling from extra fluid in your body. Examples include an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), pregnancy and menopause. Problems with the way your wrist is formed. Doing the same wrist and hand movements over and over, such as: Assembly line work. Carpentry or using tools


certain hormones , which may cause swelling from extra fluid in your body. Examples include an underactive thyroid gland (hypothyroidism), pregnancy and menopause. Problems with the way your wrist is formed. Doing the same wrist and hand movements over and over, such as: Assembly line work. Carpentry or using tools that vibrate. Knitting, gardening, or sports, such as golf. Researchers aren't sure whether long-term typing or computer use leads to carpal tunnel syndrome. Who is more likely to develop carpal tunnel syndrome? Carpal tunnel syndrome usually happens only in adults. You're more likely to develop it if you: Are a woman. Women are three times more likely to have carpal tunnel syndrome than men. Have a health condition that may affect structures in your wrist. Do activities with repeated hand motions. Have had a wrist injury. Have a close relative who has had carpal tunnel syndrome, such as a parent, brother or sister. What are the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome? You may feel numbness, tingling or burning in your fingers, especially in your thumb, index, and middle fingers. Symptoms often affect both hands. In the early stages, symptoms usually: Start slowly in your dominant hand (the one you write with) Happen at night if you sleep with your wrists bent As symptoms get worse, you may notice: Tingling, pain, or weakness with certain activities, such as driving or holding a phone Difficulty grasping or holding small things Feeling like your fingers are swollen when they're not Without treatment, you could lose feeling in some fingers and have permanent weakness in your thumb. But early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent lasting damage. How is carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosed? To find out if you have carpal tunnel syndrome, your health care provider will: Ask about your medical history Ask about


could lose feeling in some fingers and have permanent weakness in your thumb. But early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent lasting damage. How is carpal tunnel syndrome diagnosed? To find out if you have carpal tunnel syndrome, your health care provider will: Ask about your medical history Ask about your family health history Do a physical exam Order tests if needed , such as: Lab tests to look for diseases that may damage nerves X-rays to look for broken bones or arthritis Tests to measure the electrical activity in your nerves and muscles Ultrasound to check the nerve in the carpal tunnel What are the treatments for carpal tunnel syndrome? It's easier to treat carpal tunnel syndrome early on, so you should start treatment as soon as possible. Your provider will first treat any health conditions you have that may cause your symptoms. The next step would be treatments for carpal tunnel syndrome. They may include: Wrist splints (usually worn at night). Rest. Medicines to reduce swelling and pain: Over-the-counter pain relievers , such as aspirin, ibuprofen, and naproxen sodium. Prescription steroids , either pills or an injection (shot) into your wrist. Other therapies (complementary and integrative medicine) . Research shows that yoga may help with pain and weakness. Some people may find acupuncture and chiropractic care helpful, but research hasn't shown that these therapies can improve carpal tunnel syndrome. If you want to try other therapies, talk with your provider first. Surgery to make more space in the carpal tunnel. Surgery may be an option if your symptoms are severe and other treatments don't work. It involves cutting the wrist ligament to take pressure off the nerve. Recovery may take months. Carpal tunnel syndrome rarely comes back after surgery, but mild symptoms may last. Can carpal tunnel syndrome


carpal tunnel. Surgery may be an option if your symptoms are severe and other treatments don't work. It involves cutting the wrist ligament to take pressure off the nerve. Recovery may take months. Carpal tunnel syndrome rarely comes back after surgery, but mild symptoms may last. Can carpal tunnel syndrome be prevented? You may help prevent carpal tunnel syndrome if you protect your wrists: Use good posture to keep your wrists in a natural position. Keep your hands warm to keep your muscles flexible. Fingerless gloves may help. Take work breaks and vary your tasks. Stretch and exercise your hands and wrists. Organize your workspace and tools to reduce strain on your hands and wrists.


Cartilage is the tough but flexible tissue that covers the ends of your bones at a joint. It also gives shape and support to other parts of your body, such as your ears, nose and windpipe. Healthy cartilage helps you move by allowing your bones to glide over each other. It also protects bones by preventing them from rubbing against each other. Injured, inflamed, or damaged cartilage can cause symptoms such as pain and limited movement. It can also lead to joint damage and deformity. Causes of cartilage problems include : Tears and injuries, such as sports injuries Genetic factors Other disorders, such as some types of arthritis Osteoarthritis results from breakdown of cartilage. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


Caspa, costra láctea y otras afecciones del cuero cabelludo

El cuero cabelludo es la piel que cubre la parte superior de su cabeza. A menos que se le caiga el pelo , el cabello crece en el cuero cabelludo. Diferentes problemas de la piel pueden afectar su cuero cabelludo. La caspa es una descamación de la piel. Las escamas son amarillas o blancas. La caspa puede provocar picazón en su cuero cabelludo. Por lo general, comienza después de la pubertad y es más común en los hombres. Usualmente, la caspa es un síntoma de la dermatitis seborreica o seborrea, una afección de la piel que causa enrojecimiento e irritación. La mayoría de las veces, el uso de un champú anticaspa puede ayudar a controlar la caspa. Si eso no funciona, contacte a su proveedor de salud. Hay un tipo de dermatitis seborreica que puede afectar a los bebés, la costra láctea. Por lo general, dura unos pocos meses y luego desaparece por sí sola. Además del cuero cabelludo, a veces puede afectar otras partes del cuerpo, como los párpados, las axilas, la ingle y las orejas. Lavar el cabello de su bebé todos los días con un champú suave y frotar suavemente el cuero cabelludo con los dedos o con un cepillo suave puede ayudar. Para los casos severos, el médico puede recetarle algún champú o crema. Otros problemas que pueden afectar el cuero cabelludo incluyen: Tiña del cuero cabelludo: Infección por hongos que causa manchas rojas en la cabeza que causan picazón. También puede dejar áreas calvas. Por lo general, afecta a los niños Psoriasis del cuero cabelludo: Causa manchas que pican o piel gruesa, roja con escamas plateadas que provocan dolor. Cerca de la mitad de las personas con psoriasis la presentan en su cuero cabelludo


Cat scratch disease (CSD) is an illness caused by the bacterium Bartonella henselae. Almost half of all cats carry the infection at some point. The infection does not make cats sick. However, the scratch or bite of an infected cat can cause symptoms in people, including : Swollen lymph nodes , especially around the head, neck, and upper limbs Fever Headache Fatigue Poor appetite For people with weak immune systems, CSD may cause more serious problems. The best way to avoid CSD is to avoid rough play with cats that could lead to scratches or bites. If you do get a scratch or bite, wash it well with soap and water. If the bite or scratch gets infected or if you have symptoms of CSD, call your doctor. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


What are cataracts? A cataract is a clouding of the clear lens inside your eye. This cloudiness blocks light from reaching the back of the eye, making it harder to see clearly. A cataract can affect one or both eyes, but it doesn't spread from one eye to the other. Cataracts usually develop slowly. As they get worse, your vision can become blurry or dim. Brighter lighting or new eyeglasses may help at first, but if cataracts begin to interfere with your daily activities, you may need cataract surgery. Without treatment, cataracts can cause severe or even permanent loss of vision . What causes cataracts? Most cataracts develop as part of the normal aging process. This happens when the protein in the lens of your eye clumps together. Over time, these protein clumps grow larger and thicker, making it harder to see. The lens may turn yellow or brown, which can affect how you see colors. Cataracts can also develop after an eye injury or surgery for another eye condition, like glaucoma . Who is more likely to develop cataracts? Cataracts are very common in older adults. By age 80, more than half of all Americans either have a cataract or have had cataract surgery. Your risk for developing cataracts increases as you get older. You may also be at an increased risk if you: Have certain health problems, like diabetes Have a family history of cataracts Have had an eye injury or eye surgery Take steroid medicines, used to treat conditions like arthritis or allergies Smoke Drink excessive amounts of alcohol Have spent a lot of time in the sun What are the symptoms of cataracts? You may not notice cataracts at first because they usually develop slowly. That's why regular eye exams are important. Common symptoms may include:


treat conditions like arthritis or allergies Smoke Drink excessive amounts of alcohol Have spent a lot of time in the sun What are the symptoms of cataracts? You may not notice cataracts at first because they usually develop slowly. That's why regular eye exams are important. Common symptoms may include: Blurry or cloudy vision Colors that seem faded Glare from headlights, lamps, or sunlight that seems too bright Halos around lights Not being able to see well at night Double vision (this may go away as the cataract gets bigger) Frequent changes in your glasses or contact lens prescription Trouble reading or doing other everyday activities Talk with your provider about these symptoms since they could also be signs of other eye problems . How are cataracts diagnosed? A comprehensive eye exam is the best way to check for cataracts. Your provider will do several tests to check your vision and eye health. This includes a dilated eye exam, where your pupils are widened with special eye drops. This allows more light to enter your eye so your provider can clearly see tissues at the back. How are cataracts treated? Surgery is the only way to remove a cataract. At first, you may be able to improve your vision with new glasses and brighter lighting. But if cataracts are getting in the way of everyday activities like reading, driving, or watching TV, surgery is an option. During surgery, the cloudy lens is removed and replaced with an artificial lens, called an intraocular lens (IOL). Can cataracts be prevented? If you're worried that you're at risk for cataracts, talk to your provider to see if there's anything you can do to lower your risk. A few ways to protect your eyes include: Wear sunglasses and a wide-brimmed hat to block ultraviolet


an intraocular lens (IOL). Can cataracts be prevented? If you're worried that you're at risk for cataracts, talk to your provider to see if there's anything you can do to lower your risk. A few ways to protect your eyes include: Wear sunglasses and a wide-brimmed hat to block ultraviolet (UV) sunlight and help delay cataracts. Protect your eyes from injury when using power tools or playing certain sports. Eat a healthy diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, leafy greens, nuts, and whole grains. NIH: National Eye Institute


¿Qué son las cataratas? Una catarata se refiere a cuando se nubla el cristalino, también llamado lente de su ojo. Esta opacidad bloquea la luz y no permite que alcance la parte posterior de su ojo, por lo que es más difícil ver con claridad. La catarata puede afectar uno o ambos ojos, pero no es posible que se contagie de uno a otro. Las cataratas suelen aparecer lentamente. A medida que empeoran, su visión puede volverse borrosa o disminuir. Una iluminación más brillante o unos anteojos nuevos pueden ayudar al principio, pero si la catarata comienza a interferir con sus actividades diarias, usted podría necesitar una cirugía. Si no se tratan, las cataratas pueden causar pérdida de la visión severa o incluso permanente. ¿Qué causa las cataratas? La mayoría de las cataratas se desarrollan como parte normal del proceso de envejecimiento. Esto sucede cuando la proteína que recubre el cristalino se amontona. Con el paso del tiempo, este cúmulo de proteína crece y se hace más grueso, por lo que ver se vuelve más difícil. El cristalino puede volverse amarillo o café, lo que afecta cómo usted ve los colores. Las cataratas también pueden formarse tras una lesión en el ojo o después de una cirugía para tratar otra condición en el ojo, como el glaucoma . ¿Quiénes tienen más riesgo de desarrollar cataratas? Las cataratas son muy comunes en las personas mayores. A los 80 años, más de la mitad de las personas que viven en los Estados Unidos tienen cataratas o se han sometido a una cirugía de cataratas. Su riesgo de desarrollar cataratas aumenta a medida que envejece. También podría tener mayor riesgo si usted: Tiene ciertos problemas de salud, como diabetes Tiene un historial familiar de cataratas Ha tenido una lesión en el ojo o


Unidos tienen cataratas o se han sometido a una cirugía de cataratas. Su riesgo de desarrollar cataratas aumenta a medida que envejece. También podría tener mayor riesgo si usted: Tiene ciertos problemas de salud, como diabetes Tiene un historial familiar de cataratas Ha tenido una lesión en el ojo o se ha sometido a cirugía del ojo Toma medicamentos con esteroides , utilizados para tratar condiciones como la artritis o la alergia Fuma Consume cantidades excesivas del alcohol Ha pasado mucho tiempo al sol ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de las cataratas? Usted podría no notar las cataratas al inicio porque suelen desarrollarse lentamente. Por esto son muy importantes los exámenes regulares de los ojos . Los síntomas comunes incluyen: Visión borrosa Colores que parecen desteñidos Resplandor alrededor de faros, lámparas o que la luz del sol se vea demasiado brillante Halos alrededor de las luces Dificultad para ver bien de noche Ver doble (esto puede desaparecer a medida que la catarata crece) Cambios frecuentes en las recetas de sus lentes Problemas al leer o realizar actividades cotidianas Converse con su proveedor acerca de estos síntomas, ya que pueden ser también señales de otros problemas de los ojos . ¿Cómo se diagnostican las cataratas? La mejor forma de detectar las cataratas es a través de un examen ocular profundo. Su proveedor le realizará varias pruebas para revisar su visión y la salud de su ojo. Esto incluye una prueba del ojo dilatado, en la que sus pupilas se ensanchan con gotas especiales para los ojos. Esto permite que entre más luz en su ojo y que su proveedor vea con claridad los tejidos en la parte posterior. ¿Cómo se tratan las cataratas? La única manera de remover una catarata es a través de una cirugía. Al inicio, podría mejorar su visión


especiales para los ojos. Esto permite que entre más luz en su ojo y que su proveedor vea con claridad los tejidos en la parte posterior. ¿Cómo se tratan las cataratas? La única manera de remover una catarata es a través de una cirugía. Al inicio, podría mejorar su visión con anteojos nuevos y una iluminación más brillante. Sin embargo, si las cataratas interfieren en sus actividades diarias como leer, conducir o ver televisión, la cirugía es una opción. Durante el procedimiento, el cristalino opaco es removido y se reemplaza con un lente artificial llamado lente intraocular. ¿Se pueden prevenir las cataratas? Si le preocupa su riesgo de desarrollar cataratas, converse con su proveedor para explorar si hay algo que pueda hacer para reducir su riesgo. Algunas formas de proteger sus ojos incluyen: Usar anteojos de sol y un sombrero amplio para bloquear los rayos ultravioleta (UV) del sol y ayudar a retrasar las cataratas Protegerse de posibles lesiones en los ojos cuando utiliza herramientas o practica ciertos deportes Consumir una dieta saludable con abundantes frutas, vegetales, hortalizas de hojas verdes, frutos secos y granos enteros NIH: Instituto Nacional del Ojo


Las caídas pueden ser peligrosas a cualquier edad. Los bebés y los niños pequeños pueden lastimarse al caerse de los muebles o al bajar las escaleras. Los niños mayores pueden caerse de los juegos en el parque. Para las personas mayores, las caídas pueden ser especialmente graves y tienen un mayor riesgo de caerse. También es más probable que se quiebren un hueso al caerse, especialmente si tienen osteoporosis . Un hueso roto, sobre todo cuando es la cadera , puede incluso llevar a la discapacidad y la pérdida de independencia de los adultos mayores. Algunas causas comunes de caídas incluyen: Problemas de equilibrio Algunos medicamentos, que pueden hacer que se sienta mareado, confundido o lento Problemas de la vista Beber alcohol, lo que puede afectar su equilibrio y reflejos Debilidad muscular, especialmente en las piernas, que puede hacer que le resulte más difícil levantarse de una silla o mantener el equilibrio cuando camina sobre una superficie irregular Ciertas enfermedades, como presión arterial baja , diabetes y neuropatía Reflejos lentos, que hacen que sea difícil mantener el equilibrio o alejarse de algún peligro Tropezar o resbalar debido a la pérdida de equilibrio o tracción A cualquier edad, las personas pueden hacer cambios para reducir el riesgo de caídas. Es importante cuidar su salud, incluso hacerse exámenes de ojos regulares. Hacer ejercicio puede disminuir su riesgo de caídas al fortalecer sus músculos, mejorar su equilibrio y mantener sus huesos fuertes. Y puede buscar formas de hacer que su casa sea más segura. Por ejemplo, puede eliminar cosas que pueden hacerle tropezar y colocar barandas en las escaleras y en el baño. Para reducir las posibilidades de quebrarse un hueso si se cae, asegúrese de tomar suficiente calcio y vitamina D . NIH: Instituto Nacional sobre el Envejecimiento


What is celiac disease? Celiac disease is a chronic (long-term) digestive and immune disorder that damages your small intestine. The damage may prevent your body from absorbing vitamins , minerals , and other nutrients from the food you eat. This can lead to malnutrition and other serious health problems Celiac disease is triggered by eating foods that contain gluten. Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, rye, and other grains. It may also be in other products like vitamins and supplements , hair and skin products, toothpastes, and lip balm. Celiac disease is different from gluten sensitivity . Both involve problems with gluten and can cause some of the same symptoms, such as abdominal (belly) pain and fatigue . But gluten sensitivity does not damage the small intestine like celiac disease does. Wheat allergy, a type of food allergy , is also different. With both celiac disease and wheat allergy, your immune system is reacting to wheat. But with wheat allergy, you can have some different symptoms, such as itchy eyes or trouble breathing . And a wheat allergy will not cause long-term damage to the small intestine. What causes celiac disease? The exact cause of celiac disease is not known. Research suggests that celiac disease only happens in people who have certain genes and eat food that contains gluten. Researchers are studying other factors that may play a role in causing the disease. Who is more likely to develop celiac disease? Celiac disease is more common if you: Have a family member who has the disease Have Down syndrome , Turner syndrome , or Williams syndrome Are White Are female What are the symptoms of celiac disease? The symptoms of celiac disease can be different from person to person. Sometimes the symptoms may come and go. Some people


Have a family member who has the disease Have Down syndrome , Turner syndrome , or Williams syndrome Are White Are female What are the symptoms of celiac disease? The symptoms of celiac disease can be different from person to person. Sometimes the symptoms may come and go. Some people may not notice any symptoms. Some of the possible symptoms affect your digestive system. Digestive symptoms are more common in children than in adults. The digestive symptoms include: Bloating (feeling fullness or swelling in your belly) Chronic (long-term) diarrhea or greasy, bulky, unusually bad-smelling stool (poop) Constipation Gas Lactose intolerance because of damage to the small intestine Nausea and vomiting Pain in the abdomen (belly) Weight loss in adults, or not enough weight gain in children Some people with celiac disease have symptoms that affect other parts of the body, such as: Fatigue Depression and anxiety Irritability (in children) Dermatitis herpetiformis, an itchy rash with blisters (mainly in adults) Bone or joint pain Symptoms involving the mouth, such as canker sores or dry mouth What other problems can celiac disease cause? Over time, celiac disease can cause other health problems, especially if it is not treated. These problems can include: Malnutrition Anemia , especially iron-deficiency anemia Bone loss Nervous system problems such as headaches , balance problems , or peripheral neuropathy Reproductive problems, such as missed menstrual periods and miscarriages in women and infertility in men and women How is celiac disease diagnosed? If you have symptoms of celiac disease, your health care provider will look for signs that you might have celiac disease. To do this, your provider will get your medical and family history and do a physical exam. If your provider thinks that you could have celiac disease, you will have some tests. Providers most often use


your health care provider will look for signs that you might have celiac disease. To do this, your provider will get your medical and family history and do a physical exam. If your provider thinks that you could have celiac disease, you will have some tests. Providers most often use blood tests and biopsies of the small intestine to diagnose celiac disease. The biopsy would be done during an upper gastrointestinal (GI) endoscopy. For this procedure, your provider uses an endoscope (a flexible tube with a camera) to see the lining of your esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. It also allows your provider to take a sample of tissue for a biopsy. What are the treatments for celiac disease? The treatment for celiac disease is following a gluten-free diet for the rest of your life. Sticking with a gluten-free diet will treat or prevent many of the symptoms and other health problems caused by celiac disease. In most cases, it can also heal damage in the small intestine and prevent more damage. Your provider may refer you to a registered dietician (a nutrition expert) who can help you learn how to eat a healthy diet without gluten. You will also need to avoid all hidden sources of gluten, such as certain supplements, cosmetics, toothpaste, etc. Reading product labels can sometimes help you avoid gluten. If a label doesn't tell you what is in a product, check with the company that makes the product for an ingredients list. Don't just assume that a product is gluten-free if it doesn't mention it. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


Cellulitis is an infection of the skin and deep underlying tissues. Group A strep ( streptococcal ) bacteria are the most common cause. The bacteria enter your body when you get an injury such as a bruise, burn, surgical cut, or wound. Symptoms include: Fever and chills Swollen glands or lymph nodes A rash with painful, red, tender skin. The skin may blister and scab over. Your health care provider may take a sample or culture from your skin or do a blood test to identify the bacteria causing infection. Treatment is with antibiotics. They may be oral in mild cases, or intravenous (by IV) for more severe cases.


La celulitis es una infección de la piel y los tejidos más profundos. El estreptococo del grupo A es la causa más común. La bacteria entra en su cuerpo cuando usted se lesiona la piel como sucede en una herida, quemadura o corte quirúrgico. Los síntomas pueden incluir: Fiebre y escalofríos Inflamación de los nódulos o ganglios linfáticos Erupción dolorosa donde la piel se presenta roja y frágil. Se pueden formar ampollas y costras Su profesional de cuidados de salud puede tomar una muestra o cultivo de la piel o hacer un análisis de sangre para identificar la bacteria que está causando la infección. El tratamiento consiste en antibióticos orales (por la boca) en el caso de casos leves o por vía intravenosa (a través de una vena) en los casos más severos.


Los centros de salud son lugares que brindan cuidados para la salud. Incluyen hospitales, clínicas, centros de cuidados ambulatorios y centros de cuidados especializados, tales como las maternidades y los centros psiquiátricos. Al elegir un centro de salud, usted puede considerar: La cercanía a donde vive o trabaja Si su seguro médico paga los servicios en ese centro Si su médico puede atenderlo allí La calidad del establecimiento La calidad es importante. Algunos centros trabajan mejor que otros. Una forma de saber acerca de la calidad de un centro es revisar los informes realizados por el gobierno federal, estatal y grupos de consumidores.


When you play the piano or hit a tennis ball you are activating the cerebellum. The cerebellum is the area of the brain that controls coordination and balance. Problems with the cerebellum include: Cancer Genetic disorders Ataxias - failure of muscle control in the arms and legs that result in movement disorders Degeneration - disorders caused by brain cells decreasing in size or wasting away Treatment of cerebellar disorders depends on the cause. In some cases, there is no cure but treatment may help with symptoms. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


What is cerebral palsy (CP)? Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of neurologic disorders that cause problems with movement , balance , and posture. The first part of the name, cerebral, means having to do with the brain. The second part, palsy, means weakness or problems with using the muscles. CP can range from mild to severe. The brain damage and the disabilities it causes are permanent. But treatments can improve the lives of people who have the condition. For example, treatments can help to improve their motor skills and ability to communicate. What are the types of cerebral palsy (CP)? There are different types of CP: Spastic cerebral palsy , which is the most common type. It causes increased muscle tone, stiff muscles, and awkward movements. Sometimes it only affects one part of the body. In other cases, it can affect both arms and legs, the trunk, and the face. Dyskinetic cerebral palsy , which causes problems controlling the movement of the hands, arms, feet, and legs. This can make it hard to sit and walk. Ataxic cerebral palsy , which causes problems with balance and coordination. Mixed cerebral palsy , which means that you have symptoms of more than one type. What causes cerebral palsy (CP)? CP is caused by abnormal development or damage to the developing brain. When this development or damage happens before birth, it is called congenital CP. Most CP is congenital, and its causes may include: Gene changes (variants) Brain malformations Infections or fevers in the pregnant parent An injury to the developing baby CP can also happen during or after birth. CP that happens more than 28 days after birth is called acquired CP. Its causes can include: Brain damage in the first few months or years of life Infections, such as meningitis


in the pregnant parent An injury to the developing baby CP can also happen during or after birth. CP that happens more than 28 days after birth is called acquired CP. Its causes can include: Brain damage in the first few months or years of life Infections, such as meningitis or encephalitis Problems with blood flow to the brain, for example from a stroke or abnormal blood vessels Head injuries , for example from a car accident, a fall , or child abuse In some cases, the cause of congenital or acquired CP is unknown. Who is more likely to develop cerebral palsy (CP)? Certain medical conditions or events that can happen during pregnancy and delivery may increase a baby's risk of congenital cerebral palsy. These may include: Being born too small Being born too early Being born a twin or other multiple birth Being conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF) or other assisted reproductive technology (ART) Infections Health problems in the pregnant parent, such as thyroid problems and seizures Severe newborn jaundice Having complications during birth Rh incompatibility Exposure to toxic chemicals during pregnancy What are the signs of cerebral palsy (CP)? There are many different types and levels of disability with CP. So the signs can be different in each child. These signs usually appear in the early months of life. They may include: Developmental delays. Your child may be slow to reach developmental milestones such as learning to roll over, sit, crawl, or walk. Abnormal muscle tone. Your child may seem floppy, or they may be stiff or rigid. An unusual posture or favoring one side of the body when reaching, crawling, or moving. Stiff or tight muscles and exaggerated reflexes (spasticity). Shaking ( tremor ) of arms, legs, hands, or feet. Sudden, uncontrolled movements. It's important


Your child may seem floppy, or they may be stiff or rigid. An unusual posture or favoring one side of the body when reaching, crawling, or moving. Stiff or tight muscles and exaggerated reflexes (spasticity). Shaking ( tremor ) of arms, legs, hands, or feet. Sudden, uncontrolled movements. It's important to know that children without CP can also have these signs. Contact your child's health care provider if your child has any of these signs, so you can get a correct diagnosis. How is cerebral palsy (CP) diagnosed? Diagnosing CP involves several steps: Developmental monitoring (or surveillance) means tracking a child's growth and development over time. If there are any concerns about your child's development, they should have a developmental screening test as soon as possible. Developmental screening involves giving your child a short test to check for motor, movement, or other developmental delays. If the screenings are not normal, the provider will recommend more evaluations. Developmental and medical evaluations are done to diagnose which disorder your child has. To make the diagnosis, your provider: Will check your child's motor skills, muscle tone, reflexes, and posture Will ask about their medical history May order lab tests, genetic tests , and/or imaging tests What are the treatments for cerebral palsy (CP)? There is no cure for CP, but treatment can improve the lives of those who have it. It is important to begin a treatment program as early as possible. A team of health professionals will work with you and your child to develop a treatment plan. Common treatments include: Medicines Surgery Assistive devices such as braces and walkers Physical, occupational, recreational, and speech therapy Can cerebral palsy (CP) be prevented? You cannot prevent the genetic problems that can cause CP. But it may be possible to manage or avoid some


child to develop a treatment plan. Common treatments include: Medicines Surgery Assistive devices such as braces and walkers Physical, occupational, recreational, and speech therapy Can cerebral palsy (CP) be prevented? You cannot prevent the genetic problems that can cause CP. But it may be possible to manage or avoid some of the risk factors for CP. For example: If you are pregnant, make sure that you are vaccinated against infections that could cause CP in your developing baby. Get regular prenatal care , which can reduce the risk of preterm birth or having a low birthweight baby. It can also help you manage any health conditions that could raise the risk of CP. Use car seats for your baby to prevent head injuries that could cause CP.


What is cervical cancer? Cervical cancer is cancer that starts in the cells of the cervix. The cervix is part of the female reproductive system. It is the lower, narrow end of the uterus (womb), which opens into the vagina (birth canal). Cervical cancer usually develops slowly. Before cervical cells become cancer, they start to look abnormal. These cells are called "precancers." If they aren't destroyed or removed, they may become cancer cells that grow out of control and spread to other parts of your body. Screening tests for cervical cancer can help find abnormal cells so you can get treatment to prevent cervical cancer. These tests can also find cervical cancer early when it's usually easier to treat. What causes cervical cancer? Almost all cervical cancers are caused by a long-lasting infection with a virus called human papillomavirus (HPV) . There are many types of HPV. The types that cause cancer are called "high-risk HPV." High-risk HPV is very common. It can be passed from one person to another through close skin-to-skin touching, usually during vaginal, anal, or oral sex. Most people who are infected have no symptoms and don't know they have it. If you're infected with high-risk HPV, usually your immune system will get rid of it within a year or two. But if your immune system can't control the infection, it may last for many years. Over time, HPV can turn normal cervical cells into abnormal cells. Without treatment, these cells may keep changing until they become cervical cancer. Who is more likely to develop cervical cancer? Cervical cancer is most common in people over age 30. If you have a high-risk HPV infection in your cervix, you're more likely to develop cervical cancer if you: Have a weakened immune system because you: Have a disease


become cervical cancer. Who is more likely to develop cervical cancer? Cervical cancer is most common in people over age 30. If you have a high-risk HPV infection in your cervix, you're more likely to develop cervical cancer if you: Have a weakened immune system because you: Have a disease that harms your immune system, such as HIV . Take medicine to control your immune system, such as certain medicines to treat cancer or autoimmune diseases Smoke tobacco or breathe secondhand smoke . Use birth control pills or have given birth to many children. Have obesity . Were exposed to a medicine called DES (diethylstilbestrol) before you were born. Between 1940-1971, DES was sometimes prescribed during pregnancy to prevent miscarriages . DES was later linked to health problems, including cervical cancer. What are the symptoms of cervical cancer? Cervical cancer usually doesn't cause symptoms when it first starts to grow. But when it does cause symptoms, they may include: Vaginal bleeding that's not normal for you, such as bleeding after sex or between menstrual periods Vaginal discharge (fluid) that's watery and has a strong odor or contains blood Pelvic pain or pain during sex If cervical cancer spreads to other parts of your body, symptoms may include: Unusual vaginal bleeding or discharge Pelvic pain or pain during sex Difficult or painful bowel movements (poops) or bleeding from the rectum when having a bowel movement Difficult or painful urination (peeing) or blood in your urine (pee) Dull backache Swollen legs Abdominal (belly) pain Fatigue How is cervical cancer diagnosed? If you have symptoms or had an abnormal result on a screening test for cervical cancer, your health care provider will do more tests to find out if you have cervical cancer. They will: Ask about your medical history and your family


(belly) pain Fatigue How is cervical cancer diagnosed? If you have symptoms or had an abnormal result on a screening test for cervical cancer, your health care provider will do more tests to find out if you have cervical cancer. They will: Ask about your medical history and your family health history Do a pelvic exam Suggest tests to diagnose or rule out cervical cancer, including: Colposcopy , a procedure using a device called a colposcope, which helps your provider examine your cervix for abnormal areas Cervical biopsy , a procedure to remove a tissue sample from your cervix so that it can be examined under a microscope to look for signs of cancer. Most biopsies can be done in your provider's office What are the treatments for cervical cancer? Different treatments are available for cervical cancer. The best treatment for you depends on your health, how much cancer you have, whether it has spread, and which treatment you prefer. You may have more than one treatment, including: Surgery to remove the cancer. Radiation therapy , which uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells or keep them from growing. The therapy may use radiation from a machine, or a radioactive substance may be placed in your body near the cancer. Chemotherapy (chemo), which uses special medicines to shrink or kill the cancer. The medicine may be pills, or it may be given through a vein (by IV). Sometimes, both types of chemo are used. Targeted therapy , which uses special medicines to block the growth and spread of cancer cells. Immunotherapy , which helps your immune system fight cancer cells. Can cervical cancer be prevented? Almost all cervical cancer can be prevented by: HPV vaccination . HPV vaccines provide the most protection if you get


therapy , which uses special medicines to block the growth and spread of cancer cells. Immunotherapy , which helps your immune system fight cancer cells. Can cervical cancer be prevented? Almost all cervical cancer can be prevented by: HPV vaccination . HPV vaccines provide the most protection if you get them before you're exposed to HPV. So, it's best to get vaccinated before you become sexually active. Medical experts recommend vaccinating children between ages 9 and 12. Routine cervical cancer screening. Two types of screening tests may be part of your routine health checkup. Both tests use a sample of cervical cells that your provider collects with a swab: A Pap smear checks for abnormal cells so they can be treated before they become cancer An HPV test checks for high-risk HPV infections that can cause cancer. Getting the right follow-up treatment if a screening test finds abnormal cells and/or high-risk HPV. You can lower your risk for cervical cancer by not smoking. Using condoms correctly during sex lowers your risk of getting an HPV infection, but doesn't prevent it completely. Condom use has been linked to fewer cases of cervical cancer. If you or your partner is allergic to latex, you can use polyurethane condoms. NIH: National Cancer Institute


What is cervical cancer screening? Cervical cancer is cancer that starts in the cells of the cervix. The cervix is part of the female reproductive system. It is the lower, narrow end of the uterus (womb), which opens into the vagina (birth canal). Cervical cancer screening is an important part of routine health care for people who have a cervix. Cervical cancer screening tests look for cancer before you have any symptoms. Cervical cancer usually develops slowly. Before cervical cells become cancer, they start to look abnormal. These cells are called "precancers". If they aren't destroyed or removed, they may become cancer cells that grow out of control and spread to other parts of your body. Screening can help find abnormal cells so you can get treatment to prevent cervical cancer. These tests can also help to find cervical cancer early when it's usually easier to treat. What tests screen for cervical cancer? Cervical cancer screening is usually part of a woman's health checkup during a pelvic exam. These tests use a sample of cervical cells that your health care provider collects with a swab: A Pap test (also called a Pap smear or cervical cytology) checks for abnormal cells so they can be treated before they become cancer. An HPV (human papillomavirus) test checks for certain HPV infections that can cause cancer. HPV is a group of viruses that spread through sexual contact. The types that cause cancer are called "high-risk HPV." The HPV/Pap cotest uses an HPV and Pap test together to check for both high-risk HPV and cervical cell changes. If your screening tests are abnormal, your provider may do more tests, such as a biopsy . How often you should be screened for cervical cancer and which tests you should get will depend on your age


Pap test together to check for both high-risk HPV and cervical cell changes. If your screening tests are abnormal, your provider may do more tests, such as a biopsy . How often you should be screened for cervical cancer and which tests you should get will depend on your age and health history. What are the possible benefits and harms of cervical cancer screening? Cervical cancer screening saves lives. Screening can detect cervical changes early, lowering your chance of dying from cervical cancer. But, cervical cancer screening has potential harms. The possible harms of cervical cancer screening include: The results can sometimes be wrong. Getting a false-positive result means that your test results appear abnormal, but there are no precancerous or cancerous cells. A false-positive may lead to: Worry while you have more tests to look for signs of cancer. Follow-up tests or treatment that you may not have needed. Getting a false-negative result means that your test results appear normal, but there are precancer or cancerous cells. A false-negative may lead to: You may delay seeking treatment even if you have symptoms. Should I be screened for cervical cancer? Talk with your provider about how often you should be screened for cervical cancer and which tests you should get. This will depend on your age and health history. If you have a cervix, it's recommended that you have your first Pap smear at age 21 and begin screening with an HPV test at age 25. You may need screening more often if you: Had an abnormal HPV test, Pap smear, or cervical biopsy in the recent past. Have had a diagnosis of cervical cancer. Have a weakened immune system . Were exposed to a drug called DES (Diethylstilbestrol) before you were born. Between the years 1940-1971, DES was sometimes


more often if you: Had an abnormal HPV test, Pap smear, or cervical biopsy in the recent past. Have had a diagnosis of cervical cancer. Have a weakened immune system . Were exposed to a drug called DES (Diethylstilbestrol) before you were born. Between the years 1940-1971, DES was sometimes prescribed to prevent miscarriages . If you are over age 65 and have had regular Pap smear screenings with normal results, your provider may tell you that you no longer need them. If you have HIV , you may need to continue screenings after age 65. You don't need cervical cancer screening if you had a total hysterectomy (surgery to remove your uterus and cervix) because of a condition that was not cancer. But if your hysterectomy was related to cervical cancer or precancer, ask your provider whether you need screening. NIH: National Cancer Institute


What is a cervix disorder? A cervix disorder is a problem with your cervix. The cervix is part of the female reproductive system. It is the lower, narrow end of the uterus (womb), which opens into the vagina (birth canal). The cervix has a small opening that expands during childbirth. It also allows menstrual blood to leave your body. You may not have any symptoms of a cervix disorder, but routine pelvic exams and a Pap smear test can help determine if you may need treatment. Cervix disorders can include: Cervical cancer is a cancer that starts in the cells of the cervix. Cervicitis is swelling of the cervix. An infection usually causes it, but it can also be caused by skin irritation. Treatment can help you avoid potential complications like pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) . Cervical incompetence (also called cervical insufficiency) can happen during pregnancy. The opening of your cervix widens too early. This may cause you to give birth too soon , or you could lose the fetus . Cervical polyps and cysts are fleshy or fluid-filled growths on your cervix. These growths are usually benign (not cancer). They are more common during your reproductive years, especially after age 20. Who is more likely to develop cervix disorders? You are more likely to develop a cervix disorder if: You've had a previous cervical procedure or surgery. You've had a sexually transmitted infection (STI) such as chlamydia or gonorrhea . You used a latex condom or a feminine product such as a spermicide or douche that irritated the skin of your vagina. You left something in your vagina too long, such as a diaphragm, tampon, or cervical cap, and it caused irritation. You don't consistently use a condom when you have sex, or you have multiple sex partners. What


such as a spermicide or douche that irritated the skin of your vagina. You left something in your vagina too long, such as a diaphragm, tampon, or cervical cap, and it caused irritation. You don't consistently use a condom when you have sex, or you have multiple sex partners. What are the symptoms of cervix disorders? You may not know that something is wrong since cervix disorders may not have any symptoms. If you have symptoms, they may vary based on the cervix disorder. Symptoms can include: Vaginal bleeding that's not normal for you, such as bleeding between menstrual periods Pain during sex or a pelvic exam Abnormal vaginal discharge If you are pregnant , a few signs of an incompetent cervix could include light vaginal bleeding, a feeling of pelvic pressure, or mild cramps. But you may not have any signs. How are cervix disorders diagnosed? Even if you don't have symptoms, your health care provider may notice changes to the cells of your cervix during a pelvic exam. Your provider may look for: Redness or inflammation (swelling) of your cervix or vaginal walls Vaginal discharge or strong odor Your provider may perform a Pap test to look for changes in your cervix. What are the treatments for cervix disorders? The treatment for cervix disorders depends on the cause. It might include antibiotics or stopping using a product that causes skin irritation. If you have had an incompetent cervix in the past, you might take medicine or have ultrasound imaging tests to check how your pregnancy is going. Can cervix disorders be prevented? You can take steps to prevent some cervix disorders. This can include to: Use a condom every time you have sex. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not completely eliminate, the risk of


imaging tests to check how your pregnancy is going. Can cervix disorders be prevented? You can take steps to prevent some cervix disorders. This can include to: Use a condom every time you have sex. Correct usage of latex condoms greatly reduces, but does not completely eliminate, the risk of catching or spreading STIs. If you or your partner is allergic to latex , you can use polyurethane condoms. Have regular pelvic exams. Get tested for STIs as needed. Avoid using personal care products that may cause skin irritation to your vagina.


What is a cesarean delivery? A cesarean delivery, also called a cesarean section or c-section, is surgery to deliver a baby. The baby is taken out through your abdomen (belly). In the United States, almost one in three babies are born this way. Some cesarean deliveries are planned. Others are emergency cesarean deliveries, which are done when unexpected problems happen during delivery. When is a cesarean delivery needed? You may need a cesarean delivery because: You have health problems , including infection You are carrying more than one baby Your baby is too big Your baby is in the wrong position Your baby's health is in danger Labor is not moving along as it should There are problems with your placenta (the organ that brings oxygen and nutrients to your baby) Not everyone who has had a cesarean delivery before will need another one next time. You may be able to have a vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC). Talk to your health care provider about what is right for you. How is a cesarean delivery done? Before the surgery, you will be given pain medicine. Depending on your circumstances, you might get: An epidural block, which numbs the lower part of the body through an injection in the spine. A spinal block, which numbs the lower part of the body through an injection directly into the spinal fluid. General anesthesia, which makes you unconscious during the surgery. This is often used during emergency cesarean deliveries. During the surgery, the surgeon will: Make a cut in your abdomen and uterus. The cut is usually horizontal, but in some cases it may be vertical. Open the amniotic sac and take out your baby. Cut the umbilical cord and the placenta. Close the uterus and abdomen with stitches that will later dissolve. What


will: Make a cut in your abdomen and uterus. The cut is usually horizontal, but in some cases it may be vertical. Open the amniotic sac and take out your baby. Cut the umbilical cord and the placenta. Close the uterus and abdomen with stitches that will later dissolve. What are the risks of a cesarean delivery? A cesarean delivery is relatively safe for you and your baby. But it is still a major surgery, and it carries risks. They may include: Infection Blood loss Blood clots in the legs, pelvic organs, or lungs Injury to surrounding structures, such as the bowel or bladder A reaction to the medicines or anesthesia used Some of these risks do also apply to a vaginal birth. But it does take longer to recover from a cesarean delivery than from a vaginal birth. And having a cesarean delivery can raise the risk of having difficulties with future pregnancies. The more cesarean deliveries you have, the more the risk goes up. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development


¿Qué es una cesárea? Una cesárea es una cirugía para dar a luz a un bebé. El bebé se saca a través de su abdomen (vientre). Casi uno de cada 3 bebés nace de esta manera en los Estados Unidos. Algunas cesáreas están planificadas. Otras son cesáreas de emergencia, es decir, se realizan cuando ocurren problemas inesperados durante el parto. ¿Cuándo se necesita una cesárea? Es posible que necesite una cesárea porque: Tiene problemas de salud , incluyendo una infección Está embarazada de más de un bebé Su bebé es demasiado grande Su bebé está en la posición incorrecta La salud de su bebé está en peligro El trabajo de parto no avanza como debería Hay problemas con su placenta (el órgano que lleva oxígeno y nutrientes a su bebé) No todas las personas que han tenido una cesárea antes necesitarán otra de nuevo. Es posible que pueda tener un parto vaginal después de una cesárea (PVDC). Hable con su profesional de la salud sobre lo que se recomienda para usted. ¿Cómo se realiza una cesárea? Antes de la cirugía, le darán analgésicos. Dependiendo de sus circunstancias, puede recibir: Un bloqueo epidural: Adormece la parte inferior del cuerpo mediante una inyección en la columna Un bloqueo espinal: Aormece la parte inferior del cuerpo a través de una inyección directamente en el líquido cefalorraquídeo Anestesia general: Le deja inconsciente durante la cirugía. Esto se usa a menudo durante las cesáreas de emergencia Durante la cirugía, el cirujano: Hace una incisión en su abdomen y útero. El corte suele ser horizontal, pero en algunos casos puede ser vertical Abre el saco amniótico y saca a su bebé Corta el cordón umbilical y la placenta Cierra el útero y el abdomen con puntos que luego se disolverán ¿Cuáles son los riesgos de una


su abdomen y útero. El corte suele ser horizontal, pero en algunos casos puede ser vertical Abre el saco amniótico y saca a su bebé Corta el cordón umbilical y la placenta Cierra el útero y el abdomen con puntos que luego se disolverán ¿Cuáles son los riesgos de una cesárea? Una cesárea es relativamente segura para usted y su bebé. Pero sigue siendo una cirugía mayor y conlleva riesgos. Pueden incluir: Infección Pérdida de sangre Coágulos de sangre en las piernas, los órganos pélvicos o los pulmones Lesión a las estructuras cercanas, como el intestino o la vejiga Reacción a los medicamentos o anestesia utilizados Algunos de estos riesgos también se aplican a un parto vaginal. Pero toma más tiempo recuperarse de una cesárea que de un parto vaginal. Además, una cesárea puede aumentar el riesgo de tener dificultades con futuros embarazos. Cuantas más cesáreas tenga, mayor será el riesgo. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Salud Infantil y Desarrollo Humano


What is Chagas disease? Chagas disease, or American trypanosomiasis, is an illness that can cause serious heart and stomach problems. It is caused by a parasite . Chagas disease is common in Latin America, especially in poor, rural areas. It can also be found in the United States, most often in people who were infected before they moved to the U.S. What causes Chagas disease? Chagas disease is caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi parasite. It is usually spread by infected blood-sucking bugs called triatomine bugs. They are also known as "kissing bugs" because they often bite people's faces. When one of these bugs bites you, it leaves behind infected waste. You can become infected if you rub the waste in your eyes or nose, the bite wound, or a cut. Chagas disease can also spread through contaminated food, a blood transfusion, a donated organ, or from the pregnant parent to the baby during pregnancy. Who is more likely to develop Chagas disease? Kissing bugs can be found throughout the Americas, but they are more common in certain areas. The people who are most at risk for Chagas disease: Live in rural areas of Latin America Have seen the bugs, especially in those areas Have stayed in a house with a thatched roof or with walls that have cracks or crevices What are the symptoms of Chagas disease? In the beginning, there may be no symptoms. Some people do get mild symptoms, such as: Fever Fatigue Body aches Headache Loss of appetite Diarrhea Vomiting A rash A swollen eyelid These early symptoms usually go away. However, if you don't treat the infection, it stays in your body. Later, it can cause serious intestinal and heart problems such as: An serious arrhythmia (a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat)


appetite Diarrhea Vomiting A rash A swollen eyelid These early symptoms usually go away. However, if you don't treat the infection, it stays in your body. Later, it can cause serious intestinal and heart problems such as: An serious arrhythmia (a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat) that can cause sudden death An enlarged heart that doesn't pump blood well Problems with digestion and bowel movements An increased chance of having a stroke How is Chagas disease diagnosed? To find out if you have Chagas disease, your health care provider: Will do a physical exam Will take your medical history, including asking about your symptoms and where you have lived and traveled Will run a blood test for Chagas disease May run tests to see whether the disease has affected your intestines and heart What are the treatments for Chagas disease? Medicines can kill the parasite, especially early on. You can also treat related problems. For example, a pacemaker can help with some heart complications. Can Chagas disease be prevented? There are no vaccines or medicines to prevent Chagas disease. If you travel to areas where it occurs, you are at higher risk if you sleep outdoors or are staying in poor housing conditions. It is important to use insecticides to prevent bites and practice food safety . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) is a group of genetic nerve disorders. It is named after the three doctors who first identified it. In the United States, CMT affects about 1 in 2,500 people. CMT affects your peripheral nerves . Peripheral nerves carry movement and sensation signals between the brain and spinal cord and the rest of the body. Symptoms usually start around the teen years. Foot problems such as high arches or hammertoes can be early symptoms. As CMT progresses, your lower legs may weaken. Later, your hands may also become weak. Doctors diagnose CMT by doing a neurologic exam, nerve tests, genetic tests, or a nerve biopsy. There is no cure. The disease can be so mild you don't realize you have it or severe enough to make you weak. Physical therapy, occupational therapy, braces and other devices and sometimes surgery can help. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


When a hazardous chemical has been released, it may harm people's health. Chemical releases can be unintentional, as in the case of an industrial accident. They could also be planned, as in the case of a terrorist attack with a chemical weapon. Some hazardous chemicals have been developed by military organizations for use in warfare. Examples are nerve agents such as sarin and VX. Many hazardous chemicals are used in industry - for example, chlorine, ammonia, and benzene. Some can be made from everyday items such as household cleaners. Although there are no guarantees of safety during a chemical emergency, you can take actions to protect yourself. You should have a disaster plan . Being prepared can help reduce fear, anxiety, and losses. If you do experience a disaster, it is normal to feel stressed. You may need help in finding ways to cope . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Los chequeos médicos regulares (también conocidos como examen anual de rutina) con su profesional de la salud son diferentes a las citas por enfermedad o lesión. Estos chequeos incluyen exámenes físicos y atención preventiva. La atención preventiva puede incluir: Pruebas de detección : Exámenes médicos para detectar enfermedades en etapas tempranas, cuando pueden ser más fáciles de tratar. Los exámenes que necesite dependerán de su: Edad Sexo Salud general Antecedentes o historia de salud familiar Riesgos de ciertas enfermedades Vacunas : Pueden mejorar su salud al prevenir enfermedades y otros problemas médicos Educación y asesoramiento para ayudarle a tomar decisiones de salud informadas: Puede incluir consejos sobre su estilo de vida, incluyendo su dieta, cuánto ejercicio hace y cualquier sustancia, alcohol o tabaco que pueda estar consumiendo Para aprovechar al máximo su próximo chequeo, algunas cosas que debe hacer antes de acudir incluyen: Revisar su historia de salud familiar Averiguar si le corresponde algún examen general o vacuna Preparar una lista de problemas y preguntas sobre los que le gustaría hablar con su profesional de la salud Preparar una lista de los medicamentos, vitaminas y suplementos que toma para llevar con usted Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades


Los chequeos regulares con su profesional de la salud son diferentes a las visitas médicas por enfermedad o lesión. Sus chequeos, también llamados control de mujer sana, incluyen pruebas físicas y atención preventiva. Pueden ayudar a detectar problemas de salud temprano, cuando pueden ser más fáciles de tratar. Su chequeo es realizado usualmente por un proveedor de salud especializado en cuidados de la mujer. Incluirá exámenes de detección de enfermedades crónicas. Como mujer, es posible que también le hagan exámenes y pruebas de detección especiales, como: Examen pélvico: Sirve para comprobar la salud de sus órganos reproductivos. Su profesional de la salud observará su vulva, vagina y cuello uterino. También hará un examen interno para sentir el tamaño y la forma de sus órganos internos, como el útero y los ovarios Prueba de detección de cáncer de cuello uterino : Utiliza una prueba de Papanicolaou , una prueba de VPH o ambas. Las pruebas pueden ayudar a prevenir el cáncer de cuello uterino . Un Pap detecta cáncer de cuello uterino y células anormales que podrían convertirse en cáncer. Una prueba de VPH busca los tipos de virus del papiloma humano que pueden causar cáncer de cuello uterino. Para ambas pruebas, su profesional de la salud tomará una muestra de células de la superficie del cuello uterino y las enviará a un laboratorio para examinarlas con un microscopio Examen clínico de los senos para detectar cáncer de seno : Su profesional de la salud palpará y observará sus senos y el área de las axilas en busca de bultos u otros cambios. También podría recomendar una mamografía , que es una imagen de rayos X del seno Las pruebas que se realicen y la frecuencia con las que las necesite dependerán de su edad, salud general y su historia médica


el área de las axilas en busca de bultos u otros cambios. También podría recomendar una mamografía , que es una imagen de rayos X del seno Las pruebas que se realicen y la frecuencia con las que las necesite dependerán de su edad, salud general y su historia médica familiar . En algunos casos, su proveedor de atención médica también puede recomendar otras pruebas. Por ejemplo, si tiene antecedentes familiares de ciertos cánceres, puede recomendarle pruebas genéticas . Durante su chequeo, usted y su profesional de la salud también pueden hablar sobre otros temas, como: Control de la natalidad o planificación familiar Menopausia Preocupaciones menstruales Infecciones de transmisión sexual (ITS) Vacunas Su salud física y bienestar mental en general, incluyendo sugerencias sobre cómo tener un estilo de vida saludable Para aprovechar al máximo su próximo chequeo, prepare una lista con cualquier pregunta o inquietud que tenga, para que pueda hablar sobre ellas con su profesional de la salud.


Tener un bebé significan muchas responsabilidades nuevas. Una de ellos es asegurarse de que su bebé reciba chequeos periódicos, también llamados exámenes o controles del niño sano. Estos son importantes para asegurarse de que su bebé esté creciendo y desarrollándose adecuadamente. Si hay algún problema, se puede detectar a tiempo, cuando puede ser más fácil de tratar. El profesional de la salud de su bebé le dirá con qué frecuencia su bebé debe hacerse un chequeo. Durante estos controles, el profesional de la salud realiza un examen físico completo a su bebé, incluyendo: Medir la altura y el peso del bebé Observar su cabeza, orejas, nariz y su boca Escuchar su corazón y sus pulmones Medir su audición y visión (en algunas visitas) Comprobar sus reflejos El profesional de la salud le preguntará sobre el desarrollo de su bebé . Por ejemplo, puede consultar cuándo el bebé empezó a sonreír y a darse vuelta. Durante ciertas visitas, también realizará pruebas de evaluación de comportamiento y desarrollo . El profesional de la salud usará toda esta información para verificar si su bebé está alcanzando hitos importantes del desarrollo. Su bebé también recibirá las vacunas y los exámenes necesarios durante la visita. Usted puede hacerle al proveedor cualquier pregunta que tenga sobre cómo cuidar a su bebé . Usted puede prepararse para los controles de su bebé al: Hacer una lista de temas y preguntas que desea discutir con el profesional de la salud Estar preparado para responder preguntas sobre el comportamiento y los hábitos de alimentación y sueño de su bebé Estar preparado para tomar notas durante la visita Además de estos controles, si su bebé parece estar enfermo o si le preocupa su desarrollo, usted puede comunicarse en cualquier momento con el profesional de la salud.


What is the chest? The chest is the part of your body between your neck and your abdomen (belly). The medical term for your chest is thorax. Your chest holds many important structures for breathing, digestion, blood circulation, and other important body functions. These structures include your: Ribs and breastbone Esophagus, the tube between your mouth and stomach Trachea, your windpipe Bronchi, the tubes that carry air from your windpipe to your lungs Lungs Pleura, a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the inside wall of the chest space Heart and large blood vessels Thymus, a gland that's part of your immune system Nerves What are chest injuries and disorders? Chest injuries and disorders are problems that affect any of the organs or structures located in your chest. There are many types of chest injuries and disorders, for example: Broken ribs Esophagus disorders Swallowing disorders , also called dysphagia Tracheal disorders Bronchial disorders Lung diseases and collapsed lung Pleural disorders Heart diseases Mediastinal diseases, which are tumors, inflammation, and other problems with the structures in the mediastinum, which is the space between your lungs, breastbone, and spine Thoracic aortic aneurysm Thoracic outlet syndrome Chest injuries may happen from the force of car accidents, falls , or sports injuries . Or the chest may be pierced by a bullet or sharp object. Because your chest holds so many important structures, certain chest injuries may be life-threatening. How are chest injuries and disorders diagnosed? Diagnosis of chest injuries or disorders depends on the type of symptoms you're having and whether you've had a chest injury. Injuries are usually obvious, but in most cases, you'll need tests to know how serious an injury is. There are many types of tests for diagnosing different types of chest injuries and disorders,


or disorders depends on the type of symptoms you're having and whether you've had a chest injury. Injuries are usually obvious, but in most cases, you'll need tests to know how serious an injury is. There are many types of tests for diagnosing different types of chest injuries and disorders, for example: Diagnostic imaging tests Heart tests Lung function tests Bronchoscopy Pleural fluid analysis Dysphagia tests Biopsy Treatments will depend on the type of chest injury or disorder you have.


Having a pain in your chest can be scary. It does not always mean that you are having a heart attack . There can be many other causes, including: Other heart problems, such as angina Panic attacks Digestive problems, such as heartburn or esophagus disorders Sore muscles Lung diseases, such as pneumonia , pleurisy , or pulmonary embolism Costochondritis - an inflammation of joints in your chest Some of these problems can be serious. Get immediate medical care if you have chest pain that does not go away, crushing pain or pressure in the chest, or chest pain along with nausea, sweating, dizziness or shortness of breath. Treatment depends on the cause of the pain.


Chiari malformations (CMs) are structural defects in the cerebellum. The cerebellum is the part of the brain that controls balance. With CM, brain tissue extends into the spinal canal. It can happen when part of the skull is too small, which pushes the brain tissue down. There are several types of CM. One type often happens in children who have neural tube defects . Some types cause no symptoms and don't need treatment. If you have symptoms, they may include: Neck pain Balance problems Numbness or other abnormal feelings in the arms or legs Dizziness Vision problems Difficulty swallowing Poor hand coordination Doctors diagnose CM using imaging tests. Medicines may ease some symptoms, such as pain. Surgery is the only treatment available to correct or stop the progression of nerve damage. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


Chickenpox is an infection caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Most cases are in children under age 15, but older children and adults can get it. It spreads very easily from one person to another. The classic symptom of chickenpox is an uncomfortable, itchy rash. The rash turns into fluid-filled blisters and eventually into scabs. It usually shows up on the face, chest, and back and then spreads to the rest of the body. Other symptoms include: Fever Headache Tiredness Loss of appetite Chickenpox is usually mild and lasts 5 to 10 days. Calamine lotions and oatmeal baths can help with itching. Acetaminophen can treat the fever. Do not use aspirin for chickenpox; that combination can cause Reye syndrome . Chickenpox can sometimes cause serious problems. Adults, babies, teenagers, pregnant women, and those with weak immune systems tend to get sicker from it. They may need to take antiviral medicines. Once you catch chickenpox, the virus usually stays in your body. You probably will not get chickenpox again, but the virus can cause shingles in adults. A chickenpox vaccine can help prevent most cases of chickenpox, or make it less severe if you do get it. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Chikungunya is a virus that spread by the same kinds of mosquitoes that spread dengue and Zika virus . Rarely, the virus can spread from the pregnant parent to their newborn around the time of birth. It may also spread through contact with infected blood. There have been outbreaks of chikungunya virus in Africa, Asia, Europe, the Indian and Pacific Oceans, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. Most people who have chikungunya will have symptoms, which can be severe. They usually start 3-7 days after being bitten by an infected mosquito. The most common symptoms are fever and joint pain. Other symptoms may include headache , muscle pain, joint swelling, and rash . Most people feel better within a week. In some cases, however, the joint pain may last for months. People at risk for more severe disease include newborns, older adults, and people with diseases such as high blood pressure , diabetes , or heart disease . A blood test can show whether you have chikungunya virus. There are no medicines to treat it. Drinking lots of fluids, resting, and taking non-aspirin pain relievers might help you feel better. In the U.S., there is a vaccine for adults who are at a higher risk of getting chikungunya. You can also help prevent getting or spreading chikungunya by avoiding mosquito bites : Use a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellent when you go outdoors. Make sure to follow the instructions for using the repellant. Wear clothes that cover your arms, legs, and feet. Stay in places that either have air conditioning (with the windows closed) or that use window and door screens. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Chikungunya es un virus que es transmitido por los mismos mosquitos que transmiten el Dengue y el Zika . El virus se puede propagar de la persona embarazada a su bebé al momento del nacimiento. También es posible la propagación a través del contacto con sangre infectada. Se han producido brotes del chikungunya en África, Asia, Europa, los océanos Índico y Pacífico, el Caribe y América Central y del Sur. La mayoría de las personas que tienen chikungunya presentan síntomas, los cuales pueden ser graves. Suelen comenzar de tres a siete días después de la picadura de un mosquito infectado. Los síntomas más comunes son fiebre y dolor en las articulaciones. Otros síntomas pueden incluir dolor de cabeza , dolor muscular, hinchazón de las articulaciones y sarpullido . La mayoría de las personas se sienten mejor dentro de una semana. Sin embargo, en algunos casos el dolor en las articulaciones puede durar meses. Las personas en riesgo de contraer enfermedades más graves incluyen los recién nacidos, adultos mayores y las personas con enfermedades como presión arterial alta , diabetes o enfermedades del corazón . Un análisis de sangre puede mostrar si usted tiene el virus chikungunya. No existen vacunas o medicamentos para tratarla. Beber mucho líquido, descansar y tomar analgésicos sin aspirina puede ayudarle a sentirse mejor. En Estados Unidos existe una vacuna para adultos que tienen un mayor riesgo de contagiarse con chikungunya. También puede ayudar a prevenir el contagio o la propagación del chikungunya evitando las picaduras de mosquitos : Utilice un repelente de insectos registrado por la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de EE. UU. (EPA) cuando salga al aire libre. Asegúrese de seguir las instrucciones para usar el repelente Use ropa que le cubra los brazos, las piernas y los pies Permanezca en lugares que tengan aire


mosquitos : Utilice un repelente de insectos registrado por la Agencia de Protección Ambiental de EE. UU. (EPA) cuando salga al aire libre. Asegúrese de seguir las instrucciones para usar el repelente Use ropa que le cubra los brazos, las piernas y los pies Permanezca en lugares que tengan aire acondicionado (con las ventanas cerradas) o que utilicen mosquiteros en puertas y ventanas Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades


Child abuse is doing something or failing to do something that results in harm to a child or puts a child at risk of harm. Child abuse can be physical, sexual or emotional. Neglect, or not providing for a child's needs, is also a form of abuse. Most abused children suffer greater emotional than physical damage. An abused child may become depressed. He or she may withdraw, think of suicide or become violent. An older child may use drugs or alcohol, try to run away or abuse others. Child abuse is a serious problem. If you suspect a child is being abused or neglected, call the police or your local child welfare agency.


All kids misbehave some times. And some may have temporary behavior problems due to stress. For example, the birth of a sibling, a divorce, or a death in the family may cause a child to act out. Behavior disorders are more serious. They involve a pattern of hostile, aggressive, or disruptive behaviors for more than 6 months. The behavior is also not appropriate for the child's age. Warning signs can include: Harming or threatening themselves, other people or pets Damaging or destroying property Lying or stealing Not doing well in school, skipping school Early smoking, drinking or drug use Early sexual activity Frequent tantrums and arguments Consistent hostility toward authority figures If you see signs of a problem, ask for help. Poor choices can become habits. Kids who have behavior problems are at higher risk for school failure, mental health problems , and even suicide . Classes or family therapy may help parents learn to set and enforce limits. Talk therapy and behavior therapy for your child can also help.


Healthy teeth are important to your child's overall health. From the time your child is born, there are things you can do to promote healthy teeth and prevent cavities . For babies, you should clean teeth with a soft, clean cloth or baby's toothbrush. Avoid putting the baby to bed with a bottle and check teeth regularly for spots or stains. For all children, you should: Start using a pea-sized amount of fluoride toothpaste when they are two years old. You might start sooner, if a dentist or doctor suggests it. Provide healthy foods and limit sweet snacks and drinks Schedule regular dental check-ups Forming good habits at a young age can help your child have healthy teeth for life. NIH: National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research


As children grow older, they develop in several different ways. Child development includes physical, intellectual, social, and emotional changes. Children grow and mature at very different rates. It's hard to say what "normal" is. There can be big differences in height, weight, and build among healthy children. Diet, exercise and genes are all factors. Some children begin puberty or are close to it before they are teenagers. Children start to become more independent from their parents. They may rebel. They also look outward - to their friends, who are usually of the same sex. Peer approval becomes very important. Your child may try new behaviors to be part of "the group." This can also be the time that parents or teachers recognize learning disabilities or behavioral problems in children. These problems can get worse as time goes on, so it is important to get help early.


It's important to recognize and treat mental illnesses in children early on. Once mental illness develops, it becomes a regular part of your child's behavior. This makes it more difficult to treat. But it's not always easy to know when your child has a serious problem. Everyday stresses can cause changes in your child's behavior. For example, getting a new brother or sister or going to a new school may cause a child to temporarily act out. Warning signs that it might be a more serious problem include: Problems in more than one setting (at school, at home, with peers) Changes in appetite or sleep Social withdrawal or fear of things he or she did not used to be not afraid of Returning to behaviors more common in younger children, such as bedwetting Signs of being upset, such as sadness or tearfulness Signs of self-destructive behavior, such as head-banging or suddenly getting hurt often Repeated thoughts of death To diagnose mental health problems, the doctor or mental health specialist looks at your child's signs and symptoms, medical history, and family history. Treatments include medicines and talk therapy. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health