lungs. You may cough up the sample (called sputum), have fluid collected during a bronchoalveolar lavage , or have tissue taken with a biopsy . They will send the sample to the lab to check for Pneumocystis . What are the treatments for pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)? The treatment for PCP is with antibiotics , either by mouth or intravenously (by IV). You need to take them for about 3 weeks. If you have a severe case of PCP, you might need treatment in the hospital. Can pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) be prevented? There is no vaccine to prevent PCP. Some people who are at high risk of getting PCP may need to take antibiotics to prevent it. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


What is pneumonia? Pneumonia is an infection in one or both of the lungs. It causes the air sacs of the lungs to fill up with fluid or pus. It can range from mild to severe, depending on the type of germ causing the infection, your age, and your overall health. What causes pneumonia? Bacterial , viral , and fungal infections can cause pneumonia. Bacteria are the most common cause. Bacterial pneumonia can occur on its own. It can also develop after you've had certain viral infections such as a cold or the flu . Several different types of bacteria can cause pneumonia, including: Streptococcus pneumoniae Legionella pneumophila; this pneumonia is often called Legionnaires' disease Mycoplasma pneumoniae Chlamydia pneumoniae Haemophilus influenzae Viruses that infect the respiratory tract may cause pneumonia. Viral pneumonia is often mild and goes away on its own within a few weeks. But sometimes it is serious enough that you need to get treatment in a hospital. If you have viral pneumonia, you are at risk of also getting bacterial pneumonia. The different viruses that can cause pneumonia include: Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) Some common cold and flu viruses SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 Fungal pneumonia is more common in people who have chronic health problems or weakened immune systems. Some of the types include: Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) Coccidioidomycosis, which causes valley fever Histoplasmosis Cryptococcus Who is at risk for pneumonia? Anyone can get pneumonia, but certain factors can increase your risk: Age; the risk is higher for children who are age 2 and under and adults age 65 and older Exposure to certain chemicals, pollutants, or toxic fumes Lifestyle habits, such as smoking , heavy alcohol use , and malnourishment Being in a hospital, especially if you are in the ICU . Being sedated and/or


higher for children who are age 2 and under and adults age 65 and older Exposure to certain chemicals, pollutants, or toxic fumes Lifestyle habits, such as smoking , heavy alcohol use , and malnourishment Being in a hospital, especially if you are in the ICU . Being sedated and/or on a ventilator raises the risk even more. Having a lung disease Having a weakened immune system Have trouble coughing or swallowing , from a stroke or other condition Recently being sick with a cold or the flu What are the symptoms of pneumonia? The symptoms of pneumonia can range from mild to severe and include: Fever Chills Cough, usually with phlegm (a slimy substance from deep in your lungs) Shortness of breath Chest pain when you breathe or cough Nausea and/or vomiting Diarrhea The symptoms can vary for different groups. Newborns and infants may not show any signs of the infection. Others may vomit and have a fever and cough. They might seem sick, with no energy, or be restless. Older adults and people who have serious illnesses or weak immune systems may have fewer and milder symptoms. They may even have a lower than normal temperature. Older adults who have pneumonia sometimes have sudden changes in mental awareness. What other problems can pneumonia cause? Sometimes pneumonia can cause serious complications such as: Bacteremia, which happens when the bacteria move into the bloodstream. It is serious and can lead to septic shock . Lung abscesses , which are collections of pus in cavities of the lungs Pleural disorders , which are conditions that affect the pleura. The pleura is the tissue that covers the outside of the lungs and lines the inside of your chest cavity. Kidney failure Respiratory failure How is pneumonia diagnosed? Sometimes pneumonia can be hard


of pus in cavities of the lungs Pleural disorders , which are conditions that affect the pleura. The pleura is the tissue that covers the outside of the lungs and lines the inside of your chest cavity. Kidney failure Respiratory failure How is pneumonia diagnosed? Sometimes pneumonia can be hard to diagnose. This is because it can cause some of the same symptoms as a cold or the flu. It may take time for you to realize that you have a more serious condition. Your health care provider may use many tools to make a diagnosis: A medical history, which includes asking about your symptoms A physical exam, including listening to your lungs with a stethoscope Various tests, such as A chest x-ray Blood tests such as a complete blood count (CBC) to see if your immune system is actively fighting an infection A Blood culture to find out whether you have a bacterial infection that has spread to your bloodstream If you are in the hospital, have serious symptoms, are older, or have other health problems, you may also have more tests, such as: Sputum test, which checks for bacteria in a sample of your sputum (spit) or phlegm (slimy substance from deep in your lungs). Chest CT scan to see how much of your lungs is affected. It may also show if you have complications such as lung abscesses or pleural effusions. Pleural fluid culture , which checks for bacteria in a fluid sample that was taken from the pleural space Pulse oximetry or blood oxygen level test, to check how much oxygen is in your blood Bronchoscopy, a procedure used to look inside your lungs' airways What are the treatments for pneumonia? Treatment for pneumonia depends on the type of pneumonia, which germ is causing it, and


the pleural space Pulse oximetry or blood oxygen level test, to check how much oxygen is in your blood Bronchoscopy, a procedure used to look inside your lungs' airways What are the treatments for pneumonia? Treatment for pneumonia depends on the type of pneumonia, which germ is causing it, and how severe it is: Antibiotics treat bacterial pneumonia and some types of fungal pneumonia. They do not work for viral pneumonia. In some cases, your provider may prescribe antiviral medicines for viral pneumonia Antifungal medicines treat other types of fungal pneumonia You may need to be treated in a hospital if your symptoms are severe or if you are at risk for complications. While there, you may get additional treatments. For example, if your blood oxygen level is low, you may receive oxygen therapy . It may take time to recover from pneumonia. Some people feel better within a week. For other people, it can take a month or more. Can pneumonia be prevented? Vaccines can help prevent pneumonia caused by pneumococcal bacteria or the flu virus . Having good hygiene , not smoking, and having a healthy lifestyle may also help prevent pneumonia. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute


If you spend time outdoors, chances are you have been bothered by poison ivy, poison oak or poison sumac at some point. Most people are sensitive to the plants' oily sap. The sap is in the root, stems, leaves and fruit of these plants. If it gets on your skin, it causes a blistering skin rash . The rash can range from mild to severe, depending on how much sap gets on your skin and how sensitive you are to it. Problems can also happen if the plants are burned. Airborne sap-coated soot can get into the eyes, nose, throat and respiratory system. The best way to avoid the rash is to learn what the plants look like and stay away from them. If you come into contact with the plants, wash your skin and clothing right away. If you develop a rash, ask your pharmacist about over-the-counter medicines. For severe rashes, see your doctor. National Park Service


A poison is any substance that is harmful to your body. You might swallow it, inhale it, inject it, or absorb it through your skin. Any substance can be poisonous if too much is taken. Poisons can include: Prescription or over-the-counter medicines taken in doses that are too high Overdoses of illegal drugs Carbon monoxide from gas appliances Household products , such as laundry powder or furniture polish Pesticides Indoor or outdoor plants Metals such as lead and mercury The effects of poisoning range from short-term illness to brain damage, coma, and death. To prevent poisoning it is important to use and store products exactly as their labels say. Keep dangerous products where children can't get to them. Treatment for poisoning depends on the type of poison. If you suspect someone has been poisoned, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222 right away.


La polimialgia reumática es una enfermedad que causa dolores musculares y rigidez en el cuello, los hombros y las caderas. Es más común en las mujeres y casi siempre ocurre en las personas mayores de 50 años. El síntoma principal es la rigidez después de descansar. Otros síntomas incluyen fiebre, debilidad y pérdida de peso. En algunos casos, la polimialgia reumática se desarrolla durante la noche. En otros, es gradual. No se conoce la causa de la polimialgia reumática. No existe una prueba específica para diagnosticarla. Su profesional de la salud usará su historia clínica, síntomas y un examen físico para hacer un diagnóstico. Las pruebas de laboratorio que se hacen para detectar inflamación pueden ayudar a confirmar el diagnóstico. Algunas veces, la polimialgia reumática ocurre junto con arteritis de células gigantes , una afección que causa inflamación de las arterias de la cabeza. Los síntomas incluyen dolores de cabeza y vista borrosa. Con frecuencia, los médicos recetan prednisona, un corticoide para ambas enfermedades. La polimialgia reumática responde muy bien al tratamiento y puede desaparecer en uno o dos días. Sin tratamiento, suele desaparecer al cabo de un año o más. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Artritis y Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas y de la Piel


What is polio? Polio, or poliomyelitis, is a disease that spreads from person to person. It is caused by the poliovirus. The virus attacks the nervous system. In serious cases, it can cause paralysis (where you can't move parts of the body). The paralysis may be lifelong and can sometimes be life-threatening. Because of vaccines, polio is rare in the United States. But polio does occur in some parts of the world, and travelers can spread the virus. How does polio spread? The poliovirus is very contagious. It spreads through contact with: The stool (poop) of person who has the infection Droplets from a sneeze or cough of someone who has the infection This contact can happen if: You get contaminated stool or droplets on your hands and then touch your mouth A child puts contaminated toys or other objects into their mouth You share food or utensils with someone who has the infection People who have the infection can spread it to others just before and up to several weeks after the symptoms appear. People who don't have symptoms can still spread the virus to others and make them sick. Who is more likely to develop polio? Polio mainly affects children under age 5. But people of any age (including adults) who are unvaccinated are at risk of developing polio. People who live in or travel to areas where there is polio are more likely to get polio. What are the symptoms of polio? Most people who get infected with poliovirus do not have any symptoms. But one out of four people who get polio will have flu-like symptoms. These symptoms usually last 2 to 5 days, and they include: Sore throat Fever Fatigue Nausea Headache Stomach pain In rare cases, polio can be very serious. It can lead


with poliovirus do not have any symptoms. But one out of four people who get polio will have flu-like symptoms. These symptoms usually last 2 to 5 days, and they include: Sore throat Fever Fatigue Nausea Headache Stomach pain In rare cases, polio can be very serious. It can lead to: Meningitis , an infection of the covering of your spinal cord and/or brain. Weakness or paralysis in your arms, legs, or both. This paralysis or weakness can last a lifetime. It is possible for the paralysis to become life-threatening if it affects the muscles that you use to breathe. Post-polio syndrome (PPS), which happens later in life. What is post-polio syndrome (PPS)? Post-polio syndrome (PPS) is a condition that affects polio survivors many years after they recovered from polio. It usually happens 15-40 years later. It is not contagious. People who get PPS start having new weakening in muscles that were previously affected by the polio infection. Symptoms may range from mild to serious. The symptoms of PPS include: Muscle weakness Muscle atrophy (wasting away of muscles) Loss of muscle function Mental and physical fatigue Joint pain Curving of the spine ( scoliosis ) PPS is rarely life-threatening, but the symptoms can interfere with your daily life. How is polio diagnosed? If you think you or someone in your family has symptoms of polio, call your healthcare provider right away or go to an emergency room. To find out if you or your child has polio, the provider: Will do a physical exam. Will take a detailed medical history, including your vaccination history and history of any recent travel. Will collect samples of body fluids, such as stool, saliva, blood, urine, and spinal fluid. Poliovirus is most likely to be detected in stool specimens. May do an MRI to


do a physical exam. Will take a detailed medical history, including your vaccination history and history of any recent travel. Will collect samples of body fluids, such as stool, saliva, blood, urine, and spinal fluid. Poliovirus is most likely to be detected in stool specimens. May do an MRI to look at pictures of the spinal cord. What are the treatments for polio and post-polio syndrome (PPS)? There is no cure or specific treatment for polio. For a mild case, getting rest and drinking plenty of liquids may help with some of the symptoms. If the polio is more serious, you or your child may need: Physical or occupational therapy to help with arm or leg weakness. The earlier therapy is started, the better. Pain relievers to help with pain and treat fever. If your child is sick, do not give them aspirin unless their provider tells you to. A ventilator to help with breathing if the breathing muscles are weak or paralyzed. There is no cure for PPS. Treatments may help you manage your symptoms. They include: Non-fatiguing exercises (exercises that do not cause pain or fatigue that lasts more than 10 minutes). These exercises may improve muscle strength and reduce tiredness. Your provider can help you figure out which exercises are best for you. Mobility aids . Ventilation equipment. Lifestyle changes, such as eating a healthy diet, getting enough sleep, and not smoking. Can polio be prevented? There are two types of vaccine that can prevent polio: Inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) given as an injection in the leg or arm, depending on how old you are. Since 2000, this has been the only polio vaccine used in the United States. Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is given as drops in the mouth. It is still used throughout much of


poliovirus vaccine (IPV) given as an injection in the leg or arm, depending on how old you are. Since 2000, this has been the only polio vaccine used in the United States. Oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) is given as drops in the mouth. It is still used throughout much of the world. Children in the United States get four doses of PV as part of their routine childhood immunizations . Most adults in the United States were vaccinated against polio as children. There is a one-time IPV booster. It may be given to adults who have completed their polio vaccinations but are at higher risk of contact with poliovirus. You may be at higher risk if you are: Traveling to a country where the risk of getting polio is greater Working in a laboratory or healthcare setting and handling samples that might contain polioviruses A healthcare worker who has contact with patients who could have polio Another way to help prevent the spread of polio is to wash your hands often with soap and water. Alcohol-based hand sanitizers will not kill poliovirus. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


¿Qué es la poliomielitis? La poliomielitis, o polio, es una enfermedad que se transmite de persona a persona. Es causada por el poliovirus. Este virus ataca el sistema nervioso. En casos graves, puede causar parálisis (no es posible mover partes del cuerpo). La parálisis puede durar toda la vida y, en ocasiones, poner en riesgo la vida. Gracias a las vacunas, la poliomielitis es rara en los Estados Unidos. Sin embargo, ocurre en algunas partes del mundo y los viajeros pueden propagar el virus. ¿Cómo se propaga la poliomielitis? El poliovirus es muy contagioso. Se propaga a través del contacto con: Heces de la persona con la infección Gotas de un estornudo o tos de alguien con la infección Este contacto puede ocurrir si: Tiene heces o gotitas contaminadas en sus manos y luego se toca la boca Un niño se lleva a la boca juguetes u otros objetos contaminados Comparte alimentos o utensilios con alguien que tiene la infección Las personas que tienen la infección pueden transmitirla a otros justo antes y hasta varias semanas después de que aparezcan los síntomas. Las personas sin síntomas aún pueden transmitir el virus a otros y enfermarlos. ¿Quién tiene más probabilidades de tener polio? La poliomielitis afecta principalmente a niños menores de 5 años. Pero personas de cualquier edad (incluidos los adultos) que no están vacunadas corren el riesgo de contraerla. Las personas que viven o viajan a áreas donde hay polio tienen más probabilidades de contraerla. ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de la poliomielitis? La mayoría de las personas que se infectan con el poliovirus no presentan síntomas. Pero 1 de cada 4 personas que contraen polio tendrá síntomas similares a los de la gripe. Estos síntomas suelen durar de 2 a 5 días e incluyen: Dolor de garganta Fiebre Fatiga Náuseas


la poliomielitis? La mayoría de las personas que se infectan con el poliovirus no presentan síntomas. Pero 1 de cada 4 personas que contraen polio tendrá síntomas similares a los de la gripe. Estos síntomas suelen durar de 2 a 5 días e incluyen: Dolor de garganta Fiebre Fatiga Náuseas Dolor de cabeza Dolor de estómago En casos raros, la poliomielitis puede ser muy grave. Puede causar: Meningitis : Infección de la cubierta de su médula espinal y/o cerebro Debilidad o parálisis en sus brazos, piernas o ambos: Esta parálisis o debilidad puede durar toda la vida. Es posible que se convierta en una amenaza para la vida si afecta los músculos que usa para respirar Síndrome pospolio: Ocurre más adelante en la vida ¿Qué es el síndrome post-polio? El síndrome post-polio (SPP) es un problema que afecta a los sobrevivientes de polio muchos años después de que se recuperaron de la afección. Suele ocurrir 15-40 años después. No es contagioso. Las personas que contraen síndrome post-polio comienzan a tener un nuevo debilitamiento en los músculos que anteriormente se vieron afectados por la infección de polio. Los síntomas pueden variar de leves a graves e incluyen: Debilidad muscular Atrofia muscular (desgaste de los músculos) Pérdida de la función muscular Fatiga mental y física Dolor en las articulaciones Curvatura de la columna ( escoliosis ) El síndrome post-polio rara vez puede ser mortal, pero los síntomas pueden interferir con su vida diaria. ¿Cómo se diagnostica la poliomielitis? Si cree que usted o alguien de su familia tiene síntomas de polio, llame a su profesional de la salud de inmediato o vaya a la sala de emergencias. Para saber si usted o su hijo tienen polio, el profesional de la salud puede: Hacer un examen físico Detallar su historia clínica, incluyendo el


o alguien de su familia tiene síntomas de polio, llame a su profesional de la salud de inmediato o vaya a la sala de emergencias. Para saber si usted o su hijo tienen polio, el profesional de la salud puede: Hacer un examen físico Detallar su historia clínica, incluyendo el historial de vacunación y de cualquier viaje reciente Recolectar muestras de fluidos corporales, como heces, saliva, sangre, orina y líquido cefalorraquídeo. Es más probable que el poliovirus se detecte en muestras de heces Hacer una resonancia magnética para observar imágenes de la médula espinal ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para la polio y el síndrome post-polio? No hay cura ni tratamiento específico para la poliomielitis. Para un caso leve, descansar y beber muchos líquidos puede ayudar con algunos de los síntomas. Si la poliomielitis es más grave, es posible que usted o su hijo necesiten: Terapia física u ocupacional para ayudar con la debilidad de brazos o piernas. Cuanto antes se inicie la terapia, mejor Analgésicos para aliviar el dolor y tratar la fiebre. Si su hijo está enfermo, no le dé aspirina a menos que su proveedor se lo indique Un ventilador para ayudar con la respiración si los músculos respiratorios están débiles o paralizados No hay cura para el síndrome post-polio. Los tratamientos pueden ayudar a controlar los síntomas, incluyendo: Ejercicios sin fatiga (ejercicios que no causan dolor o fatiga que dure más de 10 minutos): Pueden mejorar la fuerza muscular y reducir el cansancio. Su profesional de la salud puede ayudar a determinar qué ejercicios son mejores para usted Asistencia para la movilidad Equipos de ventilación Cambios en el estilo de vida, como seguir una dieta saludable, dormir lo suficiente y no fumar ¿Se puede prevenir la poliomielitis? Hay dos tipos de vacunas que pueden prevenir la poliomielitis:


salud puede ayudar a determinar qué ejercicios son mejores para usted Asistencia para la movilidad Equipos de ventilación Cambios en el estilo de vida, como seguir una dieta saludable, dormir lo suficiente y no fumar ¿Se puede prevenir la poliomielitis? Hay dos tipos de vacunas que pueden prevenir la poliomielitis: Vacuna de poliovirus inactivado: Se aplica como inyección en la pierna o el brazo, según la edad que tenga. Desde el año 2000, esta ha sido la única vacuna contra la poliomielitis utilizada en los EE. UU. Vacuna oral contra el poliovirus: Se administra en forma de gotas en la boca. Todavía se usa en gran parte del mundo Los niños en los EE. UU. reciben cuatro dosis de vacunas contra la polio como parte de su inmunización infantil de rutina. La mayoría de los adultos en los Estados Unidos fueron vacunados contra la poliomielitis cuando eran niños. Hay un refuerzo de dosis única de vacuna de poliovirus inactivado. Se puede administrar a adultos que han completado sus vacunas contra la poliomielitis pero que tienen un mayor riesgo de contacto con el poliovirus. Puede tener un mayor riesgo si: Viaja a un país donde el riesgo de contraer polio es mayor Trabaja en un laboratorio o entorno de atención médica y manipula muestras que podrían contener poliovirus Es un trabajador de la salud que tiene contacto con pacientes que podrían tener polio Otra forma de ayudar a prevenir la propagación de la poliomielitis es lavarse las manos con frecuencia con agua y jabón. Los desinfectantes para manos a base de alcohol no matan el poliovirus. Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades


What is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the name for set of symptoms that are related to an imbalance of hormones . PCOS affects the ovaries, as well as many other parts of the body. People with PCOS usually have at least two of these problems: Not ovulating. Normally, your ovaries make the egg that is released each month as part of a healthy menstrual cycle . This is called ovulation. But with PCOS, the egg may not develop as it should, or it may not be released during ovulation. Your periods may be irregular, or you may not have them at all. High levels of androgens. Androgens are hormones that are important for normal male sexual development. Women normally make smaller amounts of androgens. Having higher levels of androgens can cause you to have extra body or facial hair (called hirsutism). Cysts in one or both ovaries. Cysts are growths that are small, fluid-filled sacs. What causes polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? The exact cause of PCOS in unknown. Research has shown that different factors may play a role, including: Genetics . PCOS tends to run in families. Imbalances in androgen levels. Insulin resistance. This is a condition in which your body can't use insulin properly. Insulin is a hormone that helps move blood glucose (sugar) into your cells to give them energy. Insulin resistance can lead to high blood glucose levels. What are the symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? PCOS often develops as young as age 11 or 12, around the time of your first period. But you can develop it later. The symptoms can vary from person to person. Some people have few or even no symptoms. They may not realize they have PCOS until they have trouble getting pregnant. Other people may


as age 11 or 12, around the time of your first period. But you can develop it later. The symptoms can vary from person to person. Some people have few or even no symptoms. They may not realize they have PCOS until they have trouble getting pregnant. Other people may have more severe symptoms. The symptoms of PCOS may include: Irregular or missed menstrual periods. Too much hair on the face, chest, stomach, or thighs. Obesity , weight gain, or trouble losing weight. Severe acne which may be hard to treat. Oily skin. Patches of thickened dark skin (called acanthosis nigricans). Infertility . PCOS is one of the most common causes of infertility. But many women with PCOS can still get pregnant. What other health problems are linked to polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? PCOS is linked to many other health problems, including: Insulin resistance, which can lead to prediabetes and type 2 diabetes . Heart disease . Having PCOS increases your risk, and this risk goes up as you age. High blood pressure . High LDL ("bad") cholesterol and low HDL ("good") cholesterol . This increases your risk of heart disease . Sleep apnea , a disorder that causes you to repeatedly stop breathing during sleep. Depression and anxiety . Although there are links between PCOS and these conditions, researchers do not know whether: PCOS causes some of these problems Some of these problems cause PCOS, or There are other conditions that cause both PCOS and these other health problems Not everyone who has PCOS will have all these problems. However, you and your health care provider may want to monitor your health for signs of them, so they can be treated early. How is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) diagnosed? There is no specific test for PCOS. To find out


Not everyone who has PCOS will have all these problems. However, you and your health care provider may want to monitor your health for signs of them, so they can be treated early. How is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) diagnosed? There is no specific test for PCOS. To find out if you have PCOS, your provider: Will do a physical exam, which will include looking for the physical signs of PCOS. Will ask about your medical history and family health history. May do a pelvic exam to check for signs of extra male hormones and to see if your ovaries are enlarged or swollen. May order a pelvic ultrasound to look for cysts on your ovaries and check the thickness of your endometrium (the lining of your uterus, or womb). May order blood tests, including tests to check your hormone levels. What are the treatments for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)? There is no cure for PCOS, but treatments can help you manage your symptoms. The treatments may include: Lifestyle changes, which can help reduce many symptoms. They can also lower your risk for or help manage related health problems. These changes include: Maintaining a healthy weight Getting regular physical activity Eating healthy foods Medicines: Hormonal birth control , such as pills, shots, and IUDs, can make your period more regular. They may also help remove acne and extra facial and body hair. But you would only use them if you don't want to get pregnant. Anti-androgen medicines, which block the effect of androgens. This can help reduce hair loss on your head, the growth of facial and body hair, and acne. Providers do use them to help with these symptoms, but anti-androgen medicines are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat PCOS. These medicines can


effect of androgens. This can help reduce hair loss on your head, the growth of facial and body hair, and acne. Providers do use them to help with these symptoms, but anti-androgen medicines are not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to treat PCOS. These medicines can cause problems during pregnancy. Your provider may have you take them with birth control (to prevent pregnancy). Insulin-sensitizing medicines, which are medicines that are used to treat type 2 diabetes. They improve insulin resistance and keep your blood glucose levels steady. They may also lower your androgen levels. They are not approved by the FDA to treat PCOS. But they may help with your symptoms. Medicines for acne. These medicines come in pills, creams, or gels. Treatments for hair removal, such as facial hair removal creams, laser hair removal, and electrolysis. Fertility treatments if you are having trouble getting pregnant. They include medicines and procedures such as in vitro fertilization (IVF) .


Polymyalgia rheumatica is a disorder that causes muscle pain and stiffness in your neck, shoulders, and hips. It is most common in women and almost always occurs in people over 50. The main symptom is stiffness after resting. Other symptoms include fever , weakness and weight loss. In some cases, polymyalgia rheumatica develops overnight. In others, it is gradual. The cause of polymyalgia rheumatica is unknown. There is no specific test for it. Your doctor will use your medical history, symptoms, and a physical exam to make the diagnosis. Lab tests for inflammation may help confirm the diagnosis. Polymyalgia rheumatica sometimes occurs along with giant cell arteritis , a condition that causes swelling of the arteries in your head. Symptoms include headaches and blurred vision. Doctors often prescribe prednisone, a steroid medicine, for both conditions. With treatment, polymyalgia rheumatica usually disappears in a day or two. Without treatment, it usually goes away after a year or more. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


Las porfirias son un grupo de trastornos genéticos causados por problemas con la forma en que el cuerpo produce una sustancia llamada hemo. El hemo se encuentra en todo el cuerpo, especialmente en la sangre y en la médula ósea, donde transporta oxígeno. Existen dos tipos principales de porfirias: Uno es el que afecta la piel (cutáneo) y el otro es el que afecta el sistema nervioso. Las personas que tienen porfiria cutánea desarrollan ampollas, picazón e inflamación en la piel cuando se exponen al sol. El tipo de porfiria que afecta al sistema nervioso se llama porfiria aguda. Los síntomas incluyen dolor en el pecho, abdomen, brazos o piernas, espalda, adormecimiento de los músculos, hormigueo, parálisis o calambres, vómitos, estreñimiento y cambios mentales o en la personalidad. Estos síntomas pueden aparecer y desaparecer. Algunos desencadenantes pueden causar una crisis, como ciertas medicinas, el cigarrillo, el consumo de alcohol, las infecciones, el estrés y la exposición al sol. Las crisis se desarrollan en horas o días. Pueden durar días o semanas. La porfiria puede ser difícil de diagnosticar. Requiere de exámenes de sangre, orina y heces. Cada tipo tiene un tratamiento diferente. Parte de este es evitar los desencadenantes. También puede incluir tratamiento con hemo (hematina) a través de una vena, medicamentos para aliviar los síntomas o extracción de sangre para reducir la cantidad de hierro en el cuerpo. Las personas que presentan varios episodios quizás deban ser internadas. NIH: Instituto Nacional de la Diabetes y las Enfermedades Digestivas y Renales


Porphyrias are a group of genetic disorders caused by problems with how your body makes a substance called heme. Heme is found throughout the body, especially in your blood and bone marrow, where it carries oxygen. There are two main types of porphyrias. One affects the skin and the other affects the nervous system. People with the skin type develop blisters, itching, and swelling of their skin when it is exposed to sunlight. The nervous system type is called acute porphyria. Symptoms include pain in the chest, abdomen, limbs, or back; muscle numbness, tingling, paralysis, or cramping; vomiting; constipation; and personality changes or mental disorders. These symptoms come and go. Certain triggers can cause an attack, including some medicines, smoking, drinking alcohol, infections, stress, and sun exposure. Attacks develop over hours or days. They can last for days or weeks. Porphyria can be hard to diagnose. It requires blood, urine, and stool tests. Each type of porphyria is treated differently. Treatment may involve avoiding triggers, receiving heme through a vein, taking medicines to relieve symptoms, or having blood drawn to reduce iron in the body. People who have severe attacks may need to be hospitalized. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


What are post-COVID conditions (long COVID)? COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) is an illness caused by a virus. Many people get better within a few days or weeks after being infected with the virus. But others have post-COVID conditions. They may: Have symptoms that linger for weeks, months, or even years Seem to recover from COVID-19 but then see their symptoms return Develop new symptoms or new health conditions within a few months of having COVID-19 There are several other names for post-COVID conditions. It is often called long COVID. But it can also be called long-haul COVID, long-term effects of COVID, chronic COVID, post-acute COVID-19, and post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC). Who is more likely to develop post-COVID conditions (long COVID)? Anyone who had COVID-19, whether it was severe or mild, can have long-lasting symptoms. But you are at higher risk of post-COVID conditions if you: Had severe COVID-19 illness, especially if you were hospitalized or needed intensive care. Had underlying health conditions before you got COVID-19. Did not get a COVID-19 vaccine . Had multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) during or after COVID-19. MIS is a rare but serious condition in which different body parts become inflamed. What are the symptoms of post-COVID conditions (long COVID)? Post-COVID conditions do not affect everyone the same way. They can cause various types and combinations of symptoms in different people. The symptoms may affect different parts of the body, for example: General symptoms, such as fatigue and fever Respiratory symptoms, such as trouble breathing and cough Heart symptoms, such as chest pain and palpitations Neurologic symptoms such as trouble thinking and concentrating ("brain fog"), headaches , and sleep problems Digestive symptoms such as diarrhea and stomach pain Some people may have a wide variety of symptoms that are similar to those of other


breathing and cough Heart symptoms, such as chest pain and palpitations Neurologic symptoms such as trouble thinking and concentrating ("brain fog"), headaches , and sleep problems Digestive symptoms such as diarrhea and stomach pain Some people may have a wide variety of symptoms that are similar to those of other conditions, such as myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS). Most people's symptoms slowly improve over time. But for some people, the symptoms can last weeks, months, or longer. Sometimes the symptoms are severe enough to result in disability . How are post-COVID conditions (long COVID) diagnosed? There is no specific test for post-COVID conditions. To find out if you have a post-COVID condition, your provider: Will ask about your medical history. This includes asking if you have had a diagnosis of COVID-19, either based on a positive test, symptoms, or exposure. Will do a physical exam. May order blood and imaging tests. Some of symptoms of post-COVID conditions may be hard to explain. The results of blood and imaging tests may be normal. And people who have unexplained symptoms may sometimes be misunderstood by their providers. So it can take some time to get a diagnosis. What are the treatments for post-COVID conditions (long COVID)? There is no specific treatment for post-COVID conditions yet. You and your provider can work together to create a personal care plan to manage your symptoms and improve your quality of life. Can post-COVID conditions (long COVID) be prevented? The best way to prevent post-COVID conditions is to avoid getting COVID-19. Staying up to date with vaccines (including boosters) against COVID-19 can help prevent COVID-19 infection and protect against severe illness.


What is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a mental health disorder that some people develop after they experience or see a traumatic event. The traumatic event may be life-threatening, such as combat, a natural disaster , a car accident, or sexual assault . But sometimes the event is not necessarily a dangerous one. For example, the sudden, unexpected death of a loved one can also cause PTSD. It's normal to feel afraid during and after a traumatic situation. The fear triggers a "fight-or-flight" response. This is your body's way of helping to protect itself from possible harm. It causes changes in your body such as the release of certain hormones and increases in alertness, blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing. In time, most people recover from this naturally. But people with PTSD don't feel better. They feel stressed and frightened long after the trauma is over. In some cases, the PTSD symptoms may start later on. They might also come and go over time. What causes post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? Researchers don't know why some people get PTSD and others don't. Genetics, neurobiology, risk factors, and personal factors may affect whether you get PTSD after a traumatic event. Who is more likely to develop post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? You can develop PTSD at any age. Many risk factors play a part in whether you will develop PTSD. They include: Your sex; women are more likely to develop PTSD Having had trauma in childhood Feeling horror, helplessness, or extreme fear Going through a traumatic event that lasts a long time Having little or no social support after the event Dealing with extra stress after the event, such as loss of a loved one, pain and injury, or loss of a job or home Having a history of


or extreme fear Going through a traumatic event that lasts a long time Having little or no social support after the event Dealing with extra stress after the event, such as loss of a loved one, pain and injury, or loss of a job or home Having a history of mental illness or substance use What are the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? There are four types of PTSD symptoms, but they may not be the same for everyone. Each person experiences symptoms in their own way. The types are: Re-experiencing symptoms , when something reminds you of the trauma and you feel that fear again. Examples include Flashbacks, which cause you to feel like you are going through the event again Nightmares Frightening thoughts Avoidance symptoms , when you try to avoid situations or people that trigger memories of the traumatic event. This may cause you to Stay away from places, events, or objects that are reminders of the traumatic experience. For example, if you were in a car accident, you might stop driving. Avoiding thoughts or feelings related to the traumatic event. For example, you might try to stay very busy to try to avoid thinking about what happened. Arousal and reactivity symptoms , which may cause you to be jittery or be on the lookout for danger. They include Being easily startled Feeling tense or "on edge" Having difficulty sleeping Having angry outbursts Cognition and mood symptoms , which are negative changes in beliefs and feelings. They include Trouble remembering important things about the traumatic event Negative thoughts about yourself or the world Feeling blame and guilt No longer being interested in things you enjoyed Trouble concentrating The symptoms usually start soon after the traumatic event. But sometimes they may not appear until months or years


They include Trouble remembering important things about the traumatic event Negative thoughts about yourself or the world Feeling blame and guilt No longer being interested in things you enjoyed Trouble concentrating The symptoms usually start soon after the traumatic event. But sometimes they may not appear until months or years later. They also may come and go over many years. If your symptoms last longer than four weeks, cause you great distress, or interfere with your work or home life, you might have PTSD. How is post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosed? A health care provider who has experience helping people with mental illnesses can diagnose PTSD. The provider will do a mental health screening and may also do a physical exam. To get a diagnosis of PTSD, you must have all of these symptoms for at least one month: At least one re-experiencing symptom At least one avoidance symptom At least two arousal and reactivity symptoms At least two cognition and mood symptoms What are the treatments for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? The main treatments for PTSD are talk therapy, medicines, or both. PTSD affects people differently, so a treatment that works for one person may not work for another. If you have PTSD, you need to work with a mental health professional to find the best treatment for your symptoms.: Talk therapy , or psychotherapy, can teach you about your symptoms. You will learn how to identify what triggers them and how to manage them. There are different types of talk therapy for PTSD. Medicines can help with the symptoms of PTSD. Antidepressants may help control symptoms such as sadness, worry, anger, and feeling numb inside. Other medicines can help with sleep problems and nightmares. Can post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) be prevented? There are certain factors that can help


of talk therapy for PTSD. Medicines can help with the symptoms of PTSD. Antidepressants may help control symptoms such as sadness, worry, anger, and feeling numb inside. Other medicines can help with sleep problems and nightmares. Can post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) be prevented? There are certain factors that can help reduce the risk of developing PTSD. These are known as resilience factors, and they include: Seeking out support from other people, such as friends, family, or a support group Learning to feel good about your actions in the face of danger Having a coping strategy or a way of getting through the bad event and learning from it Being able to act and respond effectively despite feeling fear NIH: National Institute of Mental Health


Taking home a new baby is one of the happiest times in a woman's life. But it also presents both physical and emotional challenges. : Get as much rest as possible. You may find that all you can do is eat, sleep, and care for your baby. And that is perfectly okay. You will have spotting or bleeding, like a menstrual period, off and on for up to six weeks. You might also have swelling in your legs and feet, feel constipated, have menstrual-like cramping. Even if you are not breastfeeding, you can have milk leaking from your nipples, and your breasts might feel full, tender, or uncomfortable. Follow your doctor's instructions on how much activity, like climbing stairs or walking, you can do for the next few weeks. Doctors usually recommend that you abstain from sexual intercourse for four to six weeks after birth. In addition to physical changes, you may feel sad or have the "baby blues." If you are extremely sad or are unable to care for yourself or your baby, you might have a serious condition called postpartum depression . Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health


What is postpartum depression? Having a baby can be exciting, but it can also be stressful and bring many strong emotions. During the postpartum period, which is the time after you give birth , you may have mood swings, crying spells, or feel anxious. These feelings are common and are often called the postpartum "baby blues". The baby blues usually go away within a few days to a week. If your symptoms are more severe and last longer than two weeks, you may have postpartum depression. Postpartum depression is a common but serious mood disorder that can begin anytime within the first year after childbirth. Without treatment, symptoms may make it hard to care for your baby or manage daily tasks. What causes postpartum depression? The exact cause is unknown, but postpartum depression likely results from a combination of factors, including: Sudden changes in hormone levels after pregnancy Physical changes , such as dropping thyroid hormone levels Lifestyle factors, such as fatigue, lack of sleep, limited support, or recent stressful events Who is at risk for postpartum depression? Anyone can develop postpartum depression after childbirth. You might be at higher risk if you: Have a history of depression , bipolar disorder , or a family health history of these conditions Had a multiple birth (twins, triplets, or more) Gave birth while in your teens Had health problems during pregnancy Had preterm labor or other complications during childbirth Have a baby with special needs Have ever experienced domestic violence Are dealing with financial stress Had an unplanned pregnancy What are the symptoms of postpartum depression? Postpartum depression symptoms are more intense and last longer than the baby blues. Symptoms may include: Feeling sad or empty most of the time Eating too much or too little Sleeping too much or too little


with financial stress Had an unplanned pregnancy What are the symptoms of postpartum depression? Postpartum depression symptoms are more intense and last longer than the baby blues. Symptoms may include: Feeling sad or empty most of the time Eating too much or too little Sleeping too much or too little Crying more than usual or for no clear reason Feeling unusually angry Pulling away from family and friends Feeling worried or anxious often Feeling little or no interest in your baby Constant doubts about your ability to care for your baby Thinking of harming yourself or your baby If you have thoughts about suicide , or hurting yourself or your baby get help right away: Call 911 or go to your local emergency room Contact a crisis hotline. In the United States, you can reach the National Suicide and Crisis Lifeline at any time: Call or text 988 Chat online with Lifeline Chat TTY users: Use your preferred relay service or dial 711 then 988 Veterans can contact the Veterans Crisis Line: Call 988, then press 1 Text 838255 Chat online Call your mental health provider or other health care provider Reach out to a loved one or close friend If these symptoms begin during pregnancy and continue after childbirth, it's called perinatal depression. Without treatment, it can affect bonding with your baby and may contribute to feeding or sleeping problems. Very rarely, a new mother may develop postpartum psychosis , a medical emergency. Symptoms may include confusion, hallucinations (seeing or hearing things that aren't real), or dangerous behaviors. Call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room right away if this happens. How is postpartum depression diagnosed? Your provider may diagnose postpartum depression using: Screening questions or questionnaires, such as those about your mood, sleep, and thoughts. A clinical


or hearing things that aren't real), or dangerous behaviors. Call 911 or go to the nearest emergency room right away if this happens. How is postpartum depression diagnosed? Your provider may diagnose postpartum depression using: Screening questions or questionnaires, such as those about your mood, sleep, and thoughts. A clinical evaluation based on your symptoms. Blood tests, if needed, to check for physical conditions such as thyroid disorders, that can cause or worsen depression. What is the treatment for postpartum depression? If you think you have postpartum depression, talk with your provider. Treatments may include: Medicines, including antidepressants Talk therapy (counseling) Tell your provider if you are breastfeeding so they can choose the safest treatment options. Along with these treatment options, there are things you can do at home that may help you feel better, such as: Asking for help with caring for the baby and household chores Taking time for yourself Getting physical activity, such as walking Resting when the baby rests Can postpartum depression be prevented? You may be able to lower your risk for postpartum depression by: Talking with your provider during pregnancy about any history of depression Completing recommended screening questionnaires during pregnancy and after birth Getting support from family, friends, or support groups Attending early Physical changes so symptoms can be found and treated as soon as possible Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health


El potasio es un mineral que el cuerpo necesita para funcionar normalmente. Es un tipo de electrolito . Ayuda a la función de los nervios y a la contracción de los músculos y a que su ritmo cardiaco se mantenga constante. También permite que los nutrientes fluyan a las células y a expulsar los desechos de estas. Una dieta rica en potasio ayuda a contrarrestar algunos de los efectos nocivos del sodio sobre la presión arterial. La mayoría de las personas obtiene el potasio que necesita de lo que come y bebe. Las principales fuentes de potasio en la dieta incluyen: Verduras de hoja verde como espinacas y col rizada Frutos de las vides como las uvas y las moras Vegetales de raíz o tubérculos como las zanahorias y las papas Frutas cítricas como naranjas y toronjas Los riñones ayudan a mantener la cantidad adecuada de potasio en su cuerpo. Si usted tiene enfermedad renal crónica , los riñones no pueden eliminar el potasio adicional de la sangre. Algunos medicamentos también pueden elevar su nivel de potasio. Es posible que necesite una dieta especial para reducir la cantidad de potasio que consume.


Potassium is a mineral that your body needs to work properly. It is a type of electrolyte . It helps your nerves to function and muscles to contract. It helps your heartbeat stay regular. It also helps move nutrients into cells and waste products out of cells. A diet rich in potassium helps to offset some of sodium's harmful effects on blood pressure. Many people get all the potassium they need from what they eat and drink. Sources of potassium in the diet include: Leafy greens, such as spinach and collards Fruit from vines, such as grapes and blackberries Root vegetables, such as carrots and potatoes Citrus fruits, such as oranges and grapefruit Your kidneys help to keep the right amount of potassium in your body. If you have chronic kidney disease , your kidneys may not remove extra potassium from the blood. Some medicines also can raise your potassium level. You may need a special diet to lower the amount of potassium that you eat.


Prader-Willi Syndrome (PWS) is a rare genetic disorder. It causes poor muscle tone, low levels of sex hormones and a constant feeling of hunger. The part of the brain that controls feelings of fullness or hunger does not work properly in people with PWS. They overeat, leading to obesity . Babies with PWS are usually floppy, with poor muscle tone, and have trouble sucking. Boys may have undescended testicles. Later, other signs appear. These include: Short stature Poor motor skills Weight gain Underdeveloped sex organs Mild intellectual and learning disabilities There is no cure for PWS. Growth hormone, exercise, and dietary supervision can help build muscle mass and control weight. Other treatments may include sex hormones and behavior therapy. Most people with PWS will need specialized care and supervision throughout their lives. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development


Si usted está tratando de tener un bebé o está pensando en ello, no es demasiado temprano para prepararse para un embarazo seguro y un bebé sano. Usted debe ver a su proveedor de salud acerca de los cuidados previos a la concepción. El cuidado de preconcepción es la atención que usted recibe antes de quedar embarazada. Su médico puede ayudarle a determinar cuáles son los pasos que debe tomar ahora, como por ejemplo: Encontrar y solucionar cualquier problema que pudiera afectarle a usted y a su bebé más tarde, como la diabetes o la hipertensión arterial Aumentar la cantidad de ácido fólico para prevenir defectos del tubo neural Aplicar todas las vacunas Evitar fumar, beber alcohol o tomar drogas Tratar de llegar a un peso saludable Al tomar acción sobre los problemas de salud antes del embarazo, puede evitarlos usted y su bebé en el futuro. Una vez que está embarazada, se le proporcionará atención prenatal hasta que nazca su bebé. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Salud Infantil y Desarrollo Humano


If you are trying to have a baby or are just thinking about it, it is not too early to prepare for a safe pregnancy and a healthy baby. You should see your health care provider for preconception care. Preconception care is care you receive before you get pregnant. Your health care provider can help you figure out which steps you need to take now, such as: Finding and taking care of any problems that might affect you and your baby later, like diabetes or high blood pressure Increasing the amount of folic acid you get to prevent neural tube defects Getting up to date on vaccines Avoiding smoking, drinking alcohol, or taking drugs Trying to reach a healthy weight By taking action on health issues before pregnancy, you can prevent many future problems for yourself and your baby. Once you're pregnant, you'll get prenatal care until your baby is born. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development


What is prediabetes? Prediabetes means that your blood glucose, or blood sugar , levels are higher than normal but not high enough to be called diabetes . Glucose comes from the foods you eat. Too much glucose in your blood can damage your body over time. If you have prediabetes, you are more likely to develop type 2 diabetes , heart disease , and stroke . But if you make some lifestyle changes now, you may be able to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes. What causes prediabetes? Prediabetes usually happens when your body has a problem with insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the glucose get into your cells to give them energy. A problem with insulin could be: Insulin resistance, a condition in which the body can't use its insulin properly. It makes it hard for your cells to get glucose from your blood. This can cause your blood sugar levels to rise. Your body can't make enough insulin to keep your blood sugar levels at a healthy level Researchers think that being overweight and not getting regular physical activity are major factors in causing prediabetes. Who is at risk for prediabetes? About 1 out of every 3 adults has prediabetes. It is more common in people who: Are overweight or have obesity Are age 45 or older Have a parent, brother, or sister with diabetes Are African American, Alaska Native, American Indian, Asian American, Hispanic/Latino, Native Hawaiian, or Pacific Islander American Are not physically active Have health conditions such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol Have had gestational diabetes (diabetes in pregnancy) Have a history of heart disease or stroke Have metabolic syndrome Have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) What are the symptoms of prediabetes? Most people don't know they have prediabetes because usually there are


health conditions such as high blood pressure and high cholesterol Have had gestational diabetes (diabetes in pregnancy) Have a history of heart disease or stroke Have metabolic syndrome Have polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) What are the symptoms of prediabetes? Most people don't know they have prediabetes because usually there are no symptoms. Some people with prediabetes may have darkened skin in the armpit or on the back and sides of the neck. They may also have many small skin growths in those same areas. How is prediabetes diagnosed? There are a few different blood tests that can diagnose prediabetes. The most common ones are: Fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, which measures your blood sugar at a single point in time. You need to fast (not eat or drink) for at least 8 hours before the test. The results of the test are given in mg/dL (milligrams per deciliter): A normal level is 99 or below Prediabetes is 100 to 125 Type 2 diabetes is 126 and above A1C test , which measures your average blood sugar over the past 3 months. The results of an A1C test are given as a percentage. The higher the percentage, the higher your blood sugar levels have been. A normal level is below 5.7% Prediabetes is between 5.7 to 6.4% Type 2 diabetes is above 6.5% If I have prediabetes, will I get diabetes? If you have prediabetes, you may be able to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes through lifestyle changes: Losing weight , if you are overweight Getting regular physical activity Following a healthy, reduced-calorie eating plan In some cases, your health care provider may also recommend taking diabetes medicines . Can prediabetes be prevented? If you are at risk for prediabetes, those same lifestyle changes (losing weight, regular physical activity, and


, if you are overweight Getting regular physical activity Following a healthy, reduced-calorie eating plan In some cases, your health care provider may also recommend taking diabetes medicines . Can prediabetes be prevented? If you are at risk for prediabetes, those same lifestyle changes (losing weight, regular physical activity, and a healthy eating plan) may prevent you from getting it. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


¿Qué es la prediabetes? Prediabetes significa que los niveles de glucosa o azúcar en la sangre son más altos de lo normal pero no lo suficientemente altos como para ser diabetes . La glucosa proviene de los alimentos que consume. Demasiada glucosa en su sangre puede dañar su cuerpo con el tiempo. Si tiene prediabetes, es más probable que presente diabetes tipo 2 , enfermedad cardíaca y accidente cerebrovascular . Pero si hace algunos cambios en su estilo de vida, es posible que pueda retrasar o prevenir la diabetes tipo 2. ¿Qué causa la prediabetes? En general, la prediabetes ocurre cuando su cuerpo tiene un problema con la insulina. La insulina es una hormona que ayuda a que la glucosa entre a las células para darles energía. Un problema con la insulina puede ser: Resistencia a la insulina: Afección en la cual el cuerpo no puede usar bien la insulina, haciendo más difícil a las células obtener la glucosa de la sangre. Esto puede hacer que sus niveles de azúcar en la sangre suban Su cuerpo no puede producir suficiente insulina para mantener sus niveles de azúcar en la sangre a un nivel adecuado Los investigadores piensan que el sobrepeso y la falta de actividad física regular son factores importantes para el desarrollo de prediabetes. ¿Quién está en riesgo de tener prediabetes? Cerca de 1 de cada 3 adultos tiene prediabetes. Es más común en personas que: Tienen sobrepeso u obesidad Tienen 45 años o más Tienen un padre, hermano o hermana con diabetes Son afroamericanos, nativos de Alaska, indios americanos, asiáticos americanos, hispanos / latinos, nativos de Hawái o isleños del Pacífico estadounidense No son físicamente activos Tienen problemas de salud como presión arterial alta y colesterol alto Han tenido diabetes gestacional (diabetes en el embarazo) Tienen antecedentes de


o hermana con diabetes Son afroamericanos, nativos de Alaska, indios americanos, asiáticos americanos, hispanos / latinos, nativos de Hawái o isleños del Pacífico estadounidense No son físicamente activos Tienen problemas de salud como presión arterial alta y colesterol alto Han tenido diabetes gestacional (diabetes en el embarazo) Tienen antecedentes de enfermedad cardíaca o accidente cerebrovascular Tienen síndrome metabólico Tienen síndrome de ovario poliquístico ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de la prediabetes? La mayoría de las personas no saben que tienen prediabetes porque generalmente no presentan síntomas. Algunas personas con prediabetes pueden tener piel oscura en la axila o en la parte posterior y los lados del cuello. También pueden tener muchos crecimientos pequeños de la piel en esas mismas áreas. ¿Cómo se diagnostica la prediabetes? Varios análisis de sangre pueden diagnosticar la prediabetes. Los más comunes son: Prueba de glucosa plasmática en ayunas : Mide el azúcar en la sangre en un solo punto en el tiempo. Debe ayunar (no comer ni beber) durante al menos 8 horas antes de la prueba. Los resultados de la prueba se dan en mg / dL (miligramos por decilitro): Un nivel normal es 99 o inferior Prediabetes es de 100 a 125 Diabetes tipo 2 es 126 y superior Prueba de A1c : Mide su nivel promedio de azúcar en la sangre en los últimos 3 meses. Los resultados de una prueba de A1C se dan como un porcentaje. Cuanto mayor sea el porcentaje, mayores serán sus niveles de azúcar en la sangre: Un nivel normal está por debajo del 5,7% Prediabetes es entre 5.7 a 6.4% Diabetes tipo 2 está por encima del 6.5% Si tengo prediabetes, ¿tendré diabetes? Si tiene prediabetes, puede retrasar o prevenir la diabetes tipo 2 a través de cambios en el estilo de vida: Perder peso si tiene


nivel normal está por debajo del 5,7% Prediabetes es entre 5.7 a 6.4% Diabetes tipo 2 está por encima del 6.5% Si tengo prediabetes, ¿tendré diabetes? Si tiene prediabetes, puede retrasar o prevenir la diabetes tipo 2 a través de cambios en el estilo de vida: Perder peso si tiene sobrepeso Hacer actividad física regular Seguir un plan de alimentación saludable y bajo en calorías En algunos casos, su proveedor de atención médica también puede recomendarle tomar medicinas para la diabetes ¿Se puede prevenir la prediabetes? Si está en riesgo de tener prediabetes, estos mismos cambios en el estilo de vida (pérdida de peso, actividad física regular y un plan de alimentación saludable) pueden evitar que la desarrolle. NIH: Instituto Nacional de la Diabetes y las Enfermedades Digestivas y Renales


You're going to have a baby! It's an exciting time, but it can also feel a bit overwhelming. You may have a lot of questions, including what you can do to give your baby a healthy start. Taking care of your health while you're pregnant will help your fetus develop into a healthy baby. To do that, it's important to: Have regular visits with your health care provider. During prenatal care visits your provider checks your health and carefully monitors your pregnancy until you deliver a healthy baby. And if there are any health problems, your provider can find them early. Getting treatment right away can cure many problems and prevent others. Eat healthy and drink plenty of water. Good nutrition during pregnancy includes eating a variety of: Fruits Vegetables Whole grains Lean meats or other protein sources Low-fat dairy products Take prenatal vitamins. During pregnancy, you need higher amounts of certain vitamins and minerals, such as folic acid and iron . Be careful with medicines. Always check with your provider before you start or stop any medicine . This includes over-the-counter medicines and dietary or herbal supplements. Stay active. Physical activity can help you stay strong, feel and sleep better, and prepare your body for birth. Check with your provider about which types of activities are right for you. Avoid substances that could hurt your baby , including alcohol, drugs, and tobacco . Your body will keep changing as your fetus develops until your baby is ready to be born. It can be hard to know whether a new symptom is normal or could be a sign of a problem . Check with your provider if something is bothering or worrying you.


Is it safe to take medicine during pregnancy? Some medicines are safe to take during pregnancy , but many are not. If you're pregnant, check with your health care provider before taking any medicine. Some medicines can harm your developing fetus . This includes: Prescription drugs Over-the-counter medicines Herbs and supplements Should I stop taking my medicine during pregnancy? Always talk to your provider before you stop or start any medicine. You may take medicine to treat a health problem you had before pregnancy. Not using the medicine that you need may be more harmful to you and your fetus than using the medicine. For example, many pregnant women take prescription medicines for health problems like diabetes , asthma, seizures, and heartburn. The decision about whether to take a certain medicine should depend on the risks and benefits that go with it. You and your provider should make this choice together. Can I take vitamins during pregnancy? If you're pregnant, you shouldn't take regular vitamins . They may have too much or too little of the vitamins you need. For example, everyone needs folic acid , a type of B vitamin. But if you're trying to get pregnant, it's really important. Getting enough folic acid before and during pregnancy can prevent birth defects of the brain or spine. During your prenatal care visits, your provider will talk about prenatal vitamins. These are a special kind of vitamin to take during pregnancy. Food and Drug Administration


What is nutrition, and why is it important during pregnancy? Nutrition is about eating a healthy and balanced diet so your body gets the nutrients that it needs. Nutrients are substances in foods that our bodies need so they can function and grow. They include carbohydrates , fats , proteins , vitamins , minerals , and water. When you're pregnant , nutrition is more important than ever. You need more of many important nutrients than you did before pregnancy. Making healthy food choices every day will help you give your baby what they need to develop . It will also help make sure that you and your baby gain a healthy amount of weight. Do I have any special nutritional needs now that I am pregnant? You need more folic acid, iron, calcium, and vitamin D than you did before pregnancy: Folic acid is a B vitamin that may help prevent neural tube defects . Before pregnancy, you need 400 mcg (micrograms) per day. During pregnancy and when breastfeeding, you need 600 mcg per day from foods and/or vitamins. It is hard to get this amount from foods alone, so you will most likely need to take a supplement that contains folic acid. Iron is important for your baby's growth and brain development. During pregnancy, the amount of blood in your body increases, so you need more iron for yourself and your growing baby. You should get 27 mg (milligrams) of iron a day. Calcium during pregnancy can reduce your risk of preeclampsia . It's a serious medical condition that causes a sudden increase in your blood pressure. Calcium also builds up your baby's bones and teeth. Pregnant adults should get 1,000 mg (milligrams) of calcium a day Pregnant teenagers (ages 14-18) need 1,300 mg of calcium a day Vitamin


risk of preeclampsia . It's a serious medical condition that causes a sudden increase in your blood pressure. Calcium also builds up your baby's bones and teeth. Pregnant adults should get 1,000 mg (milligrams) of calcium a day Pregnant teenagers (ages 14-18) need 1,300 mg of calcium a day Vitamin D helps the calcium to build your baby's bones and teeth. All women, pregnant or not, should be getting 600 IU (international units) of vitamin D per day. Keep in mind that taking too much of a supplement can be harmful. For example, very high levels of vitamin A can cause birth defects . Only take vitamins and mineral supplements that your health care provider recommends. You also need more protein when you are pregnant. Healthy sources of protein include beans, peas, eggs, lean meats, seafood, and unsalted nuts and seeds. Getting enough fluids is another special nutritional concern during pregnancy. When you are pregnant, your body needs even more water to stay hydrated and support the life inside you. So it's important to drink enough fluids every day. How much weight should I gain during my pregnancy? How much weight you should gain depends on your health and how much you weighed before pregnancy: If you were at a normal weight before pregnancy, you should gain about 25 to 35 pounds If you were underweight before pregnancy, you should gain more If you were overweight or had obesity before you became pregnant, you should gain less Check with your provider to find out how much weight gain during pregnancy is healthy for you. You should gain the weight gradually during your pregnancy, with most of the weight gained in the last trimester. Do I need to eat more calories when I am pregnant? How many calories you need depends


provider to find out how much weight gain during pregnancy is healthy for you. You should gain the weight gradually during your pregnancy, with most of the weight gained in the last trimester. Do I need to eat more calories when I am pregnant? How many calories you need depends on your weight gain goals. Your provider can tell you what your goal should be, based on things like your weight before pregnancy, your age, and how fast you gain weight. The general recommendations are: In the first trimester of pregnancy, you probably do not need extra calories In the second trimester, you usually need about 340 extra calories In the last trimester, you may need around 450 extra calories per day During the final weeks of pregnancy, you may not need extra calories Keep in mind that not all calories are equal. You should eat healthy foods that are packed with nutrients - not "empty calories" such as those found in soft drinks, candies, and desserts. What foods should I avoid during pregnancy? During pregnancy, you should avoid: Alcohol. There is no known amount of alcohol that is safe for a woman to drink during pregnancy . Fish that may have high levels of mercury. Limit white (albacore) tuna to 6 ounces per week. Do not eat tilefish, shark, swordfish, marlin, orange roughy, or king mackerel. Foods that are more likely to contain germs that could cause foodborne illness , including Refrigerated smoked seafood like whitefish, salmon, and mackerel Undercooked meat, poultry, eggs, and seafood Refrigerated meat spreads Store-made salads, such as chicken, egg, or tuna salad Unpasteurized or raw milk Unpasteurized juices or cider Unpasteurized soft cheeses, such as unpasteurized feta, Brie, queso blanco, queso fresco, and blue cheeses Raw sprouts of any kind (including alfalfa, clover, radish,


Undercooked meat, poultry, eggs, and seafood Refrigerated meat spreads Store-made salads, such as chicken, egg, or tuna salad Unpasteurized or raw milk Unpasteurized juices or cider Unpasteurized soft cheeses, such as unpasteurized feta, Brie, queso blanco, queso fresco, and blue cheeses Raw sprouts of any kind (including alfalfa, clover, radish, and mung bean) Raw cookie dough Unwashed fruits and vegetables Too much caffeine . Drinking high amounts of caffeine may be harmful for your baby. For most people, it's best to limit caffeine to less than 200 mg per day during pregnancy. But first check with your provider about whether you should have caffeine at all.


You may need to take medicines while you are pregnant . But not all medicines are safe during pregnancy. Many medicines carry risks for you, your baby, or both. Opioids, especially when misused, can cause problems for you and your baby while you are pregnant. What are opioids? Opioids, sometimes called narcotics, are a type of drug. They include strong prescription pain relievers such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and tramadol. The illegal drug heroin is also an opioid. A health care provider may give you a prescription opioid to reduce pain after you have had a major injury or surgery. You may get them if you have severe pain from health conditions like cancer. Some providers prescribe them for chronic pain . Prescription opioids used for pain relief are generally safe when taken for a short time and as prescribed by your provider. However, people who take opioids are at risk for opioid use disorder (OUD) and overdose . These risks increase when these medicines are misused. Misuse can include taking your opioid medicines in greater amounts or more often than you are supposed to, using them to get high, or taking someone else's opioids. What are the risks of taking opioids during pregnancy? Taking opioids during pregnancy can cause problems for you and your baby. The possible risks include: Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) - withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, seizures, vomiting, diarrhea, fever, and poor feeding in newborns Neural tube defects - birth defects of the brain, spine, or spinal cord Congenital heart defects - problems with the structure of the baby's heart Gastroschisis - a birth defect of the baby's abdomen, where the intestines stick outside of the body through a hole beside the belly button Loss of the baby, either miscarriage (before 20 weeks of pregnancy) or


spinal cord Congenital heart defects - problems with the structure of the baby's heart Gastroschisis - a birth defect of the baby's abdomen, where the intestines stick outside of the body through a hole beside the belly button Loss of the baby, either miscarriage (before 20 weeks of pregnancy) or stillbirth (after 20 or more weeks) Preterm delivery - a birth before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy Stunted growth, leading to low birthweight Problems with the placenta (the organ that brings oxygen and nutrients to the baby) If your provider suggests that you take opioids during pregnancy, you should first discuss the risks and benefits. Then if you both decide that you need to take the opioids, you should work together to try to minimize the risks. Some of the ways to do this include: Taking them for the shortest time possible Taking the lowest dose that will help you Carefully following your provider's instructions for taking the medicines Contacting your provider if you have side effects Going to all your follow-up appointments If I am already taking opioids and I become pregnant, what should I do? If you have been taking opioids and you become pregnant, contact your provider. But don't stop taking the opioids on your own. If you suddenly stop taking opioids, it could cause severe health problems for you or your baby. In some cases, stopping suddenly during pregnancy may be more harmful than taking the medicines. Can I breastfeed while taking opioids? If you regularly take opioid medicines, you may be able to breastfeed. It depends on which medicine you are taking. But you should not breastfeed if you have HIV or take illegal drugs . Check with your provider before breastfeeding. What is the treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD) in pregnancy? If you


take opioid medicines, you may be able to breastfeed. It depends on which medicine you are taking. But you should not breastfeed if you have HIV or take illegal drugs . Check with your provider before breastfeeding. What is the treatments for opioid use disorder (OUD) in pregnancy? If you are pregnant and have an opioid use disorder, do not stop taking opioids suddenly. Instead, see your provider so you can get help. The treatment for opioid use disorder (OUD) is called medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD). For MOUD during pregnancy, providers prescribe either buprenorphine or methadone. These medicines can reduce your cravings and help prevent withdrawal. Counseling, including behavioral therapies, can also help you to change your attitudes and behaviors related to drug use and build healthy life skills.


During pregnancy , there are many things you can do to keep yourself and your baby healthy. They include getting regular prenatal care , eating healthy , and staying active. But it's also very important to avoid substances that could be harmful to you and your baby, such as tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. Tobacco Smoking during pregnancy passes nicotine, carbon monoxide , and many other harmful chemicals to your baby. Nicotine is not only a health danger for you, but it can also damage your developing baby's brain and lungs. Carbon monoxide can keep the developing baby from getting enough oxygen. If you smoke while pregnant, it raises the risk of your baby being born too small , too early , or with birth defects . During the first year of life, there is a higher risk of your baby dying from sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). And later in life, your child may be more likely to have health problems, such as asthma and obesity . Other tobacco products, including e-cigarettes , also contain nicotine and are not safe to use during pregnancy. And some of the flavorings used in e-cigarettes may be harmful to developing babies. You will also want to try to avoid secondhand smoke , which has some of the same risks as smoking during pregnancy. Alcohol There is no known amount of alcohol that is safe for you to drink during pregnancy and while trying to get pregnant. All types of alcohol are equally harmful, including all wines and beer. The risks from drinking during pregnancy include problems with the growth of the developing baby and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). FASD is a life-long condition that can cause a mix of physical, behavioral, and learning problems. Illegal drugs Using illegal drugs, such as cocaine


including all wines and beer. The risks from drinking during pregnancy include problems with the growth of the developing baby and fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). FASD is a life-long condition that can cause a mix of physical, behavioral, and learning problems. Illegal drugs Using illegal drugs, such as cocaine , methamphetamines , and club drugs , during pregnancy can cause problems for both you and your baby. They may cause low birth weight babies, birth defects, or miscarriage . Your child may be more likely to have learning and developmental disabilities. And if you are injecting the drugs, that puts you at risk for HIV . HIV can be passed along to your baby during pregnancy . Prescription drug misuse Misusing prescription drugs can also be harmful. Misuse can include taking more than your prescribed dose or taking it more often, using it to get high, or taking someone else's medicines. The possible effects of misusing a medicine during pregnancy will depend on which medicine you are misusing. Opioids One type of drug that is a concern during pregnancy is opioids . Opioids include strong prescription pain relievers such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, fentanyl, and tramadol. The illegal drug heroin is also an opioid. Taking opioids during pregnancy can cause problems for you and your baby. The risks include birth defects, preterm birth, the loss of the baby, and neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). NAS causes withdrawal symptoms in newborn babies. If you have pain and your health care provider suggests that you take prescription opioids during pregnancy, first discuss the risks and benefits with the provider. Then if you both decide that you need to take the opioids, you can work together to try to minimize the risks. Cannabis (marijuana) Cannabis (marijuana) is another drug that could be harmful to


that you take prescription opioids during pregnancy, first discuss the risks and benefits with the provider. Then if you both decide that you need to take the opioids, you can work together to try to minimize the risks. Cannabis (marijuana) Cannabis (marijuana) is another drug that could be harmful to your baby. Some research shows that using cannabis during pregnancy is linked to developmental problems in children and teens. More research is needed, but the safest thing to do is stop using it if you are pregnant. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) advises that people should not use cannabis while they are pregnant. Getting help If you are pregnant and using any of these substances, contact your provider. Together you and your provider can find the right treatment to help you quit. If you are taking opioids or are addicted to drugs, don't stop taking them suddenly. That can be dangerous to you and the baby. Instead, contact your provider for help with getting off the drugs safely.


Almost 1 of every 10 infants born in the United States are premature, or preemies. A premature birth is when a baby is born before 37 completed weeks of pregnancy. A full-term pregnancy is 40 weeks. Important growth and development happen throughout pregnancy - especially in the final months and weeks. Because they are born too early, preemies weigh much less than full-term babies. They may have health problems because their organs did not have enough time to develop. Problems that a baby born too early may have include: Breathing problems Feeding difficulties Cerebral palsy Developmental delay Vision problems Hearing problems Preemies need special medical care in a neonatal intensive care unit, or NICU. They stay there until their organ systems can work on their own. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


What is premenstrual syndrome (PMS)? Premenstrual syndrome, or PMS, is a group of physical and emotional symptoms that start one to two weeks before your period . Most women have at least some symptoms of PMS, and the symptoms go away after their periods start. The symptoms may range from mild to severe. What is premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)? Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) is a severe type of PMS. With PMDD, the symptoms are severe enough to interfere with your life. PMDD much less common than PMS. What causes premenstrual syndrome (PMS)? Researchers don't know exactly what causes PMS. Changes in hormone levels during the menstrual cycle may play a role. These changing hormone levels may affect some women more than others. What are the symptoms of premenstrual syndrome (PMS)? PMS symptoms are different for everyone. You may get physical symptoms, emotional symptoms, or both. Your symptoms may also change throughout your life. Physical symptoms may include: Breast swelling and tenderness Acne Bloating and weight gain Headache Joint pain Backache Constipation or diarrhea Food cravings Emotional symptoms may include: Irritability Mood swings Crying spells Depression Anxiety Sleeping too much or too little Trouble with concentration and memory Less interest in sex How is premenstrual syndrome (PMS) diagnosed? You may wish to see your health care provider if your symptoms bother you or affect your daily life. There is no single test for PMS. Your provider will talk with you about your symptoms, including when they happen and how much they affect your life. To be diagnosed with PMS, your symptoms must: Happen in the five days before your period for at least three menstrual cycles in a row End within four days after your period starts Keep you from enjoying or doing some of your normal activities Your provider may


affect your life. To be diagnosed with PMS, your symptoms must: Happen in the five days before your period for at least three menstrual cycles in a row End within four days after your period starts Keep you from enjoying or doing some of your normal activities Your provider may wish to do tests to rule out other conditions which may cause similar symptoms. What are the treatments for premenstrual syndrome (PMS)? No single PMS treatment works for everyone. If your symptoms are not severe, you may be able to manage them with: Over-the-counter pain relievers such as ibuprofen, aspirin, or naproxen, to help ease cramps, headaches, backaches, and breast tenderness Getting regular exercise Getting enough sleep Eating healthy foods Avoiding salt , caffeine , sugar, and alcohol in the two weeks before your period Some studies have shown that certain vitamins may help with some symptoms of PMS. They include calcium and vitamin B6 . Some women take certain herbal supplements for PMS symptoms. But there is not enough evidence to prove that supplements are effective for PMS. Check with your provider before taking any vitamins or supplements. If you are not able to manage your PMS symptoms, your provider may suggest prescription medicines. These medicines may also be used to treat PMDD. They include: Hormonal birth control , which may help with the physical symptoms of PMS. But sometimes they may make the emotional symptoms worse. You may need to try several different types of birth control before you find the right one. Antidepressants , such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which may help with emotional symptoms. Diuretics ("water pills") to reduce symptoms of bloating and breast tenderness. Anti-anxiety medicine to ease symptoms of anxiety. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health


What is prenatal care? Prenatal care is the health care you get while you are pregnant . It includes your checkups and prenatal testing . Typically, a health care provider specializing in the delivery of babies and the care of pregnant women, such as an obstetrician or a midwife, provides prenatal care. Why do I need prenatal care? Prenatal care can help keep you and your fetus healthy until you're ready to deliver your baby . It lets your provider spot health problems early. Early treatment can cure many problems and prevent others from developing. Every prenatal visit offers you the chance to ask questions about having a healthy pregnancy and preparing for delivery. Talk to your provider about childbirth education classes for you and your partner to help you prepare for the birth of your baby. How often do I need prenatal visits? Your provider will give you a schedule for your prenatal visits. Usually, visits during your pregnancy occur: Once a month for weeks 4 through 28 Twice a month for weeks 28 through 36 Weekly for week 36 until your baby is born If you are over 35 years old or your pregnancy is high risk because of health problems like diabetes or high blood pressure , your provider will probably want to see you more often. You can also expect to see your provider more often as your due date gets closer. What happens during prenatal visits? During prenatal visits, your provider will check your health and carefully monitor your pregnancy until you deliver your baby. Your first prenatal visit may take a little longer. Your provider will most likely: Ask about your health history, including prior pregnancies Ask about your family's health history Discuss any health conditions and risk factors that could affect you or


and carefully monitor your pregnancy until you deliver your baby. Your first prenatal visit may take a little longer. Your provider will most likely: Ask about your health history, including prior pregnancies Ask about your family's health history Discuss any health conditions and risk factors that could affect you or your fetus Do a complete physical exam, including a pelvic exam and Pap test Review blood, urine, or other routine prenatal lab tests Check your blood pressure, height, and weight Discuss a healthy amount of weight gain, healthy eating , and prenatal vitamins Figure out your due date (when you are 40 weeks pregnant) During most visits, your provider will most likely: Check your blood pressure and weight gain Measure your abdomen (belly) to check fetal growth once you begin to show Check the fetal heart rate Check your hands and feet for swelling Do routine prenatal tests Depending on the stage of your pregnancy, you may have additional tests. Always talk to your provider before you start or stop any medicine . Some medicines can harm your fetus. To help keep yourself and your fetus healthy, avoid substances that could be harmful, such as tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health


What is prenatal testing? Prenatal testing provides information about the health of your fetus before the baby is born . Some routine tests during pregnancy also check your health . The prenatal test may use a sample of your blood, urine or fluid from your vagina, cervix, or rectum. Since some health conditions can be treated before your baby is born, it's important to find them early. But even if they cannot be treated, it can still be helpful to know about the problem early on. This gives you time to learn about the condition and prepare for any challenges you may face after the baby is born. What is prenatal testing used to diagnose? At your first prenatal visit , your health care provider will test for various conditions, including problems with your blood, signs of infections , and whether you are immune to rubella (German measles) and chickenpox . Throughout your pregnancy, your provider may recommend additional tests as well. Some tests are suggested for all women, such as screenings for gestational diabetes , Down syndrome , and HIV . Your provider might offer other tests based on your: Age Personal or family medical history Ethnic background Results of routine tests What are the two types of prenatal tests? There are two types of tests: Screening tests check if you or your fetus may have certain health issues. They look at risk but do not diagnose problems. If your screening test result is abnormal, it does not mean that there is a problem. It means that more information is needed. Your provider can explain what the test results mean and possible next steps. You may need diagnostic testing. Diagnostic tests help determine whether you or your fetus have a certain health problem. It is your choice whether to


that there is a problem. It means that more information is needed. Your provider can explain what the test results mean and possible next steps. You may need diagnostic testing. Diagnostic tests help determine whether you or your fetus have a certain health problem. It is your choice whether to get prenatal tests. You and your provider can talk about the risks and benefits of the tests, as well as the type of information they can give you. Then you can decide which ones are right for you. National Women's Health Information Center


Preparativos y recuperación ante un desastre

La preparación para un desastre puede disminuir el miedo, la ansiedad y las pérdidas que puede causar el desastre. Un desastre puede ser un desastre natural, como un huracán , un tornado , una inundación o un terremoto . También puede ser provocado por el hombre, como un ataque terrorista o un derrame de sustancias químicas . Debe conocer los signos de riesgo y peligro de los distintos tipos de desastres. También debe tener un plan ante un desastre. Asegúrese de evacuar su casa y saber cómo tratar problemas médicos básicos. Asegúrese también de tener el seguro que necesita, inclusive algunos tipos especiales, como el seguro contra inundaciones. Independientemente del tipo de desastre que ocurra, siempre provoca un disturbio emocional . La recuperación después de un desastre puede llevar cierto tiempo. Manténgase en contacto con sus familiares y amigos durante ese período.


What is prescription drug misuse? If you take a medicine in a different way than your health care provider prescribed, it's called prescription drug misuse. It could be: Taking medicine prescribed for someone else. Taking a larger dose than you are supposed to. Taking the medicine in a different way than you are supposed to. For example, instead of swallowing your tablets, you might crush them and then snort or inject them. Using the medicine for another purpose, such as getting high. Misusing some prescription drugs can lead to addiction . These include opioids , sedatives, tranquilizers, and stimulants. Drug addiction is a chronic brain disease. It causes a person to take drugs repeatedly despite the harm they cause. Who is at risk for prescription drug misuse? Prescription drug misuse can affect anyone at any age, including teenagers and older adults. It can happen if you need certain medicines to treat a medical condition, reduce pain after an injury or surgery, or for chronic pain . Risk factors can include: A lack of knowledge about the prescription drug and possible risks A previous addiction to other substances, including alcohol and tobacco Certain mental health conditions What are the risks of prescription drug misuse? Prescription drug misuse can have serious medical consequences. Every medicine has some risk of side effects, which providers think about when prescribing medicines. People who misuse these drugs may not know the risks. Some medicines may not be safe for them, especially at higher doses or when taken with other medicines. What are treatments for prescription drug misuse? Treatment for prescription drug misuse often includes medicines and counseling, but it depends on the type of drug and your needs. The counseling may be individual, family, and/or group therapy. It can help you: Understand why prescription drug misuse


taken with other medicines. What are treatments for prescription drug misuse? Treatment for prescription drug misuse often includes medicines and counseling, but it depends on the type of drug and your needs. The counseling may be individual, family, and/or group therapy. It can help you: Understand why prescription drug misuse began Learn how to change unhealthy patterns of thinking and behavior Manage personal problems and develop positive relationships Learn how to manage cravings and avoid situations that could lead to a relapse Stopping or cutting back on prescription drugs used for a while, may cause different symptoms for different drugs. This is called withdrawal. Your provider will work with you to manage the symptoms as your body gets used to being taken off the medicine. How can I prevent problems with taking prescription drugs? Providers and pharmacists play a role in preventing or reducing prescription drug misuse, but you can also take steps to reduce your risk. A few ways to help reduce your risk and make sure that you are using any prescription medicines correctly include: Talk to your provider about any other prescription medicines, over-the-counter-medicines , and supplements that you're taking to see if it is safe to take the prescription drug with them. Follow the directions carefully and take medicine as prescribed. If you're taking prescription drugs for pain and it isn't working, don't stop or change the amount you're taking without talking to your provider. If your provider prescribes opioids, ask about the risks and benefits of taking the medicine, and if another medicine with less risk of addiction could be used. NIH: National Institute on Drug Abuse


¿Qué es la presión arterial? La presión arterial es la fuerza de su sangre al empujar contra las paredes de sus arterias. Cada vez que su corazón late, bombea sangre hacia las arterias. Su presión arterial es más alta cuando su corazón late, bombeando la sangre. Esto se llama presión sistólica. Cuando su corazón está en reposo, entre latidos, su presión arterial baja. Esto se llama presión diastólica. La lectura de su presión arterial usa estos dos números. Por lo general, el número sistólico se coloca antes o por encima de la cifra diastólica. Por ejemplo, 120/80 significa una presión sistólica de 120 y una diastólica de 80. ¿Cómo se diagnostica la presión arterial alta? La presión arterial alta no tiene síntomas. Por ello, la única manera de averiguar si usted tiene presión arterial alta es a través de chequeos regulares cuando visita a su proveedor de atención médica. Su proveedor utilizará un medidor, un estetoscopio o un sensor electrónico y un manguito de presión arterial y tomará dos o más mediciones en citas médicas distintas antes de hacer un diagnóstico. Categoría de presión arterial Presión arterial sistólica Presión arterial diastólica Normal Menos de 120 y Menos de 80 Elevada 120 - 129 y Menos de 80 Hipertensión grado 1 130 - 139 ó 80 - 89 Hipertensión grado 2 140 o mayor ó 90 o mayor Crisis hipertensiva (presión arterial peligrosamente alta. Busque atención médica de inmediato) Mayor de 180 y Mayor de 120 Para niños y adolescentes, el médico compara la lectura de la presión arterial con lo que es normal para otros niños que tienen la misma edad, estatura y sexo. ¿Cuáles son los diferentes tipos de presión arterial alta? Hay dos tipos principales de presión arterial alta: Primaria o esencial : Es el tipo más común


médico compara la lectura de la presión arterial con lo que es normal para otros niños que tienen la misma edad, estatura y sexo. ¿Cuáles son los diferentes tipos de presión arterial alta? Hay dos tipos principales de presión arterial alta: Primaria o esencial : Es el tipo más común de presión arterial alta. Por lo general se desarrolla con el tiempo a medida que envejece Secundaria : Esta presión arterial es causada por otra condición médica o el uso de ciertos medicamentos. Por lo general, mejora al tratarse la causa o al dejar de tomar los medicamentos que la provocan ¿Por qué tengo que preocuparme por la presión arterial alta? Cuando su presión arterial se mantiene mucho tiempo alta, hace que el corazón bombee con más fuerza y trabaje demasiado, lo que puede ocasionar serios problemas de salud, como ataque cardiaco , accidente cerebrovascular , insuficiencia cardiaca , e insuficiencia renal . ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para la presión arterial alta? Los tratamientos para la presión arterial alta incluyen cambios de estilo de vida saludables para el corazón y medicamentos . Su proveedor de salud colaborará con usted para un plan de tratamiento. Puede que incluya solo los cambios de estilo de vida. Estos cambios, como la alimentación saludable para el corazón y el ejercicio, pueden ser muy efectivos. Sin embargo, en ocasiones los cambios no controlan ni disminuyen la presión arterial alta. Si eso ocurre, es posible que deba tomar medicamentos. Hay diferentes tipos de medicinas para la presión arterial. Algunas personas necesitan tomar más de un tipo. Si su presión arterial alta es causada por otra condición médica o medicamento, tratar esa afección o suspender la medicina puede bajarla. NIH: Instituto Nacional del Corazón, los Pulmones y la Sangre