it early. How is oral cancer diagnosed? To find out if you have oral cancer, your provider may use: A physical exam of the lips and mouth. An endoscopy . A biopsy or other procedure to collect cells from the lip or oral cavity. The cells are viewed under a microscope to find out if they are abnormal. Imaging tests . What are the treatments for oral cancer? The treatments for oral cancer include surgery, radiation therapy , or both. After surgery, some people also need chemotherapy to kill any cancer cells that are left. Can oral cancer be prevented? There are steps you can take to help prevent oral cancer: Not smoking Limiting alcohol use or not drinking at all Getting regular dental exams NIH: National Cancer Institute


Organ donation takes healthy organs and tissues from one person for transplantation into another. Experts say that the organs from one donor can save or help as many as 50 people. Organs you can donate include: Internal organs: Kidneys, heart, liver, pancreas, intestines, lungs Skin Bone and bone marrow Cornea Most organ and tissue donations occur after the donor has died. But some organs and tissues can be donated while the donor is alive. People of all ages and background can be organ donors. If you are under age 18, your parent or guardian must give you permission to become a donor. If you are 18 or older you can show you want to be a donor by signing a donor card. You should also let your family know your wishes. Health Resources and Services Administration


You may need an organ transplant if one of your organs has failed. This can happen because of illness or injury. When you have an organ transplant, doctors remove an organ from another person and place it in your body. The organ may come from a living donor or a donor who has died. The organs that can be transplanted include: Heart Intestine Kidney Liver Lung Pancreas You often have to wait a long time for an organ transplant. Doctors must match donors to recipients to reduce the risk of transplant rejection. Rejection happens when your immune system attacks the new organ. If you have a transplant, you must take drugs the rest of your life to help keep your body from rejecting the new organ.


Sus riñones producen orina al filtrar desechos y exceso de agua de la sangre. Al desecho se le llama urea. La sangre la transporta hasta los riñones. Desde los riñones, la orina llega a la vejiga por dos tubos delgados llamados uréteres. La vejiga almacena la orina hasta que usted siente ganas de ir al baño. La vejiga se expande cuando está llena y se hace más pequeña cuando está vacía. Si su sistema urinario funciona normalmente, su vejiga puede almacenar hasta 16 onzas (177cc o dos tazas) de orina cómodamente por entre dos a cinco horas. Usted puede tener problemas para orinar si sufre de: Insuficiencia renal Infecciones del tracto urinario Agrandamiento de la próstata Problemas del control de la vejiga como incontinencia , vejiga hiperactiva o cistitis intersticial Una obstrucción que no le permite vaciar su vejiga Algunas afecciones pueden causar que su orina contenga sangre o proteína. Si usted tiene un problema urinario, acuda a su proveedor de cuidados de salud. El análisis de orina y otras pruebas pueden ayudar a diagnosticar el problema. El tratamiento depende de la causa. NIH: Instituto Nacional de la Diabetes y las Enfermedades Digestivas y Renales


Some people have naturally straight teeth that fit together. But if you have problems with your bite or the spacing of your teeth, you may need orthodontic care. Orthodontia is the branch of dentistry that deals with abnormalities of the teeth and jaw. Orthodontic care involves the use of devices, such as braces, to: Straighten teeth Correct problems with bite Close gaps between teeth Align lips and teeth properly Most people who receive orthodontic care are kids, but adults get braces, too. In young children, orthodontic treatment may guide proper jaw growth. This can help permanent teeth to come in properly. Straight permanent teeth can help prevent tooth problems later on.


Algunas personas tienen dientes naturalmente derechos que encajan a la perfección. Pero si usted tiene problemas al morder o dientes espaciados, es posible que necesite cuidado de ortodoncia. La ortodoncia es la rama de la odontología que se encarga de los problemas de los dientes y la mandíbula. La atención dental con ortodoncia incluye el uso de dispositivos, tales como los aparatos (frenos), para: Enderezar los dientes Corregir problemas con la mordida Cerrar los espacios entre los dientes Alinear adecuadamente los labios y los dientes La mayoría de las personas que reciben tratamiento de ortodoncia son niños, pero los adultos también usan frenos. En los niños pequeños, el tratamiento con ortodoncia puede servir de guía para que la mandíbula se desarrolle adecuadamente. Eso puede ayudar a la salida correcta de los dientes permanentes. Los dientes permanentes derechos pueden ayudar a prevenir problemas dentales en el futuro.


What is osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis, sometimes called OA, is a type of arthritis that only affects the joints, usually in the hands, knees, hips, neck, and lower back. It's the most common type of arthritis. In a healthy joint, the ends of the bones are covered with a smooth, slippery tissue called cartilage. The cartilage pads the bones and helps them glide easily when you move the joint. With osteoarthritis, the cartilage breaks down and becomes rough. Sometimes, all the cartilage wears away and the bones rub together. Bumps of extra bone called bone spurs may grow in the joint area. There is no cure for osteoarthritis. It usually gets worse slowly. But there's a lot you can do to manage the symptoms. What are the symptoms of osteoarthritis? Osteoarthritis affects people in different ways, and not everyone has pain. The most common symptoms are: Pain when you move, which often gets better with rest Stiffness, especially for the first 30 minutes after you get up from resting Swollen joints, especially after using the joint a lot Less movement in the joint than normal A joint that feels loose or unstable What causes osteoarthritis? Researchers aren't sure what causes osteoarthritis. They think that it could be caused by a combination of factors in the body and the environment. Your chance of developing osteoarthritis increases with age. They also know that some people are more likely to develop it than others. Who is more likely to develop osteoarthritis? Things that make you more likely to develop osteoarthritis include: Aging. Osteoarthritis can happen at any age, but the chance of getting it increases in middle-aged adults and older. After age 50, it is more common in women than in men. Being overweight. Extra weight puts more stress on your joints. Having a past


more likely to develop osteoarthritis include: Aging. Osteoarthritis can happen at any age, but the chance of getting it increases in middle-aged adults and older. After age 50, it is more common in women than in men. Being overweight. Extra weight puts more stress on your joints. Having a past injury or surgery on a joint. This is often the cause of osteoarthritis in younger adults. Doing a lot of activities that overuse the joint. This includes sports with a lot of jumping, twisting, running, or throwing. Having a joint that doesn't line up correctly. A family history of osteoarthritis. Some people inherit genetic changes that increase their chance of developing osteoarthritis. How is osteoarthritis diagnosed? There is no specific test for osteoarthritis. To find out if you have osteoarthritis, your provider: Will ask about your symptoms and medical history Will do a physical exam May use x-rays or other imaging tests to look at your joints May order lab tests to make sure that a different problem isn't causing your symptoms What are the treatments for osteoarthritis? The goal of treating osteoarthritis is to ease your pain, help you move better, and stop it from getting worse. Treatment usually begins with: Exercises to improve strength, flexibility and balance Weight loss, if needed, to improve pain, especially in your hips or knees Braces or shoe inserts (orthotics) that a health care provider fits for you You can buy some pain relievers and arthritis creams without a prescription. They can be helpful, but it's best to talk to your provider about using them. If they don't help enough, your provider may prescribe injections (shots) into the joint or prescription pain relievers. Complementary therapies may help some people. Massage can increase blood flow and bring warmth to the area. Some research shows


helpful, but it's best to talk to your provider about using them. If they don't help enough, your provider may prescribe injections (shots) into the joint or prescription pain relievers. Complementary therapies may help some people. Massage can increase blood flow and bring warmth to the area. Some research shows that acupuncture may help relieve osteoarthritis pain. Simple things like heat and ice can help, too. If none of these treatments help enough, surgery may be an option. You and your provider can decide if it's right for you. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


¿Qué es la osteoartritis? La osteoartritis (o artrosis) es un tipo de artritis que solo afecta las articulaciones, usualmente en las manos, las rodillas, las caderas, el cuello y la parte inferior de la espalda. Es el tipo más común de artritis. En una articulación sana, los extremos de los huesos están cubiertos con un tejido suave y resbaloso llamado cartílago. El cartílago protege los huesos y les ayuda a deslizarse fácilmente cuando mueve la articulación. Con la osteoartritis, el cartílago se rompe y se vuelve áspero. En ocasiones, todo el cartílago se desgasta y los huesos se frotan entre sí, y pueden crecer protuberancias de hueso adicional en el área de la articulación llamadas espolones óseos. No hay cura para la osteoartritis. Por lo general, empeora lentamente. Pero hay muchas cosas que puede hacer para controlar los síntomas. ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de la osteoartritis? La osteoartritis afecta a las personas de diferentes maneras y no todas tienen dolor. Los síntomas más comunes son: Dolor cuando se mueve, que a menudo mejora con el descanso Rigidez, especialmente durante los primeros 30 minutos después de levantarse del descanso Inflamación de las articulaciones, especialmente después de usar mucho la articulación Menos movimiento de lo normal en la articulación Una articulación que se siente floja o inestable ¿Qué causa la osteoartritis? Los investigadores no están seguros de la causad de la osteoartritis. Se piensa que podría ser causada por una combinación de factores en el cuerpo y el medio ambiente. Su probabilidad de desarrollar osteoartritis aumenta con la edad. También se sabe que algunas personas tienen más probabilidades de desarrollarla que otras. ¿Quién tiene más probabilidades de tener osteoartritis? Las cosas que lo hacen más propenso a desarrollar osteoartritis incluyen: Envejecimiento : La osteoartritis puede ocurrir a cualquier edad, pero la probabilidad


de desarrollar osteoartritis aumenta con la edad. También se sabe que algunas personas tienen más probabilidades de desarrollarla que otras. ¿Quién tiene más probabilidades de tener osteoartritis? Las cosas que lo hacen más propenso a desarrollar osteoartritis incluyen: Envejecimiento : La osteoartritis puede ocurrir a cualquier edad, pero la probabilidad de contraerla aumenta en adultos de mediana edad y mayores. Después de los 50 años, es más común en mujeres que en hombres Tener sobrepeso : El peso extra ejerce más presión sobre las articulaciones Tener una lesión o cirugía anterior en una articulación : Esta suele ser la causa de la osteoartritis en los adultos más jóvenes Realizar muchas actividades que usan en exceso la articulación : Esto incluye deportes con muchos saltos, giros, carreras o lanzamientos Tener una articulación que no se alinea correctamente Antecedentes familiares de artrosis : Algunas personas heredan cambios genéticos que aumentan su probabilidad de desarrollar osteoartritis ¿Cómo se diagnostica la artrosis? No existe una prueba específica para la osteoartritis. Para saber si la tiene, su profesional de la salud: Le preguntará acerca de sus síntomas e historia clínica Hará un examen físico Puede usar radiografías u otras pruebas de diagnóstico por imágenes para observar sus articulaciones Puede ordenar pruebas de laboratorio para asegurarse de que un problema diferente no esté causando sus síntomas ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para la osteoartritis? El objetivo del tratamiento de la osteoartritis es aliviar el dolor, ayudarle a moverse mejor y evitar que empeore. En general, el tratamiento comienza con: Ejercicios para mejorar la fuerza, la flexibilidad y el equilibrio Si es necesario, pérdida de peso para mejorar el dolor, especialmente en las caderas o las rodillas Aparatos ortopédicos o plantillas para zapatos (órtesis) que un profesional de la salud le ajusta Puede comprar algunos analgésicos y cremas


comienza con: Ejercicios para mejorar la fuerza, la flexibilidad y el equilibrio Si es necesario, pérdida de peso para mejorar el dolor, especialmente en las caderas o las rodillas Aparatos ortopédicos o plantillas para zapatos (órtesis) que un profesional de la salud le ajusta Puede comprar algunos analgésicos y cremas para la artritis sin receta médica. Si bien pueden ser útiles, es mejor hablar con su profesional de la salud sobre usarlos. Si no ayudan lo suficiente, su proveedor puede recetarle inyecciones (infiltración) en la articulación o analgésicos recetados. Para algunas personas, las terapias complementarias pueden ayudar. Un masaje puede aumentar el flujo de sangre y traer calor al área. Algunas investigaciones muestran que la acupuntura puede ayudar a aliviar el dolor de la osteoartritis. Las cosas simples como el calor y el hielo también pueden ayudar. Si ninguno de estos tratamientos ayuda lo suficiente, la cirugía puede ser una opción. Usted y su profesional de la salud pueden decidir si puede servir. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Artritis y Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas y de la Piel


Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder in which bones fracture (break) easily. Sometimes the fractures happen for no known reason. OI can also cause weak muscles, brittle teeth, a curved spine, and hearing loss. OI is caused by one of several genes that aren't working properly. When these genes don't work, it affects how you make collagen, a protein that helps make bones strong. OI can range from mild to severe, and symptoms vary from person to person. A person may have just a few or as many as several hundred fractures in a lifetime. There is no specific test for OI. Your doctor uses your medical and family history, physical exam, and imaging and lab tests to diagnose it. Your doctor may also test your collagen (from skin) or genes (from blood). There is no cure, but you can manage symptoms. Treatments include exercise, pain medicine, physical therapy, wheelchairs, braces, and surgery. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


La osteogénesis imperfecta es un trastorno genético en el cual los huesos se fracturan (se rompen) con facilidad. Algunas veces, los huesos se fracturan sin un motivo aparente. También puede causar músculos débiles, dientes quebradizos, una columna desviada y pérdida del sentido del oído. La osteogénesis imperfecta es causada por uno o varios genes que no funcionan bien. Esto afecta la manera en que el cuerpo produce colágeno, una proteína que ayuda a fortalecer los huesos. La osteogénesis imperfecta puede variar desde leve hasta severa y los síntomas varían de una persona a otra. Un individuo puede tener apenas algunas fracturas o alcanzar varios cientos de fracturas en toda la vida. No hay una prueba específica para la osteogénesis imperfecta. El profesional de la salud puede usar su historia clínica y familiar, un examen físico y test de imágenes para diagnosticarla. También podría hacer un examen de colágeno (de la piel) o genético (de sangre). No existe una cura, pero los síntomas pueden controlarse. Los tratamientos incluyen ejercicio, analgésicos, fisioterapia, sillas de ruedas, aparatos dentales y cirugía. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Artritis y Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas y de la Piel


Osteonecrosis is a disease caused by reduced blood flow to bones in the joints. In people with healthy bones, new bone is always replacing old bone. In osteonecrosis, the lack of blood causes the bone to break down faster than the body can make enough new bone. The bone starts to die and may break down. You can have osteonecrosis in one or several bones. It is most common in the upper leg. Other common sites are your upper arm and your knees, shoulders and ankles. The disease can affect men and women of any age, but it usually strikes in your thirties, forties or fifties. At first, you might not have any symptoms. As the disease gets worse, you will probably have joint pain that becomes more severe. You may not be able to bend or move the affected joint very well. No one is sure what causes the disease. Risk factors include : Long-term steroid treatment Alcohol misuse Joint injuries Having certain diseases, including arthritis and cancer Doctors use imaging tests and other tests to diagnose osteonecrosis. Treatments include medicines, using crutches, limiting activities that put weight on the affected joints, electrical stimulation and surgery. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


La osteonecrosis es una enfermedad causada por la disminución del flujo sanguíneo en los huesos de las articulaciones. Por lo general, en las personas con huesos sanos, estos se regeneran constantemente. En la osteonecrosis, la falta de flujo de la sangre hace que el hueso se deteriore más rápido que lo que el cuerpo puede producirlo. Se puede tener osteonecrosis en uno o varios huesos. Es más común en la parte superior de la pierna. Otros sitios comunes son el brazo, las rodillas, los hombros y los tobillos. La enfermedad puede afectar a hombres y mujeres de cualquier edad, pero suele atacar a personas entre los treinta y los cincuenta años. Al comienzo, es posible que no haya síntomas. A medida que la enfermedad avanza el dolor de las articulaciones empeora. Es probable que la persona no pueda mover o doblar la articulación normalmente. No se conoce con seguridad la causa de la enfermedad. Entre los factores de riesgo se incluyen: Tratamiento con esteroides a largo plazo Uso indebido del alcohol Lesiones articulares Ciertas enfermedades, como artritis y cáncer Los doctores usan exámenes de imágenes y otras pruebas para diagnosticar la enfermedad. Los tratamientos incluyen medicinas, uso de muletas, limitación de actividades que ponen peso en las articulaciones afectadas, estimulación eléctrica y cirugía. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Artritis y Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas y de la Piel


What is osteoporosis? Osteoporosis is a disease in which your bones become weak and are likely to fracture (break). The disease can develop when your bone mineral density and bone mass decrease. It can also happen if the structure and strength of your bones change. Osteoporosis is called a "silent" disease because it doesn't usually cause symptoms. You may not even know you have the disease until you break a bone. This could happen with any bone, but it's most common in the bones of your hip, vertebrae in the spine, and wrist. What causes osteoporosis? Your bones are made of living tissue. To keep them strong, your body breaks down old bone and replaces it with new bone. Osteoporosis develops when more bone is broken down than replaced. You lose bone mass and changes happen in the structure of your bone tissue. This can happen as you get older. Other risk factors can also lead to the development of osteoporosis or increase your chance of developing the disease. Who is more likely to develop osteoporosis? Anyone can develop osteoporosis, but you are more likely to develop it if you have one or more risk factors: Your sex. Osteoporosis is more common in women, especially after menopause (postmenopausal). Your age. Your risk increases as you get older. It is most common in people over age 50. Your body size. It is more common in people who are slim and thin boned. Your race: White and Asian women are at highest risk. African American and Mexican American women have a lower risk. White men are at higher risk than African American and Mexican American men. Family history. Your risk of osteoporosis may be higher if one of your parents has osteoporosis or broke their hip. Changes to hormones . Low levels


risk. African American and Mexican American women have a lower risk. White men are at higher risk than African American and Mexican American men. Family history. Your risk of osteoporosis may be higher if one of your parents has osteoporosis or broke their hip. Changes to hormones . Low levels of certain hormones can increase your chance of developing osteoporosis. Diet. A diet that is low in calcium and/or vitamin D or does not include enough protein can raise your risk. Long-term use of certain medicines, such as: Corticosteroids Proton pump inhibitors (which treat GERD ) Medicines to treat epilepsy Having other medical conditions, such as: Endocrine diseases Certain digestive diseases Rheumatoid arthritis Certain types of cancer HIV Anorexia nervosa, a type of eating disorder Your lifestyle. Certain lifestyle factors can contribute to bone loss, such as: Smoking tobacco Long-term heavy alcohol use Physical inactivity or prolonged periods of bedrest What are the symptoms of osteoporosis? Osteoporosis usually doesn't cause symptoms. You may not know that you have it until you break a bone. How is osteoporosis diagnosed? Health care providers often diagnose osteoporosis during routine screening for the disease. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening for: Women age 65 and older Postmenopausal women under age 65 who have factors that increase the chance of developing osteoporosis For men, it isn't clear yet whether regular screening is helpful. More research is needed to know for sure. To find out if you have osteoporosis, your provider: Will ask about your medical history and whether you have ever broken a bone May do a physical exam, which could include checking for: A loss of height and/or weight Changes in your posture Balance and gait (the way you walk) Your muscle strength Will likely order a bone density scan May do


your medical history and whether you have ever broken a bone May do a physical exam, which could include checking for: A loss of height and/or weight Changes in your posture Balance and gait (the way you walk) Your muscle strength Will likely order a bone density scan May do a fracture risk assessment, which is a short questionnaire that helps estimate your risk of breaking a bone in the next 10 years Will likely order a bone density scan May do a fracture risk assessment, which is a short questionnaire that helps estimate your risk of breaking a bone in the next 10 years What are the treatments for osteoporosis? The goals for treating osteoporosis are to slow or stop bone loss and to prevent fractures. Your provider may recommend: A healthy, balanced diet that includes enough calcium, vitamin D, and protein Lifestyle changes such as quitting smoking and limiting alcohol Regular physical activity including weight-bearing exercise (like walking), strength training, and balance exercises Fall prevention to help prevent fractures Medicines, such as: Medicines that slow down bone loss Medicines that help rebuild bone In addition to managing your osteoporosis, it's important to avoid activities that may cause a fracture. These can include movements that involve: Twisting your spine, like swinging a golf club Bending forward from the waist, like sit ups and toe touches You can also help reduce the risk of breaking a bone by preventing falls. Can osteoporosis be prevented? To help keep bones strong and help prevent osteoporosis, the best thing to do is to eat a healthy diet rich in calcium and vitamin D. Getting regular physical activity, limiting alcohol, and not smoking can also help. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


¿Qué es la osteoporosis? La osteoporosis es una afección en la que sus huesos se debilitan y tienen más probabilidad de fracturarse (romperse). La afección puede desarrollarse cuando su densidad mineral ósea y su masa ósea disminuyen. También puede ocurrir si la estructura y fuerza de sus huesos cambian. A la osteoporosis se le llama una afección "silenciosa" porque por lo general no causa síntomas. Usted puede no saber que tiene la afección hasta que se rompe un hueso. Esto puede pasar con cualquier hueso, pero es más común con los huesos de su cadera, vértebras en su columna y muñeca. ¿Qué causa osteoporosis? Sus huesos están hechos de tejido vivo. Para mantenerlos fuertes, su cuerpo descompone los huesos viejos y los reemplaza con nuevos. La osteoporosis se desarrolla cuando se descompone más hueso del que se reemplaza. Usted pierde masa ósea y suceden cambios en la estructura del tejido del hueso. Esto puede pasar cuando usted envejece. Otros factores de riesgo pueden provocar el desarrollo de osteoporosis o aumentar las posibilidades de desarrollar la afección. ¿Quién tiene más probabilidades de desarrollar osteoporosis? Cualquier persona puede desarrollar osteoporosis, sin embargo, usted tiene más probabilidades de desarrollarla si tiene uno o más factores de riesgo: Su sexo. La osteoporosis es más común en mujeres, especialmente después de la menopausia (posmenopáusica) Su edad. Su riesgo aumenta conforme envejece. Es más común en personas mayores de 50 años El tamaño de su cuerpo. Es más común en personas que son delgadas y tienen huesos finos Su raza: Mujeres caucásicas y asiáticas tienen mayor riesgo Mujeres de ascendencia afroamericana y mexicana tienen un menor riesgo Los hombres caucásicos tienen mayor riesgo que los hombres afroamericanos y mexicoamericanos Historia familiar. Su riesgo de osteoporosis puede ser mayor si uno de sus padres tuvo osteoporosis o


huesos finos Su raza: Mujeres caucásicas y asiáticas tienen mayor riesgo Mujeres de ascendencia afroamericana y mexicana tienen un menor riesgo Los hombres caucásicos tienen mayor riesgo que los hombres afroamericanos y mexicoamericanos Historia familiar. Su riesgo de osteoporosis puede ser mayor si uno de sus padres tuvo osteoporosis o se rompió la cadera Cambios hormonales . Niveles bajos de ciertas hormonas pueden incrementar su riesgo de desarrollar osteoporosis Dieta. Una dieta que es baja en calcio y/o vitamina D o no incluye suficiente proteína , puede aumentar su riesgo Uso prolongado de ciertos medicamentos, como: Corticoides Inhibidores de la bomba de protones (que se usan para tratar la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico, ERGE Medicamentos para tratar la epilepsia Tener otras afecciones médicas, como: Enfermedades del sistema endocrino Ciertas afecciones digestivas Artritis reumatoide Ciertos tipos de cáncer VIH Anorexia nervosa, un tipo de trastorno de la alimentación Su estilo de vida. Ciertos factores de estilo de vida pueden contribuir a la pérdida de masa ósea, como: Fumar Uso prolongado de consumo excesivo de alcohol Inactividad física o periodos prolongados de reposo en cama ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de la osteoporosis? A menudo, la osteoporosis no causa síntomas. Usted puede no saber que la tiene hasta que se rompe un hueso. ¿Cómo se diagnostica la osteoporosis? Los profesionales de la salud a menudo diagnostican la osteoporosis durante una prueba de detección de rutina de la afección. El equipo de trabajo de servicios preventivos de los Estados Unidos (U.S. Preventive Services Task Force) recomienda una prueba de detección para: Mujeres de 65 años o más Mujeres posmenopáusicas menores de 65 años que tienen factores que aumentan la probabilidad de desarrollar osteoporosis En el caso de los hombres, aún no está claro si las pruebas de detección periódicas son útiles. Se necesita más


Force) recomienda una prueba de detección para: Mujeres de 65 años o más Mujeres posmenopáusicas menores de 65 años que tienen factores que aumentan la probabilidad de desarrollar osteoporosis En el caso de los hombres, aún no está claro si las pruebas de detección periódicas son útiles. Se necesita más investigación para confirmarlo. Para saber si tiene osteoporosis, su profesional de la salud: Le preguntará acerca de su historia médica y si alguna vez se ha roto un hueso Hará un examen físico, el cual puede incluir un chequeo de: Pérdida de altura y/o peso Cambios en su postura Equilibrio y marcha (la forma en que camina) La fuerza de sus músculos Probablemente pedirá una densitometría ósea Puede realizar una evaluación del riesgo de fractura, que es un cuestionario breve que ayuda a estimar su riesgo de fracturarse un hueso en los próximos 10 años ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para la osteoporosis? El objetivo del tratamiento para la osteoporosis es retardar o detener la pérdida de masa ósea y prevenir fracturas. Su profesional de la salud puede recomendar: Una dieta saludable y balanceada que incluya suficiente calcio, vitamina D y proteína Cambios en el estilo de vida, como dejar de fumar y limitar el alcohol Actividad física regular que incluya ejercicios con pesas (como caminar), entrenamiento de fuerza y ejercicios de equilibrio Prevención de caídas para ayudar a prevenir fracturas Medicinas, como: Medicinas para retardar la pérdida de masa ósea Medicinas para ayudar a reconstruir el hueso Además de manejar su osteoporosis, es importante evitar actividades que puedan causar una fractura. Estas incluyen movimientos que involucren: Torcer su columna vertebral, como al utilizar un palo de golf Inclinarse hacia adelante desde la cintura, como ejercicios abdominales y toque de dedos de los pies También puede reducir su riesgo de romperse


su osteoporosis, es importante evitar actividades que puedan causar una fractura. Estas incluyen movimientos que involucren: Torcer su columna vertebral, como al utilizar un palo de golf Inclinarse hacia adelante desde la cintura, como ejercicios abdominales y toque de dedos de los pies También puede reducir su riesgo de romperse un hueso al prevenir caídas. ¿Cómo se puede prevenir la osteoporosis? Para ayudar a mantener los huesos sanos y ayudar a prevenir la osteoporosis, lo mejor que puede hacer es comer una dieta saludable rica en calcio y vitamina D. También puede ayudar hacer actividad física regular, limitar el consumo de alcohol y no fumar. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Artritis y Enfermedades Musculoesqueléticas y de la Piel


An ostomy is surgery to create an opening (stoma) from an area inside the body to the outside. It treats certain diseases of the digestive or urinary systems. It can be permanent, when an organ must be removed. It can be temporary, when the organ needs time to heal. The organ could be the small intestine, colon, rectum, or bladder. With an ostomy, there must be a new way for wastes to leave the body. There are many different types of ostomy. Some examples are: Ileostomy - the bottom of the small intestine (ileum) is attached to the stoma. This bypasses the colon, rectum and anus. Colostomy - the colon is attached to the stoma. This bypasses the rectum and the anus. Urostomy - the tubes that carry urine to the bladder are attached to the stoma. This bypasses the bladder. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


What is ovarian cancer? Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells in the body grow out of control and form a tumor. Ovarian cancer is a cancerous tumor that forms in the tissues of an ovary. The ovaries are a pair of female reproductive glands that make eggs and female hormones . What are the types of ovarian cancer? There are a few different types of ovarian cancer. The most common type is epithelial cancer. It begins in the cells that cover the ovary. There are also two related types of epithelial cancer that can spread to the ovaries: Fallopian tube cancer forms in the tissue lining a fallopian tube. The fallopian tubes are a pair of long, slender tubes on each side of the uterus. The uterus is the female reproductive organ where a fetus grows during pregnancy. Primary peritoneal cancer forms in the tissue lining the peritoneum. Your peritoneum is a tissue lining that covers the organs in the abdomen (belly). These two cancers are like ovarian cancer, and they have the same treatments. So some medical experts also consider those two types as ovarian cancer. Some other rarer types of ovarian cancer are malignant germ cell tumors and stromal tumors. What causes ovarian cancer? Ovarian cancer happens when there are changes (mutations) in the genetic material (DNA). Often, the exact cause of these genetic changes is unknown. Most ovarian cancers are caused by genetic changes that happen during your lifetime. But sometimes these genetic changes are inherited, meaning that you are born with them. Ovarian cancer that is caused by inherited genetic changes is called hereditary ovarian cancer. There are also certain genetic changes that can raise your risk of ovarian cancer, including changes called BRCA1 and BRCA2 . These two changes also raise your risk


inherited, meaning that you are born with them. Ovarian cancer that is caused by inherited genetic changes is called hereditary ovarian cancer. There are also certain genetic changes that can raise your risk of ovarian cancer, including changes called BRCA1 and BRCA2 . These two changes also raise your risk of breast and other cancers. Besides genetics, your lifestyle and the environment can affect your risk of ovarian cancer. Who is more likely to develop ovarian cancer? Certain people are more likely to develop ovarian cancer. They include those who: Have a family history of ovarian cancer in a mother, aunt, grandmother, or sister Have inherited changes in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes Have certain other genetic conditions, such as Lynch syndrome Have endometriosis Took hormone replacement therapy Are overweight or have obesity Are tall Are older, especially those who have gone through menopause Have never been pregnant What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer? Ovarian cancer may not cause early signs or symptoms. By the time you do have signs or symptoms, the cancer is often advanced. The signs and symptoms may include: Pain, swelling, or a feeling of pressure in the abdomen (belly) or pelvis Sudden or frequent urge to urinate (pee) Trouble eating or feeling full A lump in the pelvic area Gastrointestinal problems, such as gas , bloating, or constipation How is ovarian cancer diagnosed? To find out if you have ovarian cancer, your health care provider: Will ask about your medical history , including your symptoms Will ask about your family health history , including relatives who have had ovarian cancer Will do a physical exam , including a pelvic exam Will likely do imaging tests May do blood tests such as a CA-125 blood test Often the only way to know for sure that


symptoms Will ask about your family health history , including relatives who have had ovarian cancer Will do a physical exam , including a pelvic exam Will likely do imaging tests May do blood tests such as a CA-125 blood test Often the only way to know for sure that you have ovarian cancer is by having a biopsy of the tissue. A biopsy is done during surgery to remove the tumor. What are the treatments for ovarian cancer? Treatments for ovarian cancer may include: Surgery to remove as much of the cancer as possible Chemotherapy Targeted therapy , which uses drugs or other substances that attack specific cancer cells with less harm to normal cells Your provider may suggest that you have genetic testing to look for the gene changes that raise the risk for ovarian cancer. Knowing whether you have the gene change may help your provider decide on your treatment plan. NIH: National Cancer Institute


The ovaries are part of the female reproductive system. They produce a woman's eggs and make female hormones . Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs in or on an ovary. They usually form during ovulation, when the ovary releases an egg. They are usually harmless and go away by themselves. Most women have them sometime during their lives. Most ovarian cysts are small and don't cause symptoms. Women may not find out that they have them until they have a pelvic exam. If there are symptoms, they may include: Pressure Bloating Swelling Pain in the lower abdomen, on the side where the cyst is If your health care provider finds a cyst, you may be able to wait to see if it gets bigger. You may need surgery if you have pain, are past menopause, or if the cyst does not go away. If a cyst bursts or causes bleeding, you should get medical help right away. Birth control pills can help prevent new cysts. Rarely, ovarian cysts can become cancerous. This risk increases as you get older. A health problem that involves ovarian cysts is polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Women with PCOS can have high levels of male hormones, irregular or no periods, and small ovarian cysts. Dept. of Health and Human Services Office on Women's Health


What are ovaries? The ovaries are a pair of female reproductive glands that make eggs and female hormones . Women have one ovary on each side of the uterus (where a fetus grows during pregnancy). Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. Ovaries play a role in menstruation , pregnancy, and menopause . Your ovaries: Produce and store eggs that are released during ovulation (when an egg leaves the ovary and travels into the fallopian tube). If a sperm fertilizes the egg, you can become pregnant. Make the female hormones estrogen and progesterone. Stop making those hormones and releasing eggs during menopause. Some medical problems can affect the ovaries. These can cause various symptoms, and some ovarian disorders may need prompt treatment. What are the types of ovarian disorders? Some problems that can happen with the ovaries can include: Ovarian cancer is when a cancerous tumor forms in the tissues of an ovary. Ovarian cysts are fluid-filled sacs in or on an ovary. Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a set of symptoms related to an imbalance of hormones. Primary ovarian insufficiency is when your ovaries stop working before age 40. Ovarian torsion is a twisting of the ovary. Endometriosis is when tissue like the lining in your uterus grows in other places in your body. It may affect the ovaries, fallopian tubes, and tissue lining the pelvis. Pelvic inflammatory disease is an infection and inflammation of the uterus, ovaries, and other female reproductive organs. Ovarian tumors. What causes ovarian disorders? Ovarian disorders can happen for different reasons depending on the condition. Sometimes the cause is unknown. What are the symptoms of ovarian disorders? Your symptoms may be different, depending on the problem with your ovaries. Some ovarian disorders, such as ovarian cysts, may cause few or


What causes ovarian disorders? Ovarian disorders can happen for different reasons depending on the condition. Sometimes the cause is unknown. What are the symptoms of ovarian disorders? Your symptoms may be different, depending on the problem with your ovaries. Some ovarian disorders, such as ovarian cysts, may cause few or even no symptoms. Other disorders may cause more severe symptoms. Symptoms can include: Pelvic pain , which often happens during your period Nausea or diarrhea Vaginal bleeding that is between periods, very heavy, or longer than usual Vaginal discharge Painful menstrual cramps How are ovarian disorders diagnosed? To find out if you have a problem with your ovaries, your health care provider: Will ask about your medical history , including your symptoms Will ask about your family health history Will do a physical exam , including a pelvic exam May order imaging tests , or blood tests What are the treatments for ovarian disorders? Treatment depends on the ovarian disorder, your symptoms, overall health, and plans for pregnancy. Treatment can include medicines, such as pain relievers or hormonal birth control , lifestyle changes to reduce symptoms, or sometimes surgery. Ovarian cancer may require surgery, chemotherapy , or other targeted therapy.


Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are drugs you can buy without a prescription. Some OTC medicines relieve aches, pains, and itches. Some prevent or cure diseases, like tooth decay and athlete's foot. Others help manage recurring problems, like migraines and allergies. In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration decides whether a medicine is safe and effective enough to sell over-the-counter. This allows you to take a more active role in your health care. But you also need to be careful to avoid mistakes . Make sure to follow the instructions on the drug label. If you don't understand the instructions, ask your pharmacist or health care provider. Also keep in mind that that there are still risks to taking OTC medicines: The medicine you are taking could interact with other medicines, supplements, foods, or drinks Some medicines are not right for people with certain medical conditions. For example, people with high blood pressure should not take certain decongestants. Some people are allergic to certain medicines Many medicines are not safe during pregnancy . If you are pregnant, check with your health care provider before taking any medicine. Be careful when giving medicines to children . Make sure that you give your child the correct dose. If you are giving your child a liquid medicine, don't use a kitchen spoon. Instead use a measuring spoon or a dosing cup marked in teaspoons. If you have been taking an OTC medicine but your symptoms don't go away, contact your health care provider. You should not take OTC medicines longer or in higher doses than the label recommends. Food and Drug Administration


Overactive bladder is a condition in which the bladder squeezes urine out at the wrong time. You may have overactive bladder if you have two or more of these symptoms: You urinate eight or more times a day or two or more times at night You have the sudden, strong need to urinate immediately You leak urine after a sudden, strong urge to urinate You also may have incontinence , a loss of bladder control. Nerve problems, too much fluid, or too much caffeine can cause it. Often the cause is unknown. Your doctor may prescribe a medicine that can calm muscles and nerves. The medicine may come as a pill, a liquid, or a patch. The medicines can cause your eyes to become dry. They can also cause dry mouth and constipation. To deal with these effects, use eye drops to keep your eyes moist, chew sugarless gum or suck on sugarless hard candy if dry mouth bothers you, and take small sips of water throughout the day. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


Los oxiuros son parásitos que pueden vivir en el colon y en el recto de una persona. Se pueden adquirir cuando se tragan los huevos de este parásito. Los huevos se abren dentro de sus intestinos. Mientras usted duerme, los oxiuros hembra salen de los intestinos a través del ano y ponen sus huevos en la piel que lo rodea. Los oxiuros se propagan muy rápidamente. Cuando la persona infectada toca su ano, los huevos quedan pegados a las puntas de sus dedos. Así, pueden propagar los huevos a través de sus manos, ropa contaminada, comida y otros artículos. Los huevos pueden sobrevivir por dos semanas en las superficies de la casa. La infección es más común en niños. Muchas personas no tienen síntomas. Algunas sienten picazón alrededor del ano o de la vagina. La picazón puede volverse más intensa, interferir con el sueño y poner de mal humor a la persona. Su doctor puede diagnosticar una infección por oxiuros buscando los huevos. Una forma común de hacer esto es usando una cinta adhesiva donde se juntan los huevos. Las infecciones más leves no necesitan medicamentos. Si una persona necesita medicamentos, todas las otras personas que viven con ella, también los necesitan. Para prevenir una infección o una reinfección: Báñese al levantarse Lave seguido sus pijamas y sábanas Lave sus manos con frecuencia, sobre todo después de usar el escusado o de cambiar pañales Cambie su ropa interior todos los días Evite morderse las uñas Evite rascarse la zona anal


What is oxygen? Oxygen is a gas that your body needs to work properly. Your cells need oxygen to make energy. Your lungs absorb oxygen from the air you breathe. The oxygen enters your blood from your lungs and travels to your organs and body tissues. Certain medical conditions can cause your blood oxygen levels to be too low. Low blood oxygen may make you feel short of breath , tired, and confused. It can also damage your body. Oxygen therapy can help you get more oxygen. What is oxygen therapy? Oxygen therapy is a treatment that provides you with extra oxygen to breathe in. It is also called supplemental oxygen. It is only available through a prescription from your health care provider. You may get it in the hospital, another medical setting, or at home. Some people only need it for a short period of time. Others will need long-term oxygen therapy. There are different types of devices that can give you oxygen. Some use tanks of liquid or gas oxygen. Others use an oxygen concentrator, which pulls oxygen out of the air. You will get the oxygen through a nose tube (cannula), a mask, or a tent. The extra oxygen is breathed in along with normal air. There are portable versions of the tanks and oxygen concentrators. They can make it easier for you to move around while using your therapy. Who needs oxygen therapy? You may need oxygen therapy if you have a condition that causes low blood oxygen, such as: COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) Pneumonia COVID-19 A severe asthma attack Late-stage heart failure Cystic fibrosis Sleep apnea What are the risks of using oxygen therapy? Oxygen therapy is generally safe, but it can cause side effects. They include a dry or bloody nose, tiredness, and


blood oxygen, such as: COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) Pneumonia COVID-19 A severe asthma attack Late-stage heart failure Cystic fibrosis Sleep apnea What are the risks of using oxygen therapy? Oxygen therapy is generally safe, but it can cause side effects. They include a dry or bloody nose, tiredness, and morning headaches. Oxygen poses a fire risk, so you should never smoke or use flammable materials when using oxygen. If you use oxygen tanks, make sure your tank is secured and stays upright. If it falls and cracks or the top breaks off, the tank can fly like a missile. What is hyperbaric oxygen therapy? Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is a different type of oxygen therapy. It involves breathing oxygen in a pressurized chamber or tube. That allows your lungs to gather up to three times more oxygen than you would get by breathing oxygen at normal air pressure. The extra oxygen moves through your blood and to your organs and body tissues. HBOT is used to treat certain serious wounds , burns , injuries, and infections. It also treats air or gas embolisms (bubbles of air in your bloodstream), decompression sickness suffered by divers, and carbon monoxide poisoning . But some treatment centers claim that HBOT can treat almost anything, including Alzheimer's disease , autism , cancer , and Lyme disease . The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has not cleared or approved the use of HBOT for these conditions. There are risks to using HBOT, so always check with your provider before you try it.


Ozone is a gas. It can be good or bad, depending on where it is. "Good" ozone occurs naturally about 10 to 30 miles above the Earth's surface. It shields us from the sun's ultraviolet rays. Part of the good ozone layer is gone. Man-made chemicals have destroyed it. Without enough good ozone, people may get too much ultraviolet radiation. This may increase the risk of skin cancer, cataracts, and immune system problems. "Bad" ozone is at ground level. It forms when pollutants from cars, factories, and other sources react chemically with sunlight. It is the main ingredient in smog . It is usually worst in the summer. Breathing bad ozone can be harmful. It can cause coughing, throat irritation, worsening of asthma , bronchitis, and emphysema . It can lead to permanent lung damage, if you are regularly exposed to it. Environmental Protection Agency


El ozono es un gas incoloro que se encuentra en el aire que respiramos. Puede ser bueno o malo, dependiendo de donde se encuentre. El ozono "bueno" se encuentra en la naturaleza a aproximadamente 10 a 30 millas sobre la superficie terrestre. Nos protege de los rayos ultravioleta del sol. Parte de la capa de ozono bueno desapareció por sustancias químicas fabricadas por el hombre. Sin suficiente ozono bueno, las personas pueden exponerse a demasiada radiación ultravioleta. Eso puede aumentar el riesgo de cáncer en la piel, cataratas y problemas en el sistema inmunitario. El ozono "malo" se encuentra al nivel del suelo. Se forma cuando los contaminantes de los automóviles, las fábricas y otras fuentes reaccionan químicamente con la luz del sol. Es el componente principal del smog . Suele ser peor en verano. Respirar el ozono malo puede ser dañino. Provoca tos, irritación en la garganta, empeoramiento de afecciones como asma , bronquitis y enfisema y hasta daños pulmonares permanentes, si la exposición a éste es habitual. Agencia de Protección Ambiental


Pacemakers and Implantable Defibrillators

An arrhythmia is any disorder of your heart rate or rhythm. It means that your heart beats too quickly, too slowly, or with an irregular pattern. Most arrhythmias result from problems in the electrical system of the heart. If your arrhythmia is serious, you may need a cardiac pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). They are devices that are implanted in your chest or abdomen. A pacemaker helps control abnormal heart rhythms. It uses electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate. It can speed up a slow heart rhythm, control a fast heart rhythm, and coordinate the chambers of the heart. An ICD monitors heart rhythms. If it senses dangerous rhythms, it delivers shocks. This treatment is called defibrillation. An ICD can help control life-threatening arrhythmias, especially those that can cause sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). Most new ICDs can act as both a pacemaker and a defibrillator. Many ICDs also record the heart's electrical patterns when there is an abnormal heartbeat. This can help the doctor plan future treatment. Getting a pacemaker or ICD requires minor surgery. You usually need to stay in the hospital for a day or two, so your doctor can make sure that the device is working well. You will probably be back to your normal activities within a few days.


What is Paget's disease of bone? Paget's disease of bone is a chronic bone disorder. Normally, there is a process in which your bones break down and then regrow. In Paget's disease, this process is abnormal. There is excessive breakdown and regrowth of bone. Because the bones regrow too quickly, they are bigger and softer than normal. They may be misshapen and easily fractured (broken). Paget's usually affects just one or a few bones. What causes Paget's disease of bone? Researchers do not know for sure what causes Paget's disease. Environmental factors may play a role. In some cases, the disease runs in families, and several genes have been linked to the disease. Who is at risk for Paget's disease of bone? The disease is more common in older people and those of northern European heritage. If you have a close relative who has Paget's, you are much more likely to have it. What are the symptoms of Paget's disease of bone? Many people do not know that they have Paget's, because it often has no symptoms. When there are symptoms, they are similar to those of arthritis and other disorders. The symptoms include: Pain , which may be due to the disease or to arthritis, which can be a complication of Paget's Headaches and hearing loss , which can happen when Paget's disease affects the skull Pressure on the nerves , which can happen when Paget's disease affects the skull or spine Increased head size, bowing of a limb, or curvature of the spine. This can happen in advanced cases. Hip pain , if Paget's disease affects the pelvis or thighbone Damage to the cartilage of your joints , which may lead to arthritis Usually, Paget's disease gets worse slowly over time. It does not spread to normal bones.


or curvature of the spine. This can happen in advanced cases. Hip pain , if Paget's disease affects the pelvis or thighbone Damage to the cartilage of your joints , which may lead to arthritis Usually, Paget's disease gets worse slowly over time. It does not spread to normal bones. What other problems can Paget's disease of bone cause? Paget's disease can lead to other complications, such as: Arthritis, because the misshapen bones can cause increased pressure and more wear and tear on the joints Heart failure . In severe Paget's disease, the heart has to work harder to pump blood to affected bones. Heart failure is more likely if you also have hardening of the arteries . Kidney stones , which can happen when the excessive breakdown of the bone leads to extra calcium in the body Nervous system problems , since the bones can cause pressure on the brain, spinal cord, or nerves. There may also be reduced blood flow to the brain and spinal cord. Osteosarcoma, cancer of the bone Loose teeth, if Paget's disease affects the facial bones Vision loss , if Paget's disease in the skull affects the nerves. This is rare. How is Paget's disease of bone diagnosed? Your health care provider may use many tools to make a diagnosis: A medical history, which includes asking about your symptoms A physical exam An x-ray of the affected bones. Paget's disease is almost always diagnosed using x-rays. An alkaline phosphatase blood test A bone scan Sometimes the disease is found by accident when one of these tests is done for another reason. What are the treatments for Paget's disease of bone? To avoid complications, it is important to find and treat Paget's disease early. The treatments include: Medicines. There are several different medicines to treat


Sometimes the disease is found by accident when one of these tests is done for another reason. What are the treatments for Paget's disease of bone? To avoid complications, it is important to find and treat Paget's disease early. The treatments include: Medicines. There are several different medicines to treat Paget's disease. The most common type is bisphosphonates. They help reduce bone pain and stop or slow down the progress of the disease. Surgery is sometimes needed for certain complications of the disease. There are surgeries to Allow fractures (broken bones) to heal in a better position Replace joints such as the knee and hip when there is severe arthritis Realign a deformed bone to reduce the pain in weight-bearing joints, especially the knees Reduce pressure on a nerve, if enlargement of the skull or spine injuries effects the nervous system Diet and exercise do not treat Paget's, but they can help to keep your skeleton healthy. If you do not have kidney stones, you should make sure to get enough calcium and vitamin D through your diet and supplements. Besides keeping your skeleton healthy, exercise can prevent weight gain and maintain the mobility of your joints. Talk with your health care provider before you start a new exercise program. You need to make sure that the exercise does not put too much stress on the affected bones. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


What is pain? Pain is a signal in your nervous system that something may be wrong. It is an unpleasant feeling, such as a prick, tingle, sting, burn, or ache. Each person feels pain differently, even if the reason for the pain is the same. Pain may be sharp or dull. It may be mild or severe. Pain may come and go, or it may be constant. You may feel pain in one area of your body, such as your back , abdomen , chest , or pelvis , or you may feel it all over. Pain can help alert you that there is a problem. If you never felt pain, you might seriously hurt yourself without knowing it, or you might not realize you have a medical problem that needs treatment. Finding out what's causing your pain will help your health care provider determine the best way to manage or treat it. What are the types of pain? Patterns and types of pain are named based on how long and how often you have pain. These include: Acute pain usually happens suddenly because of a disease, injury, or inflammation (irritation, redness, and/or swelling). This type of pain is often sharp and acts as a warning that something is wrong. It usually goes away when the cause is treated or healed, though sometimes it can turn into chronic pain . Some examples of causes of acute pain include broken bones or dental issues . Chronic pain lasts for longer than three months or the time in which you should have healed. It can affect all aspects of daily life, including your mood and relationships. Some conditions that might cause chronic pain include arthritis or back problems. Episodic pain can happen from time to time and may occur with long-term medical


three months or the time in which you should have healed. It can affect all aspects of daily life, including your mood and relationships. Some conditions that might cause chronic pain include arthritis or back problems. Episodic pain can happen from time to time and may occur with long-term medical conditions. Some conditions that might cause episodic pain include sickle cell disease or chronic migraines . Pain may also be categorized by what is likely to be the cause of the pain. Pain may be described as nociceptive (caused by tissue damage or inflammation), neuropathic (caused by nerve damage), or nociplastic (caused by changes in how your nervous system processes pain). What causes pain? Understanding what causes pain and why people feel it differently may be difficult. Often, it's easier to find the cause of acute pain due to an injury than the cause of chronic pain, or you may have an ongoing cause of pain, such as cancer . In some cases, there is no clear cause. Environmental factors and psychological factors such as stress and beliefs about pain may affect the way you feel pain and respond to treatment. How is pain diagnosed? You are the only one who knows how your pain feels. Your provider can best measure your pain by how you report it. They may ask you: Where is the pain in your body? How long have you had the pain? How does the pain feel, such as stinging, burning, or sharp? How often do you have pain? When do you feel pain, such as in the morning, evening, or all the time? What relieves the pain? How does pain affect your daily life? Is the pain mild, moderate, or severe? To rate the pain on a scale. If the cause of your pain is


you have pain? When do you feel pain, such as in the morning, evening, or all the time? What relieves the pain? How does pain affect your daily life? Is the pain mild, moderate, or severe? To rate the pain on a scale. If the cause of your pain is unknown, your provider may also do a physical exam and order blood tests or other medical tests to help find the cause. What are the treatments for pain? Pain is not always curable, but there are many ways to manage and treat it. Treatment depends on the cause and type of pain. Treatments may include medicines, such as pain relievers . There are also non-drug treatments , such as acupuncture , physical therapy, and sometimes surgery. Depending on the cause of your pain and your symptoms, your provider may recommend lifestyle changes. These may include suggestions for: Eating a healthy diet Adding exercise Losing weight Managing stress Improving mental health NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


What are pain relievers? Pain relievers are medicines that reduce or relieve headaches , sore muscles, arthritis , or other aches and pains . There are many different pain medicines, and each with advantages and risks. Some types of pain respond better to certain medicines than others. Each person may also have a slightly different response to a pain reliever. What are the types of over-the-counter pain relievers? Over-the-counter (OTC) medicines are good for many types of pain. Two types of OTC pain medicines are usually recommended for mild to moderate pain. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) is used in many OTC and prescription medicines. It's often considered safer than other pain relievers. Unfortunately, it's common for people to take too much accidentally . Be careful not to take too much each day or use more than one medicine with acetaminophen. Check with your health care provider before taking medicines containing acetaminophen for more than ten days or five days for your child. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) include aspirin, naproxen (Aleve), and ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin). These pain relievers are often most effective if you have pain and inflammation (swelling), such as for arthritis or menstrual cramps . If you take more than the recommended amount, NSAIDs may cause nausea , stomach pain, or ulcers. What are prescription pain relievers? If OTC pain relievers don't relieve your pain, your provider may prescribe something stronger. Many NSAIDs are also available at higher prescription doses. The most powerful pain relievers are opioids, sometimes called narcotics. They include strong prescription pain relievers such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, or morphine. Opioids are sometimes used to treat moderate to severe pain. Your provider may give you a prescription to reduce pain after you have had a major injury or surgery. Opioids are very effective, but they can sometimes have serious


include strong prescription pain relievers such as oxycodone, hydrocodone, or morphine. Opioids are sometimes used to treat moderate to severe pain. Your provider may give you a prescription to reduce pain after you have had a major injury or surgery. Opioids are very effective, but they can sometimes have serious side effects. There is also a risk of addiction . Because of the risks, you must use them only under your provider's supervision. What are some non-drug treatments for pain? Pain relievers are just one part of a pain treatment plan. Environmental factors, stress , and beliefs about pain may affect the way you feel about pain and respond to treatment. There are many things you can do to help ease pain. Treatment depends on the cause and type of pain. It's important to check with your provider before trying any of them. A few non-drug treatments for pain include: Acupuncture Hot or cold packs Massage therapy Physical therapy Relaxation techniques


Palliative care is treatment of the discomfort, symptoms, and stress of serious illness. It provides relief from distressing symptoms including: Pain Shortness of breath Fatigue Constipation Nausea Loss of appetite Problems with sleep It can also help you deal with the side effects of the medical treatments you're receiving. Hospice care , care at the end of life, always includes palliative care. But you may receive palliative care at any stage of an illness. The goal is to make you comfortable and improve your quality of life. NIH: National Institute of Nursing Research


The pancreas is a gland behind your stomach and in front of your spine. It produces the juices that help break down food and the hormones that help control blood sugar levels. A pancreas transplant is surgery to place a healthy pancreas from a donor into a person with a diseased pancreas. It is mostly done for people with severe type 1 diabetes . It can allow them to give up insulin shots. An experimental procedure called islet cell transplantation transplants only the parts of the pancreas that make insulin. People who have transplants must take drugs to keep their body from rejecting the new pancreas for the rest of their lives. They must also have regular follow-up care. Because of the risks, it is not a common treatment for type 1 diabetes.


The pancreas is a gland behind your stomach and in front of your spine. It produces the juices that help break down food and the hormones that help control blood sugar levels. Pancreatic cancer usually begins in the cells that produce the juices. Some risk factors for developing pancreatic cancer include: Smoking Long-term diabetes Chronic pancreatitis Certain hereditary disorders Pancreatic cancer is hard to catch early. It doesn't cause symptoms right away. When you do get symptoms, they are often vague or you may not notice them. They include yellowing of the skin and eyes, pain in the abdomen and back, weight loss and fatigue. Also, because the pancreas is hidden behind other organs, health care providers cannot see or feel the tumors during routine exams. Doctors use a physical exam, blood tests, imaging tests, and a biopsy to diagnose it. Because it is often found late and it spreads quickly, pancreatic cancer can be hard to treat. Possible treatments include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances that attack specific cancer cells with less harm to normal cells. NIH: National Cancer Institute


The pancreas is a gland behind your stomach and in front of your spine. It produces juices that help break down food and hormones that help control blood sugar levels. Problems with the pancreas can lead to many health problems. These include: Pancreatitis , or inflammation of the pancreas: This happens when digestive enzymes start digesting the pancreas itself Pancreatic cancer Cystic fibrosis , a genetic disorder in which thick, sticky mucus can also block tubes in your pancreas The pancreas also plays a role in diabetes. In type 1 diabetes , the beta cells of the pancreas no longer make insulin because the body's immune system has attacked them. In type 2 diabetes , the pancreas loses the ability to secrete enough insulin in response to meals.


El páncreas es una glándula grande ubicada detrás del estómago y cerca de la primera parte del intestino delgado que segrega jugos digestivos en el intestino delgado a través de un tubo llamado conducto pancreático. El páncreas también libera las hormonas insulina y glucagón en la sangre. La pancreatitis es una inflamación del páncreas. Esto ocurre cuando las enzimas digestivas comienzan a digerir el páncreas. La pancreatitis puede ser aguda o crónica. De cualquier forma es grave y puede traer complicaciones. La pancreatitis aguda ocurre de repente y generalmente desaparece en pocos días con tratamiento. A menudo es causada por cálculos biliares . Los síntomas comunes son dolor intenso en la parte superior del abdomen, náuseas y vómitos. El tratamiento suele ser líquidos por vía intravenosa, antibióticos y analgésicos durante unos días en el hospital. La pancreatitis crónica no se cura o mejora. Empeora con el tiempo y lleva a daño permanente. La causa más común es un consumo excesivo de alcohol . Otras causas pueden ser fibrosis quística y otras enfermedades heredadas, grandes cantidades de calcio o grasa en la sangre, algunos medicamentos y enfermedades autoinmunes . Los síntomas incluyen nauseas, vómitos, pérdida de peso y heces grasosas. El tratamiento suele ser fluidos, analgésicos por vía intravenosa y nutrición artificial durante unos días en el hospital. Luego de su estadía en el hospital, deberá tomar enzimas y llevar una dieta especial. También es importante no fumar ni beber alcohol. NIH: Instituto Nacional de la Diabetes y las Enfermedades Digestivas y Renales


The pancreas is a large gland behind the stomach and close to the first part of the small intestine. It secretes digestive juices into the small intestine through a tube called the pancreatic duct. The pancreas also releases the hormones insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas. It happens when digestive enzymes start digesting the pancreas itself. Pancreatitis can be acute or chronic. Either form is serious and can lead to complications. Acute pancreatitis occurs suddenly and usually goes away in a few days with treatment. It is often caused by gallstones . Common symptoms are severe pain in the upper abdomen, nausea, and vomiting. Treatment is usually a few days in the hospital for intravenous (IV) fluids, antibiotics, and medicines to relieve pain. Chronic pancreatitis does not heal or improve. It gets worse over time and leads to permanent damage. The most common cause is heavy alcohol use . Other causes include cystic fibrosis and other inherited disorders, high levels of calcium or fats in the blood, some medicines, and autoimmune conditions . Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, weight loss, and oily stools. Treatment may also be a few days in the hospital for intravenous (IV) fluids, medicines to relieve pain, and nutritional support. After that, you may need to start taking enzymes and eat a special diet. It is also important to not smoke or drink alcohol. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


What is panic disorder? Panic disorder is a type of anxiety disorder . It causes repeated panic attacks, which are sudden periods of intense fear, discomfort, or a sense of losing control. These attacks happen even though there is no real danger. They often cause physical symptoms. For example, you may have a rapid or pounding heartbeat and feel like you are having a heart attack . If you have panic attacks, it doesn't mean you will develop a panic disorder. Many people only have one or two panic attacks in their lifetime and get better without treatment. But some of the people who have panic attacks do develop panic disorder. They have repeated panic attacks. The attacks can happen as often as several times a day or as rarely as a few times a year. People with panic disorder often worry about having another attack. It may cause them to avoid places and situations where they had panic attacks in the past. Panic disorder is not life-threatening, but it can be upsetting and affect your quality of life. And if it is not treated, it can sometimes lead to other health conditions, including depression and substance use disorders. What causes panic disorder? The cause of panic disorder is unknown. Researchers think that certain factors may play a role: Genetics - panic disorder sometimes runs in families. But no one knows for sure why some family members have it while others don't. Brain biology and chemistry. Your environment. Major stress . Who is more likely to develop panic disorder? Panic disorder is more common in women than men. It often starts in the late teens or early adulthood. Sometimes it starts when a person is under a lot of stress. People who have had trauma, especially in childhood, are more


. Who is more likely to develop panic disorder? Panic disorder is more common in women than men. It often starts in the late teens or early adulthood. Sometimes it starts when a person is under a lot of stress. People who have had trauma, especially in childhood, are more likely to develop panic disorder. What are the symptoms of panic disorder? People with panic disorder may have: Sudden and repeated panic attacks of overwhelming anxiety and fear A feeling of being out of control or a fear of death during a panic attack An intense worry about another panic attack A fear or avoidance of places and situations where they had panic attacks in the past Physical symptoms during a panic attack, such as: Pounding or racing heart Sweating or chills Trembling or shaking Trouble breathing The feeling that they are choking Weakness or dizziness Chest pain Stomach pain or nausea Panic attacks can happen anytime, without warning. They can last anywhere from a few minutes to over an hour. How is panic disorder diagnosed? To find out if you have panic disorder, your health care provider: Will ask about your medical history and symptoms May check if an unrelated physical problem is causing your symptoms, for example with: A physical exam Blood tests to check for thyroid problems and other possible conditions Heart health tests May do a panic disorder test May refer you to a mental health provider for the panic disorder test or other types of psychological evaluations What are the treatments for panic disorder? Treatment for panic disorder usually includes one or more of the following: Talk therapy , also called psychotherapy or counseling, which can help you understand your feelings. It may include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), a type of talk therapy that helps you


psychological evaluations What are the treatments for panic disorder? Treatment for panic disorder usually includes one or more of the following: Talk therapy , also called psychotherapy or counseling, which can help you understand your feelings. It may include cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), a type of talk therapy that helps you change your negative thoughts and how you react to things that cause you to feel anxiety. Medicines , including: Antidepressants , such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) Anti-anxiety medicines Your provider may also suggest that you follow a healthy lifestyle, which may help with panic disorder. It may include: Avoiding alcohol Reducing caffeine Eating regular meals Getting enough sleep Getting regular exercise Joining a support group may also be helpful. Support groups can make you feel like you are not alone, and you may learn some new tips on how to cope. NIH: National Institute of Mental Health


Las paperas son causadas por el virus de las paperas. La enfermedad comienza con estos síntomas: Fiebre Dolor de cabeza Dolores musculares Cansancio Pérdida del apetito Luego de la aparición de estos síntomas, las glándulas salivales bajo las orejas o mandíbula se inflaman. Esta inflamación puede ser en uno o en los dos lados de la cara. Los síntomas duran entre siete a 10 días. Las complicaciones serias son muy raras. Se puede adquirir paperas por estar con otra persona que tenga la enfermedad. No existe un tratamiento para las paperas, pero la vacuna contra las paperas, el sarampión y la rubéola (triple viral o MMR, por sus siglas en inglés) pueden prevenirla. Antes de los programas de vacunación en los Estados Unidos, las paperas era una enfermedad muy común entre recién nacidos, bebés y jóvenes. En la actualidad, esta enfermedad es muy poco frecuente. Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades


Paralysis is the loss of muscle function in part of your body. It happens when something goes wrong with the way messages pass between your brain and muscles. Paralysis can be complete or partial. It can occur on one or both sides of your body. It can also occur in just one area, or it can be widespread. Paralysis of the lower half of your body, including both legs, is called paraplegia. Paralysis of the arms and legs is quadriplegia. Most paralysis is due to strokes or injuries such as spinal cord injury or a broken neck. Other causes of paralysis include: Nerve diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis Autoimmune diseases such as Guillain-Barre syndrome Bell's palsy , which affects muscles in the face Polio used to be a cause of paralysis, but polio no longer occurs in the U.S.


Parasites are living things that use other living things - like your body - for food and a place to live. You can get them from contaminated food or water, a bug bite, or sexual contact. Some parasitic diseases are easily treated and some are not. Parasites range in size from tiny, one-celled organisms called protozoa to worms that can be seen with the naked eye. Some parasitic diseases occur in the United States. Contaminated water supplies can lead to Giardia infections . Cats can transmit toxoplasmosis , which is dangerous for pregnant women. Others, like malaria , are common in other parts of the world. If you are traveling , it's important to drink only water you know is safe. Prevention is especially important. There are no vaccines for parasitic diseases. Some medicines are available to treat parasitic infections.


Most people have four pea-sized glands, called parathyroid glands, on the thyroid gland in the neck. Though their names are similar, the thyroid and parathyroid glands are completely different. The parathyroid glands make parathyroid hormone (PTH), which helps your body keep the right balance of calcium and phosphorous. If your parathyroid glands make too much or too little hormone, it disrupts this balance. If they secrete extra PTH, you have hyperparathyroidism, and your blood calcium rises. In many cases, a benign tumor on a parathyroid gland makes it overactive. Or, the extra hormones can come from enlarged parathyroid glands. Very rarely, the cause is cancer. If you do not have enough PTH, you have hypoparathyroidism. Your blood will have too little calcium and too much phosphorous. Causes include injury to the glands, endocrine disorders , or genetic conditions. Treatment is aimed at restoring the balance of calcium and phosphorous. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


If you're a parent, you get plenty of suggestions on how to raise your child. From experts to other parents, people are always ready to offer advice. Parenting tips, parents' survival guides, dos, don'ts, shoulds and shouldn'ts - new ones come out daily. The truth is there is more than one "right" way to be a good parent. Good parenting includes: Keeping your child safe Showing affection and listening to your child Providing order and consistency Setting and enforcing limits Spending time with your child Monitoring your child's friendships and activities Leading by example NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development


Parkinson's disease (PD) is a type of movement disorder . It happens when nerve cells in the brain don't produce enough of a brain chemical called dopamine. Sometimes it is genetic, but most cases do not seem to run in families. Exposure to chemicals in the environment might play a role. Symptoms begin gradually, often on one side of the body. Later they affect both sides. They include: Trembling of hands, arms, legs, jaw and face Stiffness of the arms, legs and trunk Slowness of movement Poor balance and coordination As symptoms get worse, people with the disease may have trouble walking, talking, or doing simple tasks. They may also have problems such as depression, sleep problems, or trouble chewing, swallowing, or speaking. There is no specific test for PD, so it can be difficult to diagnose. Doctors use a medical history and a neurological examination to diagnose it. PD usually begins around age 60, but it can start earlier. It is more common in men than in women. There is no cure for PD. A variety of medicines sometimes help symptoms dramatically. Surgery and deep brain stimulation (DBS) can help severe cases. With DBS, electrodes are surgically implanted in the brain. They send electrical pulses to stimulate the parts of the brain that control movement. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


¿Qué es un paro cardíaco? El paro cardíaco, también conocido como paro cardiaco repentino o súbito, es una afección en la que el corazón deja de latir en forma repentina. Cuando esto ocurre, la sangre deja de fluir hacia el cerebro y otros órganos vitales. Si no se trata, el paro cardiaco suele causar la muerte en cuestión de minutos. Sin embargo, el tratamiento rápido con un desfibrilador puede salvarle la vida. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre un paro cardíaco y un ataque cardíaco? Un ataque cardíaco es diferente a un paro cardiaco. Un ataque cardíaco ocurre cuando se bloquea el flujo de sangre al corazón. Durante un ataque cardíaco, en general el corazón no deja de latir repentinamente. En el paro cardiaco el corazón deja de latir. A veces, un paro cardíaco puede ocurrir después o durante la recuperación de un ataque cardíaco. ¿Qué causa un paro cardíaco? Su corazón tiene un sistema eléctrico que controla la frecuencia y el ritmo de sus latidos. Un paro cardíaco puede ocurrir cuando el sistema eléctrico del corazón no funciona bien y causa latidos cardíacos irregulares conocidos como arritmias . Hay diferentes tipos. Pueden hacer que el corazón lata demasiado rápido, demasiado lento o con un ritmo irregular. Algunos pueden hacer que el corazón deje de bombear sangre al cuerpo, causando un paro cardíaco. Ciertas enfermedades y afecciones pueden causar problemas eléctricos que lleven a un paro cardíaco. Estas incluyen: Fibrilación ventricular : Tipo de arritmia en la que los ventrículos (las cámaras inferiores del corazón) no laten en forma normal. En cambio, laten muy rápido y muy irregularmente. No logran bombear sangre al cuerpo. Es la causa más común de paro cardíaco Enfermedad de las arterias coronarias : También llamada enfermedad isquémica del corazón, esta afección ocurre cuando las arterias del


cámaras inferiores del corazón) no laten en forma normal. En cambio, laten muy rápido y muy irregularmente. No logran bombear sangre al cuerpo. Es la causa más común de paro cardíaco Enfermedad de las arterias coronarias : También llamada enfermedad isquémica del corazón, esta afección ocurre cuando las arterias del corazón no pueden transportar suficiente sangre rica en oxígeno al corazón. A menudo, es causada por la acumulación de placa , una sustancia cerosa, dentro del revestimiento de las arterias coronarias más grandes. La placa bloquea parte o la totalidad del flujo sanguíneo al corazón Algunos tipos de estrés físico pueden hacer que falle el sistema eléctrico de su corazón, como: Actividad física intensa en la que su cuerpo libera adrenalina. Esta hormona puede desencadenar un paro cardíaco en personas que tienen problemas del corazón Niveles muy bajos de potasio o magnesio en la sangre: Estos minerales juegan un papel importante en el sistema eléctrico de su corazón Pérdida importante de sangre Falta severa de oxígeno Ciertos trastornos hereditarios que pueden causar arritmias o problemas con la estructura de su corazón Cambios estructurales en el corazón : Estos incluyen agrandamiento del corazón debido a presión arterial alta o enfermedad cardíaca avanzada. Las infecciones cardíacas también pueden causar cambios en la estructura del corazón ¿Quién tiene un mayor riesgo de sufrir un paro cardíaco? Usted tiene un mayor riesgo de sufrir un paro cardíaco si: Tiene enfermedad de las arterias coronarias: La mayoría de las personas que sufren un paro cardiaco tienen enfermedad de las arterias coronarias. Pero, en general, la enfermedad de las arterias coronarias no causa síntomas, por lo que es posible que no sepa que la tiene Personas mayores (el riesgo aumenta con la edad) Es hombre (es más común en hombres que en mujeres) Es afroamericano, especialmente


tienen enfermedad de las arterias coronarias. Pero, en general, la enfermedad de las arterias coronarias no causa síntomas, por lo que es posible que no sepa que la tiene Personas mayores (el riesgo aumenta con la edad) Es hombre (es más común en hombres que en mujeres) Es afroamericano, especialmente si tiene otras afecciones como diabetes , presión arterial alta, insuficiencia cardíaca o enfermedad renal crónica Tiene historia clínica o familiar de latidos cardíacos irregulares (arritmia) Tiene historia clínica o familiar de paro cardíaco o trastornos hereditarios que pueden causar arritmia Tiene un problema de uso de drogas o alcohol Ha tenido un infarto Tiene insuficiencia cardíaca ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de un paro cardíaco? Por lo general, el primer signo de un paro cardíaco es la pérdida del conocimiento (desmayo) . Esto sucede cuando el corazón deja de latir. Algunas personas pueden tener latidos cardíacos acelerados o sentirse mareados o aturdidos justo antes de desmayarse. Y, en ocasiones, las personas presentan dolor de pecho , dificultad para respirar , náuseas o vómitos dentro de una hora antes de tener un paro cardiaco. ¿Cómo se diagnostica un paro cardíaco? Un paro cardiaco ocurre sin previo aviso y requiere tratamiento de emergencia. Los profesionales de la salud rara vez diagnostican un paro cardíaco con pruebas médicas cuando está ocurriendo. En cambio, generalmente se diagnostica después de que ocurre. Los profesionales de la salud hacen esto descartando otras causas del colapso repentino de una persona. Si tiene un alto riesgo de sufrir un paro cardíaco, su profesional de la salud puede derivarlo a un cardiólogo, un especialista en enfermedades cardíacas. El cardiólogo puede solicitarle varias pruebas de salud del corazón para ver qué tan bien está funcionando. El médico trabajará con usted para decidir si necesita tratamiento para prevenir un paro cardíaco.


un paro cardíaco, su profesional de la salud puede derivarlo a un cardiólogo, un especialista en enfermedades cardíacas. El cardiólogo puede solicitarle varias pruebas de salud del corazón para ver qué tan bien está funcionando. El médico trabajará con usted para decidir si necesita tratamiento para prevenir un paro cardíaco. ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para el paro cardíaco? Un paro cardíaco es una emergencia. Una persona que tiene un paro cardíaco debe ser tratada de inmediato con un desfibrilador, un dispositivo que envía una descarga eléctrica al corazón. La descarga eléctrica puede restaurar un ritmo normal a un corazón que dejó de latir. Para que funcione bien, debe aplicarse a los pocos minutos de ocurrir un paro cardíaco. La mayoría de los oficiales de policía, técnicos de emergencias médicas y otros socorristas están capacitados y equipados para usar un desfibrilador. Llame al 911 de inmediato si alguien tiene signos o síntomas de paro cardíaco. Cuanto antes solicite ayuda, antes se podrá comenzar el tratamiento que salve vidas. ¿Qué debo hacer si creo que alguien ha tenido un paro cardíaco? Muchos lugares públicos, como escuelas, empresas y aeropuertos, tienen desfibriladores externos automáticos. Estos dispositivos son desfibriladores especiales que personas no capacitadas pueden usar si creen que alguien ha tenido un paro cardíaco. Los desfibriladores externos automáticos están programados para dar una descarga eléctrica si detectan una arritmia peligrosa. Esto evita dar una descarga a alguien que puede haberse desmayado pero que no tiene un paro cardíaco. Si cree que alguien ha tenido un paro cardíaco, debe administrarle reanimación cardiopulmonar hasta que se pueda realizar la desfibrilación. Las personas que están en riesgo de sufrir un paro cardíaco repentino pueden considerar tener un desfibrilador externo automático en casa. Pídale a su cardiólogo que lo ayude a decidir si tener este dispositivo en


tenido un paro cardíaco, debe administrarle reanimación cardiopulmonar hasta que se pueda realizar la desfibrilación. Las personas que están en riesgo de sufrir un paro cardíaco repentino pueden considerar tener un desfibrilador externo automático en casa. Pídale a su cardiólogo que lo ayude a decidir si tener este dispositivo en su hogar puede ayudar. ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos después de sobrevivir a un paro cardíaco? Si sobrevive a un paro cardíaco, es probable que lo hospitalicen para recibir atención y tratamiento continuos. En el hospital, su equipo médico vigilará de cerca su corazón. Es posible que le receten medicamentos para tratar de reducir el riesgo de otro paro cardíaco. También intentarán averiguar la causa del paro cardíaco. Si le diagnostican enfermedad de las arterias coronarias, es posible que le realicen una angioplastía o una cirugía de derivación de las arterias coronarias . Estos procedimientos ayudan a restaurar el flujo sanguíneo a través de arterias coronarias estrechas o bloqueadas. A menudo, a las personas que han tenido un paro cardiaco se les coloca un desfibrilador cardioversor implantable . Este pequeño dispositivo se implanta con una operación debajo de la piel de su pecho o abdomen. Un desfibrilador cardioversor implantable utiliza impulsos eléctricos o descargas para ayudar a controlar arritmias peligrosas. ¿Se puede prevenir un paro cardíaco? Es posible que pueda reducir su riesgo de sufrir un paro cardíaco si sigue un estilo de vida saludable para el corazón. Si tiene una enfermedad de las arterias coronarias u otra enfermedad del corazón, el tratamiento de esa afección también puede reducir su riesgo de paro cardíaco. Si ha tenido un paro cardíaco, la colocación de un desfibrilador cardioversor implantable puede reducir sus probabilidades de sufrir otro evento. NIH: Instituto Nacional del Corazón, los Pulmones y la Sangre


¿Qué es el parto? El parto es el proceso de dar a luz a un bebé. Incluye el alumbramiento y expulsión del feto y de la placenta. La placenta es el órgano que suministra al feto el alimento y oxígeno durante el embarazo . Un embarazo a término dura 40 semanas. El trabajo de parto por lo general comienza entre las semanas 37 y 42 de gestación . Así el cuerpo se prepara para dar a luz al bebé. El trabajo de parto prematuro puede comenzar antes de completar las 37 semanas y puede causar un nacimiento prematuro. Los bebés prematuros pueden enfrentar riesgos graves de salud. ¿Cómo puedo saber si estoy en trabajo de parto? Algunas señales de que puede estar en trabajo de parto incluyen: Contracciones regulares que comienzan a repetirse más seguido Pérdida de líquido o sangrado de la vagina Dolor de espalda baja sordo Calambres abdominales (de vientre) Las señales del parto, el momento en que empieza y el tiempo que tarda en nacer el bebé pueden variar con cada embarazo. Consulte con su proveedor de salud si tiene algún signo de parto, aunque sea antes de la fecha prevista para dar a luz. ¿Cuáles son las etapas del parto? El parto ocurre en tres etapas: La primera etapa comienza con contracciones. Puede durar horas o días. Continúa hasta que el cuello uterino se vuelve más delgado y dilatado (estirado) hasta tener unas cuatro pulgadas (10 centímetros) de ancho y permitir luego el paso del bebé La segunda etapa es en la que empieza a empujar hacia abajo. La coronación es cuando la cabeza de su bebé se hace visible. Luego de esto nace el bebé La tercera etapa es cuando usted expulsa la placenta y su profesional de la salud corta el cordón umbilical Algunas


La segunda etapa es en la que empieza a empujar hacia abajo. La coronación es cuando la cabeza de su bebé se hace visible. Luego de esto nace el bebé La tercera etapa es cuando usted expulsa la placenta y su profesional de la salud corta el cordón umbilical Algunas veces las madres requieren que el parto sea inducido, a través de medicinas u otros métodos usados para iniciar la labor de parto. Esto por general solo se hace cuando la fecha prevista para dar a luz a pasado o si hay problemas con el embarazo que pongan en riesgo la salud de la madre o el feto. Las madres y los bebés son monitoreados de cerca durante el parto. El parto puede ocurrir de forma vaginal a través del canal de parto o, en caso de complicaciones , se puede realizar quirúrgicamente mediante una cesárea . En este caso, el bebé se extrae del abdomen (vientre) y del útero. ¿Cuáles son las opciones para aliviar el dolor durante el parto? La intensidad del dolor durante el parto puede variar de acuerdo al tamaño y la posición del bebé, su nivel de comodidad durante el proceso y lo fuerte que sean sus contracciones Las opciones para disminuir el dolor durante el trabajo de parto y alumbramiento incluyen: Medicamentos que reducen el dolor, pero no lo eliminan por completo Métodos naturales para aliviar el dolor sin medicinas. Algunos ejemplos son el uso de técnicas de relajación, una pelota de parto (también llamada pelota suiza), masajes o tomar un baño o ducha La combinación de medicinas y métodos naturales Antes de su fecha de parto, converse con su proveedor sobre cuáles son sus opciones, los riesgos y los beneficios del alivio del dolor durante el trabajo de parto y alumbramiento. NIH: Instituto


llamada pelota suiza), masajes o tomar un baño o ducha La combinación de medicinas y métodos naturales Antes de su fecha de parto, converse con su proveedor sobre cuáles son sus opciones, los riesgos y los beneficios del alivio del dolor durante el trabajo de parto y alumbramiento. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Salud Infantil y Desarrollo Humano


¿Qué es el parto de un feto muerto? Si usted pierde un feto en la semana 20 del embarazo o después, a esto se le llama parto de un feto muerto. El parto de un feto muerto puede ocurrir antes o durante el parto y puede considerarse como: Precoz: La pérdida de un feto entre las semanas 20 y 27 de embarazo Tardío: La pérdida de un feto entre las semanas 28 y 36 de embarazo A término: La pérdida de un feto a las 37 semanas o más de embarazo ¿Cuáles son los factores de riesgo del parto de un feto muerto? El parto de un feto muerto puede ocurrir en cualquier embarazo. Algunos factores pueden aumentar la probabilidad de que ocurra. Los factores de riesgo pueden incluir: Tener 35 años o más Tener un nivel socioeconómico bajo Fumar durante el embarazo Tener ciertas afecciones médicas, como diabetes o presión arterial alta Ser una mujer negra no hispana Haber tenido un parto de un feto muerto previamente Estar embarazada de más de un bebé ( gemelos o trillizos ) ¿Cuáles son las posibles causas del parto de un feto muerto? En muchos casos, la causa se desconoce. Algunas causas pueden prevenirse, pero la mayoría no. Las causas del parto de un feto muerto pueden incluir: Problemas con la placenta, el órgano que transporta oxígeno y nutrientes al feto Problemas genéticos del feto Infecciones del feto Otros problemas físicos del feto Problemas con el cordón umbilical durante el parto ¿Cómo se diagnostica el parto de un feto muerto? Antes del parto , la única manera de diagnosticar una muerte fetal es comprobar si el corazón del feto late. Su profesional de la salud podría usar una ecografía para detectar los latidos del corazón del feto. Durante el embarazo , su


se diagnostica el parto de un feto muerto? Antes del parto , la única manera de diagnosticar una muerte fetal es comprobar si el corazón del feto late. Su profesional de la salud podría usar una ecografía para detectar los latidos del corazón del feto. Durante el embarazo , su profesional de la salud podría recomendarle que haga un seguimiento de los movimientos fetales. Sin embargo, si no nota ningún movimiento, no siempre significa que se haya producido una muerte fetal. A veces, especialmente si es su primer embarazo, puede ser difícil notar el movimiento. Si está embarazada y algo parece inusual o le preocupa, consulte con su profesional de la salud. Después del parto , su profesional de la salud revisará al bebé para detectar signos de vida. Estos pueden incluir respiración, latidos cardíacos, movimientos voluntarios y pulsaciones en el cordón umbilical. Si uno o más signos de vida no están presentes, se tomarán medidas para salvarle la vida. Si estas medidas no tienen éxito, se podría diagnosticar el parto de un feto muerto. ¿Cómo tratan los profesionales de la salud el parto de un feto muerto? La atención después de una muerte fetal depende de cuándo ocurra. Si ocurre antes del parto, su profesional de la salud puede inducir (iniciar) el parto o recurrir a una cirugía para extraer el feto ( cesárea ). Si ocurre durante el parto, será necesario extraer o expulsar la placenta. Independientemente de cuándo ocurra, perder un embarazo puede ser difícil. La asesoría puede ayudarle a sobrellevar el dolor. Más adelante, si usted desea intentarlo de nuevo, trabaje de cerca con su profesional de la salud para disminuir los riesgos. Muchas mujeres que experimentan una muerte fetal tienen bebés sanos. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Salud Infantil y Desarrollo


La parálisis es la pérdida de las funciones musculares en parte de su cuerpo. Ocurre cuando algo funciona mal en la transmisión de los mensajes entre el cerebro y los músculos. Las parálisis pueden ser totales o parciales. Puede ocurrir en uno o en ambos lados del cuerpo. También puede ocurrir sólo en un lugar o diseminarse. La parálisis de la mitad inferior del cuerpo, que afecta a ambas piernas, se denomina paraplejia. La parálisis que afecta los brazos y las piernas es una cuadriplegia. La mayoría de las parálisis se deben a derrames o lesiones, como las lesiones de la médula espinal o una fractura en el cuello. Otras causas de parálisis incluyen: Enfermedades nerviosas, tales como la esclerosis lateral amiotrófica Enfermedades autoinmunes, como el síndrome de Guillain-Barré Parálisis de Bell , que afecta los músculos de la cara La polio (poliomielitis) solía ser una causa de parálisis, pero ya no hay casos de esta enfermedad en los Estados Unidos.


¿Qué es la parálisis cerebral? La parálisis cerebral (PC) es un grupo de trastornos neurológicos que causan problemas del movimiento , el equilibrio y la postura. La primera parte del nombre de esta afección, parálisis, significa debilidad o problemas para usar los músculos; mientras que la segunda, cerebral, significa que tiene que ver con el cerebro. La parálisis cerebral puede variar de leve a grave. El daño cerebral y las discapacidades que provoca son permanentes. Sin embargo, los tratamientos pueden mejorar la vida de las personas que padecen esta afección. Por ejemplo, los tratamientos pueden ayudar a mejorar sus habilidades motoras y su capacidad de comunicarse. ¿Qué tipos de parálisis cerebral existen? Existen diferentes tipos de parálisis cerebral: Parálisis cerebral espástica : Es el tipo más común. Provoca un aumento del tono muscular, rigidez de los músculos y dificultad con los movimientos. A veces, solo afecta a una parte del cuerpo. En otros casos, puede afectar tanto a los brazos como a las piernas, el tronco y la cara Parálisis cerebral discinética : Causa problemas para controlar el movimiento de manos, brazos, pies y piernas. Esto puede dificultar estar sentado y caminar Parálisis cerebral atáxica : Causa problemas de equilibrio y coordinación Parálisis cerebral mixta : Significa que tiene síntomas de más de un tipo ¿Qué causa la parálisis cerebral? La causa de la parálisis cerebral es un desarrollo anormal o daño al cerebro en desarrollo. Cuando este desarrollo o daño ocurre antes del nacimiento, se conoce como parálisis cerebral congénita. La mayoría de los casos de parálisis cerebral son congénitos y sus causas pueden incluir: Cambios genéticos (variantes) Malformaciones cerebrales Infecciones o fiebre en la madre embarazada Una lesión en el bebé en desarrollo La parálisis cerebral también puede ocurrir durante o después del nacimiento. La parálisis cerebral que