abuse, such as pictures of your injuries or threatening emails or texts. Make sure that it is in a safe place the abuser cannot access. Talk to someone you trust , such as a family member, a friend, a co-worker, or a spiritual leader. Consider getting a restraining order to protect yourself. How can I help someone who is experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV)? Let your loved one know that being treated this way isn't healthy and that they are not to blame. You should: Call 911 if there is immediate danger. Watch for the signs of abuse. Learn about the signs and keep track of the ones that you see. Find out about local resources. Get the addresses and phone numbers of some local resources in your community. Then, you'll be able to share the information if the person is ready for it. Set up a time to talk. Make sure you can have your conversation in a safe, private place. Your loved one's partner may have access to their cell phone or computer, so be careful about sharing information over text or email. Be specific about why you are worried. Describe the behaviors that concern you. Be as specific as possible when explaining why you are worried. Plan for safety. If your loved one is ready to leave an abusive partner, help them make a plan for getting out of the relationship as safely as possible. An intimate partner violence counselor can help with making a safety plan. Be patient and do not judge. You should talk about your concerns with your loved one, but you need to understand that they may not be ready to talk about it. Let them know that you're available to talk at any time, and that you will listen without judging them.


¿Qué es intimidación o acoso? Se conoce como intimidación o acoso (conocido en inglés como bullying) cuando una persona o grupo lastima repetidamente a alguien a propósito. Puede ser físico, social y / o verbal. Es dañino tanto para las víctimas como para los acosadores, y siempre implica: Comportamiento agresivo Diferencia de poder: Es decir, la víctima es más débil o se percibe como más débil. Por ejemplo, los acosadores pueden intentar usar la fuerza física, información vergonzosa o la popularidad para dañar a otros Repetición: Es decir, ocurre más de una vez o probablemente volverá a suceder ¿Cuáles son los tipos de acoso escolar? Hay tres tipos de intimidación: Acoso físico: Implica dañar el cuerpo o las pertenencias de una persona. Los ejemplos incluyen golpear, patear y robar o romper cosas de alguien Intimidación social (también llamada intimidación relacional): Intimidación social (también llamada intimidación relacional): Daña la reputación o las relaciones de alguien. Algunos ejemplos son difundir rumores, avergonzar a alguien en público y hacer que alguien se sienta excluido Acoso verbal: Consiste en decir o escribir cosas negativas, incluyendo insultos, burlas y amenazas ¿Qué es el ciberacoso? El acoso cibernético o ciberacoso es la intimidación que ocurre a través de mensajes de texto o en línea. Puede ser a través de correos electrónicos, redes sociales, foros o juegos. Algunos ejemplos son: Publicar rumores en las redes sociales Compartir fotos o videos vergonzosos en línea Compartir información privada de otra persona en línea (llamado doxing en inglés) Amenazar a alguien en línea Crear cuentas falsas y publicar información para avergonzar a alguien Ciertos tipos de ciberacoso pueden ser ilegales. Las leyes sobre el ciberacoso son diferentes de un estado a otro. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre el ciberacoso y la intimidación? El acoso cibernético es un tipo de acoso,


alguien en línea Crear cuentas falsas y publicar información para avergonzar a alguien Ciertos tipos de ciberacoso pueden ser ilegales. Las leyes sobre el ciberacoso son diferentes de un estado a otro. ¿Cuál es la diferencia entre el ciberacoso y la intimidación? El acoso cibernético es un tipo de acoso, pero hay algunas diferencias entre ambos. El acoso cibernético puede ser: Anónimo: Las personas pueden ocultar sus identidades cuando están en línea o usando un teléfono celular Persistente: las personas pueden enviar mensajes al instante, a cualquier hora del día o de la noche Permanente: Muchas comunicaciones electrónicas son permanentes y públicas, a menos que se reporten y eliminen. Una mala reputación en línea puede afectar el ingreso a la universidad, el empleo y otras áreas de la vida de las personas. Esto también se aplica para el acosador Difícil de notar: Los maestros y los padres no pueden escuchar o ver cómo ocurre el ciberacoso ¿Quién está en riesgo de ser intimidado? Los niños tienen un mayor riesgo de ser intimidados si: Son vistos como diferentes de sus compañeros, por ejemplo, si tienen sobrepeso o bajo peso, se visten de manera diferente o son de una raza / etnia diferente Son vistos como débiles Tienen depresión , ansiedad o baja autoestima. No tienen muchos amigos o son menos populares No socializan bien con los demás Tienen una discapacidad intelectual o del desarrollo ¿Quién está en riesgo de ser un acosador? Hay dos tipos de menores que tienen más probabilidades de acosar a otros: Niños que están bien conectados con sus compañeros, tienen poder social, se preocupan demasiado por la popularidad y les gusta estar al mando de otros Niños que están más aislados de sus compañeros, pueden estar deprimidos o ansiosos, tienen baja autoestima, son fácilmente presionados por sus


de acosar a otros: Niños que están bien conectados con sus compañeros, tienen poder social, se preocupan demasiado por la popularidad y les gusta estar al mando de otros Niños que están más aislados de sus compañeros, pueden estar deprimidos o ansiosos, tienen baja autoestima, son fácilmente presionados por sus compañeros y tienen problemas para entender los sentimientos de otras personas Hay ciertos factores que pueden favorecer para que alguien sea un acosador. Incluyen: Ser agresivo o frustrarse fácilmente Tener problemas en el hogar, como sufrir violencia o acoso o tener padres no involucrados con sus hijos Tener problemas para seguir las reglas Ver la violencia en forma positiva Tener amigos que intimidan a otros ¿Cuáles son los efectos de la intimidación? La intimidación es un problema grave que causa daño. No solo lastima a la persona que está siendo intimidada, también puede ser perjudicial para los acosadores y para cualquier niño que sea testigo de la intimidación. Los niños que son acosados pueden tener problemas en la escuela y con su salud mental y física. Están en riesgo de: Depresión, ansiedad y baja autoestima. Estos problemas a veces duran hasta la edad adulta Problemas de salud, incluyendo dolores de cabeza y de estómago Calificaciones y resultados de exámenes más bajos Falta y abandono escolar Los niños que intimidan a otros tienen un mayor riesgo de consumo de sustancias, problemas en la escuela y violencia en el futuro. Los niños que son testigos de la intimidación son más propensos a abusar de las drogas o el alcohol y tener problemas de salud mental. También pueden faltar a la escuela. ¿Cuáles son los signos de ser intimidado? A menudo, los niños que están siendo intimidados no lo denuncian. Pueden temer una reacción violenta del acosador o pensar que a nadie le


abusar de las drogas o el alcohol y tener problemas de salud mental. También pueden faltar a la escuela. ¿Cuáles son los signos de ser intimidado? A menudo, los niños que están siendo intimidados no lo denuncian. Pueden temer una reacción violenta del acosador o pensar que a nadie le importa. A veces se sienten demasiado avergonzados para hablar de ello. Por eso, es importante conocer las señales de un problema de acoso escolar: Depresión, soledad o ansiedad Baja autoestima Dolores de cabeza, dolores de estómago o malos hábitos alimenticios No le gusta o no quiere ir a la escuela, o tiene peores calificaciones que antes Comportamientos autodestructivos, como huir de casa, hacerse daño o hablar de suicidio Lesiones inexplicables Perder o destruir ropa, libros, artículos electrónicos o joyas Problemas para dormir o pesadillas frecuentes Pérdida repentina de amigos o evitar situaciones sociales ¿Cómo ayudar a alguien que está siendo acosado? Para ayudar a un niño que está siendo intimidado, apóyelo y hable sobre la intimidación: Escuche y enfóquese en el niño: Entérese sobre lo que está pasando y demuestre que quiere ayudar Asegúrele al niño que la intimidación no es su culpa Esté consciente que los niños que son acosados pueden tener dificultades para hablar sobre esto: Considere referirlos a un consejero escolar, psicólogo u otro servicio de salud mental Entregue sugerencias sobre qué hacer: Por ejemplo, puede intercambiar roles y pensar cómo reaccionará el niño si el acoso ocurre nuevamente Trabajen juntos para resolver la situación y proteger al niño acosado: El niño, los padres y la escuela u organización educacional deben ser parte de la solución Mantenga su interés: La intimidación puede no terminar de la noche a la mañana. Asegúrese de que el niño sepa que usted está comprometido a detener el abuso Asegúrese de que


al niño acosado: El niño, los padres y la escuela u organización educacional deben ser parte de la solución Mantenga su interés: La intimidación puede no terminar de la noche a la mañana. Asegúrese de que el niño sepa que usted está comprometido a detener el abuso Asegúrese de que el agresor sepa que su comportamiento es incorrecto y que perjudica a otros Muestre a los niños que el acoso escolar es un tema serio: Deje en claro a todos que el acoso no será tolerado Departamento de Salud y Servicios Humanos de los EE. UU.


Intolerancia a la lactosa significa que usted no puede digerir alimentos que contienen lactosa. La lactosa es el azúcar que se encuentra en la leche y los alimentos preparados con leche. Después de ingerir alimentos que contienen lactosa, es posible que tenga malestar estomacal. También puede presentar: Gases Diarrea Inflamación en el estómago El médico puede hacerle un análisis de sangre, una prueba de aliento o un análisis de heces para detectar si sus problemas se deben a la intolerancia a la lactosa. La intolerancia a la lactosa no es un cuadro serio. Consumir menos alimentos con lactosa o utilizar pastillas o gotas que lo ayuden a digerir la lactosa suelen ser de ayuda. Es posible que necesite tomar suplementos de calcio, ya que la leche y los productos lácteos son las fuentes más comunes de calcio para la mayoría de las personas. NIH: Instituto Nacional de la Diabetes y las Enfermedades Digestivas y Renales


Las inundaciones son comunes en Estados Unidos. Las lluvias fuertes, tormentas o huracanes pueden provocar inundaciones. Las inundaciones también pueden ocurrir cuando un río o una corriente de agua se desbordan de su lecho, cuando se agrieta un dique o cuando se rompe una represa. Las inundaciones repentinas, que pueden desarrollarse rápidamente, suelen tener una peligrosa pared de agua turbulenta que arrastra piedras, lodo y escombros y que pueden barrer casi todo lo que encuentran a su paso. Tenga conciencia de los riesgos de inundación independientemente del lugar en el que se vive, pero en especial si vive en áreas bajas, cercanas al agua o aguas abajo de una represa. Aunque no hay garantías de seguridad durante una inundación, es posible tomar medidas para protegerse. Debe tener un plan de acción para casos de desastres . Estar preparado puede ayudar a reducir el miedo, la ansiedad y las pérdidas. Si usted experimenta un desastre, es normal sentirse estresado. Usted puede necesitar ayuda para superar la situación . Agencia Federal para el Manejo de Emergencias


What is iron? Iron is a mineral that our bodies need for growth and development. Your body uses iron to make hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells. Hemoglobin carries oxygen from the lungs to all parts of the body. Iron is also important for healthy muscles, bone marrow, and organ function. Your body also needs iron to make some hormones . How do you get iron? Iron is found naturally in many foods and is added to some fortified food products. Foods that are high in iron include: Lean meat, seafood, and poultry Iron-fortified breakfast cereals and breads White beans, lentils, spinach, kidney beans, and peas Nuts and some dried fruits, such as raisins Iron is available in supplements, either on its own or as part of many multivitamin/mineral supplements. What causes low iron? Most people in the United States get enough iron. The amount that you need each day depends on your age, your sex, and whether you consume a mostly plant-based diet. Sometimes people can have trouble getting enough iron. There can be many causes, including blood loss, a poor diet, or a problem absorbing enough iron from foods. Those who are more likely to have low iron include people who: Have heavy periods Are pregnant or breastfeeding Are infants (especially if they were born premature or low birth weight ) Are frequent blood donors Have cancer , certain digestive diseases , or heart failure Are on kidney dialysis Have trouble absorbing iron because they: Have a digestive condition such as celiac disease , ulcerative colitis , Crohn's disease , or Helicobacter pylori infection Had weight loss surgery What happens if you don't get enough iron? If you have too little iron, you may develop iron-deficiency anemia . It may not cause symptoms at first, but over


digestive condition such as celiac disease , ulcerative colitis , Crohn's disease , or Helicobacter pylori infection Had weight loss surgery What happens if you don't get enough iron? If you have too little iron, you may develop iron-deficiency anemia . It may not cause symptoms at first, but over time, it can cause fatigue , shortness of breath , and trouble with memory and concentration. Treatment for low iron and iron-deficiency anemia is usually with iron supplements. What happens if you get too much iron? Too much iron can damage your body. For example, if you are healthy and take too many iron supplements, you may have symptoms such as constipation , nausea and vomiting , abdominal (belly) pain , and diarrhea . Higher iron levels can cause ulcers . Extremely high levels can lead to organ damage, coma , and death. A disease called hemochromatosis can cause too much iron to build up in the body. Hemochromatosis is inherited (passed down through families). It is usually treated by removing blood (and iron) from your body on a regular basis. National Institutes of Health, Office of Dietary Supplements


Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a problem that affects the large intestine. It can cause abdominal cramping, bloating, and a change in bowel habits. Some people with the disorder have constipation. Some have diarrhea. Others go back and forth between the two. Although IBS can cause a great deal of discomfort, it does not harm the intestines. IBS is common. It affects about twice as many women as men and is most often found in people younger than 45 years. No one knows the exact cause of IBS. There is no specific test for it. Your doctor may run tests to be sure you don't have other diseases. These tests may include stool sampling tests, blood tests, and x-rays. Your doctor may also do a test called a sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy . Most people diagnosed with IBS can control their symptoms with diet, stress management, probiotics, and medicine. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


What is an ischemic stroke? A stroke happens when there is a loss of blood flow to part of the brain. Your brain cells cannot get the oxygen and nutrients they need from blood, and they start to die within a few minutes. This can cause lasting brain damage, long-term disability, or even death. There are two main types of strokes, ischemic and hemorrhagic . Ischemic stroke is the more common type. An ischemic stroke happens when a blood clot blocks a blood vessel in the brain. Quick treatment can save a life and improve the chances of recovery. What causes an ischemic stroke? Ischemic strokes are usually caused by one or more of the following: A blood clot. A clot can form in an artery that supplies the brain (thrombosis), or it can travel from another part of the body (embolism). Atherosclerosis . A disease in which plaque, a sticky substance made up of cholesterol, fat, and other substances, builds up inside your arteries. Irregular heart rhythms. Conditions like atrial fibrillation can cause clots to form in the heart, which may travel to the brain. Other heart and blood conditions. Such as heart valve diseases or sickle cell disease . A transient ischemic attack (TIA) is caused by a brief blockage of blood flow to the brain. It usually lasts a few minutes. Having a TIA can mean you are at risk for having a more serious stroke. What are the symptoms of ischemic stroke? Symptoms of stroke often happen suddenly. They include: Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg (especially on one side of the body) Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination Sudden severe headache with no


happen suddenly. They include: Sudden numbness or weakness of the face, arm or leg (especially on one side of the body) Sudden confusion, trouble speaking or understanding speech Sudden trouble seeing in one or both eyes Sudden trouble walking, dizziness, loss of balance or coordination Sudden severe headache with no known cause If you think someone is having a stroke, the F.A.S.T. test can help you remember what to look for. Think "FAST" and look for: F ace drooping on one side when smiling. A rm weakness that occurs when the arms are raised, and one arm drifts downward. S peech is slurred or strange. T ime to call 911. How is an ischemic stroke diagnosed? To make a diagnosis, your health care provider may do a physical exam, ask about your symptoms and medical history, and use imaging tests . Other heart tests may be done to help find the cause of the stroke. How is an ischemic stroke treated? It is important to treat strokes as quickly as possible. The most common treatments include: Medicines such as blood thinners or thrombolytics (which break up and dissolve existing clots) may be used to prevent or treat ischemic stroke. Surgery or stenting may be used to open narrowed arteries or remove plaque build-up from the carotid arteries, which supply blood to the brain. After treatment, rehabilitation can help you regain lost skills and independence. Your provider may also order other medicines to manage your blood pressure , cholesterol , or other health problems such as diabetes that may increase your risk for stroke. Can an ischemic stroke be prevented? The best way to prevent stroke is by making heart-healthy lifestyle changes to lower your risk. If lifestyle changes aren't enough, your provider may prescribe medicine to help manage your risk


other health problems such as diabetes that may increase your risk for stroke. Can an ischemic stroke be prevented? The best way to prevent stroke is by making heart-healthy lifestyle changes to lower your risk. If lifestyle changes aren't enough, your provider may prescribe medicine to help manage your risk factors. NIH: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke


Islets are cells found in clusters throughout the pancreas . They are made up of several types of cells. One of these is beta cells, which make insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the body use glucose for energy. Islet cell transplantation transfers cells from an organ donor into the body of another person. It is an experimental treatment for type 1 diabetes . In type 1 diabetes, the beta cells of the pancreas no longer make insulin. A person who has type 1 diabetes must take insulin daily to live. Transplanted islet cells, however, can take over the work of the destroyed cells. The beta cells in these islets will begin to make and release insulin. Researchers hope islet transplantation will help people with type 1 diabetes live without daily insulin injections. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


What is itching? Itching is an irritating sensation that makes you want to scratch your skin. Sometimes it can feel like pain, but it is different. Often, you feel itchy in one area in your body, but sometimes you may feel itching all over. Along with the itching, you may also have a rash or hives . What causes itching? Itching is a symptom of many health conditions. Some common causes are: Allergic reactions to food , insect bites , pollen , and medicines Skin conditions such as eczema , psoriasis , and dry skin Irritating chemicals, cosmetics , and other substances Parasites such as pinworms , scabies , head and body lice Pregnancy Liver , kidney , or thyroid diseases Certain cancers or cancer treatments Diseases that can affect the nervous system, such as diabetes and shingles What are the treatments for itching? Most itching is not serious. To feel better, you could try: Applying cold compresses Using moisturizing lotions Taking lukewarm or oatmeal baths Using over-the-counter hydrocortisone cream or antihistamines Avoiding scratching, wearing irritating fabrics, and exposure to high heat and humidity Contact your health care provider if your itching is severe, does not go away after a few weeks, or does not have an apparent cause. You may need other treatments, such as medicines or light therapy. If you have an underlying disease that is causing the itching, treating that disease may help.


Jaundice causes your skin and the whites of your eyes to turn yellow. Too much bilirubin causes jaundice. Bilirubin is a yellow chemical in hemoglobin, the substance that carries oxygen in your red blood cells. As red blood cells break down, your body builds new cells to replace them. The old ones are processed by the liver. If the liver cannot handle the blood cells as they break down, bilirubin builds up in the body and your skin may look yellow. Many healthy babies have some jaundice during the first week of life. It usually goes away. However, jaundice can happen at any age and may be a sign of a problem. Jaundice can happen for many reasons, such as: Blood diseases Genetic syndromes Liver diseases, such as hepatitis or cirrhosis Blockage of bile ducts Infections Medicines


Your jaw is a set of bones that holds your teeth. It includes: The maxilla, which is the upper part of your jaw. It holds your top teeth in place and doesn't move. It also supports the muscles involved in chewing and facial expressions. The mandible, which is the lower part of your jaw. You move it when you talk or chew. It also holds your lower teeth in place. The temporomandibular joints (TMJs), which are two joints (one on each side) that connect your mandible to your skull. Jaw problems can include: Fractures (broken bones). Dislocations , which are joint injuries that force the ends of your bones out of position. Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs), which are conditions that affect your TMJs. Osteonecrosis , which happens when the blood flow to part of your bone is disrupted. It can cause the bone to break down. Jaw tumors, which can be benign (not cancer) or cancer. Jaw defects, which are birth defects in which your jaw could be missing or deformed. Diagnostic imaging tests are often used to diagnose jaw injuries and disorders. Your treatment will depend on which jaw problem you have.


What are joints? Your joints are places where two or more bones come together. Your shoulders, elbows, hips, knees, and knuckles are all joints. Your spine has joints, too. But joints are more than bones. They include the soft tissues around them, such as cartilage, tendons and ligaments. Cartilage is the hard slippery flexible tissue that covers the ends of your bones at a joint. Tendons are tough, flexible bands that connect your muscles to your bones so you can move your joints. Ligaments connect the bones of the joint to each other to keep them stable when you move. What are joint disorders? Joint disorders are diseases or injuries that affect your joints. Injuries can happen because of overuse of a joint. Or you could have a sudden injury, such as an accident or a sports injury . What diseases can affect the joints? Many diseases can affect the joints. They often cause joint pain and make your joints stiff, red, or swollen. Most of them are chronic. That means they last a long time. Some may never go away completely. Some of the diseases that affect the joints include: Arthritis . Arthritis may cause joint pain and swelling. There are many types of this disease. Osteoarthritis is the most common type. Over time, arthritis can cause severe joint damage. It can affect people of all ages. A joint injury when you're young may cause osteoarthritis later in life. Lupus . This autoimmune disease affects many parts of the body and can cause joint and muscle pain. Some types of lupus often cause arthritis. Sjögren's Syndrome . This autoimmune disease affects glands that make moisture in many parts of the body. The main symptoms are dry eyes and mouth, but it often causes joint pain, too. Treatments are different


body and can cause joint and muscle pain. Some types of lupus often cause arthritis. Sjögren's Syndrome . This autoimmune disease affects glands that make moisture in many parts of the body. The main symptoms are dry eyes and mouth, but it often causes joint pain, too. Treatments are different depending on the disease. But most treatments include medicines and therapies to relieve pain and other symptoms. What types of joint disorders happen from sudden injuries? Joint disorders from sudden injuries include: Sprains and strains . Sprains are stretched or torn ligaments. Acute strains are stretched or torn muscles or tendons that happen from a sudden injury or movement, such as lifting a heavy object. Dislocated joints . A joint is dislocated when the bones are pushed or pulled out of position. A joint dislocation is a medical emergency. Treatment depends on the type of injury. You can treat many sports injuries at home. But you should call your health care provider if you: Have a lot of joint pain, swelling or numbness Can't put weight on the joint Have pain from an old injury with more swelling, an unstable joint, or a joint that isn't normal in another way What types of joint disorders happen from overuse? Overuse injuries usually damage the soft tissues of the joint. They can happen when you work a joint too hard by doing the same movements over and over. For example, you could get an overuse injury from playing a musical instrument, playing sports, or doing certain jobs, such as carpentry or painting. Joint overuse injuries include: Bursitis . The bursa is a small fluid-filled sac. It works as a pad between the bones of a joint and the moving parts around it, such as muscles, tendons and skin. With bursitis, the bursa


sports, or doing certain jobs, such as carpentry or painting. Joint overuse injuries include: Bursitis . The bursa is a small fluid-filled sac. It works as a pad between the bones of a joint and the moving parts around it, such as muscles, tendons and skin. With bursitis, the bursa becomes irritated and swollen with extra fluid. Overuse is the most common cause, but injuries, infections and other conditions, such as arthritis, can cause bursitis. Tendinitis . This condition happens when you overuse a tendon. It swells and makes the joint painful to move. Chronic strain. A strain becomes chronic when your muscles or tendons stretch or tear slowly over time from repeating the same movements. The treatments for bursitis, tendinitis, and chronic strain are often the same. They usually include rest, keeping the injured joint higher than your heart, and taking medicine to reduce swelling. Your provider may recommend gentle exercise and other treatment. In some cases, your provider may suggest an injection (a shot) of medicine into the joint. If these do not help, you may need surgery. How can I keep my joints healthy? Getting enough physical activity is one of the most important things you can do to prevent or slow joint disorders. Activity strengthens the muscles around your joints and helps them work better. When you play sports, wear the right equipment to protect your joints, such as knee pads. If you already have joint problems, ask your provider what type of activities are best for you. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


What is juvenile arthritis? Juvenile arthritis (JA) is arthritis that happens in children. It causes joint inflammation (swelling), pain, stiffness, and loss of motion. Joints are places where two bones meet, such as your elbow or knee. It can affect any joint, but it is more common in the knees, hands, and feet. JA can affect your child's growth and development, and in some cases, it can also affect other organs. Finding JA early and starting treatment can help manage symptoms and reduce joint damage. Who is more likely to get juvenile arthritis? There are several other forms of arthritis affecting children. The most common type of JA in children under age 16 is juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). There are multiple types of JIA. Symptoms and the number of joints affected help determine the type. Some types of JIA are more common in girls. What causes juvenile arthritis? The exact cause of JA is unknown. Most types are autoimmune disorders . This means that your immune system, which normally helps your body fight infection, attacks your body's tissues. What are the symptoms of juvenile arthritis? Symptoms can vary depending on the type of JA. The symptoms of most types include joint pain, swelling, warmth, and stiffness. Your child may not complain of pain or stiffness, but one early sign of JA may be limping or clumsiness in the morning or after resting. Larger joints, such as the knee, may be swollen. Certain types of JA can cause a high fever , swollen lymph nodes, a rash, growth problems, or eye inflammation in some children. Symptoms can come and go. Some children have just one or two flare-ups. Others have symptoms that never go away. How is juvenile arthritis diagnosed? There is no single test for JA, so it can be


, swollen lymph nodes, a rash, growth problems, or eye inflammation in some children. Symptoms can come and go. Some children have just one or two flare-ups. Others have symptoms that never go away. How is juvenile arthritis diagnosed? There is no single test for JA, so it can be hard to diagnose. Your health care provider may: Ask about medical history and symptoms. Do a physical exam. Order blood tests or imaging studies . What are the treatments for juvenile arthritis? A team of providers usually treats JA. Treatment will depend on your child's age, the type of JA, and how bad it is. Treatment can include medicines and physical therapy to help maintain movement and reduce swelling and pain. NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


What is Kaposi sarcoma? Kaposi sarcoma, sometimes called KS, is a type of cancer. It causes lesions (abnormal tissue) to grow in different parts of the body, including: The skin Lymph nodes Mucous membranes (the lining of the mouth, nose, and throat) Other organs These lesions are usually red or purple. They are made of cancer cells, new blood vessels, and blood cells. The lesions may begin in more than one place in the body at the same time. This makes Kaposi sarcoma different from other cancers. What causes Kaposi sarcoma and who is more likely to develop it? Kaposi sarcoma is caused by infection with human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8). This virus is also called Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Most people infected with this virus don't get Kaposi sarcoma. But certain people who get this virus are more likely to develop one of the types of Kaposi sarcoma: People with weakened immune systems due to HIV can develop epidemic (HIV-associated) Kaposi sarcoma. People with weakened immune systems due to medicines they need to take after an organ transplant can develop iatrogenic (transplant-related) Kaposi sarcoma. Older men of Mediterranean or Eastern European Jewish heritage can develop classic Kaposi sarcoma. Young men in Africa can develop endemic (African) Kaposi sarcoma. What are the symptoms of Kaposi sarcoma? Kaposi sarcoma usually starts out as one or more red, purple, or brown skin lesions on the legs and feet. They are most often on the ankles or soles of the feet. Over time, lesions may form in other parts of the body. The lesions may not cause symptoms. But sometimes the lesions can cause problems, especially as you get more of them and they grow bigger. For example: Pressure from the lesions may block the flow of lymph and blood in the legs and cause


form in other parts of the body. The lesions may not cause symptoms. But sometimes the lesions can cause problems, especially as you get more of them and they grow bigger. For example: Pressure from the lesions may block the flow of lymph and blood in the legs and cause painful swelling If lesions grow in your stomach or intestines, they can bleed and may cause abdominal (belly) pain and diarrhea Lesions in the lungs can also bleed and may cause shortness of breath How is Kaposi sarcoma diagnosed? To find out whether you have Kaposi sarcoma, your health care provider: Will ask about your medical and family history Will do a physical exam May order a chest x-ray to look for Kaposi sarcoma in the lungs May do a biopsy to check for Kaposi sarcoma lesions in the skin May do an endoscopy to check for Kaposi sarcoma in the stomach and intestines May do a bronchoscopy to check for Kaposi sarcoma in the lungs If you do have Kaposi sarcoma, you will likely need blood and imaging tests to find out if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body. What are the treatments for Kaposi sarcoma? Which treatment(s) you get will depend on The type of Kaposi sarcoma you have How many lesions you have and where in the body they are What kinds of problems the lesions are causing Your overall health For people who have epidemic (HIV-associated) Kaposi sarcoma, taking HIV medicines may be enough to treat the Kaposi sarcoma. For people who have iatrogenic (transplant-related) Kaposi sarcoma, changing the dose of the medicines or switching medicines may be helpful. But some people with these types of Kaposi sarcoma will need additional treatment. The treatment options for Kaposi sarcoma may include: Radiation therapy


be enough to treat the Kaposi sarcoma. For people who have iatrogenic (transplant-related) Kaposi sarcoma, changing the dose of the medicines or switching medicines may be helpful. But some people with these types of Kaposi sarcoma will need additional treatment. The treatment options for Kaposi sarcoma may include: Radiation therapy Surgery Cryosurgery, a treatment that uses an instrument to freeze and destroy abnormal tissue Chemotherapy Immunotherapy NIH: National Cancer Institute


What is Kawasaki disease? Kawasaki disease is a rare illness that usually affects small children. Other names for the disease are Kawasaki syndrome and mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome. It is a type of vasculitis , which is inflammation of the blood vessels. Kawasaki disease is serious, but most children can fully recover if they are treated right away. What causes Kawasaki disease? Kawasaki disease happens when the immune system injures the blood vessels by mistake. Researchers do not fully know why this happens. But when it does, the blood vessels become inflamed and can narrow or close off. Genetics may play a role in Kawasaki disease. There may also be environmental factors, such as infections. It does not seem to be contagious. This means that it cannot be passed from one child to another. Who is more likely to develop Kawasaki disease? Kawasaki disease usually affects children under the age of 5. But older children and adults can sometimes get it. It is more common in boys than girls. It can affect children of any race, but those with Asian or Pacific Islander descent are more likely to get it. What are the symptoms of Kawasaki disease? The symptoms of Kawasaki disease may include: High fever lasting at least five days A rash , often on the back, chest, and groin Swollen hands and feet Redness of the lips, lining of the mouth, tongue, palms of the hand, and soles of the feet Pink eye (conjunctivitis) Swollen lymph nodes in the neck Contact your child's health care provider if your child has a fever for 4 days, especially if they have any other symptoms of Kawasaki disease. What other problems can Kawasaki disease cause? Sometimes Kawasaki disease can affect the walls of the coronary arteries. These arteries bring blood and


the neck Contact your child's health care provider if your child has a fever for 4 days, especially if they have any other symptoms of Kawasaki disease. What other problems can Kawasaki disease cause? Sometimes Kawasaki disease can affect the walls of the coronary arteries. These arteries bring blood and oxygen to your heart. This can lead to: An aneurysm (bulging and thinning of the walls of the arteries). This can raise the risk of blood clots in the arteries. If the blood clots are not treated, they could lead to a heart attack or internal bleeding. Inflammation in the heart. Heart valve problems . Kawasaki disease can also affect other parts of the body, including the brain and nervous system, the immune system, and the digestive system. How is Kawasaki disease diagnosed? There is no specific test for Kawasaki disease. To find out if your child has Kawasaki disease, your child's provider: Will do a physical exam, which includes looking at the signs and symptoms Will likely order blood and urine tests to rule out other diseases and check for signs of inflammation May order tests to check for damage to the heart, such as an echocardiogram and electrocardiogram (EKG) What are the treatments for Kawasaki disease? Kawasaki disease is usually treated in the hospital with an intravenous (IV) dose of immunoglobulin (IVIG) antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that your immune system makes to fight infections. Aspirin may also be part of the treatment. But do not give your child aspirin unless the health care provider tells you to. Aspirin can cause Reye syndrome in children. This is a rare, serious illness that can affect the brain and liver. Treatment usually works. But if it is not working well enough, the provider may also give your child other medicines to


aspirin unless the health care provider tells you to. Aspirin can cause Reye syndrome in children. This is a rare, serious illness that can affect the brain and liver. Treatment usually works. But if it is not working well enough, the provider may also give your child other medicines to fight the inflammation. If the disease affects your child's heart, they might need additional medicines, surgery, or other medical procedures.


You have two kidneys. They are fist-sized organs on either side of your backbone above your waist. The tubes inside filter and clean your blood, taking out waste products and making urine. Kidney cancer forms in the lining of tiny tubes inside your kidneys. Kidney cancer becomes more likely as you age. Risk factors include smoking, having certain genetic conditions, and misusing pain medicines for a long time. You may have no symptoms at first. They may appear as the cancer grows. See your health care provider if you notice: Blood in your urine A lump in your abdomen Weight loss for no reason Pain in your side that does not go away Loss of appetite Tests to diagnose kidney cancer include blood, urine, and imaging tests. You may also have a biopsy. Treatment depends on your age, your overall health and how advanced the cancer is. It might include surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation, biologic, or targeted therapies. Biologic therapy boosts your body's own ability to fight cancer. Targeted therapy uses drugs or other substances that attack specific cancer cells with less harm to normal cells. NIH: National Cancer Institute


A cyst is a fluid-filled sac. You may get simple kidney cysts as you age; they are usually harmless. There are also some diseases which cause kidney cysts. One type is polycystic kidney disease (PKD). It runs in families. In PKD, many cysts grow in the kidneys. This can enlarge the kidneys and make them work poorly. About half of people with the most common type of PKD end up with kidney failure . PKD also causes cysts in other parts of the body, such as the liver. Often, there are no symptoms at first. Later, symptoms include: Pain in the back and lower sides Headaches Blood in the urine Doctors diagnose PKD with imaging tests and family history. There is no cure. Treatments can help with symptoms and complications. They include medicines and lifestyle changes, and if there is kidney failure, dialysis or kidney transplants . Acquired cystic kidney disease (ACKD) happens in people who have chronic kidney disease , especially if they are on dialysis. Unlike PKD, the kidneys are normal sized, and cysts do not form in other parts of the body. ACKD often has no symptoms. Usually, the cysts are harmless and do not need treatment. If they do cause complications, treatments include medicines, draining the cysts, or surgery. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


You have two kidneys, each about the size of your fist. They are near the middle of your back, just below the rib cage. Inside each kidney there are about a million tiny structures called nephrons. They filter your blood. They remove wastes and extra water, which become urine. The urine flows through tubes called ureters. It goes to your bladder, which stores the urine until you go to the bathroom. Most kidney diseases attack the nephrons. This damage may leave kidneys unable to remove wastes. Causes can include genetic problems, injuries, or medicines. You have a higher risk of kidney disease if you have diabetes , high blood pressure , or a close family member with kidney disease. Chronic kidney disease damages the nephrons slowly over several years. Other kidney problems include: Cancer Cysts Stones Infections Your doctor can do blood and urine tests to check if you have kidney disease. If your kidneys fail , you will need dialysis or a kidney transplant . NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


Healthy kidneys clean your blood by removing excess fluid, minerals, and wastes. They also make hormones that keep your bones strong and your blood healthy. But if the kidneys are damaged, they don't work properly. Harmful wastes can build up in your body. Your blood pressure may rise. Your body may retain excess fluid and not make enough red blood cells. This is called kidney failure. If your kidneys fail, you need treatment to replace the work they normally do. The treatment options are dialysis or a kidney transplant . Each treatment has benefits and drawbacks. No matter which treatment you choose, you'll need to make some changes in your life, including how you eat and plan your activities. But with the help of health care providers, family, and friends, most people with kidney failure can lead full and active lives. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


A kidney stone is a solid piece of material that forms in the kidney from substances in the urine. It may be as small as a grain of sand or as large as a pearl. Most kidney stones pass out of the body without help from a doctor. But sometimes a stone will not go away. It may get stuck in the urinary tract, block the flow of urine and cause great pain. The following may be signs of kidney stones that need a doctor's help: Extreme pain in your back or side that will not go away Blood in your urine Fever and chills Vomiting Urine that smells bad or looks cloudy A burning feeling when you urinate Your doctor will diagnose a kidney stone with urine, blood, and imaging tests . If you have a stone that won't pass on its own, you may need treatment. It can be done with shock waves; with a scope inserted through the tube that carries urine out of the body, called the urethra; or with surgery. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


You have two kidneys. They are fist-sized organs on either side of your backbone above your waist. Your kidneys filter and clean your blood, taking out waste products and making urine. Kidney tests check to see how well your kidneys are working. They include blood, urine , and imaging tests. Early kidney disease usually does not have signs or symptoms. Testing is the only way to know how your kidneys are doing. It is important for you to get checked for kidney disease if you have the key risk factors - diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease, or a family history of kidney failure. Specific kidney tests include: Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) - one of the most common blood tests to check for chronic kidney disease . It tells how well your kidneys are filtering. Creatinine blood and urine tests - check the levels of creatinine, a waste product that your kidneys remove from your blood Albumin urine test - checks for albumin, a protein that can pass into the urine if the kidneys are damaged Imaging tests, such as an ultrasound - provide pictures of the kidneys. The pictures help the health care provider see the size and shape of the kidneys, and check for anything unusual. Kidney biopsy - a procedure that involves taking a small piece of kidney tissue for examination with a microscope. It checks for the cause of kidney disease and how damaged your kidneys are. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


A kidney transplant is an operation that places a healthy kidney in your body. The transplanted kidney takes over the work of the two kidneys that failed , so you no longer need dialysis . During a transplant, the surgeon places the new kidney in your lower abdomen and connects the artery and vein of the new kidney to your artery and vein. Often, the new kidney will start making urine as soon as your blood starts flowing through it. But sometimes it takes a few weeks to start working. Many transplanted kidneys come from donors who have died. Some come from a living family member. The wait for a new kidney can be long. If you have a transplant, you must take drugs for the rest of your life, to keep your body from rejecting the new kidney. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


What is Klinefelter syndrome (KS)? Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a genetic condition that happens when a male is born with an extra copy of the X chromosome. KS can affect different stages of physical, language, and social development. It also usually causes infertility . What causes Klinefelter syndrome (KS)? KS is not inherited. It's caused by a random error that happens when a sperm or egg is formed. This error causes a male to be born with an extra X chromosome. Chromosomes are tiny "packages" in your cells that contain your genes. Genes carry information, called DNA, that controls what you look like and how your body works. Normally, you're born with a set of 46 chromosomes in each cell, two of which are the sex chromosomes. Females usually have two X chromosomes (XX), and males usually have one X and one Y (XY). In KS, the male usually has two X chromosomes and one Y (XXY). In rare cases, a male could have XY in some cells and XXY in other cells. This is called mosaic Klinefelter syndrome. Males with mosaic Klinefelter syndrome may have fewer symptoms, depending on the number of XY cells they have in their bodies and where those cells are located. What are the symptoms of Klinefelter syndrome (KS)? Some males with KS may have no symptoms or very mild symptoms. So they might not know that they have KS, or they might not get diagnosed with it right away. In other cases, the symptoms can be more severe. Boys with KS may be taller than other boys their age, with more fat around the belly. After puberty, they may have: Smaller testes and penis Breast growth (called gynecomastia) Less facial and body hair Reduced muscle tone Narrower shoulders and wider hips Weaker bones Decreased


can be more severe. Boys with KS may be taller than other boys their age, with more fat around the belly. After puberty, they may have: Smaller testes and penis Breast growth (called gynecomastia) Less facial and body hair Reduced muscle tone Narrower shoulders and wider hips Weaker bones Decreased sexual interest Lower energy Many of these symptoms happen because of low testosterone in the body. Testosterone is the main male sex hormone . Boys with KS may also have learning or language problems. These problems may affect them socially, so they may be shy and quiet and can have trouble fitting in. Most males with KS are infertile because they make little or no sperm. How is Klinefelter syndrome (KS) diagnosed? A genetic test called a karyotype test can diagnose KS. This test can show if there are abnormal chromosomes, including if there is an extra X chromosome. What are the treatments for Klinefelter syndrome (KS)? There is no cure for KS, but treatments are available. The sooner the treatment is started, the better. If treatment is started by early puberty, it will likely help in reducing the symptoms. Treatments for KS may include: Testosterone replacement therapy Surgery to remove or reduce breasts Physical, speech, behavioral, and occupational therapy In some cases, fertility treatments may help men with KS father children. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development


Your knee joint is made up of bone, cartilage, ligaments and fluid. Muscles and tendons help the knee joint move. When any of these structures is hurt or diseased, you have knee problems. Knee problems can cause pain and difficulty walking. Knee problems are very common, and they occur in people of all ages. Knee problems can interfere with many things, from participation in sports to simply getting up from a chair and walking. This can have a big impact on your life. The most common disease affecting the knee is osteoarthritis . The cartilage in the knee gradually wears away, causing pain and swelling. Injuries to ligaments and tendons also cause knee problems. A common injury is to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). You usually injure your ACL by a sudden twisting motion. ACL and other knee injuries are common sports injuries . Treatment of knee problems depends on the cause. In some cases your doctor may recommend knee replacement . NIH: National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases


What is knee replacement surgery? Knee replacement surgery is a surgery to replace parts of your knee joint with new, artificial parts. You may need a knee replacement if you have knee damage that causes severe pain and difficulty doing daily activities, such as walking and climbing stairs. It is usually done when other treatments for knee pain haven't helped enough. The goal of a knee replacement is to relieve pain and help you move better. People of all ages may have knee replacement surgery. But it is more common in older people. The decision whether to have surgery is based on your overall health and how much your knee bothers you. What conditions does knee replacement surgery treat? Knee replacement surgery treats conditions that cause the cartilage of the knee joint to wear away. These include: Knee osteoarthritis . This is the most common reason for knee replacement surgery. It usually develops over time after an injury or with aging. Knee damage from other types of arthritis . Problems from knee joints that aren't formed correctly . What happens during knee replacement surgery? During the surgery, a surgeon removes damaged cartilage and some bone from the surfaces of your knee joint. Cartilage is tissue that covers your bones where they meet. Healthy cartilage is smooth and helps the bones glide over each other when you move. When cartilage becomes rough and wears away, the bones rub against each other, causing pain. After removing the damaged knee cartilage and bone, the surgeon attaches the artificial parts to your bones. The artificial parts are made of metal and plastic. They will give your knee new, smooth surfaces. Knee replacement surgery may replace all the damaged parts of your knee (total knee replacement) or just part of your knee (partial knee replacement).


the surgeon attaches the artificial parts to your bones. The artificial parts are made of metal and plastic. They will give your knee new, smooth surfaces. Knee replacement surgery may replace all the damaged parts of your knee (total knee replacement) or just part of your knee (partial knee replacement). In a total knee replacement, the surgeon replaces 3 surfaces: The end of the shinbone The end of the thighbone The back of the kneecap What happens after knee replacement surgery? Some people go home the same day they have surgery. Other people will stay in the hospital a few days. To help prevent blood clots , you'll most likely take blood thinners and wear special socks or coverings on your legs for a short time after surgery. The success of your surgery depends a lot on what you do at home to help yourself recover. A physical therapist will teach you exercises to make your knee stronger and help it bend. It is important to do these exercises regularly. You may need to use a cane or walker for several weeks after the surgery. It will probably also be several weeks before you can drive. Your doctor will tell you when you can start driving again. Most people who follow their recovery instructions can get back to nearly all of their normal daily activities within 3 to 6 weeks after surgery. What is life like after a knee replacement? After recovering from surgery, most people can move better with less pain than before surgery. But having an artificial knee is not the same as having a normal, healthy knee. You need to protect your new knee by: Staying at a healthy weight . Getting regular physical activity . Not doing any high-impact activities, such as jogging, running, and jumping.


less pain than before surgery. But having an artificial knee is not the same as having a normal, healthy knee. You need to protect your new knee by: Staying at a healthy weight . Getting regular physical activity . Not doing any high-impact activities, such as jogging, running, and jumping. Instead, you can try low-impact activities that are good for your knee, such as walking, biking, and swimming What are the risks of knee replacement surgery? The chance of having problems after knee replacement surgery is low. But there are risks after any surgery. Possible problems after knee replacement surgery include: Infection Blood clots Heart attack Stroke Nerve damage Scarring that limits how far you can bend your knee Your age, general health, and how active you are can all affect your risk of having a problem after knee replacement surgery. How long does a knee replacement last? A knee replacement doesn't last forever. After 15 to 20 years, the artificial knee parts may become loose or worn. If that happens, you may need another surgery on the same knee. If you're thinking about having knee replacement surgery, talk to your doctor about the risks and benefits. Together you can decide if a knee replacement is right for you.


El paladar hendido y el labio leporino son defectos congénitos . Ocurre cuando el labio superior y el paladar no se desarrollan correctamente. Esto sucede en los primeros meses de embarazo. Un bebé puede tener paladar hendido o labio leporino o ambos. El labio leporino ocurre cuando el tejido que forma el paladar y el labio superior no se unen antes del nacimiento. Esto causa una abertura en el labio superior. Esta abertura puede ser pequeña o puede ser una grande que va desde el labio hasta la nariz. Puede ser en un lado u otro del labio, o con menor frecuencia, en el medio del labio. Algunos niños con labio leporino pueden tener el paladar hendido. Esto sucede cuando el tejido que forma el paladar no se une correctamente. Algunos bebés pueden tener estas hendiduras en la parte de adelante o atrás del paladar. Otros solo tienen una parte del paladar hendida. Los niños con esta afección pueden tener problemas para comer o hablar. También pueden tener infecciones de oídos, pérdida de audición y problemas con sus dientes. A menudo, una cirugía puede cerrar el labio y el paladar. La cirugía para el labio leporino se hace, generalmente, antes de los 12 meses de edad. La cirugía para el paladar hendido se realiza antes de los 18 meses. Muchos niños pueden tener otras complicaciones. Pueden necesitar otras cirugías, cuidado dental y ortodoncia y terapia del habla cuando crezcan. Con tratamiento, la mayoría de los niños con hendiduras orofaciales tienen buenos resultados y una vida saludable. Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades


Laboratory tests check a sample of your blood, urine, or body tissues. A technician or your doctor analyzes the test samples to see if your results fall within the normal range. The tests use a range because what is normal differs from person to person. Many factors affect test results. These include: Your sex, age and race What you eat and drink Medicines you take How well you followed pre-test instructions Your doctor may also compare your results to results from previous tests. Laboratory tests are often part of a routine checkup to look for changes in your health. They also help doctors diagnose medical conditions, plan or evaluate treatments, and monitor diseases.


La lactancia materna ofrece muchos beneficios para su bebé. La leche materna contiene el equilibrio adecuado de nutrientes para ayudar a que el bebé crezca y se convierta en un niño fuerte y sano. Algunos de los nutrientes de la leche materna también ayudan a proteger al niño de algunas enfermedades e infecciones comunes. También puede beneficiar a la salud de la madre. Algunos tipos de cáncer pueden ocurrir con menos frecuencia en las madres que amamantaron a sus bebés. Las mujeres que no tienen problemas de salud deben intentar amamantar a sus bebés por al menos los primeros seis meses de vida. La mayoría de las mujeres con problemas de salud pueden amamantar. Hay raras excepciones cuando se aconseja a las mujeres no amamantar porque tienen ciertas enfermedades. Algunos medicamentos, las drogas ilegales y el alcohol también pasan a través de la leche materna y pueden dañar al niño. Consulte con su médico si tiene preocupaciones sobre si debe amamantar. Si usted está teniendo problemas con la lactancia, contacte a un especialista en lactancia. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Salud Infantil y Desarrollo Humano


Lactose intolerance means that you cannot digest foods with lactose in them. Lactose is the sugar found in milk and foods made with milk. After eating foods with lactose in them, you may feel sick to your stomach. You may also have: Gas Diarrhea Swelling in your stomach Your doctor may do a blood, breath or stool test to find out if your problems are due to lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance is not serious. Eating less food with lactose, or using pills or drops to help you digest lactose usually helps. You may need to take a calcium supplement if you don't get enough of it from your diet, since milk and foods made with milk are the most common source of calcium for most people. NIH: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases


¿Qué es la ladilla? Las ladillas o piojos del pubis son insectos muy pequeños que en general viven en el área púbica o genital de los humanos. También se encuentran en ocasiones en otros tipos de vello corporal, como en las piernas, axilas, bigote, barba, cejas o pestañas. Los piojos del pubis en las cejas o pestañas de niños o adolescentes pueden ser un signo de abuso sexual . Los piojos del pubis son parásitos y necesitan alimentarse de sangre humana para sobrevivir. Son uno de los tres tipos de piojos que viven en humanos. Los otros dos tipos son piojos de la cabeza y piojos del cuerpo . Cada tipo de piojo es diferente, e infectarse de un tipo no significa que se contagiará con otro. ¿Cómo se contagia la ladilla? Los piojos del pubis se mueven arrastrándose, porque no pueden saltar ni volar. Por lo general, se contagian a través del contacto sexual. En ocasiones, también pueden contagiarse a través del contacto físico con una persona que tiene piojos púbicos, o al estar en contacto con ropa, camas, ropa de cama o toallas de una persona con piojos púbicos. Los animales no contagian estos piojos a los humanos. ¿Quién está en riesgo de tener ladilla? Dado que se diseminan principalmente a través del contacto sexual, las ladillas son más comunes en adultos. ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de la ladilla? El síntoma más común de los piojos púbicos es una picazón intensa en el área genital. También puede ver liendres (huevos de piojos) o piojos arrastrándose sobre la piel. ¿Cómo saber si tiene ladilla? El diagnóstico de ladilla generalmente se obtiene al ver un piojo o liendre. Ya que, en general, no hay muchas en el área genital, puede ser difícil encontrarlas. A menudo se pegan a más de


liendres (huevos de piojos) o piojos arrastrándose sobre la piel. ¿Cómo saber si tiene ladilla? El diagnóstico de ladilla generalmente se obtiene al ver un piojo o liendre. Ya que, en general, no hay muchas en el área genital, puede ser difícil encontrarlas. A menudo se pegan a más de un vello y no se arrastran tan rápido como los piojos de la cabeza y del cuerpo. A veces, se necesita una lupa para ver las ladillas y liendres. Las personas que tienen ladillas también deben ser examinadas para detectar otras enfermedades de transmisión sexual , y sus parejas sexuales también deben examinarse para ver si tienen ladillas. ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para la ladilla? El tratamiento principal para las ladillas es una loción que las mata. Las opciones incluyen una loción que contiene permetrina o una crema que contiene piretrina y butóxido de piperonilo. Estos productos están disponibles sin receta médica en EE. UU. Son seguros y efectivos cuando se usan siguiendo las instrucciones correctamente. Por lo general, la primera aplicación eliminará los piojos. Si no sucede, es posible que necesite una segunda aplicación después de nueve a 10 días. Existen otros medicamentos que matan ladillas disponibles con receta médica. También debe lavar su ropa, ropa de cama y toallas con agua caliente, y secarlas usando el ciclo más caliente de la secadora. Centros para el Control y Prevención de Enfermedades


For many people, laser eye surgery can correct their vision so they no longer need glasses or contact lenses. Laser eye surgery reshapes the cornea, the clear front part of the eye. This changes its focusing power. There are different types of laser eye surgery. LASIK - laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis - is one of the most common. Many patients who have LASIK end up with 20/20 vision. But, like all medical procedures, it has both risks and benefits. Only your eye doctor can tell if you are a good candidate for laser eye surgery.


Latex is a milky fluid that comes from the tropical rubber tree. Hundreds of everyday products contain latex. Repeated exposure to a protein in natural latex can make you more likely to develop a latex allergy. If your immune system detects the protein, a reaction can start in minutes. You could get a rash or asthma. In rare cases you could have a severe reaction called anaphylaxis . Your doctor may use a physical exam and skin and blood tests to diagnose it. There are medicines to treat a reaction, but it is best to try to avoid latex. Common latex products include: Gloves Condoms Balloons Rubber bands Shoe soles Pacifiers You can find latex-free versions of these products.


What is cholesterol? Cholesterol is a waxy, fat-like substance that's found in all the cells in your body. Your liver makes cholesterol, and it is also in some foods, such as meat and dairy products. Your body needs some cholesterol to work properly. But having too much cholesterol in your blood raises your risk of coronary artery disease . What are LDL and HDL? LDL and HDL are two types of lipoproteins. They are a combination of fat (lipid) and protein. The lipids need to be attached to the proteins so they can move through the blood. LDL and HDL have different purposes: LDL stands for low-density lipoproteins. It is sometimes called the "bad" cholesterol because a high LDL level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your arteries. HDL stands for high-density lipoproteins. It is sometimes called the "good" cholesterol because it carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your liver. Your liver then removes the cholesterol from your body. How can a high LDL level raise my risk of coronary artery disease and other diseases? If you have a high LDL level, this means that you have too much LDL cholesterol in your blood. This extra LDL, along with other substances, forms plaque. The plaque builds up in your arteries; this is a condition called atherosclerosis . Coronary artery disease happens when the plaque buildup is in the arteries of your heart. It causes the arteries to become hardened and narrowed, which slows down or blocks the blood flow to your heart. Because your blood carries oxygen to your heart, this means that your heart may not be able to get enough oxygen. This can cause angina (chest pain), or if the blood flow is completely blocked, a heart attack . How do I know


blocks the blood flow to your heart. Because your blood carries oxygen to your heart, this means that your heart may not be able to get enough oxygen. This can cause angina (chest pain), or if the blood flow is completely blocked, a heart attack . How do I know what my LDL level is? A blood test can measure your cholesterol levels, including LDL. When and how often you should get this test depends on your age, risk factors, and family history. The general recommendations are: For people who are age 19 or younger: : The first test should be between ages 9 to 11 Children should have the test again every 5 years Some children may have this test starting at age 2 if there is a family history of high blood cholesterol, heart attack, or stroke For people who are age 20 or older: : Younger adults should have the test every 5 years Men ages 45 to 65 and women ages 55 to 65 should have it every 1 to 2 years For people who are older than 65: They should have the test every year. You may need to get your cholesterol checked more often if you have heart disease , diabetes , or a family history of high cholesterol. What can affect my LDL level? Things that can affect your LDL level include: Diet. Saturated fat and cholesterol in the food you eat make your LDL level rise Weight. Being overweight tends to raise your LDL level, lower your HDL level, and increase your total cholesterol level Physical Activity. A lack of physical activity can lead to weight gain, which can raise your LDL level Smoking. Cigarette smoking lowers your HDL cholesterol. Since HDL helps to remove LDL from your arteries, if you have


your LDL level, lower your HDL level, and increase your total cholesterol level Physical Activity. A lack of physical activity can lead to weight gain, which can raise your LDL level Smoking. Cigarette smoking lowers your HDL cholesterol. Since HDL helps to remove LDL from your arteries, if you have less HDL, that can contribute to you having a higher LDL level. Age and Sex. As women and men get older, their cholesterol levels rise. Before the age of menopause, women have lower total cholesterol levels than men of the same age. After the age of menopause, women's LDL levels tend to rise. Genetics. Your genes partly determine how much cholesterol your body makes. High cholesterol can run in families. For example, familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited form of high blood cholesterol. Medicines. Certain medicines, including steroids , some blood pressure medicines , and HIV medicines , can raise your LDL level. Other medical conditions. Diseases such as chronic kidney disease , diabetes, and HIV can cause a higher LDL level. Race or ethnicity. People from certain racial or ethnic groups may have an increased risk of high blood cholesterol. For example, African Americans typically have higher HDL and LDL cholesterol levels than White Americans. Asian Americans are more likely to have higher LDL levels than other groups. What should my LDL level be? With LDL cholesterol, lower numbers are better, because a high LDL level can raise your risk for coronary artery disease and related problems. The general ranges for healthy adults are: LDL (Bad) Cholesterol Level LDL Cholesterol Category Less than 100 mg/dL Optimal 100-129 mg/dL Near optimal/above optimal 130-159 mg/dL Borderline high 160-189 mg/dL High 190 mg/dL and above Very High If you have coronary artery disease or are at high risk for it, your health


ranges for healthy adults are: LDL (Bad) Cholesterol Level LDL Cholesterol Category Less than 100 mg/dL Optimal 100-129 mg/dL Near optimal/above optimal 130-159 mg/dL Borderline high 160-189 mg/dL High 190 mg/dL and above Very High If you have coronary artery disease or are at high risk for it, your health care provider may have different goals for your LDL level. How can I lower my LDL level? There are two main ways to lower your LDL cholesterol level: Heart-healthy lifestyle changes, which include: Heart-healthy eating. A heart-healthy eating plan limits the amount of saturated and trans fats that you eat. Examples of eating plans that can lower your LDL level include the Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes diet and the DASH eating plan . Weight management . If you are overweight, losing weight can help lower your LDL level. Physical Activity. Everyone should get regular physical activity . Drug Treatment. If lifestyle changes alone do not lower your LDL level enough, you may also need to take medicines. There are several types of cholesterol-lowering drugs available, including statins . The medicines work in different ways and can have different side effects. Talk to your provider about which one is right for you. While you are taking medicines to lower your LDL level, you still should continue with the lifestyle changes. Some people with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) may receive a treatment called lipoprotein apheresis. This treatment uses a filtering machine to remove LDL cholesterol from the blood. Then the machine returns the rest of the blood back to the person. NIH: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute


Lead is a metal that occurs naturally in the earth's crust. Lead can be found in all parts of our environment. Much of it comes from human activities such as mining and manufacturing. Lead used to be in paint; older houses may still have lead paint. You could be exposed to lead by: Eating food or drinking water that contains lead. Water pipes in older homes may contain lead. Working in a job where lead is used Using lead in a hobby, such as making stained glass or lead-glazed pottery Using folk remedies such as herbs or foods that contain lead Breathing air, drinking water, eating food, or swallowing or touching dirt that contains lead can cause many health problems. Lead can affect almost every organ and system in your body. In adults, lead can increase blood pressure and cause infertility, nerve disorders, and muscle and joint pain. It can also make you irritable and affect your ability to concentrate and remember. Lead is especially dangerous for children. A child who swallows large amounts of lead may develop anemia, severe stomachache, muscle weakness, and brain damage. Even at low levels, lead can affect a child's mental and physical growth. Agency for Toxic Substances Disease Registry


What is a learning disability? Learning disabilities are conditions that affect the ability to learn. They can cause problems with: Understanding what people are saying Speaking Reading Writing Doing math Paying attention Often, children have more than one kind of learning disability. They may also have another condition, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This can make learning even more of a challenge. The sooner a learning disability is identified and addressed, the better a child is likely to perform in school. What causes learning disabilities? Learning disabilities don't have anything to do with how smart your child is. They are caused by differences in the brain, and they affect the way the brain takes in and uses information. These differences are usually present at birth. But there are certain factors that can play a role in the development of a learning disability, including: Genetics Environmental exposures, such as lead Using substances while pregnant How are learning disabilities diagnosed? The earlier you can find and treat a learning disability, the better. Unfortunately, learning disabilities are usually not found until a child is in school. If you notice that your child is struggling, talk to your child's teacher or health care provider about having your child evaluated for a learning disability. The evaluation may include: Doing a physical exam to check for a medical problem that might make learning more difficult. Asking about your family history. Test your child's intellectual and school performance. What are the treatments for learning disabilities? The most common treatment for learning disabilities is special education. A teacher or other learning specialist can help your child learn skills by building on their strengths and finding ways to make up for their weaknesses. They may suggest ways you can help your child when they do homework. Instructors


The most common treatment for learning disabilities is special education. A teacher or other learning specialist can help your child learn skills by building on their strengths and finding ways to make up for their weaknesses. They may suggest ways you can help your child when they do homework. Instructors may try special teaching methods, make changes to the classroom, or use technologies that can assist your child's learning needs. Some children also get help from tutors or speech or language therapists. A child with a learning disability may struggle with low self-esteem, frustration, and other problems. Mental health professionals can help your child understand these feelings, develop coping tools, and build healthy relationships. If your child has another condition, such as ADHD, they will need treatment for that condition as well. NIH: National Institute of Child Health and Human Development


Your legs are made up of bones, blood vessels, muscles, and other connective tissue. They are important for motion and standing. Playing sports, running, falling, or having an accident can damage your legs. Common leg injuries include sprains and strains , joint dislocations , and fractures (broken bones). These injuries can affect the entire leg, or just the foot , ankle , knee , or hip . Certain diseases also lead to leg problems. For example, knee osteoarthritis, common in older people, can cause pain and limited motion. Problems in your veins in your legs can lead to varicose veins or deep vein thrombosis .


What is Legionnaires' Disease? Legionnaires' disease is a serious type of pneumonia caused by Legionella bacteria . The disease got its name when a group of people at an American Legion convention became ill with this type of pneumonia. Legionella is found naturally in freshwater, such as lakes and rivers. It can also be found in soil. But people usually only get sick from it when if it grows and spreads in man-made water systems. These systems can include hot tubs, fountains, and the plumbing systems of large buildings, such as hotels or nursing homes. Legionella can also cause Pontiac fever. This is a milder, flu-like illness that doesn't infect your lungs. What causes Legionnaires' disease? You can get the infection by breathing in mist or small drops of water that contain the bacteria. The mist may come from hot tubs, showers, or large building air conditioning units. You usually can't get infected by drinking water that contains the bacteria unless you aspirate it (accidentally breathe the water into your lungs). The bacteria don't spread from person to person. Disease outbreaks happen when many people are exposed to the same water source that contains the bacteria. Who is more likely to develop Legionnaires' disease? Most healthy people who come in contact with the bacteria do not become sick. You are more likely to develop an infection if you: Are over the age of 50 Are a current or former smoker Have a chronic (long-lasting) disease such as diabetes or kidney failure Have a chronic lung disease such as COPD or emphysema Have a weakened immune system due to a disease such as HIV or cancer or are taking medicines that suppress your immune system Live in a long-term care facility Have recently stayed in a hospital or had surgery requiring


failure Have a chronic lung disease such as COPD or emphysema Have a weakened immune system due to a disease such as HIV or cancer or are taking medicines that suppress your immune system Live in a long-term care facility Have recently stayed in a hospital or had surgery requiring anesthesia What are the symptoms of Legionnaires' disease? The symptoms usually show up 2 to 14 days after you were exposed to Legionella bacteria. Most of the symptoms are similar to those of other types of pneumonia. But Legionnaires' disease may also cause gastrointestinal symptoms and mental changes. The symptoms of Legionnaires' disease may include: Cough High fever Chills Headache Chest pain Shortness of breath Fatigue Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Confusion What other problems can Legionnaires' disease cause? Legionnaires' disease can cause life-threatening complications such as respiratory failure , kidney failure, and sepsis . About 1 out of every 10 people who get sick with Legionnaires' disease will die from complications of the illness. How is Legionnaires' disease diagnosed? To find out if you have Legionnaires' disease, your health care provider will probably order a chest x-ray to see if you have pneumonia. If you do have it, lab tests such as a urine or sputum test can check for the Legionella bacteria. Your provider may also order a blood test to see if you have been exposed to the bacteria. What are the treatments for Legionnaires' disease? If you have Legionnaires' disease, you will likely need care in a hospital. The treatment is with antibiotics . Most people will recover, especially if they were healthy when they got the disease. Getting treatment early can increase the chances of getting better. Can Legionnaires' disease be prevented? You can lower your risk of getting Legionnaires' disease if you: Clean all your


hospital. The treatment is with antibiotics . Most people will recover, especially if they were healthy when they got the disease. Getting treatment early can increase the chances of getting better. Can Legionnaires' disease be prevented? You can lower your risk of getting Legionnaires' disease if you: Clean all your water-related devices regularly. This could include portable humidifiers, water heaters, air conditioners, and nasal rinses. If you haven't used your faucets and showerheads for a week or more, flush them by letting the hot and cold faucets run for at least two minutes before use. Avoid exposure to water sources such as decorative foundations or hot tubs if you don't know how well they are maintained. Use windshield cleaner in your wiper fluid tank in your car instead of water. Ask about how well your buildings' water systems are maintained. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease spread by the bite of infected sand flies. There are several different forms of leishmaniasis. The most common are cutaneous and visceral. The cutaneous type causes skin sores. The visceral type affects internal organs such as the spleen, liver, and bone marrow. People with this form usually have fever, weight loss, and an enlarged spleen and liver. Leishmaniasis is found in parts of about 88 countries. Most of these countries are in the tropics and subtropics. It is possible but very unlikely that you would get this disease in the United States. But you should be aware of it if you are traveling to the Middle East or parts of Central America, South America, Asia, Africa or southern Europe. Treatment is with medicines that contain antimony, a type of metal, or with strong antibiotics. The best way to prevent the disease is to protect yourself from sand fly bites: Stay indoors from dusk to dawn, when sand flies are the most active Wear long pants and long-sleeved shirts when outside Use insect repellent and bed nets as needed Centers for Disease Control and Prevention


La leishmaniasis es una enfermedad parasitaria diseminada por la picadura de un mosquito infectado. Existen varias formas distintas de leishmaniasis. Las más comunes son la cutánea y la visceral. El tipo cutáneo causa llagas en la piel. El tipo visceral afecta los órganos internos, tales como el bazo, el hígado y la médula ósea. Las personas con esta enfermedad suelen tener fiebre, pérdida de peso y aumento de tamaño del bazo y el hígado. La leishmaniasis se encuentra en algunas áreas de 88 países aproximadamente. La mayoría de estos países se encuentra en zonas tropicales y subtropicales. Es posible, pero poco probable, que adquiera esta enfermedad en los Estados Unidos. Pero debe estar pendiente de ella si viaja al Medio Oriente o a regiones de América Central, América del Sur, Asia, África o el sur de Europa. El tratamiento consiste en medicinas que contienen antimonio, un tipo de metal o potentes antibióticos. La mejor forma de prevenirla es protegerse de las picaduras de mosquito: Evite estar al aire libre desde el anochecer hasta el amanecer Use pantalones largos y camisas de manga larga cuando este afuera Use repelente de insectos y mosquiteros cuando sea necesario Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades


La espalda está compuesta de huesos, músculos y otros tejidos que se extienden desde el cuello hasta la pelvis. Las lesiones en la espalda pueden ser provocadas por el deporte, trabajos en la casa o en el jardín o una sacudida repentina, como en un accidente de tránsito. La parte baja de la espalda es el sitio donde más comúnmente ocurren las lesiones y el dolor de espalda . Algunas de las lesiones de espalda más comunes son: Torceduras y distensiones o esguinces Hernias de disco Vértebras fracturadas (rotas) Estas lesiones pueden causar dolor y limitar los movimientos. Los tratamientos varían, pero pueden incluir medicamentos, frío, reposo en cama, fisioterapia o cirugía. Se pueden evitar algunas lesiones de espalda manteniendo un peso saludable, utilizando el apoyo de las piernas cuando levanta objetos y usando un soporte para la parte baja de la espalda al sentarse.


Lesiones del manguito rotatorio del hombro

¿Qué es el manguito rotador? Su manguito rotador es parte de la articulación del hombro . Es un grupo de músculos y tendones que sujeta firmemente la parte superior del hueso de la parte superior del brazo en la cavidad del hombro. El manguito rotador mantiene estable el hombro cuando mueve el brazo en alguna dirección. ¿Qué son las lesiones del manguito rotador? Las lesiones del manguito rotador son comunes. La mayoría de ellas son por desgaste al hacer los mismos movimientos de brazos una y otra vez, especialmente moverlos por encima de la cabeza. Con el tiempo, los tejidos del manguito rotador se rompen y provocan lesiones como: Tendinitis : Los tendones del manguito de los rotadores conectan los músculos con los huesos del hombro. En la tendinitis, los tendones se irritan y se inflaman al pinzarse por los movimientos del hombro Bursitis : La bursa es un pequeño saco lleno de líquido que cubre el espacio entre el manguito de los rotadores y los huesos del hombro. La bursitis ocurre cuando el músculo y el hueso frotan demasiado la bursa, inflamándose con exceso de líquido, lo que causa dolor Desgarros del manguito rotador : Los desgarros en un tendón del manguito de los rotadores pueden ocurrir con el tiempo o de repente debido a una lesión, como caerse sobre un brazo extendido o levantar algo pesado. Un desgarro puede romper parte de un tendón (desgarro parcial) o romperlo completamente (desgarro completo) ¿Quién tiene más probabilidades de tener una lesión del manguito rotador? Cualquier persona puede tener una lesión del manguito rotador. Pero algunas son más propensas: Mayores de 40 años : La mayoría de las lesiones del manguito rotador se deben al uso y desgaste por el envejecimiento. A los 80 años, la mayoría de los adultos tienen


lesión del manguito rotador? Cualquier persona puede tener una lesión del manguito rotador. Pero algunas son más propensas: Mayores de 40 años : La mayoría de las lesiones del manguito rotador se deben al uso y desgaste por el envejecimiento. A los 80 años, la mayoría de los adultos tienen desgarros Atletas : Practicar deportes con movimientos repetidos del hombro aumenta el riesgo de sufrir una lesión en el manguito de los rotadores, por ejemplo, tenis, natación y béisbol, especialmente lanzar la pelota Trabajadores que requieren mucho alcance por encima de la cabeza o levantar objetos pesados : Los carpinteros, los trabajadores de la construcción y los pintores son ejemplos de personas que pueden tener más riesgo de tener problemas en el manguito de los rotadores ¿Cuáles son los síntomas de las lesiones del manguito rotador? Las lesiones del manguito rotador no siempre causan dolor. Pero cuando lo hacen, el dolor suele estar en la parte superior del brazo o el hombro. Es posible que sienta más dolor al: Acostarse, especialmente sobre el hombro lesionado Levantar su brazo o bajarlo al frente o al costado Estirarlo detrás de su espalda Otros síntomas de un manguito rotador desgarrado pueden incluir: Pérdida de fuerza en el brazo Sonidos de chasquidos o crujidos al mover el brazo ¿Cómo se diagnostican las lesiones del manguito rotador? Para saber si tiene una lesión en el manguito de los rotadores, su profesional de la salud: Examinará su hombro: Esto incluye verificar el rango de movimiento y dónde está el dolor Pondrá a prueba la fuerza de su brazo y hombro Puede solicitar pruebas de diagnóstico por imágenes , como radiografías , un ultrasonido o una resonancia magnética ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para las lesiones del manguito rotador? El mejor tratamiento para usted depende de su edad,


dónde está el dolor Pondrá a prueba la fuerza de su brazo y hombro Puede solicitar pruebas de diagnóstico por imágenes , como radiografías , un ultrasonido o una resonancia magnética ¿Cuáles son los tratamientos para las lesiones del manguito rotador? El mejor tratamiento para usted depende de su edad, cuánto le molesta su lesión y si el problema fue repentino o se debió al uso y desgaste. Los tratamientos para las lesiones del manguito rotador a menudo incluyen: Descanso Ponerse hielo o una compresa fría en el área adolorida Analgésicos para disminuir el dolor y la inflamación, como ibuprofeno o aspirina Ejercicios de terapia física para fortalecer el hombro y mejorar el movimiento Una inyección de corticoides en la articulación del hombro si otros tratamientos no ayudan con el dolor Los tratamientos para la tendinitis y bursitis del manguito de los rotadores también pueden incluir terapia de ultrasonido. La cirugía puede ser una opción si su hombro no mejora de 6 a 12 meses después. Los tratamientos para un manguito rotador desgarrado también pueden incluir calor en el área adolorida o estimulación eléctrica de los nervios y músculos (estimulación nerviosa eléctrica transcutánea, o TENS). Su profesional de la salud puede sugerir una cirugía si su desgarro es grande o se debe a una lesión reciente, o si los síntomas duran de 6 a 12 meses. ¿Cuándo debo ver a un profesional de la salud por dolor en el hombro? Si ciertas actividades le molestan en el hombro, es mejor dejar de hacerlas y consultar con su proveedor. Esto se debe a que el tratamiento temprano puede evitar que las lesiones leves del manguito de los rotadores se agraven más adelante. Si su brazo se siente débil justo después de una lesión repentina en el hombro, consulte a su profesional


dejar de hacerlas y consultar con su proveedor. Esto se debe a que el tratamiento temprano puede evitar que las lesiones leves del manguito de los rotadores se agraven más adelante. Si su brazo se siente débil justo después de una lesión repentina en el hombro, consulte a su profesional de la salud lo antes posible.


La estructura de su cara ayuda a proteger sus ojos contra las lesiones. Aún así, las lesiones pueden dañar su ojo y algunas veces son suficientemente severas como para provocar la pérdida de la vista. La mayoría de las lesiones oculares puede prevenirse. Si practica algún deporte o se dedica a determinados trabajos, es posible que necesite protegérselos. El tipo más común de lesión ocurre cuando algo irrita la superficie externa del ojo. Ciertos trabajos como los empleos en la industria o algunos pasatiempos como la carpintería, aumentan las posibilidades de presentar estas lesiones. También son más probables si utiliza lentes de contacto. Las sustancias químicas o el calor pueden quemarle los ojos. En el caso de las sustancias químicas, el dolor puede hacerle cerrar los ojos. Eso mantiene el irritante en contacto con su ojo y puede causarle más daños. Es necesario lavarse el ojo de inmediato mientras espera ayuda médica.


El plexo braquial es una red de nervios que envía señales desde la columna vertebral hasta el hombro, el brazo y la mano. El daño del plexo braquial puede causar síntomas como: Un brazo flácido o paralizado Falta de control muscular en el brazo, la mano o la muñeca Falta de sensación en el brazo o en la mano Las lesiones del plexo braquial pueden ocurrir por un trauma, tumores o inflamación en el hombro. A veces ocurren durante el alumbramiento , cuando los hombros del bebé quedan atascados durante el parto y hay un estiramiento o desgarro de los nervios. Algunas lesiones del plexo braquial pueden sanar sin tratamiento. Muchos de los niños que se lesionan durante el parto mejoran o se recuperan a los tres o cuatro meses de edad. El tratamiento incluye terapia física y en algunos casos, cirugía. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Trastornos Neurológicos y Accidentes Cerebrovasculares


Es probable que usted se haya golpeado la cabeza alguna vez. En general, la lesión es menor ya que el cráneo es duro y protege su cerebro. Pero otras lesiones en la cabeza pueden ser más graves, como una fractura, conmoción cerebral o traumatismo cerebral . Las lesiones en la cabeza pueden ser abiertas o cerradas. Una lesión cerrada no rompe el cráneo. En una lesión abierta, un objeto penetra el cráneo y entra al cerebro. Las lesiones cerradas no siempre son menos graves que las abiertas. Algunas causas comunes de lesiones en la cabeza son las caídas , accidentes de tránsito , violencia o deportes . Es importante conocer las señales de advertencia de las lesiones moderadas a graves. Busque ayuda de inmediato si la persona tiene: Dolor de cabeza que empeora o no mejora Vómitos o nauseas reiteradas Convulsiones Incapacidad para levantarse Pupilas dilatadas en uno o ambos ojos Dificultad para hablar Debilidad o entumecimiento de los brazos o piernas Falta de coordinación Creciente confusión, inquietud o agitación Los médicos usan un examen neurológico y pruebas de imagen para realizar un diagnóstico. El tratamiento depende del tipo de lesión y qué tan grave es. NIH: Instituto Nacional de Trastornos Neurológicos y Accidentes Cerebrovasculares


Cuando usted entra en contacto directo con la electricidad, la corriente puede pasar por su cuerpo y causar lesiones. Estas heridas pueden ser externas o internas. Usted puede sufrir uno o ambos tipos de lesiones. Las externas son quemaduras en la piel. Las internas incluyen daño a los órganos, huesos, músculos y nervios. También puede causar un ritmo anormal del corazón y paro cardíaco . La gravedad de sus lesiones dependen de qué tan fuerte es la corriente eléctrica, el tipo de corriente, cómo se mueve a través del cuerpo y el tiempo de exposición. Otros factores incluyen su estado de salud y cuánto demoró en recibir tratamiento. Las causas de las lesiones eléctricas incluyen: Caída de rayos Aparatos eléctricos defectuosos Exposición a la electricidad en el trabajo Contacto con el cableado de la casa o líneas de transmisión eléctrica Accidentes de niños pequeños cuando mascan o chupan cables eléctricos o introducen objetos en enchufes Si sufre una lesión eléctrica, usted debe consultar a un médico. Es posible que tenga daños internos y no se dé cuenta.


Las lesiones por inhalación son lesiones agudas en el sistema respiratorio y los pulmones. Pueden ocurrir si respira sustancias tóxicas, como humo de incendios, productos químicos, contaminación de partículas y gases. Las lesiones por inhalación también pueden ser causadas por calor extremo, un tipo de lesión térmica. Más de la mitad de las muertes por incendios se deben a lesiones por inhalación. Los síntomas de las lesiones por inhalación pueden depender de lo que respiró. Pero a menudo incluyen: Tos y flema Picazón en la garganta Senos paranasales irritados Dificultad para respirar Dolor en el pecho o sensación de opresión Dolores de cabeza Picazón en los ojos Nariz que moquea Si usted tiene asma, éste puede empeorar Si tiene un problema crónico de corazón o pulmón, una lesión por inhalación puede empeorarlo. Para hacer un diagnóstico, su proveedor de atención médica puede usar un endoscopio para examinar sus vías aéreas y verificar si hay daños. Otras pruebas posibles incluyen pruebas de imágenes de los pulmones, análisis de sangre y pruebas de función pulmonar. Si usted tiene una lesión por inhalación, su proveedor de atención médica buscará de que su vía aérea no esté bloqueada. El tratamiento es con terapia de oxígeno y, en algunos casos, medicamentos. Algunos pacientes necesitan usar un respirador para respirar. La mayoría de las personas mejora, pero algunas personas tienen problemas pulmonares o respiratorios permanentes. Los fumadores y las personas que tuvieron una lesión grave corren un mayor riesgo de tener problemas permanentes. Usted puede tomar algunas medidas para prevenir lesiones por inhalación: En casa, practique la seguridad contra incendios , que incluye la prevención de incendios y un plan en caso de que ocurra un siniestro Si hay humo cerca de un incendio forestal o mucha contaminación particulada en el aire, intente limitar su tiempo


algunas medidas para prevenir lesiones por inhalación: En casa, practique la seguridad contra incendios , que incluye la prevención de incendios y un plan en caso de que ocurra un siniestro Si hay humo cerca de un incendio forestal o mucha contaminación particulada en el aire, intente limitar su tiempo al aire libre. Mantenga el aire interior lo más limpio posible, manteniendo las ventanas cerradas y usando un filtro de aire. Si tiene asma, otra enfermedad pulmonar o enfermedad cardíaca, siga los consejos de su proveedor de atención médica sobre sus medicamentos y su plan de control respiratorio Si está trabajando con químicos o gases, manipúlelos de manera segura y use equipo de protección


La cadera es la articulación donde se une el hueso del muslo (fémur) con el de la pelvis. Tiene dos partes principales: Una bola en el extremo del fémur, que se encaja en la cavidad de la pelvis. Su cadera es conocida como una articulación esférica, esto es porque tiene una bola al final del fémur que calza dentro de la cavidad de la pelvis. Esto hace que las caderas sean muy estables y permiten un amplio rango de movimiento. Cuando están sanas, es necesaria mucha fuerza para lastimarlas. Sin embargo, algunas veces hacer deportes, correr, el uso excesivo o las caídas pueden llevar a lesiones en las caderas como: Distensiones Bursitis Dislocaciones Fracturas (huesos rotos) Algunas enfermedades también pueden conducir a lesiones o problemas con las caderas. La osteoartritis puede causar dolor y limitar los movimientos. La osteoporosis en la cadera causa que se debiliten los huesos y se rompan fácilmente. Ambos son comunes en personas mayores. Otro problema es la displasia de cadera, donde la bola al final del fémur está suelta en la cavidad de la cadera. Puede causar dislocación de cadera. Los bebés que tienen displasia de cadera generalmente nacen con ella, pero a veces la desarrollan más tarde. El tratamiento de los problemas de las caderas puede incluir reposo, medicinas, fisioterapia o cirugía, incluyendo reemplazo de cadera .


Las lesiones y las enfermedades en la cara pueden causar dolor y alterar su aspecto. En casos severos, pueden afectar la vista, el habla, la respiración y la capacidad de tragar. Las fracturas óseas, especialmente de los huesos de la nariz, las mejillas y la mandíbula son lesiones faciales comunes. Algunas enfermedades también conducen a enfermedades en la cara. Por ejemplo, las enfermedades de los nervios, como la neuralgia del trigémino o la parálisis de Bell a veces causan dolor facial, espasmos y problemas con los movimientos del ojo o faciales. Los defectos congénitos también pueden afectar la cara. Pueden causar su mal desarrollo y características raramente prominentes o falta de expresión facial. El labio leporino y el paladar hendido son defectos congénitos faciales comunes.


Lesiones y enfermedades de la columna vertebral

La columna vertebral está formada por 26 huesos llamados vértebras. Las vértebras protegen la médula espinal y le permiten mantenerse de pie e inclinarse. Hay varios problemas que pueden alterar la estructura de la columna o lesionarle las vértebras y el tejido que las rodea. Entre ellos: Infecciones Traumatismos Tumores Enfermedades, tales como la espondilitis anquilosante y la escoliosis Cambios óseos que ocurren con la edad, tales como estenosis espinal y hernias de disco Con frecuencia, las enfermedades de la columna provocan dolor cuando los cambios óseos presionan la médula o los nervios. También pueden limitar el movimiento. El tratamiento varía según la enfermedad, pero algunas veces incluyen aparatos ortopédicos para la espalda y cirugía.