---
base_model: Qwen/Qwen3-Reranker-4B
base_model_relation: finetune
library_name: transformers
pipeline_tag: text-classification
tags:
  - text-to-sql
  - text2sql
  - nl2sql
  - sql
  - sql-generation
  - template-matching
  - template-selection
  - constrained-decoding
  - database
  - nli
  - paraphrase
  - reranker
  - cross-encoder
  - qwen3
language:
  - en
license: apache-2.0
---

# TeCoD SQL Template Matcher

Fine-tune of [`Qwen/Qwen3-Reranker-4B`](https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3-Reranker-4B) used by [TeCoD](https://github.com/SSLab-CSE-IITB/tecod), a template-guided constrained decoding system for text-to-SQL.

This model is the TeCoD template-matching reranker. It scores whether a user question matches a retrieved masked question/template, helping TeCoD select recurring SQL templates before generation.

- Project page: <https://sslab-cse-iitb.github.io/tecod/>
- Source repository: <https://github.com/SSLab-CSE-IITB/tecod>
- Base model: <https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3-Reranker-4B>
- Training data source: [BIRD](https://bird-bench.github.io/) train split.

## Intended Use

This model is intended as an internal component of TeCoD and related template-based text-to-SQL systems. It is not a standalone SQL generator. In TeCoD, it is used after vector retrieval and before SQL generation to rerank candidate SQL templates.

## Input Format

The model is used as a cross-encoder over a question pair. Order matters: the first sequence should be the masked candidate/template question, and the second sequence should be the raw user question.

```text
Premise:    "Show movies released in _ sorted by popularity desc"
Hypothesis: "What are the top films from 2010 by viewer count?"
```

Entity values in the candidate question are masked with a space-padded underscore `_`. The same mask token is used for strings, numbers, dates, and other literal values. Swapping the input order or changing the masking convention can degrade reranking quality.

## Training Summary

- Base model: `Qwen/Qwen3-Reranker-4B`
- Architecture: `Qwen3ForSequenceClassification`
- Data: approximately 1.48M NLI pairs derived from BIRD questions.
- Positive pairs: template-paired questions, self paraphrases, and partner paraphrases that preserve the SQL template.
- Negative pairs: hard negatives mined using nearest-neighbor retrieval over masked questions, with both masked and unmasked query variants used during pair construction.
- Labels: `entailment`, `neutral`, `contradiction`.
- The `neutral` label is retained for compatibility with a 3-class NLI head but was not used as a training target.

## Limitations

- Specialized for masked text-to-SQL question/template matching.
- Not intended for general NLI, semantic similarity, or SQL generation.
- Assumes the same masking convention and candidate-template construction used by TeCoD.
- The `neutral` label is untrained; inference should use entailment vs. contradiction or renormalize over labels `{0, 2}`.
- Very long question pairs and non-English inputs are not validated.
- The reranking score is one signal in a larger text-to-SQL pipeline; it does not guarantee final SQL correctness.

## References

- TeCoD project page: <https://sslab-cse-iitb.github.io/tecod/>
- TeCoD source repo: <https://github.com/SSLab-CSE-IITB/tecod>
- Base model: <https://huggingface.co/Qwen/Qwen3-Reranker-4B>
- Training Data - BIRD Train Set: <https://bird-bench.github.io/>

If you use this model as part of TeCoD, please cite:

```bibtex
@article{10.1145/3769822,
  author = {Jivani, Smit and Maheshwari, Saravam and Sarawagi, Sunita},
  title = {Reliable Answers for Recurring Questions: Boosting Text-to-SQL Accuracy with Template Constrained Decoding},
  journal = {Proceedings of the ACM on Management of Data},
  volume = {3},
  number = {6},
  pages = {1--26},
  year = {2025},
  month = dec,
  publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
  address = {New York, NY, USA},
  doi = {10.1145/3769822},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.1145/3769822}
}
```


## License

Apache 2.0