"""
Per-field tokenizers for domain-specific data.

Each tokenizer converts a single field value into one or more token strings.
These are the building blocks assembled by DomainTokenizerBuilder.

References:
  - Nubank nuFormer: sign(2) + amount_bucket(21) + calendar(74) tokenization
  - TP-BERTa (arXiv:2403.01841): Relative Magnitude Tokenization for numbers
  - Banking TF (arXiv:2410.08243): date + amount + wording composite tokens
  - Temporal Tokenization (arXiv:2512.13618): log-based bins for skewed financial data
"""

import json
import math
from datetime import datetime
from typing import Any, Dict, List, Optional, Tuple, Union

import numpy as np


class BaseFieldTokenizer:
    """Base class for all field tokenizers."""

    def __init__(self, prefix: str):
        self.prefix = prefix

    @property
    def vocab(self) -> List[str]:
        """All possible token strings this tokenizer can produce."""
        raise NotImplementedError

    def __call__(self, value: Any) -> Union[str, List[str]]:
        """Tokenize a single value. Returns one token string or a list."""
        raise NotImplementedError

    @property
    def vocab_size(self) -> int:
        return len(self.vocab)

    def to_dict(self) -> Dict:
        """Serialize tokenizer state for saving."""
        return {"type": self.__class__.__name__, "prefix": self.prefix}

    @classmethod
    def from_dict(cls, d: Dict) -> "BaseFieldTokenizer":
        """Deserialize tokenizer state."""
        raise NotImplementedError


class SignTokenizer(BaseFieldTokenizer):
    """Tokenizes the sign of a numerical value.
    
    Nubank uses this for credit/debit distinction (2 tokens).
    Can be generalized to inflow/outflow, buy/sell, etc.
    
    Example:
        >>> tok = SignTokenizer("AMT_SIGN")
        >>> tok(79.99)   # -> "[AMT_SIGN_POS]"
        >>> tok(-50.0)   # -> "[AMT_SIGN_NEG]"
    """

    def __init__(self, prefix: str = "SIGN", pos_label: str = "POS", neg_label: str = "NEG"):
        super().__init__(prefix)
        self.pos_label = pos_label
        self.neg_label = neg_label
        self._pos_token = f"[{prefix}_{pos_label}]"
        self._neg_token = f"[{prefix}_{neg_label}]"

    @property
    def vocab(self) -> List[str]:
        return [self._pos_token, self._neg_token]

    def __call__(self, value: float) -> str:
        if value is None or (isinstance(value, float) and math.isnan(value)):
            return self._pos_token  # default to positive for missing
        return self._pos_token if value >= 0 else self._neg_token

    def to_dict(self) -> Dict:
        return {**super().to_dict(), "pos_label": self.pos_label, "neg_label": self.neg_label}


class MagnitudeBucketTokenizer(BaseFieldTokenizer):
    """Quantizes continuous values into bins using quantile-based binning.
    
    Follows Nubank's 21-bin quantization and TP-BERTa's Relative Magnitude
    Tokenization principle. Uses absolute values so sign and magnitude are
    tokenized independently.
    
    Must be fit on training data before use.
    
    Example:
        >>> tok = MagnitudeBucketTokenizer("AMT", n_bins=21)
        >>> tok.fit(np.array([1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 50.0, 100.0, 500.0]))
        >>> tok(79.99)   # -> "[AMT_15]" (some bin in the upper range)
    """

    def __init__(self, prefix: str = "AMT", n_bins: int = 21):
        super().__init__(prefix)
        self.n_bins = n_bins
        self.bin_edges: Optional[np.ndarray] = None
        self._is_fitted = False

    @property
    def vocab(self) -> List[str]:
        return [f"[{self.prefix}_{i:02d}]" for i in range(self.n_bins)]

    def fit(self, values: np.ndarray) -> "MagnitudeBucketTokenizer":
        """Compute bin edges from training data using quantiles on absolute values."""
        values = np.asarray(values, dtype=np.float64)
        # Filter NaN and take absolute values
        valid = values[~np.isnan(values)]
        abs_vals = np.abs(valid)

        if len(abs_vals) == 0:
            raise ValueError("Cannot fit on empty array")

        # Compute quantile edges
        quantiles = np.linspace(0, 100, self.n_bins + 1)
        self.bin_edges = np.unique(np.percentile(abs_vals, quantiles))

        # If too few unique edges (degenerate distribution), use linspace
        if len(self.bin_edges) < 3:
            self.bin_edges = np.linspace(abs_vals.min(), abs_vals.max(), self.n_bins + 1)

        self._is_fitted = True
        return self

    def __call__(self, value: float) -> str:
        if not self._is_fitted:
            raise RuntimeError(f"MagnitudeBucketTokenizer({self.prefix}) not fitted. Call .fit() first.")

        if value is None or (isinstance(value, float) and math.isnan(value)):
            return f"[{self.prefix}_00]"  # default to lowest bin for missing

        abs_val = abs(float(value))
        # searchsorted on interior edges (exclude first and last)
        bin_idx = int(np.searchsorted(self.bin_edges[1:-1], abs_val))
        # Clamp to valid range
        bin_idx = min(bin_idx, self.n_bins - 1)
        return f"[{self.prefix}_{bin_idx:02d}]"

    def to_dict(self) -> Dict:
        d = {**super().to_dict(), "n_bins": self.n_bins, "is_fitted": self._is_fitted}
        if self._is_fitted:
            d["bin_edges"] = self.bin_edges.tolist()
        return d

    @classmethod
    def from_dict(cls, d: Dict) -> "MagnitudeBucketTokenizer":
        tok = cls(prefix=d["prefix"], n_bins=d["n_bins"])
        if d.get("is_fitted") and "bin_edges" in d:
            tok.bin_edges = np.array(d["bin_edges"])
            tok._is_fitted = True
        return tok


class DiscreteNumericalTokenizer(BaseFieldTokenizer):
    """Tokenizes small discrete numerical values (quantities, counts).
    
    Maps integers 0..max_value to individual tokens, with an overflow token
    for values exceeding max_value.
    
    Example:
        >>> tok = DiscreteNumericalTokenizer("QTY", max_value=10)
        >>> tok(3)    # -> "[QTY_03]"
        >>> tok(15)   # -> "[QTY_OVER]"
    """

    def __init__(self, prefix: str = "QTY", max_value: int = 10):
        super().__init__(prefix)
        self.max_value = max_value
        self._overflow_token = f"[{prefix}_OVER]"

    @property
    def vocab(self) -> List[str]:
        tokens = [f"[{self.prefix}_{i:02d}]" for i in range(self.max_value + 1)]
        tokens.append(self._overflow_token)
        return tokens

    def __call__(self, value: Any) -> str:
        if value is None:
            return f"[{self.prefix}_00]"
        v = int(value)
        if v < 0:
            v = 0
        if v > self.max_value:
            return self._overflow_token
        return f"[{self.prefix}_{v:02d}]"

    def to_dict(self) -> Dict:
        return {**super().to_dict(), "max_value": self.max_value}


class CalendarTokenizer(BaseFieldTokenizer):
    """Decomposes timestamps into calendar component tokens.
    
    Follows Nubank's approach: month(12) + dow(7) + dom(31) + hour(24) = 74 tokens.
    Accepts datetime objects or ISO format strings.
    
    Example:
        >>> tok = CalendarTokenizer("TS", fields=["month", "dow", "dom", "hour"])
        >>> tok(datetime(2025, 3, 15, 14, 30))
        ['[TS_MON_03]', '[TS_DOW_5]', '[TS_DOM_15]', '[TS_HOUR_14]']
    """

    # Maps field name -> (token format, extraction function, count)
    FIELD_REGISTRY = {
        "month":      (lambda p, i: f"[{p}_MON_{i+1:02d}]",  lambda dt: dt.month - 1,  12),
        "dow":        (lambda p, i: f"[{p}_DOW_{i}]",         lambda dt: dt.weekday(),   7),
        "dom":        (lambda p, i: f"[{p}_DOM_{i+1:02d}]",   lambda dt: dt.day - 1,     31),
        "hour":       (lambda p, i: f"[{p}_HOUR_{i:02d}]",    lambda dt: dt.hour,        24),
        "quarter":    (lambda p, i: f"[{p}_Q{i+1}]",          lambda dt: (dt.month-1)//3, 4),
        "minute_bin": (lambda p, i: f"[{p}_MINBIN_{i}]",      lambda dt: dt.minute // 15, 4),
    }

    def __init__(self, prefix: str = "TS", fields: Optional[List[str]] = None):
        super().__init__(prefix)
        self.fields = fields or ["month", "dow", "dom", "hour"]
        # Validate
        for f in self.fields:
            if f not in self.FIELD_REGISTRY:
                raise ValueError(f"Unknown calendar field: '{f}'. Available: {list(self.FIELD_REGISTRY.keys())}")

    @property
    def vocab(self) -> List[str]:
        tokens = []
        for field_name in self.fields:
            fmt_fn, _, count = self.FIELD_REGISTRY[field_name]
            tokens.extend(fmt_fn(self.prefix, i) for i in range(count))
        return tokens

    def _parse_datetime(self, value: Any) -> datetime:
        if isinstance(value, datetime):
            return value
        if isinstance(value, str):
            # Try common formats
            for fmt in ("%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S", "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S", "%Y-%m-%d"):
                try:
                    return datetime.strptime(value, fmt)
                except ValueError:
                    continue
            raise ValueError(f"Cannot parse datetime string: {value}")
        raise TypeError(f"Expected datetime or str, got {type(value)}")

    def __call__(self, value: Any) -> List[str]:
        dt = self._parse_datetime(value)
        tokens = []
        for field_name in self.fields:
            fmt_fn, extract_fn, count = self.FIELD_REGISTRY[field_name]
            idx = extract_fn(dt)
            idx = max(0, min(idx, count - 1))  # clamp
            tokens.append(fmt_fn(self.prefix, idx))
        return tokens

    def to_dict(self) -> Dict:
        return {**super().to_dict(), "fields": self.fields}


class CategoricalTokenizer(BaseFieldTokenizer):
    """Maps categorical string values to fixed vocabulary tokens.
    
    Unknown values map to an [PREFIX_UNK] token.
    
    Example:
        >>> tok = CategoricalTokenizer("EVT", ["view", "purchase", "return"])
        >>> tok("purchase")    # -> "[EVT_001]"
        >>> tok("unknown")     # -> "[EVT_UNK]"
    """

    def __init__(self, prefix: str, categories: List[str]):
        super().__init__(prefix)
        self.categories = list(categories)
        self._token_map = {cat: f"[{prefix}_{i:03d}]" for i, cat in enumerate(categories)}
        self._unk_token = f"[{prefix}_UNK]"
        # Also build reverse map for decoding
        self._reverse_map = {v: k for k, v in self._token_map.items()}
        self._reverse_map[self._unk_token] = "<unknown>"

    @property
    def vocab(self) -> List[str]:
        return list(self._token_map.values()) + [self._unk_token]

    def __call__(self, value: Any) -> str:
        if value is None:
            return self._unk_token
        return self._token_map.get(str(value), self._unk_token)

    def decode_token(self, token: str) -> str:
        """Map a token string back to its category value."""
        return self._reverse_map.get(token, "<unknown>")

    def to_dict(self) -> Dict:
        return {**super().to_dict(), "categories": self.categories}

    @classmethod
    def from_dict(cls, d: Dict) -> "CategoricalTokenizer":
        return cls(prefix=d["prefix"], categories=d["categories"])


# =============================================================================
# Factory function to create field tokenizer from FieldSpec
# =============================================================================

def create_field_tokenizer(spec) -> BaseFieldTokenizer:
    """Create the appropriate field tokenizer from a FieldSpec.
    
    Args:
        spec: A FieldSpec instance from schema.py
        
    Returns:
        An initialized BaseFieldTokenizer subclass
    """
    from ..schema import FieldType  # avoid circular import
    
    if spec.field_type == FieldType.SIGN:
        return SignTokenizer(prefix=spec.prefix)
    
    elif spec.field_type == FieldType.NUMERICAL_CONTINUOUS:
        return MagnitudeBucketTokenizer(prefix=spec.prefix, n_bins=spec.n_bins)
    
    elif spec.field_type == FieldType.NUMERICAL_DISCRETE:
        return DiscreteNumericalTokenizer(prefix=spec.prefix, max_value=spec.max_value)
    
    elif spec.field_type == FieldType.CATEGORICAL_FIXED:
        return CategoricalTokenizer(prefix=spec.prefix, categories=spec.categories)
    
    elif spec.field_type == FieldType.TEMPORAL:
        return CalendarTokenizer(prefix=spec.prefix, fields=spec.calendar_fields)
    
    elif spec.field_type == FieldType.TEXT:
        return None  # Text is handled by the BPE tokenizer in DomainTokenizerBuilder
    
    else:
        raise ValueError(f"Unknown field type: {spec.field_type}")