---
datasets:
- vectrayx/vectrayx-bench
language:
- es
license: apache-2.0
metrics:
- accuracy
- f1
pipeline_tag: text-generation
tags:
- cybersecurity
- spanish
- tool-use
- mcp
- curriculum-learning
- from-scratch
- arxiv:2605.13989
---

# VectraYX-Nano

VectraYX-Nano is a 42M-parameter Spanish cybersecurity language model trained **from scratch** with curriculum learning and native [Model Context Protocol (MCP)](https://modelcontextprotocol.io) tool use. It is, to our knowledge, the first published Spanish-native cybersecurity LLM with end-to-end MCP integration.

[![arXiv](https://img.shields.io/badge/arXiv-2605.13989-b31b1b.svg)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.13989)
[![Zenodo](https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.20122226.svg)](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20122226)

- **Paper:** [VectraYX-Nano: A 42M-Parameter Spanish Cybersecurity Language Model with Curriculum Learning and Native Tool Use](https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.13989)
- **Repository:** [vectrayx/vectrayx-nano-paper](https://github.com/vectrayx/vectrayx-nano-paper)
- **arXiv DOI:** https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2605.13989
- **Author website:** https://jsantillana.com

---

## Released Model: VectraYX-Nano v7 (Headline)

**VectraYX-Nano v7** is the released headline model. It uses the same 42M architecture and three-phase curriculum pre-training as the v2 bootstrap-ablation reference, with the SFT corpus rebalanced to a tool-use ratio of 1:21 (vs. 1:211 in v2). This single change raises B4 (tool-selection) from 0.000 to **0.230 ± 0.052** across N=4 seeds while retaining strong CVE recall (B1=0.332±0.005) and conversational quality (B5=0.725±0.130).

Files in this repo:
| File | Description |
|---|---|
| `nano_sft_v7_s42.pt` | **Nano v7 seed 42 — recommended for inference** |
| `nano_sft_v5.pt` | Nano v2 (mixed SFT, bootstrap-ablation reference) |
| `vectrayx-nano-f16.gguf` | **F16 GGUF — run with llama.cpp / Ollama** |
| `lora/nano_lora_mini_s{42,7,13,23}.pt` | LoRA adapters (tool-use density study, ratio 1:21) |
| `tokenizer/vectrayx_bpe.model` | BPE-16384 tokenizer |
| `configs/nano.json` | Nano 42M architecture config |
| `configs/base.json` | Base 260M architecture config |

---

## Key Results (VectraYX-Bench, N=4 seeds)

| Model | Params | B1 KW | B2 F1† | B3 TM | B4 Tool | B5 Chat |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| **VectraYX-Nano v7** *(headline)* | 42M | **0.332±0.005** | — | — | **0.230±0.052** | 0.725±0.130 |
| VectraYX-Nano v2 *(bootstrap ablation)* | 42M | 0.226±0.065 | 0.199±0.004 | 0.029±0.035 | 0.000 | **0.775±0.043** |
| Nano LoRA mini (ratio 1:21, N=4) | 42M | 0.011±0.004 | 0.201±0.002 | 0.021±0.012 | 0.145±0.046 | 0.575±0.043 |
| SmolLM2-135M + LoRA-32 | 135M | 0.334 | 0.225 | 0.143 | 0.160 | 0.800 |
| VectraYX-Base 260M | 260M | 0.325 | 0.220 | 0.114 | 0.000 | 0.800 |
| Base 260M LoRA mini (ratio 1:21, N=4) | 260M | 0.019±0.003 | 0.203±0.002 | — | 0.445±0.201 | 0.600 |
| VectraYX-Pro 3B | 3.2B | 0.341 | 0.695 | 0.686 | 0.600 | 0.800 |
| VectraYX-Pro 7B | 7B | 0.335 | 0.815 | 0.686 | 0.880 | 0.800 |
| GPT-4o *(frontier reference)* | — | 0.333 | 0.110 | 0.520 | 0.615 | 0.631 |

†B2 is a benchmark artifact in this revision (key mismatch in harness, fix queued).

**B5 inversion:** Nano v7 (0.725±0.130) and Nano v2 (0.775±0.043) both **exceed GPT-4o (0.631)** on the 314-prompt held-out chat suite — the register-matched bootstrap corpus makes conversational Spanish the model's first language.

---

## Key Findings

**1. Loss-vs-register inversion.** A higher-perplexity bootstrap corpus (OpenSubtitles-ES) yields *better* post-SFT chat behavior than a lower-perplexity alternative (mC4-ES). At the nano scale, the bootstrap corpus dictates the model's default response style; SFT cannot fully overwrite it.

**2. Tool-use is corpus-density-gated, not capacity-gated.** The B4=0.000 floor in the mixed SFT (ratio 1:211) is a corpus-density artifact. Rebalancing to 1:21 (2,801 tool-use examples) shifts the first-token prior to `<|tool_call|>` and raises B4 to 0.230±0.052 at 42M — without retraining the backbone.

---

## Inference: llama.cpp / Ollama (GGUF)

```bash
# With Ollama
ollama run hf.co/jsantillana/vectrayx-nano:vectrayx-nano-f16.gguf

# With llama.cpp
./llama-cli -m vectrayx-nano-f16.gguf \
  --chat-template llama3 \
  -p "<|system|>Eres VectraYX, asistente experto en ciberseguridad para LATAM.<|end|>" \
  -i
```

Runs at 6–10 tok/s on Raspberry Pi 4 and 60–100 tok/s on a laptop CPU.

---

## Inference: PyTorch

```python
from huggingface_hub import hf_hub_download
import torch, json, sys

sys.path.insert(0, ".")  # needs training/transformer.py from vectrayx-paper-code

ckpt = hf_hub_download("jsantillana/vectrayx-nano", "nano_sft_v7_s42.pt")
tok  = hf_hub_download("jsantillana/vectrayx-nano", "tokenizer/vectrayx_bpe.model")
cfg  = hf_hub_download("jsantillana/vectrayx-nano", "configs/nano.json")
```

Full inference script at [vectrayx-paper-code](https://huggingface.co/jsantillana/vectrayx-paper-code).

---

## Training Details

| Component | Details |
|---|---|
| Parameters | 41.95M |
| Architecture | Transformer decoder, GQA (8q/2kv), QK-Norm, RMSNorm, SwiGLU, RoPE, z-loss |
| Tokenizer | BPE-16384, byte-fallback, 50/50 conv/tech balance |
| Pre-training | 170M tokens, 3-phase curriculum with 25% replay buffer |
| SFT (v7) | 13K OASST1-ES + 4K CVE Q&A + 2.8K tool-use (ratio 1:21) |
| Hardware | GCP L4 24GB (pre-training) + AWS g4dn.xlarge T4 16GB (multi-seed SFT) |
| Cost | ~$29 USD total (corpus + training) |

---

## Citation

```bibtex
@misc{santillana2026vectrayx,
  title     = {VectraYX-Nano: A 42M-Parameter Spanish Cybersecurity Language Model
               with Curriculum Learning and Native Tool Use},
  author    = {Santillana, Juan S.},
  year      = {2026},
  eprint    = {2605.13989},
  archivePrefix = {arXiv},
  primaryClass  = {cs.CL},
  url       = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2605.13989}
}
```