Initial release: CRED-1 v1.0 (2,672 domains)

CODEBOOK.md

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+# CRED-1 Codebook
+
+Version 1.0 — February 2026
+
+This codebook documents all variables in the CRED-1 dataset. The dataset is distributed in three formats: a full JSON file, a CSV file for research analysis, and a compact JSON file for on-device embedding.
+
+## JSON Format (`cred1_current.json`)
+
+JSON object mapping domain names (string keys) to full metadata objects with all enrichment signals and score components.
+
+| Field | Type | Range | Description |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `category` | string | `fake`,`unreliable`,`mixed`,`conspiracy`,`satire`,`reliable` | Full category name. See [Category Taxonomy](#category-taxonomy). |
+| `credibility_score` | float | 0.00-1.00 | Composite credibility score. Lower values indicate lower credibility. See [Scoring Model](#scoring-model). |
+| `sources` | integer | 1-2 | Number of independent source lists that flag this domain. |
+| `tranco_rank` | integer | 1-1,000,000 | Tranco Top-1M rank. **Optional** - absent if not ranked. |
+| `domain_registered` | string | ISO 8601 | Domain registration date from RDAP. **Optional** - absent if RDAP lookup failed. |
+| `domain_age_years` | float | 0.0-35.0+ | Domain age in years, computed from `domain_registered`. **Optional**. |
+| `iffy_factual` | string | `VL`,`L`,`M`,`MH`,`H`,`VH` | MBFC Factual Reporting rating. **Optional** - absent if not from Iffy.news. |
+| `iffy_bias` | string | e.g. `FN`,`R`,`RC`,`C`,`LC`,`L` | MBFC political bias rating. **Optional**. |
+| `iffy_score` | float | 0.0-1.0 | Iffy.news credibility score. **Optional**. |
+| `factcheck_claims` | integer | 1+ | Google Fact Check Tools API claim count. **Optional** - absent if zero. |
+| `safe_browsing_flagged` | boolean | `true`/`false` | Google Safe Browsing threat flag. **Optional**. |
+| `score_cat` | float | 0.0-1.0 | Category-based score component. |
+| `score_iffy` | float | 0.0-1.0 | Iffy.news score component. |
+| `score_tranco` | float | 0.0-1.0 | Tranco rank score component. |
+| `score_age` | float | 0.0-1.0 | Domain age score component. |
+| `score_factcheck` | float | 0.0-1.0 | Fact-check frequency score component. |
+| `score_safebrowsing` | float | 0.0-1.0 | Safe Browsing score component. |
+
+### Example
+
+```json
+{
+  "infowars.com": {
+    "category": "fake",
+    "credibility_score": 0.14,
+    "domain_age_years": 26.4,
+    "domain_registered": "1999-10-04T04:00:00Z",
+    "factcheck_claims": 52,
+    "iffy_bias": "FN",
+    "iffy_factual": "VL",
+    "iffy_score": 0.1,
+    "score_age": 0.2,
+    "score_cat": 0.05,
+    "score_factcheck": 0.0,
+    "score_iffy": 0.1,
+    "score_safebrowsing": 0.05,
+    "score_tranco": 0.1,
+    "sources": 2,
+    "tranco_rank": 4382
+  }
+}
+```
+
+### Missing Values
+
+Optional fields are omitted entirely when unavailable. A domain *not present* in the dataset should be treated as **neutral/unknown** (not as reliable).
+
+---
+
+## CSV Format (`cred1_current.csv`)
+
+CSV file with the same fields as JSON, sorted by `credibility_score` ascending (least credible first).
+
+### Source Data Fields
+
+| Column | Type | Values / Range | Description | Source |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| `domain` | string | e.g. `infowars.com` | Normalized domain name (lowercase, no `www.` prefix, no trailing slash) | Merged |
+| `category` | string | See [Category Taxonomy](#category-taxonomy) | Unified credibility category | Merged |
+| `sources` | integer | 1-2 | Number of independent source lists that flag this domain. | Merged |
+| `iffy_factual` | string | `VL`, `L`, `M`, `MH`, `H`, `VH`, `` | MBFC Factual Reporting rating as provided by Iffy.news. Empty if domain is only in OpenSources. | Iffy.news |
+| `iffy_bias` | string | e.g. `FN`, `R`, `RC`, `C`, `LC`, `L`, `LEFT`, `` | MBFC political bias rating. Empty if not from Iffy.news. | Iffy.news |
+| `iffy_score` | float | 0.0–1.0, or empty | Iffy.news credibility score. Lower = less credible. Empty if not from Iffy.news. | Iffy.news |
+
+### Enrichment Signal Fields
+
+| Column | Type | Values / Range | Description | Source |
+|---|---|---|---|---|
+| `tranco_rank` | integer | 1–1,000,000, or empty | Position in the Tranco Top-1M list. Lower = more popular. Empty if domain not ranked. | [Tranco](https://tranco-list.eu/) |
+| `domain_age_years` | float | 0.0–35.0+, or empty | Years since domain registration (computed from RDAP registration date to dataset build date). Empty if RDAP lookup failed. | [RDAP](https://rdap.org/) |
+| `domain_registered` | string (ISO 8601) | e.g. `1999-03-07T05:00:00Z`, or empty | Domain registration date as returned by RDAP. Empty if unavailable. | RDAP |
+| `factcheck_claims` | integer | 0+, or empty | Number of fact-check claims found via Google Fact Check Tools API. Empty if zero or not queried. | [Google Fact Check Tools API](https://developers.google.com/fact-check/tools/api) |
+| `safe_browsing_flagged` | boolean | `True`, or empty | Whether Google Safe Browsing flagged this domain as malware or social engineering. Empty if not flagged. | [Google Safe Browsing API](https://developers.google.com/safe-browsing) |
+
+### Scoring Fields
+
+| Column | Type | Range | Description |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| `credibility_score` | float | 0.000–1.000 | Composite credibility score. See [Scoring Model](#scoring-model). |
+| `score_cat` | float | 0.0–1.0 | Category-based score component. |
+| `score_iffy` | float | 0.0–1.0, or empty | Iffy.news score component. Empty if domain not from Iffy.news. |
+| `score_tranco` | float | 0.0–1.0, or empty | Tranco rank component (log-normalized). Empty if not ranked. |
+| `score_age` | float | 0.0–1.0, or empty | Domain age component (normalized, capped at 20 years). Empty if age unknown. |
+| `score_factcheck` | float | 0.0–1.0, or empty | Fact-check frequency component (log-scaled inverse). Empty if no claims. |
+| `score_safebrowsing` | string | `flagged`, or empty | Safe Browsing override indicator. If `flagged`, composite score is hard-capped at 0.05. |
+
+---
+
+## Compact Format (`cred1_compact.json`)
+
+Minimal JSON format for on-device embedding in browser extensions and mobile applications. Uses short keys and no whitespace for minimal file size (~168KB).
+
+| Key | Type | Description |
+|---|---|---|
+| `s` | float | Credibility score (same as `credibility_score`) |
+| `c` | string | Category code: `f`, `u`, `m`, `c`, `s`, `r` |
+| `n` | integer | Number of sources |
+| `r` | integer | Tranco rank (**optional**) |
+| `d` | string | Domain registration date as YYYY-MM-DD (**optional**) |
+
+### Example
+
+```json
+{"infowars.com":{"c":"f","d":"1999-10-04","n":2,"r":4382,"s":0.14},"theonion.com":{"c":"s","d":"1996-08-05","n":1,"r":7429,"s":0.34}}
+```
+
+---
+
+## Category Taxonomy
+
+Domains are classified into six categories based on consensus labels from OpenSources.co and Iffy.news. When a domain appears in both sources, the *lower credibility* category takes precedence.
+
+| Category | Code | Base Score | Definition |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| **fake** | `f` | 0.0 | Sources that fabricate information, publish deceptive content, or impersonate legitimate news outlets. |
+| **conspiracy** | `c` | 0.1 | Sources that consistently promote conspiracy theories not supported by evidence. |
+| **unreliable** | `u` | 0.2 | Sources that may publish some factual content but regularly fail basic standards of journalistic accuracy. Includes clickbait, junk science, and hate speech sources. |
+| **satire** | `s` | 0.3 | Sources that use humor, irony, or exaggeration. Not malicious, but content is not factual. |
+| **mixed** | `m` | 0.5 | Sources with a mixed track record — some factual reporting alongside biased, misleading, or unverified content. |
+| **reliable** | `r` | 1.0 | Sources generally considered reliable by fact-checking organizations. Note: CRED-1 contains very few reliable sources (n=8) as the upstream datasets focus on unreliable sources. |
+
+### OpenSources.co Category Mapping
+
+| Original Label | → CRED-1 Category |
+|---|---|
+| `fake`, `fake news` | fake |
+| `conspiracy` | conspiracy |
+| `unreliable`, `clickbait`, `junksci`, `hate`, `rumor` | unreliable |
+| `satire`, `satirical` | satire |
+| `bias`, `political`, `state` | mixed |
+| `reliable` | reliable |
+| `blog` | other |
+
+### Iffy.news Factual Rating Mapping
+
+| MBFC Factual Rating | → CRED-1 Category |
+|---|---|
+| VL (Very Low) | fake |
+| L (Low) | unreliable |
+| M (Mixed) | mixed |
+| MH (Mostly High) | mostly_reliable |
+| H (High), VH (Very High) | reliable |
+
+---
+
+## Scoring Model
+
+The composite credibility score is computed as a weighted blend of up to five signals:
+
+```
+S = 0.50 × s_cat
+  + 0.15 × s_iffy        (if available)
+  + 0.15 × s_factcheck   (if available)
+  + 0.05 × s_tranco      (if available)
+  + 0.05 × s_age         (if available)
+  + w_fill × s_cat       (remaining weight)
+```
+
+Where `w_fill = 1.0 - sum(active weights)` fills in for missing signals using the category score.
+
+**Override:** If `safe_browsing_flagged = True`, the final score is hard-capped at 0.05 regardless of other signals.
+
+### Signal Normalization
+
+| Signal | Formula | Interpretation |
+|---|---|---|
+| `s_cat` | Lookup table (see Category Taxonomy) | Category label → fixed score |
+| `s_iffy` | Raw Iffy.news score (already 0.0–1.0) | Lower = less credible |
+| `s_tranco` | `1.0 - log10(rank) / 6.0`, clamped to [0, 1] | Rank 1 → 1.0, Rank 1M → 0.0 |
+| `s_age` | `min(1.0, age_years / 20.0)` | 0 years → 0.0, 20+ years → 1.0 |
+| `s_factcheck` | `max(0.0, 1.0 - log10(claims) / 1.7)` | 1 claim → 0.8, 50+ claims → 0.0 |
+
+---
+
+## Important Usage Notes
+
+1. **Absence ≠ reliable:** A domain *not* in the dataset should be treated as unknown/neutral, not as trustworthy. CRED-1 is a list of domains with known credibility issues.
+
+2. **Score = composite indicator:** The credibility score is an aggregated heuristic, not a ground truth. It should be used as one signal among many.
+
+3. **Temporal validity:** Domain credibility can change over time. CRED-1 v1.0 reflects the state of source data as of February 2026.
+
+4. **English-language bias:** The majority of domains in the upstream sources are English-language outlets. Coverage of non-English misinformation sources is limited.
+
+5. **No personal data:** The dataset contains only domain-level metadata. No personally identifiable information is included.
+
+---

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+

README.md

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+---
+license: cc-by-4.0
+language:
+  - en
+tags:
+  - credibility
+  - misinformation
+  - disinformation
+  - fact-checking
+  - news-credibility
+  - domain-credibility
+  - media-bias
+  - information-integrity
+  - ai-safety
+  - content-moderation
+task_categories:
+  - tabular-classification
+  - text-classification
+size_categories:
+  - 1K<n<10K
+pretty_name: "CRED-1: Open Multi-Signal Domain Credibility Dataset"
+configs:
+  - config_name: default
+    data_files:
+      - split: train
+        path: cred1_current.csv
+---
+
+# CRED-1: Open Multi-Signal Domain Credibility Dataset
+
+<p align="center">
+  <img src="figures/cred1-domain-credibility-dataset-banner.jpg" alt="CRED-1 Domain Credibility Dataset Banner" width="100%">
+</p>
+
+[![DOI](https://zenodo.org/badge/DOI/10.5281/zenodo.18769460.svg)](https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18769460)
+[![License: CC BY 4.0](https://img.shields.io/badge/License-CC%20BY%204.0-lightgrey.svg)](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
+[![GitHub](https://img.shields.io/badge/GitHub-aloth%2Fcred--1-181717?logo=github)](https://github.com/aloth/cred-1)
+
+**CRED-1** is an open, reproducible domain-level credibility dataset combining multiple openly-licensed source lists with computed enrichment signals. It provides credibility scores for **2,672 domains** known to publish mis/disinformation, conspiracy theories, or other unreliable content.
+
+## Key Features
+
+- **2,672 domains** with credibility scores (0.0 to 1.0)
+- **Fully reproducible** Python pipeline rebuilds the dataset from scratch (see [GitHub repo](https://github.com/aloth/cred-1))
+- **Multi-signal scoring** combining source labels, domain age, web popularity, fact-check frequency, and threat intelligence
+- **Privacy-preserving** designed for on-device client-side deployment (no server calls needed)
+- **Two openly-licensed sources**, no proprietary data dependencies
+
+## Quick Start
+
+### Load with `datasets`
+
+```python
+from datasets import load_dataset
+
+ds = load_dataset("xlth/CRED-1")
+print(ds["train"][0])
+# {'domain': '100percentfedup.com', 'category': 'mixed', 'credibility_score': 0.173, ...}
+```
+
+### Lookup a domain
+
+```python
+from datasets import load_dataset
+
+ds = load_dataset("xlth/CRED-1", split="train")
+lookup = {row["domain"]: row for row in ds}
+
+domain = "infowars.com"
+if domain in lookup:
+    print(f"{domain}: credibility = {lookup[domain]['credibility_score']}")
+else:
+    print(f"{domain}: not in dataset (treat as neutral)")
+```
+
+## Dataset Schema
+
+| Field | Type | Description |
+|---|---|---|
+| `domain` | string | Domain name (lowercase, no scheme) |
+| `category` | string | Category from source lists (e.g. `fake`, `conspiracy`, `unreliable`, `mixed`, `clickbait`) |
+| `credibility_score` | float | Aggregated credibility score (0.0 = least credible, 1.0 = most credible) |
+| `sources` | int | Number of source lists the domain appears in |
+| `iffy_factual` | string | Factual reporting rating from Iffy.news (VL, L, M, H, VH) |
+| `iffy_bias` | string | Bias rating from Iffy.news (e.g. FN = fake news, CP = conspiracy) |
+| `iffy_score` | float | Normalized Iffy score |
+| `tranco_rank` | int | Tranco web popularity rank (1 = most popular) |
+| `domain_age_years` | float | Age of the domain in years |
+| `domain_registered` | string | ISO 8601 registration date |
+| `factcheck_claims` | int | Count of fact-check claims targeting this domain |
+| `safe_browsing_flagged` | bool | Whether Google Safe Browsing flagged this domain |
+| `score_*` | float | Individual signal contributions to the aggregate score |
+
+Full schema in [`CODEBOOK.md`](CODEBOOK.md).
+
+## Files
+
+- `cred1_current.csv` (~250 KB): Full dataset, recommended for `load_dataset` and the dataset viewer
+- `cred1_current.json` (~1 MB): Same data as nested JSON with domain as key
+- `cred1_compact.json` (~170 KB): Minimal `{domain: score}` mapping for lightweight on-device lookups
+- `CODEBOOK.md`: Field definitions, scoring methodology, source provenance
+- `figures/`: Project banner
+
+## Intended Use
+
+CRED-1 is designed for:
+
+- **Browser extensions and on-device clients** that need fast, offline domain credibility lookups
+- **Research on misinformation detection, news verification, and platform governance**
+- **Pre-bunking pipelines** that flag suspicious sources before users engage
+- **Educational and digital-literacy tooling**
+
+## Limitations
+
+- Coverage is concentrated on English-language misinformation sources
+- The dataset captures domains, not individual articles; legitimate journalism on otherwise unreliable domains is not distinguished
+- Source lists carry their own biases; consult [`CODEBOOK.md`](CODEBOOK.md) for provenance
+
+## Citation
+
+Canonical citation (Zenodo DOI for this dataset):
+
+```bibtex
+@dataset{loth_cred1_2026,
+  author       = {Loth, Alexander and Kappes, Martin and Pahl, Marc-Oliver},
+  title        = {{CRED-1}: An Open Multi-Signal Domain Credibility Dataset},
+  year         = 2026,
+  publisher    = {Zenodo},
+  version      = {v1.0},
+  doi          = {10.5281/zenodo.18769460},
+  url          = {https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18769460}
+}
+```
+
+Accompanying preprint:
+
+```bibtex
+@article{loth_cred1_preprint_2026,
+  author  = {Loth, Alexander and Kappes, Martin and Pahl, Marc-Oliver},
+  title   = {{CRED-1}: An Open Multi-Signal Domain Credibility Dataset for Automated Pre-Bunking of Online Misinformation},
+  year    = 2026,
+  journal = {SSRN Preprint},
+  doi     = {10.2139/ssrn.6448466},
+  url     = {https://ssrn.com/abstract=6448466}
+}
+```
+
+## Links
+
+- **GitHub (pipeline + raw sources):** https://github.com/aloth/cred-1
+- **Zenodo archive (canonical):** https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18769460
+- **SSRN preprint:** https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.6448466
+- **Blog post:** https://alexloth.com/cred-1-open-domain-credibility-dataset-preprint/
+
+## License
+
+CC BY 4.0. Free to use with attribution. See [`LICENSE`](LICENSE).