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Lynton and Barnstaple - Operations and Development
Discussion in 'Narrow Gauge Railways' started by 50044 Exeter, Dec 25, 2009.
l&b
lynton barnstaple
Mark Thompson Well-Known Member
E sussex
Heritage Railway Volunteer:
No I do not currently volunteer
30854 said: ↑
I'm not about to pretend I understand the large print regarding operation of planning legislation, never mind implementation of the small print.
I'm inclined to side with those who feel running two disconnected railways is distinctly sub-optimal. To those who'd cite the F&WHR as a precedent in that regard, I'd suggest that, for any number of reasons, the situation on Exmoor is utterly different to that pertaining in Snowdonia a quarter of a century ago.
Looking at the reinstatement south of KL, I 'm guessing making Parracombe Big Bank fit to carry trains looms large in the costs, but does the full finished cost represent the spend actually needed initially to get trains running? .... and now I'll cite the F&WHR! Maybe waiting 40 years for Moelwyn Tunnel to get aesthetically pleasing portals frustrated some, but the trains ran perfectly well without 'em for that whole time (and yes .... I do realise there's no tunnel on the L&B).
Case in point, until the trackbed north of Woody Bay is required for services, will there be a pressing need for the full depot facility proposed at Blackmoor? Or could a few more years be squeezed out of the current facilities at WB? And .....
With Blackmoor - Woody Bay open (could Blackmoor - Wistlandpound be approached more ..... organically?) is any facility beyond the historic single platform actually needed at Parracombe?
The distance between BM and WB is 4 miles 15 ch (with Parracombe some way off being equidistant from both anyway), suggesting even a 20min journey time* stopping at Parracombe wouldn't exactly involve breaking the sound barrier.
Just thinking out loud ....
*About what the old L&B managed, Lynton bound, which included the 3-4mins needed to take water at Parracombe. and comfortably 3 mins over Barnstaple bound, including those which took water at Parracombe.
Hi Howard,
I must say that I'm unable to comprehend the idea of constructing a separate line, out of sequence from Blackmoor to Wistlandpound. It makes no apparent sense financially, operationally, or logistically. It certainly isn't needed to secure any permissions, and that's quite apart from there being no space for any servicing and maintenance facility. Add to that, Blackmoor is still in private ownership. Any construction plant and materials would have to be brought in from the south end, next to the Calvert Trust, as there is no other means of access. It just doesn't make any logical sense, unless it is, at a stretch, to rebuild that section and then leave it until it is needed. Even then, it would be a financial drain at a time when all resources need to be focused northwards. As I've said, I cannot see any logic to it, and I really have tried.
The loop, if not necessarily the second platform, would be needed at Parracombe for a balanced 2-train operation, but then again, the Bluebell managed perfectly well until 1994 with their 5 mile section until Horsted became a proper crossing point.
Incidentally, the L&B will have a tunnel, albeit a short one! but it's a valid point you make. I guess it would be ENPAs decision about how long final cosmetic finishing could be deferred for civil engineering. My guess, given their remit, is "not long".
No, I don't remember Adlestrop –
The name, the bus was fifteen minutes late
And I missed the bloody train.
Mark Thompson, May 18, 2022
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RailWest Part of the furniture
Mark Thompson said: ↑
1. Although the original planning application - and the plan with the Sec 73 application - does show a tunnel at BR, AIUI that was merely an initial indication for the general concept. Equally, the original plan showed the depot connected only into the up loop - in fact, there was not even a connection drawn between the two loops at the northern end anyway ! Since then, things have moved on with the design process.
The main depot access has been moved to the single-line north of the loops, to enable easy access to/from either loop and a second access added at the Lynton end, mainly as a 'fall back' in the event of the main depot access getting blocked, but also useful potentially for Engineering trains to work down the line without the SB at BR being manned. Given the proximity of the depot access crossover to the throat of the fan of sidings, a short-ish head-shunt has been added at the station end so that at least engines can shunt about without needing to occupy the single-line. There is scope within the signalling design for that head-shunt to connected to the Up loop if so desired, but that is more of a 'nice to have' than an operational necessity and merely adds to the complication.
AIUI it was decided at an early stage by those looking at the civil engineering that it would easier/better, instead of a tunnel, to have two separate under-bridges, one for the main road and one for the station access road. If that decision has been reversed, then I've not heard about it (yet). The 2-bridges arrangement is much better from an operational/signalling viewpoint - and certainly eliminated a lot of head-scratching! - as it makes it much easier to plan the layout and signal locations without having to try to avoid placing anything inside a tunnel.
On paper at least it does seem that the signalman at BR will have limited visibility of the layout under his control north of the main road, but simply adding a liberal amount of track-circuiting to circumvent that problem simply adds to the ongoing costs of installation and maintenance. Like many things, TCs are prone to failure (hopefully right-sided !), usually at the most inconvenient times, which is why I've cautioned about having any designs which require more than might be absolutely essential/desirable. After all, will the L&BR always have a local S&T technician on-hand to fix such things?
2. As regards PE, initial informal work on train schedules suggested that for about 75% of the time there would be no need for a loop or block-post there, and even perhaps for about 90-95% of the time the timetable could be designed to avoid that need. The main benefits would seem to be just (a) Gala and other 'high density traffic' days and (b) berthing PW trains. Most of the latter could probably be accommodated anyway outside of normal service hours, so that leaves merely Galas as a 'driver'. Don't forget also that IIRC the original proposals for a loop at PE described it as temporary for Phase 2A only. A quick look at the Construction Stage Plan 7 will show that, even with the eventual availability of the trackbed south of PE, it will be very difficult - if not impossible - to squeeze in a loop for an 'engine+5 coaches' trains with all coaches at a useable platform face without needing to acquire more land to one side. Also, I have been told - but I can't verify this - that the topology of the site would require extensive (and hence expensive and possibly controversial) excavation on the Up side of the line to provide for the extra track and platform. There is also the question of how would passengers get to/from the new Up platform other than by means of either a foot-bridge (not likely to find favour locally) or a board-crossing (likely to fall foul of ORR dislike of new 'level crossings').
My personal view is that initially nothing more than the basic 'original' layout should be considered for PE and that a long and careful evaluation of the supposed benefits should be conducted before anything more extensive is planned, let alone built. The railway equivalent of not trying to run before one can walk. I'm sure there will be those who may disagree
RailWest, May 18, 2022
30854, ross, ghost and 3 others like this.
30854 Resident of Nat Pres
Brighton&Hove
Incidentally, the L&B will have a tunnel, albeit a short one!
Whilst possibly of distant future relevance, the 'tunnel thing' is (like any crazy talk of a new bridge over the Taw) most definitely one for some other time!
According to Catchpole, the original L&B mileages (from Barnataple) were:
Blackmoor 11m62c
Parracombe 14m33c (2m51c from Blackmoor)
Woody Bay 15m77c (1m44c from Parracombe : 4m15c from Blackmoor)
For those who've grown up with a marginally less illogical system of measurements, that puts Parracombe closer to 1/3 than 1/2 or the distance from Woody Bay. For the full length of the current extention, add the extra distance to Wistlandpound (which looks a bit shy of a mile ... I'm guessing around 60c) and Parracombe becomes even further short of the half way mark (closer to Rowley Moor House than Parracombe). Add in the likely effect of souring neighbourly relations in and around the village, and surely the wisdom of doing more than reinstating the previous halt in Parracombe has to be questioned.
It ain't what you don't know that gets you into trouble .... It's what you know for sure that just ain't so. Mark Twain
30854, May 18, 2022
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RailWest said: ↑
the likely effect of souring neighbourly relations in and around the village, and surely the wisdom of doing more than reinstating the previous halt in Parracombe has to be questioned.
If it is feasible to reconstruct Parracombe in it's original form, without needing it as a crossing point, then that's marvelous. Apart from mitigating local antagonism, it also appeals to my "purist" side!
RW, many thanks for your very detailed overview regarding Blackmoor- I've learned a fair bit from that, and how challenging the layout and S/T requirements are. Quite a bit of crystal ball work involved, whilst all the time, as you say, balancing anticipated needs against over-complication. Incidentally, regarding signalman's visibility north of the road bridge, I'm guessing that CCTV, however undesirable, has been considered and dismissed?
Regarding the bridge, or "brunnel", I always understood it as you described, 2 parallel cut and cover sections for trains and pedestrians rather than a tunnel, per se. although it seems a long time since I last looked at the plans. Presumably a similar cut and cover will one day, (though possibly not in my lifetime), be required at Martinhoe Cross for Lynton- bound trains.
And thanks for reminding me that the passing loop at PE was only intended to remain until 2B was operational, I'd completely forgotten that point, but as I said above, so much the better if it's never required at all!
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I don't understand your comment about 'pedestrians' at BR, as the 2 bridges to which I referred are simply to take the two roads over the railway. No need to get pedestrians (other than railway staff trackside) from the station to the Depot or vice-versa. AIUI the pedestrian underpass would be further to the east, to get the public to/from the station and the new car-park. Actually, I can't recall if CCTV has been considered or not, but it could be useful if feasible.
I'm not a civil engineer, but I see no obvious obstacle to reinstating PE in its original form, given that you would be simply be putting back what was there previously, although it might be that you would need to extend the length of the platform. However, when it comes to the matter of a loop - whether as a passing-loop or as a run-round loop for a terminus - there is another problem that has been brought to my attention recently. Quite clearly the presence of the Churchtown bridge is a physical constraint as to how far the loop can extend towards KL, but it's worse than I thought of just having the toe of the point by the bridge. Apparently the clearances under the bridge are less than modern tolerances, so a train could pass thru' OK on dead straight track, but as soon as you have a bogie coach starting to curve to one side or the other into a loop then the increased overhang/swing could foul the abutments (if I understand it correctly!). So the toe of the north end point has to be at least one coach length south of the bridge, which of course reduces the potential length of the loop and even more so in the 'temporary terminus' form.
It would be feasible of course to have PE in its original form as regards layout, but also capable of acting as a block-post as required, so that you could send two trains in one direction or the other between WB and BR, kept apart by PE. I did do some preliminary work on this last year for various reasons, but like many other design matters it then went into abeyance waiting for any decision as to whether it was worth pursuing. Still waiting....
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I don't understand your comment about 'pedestrians' at BR, as the 2 bridges to which I referred are simply to take the two roads over the railway. No need to get pedestrians (other than railway staff trackside) from the station to the Depot or vice-versa. AIUI the pedestrian underpass would be further to the east, to get the public to/from the station and the new car-park.
Ok, I'd have to go back and look at the original plans submitted, but all I can recall is the A399 road over, and two parallel box section subways, one for rail, one for pedestrians crossing under the A399 from the car park, and divided by a wall. Sounds like it's been superseded. I'm going to have to look again, aren't I? Anyway, it's still a way in the future yet.
Edit- just looked, and yes, as I thought, it's me going gagga. Just ignore me!
Kanonkopdrinker New Member
Corpach, Fort William
New maps just added to Exmoor Associates' website 'News' section, showing who owns what between Wistlandpound and Barnstaple …..
Kanonkopdrinker, May 19, 2022
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H Cloutt Member
Kanonkopdrinker said: ↑
Very interesting - Quite a lot left to secure. There are some quite short lengths shown.
H Cloutt, May 19, 2022
Ploughman Part of the furniture
Ex a lot of things.
Near where the 3 Ridings meet
Yes I am an active volunteer
Here is the link.
https://www.exmoor-associates.co.uk/2022/05/new-ea-maps/
http://www.nymr-pway.co.uk/
Ploughman, May 19, 2022
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Meiriongwril Member
Would be nice if they completed the map into the northern sections, even if these are technically part of the Trust's territory...
Meirion Gwril
Ailadeiladwch Reilffyrdd Cymru!
www.corris.co.uk
Meiriongwril, May 19, 2022
Meiriongwril said: ↑
Maybe the trust could be 'encouraged' to do this.
Meiriongwril likes this.
Ploughman said: ↑
Cheers for that. For some odd reason, I'd thought Chelfham Viaduct had come from BRB to the L&B (or EA). Wasn't aware of any Highways Agency involvement.
No, it still belongs to the BRB's successor. No point in the L&BR taking it on - and hence potentially horrendous maintenance costs - until such time as they need to run trains across it.
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Cheers for that. Makes sense. Last I heard was when it was tarted up and the parapets reinstated a few years back.
I suspect, as landmark assets go, Chelfham Viaduct will be right up there with Sharpthorne Tunnel, beloved by all .... barring civil engineers and finance directors!
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ilvaporista Part of the furniture
C.Eng
On the 45th!
You could be forgiven for thinking what a lovely section Snapper to Chelfham would make with much of it already within the family! Totally impractical from the access point of view though.
https://ilvaporista.blogspot.it/
CHR Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/cambrianheritagerailways/
ilvaporista, May 19, 2022
green five, andrewshimmin, Mark Thompson and 4 others like this.
ilvaporista said: ↑
You could be forgiven for thinking what a lovely section Snapper to Chelfam would make with much of it already within the family! Totally impractical from the access point of view though.
Ironically, my thoughts also when I looked at the map.
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SpudUk Well-Known Member
Thanks for this, I hadn't quite realised just how much of the route from Barnstaple to Chelfham was secured
SpudUk, May 19, 2022
Jamessquared Nat Pres stalwart
LBSC 215
It's when you have Sharpthorne Tunnel and Imberhorne Viaduct that you really have to worry!
The Jewel in the Crown - help put the sparkle back into Horsted Keynes
Jamessquared, May 19, 2022
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Jamessquared said: ↑
Dunno how I forgot to mention Imberhome. Very impressive chunk of masonry seen from below, although it doesn't quite make it's presence felt to window hangers in quite the same way as the waterfall at the north end of the tunnel.
Tobbes and H Cloutt like this.
Even Chelfham to a new, larger terminus on the outskirts of Barnstaple seems more practical.
I'm slightly concerned about the Parracombe project. Whilst it's a good idea in principle (not least for planning reasons), it can be incredibly difficult to regain public good will when it's lost
H Cloutt and ross like this.
Your Invoices


The difference between 'DACA' and 'Dreamers': A primer
By Nolan Rappaport, opinion contributor — 01/23/18 06:00 PM EST
The government shutdown ended Monday when Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell Addison (Mitch) Mitchell McConnellTrump has talked to associates about forming new political party: report McConnell, Schumer fail to cut power-sharing deal amid filibuster snag McConnell keeps GOP guessing on Trump impeachment MORE (R-Ky.) promised to take up an immigration bill that would protect an estimated 800,000 Dreamers from deportation under an open amendment process, if the Democrats would agree to end the shutdown. Senate Minority Leader Charles Schumer Chuck SchumerNew York court worker arrested, accused of threats related to inauguration Schumer: Trump should not be eligible to run for office again McConnnell, McCarthy accept Biden invitation to pre-inauguration church service MORE (D-N.Y) said that pledge was enough for his caucus to accept a three-week government funding bill, which passed on a vote of 81-18.
But what do the parties really intend to take up? A DACA-fix for the 690,000 current participants or a DREAM Act to provide a path to citizenship for 2.7 million undocumented aliens?
And who are the Dreamers?
DREAM Act advocates typically claim that Dreamers are undocumented immigrants who were brought here illegally as children and have grown up in America knowing nothing about their own countries, but that does not describe the eligibility requirements for the DREAM Act or for DACA.
The Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program was established in June 15, 2012, when DHS announced that aliens who had been brought to the United States illegally as children and met other criteria would be considered for temporary lawful status with work authorization.
NEW: Conservatives pressure Ryan to bring hard-right immigration bill to floor after shutdown https://t.co/pwmYvH7sF7 pic.twitter.com/g41b1OSy5D
— The Hill (@thehill) January 23, 2018
To establish eligibility, an undocumented alien had to show that he or she:
Was under the age of 31 as of June 15, 2012;
Came to the United States before reaching the age of 16;
Had continuously resided in the United States since June 15, 2007;
Was physically present in the United States on June 15, 2012, and at the time of making the DACA request;
Had no lawful status on June 15, 2012;
Was currently in school, had graduated or obtained a certificate of completion from high school, had obtained a general education development (GED) certificate, or was an honorably discharged veteran of the Armed Forces of the United States; and
Had not been convicted of a felony, significant misdemeanor, or three or more other misdemeanors, and did not otherwise pose a threat to national security or public safety.
According to the Pew Research Center, the average age of the current DACA participants is 24. Two thirds are 25 or younger.
Most (83 percent) were unmarried at the time of their most recent application. Nearly half (45 percent) of them live in California (29 percent) and Texas (16 percent). Illinois (5 percent), New York (5 percent), Florida (4 percent) and Arizona (4 percent) also have significant populations of active DACA recipients.
The DREAM Act.
"DREAM Act," by contrast, is an acronym for "Development, Relief, and Education for Alien Minors Act."
The Democrats have been trying unsuccessfully to get a DREAM Act passed for 16 years. The most recent one, the Dream Act of 2017, was introduced in the Senate on July 20, 2017. An identical version was introduced in the House on July 26, 2017.
Neither has had hearings or markups before committees with subject matter jurisdiction, which is required by what is referred to as the "regular order."
The Dream Act of 2017 provides that, "Notwithstanding any other provision of law, the (DHS) Secretary shall" grant lawful permanent resident status on a conditional basis to an undocumented alien who:
Has been continuously physically present in the United States for four years preceding the bill's enactment;
Was younger than 18 years of age on the initial date of U.S. entry;
Is not inadmissible on specified criminal, security, terrorism, or other grounds;
Has not participated in persecution;
Has not been convicted of specified federal or state offenses; and
Has fulfilled specified educational requirements.
It also provides that the secretary may waive the specified grounds of inadmissibility "for humanitarian purposes or family unity or if the waiver is otherwise in the public interest."
Schumer warns McConnell not to backtrack on shutdown promise to take up DACA fix https://t.co/q1k82ANDGK pic.twitter.com/ziwf9qdDbc
The age requirement would permit aliens to qualify who grew up in their own countries and were not brought to America until they were almost 18 years old.
If the Senate passes the DREAM Act of 2017, it almost certainly will be dead on arrival in the House, which is what happened four years ago when Schumer, as part of the Gang of Eight, succeeded in getting an immigration bill passed in the Senate that was opposed by 70 percent of the Senate Republicans.
It would be more realistic to pass a bill that would just continue the DACA program for the current participants, but even that would fail if Trump will not sign it unless it includes a border wall, an end to chain migration, and an end to the Diversity Visa Program.
In any case, the floor debates and their media coverage will be easier to understand if the senators are clear about who they are trying to help and how they want to help them.
Nolan Rappaport was detailed to the House Judiciary Committee as an executive branch immigration law expert for three years; he subsequently served as an immigration counsel for the Subcommittee on Immigration, Border Security and Claims for four years. Prior to working on the Judiciary Committee, he wrote decisions for the Board of Immigration Appeals for 20 years.
Tags Charles Schumer Mitch McConnell deferred action for childhood arrivals DREAM Act Illegal immigration to the United States Immigration to the United States Undocumented students in the United States Undocumented youth in the United States Illegal immigration Chuck Schumer Law


HomeBrowse by AuthorJones, MichaelLogos Rising: A History of Ultimate Reality
Logos Rising: A History of Ultimate Reality
CODE: LR - 06
There has never been a time when there was nothing, because if there were ever nothing, there could never be something. There has never been a time when there was nothing but chaos. Order cannot come from chaos, because that which is cannot come from that which is not.
There has never been a time when man was not aware of an ultimate reality upon which he depended for his existence.
The first name man gave to that ultimate reality was God. In every language and culture, God was a father who lived in the sky. But if God was a father, did he have a beard? If God was a father, did he have a wife? The first attempt to deduce the characteristics of God from the world man knew, ended up in the dead end known as mythology, whose best expression was Homer's Iliad. At around the same time that Homer's epic went from oral to written form, a group of Greeks in Ionia on the coast of Asia Minor abandoned mythology and began to look for some substance in nature as the basis for ultimate reality. Thales of Miletus said it was water. Anaxamines said it was air, and Heraclitus said it was fire, but fire was an expression of something more basic, and he claimed that the most basic principle of all was Logos.
Five hundred years later, St. John the Evangelist brought this discussion full circle when he said that in the beginning there was Logos, and Logos was God. God, it turns out, was a father, but he didn't have a beard or a wife. God was Logos.
Logos wasn't simply an abstract principle like geometry or physics, although it certainly was both of those things. Logos was a person who had the power to bring that plan into fulfillment over the course of human history. Time was no longer just the number of motion, as Aristotle claimed. Time was a drama with a beginning, a middle, and an end. It was like the Greek plays Aristotle described in his Poetics. And because we were creatures of Logos we could now understand that plan in the same way that the Greeks of Athens understood Oedipus Rex. The history of logos found its culmination in the logos of history. Logos is rising.
Logos Rising: A History of Ultimate Reality describes the tragic and yet ultimately triumphant progress of Logos in human history, from the beginning of everything, to the emergence of the concept, to the Democratic primary of 2020.
784 Pages - Hardcover Book w/ Dust Jacket
Causa Nostrae Laetitiae: Our Blessed Mothe...
The Circles of Study: Engines of the Crusa...
Why I Never Followed the Novus Ordo Mass MP3


About the research program
Trends in Economic Evaluation
Publications about PEDE
Project support and the team
Welcome to the PEDE Project
Methods for the conduct of economic evaluations have evolved over time to improve the quality of evidence for allocation decisions. However, child health differs from adult health in important ways. As a result, there are aspects to the measurement of costs and consequences that are unique to the paediatric population.
The goal of the Paediatric Economic Database Evaluation (PEDE) Project is to provide tools and promote research to advance the field of child health economic evaluation.
The PEDE database contains detailed information on over 3,000 paediatric economic evaluations published over the past 30 years. It also includes an inventory of health state utility weights reported in cost-utility analyses.
The PEDE research program is focused on identifying trends in publication, developing tools for quality appraisal, and addressing the challenges surrounding health state valuation in children.
PEDE was voted "Website of the Month" in December 2018 by the Health Economics and Decision Science Group of School of Health and Related Research (ScHARR) at the University of Sheffield, UK
This web application was created by, and is maintained and hosted by the Research Institute at The Hospital for Sick Children. Terms of use
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Keep Calm and Skate On with Phil Morgan
Any skaters out there? This next artist is for you. Based in Wales, UK, illustrator Phil Morgan embodies the spirit of punk rock and skate. "I grew up skateboarding from the age of eight years old," he stated once, in an interview with Another Fine Mess. "I was in a band through my twenties also, but I don't play music anymore."
According to Morgan, skateboarding also played a central role in his artistic upbringing. "Skateboarding actually got me back into my art about six years ago when I designed a bunch of skate graphics for my friend's skate company called Crayon Skateboards," he explains. "I always dreamed of one day seeing my art on a wizz plank."
Vans Park Series 2018. Huntington Beach, California. @vans @vansparkseries #vans
A post shared by Philip Morgan (@pmillustration) on Oct 4, 2018 at 2:43pm PDT
He took off from there, with his work soon attracting skate and surf companies alike, including Vans, Toy Machine, and Santa Cruz Skateboards. He has also caught the attention of more mainstream brands, collaborating with brands and publications like the Washington Post, Urban Outfitters, and Dr. Martens.
His work itself is varied, employing various techniques and mediums: anything from murals and installations to paintings and screen prints. There's often an air of nostalgia to his work, with references to a time gone by and nods to punk rock icons like The Ramones, and Fugazi. There's also a layer of humor in his work, which adds to its overall appeal.
"I try to add a lot of humor in my illustrations which I guess also reflects what type of person I am," Morgan says. "I don't take things too seriously." This is the kind of creative attitude we want in our feed!
A post shared by Philip Morgan (@pmillustration) on Oct 19, 2020 at 1:00am PDT
Hand painted over a photo of @leoromero taken by @lacay.o 📷
A post shared by Philip Morgan (@pmillustration) on Sep 24, 2020 at 1:31pm PDT
New stuff hitting the @cardiffskateboardclub store soon. Watch this space folks @thisiswhitemike #thistimenextyearwellbemillionaires
A post shared by Philip Morgan (@pmillustration) on Nov 20, 2018 at 2:40pm PST
' Fugazi '
A post shared by Philip Morgan (@pmillustration) on Oct 16, 2018 at 11:48am PDT
' Later Skater ' Throwaway scribbles… #skateboarding #laterskater
A post shared by Philip Morgan (@pmillustration) on Feb 22, 2018 at 1:58pm PST
Illustartor
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Caleb McLaughlin: Bio, Height, Weight, Age, Measurements
Caleb McLaughlin is an American actor and singer, best known for his role as Lucas Sinclair in the Netflix science fiction horror web television series Stranger Things. He played Jay-Jay on NBC's Shades of Blue starring Jennifer Lopez. In 2017, McLaughlin appeared as young Ricky Bell in the BET miniseries The New Edition Story. Born Caleb Reginald McLaughlin on October 13, 2001 in Carmel Hamlet, New York, to parents April and Corey McLaughlin, he has two sisters named Caitlyn and Crystal and a brother named Corey McLaughlin Jr. He studied dance at The Harlem School of the Arts (HSA). He began his acting career when he appeared in an opera called Lost in the Stars in Cooperstown, New York at the Glimmerglass Opera House. He then appeared as "Young Simba" in the Broadway musical The Lion King.
Caleb McLaughlin
Caleb McLaughlin Personal Details:
Birth Place: Carmel Hamlet, New York, USA
Residence: New York City, New York, USA
Birth Name: Caleb Reginald McLaughlin
Nickname: Caleb
Occupation: Actor, Singer
Race/Ethnicity: Black
Caleb McLaughlin Body Statistics:
Shoe Size: Unknown
Caleb McLaughlin Family Details:
Father: Corey McLaughlin Sr.
Mother: April McLaughlin
Siblings: Corey McLaughlin Jr. (Older Brother), Caitlyn McLaughlin (Sister), Crystal McLaughlin (Sister)
Caleb McLaughlin Education:
Kent Primary School
George Fischer Middle School
Happy Feet Dance School
The Harlem School of the Arts (HSA)
Caleb McLaughlin Facts:
*He was born on October 13, 2001 in Carmel Hamlet, New York, USA.
*He is the son of April and Corey McLaughlin.
*His full name is Caleb Reginald McLaughlin.
*He moved to New York City from a small rural town in New York after fifth grade.
*He trained as a dancer at The Harlem School of the Arts.
*Played Young Simba in the Broadway production of the musical, The Lion King, between 2012 and 2014.
*Starred as Lucas Sinclair in the Netflix series Stranger Things.
*Follow him on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram.


Update! Richard Hammond "Fighting For His Life" After 280 Mph Jet-Car Crash
Ray Wert
Filed to:News
According to the paragon of plebian pulp, London's Evening Standard, after our earlier report of the 280mph car crash in the Vampire jet-carTop Gear co-host Richard Hammond is
Breaking! Top Gear Presenter Richard Hammond In Car Crash
The BBC just sent this out over the wire:
"...fighting for his life...after an attempt to break the land speed record ended in disaster.
Hammond, who was filming for a forthcoming episode of the BBC2 show, crashed at speeds of up to 280mph, overturning his jet-powered car several times."
We still know next to nothing about the severity of Hammond's injuries, and calls placed to people we know at the show, as well as to BBC PR reps have yielded nothing but a busy number, an answering machine and one very upset woman yelling something about a wrong number in cockney. And after just taking a look at the BBC's site, we're even more worried as they've now placed a "Profile" piece up on Hammond. Although we now know he's the proud owner of a '69 Dodge Charger — here in the US, a "Profile" piece is usually reserved for times when there's a genuine fear someone may be...
...leaving this plane of existence. We're hoping in the UK it's a sign of good luck or maybe that they're getting ready to serve fish n' chips at the pub.
The only good news we've seen have come from a couple of the show's crew members who claim they saw Hammond walk from the vehicle to the ambulance, contradicting the "fighting for his life" and "critical condition" reports we've also seen. We're hoping the crew saw it right and it wasn't just a paramedic who happened to be the same height as Hammond. Keep checking back here as we'll be keeping tabs on the story throughout the night.
Top Gear's Richard Hammond critical after 280mph crash [Evening Standard]
Profile: Richard Hammond [BBC]
UPDATE: Huzzah! Richard Hammond Now Described In "Stable Condition" After Jet-Car Crash
Huzzah! Richard Hammond Now Described In "Stable Condition" After Jet-Car Crash
We've got the first confirmed good news of the evening — the BBC is now reporting a hospital…
UPDATE #2: Scene Of The Crash: BBC Video Report On Richard Hammond
Scene Of The Crash: BBC Video Report On Richard Hammond; Doctors Report "Significant Brain Injury&...
The Beeb's got a new report up with some blurry crash scene footage, some stock footage of the…
Update! Sky News Reports Top Gear's Richard Hammond Driving Vampire Jet Car At 280 Mph At Time Of Accident; Breaking! Top Gear Presenter Richard Hammond In Car Crash; Richard Hammond [internal]


How To Become A DNA Analyst?
A Scientist known as forensic DNA analyst are tasked with gathering biological data as part of a criminal inquiry. Law enforcement may use information from forensic DNA analysts' DNA analyses to identify a victim or a perpetrator.
DNA, which can be found in hair, blood, tissue, and body fluids, is akin to a person's unique biological signature. Using a biological sample, forensic DNA analysts can isolate a person's DNA and compare it to DNA from other samples they have gathered as well as data from a national DNA database to finally identify the DNA sample.
Positioning a suspect at a crime scene is utilized to strengthen the case. It can even be used to find a victim's DNA on a suspect's belongings, vehicle, or house. The expertise of a forensic DNA analyzer is frequently essential to a crime scene investigation since the findings are precise, unmistakable, and admissible in court.
DNA analysts are educated experts who analyze DNA samples to support the identification of a person. They frequently do their duties at crime labs where prospective culprits are identified using DNA. They compare the identification of the sample to other recognized DNA samples after testing various DNA samples.
They can give law enforcement a certain identity when a match is made. DNA analyzers may work at hospitals, police stations, privately held forensic labs, forensic crime labs, or forensic crime laboratories. Most DNA analysts are employed by regional governments. DNA analyzers are required to have a formal education and relevant professional experience.
The Job of a Forensic DNA Analyst
In forensic crime labs, forensic DNA analysts perform analyses on samples collected from crime scenes. While some forensic DNA analyzers work for privately owned forensic laboratories, the majority of them are employed by local, state, or federal law enforcement or governmental organizations.
Work as a forensic DNA analyst involves performing a variety of specialized DNA assays, such as fluorescence DNA analysis, PCR amplification, and DNA purification. Forensic DNA analyzers organize and examine DNA evidence using special laboratory techniques and stringent protocols. Since the test results may be used as evidence in court, all findings must be recorded and disclosed.
To support the conclusions of their DNA studies, these experts may also be required to testify in court as experts.
Jobs as a forensic DNA analyst involve:
Must adhere to all laboratory safety procedures and other norms and regulations.
Interpret and analyze data
Determine the issues that can impair test performance and fix them.
Engage in forensic casework to communicate with investigators
Implement and follow programs for quality assurance.
When necessary, testify in court
Reviewing quality control and safety procedures with peers
The Educational Path for Forensic DNA Analysts
Forensic DNA analysts must have a formal education through a four-year degree in:
Microbiology, biochemistry, immunology, and infectious illnesses are among the topics covered in these programs' coursework, which places a heavy emphasis on lab work. Candidates for forensic DNA analyst roles must have good written and spoken communication skills since these laboratory experts must be able to discuss their findings and deliver expert testimony in a court of law.
The following are just a few examples of undergraduate degrees someone may choose to pursue employment as a forensic DNA analyst:
Bachelor of Science in Biology, DNA Analysis Methods
Bachelor of Science in Biological Sciences
Bachelor of Science in Forensic Science
Bachelor of Science in Molecular Biology
Most jobs in this profession need at least two years of full-time experience working with forensic cases, and many firms impose graduate-level education requirements in molecular biology, genetics, statistics, and biochemistry as a requirement for employment.
People who are interested in working as forensic DNA analyzers frequently enroll in the following graduate programs:
Master of Science in Forensic Science
Master of Science in Forensic and Conservation Genetics
Master of Science in Forensic Analysis
Master of Science in Molecular Biology
Master of Science in Human and Molecular Genetics
Master of Science in Biomedical Sciences
Master of Science in Medical Genetics
Master of Science in Analytical and Forensic Science
Licensure, Certification, and Continuing Education
Although certification and licensing are not often mandated for DNA analyzers, there are several options accessible to individuals who desire voluntary certification. Credential requirements can differ from one jurisdiction to another. The following organizations offer certification for DNA analysts.
American Board of Criminalistics (ABC)
International Association for Identification (IAI)
American Board of Medico legal Death Investigators (ABMDI)
American Board of Forensic Toxicology (ABFT)
American Board of Forensic Document Examiners (ABFDE)
Board of Forensic Document Examiners (BDFE)
International Board of Forensic Engineering Sciences
American Board of Forensic Odontology (ABFO)
The aforementioned organizations each provide a range of certificates. The ABC is the organization that certifies DNA analysts the most frequently. They provide certification at the diplomate, fellow, and affiliate levels. The analyst must fulfill the prerequisites and pass the relevant certification examinations to be qualified for these credentials. For instance, a bachelor's degree and two years of experience in this industry are prerequisites for the diplomate.
DNA analyzers must regularly stay up-to-date on new methods and technology, which necessitates that they go to conferences and pursue continuous education. Most certifications are only good for a few years. The analysts must also finish continuing education requirements to keep certifications.
Whenever body fluid-containing crime scene evidence is discovered, a DNA analyzer is contacted. A DNA analyzer extracts the DNA from the supplied sample using a specific extraction method, then employs chemicals and equipment to determine the fluid's source. Frequently, DNA samples from suspects are also checked for comparison. Since DNA analysis is used as evidence in court proceedings, thorough documentation about the testing procedure, sample handling, storage, and quality control are required.
Sometimes, DNA experts are called to testify in court regarding the findings and are subjected to cross-examination about probable testing factors by the other side. DNA analysts typically spend the daytime hours in a lab. On rare occasions, they may be asked to assist at a crime scene or work on the weekends and holidays.
Job Duties of DNA Analyst
The majority of an analyst's time is spent cataloging and examining DNA evidence in a lab. Since the results of the analysis might be used in court to establish the guilt or innocence of suspects, analysts are required to adhere to stringent regulations for the custody of the evidence, testing techniques, and reporting criteria. Every stage of the process, including when the sample was received, the sample's quality, the tests run, and the test findings, must be recorded and reported. As expert witnesses in court, analysts are frequently called to testify about the results of a particular DNA analysis.
Analysts also carry out routine upkeep and quality control inspections in the lab. They keep up with each piece of equipment, look for deterioration, and order replacements as necessary. Analysts frequently conduct peer evaluations of one other's findings to ensure that each analysis is carried out correctly. Retesting samples and double-checking the findings reports are two examples of this.
Day in the Life of a DNA Analyst
We have all seen crime dramas on TV when a DNA analyst is doing a test to either confirm or deny paternity, to assist in the investigation of rape or simply to offer evidence in a criminal case. Although it may be a television program for our amusement, it still closely resembles a DNA analyst's typical workday. The majority of their time is spent in laboratories performing DNA analysis, cataloging, and documentation.
DNA analysts frequently have to appear in court to testify about their findings because numerous DNA tests are used to determine whether a suspect is guilty or innocent. DNA analyzers are required to abide by stringent rules and norms involving testing practices, evidence custody, and reporting requirements because their testimonies are utilized in legal proceedings. The analysts are required to record each step of the process.
Time of test
Sample Quality
Type of test performed
Everyone who handled the sample
The DNA analyst's duties also include checking that all testing equipment is operating properly and doing regular maintenance on it. The analyst must order new components or ask for replacement equipment if they get worn or damaged.
DNA analyzers, often known as forensic biologists, play a significant role in the criminal justice system. As soon as a crime is reported, they get to work. Until the DNA analyst arrives to collect all potentially relevant DNA, people are typically instructed not to touch anything at the crime site. They return to their labs with the samples, where they get to work. Different DNA samples, including those from hair follicles, blood, saliva, or other physiological fluids, are recognized by DNA analysts. DNA experts are frequently asked to examine DNA samples to establish paternity.
DNA analyzers perform lab and field work as well as give testimony in courtroom proceedings to judges and juries on the outcomes of their work. DNA analysts often work a standard 9 to 5 shift, however, they can be compelled to work nights or weekends if it will help solve a crime.
In the same category as forensic science technicians, who examine evidence to connect suspects to specific crimes or crime scenes, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) includes DNA analyzers. The Bureau projects a 17% increase in employment for forensic science technicians from 2016 to 2026. Government officials require additional forensic science specialists, such as DNA analyzers, to aid in crime-solving as the number of crimes rises every year. By the year 2026, there should be an increase in the employment of forensic science technicians of about 2,600. Salary Information for Forensic DNA Examiners
The average yearly wage for biological technologists, as of May 2010, was $39,020, with the top 10% making more than $62,890, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The BLS also said that forensic science technicians earned an average yearly pay of $51,570 during that time, with the top 10 percent earning more than $82,990. Between 2010 and 2010, both professions are anticipated to expand at a pace of roughly 19 percent, which is about average for all occupations.
The average pay for forensic DNA analysts may be better highlighted by looking at recent job advertisements. The following income ranges for forensic DNA analysts are shown in the most recent job listings:
Private Indiana laboratory: $55,000
County medical examiner's office in Pennsylvania: $35,820-$59,880
County sheriff's office in Colorado: $81,840
Public safety department in Utah, city: $41,548–$77,568
Local criminal laboratory in Louisiana: $53,002
Forensic DNA Analysts' Resources
Forensic DNA analyzers frequently join trade organizations to:
Keep up to date with the most recent forensic science and DNA analysis methodologies, techniques, and procedures.
Encourage the sharing of knowledge on research and new advancements in the field
Keep up with the most recent legal developments involving DNA analysis.
Establish a network with other
Industry experts and pursue formal education and additional training
Participate in annual events and guest talks.
Through the following organizations, DNA analysts can access a multitude of information and networking opportunities:
Forensic DNA analysts and administrators association
Association of Crime Analysts International and
the American Academy of Forensic Sciences
How To Get Job In Forensic Field (CFSL or CBI)
How to become a Forensic Scientist?
Career as Forensic Scientist – Good or Bad


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Home/technology/Review of 5 Best Quadcopters and Drones for 2023
Review of 5 Best Quadcopters and Drones for 2023
Marisoll AndreassMarch 25, 2020
Source: dronesforsalereview.com
Want to take awesome pictures and stunning stills? Is anything there to capture images and videos from the sky? If yes, what is that? It's nothing but a quadcopter. Yes, the quadcopter allows you to take pictures and videos from the sky. Are you an aerial photographer? Are you looking for the best quadcopter with the camera? Well, you've come to the right place.
This article is about Quadcopter with cameras and it tells you everything about quadcopter and the Top 5 quadcopter with the camera.
Are you ready to know? Lets' go and read.
Brands and types of quadcopters
Source: m.economictimes.com
There are several numbers of quadcopters are available with excellent features and a numerous number of brands are offering quadcopters with updated features. Some of the excellent brands of the quadcopter are as follows:
DBPOWER
Applications of quadcopters
Source: droneomega.com
Quadcopters are mainly used in many numbers of places and it helps people in a large number. Some of the places are listed below:
It is widely used in real estate photography
Search/Rescue missions
To explore Lava lakes
In surveillance
Construction/Surveying
Product/Food delivery
News and Sports
What are factors do I need to consider?
Source: real.de
We all know that while buying a product, we have to check the features of the product so that we can know more about the product. Finally, we can able to decide which product is best to buy and use. When it comes to choosing an excellent quadcopter for you, you need to consider the following features.
Source: 3dprint.com
We all know that the design of the product is very important and it gives a nice look to the product. At first, you need to consider the design of the product. It is best to buy a quadcopter that features an elegant, compact, and sleek design.
2. Charging time and Flight time
Source: stephenrimmer.com
Next, you have to consider the charging and flight duration time of the quadcopter. Each branded quadcopter features with different charging and flying time. So, choosing the best one is all up to you.
3. Headless mode and the remote control
These two features are considered as the most important features of the quadcopter. A quadcopter with the headless mode is very beneficial for the beginners and there is no need to adjust the position of the quadcopter before flying.
Remote control feature allows you to control the quadcopter so that you can easily monitor your quadcopter from where you are.
4. Battery
Check that the battery of the quadcopter is excellent or not.
5. Powerful motor and anti-interference
While buying the quadcopter, it is very important to consider the motor and anti-interference features of the quadcopter.
6. HD camera
It is also one of the important features of the quadcopter. A quadcopter with the HD camera allows you to take pictures and record videos in an efficient manner.
Top 5 Quadcopters with Camera
Source: mydronelab.com
In the above part, we've discussed the uses and features of the quadcopter in detail. Are you seeking for the best quadcopter? Can't find the right one that suits your needs? Don't get worried. In this part, I'm going to tell you the topmost quadcopters with excellent features. They are as follows:
Holy Stone HS170 Predator Mini RC Helicopter
Holystone provides high-quality quadcopters with a built-in HD camera so that you can use this quadcopter anywhere to capture images with a high-quality.
Here are some of the features of the Holy Stone HS170 Predator Mini RC Helicopter that help you to choose the best quadcopter for you.
It is a tremendous quadcopter for beginners.
Charging time is quite awesome and it charges fast.
It is very durable and it is cost inexpensive to buy.
If you wish to know more features of the product, simply click the link.
DJI Phantom 3 Professional Quadcopter Drone
Source: dji.com
DJI is the leading provider of easy-to-fly drones and aerial photography systems and it provides quadcopters with several updated features. Here, I'm going to introduce you DJI Phantom 3 professional quadcopter drone.
Below are some of the features of the DJI Phantom 3 Professional Quadcopter Drone.
The Video transmission system is quite awesome in this product.
It captures photos and records videos in high-quality.
Click the link if you want to know more about the DJI Phantom 3 Professional Quadcopter Drone.
SYMA Gyro RC Quadcopter with HD Camera
SYMA is another top leading provider of aerial photography systems and SYMA provides one excellent version called SYMA Gyro RC Quadcopter with HD camera.
It is durable and flexible and it features with an FPV.
This is inexpensive to buy and it hovers easily.
Quality is great in this product.
UDI U818A Quadcopter
Source: powerdronesales.com
UDI provides excellent aerial photography systems and UDI U818A quadcopter is one of the best products of the UDI. Below are some of the features of the UDI U818A quadcopter.
It is easy to set up and easy to operate.
Charging time and the flight duration time is quite awesome.
This quadcopter is really very nice for the money.
Cheerson CX-10 RC Quadcopter
Cheerson is also the leading provider of the Quadcopter and here, we're going to discuss the features of the Cheerson CX-10 RC Quadcopter.
It is durable and it is easy to set up.
The bright orange color is quite attractive.
It can be operated easily and it features an excellent remote control.
Charging time and the flight duration time is quite excellent.
It is suitable for the child under age 15.
Click here to know more features and pros of the "Cheerson CX-10 RC Quadcopter".
Final conclusion
Quadcopters play an essential role in many commercial places. With the use of a quadcopter, we can explore the skies. A quadcopter with HD camera plays a major role in most commercial places and allows you to capture and record what's happening in the world from the sky. The quadcopter is an obvious choice for aerial photographers who want to explore more from the skies.
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GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. v. JOINER (96-188)
78 F.3d 524, reversed and remanded.
[ Rehnquist ]
[ Breyer ]
[ Stevens ]
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in the preliminary print of the United States Reports. Readers are requested to notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of the United States, Washington, D. C. 20543, of any typographical or other formal errors, in order that corrections may be made before the preliminary print goes to press.
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY, et al., PETITIONERS v. ROBERT K. JOINER et ux.
ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT
We granted certiorari in this case to determine what standard an appellate court should apply in reviewing a trial court's decision to admit or exclude expert testimony under Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993). We hold that abuse of discretion is the appropriate standard. We apply this standard and conclude that the District Court in this case did not abuse
its discretion when it excluded certain proffered expert testimony.
Respondent Robert Joiner began work as an electrician in the Water & Light Department of Thomasville, Georgia (City) in 1973. This job required him to work with and around the City's electrical transformers, which used a mineral-based dielectric fluid as a coolant. Joiner often had to stick his hands and arms into the fluid to make repairs. The fluid would sometimes splash onto him, occasionally getting into his eyes and mouth. In 1983 the City discovered that the fluid in some of the transformers was contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). PCBs are widely considered to be hazardous to human health. Congress, with limited exceptions, banned the production and sale of PCBs in 1978. See 90 Stat. 2020, 15 U.S.C. § 2605(e)(2)(A).
Joiner was diagnosed with small cell lung cancer in 1991. He1 sued petitioners in Georgia state court the following year. Petitioner Monsanto manufactured PCBs from 1935 to 1977; petitioners General Electric and Westinghouse Electric manufactured transformers and dielectric fluid. In his complaint Joiner linked his development of cancer to his exposure to PCBs and their derivatives, polychlorinated dibenzofurans (furans) and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (dioxins). Joiner had been a smoker for approximately eight years, his parents had both been smokers, and there was a history of lung cancer in his family. He was thus perhaps already at a heightened risk of developing lung cancer eventually. The suit alleged that his exposure to PCBs "promoted" his cancer; had it not been for his exposure to these substances, his cancer would not have developed for many years, if at all.
Petitioners removed the case to federal court. Once there, they moved for summary judgment. They contended that (1) there was no evidence that Joiner suffered significant exposure to PCBs, furans, or dioxins, and (2) there was no admissible scientific evidence that PCBs promoted Joiner's cancer. Joiner responded that there were numerous disputed factual issues that required resolution by a jury. He relied largely on the testimony of expert witnesses. In depositions, his experts had testified that PCBs alone can promote cancer and that furans and dioxins can also promote cancer. They opined that since Joiner had been exposed to PCBs, furans, and dioxins, such exposure was likely responsible for Joiner's cancer.
The District Court ruled that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Joiner had been exposed to PCBs. But it nevertheless granted summary judgment for petitioners because (1) there was no genuine issue as to whether Joiner had been exposed to furans and dioxins, and (2) the testimony of Joiner's experts had failed to show that there was a link between exposure to PCBs and small cell lung cancer. The court believed that the testimony of respondent's experts to the contrary did not rise above "subjective belief or unsupported speculation." 864 F. Supp. 1310, 1329 (ND Ga. 1994). Their testimony was therefore inadmissible.
The Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit reversed. 78 F.3d 524 (1996). It held that "[b]ecause the Federal Rules of Evidence governing expert testimony display a preference for admissibility, we apply a particularly stringent standard of review to the trial judge's exclusion of expert testimony." Id. at 529. Applying that standard, the Court of Appeals held that the District Court had erred in excluding the testimony of Joiner's expert witnesses. The District Court had made two fundamental errors. First, it excluded the experts' testimony because it "drew different conclusions from the research than did each of the experts." The Court of Appeals opined that a district court should limit its role to determining the "legal reliability of proffered expert testimony, leaving the jury to decide the correctness of competing expert opinions." Id. at 533. Second, the District Court had held that there was no genuine issue of material fact as to whether Joiner had been exposed to furans and dioxins. This was also incorrect, said the Court of Appeals, because testimony in the record supported the proposition that there had been such exposure.
We granted petitioners' petition for a writ of certiorari, 520 U.S. _____ (1997), and we now reverse.
Petitioners challenge the standard applied by the Court of Appeals in reviewing the District Court's decision to exclude respondent's experts' proffered testimony. They argue that that court should have applied traditional "abuse of discretion" review. Respondent agrees that abuse of discretion is the correct standard of review. He contends, however, that the Court of Appeals applied an abuse of discretion standard in this case. As he reads it, the phrase "particularly stringent" announced no new standard of review. It was simply an acknowledgement that an appellate court can and will devote more resources to analyzing district court decisions that are dispositive of the entire litigation. All evidentiary decisions are reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. He argues, however, that it is perfectly reasonable for appellate courts to give particular attention to those decisions that are outcome-determinative.
We have held that abuse of discretion is the proper standard of review of a district court's evidentiary rulings. Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. ____, ____ n. 1 (1997) (slip op., at 1—2, n.1), United States v. Abel, 469 U.S. 45, 54 (1984). Indeed, our cases on the subject go back as far as Spring Co. v. Edgar, 99 U.S. 645, 658 (1879) where we said that "cases arise where it is very much a matter of discretion with the court whether to receive or exclude the evidence; but the appellate court will not reverse in such a case, unless the ruling is manifestly erroneous." The Court of Appeals suggested that Daubert somehow altered this general rule in the context of a district court's decision to exclude scientific evidence. But Daubert did not address the standard of appellate review for evidentiary rulings at all. It did hold that the "austere" Frye standard of "general acceptance" had not been carried over into the Federal Rules of Evidence. But the opinion also said:
"That the Frye test was displaced by the Rules of Evidence does not mean, however, that the Rules themselves place no limits on the admissibility of purportedly scientific evidence. Nor is the trial judge disabled from screening such evidence. To the contrary, under the Rules the trial judge must ensure that any and all scientific testimony or evidence admitted is not only relevant, but reliable." 509 U.S., at 589 (footnote omitted).
Thus, while the Federal Rules of Evidence allow district courts to admit a somewhat broader range of scientific testimony than would have been admissible under Frye, they leave in place the "gatekeeper" role of the trial judge in screening such evidence. A court of appeals applying "abuse of discretion" review to such rulings may not categorically distinguish between rulings allowing expert testimony and rulings which disallow it. Compare Beech Aircraft Corp v. Rainey, 488 U.S. 153, 172 (1988) (applying abuse of discretion review to a lower court's decision to exclude evidence) with United States v. Abel, supra at 54 (applying abuse of discretion review to a lower court's decision to admit evidence). We likewise reject respondent's argument that because the granting of summary judgment in this case was "outcome determinative," it should have been subjected to a more searching standard of review. On a motion for summary judgment, disputed issues of fact are resolved against the moving party–here, petitioners. But the question of admissibility of expert testimony is not such an issue of fact, and is reviewable under the abuse of discretion standard.
We hold that the Court of Appeals erred in its review of the exclusion of Joiner's experts' testimony. In applying an overly "stringent" review to that ruling, it failed to give the trial court the deference that is the hallmark of abuse of discretion review. See, e.g., Koon v. United States, 518 U.S. ____, ____ (1996)(slip op., at 14—15).
We believe that a proper application of the correct standard of review here indicates that the District Court did not abuse its discretion. Joiner's theory of liability was that his exposure to PCBs and their derivatives "promoted" his development of small cell lung cancer. In support of that theory he proffered the deposition testimony of expert witnesses. Dr. Arnold Schecter testified that he believed it "more likely than not that Mr. Joiner's lung cancer was causally linked to cigarette smoking and PCB exposure." App. at 107. Dr. Daniel Teitelbaum testified that Joiner's "lung cancer was caused by or contributed to in a significant degree by the materials with which he worked." Id. at 140.
Petitioners contended that the statements of Joiner's experts regarding causation were nothing more than speculation. Petitioners criticized the testimony of the experts in that it was "not supported by epidemiological studies . . . [and was] based exclusively on isolated studies of laboratory animals." Joiner responded by claiming that his experts had identified "relevant animal studies which support their opinions." He also directed the court's attention to four epidemiological studies2 on which his experts had relied.
The District Court agreed with petitioners that the animal studies on which respondent's experts relied did not support his contention that exposure to PCBs had contributed to his cancer. The studies involved infant mice that had developed cancer after being exposed to PCBs. The infant mice in the studies had had massive doses of PCBs injected directly into their peritoneums3 or stomachs. Joiner was an adult human being whose alleged exposure to PCBs was far less than the exposure in the animal studies. The PCBs were injected into the mice in a highly concentrated form. The fluid with which Joiner had come into contact generally had a much smaller PCB concentration of between 0—500 parts per million. The cancer that these mice developed was alveologenic adenomas; Joiner had developed small-cell carcinomas. No study demonstrated that adult mice developed cancer after being exposed to PCBs. One of the experts admitted that no study had demonstrated that PCBs lead to cancer in any other species.
Respondent failed to reply to this criticism. Rather than explaining how and why the experts could have extrapolated their opinions from these seemingly far-removed animal studies, respondent chose "to proceed as if the only issue [was] whether animal studies can ever be a proper foundation for an expert's opinion." Joiner, 864 F. Supp. at 1324. Of course, whether animal studies can ever be a proper foundation for an expert's opinion was not the issue. The issue was whether these experts' opinions were sufficiently supported by the animal studies on which they purported to rely. The studies were so dissimilar to the facts presented in this litigation that it was not an abuse of discretion for the District Court to have rejected the experts' reliance on them.
The District Court also concluded that the four epidemiological studies on which respondent relied were not a sufficient basis for the experts' opinions. The first such study involved workers at an Italian capacitor4 plant who had been exposed to PCBs. Bertazzi, Riboldi, Pesatori, Radice, & Zocchetti, Cancer Mortality of Capacitor Manufacturing Workers, 11 American Journal of Industrial Medicine 165 (1987). The authors noted that lung cancer deaths among ex-employees at the plant were higher than might have been expected, but concluded that "there were apparently no grounds for associating lung cancer deaths (although increased above expectations) and exposure in the plant." Id. at 172. Given that Bertazzi et al. were unwilling to say that PCB exposure had caused cancer among the workers they examined, their study did not support the experts' conclusion that Joiner's exposure to PCBs caused his cancer.
The second study followed employees who had worked at Monsanto's PCB production plant. J. Zack & D. Munsch, Mortality of PCB Workers at the Monsanto Plant in Sauget, Illinois (Dec. 14, 1979)(unpublished report), 3 Rec., Doc. No. 11. The authors of this study found that the incidence of lung cancer deaths among these workers was somewhat higher than would ordinarily be expected. The increase, however, was not statistically significant and the authors of the study did not suggest a link between the increase in lung cancer deaths and the exposure to PCBs.
The third and fourth studies were likewise of no help. The third involved workers at a Norwegian cable manufacturing company who had been exposed to mineral oil. Ronneberg, Andersen, Skyberg, Mortality and Incidence of Cancer Among Oil-Exposed Workers in a Norwegian Cable Manufacturing Company, 45 British Journal of Industrial Medicine 595 (1988). A statistically significant increase in lung cancer deaths had been observed in these workers. The study, however, (1) made no mention of PCBs and (2) was expressly limited to the type of mineral oil involved in that study, and thus did not support these experts' opinions. The fourth and final study involved a PCB-exposed group in Japan that had seen a statistically significant increase in lung cancer deaths. Kuratsune, Nakamura, Ikeda, & Hirohata, Analysis of Deaths Seen Among Patients with Yusho–A Preliminary Report, 16 Chemosphere, Nos. 8/9, 2085 (1987). The subjects of this study, however, had been exposed to numerous potential carcinogens, including toxic rice oil that they had ingested. Respondent points to Daubert's language that the "focus, of course, must be solely on principles and methodology, not on the conclusions that they generate." 509 U.S., at 595. He claims that because the District Court's disagreement was with the conclusion that the experts drew from the studies, the District Court committed legal error and was properly reversed by the Court of Appeals. But conclusions and methodology are not entirely distinct from one another. Trained experts commonly extrapolate from existing data. But nothing in either Daubert or the Federal Rules of Evidence requires a district court to admit opinion evidence which is connected to existing data only by the ipse dixit of the expert. A court may conclude that there is simply too great an analytical gap between the data and the opinion proffered. See Turpin v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 959 F.2d 1349, 1360 (CA 6), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 826 (1992). That is what the District Court did here, and we hold that it did not abuse its discretion in so doing.
We hold, therefore, that abuse of discretion is the proper standard by which to review a district court's decision to admit or exclude scientific evidence. We further hold that, because it was within the District Court's discretion to conclude that the studies upon which the experts relied were not sufficient, whether individually or in combination, to support their conclusions that Joiner's exposure to PCBs contributed to his cancer, the District Court did not abuse its discretion in excluding their testimony. These conclusions, however, do not dispose of this entire case.
Respondent's original contention was that his exposure to PCBs, furans, and dioxins contributed to his cancer. The District Court ruled that there was a genuine issue of material fact as to whether Joiner had been exposed to PCBs, but concluded that there was no genuine issue as to whether he had been exposed to furans and dioxins. The District Court accordingly never explicitly considered if there was admissible evidence on the question whether Joiner's alleged exposure to furans and dioxins contributed to his cancer. The Court of Appeals reversed the District Court's conclusion that there had been no exposure to furans and dioxins. Petitioners did not challenge this determination in their petition to this Court. Whether Joiner was exposed to furans and dioxins, and whether if there was such exposure, the opinions of Joiner's experts would then be admissible, remain open questions. We accordingly reverse the judgment of the Court of Appeals and remand this case for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
1. Joiner's wife was also a plaintiff in the suit and is a respondent here. For convenience, we refer to respondent in the singular.
2. Epidemiological studies examine the pattern of disease in human populations.
3. The peritoneum is the lining of the abdominal cavity.
4. A capacitor is an electrical component that stores an electric charge.


The Legends of King Arthur
Unwinding Fact from Fiction
Myths of the legendary King Arthur abound in mysterious Cornwall, he is rumoured to have been born at spectacular Tintagel Castle in North Cornwall and to have received his fatal wounds at Camelford.
The legends do have a basis in fact. Arthur did exist, a Celtic chieftain who came to lead the struggle against the invading Anglo-Saxons in the late fifth to early sixth century and there is a strong tradition that he arose in Cornwall. It is difficult to unravel legend from fact. Arthur was probably not a king but a nobleman of mixed Roman - Briton heritage who rose to prominence as a war leader, rather than a king, who lead his fellow Celts against their common enemy.
In the earliest recorded mentions of Arthur, in sixth century Welsh texts, he is never referred to as a king but as 'dux bellorum' a Roman military title for war leader, specifically applied to a cavalry commander. In the Historia Britonum, written in the ninth century, by a Welsh monk, Nennius, Arthur is referred to as the 'leader of battles' rather than a king, this source lists twelve battles against the Saxons in which he is reputed to have taken part.
The tenth century Annales Cambriae makes reference to one of his most famous victories, Mons Badonicus, or Mount Badon, it was fought as near as can be established, about 495 and is mentioned by Gildas, writing but 40 years or so later. There is no doubt that Badon was a decisive British victory.
The Arthurian legends were made popular by the Medieval monk and writer Geoffrey of Monmouth in his 'History of the Kings of Britain' written in 1135. Geoffrey dealt at length with Arthur's reign, embroidered the tale and introduced Merlin to the story, a character possibly based on the prophet Myrddin, mentioned in several old Welsh poems. Geoffrey claimed to have acquired his information from an ancient British manuscript given to him by Walter, Archdeacon of Oxford.
Geoffrey introduces all the famous names which were to appear vividly in the later Arthurian legends, his sword, Caliburn, his wife Ganhumara, Kay, Bedevere and Gawain. He also takes Medraut, a name that occurs in the old Welsh annals, and turns him into Mordred, Arthur's nephew and implacable foe. Sir Thomas Malory's 'Le Morte d'Arthur' became one of Caxton's first publications after the invention of the printing press in the late Middle Ages and enjoyed huge popularity. Succesive ages added and embroidered the legend.
There are many candidates for the legendary Camelot in the county of Cornwall. A place name which appears often in Arthurian legend is that of Carlyon, this is an earthwork south of the River Fal.
Atmospheric Tintagel Castle on the North Cornish coast has long been associated with Arthur and his father Uther Pendragon although no archaeological evidence has been unearthed to support the theory. The present castle is in fact medieval, built by Richard, Earl of Cornwall, the brother of King Henry III, but occupies the site of an earlier Dark Age fortress.
The castle stands on a dramatic and atmospheric site, perched high on a rocky headland rising high above the Atlantic which is linked to the mainland by a ithmus of rock.
The Dark Age remains stand on the exposed headland known as the island and are reached via a bridge. They appear as low drystone walls. Geoffrey of Monmouth describes the castle of Arthur's legendary conception as 'built high above the sea which surrounds it on all sides' .
Although historical facts are scarce, concerning the Dark Age Castle, legend surrounds it, which relate that Arthur's father, Uther Pendragon, fell in love with the beautiful Igraine, the wife of Gorlois of Cornwall and was determined to have her. Arthur was concieved as a result of Uther's entering the castle secretly at night with the aid of Merlin.
Excavations in the 1930's confirmed Dark Age occupation of the site and uncovered the remains of a sixth century monastery. Pottery found at the Tintagel site was dated to the 5th and 6th centuries - the time of Arthur. In the 1990's excavations lead to the discovery of an inscription on a piece of slate which reads 'ARTOgNOV' a Latin form of the Celtic name Arthnou, derived from the Celtic word Arth, meaning bear.
. The finest hill fort in Cornwall is that of Castle-an-Dinas, near St. Magwan, which has also been suggested as a candidate for Arthur's base. Standing seven hundred feet high it occupies a commanding position.
Many writers asscociate Arthur's fabled stronghold with Cadbury Castle in Somerset, originally an Iron Age fort. Excavations took place there in the 1960's and the fort was proved to have been re-fortified in the era of Arthur.
At a cross roads around two miles from Castle Dore, the fortress of King Mark of Cornwall, near Fowey, stands a seven feet long stone pillar known as the Tristan Stone on which is carved the Latin inscription 'Drustans Hic lacit/Cunomori Filius' (Here lies Drustan son of Commorus) Comnmorus has been identified as Mark of Cornwall and Drustan as the Tristram of Arthurian legend. The stone did not always stand in its present position, but is known to have been moved from nearby the exact position has not been recorded.
Opposite the Jamaica Inn there is a road which leads to one of Cornwall's mysteries - Dozmary Pool can be reached via a road opposite the Jamaica Inn. The pool is reputed to be where the reluctant Bedevere tossed Arthur's sword on the orders of the mortally wounded king following his last battle. The Pool is said to have been fourteen fathoms deep, but it's existence is an enigma, as no stream flows into the pool nor does it drain any part of the moor. Dozmary was first used by Neolithic man and many artefacts relating to their habitation have been found at the site. Dozmary possesses a strange unearthly beauty, the legends of King Arthur and his famous sword Excalibur are firmly associated with it.
Slaughterbridge- the Site of Arthur's Last Battle?
The medieval writer, Geoffrey of Monmouth, in his famous 'History of the Kings of Britain' informs us that the legendary King Arthur's last battle, known as the Battle of Camlann, which legend states was fought against against his nephew and mortal foe, Mordred, took place at a site beside a river in Cornwall.
No river with such a name exists in modern day Cornwall, but the reference is understood by many to refer to the River Camel. Local legends abound that the Dark Age battle was fought in a water meadow beside the Slaughter Bridge.
On the stream bed lies a sixth century inscribed stone, said to mark the spot were Arthur fell after meeting Morded in battle.
Discrepancy exists as to the actual date of the battle. The Annals of Wales claim it was fought in 539 A.D. , whilst the Annals of Ulster record it by another name, the Battle of Manann, and date its occurence as 582 A.D. Adomnal, a monk who wrote in the seventh century, describes Arthur's death in the battle. Later accounts of the battle occur in Geoffrey of Monmouth's 'History of the Kings of Britain' and the thirteenth century Welsh tale 'The Dream of Rhonabwy.
English Monarchs Comprehensive Site on the Kings and Queens of England
King Arthur - Fact and Legend
Pendragon Castle, Cumbria