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The Federal Trade Commission Finally Wins One
The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has been on a mission over the past decade, to eradicate a practice it believes is anticompetitive. That practice relates to so-called "reverse payments" (also known as "pay-for-delay" arrangements, ala those who term non-practice entities "trolls") between innovator pharmaceutical companies and generic drugmakers in ANDA litigation brought under 35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2). Despite a ban on such agreements being part of the Obama administration's budget for the past few years, neither Congress nor the courts have been willing to adopt the FTC's stance on the purported anticompetitiveness of such agreements. Indeed, most courts that have considered the issue disagreed with the FTC's position, based on their assessment that, on average, generic drugs actually come on the market sooner than they would if the patentee retained its exclusivity for the full scope of the patent term. This rationale has been applied, in varying degrees, by the Second, Eleventh, and Federal Circuits, in Valley Drug Co. v. Geneva Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 344 F.3d 1294 (11th Cir. 2003); Schering-Plough Corp. v. Federal Trade Commission, 402 F.3d 1056 (11th Cir. 2005); In re Tamoxifen Citrate Antitrust Litigation, 466 F.3d 187 (2d Cir. 2006), Arkansas Carpenters Health & Welfare Fund v. Bayer AG, 604 F.3d 98, 105 (2d Cir. 2010); and In re Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride Antitrust Litigation, 544 F.3d 1323 (Fed. Cir. 2008). Where a court has found a reverse payment agreement to be anticompetitive, In re Cardizem CD Antitrust Litigation, 332 F.3d 896 (6th Cir. 2003), the facts of the case distinguished the behavior of these parties from the behavior of the other parties involved in such agreements.
That was the situation until yesterday, where a three-judge panel of the Third Circuit agreed with the FTC's position and reversed a finding by the District Court that the reverse payment agreement at issue was not barred by the antitrust laws. The case, In re K-Dur Antitrust Litigation, involved the drug K-Dur 20, a specific formulation of potassium chloride sold by Schering-Plough Co. and protected by a formulation patent, U.S. Patent No. 4,863,743 (which the decision says is "set to expire on September 5, 2006"). Upsher filed its ANDA as first-filer (and thus eligible for the statutory 180-day exclusivity) and filed a Paragraph IV certification of non-infringement based on alleged chemical differences between Upsher's generic drug and Schering's branded drug product. Schering filed suit within 45 days of receiving notice of Upsher's ANDA filing, triggering the statutory 30-month stay of ANDA approval by the FDA. Settlement negotiations resulted in an agreement, entered into on June 18, 1997, wherein Upsher would "refrain from marketing its generic potassium chloride supplement or any similar product until September 1, 2001." In return, Schering agreed to grant Upsher a "non-royalty [bearing] non-exclusive license." Upsher also granted Schering non-exclusive licenses on several of its products (although Schering never marketed any Upsher products). Schering agreed to pay Upsher sixty million dollars over three years, plus additional amounts tied to its marketing of Upsher's products under the non-exclusive license. Finally, the agreement called for Upsher to dismiss the patent litigation and not to enter the market with its KCl product until September 1, 2001, thus forming the predicate for allegations that this was at heart a "pay for delay" agreement.
A second ANDA filer, ESI Lederle, was also involved in a separate litigation that was settled (under the supervision of a magistrate judge) with an agreement wherein ESI agreed not to market its generic KCl formulation (which, like Upsher, it alleged was not infringing) in return for a $5 million upfront payment and additional payments depending on when ESI's ANDA was approved by the FDA (an amount the District Court said varied from $10 million to $625,000 depending on the ANDA approval date); as it turns out, ESI obtained FDA approval of its ANDA in sufficient time to be entitled to $10 million, which it received from Schering.
An FTC action ensued, with the Commission alleging that the agreements between Schering, Upsher, and ESI amounted to an unlawful restraint of trade under Section 5 of the FTC act. The Administrative Law Judge dismissed, based on his determination that the agreements included separate licensing terms that fell outside a simple "pay for delay" arrangement. The Commission reversed the ALJ's determination, finding a "direct nexus between Schering's payment and Upsher's agreement to delay its competitive entry" and that this agreement "unreasonably restrain[ed] commerce," and that the Schering-ESI agreement violated the antitrust laws (wherein the Commission rejected the parties' contention that "judicial pressure to settle" was involved in their agreement). The Commission did not review or rule on the merits of the underlying patent suits, creating a per se rule that:
[W]here a name brand pharmaceutical maker pays a generic manufacturer as part of a settlement, "[a]bsent proof of other offsetting consideration, it is logical to conclude that the quid pro quo for the payment was an agreement by the generic to defer entry beyond the date that represents an otherwise reasonable litigation compromise."
Under a "rule of reason" analysis, the Commission found that "the possible existence of a reverse payment raises a red flag and can give rise to a prima facie case that an agreement was anticompetitive." Schering appealed in the Eleventh Circuit, which overturned the FTC.
The plaintiffs here include drug wholesalers (Louisiana Wholesale Drug Co.) and retailers (CVS Pharmacy, Rite Aid, Walgreens, Eckerd, Safeway, Kroger, Albertson's, Hy-Vee and Maxi Drug) against Merck & Co. (the successor-in-interest to Schering-Plough) and Upsher-Smith Laboratories. Amici include the American Antitrust Institute, the FTC, the Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America (PhRMA), the Washington Legal Foundation, the U.S. Department of Justice, and the National Association of Chain Drug Stores. Characterized as "separate from the FTCs challenge" (but no doubt motivated by it), the plaintiffs here filed various lawsuits that were consolidated in the District of New Jersey by the Judicial Panel on Multidistrict Litigation (fortuitously for plaintiffs and the FTC, in an appellate circuit that had not ruled on the reverse payment practice). Not so fortuitously, a Special Master appointed by the Court filed a Report and Recommendation that the lawsuits be dismissed, based on Schering's right under the patents to "exclude infringing products until the end of [the patent's] term," and that reverse payment agreements warrant antitrust scrutiny only if they either exceeded the scope of the underlying patents or if the patent infringement lawsuits brought under the authority of the patents were objectively baseless (grounds that other appellate circuits had also considered in assessing the legality of reverse payment agreements).
The Third Circuit opinion then provided what it characterized as an "Economic Background and [] History of Reverse Payment Settlements" based largely upon FTC Reports and recommendations (including the 2010 report entitled Pay-for-Delay: How Drug Company Pay-offs Cost Consumers Billions (see "FTC Disapproves of 'Pay-for-Delay' Drug Deals"), a title more appropriate for a supermarket tabloid than a government report). Thereafter, exercising its "plenary review" of the District Court's summary judgment decision, the opinion sets forth its view of antitrust law and its application to the reverse payment agreements before it. It is clear from this explication of the law that the panel believes the proper approach is to evaluate any agreement alleged to be one that restrains trade by the "rule of reason," following its appreciation of applicable Supreme Court precedents. In doing so, the opinion states that "the finder of fact must decide whether the questioned practice imposes an unreasonable restraint on competition, taking into account a variety of factors, including specific information about the relevant business, its condition before and after the restraint was imposed, and the restraint's history, nature, and effect," citing State Oil Co. v. Khan, 522 U.S. 3, 10 (1997). This inquiry has three parts, according to the Third Circuit: there must be a showing of an anticompetitive effect on the market, which (if established) "shifts the burden to the defendant to show that the challenged conduct promotes a sufficiently pro-competitive effect." The antitrust plaintiff can rebut this showing if it can establish that the restraint on trade is not "reasonably necessary to achieve the [purportedly] pro-competitive objective" asserted by the antitrust defendant. The opinion also notes that there is a class of activities that have been deemed "unlawful per se" that includes "horizontal price fixing, output limitations, market allocation, and group boycotts," citing Copperweld Corp. v. Independence Tube Corp., 467 U.S. 752, 768 (1984).
The opinion then turns to "precedent from other Circuits," namely the cases noted above that have almost unanimously found reverse payment agreements to be lawful. The opinion begins with the two earliest cases -- Andrx Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Biovail Corp. (D.C. Circuit 2001), and In re Cardizem CD Antitrust Litigation (6th Cir. 2003), both of which found that reverse payment agreements should be subjected to strict antitrust scrutiny (and both having facts that distinguish them from the later cases where reverse payments were found to be lawful). These cases are related, in that they both considered the antitrust implications of the same agreements relating to generic Cardizem. Turning to the later cases, the opinion notes that in each case, the appellate court found the reverse payments to be lawful based on the patent's presumption of validity and the patentee's right to exclude, and that the agreements did not involve an improper extension of that exclusionary right (as well as the policy considerations involving favoring settlements). The panel opinion terms these considerations the "scope of the patent" test, which it identifies from the Second Circuit's In re Tamoxifen Antitrust Litigation decision. In a footnote, the panel acknowledges these decisions but, finding that they are persuasive and not binding authority and that the panel does not find the arguments persuasive, they "decline to follow [them]."
The panel then explains its analysis of this case law and why it is unpersuaded. Put simply, the panel does not believe that the "scope of the patent" test as it characterizes it, is the appropriate test and should not entitle reverse payments to avoid antitrust scrutiny. The opinion forms this conclusion because "that test [in the panel's view] improperly restricts the application of antitrust law and is contrary to the policies underlying the Hatch-Waxman Act and a long line of Supreme Court precedent on patent litigation and competition." The opinion provides three grounds for this conclusion. First, the opinion states that it creates "an almost unrebuttable presumption of patent validity," due to the fact that the settlement "forces a presumption that the patent holder would have prevailed" in the underlying (and settled) ANDA litigation. This presumption has (or should have) no substantive vitality, according to the panel, because it is merely 'a procedural device and is not a substantive right of the patent holder," citing Stratoflex, Inc. v. Aeroquip Corp., 713 F.2d 1530, 1534 (Fed. Cir. 1983). The opinion also thinks using the presumption of validity to uphold reverse payment agreements is "particularly misguided" when the basis for the underlying patent infringement defense is non-infringement (as it was in this case), because the burden is properly on the patentee, not the challenger, to prove infringement. A decade of rhetoric on the "broken" patent system is evident in the court's exhortation that "courts must be mindful of the fact that "[a] patent, in the last analysis, simply represents a legal conclusion reached by the Patent Office," citing Lear, Inc. v. Adkins, 395 U.S. 653, 670 (1969), for the proposition (the best that can be said about this citation is that it has nothing to do with the correctness of Patent Office determinations); this statement is "supported" by yet another FTC Report from 2002, which indicated that generic challengers in ANDA litigation prevailed 73% of the time (Generic Drug Entry Prior to Patent Expiration 16 (2002)). Curiously, the opinion also supports these assertions with a law review article by now-Circuit Judge Moore, which showed that generic challengers prevailed only 42% of the time; the disparity goes unaddressed in the opinion.
The panel opinion also "question[s] the assumption" that subsequent ANDA filers will come forward to challenge "weak" patents (what the court in FTC v. Watson colorfully characterized as: "though a patent holder may be able to escape the jaws of competition by sharing monopoly profits with the first one or two generic challengers, those profits will be eaten away as more and more generic companies enter the waters by filing their own paragraph IV certifications attacking the patent").
Here, the Third Circuit panel considered its perceived pernicious effects on reverse settlements as being directed to first ANDA filers, which it asserts are the "most motivated" due to the promise of 180 days of market exclusivity. (The Court shows its prejudices by then noting that "the high margins of a monopolist drug manufacturer may enable it to pay off a whole series of challengers rather than suffer the possible loss of its patent through litigation," citing King Drug Co. of Florence, Inc., 702 F. Supp. 2d 514, 521-22 (E.D. Pa. 2010).
The panel also cites several Supreme Court cases for the proposition that patent rights are "a limited exception to a general rule of the free exploitation of ideas" that indicate that "the public interest supports judicial testing and elimination of weak patents" (this in contrast to the 11th Circuit's recognition that:
No matter how valid a patent is -- no matter how often it has been upheld in other litigation or successfully reexamined -- it is still a gamble to place a technology case in the hands of a lay judge or jury. Even the confident patent owner knows that the chances of prevailing in patent litigation rarely exceed seventy percent. Thus, there are risks involved even in that rare case with great prospects.
Significantly, several (albeit not all) of these cases come from earlier times when the Court was less enlightened regarding the salutary effects of patents in innovation (including United States v. Masonite Corp., 316 U.S. 265, 277 (1942), Sola Elec. Co. v. Jefferson Elec. Co., 317 U.S. 173, 177 (1942), and Edward Katzinger Co. v. Chicago Metallic Manufacturing Co., 329 U.S. 394 (1947)). The "logic" of these cases, that the public interest is best protected by "judicial challenge" of patents is persuasive, according to the panel, "because reverse payments permit the sharing of monopoly rents between would-be competitors without any assurance that the underlying patent is valid."
The panel explicitly limits the scope of its decision to "reverse payments between patent holders and would be generic competitors in the pharmaceutical industry" (rather unnecessarily, in view of the fact that these types of agreements stem exclusively from agreements involving the Hatch-Waxman statutory scheme). It is clear that the panel was motivated at least in part by its perception, as argued by the FTC, that reverse payment settlement agreements were contrary to and in contravention of Congressional goals of "increase[ing] the availability of low cost generic drugs" (despite findings in other circuits that in some circumstances reverse payment settlements do just that). Nevertheless, the panel finds that "[t]he line that Congress drew between these competing objectives [of stimulating innovation and furthering the public interest] strongly supports the application of rule of reason scrutiny of reverse payment settlements in the pharmaceutical industry." And the panel limits the scope of its decision only to settlements that involve payments from the patentee to the putative generic competitor: "[n]othing in the rule of reason test that we adopt here limits the ability of the parties to reach settlements based on a negotiated entry date for marketing of the generic drug: the only settlements subject to antitrust scrutiny are those involving a reverse payment from the name brand manufacturer to the generic challenger." Again relying on an FTC Report (Agreements Filed with the Federal Trade Commission under the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003: Overview of Agreements Filed in FY 2010, 2 (2011)), the opinion asserts that "the vast majority of pharmaceutical patent settlement [will be] unaffected" by its ruling.
Accordingly, the Court directs the District Court to reconsider plaintiffs' evidence using a "quick look" rule of reason analysis "based on the economic realities of the reverse payment settlement rather than the labels applied by the settling parties" and that "any payment from a patent holder to a generic patent challenger who agrees to delay entry into the market as prima facie evidence of an unreasonable restraint of trade." In doing so, the Court also "agrees [] with the FTC that there is no need to consider the merits of the underlying patent suit because '[a]bsent proof of other offsetting consideration, it is logical to conclude that the quid pro quo for the payment was an agreement by the generic to defer entry beyond the date that represents an otherwise reasonable litigation compromise,'" citing the Commission's Final Order in this matter that was overturned by the 11th Circuit.
With this decision, the FTC now has an opportunity to have the Supreme Court decide the issue. The posture of the decision raises a clear circuit court split between the Third Circuit and the Second, Eleventh, and Federal Circuits. But it may take awhile, provided there is no reconsideration en banc by the circuit court: the case has been remanded to the District Court, and should the defendants decide not to petition for certiorari the FTC has no basis for doing so. If the sentiments voiced by Justice Breyer in Mayo v. Prometheus hold, the Supreme Court may be inclined to agree with what the FTC has been arguing for almost a decade. However, the solid legal and business decisions underlying reverse payment agreements, as well as the more realistic, less ideological underpinnings of the decisions contrary to this one in the earlier decisions in the Second, Eleventh, and Federal Circuits, could test the extent to which the Roberts Court is willing to let these considerations guide its jurisprudence.
Posted at 11:39 PM in Hatch-Waxman | Permalink
Nice review of this case and the FTC's "never ending" effort to find a circuit that agrees with its position on reverse payments. As others have noted, the Third Circuit's view about what the "presumption of patent validity" means is, at the very least, problematic. Also, the Third Circuit's view that reverse payments are "presumptively" an unreasonable restraint of trade is in complete conflict with other decisions on reverse payments and is pretty close to a per se rule of illegality. Now the interesting questions are will the Third Circuit hear this case en banc, and will SCOTUS enter the fray to resolve the obvious circuit conflict?
Posted by: EG | July 19, 2012 at 11:38 AM
I think it's good news that we've finally seen an end to knee-jerk deference to reverse-payment settlement agreements. In my opinion, these so-called pay-for-delay arrangements are potentially abusive of consumers, wildly undemocratic, and poster children for antitrust concerns. Bravo.
http://www.generalpatent.com/blog
Posted by: patent litigation | July 23, 2012 at 02:02 AM
Dear PL:
Except when they are not. I am not taking an ideological position: the courts that have found the reverse payment arrangements to be lawful have based their decisions on the pertinent economics of those agreements and their effects, while courts that have not have done so in situations where there were factors that sugggested (or showed) that the agreement was in fact anti-competitive.
Until now. I do object to the FTC encouraging consumer groups to be their stalking horses, if that happened, and also to the "knee-jerk" reaction by the FTC that the practice should be per se illegal.
I also consider the situation in the context of other reports (having nothing to do with reverse payments) that show the economic cost of the Hatch-Waxman regime in terms of monies spent on litigation rather than, say, drug development. We may weigh those costs against the "savings" generic drugs have brought US consumers and may decide those costs are worth it.
But almost nothing is an unalloyed good (or evil) so the place where the Third Circuit landed is probably a reasonable compromise. It puts the burden onthe parties to the agreement to make their case without the assumption that the patent is valid or not or that the generic drugmaker will prevail or not. But is does focus the inquiry on the economic effects of the agreement, and so the parties should be able (if not particularly willing) to set forth the bases for entering into an agreement rather than pursuing the ANDA litigation.
And I also think that all these considerations are more relevant in ANDA litigation that does not assert invalidity or unenforceability but rather non-infringement. Much of the rationale for the 2d, 11th and Fed. Cir. opinions falls aside under those facts.
Posted by: Kevin E. Noonan | July 23, 2012 at 10:47 AM


Toyota Yaris Road Test Review
Elegantly Practical
By: P. Tharyan | Photography: Afsar Baig
The New Toyota Yaris
The Yaris name was derived from the word Charis, the Greek Goddess of grace and beauty. The new Toyota Yaris too exudes a lot of elegance. We were eager to find out whether this graceful product could master the roads with its performance.
1496 cc, 4 cylinder, in-line 16 valve dual VVT-I petrol
105hp@6000rpm
140Nm@4200rpm
6-speed manual / 7 speed super CVT-i
Mac Pherson strut with stabiliser
Torsion beam with stabiliser
Disc on all wheels
17.1 kmpl (Manual) / 17.8 kmpl (CVT-i)
Price (ex-showroom)
Rs 11,70,000/- for V variant of MT
Rs 14,07,000/- for VX variant of CVT
Exterior Design and Features of the new Toyota Yaris
The Toyota Yaris is a good looker. It has a split grille with the thin one above in which are embedded the projector headlamps, and the bigger, almost spindle like grille influenced by its luxury brand Lexus which is at the bottom.
The headlamps also sport a LED line guide, while on the lower grille we have the LED DRLs. Not to be missed are turn indicator in the outside rear view mirror. At the rear are the LED combination lamps with the non-LED line guide. There is an LED high mount stop light at the rear. Incidentally features like the LED DRL and the chrome door handles only come in the top variant of the car i.e. the VX model and not on the J, G and V variants. We took turns driving the Manual V variant and the automatic VX model.
Fog lamps are there in front as well as the rear. Auto headlamps, follow-me headlamps and rear defoggers are available in the top variants. A shark fin antenna on the roof gives the car a sporty look. Interestingly, there are also a lot of tiny design elements on the car which enhance the aerodynamic character of the car, like the fins on the sides of the tail lamp, near the ORVMs and even on the mud flaps and above it. Again, at the bottom of the wheel arches, facing the mud flaps are the air spats, that help in better road grip and helps prevent turbulence because of excess air inside the wheel arch while driving. The car sits on 185/60 R15 tyres wrapped around smart alloy wheels.
Interior Design and Features of the new Toyota Yaris
The interiors are two-tone with the seats in the top end variant being leather. The beige coloured seats bring a lot of brightness within the cabin and a sense of roominess. The dash is made of good quality plastic and is designed as though it has been stitched on the edges. It gives a sophisticated leather look. The car also comes with a cooled glove box. The waterfall design instrument panel comes with a piano black finish. The 7 inch LED touch screen audio system comes with gesture control with features like USB, aux-in, Bluetooth, remote control, SD card, Mirror Link, Miracast, HDMI and wi-fi. There are 12V power sockets at the rear and front too.
The optitron combo meter is a combination of analog and digital information in four separate sections which are displayed through a tachometer, a speedometer a multi information display or MID and a warning cluster. The optitron meter is basically an electroluminescent gauge that glows brightly. The seats come with three point seatbelts with the front ones having both a pre tensioner and a force limiter.
One of the highlights of the cabin is the roof mounted air vents with ambient illumination. Do not mistake it for an AC duct, rather it is a blower with fine nozzles at the air vents which when switched on create a negative pressure and cools air faster and better. Thus it draws its coolness from the AC vents on the dash in front. It also has a louvre with which one can adjust the air flow for the rear passengers.
Seating is comfortable within the cabin. In the top end, the driver seat has power adjustment. The rear seat gets a flat floor but that does not mean the person sitting in the middle sits comfortably. His or her knees are bound to get obstructed by the front arm rest module which protrudes quite a bit into the rear. Otherwise headroom and leg room are more than adequate for the rear passengers. The rear seats are 60:40 splits so bringing down the seats would mean increasing the storage space from 476 litres in the boot which is huge by itself to a lot more. The Yaris is also fitted with acoustic and vibration control glass which ensures a quiet cabin and a great output from the 6 speaker audio system. The car comes with high solar energy absorbing front windshield with infra red cut off.
Then there are rain sensing wipers, rear sunshade; audio, phone and MID controls on steering wheel, electrically adjustable and foldable ORVMs, a rear armrest with cupholder and a steering that can be adjusted for tilt but not for reach. The boot release and fuel lid release buttons are not on the dash, rather they are on the floor near the driver seat, slightly surprising for a car which boats of so many modern features.
Safety and Performance of the new Toyota Yaris
The Toyota Yaris will definitely create a benchmark in its segment when it comes to safety. Right from the base model, the company is offering seven SRS airbags. Also available across the variants are ABS, EBD and Brake Assist. Other safety features include tyre pressure monitoring system, parking sensors, both in front and rear, reverse camera, speed sensing auto door lock and impact sensing door unlock in the top variants. Central locking and immobilizer are also available across the variants.
The car has a keyless entry and has a push start stop button. The 1496 cc, 4 cylinder, in-line 16 valve dual VVT-I petrol engine comes with an option of either a 6-speed manual transmission or a 7 speed super CVT-I transmission. While peak power is 105hp at around 6000 rpm, peak torque is 140 Nm @4200rpm. In the case of the manual transmission, the joy of driving is quite evident. The engine revs up smoothly and reaching speeds beyond 160kmph comes effortlessly. The car remains planted to the road and even cornering comes without any major hiccups. But I felt the electric power steering did not give adequate feedback at high speeds. A little more tweaking would do it good. The manual transmission variant was a treat to drive. The top variants come with hill start assist control and vehicle stability control. Disc brakes are available on all four wheels.
Coming to the automatic one, it was responsive, no doubt, but like all CVTs, it groaned like hell. Fuel average is better delivered in a CVT, though. But if you want to sacrifice the automatic mode and shift to paddle shifters, then the dynamics of your drive is bound to change. It's a lot of fun, to say the least. But there is a hiccup here with the CVT model, I noticed. The foot well does not have a dead pedal and the place where your left foot is to rest is uneven, which in short means that driving the automatic may not be very comfortable for the driver.
The new Toyota Yaris will surely redefine modern luxury and instill confidence among its users when it comes to performance and safety. From the makers of such fine and practical cars like the Fortuner, Innova, Camry and the Corolla, the Yaris too would be another jewel in the crown of Toyota.
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Home » 80s Plymouth Cars
80s Plymouth Cars
by Mackenzie November 15, 2021
written by Mackenzie November 15, 2021
Plymouth is a brand of automobile manufactured by the Chrysler Corporation and marketed as part of the Dodge Division from 1928 to 2001. The company began as the division of Dodge Brothers Company that built cars and trucks.
By 1928, the company was manufacturing its own line of vehicles, with all engines and transmissions produced in-house. It was also building DeSoto and Plymouth branded cars for the mid-price market. The DeSoto brand was discontinued in 1952, while the Plymouth brand continued until 2001.
In 1962, Chrysler purchased American Motors Corporation (AMC), and placed the former company's name on all former AMC products after 1965 (e.g., Rambler became American Rambler). However, it continued to produce its own cars with "Plymouth" badges through 1975 (the last full year for the Fury line) and its own trucks through 1980 (the last full year for the Champ pickup). Chrysler sold off AMC in 1987; it retained only Jeep-branded vehicles until selling that brand to Fiat in 2014.
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For much of its history, Plymouth was a division of Chrysler, sold alongside Dodge and DeSoto automobiles at Dodge dealerships. After Chrysler's sale of AMC to Renault in the late 1980s, the brand's image was still closely associated with AMC, and this perception continued through the end of the Plymouth line in 2001.
During the 1960s, Plymouth was a popular export brand sold in many countries, including Australia, South Africa, and parts of Asia. In some markets, particularly New Zealand and Australia, the brand was merged with Dodge cars and marketed as a Chrysler product. This was because the company's name had negative connotations for Americans.
The Chrysler Corporation's partner Mitsubishi Motors began selling a large car in 1983 called the "Plymouth Gran Fury" that was essentially a rebadged Mitsubishi Sapporo. The Gran Fury began to be sold in Japan as well as other markets outside North America after Mitsubishi became an official Chrysler-Dodge-Plymouth dealer network in 1989. As part of this relationship with Mitsubishi, Chrysler sold rebadged versions of several Mitsubishi models (e.g., Plymouth Colt) as well as leasing plant space to Mitsubishi to allow them to produce cars for their home market using Chrysler technology developed during their association with AMC.
The most popular models in the 1980s
1. Caravelle
The Plymouth Caravelle was a full-size automobile produced by Plymouth from 1959 to 1976. It was based on the Chrysler C-body platform and built in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Mexico.
The car was first introduced as a model for the 1959 model year and was the last American-made car to be named after a ship. The Caravelle name was also used on full-sized Plymouths produced in South Africa until 1982.
The Plymouth Belvedere, Fury, and Satellite were based on the same platform as the Caravelle and were essentially luxury versions of it. The four-door hardtop Satellite Custom variant of the Caravelle series was one of Chrysler's most popular models during this period. In fact, sales were so good that Chrysler kept making it through the 1960s (after it had been discontinued as a two-door hardtop) until finally phasing it out for good in 1970.
In total there were 8 different versions of this car; all were very similar except for minor changes over time. These changes included a redesigned grille, taillights, side trim, wheel covers, etc., but all retained the same basic shape with few exceptions.
2. Fury
The Plymouth Fury was a full-size automobile produced by Plymouth from 1950 to 1976. It was based on the Chrysler C-body platform and built in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Mexico. The Fury was a mid-priced car intended to fill the gap between the lower-priced Belvedere and higher-priced Chrysler New Yorker. The Fury became its own series in 1968 when it was given its own chassis code (P24).
The Fury shared much of its basic design with the Chrysler New Yorker, which was the highest trim level of the Chrysler C-body cars. The Fury, however, was less expensive and sportier than the New Yorker. For example, the Fury came standard with a V8 engine while the New Yorker came standard with a straight-6 engine. The Fury also had a different dashboard than that of the New Yorker; while it used the same steering wheel as its more expensive counterpart, it did not have a tachometer and did not have a glove box door (the door simply opened into an open space in front of the dashboard).
The Plymouth Satellite was a mid-size automobile produced by Plymouth from 1955 to 1976. It was based on the Chrysler C-body platform and built in the United States, Canada, Australia, and Mexico. It was also built in Brazil from 1971 to 1975 under license by Willys-Overland do Brasil as "Chrysler Fúria".
In Australia and South Africa it was marketed as Chrysler Valiant. In Argentina it was marketed as Dodge Polara between 1970 and 1976.
The Satellite was introduced in 1955 as a four-door hardtop body style, essentially as a higher trim level of the Plymouth Belvedere. It replaced the Plymouth Suburban, which had been based on the Chrysler New Yorker Fifth Avenue and sold in a limited number of export markets. In 1959, the line was expanded to include a four-door sedan, two-door hardtop, and convertible body styles. The Satellite Custom was added in 1960 and was the base model for all future Satellites. The convertible was dropped after 1961, while the four-door sedan body style lasted until 1963 when it was replaced by a two-door hardtop that featured rear quarter windows instead of side doors. In 1965, the Satellite became its own series and no longer shared its platform with any other Plymouths (although it did share some styling cues with other models). In 1968, Plymouth moved away from using names for its models (i.e., Belvedere) and began using letters to denote its models (i.e., Fury).
Born in the early 80s and graduated in the 90s, Mackenzie has been stuck in a time loop back to the 1980s and its culture forever. She likes collecting vinyl records (when she can find them), along with Batman memorabilia. She also loves visiting thrift shops to find those great fashions from the 80s! When she's not writing about the 80s and looking for songs from the past, Mackenzie enjoys spending time in her garden, where she grows organic fruits & vegetables, along with flowers that are beloved by butterflies and hummingbirds.
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Aberdyfi / Aberdovey
Croeso i Aberdyfi - Welcome to Aberdovey
This site contains all you need to know about Aberdyfi whether you're a visitor or a resident. Aberdyfi is the Welsh (and generally accepted) spelling and Aberdovey is the olde English version. (Both 'Aberdyfi' and 'Aberdovey' are recognised by most map and routefinder sites these days). This small seaside village nestles on the north side of the Dyfi / Dovey estuary and is a popular destination for visitors from all over the world. The locals quite like it too!
Aberdyfi is a thriving little harbour resort set within the Snowdonia National Park, where the river Dyfi meets the blue waters of Cardigan Bay. Aberdyfi has watersports galore - sailing, sailboarding, rowing, canoeing, fishing and boat trips. In the summer, there are yachting regattas, sailboarding competitions, rowing regattas and other watersports events along with family entertainment on its award-winning beaches.
Aberdyfi's championship golf course, which welcomes visiting players and is located at the western end of the village, is also one of Aberdyfi's major attractions. Information on watersports, golf and much more can be found on the Attractions page or the Activities page.
Aberdyfi is renowned for its good value, excellent quality accommodation. You can choose from guest houses, self-catering flats and hotels within the village and farmhouse accommodation, chalets, camping and caravaning just outside. Most of these are listed with phone numbers on the Accommodation page and many have linked sites. Go to the Contact Details page to request a brochure. Click here to check the weather.
Many are verified and quality-graded by Visit Wales or the AA. Aberdyfi is proud to be able to boast that both the RAC and AA Best Small Hotel Awards and Best Guest House Award have gone to hotels and guest houses in the village in previous years along with the AA's Best Pub in Wales Award for 2016, the AA's Hotel of the Year in Wales Award for 2018/19 and the Best Loved Hotels' Hotel of the Year Award for 2018/19.
About Aberdyfi
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All information on this site was correct at the time of compiling and whilst every effort is made to ensure that all details are accurate, the site owners cannot be held responsible for any errors or omissions and would advise that up-to-date information be obtained directly from the operator(s) or business(es) concerned. The site owners are not responsible for the content of web sites accessed from external links.
Home|About Aberdyfi | Accommodation|Accommodation Nearby |Eating and Drinking |Shops and Services
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The Well Economy -- Executive Summary
JWT: The Future 100 (December 2014) by J. Walter Thompso... 287774 views
J. Walter Thompson Intelligence
Publicada em 6 de abr de 2017
Free sample from a new report from J. Walter Thompson's Innovation Group, which tackles one of today's most explosive consumer sectors: health. "The Well Economy" comes at a time when the definition of "health" is expanding rapidly—as are the industries that cover it. What does it mean to be well? How are health and wellness brands evolving? And most importantly, how can brands reach consumers in this space?
Publicada em: Saúde e medicina
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1. The Well Economy Executive Summary
2. Gyakusou collection by NikeLab, Spring 2017 The Well Economy: Executive summary The first years of this century have yielded enormous advances in our understanding of health and wellness. As the cost of sequencing a single human genome plummets, from around $100 million in 2001 to under $1,500 today, a truly personalized approach to health seems closer than ever. In the By Numbers section of The Well Economy, our full-length report, we use our SONAR™ proprietary research tool to look at evolving consumer attitudes toward health and wellbeing—how consumers think about health, their spending behaviors, who they trust with their health, and attitudes toward emerging health technologies. And as research shows how our physical health is influenced by everything from exercise and mental health to gut microbiomes and personal relationships, science has given us a broader picture of what makes a healthy life. In fact, the more we learn about health, the more it seems that health includes everything. INTRODUCTION
3. Lululemon's Unroll China. Photography courtesy of Lululemon In Lifestyle Landscapes, The Well Economy considers the growing integration of health and wellness into the lifestyle industries. Technology, retail and hospitality brands, not to mention food and beauty products, now regularly tout health and wellness benefits to differentiate themselves from their competitors. In Healthcare Landscapes, we look at how healthcare itself is becoming more consumer-facing. Healthcare providers and services are taking design cues from hospitality, and a host of other borrowings from lifestyle industries. In The Consumer Experience Landscape, we review how consumer expectations—for intuitive ways to communicate, on-demand services, and rapid responses to concerns—are being set by the technology industry. And finally, in Visual Landscapes, we examine visual trends in healthcare. We hope you enjoy this free excerpt of the report. Download the full version at jwtintelligence.com. The more we learn about health, the more it seems that health includes everything. THE WELL ECONOMYINTRODUCTION 3
4. By Numbers: Sample data
5. The Well Economy: By Numbers To explore consumer attitudes toward wellness, health and healthcare, in February 2017 we conducted a survey of US consumers using SONAR™, J. Walter Thompson's proprietary research tool. The survey is representative of the general population, with a sample size of 1,007 consumers, including 250 generation Z respondents, 256 millennials, 251 generation X respondents and 250 boomers. THE WELL ECONOMY 5BY NUMBERS
6. Defining health: from body to mind Most commonly, people are likely to associate "health" with overall physical condition (77%), but nearly as many people say when they think about health, they think about mental health (75%). Even less-obvious concepts such as quality of sleep (58%) and mindfulness (43%) are still commonly associated with "health"—suggesting a broad- based, holistic view of health among consumers in general. An interesting split occurs between the responses of men and women, with women much more likely than men to consider all of the concepts listed when they think "health." The results of our SONAR™ survey show that people associate the idea of "health" with a broad range of concepts. But some concepts show a wider difference than others. "Diet" shows the greatest divergence, with a 22% difference between men and women, followed by mindfulness (17%) and wellbeing (17%). Conversely, the smallest gaps occur for sexual health (8%) and energy level (11%). The results suggest that health- related concepts resonate differently with men and women, and perhaps that holistic views of health are less common among men. THE WELL ECONOMYBY NUMBERS 6
7. The New Experiential Rockstars 2 Lines When I think about "health," I think about the following… Overall physical condition 70% 84% Avg. 77% Wellbeing 67% 84% Avg. 76% Mental health 69% 81% Avg. 75% Wellness 68% 80% Fitness 61% 76% Being ill/sick or not ill/sick 52% 68% Energy level 54% 65% Quality of sleep Diet Mood Sexual health Mindfulness None of these Avg. 74% Avg. 68% Avg. 60% Avg. 60% 50% 65% Avg. 58% 42% 64% Avg. 53% 39% 53% Avg. 46% 41% 49% Avg. 45% 35% 52% Avg. 43% 1% 3% Avg. 2% Both genders are likely to think of these Women are particularly likely to think of these Male Female THE WELL ECONOMYBY NUMBERS 7
8. New approaches to treatment Relatively few people say they usually seek out prescription medication when they feel ill (17%). And, perhaps more importantly for pharma brands, an equal percentage say they reach for an over-the-counter medication (51%) as a non- medicinal remedy. Our SONAR™ data hints at some sobering realities for traditional pharmaceutical companies, at least when it comes to over-the-counter medication. These differences are more pronounced among two particularly important groups. Women prefer non-medicinal treatments (54%) to over-the- counter medications (51%), and so do millennials (59% favor alternatives to medication while 55% opt for OTC medicines). Boomers, conversely, prefer OTC medication (51%) to non- medicinal options (43%)—but brands can't rely on them forever. THE WELL ECONOMYBY NUMBERS 8
9. When I first start to feel sick/ill, I usually do the following… Treat with a prescription medication 0% 100% 10% 18% 21% 18% 15% 19%Male Female Gen Z Millennials Gen X Bo.. Avg. 17% Treat with an over-the-counter pain/flu/cold reliever (e.g.,Tylenol, Nyquil, Mucinex) 0% 100% 51% 49% 55% 48% 51% 50%Male Female Gen Z (15-20) Millennials (21-34) Gen X (35-54) Boomers (55+) Avg. 51% Treat with a supplement or "natural" remedy (e.g., ginger pills, Emergen-C) 0% 100% 20% 27% 32% 26% 29% 24%Male Female Gen Z (15-20) Millennials Gen X (35-54) Boomers Avg. 27% Treat with a home remedy (e.g., sauna, steam) 0% 100% 26% 24% 32% 31% 32% 25%Male Female Gen Z (15-20) Millennials Gen X Boomers Avg. 28% Treat with a remedy other than medication (at least one of the three non-medicinal options below and right) 0% 100% 43% 48% 59% 54% 54% 48%Male Female Gen Z (15-20) Millennials Gen Boomers Avg. 51% Treat with ingredients that you already own (e.g., honey, garlic) 0% 100% 31% 29% 35% 27% 35% 26%Male Female Gen Z (15-20) Millennials Gen X Boomers (55+) Avg. 30% Medicinal treatments Non-medicinal treatments THE WELL ECONOMYBY NUMBERS 9
10. Lifestyle Landscapes: Sample sector analysis
11. As wellness becomes increasingly important to customers, brands—from those in retail to travel, food and beauty—are seeking to go beyond merely pushing a desirable product. Instead, they're becoming mindful that their product or service has a positive impact on their customers' wellbeing, too.. According to the Global Wellness Institute, a US non-profit organization, the global wellness industry grew by 10.6% from 2013 through 2015, to a total value of $3.7 trillion. The GWI predicts that this market will continue to grow, particularly in the US, noting that the wellness industry's growth is "inversely correlated with economic and 'human wellbeing' downturns." The GWI predicts that more Americans will turn to alternative and preventative health measures, as US healthcare costs are forecast to rise by 5.8% every year until 2025. "Wellness, from yoga and meditation to exercise, will become an even more sought-after antidote for an increasingly over-connected, chaotic world," the GWI says. Consumers are increasingly motivated to take charge of their own health, by taking an approach of prevention rather than cure, and businesses are poised to capitalize on this new mood. Here, we explore how key sectors are weaving aspects of health and wellness into their businesses, to align with consumers' growing preoccupation with body and mind. THE WELL ECONOMYTHE WELL ECONOMY 11LIFESTYLE LANDSCAPES
12. With wellness and health a priority at home, consumers aren't willing to let it all go when they're on the road, whether they're traveling for business or pleasure. Sportspitality This particularly applies to the millennial cohort—travel marketing firm MMGY Global noted in a 2016 survey, cited by the New York Times, that almost half of travelers born between 1980 and 1998 say that access to a gym and exercise classes influences their choice of hotel. To respond to this, hotels and developers are not only ramping up their own fitness offers, but building entire brands and residences around the concept of wellness. The InterContinental Hotels Group launched its Even Hotels concept, with the tagline "wellness at its core," in 2012, and the brand is now ramping up its expansion. Alongside planning to add to its six existing Even Hotels in the US, the brand will soon venture into Australia and New Zealand, in partnership with the Pro-invest Group. THE WELL ECONOMYLIFESTYLE LANDSCAPES 12 Even Hotels by the InterContinental Hotels Group
13. The hotels offer myriad wellness initiatives to draw customers, such as fitness classes, health-promoting foods and bedrooms with eucalyptus fiber bedding, intended to encourage a good night's sleep. Meanwhile, so impassioned is the Marriott Group's Westin Hotels brand about its wellness credentials, that in January 2017 it launched a $30 million multimedia ad campaign called "Let's Rise," to promote its hotels' health-focused initiatives. The campaign highlights wellness- related services that Westin offers, such as hiring out New Balance workout gear, and its fitness studios' new focus on cardio, stretching and strength with a wide range of fitness equipment. Brian Povinelli, global brand leader at Westin Hotels & Resorts, described the group as responding to "travelers realigning their priorities to put well-being first" in "today's over-scheduled and always-on culture." In addition to providing wellness opportunities that fit around a busy schedule, hotel groups are also tapping into consumers' desire to immerse themselves in a restorative environment, away from the grind of modern life. Indeed, the Global Wellness Institute found that the wellness tourism market rose 14% between 2013 and 2015, to a value of $563.2 billion in 2015. The market counted for 15.6% of global tourism revenues in the 2013 through 2015 period, the institute says. "Wellness is relevant to everyone no matter where they live." Deepak Chopra, wellness guru THE WELL ECONOMYLIFESTYLE LANDSCAPES 13 Swissotel Vitality Room in collaboration with Wallpaper*
14. As evidence of the travel industry's belief in future demand for these experiences, in January 2017 the Hyatt Hotels Corporation acquired Miraval Group, a wellness resort and spa brand, whose properties in Tucson, Arizona and Austin, Texas promise to help guests live a "Life in Balance." Mark Hoplamazian, president and chief executive officer of Hyatt Hotels Corporation, commented that the acquisition would help the Hyatt brand achieve "a greater depth of expertise in wellness and mindfulness." Meanwhile, New York real-estate developer Property Markets Group has drafted in Deepak Chopra, the wellness guru who espouses the benefits of everything from meditation to Ayurveda, to design a development called Muse Residences in Sunny Isles, Florida, basing it on the concept of biological wellbeing. Among the apartments' health-promoting features are circadian lighting systems, air and water purification and "mood-aligning" paint colors that emulate nature. "Wellness is relevant to everyone no matter where they live," Chopra told Forbes in January, speaking about the venture. "The homes we live in can have a powerful effect on our physical and emotional well-being. Our residences will be the first to be designed focusing on being preventative from this standpoint." THE WELL ECONOMYLIFESTYLE LANDSCAPES 14 Swissotel Vitality Room in collaboration with Wallpaper*
15. Healthcare Landscapes: Sample trend
16. Healthcare Landscapes The nation's primary healthcare providers too often rely on outmoded technology, lackluster marketing, and a consumer experience with too many pain points. Today, however, there's a dynamic change underway in the healthcare industry. Pressures from both within and outside the industry are causing healthcare to become more responsive to the demands of patients. And patients are bringing in new consumer expectations fueled by their experiences of interacting with 21st-century technology and retail brands. These expectations range from on-demand information to price transparency and bespoke solutions. As wellness becomes the new buzzword across the lifestyle industries, the only sector that hasn't kept up with the changes is healthcare. "The consumer of the future is more educated, more knowledgeable, more demanding," said Michael Dowling, CEO and president of Northwell Health, at the Health Tech '16 conference. He added that consumers will require things to be done their way—"the patient," he explained "will say to the doctor 'this is what I want and how I want it.'" Even in the healthcare system, a premium experience goes a long way toward building loyalty. While providers may never compete with the allure of wellness spas or fitness festivals, the industry is taking important steps to elevate the experience. In today's healthcare system, the "patient" is the new "consumer." HEALTHCARE LANDSCAPES THE WELL ECONOMY 16
17. The New Experiential Rockstars 2 Lines Consumer trends stand to shake up a static corner of healthcare: the pharmacy. Startups selling vitamins and supplements are already showing how lifestyle branding can reinvigorate stagnant categories, particularly as growth in health and wellness explodes. "I went into a vitamin store and it was just overwhelming," says Craig Elbert, co-founder of vitamin startup Care/of and a former VP of marketing at menswear company Bonobos. "It felt like the opposite of the experience that we wanted to build at Bonobos, which was something delightful. There is really some science behind this, but it gets lost in this bad consumer experience. How do we build something delightful? How do we build something that has trust?" Care/of drew from retail lessons in ecommerce, direct- to-consumer marketing and personalization to build a new customer experience. For roughly $30 per month, Care/of delivers personalized vitamin packs with ingredients determined via algorithm. Pharmaceutical design THE WELL ECONOMYHEALTHCARE LANDSCAPES 17 Care/of
18. Ritual vitamins As for its competitor, the millennial-friendly Ritual, a focus on transparency and colorful branding helps to build brand trust and awareness. "There's definitely a broken experience in the pharmacy of large chains, with people not getting the attention they used to get," Elbert explains. "I'm from Des Moines, Iowa, and we had the local pharmacies where you know the pharmacist and they know your challenges. I think there is a big opportunity in pharmaceuticals in general." THE WELL ECONOMYHEALTHCARE LANDSCAPES 18
19. Care/Of A handful of new upstarts are also taking on the pharmacy world. Launched in 2016 in New York City, Capsule is a digital-only pharmacy that delivers prescriptions on demand. And PillPack, launched in 2014, has upended daily medical treatments by shipping prescriptions in crisp packaging, with pharmacist support available via text. As traditional healthcare providers begin to shift toward consumer-focused models, industry outsiders are racing ahead. A raft of startups is eager to bring technology-based change, improving healthcare experiences while capturing a small slice of the ever- growing market. "There's definitely a broken experience in the pharmacy of large chains." Craig Elbert, co-founder of Care/of THE WELL ECONOMYHEALTHCARE LANDSCAPES 19
20. The Consumer Experience Landscape: Sample trend
21. The Consumer Experience Landscape "Healthcare [in the US] is a $3-trillion industry with massive potential for innovative companies to make a positive impact," says Kris Gale, co-founder and CTO of health insurance startup Clover Health. "In addition, consumer dissatisfaction with the dominant players has created an opening for new entrants to develop alternative approaches and gain market share." New players are finding ways to disrupt the consumer experience, from contacting doctors to finding insurance, at nearly every point. HEALTHCARE LANDSCAPES THE WELL ECONOMY 21
22. Amino mobile app showing cost estimates Transparency in information Amino joins a handful of companies, including BetterDoctor and SmartDocFinder, looking to disrupt the process of selecting a treatment provider. For consumers, Amino's online search and booking processes feel like a natural extension of online services like Yelp, Expedia or even OkCupid. "The users are clearly making the connections with these other consumer domains that they like to use to make decisions," says Shah. Doctors themselves are also becoming more transparent, with a small but vocal group broadcasting procedures on Snapchat and Instagram. According to Shah, it's this transparency that will keep innovation moving forward. "Trying to understand our market in 2013 versus what we're looking at in 2017, there are already huge increases in the number of people using the web in the course of making care decisions," she says. "Consumers will become more sophisticated in making these decisions." New technology is bringing with it radical changes in the level of transparency consumers now expect from service providers. In health, the trend is playing out in patient choice. Amino is a new platform that helps individuals find healthcare providers by using a massive built-in database of US consumer healthcare data, including information on nearly 900,000 doctors; it offers five billion healthcare interactions to calculate consumers' best matches. "The underlying hypothesis was that if you had a large enough data set about what's happening in American healthcare, you could create a transparency tool that could help consumers better make decisions about their health, whether that's connecting them to the best doctors for their specific needs, choosing facilities, making cost-based treatment decisions or understanding treatment options," says Maudie Shah, co-founder and head of UX at Amino. THE WELL ECONOMYHEALTHCARE LANDSCAPES 22
23. Visual Landscapes: Sample visual trend THE WELL ECONOMY 23VISUAL LANDSCAPES
24. New wellness standards The new standard draws from scientific and medical research to set guidelines for any structure that advances health and wellbeing. Architects are beginning to take cues from the WELL standard, incorporating natural materials, optimizing outdoor lighting, and providing spaces that offer comfort. The warm and friendly environments are paving the way for future design innovation in the healthcare industry. Forget cold and clinical interiors. Thanks to the global WELL Building Standard, introduced in 2014, architects are putting societal wellbeing at the forefront of wellness building design. "WELL fosters a holistic formula for better health and wellness outcomes, leading to improvements in things like employee productivity, engagement and retention," comments Randy Fiser, CEO of the American Society of Interior Designers, on the WELL standard's site. THE WELL ECONOMYVISUAL LANDSCAPES 24
25. In Dublin, architecture firm Urban Agency redesigned a dental practice to offer a very different environment from the usual dental clinic. Patients enter a bright and airy space with curving walls of pale wood paneling, and the dental treatment rooms have floor-to- ceiling windows overlooking a verdant garden. The design aim is to allay potential anxiety and offer a sense of calm. In Japan, two medical centers—the Hirano Clinic and the Asahicho Clinic—take the concept a step further, with inviting, house- shaped buildings that blend in with the surroundings and offer a familiar and home-like setting. 1 + 2. The Templeogue Dental Practice Surgery in Dublin 3 + 4. Hirano Clinic designed by TSC Architects, Japan 5. Asahicho Clinic designed by HKL Studio. Photography by Tetsu Hiraga. Japan 1 5 2 3 4 THE WELL ECONOMYVISUAL LANDSCAPES 25
26. Contact: Lucie Greene Worldwide Director of the Innovation Group J. Walter Thompson Intelligence lucie.greene@jwt.com Editor Shepherd Laughlin, the Innovation Group Visual editor Emma Chiu, the Innovation Group Writers Mary Cass, the Innovation Group Nina Jones Picture assistant Jaime Eisenbraun, the Innovation Group About the Innovation Group The Innovation Group is J. Walter Thompson's futurism, research and innovation unit. It charts emerging and future global trends, consumer change, and innovation patterns—translating these into insight for brands. It offers a suite of consultancy services, including bespoke research, presentations, co-branded reports and workshops. It is also active in innovation, partnering with brands to activate future trends within their framework and execute new products and concepts. It is led by Lucie Greene, Worldwide Director of the Innovation Group. About J. Walter Thompson Intelligence The Innovation Group is part of J. Walter Thompson Intelligence, a platform for global research, innovation and data analytics at J. Walter Thompson Company, housing three key in-house practices: SONAR™, Analytics and the Innovation Group. SONAR™ is J. Walter Thompson's research unit that develops and exploits new quantitative and qualitative research techniques to understand cultures, brands and consumer motivation around the world. It is led by Mark Truss, Worldwide Director of Brand Intelligence. Analytics focuses on the innovative application of data and technology to inform and inspire new marketing solutions.
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Home » How did the development of human rights affect the caste system in India
How did the development of human rights affect the caste system in India
The caste system in India is a powerful foundation consisting of many different classes and influences resulting in social segregation which has shaped Indian society for thousands of years. In India the caste system is a strict division between power and poverty, it is thought to be a part of ancient Hindu life, though some argue it was empowered by British imperialism. The caste system has several theories concerning its origins, the primary concept being the Arayan system.
[1] The Arayan system consisted of thousands of endogamous castes, historically known as Varnas. As defined by ancient Brahminicial texts there were four prominent caste categories; Brahmins, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, and Shrudas. [2] The castes were a hierarchy, the chain of command beginning with Brahmins, whose role was that of priests and teachers. The Brahmins was a powerful caste because they were put on pedestals by the people. Due to the devotion the population bestowed to priests they were very wealthy and lived in comfort.
Beneath the Brahmins was the Kshatriyas, the class of warriors and rulers. It was the Kshatriyas' responsibility to uphold justice and social harmony in addition to govern and oversee India, and in times of conflict, to defend. [3] The second lowest ranking class was the Vaisyas. People in this class were traders, moneylenders, farmers, merchants, and businessmen; the men were entitled to wear sacred threads. At the bottom of the hierarchical pyramid were the Shrudas who were the agriculturists and the artisans.
Sometimes mentioned are the, Dalit, or untouchables, named so because they are seen as so lowly and unclean as to have no place within society, were sometimes considered as a separate group below the Shrudas or part of a lower sub section within the Shrudas. Although there are many efforts in place today working to improve the caste system there are still many negative effects it has on today`s society and throughout history. Caste related violence has been a prominent issue dating back many years. Other negative impacts include social segregation and poverty.
When violence is an issue often it is the Dalit, or untouchables, who are abused by the four castes or within their own. [4] One such example was in, 2001, a man who belonged to the Dalit caste prayed in a church belonging to a class not of his own, and was tortured and killed by an upper-caste villager. His crime as that he dared to speak his mind in a village where untouchables were not meant to have opinions. [5] Today, urbanization and industrialization are beginning to weaken the hold of the caste system on individuals.
In 1997, the symbolic but high-status position of President of India went to an untouchable for the first time in history. The caste system seems to have played a large part in creating poverty in India, forcing many people who belong to the lower castes into poverty, with the lower class consisting of 180 million to 220 million people. The social reform movement is a revolutionary concept that has been gathering momentum in India over a long period of time. Today, the social reform movement is still under way with a great deal of influence.
India has a rich history of social reformers who have helped establish the foundations of modern India, and, in some cases, have affected a worldwide impact through political action. Two important and well noted reformers were Mahatma Gandhi and Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, the first Dalit president. They played important roles in raising awareness of the severity of the conditions millions of people were facing and made a significant impact on the quality of life in India. Due to India's large size there is a great deal of controversy over the quality of life in India.
There are many factors that both increase and decrease India's quality of life ranging from civil liberties to custodial killings and police abuse including torture. In India many deaths are accountable to the police force using brutality and torture while India has yet to account for the staggering numbers of deaths each year. Violence is particularly seen in the Border Security Force with over nine hundred deaths in the last ten years, Border Security Forces were issued rubber bullets in order to contain the matter.
Protests and social unrest has been spreading where inequality is apparent as well as an anti-corruption movement which has the government at a fault. [6] India is heavily influenced by its rich culture as well as it's background of suppression and segregation through British imperialism. Today India faces new political problems with government corruption which greatly impacts their economy as well. Taxes and bribes are common in workplaces and between state borders. Many government
officials are accused of committing crimes involving very high levels of government. Many issues that arise with government corruption are that of human trafficking. Government officials often accept bribes and pay offs to "look the other way" resulting in high human trafficking rates when combined with other statistics. Human trafficking is an issue that has been gathering awareness globally with many outside influences such as charities and organizations that work to prevent and abolish existing and future human trafficking cases.
There are many cases where the human trafficking takes place in India where people go missing and it goes under the radar. The government is aware of the condition and severity of it and is slowly working towards securing the safety of many due to outside pressures as well as pressure from the social reform movement. A slow but persistent change is taking place in India. It will affect everything people do, the very way they live and work.
A long period of economic reformation has lead to growing domestic inequality which in turn has resulted in more pressure on both national politics and local sources of redistribution. The notion that India has enough money for its own development is no longer so controversial, but rather, questions are now emerging around what can spur the wealthy population of India to focus less on their own lavish lifestyles and more on social development. Many people in India are encouraging the battle against economic inequality and promoting the development and expansion of India.
Currently India is working to improve their human rights and justice system leading to decreased mortality rates. India's struggle to advance as a developed nation will result in decreased poverty and government corruption as well as a weaker hold on the cast system. By working towards these goals they will substantially increase India's quality of life and strengthen themselves as a nation, possibly obtaining a permanent seat in the United Nations after being labelled as "spectator nation". [7]
affect development human india rights system
Physical, intellectual, emotional and social development
Five Major Variables
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IMO adopts a new two-way route in the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait
On 23 May, the 93rd session of the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) Maritime Safety Committee (MSC 93) adopted a new two-way route in the Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait.
This important measure to protect the environmentally sensitive waters of the region will come into effect on 1 December 2014.
In 2013, the proposed route was reviewed by IMO Member States and international organisations and was approved for consideration by MSC 93.
The marine environment off Australia's north-east is recognised for its unique physical, ecological and heritage values and rich marine biodiversity that includes a diverse array of marine species. It is afforded protection under various national and international laws. The Great Barrier Reef and Torres Strait are both declared Particularly Sensitive Sea Areas (PSSAs) by the IMO. The Great Barrier Reef is also recognised as an iconic World Heritage property by UNESCO, for which its outstanding universal value is protected under national environment law.
The ship routeing measure, arguably the world's longest, aims to reduce the risk of collisions and groundings by encouraging ships to follow well-defined lanes. It will help ensure ships keep clear of the numerous shoals, reefs and islands that lie close outside the two-way route. The route will also provide greater certainty to small vessels as to where they can expect to encounter large vessels.
Preparation of Australia's submission involved close cooperation with Australian and state government agencies, in particular the Australian Hydrographic Service, Geoscience Australia, Great Barrier Reef Marine Park Authority, and Maritime Safety Queensland.
Marine safety technology tracks spawning coral slicks
The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) and oceanographers from the Australian Institute...
AMSA trainee wins NAIDOC Week award
The awards are held as part of NAIDOC Week celebrations to recognise inspirational Aboriginal and...


Kevin Rand Honored by Maine Sports Hall of Fame
https://pbats.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Tigers-Host-Full-Staff-Educational-Meeting-23.png 500 500 PBATS.com PBATS.com https://pbats.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Tigers-Host-Full-Staff-Educational-Meeting-23.png January 11, 2019 January 11, 2019
Written By: Corey Tremble, Detroit Tigers
The Maine Sports Hall of Fame has announced their 2019 class and Detroit Tigers Sr. Director of Medical Services, Kevin Rand, has been named one of their inductees.
The Cape Elizabeth, Maine, native just completed his 37th season as a professional baseball athletic trainer, which included, 25 seasons aiding and mending athletes at the Major League level. The ceremony is scheduled to be held in Portland, ME on May 19th, 2019.
The mission and purpose of the Maine Sports Hall of Fame is:
Appointing and bestowing recognition awards and scholarships to outstanding Maine high school scholar-athletes and to formally honor and memorialize Maine athletes and sports figures who have brought distinction and honor to the state of Maine.
This marks the second time Rand has been recognized by his home state for his athletic training career following his induction into the Maine Baseball Hall of Fame in 2007.
Rand began his career in professional baseball in 1982 with the New York Yankees and rose through the minor league ranks to become the first Minor League Medical/Rehab Coordinator is baseball history. After a four-year stint as the coordinator, he joined the newly formed Florida Marlins as the assistant athletic trainer to NATA/PBATS Hall of Famer, Larry Starr.
Following nine seasons with the Marlins, Rand made a one year stop as the assistant athletic trainer for the Montreal Expos, before being named the Head Athletic Trainer of the Detroit Tigers prior to the 2003 season.
Rand recently moved into his current role of Senior Director of Medical Services for the Tigers after spending 15 years as the Director of Medical Services/Head Athletic Trainer. He shares this wonderful achievement with his wife Tisa and four sons, Keegan, Kamden, Kallen, and Kashton.