Armitage arrest prompts England suspension
London Irish full back Delon Armitage has been suspended from the England Saxons squad after he was arrested on suspicion of assault outside a Torquay nightclub in the early hours of yesterday morning.
Armitage, who has a chequered disciplinary record, was arrested near the Venue nightclub in Torquay on suspicion of assault in connection with an incident outside the club at around 3.50am on Sunday - the day after the Saxons beat the O2 Ireland Wolfhounds at Sandy Park in Exeter.
The 28-year-old, who lives in Middlesex, has been bailed to return to Torquay on Wednesday, March 21.
England head coach Stuart Lancaster said: "We take issues surrounding the behaviour of England players very seriously and as such have decided to suspend Delon from the Saxons EPS [Elite Player Squad] pending the result of the police inquiry. We will then consider if further action is appropriate under the EPS Code of Conduct.
"High standards of behaviour are required from England players on and off the field, and they also need to understand that they should not put themselves in a potentially vulnerable position or environment."
A spokesman for London Irish added: "London Irish is extremely disappointed to hear about the incident involving Delon whilst on England Saxons release period and take these matters extremely seriously.
"We fully understand the RFU [Rugby Football Union] stance on this matter and will convene our own internal investigation to procure a full understanding of the matter in question, the outcome of which will determine any further action.
"Player conduct is a direct representation of the club and, therefore, inappropriate conduct will be strongly acted upon."
Armitage, who has been linked with a summer move to French club Toulon where his brother Steffon plays, was banned four times last year.
He received an eight-week suspension for abusing a doping control officer after a game against Bath, a three-week ban for striking Northampton fly-half Stephen Myler and then missed England's World Cup quarter-final defeat by France following a high tackle on Scotland's Chris Paterson.
His latest suspension, which ended last month, was for two counts of dangerous play in the same match.
He received five weeks for a high tackle on Bath's Tom Biggs, with a three-week ban for kneeing Dave Attwood that ran concurrently.
Championship transfer rumours - Derby County in battle for Cardiff City winger and Nottingham Forest eye West Brom loanee
Football League ChampionshipThe latest rumours doing the rounds on Tuesday, January 19


City of Spies
City of Spies - shooting 2017
At the height of the cold war there were 600 spies in Vienna. Today there are 6000. Kindra Starr is a 21 year old politics student who takes over the spying activities of her missing parents. The first in a series of films in which Kindra moves up the ranks of the spy network who recruit her, only to discover the shocking truth about who she really works for. This is Fargo meets The Americans - a quirky story with a twist like a punch in the face. https://www.facebook.com/cityofspiesfilm
I'm Phil Moran. I'm a doctor of physics and I've been a film-maker for twenty years. I live in Vienna and work for all the major international organisations here such as the United Nations and the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (the people monitoring Ukraine at the moment). I was the film-maker embedded with IFE14, the largest weapons of mass destruction exercise ever undertaken.
City of Spies is the first in a series of films and it has a strong female lead called Kindra who has taken over the spying activities of her parents when they disappear. Believing they will soon return, Kindra has to earn money to keep up appearances and to look after her young brother, so she steals secrets and sells them to an anonymous buyer online. The buyer, Hal, is not what he seems and when he discovers she's an imposter he comes after her. It's just a matter of time before he gets her, unless the other side gets her first.
I am making City of Spies because it's time to get a feature film under my belt. I'm nearly 50 and my wife has just given birth to our first child. I gave up physics as a profession to develop my skills as a film-maker - now it's time to fulfil my dream to direct feature films.
I'm going to make this film no matter what. With your help, however, I can make it better and do it more quickly. We have some great offers for your investment, so you'll definitely get something worthwhile, as well as helping a team of actors and crew make a great twisty story.
What We Need & What You Get
We're looking to raise EUR 25000 and all of it is needed to hire equipment, dress sets, hire locations and props, provide transport of feed the cast and crew. The actors and crew love the script so much that they are fully flexible.
We've been really creative with our perks. We have the usual offers of a signed script and a digital copy of the film, but how would you fancy becoming a spy yourself? Depending on how much you invest, you can appear in City of Spies - and we might even bring you back in the second film. Our other perks include having your image or name appear in the film - but where?
If you're a serious investor, we have options for you to become a producer, and get a revenue share of the film. It is registered with the BFI as a British film and so will be eligible for the UK film tax credit. Also, all cast and crew - including the producers and director - are working on a deferred basis. Recoupment will repay principal investment in first position, so all these aspects lower the risk for investment. Please note, however, that film investment is high risk.
Whether you invest or not, I hope you'll continue to follow the project - log on to the website and subscribe for updates - there be plenty of freely available bonus material and competitions as we make the film. Perhaps you can guess who Kindra is really working for?
As I have said, if we don't reach our target, all that means is the we make the film more slowly - but we will make City of Spies no matter what.
Your contribution will enable us to make a polished piece of cinema. It will have much broader appeal internationally and will increase opportunties to obtain distribution in more territories.
I've been a film-maker for twenty years and have made lots of short films and television documentaries that have been broadcast all over the world. I have written several scripts in my life, one of which was optioned, and have also attended Robert McKee's story course.
I am one of the producers of The Laureate, a film about Robert Graves, that has been near to production several times. The Laureate has an $8m budget and in the past has had the likes of Orlando Bloom and Sam Claflin attached. Although The Laureate has not been made yet, the film has enabled me to develop many contacts with sales agents and distributors that will be very useful for City of Spies.
I have chosen to make City of Spies as a low budget film simply because I didn't want to be chasing named actors in order to raise money. I am making this film no matter what.
We have an excellent cast from Vienna and the UK that have been very carefully selected after extensive auditions.
Risks & Challenges
The risk with film investment is always that it doesn't get made, or does not make money at the box office.
We cannot eliminate these risks, but I can tell you that we have already filmed over 25% of the movie, everyone has worked long hours for free and I personally have invested several thousands of my own Euros in the project so far.
There will always be risks and obstacles, but the team will always have dedication and determination.
Other Ways You Can Help
There's no such a thing as bad publicity, so if you like what you have read, please share and keep returning to the City of Spies Facebook page where we regularly upload bonus material such as short scenes not in the movie that tell a little about the back story of the characters.
If you want to help with production, let us know. If you can get to Vienna, we can probably find you a couch to sleep on. It has been a lot of fun making the film so far, and no doubt will be in the future.
Thanks for supporting us - remember share, share, share.
DONATE TO HELP US MAKE CITY OF SPIES. YOU CAN GET ADVANCE TICKETS TO THE PREMIERE AND MANY OTHER PERKS
€10 - Rookie
So you're still learning to be a spy. Well ok. For your € 10 we'll post a thank you on our Facebook wall. Keep watching the videos that we upload - they're not all just from the film: there's a huge backstory going on here - and you may learn a thing or two about espionage. • Posted thank you.
€25 - Kazakh Foreign Intelligence
Now don't judge too quickly. Kazakhstan are friends with Russia & have a non-permanent seat on the Security Council. For € 25 you'll receive a thanks on the Facebook page, a digital copy of the film and a thanks in the credits of the movie. Also a ticket to the premiere of the film - subject to demand. Once the premiere is full, you'll get a ticket to the second screening and so on. • Copy of City of Spies, ticket to premiere (subject to demand), and a thank you in credits
€50 - Iran Intelligence Ministry
Now I'm not telling you how Iran is involved with all of this, but things are looking shaky since Trump came to power. For €50 we will put a photo of you in the film. Yes, A PHOTO! We won't tell you where it is, however, you'll have to use your Iranian Guard training to find it. You'll also get everything from the previous tier such as a digital copy of the movie and a thank you on the Facebook page and the credits of the movie. • Copy of the film, thanks in credits & your photo IN the film.
€50 - MOSSAD
Everyone knows Israel has a nuclear capability, of course, but would they ever use it? For € 50 we will put your name in the film - yes IN the film. When City of Spies is made, you'll be able to show your family and friends where your name is written - as long as you can find it; you might have to watch it shot by shot, however. You'll also get everything from the previous tier. • Copy of the film, thanks in credits & your name IN the film.
€100 - MI5
For € 100 Her Majesty's Secret Service will provide you with everything in the previous tier (digital copy of the movie, thanks in credits and Facebook page) and also a VIP invite to the wrap party and the film's premiere. You'll also get a version of the script signed by the director and lead actors. • Copy of the film, thanks in credits, signed version of script, VIP invite to wrap party & premiere.
€250 - CIA
You are top tier when it comes to being a spy - but do you have what it takes? € 250 will get you everything in the previous tier, but also a character roll in the promotional material for the film. We have many short video clips online, and we'll film one with YOU as a character. And, we might bring your character back for the second film. • Copy of film, thanks in credits, signed version of script, VIP invite to wrap party & premiere, AND a character role in the promo material.
€500 - POTUS
You want to be top dog? For € 500 we'll give you everything as the other perks, AND we'll give you a part in the film. We have a number of character roles, so you can appear in the final cut of City of Spies, be named in the credits and have you own credit on imdb. • Copy of the film, thanks in credits, signed version of script, VIP invite to wrap party & premiere, AND a part in the movie with imdb credit.
€1000 or more.
Please contact us and we can discuss an equity investment in the film that will gain you a producer credit and many other benefits.
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Life at RGU
RGU architecture student wins top Scottish award
A Robert Gordon University (RGU) graduate has picked up one of the top prizes in a Scottish student architecture awards scheme.
Daniel Cardno (24), who graduated with a Masters of Architecture degree from the Scott Sutherland School of Architecture and Built Environment earlier this month, won the RIAS (Royal Incorporation of Architects in Scotland) Rowand Anderson Silver Medal for best fifth year student as part of the awards scheme, organised jointly by Architecture + Design Scotland and the RIAS.
Fellow Scott Sutherland School student Janis Vilcins was also commended for his work, in which he proposed a design for a vertical distillery on the periphery of the new Aberdeen Western Periphery Route (AQPR).
Daniel's project mapped out ways for the Norwegian village of Eidsvåg to transition from an economy based on the oil and gas industry towards maritime industry and tourism, specifically proposing the construction of a marine research centre on the island.
The former Old Machar Academy pupil said: "The project emphasizes Norway's relationship with water and the maritime industry. The Centre is positioned on the north side of a small island within the bay and the design is an adaption of the vernacular boat shed form found on the east coast of Norway.
"The three forms hold different functions and relate to one another on a horizontal level at the ground. This floor is open to the public as a 'learning aquarium' with temporary displays positioned in a framework of clearly articulated spaces with a restrained material palette."
He added: "There was a lot of really good work exhibited at the award ceremony, so I was really surprised when I heard my name called out. It's nice to have some recognition for my hard work.
"It's also always good for the Scott Sutherland School to get some recognition, as I often feel it is forgotten about being the most northern architecture school in the country. There is a certain approach that we are taught within this school which revolves around creating believable buildings that respond well to their context and it is good to see that being recognised."
Daniel, who is now looking to secure a job with an architecture practice, said: "I've had a small break and done some travelling but I'm really keen to get out and start working."
The awards – now in their fourteenth year – recognise the talent of student architects across Scotland and are awarded in a number of categories. The 2016 winners will join the current Best of the Best exhibition which is touring across Scotland as part of Architecture and Design Scotland's Say Hello to Architecture programme and the Festival of Architecture
Release by Jenny Rush
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Pakistan: judge refuses to hear the case of jailed Marxist
Progressive Youth Alliance
Youth International Marxist Tendency Pakistan Solidarity Appeals Featured
The ordeal of a Marxist student leader from Multan, Rawal Asad, seems to be unending. He is clearly being victimised through unlawful acts and a delaying of the court procedures. Today, once again it was made clear that no law exists in Pakistan, and the courts and lawyers are all part of a farcical façade, while the real power brokers rule unchallenged. The bail application for the fabricated case of sedition was due to be heard in a court in Multan today. But the judge delayed the hearing until the closing hours of the court. In the end, he said that he couldn't hear this case and that it should be referred to some other judge.
This is a clear violation of the law by the court itself, while a student is rotting in jail alongside hardened criminals, the judge is not hearing the application. The same judge had granted physical custody of Rawal Asad to the police a few days ago and had listened to the police report after the investigation. But, after undue delays and court procedures, when the time eventually came to decide on the bail application the judge refused to hear the case.
The president and general secretary of the lawyers' association of Multan expressed their anger over this conduct and on behalf of all the lawyers of Multan condemned this action.
It is evident that some forces are more powerful than the law in Pakistan, and the courts and prisons are just like a spider's web, where the weak are tortured while the mighty tear them apart. The charge of sedition against Rawal Asad reminds us of the atrocities and oppression under British imperialism, when freedom fighters were charged under these laws, which that have remained in place along with the unjust justice system.
The class-based system continues, under which a handful of rich people living in extreme luxury decide the fate of millions living in poverty and misery. If anyone dares to raise their voice against the unjust division of rich and poor, they are victimised through various means and charged with sedition.
All this oppression, however, will not deter the revolutionaries from their path and they will continue their struggle for the fundamental rights of the oppressed living, in under extreme misery and depredation.
The Progressive Youth Alliance has vowed to step up the campaign for the release of Rawal Asad, and public meetings and protests are planned across the country in the coming days. Many trade unions, lawyers' associations, journalists and other organisations and groups have also expressed solidarity with the PYA and have vowed to carry out a joint struggle.
We also appeal to the workers, students and political activists around the world to express solidarity with Rawal Asad who is being victimized just for organising workers and students. The accusations against him, according to the case, are that he joined a peaceful protest in Multan on 5 February. If this is a seditious act than having a personal opinion about any issue is also sedition. It is quite possible that in the coming days simply breathing without state permission could be charged as sedition, as the state has intensified its crackdown on social media as well. On the other hand, terrorists and murderers are being treated as state guests, while corrupt and criminal elements are part of the government and state institutions. Those responsible for poverty, hunger, unemployment and all the other ills of society through looting and plundering are enjoying luxurious lives as respected citizens of society.
The most criminal act of Rawal Asad, according to this state, is that he hails from a humble background, living in extremely difficult conditions. He was not educated in elite institutions and doesn't have a luxurious lifestyle, but he raised his voice against injustice in the country.
This case has made evident once again that this whole system is rotten to the core, while the ruling class wants to preserve it at any cost. All kinds of dissent are being banned and all organisations fighting for the rights of workers and the poor are being stifled to death.
But we will fight this brutality to the end and refuse to bow down to oppression.
Once again, we appeal to all people with a conscience to support us in this cause.
An injury to one is an injury to all!
Release Rawal Asad!
Free education and healthcare for all!
Workers of the world, unite!
Pakistan: Amar Fayaz released! 7 Jan 2021
Pakistan: huge turnout for Students Day of Action 21 Dec 2020
Pakistan: student Day of Action to be held in 31 cities across the country 17 Dec 2020
Environmental crisis in Pakistan: corruption, carbon emissions and capitalism 1 Oct 2020
Pakistan: victory for IMT as Comrade Amin released – forward to revolution! 3 Aug 2020


Whistler Blackcomb tables $345M development plan | CBC News Loaded
Whistler Blackcomb tables $345M development plan
Whistler Blackcomb has a $345 million plan to make the resort "weather independent" with new year-round attractions for non-skiers, but it won't turn the town into a northern Disneyland, says the CEO.
Proposal includes massive indoor waterpark, more biking, hiking trails and luxury accommodation at Blackcomb
Mike Laanela · CBC News · Posted: Apr 06, 2016 7:14 AM PT | Last Updated: April 7, 2016
Whistler Blackcomb Holdings Inc. is proposing to spend $345 million on plan to make the resort "weather independent." (Whistler Blackcomb)
"A focus on bringing the outdoors under cover ... means guests won't have to stop playing when Mother Nature doesn't cooperate," says the resort's new website promoting its Renaissance plan.
While snow levels at the popular ski resort have been good this past winter, in recent years warm weather has put a damper on the resort's winter season. At the same time the expansion of the Sea-To-Sky highway has already increased the number of summer visitors to the resort community.
CEO Dave Brownlie said the resort — and the community as a whole — has been planning for the effects of global warming and climate change since the early 90s.
"It was identified that we needed to strengthen our tourism business on a year-round basis. We needed to provide some resiliency over and above what we had for volatility of weather," said Brownlie.
He says only about six per cent of North Americans ski and snowboard, and the new activities will attract a much wider range of visitors, particularly outside the winter months.
"It's about what happens in May and June and September and October, when we are not so busy."
There has been plenty of snow at Whistler this past winter, but the previous two seasons were not as cold. (CBC)
'Renaissance project'
The first phase of the so-called Renaissance project would cost up to $100 million and include a year-round indoor water-based play area at Blackcomb's upper base. The 163,000 square foot facility would include water slides, wave and surf simulators, cliff jumping and rock climbing.
There are also plans for a tree-top ropes course and a year-round mountain coaster. Other parts of the proposal include a suspension bridge and viewing platforms at the peak of Whistler Mountain, and an expansion of the Whistler Mountain Bike Park including 50 kilometers of new downhill mountain biking trails.
The resort also plans to expand its ski facilities by adding new snow school learning zones, a night skiing zone and more snowmaking on Blackcomb Mountain, and a new high-speed lift to connect Blackcomb's upper and lower bases.
Phases 2 and 3 would include a new day lodge, and luxury real estate developments including 60 upscale townhomes.
The resort's owner Whistler Blackcomb Holdings Inc. says the project still requires approvals from both municipal and provincial governments and successful negotiations with the Squamish and Lil'wat First Nations.
Whistler Blackcomb's plan to increase year-round visitors includes more hiking and biking trails. (The Canadian Press/Paul Morrison)
'A great day for Whistler'
The new attractions are expected to generate an extra 400,000 visitor days per year once the second stage is up and running, boosting Whistler annual visitor days into the range of nearly three million.
Whistler Mayor Nancy Whilhelm-Morden has thrown her support behind the resort's plans today, calling the announcement "a very exciting day for Whistler."
"An announcement of $345 million in my town is a fantastic announcement," said Whilhelm-Morden.
She said the town already has plans in the works to upgrade its infrastructure to deal with the increasing number of visitors.
"We are very aware of some of the bottlenecks we have been having and have been working on them long before this announcement."
The mayor said there will be opportunities for residents to comment on the plan, starting with an open house held by the resort on Monday at the Westin Hotel.
Meanwhile Brownlie said he was not concerned that a second ski resort proposed for the Garibaldi area near Squamish could threaten Whistler's expansion plans, citing what he called a lack of both snow and local government support for the potential competitor.
Skiing and boarding will remain the core of Whistler Blackcomb's operations, despite the year-round development plans, promises CEO Dave Brownlie (Eric Berger/ whistlerblackcomb.ca)
Still a ski town?
Brownlie also denied any suggestion that the new attractions would turn Whistler from a ski resort into a northern Disneyland
"Not at all," he said. "Skiing and snowboarding is what we are famous for, and we'll continue to invest so that we will be a leader in that area."
In fact, Brownlie expects the second stage of the Renaissance plan, which includes luxury accommodation, should provide the cash for some major investments higher on the mountain during the third stage.
"This will actually bring more investment to the core mountain product sooner, at the end of the day."
Brownlie said the four options being considered for future development up the mountain include:
Upgrading the Olympic beginner zone on Whistler.
Replacing the 30-year-old Wizard and Solar Coast chairs on Blackcomb with either covered six-pack chairs or a single gondola from the bottom to the top, and replacing the Cat Skinner chair with a high-speed quad chair.
A new gondola from the base of Creekside to the top of the Dave Murray Downhill run, to create more mid-mountain skiing on Whistler, and replacing Franz's chair and the T-bar with a single high-speed quad that would access lower Harmony Bowl.
Opening up the west side of Whistler Mountain (beyond the Peak to Creek run toward Function Junction) with new lifts, trails and snowmaking.
Mike Laanela
Mike Laanela is an online journalist with CBC News in Vancouver.
@mlaanela
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Whistler-Blackcomb surviving on artificial snow
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$22M Whistler chalet could be Canada's most expensive vacation home


منابع پایان‌نامه ارشد b (3783)
5.1 Introduction48
5.1 Summary of the study48
5.3 Discussing the Results in Terms of the First Research Question49
5.4 Discussing the Results in Terms of the Second Research Question50
5.5 Discussing the Results in Terms of the Third Research Question51
5.6 Pedagogical Implications of the Study52
5.6.1 Implications for Translators and Translators Trainers52
5.6.2 Implications for Contrastive Analysts52
5.7 Suggestions for Further Research53
Refrences54
CSIs: culture-specific items
NP: noun phrase
ST: source text
SL: source language
TT: target text
TL: target language
VP: verb phrase
Vs: versus
Chapter One:
Reduplication is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word or a part of it is repeated. In many languages, reduplication is used in inflections to convey grammatical functions and in lexical derivations to create semantic forms (Nadarajan, 2006).There are different categorization and ideas on reduplication and reduplicative words. For example according to Minkova (2002), there are two kinds of reduplication: full and partial reduplication. Full reduplication involves the exact repetition of the sound or word, while partial reduplication involves reduplication of only a part of a word. He (ibid) mentioned that most reduplications in English are partial reduplication which involves consonant ablaut or vowel alternation (e.g., riff raff, ping pong, chit chat, tip top), rhyme reduplication (e.g., hocus-pocus) and full reduplication (e.g., boo-boo). English reduplications have a certain form class and specific meaning. For example, chit-chat is a noun meaning a light conversation, and a verb meaning to talk informally or to gossip.
Katamba (1993 and 2006) considered reduplication as an affixation process which involves the addition of a free morpheme (not necessarily a bound morpheme) to the beginning, the end or within the base. Moreover there are two different points of view regarding reduplication. The first point states that it is a process whereby phonological material is copied. That is, the segmental content is repeated with various phonological constraints (Marantz 1982).
The second one explains that it is a process whereby a bundle of morpho-syntactic features are copied (Inkelas and Zoll 2005). Broselow and McCarthy (2009) have mentioned three kinds of reduplication used in English mostly for the purpose of informal expressive vocabulary:
a. Rhyming reduplication
b. Exact reduplication
c. Ablaut reduplication
The examples are classified according to this classification mentioned by Broselow and McCarthy (2009). The main point is that, these words (reduplicative words) should not be translated literally. Especially in translation of novels because if they were translated literally their meaning would be lost. The translators' main task is the analysis of the source text so it's necessary for s/he to get the exact meaning and message of the source text.
1.2 Statement of the problem
Translation is not merely an interlinguistic process. It is more complex than replacing source language text with target language text and includes cultural and educational nuances that can shape the options and attitudes of recipients. Translations are never produced in a cultural or political vacuum and cannot be isolated from the context in which the texts are embedded (Dingwaney and Maier, 1995). And translation theory's main concern is to determine appropriate translation method for the widest possible range of texts or text-categories.(Newmark, 1988).So in order to have a proper translation choosing the best translation method and procedure is so important. Translating reduplicative words is not an easy matter for translators (Hall, 1964). Sometimes the translator doesn't get the correct meaning and also sometimes s/he understands the meaning but cannot find the correct procedure to translate it. So the translation doesn't covey the correct meaning and message.
As a result the translator first should get the exact meaning of the reduplicative words in SL and then choose the appropriate strategy to translate it and make the correct sense and meaning in the target text. Also preserving the form of reduplicative words is important but meaning and sense have priority (Hall, 1964). The translator should pay attention that translations are never a product of a cultural void and there is a general agreement between translation scholars that in seeking to transport words (and sentences and texts) from one language to another, the translator cannot merely search for equivalent words in the target language to render the meaning of the source (Dingwaney and Maier, 1995). Therefore, as stated by Korzeniowska and Kuhiwczak(2005), translators not only have to be intermediaries between different language systems, but also have to be intercultural mediators. The role of the translator is to mediate source ideas across cultural and national boundaries placing him or her in a unique position to understand various development issues.
1.3 Significance of the Study
Translation is the process of changing the language that is written or spoken in to another language (Culler 1976). The need and importance of translation also arises when one wants to know the words or phrases or a language used in other countries so as to familiarize oneself for a particular purpose (Bassenet, 2002). And in order to have a correct translation, the translator should bring in mind the type of the text, language functions context and so on and finally choose the best method and strategy. Translation of metaphors, expressions and some linguistic forms need more attention. Reduplication also needs more attention.
Reduplication is a word formation process in which one or more elements are copied from the base of the word (Hall, 1964). Reduplication is used in many world languages with various types and uses. In many cultures people use this linguistic process so it is necessary to know how to translate reduplicative words correctly. This study meets this need and also is considered as a new study in translation studies because in Iran there are not enough studies on translation of reduplication. It's an applicable study for translators and student of translation. Moreover as reduplication is a linguistic process the results of this study are useful for linguists. This study also provides more suggestions for new researches.
This study has tried to consider that if the reduplicative words can be translated literally or not. And if so would they preserve the source meaning and sense?
The main aim of this study was to define English reduplication and offer the proper translation strategies for translating English reduplicative words into Persian preserving the correct sense and meaning. It also has tended to show which translation strategy has been used in translation of English reduplicative words and finally the superiority of preserving meaning or form would be studied.
1.5 Research Questions
This study is intended to find the answer of some questions regarding translation of English reduplicative words to Persian. The questions which are to be answered in this study are as the followings:
1- Are English reduplicative words translated literally to Persian in the selected corpuses?
2- What strategies are suitable in translation of reduplicative words from English to Persian?
3- In translation of reduplicative words is preserving the meaning important or form?
It is assumed that Davis' strategies for translation of reduplicative words are applicable in Persian and it is also thought that reduplicative words should not be translated literally and preservation of the meaning has superiority over form. By finding the answer of such questions, the assumptions would be analyzed and answered.
1.6 Theoretical Framework
Reduplication is a common linguistic process in many languages but reduplicative words are not universal. It means the nature of the reduplicated material varies from language to language. So reduplicative words in each language can be considered as culture-specific items of that language (Davies, 2003).
The theoretical framework used for the categorization and clarification of the obtained data is Davies' schema. Davies suggested seven strategies for handling with culture-specific items and expressions such as reduplicative words: preservation, addition, omission, globalization, localization, transformation, and creation.
1. Preservation
First strategy for dealing with CSIs named by Davies is preservation (Davies, 2003). This translation procedure is usually employed by the translator when an entity does not have any close equivalent in the TL and target culture. However, this translation strategy has already been well known in translation studies but under different names. Davies acknowledges that preservation procedure is "at the heart of the process of lexical borrowing" (ibid, p: 84).
The scholar distinguished two types of preservation:
* Preservation of form: occurs when a translator may simply decide to maintain the source text term in the translation.
* Preservation of content: occurs when the actual English words are not preserved, but where a cultural reference receives a literal translation, with no further explanation.
In fact, some words or phrases referring to CSIs may pass into another language and over a period of time become fully integrated. However, this process may be accepted more by one cultural community rather than others. Both preservation of form or preservation of the content may not always be the best choice in translation of CSIs. Davies (ibid) warned that in some cases the preservation of the content may be confusing for the TL readers.
2. Addition
Another translation strategy named by Davies is addition. It proposes a solution for translation of CSIs when preservation leads to obscurity. Addition occurs when a translator may decide to keep the original item but supplement the text with whatever information is judged necessary. Other scholars also mentioned this translation procedure.
However, some translators did not put so much effort to incorporate explanation in the text and chose the second type of addition. In some cultures this tradition of providing explanations in footnotes is more acceptable than in others.
3. Omission
The third translation procedure for dealing with CSIs proposed by Davies is called omission. Omission appears when a problematic CSI is left out in the translation so that the readers have no idea of its existence. Omission can be employed in the translation of CSI due to a number of reasons. According to Davies, there are three reasons. First of all, omission can be used when the translator cannot find the equivalent in the TL. Secondly, omission may be used as a reasoned decision of a translator. Translator may put effort and find a solution for the translation of CSI but, having in mind the TC and target readers decides that translation is not justified. Finally, omission is used when the translation by explanation or paraphrase gives a prominence it did not possess in the original. In such cases the emphasis of the original would be changed, therefore omission becomes an optional solution. A frequent use of this translation strategy may affect the translation negatively. Davies noted that there is certainly some loss of meaning arising from the omission of the signals of copiousness and luxury. All in all, the translator should use omission with great care.
4. Globalization
This translation procedure has many positive aspects. Globalization of CSIs makes the TT accessible to a much wider audience. Moreover, globalization conveys the essential characteristics of the translated concept and at the same time helps to avoid details that could be misunderstood by the TT readers. However, globalization frequently results in the loss of association and shades of meaning. Thus, the strategy of globalization should not be overused by the translator.
5. Localization
Another important strategy for dealing with CSIs is called localization. Davies noted that she uses his term as an opposition to the above described translation procedure globalization. Localization occurs when a translator instead of aiming for 'cultural-free' descriptions, […] may try to anchor a reference firmly in the culture of the target audience.
Davies also stated that "there is a very fine line between passable and implausible localization"(p: 89). It is rather difficult to localize CSI that it would have the same effect as it had on the TL audience. Even in such cases when the translator succeeds to achieve this goal, other problems may arise. Davies warned that localization of a particular cultural entity may require additional modifications further in the text.
Translation strategy that goes beyond globalization or localization is named transformation by Davies. This strategy changes the content of the CSI used in the SL and may be defined as an alternation or distortion of the original.
According to Davies, the employment of transformation in translation can be influenced by a number of reasons. The modification of the content of SL text can be reasoned by the translator's or editor's evaluation of the target audience's flexibility and expectations. In other cases, transformation may be used because the translator's or editor's willingness to wrestle with possible obscurity.
Davies noted that in certain cases it is rather difficult to draw the line between globalization, localization and transformation because it is not clear where the change of the content goes beyond the frames of localization and globalization. In other cases it becomes difficult to realize where explicitness goes beyond addition and could be considered transformation.
7. Creation
The last translation strategy named by Davies is called creation. Creation appears when translators have actually created CSIs not present in the original text. Creation may be employed by the translator due to a number of reasons.
Davies suggested that creation is used when translators presuppose that the original form would be too strange for the target readers. Creation may result from the intention of the translator to make CSI more transparent and comprehendible for the target audience.
However, while trying to make the translation more transparent the translator tends to simultaneously put efforts in order to retain at least some flavor of SL.
Finally, this strategy can be used in order to compensate for the loss of meaning in translation in other parts of the TT. Translation of CSI is a difficult task that has been reviewed by a number of scholars, whose theories fall under two approaches: naming two goals of the translator, i.e. retaining the strangeness of the foreign text or adapting it to the TL; and providing a list of translation procedures for dealing with individual CSIs.
1.7 Limitations of the study
Conducting this study which is done based on Davis' translation strategies in translation of reduplicative words from English literature (novels and story books) into Persian provided some limitations for the researcher:
The most important problem refers to the limited related works to be used as the literature review so the scope of the study is supposed to be broadening in order to gather the literature review.
Another infuriating restriction which was faced during the research was the lack of original book access which forced the researcher to use the PDF version of the story. Moreover, many research papers were not easily found and the researcher also had to use man PDF versions.
1.8 Definition of key words
Reduplication: It is a morphological process in which the root or stem of a word or a part of it is repeated (Hall, 1964)
Rhyming reduplication: It is a type of reduplication in which two words have the same rhyme ( Broselow and McCarthy, 2009).
Exact reduplication: Through this type of reduplication process that the words are repeated exactly ( Broselow and McCarthy, 2009).
Ablaut reduplication: It is another type of reduplication and one of the features which distinguishes this type from the others is that the vowel of the first part is approximately always high and front while that of the second is low and back (Minkova, 2002).
Chapter Two:
Review of Related Literature
2. Review of Related Literature
In the following literature review a complete definition of reduplication has been prepared to make readers understand this linguistic phenomenon better and in the next part different types of English reduplicative words have been classified with examples. Then in part 2.4 the translation strategies suitable for translation of reduplicative words are well explained. And finally works done on this area (translation of reduplicative words) in Iran and other countries have been introduced.
2.2 Reduplication definition
Reduplication is among the processes that commonly exist in English and some other languages, and it is one of six main kinds of grammatical processes mentioned by Sapir in addition to word- order, composition, affixation, internal modification of the radical or grammatical element and accentual differences. It is used with various forms to achieve various purposes: lexical, morphological, and grammatical (Dineen, 1967).
In the literature, there are other terms which are sometimes interchangeably with reduplication like 'cloning, doublin, duplication, and repetition' but the standard term is 'reduplication' . "Grammatical processes may either involve the modification of single form in some way, or the combination of more than one form" (Hall, 1964, p.135).
In this regard, prosodic morphology puts an emphasis on the phonological processes included in reduplication which differentiate the base (that is the fixed element) from the copied (repeated) form. The process and the meaning that it may have in any particular language are not connected in a natural way. Reduplication involves prosodic units (beginning with a phoneme and ending with a morpheme) or a word being repeated. In the same word, the whole or part of a base is repeated. So, it is a process of repetition (Dineen, 1967).
This process is called reduplication since the second word follows the first one to emphasize it. So, the second part cannot be said alone without the first one. It is regarded as a particular kind of grammatical formation or a non- concatenative morphological phenomenon, i.e. a series of units that are linked together whereby a new word is produced by repeating a morpheme accompanied by a change in a vowel or initial consonant.(Robins,1967).
The reduplicative compound which consists of at least two linguistic forms (parts, halves, that is the base and the element which is reduplicated is known as a reduplicant. It is not frequently written as a full- form but as RED or R. The reduplicant is most often copied one time only not more are ordered in a paradigmatic, i.e. non- suppletive morphological relation. The second form includes a segment or a sequence of segments that is derived by non- recursive repetition of the part of the first form (Verma and Krishnaswamy, 1989).
There are two different points of view regarding reduplication. The first point states that it is a process whereby phonological material is copied. That is the segmental content is repeated with various phonological constraints, Marantz (1982); McCarthy and Prince (1986) quoted in Ghomeshi et al, 2004). The second one explains that it is a process whereby a bundle of morpho-syntactic features are copied (Inkelas and Zoll 2005 qtd in ibid).
Reduplication is not syllable epenthesis (i.e. the insertion of extra consonant to the middle of the word) because the motivation beyond reduplication is morphological in that the birth of a new morpheme is the end product. While in epenthesis, there is no birth of a new morpheme, it is a matter of insertion. It is the same word and there is no new word produced (Lass, 1984).A focus has been put on the copying process in the various theories suggested by: Marantz, 1982; Yip, 1982; Clements, 1985; Broselow and McCarthy, 1983 quoted in Bao, 1990).
Katamba (1993 and 2006) considered reduplication as an affixation process which involves the addition of a free morpheme (not necessarily a bound morpheme) to the beginning, the end or within the base. In this regard, McCarthy (qtd in Katamba and Stonham 2006) noticed that reduplication is a special case of ordinary affixation morphology, where the affixes are phonologically underspecified, receiving their full phonetic expression by copying adjacent segments.
The dictionary does not provide us with the semantic, syntactic, morphological, and phonological properties of a morpheme, which are specified, but with the reduplicative morpheme, its semantic and syntactic properties are available in the dictionary while the phonological one is not complete. Within the literature of auto-segmental phonology, much attention is paid to reduplication, particularly the partial type.
Gemination is a process whereby consonants and vowels are doubled; it is sometimes regarded as a form of reduplication. Indicating various kinds of reduplication which have the same meaning is done by using the term 'dupleme' after 'morpheme'. Similarly, deletion, and affixation of non- reduplication material, etc, are phonological and morphological processes with which reduplication is often used. So, the word 'duplifix' is used to indicate the reduplication and affixation are combined. In other languages, initial reduplication and gemination of the first consonant in the distributive plural and in repetitive verbs are also combined.
Reduplication is used in a number of languages to varying extents. It can be modified in two ways: as being a process or an addition. It is considered as a regular way of pluralizing the nouns. In Greek, for instance, there are different kinds of repetition in the structure of a word."In historical linguistics, the term refers to the way a prefix/ suffix reflects certain phonological characteristics of a root". The initial consonant of the base is copied in certain grammatical contexts, like perfective forms (Crystal, 1992).
In some languages, reduplication is described as a word- formation process by which a prefix is created by repeating the first consonant and vowel of a base. In a base, the vowel which is [+ length] becomes [- length] in the prefix in a systematic way (Falk, 1978). In addition, reduplication can also be used to refer to repetition, customary activity and frequency of an action or event which are found in verbs, the increase in size and addition of intensity which are used to refer to an argumentative meaning that reduplication has.
It also expresses plurality,distributivity (each X), continuous, habitual aspect, variety and similarity (all different kinds of X,X and such),'out of control', in addition to different types of derivational meaning (for example, agentive nominal) (Katamba and Stonham, 2006).
The other usages mentioned by Hyman (1975) and Napoli, 1996) are: Nouns are derived from verbs; it is a reference to modality and aspect (perfective and progressive); and it refers to a type of S-V concord in certain persons and numbers. Hall (1964) indicated that reduplication is used when a speaker wants to produce expressive or figurative tone than ordinary speech. Reduplicated nouns are found in a language to refer to genuinely, completeness, originality and being uncomplicated as opposed to being fake, incomplete, complicated, or fussy. The functions of reduplication can be considered to be both rhetorical as well as cohesive. Content can be reiterated in a paraphrase form or alternative lexical forms (near -synonyms) and meaning is specific to the context in which the form is created (Wang, 2005).
2.2.1 Reduplication and Repetitions
Reduplication is a word formation process in which some part of a base (a segment, syllable, morpheme) is repeated, either to the left, or to the right of the word or, occasionally, within the middle of the word. While reduplication is found in a wide range of languages and language groups, its level of linguistic productivity varies and it is sometimes used interchangeably with repetition)wang,2005). Repetition is a term which is used to indicate sounds and concepts that are repeated in one form or the other to provide reinforcement and emotional emphasis. Persson, (1974) insists that repetitions in English can be distinguished at three linguistic levels which are a) lexical as in old, old view; b) syntactical as in God he knows; and c) semantic as in they deceived and hoodwinked us. Wang (2005) insists that there are fundamental differences between reduplication and repetition and that reduplication exists at the lexical level while repetition exists at the syntactical level.
2.2.2 Types of English reduplicative words
Several ways of classifying reduplication appear in the literature of many languages. Full and partial reduplications denote either that the whole base is repeated (full or total) or a part of it (partial). Both types are often used in many languages (Matthews, 1974). Likewise, pre-reduplication (pre-modification) and post- reduplication (post- modification), imply whether the repeated or copied element comes before or after the base (Haspelmath, 2002).
In English, and some other languages, reduplication is considered as a special case of affixes where there is a similarity between the affix and some part of its environment.
So, there are three types of reduplication:
a.prefixal or initial: the part before the base which is reduplicative formative is copied, i.e. it can be to the right of the reduplicant;
b. suffixal or final: the part after the base which is reduplicative formative is copied, i.e. it can be to the left of the reduplicant;
c. infixal can be internal. It is considered by Katamba (1993) and Katamba and Stonham (2006) as a morphological odd process whereby a copy of part of the base is inserted in the base as an infix.
Thus, reduplication is accomplished by the allomorphic variation which is used. Such types can also be applied to the complete reduplication. From the general pattern of the language, reduplication can be prefixal in one case and suffixal in another (Gleason (1961), Matthews (1974), Napoli (1996), Crystal (1992), Katamba( 2006), Urbunczy(2007).
Broselow and McCarthy (2009) also mentions three kinds of reduplication used in English mostly for the purpose of informal expressive vocabulary. Those types are non- productive, i.e., there is no new form, their parts are firmly fixed:
The examples are 'claptrap', 'hockey- pockey', 'slim jim', etc. Sometimes, a semantic component supports such a morphological tendency to reduplicate. For instance, the two parts of the compound word 'walkie-talkie' rhyme in addition to their independent meanings which are connected to each other, and reflect the connotations of the word.
The examples which are taken from the baby- talk are 'bye- bye', 'choo- choo', 'pee- pee', etc.
This type is exemplified in: 'bric- a- brac', 'chit- chat', 'jibber- jabber'.One of the features which distinguishes this type from the others is that the vowel of the first part is approximately always high and front while that of the second is low and back.
Ghomeshi et al (2004) added other types of reduplication with different degrees of productivity in addition to the previous three ones mentioned by Broselow and McCarthy (2009):
d. Multiple partial reduplication
Is exemplified in: 'hap- hap- happy' (in song lyrics).
e. Depricative reduplication. The example is 'table- shmable'.
f. Intensive reduplication: This type is used with adjectives, verbs,
Prepositions/ adverbs, pronouns and nouns:
1. You're sick sick sick!
2. Let's get out there and win win win!
3. Prices just keep going up up up.
4. All you think about is you you you.
5. It's mine mine mine.
Concerning stress, it is either placed on each item, or it can be of strong-weak- strong stress pattern. A type of reduplication is used in some languages, which is 'Expressive minor'. It is of seldom use, in which the first and last segments of the base are repeated or copied by the initial reduplicant (Wikipedia, 2009). It also gives a type of infixal reduplication. In 'purple- ma- ple' or 'purpa- ma- ple' (taken from purple), the word consists of two syllables where the slang- 'ma-' infix is inserted between an initial open syllable and the reduplicative one. The first instance of the repeated syllable is decreased to become consonant- schwa.
Ghomeshi et al (2004) added another type which is contrastive reduplication. It is a phenomenon existing in colloquial English whereby the words and sometimes phrases are repeated.
2.3 Translation and reduplication
After the centuries of circular debates around literal and free translation, theoreticians in the 1950s and 1960s began to attempts more systematic analyses of translation. The new debate revolved around certain key linguistic issues. The most prominent of these issues were those of meaning and 'equivalence'. Over the following twenty years many further attempts were made to define the nature of equivalence (Munday, 2001).
Newmark felt that the success of equivalent effect is 'illusory ' and that 'the conflict of loyalties ' the gap between emphasis on source and target language will always remain as the overriding problem in translation theory and practice(Newmark,1988). He suggested narrowing the gap by replacing the old terms with those of 'semantic' and 'communicative' translation:
Communicative translation attempts to produce on its readers an effect as close as possible to that obtained on the readers of the original. Semantic translation attempts to render, as the closely as the semantic syntactic structures of the second language allow, the exact contextual meaning of the original (quoted in Munday 2001, p: 44).
This description of communicative translation resembles Nida's dynamic equivalence in the effect it is trying to create on the TT reader, while semantic translation has similarities to Nida's formal equivalence. However Newmark distances himself from the full principle of equivalent effect, since that effect is in operant if the text is out of TL space and time (1981).
Newmark said that semantic translation differs from literal translation in that it 'respect context ', interpreters and even explain (metaphors for instance). Literal translation, on the other hand means word for word in its extreme version and, even in its weaker form, sticks very closely to ST lexis and syntax According to Newmark semantic translation remains within the SL culture while communicative translation transfers foreign elements into the TL culture (Munday, 2001).
Larson (1988) also introduced two main kinds of translation. Form-based translation and meaning -based translation. Form-based translation attempts to follow the form of the source language and is known as literal translation. Meaning-based translation makes every effort to communicate the meaning of the source language text in the natural form of the receptor language (Larson, 1988).Larson also proposed meaning-based translation for such words (reduplicative words), which makes every effort to communicate the source language in the natural forms of the receptor language. This kind of translation is also called idiomatic translation.
So regarding these explanations and classifications reduplicative words should not be translated literally if so they would lose the exact meaning and effect. Also because the form of this linguistic process (reduplication), it means repetition, has an effect it is better to be translated idiomatically (or communicatively) besides preserving the form. It should be considered in preserving the form and meaning, latter has priority (Hall, 1964).


Crack is Wack -- So's the Sentencing
Robert Wilonsky
Robert Wilonsky | December 11, 2007 | 4:52pm
I've written about illegal drugs here and there, and I've been inside a few prisons for those stories and others. And along the way I've met more than a few individuals serving inordinate amounts of time for piddly drug offenses -- specifically, crack cocaine offenses.
It's hard to argue that the mandatory sentences that have been in place since the '80s for crack cocaine aren't racist (basically, if you're busted for dealing crack, your punishment will be 100 times worse than if you're busted with powder cocaine) and stupid (low-level foot soldiers in the drug game deal crack; kingpins move powder). For some time there's been momentum to change this, and if you've read the papers today you know that yesterday the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that it's OK for judges to stray from mandated guidelines when sentencing drug dealers. After the jump, then, some local perspective on what this will mean for law enforcement and the ill-fated drug war.
The ruling comes a month after the U.S. Sentencing Commission voted to reduce the disparity in prison sentences given for crack versus powder cocaine. And today the commission is scheduled to vote on whether that change should be applied retroactively, which could affect some 19,500 federal inmates, most of whom are black. (According to this Associated Pres story today: Eighty-six percent of the people in prison on crack offense are black.)
"The simplest of back stories here is that crack is a drug of the inner-city, disproportionately, and particularly crack dealing is a drug that is mostly minority offenders," Doug Berman, who writes the influential Sentencing and Law Policy blog, told me in March 2006, while I was reporting a story on a crack-dealing outfit in Pleasant Grove. "It's not quite as bad as saying, 'If you're a black drug dealer, you get three times the sentence as if you're a white dealer,' but functionally it gets relatively close to that."
Berman told me that when the guidelines were first passed in the mid-'80s there was a mistaken belief that crack was inherently more dangerous and addictive than powder cocaine -- thus, the 100-to-1 sentencing guidelines. Subsequent scientific evidence, Berman said, has refuted this.
Today Berman's got a bunch of good stuff on his blog on yesterday's ruling, including a New York Times story that says the ruling may actually result in longer, not shorter sentences. And Mother Jones, on its MoJo blog, wrote yesterday that this promises to become a major campaign issue.
But what effect, if any, will the changes in sentencing guidelines have on the drug war? This morning I called a street-level Dallas cop, who busts people for crack almost every day, and Phil Jordan, the former head of the Dallas office of the Drug Enforcement Agency, to hear their takes. Here's what they had to say:
"At my level it won't make a difference, because people are still going to go to jail," the cop told Unfair Park. "But I've always thought it was a bit unfair. The people I've got with crack are almost always on the lower end of the socio-economic strata, and the people with powder are usually a little more affluent."
Phil Jordan tells Unfair Park: "I've always been against the sentencing guidelines because they've always favored the people with money. And from a law enforcement perspective, it doesn't make a lot of sense. Cocaine is cocaine, just like heroin is heroin. I never agreed that you differentiate crack cocaine from powder cocaine. The powder cocaine are the godfathers of the drug trade, the people who are bringing in the cocaine by the bulk, and we've been giving higher sentences to the nickel-and-dimers who turn it into crack. Whoever made that decision was high on something." --Jesse Hyde
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Pace Environmental Law
Pace Environmental Law Review
Home > LAW > PELR > Vol. 30 > Iss. 2 (2013)
Regulatory Concerns and Health/Hazard Risks Associated with Nanotechnology
Louis Theodore, Theodore Tutorials
Leo StanderFollow
This paper on nanotechnology discusses not only the regulatory concerns but also health risk and hazard assessment. The next section examines present and potentially future regulatory issues. The following two sections review traditional and time tested-methods that the practicing engineer and scientist employ in health and risk analysis assessment—procedures that are also employed in the nanotechnology field today. This paper concludes with a discussion of nanotechnology's future and other associated concerns.
Louis Theodore and Leo Stander, Regulatory Concerns and Health/Hazard Risks Associated with Nanotechnology, 30 Pace Envtl. L. Rev. 469 (2013)
Available at: https://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pelr/vol30/iss2/4
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Monstrum by Donald James (1997)
28 April, 2021 / Russia in Fiction
Donald James was a quite brilliant thriller writer. One of Russia in Fiction's all-time favourites; he died exactly 13 years ago today, on 28th April 2008.
The distinctive trait of his Russia-related novels was to set them in a plausible yet radical near-future. Monstrum was written during the chaotic mid-1990s in Russia. James did in novel form what many Russia-watching analysts sought to do in methodical, scenario-planning form. He took current trends and extended them.
Except Donald James's version involves a serial killer, love affairs, and betrayal.
Monstrum is set almost a decade on from the time that it was written. Published in 1997, its story takes place in an imagined Russia of 2015, in the dying days of a civil war fought amongst forces representing the variety of political ideas struggling for ascendance in the real world of the immediate post-Communist, early 1990s Russia.
The idea that after Communism, Russia might descend into civil war was not unknown amongst analysts and political figures in the 1990s. In fictional terms it persisted longer, forming the basis for the best known novel by award-winning Russian novelist Dmitry Bykov; «ЖД» (2006), translated into English as Living Souls (2011) by Cathy Porter.
The conceptualisation of post-Communist Russia as a time and place when all ideas were up for grabs, when all the streams of Russian history flowed together into a dangerous whirlpool of chaos, is an astute one. It provides a rich seam for fictional conjecture. The official line of the Yeltsin regime in 1990s Russia, backed up by academic studies and the support of many a Western politician, was that the Russian Federation had embarked on a linear path of transition from authoritarianism to democracy.
Reality was less neat. Russian political scientist Sergei Prozorov writes of this period as a time when every political direction was travelled at the same time; when simultaneously, in political terms, nothing happened and everything happened. There was plenty of movement, but Russia went nowhere.
The 1995 general election in Russia had 47 different political parties on the ballot paper, representing almost any line a voter would want to take. Their very multiplicity served to confuse and dilute, blurring the options into a multi-directional democratic splurge.
Just a few short years earlier there had only been 'the Party'. Now there were too many to count.
Dmitrii Glukhovsky's Metro novels set still further in the future, in the 2030s, take a similar view of the multiple futures on offer to Russia. Glukhovsky imagines a post-apocalyptic, subterranean Moscow where what remains from the past is that the inhabitants are fractured into many different political groups – the Fascists, the Communists, the democrats, the monarchists, the nationalists, the free-marketeers.
In Monstrum, Donald James has a similar starting concept, and he weaves it into a gripping 'hunt for a brutal serial killer' detective story.
Russia in 2015 is ruled by a duumvirate of Professor Peter-Paul Romanov, the nominal President, and a proto-Stalinist who styles himself as Koba (a nickname for Stalin himself) and wields the brutal power behind the throne. These two —representing in their names Imperial Russia and Soviet Communism— led the Nationalist alliance in the Civil War, ' the armies of National Democracy' (p. 4). They have won, but pockets of resistance from the Marxist-Anarchist alliance still remain.
Into this situation, Donald James places Constantin Vadim, a flawed detective from Murmansk, in the Russian Far North. Vadim was to become the hero of a further two novels —The Fortune Teller (1999) and Vadim (2001).
Inspector Vadim has some similarities to Inspector Renko, the hero of Martin Cruz Smith's Gorky Park and eight subsequent books. He has an inherent caution, oriented to self-preservation before heroism, salted with a commitment to truth. His relationships with women are sincere and deep, but veer from their desired permanence to forced transience. He is one smart detective, but struggles with his superiors' preference for politics over crime-solving.
At the height of the Civil War, Vadim's wife Julia had left him, taking their young son with her, to fight for the Anarchist cause. Several years later, in 2015 —the 'present day' of the novel— his former wife has attained a status that is dangerous for him.
Vadim, by now working as a homicide detective in Moscow, encounters the only major Western character in Monstrum; Dr Imogen Shepherd is the international 'amnesty commissioner' charged with ensuring the ceasefire holds by reassuring defeated combatants that surrender is safe.
Vadim is summoned
'The amnesty commissioner would like to see you in her office as soon as possible'.
She had taken off the suit jacket she was wearing downstairs … contriving to look professional and efficient and infinitely desirable at the same time
'As amnesty commissioner, I have been examining the files. Of senior Anarchist figures. Among them a certain Julia Petrovna. Highly charismatic commander. Formerly married to a man named Vadim … Julia Petrovna comes originally from Murmansk. Would I be right in thinking …?'
'It's no secret,' I said, 'Nor is it something I make a point of advertising.'
Monstrum, pp. 175-176
If Imogen Shepherd is to serve as representative of the West, then it is a portrayal of duplicity, untrustworthiness, and a false, almost overstated, enthusiasm for Russia.
Vadim prefers Natalya Karlova, Shepherd's one-time colleague, a Russian whose take on Russia itself rings true to him.
In Donald James's imagined Russia of 2015, the Soviet era is referred to as the 'Golden Age'. Perhaps understandably given the civil war that had followed; and of course to many Russians in the chaotic poverty of the early 1990s, the Soviet era took on a golden-tinged status as a time of stability and international standing.
Natalya Karlova is less convinced.
'When the Soviet period ended, why was it that so few Russians, almost nobody in fact, dared to ask a simple question?'
'What question was that?'
'It's the question: how could we have had, throughout the Soviet period, twenty million crimes against humanity but only one criminal – Joseph Stalin? Where are all those other hundreds of thousands who committed the crimes for him, who shot and shackled and tortured and faked trials and drove men and women to their deaths? Where are they all?' She was flushed with anger. 'Like my grandfather, drawing pensions from the state? Or they were until the Civil War.'
'Your grandfather had been in Gulag service under the Soviets?'
'Twenty years as a guard at Magadan. How many hundreds, how many thousands, did he crush to camp dust in his 20 years? My God, he even boasted of the regime imposed on innocent men! And don't tell me he was obeying the legitimate laws of a legitimate state. The Soviet Union had even less legitimacy than the Russia of the tsars. It was built on a coup d'état. On force and lies. And it continued on that course until the very end.' She thumped the table in her anger. 'And I swear to you, Constantin, that Russia will be nothing but the mentally sick man of Europe until we admit our guilt.'
Monstrum, p. 183
To add to its almost encyclopaedic desire to reference Russian tropes, Monstrum also features a long-bearded 'holy man'. A Rasputin-esque figure, though outwardly more genial than mystic, who oversees a sex cult in the underground passageways beneath Belorusskyi station.
And within all this, Donald James sets out a detective story. There is a brutal serial killer at large —a Russian version of Jack the Ripper— mutilating his victims, who are caught alone at night in the Krasnaya Presnya district of Moscow.
Is it giving too much away to say that by the end of the novel Inspector Vadim solves the case and catches the killer, the titular Monstrum? No, it is not. That is how detective novels work. But the strength of Monstrum is that it supplies much more than the straightforward plot of a detective novel, whilst at the same time still managing to keep that aspect of the book strong.
And from the Russia-in-fiction perspective Donald James delivers by the bucketload. His near-future mapping of the many streams flowing through Russia in the post-Soviet years provides rich fare for those whose tastes are so attuned.
We like Donald James here at Russia in Fiction. It is a strange coincidence —only just discovered as this was written— that our first review of one of his novels is posted on the anniversary of his death.
It will be no coincidence when we publish our review of his most well-known work —the extraordinary The Fall of the Russian Empire (1982)— at some significant marker on our journey to a hundred reviews.
[Update: we published our review of The Fall of the Russian Empire on 9 September 2021].
1990s published, 2010s setting
Cathy PorterDmitrii BykovDmitrii GlukhovskyDonald JamesGulagMartin Cruz SmithMoscowRomanovsSergei ProzorovStalinYeltsin
The Hour of the Lily by John Kruse (1987) – part two
Revolution: a Novel of Russia by Barnaby Williams (1994)


Summary and book reviews of A Family Daughter by Maile Meloy
A Family Daughter
by Maile Meloy
Feb 2006, 336 pages
20th Century (multiple decades)
Generational & Family Sagas
BookBrowse Review Team Buy This Book
From the award-winning author of Half in Love and Liars and Saints, a riveting story of love, sex, secrets, guilt, and forgiveness.
Maile Meloy's debut novel, Liars and Saints, captured the hearts of readers and critics alike. Now Meloy returns with a novel even more dazzling and unexpected than her first. Brilliantly entertaining, A Family Daughter might also be the most insightful novel about families and love that you will read this year.
It's 1979, and seven-year-old Abby, the youngest member of the close-knit Santerre family, is trapped indoors with the chicken pox during a heat wave. The events set in motion that summer will span decades and continents, change the Santerres forever, and surprise and amaze anyone who loved Meloy's Liars and Saints.
A rich, full novel about passion and desire, fear and betrayal, A Family Daughter illuminates both the joys and complications of contemporary life, and the relationship between truth and fiction. For everyone who has yet to meet the Santerres, an unmatched pleasure awaits.
In the summer of 1979, just when Yvette Santerre thought her children were all safely launched and out of the house, her granddaughter came to stay in Hermosa Beach and came down with a fever, and then a rash. Yvette thought it might be stress: Abby was seven, and her parents were considering divorce, and she must have sensed trouble. At bedtime she cried from homesickness, and Yvette asked if she wanted to go home. Abby said, "I want to go home, and I want to stay here."
The rash got worse, and Yvette's husband said they should tell Clarissa her daughter was sick. But Clarissa had gone back to Hawaii, where she had lived in Navy housing before Abby was born. She said it was the last place she had been happy, and she was staying somewhere without a telephone. So Yvette called Abby's father, up in Northern California.
"Oh...
A Family Daughter is the story of four generations of Santerres. Discuss the evolving parent-child relationships within each generation.
Discuss the themes of resurrection and resilience in the novel. Consider incidents such as Abby and Jamie's relationship, Saffron's baby, Margot's affair, and the family reunion at the end of the novel. What drives each character to overcome tragedy and adversity?
Why do you think the focus of the book, with the exception of Jamie, is on the women of the Santerre family? What is Yvette's role as family matriarch?
When thinking of the photographer, Yvette realizes ...
A Family Daughter isn't so much a sequel to Meloy's debut novel, Liars and Saints, as it is a parallel story. In Liars and Saints Meloy told the story of four generations of the Santerre family from World War II to the present. In A Family Daughter we meet the same family but from a different perspective .... Meloy juxtaposes the 'fictional' Liars and Saints with the 'real' A Family Daughter to tell a story that stands alone in either book but, when combined together packs "a seismic wallop"...continued
(Reviewed by BookBrowse Review Team).
[Meloy] may be the first great American realist of the twenty-first century....The Santerres aren't real but they feel like they are, and the reader will not soon forget them.
Meloy's Santerres may just be the most fascinating, engrossing American family since the Louds.
BookBrowse note: In 1973 PBS made a 12-part documentary about a Californian family - The Louds. The documentary is considered by many to be the originator of reality TV and opened the door for future shows portraying dysfunctional families.
Upends popular notions of American fiction...A spectacular first novel.
Kirkus
Each novel stands alone; together they pack a seismic wallop.
Starred Review. Meloy shifts point of view fluently, and though her characters weather all sorts of melodrama, the novel itself feels light - poignant and affecting, meaningful yet somehow weightless.
Library Journal - Reba Leiding
This new work is enjoyable on its own, but those who have read Meloy's earlier effort can puzzle whether this book is a sequel or a revision. Highly recommended for popular fiction collections.
Booklist - Emily Cook
Riveting and engrossing, Meloy's tale of a family struggling with guilt and forgiveness spans decades and crosses continents, proving her status as one of the best literary observers of contemporary American life.
About the author: Maile Meloy is the author of the story collection Half in Love and the novels Liars and Saints and A Family Daughter,. Her stories have been published in The New Yorker, and she has received The Paris Review's Aga Khan Prize for Fiction, the PEN/Malamud Award, the Rosenthal Foundation Award, and a Guggenheim Fellowship. She lives in California.
About Meloy's first novel, Liars and Saints: "This first novel packs quite a punch. In less than 300 pages Maile Meloy paints a picture of 50 years in the life of one Californian family from World War II to the present. It ...
More books by Maile Meloy
If you liked A Family Daughter, try these:
The Blue Star
by Tony Earley
Jim Glass has fallen in love with his classmate Chrissie Steppe. Unfortunately, Chrissie is Bucky Bucklaw's girlfriend, and Bucky has joined the navy on the eve of war. Jim vows to win Chrissie's heart in his absence, but the war makes high school less than a safe haven and gives a young man's emotions a grown man's gravity.
The Pirate's Daughter
by Margaret Cezair-Thompson
In 1946, a storm-wrecked boat carrying Hollywood's most famous swashbuckler shored up on the coast of Jamaica, and the glamorous world of 1940's Hollywood converged with that of a small West Indian society.
by Robert Jones Jr.
A stunning debut novel about the forbidden union between two enslaved young men on a Deep South plantation.


'I Didn't Know It Was Like That!' Colorblind Grandfather Tries on Corrective Glasses for First Time
An 80-year-old grandfather reacted with amazement when he tried on a pair of color-corrective glasses his grandchildren gave him on December 27.
The video shows Lee Measom putting on his glasses at his home in Springville, Utah, and seeing the full spectrum of colors for the first time in his life.
Measom's son, Spencer Measom, captured the video and told Storyful the ColorTech glasses were a gift from his two sons, Cameron and McKay Measom.
The footage was shared in a post on Facebook where the colorblind grandfather is noticeably overwhelmed by the rich shades of color around him. Credit: Spencer Measom via Storyful


Search Saint Mary's University Archives
FondsSaint Mary's University President's Office fonds : [2008 accrual]
Saint Mary's University President's Office fonds : [2008 accrual]
Saint Mary's University Archives
Saint Mary's University. Office of the President. (Halifax, N.S.)
1 DVD (ca. 20 minutes)
The President's Office of Saint Mary's University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, was established in 1971. Prior to that date, the President did not appear to have a formal office.
Fonds consists of one DVD, "Celebrating a Century: Sobeys' First 100 Years", which was donated to the Archives from the President's Office.
Saint Mary's University President's Office fonds : [2006 accruals]
Saint Mary's University. Office of the President. (Halifax, N.S.) (Creator)