Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 31 No 4 - December 2007 /
Supplementary report: surveillance of adverse events following immunisation among children aged less than seven years in Australia, 1 January to 30 June 2007
This report summarises national passive surveillance data for adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) reported for children aged less than 7 years who received vaccines between 1 January and 30 June 2007, and supplements the AEFI annual report.
Page last updated: 07 December 2007
Introduction | Results | Discussion | Acknowledgements | References
Glenda L Lawrence, Padmasiri E Aratchige, Richard Hill
This report summarises national passive surveillance data collected by the Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) at 30 September 2007 for adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) reported for children aged less than 7 years who received vaccines between 1 January and 30 June 2007. The report includes all vaccines administered to children in this age group, with a focus on the vaccines included in the funded National Immunisation Program (NIP) schedule.1
The most recent change to the NIP schedule occurred on 1 November 2005 with the addition of a single dose of varicella vaccine at 18 months of age, and the replacement of oral poliovirus vaccines with combination vaccines containing inactivated poliovirus (IPV) for doses due at 2, 4 and 6 months of age and 4 years of age. All children receive IPV in combination with diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTPa) antigens (i.e. DTPa-IPV).1,2 For doses due at 2, 4 and 6 months, some states and territories use combination vaccines that include hepatitis B (HepB) virus antigens (i.e. DTPa-IPV-Hepb; pentavalent) or both HepB and Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) antigens (i.e. DTPa-IPV-Hepb-Hib; hexavalent). Rotavirus vaccines were added to the NIP schedule on 1 July 2007: after this reporting period. However, there has been a funded rotavirus immunisation program for infants in the Northern Territory from August 20063,4 (using Rotarix), and two rotavirus vaccines have been available on the private market to children elsewhere in Australia.1,4
Average annual population-based AEFI reporting rates were calculated using mid-2005 population estimates. Reporting rates per 100,000 doses were calculated for vaccines on the NIP schedule using denominator data from the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR). Rates were not calculated for the birth dose of HepB due to inaccurate reporting of doses to the ACIR.
All AEFI reports received by the TGA are reviewed by the Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee (ADRAC), an independent expert advisory committee to the TGA. The data reported here are provisional only. It is important to note that an AEFI is defined as a medical event that is temporally associated with immunisation but not necessarily causally associated with immunisation. Readers are referred to previous reports for a description of the national AEFI passive surveillance system5 methods used to analyse the data and information regarding limitations and interpretation of the data.5–7 Often, several vaccines and reaction codes are listed in an AEFI record so the number of both vaccines and reaction codes will exceed the total number of AEFI records. For the purpose of this report, an AEFI is defined as 'serious' if there is a code of life-threatening severity or an outcome code indicating recovery with sequelae, admission to hospital, prolongation of hospitalisation or death.
All vaccines
There were a total of 176 AEFI records (annualised rate of 19.7 per 100,000 population) for children aged <7 years for vaccines administered in the first 6 months of 2007. This was a 34% decrease on the 266 records (29.8 per 100,000 population) for the corresponding six-month period in 2006. Thirty-eight per cent (n=66) of records were for children aged <1 year, 11% (n=19) for children aged 1 to < 2 years and 52% (n=91) for children aged 2 to <7 years. This is similar to previous years,6,8 except that there were fewer reports for children aged 1 to < 2 years in 2007. The male to female ratio was 1.2 to 1, the same as the previous year.6
Ten per cent (n=17) of the 176 records listed outcomes defined as 'serious' (i.e. recovery with sequelae, hospitalisation, life-threatening event or death). This was less than reported for the same period in 2006 (13.5%). For the first six months of 2007, there were no reports of death and all 17 children with 'serious' AEFIs were admitted to hospital. Serious and other significant AEFIs reported included anaphylaxis (1), severe allergic reactions involving the cardiovascular and/or respiratory systems (2) and seizure (3). There were 14 reports of hypotonic-hyporesponsive episode (HHE).
Of the 176 records, 13 listed one or more vaccines not included on the NIP schedule for children aged 2 months to <7 years as suspected of involvement in the reported AEFI. These were hepatitis B (n=2), influenza (n=3), and rotavirus (n=8) vaccines. There were a total of 14 reports for rotavirus vaccine including eight where it was the only suspected vaccine and six where NIP schedule vaccines were also listed as suspected of involvement in the reported AEFI. The most frequently reported signs listed in these 14 AEFI records were diarrhoea or vomiting (n=10) and fever (n=4).
National Immunisation Program schedule vaccines
One or more of the vaccines on the current NIP schedule for children aged 2 months or older were recorded as suspected of involvement in the reported adverse event for 163 of the 176 records analysed (Table). This is an AEFI reporting rate of 9.2 per 100,000 doses recorded on the ACIR with 1.0 per 100,000 doses defined as 'serious' AEFIs.
Reporting rates of adverse events following immunisation (AEFI) per 100,000 vaccine doses,* children aged less than 7 years, Therapeutic Goods Administration database, January to June 2007
AEFI records‡
Vaccine doses*
Reporting rate per 100,000 doses†
Jan–June 2007
Vaccine†
DTPa-containing vaccines
DTPa-IPV
Pentavalent (DTPa-IPV-HepB)
Hexavalent (DTPa-IPV-HepB-Hib)
Haemophilus influenzae type b-hepatitis B
Measles-mumps-rubella
Meningococcal C conjugate
Pneumococcal conjugate
<1 year
1 to <2 years
AEFI category†
'Certain' or 'probable' causality rating
'Serious' outcome
* Number of vaccine doses recorded on the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register (ACIR) and administered between 1 January and 30 June 2007.
† Records where at least one of the nine vaccines shown in the table was suspected of involvement in the reported adverse event. AEFI category includes all records (i.e. total), those assigned 'certain' or 'probable' causality ratings, and those with outcomes defined as 'serious'. Causality ratings were assigned using the criteria described previously.5 A 'serious' outcome is defined as recovery with sequelae, hospitalisation, life-threatening event or death.
‡ Number of AEFI records in which the vaccine was coded as 'suspected' of involvement in the reported adverse event and the vaccination was administered between 1 January and 30 June 2007. More than one vaccine may be coded as 'suspected' if several were administered at the same time.
§ The estimated AEFI reporting rate per 100,000 vaccine doses recorded on the Australian Childhood Immunisation Register.
AEFI reporting rates per 100,000 vaccine doses were lower than for the same period in 2006 for all vaccines, age groups and reaction categories (Table). The largest reductions were for children aged 1 to <2 years and 2 to <7 years and for DTPa-containing vaccines, meningococcal C conjugate vaccine (MenCCV) and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. The reporting rate for AEFIs defined as 'serious' also decreased from 1.6 per 100,000 doses in 2006 to 1.0 per 100,000 doses in 2007. These changes appear to relate to a stabilisation of reporting to a baseline level after an initial increase following the introduction of multivalent IPV-containing vaccines in November 2005 (Figure), a reduction in the number of reports for the 1 to <2 year age group and a reduction in injection site reactions (ISR) following acellular pertussis containing vaccines at 4–5 years of age.
Reports of adverse events following immunisation, TGA database, 1 July 2002 to 30 June 2007, for vaccines recently introduced into the National Immunisation Program*
* Meningococcal C conjugate vaccine (MenCCV) was introduced into the NIP on 1 January 2003, 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (7vPCV) on 1 January 2005, and DTPa-IPV and DTPa-IPV-HepB-Hib vaccines in November 2005.
AEFI reporting rates for the different DTPa-IPV combination vaccines varied by age group and vaccine type (Table). The type of DTPa-IPV vaccine (i.e. quadrivalent, pentavalent, hexavalent) delivered to children aged <1 year varies by jurisdiction. The pentavalent vaccine is only used in the Northern Territory where children have also received rotavirus vaccine since August 2006.
The reporting rate for quadrivalent DTPa-IPV vaccine includes reports for children aged <1 year who were scheduled to receive the vaccine at 2, 4, and 6 months of age (reporting rate of 12.7 per 100,000 doses) and reports for children aged 2 to <7 years (reporting rate of 55 per 100,000 doses). This is the lowest reporting rate for acellular pertussis-containing vaccines for children in the 2 to <7 year age group since 2002. Previously, this had consistently been over 90 per 100,000, due mainly to a high level of reporting of ISR.6,8 In the first six months of 2007, the rate of ISR for DTPa-IPV vaccine declined to 48 per 100,000 doses, compared with 71 per 100,000 doses for the same period in 2006, and an average of 78 per 100,000 doses of DTPa vaccine for 2002–2005.
There was a large reduction in AEFI reports to the TGA for vaccines administered to children aged <7 years in the first six months of 2007 compared with the corresponding period in 2006. The most plausible explanation for the reduction relates to changes in reporting practices for all vaccines and age groups, plus a large reduction in reports for ISR following DTPa-containing vaccines among children aged 2 to <7 years. There may also have been some delayed reporting of AEFI for immunisations administered between January and June 2007, although in the analysis, we have included AEFI reports received by the TGA up to 30 September 2007.
The passive AEFI surveillance system is sufficiently sensitive to be able to detect changes in reporting practices that are known to occur following the introduction of new vaccines. In Australia, it is evident that there are initial high levels of reporting each time a new vaccine is introduced into the NIP schedule, followed by a reduction and stabilisation of reporting over time (Figure, Table). This appears to have occurred in the January to June period of 2007 compared with the first six months of 2006, for the vaccines introduced into the NIP schedule in November 2005. Immunisation providers are more likely to report suspected less serious AEFIs for vaccines with which they are not familiar.
Of particular interest is the reduction in the ISR reporting rate for acellular pertussis-containing vaccines among children aged 2 to <7 years.9 This may reflect a birth cohort effect related to the removal from the NIP schedule in September 2003 of the dose due at 18 months of age.1,2 A large majority of children receiving a school entry dose of DTPa-IPV in the first six months of 2007 would have received three doses of acellular pertussis-containing vaccines due at 2, 4, and 6 months of age, and a fourth dose at 4–5 years. The rate of ISR has fallen by 38% from 78 per 100,000 doses to 48 per 100,000 in the first six months of 2007.6,7 This suggests that the removal of the dose due at 18 months of age has had a significant impact on ISR reporting rates for acellular-pertussis containing vaccines in this age group.
This report further demonstrates that changes to the NIP schedule are reflected in the national passive AEFI surveillance data.6,8,10 The majority of AEFIs reported to the TGA were mild transient events and indicate the high safety level of the vaccines included in the NIP schedule. Close monitoring of passive AEFI surveillance data for vaccines administered to children continues through the TGA, in consultation with ADRAC and state and territory health departments.
We thank Mike Gold (ADRAC) and Peter McIntyre (NCIRS) for their contribution to this report. The National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance is supported by the Australian Department of Health and Ageing, the New South Wales Health Department and the Children's Hospital at Westmead.
Glenda L Lawrence1
Padmasiri E Aratchige1
Richard Hill2
1. National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance of Vaccine Preventable Diseases. University of Sydney and The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney
2. Therapeutic Goods Administration, Symonston, Australian Capital Territory.
Corresponding author: Mr Padmasiri Aratchige, NCIRS, Locked Bag 4001, Westmead NSW 2145. Telephone: +61 2 9845 1433. Facsimile: +61 2 9845 1418. Email: padmasie@chw.edu.au
1. Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Immunisation programs and initiatives. Available from: http://immunise.health.gov.au/internet/immunise/publishing.nsf/Content/programs Accessed November 2007..
2. National Health and Medical Research Council. The Australian Immunisation Handbook. 8th ed. Canberra: Australian Government Publishing Service; 2003.
3. P Toyne, Minister for Health. Territory to fund rotavirus vaccine. Media release, Northern Territory Government; 23 August 2006. Available from: http://newsroom.nt.gov.au/index.cfm?fuseaction=viewRelease&id=287&d=5 Accessed November 2007.
4. National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance. Rotavirus vaccines for Australian children: Information for GPs and immunisation providers. Available from: http://www.ncirs.usyd.edu.au/facts/rotavirus_vaccine_for_children_june_2007.pdf Accessed November 2007.
5. Lawrence G, Menzies R, Burgess M, McIntyre P, Wood N, Boyd I, et al. Surveillance of adverse events following immunisation: Australia, 2000–2002. Commun Dis Intell 2003; 27:307–323.
6. Lawrence G, Boyd I. Supplementary report: surveillance of adverse events following immunisation among children aged < 7 years in Australia, 1 January to 30 June 2006. Commun Dis Intell 2006; 30:438–442.
7. Lawrence GL, Aratchige PE, Boyd I, McIntyre PB, Gold MS. Annual report on surveillance of adverse events following immunisation in Australia, 2006. Commun Dis Intell 2007; 31:269–282.
8. Lawrence G, Boyd I. Supplementary report: surveillance of adverse events following immunisation among children aged less than 7 years in Australia, 1 January to 30 June 2005. Commun Dis Intell 2005; 29(4):413–416.
9. Gold MS, Noonan S, Osbourn M, Precepa S, Kempe AE. Local reactions after the fourth-dose of acellular pertussis vaccine in South Australia. Med J Aust 2003;179:191–194.
10. Lawrence G, Boyd I. Surveillance of adverse events following immunisation for children aged less than 7 years, 1 January to 30 June 2004. Commun Dis Intell 2004;28:490–492.
Adverse events annual reports
Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 31 No 4 - December 2007
2007 Reviewers index for Communicable Diseases Intelligence - Volume 31
Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 31, Number 1 - March 2007
Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 31, Number 2
Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 31 No 3 - September 2007
Communicable Diseases Intelligence Volume 31 - Supplement - June 2007


Pastrnak has hat trick as Bruins blast Islanders 5-2
A six-day layoff in between games did nothing to slow the Boston Bruins and David Pastrnak.
Pastrnak got his second career playoff hat trick and the Bruins opened the second round of the playoffs with a 5-2 win over the New York Islanders on Saturday night.
"I think our guys responded well. They're a veteran-enough group to understand what's at stake," Boston coach Bruce Cassidy said. "We figured there'd be a little bit of the battles, the jostling, getting bumped below the goal lines both offensively and defensively, that that might take a little getting used to again."
There was plenty of jostling, bumping and some all-out hitting as the Boston-New York rivalry returned to the postseason again. It was extra special in Boston on Saturday, when Massachusetts lifted COVID-19 restrictions and capacity limits, and TD Garden was again open for fans to pack the house — just as they used to.
The Bruins, who hadn't played since clinching their first round series against Washington last Sunday, soaked up the energy and kept up the pace throughout all three periods, outshooting the Islanders 40-22 and taking a 1-0 lead in the best-of-7 series.
"That was obviously a little fun," Pastrnak said. "Outstanding to have the fans back. You could feel the energy already this morning. We were all excited."
Charlie McAvoy and Taylor Hall also scored for the Bruins, and David Krejci had three assists. Patrice Bergeron had a pair of assists for the Bruins, who will host Game 2 on Monday night.
Tuukka Rask finished with 20 saves as the Bruins kept most of the action at the other end of the ice, outshooting the Islanders 40-22.
Rask didn't allow anything past him after Adam Pelech's goal for the Islanders 12:34 into the second period tied it at 2. It was one of only four shots in the period for the Islanders, who were playing before a rowdy crowd of fans who packed TD Garden for the first time in more than a year.
"The energy, the atmosphere was everything we expected and more. To say that we've missed them is an understatement," Bergeron said. "I think you appreciate it even more when the fans kind of are taken away from the game a little bit for quite some time and you have to play without them."
Anthony Beauvillier also scored for the Islanders, Jordan Eberle had two assists and Ilya Sorokin finished with 35 saves, keeping New York in it through the first 40 minutes despite the onslaught of shots from the Bruins.
"We've got to challenge them a little bit more," New York coach Barry Trotz said. "We backed off. They're going to make plays through you."
Trotz said the shot discrepancy may have been a little misleading. The score was still tied at 2 after two periods, thanks in large part to Sorokin.
The rookie goalie stopped Pastrnak twice on one-timers from in close in the first period, but couldn't hold off the Bruins' sharpshooter as he got his second career playoff hat trick.
Pastrnak, whose first postseason hat trick came three years ago in Game 2 of the opening round against Toronto, scored his third Saturday after weaving through the Islanders zone and ripping a wrist shot past Sorokin 14:10 into the third period.
The hats began flying from all levels of of the arena, which got loud enough to shake over the few minutes it took to clear the ice as elated Boston fans celebrated being back inside the arena and another victory by the Bruins.
"It felt amazing. Obviously, it was nice to see hats," Pastrnak said.
Pastrnak's goal and an empty-netter by Hall in the final minute triggered several anti-New York chants and a few rounds of "We Want The Cup!"
NOTES: Beauvillier has scored a goal in three straight playoff games and extended his point streak to five games. ... Boston F Craig Smith went out with a lower body injury and did not return to the bench for the third period. Cassidy said Smith would be evaluated Sunday. ... Bruins D Matt Grzelcyk hobbled to the bench after being leveled by Leo Komarov in the corner in the second period. Grzelcyk was slow to get up and skated off during the next line change, but he returned shortly after.


(Redirected from Sind)
Author:Laxman Burdak, IFS (Retd.)
Location of Tharparkar
Sindh province Pakistan
Indus Valley seal with a seated figure
Sindh is a province of Pakistan. It is named after Sindhu gotra Jats. Descendants of Maharaja Sindhu are Sindhu gotra Jats. Sindhu river is also after Sindhu gotra. Jats appear to be the original race of Sind valley, stretching from the mouth of Indus to as far as the valley of Peshawar. [1] Sindh has been ruled by Balhara, Nehra, Panwar, Hala and Rai gotra of Jats.
1 Districts
3 Jats of Sindh
3.1 Jats of the Indus Delta
3.2 Jat of Northern Sindh
3.3 History and origin
4 History of Jats in Sindh
4.1 Sindhu Jats
4.2 Lohan rule in Sindh
4.3 Balhara rule in Sindh
4.4 Nehra Jats in Sindh
4.5 Other Jat rulers in Sind
4.6 Jat rulers in Kaikan
4.7 Rai Dynasty
4.8 Panwar rulers in Omarkot
4.9 Hala Tribe
4.10 Migration from Sind
5 Tombstones of the Jats
6 Sassi-Punnu : Love Story
There are 23 districts in Sindh, Pakistan.
Benazirabad
Ghotki
Jamshoro
Kashmore
Khairpur
Matiari
Naushahro Feroze
Qambar Shahdadkot
Sanghar
Tando Allahyar
Tando Muhammad Khan
Thatta
Umerkot
The Harsha Charita of Bana/Chapter II mentions The Visit of Bana to the King Harshavardhana....The doorkeeper, having come up and saluted him, addressed him respectfully in a gentle voice, "Approach and enter, his highness is willing to see you." Then Bana entered, as he directed, saying, "I am indeed happy that he thinks me worthy of this honour." He next beheld a stable filled with the king's favourite horses from Vanayu, Aratta, Kamboja, Bharadvaja, Sindh, and Persia....
Jats of Sindh
The Jats or Jaths are a Muslim community found in the province of Sindh in Pakistan and the Kutch region of India. They are also known as Jamote.[2]
The Jats of Sindh are a Baloch tribe found in the province of Sindh in Pakistan and the Kutch region of India.
James Tod[3] writes that in Sind Jakhar, Asiagh, Punia are all denominations of the Jat race, a few of whom preserve under these ancient subdivisions their old customs and religion ; but the greater part are among the converts to Islam, and retain the generic name, pronounced Zjat. Those enumerated are harmless and industrious, and are found both in the desert and valley. There are besides these a few scattered families of ancient tribes, as the Sultana3, and Khumra, of whose history we are ignorant, Johyas, Sindhals, and others, whose origin has already been noticed in the Annals of Marusthali.
Jats of the Indus Delta
The Indus Delta Jat are subdivided into a hundred clans, with the Malikani taking precedence over the other clans. There are two other sub-divisions, the Fakirani who are found mainly among the Jats of Kutch, with a few families in Badin District and finally the Lakhani. Other clans include Iburani, Ajani, Bhamburani, Bagrani and Babrani. The Fakirani are essential camel herders, while the other Delta Jat are Maldhari cattle breeders.[4] These Jats are well known as Balochs.
Jat of Northern Sindh
While the Indus Delta Jat form a distinct endogamous community, Jats of northern Sindh are more dispersed community. Many claim Baloch ancestry, particularly the Mir-Jat clan, who are said to be the camel drivers of the Baloch aristocracy, and have provided the headmen of the northern clans.According to early Twentieth Century colonial British historians, the Jat of northern Sindh were one of the most ancient stock and descended from the Hindu population of the region.[5]
Other clans among the northern Jat are:
Ataria,
Babbar,
Babrani,
Bamban,
Bareja,
Bohar,
Borana,
Chukhra,
Daidana,
Dandor,
Detha,
Dharpal,
Drigh,
Hara,
Kalwar,
Kurar,
Langwani,
Lashari,
Maiha,
Pahore,
Palal,
Rahoja,
Samith,
Sapar,
Siahpost,
Waja,
Wasuwana,
Many of the northern Jats have dropped the name Jat in favour of Jamote. They are found mainly in the districts of Jacobabad, Larkana, Shikarpur, Sukkur and Khipro.[6]
Dalip Singh Ahlawat writes -
पाकिस्तान में गुजरात से अटक तक खोखर जाटों की काफी संख्या है जो कि इस्लाम धर्मी हैं। इसी तरह सिंध और बलोचिस्तान में खोखर जाट बड़ी संख्या में आबाद हैं। बलोचिस्तान में खोखरों की काकड़जई नामक बहुत बड़ी खाप है।
सिंध और बलोचिस्तान के जाट मुसलमान जिनमें खोखर जाट अधिक हैं, आज भी पाकिस्तान सरकार के विरुद्ध विद्रोह कर बैठते हैं। इन जाटों में स्वतन्त्र रहने की विशेषता आज भी विद्यमान है। - Jat History Dalip Singh Ahlawat/Chapter XI - Page 1009.
The Kingdom of Sindh in 700 AD
The Jat of Sindh might be related to the larger Jat community of North India and Punjab. According to their traditions, the Jat were originally settled in Alepo in Syria. The Jat, or Jath claim descent from Mohammad bin Haroon, the first Muslim conqueror of the Makran region. According to their traditions, they were initially settled in Alepo in Syria. A king of Iran wanted to marry a beautiful girl from the tribe, by the name of Jattu. They did not have the courage to refuse the proposal, but when the king arrived to take his bride, they fell upon his soldiers and massacred them. They then fled to the Indus delta region of Sindh, in Pakistan. The Jats of Sindh have two divisions, those of the Indus delta who acknowledge the Malkani family of the town of Rajmalik in Thatta District as their tribal chieftain, and those of Upper Sindh who have no recognized chief.
According to Dr Natthan Singh and Thakur Deshraj, Biloch is one of Jat gotras and Baluchistan gets its name from this clan.
According to Ram Swarup Joon, Gedown and Niel write that the forefathers, of Laumiri Baluchis were Jats. According to Todd, in ancient times the boundaries of Jat kingdom of Sindhu, included parts of Baluchistan, Makran, Balorari and the Salt Ranges. People of Gill gotra came to known as Gilzai Pathans; Gill Jats at one time ruled the area of Hindukush Mountains. The last ruler of Ghazni was Subhag Sen. At the time of Alexander's invasion king Chitra Verma ruled Baluchistan.
Sialkot and Quetta of Baluchistan were capitals of Madrak Kings. Makran province of Baluchistan belonged to the Jats. When King Sapur the second of Sasanian dynasty became friendly with Samudra Gupta, Sindhu and Makran provinces were given to the Jats.
According to Todd, in 1023, Umer Bin Moosaiw wrested Hirat and Kaikan from the Jats and made 3000 Jat soldiers prisoners. The Tawarikh Tibri by Sulaiman Nadvi also mentions this event. It states that a Jat Commander of Umer Bin Moosa refused to join the attack. But in spite of this, Umer was victorious despite heavy losses.
History of Jats in Sindh
Migration of Jats from Sindh to Rajasthan
Jats and Meds have been the oldest occupants of Sind. The first Persian account of the 11th century Mujmat ut-Tawarikh (1026), originally an ancient work in Sanskrit, mentions Jats and Meds as the ancient tribe of Sind and calls them the descendants of Ham, the son of Noah. [7] [8]The Ghaznavid poet, Farrukhi calls the Jats (Zatt in Arabic) as the Indian race. [9] These Arabic/Persian accounts find support from the early fifth century inscription which documented the the Indianized names of the Jat rulers, [10] such as Raja Jit-Jit Salindra-Devangi-Sumbooka-Degali-Vira Narindra- Vira Chandra and Sali Chandra. Furthermore, the Mujmat ut-Tawarikh also mentions the Indianized name of one of their chiefs of the Jats in remote ancient time as Judrat. [11] [12]These textual references further strengthened the view of O'Brien, who opines that the names and traditions of certain Jat tribes seem to connect them more closely with Hindustan. [13]
However, Jats appear to be the original race of Sind valley, stretching from the mouth of Indus to as far as the valley of Peshawar. [14]Traditionally Jats of Sind consider their origin from the far northwest and claimed ancient Garh Gajni (modern Rawalpindi) as their original abode. [15] Persian chronicler Firishta strengthened this view and informs us that Jats were originally living near the river of the Koh-i-Jud (Salt Range) in northwest Punjab. [16] The Jats then occupied the Indus valley and settled themselves on both the banks of the Indus River. By the fourth century region of Multan was under their control.[17]Then they rose to the sovereign power and their ruler Jit Salindra, who promoted the renown of his race, started the Jat colonisation in Punjab and fortified the town Salpur/Sorpur, near Multan. [18]
In the seventh century the Chinese traveler Hieun Tsang witnessed their settlement along the flat marshy lowlands which stretches to some thousand li. [19] Ibn Hauqual mentions the area of their abode in between Mansura and Makran. [20] By the end of seventh century, Jats were thickly populated in Deybal region. [21] In the early eighth century, when the Arab commander Muhammad bin Qasim came to Sind, the Jats were living along both sides of the river Indus. Their main population was settled in the lower Sind, especially in the region of Brahmanabad (Mansura); Lohana (round the Brahmanabad) with their two territories Lakha, to the west of Lohana and Samma, to the south of Lohana; Nerun (modern Hyderabad); Dahlilah; Roar and Deybal. In the further east, their abode also extended in between Deybal, Kacheha (Qassa) and Kathiawar in Gujarat. In upper Sind they were settled in Siwistan (Schwan) and Alor/Aror region.[22][23]
Before the invasion of Sultan Mahmud (1027), they had firmly established in the region of Multan and Bhatiya on the banks of Indus River. [24][25] Alberuni mentions the Mau as the abode of Jats in Punjab, situated in between the river Chenab and Beas.[26] By the 7th century, the whole of Indus basin was populated by a large population of Jats. The Chinese traveler Hieun Tsang refers that 'there are several hundreds of thousands families settled in Sind.[27] Obviously these unnamed people were the Jats. [28] The Chachnama stratified these large population of Jats, as 'the western Jats' (Jatan-i-gharbi) and 'the eastern Jats (Jatan-i-Sharqi),[29] living on the eastern and western side of the Indus River. The chronicler s further classified them as 'The Jats living on the banks of the rivers (Lab-i-daryayi)[30] and the Jats living in plain,desert (Jatan-i-dashti); and 'the rustic Jats' (rusta'i Jat) living in villages.[31] Professionally, they were classified on the basis of their habitats, as boatmen and maker of boats, those who were living in the riverside. [32] However, Jats of countryside were involved in making of swords; as the region of Deybal was famous for the manufacture of swords, and the Jats were variously called as teghzan (holder of the swords).[33] The rustic people were appointed by the Chach and the Arab commanders as spies (Jasus) and the caravan guide (rahbar). They used to guide the caravans on their way both during day time and at night. [34][35]
In political heirarchy, the early fifth century inscription refers to them as a ruler of Punjab, part of Rajasthan and Malwa. [36]It further highlights their sovereign position with high sounded epithet as Sal, Vira, and Narpati (the Lord). [37] In the military hierarchy, the Chachnama placed them high on the covetous post of Rana. During the war they were brought against enemy as soldiers. In Dahir's army all the Jats living in the east of Indus River stood marshalled in the rear against the Arab commander Muhammad Bin Qasim. [38] They were also involved in palace management, thus Chach appointed them as his bodyguard (pasdar).[39]
The legendry reference about the Jats and Meds in Majmal-ut-Tawarikh, the first Persian account of the 11th century (1026), [40] involving the mythological figures can not be regarded as a historical fact but would imply that the people designated as Jats were present in Sind at the time of war of Mahabharata. [41]
Jats and Meds have been the oldest occupants of Sind. The first Persian account of the 11th century Mujmat ut-Tawarikh (1026), originally an ancient work in Sanskrit, mentions Jats and Meds as the ancient tribe of Sind and calls them the descendants of Ham, the son of Noah. [42][43]The Ghaznavid poet, Farrukhi calls the Jats (Zatt in Arabic) as the Indian race.[44] These Arabic/Persian accounts find support from the early fifth century inscription which documented the Indianized names of the Jat rulers, [45] such as Raja Jit-Jit Salindra-Devangi-Sumbooka-Degali-Vira Narindra- Vira Chandra and Sali Chandra. Furthermore, the Mujmat ut-Tawarikh also mentions the Indianized name of one of their chiefs of the Jats in remote ancient time as Judrat. [46][47]These textual references further strengthened the view of O'Brien, who opines that the names and traditions of certain Jat tribes seem to connect them more closely with Hindustan. [48]
According to Dr. Raza, Jats appear to be the original race of Sind valley, stretching from the mouth of Indus to as far as the valley of Peshawar. [49]Traditionally Jats of Sind consider their origin from the far northwest and claimed ancient Garh Gajni (modern Rawalpindi) as their original abode.[50] Persian chronicler Firishta strengthened this view and informs us that Jats were originally living near the river of the Koh-i-Jud (Salt Range) in northwest Punjab.[51] The Jats then occupied the Indus valley and settled themselves on both the banks of the Indus River. By the fourth century region of Multan was under their control.[52]Then they rose to the sovereign power and their ruler Jit Salindra, who promoted the renown of his race, started the Jat colonisation in Punjab and fortified the town Salpur/Sorpur, near Multan.[53]
Ibn Hauqual mentions the area of their abode in between Mansura and Makran.[54] By the end of seventh century, Jats were thickly populated in Deybal region.[55] In the early eighth century, when the Arab commander Muhammad bin Qasim came to Sind, the Jats were living along both sides of the river Indus. Their main population was settled in the lower Sind, especially in the region of Brahmanabad (Mansura); Lohana (round the Brahmanabad) with their two territories Lakha, to the west of Lohana and Samma, to the south of Lohana; Nerun (modern Hyderabad); Dahlilah; Roar and Deybal. In the further east, their abode also extended in between Deybal, Kacheha (Qassa) and Kathiawar in Gujarat. In upper Sind they were settled in Siwistan (Schwan) and Alor/Aror region.[56][57]
Thakur Deshraj mentions about the Buddhist Mauryan Jats rulers' Rai Dynasty. He says that Rai was their title and their capital was at Aror which used to lie on the banks of the Indus River. Rai Meharsan II had a war with Badshah Nimroz of Iran in which he was killed. After him Rai Sahasi II became the king. When Rai Sahasi II fell ill, he called his minister to see the letters. The minister sent his munshi Chach for this purpose. The wisdom of Chach influenced the king and he appointed Chach to look after the palace. This way he got free entry into the palace. Chach developed illegal relations with the queen Suhanadi. Chach conspired with the Rani Suhanadi and killed Raja Sahsi Rai II and married with the queen and became ruler of Sindh starting a line of Brahmin ruler ship. [58]
Chachnama gives us comparative detailed information about the Jats of lower Sind (especially of Brahmanabad) in relation to Rai Chach and Muhamad bin Qasim. It says that after the subjugation of the fort of Brahmanabad Rai Chach humiliated the Jats and the Lohanas and punished their chiefs. He imposed stern and disgraceful regulations on them. [59], [60]
Chachnama does not specify the causes of this unusual treatment but it is not difficult to surmise them. Resentful of loss of their state, external interference, and sensitive to autocracy the self-governing Jats have, from earliest times, mostly showed an instinctive attachment to democratic ways.[61], [62], [63] They were indifferent to the rigidity and exclusiveness in socio-religious structure and generally had a natural apathy to the monarchial form of the government, facts which gradually came to the forefront in the Hindu society under the hegemony of the Gupta Kings and thereafter. [64], [65], [66] In such a state of affairs, Chach, a high caste Brahman might have harboured a feeling of abhorrence for the defiant unorthodox Jats. ], [67]
We have a positive knowledge about the prevalence of Buddhism at that period in the Indus Valley, [M.Habib, "The Arab Conquest of Sind", Islamic Culture Jan,1929], in which the Jats formed the bulk of the population. Hence it is not unlikely, that the Jats had definite leanings towards Buddhism, which was more agreeable to their ways and practices, which are reflected in the book by by Dr. Dharma Kirti, a modern Buddhist. [68] , [69]
It is also likely that the years long [70] stubborn resistance by Jats and others to Chach during the latter's siege of Brahmanabad provided him the immediate provocation for adopting the repressive measures. [71]
Chachnama refers to the Jats again at the time of Muhammad bin Qasim's invasion of Sind. Following a query from the conqueror about the position of the Jats under Chach and Dahir, Sisakar, the minister of the fallen King, apprised him of the restrictions imposed upon them. The minister added that it was incumbent upon them to supply escorts and conduct parties and serve as guides. If any injury befell a person on the road they had to answer for it. The minister went on that these people have the disposition of savages and always rebelled against their sovereign....Having heard this, Qasim retained the same regulations against the Jats [72] of the eastern areas but not against those of western, who probably as mercenaries, had joined the invader against the oppressive Dahir. [73], [74]
Kamil-ut-Tawarikh notices the Jats seizing upon the roads of Hajar and plundering the corn of Kaskar. They had planted posts in all directions towards the desert. At the orders of the reigning Khalifa, Alif bin Isa marched against them (219 A.H. – 834 AD). He was busy suppressing their chief Muhammad bin Usman for seven months. After killing many of the Jats, Ajif is said to have carried twenty seven thousand of them (including women and children) to Baghdad. [75], [76]
Fatuh-ul-Buldan alludes to the Jats having sway over the territory of Kikan. Amran, the governor of [[Sind], (sometimes after 221 A.H. – 836 AD) attacked and subjugated them. [77], [78]
Tabkai-i-Akbari writes that Mahmud of Ghazni undertook his seventeenth expedition in 417 A.H. against the Jats (of the region of the Jud hills) who had molested his army on its return from Somnath. Mahmud is said to have organized a fleet of 1400 boats, while Jats could gather 4000 boats (or 8000 according to some). A naval fight ensued between the two at Multan, in which the Jats were drowned. The rest were slain. [79]
Tarikh-us-Subuktigin describes that two or three thousand mounted Jats attacked the Ghazanvide commander Tilak (425 A.H. – 1034 AD) "chiefly for the purpose of seizing his property and money", when he was perusing the rebel, Ahmad Nialtigin in the lower Punjab. They carried away his son and subsequently killed Ahmad also. The Jats returned his son and the head of the deceased only after getting a portion of the promised reward. [80], [81]
Taj-ul-Maasir refers to the rising of the Jats of Haryana (588 A.H. 1192 AD) under their leader Jatwan, following the defeat of Prithvi Raj Chauhan. Jatwan besieged the Muslim garrison at Hansi. Hearing about it, Qutb-ud-Din hurriedly moved against the Jats. Jatwan raised the siege to confront Qutb-ud-Din, but was beaten after a sanguinary fight. We are told that in samvat 1252 (1195 AD) a meeting of Sarva Khap Panchayat (Federal clan council of the Jats and other kindred people of Upper Doab, Haryana and neighbourng areas) was held in a forest between the villages of Bhoju and Bhanera under the chairmanship of Rao Vijay Rao of the village, Sisauli. This meeting decided among others to raise a big militia "to defend the Sarva Khap area against a suspected attack by Muhammad Ghori and to protect the area from loot and plunder. [82], [83], [84]
Th Jats rose again when Timur invaded India. Malfuzat-i-Timuri testifies to his satisfaction over killing 2000 Jats of village Tohna near Sarsuti. He found them "demon like", "robust", "marauding" and "as numerous as ants, and locusts". [85], [86] We learn that in order to hold deliberations over the problem of his invasion, a Sarva Khap Panchayat meeting was held in samvat 1455 (1338 AD) in forest of Chugama under the president ship of Dev Pal Rana. It passed the resolutions that they should "vacate the villages, sending the children and women to the forests and that the able-bodied persons should take up arms and destroy the army of Timur. [87], [88] The Panchayat militia harassed the forces of Timur, while they were advancing from Meerut towards Haridwar. In the process the former lost 6000 men. [89], [90]
Another invader Babar found the Jats inhabiting a tract between Mil-ab and Bhera mountains. He remarks:
"If one goes into Hindustan the Jats and Gujars always pour down in countlesss hordes from hill and plain for loot in bullock and buffalo…When we reached Sialkot, they fell in tumult on poor and needy folks who were coming out of the town to our camp, and stripped them bare. I had the silly thieves sought for, and ordered two or three of them cut to pieces". [91], [92]
It is said that in response of Rana Sanga's call a Jat militia of 5000 from the upper Doab and another from the Brij participated in the battle of Sikari against Babar. [93], [94]
Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi speaks of one redoubted Jat chief named Fateh Khan who ravaged the country of Lakhi Jungle and the road from Lahore to Panipat. Haibat Khan, the governor of the Punjab, crushed Fateh Khan and his associates. [95], [96]
The Jats late opposed, to their worth, Nadir shah (at Karnal) and Ahmad Shah Abdali (at Manupur). These examples suffice to show their tendency of opposing the foreign invaders. K.R.Kanungo rightly remarks:
"They (the Jats) have shown in all times – whether against Sultan Mahmud of Ghazni, or against Nadir Shah and Ahmad Shah Abdali – the same propensity to fall upon the rear of a retreating army undeterred by the heaviest odds, or the terror-inspiring fame of great conquerors. When encountered they showed the same obstinate and steady courage unmindful of the carnage on the field or of the miseries that were in store for them after defeat". [97], [98]
The traditional accounts of the Jats record that on many occasions the Sarva Khap Panchayat of the Jats and others met to express its deep resentment against the administrative oppression, unjust restrictions and humiliating exactions on ground of religious discrimination. In some cases they reportedly resolved to oppose the Muslim administration in case the oppressive measures were not withdrawn. [Kanha Ram (Hindi Ms.), 6,8-9,12,14], [99]
Sindhu Jats
Ram Swarup Joon[100] writes that Pliny has written that during a conflict between KhanKesh, a province in Turkey, and Babylonia, they sent for the Sindhu Jats from Sindh. These soldiers wore cotton uniforms and were experts in naval warfare. On return from Turkey they settled down in Syria. They belonged to Hasti dynasty. Asiagh Jats ruled Alexandria in Egypt. Their title was Asii
Lohan rule in Sindh
Lohan (लोहान) or Lohana (लोहाना) or Luhana (लुहाना) is gotra of Jats found presently in Uttar Pradesh. Bhim Singh Dahiya[101] writes that they are frequently mentioned in the History of Sindh. Mahabharata mentions them as northern people alongwith Kambojas and Rishikas (Arsika, Asikas)[102]. The Lohans who were apparently Jats .... knew no distinction of great and small. [103]
Balhara rule in Sindh
According to Thakur Deshraj, the Balhara Jats were the rulers in Sindh from 8th century to 10th century. In 710 AD Muhammad bin Qasim occupied Sindh. Sindhu River had made them good navigators. They had fight with Alexander the great by boats. Brahman Raja Dahir was the ruler of Sindh at that time. Other Jat states in Sindh were not powerful; they were also eliminated by the year 800 AD. This was the early period of Balhara Jat rulers in Sindh. Balharas ruled the area, which can be remembered as Bal Division. The area from Khambhat to Simari was under their rule and Manafir was their capital. Manafir was probably Mandore or Mandwagarh. It is likely that after nagas it was ruled by Balharas. The rule transferred from Balharas to Mauryas to Pawars to Chauhans to Parihars to Rathores.[104]
Sir Henry Elliot has mentioned that after defeat of Jat Raja Sahasi Rai II, Raja Matta of Shivistan attacked Alore (the capital of Chach) with brother of Raja of Kannauj and his army. The Jat Raja Ranmal was the ruler of Kannauj at that time. He was famous as Rana. After that the other Jat rulers were eliminated except the Balharas. The Balharas were strong rulers from Khambhat to Sambhar. 'Koyala Patan' which is now known as 'Kolia', was a single city from Kolia to 'Kalindi Katkeri' spread over about 36 km in length. There used to be bricks of one cubit long and half cubit thick. There are seven tanks of Balharas, Banka tank in the name of Banka Balhara and Lalani tank in name of Lalaji. There is one village named Balhara in Sikar district of Rajasthan. [105]
In 900 A D, a King of this gotra was a powerful ruler in the Western Punjab. He has been greatly praised by historian Sulaiman Nadwi, who came to India as a trader. According to him this ruler was one of the four big rulers of world at that time in 857 A D. He was a friend of the Arabs and his army had a large number of elephants and camels. His country was called Kokan (Kaikan) 'near river Herat. [106]
The boundaries of this Kingdom extended from China to the Sea and his neighbors were the Takshak and Gujar kings. Their capital was Mankir.[107]
Nehra Jats in Sindh
Nehra clan Jats were rulers of Nehrun state in Sindh at the time of attack on Sindh by Muhammad bin Qasim in 710. Present Hyderabad city was settled on the land of Nehrun. The Hyderabad city was then named Nehrun Kot and was called the heart of the Mehran. [108]
Other Jat rulers in Sind
Thakur Deshraj mentions about rule of other Jat named Chandra Ram of Hala clan. He was ruler of Susthan but he lost it to Muslims. He wandered for some time but later he attacked the fort and occupied it. When Muhammad bin Qasim learnt it he sent 1000 sawar and 2000 footsoldiers to suppress Chandra Ram. He fought bravely but killed. His state was known as Halakhandi.[109],[110]
Jat rulers in Kaikan
Kaikan was a province in Sind. Kikania is the name of a mountain. When the Arab invaders first time came to Kaikan mountains, the Jats repelled them. K.R.Kanungo[111] writes that when Muhammad bin Qasim invaded Sind, Kaikan country was in independent possession of Jats. The country of Kaikan was supposed to be in south-eastern Afghanistan [112], which was conquered from Jats by the Arab general Amran Bin Musa in the reign of the Khalifa Al-Mutasim-bi-llah, (833-881 AD)[113]. During the same reign another expedition was sent against the Jats who had seized upon the roads of Hajar (?)...and spread terror over the roads and planted posts in all directions towards the desert. They were overcome after a bloody conflict of twenty five days. 27000 of them were led in captivity to grace the triumph of victor. It was a custom among these people to blow their horns when Marshalled for battle.[114], [115],[116]
Rai Dynasty
Thakur Deshraj mentions about the Buddhist Mauryan Jats rulers' Rai Dynasty. He says that Rai was their title and their capital was at Aror which used to lie on the banks of the Indus River. Rai Meharsan II had a war with Badshah Nimroz of Iran in which he was killed. After him Rai Sahasi II became the king. When Rai Sahasi II fell ill, he called his minister to see the letters. The minister sent his munshi Chach for this purpose. The wisdom of Chach influenced the king and he appointed Chach to look after the palace. This way he got free entry into the palace. Chach developed illegal relations with the queen Suhanadi. Chach conspired with the Rani Suhanadi and killed Raja Sahsi Rai II and married with the queen and became ruler of Sindh starting a line of Brahmin ruler ship in samvat 689 (632 AD). [117]
Panwar rulers in Omarkot
Umerkot or Omarkot (Urdu: عمرکوٹ) is town in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. It is also referred to as Amar Kot as per old histories, "Amar Kot Itehas" by Tej Singh Solanki. Once, it has been Capital of Greater Sindh Province, including some parts of present Rajasthan state of India. According to Thakur Deshraj, Panwar clan Jats were rulers here prior to Mughal ruler Humayun. Jame Todd tells it to be a Rajput state confusing Panwar with Rajputs, but it was denied by Cunningham, who wrote it to be a Panwar Jat state referring to the author of 'Humayun Nama'. [118], [119]
Hala Tribe
Origin: Hala is a gotra or clan of the Jats is found in the states of Punjab and Uttar Pradesh in India and in the province of Sindh in Pakistan. It is likely that Hala Tribe came to known to the people or history in about 1203 AD / 600 Hijri. According to the Bards of the Hala gotra, king Shalivahan, the son of Gaj founded his capital at Sorath in present-day Gujarat, where the descendants of Sri Krishna had ruled for several generations. The members of this gotra are Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs. The Muslim Jats of the Hala gotra are found in Sindh, while Hindu and Sikh Jats belonging to this gotra are found in Uttar Pradesh and Punjab (India). • In the tenth generation, there came a powerful king named Hala. For twenty-two generations thereafter, this country up to Nasik was ruled by this dynasty and was called Halar. The empire included Bengal, Karnataka, Gujarat, Sindh and Kashmir. This kingdom lasted from 187 Vikram to 227 Vikram. • Hala, the second son of Gajan and grand son of Rata Rayadhan, subdued all the villages in the south and west of Kachh, and founded the HALA tribe. Still later Hala, son of Gajan, tried to get hold of Bhadresvar but failing, retired to Vinjan. His son, Harbham founded Pavadyala. • Later, the chief of Hala tribe, Jam Raval (Descend of Hala and son of Lakha), in the sixteen century, seized Bhadresvar fort in 1592, and also usurped the Government of the whole country including Sindh upto Hala Kandi , but was finally driven out by Rao Khangar. He went to Kathiawar, of which he conquered the western part from the Jaitwas, and gave it the name of Halar, where he also founded the town of Navangar and made it capital. The Jam of Navangar is descended from him. • The temples of the area were attacked in A.D.1693 by Muhammadan forces under Mohsun Beg, and many of the images broken, from which period the area has 15 been neglected. Some of the people including belonging to Hala tribe converted themselves to muslim religion, and therefore they might have been forced to migrate to other areas,such as Punjab, Sindh where they settled down at different places including Hala Kandi.[120]
Migration from Sind
As for the migration of Jats from Sind, it may be assumed that natural calamity and increase in population compelled them to migrate from their original abode in search of livelihood.[121]Hoernle has propounded the 'wedge theory' for the migration of most of the ancient tribes. This wedge theory tends us to believe that the Jats were among the first wave of the Aryans, and their first southeast migration took place from the Nort-West, and established their rule at Sorpur in Multan regions. Further they migrated towards east and stretched their abode from Brahmanabad (Mansura) to Kathiawar. As Jataki, the peculiar dialect of the Jats, also proves that the Jats must have come from the NW Punjab and from other districts (e.g. Multan) dependent upon the great country of the Five rivers.[122] By the end of fifth and the beginning of the sixth century, their southward migration, second in line, took place and they reached Kota in Rajasthan, probably via Bikaner regions. From Kota they migrated further east and established their rule at Malwa under the rule of Salichandra, son of Vira Chandra. Salichandra erected a minster (mindra) on banks of the river Taveli in Malwa.[123] Probably after their defeat by Sultan Mahmud in 1027 AD, and later hard pressed by the Ghaznavi Turkish Commander, the Jats of Sind again migrated to Rajasthan and settled themselves in Bundi regions.[124]The second inscription found at Bundi probably dates from circa samvat 1191 (1135 AD) possibly refers to the Jats as opponents of the Parmara rulers of Rajasthan.[125]
When Muhammad bin Qasim attacked Dahlilah, a fortified town in between Roar and Brahmanabad, most of the inhabitants (the Jats) had abandoned the place and migrated to Rajasthan via desert and took shelter in the country of Siru (modern Sirohi) which was then ruled by King Deva Raj, a cousin of Rai Dahir.[126] However, the third migration took place in early eighth century and Jats of lower Sind migrated to Rajasthan, probably via Barmer regions. By the twelfth century, the Jats settled in western Punjab, as the native poet Abul Farj Runi mentions them along with the Afghans.[127]Meanwhile, they also extended their abode in the eastern part of the Punjab (now Haryana), as in the end of the twelfth century they resisted Qutb-ud-din Aybak in the region of Hansi.[128]
Tombstones of the Jats
This is content from Tombstones of the Jats - By Zulfiqar Ali Kalhoro ([1])
The lower Sindh is dotted with many historical cemeteries boasting the tombs of the fallen heroes. The fabulous tombstones have been erected to commemorate the heroism and chivalry of the warriors. However, the graveyard of Jats located some 20 kilometres south of Tando Muhammad Khan near the famous Buddhist stupa of Sudheran is quite prominent. It can easily be approached from Saidpur village. The necropolis is perched atop the hill overlooking the railway line that connects Tando Muhammad Khan with Hyderabad. The necropolis contains the tombstones of the Jats who died in the battle against the Chang tribe locally known as Jatan ain Changan Jo Maro (Battle of Jats and Changs).
In the annals of Sindh, this battle is known as Jatan ain Changan Jo Maro (Battle of Jats and Changs) which took place in 1786 A.D during the rule of Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur (1783-1801), founder of Talpur dynasty. The battle started after a Jat woman killed a certain Chang by hitting him hard with cooking pot over an issue of molestation. In retaliation, some people of Chang tribe killed a brother of Jat woman. Jats also quickly struck back and killed three Changs followed by a series of clashes and encounters between two tribes. The frequent clashes between tribes eventually led to tribal war. All the Jats of Lower Sindh and Kutch came to prop up the Sardar Sher Khan Jat then chief of Jats.
Jats were very powerful tribe in lower Sindh. Even Mir Fateh Ali Khan Talpur was afraid of the rising power of Jats. In order to rein in the rising power of the Jats, Mir Fateh Ali Khan openly supported Chang tribe. He even forced some other tribes namely Jamalis and Khosas to fight by the side of Changs. However, almost in every encounter, the Changs and their supporters faced humiliation. Eventually, the Changs with support of Mir Fateh Ali Khan collected a large conscript to face the Jats in final battle. Jats also collected their tribesmen from lower Sindh and Kutch and prepared for final combat.
Subsequently, rookies of both Changs and Jats met in the battle ground in the purlieus of the Jati town and fought valiantly. However, Jats displayed more skills in wielding sword and heroism in the battle. The Jats won the battle, Changs and their supporters retreated from battle ground turning the swords into ploughshares.
The war ballads of battle are still confined to many bards living in the lower Sindh and Tharparkar who sing and amuse people with rhythmic narrations. They meticulously and appraisingly eulogize the gallantry and heroism of individuals. They also have scrupulous record of every lineage of the Jats who engaged in the battle. The notable lineages of Jats who took part in the battle were Othar (camelmen or camel breeder) Thatiar (buffalo raisers) Mithanis, Radho, Hamrani, and Halani etc. Folk story tellers also narrate the individuals' names of both tribes who fought bravely in the battle.
Those who died were buried in different graveyards of Badin, Thatta and Tando Muhammad Khan. The people of Chang tribe were buried in graveyards of Ram Baraho in Badin and at the battle ground which is known as Jatan and Chagan Ja Der in Jati (a necropolis that contains communal graves of both the Changs and the Jats). Some Jats were taken for burial to the necropolis of Jats near Sudheran-Jo-Thul in Tando Muhammad Khan. The tombstones of Jats are famous in the region for the awe-inspiring engravings. Apart from, the geometric and floral designs, figural representations also decorate the structures indicating the aesthetic of the builders who seem to have profoundly banked on local themes for their artistic expression.
The graveyard of Jats contains more than 20 chaukhndi tombs, of which some are ornately carved and carries excellent representations of mounted warriors, weapons and jewellery. Some of tombs also carry epigraphs. The decorated slabs of tombstones are strewn everywhere in the necropolis and some even beyond the limits of the graveyard. The decorated slabs of three tombs are scattered over the site. These tombs have been vandalized by rapacious people in the of finding out treasure. Mostly people believe that treasure is hiding underneath of such imposing tombs.
On one of the destroyed gravestones, camel depiction is elaborately carved thus indicating the identity of the buried dignitary that he belonged to Jat community and was camel breeder and tender. The Jats are ancient tribe of Sindh. Although tribe members in lower Sindh raise buffalo, most Jats are known as camel breeders. Local custom has it that anybody holding the bridal of a camel is Jat. Or to put it differently, anybody who tends and breeds camel is called Jat. In fact, some people consider Jats to be their own caste. Others believe that they owe their name to their profession.
On another slab one can find a depiction of mounted warrior which is very skillfully carved. There are some gravestones which show the depiction of weapons. There is a dismantled slab bearing the representation of sword with shield. On another gravestone, one finds the representations of dagger, sword with shield axe and punch. Local people hold that some of the slabs showing weapons and riders have been taken away by government officials.
There are more than six tombstones which depict the jewellery. Those graves which bear jewellery engravings belong to women. There is a variety of jewellery on dislodged slabs scattered in the necropolis. On one of the dislodged panels, there are various items of jewellery. The centre of the panel is occupied by necklace. At the top there is the Sanghar patti with pendants hanging down, in between Sanghar patti and necklace are depicted two nose-rings close to the pendants of sanghar patti. Two pairs of bracelets are depicted on each side of the sanghar patti. One each side of the necklace, there are three finger rings.
On another gravestone, there are two bracelets enclosed in floral- shaped pattern. Two finger-rings are symmetrically arranged in upper and lower edges of the gravestone. On the dislodged panel lying between two tombstones, there are two bracelets with strikingly designed pommels.
One can also find amid of scattered slabs of the Chaukhandi tombs, a slab that bears inscription which reads the name of Jat son of Bakha Jat. Another inscription reads the name of Bakha Jat son of Darya.
Sassi-Punnu : Love Story
This Story of Sassi Punnu is supposed to be more than 200 years old and is sang in folktales in Sindh.
At the time when these cities were flourishing, traders used to go back and forth. They would come here from Baluchistan and places up north, hawking their wares, perfumes, silks and opium.
In Lakhpat there used to be a city called Bhambhor. It would be in Sindh now, but then it was all one land. In this city there lived a childless Brahmin couple.
They went to a seer who predicted that they would have a daughter but that she would end up marrying a Muslim. They were thoroughly distraught when they heard this. Sure enough, after some time a baby girl was born to them. The wife said to her husband, "It is better that before she blackens our name [by marrying a Muslim], we set her free. So she put the baby into a small trunk and floated her out to sea. A Muslim washerman saw this trunk floating by and thought it must surely contain treasure. So he opened it up. Seeing the tiny baby, he took her home and he and his wife brought her up as their own. She was named Sassi and grew to be extremely beautiful. Everybody envied her looks, but her father would not agree to give her in marriage to anyone.
About the same time, in the area called Makran in Baluchistan there was a Jatt king named Ari. He had five sons, of whom the youngest was named Punu. One day their minister, a Hindu of the Lohana caste, was going to Bhambhor on business. Punu said, 'Now when you go to Sindh, you must find me a bride o had come out to buy perfumes and silks from the traders passing through. He saw Sassi there and liked her immediately.
He summoned Punu to Sindh, and Punu married Sassi forthwith.
However, when Punu relatives in Baluchistan heard what had happened, they were enraged, exclaiming, 'How can a Jatt son marry the daughter of a mere washerman?' So saying, they loaded up their camels and rode into Sindh to fetch Punu back. In the dead of night they gagged him and carried him back to Baluchistan, leaving poor Sassi behind.
Sassi woke to find her husband gone. In anguish she pined for him for years, and wandered all over Sindh looking for him in vain. Wandering thus, she finally met with her death somewhere in the hills of Sindh, near where Karachi is today. She asked the earth to open up and receive her, leaving merely the tip of her scarf above ground.
When Punu finally received word of this, he came to look for her. On coming upon this scene, he was so overcome with grief that he too died on the spot; and today their graves lie side by side in Sindh at the spot where they died, united finally in their grief.
↑ Dr S.Jabir Raza, The Jats - Their Role and Contribution to the Socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North West India. Vol I, 2004, Ed Dr Vir Singh
↑ Jat of Pakistan by Sigrid Westphal-Hellbusch Duncker & Humblot
↑ James Todd Annals/Sketch of the Indian Desert, Vol. III,p. 1297
↑ Baluchistan District Gazetteers Kachhi Division Government of India Press pages 47-49
↑ Mujmat ut-Tawarikh, Ed. Vol.I p. 104
↑ Ibn Hauqal, Ed. Vol.I, p.40
↑ Inscription No.1, Tod, op.cit., Vol.I, p. 622.
↑ O'Brien, Multan Glossary, cited Ibbetson, op.cit., p. 105
↑ Elliot, op. cit., Vol.I, p.133
↑ Muhammad Qasim Hindu Shah Firista, Gulsan-i-Ibrahimi, commonly known as Tarikh-i-Firishta, Nawal Kishore edition, (Kanpur, 1865), Vol.I, p.35
↑ Inscription No.1, Tod, op.cit., Vol.I, p. 622-23.
↑ Beal, op. cif., II, p. 273; Walters, op. cit., II, p. 252.
↑ Encyclopedia of Islam, vol.II, p.488
↑ Chachnama, pp. 165-66; Alberuni, Qanun al-Mas'udi, in Zeki Validi Togan, Sifat al-ma'mura ala'l-Biruni; Memoirs of the Archeological Survey of India No. 53, pp.16,72; Abu Abudullah Muhammad Idrisi, Kitab Nuzhat-ul-Mustaq, Engl. translation by S.Maqbul Ahmad, entitled India and the Neighbouring Territories, (I.eiden, 1960), pp.44,145
↑ Zainul-Akhbar, p.191
↑ Sifat al-ma'mura ala'l-Biruni, p.30
↑ Beal, Vol.II,p.273
↑ Chachnama, pp.98, 117,131
↑ Zai'nul-Akhbar, p.191; Tarikh-i-Firishta, Vol.I,p.35
↑ Chachnama, pp.104,167
↑ Ibn Hauqal, Ed. Vol.I, p.37, Chachnama pp.33,98
↑ Chachnama, pp.33,163
↑ Chachnama, p. 133
↑ ibid.,p.64
↑ Majmal-ut-Tawarikh in Elliot, I, p. 104-105
↑ G.C. Dwivedi, The Jats, Their role in the Mughal Empire, Delhi, Ed Dr Vir Singh, 2003, p. 7
↑ Inscription No.1, Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan. (1829-1832) James Tod and William Crooke, Reprint: Low Price Publications, Delhi (1990), Vol.II, Appendix. pp. 914-917.
↑ Inscription No.1, Tod, op.cit., Vol.II, Appendix pp. 914-917.
↑ Chachnama, pp. 165-66; Alberuni, Qanun al-Mas'udi, in Zeki Validi Togan, Sifat al-ma'mura ala'l-Biruni; Memoirs of the Archeological Survey of India No. 53, pp.16,72; Abu Abudullah Muhammad Idrisi, Kitab Nuzhat-ul-Mustaq, Engl. translation by S.Maqbul Ahmad, entitled India and the Neighbouring Territories, (I. Eiden, 1960), pp.44,145
↑ Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas (Hindi), Maharaja Suraj Mal Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi, 1934, 2nd edition 1992, p.700-701
↑ Chachnama in Elliot, I, 150-151
↑ Bingley's (Sikhs 11-12)
↑ U.N.Sharma, Jaton Ka Navin Itihas (Jaipur: 1977), 38
↑ K.P. Jayaswal, Andhakar Yugin Bharat (trans. Ram Chandra Varma), Kashi:Samvat 2014, p.391
↑ R.C.Majumdar, Corporate life in India, 165-167
↑ Dr. Dharma Kirti , Jat Jati prachhanna Baudh hai, 1999 ed. New Delhi
↑ G.C. Dwivedi, The Jats, Their role in the Mughal Empire, Delhi, Ed Dr Vir Singh, 2003, p. 8, f.n.
↑ Chachnama in Elliot, I, 147
↑ Ibid.,187
↑ Mirza Kalich Beg's translation of Chachnams quoted by Qanungo, Jats, 28
↑ Kamil-ut-Tawarikh in Elliot, II, 247-248
↑ G.C. Dwivedi, The Jats, Their role in the Mughal Empire, Delhi, Ed Dr Vir Singh, 2003, p. 10
↑ Fatuh-ul-Buldan in Elliot, I, 128
↑ Tabkai-i-Akbari quoted in Elliot, II, Note D 477-478
↑ Tarikh-us-Subuktigin in Elliot, II, 132-133
↑ Kanha Ram (Hindi Ms.) in possession of Chaudhary Qabul Singh of Shoram Muzaffarnagar]
↑ Habibullah, Foundation of Muslim rule in India, 62,81 (footnote)
↑ Malfuzat-i-Timuri and following it Zafarnama in Elliot, III, 248-249, 491
↑ Kanha Ram (Hindi Ms),13
↑ Ibid.
↑ Memoieres of Babar, qaoted by Qanungo, Jats,33
↑ Tarikh-i-Sher Shahi in Elliotr, IV, 398-399
↑ Qanungo, Jats,30
↑ G.C.Dwivedi, The Jats, Their role in the Mughal Empire, Ed. Dr Vir Singh, Delhi, 2003, p.11-12
↑ Ram Sarup Joon: History of the Jats/Chapter III, p.40-41
↑ Bhim Singh Dahiya, Jats the Ancient Rulers, p. 263
↑ Mahabharata, II, 27, 22-26
↑ Elliot, Early History of India, Vol. I
↑ Kishori Lal Faujdar: Rajasthan ke Madhyakalin Jatvans, Jat Samaj, Agra, June 2001
↑ Ram Swaroop Joon: History of Jats, India
↑ Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas (Hindi), Maharaja Suraj Mal Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi, 1934, 2nd edition 1992 page 701.
↑ Sindh Ka itihas, p.30
↑ K.R.Qanungo, History of the Jats, Ed. dr Vir Singh, 2003, p.17
↑ Elliot, I, 383
↑ Elliot, II, 247
↑ Memoirs of Humayun, p. 45
↑ Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas, p.705
↑ HALA & HALAS IN THE HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE BY MUNAWAR A. ARBAB- An Online book
↑ Richard F. Burton, op. cit., p.246
↑ Inscription No.II, Tod, op.cit., Vol.II, Appendix, pp. 917-919 and n. 13
↑ Chachnama, p.166
↑ Hasan Nizami, Tajul-ma'asir, Fascimile translation in ED, Vol. II, p.218
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Substance Over Form: The Iowa Court of Appeals Honors Facts, Not Labels.
March 4, 2021 / Jessica Zupp
Home / Lawyering / Substance Over Form: The Iowa Court of Appeals Honors Facts, Not Labels.
In Iowa, if two parents exercise shared physical care (aka 50/50 in common parlance), the required child support order(s) end up being way less because they are off-setting. For the parent who doesn't really care as much about being a shared caretaker, but who more cares about not getting gouged in child support, he or she will often demand the "shared care" label be used in a settlement agreement as a means of trying to win the benefit of the child support breaks. Faced with the threat of a demand for shared care, in order to avoid the potential loss of primary physical care terms at trial (not to mention the legal fees and year of delay), some parents will agree to the LABEL of shared care in a settlement agreement, but then, in the DETAILS, describe it as akin to a situation of primary care/visitation. That way, the one parent saves a few bucks, and the other parent gets to capture the most time, and everyone is happy. No one cares about the labels.
But what happens if someone wants to change something in the future? Who has the burden of proof? And does that person have to prove a change from the label of shared care, or a change from the practice of primary care/visitation? Is the Court going to honor the label of "shared" care, and give that the deferential weight of an original decree? Or, is the Court going to honor the details of the agreement, and examine what the parties have been doing since their seemingly perfect settlement agreement? You might think "who cares, just tell the judge the new facts and let him/her decide", but the truth is that it is not so simple. You can't just request a modification of your custody order because you want to, or because you think things would be better if it were changed in some way(s). You instead have to prove there has been a "substantial and material change in circumstances not within the contemplation of the district court at the time of its original decree" which is "more or less permanent" and which "affects the child's best interests" AND you have to prove that the requested change ministers to the child's needs in a fashion more superior than the current arrangement, or that you're the essentially the superior parent. So, it matters greatly whether the court is going to enforce the label or enforce the details; not meeting a burden of proof can be a case-crusher. (By the way, you might also get ordered to pay the other party's attorney fees if you lose on burden of proof, or on the merits). (By contrast, it should be noted for our readers that if you only want to modify just visitation, that's a lower standard of proof: material change in circumstances plus the change is in the child's best interests (that's wayyyyyy easier to prove).
We may finally have some clarity on what counts the most. In the case of Spaulding v. Glenn, No. 20-0642, the Iowa Court of Appeals enforced the details, not the labels. In Spaulding, mom (Spaulding) and dad (Glenn) had a stipulated divorce in 2015. They agreed to the "shared care" label, but detailed their settlement such that mom had visitation and dad was the primary parent. After having parented as though they were following a primary care/visitation schedule (not a 50/50 one), mom started to want more than just the detailed visitation set forth in the settlement; she wanted something more like half the time with the kids–like the label said. Dad's position, on the other hand, was that 50/50 was in name only, and that in practice, mom only ever had "visitation", and as such, she had the heavy burden of proving there was a substantial and material change in circumstances which she failed to do.
The district court agreed with mom and ruled that since the parties agreed to the label of shared care, mom only needed to meet the lesser burden of proof: material change in circumstances, to modify the visitation schedule to something that was more equal, like 50/50. Since she met the lesser burden of proof of material change and best interests, the judge changed the visitation. The dad appealed. Dad argued that the district court was wrong to focus on the label because it illegally shrunk mom's burden of proof. He argued that mom really should have to meet the higher standard of substantial and material change of circumstances and that she had failed to meet that burden.
The Court of Appeals agreed with dad and reversed the district court judge's ruling. The Court of Appeals held that even though the parties used the term "shared care" as a label, they defined that term, to them, as meaning something more akin to a primary care/visitation schedule, and therefore, since mom was the one seeking to change things to REAL shared care, ie 50/50, she had to come to court and satisfy the more stringent burden of proof. The Court determined that the mom's claimed changes of: 1) she lived only 30 mins away now, 2) dad never gave her extra time, and 3) dad didn't share some info about the children's activities with her, were not sufficient to meet the burden of proof. As some added dicta, the Court noted that even if the changes mom raised were significant, nonetheless, shared care was not a good option because of mom's own testimony that the parties didn't get along or communicate well. As the Court wisely recognized at page eleven of its opinion, "…establishing a shared-care schedule is unlikely to alleviate conflict between the parents. Rather it will take more concentrated cooperation, which appears out of reach for Kristin and Kurtis."
LESSON–substance over form. Don't be afraid of labels; actions speak louder than words in court. If you need a "creative" settlement, make sure to consult with your favorite custody lawyer. Don't get stuck with what the Spaulding/Glenns had which, as the district court called it, a "hot mess." Bad lawyering will get you bad results. Good, strategic lawyering can save you years down the road.
Posted in Iowa Court of Appeals, Lawyering
Jessica Zupp is an attorney in Denison, Iowa where she owns Zupp and Zupp Law Firm, P.C. with her twin sister, Jennifer. She specializes in Criminal Defense and Divorce and Family Law.
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Join us at The Cooperage for our Milwaukee Day Showcase
About a decade ago, a group of friends realized Milwaukee's 414 area code had a striking resemblance to the numerals in April 14 (or 4/14) and decided to turn that coincidence into a full-blown local holiday. Since its unlikely outset, Milwaukee Day has resulted in an official mayoral proclamation, a ceremonial first pitch before a Brewers game, an abundance of civic-centered specials offered by area businesses, a wide-reaching hashtag, a cameo on 'Jeopardy!,' and a holiday-themed beer.
Milwaukee Day has also become an occasion to celebrate local music. Past April 14ths have featured especially stacked concerts. With the rampant growth of the holiday, Milwaukee Day's founders took the year off in 2017 to encourage others to celebrate anywhere and in any way they wanted. After getting approval to revive the concert last year, we're happy to announce Milwaukee Record will host another Milwaukee Day Showcase.
Join us at The Cooperage on Sunday, April 14 to celebrate Milwaukee Day with an eclectic lineup of local entertainers. We've done our part by assembling an all-star cast of some of the city's finest musicians. Performers include Platinum Boys, Klassik, Joseph Huber, Lauryl Sulfate & Her Ladies Of Leisure, and host/poet Kavon Cortez-Jones. On top of the music and poetry, we'll also have yard games on The Cooperage's patio for your enjoyment. The show will also host booths from a number of local non-profit organizations.
The 21+ show—sponsored by Miller High Life, Milwaukee Pedal Tavern, Nail Bar Milwaukee, and Cactus Club—starts at 5:30 p.m. (doors at 4:30 p.m.). Tickets are $10 in advance ($12 doors). Early bird admission is just $4.14 through Wednesday, February 27. There are so many great ways to celebrate Milwaukee on April 14, but we're pretty excited about this one. We hope to see you there! [Poster art by Andy Tyra]
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Before co-founding Milwaukee Record, Tyler Maas wrote for virtually every Milwaukee publication (except Wassup! Magazine). He lives in Bay View and enjoys both stuff and things.


f(x) = comics^3
A cartoonist in every newspaper
By Darryl Ayo
Comic books and graphic novels are wonderful but I'm at a point where I realize what the comics field has left behind when it largely abandoned newspapers. Let us reach across the aisles and get reacquainted with our syndicated brethren.
Here's the short of it: comics in North America began in the newspapers, and they have never been more popular and successful than when they were the highlights of newspapers. Now I can hear that guy in the third row from the back: shut up guy. Newspapers are NOT dead, nor are the comics within them. The newspaper is alive and kicking–although competing with television and the internet for media control.
Right now, there are wonderful comics coming out of the comic strip syndicates. I personally love:
Tina's Groove by Rina Piccolo
Cul de Sac by Richard Thompson
Zippy by Bill Griffith
I hasten to warn you that none of these comic strips are published in New York City newspapers. I know, I've checked.
I also like:
Doonesbury by Garry Trudeau
Mutts by Patrick McDonnell
Zits by Jerry Scott and Jim Borgman
Non Sequitur by Wiley Miller
These CAN be found in New York City newspapers.
But to me, this isn't enough. This simply isn't enough. I realized that from the comic strips I personally like, only Doonesbury attempts sustained longform storytelling. Meanwhile, in the past, the popular comic strip Dick Tracy by Chester Gould was brilliant at keeping newspaper readers at the edges of their seats day after day. I can only imagine that these 1930s comic fans had their old-timey hats leaping off of their heads every day. Dick Tracy predates comic books' Batman. There were other longform comic works that kept the daily commuter pumping sweat and gritting their teeth in anticipation. Buck Rogers, Little Orphan Annie, Popeye, Mickey Mouse, to name some of the popular ones.
Today, we look at this type of storytelling and say that it doesn't work in newspaper strips, it's better to put it in a graphic novel. Now–no disrespect–nobody is going to see that graphic novel. Whereas everybody and their mother saw Popeye in the '30s. There's no question about it–if you want your longform magnum opus to be seen by anybody outside of the same 200 people, you need to get those comics into the hands of the common man and the common woman and the common child. Common people! It's common sense.
So I've sworn off graphic novels for the time being. Not because they're bad, but because I believe that if we want comics to be successful, we have to think big…by thinking small. Small enough to fit in the comic page of the local newspaper.
There are too many cartoonists in the United States syndicated comics industry. Or alternately, there are not enough. Syndicated cartoonists make money by having their strips licensed for modest fees to many newspapers. What if those newspapers only hired cartoonists on an exclusive basis and paid them higher individual rates? What if a cartoonist worked for Journal News and produced a daily strip to entertain the community of Lower Hudson, New York? What if the editors of newspapers pulled their heads out of their hindquarters and remembered why so many Americans fell in love with the newspapers in the first place?
For cartoonists, the benefits would be clear: if newspapers were competing on a local market and comic strips were being distributed in small geographic arenas, there would be more jobs for "cartoonist," just as a matter of course. This is where North America's vast landmass becomes an economic asset for small businesses. Over the last forty years, with the ever-rising ubiquity of large, global businesses, North Americans have been struggling with the opposite: losing local jobs to monopolizing businesses. Comics largely wiped themselves out of competitiveness decades ago because of this. Before the weight of monoculture crushed the rest of North American small business culture.
I think that the North American Comic Strip is a perfect tool for varied storytelling, both longform and short form, both comedy and tragedy, from vignette to continuity. I think it's about time we started thinking honestly about what we as a comics culture have lost when the comic book world largely divorced itself from the comic strip world and vice versa.
And I think that the role of the syndicate in newspaper comics is in flux but that this institution still has a great deal of ability to help broker cartoonists and advocate for their clients. The syndicate, to my mind, could still function in its current role of agent, facilitator and liaison for comics-bearing-newspapers and their client cartoonists. What I'm interested in is a shift in focus.
There's potential markets out there, but we have to restructure the way we think about things.
Categories Mixtape Mondays
Author darrylayo
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One Response to "A cartoonist in every newspaper"
RM Rhodes December 12, 2011 at 9:08 am #
With all due respect, parts of this read like a "Someone should…" post. Having said that, I agree that people who make newspapers completely missed a trick when they didn't realize that the shrinking audience of newspaper readers could be propped up by offering more comic strips. They are ephemeral, but they are also the kind of premium that people specifically go to the newspaper for.
The upsurge in comics newspapers from small indie groups (Smoke Signal, The Magic Bullet, etc) is a step in the right direction, as far as I'm concerned. It takes that ephemeral product and puts it back into the hands of the public – one of the distribution strategies of The Magic Bullet is to hand it out to commuters at Metro stations, to varying effect.
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Home Podcast Interviews Investment Portfolio Diversification – Gold Is A Vital Asset
Investment Portfolio Diversification – Gold Is A Vital Asset
When you look at gold and the corrections of fluctuating spot prices, you have to be invested for the long term- it will reward you tenfold than any other investment you could have made!
This business and investing podcast interviews industry experts so you'll learn what to do, what to ask and – ideally – how not to lose money. I'm just like you I want to make money from the stock market but I find the terminology confusing. I want to be able to make informed decisions. Let's learn together on Stocks for Beginners.
Philip Muscatello
Podcast Interview Show Notes – Part I
Why Should Gold Be A Vital Asset In Your Investment Portfolio?
Dr. Stephen Leeb, Ph.D.
One thing that I want to emphasise and underline and bold face- do not invest in some things that are not just companies. There are things that are called ETNs, which are notes. They are NOT holdings of stocks. Those are the kinds of investments that you definitely want to stay away from.
Hi! Welcome back to 'Stocks For Beginners.' My name is Philip Muscatello. Today we are going to be looking at the original currency, gold, and I believe that we are going to be talking about commodities as well. Gold has been around for a millenia and some say owning gold is central to financial survival.
My guest today is Stephen Leeb, Ph.D, World Renowned Economist, Asset Manager and Wall Street Money Manager with 40 years of industry experience. Amongst his other NY Times best selling books on finance, investing and economics, Dr. Leeb is the author of a new book called 'China's Rise and The New Age of Gold: How Investors Can Profit From A Changing World.' This book emphasises how we can protect ourselves against the global failure of fiat currency and a radically changing world economy.
Now, Stephen, you tell us that gold's rise is just beginning. You think that all investors need to invest in gold to protect themselves against the falling dollar and the radically changing world economy. Tell us why…
There are two fundamental arguments for gold. One is the economy is changing and it is changing dramatically. There are two aspects to this change. One is the growth in emerging markets, the growth in the developing world which constitutes about 85% of the world's population. That 85% percentile are in countries where the GDP per capita, or the average income per capita of 85% of the world's inhabitants is about $10,000. That compares with the average income of the developed world- which is probably in the neighborhood of $50,000. And I should say that when I pick the average income of the developing world- the $10,000 estimate is actually on the high end of the spectrum. So when you compare the income of the developed to the developing world- you're really talking about a difference of maybe seven or eight times higher in developed countries. That quantifies a lot of growth that you're going to see in the next generation and beyond. It's going to come from the developing world and that's one of the major changes.
The other change, which we read about so much- we have to go green. We have to basically find sources of renewable energy that do not release a lot of carbon into our atmosphere. So that's a must and it's coming again in the context of growth in the developing world is very likely to continue because China is catalyzing that growth. And they want it for themselves because other developing countries will provide China with a basis for that growth. You have these two things that are happening all at once and they're likely to continue throughout the century.
Gold has proven itself to be a necessary investment when you have major civilization affecting changes and we're in the middle of that right now. Just to give you two examples. In the last 20 years, the first generation of this century, gold out performed virtually every other asset that you can think of. I'm talking from an American perspective- if you take the S&P 500 and you reinvest your dividends, which can happen automatically if you were to buy an S&P ETF. As a result, you would have seen your investment multiplied by three fold. Very good, but if you would have invested that same sum in gold, that investment would have multiplied by over five fold during the last 20 years.
Wow, that's an amazing statistic.
It's a very, very powerful statistic and we've had 20 years where developing countries have led the way in terms of growth where there's been constant pressure to shift to green and a lot of companies are following that. And this is what gold did. Again, if you have to think long-term, over the last 12 months or so gold has not been the greatest investment and it may not be a great investment for perhaps the next six months. But for the next two years after that- it may triple. So you have to be long-term oriented. I mean, that's one critical caveat. One of the most successful investors of our time, Warren Buffett, says his favorite holding period is forever. When you look at gold and you look at possible corrections of fluctuating spot prices, you just have to be in there for the long term. And again, the long-term rewards you much more in gold than any other investment that you could have made.
For people who are looking at investing in the stock market for the first time- they are going to be looking at stocks because of all the exciting stories in the names and technology and things that are happening there. But what you are saying, I guess, is that we should not put everything into gold but at least a percentage of your investment portfolio in gold as a buffer ballast as well.
Exactly right, Phil, and I'm so glad you mentioned that. I'm just saying that gold should be a necessary part of your investment portfolio and I want to emphasize this point. If you talk to an American megalithic financial institution, for example, BlackRock (which manages trillions of dollars) they'll tell you to allocate your investments. Their recommendation is usually 60% stocks / 40% bonds. Don't follow that advice. I mean, if you believe what happened in the last 20 years- that is just not good advice. It's the same consensus you'll hear from Vanguard, Fidelity, and virtually all the major financial institutions. I have nothing against these financial institutions but if you just look at the history of the past 20 years, which I believe are unique, it's the whole point. What you have seen in the past 20 years is likely to continue on steroids. So, take some of their advice but also think for yourself. What's done really well when emerging economies, developing economies are growing and we're focusing on a transformation to green energies. Well, what happened is that gold did exceptionally well. Are there any signs these trends are going to change? No. Are there signs that these trends are going to accelerate? Many. So, gold should be at least part of your portfolio. I'm not saying it should be a 100%. I'm not saying it to be 5% to 20%. I'm just saying- your word was ballast- and I think that's an excellent word.
That's something I've been really thinking about a lot lately, especially in the terms of my portfolio. There's a lot of people who have never experienced a market and what can happen with markets. You and I are old enough to have been through maybe one or two quite significant catastrophes in markets and diversification across asset classes is something a lot of young people don't even know about.
It's so important to emphasize and I didn't want to get too much into the weeds but if you look at the stock market, it's had three major corrections in this century where it's going down 60% – 50% and recently about 30% or 40%. I can't remember what the numbers were in 2020, with the advent of the pandemic. But gold, during this entire generation, it's biggest correction, was down from high to low no more than 30%. And It's obviously made that up.
When the market falls like the tech stock, spelled in some cases 90%. In 2000-2001 you had to make ten fold on your money to get back even. If you lose half your money, which has happened several times, at least twice in the past 20 years- you have to double your money to get back even. So one of the things you want to look at as an asset investor… what's the largest drop that has occurred over the period time you think that is relevant for the future. Now, if that period of time is the last twenty years- which I happen to believe is the most relevant time for the future- you're never going to experience a correction of much more than 25% in gold. So it is a ballast. Maybe it'll go down 30% but there's no case of it dropping 60 or 70%, which has happened in the stock market.
Stay tuned for Part 2 of the podcast interview "Stocks for Beginners" with Dr. Stephen Leeb- as he discusses commodities and what is on the imminent horizon for the future of investing.
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SOURCESTOCKS FOR BEGINNERS by Philip Muscatello
Stephen Leeb
Eli April 28, 2021 At 8:15 AM
Why Should Gold Be A Vital Asset In Your Investment Portfolio? Yes, Gold should absolutely be a vital part of your investment portfolio. I'm switching up to 10% light allocation in precious metals
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Obey the Sign or Pay the Fine
FOR IMMEDIATE RELEASE: July 2018
CONTACT: Cpl. Joseph Paull
Arkadelphia Police Department
Launches New Enforcement Blitz Against Speeding
Today launched a tough new speed enforcement blitz for the City of Arkadelphia under the tagline: "Obey the Sign or Pay the Fine." The intensified enforcement effort against speeding drivers underscores the severity of the problem, both locally and across the nation.
"Speeding translates to death on our roadways. It greatly reduces a driver's ability to steer safely around another vehicle, a hazardous object, or an unexpected curve. Speeding drivers put themselves, their passengers and other drivers at tremendous risk," said Cpl. Joseph Paull.
In 2015, speeding was a contributing factor in 27 percent of all fatal crashes in the U.S. and more than 9,500 lives were lost in such crashes, according to the latest data available from the U.S. Department of Transportation's National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA).
"During the "Obey the Sign or Pay the Fine" blitz, officers will intensify enforcement of posted speed limits in Arkadelphia. We'll stop and ticket anyone caught speeding.
Fully 17 percent of all speeding-related traffic fatalities occurred on local roads -- where the posted speed limits were 55 miles per hour or under. According to NHTSA, a crash on a road with a speed limit of 65 mph or greater is more than twice as likely to result in a fatality than a crash on a road with a speed limit of 45 or 50 mph and nearly five times as likely as a crash on a road with a speed limit of 40 mph or below. About 15 percent of the country's speeding-related fatalities occur on interstate highways each year.
A NHTSA research report, "Analysis of Speeding-Related Fatal Motor Vehicle Traffic Crashes," shows that a major proportion of fatal, speeding-related single-vehicle crashes occur on rural roadways.
Across America in 2015, speeding was a factor in 17 percent of all fatal crashes on dry roads, and in 21 percent of those occurring on wet roads.
"During this enforcement blitz, officers will be out targeting and ticketing speeding drivers," said Cpl. Joseph Paull. "Our goal is to save lives, and we're putting all drivers on alert - the posted speed limit IS THE LAW. No more warnings and no more excuses. When it comes to speeding: Obey the Sign or Pay the Fine."
NHTSA considers a crash speeding-related if the driver was charged with exceeding the posted speed limit or if the driver was driving too fast for conditions at the time.