Team Lala
Raised: $4,313
Goal: $18,000
PurpleStride Atlanta 2023
In early 2011, at the age of 68, my maternal grandmother, "Saffi," was diagnosed with Pancreatic Cancer. At the time, it had a grim 5-year survival rate of 6%. After a relentless 5-year battle with the cancer, she passed away in December 2015; I was just eleven years-old at the time. She had meant the world to me. I slept over at her house often and loved her kind soul and smile more than most anything else in the world. Then, a year and a half later, my paternal grandmother, "Grandma Joanie," died of cancer. Despite our living in different cities, I loved her beyond words, and she was a beautiful light in my early life. I was a twelve year-old boy, shattered, trying to understand loss while picking up the pieces.
I was young when my grandmothers passed away. As I grow older, my memories of them fade lighter and lighter, but their influence in my life is unchanged. I live on in their legacy. Fundraising is a part of that legacy, and part of the way I keep their memories alive.
For the past twelve years, my family has been raising money for the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network. I have spearheaded Team Lala for the past 7 years, and I am proud to fight again for better patient outcomes and more comprehensive research on the cancer killing 50,000 Americans a year and being diagnosed in some 60,000 more.
This cancer is terrifying, with a 5-year survival rate of just 11%, far and away the lowest rate of the 20 most commonly diagnosed cancers in the United States. We NEED to improve patient lives and give hope to patients and their families. Funding for research will improve treatments and get closer to finding a Pancreatic Cancer cure.
Please click the button above to Donate and improve patient outcomes and find a cure.
Also, please join me and Team Lala on April 29th to walk in honor of Saffi and all those who have lost their lives in the brutal fight against Pancreatic Cancer.
Brian & Tamara Mand
Brian Granath
David and Andi Arnovitz
Dean Dubovsky + family
Dr. Berna Levine
Dr. Catharine Enright
Dr. Dina Pinsky
Go Dov!!
In memory of a lovely lady....
In memory of all those lost to PC
jody frankel
Judith Barkan
Larry And Jody Shutzberg
Moshe Sokol
Mr. Adrian Grant
Mr. Brendan Ozawa-De Silva
Mr. Dov Karlin
Mr. Jim Tapp
Mr. R L Foah
Mr. Richard M Walker
Mr. Stanley 'Stan' Karlin
Mrs. Beverly Stahl
Mrs. Janet Harnett Mordarski
Mrs. Natasha Lebowitz
Mrs. Susan Brickman
Ms. Beth G Sugarman
Ms. Merryl Hodgson
Nancy Hirsch
Robin And Sabi Varon
Ryan G Gold
The Galanti Family
William Hall


'Gosnell' filmmakers didn't care about abortion until they saw his victims
October 9, 2018 December 21, 2020 Anita Crane
Despite the gruesome truth about Dr. Kermit Gosnell's horrifying crimes, director Nick Searcy said "Gosnell" is an "uplifting" movie
Human rights, Movies Ann McElhinney, Dean Cain, Gosnell movie, Hollywood, Nick Searcy, Phelim McAleer, politics Leave a Comment on 'Gosnell' filmmakers didn't care about abortion until they saw his victims
Hollywood actor flayed for 'skanky, sick' ad
January 24, 2013 December 27, 2020 Anita Crane
WASHINGTON – A new advertisement featuring "Necessary Roughness" actor Mehcad Brooks and titled "Happy 40th Anniversary, Baby" celebrates the deaths of an estimated 56 million unborn lost to abortion since the Roe v. Wade Supreme Court decision 40 years ago this week, and is being called "skanky," "sick" and "disgusting." The ad, from the pro-abortion Center for Reproductive Rights, comes as hundreds of thousands prepare to attend the March for Life Friday in Washington, D.C.
Radio & TV Alveda King, babies, children, Day Gardner, Feminists for Life, Hollywood, Lila Rose, Priests for Life, Roe v. Wade, Silent No More Awareness Campaign Leave a Comment on Hollywood actor flayed for 'skanky, sick' ad
My favorite RNC speeches
August 31, 2012 August 31, 2012 Anita Crane
These are my favorite speeches from the Republican National Convention. What are yours? Clint Eastwood: "Of course we all know Biden is the intellect of the Democratic Party." Ouch! 😀 Earlier in the speech, Eastwood said: "I remember three and a half years ago, when Mr. Obama won the election. And though I was not […]
Fascinating leaders, Radio & TV babies, Catholic, children, Christian, clint eastwood, fathers, filmmakers, health care, Hollywood, human rights, Marco Rubio, marriage, military, mormon, mothers, movie, politics, republican national convention, U.S. Constitution 1 Comment on My favorite RNC speeches
Frightening truth about Obama in movie theaters & on DVDs
Oct. 5 update: "2016" will be released on DVD Oct. 16. Pre-order from Amazon in right column Two important documentaries are in theaters now as Americans prepare to vote in November. Two more are available on DVD and I've got lots of info for you. At the Washington screening of "2016: Obama's America," one of […]
Filmmakers, Human rights Alveda King, babies, Bible, Catholic, children, Christian, cinema, dinesh d'souza, documentaries, documentary, DVD, family, fathers, film, gerald molen, health care, Hollywood, jerry molen, Jesus Christ, marriage, mothers, movie, politics, rev. c.l. bryant, runaway slave, southern exposure, U.S. Constitution 2 Comments on Frightening truth about Obama in movie theaters & on DVDs
Dishonorable Disclosures
Please consider donating at the producers' website: http://www.opsecteam.org/ Published on Aug 15, 2012 by OPSECTeam Intelligence and Special Operations forces are furious and frustrated at how President Obama and those in positions of authority have exploited their service for political advantage. Countless leaks, interviews and decisions by the Obama Administration and other government officials have […]
Filmmakers cia, Hollywood, kathryn bigelow, Leon Panetta, military, national defense, navy seals, osama bin laden, politics, security leaks, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Army, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Navy 1 Comment on Dishonorable Disclosures
How to brainwash a nation
July 24, 2012 August 27, 2015 Anita Crane
Former KGB agent Yuri Bezmenov, alias Tomas Schuman, explains the KGB process of subversion and taking over societies: i.e., brainwashing or psychological warfare. The first video is excerpts from a 1985 interview and the second is a 1983 lecture he gave in Los Angeles. On a related note, see New York Times reveals Obama controlling […]
Fascinating leaders, Radio & TV collectivism, college, Communism, communist, culture, demoralization, education, free speech, health care, Hollywood, journalism, journalist, kgb, Marxism, media, music, politics, psychology, Radio & TV, revolution, socialism, Soviet Union, university, ussr Leave a Comment on How to brainwash a nation
'Schindler's List' producer on his new movie about Obama
June 23, 2012 August 30, 2015 Anita Crane
WND EXCLUSIVE Movie seeks president's real roots '2016: Obama's America' intended to open voters' eyes Published: June 22, 2012 By Anita Crane As Barack Obama intensifies his re-election campaign by granting illegal aliens amnesty, endorsing "gay marriage" and even producing a White House commercial for the nation's largest abortion business, there's a new movie coming […]
Filmmakers, Human rights 9/11, babies, children, family, gerald molen, Hollywood, holocaust, jerry molen, marriage, military, movie, politics, Schindler's List, steven spielberg, war Leave a Comment on 'Schindler's List' producer on his new movie about Obama
Movie makers defy 'Don't touch this story' warnings
March 23, 2012 September 3, 2015 Anita Crane
WND EXCLUSIVE Published March 22, 2012 By Anita Crane When Jon and Andrew Erwin worked as cameramen for ESPN, made TV commercials, music videos and then a TV pilot, these brothers from Birmingham, Ala., had no designs for making a feature film about an abortion survivor. But tomorrow, March 23, their first feature film, "October […]
Filmmakers, Human rights adoption, Andrew Erwin, babies, Christian, fathers, filmmakers, Hollywood, john schneider, Jon Erwin, mothers, movie Leave a Comment on Movie makers defy 'Don't touch this story' warnings
'Snowmen' family movie is funny and 'Profound!'
December 2, 2011 November 23, 2015 Anita Crane
Happy story about 'year that I died' 'Snowmen' movie the story of three unlikely heroes Posted: December 01, 2011 1:00 am Eastern By Anita Crane © 2011 WND "Snowmen" star Bobby Coleman with Writer/Director Robert Kirbyson. (Courtesy of Mpower Pictures © 2009) "It was going to be the most amazing winter ever … the year that I […]
CHRISTMAS, Comedy, Filmmakers Bobb'e J. Thomson, Bobby Coleman, Braveheart, children, Christian, Christian Martyn, Christopher Lloyd, demi peterson, Doug E. Doug, family, fathers, filmmakers, funny, grandparents, Hollywood, john shepherd, Josh Flitter, kids, love, movie, Mpower Pictures, music, parents, Randy Jackson, Ray Liotta, Robert Kirbyson, Snowmen, Stephen McEveety Leave a Comment on 'Snowmen' family movie is funny and 'Profound!'
My 'granddaddy' John Wayne, actor and Catholic convert
October 2, 2011 October 24, 2015 Anita Crane
By David Kerr Fr. Matthew Muñoz Rome, Italy, Oct 1, 2011 / 12:29 pm (CNA/EWTN News).- John Wayne, for many, was a Hollywood legend who symbolized true masculinity and American values. To Fr. Matthew Muñoz, though, he was simply "granddaddy." "When we were little we'd go to his house and we'd simply hang out with […]
Fascinating leaders, Filmmakers Catholic, Christ, Christian, Fascinating leaders, Hollywood, john wayne 1 Comment on My 'granddaddy' John Wayne, actor and Catholic convert
Hollywood Goes Out on 'The Ledge' for Atheism
July 5, 2011 September 24, 2011 Anita Crane
James Hirsen says, "Hollywood has moved beyond a hostile attitude toward traditional faith and has created a film that actually promotes atheistic beliefs — "The Ledge." Moviemakers claim that "The Ledge" is "the first film to feature an openly atheist hero in a Hollywood production." What's the big deal? Read the rest here: http://www.newsmax.com/Hirsen/theledge-atheism-rickyjarvis-billmaher/2011/07/05/id/402470
Filmmakers film, Hollywood, movie Leave a Comment on Hollywood Goes Out on 'The Ledge' for Atheism
The new 'coming out' in Hollywood
April 14, 2011 September 3, 2015 Anita Crane
Festival reintroduces pro-life culture to Hollywood 'Our goal is to restore that message in entertainment' Posted: April 13, 2011 By Anita Crane © 2011 WorldNetDaily Deborah Flora This weekend, Hollywood insiders reach out to all Americans at Life Fest, the premier pro-life film festival for mainstream filmmakers. One major motion picture producer told WND that he will […]
Filmmakers, Human rights filmmakers, free speech, Gary Sinise, Hollywood, movie, whole life Leave a Comment on The new 'coming out' in Hollywood
LA acting studio begins mission to create actors with 'spiritual integrity'
April 3, 2011 September 24, 2011 Anita Crane
One way to join the renaissance… Culver City, Calif., Apr 2, 2011 / 06:08 pm (CNA).- Holy Wood Acting Studio had its grand opening on March 25 to begin its mission to create talented actors with the "emotional and spiritual maturity" to endure the challenges in their careers. "The opening of Holy Wood Acting Studio […]
Filmmakers Catholic, Christ, Christian, Hollywood Leave a Comment on LA acting studio begins mission to create actors with 'spiritual integrity'


Dalit Bahujan Adivasi
Lynched, raped, left for dead: Dalits, women remain easy targets for criminals in UP
A 19-year-old Dalit girl was gang-raped by four upper-caste men in Hathras; a farmer was beheaded in Badaun
Sabrangindia 24 Sep 2020
Illustrations: https://www.newindianexpress.com/
While politicians, and activists across the political divide have begun to raise their voices to draw the attention of Uttar Pradesh chief minister to the growing instances of heinous crimes, the state government's plan of action is yet to be known. Meanwhile, the most vulnerable continue to be victimised in the state. The most recent report is of an incident of sexual assault. This time the victim is a 19-year-old girl, who belonged to the Dalit community. She was reportedly allegedly gang-raped by four "upper-caste" men in Hathras district of Uttar Pradesh.
The teenager is reported to be still admitted in a hospital, where she was in the ICU even several days after she was attacked on September 14. The accused tried to strangle and kill the girl after they raped her. According to news reports, she is stable now and Police recorded her statement on Tuesday The teenager told the police that she had gone to gather fodder for her animals, when the men sexually assaulted her.
According to reports two accused have been arrested, the police had acted on the complaint lodged by the survivor's brother, and had earlier registered a case against a man, identified as Sandeep, for attempt to murder and under sections of the SC/ST Act, stated media reports. After recording the survivor's statement on Tuesday, the police added charges of gang-rape to the FIR. The police have so far arrested two of the four accused and are attempting to nab others, according to a report by The Times of India.
Meanwhile Congress leader Shyoraj Jivan Valmiki met the survivor's family on Wednesday and demanded that action be taken against the police for the delay in recording the survivor's statement., Deepak Kumar, the vice president of the UP Congress Committee, alleged that the accused and the local police were threatening the family members of the survivor.
The media also also recorded another incident, where two unidentified men, wearing masks, barged into a 45-year-old woman's house in Kanpur district's Bidhnu area on Tuesday night and raped her. On hearing noise, the affected woman's son woke up and the accused fled. Police have registered a case and efforts are on to establish the identities of the culprits, the SHO Pushpraj Singh said, adding that some people have been detained in this connection.
On Wednesday, Bhim Army chief Chandrashekhar Azad had alleged that violence, and atrocities against Dalits in Uttar Pradesh are on the rise. He also posted on social media highlighting two such criminal attacks on Dalit leaders in UP, and alleged that the criminals were fearless as if they had official "government protection". Azad listed the the attack on Dalit leader Suresh Pracheta was allegedly shot at by miscreants, in Jaunpur. This follows closely after the assassination of Dalit leader Satyamev Jayate in Azamgarh, he stated.
Azad has alleged that while the Dalit community is being targetted this way the states Adityanath-led government was busy hosting meeting to plan a 'film city'.
यूपी में दलित जन प्रतिनिधियों को सरकारी संरक्षण प्राप्त गुण्डे बेख़ौफ़ निशाना बना रहे हैं।पहले आज़मगढ़ में दलित प्रधान सत्यमेव जयते की हत्या और अब जौनपुर में दलित नेता सुरेश प्रचेता को बदमाशों ने गोली मार दी, लेकिन यूपी की ढोंगी सरकार फ़िल्म सिटी का दरबार लगाये बैठी है। pic.twitter.com/xaz4bMSKIH
— Chandra Shekhar Aazad (@BhimArmyChief) September 23, 2020
The Jaunpur police were quick to respond to Azad's tweet about the attack and said the victim's acquaintances stated that he was allegedly shot at in a temple compound, and the assailant was unidentified because he was wearing a helmet. However, according to police, a medical examination later revealed that it did "not look like a gunshot injury" but could be an injury caused after being hit by a blunt weapon. The police said the group did not immediately inform the police.
To say 'another shocking incident' by now seems trite. This is perhaps the most inhuman crime reported. According to a newsreport in DNA, a Dalit farmer was beheaded in Uttar Pradesh because he refused to share water for irrigation with another farmer. The accused has been arrested by the police. The victim, 56-year-old farmer Nathu Lal Jatav was watering his field late on Monday, in Badaun's Din Nagar Sheikhpur village, when he was asked by another farmer, Roop Kishore, to divert water to his field. When Jatav refused, he was attacked with a spade, and beheaded by the angry farmer, stated the news report. Superintendent of Police (SP) Siddharth Verma was quoted in the news report stating that an FIR has been lodged against Roop Kishore, who "has been booked for murder and under sections of the Scheduled Castes and Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act at the Bilsi police station. He was absconding, but we have tracked him down and arrested him. Further investigations are underway to find out if more people were involved."
The list of heinous crimes against Dalits, and women in Uttar Pradesh, the question on what the state government is doing to give justice, and prevent atrocities, however, still await answers.
Men lynched by mobs, cab driver killed by passengers in UP
Kidnapping, rape, torture, murder; just another long weekend in Uttar Pradesh
UP's Special Security Force Act: The good, the bad, the ugly
Tilak Manjhi: One of India's first freedom fighters
Bhima Koregaon case: Dalit group demands action against Manohar 'Sambhaji' Bhide
UP Police allegedly assault Adivasi women
Safai Karamchari Andolan campaigns against dry latrines
15 years on, memories of the Kalinganagar massacre still haunt
Why is #RemoveUsFromScheduleCaste trending on Twitter today?
Goa police tear-gas, lathi-charge Melauli Adivasis


You are here: Home › Corpora › Corpus of Oz Early English › 1-011 (Raw)
1-011 (Raw)
addressee,family author,male,Fowell, Newton,23
Private Written
Private Correspondence
Irvine, 1988
1-011-raw.txt
1-011#Raw
1-011-raw.txt — 40 KB
<source><g=m><o=b><age=23><status=3><abode=00><p=nsw><r=prw><tt=pc><1-011>
Sirius Port Jackson 5 June 1788
We Arriv'd at Botany Bay the 20th Jany. Last after a Passage of 10 weeks from the Cape of Good Hope. the Dificulty we find in Getting store houses Erected for Discharging the Transports, Hutting the Troops, Convicts &c has put it out of our power to make any Discoveries in the Interior part of the Country. the only Discovery made is Contiguous to Botany & where we are Settling our Little Colony. its Cal'd in Cooks Voyage Port Jackson. by a Survey of Captain Hunters. it is found to be the Most Commodious perhaps in the World, the Latitude of it is 33.51' South Longitude 151.10 East & is 8 Leagues North of Botany. The Day we sail'd from thence Two French Frigates arriv'd from making Discoverys Round the World. they have been out above 3 Years & put in for Wood and water to build Boats. they have been at Most of the islands that Capt. Cook was at. At one them (Navigation Island) they Lost Two Boats with their Cruis & 8 officers Including Mons De Langle Capt. of the Astrolabe all massacred by the Natives They had 4 Boats on Shore but Luckily 2 Got off at another place they Lost Two Boats with there Cruis not a man Escaping.
We see many of the Natives Dayly with No More Covering Than what Nature Affords them. They Seem Not to be possessed of the Smallest Curiosity or Sensibility Whatever. They take us all for women owing I suppose to our not wearing Beards When we haul the Nett they Assist no Doubt with a View of being Gainers by it Yet Notwithstanding the Time we have been here, they are as Distant as ever with us. they Never come to our Camp Nor Suffer Their Women Near us ... [69] four convicts have been found kil'd by them & 6 or 7 more are Missing who we suppose have Shared the Same fate. The Govr'. has Sent our 2nd Lieut. Mr. King with one Mid. one Surgeons Mate a party of Seamen 7 Men & 6 female Convicts to Settle a Colony at Norfolk Island (which abounds with Firr Trees of an Enormous Size it is about E. N.E. 300 Leagues from Hence & is only 15 Miles in Circumference. We have Great Difficulty in Clearing the Country as we are badly assisted by the Convicts the Govr. has adopted the Most Lenient Means but to no purpose & finds that Nothing but Rigour will bring them to ordr. they are without Exception the most Incorragible Villians Breathing, & the Women the Most Obscene Creatures Imaginable. for Robberies Committed by the men 5 of them have been already hung. flogging has Lost its Effect.
It is a Charming Climate & will no doubt in Time be a fruitful one. the Gangeroo Mention'd by Cook are very Numerous & are the only Quadrupeds we find Worth Mentioning they Correspond with his Discription in Every Respect, Except our finding that the female has a false Belly or pouch Similar to the Opossum in wch. their Young take Shelter when Closely pursued. this we found by Shooting a Dam for as soon as she fell the Young one ran into its Asylum. [70] [71]
There are a Great Number of Birds & many Like our Game in England of a Most Beautiful Species Of Parroquets. There has been a Bird of Enormous Size kild Something Like the Ostrich but more Resembling the Emu (Described by Goldsmith) a Native of So. America it was 7f 2in high & weigh'd 104 pound.
It is Suggested we are to sail from hence in 2 Months to Explore the Coast & then proceed to Otahaite & the Islands Contiguous. if it Should be so it Will Make the time which begins to be irksome appear Less Tedious as it will be Novelty. We Learn from Lt. Ball of the Supply Arm'd Tender just Arriv'd from Norfolk that on his passage from thence he Discoverd an Island in Lat. 31. 23 wch. he Cald Lord Howe Island. it Abounds in Turtle Many of wch. he has Brought here wild pidgeons Abound there also (if the Expression may be Allow'd & a Fowl very much Resembling the Guinea Hen. As they Suffer themselves to be taken from off the Trees wth.out Attempting to Fly away & the former the men Run Down without any Difficulty.
This brings the Anniversary of H.M.y Birth Day it was Celebrated with Great pomp when the Country was Named Cumberland & the City Albion.
The Buildings will make a formidable Appearance in a Short Time. people are Employ'd in Making Brick &c. & here is Stone as fine as any Portland Stone. the Govr. & Lieut. Govr. are building Magnificently. but more Artificers are wanted An Officer of Marines & myself went a few Days since A Circuit along The Coast. on Landing the Natives Appeared very friendly to us But on our putting off the Boate they threw a Large Spear wch. providentially missed us but Came with Great Violence against the Side of the Boate this would not have happened had we a Musquet in the Boate the Dread of wch. is so Great that with one you might drive a Thousand before you. [72]
The women are very Dexterous in fishing in their Canoes & their Lines are made of the Bark of Trees & the Hooks of Shells Astonishing what a Length of Line they will continue undr. Water.
In the afternoon the Govonor Returned found Port Jackson to be an excellent harbour, got everything in readiness to Proceed there 24th Saw Two Ships in the offing Working up for the Bay but the Wind being to the N.W. & a Strong Current setting to the Southward they were soon out of sight 25th [January 1788] The Supply with the Govonor on board Sailed for Port Jackson where he intends to make the Settlement 26th the two fr Ships which were seen in the offing on the 24th Arrived this morning. they proved to be the Boussole & L'Astrolabe two French Ships on Discoveries they were commanded when they left France by Monsieur De La Perouse & Monsieur De Langle, the latter of whom was killed by the Natives of one of the Navigators [an island] with 12 men, 8 of whom were officers. They were on Shore in two of their Boats for Water their ships were under weigh & had dropt out of the Bay.
The Natives before had been very friendly to them and at this time one of the Boats was a ground and when they came down to murder them the French Supposed their intent was to assist them in launching the Boat that was a ground. it was supposed upwards of 500 Stones was thrown in the first Shower, The French immediately discharged a Volley of Small Arms at them & it is Supposed above 20 of the Natives must have been killed - Several of the French were also Wounded. those who escaped Swam off to their other Boat which lay off at a small distance the reason of this we could not learn. the French at first say'd they supposed it must have been done for the sake of keeping the Boats but afterwards some hints dropt that it was one of their Sailors had behaved very ill to some of the Natives. [73]
Monsieur Clunard was afterward given the Command of the Astrolabe M. Pérouse on being asked what discoveries he had made paid Capt. Cook a very great Compliment by saying he had left nothing undone which was very handsome of him.. he (La Perouse) commanded the Squadron that destroyed our Settlements in Hudsons Bay. at 11 We got under Weigh & worked out of the Bay with all the Convoy. Stood for Port Jackson, in going from B. Bay to Port Jackson You Pass seven bluff heads. The entrance of Port Jackson is narrow but you may pass within 100 yards of South head. The North head projects out near a Mile to the Eastward of the South head which is quite Perpendicular from the Waters Edge. in Working in [sic] saw several of the Natives who called to us but as we approached the shore they retired to the bush. at 5 we anchored in a Small Cove where we found the Supply laying. all the Convoy by sunset were all at Anchor within us. here you are intirely Land Locked and it is impossible for any Wind to do you the least damage. the next day got on Shore some tents & Landed some of the Convicts & some of the shore division of Marines who were employed clearing Ground. 28 Capt. Hunter, Mr Bradley & other proper officers were employed Surveying the Harbour. Landed the remainder of the Convicts & Marines the former of whom were employed clearing the Ground the Latter pitching the encampment. the convicts were constantly employed in clearing & enclosing Ground. [74]
30 [Jan] Land all the Cattle which was 5 Cowes 2 Bulls 6 Horses which came from the Cape in the Lady Penrhyn, Several Sheep & Hogs. Sunday February 3d Divine Service was performed on Shore for the first time. There has been a great deal of Thunder Lightning & heavy rain since our first Arrival here. on the night of the 6th Several trees were shivered with Lightning one in Particular which had several very Large Branches broke entirely off and several Sheep which were in a Pen under the Tree were killed. The next Day the Govonors Commission and Code of Laws for the Colony were read, in which he is Stiled Captain General & Govonor in chief of the Settlement in New South Wales & all the Adjacent Islands in the South Seas. he afterwards had a cold Dinner for the Officers at which I was. several Bumper Toasts was afterwards drank and we immediately broke up - 8th Capt Hunter finished the survey of the harbour. he says it contains a Number of very good Coves fit for any Vessel to Anchor in with the greatest safety. indeed he says it is the finest harbour in the known world. the Cove in which we are is called Sydney Cove. none of the rest is yet named. the Chart of the Harbour is kept very secret for fear it may get into some persons hands who might have it Publish'd in England before the Chart that is going to the Admiralty but as soon as it is made Publick I shall get a Plan of it. 9th Mon. Clunard came round in a boat from Botany Bay with their dispatches which are to go to Europe with ours. he returned the same Night, he would by no means go on Shore altho the Govonor rather pressed him. 12 Some People went to Botany Bay by land but the French Ships were gone while they lay in the Bay they buried one of their Abbeys over the Place where he was intered was a Latin Inscripsion Painted on Board this very luckily was taken off in a Pocket Book by one of the officers who went over there but in a few days after the Natives took it down. here the Govr. had an opportunity of returning Mon. Clunard's civility, by having a Sheet of Copper with the same Inscripsion engraved on it. as was painted on the Board the Natives took down and having the Copper Screwed to a tree. Mon Clunard when at Kamscatksa erected a very fine Monument over the remains of Capt. Clark and took down some Remains of an old one that Capt. Cook built. he likewise got the Natives to promise not to let any person take it down. While in the Bay they (The French) built two boats, dug & sowed a very good garden in hopes it might be of some service to us. this they could not get the Natives to promise not to pull down for I was over there a few days after they sailed & found it all the fence tore in Pekes and the Ground trampled all over. so we may expect but very little good from it. 14th Lt. King. Mr Jemeison Surgeon's Mate & Mr Cunningham, Masters Mate with 4 seamen, 2 Marines & 12 Convicts went on board the Supply to go to Norfolk Island & make a Settlement there which is to Supply this Colony with Pine as no light wood can be got here. Sent with them 6 Months Provisions A Boat equipt with every Necessary Article, A Sceine, Tools of all sorts. it is likewise expected to find flax there so a Weaver & a Loom was sent. Richard Widdicombe was one of the men Mr King chose to take with him so I took the opportunity of mention him to Mr King. one day at the Govonors they both spoke very much in his favour and I dont doubt but he will do well if he pleases. the next day the Supply sailed. so things went joging on till the 25 when Richard Bennet one of the Convicts must steal some provisions for which he was hung. the Convicts were constantly employed clearing Ground, building Store houses for the Reception of Provisions &c. which were built by putting trees about 2 feet in the ground so as to touch each other & thatched over with rushes. there are likewise a number of hovels built of Cabbage Tree for the officers & the Batallion. they are chiefly thatched with rushes but some are covered with Wooden tiles. the wood of which these tiles are made of Splits something like the Ash but in any other respect is not the least like it. [75] [76]
Some of our People were employed in making a Garden on an Island which was Named Garden Island. On the 20th of March the Supply returned they found much difficulty in Landing Mr King & his Party as the surf ran so very high. in most places the Rocks are perpendicular, they at last landed in a small inlet that a reef of rocks surrounds the mouth of. only here & there a small passage for boats which as soon as you are past you get in Smoothe Water & Land on a Sandy beach. within these rocks some Turtle were seen.
Norfolk Island abounds with great Quantities of Pine some of which were measured to be 45 feet from the bottom of the Trunk to the top of the tree and about 40 feet of which had not a knot. the diameter was from 8 to 10 feet I have heard some people say they are 170 feet in height & 100 feet clear of knots but that I think is quite out of all reason the Island is Situated in Latd.. 29.02 S Longitude 168.16 East of Greenwich. on their Passage there & on the 17 of Febry. At day Light in the morning they discovered what they thought to be two Islands bearing ESE Stood towards them all day but it proving little wind did not near them much. on the Evening the Breze freshned they kept a press of sail directly for them till Midnight & then Shortned sail till day light expecting to be near them. as the day broke saw the Land which was seen indistinctly during the night & at the same time saw a high Pyrimidical Rock which as they had not seen it before it seem'd very near them made it prudent for them to lay to till the day was a little advanced They then made all sail possible and it was not before Noon they were able to get to the Northward of this Island so as to secure a good Meridional observation which however was obtained & they had every reason to beleive they were the first Navigators who had ever seen this Island. Lieutenant Ball named it Lord Howe Island in honour of the Present first Lord of the Admiralty. It is situated in Latitude 31.36 South and Longd. 159' 02" East of Greenwich It lays in the form of a half moon its convex side towards the NE. The two Supposed Islands that were first seen proved to be two high mountains on the SE end of the Island the Southermost of which is called Mount Gower the other Mount Lidgbird between which is a deep Valley called Eskine Vale The SE point Is called Point King, the N.W Point Philip these two points form the concave side of the Island facing S.W and is lined with a Sandy Beach. on the Island which is guarded against the Sea by a reef of corral rocks at the Distance of about half a Mile from the Beach. through this reef there are several small openings for Boats but it is much to be regreted that the depth of water within this reef does not exceed any where more than 4 Feet [78] Innumerable Quantity of very fine Turtle frequent this Island in the Summer Months but they all retire to the Northward during the Winter Season there was not the Least difficulty found in taking them nor would they quit their intention, of Landing on the Beach tho they [the seamen] were busily employed in Turning & carrying into the boats as many as they could stow On the Shore are many of Gannets There are found here A dusky brown bird with a long bill & feet like a Chicken are remarkable fat & very good food but rather tough Many Pidgeons which are very Large, a white fowl something like the Guinea hen with a very Strong Red thick & Sharp pointed Bill legs like a Stout barn door fowl. they are thought Carniverous. they hold their food between their hind claw & the Bottom of their foot & lift it to their mouth without stooping so much as a Parrot does. [77]
some of them which are supposed to be the Male have some blue feathers thinly interspersed on the Wing the Tail & Slope of the rump very much resemble the Guinea fowl. here is also a Species of Webfooted fowl in general of a deep blue with a bill of about 2 inches Long Strait but suddenly bent downwards at the end & very Sharp & Strong, a fine eye like a dove. its wings do not seemed formed for a long flight having only 6 long feathers in each Wing. its breast is covered with a very thick long down from the breast bone to the Lower part of the Belly. & what is very extrodianary [sic] this down proceeds from the tips of very strong feathers with witch the whole Brest & Belly is covered. its length from the tip of the bill to the extremity of the tail is about 22 Inches & Breadth from the tips of the Wings 25 inches. they were found & took burrowing in holes like Rabbits. there is also the Jay of the Long bill kind with a few white feathers intermixed in the Wings & tail. The Sandy Beach before Mentioned forms three distinct Bays the Northermost of which is called Callum Bay. in Respect to the Surgeon of the Supply the Middle one is Named Hunters Bay the other is Named Prince Willm. Hen Bay, which begins at Mount Gower & ends at Blackburne Island which stands about 2 Miles from the Shore near which there is not above 4 feet Water. The Island itself is Rockey, but abounds in Cabbage Palms, Mangroves & Mangenele Trees to the very tops of the Mountains. There was not seen the least sign or mark of any Quadruped whatever. The Island may be from 2 Miles to 2 1/2 miles in Breadth and about 7 or 8 in Length the Soil Sandy & rockey abounding in great Quantity of underwood. but it is supposed the Island can be of no use in respect to Agriculture but it may be a Valuable Acquisition in the Summer Months to this Settlement [Sydney Cove] for Turtle, fowl, & Fish. The Anchoring Ground on the North Side is but indifferent being a hard Rockey Bottom & if your Ship drives you must immediately cut your cable should the Wind be on the Shore.. There is no danger in Approaching the Island from the Sea. [79] The Pyrimidical Rock may be seen at the Distance of 20 Leagues. it lays about 4 Mile to the Northwd. of Lord Howe Island through Which is a Passage for any Ship. to the Northward of the Pyrimid lays 5 Distinct Rocks which are called the Admiralty Rocks This Discripsion of Lord Howe Island I got from one of the Gentlemen of the Supply who is going to England by whom I shall a Short Letter which he has promised to deliver himself to my Brother James.
The Natives passed the ship [the Sirius anchored in Sydney Cove] daily but never came close to her. we could often see them strike fish. I have often gone to them & given them things which they readily axcept but will never part with anything, particular their fish which is their only Subsistance & I beleive they have little enough for themselves.
On the 11 of April the Govonor & Capt Hunter went down the harbour to have a Conference with the Natives. in one of the Coves they found out a small Narrow Channel of about 100 yards [the Spit?] which led up to a Large Arm. they did not that day go to the head of it this new discovery took up his attention so much that he paid very little attention to the Natives. he returned the same Night. 15th The Govonor accompanied by several officers went from the New Discovered Arm into the Country for a few Days.. they returned on the 19th [April] having found a very fine country when he was about 3 Miles from the waterside, but near the water it was very rockey [Middle Harbour and its environs?] 21st [April 1788] Capt. Hunter employed Surveying the New Discovered Arm. 23rd The Govonor with several other officers & a Party of Marines went from the head of the harbour to Travel in Land. they Took with them 6 Days Provisions some Tents & some Hatches. 25 Capt. Hunter finished the Survey. he found it very Spacious but at some places very shoal. the Cove it runs out of is rather Shoal just at its entrance having at low water only 2 Fath at some places. but when you pass this which is not very broad you have 10 Fathom Water. 28 saw the Govr. who went further up the harbour in a boat to examine A River they had found out at the head of which was a Slate Rock. found it Navigable to within about 2 Mile of the Head. he Supposed he had been about 40 mile in Land & that it was all the Way like a Park with Trees about 20 yards Distance from each other. the country in General quite a Plain. the Grass about 3 feet high & pathes all the Way that Natives had made. [80]
at about the distance of about 20 Miles from them when furthest in Land they saw Mountains, the very tops of them can be seen in a clear day from the head of the harbour. Water in Land is in great Plenty. they saw Several Ponds. some of them 200 Yards wide & several Widgeon in them. the soil in land they found very good.
May 1 Willm Bennet was hung for thieving. 4th went among some of the Natives. they seemed very friendly. all of them have long beards which is very troublesome to them. one of the Party Shaved one of them with a Penknife which must have been very painful to him yet he was very glad to get rid of it. [81]
5th. Sailed the Supply for Lord Howe Island & the Lady Penrhyn for China. it is Supposed she is going to Kamscatksa for furs which she means to dispose of at China should She get clear of the Coast, for the Russians have Ships Cruizing here the same as Ships on the English Coast looking after Smuglers. She [supply] is deemd as such by them as the fur trade is a Counterband (contre?) Trade & as she has cleared out from this port [Sydney Cove] for China She may be made a prize to any Man of War that should happen to fall in with her of what Nation soever.. I should not have the least objection to fall in with her as she would be a very good prize when Loaded. 6th The Charlotte & Scarborough sailed for China 19 Another Store house being finished began clearing the remainder of the Ships. 24th For the first time 2 Natives in Canoes came alongside the Ship they were as usual very noisy & Seemed Surprized at many things he saw. they had some fish given them & after Staying near an hour they went on Shore. Could not perswade them to come on board. [82] [83]
and I think what enticed them to come Alongside was some fish' some of the People showed them. it is their only food & they have very little of it particular in the Winter Months. they have been sometimes seen chewing the root of a ferne which they have roasted over a fire till it was so smoaky it might be smelt a Mile. 25th the Supply Arrived from Ld. Howe Island. she had been caught in a Gale of Wind when at Anchor and very near driven on the reef of Rocks (which I have before discribed laying half a Mile from the Shore) and was obliged to cut her Cable & proceed for sea as fast as possible. The Three Transports which were bound for China touched at the Island but the Turtle were all gone to the Northwd. this being the Winter Season. but the Birds were as usual. 30th Three Natives came alongside in their Canoes & Stayed near two hours. they were very much Surprized at the Ships head which is an Image.
In the Afternoon two Convicts who were sent to cut rushes were found murdered by the Natives who had thrown Several spears in them. one of them had a large peice of Scull cut out of his forehead Supposed to have been done with an Axe which they [convicts] carried with them to build a Hutt. The next Day the Govonor went up the Harbour attended by some of the Officers & some Marines to try & find out the Natives who had Murdered the Convicts. this might be very easily known as they [the natives] took from them [the murdered duo] An Axe, 2 Bill Hooks & 2 Sithes. and of course the people who are found with these tools are undoubtedly the Murderers Several Scouting parties were sent out wherever any Natives were seen to see if they have any of these tools. [84]
the Govr. Returned, said he had seen a party of Armed Natives to the Number of 211. he immediately Advanced towards them & one of them seeing him unarmed gave his Spear to another and met the Govonor. after a few Motions on both sides a Man presented himself who had a Deep cut on his Shoulder which must have been either from an axe or Sword. they at last parted very good friends. indeed the Natives are a very quiet sort of people when a Gun is near them for one Gun will frighten 40 of them. if you are not armed they will take the advantage of it for tho they are described as a set of people without the least curiosity they have a great deal of Cunning.
on the 4 [June] being the Kings birthday we fired 3 Royal Salutes & a Dinner was given by the Govonor to all the officers. he than Named the intended Town Albion. the County Cumberland which extends from the Head of Botany Bay to the Head of Broken Bay which lays about 7 Mile to the Northward of this & as far in the Country as the Mountains which I before mentioned. that part of them which is nearest Botany are Named Lansdown Hills the other part is called Carmathan Mountains, very Large Bonfires were made on Shore by the Convicts & several of the Officers Mar were Robed. one man was taken in the fact. another as soon as he heard he was found out disappeared. the same day all the Cows that was brought out in this ship were lost & it was Supposed he had driven them off Several scouting Parties were sent out with orders to Shoot him if he attempted to run away. he held out till the 26 when he was taken within 2 Miles of the Encampment. at the same time the other Man lay under Sentence of Death he was immediately tryed & condemned & the next day they were both executed.
On Sunday the 22d Three distinct shocks of an earthquake were felt by several people I was on board one of the Transports & felt two of them very forcibly the other was rather fainter. it did not the least damage. it happened about 4 OClock in the Afternoon wch was & had been for some time very fine. when I told it to some on board this ship for it was not felt by any person here they supposed I must have mistook it for something else as earthquakes always happens when the weather is very bad. it was exactly like a Ship running on shore. [85]
I forgot to mention in the proper place that when the man was taken he denied ever seeing the Cowes even to the last & we have not seen them since, nor do we ever expect to hear of them again. this is a very great loss to the Colony as we must go a long way before we can replace them. either to the Cape of Good Hope or the Philipine Islands"; I am of opinion the Natives have killed them as once before they threw a spear at one of them calling them Kangooroo at the same time.
These animals are peculiar to this Country none of them is found in any other place, their head very much resembles that of a fox. their fore legs very Short with a hand like a Monkeys its hind Legs are remarkable Long having only two Claws on each them, they have very large Tails. some [tails] have measured 18 Inches Circumference & Weighed 140 Pounds.
They have likewise a false belly. this is no more than a Bag that inside their Skin in which they serene their Young either from the Cold or the Game Keeper. they sit on their Breech & jump forward without their forefeet toutching the Ground about 3 Yards at each jump. I am of opinion their tail must be of great service to them in the Spring. [86]
They are very shy that it is very hard to get a Shot at them, so hard that I have not been able to get any their Colour is a fine Grey over the Back, the Belly quite white their fur very fine & not above an Inch long. they are very good food & taste like a Deer & to give you a better idea of it have sent you a sketch of it.
The other sort of Quadrupeds ate the Opossum. these are the same or nearly as the Mongoose in the East Indies they have likewise the false belly are of a brown colour. their head something resembling the Kangooroo in Shape & are about the size of a Rabbit. their Tail Long by which they can hang round a Branch of a Tree. they are very good food not much unlike a Hare. there are I beleive several different sorts of them they mostly live in Trees & feed on the Leaves or any small Berry they can get. there is likewise several different sorts of Squirrels Particular the Flying Squirrel. these are in every respect like the English Squirrel but have Square Wings which reach from the shoulder to the Hind Leg & when shut lay close along the Belly & are very like the wing of a Bat they cannot fly above 60 Yards at a time & then they descend very much. very few of those have been taken.
There are several Guanas just the same as them in the west Indies. of Birds there are vast Numbers & of various Sorts but the Bird that we look on as the Greatest Curiosity is the Emew of which there has been only one Shot. it in every respect answers the discripsion of an Ostrich but in the Feathers of which two Grow from the same Quill the Quill is as small as the quill of a Small bird. the feather is very fine about 8 Inches long & very small. I had not an opportunity of seeing it as it was put in Spirits as soon as it was brought in the Camp. I beleive [sic] it is going home in one of the Transpts.. several of them (emus) have been seen since. they do not fly but run faster than any Greyhound whatever. they are not very plenty but are mostly found near Swamps this Weighed 104 Pounds & when it stood upright was about 7 feet. there are hawks, Kites, Crows, Wild Ducks & Widgeon, the same as in England. there are some Black swans but they are rather Scarce only one of them have yet been shot. The handsomest Birds here are the Loreyquets they are of different Colours but the Plumage of them are very Brilliant so much so that Paint cannot discribe their Brilliancy. however I have sent one of them Stuffed to give you an Idea of it. There are different sorts of them but all of them are very handsome. there are the Green Parroquets which are common on the Coast of Guinea & are very often brought to England, but the Lorey I never heard of in England. there is the quail exactly the same & in England & a Bird about the size of the Thrush and not much unlike them. they feed on Berries and are very good food as are most birds here. there are several small birds one in particular very like a Goldfinch. the rest are unknown to me. [87]
Of Reptiles there are Several different sorts of Snakes but none I beleive venimous. they have been caught 9 feet Long are very beautiful Colours & scaled like a fish.
Of Trees there are many sorts the Sanguis Draconis I have already described & can say no more of them than that they are very Large in general they are mostly decayed in the heart & if the Sun gets on any of the Boards they immediately Warp & is very short Grained. another sort that looks very like the Fir Tree when Growing but the Grain is like Ash to look at but very Short. a kind of Mohoganay is to be found but not very plenty The Cabbage Tree is plenty wherever there is a run of fresh Water & good soil These are in Circumference about 26 Inches & grow to be about 20 or 25 feet high I have seen some 40 feet but these are not very common. [88] [89] [90] their Cabbage is at the top where some broad leaves spring out and the cutting off the Cabbage effectually ruins the tree for you can get but one Cabbage from one Tree the Cabbage is very good eating either as a Sallad or just as it comes out of the Tree & I beleive very good for the Scurvey there are several other sort of trees. the wood of them are not worth much as the Grain is so very short they snap with a very little Weight most of the Trees have been burnt about the root & some are quite hollow that you might stow half a Dozen hogsheads inside them there is a small Tree from the Top of which grows a light Stick about 6 or 8 feet Long with which the Natives make their Spears these Trees are about 4 feet high & are all burnt from these the Natives get their Gum with which they join their Spearhandle together when it is quite hot & Boiling out of the Tree. I have often seen two Trees grafted together & very often two sorts of wood proceed from the same root. of underwood there is a great Variety but I am not Botanist enough to distinguish one from the other except a Bush on which grows some small green Berries or currents of So. Wales which have a very pleasant strong tartness & are very good for the Scurvey. they grow in great Quantities make very good tarts but destroy a great deal of Sugar another sort is very like the furze in every other respect but it has no thorns & does not grow quite so thick but higher. there are a great many other sorts which I can give no account of.
Now I will attempt to give some Accounts of the Natives, they are in General about five feet seven or eight are very lean especially about the Arms & Legs. their hair is always kept Short & is not very Coarse. They have fish bones claws of Birds or a Dog's tail tied to their hair & gumed that it might not come off. Their Colour is dark brown but they appear quite black as their skin is constantly covered with Gum. in other respects they are like the East Indian Blacks. They go quite Naked and I beleive have no proper place of abode they all have Canoes which is just the bark of a Tree with both ends tied up & spread open with 2 or 3 Sticks in the Middle. They have a small paddle in each hand with which they paddle their Canoes which will not carry above 3 People they (the canoes) sometimes are to be seen 18 feet but their Genl. run is from 12 to 14 feet & about 2 feet Wide in these canoes their whole Subsistance depends they are always fishing. their lines are made of part of the Cabbage Tree & their hooks of some shell & I beleive in the Summer they catch a great Number - they are all given to theiving that if you lay any down & turn your head it is off if any of them are near [92] [93]. one day when our boat was hauling the Sceine A kettle was taken by one of the men to boil some fish for his breakfast. a Native observed him put the fish in the Kettle as soon as his back was turned A Native wipt both his hands in the kettle (not having any idea of boiling Water) to steal the fish but before he got his hands to the fish was glad to take them away again, & walk off with himself. [91]
They shelter in Cavities in the Rocks & make a large fire. But about Botany Bay there are none of these Cavities so they get the Bark of a Tree about 10 feet tong, bend it in the middle & place the two ends of it on the Ground at about 6 Feet Distance & filling up one of the entrances, this makes them a hutt.
They have a number of Dogs belonging to them which they call Tingo. they do not bark like our Dogs but howl. the Govonor has one of them that he intends Sending home in one of the Transports. they are the Wolf Dog - are the Colour of a fox & have a brush tail. at first would eat nothing but fish that being his constant food. [94]
Several of the Natives have one of their teeth out of the Upper Jaw. what this means I could never find out but they are respected by the rest & seem to have some authority over them. some people say it denotes their being Married which gives them this Authority. As for their Spears I have sent you a scetch of them with a Discripsion & use of each they have some of them a bone go across their Nose through the Middle part of it which parts the two Nostrils - about 6 Inches Long they look on it as a great Ornament. some of them paint themselves about the face, are very fond of painting round their Eyes White. they have a Number of Scars about their Breast & Shoulders, they at our first Arrival seemed to wish very much for our hats which plainly shows the sun hurts their head. None of them ever came in the encampment to Stay any time & I think it will be a long time before they will be of any Service in the Colony.
The Climate is exceeding fine & healthy much more so than I expected for since the Landing we have lost only 39 Convicts, 3 of the Marines, one Man from the Supply & one from us. at the first Landing most people had a Slight touch of the flux but that soon Wore off. it was owing to the confinement some of the Convicts had as they have lain in a Gaol some 3 some 4 Years.. they are at present prety healthy. in respect to Vegetables we have here are very few. there is a Plant very like the Spinage in England which afford us a most excellent repast with a piece of - I was going to say Pork, but will call it Bacon. there is a sort of beans which are very good but not very plenty. Samphire here is in great Quantities the only thing Wanted is Ingredients to Pickel them with. there is likewise a sort of Kidney Bean which grows on the Rocks which are very good Pickled but no other way.
So much will I say for the Country, Birds, Beasts &c & now for myself On Mr King's going to Norfolk I was appointed to act as Junior Lieutenant until further orders. Now you most likely will know my fate before I shall myself that is whether they will continue Mr King as Govonor of Norfolk or no. Some People must constantly be kept there for the Pine which is a very great Acquisition to this Colony as no wood here is fit to build any vessal of that I have seen. it is so very short grained it will break off very short. if Mr King continues I shall be confirmed if not I must wait for another opportunity at all events I think it will be for my good to Stay out till something is done for me, now I wish your opinion on that head. [95]
I am very well off for all sorts of Clothes except Shoes of which I have only 2 Pair left & what I shall do till you can send some out I dont know However I should be very much obliged to you to send me a Dozen & a half pair of Shoes & some of them of the Shooting Sort just such as I left behind me, another sort thick & a few pair thin. I beleive my foot has grown much since the last shoes were made me so pray tell Huskin they were rather stinted in the upper Leather. the length of my foot at present is 10 Inches so he is may make them in every way Proportionable.
When I was at the Cape of Good Hope I was rather in want of Money & drew a Bill on Mr Coombes to the Amount of Ten Pounds. I wrote a short Letter which I left unsealed with the Person who gave me the Money. for that as well as the good fitting out I got in England I again return you my thanks & hope I shall not be any more expence to you for at least 5 or 6 Year, except for a very few articles such as Shoes. I should likewise be very thankful for a Couple pair of buckles and a few Pocket Handkerchiefs & some soap, of which I brough about a Half Hundred Weight from England but that will be out I am afraid before you will be able to assist me. some Towels very coarse, and some large table cloths I shall want very bad, if they are sent out in the Peice I can get them made here.
The Govonor Continues his kindness for me & I dont doubt but he will do all in his power to get me Confirmed. There are two young men come out of Merchant ships that have passed but I beleive they will not stand so good a chance as the Gentlemen who came out of England in the ship. One of them is Son to the Agent of transports.
I dare say you must remember Mr Collins who was at Brent & quarreled with Mr Aymeatt. he is going to England & is to carry this Letter. he promised to deliver it himself which I have taken Very kind of him & likewise that it will be a great Satisfaction to you to see a person who came immediately from me. He has been very ill since he has been here & finds the Climate or the Living not to agree with him. The Latter I think is as bad as any person need live having only Salt Provisions. Now the Winter Months are Set in very few fish to be got. [96]
all the Transports are not going home now as there are not Store houses enough to receive their Cargo but I hope soon we shall have Brick houses as Bricks are making very Fast & a good Brick Kiln built & they have burnt several Thousand. The Agent Lieut Shortland is to carry home the Dispatches & I dare say will be home about March (1789). you will know that before me so I might have saved myself the Trouble of Mentioning that. The Reason of my giving the Different Variations of the Compass is that if any of my Acquaintance Should come out in the next fleet they will be of some service to him. I forgot to mention among the birds the Cockatoo. they are about the size of a large owl. quite as white as Milk all over except a few Yellow feathers on the top of their head which have a pretty effect. they are very indifferent food & make a disagreeable Noise so the only handsome thing belonging to them is their Plumage.
I dare say the News Papers have lost us in many Gales of Wind & have been Split on many Rocks,, Run away with by the convicts Several Times & many other ways Destroyed.. I should be glad if you would take notice of all these Reports & send me an an Account of it. I fancy I must now Conclude by desiring my Respectful Compliments to Capt. & Mrs Ourry & Palmer, Dr & Mrs Birdwood & to make Short all my friends near & about the South Hams, my Love to my Brothers, My Duty to my Mother & Aunts Pauncefort & Digby I hope my Cousin Henry is now in the West Indies or in Some Smart Cruizing Frigate and I dont doubt but he will make a good Seaman if I might guess by what little I could see of him when at Portsmouth. I must again remind you how very Short I am of Shoes & then Subscribe myself as
Your dutiful Son
Newton Fowell.
Sydney Cove in
Port Jackson
July 12. 1788
The Ships Sail the 16th 1788
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USAID announces largest-ever single funding opportunity for the work of Israeli and Palestinian peacebuilders
In December 2020, after over a decade of ALLMEP advocacy, the Nita M. Lowey Middle East Partnership for Peace Act was enacted into law. We are pleased to let you know that the Lowey Fund's first open call for proposals has just been published. You can access all the information on the Annual Program Statement (APS) via this link.
Aiming to "foster a grassroots effort to affect policy change" while "strengthening engagement between Palestinians and Israelis," the APS heralds an expanded definition of people-to-people peacebuilding, both within and between each society, aiming to "help advance a just resolution to the conflict." Connecting the work—and impact—of grassroots peacebuilders with the goal of advancing peace on a policy or political level, the APS represents an exciting moment for the peacebuilding field.
ALLMEP will be holding a series of briefings for its 150+ membership as well as for private philanthropic actors and partners, to ensure that this call and the wider opportunity that the Lowey Fund heralds is fully understood. Check back here for consistent updates about the state of the call.
This first call is for at least $15 million, representing the largest-ever single funding opportunity for the work of Israeli and Palestinian peacebuilders. Applications can be for both shared society work and for cross-border peacebuilding. There will be a rolling window for applications, with this opportunity open for one year, until September 1st, 2022, with USAID "reserving the right to issue additional calls" under this same annual program.
USAID will begin reviewing the first round of concept papers on October 22nd, 2021, with an expectation of signing the first batch of grant agreements in December. With support ranging from $250,000 to an upper threshold of $5,000,000, this is a pivotal opportunity for the peacebuilding field to scale their activities and ambition, as well as a moment for innovation and for new actors to emerge.
With the Partnership for Peace Fund Advisory Board in the process of being formed, we expect further developments in the coming weeks and months, and are continuing to work with our partners in the Administration, in Congress, and with partner governments around the world to ensure that the Lowey Fund's full potential is unlocked.
If I have questions about the APS, how do I submit them to USAID?
UPDATE: USAID has amended its schedule, and questions regarding the APS should be submitted via email to Sandy Sakran at ssakran@usaid.gov. Please note that for questions to be considered, the subject line of the email must be: "APS 72029421APS00001 Questions."
How long is the call open for?
This APS is open for one year, until September 1, 2022. Concept Papers will be reviewed on a rolling basis. The initial APS is officially closed.
Will both shared society and cross-border work be considered?
Yes, the APS indicates that both shared society and cross-border work may be supported by USAID. While the APS does not indicate how much funding will be dedicated for each, it does indicate that the majority of the funding will be granted for cross-border work.
Will intra-group work with one population cohort be considered?
The APS definition of people to people work states that it "includes initiatives within the respective societies that contribute to a peaceful co-existence, mitigate impacts from the current conflict, and help advance a just resolution to that conflict."
Is there a requirement for cost-share?
USAID has established that Cost Sharing is not required.
Where can I find the slides from USAID's pre-application info session and the updated APS Q/A from October 15, 2021?
USAID has made these resources available alongside the APS and ALLMEP has shared them here: Pre-Application Slides and Updated APS Q/A
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Money well spent
Jason Baron discusses the effects of different types of school spending on student outcomes.
Tyler Smith
Source: Wavebreak Media Ltd
The United States has dramatically increased its funding for public schools over the last four decades. Real per-pupil expenditures have nearly doubled since 1980.
In a paper in the American Economic Journal: Economic Policy, author Jason Baron found that when school budgets increased in Wisconsin, allocation choices made a big difference in student outcomes.
Baron says that additional spending on operations, such as teacher salaries and support services, positively affected test scores, dropout rates, and postsecondary enrollment. But extra capital expenditures on new buildings and renovations had little impact.
He recently spoke with Tyler Smith about why different types of school funding matter and how school budgets may continue to evolve.
The edited highlights of that conversation are below, and the full interview can be heard using the podcast player.
Listen to all of our podcasts!
Tyler Smith: Why did you choose to study school spending in Wisconsin? What made it a good test case for your question?
Jason Baron: I became very interested in this question when I started reading and was shocked at the fact that there was a big debate among economists about the effects of school funding. One of the reasons I was shocked was that I'm originally from Mexico. Where I grew up, public schools were very poorly funded. And so when we moved to the United States when I was 15, my brother and I were able to access an incredible public school, with really nice facilities, incredible teachers, and guidance counselors. In my mind, it was a no-brainer that this was mainly due to funding. All else equal, I would expect that more school funding would impact outcomes. I also went to high school and undergrad in Wisconsin, and I knew from my experience living there that there were these elections that school districts hold any time they want to spend more money. And this got me thinking about how just by luck, some school districts are able to spend more money, and other school districts are not able to spend more money. I realized that I could use this to contribute to some of the literature on the causal effects of school funding on outcomes like test scores and graduation rates.
Smith: How big were these operational funding increases after referendums, and what were schools spending that money on?
Baron: I find that when a school district narrowly passes one of these operational referendums, most of the money that they spend is on the instructional account, namely teachers. This can be hiring additional teachers or increasing the average teacher salary. To give you a little sense of the magnitude here, when a school district narrowly passes an operational referendum, they increase operational expenditures by roughly $300 per pupil. This is not a huge increase; it is about 3 percent relative to what they were spending the year before the election. I find that roughly $200 of this $300 is spent on the instructional account in the form of either additional teachers and teacher aides or increases in average teacher compensation. The remaining $100 is spent on what are known as support services, so these are either guidance counselors, school psychologists or social workers.
Smith: What kind of impact did these operational funding increases have on student outcomes?
Baron: In short, I find that these increases in expenditures greatly improve student outcomes. To be a little bit more specific, I found that when a school district narrowly passes an operational referendum, it leads to an increase of approximately 8 percent of a standard deviation in the state standardized exam or the WKCE for people from Wisconsin, which is the accountability exam, a kind of No Child Left Behind exam. I find a 9 percent reduction in the district's dropout rate and a 10 percent increase in the number of high-school completers in the school district who subsequently go on to enroll in post-secondary education.
We need to look at each context, evaluate the state of the infrastructure, evaluate the state of personnel quality and understand that not all spending is equal. We might have higher returns when targeting spending to the areas that are needed the most in a particular setting.
Jason Baron
Smith: You don't find that capital expenditure increases have any impact on student outcomes. Why don't you see any effect?
Baron: I find that when a school district narrowly passes a capital bond referendum, capital expenditures increased dramatically—by $4,000 per pupil or 200 percent—relative to expenditures in capital in the year before the election. But I find no evidence that this is leading to impacts on class sizes, teacher compensation, or teacher experience. I thought this was puzzling, and so I looked at the intended purpose of each of these referendums. I saw that most of the time, these are big renovations primarily for classrooms. I saw very little evidence that they led to changes in test scores, dropout rates, or post-secondary enrollment.
I think something to keep in mind here is that these may not be the relevant outcomes. It may be that they keep children in school and more engaged. Maybe that doesn't translate into a large increase in academic improvements, but they could be leading to a host of other benefits that we're not seeing in my data—maybe a reduction in criminal activity or a reduction in the likelihood of getting into trouble outside of school. Wisconsin also had very decent infrastructure already. So we might see different effects if you do this in a school district that has very bad infrastructure to begin with, where the returns could be higher.
Smith: What would you like school administrators or others contemplating school budget changes to take away from this work?
Baron: I think my study was a good step in the right direction. But I think that we need a lot more work to try to figure out which expenditures might be most productive. There's very compelling evidence in the last five or so years that additional school funding can improve outcomes like test scores and earnings and a host of other outcomes. I think we should move on from that to really start thinking about which types of expenditures are most productive. I would say that in an era where policymakers grapple with tight budget constraints and with decisions about how to spend scarce resources, figuring out the answer to this question is very important.
What we can take from my study is simply that in a setting where infrastructure is already at an adequate level, the marginal return to spending may be higher when we invest in personnel such as teachers, guidance counselors, and social workers. I think the main thing I would want someone to take away from this is that we need to look at each context, evaluate the state of the infrastructure, evaluate the state of personnel quality and understand that not all spending is equal. We might have higher returns when targeting spending to the areas that are needed the most in a particular setting.
"School Spending and Student Outcomes: Evidence from Revenue Limit Elections in Wisconsin" appears in the February 2022 issue of the American Economic Journal: Economic Policy. Music in the audio is by Podington Bear.
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