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August 2021 Comparison of echocardiography and 320-row multidetector computed tomography for the...
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Vol. 40. Issue 8.
Pages 583-590 (August 2021)
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Patients according to imaging data
DOI: 10.1016/j.repce.2020.12.017
Comparison of echocardiography and 320-row multidetector computed tomography for the diagnosis of congenital heart disease in children
Comparação entre a ecocardiografia e a tomografia computorizada multidetetores com 320 canais para o diagnóstico de cardiopatia congénita nas crianças
Erkut Öztürka,
erkut_ozturk@yahoo.com
, İbrahim Cansaran Tanıdıra, Hacer Kamalıa, Pelin Ayyıldıza, Cagdas Topelb, İsmihan Selen Onanc, Aysel Türkvatanb, Sertaç Haydinc, Alper Güzeltaşa
a Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Istanbul Saglik Bilimleri University Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
b Department of Radyology, Istanbul Saglik Bilimleri University Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
c Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Istanbul Saglik Bilimleri University Mehmet Akif Ersoy Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery Education and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
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Table 1. Correlation of surgical diagnosis with preoperative echocardiography and computed tomography angiography (surgery considered as gold standard).
Table 2. Statistical comparison of echocardiography and computed tomography angiography with surgical diagnosis.
Table 3. Sensitivity and specificity of echocardiography and computed tomography angiography.
Table 4. Predictive value and accuracy of echocardiography and computed tomography angiography.
Echocardiography (echo) is the primary non-invasive imaging modality for the assessment of congenital heart disease (CHD). Computed tomography angiography (CTA) also has potential to examine the anatomy of complex heart anomalies as well as extracardiac involvement.
The aim of this study is to determine the impact of new CTA technology in the diagnosis of CHD and to compare echo and CTA in terms of diagnostic accuracy.
Forty-five patients who underwent preoperative echo and CTA assessment in the intensive care unit were included in this study. The results were assessed for three main types of CHD (cardiac malformations, cardiac-major vessel connections and major vessels). The main groups were also divided into subgroups according to surgical features in order to assess them more objectively. Imaging methods were compared for diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity, while surgical findings were accepted as the gold standard.
Patients' median age and weight were two months (three days-eight years) and 12 kg (2.5-60 kg), respectively. In 45 operated cases, 205 subgroup malformations were assessed. Diagnostic accuracy was significantly greater in echo (echo vs. CTA: 98.4% and 96.2% [chi-square=6.4, p=0.011]). During surgery, 84 cardiac malformations (echo vs. CTA: 97.4% and 95.1% [chi-square=4.9, p=0.03]), 47 cardiac-major vessel connections (echo vs. CTA: 98.3% and 95.4% [chi-square=7.5, p=0.03]), and 74 major vessel malformations (echo vs. CTA: 96% and 98% [chi-square=1.8, p=0.48]) were confirmed.
Echocardiography and CTA are imaging methods with high diagnostic accuracy in children with CHD. The use of echocardiography together with CTA, especially for the visualization of extracardiac anatomy, provides additional information for clinicians.
Computed tomography angiography
A ecocardiografia é a principal modalidade de imagem não invasiva na avaliação das cardiopatias congénitas (CC). A angiotomografia computorizada (ATC) tem também potencial para examinar as anomalias morfológicas cardíacas complexas, assim como do envolvimento extracardíaco.
Determinar o impacto de avanços tecnológicos da ATC no diagnóstico de CC e comparar a ecocardiografia e a ATC em termos de precisão diagnóstica.
Foram incluídos neste estudo 45 doentes submetidos a avaliação por ECO e por ATC pré operatória (n=45) em unidade de cuidados intensivos. Os resultados foram avaliados nos três principais tipos de grupos de CC (malformações cardíacas, conexões vasculares anómalas em nível cardíaco e malformações dos grandes vasos). Estes grupos foram também divididos em subgrupos de acordo com as características das cirurgias, de modo a serem avaliados mais objetivamente. Os métodos de imagem foram comparados para precisão diagnóstica, sensibilidade e especificidade, enquanto os resultados cirúrgicos foram aceites como gold standard.
A média da idade e do peso dos doentes foi de dois meses (3 dias-8 anos) e 12 kgt (2,5-60 kg), respetivamente. Em 45 casos operados, foram avaliadas 205 malformações de subgrupos. A precisão diagnóstica foi significativamente superior na ECO (ECO versus ATC; 98,4% & 96,2%, (X2=6,4, p=0,011). Durante as 84 intervenções, foram confirmadas 84 malformações cardíacas (ECO versus ATC; 97,4% & 95,1% (X2=4,9, p=0,03), 47 conexões vasculares anómalas em nível cardíaco (ECO versus ATC; 98,3 & 95,4% (X2=7,5, p=0,03), 74 malformações dos grandes vasos (ECHO versus ATC; 96% & 98% (X2=1,8, p=0,48).
A ecocardiografia e a ATC são métodos de imagem com elevado rigor diagnóstico em crianças com CC. A utilização da ecocardiografia juntamente com a ATC, especialmente na avaliação da anatomia extracardíaca, fornece informação adicional para os clínicos.
Cardiopatia congénita
Ecocardiografia
Angiotomografia computorizada
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is a relatively common condition with an incidence of 4-10 per 1000 live births. CHDs are a heterogeneous group of diseases that include a wide spectrum of conditions and sub-conditions, for which the treatment approach varies widely. Timely and accurate diagnosis and treatment are important in order to increase patients' chances of survival.1,2
Echocardiography (echo) is the main imaging method used in the diagnosis of CHD. Echo is a powerful technological tool that enables direct and detailed visualization of cardiac structures and also reveals hemodynamic status. It is widely used due to the rapidity of the procedure, applicability at the bedside, targeted use (heart and large vessels), absence of radiation exposure, and early recognition of findings. However, operator dependence and inability to show non-cardiac vascular tissues are the most important disadvantages of this modality.1,2
Multidetector-row computed tomography angiography (CTA) allows noninvasive imaging of the heart and coronary arteries. In recent years, there have been significant advances in computed tomography (CT) hardware, software, and machine learning, which have expanded its clinical utility for cardiovascular imaging in patients with complex CHD. This modality is noninvasive, with high spatial resolution and powerful three-dimensional (3D) post-processing image reconstruction. It thus provides excellent anatomic information that can replace echocardiography and cardiac catheterization, particularly in the assessment of extracardiac vessels and coronary arteries.3–5 Older CT scanners, using a retrospective electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated scan mode, have been reported to expose CHD patients to effective radiation doses of up to 28 mSv per cardiac scan.6 More recently, innovations such as prospective ECG gating, ECG-controlled tube current modulation, high-pitch helical scanning, lower tube potentials, wider detector coverage, and iterative reconstruction techniques have dramatically lowered radiation exposure. Newer CT scanner platforms also allow rapid image acquisition that decreases the need for sedation or anesthesia. With dual-source scan technology and wide detector coverage, studies can be obtained in a single heartbeat without requiring a breathhold for most indications.6,7
There are studies in the literature comparing echo and old-generation 64-slice CTA for assessing surgical anatomy.8 However, there have been a limited number of studies comparing echo with new generation CTA.9,10 In the present study, our aim was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of echo and 320-row multidetector CTA in cases of CHD and to assess the efficacy of these two methods for detecting morphological findings during surgery.
This study was conducted on patients under eight years of age admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit and undergoing echocardiography and 320-row multidetector CTA procedures who subsequently underwent cardiac surgery for CHD between August 1, 2019 and December 31, 2019.
The study was designed in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration after obtaining permission from the hospital's institutional review board (no. 2020-46). A study form was created for each case including age, gender, weight, transthoracic echo and 320-row multidetector CTA results, and cardiac anatomy data from surgery.
Echocardiographic assessments were performed using a GE Vivid S5 cardiac ultrasound system (General Electric Vingmed, Horten, Norway) with a 3-MHz or 6-MHz probe. Standard pediatric echo views were recorded including parasternal (long- and short-axis), apical (4- and 5-chamber), subcostal and suprasternal views. Cardiac morphology was assessed in the direction of blood flow within the framework of the segmental approach. Atrial situs, venoatrial connections (systemic and pulmonary venous return), atrioventricular (AV) connections, ventricles, ventricular-great artery connections, spatial position of the great arteries, intracardiac defects and extracardiac vascular anomalies were reviewed as the main components of this approach. The echo images were analyzed by two experienced cardiologists (EO, ICT) who had at least 10 years of clinical practice.
Multidetector CTA examinations were performed with a 320-row multidetector scanner (Aquilion ONE, Toshiba Medical Systems, Otawara, Japan) with a gantry rotation time of 350 ms and temporal resolution of 175 ms. A non-ECG gated protocol with a pitch factor of 3 was used, and every scan in every patient was obtained using the z-axis CARE dose modulation technique. The voltage and tube current were adjusted to the patient's weight (80 kV dosage was used for patients weighing <20 kg, and 100 kV for those weighing 20-80 kg; tube current was 10 mA/kg for patients weighing <9 kg, and 5 mA for each additional kg).10 The imaging data were obtained during an intravenous injection of 1-1.5 ml/kg of the contrast agent iohexol at a rate of 1-3 ml/s for children and manual intravenous injection of the drug in newborns or those under one year old (Omnipaque 300 mgI/ml; GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, WI). Contrast agent was removed with 4-15 ml saline according to the patient's weight. The scanning delay was determined using a bolus-tracking technique. All the patients were in sinus rhythm, and none needed beta-blockers despite heart rates of more than 80 beats/min. Uncooperative children and newborns were sedated with ketamine and/or midazolam. A central venous line (n=30) or peripheral line (n=15) was used. All CTA acquisitions were obtained with patients breathing freely.
Images were reconstructed to 0.6 mm in thickness and to a reconstruction interval with a 25f kernel filter; they were processed on a separate workstation (Vitrea, Vital Images Inc., Minnetonka, MN) with multiplanar reformatting, maximum-intensity projection, and volume rendering (Figures 1 and 2). Multidetector CT images were prospectively reviewed by two radiologists with 15 (AT) and five (CT) years experience in cardiovascular imaging, and decisions were made by consensus.
Two-year-old female patient with septum primum malposition and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return. (a) Modified 4-chamber view on echocardiographic examination; (b) computed tomography images in axial view. ASD: atrial septal defect; IAS; interatrial septum; IVS: interventricular septum; LA; left atrium; LLPV: left lower pulmonary vein; LUPV; left upper pulmonary vein; LV: left ventricle; RA; right atrium; RLPV: right lower pulmonary vein; RUPV: right upper pulmonary vein; RV: right ventricle.
(0.1MB).
Thirty-day-old male patient with aortic arch hypoplasia. (a) Suprasternal view on echocardiographic examination. (b) Three-dimensional computed tomography images in right oblique volume-rendered view. Arcus: aortic arch.
Patients were divided into three main CHD groups, as follows:
Intracardiac malformations
Atrial septal defect (ASD), ventricular septal defect (VSD), atria, ventricles, right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT), tricuspid valve and mitral valve.
Ventriculoarterial connections
Aortic root and coronary artery, pulmonary valve, aortic valve, double outlet ventricle, spatial position of the great arteries.
Great vessels
Aortic root dilatation, coarctation of the aorta, interrupted aortic arch, pulmonary artery dilatation, pulmonary stenosis or atresia, major aortopulmonary collateral artery (MAPCA), pulmonary vein anomaly, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), persistent left superior vena cava, inferior vena cava (IVC) anomalies, double aortic arch.
These groups were divided into subgroups according to the features of the surgical operation and the cardiac and non-cardiac regions assessed by the surgeon. All echo and CTA findings were compared with the morphological anatomy determined during the operation.
Information on radiation doses was obtained from the CTA system. For examination purposes, the estimated effective radiation doses (in mSv) were calculated by multiplying the dose-length product (mGy·cm) by a conversion coefficient (mSV·mGy 1·cm-1) corrected for the patient's age. This was obtained from previously published literature (0.039 for <4 months of age, 0.026 for 4-12 months, and 0.018 for 1-7 years).10,11
The distribution of study variables was classified and descriptive results were obtained using SPSS for Windows version 15. Descriptive scores were expressed as median and percentile. Echo and CTA results were compared in terms of diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) by accepting surgical findings as the gold standard. The accuracy of the two methods was assessed using McNemar's test, the chi-square test and the kappa statistic. A p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Forty-five patients (30 boys and 15 girls) were included in the study. The patients' median age was two months (range three days-eight years) and median weight was 12 kg (range 2.5-60 kg). The results were assessed in terms of 205 malformations and 1045 surgical fields.
Detailed results of echo and CTA (intracardiac structures, relationships between heart and great vessels, great vessels) according to the main headings of concordant diagnosis, discordant diagnosis and unrecognized diagnosis are shown in Table 1. On echo, the diagnosis was unrecognized in patients with mitral valve pathology (n=1), aortic root and coronary artery abnormality (n=3), atrium (n=1), RVOT (n=1), spatial relationship of the great arteries (n=1), aortic valve (n=2), pulmonary valve (n=1), double ventricle (n=1), pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia (n=2), MAPCA (n=2), pulmonary vein anomaly (n=1), PDA (n=2), persistent left superior vena cava (SVC) (n=1), and IVC (n=1). On CTA, the diagnosis was unrecognized in patients with VSD (n=1), ASD (n=1), ventricle (n=1), RVOT (n=4), tricuspid valve pathology (n=2), mitral valve pathology (n=3), aortic root and coronary arteries (n=4), spatial relationship of the great arteries (n=3), aortic valve (n=2), pulmonary valve (n=3), double ventricular structure (n=1), pulmonary stenosis or pulmonary atresia (n=3) and persistent left SVC (n=1).
Correlation of surgical diagnosis with preoperative echocardiography and computed tomography angiography (surgery considered as gold standard).
Cardiac malformation (surgical diagnosis)
320-row multidetector CTA
Malformation
Discordant
Unrecognized
Intra- cardiac structures VSD 31 0 0 30 0 1 31
ASD 18 0 0 19 2 1 18
Atrium 7 0 1 8 0 0 8
Ventricles 9 0 0 8 0 1 9
RVOT 11 0 1 9 1 4 12
Tricuspid valve 2 0 0 1 1 2 2
Mitral valve 3 0 1 1 0 3 4
Total 81 0 3 76 4 12 84
Heart and great vessel connections Aortic root and coronary arteries 16 1 3 16 2 4 18
Spatial relationship of the great arteries 6 0 1 5 1 3 7
Aortic valve 5 2 2 3 0 2 5
Pulmonary valve 11 0 1 10 1 3 12
Double outlet ventricle 4 0 1 5 1 1 5
Great vessels Aortic dilatation 6 0 0 6 0 0 6
Coarctation of aorta 8 0 0 8 0 0 8
IAA 5 2 0 3 0 0 3
Pulmonary artery dilatation 4 0 0 4 0 0 4
Pulmonary stenosis or atresia 30 0 2 29 0 3 32
MAPCA 2 0 2 4 0 0 4
Pulmonary vein anomalies 3 1 1 3 0 0 3
PDA 2 0 2 4 0 0 4
Persistent left SVC 6 0 1 6 0 1 7
IVC anomalies 3 2 1 2 0 0 2
Double aortic arch 1 0 0 1 0 0 1
Total 70 5 9 70 0 4 74
ASD: atrial septal defect; CTA: computed tomography angiography; Echo: echocardiography; IAA: interrupted aortic arch; IVC: inferior vena cava; MAPCA: major aortopulmonary collateral artery; PDA: patent ductus arteriosus; RVOT: right ventricular outflow tract; SVC: superior vena cava; VSD: ventricular septal defect.
The results of the assessment revealed 200 true positive, 828 true negative, five false positive and 12 false negative results on transthoracic echo (Table 2). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and diagnostic accuracy were 94.3%, 99.4%, 97.5%, 98.5% and 98.4%, respectively (Table 3). In the same surgical areas, 320-row multidetector CTA showed 196 true positive, 814 true negative, 12 false positive and 23 false negative results (Table 2). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV and diagnostic accuracy were 89.4%, 98.5%, 94.2%, 97.2% and 96.2%, respectively (Table 3).
Statistical comparison of echocardiography and computed tomography angiography with surgical diagnosis.
Surgical diagnosis
Chi-square
Echo + 200 5 6.404 0.011
- 12 828
CTA + 196 12
CTA: computed tomography angiography; Echo: echocardiography.
Sensitivity and specificity of echocardiography and computed tomography angiography.
Uniformity
Echo 94.3% 99.4% 97.50% 98.5% 0.983 98.40%a 0.950b
CTA 89.4% 98.50% 94.2% 97.2v 0.966 96.20%a
AUC: area under receiver operating characteristic curve; CTA: computed tomography angiography; Echo: echocardiography; PPV: positive predicative value, NPV: negative predicative values.
Chi-square test.
Kappa.
When the sensitivity of echo and CTA is compared in terms of diagnostic accuracy, although significantly higher in echo, both methods effectively and reliably detected cardiac defects identified during surgery (echo vs. CTA: 98.4% and 96.2% [chi-square=6.4, p=0.011]). The predictive value and accuracy of echo and CTA are shown in Table 4. During surgery, 84 cardiac malformations were detected, and both imaging methods predicted the results with statistical significance. However, intracardiac malformations were more accurately identified by echo than by CTA (echo vs. CTA: 97.4% and 95.1% [chi-square=4.9, p=0.034]).
Predictive value and accuracy of echocardiography and computed tomography angiography.
Predictive value and accuracy for intracardiac malformations with echo and CTA
Echo + 80 3 4.978 0.034
- 5 228
CTA + 80 6
Echo vs. CTA: accuracy (97.4% and 95.1%)
Predictive value and accuracy for heart and great vessel connections with echo and CTA
Predictive value and accuracy for great vessels with echo and CTA
Echo vs. CTA accuracy: 96% and 98.0%
The predictive value and accuracy of echo and CTA for identifying cardiovascular connections are shown in Table 4. During surgery, cardiovascular connection anomalies in the great arteries were detected in 47 patients, and both imaging methods predicted the results with statistical significance. However, echo predicted cardiovascular connection anomalies more accurately than CTA (echo vs. CTA: 98.3% and 95.4% (chi-square=7.5, p=0.03).
Table 4 also shows the predictive value and accuracy of echo and CTA for identifying malformations of the great vessels. During surgery, 74 major great vessel malformations were detected. There was no significant difference in predicting great vessel malformations between the two methods (echo vs. CTA: 96% and 98% (chi-square=1.8, p=0.48).
The overall mean effective radiation dose for 45 patients was 0.74 mSv (range 0.15-1.38 mSv) and 0.58 mSv (range 0.12-0.80) in the 32 patients aged under one year.
In this study, the effectiveness of transthoracic echo and 320-row multidetector CTA in predicting surgical findings in patients with CHD was compared. Both methods were highly sensitive and specific in identifying anatomy confirmed during surgery, and additionally CTA was useful as a complementary imaging method along with echo in the assessment of extracardiac vascular structures.
CHD is common in all age groups and roughly half of cases consist of complex CHD. Imaging techniques such as transthoracic echo, CTA, magnetic resonance angiography, heart catheterization and angiography are used in the diagnosis and management of subgroups of those diseases, some of which may be quite complex.2,3
Traditionally, echo is the first-line imaging method used to assess cardiac function, anatomical diagnosis and hemodynamic status in pediatric cases. This is due to a variety of factors such as low cost, portability, widespread availability and low radiation exposure. In patients with CHD in particular, echo plays a key role in assessing morphology before, during and after surgery.2,12–14
In the literature, various studies state that transthoracic echo shows high sensitivity and specificity in determining surgical findings. Bu et al.15 reported that the sensitivity of transthoracic echo was 90.6% and its specificity was 99.8% in their study of 35 CHD patients with ages ranging between three days and 74 months. Mei et al. reported a diagnostic accuracy of 88.1% in their study assessing 99 malformations in 39 cases with echo, which was confirmed by surgical findings.16 Alghamdi et al. found an insignificant difference between echo and surgical findings in only seven (1.8%) among 392 cases, which led to minor changes in the surgical strategy.13 In a study by Marek et al. involving 2788 cases, the diagnostic accuracy was 96% for transthoracic echo.17 In our study, sensitivity was 94.3% and specificity was 99.4%, in accordance with the literature. The diagnostic accuracy of echo was 98.4%.
New-generation multidetector CTA is increasingly used in the assessment of children with complex CHD. The accurate identification of anatomic details, possibility of 3D assessment, need for small volumes of contrast material to show all vascular structures, better visualization of the coronary arteries and their branches, assessment of non-cardiac structures, very short shooting time (a few seconds) and relatively low radiation exposure, are the chief advantages of the high spatial resolution of CTA. In addition, it has been suggested in several studies that CTA dramatically reduces the need for diagnostic heart catheterization and angiography, which was considered a gold standard in the diagnosis of CHD.18,19 The main disadvantages of the technique are lack of hemodynamic information, exposure to ionizing radiation, and problems associated with application of contrast materials. Nevertheless, technological advances have led to easy application and increased diagnostic accuracy in children with CHD.10,18–21
In a study using 64-slice spiral CTA, the scan was found to be 91% accurate.6 In another study with similar diagnoses and age distribution, for which a 128-slice spiral CTA technique was used, the accuracy was reported as 95%.22 An accuracy of 97.3% was reported in another study using 256-slice spiral CTA.23 In our study, which used 320-row multidetector CTA, the accuracy was 96.2% for the entire group. Assessment of different anatomical regions and the lack of ECG gating may have led to the lower accuracy in our study in comparison to others.
An important finding of the present study was that despite its high diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity and specificity, the predictive power of 320-row multidetector CTA for detecting anomalies of intracardiac structures and heart-great vessel connections was less than that of transthoracic echo. Nevertheless, 320-row multidetector CTA appeared to be as effective as transthoracic echo in the diagnosis of extracardiac vascular malformations (accuracy for CTA 98.0%, 96% for transthoracic echo). The latter finding was also consistent with previous studies. For instance, Li and al. reported the diagnostic accuracy for extracardiac vascular anomalies as 98.6% for CTA and 96% for transthoracic echo.24 In another study, Bu et al. reported sensitivity of 92% and 68%, respectively15 On the other hand, in their study comparing CTA and echo, Cheng and al. demonstrated similar sensitivity and specificity.23
In our study, some cases were misdiagnosed or undiagnosed by both imaging methods. This issue has also been highlighted in other studies in the literature. Koplay et al. stated that they encountered two false positive and one false negative diagnoses among 105 cases.25 In their study involving 30 cases with assessment of 205 surgical areas, Li et al. concluded that with CTA, 2.4% of the cases were misdiagnosed and 6.8% were undiagnosed, while these figures were 1.4% and 3.9%, respectively, for echo.24
Certain aspects of CTA may explain this difference, such as that it can show only static images, provides insufficient data on valvular structures, and cannot detect hemodynamic changes, in contrast to the ability of echo to dynamically detect shunts, regurgitation and intracardiac structures.
The main limitation of this analysis was that the study was carried out in a single center with a small number of patients. With more cases available, more precise results could be obtained concerning sensitivity and specificity. In addition, the difficulty in classification might have affected the results due to the complex and heterogeneous properties of patients with CHD. Examinations were assessed thoroughly under the guidance of experienced pediatric cardiologists and radiologists in order to prevent errors and misdiagnosis as much as possible.
In conclusion, echo and CTA are imaging methods with high levels of diagnostic accuracy in patients with CHD. Echo is the preferred method for diagnosing a wide range of conditions, especially intracardiac anomalies. The use of CTA, on the other hand, provides additional benefit for demonstration of extracardiac anatomy.
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
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64-slice multidetector-row computed tomographic angiography for evaluating congenital heart disease.
Pediatr Cardiol, 29 (2008), pp. 755-762
F. Al-Mousily, R.Y. Shifrin, F.J. Fricker, et al.
Use of 320-detector computed tomographic angiography for infants and young children with congenital heart disease.
T. Zhang, W. Wang, Z. Luo, et al.
Initial experience on the application of 320-row CT angiography with low-dose prospective ECG-triggered in children with congenital heart disease.
Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, 28 (2012), pp. 1787-1797
M.M. Enaba, D.I. Hasan, A.M. Alsowey, et al.
Multidetector computed tomography (CT) in evaluation of congenital cyanotic heart diseases.
Pol J Radiol, 82 (2017), pp. 645-659
http://dx.doi.org/10.12659/PJR.903222 | Medline
P. Nie, X. Wang, Z. Cheng, et al.
Accuracy, image quality and radiation dose comparison of high-pitch spiral and sequential acquisition on 128-slice dual-source CT angiography in children with congenital heart disease.
Eur Radiol, 22 (2012), pp. 2057-2066
Z. Cheng, X. Wang, Y. Duan, et al.
Low-dose prospective ECG-triggering dual source CT angiography in infants and children with complex congenital heart disease: first experience.
A. Li, Z. Peng, C. Zhang.
Comparison of echocardiography and 64-multislice spiral computed tomography for the diagnosis of pediatric congenital heart disease.
Med Sci Monit, 23 (2017), pp. 2258-2266
http://dx.doi.org/10.12659/msm.901546 | Medline
M. Koplay, O. Kizilca, D. Cimen, et al.
Prospective ECG-gated high-pitch dual-source cardiac CT angiography in the diagnosis of congenital cardiovascular abnormalities: radiation dose and diagnostic efficacy in a pediatric population.
Diagn Interv Imaging, 97 (2016), pp. 1141-1150
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.diii.2016.03.014 | Medline
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Home > Marist Institute > General Government > Br. Emili Turú, Superior General
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Br. Emili Turú, Superior General
Elected in the XXI General Chapter, on 26 September 2009
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Spain - Province of L'Hermitage
Brother Emili Turú Rofes was born on 24 January 1955 in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). He passed his childhood in Marçà, Tarragona, the youngest of five brothers. He commenced his Marist life in Llinars del Vallès in 1968. He completed his novitiate at Santa Maria de les Avellanes, made his first vows in 1975, and his perpetual ones in 1982.
He obtained his certificate in primary teaching at the University School, Cardenal Cisneros de Alcalá de Henares; his Masters in Catalan from the Free University of Barcelona, and the Licentiate in Theology (Theology of man) from the Teresianum in Rome.
Although he has worked in pastoral ministry with children and young people (from primary through to university), the greater part of his service to the Institute has been in the initial formation of Brothers and in various provincial services. He accompanied young Brothers as director of the scholasticate in Alcalá de Henares, and, since that time, has shown himself as a man concerned about the spiritual life, religious life, and culture. As a formator, he knew how to communicate his passion for poverty and justice and his commitment to the Church.
Later he acted as Delegate for Ministry and Delegate for Education and Province for the then Marist Province of Catalonia.
He played an active part in the organization and development of the Congress of Religious Life in Catalonia, collaborating in the production of the document "What is new requires novelty", which was a reflection on the future of religious life.
During his time as provincial, he was distinguished for his closeness to the Brothers and the life of the communities. He promoted the animation of educational works, with special emphasis on the lines of ministry, attention to persons, and shared mission with the laity. He was a driving force behind the creation of small communities inserted into working class areas and the development of social projects. He was also involved in co-ordination with Marist Spain and with Marist Europe.
At the XX General Chapter (2001), he was elected to the General Council. As a Councillor he promoted the holding of the International Marist Mission Assembly at Mendes, and the creation of various work groups for Marist youth ministry, university formation, Marist mission and the co-ordination of social works, etc.
His facility at communication and his mastery of different languages has allowed him wide contact with the Marist world for the dynamizing of the Brothers' mission today.
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How Did the National Woman's Party Address the Issue of the Enfranchisement of Black Women, 1919-1924?
Document 22: Letter from Alice Paul to Miss Katherine Fisher, 30 August 1924, National Woman's Party Papers, 1913-1974, Library of Congress (Microfilm (1979), reel 28).
by Alice Paul
Document 22: Letter from Alice Paul to Miss Katherine Fisher, 30 August 1924, National Woman's Party Papers, 1913-1974, Library of Congress (Microfilm (1979), reel 28), by Alice Paul. Included in How Did the National Woman's Party Address the Issue of the Enfranchisement of Black Women, 1919-1924?, by Kathryn Kish Sklar and Jill Dias. (Binghamton, NY: State University of New York at Binghamton, 1997).
Jump to Abstract Introduction Document List Document 1: Letter from Walter White to Mary Church Terrell, 14 March 1919 Document 2: Letter from Anna A. Clemons to the National Woman's Party, 10 October 1920 Document 3: Letter from Emma Wold to Anna A. Clemons, 20 October 1920 Document 4: Letter from Anna A. Clemons to Emma Wold, 24 October 1920 Document 5: Letter from Emma Wold to Anna A. Clemons, 2 November 1920 Document 6: Letter from Mary White Ovington to Lucy Burns, 17 December 1920 Document 7A: Letter from Harriot Stanton Blatch to Alice Paul, 20 December 1920 Document 7B: Letter from Mary White Ovington to Harriot Stanton Blatch, 3 December 1920 Document 8: Letter from Florence Kelley to Mary White Ovington, 22 December 1920 Document 9A: Letter from Emma Wold to Harriot Stanton Blatch, 29 December 1920 Document 9B: Letter from Emma Wold to Lucy Burns, 14 January 1921 Document 10: Letter from Mary White Ovington to Alice Paul, 4 January 1921 Document 11: Letter from Mary White Ovington to Mrs. W. Spencer Murray, 12 January 1921 Document 12: Letter from Hallie Q. Brown to Alice Paul, 22 January 1921 Document 13: Letter from Alice Paul to Mrs. William Spencer Murray, 24 January 1921 Document 14: Letter from Patty to Mrs. Lewis, 29 January 1921 Document 15: Letter from Inez Richardson to Alice Paul, 2 February 1921 Document 16: "The White Woman's Burden," The Nation, 16 February 1921 Document 17: Freda Kirchwey, "Alice Paul Pulls the Strings," The Nation, 2 March 1921 Document 18: Letter from Alice Paul to Rev. Olympia Brown, 6 March 1921 Document 19: Letter from Mrs. Lawrence Lewis to the Editor of The Nation, 26 March 1921 Document 20: "Race Issue Hits Feminist Party," Boston Herald, 17-18 August 1924 Document 21: Telegram from Walter White to Alice Paul, 18 August 1924 Document 22: Letter from Alice Paul to Miss Katherine Fisher, 30 August 1924 Document 23: Letter from Alice Paul to Miss L.J.C. Daniels, 25 August 1924 Document 24: Letter from Alice Paul to Heywood Broun, 26 August 1924 Conclusion Endnotes Bibliography Project Credits Related Links Previous Next
Some white women within the National Woman's Party were displeased by the party's treatment of black women. Katherine Fisher, a long-time member of the National Woman's Party expressed her disappointment at the exclusion of black women from their activities. Alice Paul responded with a vigorous defense of the National Woman's Party in its treatment of African American women. Still, it is clear from this letter that race prejudice on the part of southern NWP members was a significant factor in Paul's thinking. Paul welcomed the opportunity to improve the Party's public image through notices in African American newspapers.
National Woman's Party
NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS, CAPITOL HILL
TELEPHONE LINCOLN 1366
BALTIMORE HEADQUARTERS, 19 WEST CHASE ST.
CHICAGO HEADQUARTERS, AUDITORIUM HOTEL
NEW YORK CITY HEADQUARTERS, ALLERTON HOTEL
698 LEXINGTON AVE.
August 30th, 1924.
Miss Katherine Fisher,
4590 Oakwald Ave.,
Dear Miss. Fisher:
I have just received your letter in which you suggest that at our "next demonstration, or affair of any kind, that the colored women be asked to take part, before they have a chance to demand it."
We have always asked Negro women equally with white women to participate in everything that we have ever organized. All of our Negro members received an invitation to attend the "Women for Congress" Conference, the pilgrimage to the grave of Inez Milholland and the pageant. They were also invited to all of the social affairs connected with the conference. We entertained one of the Negro women who was a visitor at the conference, at a cottage where a number of our workers were staying and she was treated in the same way as our other guests. We had no servants in the cottage and our workers themselves prepared her meals for her. An especial effort was made to make her feel at home and I myself motored over twenty miles to take her to an evening meeting when she did not seem able to make arrangements to get to the meeting herself.
We have been criticised a great deal by many of our Southern members for insisting upon there being no discrimination between the whites and the Negroes in our organization. For instance, our entire North Carolina delegation withdrew from our last convention because we had Negro delegates at our social functions. It is astonishing, therefore, to have criticism of the Woman's Party on the ground of discrimination against Negroes.
In your letter you suggest that you ask Mrs. Snowden Porter to make a statement concerning the attitude of the Woman's Party on the Negro question. I wish very much that you would do this and that you would secure any publicity you can in Negro papers concerning our position.
While writing I want to ask whether you would have time to write up your notes on the Barbers for "Equal Rights". I think this would be a most useful article for us to have.


RADLEY BOOKS
We Live For Books!
Health, Fitness & Lifestyle
Self Help & Money
Alan Radley
Kim Veltman
Absolute Security
Purchase on Amazon ($ 19.99) here.
[ 174 pages, 6*9 inch paperback. ISBN: 978-1523408061 ]
Outlined is a new philosophy of Absolute Security for digital information sharing; and developed is the fundamental theory of 'socially secure communication'. The subject at hand is the safe transfer of meaning between individual human beings – using networked computers. Clarified are terms, concepts and principles related to the secure communication of private ideas / thoughts / concepts / datum(s) – and in a format easily digestible by non-technical people.
Why Security is All About Copies
Aetiology of a Secure Network
Building Actor Coherent Defences
Primary Network Design
Encryption Theory
The Beholder's Share
Bigger Brain versus Stealth
Security and Privacy: The Big Picture
Theory of Absolute Security
Real Life Scenarios
Review by Bill Montgomery – CEO Connect In Private Corp.
ABSOLUTE SECURITY: THEORY and PRINCIPLES of SOCIALLY SECURE COMMUNICATION should be considered required reading for anyone focused on secure and private communication. In this book, Alan Radley makes sense of the complexities which ordinarily restrict this topic to IT people only. What's more, Alan's no-nonsense approach and fearless honesty, is refreshing. I recommend this to everyone who is interested in making certain that their communication is more private, secure and resilient. – Bill Montgomery (23/01/2016)
Review by Vic Hyder – Chief Strategy Officer – Silent Circle (Commander U.S. Navy, retired) – Founding Member – Silent Circle (Blackphone).
Excellent read! Succinct and accurate on a subject that normally wanders into tangential discussions confusing and diffusing the goal. Radley breaks down today's hottest topic in a way that provides reference to students as well as guidance to the more learned. Absolute Security will give you an optimistic understanding that, even in an ever-increasing world of digital surveillance and criminal threats, "… absolute security is eminently achievable.
Thank you again for the opportunity to pre-read Absolute Security. I found it spot on and a fine addition to the body of work on cyber security but specifically to the discussion of privacy within communications. We created Silent Circle in 2012, with Phil Zimmermann, Jon Callas, and Mike Janke to provide a simple yet absolutely secure solution to this increasingly difficult problem. Your breakdown of what is required to achieve absolute security is reflective of the efforts we have made over the past few years. I see this short book as a reference document for students studying cyber security as well as an excellent read for CTOs, CSOs, CISOs, and CEOs laboring over how to analyze their needs for increased security. Absolute Security allows you to hit the highlights or dive deeper into the subject with your many charts, diagrams, and glossary of terms. Well done. – Vic Hyder (29/01/2016)
Review by Professor Richard Benham – Professor in Residence, UK National Cyber Skills Centre, Visiting Professor of Cyber Security Management, University of Gloucestershire, University of Staffordshire and Coventry Business School.
As cyber education evolves to meet the pace of change in our digital world so does the need for good reference books. Absolute Security is a timely and spot on publication that I shall be recommending to my students; well done Dr Radley. – Richard Benham (1/2/2016)<
Review by Christian Rogan – Vice President, Business Development, Royal Holloway, University of London.
Absolute Security: Theory and Principles of Socially Secure Communication; this book is a very concise body of work, that belies its length for the practical application of useful data in a highly complex area. Beyond its obvious sage advice with working diagrams and imparted wisdom I particularly like the implied moral assertion that the state undermining best IT security practice is to the detriment of all. Further this should be required reading for anyone providing third party services whereby their security claims cannot be held up without transparency. Ignore this work at your peril. – Christian Rogan (3/2/2016)
Review by Professor John Walker – Hexforensics (Digital Expert Witness) – Visiting Professor at Nottingham Trent University.
This is a unique piece of work which correctly recognises the socio-economic implications of modern day embracement, and dependency on technology, and the ever present interface between man-and-machine. The book provides the reader with an accurate and objective view of the life-cycle of the exposures and vulnerabilities which are associated with the technological shadow cast over all individuals, and organisations. As an Expert Witness in the discipline of Digital, this publication also provides very useful descriptions in 'people-speak' and includes very accurate definitions of the complex, transposed into understandable terminology. This is an excellent read, and deserves a place on every security professional's bookshelf who is seeking a balanced and objective of the current, and futuristic Cyber Security Landscape. – Professor John Walker (4/2/2016)
Review by Vitali Kremez – CISSP (A), CEH, CFE, CNDA, C-CPA – Cybercrime Investigative Analyst, New York District Attorney's Office.
In "Absolute Security: Theory and Principles of Socially Secure Communications", Dr. Radley exhibited an extraordinary passion for cybersecurity and privacy in the mold of the principles that conform to secure and just society. In a world full of privacy breaches, Radley timely develops a framework that delves into complexity of technical and human-centric factors that affect our perception of privacy and cybersecurity. I recommend this book to everyone who is interested in making our cyber world more secure. – Vitali Kremez (6/2/2016)
Review by Michael Lester – MSEE, MBA, CIPP/US, CISM – Chief Information Security Officer, Magenic.
It is not very often that one is exposed to a work that is truly ground breaking in a field, but "Absolute Security" is one of those works. Rather than expounding on the implementation of security as many do, Dr. Alan Radley astutely asks (and then suggests an answer for) the rather naive, yet deceptively complex question "What is security?", or more precisely "How does one characterize a communication system that provides secure (private) data transfer?
As Dr. Radley examines this question, the reader becomes aware that the answer is much more elusive than one first assumes. As Dr. Radley builds a working compendium of definitions needed to examine the issue, the reader becomes more and more aware that the current vernacular is insufficient for discussing secure communication at a philosophical level, and if we cannot agree on what it means to be secure or private in thought, how can we accomplish it in act? It is here, laying the foundation of formal definition of socially secure communication, that Dr. Radley's work "Absolute Security" is groundbreaking and will no doubt be referenced by many works to come. – Michael Lester (23/2/2016)
Review by Arno Brok – Chief Executive Officer, Australian Information Security Association.
For someone with over 20 years in IT Security and almost 40 years in ICT it is invigorating to read a book that introduces terminologies that would resonate with the academic world and is not burdened with technical jargon. Reading Absolute Security also raises optimism that as an industry we have a chance in the imbalanced battle against cyber criminals. This also means that the statement 'there is no such thing as 100% secure' might be proven wrong. An excellent read and would definitely recommend this to our AISA members as a read to get a different perspective on security. – Arno Brok (21/3/2016)
Review by Pantazis Kourtis – Member of the Board of Directors at London Chapter at ISACA.
Absolute Security is a brilliant book! Did it make me wiser? I say it did, however, it depends on the angle you are reading it from, your expectations and probably your background. You cannot suspect what is coming when you start reading. Definitely a very interesting approach on Information Security. One thing is for certain, this piece of work is not for the light-hearted. – Pantazis Kourtis(21/3/2016)
Self As Computer
Purchase on Amazon ($ 25) here.
[400 pages, 8*10 inch paperback, 1000 illustrations. ISBN: 1499171609 ]
In Self as Computer, Alan Radley looks at the computer not as a tool, or as a bicycle-for-the-mind, but simply as self. He argues that humans are becoming so enmeshed with the computer, in terms of how we think, act and communicate; that soon it may no longer be possible to identify where the self ends, and the computer begins, and vice-versa. Predicted by some, are marvellous benefits for technology; in terms of enhancements to our social, creative and personal lives.
But already clear, is that not all of the associated problems lie in the realm of speculation. One example, is that the Internet is moving ever further away from the free and open system as foreseen by its original designers; whereby citizens are routinely censored, hacked and/or spied upon. Other questions arise; such as who builds today's systems, and in what sense(s) are they useful, humane or democratic?
Explored are human-friendly designs for the computers of tomorrow, whereby the wishes, plans and actions of society may be aligned to benefit all.
Emerging Self-Computer
Hyper-Media / Hyper-Thoughts
Augmented / Virtual Realities
Cyborgs, Robots and Automata
Surveillance / Hacking / Privacy
Artificial / Simulated Intelligence
Natural + Machine-Implanted Thoughts
World-Brain + Freedom of Thought / Action
3D User Interfaces / Wearables + Smart-Things
Mechanised-Dystopia / Technopia + Techno-rights
Ethical, Moral and Spiritual dimension(s) of Computers
Self-as-Computer (400 pages) is available from Amazon; and has 1000 illustrations.
REVIEWS for Self as Computer
Review by Dr Kim Veltman
This is a bold and important book. It is a new attempt to develop the idea of a World Brain: to offer theoretical rationales, practical criteria and guidelines for the creation of a Universal Library entailing nothing less than a reorganisation of all knowledge. Traditional visions (The Library of Babel, The Universal Library) were mainly updated versions of the Library of Alexandria. Radley's vision is about much more: the creation of contextualised ideas, circuits of thoughts. Outlined are techno- rights, which make visible the thoughts, opinions, insights of everyman, and thus transform the vision of freedom of thought as outlined in the U.N. Declaration of Human Rights. The utilitarian goal is a new Internet: a technopia that will benefit the whole of humanity, rather than specific companies, interest groups and individuals.
This is not, as its title could suggest, simply another techno-optimist book by a scientist promising that computers offer a simple panacea to everything. On the contrary, it traces how early visions of networked knowledge (e.g. Otlet, Engelbart, Nelson) were narrowed into an Internet and World Wide Web which, although popular, preclude a systematic access to thoughts, ideas, knowledge as foreseen in this vision. It is often said: if it ain't broke, don't fix it. This book explores an implicit corollary. If the system has too many broken links, then we need to start again from scratch and build a new system. This entails creating a new mechanical device. But the larger vision is that this device will improve human thinking methods.
Part of the narrowing that has occurred in the past half century has been driven by the computer science community, especially the AI faction, whose claims concerning artificial intelligence, machine thinking, autonomous computing, continue to inspire visions of mechanical intelligence competing with and/or replacing human intelligence (transhumanism, post-humanism, cf. the predicted Singularity). Radley offers a radically different vision where man remains the master and computers are the tools, servants of man-made visions. To establish this, three chapters are devoted to the self, ideas and thinking, offering a telescoped history of Western philosophy from Plato and Aristotle to the present. Two chapters outline the limitations of current computers and machines. Further chapters outline emerging potentials of user interfaces, cyberspace, virtual reality and robots.
The central vision is of a World Brain, with circuits of thoughts leading to a city of thoughts and ultimately technopia. The author acknowledges that these are linked with dreams of utopia, but is also careful to outline competing dystopian visions. The margins are lined with c. 1,000 illustrations, which offer a visual account of these utopian and dystopian possibilities: ranging from comic strip cartoons and historical diagrams to numerous illustrations of patented devices. It ends with a Universal Declaration of Human- Techno Rights, a Technopian Manifesto and 10 Commandments for humans to computers. The media are filled with articles about how computers are revolutionising the world. Radley's book suggests that the real revolution has yet to begin. It catalogues numerous dangers, but ultimately it is a paean of hope in and for human freedom.
Zen Of Dumbbell Training
How To Use a Dumbbell For Health, Strength, Figure and Therapy
Alan Radley has written a comprehensive book on the zen of dumbbell training. Developed is a thoughtful approach to dumbbell practice, with emphasis on natural movement patterns, deep concentration and technically informed practice. You will learn how to spice-up your routine with ~50 "lost" exercises; including shoulder, body and triceps circles and various pressing, curling, squatting and bending moves.
Both men and women can use the Zen of Dumbbell Training to attain their fitness goals. The how and why of dumbbell training is explained in greater detail than ever before, and laid-out is a well-defined path to physical perfection.
Contains ~ 1200 illustrations; visit: http://www.alanradley.com
Purchase on Amazon here.
Review by David Gentle
"Zen of Dumbbell Training is truly a visual delight and written by an author with a lifetime love of physical culture and knowledge beyond belief. Dr Alan Radley writes an exhaustive treatise on the delights and benefits of one of the most ancient forms of physical training apparatus, the dumbbell. Every area of the body is covered in depth with the appropriate suggestions for dumbbell exercises to improve health, flexibility and strength. Never in a life time of reading Physical Culture manuals have I ever seen a book so beautifully illustrated with works of sheer art. I guarantee this book will become a classic. You have only yourself to blame if you do not purchase a copy while they are still available, don't lose this treasure."
-David Gentle (Author of over 2000 articles on physical culture and bodybuilding; and sub-editor of Health and Strength magazine)
The Illustrated History Of Physical Culture
1001 Dumbbell Exercises – Volumes 1-3


Lawsuit Against Tesla And Musk Filed By Investor Over Musk's Tweets On Selling Of His Stocks
Tesla investor David Wagner filed a lawsuit against eth US electric car maker Tesla Inc objecting to social media posts, including his poll posts on Twitter, made by Tesla CEO Elon Musk about whether he should be selling his stocks in the company. The law suit alleges that these social media posts actually pulled down the price of the company's stocks.
In the lawsuit, Wagner requested the courts to call for internal documents of the company for investigating whether both Tesla and Musk had breached an agreement that the two parties had entered into with the US securities regulator and alleged that the board members of the company had been unable to adhere to their fiduciary duties.
The US Securities and Exchange Commission had filed a case in 2018 against Musk over some tweets the billionaire had made about taking Tesla private. Musk had later settled the case with the SEC following an agreement with the regulator in which Musk would allow the lawyers of the company approving any tweets he posted on social media that pertained to material information about the company.
On Nov. 6 this year, Musk had tweeted that he would be selling off 10 per cent of his stocks in Tesla if his followers on the social media platform also agreed. That tweet resulted in the stocks of the company plunging by about a quarter from around record highs prior ot the tweets. Later Musk informed that he had sold almost $14 billion worth of shares so far.
In the lawsuit, which was filed with the Delaware Court of Chancery on Thursday, the plaintiffs requested the court to call for records and books form the company linked to Musk's tweets, including those documents that would aid in identifying whether the stock sales tweets were reviewed or pre-approved in advance.
Musk and the board of the company had been previously sued by another investor of the company in March this year in which the plaintiff alleged that Musk had breached the 2018 settlement he had made with the SEC and he had exposed the company's shareholders to losses billions of dollars.
(Source:www.nasdaq.com)


Windermere Expands With Two New Offices in Brea and Chino Hills
December 6, 2010 | Uncategorized
Brea Office
Chino Hills Office
Windermere Real Estate is broadening its already substantial Southern California presence with the opening of two new Windermere offices beyond the Coachella Valley. For those who have only known Windermere Real Estate by its extensive desert area presence, it may come as some surprise that Windermere offers its full range of services and fully-licensed professionals throughout a large part of Southern California, serving a diverse clientele from our southernmost part of the state all the way north into Canada.
Windermere Preferred Living, located at 135 S. State College Boulevard, is now serving Brea and the surrounding areas of this thriving and popular Orange County city. Brea, at the very northern end of Orange County, is noteworthy for much, including its early petroleum industry history, its citrus production, and its extensive program of citywide public-sponsored art. Sunset magazine named Brea one of the five best residential suburbs in the western United States, and Windermere is proud to now be a part of this exceptional Southern California city. Windermere offers Brea real estate buyers and sellers the exceptional quality and experience for which its agents are already known for at 16 Coachella Valley locations and more than a dozen other offices throughout Southern California.
Also celebrating its grand opening this weekend is the new Windermere Real Estate/King Realty Group office at 2130 Grand Avenue, Chino Hills, located at the southwest corner of San Bernardino County. Money Magazine called national attention to this city when it named Chino Hills one of America's hottest towns, ranking it number 8 on its list of 'best places in the West with population under 100,000.' Windermere brings its legendary reputation for service and client satisfaction to this beautiful rural community and looks forward to settling into its position as one of the foremost California real estate firms in this part of the state.
With the two new Brea and Chino Hills offices, Windermere Real Estate has 33 offices throughout Southern California, with additional locations underway.


id : 102 Covid19
Kenya's Taxman will introduce an amnesty programme for income tax, VAT and Excise Duty once the Finance Bill 2020 is passed into law. It is aimed at bringing into the fold thousands of taxpayers KRA is unable to audit yearly, into compliance. Expected beneficiaries include people who filed returns but did not pay taxes, those who have neither filed nor paid due taxes, those who have not applied for their PIN numbers as well as those not registered with iTax.
The Voluntary Tax Disclosure Programme, if approved, will require amendments to the Tax Procedures Act, and will come into effect on January 1st, 2021.
KRA has been battling corporate and individual taxpayers in the Commercial Courts with cases reported almost daily of yet another legal tussle with a taxpayer. It is currently locked in court battles with industrialists Humphrey Kariuki of African Spirits and Tabitha Kariuki, the CEO of Keroche Breweries from whom it is demanding billions. Current cases in court number more than 100.
David Yego, the KRA Commissioner in charge of Tax Investigations and Enforcement said in the first three months of this financial year, the country had lost more than Sh53billion in tax evasion.
""We have currently forwarded 118 cases to court from which we have lost we have so far lost Sh53 billion," said Yego in October last year.
In addition, KRA was forced to invoke Departure Prohibition Orders against 26 people barring them from travelling out of the country after it accused them of being in tax arrears amounting to Sh9.2billion. The authority is granted powers to impose travel bans in such cases under the Tax Procedures Act.
Big 4 Audit firm, KPMG Kenya, reckons the proposed amnesty programme may help raise owed taxes without punitive enforcement measures.
In a tax alert on the same Bill, KPMG notes that:
"The introduction of a penalty and interest waiver programme will help both the taxpayer and the KRA to collect outstanding tax arrears. Based on its current capacity, the KRA is not able to carry out audits on all taxpayers and the program will help to bridge this
compliance gap."
According to Anjarwalla and Khana (ALN Kenya), a leading law firm in the country, taxpayers who volunteer for the proposed programme, taxpayers will be allowed to disclose their tax liabilities to the KRA for purposes of being granted relief of penalties and interest on disclosed tax as well as immunity from prosecution.
"The programme will apply to tax liab
ilities that accrued within 5 years prior to 1 July 2020 meaning it will cover the period from June 2015," firm partners, Daniel Ngumy and Kenneth Njuguna write in a legal alert.
Taxpayers will fill out a prescribed form and submit it to KRA disclosing "all material facts." They will then have one year to pay the arrears.
"Interestingly, the taxpayer that is granted the relief cannot seek any other remedy e.g. right to appeal in regard to the taxes, penalties and interest remitted to the Commissioner," ALN Kenya further notes.
"Failure to disclose a material fact may result to withdrawal of
the relief granted, assessment and collection of any balance of tax liability and prosecution."
Taxpayers who are under audit or have received notification of a proposed audit will not be eligible for the programme.
Reached for comment, KRA declined to comment on the amnesty programme until the Finance Bill is passed into law by parliament.
However, KRA may be forced to make public presentations owing to constitutional requirements.
"It is expected that parliament will request stakeholders and public comments before the Bill becomes an Act," Big 4 audit firm, Ernst and Young says in a tax alert on its website.
It however notes, "While the proposal provides that the taxpayer cannot appeal against the relief granted, a taxpayer may appeal against the Commissioner's decision to withdraw it."
KPMG reckons the Voluntary Tax Disclosure programme could be patterned after a similar Tax Administration (Remission of Interest and Penalty) Order of 2018 in Tanzania which was "fairly successful."
Deloitte delved into the nuances of that programme here


Voting, in Mali and Zimbabwe, Tests Elections Organizers
Carol Guensburg
Supporters of Nelson Chamisa's opposition Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) party attend the final election rally in Harare, Zimbabwe, July 28, 2018.
Malians go to the polls on Sunday to determine whether to grant a second term to President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita. Zimbabweans will cast votes Monday in the first election since longtime leader Robert Mugabe was forced to resign in November.
Whether constituents have confidence in the results of these elections – and those in Cameroon in October and the Democratic Republic of the Congo in December – depends on whether they perceive the vote as free and fair.
Much of that responsibility falls to election organizers. In Mali, that's at least three separate entities. In Zimbabwe, it's the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC), a nominally independent body.
"The challenge many election bodies have is living up to the expectation of independence and the integrity with which they do their work," said Rushdi Nackerdien, African regional director for the International Foundation for Electoral Systems. The foundation, based just outside of Washington, D.C., provides technical support and guidance for democracies.
"You've got a lot of cynicism that has crept into citizens' belief about democracy," he added.
Numerous countries have seen increasing attacks on core elements of democracies, including "guarantees of free and fair elections," the international watchdog group Freedom House reported early this year.
A Gallup poll shows that fewer than half of Zimbabweans (47 percent) "are confident in the honesty of their country's elections." While that's down nine points from two years ago, it is still "the highest rating in any election year in the past decade," Gallup noted in a Twitter post on Friday.
Zimbabwe preparations
Nackerdien acknowledged the Zimbabwe Electoral Commission (ZEC) has done some things to shore up confidence, such as allowing international observers – including the first European Union team in 16 years – and making voter rolls public.
But ZEC also has been dogged by controversies, including accusations that it favors the ruling Zanu-PF party and that its ballot paper design unfairly benefits incumbent President Emmerson Mnangagwa. The 75-year-old's chief rival, in a field of 22 presidential candidates, is Nelson Chamisa, a 40-year-old lawyer who leads the opposition Movement for Democratic Change Alliance.
Johnnie Carson, former U.S. assistant secretary of state for African affairs, is part of the joint election observer delegation of the International Republican Institute and the National Democratic Institute. He told VOA's Zimbabwe Service that opposition parties are concerned about "how the tabulations would be handled."
U.S. Senator Jeff Flake, a Republican lawmaker, also will be among the observers. The United States has said lifting sanctions – imposed on Mugabe and those close to him for allegedly rigging votes and violating human rights – would depend in part on whether the southern African country's elections are fair and transparent.
More than 5 million Zimbabweans are registered to vote Monday in the general elections and tightening presidential contest. A candidate must get at least 50 percent of all votes to win the presidency, or it will be decided by a runoff on Sept. 8.
Fears persist about election-related attacks, which killed dozens in 2008. IFES' Nackerdien said special electoral courts "have been set up that will be looking at aggressive perpetrators of violence."
The United Nations Mission in Mali assists in transporting election materials in Bamako, July 28, 2018. (UN)
Mali elections
In Mali, the West African country's 8 million registered voters can choose Sunday among 24 candidates for president. If no candidate wins a majority, the election will be decided in an Aug. 12 runoff. The country has experienced persistent violence since a 2012 separatist uprising in the north, with terror attacks plaguing the northern and central regions.
Voters needn't be fearful, according to the government's Ministry of Territorial Administration, one of several entities in charge of the election. Souleymane Amadou Sangare, its director general, told VOA this week that the government "will assume its responsibility when it comes to security."
The IFES' Nackerdien cited a challenge in "holding elections in such an insecure environment," noting that "in some parts of the Malian countryside ... you don't even have precinct administrators who are looking into preparations."
Corruption also is an issue in Mali elections, prospective voters told VOA's Bambara Service earlier this week.
In the capital city of Bamako, a woman said she was paid the equivalent of $3 to attend a campaign rally earlier this week, though she would not disclose for which candidate. "If it is God's will, if somebody give me money, I vote for him," she said, asking that her name be withheld. "We don't trust politicians. They only come see us when we need us. ... That's why we ask them to give us something. "
Nackerdien said the government's involvement in the election fosters "some distrust" among citizens. To improve the public trust and election coordination, "there's a big need to look post election at reforms to organize into a single entity."
He encouraged more transparency – especially in political climates that "have become so adversarial and polarized.
"We need electoral management bodies not only to stick to their technical work but to engage more with the public," Nackerdien said. ".... They need to be letting voters know what they are doing, that their votes are not going to be stolen."
In Zimbabwe, the ZEC said it is monitoring media "to ensure balanced coverage. ...."
But an officer with the Media Alliance of Zimbabwe – representing an assortment of journalists and educators – complained in May of "threats against media freedom, which pose a chilling effect on citizens' right to free expression and access to information. ..."
Nickerdien called for "more independent and professional media reporting...We need to know that they'll referee."
With organizers, he added, "the big question" is how they're going to stand up to scrutiny in the "heat and pressure of the actual election."
VOA's Bambara and Zimbabwe services contributed to this report, with Lamissa Sangare reporting from Bamako, Mali.
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adventure canada Erebus john franklin Margaret Atwood Out of the Northwest Passage
Getting excited to sail Out of the Northwest Passage
We've done eight or nine voyages with Adventure Canada, Sheena and I, but this year is shaping up to be special. First, sailing Out of the Northwest Passage is my favorite itinerary. As always, we'll be sailing through exploration history: John Franklin, John Rae, Thomas Simpson, Roald Amundsen. But this year, traveling in September, we'll probably be on the water at the same time as the Erebus search expedition . . . and at one point, not all that far away. Apart from which, we will sail north into Smith Sound and Kane Basin . . . and then, heading south along Greenland, we'll end up zodiac-winding among the most fantastical icebergs in the northern hemisphere.
Second, we've always enjoyed the Sea Adventurer (pictured above). But this year, we get a fancy new vessel called the Ocean Endeavour . . . and no fewer than twenty zodiacs! Multiple lounges . . . outdoor dining . . . and did someone whisper the words "hot tub?" Third, check out the resource staff. Margaret Atwood, Freeman Patterson, James Raffan . . . and that's just for starters. But see for yourself. This gang is aces, top to bottom. Believe me, that makes a difference. OK, this is my first-ever commercial for Adventure Canada and I won't go on. If you've been hankering after the Arctic, check 'em out. Tell 'em Ken sent you.
Aurora Canadian Federation of University Women Erebus Franklin expedition john franklin Newmarket
Searching for Franklin leads Our Hero to University Women
Originally, I had planned to give a talk entitled Nothing is More Fun Than Chasing the New History. But then came the finding of the Erebus. And participating in the documentary called Franklin's Lost Ships. And people saying, well, this latest discovery is fun. But what does it mean? Why does it matter?
So I've narrowed my focus. I'm still Chasing the New History. But I'll talk, more specifically, about Searching for Franklin: The Lost Ships, the Discoveries, and the Woman Who Created a Legend. Above, we see one of the slides that will turn up in my presentation.
The occasion is the celebratory May Dinner of the Aurora/Newmarket branch of the Canadian Federation of University Women. The venue is the DiamondBack Golf Club in Richmond Hill, just north of Toronto. The date and time: May 12 beginning at 6 p.m. Can you afford to miss it?
Beach Village Canadian Authors for Indies Kim Echlin Lee Gowan Tish Cohen
Hundreds of authors set to party with Canadian booksellers
Looks like The Great Canadian Book Bash is coming to a bookstore near you. On Saturday, May 2, more than 500 Canadian authors will turn up at 100-plus independent bookstores across the country.
We're calling it Authors for Indies and, yes, we mean to show our support for Canada's independent booksellers. We want them not just to survive, but to flourish. You can read all about it at www.authorsforindies.com. You can even find out
which authors will be where. Here in the Beach Village, known for having Ontario's Best Small-Town Main Street, a bunch of us, Beachers all, will put our shoulders to the wheel at Book City (1950 Queen Street East). Wander into that well-stocked bookstore and you might run into Lee Gowan (The Last Cowboy), Tish Cohen (Town House), or Kim Echlin (The Disappeared). And that's just for starters. Yours truly (Fatal Passage) will be hanging out from around 2 p.m. And, hey, don't be surprised if I try to sell you a book. Gotta love those indies.
Book City in The Beach: Authors: Ken McGoogan, Lisa de Nikolits, DJ McIntosh, Kim Echlin, George A. Walker, Lee Gowan, Tish Cohen, Brian Panhuyzen, Dr. Vera Tarman
Canadian nation Celtic Lightning Irish Scots
Celtic Lightning to strike bookstores in September
With Celtic Lightning, best-selling author Ken McGoogan plunges into the perpetual debate about Canadian roots and identity: who do we think we are? He argues that Canadians have never investigated the demographic reality that informs this book -- the fact that more than nine million Canadians claim Scottish or Irish heritage. Did the ancestors of more than one quarter of our population arrive without cultural baggage? No history, no values, no vision? Impossible.
McGoogan writes that, to understand who we are and where we are going, Canadians must look to cultural genealogy. He builds on the work of Richard Dawkins, who contends that ideas and values ("memes") can be transmitted from one generation to another. Scottish and Irish immigrants arrived in Canada with values they had learned from their forebears. And they did so early enough, and in sufficient numbers, to shape an emerging Canadian nation. . . .
Ken McGoogan has published a dozen books, among them How the Scots Invented Canada, Fatal Passage, and Lady Franklin's Revenge. His honours include the Pierre Berton Award, the UBC Medal for Canadian Biography, the Drainie-Taylor Biography Prize, and the Canadian Authors' Association History Award. Ken has crisscrossed Ireland and Scotland numerous times, and also circumnavigated both countries.
Publisher: HarperCollins Canada / Patrick Crean Editions
Media & events: Colleen.Simpson@HarperCollins.com
Publication rights: Beverley Slopen Literary Agency / Beverley@slopenagency.com
CBC-TV Erebus Franklin's Lost Ships Nature of Things Sir John Franklin
Franklin's Lost Ships turn up on CBC-TV's The Nature of Things
Hats off to Andrew E.M. Gregg! He produced Franklin's Lost Ships, an extraordinary new documentary that turned up April 9 on CBC-TVs The Nature of Things. And finished in such a short period! The most impressive thing may well have been how smoothly the narrative unwound, cutting back and forth between the contemporary search and the history of the tragedy. So many figures winding in and out without a hitch: very sophisticated, very polished.
The seamless intermingling of documentary footage and credible reconstruction was terrific. Also, we got some exciting views of the sunken Erebus we have never seen before. Oh, and the CGI was great! I know, I know: the aficionados will be clamoring for more history: what does it all mean? But I expect that the longer version of this documentary, coming soon to PBS and Nova, will deliver more of that. Meanwhile, Franklin's Lost Ships will air again this Saturday on CBC News Network, starting at 7 p.m. Eastern Standard Time. Honestly: this doc is the perfect primer for what promises to be an outstanding season of dives, discoveries and revelations. Don't miss it.
[Here is the CBC link for online viewing: http://www.cbc.ca/natureofthings/episodes/franklins-lost-ships]
Searching for Franklin leads Our Hero to Universit...
Hundreds of authors set to party with Canadian boo...
Franklin's Lost Ships turn up on CBC-TV's The Natu...


Former Limerick hurling captain takes up a new role as coach to the Laois senior hurlers
Gavin O'Mahony
Jerome O'Connell
joconnell@limerickleader.ie
FORMER Limerick senior hurling captain Gavin O'Mahony has taken up a new role as coach to the Laois senior hurlers for 2022.
The Kilmallock man will work under manager Seamas 'Cheddar' Plunkett.
Laois lost to Wexford in round one of the Walsh Cup on Sunday - O'Mahony was absent as he was lining out for Kilmallock in the Munster club SHC final defeat to Ballygunner.
O'Mahony could be on the sideline for the first time next Sunday when Laois play Kilkenny in Callan.
O'Mahony and his Laois side wont face his native Limerick in the group stages of the league or championship.
Fixture change for Limerick Munster Hurling Cup semi final with Kerry
The former Limerick star joins former Galway hurler Francis Forde as a hurling coaches in the Plunkett management team.
Laois Today report that O'Mahony replaces Limerick's 2013 Munster SHC winning coach Donach O'Donnell in the Laois set-up.
Another former Limerick hurler Ollie Moran served as Laois coach in 2017 under Eamonn Kelly, while Dave Moriarty has also had a spell in Laois as S&C coach under Eddie Brennan.
O'Mahony retired from inter-county hurling in November 2017.
He captained the Limerick minor team in Croke Park that lost the 2005 All Ireland MHC final to Galway and by 2007 he made his senior championship debut against Clare in an All-Ireland SHC Qualifier.
In total he played 10 seasons of senior championship hurling for Limerick - the highlight the 2013 Munster SHC title.
In 2011 O'Mahony captained Limerick to the Division Two Allianz Hurling League title with a final victory over Clare in Ennis.
O'Mahony was previously a full-time Limerick GAA coach. While still playing with Kilmallock he has gained coaching experience at Fitzgibbon Cup level with Mary Immaculate College and in 2021 he was involved with with Killeedy in the 2021 Limerick JAHC.


Have coelacanth fossils younger than 65 million years been found?
In a Creation Ministries International article, they make the following claim about coelacanths:
Paleontologists believed that coelacanths went extinct about 65 million years ago. However, in 1938, fishermen off the coast of South Africa found them alive and well. By evolutionary logic, coelacanths have coexisted with a multitude of other sea creatures for the last 65 million years; yet, the fossil record is silent
Is this true?
evolution young-earth-creationism paleontology fossil-record
Shannon T
Shannon TShannon T
Welcome to the site! Very nice question. – Nate Eldredge Aug 4 '18 at 0:31
Near miss answer: Don Lindsay (via talk.origins) confirms the lack of fossils (with justification), but he appears to only be a self-appointed expert, so I don't think he warrants being a reference. – Oddthinking♦ Aug 4 '18 at 2:49
The fossil record is often patchy. The Cenozoic has seen very low coelacanth diversity compared with their past. Richard Dawkins noted in The Greatest Show on Earth that creationists cannot consistently claim phyla start when their fossils do because they accept flatworms, which have never fossilised, are as old as other animals. – J.G. Aug 4 '18 at 8:48
The linked article is essentially making the fallacious god of the gaps argument, which inevitably falls apart, i.e., with the discovery of an 18 million year old tuatara fossil. Do these people have no sense of shame? – David Hammen Aug 4 '18 at 17:33
According to a Nature article from 1998 this is true (or at least, was in 1998).
Coelacanths were known for decades, but only as fossils. They appeared in the fossil record around 370 million years ago, had their heyday in terms of species diversity around 220 million years ago, and went into a long sunset that appeared to end with extinction, around 70 million years ago - just before the dinosaurs themselves perished.
And from later on in the article:
And why the huge geological gap - 70 million years - during which coelacanths must have existed, but are conspicuous by their absence?
The article goes on to suggest a possible explanation for the absence of fossils.
One answer could lie in the choosiness of the modern species, Latimeria chalumnae. Judging from its distribution within the Comoros, the fish prefers water that is both deep and cool - around 180 metres and less than 18 °C. In addition, it prefers to live near steep, submarine slopes pocked by caves. The Sulawesi coelacanths seem to prefer the same sort of habitat. But such pickiness is not extreme: there are probably many suitable places in the Indo-Pacific region that might yet harbour coelacanths.
Another answer is that the fossils of deep-sea fish of any kind, not just coelacanths, are scarce in the geological record. Historically, coelacanths occupied a variety of ecological niches, but deep-sea coelacanths are unlikely to have been preserved at all.
I.e. coelacanth fossils come from eras where they were widespread and occupied a large variety of ecological niches, whereas at their decline 70 million years ago they were left as a much rarer species that lives ina small number of deep ocean areas, and deep ocean species just don't leave many discoverable fossils.
PhillSPhillS
Deep ocean species probably leave some fossils, but how discoverable are those fossils? The ocean levels go up and down by about 130 meters as ice sheets melt or freeze. But it would take many tens of millions of years for a deep sea floor to rise up above sea level, if it ever happens. Since the coelacanths disappeared from the fossil record "only" 70 million years ago there hasn't been enough time for any possible coelacanth fossils on the deep sea floor to be raised about sea level and discovered. – M. A. Golding Aug 4 '18 at 17:57
And any fossils that do exist in the deep sea sediment are going to be extremely hard and very expensive to find and bring up. If you've a few tens of millions of dollars and access to a deep sea manned vehicle and control ship, you might be able to find some. – jwenting Aug 6 '18 at 11:09
Bone dissolves in salt water, so a body would need to be buried quickly (a few years max) to fossilize in the ocean. – Foo Bar Aug 8 '18 at 21:50
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Yeah, kind of, they are spotty and they strange. So they was a likely celocanth found during the late Paleocene and one of the Israel Miocene. One of the ones claimed to have lived in the Palestinian Israeli territory are controversial as it could have been done by a creationist. The other Israeli one is a bit strange as it was never tested. The late Paleocene celocanth is from northern Europe. It is the most likely however it could be a bit faulty, this identification is based on comparative bone histology methods of doubtful reliability. Yeah so one and another one not tested.
Grey ideas the The liopurodon4Grey ideas the The liopurodon4
Welcome to Skeptics! Please provide some references to support your claims. – Oddthinking♦ May 23 '19 at 8:40
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https://www.monsterenergy.com/am/en/news/nerve-colby-stevenson
Nerve | Colby Stevenson
Get the true story of the history-making X Games gold medal run that almost never happened! Monster Energy is proud to announce the release of "Nerve", a new video documentary featuring a true story about American freeski phenom and two-time X Games gold medalist Colby Stevenson.
Released today to global audiences across Monster Energy's social media channels, the ten-minute video shows the 24-year-old U.S. Freeski Team rider from Park City, Utah, overcoming traumatic brain injury and rehabilitation after a near-career ending car crash in 2016.
"My whole dream, everything was over. I might not ever be the same again, but I always had hope," said Stevenson, who prevailed to make X Games history and win two 2020/21 FIS Freeski Crystal Globes, in the new documentary. "Before the crash, I did not see how lucky I was. Once it was all taken away, I started seeing the beauty in the little things. I started to be grateful."
Watch "Nerve" Now
Produced by Monster Energy, "Nerve" was written and directed by professional freeski athlete and filmmaker Clayton Vila, who mixed archival footage from Stevenson's career with candid interviews.
After stepping on skis before the age of 2, Stevenson became obsessed with freestyle skiing during his childhood and adolescence. Building his skillset in halfpipe and slopestyle, the Park City local soon turned heads on the amateur circuit. "I skied every day, all winter long. All I wanted to do was go fast, catch air, and learn new tricks," said Stevenson in the documentary.
His immense bag of tricks and penchant for progression landed Stevenson invites to Grand Prix Olympic qualifying events and major competitions series at age 15. Competing against the biggest names on the circuit, the prodigy earned a spot on the U.S. Freeski Team in 2015 and seemed headed for the big stage: The X Games and Winter Olympics. But his world shattered in May 2016 when, on an eleven-hour drive from Mount Hood resort, Stevenson fell asleep at the wheel and veered off the road.
The gifted skier suffered multiple skull fractures in the crash and doctors had little hope for a full recovery, let alone freestyle skiing on a professional level. Over the coming months, Stevenson endured vertigo and memory problems but showed the will to power through the ordeal. After only two months, he was not only able to walk again but ride his bike, asking doctors: "When can I ski again?"
Although his medical team gave Stevenson the green light to resume training, more battles were ahead. After all, completing physical rehab is one thing; landing massive aerials and backflips over a snow park ramp is an entirely different ballgame. Speaking on the experience of landing his first tricks after recovery, Stevenson said in the documentary: "I cannot tell you the rush I had. I never felt so much gratitude in my life. I was weaker, but I still had the muscle memory… It's not over!"
As it turned out, Stevenson was just getting started. Only eight months after the near-fatal crash, Stevenson won his career-first FIS World Cup at Seiser Alm, Italy, in January 2017. From there, he earned a ticket to fulfill his childhood dream: Competing at Winter X Games, the world's biggest stage in action winter sports.
The rest is freeski history: In his debut at X Games Aspen 2020, the Monster Energy athlete achieved what no other X Games rookie had done in the event's twenty-year history: After winning the Ski Knuckle Huck competition, Stevenson became the first rookie in X Games history to claim Ski Slopestyle gold. Since then, he has earned critical acclaim for his progressive IGNITE video part and ended his 2021 season with a first-place Slopestyle finish in the final at the U.S. Grand Prix World Cup, as well as the FIS Slopestyle and Overall Freeski Crystal Globe trophies.
The secret to success? "The crash taught me life lessons that make me a better person and ultimately make me a better competitor," said Stevenson in the documentary.
"Nerve" was written and directed by Monster Energy athlete and filmmaker Clayton Vila. After growing up on Block Island, New England, Vila built a career as a pro freeskier on the strength of self-published online videos, including 2008's "Clayton Vila Shreds Block Island". Vila's debut as a filmmaker, the documentary "For Lack of Better", garnered honors as Film of the Year at the Powder Awards in 2015. He received an X Games bronze medal for his freeski performance in the 2016 Real Ski video competition. Vila produces commercials and films through his production company, Greenpoint Pictures.
Colby Stevenson
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Issa Rae: Movie Academy 'Needs To Do Better' On Diversity
By BETH HARRIS, Associated Press
PASADENA, Calif. (AP) — Issa Rae's quick comment after five men were announced as Oscar nominees for best director was spur of the moment, but for many captured the lack of diversity among this year's nominees.
"We were told to banter for five seconds as the teleprompter loaded, so that was my banter," Rae told a TV critics meeting Wednesday. "I didn't lie. I said congratulations."
This July 24, 2019 file photo shows Issa Rae, an executive producer of the HBO comedy series "A Black Lady Sketch Show," during the 2019 Television Critics Association Summer Press Tour in Beverly Hills, Calif. Rae's quick comment after five men were announced as Oscar nominees for best director was spur of the moment, but captured the lack of diversity among this year's nominees. "We were told to banter for five seconds as the teleprompter loaded, so that was my banter," Rae told a TV critics meeting Wednesday. Rae and fellow actor John Cho announced the nominees on Monday. "Congratulations to those men," Rae said dryly after the director category was revealed. (Photo by Chris Pizzello/Invision/AP)
"Congratulations to those men," Rae said dryly after the director category was revealed Monday. Greta Gerwig, who oversaw the acclaimed "Little Women," was among the women directors who were shut out.
"I just think it's unfortunate. The academy needs to do better," Rae said. "I'm kind of tired of having the same conversation. Every year it's something. For me it's just pointing out when I see it. I don't want to get too worked up about it. It's annoying."
Cynthia Erivo of "Harriet" was the only person of color among the 20 acting nominees. Rae presented this year's Oscar nominations along with fellow actor John Cho.
Rae is working on the upcoming fourth season of her HBO comedy "Insecure," which she created, stars, writes and executive produces.
The Oscars will be presented Feb. 9 in Los Angeles and aired live on ABC.
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