Deloitte Discovery's global capabilities
Going beyond borders to move our clients ahead
Around the world, Deloitte Discovery helps global organizations solve their toughest discovery challenges and improve their discovery processes, programs, and technology. We provide the full spectrum of information governance, computer forensics, Discovery, complex analytics, and document review services. In helping our clients, we bring agile teams with diverse cultural backgrounds and in-depth experience, specialized technical and industry capabilities, and an innovative use of data and emerging technology to uncover possibilities that others fail to find.
Deloitte Discovery services and capabilities
Deloitte Discovery combines the highly specialized skills of Deloitte's people, its highly developed technologies, and the power of the Deloitte global network to provide deeper insights and smarter, more efficient solutions so clients can control costs and mitigate risks during the discovery process. Deloitte's network of member firms has been providing discovery services for nearly 30 years to clients on six continents across five core services: discovery consulting, collection, processing, hosting, and review.
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Deloitte Discovery's Global Guide
Deloitte Discovery has an exceptional team of professionals throughout the Americas, with technology and cross-border abilities to assist with global solutions. For example, to better serve our clients in the evolving Latin American market, the Deloitte Latin American Countries Organization (Deloitte LATCO) was established as a regional organization to unify our firms in that area; with nearly 4,500 professionals distributed among 25 offices in 15 countries.
Deloitte Discovery's America teams also have access to market-leading technology. Some examples of this include Deloitte Canada's National Discovery & Analytic Centre (NDAC) and Deloitte United States' Electronic Discovery Solutions Center (EDSC). The NDAC is the largest private analytic lab in Canada for conducting computer forensic, Discovery and analytic insight engagements. The EDSC is the centerpiece of the discovery operations in the United States and is Deloitte-owned and managed in Nashville, Tennessee. The EDSC is dedicated to handling processing and hosting for all US client projects. It was built to meet key Tier III and Tier IV data center specifications, and currently houses more than 1,000 servers providing 5 petabytes of dedicated storage.
Americas locations include:
Aregentina and Latin America
Caribbean & Bermuda Countries
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The Deloitte Discovery team has a strong presence throughout Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Some examples of this include:
The Deloitte Center of Excellence for Discovery and Computer Forensics (The Center) for mainland Europe, located in the Netherlands, is the largest hosting hub practice with dedicated Discovery professionals. The award-winning Center has multiple quality, sustainability, and security certifications and is one of the most highly sustainable data centers in Europe.
Deloitte Discovery's United Kingdom team has deep capabilities in new areas such as Computer Assisted Review where they have demonstrated to clients the benefits in both cost and risk of adopting this technology. They have also pioneered new service offerings such as Assisted Redaction and Audio Discovery so that clients are able to benefit from our investment with reduced costs through more efficient review. Additionally, the United Kingdom is the site of one of our European data center hubs with robust data processing and hosting facilities in dual data centers, geographically dispersed in East and West London.
The Deloitte Middle East and Northern Africa (MENA) firm is the largest and oldest indigenous public accounting firms in the Middle East, having been in the region for 85 years. Our Deloitte Discovery team is part of the largest Forensic practice in the region with more than 50 specialists.
EMEA locations include:
Denmark
Germany
Ireland
Italy
Middle East and Northern Africa
South Africa and Central Africa
Switzerland
United Kingdom
Deloitte Discovery is well represented in the Asia Pacific region. Some highlights of this team's capabliities include:
Deloitte Discovery is centrally located to collect and process data in Australia, New Zealand, and the South Pacific, with five discovery labs in Australia and one in New Zealand. The Deloitte Discovery team in Australia has provided specialized Discovery services to clients since 1998, and has a demonstrated track record of delivering Discovery services in disputes and regulatory investigations. Their services include the use of sound forensic technology practices to collect, preserve, and process data required for the Discovery process or potential use as evidence in legal proceedings.
Deloitte Discovery's China facilities include two secure, purpose-built discovery labs located on Deloitte premises in Hong Kong and Shanghai. These labs feature logged restricted access, and a stand-alone, segregated, and highly secure IT infrastructure. Each data center has a separate discovery and data analysis network, along with offsite storage of evidence files.
The Deloitte Japan team provides technology-driven solutions that address each step of the EDRM, from forensic collections designed and conducted to capture all structured and unstructured data residing on disparate systems in a legally defensible manner, to assisting with data processing and analysis with cutting-edge tools and techniques. This team is well-versed in addressing the complex challenges of dealing with Japanese language and the issues presented by East Asian double byte character sets.
Asia Pacific locations include:
Japan
Korea
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The priest was Akan. He had been born Akan, and was deeply superstitious. The idea of Odomankoma appealed to him.
The idea that there was a great inventor up there was something that made sense. The idea of someone pulling their strings, was something that was more believable. And so, from his early childhood, Brother Nana Kanu had wholeheartedly devoted himself to the faith.
As it so happened, Brother Kanu was the first of the skeptics to leave while the king was speaking. He felt the king was foolish for enforcing the religion on the people, and that the people would just revolt in opposition to this imposition.
His move was not unnoticed. Hidden from the eyes of all, the assassin watched him leave.
Brother Kanu walked down down the gravel streets of Ashanti towards is church.
Almost everyone was still near the palace, and so the silence would help him think.
Till lately, he had been worrying a lot about death. Now 53 years of age, he guessed he had around a couple of years left in him.
The priest had been worrying about death for quite a while now. He enjoyed the luxury of life, and he didn't want to go. The priest wondered how he would go, where would he go? Was there any way to survive?
After a while, in the deathly silence of the church, the priest arose from the shadows to set home.
Little did he notice that he was being followed. Unnoticed by him, the assassin followed him to his inn. Hers was the room above his, and it would be time to finish the task she set forth for.
The priest walked inside his room, and went to his cot. He was about to lay down, when he heard the glass window crack open. shards of glass fell inside the room.
There was someone outside. The priest walked up to the window, trying not to step on the jarring glass that was all over the floor. He looked out, and saw a rope hanging.
He took a few steps behind in shock.
"Aargh. Damn it, I forgot about the glass" he muttered as he clutched his foot in pain.
He walked up to the table, to drink a glass of water, when he noticed something in the water.
It was slightly murky in texture. He sniffed at it, slightly vary. Was someone trying to poison him?
He went down to the bed, suddenly very scared. He should inform someone, but who was there? Everyone was at the palace, listening to that dratted king lecture on about Satan.
It was almost evening, and the last rays of light were going out, as the priest lay down to go to bed.
Little did he know that death was soon to come to him. The very thing he feared was almost here, and he was going to leave.
The assassin crept in, silently. She made sure not to step on the glass. She took out her dagger, and walked up to bed. She wanted to see his face, his expressions as she slit his throat. She wanted to feel his fear, she wanted to see how he met death.
Much to her surprise, he was ready for her, but he wasn't ready to experience death.
She sat him up against the wall, the dagger in one hand.
"Is your Odomankoma going to save you now?" She mocked.
"Please, please" He grovelled, begging her to release him. But she was adamant, she couldn't feel pity now. She couldn't afford to lose out now. She had to complete this task.
"Say hello to the reaper from me." She said, and quietly slit his throat. His eyes went wide, as blood gushed out of the opening.
She waited for the life to pass out of him, as she sat down as far away from him. She felt exhilarated, accomplished. The high priest would be pleased with her.
Brother Kanu was feeling terrified, he could feel the void closing in on him. His time was up. Memories flashed through his eyes, the first time he had picked up the holy book. He remembered his mother, his father. They were all long dead now. He took in some air one last time, and closed his eyes. In that one split second, he saw the reaper. Scythe in hand, ready to take his soul.
The assassin watched as he closed his eyes, the life leaving the priests body. Her task was complete. She bent across his body, and retrieved her dagger which was on the floor. She had some more work to do now.
She took her dagger in one hand and walked up to the wall opposite to the cot. There was blood on the dagger, and that was what she was going to use to draw the pentacle on the wall. It wasn't in her instructions, but she felt that it would be better to do so.
She scraped out a pentacle on the wall. The wall was quite soft, so it was pretty easy. Now all she had to do was fill the spaces with blood, or make them red to make the scene more gruesome.
Everyone knew that Brother Kanu had been skeptical of the king, so this would send across a sure message to other skeptics out there. Do not mess with Satan.
She took up a cloth, tied it around her hand and rubbed it across the dagger. Blood smeared onto the cloth, and she rubbed it against the pentacle shape on the wall. The red in it symbolized Satan. Her task was complete.
She sat down, she wondered whether or not to write anything. She soon decided to do it.
Thïš íŠ whÅŁ hÃÞþènŠ.
Her scrawl wasn't so good, but the shew as new to this. She would have preferred to write in the ancient Satanic language, but unfortunately she didn't know it. She had a lot to learn.
The assassin crept towards the window. It was time to leave, the satanists were meeting in a while, and it was her time to be there. She took of her mask, letting her face feel some fresh air. She had to go away from here before someone started suspecting things. She had to leave this inn at once.
She went to her room, by the rope she had used to get in. She took her stuff, covered her face again, and left. She didn't look back. She wondered how this murder was going to be taken, but she didn't want to find. She walked out onto the street. It was time.
She had defied everything her father had set on her. She was finally free, or well almost free. Her father was a slave of the king's father. Naturally, she had been forced into slavery as well. But there had been a choice, an actual choice. And he had given her away. He had sold her, his only daughter.
He had sold her into slavery, so that he himself escaped it. His own daughter.
All because he had to pursue his stupid faith.
And today, she had killed him. Her own father, the person who had bound her. She was finally free.
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Posted inCrime & Safety
Brothers charged after 5 bank robberies
Berkeleyside broke the news Sunday about two men tied to a bank robbery in February. Monday, authorities said the brothers from Oakland have actually been tied to five bank heists.
by Emilie Raguso March 27, 2017, 6:25 p.m. October 4, 2022
Police say two brothers who robbed this bank in Berkeley in February also hit four other Bay Area banks. Image: Google Maps
Berkeleyside broke the news Sunday about two men tied to a Berkeley bank robbery in February. Monday, authorities said the men — brothers from Oakland with felony records — have actually been tied to five Bay Area bank robberies dating back to November.
In all five cases, an armed robber wearing a security guard uniform demanded money from the banks, which were in Berkeley, Oakland, Fremont and Alameda. According to court papers, the duo netted more than $40,000 from the heists. One of the brothers, 53-year-old Russell Bartlow, has a prior conviction from 1999 for armed bank robbery, which sent him to prison.
Berkeley investigators became aware of the case in February when a man with a gun in a security guard uniform robbed a bank on Solano Avenue. The man wore a distinctive security jacket, described by police as black with a gold embroidered badge. He approached one of the tellers and demanded cash at gunpoint, BPD said in a prepared statement Monday. The man then ran off down Colusa Avenue and police were unable to catch him.
As they worked the case, detectives learned about three other "similar" robberies, according to court papers obtained by Berkeleyside. The first one took place Nov. 19 in Oakland at a Chase branch, followed by the robbery of an Alameda Citibank on Dec. 10, and a robbery at Bank of the West in Oakland on Jan. 23.
Police said they were able to piece together suspect and vehicle description from witness statements and security footage. That led them to zero in on a White Dodge Challenger identified by police as the "getaway car." OPD stopped the Challenger in January for a vehicle code violation, and because it had been linked to the robberies, police said. Ultimately, that day, OPD let the driver, 36-year-old Jerron Bartlow, leave with a warning.
Investigators continued to look into the younger Bartlow, learning about his movements, vehicles and associates, according to court papers. At one point, detectives saw an older man park a Toyota outside the younger man's home, in the 2000 block of 100th Avenue in Oakland, and let himself inside with a key. Police found out that the registered owner of the Toyota was Russell Bartlow, and found that a prior booking photograph "showed that he looked very similar to the suspect seen on the security video" from one of the Oakland cases. Investigators also learned, at that time, that the elder Bartlow was on federal probation for bank robbery.
Police looked deeper into the Bartlows and learned they had both been on days off from work during four of the five robberies. In the other case, there was a two-hour gap between a robbery and the start of Russell Bartlow's work day, police wrote.
On March 18, BPD became aware of a fifth bank robbery, this time in Fremont, "with the same described suspect wearing the same Security guard uniform armed with a silver semi-automatic handgun," police wrote in court papers.
Last week Wednesday, Berkeley investigators served a search warrant on 100th Avenue, at a residence identified in court papers as the home of both brothers. During the search, police said they found a security guard jacket, black pants and black shoes, and two handguns, "all items consistent with what Russell used during the commission of the Bank Robberies," police wrote.
During police interviews, investigators say Jerron Bartlow admitted that a masked man in a security guard uniform — seen in surveillance footage — looked like his brother, though the younger Bartlow himself denied being involved in any robberies.
The men have been charged by the Alameda County district attorney's office with 13 felonies including armed robbery, use or possession of a firearm by a felon, and possession of heroin for sale. (Jerron Bartlow is facing fewer armed robbery charges, and no drug charges.)
The younger Bartlow has one prior conviction, in 2009 in Alameda County, for possession of cocaine base for sale.
His older brother has seven felony convictions dating back to 1985 related to drug sales, commercial burglary, robbery and armed bank robbery. The most recent conviction was in 1999.
The elder Bartlow, whose listed occupation is a student, is being held on a combined $2.22 million bail. The younger Bartlow, a truck driver, is being held on $410,000 bail, according to online records from the Alameda County sheriff's office. They are being held at Santa Rita Jail and were scheduled for arraignment Monday.
The men are set to enter pleas April 10 at 9 a.m. at the René C. Davidson Courthouse in Oakland.
In its prepared statement, BPD thanked the FBI as well as investigators from Oakland, Alameda and Fremont, "for the teamwork" which led to the arrests.
Monday, BPD spokesman Sgt. Andrew Frankel described bank robberies in the city as "very infrequent."
"It just doesn't happen here all that often anymore," he said.
In 30 days, police have arrested 12 tied to robbery cases, including bank heist
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Tagged: Bank robbery, Berkeley Police, Guns, Home: Lead, North Berkeley, Robberies, Solano Avenue
Emilie Raguso
emilie@berkeleyscanner.com
Emilie Raguso (former senior editor, news) joined Berkeleyside in 2012 and covered politics, public safety and development until her departure in 2022. In 2017, Emilie was named Journalist... More by Emilie Raguso


Towards Justice > Who We Are > Our Board
Barry Baer, Treasurer
Barry Baer is a full time financial management operator and advisor with extensive experience as a Chief Financial Officer, Secretary and Treasurer of public, private and not for profit entities. With over 40 plus years of experience, he also serves on various boards of companies and not for profits as a volunteer. Barry is the CFO of NeoMedia Technologies, Inc where he provides financial, organizational, and operational advice to CEO and staff and ensures compliance with SEC regulations and guidance. Barry also serves as the CFO at Mind Life Institute, Max Katz Bag Company, and Financial Advisor at Action Marketing Group/12foot6. Barry spent much of his career in the military, where he rose to the rank of Colonel. Barry holds a BA and an MBA from the University of Colorado and is a CPA (inactive-Indiana). He is married with two grown children and five grandchildren.
Nina DiSalvo, Director
Nina comes to Towards Justice from Governor Cuomo's administration in New York State, where she served as Special Counsel to the Secretary of State. In that capacity, Nina worked to create the New York State Office for New Americans, the Empire State Fellows Program, and the Regional Economic Development Councils. Nina also managed various divisions within the New York State Department of State, represented the Secretary on boards and commissions, and adjudicated administrative appeals related to occupational licensure. Prior to joining New York State government, Nina was a lawyer associated with Willkie Farr & Gallagher LLP, where she dedicated substantial time to employment law litigation. Nina has also served on the Junior Advisory Board to Her Justice in New York City, worked as a research fellow with human rights organizations in Argentina, and taught high school in rural Puerto Rico. Nina is fluent in Spanish and English, and grew up between upstate New York, Puerto Rico, and the Turks and Caicos islands. Nina received her law degree from the University of Virginia School of Law, and her Bachelor of Arts in government and Latin American studies from Wesleyan University. Nina is on the board of directors of the Community Resource Center and is admitted to practice law in New York and Colorado.
Brian Gonzales, Director
In 2008, Brian Gonzales founded The Law Offices of Brian D. Gonzales to dedicate himself to the vindication of workers' rights. Mr. Gonzales' practice concentrates on representing employees in collective and class action cases to recover overtime pay, stolen tips and other unpaid wages. He has represented thousands of workers in Colorado and throughout the United States, recovering millions of dollars in compensation and forcing companies to bring pay policies into compliance with the law. Prior to founding his firm, Mr. Gonzales was an associate in the complex litigation department of Gibson,Dunn & Crutcher, LLP and subsequently joined a group of Gibson, Dunn attorneys in founding the Denver law firm known as Fognani & Faught, PLLC. Mr. Gonzales earned a bachelor's degree in Philosophy and Psychology from the University of Kansas in 1992 and, in 1996, earned a law degree from the University of Michigan. He is admitted to practice in Texas and Colorado.
David Lopez, Director
David Lopez is a Partner at Outten and Golden and the attorney-in-charge at the firm's Washington, DC office. Mr. Lopez is Co-chair of the Discrimination & Retaliation Practice Group. Mr. Lopez served as General Counsel of the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) from April 8, 2010 until December 9, 2016 – the longest serving General Counsel of the agency. Mr. Lopez was nominated twice by President Barack Obama and confirmed by the Senate in 2010 and 2014. Mr. Lopez is the first EEOC field trial attorney to be appointed as the agency's General Counsel. As General Counsel, Mr. Lopez was in charge of the Commission's litigation program, overseeing the agency's 15 Regional Attorneys and a staff of more than 325 lawyers and legal professionals who conduct or support Commission litigation in district and appellate courts across the country. He has served at the Commission in various capacities for the past 22 years, including as Supervisory Trial Attorney in the Phoenix District Office and Special Assistant to then-Chairman Gilbert F. Casellas. Mr. Lopez has been a Lecturer-in-Law at Harvard Law School and an Adjunct Professor at the Georgetown Law Center.
Prior to joining the EEOC, Mr. Lopez was a Senior Trial Attorney with the Civil Rights Division, Employment Litigation Section, of the U.S. Department of Justice in Washington, DC. Between 1988 and 1991, Mr. Lopez was an Associate with Spiegel and McDiarmid in Washington, DC. Mr. Lopez obtained his J.D. from Harvard Law School in 1988 and graduated magna cum laude from Arizona State University in 1985, with a B.S. in Political Science. Mr. Lopez is admitted to practice in the District of Columbia, as well as the United States Supreme Court, the United States Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit, and the United States Court of Appeals for the 9th Circuit. He is a member of the National Employment Lawyers Association and the College of Labor Employment Lawyers.
Camila Sosman Palmer, Secretary
Camila is an attorney at Elkind Alterman Harston PC, an immigration law firm in downtown Denver. She joined the firm in October 2011, after completing a two year clerkship with the Denver Immigration Court, through the Attorney General's Honors Program. Prior to working at the Immigration Court, Camila was a staff attorney at The Door's Legal Services Center in New York City, where she represented immigrant youth before the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services and the Executive Office for Immigration Review, as well as in New York State family courts. Camila earned her J.D. from Northeastern University School of Law in 2007, where she completed externships with the employment unit at Greater Boston Legal Services, with the Immigrant Defense Project in New York City, and with the U.S. District Court for the Federal District of Puerto Rico. Before entering law school, Camila taught high school Spanish in Washington, DC, was as an immigration paralegal at Ayuda, Inc., and worked on refugee resettlement issues for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in San Jose, Costa Rica. Camila received her bachelor's degree from Middlebury College in 1998 and is fluent in Spanish. She is admitted to the New York Bar and is a member of the Colorado Bar Association and the American Immigration Lawyers Association.
Jeff Williams, President
Jeff Williams is Assistant General Counsel at Cordant Health Solutions, and was previously in-house counsel at DaVita Inc., and an associate attorney at Taylor | Anderson LLP in Denver and Willkie Farr & Gallagher, LLP in New York. Jeff was also selected to serve as the Willkie Pro Bono Extern to Her Justice, a legal services organization that represents victims of domestic violence in family and immigration law matters. Prior to joining the bar, Jeff taught seventh grade history in Los Angeles through Teach for America. Jeff received his law degree from Fordham University School of Law and his bachelor of arts from Hamilton College.


What Makes This Show so Special?
As you are reading this, you may be saying to yourself, "Yeah, it was a good show, but what makes it different from any other show?" And that is a good question, especially if you are considering using the show as a theme for an informal Bible study. Why is this show special? I think Mr. Idelson said it very well when he stated that the show was about man's humanity to man. The show itself is very funny, but the characters are not laughing at each other, they are laughing with each other. How many times did Barney mess up only to have Andy come to his rescue. And not only to get Barney out of trouble, but to get him out of trouble while paying special care not to hurt his feelings. Throughout all the relationships developed during the show, you really got the feeling that the people genuinely cared for each other.
I believe another reason the show is special is a result of the natural talent of the actors and actresses that played the parts. They had a certain chemistry between them that I doubt will ever be duplicated. The show was extremely funny, but there were very few jokes. The writers weren't out to get quick laughs with lame jokes as is the case with many of the current shows today. The humor was in the situations, and the characters' reactions to those situations. Who can forget Barney's monologue on the selfishness of Giraffes while explaining to Opie why it was OK for the dogs to be out in the thunderstorm (Dogs, Dogs, Dogs), or the look on Andy's face when Barney explains that he bought his parents a septic tank for their anniversary (Barney's First Car), or Barney, Goober, and Floyd trying to contact the mystical Count Ist Van Telecky in the back room of the Court House (Three Wishes for Opie).
I also believe the show was a success because it made us feel at home. Even though there was never a "real" Mayberry, we all felt very comfortable there. We all wanted to go to Mayberry just to sit in the courthouse and share a cup of coffee with Andy and Barney, or go home to one of Aunt Bee's Sunday dinners, or even sit on the porch while Andy played the guitar and sang "Church in the Wildwood". Which brings me to another point of why the show was special - the music.
Andy Griffith made it a point to include music in the series wherever he could. Whether it was rehearsing with the town band, practicing with Barney and the choir, or singing "Leaning on the Everlasting Arms" at Charlene Darling's mountain wedding, the music was there. On several occasions the show featured the talented folk music group, The Dillards. Of course we knew them as the Darlings with Briscoe Darling (Denver Pyle) as the patriarch. It was obvious that Andy Griffith considered the music a very important part of the series. His love for music is still evident today with his recent release of two award winning gospel music albums.
Why the Show is Special to Me
Why the Show Makes Sense for a Bible Class
Preparing for the Class


Academic Dress - Definition of Clothing Apparel Search
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If you are ready to graduate from high school or a university, you may need graduation clothing. Most importantly, you will need a cap & gown for graduation. Before buying a set, check with your school to see if they order them for you.
Academic dress or academical dress is traditional clothing worn specifically in academic settings. It is more commonly seen nowadays only at graduation ceremonies, but in former times academic dress was, and to a lesser extent in many ancient universities still is, worn on a daily basis. This article deals chiefly with academic dress in the English-speaking world.
Academic dress in most universities in the Commonwealth is derived from the academic dress of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge, which themselves are a development of academic and clerical dress common throughout the medieval universities of Europe. In the United States, however, academic dress has also been influenced by the academic dress of continental Europe.
Academic dress today generally consists of a gown, hood and sometimes a cap (either a mortarboard or a bonnet). When wearing academic dress, it is usual to dress formally and soberly beneath the gown; so, for example, males would typically wear a dark lounge suit with a white shirt and tie, or military or national dress, and females would wear equivalent attire.
British academic dress
The gown
The modern gown is derived from the roba worn under the cappa clausa, a garment resembling a long black cape. In early medieval times, all students at the universities were in at least minor orders, and were required to wear the cappa or other clerical dress, and restricted to clothes of black or other dark color.
The gowns most commonly worn, that of the Bachelor of Arts (BA) and Master of Arts (MA), are substantially the same throughout the English-speaking world. Both are traditionally made of black stuff, or cloth, (although occasionally the gown is dyed in one of the college's colors) and have the material at the back of the gown gathered into a yoke. The BA gown has bell-shaped sleeves, while the MA gown has long sleeves closed at the end, with the arm passing through a slit above the elbow. In the Commonwealth, gowns are worn open, while in the United States it has become common for gowns to close at the front, as did the original roba.
Undergraduates at many older universities also wear gowns; the most common is a smaller knee-length version of the BA gown. In some ancient Scottish universities the undergraduate's gown is red.
Dress and Undress
Since medieval times, doctors, like bishops and cardinals, have been authorised to wear garments of brighter colors such as scarlet, purple or red. In many older universities, doctors have scarlet dress gowns or robes which are worn on special occasions (for example, at graduation ceremonies and on certain festivals of the Christian calendar), as well as a black undress gowns which is worn on ordinary occasions. In Oxford, as well as full dress and undress gowns, there is a third form of dress, the Convocation habit or chemir , which is a scarlet sleeveless garment worn over the black gown, with the sleeves of the gown pulled through the armholes of the chemir. This is worn at meetings of Convocation or Congregation, including at degree ceremonies by non-graduands.
The academic cap or square, commonly known as the "mortarboard", has come to be symbolic of academia, and can be worn by graduates and undergraduates alike. It is a flat square hat with a tassel suspended from a button in the top center of the board. Properly worn, the cap is parallel to the ground, though some people, especially women, wear it angled back.
The mortarboard may also be referred to as a trencher cap (or simply trencher). In many universities, holders of doctorates wear a soft rounded headpiece known as a Tudor bonnet, rather than a trencher.
As with other forms of headgear, academic caps are not generally worn indoors by men (other than by the Chancellor or other high officials), but are usually carried. In some graduation ceremonies caps have been dispensed of altogether for men, being issued only to women, who do wear them indoors. This has led to urban legends in a number of universities in the United Kingdom which have as a common theme that idea that the wearing of the cap was abandoned in protest at the admission of women to the university. This story is told at the University of Cambridge, the University of Bristol, the University of Durham, and the University of St Andrews, among others.
The hood was originally a functional civilian garment, worn to shield the head from the elements. In the English tradition, it has developed to an often bright and decorative garment worn only on special occasions. It is also worn by the clergy of the Church of England in choir dress over the surplice.
The traditional hood consists of a cape and a cowl, as in the full Cambridge shape. In Oxford, the bachelors' and masters' hoods have lost their cape. Various other British universities have different shapes and patterns of hoods, in some cases corresponding to the pattern current at the ancient universities at the time when they were founded, and in others representing a completely new design.
The color and lining of hoods in academic dress represents the status of the wearer. In many Commonwealth universities bachelors wear hoods edged or lined with white rabbit fur, while masters wear hoods lined with colored silk (originally ermine or other expensive fur). Doctors' hoods are normally made of scarlet cloth and lined with colored silk. Undergraduates do not normally wear hoods, but some have adopted the black unlined literates' hood worn by Anglican clergymen without degrees.
As well as deriving from British academic dress, academic dress in the United States has been influenced by the academic dress traditions of continental Europe. There is an Inter-Collegiate code which sets out a detailed uniform scheme of academic dress, but not all colleges follow it.
Bachelors' and masters' gowns in the United States are similar to their counterparts in the United Kingdom, but are worn closed.
Doctoral robes are typically black, although some schools use robes in the school's colors. In general, doctoral gowns are similar to the gowns worn by master's graduates, with the addition of velvet stripes across the sleeves and running down the front of the gown, tinted with the disciplinary color for the degree received. The robes have full sleeves trimmed with bands of velvet instead of the bell sleeves of the master's gown. Some gowns open more at the front to display a tie or cravat, while others take an almost cape-like form.
In the US, academic dress is rarely worn outside commencement ceremonies. In many American schools, the color of the hood represents the school or department that the wearer is graduating from. A number of other items, cords or sashes, may be also seen worn, representing various academic achievements.
The tassel worn on the mortarboard may indicate the university's colors, or the colors of the specific college or discipline from which the student is graduating. There is in some universities a practice of moving the tassel from one side to the other on graduating, but this is a modern innovation which would be impractical out of doors due to the vagaries of the wind. However, this mark of transition to graduate status has the benefit of taking less time than more traditional indicators such as the conferring of the hood (which is done at some Scottish universities), or a complete change of dress partway through the ceremony (as at Oxford).
Inter-Collegiate colors
The colors allocated to the various academic disciplines have been largely standardized, and are:
Agriculture - Maize
Arts, Letters, Humanities - White
Business - Tan
Commerce, Accountancy, Business - Drab
Dentistry - Lilac
Economics - Copper
Education - Light Blue
Engineering - Orange
Fine Arts - Brown
Forestry - Russet
Journalism - Crimson
Law - Purple
Library Science - Lemon
Medicine - Green
Music - Pink
Nursing - Apricot
Oratory (Speech) - Silver Gray
Pharmacy - Olive Green
Philosophy - Dark Blue
Physical Education - Sage Green
Public Administration - Peacock Blue
Public Health - Salmon Pink
Science - Golden Yellow
Social Work - Citron
Theology - Scarlet
Veterinary Science - Gray
If you are ready to graduate, you may be tired of reading. However, it may be helpful to read up on issues relevant to graduation (graduation books on Amazon.
The following articles describe in more detail on the academic dress schemes and usages of various universities:
Academic dress of the University of Bristol
Academic dress of Cambridge University
Academic dress of Durham University
Academic dress of the University of Hertfordshire
Academic dress of the University of London
Academic dress at Loughborough University
Academic dress of Oxford University
Academic dress of the University of Wales
Academic dress of the University of Wales, Lampeter
Cap & Gown Retailers (Graduation Clothing)
Search the internet for additional Textile & Clothing definitions and Glossaries.
fabric & Textile Industry Definitions
Fashion Terms / Fashion History / Fashion Designers / Fashion Brands etc.
Dye & Dyeing Industry Terms
Embroidery & Embroidery Industry Terms
fibers & fiber Industry Definitions
Sewing Terms & Definitions
yarns & yarn Industry Definitions
Hat & Headwear Definitions
Shipping Industry Freight Definitions
Academic Scarf
Artistic Dress Movement
Evening Dress (White Tie)
Court Dress
Pant Definition
Trouser Definition
The above article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ( https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/academic_dress). 8/5/05
Fashion Industry Fashion Models


Case of the Day – Monday, March 15, 2021
When is a tree not a tree?
Today's case has nothing to do with trees, unless you count those awful faux-tree cellphone towers many cities are requiring cellphone carriers to erect. While not arboriculture related, today's decision illustrates the danger of stretching causation, a risk that has reared its ugly head in tree liability cases before (as we shall see tomorrow).
Captain Robert Johnson was a jailer at the Lee Correctional Institution in South Carolina. As a correctional officer, Mr. Johnson was responsible – among other duties – for seizing cellphones and other contraband from inmates.
In March 2010, an assailant entered Mr. Johnson's home and shot him six times in the chest and stomach. His wife, Mary Johnson, witnessed the attack. Mr. Johnson survived but underwent many surgeries and months of rehabilitation.
The U.S. Attorney for the District of South Carolina concluded after a thorough investigation that a group of inmates ordered the attack in retaliation for Mr. Johnson's confiscation of their contraband cellphones and other goods. The U.S. Attorney found that an unnamed inmate had used a cellphone to communicate with the shooter, Sean Echols. That inmate also paid Echols. Echols eventually pled guilty to conspiracy to use interstate facilities in murder-for-hire under federal law.
This is where the case begins to provide a lesson for those of us interested in negligence. One would think that the wrongdoers would be sued – the conspirators, the shooter – but the Johnsons knew full well that the inmates didn't have anything, and the shooter, who's now serving 20 years, was unlikely to have much of a pocketbook, either. The challenge for the Johnsons' attorney was to find someone with a deep pocket.
He found someone (or several someones). Let's shoot the messenger, or – in this case – the people who owned the medium used to delivered the conspirators' messages. Using a "but for" analysis that would have impressed Mrs. Palsgraf, the Johnsons' lawyer figured that but for the fact that cellphone towers were located near the prison, there wouldn't have been any cellphone calls from the prison, and thus, no one could have called the shooter to importune him to shoot Capt. Johnson. For that matter, without cellphones, the prisoners wouldn't have been stirred up to begin with. So who should we sue? The cellphone companies, of course, as well as the guy who owns the land the cell towers are sitting on, just for good measure.
Of course, this kind of attenuated reasoning is what makes fat people sue McDonalds for selling Big Macs (no Big Macs, no temptation, no overeating, no fat people), or why a man sued Walmart because a plastic bag of groceries split in the parking lot, a can of LaChoy chow mein fell on his wife's foot, the foot became infected and she died. Really.
It's too bad Capt. Johnson got shot, and we're all glad he recovered. But to conclude that cell carriers should pay is to stretch causation to the absurd. I blame the Johnsons' lawyer, who should have known better. Perhaps a copy of Prosser on Torts should fall out of his briefcase onto his foot, and… well, you get it.
Johnson v. American Towers, LLC, 781 F.3d 693 (4th Cir., 2015). Robert Johnson, a prison guard in Bishopville, South Carolina, was shot multiple times in his home. The ensuing investigation revealed that the attack was ordered by an inmate at the prison where Mr. Johnson worked, using a contraband cellphone. Mr. Johnson survived the attack and, with his wife, later brought suit. The Johnsons did not, however, sue the typical defendants – the shooter, a prison inmate or an employee. Rather, the Johnsons sued several cellular phone service providers and owners of cell phone towers, seeking to recover under state-law negligence and loss of consortium theories. The Johnsons alleged that the cell providers "were aware of the illegal use of cellphones by inmates using signals emitted and received at the defendants' towers" and that "this use created an unreasonable risk of harm." According to the Johnsons, the defendants failed to take steps to curb illegal cellphone use.
In the district court's view, "the Johnsons' argument suggests only a desire to conduct a fishing expedition to determine if there is any factual basis for asserting claims against any Defendants… This is not enough." Thus, the trial court dismissed the case on several technical issues, the most significant of which was that the complaint, even if true, could not make the cellphone companies liable.
The Johnsons appealed.
Held: The Johnsons' claims fail due to the "speculative nature of their allegations."
The Court of Appeals reviews rulings on motions to dismiss de novo, accepting all the factual allegations in the complaint as true, and drawing all reasonable inferences in the Johnsons' favor.
Even reviewing the lower court's decision according to this relaxed standard, the Court concluded that "the Johnsons have failed to allege sufficient facts to set forth a plausible claim for relief." A complaint must be dismissed if it does not allege enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face. A properly pleaded complaint must offer more than "'naked assertions' devoid of 'further factual enhancement.'" A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. In other words, a complaint must include "more than an unadorned, the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation."
The Johnsons' complaint contained the bare assertion that "an inmate at the prison using a cellphone ordered a coconspirator outside of the prison to kill Captain Johnson." The Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals held that the Johnsons had failed to offer "any further factual enhancement to support their claims against the Defendants. For example, the Johnsons' complaint does not identify the wireless service provider who carried the alleged call or when the alleged call occurred. Without more factual allegations, it is impossible for a district court to assess the Johnsons' claims."
The Court said that the complaint would leave the cellphone carriers unable to determine whether it carried the alleged call without more identifying information.
The appellate court said that the Johnsons were free to file a new lawsuit if they could come up with additional information, because the district court dismissed the complaint without prejudice. However, "as currently drafted… the complaint resembles a prohibited fishing expedition rather than a properly pleaded complaint."
← Case of the Day – Friday, March 12, 2021
Case of the Day – Tuesday, March 16, 2021 →


Fruit pickers being paid $3 an hour 'disgraceful'
An investigation has found backpackers working in the fruit picking industry are being paid as little as $3 per hour. The McKell Institute probe of conditions in the Coffs Harbour region of New South Wales found people were being offered just $60 a day to work on blueberry farms. Agriculture Minister David Littleproud said the rate of pay was "unacceptable" and "disgraceful". "It's disgraceful, there's no other way you can sugar-coat it," he told Sky News. "What needs to happen is those small minority that bend the rules and cut corners and exploit people need to be weeded out," he told Sky News. "It actually destroys the reputation of agricultural work, and that's not what we want, the vast majority do the right thing." The Australian Workers Union has demanded a royal commission into conditions among fruit-picking workers. When asked if he would support a royal commission, Mr Littleproud said "you never say never to a royal commission". National Farmers' Federation said the bad conduct is among "very few" employers and threatens to tarnish the reputation of the majority of growers.


Italy interior minister calls for repatriation of Tunisian migrants
https://www.meforum.org/islamist-watch/56971/italy-interior-minister-calls-for-repatriation
Italian Interior Minister Matteo Salvini on Thursday called for all Tunisians who are in his country illegally to be repatriated and for illicit migration to be "blocked", during a visit to Tunis.
The hardline Italian minister spoke following a meeting with Tunisia's President Beji Caid Essebsi, and several days after Italy's government adopted a series of measures promising to limit clandestine immigration.
"The priority was to block the hundreds of thousands of uncontrolled arrivals that we have received these last years," Salvini said during a joint press conference with his Tunisian counterpart Hichem Fourati.
"We are working with the Tunisian authorities to...escort to Tunisia those who come from Tunisia", the Italian minister said.
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Klay Thompson's Hot Streak and Other Warriors Trends and Stats to Know
By Grant Liffmann	• Published February 7, 2019 • Updated on February 7, 2019 at 6:46 pm
It's crazy, I know. An article that has nothing to do with speculation on where Kevin Durant will end up next season.
Instead, let's focus on the season at hand and the Warriors' trends and statistics that are worth knowing at this very moment.
The Warriors go as Klay goes
The Warriors have won 14 of their last 16 games. What changed?
Well, 17 games ago the Warriors lost to the Portland Trail Blazers, as Klay Thompson only hit six of 19 shots and only two of his nine shots from deep. This was the final nail on the coffin on a rough 14-game stretch in which the Warriors only won eight games. During that stretch, Klay averaged under 18 points per game, on sub-40 percent shooting from the field and 30 percent from deep. The frustration from Klay was mounting, and questions started about how long the "slump" would last.
To many, the Warriors' success is directly related to Steph Curry's productivity, and the same can be said for Kevin Durant. But to me, the real indicator of success is when Klay is shooting well. Curry and Durant will draw double-teams and make the opposing team strategize to get the ball out of their hands.
In doing so, the ball will often end up with Klay, so it is up to him to spread the floor and make the defense pay.
Over the last 16 games, pay they have. Klay has been on fire, scoring an average of 24.3 points, on an outstanding 55 percent from the field and 51 percent from three-point land. And the Warriors' record has reflected it.
Looney's better AFTER Boogie's return
Justifiably so, there were question marks regarding Kevon Looney's role once DeMarcus Cousins returned. Looney had replaced the injured Damian Jones in the starting lineup and had played very well in Jones' absence. Looney had issues competing defensively against large bruising centers, but other than that, Looney was everything the Warriors could have asked for.
He attacked the rim, showed great burst, defended smaller guards when forced into a switch, scrapped for rebounds especially on the offensive end, and even showed a newly confident jumper. So with Boogie's return and Looney's return back to a bench role, there were fears that his newfound aggressiveness would fade away coinciding with diminishing playing time.
It could not have gone differently. Before Boogie's return, Looney was averaging 21 minutes per game, scoring 6.6 points on 63 percent shooting and 6 rebounds. In the 8 games since the return, Looney is averaging nearly 21 minutes per game, scoring 8.8 points on 60 percent shooting and 6.3 rebounds. His assertiveness has taken a leap and he no longer fears taking contact or getting blocked under the hoop. He uses his length and growing explosiveness to attack the rim.
The best way to summarize this change can be seen in this statistical comparison: In 66 games last season, Looney dunked the ball 39 times. This season in 53 games played, he has 80 dunks. Looney is blossoming, and he is STILL the youngest player on the team at only 23 years old.
[RELATED: Looney opens up about 'low point' in NBA career]
Shaun Livingston is back
We have looked into how Klay's turnaround was a catalyst for the Warriors winning 14 of 16 games, but let's also check out Shaun Livingston's impact on the second unit. The 33-year old veteran had a slow start to the season for his standards.
Over his first 26 games played, sprinkled with missed games due to minor injuries, he averaged 16 minutes per game, scoring 4.4 points on 43 percent shooting. The shooting percentage was the most concerning, as Livingston in his Warriors career has shot a great 52 percent from the field, with his lethal mid-range game and his pogo-stick type hops.
Was Livingston finally over the hill and starting his decline?
Nope. Not yet. Shaun has turned it on during the Warriors' successful 16-game stretch.
Shaun has played fewer minutes than before, averaging 13.5 minutes per game but has raised his scoring to 4.8 points and most importantly, an exceptional increase in efficiency to 62 percent shooting. It seems like he is finally playing healthy, pushing the tempo and hunting shots.
He has solidified the second unit alongside a resurgent Andre Iguodala, pushing the Warriors to reach new levels offensively.


Network Working Group
G. Camarillo
A. Johnston
Conference Establishment Using Request-Contained Lists
in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
This document describes how to create a conference using SIP URI-list services. In particular, it describes a mechanism that allows a User Agent Client to provide a conference server with the initial list of participants using an INVITE-contained URI list.
3. User Agent Client Procedures ....................................2
3.1. Response Handling ..........................................2
3.2. Re-INVITE Request Generation ...............................3
4. URI-List Document Format ........................................3
5. Conference Server Procedures ....................................5
5.1. Re-INVITE Request Handling .................................6
6. Example .........................................................6
7. Security Considerations ........................................10
8. IANA Considerations ............................................10
9. Acknowledgments ................................................11
Section 5.4 of [RFC4579] describes how to create a conference using ad hoc SIP [RFC3261] methods. The client sends an INVITE request to a conference factory URI and receives the actual conference URI, which contains the "isfocus" feature tag, in the Contact header field of a response -- typically a 200 (OK) response.
Once the UAC (User Agent Client) obtains the conference URI, it can add participants to the newly created conference in several ways, which are described in [RFC4579].
Some environments have tough requirements regarding conference establishment time. They require the UAC to be able to request the creation of an ad hoc conference and to provide the conference server with the initial set of participants in a single operation. This document describes how to meet this requirement using the mechanism to transport URI lists in SIP messages described in [RFC5363].
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
3. User Agent Client Procedures
A UAC that wants to include the set of initial participants in its initial INVITE request to create an ad hoc conference adds a body whose disposition type is 'recipient-list', as defined in [RFC5363], with a URI list that contains the participants that the UAC wants the conference server to invite. Additionally, the UAC MUST include the 'recipient-list-invite' option-tag (which is registered with the IANA in Section 8) in a Require header field. The UAC sends this INVITE request to the conference factory URI.
The INVITE transaction is also part of an offer/answer exchange that will establish a session between the UAC and the conference server, as specified in [RFC4579]. Therefore, the INVITE request may need to carry a multipart body: a session description and a URI list.
3.1. Response Handling
The status code in the response to the INVITE request does not provide any information about whether or not the conference server was able to bring the users in the URI list into the conference. That is, a 200 (OK) response means that the conference was created successfully, that the UAC that generated the INVITE request is in the conference, and that the server understood the URI list. If the UAC wishes to obtain information about the status of other users in the conference, it SHOULD use general conference mechanisms, such as the conference package, which is defined in [RFC4575].
3.2. Re-INVITE Request Generation
The previous sections have specified how to include a URI list in an initial INVITE request to a conference server. Once the INVITE- initiated dialog between the UAC and the conference server has been established, the UAC can send subsequent INVITE requests (typically referred to as re-INVITE requests) to the conference server to, for example, modify the characteristics of the media exchanged with the server.
At this point, there are no semantics associated with 'recipient- list' bodies in re-INVITE requests (although future extensions may define them). Therefore, UACs SHOULD NOT include 'recipient-list' bodies in re-INVITE requests sent to a conference server.
Note that a difference between an initial INVITE request and a re-INVITE request is that while the initial INVITE request is sent to the conference factory URI, the re-INVITE request is sent to the URI provided by the server in a Contact header field when the dialog was established. Therefore, from the UAC's point of view, the resource identified by the former URI supports 'recipient- list' bodies, while the resource identified by the latter does not support them.
4. URI-List Document Format
As described in [RFC5363], specifications of individual URI-list services, like the conferencing service described here, need to specify a default format for 'recipient-list' bodies used within the particular service.
The default format for 'recipient-list' bodies for conferencing UAs (User Agents) is the XML resource list format (which is specified in [RFC4826]) extended with the "Extensible Markup Language (XML) Format Extension for Representing Copy Control Attributes in Resource Lists" [RFC5364]. Consequently, conferencing UACs generating 'recipient- list' bodies MUST support both of these formats and MAY support other formats. Conferencing servers able to handle 'recipient-list' bodies MUST support both of these formats and MAY support other formats.
As described in "Extensible Markup Language (XML) Format Extension for Representing Copy Control Attributes in Resource Lists" [RFC5364], each URI can be tagged with a 'copyControl' attribute set to either "to", "cc", or "bcc", indicating the role in which the recipient will get the INVITE request. Additionally, URIs can be tagged with the 'anonymize' attribute to prevent the conference server from disclosing the target URI in a URI list.
In addition, "Extensible Markup Language (XML) Format Extension for Representing Copy Control Attributes in Resource Lists" [RFC5364] defines a 'recipient-list-history' body that contains the list of recipients. The default format for 'recipient-list-history' bodies for conferencing UAs is also the XML resource list document format specified in [RFC4826] extended with "Extensible Markup Language (XML) Format Extension for Representing Copy Control Attributes in Resource Lists" [RFC5364]. Consequently, conferencing UACs able to generate 'recipient-list-history' bodies MUST support these formats and MAY support others. Conferencing UAs able to understand 'recipient-list-history' MUST support these formats and MAY support others. Conferencing servers able to handle 'recipient-list-history' bodies MUST support these formats and MAY support others.
Nevertheless, the XML resource list document specified in [RFC4826] provides features, such as hierarchical lists and the ability to include entries by reference relative to the XML Configuration Access Protocol (XCAP) root URI, that are not needed by the conferencing service defined in this document, which only needs to transfer a flat list of URIs between a UA (User Agent) and the conference server. Therefore, when using the default resource list document, conferencing UAs SHOULD use flat lists (i.e., no hierarchical lists) and SHOULD NOT use <entry-ref> elements. A conference factory application receiving a URI list with more information than what has just been described MAY discard all the extra information.
Figure 1 shows an example of a flat list that follows the XML resource list document (specified in [RFC4826]) extended with "Extensible Markup Language (XML) Format Extension for Representing Copy Control Attributes in Resource Lists" [RFC5364].
<resource-lists xmlns="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:resource-lists"
xmlns:cp="urn:ietf:params:xml:ns:copycontrol">
<list>
<entry uri="sip:bill@example.com" cp:copyControl="to"  />
<entry uri="sip:joe@example.org" cp:copyControl="cc" />
<entry uri="sip:ted@example.net" cp:copyControl="bcc" />
</list>
</resource-lists>
Figure 1: URI list
5. Conference Server Procedures
Conference servers that are able to receive and process INVITE requests with a 'recipient-list' body SHOULD include a 'recipient- list-invite' option-tag in a Supported header field when responding to OPTIONS requests.
On reception of an INVITE request containing a 'recipient-list' body as described in Section 3, a conference server MUST follow the rules described in [RFC4579] to create ad hoc conferences. Once the ad hoc conference is created, the conference server SHOULD attempt to add the participants in the URI list to the conference as if their addition had been requested using any of the methods described in [RFC4579].
The INVITE transaction is also part of an offer/answer exchange that will establish a session between the UAC and the conference server, as specified in [RFC4579]. Therefore, the INVITE request may carry a multipart body: a session description and a URI list.
Once the conference server has created the ad hoc conference and has attempted to add the initial set of participants, the conference server behaves as a regular conference server and MUST follow the rules in [RFC4579].
The incoming INVITE request will contain a URI-list body or reference (as specified in [RFC5363]) with the actual list of recipients. If this URI list includes resources tagged with the 'copyControl' attribute set to a value of "to" or "cc", the conference server SHOULD include a URI list in each of the outgoing INVITE requests. This list SHOULD be formatted according to the XML format for representing resource lists (specified in [RFC4826]) and the copyControl extension specified in [RFC5364].
The URI-list service MUST follow the procedures specified in [RFC5364] with respect to the handling of the 'anonymize', 'count', and 'copyControl' attributes.
If the conference server includes a URI list in an outgoing INVITE request, it MUST include a Content-Disposition header field (which is specified in [RFC2183]) with the value set to 'recipient-list- history' and a 'handling' parameter (as specified in [RFC3204]) set to "optional".
5.1. Re-INVITE Request Handling
At this point, there are no semantics associated with 'recipient- list' bodies in re-INVITE requests (although future extensions may define them). Therefore, a conference server receiving a re-INVITE request with a 'recipient-list' body and, consequently, a 'recipient-list-invite' option-tag, following standard SIP procedures, rejects it with a 420 (Bad Extension), which carries an Unsupported header field listing the 'recipient-list-invite' option- tag.
This is because the resource identified by the conference URI does not actually support this extension. On the other hand, the resource identified by the conference factory URI does support this extension and, consequently, would include the 'recipient- list-invite' option-tag in, for example, responses to OPTIONS requests.
6. Example
Figure 2 shows an example of operation. A UAC sends an INVITE request (F1) that contains an SDP body and a URI list to the conference server. The conference server answers with a 200 (OK) response and generates an INVITE request to each of the UASs (User Agent Servers) identified by the URIs included in the URI list. The conference server includes SDP and a manipulated URI list in each of the outgoing INVITE requests.
+--------+        +---------+      +--------+ +--------+ +--------+
|SIP UAC |        | confer. |      |SIP UAS | |SIP UAS | |SIP UAS |
|        |        | server  |      |   1    | |   2    | |   n    |
|                  |               |          |          |
| F1 INVITE        |               |          |          |
| ---------------->|               |          |          |
| F2 200 OK        |               |          |          |
|<---------------- |  F3 INVITE    |          |          |
|                  | ------------->|          |          |
|                  |  F4 INVITE    |          |          |
|                  | ------------------------>|          |
|                  | ----------------------------------->|
|                  |  F6 200 OK    |          |          |
|                  |<------------- |          |          |
|                  |<------------------------ |          |
|                  |<----------------------------------- |
Figure 2: Example of operation
Figure 3 shows an example of the INVITE request F1, which carries a multipart/mixed body composed of two other bodies: an application/sdp body that describes the session and an application/resource-lists+xml body that contains the list of target URIs.
INVITE sip:conf-fact@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP atlanta.example.com
;branch=z9hG4bKhjhs8ass83
Max-Forwards: 70
To: "Conf Factory" <sip:conf-fact@example.com>
From: Alice <sip:alice@example.com>;tag=32331
Call-ID: d432fa84b4c76e66710
CSeq: 1 INVITE
Contact: <sip:alice@atlanta.example.com>
Allow: INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, BYE, REFER
Allow-Events: dialog
Accept: application/sdp, message/sipfrag
Require: recipient-list-invite
Content-Type: multipart/mixed;boundary="boundary1"
--boundary1
Content-Type: application/sdp
o=alice 2890844526 2890842807 IN IP4 atlanta.example.com
s=-
c=IN IP4 192.0.2.1
t=0 0
m=audio 20000 RTP/AVP 0
a=rtpmap:0 PCMU/8000
m=video 20002 RTP/AVP 31
a=rtpmap:31 H261/90000
Content-Type: application/resource-lists+xml
Content-Disposition: recipient-list
<entry uri="sip:bill@example.com" cp:copyControl="to" />
<entry uri="sip:randy@example.net" cp:copyControl="to"
cp:anonymize="true"/>
<entry uri="sip:eddy@example.com" cp:copyControl="to"
<entry uri="sip:carol@example.net" cp:copyControl="cc"
<entry uri="sip:andy@example.com" cp:copyControl="bcc" />
--boundary1--
Figure 3: INVITE request received at the conference server
The INVITE requests F3, F4, and F5 are similar in nature. All those INVITE requests contain a multipart/mixed body that is composed of two other bodies: an application/sdp body describing the session and an application/resource-lists+xml containing the list of recipients. The application/resource-lists+xml bodies are not equal to the application/resource-lists+xml included in the received INVITE request F1, because the conference server has anonymized those URIs tagged with the 'anonymize' attribute and has removed those URIs tagged with a "bcc" 'copyControl' attribute. Figure 4 shows an example of the message F3.
INVITE sip:bill@example.com SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/TCP conference.example.com
;branch=z9hG4bKhjhs8as454
To: <sip:bill@example.com>
From: Conference Server <sip:conf34@example.com>;tag=234332
Call-ID: 389sn189dasdf
Contact: <sip:conf34@conference.example.com>;isfocus
Allow-Events: dialog, conference
o=conf 2890844343 2890844343 IN IP4 conference.example.com
Content-Disposition: recipient-list-history; handling=optional
<entry uri="sip:anonymous@anonymous.invalid" cp:copyControl="to"
cp:count="2"/>
<entry uri="sip:anonymous@anonymous.invalid" cp:copyControl="cc"
Figure 4: INVITE request sent by the conference server
This document discusses setup of SIP conferences using a request- contained URI list. Both conferencing and URI-list services have specific security requirements, which are summarized here. Conferences generally have authorization rules about who can or cannot join a conference, what type of media can or cannot be used, etc. This information is used by the focus to admit or deny participation in a conference. It is RECOMMENDED that these types of authorization rules be used to provide security for a SIP conference.
For this authorization information to be used, the focus needs to be able to authenticate potential participants. Normal SIP mechanisms, including Digest authentication and certificates, can be used. These conference-specific security requirements are discussed further in the requirements and framework documents -- [RFC4245] and [RFC4353].
For conference creation using a list, there are some additional security considerations. "Framework and Security Considerations for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) URI-List Services" [RFC5363] discusses issues related to SIP URI-list services. Given that a conference server sending INVITE requests to a set of users acts as a URI-list service, implementations of conference servers that handle lists MUST follow the security-related rules in [RFC5363]. These rules include opt-in lists and mandatory authentication and authorization of clients.
This document defines the 'recipient-list-invite' SIP option-tag. It has been registered in the Option Tags subregistry under the SIP parameter registry. The following is the description used in the registration:
+------------------------+------------------------------+-----------+
| Name                   | Description                  | Reference |
| recipient-list-invite  | The body contains a list of  | [RFC5366] |
|                        | URIs that indicates the      |           |
|                        | recipients of the SIP INVITE |           |
|                        | request                      |           |
Table 1: Registration of the 'recipient-list-invite' option-tag
in SIP
9. Acknowledgments
Cullen Jennings, Hisham Khartabil, Jonathan Rosenberg, and Keith Drage provided useful comments on this document. Miguel Garcia- Martin assembled the dependencies to the 'copyControl' attribute extension.
[RFC2183]  Troost, R., Dorner, S., and K. Moore, Ed., "Communicating
Presentation Information in Internet Messages: The
Content-Disposition Header Field", RFC 2183, August 1997.
[RFC3204]  Zimmerer, E., Peterson, J., Vemuri, A., Ong, L., Audet,
F., Watson, M., and M. Zonoun, "MIME media types for ISUP
and QSIG Objects", RFC 3204, December 2001.
[RFC4579]  Johnston, A. and O. Levin, "Session Initiation Protocol
(SIP) Call Control - Conferencing for User Agents", BCP
119, RFC 4579, August 2006.
[RFC4826]  Rosenberg, J., "Extensible Markup Language (XML) Formats
for Representing Resource Lists", RFC 4826, May 2007.
[RFC5363]  Camarillo, G. and A.B. Roach, "Framework and Security
Considerations for Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) URI-
List Services", RFC 5363, October 2008.
[RFC5364]  Garcia-Martin, M. and G. Camarillo, "Extensible Markup
Language (XML) Format Extension for Representing Copy
Control Attributes in Resource Lists", RFC 5364, October
[RFC4245]  Levin, O. and R. Even, "High-Level Requirements for
Tightly Coupled SIP Conferencing", RFC 4245, November
[RFC4353]  Rosenberg, J., "A Framework for Conferencing with the
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)", RFC 4353, February
[RFC4575]  Rosenberg, J., Schulzrinne, H., and O. Levin, Ed., "A
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Event Package for
Conference State", RFC 4575, August 2006.
Gonzalo Camarillo
Hirsalantie 11
Jorvas  02420
EMail: Gonzalo.Camarillo@ericsson.com
St. Louis, MO  63124
alan@sipstation.com
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Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii: First Childhood Home High-Rise Rental Unit of a U.S. President
Barack Obama, America's 44th President, lived in a 10th-floor apartment with his grandparents, Stanley and Madelyn Dunham, from 1971 to 1979, the year he finished high school. His mom and he rented other dwellings on Oahu prior to their interlude in Indonesia, after his mother's remarriage. Obama's grandmother remained in the building until her death, just before her grandson's 2008 election.
Punahou Circle Apartments
1617 S. Beretania St., Honolulu, Oahu, HI
South of Hwy H1, on the way towards Waikiki. SE corner of Punahou St. and Beretania St.
Private property. Visible from the street. Local health policies may affect hours and access.
Visitor Tips and News About First Childhood Home High-Rise Rental Unit of a U.S. President
First Childhood Home Of A U.S. President That is High-Rise Rental Unit
This was one of Barack's childhood homes where he lived with his grandparents. He actually had a few childhood homes, I believe, but this seems to be the childhood home with the most significance. He had his Punahou School graduation ceremony across the street at the Central Union Church lawn. What's interesting is that there are many religions in the area. There's a Buddhist Temple next door, a Baptist Church a block away, and the Central Union Church across the street.
[Matt Lopez, 10/27/2020]
Roadside Presidents App for iPhone. Find this attraction and more: museums, birthplaces, graves of the Chief Execs, first ladies, pets, assassins and wannabes. Prez bios and oddball trivia. Available on the App Store.
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Iolani Palace and Coronation Pavilion, Honolulu, Oahu, HI - 2 mi.
Map and Plan Your Own Roadside Adventure ...Try My Sights
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First Childhood Home Of A U.S. President That is High-Rise Rental Unit, Honolulu, Oahu, Hawaii