You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. Explain 5.2.4 Validate the TPM/TXT is enabled according to NIST Trusted Cloud_ Security Practice Guide for VMware Hybrid Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Environments According to Trusted Cloud_ Security Practice Guide for VMware Hybrid Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Environments, 5.2.4 Validate the TPM/TXT is enabled: 1. SSH into the ESX host as root and run the following command: ``` zcat /var/log/boot.gz | grep -I tpm ``` This should show if the TPM library was loaded. 2. Other commands to check are: 3. As a root user, run the following command: ``` vmkload_mod -l | grep tpm grep -i tpm /var/log/hostd.log | less -S ``` ``` esxcli hardware trustedboot get ``` It should show two answers, and both should be true .

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Trusted Cloud_ Security Practice Guide for VMware Hybrid Cloud Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) Environments.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Standard say about Algorithm 46 AddVectorNTT (𝐯, ̂ 𝐰) ̂? According to Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Standard, Algorithm 46 AddVectorNTT (𝐯, ̂ 𝐰) ̂: ̂ ̂ ``` Computes the sum 𝐯 + 𝐰 of two vectors 𝐯, 𝐰 over 𝑇 𝑞 Input : ℓ ∈ ℕ, 𝑞 , 𝑞 . 𝐯 ∈ 𝑇 ℓ 𝐰 ∈ 𝑇 ℓ Output : 𝑞 . 𝐮 ∈ 𝑇 ℓ 1: for 𝑖 from 0 to ℓ - 1 do 2: 𝐮[𝑖] ← AddNTT (𝐯[𝑖], 𝐰[𝑖]) 3: end for 4: return 𝐮̂ ``` ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ ̂ .

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Module-Lattice-Based Digital Signature Standard.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Introduction to Cybersecurity for Commercial Satellite Operations provide? (Section 53) | AU1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 16 | | | PR.PT-3: The principle of least functionality is incorporated by configuring systems to provide only essential capabilities. | AC-3, 8, 9,19 | AC-3, CM-7 | | Functions | Subcategories | Informative | Reference | |-------------|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | | SP 800-53, Rev. 4 | SP 800-53, Rev. 5 | | | PR.PT-4: Communications and control networks are protected. | SC-32, AC-4, AC-17, SC-7 | AC-12, AC-17, CP-8, SC-5, SC-7, SC-10, SC-20, SC-21, SC-22, SC-23, SC-31, SC- 37, SC-38, SC-47 | | | PR.PT-5: Mechanisms (e.g., fail- safe, load balancing, hot swap) are implemented to achieve resilience requirements in normal and adverse situations. | PL-8, SC-6 | PE-11, PL-8, SC-6 | | Detect | DE.AE-3: Event data are collected and correlated from multiple sources and sensors.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Introduction to Cybersecurity for Commercial Satellite Operations.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is Data Action according to Securing Telehealth Remote Patient Monitoring Ecosystem? Data Action: Patients are provided one or more biometric devices that monitor biometric data and send that data to their healthcare providers to help assess the physical health condition of the patient between visits with the provider.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Securing Telehealth Remote Patient Monitoring Ecosystem.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Third-Round Report of the SHA-3 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm Competition provide? (Section 49) , but also the depth and maturity of the analysis and the tools used to cryptanalyze the algorithm. The 'depth of cryptanalysis' measure is described in somewhat more detail in Section 4.1.5. Table 5. Security Margins for the Five Finalists Based on Collision-type Attacks | Algorithm | Best Attack | Security Margin | Work | Depth of Analysis | |--------------------------------|---------------|-------------------|-------------|---------------------| | Semi-free-start near collision | 71% | Practical | High | BLAKE | | Semi-free-start collision | 40% | Impractical | Very High 8 | Grøstl | | Semi-free-start near collision | 38% | Impractical | Low | JH | | Near collision | 79% | Practical | Medium | Keccak | | Semi-free-start near collision | 56% | Impractical | High 8 | Skein | | Collision | 62% | Practical | Medium | SHA-2 | This way of looking at the cryptanalysis results is quite unfavorable to JH, which received relatively limited cryptanalysis, and still seems to have a rather small security margin. It is relatively favorable to BLAKE and Keccak (with large security margins, despite a reasonable depth of analysis), and also to Skein (with a relatively large security margin, despite a reasonable depth of analysis, and a best attack with an impractically high amount of work required). The picture for Grøstl is less clear; Grøstl has a relatively low security margin, but is the most deeply analyzed finalist, and its best attack requires an impractically high amount of work and applies only to its compression function.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Third-Round Report of the SHA-3 Cryptographic Hash Algorithm Competition.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Prioritizing Cybersecurity Risk for Enterprise Risk Management say about 2.2. Prioritizing Cybersecurity Risks? (Part 1) According to Prioritizing Cybersecurity Risk for Enterprise Risk Management, 2.2. Prioritizing Cybersecurity Risks: 2.2. Prioritizing Cybersecurity Risks After having calculated the risk exposure resulting from each risk in the CSRR, as detailed in NIST IR 8286A, 4 the next step in the process is to determine their relative priority. Because the priority reflects an order of precedence, the highest priority risks may not always be those with the greatest exposure value. Since risk response has not yet been determined, priority is not necessarily a reflection of the chronological order in which risk should be mitigated. Ultimately, the relative priority of various types of risk must be decided upon by those with appropriate authority, usually through guidance provided through the risk management strategy. That strategy and the resulting internal guidance are interpreted at each level (such as by application at the system level in the CSRR) and may then be adjusted as risk management activities are reported and monitored (as illustrated in Fig. 2). In this way, those in the enterprise who are accountable for cybersecurity oversight (e.g., a Chief Information Security Officer) establish priorities for cybersecurity risks and collaborate with other enterprise executive colleagues regarding how risk will be managed in the context of other enterprise risks. 4 These values are described in NIST IR 8286A and may be based upon risk analysis methods, various sources of impact information (e.g., a traditional business impact analysis [BIA]), and other enterprise information such as from previous iterations of the cybersecurity risk management cycle. The formula for calculating risk exposure is described in NIST IR 8286A, Section 2.4, and represents the total loss if the risk occurs multiplied by the probability that the risk will happen. The priority column describes the relative importance of each risk (usually ordered from most important to least important) based on the enterprise's risk management guidance.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Prioritizing Cybersecurity Risk for Enterprise Risk Management.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does 5th Annual PKI R&D Workshop _Making PKI Easy to Use_ Proceedings say about 5.7 Interfacing a VA? (Part 1) According to 5th Annual PKI R&D Workshop _Making PKI Easy to Use_ Proceedings, 5.7 Interfacing a VA: 5.7 Interfacing a VA For the interface between an RP and a VA, today's standard validation protocol, OCSP [21], clearly has too limited functionality. The successor, SCVP, has been severely delayed, and support for the protocol seems to be low. A better approach, in our opinion, is to provide VA services as Web Services. The XKISS part of XKMS [12] is a good starting point for the VA interface. The XML documents exchanged with the VA may in the future be subject to standardisation. In any case, a VA should publish its XML specifications in order to enable integration software produced by 'anyone'. The desired level of standardisation may be limited by the heterogeneity of different VA services, and by the possibility of tailoring VA services to specific customers. For performance, a VA must optimise gathering of information from CAs (and possibly other sources for auxiliary information) and answer requests as far as possible based on information cached locally. The preferred option is CRL download, with OCSP requests to the CA as a fallback alternative. CRL download must be configurable and be done by a separate process. A polling strategy may be used in order to catch CRLs issued out of or before schedule. Delta-CRLs and CRL push mechanisms should be exploited wherever available. All interfaces to and from a VA must be secured. The communication links should be protected by use of SSL (or similar means), and it must be possible to sign requests and responses between the RP and the VA and between the VA and CAs. Authentication of the RPs (and the VA towards the CAs) is done either when the SSL channel is established or through signatures on requests. The RPs may be authenticated by certificates issued by their preferred CA.

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: authentication, pki, sso. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: 5th Annual PKI R&D Workshop _Making PKI Easy to Use_ Proceedings.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is References according to Guidelines for Securing Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)? References: FIPS Publication 199; NIST Special Publications 800-41, 800-77

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: nist sp, fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Guidelines for Securing Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs).


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. Explain Purpose and Objectives according to NIST Foundational PNT Profile_ Applying the Cybersecurity Framework for the Responsible Use of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Services According to Foundational PNT Profile_ Applying the Cybersecurity Framework for the Responsible Use of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Services, Purpose and Objectives: The PNT Profile is designed to be used as part of a risk management program in order to help organizations manage risks to systems, networks, and assets that use PNT services. The PNT Profile provides guidance for establishing risk management approaches to achieve the desired outcomes commensurate with acceptable and responsible levels of risk that result from the disruption or manipulation of PNT data. The PNT Profile is not intended to serve as a solution or compliance checklist that would guarantee the responsible use of PNT services. Use of the PNT Profile will help organizations: - Identify systems that use PNT services and determine their operating and performance requirements; - Identify sources of PNT data; - Identify known and anticipated threats to PNT services, equipment, and data; - Protect systems that are dependent on PNT services by adhering to basic principles of responsible use; - Detect disruptions and manipulation of PNT services and data; - Address risk in the management and use of PNT services and data; - Respond to PNT service or data anomalies in a timely, effective, and resilient manner; and, - Recover from PNT service or data anomalies in a timely, effective, and resilient manner.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: cybersecurity framework, fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Foundational PNT Profile_ Applying the Cybersecurity Framework for the Responsible Use of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing (PNT) Services.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control RA-1 in Guide to Operational Technology (OT) Security? Control RA-1: POLICY AND PROCEDURES CNTL NO. CONTROL NAME Control Enhancement Name CONTROL BASELINES LOW MOD HIGH

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Guide to Operational Technology (OT) Security.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Guidelines on Electronic Mail Security provide? (Section 180) | Completed | Action | |-------------|-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | Logging | | | Log IP stack setup errors | | | Log resolver configuration problems (e.g., DNS, NIS) | | | Log mail server configuration errors (e.g., mismatch with DNS, local configuration error, out-of-date alias database) | | | Log lack of system resources (e.g., disk space, memory, CPU) | | | Log alias database rebuilds | | | Log logins (failed, and also successful if adequate space is available) | | | Log security problems (e.g., spamming) | | | Log lost communications (network problems) | | | Log protocol failures | | | Log connection timeouts | | | Log connection rejections | | | Log use of VRFY and EXPN commands | | | Log send on behalf of | | | Log send as | | | Log malformed addresses | | | Log message collection statistics | | | Log creation of error messages | | | Log delivery failures (permanent errors) | | | Log messages being deferred (transient errors) | | | Store logs on a separate logging server | | | Backup and archive logs according to organizational requirements | | | Review

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Guidelines on Electronic Mail Security.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is Discussion according to NIST_SP_800-53r5_Security_Privacy_Controls? Discussion: Personally identifiable information processing and transparency policy and

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: NIST_SP_800-53r5_Security_Privacy_Controls.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Derived PIV Application and Data Model Test Guidelines provide? (Section 239) m field obtained in Step 3 using Table 3-6 of [SP800-78]. 8. Match the digest algorithm obtained from Step 7 to an entry of Table 3-2 of [SP800-78] based on the public key algorithm and size (Step 6). | |--------------------|------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | Expected Result(s) | 1. From Step 1, the command returns the application property template with the status word '90 00'. 2. From Step 2, the command the requested data object along with the returns status word '90 00'. 3. From Step 8, the digestAlgorithm field value of the SignerInfo is in accordance with Tables 3-6 and 3-2 of [SP800-78] and it matches the value present in the digestAlgorithms field of the SignedData.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Derived PIV Application and Data Model Test Guidelines.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control HA-3 in Recommendation for Key Management_ Part 1 – General? (Part 117) Control HA-3: were destroyed (see transition 5). A private and public key-transport key pair transitions to the deactivated state when the notAfter date is reached on the last certificate issued for the public key. The transition shall be recorded (see SP 800-152). ## 7.3 Suspended State The use of a key or key pair may be suspended for several possible reasons. (Note that in the case of asymmetric key pairs, both the public and private keys shall be suspended at the same time.) One reason for a suspension might be a possible key compromise; in this case, the suspension might be issued to allow for time to investigate the situation. Another reason might be that the entity that owns a digital signature key pair is not available (e.g., is on an extended leave of absence); signatures purportedly signed during the suspension time would be invalid. Depending on the reason for the suspension, a suspended key or key pair may be restored to an active, deactivated, or destroyed state or may transition to the compromised state. A suspended key shall not be used to apply cryptographic protection (e.g., encrypt plaintext or generate a digital signature). This includes all key types listed in Section 5.1.1 except those types that are never used to apply cryptographic protection (i.e., a public signature-verification key, a public authentication key, a private key-transport key, and a public authorization key). Depending on the reason for the suspension, a suspended key could be used to process information for which cryptographic protection was applied before the suspension period. This includes the use of a public-verification key to verify a digital signature, a symmetric data-encryption key to decrypt encrypted information, and a symmetric key-wrapping key to unwrap keying material.

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: authentication, authorization, key management. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: Recommendation for Key Management_ Part 1 – General.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Assessing Security and Privacy Controls in Information Systems and Organizations provide? (Section 73) targeted assessment resulting from changes affecting specific controls or where controls were previously assessed and the results accepted in the reciprocity process), or a common control assessment. For partial assessments, system owners and common control providers collaborate with organizational officials with an interest in the assessment (e.g., senior information security officers, senior agency officials for privacy/chief privacy officers, mission/information owners, Inspectors General, and authorizing officials) to determine which controls are to be assessed. The determination of the controls to be assessed depends on the purpose of the assessment. For example, during the initial phases of the system development life cycle, specific controls may be selected for assessment to promote the early detection of weakness and deficiencies and a more cost-effective approach to risk response. After the initial authorization to operate has been granted, targeted assessments may be necessary when changes are made to the system, specific security or privacy controls, common controls, or the environment of operation. In such cases, the focus of the assessment is on the controls that may have been affected by the change. 3.2.2 SELECT PROCEDURES TO ASSESS THE SECURITY AND PRIVACY CONTROLS SP 800-53A provides assessment procedures for each security and privacy control and control enhancement in [SP 800-53]. For each control in the security plan and privacy plan to be included in the assessment, assessors select the corresponding assessment procedure from Chapter 4. The selected assessment procedures can vary from assessment to assessment based on the current content of the security plans and privacy plans and the purpose of the assessment (e.g., complete assessment, partial assessment, common control assessment).

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: authorization, sso. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: Assessing Security and Privacy Controls in Information Systems and Organizations.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Guide to Operational Technology (OT) Security provide? (Section 18) orts ............................................................. 201 D.3.4. CISA ICS Training Courses ................................................................................... 201 D.3.5. MITRE ATT&CK for ICS ........................................................................................ 201 D.3.6. NIST Cybersecurity Framework ............................................................................. 201 D.3.7. SANS ICS Security Courses.................................................................................. 202 D.4. Sector-Specific Resources....................................................................................... 202 D.4.1. Chemical ............................................................................................................... 202 viii NIST SP 800-82r3 September 2023 Guide to Operational Technology (OT) Security D.4.2. Communications .................................................................................................... 203 D.4.3. Critical Manufacturing ............................................................................................ 203 D.4.4. Dams ..................................................................................................................... 203 D.4.5. Energy ................................................................................................................... 203 D.4.6. Food and Agriculture ............................................................................................. 203 D.4.7. Healthcare and Public Health ................................................................................ 204 D.4.8. Nuclear Reactors, Materials, and Waste................................................................ 204 D.4.9. Transportation Systems ......................................................................................... 204 D.4.10.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: nist sp, cybersecurity framework, fips. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Guide to Operational Technology (OT) Security.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is Potential Inputs according to Risk Management Framework for Information Systems and Organizations_ A System Life Cycle Approach for Security and Privacy? Potential Inputs: Impact levels determined for each information type and for each security objective (confidentiality, integrity, availability); security categorization based on high-water mark of information type impact levels; list of high value assets for the organization.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: risk management framework, fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Risk Management Framework for Information Systems and Organizations_ A System Life Cycle Approach for Security and Privacy.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Summary Report for the Virtual Workshop Addressing Public Comment on NIST Cybersecurity for IoT Guidance say about 1.2 Background? (Part 2) According to Summary Report for the Virtual Workshop Addressing Public Comment on NIST Cybersecurity for IoT Guidance, 1.2 Background: ments for managing cybersecurity risks associated with such devices.' The NISTIR 8259 series and SP 800-213 represent a significant portion of NIST's activities to address the requirements of the Act. After the draft documents were published, NIST began a series of stakeholder engagement activities. The April 2021 workshop was an open event to engage stakeholders in focused discussions on two of the draft documents: NIST SP 800-213 and NISTIR 8259D, which are the core documents defining federal requirements and processes for IoT device cybersecurity.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: nist sp, fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Summary Report for the Virtual Workshop Addressing Public Comment on NIST Cybersecurity for IoT Guidance.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Recommendation for Key Derivation Using Pseudorandom Functions provide? (Section 5) | Scope and Purpose.......................................................................................................... 2 | Scope and Purpose.......................................................................................................... 2 | | | Pseudorandom Function (PRF)....................................................................................... 3 | Pseudorandom Function (PRF)....................................................................................... 3 | | | Key-Derivation Function (KDF)........................................................................................ 4 | Key-Derivation Function (KDF)........................................................................................ 4 | | | KDF in Counter Mode................................................................................................. 6 | KDF in Counter Mode................................................................................................. 6 | | | KDF in Feedback Mode..............................................................................................

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Recommendation for Key Derivation Using Pseudorandom Functions.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. Explain 2.4.2 SQL Interface to Physical Database according to NIST Security of SQL-Based Implementations of Product Data Exchange Using STEP According to Security of SQL-Based Implementations of Product Data Exchange Using STEP, 2.4.2 SQL Interface to Physical Database: The OS provides the basic services that enable the SQL processor to store, retrieve, and modify data on the system. The OS is responsible for guaranteeing the integrity of the data and preventing denial of service. The OS must also prevent data from being accessed outside the SQL processor. Such action can result in loss of integrity (improper modification) or confidentiality (by circumventing SQL's internal access controls).

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: access control, sso. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: Security of SQL-Based Implementations of Product Data Exchange Using STEP.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control HA-3 in Computer Security Division 2013 Annual Report? (Part 18) Control HA-3: ion, CSD conducted outreach activities with academic institutions, providing information on NIST's security standards and guidelines, and exploring new areas of cybersecurity research and development. In FY 2013, CSD completed the following outreach activities: -  Finalized SP 800-53, Revision 4 -  Collaborated with the ITL Software and Systems Division and the NIST Standards Coordination Office using the International Standard ISO/IEC 17020:2008, Conformity Assessment - Requirements for the operation of various types of bodies performing inspection, in support of GSA in establishing a process for qualifying 3PAOs to conduct security assessments of CSPs information systems consistent with GSA requirements based on NIST standards and guidelines -  Developed a preliminary draft of SP 800-53A, Revision 4, Guide for Assessing the Security and Privacy Controls in Federal Information Systems and Organizations -  Developed a preliminary draft of SP 800-18, Revision 2, Guide for Developing Security Plans for Federal Information Systems and Organizations In FY 2014, CSD intends to: -  Finalize SP 800-53A, Revision 4, Guide for Assessing the Security and Privacy Controls in Federal Information Systems and Organizations -  Finalize SP 800-60 Revision 2, Guide for Mapping Types of Information and Information Systems to Security Categories -  Finalize SP 800-18 Revision 2, Guide for Developing Security Plans for Federal Information Systems and Organizations -  Expand cybersecurity outreach to include additional state, local, and tribal governments, as well as private sector organizations and academic institutions -  Continue to support federal agencies in effective implementation of the NIST Risk Management Framework. ## Contacts: Dr. Ron Ross (301) 975-5390 ron.ross@nist.gov Mr. Arnold Johnson (301) 975-3247 arnold.johnson@nist.gov Ms.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: risk management framework, fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Computer Security Division 2013 Annual Report.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. Explain 1.3 RELATED PUBLICATIONS according to NIST Guide for Conducting Risk Assessments According to Guide for Conducting Risk Assessments, 1.3 RELATED PUBLICATIONS: The risk assessment approach described in this publication is supported by a series of security standards and guidelines necessary for managing information security risk. In addition to this publication, the Special Publications developed by the Joint Task Force Transformation Initiative supporting the unified information security framework for the federal government include: - Special Publication 800-39, Managing Information Security Risk: Organization, Mission, and Information System View ; 11 - Special Publication 800-37, Guide for Applying the Risk Management Framework to Federal Information Systems: A Security Life Cycle Approach ; - Special Publication 800-53, Recommended Security Controls for Federal Information Systems and Organizations ; and - Special Publication 800-53A, Guide for Assessing the Security Controls in Federal Information Systems and Organizations: Building Effective Security Assessment Plans . The concepts and principles associated with the risk assessment processes and approaches contained in this publication are intended to be similar to and consistent with the processes and approaches described in International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) standards. Extending the concepts and principles of these international standards for the federal government and its contractors and promoting the reuse of risk assessment results, reduces the burden on organizations that must conform to ISO/IEC and NIST standards.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: risk management framework, fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Guide for Conducting Risk Assessments.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Computer Security Division 2006 Annual Report say about National Vulnerability Database? According to Computer Security Division 2006 Annual Report, National Vulnerability Database: NIST maintains the National Vulnerability Database (NVD). NVD is sponsored by the Department of Homeland Security's National Cyber Security Division and is designed to complement their current suite of vulnerability management products. This publicly available resource is being accessed at a rate of 30 million times a year by the information technology security community. NVD is a comprehensive cyber security vulnerability database that is updated daily with the latest vulnerabilities. Using a single search engine, one can find all publicly available U.S. Government vulnerability resources and references to industry resources. It contains over 20,000 analyzed vulnerabilities advisories with 20 new vulnerabilities added daily. In fiscal year 2006, over 6500 new vulnerabilities were add to the database. NVD is a general-purpose tool that can be used for a variety of purposes. Recommended uses include- - Viewing all publicly available U.S. Government vulnerability mitigation information; - Learning how to mitigate vulnerabilities referenced within security products (e.g., intrusion detection systems); - Keeping abreast of the latest vulnerabilities; - Researching the vulnerability history of a product; - Researching what vulnerabilities might exist on a computer that may not be detected by vulnerability scanners (e.g., vulnerabilities in obscure products); and - Viewing statistics on vulnerability discovery. NVD is built completely upon the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) naming standard and provides CVE with a fine-grained search engine and database. CVE is used by over 300 security products and services to uniquely identify vulnerabilities. http://nvd.nist.gov Contact: Mr. Peter Mell (301) 975-5572 mell@nist.gov

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity publication covering vulnerability management. Topics: vulnerability, intrusion detection. Contains technical security guidance that could inform defensive posture. Source: Computer Security Division 2006 Annual Report.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Automation Support for Security Control Assessments_ Volume 2_ Hardware Asset Management provide? (Section 214) )(b)(1) | Determine if the organization: prevents the unauthorized removal of maintenance equipment containing organizational information by: (b) Sanitizing or destroying the equipment. | | Determination Statement ID | Implemented By | Assessment Boundary | Assessment Responsibility | Assessment Methods | Selected | Rationale for Risk Acceptance | Frequency of Assessment | Impact of not implementing | |------------------------------|------------------|-----------------------|-----------------------------|----------------------|------------|---------------------------------|---------------------------|------------------------------| | MA-3(3)(b)(1) | DM | ISCM-TN | ISCM-Sys | Test | | | | | | Determination Statement ID | Defect Check ID | Defect Check Name | Rationale If an [organization-defined measure] for this defect check is above [the organization- defined threshold], then defects in maintenance equipment {devices and device subcomponents} being sanitized or destroyed before removal related to this control item might be the cause of ... | |------------------------------|-------------------|----------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | MA-3(3)(b)(1) | HWAM- L01 | Devices moving into/out of the assessment boundary | devices not being adequately prepared for movement into or out of the assessment boundary.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control, assessment. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Automation Support for Security Control Assessments_ Volume 2_ Hardware Asset Management.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Cybersecurity of Genomic Data say about References? (Part 11) According to Cybersecurity of Genomic Data, References: of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Special Publication (SP) 1800-15. https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1800-15 - [74] The MITRE Corporation (2019) Vulnerability Details: CVE-2017-6526. Available at - [75] Zorz Z (2019) Web-based DNA sequencers getting compromised through old, unpatched flaw. Available at - [76] U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) Cyber Exchange Public (2023) STIGs Document Library . Available at - [77] Center for Internet Security (2023) CIS Benchmarks . Available at https://www.cisecurity.org/cis-benchmarks/ - [78] Fagan M, Megas K, Scarfone K, Smith M (2020) Foundational Cybersecurity Activities for IoT Device Manufacturers (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD), NIST Internal Report (IR) 8259. - [79] National Institute of Standards and Technology (2020) Cyber-Physical Systems/Internet of Things Testbed. Available: - [80] National Institutes of Health (2023) iDASH Privacy & Security Workshop 2023 - secure genome analysis competition. Available at http://www.humangenomeprivacy.org/2023/ - [81] Shi X, Wu X (2016) An overview of human genetic privacy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1387(1):61-72. - [82] Rieke N, Hancox J, Li W, Milletarì F, Roth HR, Albarqouni S, Bakas S, Galtier MN, Landman BA, Maier-Hein K, Ourselin S, Sheller M, Summers R, Trask A, Xu D, Baust M, Cardoso MJ (2020) The future of digital health with federated learning. npj Digital Medicine 3(119). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41746-020-00323-1 - [83] Aziz MA, Anjum M, Mohammed N, Jiang X (2022) Generalized genomic data sharing for differentially private federated learning. Journal of Biomedical Informatics 132.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity publication covering vulnerability management. Topics: vulnerability, cve-. Contains technical security guidance that could inform defensive posture. Source: Cybersecurity of Genomic Data.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control TR-1 in Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity, Version 1.1? (Part 2) Control TR-1: anization's own cybersecurity requirements. However, the variety of ways in which the Framework can be used by an organization means that phrases like 'compliance with the Framework' can be confusing. | | A new section on self- assessment | Added Section 4.0 Self-Assessing Cybersecurity Risk with the Framework to explain how the Framework can be used by organizations to understand and assess their cybersecurity risk, including the use of measurements. | | Greatly expanded explanation of using Framework for Cyber Supply Chain Risk Management purposes | An expanded Section 3.3 Communicating Cybersecurity Requirements with Stakeholders helps users better understand Cyber Supply Chain Risk Management (SCRM), while a new Section 3.4 Buying Decisions highlights use of the Framework in understanding risk associated with commercial off-the-shelf products and services. Additional Cyber SCRM criteria were added to the Implementation Tiers. Finally, a Supply Chain Risk Management Category, including multiple Subcategories, has been added to the Framework Core. | | Refinements to better account for authentication, authorization, and identity proofing | The language of the Access Control Category has been refined to better account for authentication, authorization, and identity proofing. This included adding one Subcategory each for Authentication and Identity Proofing. Also, the Category has been renamed to Identity Management and Access Control (PR.AC) to better represent the scope of the Category and corresponding Subcategories. | | Better explanation of the relationship between Implementation Tiers and Profiles | Added language to Section 3.2 Establishing or Improving a Cybersecurity Program on using Framework Tiers in Framework implementation.

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: access control, authentication, authorization. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity, Version 1.1.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does NSTIC Pilots_ Catalyzing the Identity Ecosystem provide? (Section 61) techniques. This may include requirements for the currency and validity of the information used in the proofing or the development of the KBA questions; and - 2) report failure rates of KBA systems. In addition to standardizing validity criteria for data and processes used in the proofing process or KBA question development, this standard will establish reporting requirements for false acceptance, false rejections, and failure to enroll. This standard would have a positive impact on the existing identity and access management market by providing a common understanding of KBA and remote proofing standards, improving confidence in solutions, and improving risk-based decision making. Additionally, this standard would improve access to services across multiple markets (health care, financial services, online services that fall under the FTC Children's Online Privacy Protection Act, etc.) that require identity proofing to provide services that require high assurance identity solutions. No existing standards relating to performance metrics for Knowledge Based Authentication for remote proofing of identity have been identified. The closest related work discovered is a report by the IDPV Identity Resolution Project on 'Establishment of Core Identity Attributes Sets and Supplemental Identity Attributes' (Document No. NASPO-IDPV-060) which analyzed a large database of identity attributes to determine sets of attributes that could be used to resolve individuals from that database. Thus, the NASPO paper's principle purpose was to determine attribute sets for identity resolution, rather than to consider attribute verification for identity proofing. However, to the extent that certain attributes that may be used for KBA were not available within an attribute set (creating what was classified as a 'null identity' in the paper), the paper may inform a standard that is developed based on this proposal by identifying one reason for failure in a KBA system.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: NSTIC Pilots_ Catalyzing the Identity Ecosystem.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control ES-1 in Guidelines for Securing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems? (Part 92) Control ES-1: rson while appearing legitimate to personnel who visually check the badge. 31 Environmental threats to tags include extreme heat, cold, moisture, vibration, shock, and radiation (including sunlight). Any risk assessment of environmental threats should also consider the impact of these conditions to the material to which the tag is attached and the glue or other mechanism that attaches the tag to the item. Impacts of harsh environmental conditions include degradation of tag performance, destruction of the tag, and separation of the tag from its associated item. Organizations need to assess the likelihood of these threats in their environment and set requirements for their RFID technology accordingly. In general, human threats are more likely to be realized if outsiders (e.g., customers or members of the general public) have physical access to the tags and therefore the means to engage in malicious behavior. Human threats are also more likely if people have an incentive to perform the attack, such as some form of financial gain or access to a restricted resource. ## 3.5 RFID Economics Cost-benefit tests can be applied to any technology project, but the RF subsystem of an RFID system has differentiating characteristics, especially regarding security. Table 3-2 examines the key factors to consider. Table 3-2.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control, assessment. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Guidelines for Securing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does A Conformance Test for FDDI Medium Access Control (MAC) say about FDDI MAC Conformance Test C Language Test Generated by the TTCN Translator? (Part 27) According to A Conformance Test for FDDI Medium Access Control (MAC), FDDI MAC Conformance Test C Language Test Generated by the TTCN Translator: dict (FAIL) return (TRUE) } } /* end of level [5] */ ) /* line 1217 "FDDI.MP" [4]? OTHERWISE */ if (_buffer) { _level +-1; SetfVerdict (FAIL) ; return (TRUE) } /* line 1220 "FDDI.MP if (Timeout ("TRT. ") _level +-1; SetfVerdict (FAIL) return (TRUE) } } } } } _level -_lastlevel; return (FALSE); -[4]? TIMEOUT */ /* end of level [4] */ /* end of level [3] */ /* end of level [2] */ /* end of level [1] */ /* * LateToken - Testing MAC Timed Token Rotation Protocol (TTRP) 2: Tester * receives Late Token */ int LateToken () { int _lastlevel; _time -0; _level ' 1; strcpy(R, "NONE") Result -NONE; _timername -(char *) 0; _bufferlen --1; /* line 1228 "FDDI.MP" [1]+ */ /* Initializing Connection */ _lastlevel -_level; if (INITCONNECT 0 return (TRUE) else if (_level > _lastlevel) ( _level +' 1; while (TRUE) { I* line 1231 "FDDI.MP" --[2]! ECH0_Req */ ``` ``` /* Tester sends SMT ECHO Request frame, */ pECHO_Req -ECHO_Req_Tl () Send_PDD_ECHO_Req (pECHO_Req) _level +· 1; while (TRUE) { /* line 1235 "FDDI.MP" [3]? TIMEOUT */ if (Timeout ("TRT. ') ) { __level +-1; while (TRUE) { /* line 1237 ''FDDI.MP" [4] */ Start_timer ("TRT. ", (long) TTRT 1000); _level += 1; while (TRUE) { /* line 1239 "FDDI.MP" [5]! TOKEN */ /* and issues Late To)cen when TTRT<TRT<2xTTRT . */ pTOKEN -TOKEN_Tl(); Send_PDU_TOKEN (pTOKEN) _level +* 1; _timername * "TRT."; while (TRUE) { /* line 1243 "FDDI.MP" [6]? TOKEN */ /* IDT returns Token. */ pTOKEN -= TOKEN_Rl () ; _buffer ' Receive_PDD (_timername) if (I s_PDD_TOKEN (pTOKEN, _buffer) ) { Start_timer ("TRT. ", (long) TTRT 1000); _level 1; while (TRUE) { /* line 1247 "FDDI.MP" [7]! ECH0_Req */ /* Tester sends SMT ECHO Request frame again, */ pECHO_Req -ECHO_Req_Tl () Send_PDU_ECHO_Req (pECH0_Req) _level +' 1; while (TRUE) { /* line 1251 "FDDI.MP" --[8]? TIMEOUT */ if (Timeout ("TRT. ") ) { _level +' 1; while (TRUE) { /* line 1253 "FDDI.MP" [9] */ Start_timer ("TRT. ", (long) TTRT 1000); _level +» 1; while (TRUE) { /* line 1255 "FDDI.MP" [10]!

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: access control, token. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: A Conformance Test for FDDI Medium Access Control (MAC).


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control SC-40(2) in Developing Cyber-Resilient Systems_ A Systems Security Engineering Approach? Control SC-40(2): T h s i p u b l i c a t i o n i s a v a i l l a b e f r e e o f c h a r g e f r o m : h t t p s : / / d o i . o r g / 1 0 . 6 0 2 8 / N S T S P . 8 0 0 - 1 6 0 v 2 r 1 . I Notes: The Initial Access tactic in ATT&CK for ICS reflects elements of ATT&CK for Enterprise under multiple tactics. Data Historian Compromise (T0810) and Engineering Workstation Compromise (T0818) are examples of Lateral Movement. The adversary already has a presence in the IT environment and compromises a data historian or engineering workstation to gain a foothold in the control system environment. Drive-by Compromise (T0817) is similar to the corresponding ATT&CK for Enterprise technique since it involves an attack on the IT network. Other ATT&CK for ICS techniques with corresponding ATT&CK for Enterprise techniques of the same name include Exploit Public-Facing Application (T0819) with T1190, Exploitation of Remote Services (T0866) with T1210, External Remote Services (T0822) with T1133, Remote Services (T0886) with T1021, Replication Through Removable Media (T0847) with T1091, and Supply Chain Compromise (T0862) with T1195. Spearphishing Attachment (T0865) corresponds to a sub-technique under Phishing for Information (T1598) and Phishing (T1566). No ATT&CK for Enterprise technique corresponds to Internet Accessible Device (T0883), Rogue Master (T0848), or Wireless Compromise (T0860). TABLE G-2: POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF CYBER RESILIENCY ON EXECUTION TECHNIQUES ATT&CK Technique Mitigation or Candidate Mitigation Cyber Resiliency Implementation Approaches Potential Effects Cyber Resiliency Controls Change Operating Mode (T0858) Authorization Enforcement (M0800) Attribute-Based Usage Restriction Negate, Degrade, Exert

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity publication covering vulnerability management. Topics: exploit, adversary. Contains technical security guidance that could inform defensive posture. Source: Developing Cyber-Resilient Systems_ A Systems Security Engineering Approach.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Assessment of Access Control Systems say about Workflow? (Part 1) According to Assessment of Access Control Systems, Workflow: Workflow Based on the definition provided by the Workflow Management Coalition (WFMC), an international organization of workflow vendors, users, and research groups, a workflow is a representation of an organizational or business process in which '…documents, information, or tasks are passed from one participant to another in a way that is governed by rules or procedures.' A workflow separates the various activities of a given organizational process into a set of well-defined tasks. Hence, typically, a workflow (often synonymous with a process) is specified as a set of tasks and a set of dependencies among the tasks, and the sequencing of these tasks is important. The various tasks in a workflow are usually carried out by several users in accordance with organizational rules relevant to the process represented by the workflow. The representation of a business process using a workflow involves a number of organizational rules or policies. An important class of organization policies is the organization's security policies. Within the realm of security policies, access control policies play a key role, and hence defining and enforcing access control requirements becomes a key function of a Workflow Management System (WFMS). Figure 1 presents a schematic diagram of the overall architecture of a WFMS, which consist of two main components: design-time and run-time. The design-time component consists of a set of tools (called the process definition tools) that are used for defining and modeling the business processes and their constituent tasks. A process definition consists of a process name (e.g., purchase order process), the definition of various tasks within the process (e.g., purchase order approval task), and a set of business rules associated with the process (e.g., task sequence or data flow among tasks).

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: access control, sso. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: Assessment of Access Control Systems.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control MP-4 in Control Baselines for Information Systems and Organizations? (Part 134) Control MP-4: | | PE-13(4) | INSPECTIONS | | | | | | PE-14 | Environmental Controls | | x | x | x | | PE-14(1) | AUTOMATIC CONTROLS | | | | | | PE-14(2) | MONITORING WITH ALARMS AND NOTIFICATIONS | | | | | | PE-15 | Water Damage Protection | | x | x | x | | PE-15(1) | AUTOMATION SUPPORT | | | | x | | PE-16 | Delivery and Removal | | x | x | x | | PE-17 | Alternate Work Site | | | x | x | | PE-18 | Location of System Components | | | | x | | PE-18(1) | FACILITY SITE | W: Moved to PE-23.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Control Baselines for Information Systems and Organizations.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Automated Information Security Handbook say about 2. NATURE OF REQUEST? According to National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Automated Information Security Handbook, 2. NATURE OF REQUEST: - Hardware to be accessed - Specific computer system(s). - Specific terminal location(s) [Complete address, street, city, state, and dial-in access telephone number].

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Automated Information Security Handbook.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Securing Manufacturing Industrial Control Systems_ Behavioral Anomaly Detection say about C.2.3. Enabling Self-Learning Analytics? According to Securing Manufacturing Industrial Control Systems_ Behavioral Anomaly Detection, C.2.3. Enabling Self-Learning Analytics: The CyberX platform has five different self-learning analytics engines that are used to detect various types of behavioral anomalies within the network. The following steps describe the process to enable individual analytics engines: 1. Select System Settings from the navigation menu on the CyberX console 2. Click the Enabled / Disabled button next to each engine to enable or disable the engine. If an engine is enabled, then the button will indicate Enabled and will be illuminated with a green background color. An example with all five engines enabled is shown in Figure C-4 Figure C-4 Example Screenshot with All Five Self-Learning Analytics Enabled <!-- image -->

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Securing Manufacturing Industrial Control Systems_ Behavioral Anomaly Detection.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Guide to Operational Technology (OT) Security provide? (Section 42) to existing physical systems, often replacing or supplementing physical control mechanisms. For example, embedded digital controls replaced analog mechanical controls in rotating machines and engines. Improvements in cost and performance have encouraged this evolution and resulted in many of today’s “smart” technologies, such as the smart electric grid, smart transportation, smart buildings, smart manufacturing, and the Internet of Things. While this increases the connectivity and criticality of these systems, it also creates a greater need for their adaptability, resilience, safety, and security. Engineering OT continues to provide new capabilities while maintaining the typical long life cycles of these systems. The introduction of IT capabilities into physical systems presents emergent behavior with security implications. Engineering models and analysis are evolving to address these emergent properties, including safety, security, privacy, and environmental impact interdependencies. 3 See 8 NIST SP 800-82r3 September 2023 Guide to Operational Technology (OT) Security OT-Based Systems and Their Interdependencies OT is used in many industries and infrastructures, including those identified by the Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) as critical infrastructure sectors listed below. OT can be found in all critical infrastructures and is more prevalent in the sectors that are in bold.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: nist sp, fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Guide to Operational Technology (OT) Security.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Computer Security Division 2005 Annual Report say about FEDERAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS SECURITY EDUCATORS' ASSOCIATION? (Part 3) According to Computer Security Division 2005 Annual Report, FEDERAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS SECURITY EDUCATORS' ASSOCIATION: vendor exhibition. Further information regarding the conference is available on the FISSEA web site. Contacts: Mr. Mark Wilson (301) 975-3870 mark.wilson@nist.gov Ms. Peggy Himes (301) 975-2489 peggy.himes@nist.gov

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Computer Security Division 2005 Annual Report.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Digital Identity Guidelines_ Federation and Assertions say about 3.4.1.1. General Requirements? According to Digital Identity Guidelines_ Federation and Assertions, 3.4.1.1. General Requirements: When using pairwise pseudonymous identifiers within the assertions generated by the IdP for the RP, the IdP SHALL generate a different federated identifier for each RP (see Sec. 3.4.1.2) or set of RPs (see Sec. 3.4.1.3). Some identity attributes such as names, physical addresses, phone numbers, email addresses, and others can be used to identify a subscriber outside of a federation transaction. When PPIs are used alongside these kinds of identifying attributes, it may still be possible for multiple colluding RPs to re-identify a subscriber by correlation across systems. For example, if two independent RPs each see the same subscriber identified with a different PPI, the RPs could still determine that the subscriber is the same person by comparing the name, email address, physical address, or other identifying attributes carried alongside the PPI in the respective assertions. If PPIs are used alongside identifying attributes, RPs SHALL establish privacy policies, processes, and procedures to prevent the correlation of subscriber data consistent with applicable legal and regulatory requirements. In a proxied federation model (see Sec. 3.3.3), the upstream IdP may not be able to generate a PPI for the downstream RP, since the proxy could blind the IdP from knowing which RP is being accessed by the subscriber. In such situations, the PPI is generally established between the IdP and the federation proxy. Acting as an IdP, the proxy can provide a PPI to the downstream RP. Depending on the protocol, the federation proxy may need to map the PPI back to the associated identifiers from upstream IdPs in order to allow the identity protocol to function. In such cases, the proxy will be able to track and determine which PPIs represent the same subscriber at different RPs. The mapping of a PPI to other identifiers is considered subscriber information and SHALL be treated in accordance with the requirements in Sec. 3.10.1.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Digital Identity Guidelines_ Federation and Assertions.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. Explain 2.1.2 Terminology Conventions according to NIST Recommended Criteria for Cybersecurity Labeling of Consumer Software According to Recommended Criteria for Cybersecurity Labeling of Consumer Software, 2.1.2 Terminology Conventions: The Descriptive Claims group defines two terms, Claimant and Label Scope: A Claimant is defined in broad terms to encompass organizations of varying sizes and functions. This allows for individual developers, developer organizations, publishers, and others to act as the entity making the claims represented in a label and allows for flexibility on the part of the scheme owner. The Label Scope refers to what a label is describing. This allows a claimant to distinguish among software that is either included or excluded from the claims backed by the label (e.g., a mobile app versus a back-end server). This is especially important to the consumer, as it is often difficult to determine where these systems begin and end - their boundaries. For brevity, the criteria in this document frequently use the term 'software' and should be understood as referring to 'software within the label scope.'

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Recommended Criteria for Cybersecurity Labeling of Consumer Software.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Guide to Integrating Forensic Techniques into Incident Response provide? (Section 46) n incorrect network configuration, resolving a functional problem with an application, and recording and reviewing the current OS and application configuration settings for a host. - ! Log Monitoring. Various tools and techniques can assist in log monitoring, such as analyzing log entries and correlating log entries across multiple systems. This can assist in incident handling, identifying policy violations, auditing, and other efforts. - ! Data Recovery. There are dozens of tools that can recover lost data from systems, including data that has been accidentally or purposely deleted or otherwise modified. The amount of data that can be recovered varies on a case-by-case basis. - ! Data Acquisition. Some organizations use forensics tools to acquire data from hosts that are being redeployed or retired. For example, when a user leaves an organization, the data from the userGLYPH<146>s workstation can be acquired and stored in case it is needed in the future. The workstationGLYPH<146>s media can then be sanitized to remove all of the original userGLYPH<146>s data. - ! Due Diligence/Regulatory Compliance. Existing and emerging regulations require many organizations to protect sensitive information and maintain certain records for audit purposes. Also, when protected information is exposed to other parties, organizations may be required to notify other agencies or impacted individuals. Forensics can help organizations exercise due diligence and comply with such requirements. Regardless of the situation, the forensic process comprises the following basic phases: 4 - ! Collection. The first phase in the process is to identify, label, record, and acquire data from the possible sources of relevant data, while following guidelines and procedures that preserve the integrity of the data.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Guide to Integrating Forensic Techniques into Incident Response.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. Explain Authority Key Identifier : according to NIST NIST Test Personal Identity Verification (PIV) Cards Version 2 According to NIST Test Personal Identity Verification (PIV) Cards Version 2, Authority Key Identifier :: 36:DC:7B:64:B8:56:FB:0E:BF:AA:06:A6:F8:93:27:99:47:B6:B3:8A

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: NIST Test Personal Identity Verification (PIV) Cards Version 2.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Guidelines for Securing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems provide? (Section 104) ccess to that information if proper controls are not in place. This risk is distinct from the business process risk because it can be realized even when business processes are functioning as intended. A competitor or adversary can gain information from the RFID system in a number of ways, including eavesdropping on RF links between readers and tags, performing independent queries on tags to obtain relevant data, and obtaining unauthorized access to a back-end database storing information about tagged items. Supply chain applications may be particularly vulnerable to this risk because a variety of external entities may have read access to the tags or related databases. The risk of unauthorized access is realized when the entity engaging in the unauthorized behavior does something harmful with that information. In some cases, the information may trigger an immediate response. For example, someone might use a reader to determine whether a shipping container holds expensive electronic equipment, and then break into the container when it gets a positive reading. This scenario is an example of targeting . In other cases, data might also be aggregated over time to provide intelligence regarding an organization's operations, business strategy, or proprietary methods. For instance, an organization could monitor the number of tags entering a facility to provide a reasonable indication of its business growth or operating practices. In this case, if someone determined that a warehouse recently received a number of very large 32 Researchers from the Johns Hopkins University and RSA Laboratories cloned tags used as vehicle immobilizers and electronic payment tokens. Source: S. Bono, M. Green, A. Stubblefield, A. Juels, A. Rubin, and M. Szydlo, "Security analysis of a cryptographically-enabled RFID device," in the Fourteenth USENIX Security Symposium , 2005, pp. 1-16. 33 A University of Waterloo student cloned a proximity card used for access control. Source: S.

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: access control, pki, token. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: Guidelines for Securing Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Systems.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control OA-3 in Derived Personal Identity Verification (PIV) Credentials (DPC) Proof of Concept Research? (Part 47) Control OA-3: ee main security principles: - Non-exportability: Since all private information on the VSC is encrypted by using the host machine's TPM, it cannot be used on a different machine with a different TPM. Additionally, TPMs are designed to be tamper-resistant and non-exportable themselves, so an adversary cannot reverse engineer an identical TPM or install the same one on a different machine. - Isolated cryptography: TPMs provide the same properties of isolated cryptography offered by conventional smart cards, and this is utilized by VSCs. When used, unencrypted copies of private keys are loaded only within the TPM and never into memory accessible by the OS. All cryptographic operations with these private keys occur inside the TPM. - Anti-hammering: If a user enters a PIN incorrectly, the VSC responds by using the antihammering logic of the TPM, which rejects further attempts for a period of time instead of blocking the card. This is also known as lockout. ADCS supports TPM attestation, 30 which provides the ability for the issuing CA to confirm that the key in the certificate request is protected by a known TPM. There are three methods of TPM attestation: 29 http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/download/details.aspx?id=29076 30 https://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/dn581921.aspx - User credential: The CA trusts the user-provided EKPub (the public key of the TPM endorsement key) as part of the certificate request, and no validation is performed other than the requester's domain credentials. - EKCert: The CA validates the EKCert (the certificate associated with the TPM EKPub key) chain that is provided as part of the certificate request and is a member of a list of allowed EKCert chains. - EKPub: The CA validates that the EKPub provided as part of the certificate request is a member of a list of allowed EKPubs. TPMs implement anti-hammering functionality to reduce the threat of brute force PIN guessing attacks.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Derived Personal Identity Verification (PIV) Credentials (DPC) Proof of Concept Research.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control RA-1 in Guide to Operational Technology (OT) Security? (Part 159) Control RA-1: lnerability management procedures should include flexibility for interim alternative mitigations. Out-of-date OSs and applications may contain newly discovered vulnerabilities that could be exploited. Security patch support may not be available for legacy OT, so vulnerability management procedures should include contingency plans for mitigating vulnerabilities where patches may never be available or replacement plans. Vulnerabilities not considered by the organization could result in exploitation. Vulnerability management procedures should be in place to determine a plan of action or inaction upon the discovery of a vulnerability. Some OT considerations are: availability concerns may push patching until the next planned operational downtime; security patch support may not be available for OT systems that use outdated OSs; isolated systems may not require immediate patching; and OT exposed to the internet may need to be prioritized for patching. Modifications to hardware, firmware, and software deployed without testing could compromise normal operation of the OT. Documented procedures should be developed for testing all changes for security impacts. The live operational systems should never be used for testing. The testing of system modifications may need to be coordinated with system vendors and integrators. There are many reasons why an OT may need to be remotely accessed, including vendors and system integrators performing system maintenance functions or OT engineers accessing geographically remote system components. The concept of least privilege should be applied to remote access controls. Remote access capabilities must be adequately controlled to prevent unauthorized individuals from gaining access or authorized individuals from gaining excessive access to the OT. Improperly configured systems may leave unnecessary ports and protocols open. These unnecessary functions may contain vulnerabilities that increase the overall risk to the system.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity publication covering vulnerability management. Topics: vulnerability, exploit. Contains technical security guidance that could inform defensive posture. Source: Guide to Operational Technology (OT) Security.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Interagency Report on the Status of International Cybersecurity Standardization for the Internet of Things (IoT) say about Identity and Access Management: Standards that enable the use of secure, interoperable digital identities and attributes of entities to be used across security domains and organizational boundaries.? (Part 4) According to Interagency Report on the Status of International Cybersecurity Standardization for the Internet of Things (IoT), Identity and Access Management: Standards that enable the use of secure, interoperable digital identities and attributes of entities to be used across security domains and organizational boundaries.: entities, the LwM2M protocol required that all communication between LwM2M Clients and LwM2M Servers as well as LwM2M Clients and LwM2M Bootstrap-Servers are authenticated using mutual authentication. Page 68, Section 7.3.1 | Approved Standard Guidance Available |

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Interagency Report on the Status of International Cybersecurity Standardization for the Internet of Things (IoT).


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does NIST_SP_800-37r2_Risk_Management_Framework say about SYSTEM USER? According to NIST_SP_800-37r2_Risk_Management_Framework, SYSTEM USER: The system user is an individual or (system) process acting on behalf of an individual that is authorized to access information and information systems to perform assigned duties. System user responsibilities include, but are not limited to, adhering to organizational policies that govern acceptable use of organizational systems; using the organization-provided information technology resources for defined purposes only; and reporting anomalous or suspicious system behavior.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: NIST_SP_800-37r2_Risk_Management_Framework.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Identifying and Categorizing Data Types for Public Safety Mobile Applications_ Workshop Report say about Sample Information Types:? According to Identifying and Categorizing Data Types for Public Safety Mobile Applications_ Workshop Report, Sample Information Types:: - Tanker contents. - Vehicle telematics (speed, number of occupants, make/model, etc.). - Miscellaneous assets (tow trucks, flat-bed trucks, MCI bus, etc.).

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Identifying and Categorizing Data Types for Public Safety Mobile Applications_ Workshop Report.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Mobile Device Security_ Cloud and Hybrid Builds provide? (Section 104) mobile malware or PHAs, particularly repackaged versions of legitimate applications • Exploitation of vulnerabilities in a third- party library (e.g., advertisement library) embedded in an application | | Device Integrity | Application whitelisting/blacklisting | Microsoft Intune/SCCM: can additionally specify a whitelist or blacklist of specific applications and prohibit unsigned applications from being installed | • Installation of vulnerable applications, which increases the probability of application and device compromise | | Security Characteristic | Security Capability and Capability Description | Implementation Note | Example Mitigated Threats | |---------------------------|---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | | | | • Installation of untrusted applications, which handle sensitive data in an insecure manner | | Device Integrity | Boot validation: validation that the device is in a known working state and unmodified at boot (e.g., basic input-output system integrity checks) | • Android: optional Verified Boot capability with device-specific availability.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity publication covering vulnerability management. Topics: exploit, malware. Contains technical security guidance that could inform defensive posture. Source: Mobile Device Security_ Cloud and Hybrid Builds.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Proceedings of the Workshop of the Federal Criteria for Information Technology Security provide? (Section 24) luated in unusable configurations, thereby defeating the whole purpose of the evaluation process. This might be done via constraints cmi the vetting of profiles and the evaluation of security targets. One light hearted suggestion was for the government to copyright profile names, requiring that they not be misused, just as the Ada Joint Program Office copyrighted the use of 'Ada.' Rating Maintenance Phase (RAMP): There was a concern that the RAMP process was not addressed in the Federal Criteria. Global Issues CHAPTER 4 Based on analysis of the comments to the Functional Requirements the following set of issues were presented for discussion. Whenever possible, people who made insightful comments were invited to present their positions. - Precision in Tenninology - Identification and Authentication - Access Control - Availability & Fault Tolerance - Policy Neutral Criteria - TCB & Reference Monitor Focus - Integrity - Open-Ended Criteria - Issues from the attendees The ground rules for discussion were to focus on philosophy & high-level issues. Wordsmithing was to be handled by the written comments. The objective of the workshop was to seek guidance and direction. Multiple options were considered useful, especially if statistical indicators such as distribution of (pinions and variance were captured. Martha Branstad ofTrusted Information Systems presented issues concerning precision in tenninology. She emphasized that the Federal Criteria must be meaningful and understandable. Her focus was on arriving at a definition of security. She quoted Dan Sterne's definition of a security policy objective as **A statement of intent to protect an identified resource from unauthorized use** and emphasized that security is not synonymous with correcmess. The ensuing discussion surfaced several inccxnpatible positions concerning definitions of information security.

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: access control, authentication. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: Proceedings of the Workshop of the Federal Criteria for Information Technology Security.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control IA-32 in Hardware-Enabled Security_ Enabling a Layered Approach to Platform Security for Cloud and Edge Computing Use Cases? (Part 86) Control IA-32: | | Chain of Trust (CoT) | A method for maintaining valid trust boundaries by applying a principle of transitive trust, where each software module in a system boot process is required to measure the next module before transitioning control. | | Confidential Computing | Hardware-enabled features that isolate and process encrypted data in memory so that the data is at less risk of exposure and compromise from concurrent workloads or the underlying system and platform. | | Cryptographic Accelerator | A specialized separate coprocessor chip from the main processing unit where cryptographic tasks are offloaded to for performance benefits. | | Hardware-Enabled Security | Security with its basis in the hardware platform. | | Platform Trust | An assurance in the integrity of the underlying platform configuration, including hardware, firmware, and software. | | Root of Trust (RoT) | A starting point that is implicitly trusted. | | Shadow Stack | A parallel hardware stack that applications can utilize to store a copy of return addresses that are checked against the normal program stack on return operations. | | Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) | An area or enclave protected by a system processor. |

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Hardware-Enabled Security_ Enabling a Layered Approach to Platform Security for Cloud and Edge Computing Use Cases.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Guide to Secure Web Services provide? (Section 196) njection Test: Involves data perturbation (i.e., alteration of the type of data the execution environment components pass to the application, or that the application's components pass to one another). Fault injection can reveal the effects of security defects on the behavior of the components themselves and on the application as a whole. [12] Security-Oriented Code Review: A code review, or audit, investigates the coding practices used in the application. The main objective of such reviews is to discover security defects and potentially identify solutions. [12] Security Service: A processing or communication service that is provided by a system to give a specific kind of protection to resources, where said resources may reside with said system or reside with other systems, for example, an authentication service or a PKI-based document attribution and authentication service. A security service is a superset of AAA services. Security services typically implement portions of security policies and are implemented via security mechanisms. [1] Service: A software component participating in a service-oriented architecture that provides functionality or participates in realizing one or more capabilities. [14] Service Composition: Aggregation of multiple small services into larger services. [14] Service Description: A set of documents that describe the interface to and semantics of a service. [1] Service Interface: The abstract boundary that a service exposes. It defines the types of messages and the message exchange patterns that are involved in interacting with the service, together with any conditions implied by those messages. [1] Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA): A collection of services. These services communicate with each other. The communication can involve either simple data passing or it could involve two or more services coordinating some activity.

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: authentication, pki. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: Guide to Secure Web Services.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Report of the NSF_NIST Workshop on NSFNET_NREN Security, July 6-7, 1992 say about 7 Session on Security Management in Distributed Networks? According to Report of the NSF_NIST Workshop on NSFNET_NREN Security, July 6-7, 1992, 7 Session on Security Management in Distributed Networks: Session Leader: Vint Cerf, Corporation for National Research Initiatives

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Report of the NSF_NIST Workshop on NSFNET_NREN Security, July 6-7, 1992.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS) provide? (Section 161) uilding profiles of typical activity and identifying significant deviations. - GLYPH<c=31,font=/HHCKCL+Webdings> Searching application content for keywords (e.g., 'confidential', 'proprietary'). This makes it more valuable for network forensics and less valuable for intrusion detection and prevention than a typical network-based IDPS. 48 Although syslog has been in use for many years, it has not been standardized formally. Request for Comments (RFC) 3164, The BSD Syslog Protocol , was published in August 2001, and it is an informational RFC that describes commonly used syslog message formats based on existing implementations. It is available at By default, syslog's transport mechanism is trivially simple; RFC 3164 states that '…the payload of any IP packet destined to UDP port 514 MUST be considered to be a valid syslog message'. RFC 3195, Reliable Delivery for Syslog , was published in November 2001, and it defines multiple transport mechanisms for syslog. It is available at 49 Additional information on complementary tools is available from NIST SP 800-86, Guide to Integrating Forensic Techniques into Incident Response , which is available at http://csrc.nist.gov/publications/nistpubs/. Ways in which NFAT software complements IDPSs include the following: - GLYPH<c=31,font=/HHCKCL+Webdings> NFAT software is often more valuable for network forensics than IDPS software because of its extensive packet logging. - GLYPH<c=31,font=/HHCKCL+Webdings> Having NFAT software perform packet logging can reduce the load on network-based IDPS sensors. - GLYPH<c=31,font=/HHCKCL+Webdings> NFAT software might be better-suited to customization, especially for content searches (e.g., keywords), than some IDPS technologies.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity publication covering vulnerability management. Topics: intrusion detection, incident response. Contains technical security guidance that could inform defensive posture. Source: Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention Systems (IDPS).