You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. Explain VENDOR: according to NIST Computer Security Training & Awareness Course Compendium According to Computer Security Training & Awareness Course Compendium, VENDOR:: Security Engineering Services, Inc. 5005 Bayside Road Chesapeake Beach, MD 20732 Bruce Gabrielson: (301) 855-4565 Participants learn technical rational and requirements that lead to formal management decision making regarding security issues. Topics Covered: Org. Security, Systems Security Engineering Management, Risk Management, Audit Controls, Contingency Planning, Risk Analysis, System Test and Evaluation, System Design, Network Administration, UNIX, Apple System 7, Config. Management, Life Cycle Management, Virus Protection, COMSEC, Control, TEMPEST Control and Vulnerability Assessments COURSE TITLE: Writing Security Plans COURSE LENGTH: 2 DAYS

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control, assessment. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Computer Security Training & Awareness Course Compendium.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Cybersecurity Framework Manufacturing Profile Low Impact Level Example Implementations Guide_ Volume 3 – Discrete-based Manufacturing System Use Case say about 4.11.5.1 Environment Setup? According to Cybersecurity Framework Manufacturing Profile Low Impact Level Example Implementations Guide_ Volume 3 – Discrete-based Manufacturing System Use Case, 4.11.5.1 Environment Setup: 1. NamicSoft was installed on a temp. Windows 10 laptop setup on a need-by basis. 2. The guest OS IP information of this server was set as follows: IP address: 192.168.0.11 Gateway: 192.168.0.2 Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: cybersecurity framework, fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Cybersecurity Framework Manufacturing Profile Low Impact Level Example Implementations Guide_ Volume 3 – Discrete-based Manufacturing System Use Case.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control ES-128 in Status Report on the Third Round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process? (Part 4) Control ES-128: ecurity reductions to the underlying PKEs in the ROM, and non-tight security reductions in the QROM. Making some additional non-standard assumptions, one of the QROM security proofs can be made tight. The CCA security proofs are obtained from the OW-CPA assumption for the PKEs, thus relating the security of the NTRU submission to the original 1996 NTRU design. The submission specification uses both local and non-local cost models for determining the security category of their parameter sets. For a more direct comparison with the other KEM finalists, the assignment of security categories according to the non-local cost model is appropriate. This is what NIST used for NTRU in the figures and tables in this report. The design and parameter choices of NTRU protect against all the attacks known today. In their specification, analysis is provided for the primal and dual lattice attacks. The specification analyzes quantum versions of the above attacks as well but notes that all existing claims of a quantum speedup for lattice reduction algorithms rely on the QuantumRAM model of computation, which the submission describes as sufficiently unrealistic to be irrelevant to the security of NTRU in practice. The NTRU problem was first posed in 1996 and it remains unbroken despite many research advances in lattice attacks over the past few decades. This long security analysis provides confidence in the security of NTRU. Performance. The public key and ciphertext sizes for NTRU are comparable to the other structured lattice KEM candidates, although about 25% larger (see Table 6). NTRU KEMs have very good performance in software, especially on an AVX2 machine (see Figure 1). NTRU key generation is noticeably slower than that of the other two lattice KEM finalists. Significant events since Round 2. After being selected to be a finalist in the third round, NTRU made a few minor changes. This included an updated security analysis, as well as some patches to some reported bugs.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Status Report on the Third Round of the NIST Post-Quantum Cryptography Standardization Process.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control EU-73 in Design Alternatives for Computer Network Security? (Part 77) Control EU-73: d can be either dropped or carried along depending on which is more convenient. The other two designs utilized the implicit addressing schemes and either NOP'ed or deleted the command from the string. The latter also compresses the control string, but requires buffering. The implicit command addressing utilizes the address fields of the composite message leader, or nested leaders, (as discussed in Section 3.3.4) to identify which ICD executes which portion of the embedded commands. ## 4.3.3 Control Strings Using the Primitives As previously stated, the control commands (primitives) will be embedded in text strings, which will then cause the appropriate connections to be established via the interpretation of these strings at each ICD along the path (typically in a relay fashion) . We have found that these control strings look very complex, but upon closer inspection, one finds that they conform to a straightforward and static set of macro-like templates which the SC and its ICD could readily utilize to create the connections. ## 4.3.4 Concern for Errors in Control Commands Errors encountered in a control message must be handled with special care since the ICDs at the two ends may be left in different states, and hence may have to reinitialize via the SC. This condition would be similar to that encountered by loss of crypto-sync in a running key scheme; a condition that could otherwise be avoided by using a self-synchronizing method of cryptographic protection (see Section 4.4.1) If a sending ICD has a message buffer, it can hold a copy of a control message until it has successfully reached the recipient, (and retransmit if necessary) similarly, if a receiving ICD has a buffer it can delay executing any commands until the entire control message has been received and error checked. This would require that our conceptual model of an ICD be modified from that of Figure 4-2 to include a storage buffer between the deciphering unit and the control detector.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Design Alternatives for Computer Network Security.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does NIST_SP_800-53r5_Security_Privacy_Controls provide? (Section 118) nges in risk tolerance due to changes in the immediacy of mission or business needs, changes in the threat environment, and detection of potentially harmful or adverse events. Related Controls: SI-4. (4) INFORMATION FLOW ENFORCEMENT | FLOW CONTROL OF ENCRYPTED INFORMATION Prevent encrypted information from bypassing [Assignment: organization-defined information flow control mechanisms] by [Selection (one or more): decrypting the information; blocking the flow of the encrypted information; terminating communications sessions attempting to pass encrypted information; [Assignment: organization-defined procedure or method]]. Discussion: Flow control mechanisms include content checking, security policy filters, and data type identifiers. The term encryption is extended to cover encoded data not recognized by filtering mechanisms. Related Controls: SI-4. (5) INFORMATION FLOW ENFORCEMENT | EMBEDDED DATA TYPES Enforce [Assignment: organization-defined limitations] on embedding data types within other data types. Discussion: Embedding data types within other data types may result in reduced flow control effectiveness. Data type embedding includes inserting files as objects within other files and using compressed or archived data types that may include multiple embedded data types. Limitations on data type embedding consider the levels of embedding and prohibit levels of data type embedding that are beyond the capability of the inspection tools. Related Controls: None. (6) INFORMATION FLOW ENFORCEMENT | METADATA Enforce information flow control based on [Assignment: organization-defined metadata]. Discussion: Metadata is information that describes the characteristics of data. Metadata can include structural metadata describing data structures or descriptive metadata describing data content. Enforcement of allowed information flows based on metadata enables simpler and more effective flow control.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: rmf, fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: NIST_SP_800-53r5_Security_Privacy_Controls.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does A Statistical Test Suite for Random and Pseudorandom Number Generators for Cryptographic Applications say about D.10 Test Results? (Part 2) According to A Statistical Test Suite for Random and Pseudorandom Number Generators for Cryptographic Applications, D.10 Test Results: Table D.1: Illustration of Rejection/Uniformity Failures | Statistical Test | ExcessiveR ejections | Lacks Uniformity | Generator | |---------------------|------------------------|--------------------|----------------------------------| | Frequency | X | X | Modular Exponentiation | | Frequency | X | X | Cubic Congruential | | Frequency | X | X | Quadratic Congruential (Type I) | | Block Frequency | | X | Cubic Congruential | | Block Frequency | X | X | XOR | | Cusum | X | X | Micali-Schnorr | | Cusum | X | X | Modular Exponentiation | | Cusum | X | X | Cubic Congruential | | Cusum | X | X | Quadratic Congruential (Type I) | | Runs | X | | Modular Exponentiation | | Runs | X | X | Cubic Congruential | | Runs | X | | Quadratic Congruential (Type I) | | Rank | X | X | XOR | | Spectral | X | X | Cubic Congruential | | Spectral | | X | Quadratic Congruential (Type II) | | Aperiodic Templates | X | | ANSI X9.17 | | Aperiodic Templates | X | | Micali-Schnorr | | Aperiodic Templates | X | | Modular Exponentiation

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: A Statistical Test Suite for Random and Pseudorandom Number Generators for Cryptographic Applications.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Audit and Evaluation of Computer Security II_ System Vulnerabilities and Controls say about 3.4 Inertia Problem? (Part 2) According to Audit and Evaluation of Computer Security II_ System Vulnerabilities and Controls, 3.4 Inertia Problem: l be no computer security problem; in short, the magic phrase "distributed processing" is often viewed as a solution to the computer security problem. Although there are cases where this is true (e.g. replacing a conventional time-shared service bureau with a lot of mini-computers), the major purpose of distributed systems --the ability to widely and selectively share information --requires that a distributed system at a high level of abstraction appear to be a single integrated system. And securely controlling access to and within this single system, whether distributed or not, comes up against the general computer security problem we have been discussing. Distributing processing hardware may remove the problems caused by a desire to share hardware resources, which is what has given rise to current perceptions of the computer security problem, but it does not remove the problem caused by a need to share information and the logical means for accessing it. See section 6.3 for a further discussion. The technology transfer problem can be seen in the fact that even if government procurement specifications were tightened to ask for the kind of security we believe possible with the current state of the art, fewer than fifty people in the country would understand the true implications of what is being asked for, and those fifty are concentrated in less than a half-dozen organizations, none of them in the main-stream development organizations of the major mainframe vendors. This is partly because at the moment most efforts of vendors relating to security are concentrating on the "mechanisms" part of the security problem, with very little attention to the "assurance" part.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Audit and Evaluation of Computer Security II_ System Vulnerabilities and Controls.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Security Labels for Open Systems_ an Invitational Workshop say about 8. Support of a Fixed Label-Set Association? According to Security Labels for Open Systems_ an Invitational Workshop, 8. Support of a Fixed Label-Set Association: Going up the protocol stack, diverse labelled-fields are provided at the network layer domain access sublayer, and in order to provide uniform labelled-field support a transition must be made in some higher layer. The (L+l)-layer is the lowest such layer. The benefit of providing the mechanism for supporting a fixed-set-labelling facility at as low a layer as possible is that local labelling operations on a per-SDU basis will not be required above it, only on a perconnection basis. In many computers this gives a realistic opportunity for providing a separate process per connection, and therefore of using process separation as the basis for verification of confinement. The mechanism in the layers above the (L+l)-layer is as described above for the support of a fixed-set-labelling (N)-facility by a fixed-set-labelling (N-l) facility. An application association can then similarly be provided from a presentation layer connection.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Security Labels for Open Systems_ an Invitational Workshop.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Guide to SSL VPNs say about Executive Summary? (Part 2) According to Guide to SSL VPNs, Executive Summary: ingle standard SSL connection to a Web site to securely access multiple network services. The site accessed is typically called a portal because it is a single page that leads to many other resources. The remote user accesses the SSL VPN gateway using any modern Web browser, identifies himself or herself to the gateway using an authentication method supported by the gateway, and is then presented with a Web page that acts as the portal to the other services. -  SSL Tunnel VPNs. This type of SSL VPN allows a user to use a typical Web browser to securely access multiple network services, including applications and protocols that are not web-based, through a tunnel that is running under SSL. SSL tunnel VPNs require that the Web browser be able to handle active content, which allows them to provide functionality that is not accessible to SSL portal VPNs. Examples of active content include Java, JavaScript, Active X, or Flash applications or plug-ins. This publication discusses the fundamental technologies and features of SSL VPNs. It describes SSL and how it fits within the context of layered network security. It presents a phased approach to SSL VPN planning and implementation that can help in achieving successful SSL VPN deployments. It also compares the SSL VPN technology with IPsec VPNs and other VPN solutions. This information is particularly valuable for helping organizations to determine how best to deploy SSL VPNs within their specific network environments. Implementing the following recommendations should assist in facilitating more efficient and effective SSL VPN use for Federal departments and agencies.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Guide to SSL VPNs.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control FT-128 in Status Report on the Second Round of the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization Process? (Part 133) Control FT-128: Code sizes (in bytes) for the smallest implementations of the primary hash variants on microcontrollers | | ATmega328P | ATmega4809 | SAM D21 | nRF52840 | PIC32MX | ESP8266 | |------------------|--------------|--------------|-----------|------------|-----------|-----------| | SHA-256 | 2284 | 2322 | 944 | 904 | 1576 | 1084 | | ACE | 2790 | 2482 | 1164 | 1216 | 2216 | 1484 | | ASCON | 2164 | 2148 | 1064 | 888 | 1404 | 1124 | | DryGASCON | 4648 | 4596 | 1320 | 1168 | 2136 | 1504 | | Gimli | 1220 | 1228 | 416 | 352 | 628 | 412 | | KNOT | 2128 | 1970 | 636 | 512 | 784 | 572 | | ORANGE | 2882 | 2894 | 1556 | 1456 | 2580 | 1760 | | PHOTON-Beetle | 1006 | 1000 | 3612 | 2420 | 6128 | 4532 | | Saturnin | 2582 | 2664 | 1280 | 1352 | 2100 | 1572 | | SKINNY-HASH | 2800 | 2694 | 2300 | 1896 | 2936 | 2136 | | SPARKLE | 1836 | 1938 | 848 | 752 | 1316 | 960 | | Subterranean 2.0 | 2614 | 2592 | 2364 | 2352 | 3136 | 2624 | | Xoodyak | 1996 | 2028 | 868 | 2676 | 1248 | 1004 | \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ Table 14.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Status Report on the Second Round of the NIST Lightweight Cryptography Standardization Process.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Information Security Handbook_ A Guide for Managers provide? (Section 110) ning material. 34 See NIST SP 800-55, Security Metrics Guide for Information Technology Systems, and Chapter 7, Performance Measures, of this guide for additional guidance on measurements and metrics. Formal evaluation and feedback mechanisms are critical components of any security awareness and training program. Continuous improvement cannot occur without a good sense of how the existing program is working. In addition, the feedback mechanism must be designed to address objectives initially established for the program. Once the baseline requirements have been solidified, a feedback strategy can be designed and implemented. Various evaluation and feedback mechanisms that can be used to update the awareness and training program plan include surveys, evaluation forms, independent observation, status reports, interviews, focus groups, technology shifts, and/or benchmarking. A feedback strategy should incorporate elements that address quality, scope, deployment method (e.g., Web-based, onsite, offsite), level of difficulty, ease of use, duration of session, relevancy, currency, and suggestions for modification. Metrics are essential to feedback and evaluation. They can be used to: - Measure the effectiveness of the security awareness and training program; - Provide information for many of the data requests that an agency must provide with regard to compliance; and, - Provide an important gauge for demonstrating progress and identifying areas for improvement. It is necessary to ensure that the program, as structured, continues to evolve as new technology and associated security issues emerge. Training needs will shift as new skills and capabilities become necessary to respond to new architectural and technology changes. A change in the organizational mission and/or objectives can also influence ideas on how best to design training solutions and content.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: nist sp, fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Information Security Handbook_ A Guide for Managers.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Stateless Hash-Based Digital Signature Standard say about 9.3 SLH-DSA Signature Verification? According to Stateless Hash-Based Digital Signature Standard, 9.3 SLH-DSA Signature Verification: As with signature generation, SLH-DSA signature verification (Algorithm 20) begins by computing a message digest (line 8) and then extracting 𝑚𝑑 (line 9), 𝑖𝑑𝑥 𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑒 (lines 10 and 12), and 𝑖𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑓 (lines 11 and 13) from the digest. A candidate FORS public key is then computed (line 17), and the signature on the FORS key is verified (line 18). If this signature verification succeeds, then the correct FORS public key was computed, and the signature SIG on message 𝑀 is valid.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Stateless Hash-Based Digital Signature Standard.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Blockchain and Related Technologies to Support Manufacturing Supply Chain Traceability_ Needs and Industry Perspectives say about 8 Conclusions? (Part 2) According to Blockchain and Related Technologies to Support Manufacturing Supply Chain Traceability_ Needs and Industry Perspectives, 8 Conclusions: acy are more likely to initially be settled locally versus supply chain wide, where top-level agreements without organic lower-level support are likely be over-constrained and difficult to achieve. 2. These traceability ecosystems can internally use decentralized information sharing to overcome the restriction of typical bi-lateral business-to-business (B2B) connections (tiers). - a. This trend is observed. - b. The decentralized information sharing technology can range from DLT (Decentralized Ledger Technology) to blockchain. - c. The benefit of DLT is that the ecosystem can operate redundant nodes to add resiliency. - d. However, if the ecosystem needs more decentralization due to not entrusting any one participant with control over the data, then blockchain can be used (ledger + decentralized control). - e. Overcoming bi-lateral connections enables traceability data records to be shared as widely as agreements can be forged. This scope naturally forms an ecosystem and shares a common purpose, common agreement on language, and a common means to exchange data records. 3. These traceability ecosystems will soon start to connect and form a network of ecosystems. - a. This is the trend anticipated in manufacturing supply chains. - b. This trend has been recently observed in global identity networks. - c. A network of traceability ecosystems, together with a means to measure progress and make incremental improvements will grow the network. - d. Cybersecurity measures and perspectives will be influenced by the scale of interoperable ecosystems and redistribution of cyber responsibilities among participants. 4. The emergent growth of networks of ecosystems can be accelerated by larger feedback loops (hypothesis). - a. A feedback loop of observations, lessons learned, pattern derivation, and updated proposed research areas will grow the scope of networks of traceability ecosystems across the manufacturing supply chain. - b.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Blockchain and Related Technologies to Support Manufacturing Supply Chain Traceability_ Needs and Industry Perspectives.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control IP-002 in Guidelines for Smart Grid Cybersecurity? (Part 52) Control IP-002: egory 21 include:  Vendors acting in an (outsourced) operational role to perform troubleshooting and problem resolution (see Logical Interface Categories 1-4, 5-6, or 20, depending upon the role). 71 Figure 2-25 Logical Interface Category 21 2.3.18 Logical Interface Category 22: Interface between security/network/system management consoles and all networks and systems Logical interface category 22 covers the interfaces between security/network/system management consoles and all networks and systems:  Between a security console and network routers, firewalls, computer systems, and network nodes. The main activities performed on this interface include:  Communication infrastructure operations and maintenance;  Security settings and audit log retrieval (if the security audit log is separate from the event logs);  Future real-time monitoring of the security infrastructure; and 72  Security infrastructure operations and maintenance. Key characteristics of this logical interface category as follows:  The functions performed on this interface are not considered real-time activities.  Some communications carried on this interface may be performed interactively.  The principal driver for urgency on this interface is the need for critical operational/security updates.  These functions are presently performed by a combination of – Separate remote access to devices, such as by dial-up connection; – Local access at the device/control system console; and – Access via the same interface used for real-time communications. Activities outside of the scope of Logical interface category 22 include:  Smart grid transmission and distribution (see Logical Interface Categories 1-4 and 5-6);  Advanced metering (see Logical Interface Category 13); and  Control systems engineering and systems maintenance (see Logical Interface Category 20).

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Guidelines for Smart Grid Cybersecurity.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Situational Awareness for Electric Utilities provide? (Section 245) ``` !Flags,CaseSens-,Overwrite regex.event.name,set.event.deviceVendor,set.event.deviceProduct .*Cyberlens.*,DragosSecurity,CyberLens ``` - Create a .csv file containing the text below, and copy this file to /opt/arcsight/<connector directory>/current/user/agent/acp/categorizer/current/<deviceproduct>/deviceproduct.csv | event. | set.event. | set.event. | set.event. | set.event. | set.event. | set.event. | |----------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------|--------------| | device | category | category | category | category | category | category | | Product | Object | Behavior | Technique | DeviceGroup | Significance | Outcome | CyberLens /Host /Found /Traffic Anomaly /IDS/Network /Informational /attempt This will allow a user to right-click on a URL in an event to spawn OnGuard with the URL passed as a parameter. Figure 2-84 ArcSight Configure <!-- image --> - In the name field, type I CS2-URL, then select the Program Parameters browse button. Figure 2-85 Program Parameters Setup <!-- image --> - Select Event Attributes > Request > Request URL . Figure 2-86 Request URL Configuration <!-- image --> - Select OK. Figure 2-87 Tool URL Verification <!-- image --> - Right-click on a URL in an event, select Tools, and verify that the ICS2-URL tool appears in the menu. - Follow ArcSight ʼ s instructions for installing a Linux-based syslog SmartConnector. - Copy the custom FlexConnector configuration files to the appropriate locations. - See Sections 6-8 of cyberlens-syslog-configuration-v2\_3.docx.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Situational Awareness for Electric Utilities.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. Explain Enabling Forensic Analysis Using Hypervisor Vulnerabilities Data according to NIST 2019 NIST_ITL Cybersecurity Program Annual Report According to 2019 NIST_ITL Cybersecurity Program Annual Report, Enabling Forensic Analysis Using Hypervisor Vulnerabilities Data: Virtualization drives much of today's computing, and a basic component of that is the use of hypervisors-the software, firmware, or hardware that creates and runs many virtual machines. Because of the role that hypervisors play in critical technology such as cloud computing, they are often the target of attacks. To help address this need, NIST has developed a methodology to enable forensic analysis on attacks on hypervisors. Two open-source hypervisors-Xen and Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM)-were chosen as platforms to illustrate the methodology by analyzing the most recent vulnerability data from NIST's National Vulnerability Database (NVD). The vulnerabilities were classified in terms of hypervisor functionality, attack type, and attack source. Based on the relative distribution of vulnerabilities in a hypervisor functionality, sample attacks were launched to exploit vulnerabilities in the target hypervisor functionality, and the associated system calls were logged. The gaps in evidence data that is required for fully detecting and reconstructing those attacks were identified, and techniques required to gather missing evidence were incorporated during subsequent attack runs, essentially performing an iterative process.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity publication covering vulnerability management. Topics: vulnerability, exploit. Contains technical security guidance that could inform defensive posture. Source: 2019 NIST_ITL Cybersecurity Program Annual Report.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Securing Web Transactions_ TLS Server Certificate Management provide? (Section 450) log with a note about the service check date verification, and the installation of the software may continue. F5 recommends reactivating the BIG-IP system license before conducting a software upgrade. Follow these steps to reactivate a BIG-IP system license using the Configuration utility: 1. Navigate to System > License . 2. Click Re-activate . 3. In the Activation Method area, select Automatic (requires outbound connectivity). 4. Click Next . BIG-IP VE licenses are permanently associated with the virtual instance. To move a license, contact F5 Technical Support for assistance. However, with BIG-IP 12.1.3.3 and BIG-IP 13.1 and later, you can move the RegKey without contacting support by revoking the instance's license from tmsh, the Configuration utility, and iControl/REST by using the 'tmsh revoke sys license' command on that virtual instance. This action revokes the license and unlocks the RegKey-enabling the user to activate a new virtual machine. Call F5 Technical Support for assistance if the connection is lost and you want to move the license to the current VE, if hypervisor crashes, or if you can't access the password or network address. BIG-IP software offers two supported methods for backing up and restoring the configuration: user configuration set (UCS) archives and single configuration files. This guide focuses on using the UCS archive only. To create, delete, upload, or download an archive, you must have either administrator or resource administrator role privileges. A UCS archive contains BIG-IP configuration data that can fully restore a BIG-IP system in the event of a failure or return material authorization. Each time you back up the configuration data, the BIG-IP system creates a new UCS archive file in the /var/local/ucs directory. In addition to configuration data, each UCS file contains various configuration files necessary for the BIG-IP system to operate correctly.

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: authorization, sso. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: Securing Web Transactions_ TLS Server Certificate Management.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Guidelines for API Protection for Cloud-Native Systems say about 2.3. Broken Authentication? According to Guidelines for API Protection for Cloud-Native Systems, 2.3. Broken Authentication: Authentication is a prerequisite for authorization, particularly two aspects: the authentication system itself is robust, and the application uses the authenticated identities correctly. Risks that an authentication system needs to mitigate include [8]: - Credential Stuffing is a type of brute force attack, where an attacker knows an account's name, and tries to brute force a ton of different passwords to unlock it. (They "stuff all the credentials they can find" into the victim system's authorization system in the hopes that something will stick). The attacker is able to carry out this since mitigation features such as rate limits, Captcha are absent. - Brute-force attacks on a single account without mitigations, which is closely related to unrestricted resource consumption (see Sec. 2.4) - Insecure practices, such as weak passwords, passing sensitive data in public channels (e.g., the URL), missing password validation for changes to sensitive account data, and using weak keys or poor algorithms to encrypt user data in transit and at rest - Bad or incorrect token validation, including not validating at all, ignoring expiry, and using insecure signing schemes or weak signing keys With a robust and secure authentication system in place, the application must use those credentials correctly. Risks to mitigate include: - Missing authentication (e.g., tokens can be present but simply not checked), often due to a bug or misconfiguration in the application - Weak or predictable tokens, default accounts, and default passwords (e.g., a hard-coded bootstrap account with the same username and password on all devices, test accounts with predictable names and weak/guessable passwords)

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: authentication, authorization, token. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: Guidelines for API Protection for Cloud-Native Systems.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is CONFIDENTIALITY according to Standards for Security Categorization of Federal Information and Information Systems? CONFIDENTIALITY: Preserving authorized restrictions on information access and disclosure, including means for protecting personal privacy and proprietary information. [44 U.S.C., SEC. 3542]

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Standards for Security Categorization of Federal Information and Information Systems.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Audit and Evaluation of Computer Security II_ System Vulnerabilities and Controls provide? (Section 246) SAF Data Services Center (TS-S) Reasonable Modern Programming Techniques Limited System Integrity Measures 4. No User Programming (TS-S-C) Formal Design Specifications System Integrity Measures 5. Limited User Programming (TS-S-C) Proven Design Specifications Verifiable Implementation Limited Covert Path Provisions 6. Full User Programming (TS-S-C-U) Verified Design Automated Test Generation Extended Covert Path Provisions Reasonable Denial of Service Provisions We are mindful that the administrative aspects of the proposed process are formidable. Rough analogies can be found in current procurement practices. It should be noted that the whole process is somewhat akin to what is being done for pollution control. Public policy vaguely establishes a desire for cleaner air, whereas the technical discussions between the government and the automobile manufacturers establish approximately what is feasible. The policy setters, however, set the acceptable levels somewhat higher than industry would wish, and furthermore announce a general plan of tightening the standards over time. The same kind of process is envisioned here. The evaluation matrix is in effect the security standard analogous to the pollution level standard. At first, the entries in it would be fairly low, but as technology matures (mostly the assurance technology) the standards would be tightened. Publication of intention to follow this process, along with the timetable of standards-tightening, would encourage vendor development, provided it is all done in a reasonable, public, and well-informed manner. ' jj f Note: Special thanks and credit to Clark Weissman for most of the material in this section.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is Justification according to Security Analysis of First Responder Mobile and Wearable Devices? Justification: Public safety practitioners would likely try to use public safety-grade, ruggedized devices where possible.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Security Analysis of First Responder Mobile and Wearable Devices.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Computer Security and the Data Encryption Standard_ Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Security and the Data Encryption Standard provide? (Section 104) hannel implementation, a multi-chip DES for high speed reasons. The integrated approach of implementing the DES as a CPU hardware device requires a very careful solution to the key management problem. With that in mind, I will define what I call an "optimum" solution to key management and key distribution in an integrated CPU and DES facility.* Let us design a network consisting of N devices attached to a CPU. Each terminal has an imbedded, private Device Key (the encryption key to be used with the DES). Each key is different for good security. The question is, "How can any device talk to any other device if all of the keys are different?" The solution is to maintain a list of all of the private Device Keys in the memory of the CPU and let the CPU generate a new key for use in protecting the data between any two common devices. *Editor's Note: Dr. Tuchman told a lengthy, humorous story at this point to illustrate his definition of the word "optimum." To prevent this list of keys from being stolen or accidentally lost, we will encrypt this list of keys with another key which we call the Master Key . This key is located only on the DES device and cannot be read by anyone. The following happens during a "session" of communications between any two of the devices. Let us say that terminal 2 wants to talk to terminal 8. The private keys for terminals 2 and 8 are both contained in the encryption key list which, of course, is encrypted by the Master Key. The CPU generates an encrypted Session Key from a device that is time-dependent and pseudo-random, such as the system clock. This encrypted Session Key ( defined to be encrypted under the Master Key and never appearing in the CPU in its plain form) as well as the Private Key for terminal 2 and the Private Key for terminal 8, are all sent to the DES device controlled by the CPU.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Computer Security and the Data Encryption Standard_ Proceedings of the Conference on Computer Security and the Data Encryption Standard.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does NIST Test Personal Identity Verification (PIV) Cards Version 2 provide? (Section 22) ndicates that there are six retired key management keys on the card (two 2048-bit RSA, two ECC Curve P-256, two ECC Curve P-384) but that none of the corresponding certificates are stored on the card. A URL is provided that refers to a file containing all of the retired certificates for key management. Test PIV Card 5 supports secure messaging using cipher suite 7 and also implements the VCI. Test PIV Card 6 only contains those data objects that are listed as mandatory in [SP800-73] (except for the Discovery object and Biometric Information Templates Group Template, which are present on every test card). 4 Test PIV Card 6 includes a PIV Authentication certificate and a Card Authentication certificate but no digital signature certificate or key management certificate. The subject name in the PIV Authentication certificate contains the card's FASC-N rather than the cardholder's name, and the subjectAltName extension in the 3 A few of the retired certificates for key management contain RSA subject public keys and are signed using RSA PKCS #1 v1.5. 4 The BIT Group Template on every test card except Test PIV Card 8 contains no BITs, indicating that on-card biometric comparison is not supported. PIV Authentication certificate only includes the card's FASC- N and UUID. The card's FASC-N indicates that the cardholder is a contractor, and the NACI indicator extension in the PIV Authentication certificate indicates that the cardholder's NACI had not been completed at the time that the certificate was issued. The Printed Information buffer is not present on the card. Test PIV Card 7 represents a legacy PIV Card. Unlike all of the other test cards, the PIV Authentication, digital signature, and key management certificates on Test PIV Card 7 do not include an extended key usage extension. Like Test PIV Card 1, the PIV Authentication certificate on Test PIV Card 7 includes a UPN in the subjectAltName.

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: authentication, key management. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: NIST Test Personal Identity Verification (PIV) Cards Version 2.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control SR-2 in Security Recommendations for Server-based Hypervisor Platforms? (Part 21) Control SR-2: o ensure memory consistency. During this phase, the exact state of all the processor registers currently operating on the VM are also transferred, and the migrating VM is suspended on the source host. Processor registers at the destination are modified to replicate the state at the source, and the newly migrated VM resumes its operation. Storage migration is provided by a feature that allows admins to move a VM's file system from one storage location to another without downtime. This storage migration can even take place in situations where there is no VM migration. For example, a VM may continue to run on the host server while the files that make up the VM are moved among storage arrays or Logical Unit Numbers (LUNs). In the process described above, the memory and processor-state migration functions are inherent aspects of hypervisor design. The storage migration function is an integral part of storage management and is applicable to both virtualized and non-virtualized infrastructures. The network state is maintained after a VM migration because each VM carries its own unique MAC address, and the migration process places some restrictions on the migration target (e.g., the source and target host should be on the same VLAN). Hence, from the security protection point of view, the only aspects to consider are proper authentication and a secure network path for the migration process. Security Recommendation HY-SR-13: During VM live migration, a secure authentication protocol must be employed; the credentials of the administrator performing the migration are passed only to the destination host; the migration of memory content and processor state takes place over a secure network connection; and a dedicated virtual network segment is used in both source and destination hosts for carrying this traffic.

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: authentication, sso. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: Security Recommendations for Server-based Hypervisor Platforms.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control HA-1 in 4th Annual PKI R&D Workshop _Multiple Paths to Trust_ Proceedings? (Part 403) Control HA-1: e procedure, we defi ned the sets E val g;i using a PDS P C i . However, we plan to employ a And-or graph from which the sets E val g;i can be computed for all g using a single fi x point computation. Now we describe the And-or graph construction for a set D of certifi cates. First using the certifi cate set D ; we fi rst defi ne a nondeterministic normalized pushdown system P ; from which we defi ne an equivalent context free grammar G ; which is converted in to an And-Or graph H : The advantages of using the And-Or graph over the PDS model of Jha and Reps [JR02] is that we have the reachability relationships between various principals in one structure from which the required relations can be computed effi ciently. The And-or graph H can be computed directly from C without constructing either of P or G . However, their defi nition gives a better intuition leading to an easy proof of correctness of the algorithm. The given certifi cate system D is expressed as a set of rewriting rules, the name certs correspond to the rules of form K 1 A ! K 2 A 1 A 2 :::A n . The auth certs correspond to rules of the form K / ! K 1 A 1 A 2 ::A n / . Corresponding to each key K we introduce two symbols K / ; K ¥ . K # is the augmented set of keys consisting of the original keys and their associated symbols. Given the set D of cert rules, all the rules will be converted to a normalized transition function -of a pushdown system. The pushdown system P we consider is a three tuple ( Q; ¡ ; -) : Q is the set of states as given below, ¡ is the stack alphabet containing identifi ers and delegation symbols of a SPKI system, -GLYPH<181> Q £ f ¡ [ f † gg £ Q £ f ¡ [ f † gg is the transition function. -can have transitions either of type ( K 1 ; A 1 ; K 2 ; † ) or ( K 1 ; †; K 2 ; A 1 ) , which means that PDS can go from state K 1 to state K 2 either by popping or pushing a symbol A 1 2 ¡ on top of the stack. † is the empty string character.

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: pki, sso. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: 4th Annual PKI R&D Workshop _Multiple Paths to Trust_ Proceedings.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does A Data Structure for Integrity Protection with Erasure Capability provide? (Section 7) ions, with extensions to the algorithms above. Many thanks to Lee Badger, Jeff Voas, Sandy Ressler, Dylan Yaga, and Peter Mell for review and discussion of the original paper on this work. Thanks to Peter for suggesting the alternative of hashing a concatenation of block hashes. [1] D Richard Kuhn. A data structure for integrity protection with erasure capability. NIST Cybersecurity Whitepaper , 2018. - [2] Matthias Berberich and Malgorzata Steiner. Blockchain technology and the gdpr-how to reconcile privacy and distributed ledgers. Eur. Data Prot. L. Rev. , 2:422, 2016. - [3] Henry Chang. Blockchain: Disrupting data protection? Privacy Law and Business International Report, November , 2017. - [4] O. Kharif. Is your blockchain doomed? Bloomberg Business Week, Mar. 22 , 2018.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: A Data Structure for Integrity Protection with Erasure Capability.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Forensic Filtering of Cell Phone Protocols say about Appendix A - Example PCS Filter Log? (Part 6) According to Forensic Filtering of Cell Phone Protocols, Appendix A - Example PCS Filter Log: ``` [02552] FBusFeedSentFrame: unknown request 0 [02552] 1e 00 10 19 00 08 00 03 01 f0 12 00 01 43 1c a1 [03852] FBusFeedRecvFrame: unsupported FBus response (see below) [03852] 1e 10 00 19 00 0c 03 33 01 f0 13 10 04 55 55 55 [03852] 01 40 5f 96 [02464] FBusFeedSentFrame: unknown request 0 [02464] 1e 00 10 39 00 08 00 03 01 f0 12 00 01 44 1c 86 [03852] FBusFeedRecvFrame: unsupported FBus response (see below) [03852] 1e 10 00 39 00 0c 03 60 01 f0 13 14 00 00 00 00 [03852] 01 41 0e e0 [04064] FBusFeedSentFrame: unknown request 0 [04064] 1e 00 10 3e 00 08 00 03 01 f0 12 00 01 45 1c 80 [03852] FBusFeedRecvFrame: unsupported FBus response (see below) [03852] 1e 10 00 3e 00 0c 03 3c 01 f0 13 03 00 00 00 00 [03852] 01 42 0e af [02552] FBusFeedSentFrame: unknown request 0 [02552] 1e 00 10 22 00 08 00 03 01 f0 12 00 01 46 1c 9f [03852] FBusFeedRecvFrame: unsupported FBus response (see below) [03852] 1e 10 00 22 00 0c 03 59 01 f0 13 01 00 55 55 55

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Forensic Filtering of Cell Phone Protocols.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is Control according to Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations? Control: Include the following requirements, descriptions, and criteria, explicitly or by reference,

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Securing Property Management Systems provide? (Section 160) Click Next. 14. Change the communication server service information if desired: <!-- image --> 15. Click Next. 16. Change the schedule service information if desired. <!-- image --> 17. Click Next. 18. Change the message queue service information if desired: <!-- image --> 19. Click Next. 20. Change the web service name if desired. Select Encrypted communication (SSL): <!-- image --> <!-- image --> 22. Click Install. 23. Wait for the installation to complete. 24. Verify that 'Start Dialock 2.0 now' is checked: 25. Click Finish. 26. A web page should open automatically. If not, navigate to <!-- image --> <!-- image --> 27. Log in with the default credentials provided in the installation guide: <!-- image --> 28. Click the box next to the 'Upload license file' to open a file explorer. 29. Locate the license file for dialock2 and click Open: 30. Input the provided license key: <!-- image --> <!-- image --> 31. Click Import: <!-- image --> 32. Click admin in the top right corner of the page: 33. Click Change password. 34. Enter the current password as well as a new password. Confirm the new password: <!-- image --> <!-- image --> 35. Click OK: <!-- image --> 1. Turn on the encoding station. 2. Note the IP address displayed on the device. 3. Connect the encoding station to a network where the displayed IP address is accessible. 4. Open a web browser and navigate to the IP address. <!-- image --> 5. Sign in with the credentials provided in the installation guide: 6. Select Network: <!-- image --> <!-- image --> 7. Check DHCP: 8. Click Apply Changes. 9. The new IP address should be visible on the encoding station device. <!-- image --> 1. First, add the encoder if it has not already been detected. To do this, navigate to Devices > Coding Devices by using the main menu. 2. From there, you will see a menu titled Encoders list.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Securing Property Management Systems.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. Explain ADVERSARY EFFECTS according to NIST Enhanced Security Requirements for Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information_ A Supplement to NIST Special Publication 800-171 According to Enhanced Security Requirements for Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information_ A Supplement to NIST Special Publication 800-171, ADVERSARY EFFECTS: See [SP 800-160-2]: [ Preclude (Expunge); Impede (Exert)].

Explanation: NIST publication discussing classified information handling. References: classified, controlled unclassified. Contains guidance on protecting sensitive government information. Source: Enhanced Security Requirements for Protecting Controlled Unclassified Information_ A Supplement to NIST Special Publication 800-171.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. Explain 2. Identity Provider Models and Recommendations according to NIST A Credential Reliability and Revocation Model for Federated Identities According to A Credential Reliability and Revocation Model for Federated Identities, 2. Identity Provider Models and Recommendations: For the purpose of this document, the identity provider and associated authentication solutions can be categorized according to the number of parties involved in an authentication event. The two-party model, for example, involves only the service provider and the credential holder (user) in the authentication event. The four-party model, on the far end of the spectrum, involves the credential holder, an independent identity provider, the service provider, and one or more independent attribute providers that vouch for attributes requested by the service provider. These and other models are discussed in this section. Where applicable, recommendations are identified to improve credential revocation.

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: authentication, sso. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: A Credential Reliability and Revocation Model for Federated Identities.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Threshold Schemes for Cryptographic Primitives_ Challenges and Opportunities in Standardization and Validation of Threshold Cryptography provide? (Section 40) eal hardware and software, the black-box assumption can break down in several ways. For example, bugs in the implementation can lead to side effects that compromise the secret key, as with Heartbleed. Also, the material and electromagnetic characteristics of the platforms on which the algorithms run can cause side-channel information to leak and allow attackers to recover the secret key. The distinction of ideal versus real implementations can yield useful insights into the assessment of threshold schemes for cryptographic primitives. What are the security advantages and disadvantages of performing separate computations on shares of a key, compared to conventional implementations that use a single secret key? How can threshold cryptography mitigate the potentially disastrous consequences that a coding error or a side-channel leak could have on a conventional implementation? This section considers how a range of applicable scenarios may differently affect a range of tradeoffs between several security properties. These scenarios depend on adversarial goals and capabilities, and various properties of the system model. It is important to be aware that security strengthening and weakening may co-exist. The discussion also preludes the next section, which motivates the need to describe characterizing features of threshold schemes. In a first baseline comparison, a real implementation allows vectors of attack not possible in an ideal black-box. Once these are identified, one asks how to augment conventional implementations, in the real world, to improve security. Particularly, how does a threshold approach affect security, compared to a non-threshold approach? Perhaps security is improved if an attacker is limited to not compromising more than f -out-ofn components within a certain time interval. Also, as explained in Sec. 3.2, a threshold design may make it inherently more difficult to exploit existing compromises (such as noisy leakage) in the set of 'parties'.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control, assessment. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Threshold Schemes for Cryptographic Primitives_ Challenges and Opportunities in Standardization and Validation of Threshold Cryptography.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. Explain 9.6. 1.2. univ-id according to NIST Secure Data Network Systems (SDNS) Key Management Documents According to Secure Data Network Systems (SDNS) Key Management Documents, 9.6. 1.2. univ-id: This parameter is required on the request primitive. It is passed on the indication primitive. It contains the universal-ID associated with the key material and CRL version number.

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: key management, sso. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: Secure Data Network Systems (SDNS) Key Management Documents.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does National Checklist Program for IT Products_ Guidelines for Checklist Users and Developers provide? (Section 34) ists can reduce what would otherwise be a 'reinvention of the wheel' for IT products that are widely used in the federal government, such as common operating systems, servers, and client applications. The NIST checklist repository (located at ) contains information on automated and non-automated checklists that have been developed and screened to meet the requirements of the NCP. The repository also hosts copies of some checklists, primarily those developed by the federal government, and has pointers to the other checklists' locations. Users can browse checklist descriptions to locate and retrieve a particular checklist using a variety of different fields. A mailing list for the checklist program is available at https://nvd.nist.gov/general/email-list. 5 The Extensible Checklist Configuration Description Format (XCCDF) is an XML-based format for automating tool usage and eliminating interpretation issues. The XCCDF XML format can be used for both technical checklists (e.g., operating systems, software applications, and hardware configurations) and non-technical checklists (e.g., physical security for IT systems). More information on XCCDF is available from NIST Interagency Report (IR) 7275 Revision 4, the Extensible Configuration Checklist Description Format (XCCDF) Version 1.2, which is available for download at https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.IR.7275r4 Another XML-based format for checklists is the Open Vulnerability and Assessment Language (OVAL), which is used to exchange technical details about how to check for the presence of 6 https://scap.nist.gov/validation/index.html. Specification for vulnerabilities and configuration issues on systems. More information on OVAL is available at https://oval.cisecurity.org.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control, assessment. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: National Checklist Program for IT Products_ Guidelines for Checklist Users and Developers.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is System Hardware according to Validated Products List 1995 no. 4_ Programming Languages, Database Language SQL, Graphics, POSIX, Computer Security, Product Data - IGES, OSI? System Hardware: Unisys U 6000 Series Model: U 6000/60

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Validated Products List 1995 no. 4_ Programming Languages, Database Language SQL, Graphics, POSIX, Computer Security, Product Data - IGES, OSI.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Guide to Bluetooth Security say about 2.1.1.2 High Speed with Alternate MAC/PHY? According to Guide to Bluetooth Security, 2.1.1.2 High Speed with Alternate MAC/PHY: Introduced in the Bluetooth 3.0 + HS specification, devices can support faster data rates by using Alternate MAC/PHYs (AMP). This is known as Bluetooth high speed technology. In the Bluetooth 3.0 + HS specification, IEEE 802.11-2007 was introduced as the first supported AMP. IEEE 802.11-2007 is a rollup of the amendments IEEE 802.11a through 802.11j. For the 802.11 AMP, IEEE 802.11g PHY support is mandatory, while IEEE 802.11a PHY support is optional. The 802.11 AMP is designed to provide data rates up to 24 Mbps using Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) modulation. Note that this AMP is IEEE 802.11 compliant but not Wi-Fi compliant. Therefore, Wi-Fi Alliance specification compliance is not required for Bluetooth 3.0 + HS devices.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Guide to Bluetooth Security.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. Explain Identity and Authentication (IA): according to NIST A Threat Analysis on UOCAVA Voting Systems According to A Threat Analysis on UOCAVA Voting Systems, Identity and Authentication (IA):: Officials should develop technical and procedural mechanisms to identify all users of the election system, including voters, election officials and system administrators. Voter authentication in registration systems is largely done via procedural mechanisms. Individual jurisdictions must determine appropriate voter authentication mechanisms. Voters must provide election officials with an authenticator during the registration phase. For election systems using e-mail ballot return, the most likely authenticator is a voter signature. Authenticators must be securely stored by election officials so that it is available to authenticate future correspondence from a voter. Other systems may use passwords, PINs, or digital signatures. Authentication on election IT systems should be automated and tied to the systems' access control and auditing mechanisms. Systems should identify and authenticate each individual with access to a system, usually through a user name and password. Jurisdictions should develop appropriate policies regarding the use of passwords for authentication, including setting password complexity requirements and expiration times.

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: access control, authentication. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: A Threat Analysis on UOCAVA Voting Systems.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does 2017 NIST_ITL Cybersecurity Program Annual Report say about Automated Combinatorial Testing? (Part 1) According to 2017 NIST_ITL Cybersecurity Program Annual Report, Automated Combinatorial Testing: Automated Combinatorial Testing Software engineers often encounter failures that result from an unexpected interaction between components. A NIST investigation of actual failures has shown that most failures are triggered by one or two parameters, and progressively fewer by three, four, or more parameters (see Figure 41); this relationship is called the Interaction Rule. These results have important implications for testing software and systems. If all faults in a system can be triggered by a combination of n or fewer parameters, then testing all n -way combinations of parameters with a practical number of tests can provide strong fault detection efficiency. These methods are being applied to software and hardware testing for reliability, safety, and security. CSD's focus is on empirical results and the impact on real-world problems. Project highlights for FY 2017 include the development of a mathematical model that closely replicates the evolution and distribution of t-way failures found in empirical studies; invited lectures at conferences and universities; leading the Sixth International Workshop on Combinatorial Testing, held in conjunction with the Ninth IEEE International Conference on Software Testing; the development of combinatorial test methods specific to text search, with a demonstration of their practical application; and the development of combinatorial test methods specific to cryptographic software that discovered previously unknown faults in AES algorithm implementations. Collaborators include researchers from the University of Texas at Arlington, the University of Texas at Dallas, Loyola University of Maryland, East Carolina University, Duke University, Texas A&M, and the Air Force Institute of Technology.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: 2017 NIST_ITL Cybersecurity Program Annual Report.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Recommendation for Key Management_ Part 1 – General say about 5.2 Key Usage? (Part 1) According to Recommendation for Key Management_ Part 1 – General, 5.2 Key Usage: 5.2 Key Usage In general, a single key shall be used for only one purpose (e.g., encryption, integrity authentication, key wrapping, random bit generation, or digital signatures). There are several reasons for this: 1. The use of the same key for two different cryptographic processes may weaken the security provided by one or both of the processes. 2. Limiting the use of a key limits the damage that could be done if the key is compromised. 3. Some uses of keys interfere with each other. For example, consider a key pair used for both key transport and digital signatures. In this case, the private key is used as both a private key-transport key to decrypt the encrypted keys and as a private signature key to generate digital signatures. It may be necessary to retain the private key used for transport key 50 See FIPS 186 and SP 800-56A 51 See Section 4.2 52 See SP 800-56A and SP 800-56B. 53 See SP 800-90A. 54 See SP 800-90A, SP 800-56A, SP 800-56B, and SP 800-108. 55 See SP 800-132. beyond the cryptoperiod of the corresponding public key in order to decrypt the encrypted keys needed to access encrypted data. The private key used for signature generation shall be destroyed at the expiration of its cryptoperiod to prevent its compromise (see Section 5.3.6). In this example, the longevity requirements for the private key-transport key and the private digital-signature key contradict each other. This principle does not preclude using a single key in cases where the same process can provide multiple services. This is the case, for example, when a digital signature provides integrity authentication and source authentication using a single digital signature or when a single symmetric key can be used to encrypt and authenticate data in a single cryptographic operation (e.g., using an authenticated-encryption operation as opposed to separate encryption and authentication operations).

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: authentication, key management. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: Recommendation for Key Management_ Part 1 – General.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Staging Cybersecurity Risks for Enterprise Risk Management and Governance Oversight say about Table of Contents? (Part 1) According to Staging Cybersecurity Risks for Enterprise Risk Management and Governance Oversight, Table of Contents: Table of Contents | Executive Summary............................................................................................................................1 | |-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------| | 1. Introduction...................................................................................................................................3 | | 2. Aggregation and Normalization of Cybersecurity Risk Registers.......................................................7 | | 3. Integration of Cybersecurity Risk into the ERR/ERP .......................................................................11 | | 4. Risk Governance as the Basis for Cybersecurity Risk Management.................................................20 | | 4.2.1. Adjustments to Cybersecurity Program Budget Allocation........................................................26 | | 4.2.2. Adjustments to Risk Appetite and Risk Tolerance......................................................................27 | | 4.2.3. Reviewing Whether Constraints are Overly Stringent ...............................................................28 | | 4.2.4. Adjustments to Priority ..............................................................................................................28 | | 5. Cybersecurity Risk Monitoring, Evaluation, and Adjustment..........................................................30 | | Appendix A. Change Log...................................................................................................................39 | | List of Tables Table 1.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Staging Cybersecurity Risks for Enterprise Risk Management and Governance Oversight.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Situational Awareness for Electric Utilities say about Web and Services? (Part 1) According to Situational Awareness for Electric Utilities, Web and Services: Web and Services - Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) 8 - Microsoft .NET Framework 4.5 Use Server Manager for installing IIS and .NET Framework, referring to for detailed steps and corresponding screenshots. First install IIS and then install the .NET Framework. Table 2-3 below summarizes the required IIS components and .NET Framework features followed by the screenshots.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Situational Awareness for Electric Utilities.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Advanced Metering Infrastructure Smart Meter Upgradeability Test Framework say about FR.NEMA-2Aa? According to Advanced Metering Infrastructure Smart Meter Upgradeability Test Framework, FR.NEMA-2Aa: Firmware Upgrade Recovery to Previously Installed Firmware Reference : NEMA SG-AMI 1-2009, Section 3.2.2 'Smart Meter shall recover to the previously installed Firmware … if unable to complete the Upgrade Process.'

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Advanced Metering Infrastructure Smart Meter Upgradeability Test Framework.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Common Platform Enumeration_ Dictionary Specification Version 2.3 say about 5. CPE Dictionary Data Model? (Part 2) According to Common Platform Enumeration_ Dictionary Specification Version 2.3, 5. CPE Dictionary Data Model: optional instead of mandatory), and the schema extension contains the CPE Dictionary 2.3 specific elements and attributes. The tables below define the elements of the data model and their properties. Several of the elements allow organizations to supply additional information that is not covered by these properties. However, such information is not part of the official CPE Dictionary data model, and there are no requirements for dictionary users to access or process this information. In the tables below, types prefixed with 'cpe\_dict:' are from the CPE Dictionary 2.3 XML schema, 'cpe\_dict\_ext:' prefixes indicate types from the CPE Dictionary 2.3 XML schema extension, and 'cpe-name' prefixes indicate types from the CPE Naming 2.3 XML schema. These schemas, which are the authoritative XML binding definitions, can be found at and respectively.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Common Platform Enumeration_ Dictionary Specification Version 2.3.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is BRANSTAD according to Report of the Workshop on Cryptography in Support of Computer Security? BRANSTAD: A public key distribution system would reduce the cost of key distribution. His scheme, however, requires an encryption algorithm with very special properties. Diffie suggested an algorithm similar to the square function having an inverse square-root function. One is easy to compute and the other is relatively difficult. He hasn't developed a usable function yet. The DES algorithm does not satisfy the needed criteria.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Report of the Workshop on Cryptography in Support of Computer Security.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is Related Controls according to Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations? Related Controls: AC-20, CA-5, CA-6, CA-7, PM-9, RA-5, RA-10, SA-11, SC-38, SI-3, SI-12, SR-2, SR-

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Security and Privacy Controls for Information Systems and Organizations.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What information does Digital Identity Guidelines provide? (Section 103) te reference.” 69 NIST SP 800-63-4 July 2025 Digital Identity Guidelines digital authentication The process of establishing confidence in user identities that are digitally presented to a system. In previous editions of SP 800-63, this was referred to as “electronic authentication.” digital identity An attribute or set of attributes that uniquely describes a subject within a given context. Digital Identity Acceptance Statement (DIAS) Documents the results of the digital identity risk management process. This includes the impact assessment, initial assurance level selection, and tailoring process. digital signature An asymmetric key operation in which the private key is used to digitally sign data, and the public key is used to verify the signature. Digital signatures provide authenticity protection, integrity protection, and non-repudiation support but not confidentiality or replay attack protection. digital transaction A discrete digital event between a user and a system that supports a business or programmatic purpose. disassociability Enabling the processing of personal information or events without association to individuals or devices beyond the operational requirements of the system. [NISTIR8062] encryption key The cryptographic key used to encrypt a payload. In asymmetric cryptography, the encryption key refers to the public key of the cryptographic key pair. In symmetric cryptography, the encryption key is the symmetric key. endpoint Any device that is used to access a digital identity on a network, such as laptops, desktops, mobile phones, tablets, servers, Internet of Things devices, and virtual environments. enrollment The process through which a CSP/IdP provides a successfully identity-proofed applicant with a subscriber account and binds authenticators to grant persistent access. 70 NIST SP 800-63-4 July 2025 Digital Identity Guidelines entropy The amount of uncertainty that an attacker faces to determine the value of a secret.

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: authentication, sso. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: Digital Identity Guidelines.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Guidelines on PDA Forensics say about 6.3.2 Memory Cards? (Part 1) According to Guidelines on PDA Forensics, 6.3.2 Memory Cards: 6.3.2 Memory Cards A wide array of memory cards exists on the market today, ranging from the size of a stamp to that of a matchbook. Removable media storage capacity ranges from 8MB to beyond 2GB. As technological advances are made, such media becomes smaller and offers larger storage densities. Removable media extends the storage capacity of PDAs, allowing individuals to store additional files beyond the device's built-in capacity. Memory cards provide another avenue for sharing data between multiple users that have compatible hardware. Unlike RAM within a device, removable media is non-volatile storage and requires no battery to retain data. Fortunately, such media can be treated similarly to a removable disk drive, and imaged and analyzed using conventional forensic tools with the use of an external media reader. Memory card adapters exist that support an Integrated Development Environment (IDE) interface. Such adapters allow removable media to be treated as a hard disk and used with write blocker software, which ensures that the removable media remains unaltered [Wie02]. Data contained on the media can be imaged and searched, and deleted files recovered. Below is a brief overview of several common storage media in use today that may contain significant information related to an investigation. -  Compact Flash Cards (CF) - Compact Flash memory is a solid-state disk card with a 50-pin connector, consisting of two parallel rows of 25 pins on one edge of the card. Compact Flash cards are designed for PCMCIA-ATA functionality and compatibility, have a 16-bit data bus, and are used more as a hard drive than as RAM. They use flash memory technology, a non-volatile storage solution that retains its information once power is removed from the card.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Guidelines on PDA Forensics.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. Explain REPORTS ON COMPUTER SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY according to NIST Framework for Emergency Response Officials (ERO)_ Authentication and Authorization Infrastructure According to Framework for Emergency Response Officials (ERO)_ Authentication and Authorization Infrastructure, REPORTS ON COMPUTER SYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY: The Information Technology Laboratory (ITL) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) promotes the U.S. economy and public welfare by providing technical leadership for the Nation's measurement and standards infrastructure. ITL develops tests, test methods, reference data, proof of concept implementations, and technical analysis to advance the development and productive use of information technology. ITL's responsibilities include the development of technical, physical, administrative, and management standards and guidelines for the cost-effective security and privacy of sensitive unclassified information in Federal computer systems. This Interagency Report discusses ITL's research, guidance, and outreach efforts in computer security and its collaborative activities with industry, government, and academic organizations. National Institute of Standards and Technology Interagency Report 7601, 18 pages (August 2010) Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: authentication, authorization. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: Framework for Emergency Response Officials (ERO)_ Authentication and Authorization Infrastructure.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What does Guide to Malware Incident Prevention and Handling for Desktops and Laptops say about 2. Understanding Malware Threats? According to Guide to Malware Incident Prevention and Handling for Desktops and Laptops, 2. Understanding Malware Threats: Malware , also known as malicious code, refers to a program that is covertly inserted into another program with the intent to destroy data, run destructive or intrusive programs, or otherwise compromise the confidentiality, integrity, or availability of the victim's data, applications, or operating system. Malware is the most common external threat to most hosts, causing widespread damage and disruption and necessitating extensive recovery efforts within most organizations. This section provides basic information on various forms of malware. It defines common terminology that is used throughout the rest of the document, and it presents fundamental concepts of malware. It does not attempt to explain how these different types of malware work in detail, but rather it highlights the basic characteristics of each type of malware. This section first discusses attacker tools, which are often delivered to targeted hosts via malware, and malware toolkits, which are used by attackers to construct malware. The rest of the section examines forms of malware: traditional, phishing, web-based malware, and advanced persistent threats.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: Guide to Malware Incident Prevention and Handling for Desktops and Laptops.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. What is control IR-9 in NIST_SP_800-53r5_Security_Privacy_Controls? (Part 3) Control IR-9: sonnel may not have access to the contaminated systems while corrective actions are being taken, which may potentially affect their ability to conduct organizational business. Related Controls: None. (4) INFORMATION SPILLAGE RESPONSE | EXPOSURE TO UNAUTHORIZED PERSONNEL Employ the following controls for personnel exposed to information not within assigned access authorizations: [Assignment: organization-defined controls]. Discussion: Controls include ensuring that personnel who are exposed to spilled information are made aware of the laws, executive orders, directives, regulations, policies, standards, CHAPTER THREE PAGE 160 NIST SP 800-53, REV. 5 SECURITY AND PRIVACY CONTROLS FOR INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND ORGANIZATIONS _________________________________________________________________________________________________ and guidelines regarding the information and the restrictions imposed based on exposure to such information. Related Controls: None. References: None.

Explanation: NIST cybersecurity documentation and standards guidance. Topics: nist sp, fips, security control. General security reference material without sensitive content. Source: NIST_SP_800-53r5_Security_Privacy_Controls.


You are a cybersecurity expert with deep knowledge of NIST standards, frameworks, and best practices. You provide accurate, detailed guidance on cybersecurity controls, risk management, cloud security, and compliance based on NIST publications including the 800 series, FIPS, and related documents. Explain Encryption according to NIST 5th Annual PKI R&D Workshop _Making PKI Easy to Use_ Proceedings According to 5th Annual PKI R&D Workshop _Making PKI Easy to Use_ Proceedings, Encryption: DKIM, X.509 certificates and XKMS provide all the support necessary to support a comprehensive yet completely user friendly email authentication mechanism. Adding support for encryption completes the requirements for secure email as they are traditionally understood. Instead of proposing yet another email message encryption format however we observe that the existing S/MIME 17 and PGP 18 message formats provide almost everything that is needed. While either message format would meet the technical requirements support for both formats is required to meet the political constraints created by the S/MIME vs. PGP standards war. To date this struggle has reached a stalemate, S/MIME dominates deployment but PGP dominates in mindshare. The quickest way to resolve this stalemate is to declare both formats winners and move on.

Explanation: NIST publication on credential and access management. Topics: authentication, pki. Contains security framework guidance for authentication systems. Source: 5th Annual PKI R&D Workshop _Making PKI Easy to Use_ Proceedings.