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+{"lines":[{"page":1,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[51.44448471069336,93.00518798828125,105.17568855937319,85.66954040527344]},{"page":1,"text":"Liquid Crystals: Versatile Self-Organized Smart Soft Materials","rect":[51.44261932373047,127.5104751586914,508.71478180030229,111.54854583740235]},{"page":1,"text":"Hari Krishna Bisoyi and Quan Li*","rect":[51.44261932373047,147.1189727783203,221.9543127023452,134.9127197265625]},{"page":1,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1703491210938,91.42298889160156,548.0819688850695,85.9172592163086]},{"page":1,"text":"Cite This: Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[75.12429809570313,178.585205078125,225.89356751528869,172.11248779296876]},{"page":1,"text":"Read Online","rect":[337.20941162109377,178.585205078125,385.6337700359838,172.11248779296876]},{"page":1,"text":"ACCESS","rect":[51.44261932373047,214.46148681640626,100.01030050439533,203.55369567871095]},{"page":1,"text":"Metrics & More","rect":[197.838623046875,213.44296264648438,253.41497134952267,207.62557983398438]},{"page":1,"text":"Article Recommendations","rect":[404.6853332519531,213.44296264648438,497.1660088066171,207.38584899902345]},{"page":1,"text":"ABSTRACT: Smart soft materials are envisioned to be the building blocks of the next","rect":[51.44261932373047,240.45309448242188,403.13379424240778,231.0136260986328]},{"page":1,"text":"generation of advanced devices and digitally augmented technologies. In this context, liquid","rect":[51.44261932373047,251.43881225585938,403.14676488327788,241.9993438720703]},{"page":1,"text":"crystals (LCs) owing to their responsive and adaptive attributes could serve as promising","rect":[51.44261932373047,262.4245910644531,403.13076370592446,252.18601989746095]},{"page":1,"text":"smart soft materials. LCs played a critical role in revolutionizing the information display","rect":[51.44261932373047,273.4103088378906,403.179767546972,263.9708557128906]},{"page":1,"text":"industry in the 20th century. However, in the turn of the 21st century, numerous beyond-","rect":[51.44261932373047,284.2162170410156,403.1327351207367,274.9565734863281]},{"page":1,"text":"display applications of LCs have been demonstrated, which elegantly exploit their","rect":[51.44261932373047,295.38177490234377,403.1277485536547,285.94232177734377]},{"page":1,"text":"controllable","rect":[51.44261932373047,305.0,96.56274500101219,296.9850158691406]},{"page":1,"text":"stimuli-responsive","rect":[101.6393814086914,306.2546691894531,170.26393213480126,296.9850158691406]},{"page":1,"text":"and","rect":[175.3485565185547,305.0,189.3692685453872,296.9850158691406]},{"page":1,"text":"adaptive","rect":[194.44192504882813,306.2546691894531,226.14091577737939,296.9850158691406]},{"page":1,"text":"characteristics.","rect":[231.21157836914063,305.0,286.654891513745,296.9850158691406]},{"page":1,"text":"For","rect":[291.7765197753906,305.0,305.2475910829516,297.5643615722656]},{"page":1,"text":"these","rect":[310.3032531738281,305.0,330.03019800394187,296.9850158691406]},{"page":1,"text":"applications,","rect":[335.1188049316406,306.2546691894531,382.4775233496825,296.9850158691406]},{"page":1,"text":"new","rect":[387.5821228027344,305.0,403.1617724838572,298.0]},{"page":1,"text":"LC materials have been rationally designed and developed. In this Review, we present the","rect":[51.44261932373047,317.4101867675781,403.1776284238637,307.9707336425781]},{"page":1,"text":"recent developments in light driven chiral LCs, i.e., cholesteric and blue phases, LC based","rect":[51.44261932373047,328.39593505859377,403.1327878324966,318.95648193359377]},{"page":1,"text":"smart windows that control the entrance of heat and light from outdoor to the interior of","rect":[51.44261932373047,339.38165283203127,403.1627608807235,329.94219970703127]},{"page":1,"text":"buildings and built environments depending on the weather conditions, LC elastomers for","rect":[51.44261932373047,350.3674011230469,403.1717854188891,340.9279479980469]},{"page":1,"text":"bioinspired, biological, and actuator applications, LC based biosensors for detection of","rect":[51.44261932373047,361.3531799316406,403.16266932798916,351.9137268066406]},{"page":1,"text":"proteins, nucleic acids, and viruses, LC based porous membranes for the separation of ions,","rect":[51.44261932373047,372.1690979003906,403.1527247656981,362.8994445800781]},{"page":1,"text":"molecules, and microbes, living LCs, and LCs under macro- and nanoscopic confinement. The Review concludes with a summary","rect":[51.44261932373047,383.32464599609377,555.1190986016595,373.88519287109377]},{"page":1,"text":"and perspectives on the challenges and opportunities for LCs as smart soft materials. This Review is anticipated to stimulate eclectic","rect":[51.4426383972168,394.31036376953127,555.1138482897246,384.87091064453127]},{"page":1,"text":"ideas toward the implementation of the nature’s delicate phase of matter in future generations of smart and augmented devices and","rect":[51.4426383972168,405.2961120605469,555.080175527809,395.8566589355469]},{"page":1,"text":"beyond.","rect":[51.44261932373047,416.10205078125,81.75254776374499,406.8424072265625]},{"page":1,"text":"CONTENTS","rect":[51.44261932373047,448.66448974609377,101.05374029230782,441.3646240234375]},{"page":1,"text":"1.","rect":[51.44261932373047,465.54840087890627,58.27802617257017,459.3803405761719]},{"page":1,"text":"2.","rect":[51.44261932373047,477.0,58.27802617257017,470.26171875]},{"page":1,"text":"3.","rect":[51.44261932373047,543.0,58.27802617257017,536.1763916015625]},{"page":1,"text":"4.","rect":[51.44261932373047,587.0,58.27802617257017,580.2239379882813]},{"page":1,"text":"5.","rect":[51.44356918334961,642.0,58.27897603218931,635.209716796875]},{"page":1,"text":"6.","rect":[51.443572998046878,697.0,58.27897984688658,690.043701171875]},{"page":1,"text":"7.","rect":[51.443572998046878,708.0,58.27897984688658,701.1243286132813]},{"page":1,"text":"8.","rect":[51.443572998046878,719.0,58.27897984688658,712.0057373046875]},{"page":1,"text":"9.","rect":[51.443572998046878,741.0,58.27897984688658,733.9772338867188]},{"page":1,"text":"©","rect":[186.62094116210938,767.4193115234375,190.88317618008774,763.5302734375]},{"page":1,"text":"2021","rect":[192.96644592285157,767.6710205078125,205.885368694557,763.448486328125]},{"page":1,"text":"American","rect":[208.03599548339845,767.6710205078125,233.17499847517406,763.3603515625]},{"page":1,"text":"Chemical","rect":[235.2299346923828,767.6710205078125,259.5945659250149,763.14013671875]},{"page":1,"text":"4887","rect":[271.77239990234377,465.6432800292969,291.25331346262848,459.2759704589844]},{"page":1,"text":"4889","rect":[271.77239990234377,487.6148376464844,291.25331346262848,481.2475280761719]},{"page":1,"text":"4890","rect":[271.77337646484377,509.58636474609377,291.25425950755035,503.21905517578127]},{"page":1,"text":"4896","rect":[271.77239990234377,531.5579223632813,291.25331346262848,525.1905517578125]},{"page":1,"text":"4898","rect":[271.77239990234377,542.5437622070313,291.25331346262848,536.1763916015625]},{"page":1,"text":"4898","rect":[271.7733459472656,564.5153198242188,291.25425950755035,558.14794921875]},{"page":1,"text":"4901","rect":[271.77337646484377,575.5010375976563,291.25425950755035,569.1336669921875]},{"page":1,"text":"4902","rect":[271.7733459472656,586.4868774414063,291.25425950755035,580.1195068359375]},{"page":1,"text":"4903","rect":[271.7733459472656,597.4725952148438,291.25425950755035,591.105224609375]},{"page":1,"text":"4904","rect":[271.7733459472656,608.4583740234375,291.25425950755035,602.0910034179688]},{"page":1,"text":"4905","rect":[271.7733459472656,630.429931640625,291.25425950755035,624.0625610351563]},{"page":1,"text":"4907","rect":[271.7742919921875,641.47265625,291.2552055524722,635.1052856445313]},{"page":1,"text":"4907","rect":[271.7743225097656,652.4584350585938,291.25526658762848,646.091064453125]},{"page":1,"text":"4908","rect":[271.7752685546875,663.4442138671875,291.2561821149722,657.0768432617188]},{"page":1,"text":"4909","rect":[271.7742919921875,685.415771484375,291.2552055524722,679.0484008789063]},{"page":1,"text":"4910","rect":[271.7742919921875,696.4015502929688,291.2552055524722,690.0341796875]},{"page":1,"text":"4910","rect":[271.7743225097656,707.3872680664063,291.25523607005035,701.0198974609375]},{"page":1,"text":"4912","rect":[271.7742919921875,729.3588256835938,291.25523607005035,722.991455078125]},{"page":1,"text":"4914","rect":[271.7742919921875,740.3446044921875,291.25523607005035,733.9772338867188]},{"page":1,"text":"Society","rect":[261.6872863769531,768.9862670898438,280.7445731424556,763.2974243164063]},{"page":1,"text":"4887","rect":[295.2282409667969,773.8555908203125,311.29721411321006,768.828857421875]},{"page":1,"text":"Author Information","rect":[315.2275695800781,448.13922119140627,393.12650222787797,441.2025451660156]},{"page":1,"text":"Corresponding Author","rect":[327.2379455566406,461.00390625,417.6675236099389,452.2926940917969]},{"page":1,"text":"Author","rect":[327.2379455566406,470.11077880859377,355.0067875259545,463.2784729003906]},{"page":1,"text":"Notes","rect":[327.2379455566406,481.0965576171875,350.35490140354627,474.60589599609377]},{"page":1,"text":"Biographies","rect":[327.2379455566406,493.96124267578127,374.2123537961244,485.2500305175781]},{"page":1,"text":"Acknowledgments","rect":[315.2275695800781,504.947021484375,389.7144900265931,496.2358093261719]},{"page":1,"text":"References","rect":[315.2275695800781,514.11083984375,358.51847562229627,507.17413330078127]},{"page":1,"text":"1. INTRODUCTION","rect":[315.2274169921875,546.859375,400.4120861042165,539.5595703125]},{"page":1,"text":"Materials matter. History informs us that the significance of","rect":[315.2274169921875,564.88134765625,555.1055709393172,555.4418334960938]},{"page":1,"text":"materials development in the progress and prosperity of human","rect":[315.2274169921875,575.8670654296875,555.1005731561994,566.4275512695313]},{"page":1,"text":"civilization has been so profound that different time periods","rect":[315.2274169921875,586.6829833984375,555.1025632023869,577.3933715820313]},{"page":1,"text":"have been designated as the Stone age, Iron age, Bronze age,","rect":[315.2274169921875,597.8385620117188,555.1055445899168,588.3990478515625]},{"page":1,"text":"etc. In this context, our modern designation has been the","rect":[315.2274169921875,608.8242797851563,555.065628912145,599.384765625]},{"page":1,"text":"Silicon age. Human curiosity and necessity, technological","rect":[315.2274169921875,619.81005859375,555.0646969758985,610.3705444335938]},{"page":1,"text":"advancement,","rect":[315.2274169921875,629.0,367.45283462897938,621.3562622070313]},{"page":1,"text":"and","rect":[374.0364685058594,629.0,388.057195791481,621.3562622070313]},{"page":1,"text":"inspiration","rect":[394.6588134765625,630.6259155273438,435.28190860541818,622.2453002929688]},{"page":1,"text":"from","rect":[441.85357666015627,629.0,460.1514514544863,621.3562622070313]},{"page":1,"text":"nature","rect":[466.72509765625,629.0,491.01899805277,622.794677734375]},{"page":1,"text":"have","rect":[497.6026611328125,629.0,515.0111245176138,621.3562622070313]},{"page":1,"text":"all","rect":[521.5677490234375,629.0,530.242065139961,621.3562622070313]},{"page":1,"text":"been","rect":[536.8076782226563,629.0,555.0856195429182,621.3562622070313]},{"page":1,"text":"instrumental","rect":[315.2274169921875,640.0,363.1157223665235,632.3419799804688]},{"page":1,"text":"in","rect":[368.71099853515627,640.0,376.08610782416818,633.2310180664063]},{"page":1,"text":"the","rect":[381.6854248046875,640.0,393.7674111387075,632.3419799804688]},{"page":1,"text":"design","rect":[399.3616943359375,641.781494140625,423.7255731561994,632.3419799804688]},{"page":1,"text":"and","rect":[429.27587890625,640.0,443.2966061918716,632.3419799804688]},{"page":1,"text":"development","rect":[448.93487548828127,641.6116333007813,498.28220122482966,632.3419799804688]},{"page":1,"text":"of","rect":[503.83453369140627,640.0,511.3695479900985,632.3419799804688]},{"page":1,"text":"functional","rect":[516.9788208007813,640.0,555.1035763704298,632.3419799804688]},{"page":1,"text":"artificial materials and their deployment in the fabrication ofa","rect":[315.2274169921875,652.597412109375,555.0855726293964,643.3277587890625]},{"page":1,"text":"wide variety of sophisticated devices during the past centuries.","rect":[315.2274169921875,663.7529907226563,555.0816188086668,654.3134765625]},{"page":1,"text":"Special Issue:","rect":[315.2274169921875,688.7384033203125,364.59433077033688,680.5576171875]},{"page":1,"text":"Received:","rect":[315.2274169921875,703.7047729492188,350.2318734949462,697.5466918945313]},{"page":1,"text":"Published:","rect":[315.2274169921875,714.6912841796875,353.55966280158688,708.533203125]},{"page":1,"text":"Smart Materials","rect":[369.0499267578125,686.7246704101563,424.0236602254465,680.4766845703125]},{"page":1,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,767.4390258789063,555.0678658623789,761.9371337890625]},{"page":1,"text":"Chem. 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Rod-like,","rect":[315.22711181640627,190.2202911376953,555.087295078198,180.9506378173828]},{"page":2,"text":"disc-like, and bent-core compounds are capable of exhibiting","rect":[315.22711181640627,201.37582397460938,555.0663716160807,191.9363555908203]},{"page":2,"text":"thermotropic","rect":[315.22711181640627,212.1918487548828,365.4038873522246,202.9221954345703]},{"page":2,"text":"LC","rect":[371.48687744140627,209.8644561767578,383.7087618491038,203.3717041015625]},{"page":2,"text":"phases","rect":[389.7867431640625,212.1918487548828,414.7802060246526,202.9221954345703]},{"page":2,"text":"(Figure","rect":[420.8341979980469,212.36166381835938,449.2283486387075,202.1230926513672]},{"page":2,"text":"2).","rect":[455.3352966308594,211.75234985351563,466.1801600684325,202.1230926513672]},{"page":2,"text":"Rod-like","rect":[472.2181396484375,211.0,504.43681421487937,202.9221954345703]},{"page":2,"text":"compounds","rect":[510.5177917480469,212.1918487548828,555.0982907414494,202.9221954345703]},{"page":2,"text":"commonly","rect":[315.22711181640627,223.1675262451172,356.13402169736266,213.90785217285157]},{"page":2,"text":"exhibit","rect":[362.87457275390627,222.0,388.928288871314,213.90785217285157]},{"page":2,"text":"nematic","rect":[395.6778259277344,222.0,426.12767275261526,214.79685974121095]},{"page":2,"text":"and","rect":[432.90118408203127,222.0,446.9898434965591,213.90785217285157]},{"page":2,"text":"smectic","rect":[453.7503662109375,222.0,482.6122613756621,214.79685974121095]},{"page":2,"text":"phases.","rect":[489.38677978515627,223.17750549316407,516.7506861914793,213.90785217285157]},{"page":2,"text":"Discotic","rect":[523.4932250976563,222.0,555.0753351061309,214.4971923828125]},{"page":2,"text":"compounds usually show columnar phases, and nematic phases","rect":[315.22711181640627,234.22023010253907,555.1153195500432,224.95057678222657]},{"page":2,"text":"are","rect":[315.22711181640627,244.0,326.7194985410512,237.0]},{"page":2,"text":"rarely","rect":[332.1669006347656,245.19590759277345,353.5127448418939,235.9362335205078]},{"page":2,"text":"encountered.92−102","rect":[358.9081726074219,244.0,431.47771065731959,234.18405151367188]},{"page":2,"text":"Bent-core","rect":[436.8652038574219,244.0,473.98063745706687,236.53965759277345]},{"page":2,"text":"compounds","rect":[479.4140319824219,245.20997619628907,523.9945309758244,235.94032287597657]},{"page":2,"text":"exhibit","rect":[529.3849487304688,244.0,555.0979055705327,235.94032287597657]},{"page":2,"text":"smectic and","rect":[315.2267761230469,255.0,363.75064671921538,246.9261016845703]},{"page":2,"text":"phase.103−107","rect":[315.2267761230469,267.1814880371094,365.36174386044459,256.1562194824219]},{"page":2,"text":"chiral LC phases. Lyotropic LCs are generally formed by","rect":[315.22735595703127,278.3376159667969,555.0665473321283,268.8981628417969]},{"page":2,"text":"dissolving amphiphilic compounds in suitable solvents. In the","rect":[315.22735595703127,289.3233337402344,555.066605474645,279.8838806152344]},{"page":2,"text":"case of lyotropic LCs, the concentration of the solute and","rect":[315.22735595703127,300.1392822265625,555.0785275785903,290.86962890625]},{"page":2,"text":"temperature","rect":[315.22735595703127,311.1250305175781,361.5167092344106,303.0]},{"page":2,"text":"play","rect":[367.350830078125,311.1250305175781,382.92052072080016,301.8553771972656]},{"page":2,"text":"critical","rect":[388.76666259765627,310.0,414.1598507844923,301.8553771972656]},{"page":2,"text":"roles.","rect":[419.9839782714844,310.0,440.1306300391356,301.8553771972656]},{"page":2,"text":"Lyotropic","rect":[445.98876953125,311.1250305175781,483.12416323113089,302.4547119140625]},{"page":2,"text":"LCs","rect":[488.934326171875,310.0,504.60396701098076,302.30487060546877]},{"page":2,"text":"can","rect":[510.46307373046877,310.0,523.5643793085432,303.0]},{"page":2,"text":"exhibit","rect":[529.3855590820313,310.0,555.0985769572515,301.8553771972656]},{"page":2,"text":"different kinds of phases (Figure 3). Both low molar mass","rect":[315.22735595703127,322.28057861328127,555.0565426945744,312.0419921875]},{"page":2,"text":"Figure","rect":[315.2274169921875,452.4169616699219,338.4588136481158,444.5777893066406]},{"page":2,"text":"formed","rect":[315.2273864746094,461.0,339.94277381246055,453.9605712890625]},{"page":2,"text":"3. 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Copyright 2012 The American Association for the Advancement","rect":[315.22747802734377,514.6142578125,555.1079067675273,506.1188659667969]},{"page":3,"text":"of Science.","rect":[315.22747802734377,522.3338623046875,352.6855052867552,516.0858764648438]},{"page":3,"text":"superstructure, i.e., cholesteric phase. 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This","rect":[51.4419059753418,664.7760620117188,291.27816134691826,655.5064086914063]},{"page":4,"text":"helps the host nematic LCs to maintain their optimized","rect":[51.4419059753418,675.8756713867188,291.257146963356,666.6060180664063]},{"page":4,"text":"properties, and the problem of excess coloration and phase","rect":[51.4419059753418,686.9752807617188,291.2821206113637,677.7056274414063]},{"page":4,"text":"separation does not occur. 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The wavelength of the laser","rect":[315.2275085449219,346.6326599121094,555.0767231630297,337.1932067871094]},{"page":4,"text":"emission could be tuned by irradiating the microshells with","rect":[315.2275085449219,357.6183776855469,555.1007771414343,348.1789245605469]},{"page":4,"text":"light","rect":[315.2275085449219,368.6041259765625,332.17627471115778,359.1646728515625]},{"page":4,"text":"that","rect":[337.3228759765625,367.0,352.20300810959528,359.1646728515625]},{"page":4,"text":"causes","rect":[357.37860107421877,367.0,381.442651093012,361.0]},{"page":4,"text":"photoisomerization","rect":[386.5562744140625,368.434326171875,460.4073358515119,359.1646728515625]},{"page":4,"text":"of","rect":[465.53497314453127,367.0,473.0699569256454,359.1646728515625]},{"page":4,"text":"the","rect":[478.2255554199219,367.0,490.30757227152,359.1646728515625]},{"page":4,"text":"chiral","rect":[495.44915771484377,367.0,516.4252926790235,359.1646728515625]},{"page":4,"text":"azoarene","rect":[521.56787109375,367.0,555.09565820902,361.0]},{"page":4,"text":"dopant","rect":[315.2275085449219,379.47698974609377,341.9997915568609,370.20733642578127]},{"page":4,"text":"in","rect":[348.0877380371094,378.0,355.4628778436994,371.0963439941406]},{"page":4,"text":"the","rect":[361.5148620605469,378.0,373.59684839456687,370.20733642578127]},{"page":4,"text":"cholesteric","rect":[379.64483642578127,378.0,420.3079400865996,370.20733642578127]},{"page":4,"text":"mixture.","rect":[426.3858947753906,378.0,457.55525162116688,371.0963439941406]},{"page":4,"text":"Similar","rect":[463.6092529296875,378.0,490.3215962099047,370.20733642578127]},{"page":4,"text":"to","rect":[496.3565979003906,378.0,504.2113914759346,371.6457214355469]},{"page":4,"text":"microshells,","rect":[510.29339599609377,378.0,555.0937648047606,370.20733642578127]},{"page":4,"text":"microdroplets have been fabricated from a cholesteric LC that","rect":[315.2275085449219,390.4627380371094,555.0887502970952,381.1930847167969]},{"page":4,"text":"is capable of undergoing handedness inversion upon irradiation","rect":[315.2275085449219,401.6182861328125,555.1066766718244,392.1788330078125]},{"page":4,"text":"with","rect":[315.2275085449219,411.0,331.8764729422155,403.22149658203127]},{"page":4,"text":"light.144","rect":[337.3798522949219,412.66094970703127,367.06142037411646,401.466552734375]},{"page":4,"text":"The","rect":[372.6187438964844,411.0,388.1684426328481,403.2228088378906]},{"page":4,"text":"process","rect":[393.6378173828125,412.4924621582031,421.8291562199651,405.0]},{"page":4,"text":"of","rect":[427.2915344238281,411.0,434.8265487225204,403.2228088378906]},{"page":4,"text":"handedness","rect":[440.26593017578127,411.0,484.48665744066826,403.2228088378906]},{"page":4,"text":"inversion","rect":[489.9530334472656,411.0,524.7100091913557,404.11181640625]},{"page":4,"text":"in","rect":[530.1784057617188,411.0,537.5535150507307,404.11181640625]},{"page":4,"text":"the","rect":[542.98291015625,411.0,555.0649575254263,403.2228088378906]},{"page":4,"text":"microdroplets of the long pitch cholesteric mixture has been","rect":[315.22674560546877,423.64801025390627,555.0859247186994,414.20855712890627]},{"page":4,"text":"studied to understand the various phenomena involved during","rect":[315.22674560546877,434.63372802734377,555.1158711277994,425.19427490234377]},{"page":4,"text":"this process (Figure 6). The short pitch cholesteric droplets","rect":[315.22674560546877,445.6764221191406,555.0828488469182,435.4378356933594]},{"page":4,"text":"selectively reflect red, green, and blue light and upon self-","rect":[315.22674560546877,456.6621398925781,555.0689228648773,447.20269775390627]},{"page":4,"text":"assembly","rect":[315.22674560546877,467.46807861328127,349.4041022637689,458.20843505859377]},{"page":4,"text":"exhibit","rect":[355.7918701171875,466.0,381.50485747482966,458.20843505859377]},{"page":4,"text":"colored","rect":[387.9156188964844,466.0,416.5066891996841,458.20843505859377]},{"page":4,"text":"cross","rect":[422.8724670410156,466.0,441.96981173754326,460.0]},{"page":4,"text":"communication","rect":[448.3675842285156,466.0,507.95817813666818,459.0974426269531]},{"page":4,"text":"with","rect":[514.3719482421875,466.0,531.020882121903,458.20843505859377]},{"page":4,"text":"their","rect":[537.3737182617188,466.0,555.0720234559984,458.20843505859377]},{"page":4,"text":"neighboring droplets.","rect":[315.22674560546877,478.6905517578125,397.23945572272938,469.2510986328125]},{"page":4,"text":"A beam steering device with wide range tuning has been","rect":[324.2347717285156,489.6763000488281,555.0839105585432,480.2368469238281]},{"page":4,"text":"fabricated using a light driven cholesteric LC containing an","rect":[315.22674560546877,500.6620178222656,555.0969720819807,491.2225646972656]},{"page":4,"text":"azoarene based molecular switch 1 (Scheme 1).145 The large","rect":[315.22674560546877,511.7066345214844,555.0958413144888,500.49755859375]},{"page":4,"text":"tunability of the pitch of the cholesteric grating has been used","rect":[315.2267150878906,522.6923828125,555.0798703520278,513.2528686523438]},{"page":4,"text":"to demonstrate spectrum scanning (Figure 7).","rect":[315.2267150878906,533.6781616210938,494.90376236335438,523.4395751953125]},{"page":4,"text":"Recently, orthogonal switching of a cholesteric grating has","rect":[324.2347412109375,544.6638793945313,555.0948727726994,535.224365234375]},{"page":4,"text":"been achieved under the combined effect of light irradiation","rect":[315.2267150878906,555.70654296875,555.1038690546369,546.2470703125]},{"page":4,"text":"and electric field.146 Starting from standing helices of","rect":[315.2267150878906,566.6935424804688,555.0398971111922,555.2813110351563]},{"page":4,"text":"cholesteric phases containing molecular switch 2 with different","rect":[315.2267761230469,577.6792602539063,555.068913871314,568.2197875976563]},{"page":4,"text":"pitch lengths, the lying helices with helical axes along","rect":[315.22674560546877,588.721923828125,555.0720478856119,579.2824096679688]},{"page":4,"text":"perpendicular directions were obtained (Figure 8). Here the","rect":[315.22674560546877,599.7076416015625,555.06196680277,589.4690551757813]},{"page":4,"text":"standing helix to lying helix transition and the reverse process","rect":[315.22576904296877,610.6934204101563,555.0829709172307,601.25390625]},{"page":4,"text":"are dictated by the ratio of cell thickness and pitch length of","rect":[315.22576904296877,621.736083984375,555.1069137127547,612.2965698242188]},{"page":4,"text":"the induced cholesteric phase. These devices enable dynamic","rect":[315.22576904296877,632.5519409179688,555.0929742662871,623.2822875976563]},{"page":4,"text":"1D beam steering along orthogonal directions from the same","rect":[315.22576904296877,643.7075805664063,555.0709389707388,634.26806640625]},{"page":4,"text":"material system.147","rect":[315.22576904296877,654.5704345703125,387.8537482549758,643.5559692382813]},{"page":4,"text":"Supramolecular halogen bonded chiral molecular switches","rect":[324.2355041503906,665.7378540039063,555.1136105656682,656.29833984375]},{"page":4,"text":"based on azoarene compounds have been synthesized, and","rect":[315.22747802734377,676.5537109375,555.0796262114028,667.2840576171875]},{"page":4,"text":"their ability to induce phototunable cholesteric LCs has been","rect":[315.22747802734377,687.596435546875,555.0876337030744,678.3267822265625]},{"page":4,"text":"tested. The cholesteric LC developed using a halogen bond","rect":[315.22747802734377,698.7520141601563,555.1036740629653,689.3125]},{"page":4,"text":"acceptor chiral azoarene 3 showed a large tunability of its","rect":[315.22747802734377,709.7377319335938,555.0886471867619,700.2982177734375]},{"page":4,"text":"selective reflection covering the entire visible spectrum (Figure","rect":[315.22747802734377,720.7804565429688,555.0606240293325,710.5418701171875]},{"page":4,"text":"9).148","rect":[315.22747802734377,731.1567993164063,336.92436593075709,720.628173828125]},{"page":4,"text":"Using","rect":[343.7247314453125,731.7673950195313,366.06194656725259,722.92724609375]},{"page":4,"text":"the","rect":[372.7325134277344,730.0,384.8794716855825,722.327880859375]},{"page":4,"text":"photomask","rect":[391.5990295410156,731.5975341796875,433.9230193096734,722.327880859375]},{"page":4,"text":"technique,","rect":[440.6065673828125,731.5975341796875,480.3212733496825,722.327880859375]},{"page":4,"text":"the","rect":[487.0078430175781,730.0,499.0898293515981,722.327880859375]},{"page":4,"text":"photodisplay","rect":[505.87432861328127,731.5975341796875,555.1107367852533,722.327880859375]},{"page":4,"text":"devices reflecting red, green, and blue color have been","rect":[315.22760009765627,742.7531127929688,555.0278192499494,733.2936401367188]},{"page":4,"text":"fabricated. It is interesting to note that these photodisplay","rect":[315.22760009765627,753.7958374023438,555.0778388360345,744.3563232421875]},{"page":4,"text":"4890","rect":[295.2282409667969,769.5517578125,311.29721411321006,764.5250244140625]},{"page":4,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":4,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":5,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":5,"text":"Scheme 1. Chemical Structures of Chiral Azoarenes Used in","rect":[51.44261932373047,67.55884552001953,291.25777273800949,60.70649719238281]},{"page":5,"text":"the Development of Light Driven Cholesteric Liquid Crystal","rect":[51.44261932373047,80.96192932128906,291.2468107876614,71.69227600097656]},{"page":5,"text":"Phases","rect":[51.44261932373047,89.47041320800781,78.474720975115,82.67799377441406]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 7. Schematic view of a scanning spectrometer and the","rect":[51.44261932373047,688.8588256835938,291.25744144803,680.3634033203125]},{"page":5,"text":"diffraction of white light through a light driven tunable cholesteric","rect":[51.44261932373047,698.825927734375,291.2574808578102,690.3125610351563]},{"page":5,"text":"grating. Reproduced with permission from ref 145. Copyright 2014","rect":[51.44261932373047,708.849609375,291.27630066584029,700.3541870117188]},{"page":5,"text":"WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.","rect":[51.44260025024414,718.8167114257813,241.45433463245835,710.3212890625]},{"page":5,"text":"devices do not require drive electronics for their operation.","rect":[51.44261932373047,742.6401977539063,291.2578273047606,733.3705444335938]},{"page":5,"text":"Recently, visible light driven chiral molecular switches 4 and5","rect":[51.44261932373047,753.7957763671875,291.2448178617935,744.3562622070313]},{"page":5,"text":"4891","rect":[295.2282409667969,769.5517578125,311.29721411321006,764.5250244140625]},{"page":5,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 8. Standing to lying helix transition and the formation of","rect":[315.2274169921875,503.568359375,555.0853590057875,495.07293701171877]},{"page":5,"text":"diffraction gratings along orthogonal directions in a cholesteric LC","rect":[315.2274169921875,513.535400390625,555.1106097442169,505.0220031738281]},{"page":5,"text":"under the influence of electric field and light irradiation. Reproduced","rect":[315.2274169921875,523.5591430664063,555.0592899257418,515.0457763671875]},{"page":5,"text":"with permission from ref 146. Copyright 2020 American Chemical","rect":[315.22650146484377,533.5262451171875,555.0926181870415,525.0308227539063]},{"page":5,"text":"Society.","rect":[315.2265319824219,543.3881225585938,341.9116100230833,535.4590454101563]},{"page":5,"text":"Figure 9. Reflection color tuning across the entire visible spectrum in","rect":[315.2274169921875,711.453857421875,555.1123948367545,702.9404907226563]},{"page":5,"text":"a cholesteric LC obtained by doping a light driven halogen bonded","rect":[315.2274169921875,721.4209594726563,555.0782108241793,712.925537109375]},{"page":5,"text":"chiral azoarene based molecular switch. Reproduced with permission","rect":[315.2274169921875,731.2352905273438,555.1034226687857,722.8926391601563]},{"page":5,"text":"from ref 148. Copyright 2018 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.","rect":[315.2274169921875,741.4117431640625,555.0638317027708,732.9163208007813]},{"page":5,"text":"KGaA, Weinheim.","rect":[315.2274169921875,749.1314086914063,378.61589469105209,742.8834228515625]},{"page":5,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":5,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":6,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":6,"text":"that act as halogen bond donors were prepared.149 Using a","rect":[51.44261932373047,69.54641723632813,291.24124279541209,58.40731430053711]},{"page":6,"text":"cyano group containing nematic LC host molecules as the","rect":[51.44204330444336,80.53213500976563,291.28227319925437,71.0926742553711]},{"page":6,"text":"halogen bond acceptor, the light driven cholesteric LCs were","rect":[51.44204330444336,91.51785278320313,291.26823511331687,82.0783920288086]},{"page":6,"text":"developed. The chiral compound 4 enabled an unprecedented","rect":[51.44204330444336,102.33382415771485,291.2542477934341,93.06417083740235]},{"page":6,"text":"visible","rect":[51.44204330444336,112.0,75.24627771585594,104.04988861083985]},{"page":6,"text":"light","rect":[80.39287567138672,113.48934936523438,97.34164946701712,104.04988861083985]},{"page":6,"text":"driven","rect":[102.48824310302735,112.0,126.47236881049628,104.04988861083985]},{"page":6,"text":"handedness","rect":[131.6089630126953,112.0,175.8296750187932,104.04988861083985]},{"page":6,"text":"inversion","rect":[180.956298828125,112.0,215.7132898310041,104.93889617919922]},{"page":6,"text":"in","rect":[220.84188842773438,112.0,228.2170282343244,104.93889617919922]},{"page":6,"text":"the","rect":[233.36260986328126,112.0,245.44462671487939,104.04988861083985]},{"page":6,"text":"cholesteric","rect":[250.5862274169922,112.0,291.2493158190215,104.04988861083985]},{"page":6,"text":"phase","rect":[51.44204330444336,124.30525970458985,72.98777857034813,115.03560638427735]},{"page":6,"text":"(Figure","rect":[79.31658935546875,124.47506713867188,107.76974573343407,114.23649597167969]},{"page":6,"text":"10).","rect":[114.10355377197266,123.8657455444336,129.7072139014403,114.23649597167969]},{"page":6,"text":"The","rect":[136.02902221679688,122.0,151.5787362119497,115.03560638427735]},{"page":6,"text":"handedness","rect":[157.9545135498047,122.0,202.17522555590259,115.03560638427735]},{"page":6,"text":"invertible","rect":[208.54800415039063,122.0,244.27433862894189,115.03560638427735]},{"page":6,"text":"cholesteric","rect":[250.58717346191407,122.0,291.25023134636526,115.03560638427735]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure 10. Reversible handedness inversion driven by visible light ina","rect":[51.44261932373047,273.2010803222656,291.2880812578353,264.7056579589844]},{"page":6,"text":"cholesteric LC containing a halogen bond donor chiral molecular","rect":[51.44261932373047,283.1681213378906,291.27005939327946,274.6726989746094]},{"page":6,"text":"switch. Reproduced with permission from ref 149. Copyright 2019","rect":[51.44261932373047,293.1352233886719,291.27630066584029,284.6398010253906]},{"page":6,"text":"Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.","rect":[51.44260025024414,303.158935546875,235.3923839488646,294.66351318359377]},{"page":6,"text":"materials could be applied in devices where circularly polarized","rect":[51.443050384521487,331.6817932128906,291.251287588356,322.4121398925781]},{"page":6,"text":"light of both handedness is required. Gratings that can be","rect":[51.443050384521487,342.8373718261719,291.2862710019887,333.3979187011719]},{"page":6,"text":"switched on and off by light irradiation were disclosed using","rect":[51.443050384521487,353.8230895996094,291.27724808092446,344.3636474609375]},{"page":6,"text":"this chirality inverting cholesteric material.","rect":[51.443050384521487,364.808837890625,216.1899562110106,355.369384765625]},{"page":6,"text":"Visible light driven chiral azoarene 6 has been designed,","rect":[60.394126892089847,375.7945861816406,291.25126602546376,366.3551330566406]},{"page":6,"text":"synthesized, and used in the fabrication of cholesteric phases.","rect":[51.44306564331055,386.6105041503906,291.2752833594481,377.3408508300781]},{"page":6,"text":"Such a visible light driven cholesteric LC has been used in the","rect":[51.44306564331055,397.76605224609377,291.2802590390981,388.32659912109377]},{"page":6,"text":"development of color photodisplays (Figure 11).150 Using the","rect":[51.44306564331055,408.7548828125,291.27778711527,397.54583740234377]},{"page":6,"text":"photomask","rect":[51.44157028198242,419.5708312988281,96.05902089658749,410.3011779785156]},{"page":6,"text":"technique,","rect":[103.36618041992188,419.5708312988281,145.61521866218249,410.3011779785156]},{"page":6,"text":"red,","rect":[152.92437744140626,418.0,168.25321915046374,410.3011779785156]},{"page":6,"text":"green,","rect":[175.50640869140626,419.7406311035156,200.10311844245593,412.0]},{"page":6,"text":"and","rect":[207.35629272460938,418.0,221.98862279343408,410.3011779785156]},{"page":6,"text":"blue","rect":[229.2598114013672,418.0,246.4394539853872,410.3011779785156]},{"page":6,"text":"reflecting","rect":[253.68666076660157,419.7406311035156,291.2878071629557,410.28118896484377]},{"page":6,"text":"information could be written in the cholesteric film, and it","rect":[51.44160079956055,428.2191467285156,291.25378935959528,421.2868957519531]},{"page":6,"text":"Figure 11. Reflection color tuning in the visible region and red, green,","rect":[51.44261932373047,723.572509765625,291.26640738636459,715.0591430664063]},{"page":6,"text":"and blue reflecting color display devices made using a cholesteric film.","rect":[51.44261932373047,733.5396118164063,291.23942984730209,725.0262451171875]},{"page":6,"text":"Reproduced with permission from ref 150. Copyright 2019 American","rect":[51.4426383972168,743.5067138671875,291.2538438113639,735.0112915039063]},{"page":6,"text":"Chemical Society.","rect":[51.4426383972168,753.3685913085938,113.65022696644272,745.0349731445313]},{"page":6,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[295.6247253417969,48.551387786865237,351.4984700247048,41.21574401855469]},{"page":6,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":6,"text":"can be visualized by light exposure. 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Visible light driven full color","rect":[315.2274169921875,356.4861755371094,555.1026020692797,347.0467224121094]},{"page":6,"text":"tuning has been demonstrated in cholesteric LCs containing","rect":[315.2274169921875,367.52886962890627,555.0786396824869,358.08941650390627]},{"page":6,"text":"fluorinated chiral azobenzene dopants.154 These new types of","rect":[315.2274169921875,378.4017333984375,555.1048995525985,367.3624267578125]},{"page":6,"text":"chiral azobenzene dopants exhibit high helical twisting power,","rect":[315.226806640625,389.6141357421875,555.1170191992918,380.1746826171875]},{"page":6,"text":"and their cis isomers show remarkably long half-lives. 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The patterns do not","rect":[315.2274169921875,466.8563537597656,555.0995535197515,457.39691162109377]},{"page":6,"text":"sacrifice one of the visible colors to serve as the background. A","rect":[315.2274169921875,477.8990173339844,555.1165441445786,468.4595642089844]},{"page":6,"text":"codoping strategy has been used to obtain visible light driven","rect":[315.2284240722656,488.9416809082031,555.0706659296369,479.5022277832031]},{"page":6,"text":"rewritable and long-lived colors in cholesteric LCs.156 For this","rect":[315.2284240722656,499.9843444824219,555.1048215031682,488.5155944824219]},{"page":6,"text":"purpose, an octafluorinated binaphthyl azobenzene has been","rect":[315.2266540527344,510.8002624511719,555.0848260858869,501.5106201171875]},{"page":6,"text":"designed and synthesized guided by time dependent density","rect":[315.2266540527344,522.0127563476563,555.0877875665033,512.5732421875]},{"page":6,"text":"functional theory computation. 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The swimming motion","rect":[315.2264099121094,610.2975463867188,555.0726190546369,600.8580322265625]},{"page":6,"text":"of bacteria has been mimicked in the periodic arch pattern ofa","rect":[315.2264709472656,621.17041015625,555.0856336645527,611.9007568359375]},{"page":6,"text":"light driven cholesteric LC using microspheres.158 Program-","rect":[315.2264709472656,632.3833618164063,555.0777729625336,621.2308349609375]},{"page":6,"text":"mable self-propelling actuators were demonstrated, and the","rect":[315.2265625,643.426025390625,555.0657509824575,633.9865112304688]},{"page":6,"text":"direction of translation of the microspheres can be altered by","rect":[315.2265625,654.298828125,555.0667914727533,645.0291748046875]},{"page":6,"text":"varying","rect":[315.2265625,665.5113525390625,342.7883259617838,656.9608764648438]},{"page":6,"text":"the","rect":[348.6534423828125,664.0,360.7354287168325,656.0718383789063]},{"page":6,"text":"energy","rect":[366.613525390625,665.5113525390625,391.92677682431579,658.0]},{"page":6,"text":"of","rect":[397.83087158203127,664.0,405.3658858807235,656.0718383789063]},{"page":6,"text":"the","rect":[411.2020263671875,664.0,423.2840127012075,656.0718383789063]},{"page":6,"text":"light","rect":[429.162109375,665.5113525390625,446.1108755412359,656.0718383789063]},{"page":6,"text":"irradiation","rect":[451.9939880371094,664.0,491.5378290155744,656.0718383789063]},{"page":6,"text":"and","rect":[497.4319152832031,664.0,511.45264256882475,656.0718383789063]},{"page":6,"text":"alignment","rect":[517.3177490234375,665.5113525390625,555.0927786174077,656.0718383789063]},{"page":6,"text":"period. With the help of rationally designed alignments, the","rect":[315.2265625,676.5540161132813,555.0647744199575,667.114501953125]},{"page":6,"text":"transport","rect":[315.2265625,687.4268188476563,349.893620902564,679.5955810546875]},{"page":6,"text":"of","rect":[355.4519348144531,686.0,362.9869491131454,678.1571655273438]},{"page":6,"text":"microspheres","rect":[368.53924560546877,687.4268188476563,419.01583224535576,678.1571655273438]},{"page":6,"text":"in","rect":[424.6291198730469,686.0,432.0042291620588,679.0462036132813]},{"page":6,"text":"defined","rect":[437.54656982421877,686.0,465.6989194242935,678.1571655273438]},{"page":6,"text":"trajectories","rect":[471.2542419433594,687.4967651367188,513.2364438176213,679.0162353515625]},{"page":6,"text":"has","rect":[518.7887573242188,686.0,531.2405026555119,678.1571655273438]},{"page":6,"text":"been","rect":[536.8048095703125,686.0,555.0827508905744,678.1571655273438]},{"page":6,"text":"demonstrated. 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Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":7,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":7,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[295.6247253417969,48.551387786865237,351.4984700247048,41.21574401855469]},{"page":7,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":7,"text":"Figure 12. Programmable transporting actuators. (i) Photoalignment conditions, (ii) initial states, (iii) trajectories, and (iv) end states of dispersed","rect":[51.44261932373047,432.1590881347656,555.0842533046481,422.9444580078125]},{"page":7,"text":"microspheres in the helical medium for motions of (a) converging, (b) diverging, (c) aggregating, and (d) orbiting. Reproduced with permission","rect":[51.44261932373047,442.12615966796877,555.100309875817,432.9115295410156]},{"page":7,"text":"from ref 158. Copyright 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science.","rect":[51.44261932373047,452.0932312011719,540.3242076793333,443.5978088378906]},{"page":7,"text":"synthesized, and used as chiral dopants to induce functional","rect":[51.44261932373047,473.7085266113281,291.26187104816418,464.4388732910156]},{"page":7,"text":"light driven cholesteric LCs.159,160 The dithienylcyclopentene","rect":[51.44261932373047,485.03387451171877,291.2752541562856,473.6221618652344]},{"page":7,"text":"based chiral molecular switches possess high helical twisting","rect":[51.44205856323242,496.2467346191406,291.24834793444009,486.8072814941406]},{"page":7,"text":"power, and upon photocyclization their helical twisting power","rect":[51.44205856323242,507.4592590332031,291.2753010438891,498.0198059082031]},{"page":7,"text":"changes, which enables tuning the properties of the induced","rect":[51.44205856323242,518.6717529296875,291.2632809965591,509.2322692871094]},{"page":7,"text":"cholesteric LCs. The photocyclized isomers of dithienylcyclo-","rect":[51.44205856323242,529.71435546875,291.2512653941742,520.4447021484375]},{"page":7,"text":"pentene compounds do not exhibit thermal relaxation to their","rect":[51.44205856323242,540.8699340820313,291.28830153217037,531.6002807617188]},{"page":7,"text":"open ring form. Microdroplets of a cholesteric LC induced bya","rect":[51.44205856323242,552.2522583007813,291.24426403564646,542.812744140625]},{"page":7,"text":"dithienylcyclopentene based molecular switch 7 (Scheme 2)","rect":[51.44205856323242,563.294921875,291.28721865105276,553.2261962890625]},{"page":7,"text":"have been fabricated using a microfluidic technique.161 The","rect":[51.44204330444336,574.67724609375,291.23198023050437,563.2094116210938]},{"page":7,"text":"self-assembling","rect":[51.44175338745117,585.8906860351563,108.49396866197911,576.451171875]},{"page":7,"text":"and","rect":[113.87641143798828,584.0,127.89713109421533,576.451171875]},{"page":7,"text":"optical","rect":[133.25257873535157,585.7208251953125,158.7956540071485,576.451171875]},{"page":7,"text":"properties","rect":[164.1870880126953,585.7208251953125,202.5317013859807,577.3402099609375]},{"page":7,"text":"of","rect":[207.86915588378907,584.0,215.40418544127037,576.451171875]},{"page":7,"text":"the","rect":[220.78659057617188,584.0,232.86860742777,576.451171875]},{"page":7,"text":"microdroplets","rect":[238.23605346679688,585.7208251953125,291.25097018480889,576.451171875]},{"page":7,"text":"have been studied. The microdroplets exhibit omnidirectional","rect":[51.44175338745117,596.8764038085938,291.2810055696485,587.6067504882813]},{"page":7,"text":"circularly polarized reflection owing to the radial disposition of","rect":[51.44175338745117,608.2587280273438,291.264933732286,598.7992553710938]},{"page":7,"text":"the helical axis in the droplets. The reflection wavelength of the","rect":[51.44175338745117,619.4712524414063,291.2789467832387,610.0117797851563]},{"page":7,"text":"droplets could be tuned by light irradiation, and their reflection","rect":[51.442745208740237,630.6837158203125,291.2829156854963,621.2242431640625]},{"page":7,"text":"can be maintained at the desired color owing to the lack of","rect":[51.442745208740237,641.8961791992188,291.2669784100204,632.4566650390625]},{"page":7,"text":"thermal relaxation of the chiral molecular switch. The droplets","rect":[51.442745208740237,652.8818969726563,291.24398165941826,643.6122436523438]},{"page":7,"text":"arrange in hexagonal patterns when assembled as a single layer","rect":[51.442745208740237,664.2642211914063,291.244997088811,654.82470703125]},{"page":7,"text":"and exhibit interesting photonic cross communication with","rect":[51.442745208740237,675.4766845703125,291.25898026643429,666.0371704101563]},{"page":7,"text":"their neighbors. Different hexagonal color patterns have been","rect":[51.442745208740237,686.689208984375,291.2459588983869,677.229736328125]},{"page":7,"text":"shown by selectively irradiating the top and bottom layers in a","rect":[51.442745208740237,697.9016723632813,291.24698010009959,688.462158203125]},{"page":7,"text":"double layer of the cholesteric droplets (Figure 13).","rect":[51.442745208740237,709.0572509765625,254.17851211921374,698.8186645507813]},{"page":7,"text":"Near infrared light driven reversible handedness inversion","rect":[60.394798278808597,720.1567993164063,291.23695621284,710.71728515625]},{"page":7,"text":"(Figure 14) of a cholesteric LC has been achieved by mixing","rect":[51.443721771240237,731.3693237304688,291.2449604832682,721.1307373046875]},{"page":7,"text":"upconversion nanoparticles into the cholesteric matrix.162 Here","rect":[51.443721771240237,742.4119262695313,291.2770852109731,731.1714477539063]},{"page":7,"text":"the upconversion nanoparticles absorb the near-infrared light","rect":[51.441890716552737,753.7960205078125,291.2741140666265,744.3565063476563]},{"page":7,"text":"Scheme 2. Chemical Structures of Molecular Switches and","rect":[315.2274169921875,472.1172790527344,552.9459650044944,465.2649230957031]},{"page":7,"text":"Motors","rect":[315.2274169921875,483.0430603027344,344.26818563575957,476.8399963378906]},{"page":7,"text":"4893","rect":[295.2282409667969,769.5517578125,311.29721411321006,764.5250244140625]},{"page":7,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":7,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":8,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":8,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[295.6247253417969,48.551387786865237,351.4984700247048,41.21574401855469]},{"page":8,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":8,"text":"Figure 13. Schematic arrangement of cholesteric microdroplets in double layers and their reflection mode microscopy images under a polarized","rect":[51.44261932373047,299.3072204589844,555.0600833827731,290.7937927246094]},{"page":8,"text":"optical microscope focusing on either the first layer or the second layer of hexagonally arranged microdroplets. Reproduced with permission from","rect":[51.44261932373047,309.3309326171875,555.0816520001289,300.83551025390627]},{"page":8,"text":"ref 161. Copyright 2015 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.","rect":[51.4426383972168,319.2980041503906,323.0925182262083,310.8025817871094]},{"page":8,"text":"Figure 14. 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Interestingly, this whole sequence of","rect":[315.22772216796877,418.3820495605469,555.108927872911,408.9425964355469]},{"page":8,"text":"events could be reversed by using appropriate wavelength of","rect":[315.22772216796877,429.4247131347656,555.108927872911,419.9852600097656]},{"page":8,"text":"irradiation. The in-plane rotation property of the cholesteric","rect":[315.22772216796877,440.297607421875,555.0938897936309,431.0279541015625]},{"page":8,"text":"LC was exploited in the fabrication of a 2D beam steering","rect":[315.22772216796877,451.51007080078127,555.0779072606119,442.07061767578127]},{"page":8,"text":"device","rect":[315.22772216796877,460.0455627441406,339.22184839456687,453.1133117675781]},{"page":8,"text":"(Figure","rect":[344.4623718261719,462.5527648925781,372.91450586527,452.3141784667969]},{"page":8,"text":"15).","rect":[378.1720275878906,461.9434509277344,393.77571060554188,452.3141784667969]},{"page":8,"text":"A","rect":[399.0212097167969,459.9057312011719,405.147153275438,453.73260498046877]},{"page":8,"text":"bilayer","rect":[410.3517150878906,462.3729553222656,435.7249165224047,453.1133117675781]},{"page":8,"text":"device","rect":[441.0024108886719,461.0,464.99653711527,453.1133117675781]},{"page":8,"text":"undergoing","rect":[470.237060546875,462.5527648925781,513.5483662449869,453.1133117675781]},{"page":8,"text":"reversible","rect":[518.7908935546875,461.0,555.08686914652,453.1133117675781]},{"page":8,"text":"transformation between 2D and 1D diffraction patterns has","rect":[315.22772216796877,473.4256286621094,555.0938962101994,464.135986328125]},{"page":8,"text":"also been demonstrated. Moreover, dynamically reconfigurable","rect":[315.22772216796877,484.63812255859377,555.1057900449575,475.19866943359377]},{"page":8,"text":"zigzag patterns have been obtained in the cholesteric ��lm by","rect":[315.22772216796877,495.6807861328125,555.0649604180658,486.2413330078125]},{"page":8,"text":"irradiating it under an applied electric field.164 These zigzag","rect":[315.22772216796877,506.7234802246094,555.0843769871744,495.31103515625]},{"page":8,"text":"deformations yield crescent-shaped diffraction patterns which","rect":[315.2262268066406,517.6530151367188,555.0904011648718,508.3634033203125]},{"page":8,"text":"could be applied in novel devices.","rect":[315.2252502441406,528.6956787109375,447.25181534187,519.426025390625]},{"page":8,"text":"Figure 15. Wide area 2D beam steering in a cholesteric diffraction grating that exhibits in-plane rotation of the helical axis under light irradiation.","rect":[51.44261932373047,743.5059814453125,555.0780528941771,734.9926147460938]},{"page":8,"text":"Reproduced with permission from ref 163. Copyright 2016 Macmillan Publishers Limited.","rect":[51.4426383972168,753.5297241210938,367.74650992542709,745.0343017578125]},{"page":8,"text":"4894","rect":[295.2282409667969,769.5517578125,311.29721411321006,764.5250244140625]},{"page":8,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":8,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":9,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":9,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[295.6247253417969,48.551387786865237,351.4984700247048,41.21574401855469]},{"page":9,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":9,"text":"Figure 16. Reversible transformation between the helicoidal and the heliconical states in a cholesteric LC and their light driven handedness","rect":[51.44261932373047,504.75762939453127,555.0716643758372,496.26220703125]},{"page":9,"text":"inversion. Reproduced with permission from ref 165. Copyright 2019 The Authors published by the American Association for the Advancement of","rect":[51.44261932373047,514.7813720703125,555.084260372975,506.2859802246094]},{"page":9,"text":"Science.","rect":[51.44261932373047,522.5009765625,79.09903372913803,516.6575317382813]},{"page":9,"text":"By the appropriate choice of light irradiation, electric field","rect":[60.394004821777347,546.4768676757813,291.235174307106,537.037353515625]},{"page":9,"text":"strength, and elastic properties of a specially designed","rect":[51.442928314208987,558.0289916992188,291.21719945359038,548.5894775390625]},{"page":9,"text":"cholesteric","rect":[51.442928314208987,567.02392578125,92.10600527214652,560.1416015625]},{"page":9,"text":"mixture,","rect":[97.50443267822266,567.02392578125,128.67379715339343,561.0306396484375]},{"page":9,"text":"reversible","rect":[134.0472412109375,567.02392578125,170.34320154398095,560.1416015625]},{"page":9,"text":"transformation","rect":[175.74563598632813,567.02392578125,232.0084100702619,560.1416015625]},{"page":9,"text":"between","rect":[237.38783264160157,567.02392578125,269.1867853144025,560.1416015625]},{"page":9,"text":"heli-","rect":[274.5542297363281,567.0,291.2432087535492,560.1416015625]},{"page":9,"text":"coidal and heliconical superstructures has been achieved.165","rect":[51.442928314208987,580.9074096679688,291.1440314581008,569.6651611328125]},{"page":9,"text":"Moreover, the handedness inversion of these induced helical","rect":[51.44261932373047,590.1223754882813,291.2628781282423,583.1900634765625]},{"page":9,"text":"superstructures has also been accomplished by light irradiation","rect":[51.44261932373047,604.1257934570313,291.2658258417463,594.686279296875]},{"page":9,"text":"under an applied electric field (Figure 16). 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Micropatterns simulta-","rect":[51.44362258911133,650.1083984375,291.2808369273773,640.8387451171875]},{"page":9,"text":"neously exhibiting distinct optical properties have been","rect":[51.44362258911133,661.7744140625,291.29777774604318,652.3348999023438]},{"page":9,"text":"fabricated using the cholesteric film.","rect":[51.44362258911133,673.3265380859375,191.6397853125731,663.8870239257813]},{"page":9,"text":"A 1,2-dithienyldicyanoethene based chiral molecular switch","rect":[60.39569854736328,684.4161376953125,291.2768635672155,675.1564331054688]},{"page":9,"text":"9 has been used in the development of a luminescent","rect":[51.44462585449219,695.9782104492188,291.23984282639216,686.7085571289063]},{"page":9,"text":"cholesteric LC which can be driven by visible light.166 Since","rect":[51.44462585449219,707.6442260742188,291.25651636331687,696.2312622070313]},{"page":9,"text":"the fluorescence intensity of the molecular switch decreases","rect":[51.44132614135742,719.0156860351563,291.2565243840276,709.7360229492188]},{"page":9,"text":"upon","rect":[51.442317962646487,730.5217895507813,71.11928806098456,723.0]},{"page":9,"text":"photoisomerization,","rect":[77.1073226928711,730.5217895507813,152.99706985847156,721.2521362304688]},{"page":9,"text":"the","rect":[158.97509765625,729.0,171.05709924905907,721.2521362304688]},{"page":9,"text":"circularly","rect":[177.04812622070313,730.5118408203125,211.8450965264642,721.2521362304688]},{"page":9,"text":"polarized","rect":[217.84011840820313,730.5217895507813,252.66707433152,721.2521362304688]},{"page":9,"text":"lumines-","rect":[258.6890869140625,729.0,291.2675007457367,721.2521362304688]},{"page":9,"text":"cence of the induced cholesteric phase could be reversibly","rect":[51.442317962646487,742.0739135742188,291.242511687597,732.8042602539063]},{"page":9,"text":"tuned. 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Optically rewritable display","rect":[315.2286682128906,558.0283813476563,555.0688666680658,548.5689086914063]},{"page":9,"text":"devices that can operate either in the reflection mode or in the","rect":[315.2286682128906,569.41064453125,555.0658120176138,560.1210327148438]},{"page":9,"text":"fluorescent mode have been demonstrated using the films of","rect":[315.22967529296877,581.132568359375,555.1078292400985,571.673095703125]},{"page":9,"text":"the visible light driven cholesteric LC.","rect":[315.2306823730469,592.6846923828125,463.65238907233876,583.2451782226563]},{"page":9,"text":"Fluorescent","rect":[324.23870849609377,602.0,368.7092642131109,594.5145874023438]},{"page":9,"text":"cholesteric","rect":[374.7762451171875,602.0,415.43931826042776,594.5145874023438]},{"page":9,"text":"LCs","rect":[421.5173034667969,602.0,437.1869137883245,594.964111328125]},{"page":9,"text":"induced","rect":[443.27288818359377,602.0,473.6927243559341,594.5145874023438]},{"page":9,"text":"by","rect":[479.75970458984377,603.7742919921875,488.95363229306579,594.5145874023438]},{"page":9,"text":"α-cyanostilbene","rect":[495.0535888671875,603.7742919921875,555.0828408262075,594.5145874023438]},{"page":9,"text":"based molecular switches have been employed in the","rect":[315.2306823730469,615.3363647460938,555.1728676816763,606.0667114257813]},{"page":9,"text":"development of transparent and optically rewritable display","rect":[315.2306823730469,626.8884887695313,555.0728949883783,617.6188354492188]},{"page":9,"text":"devices.167","rect":[315.2306823730469,636.1032104492188,355.73381417294459,627.1436767578125]},{"page":9,"text":"The","rect":[362.53411865234377,637.0,378.1757668515981,629.1729736328125]},{"page":9,"text":"transparent","rect":[384.8563232421875,638.442626953125,428.14368193772028,630.6113891601563]},{"page":9,"text":"displays","rect":[434.8832092285156,638.442626953125,464.904321014887,629.1729736328125]},{"page":9,"text":"can","rect":[471.65283203125,637.0,484.7541681269025,631.0]},{"page":9,"text":"be","rect":[491.5386962890625,637.0,500.6226662656606,629.1729736328125]},{"page":9,"text":"operated","rect":[507.34521484375,638.442626953125,540.9799558012466,629.1729736328125]},{"page":9,"text":"in","rect":[547.6845092773438,637.0,555.0596185663557,630.06201171875]},{"page":9,"text":"reflection and fluorescent mode for visualizing information. A","rect":[315.2274475097656,650.1087036132813,555.1156286172349,640.6492309570313]},{"page":9,"text":"dual mode display device that operated in the reflection mode","rect":[315.2274475097656,661.490966796875,555.0686196348013,652.2013549804688]},{"page":9,"text":"in daylight and in the fluorescent mode in darkness has been","rect":[315.2274475097656,673.212890625,555.0846429804182,663.75341796875]},{"page":9,"text":"demonstrated using a short pitch cholesteric film. It was shown","rect":[315.2274475097656,684.7650146484375,555.0966058710432,675.3255004882813]},{"page":9,"text":"that remote writing boards that are easy to fabricate and","rect":[315.2274169921875,696.3170776367188,555.0786496489028,686.8775634765625]},{"page":9,"text":"operate can be constructed using the fluorescent cholesteric","rect":[315.2274169921875,707.8692016601563,555.0915704576934,698.4097290039063]},{"page":9,"text":"LC (Figure 17).","rect":[315.2284240722656,719.4213256835938,378.1397853125731,709.1827392578125]},{"page":9,"text":"Chiral fluorescent molecular switches with α-cyanothienyle-","rect":[324.2374572753906,730.5109252929688,555.0645893687836,721.2312622070313]},{"page":9,"text":"thene scaffold have been","rect":[315.2304382324219,741.0,419.908098790965,732.7833862304688]},{"page":9,"text":"dopants to obtain emissive","rect":[315.2304382324219,753.6250610351563,421.9087990781606,744.3554077148438]},{"page":9,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":9,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":10,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":10,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[295.6247253417969,48.551387786865237,351.4984700247048,41.21574401855469]},{"page":10,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":10,"text":"Figure 17. Cholesteric displays where information can be visualized either in the reflection mode or in fluorescent mode. The information on the","rect":[51.44261932373047,264.974609375,555.0986890066238,256.5331115722656]},{"page":10,"text":"devices can be remotely written by a hand-held UV light. Reproduced with permission from ref 167. Copyright 2019 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH","rect":[51.44172668457031,275.0136413574219,555.0824585937535,266.5182189941406]},{"page":10,"text":"& Co. KGaA, Weinheim.","rect":[51.44172668457031,283.0,139.53212393909898,276.5419616699219]},{"page":10,"text":"phototuning","rect":[51.44261932373047,306.7658386230469,99.44483536119786,297.3263854980469]},{"page":10,"text":"of","rect":[106.22834777832031,305.0,113.88926997496177,297.3263854980469]},{"page":10,"text":"the","rect":[120.67577362060547,305.0,132.87870874612939,297.3263854980469]},{"page":10,"text":"selective","rect":[139.76812744140626,305.0,172.35054102152,297.3263854980469]},{"page":10,"text":"reflection","rect":[179.20101928710938,305.0,215.58293399604316,297.306396484375]},{"page":10,"text":"and","rect":[222.42739868164063,304.2586364746094,236.62900365280908,297.3263854980469]},{"page":10,"text":"fluorescence","rect":[243.44549560546876,304.2486572265625,291.27482691019187,297.306396484375]},{"page":10,"text":"intensity","rect":[51.441627502441409,317.57177734375,84.02005380185483,309.2011413574219]},{"page":10,"text":"of","rect":[89.28756713867188,316.0,96.82258143736411,308.3121337890625]},{"page":10,"text":"the","rect":[102.03512573242188,316.0,114.11712732523094,308.3121337890625]},{"page":10,"text":"cholesteric","rect":[119.42860412597656,316.0,160.0916925280059,308.3121337890625]},{"page":10,"text":"phases","rect":[165.32022094726563,317.581787109375,190.3136838078557,308.3121337890625]},{"page":10,"text":"has","rect":[195.57418823242188,316.0,208.02593356371509,308.3121337890625]},{"page":10,"text":"been","rect":[213.30743408203126,316.0,231.58534488471504,308.3121337890625]},{"page":10,"text":"demonstrated.","rect":[236.81988525390626,316.0,291.24385025397938,308.3121337890625]},{"page":10,"text":"Light driven tuning of the circularly polarized luminescence in","rect":[51.441627502441409,328.7373046875,291.27580508979318,319.2978515625]},{"page":10,"text":"fluorescent","rect":[51.441627502441409,338.0,93.10304778244681,330.26361083984377]},{"page":10,"text":"cholesteric","rect":[98.80626678466797,338.0,139.46934755730278,330.2835998535156]},{"page":10,"text":"LCs","rect":[145.20753479003907,338.0,160.87717562914478,330.73309326171877]},{"page":10,"text":"containing","rect":[166.56640625,339.7230529785156,206.64985245104163,331.172607421875]},{"page":10,"text":"cyanostilbene","rect":[212.34408569335938,339.5432434082031,264.0198830625356,330.2835998535156]},{"page":10,"text":"chiral switches has recently been achieved.169","rect":[51.441627502441409,350.5289611816406,227.5206183721633,339.2978820800781]},{"page":10,"text":"Light driven reversible helix inversion of cholesteric LCs has","rect":[60.394004821777347,361.6960754394531,291.254174530512,352.2566223144531]},{"page":10,"text":"been endowed by chiral overcrowded alkene based molecular","rect":[51.44293212890625,372.50201416015627,291.28415114154537,363.24237060546877]},{"page":10,"text":"motors 10.170 The photoresponsive chiral molecular motors","rect":[51.44293212890625,383.4983215332031,291.28060275316826,372.529052734375]},{"page":10,"text":"were found to induce multiple cholesteric states owing to their","rect":[51.44243621826172,394.65386962890627,291.2906819032641,385.21441650390627]},{"page":10,"text":"three stable chiral states. Color devices reflecting left- and","rect":[51.44243621826172,405.63958740234377,291.29163182663725,396.1801452636719]},{"page":10,"text":"right-handed circularly polarized light have been demonstrated","rect":[51.443450927734378,416.6253356933594,291.2476559965591,407.1858825683594]},{"page":10,"text":"using","rect":[51.443450927734378,427.6110534667969,71.51016586656896,419.06060791015627]},{"page":10,"text":"the","rect":[77.33531188964844,426.0,89.41730585306297,418.1716003417969]},{"page":10,"text":"multistate","rect":[95.23844909667969,426.0,132.83355798929345,418.1716003417969]},{"page":10,"text":"cholesteric","rect":[138.69366455078126,426.0,179.35673769402153,418.1716003417969]},{"page":10,"text":"films.","rect":[185.2058868408203,426.0,205.34155228034656,418.1716003417969]},{"page":10,"text":"Light","rect":[211.21066284179688,427.6110534667969,231.34732573654839,418.1716003417969]},{"page":10,"text":"driven","rect":[237.2154541015625,426.0,261.1995721796369,418.1716003417969]},{"page":10,"text":"helical","rect":[267.0167236328125,426.0,291.26065034503918,418.1716003417969]},{"page":10,"text":"motion in an LC network","rect":[51.443450927734378,436.0995788574219,162.87367238584529,429.1573486328125]},{"page":10,"text":"photoresponsive","rect":[51.44344711303711,449.41278076171877,114.91741266458641,440.14312744140627]},{"page":10,"text":"molecular","rect":[121.75288391113281,448.0,159.8346729921313,440.14312744140627]},{"page":10,"text":"motor serves two purposes on this occasion. It acts as a chiral","rect":[51.442134857177737,460.4004211425781,291.2793881380079,451.1307678222656]},{"page":10,"text":"dopant and as a unidirectional rotor that amplifies molecular","rect":[51.442134857177737,471.38616943359377,291.2803364442797,462.11651611328127]},{"page":10,"text":"motion","rect":[51.44315719604492,481.0,79.46959934028144,473.9912414550781]},{"page":10,"text":"into","rect":[86.25711059570313,481.0,101.62893297984084,473.9912414550781]},{"page":10,"text":"a","rect":[108.43942260742188,481.0,112.49673595947454,475.0]},{"page":10,"text":"controlled","rect":[119.31721496582031,481.0,158.62319005417627,473.10223388671877]},{"page":10,"text":"twisting","rect":[165.49264526367188,482.54168701171877,195.7526051365885,473.9912414550781]},{"page":10,"text":"motion","rect":[202.6390380859375,481.0,230.64448795112129,473.9912414550781]},{"page":10,"text":"of","rect":[237.43199157714845,481.0,245.03794398619224,473.10223388671877]},{"page":10,"text":"the","rect":[251.82444763183595,481.0,263.9774025937856,473.10223388671877]},{"page":10,"text":"films.","rect":[270.8118896484375,479.9845275878906,291.261336826245,473.10223388671877]},{"page":10,"text":"Moreover, the molecular motor enables complex mechanical","rect":[51.4431266784668,493.3576354980469,291.280395218086,484.0879821777344]},{"page":10,"text":"motions such as bending and walking in addition to helical","rect":[51.4431266784668,504.5131530761719,291.2633664094923,495.0736999511719]},{"page":10,"text":"motion. A helical naphthopyran dopant has been designed,","rect":[51.4431266784668,515.5558471679688,291.2533107031981,506.1163635253906]},{"page":10,"text":"synthesized,","rect":[51.4431266784668,526.3617553710938,97.17285110847155,517.10205078125]},{"page":10,"text":"and","rect":[102.37740325927735,525.0,116.39812291550439,517.10205078125]},{"page":10,"text":"used","rect":[121.64065551757813,525.0,139.1190701811294,517.10205078125]},{"page":10,"text":"in","rect":[144.35960388183595,525.0,151.73471317084785,517.9910888671875]},{"page":10,"text":"the","rect":[156.93727111816407,525.0,169.01927271097314,517.10205078125]},{"page":10,"text":"induction","rect":[174.27378845214845,525.0,210.75961551459785,517.10205078125]},{"page":10,"text":"of","rect":[215.97216796875,525.0,223.50718226744224,517.10205078125]},{"page":10,"text":"photoresponsive","rect":[228.7197265625,526.3717041015625,291.2583169004262,517.10205078125]},{"page":10,"text":"cholesteric LCs.172 The large variation of its helical twisting","rect":[51.4431266784668,537.5294799804688,291.24785965319009,526.333740234375]},{"page":10,"text":"power has been exploited to demonstrate multicycle rotational","rect":[51.44264602661133,548.3453369140625,291.2428891145704,539.07568359375]},{"page":10,"text":"motion","rect":[51.44264602661133,558.0,79.11432132514472,550.950439453125]},{"page":10,"text":"of","rect":[84.69962310791016,558.0,92.23462977720786,550.0614013671875]},{"page":10,"text":"micro-objects","rect":[97.8998794555664,559.4010009765625,149.68558627367603,550.0614013671875]},{"page":10,"text":"in","rect":[155.29287719726563,558.0,162.66798648627754,550.950439453125]},{"page":10,"text":"the","rect":[168.3232421875,558.0,180.40524378030907,550.0614013671875]},{"page":10,"text":"cholesteric","rect":[185.99954223632813,558.0,226.66260012077934,550.0614013671875]},{"page":10,"text":"phase","rect":[232.34385681152345,559.3310546875,253.88958826273095,550.0614013671875]},{"page":10,"text":"by","rect":[259.4819030761719,559.3211059570313,268.6758307793939,550.0614013671875]},{"page":10,"text":"light","rect":[274.3260498046875,559.5009155273438,291.27487700607966,550.0614013671875]},{"page":10,"text":"irradiation.","rect":[51.44264602661133,567.9794311523438,93.02510788337389,561.047119140625]},{"page":10,"text":"2.2. Light Driven Self-Organized 3D Cubic Lattices","rect":[51.44261932373047,584.1215209960938,261.50980328128818,575.3059692382813]},{"page":10,"text":"Blue phases with cubic lattices are regarded as self-organized","rect":[51.44261932373047,599.934814453125,291.283758291481,590.4953002929688]},{"page":10,"text":"3D soft photonic crystals. Light driven blue phases allow","rect":[51.44261932373047,610.9205322265625,291.2428576889353,601.4810180664063]},{"page":10,"text":"tuning of their optical properties for fundamental studies and","rect":[51.44261932373047,621.90625,291.237859853981,612.4667358398438]},{"page":10,"text":"different applications. Therefore, light driven blue phases have","rect":[51.44261932373047,632.8920288085938,291.2827919980825,623.4325561523438]},{"page":10,"text":"been fabricated by using chiral molecular switches, and their","rect":[51.44161605834961,643.8777465820313,291.2868672059985,634.438232421875]},{"page":10,"text":"properties have been investigated.","rect":[51.44161605834961,654.8634643554688,182.58177139655749,645.4239501953125]},{"page":10,"text":"The reflection color of the blue","rect":[60.39269256591797,664.0,188.09312525003564,656.3897094726563]},{"page":10,"text":"phase","rect":[192.28634643554688,665.6793212890625,213.83207788675439,656.40966796875]},{"page":10,"text":"has","rect":[218.0642852783203,664.0,230.51603060961353,656.40966796875]},{"page":10,"text":"been","rect":[234.72125244140626,664.0,252.99916324409004,656.40966796875]},{"page":10,"text":"tuned","rect":[257.21337890625,664.0,279.1788083403091,656.40966796875]},{"page":10,"text":"to","rect":[283.3880310058594,664.0,291.24285509898149,657.8480834960938]},{"page":10,"text":"cover","rect":[51.441612243652347,675.0,72.04796797504143,669.0]},{"page":10,"text":"doping a specially designed axially chiral azoarene based","rect":[51.44181442260742,687.8798217773438,291.29199803757475,678.4403076171875]},{"page":10,"text":"molecular switch. This molecular switch exhibits a high helical","rect":[51.44181442260742,698.8656005859375,291.2610775911329,689.4260864257813]},{"page":10,"text":"twisting power and a large difference in its helical twisting","rect":[51.44181442260742,709.851318359375,291.2470356785807,700.391845703125]},{"page":10,"text":"power upon photoisomerization. The large difference in helical","rect":[51.44282150268555,720.8370361328125,291.2590329133985,711.3775634765625]},{"page":10,"text":"twisting power has enabled reversible tuning of the reflection","rect":[51.44283676147461,731.8228149414063,291.28300723823068,722.3633422851563]},{"page":10,"text":"color of the blue phase over the entire visible spectrum. Near-","rect":[51.44283676147461,742.638671875,291.25303541370547,733.3690185546875]},{"page":10,"text":"infrared light driven phase transition and reflection color","rect":[51.44283676147461,753.7942504882813,291.25802809467037,744.3347778320313]},{"page":10,"text":"tuning","rect":[315.2281799316406,306.76220703125,339.78191727037759,298.2117614746094]},{"page":10,"text":"of","rect":[346.04876708984377,305.0,353.583781388536,297.32275390625]},{"page":10,"text":"a","rect":[359.87261962890627,305.0,363.92993298095896,299.0]},{"page":10,"text":"blue","rect":[370.18377685546877,305.0,386.4430092832387,297.32275390625]},{"page":10,"text":"phase","rect":[392.73284912109377,306.5924072265625,414.2785805723012,297.32275390625]},{"page":10,"text":"have","rect":[420.4944763183594,305.0,437.9029397031606,297.32275390625]},{"page":10,"text":"been","rect":[444.1767883300781,305.0,462.4546991327619,297.32275390625]},{"page":10,"text":"reported.174","rect":[468.70855712890627,306.5924072265625,514.0807074834914,295.6266784667969]},{"page":10,"text":"Mesogen","rect":[520.43115234375,306.7658386230469,555.0881830194807,297.92572021484377]},{"page":10,"text":"functionalized gold nanorods were designed, synthesized, and","rect":[315.2270812988281,317.92138671875,555.0792600004653,308.48193359375]},{"page":10,"text":"doped into the blue phase. When the system was irradiated","rect":[315.2270812988281,328.9640808105469,555.0932980864028,319.6944274902344]},{"page":10,"text":"with near-infrared light, the dispersed gold nanorods absorbed","rect":[315.2270812988281,340.2894287109375,555.089208730934,330.8499755859375]},{"page":10,"text":"the","rect":[315.2270812988281,350.0,327.5329445859731,342.06243896484377]},{"page":10,"text":"irradiation","rect":[334.44036865234377,350.0,375.1054254511213,342.06243896484377]},{"page":10,"text":"and","rect":[381.94989013671877,350.0,396.21744359421538,342.06243896484377]},{"page":10,"text":"converted","rect":[403.0918884277344,350.0,441.6923276274185,342.06243896484377]},{"page":10,"text":"it","rect":[448.5667724609375,348.9447326660156,453.99716704514216,342.9514465332031]},{"page":10,"text":"to","rect":[460.9175720214844,350.0,468.83733752085649,343.5008239746094]},{"page":10,"text":"heat","rect":[475.76171875,350.0,492.22083037522028,342.06243896484377]},{"page":10,"text":"through","rect":[499.08428955078127,351.50189208984377,529.9948201101843,342.06243896484377]},{"page":10,"text":"their","rect":[536.8892822265625,350.0,555.0352802919359,342.06243896484377]},{"page":10,"text":"photothermal effect. The local heat generated caused a phase","rect":[315.2270812988281,362.6574401855469,555.0681923887075,353.197998046875]},{"page":10,"text":"transition between blue phases. Moreover, dynamic red, green,","rect":[315.2270812988281,373.8130187988281,555.0942530860106,364.3735656738281]},{"page":10,"text":"and","rect":[315.2270812988281,382.5182800292969,329.24780858444975,375.5860290527344]},{"page":10,"text":"blue","rect":[334.77313232421877,382.50830078125,351.0323647519887,375.5860290527344]},{"page":10,"text":"reflections","rect":[356.52874755859377,383.0,395.74572116137139,375.5660400390625]},{"page":10,"text":"were","rect":[401.2310791015625,383.0,419.2491616269887,377.0]},{"page":10,"text":"achieved","rect":[424.7435302734375,383.0,457.7416745512466,375.5860290527344]},{"page":10,"text":"in","rect":[463.2699890136719,383.0,470.6451288202619,376.47503662109377]},{"page":10,"text":"the","rect":[476.1304931640625,383.0,488.2124794980825,375.5860290527344]},{"page":10,"text":"photonic","rect":[493.69384765625,384.8556823730469,527.7312799303496,375.5860290527344]},{"page":10,"text":"nano-","rect":[533.2396240234375,383.0,555.0651997203461,377.0]},{"page":10,"text":"composite. 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A photoalignment technique has been used to realize","rect":[315.2280578613281,418.549072265625,555.104203130895,409.109619140625]},{"page":10,"text":"uniform crystallographic orientation of a blue phase.175 Using","rect":[315.2280578613281,429.76422119140627,555.0837666356119,418.55517578125]},{"page":10,"text":"the","rect":[315.2265930175781,439.0,327.3085793515981,431.4803161621094]},{"page":10,"text":"photomask","rect":[333.8092956542969,440.7499694824219,375.93138112607968,431.4803161621094]},{"page":10,"text":"technique,","rect":[382.42010498046877,440.7499694824219,421.923934482495,431.4803161621094]},{"page":10,"text":"alternate","rect":[428.42462158203127,439.0,461.35282983987937,431.4803161621094]},{"page":10,"text":"uniform","rect":[467.8575439453125,439.0,498.3973010638613,431.4803161621094]},{"page":10,"text":"and","rect":[504.85400390625,439.0,518.8747311918716,431.4803161621094]},{"page":10,"text":"random","rect":[525.3634033203125,439.0,555.0637744525332,431.4803161621094]},{"page":10,"text":"orientation of the blue phase has been achieved (Figure 18).","rect":[315.2265930175781,452.0753173828125,555.0717311133543,441.83673095703127]},{"page":10,"text":"Since the used photoalignment film is rewritable, the blue","rect":[315.2265930175781,463.2878112792969,555.1047524473013,453.8483581542969]},{"page":10,"text":"phase patterns could be erased and rewritten on demand using","rect":[315.2265930175781,474.443359375,555.0617939793619,465.00390625]},{"page":10,"text":"light irradiation. 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These blue phases with","rect":[315.226318359375,697.8457641601563,555.0984578054968,688.40625]},{"page":10,"text":"widened temperature range exhibit blue-shifted reflection color","rect":[315.226318359375,709.0582275390625,555.0984516786547,699.5987548828125]},{"page":10,"text":"upon UV light irradiation. Hydrogen bonded chiral azoben-","rect":[315.226318359375,720.2138061523438,555.0874775523773,710.7742919921875]},{"page":10,"text":"zene based molecular switches have been found to enable the","rect":[315.226318359375,728.9190673828125,555.0655068418325,721.9867553710938]},{"page":10,"text":"light driven reflection color tuning of a blue phase over a wide","rect":[315.226318359375,742.581787109375,555.0774697324575,733.122314453125]},{"page":10,"text":"wavelength range.179 The hydrogen bonded molecular switch","rect":[315.2273254394531,753.7960815429688,555.0580525320593,742.6002197265625]},{"page":10,"text":"4896","rect":[295.2282409667969,769.5517578125,311.29721411321006,764.5250244140625]},{"page":10,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":10,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":11,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":11,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[295.6247253417969,48.551387786865237,351.4984700247048,41.21574401855469]},{"page":11,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":11,"text":"Figure 18. 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Copyright 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.","rect":[51.44261932373047,351.57696533203127,291.2790416637083,343.08154296875]},{"page":11,"text":"KGaA, Weinheim.","rect":[51.44171905517578,359.35321044921877,114.8302043834349,353.1052551269531]},{"page":11,"text":"also helps in widening the temperature range of the induced","rect":[51.44261932373047,386.66943359375,291.26184667038725,377.22998046875]},{"page":11,"text":"blue phase. Blue phase films capable of reflecting both left- and","rect":[51.44261932373047,397.6551818847656,291.291814932106,388.19573974609377]},{"page":11,"text":"right-handed circularly polarized light have been developed.180","rect":[51.44361114501953,408.6408996582031,291.1440314581008,397.50250244140627]},{"page":11,"text":"This is achieved by refilling a polymer template obtained bya","rect":[51.44261932373047,419.62762451171877,291.2438367895527,410.18817138671877]},{"page":11,"text":"blue phase matrix containing compound 12 (Scheme 3). 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These attributes could be useful","rect":[315.2274169921875,353.54058837890627,555.0895382844923,344.27093505859377]},{"page":11,"text":"in coherent holographic and direct image writing applications","rect":[315.2274169921875,364.69610595703127,555.1045773625432,355.25665283203127]},{"page":11,"text":"of blue phases. Optically rewritable dynamic phase gratings","rect":[315.2274169921875,375.6818542480469,555.0606320500432,366.2424011230469]},{"page":11,"text":"have been developed using blue phase templated azobenzene","rect":[315.2274169921875,386.6675720214844,555.09858789652,377.2281188964844]},{"page":11,"text":"based LCs.183 The grating results from an alternating blue","rect":[315.2274169921875,397.65557861328127,555.10493555277,386.51641845703127]},{"page":11,"text":"phase and light induced isotropic phase. The change in the","rect":[315.226806640625,408.64129638671877,555.0650185605825,399.20184326171877]},{"page":11,"text":"refractive index of the blue phase upon electric field application","rect":[315.226806640625,419.4572448730469,555.1089349726057,410.1875915527344]},{"page":11,"text":"has been found to cause diffraction of light by the grating, and","rect":[315.2268371582031,430.61279296875,555.0759641020278,421.1533508300781]},{"page":11,"text":"the","rect":[315.226806640625,439.0413513183594,327.308792974645,432.1590576171875]},{"page":11,"text":"diffraction","rect":[332.62030029296877,439.09130859375,371.6564508417463,432.1390686035156]},{"page":11,"text":"efficiency","rect":[376.9809265136719,441.418701171875,412.56935494931579,432.1490478515625]},{"page":11,"text":"is","rect":[417.8858642578125,440.0,423.71199923754326,433.0480651855469]},{"page":11,"text":"polarization","rect":[428.9905090332031,441.4287109375,473.94072208198068,432.1590576171875]},{"page":11,"text":"independent.","rect":[479.3011779785156,441.4287109375,529.0681910742918,432.1590576171875]},{"page":11,"text":"Bent-","rect":[534.3707275390625,440.0,555.0869892711273,432.7583923339844]},{"page":11,"text":"shaped","rect":[315.226806640625,452.4144592285156,341.73926366257475,443.1448059082031]},{"page":11,"text":"dopants","rect":[347.1806640625,452.4144592285156,377.40062838793389,443.1448059082031]},{"page":11,"text":"containing","rect":[382.8170471191406,452.5842590332031,422.9005085789713,444.0338134765625]},{"page":11,"text":"azo","rect":[428.368896484375,451.0,441.21038439585649,445.0]},{"page":11,"text":"groups","rect":[446.61181640625,452.5842590332031,472.354760468012,445.0]},{"page":11,"text":"have","rect":[477.77215576171877,451.0,495.18061914652,443.1448059082031]},{"page":11,"text":"been","rect":[500.60406494140627,451.0,518.8819452265119,443.1448059082031]},{"page":11,"text":"used","rect":[524.3423461914063,451.0,541.8207150785903,443.1448059082031]},{"page":11,"text":"to","rect":[547.231201171875,451.0,555.0859947474189,444.58319091796877]},{"page":11,"text":"prepare blue phases that can be reversibly directed by light","rect":[315.226806640625,463.5699768066406,555.0600027385015,454.1305236816406]},{"page":11,"text":"irradiation.184 The stabilization and photoresponsive behavior","rect":[315.226806640625,474.3880615234375,555.0755024599047,463.4187927246094]},{"page":11,"text":"of the blue phases were found to depend on the molecular","rect":[315.22735595703127,485.373779296875,555.0665913270922,476.1041259765625]},{"page":11,"text":"configuration of the bent-shaped dopants. Light driven body","rect":[315.22735595703127,496.5293273925781,555.0935248711908,487.0898742675781]},{"page":11,"text":"centered cubic to simple cubic transition (Figure 20) was","rect":[315.22735595703127,507.5719909667969,555.0585568547307,497.3334045410156]},{"page":11,"text":"observed for the samples containing V-shaped dopant 13 while","rect":[315.22735595703127,518.5578002929688,555.0955361387075,509.1183166503906]},{"page":11,"text":"the reverse was observed for the samples containing W-shaped","rect":[315.22735595703127,529.5435180664063,555.1045285551528,520.10400390625]},{"page":11,"text":"dopant 14. In addition to the phase transition, reflection color","rect":[315.22735595703127,540.359375,555.1005268739672,531.0697631835938]},{"page":11,"text":"Light Driven Blue Phases","rect":[297.1019287109375,563.3856811523438,400.9591341220877,554.1160278320313]},{"page":11,"text":"4897","rect":[295.2282409667969,769.5517578125,311.29721411321006,764.5250244140625]},{"page":11,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":11,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":12,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":12,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[295.6247253417969,48.551387786865237,351.4984700247048,41.21574401855469]},{"page":12,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure 20. Light induced isothermal phase transition in a blue phase. Reproduced with permission from ref 184. Copyright 2018 The Royal Society","rect":[51.44261932373047,206.32217407226563,555.0815336412745,197.8267364501953]},{"page":12,"text":"of Chemistry.","rect":[51.44261932373047,216.1273956298828,98.75532187611069,207.7937774658203]},{"page":12,"text":"tuning was also observed in these photoresponsive blue phases.","rect":[51.44261932373047,238.01797485351563,291.27378799812,228.57850646972657]},{"page":12,"text":"Blue","rect":[51.44261932373047,247.0,68.54129877298485,239.56422424316407]},{"page":12,"text":"phase","rect":[73.8787612915039,248.83387756347657,95.42450037210594,239.56422424316407]},{"page":12,"text":"LC","rect":[100.78994750976563,246.50648498535157,113.0118471762522,240.01373291015626]},{"page":12,"text":"composites","rect":[118.4102783203125,248.83387756347657,161.12200289965259,240.45323181152345]},{"page":12,"text":"have","rect":[166.4544677734375,247.0,183.86293115823876,239.56422424316407]},{"page":12,"text":"been","rect":[189.23037719726563,247.0,207.5082879999494,239.56422424316407]},{"page":12,"text":"reported","rect":[212.9127197265625,248.83387756347657,245.50113500046533,239.56422424316407]},{"page":12,"text":"where","rect":[250.87255859375,247.0,273.83735742777,239.56422424316407]},{"page":12,"text":"the","rect":[279.2008056640625,247.0,291.2828225156606,239.56422424316407]},{"page":12,"text":"photonic band gap has been tuned using the combined effect","rect":[51.44261932373047,259.9894714355469,291.28479521897028,250.530029296875]},{"page":12,"text":"of electric field and optical field.185 It was found that the","rect":[51.4426383972168,270.8053894042969,291.2778176328481,259.82373046875]},{"page":12,"text":"shifting of the photonic band gap depends on the chirality of","rect":[51.44161605834961,282.0188293457031,291.26386561705166,272.5793762207031]},{"page":12,"text":"the blue phase composites. Moreover, the synergistic effect of","rect":[51.44161605834961,293.00457763671877,291.26182093931728,283.5451354980469]},{"page":12,"text":"electric and optical fields enabled reversible tuning of the","rect":[51.440643310546878,303.9903259277344,291.2778481504262,294.5508728027344]},{"page":12,"text":"photonic band gap. Isothermal phase transition and reflection","rect":[51.44065856933594,314.9760437011719,291.28080997260568,305.5166015625]},{"page":12,"text":"wavelength tuning in chiral azobenzene containing blue phases","rect":[51.440643310546878,325.9617919921875,291.2728512883245,316.5223388671875]},{"page":12,"text":"has been recently reported.186 The photothermal character-","rect":[51.440643310546878,336.779296875,291.2701557750336,325.48040771484377]},{"page":12,"text":"istics of the blue phases with and without surface alignment","rect":[51.44197463989258,347.9348449707031,291.2501882853765,338.4953918457031]},{"page":12,"text":"were investigated.","rect":[51.44197463989258,358.9205627441406,119.86367752448717,349.4811096191406]},{"page":12,"text":"3. LIQUID CRYSTAL BASED SMART WINDOWS","rect":[51.44261932373047,379.6317443847656,263.10311773371407,371.31451416015627]},{"page":12,"text":"There","rect":[51.44261932373047,394.0,74.42739954202782,386.34735107421877]},{"page":12,"text":"is","rect":[79.48704528808594,394.0,85.31318789721118,387.2363586425781]},{"page":12,"text":"an","rect":[90.3648452758789,394.0,99.41884860785956,388.0]},{"page":12,"text":"ever-increasing","rect":[104.47250366210938,395.78680419921877,161.2848774754557,387.2363586425781]},{"page":12,"text":"interest","rect":[166.34054565429688,394.0,194.67178862717339,387.2363586425781]},{"page":12,"text":"in","rect":[199.76739501953126,394.0,207.14250430854316,387.2363586425781]},{"page":12,"text":"the","rect":[212.17520141601563,394.0,224.25718775003564,386.34735107421877]},{"page":12,"text":"development","rect":[229.34182739257813,395.61700439453127,278.68918364670466,386.34735107421877]},{"page":12,"text":"of","rect":[283.7318420410156,394.0,291.2668563397079,386.34735107421877]},{"page":12,"text":"smart windows using different kinds of materials and operating","rect":[51.44261932373047,406.77252197265627,291.28579300279946,397.3130798339844]},{"page":12,"text":"under different conditions.187−190 The responsive and adaptive","rect":[51.44260787963867,417.589111328125,291.237015630895,406.5631408691406]},{"page":12,"text":"properties of LCs have been exploited in the development of","rect":[51.44181442260742,428.5748596191406,291.2660323650985,419.3052062988281]},{"page":12,"text":"smart switchable windows.191−194 These LC based windows","rect":[51.44181442260742,437.2337646484375,291.25875216723076,428.5353088378906]},{"page":12,"text":"regulate the transmission of light and heat into and out of the","rect":[51.44257736206055,450.71673583984377,291.2807778379262,441.27728271484377]},{"page":12,"text":"built environment. This control of light and heat flow saves","rect":[51.44257736206055,461.70245361328127,291.2448056340276,452.2430114746094]},{"page":12,"text":"energy, which is necessary to keep the environment warm or","rect":[51.44358444213867,472.6882019042969,291.2648029970141,463.2487487792969]},{"page":12,"text":"cold. Polymer","rect":[51.44358444213867,483.4941101074219,109.88388258685784,474.2344665527344]},{"page":12,"text":"successful","rect":[51.44358444213867,493.0,88.81683320636725,485.22021484375]},{"page":12,"text":"for","rect":[95.52239990234375,493.0,106.29525953998284,485.22021484375]},{"page":12,"text":"focus on the recent developments on smart windows involving","rect":[51.442073822021487,505.6469421386719,291.2463032567057,496.2074890136719]},{"page":12,"text":"cholesteric LCs. The cholesteric LC based smart windows can","rect":[51.442073822021487,514.135498046875,291.2802606561994,507.1932678222656]},{"page":12,"text":"be driven by heat, light, or electric field or a combination of","rect":[51.442073822021487,527.6184692382813,291.26426234556728,518.178955078125]},{"page":12,"text":"these stimuli. The cholesteric phases can exist in the planar","rect":[51.442073822021487,538.434326171875,291.25131422748287,529.1646728515625]},{"page":12,"text":"state, focal conic state, or unwound homeotropic state. The","rect":[51.442073822021487,549.4201049804688,291.2942971250356,540.1504516601563]},{"page":12,"text":"focal conic state is a light scattering state; therefore, the","rect":[51.442073822021487,560.57568359375,291.2802895566762,551.1361694335938]},{"page":12,"text":"cholesteric","rect":[51.442073822021487,569.0042114257813,92.10515077995902,562.1218872070313]},{"page":12,"text":"film","rect":[98.63583374023438,570.0,113.28512607606834,562.1218872070313]},{"page":12,"text":"appears","rect":[119.82479858398438,571.3915405273438,148.6157315373479,564.0]},{"page":12,"text":"opaque,","rect":[155.1214141845703,571.3915405273438,184.99165298835437,564.0]},{"page":12,"text":"whereas","rect":[191.55130004882813,570.0,222.0211270451604,562.1218872070313]},{"page":12,"text":"the","rect":[228.5478057861328,570.0,240.62980737894189,562.1218872070313]},{"page":12,"text":"planar","rect":[247.1304931640625,571.3915405273438,270.68490797748287,562.1218872070313]},{"page":12,"text":"and","rect":[277.2715148925781,570.0,291.29224217819975,562.1218872070313]},{"page":12,"text":"homeotropic states are transparent and therefore transmit light","rect":[51.442073822021487,582.5471801757813,291.27527373459528,573.107666015625]},{"page":12,"text":"through them. Cholesteric to chiral smectic A phase transitions","rect":[51.442073822021487,593.5328979492188,291.28328830004326,584.0933837890625]},{"page":12,"text":"have also been employed in the fabrication of smart windows.","rect":[51.442073822021487,604.3487548828125,291.2592616309325,595.0791015625]},{"page":12,"text":"3.1. Smart Windows Based on Cholesteric Liquid Crystals","rect":[51.44261932373047,617.7503662109375,290.39795635746006,608.9347534179688]},{"page":12,"text":"Polymer stabilized cholesteric LCs have been utilized in the","rect":[51.44261932373047,632.713134765625,291.2818459531606,623.4534301757813]},{"page":12,"text":"fabrication of smart windows for privacy control and energy","rect":[51.44261932373047,643.8787231445313,291.25487130673766,634.439208984375]},{"page":12,"text":"conservation. The cholesteric LCs can be switched between","rect":[51.44261932373047,652.3671875,291.2818475702619,645.4249267578125]},{"page":12,"text":"the transparent and the opaque states by applying an electric","rect":[51.44261932373047,665.8501586914063,291.252855858084,656.41064453125]},{"page":12,"text":"field, heat, or light. In the transparent state, the smart window","rect":[51.44261932373047,676.8358764648438,291.2688281479197,667.3963623046875]},{"page":12,"text":"allows heat and light to enter the building interior. Upon","rect":[51.44261932373047,687.8786010742188,291.2518182733869,678.4390869140625]},{"page":12,"text":"switching to the opaque state, the window blocks the entry of","rect":[51.44261932373047,698.8643188476563,291.267863419786,689.4248046875]},{"page":12,"text":"heat and light.","rect":[51.44261932373047,709.8500366210938,107.25666000739733,700.4105224609375]},{"page":12,"text":"Polymer stabilized cholesteric films that enable electrically","rect":[60.39369201660156,720.656005859375,291.2588385918939,711.3963012695313]},{"page":12,"text":"controlled","rect":[51.4426383972168,730.0,90.9125043241958,722.3820190429688]},{"page":12,"text":"greyscale","rect":[97.67302703857422,731.821533203125,132.4080361387075,722.3820190429688]},{"page":12,"text":"have","rect":[139.2015380859375,730.0,156.78488245218407,722.3820190429688]},{"page":12,"text":"been","rect":[163.620361328125,730.0,182.15808353217597,722.3820190429688]},{"page":12,"text":"fabricated.197","rect":[188.9456024169922,730.0,239.98788826962426,720.628173828125]},{"page":12,"text":"The","rect":[246.90162658691407,729.266845703125,262.54325952737937,722.384521484375]},{"page":12,"text":"trans-","rect":[269.39373779296877,729.266845703125,291.2322529430023,723.8229370117188]},{"page":12,"text":"mittance of the films can be adjusted depending on the","rect":[51.442073822021487,742.8097534179688,291.27925195902,733.3702392578125]},{"page":12,"text":"conditions of outside sunshine. The window is energy saving","rect":[51.442073822021487,753.7955322265625,291.2752339207682,744.3560180664063]},{"page":12,"text":"since it maintains the electric driven transmittance after the","rect":[315.2283935546875,235.50802612304688,555.067582037145,228.5757598876953]},{"page":12,"text":"power is switched off. Using pulse amplitude modulation,","rect":[315.2283935546875,249.22769165039063,555.0695338477293,239.76824951171876]},{"page":12,"text":"electric driving transparent and shadow areas in the wedge film","rect":[315.2283935546875,260.4402160644531,555.0815356830019,251.00074768066407]},{"page":12,"text":"can be achieved and adjusted. A dye-doped cholesteric LC has","rect":[315.2283630371094,271.55279541015627,555.0975583195744,262.2132263183594]},{"page":12,"text":"been used to fabricate a light shutter device which can be","rect":[315.2283630371094,282.8092956542969,555.0716103574575,273.3698425292969]},{"page":12,"text":"applied in","rect":[315.2283630371094,293.85198974609377,357.694231603465,284.58233642578127]},{"page":12,"text":"transparent","rect":[315.2283630371094,305.06451416015627,359.66394560959528,297.0]},{"page":12,"text":"transmission in the focal conic state by simultaneous light","rect":[315.2269592285156,316.4493408203125,555.059148246314,307.0098876953125]},{"page":12,"text":"scattering and absorption in a single layer, and it does not","rect":[315.2269592285156,327.6048889160156,555.0961355510015,318.1654357910156]},{"page":12,"text":"require any patterned electrodes. In the focal conic state, the","rect":[315.2269592285156,338.6475830078125,555.0662392637075,329.3779296875]},{"page":12,"text":"dye doped film appears dark due to the absorption of incident","rect":[315.2269592285156,349.86004638671877,555.0731252970952,340.59039306640627]},{"page":12,"text":"light by the dye molecules. The film is transparent in the","rect":[315.2269592285156,361.24237060546877,555.065140630895,351.80291748046877]},{"page":12,"text":"electrically unwound homeotropic state due to minimized light","rect":[315.2279357910156,372.39788818359377,555.1171316447515,362.95843505859377]},{"page":12,"text":"absorption","rect":[315.2279357910156,383.4405517578125,356.2467828729963,374.1708984375]},{"page":12,"text":"by","rect":[362.99029541015627,383.4305419921875,372.18422311337829,374.1708984375]},{"page":12,"text":"the","rect":[378.96673583984377,382.0,391.1136635801137,374.1708984375]},{"page":12,"text":"dye","rect":[397.89019775390627,383.4305419921875,411.43522730081687,374.1708984375]},{"page":12,"text":"molecules.","rect":[418.1727600097656,382.0,458.3311915625731,374.1708984375]},{"page":12,"text":"Mesogen-grafted","rect":[465.08270263671877,383.6103515625,529.5370236723403,374.1708984375]},{"page":12,"text":"silica","rect":[536.2975463867188,382.0,555.0531629614277,374.1708984375]},{"page":12,"text":"nanoparticles have been designed, synthesized, and dispersed","rect":[315.2279357910156,394.8228454589844,555.0950070707778,385.3833923339844]},{"page":12,"text":"into a dual","rect":[315.2279357910156,404.0,365.917358108711,396.59588623046877]},{"page":12,"text":"performance","rect":[315.2279357910156,417.0210876464844,364.7451333066762,407.7514343261719]},{"page":12,"text":"cholesteric","rect":[315.2268371582031,427.0,356.04381044792776,418.965576171875]},{"page":12,"text":"LC","rect":[362.70440673828127,425.9078063964844,374.9262911459788,419.4150695800781]},{"page":12,"text":"doped","rect":[381.6268615722656,428.2352294921875,405.6299802153091,418.965576171875]},{"page":12,"text":"with","rect":[412.277587890625,427.0,428.92655228791866,418.965576171875]},{"page":12,"text":"mesogen","rect":[435.67608642578127,428.405029296875,469.39775333198068,420.0]},{"page":12,"text":"functionalized","rect":[476.07232666015627,427.0,529.688818105934,418.965576171875]},{"page":12,"text":"silica","rect":[536.411376953125,427.0,555.0291151098652,418.965576171875]},{"page":12,"text":"nanoparticles exhibits transparent, opaque, and semitranspar-","rect":[315.2268371582031,439.4477233886719,555.1109760875336,430.1780700683594]},{"page":12,"text":"ent","rect":[315.2268371582031,449.0,327.3588003459234,442.82891845703127]},{"page":12,"text":"states","rect":[334.036376953125,449.0,355.06246310473076,442.82891845703127]},{"page":12,"text":"depending","rect":[361.74102783203127,450.8299865722656,401.7145649754557,441.3905334472656]},{"page":12,"text":"on","rect":[408.3691711425781,449.0,418.282610509715,443.0]},{"page":12,"text":"the","rect":[424.96917724609377,449.0,437.0511635801137,441.3905334472656]},{"page":12,"text":"frequency","rect":[443.72174072265627,450.6601867675781,481.086994109472,441.3905334472656]},{"page":12,"text":"applied","rect":[487.74359130859377,450.6601867675781,515.4452878324966,441.3905334472656]},{"page":12,"text":"under","rect":[522.0768432617188,449.0,544.3421040224047,441.3905334472656]},{"page":12,"text":"a","rect":[551.0277099609375,449.0,555.0850233129902,443.0]},{"page":12,"text":"sustained","rect":[315.2268371582031,460.0,350.52347386765288,452.5461120605469]},{"page":12,"text":"low","rect":[356.0758056640625,460.0,369.68676638034159,452.5461120605469]},{"page":12,"text":"voltage.","rect":[375.22509765625,461.9855651855469,404.2658839453856,452.5461120605469]},{"page":12,"text":"Compared","rect":[409.78521728515627,461.8157653808594,450.30838597702788,452.5461120605469]},{"page":12,"text":"to","rect":[455.84674072265627,460.0,463.7015342982002,453.9844970703125]},{"page":12,"text":"the","rect":[469.21685791015627,460.0,481.29887476175437,452.5461120605469]},{"page":12,"text":"pure","rect":[486.8371887207031,461.8157653808594,504.0357827207387,454.0]},{"page":12,"text":"system,","rect":[509.55615234375,461.8057556152344,537.457656406323,453.9844970703125]},{"page":12,"text":"the","rect":[542.9830322265625,460.0,555.0650185605825,452.5461120605469]},{"page":12,"text":"contrast ratio between the opaque state and the transparent","rect":[315.2268371582031,473.02825927734377,555.106999808814,463.75860595703127]},{"page":12,"text":"state was observed to be higher in the silica nanoparticle doped","rect":[315.2268371582031,484.4105224609375,555.0880490629653,474.9710693359375]},{"page":12,"text":"system (Figure 21).","rect":[315.2268371582031,495.62298583984377,391.79215958015126,485.3843994140625]},{"page":12,"text":"Usually cholesteric LC based electrically switchable windows","rect":[324.2358703613281,506.4858703613281,555.1040890812932,497.2262268066406]},{"page":12,"text":"are monostable; i.e., they are opaque in the field off state and","rect":[315.22784423828127,517.7083740234375,555.075048574684,508.41876220703127]},{"page":12,"text":"become transparent under an applied voltage. If the device can","rect":[315.2278747558594,529.0906372070313,555.0660272577619,519.651123046875]},{"page":12,"text":"Figure","rect":[315.2274169921875,713.4772338867188,339.2736635016314,705.6380615234375]},{"page":12,"text":"21.","rect":[345.6368713378906,712.0,356.95487057021958,705.7369384765625]},{"page":12,"text":"Mesogen","rect":[363.3270568847656,713.5491333007813,395.475065735192,705.5931396484375]},{"page":12,"text":"functionalized","rect":[401.7995910644531,712.0,452.1828555995699,705.0537109375]},{"page":12,"text":"silica","rect":[458.4768371582031,712.0,476.06902608205407,705.0537109375]},{"page":12,"text":"nanoparticle","rect":[482.38909912109377,713.3963623046875,526.6079053152175,705.0537109375]},{"page":12,"text":"doped","rect":[532.9154052734375,713.3963623046875,555.1610355312106,705.0537109375]},{"page":12,"text":"cholesteric films in transparent, semitransparent, and opaque states","rect":[315.2274169921875,723.4201049804688,555.1025481648997,715.0774536132813]},{"page":12,"text":"depending on the frequency of the applied electric field. Reproduced","rect":[315.2265319824219,733.5399169921875,555.0592899257418,725.0444946289063]},{"page":12,"text":"with permission from ref 199. Copyright 2016 Wiley-VCH Verlag","rect":[315.2256164550781,743.5070190429688,555.0818082187939,735.0115966796875]},{"page":12,"text":"GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.","rect":[315.2256164550781,751.4720458984375,430.56682242542709,745.0352783203125]},{"page":12,"text":"4898","rect":[295.2282409667969,769.5517578125,311.29721411321006,764.5250244140625]},{"page":12,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":12,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":13,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":13,"text":"be made bistable, then both opaque and transparent states","rect":[51.44261932373047,69.3766098022461,291.2748044133245,60.10695266723633]},{"page":13,"text":"would be stable in the absence of applied field. The switching","rect":[51.44261932373047,80.53213500976563,291.2408100926432,71.0926742553711]},{"page":13,"text":"can be driven by the electric field. Such devices would be","rect":[51.44261932373047,91.33805084228516,291.2848061582387,82.0783920288086]},{"page":13,"text":"energy efficient since they would not require a sustained","rect":[51.44261932373047,102.50363159179688,291.2667905180435,93.0541763305664]},{"page":13,"text":"electric field. A light shutter with this bistability property has","rect":[51.442623138427737,113.48934936523438,291.2528317570745,104.04988861083985]},{"page":13,"text":"been achieved using a salt doped into a cholesteric LC.200 The","rect":[51.442626953125,124.47506713867188,291.28862085550437,113.34426879882813]},{"page":13,"text":"device can be switched from the transparent state to opaque","rect":[51.44144821166992,135.2925567626953,291.2806252500356,126.02291107177735]},{"page":13,"text":"state with the help of a low frequency voltage (Figure 22). The","rect":[51.44144821166992,146.44808959960938,291.28862085550437,136.2095184326172]},{"page":13,"text":"Figure 22. Cholesteric LC light shutter in transparent and opaque","rect":[51.44261932373047,267.8213806152344,291.2690991628738,259.3259582519531]},{"page":13,"text":"states. Reproduced with permission from ref 200. Copyright 2016","rect":[51.44261932373047,277.7884216308594,291.27630066584029,269.2929992675781]},{"page":13,"text":"Published by Elsevier B.V.","rect":[51.44260025024414,287.65032958984377,143.42915763050523,279.3167419433594]},{"page":13,"text":"transparent state can be restored by applying a high frequency","rect":[51.44144821166992,312.7684631347656,291.23768991025329,303.3290100097656]},{"page":13,"text":"voltage pulse. The bistable light shutter could be useful as","rect":[51.44144821166992,323.7541809082031,291.2356503605901,314.3147277832031]},{"page":13,"text":"smart windows in architecture and for privacy control.","rect":[51.44144821166992,334.57012939453127,263.21723892585438,325.30047607421877]},{"page":13,"text":"Mesogen functionalized graphene nanoparticles have been","rect":[60.39252471923828,345.72564697265627,291.24467716010568,336.28619384765627]},{"page":13,"text":"synthesized and used to develop adaptive smart windows that","rect":[51.44144821166992,356.5415954589844,291.245671683814,347.2719421386719]},{"page":13,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[295.6247253417969,48.551387786865237,351.4984700247048,41.21574401855469]},{"page":13,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":13,"text":"can","rect":[315.227783203125,68.0,328.3291192987775,62.0]},{"page":13,"text":"be","rect":[333.81048583984377,68.0,342.89445581644187,60.10445022583008]},{"page":13,"text":"driven","rect":[348.3138732910156,68.0,372.29799136909,60.10445022583008]},{"page":13,"text":"by","rect":[377.7184143066406,69.3641128540039,386.9123114922845,60.10445022583008]},{"page":13,"text":"near-infrared","rect":[392.3357238769531,68.0,441.3732663481216,60.10445022583008]},{"page":13,"text":"light.201","rect":[446.838623046875,69.54391479492188,476.5185431768508,58.40731430053711]},{"page":13,"text":"This","rect":[482.07574462890627,68.0,499.25435763598076,60.10695266723633]},{"page":13,"text":"system","rect":[504.6817626953125,69.36661529541016,530.5446704486269,61.54534912109375]},{"page":13,"text":"takes","rect":[535.9560546875,68.0,555.0733883976994,60.10695266723633]},{"page":13,"text":"advantage","rect":[315.2262268066406,80.58908081054688,354.5122231504262,71.14962005615235]},{"page":13,"text":"of","rect":[361.5325622558594,79.0,369.1934920818954,71.14962005615235]},{"page":13,"text":"the","rect":[376.2628173828125,79.0,388.7015542051137,71.14962005615235]},{"page":13,"text":"photothermal","rect":[395.721923828125,80.41927337646485,449.5153500520704,71.14962005615235]},{"page":13,"text":"effect","rect":[456.49871826171877,79.0,477.6915945353765,71.129638671875]},{"page":13,"text":"of","rect":[484.7249450683594,79.0,492.44184413267666,71.14962005615235]},{"page":13,"text":"the","rect":[499.4552001953125,79.0,511.8669594785512,71.14962005615235]},{"page":13,"text":"graphene","rect":[518.8873291015625,80.58908081054688,555.0523842832388,71.14962005615235]},{"page":13,"text":"nanoparticles which absorb near-infrared light and convert it","rect":[315.2262268066406,91.63174438476563,555.098454886939,82.1922836303711]},{"page":13,"text":"into heat. The local heating brings about a phase transition of","rect":[315.2262268066406,102.67446899414063,555.1074019940047,93.2350082397461]},{"page":13,"text":"the host LC from the chiral smectic A phase to the cholesteric","rect":[315.2262268066406,113.54732513427735,555.0893731920684,104.27767181396485]},{"page":13,"text":"phase. This phase transition causes a switching from the","rect":[315.2262268066406,124.75979614257813,555.0644692441763,115.3203353881836]},{"page":13,"text":"transparent state into the opaque state (Figure 23). Since near-","rect":[315.2262268066406,135.85940551757813,555.0744160289398,125.62083435058594]},{"page":13,"text":"infrared light is a significant component in the sunlight, the","rect":[315.2252197265625,146.90200805664063,555.0623940488638,137.46253967285157]},{"page":13,"text":"window can be driven by natural sunlight. On sunny, hot days,","rect":[315.2252197265625,157.94479370117188,555.1143336524168,148.5053253173828]},{"page":13,"text":"the window would absorb the near-infrared light and change to","rect":[315.2252197265625,168.98739624023438,555.0854454310127,159.5479278564453]},{"page":13,"text":"an opaque state, which will not allow more sunlight to enter to","rect":[315.2252197265625,180.03012084960938,555.0864219935127,170.5906524658203]},{"page":13,"text":"the interior. Consequently, the interior will require less cooling","rect":[315.2252197265625,191.07272338867188,555.0614277684244,181.6332550048828]},{"page":13,"text":"to maintain the temperature. Thus, this adaptive window could","rect":[315.2252197265625,201.94569396972657,555.079443105934,192.67604064941407]},{"page":13,"text":"serve as an energy saving device.","rect":[315.2252197265625,213.15811157226563,442.5578761328856,203.71864318847657]},{"page":13,"text":"An ion doped chiral nematic LC has been used to fabricate a","rect":[324.23321533203127,224.0309600830078,555.0833753637714,214.7613067626953]},{"page":13,"text":"bistable device that can be switched between the transparent","rect":[315.2252197265625,235.07362365722657,555.1063894572515,225.80397033691407]},{"page":13,"text":"and scattering states by applying a short pulse (Figure 24).202","rect":[315.2252197265625,246.28616333007813,554.9854621221633,235.15341186523438]},{"page":13,"text":"The","rect":[315.2274169921875,256.0,330.7771157285512,247.8891143798828]},{"page":13,"text":"ionic","rect":[336.1335754394531,256.0,354.85118349480276,248.7781219482422]},{"page":13,"text":"dopant","rect":[360.1556701660156,257.1587829589844,386.9279226603765,247.8891143798828]},{"page":13,"text":"containing","rect":[392.22344970703127,257.3285827636719,432.3068806492838,248.7781219482422]},{"page":13,"text":"chiral","rect":[437.66131591796877,256.0,458.6374508821485,247.8891143798828]},{"page":13,"text":"nematic","rect":[463.9499206542969,256.0,494.08998354363089,248.7781219482422]},{"page":13,"text":"film","rect":[499.4134521484375,254.68153381347657,514.0627368548769,247.8891143798828]},{"page":13,"text":"does","rect":[519.4132080078125,254.82138061523438,536.9416134953557,247.8891143798828]},{"page":13,"text":"not","rect":[542.2450561523438,254.7714385986328,555.0965627970952,249.3275146484375]},{"page":13,"text":"require a dual frequency host or patterned electrodes and","rect":[315.2283935546875,268.2014465332031,555.0795651762466,258.9317932128906]},{"page":13,"text":"exhibits higher light scattering in the opaque state. Addition of","rect":[315.2283935546875,279.4139099121094,555.1105758221297,269.9744567871094]},{"page":13,"text":"a dichroic dye to the film enabled the device to control light","rect":[315.2283935546875,290.4566345214844,555.0605520549077,281.0171813964844]},{"page":13,"text":"scattering and absorption simultaneously.","rect":[315.2283935546875,301.499267578125,475.1305079688231,292.059814453125]},{"page":13,"text":"Electrical switching of both visible and infrared light","rect":[324.2364196777344,312.54193115234377,555.0825247111577,303.10247802734377]},{"page":13,"text":"transmission through an LC film containing dichroic dye and","rect":[315.2283935546875,323.5845947265625,555.0785886137466,314.1451416015625]},{"page":13,"text":"gold","rect":[315.2283935546875,334.6272888183594,331.797430166481,325.1878356933594]},{"page":13,"text":"nanorods","rect":[337.15386962890627,333.0,372.6903317570745,325.1878356933594]},{"page":13,"text":"has","rect":[378.0028076171875,333.0,390.45458346605889,325.1878356933594]},{"page":13,"text":"been","rect":[395.79302978515627,333.0,414.07094058784,325.1878356933594]},{"page":13,"text":"demonstrated.203","rect":[419.41839599609377,333.0,484.56352608700709,323.494873046875]},{"page":13,"text":"In","rect":[490.00750732421877,331.9803161621094,498.222063634715,325.7872314453125]},{"page":13,"text":"the","rect":[503.5485534667969,332.0701904296875,515.6305398008169,325.1878967285156]},{"page":13,"text":"film,","rect":[520.9410400390625,332.0,537.685927890698,325.1878967285156]},{"page":13,"text":"the","rect":[542.9804077148438,332.0701904296875,555.0623940488638,325.1878967285156]},{"page":13,"text":"doped dye molecules and gold nanorods were found to","rect":[315.22723388671877,345.6700134277344,555.0863609583564,336.2305603027344]},{"page":13,"text":"spontaneously align either along or across the director field of","rect":[315.22723388671877,356.71270751953127,555.1053878338485,347.27325439453127]},{"page":13,"text":"Figure 23. Near-infrared light","rect":[51.44261932373047,743.5059814453125,159.4968990770976,735.0105590820313]},{"page":13,"text":"organization in different states.","rect":[51.44261932373047,753.5297241210938,158.99501456409898,745.016357421875]},{"page":13,"text":"driven adaptive window device and its optical characteristics along","rect":[163.61883544921876,743.5059814453125,405.4267789219188,735.0105590820313]},{"page":13,"text":"Reproduced with permission from ref 201. Copyright 2017 Published","rect":[162.0313720703125,753.5297241210938,405.9294376308199,745.0343017578125]},{"page":13,"text":"with schematic","rect":[409.49835205078127,742.0,462.41684365077898,735.0105590820313]},{"page":13,"text":"by Elsevier Ltd.","rect":[408.9325256347656,753.367919921875,463.6760143199583,745.0343017578125]},{"page":13,"text":"illustrations","rect":[466.54864501953127,742.0,506.3468718953684,735.0105590820313]},{"page":13,"text":"of","rect":[510.455322265625,742.0,517.2367261932875,735.0105590820313]},{"page":13,"text":"molecular","rect":[521.3325805664063,742.0,555.0508211120294,735.0105590820313]},{"page":13,"text":"4899","rect":[295.2282409667969,769.5517578125,311.29721411321006,764.5250244140625]},{"page":13,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":13,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":14,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":14,"text":"Figure 24. Operation principle of an ion doped cholesteric LC film","rect":[51.44261932373047,225.90052795410157,291.2736075665351,217.4770050048828]},{"page":14,"text":"for smart window applications. Reproduced with permission from ref","rect":[51.44172668457031,235.78671264648438,291.2421278046156,227.44410705566407]},{"page":14,"text":"202. Copyright 2017 Optical Society of America.","rect":[51.44172668457031,245.96328735351563,223.21095694691148,237.4678497314453]},{"page":14,"text":"the host LC. Fast switching with low voltage electric field has","rect":[51.44261932373047,278.6211242675781,291.2507870793401,269.1816711425781]},{"page":14,"text":"been","rect":[51.44258117675781,288.0,69.72047672065253,280.1673889160156]},{"page":14,"text":"achieved","rect":[75.01097106933594,288.0,108.00913060593408,280.1673889160156]},{"page":14,"text":"in","rect":[113.25364685058594,288.0,120.6287713983869,281.056396484375]},{"page":14,"text":"the","rect":[125.94424438476563,288.0,138.02626123636376,280.1673889160156]},{"page":14,"text":"composite","rect":[143.28076171875,289.4370422363281,182.5447548887075,281.056396484375]},{"page":14,"text":"film.","rect":[187.86825561523438,286.9598083496094,204.55622818366687,280.1673889160156]},{"page":14,"text":"The","rect":[209.8507080078125,287.0496826171875,225.4004220029653,280.1673889160156]},{"page":14,"text":"transmission","rect":[230.6999053955078,287.0496826171875,278.4682489374494,281.056396484375]},{"page":14,"text":"of","rect":[283.7297668457031,287.0496826171875,291.2647811443954,280.1673889160156]},{"page":14,"text":"visible","rect":[51.442588806152347,299.0,75.24682703226219,291.15313720703127]},{"page":14,"text":"and","rect":[80.62026977539063,299.0,94.64098180222314,291.15313720703127]},{"page":14,"text":"near-infrared","rect":[100.05339813232422,299.0,149.09093297409815,291.15313720703127]},{"page":14,"text":"light","rect":[154.4993438720703,300.59259033203127,171.44812529709527,291.15313720703127]},{"page":14,"text":"could","rect":[176.87850952148438,299.0,197.98453343796533,291.15313720703127]},{"page":14,"text":"be","rect":[203.33697509765626,299.0,212.4209755918325,291.15313720703127]},{"page":14,"text":"customized","rect":[217.84036254882813,299.0,260.9917966215591,291.15313720703127]},{"page":14,"text":"in","rect":[266.39422607421877,299.0,273.76933536323068,292.0421447753906]},{"page":14,"text":"the","rect":[279.1987609863281,299.0,291.2807778379262,291.15313720703127]},{"page":14,"text":"device for smart window applications. A chiral LC containing","rect":[51.442588806152347,311.5783386230469,291.23784988756509,302.1388854980469]},{"page":14,"text":"hydrazone based molecular switch has been fabricated that","rect":[51.442588806152347,322.3842468261719,291.24683135178278,313.1246032714844]},{"page":14,"text":"possesses","rect":[51.442588806152347,333.3800048828125,87.99839144945728,326.0]},{"page":14,"text":"the","rect":[94.91880798339844,332.0,107.25063410013328,324.1103515625]},{"page":14,"text":"cholesteric","rect":[114.1580581665039,332.0,156.09027346062309,324.1103515625]},{"page":14,"text":"to","rect":[162.9777069091797,332.0,170.95742419077835,325.5487365722656]},{"page":14,"text":"chiral","rect":[177.88182067871095,332.0,199.48251313800788,324.1103515625]},{"page":14,"text":"smectic","rect":[206.408935546875,332.0,235.7915216295684,324.9993591308594]},{"page":14,"text":"A","rect":[242.73495483398438,330.90277099609377,248.86089839262548,324.7296447753906]},{"page":14,"text":"phase.204","rect":[255.76531982421876,333.3800048828125,291.14662545224146,322.4189453125]},{"page":14,"text":"Photoisomerization of the hydrazone based molecular switch","rect":[51.44261932373047,344.3575439453125,291.2758564871374,335.097900390625]},{"page":14,"text":"causes an isothermal phase transition between the cholesteric","rect":[51.44261932373047,355.3533020019531,291.25084169792776,346.0836486816406]},{"page":14,"text":"phase and the chiral smectic A phase. This phase transition has","rect":[51.44261932373047,366.3390197753906,291.25585299730889,357.0693664550781]},{"page":14,"text":"enabled the control of transparency in the light-gated smart","rect":[51.44261932373047,377.49456787109377,291.28381865647028,368.05511474609377]},{"page":14,"text":"window.","rect":[51.44261932373047,387.0,83.51138260261217,379.04083251953127]},{"page":14,"text":"A","rect":[89.7982177734375,385.833251953125,95.9241613320786,379.6601257324219]},{"page":14,"text":"supertwist","rect":[102.20600891113281,388.31048583984377,140.94035857346246,379.9298400878906]},{"page":14,"text":"luminescent","rect":[147.24717712402345,387.0,193.146794730689,379.04083251953127]},{"page":14,"text":"LC","rect":[199.4276123046875,385.9830627441406,211.64952722996316,379.4903259277344]},{"page":14,"text":"window","rect":[217.89739990234376,387.0,247.92751955416973,379.04083251953127]},{"page":14,"text":"has","rect":[254.27032470703126,387.0,266.7221005559026,379.04083251953127]},{"page":14,"text":"been","rect":[272.9669494628906,387.0,291.2448602655744,379.04083251953127]},{"page":14,"text":"developed that is capable of exhibiting electrical switchability","rect":[51.44261932373047,399.4660339355469,291.2449225762689,390.0265808105469]},{"page":14,"text":"among three different states.205 This smart window could be","rect":[51.44261932373047,410.4517822265625,291.2832192441762,399.30126953125]},{"page":14,"text":"applied as a privacy feature in home building and also in","rect":[51.44204330444336,421.4394836425781,291.276262853465,412.0000305175781]},{"page":14,"text":"horticulture","rect":[51.44204330444336,431.0,96.32232752054344,422.98577880859377]},{"page":14,"text":"green","rect":[101.92262268066406,432.42523193359377,122.92871341498847,424.0]},{"page":14,"text":"houses","rect":[128.4940185546875,431.0,154.31691867113697,422.98577880859377]},{"page":14,"text":"as","rect":[159.88124084472657,431.0,167.38626986742603,424.0]},{"page":14,"text":"a","rect":[173.02552795410157,431.0,177.08284130615423,424.0]},{"page":14,"text":"glazing","rect":[182.65716552734376,432.42523193359377,209.0196949803385,422.98577880859377]},{"page":14,"text":"to","rect":[214.61099243164063,431.0,222.46580126597366,424.0]},{"page":14,"text":"control","rect":[228.03811645507813,431.0,255.40000886554695,422.98577880859377]},{"page":14,"text":"sunlight","rect":[261.0122985839844,432.42523193359377,291.272283011939,422.98577880859377]},{"page":14,"text":"transmission. A light shutter, where the transmittance can be","rect":[51.44204330444336,443.41094970703127,291.2852334043325,433.97149658203127]},{"page":14,"text":"controlled","rect":[51.44204330444336,453.0,91.24869359421533,444.9572448730469]},{"page":14,"text":"by","rect":[98.12313842773438,454.2168884277344,107.41598886044858,444.9572448730469]},{"page":14,"text":"solar","rect":[114.326416015625,453.0,132.69825941791255,444.9572448730469]},{"page":14,"text":"UV","rect":[139.60166931152345,451.89947509765627,152.985810856726,445.55657958984377]},{"page":14,"text":"intensity","rect":[159.90423583984376,454.2168884277344,193.2861365655267,445.84625244140627]},{"page":14,"text":"and","rect":[200.19656372070313,453.0,214.40915501999658,444.9572448730469]},{"page":14,"text":"ambient","rect":[221.28359985351563,453.0,252.94058745529839,444.9572448730469]},{"page":14,"text":"outdoor","rect":[259.8040466308594,453.0,291.2541828798266,444.9572448730469]},{"page":14,"text":"temperature, has been demonstrated by doping a push−pull","rect":[51.44204330444336,465.3824157714844,291.25320405597668,455.9429626464844]},{"page":14,"text":"azobenzene.206 Owing to its self-shading property driven by","rect":[51.44205093383789,476.3700256347656,291.28187936337829,464.95794677734377]},{"page":14,"text":"natural optical or thermal energy, the shutter can be employed","rect":[51.442710876464847,487.3557434082031,291.24695409226225,477.9162902832031]},{"page":14,"text":"as an energy saving smart window. The window remains","rect":[51.442710876464847,498.34149169921877,291.2499020695745,488.90203857421877]},{"page":14,"text":"transparent in cool weather or in weak sunlight and therefore","rect":[51.442710876464847,509.3272399902344,291.2509621640981,499.8877868652344]},{"page":14,"text":"allows both heat and light into the indoors (Figure 25). During","rect":[51.442710876464847,520.31298828125,291.2379109227213,510.0743713378906]},{"page":14,"text":"warm weather or in strong sunlight, the window self-shades to","rect":[51.44269561767578,531.3556518554688,291.24688341929399,521.9161376953125]},{"page":14,"text":"the opaque state, thus blocking the outdoor heat and light.","rect":[51.44269561767578,542.3413696289063,281.53132583991688,532.90185546875]},{"page":14,"text":"A","rect":[60.393768310546878,550.6800537109375,66.51971186918797,544.5069580078125]},{"page":14,"text":"dual-mode","rect":[73.36817932128906,550.8199462890625,114.56189050882469,543.8876342773438]},{"page":14,"text":"LC","rect":[121.41236114501953,550.8298950195313,133.63426844090066,544.337158203125]},{"page":14,"text":"based","rect":[140.5047149658203,550.8199462890625,162.24632848191065,543.8876342773438]},{"page":14,"text":"switchable","rect":[169.11578369140626,550.7699584960938,209.34614649027,543.8876342773438]},{"page":14,"text":"window","rect":[216.1966094970703,550.8199462890625,246.54754518893535,543.8876342773438]},{"page":14,"text":"has","rect":[253.36203002929688,550.7699584960938,265.9097226262151,543.8876342773438]},{"page":14,"text":"been","rect":[272.73822021484377,550.7699584960938,291.27592716010568,543.8876342773438]},{"page":14,"text":"reported that takes advantage of the dielectric and flexoelectric","rect":[51.44269561767578,564.3129272460938,291.26588686394339,554.8534545898438]},{"page":14,"text":"effects of the LC.207 The window is clear in the absence of","rect":[51.4437255859375,572.8013916015625,291.26426234556728,564.1119384765625]},{"page":14,"text":"Figure 25. Operation of an energy saving window in hot and cold","rect":[51.44261932373047,723.572509765625,291.26015662496055,715.0770874023438]},{"page":14,"text":"weather","rect":[51.44261932373047,732.0,78.40649585568177,725.044189453125]},{"page":14,"text":"conditions.","rect":[84.24537658691406,732.0,122.06495322376694,725.044189453125]},{"page":14,"text":"Reproduced","rect":[127.8696517944336,733.3868408203125,169.6375675136324,725.044189453125]},{"page":14,"text":"with","rect":[175.4593505859375,732.0,190.44327955537916,725.044189453125]},{"page":14,"text":"permission","rect":[196.3082275390625,733.3868408203125,233.58819439730139,725.8442993164063]},{"page":14,"text":"from","rect":[239.42257690429688,732.0,255.89048989075386,725.044189453125]},{"page":14,"text":"ref","rect":[261.68798828125,732.0,270.7359022186781,725.044189453125]},{"page":14,"text":"206.","rect":[276.58917236328127,731.2471923828125,291.2843822398802,725.2958984375]},{"page":14,"text":"Copyright","rect":[51.44261932373047,743.5067138671875,88.20270962397258,735.0112915039063]},{"page":14,"text":"2018","rect":[94.62350463867188,741.205322265625,112.47919678400435,735.631591796875]},{"page":14,"text":"WILEY-VCH","rect":[118.90628051757813,742.0,167.58512888183945,735.4158325195313]},{"page":14,"text":"Verlag","rect":[174.05807495117188,743.5067138671875,197.18514073832507,735.0112915039063]},{"page":14,"text":"GmbH","rect":[203.670654296875,742.0,228.57492075195663,735.0112915039063]},{"page":14,"text":"&","rect":[235.0478515625,741.4480590820313,241.44255336313834,735.5147705078125]},{"page":14,"text":"Co.","rect":[247.9083251953125,742.0,260.70851554066146,735.4158325195313]},{"page":14,"text":"KGaA,","rect":[267.1454772949219,742.0,291.21330680042709,735.4158325195313]},{"page":14,"text":"Weinheim.","rect":[51.44261932373047,751.22900390625,88.71356619984116,745.0349731445313]},{"page":14,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[295.6247253417969,48.551387786865237,351.4984700247048,41.21574401855469]},{"page":14,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":14,"text":"applied voltage and lets radiant energy flow through it. Upon","rect":[315.2284240722656,69.54470825195313,555.0935541132307,60.08526611328125]},{"page":14,"text":"application of a voltage, the window becomes opaque due to","rect":[315.2284240722656,80.53036499023438,555.0895958216377,71.09090423583985]},{"page":14,"text":"the scattering state, where it can provide privacy. By choosing","rect":[315.2284240722656,91.51614379882813,555.0866352879557,82.0766830444336]},{"page":14,"text":"the frequency of the applied voltage, the device can be","rect":[315.2284240722656,102.50186157226563,555.0725869199575,93.0624008178711]},{"page":14,"text":"switched between the clear and the opaque states. A tristable","rect":[315.2284240722656,113.31783294677735,555.07563867777,104.04817962646485]},{"page":14,"text":"cholesteric LC has been used in an energy saving smart","rect":[315.2284240722656,124.47329711914063,555.0665945353765,115.0338363647461]},{"page":14,"text":"window.208 The tristability has been attained with the help ofa","rect":[315.2284240722656,135.29286193847657,555.0847791723652,124.33023071289063]},{"page":14,"text":"six","rect":[315.2276306152344,143.89125061035157,325.04113164622529,137.89793395996095]},{"page":14,"text":"terminal","rect":[331.3179626464844,143.89125061035157,362.9570309602735,137.00892639160157]},{"page":14,"text":"electrode","rect":[369.1639099121094,143.94119262695313,404.1707314512075,137.00892639160157]},{"page":14,"text":"configuration","rect":[410.4665832519531,146.44839477539063,460.98710880073068,137.00892639160157]},{"page":14,"text":"between","rect":[467.2339782714844,145.0,499.0329156854963,137.00892639160157]},{"page":14,"text":"planar,","rect":[505.3067626953125,146.27857971191407,530.899795078198,137.00892639160157]},{"page":14,"text":"focal","rect":[537.147705078125,145.0,555.0957638704298,137.00892639160157]},{"page":14,"text":"conic, and lying helix states. 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A scalable smart window that is electrically switchable","rect":[315.2276306152344,190.39132690429688,555.0998696348013,180.9518585205078]},{"page":14,"text":"has been developed using a polymer stabilized LC.209 The test","rect":[315.2276306152344,201.37704467773438,555.0850881877202,190.24649047851563]},{"page":14,"text":"cell exhibits a transparent state in the absence of a voltage","rect":[315.2269592285156,212.36471557617188,555.084183599645,202.9252471923828]},{"page":14,"text":"while under an applied voltage it transforms to a scattering","rect":[315.2269592285156,223.35049438476563,555.0661885106119,213.91102600097657]},{"page":14,"text":"state (Figure 26). The device is stable and has a high tolerance","rect":[315.2269592285156,234.39315795898438,555.1040810605825,224.1545867919922]},{"page":14,"text":"4900","rect":[295.2282409667969,769.5517578125,311.29721411321006,764.5250244140625]},{"page":14,"text":"Figure 26. Large (40 × 50 cm2) prototype LC window in on and off","rect":[315.2274169921875,351.6324462890625,555.0923272455739,342.0591735839844]},{"page":14,"text":"states. Reproduced with permission from ref 209. Copyright 2020","rect":[315.2272033691406,361.65618896484377,555.0608465642778,353.1607666015625]},{"page":14,"text":"Wiley Periodicals, Inc.","rect":[315.2272033691406,371.46142578125,392.96733512073959,363.1278381347656]},{"page":14,"text":"to temperature. A large panel (40 × 50 cm2) has been","rect":[315.2269592285156,402.1858825683594,555.0820795038557,391.54241943359377]},{"page":14,"text":"developed that shows optical properties identical to those of","rect":[315.2268981933594,413.00177001953127,555.1081344158797,403.73211669921877]},{"page":14,"text":"the test cell. The panel with high optical contrast could be","rect":[315.2268981933594,424.1573181152344,555.0691079160513,414.7178649902344]},{"page":14,"text":"applied in buildings, automobiles, and green houses for light","rect":[315.2268981933594,435.1430358886719,555.060124808814,425.7035827636719]},{"page":14,"text":"management.","rect":[315.2268981933594,446.1287841796875,366.1331935156981,438.1277160644531]},{"page":14,"text":"Smart","rect":[324.23492431640627,456.0,347.1757253947515,448.12457275390627]},{"page":14,"text":"windows","rect":[353.98223876953127,456.0,388.034692108637,447.6750793457031]},{"page":14,"text":"containing","rect":[394.8411865234375,457.1145324707031,435.7250935399088,448.5640869140625]},{"page":14,"text":"LC","rect":[442.5655517578125,454.6173095703125,454.8763949057444,448.12457275390627]},{"page":14,"text":"polymer","rect":[461.69189453125,456.9447326660156,493.6147480653735,447.6750793457031]},{"page":14,"text":"functionalized","rect":[500.461181640625,456.0,555.1529904692153,447.6750793457031]},{"page":14,"text":"carbon nanotubes have been developed that exhibit high","rect":[315.2268981933594,468.10028076171877,555.1021199148718,458.66082763671877]},{"page":14,"text":"efficiency.210 Here the functionalized carbon nanotubes have","rect":[315.2268981933594,478.9062194824219,555.0659340879263,467.9490966796875]},{"page":14,"text":"been used as the orientation layer. The initial transparent state","rect":[315.2267761230469,489.9041748046875,555.0659951230825,480.634521484375]},{"page":14,"text":"is provided by the vertical orientation of the LC molecules.","rect":[315.2267761230469,500.8899230957031,555.0749659766356,491.6202697753906]},{"page":14,"text":"Upon exposure to near-infrared light, the carbon nanotubes","rect":[315.2267761230469,512.0454711914063,555.0929806828557,502.6059875488281]},{"page":14,"text":"absorb the energy and drive the device to alter its","rect":[315.2267761230469,523.0311889648438,555.1647580266057,513.5916748046875]},{"page":14,"text":"transmittance.","rect":[315.2267761230469,532.0,369.02116348640126,525.4664306640625]},{"page":14,"text":"A","rect":[375.1690979003906,531.3698120117188,381.2950414590317,525.1967163085938]},{"page":14,"text":"thermally","rect":[387.35003662109377,533.8370971679688,423.17628854306579,524.577392578125]},{"page":14,"text":"switchable","rect":[429.2752685546875,532.0,468.8690346738637,524.577392578125]},{"page":14,"text":"smart","rect":[474.99700927734377,532.0,496.202947074439,526.0]},{"page":14,"text":"window","rect":[502.304931640625,532.0,532.335051292451,524.577392578125]},{"page":14,"text":"with","rect":[538.4509887695313,532.0,555.099983684403,524.577392578125]},{"page":14,"text":"variable transmittance according to the ambient temperature","rect":[315.2267761230469,545.0027465820313,555.1089638730825,535.563232421875]},{"page":14,"text":"has been demonstrated.211 The operation of this smart window","rect":[315.2267761230469,555.8206787109375,555.1089160385448,544.8514404296875]},{"page":14,"text":"is","rect":[315.2267761230469,565.0,321.0529111027776,558.4258422851563]},{"page":14,"text":"based","rect":[326.3314208984375,565.0,347.8871518461685,557.5368041992188]},{"page":14,"text":"on","rect":[353.1296691894531,565.0,363.04310855659,559.0]},{"page":14,"text":"temperature","rect":[368.3136291503906,566.8064575195313,414.60298242777,558.9752197265625]},{"page":14,"text":"dependent","rect":[419.8704833984375,566.8064575195313,460.22376006272028,557.5368041992188]},{"page":14,"text":"orientation","rect":[465.478271484375,565.0,507.4305292108869,558.4258422851563]},{"page":14,"text":"of","rect":[512.72900390625,565.0,520.2640182049422,557.5368041992188]},{"page":14,"text":"the","rect":[525.5335083007813,565.0,537.6155556699575,557.5368041992188]},{"page":14,"text":"LC","rect":[542.8700561523438,564.4790649414063,555.0920015951975,557.986328125]},{"page":14,"text":"molecules.","rect":[315.2267761230469,576.0,355.08039810554188,568.5225219726563]},{"page":14,"text":"The","rect":[360.7216491699219,576.0,376.2713479062856,568.5225219726563]},{"page":14,"text":"LC","rect":[381.9106140136719,575.4647827148438,394.13252893894755,568.9720458984375]},{"page":14,"text":"molecules","rect":[399.81378173828127,576.0,437.6287167668401,568.5225219726563]},{"page":14,"text":"orient","rect":[443.26898193359377,576.0,465.93396514084528,569.4115600585938]},{"page":14,"text":"perpendicular","rect":[471.59722900390627,577.7921752929688,523.8826313661547,568.5225219726563]},{"page":14,"text":"to","rect":[529.4998779296875,576.0,537.3546715052314,569.9609375]},{"page":14,"text":"the","rect":[542.9839477539063,576.0,555.0659951230825,568.5225219726563]},{"page":14,"text":"substrate at low temperature and thus create a transparent","rect":[315.2267761230469,588.7779541015625,555.1069387736577,579.50830078125]},{"page":14,"text":"state. At high temperature, the LC molecules reorient and","rect":[315.2267761230469,599.9335327148438,555.078954824684,590.4940185546875]},{"page":14,"text":"become parallel to the substrate. In this state, the window","rect":[315.2267761230469,610.7493896484375,555.109953636201,601.479736328125]},{"page":14,"text":"blocks sunlight. 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A salt and photochromic dichroic dye doped cholesteric","rect":[315.2267761230469,643.87646484375,555.0919366686309,634.4369506835938]},{"page":14,"text":"LC has been used in the fabrication of a hybrid photo- and","rect":[315.2267761230469,654.6923217773438,555.077978262184,645.4226684570313]},{"page":14,"text":"electrically-controlled","rect":[315.2267761230469,665.6681518554688,397.25247777390288,656.408447265625]},{"page":14,"text":"smart","rect":[402.703857421875,664.0,423.9098257365484,657.8468627929688]},{"page":14,"text":"window.212","rect":[429.33221435546877,664.0,472.09950631161646,654.7119140625]},{"page":14,"text":"The","rect":[477.6567077636719,664.0,493.2064065000356,656.41162109375]},{"page":14,"text":"dye","rect":[498.61981201171877,665.6713256835938,512.0908974668325,656.41162109375]},{"page":14,"text":"enables","rect":[517.486328125,664.0,545.5777218937932,656.41162109375]},{"page":14,"text":"a","rect":[551.027099609375,664.0,555.0844129614277,658.0]},{"page":14,"text":"change in transmittance from high to low when exposed to","rect":[315.2262878417969,676.8368530273438,555.0874595911689,667.3973388671875]},{"page":14,"text":"sunlight, whereas the salt helps switching between the","rect":[315.2262878417969,687.8795776367188,555.114457037145,678.4400634765625]},{"page":14,"text":"transparent and the scattering states by adjusting the frequency","rect":[315.2262878417969,698.8652954101563,555.0804633477533,689.42578125]},{"page":14,"text":"of operation in the device. Therefore, the device can be","rect":[315.2262878417969,709.68115234375,555.069535162145,700.4114990234375]},{"page":14,"text":"passively controlled by sunlight and actively controlled by","rect":[315.2262878417969,720.8367919921875,555.0675238946283,711.3972778320313]},{"page":14,"text":"electric field as per requirement. Temperature responsive smart","rect":[315.2262878417969,731.6526489257813,555.067449027564,722.3829956054688]},{"page":14,"text":"windows that reflect light have been developed using twisted","rect":[315.227294921875,742.8082275390625,555.1073972074966,733.3487548828125]},{"page":14,"text":"nematic LC polymers.213 The smart window becomes darker","rect":[315.227294921875,753.6241455078125,555.0889912294359,742.6002197265625]},{"page":14,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":14,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":15,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":15,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[295.6247253417969,48.551387786865237,351.4984700247048,41.21574401855469]},{"page":15,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":15,"text":"Figure 27. Control of heat and light transmission through a smart window into a building depending on the weather and interior conditions.","rect":[51.44261932373047,467.1558532714844,555.0743297496458,458.6604309082031]},{"page":15,"text":"Reproduced with permission from ref 192. Copyright 2017 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. 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transformations of LC elastomers have been","rect":[315.2281188964844,712.1735229492188,555.0862909296369,702.9038696289063]},{"page":16,"text":"used in various applications including artificial muscle, soft","rect":[315.2281188964844,726.1609497070313,555.0892996135015,716.721435546875]},{"page":16,"text":"robotics, biomimetics, microfluidics, sensing, adaptive and self-","rect":[315.2281188964844,739.978515625,555.0702656383148,730.51904296875]},{"page":16,"text":"cleaning surfaces, advanced optical devices, and camouflage.","rect":[315.22808837890627,753.7960815429688,548.0209498633543,744.3366088867188]},{"page":16,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":16,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":17,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":17,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[295.6247253417969,48.551387786865237,351.4984700247048,41.21574401855469]},{"page":17,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":17,"text":"Figure 30. Artificial polyp made from LC network films. Reproduced with permission from ref 254. Copyright 2020 National Academy of Sciences.","rect":[51.44261932373047,247.54800415039063,555.0986827769896,239.0525665283203]},{"page":17,"text":"4.1. Bioinspired Liquid Crystal Elastomers","rect":[51.44261932373047,268.1788024902344,224.90906475589757,259.36322021484377]},{"page":17,"text":"Zeng et al. have recently demonstrated a self-regulating iris-like","rect":[51.44261932373047,284.3406066894531,291.28080835550437,274.9011535644531]},{"page":17,"text":"device using a light driven LC elastomer.246 This device is","rect":[51.44261932373047,295.5531005859375,291.2542050480901,284.0845642089844]},{"page":17,"text":"capable","rect":[51.44199752807617,306.5390319824219,79.89315881937157,297.2693786621094]},{"page":17,"text":"of","rect":[85.43548583984375,305.0,92.97050013853598,297.2693786621094]},{"page":17,"text":"automatic","rect":[98.46585845947266,305.0,136.1908899157012,298.15838623046877]},{"page":17,"text":"shape-adjustment","rect":[141.75120544433595,306.60894775390627,208.4770407023687,297.2693786621094]},{"page":17,"text":"in","rect":[213.98739624023438,305.0,221.36252078803535,298.15838623046877]},{"page":17,"text":"response","rect":[226.90484619140626,306.5390319824219,260.2427529355825,299.0]},{"page":17,"text":"to","rect":[265.7710876464844,305.0,273.62588122202836,298.707763671875]},{"page":17,"text":"the","rect":[279.1982116699219,305.0,291.28022852152,297.2693786621094]},{"page":17,"text":"power density of incident light (Figure 28). Similar to the","rect":[51.44199752807617,317.9212951660156,291.2781838437856,307.6827087402344]},{"page":17,"text":"natural iris, the pupil size reaches a minimum upon exposure to","rect":[51.44196701049805,328.9070739746094,291.2461815149971,319.6374206542969]},{"page":17,"text":"increased light intensity, and in this state, it reduces the light","rect":[51.44196701049805,340.2893371582031,291.276189261939,330.8498840332031]},{"page":17,"text":"transmission by a factor of 7. Such soft smart materials with","rect":[51.44196701049805,351.26507568359377,291.258186809403,342.00543212890627]},{"page":17,"text":"controlled","rect":[51.44196701049805,360.1501770019531,90.68997777390283,353.2179260253906]},{"page":17,"text":"molecular","rect":[97.5024642944336,360.14019775390627,135.39137465228755,353.2179260253906]},{"page":17,"text":"orientation","rect":[142.20387268066407,360.1002197265625,184.70772037299629,354.10693359375]},{"page":17,"text":"could","rect":[191.49522399902345,360.1501770019531,212.8350888578872,353.2179260253906]},{"page":17,"text":"be","rect":[219.5956268310547,360.1002197265625,228.67961206644189,353.2179260253906]},{"page":17,"text":"useful","rect":[235.5160675048828,360.14019775390627,258.1071164094923,353.2179260253906]},{"page":17,"text":"in","rect":[264.8636474609375,360.0103454589844,272.2967401483869,354.10693359375]},{"page":17,"text":"the","rect":[279.084228515625,360.1002197265625,291.27018823831687,353.2179260253906]},{"page":17,"text":"development of self-regulating photonic systems.","rect":[51.44196701049805,373.81292724609377,240.18196060554187,364.37347412109377]},{"page":17,"text":"A caterpillar inspired inching robot has been fabricated using","rect":[60.39305877685547,384.91253662109377,291.2771870457682,375.47308349609377]},{"page":17,"text":"an LC elastomer film with controlled molecular orientation.247","rect":[51.44196701049805,393.57086181640627,291.1440314581008,384.93743896484377]},{"page":17,"text":"Upon irradiation with low intensity visible light, the robotic","rect":[51.44261932373047,407.2825622558594,291.28087099480276,397.8431091308594]},{"page":17,"text":"device","rect":[51.44261932373047,417.0,75.43673029153953,408.9986572265625]},{"page":17,"text":"exhibits","rect":[80.67726135253906,417.0,109.83794528246509,408.9986572265625]},{"page":17,"text":"caterpillar-like","rect":[115.12444305419922,418.268310546875,169.00877466409814,408.9986572265625]},{"page":17,"text":"locomotion.","rect":[174.27328491210938,417.0,220.1728663672606,408.9986572265625]},{"page":17,"text":"It","rect":[225.43338012695313,417.0,231.58933013107964,409.5979919433594]},{"page":17,"text":"can","rect":[236.8778076171875,417.0,249.97914371284004,410.0]},{"page":17,"text":"move","rect":[255.23468017578126,417.0,276.08085718362937,410.0]},{"page":17,"text":"on","rect":[281.3533630371094,417.0,291.2668024042463,410.0]},{"page":17,"text":"surfaces like paper and blazed grating under the illumination.","rect":[51.44261932373047,429.5936279296875,291.2548670996825,420.1541748046875]},{"page":17,"text":"Since the device can be driven by low energy radiation, it can","rect":[51.44261932373047,440.8061218261719,291.2798639276838,431.3666687011719]},{"page":17,"text":"be safely operated on human skin. Preprogramming desired 3D","rect":[51.44261932373047,451.9617004394531,291.267833926897,442.5222473144531]},{"page":17,"text":"shapes into a 2D sheet is a challenging task, but it could enable","rect":[51.44261932373047,463.1741638183594,291.264847662145,453.7347106933594]},{"page":17,"text":"many","rect":[51.44261932373047,474.14990234375,72.32878488095639,466.0]},{"page":17,"text":"technological","rect":[78.75053405761719,474.3297119140625,129.18714112873054,464.8902587890625]},{"page":17,"text":"applications.","rect":[135.63287353515626,474.159912109375,182.99150040046374,464.8902587890625]},{"page":17,"text":"In","rect":[189.45620727539063,473.0,197.6707635858869,465.4895935058594]},{"page":17,"text":"this","rect":[204.07354736328126,473.0,217.78447848559009,464.8902587890625]},{"page":17,"text":"context,","rect":[224.2431640625,473.0,254.30329849616687,466.0]},{"page":17,"text":"flat","rect":[260.7260437011719,471.7725524902344,272.59421294357966,464.8702697753906]},{"page":17,"text":"LC","rect":[279.02593994140627,471.8324890136719,291.2478548666819,465.3397521972656]},{"page":17,"text":"elastomer sheets have been designed with predetermined","rect":[51.4426383972168,485.54217529296877,291.27884496140288,476.10272216796877]},{"page":17,"text":"molecular orientation such","rect":[51.4426383972168,495.0,156.4551014822546,487.25830078125]},{"page":17,"text":"sheet could morph into a","rect":[51.4426383972168,507.74041748046877,156.3471693090839,498.47076416015627]},{"page":17,"text":"sheets exhibit reversible transformation to 3D shapes upon","rect":[51.4422721862793,518.8980712890625,291.2834344843244,509.6284484863281]},{"page":17,"text":"heating and cooling (Figure 29). By local control of molecular","rect":[51.4422721862793,530.2234497070313,291.2794819520922,519.98486328125]},{"page":17,"text":"orientation, arbitrary surface geometries can be blue printed","rect":[51.441280364990237,541.4359741210938,291.2854977934341,531.9964599609375]},{"page":17,"text":"into the elastomer sheet.","rect":[51.441280364990237,550.0343627929688,147.31379654304187,543.1520385742188]},{"page":17,"text":"An actuator that mimics the opening and closing of","rect":[60.392356872558597,563.691162109375,291.2775069744735,554.2516479492188]},{"page":17,"text":"nocturnal flowers has been reported using a multiresponsive","rect":[51.441280364990237,574.9036254882813,291.2624672910512,565.4441528320313]},{"page":17,"text":"LC network.249 This device with flower petal-like sheets opens","rect":[51.441280364990237,585.890869140625,291.284692108637,574.92822265625]},{"page":17,"text":"only in dark when humidity is high and light is weak. It mimics","rect":[51.4425048828125,597.2162475585938,291.26073580980889,587.7767333984375]},{"page":17,"text":"the flower closing in the presence of light or when there is a","rect":[51.4425048828125,608.4287109375,291.2437147192402,598.96923828125]},{"page":17,"text":"low level of humidity in the environment. The light induced","rect":[51.4425048828125,619.5842895507813,291.262762197731,610.144775390625]},{"page":17,"text":"closing is driven by a photothermal effect in the network that","rect":[51.4425048828125,630.7967529296875,291.24472563889216,621.3372802734375]},{"page":17,"text":"causes desorption of water from the film. Thermoreponsive LC","rect":[51.4425048828125,641.782470703125,291.25069300144755,632.5128173828125]},{"page":17,"text":"networks have been found to “learn” how to respond to light","rect":[51.443504333496097,653.164794921875,291.2746939006109,643.7252807617188]},{"page":17,"text":"irradiation through a conditioning process.250 The condition-","rect":[51.44349670410156,664.3203125,291.2815083140961,653.1696166992188]},{"page":17,"text":"ing process that is associated with heating has been applied to","rect":[51.4412956237793,675.5345458984375,291.24551012827836,666.0950317382813]},{"page":17,"text":"demonstrate a locomotive system that learns to walk when","rect":[51.4412956237793,686.5103149414063,291.2824579218244,677.2506103515625]},{"page":17,"text":"exposed to a periodic light stimulus. An artificial porous","rect":[51.4412956237793,697.8456420898438,291.2564938664495,688.4061279296875]},{"page":17,"text":"organic skin has been constructed from LC network films.251","rect":[51.4412956237793,709.0581665039063,291.1440314581008,697.9066162109375]},{"page":17,"text":"The porous film containing a dielectric fluid when subjected to","rect":[51.44261932373047,720.2150268554688,291.24480822398149,710.7555541992188]},{"page":17,"text":"an electric field secrets the embedded liquid and wets its","rect":[51.44260787963867,731.2576293945313,291.2488339543401,721.9879760742188]},{"page":17,"text":"surface. The dielectric fluid accumulates between the electro-","rect":[51.44361114501953,740.0758666992188,291.24180494495547,733.1235961914063]},{"page":17,"text":"des, and upon contraction, it gets ejected to the surface of the","rect":[51.44361114501953,753.7955322265625,291.2828225156606,744.3560180664063]},{"page":17,"text":"film through the pores. Interestingly, the ejected fluid gets","rect":[315.2299499511719,269.2743225097656,555.1110470891057,259.81488037109377]},{"page":17,"text":"reabsorbed into the LC network by capillary action. Electric","rect":[315.22991943359377,280.3739318847656,555.1181207506621,271.1042785644531]},{"page":17,"text":"field driven locomotion has been demonstrated in a bilayer","rect":[315.22991943359377,291.6334228515625,555.1041279481859,282.373779296875]},{"page":17,"text":"cylindrical actuator consisting of an elastomer layer and carbon","rect":[315.22991943359377,303.0826416015625,555.0771356561994,293.6431884765625]},{"page":17,"text":"black.252 On a conductive track, the electrical Joule heating of","rect":[315.22991943359377,314.3540954589844,555.107707169786,303.20172119140627]},{"page":17,"text":"the LC elastomer film by the carbon black triggers a forward","rect":[315.2275390625,325.6235046386719,555.0666867582778,316.1840515136719]},{"page":17,"text":"roll of the bilayer cylinder. Dynamic boroxine chemistry has","rect":[315.2275695800781,336.713134765625,555.0967648625432,327.4534912109375]},{"page":17,"text":"been employed in the development of complex LC elastomer","rect":[315.2275695800781,347.9925537109375,555.1077290224047,338.722900390625]},{"page":17,"text":"actuators.253 The LC elastomer actuators could be seamlessly","rect":[315.2275695800781,359.2510986328125,555.0885199883783,348.2784423828125]},{"page":17,"text":"welded without any additional glue owing the rearrangeable","rect":[315.2274169921875,370.7003173828125,555.1065224668325,361.2608642578125]},{"page":17,"text":"boroxine network. Complex motions such as blooming and","rect":[315.2274169921875,381.9697570800781,555.0786496489028,372.5303039550781]},{"page":17,"text":"closing of a flower mimic have been achieved using a thermal","rect":[315.2274169921875,393.2391662597656,555.0825192415235,383.77972412109377]},{"page":17,"text":"stimulus. An aquatic coral polyp made from a light driven","rect":[315.2284240722656,404.5085754394531,555.0706659296369,395.0691223144531]},{"page":17,"text":"gripper and magnetic driven stem has been shown to attract,","rect":[315.2284240722656,415.7779846191406,555.0736842383543,406.3385314941406]},{"page":17,"text":"grasp, and release objects (Figure 30).254 The LC network","rect":[315.2284240722656,427.04742431640627,555.0929411846735,415.8935546875]},{"page":17,"text":"gripper is sensitive to low intensity light and exhibits actuation","rect":[315.226806640625,438.3154602050781,555.0640130976057,428.8760070800781]},{"page":17,"text":"that is highly controlled through its programmable states. The","rect":[315.226806640625,449.58489990234377,555.0780190488638,440.14544677734377]},{"page":17,"text":"artificial polyp could capture targets under water and release","rect":[315.226806640625,460.8543395996094,555.0859536191763,451.4148864746094]},{"page":17,"text":"them on demand.","rect":[315.226806640625,469.6165466308594,384.17817642585438,462.6842956542969]},{"page":17,"text":"LC network films have been used to construct an untethered","rect":[324.23480224609377,480.7820739746094,555.0609494535903,473.83984375]},{"page":17,"text":"soft robot that is capable of multidirectional locomotion.255","rect":[315.2278137207031,494.37890625,554.9854621221633,483.39556884765627]},{"page":17,"text":"This acts as a transporter under blue light irradiation by","rect":[315.2274169921875,505.817138671875,555.0676459649408,496.377685546875]},{"page":17,"text":"picking up, transporting, and delivering cargo. This work shows","rect":[315.2274169921875,517.0866088867188,555.0816281437932,507.6471252441406]},{"page":17,"text":"that it is possible to harness orchestrated motion of artificial","rect":[315.2274169921875,528.1861572265625,555.0925290071485,518.91650390625]},{"page":17,"text":"devices to mimic behaviors found in nature. A Mobius strip","rect":[315.2273864746094,539.45556640625,555.0665572985441,530.1859130859375]},{"page":17,"text":"tends to redistribute its torsional strain away from the twist and","rect":[315.2273864746094,550.7150268554688,555.0785886137466,541.455322265625]},{"page":17,"text":"consequently","rect":[315.2273864746094,561.994384765625,367.41884225400329,552.7247314453125]},{"page":17,"text":"shows","rect":[374.44317626953127,561.0,398.35933810473076,552.7247314453125]},{"page":17,"text":"interesting","rect":[405.3926696777344,562.1642456054688,447.3029743992838,553.61376953125]},{"page":17,"text":"mechanical","rect":[454.3133544921875,561.0,498.5490719758985,552.7247314453125]},{"page":17,"text":"behavior.","rect":[505.58843994140627,561.0,541.9174342383543,552.7247314453125]},{"page":17,"text":"A","rect":[548.9437866210938,559.5171508789063,555.0697301797349,553.3440551757813]},{"page":17,"text":"continuously rotating Mobius strip has been fabricated from","rect":[315.2273864746094,573.4337158203125,555.1065600970644,563.9942016601563]},{"page":17,"text":"a","rect":[315.2273864746094,583.0,319.28469982666209,577.0]},{"page":17,"text":"bilayer","rect":[326.38800048828127,584.5233154296875,352.96640211810787,575.2636108398438]},{"page":17,"text":"film","rect":[360.0417175292969,583.0,375.13469730409568,575.2636108398438]},{"page":17,"text":"containing","rect":[382.1700439453125,584.703125,424.14724319811196,576.1526489257813]},{"page":17,"text":"a","rect":[431.2715148925781,583.0,435.3288282446308,577.0]},{"page":17,"text":"photothermally","rect":[442.37615966796877,584.5332641601563,503.493732390722,575.2636108398438]},{"page":17,"text":"elastomer.256","rect":[315.2273864746094,593.4153442382813,364.7952460577102,584.5586547851563]},{"page":17,"text":"Introduction","rect":[370.23919677734377,594.0,418.657122228465,586.53125]},{"page":17,"text":"of","rect":[423.9486389160156,594.0,431.4836532147079,586.53125]},{"page":17,"text":"dynamic","rect":[436.8091125488281,595.7909545898438,469.08775576042776,586.53125]},{"page":17,"text":"covalent","rect":[474.37225341796877,594.0,506.04126494553278,586.53125]},{"page":17,"text":"LC","rect":[315.22662353515627,604.742919921875,327.4485384604319,598.2501831054688]},{"page":17,"text":"networks","rect":[333.75335693359377,606.0,368.35042697191826,597.8006591796875]},{"page":17,"text":"provides","rect":[374.602294921875,607.0703125,406.85094577074639,597.8006591796875]},{"page":17,"text":"self-healing","rect":[413.1287841796875,607.2401733398438,455.8205220067057,597.8006591796875]},{"page":17,"text":"properties","rect":[462.0793762207031,607.0703125,500.4239743351995,598.689697265625]},{"page":17,"text":"and","rect":[506.72381591796877,606.0,520.7445432035903,597.8006591796875]},{"page":17,"text":"enables","rect":[527.00634765625,606.0,555.0978024601994,597.8006591796875]},{"page":17,"text":"reversible shape programmability. Recently, polydisulfide based","rect":[315.22662353515627,618.5095825195313,555.074804434059,609.070068359375]},{"page":17,"text":"adaptable LC networks have been reported, where the ring-","rect":[315.22662353515627,629.7789916992188,555.1098164195648,620.3394775390625]},{"page":17,"text":"opening","rect":[315.22662353515627,641.0484008789063,345.98626297350259,632.4979248046875]},{"page":17,"text":"polymerization","rect":[351.7134704589844,640.8785400390625,408.6357599237775,631.60888671875]},{"page":17,"text":"of","rect":[414.3179931640625,640.0,421.85300746275478,631.60888671875]},{"page":17,"text":"dithiolane","rect":[427.5752258300781,640.0,465.6599892637075,631.60888671875]},{"page":17,"text":"groups","rect":[471.3702087402344,641.0484008789063,497.11315280199639,633.0]},{"page":17,"text":"is","rect":[502.8143615722656,640.0,508.6405270695745,632.4979248046875]},{"page":17,"text":"utilized.257","rect":[514.3157348632813,640.0,554.9854621221633,629.89501953125]},{"page":17,"text":"These materials are self-healable and recyclable owing to the","rect":[315.2274169921875,652.3167114257813,555.0666665098013,642.877197265625]},{"page":17,"text":"disulfide","rect":[315.2274169921875,662.0,347.4500588437856,654.1466064453125]},{"page":17,"text":"metathesis.","rect":[354.20660400390627,662.0,396.7544093360106,654.1466064453125]},{"page":17,"text":"Solvent","rect":[403.4969482421875,662.0,432.054021293189,654.1466064453125]},{"page":17,"text":"assisted","rect":[438.84954833984377,662.0,468.0082455961685,654.1466064453125]},{"page":17,"text":"etching","rect":[474.7687683105469,663.5861206054688,502.83916824694009,654.1466064453125]},{"page":17,"text":"of","rect":[509.6116943359375,662.0,517.1467086346297,654.1466064453125]},{"page":17,"text":"the","rect":[523.8892211914063,662.0,536.0362099668325,654.1466064453125]},{"page":17,"text":"LC","rect":[542.812744140625,661.0888671875,555.0346285483225,654.5961303710938]},{"page":17,"text":"network film has been used to fabricate person-like actuators","rect":[315.2274169921875,674.6856689453125,555.1135495305119,665.416015625]},{"page":17,"text":"that can be driven by light irradiation (Figure 31). This etching","rect":[315.2274169921875,686.1249389648438,555.1125752293619,675.8863525390625]},{"page":17,"text":"process as a form of subtractive manufacturing complements","rect":[315.2273864746094,697.3943481445313,555.1136105656682,687.954833984375]},{"page":17,"text":"the process of additive manufacturing. Soft actuators have also","rect":[315.2273864746094,708.663818359375,555.1096153528877,699.2243041992188]},{"page":17,"text":"been","rect":[315.2273864746094,718.0,333.50529727729318,710.4937133789063]},{"page":17,"text":"developed","rect":[339.81610107421877,719.7633666992188,378.6703854887466,710.4937133789063]},{"page":17,"text":"using","rect":[384.97119140625,719.9332275390625,405.0379292332682,711.3827514648438]},{"page":17,"text":"LC","rect":[411.3157653808594,717.4359741210938,423.53768030613505,710.9432373046875]},{"page":17,"text":"networks","rect":[429.7855224609375,718.0,464.3826230168401,710.4937133789063]},{"page":17,"text":"containing","rect":[470.69146728515627,719.9332275390625,510.77492874498696,711.3827514648438]},{"page":17,"text":"diselenide","rect":[517.0357666015625,718.0,555.0706337949575,710.4937133789063]},{"page":17,"text":"bonds.258","rect":[315.2273864746094,728.6954345703125,351.3698615362258,720.048583984375]},{"page":17,"text":"The","rect":[358.1717529296875,730.0,373.7214516660512,721.7616577148438]},{"page":17,"text":"dynamic","rect":[380.49395751953127,731.0213623046875,412.9254937975371,721.7616577148438]},{"page":17,"text":"and","rect":[419.5860900878906,730.0,433.6747495024185,721.7616577148438]},{"page":17,"text":"exchangeable","rect":[440.37933349609377,731.201171875,490.84990015237937,721.7616577148438]},{"page":17,"text":"nature","rect":[497.6014404296875,730.0,521.9712685605825,723.0]},{"page":17,"text":"of","rect":[528.705810546875,730.0,536.2408248455672,721.7616577148438]},{"page":17,"text":"the","rect":[542.9833374023438,730.0,555.06538477152,721.7616577148438]},{"page":17,"text":"diselenide","rect":[315.2272033691406,741.0,353.26200952737937,733.0310668945313]},{"page":17,"text":"bonds","rect":[358.9652404785156,741.0,382.1798642277776,733.0310668945313]},{"page":17,"text":"has","rect":[387.91607666015627,741.0,400.3678219914495,733.0310668945313]},{"page":17,"text":"enabled","rect":[406.04608154296877,741.0,435.6564694731216,733.0310668945313]},{"page":17,"text":"rearrangeable","rect":[441.399658203125,742.4705810546875,492.4458779355825,733.0310668945313]},{"page":17,"text":"networks","rect":[498.11212158203127,741.0,532.7091916203557,733.0310668945313]},{"page":17,"text":"with","rect":[538.451416015625,741.0,555.1004109304968,733.0310668945313]},{"page":17,"text":"healable properties.","rect":[315.2272033691406,753.5701293945313,389.9437403906981,744.3004760742188]},{"page":17,"text":"4903","rect":[295.2282409667969,769.5517578125,311.29721411321006,764.5250244140625]},{"page":17,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":17,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":18,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":18,"text":"Figure 31. Subtractive manufacturing of an LC elastomer film usinga","rect":[51.44261932373047,242.28170776367188,291.2879897051009,233.78627014160157]},{"page":18,"text":"solvent etching technique and its light driven actuation behavior.","rect":[51.44260025024414,252.24874877929688,291.2547496715208,243.75331115722657]},{"page":18,"text":"Reproduced with permission from ref 257. Copyright 2021 American","rect":[51.44260025024414,262.2724914550781,291.25381329378578,253.7770538330078]},{"page":18,"text":"Chemical Society.","rect":[51.44260025024414,272.07769775390627,113.65018119007553,263.7441101074219]},{"page":18,"text":"Bioinspired","rect":[60.394004821777347,300.87646484375,103.91518224167626,291.6068115234375]},{"page":18,"text":"photochromic","rect":[109.62840270996094,300.87646484375,163.34285219597465,291.6068115234375]},{"page":18,"text":"LC","rect":[169.06105041503907,298.5490417480469,181.28295008152566,292.0563049316406]},{"page":18,"text":"elastomer","rect":[186.96420288085938,299.0,223.78979689349849,291.6068115234375]},{"page":18,"text":"based","rect":[229.51300048828126,299.0,251.0687314360122,291.6068115234375]},{"page":18,"text":"actuators","rect":[256.76495361328127,299.0,291.2721188664495,293.0]},{"page":18,"text":"have been designed and synthesized.259 These soft 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These interesting fluids have been used with LC","rect":[51.444393157958987,454.8468933105469,291.25060144871318,445.387451171875]},{"page":18,"text":"elastomer materials to form functional hybrid systems with","rect":[51.44437789916992,465.65283203125,291.26056718049679,456.3931884765625]},{"page":18,"text":"better functionality. Electro- and photothermally actuated soft","rect":[51.44437789916992,476.6485595703125,291.2535757365484,467.37890625]},{"page":18,"text":"robots have been developed using bilayer films composed of a","rect":[51.44437789916992,487.8041076660156,291.2436231665058,478.3646545410156]},{"page":18,"text":"liquid metal layer and an LC elastomer layer.260 Using the","rect":[51.44437789916992,498.7951354980469,291.27778711527,487.383056640625]},{"page":18,"text":"conductive bilayer actuator films, a dragon fly inspired light-","rect":[51.441585540771487,509.7808837890625,291.2407978648773,500.3214416503906]},{"page":18,"text":"fueled oscillator and an inch-work inspired soft crawler have","rect":[51.44157028198242,520.5968017578125,291.2807473203481,511.3271789550781]},{"page":18,"text":"been constructed (Figure 33). Liquid metal particles have been","rect":[51.44157028198242,531.7523803710938,291.2437616327619,521.5137939453125]},{"page":18,"text":"dispersed","rect":[51.44155502319336,542.5682373046875,87.57962621140283,533.298583984375]},{"page":18,"text":"into","rect":[94.39210510253906,541.0,109.78992083384475,534.1876220703125]},{"page":18,"text":"LC","rect":[116.54444885253906,540.2408447265625,128.76636377781473,533.7481079101563]},{"page":18,"text":"elastomers","rect":[135.6378173828125,541.0,176.36083346605884,533.298583984375]},{"page":18,"text":"to","rect":[183.16732788085938,541.0,191.09707262827835,534.7369995117188]},{"page":18,"text":"make","rect":[197.85159301757813,541.0,218.2580880185903,533.298583984375]},{"page":18,"text":"shape","rect":[225.0515899658203,542.5682373046875,246.79017725198876,533.298583984375]},{"page":18,"text":"morphing","rect":[253.6166534423828,542.7380981445313,291.25872391100259,533.298583984375]},{"page":18,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[295.6247253417969,48.551387786865237,351.4984700247048,41.21574401855469]},{"page":18,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":18,"text":"conductive materials.261−264 4D printed actuators have been","rect":[315.2278747558594,69.3766098022461,555.0843378046369,58.134315490722659]},{"page":18,"text":"achieved using liquid metal and LC elastomer composites that","rect":[315.2271728515625,80.64602661132813,555.0883840861577,71.2065658569336]},{"page":18,"text":"are capable of responding in either photothermal mode or","rect":[315.2271728515625,91.68869018554688,555.1043720888109,82.24922943115235]},{"page":18,"text":"electrothermal mode.","rect":[315.2271728515625,100.28109741210938,397.2838282813231,93.34883880615235]},{"page":18,"text":"4.2. 3D Printed Liquid Crystal Elastomers","rect":[315.2274169921875,116.8656997680664,486.9366221289444,108.05012512207031]},{"page":18,"text":"3D printing technology has been employed to fabricate LC","rect":[315.2274169921875,132.97103881835938,555.09261194676,123.53157806396485]},{"page":18,"text":"elastomer based devices and architectures. In many instances,","rect":[315.2274169921875,143.8909149169922,555.1106105078856,134.63124084472657]},{"page":18,"text":"the 3D printed elastomer structures have been endowed with","rect":[315.2274169921875,155.00050354003907,555.0996174734655,145.73085021972657]},{"page":18,"text":"stimuli-responsiveness so that their 3D shapes can be changed","rect":[315.2274169921875,166.21298217773438,555.083593496559,156.7735137939453]},{"page":18,"text":"with the help of external stimuli. This has been referred to as","rect":[315.2274169921875,177.1427764892578,555.0785763859807,167.8731231689453]},{"page":18,"text":"4D printing, i.e., additive manufacturing of stimuli-responsive","rect":[315.2274169921875,188.35525512695313,555.066605474645,178.91578674316407]},{"page":18,"text":"materials. The direct-write printing technology has been used","rect":[315.2274169921875,199.45486450195313,555.0815793364028,190.01539611816407]},{"page":18,"text":"in","rect":[315.2274169921875,209.0,322.6025262811994,202.00401306152345]},{"page":18,"text":"Molecular orientation has been encoded during the printing","rect":[315.2274169921875,221.59561157226563,555.1106221043619,212.15614318847657]},{"page":18,"text":"process, which enables the 3D structures to exhibit desired","rect":[315.2274169921875,232.52540588378907,555.0785886137466,223.25575256347657]},{"page":18,"text":"shape changes in response to temperature (Figure 34). 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In addition to 3D structures, planar and","rect":[315.2274169921875,276.8099670410156,555.0795651762466,267.5403137207031]},{"page":18,"text":"porous structures with thermally driven adaptive structures","rect":[315.2274169921875,287.9095764160156,555.1105588078557,278.6399230957031]},{"page":18,"text":"could be fabricated using the direct-writing technique.","rect":[315.2274169921875,299.1220703125,525.7749781836668,289.6826171875]},{"page":18,"text":"Direct ink writing is used to fabricate LC elastomer actuators","rect":[324.2354431152344,310.1647644042969,555.1125729680119,300.7253112792969]},{"page":18,"text":"where the nematic order has been spatially programmed.266","rect":[315.2274169921875,321.2643737792969,554.9854621221633,309.7940979003906]},{"page":18,"text":"Large and reversible contraction in the printed structures has","rect":[315.2274169921875,332.3055725097656,555.0965817570744,322.8661193847656]},{"page":18,"text":"been observed when heated above the nematic to isotropic","rect":[315.2274169921875,343.2353820800781,555.0646539537871,333.9657287597656]},{"page":18,"text":"transition","rect":[315.2274169921875,353.0,352.58366641791818,345.9543151855469]},{"page":18,"text":"temperature","rect":[359.4841003417969,354.3349609375,406.9296731015981,346.5036926269531]},{"page":18,"text":"owing","rect":[413.7801513671875,354.5047607421875,437.31756180162759,345.9543151855469]},{"page":18,"text":"to","rect":[444.2149658203125,353.0,452.1887169153877,346.5036926269531]},{"page":18,"text":"the","rect":[459.05615234375,353.0,471.3759926816762,345.0653076171875]},{"page":18,"text":"orientation","rect":[478.2264404296875,353.0,521.3369012811994,345.9543151855469]},{"page":18,"text":"of","rect":[528.2373657226563,353.0,535.841349747911,345.0653076171875]},{"page":18,"text":"the","rect":[542.74072265625,353.0,555.0606240293325,345.0653076171875]},{"page":18,"text":"mesogens during the printing process (Figure 35). 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Kim et al. have shown that LC","rect":[315.2264709472656,487.2565002441406,555.09065882176,477.91693115234377]},{"page":18,"text":"elastomers could be used as dynamic substrates for electronic","rect":[315.2264709472656,498.27618408203127,555.0936456530059,489.01654052734377]},{"page":18,"text":"devices.269 These dynamic substrates are flat, but they could","rect":[315.2264709472656,509.31829833984377,555.0786496489028,498.0859069824219]},{"page":18,"text":"morph into 3D structures on demand, which is dictated by the","rect":[315.22747802734377,520.4279174804688,555.0657509824575,511.1582946777344]},{"page":18,"text":"initial ordering of the molecules. 3D implantable electronics","rect":[315.22747802734377,531.6973266601563,555.0857174992619,522.2578125]},{"page":18,"text":"have been developed using LC elastomer substrates which","rect":[315.22747802734377,542.7400512695313,555.0956501883093,533.300537109375]},{"page":18,"text":"Figure 32. Actuation of a photochromic luminescent LC elastomer device that mimics the behavior of a frillneck lizard. Reproduced with","rect":[51.44261932373047,743.43408203125,555.0690119772542,735.0105590820313]},{"page":18,"text":"permission from ref 259. Copyright 2021 Wiley-VCH GmbH.","rect":[51.44261932373047,753.5297241210938,268.60258902698959,745.0343017578125]},{"page":18,"text":"4904","rect":[295.2282409667969,769.5517578125,311.29721411321006,764.5250244140625]},{"page":18,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":18,"text":"Chem. 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Copyright 2021 The Royal Society of Chemistry.","rect":[51.44172668457031,421.2866516113281,273.30727042347396,412.7912292480469]},{"page":19,"text":"could be deployed as neural interfaces and sensing plat-","rect":[51.44261932373047,443.0154724121094,291.2718037242523,433.5760192871094]},{"page":19,"text":"forms.270 Direct ink writing technology has also been used to","rect":[51.44261932373047,454.1147766113281,291.2459373743721,442.9822692871094]},{"page":19,"text":"print 3D LC elastomers with the orientation gradient of the","rect":[51.44274139404297,465.21441650390627,291.280960943395,455.77496337890627]},{"page":19,"text":"molecules.271 During the writing process, the mesogens align","rect":[51.44274139404297,476.3133544921875,291.2526727655744,465.1742858886719]},{"page":19,"text":"along the writing path. 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LC elastomer microspheres","rect":[315.22796630859377,113.3166732788086,555.1041501164494,104.0470199584961]},{"page":21,"text":"surface functionalized with horseradish peroxidase have been","rect":[315.22796630859377,124.3023910522461,555.0881219843244,115.0327377319336]},{"page":21,"text":"synthesized and are used for real-time detection of hydrogen","rect":[315.22796630859377,135.45797729492188,555.0781732538557,126.01851654052735]},{"page":21,"text":"peroxide from cells (Figure 38).293 They can be immobilized","rect":[315.22796630859377,146.44369506835938,555.0699826567153,135.31625366210938]},{"page":21,"text":"on the surface of cell membranes, and their change in","rect":[315.2268371582031,157.43447875976563,555.0621210077619,147.99501037597657]},{"page":21,"text":"configuration","rect":[315.2268371582031,168.42019653320313,367.32329044135568,158.98072814941407]},{"page":21,"text":"from","rect":[374.28070068359377,167.0,392.97429691347068,158.98072814941407]},{"page":21,"text":"concentric","rect":[399.896728515625,167.0,440.88756044792776,159.86973571777345]},{"page":21,"text":"to","rect":[447.85595703125,167.0,455.84466173960649,160.0]},{"page":21,"text":"radial","rect":[462.7690734863281,167.0,484.44473237628918,158.98072814941407]},{"page":21,"text":"in","rect":[491.37115478515627,167.0,498.88017520698068,159.86973571777345]},{"page":21,"text":"response","rect":[505.8375549316406,168.25038146972657,540.1128701230825,160.0]},{"page":21,"text":"to","rect":[547.0203247070313,167.0,555.0529747278877,160.0]},{"page":21,"text":"hydrogen peroxide could be observed. This method is fast,","rect":[315.2268371582031,179.40597534179688,555.0800318946043,169.9665069580078]},{"page":21,"text":"highly sensitive, and cost-effective for detection.","rect":[315.2268371582031,190.39169311523438,501.27860977546376,180.9322509765625]},{"page":21,"text":"5. 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Detection of hydrogen peroxide on the surface of a cell using surface functionalized LC elastomer particles that exhibit molecular","rect":[51.44261932373047,733.5391845703125,555.0533845885919,725.0437622070313]},{"page":21,"text":"orientation transition from concentric to radial configuration. Reproduced with permission from ref 293. Copyright 2020 Wiley-VCH Verlag","rect":[51.44261932373047,743.5062866210938,555.0833951328564,735.0108642578125]},{"page":21,"text":"GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.","rect":[51.44261932373047,751.4713745117188,166.72714652210679,745.0346069335938]},{"page":21,"text":"4907","rect":[295.2282409667969,769.5517578125,311.29721411321006,764.5250244140625]},{"page":21,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":21,"text":"Chem. 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LIVING LIQUID CRYSTALS","rect":[315.2274169921875,617.36083984375,445.38314703058907,609.0436401367188]},{"page":24,"text":"Ever since bacterial viability in LCs was demonstrated,365","rect":[315.2274169921875,632.713134765625,554.9854621221633,621.4807739257813]},{"page":24,"text":"various investigations on the behavior of bacteria in lyotropic","rect":[315.2274169921875,643.8789672851563,555.0616632311309,634.439453125]},{"page":24,"text":"LCs have been carried out under the premise of living","rect":[315.2274169921875,654.86474609375,555.0755879246744,645.4252319335938]},{"page":24,"text":"LCs.366−368 It has been observed that lyotropic chromonic LCs","rect":[315.2274169921875,665.6812744140625,555.0840085148869,654.43896484375]},{"page":24,"text":"are not toxic to bacteria; however, thermotropic and surfactant","rect":[315.2268371582031,676.6669921875,555.0900320353765,667.3973388671875]},{"page":24,"text":"based lyotropic LCs are found to be toxic to bacteria.","rect":[315.2268371582031,687.709716796875,555.1050563086668,678.4400634765625]},{"page":24,"text":"Therefore, lyotropic chromonic LCs have been used in the","rect":[315.2268371582031,698.6954345703125,555.0650185605825,689.42578125]},{"page":24,"text":"fabrication of living LCs. Zhou et al. developed living LCs by","rect":[315.2268371582031,709.8510131835938,555.0680121758783,700.4114990234375]},{"page":24,"text":"combining live bacteria with a chromonic LC.369 The physical","rect":[315.2268371582031,720.8367919921875,555.070678421211,709.3692016601563]},{"page":24,"text":"properties of the living LC can be controlled by the amount of","rect":[315.22650146484377,731.8236694335938,555.1066695721297,722.3841552734375]},{"page":24,"text":"oxygen available to bacteria, by concentration of ingredients, or","rect":[315.22650146484377,742.8093872070313,555.1027241395922,733.369873046875]},{"page":24,"text":"by temperature of the system. This study revealed a wealth of","rect":[315.22650146484377,753.625244140625,555.107707169786,744.3555908203125]},{"page":24,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":24,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":25,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":25,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[295.6247253417969,48.551387786865237,351.4984700247048,41.21574401855469]},{"page":25,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":25,"text":"Figure 46. Schematic illustration of the fabrication process of porous membrane from the columnar LC phase with controlled pore size and pore","rect":[51.44261932373047,317.9228515625,555.100459026155,309.4993591308594]},{"page":25,"text":"directions. Reproduced with permission from ref 357. Copyright 2016 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,","rect":[51.44261932373047,328.01849365234377,555.1003917613646,319.5230712890625]},{"page":25,"text":"Weinheim.","rect":[51.4426383972168,335.68414306640627,88.71358145863022,329.4901428222656]},{"page":25,"text":"Figure 47. Uniform pore sizes in an LC membrane compared to regular membranes with nonuniform pore sizes. Reproduced with permission from","rect":[51.44261932373047,465.85345458984377,555.0825675274726,457.3580322265625]},{"page":25,"text":"ref 361. Copyright 2017 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.","rect":[51.44261932373047,475.8205261230469,329.1544078746458,467.3251037597656]},{"page":25,"text":"Figure 48. Efficient virus rejection by an LC nanostructured","rect":[51.44261932373047,601.9178466796875,291.2574100429293,593.4853515625]},{"page":25,"text":"membrane.","rect":[51.44171905517578,610.0,89.83690299183334,603.46142578125]},{"page":25,"text":"Reproduced","rect":[94.44271087646485,611.8040771484375,136.21062659566366,603.46142578125]},{"page":25,"text":"with","rect":[140.842529296875,610.0,155.82645826631666,603.46142578125]},{"page":25,"text":"permission","rect":[160.44485473632813,611.8040771484375,197.72479107698889,604.2615356445313]},{"page":25,"text":"from","rect":[202.3692626953125,610.0,218.83717568176949,603.46142578125]},{"page":25,"text":"ref","rect":[223.44479370117188,610.0,232.4927076386,603.46142578125]},{"page":25,"text":"362.","rect":[237.0994415283203,610.0,251.79466666370835,603.713134765625]},{"page":25,"text":"Copyright","rect":[256.41845703125,611.9568481445313,291.27001614252728,603.46142578125]},{"page":25,"text":"2019 American Chemical Society.","rect":[51.44172668457031,621.7621459960938,169.68074454456773,613.4285278320313]},{"page":25,"text":"interesting","rect":[51.44261932373047,643.8789672851563,91.52607315416661,635.3284912109375]},{"page":25,"text":"and","rect":[97.44715881347656,642.0,111.46787084030908,634.439453125]},{"page":25,"text":"intriguing","rect":[117.38995361328125,643.8789672851563,154.3155171238932,635.3284912109375]},{"page":25,"text":"dynamic","rect":[160.22158813476563,643.6991577148438,192.50020082878715,634.439453125]},{"page":25,"text":"phenomena,","rect":[198.46426391601563,643.7091064453125,245.2332911719481,634.439453125]},{"page":25,"text":"which","rect":[251.15438842773438,642.0,273.8593830984655,634.439453125]},{"page":25,"text":"are","rect":[279.7654724121094,642.0,291.25785913675437,636.0]},{"page":25,"text":"believed to be caused by the coupling between the orienta-","rect":[51.44261932373047,654.86474609375,291.2718037242523,645.4252319335938]},{"page":25,"text":"tional order of the LC and bacterial activity-triggered flow of","rect":[51.44261932373047,665.8504638671875,291.2638045818954,656.3909912109375]},{"page":25,"text":"the medium. Swimming bacteria perturb either the orienta-","rect":[51.44261932373047,676.836181640625,291.2738484019867,667.3966674804688]},{"page":25,"text":"tional order or local melting of the LC, which facilitates the","rect":[51.44261932373047,687.87890625,291.2808693906606,678.4393920898438]},{"page":25,"text":"flagella motion being optically visible. The direction of motion","rect":[51.44261932373047,698.8646240234375,291.2908502558088,689.4051513671875]},{"page":25,"text":"of bacteria in the hybrid system is guided by the local","rect":[51.44261932373047,709.850341796875,291.28384370441418,700.4108276367188]},{"page":25,"text":"orientation of the host LC.","rect":[51.44261932373047,718.3388671875,156.8058467139403,711.3966064453125]},{"page":25,"text":"Individual","rect":[60.39369201660156,730.0,99.66468019123053,722.38232421875]},{"page":25,"text":"behavior","rect":[106.53413391113281,730.0,139.97998244037349,722.38232421875]},{"page":25,"text":"and","rect":[146.8264617919922,730.0,161.0530301420669,722.38232421875]},{"page":25,"text":"pairwise","rect":[167.92747497558595,731.6519775390625,199.59751978128564,723.2713623046875]},{"page":25,"text":"interactions","rect":[206.5039520263672,729.2646484375,251.96585971117603,723.2713623046875]},{"page":25,"text":"between","rect":[258.874267578125,729.2646484375,291.28581485541818,722.38232421875]},{"page":25,"text":"bacteria have been investigated in a chromonic LC medium.370","rect":[51.44160842895508,742.8075561523438,291.1440314581008,731.6210327148438]},{"page":25,"text":"Localization of the bacteria induced flow along a line coaxial","rect":[51.44261932373047,753.7960815429688,291.2388607942579,744.3366088867188]},{"page":25,"text":"with the bacterial body was observed in the hybrid medium.","rect":[315.22894287109377,497.3682861328125,555.0672145117918,488.108642578125]},{"page":25,"text":"This","rect":[315.22894287109377,506.146484375,332.40755587816826,499.2641906738281]},{"page":25,"text":"flow","rect":[337.89093017578127,507.0,354.0662219467478,499.24420166015627]},{"page":25,"text":"phenomenon","rect":[359.5335998535156,508.5338439941406,410.1201044061994,499.2641906738281]},{"page":25,"text":"has","rect":[415.62347412109377,507.0,428.075219452387,499.2641906738281]},{"page":25,"text":"been","rect":[433.58355712890627,507.0,451.86146793159,499.2641906738281]},{"page":25,"text":"attributed","rect":[457.3788146972656,507.0,494.7840329496841,499.2641906738281]},{"page":25,"text":"to","rect":[500.26739501953127,507.0,508.1221885950752,500.70257568359377]},{"page":25,"text":"the","rect":[513.5816040039063,507.0,525.6636513730825,499.2641906738281]},{"page":25,"text":"strong","rect":[531.2019653320313,508.7036437988281,555.1161152684244,500.70257568359377]},{"page":25,"text":"viscosity anisotropy of the LC medium. The speed of the","rect":[315.22894287109377,519.6893310546875,555.0671547910513,510.4197082519531]},{"page":25,"text":"bacteria in the LC was found to be of the same order of","rect":[315.22894287109377,528.4615478515625,555.1091109783797,521.519287109375]},{"page":25,"text":"magnitude as in pure water, which is surprising given the fact","rect":[315.22894287109377,542.1143798828125,555.1171316447515,532.6748657226563]},{"page":25,"text":"that the average viscosity of the LC medium is 2 to 3 orders of","rect":[315.22894287109377,553.2699584960938,555.1081344158797,543.8304443359375]},{"page":25,"text":"magnitude higher than that of water. Bacterial transportation of","rect":[315.22894287109377,564.4254760742188,555.1100875408797,554.9859619140625]},{"page":25,"text":"a cargo was demonstrated along a predetermined trajectory.","rect":[315.22894287109377,575.5250854492188,555.116103671948,566.0855712890625]},{"page":25,"text":"The trajectory was defined by the direction of molecular","rect":[315.22894287109377,586.5807495117188,555.0670796083422,577.2411499023438]},{"page":25,"text":"orientation of the anisotropic LC medium. Dynamic states of","rect":[315.2289123535156,597.6663208007813,555.1100875408797,588.3966674804688]},{"page":25,"text":"swimming bacteria in a homeotropically aligned nematic phase","rect":[315.2289123535156,608.935791015625,555.0691079160513,599.4962768554688]},{"page":25,"text":"have been studied.371 The bacteria were observed to swim","rect":[315.2289123535156,617.5875854492188,555.0696948626894,608.95556640625]},{"page":25,"text":"parallel to the substrates, implying that they are capable of","rect":[315.2275390625,631.2503051757813,555.108683732286,621.810791015625]},{"page":25,"text":"overcoming the boundary conditions and the stabilizing elastic","rect":[315.2275390625,642.4058837890625,555.0857721178496,632.9663696289063]},{"page":25,"text":"forces of the LC. To account for this observation, it is","rect":[315.2275390625,651.0082397460938,555.0987179875432,644.0659790039063]},{"page":25,"text":"proposed that there might be a finite surface anchoring of the","rect":[315.2275390625,664.6610107421875,555.063675787145,655.2214965820313]},{"page":25,"text":"LC director at the bacterial body. Numerical simulations have","rect":[315.2275390625,675.6367797851563,555.0677651426138,666.3770751953125]},{"page":25,"text":"been carried out to this effect. It was found that a swimming","rect":[315.2275390625,686.9161987304688,555.0857197606119,677.4567260742188]},{"page":25,"text":"bacterium produces shear flows in the LC medium, which","rect":[315.2275390625,697.90185546875,555.0927205008093,688.6122436523438]},{"page":25,"text":"causes director distortion around its body. This distortion acts","rect":[315.2275390625,709.0474853515625,555.0957883000432,699.7877807617188]},{"page":25,"text":"as a repulsive force and keeps the bacterium away from the","rect":[315.2275390625,720.1570434570313,555.0667275449575,710.8873901367188]},{"page":25,"text":"substrate","rect":[315.2275390625,730.0,349.2450112363637,722.04296875]},{"page":25,"text":"surface","rect":[354.7733459472656,730.0,381.2458352109731,722.04296875]},{"page":25,"text":"where","rect":[386.7841491699219,730.0,409.74894800394187,722.04296875]},{"page":25,"text":"uniform","rect":[415.28228759765627,730.0,445.82207523378318,722.04296875]},{"page":25,"text":"homeotropic","rect":[451.3154296875,731.3126220703125,500.23304994988089,722.04296875]},{"page":25,"text":"anchoring","rect":[505.7624206542969,731.4824829101563,543.7173115574869,722.04296875]},{"page":25,"text":"is","rect":[549.274658203125,730.0,555.1007931828557,722.9320068359375]},{"page":25,"text":"imposed.","rect":[315.2275390625,742.4681396484375,349.59477188483876,733.198486328125]},{"page":25,"text":"Interestingly,","rect":[354.88629150390627,742.6380004882813,404.46345474616688,733.198486328125]},{"page":25,"text":"the","rect":[409.7289733886719,741.0,421.81095972269187,733.198486328125]},{"page":25,"text":"homeotropic","rect":[427.06549072265627,742.4681396484375,475.983080467459,733.198486328125]},{"page":25,"text":"alignment","rect":[481.2286071777344,742.6380004882813,519.0036062541265,733.198486328125]},{"page":25,"text":"imposes","rect":[524.287109375,742.4681396484375,555.0967038273869,734.0875244140625]},{"page":25,"text":"two distinct scenarios for bacterial tumbling. 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Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":26,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":26,"text":"defects","rect":[51.44261932373047,67.03921508789063,77.85512667894946,60.10695266723633]},{"page":26,"text":"formed","rect":[83.1136474609375,67.03921508789063,110.57546056198876,60.10695266723633]},{"page":26,"text":"in","rect":[115.91693115234375,66.89937591552735,123.29204807075019,60.9959602355957]},{"page":26,"text":"bacteria","rect":[128.55056762695313,66.98927307128906,158.3508314184589,60.10695266723633]},{"page":26,"text":"and","rect":[163.67730712890626,67.03921508789063,177.69803441452783,60.10695266723633]},{"page":26,"text":"chromonic","rect":[182.99652099609376,66.98927307128906,224.00935610222465,60.10695266723633]},{"page":26,"text":"LCs","rect":[229.28488159179688,67.04920196533203,244.95449191332447,60.55644989013672]},{"page":26,"text":"have","rect":[250.303955078125,66.98927307128906,267.7124184629262,60.10695266723633]},{"page":26,"text":"been","rect":[272.9659423828125,66.98927307128906,291.2438531854963,60.10695266723633]},{"page":26,"text":"observed and analyzed.372 An increase in bacterial concen-","rect":[51.44261932373047,80.35233306884766,291.2419575328461,69.40005493164063]},{"page":26,"text":"tration in the LC brings about periodic undulation of the","rect":[51.44173049926758,91.51809692382813,291.27995386331687,82.0786361694336]},{"page":26,"text":"director and formation of topological defects. The bacteria","rect":[51.44173049926758,102.50387573242188,291.2649854711933,93.06441497802735]},{"page":26,"text":"were found to accumulate in the cores of +1/2 topological","rect":[51.44173049926758,113.48959350585938,291.28897065753918,103.98020935058594]},{"page":26,"text":"defects, whereas a depletion of bacteria was observed in the","rect":[51.44173049926758,124.30550384521485,291.2799233457387,115.03585052490235]},{"page":26,"text":"cores of −1/2 defects.","rect":[51.44173049926758,133.95277404785157,138.13432266608874,125.95170593261719]},{"page":26,"text":"Dynamic self-assembly of motile bacteria in chromonic LCs","rect":[60.392799377441409,146.2670135498047,291.24096041918389,137.00733947753907]},{"page":26,"text":"has","rect":[51.44172286987305,154.87538146972657,63.893479645258057,147.99305725097657]},{"page":26,"text":"been","rect":[69.1180191040039,154.87538146972657,87.39591464789862,147.99305725097657]},{"page":26,"text":"studied.373","rect":[92.63044738769531,154.92532348632813,133.13376229306176,146.30233764648438]},{"page":26,"text":"Motile","rect":[138.52099609375,154.8776397705078,163.78427210062157,147.9953155517578]},{"page":26,"text":"Proteus","rect":[169.00181579589845,154.91758728027345,195.69413375958664,148.5946502685547]},{"page":26,"text":"mirabilis","rect":[200.95565795898438,154.92758178710938,232.64468002423508,147.93539428710938]},{"page":26,"text":"bacteria","rect":[237.89419555664063,154.8776397705078,267.69445934814646,147.9953155517578]},{"page":26,"text":"form","rect":[272.9639587402344,154.8776397705078,291.2618640521425,147.9953155517578]},{"page":26,"text":"dynamic","rect":[51.44266128540039,168.24070739746095,85.46612795281058,158.9810333251953]},{"page":26,"text":"and","rect":[92.69334411621094,167.0,107.30966008591455,158.9810333251953]},{"page":26,"text":"reversible","rect":[114.58084869384766,167.0,153.49411096780907,158.9810333251953]},{"page":26,"text":"multimember","rect":[160.74131774902345,167.0,215.2352619813891,158.9810333251953]},{"page":26,"text":"assemblies","rect":[222.47845458984376,167.0,265.0033505559026,158.9810333251953]},{"page":26,"text":"in","rect":[272.2635498046875,167.0,279.92949161323068,159.8700408935547]},{"page":26,"text":"a","rect":[287.1706848144531,167.0,291.2279981665058,160.0]},{"page":26,"text":"viscoelastic lyotropic LC. The reversibility of the interaction","rect":[51.44266128540039,179.23646545410157,291.2758966425275,169.96681213378907]},{"page":26,"text":"between the bacteria arises from the interplay of forces","rect":[51.44266128540039,190.22218322753907,291.2398923039495,180.95252990722657]},{"page":26,"text":"generated by the flagella and the elasticity of the host LC","rect":[51.44266128540039,201.37771606445313,291.25084558933818,191.91827392578126]},{"page":26,"text":"medium. For motile Proteus mirabilis cells, the magnitudes of","rect":[51.443660736083987,212.36349487304688,291.26487269712978,202.86410522460938]},{"page":26,"text":"these two forces are comparable, which has been ascertained","rect":[51.443660736083987,223.1793975830078,291.2418881742935,213.9097442626953]},{"page":26,"text":"by measuring the velocity of the bacteria through the LC","rect":[51.443660736083987,234.39187622070313,291.2528597494944,224.95240783691407]},{"page":26,"text":"medium and by investigating the organization of the LC about","rect":[51.443660736083987,245.37759399414063,291.290837699439,235.93812561035157]},{"page":26,"text":"the rod-shaped bacteria. The dissociation of the bacteria has","rect":[51.443660736083987,256.1935729980469,291.25487643480889,246.9239044189453]},{"page":26,"text":"been observed to occur in a direction that is determined by the","rect":[51.443660736083987,267.1692810058594,291.2818764707387,257.9096374511719]},{"page":26,"text":"LC. Changes in the interfacial behavior of motile bacteria in","rect":[51.443660736083987,278.3348083496094,291.27690372260568,268.8953552246094]},{"page":26,"text":"the LC medium have been observed.374 The interface formed","rect":[51.443660736083987,286.8233642578125,291.24756444382475,278.1349182128906]},{"page":26,"text":"between coexisting LC and isotropic phases was used to learn","rect":[51.44236373901367,300.30975341796877,291.25456485541818,290.87030029296877]},{"page":26,"text":"how defects in LC ordering and mechanical anisotropy affect","rect":[51.44236373901367,311.2955017089844,291.28452056076716,301.8360595703125]},{"page":26,"text":"the behavior of bacteria. It was observed that the bacteria","rect":[51.44236373901367,319.7740478515625,291.26760998291209,312.841796875]},{"page":26,"text":"preferentially escape to the isotropic phase from the interface.","rect":[51.44236373901367,333.09716796875,291.2425685156981,323.8275146484375]},{"page":26,"text":"Moreover, effects of confinement, surface induced orientations,","rect":[51.44236373901367,342.0,291.28352310554188,334.79327392578127]},{"page":26,"text":"and strain on the dynamic behaviors of motile bacteria in thin","rect":[51.44236373901367,355.0586242675781,291.2856012323713,345.7989807128906]},{"page":26,"text":"LC films have been investigated.375 The behavior of bacteria in","rect":[51.44236373901367,366.22418212890627,291.2739435175275,355.017333984375]},{"page":26,"text":"cells","rect":[51.44175338745117,376.0,67.75095492601978,367.7726135253906]},{"page":26,"text":"with","rect":[74.50048828125,376.0,91.14945267854366,367.7726135253906]},{"page":26,"text":"either","rect":[97.843017578125,376.0,119.79948622455315,367.7726135253906]},{"page":26,"text":"homeotropic","rect":[126.51103210449219,377.0422668457031,175.55455263542778,367.7726135253906]},{"page":26,"text":"or","rect":[182.2611083984375,376.0,190.41571242084224,369.0]},{"page":26,"text":"hybrid","rect":[197.10528564453126,377.0322570800781,221.9088651030044,367.7726135253906]},{"page":26,"text":"alignment","rect":[228.6054229736328,377.2120666503906,266.4603628459234,367.7726135253906]},{"page":26,"text":"were","rect":[273.19390869140627,376.0,291.27192774027,369.0]},{"page":26,"text":"examined, and new insights into the influence of the aligned","rect":[51.44175338745117,388.19781494140627,291.2389890043716,378.7383728027344]},{"page":26,"text":"LCs on the dynamic behavior of bacteria were gained. Bacterial","rect":[51.4427604675293,399.18353271484377,291.2410275423048,389.74407958984377]},{"page":26,"text":"transport of colloidal particles in LCs has been achieved","rect":[51.4427604675293,409.9994812011719,291.2919675199966,400.7298278808594]},{"page":26,"text":"(Figure 49).376 The swimming bacteria were found to push","rect":[51.4427604675293,421.1566162109375,291.23749589143429,409.7445373535156]},{"page":26,"text":"Figure 49. Timelapse of a single P. mirabilis cell pushing a 2 μm-","rect":[51.44261932373047,604.3681640625,291.25833672162357,595.81884765625]},{"page":26,"text":"diameter polystyrene microparticle along the far-field nematic LC","rect":[51.44172668457031,614.3352661132813,291.2691485625763,605.83984375]},{"page":26,"text":"director. Reproduced with permission from ref 376. Copyright 2015","rect":[51.44083786010742,624.3590087890625,291.2745001287309,615.8635864257813]},{"page":26,"text":"The Royal Society of Chemistry.","rect":[51.440818786621097,634.1642456054688,166.11644400745835,625.8306274414063]},{"page":26,"text":"reversibly","rect":[51.442291259765628,676.658447265625,87.84817880185483,667.3987426757813]},{"page":26,"text":"attached","rect":[93.53741455078125,675.0,125.68613255905908,667.3987426757813]},{"page":26,"text":"cargo","rect":[131.38336181640626,676.8382568359375,152.01971056773147,669.0]},{"page":26,"text":"along","rect":[157.72792053222657,676.8382568359375,178.3842427098307,667.3987426757813]},{"page":26,"text":"a","rect":[184.07247924804688,675.0,188.12979260009954,669.0]},{"page":26,"text":"unidirectional","rect":[193.81703186035157,675.0,246.4821774446485,667.3987426757813]},{"page":26,"text":"path","rect":[252.17242431640626,676.6683959960938,269.01129960237179,667.3987426757813]},{"page":26,"text":"over","rect":[274.72149658203127,675.0,291.2805195497485,669.0]},{"page":26,"text":"exceptionally long distances in the LC medium. 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They","rect":[315.22747802734377,102.3244400024414,555.0786322930658,93.0447998046875]},{"page":26,"text":"engage in bipolar swimming in regions of pure splay and bend;","rect":[315.2264709472656,113.48995971679688,555.0876339928009,104.05049896240235]},{"page":26,"text":"however, they switch to unipolar swimming in mixed splay−","rect":[315.2264709472656,124.47567749023438,555.0946126165713,115.03621673583985]},{"page":26,"text":"bend regions. 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Depending on the orientation status of the","rect":[315.2284240722656,698.863037109375,555.0696572324575,689.4235229492188]},{"page":26,"text":"droplet, the composite films could be transparent or opaque,","rect":[315.2284240722656,709.678955078125,555.065566562573,700.4093017578125]},{"page":26,"text":"and they can be switched between these two states by applying","rect":[315.2283935546875,720.8345336914063,555.0895649754557,711.39501953125]},{"page":26,"text":"external fields. Recently, various LC phases formed by","rect":[315.2283935546875,731.650390625,555.1225776055658,722.3807373046875]},{"page":26,"text":"calamitic, discotic, and bent compounds have been studied","rect":[315.2283935546875,742.6361694335938,555.1095334379653,733.3665161132813]},{"page":26,"text":"in","rect":[315.2283935546875,752.0,322.75541934760568,745.2412719726563]},{"page":26,"text":"microscopic","rect":[329.7127990722656,753.6218872070313,377.071459373709,745.2412719726563]},{"page":26,"text":"and","rect":[384.0718078613281,752.0,398.3793393461685,744.3522338867188]},{"page":26,"text":"nanoscopic","rect":[405.36669921875,753.6218872070313,449.4254937975371,745.2412719726563]},{"page":26,"text":"confined","rect":[456.42584228515627,752.0,490.30945409226225,744.3522338867188]},{"page":26,"text":"geometries","rect":[497.29681396484377,753.791748046875,540.0794919133244,745.2412719726563]},{"page":26,"text":"to","rect":[547.055908203125,752.0,555.0885582239814,745.7906494140625]},{"page":26,"text":"4912","rect":[295.2282409667969,769.5517578125,311.29721411321006,764.5250244140625]},{"page":26,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":26,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":27,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":27,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[295.6247253417969,48.551387786865237,351.4984700247048,41.21574401855469]},{"page":27,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":27,"text":"Figure 50. Unipolar circular flow of bacteria around a spiraling vortex. (a) Mixed splay-bend director deformation of the vortex. (b) Circular","rect":[51.44261932373047,162.20809936523438,555.0563142760919,152.99346923828126]},{"page":27,"text":"bacterial swarm enclosing the vortex center. (c) Map of bacterial velocities. Reproduced with permission from ref 377. Copyright 2016 American","rect":[51.44172668457031,172.17514038085938,555.094206360192,162.96051025390626]},{"page":27,"text":"Association for the Advancement of Science.","rect":[51.44169235229492,179.951416015625,207.76112784534898,173.7034454345703]},{"page":27,"text":"Figure 51. 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Copyright 2015 American Chemical Society.","rect":[51.442626953125,600.915283203125,291.26103629261459,592.4198608398438]},{"page":27,"text":"borderline, increasing pore diameter can change the config-","rect":[51.442989349365237,643.8785400390625,291.2472065562836,634.4390258789063]},{"page":27,"text":"uration from axial back to circular in the pores. 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In addition to","rect":[315.2273254394531,522.804931640625,555.0875206263252,513.3654174804688]},{"page":27,"text":"transitions","rect":[315.2273254394531,532.0,354.96102267504326,525.297119140625]},{"page":27,"text":"between","rect":[360.7791748046875,532.0,392.5781122186994,524.4080810546875]},{"page":27,"text":"the","rect":[398.34228515625,532.0,410.42427149027,524.4080810546875]},{"page":27,"text":"isotropic","rect":[416.24542236328127,533.677734375,449.40346010613089,525.297119140625]},{"page":27,"text":"liquid","rect":[455.16766357421877,533.677734375,476.9632321684341,524.4080810546875]},{"page":27,"text":"state","rect":[482.7593994140625,532.0,500.3377541562856,525.8464965820313]},{"page":27,"text":"and","rect":[506.15789794921877,532.0,520.1786252348403,524.4080810546875]},{"page":27,"text":"discotic","rect":[525.98779296875,532.0,555.1084771959746,524.4080810546875]},{"page":27,"text":"stacking in linear columns, circular concentric ring formation","rect":[315.2273254394531,544.8333129882813,555.0735345819807,535.393798828125]},{"page":27,"text":"of the discotic columns both perpendicular and parallel to the","rect":[315.2273254394531,555.6492309570313,555.0665444394888,546.3795776367188]},{"page":27,"text":"pore axis was observed. The transition observed in the pores","rect":[315.2273254394531,566.6349487304688,555.0674679875432,557.3652954101563]},{"page":27,"text":"brings tunable optical birefringence, which can be varied in","rect":[315.2273254394531,577.7905883789063,555.0615106561994,568.35107421875]},{"page":27,"text":"magnitude","rect":[315.2273254394531,588.833251953125,355.5306252500356,579.3937377929688]},{"page":27,"text":"and","rect":[361.9683837890625,587.0,375.989080557106,579.3937377929688]},{"page":27,"text":"sign","rect":[382.3648681640625,588.833251953125,397.5648065546369,580.2827758789063]},{"page":27,"text":"through","rect":[403.9505615234375,588.833251953125,434.180550090653,579.3937377929688]},{"page":27,"text":"pore","rect":[440.6072998046875,588.6633911132813,457.8558510801137,581.0]},{"page":27,"text":"size","rect":[464.2326354980469,587.0,478.1234292051137,580.2827758789063]},{"page":27,"text":"and","rect":[484.5721435546875,587.0,498.5928708403091,579.3937377929688]},{"page":27,"text":"pore","rect":[504.9676513671875,588.6633911132813,522.21626367777,581.0]},{"page":27,"text":"surface","rect":[528.593017578125,587.0,555.0654458066763,579.3937377929688]},{"page":27,"text":"modification","rect":[315.2273254394531,598.0,366.48039493354318,590.3794555664063]},{"page":27,"text":"and","rect":[373.7775573730469,598.0,388.46582616257475,590.3794555664063]},{"page":27,"text":"controlling","rect":[395.7370300292969,599.8189697265625,440.47536819811196,590.3794555664063]},{"page":27,"text":"the","rect":[447.76953125,598.0,460.5190590879262,590.3794555664063]},{"page":27,"text":"sample","rect":[467.8232421875,599.6491088867188,495.8426674863637,590.3794555664063]},{"page":27,"text":"temperature.","rect":[503.1468200683594,599.6491088867188,555.0653834571043,591.81787109375]},{"page":27,"text":"Collective orientational order and phase behavior of a discotic","rect":[315.2273254394531,610.6348876953125,555.1085382311309,601.365234375]},{"page":27,"text":"LC under nanoscale confinement have also been studied.407,408","rect":[315.2273254394531,619.293212890625,555.0989875127883,610.6612548828125]},{"page":27,"text":"In anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) pores with a pore size of","rect":[315.2274169921875,632.6098022460938,555.1075850994735,622.5410766601563]},{"page":27,"text":"about 38 nm, the molecular ordering of the discotic LC","rect":[315.2274169921875,643.8223266601563,555.09163538426,634.3828125]},{"page":27,"text":"switches from planar axial to homeotropic radial in unmodified","rect":[315.2274169921875,654.6382446289063,555.0905515043716,645.3685913085938]},{"page":27,"text":"pores. Manipulation of columnar structures containing donor−","rect":[315.2274169921875,665.7938232421875,555.0955891790713,656.3543090820313]},{"page":27,"text":"acceptor","rect":[315.2274169921875,676.6096801757813,347.9267597841235,668.7784423828125]},{"page":27,"text":"units","rect":[354.6603088378906,675.0,373.518822968012,668.2290649414063]},{"page":27,"text":"through","rect":[380.26934814453127,676.779541015625,410.72614335237179,667.3400268554688]},{"page":27,"text":"geometric","rect":[417.54864501953127,676.779541015625,455.7593255846465,668.2290649414063]},{"page":27,"text":"confinement","rect":[462.5328369140625,675.0,510.52011626389216,667.3400268554688]},{"page":27,"text":"has","rect":[517.37255859375,674.2223510742188,529.8853390812932,667.3400268554688]},{"page":27,"text":"been","rect":[536.6358642578125,674.2223510742188,555.0076776483869,667.3400268554688]},{"page":27,"text":"demonstrated.409 Molecular configuration and supramolecular","rect":[315.2264099121094,687.7665405273438,555.0626850770922,676.634033203125]},{"page":27,"text":"assemblies were dramatically modulated in the nanopores by","rect":[315.2275085449219,698.6393432617188,555.066730437597,689.3696899414063]},{"page":27,"text":"controlling their pore size and treatment of their inner surfaces.","rect":[315.2275085449219,709.7949829101563,555.113662265698,700.35546875]},{"page":27,"text":"Ryu et al. have developed switchable photonic crystals using","rect":[324.23553466796877,720.7807006835938,555.0627095067057,711.3411865234375]},{"page":27,"text":"one-dimensional confinement of a nematic LC phase in the","rect":[315.2275085449219,731.5965576171875,555.0656899473013,722.326904296875]},{"page":27,"text":"nanopores of AAO.410 Using ultraviolet light, the photonic","rect":[315.2285461425781,742.75341796875,555.0943780748809,731.6143188476563]},{"page":27,"text":"crystal","rect":[315.2272644042969,753.6162719726563,339.5711361848829,744.3565673828125]},{"page":27,"text":"system","rect":[345.1414489746094,753.6162719726563,371.00432621034568,745.7949829101563]},{"page":27,"text":"could","rect":[376.5286865234375,752.0,397.63467992234038,744.3565673828125]},{"page":27,"text":"be","rect":[403.15704345703127,752.0,412.2410439512075,744.3565673828125]},{"page":27,"text":"modulated.","rect":[417.77435302734377,752.0,460.5560450781981,744.3565673828125]},{"page":27,"text":"The","rect":[466.10235595703127,752.0,481.652054693395,744.3565673828125]},{"page":27,"text":"cis−trans","rect":[487.1753845214844,751.2888793945313,520.984004975407,745.3055419921875]},{"page":27,"text":"isomer-","rect":[526.5513305664063,751.2388916015625,555.1124409312836,745.24560546875]},{"page":27,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":27,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":28,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":28,"text":"ization of the azobenzene dopant facilitates a reversible change","rect":[51.44261932373047,69.54641723632813,291.2608193418325,60.10695266723633]},{"page":28,"text":"in the refractive index of the system, thereby enabling","rect":[51.44261932373047,80.53213500976563,291.2818257176432,71.0926742553711]},{"page":28,"text":"switchability. The system can be switched over many cycles","rect":[51.44261932373047,91.33805084228516,291.24279147387139,82.0783920288086]},{"page":28,"text":"without","rect":[51.44261932373047,99.98644256591797,80.81316893723197,93.06417083740235]},{"page":28,"text":"sacrificing","rect":[86.2855453491211,102.50363159179688,124.06753128404942,93.06417083740235]},{"page":28,"text":"its","rect":[129.57089233398438,101.0,138.3350918889104,93.95317840576172]},{"page":28,"text":"photonic","rect":[143.79147338867188,102.33382415771485,177.82893618034965,93.06417083740235]},{"page":28,"text":"quality.","rect":[183.3372802734375,102.33382415771485,211.12886001960437,93.06417083740235]},{"page":28,"text":"Subsequently,","rect":[216.59423828125,102.33382415771485,269.36930801765126,93.06417083740235]},{"page":28,"text":"they","rect":[274.8936462402344,102.3238296508789,291.282794890722,93.06417083740235]},{"page":28,"text":"have developed a plasmonic photonic crystal with tunable","rect":[51.442623138427737,113.31954193115235,291.24784937112937,104.04988861083985]},{"page":28,"text":"reflection","rect":[51.442623138427737,123.0,87.82653293403144,115.015625]},{"page":28,"text":"wavelength","rect":[94.67100524902344,124.47506713867188,138.03128861604368,115.03560638427735]},{"page":28,"text":"(Figure","rect":[144.8687744140625,124.47506713867188,173.7176522275747,114.23649597167969]},{"page":28,"text":"53)","rect":[180.6160888671875,123.8657455444336,194.35199221062309,114.23649597167969]},{"page":28,"text":"by","rect":[201.18246459960938,124.2952651977539,210.37637704404234,115.03560638427735]},{"page":28,"text":"coating","rect":[217.27281188964845,124.47506713867188,245.50213211412757,115.92461395263672]},{"page":28,"text":"the","rect":[252.28562927246095,123.0,264.4885415098012,115.03560638427735]},{"page":28,"text":"AAO","rect":[271.37799072265627,121.97785186767578,291.1908727760026,115.48509979248047]},{"page":28,"text":"Figure 53. Tunable reflection from plasmonic AAO nanopores filled","rect":[51.44261932373047,310.7309265136719,291.2574405605074,302.2894287109375]},{"page":28,"text":"with a nematic LC phase. The system exhibits temperature variable","rect":[51.44261932373047,320.6737365722656,291.2565564382644,312.3311462402344]},{"page":28,"text":"refractive index. Reproduced with permission from ref 411. Copyright","rect":[51.44261932373047,330.7936706542969,291.2709011522929,322.2982482910156]},{"page":28,"text":"2017 American Chemical Society.","rect":[51.44260025024414,340.5989074707031,169.68161429554429,332.26531982421877]},{"page":28,"text":"nanopores","rect":[51.443603515625,369.0570983886719,91.10733920336353,361.0]},{"page":28,"text":"with","rect":[96.6546630859375,368.0,113.30364274202022,359.7874450683594]},{"page":28,"text":"gold.411","rect":[118.86396026611328,369.2268981933594,148.2039374639602,358.0319519042969]},{"page":28,"text":"Tunable","rect":[153.8744659423828,368.0,185.593460943395,359.78826904296877]},{"page":28,"text":"colors","rect":[191.15377807617188,368.0,214.02863436937916,359.78826904296877]},{"page":28,"text":"were","rect":[219.59494018554688,368.0,237.61302271097314,361.0]},{"page":28,"text":"obtained","rect":[243.163330078125,368.0,276.50125707077788,359.78826904296877]},{"page":28,"text":"by","rect":[282.0855712890625,369.04791259765627,291.2794684747064,359.78826904296877]},{"page":28,"text":"varying the refractive index of the plasmonic hybrid system,","rect":[51.44229507446289,380.2134704589844,291.2924952735106,370.7740173339844]},{"page":28,"text":"which was the consequence of convolution with the nanopores","rect":[51.44229507446289,391.0293884277344,291.272485077387,381.7597351074219]},{"page":28,"text":"of the AAO film and an infiltrated LC material. The confined","rect":[51.44229507446289,399.6877136230469,291.26148045944975,392.7454833984375]},{"page":28,"text":"LC molecules were uniformly aligned in the porous AAO film.","rect":[51.44429397583008,413.170654296875,291.2395167578856,403.731201171875]},{"page":28,"text":"Pore-size-dependent colors were observed because the thermal","rect":[51.444278717041019,423.9866027832031,291.2455441438673,414.7169494628906]},{"page":28,"text":"phase transition of the confined LC changed the effective","rect":[51.444278717041019,435.14215087890627,291.24849024027,425.6827087402344]},{"page":28,"text":"refractive index of the system. Based on this, a new color","rect":[51.444278717041019,445.9480895996094,291.26254469623287,436.6884460449219]},{"page":28,"text":"painting approach has been demonstrated which is stable and","rect":[51.444278717041019,457.1136474609375,291.29749120163725,447.6741943359375]},{"page":28,"text":"nonvolatile. The grazing angle X-ray diffraction technique has","rect":[51.444278717041019,468.099365234375,291.2524960637151,458.6399230957031]},{"page":28,"text":"been used to investigate the structure of nanoconfined nematic","rect":[51.44327163696289,479.0851135253906,291.2634759752715,469.6456604003906]},{"page":28,"text":"and smecticA","rect":[51.44327926635742,489.0,111.90224971098485,480.6313781738281]},{"page":28,"text":"films.412 It was","rect":[51.44327926635742,498.5031433105469,111.45022708178149,489.9211730957031]},{"page":28,"text":"phases significantly changed due to nanoconfinement and the","rect":[51.441959381103519,512.0460205078125,291.2791604062856,502.6065673828125]},{"page":28,"text":"intermolecular affinity between LC molecules.","rect":[51.4429817199707,522.8519897460938,229.9327998389403,513.5823364257813]},{"page":28,"text":"Nanoconfinement induced structural transition in a helical","rect":[60.39405822753906,531.5103149414063,291.2612301790235,524.5780029296875]},{"page":28,"text":"nanofilament (HNF) phase has been studied.413 The host−","rect":[51.44198226928711,544.8333740234375,291.25266315368068,533.8653564453125]},{"page":28,"text":"guest complexation of the helical nanofilament phase has been","rect":[51.44143295288086,555.9902954101563,291.24162540229318,546.55078125]},{"page":28,"text":"observed under nanoconfinement. The guest nematic LC 4′-n-","rect":[51.44143295288086,566.9760131835938,291.2876118297211,557.5364990234375]},{"page":28,"text":"pentyl-4-cyanobiphenyl","rect":[51.44143295288086,577.7918701171875,140.80226106281257,568.522216796875]},{"page":28,"text":"is","rect":[145.94384765625,576.0,151.7699826359807,569.4112548828125]},{"page":28,"text":"found","rect":[156.9345703125,576.0,179.29974950241846,568.522216796875]},{"page":28,"text":"to","rect":[184.46932983398438,576.0,192.32412340952835,569.9606323242188]},{"page":28,"text":"form","rect":[197.49969482421876,576.0,215.79758487733788,568.522216796875]},{"page":28,"text":"a","rect":[220.9551544189453,576.0,225.01246777099798,570.0]},{"page":28,"text":"distinctive","rect":[230.19004821777345,576.0,269.0643166562856,568.522216796875]},{"page":28,"text":"fluid","rect":[274.20892333984377,575.4545288085938,291.2366696684341,568.5022583007813]},{"page":28,"text":"layered LC complex with smectic-like positional order at the","rect":[51.4414176940918,588.7776489257813,291.2796486875356,579.5079956054688]},{"page":28,"text":"nanofilament/guest","rect":[51.4414176940918,599.9332275390625,125.63327544357962,590.423828125]},{"page":28,"text":"interface","rect":[130.9867401123047,598.0,163.6551064512075,590.4937133789063]},{"page":28,"text":"with","rect":[169.05950927734376,598.0,185.70848893342649,590.4937133789063]},{"page":28,"text":"a","rect":[191.0989227294922,598.0,195.15623608154486,592.0]},{"page":28,"text":"bent-core","rect":[200.50369262695313,598.0,236.77967920511376,590.4937133789063]},{"page":28,"text":"host.","rect":[242.1461181640625,598.0,260.43403580085438,590.4937133789063]},{"page":28,"text":"It","rect":[265.8284606933594,597.3760375976563,271.9844106974859,591.0930786132813]},{"page":28,"text":"was","rect":[277.3858337402344,598.0,291.276635468012,592.0]},{"page":28,"text":"observed that the growth of the filament is strongly influenced","rect":[51.4414176940918,610.9190063476563,291.2836362211685,601.4595336914063]},{"page":28,"text":"by dimensions of the nanopores and physical parameters of the","rect":[51.44242477416992,621.73486328125,291.2816018125356,612.4652099609375]},{"page":28,"text":"LC mixture. An LC compound known to form the dark","rect":[51.44242477416992,632.7205810546875,291.29258718076718,623.450927734375]},{"page":28,"text":"conglomerate (DC) phase was confined in nanometer scale","rect":[51.44242477416992,643.8761596679688,291.2496499082387,633.6375732421875]},{"page":28,"text":"channels of porous AAO membranes.414 It was observed that","rect":[51.44240951538086,654.6920776367188,291.24280303147028,643.7258911132813]},{"page":28,"text":"within nanochannels having pore sizes 60−100 nm, the DC","rect":[51.44160079956055,665.8507690429688,291.2498079916819,656.4112548828125]},{"page":28,"text":"phase of the compound observed in the bulk was suppressed","rect":[51.44160079956055,676.6666259765625,291.28174413132475,667.39697265625]},{"page":28,"text":"and yielded the HNF phase instead. Therefore, it is possible to","rect":[51.44160079956055,687.7092895507813,291.2448387415596,678.4396362304688]},{"page":28,"text":"control the phase structure on demand by nanoconfinement in","rect":[51.44160079956055,698.695068359375,291.2737909296369,689.4254150390625]},{"page":28,"text":"such a system. Recently, the handedness of the HNF phase","rect":[51.44160079956055,709.6807861328125,291.2817544004262,700.4111328125]},{"page":28,"text":"doped with chiral binaphthyl dopants has been controlled by","rect":[51.44160079956055,720.66650390625,291.281818328222,711.3968505859375]},{"page":28,"text":"confining","rect":[51.44160079956055,731.8221435546875,86.94310348863927,722.3826293945313]},{"page":28,"text":"configuration","rect":[51.441951751708987,742.8097534179688,103.36159000190253,733.3702392578125]},{"page":28,"text":"of","rect":[110.26202392578125,741.0,117.92395320250083,733.3702392578125]},{"page":28,"text":"the","rect":[124.82337951660156,741.0,137.15922632425439,733.3702392578125]},{"page":28,"text":"axially","rect":[144.066650390625,742.6299438476563,168.2406501153314,733.3702392578125]},{"page":28,"text":"chiral","rect":[175.15106201171876,741.0,196.76174897785163,733.3702392578125]},{"page":28,"text":"binaphthyl","rect":[203.68817138671876,742.639892578125,245.49346894855476,733.3702392578125]},{"page":28,"text":"molecules","rect":[252.41989135742188,741.0,291.2501462101995,733.3702392578125]},{"page":28,"text":"determined the handedness of the supramolecular helices.","rect":[51.44196701049805,753.6256713867188,276.45103409187,744.3560180664063]},{"page":28,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[295.6247253417969,48.551387786865237,351.4984700247048,41.21574401855469]},{"page":28,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":28,"text":"The recently discovered twist-bend nematic phase formed","rect":[324.236328125,69.3734359741211,555.0944577543716,60.10377883911133]},{"page":28,"text":"by a bent dimer with a flexible spacer has been confined to","rect":[315.2283020019531,80.3591537475586,555.0854454310127,71.06951904296875]},{"page":28,"text":"nanopores,","rect":[315.22833251953127,91.3448715209961,357.4913478125731,84.0]},{"page":28,"text":"and","rect":[364.29083251953127,90.0,378.4354916899185,82.0752182006836]},{"page":28,"text":"the","rect":[385.1960144042969,90.0,397.342972662145,82.0752182006836]},{"page":28,"text":"effect","rect":[404.1754150390625,90.0,424.90466826584528,82.05523681640625]},{"page":28,"text":"of","rect":[431.6542053222656,90.0,439.2581893475204,82.0752182006836]},{"page":28,"text":"various","rect":[446.044677734375,90.0,473.51549655199639,82.96422576904297]},{"page":28,"text":"parameters","rect":[480.3219909667969,91.3448715209961,522.6359494328557,83.51361083984375]},{"page":28,"text":"on","rect":[529.4424438476563,90.0,539.4248529413557,84.0]},{"page":28,"text":"its","rect":[546.2123413085938,90.0,555.0994504094182,82.96422576904297]},{"page":28,"text":"properties has been studied.416 The structural parameters of","rect":[315.22833251953127,102.33480072021485,555.105754044786,91.0925064086914]},{"page":28,"text":"the twist-bend nematic phase such as conical angle and helical","rect":[315.22662353515627,113.49032592773438,555.1028439485548,104.05086517333985]},{"page":28,"text":"pitch can be modulated by varying the surface energy of the","rect":[315.22662353515627,124.47604370117188,555.0667885801138,115.03658294677735]},{"page":28,"text":"inner surface of the porous AAO film. The surface energy has","rect":[315.22662353515627,135.46182250976563,555.0937741398869,126.0223617553711]},{"page":28,"text":"been varied using different self-assembled monolayers. The LC","rect":[315.22662353515627,146.44754028320313,555.0898043295725,136.98809814453126]},{"page":28,"text":"molecules tend to be more freely packed in the pores with","rect":[315.2256164550781,157.26344299316407,555.0988240164343,147.99378967285157]},{"page":28,"text":"relatively low surface energy, thus forming a larger conical","rect":[315.2256164550781,168.41897583007813,555.0598141633985,158.97950744628907]},{"page":28,"text":"angle (Figure 54). In contrast, the molecules form a more","rect":[315.2256164550781,179.40475463867188,555.0957802793325,169.1661834716797]},{"page":28,"text":"4914","rect":[295.2282409667969,769.5517578125,311.29721411321006,764.5250244140625]},{"page":28,"text":"Figure 54. Distinct structural parameters of the twist bend nematic","rect":[315.2274169921875,287.739501953125,555.0907938460915,279.3160095214844]},{"page":28,"text":"phase in nanopores depending on the surface energies of the pore","rect":[315.2274169921875,297.8351745605469,555.1024731863113,289.3397521972656]},{"page":28,"text":"walls. Reproduced with permission from ref 416. Copyright 2018","rect":[315.2274169921875,307.80224609375,555.0610907049028,299.30682373046877]},{"page":28,"text":"Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.","rect":[315.2273864746094,317.8259582519531,516.7351573863646,309.3305358886719]},{"page":28,"text":"tightly packed structure in pores with higher surface energy","rect":[315.2256164550781,345.72509765625,555.0937690118158,336.28564453125]},{"page":28,"text":"and, thus, exhibit a smaller conical angle. This study shows that","rect":[315.2256164550781,356.7108459472656,555.0867971720952,347.2713928222656]},{"page":28,"text":"nanoconfinement","rect":[315.2256164550781,365.139404296875,382.7509207072515,358.2571105957031]},{"page":28,"text":"is","rect":[389.5574035644531,365.139404296875,395.4974911809026,359.1461181640625]},{"page":28,"text":"an","rect":[402.2480163574219,365.139404296875,411.3809686640119,360.9341125488281]},{"page":28,"text":"effective","rect":[418.2254333496094,366.0,449.9663857480825,358.23712158203127]},{"page":28,"text":"strategy","rect":[456.7598876953125,367.6965637207031,486.6830634454095,359.69549560546877]},{"page":28,"text":"to","rect":[493.5225524902344,366.0,501.44231798960649,359.69549560546877]},{"page":28,"text":"control","rect":[508.2527770996094,366.0,536.064330764961,358.2571105957031]},{"page":28,"text":"the","rect":[542.8778076171875,366.0,555.0367592832388,358.2571105957031]},{"page":28,"text":"structure of the twist-bend nematic phase.","rect":[315.2256164550781,378.51251220703127,479.03413345710438,369.24285888671877]},{"page":28,"text":"A periodic","rect":[324.233642578125,389.498291015625,365.9610162584746,380.2286376953125]},{"page":28,"text":"confining","rect":[315.2256164550781,400.65380859375,353.36135452623696,391.21435546875]},{"page":28,"text":"a","rect":[360.7684631347656,399.0,364.8257764868183,393.0]},{"page":28,"text":"molecules.417","rect":[315.2256164550781,409.12237548828127,365.8150214483352,400.5038757324219]},{"page":28,"text":"array","rect":[370.52197265625,389.48828125,389.4194831231439,382.0]},{"page":28,"text":"of","rect":[393.9774475097656,388.0,401.5124618084579,380.2286376953125]},{"page":28,"text":"chiral","rect":[406.1014404296875,388.0,427.07754487628918,380.2286376953125]},{"page":28,"text":"domains","rect":[431.5965576171875,388.0,463.8851559758245,380.2286376953125]},{"page":28,"text":"has","rect":[468.4791259765625,388.0,480.93087130785576,380.2286376953125]},{"page":28,"text":"been","rect":[485.4758605957031,388.0,503.7537713983869,380.2286376953125]},{"page":28,"text":"achieved","rect":[508.3077392578125,388.0,541.3059445707778,380.2286376953125]},{"page":28,"text":"by","rect":[545.8709106445313,389.48828125,555.0648383477533,380.2286376953125]},{"page":28,"text":"scale air pillars have been used. The chromonic LC arranges","rect":[315.22747802734377,422.628662109375,555.1036618351994,413.189208984375]},{"page":28,"text":"into","rect":[315.22747802734377,432.0,330.4573936732002,425.06396484375]},{"page":28,"text":"chiral","rect":[336.01971435546877,432.0,356.9958188020704,424.1749572753906]},{"page":28,"text":"domains","rect":[362.5341491699219,432.0,394.822778046137,424.1749572753906]},{"page":28,"text":"that","rect":[400.3800964355469,432.0,415.26025908615778,424.1749572753906]},{"page":28,"text":"depend","rect":[420.8325500488281,433.4446105957031,449.05386937546538,424.1749572753906]},{"page":28,"text":"on","rect":[454.59918212890627,432.0,464.51262149604318,426.0]},{"page":28,"text":"the","rect":[470.0659484863281,432.0,482.1479653379262,424.1749572753906]},{"page":28,"text":"arrangement","rect":[487.686279296875,433.6144104003906,535.5045828166265,425.61334228515627]},{"page":28,"text":"and","rect":[541.055908203125,432.0,555.0766354887466,424.1749572753906]},{"page":28,"text":"spacing of the pillars. The chiral domains have been","rect":[315.22747802734377,444.6001281738281,555.0477167108869,435.1606750488281]},{"page":28,"text":"characterized by polarized optical microscopy, and the control","rect":[315.22747802734377,455.41607666015627,555.1056515657423,446.14642333984377]},{"page":28,"text":"of the chiral domains with chemical additives has been","rect":[315.22747802734377,464.0644226074219,555.0866571405744,457.1321716308594]},{"page":28,"text":"achieved (Figure 55). Such created chiral structures could be","rect":[315.22747802734377,477.5573425292969,555.0706337949575,467.3187561035156]},{"page":28,"text":"useful as scaffolds for living LCs and as sensors for detecting","rect":[315.22747802734377,488.60003662109377,555.0736347996744,479.1405944824219]},{"page":28,"text":"chirality.","rect":[315.22747802734377,499.40594482421877,347.8658595313231,490.14630126953127]},{"page":28,"text":"9. SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK","rect":[315.2274169921875,517.4688720703125,450.9066967576358,510.1690368652344]},{"page":28,"text":"In this Review article, we have discussed the versatility of LCs","rect":[315.2274169921875,533.8386840820313,555.0836423039494,524.5789794921875]},{"page":28,"text":"as self-organized smart soft materials with selected examples on","rect":[315.2274169921875,545.0042724609375,555.1075921991682,535.5647583007813]},{"page":28,"text":"light driven chiral LCs, LC based smart windows, LC","rect":[315.2274169921875,555.989990234375,555.0905367514475,546.5504760742188]},{"page":28,"text":"elastomers,","rect":[315.2274169921875,565.0,357.53941299812,557.5362548828125]},{"page":28,"text":"LC","rect":[363.78125,564.478515625,376.00316492527568,557.9857788085938]},{"page":28,"text":"based","rect":[382.25103759765627,565.0,403.80676854538725,557.5362548828125]},{"page":28,"text":"biosensors","rect":[410.068603515625,565.0,449.94222384691826,557.5362548828125]},{"page":28,"text":"and","rect":[456.18609619140627,565.0,470.20679295944975,557.5362548828125]},{"page":28,"text":"porous","rect":[476.4686279296875,566.805908203125,502.751244843012,559.0]},{"page":28,"text":"membranes,","rect":[508.9891052246094,565.0,555.0985865821043,557.5362548828125]},{"page":28,"text":"living LCs containing live bacteria, and the adaptive behavior","rect":[315.2274169921875,577.9614868164063,555.0756245302172,568.52197265625]},{"page":28,"text":"of LCs under nanoconfinement. Light driven cholesteric and","rect":[315.2274169921875,588.9472045898438,555.0765744535903,579.5076904296875]},{"page":28,"text":"blue","rect":[315.2274169921875,598.0,331.4866494199575,590.4934692382813]},{"page":28,"text":"phases","rect":[336.75616455078127,599.7631225585938,361.74959689379326,590.4934692382813]},{"page":28,"text":"have","rect":[367.0101318359375,598.0,384.4185952207387,590.4934692382813]},{"page":28,"text":"been","rect":[389.672119140625,598.0,407.94999942573068,590.4934692382813]},{"page":28,"text":"applied","rect":[413.1845397949219,599.7631225585938,440.8862058012466,590.4934692382813]},{"page":28,"text":"as","rect":[446.15869140625,598.0,453.6637204289495,592.0]},{"page":28,"text":"responsive","rect":[458.90625,599.7631225585938,498.8298501035512,591.3825073242188]},{"page":28,"text":"and","rect":[504.1173400878906,598.0,518.138036855934,590.4934692382813]},{"page":28,"text":"adaptive","rect":[523.3805541992188,599.7631225585938,555.0796059629263,590.4934692382813]},{"page":28,"text":"materials in advanced photonic devices. Tunable 1D and 2D","rect":[315.2274169921875,610.7488403320313,555.1105158116626,601.4791870117188]},{"page":28,"text":"beam steering devices have been demonstrated. Orthogonal","rect":[315.2274169921875,621.9044189453125,555.0686032258985,612.4649047851563]},{"page":28,"text":"switching of cholesteric diffraction gratings has been achieved.","rect":[315.2274169921875,632.8901977539063,555.074599765698,623.4307250976563]},{"page":28,"text":"Visible","rect":[315.2274169921875,642.0,341.0503090879262,634.4364013671875]},{"page":28,"text":"and","rect":[347.1812744140625,642.0,361.201971182106,634.4364013671875]},{"page":28,"text":"infrared","rect":[367.3509216308594,642.0,397.0412350981216,634.4364013671875]},{"page":28,"text":"light","rect":[403.1571960449219,643.8759155273438,420.10596221115778,634.4364013671875]},{"page":28,"text":"driven","rect":[426.2159423828125,642.0,450.2000604608869,634.4364013671875]},{"page":28,"text":"handedness","rect":[456.29998779296877,642.0,500.52071505785576,634.4364013671875]},{"page":28,"text":"inversion","rect":[506.66766357421877,642.0,541.4246698358869,635.325439453125]},{"page":28,"text":"of","rect":[547.5735473632813,642.0,555.1085616619735,634.4364013671875]},{"page":28,"text":"cholesteric LCs has been accomplished and applied in the","rect":[315.2274169921875,654.6917724609375,555.065628912145,645.422119140625]},{"page":28,"text":"development","rect":[315.2274169921875,665.6775512695313,364.5747427287359,656.4078979492188]},{"page":28,"text":"of","rect":[370.29693603515627,664.0,377.8319503338485,656.4078979492188]},{"page":28,"text":"switchable","rect":[383.4981994628906,664.0,423.091996099645,656.4078979492188]},{"page":28,"text":"diffraction","rect":[428.82318115234377,664.0,467.8003717401838,656.387939453125]},{"page":28,"text":"gratings.","rect":[473.5215759277344,665.847412109375,505.3704982031981,657.2969360351563]},{"page":28,"text":"Omnidirec-","rect":[511.0277404785156,664.0,555.0685566539398,656.4078979492188]},{"page":28,"text":"tional lasing and circularly polarized reflection have been","rect":[315.2274169921875,676.8331298828125,555.0845819452619,667.3736572265625]},{"page":28,"text":"shown in cholesteric microshells and microdroplets. Tunable","rect":[315.2274169921875,687.7059326171875,555.1006020566763,678.436279296875]},{"page":28,"text":"geometric","rect":[315.2274169921875,698.8615112304688,353.38914736199026,690.31103515625]},{"page":28,"text":"optical","rect":[360.2126159667969,698.691650390625,386.09048432941418,689.4219970703125]},{"page":28,"text":"elements","rect":[392.8470153808594,697.0,427.00240451098076,689.4219970703125]},{"page":28,"text":"and","rect":[433.7529296875,697.0,447.85257543015288,689.4219970703125]},{"page":28,"text":"reversible","rect":[454.6590576171875,697.0,491.3198403379262,689.4219970703125]},{"page":28,"text":"transformation","rect":[498.1702880859375,697.0,555.0526605585432,689.4219970703125]},{"page":28,"text":"between helicoidal and heliconical phases have been achieved.","rect":[315.2274169921875,709.6774291992188,555.0756373633543,700.4077758789063]},{"page":28,"text":"Color displays that do not need drive electronics for their","rect":[315.2274169921875,720.6631469726563,555.0725727724047,711.3934936523438]},{"page":28,"text":"operation have been shown with light driven cholesteric LCs.","rect":[315.2274169921875,731.8187866210938,555.084609531323,722.3792724609375]},{"page":28,"text":"Moreover,","rect":[315.2274169921875,741.0,354.701278232495,733.96435546875]},{"page":28,"text":"rewritable","rect":[360.2685852050781,741.0,398.09355249612937,733.364990234375]},{"page":28,"text":"transparent","rect":[403.6668701171875,742.6346435546875,446.6684011760015,734.8034057617188]},{"page":28,"text":"displays","rect":[452.220703125,742.6346435546875,482.03096896410576,733.364990234375]},{"page":28,"text":"that","rect":[487.5743103027344,741.0,502.45447295334528,733.364990234375]},{"page":28,"text":"can","rect":[507.9708251953125,741.0,521.0721307733869,735.0]},{"page":28,"text":"operate","rect":[526.66748046875,742.6346435546875,555.108597662145,734.8034057617188]},{"page":28,"text":"either in reflection mode or in fluorescent mode have been","rect":[315.2274169921875,751.2830200195313,555.0855585077619,744.3307495117188]},{"page":28,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":28,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":29,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":29,"text":"pubs.acs.org/CR","rect":[295.6247253417969,48.551387786865237,351.4984700247048,41.21574401855469]},{"page":29,"text":"Review","rect":[524.1690063476563,46.96919250488281,548.080626111632,41.463462829589847]},{"page":29,"text":"Figure 55. Chiral domains formed in a chromonic LC phase by nanoconfinement and control of the domains by chemical additives. Reproduced","rect":[51.44261932373047,194.4713897705078,555.0591678554293,186.04786682128907]},{"page":29,"text":"with permission from ref 417. Copyright 2020 American Chemical Society.","rect":[51.44261932373047,204.56698608398438,315.0005992808958,196.07154846191407]},{"page":29,"text":"achieved. 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Cholesteric LCs have","rect":[51.44261932373047,248.0974884033203,291.2818154355825,238.8278350830078]},{"page":29,"text":"been applied in the fabrication of smart window devices that","rect":[51.44261932373047,259.0832214355469,291.24585478928278,249.8135528564453]},{"page":29,"text":"can control both light and heat transmission from the outdoors","rect":[51.44261932373047,270.2388000488281,291.25484591723076,260.7993469238281]},{"page":29,"text":"to the interior of the building. These devices are easy to","rect":[51.44261932373047,281.2245178222656,291.2468223841377,271.7850646972656]},{"page":29,"text":"fabricate and use for energy savings in nature. 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Special behavior of the","rect":[51.445594787597659,632.712158203125,291.2827309629262,623.4425048828125]},{"page":29,"text":"helical nanofilament phase and twist-bend nematic phase has","rect":[51.445587158203128,643.6979370117188,291.25679904223076,634.4282836914063]},{"page":29,"text":"been revealed under nanoconfinement. In each of the above","rect":[51.44559097290039,652.3463134765625,291.267777349645,645.4140014648438]},{"page":29,"text":"areas of LC research, many challenges need to be addressed","rect":[51.445587158203128,665.8392333984375,291.2477780668716,656.3997192382813]},{"page":29,"text":"and tremendous opportunities remain for exploration. 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For future applications of LCs,","rect":[315.2258605957031,478.86029052734377,555.0830836524168,469.59063720703127]},{"page":29,"text":"they need to be integrated with other materials to function;","rect":[315.2258605957031,490.0158386230469,555.1060666099884,480.5763854980469]},{"page":29,"text":"therefore, their functional compatibility with different kinds of","rect":[315.2258605957031,500.831787109375,555.104045060411,491.5421447753906]},{"page":29,"text":"materials needs to be extensively studied and evaluated. Cross","rect":[315.22589111328127,511.8074951171875,555.0700314641057,502.5478515625]},{"page":29,"text":"disciplinary approaches are necessary to enable LCs to make","rect":[315.22589111328127,522.80322265625,555.0800942441763,513.5335693359375]},{"page":29,"text":"future leaps. Owing to their intrinsic self-assembling,","rect":[315.22589111328127,533.9588012695313,555.1009059180418,524.519287109375]},{"page":29,"text":"responsive, and adaptive properties, LCs could find application","rect":[315.22589111328127,544.774658203125,555.1080194452619,535.5050048828125]},{"page":29,"text":"as the active building blocks of the next generation of smart","rect":[315.2259216308594,555.9302978515625,555.0670828166265,546.4907836914063]},{"page":29,"text":"soft materials. Moreover, LCs could also serve as functional","rect":[315.2259216308594,564.4187622070313,555.1030880891798,557.4765014648438]},{"page":29,"text":"components in digitally augmented “materials with nervous","rect":[315.2259216308594,577.9017944335938,555.0611203312932,568.4622802734375]},{"page":29,"text":"”","rect":[341.28765869140627,581.675537109375,344.8453029114327,579.5179443359375]},{"page":29,"text":"system","rect":[315.2259216308594,588.7077026367188,341.2776721576113,580.8864135742188]},{"page":29,"text":"remains to be seen how the smartness of the nature’s delicate","rect":[315.2268981933594,597.3660278320313,555.0750283262075,590.4337158203125]},{"page":29,"text":"phase of matter would be put to work in the future smart","rect":[315.2279052734375,610.6890869140625,555.0670828166265,601.41943359375]},{"page":29,"text":"world.","rect":[315.2279052734375,619.3375244140625,339.08210708991688,612.4052124023438]},{"page":29,"text":"AUTHOR INFORMATION","rect":[315.2274169921875,643.4686889648438,425.01407585031026,636.1688842773438]},{"page":29,"text":"Corresponding Author","rect":[315.2274169921875,660.96728515625,409.03387248277297,652.256103515625]},{"page":29,"text":"Quan Li − Institute of Advanced Materials, School of","rect":[325.2552490234375,676.707275390625,526.0902244500534,667.3277587890625]},{"page":29,"text":"Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, and Jiangsu Hi-Tech","rect":[333.24395751953127,687.8798217773438,551.2686061496399,678.3704223632813]},{"page":29,"text":"Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Southeast","rect":[333.24395751953127,698.7656860351563,522.1418852531439,689.356201171875]},{"page":29,"text":"University, Nanjing 211189, China; Advanced Materials and","rect":[333.24395751953127,709.851318359375,555.0851225837496,700.3419189453125]},{"page":29,"text":"Liquid Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics","rect":[333.24395751953127,720.7870483398438,502.73669052228197,711.32763671875]},{"page":29,"text":"Interdisciplinary Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio","rect":[333.24395751953127,731.8228149414063,555.100125661629,722.3134155273438]},{"page":29,"text":"44242, United States; orcid.org/0000-0002-9042-360X;","rect":[333.24395751953127,742.81005859375,554.9028195396759,733.2991333007813]},{"page":29,"text":"Email: quanli3273@gmail.com","rect":[333.2426452636719,753.7957763671875,451.2175220111269,744.3562622070313]},{"page":29,"text":"4915","rect":[295.2282409667969,769.5517578125,311.29721411321006,764.5250244140625]},{"page":29,"text":"https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[441.454345703125,770.7235107421875,555.0678658623789,765.2216186523438]},{"page":29,"text":"Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 4887−4926","rect":[469.1585998535156,776.0491943359375,555.0577340264414,771.7340087890625]},{"page":30,"text":"Chemical Reviews","rect":[51.44261932373047,46.98917007446289,129.95762294635234,39.79719924926758]},{"page":30,"text":"Author","rect":[51.44261932373047,66.46464538574219,80.37916362046828,59.63233947753906]},{"page":30,"text":"Hari Krishna Bisoyi − Advanced Materials and Liquid","rect":[61.413818359375,84.05018615722656,270.40543508374966,74.59074401855469]},{"page":30,"text":"Crystal Institute and Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary","rect":[69.40254211425781,95.02597045898438,273.63229664564798,85.57652282714844]},{"page":30,"text":"Program, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, United","rect":[69.40254211425781,106.07162475585938,287.3222441657809,96.56224060058594]},{"page":30,"text":"States; orcid.org/0000-0002-9775-6757","rect":[69.40254211425781,117.05825805664063,229.9726094142331,107.54887390136719]},{"page":30,"text":"Complete contact information is available at:","rect":[51.44186019897461,131.8957061767578,226.6738156334259,122.62606048583985]},{"page":30,"text":"https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00761","rect":[51.44186019897461,143.05123901367188,248.90112198747529,133.54185485839845]},{"page":30,"text":"Notes","rect":[51.44261932373047,162.67747497558595,75.4045100073624,156.18678283691407]},{"page":30,"text":"The authors declare no competing financial interest.","rect":[51.44261932373047,180.31301879882813,254.61108353034656,170.87355041503907]},{"page":30,"text":"Biographies","rect":[51.44261932373047,197.17469787597657,100.61006878421788,188.46351623535157]},{"page":30,"text":"Hari Krishna Bisoyi is Senior Chemist and has been a Postdoctoral","rect":[51.44261932373047,214.48475646972657,291.2529575425103,206.15113830566407]},{"page":30,"text":"Research Associate in the group of Prof. Quan Li at the Advanced","rect":[51.44261932373047,225.63314819335938,291.24843787496055,217.13771057128907]},{"page":30,"text":"Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute of Kent State University. He","rect":[51.44261932373047,236.46682739257813,291.28530399685817,228.1242218017578]},{"page":30,"text":"obtained his B.Sc. (2001) and M.Sc. (2003) in Chemistry from","rect":[51.44261932373047,247.44435119628907,291.2421439434882,238.39154052734376]},{"page":30,"text":"Berhampur University, Odisha. Subsequently he received his Ph.D.","rect":[51.44261932373047,258.4399108886719,291.2376598277708,250.09730529785157]},{"page":30,"text":"(2010) from Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), India, working at","rect":[51.44261932373047,269.5792541503906,291.2673611132304,260.3646240234375]},{"page":30,"text":"the Raman Research Institute (RRI), Bangalore, under the guidance","rect":[51.44261932373047,280.5657653808594,291.2790173757644,271.35113525390627]},{"page":30,"text":"of Prof. Sandeep Kumar. He was a Marie Curie Fellow (2010-2011)","rect":[51.44261932373047,291.39947509765627,291.2906839828102,282.3376770019531]},{"page":30,"text":"in the group of Prof. Juozas Grazulevicius in the EU FP7","rect":[51.44261932373047,302.538818359375,291.24672913263717,294.04339599609377]},{"page":30,"text":"DENDREAMERS","rect":[51.44261932373047,311.27789306640627,114.39130607832047,305.4344787597656]},{"page":30,"text":"program","rect":[119.99454498291016,313.5253601074219,149.0180381085273,307.0]},{"page":30,"text":"at","rect":[154.61048889160157,312.0,160.90624661127729,306.324462890625]},{"page":30,"text":"Kaunas","rect":[166.5076904296875,312.0,191.57383112388406,305.5693054199219]},{"page":30,"text":"University","rect":[197.15728759765626,313.363525390625,232.37761518424333,305.5693054199219]},{"page":30,"text":"of","rect":[238.005126953125,312.0,244.78659191594375,305.0299377441406]},{"page":30,"text":"Technology","rect":[250.35562133789063,313.5253601074219,291.2331754869777,305.0299377441406]},{"page":30,"text":"(KTU), Lithuania.","rect":[51.44261932373047,323.9635009765625,115.75209464222397,315.2972412109375]},{"page":30,"text":"Quan Li is Distinguished Chair Professor and Director of Institute of","rect":[51.44261932373047,339.5187072753906,291.244904904225,331.0232849121094]},{"page":30,"text":"Advanced Materials at Southeast University. He held appointments in","rect":[51.44261932373047,350.3514709472656,291.27004864534828,342.0088806152344]},{"page":30,"text":"the United States, Germany, and France. Li received his Ph.D. in","rect":[51.44261932373047,361.328125,291.27004864534828,352.9945373535156]},{"page":30,"text":"Organic","rect":[51.44261932373047,372.4755554199219,78.93713784023209,364.3846740722656]},{"page":30,"text":"Chemistry","rect":[84.86865234375,372.313720703125,120.60162946646989,363.9801330566406]},{"page":30,"text":"from","rect":[126.509765625,371.0,142.97769387024605,363.9801330566406]},{"page":30,"text":"the","rect":[148.88851928710938,371.0,159.76220219021753,363.9801330566406]},{"page":30,"text":"Chinese","rect":[165.71530151367188,371.0,193.51562015896753,363.9801330566406]},{"page":30,"text":"Academy","rect":[199.42465209960938,372.313720703125,231.12837812369646,363.9801330566406]},{"page":30,"text":"of","rect":[237.04278564453126,371.0,243.82425060735,363.9801330566406]},{"page":30,"text":"Sciences","rect":[249.7899169921875,371.0,278.71448664146217,364.3846740722656]},{"page":30,"text":"in","rect":[284.63250732421877,371.0,291.27004864534828,364.78021240234377]},{"page":30,"text":"Shanghai, where he was the youngest person promoted to a Full","rect":[51.44261932373047,383.461181640625,291.2664463120415,374.96575927734377]},{"page":30,"text":"Professor of Organic Chemistry and Medicinal Chemistry in February","rect":[51.44261932373047,394.4468078613281,291.2511503404933,385.9513854980469]},{"page":30,"text":"1998. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Chemistry. He has been","rect":[51.44261932373047,405.2706298828125,291.28173687777015,396.9370422363281]},{"page":30,"text":"elected as a member of the European Academy of Sciences and the","rect":[51.44261932373047,416.2652587890625,291.2583569753738,407.92266845703127]},{"page":30,"text":"European Academy of Sciences and Arts. 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The support from","rect":[51.442623138427737,545.2870483398438,291.2647937396425,535.8475341796875]},{"page":30,"text":"Jiangsu Innovation Team Program is acknowledged.","rect":[51.442630767822269,556.2727661132813,253.77465774909656,546.833251953125]},{"page":30,"text":"REFERENCES","rect":[51.44261932373047,577.325927734375,109.0494373137922,570.03662109375]},{"page":30,"text":"(1) Kaspar, C.; Ravoo, B. J.; van der Wiel, W. G.; Wegner, S. V.;","rect":[55.408355712890628,593.6653442382813,291.26043827080675,584.4507446289063]},{"page":30,"text":"Pernice, W. H. P. The Rise of Intelligent Matter. Nature 2021, 594,","rect":[51.44292068481445,603.6890869140625,291.2846568980833,595.1936645507813]},{"page":30,"text":"345−355.","rect":[51.44291305541992,611.6244506835938,85.10008658558334,605.7630615234375]},{"page":30,"text":"(2) McEvoy, M. A.; Correll, N. 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