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license: cc-by-nc-4.0
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---
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# SpatialForge: Bootstrapping 3D-Aware Spatial Reasoning from Open-World 2D Images
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---
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#
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This
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**10M spatial QA pairs** spanning perception (grounding, referring, counting) and relation (near-far, left-right, perspective)
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**Open-world diversity** β 2.8M images from Objects365, OpenImages, Pixmo
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**CC BY-NC 4.0 license** β free for academic and non-commercial use
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| Level | Task | Description | Count |
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| | Referring |
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| | Counting | Count objects satisfying
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| | Left-Right |
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| | Perspective |
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| **Total** |
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license: cc-by-nc-4.0
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task_categories:
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- question-answering
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language:
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- en
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size_categories:
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- 10M<n<100M
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pretty_name: SpatialForge-10M
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---
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# SpatialForge-10M
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**SpatialForge: Bootstrapping 3D-Aware Spatial Reasoning from Open-World 2D Images**
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π€ Hugging Face | π Paper
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**Zishan Liu, Ruoxi Zang, Yanglin Zhang, Wei Liu, Yin Zhang, Jian Yao, Jiayin Zheng, Zhengzhe Liu**
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Lingnan University Β· XPENG Robotics
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# π¦ SpatialForge-10M
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A large-scale vision-language dataset designed for **3D-aware spatial perception and reasoning from open-world 2D images**.
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SpatialForge-10M contains over **10 million QA pairs** generated from **2.8 million curated real-world images**, covering both low-level spatial perception and high-level spatial reasoning tasks. The dataset is constructed from diverse open-world image sources including **Objects365**, **Pixmo** and **OpenImages**, enabling broad visual diversity across indoor, outdoor, egocentric, and internet-scale scenes.
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SpatialForge-10M is designed for:
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- Spatial reasoning pretraining
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- Multitask VLM supervision
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- 3D-aware perception learning
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- Grounding and referring research
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- Camera-centric and human-centric reasoning
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- Spatial instruction tuning
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The dataset supports a unified QA format suitable for training modern multimodal large language models such as Qwen-VL, InternVL, LLaVA, and related architectures.
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# π Important Notice
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This release contains the **full SpatialForge-10M annotations**, including all question-answer pairs and task splits. You will need to obtain the corresponding images directly from the source dataset.
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## Key Features
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- β
**10M+ spatial QA pairs** spanning perception and reasoning tasks
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**2.8M curated open-world images** from diverse visual domains
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Covers both **object-centric** and **human-centric** spatial reasoning
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Includes grounding, referring, counting, depth reasoning, and perspective understanding
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Designed for scalable VLM pretraining and instruction tuning
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Bounding boxes are normalized to **[0, 1000]**, following the format used in Qwen3-VL pretraining
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---
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# π§ Task Overview
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SpatialForge-10M contains six major spatial tasks divided into two categories: **Perception** and **Relation Reasoning**.
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| Level | Task | Description | Count |
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| Perception | Grounding | Localize objects from textual descriptions β bbox prediction | 3.6M |
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| Perception | Referring | Generate object descriptions from regions/bboxes | 3.6M |
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| Perception | Counting | Count objects satisfying semantic conditions | 495k |
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| Relation | Near-Far | Determine relative depth comapring between objects | 2.6M |
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| Relation | Left-Right | Infer camera-centric horizontal spatial relations | 93k |
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| Relation | Perspective | Human-centric viewpoint and perspective reasoning | 8k |
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| | **Total** | | **10.2M** |
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---
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# π Open-World Data Sources
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SpatialForge-10M is bootstrapped from large-scale public image datasets:
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- **Objects365**
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- **OpenImages**
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- **Pixmo**
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These datasets provide rich scene diversity across:
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- Indoor environments
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- Outdoor scenes
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- Human-object interactions
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- Crowded object layouts
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- Real-world internet imagery
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Our pipeline automatically constructs spatial supervision signals from 2D images while preserving geometric consistency and viewpoint awareness.
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---
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<!-- # π Sample Usage
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This section provides guidance on how to download the SpatialForge-10M annotations and the corresponding images.
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## 1. Download Annotations from Hugging Face
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First, download the annotation package from Hugging Face Hub:
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```bash
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# Install huggingface hub if not already
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pip install huggingface-hub
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# Download the full annotations (QA pairs + task splits)
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huggingface-cli download SpatialForge/SpatialForge-10M \
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--repo-type dataset \
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--local-dir ./SpatialForge-10M \
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--resume-download
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-->
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