| CR |
Aminomethyl-phosphonic acid |
Purolite S940 |
Sulfate |
Nd |
Ca, Fe, and Sr |
3 |
21 |
24 |
~0.4 |
Nd is strongly bound to resin through several phosphonate groups, generating a stable complex. |
Virolainen et al. (2019) |
|
|
Lewatit TP 260 |
Sulfate |
Sc |
Fe, Al |
3 |
22 |
36 |
5.13 |
Sc adsorption capacity on chelating resins declined as sulfate concentration increased. |
Bao et al. (2018) |
|
|
Lewatit TP 260 |
Phosphate ore leachate |
Er |
Fe, U |
– |
25 |
24 |
1.8 |
Both aminophosphonic IRC-747 and TP-260 are promising and exhibit comparable performance in terms of their maximal sorption capacity. |
Hérès et al. (2018) |
|
|
Amberlite IRC-747 |
Phosphate ore leachate |
Er |
Fe, U |
– |
25 |
24 |
1.8 |
|
|
|
Tulsion CH 93 |
Uranium leach liquor (sulfate) |
Sc |
Th |
– |
22 |
24 |
2.67 |
The distribution coefficients and ion exchange capacity for scandium were found to be decreased as the thorium concentration increased due to thorium's competitive action. |
Smirnov et al. (2017) |
|
|
Purolite S950 |
Sulfate |
La, Sm, Ho |
Al, Fe, Th |
1.5 |
21 |
20 |
La (0.84) |
Fe and Th were preferentially sorbed over REE and Al in the selectivity series for the three chelating resins (Th ≈ Fe> >REE ≈ Al). |
Page et al.(2017) |
|
Sulfonic and phosphonic acid |
Purolite S957 |
Sulfate |
La, Sm, Ho |
Al, Fe, Th |
1.5 |
21 |
20 |
La (1.12) |
|
|
Iminodiacetic acid |
Purolite S930Plus |
Sulfate |
La, Sm, Ho |
Al, Fe, Th |
4 |
21 |
20 |
La (1.06) |
|
|
|
Lewatit TP 209 |
Sulfate |
Sc |
Fe, Al |
3 |
22 |
36 |
2.51 |
The solution's pH has a greater effect on TP 209 sorption performance. |
Bao et al. (2018) |
| SAC |
Sulfonic acid |
Purolite C150 |
Sulfate |
Nd |
Ca, Fe, Sr |
3 |
21 |
24 |
~0.12 |
The competitive influence of Ca diminished Nd adsorption by the resins. |
Virolainen et al.(2019) |
|
|
Finex CS16GC |
Sulfate |
Nd |
Ca, Fe, Sr |
3 |
21 |
24 |
|
|
|
|
Dowex 50Wx8 |
Sulfate |
Ce |
– |
5.2 |
25 |
– |
2.88 |
The type of solute anions linked with the REE during cation exchange affects the sorption capacity of the IX resin and the sorption capacity increased with sulfate over nitrate. |
Miller et al.(2018) |
|
|
Nitrate |
Ce |
– |
5.8 |
25 |
– |
2.16 |
|
|
|
Purolite C150MBH |
Sulfate |
La, Sm, Ho |
Al, Fe, Th |
1.5 |
21 |
20 |
La (1.38) |
SAC resin exhibited the following selectivity series: REE ≈ Th > Fe ≈ Al. |
Page et al. (2017) |
|
|
Lewatit MDS 200H |
Sulfate |
Y, La, Ce, Nd, Dy, Gd |
– |
1.4–3.4 |
25 |
– |
Y (0.36), La (0.63), Ce (0.52), Nd (0.49), Dy (0.39), Gd (0.42) |
All SAC resins displayed a slightly different selectivity in the order of Dy < Y < Gd < Ce < Nd < La at pH 2.4 as compared to Y < Dy < Gd < Nd < Ce < La at pH presented 1.4. |
Felipe et al. (2020) |
|
|
Purolite C160 |
Sulfate |
Y, La, Ce, Nd, Dy, Gd |
– |
1.4–3.4 |
25 |
– |
Y (0.33), La (0.75), Ce (0.53), Nd (0.51), Dy (0.40), Gd (0.47) |
|
|
|
Dowex 50WX8 |
Sulfate |
Y, La, Ce, Nd, Dy, Gd |
– |
1.4–3.4 |
25 |
– |
Y (0.40), La (0.63), Ce (0.51), Nd (0.51), Dy (0.42), Gd (0.42) |
|
|
|
Purolite C100 |
Sulfate |
Y, La, Ce, Dy |
Fe, Al |
1.5-2 |
- |
24 |
- |
High degree of the matrix crosslinking increases the selective separation of REEs at the pH 1.5-2.0. |
Rychkov et al. (2016) |
|
|
Dowex 50WX8 |
Ammonium sulfate media |
La, Lu, Sm, Sc |
Fe, Al, Ca |
- |
- |
- |
- |
The distribution coefficient of average La, Lu, and Sm decrease quicker with rising concentration of ammonium sulfate media than that of Sc. |
Kuroda and Yoshihito Nakagomi (1966) |
|
|
Purolite C160 |
Sulfate |
REEs |
Fe, Ca |
- |
- |
- |
- |
The authors used a resin paste method to leach and extract the rare earths in a single phase. Iron and calcium were co-extracted with REEs, and ammonium nitrate was used to follow them during desorption. |
Rychkov et al. (2018) |
|
|
Purolite C160 |
Sulfate |
La, Ce |
- |
2.5 |
25 |
168 |
La (4.91), Ce (3.96) |
The equilibrium isotherms of La and Ce are described well by the Langmuir model. |
Yakovleva et al. (2020) |
|
|
Purolite C100 |
Raffinate copper leach solution |
Sc, Y |
Fe, Al, Cu |
1.5 |
25 |
24 |
Sc (6.54), Y (3.59) |
The highest removal of Sc and Y was accomplished at pH 1.5 and room temperature. |
Hajmohammadi et al. (2020) |
| SBA |
Quaternary ammonium |
Dowex 1 X-8 |
Ammonium sulfate media |
Sc |
- |
1-9 |
25 |
- |
- |
The quantity of free sulfuric acid strongly influences the Sc ion distribution coefficients. |
Hamaguchi et al. (1964b) |
|
|
|
Potassium sulfate media |
Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Sm, Lu, Yb, Er, Ho, Dy, Gd |
- |
1-9 |
25 |
- |
- |
REEs showed slight adsorption on the SBA resin from potassium sulfate solution, except Sc was relatively strongly adsorbed on the resin. The distribution coefficients of the REEs increase from La to Eu, and then drop as atomic number rises. |
Hamaguchi et al. (1964a) |
| SIR |
Bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl-) phosphinic acid |
Lewatit TP 272 |
Sulfate |
Sc |
Fe, Al |
3 |
22 |
12 |
0.73 |
Sc adsorbed on SIR faster within 12 h to achieve equilibrium. |
Bao et al. (2018) |
|
|
[D201] [DEHP] |
Sulfuric acid leaching liquor of nickel laterite ore |
Sc |
Ni, Co, Fe, Al, Ca, Mn, Mg, Zn |
0.78 |
25 |
6 |
0.54 |
Sc adsorption on [D201-DEHP] and [D201-C272] was drastically impacted by pH of the solution, and equilibrium data were well fitted to the Langmuir model. |
Cui et al. (2016) |
|
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) |
[D201] [C272] |
Sulfuric acid leaching liquor of nickel laterite ore |
Sc |
Ni, Co, Fe, Al, Ca, Mn, Mg, Zn |
0.78 |
25 |
6 |
0.4 |
|
|
DODGAA: TODGA |
Davisil 636 |
Sulfate |
La, Nd, and Dy |
Fe, Al |
- |
- |
24 |
La (0.04), Nd (0.06), Dy (0.11) |
The adsorption performance of the resin for encapsulation of REE declined with the increase of solution acidity, and this trend was more evident for light REE. |
Rychkov et al. (2021) |
| WBA |
Primary amine |
Purolite RUA21207 |
Sulfate |
Sc |
Fe, Al, Ca, Th, Ti, Zr |
— |
25 |
24 |
0.41 |
The removal of Sc was favoured in 25 g/L H2SO4 at concentrations less than or equal to 0.9 g/L. |
Smyshlyaev et al. (2022) |