| 5 | 文件重要表述:
(1)严守18亿亩耕地红线。按照耕地和永久基本农田、生态保护红线、城镇开发边界的顺序,统筹划定落实三条控制线。
(2)2022年建设高标准农田1亿亩。实施黑土地保护性耕作8000万亩。启动全国第三次土壤普查。
(3)推动脱贫地区更多依靠发展来巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果。
(4)落实乡村振兴为农民而兴、乡村建设为农民而建的要求,坚持自下而上、村民自治、农民参与,启动乡村建设行动实施方案。
(5)加快推进以县城为重要载体的城镇化建设。加强普惠性、基础性、兜底性民生建设。
(6)健全党组织领导的自治、法治、德治相结合的乡村治理体系,推行网格化管理、数字化赋能、精细化服务。"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_165_2.md", "title": "文化与社会规范词汇及适用场景", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_165_2.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据文化与社会规范词汇及适用场景，表头从左到右的两列名称分别是什么？同时，请指出“占用公共空间”属于哪一列。", "answer": "规范词汇、适用场景；规范词汇", "evidence": "| 规范词汇 | 适用场景 |
|---|
| 固执己见 | 不管怎样都坚持自己的意见,不肯改变想法 | | 缺乏公共意识 | 在公共场合肆意玩耍,大声喧哗,不顾及别人感受 | | 引发情感共鸣 | 当看到其他人或事物的一些行为或感情变化时,自己内心也会产生相同或相似的反应 | | 促进文化产业发展 | 资料提到与文化相关的产业发展很好。比如,带动婚纱摄影、婚庆、休闲旅游、动画、剪纸等发展 | | 虚荣心 | 过于夸大、显示自身的优点,以招来别人羡慕的眼光 | | 完善文化设施 | 修建文化广场、文化宣传基地、艺术墙等 | | 活化文化 | 让优秀的文化传统融入到普通百姓生活中,使其得到充分利用 | | 侥幸心理/心存侥幸 | 有的干部总感觉“防贪腐”的杆子打不到自己身上,认为贪污这点儿钱是不会被人发现 | | 原真性保护 | 真实地保护文化遗产的原始风貌,在保护过程中原样原修,保留原材料、原工艺、原样式 | | 整体性保护 | 保护文化遗产,不仅是保留其中某一个部分,还要重视周边的整体风貌 | | 循序渐进 | 对于每项工作任务都不能心急,要按部就班,一步一步地按照次序完成 | | 艰苦奋斗 | 虽然身处逆境,但依旧奋发努力,斗志昂扬 | | 务实精神/务实作风 | 在做某项工作时,以事实、实际为主,不做表面功夫 | | 丰富百姓文化生活 | 闲暇时人们可以读书读报、唱小曲、学舞、学乐器等 | | 兼顾经济和文化效益 | 既发展经济,又注重当地古建筑、民间工艺的保护 | | 破坏人际关系/滋生人际矛盾 | 由于其他人的挑拨离间,让过去亲密无间的二人如今反目成仇 | | 传统与现代融合 | 既保留了传统文化元素,同时还融入了现代特色/既重视传统方面,又重视现在的情况 | | 缺乏职业素养 | 某些职员整日“浑水摸鱼”,对前来办事的群众态度恶劣,业务知识还很生疏 | | 占用公共空间 | 居民把私人东西放在公共楼道间、走廊里 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_12_0.md", "title": "三六零年度报告常用词语释义", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_0.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据三六零年度报告常用词语释义，“公司、本公司、本集 团、360、三六零”的释义中，曾用名的公司全称原文是什么？请保留原文空格。", "answer": "江南嘉捷电梯股份有 限公司", "evidence": "| 公司、本公司、本集 团、360、三六零 | 指 | 三六零安全科技股份有限公司， 曾用名为 “江南嘉捷电梯股份有 限公司”，“原江南嘉捷”(在包含子公司时统称“本集团”) | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_12_0.md", "title": "三六零年度报告常用词语释义", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_0.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据三六零年度报告常用词语释义，哪些术语的释义为“为公司股东”？请按出现顺序用顿号连接术语名称。", "answer": "红杉懿远、信心奇缘", "evidence": "| 红杉懿远 | 指 | 北京红杉懿远股权投资中心(有限合伙)，为公司股东 | | 信心奇缘 | 指 | 天津信心奇缘股权投资合伙企业(有限合伙)，为公司股东 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_12_0.md", "title": "三六零年度报告常用词语释义", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_0.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据三六零年度报告常用词语释义，先找出所有释义中明确为“为公司参股公司”的术语，然后识别其中提到的旗下品牌术语；请按“参股公司名单；品牌术语”格式输出。", "answer": "天津金城银行、合众汽车；哪吒汽车", "evidence": "| 天津金城银行 | 指 | 天津金城银行股份有限公司，为公司参股公司 | | 红杉懿远 | 指 | 北京红杉懿远股权投资中心(有限合伙)，为公司股东 | | 信心奇缘 | 指 | 天津信心奇缘股权投资合伙企业(有限合伙)，为公司股东 | | 合众汽车 | 指 | 合众新能源汽车有限公司， 为公司参股公司 | | 哪吒汽车 | 指 | 哪吒汽车系公司参股公司合众汽车旗下的汽车品牌 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_12_0.md", "title": "三六零年度报告常用词语释义", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_0.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "在三六零年度报告常用词语释义中，表格首行标题为合并单元格“常用词语释义”，该标题下第一条术语的原文是什么？", "answer": "公司、本公司、本集 团、360、三六零", "evidence": "| 常用词语释义 | | 公司、本公司、本集 团、360、三六零 | 指 | 三六零安全科技股份有限公司， 曾用名为 “江南嘉捷电梯股份有 限公司”，“原江南嘉捷”(在包含子公司时统称“本集团”) | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_35.md", "title": "Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE 等离子交换填料技术参数目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_35.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE 等离子交换填料技术参数目录，“DEAE Sepharose™ CL-6B”的“耐压(MPa)”与“推荐流速(cm/h)”分别是多少？", "answer": "耐压(MPa)为0.045；推荐流速(cm/h)为<150。", "evidence": "\n| 17071001 | \nDEAE Sepharose™ CL-6B | \n500 mL | \n90 | \n170 mg人血清白蛋白/mL | \n高载量 | \n0.045 | \n<150 | \n- | \n3-9[2-14] | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_35.md", "title": "Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE 等离子交换填料技术参数目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_35.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "在Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE 等离子交换填料技术参数目录中，“SOURCE™ 30Q”与“SOURCE™ 15Q”的“耐压(MPa)”分别是多少？", "answer": "SOURCE™ 30Q 为 0.3；SOURCE™ 15Q 为 0.5。", "evidence": "\n| 17127501 | \nSOURCE™ 30Q | \n50 mL | \n30 | \n45 mg白蛋白/mL | \n极快速的中度至精细纯化可用于各种 Tricorn™、HiScale™、BPG、FineLINE™ 层析柱, 选择HiScale™ 柱型需更换 10 µm 筛网 | \n0.3 | \n300-1000 | \n2000 | \n2-12[1-14] | \n \n\n| 17094720 | \nSOURCE™ 15Q | \n10 mL | \n15 | \n45 mg白蛋白/mL | \n高分辨率精细纯化装入Tricorn™, HiScale™ 柱效果最佳 | \n0.5 | \n150-900 | \n1800 | \n2-12[1-14] | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_35.md", "title": "Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE 等离子交换填料技术参数目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_35.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE 等离子交换填料技术参数目录，“SOURCE™ 15Q”共列出多少种包装规格？", "answer": "6 种（10 mL、50 mL、200 mL、500 mL、1 L、5 L）。", "evidence": "\n| 17094720 | \nSOURCE™ 15Q | \n10 mL | \n15 | \n45 mg白蛋白/mL | \n高分辨率精细纯化装入Tricorn™, HiScale™ 柱效果最佳 | \n0.5 | \n150-900 | \n1800 | \n2-12[1-14] | \n \n\n| 17094701 | \n50 mL | \n \n\n| 17094705 | \n200 mL | \n \n\n| 17094702 | \n500 mL | \n \n\n| 17094703 | \n1 L | \n \n\n| 17094704 | \n5 L | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_35.md", "title": "Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE 等离子交换填料技术参数目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_35.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE 等离子交换填料技术参数目录，“Q Sepharose™ FF”的“每毫升载量”与“推荐流速(cm/h)”分别是多少？", "answer": "每毫升载量为120 mgBSA/mL；推荐流速(cm/h)为<700。", "evidence": "\n| 17051010 | \nQ Sepharose™ FF | \n25 mL | \n90 | \n120 mgBSA/mL | \n快速、高产量纯化 | \n0.3 | \n<700 | \n700 | \n2-12[2-14] | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_38.md", "title": "多跳问答数据集上强化学习与RAG方法性能对比", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_38.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《多跳问答数据集上强化学习与RAG方法性能对比》中，比较 REINFORCE++ 与 REINFORCE++基线 在 Musique* 列的数值，哪一个更高？", "answer": "REINFORCE++基线更高（0.1485 > 0.1336）", "evidence": "| 方法 | HotpotQA† | 2Wiki† | Musique* | 平均 |
|---|
| REINFORCE++ | 0.3768 | 0.4796 | 0.1336 | 0.3300 | | REINFORCE++基线 | 0.3966 | 0.5406 | 0.1485 | 0.3619 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_38.md", "title": "多跳问答数据集上强化学习与RAG方法性能对比", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_38.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据多跳问答数据集上强化学习与RAG方法性能对比，表中所有方法的 HotpotQA† 列最高值及其对应的方法是什么？", "answer": "0.4405，GRPO", "evidence": "| 方法 | HotpotQA† | 2Wiki† | Musique* | 平均 |
|---|
| 基础工具调用 | 0.1372 | 0.0891 | 0.0277 | 0.0847 | | 朴素 RAG | 0.1916 | 0.1792 | 0.0277 | 0.1328 | | PPO | 0.4136 | 0.5468 | 0.1552 | 0.3719 | | GRPO | 0.4405 | 0.5741 | 0.1485 | 0.3877 | | REINFORCE++ | 0.3768 | 0.4796 | 0.1336 | 0.3300 | | REINFORCE++基线 | 0.3966 | 0.5406 | 0.1485 | 0.3619 | | RLOO | 0.4089 | 0.5641 | 0.1419 | 0.3716 |
"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_38.md", "title": "多跳问答数据集上强化学习与RAG方法性能对比", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_38.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《多跳问答数据集上强化学习与RAG方法性能对比》中，哪些方法在 HotpotQA† 和 2Wiki† 两列的数值都大于 0.4？", "answer": "PPO, GRPO, RLOO", "evidence": "| 方法 | HotpotQA† | 2Wiki† | Musique* | 平均 |
|---|
| PPO | 0.4136 | 0.5468 | 0.1552 | 0.3719 | | GRPO | 0.4405 | 0.5741 | 0.1485 | 0.3877 | | RLOO | 0.4089 | 0.5641 | 0.1419 | 0.3716 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_36.md", "title": "各国家或地区贸易金额与检验批次不合格率统计", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_36.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《各国家或地区贸易金额与检验批次不合格率统计》中，第一条国家数据的“国家或地区”是什么？", "answer": "阿富汗", "evidence": "| 阿富汗 | 2.39 | 2.39 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_36.md", "title": "各国家或地区贸易金额与检验批次不合格率统计", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_36.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《各国家或地区贸易金额与检验批次不合格率统计》，紧接在“斯洛伐克”之后、在“苏丹”之前的国家是哪一个？请同时给出该国的“不合格率(%)”。", "answer": "斯洛文尼亚，0.00", "evidence": "| 斯洛伐克 | 8.69 | 8.69 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 斯洛文尼亚 | 19.66 | 19.66 | 0.00 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0.00 | | 苏丹 | 316.37 | 316.37 | 0.00 | 48 | 48 | 0 | 0.00 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_36.md", "title": "各国家或地区贸易金额与检验批次不合格率统计", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_36.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "在《各国家或地区贸易金额与检验批次不合格率统计》中，从“斯洛伐克”到“英国”（含两端）所有国家的“不合格批次”合计是多少？", "answer": "51", "evidence": "| 斯洛伐克 | 8.69 | 8.69 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 斯洛文尼亚 | 19.66 | 19.66 | 0.00 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0.00 | | 苏丹 | 316.37 | 316.37 | 0.00 | 48 | 48 | 0 | 0.00 | | 索马里 | 139.47 | 139.47 | 0.00 | 28 | 28 | 0 | 0.00 | | 泰国 | 3003.57 | 2827.83 | 175.74 | 1189 | 1162 | 27 | 2.27 | | 坦桑尼亚 | 6.03 | 6.03 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 土耳其 | 15.82 | 15.82 | 0.00 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0.00 | | 乌克兰 | 3.52 | 3.52 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 乌兹别克斯坦 | 26.37 | 26.37 | 0.00 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0.00 | | 西班牙 | 26715.48 | 26672.75 | 42.73 | 588 | 587 | 1 | 0.17 | | 希腊 | 602.97 | 602.97 | 0.00 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0.00 | | 新加坡 | 257.14 | 257.14 | 0.00 | 49 | 49 | 0 | 0.00 | | 匈牙利 | 1.34 | 1.34 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 伊朗 | 196.68 | 196.68 | 0.00 | 32 | 32 | 0 | 0.00 | | 意大利 | 32855.00 | 32855.00 | 0.00 | 192 | 192 | 0 | 0.00 | | 印度 | 1615.10 | 1586.50 | 28.60 | 462 | 449 | 13 | 2.81 | | 印度尼西亚 | 1911.06 | 1866.16 | 44.90 | 319 | 309 | 10 | 3.13 | | 英国 | 7849.43 | 7849.43 | 0.00 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 0.00 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_36.md", "title": "各国家或地区贸易金额与检验批次不合格率统计", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_36.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据《各国家或地区贸易金额与检验批次不合格率统计》，“西班牙”的“不合格率(%)”与“韩国”的“不合格率(%)”相比，哪个更高？并给出两者的“不合格批次”。", "answer": "西班牙更高；西班牙不合格率0.17、不合格批次1；韩国不合格率0.16、不合格批次1。", "evidence": "| 西班牙 | 26715.48 | 26672.75 | 42.73 | 588 | 587 | 1 | 0.17 | | 韩国 | 15361.98 | 15359.82 | 2.16 | 638 | 637 | 1 | 0.16 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_36.md", "title": "各国家或地区贸易金额与检验批次不合格率统计", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_36.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《各国家或地区贸易金额与检验批次不合格率统计》中，“不合格率(%)”最小且不为0的两个国家是哪些？它们的“总批次”差是多少？", "answer": "德国与韩国；总批次差为602。", "evidence": "| 德国 | 309124.53 | 308920.70 | 203.82 | 1240 | 1238 | 2 | 0.16 | | 韩国 | 15361.98 | 15359.82 | 2.16 | 638 | 637 | 1 | 0.16 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_36.md", "title": "各国家或地区贸易金额与检验批次不合格率统计", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_36.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "根据《各国家或地区贸易金额与检验批次不合格率统计》，在“价值(万美元)”分组下，“韩国”的“合格品价值”与“不合格品价值”之和是否等于“总金额”？请给出三者数值。", "answer": "是，合格品价值15359.82 + 不合格品价值2.16 = 15361.98，等于总金额15361.98。", "evidence": "| 韩国 | 15361.98 | 15359.82 | 2.16 | 638 | 637 | 1 | 0.16 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_9_3.md", "title": "KKS编号MCS控制回路清单及套数统计", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_3.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在KKS编号MCS控制回路清单及套数统计中，KKS 编号精确为“10HF-G00DU001”的MCS 名称是什么？", "answer": "燃料主控", "evidence": "| 10HF-G00DU001 | 燃料主控 | 1 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_9_3.md", "title": "KKS编号MCS控制回路清单及套数统计", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_3.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据KKS编号MCS控制回路清单及套数统计，“10LBW20DT001”这一行之后紧接的KKS 编号是什么？", "answer": "10PCB21DT001", "evidence": "| 10LBW20DT001 | 轴封温度控制 | 1 | | 10PCB21DT001 | 汽轮机润滑油温度控制 | 1 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_9_3.md", "title": "KKS编号MCS控制回路清单及套数统计", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_3.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "在KKS编号MCS控制回路清单及套数统计中，KKS 编号为“10HFC11 (2, 3) DP901”、“10HFC11 (2, 3) DT901”、“10HFC11 (2, 3) DP902”三行的套数合计是多少？", "answer": "9", "evidence": "| 10HFC11 (2, 3) DP901 | 磨出入口差压控制 | 3 | | 10HFC11 (2, 3) DT901 | 磨出口温度控制 | 3 | | 10HFC11 (2, 3) DP902 | 磨入口负压控制 | 3 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_9_3.md", "title": "KKS编号MCS控制回路清单及套数统计", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_3.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在KKS编号MCS控制回路清单及套数统计中，MCS 名称为“合计”的套数是多少？", "answer": "96", "evidence": " | 合计 | 96 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_9_3.md", "title": "KKS编号MCS控制回路清单及套数统计", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_3.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据KKS编号MCS控制回路清单及套数统计，求“10HFC11 (2, 3) DP901”、“10HFC11 (2, 3) DT901”、“10HFC11 (2, 3) DP902”与“10HF-G00DU001”这四行的套数之和是多少？", "answer": "10", "evidence": "| 10HFC11 (2, 3) DP901 | 磨出入口差压控制 | 3 | | 10HFC11 (2, 3) DT901 | 磨出口温度控制 | 3 | | 10HFC11 (2, 3) DP902 | 磨入口负压控制 | 3 | | 10HF-G00DU001 | 燃料主控 | 1 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_43_4.md", "title": "Moutai and Series Liquor Production, Sales, and Revenue Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_4.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Moutai and Series Liquor Production, Sales, and Revenue Overview, for the Moutai row, list in order the values under the last three columns: Sales revenue, Change (%) same period, and Main representing brand.", "answer": "12,658,906.67 | 17.39 | Moutai", "evidence": "| Moutai | 57,204.11 | 0.69 | 42,109.50 | 11.10 | | 12,658,906.67 | 17.39 | Moutai | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_43_4.md", "title": "Moutai and Series Liquor Production, Sales, and Revenue Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_4.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "Across both product grades in Moutai and Series Liquor Production, Sales, and Revenue Overview, which has the higher Sales (tons), and by how many tons does it exceed the other?", "answer": "Moutai by 10,944.96 tons (42,109.50 vs 31,164.54)", "evidence": "| Moutai | 57,204.11 | 0.69 | 42,109.50 | 11.10 | | 12,658,906.67 | 17.39 | Moutai | | Other series liquor | 42,937.04 | 22.41 | 31,164.54 | 2.94 | | 2,062,992.96 | 29.43 | Moutai Wangzi liquor, Moutai 1935 liquor, Han Jiang liquor, Lai Mao liquor | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_43_4.md", "title": "Moutai and Series Liquor Production, Sales, and Revenue Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_4.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "In Moutai and Series Liquor Production, Sales, and Revenue Overview, what is the total Sales revenue when combining both product grades?", "answer": "14,721,899.63", "evidence": "| Moutai | 57,204.11 | 0.69 | 42,109.50 | 11.10 | | 12,658,906.67 | 17.39 | Moutai | | Other series liquor | 42,937.04 | 22.41 | 31,164.54 | 2.94 | | 2,062,992.96 | 29.43 | Moutai Wangzi liquor, Moutai 1935 liquor, Han Jiang liquor, Lai Mao liquor | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_43_4.md", "title": "Moutai and Series Liquor Production, Sales, and Revenue Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_4.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "In Moutai and Series Liquor Production, Sales, and Revenue Overview, for the 'Other series liquor' row, what are the values under 'Change (%) Same Period' (for Production) and 'Change (%) Same period' (for Sales), in that order?", "answer": "22.41 | 2.94", "evidence": "| Product grade | Production (ton) | Change (%) Same Period | Sales (tons) | Change (%) Same period | Production-sales ratio (%) | Sales revenue | Change (%) same period | Main representing brand | | Moutai | 57,204.11 | 0.69 | 42,109.50 | 11.10 | | 12,658,906.67 | 17.39 | Moutai | | Other series liquor | 42,937.04 | 22.41 | 31,164.54 | 2.94 | | 2,062,992.96 | 29.43 | Moutai Wangzi liquor, Moutai 1935 liquor, Han Jiang liquor, Lai Mao liquor |
"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_43_4.md", "title": "Moutai and Series Liquor Production, Sales, and Revenue Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_4.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "In Moutai and Series Liquor Production, Sales, and Revenue Overview, which product grade has the larger gap between Production (ton) and Sales (tons), and by how much is this gap larger than the other grade's?", "answer": "Moutai, with a gap of 15,094.61 tons (3,322.11 tons larger than Other series liquor)", "evidence": "| Moutai | 57,204.11 | 0.69 | 42,109.50 | 11.10 | | 12,658,906.67 | 17.39 | Moutai | | Other series liquor | 42,937.04 | 22.41 | 31,164.54 | 2.94 | | 2,062,992.96 | 29.43 | Moutai Wangzi liquor, Moutai 1935 liquor, Han Jiang liquor, Lai Mao liquor | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_9_2.md", "title": "过程控制功能码中英文对照表", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_2.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《过程控制功能码中英文对照表》，表格中最后两条记录的英文分别是什么？", "answer": "MSDD；APID。", "evidence": "| FC 129 | MSDD | 多状态驱动功能码 | \n| FC 126 | APID | 高级 PID 功能码 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_9_2.md", "title": "过程控制功能码中英文对照表", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_2.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据《过程控制功能码中英文对照表》，英文包含“PID”的条目共有几项？它们的功能码分别是什么？", "answer": "共有3项：FC 18、FC 19、FC 126。", "evidence": "| FC 18 | PID ERROR INPUT | PID 故障输入功能码 | \n| FC 19 | PID (SP AND PV) | PID 功能码 | \n| FC 126 | APID | 高级 PID 功能码 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_9_2.md", "title": "过程控制功能码中英文对照表", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_2.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《过程控制功能码中英文对照表》中，所有功能码不小于80的条目按功能码从小到大列出其英文。", "answer": "CONTROL STATION；SEGMENT CONTROL；APID；MSDD。", "evidence": "| FC 80 | CONTROL STATION | 站控制功能码 | \n| FC 82 | SEGMENT CONTROL | 分段控制功能码 | \n| FC 129 | MSDD | 多状态驱动功能码 | \n| FC 126 | APID | 高级 PID 功能码 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_11.md", "title": "UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Power Supply Monitor Electrical Specifications", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_11.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In the UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Power Supply Monitor Electrical Specifications, what is the exact units string specified for \"OV & UV Threshold Supply Sensitivity\"?", "answer": "%/V", "evidence": "| OV & UV Threshold Supply Sensitivity | +VIN = 8V to 40V | | .002 | .01 | | .002 | .02 | %/V | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_11.md", "title": "UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Power Supply Monitor Electrical Specifications", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_11.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In the UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Power Supply Monitor Electrical Specifications, within the Fault Thresholds section and its continuation, what are the UC3903 typical values for \"UV Threshold Adj.\" and for \"OV & UV Threshold Hyst.\"?", "answer": "UV Threshold Adj. (UC3903 TYP): -0.25 V/V; OV & UV Threshold Hyst. (UC3903 TYP): 20 mV/V.", "evidence": "| UV Threshold Adj. | Offset from VREF as a function of VPIN 4Input = High to Low, 0.5V ≤ VPIN 4 ≤ 2.5V | -.270 | -.25 | -.230 | -.270 | -.25 | -.230 | V/V | \n| OV & UV Threshold Hyst. | 0.5V ≤ VPIN 4 ≤ 2.5V | 10 | 20 | 30 | 10 | 20 | 30 | mV/V | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_11.md", "title": "UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Power Supply Monitor Electrical Specifications", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_11.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "According to the UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Power Supply Monitor Electrical Specifications, what is the sum of the UC3903 typical \"Open Loop Gain\" values for the \"Sense 4 Inverter\" and the \"G.P. Op-Amp\"?", "answer": "80 dB + 120 dB = 200 dB.", "evidence": "| Open Loop Gain | | 65 | 80 | | 65 | 80 | | dB | \n| Open Loop Gain | | 65 | 120 | | 65 | 120 | | dB | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_11.md", "title": "UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Power Supply Monitor Electrical Specifications", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_11.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "In the UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Power Supply Monitor Electrical Specifications, for \"Supply Under Voltage Threshold (Vsuv)\", what are the MIN values for UC1903/UC2903 and UC3903, and which is lower?", "answer": "UC1903/UC2903 MIN = 6.0 V; UC3903 MIN = 5.5 V; UC3903 is lower.", "evidence": "| Supply Under Voltage Threshold (Vsuv) | Fault Outputs Enabled | 6.0 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 8.0 | V | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_11.md", "title": "UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Power Supply Monitor Electrical Specifications", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_11.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "In the Sense Inputs section of the UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Power Supply Monitor Electrical Specifications, report the typical \"Sense 1-4 Input Bias Current\" for both test conditions—\"Input = 2.8V (Note 2)\" and \"Input = 2.2 (Note 2)\"—for UC1903/UC2903 and UC3903.", "answer": "UC1903/UC2903: +1 µA at 2.8V and −1 µA at 2.2; UC3903: +1 µA at 2.8V and −1 µA at 2.2.", "evidence": "| Sense 1-4 Input Bias Current | Input = 2.8V (Note 2) | | 1 | 3 | | 1 | 6 | µA | \n| Input = 2.2 (Note 2) | | -1 | -3 | | -1 | -6 | µA | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_162_1.md", "title": "刑法犯罪构成与责任能力", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_162_1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《刑法犯罪构成与责任能力》中，“醉酒的人”被归入“主体—自然人”下的哪一类责任能力？", "answer": "完全刑事责任能力", "evidence": "完全刑事
责任能力 | (1) 年满16周岁的人
(2) 间歇性精神病人精神正常时
(3) 醉酒的人 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_162_1.md", "title": "刑法犯罪构成与责任能力", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_162_1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《刑法犯罪构成与责任能力》，“主体—自然人”部分的第一项与最后一项责任能力类别分别是什么？", "answer": "第一项：完全刑事责任能力；最后一项：减轻刑事责任能力", "evidence": "完全刑事
责任能力 | (1) 年满16周岁的人
(2) 间歇性精神病人精神正常时
(3) 醉酒的人 | 完全无刑事
责任能力 | (1) 不满12周岁的人,一律不负刑事责任,即不满12周岁的人所实施的任何行为,都不构成犯罪
因不满16周岁不予刑事处罚的,责令其父母或者其他监护人加以管教;在必要的时候,依法进行专门矫治教育
(2) 精神病人
精神病人在不能辨认或者不能控制自己行为的时候造成危害结果,经法定程序鉴定确认的,不负刑事责任,但是应当责令他的家属或者监护人严加看管和医疗;在必要的时候,由政府强制医疗 | 相对无刑事
责任能力 | (1)已满12周岁不满14周岁的人,犯故意杀人、故意伤害罪,致人死亡或者以特别残忍手段致人重伤造成严重残疾,情节恶劣,经最高人民检察院核准追诉的,应当负刑事责任
(2)已满14周岁不满16周岁的人,犯故意杀人、故意伤害致人重伤或者死亡、强奸、抢劫、贩卖毒品、放火、爆炸、投放危险物质罪的,应当负刑事责任 | 减轻刑事
责任能力 | 对依法规定追究刑事责任的不满18周岁的人、已满75周岁的人、又聋又哑的人或者盲人、尚未完全丧失辨认或者控制自己行为能力的精神病人
对依法规定追究刑事责任的不满18周岁的人,应当从轻或者减轻处罚
已满75周岁的人故意犯罪的,可以从轻或者减轻处罚;过失犯罪的,应当从轻或者减轻处罚
又聋又哑的人或者盲人犯罪,可以从轻、减轻或者免除处罚
尚未完全丧失辨认或者控制自己行为能力的精神病人犯罪的,应当负刑事责任,但是可以从轻或者减轻处罚 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_162_1.md", "title": "刑法犯罪构成与责任能力", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_162_1.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据《刑法犯罪构成与责任能力》，“主体—自然人”下共有几类责任能力？请全部列出名称。", "answer": "4类：完全刑事责任能力；完全无刑事责任能力；相对无刑事责任能力；减轻刑事责任能力", "evidence": "完全刑事
责任能力 | (1) 年满16周岁的人
(2) 间歇性精神病人精神正常时
(3) 醉酒的人 | 完全无刑事
责任能力 | (1) 不满12周岁的人,一律不负刑事责任,即不满12周岁的人所实施的任何行为,都不构成犯罪
因不满16周岁不予刑事处罚的,责令其父母或者其他监护人加以管教;在必要的时候,依法进行专门矫治教育
(2) 精神病人
精神病人在不能辨认或者不能控制自己行为的时候造成危害结果,经法定程序鉴定确认的,不负刑事责任,但是应当责令他的家属或者监护人严加看管和医疗;在必要的时候,由政府强制医疗 | 相对无刑事
责任能力 | (1)已满12周岁不满14周岁的人,犯故意杀人、故意伤害罪,致人死亡或者以特别残忍手段致人重伤造成严重残疾,情节恶劣,经最高人民检察院核准追诉的,应当负刑事责任
(2)已满14周岁不满16周岁的人,犯故意杀人、故意伤害致人重伤或者死亡、强奸、抢劫、贩卖毒品、放火、爆炸、投放危险物质罪的,应当负刑事责任 | 减轻刑事
责任能力 | 对依法规定追究刑事责任的不满18周岁的人、已满75周岁的人、又聋又哑的人或者盲人、尚未完全丧失辨认或者控制自己行为能力的精神病人
对依法规定追究刑事责任的不满18周岁的人,应当从轻或者减轻处罚
已满75周岁的人故意犯罪的,可以从轻或者减轻处罚;过失犯罪的,应当从轻或者减轻处罚
又聋又哑的人或者盲人犯罪,可以从轻、减轻或者免除处罚
尚未完全丧失辨认或者控制自己行为能力的精神病人犯罪的,应当负刑事责任,但是可以从轻或者减轻处罚 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_162_1.md", "title": "刑法犯罪构成与责任能力", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_162_1.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据《刑法犯罪构成与责任能力》，“主观方面—过失”包括哪两种具体形式？", "answer": "疏忽大意的过失；过于自信的过失", "evidence": "| 过失 | 疏忽大意的
过失 | 应当预见自己的行为可能发生危害社会的结果,因为疏忽大意而没有预见,以致发生这种结果的心理态度 | 过于自信的
过失 | 已经预见自己的行为可能发生危害社会的结果,但轻信能够避免,以致发生这种结果的心理态度 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_162_1.md", "title": "刑法犯罪构成与责任能力", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_162_1.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "结合《刑法犯罪构成与责任能力》，“主体—自然人”各类规定中出现了哪些年龄门槛？请列出所有提及的年龄。", "answer": "12周岁、14周岁、16周岁、18周岁、75周岁", "evidence": "完全刑事
责任能力 | (1) 年满16周岁的人
(2) 间歇性精神病人精神正常时
(3) 醉酒的人 | 完全无刑事
责任能力 | (1) 不满12周岁的人,一律不负刑事责任,即不满12周岁的人所实施的任何行为,都不构成犯罪
因不满16周岁不予刑事处罚的,责令其父母或者其他监护人加以管教;在必要的时候,依法进行专门矫治教育
(2) 精神病人
精神病人在不能辨认或者不能控制自己行为的时候造成危害结果,经法定程序鉴定确认的,不负刑事责任,但是应当责令他的家属或者监护人严加看管和医疗;在必要的时候,由政府强制医疗 | 相对无刑事
责任能力 | (1)已满12周岁不满14周岁的人,犯故意杀人、故意伤害罪,致人死亡或者以特别残忍手段致人重伤造成严重残疾,情节恶劣,经最高人民检察院核准追诉的,应当负刑事责任
(2)已满14周岁不满16周岁的人,犯故意杀人、故意伤害致人重伤或者死亡、强奸、抢劫、贩卖毒品、放火、爆炸、投放危险物质罪的,应当负刑事责任 | 减轻刑事
责任能力 | 对依法规定追究刑事责任的不满18周岁的人、已满75周岁的人、又聋又哑的人或者盲人、尚未完全丧失辨认或者控制自己行为能力的精神病人
对依法规定追究刑事责任的不满18周岁的人,应当从轻或者减轻处罚
已满75周岁的人故意犯罪的,可以从轻或者减轻处罚;过失犯罪的,应当从轻或者减轻处罚
又聋又哑的人或者盲人犯罪,可以从轻、减轻或者免除处罚
尚未完全丧失辨认或者控制自己行为能力的精神病人犯罪的,应当负刑事责任,但是可以从轻或者减轻处罚 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_162_1.md", "title": "刑法犯罪构成与责任能力", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_162_1.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "在《刑法犯罪构成与责任能力》中，表中“客体”这一合并单元格的内容是什么？", "answer": "我国刑法所保护而为犯罪行为所侵犯的社会关系", "evidence": "| 客体 | 我国刑法所保护而为犯罪行为所侵犯的社会关系 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_164_2.md", "title": "感动中国年度人物颁奖辞与事迹", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_164_2.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据《感动中国年度人物颁奖辞与事迹》，请从序号为7的“重点内容”中提取‘事迹:’开头直接出现的人名（含称谓）。", "answer": "吴天一院士", "evidence": "事迹:吴天一院士投身高原医学研究50余年,提出高原病防治的国际标准,开创“藏族适应生理学”研究,诊疗救治了藏族群众上万人。"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_164_2.md", "title": "感动中国年度人物颁奖辞与事迹", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_164_2.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "在《感动中国年度人物颁奖辞与事迹》中，紧接在序号4之后的下一条“重点内容”以哪位人物的姓名开头（破折号前的名字）？", "answer": "顾诵芬", "evidence": "顾诵芬——七十年航空报国的科学家颁奖辞:像静水深流,静水里涌动报国的火,似大象无形,无形中深藏着强国梦。"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_9_1.md", "title": "Reference Table of Measurement Units and Abbreviations", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In Reference Table of Measurement Units and Abbreviations, what is the unit for index 100?", "answer": "摄氏度", "evidence": "100 | 摄氏度 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_34_1.md", "title": "化学品危险性与GHS分类信息表", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_34_1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据化学品危险性与GHS分类信息表，‘1-氨基丙烷’在‘燃烧爆炸特性’栏的内容是什么？请逐字给出。", "answer": "易爆介质;易燃液体,类别2", "evidence": "易爆介质;易燃液体,类别2"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_34_1.md", "title": "化学品危险性与GHS分类信息表", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_34_1.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据化学品危险性与GHS分类信息表，统计‘毒性a,b’字段中包含字符串“III”的化学品数量（区分形似字符），结果是多少？", "answer": "5", "evidence": "III *\nIV/III\nIV/III\n—/III\nIII"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_34_1.md", "title": "化学品危险性与GHS分类信息表", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_34_1.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在化学品危险性与GHS分类信息表中，‘氨’的‘毒性a,b’与‘GHS健康和环境危害类别b’中‘急性毒性-吸入’的等级分别是什么？请逐字给出两处内容。", "answer": "毒性a,b：III *；GHS中‘急性毒性-吸入’：急性毒性-吸入,类别3*", "evidence": "III *\n急性毒性-吸入,类别3*"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_37.md", "title": "2025年前三季度财务数据与股东持股概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_37.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据2025年前三季度财务数据与股东持股概览，“中国工商银行股份有限公司一华夏沪深300交易型开放式指数证券投资基金”在前10名股东持股情况表中的持股数量是多少？", "answer": "119, 131, 400", "evidence": "\n中国工商银行股份有限公司
一华夏沪深300交易型开放式指数证券投资基金 | \n其他 | \n119, 131, 400 | \n0.29 | \n0 | \n无 | \n0 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_37.md", "title": "2025年前三季度财务数据与股东持股概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_37.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据2025年前三季度财务数据与股东持股概览，“加权平均净资产收益率 (%)”年初至报告期末比上年同期的增减变动幅度如何描述？", "answer": "下降 0.59 个百分点", "evidence": "\n| 加权平均净资产收益率 (%) | \n0.27 | \n下降 0.44 个百分点 | \n2.68 | \n下降 0.59 个百分点 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_37.md", "title": "2025年前三季度财务数据与股东持股概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_37.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据2025年前三季度财务数据与股东持股概览，“所有者权益(或股东权益)合计”由“归属于母公司所有者权益(或股东权益)合计”和“少数股东权益”构成；请给出2025年9月30日的“所有者权益(或股东权益)合计”数值。", "answer": "209,658,097", "evidence": "\n| 归属于母公司所有者权益(或股东权益)合计 | \n118,701,564 | \n116,011,181 | \n \n\n| 少数股东权益 | \n90,956,533 | \n89,817,898 | \n \n\n| 所有者权益(或股东权益)合计 | \n209,658,097 | \n205,829,079 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_37.md", "title": "2025年前三季度财务数据与股东持股概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_37.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "根据2025年前三季度财务数据与股东持股概览，在“本报告期末/上年度末”合并表头下，“归属于上市公司股东的所有者权益”在上年度末的数值是多少？", "answer": "116,011,181", "evidence": "\n| 归属于上市公司股东的所有者权益 | \n118,701,564 | \n116,011,181 | \n2.32 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_9_0.md", "title": "2004-2005年电厂系统与控制培训课程安排", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_0.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《2004-2005年电厂系统与控制培训课程安排》中，“ROTORK 执行机构培训”所在行的“讲课人”是否为空？请同时给出该行的序号与“讲课时间”。", "answer": "序号18；讲课人为空；讲课时间2005/12", "evidence": "| 18 | ROTORK 执行机构培训 | | 2005/12 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_9_0.md", "title": "2004-2005年电厂系统与控制培训课程安排", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_0.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《2004-2005年电厂系统与控制培训课程安排》，紧接序号14之后的三项（序号15-17）分别的课题、讲课人、讲课时间是什么？", "answer": "15：SIPOS 5 执行机构培训—王建峰—2005/9；16：AUMA 执行机构培训—李振华—2005/10；17：TSI 技术培训—张神举—2005/11", "evidence": "| 15 | SIPOS 5 执行机构培训 | 王建峰 | 2005/9 | | 16 | AUMA 执行机构培训 | 李振华 | 2005/10 | | 17 | TSI 技术培训 | 张神举 | 2005/11 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_9_0.md", "title": "2004-2005年电厂系统与控制培训课程安排", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_0.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "请统计《2004-2005年电厂系统与控制培训课程安排》中不同“讲课人”的数量，并按姓名列出（忽略空白和重复）。", "answer": "8人：房之栋、张神举、白鹏、马学荣、李振华、王建峰、柴志宏、肖瑞岗", "evidence": "| 1 | 协调系统 | 房之栋 | 2004/11 | | 2 | 发电机定子冷却水 | 张神举 | 2004/12 | | 3 | 发电机密封油系统 | 白鹏 | 2004/12 | | 4 | 燃烧系统 | 马学荣 | 2005/1 | | 6 | 减温水调节系统 | 李振华 | 2005/3 | | 7 | 炉膛负压控制逻辑 | 王建峰 | 2005/3 | | 12 | 化学水仪表培训 | 柴志宏 | 2005/7 | | 13 | 脱硫系统介绍培训 | 肖瑞岗 | 2005/8 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_9_0.md", "title": "2004-2005年电厂系统与控制培训课程安排", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_0.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在《2004-2005年电厂系统与控制培训课程安排》中，精确课题名为“脱硫 FGD 系统逻辑培训”的条目对应的“讲课人”和“讲课时间”是什么？", "answer": "讲课人：肖瑞岗；讲课时间：2005/8", "evidence": "| 14 | 脱硫 FGD 系统逻辑培训 | 肖瑞岗 | 2005/8 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_9_0.md", "title": "2004-2005年电厂系统与控制培训课程安排", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_0.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据《2004-2005年电厂系统与控制培训课程安排》，统计2005年各讲课人的授课次数，找出次数最多者，并列出这些讲课人的全部课题与时间（仅统计2005年）。", "answer": "并列最多（各2次）：房之栋—RB 控制逻辑 2005/4；汽包水位控制系统 2005/6。白鹏—空冷控制逻辑 2005/2；一次调频逻辑控制系统 2005/4。张神举—汽轮机单顺阀切换 2005/5；TSI 技术培训 2005/11。李振华—减温水调节系统 2005/3；AUMA 执行机构培训 2005/10。王建峰—炉膛负压控制逻辑 2005/3；SIPOS 5 执行机构培训 2005/9。肖瑞岗—脱硫系统介绍培训 2005/8；脱硫 FGD 系统逻辑培训 2005/8。", "evidence": "| 8 | RB 控制逻辑 | 房之栋 | 2005/4 | | 11 | 汽包水位控制系统 | 房之栋 | 2005/6 | | 5 | 空冷控制逻辑 | 白鹏 | 2005/2 | | 9 | 一次调频逻辑控制系统 | 白鹏 | 2005/4 | | 10 | 汽轮机单顺阀切换 | 张神举 | 2005/5 | | 17 | TSI 技术培训 | 张神举 | 2005/11 | | 6 | 减温水调节系统 | 李振华 | 2005/3 | | 16 | AUMA 执行机构培训 | 李振华 | 2005/10 | | 7 | 炉膛负压控制逻辑 | 王建峰 | 2005/3 | | 15 | SIPOS 5 执行机构培训 | 王建峰 | 2005/9 | | 13 | 脱硫系统介绍培训 | 肖瑞岗 | 2005/8 | | 14 | 脱硫 FGD 系统逻辑培训 | 肖瑞岗 | 2005/8 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_159_0.md", "title": "新媒体用户采纳意愿影响因素研究综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_159_0.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《新媒体用户采纳意愿影响因素研究综述》中，职业状况带“*”标记的研究里，样本量最大的作者是谁？", "answer": "韩敏", "evidence": "| 3 | 宋之杰等 | 2015 | 政务微信公众号用户采纳研究 | 43.560 | 225 | 84.920 | 40.670* | 感知有用性、相容性 | \n| 6 | 郭燕 | 2018 | 手机新闻用户采纳行为研究 | 56.100 | 303 | 51.670* | 42.170* | 易用性、有用性、内容质量 | \n| 16 | 韩敏 | 2021 | 健康科普短视频信息采纳研究 | 38.300 | 554 | 82.930 | 25.050* | 信息质量、信源可信度、感知威胁、感知有用性 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_159_0.md", "title": "新媒体用户采纳意愿影响因素研究综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_159_0.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《新媒体用户采纳意愿影响因素研究综述》，序号为8和9两项研究的样本量之和是多少？", "answer": "797", "evidence": "| 8 | 陈小霖 | 2019 | 健康类微信公众号用户信息采纳意愿影响因素研究 | 44.900 | 485 | 66.700 | 12.000 | 社会影响、信任、感知风险、来源可信度、信息质量 | \n| 9 | 王刚 | 2019 | 微信公众号健康信息采纳意愿影响因素研究 | 51.600 | 312 | 66.000 | 62.800 | 感知威胁严重性、感知威胁易感性、信任、健康信息质量、信源可信度 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_159_0.md", "title": "新媒体用户采纳意愿影响因素研究综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_159_0.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据《新媒体用户采纳意愿影响因素研究综述》，受教育程度为“22.280*”的研究，其职业状况是多少？", "answer": "0.000", "evidence": "| 13 | 王钰沂 | 2020 | 我国老年群体的微信采纳影响因素研究——以宜昌市为例 | 47.800 | 209 | 22.280* | 0.000 | 主观规范、感知风险、感知易用性、兼容性 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_159_0.md", "title": "新媒体用户采纳意愿影响因素研究综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_159_0.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《新媒体用户采纳意愿影响因素研究综述》中，满足“影响因素包含‘感知易用性’或‘易用性’且性别小于50”的研究，请按年份升序列出作者姓名。", "answer": "丁凯；谢泽航等；王钰沂；董梦霞；李青", "evidence": "| 2 | 丁凯 | 2015 | 大学生自媒体使用意愿影响因素及对高校网络宣教的启示 | 48.660 | 254 | 100.000 | 100.000 | 感知有用性、感知易用性、主观规范、兼容性 | \n| 11 | 谢泽航等 | 2020 | 基于ELM-SEM模型的政务短视频受众采纳意愿研究 | 47.500 | 440 | 91.820 | 52.050 | 有用性、趣味性、易用性、信源可信度、社会影响 | \n| 13 | 王钰沂 | 2020 | 我国老年群体的微信采纳影响因素研究——以宜昌市为例 | 47.800 | 209 | 22.280* | 0.000 | 主观规范、感知风险、感知易用性、兼容性 | \n| 17 | 董梦霞 | 2021 | 公众参与政务短视频意愿的影响因素研究 | 48.000 | 300 | 48.190 | 18.000 | 感知有用性、感知易用性、主观规范 | \n| 18 | 李青 | 2021 | 自媒体营销中消费者信息采纳行为影响因素研究 | 48.200 | 454 | 82.800 | 42.100 | 感知娱乐性、感知信任、感知有用性、感知易用性、社会影响 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_39.md", "title": "2024年财务表现与研发项目进度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_39.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《2024年财务表现与研发项目进度》中，请分别给出“2-硝基-4-甲砜基苯甲酸的催化剂、溶剂及连续化工艺技术开发研究”的“项目目的”和“预计对公司未来发展的影响”的完整文本。", "answer": "项目目的：作为公司主要产品的关键原料，开发其新的清洁工艺，从催化剂合成、硝化和氧化连续化等方面开展绿色清洁新技术的工艺开发研究。；预计对公司未来发展的影响：公司采用自主开发新工艺的连续化反应技术，通过优化工艺物料比、控制条件及过程监控、采用创新的反应器等方案，提供硝化、氧化的本质反应安全，实现了工艺收率稳定、三废数量大大降低。从生产到后处理环节实现自动化控制、对可能存在的风险通过连锁控制进行预防。目前该产品采用的连续化工艺处于国内领先地位。", "evidence": "| 2-硝基-4-甲砜基苯甲酸的催化剂、溶剂及连续化工艺技术开发研究 | 作为公司主要产品的关键原料，开发其新的清洁工艺，从催化剂合成、硝化和氧化连续化等方面开展绿色清洁新技术的工艺开发研究。 | 项目中试研究阶段 | 创新性的使用新的连续化反应方式进行硝化及氧化反应，优化了氧化后产品的后处理方案，提高产品质量。同时也开发新工艺关键催化剂的合成研究。 | 公司采用自主开发新工艺的连续化反应技术，通过优化工艺物料比、控制条件及过程监控、采用创新的反应器等方案，提供硝化、氧化的本质反应安全，实现了工艺收率稳定、三废数量大大降低。从生产到后处理环节实现自动化控制、对可能存在的风险通过连锁控制进行预防。目前该产品采用的连续化工艺处于国内领先地位。 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_39.md", "title": "2024年财务表现与研发项目进度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_39.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《2024年财务表现与研发项目进度》，请给出“4000 吨/年嘧菌酯原药连续化工艺工程技术开发研究”的“所处阶段/项目进展”。", "answer": "车间建设及设备安装完成， 水试车完毕， 达到预定可使用状态。", "evidence": "| 4000 吨/年嘧菌酯原药连续化工艺工程技术开发研究 | 针对产品的产能、连续化工艺、工程、三废等进行绿色清洁新技术的工艺开发研究。 | 车间建设及设备安装完成， 水试车完毕， 达到预定可使用状态。 | 产能目标， 达到 4000 吨/年；质量目标， 原药含量 ≥98%；三废目标， 达到预期三废处理要求指标；主工段采用连续操作的方式， 溶剂回收部分采用连续操作方式、后处理工序除过滤操作为间歇操作外，其他均采用连续操作方式。 | 本项目的实施， 在工艺方面进行了全面的技术创新， 采用了清洁生产工艺以及连续化自动化装置， 基本实施连续化、自动化生产， 对降低安全风险、减少废水、废气的产生和产品规模方面均具有突出作用。 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_39.md", "title": "2024年财务表现与研发项目进度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_39.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "在《2024年财务表现与研发项目进度》中，2024年“营业外收入”减去“营业外支出”的差额是多少？", "answer": "-9,548,244.91", "evidence": "| 营业外收入 | 5,950,140.66 | 0.10% | 8,051,218.01 | 0.14% | -26.10% | | 营业外支出 | 15,498,385.57 | 0.27% | 11,568,939.96 | 0.20% | 33.97% | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_39.md", "title": "2024年财务表现与研发项目进度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_39.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据《2024年财务表现与研发项目进度》，请给出“15000 吨/年精异丙甲草胺连续化清洁生产技术”的“预计对公司未来发展的影响”。", "answer": "本项目的投产与应用，在提高或保持相同药效的前提下，将减少近半数的农田除草剂用量，对保障农业生产和保护生态环境具有重要意义。", "evidence": "| 15000 吨/年精异丙甲草胺连续化清洁生产技术 | 对产品的产能、连续化工艺、工程、三废等进行绿色清洁新技术的工艺开发研究 | 达到预定可使用状态 | 产能目标，15000 吨/年，质量目标含量 ≥98%，有效减少能耗、降低成本；建成15000 吨/年清洁化生产装置。 | 本项目的投产与应用，在提高或保持相同药效的前提下，将减少近半数的农田除草剂用量，对保障农业生产和保护生态环境具有重要意义。 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_39.md", "title": "2024年财务表现与研发项目进度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_39.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《2024年财务表现与研发项目进度》中，包含“连续化”一词的研发项目共有几个？分别是哪些项目名称？", "answer": "共有3个项目，分别是：4000 吨/年嘧菌酯原药连续化工艺工程技术开发研究；2-硝基-4-甲砜基苯甲酸的催化剂、溶剂及连续化工艺技术开发研究；15000 吨/年精异丙甲草胺连续化清洁生产技术。", "evidence": "| 4000 吨/年嘧菌酯原药连续化工艺工程技术开发研究 | 针对产品的产能、连续化工艺、工程、三废等进行绿色清洁新技术的工艺开发研究。 | 车间建设及设备安装完成， 水试车完毕， 达到预定可使用状态。 | 产能目标， 达到 4000 吨/年；质量目标， 原药含量 ≥98%；三废目标， 达到预期三废处理要求指标；主工段采用连续操作的方式， 溶剂回收部分采用连续操作方式、后处理工序除过滤操作为间歇操作外，其他均采用连续操作方式。 | 本项目的实施， 在工艺方面进行了全面的技术创新， 采用了清洁生产工艺以及连续化自动化装置， 基本实施连续化、自动化生产， 对降低安全风险、减少废水、废气的产生和产品规模方面均具有突出作用。 | | 2-硝基-4-甲砜基苯甲酸的催化剂、溶剂及连续化工艺技术开发研究 | 作为公司主要产品的关键原料，开发其新的清洁工艺，从催化剂合成、硝化和氧化连续化等方面开展绿色清洁新技术的工艺开发研究。 | 项目中试研究阶段 | 创新性的使用新的连续化反应方式进行硝化及氧化反应，优化了氧化后产品的后处理方案，提高产品质量。同时也开发新工艺关键催化剂的合成研究。 | 公司采用自主开发新工艺的连续化反应技术，通过优化工艺物料比、控制条件及过程监控、采用创新的反应器等方案，提供硝化、氧化的本质反应安全，实现了工艺收率稳定、三废数量大大降低。从生产到后处理环节实现自动化控制、对可能存在的风险通过连锁控制进行预防。目前该产品采用的连续化工艺处于国内领先地位。 | | 15000 吨/年精异丙甲草胺连续化清洁生产技术 | 对产品的产能、连续化工艺、工程、三废等进行绿色清洁新技术的工艺开发研究 | 达到预定可使用状态 | 产能目标，15000 吨/年，质量目标含量 ≥98%，有效减少能耗、降低成本；建成15000 吨/年清洁化生产装置。 | 本项目的投产与应用，在提高或保持相同药效的前提下，将减少近半数的农田除草剂用量，对保障农业生产和保护生态环境具有重要意义。 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_wide_39.md", "title": "2024年财务表现与研发项目进度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_wide_39.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "根据《2024年财务表现与研发项目进度》，请同时给出“净利润”在2024年的“金额”、2023年的“金额”以及“变动比例%”。", "answer": "2024年金额：-595,980,085.88；2023年金额：91,174,238.94；变动比例%：-753.67%。", "evidence": "| 净利润 | -595,980,085.88 | -10.22% | 91,174,238.94 | 1.55% | -753.67% | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_165_0.md", "title": "政务治理规范词汇及适用场景", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_165_0.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《政务治理规范词汇及适用场景》中，包含“基层减负”的这一表格的两列列名分别是什么？", "answer": "规范词汇 | 适用场景", "evidence": "规范词汇 | 适用场景 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_165_0.md", "title": "政务治理规范词汇及适用场景", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_165_0.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《政务治理规范词汇及适用场景》，“乱作为”后紧接的下一条规范词汇是什么？", "answer": "分类归档/归类建档", "evidence": "| 乱作为 | 权力任性使用、存在瞎指挥、乱拍板等问题 | | 分类归档/归类建档 | 根据文件的来源、创建时间、内容等方面的异同,将它们分成若干类别并保存备案 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_165_0.md", "title": "政务治理规范词汇及适用场景", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_165_0.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "在《政务治理规范词汇及适用场景》中，包含“精准”二字的规范词汇共有几项？请按原出现顺序给出它们各自的适用场景（用“;”分隔）。", "answer": "3；坚持按照因人、因地、因事而采取不同的政策、措施;缺什么就补什么,扶贫扶到点上、扶到根上;精准发现问题、精准识别问题、精准进行处置、处罚", "evidence": "| 精准施策 | 坚持按照因人、因地、因事而采取不同的政策、措施 | | 服务清单 | 将服务的对象、服务的项目、服务的标准等,都一一罗列出来 | | 联防联控 | 各地要进一步加强和完善部门间和区域间的联合防控工作 | | 群防群治 | 在各级党委、政府领导和专门机关指导下,群众自己组织起来,预防和治理违法犯罪活动 | | 惩罚性赔偿 | 弥补过去故意侵权行为造成的损失之外,法律还要求被告缴纳更多处罚金 | | 多管齐下 | 某项工作涉及多个部门,这些部门采用众多措施,一起参与这项工作 | | 精准扶贫 | 缺什么就补什么,扶贫扶到点上、扶到根上 | | 社会扶贫 | 动员企业和社会各界力量参与扶贫 | | 精准问责 | 精准发现问题、精准识别问题、精准进行处置、处罚 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_165_0.md", "title": "政务治理规范词汇及适用场景", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_165_0.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《政务治理规范词汇及适用场景》中，包含“基层”二字的规范词汇共有几项？请按原出现顺序列出它们的规范词汇（用“;”分隔）。", "answer": "4；强化基层法治;夯实基层德治;基层管理组织涣散;基层减负", "evidence": "| 强化基层法治 | 在基层尊崇法治思维和法治方式,以此推动基层社会治理 | | 执法不严 | 执法时“睁一只眼,闭一只眼” | | 一刀切/简单粗暴 | 政府不考虑对象、情况的不同,都采取统一的、强制性的做法 | | 干部追求政绩/错误的政绩观 | 部分政府官员好大喜功,只顾“面子”,不顾“里子”;喜欢招大商、大项目、形象工程等 | | 管理权责不明 | 谁来主管、谁来执行、各自管哪些等都还不明确 | | 转变政府职能 | 政府担负的职责和所发挥的功能、作用的范围、内容、方式发生变化 | | 强化领导责任 | 让各级领导负起各自应该承担的责任 | | 一站式服务/一站式办理 | 去某个窗口/服务厅全部当场办结多项业务;办理业务只需要“只跑一趟”“只去一个地方” | | 及时性/及时回复、处理 | 第一时间/马上/立刻做××事,必须在××小时内进行回复、处理 | | 专项整治/专项治理 | 针对一个问题、事件开展的打击、治理行为 | | 信息闭塞/信息壁垒/缺乏沟通机制 | 各组织、团体、机构之间信息不通畅,各自行事 | | 前瞻性/预见性 | 一项政策、决定考虑到了事物的发展,顾及到了以后 | | 相关部门配合/联合执法 | 材料中涉及多个主体联合处理同一件事情,各主体之间有配合、互相帮助等情况 | | 信息公开不全面 | 在政府网站上查找某些应透明的信息却找不到 | | 乱作为 | 权力任性使用、存在瞎指挥、乱拍板等问题 | | 分类归档/归类建档 | 根据文件的来源、创建时间、内容等方面的异同,将它们分成若干类别并保存备案 | | 不作为 | 松弛懒散、推诿扯皮、“踢皮球”、玩忽职守、工作消极、得过且过、贪图安逸、明哲保身 | | 夯实基层德治 | 注重发挥家教、家风、道德在基层治理中的作用 | | 政企合作 | 政府还与“××”公司合作 | | 放宽信息共享权限 | 之前公共服务数据查询功能不对外开放,现在由于打造了“智慧云”平台,老百姓凭借个人身份信息也有权访问查询了 | | 数字化管理 | 启动互联网大数据系统进行管理 | | 重建轻管/重建设,轻管理 | 很多城市在城市建设上花费了巨大人力物力,而建成后却没精力、没人来管了 | | 实事求是 | 对于群众反映的问题,不回避、不遮掩 | | 网格化管理 | 将管辖地域划分成若干网状单元格,并对每一单元格实施动态、全方位管理 | | 基层管理组织涣散 | 村党组织处于半瘫痪状态,几乎不开党员大会、不过组织生活 | | 建立退出机制 | 将失信情节严重、性质恶劣的基层干部,清除出公务员队伍。 | | 督查频繁 | 各项督查检查总是隔三岔五就来,工作人员反映检查过多过频 | | 问责滥用 | 现在的问责状态是“下面一颗钉,上面千把锤。随时可能挨一锤,就是不知谁先锤” | | 缺乏执法权限 | 一些地方的环保部门在看到企业超标排污时也没有更好的办法,因为环保部门本身没有停电停水、责令企业关停的权力 | | 科学防治 | 相信科学、依靠科学,尊重科学规律来防御治理 | | 平衡利益诉求 | 要尽量满足各方代表的要求,努力实现共赢,寻求各方需求最大“公约数” | | 精准施策 | 坚持按照因人、因地、因事而采取不同的政策、措施 | | 服务清单 | 将服务的对象、服务的项目、服务的标准等,都一一罗列出来 | | 联防联控 | 各地要进一步加强和完善部门间和区域间的联合防控工作 | | 群防群治 | 在各级党委、政府领导和专门机关指导下,群众自己组织起来,预防和治理违法犯罪活动 | | 惩罚性赔偿 | 弥补过去故意侵权行为造成的损失之外,法律还要求被告缴纳更多处罚金 | | 多管齐下 | 某项工作涉及多个部门,这些部门采用众多措施,一起参与这项工作 | | 精准扶贫 | 缺什么就补什么,扶贫扶到点上、扶到根上 | | 社会扶贫 | 动员企业和社会各界力量参与扶贫 | | 精准问责 | 精准发现问题、精准识别问题、精准进行处置、处罚 | | 公正执法 | 对于触犯法律的领导干部,不能因为其位高权重就睁一只眼,闭一只眼,要严格处理 | | 构建公平用人机制 | 在选拔干部时不能任人唯亲、不能靠裙带关系,要唯才是举、要同等对待、不分厚薄 | | 基层减负 | 减少基层干部的工作量、减轻他们身上的责任,把基层干部从一些无谓的事物中抽出来 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_tiny_text_32.md", "title": "全国生态保护修复分区及建设重点", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_tiny_text_32.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据全国生态保护修复分区及建设重点，在“04辽河平原生态综合治理区”中，与辽宁共享同一“建设重点”且县数为14的省份是哪一个？", "answer": "吉林", "evidence": "| 04辽河平原生态综合治理区 | 辽宁 | 27 | 沈阳市浑南区、苏家屯区、沈北新区、于洪区、辽中区、新民市、法库县, 鞍山市台安县,抚顺市顺城区、东洲区,本溪市平山区、溪湖区,锦州市太和区、北镇市、黑山县、义县,阜新市清河门区,辽阳市弓长岭区、太子河区、灯塔市、辽阳县,铁岭市银州区、清河区、调兵山市、开原市、铁岭县、西丰县 | 治坡与治沟相结合,构建水土保持林草带,推进东辽河上游中低山区、辽河中上游丘陵沟壑区水土流失治理。推进杨树林更新改造,开展松材线虫病等重大有害生物综合防治。加快通道绿化、农田林网建设和景观提升,构筑辽河流域生态走廊。统筹发展塞外红、大果沙棘、仁用杏、文冠果等林果,培育樟子松、槭树、元宝枫和水曲柳等储备林,建设羊草、冰草、披碱草、沙打旺、紫花苜蓿等牧草基地。 | | 吉林 | 14 | 长春市南关区、宽城区、朝阳区、二道区、双阳区、公主岭市,吉林市永吉县,四平市铁西区、铁东区、伊通满族自治县,辽源市龙山区、西安区、东丰县、东辽县 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_tiny_text_32.md", "title": "全国生态保护修复分区及建设重点", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_tiny_text_32.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "在全国生态保护修复分区及建设重点的“06燕山太行山海河上源保护治理区”中，共包含哪些省级行政区？请按表中顺序全部列出名称。", "answer": "北京、天津、河北、山西、内蒙古、辽宁", "evidence": "| 06燕山太行山海河上源保护治理区 | 北京 | 7 | 门头沟区、房山区、昌平区、怀柔区、平谷区、密云区、延庆区 | 加强华北落叶松、油松、蒙古栎、枫桦等天然植被恢复与修复提质,注重乔灌混交配置,构筑京津冀水源涵养带。推行窄林带、小网格,恢复沟道矿山植被,建设风沙防护带。加强退化草原修复、重要物种栖息地和生境保护。在山沟和山前冲积台地发展板栗、核桃等特色林果,打造重要的经济林产业带。 | | 天津 | 1 | 蓟州区 | | 河北 | 43 | 石家庄市井陉矿区、鹿泉区、井陉县、行唐县、灵寿县、赞皇县、平山县、元氏县,唐山市遵化市,秦皇岛市抚宁区、青龙满族自治县,邯郸市武安市,邢台市信都区、沙河市、临城县、内丘县,保定市满城区、徐水区、涞水县、阜平县、唐县、涞源县、易县、曲阳县,张家口市宣化区、下花园区、万全区、崇礼区、蔚县、阳原县、怀安县、怀来县、涿鹿县、赤城县,承德市双桥区、双滦区、鹰手营子矿区、平泉市、承德县、兴隆县、滦平县、隆化县、宽城满族自治县 | | 山西 | 2 | 大同市广灵县、灵丘县 | | 内蒙古 | 1 | 赤峰市宁城县 | | 辽宁 | 7 | 朝阳市双塔区、龙城区、凌源市、朝阳县、建平县、喀喇沁左翼蒙古族自治县、葫芦岛市建昌县 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_tiny_text_32.md", "title": "全国生态保护修复分区及建设重点", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_tiny_text_32.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据全国生态保护修复分区及建设重点，“06燕山太行山海河上源保护治理区”六个省级行政区的“县数”合计是多少？", "answer": "61", "evidence": "| 06燕山太行山海河上源保护治理区 | 北京 | 7 | 门头沟区、房山区、昌平区、怀柔区、平谷区、密云区、延庆区 | 加强华北落叶松、油松、蒙古栎、枫桦等天然植被恢复与修复提质,注重乔灌混交配置,构筑京津冀水源涵养带。推行窄林带、小网格,恢复沟道矿山植被,建设风沙防护带。加强退化草原修复、重要物种栖息地和生境保护。在山沟和山前冲积台地发展板栗、核桃等特色林果,打造重要的经济林产业带。 | | 天津 | 1 | 蓟州区 | | 河北 | 43 | 石家庄市井陉矿区、鹿泉区、井陉县、行唐县、灵寿县、赞皇县、平山县、元氏县,唐山市遵化市,秦皇岛市抚宁区、青龙满族自治县,邯郸市武安市,邢台市信都区、沙河市、临城县、内丘县,保定市满城区、徐水区、涞水县、阜平县、唐县、涞源县、易县、曲阳县,张家口市宣化区、下花园区、万全区、崇礼区、蔚县、阳原县、怀安县、怀来县、涿鹿县、赤城县,承德市双桥区、双滦区、鹰手营子矿区、平泉市、承德县、兴隆县、滦平县、隆化县、宽城满族自治县 | | 山西 | 2 | 大同市广灵县、灵丘县 | | 内蒙古 | 1 | 赤峰市宁城县 | | 辽宁 | 7 | 朝阳市双塔区、龙城区、凌源市、朝阳县、建平县、喀喇沁左翼蒙古族自治县、葫芦岛市建昌县 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_tiny_text_32.md", "title": "全国生态保护修复分区及建设重点", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_tiny_text_32.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据全国生态保护修复分区及建设重点，在“05长白山西麓森林生态保育区”中，黑龙江对应的“建设重点”是否包含“恢复地带性红松阔叶混交林”？请回答“是”或“否”。", "answer": "是", "evidence": "| 05长白山西麓森林生态保育区 | 辽宁 | 10 | 鞍山市岫岩满族自治县,抚顺市抚顺县、新宾满族自治县、清原满族自治县,本溪市明山区、南芬区、本溪满族自治县、桓仁满族自治县,丹东市凤城市、宽甸满族自治县 | 推进辽东重要水源地、长白山主脉森林保护修复,严格保护中温带天然针阔混交林。推进次生栎类林修复提质、松类林抚育和老化柞树林更新改造,恢复地带性红松阔叶混交林。在农林过渡带加强坡耕地和侵蚀沟综合治理,治理丘陵漫岗水土流失。加强江河源头、重要水源地以及镜泊湖、松花湖、红石湖、白山湖等重要湖泊保护。培育红松、东北红豆杉、水曲柳、胡桃楸等珍贵树种,积极发展红松等果材兼用林。 | | 吉林 | 19 | 吉林市丰满区、蛟河市、桦甸市、磐石市,通化市东昌区、二道江区、梅河口市、集安市、通化县、辉南县、柳河县,白山市浑江区、江源区、临江市、抚松县、靖宇县、长白朝鲜族自治县,延边朝鲜族自治州敦化市、安图县 | | 黑龙江 | 19 | 鸡西市鸡冠区、恒山区、滴道区、梨树区、城子河区、麻山区、鸡东县,七台河市桃山区、勃利县,牡丹江市东安区、阳明区、爱民区、西安区、绥芬河市、海林市、宁安市、穆棱市、东宁市、林口县 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_tiny_text_32.md", "title": "全国生态保护修复分区及建设重点", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_tiny_text_32.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据全国生态保护修复分区及建设重点，在“06燕山太行山海河上源保护治理区”中，县数最少的两个省级行政区分别是什么？各自对应的“县（市、区、旗）名称”是什么？", "answer": "天津：蓟州区；内蒙古：赤峰市宁城县", "evidence": "| 06燕山太行山海河上源保护治理区 | 北京 | 7 | 门头沟区、房山区、昌平区、怀柔区、平谷区、密云区、延庆区 | 加强华北落叶松、油松、蒙古栎、枫桦等天然植被恢复与修复提质,注重乔灌混交配置,构筑京津冀水源涵养带。推行窄林带、小网格,恢复沟道矿山植被,建设风沙防护带。加强退化草原修复、重要物种栖息地和生境保护。在山沟和山前冲积台地发展板栗、核桃等特色林果,打造重要的经济林产业带。 | | 天津 | 1 | 蓟州区 | | 河北 | 43 | 石家庄市井陉矿区、鹿泉区、井陉县、行唐县、灵寿县、赞皇县、平山县、元氏县,唐山市遵化市,秦皇岛市抚宁区、青龙满族自治县,邯郸市武安市,邢台市信都区、沙河市、临城县、内丘县,保定市满城区、徐水区、涞水县、阜平县、唐县、涞源县、易县、曲阳县,张家口市宣化区、下花园区、万全区、崇礼区、蔚县、阳原县、怀安县、怀来县、涿鹿县、赤城县,承德市双桥区、双滦区、鹰手营子矿区、平泉市、承德县、兴隆县、滦平县、隆化县、宽城满族自治县 | | 山西 | 2 | 大同市广灵县、灵丘县 | | 内蒙古 | 1 | 赤峰市宁城县 | | 辽宁 | 7 | 朝阳市双塔区、龙城区、凌源市、朝阳县、建平县、喀喇沁左翼蒙古族自治县、葫芦岛市建昌县 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_36.md", "title": "建筑工程施工各阶段质量控制要点与措施", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_36.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据《建筑工程施工各阶段质量控制要点与措施》，施工准备阶段的“控制措施”第4条的完整表述是什么？", "answer": "4、落实各工种人员素质和机具完成状态", "evidence": "4、落实各工种人员素质和机具完成状态"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_36.md", "title": "建筑工程施工各阶段质量控制要点与措施", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_36.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "在《建筑工程施工各阶段质量控制要点与措施》中，砌体工程阶段的“控制要点”第5条的完整内容是什么？", "answer": "5、当围护墙或间隔墙的水平长度大于5米时,应在墙端划墙中加设构造柱,当墙高大于4米时,需在墙半高处设置钢筋砼腰带一道", "evidence": "5、当围护墙或间隔墙的水平长度大于5米时,应在墙端划墙中加设构造柱,当墙高大于4米时,需在墙半高处设置钢筋砼腰带一道"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_36.md", "title": "建筑工程施工各阶段质量控制要点与措施", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_36.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据《建筑工程施工各阶段质量控制要点与措施》，“水、电、暖及设备安装阶段”包含的所有“工作内容”子项有哪些？", "answer": "配合土建施工阶段；毛坯阶段；安装阶段(配合装修进行水电安装)；调试阶段", "evidence": "| 7 | 水、电、暖及设备安装阶段 | 配合土建施工阶段 | 1、配合土建和结构施工,暗埋电气的配管和接线盒的位置走向2、配合土建施工要求楼板和墙面上预留给排水或予埋给排水套管 | 严密性4、暗管弯头不能多于2个,弯头处不得有瘤5、检查楼板,墙面予留孔埋管的位置尺寸6、现场检查予埋件的防腐处理 | \n\n| 毛坯阶段 | 1、管道井立管安装固定2、各层支管管径、位置、排水流向、坡度3、暖通管道的位置、数量、热气阀、控制阀4、管道井内固定架牢固 | 1、审查各种管材合格证2、按图核查管道井内管道排水位置及固定3、检查排水管道接口的密封性,水流方向,坡度4、检查暖气管道,装配质量。6、检查井内固定架焊接质量和位置 | \n\n\n| 安装阶段(配合装修进行水电安装) | 1、电气面板,插座位置2、各类灯具位置选用和安装3、卫生洁具造型、安装、位置、成品保护 | 1、电气面板插座、灯具、卫生洁具、经联合选择后,把样品、合格证、技术资料保存在监理部2、电气面板,插座安装和装修同步配合施工3、装修前进行管道通水试验4、成品保护,防止电气板插座、灯具、卫生洁具破坏 | \n\n\n| 调试阶段 | 1、给水管道试验2、排水系统通水试渗漏,地漏流水坡向3、电气系统通电,有无泄漏4、避雷系统接地试验5、弱电系统试验 | 1、调试阶段实行旁站监理,做好记录2、调试是安装工程的最后阶段,对整个工程能否正常使用起关键作用3、审查安装单位编写的试压试验和试车方案4、核查安装单位所用测试仪器是否通过计量部门审验5、有特殊要求的安装项目,如:消防、电梯、电讯、有线电视等测试时还应邀请有关部门参加 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_36.md", "title": "建筑工程施工各阶段质量控制要点与措施", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_36.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在《建筑工程施工各阶段质量控制要点与措施》中，智能化系统的安装阶段（配合装修进行水、电安装）的“控制要点”中，要求设备需要提供哪些文件或资料？", "answer": "1.智能化设备应提供质量合格证检测报告及安装、使用、维护说明书。2.由系统集成商编制的用户应用软件,应满足多项功能测试。", "evidence": " | | 安装阶段(配合装修进行水、电安装) | 1.智能化设备应提供质量合格证检测报告及安装、使用、维护说明书。2.由系统集成商编制的用户应用软件,应满足多项功能测试。 | 1.对信息插座的安装应特别旁站监理；2.系统调试时应与业主谨慎选用测试仪；3.成品保护。 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_36.md", "title": "建筑工程施工各阶段质量控制要点与措施", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_36.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "在《建筑工程施工各阶段质量控制要点与措施》中，“水、电、暖及设备安装阶段”的序号是多少？其下包含的四个“工作内容”分别是什么？", "answer": "序号7；配合土建施工阶段、毛坯阶段、安装阶段(配合装修进行水电安装)、调试阶段", "evidence": "| 7 | 水、电、暖及设备安装阶段 | 配合土建施工阶段 | 1、配合土建和结构施工,暗埋电气的配管和接线盒的位置走向2、配合土建施工要求楼板和墙面上预留给排水或予埋给排水套管 | 严密性4、暗管弯头不能多于2个,弯头处不得有瘤5、检查楼板,墙面予留孔埋管的位置尺寸6、现场检查予埋件的防腐处理 | \n\n| 毛坯阶段 | 1、管道井立管安装固定2、各层支管管径、位置、排水流向、坡度3、暖通管道的位置、数量、热气阀、控制阀4、管道井内固定架牢固 | 1、审查各种管材合格证2、按图核查管道井内管道排水位置及固定3、检查排水管道接口的密封性,水流方向,坡度4、检查暖气管道,装配质量。6、检查井内固定架焊接质量和位置 | \n\n\n| 安装阶段(配合装修进行水电安装) | 1、电气面板,插座位置2、各类灯具位置选用和安装3、卫生洁具造型、安装、位置、成品保护 | 1、电气面板插座、灯具、卫生洁具、经联合选择后,把样品、合格证、技术资料保存在监理部2、电气面板,插座安装和装修同步配合施工3、装修前进行管道通水试验4、成品保护,防止电气板插座、灯具、卫生洁具破坏 | \n\n\n| 调试阶段 | 1、给水管道试验2、排水系统通水试渗漏,地漏流水坡向3、电气系统通电,有无泄漏4、避雷系统接地试验5、弱电系统试验 | 1、调试阶段实行旁站监理,做好记录2、调试是安装工程的最后阶段,对整个工程能否正常使用起关键作用3、审查安装单位编写的试压试验和试车方案4、核查安装单位所用测试仪器是否通过计量部门审验5、有特殊要求的安装项目,如:消防、电梯、电讯、有线电视等测试时还应邀请有关部门参加 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_163_0.md", "title": "通告、通报与通知的区别与适用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_163_0.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据《通告、通报与通知的区别与适用》，“作用”一项中与“通报”对应的完整内容是什么？请原文给出。", "answer": "可以用于奖惩有关单位或人员", "evidence": " | 通告 | 通报 | 通知 |
|---|
| 告知对象 | 全体组织和群众, 所宣布的事项具有法规性、政策性和约束性 | 上级机关把工作情况或带有指导性的经验教训通报下级单位或部门, 受文单位只能是制发机关的所属单位或部门 | 一般只通过某种公文交流渠道, 传达至有关部门、单位或人员, 它所告知的对象是有限的 | | 制发时间 | 制发于事前 | 制发于事后 | 制发于事前 | | 目的 | 在一定范围内必须遵守的事项, 有着较强的、直接的和具体的约束力 | 通过典型事例或重要情况的传达, 向全体下属进行宣传教育或沟通信息, 以指导、推动今后的工作, 没有工作的具体部署与安排 | 主要是通过具体事项的安排, 要求下级机关在工作中照此执行或办理 | | 作用 | 不能用于奖惩 | 可以用于奖惩有关单位或人员 | 不能用于奖惩 |
"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_163_0.md", "title": "通告、通报与通知的区别与适用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_163_0.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "在《通告、通报与通知的区别与适用》中，请把“作用”为“不能用于奖惩”的两类文种对应的“目的”原文并按列头顺序列出。", "answer": "在一定范围内必须遵守的事项, 有着较强的、直接的和具体的约束力；主要是通过具体事项的安排, 要求下级机关在工作中照此执行或办理", "evidence": " | 通告 | 通报 | 通知 |
|---|
| 告知对象 | 全体组织和群众, 所宣布的事项具有法规性、政策性和约束性 | 上级机关把工作情况或带有指导性的经验教训通报下级单位或部门, 受文单位只能是制发机关的所属单位或部门 | 一般只通过某种公文交流渠道, 传达至有关部门、单位或人员, 它所告知的对象是有限的 | | 制发时间 | 制发于事前 | 制发于事后 | 制发于事前 | | 目的 | 在一定范围内必须遵守的事项, 有着较强的、直接的和具体的约束力 | 通过典型事例或重要情况的传达, 向全体下属进行宣传教育或沟通信息, 以指导、推动今后的工作, 没有工作的具体部署与安排 | 主要是通过具体事项的安排, 要求下级机关在工作中照此执行或办理 | | 作用 | 不能用于奖惩 | 可以用于奖惩有关单位或人员 | 不能用于奖惩 |
"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_163_0.md", "title": "通告、通报与通知的区别与适用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_163_0.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据《通告、通报与通知的区别与适用》，哪些文种同时满足“制发时间”为“制发于事前”且“作用”为“不能用于奖惩”？按列头顺序回答。", "answer": "通告、通知", "evidence": " | 通告 | 通报 | 通知 |
|---|
| 告知对象 | 全体组织和群众, 所宣布的事项具有法规性、政策性和约束性 | 上级机关把工作情况或带有指导性的经验教训通报下级单位或部门, 受文单位只能是制发机关的所属单位或部门 | 一般只通过某种公文交流渠道, 传达至有关部门、单位或人员, 它所告知的对象是有限的 | | 制发时间 | 制发于事前 | 制发于事后 | 制发于事前 | | 目的 | 在一定范围内必须遵守的事项, 有着较强的、直接的和具体的约束力 | 通过典型事例或重要情况的传达, 向全体下属进行宣传教育或沟通信息, 以指导、推动今后的工作, 没有工作的具体部署与安排 | 主要是通过具体事项的安排, 要求下级机关在工作中照此执行或办理 | | 作用 | 不能用于奖惩 | 可以用于奖惩有关单位或人员 | 不能用于奖惩 |
"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_163_0.md", "title": "通告、通报与通知的区别与适用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_163_0.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在《通告、通报与通知的区别与适用》中，“目的”一行中与“通报”对应的完整原文是什么？请原文给出。", "answer": "通过典型事例或重要情况的传达, 向全体下属进行宣传教育或沟通信息, 以指导、推动今后的工作, 没有工作的具体部署与安排", "evidence": " | 通告 | 通报 | 通知 |
|---|
| 目的 | 在一定范围内必须遵守的事项, 有着较强的、直接的和具体的约束力 | 通过典型事例或重要情况的传达, 向全体下属进行宣传教育或沟通信息, 以指导、推动今后的工作, 没有工作的具体部署与安排 | 主要是通过具体事项的安排, 要求下级机关在工作中照此执行或办理 |
"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_163_0.md", "title": "通告、通报与通知的区别与适用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_163_0.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据《通告、通报与通知的区别与适用》，哪个文种的“告知对象”提到“具有法规性、政策性和约束性”，且其“作用”不能用于奖惩？请给出该文种名称并引用其“告知对象”原文。", "answer": "通告；全体组织和群众, 所宣布的事项具有法规性、政策性和约束性", "evidence": " | 通告 | 通报 | 通知 |
|---|
| 告知对象 | 全体组织和群众, 所宣布的事项具有法规性、政策性和约束性 | 上级机关把工作情况或带有指导性的经验教训通报下级单位或部门, 受文单位只能是制发机关的所属单位或部门 | 一般只通过某种公文交流渠道, 传达至有关部门、单位或人员, 它所告知的对象是有限的 | | 作用 | 不能用于奖惩 | 可以用于奖惩有关单位或人员 | 不能用于奖惩 |
"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_colourful_background_29.md", "title": "常用物理量与国际单位符号及误写", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_colourful_background_29.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据常用物理量与国际单位符号及误写，表中“单位符号”为“°C”的这一项对应的“量的名称”是什么？", "answer": "摄氏温度", "evidence": "| 摄氏温度 | 摄氏度 | °C | | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_colourful_background_29.md", "title": "常用物理量与国际单位符号及误写", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_colourful_background_29.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "在常用物理量与国际单位符号及误写中，“光通量”之后紧接着的“量的名称”是什么？", "answer": "光照度", "evidence": "| 光通量 | 流[明] | lm | | \n| 光照度 | 勒[克斯] | lx | | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_colourful_background_29.md", "title": "常用物理量与国际单位符号及误写", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_colourful_background_29.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据常用物理量与国际单位符号及误写，表中两条“电容”记录按出现顺序对应的“单位名称”与“单位符号”配对分别是什么？", "answer": "伏[特]-V；法[拉]-F", "evidence": "| 电容 | 伏[特] | V | | \n| 电容 | 法[拉] | F | | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_12_1.md", "title": "360集团及数字安全集团2021-2022荣誉奖项汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在360集团及数字安全集团2021-2022荣誉奖项汇总中，“360 车联网安全大脑能力平台”的发奖机构全称是什么？", "answer": "中国国际贸促会汽车行业委员会、成都国际车展组委会、汽车观察传媒", "evidence": "| 360 车联网安全大脑能力平台 | 2022 中国汽车智能创新技术 | 中国国际贸促会汽车行业委员会、成都国际车展组委会、汽车观察传媒 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_12_1.md", "title": "360集团及数字安全集团2021-2022荣誉奖项汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据360集团及数字安全集团2021-2022荣誉奖项汇总，所有发奖机构为“信息化观察网”的获奖主体共有几项？分别是什么？", "answer": "2 项；分别为：360 高级持续性威胁预警系统(360NDR)/360 天相、360 资产威胁与漏洞管理系统 (天相)", "evidence": "| 360 高级持续性威胁预警系统(360NDR)/360 天相 | 2021 中国软件和信息服务业创新产品/年度风云榜 | 信息化观察网 | | 360 资产威胁与漏洞管理系统 (天相) | 2021 中国软件和信息服务业年度风云榜 | 信息化观察网 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_12_1.md", "title": "360集团及数字安全集团2021-2022荣誉奖项汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_1.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据360集团及数字安全集团2021-2022荣誉奖项汇总，“360 网络攻防靶场平台”与“360 全网数字安全大脑”的获奖名称合计共有几项？请列出全部获奖名称。", "answer": "4 项；分别为：2022 中国国际大数据产业博览会领先科技成果奖“新产品”、2022 年度解决方案之星、数字经济 “创新引领成果”、2022 世界互联网领先科技成果", "evidence": "| 360 网络攻防靶场平台 | 2022 中国国际大数据产业博览会领先科技成果奖“新产品” | 中国国际大数据产业博览会组委会 | | 2022 年度解决方案之星 | 网络安全和信息化杂志 | | 360 全网数字安全大脑 | 数字经济 “创新引领成果” | 2022 全球数字经济大会 | | 2022 世界互联网领先科技成果 | 世界互联网大会 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_12_1.md", "title": "360集团及数字安全集团2021-2022荣誉奖项汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_1.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在360集团及数字安全集团2021-2022荣誉奖项汇总中，“温州市经海区安全大脑项目”的发奖机构是什么？请确认它与“以“看见”能力为核心的数字安全体系建设解决方案”的发奖机构一致，并给出该发奖机构的完整名称。", "answer": "工信部直属中国电子学会联合数字世界新媒体、信息化和软件服务网", "evidence": "| 以“看见”能力为核心的数字安全体系建设解决方案 | 2022 数字政府优秀解决方案 | 工信部直属中国电子学会联合数字世界新媒体、信息化和软件服务网 | | 温州市经海区安全大脑项目 | 2022 数字城市优秀解决方案 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_12_1.md", "title": "360集团及数字安全集团2021-2022荣誉奖项汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_1.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据360集团及数字安全集团2021-2022荣誉奖项汇总，哪两个获奖主体分别获得了“2021 中国软件和信息服务业年度风云榜”和“2021 中国软件和信息服务业创新产品/年度风云榜”，它们共同的发奖机构是什么？", "answer": "获奖主体分别为：360 资产威胁与漏洞管理系统 (天相) 和 360 高级持续性威胁预警系统(360NDR)/360 天相；共同的发奖机构为：信息化观察网", "evidence": "| 360 资产威胁与漏洞管理系统 (天相) | 2021 中国软件和信息服务业年度风云榜 | 信息化观察网 | | 360 高级持续性威胁预警系统(360NDR)/360 天相 | 2021 中国软件和信息服务业创新产品/年度风云榜 | 信息化观察网 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_12_1.md", "title": "360集团及数字安全集团2021-2022荣誉奖项汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_1.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "在360集团及数字安全集团2021-2022荣誉奖项汇总中，以合并单元格形式出现的“360 织语”包含的三项获奖名称及对应发奖机构分别是什么？请按行顺序列出。", "answer": "2022 信创产业领军企业 100 强｜德本咨询、eNet 研究院、互联网周刊；国家工信安全中心“久安计划”首批合作伙伴｜国家工信安全中心；2022 年中国最佳数字化转型服务商｜艾媒咨询", "evidence": "| 360 织语 | 2022 信创产业领军企业 100 强 | 德本咨询、eNet 研究院、互联网周刊 | | 国家工信安全中心“久安计划”首批合作伙伴 | 国家工信安全中心 | | 2022 年中国最佳数字化转型服务商 | 艾媒咨询 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_multi_column_30.md", "title": "Polysaccharide Blends for 3D Printing: Methods, Advantages, Limitations, Applications", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_multi_column_30.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Polysaccharide Blends for 3D Printing: Methods, Advantages, Limitations, Applications, what is the printer type for carrageenan blended with gelatin?", "answer": "FDM", "evidence": "\n | \ngelatin | \nFDM | \nincreased gelling temperature | \npoor structural strength | \n food printing | \n119 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_multi_column_30.md", "title": "Polysaccharide Blends for 3D Printing: Methods, Advantages, Limitations, Applications", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_multi_column_30.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In Polysaccharide Blends for 3D Printing: Methods, Advantages, Limitations, Applications, for the polysaccharide maltodextrin, which 'blended with' items correspond to the printer types filament extrusion and SLS, respectively?", "answer": "paracetamol/glycerine TiO2/span; sorbitol/hydroxyethyl cellulose", "evidence": "\n| maltodextrin | \nPVA | \n not defined | \ngood architectural accuracy | \nrandom shapes and sizes in pores | \nbone regeneration | \n184 | \n \n\n | \nparacetamol/glycerine TiO2/span | \nfilament extrusion | \ndesired drug loading | \ngenerating inhomogeneous spot | \ndrug delivery systems | \n185 | \n \n\n | \nsorbitol/hydroxyethyl cellulose | \nSLS | \nquick melting | \nlow structural strength | \nfood printing | \n82, 83 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_multi_column_30.md", "title": "Polysaccharide Blends for 3D Printing: Methods, Advantages, Limitations, Applications", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_multi_column_30.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "In Polysaccharide Blends for 3D Printing: Methods, Advantages, Limitations, Applications, how many non-empty 'blended with' entries are listed under carrageenan (excluding the empty base entry)?", "answer": "2", "evidence": "\n| carrageenan | \n | \nextrusion | \ndesired rheological parameters | \n | \nbiofilter designs | \n179 | \n \n\n | \ngelatin | \nFDM | \nincreased gelling temperature | \npoor structural strength | \n food printing | \n119 | \n \n\n | \nepoxy amine | \nextrusion | \nenhanced mechanical performance | \n | \ntissue engineering;soft robotics | \n180 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_multi_column_30.md", "title": "Polysaccharide Blends for 3D Printing: Methods, Advantages, Limitations, Applications", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_multi_column_30.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "In Polysaccharide Blends for 3D Printing: Methods, Advantages, Limitations, Applications, what 'advantage' is listed for carrageenan blended with gelatin?", "answer": "increased gelling temperature", "evidence": "\n | \ngelatin | \nFDM | \nincreased gelling temperature | \npoor structural strength | \n food printing | \n119 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_multi_column_30.md", "title": "Polysaccharide Blends for 3D Printing: Methods, Advantages, Limitations, Applications", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_multi_column_30.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "In Polysaccharide Blends for 3D Printing: Methods, Advantages, Limitations, Applications, comparing xanthan blended with guar and carrageenan blended with epoxy amine (both using extrusion), which pair lists 'less dense microstructure' as the advantage, and what application is listed for the other pair?", "answer": "xanthan blended with guar; tissue engineering;soft robotics", "evidence": "\n | \nguar | \nextrusion | \nless dense microstructure | \nsome level of printing deviation | \nfood printing | \n178 | \n \n\n| carrageenan | \n | \nextrusion | \ndesired rheological parameters | \n | \nbiofilter designs | \n179 | \n \n\n | \ngelatin | \nFDM | \nincreased gelling temperature | \npoor structural strength | \n food printing | \n119 | \n \n\n | \nepoxy amine | \nextrusion | \nenhanced mechanical performance | \n | \ntissue engineering;soft robotics | \n180 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_multi_column_30.md", "title": "Polysaccharide Blends for 3D Printing: Methods, Advantages, Limitations, Applications", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_multi_column_30.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "In Polysaccharide Blends for 3D Printing: Methods, Advantages, Limitations, Applications, which polysaccharide is associated with the 'blended with' item 'paracetamol/glycerine TiO2/span'?", "answer": "maltodextrin", "evidence": "\n| maltodextrin | \nPVA | \n not defined | \ngood architectural accuracy | \nrandom shapes and sizes in pores | \nbone regeneration | \n184 | \n \n\n | \nparacetamol/glycerine TiO2/span | \nfilament extrusion | \ndesired drug loading | \ngenerating inhomogeneous spot | \ndrug delivery systems | \n185 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_164_0.md", "title": "十九届六中全会百年奋斗决议要点", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_164_0.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据《十九届六中全会百年奋斗决议要点》，请给出“四个改变——百年奋斗带来的改变”所在行对应的“序号”，并写出该行“重点内容”列中第一个换行后的子项原文。", "answer": "4；(1)使近代一百多年饱受奴役和欺凌的中国人民站立起来;", "evidence": "| 4 | 四个改变——百年奋斗带来的改变
(1)使近代一百多年饱受奴役和欺凌的中国人民站立起来;
(2)使具有五千多年文明历史的中华民族全面迈向现代化;
(3)使具有五百多年历史的社会主义思想在世界上人口最多的国家开辟出成功道路;
(4)使新中国大踏步赶上时代,中华民族伟大复兴展现出光明前景。 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_164_0.md", "title": "十九届六中全会百年奋斗决议要点", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_164_0.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "在《十九届六中全会百年奋斗决议要点》中，同一张表里“四个成就——百年历程创造”所在行的下一行标题原文是什么？", "answer": "四个改变——百年奋斗带来的改变", "evidence": "| 3 | 四个成就——百年历程创造(1)一百年来,党领导人民浴血奋战、百折不挠,创造了新民主主义革命的伟大成就;(2)一百年来,党领导人民自力更生、发愤图强,创造了社会主义革命和建设的伟大成就;(3)一百年来,党领导人民解放思想、锐意进取,创造了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的伟大成就;(4)一百年来,党领导人民自信自强、守正创新,创造了新时代中国特色社会主义的伟大成就。 | \n| 4 | 四个改变——百年奋斗带来的改变
(1)使近代一百多年饱受奴役和欺凌的中国人民站立起来;
(2)使具有五千多年文明历史的中华民族全面迈向现代化;
(3)使具有五百多年历史的社会主义思想在世界上人口最多的国家开辟出成功道路;
(4)使新中国大踏步赶上时代,中华民族伟大复兴展现出光明前景。 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_164_0.md", "title": "十九届六中全会百年奋斗决议要点", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_164_0.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据《十九届六中全会百年奋斗决议要点》，“三个需要”、“四个成就——百年历程创造”和“两个问题”三个条目合计共有多少个分点？", "answer": "9", "evidence": "| 2 | 三个需要:(1)总结党的百年奋斗的重大成就和历史经验,是在建党百年历史条件下开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、在新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的需要;(2)总结党的百年奋斗的重大成就和历史经验,是增强“四个意识”,坚定“四个自信”,做到“两个维护”,确保全党步调一致向前进的需要;(3)总结党的百年奋斗的重大成就和历史经验,是推进党的自我革命、提高全党斗争本领和应对风险挑战能力、永葆党的生机活力、团结带领全国各族人民为实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦而继续奋斗的需要。 | \n| 3 | 四个成就——百年历程创造(1)一百年来,党领导人民浴血奋战、百折不挠,创造了新民主主义革命的伟大成就;(2)一百年来,党领导人民自力更生、发愤图强,创造了社会主义革命和建设的伟大成就;(3)一百年来,党领导人民解放思想、锐意进取,创造了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的伟大成就;(4)一百年来,党领导人民自信自强、守正创新,创造了新时代中国特色社会主义的伟大成就。 | \n| 5 | 两个问题:
(1)看清楚过去我们为什么能够成功;
(2)弄明白未来我们怎样才能继续成功。 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_164_0.md", "title": "十九届六中全会百年奋斗决议要点", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_164_0.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在《十九届六中全会百年奋斗决议要点》中，“序号”为6的“重点内容”条目的开头标题原文是什么？", "answer": "五大历史意义:", "evidence": "| 6 | 五大历史意义:
(1)党的百年奋斗从根本上改变了中国人民的前途命运。
(2)党的百年奋斗开辟了实现中华民族伟大复兴的正确道路。
(3)党的百年奋斗展示了马克思主义的强大生命力。
(4)党的百年奋斗深刻影响了世界历史进程。
(5)党的百年奋斗锻造了走在时代前列的中国共产党。 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_145.md", "title": "Start and End Job Transitions by Demographics and Occupation, 2000–2018", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_145.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Start and End Job Transitions by Demographics and Occupation, 2000–2018, what is the result of 'Total' End in 2004-2008 minus 'Total' Start in 2009-2013?", "answer": "-4137", "evidence": "| Sample | Job transition | 2014-2018 | 2009-2013 | 2004-2008 | 2000-2004 | Before 2000 |
|---|
\n| Total | Start | 7157 | 12160 | 9684 | 8039 | 35869 | \n| End | 9701 | 14898 | 8023 | 6256 | 9262 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_145.md", "title": "Start and End Job Transitions by Demographics and Occupation, 2000–2018", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_145.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "According to Start and End Job Transitions by Demographics and Occupation, 2000–2018, what is the sum of 'Start' (2014-2018) for Bachelor's degree and above (by level of education) and 'End' (2014-2018) for Clerical and related workers (by job type)?", "answer": "1031", "evidence": "| Bachelor's degree and above | Start | 729 | 1316 | 943 | 650 | 1201 | \n| Clerical and related workers | Start | 304 | 612 | 380 | 270 | 712 | \n| End | 302 | 424 | 227 | 162 | 134 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_145.md", "title": "Start and End Job Transitions by Demographics and Occupation, 2000–2018", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_145.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "According to Start and End Job Transitions by Demographics and Occupation, 2000–2018, within the 'by job type' section, what is the total of 2014-2018 'Start' across all listed job types?", "answer": "6954", "evidence": "| Leaders and managers in government agencies and enterprises | Start | 110 | 109 | 80 | 66 | 222 | \n| Professionals and technical personnel | Start | 626 | 1022 | 631 | 463 | 1650 | \n| Clerical and related workers | Start | 304 | 612 | 380 | 270 | 712 | \n| Social and production service workers | Start | 3129 | 3752 | 2362 | 1813 | 3700 | \n| Agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry, Fishery production and support personnel | Start | 918 | 1031 | 917 | 1040 | 14222 | \n| Production and manufacturing and related workers | Start | 1867 | 3078 | 2449 | 2012 | 6580 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_145.md", "title": "Start and End Job Transitions by Demographics and Occupation, 2000–2018", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_145.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "In Start and End Job Transitions by Demographics and Occupation, 2000–2018, within the 'by level of education' section, which group has the highest 2009-2013 'Start'?", "answer": "Junior middle school and below", "evidence": "| by level of education | \n| Junior middle school and below | Start | 4174 | 6715 | 5718 | 5158 | 26765 | \n| Technical secondary school / High school / Vocational college | Start | 2247 | 4093 | 2993 | 2205 | 7802 | \n| Bachelor's degree and above | Start | 729 | 1316 | 943 | 650 | 1201 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_145.md", "title": "Start and End Job Transitions by Demographics and Occupation, 2000–2018", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_145.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "In Start and End Job Transitions by Demographics and Occupation, 2000–2018, what is (Male End 2009-2013 + Female End 2009-2013) minus Total End 2009-2013?", "answer": "-35", "evidence": "| Sample | Job transition | 2014-2018 | 2009-2013 | 2004-2008 | 2000-2004 | Before 2000 |
|---|
\n| Male | Start | 3543 | 6164 | 4952 | 4231 | 18899 | \n| End | 4254 | 6686 | 3405 | 2657 | 4926 | \n| Female | Start | 3535 | 5960 | 4695 | 3766 | 16823 | \n| End | 5355 | 8177 | 4591 | 3578 | 4303 | \n| Total | Start | 7157 | 12160 | 9684 | 8039 | 35869 | \n| End | 9701 | 14898 | 8023 | 6256 | 9262 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_145.md", "title": "Start and End Job Transitions by Demographics and Occupation, 2000–2018", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_145.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "In Start and End Job Transitions by Demographics and Occupation, 2000–2018, using the 'Total' rows that are merged across Start/End, what is the sum of 'Start' for 2014-2018 and 'End' for Before 2000?", "answer": "16419", "evidence": "| Sample | Job transition | 2014-2018 | 2009-2013 | 2004-2008 | 2000-2004 | Before 2000 |
|---|
\n| Total | Start | 7157 | 12160 | 9684 | 8039 | 35869 | \n| End | 9701 | 14898 | 8023 | 6256 | 9262 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_4.md", "title": "低空经济无人机应用与服务企业名录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_4.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据低空经济无人机应用与服务企业名录，“具体产品/服务”中包含“春季一喷三防,秋季一喷多促项目”的单位是哪一家？请给出其序号和单位名称。", "answer": "序号37，河南新丝路国际飞行学校有限公司", "evidence": "\n| 37 | \n河南新丝路国际飞行学校有限公司 | \n农用无人机春季一喷三防,秋季一喷多促项目及大型无人直升机,中型复合翼无人机应急管理项目及郑州市环境监测项目 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_4.md", "title": "低空经济无人机应用与服务企业名录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_4.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据低空经济无人机应用与服务企业名录，“北京神州数码有限公司”的“具体产品/服务”中关于城乡配送的表述是什么？请逐字给出该短语。", "answer": "低空运载城乡农村配送", "evidence": "\n| 40 | \n北京神州数码有限公司 | \n城市间低空无人机货运、低空配送和综合物流系统、低空运载城乡农村配送、低空医疗物资配送、应急抢险物资运送 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_12_3.md", "title": "360 智慧商业年度奖项与获奖案例汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_3.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据《360 智慧商业年度奖项与获奖案例汇总》，统计全表中“奖项”为“金触点”的条目共有几条？", "answer": "3", "evidence": "| 金触点 | 上班族治愈计划—360 智慧商业情绪营销 IP | IP 营销与跨界联名 | \n| 金触点 | 携程旅行 × 墨鱼丸视频-每天旅行一分钟营销推广项目 | 技术营销 | \n| 生态赋能 赢在起点 360 ×联想官网企业购 618 创新解锁 ABM 营销通路 | 3C 类 | | 金触点 | 技术营销 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_12_3.md", "title": "360 智慧商业年度奖项与获奖案例汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_3.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据《360 智慧商业年度奖项与获奖案例汇总》，在“银奖”中，奖项为“金触点”且获奖案例为“携程旅行 × 墨鱼丸视频-每天旅行一分钟营销推广项目”的“获奖名称”是什么？", "answer": "技术营销", "evidence": "| 金触点 | 携程旅行 × 墨鱼丸视频-每天旅行一分钟营销推广项目 | 技术营销 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_12_3.md", "title": "360 智慧商业年度奖项与获奖案例汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_3.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据《360 智慧商业年度奖项与获奖案例汇总》，在“银奖”中，剔除“TMA”和“金匠奖”两类后的其余条目，请按“奖项—获奖名称”的格式列出。", "answer": "金鼠标—效果营销类；金网奖—OTT 营销；梅花创新营销奖—旅游航空；金触点—技术营销", "evidence": "| 银奖 | 金鼠标 | 【一加 N 的无限可能】360 × 一加手机 | 效果营销类 | | 金网奖 | 【使命召唤 荣耀新生】荣耀手机新品发布案例 | OTT 营销 | | 梅花创新营销奖 | 携程旅行 × 墨鱼丸视频-每天旅行一分钟营销推广项目 | 旅游航空 | | TMA | 【520 挚爱之礼-做懂你的蓝朋友】 | 效果类-品牌传播 | | 哪吒汽车 × 墨鱼丸视频「哪吒传说新解」短剧项目 | 3C 类 | | 金触点 | 携程旅行 × 墨鱼丸视频-每天旅行一分钟营销推广项目 | 技术营销 | | 金匠奖 | 「存量破局」戴尔企业购 品效全链路合作 | 年度精准营销 | | 【寻梦环游季】360 智慧商业 × 旅游业暑期重振计划 | 年度精准营销 | | 【520 挚爱之礼-做懂你的蓝朋友】 | 年度精准营销 | | 赢在企跑线 企业 IT 采购节 | 年度场景营销 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_colourful_background_25.md", "title": "社会比较、收入满意度与幸福感的回归分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_colourful_background_25.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《社会比较、收入满意度与幸福感的回归分析》中，‘age2 * compare’仅在哪一个happiness模型中出现非空数值？请同时给出该数值。", "answer": "(4)happiness；0.000*(0.000)", "evidence": "| age2 * compare | | | | 0.000*(0.000) | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_colourful_background_25.md", "title": "社会比较、收入满意度与幸福感的回归分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_colourful_background_25.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "在《社会比较、收入满意度与幸福感的回归分析》中，(1)happiness与(2)happiness的‘age2’系数之和是多少？", "answer": "0.002", "evidence": "| age2 | 0.001*(0.000) | 0.001**(0.000) | 0.001*(0.000) | 0.000(0.000) | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_colourful_background_25.md", "title": "社会比较、收入满意度与幸福感的回归分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_colourful_background_25.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据《社会比较、收入满意度与幸福感的回归分析》，在(4)happiness中‘age’、‘age2’和‘age2 * compare’三项系数的和是多少？", "answer": "-0.059", "evidence": "| age | -0.066**(0.029) | -0.068**(0.029) | -0.086***(0.031) | -0.059**(0.029) | | age2 | 0.001*(0.000) | 0.001**(0.000) | 0.001*(0.000) | 0.000(0.000) | | age2 * compare | | | | 0.000*(0.000) | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_colourful_background_25.md", "title": "社会比较、收入满意度与幸福感的回归分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_colourful_background_25.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《社会比较、收入满意度与幸福感的回归分析》中，整张表格里以‘* compare’结尾的交互项共有多少行？", "answer": "8", "evidence": " | (1)happiness | (2)happiness | (3)happiness | (4)happiness |
|---|
| compare | 0.815(0.627) | 0.359*(0.202) | -0.059(0.271) | 0.134(0.135) | | lnIncome | 0.108(0.132) | 0.014(0.039) | 0.014(0.039) | 0.015(0.039) | | lnIncome * compare | -0.045(0.061) | | | | | incomesatis | 0.171***(0.358) | 0.176(0.121) | 0.170***(0.036) | 0.170***(0.036) | | incomesatis * compare | | -0.002(0.058) | | | | age | -0.066**(0.029) | -0.068**(0.029) | -0.086***(0.031) | -0.059**(0.029) | | age * compare | | | 0.012(0.008) | | | age2 | 0.001*(0.000) | 0.001**(0.000) | 0.001*(0.000) | 0.000(0.000) | | age2 * compare | | | | 0.000*(0.000) | | eduyear | 0.034***(0.010) | 0.035***(0.010) | 0.035***(0.010) | 0.035***(0.010) | | health | 0.280***(0.034) | 0.280***(0.034) | 0.280***(0.034) | 0.280***(0.080) | | urban | 0.170**(0.080) | 0.169**(0.080) | 0.473**(0.080) | 0.168**(0.080) | | relation | 0.474***(0.020) | 0.474***(0.020) | 0.473***(0.020) | 0.473***(0.020) | | c | 1.890(1.481) | 2.858***(0.769) | 3.611***(0.815) | 3.165***(0.681) | | 样本量 | 2298 | 2298 | 2298 | 2298 | | F-statistic | 88.615 | 88.539 | 88.874 | 88.984 | | (5)happiness | (6)happiness | (7)happiness | (8)happiness | | compare | 0.502***(0.160) | 0.625***(0.188) | 0.381***(0.077) | 0.384(0.253) | | lnIncome | 0.014(0.039) | 0.015(0.039) | 0.016(0.039) | 0.014(0.039) | | incomesatis | 0.171***(0.036) | 0.173***(0.036) | 0.171***(0.036) | 0.172***(0.036) | | age | -0.065**(0.029) | -0.066**(0.029) | -0.068**(0.029) | -0.068**(0.029) | | age2 | 0.001*(0.000) | 0.001*(0.000) | 0.001**(0.000) | 0.001**(0.000) | | eduyear | 0.062**(0.028) | 0.036*(0.010) | 0.035***(0.10) | 0.035***(0.010) | | edu * compare | -0.013(0.013) | | | | | health | 0.278***(0.034) | 0.454***(0.119) | 0.279***(0.034) | 0.280***(0.034) | | health * compare | | -0.084(0.057) | | | | urban | 0.165**(0.80) | 0.165**(0.080) | 0.307(0.117) | 0.168**(0.074) | | urban * compare | | | -0.069(0.117) | | | relation | 0.473***(0.020) | 0.493***(0.20) | 0.473***(0.020) | 0.483***(0.074) | | relation * compare | | | | -0.005(0.035) | | c | 2.535***(0.741) | 2.284***(0.766) | 2.813***(0.669) | 2.805***(0.843) | | 样本量 | 2298 | 2298 | 2298 | 2298 | | F-statistic | 88.681 | 88.862 | 88.588 | 88.541 |
"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_colourful_background_25.md", "title": "社会比较、收入满意度与幸福感的回归分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_colourful_background_25.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "在《社会比较、收入满意度与幸福感的回归分析》中，表格中部出现的新的标题行的四个列名（按顺序）是什么？", "answer": "(5)happiness, (6)happiness, (7)happiness, (8)happiness", "evidence": " | (5)happiness | (6)happiness | (7)happiness | (8)happiness | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_1.md", "title": "中国无人机企业及产品目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据中国无人机企业及产品目录，请找出“具体产品/服务”字段内容精确等于“编队无人机,物流无人机制造”的单位名称（需完全匹配英文逗号','与顺序）。", "answer": "北京飞行魔方科技有限公司", "evidence": "\n| 24 | \n北京飞行魔方科技有限公司 | \n编队无人机,物流无人机制造 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_1.md", "title": "中国无人机企业及产品目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "在中国无人机企业及产品目录中，紧接在“成都纵横自动化技术股份有限公司”之后（即下一条序号）的单位名称是什么？", "answer": "山东龙翼航空科技有限公司", "evidence": "\n| 14 | \n成都纵横自动化技术股份有限公司 | \n纵横股份PH-100、PH-20、PH-007、CW-15D等无人机 | \n \n\n| 15 | \n山东龙翼航空科技有限公司 | \n森林火灾发生地区,一般情况下地形复杂,消防车辆无法及时到达扑救火情。利用无人机可克服森林消防的这一大痛点。龙翼航空应急消防救援灭火无人机解决方案,更是攻克了消防无人机“速度低、载荷小、能力弱”的三大难题,建立起一套完整的消防救援灭火无人机作业体系,开发了集成化森林消防无人机作战单元装备车,无人机作战单元已迅速装备至广西省、云南省、湖北省、河北省、山西省、河南省、山东省等十二省份的森林防火体系 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_1.md", "title": "中国无人机企业及产品目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_1.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在中国无人机企业及产品目录中，“方舟40、丰舟90、方舟80、方舟150、虎鲸等无人机”对应的完整单位名称是什么？（需按目录原文给出的括号样式）", "answer": "丰翼科技(深圳)有限公司", "evidence": "\n| 4 | \n丰翼科技(深圳)有限公司 | \n方舟40、丰舟90、方舟80、方舟150、虎鲸等无人机 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_40.md", "title": "新增投资者名单及获配明细", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_40.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《新增投资者名单及获配明细》中，序号为1和14分别对应的新增投资者姓名是谁？", "answer": "1：徐新喜；14：王梓旭", "evidence": "| 1 | 徐新喜 | | 14 | 王梓旭 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_40.md", "title": "新增投资者名单及获配明细", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_40.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "在《新增投资者名单及获配明细》中，“国泰海通证券股份有限公司”、“诺德基金管理有限公司”、“易方达基金管理有限公司”三家机构中，获配数量最高的是哪一家？其获配数量是多少？", "answer": "易方达基金管理有限公司，30,008,323 股", "evidence": "| 名称 | 国泰海通证券股份有限公司 | | 获配数量 | 8,811,305 股 | | 名称 | 诺德基金管理有限公司 | | 获配数量 | 20,864,505 股 | | 名称 | 易方达基金管理有限公司 | | 获配数量 | 30,008,323 股 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_40.md", "title": "新增投资者名单及获配明细", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_40.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据《新增投资者名单及获配明细》，“国泰海通证券股份有限公司”与“诺德基金管理有限公司”的获配数量合计是多少股？", "answer": "29,675,810 股", "evidence": "| 名称 | 国泰海通证券股份有限公司 | | 获配数量 | 8,811,305 股 | | 名称 | 诺德基金管理有限公司 | | 获配数量 | 20,864,505 股 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_40.md", "title": "新增投资者名单及获配明细", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_40.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《新增投资者名单及获配明细》中，“国泰海通证券股份有限公司”与“易方达基金管理有限公司”的注册资本相差多少万元？", "answer": "1,749,726.6696万元", "evidence": "| 名称 | 国泰海通证券股份有限公司 | | 注册资本 | 1,762,970.8696万元 | | 名称 | 易方达基金管理有限公司 | | 注册资本 | 13,244.2万元 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_183_0.md", "title": "文化产业、数字金融与经济控制变量的描述性统计", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_183_0.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据“文化产业、数字金融与经济控制变量的描述性统计”，与“文化产业经济发展效益”对应的“变量”名称是什么？", "answer": "Culture GDP", "evidence": "| Culture GDP | 文化产业经济发展效益 | 248 | 1338.43 | 1483.111 | 26.5 | 7185.45 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_183_0.md", "title": "文化产业、数字金融与经济控制变量的描述性统计", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_183_0.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据“文化产业、数字金融与经济控制变量的描述性统计”，在“MEC”“FCL”“MBC”三项中，谁的“最大值”最高？请给出该“最大值”。", "answer": "FCL，最大值为 4392609", "evidence": "| MEC | 移动电话交换机容量 | 248 | 8210.906 | 5304.015 | 448 | 24521.58 | \n| FCL | 光缆线路长度 | 248 | 1410265 | 973234.3 | 115694.7 | 4392609 | \n| MBC | 移动电话基站容量 | 248 | 24.84931 | 16.94176 | 1.6876 | 98.9391 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_183_0.md", "title": "文化产业、数字金融与经济控制变量的描述性统计", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_183_0.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据“文化产业、数字金融与经济控制变量的描述性统计”，“Culture GDP”的“均值”与“MPU”的“均值”之和是多少？", "answer": "6216.896", "evidence": "| Culture GDP | 文化产业经济发展效益 | 248 | 1338.43 | 1483.111 | 26.5 | 7185.45 | \n| MPU | 移动电话年末用户数 | 248 | 4878.466 | 3332.536 | 268.67 | 16823.26 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_183_0.md", "title": "文化产业、数字金融与经济控制变量的描述性统计", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_183_0.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据“文化产业、数字金融与经济控制变量的描述性统计”，“地方政府的影响”对应的“标准差”是多少？", "answer": "69.212", "evidence": "| FISCUL | 地方政府的影响 | 248 | 110.6554 | 69.212 | 20.97 | 417.22 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_183_0.md", "title": "文化产业、数字金融与经济控制变量的描述性统计", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_183_0.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据“文化产业、数字金融与经济控制变量的描述性统计”，“GDP”的“均值”是否大于“Culture GDP”的“最大值”？请给出二者数值并作出判断。", "answer": "是，GDP 的均值为 30659.83，大于 Culture GDP 的最大值 7185.45", "evidence": "| GDP | 经济发展水平 | 248 | 30659.83 | 25316.59 | 1026.391 | 129118.6 | \n| Culture GDP | 文化产业经济发展效益 | 248 | 1338.43 | 1483.111 | 26.5 | 7185.45 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_8.md", "title": "无人机与低空人才培训机构名录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_8.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据《无人机与低空人才培训机构名录》，哪家单位的“具体产品/服务”文本中出现了括号中的简称\"CAAC\"？请给出该单位名称，并摘录包含该简称的原文片段（需与名录完全一致）。", "answer": "单位名称：盘锦浩隆科技服务有限公司；片段：对民用无人机驾驶航空器操作员(简称\"CAAC\")进行规范化培训考证", "evidence": "\n| 8 | \n盘锦浩隆科技服务有限公司 | \n按照中国民航局要求,我公司正在申请民用无人机驾驶航空器运营合格证、经营许可证及民办学校许可证,对民用无人机驾驶航空器操作员(简称\"CAAC\")进行规范化培训考证,从“理论讲解、实践飞行、地面站操作”等各方面进行综合教学,目前我司与盘锦市多个公办和私立职业技能学校进行校企合作办学,多位教练员和机长在校区进行实地坐班教学 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_8.md", "title": "无人机与低空人才培训机构名录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_8.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《无人机与低空人才培训机构名录》，跨表衔接处，序号22之后紧接的序号23分别对应哪些“单位名称”？请按“22-单位名称；23-单位名称”的格式作答。", "answer": "22-山西航翼低空科技有限公司；23-芸瀚无人机科技(启东)有限公司", "evidence": "\n| 22 | \n山西航翼低空科技有限公司 | \n人才培训 | \n \n\n| 23 | \n芸瀚无人机科技(启东)有限公司 | \nCAAC无人机培训 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_8.md", "title": "无人机与低空人才培训机构名录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_8.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "在《无人机与低空人才培训机构名录》中，序号55至59这五条里，“具体产品/服务”中包含“低空人才培训”的共有几家？请给出数量以及它们的序号列表（升序）。", "answer": "数量：5；序号列表：55,56,57,58,59", "evidence": "\n| 55 | \n广东翼启飞航空科技有限公司 | \n低空人才培训 | \n \n\n| 56 | \n杭州胤天低空经济产业发展有限公司 | \n低空人才培训 | \n \n\n| 57 | \n东方通用航空摄影有限公司 | \n低空人才培训 | \n \n\n| 58 | \n腾飞(福建)低空智能科技有限公司 | \n低空人才培训、竞赛、科普活动 | \n \n\n| 59 | \n晋鹰无人机科技(山西)有限公司 | \n低空人才培训、科普教育、竞赛 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_8.md", "title": "无人机与低空人才培训机构名录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_8.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据《无人机与低空人才培训机构名录》，“江苏智羽诚禾科技有限公司”对应的“具体产品/服务”原文是什么？请保持标点与名录一致。", "answer": "CAAC执照培训,职教课程的合作,青少年无人机及航空类培训和比赛", "evidence": "\n| 32 | \n江苏智羽诚禾科技有限公司 | \nCAAC执照培训,职教课程的合作,青少年无人机及航空类培训和比赛 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_8.md", "title": "无人机与低空人才培训机构名录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_8.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《无人机与低空人才培训机构名录》中，限定在序号12至13范围内，找出“具体产品/服务”文本里包含“模拟”二字的单位，按序号从小到大列出单位名称，并分别摘录各自包含“模拟”的短语原文。", "answer": "12-大连淘宁网络传媒有限公司：模拟飞行室；RTK模拟考试系统；13-安胜(天津)飞行模拟系统有限公司：模拟仿真训练设备", "evidence": "\n| 12 | \n大连淘宁网络传媒有限公司 | \n场地规模:拥有千平的室内理论教学与实训场地,配备无人机展览厅、理论教室、模拟飞行室及研发实验室;自有室外飞行训练基地,可满足多机型同步训练需求;设备资源:配置多旋翼、固定翼、垂直起降无人机等教学机型,以及RTK模拟考试系统、VR无人机培训系统等先进设备,确保理论与实践紧密结合;师资力量:拥有多名民航局认证的无人机教员,涵盖多旋翼、固定翼等专业领域,小班教学模式,保障教学质量 | \n \n\n| 13 | \n安胜(天津)飞行模拟系统有限公司 | \n为低空航空器提供专业人才培训服务,包含飞行员培训、维护维修人员培训等;为飞行员及维护维修人员培训提供所需的模拟仿真训练设备 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_43_2.md", "title": "Comparative Cash Flow Statement for Banking Operations", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_2.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Comparative Cash Flow Statement for Banking Operations, for \"Net increase in loans to banks and other financial institutions\" where the \"Amount in last period\" cell is blank, what is the \"Change (%)\" shown?", "answer": "N/A", "evidence": "| Net increase in loans to banks and other financial institutions | 2,500,000,000.00 | | N/A | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_43_2.md", "title": "Comparative Cash Flow Statement for Banking Operations", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_2.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In Comparative Cash Flow Statement for Banking Operations, what are the \"Change (%)\" values for \"Net cash received from disposal of fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets\" and for the subsequent item \"Cash paid to acquire and construct fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets\"?", "answer": "6,924.76 and -50.63", "evidence": "| Net cash received from disposal of fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets | 24,948,352.95 | 355,149.00 | 6,924.76 | \n| Cash paid to acquire and construct fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets | 2,619,755,888.79 | 5,306,546,416.54 | -50.63 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_43_2.md", "title": "Comparative Cash Flow Statement for Banking Operations", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_2.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "According to Comparative Cash Flow Statement for Banking Operations, what is the sum of \"Amount in this period\" for \"Cash received from investment income\", \"Cash paid for other investing activities\", and \"Effect of fluctuation in exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents\"?", "answer": "149,455,122.75", "evidence": "| Cash received from investment income | 140,715,000.00 | 5,880,000.00 | 2,293.11 | \n| Cash paid for other investing activities | 7,021,867.10 | 31,486,829.54 | -77.70 | \n| Effect of fluctuation in exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents | 1,718,255.65 | 911,088.01 | 88.59 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_43_2.md", "title": "Comparative Cash Flow Statement for Banking Operations", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_2.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "In Comparative Cash Flow Statement for Banking Operations, which column header applies to the value \"210,000,000.00\" in the row \"Cash paid for investments\"?", "answer": "Amount in last period", "evidence": "| Item | Amount in this period | Amount in last period | Change (%) | \n| Cash paid for investments | 14,817,852,800.00 | 210,000,000.00 | 6,956.12 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_43_2.md", "title": "Comparative Cash Flow Statement for Banking Operations", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_2.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "In Comparative Cash Flow Statement for Banking Operations, excluding items with \"N/A\" in \"Change (%)\", which item has the largest \"Change (%)\", and what is its \"Amount in this period\"?", "answer": "Cash paid for investments — 14,817,852,800.00", "evidence": "| Cash paid for investments | 14,817,852,800.00 | 210,000,000.00 | 6,956.12 | \n| Net cash received from disposal of fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets | 24,948,352.95 | 355,149.00 | 6,924.76 | \n| Cash received from investment income | 140,715,000.00 | 5,880,000.00 | 2,293.11 | \n| Effect of fluctuation in exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents | 1,718,255.65 | 911,088.01 | 88.59 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_5.md", "title": "低空经济与无人机服务企业名录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_5.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据低空经济与无人机服务企业名录，“构建“空天地一体化”的森林防火体系”这句原文出自哪家单位的“具体产品/服务”？请给出该单位名称。", "answer": "北京云天智阳科技有限公司", "evidence": "\n| 26 | \n北京云天智阳科技有限公司 | \n我们为森林消防领域提供智能化、立体化的无人机技术支持和整体解决方案,构建“空天地一体化”的森林防火体系,全面提升火灾预防、监测预警和应急救援能力。典型应用场景:日常巡护:替代人工巡护,效率提升10倍、火情早期预警:实现“打早、打小、打了”、火场侦查:快速获取火场态势,保障人员安全、夜间灭火:红外引导下的精准灭火作业、灾后评估:过火面积精确测算,损失评估 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_5.md", "title": "低空经济与无人机服务企业名录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_5.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "在低空经济与无人机服务企业名录中，序号为4的下一条单位名称是什么？", "answer": "成都华日通讯技术股份有限公司", "evidence": "\n| 4 | \n湖南华迈科技有限公司 | \n低空物流应用场景技术服务 | \n \n\n| 5 | \n成都华日通讯技术股份有限公司 | \n提供航空无线电保护监测的系统解决方案,针对通用航空频率的电磁保护性监测,为重点保护地空通讯台频段及卫星导航频段。利用GNSS专用监测设备、航空多路接收设备,搭配传统固定站组网建设航空专项监测网,进行自动化监测、智能化分析,对航空频率干扰进行自动分析、告警,对航空频率可能发生的干扰进行预警,能够输出监测区域内的电磁环境状况、信号特征参数,能对信号内容进行溯源,降低航空干扰查处的难度。 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_5.md", "title": "低空经济与无人机服务企业名录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_high_pixel_35_5.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据低空经济与无人机服务企业名录，“具体产品/服务”原文中包含“(M350RTK,经纬4T,4E等无人机)”这段括号内容的单位共有几家？", "answer": "1", "evidence": "\n| 19 | \n泰州鸿鹄信息科技有限公司 | \n大疆行业无人机(M350RTK,经纬4T,4E等无人机)及无人机场 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_159_1.md", "title": "不同样本特征对感知因素影响的元回归分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_159_1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据《不同样本特征对感知因素影响的元回归分析》，请给出“相容性(C)”中“性别(女性%)”这一行的“解释方差 R²”。请严格按照表头对应列取值。", "answer": "0.3100", "evidence": "| 相容性(C) | 性别(女性%) | 4 | 0.0714 | 0.0461 | -0.0190 | 0.1619 | 1.5500 | 0.1216 | 0.3100 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_159_1.md", "title": "不同样本特征对感知因素影响的元回归分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_159_1.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据《不同样本特征对感知因素影响的元回归分析》，全表中“受教育情况(大专及以上%)”行里“p 值”小于 0.05 的共有几处？", "answer": "3", "evidence": "| 感知娱乐性 (PE) | 性别(女性%) | 5 | 0.0164 | 0.0277 | -0.0379 | 0.0707 | 0.5900 | 0.5538 | 0.0000 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 5 | 0.0234 | 0.0098 | 0.0041 | 0.0427 | 2.3800 | 0.0173 | 0.5100 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 5 | 0.0096 | 0.0134 | -0.0167 | 0.0359 | 0.7100 | 0.4758 | 0.0000 | | 感知风险 (PR) | 性别(女性%) | 5 | -0.0268 | 0.1014 | -0.2256 | 0.1720 | -0.2600 | 0.7918 | 0.0000 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 5 | 0.0469 | 0.0251 | -0.0023 | 0.0961 | 1.8700 | 0.0417 | 0.3000 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 5 | 0.0543 | 0.0182 | 0.0187 | 0.0899 | 2.9900 | 0.0028 | 0.5800 | | 主观规范 (SN) | 性别(女性%) | 5 | -0.0330 | 0.0764 | -0.1827 | 0.1167 | -0.4300 | 0.6658 | 0.0000 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 5 | -0.0010 | 0.0109 | -0.0224 | 0.0203 | -0.1000 | 0.9235 | 0.0000 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 5 | 0.0027 | 0.0067 | -0.0104 | 0.0158 | 0.4000 | 0.6867 | 0.0300 | | 信息质量 (IQ) | 性别(女性%) | 6 | -0.0007 | 0.0251 | -0.0498 | 0.0485 | -0.0300 | 0.9785 | 0.0000 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 6 | 0.0148 | 0.0196 | -0.0235 | 0.0531 | 0.7600 | 0.4493 | 0.0000 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 6 | 0.0023 | 0.0141 | -0.0254 | 0.0300 | 0.1600 | 0.8702 | 0.0000 | | 信源可信度 (SC) | 性别(女性%) | 6 | 0.0024 | 0.0339 | -0.0642 | 0.0689 | 0.0700 | 0.9446 | 0.0000 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 6 | -0.0039 | 0.0278 | -0.0584 | 0.0507 | -0.1400 | 0.8897 | 0.0000 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 6 | 0.0173 | 0.0172 | -0.0164 | 0.0510 | 1.0100 | 0.3138 | 0.0000 | | 相容性(C) | 性别(女性%) | 4 | 0.0714 | 0.0461 | -0.0190 | 0.1619 | 1.5500 | 0.1216 | 0.3100 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 4 | -0.0192 | 0.0173 | -0.0531 | 0.0148 | -1.1100 | 0.2686 | 0.1900 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 4 | -0.0238 | 0.0144 | -0.0520 | 0.0044 | -1.6500 | 0.0985 | 0.1800 | | 信任(T) | 性别(女性%) | 6 | -0.0978 | 0.0934 | -0.2808 | 0.0853 | -1.0500 | 0.2952 | 0.0000 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 6 | 0.1657 | 0.0763 | 0.0161 | 0.3152 | 2.1700 | 0.0300 | 0.0000 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_159_1.md", "title": "不同样本特征对感知因素影响的元回归分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_159_1.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在《不同样本特征对感知因素影响的元回归分析》中，“信息质量 (IQ)”的“受教育情况(大专及以上%)”行对应的“95%CI”低值与高值分别是多少？", "answer": "-0.0235 和 0.0531", "evidence": "| 信息质量 (IQ) | 性别(女性%) | 6 | -0.0007 | 0.0251 | -0.0498 | 0.0485 | -0.0300 | 0.9785 | 0.0000 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 6 | 0.0148 | 0.0196 | -0.0235 | 0.0531 | 0.7600 | 0.4493 | 0.0000 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_159_1.md", "title": "不同样本特征对感知因素影响的元回归分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_159_1.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据《不同样本特征对感知因素影响的元回归分析》，比较所有“职业状况(学生%)”行的“Z 值”，最大的是哪个自变量对应的该行？请给出自变量名称和该Z值。", "answer": "感知风险 (PR)，2.9900", "evidence": "| 感知风险 (PR) | 性别(女性%) | 5 | -0.0268 | 0.1014 | -0.2256 | 0.1720 | -0.2600 | 0.7918 | 0.0000 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 5 | 0.0469 | 0.0251 | -0.0023 | 0.0961 | 1.8700 | 0.0417 | 0.3000 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 5 | 0.0543 | 0.0182 | 0.0187 | 0.0899 | 2.9900 | 0.0028 | 0.5800 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_159_1.md", "title": "不同样本特征对感知因素影响的元回归分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_159_1.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "在《不同样本特征对感知因素影响的元回归分析》中，“相容性(C)”这一合并单元组下共有几行“调节 c 变量”，且这些行的“次数 k”是否一致？如果一致，请给出该值。", "answer": "共有3行，次数 k 一致为 4", "evidence": "| 相容性(C) | 性别(女性%) | 4 | 0.0714 | 0.0461 | -0.0190 | 0.1619 | 1.5500 | 0.1216 | 0.3100 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 4 | -0.0192 | 0.0173 | -0.0531 | 0.0148 | -1.1100 | 0.2686 | 0.1900 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 4 | -0.0238 | 0.0144 | -0.0520 | 0.0044 | -1.6500 | 0.0985 | 0.1800 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_19.md", "title": "唐宋明清经济与社会发展对比", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_19.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据《唐宋明清经济与社会发展对比》，宋朝在“经济重心南移(页码)”这一分域的具体表述是什么？", "answer": "南宋完成南移", "evidence": "| 经济重心南移(页码) | 唐中期开始南移 | 南宋完成南移 | 南方经济重心巩固 | 南方经济重心巩固 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_19.md", "title": "唐宋明清经济与社会发展对比", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_19.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《唐宋明清经济与社会发展对比》，请同时给出宋朝在“商业 (页码)”与“中外交通 (页码)”两项中的全部描述。", "answer": "商业 (页码)：城乡商业店铺、市坊界限、交易时间、草市、商品数量；中外交通 (页码)：陆上丝绸之路、驿站制度、海上丝路发达", "evidence": "| 商业 (页码) | 长安商业都市特点
水陆交通发达 | 城乡商业店铺
市坊界限
交易时间
草市
商品数量 | 北京 南京两大商业城市
商帮 | 全国商业网
城镇兴起
大城市繁华
商帮作用增大 | \n| 中外交通 (页码) | 陆海丝绸之路 | 陆上丝绸之路
驿站制度
海上丝路发达 | | | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_19.md", "title": "唐宋明清经济与社会发展对比", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_19.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据《唐宋明清经济与社会发展对比》，在“经济重心南移(页码)”一项中，哪些朝代的描述为“南方经济重心巩固”？总共有几个朝代？", "answer": "明朝、清朝，共2个。", "evidence": "| 经济重心南移(页码) | 唐中期开始南移 | 南宋完成南移 | 南方经济重心巩固 | 南方经济重心巩固 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_19.md", "title": "唐宋明清经济与社会发展对比", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_19.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据《唐宋明清经济与社会发展对比》，“苏湖熟天下足”属于哪个朝代的农业（页码）条目？", "answer": "宋朝", "evidence": "| 朝代/分域 | 唐朝 | 宋朝 | 明朝 | 清朝 |
|---|
\n| 农业 (页码) | 曲辕犁
简车 | 占城稻
水稻产量第一
苏湖熟天下足
棉花 茶树 | 国外引进高产农作物 | 垦荒政策
湖广熟天下足 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_19.md", "title": "唐宋明清经济与社会发展对比", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_19.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据《唐宋明清经济与社会发展对比》，哪些朝代在“手工业 (页码)”提到“丝织业”，并分别与其在“商业 (页码)”中的相关城市或商业网络描述对应？", "answer": "明朝：苏州丝织业中心；北京 南京两大商业城市。清朝：民间丝织业出现手工业工场；全国商业网、城镇兴起、大城市繁华、商帮作用增大。", "evidence": "| 手工业 (页码) | 蜀锦
越窑青瓷
邢窑白瓷
唐三彩 | 棉织业兴起
瓷都和瓷器中心
造船业中心 | 苏州丝织业中心
景德镇青花瓷器 | 民间丝织业出现手工业工场 | \n| 商业 (页码) | 长安商业都市特点
水陆交通发达 | 城乡商业店铺
市坊界限
交易时间
草市
商品数量 | 北京 南京两大商业城市
商帮 | 全国商业网
城镇兴起
大城市繁华
商帮作用增大 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_103.md", "title": "“十四五”人力资源与社会保障主要指标", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_103.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据“十四五”人力资源与社会保障主要指标，“劳动人事争议仲裁结案率”2025年的目标具体写法（包含符号和数值）是什么？", "answer": ">90", "evidence": "| 22 | 劳动人事争议仲裁结案率 | % | 96.45 | >90 | 预期性 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_103.md", "title": "“十四五”人力资源与社会保障主要指标", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_103.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据“十四五”人力资源与社会保障主要指标，在“二、社会保险”部分中，指标属性为“约束性”的指标有几个？分别是哪些序号？", "answer": "3个：5、6、7", "evidence": "| 二、社会保险 | \n| 5 | 基本医疗保险参保率 | % | 95以上 | 稳定在95以上 | 约束性 | \n| 6 | 失业保险参保人数 | 万人 | 3603 | 3700 | 约束性 | \n| 7 | 工伤保险参保人数 | 万人 | 3867 | 3950 | 约束性 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_103.md", "title": "“十四五”人力资源与社会保障主要指标", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_103.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据“十四五”人力资源与社会保障主要指标，在“三、人才队伍建设”部分，所有以“其中：”开头的指标在2020年的数值分别是什么（按表中出现顺序）？", "answer": "[69.2]；—", "evidence": "| 三、人才队伍建设 | \n| 15 | 其中：新增取得高级工以上职业资格证书或职业技能等级证书人数 | 万人次 | [69.2] | [100] | 预期性 | \n| 18 | 其中：农民工参加职业培训人次 | 万人次 | — | [100] | 预期性 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_103.md", "title": "“十四五”人力资源与社会保障主要指标", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_103.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "根据“十四五”人力资源与社会保障主要指标，“博士后研究人员年招收数”属于哪个分项标题？", "answer": "三、人才队伍建设", "evidence": "| 三、人才队伍建设 | \n| 13 | 博士后研究人员年招收数 | 人 | 4215 | 2500 | 预期性 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_165_1.md", "title": "经济与产业发展规范词汇及适用场景", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_165_1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《经济与产业发展规范词汇及适用场景》中，适用场景包含“数据追踪”的那条对应的规范词汇是什么？", "answer": "信息可追溯", "evidence": "| 信息可追溯 | 要实现产品从原材料投放到生产再到产品售后“全流程”的数据追踪 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_165_1.md", "title": "经济与产业发展规范词汇及适用场景", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_165_1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《经济与产业发展规范词汇及适用场景》，“人口流失/外流”之后紧接着的规范词汇是什么？", "answer": "“线上+线下”相结合销售模式", "evidence": "| 人口流失/外流 | 不少村里的年轻人外出打工 | | “线上+线下”相结合销售模式 | 开通了网店进行线上销售的同时也开设了线下实体店 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_165_1.md", "title": "经济与产业发展规范词汇及适用场景", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_165_1.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "在《经济与产业发展规范词汇及适用场景》中，从“提高用户粘度”到“选用上乘原料/精选优良原料”（含两端）共有多少条规范词汇？", "answer": "5条", "evidence": "| 提高用户粘度 | 不断升级优化产品,提高用户主动使用的意愿,增强用户对产品的依赖性 | | 精研专业领域 | 利用自己的专业知识,在自己擅长的领域潜心研究、精益求精 | | 信息可追溯 | 要实现产品从原材料投放到生产再到产品售后“全流程”的数据追踪 | | 过度商业化 | 如今,自然景点慢慢变成了吆喝、叫卖、讨价还价的集市,到处充斥着“商业味道” | | 选用上乘原料/精选优良原料 | 采用的调料都是100%的真料,都是指定供货商提供的,绝对没有一丝杂质 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_165_1.md", "title": "经济与产业发展规范词汇及适用场景", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_165_1.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在《经济与产业发展规范词汇及适用场景》中，“农户分散经营”的适用场景原文是什么？", "answer": "某村大部分农户都是各种各的,就像一盘散沙", "evidence": "| 农户分散经营 | 某村大部分农户都是各种各的,就像一盘散沙 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_165_1.md", "title": "经济与产业发展规范词汇及适用场景", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_165_1.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据《经济与产业发展规范词汇及适用场景》，以“信息可追溯”为起点，取其之后的三行中的第二行的适用场景是什么？", "answer": "采用的调料都是100%的真料,都是指定供货商提供的,绝对没有一丝杂质", "evidence": "| 信息可追溯 | 要实现产品从原材料投放到生产再到产品售后“全流程”的数据追踪 | | 过度商业化 | 如今,自然景点慢慢变成了吆喝、叫卖、讨价还价的集市,到处充斥着“商业味道” | | 选用上乘原料/精选优良原料 | 采用的调料都是100%的真料,都是指定供货商提供的,绝对没有一丝杂质 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_41.md", "title": "突发事件分类编码与数据字段规范", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_41.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据《突发事件分类编码与数据字段规范》，人口数据层的主要属性项中，表示“15～59岁人数”的字段名称是什么？", "answer": "Range15o59Pop", "evidence": "\n | 18 | \n Range15o59Pop | \n 15～59岁人数 | \n 数值型 | \n 10 | \n 否 | \n 行政区划内15岁以上、60岁以下的总人数。单位为人 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_41.md", "title": "突发事件分类编码与数据字段规范", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_41.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "在《突发事件分类编码与数据字段规范》中，自然灾害的危险源（NAT）的数据层命名是什么？", "answer": "\"HAZ\" + \"NAT\"", "evidence": "\n | 1 | \n 自然灾害的危险源（NAT） | \n \"HAZ\" + \"NAT\" | \n 气象灾害、地震灾害、地质灾害、海洋灾害、生物灾害、森林或草原火灾等自然灾害的危险源 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_long_41.md", "title": "突发事件分类编码与数据字段规范", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_long_41.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《突发事件分类编码与数据字段规范》中，社会安全事件(SCL)下，代码为“UMS”的数据内容是什么？同时，代码为“MAT”的数据内容是什么？", "answer": "影响市场稳定的突发事件；群体性事件", "evidence": "\n | 37 | \n 社会安全事件(SCL) | \n \"EMR\" + \"SCL\" | \n \"EMR\" + \"SCL\" + \"MAT\" | \n 群体性事件 | \n \n \n | 45 | \n \"EMR\" + \"SCL\" + \"UMS\" | \n 影响市场稳定的突发事件 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_183_1.md", "title": "数字普惠金融对文化产业产出的分维度影响", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_183_1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《数字普惠金融对文化产业产出的分维度影响》的表格中，“L1. CultureGDP”在“综合影响”列的完整系数表达（包含括号内标准误）是什么？", "answer": "0.750***(0.103)", "evidence": "| L1. CultureGDP | 0.750***(0.103) | 0.698***(0.113) | 0.907***(0.105) | 0.742***(0.107) | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_183_1.md", "title": "数字普惠金融对文化产业产出的分维度影响", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_183_1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《数字普惠金融对文化产业产出的分维度影响》，紧接在“HES”之后的下一行变量名是什么？", "answer": "FISCUL", "evidence": "| HES | -2.538***(0.793) | -2.126***(0.863) | -1.246**(0.619) | 0.359(0.738) | | FISCUL | -0.663(0.674) | -0.178(0.694) | -1.637**(0.771) | 0.015(0.733) | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_183_1.md", "title": "数字普惠金融对文化产业产出的分维度影响", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_183_1.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "在《数字普惠金融对文化产业产出的分维度影响》中，“L1. CultureGDP”在“综合影响”、“覆盖广度影响”与“使用深度影响”三列中括号内标准误之和是多少？", "answer": "0.321", "evidence": "| L1. CultureGDP | 0.750***(0.103) | 0.698***(0.113) | 0.907***(0.105) | 0.742***(0.107) | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_183_1.md", "title": "数字普惠金融对文化产业产出的分维度影响", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_183_1.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在《数字普惠金融对文化产业产出的分维度影响》中，变量名为“GDP”的一行在“覆盖广度影响”列的完整系数表达是什么？", "answer": "0.002(0.006)", "evidence": "| GDP | 0.003(0.006) | 0.002(0.006) | 0.003(0.006) | 0.006(0.007) | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_183_1.md", "title": "数字普惠金融对文化产业产出的分维度影响", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_183_1.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《数字普惠金融对文化产业产出的分维度影响》中，取“覆盖广度影响”列，计算：“L1. CultureGDP”的标准误减去变量名为“GDP”的一行的标准误，再加上“DFCB”的标准误，结果是多少？", "answer": "0.853", "evidence": "| L1. CultureGDP | 0.750***(0.103) | 0.698***(0.113) | 0.907***(0.105) | 0.742***(0.107) | | L2. CultureGDP | 0.210**(0.094) | 0.281***(0.101) | 0.015(0.111) | 0.239**(0.123) | | DFA | 5.119***(0.892) | | | | | DFCB | | 3.841***(0.746) | | | | DFUD | | | 3.663***(0.822) | | | DL | | | | 1.03(0.780) | | GDP | 0.003(0.006) | 0.002(0.006) | 0.003(0.006) | 0.006(0.007) | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_162_0.md", "title": "中华人民共和国国家机构职权概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_162_0.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "在《中华人民共和国国家机构职权概览》中，统计所有“职权”字段里包含“紧急状态”表述的国家机构名称，并按表中出现顺序列出这些名称。", "answer": "全国人民代表大会常务委员会；国家主席；国务院", "evidence": "| 全国人民代表大会常务委员会 | (1) 解释宪法, 监督宪法的实施(2) 制定和修改除应当由全国人民代表大会制定的法律以外的其他法律(3) 决定特赦(4) 撤销国务院制定的同宪法、法律相抵触的行政法规、决定和命令(5) 撤销省、自治区、直辖市国家权力机关制定的同宪法、法律和行政法规相抵触的地方性法规和决议(6) 在全国人民代表大会闭会期间, 如果遇到国家遭受武装侵犯或者必须履行国际间共同防止侵略的条约的情况, 决定战争状态的宣布(7) 决定全国总动员或者局部动员(8) 决定全国或者个别省、自治区、直辖市进入紧急状态 | | 国家主席 | 中华人民共和国主席根据全国人民代表大会的决定和全国人民代表大会常务委员会的决定, 公布法律, 任免国务院总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长, 授予国家的勋章和荣誉称号, 发布特赦令, 宣布进入紧急状态, 宣布战争状态, 发布动员令 | | 国务院 | (1) 根据宪法和法律, 规定行政措施, 制定行政法规, 发布决定和命令(2) 领导和管理国防建设事业(3) 改变或撤销各部、各委员会发布的不适当的命令、指示和规章(4) 改变或撤销地方各级国家行政机关的不适当的决定和命令(5) 批准省、自治区、直辖市的区域划分, 批准自治州、县、自治县、市的建置和区域划分(6) 依照法律规定决定省、自治区、直辖市的范围内部分地区进入紧急状态 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_162_0.md", "title": "中华人民共和国国家机构职权概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_162_0.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据《中华人民共和国国家机构职权概览》，在“国家机构”为“全国人民代表大会”的那一行中，请分别给出标号“(5)”与“(6)”两条“职权”的完整原文。", "answer": "(5) 根据中华人民共和国主席的提名,决定国务院总理的人选;根据国务院总理的提名,决定国务院副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长的人选\n(6) 根据中央军事委员会主席的提名,决定中央军事委员会其他组成人员的人选", "evidence": "(5) 根据中华人民共和国主席的提名,决定国务院总理的人选;根据国务院总理的提名,决定国务院副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长的人选(6) 根据中央军事委员会主席的提名,决定中央军事委员会其他组成人员的人选"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_162_0.md", "title": "中华人民共和国国家机构职权概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_162_0.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《中华人民共和国国家机构职权概览》中，“决定战争状态的宣布”与“宣布战争状态”分别由哪个国家机构行使？请按“机构—表述”的形式回答。", "answer": "全国人民代表大会常务委员会—决定战争状态的宣布；国家主席—宣布战争状态", "evidence": "(6) 在全国人民代表大会闭会期间, 如果遇到国家遭受武装侵犯或者必须履行国际间共同防止侵略的条约的情况, 决定战争状态的宣布(7) 决定全国总动员或者局部动员(8) 决定全国或者个别省、自治区、直辖市进入紧急状态| 国家主席 | 中华人民共和国主席根据全国人民代表大会的决定和全国人民代表大会常务委员会的决定, 公布法律, 任免国务院总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长, 授予国家的勋章和荣誉称号, 发布特赦令, 宣布进入紧急状态, 宣布战争状态, 发布动员令"}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_12_2.md", "title": "360数字安全集团获多家机构报告与奖项认可", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_2.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据360数字安全集团获多家机构报告与奖项认可，“发布机构”为 IDC 的五个条目按出现顺序排列时，第二个“报告名称”是什么？", "answer": "《中国网络安全实训演练测试平台市场额，2021：高歌猛进，快速发展》", "evidence": " | | IDC | 2022 年 IDC 亚太区智慧城市大奖(中国区) | 360 政企安全集团建设运营的重庆合川区网络安全协同创新产业园一期 项目(以下称 “360 重庆城市安全大脑”)斩获“行政管理”大奖，成为城市创新的最佳实践范例。 | | 《中国网络安全实训演练测试平台市场额，2021：高歌猛进，快速发展》 | 报告显示，2021 年，中国网络安全实训演练测试平台产品的市场规模为 1.45 亿美金(约 9.4 亿元人民币)，同比增长 38.5%。360 政企安全集团作为专业型和综合型网络安全厂商，在攻防对抗等多领域、行业的积累，占据了 18.1% 的国内市场份额。 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_12_2.md", "title": "360数字安全集团获多家机构报告与奖项认可", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_2.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据360数字安全集团获多家机构报告与奖项认可，从“亿欧智库”开始到“IDC”全部条目为止，共有多少条“报告名称”？", "answer": "6", "evidence": "| 亿欧智库 | 《2021中国信创产业应用落地研究报告及供 应商 60 强》 | 360 政企安全集团凭借领先的信创安全能力体系建设， 以及在信创应用 领域的优秀案例，成功入选 2021 信创产业 60 强企业。 | | IDC | 2022 年 IDC 亚太区智慧城市大奖(中国区) | 360 政企安全集团建设运营的重庆合川区网络安全协同创新产业园一期 项目(以下称 “360 重庆城市安全大脑”)斩获“行政管理”大奖，成为城市创新的最佳实践范例。 | | 《中国网络安全实训演练测试平台市场额，2021：高歌猛进，快速发展》 | 报告显示，2021 年，中国网络安全实训演练测试平台产品的市场规模为 1.45 亿美金(约 9.4 亿元人民币)，同比增长 38.5%。360 政企安全集团作为专业型和综合型网络安全厂商，在攻防对抗等多领域、行业的积累，占据了 18.1% 的国内市场份额。 | | 《2022 上半年中国 IT 安全服务市场跟踪报告》 | 360 数字安全集团凭借实训靶场平台和服务，以 12.9%的市场份额位居 IT 安全企业级培训服务市场首位。 | | 2022 年《网络空间地图市场洞察》研究报告 | 360 数字安全集团凭借全球领先的网络空间资产测绘能力，以及自研网络空间资产搜索引擎，提供企业网、专网测绘服务的实践应用，连续两次入选此报告成为该领域的代表厂商。 | | 《IDC PeerScape：中国数字政府数据安全领导者实践》 | 全球知名IT 咨询机构 IDC 发布《IDC PeerScape：中国数字政府数据安全领导者实践》研究报告，数字安全 SaaS 龙头 360 企业安全云作为“第一实践案例”入选。 | "}
+{"doc_type": "cross_page_table", "filename": "cross_page_table_normal_12_2.md", "title": "360数字安全集团获多家机构报告与奖项认可", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_2.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据360数字安全集团获多家机构报告与奖项认可，“报告名称”中包含“供 应商 60 强”的条目，其对应的“发布机构”是哪家？", "answer": "亿欧智库", "evidence": "| 亿欧智库 | 《2021中国信创产业应用落地研究报告及供 应商 60 强》 | 360 政企安全集团凭借领先的信创安全能力体系建设， 以及在信创应用 领域的优秀案例，成功入选 2021 信创产业 60 强企业。 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_10.md", "title": "Multiple-Stepsize Analytical 3D Placement for Mixed-Size ICs", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_10.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Multiple-Stepsize Analytical 3D Placement for Mixed-Size ICs, within TABLE I under the merged headers, what are the 'mac ratio' values for ibm05 under '2D HPWL' and under 'Area'? Provide both numbers in order, separated by a comma.", "answer": "0.000, 0.00", "evidence": "| ibm05 | 9.36 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.80 | 0.00 |
|---|
"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_10.md", "title": "Multiple-Stepsize Analytical 3D Placement for Mixed-Size ICs", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_10.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "According to TABLE III in Multiple-Stepsize Analytical 3D Placement for Mixed-Size ICs, which circuits are marked as 'failed' under the Folding [12] columns?", "answer": "ibm03, ibm06", "evidence": "| ibm03 | 5.46 | 5.24 | 4.23 | 4.01 | 4.89 | 4.70 | 4.36 | 9.16 | failed | failed | \n| ibm06 | 5.02 | 5.09 | 5.62 | 11.90 | 4.77 | 4.86 | 4.87 | 9.02 | failed | failed | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_10.md", "title": "Multiple-Stepsize Analytical 3D Placement for Mixed-Size ICs", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_10.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "In TABLE III of Multiple-Stepsize Analytical 3D Placement for Mixed-Size ICs, by how much does the detailed-placement wirelength (dp-WL) for ibm04 decrease when moving from Pseudo 3D to 3D (mac fixed)?", "answer": "0.32", "evidence": "| ibm04 | 6.04 | 5.88 | 4.90 | 4.72 | 5.72 | 5.56 | 5.46 | 9.33 | 6.80 | 3.36 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_10.md", "title": "Multiple-Stepsize Analytical 3D Placement for Mixed-Size ICs", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_10.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "Using TABLE III in Multiple-Stepsize Analytical 3D Placement for Mixed-Size ICs, which circuit has more TS vias under the Pseudo 3D group, ibm02 or ibm05, and by how many (in x10^3 units)?", "answer": "ibm05 by 10.67", "evidence": "| ibm02 | 4.12 | 3.90 | 3.31 | 4.04 | 3.83 | 3.79 | 4.98 | 5.81 | 4.12 | 3.23 | \n| ibm05 | 5.53 | 5.40 | 13.98 | 4.43 | 5.72 | 5.65 | 8.26 | 5.72 | 6.92 | 9.41 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_10.md", "title": "Multiple-Stepsize Analytical 3D Placement for Mixed-Size ICs", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_10.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "In TABLE I of Multiple-Stepsize Analytical 3D Placement for Mixed-Size ICs, under the merged header 'Area', what are the exact 'std ratio' and 'mac ratio' values for ibm03? Provide them separated by a comma.", "answer": "0.30, 0.50", "evidence": "| ibm03 | 6.81 | 0.726 | 0.013 | 0.261 | 0.30 | 0.50 |
|---|
"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_37.md", "title": "石灰添加方式对选精矿溶出影响", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_37.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据石灰添加方式对选精矿溶出影响，在表8中“循环碱液化石灰乳”在 CaO 占精矿 13% 时的“A/S”与“N/S”各是多少？", "answer": "A/S 1.60；N/S 0.27", "evidence": "| 循环碱液化石灰乳 | 11 | 29.38 | 12.21 | 20.13 | 5.06 | 2.41 | 0.41 | 76.19 | | 13 | 24.11 | 15.07 | 27.53 | 4.07 | 1.60 | 0.27 | 84.76 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_37.md", "title": "石灰添加方式对选精矿溶出影响", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_37.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据石灰添加方式对选精矿溶出影响，在统一试验条件（260℃、60 min、Nk 205 g/L、Rp 1.10）下，CaO 占精矿 11% 时三种钙添加方式中实际溶出率最低的是哪一种？对应的“实际溶出率%”是多少？", "answer": "循环碱液化石灰乳；76.19%", "evidence": "| 钙添加方式 | CaO 占精矿% | 溶出赤泥, % | 实际溶出率% |
|---|
| Al₂O₃ | SiO₂ | CaO | Na₂O | A/S | N/S |
|---|
| 干石灰粉 | 11 | 20.22 | 15.68 | 25.42 | 2.98 | 1.29 | 0.19 | 87.71 | | 13 | 21.75 | 16.35 | 29.53 | 2.78 | 1.33 | 0.17 | 87.33 | | 水化石灰乳 | 11 | 23.24 | 16.48 | 26.76 | 3.79 | 1.41 | 0.23 | 86.57 | | 13 | 22.56 | 15.58 | 28.54 | 3.57 | 1.45 | 0.23 | 86.19 | | 循环碱液化石灰乳 | 11 | 29.38 | 12.21 | 20.13 | 5.06 | 2.41 | 0.41 | 76.19 | | 13 | 24.11 | 15.07 | 27.53 | 4.07 | 1.60 | 0.27 | 84.76 |
"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_37.md", "title": "石灰添加方式对选精矿溶出影响", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_37.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据石灰添加方式对选精矿溶出影响，计算“循环碱液化石灰乳”在 CaO 占精矿 11% 和 13% 两种条件下的“实际溶出率%”的平均值是多少？", "answer": "80.475%", "evidence": "| 循环碱液化石灰乳 | 11 | 29.38 | 12.21 | 20.13 | 5.06 | 2.41 | 0.41 | 76.19 | | 13 | 24.11 | 15.07 | 27.53 | 4.07 | 1.60 | 0.27 | 84.76 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_37.md", "title": "石灰添加方式对选精矿溶出影响", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_37.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据石灰添加方式对选精矿溶出影响，比较三种钙添加方式在 CaO 占精矿从 11% 变为 13% 时的 N/S 变化，哪一种变化幅度最大？请给出该方式在 11% 与 13% 时的 N/S 及其差值。", "answer": "循环碱液化石灰乳；11% 时 N/S 为 0.41，13% 时 N/S 为 0.27，变化幅度 0.14", "evidence": "| 钙添加方式 | CaO 占精矿% | 溶出赤泥, % | 实际溶出率% |
|---|
| Al₂O₃ | SiO₂ | CaO | Na₂O | A/S | N/S |
|---|
| 干石灰粉 | 11 | 20.22 | 15.68 | 25.42 | 2.98 | 1.29 | 0.19 | 87.71 | | 13 | 21.75 | 16.35 | 29.53 | 2.78 | 1.33 | 0.17 | 87.33 | | 水化石灰乳 | 11 | 23.24 | 16.48 | 26.76 | 3.79 | 1.41 | 0.23 | 86.57 | | 13 | 22.56 | 15.58 | 28.54 | 3.57 | 1.45 | 0.23 | 86.19 | | 循环碱液化石灰乳 | 11 | 29.38 | 12.21 | 20.13 | 5.06 | 2.41 | 0.41 | 76.19 | | 13 | 24.11 | 15.07 | 27.53 | 4.07 | 1.60 | 0.27 | 84.76 |
"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_37.md", "title": "石灰添加方式对选精矿溶出影响", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_37.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "在石灰添加方式对选精矿溶出影响的表8中，“循环碱液化石灰乳”对应两行（CaO 占精矿 11% 与 13%）。这两行的“A/S”值分别是多少？", "answer": "2.41 和 1.60", "evidence": "| 循环碱液化石灰乳 | 11 | 29.38 | 12.21 | 20.13 | 5.06 | 2.41 | 0.41 | 76.19 | | 13 | 24.11 | 15.07 | 27.53 | 4.07 | 1.60 | 0.27 | 84.76 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_24.md", "title": "重庆城市轨道交通执法概览与典型案例（2021—2023）", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_24.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《重庆城市轨道交通执法概览与典型案例（2021—2023）》中，“典型案例（二）”与“典型案例（五）”各自对当事人的罚款金额分别是多少？", "answer": "典型案例（二）为500元；典型案例（五）为1000元。", "evidence": "执法人员依据《城市轨道交通运营管理规定》第五十三条之规定,对当事人作出了罚款500元的行政处罚。\n执法人员依据《城市轨道交通运营管理规定》第五十三条对胡某作出了1000元行政处罚。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_24.md", "title": "重庆城市轨道交通执法概览与典型案例（2021—2023）", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_24.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《重庆城市轨道交通执法概览与典型案例（2021—2023）》，在“典型案例(三)”的案情介绍中，当事人的身份是什么，并要求哪个单位整改什么问题？", "answer": "当事人为四号线二期施工人员；并要求轨道运营单位对施工运营交界处管理不到位的问题进行整改。", "evidence": "经执法人员调查,该行人为四号线二期施工人员,因迷失方向,从轨道交通唐家沱车站四号线一期和二期交界处翻越车站主体墙进入四号线一期运营轨道内,其行为违反了《城市轨道交通运营管理规定》第三十四条第三款规定,执法人员依据《城市轨道交通运营管理规定》第五十三条之规定,对当事人作出了罚款500元的行政处罚,并要求轨道运营单位对施工运营交界处管理不到位的问题进行整改。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_24.md", "title": "重庆城市轨道交通执法概览与典型案例（2021—2023）", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_24.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据《重庆城市轨道交通执法概览与典型案例（2021—2023）》“执法履职情况”中的“轨道案件”统计，“违规放飞无人机案件”与“行人侵限案件”合计共有多少起？", "answer": "9起。", "evidence": "2021年至2023年6月,支队共查处轨道案件63起。其中,轨道站点出入口5米范围内违停乱放案件27件,损坏轨道设施设备案件16件,违规放飞无人机案件7件,重要设施、区域存放违禁品案件5起,企业未落实安全生产责任案件5件,行人侵限案件2件,违规操作安全设备案件1件。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_24.md", "title": "重庆城市轨道交通执法概览与典型案例（2021—2023）", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_24.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在《重庆城市轨道交通执法概览与典型案例（2021—2023）》“执法队伍基本情况”中，一大队与二大队分别辖哪些区？", "answer": "一大队辖北碚、渝北、南岸三区；二大队辖两江、江北、渝中三区。", "evidence": "支队下设特勤大队和一、二、三大队四个大队。其中,特勤大队负责统筹城市轨道交通运营执法工作与运营企业执法监管;一大队辖北碚、渝北、南岸三区;二大队辖两江、江北、渝中三区;三大队辖沙坪坝、九龙坡、大渡口、巴南四区。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_24.md", "title": "重庆城市轨道交通执法概览与典型案例（2021—2023）", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_24.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据《重庆城市轨道交通执法概览与典型案例（2021—2023）》“重庆城市轨道交通发展历程”，至2023年2月27日全市轨道交通运营总里程突破多少公里；至2025年和至2035年分别计划达到多少公里（包含城市轨道线网与市域(郊)铁路网）？", "answer": "至2023年2月27日突破500公里；至2025年将突破1000公里；至2035年城市轨道线网约1312公里，市域(郊)铁路网约1061公里。", "evidence": "至2023年2月27日,重庆轨道交通5号线北延伸段正式通车投入初期运营,全市轨道交通运营总里程突破500公里,单日最高客流量达471.9万人次(2023年4月30日)。至2025年,重庆轨道交通在建及运营里程将突破1000公里;至2035年,全市将构建共计24条线路、总里程约1312公里的“环射+纵射”城市轨道线网和共计9条线路、总里程约1061公里的“七射线两环线”市域(郊)铁路网。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_15.md", "title": "护士工作投入、管理关怀与组织契合及职业使命感研究", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_15.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据《护士工作投入、管理关怀与组织契合及职业使命感研究》，在表1中，“职务”这一因素对应的P值是多少？同时请给出其下属类别“护理管理者”的得分(x̄±S)。", "answer": "职务的P值为0.003；护理管理者的得分为192.74 ± 22.39。", "evidence": "| 职务 | | | -5.297 | 0.003 | \n| 护理管理者 | 72 (4.9) | 192.74 ± 22.39 | | | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_15.md", "title": "护士工作投入、管理关怀与组织契合及职业使命感研究", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_15.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "在《护士工作投入、管理关怀与组织契合及职业使命感研究》中，结构方程模型的适配度指标依次为哪些数值？请按原文顺序依次给出x^2/df、RMSEA、GFI、AGFI、CFI。", "answer": "x^2/df=1.693，RMSEA=0.069，GFI=0.939，AGFI=0.885，CFI=0.874。", "evidence": "模型适配度指标如下:$x^2/df=1.693$,近似误差均方根(RMSEA)=0.069,模型拟合度佳,拟合优度指数(GFI)=0.939,调整拟合优度指数(AGFI)=0.885, 比较拟合指数(CFI)=0.874, 模型拟合度较好。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_15.md", "title": "护士工作投入、管理关怀与组织契合及职业使命感研究", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_15.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "请根据《护士工作投入、管理关怀与组织契合及职业使命感研究》表2判断：‘管理关怀感知’的三个维度（协同决策、尊重、非关怀）的条目均分之和是否高于‘工作投入’的三个维度（活力、奉献、专注）的条目均分之和？同时给出两个和的数值。", "answer": "高于；协同决策+尊重+非关怀的条目均分之和为10.80，活力+奉献+专注的条目均分之和为10.47。", "evidence": "| 协同决策 | 45.59 ± 9.07 | 3.80 ± 0.76 | \n| 尊重 | 56.11 ± 9.99 | 4.01 ± 0.71 | \n| 非关怀 | 29.98 ± 8.10 | 2.99 ± 0.81 | \n| 活力 | 19.10 ± 5.77 | 3.18 ± 0.96 | \n| 奉献 | 16.20 ± 4.71 | 4.05 ± 1.18 | \n| 专注 | 16.19 ± 5.18 | 3.24 ± 1.04 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_15.md", "title": "护士工作投入、管理关怀与组织契合及职业使命感研究", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_15.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "请根据《护士工作投入、管理关怀与组织契合及职业使命感研究》表1回答：‘性别’这一因素的t/F值和P值分别是多少？同时给出‘男’这一类别的得分(x̄±S)。", "answer": "‘性别’的t/F值为1.099，P值为0.274；‘男’的得分为186.92 ± 18.24。", "evidence": "| 性别 | | | 1.099 | 0.274 | \n| 男 | 116 (7.8) | 186.92 ± 18.24 | | | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_8.md", "title": "Integrating Traditional Crafts into Modern Cultural and Creative Product Design", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_8.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Integrating Traditional Crafts into Modern Cultural and Creative Product Design, what is the exact affiliation line for the author as printed (include any surrounding symbols)?", "answer": "*Visual Arts, Shanghai Art & Design Academy, Shanghai, 201800, China*", "evidence": "*Visual Arts, Shanghai Art & Design Academy, Shanghai, 201800, China*"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_8.md", "title": "Integrating Traditional Crafts into Modern Cultural and Creative Product Design", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_8.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "According to Integrating Traditional Crafts into Modern Cultural and Creative Product Design, list the four numbered checklist items under the SWOT analysis exactly as printed, in order.", "answer": "1. Whether the product is novel\n2. Whether the manufacturing process is complicated\n3. Whether market channels are unblocked\n4. Whether there is an advantage in price", "evidence": "1. Whether the product is novel\n2. Whether the manufacturing process is complicated\n3. Whether market channels are unblocked\n4. Whether there is an advantage in price"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_8.md", "title": "Integrating Traditional Crafts into Modern Cultural and Creative Product Design", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_8.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "In Integrating Traditional Crafts into Modern Cultural and Creative Product Design, what is the exact subsection header text for 4.1, including all formatting characters?", "answer": "### *4.1 Positioning of Color Style*", "evidence": "### *4.1 Positioning of Color Style*"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_8.md", "title": "Integrating Traditional Crafts into Modern Cultural and Creative Product Design", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_8.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "In Integrating Traditional Crafts into Modern Cultural and Creative Product Design, provide the two consecutive sentences in section 6.2 that end with the bracketed citations [4] and [5], exactly as printed.", "answer": "For example, the current Chinese weaving process uses special layers to reinforce rattan and bamboo or uses new chemical fiber materials, and even some waste materials can continue to be processed into products after layer treatment [4]. Although industrial production has replaced manual labor as the mainstream, and improvements in materials have led to simpler and more modern design language in cultural and creative products, the ancient traditional techniques still exude a unique humanistic beauty that cannot be replicated by machines today [5].", "evidence": "For example, the current Chinese weaving process uses special layers to reinforce rattan and bamboo or uses new chemical fiber materials, and even some waste materials can continue to be processed into products after layer treatment [4]. Although industrial production has replaced manual labor as the mainstream, and improvements in materials have led to simpler and more modern design language in cultural and creative products, the ancient traditional techniques still exude a unique humanistic beauty that cannot be replicated by machines today [5]."}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_26.md", "title": "香榧籽油调控高脂大鼠脂质代谢及机制", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_26.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据香榧籽油调控高脂大鼠脂质代谢及机制，表4的“第7周”小节是否包含NF、NFO、HF、HFO四个组别？请按表中顺序列出组别名称。", "answer": "是，依次为：NF、NFO、HF、HFO。", "evidence": "| 第7周 | NF | 378.93 ± 26.32 | 5.35 ± 0.97 | 1 729.86 ± 54.38 | 0.23 ± 0.13 | \n| NFO | 367.73 ± 27.44 | 3.89 ± 0.74# | 1 576.44 ± 105.46 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | \n| HF | 380.33 ± 37.96 | 3.89 ± 0.01 | 1 665.62 ± 185.16 | 0.19 ± 0.06 | \n| HFO | 378.00 ± 34.25 | 7.78 ± 1.94** | 1 571.84 ± 149.50 | 0.19 ± 0.09 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_26.md", "title": "香榧籽油调控高脂大鼠脂质代谢及机制", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_26.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据香榧籽油调控高脂大鼠脂质代谢及机制，表5在第7周，HFO组的CRP与HF组的CRP之比是否超过1.5？请给出两组CRP数值与比值的近似值。", "answer": "是。HFO为1 286.69 ± 99.91**，HF为802.02 ± 153.75，比值约为1.60。", "evidence": "| HF | 802.02 ± 153.75 | 91.60 ± 2.18 | 61.70 ± 8.16 | \n| HFO | 1 286.69 ± 99.91** | 91.03 ± 10.31 | 70.16 ± 10.79* | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_26.md", "title": "香榧籽油调控高脂大鼠脂质代谢及机制", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_26.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据香榧籽油调控高脂大鼠脂质代谢及机制，表1中“F: TGTCACCAACTGGGACGATA”对应的目的基因为何？该基因的片段大小/bp是多少？", "answer": "β-catin，165。", "evidence": "| β-catin | F: TGTCACCAACTGGGACGATA | 165 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_26.md", "title": "香榧籽油调控高脂大鼠脂质代谢及机制", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_26.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据香榧籽油调控高脂大鼠脂质代谢及机制，在第7周，哪个组同时在表4的MDA和表3的LDL-C中为四组中最高？请给出该组在两项中的数值。", "answer": "HFO组；MDA为7.78 ± 1.94**，LDL-C为0.69 ± 0.07*。", "evidence": "| 第7周 | NF | 378.93 ± 26.32 | 5.35 ± 0.97 | 1 729.86 ± 54.38 | 0.23 ± 0.13 | \n| NFO | 367.73 ± 27.44 | 3.89 ± 0.74# | 1 576.44 ± 105.46 | 0.19 ± 0.04 | \n| HF | 380.33 ± 37.96 | 3.89 ± 0.01 | 1 665.62 ± 185.16 | 0.19 ± 0.06 | \n| HFO | 378.00 ± 34.25 | 7.78 ± 1.94** | 1 571.84 ± 149.50 | 0.19 ± 0.09 | \n| 第7周 | NF | 1.67 ± 0.07 | 0.88 ± 0.07 | 1.11 ± 0.10 | 0.32 ± 0.05 | 6.39 ± 0.67 | \n| NFO | 1.47 ± 0.10# | 0.84 ± 0.07 | 1.12 ± 0.09 | 0.44 ± 0.06## | 8.42 ± 1.79 | \n| HF | 1.34 ± 0.12 | 0.59 ± 0.19 | 0.70 ± 0.20 | 0.43 ± 0.02 | 8.66 ± 1.50 | \n| HFO | 1.25 ± 0.12 | 1.17 ± 0.39* | 0.69 ± 0.07 | 0.69 ± 0.07* | 8.04 ± 0.81 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_26.md", "title": "香榧籽油调控高脂大鼠脂质代谢及机制", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_26.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "根据香榧籽油调控高脂大鼠脂质代谢及机制，表1中“β-catin”这一合并单元格对应的F、R引物序列分别是什么？片段大小/bp是多少？", "answer": "F: TGTCACCAACTGGGACGATA；R: GGGGTGTTGAAGGTCTCAAA；165。", "evidence": "| β-catin | F: TGTCACCAACTGGGACGATA | 165 | \n| R: GGGGTGTTGAAGGTCTCAAA | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_21.md", "title": "京冀晋豫司法协作共护太行山生态", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_21.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在《京冀晋豫司法协作共护太行山生态》中，徐茂明介绍了河北法院环境资源审判的“三项数量”和“‘四口归一’审理”的四类案件。请按顺序作答：设立的专门机构数、集中管辖机构数、专门审判人员数分别是多少？‘四口归一’涉及哪四类案件？", "answer": "90个、16个、360余人；民、行、刑、执。", "evidence": "工欲善其事,必先利其器。做好生态环境司法保护,首先要有一支队伍。河北高院副院长徐茂明介绍说,目前,河北法院已设立环境资源审判专门机构90个,行政区划集中管辖机构16个,共有专门审判人员360余人;积极探索实行民、行、刑、执案件“四口归一”审理,环资审判有了一支特别能战斗的队伍。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_25.md", "title": "顶峰山矿井水文地质特征与防治水对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_25.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据《顶峰山矿井水文地质特征与防治水对策》，在“煤系基岩裂隙含水岩组”中比较翠屏山组与童子岩组的涌水量上限，哪一个更大？请给出两者的上限数值。", "answer": "翠屏山组更大：0.116L/（s·m）；童子岩组为<0.1L/(s·m）。", "evidence": "（1） 翠屏山组， 主要为风化壳孔隙-裂隙和基岩裂隙含水，主要富水部位在岩层风化带和砂砾岩岩层，富水性弱-中等， 涌水量为 0.0055—0.116L/（s·m）， 突水系数为 0.0045—0.629m/d，该含水岩组为煤系的间接充水含水岩组。\n（2） 童子岩组，第一和第三段为裂隙含水岩组，第二段为隔水岩组，富水性弱，涌水量<0.1L/(s·m），突水系数<1.0m/d，为煤层开采时的直接充水含水层。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_25.md", "title": "顶峰山矿井水文地质特征与防治水对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_25.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《顶峰山矿井水文地质特征与防治水对策》，请同时依据“摘要”和“3.2.1 导水性断层的防治”，列出文中提到的四类防治方法的中文表述。", "answer": "留设防隔水煤（岩）柱、截流堵水、疏水降压、注浆加固。", "evidence": "防治方法可根据实际情况采用留设防隔水煤（岩）柱、截流堵水、疏水降压和注浆加固等措施；\n(2) 导水性断层的防治措施,根据实际情况有留设防隔水煤(岩)柱、截流堵水、疏水降压和注浆加固等措施。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_25.md", "title": "顶峰山矿井水文地质特征与防治水对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_25.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "在《顶峰山矿井水文地质特征与防治水对策》中，矿井充水水源有哪些四类？其中被指出对矿井有突水危险的主要是哪两类？", "answer": "四类为大气降水、含水岩组、断裂构造带和老窑积水；主要突水危险为导水性断层和老窑积水。", "evidence": "摘要 顶峰山矿井地下水系统包括第四系孔隙含水岩组、煤系基岩裂隙含水岩组、栖霞灰岩裂隙-岩溶含水岩组和老空水；矿井充水水源有大气降水、含水岩组、断裂构造带和老窑积水，其中对矿井有突水危险的主要是导水性断层和老窑积水；"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_25.md", "title": "顶峰山矿井水文地质特征与防治水对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_25.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据《顶峰山矿井水文地质特征与防治水对策》中“3.2.1 导水性断层的防治”，被明确为主要导水性断层的是哪些断层？其中哪一条断层对哪个开采水平造成复杂影响？", "answer": "$F_1$断层和$F_0$断层；其中$F_0$断层对+250m以下开采水平造成复杂影响。", "evidence": "顶峰山矿井内发育的主要导水性断层有$F_1$断层和$F_0$断层,特别是$F_0$断层对+250m以下开采水平的水文地质条件造成了复杂影响。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_25.md", "title": "顶峰山矿井水文地质特征与防治水对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_25.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《顶峰山矿井水文地质特征与防治水对策》中，栖霞灰岩裂隙-岩溶含水岩组在侵蚀基准面以下100—200m与200—300m两个区间的涌水量和突水系数范围分别是多少？按突水系数上限判断，哪个区间更危险？", "answer": "100—200m：涌水量0.13—3.05L/（s·m），突水系数2.19—9.31m/d；200—300m：涌水量0.04—0.45L/（s·m），突水系数0.16—0.96m/d。按突水系数上限判断，100—200m更危险（9.31m/d>0.96m/d）。", "evidence": "栖霞组主要由碳酸盐类岩石组成，通常发育裂隙与岩溶，裸露区以岩溶含水为主，隐伏区以裂隙含水为主。 本组为裂隙-岩溶承压水含水岩组，富水性弱-中等，在侵蚀基准面以下 100—200m，富 水 性 中 等-强，涌 水 量 0.13—3.05L/（s·m），突 水 系 数 为 2.19—9.31m/d， 在侵蚀基准面以下 200—300m，富 水 性 弱-中 等， 涌 水 量 0.04—0.45L/（s·m）， 突 水 系 数 为0.16—0.96m/d。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_13.md", "title": "红色资源融入大思政课的育人实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_13.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《红色资源融入大思政课的育人实践》中，“中图分类号、文献标识码、文章编号”这三项在同一行连续呈现。请按文中顺序完整写出这一整行内容。", "answer": "**中图分类号：G641 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-9749(2023)03-0069-07**", "evidence": "**中图分类号：G641 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-9749(2023)03-0069-07**"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_13.md", "title": "红色资源融入大思政课的育人实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_13.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《红色资源融入大思政课的育人实践》，请给出“作者简介”中对余焰琳的完整介绍原文。", "answer": "余焰琳(2000—)，武汉大学马克思主义学院硕士研究生。", "evidence": "余焰琳(2000—)，武汉大学马克思主义学院硕士研究生。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_13.md", "title": "红色资源融入大思政课的育人实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_13.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "在《红色资源融入大思政课的育人实践》中，关于党员规模的表述中具体写的是多少“多万名党员”？请给出包含该数字的整句原文。", "answer": "中国共产党从只有五十多名党员的小党一步步成长为拥有9800多万名党员并长期执政的世界最大政党，离不开对共产主义的坚定信仰和对社会主义的强大信念。", "evidence": "中国共产党从只有五十多名党员的小党一步步成长为拥有9800多万名党员并长期执政的世界最大政党，离不开对共产主义的坚定信仰和对社会主义的强大信念。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_13.md", "title": "红色资源融入大思政课的育人实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_13.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "请按《红色资源融入大思政课的育人实践》中的“关键词”一栏，原样（含标点与引号）列出全部三个关键词。", "answer": "红色资源；“大思政课”；育人功能", "evidence": "**关键词:** 红色资源；“大思政课”；育人功能"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_13.md", "title": "红色资源融入大思政课的育人实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_13.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "结合《红色资源融入大思政课的育人实践》的“作者简介”，请按原文列出骆郁廷的所有职务与头衔（完整串）。", "answer": "武汉大学马克思主义学院教授，博士生导师，武汉大学思想政治教育研究院院长，湖北省人文社科重点研究基地“主流意识形态建设与教育研究中心”主任，中央马克思主义理论研究与建设工程首席专家", "evidence": "作者简介：** 骆郁廷(1956—)，武汉大学马克思主义学院教授，博士生导师，武汉大学思想政治教育研究院院长，湖北省人文社科重点研究基地“主流意识形态建设与教育研究中心”主任，中央马克思主义理论研究与建设工程首席专家；"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_20.md", "title": "我国科研突破：基因编辑、FAST脉冲星与量子信息掩蔽", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_20.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《我国科研突破：基因编辑、FAST脉冲星与量子信息掩蔽》中，“FAST又有新发现!脉冲星深度研究开始”对应的DOI编号是什么？", "answer": "DOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.003", "evidence": "DOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.003\n# FAST又有新发现!脉冲星深度研究开始"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_20.md", "title": "我国科研突破：基因编辑、FAST脉冲星与量子信息掩蔽", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_20.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "在《我国科研突破：基因编辑、FAST脉冲星与量子信息掩蔽》中，“我国首次实验实现量子信息掩蔽”一节提到哪一年的一项研究证明了什么？请完整引用包含年份与结论的连续片段。", "answer": "2018 年的一项研究证明,不能实现对所有量子态都成立的量子信息掩蔽", "evidence": "2018 年的一项研究证明,不能实现对所有量子态都成立的量子信息掩蔽,幸运的是能够实现掩蔽的量子态仍然是相当丰富的。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_20.md", "title": "我国科研突破：基因编辑、FAST脉冲星与量子信息掩蔽", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_20.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据《我国科研突破：基因编辑、FAST脉冲星与量子信息掩蔽》，文中出现的DOI编号共有几条？请按出现顺序逐条列出。", "answer": "3条：DOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.002；DOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.003；DOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.004", "evidence": "DOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.002\nDOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.003\nDOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.004"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_20.md", "title": "我国科研突破：基因编辑、FAST脉冲星与量子信息掩蔽", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_20.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在《我国科研突破：基因编辑、FAST脉冲星与量子信息掩蔽》中，“我国科学家发现基因剪新系统”的研究发表于哪个期刊？同时给出其对应的DOI编号。", "answer": "《自然—方法》；DOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.002", "evidence": "该研究成果5月3日在线发表于《自然—方法》。\nDOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.002"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_20.md", "title": "我国科研突破：基因编辑、FAST脉冲星与量子信息掩蔽", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_20.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据《我国科研突破：基因编辑、FAST脉冲星与量子信息掩蔽》，请将文中三项研究的标题与各自对应的DOI编号配对并按标题顺序输出“标题—DOI”三项。", "answer": "# 我国科学家发现基因剪新系统 — DOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.002；# FAST又有新发现!脉冲星深度研究开始 — DOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.003；# 我国首次实验实现量子信息掩蔽 — DOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.004", "evidence": "# 我国科学家发现基因剪新系统\n# FAST又有新发现!脉冲星深度研究开始\n# 我国首次实验实现量子信息掩蔽\nDOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.002\nDOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.003\nDOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.004"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_6.md", "title": "Human Endometrial Remodeling: Mechanisms, Embryo Crosstalk, Pathologies, and Therapeutics", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_6.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "According to Human Endometrial Remodeling: Mechanisms, Embryo Crosstalk, Pathologies, and Therapeutics, Table 1 lists CD146+PDGFRβ+ under two different stem/progenitor cell groups. What are these two groups and their respective frequencies?", "answer": "Mesenchymal stem cells (human) — 1.5%; Side-population cells (human) — 10–14%.", "evidence": "| Mesenchymal stem cells (human) | Differentiate into multiple mesodermal cell types (fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes and smooth-muscle cells) | CD146+PDGFRβ+ | 1.5% | 45 | | SUSD2+ (W5C5) | 4% | 46 | | Clonogenic | 1–5% | 44 | | Side-population cells | 0.4% | 49 | | Side-population cells (human) | Efflux DNA-binding dyes (Hoechst) because of high expression of plasma-membrane transporter molecules | Mixed cell population | <5% | 48 | | Endothelial cells (ERβ+) | 51%* | 50 | | Epithelial cells (ERα-PR-) | 27% | 50 | | CD146+PDGFRβ+ | 10–14% | 50 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_6.md", "title": "Human Endometrial Remodeling: Mechanisms, Embryo Crosstalk, Pathologies, and Therapeutics", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_6.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In Human Endometrial Remodeling: Mechanisms, Embryo Crosstalk, Pathologies, and Therapeutics, for the ‘Label-retaining cells (mouse)’ group in Table 1, what are the ERα expression details for the epithelial and stromal entries together with their frequencies?", "answer": "Epithelial (ERα-) — 3%; Stromal (84% ERα-, 16% ERα+) — 2–6%.", "evidence": "| Label-retaining cells (mouse) | Quiescent, proliferate rarely and retain DNA-synthesis label for a long time | Epithelial (ERα-); proliferate in response to oestradiol | 3% | 172,173 | | Stromal (84% ERα-, 16% ERα+); 12% proliferate in response to oestradiol | 2–6% | 172,173 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_6.md", "title": "Human Endometrial Remodeling: Mechanisms, Embryo Crosstalk, Pathologies, and Therapeutics", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_6.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "According to Human Endometrial Remodeling: Mechanisms, Embryo Crosstalk, Pathologies, and Therapeutics, within the ‘Side-population cells (human)’ group in Table 1, what is the combined percentage of ‘Endothelial cells (ERβ+)’ and ‘Epithelial cells (ERα-PR-)’?", "answer": "78%.", "evidence": "| Side-population cells (human) | Efflux DNA-binding dyes (Hoechst) because of high expression of plasma-membrane transporter molecules | Mixed cell population | <5% | 48 | | Endothelial cells (ERβ+) | 51%* | 50 | | Epithelial cells (ERα-PR-) | 27% | 50 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_6.md", "title": "Human Endometrial Remodeling: Mechanisms, Embryo Crosstalk, Pathologies, and Therapeutics", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_6.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "In Human Endometrial Remodeling: Mechanisms, Embryo Crosstalk, Pathologies, and Therapeutics, Table 1 reports specific ER and PR status for a cell type within the ‘Side-population cells (human)’ group. Which cell type is listed as ERα-PR-, and what is its percentage?", "answer": "Epithelial cells (ERα-PR-) — 27%.", "evidence": "| Epithelial cells (ERα-PR-) | 27% | 50 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_6.md", "title": "Human Endometrial Remodeling: Mechanisms, Embryo Crosstalk, Pathologies, and Therapeutics", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_6.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "In Human Endometrial Remodeling: Mechanisms, Embryo Crosstalk, Pathologies, and Therapeutics, what ‘Stem-cell property’ text applies to both rows under the merged ‘Label-retaining cells (mouse)’ header in Table 1?", "answer": "Quiescent, proliferate rarely and retain DNA-synthesis label for a long time.", "evidence": "| Label-retaining cells (mouse) | Quiescent, proliferate rarely and retain DNA-synthesis label for a long time | Epithelial (ERα-); proliferate in response to oestradiol | 3% | 172,173 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_4.md", "title": "Thermal-Fluid-Structural Behavior of Irradiated Plate-Type Fuel Assemblies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_4.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Thermal-Fluid-Structural Behavior of Irradiated Plate-Type Fuel Assemblies, what is the Chinese title shown on the 'Original Article' line?", "answer": "板式燃料组件在辐照下的热-流体-结构耦合分析 第二部分机械变形和热工水力学特性", "evidence": "Original Article 板式燃料组件在辐照下的热-流体-结构耦合分析 第二部分机械变形和热工水力学特性"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_4.md", "title": "Thermal-Fluid-Structural Behavior of Irradiated Plate-Type Fuel Assemblies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_4.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In Thermal-Fluid-Structural Behavior of Irradiated Plate-Type Fuel Assemblies, which journal, volume, year, and page range are listed at the very top of the document?", "answer": "Nuclear Engineering and Technology 53 (2021) 1556—1568", "evidence": "Nuclear Engineering and Technology 53 (2021) 1556—1568"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_4.md", "title": "Thermal-Fluid-Structural Behavior of Irradiated Plate-Type Fuel Assemblies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_4.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "In Thermal-Fluid-Structural Behavior of Irradiated Plate-Type Fuel Assemblies, list the e-mail addresses of the two corresponding authors that are provided.", "answer": "ghsu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn; yuhong_xing@126.com", "evidence": "*E-mail addresses*: ghsu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn (G. Su), yuhong_xing@126.com (H. Yu)."}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_4.md", "title": "Thermal-Fluid-Structural Behavior of Irradiated Plate-Type Fuel Assemblies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_4.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "According to Thermal-Fluid-Structural Behavior of Irradiated Plate-Type Fuel Assemblies, what is the journal homepage stated in the front matter?", "answer": "www.elsevier.com/locate/net", "evidence": "journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/net"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_4.md", "title": "Thermal-Fluid-Structural Behavior of Irradiated Plate-Type Fuel Assemblies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_4.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "In Thermal-Fluid-Structural Behavior of Irradiated Plate-Type Fuel Assemblies, which reactor is mentioned and which code is compared to TMAP in reference [26]?", "answer": "JRR-3 and COOLOD-N2", "evidence": "[26] M.A. Albati, O.S. Al-Yahia, J. Park, et al., Thermal hydraulic analyses of JRR-3: code-to-code comparison of COOLOD-N2 and TMAP [J], Prog. Nucl. Energy 71 (mar) (2014) 1–8."}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_3.md", "title": "中华文明现代力量：自信力、创新力与包容力", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_3.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《中华文明现代力量：自信力、创新力与包容力》中，标题下方将“话题”和来源日期置于同一行的完整文本是什么？", "answer": "话题：文化自信 《人民日报》2024.12.5", "evidence": "话题：文化自信 《人民日报》2024.12.5"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_3.md", "title": "中华文明现代力量：自信力、创新力与包容力", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_3.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《中华文明现代力量：自信力、创新力与包容力》的“## 论点3：从对世界文明兼收并蓄中感悟包容力”部分，“⑤举措”下共有几个以字母标注的小项？请逐行给出原文并给出总数。", "answer": "共有2个：\na. 共同倡导尊重世界文明多样性、倡导弘扬全人类共同价值\nb. 坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，担当使命、奋发有为", "evidence": "a. 共同倡导尊重世界文明多样性、倡导弘扬全人类共同价值\nb. 坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，担当使命、奋发有为"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_16.md", "title": "五位国家级非遗传承人的守望与传承", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_16.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《五位国家级非遗传承人的守望与传承》中，“首届龙潭湖民间花会大赛”与哪位传承人相关？并指出他所承袭的技艺是什么？", "answer": "傅文刚；中幡", "evidence": "1986年,天桥中幡第四代传人傅文刚在“首届龙潭湖民间花会大赛”进行中幡表演。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_16.md", "title": "五位国家级非遗传承人的守望与传承", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_16.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "在《五位国家级非遗传承人的守望与传承》中，被誉为苏绣之乡的古镇是哪里？这一古镇与哪位传承人相关联？", "answer": "木渎；顾文霞", "evidence": "苏绣与湘绣、蜀绣、粤绣并列中国四大名绣。苏绣起源于春秋战国时期，至今已有2000多年的历史，而地处太湖之滨的古镇木渎作为苏绣的发源地，曾出现“闺阁家家架绣绷，妇姑人人习针巧”的繁荣景象，被誉为苏绣之乡。在传统苏绣的滋养下，木渎走出了顾文霞等第二代苏绣艺术大师。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_16.md", "title": "五位国家级非遗传承人的守望与传承", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_16.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《五位国家级非遗传承人的守望与传承》中，谁担忧“人亡歌灭”，谁提到“断代危机”？请分别指出对应人物。", "answer": "王安江担忧“人亡歌灭”，傅文刚提到“断代危机”。", "evidence": "有这样一位老歌师,他叫王安江。 | 现在,许多苗寨的歌师已相继去世,苗族古歌已走向了“人亡歌灭”的险境。 | 傅文刚坦言目前面临两方面的压力：一是成为首批国家级非物质文化遗产项目代表性传承人后自己的责任更重了；二是该项目面临断代危机，期待国家尽早出台有利于发展传承人的保护措施。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_36.md", "title": "Financial Times Market Data: Global Indices, Stocks, Currencies, Bonds", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_36.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Financial Times Market Data: Global Indices, Stocks, Currencies, Bonds, what are the 'Latest' and 'Previous' values reported for Norway's Oslu All Share index?", "answer": "Latest 1682.84, Previous 1664.65", "evidence": "NurwayOslu All Share | 1682.84 | 1664.65"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_36.md", "title": "Financial Times Market Data: Global Indices, Stocks, Currencies, Bonds", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_36.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "According to Financial Times Market Data: Global Indices, Stocks, Currencies, Bonds, what is the FTSE 100 value at 16.00 in the Hourly movements table, and at what time was the FTSE 100 Day's high recorded?", "answer": "16.00 value: 8354.92; Day's high time: 14:14:00", "evidence": "FTSE 100 | \n8346.75 | \n8346.27 | \n8341.27 | \n8359.65 | \n8345.95 | \n8336.98 | \n8331.93 | \n8356.28 | \n8354.92 | \n8365.15 | \n8326.83 | \n...\nTime of FTSE 100 Day's high:14:14:00"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_36.md", "title": "Financial Times Market Data: Global Indices, Stocks, Currencies, Bonds", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_36.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "In the Cross-Border section of Financial Times Market Data: Global Indices, Stocks, Currencies, Bonds, what is the sum of the 'Previous' values for 'DJ Global Titans ($)' and 'FTSE World ($)'?", "answer": "1714.16", "evidence": "DJ Global Titans ($)698.23 | 693.21\n...\nFTSE World ($) | 1023.96 | 1020.95"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_36.md", "title": "Financial Times Market Data: Global Indices, Stocks, Currencies, Bonds", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_36.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "Within the merged 'Italy' section of Financial Times Market Data: Global Indices, Stocks, Currencies, Bonds, what are the 'Latest' values for 'FTSE Italia All-Share' and 'FTSE MIB'?", "answer": "FTSE Italia All-Share: 36900.48; FTSE MIB: 34778.10", "evidence": "Italy | FTSE Italia All-Share | 36900.48 | 36833.53\n...\nFTSE MIB | 34778.10 | 34598.81"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_5.md", "title": "Mid-Cretaceous Hawaiian Hotspot Tholeiites in Kamchatka Ophiolites", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_5.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In the ABSTRACT of Mid-Cretaceous Hawaiian Hotspot Tholeiites in Kamchatka Ophiolites, which Pb isotope ratio is stated to be ~0.93?", "answer": "$^{208}Pb$\\*/ $^{206}Pb$*", "evidence": "Low $^{208}Pb$\\*/ $^{206}Pb$* of ~0.93 in rocks"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_5.md", "title": "Mid-Cretaceous Hawaiian Hotspot Tholeiites in Kamchatka Ophiolites", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_5.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In Mid-Cretaceous Hawaiian Hotspot Tholeiites in Kamchatka Ophiolites, what is the Geology journal DOI listed in the citation block?", "answer": "10.1130/G25171A.1", "evidence": "*Geology*, November 2008;v. 36; no. 11; p. 903–906; doi: 10.1130/G25171A.1; 4 figures; Data Repository item 2008229."}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_5.md", "title": "Mid-Cretaceous Hawaiian Hotspot Tholeiites in Kamchatka Ophiolites", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_5.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "According to Mid-Cretaceous Hawaiian Hotspot Tholeiites in Kamchatka Ophiolites, list all three Data Repository tables and their topics mentioned.", "answer": "Table DR1 (major and trace element rock compositions), Table DR2 (whole-rock isotope compositions), and Table DR3 (composition of melt inclusions)", "evidence": "¹GSA Data Repository item 2008229, Appendix DR1 (analytical and experimental techniques, references to data sources, and supplementary figures), Table DR1 (major and trace element rock compositions), Table DR2 (whole-rock isotope compositions), and Table DR3 (composition of melt inclusions), is available online at www.geosociety.org/pubs/ft2008.htm, or on request from editing@geosociety.org or Documents Secretary, GSA, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301, USA."}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_5.md", "title": "Mid-Cretaceous Hawaiian Hotspot Tholeiites in Kamchatka Ophiolites", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_5.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "In the PERSISTENT PLUME COMPOSITION THROUGH TIME section of Mid-Cretaceous Hawaiian Hotspot Tholeiites in Kamchatka Ophiolites, what parent–daughter ratio does $^{206}$Pb*/$^{208}$Pb* represent since the formation of the Earth?", "answer": "$^{232}$Th/$^{238}$U", "evidence": "Low $^{206}$Pb*/$^{208}$Pb* (< 0.95; $^{206}$Pb*/$^{208}$Pb* represents the time-integrated $^{232}$Th/$^{238}$U ratio since the formation of the Earth; e.g., Abouchami et al., 2005)"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_5.md", "title": "Mid-Cretaceous Hawaiian Hotspot Tholeiites in Kamchatka Ophiolites", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_5.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "Within the CRETACEOUS PERIOD OF THE HAWAIIAN PLUME–RIDGE INTERACTION section of Mid-Cretaceous Hawaiian Hotspot Tholeiites in Kamchatka Ophiolites, what is the hyphenated age descriptor used for the ophiolite rocks, and by how much are they stated to predate the Meiji Seamount?", "answer": "Albian–Cenomanian; at least 20 m.y.", "evidence": "The Albian–Cenomanian age of the ophiolite rocks suggests that they are at least 20 m.y. older than the Meiji Seamount (Duncan and Keller, 2004)."}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_35.md", "title": "2025年世界钢铁统计：产量、消费、贸易与可持续指标", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_35.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据2025年世界钢铁统计：产量、消费、贸易与可持续指标，在“2024年世界各地区铁矿石贸易量”表中，“出口总量”一行在“进口总量”列对应的数值是多少？", "answer": "1 737.0", "evidence": " | | 出口总量 | 21.4 | 4.3 | 49.4 | 76.7 | 459.1 | 140.7 | 104.8 | 880.5 | 1 737.0 | 1 592.7 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_35.md", "title": "2025年世界钢铁统计：产量、消费、贸易与可持续指标", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_35.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据2025年世界钢铁统计：产量、消费、贸易与可持续指标，“1950-2024年世界粗钢产量”跨页表中，1950、2005和2024年世界粗钢产量的合计（百万吨）是多少？", "answer": "3 222", "evidence": "| 1950 | 189 | \n| 2005 | 1 148 | \n| 2024 | 1 885 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_35.md", "title": "2025年世界钢铁统计：产量、消费、贸易与可持续指标", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_35.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据2025年世界钢铁统计：产量、消费、贸易与可持续指标，在“2024年世界各地区铁矿石贸易量”表中，“其他亚洲国家”的“进口总量”减去“其中:地区外进口量”的差额为多少（百万吨）？", "answer": "47.1", "evidence": "| 其他亚洲国家(e) | 1.1 | 0.3 | - | 7.2 | 37.5 | 27.8 | 47.0 | 80.7 | 201.6 | 154.5 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_35.md", "title": "2025年世界钢铁统计：产量、消费、贸易与可持续指标", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_35.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据2025年世界钢铁统计：产量、消费、贸易与可持续指标，“2024年和2023年主要钢铁生产国”表中，越南在2024年的排名与在2023年的排名分别是多少？", "answer": "2024年为11名，2023年为12名", "evidence": "| 越南 | 11 | 22.0 | 12 | 19.2 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_35.md", "title": "2025年世界钢铁统计：产量、消费、贸易与可持续指标", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_35.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据2025年世界钢铁统计：产量、消费、贸易与可持续指标，在“2020-2024年钢铁表观消费量”表中，将北美洲2024与南美洲2024相加，再减去欧盟(27国)2024，结果是多少（百万吨）？", "answer": "46.4", "evidence": "| 北美洲 | 119.2 | 142.6 | 137.0 | 137.2 | 134.2 | \n| 南美洲 | 35.4 | 46.1 | 41.2 | 41.3 | 42.3 | \n| 欧盟(27国) | 130.8 | 154.1 | 142.6 | 129.8 | 130.1 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_35.md", "title": "2025年世界钢铁统计：产量、消费、贸易与可持续指标", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_35.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "根据2025年世界钢铁统计：产量、消费、贸易与可持续指标，在“2022-2024年连铸钢产量”表中，英国在2024年的“占粗钢产量比重%”是多少？", "answer": "98.9", "evidence": "| 英国 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 4.0 | 99.5 | 99.3 | 98.9 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_38.md", "title": "基于A/S比的铝土矿浮选脱硅评价模型", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_38.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《基于A/S比的铝土矿浮选脱硅评价模型》中，标注为式(13)的γ关于δ与A/S的关系式完整写法是什么？", "answer": "\\gamma &= ({A/S_{\\text{精}} + 1})\\times (1-\\delta)/({A/S_{\\text{原}} + 1}) \\tag{13}", "evidence": "\\gamma &= ({A/S_{\\text{精}} + 1})\\times (1-\\delta)/({A/S_{\\text{原}} + 1}) \\tag{13}"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_38.md", "title": "基于A/S比的铝土矿浮选脱硅评价模型", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_38.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《基于A/S比的铝土矿浮选脱硅评价模型》，这篇文章的收稿日期是什么？", "answer": "2018-04-02", "evidence": "收稿日期:2018-04-02"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_38.md", "title": "基于A/S比的铝土矿浮选脱硅评价模型", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_38.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "在《基于A/S比的铝土矿浮选脱硅评价模型》中，表1里以S为基准时，“精矿”与“尾矿”的S基S回收率%相加应为多少？", "answer": "100.00", "evidence": "\n| 精矿 | \n64.00 | \n7.20 | \n8.89 | \n82.61 | \n88.12 | \n45.75 | \n74.56 | \n41.30 | \n79.53 | \n \n\n| 尾矿 | \n41.00 | \n30.00 | \n1.37 | \n17.39 | \n11.88 | \n40.13 | \n25.44 | \n58.70 | \n17.38 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_38.md", "title": "基于A/S比的铝土矿浮选脱硅评价模型", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_38.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《基于A/S比的铝土矿浮选脱硅评价模型》中，表2显示“精矿”与“尾矿”的产率%分别是多少？这两个值相加是否为100.00？", "answer": "精矿产率%为76.05，尾矿产率%为23.95；相加为100.00。", "evidence": "\n| 精矿 | \n | \n | \n8.89 | \n76.05 | \n83.17 | \n | \n \n\n| 尾矿 | \n | \n | \n1.37 | \n23.95 | \n16.83 | \n | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_39.md", "title": "The Washington Post TV Listings, Puzzles, Horoscopes and Sports — Jan. 1, 2026", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_39.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In The Washington Post TV Listings, Puzzles, Horoscopes and Sports — Jan. 1, 2026, what programs are listed for the History channel at 10:30 and at 11:00?", "answer": "10:30 — (:05) The UnXplained; 11:00 — UnXplain..", "evidence": "\n| History | \nThe UnXplained | \nThe UnXplained | \nThe UnXplained | \n(:05) The UnXplained | \nUnXplain.. | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_39.md", "title": "The Washington Post TV Listings, Puzzles, Horoscopes and Sports — Jan. 1, 2026", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_39.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In The Washington Post TV Listings, Puzzles, Horoscopes and Sports — Jan. 1, 2026, in the TELEVISION table legend line, what exact text immediately follows \"High Definition\"?", "answer": "Movie Ratings (from TMS) ★★★★ Excellent ★★★ Good ★★ Fair ★ Poor No stars: not rated", "evidence": "LEGEND: Bold indicates new or live programs ♦ High DefinitionMovie Ratings (from TMS) ★★★★ Excellent ★★★ Good ★★ Fair ★ Poor No stars: not rated | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_39.md", "title": "The Washington Post TV Listings, Puzzles, Horoscopes and Sports — Jan. 1, 2026", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_39.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "In The Washington Post TV Listings, Puzzles, Horoscopes and Sports — Jan. 1, 2026, how many half-hour slots does \"Movie: Aquaman ★★ (2018)\" span on TNT?", "answer": "6", "evidence": "\n| TNT | \n(3:30) Movie: A... | \nMovie: Aquaman ★★ (2018) Aquaman must save Atlantis from his power-hungry brother. | \nMovie: Captain Marvel ★★ (2019) | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_39.md", "title": "The Washington Post TV Listings, Puzzles, Horoscopes and Sports — Jan. 1, 2026", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_39.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "In The Washington Post TV Listings, Puzzles, Horoscopes and Sports — Jan. 1, 2026, what program is scheduled at 9:00 on Disney?", "answer": "Movie: Zootopia ★★★ (2016)", "evidence": "\n| Disney | \n(6:15) Movie: Frozen (...) | \nMovie: Zootopia ★★★ (2016) | \nPhineas | \nPhineas | \nPhineas | \nPhineas | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_39.md", "title": "The Washington Post TV Listings, Puzzles, Horoscopes and Sports — Jan. 1, 2026", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_39.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "In The Washington Post TV Listings, Puzzles, Horoscopes and Sports — Jan. 1, 2026, on 26.1 WETA (PBS), which single program fills the entire 8:00 through 10:30 block (across the two adjacent merged spans)?", "answer": "• Great Performances", "evidence": "\n| 26.1 WETA (PBS) | \n• PBS News Hour | \n• Great Performances | \n• Great Performances | \n• Amanp.. | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_40.md", "title": "World Athletics Indoor Highlights and the Health Benefits of Laughter", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_40.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In World Athletics Indoor Highlights and the Health Benefits of Laughter, what is the exact subheading that introduces the section about Jakob Ingebrigtsen winning two titles?", "answer": "## Ingebrigtsen's double", "evidence": "## Ingebrigtsen's double"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_40.md", "title": "World Athletics Indoor Highlights and the Health Benefits of Laughter", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_40.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In World Athletics Indoor Highlights and the Health Benefits of Laughter, provide the complete sentence that states Amber Anning's victory was her first world title.", "answer": "The victory was the first time Anning has won a world title.", "evidence": "The victory was the first time Anning has won a world title."}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_40.md", "title": "World Athletics Indoor Highlights and the Health Benefits of Laughter", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_40.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "According to World Athletics Indoor Highlights and the Health Benefits of Laughter, which top-level section header immediately precedes the subheading '## The benefits of laughter'?", "answer": "# Wellbeing", "evidence": "# Wellbeing\n## The benefits of laughter"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_40.md", "title": "World Athletics Indoor Highlights and the Health Benefits of Laughter", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_40.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "In World Athletics Indoor Highlights and the Health Benefits of Laughter, what is the bold label directly associated with the note about Amber Anning enjoying other activities when younger, and name two of those activities?", "answer": "**SPORTY KID**; netball; swimming", "evidence": "**SPORTY KID**\nAmber Anning also enjoyed netball, swimming and dancing when she was younger."}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_14.md", "title": "钢结构高强度螺栓连接技术规程条文说明（JGJ 82-2011）", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_14.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据钢结构高强度螺栓连接技术规程条文说明（JGJ 82-2011）第6.4节“安装”，请同时回答：6.4.8条指出强行穿入螺栓会使扭矩系数变化从而对设计预拉力造成怎样的影响？以及6.4.13条规定施工预拉力相对设计预拉力应增加多少？", "answer": "达不到设计预拉力；增加10%", "evidence": "**6.4.8** 强行穿入螺栓，必然损伤螺纹，影响扭矩系数从而达不到设计预拉力。气割扩孔的随意性大，切割面粗糙，严禁使用。修整后孔的最大直径和修孔数量作强制性规定是必要的。\n**6.4.13** 高强度螺栓连接副在拧紧后会产生预拉力损失，为保证连接在工作阶段达到设计预拉力，为此在施拧时必须考虑预拉力损失值，施工预拉力比设计预拉力增加10%。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_28.md", "title": "Gut Microbiome and Epilepsy: Risks, Mechanisms, and Therapies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_28.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Gut Microbiome and Epilepsy: Risks, Mechanisms, and Therapies, according to Table 1, which study reports \"No significant difference in α-diversity between any groups,\" and what \"Baseline Alterations in a Refractory Epilepsy Microbiome\" are listed for that study?", "answer": "Xie, G., Zhou, Q., Qiu, C.Z., Dai, W.K., Wang, H.P., Li, Y.H., Liao, J.X., Lu, X.G., Lin, S.F., Ye, J.H., et al. (2017); \"Increase in Firmicutes,Cronobacter, and ProteobacteriaDecrease in Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria, Prevotella, and Bifidobacterium\".", "evidence": "Xie, G., Zhou, Q., Qiu, C.Z., Dai, W.K., Wang,H.P., Li, Y.H., Liao, J.X., Lu, X.G., Lin,S.F., Ye, J.H., et al. (2017). Ketogenic diet poses a significant effect on imbalanced gut microbiota in infants with refractory epilepsy. World J Gastroenterol 23, 6164–6171.\nNo significant difference in α-diversity between any groups\nIncrease in Firmicutes,Cronobacter, and ProteobacteriaDecrease in Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria, Prevotella, and Bifidobacterium"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_28.md", "title": "Gut Microbiome and Epilepsy: Risks, Mechanisms, and Therapies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_28.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In Gut Microbiome and Epilepsy: Risks, Mechanisms, and Therapies, per Table 1, which study reported \"Reduced α-diversity between refractory epilepsy group and healthy group,\" and which study reported \"No significant difference in α-diversity between any groups\"?", "answer": "Lindefeldt, M., Eng, A., Darban, H., Bjerkner, A., Zetterstrom, C.K., Allander, T., Andersson, B., Borenstein, E., Dahlin, M., and Prast-Nielsen, S. (2019) reported reduced α-diversity; Xie, G., Zhou, Q., Qiu, C.Z., Dai, W.K., Wang, H.P., Li, Y.H., Liao, J.X., Lu, X.G., Lin, S.F., Ye, J.H., et al. (2017) reported no significant difference.", "evidence": "Lindefeldt, M., Eng, A., Darban, H., Bjerkner,A., Zetterstrom, C.K., Allander, T.,Andersson, B., Borenstein, E., Dahlin, M.,and Prast-Nielsen, S. (2019). The ketogenic diet influences taxonomic and functional composition of the gut microbiota in children with severe epilepsy. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 5, 5.\nReduced α-diversity between refractory epilepsy group and healthy group\nXie, G., Zhou, Q., Qiu, C.Z., Dai, W.K., Wang,H.P., Li, Y.H., Liao, J.X., Lu, X.G., Lin,S.F., Ye, J.H., et al. (2017). Ketogenic diet poses a significant effect on imbalanced gut microbiota in infants with refractory epilepsy. World J Gastroenterol 23, 6164–6171.\nNo significant difference in α-diversity between any groups"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_28.md", "title": "Gut Microbiome and Epilepsy: Risks, Mechanisms, and Therapies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_28.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "In Gut Microbiome and Epilepsy: Risks, Mechanisms, and Therapies, considering Table 1, which two ketogenic diet studies both reported an \"Increase in Bacteroidetes\" after the intervention, and in the Zhang et al. (2018) KD study, how did α-diversity change between pre-KD and post-KD time points?", "answer": "Lindefeldt et al. (2019) and Xie et al. (2017) both reported an increase in Bacteroidetes after KD; in Zhang et al. (2018), α-diversity was \"Reduced α-diversity between pre-KD and post-KD time points.\"", "evidence": "Increase in Bacteroidetes and ProteobacteriaDecrease in Firmicutes and ActinobacteriaAfter 3 months KD, 5 children showed> 50% decrease in the number of seizures and 83% showed improved cognition and motor functions\nIncrease in Bacteroidetes, Prevotella, andBifidobacteriumDecrease in Proteobacteria and CronobacterAfter 1 week KD, 64% of children showed> 50% decrease in seizure frequency\nReduced α-diversity between pre-KD and post-KD time points"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_28.md", "title": "Gut Microbiome and Epilepsy: Risks, Mechanisms, and Therapies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_28.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "In Gut Microbiome and Epilepsy: Risks, Mechanisms, and Therapies, according to Table 1, what are the \"Location of Study\" and \"Subject\" for Tagliabue et al. (2017)?", "answer": "Location of Study: \"Department of Child Neurology at the University of Pavia,Italy\"; Subject: \"Children and Young Adults(8–34 yrs)\".", "evidence": "Tagliabue, A., Ferraris, C., Uggeri, F.,Trentani, C., Bertoli, S., de Giorgis, V.,Veggiotti, P., and Elli, M. (2017). Short-term impact of a classical ketogenic diet on gut microbiota in GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome: A 3-month prospective observational study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 17,33–37.\nDepartment of Child Neurology at the University of Pavia,Italy\nChildren and Young Adults(8–34 yrs)"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_28.md", "title": "Gut Microbiome and Epilepsy: Risks, Mechanisms, and Therapies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_28.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "In Gut Microbiome and Epilepsy: Risks, Mechanisms, and Therapies, using Table 1, list all studies that list exactly \"Refractory\" under \"Type of Epilepsy or Disease\" (not \"Refractory/Drug-Sensitive\"), and provide their sample sizes (n) together with any baseline α-diversity alterations described.", "answer": "- Lindefeldt et al. (2019): n = 12; \"Reduced α-diversity between refractory epilepsy group and healthy group\"\n- Xie et al. (2017): n = 14; \"No significant difference in α-diversity between any groups\"\n- Zhang et al. (2018): n = 20; \"Reduced α-diversity between pre-KD and post-KD time points\"", "evidence": "| Lindefeldt, M., Eng, A., Darban, H., Bjerkner,A., Zetterstrom, C.K., Allander, T.,Andersson, B., Borenstein, E., Dahlin, M.,and Prast-Nielsen, S. (2019). The ketogenic diet influences taxonomic and functional composition of the gut microbiota in children with severe epilepsy. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 5, 5. | Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital of Karolinska Institute, Sweden | Children(2–17 yrs) | Refractory | 12 | Increase in Firmicutes and ActinobacteriaDecrease in Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria | Reduced α-diversity between refractory epilepsy group and healthy group | 3 months KD | Increase in Bacteroidetes and ProteobacteriaDecrease in Firmicutes and ActinobacteriaAfter 3 months KD, 5 children showed> 50% decrease in the number of seizures and 83% showed improved cognition and motor functions | \n| Xie, G., Zhou, Q., Qiu, C.Z., Dai, W.K., Wang,H.P., Li, Y.H., Liao, J.X., Lu, X.G., Lin,S.F., Ye, J.H., et al. (2017). Ketogenic diet poses a significant effect on imbalanced gut microbiota in infants with refractory epilepsy. World J Gastroenterol 23, 6164–6171. | Shenzhen Children's Hospital, China | Children(1–4 yrs) | Refractory | 14 | Increase in Firmicutes,Cronobacter, and ProteobacteriaDecrease in Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria, Prevotella, and Bifidobacterium | No significant difference in α-diversity between any groups | 1 week KD | Increase in Bacteroidetes, Prevotella, andBifidobacteriumDecrease in Proteobacteria and CronobacterAfter 1 week KD, 64% of children showed> 50% decrease in seizure frequency | \n| Zhang, Y., Zhou, S., Zhou, Y., Yu, L., Zhang,L., and Wang, Y. (2018). Altered gut microbiome composition in children with refractory epilepsy after ketogenic diet. Epilepsy research 145, 163–168 | Children's Hospital of Fudan University,China | Children(1–10 yrs) | Refractory | 20 | N/A | Reduced α-diversity between pre-KD and post-KD time points | 6 months KD | Increase in Bacteriodetes, Bacteroidia, and BacteroidalesDecrease in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria During KD treatment 2 children were seizure free, 3 children had 90–99% reduction in seizure frequency, 5 children had 50–89% reduction in seizure frequency | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_32.md", "title": "Numerical Investigation of Hybrid PCM-Liquid Cooling Battery Thermal Management Using Metal Foam Inserts", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_32.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Numerical Investigation of Hybrid PCM-Liquid Cooling Battery Thermal Management Using Metal Foam Inserts, according to Table 3 (Governing equations for metal foam layer enhanced liquid cooling), what is the exact Momentum expression for the Metal foam region?", "answer": "$$\n\\rho \\frac{\\partial \\vec{V}}{\\partial t} + \\frac{\\rho}{\\varepsilon} \\nabla \\cdot (\\vec{V} \\vec{V}) = -\\nabla P + \\mu_f (\\nabla^2 \\vec{V}) - \\frac{\\mu_f \\vec{V}}{K} - \\rho C_F \\sqrt{\\frac{1}{K}} |\\vec{V}| \\vec{V} \n$$", "evidence": "Metal foam region:\n\n$$\n\\rho \\frac{\\partial \\vec{V}}{\\partial t} + \\frac{\\rho}{\\varepsilon} \\nabla \\cdot (\\vec{V} \\vec{V}) = -\\nabla P + \\mu_f (\\nabla^2 \\vec{V}) - \\frac{\\mu_f \\vec{V}}{K} - \\rho C_F \\sqrt{\\frac{1}{K}} |\\vec{V}| \\vec{V} \n$$"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_32.md", "title": "Numerical Investigation of Hybrid PCM-Liquid Cooling Battery Thermal Management Using Metal Foam Inserts", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_32.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In Numerical Investigation of Hybrid PCM-Liquid Cooling Battery Thermal Management Using Metal Foam Inserts, within Table 2 (Governing equations for the PCM and metal foam fins), what value is given for the mushy zone constant A_m in the Momentum row description?", "answer": "A_m = 105", "evidence": "ε: porosity, P: pressure, μ: dynamic viscosity, β: thermal expansion coefficient, T: temperature, $\\vec g$: acceleration due to gravity, Am = 105 [52]: mushy zone constant, Lf: liquid fraction, K: permeability, C: coefficient of inertia, $|\\vec V|$: magnitude of the velocity vector"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_32.md", "title": "Numerical Investigation of Hybrid PCM-Liquid Cooling Battery Thermal Management Using Metal Foam Inserts", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_32.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "In Numerical Investigation of Hybrid PCM-Liquid Cooling Battery Thermal Management Using Metal Foam Inserts, aggregate the two Metal foam region Energy expressions in Table 3 by listing both the Solid phase and Fluid phase equations exactly, in this order.", "answer": "Solid phase:\n$$\n\\frac{\\partial (\\rho_s C_p T_s)}{\\partial t} = \\nabla \\cdot (k_{seff} \\nabla T_s) - h_{sf} a_{sf} (T_s - T_f) $$\n\nFluid phase:\n$$\n\\frac{\\partial (\\rho_f C_p T_f)}{\\partial t} + \\nabla \\cdot \\left( \\frac{\\rho_f C_p \\vec{V} T_f}{\\varepsilon} \\right) = \\nabla \\cdot (k_{feff} \\nabla T_f) + h_{sf} a_{sf} (T_s - T_f)\n$$", "evidence": "Metal foam region:Solid phase:\n\n$$\n\\frac{\\partial (\\rho_s C_p T_s)}{\\partial t} = \\nabla \\cdot (k_{seff} \\nabla T_s) - h_{sf} a_{sf} (T_s - T_f) $$\n\nFluid phase:\n\n$$\n\\frac{\\partial (\\rho_f C_p T_f)}{\\partial t} + \\nabla \\cdot \\left( \\frac{\\rho_f C_p \\vec{V} T_f}{\\varepsilon} \\right) = \\nabla \\cdot (k_{feff} \\nabla T_f) + h_{sf} a_{sf} (T_s - T_f)\n$$"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_32.md", "title": "Numerical Investigation of Hybrid PCM-Liquid Cooling Battery Thermal Management Using Metal Foam Inserts", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_32.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "In Numerical Investigation of Hybrid PCM-Liquid Cooling Battery Thermal Management Using Metal Foam Inserts, what is the exact left-hand side of the Energy (Based on LTE method) equation in Table 2?", "answer": "$$ \n\\frac{\\partial \\varepsilon \\rho_f C_{p_f} T}{\\partial t} + \\nabla (\\rho_f C_{p_f} \\vec{V} \\cdot T)\n$$", "evidence": "$$ \n\\frac{\\partial \\varepsilon \\rho_f C_{p_f} T}{\\partial t} + \\nabla (\\rho_f C_{p_f} \\vec{V} \\cdot T) = \\nabla (k_{eff} \\nabla T) - \\frac{\\partial \\varepsilon \\rho_f L_f h_f}{\\partial t} + \\nabla \\cdot (\\rho_f \\vec{V} TL_f h_f) \n$$"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_32.md", "title": "Numerical Investigation of Hybrid PCM-Liquid Cooling Battery Thermal Management Using Metal Foam Inserts", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_32.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "In Numerical Investigation of Hybrid PCM-Liquid Cooling Battery Thermal Management Using Metal Foam Inserts, compare the porous/foam resistance terms that multiply the velocity in the Momentum equations of Table 2 (PCM/foam fins) and Table 3 (Metal foam region). List the resistance terms from each equation exactly.", "answer": "Table 2 Momentum resistance terms:\n- $- A_m \\frac{(1 - L_f)^2}{L_f^3 + 0.001} \\vec{V}$\n- $- \\left(\\frac{\\mu_f}{K} + \\frac{\\rho_f C|\\vec{V}|}{\\sqrt{K}}\\right) \\vec{V}$\n\nTable 3 Metal foam region resistance terms:\n- $- \\frac{\\mu_f \\vec{V}}{K}$\n- $- \\rho C_F \\sqrt{\\frac{1}{K}} |\\vec{V}| \\vec{V}$", "evidence": "$$\\begin{aligned} \\frac{\\rho_f}{\\varepsilon} \\frac{\\partial \\vec{V}}{\\partial t} + \\frac{\\rho_f}{\\varepsilon^2} (\\vec{V} \\cdot \\nabla) \\vec{V} = & -\\nabla P + \\frac{\\mu_f}{\\varepsilon} (\\nabla^2 \\vec{V}) - \\rho_{f,ref} \\beta_f \\varepsilon (T - T_{ref}) \\vec{g} - A_m \\frac{(1 - L_f)^2}{L_f^3 + 0.001} \\vec{V} - \\left(\\frac{\\mu_f}{K} + \\frac{\\rho_f C|\\vec{V}|}{\\sqrt{K}}\\right) \\vec{V} \\end{aligned} $$\n\n$$\n\\rho \\frac{\\partial \\vec{V}}{\\partial t} + \\frac{\\rho}{\\varepsilon} \\nabla \\cdot (\\vec{V} \\vec{V}) = -\\nabla P + \\mu_f (\\nabla^2 \\vec{V}) - \\frac{\\mu_f \\vec{V}}{K} - \\rho C_F \\sqrt{\\frac{1}{K}} |\\vec{V}| \\vec{V} \n$$"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_32.md", "title": "Numerical Investigation of Hybrid PCM-Liquid Cooling Battery Thermal Management Using Metal Foam Inserts", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_32.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "In Numerical Investigation of Hybrid PCM-Liquid Cooling Battery Thermal Management Using Metal Foam Inserts, Table 3’s Momentum row is subdivided into two regions. What are these two sub-region labels, and what is the exact Clear region Momentum expression?", "answer": "Labels: \"Clear region:\" and \"Metal foam region:\"\nClear region expression:\n$$\n\\rho \\frac{\\partial \\vec{V}}{\\partial t} + \\rho \\nabla \\cdot (\\vec{V} \\vec{V}) = -\\nabla P + \\mu_f (\\nabla^2 \\vec{V})\n$$", "evidence": "Clear region:\n\n$$\n\\rho \\frac{\\partial \\vec{V}}{\\partial t} + \\rho \\nabla \\cdot (\\vec{V} \\vec{V}) = -\\nabla P + \\mu_f (\\nabla^2 \\vec{V})\n$$\n\nMetal foam region:\n\n$$\n\\rho \\frac{\\partial \\vec{V}}{\\partial t} + \\frac{\\rho}{\\varepsilon} \\nabla \\cdot (\\vec{V} \\vec{V}) = -\\nabla P + \\mu_f (\\nabla^2 \\vec{V}) - \\frac{\\mu_f \\vec{V}}{K} - \\rho C_F \\sqrt{\\frac{1}{K}} |\\vec{V}| \\vec{V} \n$$"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_2.md", "title": "社会治理检察建议的生成与优化", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_2.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《社会治理检察建议的生成与优化》，注释①所引用的报刊来源与日期是什么？", "answer": "载《检察日报》2023年9月3日，第1版。", "evidence": "载《检察日报》2023年9月3日，第1版。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_2.md", "title": "社会治理检察建议的生成与优化", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_2.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "在《社会治理检察建议的生成与优化》中，“三、提升社会治理检察建议质效的几点思考”包含的五个小节标题是什么？请按原文（含全角括号）依次列出。", "answer": "（一）创造之维；（二）实体之维；（三）程序之维；（四）大数据之维；（五）系统之维", "evidence": "### （一）创造之维\n\n以创造之维锚定好的主题方向。主题方向是制发社会治理检察建议的前提。锚定好的主题方向应坚持以人民为中心，为大局服务，聚焦人民群众“急难愁盼”、执法司法“病灶顽疾”、社会治理难点堵点痛点、行业监管漏洞或角度死角，企业管理和企业经营发展、人民群众切身利益、生态环境和资源安全、经济社会发展、社会公共安全和国家安全等多领域，聚焦本地区实际和本地区重点工作，在依法履行法律监督职责中，洞察案件背后的深层次治理问题。\n\n### （二）实体之维\n\n检察建议的质效包括检察建议文书质量和检察履职质效两个方面。检察建议文书质量是检察建议质量的核心要素，是检察建议落实的前提。检察履职质效是确保高质量检察建议取得实效的保障。检察建议文书质量的核心要义在于精准性，这是确保检察建议做到刚性、做成刚性的核心。为使社会治理检察建议更具正当性、确切性、可采性，可以在某些专业领域借助“外脑”，广泛征求专家、专业机构等多方主体的意见建议。在检察履职方面，要在调查研究上发力，进行大量的走访调查，形成扎实的证据支撑体系，准确查明问题，为有针对性提出检察建议打下良好基础。对于所查明的不同问题，应准确援引法律法规，并分别提出对策建议，使建议在逻辑上与问题一一对应，确保检察建议的精准性和可操作性。\n\n### （三）程序之维\n\n规范是确保检察建议权威性和做到刚性、做成刚性的重要保障。首先，确保内部制发程序的规范。健全社会治理类检察建议立项发送机制。在制发程序上，严格遵循《人民检察院检察建议工作规定》，对于一些重大监督事项，可启动重大法律监督事项案件化办理程序；在文书制作上，严格按照《人民检察院检察建议工作规定》规定的文书内容和《人民检察院检察建议法律文书格式样本》规定的文书格式进行，确保文书规范性。社会治理检察建议发出前要报送法律政策研究部门进行审核，严把质量关。其次，确保外部送达程序的规范，包括宣告送达、督促落实、跟踪回访等。\n\n### （四）大数据之维\n\n传统就案办案的模式在发现社会治理问题方面有些滞后。大数据的运用，有助于解决社会治理中的动态监管难、监管不全面、治理滞后、治理效率不高等问题。检察机关可以运用大数据法律监督思维，借助大数据法律监督平台，通过分析研判所获取的某一类数据，深挖数据背后隐藏的深层次社会治理问题，并有针对性地制发高质量的检察建议。为此，检察机关应深入落实数字检察战略，依托法治信息化工程建设、依法治国强基工程建设等，整合行政执法与刑事司法衔接、政法一体化等大数据平台，建构相应的监督模型，形成数据共建共享共用新格局。\n\n### （五）系统之维\n\n一是形成系统外部合力。健全社会治理类检察建议评估考核机制，促使地方党委和政府将社会治理检察建议的整改落实工作纳入平安建设、法治建设考核内容，同时吸引社会力量参与。多元主体协同治理，可实现优势互补，形成治理合力。\n\n二是形成系统监督合力。其一，坚持治罪与治理并重的理念，针对某一领域治理，相关职能单位可协同司法机关建立对违法犯罪行为的联动查处机制。其二，对于检察建议指出的问题和建议内容，检察机关应与被建议方、主管部门和职能部门加强沟通、协力解决。\n\n三是形成系统内部合力。检察机关应坚持系统思维，进一步完善内部监督制约机制，各内设部门应在各司其职的基础上形成治理合力。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_2.md", "title": "社会治理检察建议的生成与优化", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_2.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "依据《社会治理检察建议的生成与优化》，请完整引用“社会治理检察建议的实施逻辑具有特殊性”段落中，用引号标示的两种范式表述。", "answer": "“人民检察院发现或在履行对诉讼活动的法律监督职责中发现或在履行职责中发现＋主体（执法、司法机关、行政机关）+存在问题”；“人民检察院在办理案件中发现＋社会治理工作存在问题＋指向有关单位和部门”", "evidence": "与其他几类检察建议“人民检察院发现或在履行对诉讼活动的法律监督职责中发现或在履行职责中发现＋主体（执法、司法机关、行政机关）+存在问题”设定范式不同，社会治理检察建议以“人民检察院在办理案件中发现＋社会治理工作存在问题＋指向有关单位和部门”为范式。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_2.md", "title": "社会治理检察建议的生成与优化", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_2.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "根据《社会治理检察建议的生成与优化》，文末星号脚注的项目说明是什么？请完整引用该说明句。", "answer": "*本文系2023年度内蒙古自治区人民检察院重点调研课题《诉源治理与检察建议研究——以 44 份全国优秀社会治理检察建议为切入点》的阶段性研究成果。", "evidence": "*本文系2023年度内蒙古自治区人民检察院重点调研课题《诉源治理与检察建议研究——以 44 份全国优秀社会治理检察建议为切入点》的阶段性研究成果。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_17.md", "title": "人工智能赋能初中生物教学研究", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_17.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "在《人工智能赋能初中生物教学研究》中，“(三) 利用虚拟实验技术，提升实验教学质量”部分里，紧跟在“无法清晰地观察到细胞分裂的结构动态变化。”之后的下一句完整表述是什么？", "answer": "教师则可以利用人工智能技术为学生提供动态三维模型，帮助学生清晰地观察到细胞分裂在各个阶段的变化。", "evidence": "其次，教师还可以利用虚拟实验弥补传统实验的局限性。例如，利用显微镜观察细胞分裂的微观过程时，很多学生经常因为显微镜的倍数有限，无法清晰地观察到细胞分裂的结构动态变化。教师则可以利用人工智能技术为学生提供动态三维模型，帮助学生清晰地观察到细胞分裂在各个阶段的变化。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_17.md", "title": "人工智能赋能初中生物教学研究", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_17.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据《人工智能赋能初中生物教学研究》，参考文献中作者为“何诚”的条目共有几条？分别对应的刊名与年期页码是什么？", "answer": "2条；中小学校长,2024(10):11；四川教育,2024(26):17", "evidence": "[2] 何诚.生成式人工智能在初中生物学教学中的应用[J].中小学校长,2024(10):11.\n[5] 何诚.ChatGPT在初中生物学教学中的功能优势与创新运用:以八年级“五彩缤纷的植物世界”教学为例[J].四川教育,2024(26):17."}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_17.md", "title": "人工智能赋能初中生物教学研究", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_17.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在《人工智能赋能初中生物教学研究》中，“作者简介”给出的作者出生年月与职称分别是什么？", "answer": "1982.2—；副高级教师", "evidence": "**作者简介:** 王晓娟(1982.2—),女,汉族,甘肃华亭人,副高级教师,研究方向:生物教学。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_17.md", "title": "人工智能赋能初中生物教学研究", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_17.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据《人工智能赋能初中生物教学研究》，请同时列出“关键词”字段中的全部关键词，并指出“作者简介”中作者的民族。", "answer": "初中生物;人工智能;教学模式；汉族", "evidence": "**关键词:** 初中生物;人工智能;教学模式\n**作者简介:** 王晓娟(1982.2—),女,汉族,甘肃华亭人,副高级教师,研究方向:生物教学。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_11.md", "title": "AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_11.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "根据AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习，“基金项目”部分涉及哪两项资助？请分别给出项目类别及对应的项目编号。", "answer": "共有两项资助：（1）2024年度国家重点研发计划子课题“多模态多传感器融合的实验过程跟踪分析与智能评测”，项目编号为2024YFC3308504；（2）2024年度教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“基于多模态学习分析的职教高考技能评价实证研究”，项目编号为24YJC880054。", "evidence": "**基金项目:** 本文系2024年度国家重点研发计划“智能交互实验教学关键技术研究及应用”子课题“多模态多传感器融合的实验过程跟踪分析与智能评测”(项目编号:2024YFC3308504)、2024年度教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“基于多模态学习分析的职教高考技能评价实证研究”(项目编号:24YJC880054)的研究成果。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_11.md", "title": "AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_11.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习，脚注③与脚注④分别说明了什么？请分别给出原文定义。", "answer": "脚注③：“‘人、机、料、法、环’是全面质量管理理论中影响产品质量的5个主要因素(人员、机器、原料、方法、环境),后被引入教育领域,引申为影响教育质量的5个场域要素。”；脚注④：“‘基于工作的学习’是与‘基于教室或学校的学习’相对应的职业教育概念,指通过参与工作实践进行的学习活动和反思,学习者由此获得富有意义的体验、工作诀窍和默会知识并发展实践能力。”", "evidence": "③“人、机、料、法、环”是全面质量管理理论中影响产品质量的5个主要因素(人员、机器、原料、方法、环境),后被引入教育领域,引申为影响教育质量的5个场域要素。\n④“基于工作的学习”是与“基于教室或学校的学习”相对应的职业教育概念,指通过参与工作实践进行的学习活动和反思,学习者由此获得富有意义的体验、工作诀窍和默会知识并发展实践能力。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_11.md", "title": "AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_11.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习，“作者简介”中两位作者的单位与身份分别是什么？", "answer": "余越凡：北京师范大学教育学部博士研究生（北京 100875）；赵志群（通讯作者）：博士，北京师范大学教育学部教授、博士生导师（北京 100875）。", "evidence": "**作者简介:** 余越凡,北京师范大学教育学部博士研究生(北京 100875);赵志群(通讯作者),博士,北京师范大学教育学部教授、博士生导师(北京 100875)。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_11.md", "title": "AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_11.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "请在AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习中同时给出两项“基金项目”的项目编号，并写出该文的DOI。", "answer": "两项项目编号分别为：2024YFC3308504 与 24YJC880054；DOI 为：10.15881/j.cnki.cn33-1304/g4.2025.02.005。", "evidence": "**基金项目:** 本文系2024年度国家重点研发计划“智能交互实验教学关键技术研究及应用”子课题“多模态多传感器融合的实验过程跟踪分析与智能评测”(项目编号:2024YFC3308504)、2024年度教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“基于多模态学习分析的职教高考技能评价实证研究”(项目编号:24YJC880054)的研究成果。\n**[DOI]** 10.15881/j.cnki.cn33-1304/g4.2025.02.005"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_22.md", "title": "中国珐琅器的种类与工艺渊源", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_22.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《中国珐琅器的种类与工艺渊源》，在“掐丝珐琅器”的工艺描述中，“再于纹样轮廓线的空白处”之后，点施的具体材料是什么？", "answer": "各种颜色的珐琅釉料", "evidence": "再于纹样轮廓线的空白处，点施各种颜色的珐琅釉料，经多次焙烧、磨光、镀金而成。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_22.md", "title": "中国珐琅器的种类与工艺渊源", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_22.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "根据《中国珐琅器的种类与工艺渊源》中“2. 錾胎珐琅器（图二）”的制作描述，“然后运用”的具体技法全称是什么？", "answer": "金属錾刻技法", "evidence": "然后运用金属錾刻技法,在纹样轮廓线以外的空白处进行雕錾减地,使得纹样轮廓线起凸,"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_12.md", "title": "Cold Sintering: Water-Mediated Low-Temperature Densification of Ceramics and Composites", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_12.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Cold Sintering: Water-Mediated Low-Temperature Densification of Ceramics and Composites, which materials in Table 1 have an empty 'Density [g cm-3]' cell under the 'Conventional Thermal Sintering Process' column while still listing a 'Performance' value?", "answer": "K2Mo2O7 and V2O5", "evidence": "| K2Mo2O7 | 3.39 (94.1%) | εr = 9.8Q × f = 16 000 GHztanδ = 8.3 × 10-4(13.3 GHz) | | εr = 7.5Q × f = 22 000 GHz[11c] | \n| V2O5 | 3.03 (90.2%) | σc = 4.8 × 10-4 S cm-1 | | σc = 10-5–10-3S cm-1[11d–f] | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_12.md", "title": "Cold Sintering: Water-Mediated Low-Temperature Densification of Ceramics and Composites", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_12.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In Cold Sintering: Water-Mediated Low-Temperature Densification of Ceramics and Composites, according to Figure 1, what fixed conditions are used in panels d, e, and f when displaying the relative densities of K₂Mo₂O₇?", "answer": "d) At 120°C for 5 minutes as a function of applied pressures; e) Under a pressure of 350 MPa for 5 minutes at various sintering temperatures; f) At 120°C and 350 MPa as a function of isothermal holding time.", "evidence": "d) At 120°C for 5 minutes as a function of applied pressures. e) Under a pressure of 350 MPa for 5 minutes at various sintering temperatures. f) At 120°C and 350 MPa as a function of isothermal holding time."}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_12.md", "title": "Cold Sintering: Water-Mediated Low-Temperature Densification of Ceramics and Composites", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_12.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "In Cold Sintering: Water-Mediated Low-Temperature Densification of Ceramics and Composites Table 1, how many CSP performance entries explicitly include a tanδ value?", "answer": "3", "evidence": "| Li2MoO4 | 2.9 (95.7%) | εr = 5.61Q × f = 30 500 GHztanδ = 5.7 × 10-4(f = 17.4 GHz) | 2.895 (95.5%) | εr = 5.5Q × f = 46 000 GHz[11a] | \n| Na2Mo2O7 | 3.45 (93.7%) | εr = 13.4Q × f = 14 900 GHztanδ = 7.5 × 10-4(11.2 GHz) | 3.59 (97%) | εr = 12.9Q × f = 62 400 GHz[11b] | \n| K2Mo2O7 | 3.39 (94.1%) | εr = 9.8Q × f = 16 000 GHztanδ = 8.3 × 10-4(13.3 GHz) | | εr = 7.5Q × f = 22 000 GHz[11c] | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_12.md", "title": "Cold Sintering: Water-Mediated Low-Temperature Densification of Ceramics and Composites", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_12.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "In the Table 1 footnote of Cold Sintering: Water-Mediated Low-Temperature Densification of Ceramics and Composites, which symbol is defined for microwave permittivity?", "answer": "ε_r", "evidence": "[a] $\\sigma_s$, tensile strength. $\\epsilon_r$, microwave permittivity. $\\tan\\delta$, loss. Q, quality factor ($Q=1/\\tan\\delta$). f, resonant frequency. $\\sigma_c$, DC conductivity."}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_12.md", "title": "Cold Sintering: Water-Mediated Low-Temperature Densification of Ceramics and Composites", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_12.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "In Cold Sintering: Water-Mediated Low-Temperature Densification of Ceramics and Composites Table 1, among Li₂MoO₄, Na₂Mo₂O₇, and K₂Mo₂O₇, which material has the highest CSP Q × f, and what is its conventional Q × f?", "answer": "Li2MoO4; 46 000 GHz", "evidence": "| Li2MoO4 | 2.9 (95.7%) | εr = 5.61Q × f = 30 500 GHztanδ = 5.7 × 10-4(f = 17.4 GHz) | 2.895 (95.5%) | εr = 5.5Q × f = 46 000 GHz[11a] | \n| Na2Mo2O7 | 3.45 (93.7%) | εr = 13.4Q × f = 14 900 GHztanδ = 7.5 × 10-4(11.2 GHz) | 3.59 (97%) | εr = 12.9Q × f = 62 400 GHz[11b] | \n| K2Mo2O7 | 3.39 (94.1%) | εr = 9.8Q × f = 16 000 GHztanδ = 8.3 × 10-4(13.3 GHz) | | εr = 7.5Q × f = 22 000 GHz[11c] | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_12.md", "title": "Cold Sintering: Water-Mediated Low-Temperature Densification of Ceramics and Composites", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_12.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "In Cold Sintering: Water-Mediated Low-Temperature Densification of Ceramics and Composites Table 1, what are the two grouped column headers spanning multiple subcolumns?", "answer": "Cold Sintering Process (CSP); Conventional Thermal Sintering Process", "evidence": " | Cold Sintering Process (CSP) | Conventional Thermal Sintering Process |
|---|
| Density [g cm-3] | Performance[a] | Density [g cm-3] | Performance |
|---|
"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_1.md", "title": "Combined Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning for Predicting CO2 Henry’s Constants in Ionic Liquids", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Combined Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning for Predicting CO2 Henry’s Constants in Ionic Liquids, according to Table 1, what is the R2/MAE/MSE triplet reported under the MLP column for “Wu et al.15”, and which model column in that same row has no entry?", "answer": "0.9814/0.6407/0.7043; SVM is blank.", "evidence": " | MLP | RF | SVM |
|---|
| R2/MAE/MSE | R2/MAE/MSE | R2/MAE/MSE |
|---|
| Wu et al.15 | 0.9814/0.6407/0.7043 | 0.9535/0.9638/1.4494 | | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_1.md", "title": "Combined Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning for Predicting CO2 Henry’s Constants in Ionic Liquids", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In Combined Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning for Predicting CO2 Henry’s Constants in Ionic Liquids, what percentage of HLC data points were used as the verification set to verify the model?", "answer": "20%", "evidence": "For the preprocessed HLC data, 80% of the data points were randomly selected as the training set, and the remaining 20% of the HLC data points as the verification set to verify the model."}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_1.md", "title": "Combined Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning for Predicting CO2 Henry’s Constants in Ionic Liquids", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_1.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "In Combined Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning for Predicting CO2 Henry’s Constants in Ionic Liquids, using Table 2, at T (K)=298.15 what is the sum of the predicted HLC (MPa) for [Omim][NTf₂] and [Bmim][BF₄]?", "answer": "9.10", "evidence": "| 298.15 | 3.00 | 3.10 | 0.10 | 5.65 | 6.00 | 0.35 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_1.md", "title": "Combined Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning for Predicting CO2 Henry’s Constants in Ionic Liquids", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_1.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "In Combined Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning for Predicting CO2 Henry’s Constants in Ionic Liquids, which force field parameters were used to describe ILs in the MD simulations?", "answer": "OPLS-2009L", "evidence": "We used OPLS-2009L force field parameters to describe ILs,²⁴⁻²⁶ and TraPPE force field parameters to describe CO₂.²⁷"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_1.md", "title": "Combined Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning for Predicting CO2 Henry’s Constants in Ionic Liquids", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_1.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "In Combined Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning for Predicting CO2 Henry’s Constants in Ionic Liquids, across T = 298.15, 303.15, 313.15, 323.15, and 334.15 K for [Omim][NTf₂] in Table 2, in how many cases is the predicted HLC (MPa) greater than the experimental HLC (MPa)?", "answer": "3", "evidence": "| 298.15 | 3.00 | 3.10 | 0.10 | 5.65 | 6.00 | 0.35 | | 303.15 | 3.55 | 3.37 | -0.18 | 6.25 | 6.55 | 0.30 | | 313.15 | 3.95 | 4.01 | 0.06 | 7.74 | 7.70 | -0.04 | | 323.15 | 4.63 | 4.73 | 0.10 | 8.89 | 8.92 | 0.03 | | 334.15 | 5.47 | 5.46 | -0.10 | 10.48 | 10.49 | 0.01 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_1.md", "title": "Combined Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning for Predicting CO2 Henry’s Constants in Ionic Liquids", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_1.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "In Combined Molecular Dynamics and Machine Learning for Predicting CO2 Henry’s Constants in Ionic Liquids, within Table 2 under the merged header “[Omim][NTf₂]”, what is the “error” at T (K)=303.15?", "answer": "-0.18", "evidence": " | [Omim][NTf2] | [Bmim][BF4] |
|---|
| T (K) | experimental HLC (MPa) | predicted HLC (MPa) | error | experimental HLC (MPa) | predicted HLC (MPa) | error |
|---|
| 303.15 | 3.55 | 3.37 | -0.18 | 6.25 | 6.55 | 0.30 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_18.md", "title": "北京景泰蓝南北流派的形成与特色", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_18.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《北京景泰蓝南北流派的形成与特色》，文章最后一幅图片的题注是什么？", "answer": "和平颂宝鑑 钱美华", "evidence": "和平颂宝鑑 钱美华"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_18.md", "title": "北京景泰蓝南北流派的形成与特色", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_18.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "在《北京景泰蓝南北流派的形成与特色》开头出现的两条连续图片说明分别是什么？请按顺序给出完整行。", "answer": "提梁卣 霍铁辉\n春妹 张同禄", "evidence": "提梁卣 霍铁辉\n\n春妹 张同禄"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_18.md", "title": "北京景泰蓝南北流派的形成与特色", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_18.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在《北京景泰蓝南北流派的形成与特色》的“京南派 重彩纹饰”部分，国画的哪两种手法被运用于哪个工序？请给出原文片段。", "answer": "并开始将国画勾线、烘染的手法运用于景泰蓝的点蓝工序", "evidence": "在钱美华的带领下，“京南派”吸收了其他中国传统艺术门类的装饰手法，并开始将国画勾线、烘染的手法运用于景泰蓝的点蓝工序，并在装饰纹样的题材、色彩上对传统装饰进行再发掘。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_30.md", "title": "Biobased Polymers for 3D Printing: Materials, Rheology, Processes, and Challenges", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_30.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Biobased Polymers for 3D Printing: Materials, Rheology, Processes, and Challenges, according to Table 3, which protein is blended with xanthan for extrusion, and what advantage and disadvantage are listed?", "answer": "soy; improving the printability; low cohesiveness", "evidence": "\n| soy | \n | \nextrusion bioplotter | \nenhancing geometric accuracy | \nlimited cell proliferation | \ntissue regeneration | \n | \n124 | \n \n\n | \nxanthan | \nextrusion | \nimproving the printability | \nlow cohesiveness | \nfood printing | \n115 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_30.md", "title": "Biobased Polymers for 3D Printing: Materials, Rheology, Processes, and Challenges", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_30.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In Biobased Polymers for 3D Printing: Materials, Rheology, Processes, and Challenges, what mechanism is listed for SLS in Table 2, and what applications are associated with the SLS entries in Table 1?", "answer": "laser; powder binding; personalized medicine; personalized medicine; drug delivery system; bone regeneration", "evidence": "\n| SLS | \n | \nlaser; powder binding | \nsintered and melted sugar/lipid | \nviscoelastic | \n82, 83 | \n \n\n| SLS | \nβ-cyclodextrin/mannitol | \ncandurin; kollidon VA64; Gold Sheen | \nondansetron | \npersonalized medicine | \n39 | \n \n\n | \nhydroxypropyl methylcellulose | \ncandurin; Gold Sheen | \nparacetamol | \npersonalized medicine | \n40 | \n \n\n | \npolycaprolactone | \n | \nprogesterone | \ndrug delivery system | \n41 | \n \n\n | \npolycaprolactone | \n | \nibuprofen | \nbone regeneration | \n42 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_30.md", "title": "Biobased Polymers for 3D Printing: Materials, Rheology, Processes, and Challenges", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_30.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "In Biobased Polymers for 3D Printing: Materials, Rheology, Processes, and Challenges, under the 'extrusion process' system type in Table 2, list the three 'critical parameters' paired with their exact 'ref' entries, in the order the methods are listed.", "answer": "viscosity — 68–71; temperature — 72, 73; viscoelastic behavior — 74", "evidence": "\n| extrusion process | \nsoft material extrusion | \nbinding based on rheological properties only (phase changes do not occur) | \nmeat purees; chocolate; syrups; frostings; processed cheese; dough batters | \nviscosity | \n68–71 | \n \n\n | \nmelting | \nsolidification upon cooling | \nchocolate; sugar confection | \ntemperature | \n72, 73 | \n \n\n | \nhydrogel-forming | \nionic or enzymatic cross-linking | \nbiopolymeric hydrogels (including starch, xanthan, gelatin, alginate, etc.) | \nviscoelastic behavior | \n74 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_30.md", "title": "Biobased Polymers for 3D Printing: Materials, Rheology, Processes, and Challenges", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_30.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "In Biobased Polymers for 3D Printing: Materials, Rheology, Processes, and Challenges, for the protein category 'egg proteins' in Table 3, what are the 'advantage' entries for the blends with 'rice flour' and with 'gelatin/starch/alginate/ sucrose'?", "answer": "good printing accuracy; desired shape fidelity", "evidence": "\n | \nrice flour | \nextrusion | \ngood printing accuracy | \nthermal instability | \nfood printing | \n133 | \n \n\n | \ngelatin/starch/alginate/ sucrose | \nextrusion | \ndesired shape fidelity | \nincreasing particle size | \nfood printing | \n109 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_30.md", "title": "Biobased Polymers for 3D Printing: Materials, Rheology, Processes, and Challenges", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_30.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "In Biobased Polymers for 3D Printing: Materials, Rheology, Processes, and Challenges, across all SLS rows in Table 1, list the 'biodegradable polymer' entries in order.", "answer": "β-cyclodextrin/mannitol; hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; polycaprolactone; polycaprolactone", "evidence": "\n| SLS | \nβ-cyclodextrin/mannitol | \ncandurin; kollidon VA64; Gold Sheen | \nondansetron | \npersonalized medicine | \n39 | \n \n\n | \nhydroxypropyl methylcellulose | \ncandurin; Gold Sheen | \nparacetamol | \npersonalized medicine | \n40 | \n \n\n | \npolycaprolactone | \n | \nprogesterone | \ndrug delivery system | \n41 | \n \n\n | \npolycaprolactone | \n | \nibuprofen | \nbone regeneration | \n42 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_7.md", "title": "北京奥林匹克森林公园PM₂.₅与暴露风险空间格局", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_7.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据北京奥林匹克森林公园PM₂.₅与暴露风险空间格局，文中的网络首发时间（精确到秒）是什么？", "answer": "2024-07-25 09:32:03", "evidence": "网络首发时间：2024-07-25 09:32:03"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_7.md", "title": "北京奥林匹克森林公园PM₂.₅与暴露风险空间格局", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_7.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "根据北京奥林匹克森林公园PM₂.₅与暴露风险空间格局，请同时给出“中图分类号”和“文献标志码”的具体标注。", "answer": "中图分类号：TU 986；文献标志码：A", "evidence": "**中图分类号**：TU 986\n\n**文献标志码**：A"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_7.md", "title": "北京奥林匹克森林公园PM₂.₅与暴露风险空间格局", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_7.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在北京奥林匹克森林公园PM₂.₅与暴露风险空间格局中，“1.2.1 基础数据来源”的第2)项标题全文是什么（请注意其中PM的标注形式）？", "answer": "2)奥森公园绿地PM2.5浓度实测。", "evidence": "2)奥森公园绿地PM2.5浓度实测。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_7.md", "title": "北京奥林匹克森林公园PM₂.₅与暴露风险空间格局", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_7.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据北京奥林匹克森林公园PM₂.₅与暴露风险空间格局的结论描述，“5 km步道区域”与“3 km步道区域”的PM₂.₅暴露风险水平如何对比？", "answer": "5 km步道区域PM₂.₅暴露风险水平较高；3 km步道区域PM₂.₅浓度以及PM₂.₅暴露风险水平较低。", "evidence": "2)接近城市道路的公园绿地边界区域的5 km步道区域,绿地访客行为活动密集,PM₂.₅暴露风险水平较高,但3 km步道区域因处于集中连片林地内部,所以PM₂.₅浓度以及PM₂.₅暴露风险水平较低;"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_23.md", "title": "百工坊：民间工艺的传承与市场化", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_23.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《百工坊：民间工艺的传承与市场化》，国际旅游联合会主席埃里克·杜吕克参观后题词的完整内容（含标点）是什么？", "answer": "这里是中华人民共和国的卢浮宫。", "evidence": "国际旅游联合会主席埃里克·杜吕克先生在参观百工坊后，欣然为京城百工坊题词：这里是中华人民共和国的卢浮宫。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_23.md", "title": "百工坊：民间工艺的传承与市场化", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_23.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "在《百工坊：民间工艺的传承与市场化》中，不含房租，2003年至2006年上半年百工坊自营各项经营收入合计多少万元？", "answer": "792万元", "evidence": "不含房租，2003年各项经营收入59万元；2004年369万元；2005年234万元；2006年1月至6月各项经营收入130万元。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_23.md", "title": "百工坊：民间工艺的传承与市场化", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_23.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "根据《百工坊：民间工艺的传承与市场化》，按时间顺序列出四个关键政策/事件及其日期：国务院条例、北京市办法、市经委纲要提出“京城百工坊”、以及百工坊开坊。", "answer": "1997年5月20日国务院颁布《传统工艺美术保护条例》；2002年8月9日北京市颁布《北京市传统工艺美术保护办法》；2003年1月北京市经济委员会颁布《北京工艺美术行业发展纲要》中明确提出在崇文区建立“京城百工坊”；2003年11月26日京城百工坊开坊。", "evidence": "1997年5月20日国务院颁布《传统工艺美术保护条例》，2002年8月9日北京市颁布《北京市传统工艺美术保护办法》。2003年1月北京市经济委员会颁布《北京工艺美术行业发展纲要》中明确提出：“实施‘四大工程’，在崇文区建立传统工艺美术保护基地——‘京城百工坊’，并成为国内外有影响的‘名坊’”。京城百工坊诞生了。\n\n2003年11月26日京城百工坊开坊，中共北京市委书记刘淇出席开坊典礼，在接见北京130余位工艺美术大师时指出：百工坊开坊对于推动传统工艺美术事业的繁荣发展具有重要意义。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_31.md", "title": "Ion Exchange for Recovering Rare Earths from Secondary Resources: Review", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_31.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Ion Exchange for Recovering Rare Earths from Secondary Resources: Review, within Table 2 under “Permanent NdFeB magnets”, what is the Pr content range (g/kg) for “NdFeB grinding sludge”?", "answer": "0-55", "evidence": "\n| Permanent NdFeB magnets | \nNdFeB grinding sludge | \n- | \n- | \n0-55 | \n190-350 | \n- | \n- | \n- | \n- | \n15-45 | \n- | \n- | \n- | \n- | \nFirdaus et al. (2016) | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_31.md", "title": "Ion Exchange for Recovering Rare Earths from Secondary Resources: Review", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_31.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In Ion Exchange for Recovering Rare Earths from Secondary Resources: Review, according to Table 4, what are the Ce capacities (meq/g) for Dowex 50Wx8 in sulfate vs nitrate media, and which one is higher?", "answer": "Sulfate: 2.88 meq/g; Nitrate: 2.16 meq/g; higher is sulfate.", "evidence": "\n | \n | \nDowex 50Wx8 | \nSulfate | \nCe | \n– | \n5.2 | \n25 | \n– | \n2.88 | \nThe type of solute anions linked with the REE during cation exchange affects the sorption capacity of the IX resin and the sorption capacity increased with sulfate over nitrate. | \nMiller et al.(2018) | \n \n\n | \n | \nNitrate | \nCe | \n– | \n5.8 | \n25 | \n– | \n2.16 | \n | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_31.md", "title": "Ion Exchange for Recovering Rare Earths from Secondary Resources: Review", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_31.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "In Ion Exchange for Recovering Rare Earths from Secondary Resources: Review, using Table 4 SAC entries at pH 1.4–3.4, what is the average Nd capacity (meq/g) across Lewatit MDS 200H, Purolite C160, and Dowex 50WX8?", "answer": "Approximately 0.503 meq/g", "evidence": "\n | \n | \nLewatit MDS 200H | \nSulfate | \nY, La, Ce, Nd, Dy, Gd | \n– | \n1.4–3.4 | \n25 | \n– | \nY (0.36), La (0.63), Ce (0.52), Nd (0.49), Dy (0.39), Gd (0.42) | \nAll SAC resins displayed a slightly different selectivity in the order of Dy < Y < Gd < Ce < Nd < La at pH 2.4 as compared to Y < Dy < Gd < Nd < Ce < La at pH presented 1.4. | \nFelipe et al. (2020) | \n \n\n | \n | \nPurolite C160 | \nSulfate | \nY, La, Ce, Nd, Dy, Gd | \n– | \n1.4–3.4 | \n25 | \n– | \nY (0.33), La (0.75), Ce (0.53), Nd (0.51), Dy (0.40), Gd (0.47) | \n | \n \n\n | \n | \nDowex 50WX8 | \nSulfate | \nY, La, Ce, Nd, Dy, Gd | \n– | \n1.4–3.4 | \n25 | \n– | \nY (0.40), La (0.63), Ce (0.51), Nd (0.51), Dy (0.42), Gd (0.42) | \n | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_31.md", "title": "Ion Exchange for Recovering Rare Earths from Secondary Resources: Review", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_31.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "In Ion Exchange for Recovering Rare Earths from Secondary Resources: Review, which resin in Table 4 operates at pH 4 and what La capacity (meq/g) does it report?", "answer": "Purolite S930Plus; La (1.06)", "evidence": "\n | \nIminodiacetic acid | \nPurolite S930Plus | \nSulfate | \nLa, Sm, Ho | \nAl, Fe, Th | \n4 | \n21 | \n20 | \nLa (1.06) | \n | \nPage et al.(2017) | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_31.md", "title": "Ion Exchange for Recovering Rare Earths from Secondary Resources: Review", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_31.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "In Ion Exchange for Recovering Rare Earths from Secondary Resources: Review, among the chelating resins Purolite S950, Purolite S957, and Purolite S930Plus in Table 4, which has the highest La capacity (meq/g), and what are the pH conditions for each?", "answer": "Purolite S957 has the highest La capacity (La (1.12)). pH values: Purolite S950 at pH 1.5; Purolite S957 at pH 1.5; Purolite S930Plus at pH 4.", "evidence": "\n | \n | \nPurolite S950 | \nSulfate | \nLa, Sm, Ho | \nAl, Fe, Th | \n1.5 | \n21 | \n20 | \nLa (0.84) | \nFe and Th were preferentially sorbed over REE and Al in the selectivity series for the three chelating resins (Th ≈ Fe> >REE ≈ Al). | \nPage et al.(2017) | \n \n\n | \nSulfonic and phosphonic acid | \nPurolite S957 | \nSulfate | \nLa, Sm, Ho | \nAl, Fe, Th | \n1.5 | \n21 | \n20 | \nLa (1.12) | \n | \n \n\n | \nIminodiacetic acid | \nPurolite S930Plus | \nSulfate | \nLa, Sm, Ho | \nAl, Fe, Th | \n4 | \n21 | \n20 | \nLa (1.06) | \n | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_31.md", "title": "Ion Exchange for Recovering Rare Earths from Secondary Resources: Review", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_31.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "In Ion Exchange for Recovering Rare Earths from Secondary Resources: Review, under the merged “NiMH batteries” resource group in Table 2, which subresource lists a Y content of 7.1 g/kg?", "answer": "Hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) batteries", "evidence": "\n | \nHybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) batteries | \n198.8 | \n62.2 | \n24 | \n26.3 | \n- | \n- | \n- | \n- | \n- | \n- | \n7.1 | \n- | \nKorkmaz et al. (2018) | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_27.md", "title": "Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in a Large Chinese Landfill", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_27.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in a Large Chinese Landfill, according to Table 1, which is larger in magnitude: the correlation between Log₁₀ (tetO) and OTC (µg/kg), or the correlation between Log₁₀ (sull) and TC (µg/kg)? Provide both coefficients.", "answer": "0.41** (Log₁₀ (tetO) with OTC) is larger than 0.29* (Log₁₀ (sull) with TC).", "evidence": "| Log10 (tetO) | -0.40** | -0.40** | 0.34* | 0.30* | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.41** | 0.37** | | | \n| Log10 (sull) | -0.29* | -0.34* | 0.47** | 0.34* | 0.07 | 0.29* | 0.26 | | | | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_27.md", "title": "Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in a Large Chinese Landfill", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_27.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in a Large Chinese Landfill, how many sampling locations were used and what was the detection frequency of OTC in refuse samples?", "answer": "8 locations; 94%.", "evidence": "A total of 51 samples were collected from 8 locations (designated P1 to P8) at depths of 0.8–35.0 m from the 3 units (Fig. 1).\nThe detection frequency of SMX, TC, and OTC in refuse samples was 59%, 78%, and 94%, respectively."}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_27.md", "title": "Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in a Large Chinese Landfill", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_27.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "In Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in a Large Chinese Landfill, considering the Age (yr) column in Table 1, how many variables show significant (p < 0.05) correlations with Age, and which are they?", "answer": "Six variables: Depth (m), Moisture %, Nitrate (mg/L), TC (µg/kg), Log₁₀ (sull), and Log₁₀ (tetO).", "evidence": "| Depth (m) | 0.61** | \n| Moisture % | -0.47** | \n| Nitrate (mg/L) | -0.55** | \n| TC (µg/kg) | -0.30* | \n| Log10 (sull) | -0.29* | \n| Log10 (tetO) | -0.40** | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_27.md", "title": "Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in a Large Chinese Landfill", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_27.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "According to the methods in Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in a Large Chinese Landfill, which Technical Code for the Geotechnical Engineering of Municipal Solid Waste Sanitary Landfills was followed? Provide the exact code string.", "answer": "CJJ176-2012", "evidence": "and the Technical Code for the Geotechnical Engineering of Municipal Solid Waste Sanitary Landfills (CJJ176-2012)."}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_27.md", "title": "Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in a Large Chinese Landfill", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_27.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "In Antibiotics and Resistance Genes in a Large Chinese Landfill, based on Table 1, which environmental factor shows a stronger positive correlation with Log₁₀ (16S): Moisture % or Nitrate (mg/L)? Provide both r values.", "answer": "Moisture % shows a stronger positive correlation with Log₁₀ (16S): 0.39 for Moisture % vs 0.36 for Nitrate.", "evidence": "| Log10 (16S) | -0.17 | -0.24 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.35* | 0.39** | | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_29.md", "title": "Coordinated Synchronous Torque Control for Diesel-Storage under Low-Frequency Pulsed Loads", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_29.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Coordinated Synchronous Torque Control for Diesel-Storage under Low-Frequency Pulsed Loads, within Table I, look at the row whose right-hand 'Parameters' entry is 'X_i/Ω'. What are the left-hand 'Parameters' and its 'Value' on that same row?", "answer": "f_n/Hz — 50", "evidence": "| fn/Hz | 50 | Xi/Ω | 0.31 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_29.md", "title": "Coordinated Synchronous Torque Control for Diesel-Storage under Low-Frequency Pulsed Loads", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_29.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "According to Coordinated Synchronous Torque Control for Diesel-Storage under Low-Frequency Pulsed Loads, during the calculation process of T_H2, which steps are repeated until the pulsed load is put out?", "answer": "Step 2–Step 4", "evidence": "Step 5: Step 2–Step 4 will be performed again until the pulsed\nload is put out."}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_29.md", "title": "Coordinated Synchronous Torque Control for Diesel-Storage under Low-Frequency Pulsed Loads", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_29.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "In Coordinated Synchronous Torque Control for Diesel-Storage under Low-Frequency Pulsed Loads, using Table I, compute the product of f_n/Hz and X_i/Ω from the same row. What is the numerical result?", "answer": "15.5", "evidence": "| fn/Hz | 50 | Xi/Ω | 0.31 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_29.md", "title": "Coordinated Synchronous Torque Control for Diesel-Storage under Low-Frequency Pulsed Loads", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_29.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "In Coordinated Synchronous Torque Control for Diesel-Storage under Low-Frequency Pulsed Loads, what is the 'Value' corresponding to the 'Parameters' entry 'X_i/Ω' in Table I?", "answer": "0.31", "evidence": "| fn/Hz | 50 | Xi/Ω | 0.31 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_29.md", "title": "Coordinated Synchronous Torque Control for Diesel-Storage under Low-Frequency Pulsed Loads", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_29.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "In Coordinated Synchronous Torque Control for Diesel-Storage under Low-Frequency Pulsed Loads, using Table I, determine whether m1 and m2 are equal and state their common value.", "answer": "Yes, both are 0.0002.", "evidence": "| m1 | 0.0002 | m2 | 0.0002 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_33.md", "title": "磷苯妥英钠注射用浓溶液说明书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_33.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《磷苯妥英钠注射用浓溶液说明书》的表5中，“神经肌肉阻断剂”对应的代表药物列表里，第二个药物名称是什么？", "answer": "泮库溴铵", "evidence": "顺式阿曲库铵、泮库溴铵、罗库溴铵和维库溴铵"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_33.md", "title": "磷苯妥英钠注射用浓溶液说明书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_33.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在《磷苯妥英钠注射用浓溶液说明书》表4里，“伏立康唑”归属于哪一类“药物种类”标题？", "answer": "唑类", "evidence": "| 唑类 | 氟康唑、酮康唑、伊曲康唑、咪康唑、伏立康唑 | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_33.md", "title": "磷苯妥英钠注射用浓溶液说明书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_33.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "依据《磷苯妥英钠注射用浓溶液说明书》表5，“其他”一行中同时涉及激素与维生素的两个代表药物名称分别是什么？", "answer": "雌激素、维生素D", "evidence": "| 其他 | 皮质类固醇、强力霉素、雌激素、呋塞米、口服避孕药、帕罗西汀、奎尼丁、利福平、舍曲林、茶碱和维生素D | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_33.md", "title": "磷苯妥英钠注射用浓溶液说明书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_33.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "在《磷苯妥英钠注射用浓溶液说明书》表3（维持剂量）中，“儿童(2岁至17岁)”这一合并单元格对应了两条‘剂量’描述，请完整给出这两条‘剂量’文本。", "answer": "初始维持剂量：2~4mg/kg (应在负荷剂量之后12小时给予)；初始维持剂量之后的维持剂量：4~8mg/kg/d，分次给药 (初始维持剂量后每隔12小时继续给药)", "evidence": "儿童
(2岁至17岁) | 初始维持剂量：2~4mg/kg (应在负荷剂量之后
12小时给予) | 最大速率不超过
0.4 mg/kg/min | 初始维持剂量之后的维持剂量：4~8mg/kg/d，
分次给药 (初始维持剂量
后每隔12小时继续给药) | 最大速率不超过
0.4 mg/kg/min | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_34.md", "title": "东材科技2026年董事会决议及重大事项公告汇编", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_34.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "在《东材科技2026年董事会决议及重大事项公告汇编》中，“被担保人主要财务指标(万元)”表里，请给出“山东艾蒙特”在“2025年9月30日/2025年1-9月（未经审计）”与“2024年度（经审计）”两列下的“净利润”分别是多少，并判断哪一列更低？", "answer": "2025年1-9月净利润为“-768.99”，2024年度净利润为“-12,542.24”，更低的是2024年度的“-12,542.24”。", "evidence": "\n| 山东艾蒙特 | \n158,234.05 | \n136,164.00 | \n22,070.05 | \n64,807.81 | \n-768.99 | \n153,424.01 | \n126,041.29 | \n27,382.72 | \n74,227.61 | \n-12,542.24 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_34.md", "title": "东材科技2026年董事会决议及重大事项公告汇编", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_34.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "根据《东材科技2026年董事会决议及重大事项公告汇编》，在“关于召开2026年第一次临时股东会的通知”的“本次股东会审议议案及投票股东类型”表中，第5项议案的名称是什么？", "answer": "《关于收购控股子公司山东艾蒙特少数股东股权暨关联交易的议案》", "evidence": "\n| 5 | \n《关于收购控股子公司山东艾蒙特少数股东股权暨关联交易的议案》 | \n✓ | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_34.md", "title": "东材科技2026年董事会决议及重大事项公告汇编", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_34.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "在《东材科技2026年董事会决议及重大事项公告汇编》中，“被担保人主要财务指标(万元)”表里，请计算“山东艾蒙特”和“东村膜材”在2024年度（经审计）列下“净利润”的合计值（单位：万元）。", "answer": "-12,009.29", "evidence": "\n| 山东艾蒙特 | \n158,234.05 | \n136,164.00 | \n22,070.05 | \n64,807.81 | \n-768.99 | \n153,424.01 | \n126,041.29 | \n27,382.72 | \n74,227.61 | \n-12,542.24 | \n \n\n| 东村膜材 | \n71,138.69 | \n40,786.35 | \n30,253.34 | \n24,646.24 | \n-843.67 | \n70,695.56 | \n39,499.54 | \n27,520.94 | \n52,094.71 | \n532.95 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_34.md", "title": "东材科技2026年董事会决议及重大事项公告汇编", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_34.md", "question_category": "Advanced Multi-Row Reasoning Attack", "question": "在《东材科技2026年董事会决议及重大事项公告汇编》的担保公告中：（1）“特别风险提示”是否勾选了“本次对资产负债率超过70%的单位提供担保”？（2）“担保预计基本情况”表中“被担保方资产负债率超过70%”部分包含哪些被担保方名称？", "answer": "（1）已勾选“√本次对资产负债率超过70%的单位提供担保”。（2）包括：山东艾蒙特、眉山东材、山东东洞、东材成都国贸。", "evidence": "\n | 特别风险提示（如有请勾选） | \n \n □担保金额（含本次）超过上市公司最近一期经审计净资产50%\n □对外担保总额（含本次）超过上市公司最近一期经审计净资产100%\n □对合并报表外单位担保总额（含本次）达到或超过最近一期经审计净资产30%\n √本次对资产负债率超过70%的单位提供担保\n | \n \n\n| 本公司 | \n山东艾蒙特 | \n72.50% | \n86.05% | \n33,841.51 | \n65,000 | \n12.85% | \n自公司2026年第一次临时股东会审议批准之日起至下一次股东会审议批准相关议案之日止。 | \n否 | \n否 | \n \n\n| 本公司 | \n眉山东材 | \n100.00% | \n77.63% | \n7,000.00 | \n55,000 | \n10.87% | \n否 | \n否 | \n \n\n| 本公司 | \n山东东洞 | \n72.50% | \n79.33% | \n22,840.85 | \n30,000 | \n5.93% | \n否 | \n否 | \n \n\n| 本公司 | \n东材成都国贸 | \n100.00% | \n88.83% | \n0.00 | \n20,000 | \n3.95% | \n否 | \n否 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_34.md", "title": "东材科技2026年董事会决议及重大事项公告汇编", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_34.md", "question_category": "Merged Cell Structural Attack", "question": "依据《东材科技2026年董事会决议及重大事项公告汇编》，在“担保预计基本情况”表中“被担保方资产负债率超过70%”部分，四家公司共享的“担保预计有效期”文字是什么？", "answer": "自公司2026年第一次临时股东会审议批准之日起至下一次股东会审议批准相关议案之日止。", "evidence": "\n| 本公司 | \n山东艾蒙特 | \n72.50% | \n86.05% | \n33,841.51 | \n65,000 | \n12.85% | \n自公司2026年第一次临时股东会审议批准之日起至下一次股东会审议批准相关议案之日止。 | \n否 | \n否 | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_9.md", "title": "Precise Coagulant Dosing and Mixing Optimization via Coagulation Reaction Model", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_9.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment Attack", "question": "In Precise Coagulant Dosing and Mixing Optimization via Coagulation Reaction Model, according to Table 1 (Value ranges and units of input variables), what is the Unit shown for 'Raw water pH' exactly as displayed?", "answer": "–", "evidence": "| Raw water pH | 7.13–8.23 | – | "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_9.md", "title": "Precise Coagulant Dosing and Mixing Optimization via Coagulation Reaction Model", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_9.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "In Precise Coagulant Dosing and Mixing Optimization via Coagulation Reaction Model, quote the exact sentence that states how the dataset was split between training/validation and testing.", "answer": "Overall, 70 % of the data were used for model training and validation,and 30 % of the data were used for model testing.", "evidence": "Overall, 70 % of the data were used for model training and validation,and 30 % of the data were used for model testing."}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_9.md", "title": "Precise Coagulant Dosing and Mixing Optimization via Coagulation Reaction Model", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_9.md", "question_category": "Aggregation Attack", "question": "In Precise Coagulant Dosing and Mixing Optimization via Coagulation Reaction Model, using Table 1, provide the 'Minimum-maximum' for 'Raw water pH' and 'Mixing intensity' together, in that order, separated by '; ' and preserving all punctuation exactly as shown.", "answer": "7.13–8.23; 15,020.6–78,049.5", "evidence": "\n| Input variable | Minimum-maximum | Unit |
|---|
\n| Raw water turbidity | 9.18–105 | NTU | \n| Raw water pH | 7.13–8.23 | – | \n| PACl dosage | 0.9–50 | ppm | \n| FeCl3 dosage | 1–6 | ppm | \n| Mixing intensity | 15,020.6–78,049.5 | – | \n "}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_19.md", "title": "孙犁《山地回忆》：乡村情结与日常诗意", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_19.md", "question_category": "Cross-Page Continuity Attack", "question": "在《孙犁《山地回忆》：乡村情结与日常诗意》中，请写出完整的一句以“在人物身份关系的设置上,”开头、以“军民关系。”结尾的原文句子。", "answer": "在人物身份关系的设置上,作者突出强调的是军民关系。", "evidence": "在人物身份关系的设置上,作者突出强调的是军民关系。"}
+{"doc_type": "multi_column", "filename": "multi_column_19.md", "title": "孙犁《山地回忆》：乡村情结与日常诗意", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_19.md", "question_category": "Header-Dependency Attack", "question": "在《孙犁《山地回忆》：乡村情结与日常诗意》的“二、日常生活的展现”中，作者用哪一句带引号的话点出了抗日战争的大背景？请原文作答。", "answer": "“我们的房,叫他们烧过两三回了!”", "evidence": "在《山地回忆》里,作者没有直接写战争,只是通过妞儿的话(“我们的房,叫他们烧过两三回了!”)来点出抗日战争的大背景"}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_13.md", "title": "丰收中国：大国粮仓更加稳固", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_13.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《人民日报》文末标注，文章《丰收中国：大国粮仓更加稳固》刊登的版次是几版？", "answer": "01版", "evidence": ["《人民日报》(2025年09月24日 01版)"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_13.md", "title": "丰收中国：大国粮仓更加稳固", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_13.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《丰收中国：大国粮仓更加稳固》中，重庆市的两个水稻示范片（永川、梁平）亩均产量表现如何？", "answer": "双双超过800公斤", "evidence": ["前不久，重庆市永川、梁平水稻示范片亩均产量双双超过800公斤。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_13.md", "title": "丰收中国：大国粮仓更加稳固", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_13.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《丰收中国：大国粮仓更加稳固》的“品丰收味道”部分，崔立伍今年小麦与玉米的亩产分别是多少？", "answer": "小麦亩产1100多斤,玉米亩产预计1200斤左右", "evidence": ["今年小麦亩产1100多斤,玉米亩产预计1200斤左右,产量与往年基本持平。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_13.md", "title": "丰收中国：大国粮仓更加稳固", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_13.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《丰收中国：大国粮仓更加稳固》文中提到2024年有多少个省份增产？", "answer": "26个省份", "evidence": ["2024年31个省(区、市)有26个省份增产"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_13.md", "title": "丰收中国：大国粮仓更加稳固", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_13.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《丰收中国：大国粮仓更加稳固》一文中，关于农业科技的贡献率及其作用是如何表述的？", "answer": "当前，我国农业科技进步贡献率达到63.2%，农业科技已成为保障粮食安全和重要农产品供给的强劲引擎和根本动力。", "evidence": ["当前，我国农业科技进步贡献率达到63.2%", "农业科技已成为保障粮食安全和重要农产品供给的强劲引擎和根本动力。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_7.md", "title": "海尔前置过滤器HPF28用户手册", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_7.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《海尔前置过滤器HPF28用户手册》的“产品型号及主要参数”表中，产品尺寸是多少？", "answer": "159x87x237mm", "evidence": ["| 产品尺寸 | 159x87x237mm | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_7.md", "title": "海尔前置过滤器HPF28用户手册", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_7.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《海尔前置过滤器HPF28用户手册》的“产品中限用物质的名称及含量”表中，哪个部件在“铅(Pb)”项标记为“X”？", "answer": "球阀", "evidence": ["| 铅(Pb) | 汞(Hg) | 镉(Cd) | 六价铬 (Cr(VI)) | 多溴联苯 (PBB) | 多溴二苯醚 (PBDE) |
|---|
", "| 球阀 | X | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_7.md", "title": "海尔前置过滤器HPF28用户手册", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_7.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《海尔前置过滤器HPF28用户手册》中，根据“产品型号及主要参数”表，HPF28型前置过滤器的适用水压与适用水温分别是多少？", "answer": "0.15MPa~1MPa；5℃~38℃", "evidence": ["| 适用水压 | 0.15MPa~1MPa | ", "| 适用水温 | 5℃~38℃ | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_7.md", "title": "海尔前置过滤器HPF28用户手册", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_7.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《海尔前置过滤器HPF28用户手册》的“装箱清单”表中，标注数量为“2只”的配件共有几项？", "answer": "2项", "evidence": ["| 六角螺母 | 2只 | | ", "| 舌型接头 | 2只 | 6分 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_7.md", "title": "海尔前置过滤器HPF28用户手册", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_7.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "基于《海尔前置过滤器HPF28用户手册》，结合“产品型号及主要参数”和“产品中食品接触材料列表”两张表，前置过滤器的滤网材质是什么，且其过滤精度是多少？", "answer": "不锈钢；40微米", "evidence": ["| 滤网 | 不锈钢 | 垫片 | 聚四氟乙烯 | ", "| 过滤精度 | 40微米 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_10.md", "title": "WIDEPAN/PROⅡ 全景旋转镜头相机 135附件使用说明书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_10.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《WIDEPAN/PROⅡ 全景旋转镜头相机 135附件使用说明书》中“全景幅 / PROⅡ型 镜头旋转式相机”部分的“一、安装准备”中，计数器复位至起始位置时显示的字符是什么？", "answer": "“S”", "evidence": ["计数器复位至起始位置，显示“S”"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_10.md", "title": "WIDEPAN/PROⅡ 全景旋转镜头相机 135附件使用说明书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_10.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《WIDEPAN/PROⅡ 全景旋转镜头相机 135附件使用说明书》的“附件视图与构件名称”中列出的四个附件名称分别是什么？", "answer": "胶卷支架；画幅遮幅器；卷片器；取景遮幅器", "evidence": ["胶卷支架", "画幅遮幅器", "卷片器", "取景遮幅器"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_10.md", "title": "WIDEPAN/PROⅡ 全景旋转镜头相机 135附件使用说明书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_10.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《WIDEPAN/PROⅡ 全景旋转镜头相机 135附件使用说明书》的“四、取出胶卷”流程中，何时需要拨动倒片释放钮，以及回收倒片至何种计数显示后再开后盖？", "answer": "第十画幅拍摄完成后(计数器显示“9”)；至计数器显示“S”", "evidence": ["1. 第十画幅拍摄完成后(计数器显示“9”)，依箭头方向拨动相机底部的倒片释放钮到底，使卷片轴下轴芯向外弹出。", "2. 按箭头方向旋转倒片旋钮，将已拍摄胶卷逐渐回收至暗盒，至计数器显示“S”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_10.md", "title": "WIDEPAN/PROⅡ 全景旋转镜头相机 135附件使用说明书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_10.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《WIDEPAN/PROⅡ 全景旋转镜头相机 135附件使用说明书》的“三、卷片计数”中，第一画幅与第二画幅对应的计数显示分别是什么？", "answer": "“0” 与 “1”", "evidence": ["计数器显示“0”", "计数显示“1”"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_10.md", "title": "WIDEPAN/PROⅡ 全景旋转镜头相机 135附件使用说明书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_10.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《WIDEPAN/PROⅡ 全景旋转镜头相机 135附件使用说明书》中“二、135胶卷安装”章节，安装卷片器时需要按下什么按钮，并最终需要使什么进入片孔？", "answer": "按入卷片轴脱开按钮；槽内的挂齿进入片孔", "evidence": ["按入卷片轴脱开按钮", "并使槽内的挂齿进入片孔"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_12.md", "title": "ZUK Z2（Z2131）手机快速入门与安全信息指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_12.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《ZUK Z2（Z2131）手机快速入门与安全信息指南》中，“神奇工場官网商城”的网址是什么？", "answer": "www.zuk.com", "evidence": ["神奇工场官网商城：www.zuk.com", "www.zuk.com"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_12.md", "title": "ZUK Z2（Z2131）手机快速入门与安全信息指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_12.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《ZUK Z2（Z2131）手机快速入门与安全信息指南》的“装箱清单”表格中，“游戏礼包卡”的数量与单位是多少？", "answer": "1 张", "evidence": ["游戏礼包卡 | ", "1 | ", "张 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_12.md", "title": "ZUK Z2（Z2131）手机快速入门与安全信息指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_12.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《ZUK Z2（Z2131）手机快速入门与安全信息指南》中的《关于网络》温馨提示，当主卡使用4G或4G+数据时，副卡最高支持哪种网络语音通话？", "answer": "联通3G网络语音通话", "evidence": ["2. 当主卡使用4G或4G+数据时,副卡最高支持联通3G网络语音通话。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_12.md", "title": "ZUK Z2（Z2131）手机快速入门与安全信息指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_12.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《ZUK Z2（Z2131）手机快速入门与安全信息指南》中的“装箱清单”共列出多少项物品？", "answer": "7", "evidence": ["主机 | ", "充电头 | ", "USB线 | ", "SIM卡针 | ", "快速指南 | ", "三包凭证 | ", "游戏礼包卡 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_12.md", "title": "ZUK Z2（Z2131）手机快速入门与安全信息指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_12.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《ZUK Z2（Z2131）手机快速入门与安全信息指南》的“关于网络”温馨提示中，若将移动卡设为主卡并使用4G或4G+数据，副卡的语音网络与主卡的语音通话特性分别是什么？", "answer": "2. 当主卡使用4G或4G+数据时,副卡最高支持联通3G网络语音通话。；4. 移动卡作为主卡,可以支持 VoLTE高清语音通话。", "evidence": ["2. 当主卡使用4G或4G+数据时,副卡最高支持联通3G网络语音通话。", "4. 移动卡作为主卡,可以支持 VoLTE高清语音通话。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_22.md", "title": "JAVA流程控制基础：顺序、判断、循环结构与语法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_22.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《JAVA流程控制基础：顺序、判断、循环结构与语法》中，《JAVA流程控制第0094讲：流程控制》的主讲人是谁？", "answer": "徐彤", "evidence": ["主讲人：徐彤"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_22.md", "title": "JAVA流程控制基础：顺序、判断、循环结构与语法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_22.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《JAVA流程控制基础：顺序、判断、循环结构与语法》文中的“培训平台”列表中，“C 培训网”对应的网址是什么？", "answer": "http://www.010c.com.cn", "evidence": ["C 培训网: http://www.010c.com.cn"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_22.md", "title": "JAVA流程控制基础：顺序、判断、循环结构与语法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_22.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《JAVA流程控制基础：顺序、判断、循环结构与语法》一文中，“三种结构”的列表里，紧随“第一：顺序结构。代表事物在其生命周期中具有一定的顺序性。也就是具有一定的步骤性。”之后出现的结构名称是什么？", "answer": "第一：判断结构。", "evidence": ["◆ 第一：顺序结构。代表事物在其生命周期中具有一定的顺序性。也就是具有一定的步骤性。", "◆ 第一：判断结构。其代表了现实生活中的基本判断。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_22.md", "title": "JAVA流程控制基础：顺序、判断、循环结构与语法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_22.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在“JAVA流程控制基础：顺序、判断、循环结构与语法”的“总结”部分中，列出了多少种结构的语句表示？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["◆ 顺序：没有特定的标识符，就是同一个区间的语句。", "◆ 判断：if else if else switch case ?:", "◆ 循环：for while do...while"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_22.md", "title": "JAVA流程控制基础：顺序、判断、循环结构与语法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_22.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《JAVA流程控制基础：顺序、判断、循环结构与语法》的“流程控制”讲解中，哪一种结构被说明“判断具有选择性的特征”，并在“总结”中对应的语句是什么？请给出这些语句。", "answer": "if else if else switch case ?:", "evidence": ["◆ 判断的特征就是不确定性。在数学上我们常称为比较。根据比较的结果决定事物的流程。判断具有选择性的特征。", "◆ 判断：if else if else switch case ?:"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_37.md", "title": "AlGaN/GaN HEMT外部边缘电容的偏置相关物理模型", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_37.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《AlGaN/GaN HEMT外部边缘电容的偏置相关物理模型》文中的表1，参数“T_AlGaN/nm”的数值是多少？", "answer": "22", "evidence": ["| TAlGaN/nm | AlGaN层厚度 | 22 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_37.md", "title": "AlGaN/GaN HEMT外部边缘电容的偏置相关物理模型", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_37.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《AlGaN/GaN HEMT外部边缘电容的偏置相关物理模型》的表1中，参数“E_gGaN/eV”的定义是什么？", "answer": "GaN禁带宽度", "evidence": ["| EgGaN/eV | GaN禁带宽度 | 3.42 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_37.md", "title": "AlGaN/GaN HEMT外部边缘电容的偏置相关物理模型", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_37.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《AlGaN/GaN HEMT外部边缘电容的偏置相关物理模型》一文的表1中，拟合参数ξ1与ξ2的数值分别是多少？", "answer": "1.1 和 0.24", "evidence": ["| ξ1 | 拟合参数 | 1.1 | ", "| ξ2 | 拟合参数 | 0.24 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_37.md", "title": "AlGaN/GaN HEMT外部边缘电容的偏置相关物理模型", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_37.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《AlGaN/GaN HEMT外部边缘电容的偏置相关物理模型》表1中，定义为“拟合参数”的条目共有多少个？", "answer": "8", "evidence": ["| ξ1 | 拟合参数 | 1.1 | ", "| ξ2 | 拟合参数 | 0.24 | ", "| m | 拟合参数 | 1.2 | ", "| p | 拟合参数 | 0.307 | ", "| τ | 拟合参数 | 3.2 | ", "| a | 拟合参数 | 1.497 | ", "| b | 拟合参数 | 1.9 | ", "| c | 拟合参数 | 0.31 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_15.md", "title": "五谷丰登：董诰秋收长卷与文人意趣", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_15.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《五谷丰登：董诰秋收长卷与文人意趣》一文的“用秋日限定丰收图鉴 打开‘五谷丰登’”部分，清《万亩登丰图卷》由哪家机构收藏？", "answer": "故宫博物院藏", "evidence": ["△清 万亩登丰图卷 故宫博物院藏"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_15.md", "title": "五谷丰登：董诰秋收长卷与文人意趣", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_15.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《五谷丰登：董诰秋收长卷与文人意趣》全文中，以“△清”开头的作品说明行共有多少条？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["△清 万亩登丰图卷 故宫博物院藏", "△清 万亩登丰图卷 故宫博物院藏", "△清 董诰 山水扇面 故宫博物院藏", "△清 董诰 律宣韶景册 故宫博物院藏", "△清 董诰 花卉册 故宫博物院藏"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_3.md", "title": "2021年财政局个人总结及财政收支分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_3.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《2021年财政局个人总结及财政收支分析》中的《2021年财政局个人总结篇 2》表格中，“财政总收入”的“1-11月累计完成”是多少？", "answer": "193140万元", "evidence": ["| 财政总收入 | 193140万元 | 87.26% | 63.27% | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_3.md", "title": "2021年财政局个人总结及财政收支分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_3.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《2021年财政局个人总结及财政收支分析》中，根据《2021 年财政局个人总结篇 2》表格，“公共财政收入”的“同期占比”是多少？", "answer": "96%", "evidence": ["| 公共财政收入 | 427万元 | 96% | 63% | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_3.md", "title": "2021年财政局个人总结及财政收支分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_3.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《2021年财政局个人总结及财政收支分析》中，《2021 年财政局个人总结篇 2》的“预计全年完成情况”部分，“公共财政收入”和“政府性基金收入”分别是多少？", "answer": "10.8亿元；1.34亿元", "evidence": ["| 公共财政收入 | 10.8亿元 | - | - | ", "| 政府性基金收入 | 1.34亿元 | - | - | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_3.md", "title": "2021年财政局个人总结及财政收支分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_3.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《2021年财政局个人总结及财政收支分析》中的《2021 年财政局个人总结篇 2》的“预计全年完成情况”部分，有几行的“同期占比”为“-”？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["| 总收入 | 20.4亿元 | - | - | ", "| 公共财政收入 | 10.8亿元 | - | - | ", "| 政府性基金收入 | 1.34亿元 | - | - | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_3.md", "title": "2021年财政局个人总结及财政收支分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_3.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《2021年财政局个人总结及财政收支分析》中，《2021年财政局个人总结篇2》的“预计全年完成情况”里，“总收入”和“总支出”相比，哪个数值更大？", "answer": "总收入", "evidence": ["| 总收入 | 20.4亿元 | - | - | ", "| 总支出 | 14.8亿元 | - | - | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_31.md", "title": "The Semiotics of Flowers in D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_31.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In \"The Semiotics of Flowers in D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers,\" what are the \"Key words\" listed under the Abstract?", "answer": "flowers, relationship, character", "evidence": ["**Key words**: flowers, relationship, character"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_31.md", "title": "The Semiotics of Flowers in D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_31.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In the document \"The Semiotics of Flowers in D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers,\" within \"The Interpretation of the flowers in Sons and Lovers,\" what is the title of Chapter three?", "answer": "The Flowers Related to Clara", "evidence": ["## Chapter three: The Flowers Related to Clara"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_31.md", "title": "The Semiotics of Flowers in D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_31.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In \"The Semiotics of Flowers in D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers,\" in \"Chapter one: The Flowers Related to Mrs. Morel,\" how many distinct parenthetical page numbers are cited?", "answer": "7", "evidence": ["Then Paul fished out a little spray. He always brought her one spray, the best he could find. (63) ", "She was perfectly happy.\" (114)", "And later he bought her some blue violets. (222)", "\"But where on earth did they come from?\" (152)", "all swum together in a kind of swoon. (22)", "\"There are my sunflowers!\" she said. (352)", "and the dahlias. Paul and she were afraid of each other. He knew, and she knew, that she was dying. (357)"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_39.md", "title": "领先农化企业2024年度财务与经营分析报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_39.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《领先农化企业2024年度财务与经营分析报告》中“（三）财务分析”的“资产负债结构分析”表中，2024年末“固定资产”的金额是多少？", "answer": "3,358,327,328.04", "evidence": ["| 固定资产 | 3,358,327,328.04 | 28.21% | 2,770,477,673.35 | 21.91% | 21.22% | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_39.md", "title": "领先农化企业2024年度财务与经营分析报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_39.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《领先农化企业2024年度财务与经营分析报告》“（三）财务分析”的“资产负债结构分析”表中，2024年末“长期借款”占总资产的比重是多少？", "answer": "7.13%", "evidence": ["| 长期借款 | 849,146,118.05 | 7.13% | 767,542,439.45 | 6.07% | 10.63% | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_39.md", "title": "领先农化企业2024年度财务与经营分析报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_39.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《领先农化企业2024年度财务与经营分析报告》中，“营业情况分析”的“利润构成”表里，2024年“营业利润”和“净利润”分别是多少？", "answer": "-628,954,111.52；-595,980,085.88", "evidence": ["| 营业利润 | -628,954,111.52 | -10.79% | 166,736,471.62 | 2.84% | -477.21% | ", "| 净利润 | -595,980,085.88 | -10.22% | 91,174,238.94 | 1.55% | -753.67% | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_39.md", "title": "领先农化企业2024年度财务与经营分析报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_39.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《领先农化企业2024年度财务与经营分析报告》，在“主要客户情况”中，年度销售占比超过3%的客户共有多少个？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["| 1 | 客户1 | 499,200,950.56 | 8.82% | 否 |
|---|
", "| 2 | ALBAUGH | 417,720,699.33 | 7.38% | 是 |
|---|
", "| 3 | 客户2 | 235,259,547.37 | 4.16% | 否 |
|---|
", "| 4 | 客户 3 | 177,338,619.66 | 3.13% | 否 |
|---|
"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_33.md", "title": "西藏自治区概况与2019年经济社会数据", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_33.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《西藏自治区概况与2019年经济社会数据》的“行政区划”部分，西藏自治区首府是哪座城市？", "answer": "拉萨市", "evidence": ["西藏自治区首府为拉萨市。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_33.md", "title": "西藏自治区概况与2019年经济社会数据", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_33.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《西藏自治区概况与2019年经济社会数据》的“农牧业”部分，‘青稞面积’的数值及其同比变化是什么？", "answer": "青稞面积 139.19 千公顷,减少 0.39 千公顷", "evidence": ["其中,青稞面积 139.19 千公顷,减少 0.39 千公顷;"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_33.md", "title": "西藏自治区概况与2019年经济社会数据", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_33.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《西藏自治区概况与2019年经济社会数据》中，“人口”部分的城镇人口占比是多少？另外，“国内贸易”部分中城镇消费品零售额是多少？", "answer": "占总人口的31.5%; 城镇消费品零售额540.80亿元", "evidence": ["其中,城镇人口110.57万人,占总人口的31.5%;乡村人口239.99万人,占总人口的68.5%。", "按销售单位所在地分,城镇消费品零售额540.80亿元,增长7.9%;乡村消费品零售额108.53亿元,增长12.8%。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_33.md", "title": "西藏自治区概况与2019年经济社会数据", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_33.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《西藏自治区概况与2019年经济社会数据》的“财政、金融和保险”部分，三类人身险细分项目（寿险、意外险、健康险）中哪一项保费收入最高？请给出该项的保费收入数值。", "answer": "寿险保费收入 4.82 亿元", "evidence": ["其中，寿险保费收入 4.82 亿元，增长 10.0%；意外险保费收入 3.10 亿元，下降 10.9%；健康险保费收入 3.99 亿元，增长 15.8%。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_17.md", "title": "孔维克历史题材人物画的现代性", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_17.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《孔维克历史题材人物画的现代性》一文的“关键词”中，列出的术语之一是什么？", "answer": "水墨现代性", "evidence": ["**关键词：**孔维克；历史题材人物画；水墨现代性；图像叙事；儒家美学", "水墨现代性"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_17.md", "title": "孔维克历史题材人物画的现代性", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_17.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《孔维克历史题材人物画的现代性》中记载，《公车上书》在1999年与2009年的两次创作分别取得了什么成果？", "answer": "“第七届全国美展铜奖”；“入围国家重大历史题材美术创作工程”", "evidence": ["作品先后于 1999 年、2009 年进行两度创作，第一次创作斩获“第七届全国美展铜奖”，第二次创作入围国家重大历史题材美术创作工程。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_17.md", "title": "孔维克历史题材人物画的现代性", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_17.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "依据《孔维克历史题材人物画的现代性》，在“《公车上书》（2009年）：群体肖像的史诗重构”段落中，维新志士被分为几组？", "answer": "三组", "evidence": ["《公车上书》（2009年）：群体肖像的史诗重构", "将120余位维新志士巧妙地分为三组。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_17.md", "title": "孔维克历史题材人物画的现代性", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_17.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "结合《孔维克历史题材人物画的现代性》，根据《传统水墨的现代性转译与历史重构——孔维克历史题材人物画的学术价值探析》，在《孙中山先生在青岛》中，用何种技法表现警察制服的黑色块面，并且哪种花成为画面色彩节奏的“呼吸点”？", "answer": "“没骨法”；菊花", "evidence": ["在 《孙中山先生在青岛》 中，他运用“没骨法”巧妙表现警察制服的黑色块面，通过水墨浓淡的细腻变化，暗示出布料的质感，仿佛能让人触摸到历史的纹理。", "而讲台上的菊花则以淡彩点染，色彩淡雅清新，既象征着革命者的高洁品格，又构成画面色彩节奏的“呼吸点”，使整个画面在古雅的基调中充满了生机与活力。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_34.md", "title": "Cytiva Increase 平台 SEC 与标签蛋白纯化产品目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_34.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《Cytiva Increase 平台 SEC 与标签蛋白纯化产品目录》中，“凝胶过滤层析”的“凝胶过滤预装柱”表里，‘Superose™ 6 Increase 10/300 GL’的产品代码是多少？", "answer": "29091596", "evidence": ["Superose™ 6 Increase 10/300 GL | ", "29091596 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_34.md", "title": "Cytiva Increase 平台 SEC 与标签蛋白纯化产品目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_34.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《Cytiva Increase 平台 SEC 与标签蛋白纯化产品目录》的“凝胶过滤层析”部分的“凝胶过滤预装柱”表中，‘Superdex™ 75 Increase 5/150 GL’的最高流速 (mL/min) 是多少？", "answer": "0.75", "evidence": ["最高流速 (mL/min) | ", "29148722 | ", "Superdex™ 75 Increase 5/150 GL | ", "0.75 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_34.md", "title": "Cytiva Increase 平台 SEC 与标签蛋白纯化产品目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_34.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《Cytiva Increase 平台 SEC 与标签蛋白纯化产品目录》中，“凝胶过滤层析”的“凝胶过滤预装柱”表里，‘Superdex™ 75 Increase 5/150 GL’的球蛋白分离范围 (Da) 是多少？", "answer": "3,000-70,000", "evidence": ["29148722 | ", "Superdex™ 75 Increase 5/150 GL | ", "3,000-70,000 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_34.md", "title": "Cytiva Increase 平台 SEC 与标签蛋白纯化产品目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_34.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《Cytiva Increase 平台 SEC 与标签蛋白纯化产品目录》中，“凝胶过滤层析”的“分子筛 Marker”表中，共列出了多少种校准套装？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["| 28403841 | Gel Filtration Calibration kit LMW | 含分子量分别为: 6500 Da、13700 Da、29 kDa、43 kDa、75 kDa、2000 kDa 的六种分子 | ", "| 28403842 | Gel Filtration Calibration kit HMW | 含分子量分别为: 43 kDa、75 kDa、158 kDa、440 kDa、669 kDa、2000 kDa 的六种分子 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_16.md", "title": "酸碱反应的系统化与学科认知的改变", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_16.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《酸碱反应的系统化与学科认知的改变》一文中注明的“文章编号”是多少？", "answer": "1002-2201(2012)08-0003-05", "evidence": ["**文章编号:** 1002-2201(2012)08-0003-05 **中图分类号:** G632.4 **文献标识码:** A"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_16.md", "title": "酸碱反应的系统化与学科认知的改变", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_16.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《酸碱反应的系统化与学科认知的改变》中，表1（电离过程）里，条件“+ NaAc”对应的平衡移动方向是什么符号？", "answer": "←", "evidence": ["| + NaAc | ← | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_16.md", "title": "酸碱反应的系统化与学科认知的改变", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_16.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《酸碱反应的系统化与学科认知的改变》一文的表1（电离过程）与表2（水解过程）中，“升温”对平衡的影响方向是否一致？如果一致，请给出该符号。", "answer": "→", "evidence": ["| 升温 | → | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ", "| 升温 | → | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_16.md", "title": "酸碱反应的系统化与学科认知的改变", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_16.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《酸碱反应的系统化与学科认知的改变》的表2（水解过程）中，“条件”一列共列出了多少项？", "answer": "7", "evidence": ["| + $NH_4Cl$ | ← | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ", "| + $H_2O$ | → | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ", "| 升温 | → | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | ", "| 降温 | ← | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | ", "| + HCl | ← | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ", "| + $NH_3$ | ← | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | ", "| + NaOH | → | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_16.md", "title": "酸碱反应的系统化与学科认知的改变", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_16.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《酸碱反应的系统化与学科认知的改变》一文中，关于NH₄HCO₃与NaOH反应的讨论里，依据酸性强弱，OH⁻将优先与哪个离子反应？", "answer": "NH₄⁺", "evidence": ["(4) NH₄HCO₃与NaOH反应时,因NH₄⁺的酸性强于HCO₃⁻, OH⁻将优先与NH₄⁺反应,随后才能与HCO₃⁻反应。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_5.md", "title": "Bossard ecosyn® SEF 一体化防松螺母 高压电气接触连接解决方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_5.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《Bossard ecosyn® SEF 一体化防松螺母 高压电气接触连接解决方案》文档中，“ECOSYN® SEF 运行安全的接触式螺钉连接”的“拧紧力矩和预载力”表中，摩擦系数的范围是多少？", "answer": "0,14 to 0,24", "evidence": ["| 摩擦系数 ~μtot | 0,14 to 0,24 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_5.md", "title": "Bossard ecosyn® SEF 一体化防松螺母 高压电气接触连接解决方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_5.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《Bossard ecosyn® SEF 一体化防松螺母 高压电气接触连接解决方案》文档中，根据“拧紧力矩和预载力”表，预紧力 F_M 在 M8 规格下的数值是多少？", "answer": "18,1", "evidence": [" | M5 | M6 | M8 | M10 |
|---|
", "| 预紧力 FM [kN]1) | 7 | 9,9 | 18,1 | 28,8 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_5.md", "title": "Bossard ecosyn® SEF 一体化防松螺母 高压电气接触连接解决方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_5.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《Bossard ecosyn® SEF 一体化防松螺母 高压电气接触连接解决方案》的“拧紧力矩和预载力”部分，BN 33855 ecosyn® SEF L Class 8 与 BN 33966 ecosyn® SEF M Class 8 的锁紧扭矩与预紧力数据是基于怎样的屈服强度利用条件？", "answer": "当屈服强度Rp0.2的利用率为90%的时候", "evidence": ["BN 33855 ecosyn® SEF L Class 8", "BN 33966 ecosyn® SEF M Class 8", "当屈服强度Rp0.2的利用率为90%的时候，ecosyn® SEF螺母的锁紧扭矩 MA [Nm]，以及可实现的预紧力FM[kN]。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_5.md", "title": "Bossard ecosyn® SEF 一体化防松螺母 高压电气接触连接解决方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_5.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《Bossard ecosyn® SEF 一体化防松螺母 高压电气接触连接解决方案》中，“ECOSYN® SEF 运行安全的接触式螺钉连接”的“应用领域”列表中共列出了多少个应用场景？", "answer": "8", "evidence": ["* 电动汽车", "* 机车车辆(如电力电子设备)", "* 与安全相关的电气设备连接", "* 高压电池", "* 变压器", "* 槽形连接, 例如用于调整的连接方式", "* 具有大膨胀系数的有色金属随温度而波动的复合材料", "* 铝、铜或软质材料制成的高沉降部件的螺纹连接"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_5.md", "title": "Bossard ecosyn® SEF 一体化防松螺母 高压电气接触连接解决方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_5.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《Bossard ecosyn® SEF 一体化防松螺母 高压电气接触连接解决方案》文档的尺寸表中，对比“BN 33855 – ecosyn® SEF L”和“BN 33966 – ecosyn® SEF M”，哪一个在 M10 规格下的 d₂ max. 更大？其数值是多少？", "answer": "BN 33855 – ecosyn® SEF L，更大，为 30。", "evidence": ["BN 33855 – ecosyn® SEF L", "| d₁ (mm) | M5 | M6 | M8 | M10 |
|---|
", "| d₂ max. | 15 | 18 | 24 | 30 |
|---|
", "BN 33966 – ecosyn® SEF M", "| d₂ max. | 12 | 15 | 19 | 24 |
|---|
"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_6.md", "title": "2016年北京大学化学夏令营自我介绍PPT模板指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_6.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《2016年北京大学化学夏令营自我介绍PPT模板指南》中，模板所属的学院名称是什么？", "answer": "北京大学化学与分子工程学院", "evidence": ["北京大学化学与分子工程学院"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_6.md", "title": "2016年北京大学化学夏令营自我介绍PPT模板指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_6.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《2016年北京大学化学夏令营自我介绍PPT模板指南》的“注意事项”中，第3条对PPT的风格与配色提出了什么具体建议？", "answer": "PPT务求风格简洁，内容清晰。建议白底黑字，如有背景，请勿影响观看效果。", "evidence": ["3. PPT务求风格简洁，内容清晰。建议白底黑字，如有背景，请勿影响观看效果。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_6.md", "title": "2016年北京大学化学夏令营自我介绍PPT模板指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_6.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《2016年北京大学化学夏令营自我介绍PPT模板指南》中，“致谢部分”对应的是哪一页？", "answer": "第六页", "evidence": ["## 第六页", "致谢部分"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_6.md", "title": "2016年北京大学化学夏令营自我介绍PPT模板指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_6.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《2016年北京大学化学夏令营自我介绍PPT模板指南》中，《2016年北京大学化学与分子工程学院全国优秀大学生化学夏令营自我介绍PPT模板》的“注意事项”共有几条？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["1. 面试及PPT所述内容必须真实可信，如有造假，一经发现，即取消录取资格。", "2. 自我介绍时间请控制在3~4分钟左右，PPT大约6页。具体情况与变动请见当年通知。", "3. PPT务求风格简洁，内容清晰。建议白底黑字，如有背景，请勿影响观看效果。", "4. 此PPT模板仅列出自我介绍的主要方面，作为参考而非严格要求，希望同学们能根据实际情况，作出能够充分展现自身特色与能力的面试材料。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_6.md", "title": "2016年北京大学化学夏令营自我介绍PPT模板指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_6.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《2016年北京大学化学夏令营自我介绍PPT模板指南》中，结合“第二页”和“第三至五页”的时间建议，推断文档对自我介绍总时长的控制范围是多少？", "answer": "3~4分钟左右", "evidence": ["第二页内容建议包括本人的教育经历、兴趣爱好、本科阶段所获荣誉及其他个人基本情况，时间不超过1分钟。", "此为自我介绍主要内容。介绍自己本科期间的实验室导师、研究方向和自己的科研经历，必须真实可信。若无科研经历，可以着重介绍自己印象深刻的基础实验或重大科学发现。时间大约2~3分钟。", "2. 自我介绍时间请控制在3~4分钟左右，PPT大约6页。具体情况与变动请见当年通知。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_26.md", "title": "短视频热潮下高校思政课视频化与教学效果提升策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_26.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "请给出《短视频热潮下高校思政课视频化与教学效果提升策略》一文的DOI。", "answer": "DOI:10.16124/j.cnki.cn13-1390/c.2025.03.009", "evidence": ["DOI:10.16124/j.cnki.cn13-1390/c.2025.03.009"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_26.md", "title": "短视频热潮下高校思政课视频化与教学效果提升策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_26.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《短视频热潮下高校思政课视频化与教学效果提升策略》一文中，中图分类号、文献标志码、文章编号分别是什么？（按原文顺序给出）", "answer": "**中图分类号:** G641 **文献标志码:** A **文章编号:** 1674-3210(2025)03-0092-10", "evidence": ["**中图分类号:** G641 **文献标志码:** A **文章编号:** 1674-3210(2025)03-0092-10"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_26.md", "title": "短视频热潮下高校思政课视频化与教学效果提升策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_26.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《短视频热潮下高校思政课视频化与教学效果提升策略》一文中，用于说明“去中心化”影响与思政课定位的两句习近平论述原文是什么？", "answer": "很多人特别是年轻人基本不看主流媒体,大部分信息都从网上获取。；思政课是落实立德树人根本任务的关键课程", "evidence": ["很多人特别是年轻人基本不看主流媒体,大部分信息都从网上获取。", "思政课是落实立德树人根本任务的关键课程"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_26.md", "title": "短视频热潮下高校思政课视频化与教学效果提升策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_26.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《短视频热潮下高校思政课视频化与教学效果提升策略》中的问卷结果，大学生每天刷短视频时长的四个区间中，哪一项的选择占比最高？请按原文给出该项。", "answer": "1—3小时选择占比47.31%", "evidence": ["其中,1小时以内选择占比20.45%、1—3小时选择占比47.31%、3—5小时选择占比19.63%、5小时以上选择占比12.60%", "1—3小时选择占比47.31%"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_26.md", "title": "短视频热潮下高校思政课视频化与教学效果提升策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_26.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《短视频热潮下高校思政课视频化与教学效果提升策略》中，作者指出，短视频热潮下高校思政课的“视频化生存”呈现出哪两方面的明显特征？", "answer": "高校思政课在知识传播上“降维”；高校思政课在课堂技术上“升级”", "evidence": ["具体来讲,高校思政课在“视频化生存”中呈现出一“降”一“升”两个明显特征。", "高校思政课在知识传播上“降维”", "高校思政课在课堂技术上“升级”"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_18.md", "title": "公安院校大学生法治意识现状与培育路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_18.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《公安院校大学生法治意识现状与培育路径》一文中，本文的DOI是什么？", "answer": "DOI:10.16124/j.cnki.cn13-1390/c.2019.03.018", "evidence": ["DOI:10.16124/j.cnki.cn13-1390/c.2019.03.018"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_18.md", "title": "公安院校大学生法治意识现状与培育路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_18.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《公安院校大学生法治意识现状与培育路径》中，“表1 问卷对象和基本数据”里“问卷样本”对应的回收有效问卷数量是多少？", "answer": "回收有效问卷1126份", "evidence": ["| 问卷样本 | 回收有效问卷1126份 |
|---|
"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_18.md", "title": "公安院校大学生法治意识现状与培育路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_18.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《公安院校大学生法治意识现状与培育路径》中，表1“问卷对象和基本数据”里，“学历分布”中的大专人数及“专业分布”中的法学人数分别是多少？", "answer": "大专78人(6.8%)、法学246人(21.9%)", "evidence": ["| 学历分布 | 大专78人(6.8%)、大学本科932人(82.8%)、硕士研究生115人(10.2%)、博士研究生1人(0.1%) | ", "| 专业分布 | 公安学405人(36%)、公安技术学218人(19.4%)、其他257人(22.8%)、法学246人(21.9%) | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_18.md", "title": "公安院校大学生法治意识现状与培育路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_18.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《公安院校大学生法治意识现状与培育路径》中，根据“表1 问卷对象和基本数据”，调查院校共列出多少所院校？", "answer": "18", "evidence": ["| 调查院校 | 中国人民公安大学、中国刑事警察学院,山东警察学院、大连警官学院、甘肃政法学院、贵州警察学院、河南警察学院、湖北警官学院、吉林警察学院、辽宁警察学院、南京森林警察学院、洛阳警察学院、铁道警察学院、中国人民武装警察部队学院、新疆警察学院、云南警察学院、浙江警察学院、中央司法警官学院 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_18.md", "title": "公安院校大学生法治意识现状与培育路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_18.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《公安院校大学生法治意识现状与培育路径》一文中，“法治实践维度的状况”提到，认为程序规则在警察执法中的地位“非常重要”和“比较重要”的比例分别是多少？这两者相加的总和是多少？", "answer": "分别为66.3%和28.2%，相加为94.5%。", "evidence": ["当问及“程序规则在警察执法过程中的地位”时,选择非常重要和比较重要的分别占了66.3%和28.2%;"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_36.md", "title": "2024年药品安全与医疗器械监管统计报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_36.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《2024年药品安全与医疗器械监管统计报告》中，表22“药品安全性评价情况”的“安全性评价药品数量”为多少？", "answer": "54", "evidence": ["| 安全性评价药品数量 | 54 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_36.md", "title": "2024年药品安全与医疗器械监管统计报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_36.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《2024年药品安全与医疗器械监管统计报告》中，根据“表20 进口药品检验情况三（按国家和地区分类）”，国家或地区“印度”的“不合格批次”和“不合格率(%)”各是多少？", "answer": "13；2.81", "evidence": ["| 印度 | 1615.10 | 1586.50 | 28.60 | 462 | 449 | 13 | 2.81 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_36.md", "title": "2024年药品安全与医疗器械监管统计报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_36.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《2024年药品安全与医疗器械监管统计报告》中的“表 35 全国查处医疗器械案件情况”的续表中，“其中: 涉及互联网”的“案件数合计(件)”是多少？", "answer": "2426", "evidence": ["| 其中: 涉及互联网 | 1883 | 543 | 2426 | 804.57 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_36.md", "title": "2024年药品安全与医疗器械监管统计报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_36.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《2024年药品安全与医疗器械监管统计报告》中，根据“表 27 地方医疗器械监督抽检情况”，按器械类别分的一类、二类、三类“不合格批次”相加后的总数（见合计行）是多少？", "answer": "546", "evidence": ["| 按器械类别分 | 一类 | 1510 | 56 | 3.71 | ", "| 二类 | 15489 | 471 | 3.04 | ", "| 三类 | 5291 | 19 | 0.36 | ", "| 合计 | 22290 | 546 | 2.45 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_36.md", "title": "2024年药品安全与医疗器械监管统计报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_36.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《2024年药品安全与医疗器械监管统计报告》中，“表 35 全国查处医疗器械案件情况”的续表里，“涉及医疗器械质量”的“一般程序案件合计(件)”与“简易程序案件合计(件)”相加后对应的“案件数合计(件)”是多少？", "answer": "9131", "evidence": ["| 涉及医疗器械质量 | 8994 | 137 | 9131 | 24154.17 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_2.md", "title": "第八次人口普查综合试点动员讲话", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_2.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《第八次人口普查综合试点动员讲话》中，文稿的二级标题是什么？", "answer": "第八次人口普查综合试点会讲话", "evidence": ["## 第八次人口普查综合试点会讲话"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_2.md", "title": "第八次人口普查综合试点动员讲话", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_2.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《第八次人口普查综合试点动员讲话》中，关于综合试点覆盖范围的描述提到试点涉及多少个普查小区、多少户人家、多少人？", "answer": "25 个普查小区，4414 户人家，14467 人", "evidence": ["综合试点工作将对三个社区居委会的 25 个普查小区，4414 户人家，14467 人进行试点"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_2.md", "title": "第八次人口普查综合试点动员讲话", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_2.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《第八次人口普查综合试点动员讲话》，办事处辖有多少个社区居委会？", "answer": "22 个社区居委会", "evidence": ["辖 22 个社区居委会"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_2.md", "title": "第八次人口普查综合试点动员讲话", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_2.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《第八次人口普查综合试点动员讲话》中，文中指出选取的海楼路、南温泉、黑泥地三个社区在全区和全市方面具有何种代表性？", "answer": "地域代表性", "evidence": ["在全区和全市都具有地域代表性。", "选取的海楼路、南温泉、黑泥地三个社区分别代表三种城乡结构"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_25.md", "title": "吐蕃音义与藏族族源研究百年回顾", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_25.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《吐蕃音义与藏族族源研究百年回顾》的作者是谁？", "answer": "王启龙", "evidence": ["王启龙"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_25.md", "title": "吐蕃音义与藏族族源研究百年回顾", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_25.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《吐蕃音义与藏族族源研究百年回顾》的中图分类号、文献标识码和文章编号分别是什么？", "answer": "K281.4；A；1003-8388(2013)04-0001-08", "evidence": ["**中图分类号:** K281.4 **文献标识码:** A **文章编号:** 1003-8388(2013)04-0001-08"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_25.md", "title": "吐蕃音义与藏族族源研究百年回顾", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_25.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "请给出《吐蕃音义与藏族族源研究百年回顾》的收稿日期与作者简介中的出生年份。", "answer": "2013-06-10；1964", "evidence": ["[收稿日期]2013-06-10", "[作者简介]王启龙(1964-)男,贵州兴仁人,现为陕西师范大学西北民族研究中心教授、博士生导师,陕西省“百人计划”特聘专家,主要研究方向为藏学。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_25.md", "title": "吐蕃音义与藏族族源研究百年回顾", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_25.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《吐蕃音义与藏族族源研究百年回顾》中，根据冷亮（1941）的论述，他将西藏历史划分为几个历史时期？", "answer": "四个", "evidence": ["同时把西藏历史划分四个历史时期:西藏上古史,由民族起源(公元前27世纪)到松赞干布诞生(公元623年);西藏中古史,有松赞干布(623年)到宗喀巴之改革宗教(1357年);西藏近世史,自宗喀巴改革到(1357年)到英军入侵拉萨(1904年);西藏近代史,由英军入侵拉萨到当代(1941年)。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_25.md", "title": "吐蕃音义与藏族族源研究百年回顾", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_25.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《吐蕃音义与藏族族源研究百年回顾》中“新中国成立到2000年”部分，哪位作者先后于1994年和1997年撰写相关论文，并在后者中把历代藏族族称的汉文写法分为四类？", "answer": "田晓岫", "evidence": ["田晓岫（1994、1997）先后撰写了《吐蕃王族族源新考》和《藏族族称考》$^{[67]}$。其中后者首次对历代汉文史籍中所载藏族族称的各种写法进行了系统分类，指明其出处，考释其由来，并把历代藏族族称的汉文写法分为四类：", "第一类是依居住处的水名地名命名的族称，如藏人、藏民、藏族；第二类是依西藏高原周边部落的他称译写的族称，如吐蕃、土伯特、图白忒等；第三类是依藏族及其先民自称记音的族称，如番族、濮、百巴、北发、发羌等；第四类是藏族先民部落名称的译写，如悉补野、弗夜、宝、附国等。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_4.md", "title": "凯恩斯革命与就业理论体系概述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_4.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《凯恩斯革命与就业理论体系概述》的“第一节 凯恩斯革命”中，《就业、利息和货币通论》出版年份是什么？", "answer": "1936", "evidence": ["《就业、利息和货币通论》（1936）奠定了现代宏观经济学的理论基础。凯恩斯认为传统理论不符合事实，只适用于特殊情况。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_4.md", "title": "凯恩斯革命与就业理论体系概述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_4.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《凯恩斯革命与就业理论体系概述》中《第一节 凯恩斯革命》的“一、古典宏观经济理论与凯恩斯革命”部分，新古典经济学的研究方法是什么？", "answer": "边际分析、均衡分析。", "evidence": ["研究方法：边际分析、均衡分析。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_4.md", "title": "凯恩斯革命与就业理论体系概述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_4.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《凯恩斯革命与就业理论体系概述》中“第一节 凯恩斯革命”，凯恩斯就业理论的核心是什么？", "answer": "有效需求理论。", "evidence": ["凯恩斯就业理论的核心：有效需求理论。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_4.md", "title": "凯恩斯革命与就业理论体系概述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_4.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《凯恩斯革命与就业理论体系概述》的《第一节 凯恩斯革命》中“凯恩斯就业理论体系中的三类因素”小节里，“自变量”所列基本心理规律有多少个？", "answer": "三个", "evidence": ["自变量。即决定就业量和国民收入的直接因素，主要包括三个基本心理规律，边际消费倾向递减、资本边际效率递减、流动性偏好。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_4.md", "title": "凯恩斯革命与就业理论体系概述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_4.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《凯恩斯革命与就业理论体系概述》中《第一节 凯恩斯革命》关于“凯恩斯就业理论体系”的描述，均衡时总供给与总需求的关系是什么？同时，就业量由哪些因素决定？", "answer": "均衡时，总供给等于总需求，总需求决定于消费倾向与投资量。因此，就业量决定于总供给函数、消费倾向和投资量。", "evidence": ["均衡时，总供给等于总需求，总需求决定于消费倾向与投资量。因此，就业量决定于总供给函数、消费倾向和投资量。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_40.md", "title": "Ground States and Profile Decomposition in Critical Periodic Elliptic Equations", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_40.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to Lemma 2.5 in \"Ground States and Profile Decomposition in Critical Periodic Elliptic Equations,\" what is the upper bound stated for c(I)?", "answer": "$c(I) < ((\\mu_* - 2)/(2\\mu_*))\\mathbb{S}_{\\bar{G}_b}^{N/2}$", "evidence": ["**Lemma 2.5.** $c(I) < ((\\mu_* - 2)/(2\\mu_*))\\mathbb{S}_{\\bar{G}_b}^{N/2}$."]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_40.md", "title": "Ground States and Profile Decomposition in Critical Periodic Elliptic Equations", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_40.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In Remark 2.3 of \"Ground States and Profile Decomposition in Critical Periodic Elliptic Equations\", what endpoint conditions define the paths in \\hat{\\Gamma}_I for the mountain pass minimax level?", "answer": "\\hat{\\xi}(0) = 0, \\|\\hat{\\xi}(1)\\| > r \\ and \\ I(\\hat{\\xi}(1)) < 0", "evidence": ["$$\n\\hat{\\Gamma}_I = \\{ \\hat{\\xi} \\in C([0,1], H^1(\\mathbb{R}^N)) : \\hat{\\xi}(0) = 0, \\|\\hat{\\xi}(1)\\| > r \\ and \\ I(\\hat{\\xi}(1)) < 0 \\}.\n$$"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_40.md", "title": "Ground States and Profile Decomposition in Critical Periodic Elliptic Equations", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_40.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In \"Ground States and Profile Decomposition in Critical Periodic Elliptic Equations,\" which inclusions between $H_{V_P}^1(\\mathbb{R}^N)$ and $H_V^1(\\mathbb{R}^N)$ are established, and what corresponding norm inequalities are given?", "answer": "$\\|u\\|_V^2 \\le (1 + M_0 d_1^{-1}) \\|u\\|_{V_P}^2.$ By (1.9), we have $H_{V_P}^1(\\mathbb{R}^N) \\subset H_V^1(\\mathbb{R}^N)$. Replacing $V$ with $V_P$, we similarly obtain $H_V^1(\\mathbb{R}^N) \\subset H_{V_P}^1(\\mathbb{R}^N)$, with $\\|u\\|_{V_P}^2 \\le (1 + M_0 d_1^{-1})\\|u\\|_V^2$.", "evidence": ["$$\n\\|u\\|_V^2 \\le (1 + M_0 d_1^{-1}) \\|u\\|_{V_P}^2.\n$$", "By (1.9), we have $H_{V_P}^1(\\mathbb{R}^N) \\subset H_V^1(\\mathbb{R}^N)$.", "Replacing $V$ with $V_P$, we similarly obtain $H_V^1(\\mathbb{R}^N) \\subset H_{V_P}^1(\\mathbb{R}^N)$, with $\\|u\\|_{V_P}^2 \\le (1 + M_0 d_1^{-1})\\|u\\|_V^2$."]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_40.md", "title": "Ground States and Profile Decomposition in Critical Periodic Elliptic Equations", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_40.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In Lemma 2.5 of \"Ground States and Profile Decomposition in Critical Periodic Elliptic Equations,\" what are the cases listed for the asymptotic behavior of $\\|w_{\\varepsilon}\\|_{2}^{2}$ in (2.5), along with their dimension conditions?", "answer": "$$\n\\|w_{\\varepsilon}\\|_{2}^{2} = \\begin{cases} \\mathcal{O}(\\varepsilon), & \\text{if } N > 4, \\\\ \\mathcal{O}(\\varepsilon|\\ln \\varepsilon|), & \\text{if } N = 4, \\\\ \\mathcal{O}(\\varepsilon^{(N-2)/2}), & \\text{if } N = 3, \\end{cases} \\qquad (2.5)\n$$", "evidence": ["$$\n\\|w_{\\varepsilon}\\|_{2}^{2} = \\begin{cases} \\mathcal{O}(\\varepsilon), & \\text{if } N > 4, \\\\ \\mathcal{O}(\\varepsilon|\\ln \\varepsilon|), & \\text{if } N = 4, \\\\ \\mathcal{O}(\\varepsilon^{(N-2)/2}), & \\text{if } N = 3, \\end{cases} \\qquad (2.5)\n$$"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_40.md", "title": "Ground States and Profile Decomposition in Critical Periodic Elliptic Equations", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_40.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In Proposition 3.4 of \"Ground States and Profile Decomposition in Critical Periodic Elliptic Equations\", what contradictory limit equality arises when assuming the Cerami sequence $(u_k)$ is unbounded?", "answer": "$$\n0 = \\lim_{k \\to \\infty} \\frac{c(I)}{\\|u_k\\|_V^2} = \\lim_{k \\to \\infty} \\frac{I(u_k)}{\\|u_k\\|_V^2} = \\lim_{k \\to \\infty} \\left[ \\frac{1}{2} - \\int_{\\mathbb{R}^N} \\frac{F(x, u_k)}{\\|u_k\\|_V^2} dx - \\int_{\\mathbb{R}^N} \\frac{b(x)G(u_k)}{\\|u_k\\|_V^2} dx \\right] = -\\infty. \\quad (3.8)\n$$", "evidence": ["$$\n0 = \\lim_{k \\to \\infty} \\frac{c(I)}{\\|u_k\\|_V^2} = \\lim_{k \\to \\infty} \\frac{I(u_k)}{\\|u_k\\|_V^2} = \\lim_{k \\to \\infty} \\left[ \\frac{1}{2} - \\int_{\\mathbb{R}^N} \\frac{F(x, u_k)}{\\|u_k\\|_V^2} dx - \\int_{\\mathbb{R}^N} \\frac{b(x)G(u_k)}{\\|u_k\\|_V^2} dx \\right] = -\\infty. \\quad (3.8)\n$$"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_1.md", "title": "广东及广州公费医疗证识别与审批报销指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《广东及广州公费医疗证识别与审批报销指南》的“第二部分 公费医疗”中，“广东省企业公费医疗”的医疗证号前2位是什么？", "answer": "SQ", "evidence": ["| 广东省企业公费医疗 | SQ | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_1.md", "title": "广东及广州公费医疗证识别与审批报销指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《广东及广州公费医疗证识别与审批报销指南》中，《第二部分 公费医疗》的“省公费医疗”表中，“透析”是否需要审批？", "answer": "不需审批", "evidence": ["| 透析 | 不需审批 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_1.md", "title": "广东及广州公费医疗证识别与审批报销指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《广东及广州公费医疗证识别与审批报销指南》中，“第二部分 公费医疗”的“市公费医疗”表里，“肿瘤用药”和“透析”分别需要填写哪一种申请表？", "answer": "填写《广州市公费医疗门诊特定项目申请表》", "evidence": ["| 肿瘤用药 | 填写《广州市公费医疗门诊特定项目申请表》 | ", "| 透析 | 填写《广州市公费医疗门诊特定项目申请表》 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_1.md", "title": "广东及广州公费医疗证识别与审批报销指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《广东及广州公费医疗证识别与审批报销指南》的《第二部分 公费医疗》中，南沙区的医疗证号前2位共列出了多少个代码？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["| 南沙区 | N0B、N1B、N3、N2、N8B | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_1.md", "title": "广东及广州公费医疗证识别与审批报销指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《广东及广州公费医疗证识别与审批报销指南》的“第二部分 公费医疗”中，如果医疗证号码前两位为“60”，这属于哪个区的公费医疗，并且该区的“普通门诊药费限额”是多少？", "answer": "黄埔区公费医疗，100元", "evidence": ["| 黄埔区公费医疗 | 医疗证号码前两位 | 60、61、62 | ", "| 普通门诊药费限额 | 100元 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_24.md", "title": "Astech SiC MOSFET Chips, Power Modules and Application Systems Brochure", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_24.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《Astech SiC MOSFET Chips, Power Modules and Application Systems Brochure》的“SiC 芯片产品介绍”表中，型号 ASC60N650MT4 的 Package 是什么？", "answer": "TO-247-4", "evidence": ["| ASC60N650MT4 | TO-247-4 | 650V | 35mohm | -40~150°C | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_24.md", "title": "Astech SiC MOSFET Chips, Power Modules and Application Systems Brochure", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_24.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《Astech SiC MOSFET Chips, Power Modules and Application Systems Brochure》的SiC Chips产品目录中，型号ASC100N1200MD10的Package和Voltage分别是什么？", "answer": "Package: DFN10*12；Voltage: 1200V", "evidence": ["| ASC100N1200MD10 | DFN10*12 | 1200V | 17mohm | -40~150°C | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_24.md", "title": "Astech SiC MOSFET Chips, Power Modules and Application Systems Brochure", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_24.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《Astech SiC MOSFET Chips, Power Modules and Application Systems Brochure》的 SiC Modules 产品目录中，型号 ASC300N1200 对应了哪些 Package？", "answer": "HP1/DWC3；XM3", "evidence": ["| ASC300N1200 | HP1/DWC3 | 1200V | 6.7mohm | -40~150°C | ", "| ASC300N1200 | XM3 | 1200V | 8mohm | -40~150°C | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_24.md", "title": "Astech SiC MOSFET Chips, Power Modules and Application Systems Brochure", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_24.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《Astech SiC MOSFET Chips, Power Modules and Application Systems Brochure》中，SiC Chips表中Voltage为1200V且Package为TO-247-4的型号共有多少个？并给出这些型号。", "answer": "3；ASC30N1200MT4、ASC60N1200MT4、ASC100N1200MT4", "evidence": ["| ASC30N1200MT4 | TO-247-4 | 1200V | 80mohm | -40~150°C | ", "| ASC60N1200MT4 | TO-247-4 | 1200V | 40mohm | -40~150°C | ", "| ASC100N1200MT4 | TO-247-4 | 1200V | 17mohm | -40~150°C | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_24.md", "title": "Astech SiC MOSFET Chips, Power Modules and Application Systems Brochure", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_24.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《Astech SiC MOSFET Chips, Power Modules and Application Systems Brochure》的SiC Modules产品目录中，找出所有Voltage为1200V且R_on小于或等于2.2mohm的型号，并给出各自的Package。", "answer": "ASC1000N1200（Package: DWC3）、ASC700N1200（Package: HPD）", "evidence": ["| ASC1000N1200 | DWC3 | 1200V | 1.7mohm | -40~150°C | ", "| ASC700N1200 | HPD | 1200V | 2.2mohm | -40~150°C | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_35.md", "title": "2024年全国药品、医疗器械与化妆品监管统计数据汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_35.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《2024年全国药品、医疗器械与化妆品监管统计数据汇总》中，根据表37“化妆品生产企业日常监管情况”，2024年“飞行检查化妆品生产企业次数”的数量是多少？", "answer": "1514", "evidence": ["| 飞行检查化妆品生产企业次数 | 家次 | 1514 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_35.md", "title": "2024年全国药品、医疗器械与化妆品监管统计数据汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_35.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《2024年全国药品、医疗器械与化妆品监管统计数据汇总》的表36“化妆品注册和新原料注册备案情况”中，“特殊化妆品—首次申报—批准”的进口数量是多少？", "answer": "1132", "evidence": ["| 首次申报 | 受理 | 14525 | 1169 | 15694 | ", "| 批准 | 13889 | 1132 | 15021 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_35.md", "title": "2024年全国药品、医疗器械与化妆品监管统计数据汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_35.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《2024年全国药品、医疗器械与化妆品监管统计数据汇总》中，表41“省级药品检查员情况”里“按所在单位划分—检验检测机构”的GMP和GSP人数分别是多少？", "answer": "GMP 2057，GSP 686", "evidence": ["| 检验检测机构 | 人 | 2057 | 686 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_35.md", "title": "2024年全国药品、医疗器械与化妆品监管统计数据汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_35.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《2024年全国药品、医疗器械与化妆品监管统计数据汇总》的表37中，“检查化妆品生产企业次数”减去“飞行检查化妆品生产企业次数”的差值是多少？", "answer": "5993", "evidence": ["| 检查化妆品生产企业次数 | 家次 | 7507 | ", "| 飞行检查化妆品生产企业次数 | 家次 | 1514 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_35.md", "title": "2024年全国药品、医疗器械与化妆品监管统计数据汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_35.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《2024年全国药品、医疗器械与化妆品监管统计数据汇总》中，根据表 50“药品监管行政诉讼案件情况”，“化妆品”在“一审判决合计”和“二审判决合计”的数量之和是多少？", "answer": "88", "evidence": ["| 判决合计 | 166 | 59 | 64 | 6 | 295 | ", "| 判决合计 | 67 | 29 | 24 | 2 | 122 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_9.md", "title": "合肥物质院研究生开题与中期考核指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_9.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《合肥物质院研究生开题与中期考核指南》，合肥物质院集中开展开题和中期考核的时间一般为哪一段时间？", "answer": "每年的12月1日至12月31日", "evidence": ["合肥物质院集中开展开题和中期考核的时间一般为每年的12月1日至12月31日。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_9.md", "title": "合肥物质院研究生开题与中期考核指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_9.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《合肥物质院研究生开题与中期考核指南》的“开题报告PPT参考内容”中，条目k的具体要求是什么？", "answer": "论文工作进度安排是否合理。", "evidence": ["k.论文工作进度安排是否合理。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_9.md", "title": "合肥物质院研究生开题与中期考核指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_9.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《合肥物质院研究生开题与中期考核指南》的“开题报告参考内容”中，学生需要填写哪两份表格？请给出完整名称和链接说明。", "answer": "填写《研究生学位论文开题报告》（https://gradschool.ustc.edu.cn/column/193：\n《研究生开题报告样表、评审表》）。\n填写《研究生培养计划和成绩登记表》（https://gradschool.ustc.edu.cn/column/193：《研究生培养计划和成绩登记表2020版》）。", "evidence": ["填写《研究生学位论文开题报告》（https://gradschool.ustc.edu.cn/column/193：\n《研究生开题报告样表、评审表》）。", "填写《研究生培养计划和成绩登记表》（https://gradschool.ustc.edu.cn/column/193：《研究生培养计划和成绩登记表2020版》）。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_9.md", "title": "合肥物质院研究生开题与中期考核指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_9.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "通读《合肥物质院研究生开题与中期考核指南》，文中一共出现了多少个“附件”编号？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["《硕士研究生学位论文开题评审打分表》（附件1）", "《博士研究生学位论文开题评审打分表》（附件2）", "《硕士研究生学位论文中期考核评审打分表》（附件3）", "《博士研究生学位论文中期考核评审打分表》（附件4）", "《研究生学位论文延期开题（中期考核）申请表》（附件5）"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_9.md", "title": "合肥物质院研究生开题与中期考核指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_9.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《合肥物质院研究生开题与中期考核指南》，博士生开题的最迟时间要求及未按期完成并通过的处理规定是什么？", "answer": "博士生学位论文开题最迟须在第四学年第一学期内完成并通过，未在规定时间内完成开题并通过的博士生，《中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院博士研究生培养分流退出机制实施细则》（科合院发研字〔2024〕4号）的规定，启动分流退出程序。", "evidence": ["博士生学位论文开题最迟须在第四学年第一学期内完成并通过，未在规定时间内完成开题并通过的博士生，《中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院博士研究生培养分流退出机制实施细则》（科合院发研字〔2024〕4号）的规定，启动分流退出程序。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_27.md", "title": "西北少数民族新生代农民工特征", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_27.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《西北少数民族新生代农民工特征》中，《西北少数民族新生代农民工的群体特征研究》收稿日期是什么？", "answer": "2013-07-13", "evidence": ["**收稿日期:** 2013-07-13"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_27.md", "title": "西北少数民族新生代农民工特征", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_27.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "依据文档《西北少数民族新生代农民工特征》，《西北少数民族新生代农民工的群体特征研究》的中图分类号、文献标志码和文章编号分别是什么？", "answer": "中图分类号: C912.2；文献标志码: A；文章编号: 1674-6627(2013)05-0065-08", "evidence": ["**中图分类号:** C912.2 **文献标志码:** A **文章编号:** 1674-6627(2013)05-0065-08"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_27.md", "title": "西北少数民族新生代农民工特征", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_27.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《西北少数民族新生代农民工特征》文档中，《西北少数民族新生代农民工的群体特征研究》的作者及其单位是什么？", "answer": "何乃柱 王丽霞；(兰州大学 西北少数民族研究中心 甘肃 兰州 730020)", "evidence": ["何乃柱 王丽霞", "(兰州大学 西北少数民族研究中心 甘肃 兰州 730020)"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_27.md", "title": "西北少数民族新生代农民工特征", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_27.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《西北少数民族新生代农民工特征》一文中，兰州市共有清真寺和拱北等宗教场所多少处？其中主要分布在城关区和七里河区的有多少处？", "answer": "83处；其中66处", "evidence": ["兰州市目前共有清真寺和拱北等宗教场所83处,其中66处主要分布在城关区和七里河区$^{[3]}$"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_27.md", "title": "西北少数民族新生代农民工特征", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_27.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《西北少数民族新生代农民工特征》文中的估算，兰州市每年约6万少数民族流动人口中，约有多少人属于少数民族新生代农民工？", "answer": "约2.88万人", "evidence": ["兰州市民委统计,兰州市每年有少数民族流动人口6万人左右,主要以东乡族和回族为主$^{[7](45)}$;6万人中有80%即约4.8万人是农民工这4.8万人还不包括尚未办暂住证或16岁以下的农民工。", "因此可估算4.8万人当中约60%的人即2.88万人是少数民族新生代农民工,并且数量在逐年上升。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_14.md", "title": "最高法再审改判于某庆故意伤害、毁财案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_14.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《最高法再审改判于某庆故意伤害、毁财案》所涉《中华人民共和国最高人民法院刑事判决书》的案号是什么？", "answer": "（2024）最高法刑再 1 号", "evidence": ["（2024）最高法刑再 1 号"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_14.md", "title": "最高法再审改判于某庆故意伤害、毁财案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_14.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《中华人民共和国最高人民法院刑事判决书》（“最高法再审改判于某庆故意伤害、毁财案”），本判决的审判长是谁？", "answer": "周 庆", "evidence": ["审 判 长 周 庆"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_14.md", "title": "最高法再审改判于某庆故意伤害、毁财案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_14.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "依据《中华人民共和国最高人民法院刑事判决书》（最高法再审改判于某庆故意伤害、毁财案）中括号所载，判决执行的刑期起止日期是什么？", "answer": "自 2024 年 9 月 29 日起至 2027 年 12 月 20 日止", "evidence": ["（刑期从判决执行之日起计算。判决执行以前先行羁押的，羁押一日折抵刑期一日，并减去已经执行的刑期四年二个月，即自 2024 年 9 月 29 日起至 2027 年 12 月 20 日止）"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_14.md", "title": "最高法再审改判于某庆故意伤害、毁财案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_14.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《最高法再审改判于某庆故意伤害、毁财案》中所涉《中华人民共和国最高人民法院刑事判决书》记载，于某庆在刑罚执行期间被裁定减刑几次？", "answer": "二次", "evidence": ["在刑罚执行期间被裁定减刑二次共计减去有期徒刑一年十个月"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_14.md", "title": "最高法再审改判于某庆故意伤害、毁财案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_14.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《最高法再审改判于某庆故意伤害、毁财案》中的《中华人民共和国最高人民法院刑事判决书》，对于汤某虎以纵火方式毁坏车辆的行为，本院如何评价其与二人的共同犯意关系？", "answer": "超出了共同犯意范围，属于实行过限。", "evidence": ["但是，汤某虎以纵火方式毁坏车辆，危及公共安全，超出了共同犯意范围，属于实行过限。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_8.md", "title": "Me 系列儿童科普读物六册：测量 身体 时间 地图 家谱 太空", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_8.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "请基于《Me 系列儿童科普读物六册：测量 身体 时间 地图 家谱 太空》回答：在《从地图上找到我》中，作者的国家叫什么？", "answer": "美利坚合众国", "evidence": ["这是我的国家。美利坚合众国。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_8.md", "title": "Me 系列儿童科普读物六册：测量 身体 时间 地图 家谱 太空", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_8.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《Me 系列儿童科普读物六册：测量 身体 时间 地图 家谱 太空》的脚注里，1 短吨约等于多少千克？", "answer": "约等于 907.185 千克", "evidence": ["1 1 短吨（美制计重单位）约等于 907.185 千克，1 长吨（英制计重单位）约等于 1016.047 千克，1 公吨（吨）等于 1000 千克。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_8.md", "title": "Me 系列儿童科普读物六册：测量 身体 时间 地图 家谱 太空", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_8.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《Me 系列儿童科普读物六册：测量 身体 时间 地图 家谱 太空》中的《我的趣味测量》中，\"1 蒲式耳的苹果\"相当于多少配克？同时，\"1 配克土豆\"相当于多少夸脱？", "answer": "4 配克；8 夸脱", "evidence": ["我们还买了 1 蒲式耳的苹果——相当于 4 配克。", "我们买了 1 配克土豆——也就是 8 夸脱。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_8.md", "title": "Me 系列儿童科普读物六册：测量 身体 时间 地图 家谱 太空", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_8.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《Me 系列儿童科普读物六册：测量 身体 时间 地图 家谱 太空》中的《我的趣味测量》中，测量液体的单位被列举了多少种？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["但测量液体的东西，我需要用盎司、杯、品脱、夸脱和加仑。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_8.md", "title": "Me 系列儿童科普读物六册：测量 身体 时间 地图 家谱 太空", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_8.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《Me 系列儿童科普读物六册：测量 身体 时间 地图 家谱 太空》中“测量”一册的内容，如果做煎饼需要两杯烘焙粉，那么需要多少汤匙的烘焙粉？", "answer": "32 汤匙", "evidence": ["16 汤匙等于 1 杯。", "我需要两杯烘焙粉来做煎饼。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_20.md", "title": "唐代铜镜讲述孔子与荣启期的三乐", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_20.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《唐代铜镜讲述孔子与荣启期的三乐》中，以“今天是教师节”为开头的文章开篇号召我们要学什么？", "answer": "学尊师重道", "evidence": ["学尊师重道"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_20.md", "title": "唐代铜镜讲述孔子与荣启期的三乐", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_20.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《唐代铜镜讲述孔子与荣启期的三乐》中带有“△”标注的图片说明，荣启期的身份是什么？", "answer": "春秋时期隐士", "evidence": ["△荣启期，春秋时期隐士。图片来源：竹林七贤与荣启期砖画（局部），南京博物院藏"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_20.md", "title": "唐代铜镜讲述孔子与荣启期的三乐", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_20.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《唐代铜镜讲述孔子与荣启期的三乐》一文中，“唐代的铜镜会讲故事”这一段里，孔子请教时的原话是什么？", "answer": "问曰：“先生所以乐，何也？”", "evidence": ["孔子感到好奇", "便上前请教", "问曰：“先生所以乐，何也？”"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_20.md", "title": "唐代铜镜讲述孔子与荣启期的三乐", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_20.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《唐代铜镜讲述孔子与荣启期的三乐》一文中，这枚铜镜的铭文共有多少字？", "answer": "九个字", "evidence": ["铜镜的正上方书九个字的铭文"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_20.md", "title": "唐代铜镜讲述孔子与荣启期的三乐", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_20.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《唐代铜镜讲述孔子与荣启期的三乐》一文中，孔子向荣启期请教的场景体现了他哪则教育理念？请给出原文引述。", "answer": "三人行,必有我师焉。择其善者而从之,其不善者而改之。", "evidence": ["其实,这正体现出孔子的一则教育理念", "三人行,必有我师焉。择其善者而从之,其不善者而改之。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_28.md", "title": "空气污染概论：污染物、危害与防治", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_28.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "基于《空气污染概论：污染物、危害与防治》，《化工环保概论课程论文》中学生姓名是谁？", "answer": "李伟涛", "evidence": ["学生姓名 李伟涛"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_28.md", "title": "空气污染概论：污染物、危害与防治", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_28.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《空气污染概论：污染物、危害与防治》中的“这是一张某市大气污染物日均值表”里，2月4日的臭氧数值是多少？", "answer": "0.100", "evidence": ["| 2月4日 | 0.182 | 0.360 | 0.901 | 0.110 | 0.100 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_28.md", "title": "空气污染概论：污染物、危害与防治", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_28.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《空气污染概论：污染物、危害与防治》中，论文名称、院(系)名称和专业名称分别是什么？", "answer": "空气污染；化学与化工学院；化学工程与工艺", "evidence": ["论文名称 空气污染", "院(系)名称 化学与化工学院", "专业名称 化学工程与工艺"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_28.md", "title": "空气污染概论：污染物、危害与防治", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_28.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《空气污染概论：污染物、危害与防治》中，该市大气污染物日均值表中臭氧数值不低于0.090的日期共有几天？", "answer": "2天", "evidence": ["| 2月4日 | 0.182 | 0.360 | 0.901 | 0.110 | 0.100 | ", "| 2月5日 | 0.192 | 0.291 | 1.030 | 0.120 | 0.092 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_28.md", "title": "空气污染概论：污染物、危害与防治", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_28.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《空气污染概论：污染物、危害与防治》中的空气污染指标（PSI），如果某天的指标值为250，对应的健康影响等级是什么？", "answer": "极不良", "evidence": ["200~299 (Unhealthy):极不良"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_29.md", "title": "山东省“机器人+”创新产品与应用场景征集方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_29.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《山东省“机器人+”创新产品与应用场景征集方案》，总体要求中提到聚焦“机器人+”多少个应用重点领域？", "answer": "10个", "evidence": ["聚焦“机器人+”10个应用重点领域，发布并推广一批具有较高技术水平、较强示范引领作用和较好的推广前景的“机器人+”创新产品和应用场景"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_29.md", "title": "山东省“机器人+”创新产品与应用场景征集方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_29.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《山东省“机器人+”创新产品与应用场景征集方案》的“二、征集范围”中，第5项对应的领域名称是什么？", "answer": "商贸物流。", "evidence": ["5. 商贸物流。自动导引车、自主移动机器人、配送机器人、自动码垛机、智能分拣机、物流无人机等机器人创新产品；城市复杂场景即时配送、智能物流柔性拣选、智慧园区运营等机器人应用场景。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_29.md", "title": "山东省“机器人+”创新产品与应用场景征集方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_29.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《山东省“机器人+”创新产品与应用场景征集方案》的“三、征集要求”中，申报单位关于失信记录的时间范围要求是什么？同时还需愿意配合开展哪些工作？", "answer": "近3年无因违法失信行为被行政机关实施联合惩戒或被司法部门采取失信惩戒措施。申报单位愿意主动配合开展现场调研和后续宣传工作，积极参与供需对接等活动。", "evidence": ["（二）申报单位应有较好经济效益、良好的安全生产和环保等信用记录，近3年无因违法失信行为被行政机关实施联合惩戒或被司法部门采取失信惩戒措施。", "（六）申报单位愿意主动配合开展现场调研和后续宣传工作，积极参与供需对接等活动。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_29.md", "title": "山东省“机器人+”创新产品与应用场景征集方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_29.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《山东省“机器人+”创新产品与应用场景征集方案》中，“二、征集范围”的“4. 能源”条目里，“机器人创新产品”列出了多少项？（按“等机器人创新产品；”之前的逗号分隔项目数计算）", "answer": "19项", "evidence": ["4. 能源。行李分拣搬运、货舱装卸、跑道维护、安防巡检、迎宾导览、集装箱装卸、智能岸桥/场桥、智能理货、货舱舱内作业、AGV自动导引车、港口自动驾驶集卡、轨道巡检、接触网检修、隧道检测、车辆探伤检查、车站客流管理、道路基础设施运维、智慧停车、交通管控智能辅助等机器人创新产品；机场、港口、轨道交通、城市交通等机器人应用场景。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_29.md", "title": "山东省“机器人+”创新产品与应用场景征集方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_29.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《山东省“机器人+”创新产品与应用场景征集方案》的总体要求中，机器人产品被强调要实现哪两方面的转变？", "answer": "实现机器人产品从传统作业模式向具身智能作业模式转变、从中低端应用场景向中高端领域拓展。", "evidence": ["实现机器人产品从传统作业模式向具身智能作业模式转变、从中低端应用场景向中高端领域拓展。"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_23.md", "title": "中国数字经济对经济集聚的U型影响与空间溢出", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_23.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《中国数字经济对经济集聚的U型影响与空间溢出》的表1中，EA的“最大值”是多少？", "answer": "6.421", "evidence": ["| EA | 0.159 | 0.383 | 0.001 | 6.421 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_23.md", "title": "中国数字经济对经济集聚的U型影响与空间溢出", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_23.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《中国数字经济对经济集聚的U型影响与空间溢出》的表3“Moran's I 检验结果”中，DG 的 Moran's I 大于 0.300 的年份及对应数值有哪些？", "answer": "\n| 2011 | \n0.315*** | \n12.550 | \n0.000 | \n0.163*** | \n7.923 | \n0.000 | \n \n\n| 2012 | \n0.304*** | \n12.078 | \n0.000 | \n0.157*** | \n7.542 | \n0.000 | \n \n\n| 2014 | \n0.302*** | \n11.933 | \n0.000 | \n0.199*** | \n9.477 | \n0.000 | \n \n\n| 2015 | \n0.303*** | \n11.962 | \n0.000 | \n0.202*** | \n9.243 | \n0.000 | \n \n\n| 2016 | \n0.301*** | \n11.832 | \n0.000 | \n0.202*** | \n9.267 | \n0.000 | \n \n\n| 2017 | \n0.307*** | \n11.962 | \n0.000 | \n0.215*** | \n9.595 | \n0.000 | \n ", "evidence": ["\n| 2011 | \n0.315*** | \n12.550 | \n0.000 | \n0.163*** | \n7.923 | \n0.000 | \n ", "\n| 2012 | \n0.304*** | \n12.078 | \n0.000 | \n0.157*** | \n7.542 | \n0.000 | \n ", "\n| 2014 | \n0.302*** | \n11.933 | \n0.000 | \n0.199*** | \n9.477 | \n0.000 | \n ", "\n| 2015 | \n0.303*** | \n11.962 | \n0.000 | \n0.202*** | \n9.243 | \n0.000 | \n ", "\n| 2016 | \n0.301*** | \n11.832 | \n0.000 | \n0.202*** | \n9.267 | \n0.000 | \n ", "\n| 2017 | \n0.307*** | \n11.962 | \n0.000 | \n0.215*** | \n9.595 | \n0.000 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_23.md", "title": "中国数字经济对经济集聚的U型影响与空间溢出", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_23.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《中国数字经济对经济集聚的U型影响与空间溢出》的表8“异质性回归结果”中，东部、中部、西部三地的“拐点值”相比，哪一地区的拐点值最高？", "answer": "东部", "evidence": ["\n| 变量 | \n东部 | \n中部 | \n西部 | \n ", "\n| 拐点值 | \n0.383*(1.48) | \n0.094(1.16) | \n0.160***(2.10) | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_11.md", "title": "UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Supply and Line Monitor IC Datasheet", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_11.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In the UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Supply and Line Monitor IC Datasheet, what is the pin number for the POWER OK function in the Quad Supply and Line Monitor connection diagram?", "answer": "16", "evidence": ["\n| POWER OK | \n16 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_11.md", "title": "UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Supply and Line Monitor IC Datasheet", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_11.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the Quad Supply and Line Monitor Electrical Characteristics table in the UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Supply and Line Monitor IC Datasheet, what is the typical Line Sense Threshold for the UC3903?", "answer": "2.0 V", "evidence": ["| Line Sense Threshold | Input = High to Low | 1.94 | 2.0 | 2.06 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | V | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_11.md", "title": "UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Supply and Line Monitor IC Datasheet", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_11.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In the UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Supply and Line Monitor IC Datasheet, what is the typical OV and UV fault delay per microfarad as listed in the Electrical Characteristics?", "answer": "30 ms/µF", "evidence": ["| Delay | Ratio of Threshold Voltage to Charging Current | 20 | 30 | 50 | 20 | 30 | 50 | ms/µF | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_11.md", "title": "UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Supply and Line Monitor IC Datasheet", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_11.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In the UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Supply and Line Monitor IC Datasheet, how many entries in the Quad Supply and Line Monitor package pin function table are labeled GROUND?", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["\n| GROUND | \n3 | \n ", "\n| GROUND | \n4 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_11.md", "title": "UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Supply and Line Monitor IC Datasheet", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_11.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In the UC1903/UC2903/UC3903 Quad Supply and Line Monitor IC Datasheet, within the Quad Supply and Line Monitor Electrical Characteristics (Reference section) for the UC3903, which parameter has the higher maximum value: Load Regulation or Line Regulation? Provide both maxima.", "answer": "Load Regulation has the higher maximum: 15 mV (vs. Line Regulation 8 mV).", "evidence": ["| Load Regulation | IL = 0 to 10mA | | 1 | 10 | | 1 | 15 | mV | ", "| Line Regulation | +VIN = 8 to 40V | | 1 | 4 | | 1 | 8 | mV | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_32.md", "title": "高密度聚吡咯膜的电化学制备与性能", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_32.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《高密度聚吡咯膜的电化学制备与性能》的表1中，AN/H₂O为99/1且Jp为10 mA/cm²时的σ是多少？", "answer": "160", "evidence": ["", "| 10 | ", "99/1 | ", "1.26 | ", "160 | ", " "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_32.md", "title": "高密度聚吡咯膜的电化学制备与性能", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_32.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《高密度聚吡咯膜的电化学制备与性能》的表1中，AN/H₂O为0且Jp为10 mA/cm²的PPy膜，其ρ和σ的数值分别是多少？", "answer": "ρ=0.78，σ=90", "evidence": ["", "| Jp/(mA/cm2) | ", "AN/H2O (V/V) | ", "ρ/(g/cm3) | ", "σ/(S/cm) | ", " ", "", "| 10 | ", "0 | ", "0.78 | ", "90 | ", " "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_32.md", "title": "高密度聚吡咯膜的电化学制备与性能", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_32.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《高密度聚吡咯膜的电化学制备与性能》一文中，“电化学法制备高密度导电聚吡咯的性能研究”表1里，在Jp=0.1 mA/cm²条件下，AN/H₂O为0与99/1时的ρ分别是多少？", "answer": "0.73 和 1.20", "evidence": ["", "| 0.1 | ", "0 | ", "0.73 | ", "30 | ", " ", "", "| 0.1 | ", "99/1 | ", "1.20 | ", "120 | ", " "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_32.md", "title": "高密度聚吡咯膜的电化学制备与性能", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_32.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "基于《高密度聚吡咯膜的电化学制备与性能》，根据“电化学法制备高密度导电聚吡咯的性能研究”表1，σ超过100 S/cm的记录共有几条？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["", "| 0.1 | ", "99/1 | ", "1.20 | ", "120 | ", " ", "", "| 1 | ", "99/1 | ", "1.11 | ", "110 | ", " ", "", "| 10 | ", "99/1 | ", "1.26 | ", "160 | ", " "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_32.md", "title": "高密度聚吡咯膜的电化学制备与性能", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_32.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《高密度聚吡咯膜的电化学制备与性能》的表1中，若要求AN/H₂O为99/1，且ρ>1.25 g/cm³，同时Jp取表中最大值，则对应的σ是多少？", "answer": "160", "evidence": ["", "| 10 | ", "99/1 | ", "1.26 | ", "160 | ", " "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_38.md", "title": "2024年国家药品监管统计年度报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_38.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "参考《2024年国家药品监管统计年度报告》，在《药品监督管理统计年度数据（2024年）》表5“批准创新药上市、临床试验情况”中，合计的“批准上市品种数量”是多少？", "answer": "48", "evidence": ["| 合计 | 48 | 2140 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_38.md", "title": "2024年国家药品监管统计年度报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_38.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《2024年国家药品监管统计年度报告》，在《药品监督管理统计年度数据（2024年）》表4“境外生产药品申请的审批情况”中，“化学药品”分别批准临床和上市的数量是多少？", "answer": "临床 313；上市 219", "evidence": ["| 化学药品 | 313 | 219 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_38.md", "title": "2024年国家药品监管统计年度报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_38.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "针对《2024年国家药品监管统计年度报告》，在《药品监督管理统计年度数据（2024年）》表7“药品上市后变更的审批及备案情况”中，“中药天然药物”的国家局审批事项中“批准”和“未批准”分别是多少？", "answer": "批准 2433；未批准 115", "evidence": ["| 中药天然药物 | 2433 | 115 | 8639 | 618 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_38.md", "title": "2024年国家药品监管统计年度报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_38.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《2024年国家药品监管统计年度报告》表16“国家药品抽检情况”中，合计的批次不合格率(%)是多少？", "answer": "0.57", "evidence": ["| 合计 | 20604 | 118 | 0.57 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_30.md", "title": "RAG-Based LLMs for Qualitative Interview Analysis in Talent Management", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_30.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In Table 1 of 'Reconciling Methodological Paradigms: Employing Large Language Models as Novice Qualitative Research Assistants in Talent Management Research', what F1-Score does the RAG technique achieve under the Roberta-large embedding model? Please refer to the paper 'RAG-Based LLMs for Qualitative Interview Analysis in Talent Management'.", "answer": "91%", "evidence": ["| RAG | 92% | 91% | 91% |
|---|
"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_30.md", "title": "RAG-Based LLMs for Qualitative Interview Analysis in Talent Management", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_30.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to Table 1 in \"RAG-Based LLMs for Qualitative Interview Analysis in Talent Management\", under the Bert-base-uncased section of \"Reconciling Methodological Paradigms...\", what are the Precision, Recall, and F1-Score for Zero Shot?", "answer": "59%, 55%, 57%", "evidence": ["| Zero Shot | 59% | 55% | 57% | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_30.md", "title": "RAG-Based LLMs for Qualitative Interview Analysis in Talent Management", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_30.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In the document \"RAG-Based LLMs for Qualitative Interview Analysis in Talent Management\", in Table 1 for \"Reconciling Methodological Paradigms...\", within Distillbert-base-uncased, does RAG achieve a higher F1-Score than Zero Shot? Provide the F1-Score values for both.", "answer": "Yes; RAG F1-Score is 79%, Zero Shot F1-Score is 67%.", "evidence": ["| RAG | 79% | 80% | 79% |
|---|
", "| Zero Shot | 68% | 66% | 67% | "]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_30.md", "title": "RAG-Based LLMs for Qualitative Interview Analysis in Talent Management", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_30.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In the paper \"RAG-Based LLMs for Qualitative Interview Analysis in Talent Management,\" in Table 1 (\"Reconciling Methodological Paradigms...\") under the Roberta-large section, how many prompting techniques are listed?", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["| Chain of Thought | 89% | 85% | 87% | ", "| Few Shot | 90% | 87% | 88% | ", "| Zero Shot | 89% | 86% | 88% | ", "| RAG | 92% | 91% | 91% |
|---|
"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_30.md", "title": "RAG-Based LLMs for Qualitative Interview Analysis in Talent Management", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_30.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "Across all embedding models in Table 1 of 'RAG-Based LLMs for Qualitative Interview Analysis in Talent Management', which prompting technique and embedding combination reports the highest Precision value, and what is that value?", "answer": "RAG under Roberta-large, 92%", "evidence": ["| RAG | 92% | 91% | 91% |
|---|
"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_19.md", "title": "金秋晒丰收 多地农作物绘乡村画卷", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_19.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《金秋晒丰收 多地农作物绘乡村画卷》一文中，根据文首引导语“金秋时节…”，描述的季节是什么？", "answer": "金秋时节", "evidence": ["金秋时节"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_19.md", "title": "金秋晒丰收 多地农作物绘乡村画卷", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_19.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "请从《金秋晒丰收 多地农作物绘乡村画卷》中“2025年9月20日”的图片说明中提取拍摄地点。", "answer": "甘肃省酒泉市肃州区三墩镇", "evidence": ["↑2025年9月20日,农民在甘肃省酒泉市肃州区三墩镇晾晒红辣椒。(无人机照片)CICPHOTO/曹红祖 摄", "甘肃省酒泉市肃州区三墩镇"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_19.md", "title": "金秋晒丰收 多地农作物绘乡村画卷", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_19.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《金秋晒丰收 多地农作物绘乡村画卷》中，“2025年9月11日”的图片说明里，工人翻晒的是什么以及照片署名是什么？", "answer": "制种玉米；CICPHOTO/王将 摄", "evidence": ["↑2025年9月11日,工人在甘肃省张掖市高台县南华工业园区翻晒制种玉米。", "(无人机照片) CICPHOTO/王将 摄"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_19.md", "title": "金秋晒丰收 多地农作物绘乡村画卷", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_19.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《金秋晒丰收 多地农作物绘乡村画卷》页面的所有图片说明中，“贵州省”出现了多少次？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["↑2025年9月18日,农民在贵州省黔西市锦星镇木渣黑社区晾晒玉米和红辣椒。(无人机照片)CICPHOTO/范晖 摄", "↑2025年9月15日，农民在贵州省从江县高增乡小黄侗寨晾晒稻谷。（无人机照片）CICPHOTO/吴德军 摄", "↑2025年9月13日,农民在贵州省黔东南苗族侗族自治州从江县东朗镇摆啊村翻晒稻谷。(无人机照片)CICPHOTO/樊绍光 摄", "↑2025年9月4日,农民在贵州省黔西市太来彝族苗族乡硐口村晾晒玉米。(无人机照片)CICPHOTO/周训超 摄"]}
+{"doc_type": "wide", "filename": "wide_19.md", "title": "金秋晒丰收 多地农作物绘乡村画卷", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_19.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《金秋晒丰收 多地农作物绘乡村画卷》中，提到“安徽省”的两条说明中，包含“笋干”的日期是哪一天？", "answer": "2025年9月15日", "evidence": ["↑2025年9月15日，农民在安徽省黄山市徽州区呈坎村晾晒稻谷、玉米、南瓜、红辣椒、笋干等农作物。（无人机照片）CICPHOTO/潘祯祥 摄", "↑2025年9月17日，农民在安徽省黄山市歙县深渡镇阳产村晾晒稻谷、玉米、南瓜、红辣椒等农作物。CICPHOTO/施亚磊 摄"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_3.md", "title": "Python内置函数面面观：通俗分类与用法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_3.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《Python内置函数面面观：通俗分类与用法》这篇文章的开头，发布日期和地点是什么？", "answer": "2024年04月23日 19:30 浙江", "evidence": ["2024年04月23日 19:30 浙江"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_3.md", "title": "Python内置函数面面观：通俗分类与用法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_3.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《Python内置函数面面观：通俗分类与用法》的“类型创建和转换”部分，与集合相关的两个函数名称是什么？", "answer": "set() 和 frozenset()", "evidence": ["set()：创建一个**无序的集合**，元素唯一，不重复。", "frozenset()：创建一个**不能改变元素的集合**，就像一个不可变的列表。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_3.md", "title": "Python内置函数面面观：通俗分类与用法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_3.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《Python内置函数面面观：通俗分类与用法》的“迭代器和生成器”部分，一共列出了多少个函数？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["iter()：从一个可迭代对象中获取一个迭代器，用于逐个访问元素。", "next()：从一个迭代器中获取下一个元素。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_3.md", "title": "Python内置函数面面观：通俗分类与用法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_3.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《Python内置函数面面观：通俗分类与用法》的“类型创建和转换”部分，哪些函数被明确描述为创建不可变的数据结构？请列出所有符合条件的函数名。", "answer": "bytes()、frozenset()、tuple()", "evidence": ["bytes()：创建一个**不可变的字节数组**，一旦创建了就不能改变。", "frozenset()：创建一个**不能改变元素的集合**，就像一个不可变的列表。", "tuple()：创建一个**不可变的序列**，可以包含不同类型的元素。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_8.md", "title": "十五五低空经济起飞：安全优先与万亿机遇", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_8.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《十五五低空经济起飞：安全优先与万亿机遇》一文中，文章来源是什么？", "answer": "工业互联网周刊", "evidence": ["来源 | 工业互联网周刊"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_8.md", "title": "十五五低空经济起飞：安全优先与万亿机遇", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_8.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《十五五低空经济起飞：安全优先与万亿机遇》文首标注的发布时间与地点是什么？", "answer": "2025年08月12日 17:51 北京", "evidence": ["全联青年企业家要参 2025年08月12日 17:51 北京"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_8.md", "title": "十五五低空经济起飞：安全优先与万亿机遇", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_8.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《十五五低空经济起飞：安全优先与万亿机遇》一文中，谁在新闻发布会上表示将在严控风险、确保安全的前提下，分类有序拓展低空经济应用场景？", "answer": "国家发展改革委政策研究室副主任、新闻发言人李超", "evidence": ["安全是低空经济发展的首要前提。", "国家发展改革委政策研究室副主任、新闻发言人李超此前在新闻发布会上说，按照工作部署，国家发展改革委将在严控风险、确保安全的前提下，分类有序拓展低空经济应用场景，稳妥推进低空旅游、航空运动、消费级无人机等低空消费发展。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_8.md", "title": "十五五低空经济起飞：安全优先与万亿机遇", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_8.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《十五五低空经济起飞：安全优先与万亿机遇》中，王惠铮提出的“关于低空管理应系统规划、分步推进”包含几条具体措施？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["王惠铮建议，关于低空管理应系统规划、分步推进：", "一是构建权责统一、高效联动的分类分级低空管理体系；", "二是统筹建设低空智能网联系统，保障各平台间的三级联动与横向协调；", "三是推动建立明确的低空飞行规则，持续优化空域和航线划设；", "四是加强数字低空内生安全建设，通过技术防护与制度保障提升系统韧性；", "五是强化航空器全生命周期管理，覆盖航空器从准入、运行监控到退出的完整闭环，系统性保障低空活动的安全高效运行。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_8.md", "title": "十五五低空经济起飞：安全优先与万亿机遇", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_8.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《十五五低空经济起飞：安全优先与万亿机遇》，在“十五五”时期低空经济将在什么前提下进入何种发展阶段？", "answer": "在统筹安全与发展的基础上，步入中高速发展阶段", "evidence": ["随着国家发展改革委低空经济发展司的成立及相关部委的有力推动，低空经济发展战略和中长期规划将更加清晰，政策法规与技术标准体系将进一步完善。“十五五”时期，低空经济将在统筹安全与发展的基础上，步入中高速发展阶段。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_38.md", "title": "大学高等数学常用公式与定理大全（珍藏版）", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_38.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《大学高等数学常用公式与定理大全（珍藏版）》的“常用导数公式”中，(sec x)' 等于什么？", "answer": "sec x \\cdot tgx", "evidence": ["$$\n(sec x)' = sec x \\cdot tgx\n$$"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_38.md", "title": "大学高等数学常用公式与定理大全（珍藏版）", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_38.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《大学高等数学常用公式与定理大全（珍藏版）》中，“三角函数公式”的“诱导公式”表里，函数角为“90°-α”时，tg 的对应值是什么？", "answer": "ctga", "evidence": ["| 90°-α | cosa | sina | ctga | tga | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_38.md", "title": "大学高等数学常用公式与定理大全（珍藏版）", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_38.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《大学高等数学常用公式与定理大全（珍藏版）》的“常用基本积分表”中，I_n 同时用正弦和余弦的两个积分定义，请给出这两个等价的表达式。", "answer": "I_n = \\int_{0}^{\\frac{\\pi}{2}} \\sin^n x dx = \\int_{0}^{\\frac{\\pi}{2}} \\cos^n x dx", "evidence": ["$$\nI_n = \\int_{0}^{\\frac{\\pi}{2}} \\sin^n x dx = \\int_{0}^{\\frac{\\pi}{2}} \\cos^n x dx = \\frac{n-1}{n} I_{n-2}\n$$"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_38.md", "title": "大学高等数学常用公式与定理大全（珍藏版）", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_38.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《大学高等数学常用公式与定理大全（珍藏版）》的“两个重要极限”一节中，共列出了多少个极限表达式？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["两个重要极限:", "$$\n\\lim_{x \\to 0} \\frac{\\sin x}{x} = 1\n$$", "$$\n\\lim_{x \\to \\infty} \\left(1 + \\frac{1}{x}\\right)^x = e = 2.718281828459045...\n$$"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_38.md", "title": "大学高等数学常用公式与定理大全（珍藏版）", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_38.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《大学高等数学常用公式与定理大全（珍藏版）》的“多元函数的极值及其求法”中，若满足 AC - B^2 > 0 且 A > 0，则 (x_0, y_0) 的点是极大值还是极小值？", "answer": "极小值", "evidence": ["设 $f_x(x_0, y_0) = f_y(x_0, y_0) = 0$，令：$f_{xx}(x_0, y_0) = A$，$f_{xy}(x_0, y_0) = B$，$f_{yy}(x_0, y_0) = C$", "$$\n\\begin{cases}\nAC - B^2 > 0 \\text{时, } & \\begin{cases} A < 0, (x_0, y_0) \\text{为极大值} \\\\ A > 0, (x_0, y_0) \\text{为极小值} \\end{cases} \\\\\nAC - B^2 < 0 \\text{时, } & \\text{无极值} \\\\\nAC - B^2 = 0 \\text{时, } & \\text{不确定}\n\\end{cases}\n$$"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_35.md", "title": "离子交换层析柱与填料产品目录：Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_35.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《离子交换层析柱与填料产品目录：Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE》文档的“Capto™ IEX Selection Kit预装柱”表中，HiTrap™ Capto™ IEX Selection Kit 的产品代码是多少？", "answer": "28934388", "evidence": ["\n| 28934388 | \nHiTrap™ Capto™ IEX Selection Kit | \n5×1 mL | \n7/25 | \n1 | \n包含5个1ml的预装柱：HiTrap™ Capto™ Q、HiTrap™ Capto™ S、HiTrap™ Capto™ MMC、HiTrap™Capto™ adhere、HiTrap™ Capto™ DEAE | \n0.5 | \n4 | \n2-12
[2-14] | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_35.md", "title": "离子交换层析柱与填料产品目录：Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_35.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《离子交换层析柱与填料产品目录：Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE》文档中“Capto™ HiRes 高分辨率预装层析柱包含两种配基”表里，Capto™ HiRes S 的带电基团是什么？", "answer": "-CH2-SO3-", "evidence": ["| 带电基团 | -CH2-N+(CH3)3 | -CH2-SO3- | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_35.md", "title": "离子交换层析柱与填料产品目录：Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_35.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《离子交换层析柱与填料产品目录：Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE》文档的“Sepharose™ Fast Flow 预装柱”部分，HiTrap™ Q FF 的 1 mL 与 5 mL 包装的最高流速（mL/min）分别是多少？", "answer": "4 和 20", "evidence": ["\n| 17505301 | \nHiTrap™ Q FF | \n5×1 mL | \n7/25 | \n1 | \n90 | \n 120 mg 人血清白蛋白/mL | \n适合实验室规模蛋白纯化 | \n0.5 | \n4 | \n2-12[1-14] | \n ", "\n| 17515601 | \nHiTrap™ Q FF | \n5×5 mL | \n16/25 | \n5 | \n适合实验室规模蛋白纯化 | \n0.5 | \n20 | \n2-12[1-14] | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_35.md", "title": "离子交换层析柱与填料产品目录：Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_35.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《离子交换层析柱与填料产品目录：Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE》，在“离子交换层析预装柱”的“Capto™ HiRes预装柱”部分，共列出了多少条产品记录（不含标题行）？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["\n| 29275878 | \nCapto™ HiRes Q | \n1×1 mL | \n5/50 | \n1 | \n9 | \n 50 mg BSA/mL | \n4 | \n2 | \n2-12
[1-14] | \n ", "\n| 29275881 | \n1×8 mL | \n10/100 | \n8 | \n3 | \n ", " \n| 29275877 | \nCapto™ HiRes Q | \n1×1 mL | \n5/50 | \n1 | \n9 | \n 50 mg BSA/mL | \n4 | \n2 | \n2-12
[1-14] | \n ", "\n| 29275879 | \n1×8 mL | \n10/100 | \n8 | \n3 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_35.md", "title": "离子交换层析柱与填料产品目录：Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_35.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《离子交换层析柱与填料产品目录：Capto、Sepharose、SOURCE》文档中的“SOURCE™ 预装柱”表，满足“内径×床高(mm) 为 10/100”且“柱体积(mL) 为 7.8”的产品是哪一个？", "answer": "SOURCE™ 15Q, Tricorn™ 10/100 GL", "evidence": ["\n| 90100465 | \nSOURCE™ 15Q, Tricorn™ 10/100 GL | \n10/100 | \n7.8 | \n高分辨率，适合精细纯化和分析工作 | \n- | \n24 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_34.md", "title": "马斯克如何成为专家通才：跨领域学习与第一性原理", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_34.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《马斯克如何成为专家通才：跨领域学习与第一性原理》中，字数字段显示的数值是多少？", "answer": "字数 2676", "evidence": ["字数 2676"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_34.md", "title": "马斯克如何成为专家通才：跨领域学习与第一性原理", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_34.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《马斯克如何成为专家通才：跨领域学习与第一性原理》的结构化信息中，“Cal | 补充卡路里”对应的数值范围是什么？", "answer": "≈200-400/cal", "evidence": ["Cal | 补充卡路里 ≈200-400/cal"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_34.md", "title": "马斯克如何成为专家通才：跨领域学习与第一性原理", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_34.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《马斯克如何成为专家通才：跨领域学习与第一性原理》一文提到的《埃隆马斯克的学习方法》中，用于分析字母“A”的两种方法标题分别是什么？", "answer": "**Approach #1: Look at contrasting cases**\n\n**Approach #2: Look at same cases**", "evidence": ["**Approach #1: Look at contrasting cases**", "**Approach #2: Look at same cases**"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_34.md", "title": "马斯克如何成为专家通才：跨领域学习与第一性原理", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_34.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《马斯克如何成为专家通才：跨领域学习与第一性原理》中，列出马斯克在不同领域创建公司的项目共有几条？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["* 在航空航天领域，创建了SpaceX。", "* 在汽车领域，创建了具有自动驾驶功能的特斯拉。", "* 在脑科学领域，创立了研究脑机接口的公司Neuralink。", "* 在人工智能领域，是OpenAI的早期创始人并成立了xAI"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_34.md", "title": "马斯克如何成为专家通才：跨领域学习与第一性原理", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_34.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《马斯克如何成为专家通才：跨领域学习与第一性原理》内容，马斯克的学习迁移过程包含哪两个步骤？请给出原文小标题。", "answer": "### 首先，他将知识分解为基本原理\n\n### 接下来，他在新领域重建基本原则", "evidence": ["### 首先，他将知识分解为基本原理", "### 接下来，他在新领域重建基本原则"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_1.md", "title": "Mother–Infant Interaction and Presymbolic Self and Object Representations", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "What is the DOI of the article titled \"Mother–Infant Interaction and Presymbolic Self and Object Representations\"?", "answer": "10.1080/10481889709539172", "evidence": ["DOI:10.1080/10481889709539172"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_1.md", "title": "Mother–Infant Interaction and Presymbolic Self and Object Representations", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In the context of “Mother–Infant Interaction and Presymbolic Self and Object Representations,” for the journal Psychoanalytic Dialogues, what is the Online ISSN?", "answer": "1940-9222", "evidence": ["ISSN: 1048-1885 (Print) 1940-9222 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hpsd20"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_1.md", "title": "Mother–Infant Interaction and Presymbolic Self and Object Representations", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "For \"Mother–Infant Interaction and Presymbolic Self and Object Representations,\" what is the original publication year and the published online date?", "answer": "1997; 02 Nov 2009", "evidence": ["January 1997 · Psychoanalytic Dialogues 7(2):133-182", "Published online: 02 Nov 2009."]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_1.md", "title": "Mother–Infant Interaction and Presymbolic Self and Object Representations", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In the article \"Mother–Infant Interaction and Presymbolic Self and Object Representations\", which interaction structure specifically concerns vocal rhythm matching?", "answer": "interpersonal timing", "evidence": ["(5)interpersonal timing, the expectation of degree of vocal rhythm matching."]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_11.md", "title": "习近平在浙江网络建设理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_11.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《“把网络建成宣传思想工作的新阵地、新渠道、新载体”————习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·网络建设篇》这篇文章顶部显示的发布时间（含时间）是什么？（文档：《习近平在浙江网络建设理念与实践》）", "answer": "2025年08月12日 09:47", "evidence": ["浙江统战 2025年08月12日 09:47 浙江"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_11.md", "title": "习近平在浙江网络建设理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_11.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《习近平在浙江网络建设理念与实践》一文中，“浙江深入贯彻习近平总书记关于网络建设重要论述的具体实践”部分提到世界互联网大会乌镇峰会成功举办了多少届？", "answer": "11届", "evidence": ["连续11届成功举办世界互联网大会乌镇峰会"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_11.md", "title": "习近平在浙江网络建设理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_11.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《习近平在浙江网络建设理念与实践》中，“一、习近平总书记在浙江工作期间关于网络建设的重要论述及实践探索”的第1点提到，浙江省委在2005年采取了哪两项举措？请同时给出年份、举措名称和文件名称。", "answer": "2005年,省委成立了互联网管理工作领导小组,制定下发了《关于进一步加强互联网管理工作的实施意见》", "evidence": ["2005年,省委成立了互联网管理工作领导小组,制定下发了《关于进一步加强互联网管理工作的实施意见》"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_11.md", "title": "习近平在浙江网络建设理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_11.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《习近平在浙江网络建设理念与实践》所述，《浙江省文化建设“四个一批”规划(2005—2010)》明确要建设的“四大文化信息网络设施”具体包括哪些？", "answer": "广播影视网络、新闻出版信息网络、文化信息网络、文化旅游信息网络", "evidence": ["广播影视网络、新闻出版信息网络、文化信息网络、文化旅游信息网络"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_22.md", "title": "以优良作风保障中国式税务现代化", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_22.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "关于《以优良作风保障中国式税务现代化》：在《【制度】国家税务总局局长胡静林：以优良作风保障中国式现代化税务实践行稳致远》一文的文末，标注的“来源”为何？", "answer": "来源:学习时报", "evidence": ["来源:学习时报"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_22.md", "title": "以优良作风保障中国式税务现代化", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_22.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《以优良作风保障中国式税务现代化》标题下方显示的作者/平台/时间/地区一行完整内容是什么？", "answer": "胡静林 交个稿友 2025年08月06日 07:31 江苏", "evidence": ["胡静林 交个稿友 2025年08月06日 07:31 江苏"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_22.md", "title": "以优良作风保障中国式税务现代化", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_22.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《以优良作风保障中国式税务现代化》文中提到的是“二十届中央政治局第几次集体学习”？请给出包含序数词的完整短语。", "answer": "二十届中央政治局第六次集体学习", "evidence": ["二十届中央政治局第六次集体学习"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_22.md", "title": "以优良作风保障中国式税务现代化", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_22.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《以优良作风保障中国式税务现代化》中，“风腐同查同治”里的“土壤”和“条件”分别如何定义？请引用包含两者定义的原句。", "answer": "不正之风盛行为腐败提供了“土壤”,而权力不受约束则是腐败产生的“条件”。", "evidence": ["不正之风盛行为腐败提供了“土壤”,而权力不受约束则是腐败产生的“条件”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_5.md", "title": "习近平在浙江文化惠民实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_5.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《习近平在浙江文化惠民实践》中，题为《“不断满足人民群众日益增长的多层次精神文化需求”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·文化惠民篇》一文的文首署名研究中心是哪家？", "answer": "浙江省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心", "evidence": ["浙江省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_5.md", "title": "习近平在浙江文化惠民实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_5.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《习近平在浙江文化惠民实践》文章页面顶部显示的发布日期和时间是什么？", "answer": "2025年08月18日 08:47", "evidence": ["今日浙江 2025年08月18日 08:47 浙江"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_5.md", "title": "习近平在浙江文化惠民实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_5.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《习近平在浙江文化惠民实践》的“4. 高度重视公共文化服务体系建设”小节中，政府投入的总体原则是什么，并进一步指明了投入的重点方向？", "answer": "繁荣社会主义文化离不开国家的财政投入……总的原则是，政府要继续加大投入力度，但要调整投入结构和方式；增加投入，就是以各级政府为主导，鼓励社会捐助，增加对博物馆、文化馆、图书馆、美术馆等文化基础设施的投入，增加对社区和居民小区配套文化设施建设的投入，增加对乡镇文化站和村文化室等农村文化阵地建设的投入", "evidence": ["繁荣社会主义文化离不开国家的财政投入……总的原则是，政府要继续加大投入力度，但要调整投入结构和方式", "增加投入，就是以各级政府为主导，鼓励社会捐助，增加对博物馆、文化馆、图书馆、美术馆等文化基础设施的投入，增加对社区和居民小区配套文化设施建设的投入，增加对乡镇文化站和村文化室等农村文化阵地建设的投入"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_5.md", "title": "习近平在浙江文化惠民实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_5.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《习近平在浙江文化惠民实践》一文中提出要打响多少张品牌？", "answer": "五张品牌", "evidence": ["打响文化旅游、休闲旅游、商贸旅游、生态旅游、海洋旅游五张品牌"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_5.md", "title": "习近平在浙江文化惠民实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_5.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《习近平在浙江文化惠民实践》一文的“3. 高度重视基层和农村文化建设”小节中，农村文化阵地存在的主要问题是什么？因此提出的着力点是什么？", "answer": "不少农村文化阵地存在缺设施、缺经费、缺人才、缺内容的情况；提高公共文化服务能力,着力点要放在公益性文化事业的发展上,放在基层特别是农村文化事业的发展上", "evidence": ["不少农村文化阵地存在缺设施、缺经费、缺人才、缺内容的情况", "提高公共文化服务能力,着力点要放在公益性文化事业的发展上,放在基层特别是农村文化事业的发展上"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_41.md", "title": "GB/T 41443—2022 地理信息应急数据规范", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_41.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据 GB/T 41443—2022《地理信息应急数据规范》，应急主题数据的数据库标识符是什么？", "answer": "THM", "evidence": ["| 数据类别 | 数据库标识符 | 数据层类别标识符 |
|---|
| 应急主题数据 | THM | 危险源 HAZ | | 防护目标 PRO | | 应急保障资源 RES |
"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_41.md", "title": "GB/T 41443—2022 地理信息应急数据规范", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_41.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在 GB/T 41443—2022《地理信息应急数据规范》表5“突发事件数据通用属性项”中，“ReportMethodCode”的字段长度是多少？", "answer": "1", "evidence": ["\n | 12 | \n ReportMethodCode | \n 报送方式 | \n 字符型 | \n 1 | \n 否 | \n 事件信息的报送方式代码,包括1(电话)、2(传真)、3(系统)、4(邮件)、5(短信)、9(其他) | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_41.md", "title": "GB/T 41443—2022 地理信息应急数据规范", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_41.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《GB/T 41443—2022 地理信息应急数据规范》表5中，“事件基本信息”包含哪些字段名称？", "answer": "EventName, EventTime, EventType, EventDesc, EventGrade, EventOrigin, EBasDesc", "evidence": ["\n | 1 | \n EventName | \n 事件名称 | \n 字符型 | \n 100 | \n 是 | \n 描述突发事件的名称信息 | \n 事件基本信息 | \n ", "\n | 2 | \n EventTime | \n 发生时间 | \n 日期时间型 | \n | \n 是 | \n 描述突发事件的时间信息 | \n ", "\n | 3 | \n EventType | \n 事件类型 | \n 字符型 | \n 60 | \n 是 | \n 描述突发事件的类型信息,参考GB/T 35561进行填写 | \n ", "\n | 4 | \n EventDesc | \n 发生地点 | \n 字符型 | \n 200 | \n 是 | \n 描述突发事件发生地的基本信息。应按照GB/T 2260的要求,精确至县镇级别 | \n ", "\n | 5 | \n EventGrade | \n 事件等级 | \n 字符型 | \n 10 | \n 是 | \n 描述突发事件的等级信息。取值包括特别重大/重大/较大/一般 | \n ", "\n | 6 | \n EventOrigin | \n 事件原因 | \n 字符型 | \n 200 | \n 否 | \n 对突发事件发生原因的文字描述 | \n ", "\n | 7 | \n EBasDesc | \n 事件基本信息描述 | \n 备注型 | \n 2000 | \n 否 | \n 描述突发事件的基本信息 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_41.md", "title": "GB/T 41443—2022 地理信息应急数据规范", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_41.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《GB/T 41443—2022 地理信息应急数据规范》表10“危险源数据层命名”中，共列出多少类危险源？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["\n | 1 | \n 自然灾害的危险源（NAT） | \n \"HAZ\" + \"NAT\" | \n 气象灾害、地震灾害、地质灾害、海洋灾害、生物灾害、森林或草原火灾等自然灾害的危险源 | \n ", "\n | 2 | \n 事故灾难的危险源（ACD） | \n \"HAZ\" + \"ACD\" | \n 工矿商贸等企业的各类安全事故，交通运输事故，公共设施和设备事故，环境污染和生态破坏等事故灾难的危险源 | \n ", "\n | 3 | \n 公共卫生事件的危险源（HEA） | \n \"HAZ\" + \"HEA\" | \n 重大传染病疫情、群体性不明原因疾病、重大食物和职业中毒以及其他严重影响公众健康的事件的危险源 | \n ", "\n | 4 | \n 社会安全事件(SCL)的危险源 | \n \"HAZ\" + \"SCL\" | \n 大型活动安全事件、群体性事件、恐怖主义事件、经济安全事件、校园安全事件、突发网络舆情的危险源 | \n ", "\n | 5 | \n 其他的危险源(OTH) | \n \"HAZ\" + \"OTH\" | \n 不能归为上述4类的危险源 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_41.md", "title": "GB/T 41443—2022 地理信息应急数据规范", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_41.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《GB/T 41443—2022 地理信息应急数据规范》表4中，数据层命名为\"EMR\"+\"NAT\"+\"FRF\"的事件属于哪个大类，其数据内容是什么？", "answer": "自然灾害；森林火灾", "evidence": ["\n | 1 | \n 自然灾害(NAT) | \n \"EMR\" + \"NAT\" | \n \"EMR\" + \"NAT\" + \"FDD\" | \n 水旱灾害 | \n ", "\n | 6 | \n \"EMR\" + \"NAT\" + \"FRF\" | \n 森林火灾 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_27.md", "title": "刘凯：持续解决“小事难办”，提升诉求办理质效", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_27.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《刘凯：持续解决“小事难办”，提升诉求办理质效》一文中，注明的文章来源是什么？", "answer": "嘉峪关市政府网", "evidence": ["来源：嘉峪关市政府网"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_27.md", "title": "刘凯：持续解决“小事难办”，提升诉求办理质效", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_27.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《“小事”不“难办”，城市更“幸福”——在全市持续解决群众身边“小事难办”问题、提升群众诉求办理质效工作推进会上的讲话（根据录音整理）》的开头，作者身份与讲话日期分别是什么？（见《刘凯：持续解决“小事难办”，提升诉求办理质效》）", "answer": "嘉峪关市市长 刘 凯；（2025年8月6日）", "evidence": ["嘉峪关市市长 刘 凯", "（2025年8月6日）"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_27.md", "title": "刘凯：持续解决“小事难办”，提升诉求办理质效", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_27.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《刘凯：持续解决“小事难办”，提升诉求办理质效》一文中，文中提到首次召开“解决群众身边‘小事难办’问题、提升群众诉求办理质效工作”会议的时间，以及本次讲话日期分别是什么？", "answer": "今年2月；（2025年8月6日）", "evidence": ["今年2月，春节后的第一会，我们召开了“解决群众身边‘小事难办’问题、提升群众诉求办理质效工作”会议", "（2025年8月6日）"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_27.md", "title": "刘凯：持续解决“小事难办”，提升诉求办理质效", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_27.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《刘凯：持续解决“小事难办”，提升诉求办理质效》文中指出，群众满意率提升了多少个百分点？这相当于多少位市民的点赞？", "answer": "1.2个百分点；436位市民的点赞", "evidence": ["群众满意率更是提升了1.2个百分点。", "大家别小看了这1.2%，它代表着的是436位市民的点赞、436个家庭的认可，也是436句发自内心的感谢！"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_27.md", "title": "刘凯：持续解决“小事难办”，提升诉求办理质效", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_27.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《刘凯：持续解决“小事难办”，提升诉求办理质效》一文中，提到对“即办件”提速，办理时长从原来的多少天压缩到多少天？由此可推算减少了几天？", "answer": "从3个工作日压缩到1天内办结；减少了2天", "evidence": ["办理时长从原来的3个工作日，大幅压缩到现在的1天内办结"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_40.md", "title": "上海爱旭新能源2023年度向特定对象发行A股配售结果", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_40.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《上海爱旭新能源2023年度向特定对象发行A股配售结果》中的“本次发行配售结果”表中，UBS AG的获配股数是多少？", "answer": "9,143,807", "evidence": ["| 1 | UBS AG | 9,143,807 | 109,999,998.21 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_40.md", "title": "上海爱旭新能源2023年度向特定对象发行A股配售结果", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_40.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《上海爱旭新能源2023年度向特定对象发行A股配售结果》中的“有效时间内全部申购簿记数据情况”表里，国泰海通证券股份有限公司是否缴纳保证金？", "answer": "是", "evidence": ["| 7 | 国泰海通证券股份有限公司 | 12.80 | 10,600 | 是 | 是 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_40.md", "title": "上海爱旭新能源2023年度向特定对象发行A股配售结果", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_40.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《上海爱旭新能源2023年度向特定对象发行A股配售结果》中，根据“新增投资者名单”表，序号为1的投资者在“本次发行配售结果”表中的获配股数是多少？", "answer": "37,406,483", "evidence": ["| 1 | 徐新喜 | ", "| 14 | 徐新喜 | 37,406,483 | 449,999,990.49 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_40.md", "title": "上海爱旭新能源2023年度向特定对象发行A股配售结果", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_40.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《上海爱旭新能源2023年度向特定对象发行A股配售结果》中的“本次发行配售结果”表里，获配股数为8,312,551的发行对象共有多少名？", "answer": "6", "evidence": ["| 5 | 福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司-汉石2号私募证券投资基金 | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | ", "| 8 | 华安证券资产管理有限公司 | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | ", "| 9 | 华泰资产管理有限公司 | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | ", "| 13 | 申万宏源证券有限公司 | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | ", "| 18 | 重庆中新融鑫投资中心(有限合伙) | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | ", "| 19 | 周永祥 | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_40.md", "title": "上海爱旭新能源2023年度向特定对象发行A股配售结果", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_40.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《上海爱旭新能源2023年度向特定对象发行A股配售结果》中的“有效时间内全部申购簿记数据情况”表里，哪个认购对象同时满足“是否缴纳保证金”为“不需”且“是否有效报价”为“否”？", "answer": "农银汇理基金管理有限公司", "evidence": ["| 13 | 农银汇理基金管理有限公司 | 13.21 | 10,000 | 不需 | 否 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_4.md", "title": "习近平在浙江文化工程理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_4.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《习近平在浙江文化工程理念与实践》中，“功在当今，利在千秋的系统工程——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·文化工程篇”一文中，署名的发布机构是哪一单位？", "answer": "浙江省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心", "evidence": ["浙江省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_4.md", "title": "习近平在浙江文化工程理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_4.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《习近平在浙江文化工程理念与实践》文档中，文章“功在当今，利在千秋的系统工程——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·文化工程篇”页面顶部的信息行显示的发布日期和时间是什么？", "answer": "2025年07月31日 09:37", "evidence": ["今日浙江 2025年07月31日 09:37 浙江"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_4.md", "title": "习近平在浙江文化工程理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_4.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "请列出《习近平在浙江文化工程理念与实践》中提出的文化建设“八项工程”的名称。", "answer": "文明素质工程、文化精品工程、文化研究工程、文化保护工程、文化产业促进工程、文化阵地工程、文化传播工程、文化人才工程", "evidence": ["在习近平同志的战略规划、顶层设计下，浙江重点实施了文明素质工程、文化精品工程、文化研究工程、文化保护工程、文化产业促进工程、文化阵地工程、文化传播工程、文化人才工程等文化建设“八项工程”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_4.md", "title": "习近平在浙江文化工程理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_4.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《习近平在浙江文化工程理念与实践》一文中引用的统计数据，2003年和2007年浙江全省财政文化支出分别是多少？", "answer": "2003年为27.65亿元，至2007年提高到56.60亿元。", "evidence": ["例如，就文化支出而言，据浙江省财政厅《2003—2022年全省财政文化支出数据统计表》，2003年为27.65亿元，至2007年提高到56.60亿元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_4.md", "title": "习近平在浙江文化工程理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_4.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《习近平在浙江文化工程理念与实践》一文中，大运河（浙江段）相关实践被归入哪两项工程的重大成果？", "answer": "文化保护工程和文化产业促进工程", "evidence": ["大运河（浙江段）在保护传承基础上创新建立工程化工作体系，积极探索文旅融合发展空间，有序推进大运河（浙江段）文化建设，是文化保护工程和文化产业促进工程的重大成果。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_31.md", "title": "工程智能赋能学科转型与人才培养", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_31.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《工程智能赋能学科转型与人才培养》文档中，文章《【科技】同济大学党委书记郑庆华：以工程智能为突破口 赋能学科转型发展和拔尖创新人才培养》的文章来源注明为何？", "answer": "学习时报", "evidence": ["**来源：学习时报**"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_31.md", "title": "工程智能赋能学科转型与人才培养", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_31.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《工程智能赋能学科转型与人才培养》一文开头的署名行中，“2025年08月05日”对应的时间是多少？", "answer": "07:31", "evidence": ["郑庆华 交个稿友 2025年08月05日 07:31 江苏"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_31.md", "title": "工程智能赋能学科转型与人才培养", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_31.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《工程智能赋能学科转型与人才培养》一文中出现了两个不同日期，请分别写出：", "answer": "2025年08月05日、2025年8月1日", "evidence": ["郑庆华 交个稿友 2025年08月05日 07:31 江苏", "**(2025年8月1日)**"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_31.md", "title": "工程智能赋能学科转型与人才培养", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_31.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《工程智能赋能学科转型与人才培养》一文共有多少个以“### ”开头的三级小标题？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["### 聚焦工程智能发力，推动科研范式重构", "### 强化工程智能赋能，推动学科转型发展内涵升级", "### 构建“人工智能+教育”新生态，打造拔尖创新人才培养新范式"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_31.md", "title": "工程智能赋能学科转型与人才培养", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_31.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《工程智能赋能学科转型与人才培养》一文中，哪一种智能强调“在复杂约束条件下，优先生成可执行的工程解决方案”，其“双重实现路径”的名称是什么？", "answer": "工程智能；“1到N”的科技成果转化路径与“1到0”的实践反哺理论路径", "evidence": ["相较于科学智能，工程智能包括双重实现路径：“1到N”的科技成果转化路径与“1到0”的实践反哺理论路径，其核心是在复杂约束条件下，优先生成可执行的工程解决方案，而非追求理论模型的绝对正确性。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_33.md", "title": "南通锐契光电：激光水平仪智造与品牌实力", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_33.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《南通锐契光电：激光水平仪智造与品牌实力》一文中，《REAQIN PHOTOELECTRIC》文末的联系信息里，邮政编码（Zip code）是多少？", "answer": "226265", "evidence": ["Zip code:226265"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_33.md", "title": "南通锐契光电：激光水平仪智造与品牌实力", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_33.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《南通锐契光电：激光水平仪智造与品牌实力》中的《公司定位》表格里，第一行右侧的定位是什么？", "answer": "激光水平仪专家", "evidence": ["| 让高端品质走进寻常百姓家 | 激光水平仪专家"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_33.md", "title": "南通锐契光电：激光水平仪智造与品牌实力", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_33.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《南通锐契光电：激光水平仪智造与品牌实力》的“公司简介”与后续“二十年深耕”描述中，产品精度的两种表述分别是什么？", "answer": "确保产品精度（1mm误差）与耐用性；实现“精度误差≤1mm”的军工级品质与亲民化定价的融合", "evidence": ["确保产品精度（1mm误差）与耐用性，拥有多项专利。", "实现“精度误差≤1mm”的军工级品质与亲民化定价的融合"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_33.md", "title": "南通锐契光电：激光水平仪智造与品牌实力", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_33.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《南通锐契光电：激光水平仪智造与品牌实力》文末的“Mob:”一行中，列出了多少个手机号码？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["Mob:13962816911、15950838001"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_33.md", "title": "南通锐契光电：激光水平仪智造与品牌实力", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_33.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《南通锐契光电：激光水平仪智造与品牌实力》的《战略愿景》部分，哪一项与“惠及大众，谋福民生，助力名族品牌”直接对应？", "answer": "深耕普惠的服务", "evidence": ["**深耕普惠的服务** 惠及大众，谋福民生，助力名族品牌"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_13.md", "title": "行业协会换届乱象调查与治理建议", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_13.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《行业协会换届乱象调查与治理建议》中，《“永久会长”“深夜换届”“带病入会”——部分行业协会换届乱象调查》一文的“来源”标注为何？", "answer": "半月谈", "evidence": ["来源:半月谈"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_13.md", "title": "行业协会换届乱象调查与治理建议", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_13.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "请在《行业协会换届乱象调查与治理建议》中查询《“永久会长”“深夜换届”“带病入会”——部分行业协会换届乱象调查》结尾处的编审与主编分别是谁？", "answer": "安佳璐、温浩杰", "evidence": ["编审:安佳璐", "主编:温浩杰"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_13.md", "title": "行业协会换届乱象调查与治理建议", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_13.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《行业协会换届乱象调查与治理建议》，在中国硬笔书法协会的案例中，张某某连任了多少届主席？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["张某某已连任第四、五、六届主席,按照行业协会负责人连任不得超过两届的规定,张某某此前已违规超期任职。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_13.md", "title": "行业协会换届乱象调查与治理建议", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_13.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《行业协会换届乱象调查与治理建议》一文中，结合文中的规定“行业协会负责人连任不得超过两届”和张某某的连任情况，文中给出的结论是什么？", "answer": "张某某此前已违规超期任职。", "evidence": ["依据相关规定，行业协会负责人连任不得超过两届，其理事会任期一般为3至5年，届满前须完成换届。", "张某某已连任第四、五、六届主席,按照行业协会负责人连任不得超过两届的规定,张某某此前已违规超期任职。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_42.md", "title": "Hala-Taguchi-ZK Engine for Topological Control of Market Dynamics", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_42.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In Table 1 of \"Hala-Taguchi-ZK Engine for Topological Control of Market Dynamics\", what is the Value/Range listed for the Constant β?", "answer": "8/3 ≈ 2.66", "evidence": ["| β | Geometric Factor | 8/3 ≈ 2.66 | Structural Damping | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_42.md", "title": "Hala-Taguchi-ZK Engine for Topological Control of Market Dynamics", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_42.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In Table 1 of \"Hala-Taguchi-ZK Engine for Topological Control of Market Dynamics\", which Constant has the Functional Role \"Shelf-Life / Dissipation\", and what Value/Range is listed for it?", "answer": "δ and 0.05", "evidence": ["| δ | Perishability | 0.05 | Shelf-Life / Dissipation | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_42.md", "title": "Hala-Taguchi-ZK Engine for Topological Control of Market Dynamics", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_42.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "Across Table 1 and Table 4 of \"Hala-Taguchi-ZK Engine for Topological Control of Market Dynamics\", which Frequency in Table 4 has a Step Size equal to the \"Step Size\" h in Table 1, and what is the \"Leakage Risk\" for that Frequency?", "answer": "100 Hz; Optimal (Safe)", "evidence": ["| h | Step Size | 0.01 s | RK4 Sampling Period | ", "| 100 Hz | 0.01 s | 10-10 | Optimal (Safe) | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_42.md", "title": "Hala-Taguchi-ZK Engine for Topological Control of Market Dynamics", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_42.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In the paper titled \"Hala-Taguchi-ZK Engine for Topological Control of Market Dynamics,\" in Table 2 (Taguchi L₉ Orthogonal Array), how many runs list \"100 Hz\" in the \"f (Freq)\" column?", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["| 3 | 0.001 (Level 1) | 0.20 (Level 3) | 100 Hz (Level 3) | η3 | ", "| 5 | 0.070 (Level 2) | 0.05 (Level 2) | 100 Hz (Level 3) | η5 | ", "| 7 | 0.140 (Level 3) | 0.01 (Level 1) | 100 Hz (Level 3) | η7 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_42.md", "title": "Hala-Taguchi-ZK Engine for Topological Control of Market Dynamics", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_42.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "Using Table 1 and Table 2 in 'Hala-Taguchi-ZK Engine for Topological Control of Market Dynamics', identify the Constant associated with 'SCC / Entropy Compression' and list the runs where the 'γ (Feedback)' value is Level 3 (0.140).", "answer": "γ_on; Runs 7, 8, 9", "evidence": ["| γon | Hala Feedback | 0.14 – 0.50 | SCC / Entropy Compression | ", "| 7 | 0.140 (Level 3) | 0.01 (Level 1) | 100 Hz (Level 3) | η7 | ", "| 8 | 0.140 (Level 3) | 0.05 (Level 2) | 1 Hz (Level 1) | η8 | ", "| 9 | 0.140 (Level 3) | 0.20 (Level 3) | 10 Hz (Level 2) | η9 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_26.md", "title": "吉利银河A7：2L级油耗的混动家轿新标杆", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_26.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《吉利银河A7：2L级油耗的混动家轿新标杆》的“吉利银河A7 亮点配置表”中，“轴距”是多少？", "answer": "2845mm", "evidence": ["| 轴距 | 2845mm | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_26.md", "title": "吉利银河A7：2L级油耗的混动家轿新标杆", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_26.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《吉利银河A7：2L级油耗的混动家轿新标杆》的“吉利银河A7 亮点配置表”中，“150km 远航版”的“预售先享提车价”是多少？", "answer": "11.98万元", "evidence": ["| 版型 | 70km 豪享版 | 70km 启航版 | 70km 探索版 | 150km 尊享版 | 150km 远航版 | 150km 探索+版 | 150km 星舰版 | ", "| 预售先享提车价 | 9.78万元 | 10.38万元 | 11.38万元 | 11.38万元 | 11.98万元 | 12.58万元 | 13.38万元 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_26.md", "title": "吉利银河A7：2L级油耗的混动家轿新标杆", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_26.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《吉利银河A7：2L级油耗的混动家轿新标杆》一文的“吉利银河A7 亮点配置表”中，‘CLTC亏电油耗’在70km版本与150km版本分别是多少？", "answer": "2.67L/100km；2.8L/100km", "evidence": ["| 版型 | 70km 豪享版 | 70km 启航版 | 70km 探索版 | 150km 尊享版 | 150km 远航版 | 150km 探索+版 | 150km 星舰版 | ", "| CLTC亏电油耗 | 2.67L/100km | 2.8L/100km | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_26.md", "title": "吉利银河A7：2L级油耗的混动家轿新标杆", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_26.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《吉利银河A7：2L级油耗的混动家轿新标杆》中的“吉利银河A7 亮点配置表”里，70km各版型的‘预售先享提车价’最低是多少？", "answer": "9.78万元", "evidence": ["| 版型 | 70km 豪享版 | 70km 启航版 | 70km 探索版 | 150km 尊享版 | 150km 远航版 | 150km 探索+版 | 150km 星舰版 | ", "| 预售先享提车价 | 9.78万元 | 10.38万元 | 11.38万元 | 11.38万元 | 11.98万元 | 12.58万元 | 13.38万元 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_26.md", "title": "吉利银河A7：2L级油耗的混动家轿新标杆", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_26.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《吉利银河A7：2L级油耗的混动家轿新标杆》中的“吉利银河A7 亮点配置表”里，哪个150km版型的“豪华配置”包含“19英寸马牌轮胎”，并给出该版型的“预售先享提车价”？", "answer": "150km 星舰版，13.38万元", "evidence": ["| 版型 | 70km 豪享版 | 70km 启航版 | 70km 探索版 | 150km 尊享版 | 150km 远航版 | 150km 探索+版 | 150km 星舰版 | ", "| 豪华配置 | 17英寸轮毂基础辅助驾驶银河Flume Auto智能座舱系统棉花糖皮质座椅外后视镜电动折叠540°全景影像 | 17英寸轮毂千里浩瀚智能辅助驾驶系统银河Flyme Auto智能座舱系统15.4英寸中控屏外后视镜电动折叠540°全景影像 | 16扬Flume Sound无界之声可开启全景天窗千里浩瀚智能辅助驾驶系统前排通风加热前排座椅电动调节DMS疲劳监测 | 16扬Flume Sound无界之声18英寸轮毂基础辅助驾驶可开启全景天窗雨量感应式雨刷外后视镜电动折叠 | 16扬Flume Sound无界之声18英寸轮毂千里浩瀚智能辅助驾驶系统可开启全景天窗雨量感应式雨刷外后视镜电动折叠 | 16扬Flume Sound无界之声16.6英寸HUD千里浩瀚智能辅助驾驶系统前排通风加热前排座椅电动调节50W手机快充 | 16扬无界之声19英寸马牌轮胎千里浩瀚智能辅助驾驶系统前排座椅按摩主驾座椅记忆256色氛围灯 | ", "| 预售先享提车价 | 9.78万元 | 10.38万元 | 11.38万元 | 11.38万元 | 11.98万元 | 12.58万元 | 13.38万元 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_17.md", "title": "《我的阿勒泰》出圈原因：共情传播与视听语言", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_17.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《我的阿勒泰》出圈原因：共情传播与视听语言一文中，“原标题”显示的完整标题是什么？", "answer": "《现实世界里的“散文诗”：共情传播视角下<我的阿勒泰>解读》", "evidence": ["原标题：《现实世界里的“散文诗”：共情传播视角下<我的阿勒泰>解读》"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_17.md", "title": "《我的阿勒泰》出圈原因：共情传播与视听语言", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_17.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《《我的阿勒泰》出圈原因：共情传播与视听语言》一文在头部信息中标注的发布时间与地点是什么？", "answer": "2025年08月13日 08:30 安徽", "evidence": ["原创 张嘉宁 杨桐桐 新闻世界 2025年08月13日 08:30 安徽"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_17.md", "title": "《我的阿勒泰》出圈原因：共情传播与视听语言", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_17.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "请问题为《我的阿勒泰》出圈原因：共情传播与视听语言的这篇文章的编辑是谁？审核人员有哪些？", "answer": "编辑：周蕾\n审核：刘纯友 姚少宝", "evidence": ["编辑：周蕾", "审核：刘纯友 姚少宝"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_17.md", "title": "《我的阿勒泰》出圈原因：共情传播与视听语言", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_17.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《我的阿勒泰》出圈原因：共情传播与视听语言一文中，“虚拟在场催化情感”部分文中列举了多少个相关话题以实现虚拟在场？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["用户由于同一个话题，或是“我的阿勒泰”，或是“巴太”，或是“文秀”，或是 “彩虹布拉克”等，实现了虚拟在场，开展相关话题讨论，对相关内容进行点赞、转发、 评论。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_36.md", "title": "各类导体长期允许载流量及经济电流密度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_36.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《各类导体长期允许载流量及经济电流密度》中的“表 D.2 铝镁系 (LDRE) 管形母线长期允许载流量及计算用数据”里，导体尺寸为“φ100/90”且导体最高允许温度为“+80°C”时的载流量是多少？", "answer": "2234", "evidence": ["\n| φ100/90 | \n1491 | \n2360 | \n2234 | \n33.8 | \n3.36 | \n169 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_36.md", "title": "各类导体长期允许载流量及经济电流密度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_36.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《各类导体长期允许载流量及经济电流密度》中的“D 3 JL 型铝绞线长期允许载流量 A”表中，导线规格号“250”在“+70”和“+80”两列对应的载流量分别是多少？", "answer": "549 和 626", "evidence": ["| 250 | 549 | 626 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_36.md", "title": "各类导体长期允许载流量及经济电流密度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_36.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《各类导体长期允许载流量及经济电流密度》中“表 D.2 铝镁系 (LDRE) 管形母线长期允许载流量及计算用数据”里，注3规定导体尺寸中 D 与 d 的含义分别是什么？", "answer": "D为外径，d为内径。", "evidence": ["注3：导体尺寸中，D为外径，d为内径。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_36.md", "title": "各类导体长期允许载流量及经济电流密度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_36.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《各类导体长期允许载流量及经济电流密度》文档中，“D 3 JL 型铝绞线长期允许载流量 A”表的“+80”列中数值超过1000的规格号共有多少个？", "answer": "10", "evidence": ["| 560 | 975 | 1046 | ", "| 630 | 1062 | 1128 | ", "| 710 | 1156 | 1218 | ", "| 800 | 1261 | 1316 | ", "| 900 | 1372 | 1419 | ", "| 1000 | 1480 | 1519 | ", "| 1120 | 1606 | 1635 | ", "| 1250 | 1740 | 1756 | ", "| 1400 | 1884 | 1887 | ", "| 1500 | 1981 | 1974 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_36.md", "title": "各类导体长期允许载流量及经济电流密度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_36.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在文档《各类导体长期允许载流量及经济电流密度》中，“表D 5 JL/G1A、JL/G1B、JL/G2A、JL/G2B、JL/G3A型钢芯铝绞线长期允许载流量”中，规格“500”且钢比为7%与13%相比，+80°C载流量哪一个更高？差值是多少？", "answer": "13% 更高，差值 8", "evidence": ["| 500 (7%) | 913 | 981 | ", "| 500 (13%) | 923 | 989 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_15.md", "title": "纠缠历史：理解世界交织互动", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_15.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《纠缠历史：理解世界交织互动》的作者是谁？", "answer": "艾仁贵", "evidence": ["（作者：艾仁贵，系河南大学历史文化学院暨区域与国别研究院教授）"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_15.md", "title": "纠缠历史：理解世界交织互动", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_15.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《纠缠历史：理解世界交织互动》页面中，标注的“上一篇”标题是什么？", "answer": "上一篇·19世纪以来英国历史学家与档案学家身份融合的实践", "evidence": ["上一篇·19世纪以来英国历史学家与档案学家身份融合的实践"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_15.md", "title": "纠缠历史：理解世界交织互动", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_15.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《纠缠历史：理解世界交织互动》中，在英国历史学与档案学融合的过程中，霍尔与詹金森分别在何年段于高校讲授相关课程？请给出文中完整表述。", "answer": "1896—1919年，霍尔成为伦敦大学国王学院的授课教师，从事古文字学、古文书学和中世纪经济史的教学。1911—1935年，詹金森在剑桥大学讲授从诺曼征服到1485年期间英国的古文字学和古文书学。", "evidence": ["1896—1919年，霍尔成为伦敦大学国王学院的授课教师，从事古文字学、古文书学和中世纪经济史的教学。", "1911—1935年，詹金森在剑桥大学讲授从诺曼征服到1485年期间英国的古文字学和古文书学。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_15.md", "title": "纠缠历史：理解世界交织互动", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_15.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《纠缠历史：理解世界交织互动》，截至2025年初，以纠缠历史为名或者以该方法开展研究的学术著作和论文分别达到多少？", "answer": "不少于40部，发表的学术论文超过120篇。", "evidence": ["据不完全统计，截至2025年初，以纠缠历史为名或者以该方法开展研究的学术著作不少于40部，发表的学术论文超过120篇。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_24.md", "title": "学习“十五五”讲话精神：国企使命与实践路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_24.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《学习“十五五”讲话精神：国企使命与实践路径》一文的来源信息中，发布时间是什么？", "answer": "2025年07月30日 08:19", "evidence": ["原创 述职报告荟萃 述职报告荟萃 2025年07月30日 08:19 河北"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_24.md", "title": "学习“十五五”讲话精神：国企使命与实践路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_24.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《学习“十五五”讲话精神：国企使命与实践路径》标题下的来源行中，文稿的发布地点标注为何？", "answer": "河北", "evidence": ["原创 述职报告荟萃 述职报告荟萃 2025年07月30日 08:19 河北"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_24.md", "title": "学习“十五五”讲话精神：国企使命与实践路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_24.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《学习“十五五”讲话精神：国企使命与实践路径》中，“二、扛使命勇担当：国企在“十五五”中的四大战略角色”部分，四种担当的标题分别是什么？", "answer": "国家安全的“守护者”；产业升级的“引领者”；民生福祉的“践行者”；区域协调的“推动者”", "evidence": ["### （一）国家安全的“守护者”", "### （二）产业升级的“引领者”", "### （三）民生福祉的“践行者”", "### （四）区域协调的“推动者”"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_24.md", "title": "学习“十五五”讲话精神：国企使命与实践路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_24.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《学习“十五五”讲话精神：国企使命与实践路径》中，“区域协调的‘推动者’”段落里培训乡村工匠的人数是多少？", "answer": "500名", "evidence": ["在革命老区开展“技术帮扶”，培训500名乡村工匠，助力特色产业升级；"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_24.md", "title": "学习“十五五”讲话精神：国企使命与实践路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_24.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《学习“十五五”讲话精神：国企使命与实践路径》的“以风险防控‘兜底’”部分，涉及“资产负债率控制在65%以内”和“化解潜在债务风险8亿元”的举措属于哪一类风险防控？", "answer": "财务风险“防”", "evidence": ["财务风险“防”：优化资本结构，资产负债率控制在65%以内，建立“红黄蓝”预警机制，去年化解潜在债务风险8亿元；"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_43.md", "title": "Jump-Diffusion Market Microstructure Modeling and Online Jump Detection for Financial Time Series", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_43.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In the article \"Jump-Diffusion Market Microstructure Modeling and Online Jump Detection for Financial Time Series,\" what is the \"Available online\" date listed in the Article history?", "answer": "29 December 2014", "evidence": ["Available online 29 December 2014"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_43.md", "title": "Jump-Diffusion Market Microstructure Modeling and Online Jump Detection for Financial Time Series", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_43.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In Table 1 of the article \"Jump-Diffusion Market Microstructure Modeling and Online Jump Detection for Financial Time Series\", what is the mean value listed for the parameter μ?", "answer": "0.1587", "evidence": ["| μ | 0.1587 | 0.03178 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_43.md", "title": "Jump-Diffusion Market Microstructure Modeling and Online Jump Detection for Financial Time Series", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_43.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In the TOPIX case study of \"Jump-Diffusion Market Microstructure Modeling and Online Jump Detection for Financial Time Series,\" how is P_k computed and what does \\hat{P}_k denote?", "answer": "P_k = 100 × log \\hat{P}_k; the closing spot price", "evidence": ["P_k = 100 \\times \\log \\hat{P}_k \\qquad (31)", "where $\\hat{P}_k$ denotes the closing spot price."]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_43.md", "title": "Jump-Diffusion Market Microstructure Modeling and Online Jump Detection for Financial Time Series", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_43.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In \"Jump-Diffusion Market Microstructure Modeling and Online Jump Detection for Financial Time Series,\" according to the TOPIX case study, how many jumps were detected based on posterior probabilities greater than 0.5?", "answer": "16", "evidence": ["For the TOPIX time series, 16 jumps are detected from the posterior probabilities that are larger than 0.5 at jump occurring instants."]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_43.md", "title": "Jump-Diffusion Market Microstructure Modeling and Online Jump Detection for Financial Time Series", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_43.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In the paper \"Jump-Diffusion Market Microstructure Modeling and Online Jump Detection for Financial Time Series,\" in the JPY/USD exchange rate case study, by how much is the AIC lower for model (33) with jumps compared to the estimated model without a jump component?", "answer": "151.77", "evidence": ["The log-likelihood and AIC of model (33) is -3169.74 and 6375.48, respectively, on the other hand the log-likelihood and AIC of the estimated model without jump component for the same data is -3245.62 and 6527.25, respectively."]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_39.md", "title": "华润双鹤并购华润紫竹动因与绩效分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_39.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《华润双鹤并购华润紫竹动因与绩效分析》中，《华润双鹤 AR 与 CAR 计算结果》表的事件日（date=0）对应的 R'it 数值是多少？", "answer": "0.0105", "evidence": ["| 2024/2/26 | 0.0089 | -0.0376 | 0 | 0.0105 | -0.0481 | 0.0153 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_39.md", "title": "华润双鹤并购华润紫竹动因与绩效分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_39.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《华润双鹤并购华润紫竹动因与绩效分析》中的《华润双鹤主营业务收入占比情况》表中，2024年“专科业务平台”的占比是多少？", "answer": "24.63%", "evidence": ["| 2024 | 10.61% | 29.27% | 27.08% | 24.63% | 8.41% | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_39.md", "title": "华润双鹤并购华润紫竹动因与绩效分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_39.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《华润双鹤并购华润紫竹动因与绩效分析》中的《华润双鹤主营业务收入占比情况》和《华润双鹤主营业务收入情况》两表，2024年“原料药”的收入占比与对应主营业务收入分别是多少？", "answer": "10.61%、11.90", "evidence": ["| 2024 | 10.61% | 29.27% | 27.08% | 24.63% | 8.41% | ", "| 2024 | 11.90 | 32.81 | 30.36 | 27.62 | 112.12 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_39.md", "title": "华润双鹤并购华润紫竹动因与绩效分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_39.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《华润双鹤并购华润紫竹动因与绩效分析》一文的《华润双鹤盈利能力指标一览表（单位:%）》中，ROE 的最大值出现在哪个报告期，数值是多少？", "answer": "2024Q4，15.07", "evidence": ["| ROE | 3.55 | 7.66 | 10.08 | 13.27 | 4.11 | 9.38 | 12.39 | 15.07 | 4.75 |
|---|
"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_39.md", "title": "华润双鹤并购华润紫竹动因与绩效分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_39.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "请基于《华润双鹤并购华润紫竹动因与绩效分析》中的《华润双鹤偿债能力指标一览表》和《医药生物行业偿债能力指标均值一览表》，对比判断：2024Q2华润双鹤的流动比率是否低于行业均值？请给出两者数值。", "answer": "是，1.46 低于 4.45", "evidence": ["| 流动比率 | 2.58 | 2.29 | 2.54 | 2.42 | 2.61 | 1.46 | 1.59 | 1.87 | 1.99 |
|---|
", "| 流动比率 | 4.88 | 4.74 | 4.99 | 4.47 | 4.86 | 4.45 | 4.52 | 4.10 | 4.47 |
|---|
"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_20.md", "title": "聚焦中心大局，发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_20.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《聚焦中心大局，发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用》文档中，《在2025年第2场市直机关“机关党建高质量发展”系列现场会上的讲话》括号内标注的讲话日期是什么？", "answer": "(2025年7月25日)", "evidence": ["(2025年7月25日)"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_20.md", "title": "聚焦中心大局，发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_20.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《聚焦中心大局，发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用》一文中，正在推进的“‘四强’党支部建设”具体包含哪四个“强”？请按原文给出。", "answer": "政治功能强、支部班子强、党员队伍强、作用发挥强", "evidence": ["政治功能强、支部班子强、党员队伍强、作用发挥强"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_20.md", "title": "聚焦中心大局，发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_20.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《聚焦中心大局，发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用》一文中，机关党建发展史上具有里程碑意义的两次重要讲话/指示分别是哪两次？请各给出一次原文表述。", "answer": "2019年习近平总书记“7·9”重要讲话；去年习近平总书记“7·29”重要指示", "evidence": ["2019年习近平总书记“7·9”重要讲话", "去年习近平总书记“7·29”重要指示"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_20.md", "title": "聚焦中心大局，发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_20.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《在2025年第2场市直机关“机关党建高质量发展”系列现场会上的讲话》中（见《聚焦中心大局，发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用》），党组（党委）、机关党委抓党支部工作责任的“具体任务可以概括为”几个“一”？请给出原文用语。", "answer": "“四个一”", "evidence": ["具体任务可以概括为“四个一” ，"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_20.md", "title": "聚焦中心大局，发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_20.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "结合《在2025年第2场市直机关“机关党建高质量发展”系列现场会上的讲话》内容，在《聚焦中心大局，发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用》一文中，哪个党支部“通过追踪人流、物流、交通流、资金流等鲜活数据，构建了北京市高频经济指标监测体系”？请给出该党支部名称。", "answer": "核算金融处党支部", "evidence": ["刚才核算金融处党支部介绍了深耕“改革促发展”党建品牌，面对常规统计方法难以快速反映经济恢复动态的难题， “让年轻人大胆闯、党员骨干带头干” ，2023年春节假期攻坚奋战，通过追踪人流、物流、交通流、资金流等鲜活数据，构建了北京市高频经济指标监测体系，科学把握经济发展脉搏；"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_19.md", "title": "咯血病因与鉴别诊断及治疗综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_19.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《咯血病因与鉴别诊断及治疗综述》中，表3的“伴随症状”下，“伴有发热、咳嗽、脓痰”分别对应哪些可能的疾病（逐条列出）？", "answer": "急性发热者常见于肺炎或急性传染病，如流行性出血热；长期低热、盗汗、消瘦，应考虑肺结核；咯血、发热同时伴有咳嗽、咳大量脓痰，多见于肺脓肿；反复咳嗽、咳脓痰，不伴有发热，多见于支气管扩张", "evidence": ["急性发热者常见于肺炎或急性传染病，如流行性出血热；", "长期低热、盗汗、消瘦，应考虑肺结核", "咯血、发热同时伴有咳嗽、咳大量脓痰，多见于肺脓肿；", "反复咳嗽、咳脓痰，不伴有发热，多见于支气管扩张"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_19.md", "title": "咯血病因与鉴别诊断及治疗综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_19.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《咯血病因与鉴别诊断及治疗综述》中，根据表 4，“实验室检查”共列出了多少个项目？", "answer": "10", "evidence": ["血常规", "出凝血时间", "降钙素原", "红细胞沉降率、抗结核抗体、PPD及T-SPOT 检测", "肺部肿瘤标志物", "自身抗体、类风湿因子、抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体", "D-二聚体、全套血凝分析", "脑钠肽", "痰液检查", "尿常规检查"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_19.md", "title": "咯血病因与鉴别诊断及治疗综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_19.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "参照《咯血病因与鉴别诊断及治疗综述》的表4，若怀疑“肺血栓栓塞”，应选哪一项实验室检查？同时为评估其相关的“肺动脉高压”，影像学检查应选哪一项？", "answer": "D-二聚体、全套血凝分析；增强CT", "evidence": ["D-二聚体、全套血凝分析", "肺血栓栓塞", "增强CT", "肺血栓栓塞、肺动脉高压和肺动脉畸形"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_23.md", "title": "王浩在全省城乡一体融合高质量发展会讲话摘要", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_23.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《王浩在全省城乡一体融合高质量发展会讲话摘要》中，讲话日期是哪一天？", "answer": "（2025年6月20日）", "evidence": ["（2025年6月20日）"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_23.md", "title": "王浩在全省城乡一体融合高质量发展会讲话摘要", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_23.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《王浩在全省城乡一体融合高质量发展会讲话摘要》一文的文首元数据中显示的发布地是哪里？", "answer": "江苏", "evidence": ["王浩 交个稿友 2025年08月07日 07:32 江苏"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_23.md", "title": "王浩在全省城乡一体融合高质量发展会讲话摘要", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_23.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《王浩在全省城乡一体融合高质量发展会讲话摘要》中，文中明确“在工作推进中，要做到”几项“更加注重”？", "answer": "“五个更加注重”", "evidence": ["在工作推进中,要做到“五个更加注重”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_23.md", "title": "王浩在全省城乡一体融合高质量发展会讲话摘要", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_23.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《王浩在全省城乡一体融合高质量发展会讲话摘要》中，“要在城乡公共服务一体化上取得新突破”一节中，推进一体化的顺序依次是什么？", "answer": "这是一个循序渐进、逐步达到一致的过程，先要有一体化的理念、工作，其次是标准、服务的一体化，最终是政策的一体化。", "evidence": ["这是一个循序渐进、逐步达到一致的过程，先要有一体化的理念、工作，其次是标准、服务的一体化，最终是政策的一体化。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_29.md", "title": "用好信访“晴雨表”凝聚服务群众力量", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_29.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《用好信访“晴雨表”凝聚服务群众力量》一文中提到的《【社会】国家信访局局长李文章:充分发挥信访工作反映社情民意“晴雨表”作用》，其来源标注的是哪家媒体？", "answer": "学习时报", "evidence": ["**来源：学习时报**"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_29.md", "title": "用好信访“晴雨表”凝聚服务群众力量", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_29.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《用好信访“晴雨表”凝聚服务群众力量》一文文首的结构化信息行中，发布时间的具体时间（时:分）是多少？", "answer": "07:31", "evidence": ["李文章 交个稿友 2025年08月14日 07:31 江苏", "07:31"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_29.md", "title": "用好信访“晴雨表”凝聚服务群众力量", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_29.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《用好信访“晴雨表”凝聚服务群众力量》一文中，“来源”和“素材来源”分别是什么？", "answer": "来源：学习时报；素材来源官方媒体/网络新闻", "evidence": ["**来源：学习时报**", "素材来源官方媒体/网络新闻"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_29.md", "title": "用好信访“晴雨表”凝聚服务群众力量", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_29.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《用好信访“晴雨表”凝聚服务群众力量》全文中，短语“新时代新征程”出现了多少次？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["新时代新征程,", "新时代新征程,", "新时代新征程,", "新时代新征程,"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_29.md", "title": "用好信访“晴雨表”凝聚服务群众力量", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_29.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《用好信访“晴雨表”凝聚服务群众力量》一文中，比较文首结构行的发布时间与署名日期，哪个日期更靠前？请给出较早的日期的原文。", "answer": "**(2025年8月11日)**", "evidence": ["李文章 交个稿友 2025年08月14日 07:31 江苏", "**(2025年8月11日)**"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_9.md", "title": "从“等上级安排”看教育舆情的权力逻辑", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_9.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《从“等上级安排”看教育舆情的权力逻辑》，《“向上甩锅”为何更多发生在教育领域？》这篇文章的作者是谁？", "answer": "燕志华", "evidence": ["文/燕志华", "原创 燕志华 网络舆情和危机公关 2025年08月15日 11:32 江苏"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_9.md", "title": "从“等上级安排”看教育舆情的权力逻辑", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_9.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《从“等上级安排”看教育舆情的权力逻辑》一文中，““向上甩锅”为何更多发生在教育领域？”页面顶部的发布时间是什么？", "answer": "2025年08月15日 11:32", "evidence": ["原创 燕志华 网络舆情和危机公关 2025年08月15日 11:32 江苏"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_9.md", "title": "从“等上级安排”看教育舆情的权力逻辑", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_9.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《从“等上级安排”看教育舆情的权力逻辑》一文中提到学校被要求“由‘局里’统一安排”，作者如何概括这种“统一安排”的实际表现？", "answer": "“统一安排”听起来统筹解决，信心满满，但是最后更多是“统一不安排”", "evidence": ["某次学校发生舆情事件之后，我对学校负责人谈了思路，该如何做更好，但是对方说教育部门已经要求学校不要对外发表任何信息，由“局里”统一安排。", "“统一安排”听起来统筹解决，信心满满，但是最后更多是“统一不安排”"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_9.md", "title": "从“等上级安排”看教育舆情的权力逻辑", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_9.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《从“等上级安排”看教育舆情的权力逻辑》中，“## 往期精选：”下共列出多少个条目标题？", "answer": "34", "evidence": ["“亮证女”事件：更好的通报应该怎么写？", "武汉大学困局的背后：“闹”如何绑架了一切？", " 释永信出事，验证了一个网络舆论规律", " 近期的舆情通报，或许预示了一个新趋势", " 7月至今多起舆情通报的得失点评", " 被网络群体热烈喜爱，是場房的征兆", " 从舆情角度谈省委省政府调查组", " **如何评价宗庆后？**", " 为何对校园食品安全难抱信心？", " 破窗事件：通报失败导致了严重的后续舆情", " 高书记的勇气从何而来？", " 对于近期两个敏感谣言的解读", " 关于那尔那茜的通报和解读", " “老不信”现象的新特征和解决思路", " “罗某宇坠楼事件”通报：过快端出的“预制菜”", " 对于接下来国内舆情风险的研判和提示", " 国内网民和特朗普首次形成“合流”", " “苏超”弥补了长三角没有大型民间赛事的空白", " 从运营粉丝到运营雷军：小米十年，越走越险", " 一个仓促的通报！评雅安关于杨某的调查通报", " 女演员“佩戴百万耳环”舆情应对的难点和建议", " 简评肖某董某莹舆情事件的官方通报", " 删稿撤稿: 地方舆情处置的绝对刚需", " 复盘“行人相撞”案：“假新闻”是如何引爆舆情的？", " 肖飞董袭莹事件：媒体的沉默和舆情应对的困境", " 时代红利最大获益者开始传承声望财富", " 肖飞医生事件：一个新的断裂性舆情话题", " 刘强东向左，王兴向右", " 从舆情角度考察山西订婚强奸案", " 司马南的秘密思想武器", " 两个翻车新闻事件总结的教训", " 小米车祸：雷军为何会陷入发声困境？", " 特朗普舆论操纵术：防范掉入舆论认知的误区", " 2025年开年以来的网络舆情和社会心理的梳理总结"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_9.md", "title": "从“等上级安排”看教育舆情的权力逻辑", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_9.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《从“等上级安排”看教育舆情的权力逻辑》中，综合“静默期”、责任错位与上级接手等描述，作者对教育舆情性质的结论是什么？", "answer": "教育舆情更多是权力的舆情，是个权力现象。", "evidence": ["这种从发声到责任的各种错位，导致教育舆情，常常愈演愈烈，最后需要更高层面出马，让央媒报道背书，愤怒野火在网民心头燃烧个几个来回，事件才能消停。由此沉淀为强烈负面群体记忆，成为负面群体心理，更容易爆发舆情。", "由此能够看出，教育舆情更多是权力的舆情，是个权力现象。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_30.md", "title": "自主知识体系与拔尖创新人才培养同向共进", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_30.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《自主知识体系与拔尖创新人才培养同向共进》一文中，本文来源是什么？", "answer": "学习时报", "evidence": ["**来源：学习时报**"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_30.md", "title": "自主知识体系与拔尖创新人才培养同向共进", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_30.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《自主知识体系与拔尖创新人才培养同向共进》一文的“积极推进自主知识体系建构和拔尖创新人才自主培养同向共进的实践路径”一节中，以“坚持”开头的小节共有多少项？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["坚持思想引领，锚定同向共进的发展方向。", "坚持改革创新，激活同向共进的发展动力。", "坚持以文育人，营造同向共进的发展环境。", "坚持知行合一，搭建同向共进的实践平台。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_30.md", "title": "自主知识体系与拔尖创新人才培养同向共进", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_30.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《自主知识体系与拔尖创新人才培养同向共进》一文中，文内括号日期与标题下方的发布时间相比，哪个更晚？请写出较晚的完整时间字符串。", "answer": "2025年08月12日 07:32", "evidence": ["**(2025年8月8日)**", "张东刚 交个稿友 2025年08月12日 07:32 江苏"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_18.md", "title": "《文化的力量》：习近平文化思想在浙江的五个必看理由", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_18.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在“《文化的力量》：习近平文化思想在浙江的五个必看理由”这篇文章中，标注为“原创”的作者是谁？", "answer": "金轩", "evidence": ["原创 金轩 浙江宣传 2025年08月09日 07:31 浙江"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_18.md", "title": "《文化的力量》：习近平文化思想在浙江的五个必看理由", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_18.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《文化的力量》：习近平文化思想在浙江的五个必看理由一文的正文开头，标题下方显示的公众号账号与阅读时长分别是什么？", "answer": "浙江宣传；10分钟", "evidence": ["浙江宣传", "10分钟"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_18.md", "title": "《文化的力量》：习近平文化思想在浙江的五个必看理由", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_18.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《文化的力量》：习近平文化思想在浙江的五个必看理由一文中，提到《文化的力量——习近平文化思想在浙江的溯源与实践》总共有几集？同时给出第一集与第二集的篇名。", "answer": "四集；《文以立心》；《文以载道》", "evidence": ["总共有四集。", "第一集《文以立心》", "第二集《文以载道》"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_18.md", "title": "《文化的力量》：习近平文化思想在浙江的五个必看理由", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_18.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《文化的力量》：习近平文化思想在浙江的五个必看理由一文中，“五个必看理由”以“一”到“五”标出小节标题，请问共有多少个这样的标题？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["## 一、珍贵的画面", "## 二、生动的故事", "### 三、闪光的金句", "## 四、超前的眼光", "## 五、深厚的自信"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_18.md", "title": "《文化的力量》：习近平文化思想在浙江的五个必看理由", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_18.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《文化的力量》：习近平文化思想在浙江的五个必看理由中的叙述，2003年6月习近平同志勉励哪个地方要发展影视文化产业，并在其推动和支持下该地成立了什么？", "answer": "横店；全国首个影视产业实验区", "evidence": ["比如,2003年6月,习近平同志勉励横店要大胆探索,大力发展影视文化产业。", "在习近平同志的推动和支持下,横店成立了全国首个影视产业实验区"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_25.md", "title": "学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的价值、机制与路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_25.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的价值、机制与路径》中，本文通讯作者的邮箱是什么？", "answer": "cq1142301731@qq.com", "evidence": ["\\** 本文通讯作者为陈琪,邮箱：cq1142301731@qq.com。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_25.md", "title": "学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的价值、机制与路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_25.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的价值、机制与路径》一文的文末信息中，《中国德育》的官网地址是什么？", "answer": "https://zgdy.cnaes.edu.cn/", "evidence": ["官网地址 | https://zgdy.cnaes.edu.cn/"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_25.md", "title": "学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的价值、机制与路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_25.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的价值、机制与路径》的参考文献列表中出现的年份里，最早的是哪一年？", "answer": "2021", "evidence": ["[1][11]《中华民族共同体概论》编写组.中华民族共同体概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2024:5,31.", "[2]习近平.以铸牢中华民族共同体意识为主线推动新时代党的民族工作高质量发展[N].人民日报,2021-08-29(1)."]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_25.md", "title": "学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的价值、机制与路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_25.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的价值、机制与路径》一文中，明确指出学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的贯穿性线索是什么？其作用是什么？请原文作答。", "answer": "从总体上看，聚合力是学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的贯穿性线索，是空间的中心力量，空间上的聚合有助于促进精神上的凝聚。", "evidence": ["从总体上看，聚合力是学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的贯穿性线索，是空间的中心力量，空间上的聚合有助于促进精神上的凝聚。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_7.md", "title": "习近平在浙江思想道德建设理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_7.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《习近平在浙江思想道德建设理念与实践》中，关于《“全面提高公民的思想道德素质”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·文明素质篇》这篇文章，标注的来源是什么？", "answer": "浙江日报", "evidence": ["来源：浙江日报"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_7.md", "title": "习近平在浙江思想道德建设理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_7.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《习近平在浙江思想道德建设理念与实践》文档中，《“全面提高公民的思想道德素质”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·文明素质篇》页面顶部的发布时间是什么？", "answer": "2025年08月08日 08:10", "evidence": ["今日浙江 2025年08月08日 08:10 浙江"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_7.md", "title": "习近平在浙江思想道德建设理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_7.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《“全面提高公民的思想道德素质”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·文明素质篇》一文中，浙江“全国文明城市数量”经历了怎样的变化？（见《习近平在浙江思想道德建设理念与实践》）", "answer": "从2005年的1个增加到35个", "evidence": ["全省“有礼指数”达92.8，全国文明城市数量从2005年的1个增加到35个，成为首个全国文明城市设区市“满堂红”的省份。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_7.md", "title": "习近平在浙江思想道德建设理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_7.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《习近平在浙江思想道德建设理念与实践》一文中，未成年人思想道德教育部分列出的“工程”名称共有几项？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["比如，推动学校、家庭、社会教育相联动，通过“阵地工程”“精品工程”“净化工程”“绿网工程”“帮教工程”等加强未成年人思想道德教育，引导未成年人健康成长。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_7.md", "title": "习近平在浙江思想道德建设理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_7.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《习近平在浙江思想道德建设理念与实践》中，关于《“全面提高公民的思想道德素质”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·文明素质篇》一文，习近平同志是哪一年在何地调研时提出要通过“看得见、摸得着”的方式推进思想道德建设？", "answer": "2004年，嵊州", "evidence": ["2004年，习近平同志到嵊州调研时了解到，嵊州市越剧团一年演出达到130—150场次，其中八成面向农村。", "“精神文明建设特别是思想道德建设一定要通过看得见、摸得着的方式，创造实实在在的载体，寓教于乐，入耳入脑，深入人心，潜移默化”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_14.md", "title": "“活人感”为何打动人：真实、不完美与人性", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_14.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在文章《“活人感”为何打动人：真实、不完美与人性》中，‘本文播音’是谁？", "answer": "飞扬", "evidence": ["本文播音：飞扬各位读者: 关注公号后可点击右上角“...”，设为星标，以免错过最新推文。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_14.md", "title": "“活人感”为何打动人：真实、不完美与人性", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_14.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《“活人感”为何打动人：真实、不完美与人性》页面的“往期精彩内容”列表中，包含“《文化的力量》”字样的条目是哪一项？", "answer": "* 图示网友怎么看《文化的力量》", "evidence": ["* 图示网友怎么看《文化的力量》"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_14.md", "title": "“活人感”为何打动人：真实、不完美与人性", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_14.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "文章《“活人感”为何打动人：真实、不完美与人性》顶部标注的完整来源与发布时间行内容是什么？", "answer": "原创 嘉轩 浙江宣传 2025年08月14日 07:30 浙江", "evidence": ["原创 嘉轩 浙江宣传 2025年08月14日 07:30 浙江"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_14.md", "title": "“活人感”为何打动人：真实、不完美与人性", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_14.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《“活人感”为何打动人：真实、不完美与人性》一文中展示的三条“活人感”相关社交平台分享里，点赞数最高的是多少？", "answer": "♡ 1927", "evidence": ["♡ 39", "♡ 1266", "♡ 1927"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_14.md", "title": "“活人感”为何打动人：真实、不完美与人性", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_14.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《“活人感”为何打动人：真实、不完美与人性》一文中，网友喜欢“翻车瞬间”“即兴反应”或“不完美日常”的本质原因是什么？", "answer": "本质上反映了网友对稀缺的真实感和人情味的渴望。", "evidence": ["那些“翻车瞬间”“即兴反应”或者“不完美日常”受到喜爱,本质上反映了网友对稀缺的真实感和人情味的渴望。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_12.md", "title": "发布GB 7718-2025等50项食品安全国标及9项修改单", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_12.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在“发布GB 7718-2025等50项食品安全国标及9项修改单”公告页面中，‘发布日期’是多少？", "answer": "2025-03-16", "evidence": ["发布日期: 2025-03-16 发布单位: 国家卫生健康委员会 国家市场监管总局浏览次数: 294次"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_12.md", "title": "发布GB 7718-2025等50项食品安全国标及9项修改单", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_12.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《发布GB 7718-2025等50项食品安全国标及9项修改单》文中的“相关文本”里，条目“GB 12456-2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总酸的测定》第1号修改单”的“起草单位”是什么？", "answer": "厦门海关技术中心", "evidence": ["GB 12456-2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总酸的测定》第1号修改单", "发布日期:2025-03-16 浏览次数:11次 起草单位:厦门海关技术中心"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_12.md", "title": "发布GB 7718-2025等50项食品安全国标及9项修改单", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_12.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《发布GB 7718-2025等50项食品安全国标及9项修改单》公告中，公告标题中引用的“预包装食品标签通则”在标准公告列表中的编号和名称是什么？", "answer": "GB 7718-2025 预包装食品标签通则", "evidence": ["# 公告名称: 关于发布《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品标签通则》(GB 7718-2025)等50项食品安全国家标准和9项修改单的公告(2025年 第2号)", "GB 7718-2025 预包装食品标签通则"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_12.md", "title": "发布GB 7718-2025等50项食品安全国标及9项修改单", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_12.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《发布GB 7718-2025等50项食品安全国标及9项修改单》的“相关文本”列表中，“浏览次数:0次”的标准文本共有几条？", "answer": "2条", "evidence": ["发布日期:2025-03-16 浏览次数:0次 起草单位:浙江省疾病预防控制中心,黑龙江省疾病预防控制中心,广东省食品检验所,上海市食品药品检验所", "发布日期:2025-03-16 浏览次数:0次 起草单位:深圳海关食品检验检疫技术中心,广州海关技术中心,重庆市食品药品检验检测研究院"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_12.md", "title": "发布GB 7718-2025等50项食品安全国标及9项修改单", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_12.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《发布GB 7718-2025等50项食品安全国标及9项修改单》这份标准公告中，找出所有标题同时包含“食品接触材料及制品”和“迁移量”的GB标准，并给出它们的编号与名称。", "answer": "GB 31604.30-2025 食品接触材料及制品 邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的测定和迁移量的测定\nGB 31604.31-2025 食品接触材料及制品 氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烯和1,1-二氯乙烷的残留量和迁移量的测定\nGB 31604.61-2025 食品接触材料及制品 2,2,4,4-四甲基-1,3-环丁二醇迁移量的测定\nGB 31604.62-2025 食品接触材料及制品N-亚硝胺类化合物迁移量和释放量的测定\nGB 31604.63-2025 食品接触材料及制品 4,4'-联苯二酚和1,1'-磺酰基二(4-氯苯)迁移量的测定", "evidence": ["GB 31604.30-2025 食品接触材料及制品 邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的测定和迁移量的测定", "GB 31604.31-2025 食品接触材料及制品 氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烯和1,1-二氯乙烷的残留量和迁移量的测定", "GB 31604.61-2025 食品接触材料及制品 2,2,4,4-四甲基-1,3-环丁二醇迁移量的测定", "GB 31604.62-2025 食品接触材料及制品N-亚硝胺类化合物迁移量和释放量的测定", "GB 31604.63-2025 食品接触材料及制品 4,4'-联苯二酚和1,1'-磺酰基二(4-氯苯)迁移量的测定"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_21.md", "title": "王浩红船论坛讲话：弘扬红船精神促共同富裕", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_21.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《王浩红船论坛讲话：弘扬红船精神促共同富裕》一文顶部，时间标注是什么？", "answer": "2025年08月01日 07:32", "evidence": ["2025年08月01日 07:32"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_21.md", "title": "王浩红船论坛讲话：弘扬红船精神促共同富裕", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_21.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《王浩红船论坛讲话：弘扬红船精神促共同富裕》一文中，题头“——在红船论坛主论坛上的讲话（摘要）”下方标注的职务与姓名是什么？", "answer": "浙江省委书记 王浩", "evidence": ["——在红船论坛主论坛上的讲话（摘要）", "浙江省委书记 王浩"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_21.md", "title": "王浩红船论坛讲话：弘扬红船精神促共同富裕", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_21.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《王浩红船论坛讲话：弘扬红船精神促共同富裕》中，“大力弘扬‘红船精神’与时俱进、永无止境...”这一部分中，提到“聚焦‘一个首要任务、三个主攻方向、两个根本’”时，同时强调要牢牢扭住的“核心任务”是什么？", "answer": "牢牢扭住高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区这一核心任务", "evidence": ["牢牢扭住高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区这一核心任务", "聚焦“一个首要任务、三个主攻方向、两个根本”"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_37.md", "title": "中国能源建设股份有限公司2025年第三季度报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_37.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《中国能源建设股份有限公司2025年第三季度报告》的合并利润表中，“研发费用”2025年前三季度（1-9月）的金额是多少？", "answer": "8,892,454", "evidence": ["研发费用 | ", "8,892,454 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_37.md", "title": "中国能源建设股份有限公司2025年第三季度报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_37.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《中国能源建设股份有限公司2025年第三季度报告》的“主要会计数据和财务指标”表中，“利润总额”的“本报告期比上年同期增减变动幅度(%)”是多少？", "answer": "-14.67", "evidence": ["利润总额 | ", "-14.67 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_37.md", "title": "中国能源建设股份有限公司2025年第三季度报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_37.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《中央能源建设股份有限公司2025年第三季度报告》的合并资产负债表中，“资产总计”在2025年9月30日与2024年12月31日的数值分别是多少？", "answer": "945, 671, 125；869, 004, 776", "evidence": ["资产总计 | ", "945, 671, 125 | ", "869, 004, 776 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_37.md", "title": "中国能源建设股份有限公司2025年第三季度报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_37.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《中国能源建设股份有限公司2025年第三季度报告》“前10名股东持股情况”表中，股东性质为“国有法人”的股东共有几家？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["\n| 中国能源建设集团有限公司 | \n国有法人 | \n18,847,137,078 | \n45.21 | \n0 | \n无 | \n0 | \n ", "\n| 中国国新控股有限责任公司 | \n国有法人 | \n2,029,378,794 | \n4.87 | \n0 | \n无 | \n0 | \n ", "\n| 中国证券金融股份有限公司 | \n国有法人 | \n613,374,538 | \n1.47 | \n0 | \n无 | \n0 | \n ", "\n中央汇金资产管理有限责任
公司 | \n国有法人 | \n306,593,601 | \n0.74 | \n0 | \n无 | \n0 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_37.md", "title": "中国能源建设股份有限公司2025年第三季度报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_37.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《中国能源建设股份有限公司2025年第三季度报告》中的合并现金流量表，2025年前三季度“经营活动产生的现金流量净额”是否为负且“筹资活动产生的现金流量净额”为正？请给出两者的具体数值。", "answer": "是，-9, 110, 250；39, 725, 706", "evidence": ["经营活动产生的现金流量净额 | ", "-9, 110, 250 | ", "筹资活动产生的现金流量净额 | ", "39, 725, 706 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_6.md", "title": "两山理念二十周年：生态文明思想与决策咨询", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_6.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《两山理念二十周年：生态文明思想与决策咨询》一文中，《中国发展观察》投稿信箱是什么？", "answer": "chinado@guoyancm.com", "evidence": ["投稿信箱: chinado@guoyancm.com"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_6.md", "title": "两山理念二十周年：生态文明思想与决策咨询", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_6.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《两山理念二十周年：生态文明思想与决策咨询》中，“两山”理念首次提出的日期是什么？", "answer": "2005年8月15日", "evidence": ["2005年8月15日，时任中共浙江省委书记的习近平同志在浙江省湖州市安吉县余村考察时，首次明确提出“绿水青山就是金山银山”的重要论断。", "2025年正值该理念提出二十周年，具有重要的历史节点意义。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_6.md", "title": "两山理念二十周年：生态文明思想与决策咨询", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_6.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《两山理念二十周年：生态文明思想与决策咨询》一文中，概括新时代生态文明建设成功实现了多少个“重大转变”？", "answer": "四个“重大转变”", "evidence": ["这些巨大成就的取得，正是因为我们坚持以习近平生态文明思想指导生态文明建设。习近平总书记在2023年全国生态环境保护大会上强调，新时代生态文明建设取得举世瞩目的巨大成就，概括起来就是成功实现了四个“重大转变”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_6.md", "title": "两山理念二十周年：生态文明思想与决策咨询", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_6.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《两山理念二十周年：生态文明思想与决策咨询》的叙述，党的十九大在生态文明方面纳入了哪两项内容？请完整摘录。", "answer": "把“坚持人与自然和谐共生”纳入新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的基本方略，把“美丽中国”纳入社会主义现代化强国目标；", "evidence": ["从党的十八大提出“努力走向社会主义生态文明新时代”；到党的十九大把“坚持人与自然和谐共生”纳入新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的基本方略，把“美丽中国”纳入社会主义现代化强国目标；再到党的二十大提出“中国式现代化是人与自然和谐共生的现代化”，习近平生态文明思想得到了不断发展和完善。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_32.md", "title": "工信部推进五个赋能壮大专精特新中小企业", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_32.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《工信部推进五个赋能壮大专精特新中小企业》一文中，文末注明的来源是什么？", "answer": "学习时报", "evidence": ["**来源：学习时报**"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_32.md", "title": "工信部推进五个赋能壮大专精特新中小企业", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_32.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《工信部推进五个赋能壮大专精特新中小企业》一文中，“【科技】工业和信息化部副部长单忠德：加力培育专精特新中小企业”标题下方的信息栏中列出的地区是哪里？", "answer": "江苏", "evidence": ["单忠德 交个稿友 2025年08月11日 07:31 江苏"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_32.md", "title": "工信部推进五个赋能壮大专精特新中小企业", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_32.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《工信部推进五个赋能壮大专精特新中小企业》中“专精特新中小企业培育工作取得显著成效”部分，规模以上“小巨人”工业企业的营业收入与营业收入利润率分别是多少？", "answer": "实现营业收入4.84万亿元；营业收入利润率为7.8%", "evidence": ["规模以上“小巨人”工业企业实现营业收入4.84万亿元,同比增长3.9%,高于全部规模以上工业企业1.8个百分点;营业收入利润率为7.8%,高于全部规模以上工业企业2.4个百分点。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_32.md", "title": "工信部推进五个赋能壮大专精特新中小企业", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_32.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《工信部推进五个赋能壮大专精特新中小企业》的“创新活力竞相迸发”段落中，2024年“小巨人”企业平均研发投入占营业收入比重是多少？平均授权发明专利为多少项？", "answer": "平均研发投入占营业收入比重达7%；平均授权发明专利22项", "evidence": ["2024年,“小巨人”企业平均研发投入占营业收入比重达7%,拥有32.74万项发明专利,占全国企业发明专利总量的11%,平均授权发明专利22项,同比增长三成,远高于同规模企业,作为主要起草单位制定修订标准总计超5万个。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_32.md", "title": "工信部推进五个赋能壮大专精特新中小企业", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_32.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《工信部推进五个赋能壮大专精特新中小企业》一文中，习近平总书记提出要善于抓的“两头”分别指什么？", "answer": "一头抓具有重要影响的科技领军企业，支持其牵头组建创新联合体；另一头抓专精特新科技型中小企业，帮助其逐步发展壮大", "evidence": ["习近平总书记指出，工作中要善于抓“两头”，一头抓具有重要影响的科技领军企业，支持其牵头组建创新联合体；另一头抓专精特新科技型中小企业，帮助其逐步发展壮大，形成“乔木”参天、“灌木”茁壮、“苗木”葱郁的创新生态。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_16.md", "title": "试点试什么：意义、方法与浙江实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_16.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《试点试什么：意义、方法与浙江实践》中，文章头部显示的发布时间是什么？", "answer": "2025年08月13日 07:31", "evidence": ["原创 之江轩 浙江宣传 2025年08月13日 07:31 浙江"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_16.md", "title": "试点试什么：意义、方法与浙江实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_16.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《试点试什么：意义、方法与浙江实践》的头部横排信息中，“原创”后依次列出的两个字段是什么？", "answer": "之江轩 浙江宣传", "evidence": ["原创 之江轩 浙江宣传 2025年08月13日 07:31 浙江"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_16.md", "title": "试点试什么：意义、方法与浙江实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_16.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《试点试什么：意义、方法与浙江实践》中，笔者认为试点的存在有哪“三个方面的价值”？请逐一列出原文小标题。", "answer": "**提出点子。**；**开出方子。**；**跑通路子。**", "evidence": ["**提出点子。**推进改革发展稳定的大量任务在基层，改革创新的源头活水也在基层。开展试点工作，为基层提供了“接天线”的渠道，让基层可以发出声音、推动创新，让金点子更多涌现出来。", "**开出方子。**当某项新的工作需要推开，或发展遇到问题、暂时找不到切实可行的解决办法时，选定多个试点合力破题攻坚，总能找到一条解决全域发展问题的路径，开出一剂推动发展的良方。", "**跑通路子。**我国地域辽阔，各地资源禀赋不同，发展面对的困难也不尽相同。有些从上至下的改革任务，看似顶层设计已经完备，但在不同地区实施过程中情况也千差万别。先开展试点，阻力小、灵活性高，也较容易调整工作策略，从而以较小成本探索出更好的改革效果。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_16.md", "title": "试点试什么：意义、方法与浙江实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_16.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《试点试什么：意义、方法与浙江实践》中提到一次因突破宪法条款而后经修宪追认合法性的试点：请给出试点发生的年份、城市与试点类型，以及修宪追认的年份。", "answer": "1987年深圳首次土地拍卖试点；1988年通过修宪追认其合法性。", "evidence": ["比如1987年深圳首次土地拍卖试点突破了宪法中“土地不得出租和转让”的相关条款,1988年通过修宪追认其合法性。"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_10.md", "title": "习近平在浙江哲社科理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_10.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《习近平在浙江哲社科理念与实践》中，“建设具有时代特征、中国特色、浙江特点的哲学社会科学”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·哲学社会科学篇一文的“今日浙江”页面标注的发布时间是？", "answer": "2025年08月04日 08:59", "evidence": ["今日浙江 2025年08月04日 08:59 浙江"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_10.md", "title": "习近平在浙江哲社科理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_10.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《习近平在浙江哲社科理念与实践》中，题为“建设具有时代特征、中国特色、浙江特点的哲学社会科学”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·哲学社会科学篇的页面上，版头显示的主管主办单位是什么？", "answer": "中共浙江省委主管主办", "evidence": ["中共浙江省委主管主办"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_10.md", "title": "习近平在浙江哲社科理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_10.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《习近平在浙江哲社科理念与实践》中，“建设具有时代特征、中国特色、浙江特点的哲学社会科学”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·哲学社会科学篇中提出的“真”“情”“实”“意”四个方面要求里，“真”的具体表述是什么？", "answer": "真正坚持马克思主义指导地位的立场(真)", "evidence": ["强调要真正坚持马克思主义指导地位的立场(真)、对哲学社会科学工作充"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_10.md", "title": "习近平在浙江哲社科理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_10.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《习近平在浙江哲社科理念与实践》中，“建设具有时代特征、中国特色、浙江特点的哲学社会科学”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·哲学社会科学篇的第三部分“实践”里，文中提到“已经出版”约多少部成果？", "answer": "3900余部", "evidence": ["已经出版3900余部"]}
+{"doc_type": "long", "filename": "long_10.md", "title": "习近平在浙江哲社科理念与实践", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/long_10.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《习近平在浙江哲社科理念与实践》中，“建设具有时代特征、中国特色、浙江特点的哲学社会科学”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·哲学社会科学篇的“围绕繁荣发展哲学社会科学的总体目标”相关内容中，文中指出“意”指的是什么导向？", "answer": "树立精品意识的导向", "evidence": ["习近平同志强调提出的“意”，指的就是树立精品意识的导向。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_21.md", "title": "流通业前后向协同效应的时序与地区差异", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_21.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《流通业前后向协同效应的时序与地区差异》中的表3，东部沿海经济区在2000年与2023年的“批发和零售业后向”产业协同发展效应分别是多少？", "answer": "2000年2.41，2023年3.86", "evidence": ["| 东部沿海 | 11.42 | 10.99 | 2.41 | 3.86 | 5.85 | 6.55 | 1.85 | 3.53 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_21.md", "title": "流通业前后向协同效应的时序与地区差异", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_21.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《流通业前后向协同效应的时序与地区差异》中，表3（经济区层面）中，2023年“批发和零售业后向”产业协同发展效应超过3%的经济区有几个？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["| 东北 | 9.53 | 11.15 | 4.71 | 4.11 | 6.49 | 5.56 | 1.86 | 2.91 | ", "| 北部沿海 | 7.46 | 10.52 | 3.90 | 3.57 | 7.43 | 5.70 | 2.71 | 3.87 | ", "| 东部沿海 | 11.42 | 10.99 | 2.41 | 3.86 | 5.85 | 6.55 | 1.85 | 3.53 | ", "| 黄河中游 | 6.08 | 7.81 | 3.01 | 3.16 | 8.87 | 6.33 | 2.68 | 3.37 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_21.md", "title": "流通业前后向协同效应的时序与地区差异", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_21.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "参照《流通业前后向协同效应的时序与地区差异》的表2，2023年“制造业合计”对批发和零售业的前向与后向贡献份额相比，哪个更大？请给出这两个数值。", "answer": "前向更大；前向33.79，后向10.50", "evidence": ["| 制造业合计 | 39.97 | 33.79 | 34.25 | 10.50 | 31.14 | 27.24 | 28.79 | 21.60 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_20.md", "title": "各产业影响力、感应度与生产诱发系数", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_20.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在文档《各产业影响力、感应度与生产诱发系数》中的“影响力与感应系数”表里，“第一产业”的感应度系数是多少？", "answer": "0.8867", "evidence": ["| 第一产业 | 0.5502 | 0.8867 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_20.md", "title": "各产业影响力、感应度与生产诱发系数", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_20.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《各产业影响力、感应度与生产诱发系数》中的“产业分类 生产诱发系数”表里，“第二产业”的资本形成总额是多少？", "answer": "0.7198", "evidence": ["| 第二产业 | 0.5326 | 0.7198 | 0.1776 | 0.6792 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_20.md", "title": "各产业影响力、感应度与生产诱发系数", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_20.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《各产业影响力、感应度与生产诱发系数》中的“影响力与感应系数”表中，“家用视听设备制造业”的影响力系数和感应度系数分别是多少？", "answer": "1.0007；0.2744", "evidence": ["| 家用视听设备制造业 | 1.0007 | 0.2744 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_20.md", "title": "各产业影响力、感应度与生产诱发系数", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_20.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《各产业影响力、感应度与生产诱发系数》中的“影响力与感应系数”表里，影响力系数大于1的产业部门共有多少个？", "answer": "7", "evidence": ["| 文化产业 | 1.1208 | 1.4889 | ", "| 新闻出版业 | 1.6970 | 0.2585 | ", "| 造纸业及纸制品业 | 1.5607 | 0.5587 | ", "| 印刷业和记录媒介的复制 | 1.4090 | 0.3892 | ", "| 文教体育用品制造业 | 1.0864 | 0.2281 | ", "| 家用视听设备制造业 | 1.0007 | 0.2744 | ", "| 文化、办公用机械制造业 | 1.1987 | 0.3262 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_17.md", "title": "黑鹰坠落：摩加迪沙突袭纪实", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_17.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《黑鹰坠落：摩加迪沙突袭纪实》由哪家出版社于哪一年出版？", "answer": "1999年由矮脚鸡出版社(Bantam Press)出版", "evidence": ["1999年由矮脚鸡出版社(Bantam Press)出版"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_17.md", "title": "黑鹰坠落：摩加迪沙突袭纪实", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_17.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《黑鹰坠落：摩加迪沙突袭纪实》的图示说明中，Blackhawk的容量标注是什么？", "answer": "Capacity: 11 equipped troops and 4 crew", "evidence": ["Blackhawk► Capacity: 11 equipped troops and 4 crew"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_17.md", "title": "黑鹰坠落：摩加迪沙突袭纪实", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_17.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《黑鹰坠落：摩加迪沙突袭纪实》中，领头的黑鹰“超级六四”准备出发时，是谁通过内部通讯宣告“操他妈的艾瑞尼”？", "answer": "一级准尉迈克·杜兰特(Mike Durant)", "evidence": ["当小队领导钻进领头的黑鹰——“超级六四”(Super Six Four)——后，听到内部通讯系统传来一级准尉迈克·杜兰特(Mike Durant)柔和的声音，清晰而令人高兴。", "杜兰特宣布：“操他妈的艾瑞尼。”"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_17.md", "title": "黑鹰坠落：摩加迪沙突袭纪实", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_17.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《黑鹰坠落：摩加迪沙突袭纪实》一文中的统计，《袭击》行动共动用了多少架飞机？", "answer": "十九架飞机", "evidence": ["加上三架监视直升机和高空间谍飞机，共有十九架飞机(原文如此，疑为十六架——译者注)，十二辆车辆和大约一百六十名成员。这是一支整装待发的舰队。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_17.md", "title": "黑鹰坠落：摩加迪沙突袭纪实", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_17.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《黑鹰坠落：摩加迪沙突袭纪实》的任务编组中，哪位中校负责与第160SOAR协调、哪位负责与地面部队联络？", "answer": "汤姆·马修斯(Tom Matthews)中校负责与第160SOAR协调；加里·哈瑞尔(Gary Harrell)中校负责与地面部队联络", "evidence": ["最后一架搭载着两名此次任务的指挥官——汤姆·马修斯(Tom Matthews)中校，他负责与第160SOAR(肯塔基坎贝尔堡特种任务飞行团(Special Operations Aviation Regiment out of Fort Campbell, Kentucky))协调；", "另一名是三角洲部队加里·哈瑞尔(Gary Harrell)中校，他负责与地面部队联络。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_26.md", "title": "智能优化算法在线性电路方程求解中的对比研究", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_26.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《智能优化算法在线性电路方程求解中的对比研究》中，文章的 DOI 是多少？", "answer": "https://doi.org/10.12677/airr.2026.151019", "evidence": ["https://doi.org/10.12677/airr.2026.151019"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_26.md", "title": "智能优化算法在线性电路方程求解中的对比研究", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_26.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《智能优化算法在线性电路方程求解中的对比研究》的表1中，“白骨顶鸡优化算法（COOT）”对应的 I13 数值是多少？", "answer": "0.8362", "evidence": ["| 白骨顶鸡优化算法(COOT) | 1.7730 | 2.3597 | 0.8362 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_26.md", "title": "智能优化算法在线性电路方程求解中的对比研究", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_26.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "文章《智能优化算法在线性电路方程求解中的对比研究》的发布日期是什么？", "answer": "2026年1月9日", "evidence": ["收稿日期: 2025年12月8日; 录用日期: 2025年12月31日; 发布日期: 2026年1月9日"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_26.md", "title": "智能优化算法在线性电路方程求解中的对比研究", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_26.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《智能优化算法在线性电路方程求解中的对比研究》的中文作者列表中共有多少位作者？", "answer": "7", "evidence": ["**高薪越, 宋甜甜, 郑步京, 钱汤亮, 朱洋辰, 丁超, 孔维宾***"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_26.md", "title": "智能优化算法在线性电路方程求解中的对比研究", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_26.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《智能优化算法在线性电路方程求解中的对比研究》中的图3对应的表2中，哪种算法的三个电流值均与“精确解”完全一致？", "answer": "蜣螂算法(DBO)", "evidence": ["\n | 精确解 | \n 5 | \n -1 | \n 2 | \n ", "\n | 蜣螂算法(DBO) | \n 5.0000 | \n -1.0000 | \n 2.0000 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_24.md", "title": "最小二乘与协方差加权的卡方拟合", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_24.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在文档《最小二乘与协方差加权的卡方拟合》的“最小二乘法(2)”部分，文中提到可用于数值最小化 χ^2 的程序是什么？", "answer": "**MINUIT**", "evidence": ["Often minimize χ^2 numerically (e.g. program **MINUIT**)."]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_24.md", "title": "最小二乘与协方差加权的卡方拟合", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_24.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《最小二乘与协方差加权的卡方拟合》中，“相关测量的最小二乘法”里协方差矩阵的元素 V_{ij} 如何用期望表示？", "answer": "V_{ij} = \\operatorname{E}[(y_i - y_i^{\\exp})(y_j - y_j^{\\exp})]", "evidence": ["Covariance matrix $V$,", "\\operatorname{cov}[y_i, y_j] = V_{ij} = \\operatorname{E}[(y_i - y_i^{\\exp})(y_j - y_j^{\\exp})]"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_24.md", "title": "最小二乘与协方差加权的卡方拟合", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_24.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《最小二乘与协方差加权的卡方拟合》中，“最小二乘法(2)”部分，哪两行内容共同说明“最大化似然等价于最小化 χ^2”？请给出原文。", "answer": "So maximizing the likelihood is equivalent to minimizing\n$$\n\\chi^2(\\theta) = \\sum_{i=1}^{N} \\frac{(y_i - \\lambda(x_i; \\theta))^2}{\\sigma_i^2}\n$$", "evidence": ["So maximizing the likelihood is equivalent to minimizing", "$$\n\\chi^2(\\theta) = \\sum_{i=1}^{N} \\frac{(y_i - \\lambda(x_i; \\theta))^2}{\\sigma_i^2}\n$$"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_24.md", "title": "最小二乘与协方差加权的卡方拟合", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_24.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《最小二乘与协方差加权的卡方拟合》中，“相关测量的最小二乘法”里若 y_i 服从多元高斯且协方差矩阵为 V，最大化似然等价于最小化哪一个 χ^2，并给出该 χ^2 的矩阵形式以及对应的概率密度函数 g 的表达式？", "answer": "g(\\vec{y}, \\vec{\\lambda}, V) = \\frac{1}{(2\\pi)^{N/2}|V|^{1/2}} \\exp \\left[ -\\frac{1}{2}(\\vec{y} - \\vec{\\lambda})^T V^{-1} (\\vec{y} - \\vec{\\lambda}) \\right]\n$$\n\\chi^2(\\vec{\\theta}) = \\sum_{i,j=1}^{N} (y_i - \\lambda(x_i; \\vec{\\theta})) (V^{-1})_{ij} (y_j - \\lambda(x_j; \\vec{\\theta}))\n$$", "evidence": ["If the $y_i$ follow a multivariate Gaussian, covariance matrix $V$,", "g(\\vec{y}, \\vec{\\lambda}, V) = \\frac{1}{(2\\pi)^{N/2}|V|^{1/2}} \\exp \\left[ -\\frac{1}{2}(\\vec{y} - \\vec{\\lambda})^T V^{-1} (\\vec{y} - \\vec{\\lambda}) \\right]", "Then maximizing the likelihood is equivalent to minimizing", "$$\n\\chi^2(\\vec{\\theta}) = \\sum_{i,j=1}^{N} (y_i - \\lambda(x_i; \\vec{\\theta})) (V^{-1})_{ij} (y_j - \\lambda(x_j; \\vec{\\theta}))\n$$"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_5.md", "title": "Windows安全体系演进与未来从芯片到云端", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_5.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《Windows安全体系演进与未来从芯片到云端》这份文档的主标题是什么？", "answer": "Windows安全体系演进之路", "evidence": ["# Windows安全体系演进之路"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_5.md", "title": "Windows安全体系演进与未来从芯片到云端", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_5.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在文档《Windows安全体系演进与未来从芯片到云端》中，“Windows安全体系的未来”部分的“支持的硬件安全特性”下列出的两项是什么？", "answer": "Hardware-enforced Stack Protection；Microsoft Pluton security processor", "evidence": ["### ● 支持的硬件安全特性", "* Hardware-enforced Stack Protection", "* Microsoft Pluton security processor"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_5.md", "title": "Windows安全体系演进与未来从芯片到云端", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_5.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《Windows安全体系演进与未来从芯片到云端》中，“Windows安全体系发展历史”的“安全体系的建立”章节中提到的两个子主题是什么？", "answer": "Windows Defender 应用程序防护；基于虚拟化的安全", "evidence": ["## ● 安全体系的建立", "### ● Windows Defender 应用程序防护", "### ● 基于虚拟化的安全"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_5.md", "title": "Windows安全体系演进与未来从芯片到云端", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_5.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《Windows安全体系演进与未来从芯片到云端》文档中，“Windows安全体系的未来”部分的“缺省启用的安全机制”列表共有多少个条目？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["### ● 缺省启用的安全机制", "* Virtualization-Based Security (VBS)", "* Hypervisor-protected Code Integrity (HVCI)", "* Secure Boot", "* Windows Hello"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_5.md", "title": "Windows安全体系演进与未来从芯片到云端", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_5.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《Windows安全体系演进与未来从芯片到云端》一文中，“发展历史”与“未来”部分都涉及与虚拟化相关的安全。在“安全体系的建立”和“缺省启用的安全机制”这两个部分中它分别是什么名称？", "answer": "基于虚拟化的安全；Virtualization-Based Security (VBS)", "evidence": ["### ● 基于虚拟化的安全", "### ● 缺省启用的安全机制", "* Virtualization-Based Security (VBS)"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_22.md", "title": "中国首款肠外营养复方电解质：钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_22.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《中国首款肠外营养复方电解质：钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液》的产品基本信息表中，是否为OTC药品？", "answer": "否", "evidence": ["| 是否为OTC药品 | 否 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_22.md", "title": "中国首款肠外营养复方电解质：钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_22.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在“中国首款肠外营养复方电解质：钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液”的电解质含量折算表中，MgSO₄对应的数值是多少？", "answer": "0.6g", "evidence": ["| NaCl | KCl | CaCl₂ | MgSO₄ | CH₃COO⁻ | ", "| 2g | 1.5g | 0.3g | 0.6g | 1.77g | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_22.md", "title": "中国首款肠外营养复方电解质：钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_22.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《中国首款肠外营养复方电解质：钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液》的产品基本信息中，“钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液”在中国大陆的首次上市时间，以及其全球首个上市国家/地区及上市时间分别是什么？", "answer": "2023年1月19日；美国, 1984年7月", "evidence": ["| 通用名称 | 钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液 | 中国大陆首次上市时间 | 2023年1月19日 | ", "| 注册分类 | 化药3类 | 全球首个上市国家/地区以及上市时间 | 美国, 1984年7月 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_22.md", "title": "中国首款肠外营养复方电解质：钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_22.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《中国首款肠外营养复方电解质：钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液》一文的“临床常见电解质产品中各电解质含量的对比”表中，共列出了多少种产品？", "answer": "4种", "evidence": ["| 乳酸钠林格液 | 130 | 4 | 109 | 3 | - | ", "| 醋酸钠林格液 | 142 | 5 | 98 | - | 2 | ", "| 复方电解质V (500ml) | 142 | 5 | 98 | - | 1.5 | ", "| 钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液 (20ml) | 35 | 20 | 35 | 2.25 | 2.5 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_22.md", "title": "中国首款肠外营养复方电解质：钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_22.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在文档《中国首款肠外营养复方电解质：钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液》中的“临床常见电解质产品中各电解质含量的对比”表，哪种产品的K+(mmol/L)数值最高？", "answer": "钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液 (20ml)", "evidence": ["| 产品名称 | Na+(mmol/L) | K+(mmol/L) | Cl-(mmol/L) | Ca2+(mmol/L) | Mg2+(mmol/L) |
|---|
", "| 乳酸钠林格液 | 130 | 4 | 109 | 3 | - | ", "| 醋酸钠林格液 | 142 | 5 | 98 | - | 2 | ", "| 复方电解质V (500ml) | 142 | 5 | 98 | - | 1.5 | ", "| 钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液 (20ml) | 35 | 20 | 35 | 2.25 | 2.5 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_3.md", "title": "小红书保健品行业洞察与营销策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_3.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《小红书保健品行业洞察与营销策略》中，“中国保健品行业市场规模及预测”的数据来源是什么？", "answer": "数据来源：艾媒咨询《2023 - 2024年中国保健品行业研究及消费者洞察报告》", "evidence": ["数据来源：艾媒咨询《2023 - 2024年中国保健品行业研究及消费者洞察报告》"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_3.md", "title": "小红书保健品行业洞察与营销策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_3.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《小红书保健品行业洞察与营销策略》的“保健品行业 营销阵地图”中，“声量+”下包含哪两项？", "answer": "平台IP - 引爆影响 品牌广告 - 扩散认知", "evidence": ["#### 声量+", "平台IP - 引爆影响", "品牌广告 - 扩散认知"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_3.md", "title": "小红书保健品行业洞察与营销策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_3.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《小红书保健品行业洞察与营销策略》中，“保健品赛道的高热度带动「大健康人群」在小红书域内高速增长”提到，19-40岁用户中有多少比例平时会吃保健品，并且哪些人群渗透更高？", "answer": "51.2%的小红书19-40岁用户平时会吃保健品，其中女性和26+人群相对渗透更高。", "evidence": ["51.2%的小红书19-40岁用户平时会吃保健品，其中女性和26+人群相对渗透更高。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_3.md", "title": "小红书保健品行业洞察与营销策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_3.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《小红书保健品行业洞察与营销策略》的“吃保健品的契机”中，一共列出多少条契机？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["#### 吃保健品的契机", "- 加班或应酬时身体感到疲惫或明显的不适", "- 体检指标出现异常", "- 网上/身边同事推荐"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_2.md", "title": "学前美育：背景、问题痛点、政策支持与市场前景", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_2.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《学前美育：背景、问题痛点、政策支持与市场前景》的“项目愿景”中“高质量亲子陪伴认同率提升”段落里，截至2024年市场规模达到多少？", "answer": "1767.2亿", "evidence": ["截止2024年市场规模就达到了1767.2亿就中国教育行业融资领域分布，学前教育有28%的占比。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_2.md", "title": "学前美育：背景、问题痛点、政策支持与市场前景", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_2.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《学前美育：背景、问题痛点、政策支持与市场前景》中的“存在问题”部分，编号为“2.”的问题是什么？", "answer": "课程实践性不强", "evidence": ["2. 课程实践性不强"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_2.md", "title": "学前美育：背景、问题痛点、政策支持与市场前景", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_2.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《学前美育：背景、问题痛点、政策支持与市场前景》中，“存在问题”部分共列出了多少条问题？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["1. 教学模式单一", "2. 课程实践性不强", "3. 课程体系和教学材料不完善"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_2.md", "title": "学前美育：背景、问题痛点、政策支持与市场前景", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_2.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《学前美育：背景、问题痛点、政策支持与市场前景》中，结合“政策支持”和后续行业描述，随着近年相关政策的放开，文中预测行业将出现何种变化？", "answer": "预计将有爆发式增长。", "evidence": ["随着近年相关政策的放开，预计将有爆发式增长。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_30.md", "title": "Designing Relational Databases: Normalization, 3NF, and Relational Operators", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_30.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In the document \"Designing Relational Databases: Normalization, 3NF, and Relational Operators\", within the \"3rd Normal form\" OWNER TABLE, what is the Owner_name for Owner_ID 005?", "answer": "Bertrand. K", "evidence": [" \n | 005 | \n Bertrand. K | \n 1097 Bertrand | \n | \n | \n | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_30.md", "title": "Designing Relational Databases: Normalization, 3NF, and Relational Operators", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_30.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to \"Designing Relational Databases: Normalization, 3NF, and Relational Operators\", in the 3rd Normal Form PARCEL table, what is the street name for Parcel_ID 75?", "answer": "Dadlexz", "evidence": [" \n | 75 | \n 1175 | \n Dadlexz | \n 12 | \n 004 | \n 98,000 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_30.md", "title": "Designing Relational Databases: Normalization, 3NF, and Relational Operators", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_30.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In Appendix I of 'Database Normalization' in 'Designing Relational Databases: Normalization, 3NF, and Relational Operators', within the JOIN of the Store Table and Supplier Table, what location corresponds to supplier 'Diet-Crème' with flavor 'cottage cheese'?", "answer": "Colorado", "evidence": ["\n| Diet-Crème | \ncottage cheese | \nDiet-Crème | \nColorado | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_30.md", "title": "Designing Relational Databases: Normalization, 3NF, and Relational Operators", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_30.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In the document \"Designing Relational Databases: Normalization, 3NF, and Relational Operators,\" using the \"Database Normalization\" 3rd Normal Form tables, which Owner_name values correspond to Parcel_ID 9 (combine PARCEL TABLE to find Owner_IDs and OWNER TABLE to find names)?", "answer": "Adams, K; Adams, M", "evidence": [" \n | 9 | \n 590 | \n Sadowski | \n 2 | \n 002 | \n 89,780 | \n ", " \n | 9 | \n 590 | \n Sadowski | \n 2 | \n 003 | \n 89,780 | \n ", " \n | 002 | \n Adams, K | \n 590 Sadowski | \n | \n | \n | \n ", " \n | 003 | \n Adams, M | \n 590 Sadowski | \n | \n | \n | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_14.md", "title": "ueBIM 2025：国产BIM基础平台的技术突破与应用生态", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_14.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《ueBIM 2025：国产BIM基础平台的技术突破与应用生态》中，“BIM基础平台”表格里，Revit 的产品特点是什么？", "answer": "擅长处理房建工程参数化驱动的几何造型", "evidence": [" Revit | ", " 擅长处理房建工程参数化驱动的几何造型 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_14.md", "title": "ueBIM 2025：国产BIM基础平台的技术突破与应用生态", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_14.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《ueBIM 2025：国产BIM基础平台的技术突破与应用生态》的“BIM基础平台”表格中，“Catia”对应的产品特点是什么？", "answer": "擅长机械设计加工各种造型的零部件表达", "evidence": [" Catia | ", " 擅长机械设计加工各种造型的零部件表达 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_14.md", "title": "ueBIM 2025：国产BIM基础平台的技术突破与应用生态", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_14.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《ueBIM 2025：国产BIM基础平台的技术突破与应用生态》的“应用案例_基于BIM项目的协同管理平台”中，采用了哪种“两端一云”模式？请分别列出“两端”和“一云”的具体内容。", "answer": "Web端、移动终端；云协同、云存储", "evidence": ["采用两端(Web端、移动终端)一云(云协同、云存储)的模式,利用BIM模型的数据集成能力,实现项目的可视化、动态化、精细化、规范化管理,从而达到缩短工期、控制成本、减少变更、提升质量、预防事故、打造项目数字资产的目的。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_14.md", "title": "ueBIM 2025：国产BIM基础平台的技术突破与应用生态", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_14.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《ueBIM 2025：国产BIM基础平台的技术突破与应用生态》中，“BIM基础平台”表格列出了多少个平台名称？", "answer": "3", "evidence": [" Revit | ", " Microstation | ", " Catia | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_14.md", "title": "ueBIM 2025：国产BIM基础平台的技术突破与应用生态", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_14.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《ueBIM 2025：国产BIM基础平台的技术突破与应用生态》一文中，产品框架“一站式解决方案”共列出了多少项内容？是否包含“族库平台”？", "answer": "共12项，包含“族库平台”", "evidence": ["建筑 结构 暖通 给排水 电气 装配式", "室内精装 园林景观 渲染平台 协同平台 族制作平台 族库平台"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_6.md", "title": "Naturamin®-Plus: Amino Acid Micronutrient Biostimulant for Organic Crops", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_6.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In the document \"Naturamin®-Plus: Amino Acid Micronutrient Biostimulant for Organic Crops,\" in the GUARANTEED CONTENT table, what is the concentration for \"Free amino acids...\"?", "answer": "400.0 g/L", "evidence": ["Free amino acids... | ", "400.0 g/L | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_6.md", "title": "Naturamin®-Plus: Amino Acid Micronutrient Biostimulant for Organic Crops", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_6.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In the Naturamin®-Plus GUARANTEED CONTENT table of the document \"Naturamin®-Plus: Amino Acid Micronutrient Biostimulant for Organic Crops,\" which component corresponds to the value \"2.5 g/L\"?", "answer": "Zinc (Zn)...", "evidence": ["Zinc (Zn)... | ", "2.5 g/L | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_6.md", "title": "Naturamin®-Plus: Amino Acid Micronutrient Biostimulant for Organic Crops", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_6.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "What is the total concentration (g/L) when adding Boron (B), Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), and Zinc (Zn) from the GUARANTEED CONTENT table in the document “Naturamin®-Plus: Amino Acid Micronutrient Biostimulant for Organic Crops”?", "answer": "25.0 g/L", "evidence": ["1.3 g/L | ", "1.2 g/L | ", "12.5 g/L | ", "7.5 g/L | ", "2.5 g/L | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_27.md", "title": "投入产出表视角下的产业结构变迁与全球价值链分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_27.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《投入产出表视角下的产业结构变迁与全球价值链分析》中，关于图表29（三大需求对GDP增长贡献率），2019年最终消费支出对国内生产总值增长贡献率是多少？", "answer": "57.8", "evidence": ["| 最终消费支出对国内生产总值增长贡献率(%) | 47.4 | 65.7 | 55.4 | 50.2 | 56.3 | 69 | 66.5 | 57.5 | 65.9 | 57.8 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_27.md", "title": "投入产出表视角下的产业结构变迁与全球价值链分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_27.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《投入产出表视角下的产业结构变迁与全球价值链分析》的图表24（2002~2017年各行业影响力系数）中，“电子”行业在2017年的影响力系数参数值和排序分别是多少？", "answer": "参数值为1.32，排序为1", "evidence": ["| 电子 | 1.18 | 6 | 1.25 | 5 | 1.28 | 3 | 1.32 | 1 | 0.01 | 18 | 0.02 | 15 | 0.02 | 13 | 0.02 | 15 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_27.md", "title": "投入产出表视角下的产业结构变迁与全球价值链分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_27.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《投入产出表视角下的产业结构变迁与全球价值链分析》的图表26：2002~2017年各行业生产诱发度（消费）中，“食品饮料”在2012年和2017年的排序分别是多少？", "answer": "2012年为1，2017年为1", "evidence": ["| 食品饮料 | 0.16 | 3 | 0.24 | 3 | 0.27 | 1 | 0.25 | 1 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_27.md", "title": "投入产出表视角下的产业结构变迁与全球价值链分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_27.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《投入产出表视角下的产业结构变迁与全球价值链分析》的图表29“三大需求对GDP增长贡献率”中，“最终消费支出对国内生产总值增长贡献率(%)”低于60%的年份共有多少个？", "answer": "6", "evidence": ["| 最终消费支出对国内生产总值增长贡献率(%) | 47.4 | 65.7 | 55.4 | 50.2 | 56.3 | 69 | 66.5 | 57.5 | 65.9 | 57.8 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_27.md", "title": "投入产出表视角下的产业结构变迁与全球价值链分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_27.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《投入产出表视角下的产业结构变迁与全球价值链分析》的图表24：2002~2017年各行业影响力系数中，“建筑”行业的“产业影响力系数”排序在2002、2007、2012、2017是否均为第1？若是，请给出2017年的“产业影响力系数”参数值。", "answer": "是；0.23", "evidence": ["| 建筑 | 1.16 | 8 | 1.14 | 11 | 1.12 | 12 | 1.12 | 11 | 0.19 | 1 | 0.19 | 1 | 0.22 | 1 | 0.23 | 1 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_15.md", "title": "星伯锐台球桌品牌故事与制造流程", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_15.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《星伯锐台球桌品牌故事与制造流程》，在“01 品牌故事-转型背景与契机”中，星伯锐转型的重要契机出现于哪一年？", "answer": "2018年", "evidence": ["2018年，市场上对高品质自主品牌台球桌的需求开始显现，这成为星伯锐转型的重要契机。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_15.md", "title": "星伯锐台球桌品牌故事与制造流程", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_15.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《星伯锐台球桌品牌故事与制造流程》中，“02工厂实拍-车间整体布局”里，生产车间划分为哪些区域？", "answer": "划分为原材料区、加工区、组装区和质检区。", "evidence": ["星伯锐的生产车间总面积达5000平方米，划分为原材料区、加工区、组装区和质检区。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_15.md", "title": "星伯锐台球桌品牌故事与制造流程", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_15.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《星伯锐台球桌品牌故事与制造流程》的“01 品牌故事-转型成果与里程碑”中，哪一年自主品牌销售额占总销售额的比例达到了多少？", "answer": "2023年，自主品牌销售额占总销售额的比例达到了60%", "evidence": ["2023年，自主品牌销售额占总销售额的比例达到了60%，成为国内知名的台球桌品牌。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_15.md", "title": "星伯锐台球桌品牌故事与制造流程", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_15.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《星伯锐台球桌品牌故事与制造流程》中的“02工厂实拍-安全与环保措施”里，车间配备了多少个消防栓？", "answer": "5个消防栓", "evidence": ["配备了20个灭火器和5个消防栓"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_15.md", "title": "星伯锐台球桌品牌故事与制造流程", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_15.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《星伯锐台球桌品牌故事与制造流程》文档中，“01 品牌故事-品牌定位与核心价值确立”部分，星伯锐的品牌定位与核心价值分别是什么？", "answer": "星伯锐将品牌定位为高端、专业的台球桌制造商,核心价值是“品质至上、创新驱动”。", "evidence": ["星伯锐将品牌定位为高端、专业的台球桌制造商,核心价值是“品质至上、创新驱动”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_18.md", "title": "Kalman Filter Helix Track Fitting with Material and Field Effects", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_18.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《Kalman Filter Helix Track Fitting with Material and Field Effects》的“Kalman Filter介绍”中，Kalman filter由什么描述？", "answer": "Kalman filter 由一系列递归数学公式描述", "evidence": ["Kalman filter 由一系列递归数学公式描述"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_18.md", "title": "Kalman Filter Helix Track Fitting with Material and Field Effects", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_18.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《Kalman Filter Helix Track Fitting with Material and Field Effects》的“Equation for state vector”部分，传输矩阵和测量方程中的增益矩阵符号分别是什么？", "answer": "F_{k-1} 和 H_k", "evidence": ["$F_{k-1}$:传输矩阵, $\\eta_{k-1}$:随机的传输误差", "$H_k$:状态矢量$x_k$对测量量$m_k$的增益矩阵"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_18.md", "title": "Kalman Filter Helix Track Fitting with Material and Field Effects", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_18.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《Kalman Filter Helix Track Fitting with Material and Field Effects》一文中，“漂移距离计算示意图”中列出了多少条要点？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["* 不考虑物质效应", "* 从寻迹过程得到的径迹参数为初值", "* 计算理论漂移距离及其对径迹参数的", "* 多次迭代, 拟合过程中考虑丢点", "* 考虑到磁场不均匀性, 采用分段螺旋"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_18.md", "title": "Kalman Filter Helix Track Fitting with Material and Field Effects", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_18.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《Kalman Filter Helix Track Fitting with Material and Field Effects》中，根据“状态矢量的逼真化”的说明，过滤与光滑的真实性关系是什么？", "answer": "* 过滤比预言更真实\n\n* 光滑比过滤更真实", "evidence": ["* 过滤比预言更真实", "* 光滑比过滤更真实"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_12.md", "title": "后疫情时代数字文化产业高质量发展：以微信视频号为例", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_12.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《后疫情时代数字文化产业高质量发展：以微信视频号为例》中的表1，日期为“2022年6月24日”的直播内容是什么？", "answer": "后街男孩 (Backstreet Boys) 全球首场线上演唱会", "evidence": ["| 2022年6月24日 | 后街男孩 (Backstreet Boys) 全球首场线上演唱会 | 观看量超4600万人次 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_12.md", "title": "后疫情时代数字文化产业高质量发展：以微信视频号为例", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_12.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《后疫情时代数字文化产业高质量发展：以微信视频号为例》中，微信视频号是哪一年开启内测，并在何年完成了功能迭代？", "answer": "2020年开启内测，2021年完成了功能迭代", "evidence": ["微信视频号于2020年开启内测，2021年完成了功能迭代，2022年持续发展。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_12.md", "title": "后疫情时代数字文化产业高质量发展：以微信视频号为例", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_12.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《后疫情时代数字文化产业高质量发展：以微信视频号为例》中，表1共列出了多少条线上演唱会相关记录？", "answer": "7", "evidence": ["2021年12月17日 | ", "2021年12月31日 | ", "2022年4月1日 | ", "2022年4月15日 | ", "2022年5月20日5月21日 | ", "2022年5月27日 | ", "2022年6月24日 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_19.md", "title": "从混沌到可预测：天气预报的数学", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_19.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《从混沌到可预测：天气预报的数学》的高度-温度-气压-风速-数据来源表中，“对流层 0-12”的数据来源是什么？", "answer": "地面站/探空仪/卫星", "evidence": ["地面站/探空仪/卫星 | ", "| 对流层 0-12 | 25 → -55 | 1013 → 193 | 5 → 25 | 地面站/探空仪/卫星 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_19.md", "title": "从混沌到可预测：天气预报的数学", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_19.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《从混沌到可预测：天气预报的数学》中的该表，请给出“平流层 12-50”在“风速(m/s)”列的数值范围。", "answer": "25 → 5", "evidence": ["25 → 5 | ", "| 平流层 12-50 | -55 → 0 | 193 → 1 | 25 → 5 | 卫星/火箭 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_19.md", "title": "从混沌到可预测：天气预报的数学", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_19.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《从混沌到可预测：天气预报的数学》中的同一表格里，“对流层 0-12”这一行的温度(°C)与气压(hPa)范围分别是什么？", "answer": "25 → -55；1013 → 193", "evidence": ["25 → -55 | ", "1013 → 193 | ", "| 对流层 0-12 | 25 → -55 | 1013 → 193 | 5 → 25 | 地面站/探空仪/卫星 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_16.md", "title": "琼台师范“馆地校”红色育人平台", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_16.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《琼台师范“馆地校”红色育人平台》中，“用好红色资源 赓续红色血脉”文末刊载信息中的国际标准连续出版物号是多少？", "answer": "ISSN 1002-2147", "evidence": ["国际标准连续出版物号 ISSN 1002-2147"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_16.md", "title": "琼台师范“馆地校”红色育人平台", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_16.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《琼台师范“馆地校”红色育人平台》一文中，“用好红色资源 赓续红色血脉”文末的“出版”栏下，列出的单位有哪些？请按原文给出。", "answer": "出版 陕西师范大学马克思主义学院\n 陕西师范大学哲学与政府管理学院\n 陕西师范大学出版总社", "evidence": ["出版 陕西师范大学马克思主义学院", " 陕西师范大学哲学与政府管理学院", " 陕西师范大学出版总社"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_16.md", "title": "琼台师范“馆地校”红色育人平台", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_16.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在“用好红色资源 赓续红色血脉”中，《琼台师范“馆地校”红色育人平台》中琼台师范学院打造的“馆地校”一体化建设平台由哪三部分构成？", "answer": "琼台书院博物馆、海南青年学生党校和海南省琼崖红色文化传承与创新研究基地", "evidence": ["琼台书院博物馆、海南青年学生党校和海南省琼崖红色文化传承与创新研究基地"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_16.md", "title": "琼台师范“馆地校”红色育人平台", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_16.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《琼台师范“馆地校”红色育人平台》一文的“用好红色资源 赓续红色血脉”部分，文中提到参观“主题教育展”的单位类别共有多少类？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["政府机关、国有企业、事业单位、大中小学和幼儿园"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_16.md", "title": "琼台师范“馆地校”红色育人平台", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_16.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《琼台师范“馆地校”红色育人平台》一文中“用好红色资源 赓续红色血脉”部分的数据，挂牌成立半年来举办的大型学术论坛数量与立项省级课题数量相加共是多少？", "answer": "7", "evidence": ["挂牌成立半年来,举办大型学术论坛1场,立项省级课题6项。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_28.md", "title": "投入产出模型性质的结构、边界与对偶分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_28.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《投入产出模型性质的结构、边界与对偶分析》一文中，“关键词”包含哪四项？", "answer": "投入产出; 结构分析; 供给驱动; 对偶", "evidence": ["**[关键词]** 投入产出; 结构分析; 供给驱动; 对偶"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_28.md", "title": "投入产出模型性质的结构、边界与对偶分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_28.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《投入产出模型性质的结构、边界与对偶分析》中通讯作者的电子信箱是什么？", "answer": "xiaming@ruc.edu.cn", "evidence": ["电子信箱:xiaming@ruc.edu.cn"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_28.md", "title": "投入产出模型性质的结构、边界与对偶分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_28.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《投入产出模型性质的结构、边界与对偶分析》的国际投入产出模型定义中，国家2最终需求带来的国家1的增加值 v_{12} 被称为什么？", "answer": "国家 1 对国家 2 的增加值出口", "evidence": ["式中, 把国家 2 最终需求 $(y_{12}, y_{22})^T$ 带来的国家 1 的增加值 $v_{12}$ 称为国家 1 对国家 2 的增加值出口。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_28.md", "title": "投入产出模型性质的结构、边界与对偶分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_28.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《投入产出模型性质的结构、边界与对偶分析》中，作者指出两种价格影响模型之间的区别是什么？", "answer": "区别仅仅在于经济边界的划分。", "evidence": ["两种模型只是形式不同, 模型性质完全一致, 都是测算外生冲击如何对经济系统内的产品价格产生影响。", "区别仅仅在于经济边界的划分。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_8.md", "title": "VATEE万腾全球差价合约经纪商概览与监管资质", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_8.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《VATEE万腾全球差价合约经纪商概览与监管资质》的“企业概况”中，Vatee万腾成立于哪一年？", "answer": "2013年", "evidence": ["Vatee万腾成立于2013年"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_8.md", "title": "VATEE万腾全球差价合约经纪商概览与监管资质", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_8.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《VATEE万腾全球差价合约经纪商概览与监管资质》的“企业概况”和“监管信息”两个部分中，美国NFA的监管号是什么？", "answer": "0546588", "evidence": ["美国全国期货协会(NFA: 0546588)", "### 美国NFA注册 (监管号: 0546588)"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_8.md", "title": "VATEE万腾全球差价合约经纪商概览与监管资质", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_8.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《VATEE万腾全球差价合约经纪商概览与监管资质》的“资金安全”部分，客户资金是否与自有资金隔离存放？并请给出其中一家用于隔离银行账户的银行英文名称。", "answer": "必须将客户资金和资产与自有资金隔离存放；American Express Bank Limited", "evidence": ["与一般银行不同,像Vatee这样的交易商公司必须将客户资金和资产与自有资金隔离存放。", "(American Express Bank Limited)"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_11.md", "title": "偏差处理中的质量风险管理与评估工具应用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_11.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《偏差处理中的质量风险管理与评估工具应用》的“内容简介”部分，列出的第一个条目是什么？", "answer": "1 2010版GMP 对偏差和质量风险管理的要求", "evidence": ["1 2010版GMP 对偏差和质量风险管理的要求"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_11.md", "title": "偏差处理中的质量风险管理与评估工具应用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_11.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《偏差处理中的质量风险管理与评估工具应用》中，“风险分析”里的“严重性（S）”表格中“重大”的分数是多少？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["| 重大 | 2 | 对产品质量有中等或较大的影响,不但对本批有影响,可能还会影响其他批次。例如:筛网与摇摆式颗粒机不配套,造成药粉颗粒不均,影响产品装量差异 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_11.md", "title": "偏差处理中的质量风险管理与评估工具应用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_11.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《偏差处理中的质量风险管理与评估工具应用》中，“风险管理在偏差处理流程中的应用阶段”里，哪一项描述被归为“风险接受的过程”？", "answer": "偏差终审人员根据纠正及预防措施实施的效果对相关物料做出最终的处理意见", "evidence": ["偏差终审人员根据纠正及预防措施实施的效果对相关物料做出最终的处理意见", "即风险接受的过程。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_11.md", "title": "偏差处理中的质量风险管理与评估工具应用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_11.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《偏差处理中的质量风险管理与评估工具应用》的“内容简介”共列出了多少项？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["1 2010版GMP 对偏差和质量风险管理的要求", "2 偏差处理的一般流程", "3 风险评估工具的应用的阶段", "4 如何使用风险评估工具", "5 案例分析"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_11.md", "title": "偏差处理中的质量风险管理与评估工具应用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_11.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "结合《偏差处理中的质量风险管理与评估工具应用》，根据“2010版GMP 对偏差和质量风险管理的要求”的“第二百四十九条”，对重大偏差的评估除产品质量潜在影响外，还应考虑哪些方面，并在必要时采取什么措施？", "answer": "对重大偏差的评估还应当考虑是否需要对产品进行额外的检验以及对产品有效期的影响，必要时，应当对涉及重大偏差的产品进行稳定性考察。", "evidence": ["第二百四十九条 任何偏差都应当评估其对产品质量的潜在影响。企业可以根据偏差的性质、范围、对产品质量潜在影响的程度将偏差分类（如重大、次要偏差），对重大偏差的评估还应当考虑是否需要对产品进行额外的检验以及对产品有效期的影响，必要时，应当对涉及重大偏差的产品进行稳定性考察。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_1.md", "title": "2022年工业信息安全态势与事件分析报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《2022年工业信息安全态势与事件分析报告》的发布日期是什么？", "answer": "2023.02", "evidence": ["2023.02"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_1.md", "title": "2022年工业信息安全态势与事件分析报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《2022年工业信息安全态势与事件分析报告》的“Q | 报告目录”中，编号“03”对应的章节标题是什么？", "answer": "技术趋势", "evidence": ["### 03", "技术趋势"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_1.md", "title": "2022年工业信息安全态势与事件分析报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《2022年工业信息安全态势与事件分析报告》的“## 01”部分下的“### 事件分析”中，列出的最后一个主题是什么？", "answer": "地缘政治冲突推动安全风险升级", "evidence": ["## 01", "### 事件分析", "地缘政治冲突推动安全风险升级"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_1.md", "title": "2022年工业信息安全态势与事件分析报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《2022年工业信息安全态势与事件分析报告》的“Q | 报告目录”中，按编号列出的章节共有多少项？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["### 01", "### 02", "### 03", "### 04"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_9.md", "title": "WEN能源链：现实资产上链与去中心化券商生态", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_9.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《WEN能源链：现实资产上链与去中心化券商生态》中，《WEN能源链 家族财富传承计划》的“代币经济模型”里，“发行总量”的具体表述是什么？", "answer": "WEN 代币总量恒定为 2.1 亿枚", "evidence": ["发行总量: WEN 代币总量恒定为 2.1 亿枚"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_9.md", "title": "WEN能源链：现实资产上链与去中心化券商生态", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_9.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《WEN能源链：现实资产上链与去中心化券商生态》的“关键创新”表格中，“能源指数机制（EI）”对应的“简述”为何？", "answer": "模拟电力成本, 确保铸币过程稀缺与真实", "evidence": ["| 能源指数机制 (EI) | 模拟电力成本, 确保铸币过程稀缺与真实 |
|---|
"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_9.md", "title": "WEN能源链：现实资产上链与去中心化券商生态", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_9.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《WEN能源链：现实资产上链与去中心化券商生态》文中提到的“五大协议”里，哪些协议名称包含“预言机”字样？请全部列出其原文名称。", "answer": "Realmint协议; OracleDEX协议; Autopeg协议", "evidence": ["##### Realmint协议 ", "—— 预言机 + 抵押铸币", "##### OracleDEX协议 ", "—— 预言机交易引擎", "##### Autopeg协议 ", "—— 预言机 + 自动清算"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_13.md", "title": "小红书爆款商业内容打造指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_13.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《小红书爆款商业内容打造指南》中提到，2021年小红书「空气炸锅」被搜索约多少次？", "answer": "被搜索约6000万次", "evidence": ["2021年小红书「空气炸锅」", "被搜索约6000万次"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_13.md", "title": "小红书爆款商业内容打造指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_13.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《小红书爆款商业内容打造指南》中，“30+ 垂类覆盖生活全场景”里包含“萌娃”的那组表格的全部项目是什么？", "answer": "| 娱乐资讯 | | 游戏 | | 动物 | | 文化艺术 | | 摄影 | | 婚嫁 | | 运动健身 | | 搞笑 | | 萌娃 | | 民生资讯 |
", "evidence": ["| 娱乐资讯 | | 游戏 | | 动物 | | 文化艺术 | | 摄影 | | 婚嫁 | | 运动健身 | | 搞笑 | | 萌娃 | | 民生资讯 |
"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_13.md", "title": "小红书爆款商业内容打造指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_13.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《小红书爆款商业内容打造指南》中，关于“每季度至少买一次”的这组消费品类统计，配套注明的Base和样本量分别是什么？", "answer": "Base: 近一年购买过美妆/护肤品的小红书用户, n=1517; 近一年购买过时尚/服饰类产品的小红书用户, n=1422", "evidence": ["每季度至少买一次", "Base: 近一年购买过美妆/护肤品的小红书用户, n=1517; 近一年购买过时尚/服饰类产品的小红书用户, n=1422"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_13.md", "title": "小红书爆款商业内容打造指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_13.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《小红书爆款商业内容打造指南》中，“30+ 垂类覆盖生活全场景”第一组表格（以“时尚”开头的那一组）包含多少个条目？", "answer": "10", "evidence": ["| 时尚 | | 兴趣爱好 | | 美食 | | 美妆个护 | | 生活记录 | | 教育 | | 家居装 | | 影视综 | | 母婴 | | 出行 |
"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_13.md", "title": "小红书爆款商业内容打造指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_13.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《小红书爆款商业内容打造指南》，在“每季度至少买一次”的各品类中，比例不低于85%的品类有哪些？（只需给出品类名称）", "answer": "护肤；服装鞋帽；彩妆", "evidence": ["护肤", "87%", "服装鞋帽", "85%", "彩妆", "85%"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_4.md", "title": "Olink Flex Panel for Circulating Biomarkers of Inflammation in Aging", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_4.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In the document \"Olink Flex Panel for Circulating Biomarkers of Inflammation in Aging,\" in \"Introducing Olink® Flex: Inflammation in aging panel,\" what document identifier, version, and date are listed at the end?", "answer": "1431, v1.0, 2024-02-22", "evidence": ["1431, v1.0, 2024-02-22"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_4.md", "title": "Olink Flex Panel for Circulating Biomarkers of Inflammation in Aging", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_4.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In \"Olink Flex Panel for Circulating Biomarkers of Inflammation in Aging,\" under \"Key publications,\" which journal published the study by Duggan M.R. et al.?", "answer": "Mol Psychiatry (2023)", "evidence": ["→ Duggan M.R. et al. Plasma proteins related to inflammatory diet predict future cognitive impairment. Mol Psychiatry (2023)"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_4.md", "title": "Olink Flex Panel for Circulating Biomarkers of Inflammation in Aging", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_4.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In the document \"Olink Flex Panel for Circulating Biomarkers of Inflammation in Aging,\" which protein is mentioned both as an immune-related example and as included in the Olink Flex Inflammation in aging panel?", "answer": "CDCP1", "evidence": ["For example, plasma levels of immune-related proteins such as CDCP1 and HGF have been shown to provide a link between inflammatory nutritional patterns and future cognitive impairment.", "The Olink Flex Inflammation in aging panel includes 21 protein biomarkers linked to age-related changes of the immune system, including CDCP1, STAMBP, RANK and PLAUR."]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_4.md", "title": "Olink Flex Panel for Circulating Biomarkers of Inflammation in Aging", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_4.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In \"Olink Flex Panel for Circulating Biomarkers of Inflammation in Aging,\" how many \"Key publications\" are listed?", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["→ Duggan M.R. et al. Plasma proteins related to inflammatory diet predict future cognitive impairment. Mol Psychiatry (2023)", "→ Cedeno-Veloz, B. et al. Serum biomarkers related to frailty predict negative outcomes in older adults with hip fracture. J Endocrinol Invest (2023).", "→ Mitchell, A. et al. Pro-Inflammatory Proteins Associated with Frailty and Its Progression—A Longitudinal Study in Community-Dwelling Women. J Bone Miner Res (2023)", "→ Llaurador-Coll M. et al. Plasma levels of neurology-related proteins are associated with cognitive performance in an older population with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome. Geroscience (2023)"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_4.md", "title": "Olink Flex Panel for Circulating Biomarkers of Inflammation in Aging", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_4.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "According to the \"Olink Flex Panel for Circulating Biomarkers of Inflammation in Aging\" description, how many protein biomarkers are included, and name two of them.", "answer": "21; CDCP1; RANK", "evidence": ["The Olink Flex Inflammation in aging panel includes 21 protein biomarkers linked to age-related changes of the immune system, including CDCP1, STAMBP, RANK and PLAUR."]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_10.md", "title": "牦牛谷物营养膳食粉成分与功效", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_10.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《牦牛谷物营养膳食粉成分与功效》文档中，“【产品名称】”对应的名称是什么？", "answer": "牦牛谷物营养膳食粉", "evidence": ["【产品名称】：牦牛谷物营养膳食粉"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_10.md", "title": "牦牛谷物营养膳食粉成分与功效", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_10.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《牦牛谷物营养膳食粉成分与功效》中，“4大进口成分”里的“浓缩乳清蛋白粉”的进口国家是哪一国？", "answer": "进口国家：澳大利亚", "evidence": ["#### 浓缩乳清蛋白粉", "进口国家：澳大利亚"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_10.md", "title": "牦牛谷物营养膳食粉成分与功效", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_10.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《托牛谷物营养膳食粉》多处强调产品“只提供能量和营养，不产生脂肪”。请从《牦牛谷物营养膳食粉成分与功效》中引用两处原文证明。", "answer": "【产品介绍】：全均衡营养餐，好吃抗饿又减脂，以天然谷物亚麻籽、燕麦、甘油二酯、全脂牦牛粉，以及多维元素等营养成分为主要替餐食品，只**提供能量和营养，不产生脂肪**，同时增强内脏脂肪氧化，促进脂肪转化分解为身体能量。\n**牦牛谷物营养膳食粉**是以亚麻籽粉、甘油二酯、全脂牦牛粉, 以及多维元素营养成分为主要替餐食品,只**提供能量和营养,不产生脂肪**,同时增强内脏脂肪氧化,促进脂肪转化分解为身体能量。以低能量,均衡营养摄入、强化免疫力、增强人体基础代谢等大原则的全新健康饮食方案。", "evidence": ["【产品介绍】：全均衡营养餐，好吃抗饿又减脂，以天然谷物亚麻籽、燕麦、甘油二酯、全脂牦牛粉，以及多维元素等营养成分为主要替餐食品，只**提供能量和营养，不产生脂肪**，同时增强内脏脂肪氧化，促进脂肪转化分解为身体能量。", "**牦牛谷物营养膳食粉**是以亚麻籽粉、甘油二酯、全脂牦牛粉, 以及多维元素营养成分为主要替餐食品,只**提供能量和营养,不产生脂肪**,同时增强内脏脂肪氧化,促进脂肪转化分解为身体能量。以低能量,均衡营养摄入、强化免疫力、增强人体基础代谢等大原则的全新健康饮食方案。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_10.md", "title": "牦牛谷物营养膳食粉成分与功效", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_10.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《牦牛谷物营养膳食粉成分与功效》的“食用方法”，若使用温开水冲泡，该水温应控制在多少度左右？并且每天的食用袋数上限是多少？请引用原文。", "answer": "1. 直接加入200ml温开水冲泡(水温45度左右，不宜过高)，摇均匀后即可食用；\n2. 每日建议1-2袋，每天食用不超过6袋，", "evidence": ["1. 直接加入200ml温开水冲泡(水温45度左右，不宜过高)，摇均匀后即可食用；", "2. 每日建议1-2袋，每天食用不超过6袋，"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_23.md", "title": "基于投入产出表的产业链划分与结构变迁", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_23.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《基于投入产出表的产业链划分与结构变迁》中，根据图表13，2017年“电子”行业的影响力系数排序是多少？", "answer": "1", "evidence": ["| 电子 | 1.62 | 3 | 0.02 | 15 | 1.34 | 1 | 0.015 | 17 | 3.79 | 6 | 3.681 | 4 | 4.74 | 5 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_23.md", "title": "基于投入产出表的产业链划分与结构变迁", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_23.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《基于投入产出表的产业链划分与结构变迁》的图表12中，“工业部门”的“总产出”数值是多少？", "answer": "2150", "evidence": ["| 工业部门 | 450 | 800 | 1250 | 500 | 300 | 100 | 900 | 2150 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_23.md", "title": "基于投入产出表的产业链划分与结构变迁", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_23.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《基于投入产出表的产业链划分与结构变迁》中的图表27（资本形成）中，“建筑”在2002年与2017年的参数值分别是多少？", "answer": "0.61；0.62", "evidence": ["| 建筑 | 0.61 | 1 | 0.54 | 1 | 0.54 | 1 | 0.62 | 1 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_23.md", "title": "基于投入产出表的产业链划分与结构变迁", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_23.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《基于投入产出表的产业链划分与结构变迁》图表26（消费）四个年份的排序里，哪一个行业在2002、2007、2012、2017四年中均位列前二？", "answer": "电力及公用事业", "evidence": ["| 电力及公用事业 | 0.24 | 2 | 0.28 | 1 | 0.25 | 2 | 0.23 | 2 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_29.md", "title": "法定计量单位使用与企业计量管理", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_29.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《法定计量单位使用与企业计量管理》的“SI基本单位的名称、符号”表中，“质量”的基本单位符号是什么？", "answer": "kg", "evidence": ["| 质量 | 千克 (公斤) | kg | KG、kG、Kg | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_29.md", "title": "法定计量单位使用与企业计量管理", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_29.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《法定计量单位使用与企业计量管理》中，《国防科技工业计量检定人员管理办法》的“国际单位制中具有专门名称的导出单位”表里，“压力、压强、应力”的单位符号被错误写成哪些形式？", "answer": "pa、PA、pA", "evidence": ["| 压力、压强、应力 | 帕[斯卡] | Pa | pa、PA、pA | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_29.md", "title": "法定计量单位使用与企业计量管理", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_29.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《法定计量单位使用与企业计量管理》的“我国选为法定单位的非SI单位”表中，“线密度”对应的单位名称和单位符号是什么？", "answer": "特克斯，tex", "evidence": ["| 平面角 | (角) 秒(角) 分度 | (\")(')(°) | | 质量 | 吨原子质量单位 | tu | | 线密度 | 特克斯 | tex | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_29.md", "title": "法定计量单位使用与企业计量管理", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_29.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《国防科技工业计量检定人员管理办法》的“SI基本单位的名称、符号”表中，“错误符号”一栏为空的基本单位共有几个？（见《法定计量单位使用与企业计量管理》）", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["| 电流强度 | 安[培] | A | | ", "| 热力学温度 | 开[尔文] | K | | ", "| 发光强度 | 坎[德拉] | cd | | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_29.md", "title": "法定计量单位使用与企业计量管理", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_29.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "结合《法定计量单位使用与企业计量管理》，根据《国防科技工业计量检定人员管理办法》中“SI词头名称、符号”表与“SI基本单位的名称、符号”表，‘千米’的符号应如何表示？", "answer": "km", "evidence": ["| 名称 | 尧[它] | 泽[它] | 艾[可萨] | 拍[它] | 太[拉] | 吉[咖] | 兆 | 千 | 百 | 十 | ", "| 符号 | Y | Z | E | P | T | G | M | k | h | da | ", "| 长度 | 米 | m | M | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_7.md", "title": "《西游记》专题化阅读与写作训练", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_7.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在文档《西游记》专题化阅读与写作训练中，《读〈西游记〉解锁阅读经典的新方法（上）》的作者是谁？", "answer": "魏凤英", "evidence": ["北京十一晋元中学 魏凤英", "魏凤英:中学高级教师,北京市海淀区语文学科带头人,北京十一晋元中学语文教师。参加过多项省市级课题研究。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_7.md", "title": "《西游记》专题化阅读与写作训练", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_7.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《西游记》专题化阅读与写作训练》中，《读《西游记》解锁阅读经典的新方法(上)》如何概述《西游记》的叙述主线以及串起的故事数量？", "answer": "《西游记》以唐僧师徒四人西天取经为叙述主线,串起81难故事,", "evidence": ["《西游记》以唐僧师徒四人西天取经为叙述主线,串起81难故事,"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_7.md", "title": "《西游记》专题化阅读与写作训练", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_7.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《《西游记》专题化阅读与写作训练》中的《读《西游记》解锁阅读经典的新方法(上)》，新教材对《朝花夕拾》提出的阅读任务共有几项？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["《朝花夕拾》中要求完成“了解鲁迅生活的那些年”“认识鲁迅笔下的那些人”“体会鲁迅心中的那些情”三个任务,"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_7.md", "title": "《西游记》专题化阅读与写作训练", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_7.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《《西游记》专题化阅读与写作训练》中，作者如何概括景物与人物、事件的关系所起的预示作用？", "answer": "景物的特征预示着将要面临的灾难,也暗示着要出现的形象并非善类。", "evidence": ["景物的特征预示着将要面临的灾难,也暗示着要出现的形象并非善类。", "通过这样的方法,可以体会景和人、景和事、景和情的关系。"]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_25.md", "title": "女性地位与主观幸福感：基于CFPS的教育异质性分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_25.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《女性地位与主观幸福感：基于CFPS的教育异质性分析》的表2中，变量“compare”的P50是多少？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["| compare | 2298 | 2.010 | 0.575 | 2 | 1 | 3 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_25.md", "title": "女性地位与主观幸福感：基于CFPS的教育异质性分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_25.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《女性地位与主观幸福感：基于CFPS的教育异质性分析》一文中，表1“控制变量”里变量组 Individual 下的“age2”的单位是什么？", "answer": "岁", "evidence": ["| Individual | age | 年龄 | 岁 | ", "| age2 | 年龄 | 岁 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_25.md", "title": "女性地位与主观幸福感：基于CFPS的教育异质性分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_25.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《女性地位与主观幸福感：基于CFPS的教育异质性分析》中，结合表2与表4，“lnIncome”的Mean值是多少？在表4回归中对应的“p > |t|”是多少？", "answer": "Mean 为 10.116；p > |t| 为 0.717", "evidence": ["| lnIncome | 2266 | 10.116 | 0.946 | 10.309 | 0 | 12.628 | ", "| lnIncome | 0.143 | 0.039 | 0.36 | 0.717 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "colourful_background", "filename": "colourful_background_25.md", "title": "女性地位与主观幸福感：基于CFPS的教育异质性分析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_25.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《女性地位与主观幸福感：基于CFPS的教育异质性分析》一文的表3“分地区变量描述性统计”中列出了几个地区？", "answer": "3", "evidence": [" | 西部地区 | 中部地区 | 东部地区 |
|---|
"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_178-P20.md", "title": "第十届上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_178-P20.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《第十届上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳》这篇报道中，开幕夜共聚的具体时间是何时？", "answer": "16日晚", "evidence": ["16日晚共聚第十届上海电影节开幕夜"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_178-P20.md", "title": "第十届上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_178-P20.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《第十届上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳》的红毯环节描述中，《灌篮》剧组的前锋是谁？", "answer": "周杰伦", "evidence": ["周杰伦作前锋的《灌篮》剧组"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_178-P20.md", "title": "第十届上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_178-P20.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《第十届上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳》一文中，对张曼玉与粱珞施的着装分别如何描述？请给出两段原文。", "answer": "张曼玉身着一袭黑色透视上衣搭配白色的蓬蓬裙；粱珞施身着黄色的蛋糕裙", "evidence": ["张曼玉身着一袭黑色透视上衣搭配白色的蓬蓬裙", "粱珞施身着黄色的蛋糕裙"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_178-P20.md", "title": "第十届上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_178-P20.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《第十届上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳》文中列举的女星性感造型共有多少种？", "answer": "6", "evidence": ["光头、透视、镂空、低胸、制服、超短裙"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_003-P20.md", "title": "土地整理重点：耕地保护与高标准基本农田建设", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_003-P20.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《土地整理重点：耕地保护与高标准基本农田建设》文中提出的全国耕地保有量目标是多少？", "answer": "18亿亩", "evidence": ["全国耕地保有量18亿亩"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_003-P20.md", "title": "土地整理重点：耕地保护与高标准基本农田建设", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_003-P20.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《土地整理重点：耕地保护与高标准基本农田建设》一文中，文本对东部、中部粮食主产区、西部生态脆弱地区分别提出了什么土地整理重点？请按地区逐一给出原文表述。", "answer": "东部地区以建设高标准农田为主要任务;中部粮食主产区以保护和提高基本农田的粮食综合生产能力为主要目的;西部生态脆弱地区加大对平坝和缓坡耕地的整理力度,加大对坡改梯、淤坝地以及对出现沙化趋势耕地的建设和整治力度,加强本口粮田建设。", "evidence": ["东部地区以建设高标准农田为主要任务;中部粮食主产区以保护和提高基本农田的粮食综合生产能力为主要目的;西部生态脆弱地区加大对平坝和缓坡耕地的整理力度,加大对坡改梯、淤坝地以及对出现沙化趋势耕地的建设和整治力度,加强本口粮田建设。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_003-P20.md", "title": "土地整理重点：耕地保护与高标准基本农田建设", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_003-P20.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《土地整理重点：耕地保护与高标准基本农田建设》，为了实现全国耕地保有量18亿亩的目标，将紧紧围绕什么开展土地整理？同时，新时期还将紧紧围绕什么开展土地整理？", "answer": "将紧紧围绕耕地保护目标开展土地整理。新时期还将紧紧围绕基本农田保护和建设开展土地整理。", "evidence": ["为实现全国耕地保有量18亿亩的目标,将紧紧围绕耕地保护目标开展土地整理。", "新时期还将紧紧围绕基本农田保护和建设开展土地整理。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_003-P20.md", "title": "土地整理重点：耕地保护与高标准基本农田建设", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_003-P20.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《土地整理重点：耕地保护与高标准基本农田建设》一文中，以分号分隔的地区任务描述共有多少段？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["东部地区以建设高标准农田为主要任务;中部粮食主产区以保护和提高基本农田的粮食综合生产能力为主要目的;西部生态脆弱地区加大对平坝和缓坡耕地的整理力度,加大对坡改梯、淤坝地以及对出现沙化趋势耕地的建设和整治力度,加强本口粮田建设。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_003-P20.md", "title": "土地整理重点：耕地保护与高标准基本农田建设", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_003-P20.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《土地整理重点：耕地保护与高标准基本农田建设》中，东部、中部两类地区的安排中，哪个使用了“主要任务”，哪个使用了“主要目的”？请给出对应的原文短句。", "answer": "东部地区以建设高标准农田为主要任务;中部粮食主产区以保护和提高基本农田的粮食综合生产能力为主要目的", "evidence": ["东部地区以建设高标准农田为主要任务", "中部粮食主产区以保护和提高基本农田的粮食综合生产能力为主要目的"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_120-P17.md", "title": "中国星级饭店评审改革：暗访为主重软件", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_120-P17.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《中国星级饭店评审改革：暗访为主重软件》文中描述，目前中国星级饭店已经达到多少家？", "answer": "13378家", "evidence": ["目前中国星级饭店已经达到13378家。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_120-P17.md", "title": "中国星级饭店评审改革：暗访为主重软件", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_120-P17.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《中国星级饭店评审改革：暗访为主重软件》一文中，记者是从哪一天、在哪里结束的什么会议上获悉相关信息？", "answer": "18日在博鳌结束的国家级星评员换届及培训会议", "evidence": ["记者从18日在博鳌结束的国家级星评员换届及培训会议上获悉,", "18日在博鳌结束的国家级星评员换届及培训会议"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_120-P17.md", "title": "中国星级饭店评审改革：暗访为主重软件", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_120-P17.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《中国星级饭店评审改革：暗访为主重软件》中，星级饭店的复核工作中，星评形式具体有哪些安排（主、辅以及考察重点）？", "answer": "以暗访为主,明察为辅,重点考察软件", "evidence": ["在星级饭店的复核工作中,星评形式将以暗访为主,明察为辅,重点考察软件。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_120-P17.md", "title": "中国星级饭店评审改革：暗访为主重软件", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_120-P17.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "结合《中国星级饭店评审改革：暗访为主重软件》文中关于现状与调整的表述，新的星评更强调哪一方面？", "answer": "软件", "evidence": ["星评形式将以暗访为主,明察为辅,重点考察软件。", "星评员在评定过程中重硬件、轻软件的现象比较普遍。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_228-P16.md", "title": "公安部启动户口法立法调研推进户籍改革", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_228-P16.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《公安部启动户口法立法调研推进户籍改革》这段关于户籍改革的报道中，新闻发布会上透露信息的官员是谁？", "answer": "武和平", "evidence": ["新闻发言人武和平19日"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_228-P16.md", "title": "公安部启动户口法立法调研推进户籍改革", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_228-P16.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《公安部启动户口法立法调研推进户籍改革》一文中，“武和平”的完整职务头衔是什么？", "answer": "公安部办公厅副主任、新闻发言人", "evidence": ["公安部办公厅副主任、新闻发言人武和平"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_228-P16.md", "title": "公安部启动户口法立法调研推进户籍改革", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_228-P16.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《公安部启动户口法立法调研推进户籍改革》一文中，谁在什么时候、在哪里透露了有关“修改户籍改革文件”的信息？", "answer": "武和平19日在公安部召开的新闻发布会上", "evidence": ["武和平19日在公安部召开的新闻发布会上"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_228-P16.md", "title": "公安部启动户口法立法调研推进户籍改革", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_228-P16.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《公安部启动户口法立法调研推进户籍改革》中，去年先后取消了二元户口划分的省级行政单位数量是多少？", "answer": "12个", "evidence": ["去年,全国12个省、自治区、直辖市先后取消了二元户口划分。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_228-P16.md", "title": "公安部启动户口法立法调研推进户籍改革", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_228-P16.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "《公安部启动户口法立法调研推进户籍改革》一文中指出，这一目标提出后是在谁的共同努力、谁的统一领导下推进的？", "answer": "经过国家10多个部门的共同努力,在国务院的统一领导下", "evidence": ["经过国家10多个部门的共同努力,在国务院的统一领导下"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_412-P16.md", "title": "北京站地区综合交通规划启动：站前街步行系统改造", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_412-P16.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《北京站地区综合交通规划启动：站前街步行系统改造》文中描述，本市将从何时起对北京站站前街步行系统进行改造？", "answer": "从本月起", "evidence": ["本市将从本月起对北京站站前街步行系统进行改造"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_412-P16.md", "title": "北京站地区综合交通规划启动：站前街步行系统改造", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_412-P16.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《北京站地区综合交通规划启动：站前街步行系统改造》中被编制完成的规划全称是什么？", "answer": "《北京站地区综合交通规划》", "evidence": ["《北京站地区综合交通规划》"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_412-P16.md", "title": "北京站地区综合交通规划启动：站前街步行系统改造", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_412-P16.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "请给出《北京站地区综合交通规划启动：站前街步行系统改造》一文中，连续叙述了编制规划的部门以及根据规划启动改造的时间和对象的那段原文。", "answer": "为此,市交通委同相关部门编制完成了《北京站地区综合交通规划》根据规划,本市将从本月起对北京站站前街步行系统进行改造", "evidence": ["为此,市交通委同相关部门编制完成了《北京站地区综合交通规划》根据规划,本市将从本月起对北京站站前街步行系统进行改造"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_412-P16.md", "title": "北京站地区综合交通规划启动：站前街步行系统改造", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_412-P16.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《北京站地区综合交通规划启动：站前街步行系统改造》一文中，客流高峰期间的三种类型是什么？", "answer": "节假日、黄金周、春运", "evidence": ["节假日、黄金周、春运"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_412-P16.md", "title": "北京站地区综合交通规划启动：站前街步行系统改造", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_412-P16.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "《北京站地区综合交通规划启动：站前街步行系统改造》文中指出由于交通基础设施不足带来的影响是什么，并在客流高峰期间还存在什么问题？", "answer": "影响居民和来京旅客的出行,在节假日、黄金周、春运等客流高峰期间还存在安全隐患", "evidence": ["影响居民和来京旅客的出行,在节假日、黄金周、春运等客流高峰期间还存在安全隐患"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_109-P16.md", "title": "企业家涉罪频发与法律问题的忽视", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_109-P16.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《企业家涉罪频发与法律问题的忽视》一文中，提到的时间起点是哪一个短语？", "answer": "2002年以来", "evidence": ["2002年以来,国内企业家包括许多著名企业家在内涉嫌违法犯罪被捕入狱的人数不断增多,此方面的报道也屡屡见诸极端。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_109-P16.md", "title": "企业家涉罪频发与法律问题的忽视", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_109-P16.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《企业家涉罪频发与法律问题的忽视》一文中如何用一句话概括新闻出现的频率？请给出该原句。", "answer": "总之,几乎月月都有这样的新闻。", "evidence": ["总之,几乎月月都有这样的新闻。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_109-P16.md", "title": "企业家涉罪频发与法律问题的忽视", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_109-P16.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《企业家涉罪频发与法律问题的忽视》一文中，列举了多少种与司法相关的事件（例如被抓、被判、开庭、判决）？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["不是哪个被抓了,就是哪个被判了,或者是这个案子开庭了,那个案子判决了。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_109-P16.md", "title": "企业家涉罪频发与法律问题的忽视", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_109-P16.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《企业家涉罪频发与法律问题的忽视》一文的逻辑，当企业家“走进监狱”且“经由法院判决有罪”，作者认为最重要的应该是什么？", "answer": "法律问题!", "evidence": ["企业家不管在经营、管理上存在什么问题,最终的结果如果是走进监狱,最终的结论如果是经由法院判决有罪,那么,最重要的应该是法律问题!"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_234-P20.md", "title": "北京铁路局暑运方案出台 预计发送3110万人次", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_234-P20.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在6月19日的报道《北京铁路局暑运方案出台 预计发送3110万人次》中，暑运期间北京铁路局预计发送旅客同比增长多少？", "answer": "10%", "evidence": ["同比增长10%"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_234-P20.md", "title": "北京铁路局暑运方案出台 预计发送3110万人次", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_234-P20.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《北京铁路局暑运方案出台 预计发送3110万人次》一文中“在运能安排上”的安排，北京铁路局将加开哪些方向的临客及数量？请完整回答。", "answer": "北京至哈尔滨、大连、烟台等方向临客25对", "evidence": ["在运能安排上,北京铁路局将加开北京至哈尔滨、大连、烟台等方向临客25对。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_234-P20.md", "title": "北京铁路局暑运方案出台 预计发送3110万人次", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_234-P20.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《北京铁路局暑运方案出台 预计发送3110万人次》的描述中，暑运期间的发送旅客总量及较去年同期的增量是如何表述的？", "answer": "预计暑运期间将发送旅客3110万人次,比去年同期增加283万人次", "evidence": ["预计暑运期间将发送旅客3110万人次,比去年同期增加283万人次"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_234-P20.md", "title": "北京铁路局暑运方案出台 预计发送3110万人次", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_234-P20.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《北京铁路局暑运方案出台 预计发送3110万人次》一文中，“2007年暑运”高峰日旅客发送量将达到多少万人次？", "answer": "58万人次", "evidence": ["暑运高峰日将达到58万人次"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_234-P20.md", "title": "北京铁路局暑运方案出台 预计发送3110万人次", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_234-P20.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "依据《北京铁路局暑运方案出台 预计发送3110万人次》中“2007年暑运”的时间描述，起止日期涵盖整个7月与8月并合计多少天？请给出原句作为答案。", "answer": "2007年暑运自7月1日起至8月31日止,共计62天。", "evidence": ["2007年暑运自7月1日起至8月31日止,共计62天。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_011-P19.md", "title": "中国首个生态湿地气象站建成 助力扎龙丹顶鹤保护", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_011-P19.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《中国首个生态湿地气象站建成 助力扎龙丹顶鹤保护》一文，扎龙自然保护区于哪一年列入《国际重要湿地名录》？", "answer": "1992年", "evidence": ["于1992年列入《国际重要湿地名录》。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_011-P19.md", "title": "中国首个生态湿地气象站建成 助力扎龙丹顶鹤保护", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_011-P19.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《中国首个生态湿地气象站建成 助力扎龙丹顶鹤保护》，扎龙自然保护区位于哪个省哪个市境内？", "answer": "黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市", "evidence": ["位于黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市境内的扎龙自然保护区"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_011-P19.md", "title": "中国首个生态湿地气象站建成 助力扎龙丹顶鹤保护", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_011-P19.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《中国首个生态湿地气象站建成 助力扎龙丹顶鹤保护》一文中，保护区内通过调查记录到的鸟类有多少种？其中主要有几种鹤类？", "answer": "保护区内通过调查记录到的鸟类有230多种,其中主要有丹顶鹤等6种鹤类。", "evidence": ["保护区内通过调查记录到的鸟类有230多种,其中主要有丹顶鹤等6种鹤类。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_011-P19.md", "title": "中国首个生态湿地气象站建成 助力扎龙丹顶鹤保护", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_011-P19.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《中国首个生态湿地气象站建成 助力扎龙丹顶鹤保护》一文中，中国第一个生态湿地气象站的建设为期多久？", "answer": "为期5年", "evidence": ["为期5年的中国第一个生态湿地气象站建设已基本完成。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_011-P19.md", "title": "中国首个生态湿地气象站建成 助力扎龙丹顶鹤保护", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_011-P19.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《中国首个生态湿地气象站建成 助力扎龙丹顶鹤保护》一文中，该生态湿地气象站建成后将在哪两个方面产生积极意义？", "answer": "将有助于深入了解分析扎龙湿地的天气变化规律,并对丹顶鹤的保护有积极意义。", "evidence": ["专家认为,这一生态湿地气象站建成后,将有助于深入了解分析扎龙湿地的天气变化规律,并对丹顶鹤的保护有积极意义。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_360-P17.md", "title": "五月天象预告：流星雨、火星合月、月掩星与小行星冲日", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_360-P17.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《五月天象预告：流星雨、火星合月、月掩星与小行星冲日》的“5月的苍穹好戏连台”中，宝瓶座厄塔流星雨在哪一天极盛？", "answer": "5月6日", "evidence": ["5月6日流星雨极盛"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_360-P17.md", "title": "五月天象预告：流星雨、火星合月、月掩星与小行星冲日", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_360-P17.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《五月天象预告：流星雨、火星合月、月掩星与小行星冲日》，在火星“合”月时，火星相对月亮的方位与亮度是多少？", "answer": "位于月球南面约3°的位置,亮度0.9星等左右", "evidence": ["13日2时多,火星将与月亮相伴升起,此时的火星位于月球南面约3°的位置,亮度0.9星等左右。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_360-P17.md", "title": "五月天象预告：流星雨、火星合月、月掩星与小行星冲日", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_360-P17.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《五月天象预告：流星雨、火星合月、月掩星与小行星冲日》的“5月的苍穹好戏连台”中，为什么观测宝瓶座厄塔流星雨需要早起？", "answer": "由于3点多宝瓶座才会升起.因此观测这个流星雨需要早起。", "evidence": ["由于3点多宝瓶座才会升起.", "因此观测这个流星雨需要早起。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_360-P17.md", "title": "五月天象预告：流星雨、火星合月、月掩星与小行星冲日", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_360-P17.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《五月天象预告：流星雨、火星合月、月掩星与小行星冲日》一文中，“5月的苍穹好戏连台”提到届时每小时天顶流星数量可达多少？", "answer": "60颗", "evidence": ["届时,流星雨每小时的天顶流星数量可达60颗。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_360-P17.md", "title": "五月天象预告：流星雨、火星合月、月掩星与小行星冲日", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_360-P17.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《五月天象预告：流星雨、火星合月、月掩星与小行星冲日》中的“5月的苍穹好戏连台”部分，流星雨极盛一个星期后登场的是什么天象，并且它大约在什么时候升起？", "answer": "火星合月登场。13日2时多", "evidence": ["一个星期后,火星合月登场。", "13日2时多,火星将与月亮相伴升起,"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_261-P18.md", "title": "海南水果屡遭谣言危机与反思", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_261-P18.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《海南水果屡遭谣言危机与反思》中“注水西瓜”风波发生于哪一年？", "answer": "2006年", "evidence": ["2006年,“注水西瓜”风波。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_261-P18.md", "title": "海南水果屡遭谣言危机与反思", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_261-P18.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《海南水果屡遭谣言危机与反思》中，2005年的事件名称是什么？", "answer": "“树仔菜有毒”危机", "evidence": ["2005年,“树仔菜有毒”危机。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_261-P18.md", "title": "海南水果屡遭谣言危机与反思", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_261-P18.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《海南水果屡遭谣言危机与反思》中，关于2005年的“树仔菜有毒”危机，既“被指”的问题是什么，又“最终检测表明”了什么？", "answer": "被指重金属镉超标；并未超过国家标准", "evidence": ["被指重金属镉超标", "最终检测表明并未超过国家标准。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_261-P18.md", "title": "海南水果屡遭谣言危机与反思", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_261-P18.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《海南水果屡遭谣言危机与反思》一文中列举的年份里，最晚的是哪一年？", "answer": "2007年", "evidence": ["2005年,“树仔菜有毒”危机。", "2006年,“注水西瓜”风波。", "2007年,“香蕉致癌”谣言。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_261-P18.md", "title": "海南水果屡遭谣言危机与反思", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_261-P18.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《海南水果屡遭谣言危机与反思》中，哪一条事件同时包含“用红药水染色”的指控，并且结果是“最终传言在专家辟谣声中平息”？请给出对应的年份与事件名称。", "answer": "2006年,“注水西瓜”风波。", "evidence": ["2006年,“注水西瓜”风波。", "海南西瓜被指用红药水染色,", "最终传言在专家辟谣声中平息。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_409-P19.md", "title": "罗布泊研究新进展：揭开环境之谜", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_409-P19.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《罗布泊研究新进展：揭开环境之谜》中，罗布泊成为科学界探险和考察热点的时间起点是什么？", "answer": "19世纪中叶以来", "evidence": ["19世纪中叶以来,"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_409-P19.md", "title": "罗布泊研究新进展：揭开环境之谜", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_409-P19.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《罗布泊研究新进展：揭开环境之谜》一文中列举了哪些中外探险家？", "answer": "马可·波罗、斯文·赫定、彭加木……", "evidence": ["马可·波罗、斯文·赫定、彭加木……"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_409-P19.md", "title": "罗布泊研究新进展：揭开环境之谜", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_409-P19.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《罗布泊研究新进展：揭开环境之谜》一文中，对于这片“死亡之海”引发的“一个世纪的学术争论”，如今的状况是如何表述的？", "answer": "如今,谜底正在揭开。", "evidence": ["一个世纪的学术争论", "如今,谜底正在揭开。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_409-P19.md", "title": "罗布泊研究新进展：揭开环境之谜", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_409-P19.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《罗布泊研究新进展：揭开环境之谜》一文中提到的院士姓名共有几位？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["孙鸿烈、刘东生、孙枢、叶大年"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_409-P19.md", "title": "罗布泊研究新进展：揭开环境之谜", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_409-P19.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《罗布泊研究新进展：揭开环境之谜》中，由“孙鸿烈、刘东生、孙枢、叶大年等院士组成的专家组”对罗布泊地区综合研究的新进展的总体评价是什么？", "answer": "总体上达到了罗布泊研究的领先水平", "evidence": ["孙鸿烈、刘东生、孙枢、叶大年等院士组成的专家组认为,", "总体上达到了罗布泊研究的领先水平。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_120-P18.md", "title": "暴雨致黄河兰州段生活垃圾污染带", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_120-P18.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《暴雨致黄河兰州段生活垃圾污染带》这则报道中，开头提到的日期是什么？", "answer": "2007年6月17日", "evidence": ["2007年6月17日,一场大雨过后,黄河兰州段又遭污染,而这次污染的是大量的生活垃圾。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_120-P18.md", "title": "暴雨致黄河兰州段生活垃圾污染带", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_120-P18.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《暴雨致黄河兰州段生活垃圾污染带》一文中，文中列举的生活垃圾中按顺序第三项是什么？", "answer": "饮料瓶", "evidence": ["塑料袋、西瓜皮、饮料瓶等各种生活垃圾“浩浩荡荡”漂向下游,"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_120-P18.md", "title": "暴雨致黄河兰州段生活垃圾污染带", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_120-P18.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在“暴雨致黄河兰州段生活垃圾污染带”中，黑色污带是从哪个位置开始形成的？其绵延的长度约为多少？", "answer": "从小西湖天桥附近开始,黄河南岸的半幅河面形成了一个绵延近4公里的黑色污带", "evidence": ["从小西湖天桥附近开始,黄河南岸的半幅河面形成了一个绵延近4公里的黑色污带,"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_120-P18.md", "title": "暴雨致黄河兰州段生活垃圾污染带", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_120-P18.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《暴雨致黄河兰州段生活垃圾污染带》，在污染带处，垃圾带占据了河面的多少比例？", "answer": "污染带处竟占据了河面的一半。", "evidence": ["污染带处竟占据了河面的一半。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_120-P18.md", "title": "暴雨致黄河兰州段生活垃圾污染带", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_120-P18.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《暴雨致黄河兰州段生活垃圾污染带》一文中，文中写到“2007年6月17日”发生污染事件，请根据后文指出引发该污染的降雨发生时间。", "answer": "6月15日上午", "evidence": ["2007年6月17日,一场大雨过后,黄河兰州段又遭污染,而这次污染的是大量的生活垃圾。", "6月15日上午的一场大雨导致大量生活污水和垃圾排洪道涌入黄河,"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_257-P17.md", "title": "党政干部阅读调查：网络阅读超报刊", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_257-P17.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《党政干部阅读调查：网络阅读超报刊》这篇文章中，这项调查的名称是什么？", "answer": "“党政干部阅读习惯”网络调查", "evidence": ["由人民论坛杂志社和人民网时政频道联合进行的“党政干部阅读习惯”网络调查近日公布结果。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_257-P17.md", "title": "党政干部阅读调查：网络阅读超报刊", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_257-P17.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《党政干部阅读调查：网络阅读超报刊》一文中提到“党政干部读书有三个显著特点”，第二个特点是什么？", "answer": "为了学习或工作需要而读书", "evidence": ["调查显示,党政干部读书有三个显著特点:接受网络等新媒体阅读的速度加快;为了学习或工作需要而读书;读书时间少,对上级规定的读书不很认同。", "为了学习或工作需要而读书"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_257-P17.md", "title": "党政干部阅读调查：网络阅读超报刊", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_257-P17.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《党政干部阅读调查：网络阅读超报刊》中，“党政干部阅读习惯”网络调查由哪些机构联合进行？", "answer": "人民论坛杂志社和人民网时政频道", "evidence": ["由人民论坛杂志社和人民网时政频道联合进行的“党政干部阅读习惯”网络调查近日公布结果。", "人民论坛杂志社和人民网时政频道"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_257-P17.md", "title": "党政干部阅读调查：网络阅读超报刊", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_257-P17.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《党政干部阅读调查：网络阅读超报刊》一文中，哪一种阅读方式的占比最高？请给出该方式的占比数值。", "answer": "通过书籍阅读的28.55%", "evidence": ["统计数据显示,通过网络进行阅读的党政干部占到26.96%,仅次于通过书籍阅读的28.55%,但是这个比例已经超过了通过报纸和杂志进行阅读的24.02%和19.64%,说明党政干部接受新媒体的速度加快,程度更深。", "通过书籍阅读的28.55%"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_257-P17.md", "title": "党政干部阅读调查：网络阅读超报刊", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_257-P17.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《党政干部阅读调查：网络阅读超报刊》文中列出的四种阅读媒介中，按占比从高到低排序的第二名是什么？", "answer": "通过网络进行阅读", "evidence": ["统计数据显示,通过网络进行阅读的党政干部占到26.96%,仅次于通过书籍阅读的28.55%,但是这个比例已经超过了通过报纸和杂志进行阅读的24.02%和19.64%,说明党政干部接受新媒体的速度加快,程度更深。", "通过网络进行阅读的党政干部占到26.96%,仅次于通过书籍阅读的28.55%"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_183-P17.md", "title": "我国棉花产业在全球化下的机遇与挑战", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_183-P17.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《我国棉花产业在全球化下的机遇与挑战》中，是谁在“8日表示”我国棉花产业面临重大发展机遇？", "answer": "牛盾", "evidence": ["农业部副部长牛盾8日表示,当前在经济全球化大背景下,我国棉花产业面临着重大发展机遇。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_183-P17.md", "title": "我国棉花产业在全球化下的机遇与挑战", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_183-P17.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《我国棉花产业在全球化下的机遇与挑战》一文的“二是”条目中，取消棉花出口补贴的时间范围是什么？", "answer": "2006年至2013年", "evidence": ["二是美国等发达国家已承诺2006年至2013年全部取消棉花出口补贴,国内与国际棉花价差将缩小,我国棉花生产发展的国际环境有所改善。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_183-P17.md", "title": "我国棉花产业在全球化下的机遇与挑战", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_183-P17.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《我国棉花产业在全球化下的机遇与挑战》一文的文末指出，为了把握好进口棉花，需要把握哪些方面？", "answer": "进口棉花的数量、时机和节奏", "evidence": ["把握好进口棉花的数量、时机和节奏"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_183-P17.md", "title": "我国棉花产业在全球化下的机遇与挑战", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_183-P17.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《我国棉花产业在全球化下的机遇与挑战》中，“十一五”期间全国棉花面积可以恢复到多少万亩？", "answer": "8500万亩", "evidence": ["三是通过扩大优势区域生产规模,提高棉田复种指数,“十一五”期间全国棉花面积可以恢复到8500万亩。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_416-P18.md", "title": "教育部规范2007年高校招生录取与计划调整", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_416-P18.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《教育部规范2007年高校招生录取与计划调整》一文中，教育部有关负责人在哪一天强调相关要求？", "answer": "19日", "evidence": ["教育部有关负责人19日强调"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_416-P18.md", "title": "教育部规范2007年高校招生录取与计划调整", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_416-P18.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《教育部规范2007年高校招生录取与计划调整》中，文中连续表述提到，教育部要求各地要做哪些工作？哪些单位要严格执行什么计划？", "answer": "教育部要求各地要切实做好网上录取各项安全保障和数据准备。各地、各部门和高等学校要严格执行报经教育汇总备案并分送各省(区、市)的招生来源计划。", "evidence": ["教育部要求各地要切实做好网上录取各项安全保障和数据准备。", "各地、各部门和高等学校要严格执行报经教育汇总备案并分送各省(区、市)的招生来源计划。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_416-P18.md", "title": "教育部规范2007年高校招生录取与计划调整", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_416-P18.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《教育部规范2007年高校招生录取与计划调整》一文中明确“严禁”的两项具体内容分别是什么？", "answer": "“严禁省级招办为争取调整计划随意放宽录取政策或降低分数的要求。严禁高等学校利用调整计划降低标准指名录取考生。", "evidence": ["“严禁省级招办为争取调整计划随意放宽录取政策或降低分数的要求。严禁高等学校利用调整计划降低标准指名录取考生。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_224-P16.md", "title": "厄里斯取代冥王星 成最大矮行星", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_224-P16.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《厄里斯取代冥王星 成最大矮行星》，国际天文学联合会大会在哪一年哪一月正式通过决议将冥王星降级？", "answer": "2006年8月", "evidence": ["2006年8月,国际天文学联合会大会正式通过决议,将冥王星降级,与其他类似的一些星体统一定义为“矮行星”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_224-P16.md", "title": "厄里斯取代冥王星 成最大矮行星", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_224-P16.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《厄里斯取代冥王星 成最大矮行星》这篇报道中，这项研究的报告定于哪一天出版，并刊登于哪个刊物？", "answer": "定于15日出版的美国《科学》杂志", "evidence": ["定于15日出版的美国《科学》杂志"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_224-P16.md", "title": "厄里斯取代冥王星 成最大矮行星", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_224-P16.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《厄里斯取代冥王星 成最大矮行星》一文中，研究的天体及其卫星名称是什么？", "answer": "矮行星厄里斯的卫星“迪丝诺美亚”", "evidence": ["他们在研究矮行星厄里斯的卫星“迪丝诺美亚”时"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_224-P16.md", "title": "厄里斯取代冥王星 成最大矮行星", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_224-P16.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《厄里斯取代冥王星 成最大矮行星》这篇文章中，提到用于观测的望远镜共有几种？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["设在美国夏威夷的凯克大型望远镜", "哈勃太空望远镜"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_224-P16.md", "title": "厄里斯取代冥王星 成最大矮行星", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_224-P16.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《厄里斯取代冥王星 成最大矮行星》一文中，根据文中质量比较与结论，哪一个矮行星目前被认为是已知最大的？", "answer": "厄里斯", "evidence": ["厄里斯的质量大约比冥王星大27%", "是目前已知最大的矮行星。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_099-P20.md", "title": "戴姆勒-克莱斯勒分家及对中国业务影响", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_099-P20.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《戴姆勒-克莱斯勒分家及对中国业务影响》中，谁出资收购未来克莱斯勒80.1%股权？", "answer": "Cerberus资本管理公司", "evidence": ["美国纽约私募基金Cerberus资本管理公司出资74亿美元收购未来克莱斯勒80.1%股权"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_099-P20.md", "title": "戴姆勒-克莱斯勒分家及对中国业务影响", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_099-P20.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《戴姆勒-克莱斯勒分家及对中国业务影响》文中提到主管进口业务的两家公司分别是哪两家？", "answer": "梅赛德斯-奔驰中国销售有限公司和克莱斯勒中国销售有限公司", "evidence": ["梅赛德斯-奔驰中国销售有限公司和克莱斯勒中国销售有限公司"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_099-P20.md", "title": "戴姆勒-克莱斯勒分家及对中国业务影响", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_099-P20.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《戴姆勒-克莱斯勒分家及对中国业务影响》提到戴—克集团在中国有多少个子公司和多少个合资项目？", "answer": "4个子公司,另外还有3个合资项目", "evidence": ["戴—克集团目前在中国有4个子公司,另外还有3个合资项目。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_099-P20.md", "title": "戴姆勒-克莱斯勒分家及对中国业务影响", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_099-P20.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《戴姆勒-克莱斯勒分家及对中国业务影响》里，该收购的出资金额是多少？", "answer": "74亿美元", "evidence": ["Cerberus资本管理公司出资74亿美元收购未来克莱斯勒80.1%股权"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_099-P20.md", "title": "戴姆勒-克莱斯勒分家及对中国业务影响", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_099-P20.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《戴姆勒-克莱斯勒分家及对中国业务影响》一文，在假设戴—克分离的情况下，文中认为对主管进口业务的两家公司影响如何？并给出理由。", "answer": "影响应该不会很大,因为两家公司都系独立运作", "evidence": ["影响应该不会很大,因为两家公司都系独立运作"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_143-P18.md", "title": "居民存款骤降：高储蓄常态面临反转", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_143-P18.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《居民存款骤降：高储蓄常态面临反转》一文中指出，哪些地区的高储蓄被不甚恰当地视为了常态？", "answer": "中国乃至东亚地区", "evidence": ["中国乃至东亚地区的高储蓄被不甚恰当地视为了常态。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_143-P18.md", "title": "居民存款骤降：高储蓄常态面临反转", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_143-P18.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《居民存款骤降：高储蓄常态面临反转》一文中，根据“央行最新数据显示”，哪个月份对应“居民户存款减少2784亿元”？", "answer": "5月份", "evidence": ["央行最新数据显示,5月份居民户存款减少2784亿元"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_143-P18.md", "title": "居民存款骤降：高储蓄常态面临反转", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_143-P18.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《居民存款骤降：高储蓄常态面临反转》一文中，若加上4月份减少的数字，过去两个月里居民户人民币存款净减少多少？", "answer": "居民户人民币存款净减少4458亿元", "evidence": ["如果加上4月份减少的数字,就在过去两个月里,居民户人民币存款净减少4458亿元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_143-P18.md", "title": "居民存款骤降：高储蓄常态面临反转", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_143-P18.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《居民存款骤降：高储蓄常态面临反转》中，文中描述“在形势骤然出现反转”时，上下所表现出的状态是什么？", "answer": "进退失据", "evidence": ["由是,一旦在形势骤然出现反转,上上下下所表现出的进退失据可谓当然。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_364-P19.md", "title": "万钢任科技部部长：35年来首位非中共正职", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_364-P19.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《万钢任科技部部长：35年来首位非中共正职》一文，万钢是35年来第几个出任国务院组成部门正职的非中共党员的人士？", "answer": "35年来第一个", "evidence": ["中国科技部部长万钢是35年来第一个出任国务院组成部门正职的非中共党员的人士。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_364-P19.md", "title": "万钢任科技部部长：35年来首位非中共正职", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_364-P19.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《万钢任科技部部长：35年来首位非中共正职》一文，万钢在同济大学担任校长期间，与哪些对象的合作“很顺利、很平滑”？请按文中顺序列出。", "answer": "学校党委书记、行政班子、党委班子", "evidence": ["他和学校党委书记、行政班子、党委班子的合作很顺利、很平滑"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_364-P19.md", "title": "万钢任科技部部长：35年来首位非中共正职", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_364-P19.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "结合《万钢任科技部部长：35年来首位非中共正职》一文中的两处表述，万钢对自己在“多党合作”与“政府部门”两方面的经验分别如何评价？", "answer": "他在多党合作方面还是很有一些经历和经验的；在政府部门的工作经验不足", "evidence": ["他在多党合作方面还是很有一些经历和经验的", "在政府部门的工作经验不足"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_075-P17.md", "title": "青藏铁路通车推动西藏旅游发展与生态保护", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_075-P17.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《青藏铁路通车推动西藏旅游发展与生态保护》一文中提到的2006年西藏共接待国内外游客数量是多少？", "answer": "251.21万人次", "evidence": ["2006年,西藏共接待国内外游客251.21万人次,其中,接待海外旅游人数15.48万人次。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_075-P17.md", "title": "青藏铁路通车推动西藏旅游发展与生态保护", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_075-P17.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《青藏铁路通车推动西藏旅游发展与生态保护》关于2006年的统计中，“接待海外旅游人数”的数值是多少？", "answer": "15.48万人次", "evidence": ["其中,接待海外旅游人数15.48万人次。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_075-P17.md", "title": "青藏铁路通车推动西藏旅游发展与生态保护", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_075-P17.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《青藏铁路通车推动西藏旅游发展与生态保护》一文中，如何表述青藏铁路开通的具体日期及其对交通条件的影响？", "answer": "2006年7月1日青藏铁路的开通,极大地改善了进出藏的交通条件", "evidence": ["特别是2006年7月1日青藏铁路的开通,极大地改善了进出藏的交通条件,为西藏旅游业的快速发展提供了良好的外部条件。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_075-P17.md", "title": "青藏铁路通车推动西藏旅游发展与生态保护", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_075-P17.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据国新办发布会上的表述，《青藏铁路通车推动西藏旅游发展与生态保护》提到的青藏铁路通车近一年来对西藏社会的影响以及采取的生态相关措施和结果是什么？", "answer": "极大地推动了西藏旅游等事业的发展和社会进步,并采取了一系列生态保护措施,使沿线环境得到有效保护。", "evidence": ["西藏自治区主席向巴平措今天在国新办发布会上表示,青藏铁路通车近一年来,极大地推动了西藏旅游等事业的发展和社会进步,并采取了一系列生态保护措施,使沿线环境得到有效保护。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_294-P19.md", "title": "北京儿童交通安全现状：事故高发与教育法规不足", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_294-P19.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《北京儿童交通安全现状：事故高发与教育法规不足》中的“北京市交管局提供的一组数字显示”，今年1月至5月，12岁以下儿童在北京市共发生了多少起交通死亡事故？", "answer": "19起交通死亡事故", "evidence": ["今年1月至5月,12岁以下儿童在北京市共发生19起交通死亡事故。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_294-P19.md", "title": "北京儿童交通安全现状：事故高发与教育法规不足", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_294-P19.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《北京儿童交通安全现状：事故高发与教育法规不足》文中分析指出，儿童交通事故一般发生在哪些情形？请列出文中的并列项。", "answer": "步行、骑车、乘车时", "evidence": ["儿童交通事故一般发生在步行、骑车、乘车时"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_294-P19.md", "title": "北京儿童交通安全现状：事故高发与教育法规不足", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_294-P19.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《北京儿童交通安全现状：事故高发与教育法规不足》中，根据交管局数据分析，哪个年龄段多为步行发生事故，哪个年龄段多为骑车发生事故？", "answer": "其中5岁至9岁多为步行发生事故,10岁到12岁多为骑车发生事故。", "evidence": ["其中5岁至9岁多为步行发生事故,10岁到12岁多为骑车发生事故。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_294-P19.md", "title": "北京儿童交通安全现状：事故高发与教育法规不足", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_294-P19.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《北京儿童交通安全现状：事故高发与教育法规不足》文中列举的儿童交通事故一般发生的情形共有几种？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["儿童交通事故一般发生在步行、骑车、乘车时"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_294-P19.md", "title": "北京儿童交通安全现状：事故高发与教育法规不足", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_294-P19.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《北京儿童交通安全现状：事故高发与教育法规不足》一文中提到“交通事故已经成为造成儿童伤亡最主要的原因之一”，请从文中找出两条数据来支持这一结论。", "answer": "今年1月至5月,12岁以下儿童在北京市共发生19起交通死亡事故。 而2006年,北京平均每天有10名以上儿童在交通事故中受到伤害", "evidence": ["今年1月至5月,12岁以下儿童在北京市共发生19起交通死亡事故。", "而2006年,北京平均每天有10名以上儿童在交通事故中受到伤害,交通事故已经成为造成儿童伤亡最主要的原因之一。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_289-P16.md", "title": "上海金融稳定报告警示资金驱动股市风险", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_289-P16.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《上海金融稳定报告警示资金驱动股市风险》文中指出，2006年上海证券市场的大幅上涨的较为明显的作用因素是什么？", "answer": "资金驱动", "evidence": ["2006年上海证券市场的大幅上涨,资金驱动是其中较为明显的作用因素。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_289-P16.md", "title": "上海金融稳定报告警示资金驱动股市风险", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_289-P16.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《上海金融稳定报告警示资金驱动股市风险》一文中，央行上海总部昨日发布的《上海金融稳定报告(2007)》在文中被简称为什么？", "answer": "报告", "evidence": ["《上海金融稳定报告(2007)》(以下简称报告)"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_289-P16.md", "title": "上海金融稳定报告警示资金驱动股市风险", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_289-P16.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《上海金融稳定报告警示资金驱动股市风险》认为，影响上海金融稳定的因素包括哪些？请按原文完整列出。", "answer": "增长中面临的波动性风险、发展中存在的结构性矛盾、创新中出现的风险管控力挑战、开放中并存的市场竞争压力及集中带来的跨境风险传递。", "evidence": ["《报告》认为,影响上海金融稳定的因素,包括增长中面临的波动性风险、发展中存在的结构性矛盾、创新中出现的风险管控力挑战、开放中并存的市场竞争压力及集中带来的跨境风险传递。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_289-P16.md", "title": "上海金融稳定报告警示资金驱动股市风险", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_289-P16.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《上海金融稳定报告警示资金驱动股市风险》中提及的《上海金融稳定报告(2007)》，一旦预期发生改变，会引发哪些连锁反应，并将影响什么的稳定发展？", "answer": "一旦预期发生改变,资产价格的波动与震荡,可能导致企业资金链断裂、个人资产大幅缩水、金融机构的呆坏账增多等一系列连锁反应,从而影响经济和金融的稳定发展,对此需予以防范。", "evidence": ["一旦预期发生改变,资产价格的波动与震荡,可能导致企业资金链断裂、个人资产大幅缩水、金融机构的呆坏账增多等一系列连锁反应,从而影响经济和金融的稳定发展,对此需予以防范。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_310-P18.md", "title": "NASA展示詹姆斯·韦布太空望远镜模型 将接替哈勃", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_310-P18.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《NASA展示詹姆斯·韦布太空望远镜模型 将接替哈勃》报道中提到，这架大型太空望远镜将于哪一年接替退休的哈勃望远镜？", "answer": "2013年", "evidence": ["它将于2013年接替退休的哈勃望远镜"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_310-P18.md", "title": "NASA展示詹姆斯·韦布太空望远镜模型 将接替哈勃", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_310-P18.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《NASA展示詹姆斯·韦布太空望远镜模型 将接替哈勃》文中说明这架大型望远镜由哪些地区的航空机构合作完成？", "answer": "美国、欧洲和加拿大航空机构", "evidence": ["由美国、欧洲和加拿大航空机构合作完成"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_310-P18.md", "title": "NASA展示詹姆斯·韦布太空望远镜模型 将接替哈勃", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_310-P18.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《NASA展示詹姆斯·韦布太空望远镜模型 将接替哈勃》这篇报道中，结合上下文，这架望远镜的总耗资和其体积相对哈勃的倍数分别是多少？", "answer": "45亿美元；3倍", "evidence": ["耗资45亿美元。", "体积是哈勃望远镜的3倍。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_310-P18.md", "title": "NASA展示詹姆斯·韦布太空望远镜模型 将接替哈勃", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_310-P18.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《NASA展示詹姆斯·韦布太空望远镜模型 将接替哈勃》一文的多处信息，指出“詹姆斯·韦布”太空望远镜的制造公司以及它的六边镜直径。", "answer": "美国诺思罗普―格鲁曼公司；6.5米", "evidence": ["“詹姆斯·韦布”太空望远镜由美国诺思罗普―格鲁曼公司制造", "望远镜的六边镜直径为6.5米"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_319-P19.md", "title": "世界经济论坛（达沃斯论坛）的历史沿革与议题演变", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_319-P19.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《世界经济论坛（达沃斯论坛）的历史沿革与议题演变》中，世界经济论坛的总部设在哪里？", "answer": "瑞士日内瓦", "evidence": ["总部设在瑞士日内瓦。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_319-P19.md", "title": "世界经济论坛（达沃斯论坛）的历史沿革与议题演变", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_319-P19.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《世界经济论坛（达沃斯论坛）的历史沿革与议题演变》中，世界经济论坛的前身叫什么？", "answer": "“欧洲管理论坛”", "evidence": ["其前身是1971年由现任论坛主席、日内瓦商学院教授克劳斯·施瓦布创建的“欧洲管理论坛”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_319-P19.md", "title": "世界经济论坛（达沃斯论坛）的历史沿革与议题演变", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_319-P19.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《世界经济论坛（达沃斯论坛）的历史沿革与议题演变》一文中，文中连贯描述的世界经济论坛的参与者及宗旨是什么？请给出原文这一整段描述。", "answer": "论坛的参与者主要是各国的高层政治和经济界领导人、著名企业家论坛的宗旨是探讨世界上经济领域存在的问题并促进国际经济合作与交流。", "evidence": ["论坛的参与者主要是各国的高层政治和经济界领导人、著名企业家论坛的宗旨是探讨世界上经济领域存在的问题并促进国际经济合作与交流。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_319-P19.md", "title": "世界经济论坛（达沃斯论坛）的历史沿革与议题演变", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_319-P19.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《世界经济论坛（达沃斯论坛）的历史沿革与议题演变》，世界经济论坛的年会迄今已举办了多少届？", "answer": "37届", "evidence": ["迄今已举办了37届。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_319-P19.md", "title": "世界经济论坛（达沃斯论坛）的历史沿革与议题演变", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_319-P19.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "请根据《世界经济论坛（达沃斯论坛）的历史沿革与议题演变》指出“欧洲管理论坛”更名为“世界经济论坛”的年份、新名称以及别称。", "answer": "1987年,“欧洲管理论坛”更名为世界经济论坛”,也称达沃斯论坛。", "evidence": ["1987年,“欧洲管理论坛”更名为世界经济论坛”,也称达沃斯论坛。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_023-P20.md", "title": "硫酸根吸附剂助力煤矿废水达标", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_023-P20.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《硫酸根吸附剂助力煤矿废水达标》中，2005年排放矿井废水约多少立方米？", "answer": "约24亿立方米", "evidence": ["2005年排放矿井废水约24亿立方米"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_023-P20.md", "title": "硫酸根吸附剂助力煤矿废水达标", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_023-P20.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《硫酸根吸附剂助力煤矿废水达标》中，与江苏溧阳天华环保机械厂签署合作协议的是哪两家煤矿？", "answer": "蒲县鼎立鹏程公司和汾西县康达洗煤厂", "evidence": ["――蒲县鼎立鹏程公司和汾西县康达洗煤厂,先后与江苏溧阳天华环保机械厂签署合作协议"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_023-P20.md", "title": "硫酸根吸附剂助力煤矿废水达标", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_023-P20.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《硫酸根吸附剂助力煤矿废水达标》一文中，“前者”指的是哪些单位？", "answer": "蒲县鼎立鹏程公司和汾西县康达洗煤厂", "evidence": ["――蒲县鼎立鹏程公司和汾西县康达洗煤厂", "帮助前者建立废水处理厂"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_023-P20.md", "title": "硫酸根吸附剂助力煤矿废水达标", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_023-P20.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《硫酸根吸附剂助力煤矿废水达标》一文中提到来自山西的煤矿有几家？", "answer": "两家煤矿", "evidence": ["来自全国采煤大省山西的两家煤矿"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_023-P20.md", "title": "硫酸根吸附剂助力煤矿废水达标", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_023-P20.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《硫酸根吸附剂助力煤矿废水达标》中，谁保证处理后的废水达到国家饮用水标准？", "answer": "江苏溧阳天华环保机械厂", "evidence": ["先后与江苏溧阳天华环保机械厂签署合作协议,后者将提供自行研制的硫酸根吸附剂及其处理工艺,帮助前者建立废水处理厂,并保证处理后的废水达到国家饮用水标准。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_411-P20.md", "title": "上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_411-P20.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳》一文中提到的日本国家级著名导演是谁？", "answer": "山田洋次", "evidence": ["日本国家级著名导演山田洋次"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_411-P20.md", "title": "上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_411-P20.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳》中，谁带领了《集结号》队伍出现在红毯环节？", "answer": "冯小刚", "evidence": ["冯小刚首当其冲所带领的《集结号》队伍"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_411-P20.md", "title": "上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_411-P20.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳》一文中，哪位女星既在开幕夜嘉宾名单中出现，又在后文被描述了着装？", "answer": "张曼玉", "evidence": ["华人国际影星张曼玉", "张曼玉身着一袭黑色透视上衣搭配白色的蓬蓬裙"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_411-P20.md", "title": "上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_411-P20.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳》中提到的这次是第几届上海电影节开幕夜？", "answer": "第十届", "evidence": ["16日晚共聚第十届上海电影节开幕夜。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_411-P20.md", "title": "上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_411-P20.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《上海电影节开幕红毯群星争艳》报道中，被描述为“华人国际影星”的这位女星在红毯上的具体穿着是什么？", "answer": "一袭黑色透视上衣搭配白色的蓬蓬裙", "evidence": ["华人国际影星张曼玉", "张曼玉身着一袭黑色透视上衣搭配白色的蓬蓬裙"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_251-P18.md", "title": "甘肃金川集团年内二氧化硫减排20%", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_251-P18.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《甘肃金川集团年内二氧化硫减排20%》中，甘肃金川集团今年力争年内实现的二氧化硫减排幅度是多少？", "answer": "20%", "evidence": ["力争年内实现主要污染物二氧化硫比上年减排20%"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_251-P18.md", "title": "甘肃金川集团年内二氧化硫减排20%", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_251-P18.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《甘肃金川集团年内二氧化硫减排20%》中，位于何地的金川镍矿被称为我国最主要的镍矿？请给出具体省市。", "answer": "甘肃省金昌市", "evidence": ["位于甘肃省金昌市的金川镍矿"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_251-P18.md", "title": "甘肃金川集团年内二氧化硫减排20%", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_251-P18.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "关于《甘肃金川集团年内二氧化硫减排20%》，该企业加大节能减排力度的目标是为了达到什么要求？", "answer": "达到国家空气质量标准的要求。", "evidence": ["力争年内实现主要污染物二氧化硫比上年减排20%", "达到国家空气质量标准的要求。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_251-P18.md", "title": "甘肃金川集团年内二氧化硫减排20%", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_251-P18.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《甘肃金川集团年内二氧化硫减排20%》文末的表述，哪两类资源的储量均居国内首位？", "answer": "铂族金属储量和可开发利用的钴资源储量", "evidence": ["铂族金属储量和可开发利用的钴资源储量均居国内首位。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_095-P19.md", "title": "中央清理楼堂馆所，严刹豪华衙门风", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_095-P19.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《中央清理楼堂馆所，严刹豪华衙门风》这篇文章的标题是什么？", "answer": "监督缺失助长了“豪华衙门”攀比风", "evidence": ["监督缺失助长了“豪华衙门”攀比风"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_095-P19.md", "title": "中央清理楼堂馆所，严刹豪华衙门风", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_095-P19.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《中央清理楼堂馆所，严刹豪华衙门风》一文中，第一段里联合下发《关于开展党政机关办公楼等楼堂馆所建设项目清理工作的通知》的单位列表中最后一个单位名称是什么？", "answer": "审计署", "evidence": ["中央纪委、国家发展改革委、监察部、财政部、国土资源部、建设部、审计署等七部委日前联合下发《关于开展党政机关办公楼等楼堂馆所建设项目清理工作的通知》", "审计署"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_095-P19.md", "title": "中央清理楼堂馆所，严刹豪华衙门风", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_095-P19.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《中央清理楼堂馆所，严刹豪华衙门风》中，题为“监督缺失助长了“豪华衙门”攀比风”的文章中，正文哪一句再次出现了“豪华衙门”一词？请给出该句。", "answer": "早在今年“两会”时,就传出中央将严刹“豪华衙门”风的消息,现今不到短短三个月的时间,消息就已变成现实,这样的高效率表明中央言必行,行必果,整肃吏治,严惩腐败,严控行政成本的决心。", "evidence": ["早在今年“两会”时,就传出中央将严刹“豪华衙门”风的消息,现今不到短短三个月的时间,消息就已变成现实,这样的高效率表明中央言必行,行必果,整肃吏治,严惩腐败,严控行政成本的决心。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_095-P19.md", "title": "中央清理楼堂馆所，严刹豪华衙门风", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_095-P19.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《中央清理楼堂馆所，严刹豪华衙门风》一文，“该《通知》”由多少部委联合下发？请引用文中的数字表述作答。", "answer": "七部委", "evidence": ["等七部委日前联合下发"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_095-P19.md", "title": "中央清理楼堂馆所，严刹豪华衙门风", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_095-P19.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《中央清理楼堂馆所，严刹豪华衙门风》一文中，第二段中“这样的高效率表明中央”后面具体列出了哪些决心？请完整引用该部分。", "answer": "言必行,行必果,整肃吏治,严惩腐败,严控行政成本的决心", "evidence": ["言必行,行必果,整肃吏治,严惩腐败,严控行政成本的决心"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_244-P20.md", "title": "32亿年前地球磁气圈已存在，强度超预期", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_244-P20.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "据《自然》杂志报道，《32亿年前地球磁气圈已存在，强度超预期》一文中提到的是哪所大学的地球物理学家？", "answer": "美国罗彻斯特大学", "evidence": ["美国罗彻斯特大学的地球物理学家"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_244-P20.md", "title": "32亿年前地球磁气圈已存在，强度超预期", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_244-P20.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《32亿年前地球磁气圈已存在，强度超预期》一文中引号内塔杜诺的原话是什么？", "answer": "当一块火石冷却时,包含在其内部的磁矿石会记录地球磁场的方向和强度,并将其封闭住。", "evidence": ["塔杜诺说:“当一块火石冷却时,包含在其内部的磁矿石会记录地球磁场的方向和强度,并将其封闭住。”", "当一块火石冷却时,包含在其内部的磁矿石会记录地球磁场的方向和强度,并将其封闭住。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_244-P20.md", "title": "32亿年前地球磁气圈已存在，强度超预期", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_244-P20.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《32亿年前地球磁气圈已存在，强度超预期》这篇文章中，这项研究由谁领导，并通过什么对早期磁气圈进行了研究？请给出文中的原句。", "answer": "由约翰·塔杜诺领导的这个研究小组通过磁石对早期磁气圈进行了研究。", "evidence": ["由约翰·塔杜诺领导的这个研究小组通过磁石对早期磁气圈进行了研究。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_244-P20.md", "title": "32亿年前地球磁气圈已存在，强度超预期", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_244-P20.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《32亿年前地球磁气圈已存在，强度超预期》一文中，研究人员的惊讶发现是什么？这一发现意味着什么？请用文中的连续句子回答。", "answer": "研究人员惊讶地发现,他们所探测到的磁场比原来估计的要强得多。这就是说,磁气圈当时强到足以保护地球免遭太阳风暴的毁灭性破坏。", "evidence": ["研究人员惊讶地发现,他们所探测到的磁场比原来估计的要强得多。这就是说,磁气圈当时强到足以保护地球免遭太阳风暴的毁灭性破坏。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_065-P17.md", "title": "交强险费率浮动、盈亏公布与调整听证", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_065-P17.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《交强险费率浮动、盈亏公布与调整听证》一文中提到的交强险正式开始实施的具体日期是什么？", "answer": "去年7月1日", "evidence": ["交强险是去年7月1日正式开始实施的。"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_065-P17.md", "title": "交强险费率浮动、盈亏公布与调整听证", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_065-P17.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《交强险费率浮动、盈亏公布与调整听证》一文中，用引号标出的四字措辞是什么？", "answer": "“奖优罚劣”", "evidence": ["“奖优罚劣”"]}
+{"doc_type": "handwriting", "filename": "handwriting_065-P17.md", "title": "交强险费率浮动、盈亏公布与调整听证", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_065-P17.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《交强险费率浮动、盈亏公布与调整听证》一文中，结合文中发言与《条例》规定，若对基础费率的调整“幅度较大”，应采取什么程序？", "answer": "保监会应当进行听证。", "evidence": ["可能会对基础费率做出调整。", "调整保险费率的幅度较大的,保监会应当进行听证。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_3.md", "title": "消防安全违法行为及处罚规定", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_3.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《消防安全违法行为及处罚规定》中对造成重大损失的有关责任人员采取的具体措施是什么？", "answer": "终身市场禁入措施", "evidence": ["并对有关责任人员采取终身市场禁入措施。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_3.md", "title": "消防安全违法行为及处罚规定", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_3.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《消防安全违法行为及处罚规定》中，“4. 单位违反本法规定，有下列行为之一的，责令改正，处五千元以上五万元以下罚款：”的列表中，第(3)项的具体行为是什么？", "answer": "(3) 占用、堵塞、封闭疏散通道、安全出口或者有其他妨碍安全疏散行为的；", "evidence": ["(3) 占用、堵塞、封闭疏散通道、安全出口或者有其他妨碍安全疏散行为的；"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_3.md", "title": "消防安全违法行为及处罚规定", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_3.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《消防安全违法行为及处罚规定》中，对于“造成重大损失的”情形，文中对机构执业资格与营业执照分别规定了哪些处置？请给出原文中的完整表述（不包含对责任人员的措施）。", "answer": "由消防救援机构依法责令停止执业或者吊销相应资格，由相关部门吊销营业执照", "evidence": ["造成重大损失的，由相关部门吊销营业执照，并对有关责任人员采取______措施。", "造成重大损失的，由消防救援机构依法责令停止执业或者吊销相应资格，由相关部门吊销营业执照，并对有关责任人员采取终身市场禁入措施。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_3.md", "title": "消防安全违法行为及处罚规定", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_3.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《消防安全违法行为及处罚规定》中，“4. 单位违反本法规定，有下列行为之一的，责令改正，处五千元以上五万元以下罚款：”下列出了多少项行为？请用数字回答。", "answer": "7", "evidence": ["(1) 消防设施、器材或者消防安全标志的配置、设置______国家标准、行业标准，或者未______的；", "(2) ______、挪用或者擅自____、____消防设施、器材的；", "(3) 占用、堵塞、封闭疏散通道、安全出口或者有其他妨碍安全疏散行为的；", "(4) 埋压、圈占、遮挡____或者占用____的；", "(5) 占用、堵塞、封闭消防车通道，妨碍消防车通行的；", "(6) 人员密集场所在____上设置影响逃生和灭火救援的障碍物的；", "(7) 对火灾隐患经公安机关消防机构通知后不及时采取措施消除的。**口诀：蔬菜溅车门**"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_21.md", "title": "一蟹不如一蟹：蟛蜞传说、食俗与粤语", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_21.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《一蟹不如一蟹：蟛蜞传说、食俗与粤语》中，艾子喟然叹曰的原话是什么？", "answer": "何一蟹不如一蟹也！", "evidence": ["艾子喟然叹曰：“何一蟹不如一蟹也！”"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_21.md", "title": "一蟹不如一蟹：蟛蜞传说、食俗与粤语", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_21.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《一蟹不如一蟹：蟛蜞传说、食俗与粤语》中关于滑梯的章节标题是什么？", "answer": "“sir”滑梯,“卓”滑梯", "evidence": ["## “sir”滑梯,“卓”滑梯"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_21.md", "title": "一蟹不如一蟹：蟛蜞传说、食俗与粤语", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_21.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《一蟹不如一蟹：蟛蜞传说、食俗与粤语》一文中提到的“礼云子”究竟是什么？它的俗称是什么？", "answer": "蟛蜞的卵子，俗称“蟛蜞春”", "evidence": ["这礼云子就是蟛蜞的卵子，俗称“蟛蜞春”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_21.md", "title": "一蟹不如一蟹：蟛蜞传说、食俗与粤语", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_21.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《一蟹不如一蟹：蟛蜞传说、食俗与粤语》文中提到九斤老太及其后代共描述了几代？", "answer": "四代", "evidence": ["老师还提到过九斤老太，说她出生时九斤，她儿子出生时八斤，孙子出生时七斤，曾孙女出生时六斤。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_21.md", "title": "一蟹不如一蟹：蟛蜞传说、食俗与粤语", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_21.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《一蟹不如一蟹：蟛蜞传说、食俗与粤语》一文中，蟛蜞的学名是什么？它又因螯似螳螂被称为什么？", "answer": "相手蟹；螳臂蟹", "evidence": ["据说蟹有八百多个种，蟛蜞是这个大家庭中的一员，学名叫相手蟹，因其双螯往下伸而得名，又因其螯似螳螂而称螳臂蟹。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_19.md", "title": "世俗菩提心：自他交换与回向众生", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_19.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《世俗菩提心：自他交换与回向众生》的“下面讲正文：”部分，第一对加粗颂词的第二行是什么？", "answer": "**他所不欲自心取，我之善根回向众。**", "evidence": ["下面讲正文：", "**他所不欲自心取，我之善根回向众。**"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_19.md", "title": "世俗菩提心：自他交换与回向众生", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_19.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《世俗菩提心：自他交换与回向众生》的《第 18 课》文本中，“菩提心”一词出现了多少次？", "answer": "7", "evidence": ["讲胜义菩提心的境界，对我们来讲也望尘莫及。而世俗菩提心，只要有利他心和大悲心，每个人都可以发、都可以修。", "当然，先要了解！若对菩提心一无所知，就不知道它的殊胜何在。", "在观修世俗菩提心时，世间一切过错和不好的事情，都应归咎于自己，不应怨天尤人。", "作为修学大乘菩提心的人，当我们与众生发生冲突、矛盾等时，就像《修心七要》所讲的一样²⁸，要想到是自己的我执和前世今生所造恶业所致。", "对从来没有学过菩提心利益的人来讲，因为他不知道众生跟自己平等，甚至比自己更重要，那要观修这样的修法就很困难。", "而真正发了无上菩提心的人，就会在日常生活中去训练：凡是生活中不悦意的事，全部归于自己；自己所有善根、功德、快乐、幸福等，直接或间接让一切众生获得。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_19.md", "title": "世俗菩提心：自他交换与回向众生", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_19.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《世俗菩提心：自他交换与回向众生》一文中，作者用哪句加粗的比喻来说明把烦恼转为修行的助伴？请给出完整句子。", "answer": "**犹如孔雀毒增艳，愿烦恼成菩提伴。**", "evidence": ["**犹如孔雀毒增艳，愿烦恼成菩提伴。**"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_1.md", "title": "重庆科技成果进区县、金融开放与高速建设提速", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《重庆科技成果进区县、金融开放与高速建设提速》一文中，“市气象台发布今年首个暴雨黄色预警”的报道里，预警发布的具体时间是何时？", "answer": "4月18日上午", "evidence": ["4月18日上午,市气象台发布今年首个暴雨黄色预警"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_1.md", "title": "重庆科技成果进区县、金融开放与高速建设提速", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《重庆科技成果进区县、金融开放与高速建设提速》本版版面信息中，担任“见习美编”的是谁？", "answer": "陈丽朵", "evidence": ["编辑 罗皓皓 美编 郑典 见习美编 陈丽朵"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_1.md", "title": "重庆科技成果进区县、金融开放与高速建设提速", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《重庆科技成果进区县、金融开放与高速建设提速》的“打通跨境融资通道”部分，重庆巴洲文化旅游产业集团有限公司发行的离岸人民币债券规模是多少，并被称为什么“首单”？", "answer": "4.28亿元离岸人民币债券；2023年全国首单中资实体企业离岸人民币债券", "evidence": ["今年1月中旬,重庆巴洲文化旅游产业集团有限公司成功发行4.28亿元离岸人民币债券并通过新加坡交易所上市。", "这是2023年全国首单中资实体企业离岸人民币债券。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_1.md", "title": "重庆科技成果进区县、金融开放与高速建设提速", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《重庆科技成果进区县、金融开放与高速建设提速》一文中，“市气象台发布今年首个暴雨黄色预警”的报道里，截至18日19时，出动的特种车辆、排涝设备、普通载人车辆合计多少车次/台次？", "answer": "360", "evidence": ["截至18日19时,全市住建系统累计出动应急抢险作业人员837人次,特种车辆48车次、排涝设备119台次、普通载人车辆193车次,共处置24处积水点,未发生因城市内涝造成的人员伤亡和重大财产损失。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_1.md", "title": "重庆科技成果进区县、金融开放与高速建设提速", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《重庆科技成果进区县、金融开放与高速建设提速》中“重庆高速集团：高速公路建设加速奔跑”报道中，渝湘复线今年的建设目标与线路总里程之间是什么对应关系？", "answer": "目标与总里程一致，即“今年的目标要实现280公里路基全幅贯通”，而渝湘复线“总里程280公里”", "evidence": ["今年的目标要实现280公里路基全幅贯通。", "重庆高速集团相关负责人介绍,渝湘复线高速公路是目前我市最大的高速公路投资项目,总里程280公里,全线平均桥隧比达到80%,由巴南至彭水、彭水至酉阳、武隆至道真(重庆段)3个项目段组成。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_33.md", "title": "MAKER：以极端分解与投票纠错实现零错误百万步LLM", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_33.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《MAKER：以极端分解与投票纠错实现零错误百万步LLM》中，该论文的许可证是什么？", "answer": "CC BY 4.0", "evidence": ["许可证：CC BY 4.0"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_33.md", "title": "MAKER：以极端分解与投票纠错实现零错误百万步LLM", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_33.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《MAKER：以极端分解与投票纠错实现零错误百万步LLM》的图6(b)模型表中，$/M 为 1.6 且 tok 为 538 的模型是哪一个？", "answer": "gpt-4.1-mini(τ = 0.1)", "evidence": ["", "| gpt-4.1-mini(τ = 0.1) | ", "1.6 | ", "538 | ", ".0022 | ", "3 | ", "$3.5K | ", " "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_33.md", "title": "MAKER：以极端分解与投票纠错实现零错误百万步LLM", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_33.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《MAKER：以极端分解与投票纠错实现零错误百万步LLM》的第4.4节设置中，所选基础模型与最大输出代币阈值分别是什么？", "answer": "gpt-4.1-mini；750", "evidence": ["以 gpt-4.1-mini 为基础模型,将最大输出代币阈值设置为 750,并使用红色标记输出解析器来强制执行基本格式要求。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_33.md", "title": "MAKER：以极端分解与投票纠错实现零错误百万步LLM", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_33.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《MAKER：以极端分解与投票纠错实现零错误百万步LLM》的图6(b)模型表中，k_min 等于 6 的模型有多少个？请列出它们的名称。", "answer": "3 个：gpt-oss-20B、deepseek-v3.1、kimi-k2", "evidence": ["", "| gpt-oss-20B | ", "0.2 | ", "1104 | ", ".0358 | ", "6 | ", "1.7K | ", " ", "", "| deepseek-v3.1 | ", "1.7 | ", "1004 | ", ".0569 | ", "6 | ", "14.6K | ", " ", "", "| kimi-k2 | ", "3.0 | ", "925 | ", ".0393 | ", "6 | ", "22.9K | ", " "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_33.md", "title": "MAKER：以极端分解与投票纠错实现零错误百万步LLM", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_33.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "结合《MAKER：以极端分解与投票纠错实现零错误百万步LLM》的正文描述与图6(b)表格，哪一个专有模型的预期成本“远最低”，并给出其 k_min 值？", "answer": "gpt-4.1-mini(τ = 0.1)，k_min 为 3", "evidence": ["在专有模型中,尽管 gpt-4.1-nano具有最低的每代币成本,o3-mini 具有最低的每步错误率,但 gpt-4.1-mini(低温设置)的预期成本远最低, gpt-oss-20B 是明显的开源选择。", "", "| gpt-4.1-mini(τ = 0.1) | ", "1.6 | ", "538 | ", ".0022 | ", "3 | ", "$3.5K | ", " "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_28.md", "title": "提高各级党校为党育才献策水平", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_28.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《提高各级党校为党育才献策水平》一文的作者署名是什么？", "answer": "《求是》杂志评论员", "evidence": ["来源:《求是》2025/16 作者:《求是》杂志评论员 2025-08-15 09:30:10", "《求是》杂志评论员"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_28.md", "title": "提高各级党校为党育才献策水平", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_28.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《提高各级党校为党育才献策水平》一文的“来源”字段中标注的期号是什么？", "answer": "《求是》2025/16", "evidence": ["来源:《求是》2025/16 作者:《求是》杂志评论员 2025-08-15 09:30:10"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_28.md", "title": "提高各级党校为党育才献策水平", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_28.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《提高各级党校为党育才献策水平》一文中，习近平总书记在2007年至2012年兼任中央党校校长期间分别多少次到中央党校、多少次讲授“开学第一课”？", "answer": "58次到中央党校,18次讲授“开学第一课”", "evidence": ["2007年至2012年兼任中央党校校长期间,58次到中央党校,18次讲授“开学第一课”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_28.md", "title": "提高各级党校为党育才献策水平", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_28.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《提高各级党校为党育才献策水平》一文中，“面对新形势新任务”相关段落里明确列举并以“有的”开头的问题共有多少条？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["比如,有的党校(行政学院)对自身地位作用和使命任务认识不清,对党校姓党根本原则领悟不深;有的教学内容、方式方法与新时代新要求不相适应,针对性和实效性不强;有的重教学、轻科研,理论研究、对策研究能力水平不足;等等。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_28.md", "title": "提高各级党校为党育才献策水平", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_28.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《提高各级党校为党育才献策水平》一文，党的二十届三中全会的相关部署导致《条例》修订新增了哪类内容？", "answer": "开展常态化培训特别是基本培训相关内容", "evidence": ["党的二十届三中全会将“健全常态化培训特别是基本培训机制”列为党的建设制度改革的重要内容,就是为了加强对干部和党员的教育培训,更好用党的创新理论武装全党。", "贯彻落实全会部署,这次《条例》修订新增了开展常态化培训特别是基本培训相关内容。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_11.md", "title": "粘土与高铝耐火可塑料试样制备", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_11.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《粘土与高铝耐火可塑料试样制备》中，该标准的编号是什么？", "answer": "YB/T 5116-93", "evidence": ["**YB/T 5116-93**"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_11.md", "title": "粘土与高铝耐火可塑料试样制备", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_11.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《粘土与高铝耐火可塑料试样制备》中的尺寸表，试样“高度”的要求是多少？", "answer": "40 ± 0.1 mm", "evidence": ["| 高度 | 40 ± 0.1 mm | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_11.md", "title": "粘土与高铝耐火可塑料试样制备", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_11.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "依据《粘土与高铝耐火可塑料试样制备》第2.2条，成型时需要施加的压力是多少，脱模后应移至何种平板上？", "answer": "以70kgf/cm²(6.86MPa)压力；刚性平板(例如玻璃板等)", "evidence": ["以70kgf/cm²(6.86MPa)压力在模具内压制成型。", "脱模后移至刚性平板(例如玻璃板等)上"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_11.md", "title": "粘土与高铝耐火可塑料试样制备", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_11.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《粘土与高铝耐火可塑料试样制备》文档的“3 记录”章节中，共列出了几项需要记录的内容？", "answer": "4项", "evidence": ["**a**. 委托单位；", "**b**. 样品名称、牌号、批号和生产日期；", "**c**. 取样和试样制备日期；", "**d**. 试验人员。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_11.md", "title": "粘土与高铝耐火可塑料试样制备", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_11.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "依据《粘土与高铝耐火可塑料试样制备》中的尺寸表公差范围，若某试样长度为159.2 mm、宽度为40.3 mm、高度为40.2 mm，哪些尺寸不符合规定？", "answer": "高度", "evidence": ["| 长度 | 160 ± 1.0 mm | ", "| 宽度 | 40 ± 0.5 mm | ", "| 高度 | 40 ± 0.1 mm | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_27.md", "title": "周转轮系传动比计算步骤与方法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_27.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《周转轮系传动比计算步骤与方法》一文中，“周转轮系传动比计算”的一般步骤里加粗强调的关键词是什么？", "answer": "一般步骤", "evidence": ["从以上两例中可总结周转轮系传动比计算的**一般步骤**，如下。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_27.md", "title": "周转轮系传动比计算步骤与方法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_27.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《周转轮系传动比计算步骤与方法》中，“第一步”需要判断的轮系类别和要找到的关键部件分别是什么？", "answer": "平面周转轮系还是空间周转轮系，找到行星轮 G，确定与行星轮啮合的太阳轮 K、行星架 H", "evidence": ["第一步：判断轮系是平面周转轮系还是空间周转轮系，找到行星轮 G，确定与行星轮啮合的太阳轮 K、行星架 H，看看有没有固定中心轮（机架轮），如有固定中心轮则机构为行星轮系，反之为差动轮系。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_27.md", "title": "周转轮系传动比计算步骤与方法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_27.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《周转轮系传动比计算步骤与方法》的“第二步”关于差动轮系的说明中给出的公式是什么？同时，H 表示什么部件？", "answer": "$i_{AB}^{H} = \\frac{n_{A}^{H}}{n_{B}^{H}} = \\frac{n_{A}-n_{H}}{n_{B}-n_{H}} = f(z)$ H 为行星架", "evidence": ["第二步：若为差动轮系，套公式 $i_{AB}^{H} = \\frac{n_{A}^{H}}{n_{B}^{H}} = \\frac{n_{A}-n_{H}}{n_{B}-n_{H}} = f(z)$。注意：A、B 大多数时候为两个太阳轮，偶尔取 A、B 为一个太阳轮与一个行星轮，H 为行星架。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_27.md", "title": "周转轮系传动比计算步骤与方法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_27.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《周转轮系传动比计算步骤与方法》中，根据“第一步”的判定规则，如何依据是否有固定中心轮来判断机构属于哪类轮系？", "answer": "如有固定中心轮则机构为行星轮系，反之为差动轮系。", "evidence": ["如有固定中心轮则机构为行星轮系，反之为差动轮系。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_6.md", "title": "奇门遁甲：古代决策学的传承与新解", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_6.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "这篇《奇门遁甲：古代决策学的传承与新解》的主标题是什么？", "answer": "奇门遁甲：中国古代最高决策学", "evidence": ["# 奇门遁甲：中国古代最高决策学"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_6.md", "title": "奇门遁甲：古代决策学的传承与新解", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_6.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《奇门遁甲：古代决策学的传承与新解》的“奇门决策典籍”部分，清代两部巨型类书所述的第二部叫什么？", "answer": "《四库全书》", "evidence": ["二是乾隆年间编纂的《四库全书》"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_6.md", "title": "奇门遁甲：古代决策学的传承与新解", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_6.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《奇门遁甲：古代决策学的传承与新解》中，奇门遁甲分为哪四种？同时哪一种最为重要、最常用？", "answer": "奇门遁甲分为年家奇门、月家奇门、日家奇门和时家奇门四种，排局方法各不相同。\n因为年吉不如月吉，月吉不如日吉，日吉不如时吉，所以时家奇门最为重要，也最为常用。", "evidence": ["奇门遁甲分为年家奇门、月家奇门、日家奇门和时家奇门四种，排局方法各不相同。", "因为年吉不如月吉，月吉不如日吉，日吉不如时吉，所以时家奇门最为重要，也最为常用。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_6.md", "title": "奇门遁甲：古代决策学的传承与新解", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_6.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《奇门遁甲：古代决策学的传承与新解》中，此书共分为几部？", "answer": "三部", "evidence": ["所以此书共分为三部"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_6.md", "title": "奇门遁甲：古代决策学的传承与新解", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_6.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《奇门遁甲：古代决策学的传承与新解》中的“奇门决策概说”里，排局时哪些盘需要转动，哪个盘不动？", "answer": "地盘不动，天、人、神三盘做相应的转动", "evidence": ["这样，根据具体的时日，地盘不动，天、人、神三盘做相应的转动求得时日的定局"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_13.md", "title": "明史列传（卷119-157）目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_13.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《明史列传（卷119-157）目录》中“简怀王朱由㰒”所在頁碼是？", "answer": "2531", "evidence": ["简怀王朱由㰒...2531"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_13.md", "title": "明史列传（卷119-157）目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_13.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《明史列传（卷119-157）目录》中确认：《明史》卷一百二十列传第八的“诸王（五）”与“世宗诸子”是否位于同一页？同一页码是多少？", "answer": "2521", "evidence": ["诸王（五）…………2521", "世宗诸子…………2521"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_36.md", "title": "工业商用除湿加湿与调温设备产品目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_36.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《工业商用除湿加湿与调温设备产品目录》的“移动空调”表中，型号MSMAC-75的冷风量是多少？", "answer": "1200m³/h", "evidence": ["| 型号 | MSMAC-25 | MSMAC-35 | MSMAC-50 | MSMAC-75 |
|---|
", "| 冷风量 | 400m³/h | 600m³/h | 800m³/h | 1200m³/h |
|---|
"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_36.md", "title": "工业商用除湿加湿与调温设备产品目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_36.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《工业商用除湿加湿与调温设备产品目录》中，“工业除湿”表中型号MS-9180B的电源是什么？", "answer": "380V-50Hz(220v50Hz)可选", "evidence": ["| 型号 | MS-9180B | MS-9200B | MS-9240B | MS-9300B |
|---|
", "| 电源 | 380V-50Hz(220v50Hz)可选 | 380V-50Hz | 380V-50Hz |
|---|
"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_36.md", "title": "工业商用除湿加湿与调温设备产品目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_36.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《工业商用除湿加湿与调温设备产品目录》中，“除湿加湿一体机”表中，SMSCS-12B的每日除湿量与每小时加湿量分别是多少？", "answer": "288L/D；12kg/h", "evidence": ["| 型号 | SMSCS-03B | SMSCS-06B | SMSCS-09B | SMSCS-12B | SMSCS-15B | SMSCS-20B |
|---|
", "| 每日除湿量 | 90L/D | 156L/D | 180L/D | 288L/D | 360L/D | 480L/D |
|---|
", "| 每小时加湿量 | 3kg/h | 6kg/h | 9kg/h | 12kg/h | 15kg/h | 20kg/h |
|---|
"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_36.md", "title": "工业商用除湿加湿与调温设备产品目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_36.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《工业商用除湿加湿与调温设备产品目录》中，“商用除湿”表（MS-860D/8138B/9138B/9156B）中，使用R22制冷剂的型号有多少个？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["| 制冷剂 | R410A型 | R22 | R22 | R22 |
|---|
"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_36.md", "title": "工业商用除湿加湿与调温设备产品目录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_36.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《工业商用除湿加湿与调温设备产品目录》中，“耐低温 除湿”表中，哪些型号使用“R22a型”制冷剂且适用温度为0-8℃？", "answer": "MS-15DX、MS-20DX", "evidence": ["\n| 型号 | \nMS-06DX | \nMS-08DX | \nMS-10DX | \nMS-12DX | \nMS-15DX | \nMS-20DX | \n ", "\n| 制冷剂 | \nR22型 | \nR22a型 | \n ", "\n| 适用温度 | \n0-8℃ | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_8.md", "title": "Predicting Loudspeaker Total Harmonic Distortion with COMSOL Multiphysics", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_8.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In \"Predicting Loudspeaker Total Harmonic Distortion with COMSOL Multiphysics\", what model is labeled in Figure 2?", "answer": "Comsol Structural Mechanics Model", "evidence": ["**Figure 2.** Comsol Structural Mechanics Model"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_8.md", "title": "Predicting Loudspeaker Total Harmonic Distortion with COMSOL Multiphysics", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_8.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In 'Predicting Loudspeaker Total Harmonic Distortion with COMSOL Multiphysics', what is the full address listed for affiliation 1?", "answer": "1. Harman France, VPDT, 12 bis, rue des Colonnes du Trône, Paris, 75012, France", "evidence": ["1. Harman France, VPDT, 12 bis, rue des Colonnes du Trône, Paris, 75012, France"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_8.md", "title": "Predicting Loudspeaker Total Harmonic Distortion with COMSOL Multiphysics", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_8.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to the Results section of 'Predicting Loudspeaker Total Harmonic Distortion with COMSOL Multiphysics', what was predicted and what was it compared with?", "answer": "Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) was predicted based on Comsol and measurement system datasets. Predicted THD was compared with a measurement.", "evidence": ["Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) was predicted based on Comsol and measurement system datasets.", "Predicted THD was compared with a measurement."]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_8.md", "title": "Predicting Loudspeaker Total Harmonic Distortion with COMSOL Multiphysics", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_8.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "How many figures are labeled in \"Predicting Loudspeaker Total Harmonic Distortion with COMSOL Multiphysics\"?", "answer": "6", "evidence": ["**Figure 1.** Comsol AC/DC Model", "**Figure 2.** Comsol Structural Mechanics Model", "**Figure 3.** Suspension stiffness simulation", "**Figure 4.** Force factor simulation", "**Figure 5.** Inductance simulation", "**Figure 6.** THD prediction and measurement"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_8.md", "title": "Predicting Loudspeaker Total Harmonic Distortion with COMSOL Multiphysics", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_8.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In \"Predicting Loudspeaker Total Harmonic Distortion with COMSOL Multiphysics,\" which affiliation corresponds to the authors marked with superscript ²?", "answer": "Harman Becker Automotive Systems, VPDT, 135 Schlesische Straße, Straubing, D94315, Germany", "evidence": ["François Malbos¹, Michal Bogdanski², Michael Strauss²", "2. Harman Becker Automotive Systems, VPDT, 135 Schlesische Straße, Straubing, D94315, Germany"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_5.md", "title": "南宁市建设工程消防水源供水设计要求通知", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_5.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《南宁市建设工程消防水源供水设计要求通知》，该文件的文号是什么？", "answer": "南住建〔2021〕390号", "evidence": ["南住建〔2021〕390号"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_5.md", "title": "南宁市建设工程消防水源供水设计要求通知", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_5.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《南宁市建设工程消防水源供水设计要求通知》文末标注的“公开方式”为何？", "answer": "主动公开", "evidence": ["公开方式:主动公开"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_5.md", "title": "南宁市建设工程消防水源供水设计要求通知", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_5.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《南宁市建设工程消防水源供水设计要求通知》要求城市自来水供水企业需明确的“两点内容”分别是什么？", "answer": "并明确以下两点内容:一是明确项目地块周边市政给水管网能否满足两路消防供水的要求;二是明确是否同意建设单位申报两个市政引入管的要求,如同意,则应标识两个市政引入管的具体位置。", "evidence": ["并明确以下两点内容:一是明确项目地块周边市政给水管网能否满足两路消防供水的要求;二是明确是否同意建设单位申报两个市政引入管的要求,如同意,则应标识两个市政引入管的具体位置。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_5.md", "title": "南宁市建设工程消防水源供水设计要求通知", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_5.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《南宁市建设工程消防水源供水设计要求通知》，项目室外消防给水系统如需两路市政供水，应至少有几条不同的市政给水干管引入管？", "answer": "两条", "evidence": ["应至少有两条不同的市政给水干管引入管向消防给水系统供水。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_5.md", "title": "南宁市建设工程消防水源供水设计要求通知", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_5.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "《南宁市建设工程消防水源供水设计要求通知》中指出，在何种情况下不应设计为两路市政给水管网供水？", "answer": "如实际条件无法满足或不能明确以上要求,则不应设计为两路市政给水管网供水,应按相关规范要求进行设计。", "evidence": ["如实际条件无法满足或不能明确以上要求,则不应设计为两路市政给水管网供水,应按相关规范要求进行设计。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_9.md", "title": "Interactive COMSOL Server Optimization of One-Sided Electrostatic Headphone Speakers", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_9.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In the document \"Interactive COMSOL Server Optimization of One-Sided Electrostatic Headphone Speakers\", on what platform was the GUI hosted?", "answer": "Amazon Server", "evidence": ["* For rapid virtual prototype a GUI was run with COMSOL server and hosted on an Amazon Server."]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_9.md", "title": "Interactive COMSOL Server Optimization of One-Sided Electrostatic Headphone Speakers", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_9.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In \"Interactive COMSOL Server Optimization of One-Sided Electrostatic Headphone Speakers\", what is the address listed for Warwick Audio Technologies?", "answer": "Forward House 17 High Street, Henley-in-Arden, B95 5AA, United Kingdom.", "evidence": ["2. Warwick Audio Technologies, Forward House 17 High Street, Henley-in-Arden, B95 5AA, United Kingdom."]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_9.md", "title": "Interactive COMSOL Server Optimization of One-Sided Electrostatic Headphone Speakers", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_9.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In \"Interactive COMSOL Server Optimization of One-Sided Electrostatic Headphone Speakers\", which company both produced the novel one-sided electrostatic speaker and provided the experimental data used to validate the model?", "answer": "Warwick Audio Technologies", "evidence": ["* Warwick Audio Technologies produce a novel one-sided electrostatic speaker for the high-end consume market. Audiophiles demand extremely high quality performance from their speakers.", "* The model was validated against Warwick Audio Technologies experimental date."]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_9.md", "title": "Interactive COMSOL Server Optimization of One-Sided Electrostatic Headphone Speakers", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_9.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In the \"The GUI\" section of \"Interactive COMSOL Server Optimization of One-Sided Electrostatic Headphone Speakers\", how many items are listed under \"Material properties\"?", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["Material properties", "* Membrane properties", "* Spacer elastic and permittivity", "* Wire mesh elastic properties", "* Wire mesh aperture size and thickness"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_9.md", "title": "Interactive COMSOL Server Optimization of One-Sided Electrostatic Headphone Speakers", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_9.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "According to the \"Speaker models and challenges\" section in \"Interactive COMSOL Server Optimization of One-Sided Electrostatic Headphone Speakers,\" given the difficulty of modeling the force asymmetry and strongly non-linear electrostatic force of the one-sided system, what modeling approach did Xi use to model the speaker's frequency response?", "answer": "a fully-coupled acoustic-structure-MEMS model in COMSOL Multiphysics", "evidence": ["* The correct modelling of the dynamic relationship between the force asymmetry of the one-sided system and the strongly non-linear of the electrostatic force was extremely challenging.", "* Xi used a fully-coupled acoustic-structure-MEMS model in COMSOL Multiphysics to model the frequency response of the speaker."]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_10.md", "title": "YB/T 132-1997 电熔镁铬砂技术标准", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_10.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "依据《YB/T 132-1997 电熔镁铬砂技术标准》表1，FMCS-15的MgO%不小于的数值是多少？", "answer": "68", "evidence": ["MgO%不小于 | ", "\n| FMCS-15 a/b | \n68 | \n1.0 | \n1.0 | \n7/9 | \n15 | \n3.60 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_10.md", "title": "YB/T 132-1997 电熔镁铬砂技术标准", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_10.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《YB/T 132-1997 电熔镁铬砂技术标准》表1中，FMCS-18的颗粒体积密度g/cm3不小于是多少？", "answer": "3.70", "evidence": ["颗粒体积密度g/cm3不小于 | ", "\n| FMCS-18 a/b | \n65 | \n1.1 | \n1.1 | \n8/10 | \n18 | \n3.70 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_10.md", "title": "YB/T 132-1997 电熔镁铬砂技术标准", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_10.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《YB/T 132-1997 电熔镁铬砂技术标准》表1，FMCS-20的SiO2%不大于与CaO%不大于是否相同？若相同，其值是多少？", "answer": "相同，1.2", "evidence": ["SiO2%不大于 | ", "CaO%不大于 | ", "\n| FMCS-20 a/b | \n60 | \n1.2 | \n1.2 | \n8/11 | \n20 | \n3.70 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_10.md", "title": "YB/T 132-1997 电熔镁铬砂技术标准", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_10.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《YB/T 132-1997 电熔镁铬砂技术标准》表1，颗粒体积密度（g/cm3）不小于3.75的牌号有多少个？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["颗粒体积密度g/cm3不小于 | ", "\n| FMCS-25 a/b | \n50 | \n1.3 | \n1.3 | \n10/13 | \n25 | \n3.75 | \n ", "\n| FMCS-30 a/b | \n42 | \n1.4 | \n1.4 | \n11/14 | \n30 | \n3.75 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_10.md", "title": "YB/T 132-1997 电熔镁铬砂技术标准", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_10.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在YB/T 132-1997《电熔镁铬砂技术标准》表1中，哪一牌号同时满足Cr2O3不小于25%且MgO不小于50%？", "answer": "FMCS-25", "evidence": ["Cr2O3%不小于 | ", "MgO%不小于 | ", "\n| FMCS-25 a/b | \n50 | \n1.3 | \n1.3 | \n10/13 | \n25 | \n3.75 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_18.md", "title": "市场监管总局：上半年新设经营主体1327.8万户", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_18.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《市场监管总局：上半年新设经营主体1327.8万户》一文中，“今年上半年全国新设经营主体”是多少万户？", "answer": "1327.8万户", "evidence": ["# 今年上半年全国新设经营主体1327.8万户", "全国新设经营主体1327.8万户"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_18.md", "title": "市场监管总局：上半年新设经营主体1327.8万户", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_18.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《市场监管总局：上半年新设经营主体1327.8万户》一文的“产业结构进一步优化。”段落中，第三产业新设经营主体是多少万户？", "answer": "1171.2万户", "evidence": ["上半年,第一产业新设经营主体60.1万户、第二产业新设96.5万户、第三产业新设1171.2万户。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_18.md", "title": "市场监管总局：上半年新设经营主体1327.8万户", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_18.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《市场监管总局：上半年新设经营主体1327.8万户》一文，截至6月底，全国登记在册“四新”经济企业有多少、同比增长多少、占企业总量多少？", "answer": "2536.1万户,同比增长6.6%,占企业总量的40.2%", "evidence": ["截至6月底,全国登记在册“四新”(新技术、新产业、新业态、新模式)经济企业2536.1万户,同比增长6.6%,占企业总量的40.2%。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_4.md", "title": "奇门遁甲趋吉避凶与利主利客解析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_4.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《奇门遁甲趋吉避凶与利主利客解析》一文中，如何定义“五不遇时”？", "answer": "五不遇时是指用事的时干克日干", "evidence": ["五不遇时是指用事的时干克日干，比如甲日庚午时，乙日辛巳时等。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_4.md", "title": "奇门遁甲趋吉避凶与利主利客解析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_4.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《奇门遁甲趋吉避凶与利主利客解析》中，“导读卷 第五章 奇门遁甲占断：具体决策方法与示例”的“急则从神”示例中，天盘值符与地盘值符分别位于哪个官位和方位？", "answer": "天盘值符在兑七官正西方向，地盘值符在巽四官东南方向", "evidence": ["天盘值符在兑七官正西方向，地盘值符在巽四官东南方向"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_4.md", "title": "奇门遁甲趋吉避凶与利主利客解析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_4.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《奇门遁甲趋吉避凶与利主利客解析》中，择方时提到的吉神共有多少个？请给出原文表述。", "answer": "太阴、六合、九天、九地四吉神", "evidence": ["除此之外，还要看神盘上的太阴、六合、九天、九地四吉神。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_4.md", "title": "奇门遁甲趋吉避凶与利主利客解析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_4.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《奇门遁甲趋吉避凶与利主利客解析》中“缓从门”的原则，选择吉方时需要先后执行哪两步？", "answer": "首先要避开三奇入墓，六仪击刑，年、月、日、时格，大、小、刑格及飞干格、伏宫格和飞宫格等凶格。其次要尽量先择三奇和三吉门所在方位", "evidence": ["在选择吉方时，首先要避开三奇入墓，六仪击刑，年、月、日、时格，大、小、刑格及飞干格、伏宫格和飞宫格等凶格。", "其次要尽量先择三奇和三吉门所在方位"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_35.md", "title": "低空物流与无人机全产业链产品服务名录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_35.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《低空物流与无人机全产业链产品服务名录》的“产品\\服务类别”B2中游 - 高端装备制造商中，“中国航发动力股份有限公司”的具体产品/服务是什么？", "answer": "AEP100涡轴发动机", "evidence": ["中国航发动力股份有限公司 | ", "AEP100涡轴发动机 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_35.md", "title": "低空物流与无人机全产业链产品服务名录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_35.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《低空物流与无人机全产业链产品服务名录》中的《产品\\服务类别》B1中游 - 航空器制造商表中，序号“10”对应的单位名称是什么？", "answer": "中创航空科技(浙江)有限公司", "evidence": ["10 | ", "中创航空科技(浙江)有限公司 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_35.md", "title": "低空物流与无人机全产业链产品服务名录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_35.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《低空物流与无人机全产业链产品服务名录》的《产品\\服务类别》中，哪家公司在A2上游 - 零部件制造商提供“无人机飞控系统”，并在A3上游 - 研发机构提供“无人机整机设计”？", "answer": "西安蓝悦控制技术有限公司", "evidence": ["西安蓝悦控制技术有限公司 | \n无人机飞控系统 | ", "西安蓝悦控制技术有限公司 | \n无人机整机设计 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_35.md", "title": "低空物流与无人机全产业链产品服务名录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_35.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《低空物流与无人机全产业链产品服务名录》的《产品\\服务类别》中，A2上游 - 零部件制造商里标注“电池能源系统”的单位共有几家？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["牛瓦时克(上海)科技有限公司 | \n电池能源系统 | ", "苏州蓝悦无人机技术有限公司 | \n电池能源系统 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_35.md", "title": "低空物流与无人机全产业链产品服务名录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_35.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《低空物流与无人机全产业链产品服务名录》中，《产品\\服务类别》的B1中游 - 航空器制造商中，哪家单位的产品描述同时包含“纵列式双旋翼”和“最大载荷140kg”？", "answer": "中创航空科技(浙江)有限公司", "evidence": ["中创航空科技(浙江)有限公司 | \n自主研发ZC系列纵列双旋翼系列无人直升机, 具有大载荷、长续航、高可靠的特点。ZC500型纵列式双旋翼无人机, 是公司历时7年研发、测试, 推出的一款多用途无人直升机。ZC300无人直升机:采用纵列式双旋翼结构, 机体结构紧凑, 抗风能力强, 最大起飞重量300kg, 最大载荷140kg, 最大速度140千米/小时, 抗扰动能力强 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_17.md", "title": "明代酉陽、石砫及雲南土司紀略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_17.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《明代酉陽、石砫及雲南土司紀略》所引「明史卷三百十三·臨安」段落中，臨安府千户納速丁等來朝時，每人賜米多少？", "answer": "十石", "evidence": ["十八年，臨安府千户納速丁等來朝，人賜米十石。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_17.md", "title": "明代酉陽、石砫及雲南土司紀略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_17.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《明代酉陽、石砫及雲南土司紀略》中酉陽宣撫相關記載裡，萬曆四十六年調遣酉陽兵多少人？翌年冉躍龍派誰領兵赴遼陽？", "answer": "四千；天胤及文光", "evidence": ["四十六年調酉陽兵四千，命宣撫冉躍龍將之援遼。", "四十七年，躍龍遣子天胤及文光等領兵赴遼陽，駐虎皮、黃山等處三載，解奉集之圍。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_17.md", "title": "明代酉陽、石砫及雲南土司紀略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_17.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《明代酉陽、石砫及雲南土司紀略》中，依「明史卷三百十三·臨安」記載，永樂九年溪處甸副長官自恩請求將“海肥”改折鈔銀，皇帝最終如何處置？", "answer": "其除之！", "evidence": ["本司歲納海肥七萬九千八百索，非土所産，乞准鈔銀爲便。", "帝曰：“取有於無，適以厲民，况彼遠夷，尤當寬恤，其除之！”"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_23.md", "title": "石岐话俗语本字考：咁子、今子与静鸡鸡", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_23.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《石岐话俗语本字考：咁子、今子与静鸡鸡》一文中，用于介绍“金纸”的小节标题是什么？", "answer": "## 金纸", "evidence": ["## 金纸"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_23.md", "title": "石岐话俗语本字考：咁子、今子与静鸡鸡", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_23.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《石岐话俗语本字考：咁子、今子与静鸡鸡》一文的“## 静鸡鸡散水”一节中，文中指出《剑桥拜拜》改编自哪一首作品？", "answer": "《再别康桥》", "evidence": ["最搞的就是那首《剑桥拜拜》（林振强改编自《再别康桥》）："]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_23.md", "title": "石岐话俗语本字考：咁子、今子与静鸡鸡", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_23.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《石岐话俗语本字考：咁子、今子与静鸡鸡》中提到，《汉语大字典》给“恁”标注了几个读音？", "answer": "“恁”有3个读音", "evidence": ["“恁”有3个读音，发rèn音时可作“思念、任凭、诚信、弱”等解，发nín 音时同“您”，发 nèn 音时，字典说为方言，是“那么、那样”的意思，也可解作“此、这”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_23.md", "title": "石岐话俗语本字考：咁子、今子与静鸡鸡", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_23.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《石岐话俗语本字考：咁子、今子与静鸡鸡》文中，两位学者（彭志铭、詹宪慈）都认为“咁”的正字/本字是什么？", "answer": "“恁”", "evidence": ["香港的彭志铭先生在其《正字正确》中认为，这“咁”的正字是“恁”。", "也提到詹宪慈先生的看法，即“恁”是“咁”的本字。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_29.md", "title": "草本植萃育发液：激活毛囊强韧发根", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_29.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《草本植萃育发液：激活毛囊强韧发根》的“何首乌根提取物”段落中，括号中的实测韧性提升数值是多少？", "answer": "（实测韧性+32%）", "evidence": ["多糖成分修复毛鳞片结构，提升发丝角蛋白密度（实测韧性+32%）"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_29.md", "title": "草本植萃育发液：激活毛囊强韧发根", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_29.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《草本植萃育发液：激活毛囊强韧发根》中，“激活头发生长力”部分的要点列表中列出的三种提取物是什么？", "answer": "● 膜荚黄芪提取物 + ● 人参根提取物 + ● 姜根提取物", "evidence": ["● 膜荚黄芪提取物 + ● 人参根提取物 + ● 姜根提取物"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_29.md", "title": "草本植萃育发液：激活毛囊强韧发根", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_29.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《草本植萃育发液：激活毛囊强韧发根》中，“激活头发生长力”部分，哪一种提取物同时以“强韧发根”为小标题，并在说明中提到“增强毛囊稳固性”？", "answer": "膜荚黄芪提取物", "evidence": ["### 01 膜荚黄芪提取物", "益气固表 强韧发根", "增强毛囊稳固性, 减少发丝松动脱落, 令发根更扎实"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_29.md", "title": "草本植萃育发液：激活毛囊强韧发根", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_29.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《草本植萃育发液：激活毛囊强韧发根》中的“育发液,唤醒发量新生”列表共列出了多少个“提取物”？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["● 何首乌提取物+ ● 川穹提取物+ ● 当归提取物"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_29.md", "title": "草本植萃育发液：激活毛囊强韧发根", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_29.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《草本植萃育发液：激活毛囊强韧发根》文档的“激活头发生长力”部分，满足同时“促进头皮微循环”和“增强发根稳固性”两个条件的提取物是哪一个？", "answer": "姜根提取物", "evidence": ["### 03 姜根提取物", "有助于促进头皮微循环, 温和滋养毛囊, 增强发根稳固性, 减少日常松动"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_16.md", "title": "明代川西松潘等地边防与土司沿革纪略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_16.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根據《明代川西松潘等地边防与土司沿革纪略》，在疊溪的記載中，疊溪千户所是於哪一年設置的？", "answer": "永樂四年置。", "evidence": ["疊溪千户所，永樂四年置。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_16.md", "title": "明代川西松潘等地边防与土司沿革纪略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_16.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《明代川西松潘等地边防与土司沿革纪略》中，“茂州長官司三”所列的三個長官司名稱是哪些？", "answer": "曰隴木，曰静州，曰疊溪。", "evidence": ["茂州長官司三：曰隴木，曰静州，曰疊溪。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_16.md", "title": "明代川西松潘等地边防与土司沿革纪略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_16.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《明代川西松潘等地边防与土司沿革纪略》的“松潘衛”段落中，二十年對“松州衛”與“松潘安撫司”作出了哪些改動？", "answer": "改松州衛爲松潘等處軍民指揮使司，改松潘安撫司爲龍州。", "evidence": ["二十年改松州衛爲松潘等處軍民指揮使司，改松潘安撫司爲龍州。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_16.md", "title": "明代川西松潘等地边防与土司沿革纪略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_16.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根據《明代川西松潘等地边防与土司沿革纪略》，“其後復隸松潘者”中，長官司和安撫司各有幾個？", "answer": "長官司四；安撫司四", "evidence": ["其後復隸松潘者，長官司四，曰阿思，曰思曩兒，曰阿用，曰潘斡寨；安撫司四，曰八郎，曰阿角寨，曰麻兒匝，曰芒兒者。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_16.md", "title": "明代川西松潘等地边防与土司沿革纪略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_16.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《明代川西松潘等地边防与土司沿革纪略》的“松潘衛”段中，因調發松潘官軍引發事變後，被“梟於松潘以徇”的是誰？", "answer": "錢宏", "evidence": ["皇帝命令逮捕錢宏等人", "而梟宏於松潘以徇"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_32.md", "title": "Abcam 春季买二送一 多买多送 WB/IHC/ICC 试剂与内参赠品清单", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_32.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《Abcam 春季买二送一 多买多送 WB/IHC/ICC 试剂与内参赠品清单》中的“精选 IHC 试剂”表里，产品货号为“64220”的产品名称是什么？", "answer": "Proteinase K 🔥", "evidence": ["\n| 抗原修复 | \n64220 | \nProteinase K 🔥 | \n抗原修复酶 | \n4 ml | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_32.md", "title": "Abcam 春季买二送一 多买多送 WB/IHC/ICC 试剂与内参赠品清单", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_32.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《Abcam 春季买二送一 多买多送 WB/IHC/ICC 试剂与内参赠品清单》文档的“精选 WB 试剂”表中，产品名称为“10X RIPA Buffer🔥”的规格是多少？", "answer": "15 ml", "evidence": ["\n| 样品制备 | \n156034 | \n10X RIPA Buffer🔥 | \nRIPA裂解缓冲液 | \n15 ml | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_32.md", "title": "Abcam 春季买二送一 多买多送 WB/IHC/ICC 试剂与内参赠品清单", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_32.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《Abcam 春季买二送一 多买多送 WB/IHC/ICC 试剂与内参赠品清单》的“精选 IHC 试剂”表中，“封闭”步骤且标有“🔥”的人气产品有哪些（产品名称）？", "answer": "Endogenous Avidin/Biotin Blocking Kit 🔥；Hydrogen Peroxide Blocking Reagent 🔥", "evidence": ["\n| 封闭 | \n64212 | \nEndogenous Avidin/Biotin Blocking Kit 🔥 | \n封闭液 | \n15 ml | \n ", "\n| 封闭 | \n64218 | \nHydrogen Peroxide Blocking Reagent 🔥 | \n封闭液 | \n60 ml | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_32.md", "title": "Abcam 春季买二送一 多买多送 WB/IHC/ICC 试剂与内参赠品清单", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_32.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在“Abcam 春季买二送一 多买多送 WB/IHC/ICC 试剂与内参赠品清单”的“精选 IHC 试剂”表中，“洗涤”步骤共有多少条产品？", "answer": "6", "evidence": ["\n| 洗涤 | \n128983 | \n10X Phosphate Buffered Saline | \n10X PBS | \n1 pack | \n ", "\n| 洗涤 | \n128987 | \nTween 20 (Polyoxyethelenesorbitan Monolaurate) | \n吐温20 | \n125 ml | \n ", "\n| 洗涤 | \n64026 | \n25x PBS Buffer pH 7.6 | \n25X PBS (pH 7.6) | \n125 ml | \n ", "\n| 洗涤 | \n64204 | \n20x TBS-T with Tween 20 | \n20X TBS-T | \n125 ml | \n ", "\n| 洗涤 | \n64247 | \n20x PBS buffer with Tween 20 | \n20X PBS-T | \n125 ml | \n ", "\n| 洗涤 | \n64248 | \n25x TBS (pH 7.4) | \n25X TBS (pH 7.4) | \n125 ml | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_32.md", "title": "Abcam 春季买二送一 多买多送 WB/IHC/ICC 试剂与内参赠品清单", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_32.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《Abcam 春季买二送一 多买多送 WB/IHC/ICC 试剂与内参赠品清单》的“精选 WB 试剂”表中，筛选“电泳分离”步骤里，产品类型为“预染蛋白Marker”且规格为“500 μl”的产品，列出其产品货号。", "answer": "115832, 116027, 116028, 116029, 234592", "evidence": ["\n| 电泳分离 | \n115832 | \nPre-stained Protein Ladder - Mid-range molecular weight (10-175 kDa) | \n预染蛋白Marker | \n500 μl | \n ", "\n| 电泳分离 | \n116027 | \nPre-stained Protein Ladder - Mid-range molecular weight (10-180 kDa)🔥 | \n预染蛋白Marker | \n500 μl | \n ", "\n| 电泳分离 | \n116028 | \nPre-stained Protein Ladder - Broad molecular weight (10-245 kDa)🔥 | \n预染蛋白Marker | \n500 μl | \n ", "\n| 电泳分离 | \n116029 | \nPre-stained Protein Ladder - Extra broad molecular weight (5-245 kDa) | \n预染蛋白Marker | \n500 μl | \n ", "\n| 电泳分离 | \n234592 | \nPre-stained Protein Ladder - Extra broad molecular weight (6.5-270 kDa) | \n预染蛋白Marker | \n500 μl | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_22.md", "title": "石岐话词源与用法：早敨、kai、噯", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_22.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《石岐话词源与用法：早敨、kai、噯》中，“kai kai 补碌俾阿婆”部分的配图说明里，句子“kai kai 补碌俾阿婆先”的中文解释是什么？", "answer": "“kai kai 补碌俾阿婆先” 意思是，先拿一块柚子给奶奶", "evidence": ["“kai kai 补碌俾阿婆先” 意思是，先拿一块柚子给奶奶"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_22.md", "title": "石岐话词源与用法：早敨、kai、噯", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_22.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《石岐话词源与用法：早敨、kai、噯》中，描述老房子布局的段落里，第二进的大厅称为什么？", "answer": "二厅", "evidence": ["第二进也有个大厅，称二厅，还有二厅楼。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_22.md", "title": "石岐话词源与用法：早敨、kai、噯", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_22.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《石岐话词源与用法：早敨、kai、噯》文中提到住进大厅的那家人共有几个子女？", "answer": "7个子女", "evidence": ["大厅的另一大半让一家人住了进来，他们是一对夫妻及其7个子女。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_22.md", "title": "石岐话词源与用法：早敨、kai、噯", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_22.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《石岐话词源与用法：早敨、kai、噯》中，结合文中对“偷”与“抖”的讨论，作者认为表示休息之意的“抖”的本字是什么？", "answer": "“偷”", "evidence": ["表休息之意的“抖”，本字应就是“偷”，有点意思。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_25.md", "title": "石岐话词语笔记：‘仔’‘订’与‘闲’的用法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_25.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《石岐话词语笔记：‘仔’‘订’与‘闲’的用法》一文中，北方话的“有空”在广府话中称为什么？", "answer": "得闲", "evidence": ["北方话的“有空”，广府话称“得闲”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_25.md", "title": "石岐话词语笔记：‘仔’‘订’与‘闲’的用法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_25.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《石岐话词语笔记：‘仔’‘订’与‘闲’的用法》一文中，以竖线标出的标题里，“店”的本义被解释为何？", "answer": "用以放置农具、看守作物的草舍", "evidence": ["| “店”的本义是用以放置农具、看守作物的草舍"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_25.md", "title": "石岐话词语笔记：‘仔’‘订’与‘闲’的用法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_25.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《石岐话词语笔记：‘仔’‘订’与‘闲’的用法》中，就“订”的本字提出了两种不同观点，分别认为是哪个字？请列出两者。", "answer": "“党”和“店”", "evidence": ["香港的潘永强先生在其《广府俗语探奇》一书中说，这“订”的本字乃是“党”。", "我疑心“订”的本字是“店”"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_25.md", "title": "石岐话词语笔记：‘仔’‘订’与‘闲’的用法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_25.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《石岐话词语笔记：‘仔’‘订’与‘闲’的用法》一文开头列举了几种带“仔”的词语（如“薯仔”“萝卜仔”等）？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["可以是“薯仔（一指土豆，一指傻仔）”“萝卜仔（可以是小的萝卜，也指冻疮）”，还可以是“老婆仔”“老公仔”“老鼠仔（可以是小老鼠，又可以是‘手瓜’上的那块肌肉）”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_25.md", "title": "石岐话词语笔记：‘仔’‘订’与‘闲’的用法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_25.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《石岐话词语笔记：‘仔’‘订’与‘闲’的用法》一文中，“多仔少仔”有哪两层含义？", "answer": "“多哋少哋”；“多些儿子，或少些儿子”", "evidence": ["这句话的“多仔少仔”指的当然是“多哋少哋”，", "所以，“多仔少仔”可以理解成“多些儿子，或少些儿子”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_2.md", "title": "城市铁路边界噪声限值及测量方法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_2.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《城市铁路边界噪声限值及测量方法》的表2中，“差值”为4~5时对应的“修正值”是多少？", "answer": "-2", "evidence": ["4~5 | ", "修正值 | ", "-2 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_2.md", "title": "城市铁路边界噪声限值及测量方法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_2.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《城市铁路边界噪声限值及测量方法》的附录A测量记录表中，与“车流密度”同一行还列出了哪两个项目？", "answer": "几股线路；距轨面距离 m", "evidence": ["车流密度 | ", "几股线路 | ", "距轨面距离 m | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_2.md", "title": "城市铁路边界噪声限值及测量方法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_2.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《城市铁路边界噪声限值及测量方法》的表2中，列出的“修正值”共有多少个不同数值？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["-3 | ", "-2 | ", "-1 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_2.md", "title": "城市铁路边界噪声限值及测量方法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_2.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《城市铁路边界噪声限值及测量方法》的表2，当背景噪声与铁路噪声的声级差值为6~9 dB时，测得值应修正为减去多少？", "answer": "-1", "evidence": ["6~9 | ", "-1 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_26.md", "title": "枭首与斩头鬼：岭南民俗与石岐耍", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_26.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《枭首与斩头鬼：岭南民俗与石岐耍》一文中关于“枭”的记述，后人把“砍头悬挂示众”称作什么？", "answer": "“枭首”", "evidence": ["所以后人把砍头悬挂示众称作“枭首”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_26.md", "title": "枭首与斩头鬼：岭南民俗与石岐耍", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_26.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《枭首与斩头鬼：岭南民俗与石岐耍》中，依据带“|”的图注，提到的女诗人是谁？", "answer": "波兰女诗人辛波斯卡", "evidence": ["| 波兰女诗人辛波斯卡《砍头》一诗仿佛在说妇女穿得袒胸露肩，显出美丽的脖子，是为了让人砍去自己的头颅"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_26.md", "title": "枭首与斩头鬼：岭南民俗与石岐耍", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_26.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《枭首与斩头鬼：岭南民俗与石岐耍》中，“石岐好好耍”一节里“石岐好好耍”的下一句是什么？", "answer": "“十二点钟有炮打”", "evidence": ["# 石岐好好耍", "“石岐好好耍”的下一句，自然是“十二点钟有炮打”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_26.md", "title": "枭首与斩头鬼：岭南民俗与石岐耍", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_26.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《枭首与斩头鬼：岭南民俗与石岐耍》中，按夏元瑜所述，中国砍脑袋通常需要几名刽子手？", "answer": "两名", "evidence": ["中国的砍脑袋，要两名刽子手"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_26.md", "title": "枭首与斩头鬼：岭南民俗与石岐耍", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_26.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《枭首与斩头鬼：岭南民俗与石岐耍》中，文中指出“后来，有了枪，有了子弹”，于是“斩头鬼”有了哪个同义词？", "answer": "“打靶鬼”", "evidence": ["后来，有了枪，有了子弹，“斩头鬼”于是有了个同义词——“打靶鬼”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_30.md", "title": "控驻系列防脱洗护产品常见问答", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_30.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《控驻系列防脱洗护产品常见问答》的Q7中，洗发水一次建议取用多少ml？", "answer": "5-8ml", "evidence": ["取 5-8ml 于掌心"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_30.md", "title": "控驻系列防脱洗护产品常见问答", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_30.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《控驻系列防脱洗护产品常见问答》中《# QA》Q4的产品与编号对应关系，育发液对应的国妆特字编号是什么？", "answer": "国妆特字G2020226", "evidence": ["洗发水：国妆特字20241949 育发液：国妆特字G2020226"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_30.md", "title": "控驻系列防脱洗护产品常见问答", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_30.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《控驻系列防脱洗护产品常见问答》的Q1中，多久能看到防脱效果，且是否建议长期使用？", "answer": "多数用户在持续使用8周后可见脱发明显改善，如脱发量减少、新生绒毛出现。可作为日常头皮护理长期使用。", "evidence": ["多数用户在持续使用8周后可见脱发明显改善，如脱发量减少、新生绒毛出现。可作为日常头皮护理长期使用。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_30.md", "title": "控驻系列防脱洗护产品常见问答", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_30.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《控驻系列防脱洗护产品常见问答》中，Q6提到，选择洗发水+育发液套装较单买可节省约多少？", "answer": "约34%", "evidence": ["价格较单买节省约34%"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_30.md", "title": "控驻系列防脱洗护产品常见问答", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_30.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《控驻系列防脱洗护产品常见问答》的“# QA”Q7里，如果需要精准涂抹并避免污染，育发液的使用与处理方式是什么？", "answer": "采用30ml三点滚珠式包装，单手垂直头皮向下按压，可精准涂抹发际线、发缝等发量稀少区域，单只用完即弃，避免污染。", "evidence": ["育发液：采用30ml三点滚珠式包装，单手垂直头皮向下按压，可精准涂抹发际线、发缝等发量稀少区域，单只用完即弃，避免污染。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_24.md", "title": "粤语与石岐话俗语源流考", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_24.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《粤语与石岐话俗语源流考》中，《说文解字》对“辽”的解释是什么？", "answer": "辽，远也。", "evidence": ["《说文解字》：“辽，远也。”"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_24.md", "title": "粤语与石岐话俗语源流考", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_24.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《粤语与石岐话俗语源流考》的“## 你把到我好把炮咧”一节中，“巴闭”被赋予哪两个释义？", "answer": "“了不起、犀利”和“紧张,小题大做”", "evidence": ["广府话有“巴闭”一词,可解作“了不起、犀利”,如“佢就巴闭啰,有楼有车”;又可解作“紧张,小题大做”,如“好小事啫,使乜咁巴闭啊”。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_24.md", "title": "粤语与石岐话俗语源流考", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_24.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《粤语与石岐话俗语源流考》的“补二”中，杨先生提到“撩刁”古书上写作什么，并指的是哪种器物？", "answer": "“了鸟”，指门窗上的金属搭扣，今称门钩，窗钩。", "evidence": ["杨先生还说，撩刁，古书上写作“了鸟”，指门窗上的金属搭扣，今称门钩，窗钩。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_24.md", "title": "粤语与石岐话俗语源流考", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_24.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《粤语与石岐话俗语源流考》一文中，列举了多少个地方方言地区将“巴”解作“盼望、期待”？", "answer": "6", "evidence": ["现今的地方方言，我查了一下《现代汉语方言大词典》，“巴”仍解作“盼望、期待”的有成都、南京、扬州、牟平、徐州、万荣等地。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_24.md", "title": "粤语与石岐话俗语源流考", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_24.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《粤语与石岐话俗语源流考》中“你把到我好把炮咧”一节，\"把炮\"一词源自哪个词的音转？据此它表示的评价是什么？", "answer": "巴闭；“好犀利”咁解。", "evidence": ["“巴闭，巴闭”地说着，又音转成“把炮”，加上“炮”是厉害的家伙，不然人家为什么会“车大炮”呢", "这“把炮”就是“好犀利”咁解。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_39.md", "title": "Measure Theory: Sigma-Algebras, Measurable Functions, and Lebesgue Integration", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_39.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to Definition 2.24 (Simple function) in Measure Theory: Sigma-Algebras, Measurable Functions, and Lebesgue Integration, when is s called a simple function?", "answer": "If $|\\mathrm{im}(s)| < \\infty$ then $s$ is called a *simple function*.", "evidence": ["If $|\\mathrm{im}(s)| < \\infty$ then $s$ is called a *simple function*."]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_39.md", "title": "Measure Theory: Sigma-Algebras, Measurable Functions, and Lebesgue Integration", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_39.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In Measure Theory: Sigma-Algebras, Measurable Functions, and Lebesgue Integration, what does item 3 of Theorem 2.20 (Rudin's Theorem 1.9) state about operations on measurable complex-valued functions?", "answer": "If $f, g: X \\to \\mathbb{C}$ are measurable then $f+g$ and $fg$ are too.", "evidence": ["3. If $f, g: X \\to \\mathbb{C}$ are measurable then $f+g$ and $fg$ are too."]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_39.md", "title": "Measure Theory: Sigma-Algebras, Measurable Functions, and Lebesgue Integration", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_39.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In Measure Theory: Sigma-Algebras, Measurable Functions, and Lebesgue Integration, using equation (2.1) in section 2.2, what is the expression for the liminf of a sequence {a_n}?", "answer": "\\liminf_{n \\to \\infty} a_n \\equiv \\lim_{n \\to \\infty} \\left( \\inf_{m \\ge n} a_m \\right) = \\sup_{n \\in \\mathbb{N}} \\inf_{m \\ge n} a_m. \\qquad (2.1)", "evidence": ["$$\n\\liminf_{n \\to \\infty} a_n \\equiv \\lim_{n \\to \\infty} \\left( \\inf_{m \\ge n} a_m \\right) = \\sup_{n \\in \\mathbb{N}} \\inf_{m \\ge n} a_m. \\qquad (2.1)\n$$"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_39.md", "title": "Measure Theory: Sigma-Algebras, Measurable Functions, and Lebesgue Integration", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_39.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In Proposition 2.44 of \"Measure Theory: Sigma-Algebras, Measurable Functions, and Lebesgue Integration\", how many numbered statements are listed?", "answer": "6", "evidence": ["1. If $0 \\le f \\le g$ then", "2. If $A \\subseteq B$ and $f \\ge 0$ then \\int_A f d\\mu \\le \\int_B f d\\mu.", "3. If $f \\ge 0$ and $c \\in [0, \\infty)$ then", "4. If $f = 0$ for all $x \\in E$ then \\int_E f d\\mu = 0$. Note this holds even if \\mu(E) = \\infty$.", "5. If \\mu(E) = 0$ then", "6. If $f \\ge 0$ then"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_39.md", "title": "Measure Theory: Sigma-Algebras, Measurable Functions, and Lebesgue Integration", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_39.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In Example 2.32 of \"Measure Theory: Sigma-Algebras, Measurable Functions, and Lebesgue Integration\", why does the case with A_n = \\mathbb{N}_{\\ge n} not violate the theorem above despite \\bigcap_n A_n = \\emptyset and \\mu(A_n) = \\infty?", "answer": "This does not violate the theorem above since the assumption $\\mu(A_1) < \\infty$ is clearly violated here.", "evidence": ["This does not violate the theorem above since the assumption $\\mu(A_1) < \\infty$ is clearly violated here."]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_34.md", "title": "承压设备介质危害分类与判定标准", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_34.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《承压设备介质危害分类与判定标准》中，根据表1，“极度危害(I级)”对应的急性毒性危害类别是什么？", "answer": "类别1", "evidence": ["\n| 极度危害(I级) | \n类别1 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_34.md", "title": "承压设备介质危害分类与判定标准", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_34.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《承压设备介质危害分类与判定标准》中，根据表2，吸入-蒸气途径的“类别 3”对应的ATE范围是多少？", "answer": "2.0<ATE≤10.0", "evidence": ["\n| 接触途径 | \n单位 | \n类别 1 | \n类别 2 | \n类别 3 | \n类别 4 | \n类别 5 | \n ", "\n| 蒸气a,b,c,d,e | \nmg/L | \nATE≤0.5 | \n0.5<ATE≤2.0 | \n2.0<ATE≤10.0 | \n10.0<ATE≤20.0 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_34.md", "title": "承压设备介质危害分类与判定标准", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_34.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《承压设备介质危害分类与判定标准》的附录A表A.1中，“氨”的“燃烧爆炸特性”和“GHS健康和环境危害类别b”分别是什么？", "answer": "易燃气体,类别2；急性毒性-吸入,类别3*皮肤腐蚀/刺激,类别1B严重眼损伤/眼刺激,类别1危害水生环境-急性危害,类别1", "evidence": ["\n| 2 | \n7664-41-7 | \n1005 | \n氨 | \n液氨;氨气 | \nIII * | \n易燃气体,类别2 | \n加压气体 | \n— | \n氨应力腐蚀开裂、渗氮(含量高,高温) | \n与强氧化剂、卤素、酸类等禁配物接触发生剧烈反应。禁配物:卤素、酰基氯、氯仿、强氧化剂。危险的分解产物:无资料 | \n易燃气体,内装加压气体,遇热可能爆炸,吸入会中毒,可引起皮肤腐蚀,强渗透性 | \n急性毒性-吸入,类别3*皮肤腐蚀/刺激,类别1B严重眼损伤/眼刺激,类别1危害水生环境-急性危害,类别1 | \n— | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_34.md", "title": "承压设备介质危害分类与判定标准", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_34.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《承压设备介质危害分类与判定标准》的表7，遇水放出易燃气体的介质被分为几个类别？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["\n| 1 | \n在环境温度下遇水起剧烈反应,并且所产生的气体通常显示自燃倾向,或在环境温度下遇水容易发生反应,释放易燃气体的速度等于或大于每千克物质在任何1 min内释放10 L的任何物质或混合物 | \n ", "\n| 2 | \n在环境温度下遇水容易发生反应,释放易燃气体的最大速度等于或大于每千克物质每小时释放20 L,并且不符合类别1标准的任何物质或混合物 | \n ", "\n| 3 | \n在环境温度下遇水容易发生反应,释放易燃气体的最大速度等于或大于每千克物质每小时释放1 L,并且不符合类别1和类别2标准的任何物质或混合物 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_34.md", "title": "承压设备介质危害分类与判定标准", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_34.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《承压设备介质危害分类与判定标准》中，某物质通过吸入蒸气途径的急性毒性ATE为3 mg/L。根据表2应属于哪个急性毒性类别？进一步依据表1，该类别对应的毒性危害程度等级是什么？", "answer": "类别 3；中度危害(III级)", "evidence": ["\n| 接触途径 | \n单位 | \n类别 1 | \n类别 2 | \n类别 3 | \n类别 4 | \n类别 5 | \n ", "\n| 蒸气a,b,c,d,e | \nmg/L | \nATE≤0.5 | \n0.5<ATE≤2.0 | \n2.0<ATE≤10.0 | \n10.0<ATE≤20.0 | \n ", "\n| 中度危害(III级) | \n类别3 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_37.md", "title": "两个因素析因方差分析 SPSS 主效应与交互效应 案例与练习 指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_37.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《两个因素析因方差分析 SPSS 主效应与交互效应 案例与练习 指南》的“练习参考答案”第2题中，三个群体的均值分别是多少？", "answer": "58.05 秒、57.96 秒和 59.03 秒", "evidence": ["三个群体的均值分别是 58.05 秒、57.96 秒和 59.03 秒, F 值 ($F_{2,33} = 0.160$), 差异来自于随机因素的可能性是 0.853, 远远大于我们预期的由于处理变量引起的可能性。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_37.md", "title": "两个因素析因方差分析 SPSS 主效应与交互效应 案例与练习 指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_37.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《两个因素析因方差分析 SPSS 主效应与交互效应 案例与练习 指南》中，“两个因素——析因方差分析 12”的“Between-Subjects Factors”表里，GENDER 为“2.00”的 Value Label 是什么？", "answer": "Female", "evidence": [" | 2.00 | Female | 20 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_37.md", "title": "两个因素析因方差分析 SPSS 主效应与交互效应 案例与练习 指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_37.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《两个因素析因方差分析 SPSS 主效应与交互效应 案例与练习 指南》中，“更有趣的方面：交互效应”中的第二个“主效应与交互效应检验”表里，交互效应（TREATMEN * GENDER）的 Sig. 值是多少？", "answer": ".004", "evidence": ["| TREATMEN * | | | | | | ", "| GENDER | 1 050.625 | 1 | 1 050.625 | 9.683 | .004 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_37.md", "title": "两个因素析因方差分析 SPSS 主效应与交互效应 案例与练习 指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_37.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《两个因素析因方差分析 SPSS 主效应与交互效应 案例与练习 指南》中，“两个因素——析因方差分析 12”的“Between-Subjects Factors”表中，TREATMEN 有多少个水平？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["| TREATMEN | 1.00 | | | ", " | | High Impact | 20 | ", " | 2.00 | Low Impact | 20 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_37.md", "title": "两个因素析因方差分析 SPSS 主效应与交互效应 案例与练习 指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_37.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《两个因素析因方差分析 SPSS 主效应与交互效应 案例与练习 指南》中，结合“更有趣的方面：交互效应”段落与表格结果，训练类型和性别是否有主效应？交互效应是否显著？", "answer": "处理变量和性别没有主效应(分别为p=.127, p=.176)，但是存在交互效应(p=.004)", "evidence": ["处理变量和性别没有主效应(分别为p=.127, p=.176)，但是存在交互效应(p=.004)，这是一个非常有意思的结果。", "| TREATMEN | 265.225 | 1 | 265.225 | 2.444 | .127 | ", "| GENDER | 207.025 | 1 | 207.025 | 1.908 | .176 | ", "| TREATMEN * | | | | | | ", "| GENDER | 1 050.625 | 1 | 1 050.625 | 9.683 | .004 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_40.md", "title": "商用入口地垫产品目录与技术参数", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_40.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《商用入口地垫产品目录与技术参数》中，“雅净™/Yclean™ 技术参数Technical specifications”表中的产地 Place of original 是哪里？", "answer": "美国America", "evidence": ["| 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | 产地Place of original | 美国America | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_40.md", "title": "商用入口地垫产品目录与技术参数", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_40.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《商用入口地垫产品目录与技术参数》文档中的“雅澜™/Yalan™ 技术参数Technical specifications”表里，“可接驳幅宽Stickable Width”对应的数值是多少？", "answer": "1.1m、1.7m", "evidence": ["| 卷材幅宽Roll Width | 1.2m、1.8m | 可接驳幅宽Stickable Width | 1.1m、1.7m | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_40.md", "title": "商用入口地垫产品目录与技术参数", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_40.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《商用入口地垫产品目录与技术参数》文档中，“力祥™/Lshine™ 技术参数 Technical specifications”表里的“产品高度 Product size”和“凹槽深度 Groove depth”分别是多少？", "answer": "12mm、18mm、20mm；12mm (±2mm)", "evidence": ["| 产品高度Product size | 12mm、18mm、20mm | ", "| 凹槽深度Groove depth | 12mm (±2mm) | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_40.md", "title": "商用入口地垫产品目录与技术参数", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_40.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《商用入口地垫产品目录与技术参数》中的“瑞客™/Rook™ 技术参数Technical specifications”表里，“尺寸Size”列出了几种选项（含“定制尺寸”）？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["| 尺寸Size | 0.6m*0.9m、0.8m*1.2m、定制尺寸 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_40.md", "title": "商用入口地垫产品目录与技术参数", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_40.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《商用入口地垫产品目录与技术参数》中，“力彩™/Lcolor™ 技术参数 Technical specifications”里若选择壁厚1.5mm且为“橡胶条”，对应的重量是多少？", "answer": "20kg/m", "evidence": ["1.5mm（比利时: 14.3kg/m、橡胶条: 20kg/m、毛刷: 18.7kg/m、毯面+橡胶: 16kg/m、毯面+铲刀: 15kg/m、橡胶+铲刀: 19.9kg/m）"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_38.md", "title": "Agent-R1：用于LLM智能体的端到端强化学习框架", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_38.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《Agent-R1：用于LLM智能体的端到端强化学习框架》中，表2里“状态转换(P)”在 LLM Agent 列的描述是什么？", "answer": "随机性: 下一个状态取决于环境的非确定性反馈。", "evidence": ["随机性: 下一个状态取决于环境的非确定性反馈。 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_38.md", "title": "Agent-R1：用于LLM智能体的端到端强化学习框架", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_38.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《Agent-R1：用于LLM智能体的端到端强化学习框架》的表1中，“动作空间（A）”一行里，静态 LLM 的动作如何定义？", "answer": "动作 aₜ 对应于从 LLM 的词汇表 V 中选择下一个代币 ωₜ₊₁。", "evidence": ["动作 aₜ 对应于从 LLM 的词汇表 V 中选择下一个代币 ωₜ₊₁。 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_38.md", "title": "Agent-R1：用于LLM智能体的端到端强化学习框架", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_38.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《Agent-R1：用于LLM智能体的端到端强化学习框架》的表2中，“动作（A）”在静态 LLM 与 LLM Agent 中分别如何表述？", "answer": "生成下一个代币。；生成可作为调用外部工具的命令的标记。", "evidence": ["| 动作(A) | 生成下一个代币。 | 生成可作为调用外部工具的命令的标记。 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_38.md", "title": "Agent-R1：用于LLM智能体的端到端强化学习框架", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_38.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《Agent-R1：用于LLM智能体的端到端强化学习框架》的表3中，相比“朴素 RAG”的“平均”为0.1328，平均分更高的强化学习算法有多少个？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["| 朴素 RAG | 0.1916 | 0.1792 | 0.0277 | 0.1328 | ", "| PPO | 0.4136 | 0.5468 | 0.1552 | 0.3719 | ", "| GRPO | 0.4405 | 0.5741 | 0.1485 | 0.3877 | ", "| REINFORCE++ | 0.3768 | 0.4796 | 0.1336 | 0.3300 | ", "| REINFORCE++基线 | 0.3966 | 0.5406 | 0.1485 | 0.3619 | ", "| RLOO | 0.4089 | 0.5641 | 0.1419 | 0.3716 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_38.md", "title": "Agent-R1：用于LLM智能体的端到端强化学习框架", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_38.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《Agent-R1：用于LLM智能体的端到端强化学习框架》的表4中，PPO组里将“↳ 禁用优势掩码”与基线“PPO（损失掩码 ✓，优势掩码 ✓）”相比，“平均”分数下降了多少？", "answer": "0.0583", "evidence": ["\n | PPO（损失掩码 ✓，优势掩码 ✓） | \n 0.4136 | \n 0.5468 | \n 0.1552 | \n 0.3719 | \n ", "\n | ↳ 禁用优势掩码 | \n 0.3630 | \n 0.4641 | \n 0.1138 | \n 0.3136 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_12.md", "title": "明代祭祀制度與壇壝之制", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_12.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《明代祭祀制度與壇壝之制》中〈壇壝之制 神位祭器玉帛牲牢祝冊之數 籩豆之實 祭祀雜議諸儀祭祀日期 習儀 齋戒 遣官祭祀 分獻陪祀〉一節，“泰神殿”改名為何？", "answer": "皇穹宇", "evidence": ["十七年撤之，又改泰神殿曰皇穹宇。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_12.md", "title": "明代祭祀制度與壇壝之制", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_12.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《明代祭祀制度與壇壝之制》的“壇壝之制 神位祭器玉帛牲牢祝冊之數 籩豆之實 祭祀雜議諸儀祭祀日期 習儀 齋戒 遣官祭祀 分獻陪祀”中，圜丘外建四天門的東、南、西、北分別稱為何？", "answer": "東曰泰元，南曰昭亭，西曰廣利。北曰成貞。", "evidence": ["外建四天門。東曰泰元，南曰昭亭，西曰廣利。", "北曰成貞。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_12.md", "title": "明代祭祀制度與壇壝之制", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_12.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "依據《明代祭祀制度與壇壝之制》中《壇壝之制 神位祭器玉帛牲牢祝冊之數 籩豆之實 祭祀雜議諸儀祭祀日期 習儀 齋戒 遣官祭祀 分獻陪祀》，朝日、夕月壇於何年廢止，何年復建？", "answer": "二十一年罷。嘉靖九年復建，壇各一成。", "evidence": ["二十一年罷。", "嘉靖九年復建，壇各一成。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_12.md", "title": "明代祭祀制度與壇壝之制", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_12.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根據《明代祭祀制度與壇壝之制》，《壇壝之制 神位祭器玉帛牲牢祝冊之數 籩豆之實 祭祀雜議諸儀祭祀日期 習儀 齋戒 遣官祭祀 分獻陪祀》中記載：每歲所常行者的小祀共有幾？", "answer": "小祀八", "evidence": ["小祀八："]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_12.md", "title": "明代祭祀制度與壇壝之制", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_12.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根據《明代祭祀制度與壇壝之制》所載《壇壝之制 神位祭器玉帛牲牢祝冊之數 籩豆之實 祭祀雜議諸儀祭祀日期 習儀 齋戒 遣官祭祀 分獻陪祀》，每歲常行大祀中哪些祭祀“皆祭昊天上帝”？", "answer": "正月上辛祈穀、孟夏大雩、季秋大享、冬至圜丘皆祭昊天上帝", "evidence": ["每歲所常行者，大祀十有三：正月上辛祈穀、孟夏大雩、季秋大享、冬至圜丘皆祭昊天上帝"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_20.md", "title": "从“鸠屎”到“拗爆”：石岐话俗语与词源", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_20.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《从“鸠屎”到“拗爆”：石岐话俗语与词源》一文的图片说明中提到的童子蛋是用什么制作的？", "answer": "用孩童尿液做成的童子蛋", "evidence": ["用孩童尿液做成的童子蛋"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_20.md", "title": "从“鸠屎”到“拗爆”：石岐话俗语与词源", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_20.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《从“鸠屎”到“拗爆”：石岐话俗语与词源》的“有排拗”一节中，友人打来电话问了哪两个问题？", "answer": "一是粤俗语“有乜冬瓜豆腐”的出处；一是石岐话“拗爆”的出处。", "evidence": ["友人打来电话，问了两个问题，一是粤俗语“有乜冬瓜豆腐”的出处；一是石岐话“拗爆”的出处。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_20.md", "title": "从“鸠屎”到“拗爆”：石岐话俗语与词源", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_20.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《从“鸠屎”到“拗爆”：石岐话俗语与词源》一文中，关于中山方言的描述提到它同时拥有粤语三大语系，请问是哪三种？", "answer": "广府话、客 家话和闽南话。", "evidence": ["唯一的同时拥有粤语三大语系的地级市", "包括广府话、客 家话和闽南话。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_20.md", "title": "从“鸠屎”到“拗爆”：石岐话俗语与词源", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_20.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《从“鸠屎”到“拗爆”：石岐话俗语与词源》，粤地风俗中丧事后主家设解秽酒时席上可上几个菜？", "answer": "7个菜", "evidence": ["席上可上7个菜"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_20.md", "title": "从“鸠屎”到“拗爆”：石岐话俗语与词源", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_20.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《从“鸠屎”到“拗爆”：石岐话俗语与词源》一文中，指出哪个英语单词与“拗撬”的读音非常接近并表示“争论、辩论”？", "answer": "argue", "evidence": ["一个英语单词 argue，其读音与“拗撬”非常接近，词义就是争论、辩论。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_14.md", "title": "明史列傳目錄：卷二百五十至二百八十五", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_14.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《明史列傳目錄：卷二百五十至二百八十五》中，“卷二百五十一 列傳第一百三十九”里“徐光啓”的頁碼是多少？", "answer": "5091", "evidence": ["卷二百五十一 列傳第一百三十九", "徐光啓...5091"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_14.md", "title": "明史列傳目錄：卷二百五十至二百八十五", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_14.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《明史列傳目錄：卷二百五十至二百八十五》中，“卷二百五十八 列傳第一百四十六”部分，“畢允誠”的頁碼是幾？", "answer": "5233", "evidence": ["卷二百五十八 列傳第一百四十六", "畢允誠...5233"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_14.md", "title": "明史列傳目錄：卷二百五十至二百八十五", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_14.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《明史列傳目錄：卷二百五十至二百八十五》的索引中，“熊明遇”出現於哪兩個頁碼？", "answer": "5216、5253", "evidence": ["熊明遇...5216", "熊明遇...5253"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_14.md", "title": "明史列傳目錄：卷二百五十至二百八十五", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_14.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《明史列傳目錄：卷二百五十至二百八十五》中，“卷二百六十一 列傳第一百四十九”中，以“盧象”開頭的人名共有多少條？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["卷二百六十一 列傳第一百四十九", "盧象昇...5335", "盧象晋...5341", "盧象觀...5341", "盧象同...5341"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_14.md", "title": "明史列傳目錄：卷二百五十至二百八十五", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_14.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《明史列傳目錄：卷二百五十至二百八十五》中“卷二百六十 列傳第一百四十八”部分，哪一個人名重複出現？請給出兩處的頁碼。", "answer": "楊鎬；5307、5310", "evidence": ["卷二百六十 列傳第一百四十八", "楊鎬...5307", "楊鎬...5310"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_31.md", "title": "Aqueous Polymer Dispersions Using Perfluoropolyether Dispersing Agents", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_31.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In the United States Patent Office patent 3,271,341 titled \"Aqueous Polymer Dispersions Using Perfluoropolyether Dispersing Agents,\" what classification code is listed for \"Berry\" in the References Cited table?", "answer": "260—29.6", "evidence": ["\n| 2,559,952 | \n7/1951 | \nBerry | \n__________ | \n260—29.6 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_31.md", "title": "Aqueous Polymer Dispersions Using Perfluoropolyether Dispersing Agents", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_31.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In Table I of the United States Patent Office patent 3,271,341 (Aqueous Polymer Dispersions Using Perfluoropolyether Dispersing Agents), what is the 'Space-timeyield ing./1 hr.' for Example X?", "answer": "255", "evidence": ["\n\n| Example | \nDispersing agent | \nWt. ofdisp.agentin g. | \nSpace-timeyield ing./1 hr. | \nDis-persedsolids inpercent | \nPolymerproducedin g. | \nCoagulum(dry wt.)in g. | \nParticle diame-ter in microns | \nSpecificgravity | \n \n\n| Lighttrans. | \nUltra-centr. | \n \n", "\n| X_______ | \nCF3CF2CF2O[CF(CF3)CF2O]2CF(CF3)COONH4_______ | \n4.9 | \n255 | \n33.9 | \n1597 | \ntrace | \n0.254 | \n________ | \n________ | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_31.md", "title": "Aqueous Polymer Dispersions Using Perfluoropolyether Dispersing Agents", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_31.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In Table I of \"Aqueous Polymer Dispersions Using Perfluoropolyether Dispersing Agents\" (United States Patent Office patent 3,271,341), identify all examples where 'Coagulum(dry wt.)in g.' is 500 and provide their 'Dis-persedsolids inpercent' values.", "answer": "XI______ has 20.4; XII_____ has 20.7", "evidence": ["\n\n| Example | \nDispersing agent | \nWt. ofdisp.agentin g. | \nSpace-timeyield ing./1 hr. | \nDis-persedsolids inpercent | \nPolymerproducedin g. | \nCoagulum(dry wt.)in g. | \nParticle diame-ter in microns | \nSpecificgravity | \n \n\n| Lighttrans. | \nUltra-centr. | \n \n", "\n| XI______ | \nCF3CF2CF2O[CF(CF3)CF2O]3CF(CF3)COONH4_______ | \n4.9 | \n________ | \n20.4 | \n________ | \n500 | \n0.262 | \n________ | \n________ | \n ", "\n| XII_____ | \nCF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)COOH___________________________ | \n5.0 | \n312 | \n20.7 | \n1243 | \n500 | \n0.250 | \n________ | \n2.217 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_31.md", "title": "Aqueous Polymer Dispersions Using Perfluoropolyether Dispersing Agents", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_31.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In Table I of “Aqueous Polymer Dispersions Using Perfluoropolyether Dispersing Agents” (United States Patent Office patent 3,271,341), how many examples report both “Lighttrans.” and “Ultra-centr.” particle diameter values (both cells nonblank)?", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["\n\n| Example | \nDispersing agent | \nWt. ofdisp.agentin g. | \nSpace-timeyield ing./1 hr. | \nDis-persedsolids inpercent | \nPolymerproducedin g. | \nCoagulum(dry wt.)in g. | \nParticle diame-ter in microns | \nSpecificgravity | \n \n\n| Lighttrans. | \nUltra-centr. | \n \n", "\n| II_______ | \nCF3CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH4 Ammon-nium-3,6-dioxa-2,4-di(trifluoromethyl)nonafluoro-octanoate. | \n4.9 | \n324 | \n32.9 | \n1577 | \ntrace | \n0.208 | \n0.222 | \n2.207 | \n ", "\n| VI______ | \nCF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH(CH3)3___ | \n4.9 | \n403 | \n35.0 | \n1679 | \ntrace | \n0.299 | \n0.300 | \n2.216 | \n ", "\n| XIII____ | \nCF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2O—CF(CF3)COOH__________ | \n4.9 | \n423 | \n33.7 | \n1610 | \n50 | \n0.263 | \n0.280 | \n2.216 | \n ", "\n| XVII___ | \nCF3CF2O(CF2CF2O)2CF2COONH4_____________________ | \n2.5 | \n290 | \n34.0 | \n1645 | \ntrace | \n0.152 | \n0.195 | \n2.217 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_31.md", "title": "Aqueous Polymer Dispersions Using Perfluoropolyether Dispersing Agents", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_31.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In Table I of Aqueous Polymer Dispersions Using Perfluoropolyether Dispersing Agents (United States Patent Office patent 3,271,341), which example has the highest 'Space-timeyield ing./1 hr.' among those where 'Coagulum(dry wt.)in g.' is 'trace' and 'Specificgravity' is greater than 2.220? Provide the example and its 'Space-timeyield ing./1 hr.' value.", "answer": "V_______, 345", "evidence": ["\n\n| Example | \nDispersing agent | \nWt. ofdisp.agentin g. | \nSpace-timeyield ing./1 hr. | \nDis-persedsolids inpercent | \nPolymerproducedin g. | \nCoagulum(dry wt.)in g. | \nParticle diame-ter in microns | \nSpecificgravity | \n \n\n| Lighttrans. | \nUltra-centr. | \n \n", "\n| V_______ | \nCF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH2(CH3)2__ | \n4.9 | \n345 | \n35.1 | \n1711 | \ntrace | \n0.262 | \n________ | \n2.222 | \n ", "\n| VII_____ | \nCF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COON(CH3)4_____ | \n4.9 | \n336 | \n33.0 | \n1650 | \ntrace | \n0.283 | \n________ | \n2.228 | \n "]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_15.md", "title": "明代权臣、酷吏与言官列传", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_15.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《明代权臣、酷吏与言官列传》的「胡惟庸」條目中，胡惟庸出身何地？", "answer": "胡惟庸，定遠人。", "evidence": ["胡惟庸，定遠人。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_15.md", "title": "明代权臣、酷吏与言官列传", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_15.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《明代权臣、酷吏与言官列传》嚴嵩傳中，帝曾刻沉水香冠賜夏言等，數量是多少？", "answer": "五", "evidence": ["因刻沈水香冠五，賜言等。"]}
+{"doc_type": "high_pixel", "filename": "high_pixel_15.md", "title": "明代权臣、酷吏与言官列传", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_15.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根據《明代权臣、酷吏与言官列传》，嚴嵩如何取悅帝以致「益內親嵩」？請指出相關動作與結果。", "answer": "嵩因召對冠之，籠以輕紗。帝見，益内親嵩。", "evidence": ["嵩因召對冠之，籠以輕紗。帝見，益内親嵩。"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_11.md", "title": "敗後自省與保長江、求賢減賦之議", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_11.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《敗後自省與保長江、求賢減賦之議》中提到誰「引咎責躬深自貶降以謝百姓」？", "answer": "任國鈞者", "evidence": ["任國鈞者引咎責躬深自貶降以謝百姓"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_11.md", "title": "敗後自省與保長江、求賢減賦之議", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_11.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《敗後自省與保長江、求賢減賦之議》一文中，指出因「忠言嘉謀棄而莫用」而「遂令」造成了何種局勢？", "answer": "天下將有土崩之勢", "evidence": ["忠言嘉謀棄而莫用", "遂令天下將有土崩之勢"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_11.md", "title": "敗後自省與保長江、求賢減賦之議", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_11.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《敗後自省與保長江、求賢減賦之議》一文中，「天下」一詞出現了幾次？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["令天下", "遂令天下", "任天下之重"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_11.md", "title": "敗後自省與保長江、求賢減賦之議", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_11.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《敗後自省與保長江、求賢減賦之議》中，作者判斷「保淮之志非復所及」後，提出的主要防守與對長江以外的策略分別是什麼？", "answer": "還保長江 自長江以外羈縻而已", "evidence": ["保淮之志非復所及莫過還保長江", "自長江以外羈縻而已"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_22.md", "title": "王公論述陽明先生之學序", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_22.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《王公論述陽明先生之學序》文末『之患』前的兩字是什麼？", "answer": "越民", "evidence": ["越民之患"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_22.md", "title": "王公論述陽明先生之學序", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_22.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "請統計《王公論述陽明先生之學序》全文中「之」字共出現多少次？", "answer": "13", "evidence": ["丹之而節之而詮之於是乎論于是乎梓清署髙秌瓣香習誦竊為之幸大義之復章拜闡揚之功巨也公之論有踴夲旨者有引申錯綜者有別為之送難樹義者是即不為陽明先生之書為王公之書夫為公之書乃所以壽先生之書也論不云乎越民之患"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_22.md", "title": "王公論述陽明先生之學序", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_22.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《王公論述陽明先生之學序》中，同一句中同時包含『公之書』與『先生之書』的片段裡，二者之間的連接詞是什麼三字？", "answer": "乃所以", "evidence": ["為公之書乃所以壽先生之書"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_23.md", "title": "劉氏世範 卷一 為官治民 修身處世 要語", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_23.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《劉氏世範 卷一 為官治民 修身處世 要語》中，「進達之要」下面接續的內容是什麼？", "answer": "不患人之不己知求爲可知", "evidence": ["進達之要", "不患人之不己知求爲可知"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_23.md", "title": "劉氏世範 卷一 為官治民 修身處世 要語", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_23.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《劉氏世範 卷一 為官治民 修身處世 要語》中，從「敬官吏…」到「恤小民…」這一組的末尾合計標示為何？", "answer": "凡二十", "evidence": ["敬官吏母♖官母詗政勤徭役重租稅畏詞訟順命令持公廉", "恤小民和鄕里戒剛強絶卑諂確守分拙營利凡二十"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_23.md", "title": "劉氏世範 卷一 為官治民 修身處世 要語", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_23.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《劉氏世範 卷一 為官治民 修身處世 要語》中，「母先欺…」一行末尾標示的數量詞是什麼？", "answer": "凡二十", "evidence": ["母先欺母慢藏禁作威防讒惥恤飢寒嚴名分凡二十"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_23.md", "title": "劉氏世範 卷一 為官治民 修身處世 要語", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_23.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《劉氏世範 卷一 為官治民 修身處世 要語》中，包含「過則勿憚改」的內容屬於哪個「之要」項目？", "answer": "進德之要", "evidence": ["進德之要", "主忠信過則勿憚改"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_25.md", "title": "西青散記序：幽境與才情之序", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_25.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《西青散記序：幽境與才情之序》中，原文如何說明西青所擁有的器物？", "answer": "西青有硯", "evidence": ["西青有硯"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_25.md", "title": "西青散記序：幽境與才情之序", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_25.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《西青散記序：幽境與才情之序》中，「西青散記序」標題之後緊接的四個字是什麼？", "answer": "震亭曹學", "evidence": ["西青散記序", "震亭曹學"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_25.md", "title": "西青散記序：幽境與才情之序", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_25.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《西青散記序：幽境與才情之序》中，從“水流花謝”到“誰能遣此”的完整連續原文是什麼？", "answer": "水流花謝四壁銷魂燈炮酒闌三生繫夢誰能遣此", "evidence": ["水流花謝四壁銷魂燈炮酒闌三生繫夢誰能遣此"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_25.md", "title": "西青散記序：幽境與才情之序", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_25.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《西青散記序：幽境與才情之序》中，“天上”一詞出現了幾次？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["天上之佳人", "天上銀鈎"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_14.md", "title": "朱氏源流及起兵渡江克金陵記", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_14.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《朱氏源流及起兵渡江克金陵記》文中記載的「至正」年份是？", "answer": "至正二十四年", "evidence": ["至正二十四年"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_14.md", "title": "朱氏源流及起兵渡江克金陵記", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_14.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《朱氏源流及起兵渡江克金陵記》中提到的「駐節開府為基本之地」是哪些？", "answer": "金陵太平", "evidence": ["金陵太平駐節開府為基本之地"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_14.md", "title": "朱氏源流及起兵渡江克金陵記", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_14.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《朱氏源流及起兵渡江克金陵記》文中指出「舉族父兄昆弟」一行至城的人數約為多少？", "answer": "四十餘人", "evidence": ["舉族父兄昆弟四十餘人至始得與之敘"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_14.md", "title": "朱氏源流及起兵渡江克金陵記", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_14.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根據《朱氏源流及起兵渡江克金陵記》文中敘述，先兄重四公之子名號及其當前職銜是什麼？", "answer": "文正今為大都督", "evidence": ["先兄重四公有子曰文正今為大都督"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_19.md", "title": "恒星分布與八大行星軌道概述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_19.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《恒星分布與八大行星軌道概述》文中明言地球位於第幾層軌道？", "answer": "第三層軌道", "evidence": ["地球之爲行星在第三層軌道"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_19.md", "title": "恒星分布與八大行星軌道概述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_19.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《恒星分布與八大行星軌道概述》中，依「三節」，各行星之軌道如何佈置並由此致何？", "answer": "三節各行星繞日之軌道如大小之圓逐層佈置故循軌道而行自無衝擊之患", "evidence": ["三節各行星繞日之軌道如大小之圓逐層佈置故循軌道而行自無衝擊之患"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_19.md", "title": "恒星分布與八大行星軌道概述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_19.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《恒星分布與八大行星軌道概述》中，文段何以言人視遠日惟為一恒星？", "answer": "日之彼此相隔億萬里且遠隔地球故人視之惟一恒星而已", "evidence": ["日之彼此相隔億萬里且遠隔地球故人視之惟一恒星而已"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_19.md", "title": "恒星分布與八大行星軌道概述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_19.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "據《恒星分布與八大行星軌道概述》，西國當未製遠鏡前，以人目測見之恒星約幾何？", "answer": "衹五六千顆之多耳", "evidence": ["西國當未製遠鏡前以人目測見者衹五六千顆之多耳"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_19.md", "title": "恒星分布與八大行星軌道概述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_19.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "依《恒星分布與八大行星軌道概述》中「四節」，離日較近之行星位於何層且幾顆；並合計大行星為幾？", "answer": "其一二層軌道更有二行星離日較近而地球外更有行星軌道五合爲八大行星", "evidence": ["其一二層軌道更有二行星離日較近而地球外更有行星軌道五合爲八大行星"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_15.md", "title": "明朝小史：朱元璋逸事三則", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_15.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《明朝小史：朱元璋逸事三則》的「山河已定」一節中，帝所召的畫工姓名是什麼？", "answer": "周玄素", "evidence": ["帝召畫工周玄素令畫天下江山圖于殿壁"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_15.md", "title": "明朝小史：朱元璋逸事三則", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_15.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《明朝小史：朱元璋逸事三則》中，標題「明朝小史」之下顯示的編次是什麼？", "answer": "一之十八", "evidence": ["明朝小史", "一之十八"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_15.md", "title": "明朝小史：朱元璋逸事三則", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_15.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《明朝小史：朱元璋逸事三則》中的「肉有腐痕」故事中，后竊以餅飼給之後，其後出現了什麼情況？", "answer": "肉有腐痕", "evidence": ["后竊以餅飼給之", "其後肉有", "腐痕"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_12.md", "title": "禁酒省糧救民與治政之議", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_12.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《禁酒省糧救民與治政之議》一文中，明確指出「斷酒一年」所節省的是什麼？", "answer": "百餘萬斛米", "evidence": ["斷酒一年所省百餘萬斛米"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_12.md", "title": "禁酒省糧救民與治政之議", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_12.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《禁酒省糧救民與治政之議》一文中，先說「因斷酒以救民命」，此前描述的量化成果是什麼？", "answer": "所省百餘萬斛米", "evidence": ["因斷酒以救民命", "一年所省百餘萬斛米"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_12.md", "title": "禁酒省糧救民與治政之議", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_12.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《禁酒省糧救民與治政之議》中，作者在表示「此時旣不能開倉庾賑之」時，提出的替代措施及目的為何？", "answer": "因斷酒以救民命", "evidence": ["此時旣不能開倉庾賑之因斷酒以救民命"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_7.md", "title": "楚辭《湘君》《湘夫人》詳注", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_7.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在楚辭《湘君》《湘夫人》詳注中，解釋語「如環而有缺」之後，文中緊接說明了「澧水」的來源與流向，這句完整話是什麼？", "answer": "澧水出武陵充縣注於洞庭", "evidence": ["如環而有缺澧水出武陵充縣注於洞庭"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_7.md", "title": "楚辭《湘君》《湘夫人》詳注", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_7.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在楚辭《湘君》《湘夫人》詳注中，詩句「嫋嫋兮秋風」之後緊接的四字是什麼？", "answer": "洞庭波兮", "evidence": ["嫋嫋兮秋風洞庭波兮木葉下"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_7.md", "title": "楚辭《湘君》《湘夫人》詳注", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_7.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根據《楚辭《湘君》《湘夫人》詳注》中的注解，「帝子」指的是誰？另外，既然「娥皇正妃故稱君」，女英應當如何稱呼？", "answer": "湘夫人；女英自宜降稱夫人", "evidence": ["帝子謂湘夫人堯之次女女英舜次妃韓子以娥皇正妃故稱君女英自宜降稱夫人"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_17.md", "title": "唐詩紀事：宮廷樂舞與詩論逸事", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_17.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《唐詩紀事：宮廷樂舞與詩論逸事》中，《唐詩紀事 十五》標題下第一行的開頭兩字是什麼？", "answer": "之句", "evidence": ["十五\n之句其聲"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_17.md", "title": "唐詩紀事：宮廷樂舞與詩論逸事", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_17.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《唐詩紀事：宮廷樂舞與詩論逸事》中，《唐詩紀事 十五》記載帝命賜之既至後，命其奏何曲？", "answer": "涼州之曲", "evidence": ["帝命賜之旣至命奏涼州之曲"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_17.md", "title": "唐詩紀事：宮廷樂舞與詩論逸事", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_17.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《唐詩紀事：宮廷樂舞與詩論逸事》中的《唐詩紀事 十五》全文中，“詩”字出現了幾次？", "answer": "8", "evidence": ["唐詩紀事", "古詩", "西江詩", "論詩之工拙", "詩之工者", "為詩也", "辭人之詩", "工於詩"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_17.md", "title": "唐詩紀事：宮廷樂舞與詩論逸事", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_17.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《唐詩紀事：宮廷樂舞與詩論逸事》的〈唐詩紀事 十五〉中，鄭覃所言「皆工於詩不免亡國」的兩位是誰？", "answer": "陳後主隋煬帝", "evidence": ["陳後主隋煬帝皆工於詩不免亡國"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_20.md", "title": "太陽性質、自轉、黑子與日蝕", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_20.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《太陽性質、自轉、黑子與日蝕》中，根據《問答第六回六》「一𠍒」，日其樣式被說成什麼形狀？", "answer": "圓其共球一樣", "evidence": ["一𠍒日其樣式是生乜式呢應乜是圓其共球一樣"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_20.md", "title": "太陽性質、自轉、黑子與日蝕", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_20.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《太陽性質、自轉、黑子與日蝕》中提到的《問答第六回六》「五𠍒」段落，為了看見務烏點，文中說要用什麼去照？", "answer": "駛鏡去照", "evidence": ["五𠍒將樣曉的務烏點呢應駛鏡去照有時㑹看見"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_20.md", "title": "太陽性質、自轉、黑子與日蝕", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_20.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "依《問答第六回六》，結合「七𠍒」與「十𠍒」，《太陽性質、自轉、黑子與日蝕》文中所描述的天文現象是什麼？", "answer": "日蝕", "evidence": ["七𠍒將其有時也務蝕呢應因月園地有時殻日共地就遮日其光故此由地禮看是日蝕", "十𠍒日蝕是全吓蝕牛爿価呢應是蝕半爿故価"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_20.md", "title": "太陽性質、自轉、黑子與日蝕", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_20.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《問答第六回六》中出現的最高序號的段落標記是什麼？（參見《太陽性質、自轉、黑子與日蝕》）", "answer": "十五𠍒", "evidence": ["十五𠍒將其毛呢應因月園殻日共地中間正正一直相對㑹遮的日着有時或恰高或恰下賣相對賣遮的日着"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_20.md", "title": "太陽性質、自轉、黑子與日蝕", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_20.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "依《問答第六回六》，在《太陽性質、自轉、黑子與日蝕》中，為什麼會有「全蝕」與「㑚蝕」兩種情形？", "answer": "因月有時趁日大中經過就遮全面有時趁日旁邊經過就㑚遮", "evidence": ["十一𠍒日將其也務全蝕也務㑚蝕呢應因月有時趁日大中經過就遮全面有時趁日旁邊經過就㑚遮"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_27.md", "title": "晏子諫景公：戒讒佞與正賞罰", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_27.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《晏子諫景公：戒讒佞與正賞罰》中「晏子卷一 九」這段文字中，被景公派去追晏子的是誰？", "answer": "韓子休", "evidence": ["公使韓子休追之"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_27.md", "title": "晏子諫景公：戒讒佞與正賞罰", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_27.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《晏子諫景公：戒讒佞與正賞罰》文末標示的卷次與頁碼是什麼？", "answer": "晏子卷一 九", "evidence": ["晏子卷一 九"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_27.md", "title": "晏子諫景公：戒讒佞與正賞罰", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_27.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《晏子諫景公：戒讒佞與正賞罰》中，晏子的僕人連續追問的兩句話是什麼？", "answer": "嚮之去何速今之返又何速", "evidence": ["其僕曰嚮之去何速今之返又何速"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_27.md", "title": "晏子諫景公：戒讒佞與正賞罰", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_27.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《晏子諫景公：戒讒佞與正賞罰》中，晏子先「遂鞭馬而出」後又返，根據他自己的話，他返回的原因是什麼？", "answer": "公之言至矣", "evidence": ["晏子遂鞭馬而返", "晏子曰非子之所知也公之言至矣"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_29.md", "title": "玉海編纂讚序", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_29.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《玉海編纂讚序》中，緊跟在「國家」之後的兩個字是什麼？", "answer": "俾及", "evidence": ["國家俾及"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_29.md", "title": "玉海編纂讚序", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_29.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《玉海編纂讚序》中，從「童子心」開始到「禮不皆典」為止的連續文字是什麼？", "answer": "童子心一典灝灝繁竭倫恬禮不皆典", "evidence": ["童子心一典灝灝繁竭倫恬禮不皆典"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_29.md", "title": "玉海編纂讚序", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_29.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《玉海編纂讚序》全文中「典」字出現了幾次？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["心一典灝灝", "禮不皆典萬", "辭有典王"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_29.md", "title": "玉海編纂讚序", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_29.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《玉海編纂讚序》中，找出同時滿足以下條件的兩字詞語：它出現在「浚儀」之後，並且在「邦無」之前，且以「我」字開頭。該詞語是什麼？", "answer": "我朝", "evidence": ["惟我浚儀", "昆式我朝邦無"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_1.md", "title": "二十八宿軍事占星與風占法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《二十八宿軍事占星與風占法》文中「北落師門」有幾星？", "answer": "一星", "evidence": ["北落師門一星在羽林西南"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_1.md", "title": "二十八宿軍事占星與風占法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《二十八宿軍事占星與風占法》中，依《兵法心要》列出的「占巽風法」，第一項是什麼顏色？", "answer": "红色", "evidence": ["占巽風法一红色二黃色三黑色四賊風五神風六賊兵風七暖兵法心要"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_1.md", "title": "二十八宿軍事占星與風占法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《二十八宿軍事占星與風占法》中，連續文本中兩個「在氐南」的描述是哪段原文？", "answer": "車三星在氐南騎官二十七星在氐南", "evidence": ["車三星在氐南騎官二十七星在氐南"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_1.md", "title": "二十八宿軍事占星與風占法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《二十八宿軍事占星與風占法》中，「左右旂」各有幾星？", "answer": "九星", "evidence": ["左右旂各九星在牽牛北"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_1.md", "title": "二十八宿軍事占星與風占法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《二十八宿軍事占星與風占法》中，請提供同時提到「狼」與「弧矢」的一段原文，它們的星數與方位為何？", "answer": "狼一星在参東南弧矢九星在狼東南", "evidence": ["狼一星在参東南弧矢九星在狼東南"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_6.md", "title": "《離騷》章句訓詁：好修與女媭之詈", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_6.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《離騷》章句訓詁：好修與女媭之詈一文中，提及誰“浮海居夷”？", "answer": "孔子", "evidence": ["四方即孔子浮海居夷之意"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_6.md", "title": "《離騷》章句訓詁：好修與女媭之詈", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_6.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《離騷》章句訓詁：好修與女媭之詈中，“姱節”的釋義是什麼？", "answer": "姱節姱美之節", "evidence": ["紛獨有此姱節", "姱節姱美之節"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_26.md", "title": "易經韻例、黃中說與屯蒙卦解", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_26.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《易經韻例、黃中說與屯蒙卦解》中，《筆精》此頁中，“九五屯其膏小貞吉大貞凶”之後緊接的是誰的評語開頭？", "answer": "楊氏曰", "evidence": ["九五屯其膏小貞吉大貞凶 楊氏曰"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_26.md", "title": "易經韻例、黃中說與屯蒙卦解", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_26.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《易經韻例、黃中說與屯蒙卦解》一文中，如何界定“黃宮”與“黃庭”的關係？", "answer": "黃宮卽黃庭也", "evidence": ["黃宮卽黃庭也", "黃中艮卦行其庭卽黃庭也"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_26.md", "title": "易經韻例、黃中說與屯蒙卦解", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_26.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《易經韻例、黃中說與屯蒙卦解》中的此段文字，“慶”字共出現了幾次？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["黃氏震曰慶當作平聲", "乃終有慶亦與", "往有慶也亦恊韻", "中正有慶亦恊韻", "凡易中慶字無不與"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_16.md", "title": "唐詩紀事卷二：延英進詩與御製逸事", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_16.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《唐詩紀事卷二：延英進詩與御製逸事》中，「幸章敬寺詩」中出現的句子是什麼？", "answer": "松院淨苔色竹房深磬聲", "evidence": ["幸章敬寺詩松院淨苔色竹房深磬聲"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_16.md", "title": "唐詩紀事卷二：延英進詩與御製逸事", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_16.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《唐詩紀事卷二：延英進詩與御製逸事》的詩等第記述中，上等、次等、下等分別標為幾人？", "answer": "四人、四人、二十三人", "evidence": ["以劉太真及李紓等四人為上等", "鮑防房于邵等四人為次等", "張濛殷亮等二十三人為下等"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_16.md", "title": "唐詩紀事卷二：延英進詩與御製逸事", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_16.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《唐詩紀事卷二：延英進詩與御製逸事》中，杜太保進的崔叔靖詩共有多少篇？", "answer": "一百篇", "evidence": ["崔叔靖詩一百篇"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_16.md", "title": "唐詩紀事卷二：延英進詩與御製逸事", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_16.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《唐詩紀事卷二：延英進詩與御製逸事》中，被列為上等與次等的人數合計是多少？", "answer": "八人", "evidence": ["以劉太真及李紓等四人為上等", "鮑防房于邵等四人為次等"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_18.md", "title": "答龐參軍：幽居琴書與灌園", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_18.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《答龐參軍：幽居琴書與灌園》文中「衡門之下」列出哪些物品？", "answer": "有琴有書", "evidence": ["衡門之下有琴有書"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_18.md", "title": "答龐參軍：幽居琴書與灌園", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_18.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《答龐參軍：幽居琴書與灌園》中，根據文意，「放歡一遇既醉還休」之後作者的心情與打算為何？", "answer": "寔欣心期方從我遊", "evidence": ["放歡一遇既醉還休寔欣心期方從我遊"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_2.md", "title": "册府元龟序六：尊师重道与古今之论", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_2.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《册府元龟序六：尊师重道与古今之论》的OCR文本中，表达敬师尚道的四字词语是什么？", "answer": "尊師重道", "evidence": ["尊師重道"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_2.md", "title": "册府元龟序六：尊师重道与古今之论", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_2.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在題為《册府元龟序六：尊师重道与古今之论》的文檔中，文本末尾標題“册府元龜序六”之前緊接的一個字是什麼？", "answer": "儒", "evidence": ["罵儒 册府元龜序六"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_2.md", "title": "册府元龟序六：尊师重道与古今之论", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_2.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《册府元龟序六：尊师重道与古今之论》整段文本中，“人”字出現了幾次？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["間取之昔王倪於齧缺稱其以人受天乃後之人至不能以人受人何古今之塹也 故神聖代興尊師重道事事之不渝古人也繇其平日讀書卽英雄創造溺♖罵儒 册府元龜序六"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_2.md", "title": "册府元龟序六：尊师重道与古今之论", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_2.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《册府元龟序六：尊师重道与古今之论》一文中，同時包含“古”與“今”的片語是哪一句？", "answer": "何古今之塹也", "evidence": ["何古今之塹也"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_5.md", "title": "屈原《離騷》節選與注釋", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_5.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在屈原《離騷》節選與注釋中，文中用哪個詞形容冠之高？", "answer": "岌岌", "evidence": ["高余冠之岌岌兮"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_5.md", "title": "屈原《離騷》節選與注釋", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_5.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在屈原《離騷》節選與注釋中，連讀上下句可知，作者以何物為衣、以何物為裳？", "answer": "衣：芰荷；裳：芙蓉", "evidence": ["製芰荷以為衣兮", "集芙蓉以為裳"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_5.md", "title": "屈原《離騷》節選與注釋", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_5.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在「屈原《離騷》節選與注釋」中，全文中「兮」字共出現多少次？", "answer": "12", "evidence": ["悔相道之不察兮", "回朕車以復路兮", "蘭臯兮", "離尤兮", "以為衣兮", "不吾知其亦巳兮", "岌岌兮", "雜糅兮", "游目兮", "繁飾兮", "民生各有所樂兮", "雖體解吾猶未變兮"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_4.md", "title": "册府元龟稀本流传与杨用修讐正", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_4.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《册府元龟稀本流传与杨用修讐正》一文中所提到的書名是什麼？", "answer": "册府元龜", "evidence": ["册府元龜"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_4.md", "title": "册府元龟稀本流传与杨用修讐正", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_4.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《册府元龟稀本流传与杨用修讐正》文中，對此書的存量與傳播連續描述為何？", "answer": "止一寫本互相抄傳", "evidence": ["止一寫本互相抄傳"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_4.md", "title": "册府元龟稀本流传与杨用修讐正", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_4.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《册府元龟稀本流传与杨用修讐正》文中出現了多少個不同的數詞（例如“六百”“一”“三二十萬”）？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["六百", "一", "三二十萬"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_10.md", "title": "焦山周鼎歌與平山堂題壁", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_10.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《焦山周鼎歌與平山堂題壁》一文中，帶有圈點記號「○」的那一行中，圈點後面緊接的文字是什麼？", "answer": "定九云極有感慨極有", "evidence": ["東塘暢之○定九云極有感慨極有"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_10.md", "title": "焦山周鼎歌與平山堂題壁", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_10.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《焦山周鼎歌與平山堂題壁》中，「分宜一說始自西樵今又得」之後緊接的四字是什麼？", "answer": "東塘暢之", "evidence": ["何時無權幸孝威云分宜一說始自西樵今又得", "東塘暢之○定九云極有感慨極有"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_9.md", "title": "揚州名勝題詠與評注", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_9.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《揚州名勝題詠與評注》中，緊接在《游平山堂》之後的下一個標題是什麼？", "answer": "蜀岡觀音閣是迷樓故址", "evidence": ["游平山堂", "蜀岡觀音閣是迷樓故址"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_9.md", "title": "揚州名勝題詠與評注", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_9.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《揚州名勝題詠與評注》的《游平山堂》段落中，介於「仙云」與「孝威云」之間的原文是什麼？", "answer": "搖曵正如隋隄柳", "evidence": ["行吟記取松林路每度春風放艇還仙云搖曵正如隋隄柳孝威云堂搆非舊風物猶存", "搖曵正如隋隄柳"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_9.md", "title": "揚州名勝題詠與評注", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_9.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《揚州名勝題詠與評注》中，《紅橋》之後的評語行中，「云」字出現了幾次？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["仙云書記秦軍何能遠過孝威云風流旖妮應是裳才人故多情語定九云三四竟是紅橋畵圖阮"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_30.md", "title": "辨二十八宿星禽俗說與易卦方位", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_30.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《辨二十八宿星禽俗說與易卦方位》一文中，直接提及的與“宿”相關詞語是哪一個？", "answer": "二十八宿", "evidence": ["二十八宿之不同更甚矣"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_30.md", "title": "辨二十八宿星禽俗說與易卦方位", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_30.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《辨二十八宿星禽俗說與易卦方位》文中並列提到哪兩種八卦？", "answer": "文王八卦伏羲八卦", "evidence": ["文王八卦伏羲八卦方位"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_30.md", "title": "辨二十八宿星禽俗說與易卦方位", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_30.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《辨二十八宿星禽俗說與易卦方位》一文中，對於“二十八宿”先後給出了哪兩句評述？", "answer": "二十八宿之不同更甚矣；二十八宿之從禽巳無深意", "evidence": ["二十八宿之不同更甚矣", "由是言之則二十八宿之從禽巳無深意"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_30.md", "title": "辨二十八宿星禽俗說與易卦方位", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_30.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《辨二十八宿星禽俗說與易卦方位》一文中，將“四維”視為幾例？", "answer": "一例", "evidence": ["四維之一例也"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_24.md", "title": "古代議論文寫作要訣", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_24.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《古代議論文寫作要訣》中，林圖南說「論有幾體」？", "answer": "八", "evidence": ["林圖南曰論有八體"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_24.md", "title": "古代議論文寫作要訣", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_24.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "《古代議論文寫作要訣》中談到「抑揚」的兩位是誰？", "answer": "王弇州、林圖南", "evidence": ["王弇州曰一抑一揚是論家本等機軸", "林圖南曰論有八體行文時俱要識得有折腰體有蜂腰時有掉頭體有單頭體有雙閉體有三扇體有鶴膝體有征雁不成行體又曰抑揚之體有急文有緩文一句自下引上如風中帆過不覺其快此謂急體無曲折惟有一片虛徐之致如微風涉水波光自生此謂緩文"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_3.md", "title": "讀史感懷與帝王將相興亡", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_3.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《讀史感懷與帝王將相興亡》中提到的「之痛哭」所指城市是什麼？", "answer": "雒陽", "evidence": ["雒陽之痛哭"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_3.md", "title": "讀史感懷與帝王將相興亡", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_3.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《讀史感懷與帝王將相興亡》中，「絳灌無文」之後緊接的四個字是什麼？", "answer": "葢代之功", "evidence": ["絳灌無文葢代之功"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_3.md", "title": "讀史感懷與帝王將相興亡", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_3.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《讀史感懷與帝王將相興亡》文中出現了兩個以「一」開頭的詞語，分別是什麼？", "answer": "一蹶；一展卷", "evidence": ["功名一蹶", "一展卷而歷代"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_3.md", "title": "讀史感懷與帝王將相興亡", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_3.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《讀史感懷與帝王將相興亡》一文中，「决」字共出現了幾次？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["羸决形", "怠决神"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_3.md", "title": "讀史感懷與帝王將相興亡", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_3.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "請在《讀史感懷與帝王將相興亡》中提供同一連續片段中依次包含「水」、「山」、「海」的文字。", "answer": "水朝信日夜生世山分心海合", "evidence": ["水朝信日夜生世山分心海合"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_13.md", "title": "論道之無為與萬物生化", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_13.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《論道之無為與萬物生化》文末引用中，說「曰」的人是誰？", "answer": "何晏", "evidence": ["何晏道論曰有之為有恃無以生"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_13.md", "title": "論道之無為與萬物生化", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_13.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《論道之無為與萬物生化》的能力枚舉片段中，「能宮」與「能出」之間緊接的是哪一項？", "answer": "能商", "evidence": ["能宮能商能出"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_13.md", "title": "論道之無為與萬物生化", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_13.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《論道之無為與萬物生化》文中，以「能」開頭列舉的條目共有多少個？", "answer": "24", "evidence": ["能陰能陽能柔能剛能短能長能員能方能生能死能暑能涼能浮能沈能宮能商能出能沒能玄能黃能甘能苦能羶能香"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_28.md", "title": "論古人遠搜博覽與後學之失", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_28.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《論古人遠搜博覽與後學之失》中，古人為「辨疑義」所「執」之物是什麼？", "answer": "執蝌蚪", "evidence": ["執蝌蚪以辨疑義"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_28.md", "title": "論古人遠搜博覽與後學之失", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_28.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《論古人遠搜博覽與後學之失》一文中，「國」字共出現了幾次？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["越國", "列國"]}
+{"doc_type": "history_book", "filename": "history_book_28.md", "title": "論古人遠搜博覽與後學之失", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_28.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《論古人遠搜博覽與後學之失》一文中，以「故」承上啟下，緊接「故」之後直到「一家論」的結果性描述是什麼？", "answer": "其行列國能奏對無疑詞閉戶著書亦自成一家論", "evidence": ["故其行列國能奏對無疑詞閉戶著書亦自成一家論"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_154_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "Science, Mind and the Universe: An Introduction to Natural Philosophy", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_154_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In \"Science, Mind and the Universe: An Introduction to Natural Philosophy\", what ISBN is listed for the book?", "answer": "3-87907-274-4", "evidence": ["ISBN 3-87907-274-4"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_154_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "Science, Mind and the Universe: An Introduction to Natural Philosophy", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_154_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme for \"Science, Mind and the Universe: An Introduction to Natural Philosophy,\" what city and publisher are listed?", "answer": "Heidelberg : Wichmann", "evidence": ["Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme", "Science, Mind and the Universe : An introduction to natural philosophy /", "Helmut Moritz. – Heidelberg : Wichmann, 1995"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_154_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "Science, Mind and the Universe: An Introduction to Natural Philosophy", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_154_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In \"Science, Mind and the Universe: An Introduction to Natural Philosophy\", which four organizations are named in the dedication \"To my colleagues from\"?", "answer": "IAG, IUGG, ICSU, ÖAW", "evidence": ["To my colleagues from", "IAG", "IUGG", "ICSU", "ÖAW"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_154_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "Science, Mind and the Universe: An Introduction to Natural Philosophy", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_154_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In the Contents of \"Science, Mind and the Universe: An Introduction to Natural Philosophy\", how many subsections are listed under \"3 Physics\"?", "answer": "10", "evidence": ["3.1 Classical mechanics and determinism ... 73", "3.2 Deterministic chaos ... 80", "3.3 Probability ... 83", "3.4 The theory of relativity ... 90", "3.5 Quantum theory ... 99", "3.6 Elementary particles ... 111", "3.7 Space and time; cosmology ... 120", "3.8 Inverse problems ... 134", "3.9 Induction, verification, falsification ... 145", "3.10 The structure of scientific revolutions ... 155"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_154_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "Science, Mind and the Universe: An Introduction to Natural Philosophy", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_154_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In \"Science, Mind and the Universe: An Introduction to Natural Philosophy,\" what is the maximum speed of nerve signal transmission when increased by a myelin sheath, and how many times faster is this than the normal speed mentioned?", "answer": "100 m/s; 20 times faster than the normal 5 meters per second", "evidence": ["The normal speed is only around 5 meters per second; the speed can be increased by a *myelin sheath* of the *axon* up to 100 m/s."]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_107_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "商业创业计划书PPT编写提纲与路演指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_107_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《商业创业计划书PPT编写提纲与路演指南》的“商业(创业)计划书撰写提示”中的“商业计划书PPT撰写提纲”表格里，“财务分析”的参考页数是多少？", "answer": "1页", "evidence": ["| 财务分析 | 近三年营收、盈利数据及未来三年营收、盈利数据预测 | 1页 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_107_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "商业创业计划书PPT编写提纲与路演指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_107_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《商业创业计划书PPT编写提纲与路演指南》中的“商业计划书PPT撰写提纲”表格里，“竞争对比”对应的参考内容是什么？", "answer": "竞争对手分析,包括与满足同一市场需求的不同类型项目对比;或与同一类型项目间对比;或与被替代型项目对比", "evidence": ["| 竞争对比 | 竞争对手分析,包括与满足同一市场需求的不同类型项目对比;或与同一类型项目间对比;或与被替代型项目对比 | 1-2页 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_107_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "商业创业计划书PPT编写提纲与路演指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_107_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《商业创业计划书PPT编写提纲与路演指南》的提纲表格中，第一个和最后一个“板块”分别是什么？", "answer": "封面；封底", "evidence": ["| 封面 | 项目名称(要与系统报名名称一致)、演讲人(职务)及项目定位 | 1页 | ", "| 封底 | 一句话结束语 | 1页 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_107_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "商业创业计划书PPT编写提纲与路演指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_107_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《商业创业计划书PPT编写提纲与路演指南》的表格中，“参考页数”为“1页”的板块共有多少个？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["| 封面 | 项目名称(要与系统报名名称一致)、演讲人(职务)及项目定位 | 1页 | ", "| 项目定位 | 围绕上述市场分析,项目定位及解决方案是什么? | 1页 | ", "| 财务分析 | 近三年营收、盈利数据及未来三年营收、盈利数据预测 | 1页 | ", "| 封底 | 一句话结束语 | 1页 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_107_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "商业创业计划书PPT编写提纲与路演指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_107_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《商业创业计划书PPT编写提纲与路演指南》中的表格里，“市场分析”和“竞争对比”两部分参考页数的上限相加，总计为多少页？", "answer": "4页", "evidence": ["| 市场分析 | 目前市场存在什么痛点(刚需)?所从事细分行业市场有多大?项目市场容量及占比多少?可图文结合阐述 | 1-2页 | ", "| 竞争对比 | 竞争对手分析,包括与满足同一市场需求的不同类型项目对比;或与同一类型项目间对比;或与被替代型项目对比 | 1-2页 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_161_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "事业单位考试公共基础知识必备500条汇编", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_161_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《事业单位考试公共基础知识必备500条汇编》的《第一章 政治》中，物质的唯一特性是什么？", "answer": "客观实在性", "evidence": ["9. 物质的唯一特性是客观实在性。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_161_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "事业单位考试公共基础知识必备500条汇编", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_161_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《事业单位考试公共基础知识必备500条汇编》的目录中，第八章的标题是什么？", "answer": "宪法", "evidence": ["第八章 宪法 ...56"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_161_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "事业单位考试公共基础知识必备500条汇编", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_161_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《事业单位考试公共基础知识必备500条汇编》中，科举制度在明清时期确立的三级考试制度的完整表述是什么？", "answer": "③明清时期确立三级考试制度：乡试（考场——省城；考中后的称号——举人；考第一的称号——解元）；会试（考场——京城；考中后的称号——贡士；考第一的称号——会元）；殿试（考场——宫殿；考中后的称号——进士；考第一的称号——状元）。", "evidence": ["③明清时期确立三级考试制度：乡试（考场——省城；考中后的称号——举人；考第一的称号——解元）；会试（考场——京城；考中后的称号——贡士；考第一的称号——会元）；殿试（考场——宫殿；考中后的称号——进士；考第一的称号——状元）。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_161_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "事业单位考试公共基础知识必备500条汇编", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_161_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《事业单位考试公共基础知识必备500条汇编》第一章“政治”，生产力要素一般分为几大类？", "answer": "两大类", "evidence": ["34. 生产力要素一般分为两大类: ①实体性要素, 包括劳动资料、劳动对象、劳动者; ②智能性要素, 主要包括科学技术。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_100_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "企业资金管理的重要性与实践应用策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_100_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《企业资金管理的重要性与实践应用策略》中，DOI是多少？", "answer": "10.3969/j.issn.1673-0194.2025.15.008", "evidence": ["doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0194.2025.15.008"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_100_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "企业资金管理的重要性与实践应用策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_100_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《企业资金管理的重要性与实践应用策略》的结构化信息，[文献标识码]对应的值是什么？", "answer": "A", "evidence": ["[文献标识码] A"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_100_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "企业资金管理的重要性与实践应用策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_100_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《企业资金管理的重要性与实践应用策略》中，《资金管理在企业经营管理中的重要性及实践应用》的作者许秋月的单位是什么？", "answer": "广州美凯国际货运代理有限公司, 广东 广州 510000", "evidence": ["许秋月", "(广州美凯国际货运代理有限公司, 广东 广州 510000)"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_100_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "企业资金管理的重要性与实践应用策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_100_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《企业资金管理的重要性与实践应用策略》中，“2 当前企业资金管理中存在的问题”共列出多少个小节？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["2.1 资金预算管理不到位", "2.2 资金监督管控不够合理", "2.3 资金管理风险防控不足", "2.4 资金信息系统不够完善"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_100_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "企业资金管理的重要性与实践应用策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_100_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《企业资金管理的重要性与实践应用策略》中，企业针对市场风险与信用风险分别应采取哪些应对措施？", "answer": "例如,对于市场风险,企业可以通过多元化投资组合、调整资金结构等方式进行风险分散;对于信用风险,企业应加强客户信用管理,完善信用评估体系,严格把控信用额度,降低坏账损失。", "evidence": ["例如,对于市场风险,企业可以通过多元化投资组合、调整资金结构等方式进行风险分散;对于信用风险,企业应加强客户信用管理,完善信用评估体系,严格把控信用额度,降低坏账损失。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_171_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "哲学不是科学：定位、差异与意义追问", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_171_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "请根据《哲学不是科学：定位、差异与意义追问》，《哲学是科学吗——兼论哲学是什么和什么是哲学》中“中图分类号”是多少？", "answer": "B0", "evidence": ["**中图分类号:** B0 **文献标识码:** A **文章编号:** 1671-6477(2004)02-0133-06"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_171_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "哲学不是科学：定位、差异与意义追问", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_171_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "请写出《哲学不是科学：定位、差异与意义追问》一文首页中包含“中图分类号、文献标识码、文章编号”的那一整行原文。", "answer": "**中图分类号:** B0 **文献标识码:** A **文章编号:** 1671-6477(2004)02-0133-06", "evidence": ["**中图分类号:** B0 **文献标识码:** A **文章编号:** 1671-6477(2004)02-0133-06"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_171_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "哲学不是科学：定位、差异与意义追问", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_171_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "依据《哲学不是科学：定位、差异与意义追问》的摘要，作者对“把哲学科学化或实证化、实用化”的结果及“哲学是否‘终结’”的判断分别是什么？请引用原文作答。", "answer": "把哲学科学化或实证化、实用化实际上是用科学来消解哲学，而哲学作为人类自觉的理性是不可能“终结”的。", "evidence": ["**摘要:** 哲学不是科学，把哲学科学化或实证化、实用化实际上是用科学来消解哲学，而哲学作为人类自觉的理性是不可能“终结”的。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_155_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "最高法院驳回股权转让再审申请", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_155_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在标题为“最高法院驳回股权转让再审申请”的《中华人民共和国最高人民法院民事裁定书》中，本案案号是什么？", "answer": "(2025)最高法民申3675号", "evidence": ["(2025)最高法民申3675号"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_155_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "最高法院驳回股权转让再审申请", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_155_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《最高法院驳回股权转让再审申请》裁定书中，被申请人赛诺亚某某有限公司的两位“委托诉讼代理人”分别是谁？", "answer": "唐毅、曹烈锋", "evidence": ["委托诉讼代理人：唐毅，广东冠豪律师事务所律师。", "委托诉讼代理人：曹烈锋，广东冠豪律师事务所律师。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_155_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "最高法院驳回股权转让再审申请", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_155_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《最高法院驳回股权转让再审申请》裁定书，案涉《股权转让协议》的签订日期与合同约定的股权转让款金额分别是什么？", "answer": "2012年2月22日；1863万元", "evidence": ["2012年2月22日,张某荣实际以案外人深圳某某科技有限公司(以下简称某4公司)名义与某2公司、某1公司签订《股权转让协议》,", "合同约定的案涉股权转让款为1863万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_141_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Modernization in China and Africa: Consensus, Momentum, and Resilience", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_141_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In 'Modernization in China and Africa: Consensus, Momentum, and Resilience', what is the DOI?", "answer": "10.19602/j.chinaeconomist.2025.07.02", "evidence": ["DOI: 10.19602/j.chinaeconomist.2025.07.02"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_141_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Modernization in China and Africa: Consensus, Momentum, and Resilience", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_141_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In \"Modernization in China and Africa: Consensus, Momentum, and Resilience,\" what are the JEL Classification Codes for the article \"Exploring Modernization Paths in China and Africa: Diversity and Commonality\"?", "answer": "D822.34; F125; F14", "evidence": ["JEL Classification Codes: D822.34; F125; F14"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_141_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Modernization in China and Africa: Consensus, Momentum, and Resilience", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_141_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to \"Modernization in China and Africa: Consensus, Momentum, and Resilience,\" who are the authors of \"Exploring Modernization Paths in China and Africa: Diversity and Commonality\" and which institute are they affiliated with?", "answer": "Zhang Chun*, Wang Hailu; Institute of International Relations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China", "evidence": ["Zhang Chun*, Wang Hailu", "*Institute of International Relations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China*"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_141_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Modernization in China and Africa: Consensus, Momentum, and Resilience", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_141_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "According to \"Modernization in China and Africa: Consensus, Momentum, and Resilience,\" over two decades, by how many did the number of African countries with SEZs increase?", "answer": "17", "evidence": ["the number of African countries with SEZs grew from 37 to 54 over two decades"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_141_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Modernization in China and Africa: Consensus, Momentum, and Resilience", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_141_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "According to \"Modernization in China and Africa: Consensus, Momentum, and Resilience\", what is the projected percentage increase in Africa's real income by 2035 due to the AfCFTA, and does it adversely affect non-member trade?", "answer": "7%; without adversely affecting non-member trade", "evidence": ["increase Africa's real income by 7% by 2035—equivalent to 445 billion US dollars (in 2014 prices)—while generating an additional 76 billion US dollars in global growth outside Africa, contributing an estimated 0.1 percentage point to world economic expansion.", "by 2035, the AfCFTA is expected to enhance export growth by 29% and import growth by 7%, without adversely affecting non-member trade (World Bank Group, 2020)."]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_167_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "北京同仁堂：传统中医药全球化的实践与启示", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_167_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《北京同仁堂：传统中医药全球化的实践与启示》中，文献的DOI是多少？", "answer": "DOI:10.16124/j.cnki.cn13-1390/c.2019.03.014", "evidence": ["DOI:10.16124/j.cnki.cn13-1390/c.2019.03.014"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_167_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "北京同仁堂：传统中医药全球化的实践与启示", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_167_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《北京同仁堂：传统中医药全球化的实践与启示》一文中，标题下方给出的“中图分类号、文献标志码、文章编号”完整一行是什么？", "answer": "中图分类号: G122 文献标志码: A 文章编号:1674-3210(2019)03-0086-05", "evidence": ["中图分类号: G122 文献标志码: A 文章编号:1674-3210(2019)03-0086-05"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_167_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "北京同仁堂：传统中医药全球化的实践与启示", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_167_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《北京同仁堂：传统中医药全球化的实践与启示》中开篇统计同仁堂境外发展情况：其在多少国家和地区设立了多少家子公司和多少家网点，并在境外累计诊疗患者达到怎样的规模？", "answer": "目前,同仁堂已在境外25个国家和地区设立了36家子公司和115家包括零售终端、中医诊所和养生中心在内的网点,分布于东南亚、北美、大洋洲和欧洲等地。 据不完全统计,在境外累计诊疗的患者超过3000万人次。", "evidence": ["目前,同仁堂已在境外25个国家和地区设立了36家子公司和115家包括零售终端、中医诊所和养生中心在内的网点,分布于东南亚、北美、大洋洲和欧洲等地。", "据不完全统计,在境外累计诊疗的患者超过3000万人次。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_167_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "北京同仁堂：传统中医药全球化的实践与启示", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_167_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《北京同仁堂：传统中医药全球化的实践与启示》中，文中指出同仁堂供奉御药持续了几代皇帝、持续了多长时间？", "answer": "历经8代皇帝,长达188年之久", "evidence": ["此后同仁堂一直承办官药,延续到清朝皇室被推翻为止,历经8代皇帝,长达188年之久。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_167_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "北京同仁堂：传统中医药全球化的实践与启示", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_167_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《北京同仁堂：传统中医药全球化的实践与启示》对御药供奉资金安排的描述，预领药款对同仁堂的资金周转带来了什么结果？", "answer": "这大大增加了同仁堂的资金周转能力。", "evidence": ["此外,由于同仁堂供奉御药都是预领药款,相当于清廷一直为同仁堂提供无息贷款,这大大增加了同仁堂的资金周转能力。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_126_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "生成式人工智能服务安全基本要求", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_126_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《生成式人工智能服务安全基本要求》由谁发布？", "answer": "全国网络安全标准化技术委员会", "evidence": ["本文件由全国网络安全标准化技术委员会(SAC/TC260)发布。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_126_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "生成式人工智能服务安全基本要求", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_126_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《生成式人工智能服务安全基本要求》的“目次”中，“附录 A 语料及生成内容的主要安全风险”的对应条目是什么？", "answer": "附录 A 语料及生成内容的主要安全风险...8", "evidence": ["附录 A 语料及生成内容的主要安全风险...8"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_126_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "生成式人工智能服务安全基本要求", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_126_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《生成式人工智能服务安全基本要求》的“总则”中，服务提供者在履行备案手续时应做什么？请给出原文表述。", "answer": "按照本文件第9章要求进行安全评估，并提交评估报告。", "evidence": ["服务提供者在按照有关要求履行备案手续时，按照本文件第9章要求进行安全评估，并提交评估报告。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_126_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "生成式人工智能服务安全基本要求", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_126_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《生成式人工智能服务安全基本要求》的“9.2 语料安全评估”中，人工抽检的最少抽取量和合格率下限是多少？请给出原文句子。", "answer": "采用人工抽检,从全部语料中随机抽取不少于4000条语料,合格率不应低于96%。", "evidence": ["a) 采用人工抽检,从全部语料中随机抽取不少于4000条语料,合格率不应低于96%。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_126_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "生成式人工智能服务安全基本要求", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_126_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《生成式人工智能服务安全基本要求》中术语对“违法不良信息”的注释，本文件主要关注附录中的哪些范围、多少种安全风险？请用原文回答。", "answer": "附录A.1到A.4中29种安全风险", "evidence": ["**注:** 本文件关注的违法不良信息主要是指包含附录A.1到A.4中29种安全风险的信息。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_110_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Visibility of Ellerman Bombs in SDO/AIA 1700 Å Images", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_110_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to \"Visibility of Ellerman Bombs in SDO/AIA 1700 Å Images,\" what is the correspondence email address listed in the research letter \"Ellerman bombs observed with the new vacuum solar telescope and the atmospheric imaging assembly onboard the solar dynamics observatory\"?", "answer": "huitian@pku.edu.cn", "evidence": ["*Correspondence: huitian@pku.edu.cn "]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_110_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Visibility of Ellerman Bombs in SDO/AIA 1700 Å Images", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_110_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the \"Author details\" in the paper \"Visibility of Ellerman Bombs in SDO/AIA 1700 Å Images\", which institution is associated with superscript ¹?", "answer": "School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China", "evidence": ["¹ School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_110_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Visibility of Ellerman Bombs in SDO/AIA 1700 Å Images", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_110_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to \"Visibility of Ellerman Bombs in SDO/AIA 1700 Å Images\", in the Summary of \"Ellerman bombs observed with the new vacuum solar telescope and the atmospheric imaging assembly onboard the solar dynamics observatory\", how many EBs were identified from the H wing images, and what percentage of them were clearly identified as BPs in AIA 1700Å images?", "answer": "145 EBs; 51%", "evidence": ["We have identified145 EBs from the H wing images, and found that 74 ofthem (51%) can be clearly identified as BPs in the AIA1700Å images."]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_110_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Visibility of Ellerman Bombs in SDO/AIA 1700 Å Images", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_110_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In “Visibility of Ellerman Bombs in SDO/AIA 1700 Å Images,” what is the total number of BPs identified from the AIA 1700Å images obtained during the NVST observation period?", "answer": "125", "evidence": ["Using thismethod, we have identified 125 BPs from the AIA 1700Åimages obtained during the NVST observation period."]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_110_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Visibility of Ellerman Bombs in SDO/AIA 1700 Å Images", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_110_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In the paper \"Visibility of Ellerman Bombs in SDO/AIA 1700 Å Images,\" what criteria (intensity threshold and temporal-spatial requirement) were used to count bright points (BPs) in AIA 1700 Å images?", "answer": "3.5σ above the average intensity; any four contiguous pixels of BP candidates that appear in at least two consecutive images will be counted as one BP", "evidence": ["Bright pixels in the AIA 1700 Å images are flagged byusing an intensity threshold of 3.5σ above the averageintensity.", "Any four contiguouspixels of BP candidates that appear in at least two consecutive images will be counted as one BP."]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_102_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "新课标下小初数学衔接策略：以三角形内角和为例", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_102_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《新课标下小初数学衔接策略：以三角形内角和为例》的作者是谁？", "answer": "甘创", "evidence": ["# 新课标下小学与初中数学教学的衔接策略 ——以“三角形的内角和”为例", "甘创"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_102_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "新课标下小初数学衔接策略：以三角形内角和为例", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_102_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《新课标下小初数学衔接策略：以三角形内角和为例》的参考文献部分，参考文献[3]所载期刊名称是什么？", "answer": "黑龙江教育(理论与实践)", "evidence": ["[3]廖飞,王进敬.HPM视角下的“三角形的内角和”教学[J].黑龙江教育(理论与实践),2016(5):88-90."]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_102_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "新课标下小初数学衔接策略：以三角形内角和为例", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_102_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《新课标下小初数学衔接策略：以三角形内角和为例》的摘要中，作者提出了哪些衔接策略？", "answer": "梳理内容, 系统建构; 教法多样, 提升兴趣; 启发思维, 增强素养", "evidence": ["本文结合相关理论, 提出了梳理内容, 系统建构; 教法多样, 提升兴趣; 启发思维, 增强素养等衔接策略."]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_102_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "新课标下小初数学衔接策略：以三角形内角和为例", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_102_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《新课标下小初数学衔接策略：以三角形内角和为例》一文文首的作者单位信息中，给出的邮政编码是多少？", "answer": "530000", "evidence": ["广西壮族自治区南宁市天桃实验学校(东葛校区) 广西南宁 530000"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_102_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "新课标下小初数学衔接策略：以三角形内角和为例", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_102_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "《新课标下小初数学衔接策略：以三角形内角和为例》一文中如何描述“‘三角形内角和定理’从小学到初中的教学过渡与表征变化”？", "answer": "小学阶段采用具象化操作———通过剪拼实验将三个内角转化为平角, 依托学生的直观认知建立初步猜想.初中阶段则在此基础上进行思维升级, 将物理拼接转化为几何构造, 通过平行线性质实现形式化验证.这种教学设计完美诠释了布鲁纳螺旋式课程理论,实现了从动作表征到符号表征的渐进过渡.", "evidence": ["小学阶段采用具象化操作———通过剪拼实验将三个内角转化为平角, 依托学生的直观认知建立初步猜想.初中阶段则在此基础上进行思维升级, 将物理拼接转化为几何构造, 通过平行线性质实现形式化验证.这种教学设计完美诠释了布鲁纳螺旋式课程理论,实现了从动作表征到符号表征的渐进过渡."]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_156_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "中国式现代化视域下新时代工业文明的四维向度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_156_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《中国式现代化视域下新时代工业文明的四维向度》一文中，本文给出的关键词是什么？", "answer": "工业文明;中国式现代化;中华文明;中华优秀传统文化", "evidence": ["关键词: 工业文明;中国式现代化;中华文明;中华优秀传统文化"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_156_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "中国式现代化视域下新时代工业文明的四维向度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_156_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《中国式现代化视域下新时代工业文明的四维向度》一文作者信息中，王智的职务与头衔是什么？", "answer": "南京航空航天大学马克思主义学院院长、教授、博导", "evidence": ["* 方锦波,南京航空航天大学马克思主义学院博士生;王智,南京航空航天大学马克思主义学院院长、教授、博导。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_156_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "中国式现代化视域下新时代工业文明的四维向度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_156_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《中国式现代化视域下新时代工业文明的四维向度》一文中，“目标方位：与中华民族伟大复兴相契合”部分明确列举了几个工业化阶段及其对应的年份区间？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["在奠定基础的工业化阶段(1949—1978)", "在解决小康目标的工业化阶段(1978—2012)", "在实现共同富裕目标的工业化阶段(2012至今)"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_156_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "中国式现代化视域下新时代工业文明的四维向度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_156_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《中国式现代化视域下新时代工业文明的四维向度》中，新时代工业文明在比较向度上通过哪四种“超越”来实现对西方工业文明的突破？", "answer": "“人民至上”的价值超越、“创新驱动”的技术超越、“全面协调”的发展超越、“独立自主”的战略超越", "evidence": ["在中国式现代化视域下,新时代工业文明通过“人民至上”的价值超越、“创新驱动”的技术超越、“全面协调”的发展超越以及“独立自主”的战略超越,不仅实现了对西方工业文明的吸纳和发展,更突破了旧工业文明现代化模式的局限,标志着中国实现了从遭遇现代性危机到克服现代性危机、从追求现代化到实现现代化、走向全面现代化的根本转型。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_139_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "人脸妆容虚拟迁移方法与软件实现", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_139_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《人脸妆容虚拟迁移方法与软件实现》中，给出的“关键词”具体是什么？", "answer": "化妆迁移;人脸数字化妆;人脸特征识别;人脸变形", "evidence": ["**关键词:** 化妆迁移;人脸数字化妆;人脸特征识别;人脸变形"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_139_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "人脸妆容虚拟迁移方法与软件实现", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_139_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《人脸妆容虚拟迁移方法与软件实现》中“中图分类号”、“文献标识码”、“文章编号”分别是什么？", "answer": "TP317.4；A；1672-464X(2017)4-45-06", "evidence": ["**中图分类号:** TP317.4 **文献标识码:** A **文章编号:** 1672-464X(2017)4-45-06"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_139_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "人脸妆容虚拟迁移方法与软件实现", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_139_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《人脸妆容虚拟迁移方法与软件实现》文中面部对齐采用了哪个开源模型的多少个标点，并扩充到多少个标点？", "answer": "开源 OpenFace 的68个标点基础上，扩充至90个标点", "evidence": ["本文采取开源 OpenFace 的68个标点基础上,根据现有的点和面部额头轮廓规律,增加对人脸额头部分的标点,扩充至90个标点。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_139_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "人脸妆容虚拟迁移方法与软件实现", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_139_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《人脸妆容虚拟迁移方法与软件实现》，列出的“基金项目”共有多少项？", "answer": "6项", "evidence": ["\\* **基金项目:** 2015.01-2017.12 国家自然科学基金应急管理项目:高维混沌序列密码设计及在视频硬件加密中的应用研究 (61640216);国家自然科学基金项目:“基于内容的图像光影模板学习与美学质量评价关键技术研究” (61402021);虚拟现实国家重点实验室开放课题:“互联网众包驱动的计算机审美技术及其智能应用研究” (BUAA-VR-16KF-09);国家档案局科技计划项目:“基于大数据的数字照片档案安全自动修复与标注检索关键技术”(2015-B-10);中央高校基本科研业务费项目:“云环境中可视媒体加密关键技术研究”(2016LG03);国家自然科学基金面上项目:“无退化的混沌密码标准实现研究”(61772047)。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_139_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "人脸妆容虚拟迁移方法与软件实现", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_139_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《人脸妆容虚拟迁移方法与软件实现》中，描述的人脸妆容迁移流程共有几个主要步骤？其中第3步分别如何传递皮肤细节层与颜色层？", "answer": "共四个主要步骤；皮肤细节层以加法方式传送；颜色层通过 alpha 混合转移", "evidence": ["共四个主要步骤：", "3)将每层E的信息以不同的方式转移到I的相应层:皮肤细节层以加法方式传送(2.4节);颜色层通过 alpha 混合转移(第2.5节)。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_157_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "人工智能助力中小学英语教学数字化转型", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_157_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《人工智能助力中小学英语教学数字化转型》中，列出的关键词有哪些？", "answer": "数字化转型；中小学英语教学；人工智能", "evidence": ["**关键词**：数字化转型；中小学英语教学；人工智能"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_157_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "人工智能助力中小学英语教学数字化转型", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_157_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "请写出《人工智能助力中小学英语教学数字化转型》中提到的两部均强调信息技术的课程标准的全称。", "answer": "《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》；《义务教育英语课程标准（2022年版）》", "evidence": ["不论是《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》（以下简称“《高中课标》”），还是《义务教育英语课程标准（2022年版）》（以下简称“《义教课标》”）都强调英语教学要重视信息技术$^{[2-3]}$。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_157_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "人工智能助力中小学英语教学数字化转型", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_157_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《人工智能助力中小学英语教学数字化转型》的阅读教学部分，使用Twee生成关于Mark Twain的短文时，指定的词数范围和CEFR难度分别是多少？", "answer": "250~350词；CEFR的B1", "evidence": ["如在教学外研版义务教育教科书《英语》九年级上册 Module 7 Great books 中 Unit 2 A book review of *The Adventures of Tom Sawyer*时,教师可以利用如图2所示的Twee的Create a Text on Any Topic with Your Vocabulary 功能生成一篇介绍Mark Twain的长度为250~350词、难度为CEFR的B1的短文,并指定需要复现的目标词汇。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_111_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Appropriating Multiliteracies for Chinese Literacy Teaching in Canada", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_111_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In the article \"Appropriating Multiliteracies for Chinese Literacy Teaching in Canada\", what is the corresponding author's email address?", "answer": "misong.kim@gmail.com", "evidence": ["*Correspondence: **misong.kim@gmail.com**"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_111_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Appropriating Multiliteracies for Chinese Literacy Teaching in Canada", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_111_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "For the article \"Appropriating Multiliteracies for Chinese Literacy Teaching in Canada\", what are the listed \"Received\" and \"Accepted\" dates?", "answer": "Received: 3 July 2018 Accepted: 4 January 2019", "evidence": ["Received: 3 July 2018 Accepted: 4 January 2019"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_111_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Appropriating Multiliteracies for Chinese Literacy Teaching in Canada", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_111_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to the Introduction of \"Appropriating Multiliteracies for Chinese Literacy Teaching in Canada,\" what is the most common language spoken besides English and French, and how many Confucius Institutes and classrooms are in Canada?", "answer": "Chinese; 30", "evidence": ["the most common language spoken, besides English and French which are the two official languages, is Chinese.", "Atpresent, Canada has 30 Confucius institutes and classrooms across the country"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_111_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Appropriating Multiliteracies for Chinese Literacy Teaching in Canada", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_111_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "How many bullet points are listed under 'Highlights' in the article 'Appropriating Multiliteracies for Chinese Literacy Teaching in Canada'?", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["* Multiliteracies enabled two Chinese teachers to work with CLD students in Canada.", "* Teachers appropriated affordances of multiliteracies for Chinese literacy teaching.", "* This implies the importance of teacher professional development."]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_111_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Appropriating Multiliteracies for Chinese Literacy Teaching in Canada", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_111_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "How many days elapsed between acceptance and online publication of the article 'Appropriating Multiliteracies for Chinese Literacy Teaching in Canada'?", "answer": "14", "evidence": ["Accepted: 4 January 2019", "Published online: 18 January 2019"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_166_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "最高人民法院核准刘某甲、张某甲抢劫故意杀人死刑", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_166_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《最高人民法院核准刘某甲、张某甲抢劫故意杀人死刑》的《中华人民共和国最高人民法院刑事裁定书》中，书记员是谁？", "answer": "宋肖颖", "evidence": ["书记员 宋肖颖"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_166_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "最高人民法院核准刘某甲、张某甲抢劫故意杀人死刑", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_166_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《最高人民法院核准刘某甲、张某甲抢劫故意杀人死刑》一案的《中华人民共和国最高人民法院刑事裁定书》中，一审刑事附带民事判决的案号是什么？", "answer": "(2022)内04刑初42号", "evidence": ["于2023年6月26日以(2022)内04刑初42号刑事附带民事判决"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_166_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "最高人民法院核准刘某甲、张某甲抢劫故意杀人死刑", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_166_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《最高人民法院核准刘某甲、张某甲抢劫故意杀人死刑》所述的《中华人民共和国最高人民法院刑事裁定书》中，一、抢劫事实第1起里，二人用所抢银行卡取款金额是多少，以及对龚某伤情的鉴定结论是什么？", "answer": "9900元；龚某受重伤二级", "evidence": ["在银行自助取款机上用所抢银行卡取款9900元。", "经鉴定, 龚某受重伤二级。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_166_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "最高人民法院核准刘某甲、张某甲抢劫故意杀人死刑", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_166_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《中华人民共和国最高人民法院刑事裁定书》（标题为“最高人民法院核准刘某甲、张某甲抢劫故意杀人死刑”）的“本院认为”部分，明确本案抢劫致死亡的人数是多少？", "answer": "二人死亡", "evidence": ["致二人死亡、二人重伤、一人轻伤"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_166_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "最高人民法院核准刘某甲、张某甲抢劫故意杀人死刑", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_166_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据“最高人民法院核准刘某甲、张某甲抢劫故意杀人死刑”一案中《中华人民共和国最高人民法院刑事裁定书》的最终裁定，对被告人张某甲决定执行的主刑是什么？", "answer": "决定执行死刑", "evidence": ["对被告人张某甲以抢劫罪判处死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产，与原判刑罚并罚，决定执行死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_170_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "最高法驳回某甲煤业股权执行申诉", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_170_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "“最高法驳回某甲煤业股权执行申诉”一案中的《中华人民共和国最高人民法院执行裁定书》案号是什么？", "answer": "(2024)最高法执监1041号", "evidence": ["(2024)最高法执监1041号"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_170_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "最高法驳回某甲煤业股权执行申诉", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_170_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《最高法驳回某甲煤业股权执行申诉》中，《中华人民共和国最高人民法院执行裁定书》里“(2024)冀执复195号执行裁定”是由哪个法院作出？", "answer": "河北省高级人民法院", "evidence": ["申请人古某常不服河北省高级人民法院(以下简称河北高院)(2024)冀执复195号执行裁定,向本院申请。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_170_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "最高法驳回某甲煤业股权执行申诉", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_170_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《最高法驳回某甲煤业股权执行申诉》一文中，邢台中院分别在何日立案执行(2016)冀05执29号案件，并在何日作出执行裁定？", "answer": "2016年2月24日；2016年3月3日", "evidence": ["2016年2月24日,邢台中院依据上述移送执行表立\n(2016)冀05执29号案件执行。", "2016年3月3日,邢台中院作出(2016)冀05执29号执\n行裁定:将某甲煤业公司、某某煤矿公司、某丙公司、某丁公司的所有股权变更至某市人民政府国有资产监督管理委员会名下。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_170_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "最高法驳回某甲煤业股权执行申诉", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_170_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《最高法驳回某甲煤业股权执行申诉》中提到的《中华人民共和国最高人民法院执行裁定书》中列明了几位“审判员”？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["审判员 杨春", "审判员 徐霖"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_170_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "最高法驳回某甲煤业股权执行申诉", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_170_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《最高法驳回某甲煤业股权执行申诉》一文中，根据刑事审判部门移送执行表和后续执行裁定，哪家公司的企业性质被要求变更为国有并且其股权被变更登记至某市人民政府国有资产监督管理委员会名下？", "answer": "某甲煤业公司", "evidence": ["“1、某甲煤业公司为改制前河北某集团的下属国有企业，应将企业性质变更为国有。", "2016年3月3日,邢台中院作出(2016)冀05执29号执\n行裁定:将某甲煤业公司、某某煤矿公司、某丙公司、某丁公司的所有股权变更至某市人民政府国有资产监督管理委员会名下。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_10_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "聚碳酸酯行业绿色工厂评价要求", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_10_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《聚碳酸酯行业绿色工厂评价要求》的表6中，非光气法“综合能耗”的领先值是多少？", "answer": "780", "evidence": ["| 1 | 综合能耗 | kgce/t | 780 | 700 | 650 | 900 | 820 | 780 | ", "| 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_10_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "聚碳酸酯行业绿色工厂评价要求", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_10_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《聚碳酸酯行业绿色工厂评价要求》的表2“单位产品污染物产生量”中，“有组织VOCs”在非光气法下的先进值是多少？", "answer": "0.25", "evidence": ["| 4 | 有组织VOCs | kg/t | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.15 | ", "| 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_10_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "聚碳酸酯行业绿色工厂评价要求", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_10_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《聚碳酸酯行业绿色工厂评价要求》的表2中，“主要污染物产生量”包含哪些二级指标名称？", "answer": "烟尘及颗粒物、有组织VOCs", "evidence": ["| 3 | 主要污染物产生量 | 烟尘及颗粒物 | kg/t | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | ", "| 4 | 有组织VOCs | kg/t | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.15 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_10_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "聚碳酸酯行业绿色工厂评价要求", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_10_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《聚碳酸酯行业绿色工厂评价要求》中，附录B的“绿色工厂评价指标”表中，“基本 要求”下的“合规性要求”共列出了多少条具体评价要求？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["| 合规性要求 | 绿色工厂应依法设立，在建设和生产过程中应遵守有关法律、法规、政策和标准。 | 必选 | 一票 否决 | 一票 否决 | ", "| 近三年(含成立不足三年)无较大及以上安全、环保、质量等事故。 | 必选 | ", "| 对利益相关方的环境要求做出承诺的， 应同时满足有关承诺的要求。 | | ", "| 工厂未列入国家企业信用信息公示系统的严重违法失信企业名单。 | 必选 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_10_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "聚碳酸酯行业绿色工厂评价要求", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_10_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《聚碳酸酯行业绿色工厂评价要求》中，表6“能源低碳化指标”里光气法的“碳排放量”三个值（基准值、先进值、领先值）中最大的是多少？", "answer": "2000", "evidence": ["| 2 | 碳排放量 | kgeCO₂/t | 2000 | 1700 | 1550 | 3000 | 2680 | 2550 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_16_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Razer Kraken V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3 高级用户指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_16_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《Razer Kraken V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3 高级用户指南》中，耳机的频响范围是多少？", "answer": "20 Hz - 20 kHz", "evidence": ["* 频响范围: 20 Hz - 20 kHz"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_16_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Razer Kraken V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3 高级用户指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_16_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《Razer Kraken V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3 高级用户指南》的“快速效果”表格中，“光谱循环”的说明是什么？", "answer": "键盘上的灯光将在 1680 万种色彩间无限循环", "evidence": ["键盘上的灯光将在 1680 万种色彩间无限循环"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_16_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Razer Kraken V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3 高级用户指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_16_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《Razer Kraken V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3 高级用户指南》中，“技术规格-耳机”与“使用音频”两处对连接方式的描述分别是什么？", "answer": "连接类型: USB Type A；使用有线音频: USB Type A", "evidence": ["* 连接类型: USB Type A", "* 使用有线音频: USB Type A"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_16_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Razer Kraken V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3 高级用户指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_16_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《Razer Kraken V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3 高级用户指南》的目录列出了多少个主要章节？", "answer": "8", "evidence": ["1. 内含物品/要求 ... 3", "2. 简要介绍 ... 5", "3. 技术规格 ... 6", "4. 入门指南 ... 7", "5. 使用耳麦 ... 9", "6. 配置你的 RAZER KRAKEN V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3 ... 11", "7. 安全与维护 ... 25", "8. 法律声明 ... 26"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_16_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "Razer Kraken V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3 高级用户指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_16_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《Razer Kraken V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3 高级用户指南》，要充分发挥 THX Spatial Audio 空间音效，需要满足哪个操作系统条件，并应在哪设置其为默认播放/输出设备？", "answer": "仅适用于 Windows® 10 64 位系统*；通过系统任务栏上的声音图标选择 THX Spatial Audio 空间音效作为你的默认播放或输出设备", "evidence": ["**仅适用于 Windows® 10 64 位系统*。", "*确保通过系统任务栏上的声音图标选择 THX Spatial Audio 空间音效作为你的默认播放或输出设备*。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_172_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "生态视野下的寇宗鄂诗歌评析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_172_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "请结合《生态视野下的寇宗鄂诗歌评析》这篇文献，给出《在生态关怀中的思索与憧憬——评寇宗鄂的诗歌创作》的DOI编号。", "answer": "DOI:10.16124/j.cnki.cn13-1390/c.2019.03.007", "evidence": ["DOI:10.16124/j.cnki.cn13-1390/c.2019.03.007"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_172_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "生态视野下的寇宗鄂诗歌评析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_172_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《生态视野下的寇宗鄂诗歌评析》中，“中图分类号”、“文献标志码”、“文章编号”分别是什么？", "answer": "I207.25; A; 1674-3210(2019)03-0042-04", "evidence": ["中图分类号: I207.25 文献标志码: A 文章编号: 1674-3210(2019)03-0042-04"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_172_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "生态视野下的寇宗鄂诗歌评析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_172_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《生态视野下的寇宗鄂诗歌评析》一文中，两次引用《另一种生态》的句子分别是什么？", "answer": "“灵魂的疏松如同土地的沙化/使生命失去春天的感觉”(《另一种生态》)；“灵魂的救援与生命的抢险/是中国也是地球村的/一个宏大而艰难的命题”(《另一种生态》)", "evidence": ["“灵魂的疏松如同土地的沙化/使生命失去春天的感觉”(《另一种生态》)", "感谢寇宗鄂诗歌带来的关于“另一种生态”的审视和遥想,诚如他所言:“灵魂的救援与生命的抢险/是中国也是地球村的/一个宏大而艰难的命题”(《另一种生态》)。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_127_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "AI赋能中小学备课：人机协同的三步升级", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_127_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《AI 赋能中小学教师备课的变革图景与实践机制——以高中数学“余弦定理”为例》一文的DOI是多少？（参见《AI赋能中小学备课：人机协同的三步升级》）", "answer": "10.3969/j.issn.1005-1058.2025.03.008", "evidence": ["DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-1058.2025.03.008"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_127_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "AI赋能中小学备课：人机协同的三步升级", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_127_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《AI赋能中小学备课：人机协同的三步升级》一文的【中图分类号】与【文献标识码】分别是什么？", "answer": "G434；A", "evidence": ["**【中图分类号】** G434", "**【文献标识码】** A"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_127_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "AI赋能中小学备课：人机协同的三步升级", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_127_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《AI赋能中小学备课：人机协同的三步升级》，请给出该文作者与其单位信息。", "answer": "徐波,吕增锋；(象山县教育局,浙江 象山 315700)", "evidence": ["徐波,吕增锋", "(象山县教育局,浙江 象山 315700)"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_127_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "AI赋能中小学备课：人机协同的三步升级", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_127_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《AI赋能中小学备课：人机协同的三步升级》中，“三步升级法”的“AI 体检”阶段，系统自动识别了多少个备课盲区？", "answer": "四大盲区", "evidence": ["AI“体检”是通过知识图谱碰撞来自动识别四大盲区"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_127_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "AI赋能中小学备课：人机协同的三步升级", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_127_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《AI赋能中小学备课：人机协同的三步升级》的“人机共创”部分中，以高中数学“余弦定理”为例，通过 GeoGebra 演示，余弦定理自然退化为勾股定理的角度条件是什么？", "answer": "当$γ=90°$时", "evidence": ["(当$γ=90°$时)"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_108_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "广东省公安厅 修订 处理重复（虚假）户口意见 及 爆破作业单位 行政许可 管理细则 通知", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_108_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《广东省公安厅 修订 处理重复（虚假）户口意见 及 爆破作业单位 行政许可 管理细则 通知》，该通知的文号是什么？", "answer": "粤公规〔2024〕4号", "evidence": ["粤公规〔2024〕4号"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_108_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "广东省公安厅 修订 处理重复（虚假）户口意见 及 爆破作业单位 行政许可 管理细则 通知", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_108_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《广东省公安厅 修订 处理重复（虚假）户口意见 及 爆破作业单位 行政许可 管理细则 通知》的修改内容以及其附件《广东省公安厅关于进一步妥善处理重复（虚假）户口的意见》中的“救济”条款，当事人在知道户口被注销之日起多少时间内可以申请行政复议？", "answer": "60 日内", "evidence": ["之日起60 日内向注销户口的公安机关的同级人民政府申请行政复议", "之日起 60 日内向注销户口的公安机关的同级人民政府申请行政复议"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_108_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "广东省公安厅 修订 处理重复（虚假）户口意见 及 爆破作业单位 行政许可 管理细则 通知", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_108_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《广东省公安厅 修订 处理重复（虚假）户口意见 及 爆破作业单位 行政许可 管理细则 通知》的附件2《广东省公安厅爆破作业单位行政许可和管理工作实施细则》第十三条中，现场核查内容包括多少项？", "answer": "6", "evidence": ["（一）主要施工机械设备；", "（二）民用爆炸物品专用仓库；", "（三）申报资料的重要凭证复印件的真实性；", "（四）各项安全管理制度和岗位责任制度；", "（五）自受理申请之日起前3年内是否发生重大及以上爆破作业责任事故；", "（六）需要现场核查的其他资料或有关情况。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_108_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "广东省公安厅 修订 处理重复（虚假）户口意见 及 爆破作业单位 行政许可 管理细则 通知", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_108_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《广东省公安厅 修订 处理重复（虚假）户口意见 及 爆破作业单位 行政许可 管理细则 通知》附件1的“处理”规定，如果当事人接到《重复（虚假）户口处理告知书》后30日内仍未到公安机关办理注销手续，会有什么后果？", "answer": "公安机关将按规定注销重复（虚假）户口", "evidence": ["（一）经调查核实认定为重复（虚假）户口的，公安机关制发《重复（虚假）户口处理告知书》（附件1），通知当事人在告知书送达之日起30 日内到公安机关办理户口注销手续，并可将重复（虚假）户口信息予以锁定。", "（三）告知书送达之日起 30 日或者公告期满后，当事人仍未到公安机关办理注销手续的，公安机关将按规定注销重复（虚假）户口。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_12_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "三六零安全科技2022年度报告：经营与财务概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_12_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《三六零安全科技2022年度报告：经营与财务概览》的“公司股票简况”表中，股票代码是多少？", "answer": "601360", "evidence": ["| A股 | 上海证券交易所 | 三六零 | 601360 | 江南嘉捷 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_12_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "三六零安全科技2022年度报告：经营与财务概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_12_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《三六零安全科技2022年度报告：经营与财务概览》中的“联系人和联系方式”表中，董事会秘书的电子信箱是什么？", "answer": "q-zhengquan@360.cn", "evidence": ["| 电子信箱 | q-zhengquan@360.cn | q-zhengquan@360.cn | "]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_12_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "三六零安全科技2022年度报告：经营与财务概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_12_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《三六零安全科技2022年度报告：经营与财务概览》的“公司信息”表中，公司的中文名称与中文简称分别是什么？", "answer": "三六零安全科技股份有限公司；三六零", "evidence": ["| 公司的中文名称 | 三六零安全科技股份有限公司 | ", "| 公司的中文简称 | 三六零 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_12_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "三六零安全科技2022年度报告：经营与财务概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_12_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《三六零安全科技2022年度报告：经营与财务概览》的“2022 年分季度主要财务数据”表中，归属于上市公司股东的净利润为负数的季度有几个？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["| 归属于上市公司股东的净利润 | 221，791 | (620，111) | (1，566，147) | (239，080) | "]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_12_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "三六零安全科技2022年度报告：经营与财务概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_12_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《三六零安全科技2022年度报告：经营与财务概览》的“2022年分季度主要财务数据”表中，经营活动产生的现金流量净额最大的是哪个季度？请给出该季度对应的数值。", "answer": "第四季度 (10-12 月份)：670，896", "evidence": [" | 第一季度 (1-3 月份) | 第二季度 (4-6 月份) | 第三季度 (7-9 月份) | 第四季度 (10-12 月份) | ", "| 经营活动产生的现金流量净额 | (310，701) | 38，815 | 158，316 | 670，896 | "]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_13_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "可调二次三角多项式样条插值曲线及图形学应用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_13_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《可调二次三角多项式样条插值曲线及图形学应用》中，中图分类号是什么？", "answer": "TP391.41", "evidence": ["**中图分类号**: TP391.41"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_13_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "可调二次三角多项式样条插值曲线及图形学应用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_13_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《可调二次三角多项式样条插值曲线及图形学应用》第3节插值曲线构造中，已知两端点的一阶导矢 q'₁ 时，P_0 与 q'₁ 的关系式是什么？", "answer": "P_0 = P_2 - \\frac{4 + 2\\lambda}{1 + \\lambda} q'_1", "evidence": ["P_0 = P_2 - \\frac{4 + 2\\lambda}{1 + \\lambda} q'_1"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_13_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "可调二次三角多项式样条插值曲线及图形学应用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_13_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《可调二次三角多项式样条插值曲线及图形学应用》中，图2中列出了多少个 λ 值？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["图2所示的分别是λ=-0.6,-0.2,0.6(从下到上)时,曲线段Bᵢ(t)的图形"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_13_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "可调二次三角多项式样条插值曲线及图形学应用", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_13_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《可调二次三角多项式样条插值曲线及图形学应用》一文中，二次三角多项式样条插值曲线在不同 λ 取值下分别可达到的连续性是什么？", "answer": "当形状参数 $λ > 0$ 且 $λ \\neq 1$ 时,二次三角多项式样条插值曲线可达到 $C^1$ 连续,而当形状参数 $λ = 1$ 时,二次三角多项式样条插值曲线可达到 $C^3$ 连续。", "evidence": ["当形状参数 $λ > 0$ 且 $λ \\neq 1$ 时,二次三角多项式样条插值曲线可达到 $C^1$ 连续,而当形状参数 $λ = 1$ 时,二次三角多项式样条插值曲线可达到 $C^3$ 连续。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_168_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "半结构化与结构化面试指南：考查重点与应对技巧", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_168_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《半结构化与结构化面试指南：考查重点与应对技巧》的《第一章 面试概论》中，“学习目标”的第2条内容是什么？", "answer": "了解考官评价标准，理解面试本质。", "evidence": ["**学习目标**", "2. 了解考官评价标准，理解面试本质。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_168_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "半结构化与结构化面试指南：考查重点与应对技巧", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_168_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《半结构化与结构化面试指南：考查重点与应对技巧》的“目录”中列出了多少章？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["第一章 面试概论 ... 1", "第二章 半结构化面试的考查形式及重点 ... 6", "第三章 追问应对技巧 ... 12", "第四章 结构化面试应对技巧 ... 24"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_168_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "半结构化与结构化面试指南：考查重点与应对技巧", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_168_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在文档《半结构化与结构化面试指南：考查重点与应对技巧》的“第二章 半结构化面试的考查形式及重点”中“自由式面谈”部分，如果考生在自我介绍中涉及工作经历，及如果没有提及自我优劣势或兴趣爱好，分别可能出现的追问是什么？请各列举一条。", "answer": "追问1: 现在工作岗位最让你无法忍受的是哪一点? 为什么要考社工?\n追问1: 介绍一下, 你做社工有什么优势?", "evidence": ["（如果考生在自我介绍中涉及工作经历,则可能出现以下追问)", "追问1: 现在工作岗位最让你无法忍受的是哪一点? 为什么要考社工?", "(如果考生在自我介绍中没有提及自我优劣势或兴趣爱好,则可能会出现以下追问)", "追问1: 介绍一下, 你做社工有什么优势?"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_148_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "天津新车上牌“一件事”工作方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_148_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《天津新车上牌“一件事”工作方案》中提到的《天津市公安局等九部门关于联合印发新车上牌“一件事”工作方案的通知》文件文号是什么？", "answer": "津公政务函[2025]103号", "evidence": ["津公政务函[2025]103号"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_148_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "天津新车上牌“一件事”工作方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_148_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《天津新车上牌“一件事”工作方案》的“三、重点任务及分工”中，负责“进口车强制性产品认证(CCC认证)证书信息的口岸验证”的单位是哪一个？", "answer": "天津海关", "evidence": ["(三) 进口车强制性产品认证(CCC认证)证书信息的口岸验证。(天津海关)"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_148_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "天津新车上牌“一件事”工作方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_148_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《天津新车上牌“一件事”工作方案》的落款部分，“市生态环境局”之后紧接着标注的日期是什么？", "answer": "2025年4月28日", "evidence": ["市生态环境局", "2025年4月28日"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_148_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "天津新车上牌“一件事”工作方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_148_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在与《天津新车上牌“一件事”工作方案》相关的《天津市公安局等九部门关于联合印发新车上牌“一件事”工作方案的通知》标题中，联合印发单位共有多少个部门？", "answer": "九部门", "evidence": ["# 天津市公安局等九部门"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_148_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "天津新车上牌“一件事”工作方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_148_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "若办理的是进口小客车，根据《天津新车上牌“一件事”工作方案》，上牌时涉及的“强制性产品认证”信息核查由哪一项改革措施覆盖？相应证书信息的口岸验证由哪个单位负责？", "answer": "推进政务数据互联互通；天津海关", "evidence": ["（三）推进政务数据互联互通。依托部际一体化政务服务平台，推进各主管部门的业务数据归集与共享支撑，实现上牌时对进口小客车强制性产品认证、企业营业执照以及有关机构证照和数据的信息核查。", "(三) 进口车强制性产品认证(CCC认证)证书信息的口岸验证。(天津海关)"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_147_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "New Zealand Strategy for Cultural Inclusion in Product Design", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_147_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In the article \"New Zealand Strategy for Cultural Inclusion in Product Design\", what is the corresponding author's email address?", "answer": "s.mathrani@massey.ac.nz", "evidence": ["*Correspondence: s.mathrani@massey.ac.nz"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_147_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "New Zealand Strategy for Cultural Inclusion in Product Design", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_147_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the publication details in \"New Zealand Strategy for Cultural Inclusion in Product Design\", what are the Received, Accepted, and Published dates for \"Strategy for Cultural Inclusion in New Product Development Processes: A New Zealand Study\"?", "answer": "Received: 8 November 2022; Accepted: 12 December 2022; Published: 15 December 2022", "evidence": ["Received: 8 November 2022", "Accepted: 12 December 2022", "Published: 15 December 2022"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_147_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "New Zealand Strategy for Cultural Inclusion in Product Design", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_147_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In the findings of 'Strategy for Cultural Inclusion in New Product Development Processes: A New Zealand Study' in the 'New Zealand Strategy for Cultural Inclusion in Product Design' document, which companies were SMEs and which was a large enterprise?", "answer": "Rua and Toru were both SMEs, whereas Tahi was a large enterprise.", "evidence": ["Rua and Toru were both SMEs, whereas Tahi was a large enterprise."]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_147_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "New Zealand Strategy for Cultural Inclusion in Product Design", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_147_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In \"New Zealand Strategy for Cultural Inclusion in Product Design,\" how many semi-structured interviews were conducted?", "answer": "Six", "evidence": ["Six semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data from three manufacturing firms that were selected based on the above criteria."]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_147_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "New Zealand Strategy for Cultural Inclusion in Product Design", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_147_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "Which case study company in 'New Zealand Strategy for Cultural Inclusion in Product Design' both consults a third-party expert on cultural appropriation and develops its lists based on yearly themes like Matariki and Christmas?", "answer": "Toru", "evidence": ["At Toru, they generally consult with a third-party individual who labels himself as an expert in advising on cultural appropriation, where companies can contact that person to evaluate the correct use of culture.", "Toru develops its lists depending on themes generated by yearly events, such as Matariki and Christmas."]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_17_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "北平接管期市民社会心理转变", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_17_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《北平接管期市民社会心理转变》一文的中文关键词是什么？", "answer": "北平接管；社会心理；市民", "evidence": ["**关键词：**北平接管；社会心理；市民"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_17_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "北平接管期市民社会心理转变", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_17_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "请参考《北平接管期市民社会心理转变》，《北平接管时期市民社会心理变化探析》发表于《北京档案》的哪一期？", "answer": "二〇二五年第七期", "evidence": ["《北京档案》二〇二五年第七期"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_17_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "北平接管期市民社会心理转变", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_17_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《北平接管期市民社会心理转变》中“北平接管时期市民社会心理变化的原因”这一部分，文中认为不可或缺的关键要素有哪些？", "answer": "政治上层建筑的迅速有效建立、以着力解决民生问题为立足点、意识形态工作深入广大群众", "evidence": ["同时，政治上层建筑的迅速有效建立、以着力解决民生问题为立足点、意识形态工作深入广大群众等，亦是不可或缺的关键要素。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_17_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "北平接管期市民社会心理转变", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_17_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《北平接管期市民社会心理转变》一文中，为解决粮食问题列出了几项具体措施？", "answer": "三项", "evidence": ["一是在入城前即向北平周边各地筹集粮食,“一为张家口的粮,二为罗玉川那里的粮,三为冀中的粮,共有5000万斤。”[41]做到手中有粮,心中不慌。", "二是成立粮食、百货、盐业等贸易公司,公开售粮,原来囤积粮食的奸商见公家粮食这么多,争相抛售,使粮价大幅度下跌。", "三是“先实行配给制,首先要给工人、学生、机关职员等,按其团体名单配给,下层劳力、脚行、洋车夫、贫民等食粮配给应有优先权”[42],如此的粮食配给政策,得到了绝大多数市民的拥护。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_17_watermark_3x1.md", "title": "北平接管期市民社会心理转变", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_17_watermark_3x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《北平接管期市民社会心理转变》中，“以着力解决民生问题为立足点”的论述里，谁强调“主要是粮的问题”，同时入城前筹集了多少粮食？", "answer": "彭真；5000万斤", "evidence": ["北平和平解放前夕,彭真即指出:“许多老百姓都知道解放区好,但是不知道究竟怎样好……老百姓不是听你讲什么,而主要是看你做什么……主要是粮的问题,如果没有饭吃,无论其他方面如纪律等怎样好,群众也不会满意。”[40]", "一是在入城前即向北平周边各地筹集粮食,“一为张家口的粮,二为罗玉川那里的粮,三为冀中的粮,共有5000万斤。”[41]做到手中有粮,心中不慌。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_15_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "混沌密码算法的研究进展与展望", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_15_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《混沌密码算法的研究进展与展望》中，《混沌密码算法及相关进展(三)》的文章编号是什么？", "answer": "1672-464X(2017)4-81-06", "evidence": ["**文章编号**：1672-464X(2017)4-81-06"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_15_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "混沌密码算法的研究进展与展望", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_15_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "参考《混沌密码算法的研究进展与展望》，《混沌密码算法及相关进展(三)》的版式信息中“中图分类号”是多少？", "answer": "TN918.1", "evidence": ["**中图分类号**：TN918.1**文献标识码**：**文章编号**：1672-464X(2017)4-81-06"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_15_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "混沌密码算法的研究进展与展望", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_15_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《混沌密码算法的研究进展与展望》中，根据《混沌密码算法及相关进展(三)》，文献[7]所述分组算法中明文与密文的比特长度分别如何描述？", "answer": "B_0是128比特明文，B_8是128比特密文", "evidence": ["文献[7]设计出一种新的基于Logistic 混沌映射的混沌分组密码算法。该分组加密算法一共8轮,第i轮中$(1 \\le i \\le 8)$, $B_{i-1}$是输入,$B_i$是输出,$B_0$是128比特明文,$B_8$是128比特密文,每个分组$B_{i,j}$是8比特。"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_15_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "混沌密码算法的研究进展与展望", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_15_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《混沌密码算法的研究进展与展望》，《混沌密码算法及相关进展(三)》中提到的基于Logistic混沌映射的分组加密算法共有多少轮？", "answer": "8轮", "evidence": ["该分组加密算法一共8轮"]}
+{"doc_type": "watermark", "filename": "normal_15_watermark_2x1.md", "title": "混沌密码算法的研究进展与展望", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_15_watermark_2x1.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《混沌密码算法的研究进展与展望》中，有限域上的Chebyshev多项式的半群性质以同余式如何表示？", "answer": "T_r(T_s(x)) \\equiv T_{sr}(x) \\equiv T_s(T_r(x)) \\mod P", "evidence": ["T_r(T_s(x)) \\equiv T_{sr}(x) \\equiv T_s(T_r(x)) \\mod P"]}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_194.md", "title": "知识付费的意义、危害与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_194.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《知识付费的意义、危害与对策》中，加粗并使用蓝色字体标注的这段描述所指的商家活动目标是什么？", "answer": ["争取最大复购率"], "evidence": "创新知识供给方式引导和创造新需求，注重学习与实践体验相结合，加强线上线下互动，商家可组织线下体验活动，争取最大复购率。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_194.md", "title": "知识付费的意义、危害与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_194.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《知识付费的意义、危害与对策》中，背景为黄色高亮的这部分内容提到了哪些侵害原创权益的方式？", "answer": ["抄袭、洗文"], "evidence": "行业变浑浊，利益的诱惑导致良心缺乏的内容制造者通过抄袭、洗文等方式盗取原创者的知识权益，知识生产和传播环境变得更加复杂浑浊。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_42.md", "title": "2020年中国足球产业市场与政策发展报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_42.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《2020年中国足球产业市场与政策发展报告》中，这段灰色高亮的内容提到的规划是哪一项？", "answer": ["《足球行业发展“十三五”规划》"], "evidence": "中央印发的《足球行业发展“十三五”规划》，明确要求到2020年足球行业将增加30%，各地方出台了地方政策，提高行业渗透率。2020年足球行业成为政策红利的市场，国务院政府报告指出足球行业将会有利于提高民众生活质量。2020年是足球行业发展过程中非常关键的一年，首先，从外部宏观环境来讲，影响行业发展的新政策、新法规都将陆续出台。转变经济增长方式，严格的节能减排对足球行业的发展都产生了深刻的影响，另外还有来自通货膨胀、人民币升值、人力资源成本上升等等因素的影响；从企业内部来讲，产业链各环节竞争、技术工艺升级、出口市场逐步萎缩、产品销售市场日益复杂等问题，都是企业决策者所必须面对和亟待解决的。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_42.md", "title": "2020年中国足球产业市场与政策发展报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_42.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《2020年中国足球产业市场与政策发展报告》中，以加粗且绿色字体标注的数据显示累计营业收入是多少？", "answer": ["325969亿元"], "evidence": "2019年1-11月，足球重点企业（集团）累计实现营业收入325969亿元，比上年同期增长16.2%。累计实现利税总额53095亿元，比上年同期增长7.4%。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_195.md", "title": "算法权力与新闻短视频的法治规制", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_195.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《算法权力与新闻短视频的法治规制》中，被灰色高亮显示的这部分内容所提到的法律名称是什么？", "answer": ["中华人民共和国个人信息保护法"], "evidence": "2021 年 11 月 1 日起，《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》正式施行，公民的隐私权保护力度得到了进一步提升。然而，在新闻短视频传播领域，与之伴随的却是大量短视频 APP 版本的强制更新。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_195.md", "title": "算法权力与新闻短视频的法治规制", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_195.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《算法权力与新闻短视频的法治规制》一文中，删除线标记的这段文字中提到的机构名称是什么？", "answer": ["中国互联网络信息中心"], "evidence": "2022 年 2 月，中国互联网络信息中心（CNNIC）发布了第 49 次《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》，据统计，截至 2021 年 12 月，我国短视频用户规模已达 9.34 亿，网络新闻用户亦达到7.71亿。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_195.md", "title": "算法权力与新闻短视频的法治规制", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_195.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《算法权力与新闻短视频的法治规制》中，带有下划线样式的这部分内容提及了法律法规的哪一条规定？", "answer": ["第18条"], "evidence": "2021 年 2 月《互联网用户公众账号信息服务管理规定》正式施行，其中第 18 条规定公众账号未经许可不得从事互联网新闻信息服务，此规定的实质是为互联网新闻传播增设了行政许可，也即意味着网络新闻服务除遵守一般规定外还要适用特殊的监管规则。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_191.md", "title": "常见近义成语对照辨析与用法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_191.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《常见近义成语对照辨析与用法》中，应用加粗+绿色字体的这部分内容描述了哪个成语？", "answer": ["随心所欲"], "evidence": "随心所欲：指随着自己的心意，想做什么就做什么。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_191.md", "title": "常见近义成语对照辨析与用法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_191.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《常见近义成语对照辨析与用法》中，标为倾斜+绿色字体的相关内容解释了哪个成语？", "answer": ["层出不穷"], "evidence": "层出不穷侧重强调连续出现, 数量很多。例句: 一年以来, 欧美国家示威、罢工活动此起彼伏, 暴力事件频发, 社会乱象层出不穷。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_191.md", "title": "常见近义成语对照辨析与用法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_191.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《常见近义成语对照辨析与用法》中，被删除线标记的文字中所涉及的词语是什么？", "answer": ["屡见不鲜"], "evidence": "屡见不鲜侧重指常见到, 不新奇、不新鲜。例句: 应该用“启事”, 而滥用“公告”的现象屡见不鲜, 致使社会上有些人也见错而不怪了。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_191.md", "title": "常见近义成语对照辨析与用法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_191.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《常见近义成语对照辨析与用法》一文中，应用灰色高亮样式的相关内容提到的望远镜名称是什么？", "answer": ["阿尔玛"], "evidence": "一览无余侧重强调没有遮挡，看的全面。例句：宇宙中最冷的地方是“回力棒星云”，那里的温度仅比绝对零度高1度。在绝对零度条件下，所有的原子都会冻结。捕捉到“回力棒星云”芳容的“阿尔玛”（望远镜）设在阿塔卡马沙漠中海拔5000米的高原上，那里几乎没有湿气或植被，能对天空一览无余。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_191.md", "title": "常见近义成语对照辨析与用法", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_191.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《常见近义成语对照辨析与用法》中，加粗段落中的例子是以哪位书法家为例的？", "answer": ["苏轼"], "evidence": "独树一帜侧重强调形成了自己的一种风格、派别, 与其他均不同。例句: 苏轼擅长书法, 他取法颜真卿, 但能独树一帜, 与蔡襄、黄庭坚、米芾并称宋代四大家。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_57.md", "title": "企业信息化管理与内部电脑安全制度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_57.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《企业信息化管理与内部电脑安全制度》文档中，倾斜加蓝色字体的这部分内容描述了什么步骤？", "answer": ["设备的清查工作"], "evidence": "定期进行设备的清查工作，尤其是设备调配之后，保证配置的完整性并作好封记，更新管理账目。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_57.md", "title": "企业信息化管理与内部电脑安全制度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_57.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《企业信息化管理与内部电脑安全制度》中，绿色高亮的这部分内容需要由什么人员进行确认？", "answer": ["信息中心相关管理人员"], "evidence": "网络及其他单元系统用机的软件安装及维护必须由信息中心相关管理人员确认以后进行。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_57.md", "title": "企业信息化管理与内部电脑安全制度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_57.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《企业信息化管理与内部电脑安全制度》中，应用加粗字体的**相关内容**涉及了什么管理制度？", "answer": ["《X公司信息化工作管理制度》"], "evidence": "为了使企业在管理上跟上时代的发展，适应信息社会及网络经济下的市场竞争环境，运用先进的管理手段提高工厂的工作及管理效率，必须借助于网络及计算机等现代化的环境及工具，这就要求企业本身要注重信息化的发展，而信息化的健康发展就必须有一个好的管理制度来保障，籍以创造及巩固企业好的信息化发展的软环境及硬环境，因此，特制定《X公司信息化工作管理制度》。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_57.md", "title": "企业信息化管理与内部电脑安全制度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_57.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《企业信息化管理与内部电脑安全制度》中，标为红色字体的这部分内容指出由谁负责指导系统的应用？", "answer": ["信息中心人员"], "evidence": "信息中心人员应指导、教授业务部门人员有关系统的应用，保证业务部门人员能正确使用系统。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_57.md", "title": "企业信息化管理与内部电脑安全制度", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_57.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《企业信息化管理与内部电脑安全制度》中，背景为红色高亮的这部分内容禁止了什么操作？", "answer": ["私接光软驱,私自安装软件"], "evidence": "搞好企业内部网的防毒作用，网络用机严禁私接光软驱，私自安装软件，尤其是游戏软件。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_192.md", "title": "广场舞的意义、争议与治理", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_192.md", "question_category": "", "question": "《广场舞的意义、争议与治理》中，用绿色高亮标记的部分内容指出了哪种预留不足的问题？", "answer": ["城市公共活动空间预留不足"], "evidence": "广场舞噪音大扰民，存在安全隐患。部分广场舞者规则意识法制意识淡薄。部分舞者素质不高，造成对时间秩序、空间秩序、环境秩序的侵扰。城市公共活动空间预留不足。一方面城市设建设不合理，没有给市民活动预留出足够空间。另一方面，开发商在小区建设过程中，对小区公共用地预留不足。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_190.md", "title": "共享经济的意义、问题与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_190.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《共享经济的意义、问题与对策》一文中，用倾斜加蓝色字体标出的那段描述中提到的新模式是什么？", "answer": ["共享经济"], "evidence": "共享经济作为新兴商业模式与资源配置方式，给传统的经济管理带来了新思路、新理念。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_190.md", "title": "共享经济的意义、问题与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_190.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《共享经济的意义、问题与对策》中，被灰色高亮的这部分内容提到了经济的什么特性？", "answer": ["创新性、包容性和开放性"], "evidence": "共享经济体现了经济发展的创新性、包容性和开放性，推动着大数据、云技术等新兴领域的增长，也引领着传统自行车制造、交通运输、房屋住宿等行业转型升级，走向创新发展。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_190.md", "title": "共享经济的意义、问题与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_190.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《共享经济的意义、问题与对策》中，背景为绿色高亮的这部分内容所体现的基本理念是什么？", "answer": ["实现供需关系平衡，实现社会资源利用最大化"], "evidence": "共享经济的基本理念是实现供需关系平衡，实现社会资源利用最大化，所以在推进供给侧结构性改革，优化经济发展结构，实现中国经济高端化、轻型化、信息化方面发挥着日益重要的作用。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_190.md", "title": "共享经济的意义、问题与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_190.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《共享经济的意义、问题与对策》一文中，下划线标记的这段文字涉及哪项设施的监管？", "answer": ["共享厨房"], "evidence": "政府应通过限定单车投放数量、划定停车区域等方式加强管理，同时将共享厨房纳入食品监管范围。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_7.md", "title": "中国教育改革三十年：成就、问题与展望", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_7.md", "question_category": "", "question": "《中国教育改革三十年：成就、问题与展望》中被删除线标注的这部分内容提到中国的什么特征？", "answer": ["教育人口最多"], "evidence": "综上所述,改革开放30多年来,中国教育改革与发展取得巨大成就,中国是世界上教育人口最多的国家。但中国还不是教育强国,仍然需要进一步改革,打破一些传统计划体制的约束,建立全球化和信息化形势下,适应经济和社会发展的现代教育体系。一方面,中国教育需要努力解决教育公平问题,形成真正意义上惠及全民的公平教育;另一方面,需要激发市场的活力,通过发展民办教育和职业教育,提供更加丰富的优质教育,构建体系完备的终身教育,以有利于提高各级各类学校的教育质量。此外,非常重要的是要建立健全充满活力的教育管理体制,积极应对新工业革命对教育的挑战,实现教育治理现代化的目标。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_7.md", "title": "中国教育改革三十年：成就、问题与展望", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_7.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《中国教育改革三十年：成就、问题与展望》中，应用灰色高亮显示的这部分内容所强调的核心教育理念是什么？", "answer": ["素质教育"], "evidence": "1999年颁布的《决定》,从理论和实践两个方面,全面提出了素质教育的内涵,前所未有地指明了实施素质教育的具体方向和道路。《决定》要求将素质教育贯穿于各级各类教育,贯穿于教育的各个方面,同时把德育、智育、体育、美育等有机地统一到教育活动的各个环节中。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_7.md", "title": "中国教育改革三十年：成就、问题与展望", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_7.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《中国教育改革三十年：成就、问题与展望》中，用黄色高亮标出的这段说明涉及了什么理念？", "answer": ["绿色理念"], "evidence": "中国共产党十八届五中全会在北京召开,会议强调实现“十三五”时期发展目标,必须牢固树立“创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享”的发展理念。这五大理念指明了中国加快推进教育现代化前进的方向:创新理念旨在创新人才培养模式,通过创新教育体制机制,激发教育发展活力;协调理念实际上是促进教育的均衡发展,目标是提高教育整体发展水平;绿色理念是为了全面推广素质教育,从德、智、体、美等方面培养新时期的人才;开放理念目的是提升资源整合能力;共享理念依然是为了大力促进教育公平。五大理念的提出,进一步丰富和发展了教育现代化的内容,也是新时期全面深化教育改革的行动指南。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_7.md", "title": "中国教育改革三十年：成就、问题与展望", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_7.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《中国教育改革三十年：成就、问题与展望》中，背景为红色高亮的这部分内容涉及哪些教育转变方向？", "answer": ["应试教育向素质教育"], "evidence": "1993年颁布的《纲要》中明确指出,基础教育领域要切实转变教育观念,由应试教育向素质教育转变。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_41.md", "title": "中央财经大学研究生院简介及研究生培养管理规定", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_41.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《中央财经大学研究生院简介及研究生培养管理规定》中，背景为红色高亮的部分说明了在什么时间范围内完成培养方案？", "answer": ["入学3个月内"], "evidence": "导师（组）根据《中华人民共和国学位条例》、我校学科专业培养方案并结合博士生个人情况，在博士生入学3个月内，指导学生填写《中央财经大学博士研究生个人培养计划》，经学院主管院长审核同意后执行，并报研究生院备案。个人培养计划应对博士生所学的课程名称、学分、时间安排、学习和考核方式、科学研究和学位论文的要求与进度、主要必读书目等进行明确规定。《中央财经大学博士研究生个人培养计划》一式四份，其中两份报研究生院，另两份分别由所在学院和导师（组）留存。在执行过程中如因客观条件变化，经所在学院主管院长同意，可以修订培养计划，并报研究生院备案。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_41.md", "title": "中央财经大学研究生院简介及研究生培养管理规定", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_41.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《中央财经大学研究生院简介及研究生培养管理规定》中，这部分使用斜体加红色字体的内容主要介绍的是什么计划？", "answer": ["论文写作计划"], "evidence": "研究生须在完成课程学习并取得规定学分后，方能进入撰写学位论文阶段。论文写作计划应包括文献阅读、调查研究、文献综述、主要内容结构、进度安排、定稿时间等。学位论文撰写前必须提交开题报告书并参加开题报告论证，开题报告应包含选题理论意义、实践价值、国内外研究现状分析、研究内容和目标、研究方法、拟突破的难点和创新点等内容。各学院组织不少于3名硕士生导师或具有博士学位的教师组成论证小组，通过论证后方可写作。未经论证或未通过者不得撰写学位论文。学位论文须在导师指导下由研究生本人独立完成。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_41.md", "title": "中央财经大学研究生院简介及研究生培养管理规定", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_41.md", "question_category": "", "question": "根据《中央财经大学研究生院简介及研究生培养管理规定》中使用倾斜和蓝色字体标注的内容，中央财经大学研究生院的成立时间是什么？", "answer": ["2011年10月"], "evidence": "中央财经大学研究生院是在原研究生部的基础上于2011年10月建立，其前身是1986年成立的研究生处。1992年，为适应研究生教育管理体制发展的需要，撤销研究生处并成立研究生部。研究生院的成立，带给我们的不仅是荣誉，更是责任和使命，这在中央财经大学研究生教育发展史上具有里程碑的意义，标志着我校向“有特色、多科性、国际化”高水平研究型大学的发展目标迈出了坚实的一步。2017年4月，为进一步做好研究生思想政治引领和理想信念教育工作，成立党委研究生工作部，与研究生院合署办公，标志着我校研究生工作从原来宽泛的学生工作体系中独立出来。研究生工作部将紧密围绕立德树人根本目标，打造科学思政工作体系，多驾齐驱，助力研究生成长成才，培养新时代可靠接班人。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_41.md", "title": "中央财经大学研究生院简介及研究生培养管理规定", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_41.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《中央财经大学研究生院简介及研究生培养管理规定》中，加粗样式的这部分说明涉及哪方面的学习年限要求？", "answer": ["全日制博士生"], "evidence": "为加强我校博士研究生培养工作，进一步提高培养质量，根据教育部有关文件精神，结合我校实际，制定本规定。全面贯彻党和国家的教育方针，坚持质量第一的原则，培养德智体美全面发展，深入系统地掌握学科基础理论和研究方法，具有创新研究能力，综合素质高的拔尖创新人才。全日制博士生的基本学习年限按学科专业不同分为3年和4年，最长学习年限为6年；在职博士生的基本学习年限为4年，最长学习年限为6年。学业成绩优异（课程成绩平均学分绩点不低于4.0），科研成果特别突出（以独立作者、第一作者或第二作者且指导教师为第一作者在A类期刊发表2篇及以上论文）的博士生可申请提前毕业，提前毕业时间不超过1年。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_41.md", "title": "中央财经大学研究生院简介及研究生培养管理规定", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_41.md", "question_category": "", "question": "《中央财经大学研究生院简介及研究生培养管理规定》中，用绿色高亮显示的部分指出培养的重点是什么？", "answer": ["科学研究"], "evidence": "博士生培养以科学研究为主，合理安排课程学习、科学研究、学术交流、调研实习等环节，注重培养博士生的优良学风和独立从事创造性科研工作的能力。博士生培养采取导师负责制，同时提倡建立博士生指导小组，充分发挥集体指导的优势，切实提高博士生培养质量。导师组由3-5名本学科专业和相近学科专业的专家组成，导师任组长。导师（组）应全面关心和指导博士生，重点做好以下工作：指导博士生制定个人培养计划并检查落实；对博士生进行思想品德、学风、学术道德等方面的教育；指导和检查博士生的课程学习、科学研究和学位论文工作等。博士生入学后，应至少每月向导师（组）汇报1次思想、学习和科研进展情况，听取指导意见。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_41.md", "title": "中央财经大学研究生院简介及研究生培养管理规定", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_41.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《中央财经大学研究生院简介及研究生培养管理规定》中，灰色高亮区域提及的课程考核由哪几部分构成？", "answer": ["平时成绩、期中考核和期末考核"], "evidence": "硕士生课程考核由平时成绩、期中考核和期末考核组成，以期末考核成绩为主。公共基础课、专业基础课期末考核采用集中考试方式，专业课可以选择集中考试或课程论文考核。考核均采用百分制，必修课程考核成绩70分以上为合格，选修课60分以上为合格，合格即取得学分。课程的选修、补修、重修及缓考要求参照《中央财经大学研究生教学管理规定》执行。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_41.md", "title": "中央财经大学研究生院简介及研究生培养管理规定", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_41.md", "question_category": "", "question": "《中央财经大学研究生院简介及研究生培养管理规定》中黄色高亮的这段文字中选修课的合格分数是多少？", "answer": ["60分"], "evidence": "博士生课程考核成绩均采取百分制，其中必修课考核成绩70分为合格，选修课考核成绩60分为合格。各学院要以二级学科为单位建立博士生培养主文献库，并结合学科发展进行动态调整和补充，作为学科综合考试的重要内容。博士生在完成课程学习后，必须通过学科综合考试方可进入学位论文撰写环节。学科综合考试是对博士生是否掌握本学科基础理论和专门知识，是否具备开展科学研究所需的素质和能力的全面测试。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_41.md", "title": "中央财经大学研究生院简介及研究生培养管理规定", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_41.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《中央财经大学研究生院简介及研究生培养管理规定》中，标为绿色字体的部分内容提到篇幅长度一般为多少？", "answer": ["三万字左右"], "evidence": "硕士学位论文选题应从研究方向范围内提出，观点、结论和建议应有一定创新性，具有较大理论意义和实践价值。论文应体现作者坚实的理论基础和系统的专门知识，理论指导正确，结论合理，资料或数据可靠，论证严谨，文字通顺，条理清晰，表明作者已具备从事科学研究的能力。论文篇幅一般为三万字左右，需提供2000字左右的中文摘要及英文摘要。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_200.md", "title": "第三十一辑编者的话：词汇训诂与研究亮点", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_200.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《第三十一辑编者的话：词汇训诂与研究亮点》中，加粗并以蓝色字体突出显示的这部分内容中列出的文章数量是多少？", "answer": ["22篇"], "evidence": "本辑学报一共有22篇文章，大抵分为方言、语法、词汇训诂、读书札记、研究生论坛等相关栏目；另外有3篇关于汉字史、汉语历史语法、汉语语音史的文献综述。这里仅就涉及词汇训诂方面的几篇文章酌作评述，以窥豹一斑。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_18.md", "title": "乡村民俗文化：价值、困境与路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_18.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《乡村民俗文化：价值、困境与路径》中，背景为绿色高亮的部分所对应的内容涵盖的培训层次具体包括哪些？", "answer": ["理论知识、技艺传授、内涵塑造"], "evidence": "培养传承人才是首要任务，通过制定和完善相关的传承人培训计划，为有志传承民俗文化事业的人才提供学习机会。培训计划应涵盖理论知识、技艺传授、内涵塑造等多层次内容，并包括资金和政策扶持内容，以消除传承人的后顾之忧。此外，应建立传承人激励机制，通过奖励、资助和荣誉授予等方式，激励传承人积极投身于民俗文化的传承与传播，并将其视为毕生事业，从中获得满足感和成就感，进而保证民俗文化的接续发展。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_18.md", "title": "乡村民俗文化：价值、困境与路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_18.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《乡村民俗文化：价值、困境与路径》一文中，标为红色字体的部分提到行政乡数量变化的比例是多少？", "answer": ["33.32%"], "evidence": "正所谓“十里不同风，百里不同俗”，传统民俗文化是在漫长的历史发展过程中形成的，并深深扎根于特定地域及特有的生产和生活方式中。然而在现代化和城市化快速发展的大背景下，传统民俗文化的原生环境被不断摧毁，逐渐丧失了原有地位。根据国家统计局数据，近十年来，全国行政乡数量减少了 33.32%，村民委员会数量减少了 9.5%。乡村民俗文化的发展呈现出“去依附化”的趋势。任何民俗文化如果脱离了本地区特有的原生环境，将丧失其文化精髓与特色，最终将导致文化内涵与价值的逐渐淡化和消亡，不仅影响了民俗文化的表层形式，也影响了其深层次的可持续发展。诚然，对于那些与现代生活不符的传统民俗文化可以适当舍弃，毕竟时代进步要求文化的传承与创新也要符合社会发展的客观规律。但不能忽视民俗文化承载历史记忆和维系情感纽带的重要作用。因此，应通过合理的外力引导，让更多民众了解先辈们如何在这片土地上通过辛勤劳动创造出灿烂的中华文化，增强民众对本土的热爱。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_18.md", "title": "乡村民俗文化：价值、困境与路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_18.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《乡村民俗文化：价值、困境与路径》一文中，蓝色字体标注的此处内容涉及哪些保护措施？", "answer": ["设立民俗文化保护区"], "evidence": "设立民俗文化保护区是保护传统村落和历史街区等文化遗产的重要措施，有助于恢复和维护其传统生态环境，为民俗文化的繁衍生息提供必要的生长土壤。通过开展传统节庆、手工艺制作等多样化活动，营造充满活力的文化生态环境，促进民俗文化的传承与发展。传统民俗文化要实现活态性传承，不应因循守旧，而应积极思变，在保留传统文化内核的基础上，探寻与现代社会相融合的方式，延续其生命力。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_18.md", "title": "乡村民俗文化：价值、困境与路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_18.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《乡村民俗文化：价值、困境与路径》中，应用删除线标识的文字中提到的“坚实的物质基础”指的是什么？", "answer": ["生态环境"], "evidence": "民俗文化的传承离不开其赖以生存的生态环境，生态环境为民俗文化的传承与创新提供了坚实的物质基础。以重构民俗生态圈为前提，通过建设民俗文化保护区和加大政策扶持力度，不断深化文化根植力是乡村民俗文化焕发生命力的重要路径。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_18.md", "title": "乡村民俗文化：价值、困境与路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_18.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《乡村民俗文化：价值、困境与路径》中，标为绿色字体的部分内容涉及哪种文化？", "answer": ["乡村民俗文化"], "evidence": "乡村民俗文化是中华民族宝贵的精神财富，是民族精神的重要组成部分，蕴含着深厚的历史内涵和价值观念，对于传承文化与发展、增强民众的文化认同、促进社会和谐、激发乡村发展活力具有重要意义。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_18.md", "title": "乡村民俗文化：价值、困境与路径", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_18.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《乡村民俗文化：价值、困境与路径》中，应用加粗样式的这部分内容强调的三个不同层面的认同是什么？", "answer": ["价值层面的理性认同、心灵层面的情感共鸣以及行为层面的主动践行"], "evidence": "推动乡村民俗文化振兴，关键在于深化乡村居民对本土文化的认同，包括价值层面的理性认同、心灵层面的情感共鸣以及行为层面的主动践行。乡村民俗文化作为千百年来乡村居民智慧与经验的结晶，经过时间的洗礼，逐渐成为该区域的行为准则和规范，进而转化为强大的内在约束力，深刻影响着该区域的社会生活。其中，村规民约、道德标准、价值观念等评价性文化是最重要的组成部分，是乡村居民身份认同和文化自豪感的重要来源，对提升乡村社会凝聚力与向心力具有重要作用。在“三农”领域全面转型的时代背景下，精心提炼乡村民俗文化所蕴含的精神标识与文化精髓，不仅可以丰富其内涵，还可以有效整合乡村社会的多维意识和价值观，使其找到属于自己的文化根源，进一步夯实乡村社会的共同思想基础，确保乡村民俗文化在保持其“原真性”底色的同时，能够不断创新、与时俱进。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_72.md", "title": "自贸协定下山东农产品出口的影响与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_72.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《自贸协定下山东农产品出口的影响与对策》中，用斜体并以红色标注的部分提到了哪两个新兴市场？", "answer": ["拉丁美洲和非洲"], "evidence": "在“鲁贸全球”战略推动下,山东省农产品出口市场布局正加速优化。亚洲市场继续稳固其作为山东省农产品出口主阵地的地位,2024年第一季度出口值实现显著增长,达到13.9%,贡献了全省农产品出口总额的60.4%。同时,山东农产品出口展现出强劲的多元化趋势,对欧美市场的出口保持稳定增长,一季度内对欧盟和美国出口分别实现了8.9%和7.3%的增长。此外,山东还积极开拓拉丁美洲和非洲等新兴市场,一季度在这两个区域的出口分别激增32.1%和23.5%,进一步拓宽了国际市场的“朋友圈”,增强了全球市场的竞争力与影响力。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_72.md", "title": "自贸协定下山东农产品出口的影响与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_72.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《自贸协定下山东农产品出口的影响与对策》中，标为蓝色字体的这部分内容提到了哪项重要协定？", "answer": ["RCEP"], "evidence": "自2023年RCEP正式实施以来,我国已初步形成了共享红利、共促发展的区域合作新局面,推动区域经济进入高质量发展新阶段。自贸协定的建立对于降低贸易双方的交易成本、刺激贸易需求增长、推动国家间产业分工的合理化以及经济增长均具有重要意义。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_72.md", "title": "自贸协定下山东农产品出口的影响与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_72.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《自贸协定下山东农产品出口的影响与对策》一文中，应用删除线样式的这部分内容提到了哪个省份的农业产业？", "answer": ["山东省"], "evidence": "随着我国农产品出口的增加,对进口国的农产品造成了一定的影响,为此对我国出口的农产品提出并制定了严格的标准及要求。为了占据出口市场,山东省的农产品生产要提升技术含量以达到进口国的标准,这也使得山东省的农业产业不断以转型升级来稳定农产品的价格优势,提升山东农产品的品牌影响力。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_72.md", "title": "自贸协定下山东农产品出口的影响与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_72.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《自贸协定下山东农产品出口的影响与对策》中，加粗且红色字体标注的这段说明中提到的降税比例是多少？", "answer": ["约44%"], "evidence": "山东省农产品在日本的市场具有竞争优势,因此受到日本严格的贸易保护的威胁。RCEP政策的降税安排中,日本农产品降税力度小,约44%的农产品未对中国开放降税,包括山东优势水产品如鸡胸肉制品、鱼块及墨鱼、鱿鱼等均未获关税优惠。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_72.md", "title": "自贸协定下山东农产品出口的影响与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_72.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《自贸协定下山东农产品出口的影响与对策》中，以蓝色字体标注的这段说明中列举了哪些主要出口的农产品种类？", "answer": ["蔬菜、水果和水产品"], "evidence": "山东目前出口的农产品主要以蔬菜、水果和水产品这三类初级产品为主,而其他农产品出口所占比重较小,所以山东省既要做好稳定当前主要农产品出口的工作,又要努力做到进一步宣传挖掘其他品种农产品,寻找与这些产品相适应的新兴市场,努力实现多种农产品互为补充、共同发展的格局。并且在开发新兴市场的同时,也要对各个国家的市场需求以及出口当地的法律法规进行进一步的研究,获取竞争优势从而达到完善出口结构的目的。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_72.md", "title": "自贸协定下山东农产品出口的影响与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_72.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《自贸协定下山东农产品出口的影响与对策》一文中，加粗并显示为绿色字体的这部分内容提到了哪个国家？", "answer": ["日本"], "evidence": "损害山东省出口农产品品牌形象,技术性贸易壁垒导致山东农产品品牌声誉受损,面临国际市场的抵制,如日本为山东生产的268批水果建立了农药检测系统,因技术性贸易壁垒被退货,不仅影响了山东的农产品出口量,还严重损害品牌形象。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_72.md", "title": "自贸协定下山东农产品出口的影响与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_72.md", "question_category": "", "question": "《自贸协定下山东农产品出口的影响与对策》中，应用删除线标识的内容提到的农产品生产核心区域位于哪里？", "answer": ["东部沿海地区"], "evidence": "山东省的农产品生产核心区域显著集中于其东部沿海地区,这一地区凭借其得天独厚的地理位置,成为山东省农产品进出口贸易的重要支柱。紧邻海洋的区位优势,不仅促进了海上运输的便捷性,还极大地推动了该地区与全球市场的紧密联系。沿海地区市场的高度活跃与开放特性,使得山东能够迅速接纳多样化的文化和商业模式,从而在国际农产品出口领域占据领先地位,引领行业发展潮流。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_72.md", "title": "自贸协定下山东农产品出口的影响与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_72.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《自贸协定下山东农产品出口的影响与对策》中，文中下划线标识的内容提到的协议是什么？", "answer": ["RCEP"], "evidence": "RCEP 十年内逐步取消关税的背景下,山东农产品企业需要前瞻布局,融入国内外市场,构建高效供应链,以把握消费升级机遇,实现高质量发展,但在这一方面,当前布局尚显不足。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_5.md", "title": "全国自考 2021年10月 北京 人力资源开发与管理 题库解析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_5.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《全国自考 2021年10月 北京 人力资源开发与管理 题库解析》文档中，背景为黄色高亮的这段文字定义的是什么概念？", "answer": ["人力资源"], "evidence": "人力资源是在一定区域范围内，可以被管理者运用产生经济效益和实现管理目标的体力、智能与心力等人力因素的总和，包括知识、技能、能力与品德素质等"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_185.md", "title": "最高法裁定驳回石家庄市政府行政赔偿再审申请", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_185.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《最高法裁定驳回石家庄市政府行政赔偿再审申请》一文中，被红色字体标记的内容涉及哪两个主体？", "answer": ["石家庄市政府，万某君"], "evidence": "本案审查的焦点问题是，石家庄市政府的违法接管行为与万某君的财产损害之间是否存在因果关系；是否应当承担相应的赔偿责任及赔偿金额如何确定。本院作出以下方面分析。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_185.md", "title": "最高法裁定驳回石家庄市政府行政赔偿再审申请", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_185.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《最高法裁定驳回石家庄市政府行政赔偿再审申请》这篇文档中，灰色高亮的这部分内容中提及的权利人是谁？", "answer": ["万某君"], "evidence": "人民法院生效行政判决已经确认石家庄市政府接管石家庄某1制冷设备有限公司（以下简称某2公司）的行政行为违法，石家庄市政府应当承担由此造成损害的赔偿责任。作为合资组建某2公司的原香港某某实业有限公司（以下简称香港某某公司）权利义务承受人，万某君有权提起行政赔偿诉讼。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_185.md", "title": "最高法裁定驳回石家庄市政府行政赔偿再审申请", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_185.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《最高法裁定驳回石家庄市政府行政赔偿再审申请》这篇文档中，应用加粗格式标记的相关内容所涉及的法院是哪一个？", "answer": ["河北省高级人民法院"], "evidence": "再审申请人河北省石家庄市人民政府因被申请人万某君诉其行政赔偿一案，不服河北省高级人民法院（2019）冀行赔终20号行政赔偿判决，向本院申请再审。本院依法组成合议庭进行了审查，现已审查终结。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_3.md", "title": "山东省发展研究中心博士后招聘应聘诚信承诺书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_3.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《山东省发展研究中心博士后招聘应聘诚信承诺书》中，用下划线标注的这部分内容提到了哪个单位？", "answer": ["山东省人民政府发展研究中心博士后创新实践基地"], "evidence": "本人已仔细阅读《山东省人民政府发展研究中心博士后创新实践基地 2023 年公开招聘博士后研究人员简章》和招聘岗位要求，且已周知报考纪律和违纪违规行为处理规定，理解且认可其内容，确定本人符合应聘条件。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_89.md", "title": "Policy Mirror Descent with h-Step Lookahead: Convergence and Sample Complexity", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_89.md", "question_category": "", "question": "What algorithm is mentioned in the entry with blue font in \"Policy Mirror Descent with h-Step Lookahead: Convergence and Sample Complexity\"?", "answer": ["Policy Mirror Descent (PMD)"], "evidence": "Policy Mirror Descent (PMD) is a general class of algorithms for solving reinforcement learning (RL) problems. Motivated by the surge of interest in understanding popular Policy Gradient (PG) methods, PMD has been recently investigated in a line of works [25, 53, 29, 20]. Notably, PMD encompasses several PG methods as particular cases via its flexible mirror map. A prominent example is the celebrated Natural PG method. PMD has also close connections to state-of-the-art methods such as TRPO and PPO [50] which have achieved widespread empirical success [41, 42], including most recently in fine-tuning Large Language Models via RL from human feedback [35]. Interestingly, PMD has also been inspired by one of the most fundamental algorithms in RL: Policy Iteration (PI). While PI alternates between policy evaluation and policy improvement, PMD regularizes the latter step to address the instability issue of PI with inexact policy evaluation."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_89.md", "title": "Policy Mirror Descent with h-Step Lookahead: Convergence and Sample Complexity", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_89.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In \"Policy Mirror Descent with h-Step Lookahead: Convergence and Sample Complexity\", what procedure is mentioned in the italicized and red-colored text?", "answer": ["Monte Carlo sample-based procedure"], "evidence": "We examine the inexact setting where the h-step action value functions are not available. In this setting, we propose a Monte Carlo sample-based procedure to estimate the unknown h-step lookahead action-value function at each state-action pair. We provide a sample complexity for this Monte Carlo procedure, improving over standard PMD thanks to the use of lookahead. Larger lookahead depth translates into a better sample complexity and a faster suboptimality gap convergence rate. However, this improvement comes at a more intensive computational effort to perform the lookahead steps. Sec. 5 discusses this inexact setting and the aforementioned tradeoff."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_94.md", "title": "Gauge-Theoretic Screening and Stress Response in Jammed Solids", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_94.md", "question_category": "", "question": "Which system is referenced in the text using italic formatting in \"Gauge-Theoretic Screening and Stress Response in Jammed Solids\"?", "answer": ["spin-ice systems"], "evidence": "Finally, our results underscore the crucial role of disorder averaging. While individual realizations of amorphous packings show strong fluctuations and plastic events, ensemble averaging yields a robust, linear dielectric response that remains valid all the way up to unjamming. This statistical emergence of elasticity is reminiscent of spin-ice systems [54], where local constraints enforce a gauge symmetry and global behavior arises only at the ensemble level."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_31.md", "title": "Critique-out-Loud Reward Models: Generating Critiques to Improve RLHF", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_31.md", "question_category": "", "question": "What method is described in the underlined entry for improving reward modeling in \"Critique-out-Loud Reward Models: Generating Critiques to Improve RLHF\"?", "answer": ["multi-sample inference techniques"], "evidence": "We also explore how to exploit the stochasticity in critique generation via multi-sample inference techniques to improve reward modeling performance. Specifically, we investigate self-consistency (Wang et al., 2023a) for CLoud reward models and sample multiple (critique, reward) predictions before marginalizing across critiques to produce a better estimate of the reward."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_31.md", "title": "Critique-out-Loud Reward Models: Generating Critiques to Improve RLHF", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_31.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In \"Critique-out-Loud Reward Models: Generating Critiques to Improve RLHF,\" which model is mentioned in the entry marked with strikethrough?", "answer": ["CLoud reward models"], "evidence": "CLoud reward models establish a new paradigm for reward models by unifying language generation with preference modeling and open new avenues for improving reward models through variable inference compute."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_31.md", "title": "Critique-out-Loud Reward Models: Generating Critiques to Improve RLHF", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_31.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In the document \"Critique-out-Loud Reward Models: Generating Critiques to Improve RLHF,\" what model is mentioned in the text with gray background highlight?", "answer": ["Critique-out-Loud (CLoud) reward models"], "evidence": "Our work makes the following contributions: We introduce Critique-out-Loud (CLoud) reward models: reward models that are trained to explicitly reason about the quality of responses before scoring them. Through adding critique capabilities to reward models, CLoud lays the groundwork for unifying reward models and LLM-as-a-Judge."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_65.md", "title": "摩托罗拉移动医疗信息化解决方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_65.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《摩托罗拉移动医疗信息化解决方案》文档中，标为绿色字体的这段说明中提到了哪些数据库服务？", "answer": ["CIS、LIS、PACS、MIS、BIS"], "evidence": "在医院的HIS数据中心中包含CIS、LIS、PACS、MIS以及BIS等数据库服务，为了保证医院信息系统的模块化、兼容性和扩展性，采用中间件技术屏蔽硬件平台的差异性和操作系统与网络协议以及各个系统接口的异构性，使应用软件能够比较平滑地运行于不同平台上。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_65.md", "title": "摩托罗拉移动医疗信息化解决方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_65.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在摩托罗拉移动医疗信息化解决方案中，倾斜且蓝色字体的此处内容提到了哪种设备型号？", "answer": ["RFS7000无线LAN交换机"], "evidence": "RFS7000无线LAN交换机专为大规模、高带宽部署而设计，可为大型企业、园区和数据中心提供高度可扩展的企业移动功能。摩托罗拉标志性的下一代无线操作系统能够支持全面的服务，可提供无可比拟的安全性、弹性和移动性，有助于提升802.11n网络的性能。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_65.md", "title": "摩托罗拉移动医疗信息化解决方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_65.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《摩托罗拉移动医疗信息化解决方案》中，应用倾斜和红色字体标出的这段描述提到了哪些四个信息系统的核心特征？", "answer": ["安全、可靠、稳定和先进性"], "evidence": "摩托罗拉企业移动业务结合在国内外成功开展移动临床信息系统的经验，希望通过本文与您共同分享摩托罗拉移动临床信息系统的安全、可靠、稳定和先进性，以及在推动医院信息化建设、加强医院管理、改进病人安全，提高病人满意度所起的重要作用。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_65.md", "title": "摩托罗拉移动医疗信息化解决方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_65.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《摩托罗拉移动医疗信息化解决方案》中，应用删除线样式的相关内容提到了哪些行业？", "answer": ["零售业、制造业、物流与运输行业、政府和医疗保健行业"], "evidence": "摩托罗拉企业移动业务是全球企业移动解决方案领域的领导者，于1995年进入中国市场，将先进的企业移动解决方案和产品推广到中国的零售业、制造业、物流与运输行业、政府和医疗保健行业等领域，其产品和解决方案卓越的性能日益受到中国广大用户的青睐。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_65.md", "title": "摩托罗拉移动医疗信息化解决方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_65.md", "question_category": "", "question": "《摩托罗拉移动医疗信息化解决方案》中，加粗并标注红色的这段文字提到了什么技术？", "answer": ["移动计算技术"], "evidence": "移动计算技术是采用智能计算终端设备在无线环境下解决不同网络的无缝接入，实现移动计算、数据传输及资源共享，将及时、准确的信息提供给任何时间、任何地点的任何用户。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_65.md", "title": "摩托罗拉移动医疗信息化解决方案", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_65.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在文档《摩托罗拉移动医疗信息化解决方案》中，加粗并以绿色字体突出显示的内容中提到的产品型号是什么？", "answer": ["Symbol DS6707"], "evidence": "Symbol DS6707是一款高级通用扫描器，可提供最大的数据采集灵活性。该扫描器能够采集图像并且几乎可读取任何一维和二维条码以及直接部件标识，甚至最难读取的机打标识。这款功能丰富的设备是需要使用多种数据类型的行业的理想选择。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_49.md", "title": "Puns in English Advertising: Principles and Chinese Translation Strategies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_49.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In \"Puns in English Advertising: Principles and Chinese Translation Strategies\", what person is included in the content with bold and blue font?", "answer": ["Li Kexing、Yie Gehua"], "evidence": "As regards to the Chinese translation of puns in English advertisements, Li Kexing the professor of Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Yie Gehua, the professor of Tong Ji University stated some important tactics of puns of translation in the field of English advertisements, including compensative translation, corresponding translation approach, and free translation, published respectively in the national academic journal Chinese Translation and journal of Tong Ji university."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_49.md", "title": "Puns in English Advertising: Principles and Chinese Translation Strategies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_49.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In the document \"Puns in English Advertising: Principles and Chinese Translation Strategies,\" what person is mentioned in the text with bold+red font style?", "answer": ["Jin Di"], "evidence": "Moreover Jin Di in his work On Translation proposed that the effectiveness of a message is also dependent upon the type of receptors involved in the process of communication. As messages are designed for larger and larger groups of people, there is usually a considerable fall-off in the impact which such a message may have on anyone individual. Advertisers are certainly aware of this issue in effort to make their advertisements sound personal."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_49.md", "title": "Puns in English Advertising: Principles and Chinese Translation Strategies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_49.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In \"Puns in English Advertising: Principles and Chinese Translation Strategies,\" what three categories are mentioned in bold font?", "answer": ["homophone, homograph, parody puns"], "evidence": "This chapter classifies puns into three in this field, including homophone, homograph and parody puns. Homophone refers to a type of pun with the similar spelling, the same or similar pronunciation. That is to say that using the word with the same or similar pronunciation but different meaning replaces the intent of expression in this field of English advertisements. This pun is full of saucy wit and great appeal, moreover would impress consumers deeply."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_49.md", "title": "Puns in English Advertising: Principles and Chinese Translation Strategies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_49.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In “Puns in English Advertising: Principles and Chinese Translation Strategies,” which theory is mentioned in the information with italic font?", "answer": ["functional equivalence"], "evidence": "Based on Nida’s theory of 'functional equivalence', this paper explores some principles and strategies of translation of puns in English advertisements, creating the same or similar effect as the original advertisements and making the readers in the target language almost have the same feeling as they do in source-language."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_49.md", "title": "Puns in English Advertising: Principles and Chinese Translation Strategies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_49.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In \"Puns in English Advertising: Principles and Chinese Translation Strategies\", what concept is emphasized in the red font section of the explanation?", "answer": ["Novelty"], "evidence": "Novelty is very important in Chinese translation of puns in English advertisements. Novelty is the soul of advertisement. The application of puns in this field is an unique novelty. Then how to represent the novelty in Chinese translation, as Nida put it, translator not only compare between the readers of source language and target language at the level of the understanding. That is to say that the translation text should be novel and lively if source language is attractive, novel extremely."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_49.md", "title": "Puns in English Advertising: Principles and Chinese Translation Strategies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_49.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In \"Puns in English Advertising: Principles and Chinese Translation Strategies,\" what institution is mentioned in the bold+green font section of the text?", "answer": ["Jiang Su Polytechnic University"], "evidence": "Wang Chunyan, lecturer in Jiang Su Polytechnic University, stated puns translatability has been a hot debate in the field of translation. Different language, culture and habits of expression often make puns translation difficult to balance its due meaning. In her paper, she believed the translator should apply his or her own ability of creation and mastering language in translation of puns in English advertisements, with which the target-language receptors obtain the most complete information and the aesthetic feelings."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_49.md", "title": "Puns in English Advertising: Principles and Chinese Translation Strategies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_49.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In \"Puns in English Advertising: Principles and Chinese Translation Strategies,\" what three attributes are included in the text marked with blue font?", "answer": ["originality, flexibility and humor"], "evidence": "The puns have been applied much in the field of English advertisements with the originality, flexibility and humor. To realize business aims of English advertisements and attach more attention of customers, the translation of puns in this field has been paid more concern."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_49.md", "title": "Puns in English Advertising: Principles and Chinese Translation Strategies", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_49.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In \"Puns in English Advertising: Principles and Chinese Translation Strategies,\" which university is mentioned in the text highlighted in yellow?", "answer": ["Jiang Nan University"], "evidence": "Lin Hua proposed, in the Journal of Jiang Nan University, three principles and some practical strategies of puns translation in the field of English advertisements at profounder level. Under the guide of 'faithfulness, succinctness and vividness', Lin Hua posed flexible translation strategy, adding translation, and free translation strategy in the translation of puns in the English advertisements."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_69.md", "title": "工业剧毒化学品性状、危害与应急处置指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_69.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《工业剧毒化学品性状、危害与应急处置指南》中，加粗和绿色字体标注的这部分内容对应的化学品名称是什么？", "answer": ["2-丙烯腈"], "evidence": "2-丙烯腈用于聚丙烯腈等化工产品生产，其蒸气与空气形成爆炸混合物，稀溶液接触明火会自燃并释放有毒气体。与氧化剂、强酸强碱反应剧烈，火灾时需使用抗溶性泡沫或干粉灭火。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_69.md", "title": "工业剧毒化学品性状、危害与应急处置指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_69.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《工业剧毒化学品性状、危害与应急处置指南》中，被下划线标记的部分具体提及了哪种易燃有毒物质？", "answer": ["丙炔醇"], "evidence": "丙炔醇为易燃液体，半数致死量20mg/kg（大鼠经口）16 mg/kg（兔经皮），蒸气具有强刺激性。受热分解会产生有毒气体，与氧化剂接触发生化学反应，对皮肤和呼吸道造成损害。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_69.md", "title": "工业剧毒化学品性状、危害与应急处置指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_69.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《工业剧毒化学品性状、危害与应急处置指南》中，加粗并红色标注的这部分内容中提到的化学物质是什么？", "answer": ["丙腈"], "evidence": "丙腈是一种易燃液体，半数致死量50~100mg/kg（大鼠经口）210 mg/kg（兔经皮），蒸气与空气形成爆炸性混合物，遇明火、高热可引起燃烧爆炸。其蒸气比空气重，能在较低处扩散到远距离，遇火源会着火回燃。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_69.md", "title": "工业剧毒化学品性状、危害与应急处置指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_69.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《工业剧毒化学品性状、危害与应急处置指南》中，应用删除线标识的这段文字提到清洗的最少时间是多少？", "answer": ["15分钟"], "evidence": "丙炔醇运输时必须轻拿轻放，严禁摔碰容器。储存于干燥通风库房，远离火源并保持密封。农业使用时需佩戴全面罩防毒面具，皮肤接触后应立即用大量清水冲洗至少15分钟。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_69.md", "title": "工业剧毒化学品性状、危害与应急处置指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_69.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《工业剧毒化学品性状、危害与应急处置指南》中，被删除线标注的那段文字中提到的温度限制是多少？", "answer": ["30℃"], "evidence": "丙腈储存时应置于阴凉通风库房，远离火种热源，库温不超过30℃，与氧化剂、还原剂等隔离存放，采用防爆设施并配备泄漏应急处理设备。运输需防暴晒雨淋，夏季宜早晚运输，槽车需接地链并设孔隔板减少静电。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_69.md", "title": "工业剧毒化学品性状、危害与应急处置指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_69.md", "question_category": "", "question": "《工业剧毒化学品性状、危害与应急处置指南》中应用红色字体的此处说明中指出的泄漏隔离距离是多少？", "answer": ["450米"], "evidence": "甲基肼蒸气具有强腐蚀性，遇尘土等物质可能自燃。储运要求严格密封并远离氧化剂，泄漏隔离距离可达450米。吸入后需立即脱离现场并使用长管面具防护，火灾时优先使用水稀释而非干粉灭火。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_69.md", "title": "工业剧毒化学品性状、危害与应急处置指南", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_69.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《工业剧毒化学品性状、危害与应急处置指南》中，标为绿色字体的这部分内容提到的分解产物是什么？", "answer": ["氢氰酸和丙酮"], "evidence": "丙酮氰醇作为甲基丙烯酸甲酯的中间体，其蒸气和液体均具刺激性，中毒潜伏期约4~5分钟。受热分解生成氢氰酸和丙酮，容器内压增大可能引发开裂爆炸。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_97.md", "title": "Linear Recurrence Relations over Division and Octonion Algebras", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_97.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In \"Linear Recurrence Relations over Division and Octonion Algebras\", which academic discipline is highlighted in red font?", "answer": ["discrete mathematics"], "evidence": "The determination of a closed-form for a linear recurrence with given initial conditions is a classical topic in mathematics, usually taught in discrete mathematics courses to first year students."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_93.md", "title": "Anti-Pre-Poisson Bialgebras and Relative Rota-Baxter Operators", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_93.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In the document \"Anti-Pre-Poisson Bialgebras and Relative Rota-Baxter Operators,\" which algebraic structure is introduced in the red-background highlighted content?", "answer": ["anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra"], "evidence": "In this paper, we first introduce the notion of an anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra, which is shown to be equivalent to both quadratic anti-pre-Poisson algebras and matched pairs of Poisson algebras. The study of coboundary anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras leads to the anti-pre-Poisson Yang-Baxter equation (APP-YBE). Skew-symmetric solutions of this equation give rise to coboundary anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras. Furthermore, we investigate how solutions without skew-symmetry can also induce such bialgebras, prompting the introduction of quasi-triangular and factorizable anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras. In particular, solutions of the APP-YBE whose symmetric parts are invariant induce a quasi-triangular anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra. Such solutions are also interpreted as relative Rota-Baxter operators with weights. Finally, we establish a one-to-one correspondence between quadratic Rota-Baxter anti-pre-Poisson algebras and factorizable anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_93.md", "title": "Anti-Pre-Poisson Bialgebras and Relative Rota-Baxter Operators", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_93.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In \"Anti-Pre-Poisson Bialgebras and Relative Rota-Baxter Operators\", what algebraic structure is marked with green font in this text segment?", "answer": ["pre-Lie algebras"], "evidence": "Pre-Lie algebras [4] serve as the underlying algebraic structures of symplectic forms on Lie algebras. A symmetric analogue of a symplectic form on a Lie algebra is a non-degenerate commutative 2-cocycle [9]. The notion of anti-pre-Lie algebras was introduced in [12] as the underlying algebraic structures of such non-degenerate commutative 2-cocycles on Lie algebras. These can be viewed as the 'anti-structures' of pre-Lie algebras and are characterized as Lie-admissible algebras whose negative left multiplication operators yield representations of the commutator Lie algebras. Anti-pre-Lie algebras are closely connected to various other algebraic structures, including transposed Poisson algebras [5] and differential algebras [7]. Builds upon these foundations, Gao, Liu, and Bai introduced anti-dendriform algebras in [10]. These retain the property of splitting associativity: the sum of their two bilinear operations forms an associative algebra. However, unlike dendriform algebras, where the left and right multiplication operators furnish a representation of the total associative algebra, while in an anti-dendriform algebra, it is the negatives of these operators that constitute a representation of the sum associative algebra."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_93.md", "title": "Anti-Pre-Poisson Bialgebras and Relative Rota-Baxter Operators", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_93.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In “Anti-Pre-Poisson Bialgebras and Relative Rota-Baxter Operators,” what bialgebra type is mentioned in the strikethrough text?", "answer": ["associative D-bialgebras"], "evidence": "A bialgebraic structure comprises an algebra and a coalgebra equipped with certain compatibility conditions. In the early 1980s, Drinfeld established the theory of Lie bialgebras [8], which were found to have deep connections with the classical Yang-Baxter equation and classical integrable systems. Subsequently, V. Zhelyabin introduced associative D-bialgebras in [24, 25]. Aguiar later in [1] studied antisymmetric infinitesimal bialgebras as the associative analogue of Lie bialgebras, which are also equivalent to double constructions of Frobenius algebras [3]. Following the development of infinitesimal bialgebra theory [1, 3], similar bialgebraic frameworks have been extended to various other algebraic structures, such as pre-Lie algebras [2], Leibniz algebras [22], Novikov algebras [11] and pre-Novikov algebras [15]. A Manin triple of Poisson algebras corresponds to a Poisson bialgebra [17], offering a natural framework for constructing compatible Poisson brackets in integrable systems. However, the approach based on Manin triples with respect to invariant bilinear forms on both commutative associative algebras and Lie algebras is not well-suited for transposed Poisson algebras. Alternatively, Bai and Liu developed bialgebra theories for anti-pre-Lie algebras, transposed Poisson algebras and anti-pre-Lie Poisson algebras in [13], via Manin triples constructed from commutative 2-cocycles on Lie algebras. We have further established bialgebra theories for anti-dendriform algebras [20] and anti-pre-Novikov algebras [21]."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_83.md", "title": "Enhanced Cauchy-Schwarz and Buzano Inequalities with Statistical Applications", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_83.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In “Enhanced Cauchy-Schwarz and Buzano Inequalities with Statistical Applications,” what inequality is mentioned in the bold and blue font text?", "answer": ["Cauchy-Schwarz (CS) inequality"], "evidence": "It is widely recognized that Cauchy-Schwarz (CS) inequality is one of the most important inequality in mathematical analysis, if not the most important one, see ([1]) and ([2]). This reputation comes from its large spectrum of applications in different fields of science ranging from physics to probability and statistics, but including also signal analysis, coding theory and computer science."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_199.md", "title": "事业单位考试综应必背范文", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_199.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《事业单位考试综应必背范文》中，下划线标识的这段文字提到了哪个群体？", "answer": ["青年一代"], "evidence": "当今时代是一个能够成就梦想的时代。青年一代只要有梦想、肯奋斗，就可以享有人生出彩、梦想成真的机会。让我们乘着“双创”等政策东风，搭上智能科技的快车，以梦为马，无畏创业风险，砥砺前行！"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_199.md", "title": "事业单位考试综应必背范文", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_199.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《事业单位考试综应必背范文》中，背景为绿色高亮的这部分内容提到推动什么过程？", "answer": ["新旧动能转换"], "evidence": "正如铁犁破土、春雨润物，改革之路并非坦途，也非一蹴而就，需要政府官员真正解放思想，需要企业发展新技术、新产业、新模式，方能推动新旧动能顺利转换。我们坚信，在改革创新精神的旗帜下，定将早日实现全面深化改革的宏伟蓝图！"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_199.md", "title": "事业单位考试综应必背范文", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_199.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《事业单位考试综应必背范文》中，用绿色字体标注的这段文字说明了哪个组织的重要作用？", "answer": ["基层党组织"], "evidence": "发挥基层党组织领导核心作用，不断提升基层社会治理能力现代化，形成乡村治理强劲的向心力和凝聚力。基层党组织是党在社会基层组织中构建社会主义和谐社会的战斗堡垒,是和谐社会的推动者、实践者。乡村建设要充分体现党组织的核心地位,健全完善村民自治制度,村务政务公开,同时加强农村法治与精神文明建设,加大宣传力度,鼓励优秀年轻人回乡,造福桑梓。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_199.md", "title": "事业单位考试综应必背范文", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_199.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《事业单位考试综应必背范文》中，背景为红色高亮的这部分内容引用了哪句古语来表达人民群众的重要性？", "answer": ["民为邦本，本固邦宁"], "evidence": "只有充分“走心”，才能倍感“暖心”，形成干部与群众间良性互动。所谓“民为邦本，本固邦宁”，人民群众之于政治发展、社会更迭的意义不言而喻。公共服务提供者不仅要通过大事难事来彰显担当，更要在点滴服务中展露温情。在履职过程中，只有我们坚守初心、饱含情怀，才能密切“办公室”与“街头巷尾”的关系，获得群众的信任和支持。也唯有我们真抓实干，时刻怀揣人民，才能真正令群众满意，亦能帮助政府真正实现“居其所而众星共之”。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_2.md", "title": "英法瑞档案数据API开放实践与启示", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_2.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《英法瑞档案数据API开放实践与启示》中，使用下划线标识的这部分内容所提出的解决方法是什么？", "answer": ["双轨架构"], "evidence": "采用RESTful API与语义网技术双轨并行的架构。设计API开放档案数据，可考虑同时采用REST架构和语义网技术。我国档案数据开放存在地方档案机构技术能力不足、语义关联缺失的情况。一方面，地方档案机构面临资金短缺、技术能力弱的问题，传统定制化接口开发成本高、维护难；另一方面，传统静态数据集下载难以支持知识关联与智能检索，易致数据孤岛。RESTful API与语义网技术的双轨架构能够应对上述问题。首先，RESTful API作为当前档案数据开放的主流技术架构，其轻量高效的特点能缓解地方档案机构的技术压力，降低接口开发门槛与运维成本。RESTful API实现了客户端与服务端解耦，通过简单的HTTP请求和响应机制，便于快速调用与灵活部署。同时，其模块化、可扩展和兼容性强的特点支持分阶段实施，地方档案机构可根据自身需求和条件定制并逐步扩展功能，缓解资金压力。其次，语义网技术能提高档案数据互操作性。用RDF语义化表示档案数据，将其转化为“三元组”形式，便于构建知识图谱，实现智能检索与跨域集成，提高档案数据再利用价值。英国、法国和瑞典的API均支持RDF格式，法国《文化部数据、算法和源代码政策路线图》明确文化部目标之一是文化数据的语义化，使“成千上万散布在网上的数据形成一个有意义的知识网络”。总之，REST架构保证开放效率与兼容性，语义网技术提升档案数据的深度利用潜力，双轨并行是未来技术架构优化的重要方向。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_2.md", "title": "英法瑞档案数据API开放实践与启示", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_2.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《英法瑞档案数据API开放实践与启示》文档中，加粗且红色字体的这段文字涉及哪部法律条目的修订？", "answer": ["《中华人民共和国档案法》第15条"], "evidence": "我国档案数据开放应有更加坚实的法律保障和明确的政策支持。在法律层面，应着力完善政府信息公开与档案开放的衔接机制，同时明确国家档案馆的档案数据开放义务。其一，修订《中华人民共和国档案法》第15条，规定“行政机关已主动公开的政府信息移交档案馆后，豁免封闭期限制，直接开放”，同时应明确档案数据提前开放的具体适用范围，减少“一刀切”式的封闭与烦琐的审核程序。其二，在政府信息公开或政府数据开放的相关法律文件中将档案馆纳入信息公开或数据开放义务主体，在档案开放相关法律文件中更明确地提出“档案数据”或“历史数据”开放，提升档案数据开放的法定效力。在政策层面，应细化相关规定，引导和规范档案数据开放实践。其一，可由国家档案局或上级国家相关部门出台推进档案数据开放利用的指导意见，明确开放范围、标准与程序，统一全国档案馆的操作规范。其二，可制定档案数据开放指南，建立档案数据分级分类机制，结合档案内容和敏感性，确定不同开放等级，推动高价值档案数据优先开放。其三，可设置激励机制和保障性的政策，通过设置专项资金或允许档案馆通过数据合作获取社会收益，为档案机构提供开放数据的外部动力，同时加强专业培训、设立试点地区，逐步提升基层档案馆的数据开放能力，为全面推进档案数据开放打下坚实基础。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_2.md", "title": "英法瑞档案数据API开放实践与启示", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_2.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《英法瑞档案数据API开放实践与启示》中，标为绿色字体的内容包含哪些协议？", "answer": ["OAI—PMH协议"], "evidence": "设计API时，还需考虑档案数据的交互方式，应根据不同档案数据的特征选择合适的交互标准。对于数字档案图像，法国FranceArchives和瑞典国家档案馆均采用IIIF，通过图像API与呈现API有效提升图像资源的互操作性。对于档案元数据开放，瑞典国家档案馆则采用OAI—PMH协议，通过标准化元数据采集方式与欧洲档案门户对接，形成高效的数据协同共享机制。若无面向多类型档案数据的交互协议，易阻碍数据跨平台、跨系统、跨区域的高效流通。我国档案部门可根据不同档案类型特征灵活采用包括IIIF在内的多元交互协议，并根据本土需求进行改造，增强档案数据的互联互通，为我国档案数据的广泛传播与深度利用奠定技术基础。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_186.md", "title": "吐蕃音义与藏族族源百年述评", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_186.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《吐蕃音义与藏族族源百年述评》中，应用倾斜和红色字体的此处说明所提及的已发表文章是什么？", "answer": ["《西藏民族源流考》"], "evidence": "1937年（抗战爆发）以前，相关文章大多非常关注藏民族起源、形成、发展沿革，关注汉藏民族间的历史渊源关系以及藏族与其他少数民族的关系，从中华民族大家庭这个大背景下来认识、了解和研究藏族及藏族历史。但大多是通论性文章，其中1906年8月14日《外交报》第151期发表《西藏民族源流考》的文章，探讨藏族的起源问题。大概这是目前我们所知国内较早探讨藏族族源的文章。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_186.md", "title": "吐蕃音义与藏族族源百年述评", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_186.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《吐蕃音义与藏族族源百年述评》中，应用灰色高亮显示的部分提到了哪位学者？", "answer": ["李绍明"], "evidence": "李绍明（1990）的《论藏族的多元一体格局》认为，藏族族源的多元性以及他们是由北南迁的民族是没有疑义的。这是因为：第一，藏族以讲藏语为主，但在一些地方也将藏缅语族其他语言，就语言而论，反映出多元一体性；第二，藏族原有的社会形态均属封建经济，但各地又有所不同，表现出一体性中的多元性；第三，藏族所处的自然环境复杂多样，决定了他们经济生活的多元性；第四，藏族在文化、心理状态以及风俗习惯诸方面亦显示出不拘一格、绚丽多彩的多元局面，但其核心部分又具有一体性。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_186.md", "title": "吐蕃音义与藏族族源百年述评", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_186.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《吐蕃音义与藏族族源百年述评》中，背景为黄色高亮的这段文字中提及的1916年著作是什么？", "answer": ["《西藏族考》"], "evidence": "黄箔生（1936）的《西藏民族是炎黄子孙之后裔说》、冷亮（1937）的《汉藏一元论》等具有代表性。此外，问苍（1916）的《西藏族考》、周渭光（1928）的《西藏沿革考》、九世班禅大师（1931、1934）《西藏之史略》（刘家驹译）和《西藏历史》、黄次书（1931）的《康藏民族之起源》、方范九（1936）的《西藏民族来源考证》、华企云（1936）的《西藏民族之检讨》、德潜（1936）的《西藏名称之沿革及其人种之来源》、冷亮（1936）的《西藏民族由来考》等也是这方面较好的文章。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_186.md", "title": "吐蕃音义与藏族族源百年述评", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_186.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《吐蕃音义与藏族族源百年述评》中，标为蓝色字体的这部分内容涉及的著作名称是什么？", "answer": ["《西藏民族考》和《西藏略史》"], "evidence": "陶志如（1912）的《西藏民族考》和李安陆（1912）的《西藏略史》都用文言写成，没有新式标点。但其所用方法已经不是过去文献材料的简单转抄，而是在分析整理的基础上运用现代科学论文的撰写方法写成。陶文在总结近世人种学、语言学界藏缅系民族的研究成果的基础上，结合“五族共和”的原则，广搜历代典籍资料，对藏族来源及其发展进程以及与其他民族的关系进行了比较详细的论述。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_75.md", "title": "2024年天津市时政要闻月度汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_75.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《2024年天津市时政要闻月度汇总》中，被灰色高亮显示的这段内容涉及的是哪个主题公园？", "answer": ["滨海新区知识产权法治文化主题公园"], "evidence": "滨海新区知识产权法治文化主题公园在中新天津生态城揭牌，系天津市首家以知识产权为主题的法治文化公园"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_75.md", "title": "2024年天津市时政要闻月度汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_75.md", "question_category": "", "question": "《2024年天津市时政要闻月度汇总》中使用删除线样式的部分内容指的是哪些公司？", "answer": ["海洋石油工程股份有限公司"], "evidence": "2024年10月30日海洋石油工程股份有限公司天津智能制造基地二期工程投产，我国首个海洋油气装备智能工厂全面建成"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_75.md", "title": "2024年天津市时政要闻月度汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_75.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《2024年天津市时政要闻月度汇总》中，绿色高亮的这部分内容提到了哪个中国案例入选最佳实践？", "answer": ["中新天津生态城智慧管理地图"], "evidence": "ISO/TR37112国际标准技术报告发布，中新天津生态城智慧管理地图作为中国案例入选智慧城市建设最佳实践"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_75.md", "title": "2024年天津市时政要闻月度汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_75.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《2024年天津市时政要闻月度汇总》中，加粗+绿色字体的这部分内容提到了哪个奖项？", "answer": ["吴文俊人工智能科学技术奖"], "evidence": "中国人工智能学会发布2023年度吴文俊人工智能科学技术奖，南开大学李翔、天津大学王旗龙获优秀青年奖"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_75.md", "title": "2024年天津市时政要闻月度汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_75.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《2024年天津市时政要闻月度汇总》中，应用倾斜和红色字体显示的这段文字提到了哪个会议名称？", "answer": ["2024数字物流大会"], "evidence": "11月29日2024数字物流大会在天津召开，2000余位物流行业人士共话数字物流新技术新模式新业态"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_75.md", "title": "2024年天津市时政要闻月度汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_75.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《2024年天津市时政要闻月度汇总》中，红色高亮显示的这部分内容中，与发电量相关的具体数值是多少？", "answer": ["600万千瓦时"], "evidence": "11月15日滨海新区SM天津滨海城市广场屋顶分布式光伏发电项目启用，年均发电量超600万千瓦时，系全国商业单体最大光伏项目"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_75.md", "title": "2024年天津市时政要闻月度汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_75.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《2024年天津市时政要闻月度汇总》中，背景为黄色高亮的这部分说明对应的加注量是多少？", "answer": ["1248吨"], "evidence": "11月30日中石油天津燃料油公司完成北方地区首单国际航行船舶保税燃料油加注业务，加注量达1248吨"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_75.md", "title": "2024年天津市时政要闻月度汇总", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_75.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《2024年天津市时政要闻月度汇总》中，加粗并标红的这部分内容中提及的主导机构名称是什么？", "answer": ["天津中医药大学"], "evidence": "天津中医药大学主导制定的ISO国际标准《中医药一次性使用无菌三棱针》发布，联合6国历时3年完成7个阶段制定"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_202.md", "title": "高考英语考前必背书信与演讲范文精选", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_202.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In \"高考英语考前必背书信与演讲范文精选\", what are the two main activities mentioned in the italicized text?", "answer": ["study and make friends"], "evidence": "In a word, this is a wonderful place to study and make friends. In the following days we will experience our colorful school life together and hopefully it will become an unforgettable memory in your life."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_202.md", "title": "高考英语考前必背书信与演讲范文精选", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_202.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In the document 高考英语考前必背书信与演讲范文精选, what university is mentioned in the green highlighted information?", "answer": ["Oxford University"], "evidence": "Dear Tom, Congratulations on your being admitted to Oxford University! I'm grateful and honored to be invited to your celebration party to be held this Saturday evening. However, much to my regret, I have to decline your kind invitation. As you know, a Chinese Poetry Competition is being held in our school and I have successfully entered the finnal round competition, which happens to be scheduled on this Saturday and will not end until late into the evening. It's a great pity that I can't make it to your party. But I've prepared a gift for you and hopeful you will like it."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_202.md", "title": "高考英语考前必背书信与演讲范文精选", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_202.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In the document \"高考英语考前必背书信与演讲范文精选\", what event is mentioned in the text with bold and red font?", "answer": ["The Lecture Week"], "evidence": "The Lecture Week, in my opinion, is a great chance to enrich our school life as well as encourage us to study successfully. I sincerely hope that we students will have such wonderful time in the Lecture Week."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_202.md", "title": "高考英语考前必背书信与演讲范文精选", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_202.md", "question_category": "", "question": "What name is included in the bold and green font content in \"高考英语考前必背书信与演讲范文精选\"?", "answer": ["Li Hua"], "evidence": "Dear Sir or Madam, My name is Li Hua, and I was a passenger on your early bus last Saturday, travelling from the center of the city to the village. Unfortunately, I found that my suitcase got lost when I arrived at the stop. I am therefore writing to ask for your help in finding my suitcase. The suitcase is a yellow one, 80 cm long, 40 cm wide and 25 cm thick, with my name tag on the back. It contains some clothes and several books about history. There are also some presents I bought for my grandparents. It will be a great disappointment to me if I can't find it."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_202.md", "title": "高考英语考前必背书信与演讲范文精选", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_202.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In the document \"高考英语考前必背书信与演讲范文精选\", what issue is mentioned in the italic+blue font content?", "answer": ["heavy traffic"], "evidence": "Dear editor, I am writing to you to talk about the heavy traffic. Nowadays, people in many big cities are complaining about the heavy traffic. It has seriously influenced people's daily life and economic development. To solve the problem, I'd like to put forward some pieces of advice."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_60.md", "title": "经济学原理导论与第一章习题解析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_60.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《经济学原理导论与第一章习题解析》中，应用红色字体标注的此处内容所指的经济主体名称是什么？", "answer": ["理性人"], "evidence": "理性人是指系统而有目的地尽最大努力去实现其目标的人。理性人是经济研究中所假设的、在一定条件下具有典型理性行为的经济活动主体，可以是消费者、厂商，也可以是从事任何其他经济活动的人。在经济研究中，往往从这种理性人的假设出发，推导出一定条件下人们经济行为的规律。比如，假设在完全竞争市场条件下，经济活动主体所追求的惟一目标是自身经济利益的最大化，即作为理性人的消费者追求效用最大化，作为理性人的厂商追求利润最大化等。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_60.md", "title": "经济学原理导论与第一章习题解析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_60.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《经济学原理导论与第一章习题解析》中，被黄色高亮显示的部分讨论的是什么经济学问题？", "answer": ["通货膨胀"], "evidence": "通货膨胀指在纸币流通条件下，由于货币供应量过多，使有支付能力的货币购买力超过商品可供量，从而引起货币不断贬值和一般物价水平持续上涨的经济现象。在宏观经济学中，通货膨胀主要是指价格和工资的普遍持续上涨。通货膨胀按表现形式不同可分为开放型通货膨胀和抑制型通货膨胀两大类；按物价上涨的不同速度可分为爬行式通货膨胀（温和通货膨胀）、奔腾式通货膨胀和恶性通货膨胀（极度通货膨胀）；按通货膨胀形成的原因可分为需求拉上型通货膨胀和成本推进型通货膨胀等。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_60.md", "title": "经济学原理导论与第一章习题解析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_60.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《经济学原理导论与第一章习题解析》中，用红色字体标出的此处内容指出的是哪两个因素之间的负相关关系？", "answer": ["货膨胀与失业之间"], "evidence": "短期中通货膨胀与失业之间存在着权衡取舍，是一种负相关的关系。具体来讲：低通货膨胀率通常是以高的失业率为代价的，这是由短期内价格粘性造成的。政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量，人们可用的货币量减少，但是商品价格在短期内是粘性的，仍居高不下，于是社会消费的商品和劳务量减少。消费量减少又引起企业开工不足，导致了失业。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_60.md", "title": "经济学原理导论与第一章习题解析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_60.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《经济学原理导论与第一章习题解析》文档中，加粗并以绿色字体显示的这段文字提到了哪部经济学著作？", "answer": ["《国富论》"], "evidence": "市场中的那只‘看不见的手’在做什么呢？亚当·斯密在他的《国富论》(1776年)中写道：‘每个人都在力图使用他的资本，来使其生产品能得到最大的价值。一般地说，他并不企图增进公共福利，也不知道他所增进的公共福利为多少。他所追求的仅仅是他个人的安乐，仅仅是他个人的利益。在这样做时，有一只看不见的手引导他去促进一种目标，而这种目标决不是他所追求的东西。由于追逐他自己的利益，他经常促进了社会利益，其效果要比他真正想促进社会利益时所得到的效果要大。’该思想包含着三个要点：①追求个人利益是人类从事经济活动的主要动力；②市场这只看不见的手自发地将各种个人利益转变为一种共同利益；③对国民财富的增长来说，政府对经济管得越少越好。福利经济学继承了亚当·斯密的思想，认为自由放任的市场可以自发地导致共同利益的增加。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_60.md", "title": "经济学原理导论与第一章习题解析", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_60.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《经济学原理导论与第一章习题解析》中，应用灰色高亮显示的这部分内容提到的核心概念是什么？", "answer": ["劳动生产率"], "evidence": "生产率指一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务的量。生产率一般指劳动生产率，即劳动者生产某种产品的劳动效率。劳动生产率水平可以用单位时间内所生产的产品的数量来表示。单位时间内生产的产品数量越多，劳动生产率就越高；反之，则越低。劳动生产率水平也可以用生产单位产品所耗费的劳动时间来表示。生产单位产品所需要的劳动时间越少，劳动生产率就越高；反之，则越低。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_48.md", "title": "The Semiotics of Flowers in D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_48.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In \"The Semiotics of Flowers in D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers,\" what academic approach is highlighted in red for analyzing the novel's symbols?", "answer": ["Semiotics"], "evidence": "Lawrence's novels are always full of vivid descriptions of natural environment to show that human beings need to live in a healthy and natural world. Also the natural objects such as trees, flowers, the moon and evenings imply symbolic meanings to make the novel significant. To understand the novel better, this paper tries to use a Semiotics approach to interpret the main symbols, so as to reveal the theme of the novel."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_48.md", "title": "The Semiotics of Flowers in D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_48.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In this section of The Semiotics of Flowers in D. H. Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers, what book title is highlighted in blue font?", "answer": ["Classics of Semiotics"], "evidence": "In Classics of Semiotics edited by Martin Krampen, Semiotics is thus defined: As a science of sign processes, semiotics investigates all types of communication and information exchange among human beings, animals, plants, internal systems of organisms. Thus it encompasses most of the subject areas of the arts and the social science, as well as those of biology and medicine. According to this theory, there should be some certain connections between the different flower symbols and the three different kinds of women characters."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_175.md", "title": "基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_175.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学策略》一文中，以加粗蓝色字体标注的这段描述中提及的教育理念名称是什么？", "answer": ["英语学习活动观"], "evidence": "英语学习活动观倡导学生围绕真实情境和真实问题激活已知知识经验，从而更好地参与到指向主题意义探究的学习理解、应用实践、迁移创新等一系列相互关联、循环递进的语言学习和运用活动中。这为初中英语新课程改革工作的有效开展指明了方向。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_175.md", "title": "基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_175.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学策略》一文中，下划线标注的这部分内容提到了活动框架的哪一层级？", "answer": ["迁移创新层"], "evidence": "第三，有助于英语教学效果的提升。《课程标准》中的英语学习活动观搭建了一个由学习理解、应用实践和迁移创新组成的三层活动框架。其中，学习理解层包含感知与注意、获取与梳理、概括与整合活动，强调基于语篇建构知识；应用实践层包含描述与阐释、判断与分析、内化与运用活动，强调深入语篇将知识转化为能力；迁移创新层包含推理与论证、批判与评价、想象与创造活动，强调超越语篇，将能力转化为素养。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_175.md", "title": "基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学策略", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_175.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学策略》中，倾斜加红色字体的这段描述阐述的教学实践活动理念是什么？", "answer": ["学思结合、用创为本"], "evidence": "《义务教育英语课程标准（2022年版）》在“课程理念”中指出，英语教学应当践行学思结合、用创为本的英语学习活动观，倡导学生在体验中学习、在实践中运用、在迁移中创新，从而使核心素养培养目标在初中英语课堂中真正落地生根。文章基于英语学习活动观的重要性探索了初中英语教学方法，旨在为广大初中英语教师提供微末参考借鉴，推动学习活动观在初中英语教学中的有效运用，以促进初中英语教学效果的提升。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_193.md", "title": "智慧城市建设的意义、问题与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_193.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《智慧城市建设的意义、问题与对策》一文中，采用斜体加绿色字体格式的这些内容描述的是哪种类型的城市？", "answer": ["智慧城市"], "evidence": "智慧城市必须实现部门间、行业间信息资源共享，通过业务协同与集成创新促进系统整合。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_193.md", "title": "智慧城市建设的意义、问题与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_193.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《智慧城市建设的意义、问题与对策》文档中，倾斜且红色字体标注的这部分内容涉及哪种建设策略？", "answer": ["因地制宜"], "evidence": "我国区域差异大，智慧城市建设需因地制宜，根据不同城市特性制定针对性的个性化解决方案。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_193.md", "title": "智慧城市建设的意义、问题与对策", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_193.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《智慧城市建设的意义、问题与对策》一文中，删除线标记的部分内容所提到的三个安全领域是什么？", "answer": ["网络安全、信息安全和系统安全"], "evidence": "智慧城市要重视网络安全、信息安全和系统安全，构建软硬件设施及安全标准体系，确保信息基础设施、数据基础设施、共享服务平台和应用系统的安全可控。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_87.md", "title": "Moderate Deviations and Berry-Esseen Bounds in the p-Spin Curie-Weiss Model", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_87.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In “Moderate Deviations and Berry-Esseen Bounds in the p-Spin Curie-Weiss Model,” what method is mentioned in the green highlighted section for approximating the normalizing constant at special points?", "answer": ["Laplace's method"], "evidence": "The proofs for the moderate deviations result for the regular and critical points use Stein's method based on exchangeable pairs. For the special points we use Laplace's method for approximating the normalizing constant, similar to that in [6] for the 2-spin case. The Berry-Esseen bounds follow from the moderate deviations results and the boundedness of the moments of the magnetization (suitably centered and scaled)."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_70.md", "title": "基于Chua电路的混沌噪声源及真随机数发生器", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_70.md", "question_category": "", "question": "In \"基于Chua电路的混沌噪声源及真随机数发生器\", the underlined text mentions what type of circuit is used in the proposed random sequence generator?", "answer": ["Chua circuit"], "evidence": "This paper analyzes the requirements of random sequence in terms of period, speed and randomness in the actual encryption process. According to the analysis, we propose a novel source which based on Chua circuit, and design a really random sequence generator with it. Then by simulation and testing, we verified that the random sequence produced by this system has characteristics of fast-speeding, strong-randomness, and can be widely applied in the field of information security, data encryption."}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_70.md", "title": "基于Chua电路的混沌噪声源及真随机数发生器", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_70.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《基于Chua电路的混沌噪声源及真随机数发生器》文档中，背景为黄色高亮的这段文字提到了哪两种关键的研究成果？", "answer": ["物理随机噪声源和采用物理器件振荡采样的噪声源"], "evidence": "伪随机数发生器虽然可以通过随机数统计检测指标,但由于它产生的随机数有规律可寻,安全性较差,一般加密时不用其作为密钥产生源。因此便产生了一种所谓的真随机数发生器,通常是指物理噪声源。目前国内外研究成果主要有二大类,1、物理随机噪声源;2、采用物理器件振荡采样的噪声源,它利用了由热噪声引起的相位噪声产生的振荡器输出频率的抖动的原理。这两种方法要求噪声源有较明确的分布特性,然而噪声源产生情况比较复杂,实际情况下都很难满足,导致密码体系潜在的危险性;此外,随机序列的速率无法保证,难以适合高速的场合。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_70.md", "title": "基于Chua电路的混沌噪声源及真随机数发生器", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_70.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《基于Chua电路的混沌噪声源及真随机数发生器》文档中，背景为绿色高亮的部分提到的是哪种电路？", "answer": ["Chua 混沌电路"], "evidence": "本文设计了一种基于 Chua 混沌电路的真随机数发生器,它具有电路设计简单、产生随机序列随机性强等特点。随机性测试结果显示,所产生的随机序列具有均匀性好、随机性强、不可重复性、速度快等特点。可以广泛应用于数据加密等信息安全领域。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_178.md", "title": "最高法核准尔某等走私贩毒案死刑并纠正涉黑认定", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_178.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《最高法核准尔某等走私贩毒案死刑并纠正涉黑认定》一文中，加粗格式的这部分内容指出查获的毒品重量是多少？", "answer": ["2483.15克"], "evidence": "2018年5月4日晚，段某、刘某、俄某等人安排该犯罪集团新招募人员郑某、为某在缅甸佤邦新地方吞服海洛因，后分别走私、运输至四川省和云南省昆明市。2018年5月7日晚，段某、刘某、俄某安排该犯罪集团新招募人员林某、周某（均另案已判刑）在缅甸佤邦新地方吞服毒品并携带装有毒品的背包入境。同月9日，林、周二人乘车途经四川省宁南县境内时被公安人员抓获，从二人体内排出及携带的背包内共计查获海洛因2483.15克。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_178.md", "title": "最高法核准尔某等走私贩毒案死刑并纠正涉黑认定", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_178.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《最高法核准尔某等走私贩毒案死刑并纠正涉黑认定》文档中，以加粗且蓝色字体显示的内容具体说明了支付的赎金金额是多少？", "answer": ["3000元"], "evidence": "2018年5月1日，被告人尔某为首的犯罪集团招募被害人王某到缅甸佤邦新地方运输毒品，后因王某无法吞服毒品，同月18日晚，刘某召集李某甲、郑某、被告人赵某、为某和俄某到王某所住宾馆房间，威胁王某必须支付赎金才能回国。后刘某、赵某通过电话联系王某之父王某乙（被害人），威胁王某乙支付赎金1万元，王某乙被逼无奈，同意支付赎金3000元，王某将赎金转给刘某和郑某后才得以回国。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_178.md", "title": "最高法核准尔某等走私贩毒案死刑并纠正涉黑认定", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_178.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《最高法核准尔某等走私贩毒案死刑并纠正涉黑认定》这篇文档中，背景为绿色高亮的标记部分是什么时候发生的？", "answer": ["2017年4月29日"], "evidence": "2017年4月29日凌晨，被告人尔某和“沙祝”（真实身份不详）在四川省××市××路“××××酒吧”喝酒过程中与被害人毛某发生口角，尔某、“沙祝”持刀将毛某、海某（被害人）砍伤后逃离现场。经鉴定，毛某左侧额叶脑挫裂伤为轻伤一级，海某的左手伤属轻伤二级。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_178.md", "title": "最高法核准尔某等走私贩毒案死刑并纠正涉黑认定", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_178.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《最高法核准尔某等走私贩毒案死刑并纠正涉黑认定》这篇文章中，蓝色字体标出的这部分内容提及的是哪个城市？", "answer": ["成都市"], "evidence": "2018年7月底，谢某根据安排在成都市接取两名运毒人员走私、运输的海洛因，后被告人尔某安排谢某将毒品交给毒品买家。2018年7月底，被告人董某甲、赵某、郑某和俄某等人安排姜某与另一个被招募人员从缅甸佤邦新地方走私、运输毒品至四川省成都市后交给谢某。同月31日晚，谢某按照被告人尔某的安排在成都市××区×××路附近将装有海洛因的手提包交给洛某（另案已判刑）时被公安人员抓获，当场从包内查获海洛因3049.4克。2018年7月下旬，该犯罪集团新招募人员刘某（另案已判刑）根据安排在缅甸佤邦新地方吞服55颗（约275克）海洛因，走私、运输至成都市交给谢某。同年8月初，被告人赵某安排刘某从佤邦新地方走私、运输海洛因至成都市。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_176.md", "title": "孙某秋错误执行国家赔偿申诉被驳回", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_176.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《孙某秋错误执行国家赔偿申诉被驳回》文档中，加粗且红色字体标注的这部分内容涉及的2007年实施的法律是什么？", "answer": ["《中华人民共和国物权法》"], "evidence": "2007年10月1日起施行的《中华人民共和国物权法》第一百九十条规定：订立抵押合同前抵押财产已出租的，原租赁关系不受该抵押权的影响。抵押权设立后抵押财产出租的，该租赁关系不得对抗已登记的抵押权。《最高人民法院关于人民法院办理执行异议、复议案件若干问题的规定》第三十一条第一款规定：承租人请求在租赁期间内阻止向受让人移交占有被执行的不动产，在人民法院查封之前已经签订合法有效的租赁合同并占有使用该不动产的，人民法院应予支持。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_176.md", "title": "孙某秋错误执行国家赔偿申诉被驳回", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_176.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《孙某秋错误执行国家赔偿申诉被驳回》一文中，标为绿色字体的这部分内容所涉及的面积数值是多少？", "answer": ["33300㎡"], "evidence": "2012年4月17日，河北省石家庄市中级人民法院（以下简称石家庄中院）根据申请人唐山某某银行的申请，作出（2012）石立保字第00051号诉前保全民事裁定，冻结被申请人河北某某农业发展有限公司（以下简称某2公司）、某1公司、赵某强价值628.95万美元的银行存款或查封其同等价值的财产。2012年4月19日，石家庄中院向乐亭县房产管理所作出并送达（2012）石立保字第00051号协助执行通知书，查封某1公司所有的坐落于乐亭县城区**社区**路**庄的房产若干。同日，石家庄中院向乐亭县国土资源局作出并送达（2012）石立保字第00051号协助执行通知书，查封某1公司06第7**5号国有土地使用权，查封面积33300㎡，查封期间不得买卖、转让、过户、抵押及进行其他处置，查封期限自2012年4月19日至2014年4月18日。2012年6月6日，石家庄中院作出（2012）石民五初字第00135号民事调解书，确认当事人之间达成的和解协议，主要内容为：某2公司向唐山某某银行分期偿还尚欠信用证垫款本金560.337593万美元（折合人民币3537.065911万元）及利息……某1公司、赵某强承担连带偿还责任；如某2公司不能按协议指定期间履行任何一笔金钱给付义务，唐山某某银行有权就所有未履行部分的债务向人民法院申请强制执行。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_176.md", "title": "孙某秋错误执行国家赔偿申诉被驳回", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_176.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《孙某秋错误执行国家赔偿申诉被驳回》一文中，背景为黄色高亮的这段文字提到的承租人是谁？", "answer": ["郭某甾"], "evidence": "2018年7月9日，唐山中院执行人员约见郭某甾并制作执行笔录，告知某某信联社申请执行某1公司借款合同一案，已将某1公司名下房产、土地拍卖完毕，将进入清场，如有异议可向法院提出，如不提异议和诉讼，唐山中院将依法强制执行。此后，郭某甾未提出异议或诉讼。2018年9月10日，唐山中院作出（2016）冀02执恢549号之三、550号之三公告并进行张贴，责令承租人郭某甾在2018年9月17日前退出土地，到期仍不履行，唐山中院将依法强制执行。郭某甾于2018年10月12日因车祸去世。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_176.md", "title": "孙某秋错误执行国家赔偿申诉被驳回", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_176.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《孙某秋错误执行国家赔偿申诉被驳回》一文中，背景为灰色高亮的那段内容提到的夫妇二人是谁？", "answer": ["郭某甾、孙某秋"], "evidence": "郭某甾、孙某秋夫妇共建有三个花卉大棚，唐山中院于2018年12月将其中一个因火灾未存放花卉的大棚推平。2019年2月14日，唐山中院组织强制清除另外两个大棚，因孙某秋、郭某再哄闹、冲击执行公务现场，不听从执法人员劝阻，唐山中院于当日作出（2016）冀02执恢549号、550号之一、之二拘留决定，对孙某秋、郭某再拘留15日。同月15日，唐山中院乐亭执行大队工作人员提审孙某秋、郭某再，在其二人承认错误后于当日予以释放，同时告知其将两个大棚的花卉迁到了“某锦花卉”，某某信联社交纳了租金，并将租赁合同送达孙某秋。"}
+{"doc_type": "style", "filename": "style_176.md", "title": "孙某秋错误执行国家赔偿申诉被驳回", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/style_176.md", "question_category": "", "question": "在《孙某秋错误执行国家赔偿申诉被驳回》一文中，加粗且蓝色字体的这段文字提及的案件编号是什么？", "answer": ["(2024)最高法委赔监216号"], "evidence": "中华人民共和国最高人民法院赔偿委员会决定书(2024)最高法委赔监216号申诉人（赔偿请求人）：孙某秋，女，1962年9月6日出生，汉族，住河北省唐山市乐亭县。被申诉人（赔偿义务机关）：唐山市中级人民法院，住所地河北省唐山市路北区。申诉人孙某秋申请唐山市中级人民法院（以下简称唐山中院）错误执行赔偿一案，不服河北省高级人民法院（以下简称河北高院）赔偿委员会（2023）冀委赔23号国家赔偿决定，向本院赔偿委员会提出申诉。本院赔偿委员会依法对本案进行了审查，现已审查终结。"}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_16_zh_楷体.md", "title": "天空航空有限公司2017年经营、治理与环境社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_16_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《天空航空有限公司2017年经营、治理与环境社会责任报告》中，天空航空有限公司成立于哪一年哪一月？", "answer": "2005年5月", "evidence": ["天空航空有限公司成立于2005年5月，是一家在A股市场上市的北京航空企业，主要业务为提供国内和国际航空客运服务。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_16_zh_楷体.md", "title": "天空航空有限公司2017年经营、治理与环境社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_16_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《天空航空有限公司2017年经营、治理与环境社会责任报告》中的财务指标数据，2017年天空航空有限公司的股东权益为多少亿元？", "answer": "40亿元", "evidence": ["股东权益为40亿元"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_16_zh_楷体.md", "title": "天空航空有限公司2017年经营、治理与环境社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_16_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《天空航空有限公司2017年经营、治理与环境社会责任报告》，公司于2017年采用环境管理系统（EMS）的目的是什么？", "answer": "以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。", "evidence": ["最后，公司于2017年11月采用了环境管理系统（EMS），以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_16_zh_楷体.md", "title": "天空航空有限公司2017年经营、治理与环境社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_16_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《天空航空有限公司2017年经营、治理与环境社会责任报告》，天空航空有限公司在2017年的净资产收益率是多少？", "answer": "10%", "evidence": ["净资产收益率为10%"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_16_zh_楷体.md", "title": "天空航空有限公司2017年经营、治理与环境社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_16_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《天空航空有限公司2017年经营、治理与环境社会责任报告》，在完成对ABC航空公司的资产收购后的下一个月，天空航空有限公司进行了什么合作？", "answer": "与大型国内旅行社合作，推出精品旅游套餐", "evidence": ["在2017年9月，公司完成了对ABC航空公司的资产收购，总价值8亿元。", "在2017年10月与大型国内旅行社合作，推出精品旅游套餐，增加了公司的旅游收入。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_64_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services: 2019 Performance, Governance, and Future Strategy", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_64_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the document \"Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services: 2019 Performance, Governance, and Future Strategy\", on what date was the company established?", "answer": "January 1, 2005", "evidence": ["Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services is a privately-owned housekeeping company that was established on January 1, 2005, in City Centre, London, specializing in providing comprehensive cleaning, organizing, and maintenance services."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_64_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services: 2019 Performance, Governance, and Future Strategy", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_64_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to \"Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services: 2019 Performance, Governance, and Future Strategy,\" in which months in 2019 did Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services implement an advanced CRM system and introduce an employee incentive program?", "answer": "June 2019; July 2019", "evidence": ["To improve operational efficiency and strengthen customer relationships, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services implemented an advanced Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system in June 2019.", "Furthermore, the introduction of an employee incentive program in July 2019 boosted employee morale, increased productivity, and reduced turnover rates."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_64_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services: 2019 Performance, Governance, and Future Strategy", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_64_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to \"Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services: 2019 Performance, Governance, and Future Strategy\", what were Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services' operating income and net profit in 2019?", "answer": "£5,000,000; £800,000", "evidence": ["Analyzing the involved indicators, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services reported an operating income of £5,000,000 in 2019.", "The company's net profit for the same period amounted to £800,000, which is influenced by the operating income, cost control measures, and non-recurring gains and losses."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_64_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services: 2019 Performance, Governance, and Future Strategy", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_64_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In the document \"Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services: 2019 Performance, Governance, and Future Strategy,\" how many distinct months in 2019 are mentioned as having events for Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services?", "answer": "9", "evidence": ["In February 2019, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services underwent a revision of its corporate governance policy.", "In March 2019, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services expanded into new markets, increasing its market reach and potential customer base.", "Additionally, in April 2019, the company formed a strategic partnership with an eco-friendly product supplier, enhancing its brand image as an environmentally responsible and sustainable housekeeping service provider.", "In May 2019, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services implemented a comprehensive quality assurance program.", "To improve operational efficiency and strengthen customer relationships, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services implemented an advanced Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system in June 2019.", "In July 2019, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services initiated an employee training program to enhance the skills and professionalism of its workforce.", "In August 2019, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services launched premium service packages, targeting affluent customers and increasing revenue through higher-priced service offerings.", "At the annual or extraordinary shareholders' meeting in November 2019, key decisions were made that directly affected the company's governance structure, future operational strategies, and shareholder rights.", "In December 2019, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services updated its risk management measures to address new risks and implement mitigation strategies."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_64_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services: 2019 Performance, Governance, and Future Strategy", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_64_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In \"Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services: 2019 Performance, Governance, and Future Strategy,\" which occurred first in 2019 for Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services: the debt restructuring or forming a strategic partnership with an eco-friendly product supplier?", "answer": "the debt restructuring in February 2019", "evidence": ["One of the key events was the debt restructuring in February 2019, which resulted in a reduction of liabilities by £500,000.", "Additionally, in April 2019, the company formed a strategic partnership with an eco-friendly product supplier, enhancing its brand image as an environmentally responsible and sustainable housekeeping service provider."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_33_zh_黑体.md", "title": "国家行政数据中心2021年度经营治理与可持续发展报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_33_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《国家行政数据中心2021年度经营治理与可持续发展报告》，国家行政数据中心成立于何时？", "answer": "2003年6月", "evidence": ["成立于2003年6月"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_33_zh_黑体.md", "title": "国家行政数据中心2021年度经营治理与可持续发展报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_33_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《国家行政数据中心2021年度经营治理与可持续发展报告》，在2021年3月，国家行政数据中心收购了哪家公司，收购总价值是多少？", "answer": "XYZ公司，总价值2亿元", "evidence": ["在2021年3月，公司完成了对全球知名云计算服务提供商XYZ公司的资产收购，总价值2亿元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_33_zh_黑体.md", "title": "国家行政数据中心2021年度经营治理与可持续发展报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_33_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《国家行政数据中心2021年度经营治理与可持续发展报告》中，哪项在2021年9月实施的举措导致“负债比率和资产负债率都下降到了30%”？", "answer": "债务重组", "evidence": ["在2021年9月，为优化资本结构，公司进行了债务重组，减少了3亿元负债。", "作为债务重组的结果，公司的负债比率和资产负债率都下降到了30%。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_33_zh_黑体.md", "title": "国家行政数据中心2021年度经营治理与可持续发展报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_33_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《国家行政数据中心2021年度经营治理与可持续发展报告》文本，2021年发生的“收购”相关事件共有几次（包括资产收购和股权收购）？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["在2021年3月，公司完成了对全球知名云计算服务提供商XYZ公司的资产收购，总价值2亿元。", "在2021年6月，公司完成了对ABC科技有限公司的股权收购，获得了80%的股权。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_33_zh_黑体.md", "title": "国家行政数据中心2021年度经营治理与可持续发展报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_33_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《国家行政数据中心2021年度经营治理与可持续发展报告》，分别在2021年1月的投资和2021年6月的股权收购之后，公司的营业收入达到了多少？", "answer": "8000万元", "evidence": ["作为投资的结果，公司的营业收入达到了8000万元，较去年同期增长了25%。", "作为收购的结果，公司的营业收入继续增长，达到了8000万元，较去年同期增长了25%。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_143_zh_隶书.md", "title": "先天性心脏病疑诊住院病历（37岁男性）", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_143_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《先天性心脏病疑诊住院病历（37岁男性）》中，医院名称是什么？", "answer": "朱雀市中心医院", "evidence": ["医院名称：朱雀市中心医院"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_143_zh_隶书.md", "title": "先天性心脏病疑诊住院病历（37岁男性）", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_143_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《先天性心脏病疑诊住院病历（37岁男性）》的“体温单”部分，记录的血压是多少？", "answer": "120/80 mmHg", "evidence": ["体温单：", "血压：120/80 mmHg"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_143_zh_隶书.md", "title": "先天性心脏病疑诊住院病历（37岁男性）", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_143_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《先天性心脏病疑诊住院病历（37岁男性）》中，结合“专科检查”和“辅助检查报告单”，心电图的结论是什么？", "answer": "心律不齐，窦性心动过速", "evidence": ["心电图显示心律不齐，窦性心动过速。", "心电图：心律不齐，窦性心动过速"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_143_zh_隶书.md", "title": "先天性心脏病疑诊住院病历（37岁男性）", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_143_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《先天性心脏病疑诊住院病历（37岁男性）》的“临时医嘱单”中列出了多少项检查？", "answer": "3项", "evidence": ["临时医嘱单：", "1. 血常规、尿常规及电解质检查。", "2. 心脏彩超检查。", "3. 心脏磁共振检查。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_143_zh_隶书.md", "title": "先天性心脏病疑诊住院病历（37岁男性）", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_143_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《先天性心脏病疑诊住院病历（37岁男性）》中的症状、体格检查及影像学结果，初步诊断是什么？", "answer": "先天性心脏病", "evidence": ["患者反复呼吸道感染伴心悸、气喘、发绀3个月。", "心电图显示心律不齐，窦性心动过速。", "胸部X线显示心影扩大，肺部无明显异常。", "胸部：胸廓无畸形，双肺呼吸音清，未闻及明显干湿性啰音。心界略左移，心音有力，第一心音稍减弱，心尖区可闻及3/6级收缩期杂音。", "初步诊断：先天性心脏病。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_42_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. 2017 Strategic Growth and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_42_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In “Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. 2017 Strategic Growth and Governance Reforms,” what was Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc.’s reported return on equity in 2017?", "answer": "12%", "evidence": ["The return on equity for the company was 12%, indicating a satisfactory return on investment for shareholders."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_42_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. 2017 Strategic Growth and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_42_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In the corporate governance section of \"Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. 2017 Strategic Growth and Governance Reforms,\" in which month did Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. appoint independent directors?", "answer": "May 2017", "evidence": ["Additionally, in May 2017, the company appointed independent directors, bolstering its board independence and governance practices."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_42_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. 2017 Strategic Growth and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_42_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to \"Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. 2017 Strategic Growth and Governance Reforms,\" in July 2017, what dividend per share and total amount did Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. declare?", "answer": "$0.50 per share, totaling $20 million", "evidence": ["Furthermore, in July 2017, the company declared a dividend distribution of $0.50 per share, totaling $20 million."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_42_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. 2017 Strategic Growth and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_42_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. 2017 Strategic Growth and Governance Reforms, which month saw both the debt restructuring that reduced liabilities by $30 million and the adoption of a Whistleblower Protection Policy?", "answer": "June 2017", "evidence": ["The company successfully executed a debt restructuring process in June 2017, reducing liabilities by $30 million.", "Furthermore, in June 2017, Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. adopted a Whistleblower Protection Policy, demonstrating its commitment to promoting ethical behavior and accountability."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_57_en_Arial.md", "title": "Artistic Creations Inc. 2019 Financial and Corporate Governance Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_57_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In the 2019 financial performance section of the Artistic Creations Inc. 2019 Financial and Corporate Governance Report, what was the net profit indicator?", "answer": "$8 million", "evidence": ["The net profit indicator, which stood at $8 million, also benefited from this expansion."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_57_en_Arial.md", "title": "Artistic Creations Inc. 2019 Financial and Corporate Governance Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_57_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In the \"Artistic Creations Inc. 2019 Financial and Corporate Governance Report\", which gallery did Artistic Creations Inc. acquire in April and what was the total value of this acquisition?", "answer": "Pacific Art Gallery with a total value of $20 million", "evidence": ["The company also completed a major asset acquisition in April, acquiring Pacific Art Gallery with a total value of $20 million."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_57_en_Arial.md", "title": "Artistic Creations Inc. 2019 Financial and Corporate Governance Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_57_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to the Artistic Creations Inc. 2019 Financial and Corporate Governance Report, following the debt restructuring in December, what did Artistic Creations Inc.'s debt to assets ratio stand at?", "answer": "47%", "evidence": ["To optimize its capital structure, Artistic Creations Inc. underwent debt restructuring in December, reducing liabilities by $15 million.", "The debt to assets ratio, which stood at 47%, reflected the company's prudent approach to managing its financial leverage."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_36_zh_宋体.md", "title": "盈利家居服务有限公司2019年度经营、治理与ESG报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_36_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《盈利家居服务有限公司2019年度经营、治理与ESG报告》，盈利家居服务有限公司成立于哪一天？", "answer": "2000年4月15日", "evidence": ["盈利家居服务有限公司是一家于2000年4月15日成立的位于上海市浦东新区的家政公司"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_36_zh_宋体.md", "title": "盈利家居服务有限公司2019年度经营、治理与ESG报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_36_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《盈利家居服务有限公司2019年度经营、治理与ESG报告》的“环境与社会责任报告”中，环境责任方面的二氧化碳排放量与能源消耗分别是多少？", "answer": "二氧化碳排放量为1500吨，能源消耗为8000吉瓦时", "evidence": ["在环境责任方面，盈利家居服务有限公司的二氧化碳排放量为1500吨，能源消耗为8000吉瓦时。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_36_zh_宋体.md", "title": "盈利家居服务有限公司2019年度经营、治理与ESG报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_36_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《盈利家居服务有限公司2019年度经营、治理与ESG报告》中，2019年公司在8月完成的对优家家政的收购获得了多少股权？随后9月投资金额是多少？", "answer": "获得了70%的股权；投资金额为500万元", "evidence": ["在2019年8月，公司完成了对优家家政的股权收购，获得了70%的股权。", "随后，在2019年9月，公司投资了一家技术创新企业，投资金额为500万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_36_zh_宋体.md", "title": "盈利家居服务有限公司2019年度经营、治理与ESG报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_36_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《盈利家居服务有限公司2019年度经营、治理与ESG报告》中，环境责任方面公司在2019年共采取了多少项重要事件？", "answer": "6", "evidence": ["首先，在2019年2月，公司建立了新的污染防治设施，包括废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。", "其次，在2019年3月，公司推广可持续性原则，包括资源的合理利用和废物的循环利用等。", "在2019年4月，公司实施了环境管理系统（EMS），以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。", "在2019年8月，公司通过投资碳抵消项目来抵消其碳排放，努力实现碳中和目标。", "此外，在2019年9月，公司开发了环保型产品，减少对环境的影响，提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象。", "最后，在2019年10月，公司投资实施了节能减排项目，减少能源消耗和温室气体排放，提高了能效和环境绩效。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_73_en_Arial.md", "title": "HealthLife Solutions 2020 Corporate Governance and Financial Performance Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_73_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In the HealthLife Solutions 2020 Corporate Governance and Financial Performance Report, what is the debt ratio of HealthLife Solutions?", "answer": "40%", "evidence": ["The debt ratio of HealthLife Solutions is 40%, indicating the ratio of total liabilities to total assets."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_73_en_Arial.md", "title": "HealthLife Solutions 2020 Corporate Governance and Financial Performance Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_73_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the HealthLife Solutions 2020 Corporate Governance and Financial Performance Report, during the shareholders' meeting in September 2020, what two resolutions were approved?", "answer": "approved charter changes for product expansion and entry into new markets; shareholders voted on a dividend increase", "evidence": ["In September 2020, HealthLife Solutions held its shareholders' meeting and approved charter changes for product expansion and entry into new markets.", "Additionally, shareholders voted on a dividend increase."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_73_en_Arial.md", "title": "HealthLife Solutions 2020 Corporate Governance and Financial Performance Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_73_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In the HealthLife Solutions 2020 Corporate Governance and Financial Performance Report, who were appointed to the Board of Directors in February 2020 and what expertise did each bring?", "answer": "Dr. Jane Henderson and Mr. Michael Williams; Dr. Henderson brought extensive experience in healthcare management, while Mr. Williams had a strong background in technology and innovation.", "evidence": ["Another important governance event in February 2020 was the appointment of Dr. Jane Henderson and Mr. Michael Williams to the Board of Directors.", "Dr. Henderson brought extensive experience in healthcare management, while Mr. Williams had a strong background in technology and innovation."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_73_en_Arial.md", "title": "HealthLife Solutions 2020 Corporate Governance and Financial Performance Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_73_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "According to the HealthLife Solutions 2020 Corporate Governance and Financial Performance Report, what is the sum of HealthLife Solutions' total liabilities and shareholder equity as reported?", "answer": "$500 million", "evidence": ["The company's total liabilities amounted to $200 million, reflecting the total amount of debts the company is obligated to repay.", "The shareholder equity of HealthLife Solutions reached $300 million, representing the total amount of equity belonging to shareholders at the end of the accounting period."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_73_en_Arial.md", "title": "HealthLife Solutions 2020 Corporate Governance and Financial Performance Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_73_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "Based on the operating income and net profit reported in HealthLife Solutions 2020 Corporate Governance and Financial Performance Report, what is HealthLife Solutions' net profit margin (net profit divided by operating income)?", "answer": "25%", "evidence": ["HealthLife Solutions reported an operating income of $200 million, reflecting the total amount of main business income and other business income within a certain accounting period.", "The company also achieved a net profit of $50 million, which is the net income after deducting total costs and taxes from the total income."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_43_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "EcoGuard Solutions 2019: Environmental Expansion, CleanWater, Governance and Strong Financials", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_43_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the \"EcoGuard Solutions 2019: Environmental Expansion, CleanWater, Governance and Strong Financials\" document, on what date was the company established?", "answer": "April 15, 2010", "evidence": ["established on April 15, 2010,"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_43_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "EcoGuard Solutions 2019: Environmental Expansion, CleanWater, Governance and Strong Financials", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_43_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In the document \"EcoGuard Solutions 2019: Environmental Expansion, CleanWater, Governance and Strong Financials,\" what were the total assets and total liabilities reported for the year by EcoGuard Solutions?", "answer": "total assets of $500 million and total liabilities of $200 million", "evidence": ["With total assets of $500 million and total liabilities of $200 million, EcoGuard Solutions maintained a healthy financial position, with a debt ratio of 0.4 and a debt to assets ratio of 40%."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_43_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "EcoGuard Solutions 2019: Environmental Expansion, CleanWater, Governance and Strong Financials", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_43_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In “EcoGuard Solutions 2019: Environmental Expansion, CleanWater, Governance and Strong Financials,” which project was launched in January 2019 and later received a $5 million government grant in June 2019?", "answer": "Project CleanWater", "evidence": ["investment in Project CleanWater, a cutting-edge water purification technology.", "The launch of Project CleanWater in January 2019 further solidified the company's expertise in water purification and opened up potential market opportunities.", "In recognition of its commitment to developing eco-friendly water purification solutions, EcoGuard Solutions received a government grant of $5 million in June 2019.", "This grant provided valuable financial support for the research, development, and marketing of Project CleanWater, enhancing the company's reputation in the industry."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_43_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "EcoGuard Solutions 2019: Environmental Expansion, CleanWater, Governance and Strong Financials", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_43_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In the document EcoGuard Solutions 2019: Environmental Expansion, CleanWater, Governance and Strong Financials, identify the 2019 event that both reduced liabilities and improved financial stability for EcoGuard Solutions, and state the amount reduced.", "answer": "underwent successful debt restructuring in September 2019, reducing its liabilities by $15 million.", "evidence": ["To improve its financial condition, EcoGuard Solutions underwent successful debt restructuring in September 2019, reducing its liabilities by $15 million.", "This debt restructuring improved the company's financial stability and freed up resources for future investments and growth initiatives."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_69_en_Arial.md", "title": "Innovate Tech Solutions 2017 Financial and Corporate Governance Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_69_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In the \"Innovate Tech Solutions 2017 Financial and Corporate Governance Highlights\" report, on which stock exchange is the company publicly listed?", "answer": "NASDAQ", "evidence": ["is a publicly listed IT company on NASDAQ,"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_69_en_Arial.md", "title": "Innovate Tech Solutions 2017 Financial and Corporate Governance Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_69_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In the corporate governance report for 2017 in Innovate Tech Solutions 2017 Financial and Corporate Governance Highlights, what event occurred in February 2017 and what leadership change happened in March 2017?", "answer": "Shareholders' Meeting Resolution; appointment of a new CEO", "evidence": ["One of the key events that took place in February 2017 was the Shareholders' Meeting Resolution.", "Notably, the appointment of a new CEO in March 2017 marked a significant change in leadership."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_69_en_Arial.md", "title": "Innovate Tech Solutions 2017 Financial and Corporate Governance Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_69_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "After the restructuring processes noted in June and October 2017, what are Innovate Tech Solutions' debt ratio and debt to assets ratio, as reported in Innovate Tech Solutions 2017 Financial and Corporate Governance Highlights?", "answer": "20%; 25%", "evidence": ["This restructuring has positively impacted the company's financial indicators, particularly its debt ratio, which currently stands at 20%.", "This restructuring has positively impacted the company's debt to assets ratio, which currently stands at 25%."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_69_en_Arial.md", "title": "Innovate Tech Solutions 2017 Financial and Corporate Governance Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_69_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In the document \"Innovate Tech Solutions 2017 Financial and Corporate Governance Highlights,\" across the entire text, how many distinct months in 2017 are mentioned as dates for events?", "answer": "10", "evidence": ["February 2017", "March 2017", "April 2017", "May 2017", "June 2017", "August 2017", "October 2017", "December 2017", "September 2017", "November 2017"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_69_en_Arial.md", "title": "Innovate Tech Solutions 2017 Financial and Corporate Governance Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_69_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In Innovate Tech Solutions 2017 Financial and Corporate Governance Highlights, using the reported totals, assets minus liabilities yields what shareholder equity value mentioned in the report?", "answer": "$4.6 billion", "evidence": ["The company's total assets have increased to $5.8 billion, primarily due to the asset acquisition and restructuring.", "On the other hand, the company's total liabilities stand at $1.2 billion, reflecting the impact of debt restructuring and repayment.", "shareholder equity, which now stands at $4.6 billion."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_171_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "栗子市人民医院食管中段鳞癌住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_171_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《栗子市人民医院食管中段鳞癌住院病历》中，给出的“初步诊断”为何？", "answer": "食管恶性肿瘤。", "evidence": ["初步诊断：食管恶性肿瘤。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_171_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "栗子市人民医院食管中段鳞癌住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_171_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《栗子市人民医院食管中段鳞癌住院病历》中，“体格检查-一般情况”中记录的血压是多少？", "answer": "130/85 mmHg", "evidence": ["一般情况：体温36.8°C，脉搏80次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压130/85 mmHg。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_171_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "栗子市人民医院食管中段鳞癌住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_171_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《栗子市人民医院食管中段鳞癌住院病历》中，“专科检查”与“辅助检查”共同提示病变位于食管的哪个部位？", "answer": "食管中段", "evidence": ["专科检查：食管镜检查：食管中段肿块，表面溃疡。", "辅助检查：食管钡餐造影：食管中段狭窄，考虑肿瘤；内镜检查：食管中段肿块，需进一步病理确诊。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_171_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "栗子市人民医院食管中段鳞癌住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_171_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《栗子市人民医院食管中段鳞癌住院病历》中，“体格检查-一般情况”中共记录了多少项生命体征参数？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["一般情况：体温36.8°C，脉搏80次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压130/85 mmHg。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_171_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "栗子市人民医院食管中段鳞癌住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_171_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《栗子市人民医院食管中段鳞癌住院病历》中，结合“手术记录”和“辅助检查报告单”，患者的手术是否包含淋巴结清扫，且术后区域淋巴结的病理结果为何？", "answer": "区域淋巴结清扫；区域淋巴结1/10阳性", "evidence": ["手术记录：术中见食管中段肿块约5cm，行肿瘤切除及区域淋巴结清扫，手术顺利。", "辅助检查报告单：术后病理检查结果显示食管中段鳞状细胞癌，无法确定浸润深度，区域淋巴结1/10阳性。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_50_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. 2021 Expansion, Financial Results, and Governance Challenges", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_50_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "What was the net profit for 2021 reported by Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. in \"Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. 2021 Expansion, Financial Results, and Governance Challenges\"?", "answer": "$50 million", "evidence": ["The net profit for the year was $50 million,"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_50_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. 2021 Expansion, Financial Results, and Governance Challenges", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_50_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to \"Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. 2021 Expansion, Financial Results, and Governance Challenges\", at the end of 2021, what were Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd.'s total assets and total liabilities?", "answer": "total assets of $500 million; total liabilities stood at $200 million", "evidence": ["At the end of 2021, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. reported total assets of $500 million,", "The company's total liabilities stood at $200 million,"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_50_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. 2021 Expansion, Financial Results, and Governance Challenges", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_50_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In \"Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. 2021 Expansion, Financial Results, and Governance Challenges,\" in May 2021, with whom did Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. form a strategic partnership, and what benefit did this provide customers?", "answer": "several major international airlines; exclusive discounts", "evidence": ["the company formed a strategic partnership with several major international airlines in May 2021.", "exclusive discounts,"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_50_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. 2021 Expansion, Financial Results, and Governance Challenges", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_50_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "According to the document \"Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. 2021 Expansion, Financial Results, and Governance Challenges,\" after launching an internal audit in May 2021 that revealed improprieties, what action did Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd.'s board take in June 2021?", "answer": "initiated a formal investigation", "evidence": ["launching an internal audit in May 2021.", "the board of directors initiated a formal investigation in June 2021."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_5_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "绿源环保有限公司2017年度财务重组与环境社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_5_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《绿源环保有限公司2017年度财务重组与环境社会责任报告》，绿源环保有限公司于2017年3月成功募集了多少资金？", "answer": "5亿元", "evidence": ["公司于2017年3月成功募集了5亿元资金"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_5_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "绿源环保有限公司2017年度财务重组与环境社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_5_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《绿源环保有限公司2017年度财务重组与环境社会责任报告》，在2017年11月，绿源环保有限公司召开了什么会议？", "answer": "股东大会", "evidence": ["在2017年11月，绿源环保有限公司召开了股东大会"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_5_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "绿源环保有限公司2017年度财务重组与环境社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_5_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《绿源环保有限公司2017年度财务重组与环境社会责任报告》中，公司在2017年2月和2017年3月分别完成或确定了哪些关键举措？", "answer": "资产重组计划的制定；旧工厂升级改造方案", "evidence": ["首先，公司在2017年2月完成了资产重组计划的制定，并得到股东的确认和支持。", "随后，在2017年3月，公司确定了旧工厂升级改造方案，包括设备更新、生产线调整和工艺改进等措施。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_5_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "绿源环保有限公司2017年度财务重组与环境社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_5_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《绿源环保有限公司2017年度财务重组与环境社会责任报告》中，财务指标里标注为“50%”的比率共有多少个？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["负债比率为50%，这主要受到总负债的变化和总资产的变化的影响。", "资产负债率为50%，这主要受到资产和负债的增减变化的影响。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_5_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "绿源环保有限公司2017年度财务重组与环境社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_5_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "请根据《绿源环保有限公司2017年度财务重组与环境社会责任报告》指出2017年中，公司进行了董事会变更和召开股东大会分别是在几月？", "answer": "2017年7月；2017年11月", "evidence": ["在2017年7月，绿源环保有限公司进行了董事会变更。", "在2017年11月，绿源环保有限公司召开了股东大会，通过了一系列重要决议。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_38_zh_楷体.md", "title": "安骐金融控股2021年度财务、治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_38_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《安骐金融控股2021年度财务、治理与ESG综述》，安骐金融控股有限公司成立于哪一天？", "answer": "2001年6月10日", "evidence": ["安骐金融控股有限公司是一家在2001年6月10日成立的香港金融公司，主要提供金融咨询、投资管理和资产管理服务，并在香港联合交易所主板上市。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_38_zh_楷体.md", "title": "安骐金融控股2021年度财务、治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_38_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《安骐金融控股2021年度财务、治理与ESG综述》的公司治理报告中，2021年8月的股东大会作出了哪些关键决策？", "answer": "包括公司章程的变更、重大公司行动和股东投票结果", "evidence": ["在2021年8月的股东大会上，公司作出了关键决策，包括公司章程的变更、重大公司行动和股东投票结果。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_38_zh_楷体.md", "title": "安骐金融控股2021年度财务、治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_38_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《安骐金融控股2021年度财务、治理与ESG综述》中，出现的两起涉及财务欺诈/诈骗的事件分别发生在何时？", "answer": "2021年7月；2021年12月", "evidence": ["然而，2021年7月，公司发现一名高级财务主管参与了财务诈骗活动，造成公司财务损失5,000,000港元。", "最后，在2021年12月，公司发生了涉及财务欺诈的事件，包括虚增利润、假账、审计问题等。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_38_zh_楷体.md", "title": "安骐金融控股2021年度财务、治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_38_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《安骐金融控股2021年度财务、治理与ESG综述》中的“过去的一年里”财务事件描述中，文中明确提到了多少个月份的具体事件？", "answer": "8", "evidence": ["首先，公司在2021年2月进行了一次大规模融资活动，募集了2,000,000,000港元资金。", "随后，在2021年3月，公司进行了债务重组，减少了1,500,000,000港元负债。", "为了进一步优化业务结构，公司在2021年4月进行了一次资产重组。", "同时，在2021年6月，公司投资了东方科技有限公司，投资金额为850,000,000港元。", "然而，2021年7月，公司发现一名高级财务主管参与了财务诈骗活动，造成公司财务损失5,000,000港元。", "在2021年10月，公司决定向股东分发750,000,000港元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。", "随后，在2021年11月，公司完成了对金源集团的股权收购，获得了52%的股权。", "最后，在2021年12月，公司完成了对华盛置业有限公司的资产收购，总价值达到15,000,000,000港元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_38_zh_楷体.md", "title": "安骐金融控股2021年度财务、治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_38_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《安骐金融控股2021年度财务、治理与ESG综述》中的数据，2021年公司对东方科技有限公司的投资额、向股东分发的股利以及因财务诈骗造成的损失三项合计是多少港元？", "answer": "1,605,000,000港元", "evidence": ["同时，在2021年6月，公司投资了东方科技有限公司，投资金额为850,000,000港元。", "在2021年10月，公司决定向股东分发750,000,000港元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。", "然而，2021年7月，公司发现一名高级财务主管参与了财务诈骗活动，造成公司财务损失5,000,000港元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_147_zh_楷体.md", "title": "金丝市人民医院左小腿疖子住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_147_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《金丝市人民医院左小腿疖子住院病历》中，初步诊断是什么？", "answer": "疖子。", "evidence": ["初步诊断：疖子。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_147_zh_楷体.md", "title": "金丝市人民医院左小腿疖子住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_147_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在“金丝市人民医院左小腿疖子住院病历”的体格检查一般情况中，体温、脉搏、呼吸、血压分别是多少？", "answer": "一般情况：体温36.8℃，脉搏76次/分钟，呼吸18次/分钟，血压128/80mmHg。", "evidence": ["一般情况：体温36.8℃，脉搏76次/分钟，呼吸18次/分钟，血压128/80mmHg。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_147_zh_楷体.md", "title": "金丝市人民医院左小腿疖子住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_147_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《金丝市人民医院左小腿疖子住院病历》的“鉴别诊断”中，列出的编号最大为多少？", "answer": "4.", "evidence": ["鉴别诊断：1.痈（表面有多个蜂窝状脓栓）；2.痱疖（似疖肿，但无脓栓）；3.皮脂囊肿并发感染；4.痤疮伴有轻度感染。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_147_zh_楷体.md", "title": "金丝市人民医院左小腿疖子住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_147_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "结合“体格检查”与“体温单”的信息，《金丝市人民医院左小腿疖子住院病历》显示患者体温总体状况如何？请给出体现稳定性的原文表述。", "answer": "体温维持在36.8℃左右。", "evidence": ["一般情况：体温36.8℃，脉搏76次/分钟，呼吸18次/分钟，血压128/80mmHg。", "体温单：每日监测体温、脉搏、呼吸、血压，体温维持在36.8℃左右。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_4_zh_黑体.md", "title": "创新科技有限公司2020年度经营、财务与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_4_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《创新科技有限公司2020年度经营、财务与ESG综述》，创新科技有限公司成立的时间和地点是什么？", "answer": "于2005年3月15日成立于美国加利福尼亚州", "evidence": ["创新科技有限公司是一家于2005年3月15日成立于美国加利福尼亚州的IT公司，主营业务为提供软件开发、数据分析和云计算解决方案。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_4_zh_黑体.md", "title": "创新科技有限公司2020年度经营、财务与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_4_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《创新科技有限公司2020年度经营、财务与ESG综述》，在公司治理结构方面，年度股东大会就哪些内容作出了关键性决策？", "answer": "就公司章程的变更、重要的公司行动和股东投票结果作出了关键性决策。", "evidence": ["公司治理结构方面，创新科技有限公司在2020年1月召开了年度股东大会，就公司章程的变更、重要的公司行动和股东投票结果作出了关键性决策。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_4_zh_黑体.md", "title": "创新科技有限公司2020年度经营、财务与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_4_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《创新科技有限公司2020年度经营、财务与ESG综述》中，创新科技有限公司在2020年对CleanTech和DataTech的收购分别发生在何时，比例或金额是多少？", "answer": "在2020年1月完成了对CleanTech公司的股权收购，获得了75%的股权；在2020年10月，公司完成了对DataTech公司的资产收购，总价值为2.5亿美元。", "evidence": ["首先，公司在2020年1月完成了对CleanTech公司的股权收购，获得了75%的股权。", "在2020年10月，公司完成了对DataTech公司的资产收购，总价值为2.5亿美元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_4_zh_黑体.md", "title": "创新科技有限公司2020年度经营、财务与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_4_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《创新科技有限公司2020年度经营、财务与ESG综述》的2020年环境责任部分，按月份列出的环境举措共有几项？", "answer": "6项", "evidence": ["首先，公司于2020年1月投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目来抵消其碳排放，努力实现碳中和目标。", "其次，创新科技有限公司于2020年3月实施了节能减排项目，旨在减少能源消耗和温室气体排放。", "另外，公司于2020年4月建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。", "此外，创新科技有限公司于2020年5月优化了生产流程，改善能源利用效率，减少资源浪费。", "在产品方面，创新科技有限公司于2020年7月开发了环保型产品，减少对环境的影响。", "为了加强环境管理能力和持续改进，创新科技有限公司于2020年12月实施了环境管理系统（EMS）。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_4_zh_黑体.md", "title": "创新科技有限公司2020年度经营、财务与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_4_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《创新科技有限公司2020年度经营、财务与ESG综述》披露的财务数据，股东权益是否等于总资产减总负债？请给出相关数值。", "answer": "是。股东权益为1.2亿美元；总资产为2.3亿美元，总负债为1.1亿美元，2.3亿美元 - 1.1亿美元 = 1.2亿美元。", "evidence": ["公司的总资产为2.3亿美元，总负债为1.1亿美元，股东权益为1.2亿美元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_72_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "MediaCorp 2018 Financial Performance, Acquisitions, and Governance Initiatives", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_72_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In \"MediaCorp 2018 Financial Performance, Acquisitions, and Governance Initiatives,\" on which stock exchange is MediaCorp publicly listed?", "answer": "NYSE", "evidence": ["MediaCorp, established on January 1, 2000, is a publicly listed media company on the NYSE, headquartered in New York, United States, specializing in media production and distribution."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_72_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "MediaCorp 2018 Financial Performance, Acquisitions, and Governance Initiatives", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_72_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In the document \"MediaCorp 2018 Financial Performance, Acquisitions, and Governance Initiatives,\" according to the financial indicators section, what was MediaCorp's return on equity, and what does it reflect?", "answer": "The return on equity was 10%, reflecting the operational efficiency of shareholder equity.", "evidence": ["The return on equity was 10%, reflecting the operational efficiency of shareholder equity."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_72_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "MediaCorp 2018 Financial Performance, Acquisitions, and Governance Initiatives", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_72_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to \"MediaCorp 2018 Financial Performance, Acquisitions, and Governance Initiatives,\" which activities in February and March set the stage for the April acquisition of Big Pictures?", "answer": "In February, MediaCorp conducted a strategic market analysis, which identified Big Pictures as a strategic acquisition target with significant growth prospects. This analysis paved the way for the due diligence process initiated in March, ensuring a thorough assessment of the target company's value and mitigating risks associated with the acquisition.", "evidence": ["In February, MediaCorp conducted a strategic market analysis, which identified Big Pictures as a strategic acquisition target with significant growth prospects.", "This analysis paved the way for the due diligence process initiated in March, ensuring a thorough assessment of the target company's value and mitigating risks associated with the acquisition."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_72_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "MediaCorp 2018 Financial Performance, Acquisitions, and Governance Initiatives", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_72_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In the document \"MediaCorp 2018 Financial Performance, Acquisitions, and Governance Initiatives,\" what is the total of the May investment in Project Vision and the October financing activity funds raised?", "answer": "$200 million", "evidence": ["In May, MediaCorp made a major investment of $50 million in Project Vision, a cutting-edge virtual reality technology startup.", "In October, MediaCorp conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $150 million of funds."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_8_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "医疗先锋股份有限公司2021年经营与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_8_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《医疗先锋股份有限公司2021年经营与ESG综述》，医疗先锋股份有限公司在哪个证券交易所上市？", "answer": "上海证券交易所", "evidence": ["并在上海证券交易所上市。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_8_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "医疗先锋股份有限公司2021年经营与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_8_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《医疗先锋股份有限公司2021年经营与ESG综述》中的财务报告显示，2021年度医疗先锋股份有限公司的负债比率和资产负债率分别是多少？", "answer": "负债比率为40%，资产负债率为40%", "evidence": ["此外，公司的现金流量为80亿元，负债比率为40%，资产负债率为40%，净资产收益率为10%。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_8_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "医疗先锋股份有限公司2021年经营与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_8_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《医疗先锋股份有限公司2021年经营与ESG综述》中，对X生物医疗公司的资产收购中，资产收购方案确定、协议签署和资产交割手续分别发生在何时？", "answer": "2020年10月；2020年12月；2021年1月", "evidence": ["并于2020年10月确定了资产收购方案", "最终于2020年12月签署了资产收购协议", "在2021年1月，公司完成了与X生物医疗公司的资产交割手续"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_8_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "医疗先锋股份有限公司2021年经营与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_8_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《医疗先锋股份有限公司2021年经营与ESG综述》，在2021年重大事件中明确给出金额的事项共有几项？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["总价值达到15亿元", "其次，公司于2021年2月决定向股东分发6亿元股利", "在2021年8月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了10亿元资金。", "此外，公司于2021年10月投资了D医疗科技公司，投资金额为8亿元。", "最后，在2021年11月，公司进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元负债。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_8_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "医疗先锋股份有限公司2021年经营与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_8_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《医疗先锋股份有限公司2021年经营与ESG综述》，医疗先锋股份有限公司是否在2021年既进行了融资又进行了债务重组？请给出发生的月份及金额。", "answer": "2021年8月募集了10亿元资金，2021年11月减少了5亿元负债", "evidence": ["在2021年8月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了10亿元资金。", "最后，在2021年11月，公司进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元负债。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_63_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "GreenTech Solutions Inc. 2021 Strategy, Performance, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_63_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to \"GreenTech Solutions Inc. 2021 Strategy, Performance, and Governance Overview\", on which stock exchange is GreenTech Solutions Inc. publicly traded?", "answer": "NASDAQ", "evidence": ["a publicly traded company on NASDAQ"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_63_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "GreenTech Solutions Inc. 2021 Strategy, Performance, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_63_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the financial indicators section of \"GreenTech Solutions Inc. 2021 Strategy, Performance, and Governance Overview,\" what were GreenTech Solutions Inc.'s total liabilities in 2021?", "answer": "$150 million", "evidence": ["total liabilities of $150 million"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_63_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "GreenTech Solutions Inc. 2021 Strategy, Performance, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_63_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In GreenTech Solutions Inc. 2021 Strategy, Performance, and Governance Overview, what month and amount are associated with GreenTech Solutions Inc.'s debt restructuring that reduced liabilities?", "answer": "The company's debt restructuring in August 2021 successfully reduced liabilities by $20 million", "evidence": ["The company's debt restructuring in August 2021 successfully reduced liabilities by $20 million, improving its financial condition and reducing financial costs, providing a more sustainable foundation for future growth."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_63_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "GreenTech Solutions Inc. 2021 Strategy, Performance, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_63_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In GreenTech Solutions Inc. 2021 Strategy, Performance, and Governance Overview, how many distinct months in 2021 are explicitly mentioned in the governance and leadership timeline for GreenTech Solutions Inc.?", "answer": "8", "evidence": ["In February 2021, GreenTech Solutions Inc. expanded its Research and Development (R&D) Department,", "In March 2021, the company made significant progress in enhancing shareholder rights and protections by amending its charter to enable shareholder voting on major corporate actions.", "Recognizing the importance of risk management, GreenTech Solutions Inc. updated its risk management framework in April 2021 to address evolving risks.", "In May 2021, GreenTech Solutions Inc. achieved significant milestones in its sustainability and social responsibility efforts.", "In July 2021, the company revised its corporate governance policies to enhance transparency and accountability.", "In August 2021, Dr. Emily Anderson was appointed as a new board member, bringing extensive expertise in environmental trends.", "In September 2021, GreenTech Solutions Inc. faced an ethics and integrity incident involving financial impropriety by one of its managers.", "In December 2021, Mr. Michael Roberts assumed the role of CEO, bringing new leadership and strategic priorities to the company."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_63_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "GreenTech Solutions Inc. 2021 Strategy, Performance, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_63_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "According to the \"GreenTech Solutions Inc. 2021 Strategy, Performance, and Governance Overview,\" which occurred earlier in 2021 for GreenTech Solutions Inc.: the debt restructuring or the $50 million investment in Project CleanAir?", "answer": "The company's debt restructuring in August 2021", "evidence": ["The company's debt restructuring in August 2021 successfully reduced liabilities by $20 million,", "GreenTech Solutions Inc. made a major investment of $50 million in September 2021 in Project CleanAir, a revolutionary air purification technology."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_142_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "进食蚕豆后G6PD缺乏致蚕豆症住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_142_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《进食蚕豆后G6PD缺乏致蚕豆症住院病历》中，患者的初步诊断是什么？", "answer": "蚕豆症", "evidence": ["初步诊断：", "蚕豆症"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_142_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "进食蚕豆后G6PD缺乏致蚕豆症住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_142_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《进食蚕豆后G6PD缺乏致蚕豆症住院病历》的体温单中，记录的血压是多少？", "answer": "120/80 mmHg", "evidence": ["体温单：", "体温：38.5℃，脉搏：90次/分，呼吸：18次/分，血压：120/80 mmHg。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_142_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "进食蚕豆后G6PD缺乏致蚕豆症住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_142_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《进食蚕豆后G6PD缺乏致蚕豆症住院病历》中，患者的年龄与婚姻状况分别是什么？", "answer": "65岁；已婚", "evidence": ["姓名：杜某某 性别：男 年龄：65岁 民族：汉族", "婚姻状况已婚，结婚年龄25岁。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_142_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "进食蚕豆后G6PD缺乏致蚕豆症住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_142_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《进食蚕豆后G6PD缺乏致蚕豆症住院病历》中，《翠湖市人民医院 住院病历》的“鉴别诊断”中，被排除的疾病共有几种？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["鉴别诊断：感染性贫血、失血性贫血、地中海性贫血、遗传性球形红细胞增多症已排除。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_142_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "进食蚕豆后G6PD缺乏致蚕豆症住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_142_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "结合《进食蚕豆后G6PD缺乏致蚕豆症住院病历》的体格检查与辅助检查，该患者是否存在黄疸？血常规提示为何？", "answer": "无黄疸；贫血", "evidence": ["面色苍白，无黄疸。", "辅助检查：\n\n血常规示贫血，配合G6PD酶活性测定异常。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_51_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "Evergreen Consumer Goods: 2017 Strategic Growth, Sustainability, and Governance Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_51_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to \"Evergreen Consumer Goods: 2017 Strategic Growth, Sustainability, and Governance Highlights\", on which stock exchange is Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. publicly-traded?", "answer": "NYSE", "evidence": ["Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. is a publicly-traded company on NYSE"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_51_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "Evergreen Consumer Goods: 2017 Strategic Growth, Sustainability, and Governance Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_51_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In \"Evergreen Consumer Goods: 2017 Strategic Growth, Sustainability, and Governance Highlights,\" when Evergreen revised its corporate governance policy in September 2017, what mechanisms were introduced?", "answer": "the introduction of a whistleblower mechanism and the establishment of a dedicated ethics hotline.", "evidence": ["In September 2017, Evergreen revised its corporate governance policy to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement.", "The revision included the introduction of a whistleblower mechanism and the establishment of a dedicated ethics hotline."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_51_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "Evergreen Consumer Goods: 2017 Strategic Growth, Sustainability, and Governance Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_51_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In the document “Evergreen Consumer Goods: 2017 Strategic Growth, Sustainability, and Governance Highlights,” which month featured both the launch of a new premium product line and a debt restructuring for Evergreen Consumer Goods Co.?", "answer": "April 2017", "evidence": ["In April 2017, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. launched a new premium product line targeting affluent consumers.", "In April 2017, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. underwent debt restructuring, reducing its liabilities by $100 million."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_51_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "Evergreen Consumer Goods: 2017 Strategic Growth, Sustainability, and Governance Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_51_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "According to \"Evergreen Consumer Goods: 2017 Strategic Growth, Sustainability, and Governance Highlights,\" how many new independent directors did Evergreen appoint in December 2017?", "answer": "two", "evidence": ["Lastly, in December 2017, Evergreen appointed two new independent directors, John Smith and Emily Johnson, to its board of directors."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_51_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "Evergreen Consumer Goods: 2017 Strategic Growth, Sustainability, and Governance Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_51_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In the document \"Evergreen Consumer Goods: 2017 Strategic Growth, Sustainability, and Governance Highlights,\" during which month did Evergreen both acquire its main competitor and conduct a large-scale financing raising $500 million?", "answer": "March 2017", "evidence": ["March 2017 marked a significant milestone for Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. as it acquired its main competitor, Global Household Enterprises.", "In March 2017, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. raised $500 million in a large-scale financing activity."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_9_zh_楷体.md", "title": "能源巨星有限公司2017年度经营、财务与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_9_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《能源巨星有限公司2017年度经营、财务与可持续发展综述》，能源巨星有限公司在哪个证券交易所上市？", "answer": "纽约证券交易所", "evidence": ["该公司已在纽约证券交易所上市。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_9_zh_楷体.md", "title": "能源巨星有限公司2017年度经营、财务与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_9_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《能源巨星有限公司2017年度经营、财务与可持续发展综述》，在公司治理结构方面，能源巨星有限公司于2017年6月重组了哪个部门？", "answer": "财务部门", "evidence": ["为了更好地支持新的战略调整，公司在2017年6月进行了财务部门的重组，调整了部门架构和人员配置，以提高财务管理效率。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_9_zh_楷体.md", "title": "能源巨星有限公司2017年度经营、财务与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_9_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《能源巨星有限公司2017年度经营、财务与可持续发展综述》中，2017年公司完成了哪些收购及相应金额或股权比例？请分别给出资产收购的金额和股权收购的比例。", "answer": "完成了对绿色新能源公司的资产收购，总价值为1亿美元；完成了对太阳能科技有限公司的股权收购，获得了45%的股权", "evidence": ["完成了对绿色新能源公司的资产收购。这次资产收购的总价值为1亿美元", "公司还完成了对太阳能科技有限公司的股权收购，获得了45%的股权"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_44_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Green Fields Agriculture 2021 Organic Expansion, Acquisitions, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_44_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the document \"Green Fields Agriculture 2021 Organic Expansion, Acquisitions, and Governance Reforms,\" on what date was Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. established?", "answer": "April 1, 2005", "evidence": ["established on April 1, 2005 in Sunnydale, California,"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_44_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Green Fields Agriculture 2021 Organic Expansion, Acquisitions, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_44_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to \"Green Fields Agriculture 2021 Organic Expansion, Acquisitions, and Governance Reforms\", in which month and year did Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. distribute $2 million in dividends to shareholders?", "answer": "September 2021", "evidence": ["In September 2021, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. distributed $2 million in dividends to their shareholders, enhancing shareholder returns and demonstrating their commitment to delivering value to their investors."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_44_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Green Fields Agriculture 2021 Organic Expansion, Acquisitions, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_44_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In Green Fields Agriculture 2021 Organic Expansion, Acquisitions, and Governance Reforms, as part of the January 2021 equity acquisition of Green Harvest Farm, how many acres of farmland did Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. purchase?", "answer": "500 acres", "evidence": ["In January 2021, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. made a significant equity acquisition by acquiring 40% equity of Green Harvest Farm.", "As part of this acquisition, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. also purchased an additional 500 acres of farmland,"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_44_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Green Fields Agriculture 2021 Organic Expansion, Acquisitions, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_44_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "Across the 2021 timeline in \"Green Fields Agriculture 2021 Organic Expansion, Acquisitions, and Governance Reforms,\" how many distinct months are mentioned?", "answer": "11", "evidence": ["January 2021", "February 2021", "March 2021", "April 2021", "May 2021", "June 2021", "August 2021", "September 2021", "October 2021", "November 2021", "December 2021"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_91_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "柳某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_91_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《柳某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书》中，被告人柳某某的出生日期是什么？", "answer": "1982年8月10日出生", "evidence": ["被告人柳某某，女，汉族，1982年8月10日出生，住碧海市花溪街60号，自营业主。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_91_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "柳某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_91_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在[碧海市金沙区人民法院]作出的《柳某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书》结尾列示的人员中，书记员是谁？", "answer": "鲍某", "evidence": ["书记员：鲍某"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_91_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "柳某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_91_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《柳某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书》中，柳某某被采取留置措施、刑事拘留、执行逮捕的具体日期是什么？请引用原文句子。", "answer": "因涉嫌伪造货币罪，于2023年1月15日被采取留置措施；于2023年2月12日被刑事拘留；于2023年3月10日被执行逮捕。", "evidence": ["因涉嫌伪造货币罪，于2023年1月15日被采取留置措施；于2023年2月12日被刑事拘留；于2023年3月10日被执行逮捕。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_91_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "柳某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_91_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《柳某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书》中“二、指控罪名”部分，“视频资料”对应的证据序号是多少？", "answer": "5.", "evidence": ["5. 视频资料：物流单据和监控视频，证明伪造货币的运输过程，取款地点附近监控录像和收银员证人的证词，反映收到伪造货币的情况。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_91_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "柳某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_91_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《柳某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书》中，根据“量刑考量”和引用的《中华人民共和国刑法》第170条，柳某某最终被判处的刑罚是什么（刑期与罚金）？", "answer": "被告人柳某某犯伪造货币罪，判处有期徒刑八年，并处罚金人民币二十万元。", "evidence": ["依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第170条之规定，判决如下：", "被告人柳某某犯伪造货币罪，判处有期徒刑八年，并处罚金人民币二十万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_7_zh_宋体.md", "title": "文化传媒有限公司2019年度经营、财务与治理综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_7_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《文化传媒有限公司2019年度经营、财务与治理综述》中的财务报告，文化传媒有限公司2019年度的营业收入是多少？", "answer": "3200万元", "evidence": ["根据财务报告，2019年度的营业收入为3200万元，净利润为800万元，总资产为15000万元，总负债为8000万元，股东权益为7000万元，现金流量为2000万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_7_zh_宋体.md", "title": "文化传媒有限公司2019年度经营、财务与治理综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_7_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《文化传媒有限公司2019年度经营、财务与治理综述》中，2019年10月文化传媒有限公司完成的股权收购对象是谁？持股比例是多少？", "answer": "绿野电影有限公司；70%", "evidence": ["随后，公司在10月完成了对绿野电影有限公司的股权收购，获得了70%的股权。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_7_zh_宋体.md", "title": "文化传媒有限公司2019年度经营、财务与治理综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_7_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《文化传媒有限公司2019年度经营、财务与治理综述》，公司在2019年3月的分红决策基于哪次审计？具体分发金额与每股派发金额是多少？", "answer": "2019年1月的财务审计；1000万元；每股派发0.5元", "evidence": ["在2019年3月，公司决定向股东分发1000万元股利，每股派发0.5元。", "这一决策是在经过2019年1月的财务审计后做出的，审计结果显示公司财务状况良好，为分发股利提供了充足的依据。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_7_zh_宋体.md", "title": "文化传媒有限公司2019年度经营、财务与治理综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_7_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《文化传媒有限公司2019年度经营、财务与治理综述》，2019年文中明确提到的高级管理层变动发生了几次？分别在几月？", "answer": "2次：2019年8月、2019年11月", "evidence": ["在高级管理层变动方面，文化传媒有限公司在2019年8月发生了高级管理层的变动，包括CEO或其他关键职位的更换。", "在高级管理层变动方面，文化传媒有限公司在2019年11月发生了高级管理层的变动，包括CTO或其他关键职位的更换。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_7_zh_宋体.md", "title": "文化传媒有限公司2019年度经营、财务与治理综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_7_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《文化传媒有限公司2019年度经营、财务与治理综述》，文化传媒有限公司在2019年是否在同一月份既进行融资又裁员以降低成本？如果是，请给出月份。", "answer": "是，2019年6月", "evidence": ["另外，2019年6月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了3亿元资金，用于新项目投资和业务扩张。", "然而，为了降低成本，公司在同一月份进行了结构调整，裁减了部分员工。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_45_en_Arial.md", "title": "StrongBuild Construction 2019 Financials, Governance, Strategy, and Major Projects", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_45_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the document \"StrongBuild Construction 2019 Financials, Governance, Strategy, and Major Projects,\" what was the company's operating income for 2019?", "answer": "$500 million", "evidence": ["The operating income for the year reached $500 million, driven by market demand and changes in product prices."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_45_en_Arial.md", "title": "StrongBuild Construction 2019 Financials, Governance, Strategy, and Major Projects", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_45_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to StrongBuild Construction 2019 Financials, Governance, Strategy, and Major Projects, which leadership change occurred at StrongBuild Construction in February 2019, naming both the outgoing and incoming CEOs?", "answer": "the resignation of the former CEO, John Smith, and the appointment of a new CEO, Jane Johnson", "evidence": ["In February 2019, StrongBuild Construction experienced a significant change in its Board of Directors, which had implications for the company's strategic direction.", "This change included the resignation of the former CEO, John Smith, and the appointment of a new CEO, Jane Johnson."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_45_en_Arial.md", "title": "StrongBuild Construction 2019 Financials, Governance, Strategy, and Major Projects", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_45_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In StrongBuild Construction 2019 Financials, Governance, Strategy, and Major Projects, what January event reduced liabilities and what February action assessed the company's financial health?", "answer": "debt restructuring that took place in January / a thorough financial audit conducted in February", "evidence": ["debt restructuring that took place in January.", "a thorough financial audit conducted in February."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_45_en_Arial.md", "title": "StrongBuild Construction 2019 Financials, Governance, Strategy, and Major Projects", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_45_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "According to StrongBuild Construction 2019 Financials, Governance, Strategy, and Major Projects, what is the combined total of the September asset acquisition and the October large-scale financing raised by StrongBuild Construction in 2019?", "answer": "$250 million", "evidence": ["September saw StrongBuild Construction acquire the assets of Elite Construction Firm worth $50 million.", "In October, the company raised $200 million through large-scale financing activities, strengthening its financial strength and supporting further expansion and development."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_45_en_Arial.md", "title": "StrongBuild Construction 2019 Financials, Governance, Strategy, and Major Projects", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_45_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "According to \"StrongBuild Construction 2019 Financials, Governance, Strategy, and Major Projects,\" which had the greater percentage value: the company's debt ratio or its debt to assets ratio?", "answer": "The debt to assets ratio was 50%", "evidence": ["The debt ratio stood at 46.7%, indicating a healthy balance between total liabilities and total assets.", "The debt to assets ratio was 50%, reflecting the company's ability to manage its debt and assets effectively."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_85_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "霜叶市杉木区法院曹某寻衅滋事刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_85_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《霜叶市杉木区法院曹某寻衅滋事刑事判决书》中，该案的案由是什么？", "answer": "寻衅滋事罪", "evidence": ["案由：寻衅滋事罪"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_85_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "霜叶市杉木区法院曹某寻衅滋事刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_85_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《霜叶市杉木区法院曹某寻衅滋事刑事判决书》的“法院审判人员”部分，书记员是谁？", "answer": "尹某", "evidence": ["书记员：尹某"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_85_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "霜叶市杉木区法院曹某寻衅滋事刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_85_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《霜叶市杉木区法院曹某寻衅滋事刑事判决书》的“案件经过”，从立案调查到正式逮捕的四个日期分别是什么？", "answer": "2023年5月15日、2023年5月16日、2023年5月18日、2023年5月25日", "evidence": ["于2023年5月15日对被告人曹某涉嫌寻衅滋事罪进行立案调查", "在2023年5月16日采取留置措施", "并于2023年5月18日对其进行刑事拘留", "至2023年5月25日正式逮捕。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_85_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "霜叶市杉木区法院曹某寻衅滋事刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_85_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《霜叶市杉木区法院曹某寻衅滋事刑事判决书》的“证据描述”部分，共列出几项“监控录像”资料？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["1. **银杏公园监控录像资料：**", "3. **霜叶市中心商业街区监控录像：**", "6. **啤酒花园监控录像资料：**"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_85_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "霜叶市杉木区法院曹某寻衅滋事刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_85_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《霜叶市杉木区法院曹某寻衅滋事刑事判决书》中的“案情陈述及指控罪名”，两起涉及财物损失的金额合计是多少元？", "answer": "20000元", "evidence": ["手机的市场价值经评估得知为5000元。", "受损财物经过评估，总价值达15000元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_14_zh_宋体.md", "title": "美好家政2018年重大事项、财务表现与ESG实践综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_14_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《美好家政2018年重大事项、财务表现与ESG实践综述》，美好家政服务有限公司的注册地位于哪个区？", "answer": "上海市徐汇区", "evidence": ["注册地位于上海市徐汇区"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_14_zh_宋体.md", "title": "美好家政2018年重大事项、财务表现与ESG实践综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_14_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《美好家政2018年重大事项、财务表现与ESG实践综述》的公司治理结构部分中，股东大会在2018年5月通过了什么决议？", "answer": "增加注册资本的决议", "evidence": ["在股东大会上，公司于2018年5月通过了增加注册资本的决议，以支持业务扩张。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_14_zh_宋体.md", "title": "美好家政2018年重大事项、财务表现与ESG实践综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_14_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《美好家政2018年重大事项、财务表现与ESG实践综述》，在2018年完成对竞争对手智慧家政公司的资产收购之后，该公司进行了债务重组。请问这项债务重组发生在何时？", "answer": "在2018年11月", "evidence": ["在2018年6月，公司完成了对竞争对手智慧家政公司的资产收购，总价值3000万元人民币。", "在2018年11月，公司进行了债务重组，成功减少了500万元人民币负债。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_14_zh_宋体.md", "title": "美好家政2018年重大事项、财务表现与ESG实践综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_14_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《美好家政2018年重大事项、财务表现与ESG实践综述》，在2018年财务数据中，负债比率、资产负债率和净资产收益率三者中，数值最小的是多少？", "answer": "净资产收益率为8%", "evidence": ["负债比率为40%，资产负债率也为40%。", "净资产收益率为8%。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_14_zh_宋体.md", "title": "美好家政2018年重大事项、财务表现与ESG实践综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_14_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《美好家政2018年重大事项、财务表现与ESG实践综述》的环境责任部分，公司先选择投资碳抵消项目并与林业项目合作伙伴达成协议，随后确定了投资金额。请问最终决定投资的金额是多少？", "answer": "100,000美元", "evidence": ["公司在2018年3月选择了投资于碳抵消项目，并与一家专业的林业项目合作伙伴达成合作协议。", "公司在2018年4月确定了投资金额，决定投资100,000美元用于该林业项目。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_23_zh_楷体.md", "title": "环保科技有限公司2021年重大经营、治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_23_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《环保科技有限公司2021年重大经营、治理与ESG综述》，环保科技有限公司于何时在北京市朝阳区注册成立？", "answer": "2005年6月", "evidence": ["环保科技有限公司是一家于2005年6月在北京市朝阳区注册成立的环保技术研发与应用公司"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_23_zh_楷体.md", "title": "环保科技有限公司2021年重大经营、治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_23_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《环保科技有限公司2021年重大经营、治理与ESG综述》，在信息披露方面，环保科技有限公司采用了哪种信息披露原则？", "answer": "主板上市公司的信息披露原则", "evidence": ["在信息披露方面，环保科技有限公司采用主板上市公司的信息披露原则"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_23_zh_楷体.md", "title": "环保科技有限公司2021年重大经营、治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_23_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《环保科技有限公司2021年重大经营、治理与ESG综述》，环保科技有限公司在2021年6月分别在业务投资和环境责任方面做了哪两项举措？", "answer": "在2021年6月，公司投资了清洁能源项目，投资金额为8000万元。为了实现碳中和目标，公司于2021年6月开始投资于碳抵消项目。", "evidence": ["在2021年6月，公司投资了清洁能源项目，投资金额为8000万元。", "为了实现碳中和目标，公司于2021年6月开始投资于碳抵消项目。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_23_zh_楷体.md", "title": "环保科技有限公司2021年重大经营、治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_23_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《环保科技有限公司2021年重大经营、治理与ESG综述》，2021年环保科技有限公司在环境责任方面新实施的举措（EMS、植树造林、碳抵消、节能减排、环保型产品、污染防治设施）共有多少项？", "answer": "6项", "evidence": ["在2021年3月，公司开始实施环境管理系统（EMS），以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。", "为了积极参与森林保护和生态恢复，公司于2021年5月推出了植树造林计划。", "为了实现碳中和目标，公司于2021年6月开始投资于碳抵消项目。", "为了减少能源消耗和温室气体排放，公司于2021年9月投资实施了节能减排项目。", "为了减少对环境的影响，公司于2021年11月开发了一系列环保型产品。", "为了减少环境污染，公司于2021年12月建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_23_zh_楷体.md", "title": "环保科技有限公司2021年重大经营、治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_23_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《环保科技有限公司2021年重大经营、治理与ESG综述》，在2021年，环保科技有限公司的债务重组减少的负债金额与当年向股东分发的股利金额是否相同？若相同，请给出金额。", "answer": "5000万元", "evidence": ["在2021年3月，公司进行了债务重组，成功减少了5000万元的负债。", "在2021年9月，公司决定向股东分发5000万元股利。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_21_zh_宋体.md", "title": "农田实业有限公司2017年度财务、治理及社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_21_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《农田实业有限公司2017年度财务、治理及社会责任报告》，公司的总负债为多少？", "answer": "2,000万元", "evidence": ["总负债方面，公司的总负债为2,000万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_21_zh_宋体.md", "title": "农田实业有限公司2017年度财务、治理及社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_21_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《农田实业有限公司2017年度财务、治理及社会责任报告》中，“公司财务报告”开头说明本报告涵盖了哪三个主要部分？", "answer": "报告涵盖了财务信息、重要事件和额外信息三个主要部分。", "evidence": ["报告涵盖了财务信息、重要事件和额外信息三个主要部分。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_21_zh_宋体.md", "title": "农田实业有限公司2017年度财务、治理及社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_21_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《农田实业有限公司2017年度财务、治理及社会责任报告》中，2017年1月在“重要事件”和“治理结构”部分分别提到的两件事情是什么？", "answer": "首先，公司于2017年1月进行了重大投资，投资了农产品销售项目。\n首先，在2017年1月，公司发生了一起道德与诚信事件。", "evidence": ["首先，公司于2017年1月进行了重大投资，投资了农产品销售项目。", "首先，在2017年1月，公司发生了一起道德与诚信事件。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_21_zh_宋体.md", "title": "农田实业有限公司2017年度财务、治理及社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_21_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《农田实业有限公司2017年度财务、治理及社会责任报告》，在环境责任方面，2017年公司列举了多少项具体举措？", "answer": "6", "evidence": ["首先，在2017年1月，公司投资于碳抵消项目，", "其次，在2017年3月，公司实施了节能减排项目，", "此外，公司还在2017年5月引入了先进的农业生产技术和管理方法，", "另外，公司在2017年6月开发了环保型产品，", "此外，公司在2017年9月实施了环境管理系统(EMS)，", "最后，在2017年10月，公司建立了新的污染防治设施，"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_21_zh_宋体.md", "title": "农田实业有限公司2017年度财务、治理及社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_21_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《农田实业有限公司2017年度财务、治理及社会责任报告》的公司财务报告部分中，哪个比率的数值与“资产负债率为40%”相同？请给出该比率及其数值。", "answer": "公司的负债比率为40%", "evidence": ["资产负债率方面，公司的资产负债率为40%。", "负债比率方面，公司的负债比率为40%。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_2_zh_楷体.md", "title": "顶级购物中心2018年度报告：业绩、重大交易、治理与可持续发展", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_2_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《顶级购物中心2018年度报告：业绩、重大交易、治理与可持续发展》，2018年6月投资维也纳购物中心项目的投资金额是多少？", "answer": "6000万元", "evidence": ["另外，顶级购物中心还在2018年6月投资了维也纳购物中心项目，投资金额为6000万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_2_zh_楷体.md", "title": "顶级购物中心2018年度报告：业绩、重大交易、治理与可持续发展", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_2_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《顶级购物中心2018年度报告：业绩、重大交易、治理与可持续发展》，在顶级购物中心2018年1月完成的重大资产收购中，收购对象是哪家公司、总价值是多少？", "answer": "华东百货股份有限公司，5000万元", "evidence": ["重大资产收购是公司在2018年1月完成的一项重要事件。该资产收购涉及对华东百货股份有限公司的收购，总价值为5000万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_2_zh_楷体.md", "title": "顶级购物中心2018年度报告：业绩、重大交易、治理与可持续发展", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_2_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《顶级购物中心2018年度报告：业绩、重大交易、治理与可持续发展》，顶级购物中心在应对高管贪污事件中，内部调查开始的日期以及内部调查小组启动的日期分别是什么时候？", "answer": "2018年1月1日和1月3日", "evidence": ["首先，公司于2018年1月1日展开了内部调查，并于1月3日启动了内部调查小组。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_2_zh_楷体.md", "title": "顶级购物中心2018年度报告：业绩、重大交易、治理与可持续发展", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_2_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《顶级购物中心2018年度报告：业绩、重大交易、治理与可持续发展》，在环境责任方面，顶级购物中心在2018年明确实施了多少项不同的措施？", "answer": "5项", "evidence": ["首先，公司在2018年1月开发了一系列环保型产品，包括有机食品和环保家居用品等。", "其次，公司在2018年6月通过投资碳抵消项目来抵消其碳排放。", "另外，公司在2018年9月投资建设了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。", "此外，公司在2018年10月实施了ISO14001环境管理系统，以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。", "最后，在2018年11月，公司投资实施了节能减排项目，通过更新照明设施、优化空调系统等方式，旨在减少能源消耗和温室气体排放。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_28_zh_隶书.md", "title": "百和文化集团2017年度经营与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_28_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《百和文化集团2017年度经营与ESG综述》的环境责任报告中，百和文化集团全面推行了哪一项环境管理体系？", "answer": "ISO 14001环境管理体系", "evidence": ["百和文化集团全面推行了ISO 14001环境管理体系"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_28_zh_隶书.md", "title": "百和文化集团2017年度经营与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_28_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "请从《百和文化集团2017年度经营与ESG综述》的“2017年度”财务指标段落中提取净资产收益率的数值。", "answer": "15%", "evidence": ["净资产收益率为15%"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_28_zh_隶书.md", "title": "百和文化集团2017年度经营与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_28_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《百和文化集团2017年度经营与ESG综述》，在2017年7月的融资活动募集了多少资金？9月的债务重组减少了多少负债？", "answer": "募集了2亿元资金；减少了500万元负债", "evidence": ["公司于2017年7月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了2亿元资金。", "公司于2017年9月进行了债务重组，减少了500万元负债。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_28_zh_隶书.md", "title": "百和文化集团2017年度经营与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_28_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《百和文化集团2017年度经营与ESG综述》中，比较文中列出的具体文化项目投资金额（《时光之约》和DEF音乐剧），最大的一笔投资金额是多少？", "answer": "投资金额为1,000万元", "evidence": ["公司于2017年1月投资了《时光之约》电影项目，投资金额为1,000万元。", "公司于2017年12月决定投资DEF音乐剧，投资金额为300万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_28_zh_隶书.md", "title": "百和文化集团2017年度经营与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_28_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《百和文化集团2017年度经营与ESG综述》，在2017年12月，公司同时在戏剧项目和员工激励方面采取了哪些举措？请列出两项。", "answer": "决定投资DEF音乐剧，投资金额为300万元；启动了员工持股计划，员工可以以优惠价格购买公司股票", "evidence": ["公司于2017年12月决定投资DEF音乐剧，投资金额为300万元。", "公司于2017年12月启动了员工持股计划，员工可以以优惠价格购买公司股票。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_153_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "慢性中耳炎住院病历：右耳流脓伴听力下降", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_153_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《慢性中耳炎住院病历：右耳流脓伴听力下降》中，患者的主诉是什么？", "answer": "右耳持续流脓伴听力下降2个月。", "evidence": ["主诉：右耳持续流脓伴听力下降2个月。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_153_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "慢性中耳炎住院病历：右耳流脓伴听力下降", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_153_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "请给出《慢性中耳炎住院病历：右耳流脓伴听力下降》中“体温单”记录的体温、脉搏、呼吸、血压一行的原文。", "answer": "体温：37.2℃，脉搏：80次/分，呼吸：18次/分，血压：120/80mmHg。", "evidence": ["体温单：", "体温：37.2℃，脉搏：80次/分，呼吸：18次/分，血压：120/80mmHg。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_153_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "慢性中耳炎住院病历：右耳流脓伴听力下降", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_153_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《慢性中耳炎住院病历：右耳流脓伴听力下降》的“入院后病程记录”中，是否同时注明“无抢救记录”和“无有创诊疗操作记录”？请提供该病历中包含二者的原文片段。", "answer": "无抢救记录。无有创诊疗操作记录。", "evidence": ["无抢救记录。无有创诊疗操作记录。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_153_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "慢性中耳炎住院病历：右耳流脓伴听力下降", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_153_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "请统计《慢性中耳炎住院病历：右耳流脓伴听力下降》中“入院后病程记录”段落里，以“无”开头并以“记录。”结尾的条目共有多少条？", "answer": "6", "evidence": ["无疑难病例讨论记录。", "无转科记录。", "无抢救记录。", "无有创诊疗操作记录。", "无会诊记录。", "无病重（病危）患者护理记录。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_153_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "慢性中耳炎住院病历：右耳流脓伴听力下降", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_153_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《慢性中耳炎住院病历：右耳流脓伴听力下降》中，用于支持“慢性中耳炎”的“诊断依据”是什么？请给出原文。", "answer": "根据病史陈述、体格检查和辅助检查结果显示，患者右耳流脓维持2个月，伴随听力下降，耳镜检查见右耳耳膜穿孔。", "evidence": ["初步诊断：慢性中耳炎", "诊断依据：根据病史陈述、体格检查和辅助检查结果显示，患者右耳流脓维持2个月，伴随听力下降，耳镜检查见右耳耳膜穿孔。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_97_zh_宋体.md", "title": "柏某盗窃罪一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_97_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《柏某盗窃罪一审刑事判决书》中，被告人柏某的出生日期是什么时候？", "answer": "1975年11月6日", "evidence": ["被告人：柏某，男，1975年11月6日出生，汉族，无业，住所地：紫霞市石榴街44号。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_97_zh_宋体.md", "title": "柏某盗窃罪一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_97_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《柏某盗窃罪一审刑事判决书》的“七、判决结果”部分中，第1项判决内容是什么？", "answer": "1. 被告人柏某犯盗窃罪，判处有期徒刑五年，并处罚金人民币5000元。", "evidence": ["1. 被告人柏某犯盗窃罪，判处有期徒刑五年，并处罚金人民币5000元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_97_zh_宋体.md", "title": "柏某盗窃罪一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_97_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《柏某盗窃罪一审刑事判决书》的“一、案件背景”中，检察机关对柏某采取留置、刑事拘留和正式逮捕分别是在何时？", "answer": "并在2023年3月10日采取留置措施，2023年3月15日对被告人柏某实施刑事拘留，2023年3月22日正式逮捕被告人柏某。", "evidence": ["紫霞市桂林区人民检察院遂立案，并在2023年3月10日采取留置措施，2023年3月15日对被告人柏某实施刑事拘留，2023年3月22日正式逮捕被告人柏某。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_97_zh_宋体.md", "title": "柏某盗窃罪一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_97_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《柏某盗窃罪一审刑事判决书》的“六、量刑考量”中，本院认定被告人柏某持续实施了几起盗窃行为？", "answer": "四起盗窃行为", "evidence": ["1. 被告人柏某自2022年12月15日至2023年3月1日期间，持续实施了四起盗窃行为，共盗取人民币22500元及其他贵重物品，情节严重。从犯罪时间、地点、方式等方面均显示出较强的计划性和反复性。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_97_zh_宋体.md", "title": "柏某盗窃罪一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_97_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《柏某盗窃罪一审刑事判决书》的“七、判决结果”中，本院是否对被告人柏某予以从轻处理？依据是什么？", "answer": "但鉴于其初次犯罪且已认罪悔过，本院决定对其予以从轻处理。", "evidence": ["但鉴于其初次犯罪且已认罪悔过，本院决定对其予以从轻处理。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_53_en_Arial.md", "title": "Vanguard Media Group 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_53_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In the Vanguard Media Group 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Overview document, how much in dividends per share did the company distribute in July 2019?", "answer": "$0.75 per share", "evidence": ["In July, the company distributed $0.75 per share of dividends to shareholders, reflecting its commitment to profit sharing with investors and enhancing shareholder returns."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_53_en_Arial.md", "title": "Vanguard Media Group 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_53_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the timeline in \"Vanguard Media Group 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Overview,\" in which month did the company launch its own streaming service offering movies, TV shows, and exclusive content?", "answer": "August", "evidence": ["In August, Vanguard launched its own streaming service, offering movies, TV shows, and exclusive content to compete with established players in the industry."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_53_en_Arial.md", "title": "Vanguard Media Group 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_53_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to the \"Vanguard Media Group 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Overview,\" which acquisition in October influenced Vanguard Media Group’s total assets, and what was the purchase amount?", "answer": "the acquisition of Silver Screen Studios for $200 million", "evidence": ["In October, Vanguard completed the acquisition of Silver Screen Studios for $200 million, further expanding its film production capabilities and enhancing its market position.", "Total assets stood at $2.5 billion, primarily influenced by the acquisition of Silver Screen Studios, appreciation in the value of investment properties, and increased cash reserves."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_53_en_Arial.md", "title": "Vanguard Media Group 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_53_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In the document titled \"Vanguard Media Group 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Overview,\" across the 2019 events described for Vanguard Media Group, how many separate acquisitions are mentioned?", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["One of the key sub-events within this restructuring was the acquisition of XYZ Studios in March.", "In October, Vanguard completed the acquisition of Silver Screen Studios for $200 million, further expanding its film production capabilities and enhancing its market position.", "Finally, in December, Vanguard acquired 30% equity of Ambient Digital, expanding its market share and enhancing control in the digital media space.", "One of the significant sub-events during this period was the acquisition of MediaTech Productions in April 2019."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_53_en_Arial.md", "title": "Vanguard Media Group 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_53_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In Vanguard Media Group 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Overview, did Vanguard Media Group both restructure assets to divest non-performing assets and later restructure debt to reduce liabilities, and what outcomes were stated for each?", "answer": "Yes — “resulting in improved operational efficiency and increased company value” and “resulting in a $50 million reduction in liabilities.”", "evidence": ["The company's asset restructuring in January aimed to divest non-performing assets and allocate resources to high-growth areas, resulting in improved operational efficiency and increased company value.", "In November, Vanguard underwent debt restructuring, resulting in a $50 million reduction in liabilities."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_78_en_Arial.md", "title": "InnovateTech, Inc.: 2019 Growth, Governance Reforms, and Financial Results", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_78_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the document \"InnovateTech, Inc.: 2019 Growth, Governance Reforms, and Financial Results,\" on what date was InnovateTech, Inc. established?", "answer": "May 12, 2012", "evidence": ["established on May 12, 2012,"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_78_en_Arial.md", "title": "InnovateTech, Inc.: 2019 Growth, Governance Reforms, and Financial Results", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_78_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In “InnovateTech, Inc.: 2019 Growth, Governance Reforms, and Financial Results,” where is InnovateTech, Inc. based?", "answer": "San Francisco, California", "evidence": ["based in San Francisco, California,"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_78_en_Arial.md", "title": "InnovateTech, Inc.: 2019 Growth, Governance Reforms, and Financial Results", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_78_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to the document \"InnovateTech, Inc.: 2019 Growth, Governance Reforms, and Financial Results,\" in which month and for what amount did InnovateTech, Inc. distribute dividends in 2019?", "answer": "In June 2019, InnovateTech distributed $10 million in dividends to its shareholders, enhancing shareholder returns and solidifying investor confidence.", "evidence": ["In June 2019, InnovateTech distributed $10 million in dividends to its shareholders, enhancing shareholder returns and solidifying investor confidence."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_78_en_Arial.md", "title": "InnovateTech, Inc.: 2019 Growth, Governance Reforms, and Financial Results", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_78_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In \"InnovateTech, Inc.: 2019 Growth, Governance Reforms, and Financial Results\", how many distinct months are mentioned in the 2019 corporate governance initiatives of InnovateTech, Inc.?", "answer": "9", "evidence": ["The company's governance structure was strengthened through various compliance and regulatory updates, starting with an internal audit of corporate governance practices conducted in February.", "In March, InnovateTech appointed a Chief Compliance Officer responsible for overseeing and enforcing compliance with regulatory requirements, internal policies, and industry standards.", "In April, the company revised its Code of Ethics and Conduct to align with evolving industry practices, address emerging ethical challenges, and promote responsible business conduct.", "To ensure that employees were well-informed about corporate governance principles, compliance requirements, and reporting obligations, InnovateTech conducted comprehensive training sessions in May.", "In June, the company enhanced its Whistleblower Policy to provide employees with a safe and confidential mechanism to report suspected fraudulent activities, unethical behavior, or violations of corporate governance policies.", "In July, the company established a strategic partnership with a top social media platform, enabling access to a wider user base and increased market reach.", "In August, there was a change in the board of directors, which had an impact on the company's strategic direction.", "In November, InnovateTech successfully completed its Initial Public Offering (IPO), generating funds for expansion and increasing market visibility.", "Finally, in December, there were changes in the company's senior management, including the CEO or other key positions."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_78_en_Arial.md", "title": "InnovateTech, Inc.: 2019 Growth, Governance Reforms, and Financial Results", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_78_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "Using the reported totals for assets and liabilities in \"InnovateTech, Inc.: 2019 Growth, Governance Reforms, and Financial Results,\" what is the value of shareholder equity (assets minus liabilities) for InnovateTech, Inc.?", "answer": "$270 million", "evidence": ["InnovateTech's total assets amounted to $450 million, influenced by asset acquisitions, disposals, and revaluations.", "The company's total liabilities were $180 million, reflecting its debt obligations, new debt issuances, debt repayments, and debt restructuring efforts.", "Shareholder equity, representing the total equity belonging to shareholders, reached $270 million."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_31_zh_楷体.md", "title": "社交科技有限公司2017年业绩、治理与ESG概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_31_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《社交科技有限公司2017年业绩、治理与ESG概览》，社交科技有限公司成立于哪一年？", "answer": "2005年", "evidence": ["社交科技有限公司是一家于2005年成立的美国加利福尼亚州注册的上市公司，主营业务为社交媒体平台的开发与运营。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_31_zh_楷体.md", "title": "社交科技有限公司2017年业绩、治理与ESG概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_31_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《社交科技有限公司2017年业绩、治理与ESG概览》中，股东大会于2017年1月通过的决议包括哪些内容？", "answer": "公司治理政策的修订、合规与监管更新、风险管理举措", "evidence": ["首先，股东大会于2017年1月通过了一系列决议，包括公司治理政策的修订、合规与监管更新、风险管理举措等。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_31_zh_楷体.md", "title": "社交科技有限公司2017年业绩、治理与ESG概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_31_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《社交科技有限公司2017年业绩、治理与ESG概览》，在2017年9月，社交科技有限公司在治理结构和环境责任方面分别采取了什么举措？", "answer": "积极参与了可持续性和社会责任倡议；全球范围内实施了环境管理系统", "evidence": ["另外，在2017年9月，社交科技有限公司积极参与了可持续性和社会责任倡议。", "为了提高环境绩效并确保合规，公司在2017年9月全球范围内实施了环境管理系统。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_31_zh_楷体.md", "title": "社交科技有限公司2017年业绩、治理与ESG概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_31_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《社交科技有限公司2017年业绩、治理与ESG概览》的环境责任部分，提及公司在2017年采取举措的具体月份共有多少个？", "answer": "6", "evidence": ["首先，公司于2017年3月推出了绿色供应链计划，鼓励供应商采用环保措施以减少环境影响。", "随后，在2017年4月，公司通过投资林业项目和可再生能源项目等方式抵消了300,000吨的碳排放量。", "此外，公司还在2017年6月建立了污染防治设施，以减少环境污染。", "为了提高环境绩效并确保合规，公司在2017年9月全球范围内实施了环境管理系统。", "在2017年11月，公司还开发了绿色产品，采用环保材料和可再生能源。", "最后，在2017年12月，公司投资实施了节能减排项目，进一步减少了能源消耗和温室气体排放。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_31_zh_楷体.md", "title": "社交科技有限公司2017年业绩、治理与ESG概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_31_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《社交科技有限公司2017年业绩、治理与ESG概览》文中披露的总资产和总负债数值，股东权益是否与资产减负债的结果一致？请给出文中股东权益的具体数值。", "answer": "股东权益达到70亿美元", "evidence": ["总资产达到100亿美元，受到资产收购和投资的额度和时机、资产处置的效果以及资产重估的结果的影响。", "总负债达到30亿美元，受到新债发行和偿还的额度和时间以及债务重组的效果的影响。", "股东权益达到70亿美元，受到净利润的变化、股利发放政策的影响和资本公积的变动的影响。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_101_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "银杏市橄榄区法院孙某过失致人死亡案判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_101_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《银杏市橄榄区法院孙某过失致人死亡案判决书》中，公诉机关是哪一单位？", "answer": "银杏市橄榄区人民检察院", "evidence": ["公诉机关：银杏市橄榄区人民检察院。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_101_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "银杏市橄榄区法院孙某过失致人死亡案判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_101_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《银杏市橄榄区法院孙某过失致人死亡案判决书》中，落款的办案人员中书记员是谁？", "answer": "舒某某", "evidence": ["书记员 舒某某"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_101_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "银杏市橄榄区法院孙某过失致人死亡案判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_101_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《银杏市橄榄区法院孙某过失致人死亡案判决书》中，本案立案日期与判决书落款日期分别是什么？", "answer": "2022年8月15日；2023年2月20日", "evidence": ["本院于2022年8月15日接到银杏市橄榄区人民检察院提交的本案立案材料，决定立案。", "2023年2月20日"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_101_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "银杏市橄榄区法院孙某过失致人死亡案判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_101_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《银杏市橄榄区法院孙某过失致人死亡案判决书》中，根据指控罪名与参考法条，适用的法条是哪一条？该条对“情节较轻”的量刑规定是什么？", "answer": "《中华人民共和国刑法》第一百三十三条；情节较轻的，处三年以下有期徒刑。", "evidence": ["根据《中华人民共和国刑法》第一百三十三条的相关规定，应追究其刑事责任。", "情节较轻的，处三年以下有期徒刑。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_68_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Acme Financial Services 2020 Overview: Corporate Governance, Ethics, and Financial Performance", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_68_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the \"Acme Financial Services 2020 Overview: Corporate Governance, Ethics, and Financial Performance,\" what was the operating income for Acme Financial Services?", "answer": "$500 million", "evidence": ["Operating income for the company reached $500 million, driven by market demand and changes in product prices."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_68_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Acme Financial Services 2020 Overview: Corporate Governance, Ethics, and Financial Performance", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_68_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In \"Acme Financial Services 2020 Overview: Corporate Governance, Ethics, and Financial Performance,\" what debt-to-assets ratio is reported for Acme Financial Services in the financial indicators section?", "answer": "32.0%", "evidence": ["The debt to assets ratio stood at 32.0%, reflecting the company's financial leverage."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_68_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Acme Financial Services 2020 Overview: Corporate Governance, Ethics, and Financial Performance", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_68_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "Within the 2020 ethics and governance timeline in \"Acme Financial Services 2020 Overview: Corporate Governance, Ethics, and Financial Performance,\" in which month was an external audit firm engaged, and what core issue was uncovered in February 2020?", "answer": "April 2020; Fraudulent activities were uncovered within the organization", "evidence": ["In April 2020, the company engaged an external audit firm for independent verification, further enhancing trust and confidence among investors and stakeholders.", "Fraudulent activities were uncovered within the organization, leading to a tarnished reputation and a decline in brand value."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_68_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Acme Financial Services 2020 Overview: Corporate Governance, Ethics, and Financial Performance", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_68_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In the document \"Acme Financial Services 2020 Overview: Corporate Governance, Ethics, and Financial Performance,\" how many distinct months in 2020 are mentioned in the corporate governance and risk-related timeline for Acme Financial Services?", "answer": "9", "evidence": ["In February 2020, Acme Financial Services experienced a significant ethics and integrity incident that had a profound impact on the company.", "In March 2020, Acme Financial Services implemented stricter internal control measures, which had a positive impact on the company's internal control mechanisms and reputation.", "In April 2020, the company engaged an external audit firm for independent verification, further enhancing trust and confidence among investors and stakeholders.", "Additionally, in May 2020, the company enhanced its staff training programs to promote ethics and integrity.", "At the annual shareholders' meeting in June 2020, key decisions were made regarding the company's governance structure, operational strategies, and shareholder rights.", "Acme Financial Services demonstrated its commitment to sustainability and social responsibility in July 2020.", "In September 2020, the company proactively addressed compliance and regulatory updates by conducting a comprehensive review of securities law, corporate law, and industry regulations.", "In October 2020, the company announced senior management changes, with the retirement of the former CEO and the appointment of a new CEO.", "To strengthen its risk management framework, Acme Financial Services implemented risk management measures in December 2020."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_68_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Acme Financial Services 2020 Overview: Corporate Governance, Ethics, and Financial Performance", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_68_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In the document \"Acme Financial Services 2020 Overview: Corporate Governance, Ethics, and Financial Performance,\" based on the reported total assets and total liabilities, what shareholder equity figure is stated for Acme Financial Services?", "answer": "$1.3 billion", "evidence": ["Acme Financial Services' total assets reached $2.5 billion, reflecting the impact of asset acquisitions, disposals, and revaluations.", "The company's total liabilities amounted to $1.2 billion, influenced by new debt issuances, debt repayments, and debt restructuring.", "Shareholder equity stood at $1.3 billion, driven by net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_84_zh_黑体.md", "title": "计某某寻衅滋事罪判处有期徒刑四年", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_84_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《计某某寻衅滋事罪判处有期徒刑四年》这份碧落市柿园区人民法院刑事判决书中，该判决书的案号是什么？", "answer": "（2023）碧柿刑初字第1234号", "evidence": ["（2023）碧柿刑初字第1234号"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_84_zh_黑体.md", "title": "计某某寻衅滋事罪判处有期徒刑四年", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_84_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《计某某寻衅滋事罪判处有期徒刑四年》这份碧落市柿园区人民法院刑事判决书的法院基本信息部分，审判长是谁？", "answer": "赵某", "evidence": ["### 审判长:赵某"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_84_zh_黑体.md", "title": "计某某寻衅滋事罪判处有期徒刑四年", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_84_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《计某某寻衅滋事罪判处有期徒刑四年》中，“检察机关”与“部分审判信息”两处所列“检察官/人民检察官”的姓名是否一致？请给出该姓名。", "answer": "李某", "evidence": ["### 检察官: 李某", "### 人民检察官: 李某"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_84_zh_黑体.md", "title": "计某某寻衅滋事罪判处有期徒刑四年", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_84_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《计某某寻衅滋事罪判处有期徒刑四年》的案情陈述中，被告人计某某的具体犯罪事实共记载了几起按日期列出的事件？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["2022年12月25日，被告人计某某在碧落市朝阳街的“天悦KTV”内，因猜忌顾客赵某在唱歌时多看了其一眼，便无故殴打赵某，致使赵某头部受伤住院。经医院诊断，赵某的伤情为轻伤二级。现场监控录像显示，计某某对赵某采取了暴力行为，赵某无任何反抗。现场目击者刘某提供的证人证言也证实了整个经过。", "2023年1月3日，被告人计某某在碧落市中心广场闲逛，无故辱骂并恐吓路人李某，李某因躲闪不及摔倒在地，造成膝盖擦伤。此事引起多人围观，公共场所秩序一度混乱。广场监控录像完整记录了计某某当时的行为。李某提供的证人证言以及公安部门的现场笔录，进一步佐证了整个事实经过。", "2023年2月15日，被告人计某某在碧落市杏花公园内闲逛，见到摊贩王某售卖的水果新鲜诱人，便强行拿走价值约300元的水果。当王某上前阻止时，计某某不仅没有归还所拿物品，还将王某的水果摊掀翻，造成水果散落一地。王某随后报警，公园管理员陈某作为证人提供了当时的目击证言。事发现场的照片亦显示了被破坏的水果摊。", "2023年3月10日，被告人计某某在碧落市火车站出站口，无理由纠集多人起哄闹事，造成出站口秩序严重混乱，导致出站通道被迫关闭10分钟。火车站监控录像记录了计某某纠集他人起哄闹事的现场情形，铁路工作人员李某提供的证人证言和公安部门的情况汇报也进一步证实了这一行为。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_84_zh_黑体.md", "title": "计某某寻衅滋事罪判处有期徒刑四年", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_84_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "依据《计某某寻衅滋事罪判处有期徒刑四年》中的案情与“参考法条”，被告人在KTV内实施的殴打行为对应第二百九十三条中的哪一款？请给出该款的原文。", "answer": "（一）随意殴打他人，情节恶劣的；", "evidence": ["2022年12月25日，被告人计某某在碧落市朝阳街的“天悦KTV”内，因猜忌顾客赵某在唱歌时多看了其一眼，便无故殴打赵某，致使赵某头部受伤住院。", "（一）随意殴打他人，情节恶劣的；"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_40_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Acme Government Solutions 2021 Corporate Governance, Strategic and Financial Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_40_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In the document \"Acme Government Solutions 2021 Corporate Governance, Strategic and Financial Highlights,\" where was Acme Government Solutions established?", "answer": "Washington, D.C.", "evidence": ["Acme Government Solutions is a government industry company established on June 1, 2001 in Washington, D.C., specializing in providing comprehensive government services and solutions."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_40_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Acme Government Solutions 2021 Corporate Governance, Strategic and Financial Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_40_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In the \"Acme Government Solutions 2021 Corporate Governance, Strategic and Financial Highlights\" Corporate Governance Report, which February 2021 event led to sub-events including the Board of Directors Election and the appointment of a new CEO?", "answer": "Shareholders' Meeting Resolution", "evidence": ["One of the key events that had a significant impact on Acme Government Solutions' governance structure and operational strategies was the Shareholders' Meeting Resolution held in February 2021.", "Firstly, the Board of Directors Election took place, leading to changes in the governance structure and operational strategies.", "Another sub-event following the Shareholders' Meeting Resolution was the appointment of a new CEO in March 2021."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_40_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Acme Government Solutions 2021 Corporate Governance, Strategic and Financial Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_40_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In Acme Government Solutions 2021 Corporate Governance, Strategic and Financial Highlights, what financing activity followed the February 2021 asset acquisition of Nationwide Security Services, and how much was raised?", "answer": "a large-scale financing activity in March 2021, raising $50 million of funds", "evidence": ["In February 2021, Acme Government Solutions completed the asset acquisition of Nationwide Security Services, with a total value of $20 million.", "To support its expansion and development, the company conducted a large-scale financing activity in March 2021, raising $50 million of funds."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_40_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Acme Government Solutions 2021 Corporate Governance, Strategic and Financial Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_40_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "According to \"Acme Government Solutions 2021 Corporate Governance, Strategic and Financial Highlights,\" how many restructuring activities did Acme Government Solutions undertake in 2021?", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["To optimize its capital structure, Acme Government Solutions underwent debt restructuring in August 2021, reducing its liabilities by $15 million.", "In September 2021, the company underwent an asset restructuring, optimizing its business structure."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_40_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Acme Government Solutions 2021 Corporate Governance, Strategic and Financial Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_40_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "According to Acme Government Solutions 2021 Corporate Governance, Strategic and Financial Highlights, based on the reported net profit and shareholder equity, what was the return on equity?", "answer": "6.67%", "evidence": ["This strong operating income contributed to a net profit of $20 million, reflecting effective cost control measures and non-recurring gains and losses.", "Shareholder equity, on the other hand, reached $300 million, driven by the company's net profit, dividend distributions, and capital reserves.", "Finally, the return on equity was 6.67%, reflecting the operational efficiency of shareholder equity."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_66_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Buildcorp Holdings 2018: Restructuring, Financing, Acquisitions, Governance, and Results", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_66_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the report \"Buildcorp Holdings 2018: Restructuring, Financing, Acquisitions, Governance, and Results,\" where is Buildcorp Holdings based?", "answer": "London, United Kingdom", "evidence": ["based in London, United Kingdom, specializing in commercial, residential, and infrastructure projects."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_66_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Buildcorp Holdings 2018: Restructuring, Financing, Acquisitions, Governance, and Results", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_66_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the 2018 events timeline in \"Buildcorp Holdings 2018: Restructuring, Financing, Acquisitions, Governance, and Results,\" what percentage of A&B Construction's equity did Buildcorp Holdings acquire in April 2018?", "answer": "35%", "evidence": ["In April 2018, the company completed the acquisition of 35% equity of A&B Construction, a prominent player in the industry."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_66_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Buildcorp Holdings 2018: Restructuring, Financing, Acquisitions, Governance, and Results", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_66_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In Buildcorp Holdings 2018: Restructuring, Financing, Acquisitions, Governance, and Results, by how much did Buildcorp Holdings' net profit margin improve, and what level did it reach?", "answer": "improved by 2%, reaching 10%", "evidence": ["Additionally, the company's net profit margin improved by 2%, reaching 10%, due to the implementation of cost control measures and improved operational efficiency."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_66_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Buildcorp Holdings 2018: Restructuring, Financing, Acquisitions, Governance, and Results", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_66_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In \"Buildcorp Holdings 2018: Restructuring, Financing, Acquisitions, Governance, and Results\", how many distinct months in 2018 are explicitly mentioned for Buildcorp Holdings' financial or investment actions (asset restructuring, financing, equity acquisition, debt restructuring, dividend distribution, investment in Project Skyscape, and acquisition of X Constructions)?", "answer": "7", "evidence": ["In February 2018, the company underwent an asset restructuring aimed at focusing on high-growth sectors.", "In March 2018, Buildcorp Holdings successfully conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising £100 million from a consortium of investors.", "In April 2018, the company completed the acquisition of 35% equity of A&B Construction, a prominent player in the industry.", "In July 2018, the company carried out debt restructuring activities, resulting in a reduction of liabilities by £50 million.", "In August 2018, Buildcorp Holdings made the decision to distribute £10 million of dividends to shareholders, enhancing shareholder returns.", "In September 2018, the company made a major strategic investment of £80 million in Project Skyscape, a state-of-the-art residential development.", "In October 2018, Buildcorp Holdings acquired X Constructions, a renowned construction firm with expertise in large infrastructure projects, with a total value of £150 million."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_30_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "盛达能源2019年重大事件与财务治理及ESG回顾", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_30_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《盛达能源2019年重大事件与财务治理及ESG回顾》中，盛达能源在上海证券交易所的股票代码是多少？", "answer": "601228", "evidence": ["该公司于2015年在上海证券交易所上市，股票代码为601228。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_30_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "盛达能源2019年重大事件与财务治理及ESG回顾", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_30_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《盛达能源2019年重大事件与财务治理及ESG回顾》中的2019年时间线，盛达能源在2019年4月完成了什么收购，交易总价值是多少？", "answer": "对绿地能源有限公司的资产收购，总价值8亿元", "evidence": ["接着，在2019年4月，盛达能源完成了对绿地能源有限公司的资产收购，总价值8亿元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_30_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "盛达能源2019年重大事件与财务治理及ESG回顾", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_30_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《盛达能源2019年重大事件与财务治理及ESG回顾》文中分别在2019年4月和2019年5月提到的两项资金动作金额各为多少？", "answer": "总价值8亿元；募集了20亿元资金", "evidence": ["接着，在2019年4月，盛达能源完成了对绿地能源有限公司的资产收购，总价值8亿元。", "在2019年5月，盛达能源进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了20亿元资金。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_30_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "盛达能源2019年重大事件与财务治理及ESG回顾", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_30_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《盛达能源2019年重大事件与财务治理及ESG回顾》，在2019年1月披露的“营业收入、净利润、股东权益”三项财务指标中，数值最大的一个是多少？", "answer": "股东权益为500000万", "evidence": ["同时，这也反映在公司的财务指标上，营业收入达到了250000万，净利润为80000万，股东权益为500000万。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_30_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "盛达能源2019年重大事件与财务治理及ESG回顾", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_30_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《盛达能源2019年重大事件与财务治理及ESG回顾》中，结合2019年4月披露的“总资产增加到了800000万，总负债为300000万”和2019年6月债务重组后的情况，文中给出的负债比率（资产负债率）是多少？", "answer": "37.5%", "evidence": ["同时，这也对公司的财务状况产生了影响，总资产增加到了800000万，总负债为300000万。", "随后，在2019年6月，盛达能源进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元负债。这一举措改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。同时，这也反映在公司的负债比率和资产负债率上，负债比率和资产负债率均为37.5%。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_15_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "金融优势有限公司2017年财务、治理与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_15_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《金融优势有限公司2017年财务、治理与可持续发展综述》的介绍，金融优势有限公司目前是否上市？", "answer": "公司目前尚未上市", "evidence": ["公司目前尚未上市，属于金融行业。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_15_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "金融优势有限公司2017年财务、治理与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_15_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《金融优势有限公司2017年财务、治理与可持续发展综述》文中的财务指标部分，“总资产”、“总负债”与“股东权益”对应的数值分别是多少？", "answer": "总资产为28000万元，总负债为10000万元，股东权益为18000万元。", "evidence": ["总资产为28000万元，总负债为10000万元，股东权益为18000万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_15_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "金融优势有限公司2017年财务、治理与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_15_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《金融优势有限公司2017年财务、治理与可持续发展综述》，在2017年7月，金融优势有限公司在“财务活动”和“治理/风险管理”方面分别做了什么？", "answer": "为了支持公司的扩张和发展，公司于2017年7月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了5000万元资金。 为了提高公司对内外部风险的应对能力，保障公司持续运营和稳定发展，在2017年7月，金融优势有限公司采取了一系列风险管理举措。", "evidence": ["为了支持公司的扩张和发展，公司于2017年7月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了5000万元资金。", "为了提高公司对内外部风险的应对能力，保障公司持续运营和稳定发展，在2017年7月，金融优势有限公司采取了一系列风险管理举措。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_15_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "金融优势有限公司2017年财务、治理与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_15_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《金融优势有限公司2017年财务、治理与可持续发展综述》，在“二氧化碳排放量”与“能源消耗”这两项指标中，数值较大的是哪一项？具体是多少？", "answer": "二氧化碳排放量为70000吨", "evidence": ["根据数据显示，公司的二氧化碳排放量为70000吨，能源消耗为50000吨等价标准煤。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_15_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "金融优势有限公司2017年财务、治理与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_15_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《金融优势有限公司2017年财务、治理与可持续发展综述》文中，涉及“证券”的两起并购/投资事件分别是什么（包含交易类型与金额/比例）？", "answer": "首先，公司于2017年1月完成了对鑫盈证券有限公司的资产收购，总价值为8000万元。 此外，公司还于2017年6月完成了对瑞信证券有限责任公司的股权收购，获得了20%的股权。", "evidence": ["首先，公司于2017年1月完成了对鑫盈证券有限公司的资产收购，总价值为8000万元。", "此外，公司还于2017年6月完成了对瑞信证券有限责任公司的股权收购，获得了20%的股权。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_61_en_Arial.md", "title": "National Development Corporation 2019 Financial and Governance Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_61_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In the \"National Development Corporation 2019 Financial and Governance Highlights\" report, what was the return on equity in 2019?", "answer": "0.037", "evidence": ["Throughout the year, National Development Corporation demonstrated a strong financial performance, with a return on equity of 0.037 in 2019."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_61_en_Arial.md", "title": "National Development Corporation 2019 Financial and Governance Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_61_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In the Governance Events section of the National Development Corporation 2019 Financial and Governance Highlights, who was appointed as the new Chief Financial Officer in March 2019?", "answer": "Ms. Jane Davis", "evidence": ["In March 2019, the corporation experienced a senior management change with the appointment of Ms. Jane Davis as the new Chief Financial Officer."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_61_en_Arial.md", "title": "National Development Corporation 2019 Financial and Governance Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_61_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to \"National Development Corporation 2019 Financial and Governance Highlights,\" in which month was the Green Energy Power acquisition finalized, and what was National Development Corporation's operating income in 2019?", "answer": "March; $4.2 billion", "evidence": ["This led to the company's decision to acquire Green Energy Power, a major asset acquisition that was finalized in March through a share purchase agreement.", "This event directly influenced the operating income of National Development Corporation, which reached $4.2 billion in 2019."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_61_en_Arial.md", "title": "National Development Corporation 2019 Financial and Governance Highlights", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_61_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "According to the National Development Corporation 2019 Financial and Governance Highlights, which events directly influenced operating income and net profit in 2019, and what were the resulting amounts?", "answer": "The acquisition of Green Energy Power influenced operating income, which reached $4.2 billion; the dividend distribution of $100 million influenced net profit, which amounted to $890 million.", "evidence": ["This led to the company's decision to acquire Green Energy Power, a major asset acquisition that was finalized in March through a share purchase agreement.", "This event directly influenced the operating income of National Development Corporation, which reached $4.2 billion in 2019.", "In February, the company made the strategic decision to distribute $100 million of dividends to shareholders.", "This dividend distribution had a direct impact on the net profit of the company, which amounted to $890 million in 2019."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_89_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "李某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_89_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《李某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书》中，被告人李某某的出生日期是什么？", "answer": "1968年11月27日", "evidence": ["被告人：李某某，女，1968年11月27日出生，汉族，银杏市桐城街28号居民，个体经营者。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_89_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "李某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_89_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《李某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书》的审判人员信息中，谁担任审判长？", "answer": "傅某", "evidence": ["审判长：傅某"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_89_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "李某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_89_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《李某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书》中，《证据描述》部分共列举了多少项证据材料？", "answer": "7项", "evidence": ["1. **设备及原材料发票：** 显示李某某多次购买伪造货币所需设备及原材料的具体款项和交易记录。通过银行交易记录检查，也能看到大额原料购销款项往来。", "2. **查获的伪钞及设备：** 在李某某住处和店内所查获总计达人民币200万元的伪钞，以及相关伪造设备，这些均作为现场证据进行提取并封存。", "3. **银行交易记录：** 该记录显示李某某在2022年8月至2023年4月期间的账户异常活跃，大量资金出入与伪造货币的购销行为直接相关。", "4. **证人证言：** 含供货商、交易商及地下钱庄负责人等多人的证言，在被讯问及调查中，他们的证词与犯罪事实相吻合。", "5. **地下钱庄记录：** 包括交易账簿和交易记录，确认李某某通过地下钱庄进行伪钞获取黄金的行为。", "6. **聊天记录：** 警方截获的李某某与临市酒吧老板的聊天内容，详细讨论了伪钞的流通计划及具体执行步骤。", "7. **商户供的伪钞样本及报警记录：** 作为证据的伪钞样本，以及商户的报警记录和证词，表明伪钞已实际流通市场并造成了混乱。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_89_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "李某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_89_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《李某某伪造货币罪一审刑事判决书》中《判决结果》部分的起止日期，刑期从何时起至何时止？结合这些日期，刑期共为几年（可与文中明确的年限进行核对）？", "answer": "刑期自2023年5月22日起算，至2030年5月21日止；七年", "evidence": ["刑期自2023年5月22日起算，至2030年5月21日止。", "被告人李某某犯伪造货币罪，判处有期徒刑七年，并处罚金人民币十万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_58_en_Calibri.md", "title": "AccuTech Solutions 2019 Corporate Governance and Strategic Expansion", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_58_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to AccuTech Solutions 2019 Corporate Governance and Strategic Expansion, on which stock exchange is AccuTech Solutions Inc. registered?", "answer": "the NASDAQ stock exchange", "evidence": ["The company operates in the technology industry and is registered on the NASDAQ stock exchange."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_58_en_Calibri.md", "title": "AccuTech Solutions 2019 Corporate Governance and Strategic Expansion", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_58_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to \"AccuTech Solutions 2019 Corporate Governance and Strategic Expansion,\" what was the value of AccuTech Solutions Inc.'s January 2019 asset acquisition of TrendAnalytica?", "answer": "$50 million", "evidence": ["In January 2019, AccuTech Solutions Inc. completed a major asset acquisition of TrendAnalytica, a renowned data analytics company in the social media industry.", "This acquisition, valued at $50 million, expanded AccuTech's business scope and increased its market competitiveness."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_58_en_Calibri.md", "title": "AccuTech Solutions 2019 Corporate Governance and Strategic Expansion", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_58_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to the Shareholders' Meeting Resolution in AccuTech Solutions 2019 Corporate Governance and Strategic Expansion, in which month was a new CEO appointed at AccuTech Solutions Inc.?", "answer": "January 2019", "evidence": ["the Shareholders' Meeting Resolution in February 2019.", "These decisions included the appointment of a new CEO in January 2019, who was expected to drive the company's growth strategy."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_58_en_Calibri.md", "title": "AccuTech Solutions 2019 Corporate Governance and Strategic Expansion", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_58_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In AccuTech Solutions 2019 Corporate Governance and Strategic Expansion, what is the total of the dollar amounts mentioned for the 2019 events: the TrendAnalytica acquisition, the Project Amplify investment, the debt restructuring reduction, the dividend distribution, and the large-scale financing activity?", "answer": "$185 million", "evidence": ["This acquisition, valued at $50 million, expanded AccuTech's business scope and increased its market competitiveness.", "AccuTech Solutions Inc. made a strategic investment of $10 million in Project Amplify, an AI-powered content curation and recommendation platform targeting the social media industry, in March 2019.", "In June 2019, AccuTech Solutions Inc. successfully underwent a debt restructuring, reducing its liabilities by $20 million.", "In August 2019, AccuTech Solutions Inc. demonstrated its commitment to generating shareholder value by distributing $5 million of dividends to its shareholders.", "AccuTech Solutions Inc. successfully completed a large-scale financing activity in October 2019, raising $100 million in funds."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_58_en_Calibri.md", "title": "AccuTech Solutions 2019 Corporate Governance and Strategic Expansion", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_58_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In \"AccuTech Solutions 2019 Corporate Governance and Strategic Expansion\", which event made AccuTech Solutions Inc.'s June 2019 acquisition of a competitor possible, and when did it occur?", "answer": "a successful investor funding round in September 2019", "evidence": ["In June 2019, AccuTech Solutions Inc. made a notable acquisition of a competitor, which further solidified its market position and expanded its customer base.", "This acquisition was made possible due to a successful investor funding round in September 2019, which injected capital into the company's product development, marketing, and expansion plans."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_60_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Stellar Entertainment Holdings 2017: Strategic Expansion, Financial Results, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_60_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the document \"Stellar Entertainment Holdings 2017: Strategic Expansion, Financial Results, and Governance Reforms,\" how much did Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. successfully raise in large-scale financing in 2017?", "answer": "$200 million", "evidence": ["successfully raised $200 million in large-scale financing"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_60_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Stellar Entertainment Holdings 2017: Strategic Expansion, Financial Results, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_60_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to \"Stellar Entertainment Holdings 2017: Strategic Expansion, Financial Results, and Governance Reforms,\" what were the total assets and total liabilities at the end of 2017 for Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd.?", "answer": "$1.2 billion; $600 million", "evidence": ["Stellar Entertainment's total assets at the end of 2017 amounted to $1.2 billion", "The company's total liabilities stood at $600 million"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_60_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Stellar Entertainment Holdings 2017: Strategic Expansion, Financial Results, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_60_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to the document \"Stellar Entertainment Holdings 2017: Strategic Expansion, Financial Results, and Governance Reforms,\" what were Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd.'s operating income and net profit in 2017?", "answer": "$500 million; $120 million", "evidence": ["Stellar Entertainment reported an operating income of $500 million", "The company's net profit for 2017 was $120 million"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_60_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Stellar Entertainment Holdings 2017: Strategic Expansion, Financial Results, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_60_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In the document \"Stellar Entertainment Holdings 2017: Strategic Expansion, Financial Results, and Governance Reforms,\" how many acquisitions are mentioned for Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. in 2017 (including equity and asset acquisitions and acquiring companies or assets)?", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["acquiring a renowned theme park in a popular tourist destination", "the acquisition of 60% equity of Alpha Productions Inc.", "completed the asset acquisition of XYZ Films with a total value of $150 million", "made a significant acquisition by acquiring a renowned film production studio"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_90_zh_楷体.md", "title": "施某伪造货币案一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_90_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《施某伪造货币案一审刑事判决书》中记载的案号是什么？", "answer": "2023花刑初字第0001号", "evidence": ["#### 案号：2023花刑初字第0001号"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_90_zh_楷体.md", "title": "施某伪造货币案一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_90_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《施某伪造货币案一审刑事判决书》的证据列表中，“电话录音”对应的序号是多少？", "answer": "6", "evidence": ["6. **电话录音**：警方通过技术手段获取了施某与地下交易集团成员的电话录音，通话内容涉及伪造货币的数量、价格及交易时间地点等，进一步佐证了施某的违法行为。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_90_zh_楷体.md", "title": "施某伪造货币案一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_90_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《施某伪造货币案一审刑事判决书》中多处援引的刑法条款编号是什么？", "answer": "第170条", "evidence": ["根据《中华人民共和国刑法》第170条规定，本院在量刑时考虑以下因素：", "经合议庭充分讨论，本院认为被告人施某犯伪造货币罪，证据确凿，情节严重，根据《中华人��共和国刑法》第170条之规定，判决如下："]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_90_zh_楷体.md", "title": "施某伪造货币案一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_90_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《施某伪造货币案一审刑事判决书》中，从被立案调查到被逮捕，文中共给出了多少个具体日期节点？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["被告人：施某，男，1976年8月21日出生，汉族，住花溪市赤壁街35号，职业私人印刷厂老板，因涉嫌伪造货币罪，于2022年3月15日被花溪市公安局立案调查，2022年3月20日被采取留置措施，2022年4月10日被刑事拘留，2022年4月25日被逮捕。现羁押于花溪市看守所。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_90_zh_楷体.md", "title": "施某伪造货币案一审刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_90_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《施某伪造货币案一审刑事判决书》中，依据“量刑考量”和“参考法条”，被告人被判处“有期徒刑十二年”是否符合“第一百七十条”中对“伪造货币集团的首要分子”或“数额特别巨大”的处罚范围？请回答“是”或“否”。", "answer": "是", "evidence": ["被告人施某伪造货币数额特别巨大，且为伪造货币集团的首要分子，其行为已构成伪造货币罪。根据《中华人民共和国刑法》第170条规定，本院在量刑时考虑以下因素：", "第一百七十条", "伪造货币的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金；有下列情形之一的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处罚金或者没收财产：", "（一）伪造货币集团的首要分子；", "（二）伪造货币数额特别巨大的；", "被告人施某犯伪造货币罪，判处有期徒刑十二年，剥夺政治权利三年，并处罚金人民币五十万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_48_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "InnovateTech Solutions 2021 Annual Overview: Project X, M&A, Governance", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_48_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to \"InnovateTech Solutions 2021 Annual Overview: Project X, M&A, Governance,\" when was InnovateTech Solutions established?", "answer": "March 15, 2010", "evidence": ["InnovateTech Solutions, established on March 15, 2010, is an IT company based in Silicon Valley, California, USA, specializing in providing innovative software solutions for enterprises."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_48_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "InnovateTech Solutions 2021 Annual Overview: Project X, M&A, Governance", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_48_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the document \"InnovateTech Solutions 2021 Annual Overview: Project X, M&A, Governance\", in which month was the Q1 Financial Report released?", "answer": "April", "evidence": ["The Q1 Financial Report, released in April, highlighted the strong revenue growth and profitability achieved by InnovateTech Solutions."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_48_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "InnovateTech Solutions 2021 Annual Overview: Project X, M&A, Governance", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_48_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to InnovateTech Solutions 2021 Annual Overview: Project X, M&A, Governance, in 2021, which months saw the appointment of new board members and a new CFO at InnovateTech Solutions?", "answer": "June and September", "evidence": ["In June, two new members were appointed to the board of directors, bringing their expertise in software development and strategic planning.", "In September, a new Chief Financial Officer (CFO) was appointed, bringing extensive experience in financial management and strategic planning."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_48_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "InnovateTech Solutions 2021 Annual Overview: Project X, M&A, Governance", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_48_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "According to \"InnovateTech Solutions 2021 Annual Overview: Project X, M&A, Governance\", how many separate acquisitions did InnovateTech Solutions complete in 2021 (including equity stakes and company acquisitions)?", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["In September 2021, InnovateTech Solutions completed the acquisition of 30% equity of Data Analytics Corp, further expanding its market share and enhancing control.", "Additionally, in October 2021, the company completed the asset acquisition of Tech Solutions Ltd., with a total value of $8 million.", "In November, the company completed the acquisition of a smaller software development company, further expanding its product offerings and talent pool."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_10_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "国际英语培训教育有限公司2019年度经营、财务、治理与社会责任综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_10_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《国际英语培训教育有限公司2019年度经营、财务、治理与社会责任综述》，国际英语培训教育有限公司的成立日期是什么？", "answer": "2005年3月12日", "evidence": ["国际英语培训教育有限公司是一家位于上海市的教育公司，成立于2005年3月12日，主要业务是提供针对学生及成年人的英语培训课程。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_10_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "国际英语培训教育有限公司2019年度经营、财务、治理与社会责任综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_10_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《国际英语培训教育有限公司2019年度经营、财务、治理与社会责任综述》，国际英语培训教育有限公司在2019年7月制定的新治理政策的核心内容是什么？", "answer": "将加强透明度、问责制和利益相关方参与作为核心内容。", "evidence": ["为了提高公司治理水平，公司于2019年7月制定了新的治理政策，将加强透明度、问责制和利益相关方参与作为核心内容。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_10_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "国际英语培训教育有限公司2019年度经营、财务、治理与社会责任综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_10_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《国际英语培训教育有限公司2019年度经营、财务、治理与社会责任综述》，在2019年10月，国际英语培训教育有限公司在业务和环境管理方面分别采取了哪些举措？", "answer": "为了进一步提升公司的市场竞争力，公司在2019年10月推出了全新的在线英语考试培训课程。为了提高环境管理能力和持续改进，公司于2019年10月实施了环境管理系统（EMS）。", "evidence": ["为了进一步提升公司的市场竞争力，公司在2019年10月推出了全新的在线英语考试培训课程。", "为了提高环境管理能力和持续改进，公司于2019年10月实施了环境管理系统（EMS）。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_10_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "国际英语培训教育有限公司2019年度经营、财务、治理与社会责任综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_10_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《国际英语培训教育有限公司2019年度经营、财务、治理与社会责任综述》中，将2019年5月融资金额、2019年8月分红金额和2019年9月债务减少金额相加，总额是多少人民币？", "answer": "4000万人民币", "evidence": ["为了支持公司的扩张和发展，公司在2019年5月进行了一次募集了3000万人民币资金的大规模融资活动。", "为了回报给股东们的投资，公司在2019年8月决定向股东分发500万人民币股利。", "为了改善公司的财务状况，公司在2019年9月进行了债务重组，减少了500万人民币负债。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_75_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "Culture Innovators Ltd 2021 Expansion, Acquisitions, Governance, and Financial Results", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_75_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the document \"Culture Innovators Ltd 2021 Expansion, Acquisitions, Governance, and Financial Results,\" on what date was Culture Innovators Ltd. established?", "answer": "March 1, 2010", "evidence": ["established on March 1, 2010,"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_75_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "Culture Innovators Ltd 2021 Expansion, Acquisitions, Governance, and Financial Results", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_75_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the financial indicators in \"Culture Innovators Ltd 2021 Expansion, Acquisitions, Governance, and Financial Results,\" what were Culture Innovators Ltd's total assets?", "answer": "$150 million", "evidence": ["Culture Innovators Ltd.'s total assets stood at $150 million, driven by the acquisition of ArtEx and other asset-related activities."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_75_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "Culture Innovators Ltd 2021 Expansion, Acquisitions, Governance, and Financial Results", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_75_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to Culture Innovators Ltd 2021 Expansion, Acquisitions, Governance, and Financial Results, which month in 2021 saw both the launch of an online education platform and the implementation of an asset restructuring strategy at Culture Innovators Ltd.?", "answer": "September 2021", "evidence": ["In September 2021, Culture Innovators Ltd. launched an online education platform offering interactive educational programs.", "In September 2021, Culture Innovators Ltd. implemented a comprehensive asset restructuring strategy to focus on high-potential areas."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_75_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "Culture Innovators Ltd 2021 Expansion, Acquisitions, Governance, and Financial Results", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_75_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "What was Culture Innovators Ltd.'s debt to assets ratio in \"Culture Innovators Ltd 2021 Expansion, Acquisitions, Governance, and Financial Results\"?", "answer": "0.53", "evidence": ["The debt to assets ratio was 0.53, reflecting the percentage of total liabilities to total assets."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_75_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "Culture Innovators Ltd 2021 Expansion, Acquisitions, Governance, and Financial Results", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_75_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "According to Culture Innovators Ltd 2021 Expansion, Acquisitions, Governance, and Financial Results, which month in 2021 included both a dividend distribution and the appointment of Jane Smith to the Board of Directors at Culture Innovators Ltd?", "answer": "October 2021", "evidence": ["In October 2021, Culture Innovators Ltd. distributed $5 million in dividends to its shareholders.", "In October 2021, Culture Innovators Ltd. appointed Jane Smith, a renowned expert in cultural innovation, to its Board of Directors."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_55_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "InnovaTech Solutions 2017 Annual Strategic, Financial and Governance Review", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_55_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to \"InnovaTech Solutions 2017 Annual Strategic, Financial and Governance Review,\" on which stock exchange is InnovaTech Solutions listed?", "answer": "NASDAQ", "evidence": ["and is listed on NASDAQ."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_55_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "InnovaTech Solutions 2017 Annual Strategic, Financial and Governance Review", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_55_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the InnovaTech Solutions 2017 Annual Strategic, Financial and Governance Review, in which month did InnovaTech Solutions raise funds from venture capital firms and strategic investors, and how much was raised?", "answer": "April 2017; $50 million", "evidence": ["In April 2017, InnovaTech successfully raised $50 million in funds from venture capital firms and strategic investors, which strengthened its financial strength and supported its expansion plans and research and development efforts."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_55_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "InnovaTech Solutions 2017 Annual Strategic, Financial and Governance Review", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_55_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In the \"InnovaTech Solutions 2017 Annual Strategic, Financial and Governance Review,\" what August 2017 event reduced InnovaTech's liabilities, and what was the total liabilities amount reported for 2017?", "answer": "debt restructuring, reducing its liabilities by $15 million; $150 million", "evidence": ["In August 2017, InnovaTech underwent debt restructuring, reducing its liabilities by $15 million.", "InnovaTech's total liabilities amounted to $150 million, influenced by new debt issuances, debt repayments, and debt restructuring."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_55_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "InnovaTech Solutions 2017 Annual Strategic, Financial and Governance Review", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_55_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In the \"InnovaTech Solutions 2017 Annual Strategic, Financial and Governance Review,\" what is the combined dollar amount of InnovaTech's Project Quantum investment, Innovate Robotics asset acquisition, and the December 2017 dividend distribution?", "answer": "$40 million", "evidence": ["Another major event in 2017 was InnovaTech's investment of $10 million in Project Quantum, a disruptive quantum computing research initiative.", "In June 2017, InnovaTech completed the asset acquisition of Innovate Robotics, with a total value of $25 million.", "Lastly, in December 2017, InnovaTech declared a dividend distribution of $5 million, returning value to its shareholders and reinforcing its commitment to long-term value creation."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_55_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "InnovaTech Solutions 2017 Annual Strategic, Financial and Governance Review", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_55_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "Using the provided totals in the InnovaTech Solutions 2017 Annual Strategic, Financial and Governance Review, what is the ratio of total liabilities to shareholder equity for InnovaTech in 2017?", "answer": "1", "evidence": ["InnovaTech's total liabilities amounted to $150 million, influenced by new debt issuances, debt repayments, and debt restructuring.", "The company's shareholder equity stood at $150 million, influenced by its net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_37_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "媒体之星2017年度财务、治理与环境社会责任综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_37_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《媒体之星2017年度财务、治理与环境社会责任综述》中对媒体之星有限公司的介绍，公司目前在哪个证券交易所挂牌上市？", "answer": "纽约证券交易所", "evidence": ["目前在纽约证券交易所挂牌上市"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_37_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "媒体之星2017年度财务、治理与环境社会责任综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_37_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《媒体之星2017年度财务、治理与环境社会责任综述》中，媒体之星有限公司在2017年11月投资了什么项目及金额是多少？", "answer": "在2017年11月，公司投资了D项目，投资金额为2亿元。", "evidence": ["在2017年11月，公司投资了D项目，投资金额为2亿元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_37_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "媒体之星2017年度财务、治理与环境社会责任综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_37_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《媒体之星2017年度财务、治理与环境社会责任综述》一文的财务指标部分，披露的“负债比率”和“资产负债率”的数值是否相同？请给出两者的原文数值。", "answer": "负债比率为60%，资产负债率为60%", "evidence": ["负债比率为60%，资产负债率为60%，净资产收益率为15%。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_37_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "媒体之星2017年度财务、治理与环境社会责任综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_37_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《媒体之星2017年度财务、治理与环境社会责任综述》一文中披露的六项金额性财务指标（营业收入、净利润、总资产、总负债、股东权益、现金流量）中，最大的一项金额是多少？", "answer": "50亿元", "evidence": ["首先，公司的营业收入达到了12亿元，这主要归因于市场需求的上升和公司推出的新产品成功上市。", "其次，公司的净利润达到了3亿元，这是由于营业收入的增长、公司有效控制成本以及并购收益的贡献。", "此外，公司的总资产达到了50亿元，这是由于资产收购、资产处置和资产重估的影响。", "然而，公司的总负债也相应增加到了30亿元，这主要是由于新债发行和债务偿还。", "股东权益达到了20亿元，这是由于净利润、股利发放和资本公积的影响。", "公司的现金流量达到了5亿元，这是由于经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动的影响。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_37_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "媒体之星2017年度财务、治理与环境社会责任综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_37_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《媒体之星2017年度财务、治理与环境社会责任综述》中，哪项2017年的举措涉及通过协商债权人并发行新的债券以减轻债务负担？请提供该事件的原文描述。", "answer": "在2017年8月，为优化资本结构，公司进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元负债。通过协商债权人和发行新的债券，公司成功实现了债务负担的减轻。", "evidence": ["在2017年8月，为优化资本结构，公司进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元负债。", "通过协商债权人和发行新的债券，公司成功实现了债务负担的减轻。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_71_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "ABC Education Corporation 2021 Growth, Financial Performance, and Governance Review", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_71_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the document \"ABC Education Corporation 2021 Growth, Financial Performance, and Governance Review,\" on what date was the company established?", "answer": "March 1, 2005", "evidence": ["established on March 1, 2005 in New York, USA"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_71_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "ABC Education Corporation 2021 Growth, Financial Performance, and Governance Review", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_71_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the ABC Education Corporation 2021 Growth, Financial Performance, and Governance Review, in October 2021, what percentage equity of Alpha Academy did ABC Education complete acquiring?", "answer": "70%", "evidence": ["In October 2021, ABC Education completed the acquisition of 70% equity of Alpha Academy"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_71_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "ABC Education Corporation 2021 Growth, Financial Performance, and Governance Review", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_71_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In \"ABC Education Corporation 2021 Growth, Financial Performance, and Governance Review,\" which February and March 2021 strategic moves are mentioned as expanding ABC Education's language and test preparation offerings?", "answer": "In February 2021, ABC Education acquired a prominent language institute ; in March 2021, ABC Education formed a strategic partnership with a test preparation company", "evidence": ["In February 2021, ABC Education acquired a prominent language institute, expanding its language course portfolio and increasing its market share in the language education sector.", "Additionally, in March 2021, ABC Education formed a strategic partnership with a test preparation company, enhancing its test preparation offerings and gaining access to a wider customer base, which contributed to the company's net profit of $80 million."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_71_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "ABC Education Corporation 2021 Growth, Financial Performance, and Governance Review", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_71_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "According to the ABC Education Corporation 2021 Growth, Financial Performance, and Governance Review, following the August 2021 initiatives (skill development programs and debt restructuring), what were the reported return on equity and debt to assets ratio?", "answer": "return on equity of 15% ; a debt to assets ratio of 40%", "evidence": ["ABC Education introduced skill development programs in August 2021", "return on equity of 15%.", "ABC Education underwent debt restructuring in August 2021", "a debt to assets ratio of 40%"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_6_zh_隶书.md", "title": "拓远科技2021年度业绩、并购与治理ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_6_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《拓远科技2021年度业绩、并购与治理ESG综述》，拓远科技于哪一年在上海证券交易所上市？", "answer": "2010年", "evidence": ["并于2010年在上海证券交易所上市。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_6_zh_隶书.md", "title": "拓远科技2021年度业绩、并购与治理ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_6_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《拓远科技2021年度业绩、并购与治理ESG综述》，在2021年6月，拓远科技收购了哪家公司并获得了多少股权？", "answer": "对全球领先的电子零部件制造商A公司的股权收购，获得了20%的股权", "evidence": ["在2021年6月，拓远科技完成了对全球领先的电子零部件制造商A公司的股权收购，获得了20%的股权。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_6_zh_隶书.md", "title": "拓远科技2021年度业绩、并购与治理ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_6_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《拓远科技2021年度业绩、并购与治理ESG综述》中，与2021年1月的股利分配同步提到，公司在同月完成了哪项财务工作？", "answer": "2020年度财务报告的编制和审核", "evidence": ["首先，在2021年1月，公司决定向股东分发1.5元股利", "在2021年1月，公司完成了2020年度财务报告的编制和审核。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_6_zh_隶书.md", "title": "拓远科技2021年度业绩、并购与治理ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_6_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《拓远科技2021年度业绩、并购与治理ESG综述》文中披露的数值，总资产减去总负债是否等于股东权益？请给出相关数值。", "answer": "是，150亿元 - 50亿元 = 100亿元", "evidence": ["总资产达到了150亿元，这是资产收购和资产重估的结果。", "总负债减少到了50亿元，这是债务重组的效果。", "股东权益达到了100亿元，这是净利润和股利发放的影响。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_29_zh_宋体.md", "title": "爱康医疗集团2019年度经营治理与ESG报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_29_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《爱康医疗集团2019年度经营治理与ESG报告》的财务信息中，公司的营业收入是多少？", "answer": "20亿元人民币", "evidence": ["首先，公司的营业收入为20亿元人民币。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_29_zh_宋体.md", "title": "爱康医疗集团2019年度经营治理与ESG报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_29_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《爱康医疗集团2019年度经营治理与ESG报告》的“公司治理结构方面”一节中，2019年9月股东大会上爱康医疗集团通过了什么决议？", "answer": "增加独立董事比例并调整公司章程的决议", "evidence": ["在2019年9月的股东大会上，爱康医疗集团通过了增加独立董事比例并调整公司章程的决议。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_29_zh_宋体.md", "title": "爱康医疗集团2019年度经营治理与ESG报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_29_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《爱康医疗集团2019年度经营治理与ESG报告》，在2019年8月，爱康医疗集团分别在重大事件与环境责任方面采取了哪些举措？", "answer": "进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元人民币负债；开始采用再生能源", "evidence": ["在2019年8月，为优化资本结构，爱康医疗集团进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元人民币负债。", "此外，公司于2019年8月开始采用再生能源，如太阳能和风能，用于自己的能源消耗。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_29_zh_宋体.md", "title": "爱康医疗集团2019年度经营治理与ESG报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_29_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "请根据《爱康医疗集团2019年度经营治理与ESG报告》统计爱康医疗集团在2019年“重大事件方面”共发生了多少项事项？", "answer": "7", "evidence": ["首先，爱康医疗集团于2019年1月完成了对雅仕维尔医疗集团的股权收购，获得了48%的股权。", "随后，在2019年2月，爱康医疗集团投资了华瑞生物医药有限公司，投资金额为2亿元人民币。", "在2019年6月，爱康医疗集团完成了对安康药房连锁有限公司的资产收购，总价值1.5亿元人民币。", "在2019年8月，为优化资本结构，爱康医疗集团进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元人民币负债。", "在2019年9月，爱康医疗集团决定向股东分发1亿元人民币股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。", "在2019年10月，爱康医疗集团进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了10亿元人民币资金。", "最后，在2019年11月，爱康医疗集团进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构，提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_29_zh_宋体.md", "title": "爱康医疗集团2019年度经营治理与ESG报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_29_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《爱康医疗集团2019年度经营治理与ESG报告》全文中，爱康医疗集团在2019年既“进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元人民币负债”，又“升级了风险管理框架”。请给出这两项举措分别发生的月份。", "answer": "2019年8月；2019年10月", "evidence": ["在2019年8月，为优化资本结构，爱康医疗集团进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元人民币负债。", "最后，在2019年10月，爱康医疗集团升级了风险管理框架，加强了对新风险的识别和缓解策略。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_169_zh_黑体.md", "title": "12岁女童右眼白内障住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_169_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《12岁女童右眼白内障住院病历》中，薄雾市人民医院住院病历记录的患者住址是什么？", "answer": "薄雾市竹林街56号", "evidence": ["住址：薄雾市竹林街56号"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_169_zh_黑体.md", "title": "12岁女童右眼白内障住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_169_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《12岁女童右眼白内障住院病历》中，“个人史”的“职业及工作条件”一栏记载的内容是什么？", "answer": "学生，学习压力较大", "evidence": ["职业及工作条件：学生，学习压力较大"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_169_zh_黑体.md", "title": "12岁女童右眼白内障住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_169_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《12岁女童右眼白内障住院病历》的“基本信息”中，入院时间与记录时间分别是什么？", "answer": "入院时间：1月28日；记录时间：1月28日", "evidence": ["入院时间：1月28日", "记录时间：1月28日"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_169_zh_黑体.md", "title": "12岁女童右眼白内障住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_169_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《12岁女童右眼白内障住院病历》中，“病种：眼及附器疾病 - 白内障”部分列出的症状共有多少项？", "answer": "7", "evidence": [" - 症状：视物混浊、模糊，视力下降，对比敏感度下降，视物模糊，单眼复视或多视，视野缺损，眩光"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_169_zh_黑体.md", "title": "12岁女童右眼白内障住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_169_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《12岁女童右眼白内障住院病历》中，根据“现病史”和“鉴别诊断”，患者是否存在眼痛或视野缺损？", "answer": "无眼痛或视野缺损", "evidence": ["主要症状特点：右眼视物混浊、模糊，视力明显下降，对比敏感度降低，单眼复视，无明显疼痛感。左眼症状相对较轻。", "青光眼：患者眼压正常，无眼痛或视野缺损；老年性黄斑变性：患者年纪较轻，无黄斑变性特征；晶状体生理性老化：年龄不符合，病变较重。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_49_en_Arial.md", "title": "Capital Finance Group 2018 Financials, Strategy, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_49_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the \"Capital Finance Group 2018 Financials, Strategy, and Governance Overview\" report, on what date was Capital Finance Group established?", "answer": "March 15, 1995", "evidence": ["Capital Finance Group, established on March 15, 1995,"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_49_en_Arial.md", "title": "Capital Finance Group 2018 Financials, Strategy, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_49_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In Capital Finance Group 2018 Financials, Strategy, and Governance Overview, in the 2018 events timeline for Capital Finance Group, what financing activity occurred in May 2018 and how much was raised?", "answer": "In May 2018, the company conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $500 million of funds.", "evidence": ["In May 2018, the company conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $500 million of funds."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_49_en_Arial.md", "title": "Capital Finance Group 2018 Financials, Strategy, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_49_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to \"Capital Finance Group 2018 Financials, Strategy, and Governance Overview\", which month in 2018 saw both the introduction of new investment products and the distribution of dividends by Capital Finance Group?", "answer": "February 2018", "evidence": ["Capital Finance Group introduced a series of new investment products in February 2018,", "In February 2018, the company decided to distribute $10 million of dividends"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_49_en_Arial.md", "title": "Capital Finance Group 2018 Financials, Strategy, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_49_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "Based on the net profit of $300 million and shareholder equity of $3 billion, what is Capital Finance Group's return on equity (ROE) as reported in Capital Finance Group 2018 Financials, Strategy, and Governance Overview?", "answer": "10%", "evidence": ["The net profit amounted to $300 million,", "Shareholder equity reached $3 billion,", "the return on equity was 10%"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_144_zh_宋体.md", "title": "17岁男性肠梗阻住院病历记录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_144_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《17岁男性肠梗阻住院病历记录》中，患者的“初步诊断”是什么？", "answer": "肠梗阻", "evidence": ["初步诊断：肠梗阻"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_144_zh_宋体.md", "title": "17岁男性肠梗阻住院病历记录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_144_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《17岁男性肠梗阻住院病历记录》中的《住院病历》基本信息行，患者的“婚姻状况”为何？", "answer": "未婚", "evidence": ["姓名：沈某某 性别：男 年龄：17岁 民族：汉族 婚姻状况：未婚 职业：学生"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_144_zh_宋体.md", "title": "17岁男性肠梗阻住院病历记录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_144_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《17岁男性肠梗阻住院病历记录》中，患者的职业是什么？个人史对此职业的相关描述是什么？", "answer": "学生；学习紧张压力大。", "evidence": ["姓名：沈某某 性别：男 年龄：17岁 民族：汉族 婚姻状况：未婚 职业：学生", "出生地和居留地均为土丘市，有规律饮食，偶尔外出运动。职业为学生，学习紧张压力大。无特殊接触史和冶游史。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_144_zh_宋体.md", "title": "17岁男性肠梗阻住院病历记录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_144_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《17岁男性肠梗阻住院病历记录》的“鉴别诊断”部分共列出几条鉴别诊断？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["1.胃十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔：无长期消化道溃疡病史。", "2.胆囊结石并发急性胆囊炎：无右上腹持续性疼痛，无Murphy征阳性。", "3.急性胰腺炎：无明显诱因，无发热、腹部CT无胰腺病变。", "4.急性阑尾炎：腹痛部位不在右下腹，压痛点不固定。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_144_zh_宋体.md", "title": "17岁男性肠梗阻住院病历记录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_144_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "结合《17岁男性肠梗阻住院病历记录》的现病史与体温单，患者入院当天是否发热？请给出对应记录。", "answer": "无发热；体温36.8°C", "evidence": ["沈某某患者在5天前无明显诱因下出现腹部阵发性绞痛，起病急，疼痛位于中下腹部，伴有食欲减退、便秘、腹胀，无发热。起初疼痛较轻，但随后疼痛逐渐加重，并伴有呕吐，无法排便和排气。患者在家自行服用了止痛药，但症状无缓解，故来医院就诊。", "10月17日：体温36.8°C，脉搏85次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压120/80mmHg"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_12_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "澜赋科技2021年度经营、治理与可持续发展报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_12_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《澜赋科技2021年度经营、治理与可持续发展报告》，澜赋科技有限公司目前是否已经上市？", "answer": "目前尚未上市。", "evidence": ["澜赋科技有限公司是一家成立于2015年的中国上海市社交网络平台开发与运营公司，目前尚未上市。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_12_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "澜赋科技2021年度经营、治理与可持续发展报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_12_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《澜赋科技2021年度经营、治理与可持续发展报告》的“公司治理报告”部分，董事会变更发生在何时？", "answer": "2021年6月", "evidence": ["公司治理报告", "此外，公司在2021年6月进行了董事会变更，这对公司的治理结构和决策过程产生了一定的影响。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_12_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "澜赋科技2021年度经营、治理与可持续发展报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_12_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《澜赋科技2021年度经营、治理与可持续发展报告》的公司治理报告，2021年2月发生了什么事件？其影响是什么？", "answer": "公司还在2021年2月发生了道德与诚信事件，这对公司的治理结构和声誉产生了一定的影响。", "evidence": ["公司治理报告", "此外，公司还在2021年2月发生了道德与诚信事件，这对公司的治理结构和声誉产生了一定的影响。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_12_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "澜赋科技2021年度经营、治理与可持续发展报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_12_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《澜赋科技2021年度经营、治理与可持续发展报告》，在环境责任部分，2021年中带有具体月份的举措共有多少项？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["首先，公司于2021年2月采用了环境管理系统，以提高环境绩效和合规性。", "为了减少能源消耗和温室气体排放，公司于2021年5月投资实施了节能减排项目。", "此外，公司还计划于2021年7月增加购买可再生能源的比例，以推动可持续能源的发展。", "为了实现碳中和目标，公司于2021年9月通过投资碳抵消项目来抵消碳排放。", "为了防止环境污染，公司于2021年12月建立了新的污染防治设施。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_12_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "澜赋科技2021年度经营、治理与可持续发展报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_12_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《澜赋科技2021年度经营、治理与可持续发展报告》中，2021年10月重大股权收购导致负债增加后，公司采取了什么举措（何时）来降低负债水平并改善财务状况？", "answer": "在2021年11月进行了债务重组，以降低负债水平并改善财务状况。", "evidence": ["在2021年10月，澜赋科技进行了重大股权收购，这一举措旨在进一步扩大公司的规模和影响力。然而，这次收购也导致了公司的负债增加，负债比率达到了0.33，资产负债率达到了0.25。", "为了应对这一挑战，澜赋科技在2021年11月进行了债务重组，以降低负债水平并改善财务状况。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_13_zh_隶书.md", "title": "阳光传媒集团2021年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_13_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《阳光传媒集团2021年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述》的披露，“阳光传媒集团有限公司”的注册地在哪里？", "answer": "北京市", "evidence": ["注册地为北京市，已在香港交易所上市。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_13_zh_隶书.md", "title": "阳光传媒集团2021年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_13_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《阳光传媒集团2021年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述》，在“阳光传媒集团有限公司”的关联交易管理中，公司为确保公正性设立了什么机构并采取了哪些做法？", "answer": "公司设立了专门的关联交易审批委员会，严格审核所有关联交易，并根据相关法律法规进行公示和披露。", "evidence": ["公司设立了关联交易审批流程，并确保关联交易的公正性和合规性。公司设立了专门的关联交易审批委员会，严格审核所有关联交易，并根据相关法律法规进行公示和披露。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_13_zh_隶书.md", "title": "阳光传媒集团2021年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_13_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《阳光传媒集团2021年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述》中，关于阳光传媒集团有限公司的债务重组过程，公司在哪个月正式签署债务重组协议使其生效，并减少了多少负债？", "answer": "最终，在2021年1月，公司正式签署了债务重组协议，使债务重组生效，负债减少了10亿元。", "evidence": ["在债务重组过程中，公司先是在2020年11月签订了债务重组协议，为整个过程奠定了基础。", "随后，在2020年12月，公司制定了债务重组方案，明确了减少负债的目标和数额。", "最终，在2021年1月，公司正式签署了债务重组协议，使债务重组生效，负债减少了10亿元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_13_zh_隶书.md", "title": "阳光传媒集团2021年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_13_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《阳光传媒集团2021年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述》中，根据文中披露的“总资产”和“总负债”，对应的“股东权益”是多少？", "answer": "90亿元", "evidence": ["总资产为168亿元，总负债为78亿元，股东权益为90亿元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_13_zh_隶书.md", "title": "阳光传媒集团2021年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_13_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《阳光传媒集团2021年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述》中，文中哪项2021年12月的举措被描述为“进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力”，其投资金额是多少？", "answer": "在2021年12月，公司投资了星光影业有限公司的新电视剧制作项目，投资金额为5亿元。", "evidence": ["最后，在2021年12月，公司投资了星光影业有限公司的新电视剧制作项目，投资金额为5亿元。", "这一投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_1_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "农业发展有限公司2021年度经营治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_1_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《农业发展有限公司2021年度经营治理与ESG综述》中，农业发展有限公司在2021年6月的融资活动募集了多少资金？", "answer": "8000万元", "evidence": ["为了支持公司的扩张和发展，公司在2021年6月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了8000万元资金。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_1_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "农业发展有限公司2021年度经营治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_1_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《农业发展有限公司2021年度经营治理与ESG综述》中，公司治理部分的“在董事会方面”，农业发展有限公司在2021年4月采取了什么举措？", "answer": "在董事会方面，公司在2021年4月增加了两位具有丰富农业行业经验的新任董事。", "evidence": ["在董事会方面，公司在2021年4月增加了两位具有丰富农业行业经验的新任董事。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_1_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "农业发展有限公司2021年度经营治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_1_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《农业发展有限公司2021年度经营治理与ESG综述》中对云南农业有限公司收购流程的描述，尽职调查之后的股权收购谈判开始于哪一个月份？", "answer": "2020年12月", "evidence": ["这次收购是在2020年11月进行了对云南农业有限公司的尽职调查和评估后决定的，为收购决策打下了基础。", "随后，在2020年12月，公司与云南农业有限公司开始了股权收购的谈判，并商定了收购的具体条件和价格。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_1_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "农业发展有限公司2021年度经营治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_1_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《农业发展有限公司2021年度经营治理与ESG综述》全文中，“5000万元”这一数值出现了多少次？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["在2021年3月，公司投资了昆明农业科技园项目，投资金额为5000万元。", "最后，在2021年12月，公司完成了对云南农机制造有限公司的资产收购，总价值5000万元。", "同时，公司的净利润达到了5000万元，这得益于营业收入的增长、成本控制的效果以及非经常性损益的影响。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_1_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "农业发展有限公司2021年度经营治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_1_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "依据《农业发展有限公司2021年度经营治理与ESG综述》文中披露的“公司的总资产达到了50000万元”和“公司的总负债为15000万元”，计算得到的股东权益是否与文中披露一致？请给出该股东权益数值。", "answer": "35000万元", "evidence": ["公司的总资产达到了50000万元，这主要受益于资产收购和投资的增加，以及资产处置和减值准备的减少。", "与此同时，公司的总负债为15000万元，这受到新债发行的增加和债务偿还的减少的影响。", "股东权益达到了35000万元，这主要受益于净利润的增加，股利发放的减少以及资本公积的影响。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_173_zh_隶书.md", "title": "右侧输尿管结石伴急性肾盂肾炎住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_173_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《右侧输尿管结石伴急性肾盂肾炎住院病历》中，医院名称是什么？", "answer": "玄武市第一人民医院", "evidence": ["医院名称：玄武市第一人民医院"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_173_zh_隶书.md", "title": "右侧输尿管结石伴急性肾盂肾炎住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_173_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《右侧输尿管结石伴急性肾盂肾炎住院病历》中的“长期医嘱单”，第2项医嘱内容是什么？", "answer": "左氧氟沙星 0.5g 静滴 qd", "evidence": ["2. 左氧氟沙星 0.5g 静滴 qd"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_173_zh_隶书.md", "title": "右侧输尿管结石伴急性肾盂肾炎住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_173_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《右侧输尿管结石伴急性肾盂肾炎住院病历》中，结合“入院时间”和“首次病程记录”，患者的入院日期是什么？", "answer": "7月17日", "evidence": ["入院时间：7月17日", "于7月17日入院"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_173_zh_隶书.md", "title": "右侧输尿管结石伴急性肾盂肾炎住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_173_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《右侧输尿管结石伴急性肾盂肾炎住院病历》中，“长期医嘱单”共列出了几项医嘱？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["1. 泼尼松 10mg 口服 bid", "2. 左氧氟沙星 0.5g 静滴 qd", "3. 保守排石治疗，鼓励多饮水"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_173_zh_隶书.md", "title": "右侧输尿管结石伴急性肾盂肾炎住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_173_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《右侧输尿管结石伴急性肾盂肾炎住院病历》中，结合“专科检查”与“辅助检查报告单”，是否能证实存在右肾积水相关改变？请给出两处原文描述。", "answer": "腹部B超显示右侧输尿管可见结石影，右肾集合系统扩张；B超：右侧输尿管结石0.8cm，右肾积水", "evidence": ["腹部B超显示右侧输尿管可见结石影，右肾集合系统扩张", "B超：右侧输尿管结石0.8cm，右肾积水"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_67_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "SkyQuest Airlines 2017 Growth, Financials, Governance, and Risk Management", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_67_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to \"SkyQuest Airlines 2017 Growth, Financials, Governance, and Risk Management\", on what date was SkyQuest Airlines established?", "answer": "April 14, 2005", "evidence": ["SkyQuest Airlines, established on April 14, 2005, is a publicly traded full-service airline based in Palm City, Florida, offering domestic and international flights in the aviation industry."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_67_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "SkyQuest Airlines 2017 Growth, Financials, Governance, and Risk Management", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_67_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to SkyQuest Airlines 2017 Growth, Financials, Governance, and Risk Management, in which month did SkyQuest implement a technology upgrade introducing a new reservation system and mobile app?", "answer": "September", "evidence": ["Furthermore, in September, SkyQuest implemented a technology upgrade by introducing a new reservation system and mobile app."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_67_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "SkyQuest Airlines 2017 Growth, Financials, Governance, and Risk Management", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_67_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to SkyQuest Airlines 2017 Growth, Financials, Governance, and Risk Management, following the January $100 million Project SkyLink investment, what regulatory approval did SkyQuest receive and when?", "answer": "regulatory approval from the FAA in February for long-haul international flights", "evidence": ["Firstly, in January, the company made a major investment of $100 million in Project SkyLink, an aircraft maintenance facility.", "As a result, the company received regulatory approval from the FAA in February for long-haul international flights, enabling route expansion, increased revenue, and a stronger market presence."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_67_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "SkyQuest Airlines 2017 Growth, Financials, Governance, and Risk Management", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_67_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In the document \"SkyQuest Airlines 2017 Growth, Financials, Governance, and Risk Management,\" how many distinct financial indicators are quantified with numbers in the indicators section (operating income, net profit, total assets, total liabilities, shareholder equity, cash flow, debt ratio, debt to assets ratio, return on equity)?", "answer": "9", "evidence": ["The operating income for the year reached $2.5 billion, influenced by market demand and changes in product prices.", "The net profit amounted to $400 million, driven by the operating income, effective cost control, and non-recurring gains and losses.", "SkyQuest's total assets stood at $5.8 billion, influenced by asset acquisitions, disposals, and revaluation.", "The company's total liabilities amounted to $2.3 billion, influenced by new debt issuance, debt repayment, and debt restructuring.", "Shareholder equity reached $3.5 billion, influenced by the net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves.", "The cash flow for the year amounted to $800 million, influenced by operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities.", "The debt ratio stood at 42%, influenced by changes in total liabilities and total assets.", "The debt to assets ratio was 26.9%, influenced by increases or decreases in assets and liabilities.", "Finally, the return on equity was 11.4%, influenced by changes in net profit and shareholder equity."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_67_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "SkyQuest Airlines 2017 Growth, Financials, Governance, and Risk Management", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_67_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "According to SkyQuest Airlines 2017 Growth, Financials, Governance, and Risk Management, which acquisition expanded SkyQuest's market share and control in the private jet sector, and what percentage stake was involved?", "answer": "the acquisition of a 25% equity stake in Aerovia, a private jet charter service provider.", "evidence": ["Furthermore, in August, the company completed the acquisition of a 25% equity stake in Aerovia, a private jet charter service provider.", "This acquisition expanded SkyQuest's market share and control in the private jet sector."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_47_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "CleanCo 2018 Growth: Investments, Acquisitions, Partnerships, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_47_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "When was CleanCo Housekeeping Services established according to CleanCo 2018 Growth: Investments, Acquisitions, Partnerships, and Governance Reforms?", "answer": "April 1, 2013", "evidence": ["established on April 1, 2013, in New York, United States,"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_47_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "CleanCo 2018 Growth: Investments, Acquisitions, Partnerships, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_47_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to \"CleanCo 2018 Growth: Investments, Acquisitions, Partnerships, and Governance Reforms\", who succeeded Mr. David Anderson as CEO of CleanCo Housekeeping Services in October 2018?", "answer": "Ms. Amanda Wilson", "evidence": ["In October 2018, CleanCo Housekeeping Services experienced a change in senior management as Mr. David Anderson, the CEO, completed his tenure.", "He was succeeded by Ms. Amanda Wilson, an experienced industry professional with a proven track record of leading and expanding housekeeping companies."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_47_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "CleanCo 2018 Growth: Investments, Acquisitions, Partnerships, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_47_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In the document \"CleanCo 2018 Growth: Investments, Acquisitions, Partnerships, and Governance Reforms,\" following the February debt restructuring, what was the total value of the March asset acquisition completed by CleanCo Housekeeping Services?", "answer": "$8 million", "evidence": ["In February, CleanCo underwent debt restructuring, reducing its liabilities by $5 million.", "Additionally, in March, CleanCo completed the asset acquisition of Sparkle Cleaners, a leading provider of commercial cleaning services, with a total value of $8 million."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_47_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "CleanCo 2018 Growth: Investments, Acquisitions, Partnerships, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_47_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "According to \"CleanCo 2018 Growth: Investments, Acquisitions, Partnerships, and Governance Reforms,\" how many acquisition events in 2018 are described for CleanCo Housekeeping Services (including company acquisitions and equity stake acquisitions)?", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["Additionally, in September, CleanCo acquired a local competitor, XYZ Cleaning Solutions, to consolidate its market position.", "Additionally, in March, CleanCo completed the asset acquisition of Sparkle Cleaners, a leading provider of commercial cleaning services, with a total value of $8 million.", "In June, CleanCo completed the acquisition of 30% equity of Fresh Breeze Cleaning Services, further expanding its market share and enhancing its control."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_47_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "CleanCo 2018 Growth: Investments, Acquisitions, Partnerships, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_47_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In the document \"CleanCo 2018 Growth: Investments, Acquisitions, Partnerships, and Governance Reforms,\" based on the reported net profit and shareholder equity figures, what return on equity was reported for CleanCo Housekeeping Services in 2018?", "answer": "12.5%", "evidence": ["The net profit for the year was $3.5 million, influenced by the operating income, cost control, and non-recurring gains and losses.", "Shareholder equity stood at $25 million, influenced by net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves.", "The return on equity for CleanCo was 12.5%, indicating the operational efficiency of shareholder equity and influenced by changes in net profit and shareholder equity."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_18_zh_黑体.md", "title": "蓝天旅游有限公司2021年度业绩、治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_18_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《蓝天旅游有限公司2021年度业绩、治理与ESG综述》，蓝天旅游有限公司成立于哪一年哪一月？", "answer": "2005年3月", "evidence": ["蓝天旅游有限公司成立于2005年3月，位于上海市浦东新区，是一家专注于提供高品质旅游服务的旅游公司。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_18_zh_黑体.md", "title": "蓝天旅游有限公司2021年度业绩、治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_18_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《蓝天旅游有限公司2021年度业绩、治理与ESG综述》中的财务报告显示，蓝天旅游公司在2021年度的“总资产”“总负债”“股东权益”分别是多少？请按文中顺序给出数值。", "answer": "总资产达到了200000000元，总负债为80000000元，股东权益为120000000元", "evidence": ["总资产达到了200000000元", "总负债为80000000元", "股东权益为120000000元"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_18_zh_黑体.md", "title": "蓝天旅游有限公司2021年度业绩、治理与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_18_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "《蓝天旅游有限公司2021年度业绩、治理与ESG综述》中明确写出月份的2021年环境责任举措共有多少项？", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["其次，蓝天旅游有限公司在2021年3月实施了节能减排项目。", "于2021年5月采用了环境管理系统", "并在同年9月建设了防止污染设施", "另外，蓝天旅游有限公司于2021年10月投资了碳抵消项目。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_96_zh_隶书.md", "title": "烟波市苹果区人民法院罗某盗窃罪刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_96_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《烟波市苹果区人民法院罗某盗窃罪刑事判决书》中，该案的案号是什么？", "answer": "(2023)蘋刑初字第0001号", "evidence": ["(2023)蘋刑初字第0001号"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_96_zh_隶书.md", "title": "烟波市苹果区人民法院罗某盗窃罪刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_96_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《烟波市苹果区人民法院罗某盗窃罪刑事判决书》的“公诉机关及被告人、辩护人信息”部分，标注的被告人罗某的出生信息为何？", "answer": "1966年8月8日出生", "evidence": ["被告人：罗某，男，1966年8月8日出生，汉族，烟波市人，住烟波市丝路街67号，现无业。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_96_zh_隶书.md", "title": "烟波市苹果区人民法院罗某盗窃罪刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_96_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《烟波市苹果区人民法院罗某盗窃罪刑事判决书》中，罗某从立案调查到逮捕的时间节点是如何记载的？", "answer": "因涉嫌盗窃罪，于2023年3月15日被烟波市公安局立案调查，2023年4月1日被采取留置措施，2023年4月5日被刑事拘留，2023年4月10日被逮捕。", "evidence": ["因涉嫌盗窃罪，于2023年3月15日被烟波市公安局立案调查，2023年4月1日被采取留置措施，2023年4月5日被刑事拘留，2023年4月10日被逮捕。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_96_zh_隶书.md", "title": "烟波市苹果区人民法院罗某盗窃罪刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_96_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《烟波市苹果区人民法院罗某盗窃罪刑事判决书》的量刑考量中，被告人罗某在一个月内实施了多少次盗窃犯罪？", "answer": "4次", "evidence": ["被告人罗某在短短一个月内实施4次盗窃犯罪，每次盗窃金额均较高，累计金额超过17000元，属于数额巨大。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_96_zh_隶书.md", "title": "烟波市苹果区人民法院罗某盗窃罪刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_96_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《烟波市苹果区人民法院罗某盗窃罪刑事判决书》的案件事实中，四起盗窃事件中金额最高的是哪件物品？", "answer": "价值8000元的Gucci手表", "evidence": ["罗某在烟波市某购物中心内，偷窃了一块价值8000元的Gucci手表。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_19_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "建业集团2020年财务表现、治理与ESG概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_19_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《建业集团2020年财务表现、治理与ESG概览》，建业集团有限公司在2020年9月向股东分发的股利金额是多少？", "answer": "5000万元", "evidence": ["在2020年9月，公司决定向股东分发5000万元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_19_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "建业集团2020年财务表现、治理与ESG概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_19_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《建业集团2020年财务表现、治理与ESG概览》，在董事会方面，建业集团有限公司于2020年5月做出了哪些人事变动？", "answer": "任命了两位来自建筑行业的新任董事，并辞去了两位现任董事的职务。", "evidence": ["在董事会方面，公司于2020年5月任命了两位来自建筑行业的新任董事，并辞去了两位现任董事的职务。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_19_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "建业集团2020年财务表现、治理与ESG概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_19_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《建业集团2020年财务表现、治理与ESG概览》，在2020年3月的债务重组之前，公司经历了什么，并采取了哪些与债权人的行动为重组奠定基础？", "answer": "曾经发生了债务违约的情况，并与主要债权人进行了贷款协商，寻求延期还款或减少利息的方案。", "evidence": ["然而，在此之前，公司曾经发生了债务违约的情况，由于经营困难和资金紧张，公司无法按时偿还债务。", "随后，公司与主要债权人进行了贷款协商，寻求延期还款或减少利息的方案。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_19_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "建业集团2020年财务表现、治理与ESG概览", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_19_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《建业集团2020年财务表现、治理与ESG概览》，建业集团有限公司在2020年完成了几次收购（包括对华夏地产公司的资产收购和对长城建设股份有限公司的股权收购）？", "answer": "2次", "evidence": ["在2020年6月，公司完成了对华夏地产公司的资产收购，总价值达到8亿元。", "另外，在2020年11月，公司完成了对长城建设股份有限公司的股权收购，获得了30%的股权。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_17_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "政府部门有限公司2018年度财务、治理与环境社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_17_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《政府部门有限公司2018年度财务、治理与环境社会责任报告》中，政府部门有限公司在2018年10月进行了哪项大规模财务活动？", "answer": "募集了10亿元资金", "evidence": ["在2018年10月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了10亿元资金。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_17_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "政府部门有限公司2018年度财务、治理与环境社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_17_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《政府部门有限公司2018年度财务、治理与环境社会责任报告》的公司治理部分，政府部门有限公司在2018年12月旗下的一家子公司发生了什么事件？", "answer": "成功上市", "evidence": ["最后，在2018年12月，公司旗下的一家子公司成功上市，并获得了良好的市场反响和投资者关注。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_17_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "政府部门有限公司2018年度财务、治理与环境社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_17_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《政府部门有限公司2018年度财务、治理与环境社会责任报告》，在对阳光电力公司的资产收购过程中，资金是何时筹措并于何时完成收购？", "answer": "在2018年1月筹措了2000万元；在2018年2月正式完成了对阳光电力公司的资产收购", "evidence": ["为了筹措资金用于资产收购，公司在2018年1月组织了相关部门，成功筹措了2000万元。", "最终，在2018年2月，政府部门有限公司正式完成了对阳光电力公司的资产收购，包括过户手续和付款。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_17_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "政府部门有限公司2018年度财务、治理与环境社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_17_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《政府部门有限公司2018年度财务、治理与环境社会责任报告》中，2018年度文中明确提到的“收购”事件共有几次？请给出计数。", "answer": "3次", "evidence": ["首先，公司进行了一项重大资产收购，于2018年2月完成。", "在2018年3月，公司完成了对能源公司的股权收购，获得了60%的股权。", "在2018年9月，政府部门有限公司成功收购了一家子公司，增强了公司的市场份额和竞争力。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_17_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "政府部门有限公司2018年度财务、治理与环境社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_17_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《政府部门有限公司2018年度财务、治理与环境社会责任报告》中的财务指标，总资产与总负债的差额是否与股东权益一致？若一致，请给出数值。", "answer": "一致，为20000万元", "evidence": ["总资产达到了80000万元，这主要受到资产收购和资产处置的影响。", "总负债为60000万元，这受到新债发行、债务偿还和债务重组的影响。", "股东权益为20000万元，这受到净利润和股利发放的影响。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_77_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Energen Solutions Ltd 2019 Corporate Governance and Performance Analysis", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_77_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the document \"Energen Solutions Ltd 2019 Corporate Governance and Performance Analysis,\" on what date was Energen Solutions Ltd established?", "answer": "March 10, 2005", "evidence": ["established on March 10, 2005,"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_77_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Energen Solutions Ltd 2019 Corporate Governance and Performance Analysis", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_77_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the Energen Solutions Ltd 2019 Corporate Governance and Performance Analysis, what operating income and net profit did Energen Solutions Ltd report in 2019?", "answer": "operating income of $650 million; net profit for the year was $120 million", "evidence": ["In terms of financial indicators, Energen Solutions Ltd reported an operating income of $650 million in 2019.", "The company's net profit for the year was $120 million, which was influenced by factors such as operating income, cost control, and non-recurring gains and losses."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_77_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Energen Solutions Ltd 2019 Corporate Governance and Performance Analysis", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_77_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In the Energen Solutions Ltd 2019 Corporate Governance and Performance Analysis, which month saw both the completion of a large-scale wind farm project and a shareholders' meeting resulting in several resolutions?", "answer": "September", "evidence": ["Later in September, the company successfully completed a large-scale wind farm project, which not only increased its revenue but also enhanced its market reputation.", "The shareholders' meeting held in September 2019 resulted in several resolutions that had a significant impact on the governance structure, operational strategies, and shareholder rights of Energen Solutions Ltd."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_77_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Energen Solutions Ltd 2019 Corporate Governance and Performance Analysis", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_77_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "Across the entire Energen Solutions Ltd 2019 Corporate Governance and Performance Analysis report, how many distinct months of 2019 are mentioned as event dates?", "answer": "12", "evidence": ["In January 2019, Energen Solutions Ltd underwent a significant revision of its corporate governance policy, aligning it with best practices in the industry.", "Additionally, in February, Energen Solutions Ltd raised $500 million through a successful bond issuance, strengthening its financial position and supporting future expansion.", "Furthermore, in April, Energen Solutions Ltd formed a strategic partnership with a construction firm specializing in renewable energy projects.", "In June, Energen Solutions Ltd expanded into new geographic markets that had a high demand for renewable energy solutions.", "Later in September, the company successfully completed a large-scale wind farm project, which not only increased its revenue but also enhanced its market reputation.", "In November, Energen Solutions Ltd launched an innovative solar panel technology with improved efficiency, durability, and aesthetics.", "In August, Energen Solutions Ltd invested $80 million in Project Solaris, a large-scale solar power project in California, which broadened its business areas and enhanced profitability.", "In October, the company completed the asset acquisition of WindTech Inc, a leading wind turbine manufacturer, for $250 million.", "In March 2019, Energen Solutions Ltd faced the challenge of an aging renewable energy infrastructure.", "Another significant sub-event was the appointment of a Chief Sustainability Officer in May 2019.", "Energen Solutions Ltd's commitment to sustainability and social responsibility was evident in its July 2019 initiatives.", "In December 2019, Energen Solutions Ltd experienced a change in its senior management with the appointment of Ms. Linda Anderson as the new CEO."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_77_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Energen Solutions Ltd 2019 Corporate Governance and Performance Analysis", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_77_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In Energen Solutions Ltd 2019 Corporate Governance and Performance Analysis, identify the month when Energen Solutions Ltd both launched an innovative solar panel technology, faced ethics and integrity incident allegations, and distributed dividends; also state the amount of dividends.", "answer": "November; $25 million", "evidence": ["In November, Energen Solutions Ltd launched an innovative solar panel technology with improved efficiency, durability, and aesthetics.", "Additionally, in the same month, the company decided to distribute $25 million of dividends to its shareholders, enhancing shareholder returns.", "In November 2019, the company faced allegations of ethics and integrity incidents, specifically a conflict of interest investigation."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_20_zh_隶书.md", "title": "喜乐娱乐集团2017年战略发展、财务治理与社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_20_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《喜乐娱乐集团2017年战略发展、财务治理与社会责任报告》，喜乐娱乐集团于哪一年在纳斯达克交易所上市？", "answer": "2010年", "evidence": ["并于2010年在纳斯达克交易所上市。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_20_zh_隶书.md", "title": "喜乐娱乐集团2017年战略发展、财务治理与社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_20_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《喜乐娱乐集团2017年战略发展、财务治理与社会责任报告》，2017年度的现金流量为多少？", "answer": "1.5亿美元", "evidence": ["2017年度的营业收入为2亿美元，净利润为5000万美元，总资产为12亿美元，总负债为8亿美元，股东权益为4亿美元，现金流量为1.5亿美元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_20_zh_隶书.md", "title": "喜乐娱乐集团2017年战略发展、财务治理与社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_20_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《喜乐娱乐集团2017年战略发展、财务治理与社会责任报告》中，公司在2017年几月完成对天骄影业的股权收购，并获得了多少股权？", "answer": "公司于2017年1月完成了对天骄影业的股权收购，获得了70%的股权。", "evidence": ["首先，公司于2017年1月完成了对天骄影业的股权收购，获得了70%的股权。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_20_zh_隶书.md", "title": "喜乐娱乐集团2017年战略发展、财务治理与社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_20_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《喜乐娱乐集团2017年战略发展、财务治理与社会责任报告》中，文本中明确指出，哪项环境举措导致能源消耗从之前的600,000兆焦减少到500,000兆焦？", "answer": "实施了环境管理系统", "evidence": ["此外，公司还实施了环境管理系统，以提高环境绩效并减少废物产生。", "这一举措导致能源消耗从之前的600,000兆焦减少到500,000兆焦。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_26_zh_黑体.md", "title": "真实制造有限公司 2020年度 经营与财务 公司治理 ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_26_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《真实制造有限公司 2020年度 经营与财务 公司治理 ESG综述》，真实制造有限公司成立于哪一天？", "answer": "1998年6月15日", "evidence": ["真实制造有限公司成立于1998年6月15日，是一家位于中国上海的制造公司，主营业务为生产高品质家电产品，并已在A股市场上市。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_26_zh_黑体.md", "title": "真实制造有限公司 2020年度 经营与财务 公司治理 ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_26_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《真实制造有限公司 2020年度 经营与财务 公司治理 ESG综述》，在2020年12月，公司投资了哪个项目，投资金额是多少？", "answer": "D31项目，5亿元", "evidence": ["最后，在2020年12月，公司投资了D31项目，投资金额为5亿元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_26_zh_黑体.md", "title": "真实制造有限公司 2020年度 经营与财务 公司治理 ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_26_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《真实制造有限公司 2020年度 经营与财务 公司治理 ESG综述》中，2020年3月完成对优质电子有限公司的股权收购后，公司净利润达到了多少？", "answer": "150万元", "evidence": ["接着，在2020年3月，公司完成了对优质电子有限公司的重大股权收购，获得了75%的股权。", "股权收购对公司的财务状况产生了显著影响，使得公司的净利润达到了150万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_26_zh_黑体.md", "title": "真实制造有限公司 2020年度 经营与财务 公司治理 ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_26_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《真实制造有限公司 2020年度 经营与财务 公司治理 ESG综述》的“公司治理结构方面”段落中，2020年提及了多少个月份的事件？", "answer": "8", "evidence": ["首先，在2020年1月，公司进行了董事会变更，新任命了董事会成员，加强了公司战略制定和监督职能，以确保公司的长期发展。", "其次，在2020年2月，公司发生了一起重大的道德与诚信事件，涉及欺诈、腐败或利益冲突。", "接下来，在2020年4月，公司进行了高级管理层变动，任命了新的CEO和其他关键职位，以实现新的运营重点和优先事项。", "在2020年5月，公司对风险管理框架进行了更新，识别了新的风险并制定了相应的缓解策略。", "在2020年6月，公司修订了公司治理政策，增强了透明度和问责制度，提高了利益相关者的参与度。", "在2020年7月，公司及时更新了合规制度以满足新版的法规和监管要求，确保法律合规。", "在2020年9月，公司在可持续性、环境保护、社会责任和企业公民方面取得了重大进展。", "最后，在2020年10月，公司的年度股东大会决定了重大事项，包括公司章程的修改、关键业务决策和股东投票结果。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_26_zh_黑体.md", "title": "真实制造有限公司 2020年度 经营与财务 公司治理 ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_26_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《真实制造有限公司 2020年度 经营与财务 公司治理 ESG综述》中，哪个月份既实施了全员涨幅为10%的涨薪计划，又进行了高级管理层变动？", "answer": "2020年4月", "evidence": ["随后，在2020年4月，公司实施了涨薪计划，全员涨幅为10%。", "接下来，在2020年4月，公司进行了高级管理层变动，任命了新的CEO和其他关键职位，以实现新的运营重点和优先事项。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_35_zh_隶书.md", "title": "建天建筑2020年度财务、治理与社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_35_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《建天建筑2020年度财务、治理与社会责任报告》中的财务信息，建天建筑有限公司2020年度的营业收入是多少？", "answer": "2000万元", "evidence": ["根据财务信息，2020年度公司的营业收入达到2000万元，净利润为300万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_35_zh_隶书.md", "title": "建天建筑2020年度财务、治理与社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_35_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《建天建筑2020年度财务、治理与社会责任报告》的公司治理部分，2020年9月的股东大会通过了哪些事项？", "answer": "在2020年9月的股东大会上，股东通过了公司章程的变更，提高了独立董事的比例，并就重大投资和业务扩张进行了投票。", "evidence": ["在2020年9月的股东大会上，股东通过了公司章程的变更，提高了独立董事的比例，并就重大投资和业务扩张进行了投票。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_35_zh_隶书.md", "title": "建天建筑2020年度财务、治理与社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_35_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《建天建筑2020年度财务、治理与社会责任报告》，在2020年初连续两个月，公司先后进行了哪些针对资金与股东的举措？", "answer": "在2020年1月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了5000万元资金。其次，在2020年2月，公司决定向股东分发200万元股利。", "evidence": ["首先，在2020年1月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了5000万元资金。", "其次，在2020年2月，公司决定向股东分发200万元股利。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_35_zh_隶书.md", "title": "建天建筑2020年度财务、治理与社会责任报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_35_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《建天建筑2020年度财务、治理与社会责任报告》中的财务信息，若负债比率为40%且总资产为5000万元，则计算的总负债应为多少万元？该数值是否与报告中披露的总负债一致？", "answer": "2000万元，一致", "evidence": ["负债比率为40%，资产负债率为30%，净资产收益率为10%。", "公司的总资产为5000万元，总负债为2000万元，股东权益为3000万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_0_zh_宋体.md", "title": "华夏娱乐有限公司2017年度经营财务、治理及环境社会责任综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_0_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《华夏娱乐有限公司2017年度经营财务、治理及环境社会责任综述》开头的公司概况，华夏娱乐在上海证券交易所的股票代码是什么？", "answer": "HXYE", "evidence": ["并在2010年在上海证券交易所上市（股票代码：HXYE）。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_0_zh_宋体.md", "title": "华夏娱乐有限公司2017年度经营财务、治理及环境社会责任综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_0_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《华夏娱乐有限公司2017年度经营财务、治理及环境社会责任综述》的公司概况中，请给出“成立时间”和“注册地”的对应值。", "answer": "成立于2001年5月；注册地为上海", "evidence": ["华夏娱乐有限公司成立于2001年5月", "注册地为上海"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_0_zh_宋体.md", "title": "华夏娱乐有限公司2017年度经营财务、治理及环境社会责任综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_0_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《华夏娱乐有限公司2017年度经营财务、治理及环境社会责任综述》，在2017年公司既进行了融资又进行了债务重组，分别涉及的金额是多少？", "answer": "10亿元；5亿元", "evidence": ["为了支持公司的扩张和发展，华夏娱乐在2017年7月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了10亿元资金。", "为了改善公司的财务状况，华夏娱乐在2017年8月进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元负债。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_0_zh_宋体.md", "title": "华夏娱乐有限公司2017年度经营财务、治理及环境社会责任综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_0_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《华夏娱乐有限公司2017年度经营财务、治理及环境社会责任综述》的“公司治理报告”部分，文中以月份标注的治理相关事件共有多少个？", "answer": "7", "evidence": ["在2017年1月", "2017年3月", "在2017年4月", "于2017年7月", "在2017年9月", "在2017年11月", "在2017年12月"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_150_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "13岁女童急性风湿热住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_150_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《13岁女童急性风湿热住院病历》中，患者的初步诊断是什么？", "answer": "急性风湿热", "evidence": ["初步诊断: 急性风湿热"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_150_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "13岁女童急性风湿热住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_150_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《13岁女童急性风湿热住院病历》的“月经史”中记录的末次月经时间是什么？", "answer": "10月25日", "evidence": ["- 末次月经时间: 10月25日"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_150_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "13岁女童急性风湿热住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_150_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《13岁女童急性风湿热住院病历》中记载的医院名称和入院记录的医生分别是什么？", "answer": "暮光市人民医院；李医生", "evidence": ["医院名称: 暮光市人民医院", "入院记录: 李医生"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_70_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Sunrise Holidays 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_70_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the Sunrise Holidays 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Report, on what date was Sunrise Holidays established?", "answer": "March 1, 2005", "evidence": ["Sunrise Holidays is a tourism company based in Sunnyville, Florida, offering travel and tourism services, such as hotel bookings, tour packages, and destination management since its establishment on March 1, 2005."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_70_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Sunrise Holidays 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_70_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the 'Corporate Governance Policy Revision' section in the Sunrise Holidays 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Report, when were the corporate governance policies revised?", "answer": "November 2019", "evidence": ["Corporate Governance Policy Revision:", "In November 2019, Sunrise Holidays revised its corporate governance policies to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_70_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Sunrise Holidays 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_70_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In the “Sunrise Holidays 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Report,” how many distinct October 2019 events are mentioned?", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["In October, Sunrise Holidays expanded its network of hotel partnerships, leading to increased customer satisfaction and enhanced competitiveness.", "In October, Sunrise Holidays distributed $1 million of dividends to its shareholders, further enhancing shareholder returns.", "In October 2019, Sunrise Holidays appointed a new board member with expertise in the tourism industry."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_70_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Sunrise Holidays 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_70_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "Based on the stated total assets and total liabilities in the Sunrise Holidays 2019 Financial Performance and Corporate Governance Report, what is the implied shareholder equity, and does it match the stated shareholder equity?", "answer": "$70 million; yes, it matches.", "evidence": ["The total assets of Sunrise Holidays amounted to $150 million, representing the total amount of assets owned by the company.", "On the other hand, the company's total liabilities stood at $80 million, representing its total amount of debts.", "Sunrise Holidays' shareholder equity amounted to $70 million, representing the total amount of equity belonging to its shareholders."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_93_zh_黑体.md", "title": "雷峰市樱桃区法院熊某某逃避追缴欠税罪刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_93_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《雷峰市樱桃区法院熊某某逃避追缴欠税罪刑事判决书》中，本案案号是什么？", "answer": "（2023）樱刑初字第001号", "evidence": ["（2023）樱刑初字第001号"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_93_zh_黑体.md", "title": "雷峰市樱桃区法院熊某某逃避追缴欠税罪刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_93_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《雷峰市樱桃区法院熊某某逃避追缴欠税罪刑事判决书》中记载的辩护人律所信息及办公地址是如何表述的？", "answer": "雷峰市诚法律师事务所律师，办公地址：雷峰市正义大道28号。", "evidence": ["辩护人：强某，雷峰市诚法律师事务所律师，办公地址：雷峰市正义大道28号。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_93_zh_黑体.md", "title": "雷峰市樱桃区法院熊某某逃避追缴欠税罪刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_93_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《雷峰市樱桃区法院熊某某逃避追缴欠税罪刑事判决书》中，被告人熊某某分别于何时被刑事拘留和被依法逮捕？", "answer": "2023年5月5日；2023年6月1日", "evidence": ["因涉嫌逃避追缴欠税罪，于2023年5月5日被雷峰市樱桃区公安局刑事拘留，2023年6月1日被依法逮捕，现羁押于雷峰市第一看守所。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_93_zh_黑体.md", "title": "雷峰市樱桃区法院熊某某逃避追缴欠税罪刑事判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_93_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《雷峰市樱桃区法院熊某某逃避追缴欠税罪刑事判决书》，从被刑事拘留到被依法逮捕间隔多少天？", "answer": "27天", "evidence": ["因涉嫌逃避追缴欠税罪，于2023年5月5日被雷峰市樱桃区公安局刑事拘留，2023年6月1日被依法逮捕，现羁押于雷峰市第一看守所。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_34_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "旅游乐园有限公司2020年经营、财务与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_34_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《旅游乐园有限公司2020年经营、财务与ESG综述》，旅游乐园有限公司是否已经上市？", "answer": "尚未上市", "evidence": ["旅游乐园有限公司是一家成立于2000年的中国旅游景区开发和运营公司，尚未上市。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_34_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "旅游乐园有限公司2020年经营、财务与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_34_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《旅游乐园有限公司2020年经营、财务与ESG综述》中，旅游乐园有限公司的财务报告类型包括哪些？报告时间为哪一年？", "answer": "年度财务报告和季度财务报告，报告时间为2020年", "evidence": ["公司的财务报告类型包括年度财务报告和季度财务报告，报告时间为2020年。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_34_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "旅游乐园有限公司2020年经营、财务与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_34_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《旅游乐园有限公司2020年经营、财务与ESG综述》，在2020年8月，旅游乐园有限公司完成了对哪一实体的股权收购，并获得了多少股权？", "answer": "对乐园酒店集团的股权收购，获得了60%的股权", "evidence": ["在2020年8月，公司完成了对乐园酒店集团的股权收购，获得了60%的股权。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_34_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "旅游乐园有限公司2020年经营、财务与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_34_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《旅游乐园有限公司2020年经营、财务与ESG综述》中的2020年财务与经营事件部分（融资、收购、重组、投资、升级、股权收购、债务重组、分红），文中明确标注了多少个不同的月份？", "answer": "8", "evidence": ["在2020年2月", "在2020年4月", "在2020年5月", "在2020年6月", "在2020年7月", "在2020年8月", "在2020年10月", "在2020年11月"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_34_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "旅游乐园有限公司2020年经营、财务与ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_34_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《旅游乐园有限公司2020年经营、财务与ESG综述》中，旅游乐园有限公司在2020年有两起涉及“5000万元”的事件：一次是募集资金，另一次是项目投资。这两起事件分别发生在几月？", "answer": "2020年2月；2020年6月", "evidence": ["首先，公司在2020年2月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了5000万元资金。", "在2020年6月，公司投资了欢乐水世界项目，投资金额为5000万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_162_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "雪梨市人民医院疟疾住院病历及诊疗记录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_162_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《雪梨市人民医院疟疾住院病历及诊疗记录》中的住院病历，患者的年龄是多少？", "answer": "83岁", "evidence": ["年龄：83岁"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_162_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "雪梨市人民医院疟疾住院病历及诊疗记录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_162_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《雪梨市人民医院疟疾住院病历及诊疗记录》中的《住院病历》体温单中，记录的血压是多少？", "answer": "140/90 mmHg", "evidence": ["体温单：体温：39.5℃，脉搏：110次/分，呼吸：22次/分，血压：140/90 mmHg。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_162_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "雪梨市人民医院疟疾住院病历及诊疗记录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_162_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《雪梨市人民医院疟疾住院病历及诊疗记录》中，《住院病历》入院记录的医师与医生签名对应的姓名是什么？", "answer": "张三", "evidence": ["入院记录：张三医师", "医生签名：张三"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_162_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "雪梨市人民医院疟疾住院病历及诊疗记录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_162_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《雪梨市人民医院疟疾住院病历及诊疗记录》的《住院病历》中“入院后病程记录”部分，标注为“无”的记录条目共有多少项？", "answer": "7", "evidence": ["- 疑难病例讨论记录：无。", "- 交（接）班记录：无。", "- 转科记录：无。", "- 抢救记录：无。", "- 有创诊疗操作记录：无。", "- 会诊记录：无。", "- 病重（病危）患者护理记录：无。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_162_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "雪梨市人民医院疟疾住院病历及诊疗记录", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_162_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《雪梨市人民医院疟疾住院病历及诊疗记录》中“住院病历”的“现病史”所述周期性寒战、高热、大汗表现，以及“辅助检查”的血涂片结果，该患者的初步诊断是什么？", "answer": "疟疾", "evidence": ["现病史：患者邵某某3周前在自己家中突然出现发热、寒战、大汗伴乏力。发热呈周期性出现，每次发热前有寒战，持续高热后大汗，随后缓解。", "辅助检查：血涂片显示见疟原虫。", "初步诊断：疟疾。据患者周期性高热、寒战、大汗等临床表现，结合血涂片见疟原虫，诊断为疟疾。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_54_en_Calibri.md", "title": "HealthPro Innovations 2021: Growth Milestones, Financials, Governance, and Sustainability", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_54_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to \"HealthPro Innovations 2021: Growth Milestones, Financials, Governance, and Sustainability\", what was the return on equity?", "answer": "13.33%", "evidence": ["The return on equity was 13.33%, reflecting the operational efficiency of shareholder equity."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_54_en_Calibri.md", "title": "HealthPro Innovations 2021: Growth Milestones, Financials, Governance, and Sustainability", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_54_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In the sustainability and social responsibility initiatives section of HealthPro Innovations 2021: Growth Milestones, Financials, Governance, and Sustainability, by what percentage was the carbon footprint reduced?", "answer": "20%", "evidence": ["In November 2021, the company launched a comprehensive sustainability program, reducing its carbon footprint by 20% through energy-efficient manufacturing processes and optimized supply chain logistics."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_54_en_Calibri.md", "title": "HealthPro Innovations 2021: Growth Milestones, Financials, Governance, and Sustainability", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_54_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In the document \"HealthPro Innovations 2021: Growth Milestones, Financials, Governance, and Sustainability,\" which January 2021 event is explicitly cited as a sub-event contributing to the February 2021 financing that raised $150 million for HealthPro Innovations?", "answer": "the strategic partnership formed with a leading healthcare provider in January 2021", "evidence": ["Firstly, in February 2021, the company conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $150 million in funds.", "One of the sub-events that contributed to this financing activity was the strategic partnership formed with a leading healthcare provider in January 2021."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_54_en_Calibri.md", "title": "HealthPro Innovations 2021: Growth Milestones, Financials, Governance, and Sustainability", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_54_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "According to “HealthPro Innovations 2021: Growth Milestones, Financials, Governance, and Sustainability,” how many new senior leadership appointments were announced by HealthPro Innovations in 2021, and in which months did they occur?", "answer": "2; April 2021 and August 2021", "evidence": ["The appointment of Mr. Alex Johnson as the new Chairman of the Board in April 2021 brought extensive experience and strategic vision to guide the company's growth.", "In August 2021, HealthPro Innovations appointed Ms. Sarah Thompson as the new Chief Financial Officer."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_54_en_Calibri.md", "title": "HealthPro Innovations 2021: Growth Milestones, Financials, Governance, and Sustainability", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_54_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In \"HealthPro Innovations 2021: Growth Milestones, Financials, Governance, and Sustainability,\" identify the month in 2021 when HealthPro Innovations both obtained a crucial regulatory approval for a flagship product and formed a strategic partnership with a renowned global healthcare provider.", "answer": "November 2021", "evidence": ["In November 2021, HealthPro Innovations obtained a crucial regulatory approval for one of its flagship products, allowing for expanded market access and increased sales potential.", "In November 2021, HealthPro Innovations formed a strategic partnership with a renowned global healthcare provider."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_65_en_Arial.md", "title": "2018 Operational, Financial, Governance and Sustainability Highlights of Green Fields Agriculture Co.", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_65_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the document \"2018 Operational, Financial, Governance and Sustainability Highlights of Green Fields Agriculture Co.\", on what date was Green Fields Agriculture Co. established?", "answer": "March 18, 1995", "evidence": ["Green Fields Agriculture Co., established on March 18, 1995, is a publicly listed company based in Ruralville, Agriprovince, specializing in the production and distribution of organic fruits and vegetables."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_65_en_Arial.md", "title": "2018 Operational, Financial, Governance and Sustainability Highlights of Green Fields Agriculture Co.", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_65_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the governance events in the \"2018 Operational, Financial, Governance and Sustainability Highlights of Green Fields Agriculture Co.\", in which month was the corporate governance policy revised?", "answer": "July", "evidence": ["In July, the company revised its corporate governance policy, reflecting its commitment to continuously improving its governance framework."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_65_en_Arial.md", "title": "2018 Operational, Financial, Governance and Sustainability Highlights of Green Fields Agriculture Co.", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_65_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In the 2018 Operational, Financial, Governance and Sustainability Highlights of Green Fields Agriculture Co., which months in 2018 correspond to the severe drought reducing crop yields and the labor strike at the main production facility, respectively?", "answer": "August 2018 and December 2018", "evidence": ["In August 2018, a severe drought in the region significantly reduced crop yields, leading to decreased revenues and profitability.", "Additionally, in December 2018, a labor strike occurred at the company's main production facility, resulting in production disruption and increased costs."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_65_en_Arial.md", "title": "2018 Operational, Financial, Governance and Sustainability Highlights of Green Fields Agriculture Co.", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_65_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "According to “2018 Operational, Financial, Governance and Sustainability Highlights of Green Fields Agriculture Co.”, how many acquisition-related events are mentioned in 2018, including farmland, assets, equity, and company acquisitions?", "answer": "4", "evidence": ["Additionally, in March 2018, the company acquired 100 acres of farmland in a neighboring region.", "In May 2018, the company completed the asset acquisition of Fresh Field Farms, with a total value of $25 million.", "In September 2018, Green Fields Agriculture Co. completed the acquisition of 40% equity of Fertile Land Farms, further expanding its market share and enhancing control.", "In October, Green Fields Agriculture Co. successfully acquired Smith Farms, a significant event that expanded the company's market presence and product portfolio."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_65_en_Arial.md", "title": "2018 Operational, Financial, Governance and Sustainability Highlights of Green Fields Agriculture Co.", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_65_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In the document \"2018 Operational, Financial, Governance and Sustainability Highlights of Green Fields Agriculture Co.\", in which month did both the acquisition of 100 acres of farmland and the $50 million investment in Project Green Harvest occur?", "answer": "March 2018", "evidence": ["Additionally, in March 2018, the company acquired 100 acres of farmland in a neighboring region.", "In March 2018, the company made a major investment of $50 million in Project Green Harvest, which broadened its business areas and enhanced profitability."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_39_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "云翼航空2019年度综述：财务业绩、并购、治理与ESG", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_39_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《云翼航空2019年度综述：财务业绩、并购、治理与ESG》，云翼航空有限公司成立于哪一年哪月？", "answer": "2003年6月", "evidence": ["成立于2003年6月、"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_39_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "云翼航空2019年度综述：财务业绩、并购、治理与ESG", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_39_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《云翼航空2019年度综述：财务业绩、并购、治理与ESG》的“财务指标方面”部分，云翼航空2019年度的净利润是多少？", "answer": "30亿元", "evidence": ["净利润达到了30亿元，这受到营业收入、成本控制和非经常性损益的影响。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_39_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "云翼航空2019年度综述：财务业绩、并购、治理与ESG", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_39_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "请从《云翼航空2019年度综述：财务业绩、并购、治理与ESG》中列出云翼航空在2019年11月发生的两项业务相关事件。", "answer": "完成了对东方航空物流的资产收购，总价值30亿元；取消了多个航班", "evidence": ["在2019年11月，云翼航空完成了对东方航空物流的资产收购，总价值30亿元。", "然而，由于天气影响和航空管制原因，云翼航空在2019年11月取消了多个航班。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_39_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "云翼航空2019年度综述：财务业绩、并购、治理与ESG", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_39_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《云翼航空2019年度综述：财务业绩、并购、治理与ESG》中，公司在2019年环境责任方面采取举措的月份共有多少个？", "answer": "6", "evidence": ["公司于2019年4月投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目来抵消其碳排放，努力实现碳中和目标。", "其次，公司于2019年5月开发了绿色产品，减少对环境的影响。", "此外，公司于2019年6月建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。", "另外，公司于2019年7月开展了航空燃油的高效使用项目，通过改进飞行计划和机队管理来减少燃油消耗。", "此外，公司于2019年10月采用了环境管理系统（EMS），以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。", "此外，公司于2019年11月投资实施了节能减排项目，旨在减少能源消耗和温室气体排放。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_25_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "ABC科技有限公司2018年经营、财务与治理ESG年度综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_25_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《ABC科技有限公司2018年经营、财务与治理ESG年度综述》，ABC科技有限公司是哪一年在纳斯达克上市的？", "answer": "2015年", "evidence": ["并于2015年在纳斯达克上市。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_25_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "ABC科技有限公司2018年经营、财务与治理ESG年度综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_25_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《ABC科技有限公司2018年经营、财务与治理ESG年度综述》中，ABC科技有限公司在2018年4月进行了哪项与资产相关的举措？", "answer": "公司进行了一次资产重组", "evidence": ["随后，在2018年4月，公司进行了一次资产重组，通过优化业务结构和提高运营效率，增加了公司的价值。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_25_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "ABC科技有限公司2018年经营、财务与治理ESG年度综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_25_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《ABC科技有限公司2018年经营、财务与治理ESG年度综述》中，ABC科技有限公司在2018年9月对G公司的股权收购获得了多少%的股权？此外，2018年10月向股东分发了多少万元股利？", "answer": "30%；1000万元", "evidence": ["此外，在2018年9月，公司完成了对G公司的股权收购，获得了30%的股权，进一步扩大了市场份额，提升了控制力。", "为回报股东的投资，公司决定在2018年10月向股东分发1000万元股利，提升了股东的收益。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_25_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "ABC科技有限公司2018年经营、财务与治理ESG年度综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_25_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《ABC科技有限公司2018年经营、财务与治理ESG年度综述》的环境责任部分，2018年中公司在多少个月份实施了具体环境举措？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["公司于2018年3月实施了节能减排项目", "ABC科技有限公司于2018年4月投资于碳抵消项目", "公司还于2018年5月建立了防止污染设施", "ABC科技有限公司还于2018年9月开始进行新能源研究与开发", "公司还于2018年10月开发了绿色产品"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_25_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "ABC科技有限公司2018年经营、财务与治理ESG年度综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_25_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《ABC科技有限公司2018年经营、财务与治理ESG年度综述》中披露的财务指标，公司的总资产是否等于总负债加股东权益？请给出各自数值以验证。", "answer": "是；总资产25000万元、总负债10000万元、股东权益15000万元", "evidence": ["总资产达到25000万元，受到资产收购、资产处置和资产重估的影响。", "总负债为10000万元，受到新债发行、债务偿还和债务重组的影响。", "股东权益为15000万元，受到净利润、股利发放和资本公积的影响。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_11_zh_黑体.md", "title": "滨江消费品有限公司2021年财务、并购、ESG及风险年度综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_11_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《滨江消费品有限公司2021年财务、并购、ESG及风险年度综述》文中信息，滨江消费品有限公司的净资产收益率为多少？", "answer": "4%", "evidence": ["滨江消费品有限公司的净资产收益率为4%"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_11_zh_黑体.md", "title": "滨江消费品有限公司2021年财务、并购、ESG及风险年度综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_11_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《滨江消费品有限公司2021年财务、并购、ESG及风险年度综述》，截至会计期末，滨江消费品有限公司的总资产、总负债和股东权益分别是多少？", "answer": "总资产为20000万元；总负债为8000万元；股东权益为12000万元", "evidence": ["总资产为20000万元", "总负债为8000万元", "股东权益为12000万元"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_11_zh_黑体.md", "title": "滨江消费品有限公司2021年财务、并购、ESG及风险年度综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_11_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《滨江消费品有限公司2021年财务、并购、ESG及风险年度综述》中提到的2021年重要事件里，公司募集了多少资金进行融资活动？同时，公司通过债务重组减少了多少负债？", "answer": "募集了5亿元资金；减少了3亿元负债", "evidence": ["募集了5亿元资金", "减少了3亿元负债"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_11_zh_黑体.md", "title": "滨江消费品有限公司2021年财务、并购、ESG及风险年度综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_11_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《滨江消费品有限公司2021年财务、并购、ESG及风险年度综述》，请计算截至会计期末的总资产、总负债和股东权益三项数值相加合计为多少万元？", "answer": "40000万元", "evidence": ["总资产为20000万元", "总负债为8000万元", "股东权益为12000万元"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_11_zh_黑体.md", "title": "滨江消费品有限公司2021年财务、并购、ESG及风险年度综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_11_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《滨江消费品有限公司2021年财务、并购、ESG及风险年度综述》中，根据文中给出的资产负债率为40%及总资产为20000万元，计算出的总负债是否与文中披露的总负债一致？如果一致，请给出该数值。", "answer": "一致，为8000万元", "evidence": ["资产负债率为40%", "总资产为20000万元", "总负债为8000万元"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_87_zh_宋体.md", "title": "柳某某销售假冒商标商品案判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_87_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《柳某某销售假冒商标商品案判决书》中，被告人柳某某的现居住地址是什么？", "answer": "金丝市青竹街14号", "evidence": ["**被告人:** 柳某某，女，1966年9月9日出生，汉族，现居住于金丝市青竹街14号，职业为个体商贩。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_87_zh_宋体.md", "title": "柳某某销售假冒商标商品案判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_87_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《柳某某销售假冒商标商品案判决书》中，审判长、审判员、书记员分别是谁？", "answer": "审判长：潘某某；审判员：吕某；书记员：伍某某", "evidence": ["**审判长:** 潘某某", "**审判员:** 吕某", "**书记员:** 伍某某"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_87_zh_宋体.md", "title": "柳某某销售假冒商标商品案判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_87_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《柳某某销售假冒商标商品案判决书》中，本案由哪个检察院提起公诉，作出判决的是哪个法院？", "answer": "金丝市雨燕区人民检察院；金丝市雨燕区人民法院", "evidence": ["**公诉机关:** 金丝市雨燕区人民检察院", "金丝市雨燕区人民法院"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_87_zh_宋体.md", "title": "柳某某销售假冒商标商品案判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_87_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《柳某某销售假冒商标商品案判决书》中，《证据描述》部分共列出了多少项证据？", "answer": "9", "evidence": ["1. 假冒商品的现场照片：多张照片展现了被告人经营的服装店以及网店中的假冒商品，包括“花旗”品牌的假冒服装、“太阳鸟”品牌的假冒鞋类商品和“精工”品牌的假冒手表。", "2. 假冒商品样品：监督管理部门依法查封并收集了被告店铺和仓库中的大量假冒商品样品，这些样品经品牌公司验证均为假冒。", "3. 店铺内的销售记录与网店销售记录：这些记录显示出柳某某在过去数个月内的大量销售活动，并明确指明了销售的具体商品和金额。", "4. 证人证言：店员和顾客的笔录详细描述了柳某某的经营活动，部分顾客还详细陈述了购买假冒商品后的具体感受，进一步证实了柳某某的违法行为。", "5. 消费者投诉记录：记录中列举了多名消费者对购买商品后遭遇质量问题及其向相关部门举报的详细过程。", "6. 商品进货渠道证明：这些证明文件和相关渠道记录详细展示了柳某某从多个非法供应商处购买假冒商品的过程和持续时间。", "7. 相关产品质检报告：质检报告详细列明了假冒商品的质量问题，包括材质、工艺和安全隐患等多个方面。", "8. 物流快递单据与销货清单：这部分证据展示了柳某某通过物流公司实施外地销售的具体操作，与之相关的单据和清单均为其违法行为提供了有力证据。", "9. 物流公司内部调查报告：报告具体揭示了柳某某与物流公司之间的交易情况，明确指出其试图通过外地市场继续销售假冒商品的行为。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_87_zh_宋体.md", "title": "柳某某销售假冒商标商品案判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_87_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "结合《柳某某销售假冒商标商品案判决书》的判决结果与参考法条第二百一十四条，判处“有期徒刑四年”对应于法条中的哪个量刑区间表述？", "answer": "处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。", "evidence": ["**刑期:** 有期徒刑四年，并处罚金人民币50万元。", "违法所得数额巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_154_zh_隶书.md", "title": "丝路市人民医院左腿急性骨髓炎住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_154_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《丝路市人民医院左腿急性骨髓炎住院病历》中，患者的主诉是什么？", "answer": "左腿骨痛伴行走困难3天", "evidence": ["左腿骨痛伴行走困难3天"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_154_zh_隶书.md", "title": "丝路市人民医院左腿急性骨髓炎住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_154_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《丝路市人民医院左腿急性骨髓炎住院病历》的基本信息中，患者的婚姻状况是什么？", "answer": "已婚", "evidence": ["婚姻状况：已婚"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_154_zh_隶书.md", "title": "丝路市人民医院左腿急性骨髓炎住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_154_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "《丝路市人民医院左腿急性骨髓炎住院病历》中“入院时间”和“记录时间”是否为同一天？如果是，具体日期是什么？", "answer": "7月17日", "evidence": ["入院时间：7月17日", "记录时间：7月17日"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_154_zh_隶书.md", "title": "丝路市人民医院左腿急性骨髓炎住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_154_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《丝路市人民医院左腿急性骨髓炎住院病历》的体温单中，体温的最低值是多少？", "answer": "37.5℃", "evidence": ["体温：38.5℃-37.8℃-37.5℃"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_154_zh_隶书.md", "title": "丝路市人民医院左腿急性骨髓炎住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_154_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《丝路市人民医院左腿急性骨髓炎住院病历》中体格检查提示左下肢红肿触痛与辅助检查炎症指标升高，初步诊断是什么？", "answer": "急性骨髓炎", "evidence": ["四肢左下肢局部红肿，触痛阳性，活动受限", "CRP升高，ESR升高，血常规显示白细胞计数升高。", "初步诊断：\n\n急性骨髓炎"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_46_en_Calibri.md", "title": "JetWing Aviation 2021 Performance, Strategic Initiatives, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_46_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to \"JetWing Aviation 2021 Performance, Strategic Initiatives, and Governance Reforms,\" on what date was JetWing Aviation established?", "answer": "April 15, 2002", "evidence": ["established on April 15, 2002"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_46_en_Calibri.md", "title": "JetWing Aviation 2021 Performance, Strategic Initiatives, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_46_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the financial metrics section of \"JetWing Aviation 2021 Performance, Strategic Initiatives, and Governance Reforms,\" what are JetWing Aviation's debt ratio and debt to assets ratio?", "answer": "40% and 0.4", "evidence": ["The company's debt ratio stands at 40%, indicating its debt level relative to its total assets.", "JetWing Aviation's debt to assets ratio is 0.4, representing the percentage of total liabilities to total assets."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_46_en_Calibri.md", "title": "JetWing Aviation 2021 Performance, Strategic Initiatives, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_46_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to JetWing Aviation 2021 Performance, Strategic Initiatives, and Governance Reforms, after JetWing Aviation implemented cost-cutting measures in May 2021, what results were reported?", "answer": "lower operating expenses, improved profit margins, and increased overall profitability.", "evidence": ["To improve operational efficiency and reduce expenses, JetWing Aviation implemented cost-cutting measures in May 2021.", "These measures resulted in lower operating expenses, improved profit margins, and increased overall profitability."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_46_en_Calibri.md", "title": "JetWing Aviation 2021 Performance, Strategic Initiatives, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_46_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "According to JetWing Aviation 2021 Performance, Strategic Initiatives, and Governance Reforms, what is the combined dollar amount of the Project SkyLink investment in June 2021 and the AeroTech Avionics asset acquisition in July 2021?", "answer": "$105 million", "evidence": ["JetWing Aviation made a major investment of $75 million in Project SkyLink in June 2021.", "In July 2021, JetWing Aviation completed the asset acquisition of AeroTech Avionics, with a total value of $30 million."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_46_en_Calibri.md", "title": "JetWing Aviation 2021 Performance, Strategic Initiatives, and Governance Reforms", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_46_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In JetWing Aviation 2021 Performance, Strategic Initiatives, and Governance Reforms, using the stated total assets of $500 million and total liabilities of $200 million, what shareholder equity is implied by the accounting equation, and does it match the stated shareholder equity?", "answer": "$300 million implied; it matches the stated shareholder equity of $300 million.", "evidence": ["With total assets amounting to $500 million, JetWing Aviation demonstrates a strong asset base.", "Total liabilities for JetWing Aviation amounted to $200 million, reflecting the company's debt obligations at the end of the accounting period.", "Shareholder equity, totaling $300 million, represents the equity belonging to shareholders at the end of the accounting period."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_151_zh_黑体.md", "title": "右下肢静脉曲张住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_151_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《右下肢静脉曲张住院病历》中，医院名称是什么？", "answer": "桃花市人民医院", "evidence": ["医院名称：桃花市人民医院"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_151_zh_黑体.md", "title": "右下肢静脉曲张住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_151_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《右下肢静脉曲张住院病历》的体格检查-一般情况中，血压记录为多少？", "answer": "120/80 mmHg", "evidence": ["血压：120/80 mmHg"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_151_zh_黑体.md", "title": "右下肢静脉曲张住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_151_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《右下肢静脉曲张住院病历》中，记录时间与入院时间分别是什么？", "answer": "记录时间：3月11日；入院时间：3月11日", "evidence": ["记录时间：3月11日", "入院时间：3月11日"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_151_zh_黑体.md", "title": "右下肢静脉曲张住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_151_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《右下肢静脉曲张住院病历》的“体温单”中，体温、脉搏、呼吸、血压四项中数值最小的完整记录是哪一项？", "answer": "呼吸：18次/分", "evidence": ["体温单：体温：36.5℃，脉搏：72次/分，呼吸：18次/分，血压：120/80 mmHg"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_151_zh_黑体.md", "title": "右下肢静脉曲张住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_151_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "结合《右下肢静脉曲张住院病历》中的现病史、体格检查和辅助检查，该患者的初步诊断是什么？", "answer": "右下肢静脉曲张", "evidence": ["四肢：右下肢浅静脉隆起、扩张、变曲", "辅助检查：多普勒超声及静脉造影提示浅静脉血液回流不畅，静脉造影显示浅静脉明显曲张", "初步诊断：右下肢静脉曲张"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_52_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "EduCorp 2020 Annual Report: Transformation, Expansion, Financials, and Governance", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_52_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In the EduCorp 2020 Annual Report: Transformation, Expansion, Financials, and Governance, on what date was EduCorp established?", "answer": "March 1, 2005", "evidence": ["EduCorp, established on March 1, 2005, is an education company that offers educational services through online platforms and physical learning centers, headquartered in the City of Education, Country A."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_52_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "EduCorp 2020 Annual Report: Transformation, Expansion, Financials, and Governance", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_52_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "According to the indicators section of EduCorp 2020 Annual Report: Transformation, Expansion, Financials, and Governance, what were EduCorp's total assets and total liabilities at the end of the accounting period?", "answer": "$500 million; $200 million", "evidence": ["EduCorp's total assets amounted to $500 million, indicating the total amount of assets owned by the company at the end of the accounting period.", "The total liabilities of EduCorp were recorded at $200 million, representing the total amount of debts the company is obligated to repay at the end of the accounting period."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_52_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "EduCorp 2020 Annual Report: Transformation, Expansion, Financials, and Governance", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_52_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to EduCorp 2020 Annual Report: Transformation, Expansion, Financials, and Governance, what compliance rate did EduCorp achieve in information disclosure requirements, and by what percentage did material control deficiencies decrease compared to the previous year?", "answer": "97%; 20%", "evidence": ["The company achieved a 97% compliance rate in information disclosure requirements, ensuring timely and accurate reporting to stakeholders.", "As a result, the company successfully identified and resolved potential financial and operational risks, resulting in a 20% reduction in material control deficiencies compared to the previous year."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_52_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "EduCorp 2020 Annual Report: Transformation, Expansion, Financials, and Governance", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_52_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "According to the \"EduCorp 2020 Annual Report: Transformation, Expansion, Financials, and Governance,\" what is the return on equity for EduCorp?", "answer": "8%", "evidence": ["The return on equity for EduCorp is 8%, which reflects the operational efficiency of shareholder equity."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_52_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "EduCorp 2020 Annual Report: Transformation, Expansion, Financials, and Governance", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_52_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In the \"EduCorp 2020 Annual Report: Transformation, Expansion, Financials, and Governance,\" in which month of 2020 did EduCorp both appoint a new CEO and conduct a large-scale financing activity?", "answer": "May 2020", "evidence": ["In May 2020, EduCorp appointed Lisa Collins as its new CEO.", "In May 2020, EduCorp conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $50 million from a consortium of private investors and institutional lenders."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_27_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "智慧教育科技有限公司2021年度财务与治理及ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_27_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《智慧教育科技有限公司2021年度财务与治理及ESG综述》中的报告指标，智慧教育科技有限公司的净资产收益率为多少？", "answer": "25%", "evidence": ["净资产收益率为25%"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_27_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "智慧教育科技有限公司2021年度财务与治理及ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_27_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《智慧教育科技有限公司2021年度财务与治理及ESG综述》，在2021年4月，智慧教育科技有限公司完成了对哪家企业的股权收购，并获得了多少股权？", "answer": "乐学教育有限公司，40%", "evidence": ["在2021年4月，公司完成了对乐学教育有限公司的股权收购，获得了40%的股权。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_27_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "智慧教育科技有限公司2021年度财务与治理及ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_27_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《智慧教育科技有限公司2021年度财务与治理及ESG综述》中，文档开头与公司治理总结段落分别提到的公司名称是什么？", "answer": "智慧教育科技有限公司；伟业教育科技有限公司", "evidence": ["智慧教育科技有限公司于2010年在中国北京成立", "综上所述，伟业教育科技有限公司在公司治理方面采取了一系列措施"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_27_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "智慧教育科技有限公司2021年度财务与治理及ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_27_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《智慧教育科技有限公司2021年度财务与治理及ESG综述》的财务与业务发展部分中，智慧教育科技有限公司共发生了多少项重大事件（重组、收购、投资、融资、分红）？", "answer": "7", "evidence": ["在2021年1月，公司进行了债务重组，成功减少了500万元的负债。", "接着，在2021年3月，公司进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构。", "随后，在2021年4月，公司完成了对乐学教育有限公司的股权收购，获得了40%的股权。", "在2021年5月，公司进行了一项重大投资，投资了AI在线学习平台项目，投资金额为1000万元。", "随后，在2021年7月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了5000万元资金。", "在2021年9月，公司完成了对华夏教育机构的资产收购，总价值800万元。", "最后，在2021年11月，公司决定向股东分发200万元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_27_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "智慧教育科技有限公司2021年度财务与治理及ESG综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_27_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《智慧教育科技有限公司2021年度财务与治理及ESG综述》，在2021年，智慧教育科技有限公司是否同时进行了大规模融资并向股东分发股利？如果是，请给出融资金额和股利金额。", "answer": "募集了5000万元资金；向股东分发200万元股利", "evidence": ["随后，在2021年7月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了5000万元资金。", "最后，在2021年11月，公司决定向股东分发200万元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_146_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "雪山市儿童医院住院病历：5岁女童过敏性皮炎", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_146_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《雪山市儿童医院住院病历：5岁女童过敏性皮炎》中，“初步诊断”的内容是什么？", "answer": "皮炎（过敏性）", "evidence": ["初步诊断：", "1. 皮炎（过敏性）"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_146_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "雪山市儿童医院住院病历：5岁女童过敏性皮炎", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_146_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《雪山市儿童医院住院病历：5岁女童过敏性皮炎》的“基本信息”部分，患者的“住址”是什么？", "answer": "雪山市香山街2号", "evidence": ["住址：雪山市香山街2号"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_146_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "雪山市儿童医院住院病历：5岁女童过敏性皮炎", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_146_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "结合“专科检查”与“辅助检查”，在《雪山市儿童医院住院病历：5岁女童过敏性皮炎》中是否提示真菌感染或其他感染征象？请给出病历原文表述。", "answer": "无明显感染征象。未见真菌。", "evidence": ["无明显感染征象。", "未见真菌。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_146_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "雪山市儿童医院住院病历：5岁女童过敏性皮炎", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_146_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《雪山市儿童医院住院病历：5岁女童过敏性皮炎》的“鉴别诊断”中共列出多少种可能的疾病？", "answer": "10", "evidence": ["鉴别诊断：", "特应性皮炎、接触性皮炎、脂溢性皮炎、淤积性皮炎、神经性皮炎、浅部真菌病、疥疮、多形性日光疹、嗜酸粒细胞增多综合征、培拉格病等。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_146_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "雪山市儿童医院住院病历：5岁女童过敏性皮炎", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_146_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《雪山市儿童医院住院病历：5岁女童过敏性皮炎》中，根据“现病史”与“体格检查”，病历是否提示患者有轻度发热且体温为多少？请给出处。", "answer": "同时伴有轻度发热和食欲下降。\n体温37.8℃，脉搏90次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压100/70 mmHg。", "evidence": ["同时伴有轻度发热和食欲下降。", "体温37.8℃，脉搏90次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压100/70 mmHg。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_158_zh_宋体.md", "title": "杨柳市人民医院住院病历：高血压伴水肿蛋白尿", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_158_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《杨柳市人民医院住院病历：高血压伴水肿蛋白尿》中，医院名称是什么？", "answer": "杨柳市人民医院", "evidence": ["医院名称：杨柳市人民医院", "杨柳市人民医院"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_158_zh_宋体.md", "title": "杨柳市人民医院住院病历：高血压伴水肿蛋白尿", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_158_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《杨柳市人民医院住院病历：高血压伴水肿蛋白尿》中，“体格检查—一般情况”记录的脉搏数值是多少？", "answer": "78次/分", "evidence": ["- 脉搏：78次/分"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_158_zh_宋体.md", "title": "杨柳市人民医院住院病历：高血压伴水肿蛋白尿", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_158_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《杨柳市人民医院住院病历：高血压伴水肿蛋白尿》中，入院时间与记录时间是否为同一天？如果是，请给出该日期。", "answer": "3月3日", "evidence": ["入院时间：3月3日", "记录时间：3月3日"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_158_zh_宋体.md", "title": "杨柳市人民医院住院病历：高血压伴水肿蛋白尿", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_158_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《杨柳市人民医院住院病历：高血压伴水肿蛋白尿》中，主诉中提及的症状持续时间里，较长的时间为多久？", "answer": "1周", "evidence": ["主诉：高血压、双下肢水肿1周+蛋白尿2天"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_158_zh_宋体.md", "title": "杨柳市人民医院住院病历：高血压伴水肿蛋白尿", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_158_zh_宋体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《杨柳市人民医院住院病历：高血压伴水肿蛋白尿》中，结合“现病史”与“体格检查”，两处血压记录是否一致？如果一致，请给出该血压值。", "answer": "160/100 mmHg", "evidence": ["主要症状特点：持续性高血压（160/100 mmHg），双下肢明显水肿，蛋白尿（+++）。", "- 血压：160/100 mmHg"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_32_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "诚信消费品有限公司2020年经营、治理与可持续发展报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_32_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《诚信消费品有限公司2020年经营、治理与可持续发展报告》，诚信消费品有限公司在哪个证券交易所上市？", "answer": "纽约证券交易所", "evidence": ["同时在纽约证券交易所上市。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_32_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "诚信消费品有限公司2020年经营、治理与可持续发展报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_32_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《诚信消费品有限公司2020年经营、治理与可持续发展报告》的《公司治理报告》中“治理结构”部分提到，2020年2月公司进行了哪项变更？", "answer": "董事会变更", "evidence": ["治理结构", "随后，在2020年2月，诚信消费品有限公司进行了董事会变更。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_32_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "诚信消费品有限公司2020年经营、治理与可持续发展报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_32_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《诚信消费品有限公司2020年经营、治理与可持续发展报告》，2020年3月完成的资产收购总价值是多少，并且该年度净利润达到多少？", "answer": "2亿元人民币；8000万元人民币", "evidence": ["其次，在2020年3月，公司完成了对华东地区最大食品制造企业上海食品有限公司的资产收购，总价值为2亿元人民币。", "这也反映在公司的净利润指标上，2020年度净利润达到8000万元人民币。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_32_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "诚信消费品有限公司2020年经营、治理与可持续发展报告", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_32_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《诚信消费品有限公司2020年经营、治理与可持续发展报告》中，2020年环境责任举措涉及了多少个不同月份的具体项目？", "answer": "7", "evidence": ["首先，在2020年1月，公司建立了新的污染防治设施，包括废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。", "为了提高环境绩效和减少废物产生，公司在2020年3月实施了环境管理系统（EMS）。", "为了修复和保护生态系统，公司在2020年4月投资了生态补偿项目。", "为了减少环境污染，公司在2020年7月推出了废物资源化利用项目。", "为了减少对环境的影响，公司在2020年8月开发了一系列环保型产品。", "为了减少能源消耗和温室气体排放，公司在2020年9月投资实施了节能减排项目。", "为了实现碳中和目标，公司在2020年11月投资于碳抵消项目。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_107_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "曹某挪用公款罪一审判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_107_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《芒果市梧桐区人民法院刑事判决书》（标题为《曹某挪用公款罪一审判决书》）的案号是什么？", "answer": "（2023）芒梧刑初字第12号", "evidence": ["（2023）芒梧刑初字第12号"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_107_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "曹某挪用公款罪一审判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_107_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《曹某挪用公款罪一审判决书》中，被告人曹某的出生日期是什么？", "answer": "1970年3月21日", "evidence": ["被告人：曹某，男，1970年3月21日出生，汉族，芒果市财政局财务科科长，住芒果市翠湖街29号。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_107_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "曹某挪用公款罪一审判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_107_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "根据《曹某挪用公款罪一审判决书》中三项挪用金额的记载，曹某挪用公款的总额是多少？", "answer": "280万元", "evidence": ["（一）挪用公款200万元用于股票投资和个人消费", "（二）挪用50万元用于亲属医疗费用", "（三）挪用30万元用于购买高档消费品", "总计挪用公款数额达到280万元"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_107_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "曹某挪用公款罪一审判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_107_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《曹某挪用公款罪一审判决书》中，“二、犯罪事实与行为”共列举了几项具体挪用情节？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["（一）挪用公款200万元用于股票投资和个人消费", "（二）挪用50万元用于亲属医疗费用", "（三）挪用30万元用于购买高档消费品"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_107_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "曹某挪用公款罪一审判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_107_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《曹某挪用公款罪一审判决书》的时间线中，曹某自被采取留置措施至被刑事拘留、再至被批准逮捕，分别间隔多少天？", "answer": "10天；15天", "evidence": ["2023年5月10日，检察机关依法对曹某采取留置措施，以防止其逃避调查和毁灭证据。", "2023年5月20日，芒果市公安机关根据检察院移交的证据材料，对曹某实施刑事拘留。", "2023年6月4日，芒果市人民检察院批准，对曹某予以正式逮捕。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_119_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "Riverton Court Judgment: H. Walker Convicted of Counterfeiting Currency", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_119_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "In \"Riverton Court Judgment: H. Walker Convicted of Counterfeiting Currency\", who is the Chief Judge?", "answer": "Z. Rodriguez", "evidence": ["Chief Judge:", "Z. Rodriguez"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_119_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "Riverton Court Judgment: H. Walker Convicted of Counterfeiting Currency", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_119_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In \"Riverton Court Judgment: H. Walker Convicted of Counterfeiting Currency\", what is the defense lawyer's law firm?", "answer": "Hamilton Defense Associates", "evidence": ["Law Firm: Hamilton Defense Associates"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_119_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "Riverton Court Judgment: H. Walker Convicted of Counterfeiting Currency", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_119_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In \"Riverton Court Judgment: H. Walker Convicted of Counterfeiting Currency\", what is the address of the warehouse linked to the operation and how much counterfeit currency was found there during the March 1, 2023 raid?", "answer": "123 Mason Street, Hamilton; $10,000", "evidence": ["Investigative units traced these activities back to a vacant warehouse located at 123 Mason Street, Hamilton.", "counterfeit currency amounting to $10,000."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_119_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "Riverton Court Judgment: H. Walker Convicted of Counterfeiting Currency", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_119_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In \"Riverton Court Judgment: H. Walker Convicted of Counterfeiting Currency\", how many key pieces of evidence are enumerated in the Evidence Description?", "answer": "8", "evidence": ["Key pieces of evidence include:", "1. Confiscated Equipment: Industrial-grade printers, custom inks, and counterfeit-specific paper seized from the warehouse at 123 Mason Street.", "8. Raided Assets: Additional raw materials and over $50,000 in partially completed notes found in Walker’s residence and storage unit."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_119_en_Counrier-New.md", "title": "Riverton Court Judgment: H. Walker Convicted of Counterfeiting Currency", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_119_en_Counrier-New.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In \"Riverton Court Judgment: H. Walker Convicted of Counterfeiting Currency\", does the imposed prison term align with Article 170’s range of \"more than three years but not more than ten years\"?", "answer": "Yes; eight years of imprisonment falls within the specified range.", "evidence": ["Walker is sentenced to eight years of imprisonment, coupled with a monetary fine of $20,000.", "Those who counterfeit currency shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of more than three years but not more than ten years"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_56_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Energex Corporation 2021 Financial Performance, Governance Reforms, and Strategic Expansion", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_56_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to \"Energex Corporation 2021 Financial Performance, Governance Reforms, and Strategic Expansion,\" on which stock exchange is Energex Corporation listed?", "answer": "New York Stock Exchange", "evidence": ["Listed on the New York Stock Exchange, Energex is recognized for its significant contributions in the energy industry."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_56_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Energex Corporation 2021 Financial Performance, Governance Reforms, and Strategic Expansion", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_56_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In the document titled \"Energex Corporation 2021 Financial Performance, Governance Reforms, and Strategic Expansion,\" during the April shareholders' meeting, what resolutions were passed impacting Energex Corporation's governance structure and operational strategies?", "answer": "the appointment of a new audit firm, the expansion of the board to include two additional independent directors, and the implementation of an executive compensation policy tied to sustainable performance targets", "evidence": ["In April, during the shareholders' meeting, several resolutions were passed that had a significant impact on the company's governance structure and operational strategies.", "These resolutions included the appointment of a new audit firm, the expansion of the board to include two additional independent directors, and the implementation of an executive compensation policy tied to sustainable performance targets."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_56_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Energex Corporation 2021 Financial Performance, Governance Reforms, and Strategic Expansion", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_56_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In \"Energex Corporation 2021 Financial Performance, Governance Reforms, and Strategic Expansion,\" in June, after large-scale financing to support growth, what did Energex's total liabilities stand at?", "answer": "$2.5 billion", "evidence": ["To support its growth and investment plans, Energex engaged in large-scale financing in June.", "This financing activity had implications for the company's total liabilities, which stood at $2.5 billion."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_56_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "title": "Energex Corporation 2021 Financial Performance, Governance Reforms, and Strategic Expansion", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_56_en_Times-New-Roman.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "How many times does the phrase 'In April,' appear in the document 'Energex Corporation 2021 Financial Performance, Governance Reforms, and Strategic Expansion'?", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["In April, Energex distributed dividends to its shareholders, reflecting the company's commitment to providing returns to its investors.", "In April, Energex Corporation secured a substantial investment to support the expansion and upgrade of its production and distribution infrastructure.", "In April, during the shareholders' meeting, several resolutions were passed that had a significant impact on the company's governance structure and operational strategies."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_74_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Hudson Consumer Goods Co. 2017 Corporate Financial and Sustainability Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_74_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the Hudson Consumer Goods Co. 2017 Corporate Financial and Sustainability Report, what was the operating income for the year?", "answer": "$500 million", "evidence": ["Operating income for the year amounted to $500 million, reflecting the total amount of main business income and other business income within the accounting period."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_74_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Hudson Consumer Goods Co. 2017 Corporate Financial and Sustainability Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_74_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In the Hudson Consumer Goods Co. 2017 Corporate Financial and Sustainability Report, what financing activity did Hudson Consumer Goods Co. conduct in July 2017, and how much was raised?", "answer": "raising $100 million through a bond issuance.", "evidence": ["In July 2017, Hudson Consumer Goods Co. conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $100 million through a bond issuance."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_74_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Hudson Consumer Goods Co. 2017 Corporate Financial and Sustainability Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_74_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In the Hudson Consumer Goods Co. 2017 Corporate Financial and Sustainability Report, which sustainability initiative launched in March 2017 was part of the efforts that began in January 2017?", "answer": "the launch of the Green Manufacturing Program", "evidence": ["In January 2017, Hudson Consumer Goods Co. made significant strides in sustainability and social responsibility initiatives.", "One of the key sub-events was the launch of the Green Manufacturing Program in March 2017."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_74_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Hudson Consumer Goods Co. 2017 Corporate Financial and Sustainability Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_74_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In the \"Hudson Consumer Goods Co. 2017 Corporate Financial and Sustainability Report,\" how many months in 2017 are explicitly mentioned in the sustainability and social responsibility initiatives section?", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["In January 2017, Hudson Consumer Goods Co. made significant strides in sustainability and social responsibility initiatives.", "One of the key sub-events was the launch of the Green Manufacturing Program in March 2017.", "In June 2017, Hudson Consumer Goods Co. established a company-wide recycling program, showcasing its commitment to sustainable practices and social responsibility.", "Additionally, in August 2017, the company introduced an Employee Wellness Program, which aimed to promote the health and well-being of its employees.", "Furthermore, in October 2017, Hudson Consumer Goods Co. formed partnerships with local communities to support education and environmental conservation."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_74_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Hudson Consumer Goods Co. 2017 Corporate Financial and Sustainability Report", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_74_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "Based on total assets of $1.2 billion and total liabilities of $600 million in the Hudson Consumer Goods Co. 2017 Corporate Financial and Sustainability Report, what is the implied debt ratio, and does it match the stated debt ratio in the report?", "answer": "0.5 (matches the stated debt ratio)", "evidence": ["Hudson Consumer Goods Co. reported total assets of $1.2 billion at the end of the accounting period.", "On the other hand, the company's total liabilities amounted to $600 million, representing the total amount of debts the company is obligated to repay.", "The debt ratio of Hudson Consumer Goods Co. is 0.5, indicating that the company's total liabilities account for 50% of its total assets."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_62_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd.: 2021 Growth, Financials, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_62_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the document \"Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd.: 2021 Growth, Financials, and Governance Overview,\" on what date was Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. established?", "answer": "June 1, 2005", "evidence": ["Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd., established on June 1, 2005, is a publicly listed manufacturing company based in Cityville, specializing in the production and distribution of high-quality industrial machinery and equipment."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_62_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd.: 2021 Growth, Financials, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_62_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd.: 2021 Growth, Financials, and Governance Overview, which April 2021 event contributed to \"the company's net profit of $50 million\"?", "answer": "entered into a strategic partnership agreement with a major technology company specializing in automation solutions.", "evidence": ["In April 2021, Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. entered into a strategic partnership agreement with a major technology company specializing in automation solutions.", "This partnership contributed to the company's net profit of $50 million."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_62_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd.: 2021 Growth, Financials, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_62_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "In the document \"Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd.: 2021 Growth, Financials, and Governance Overview,\" how many acquisitions (including plant acquisition and company/equity acquisitions) are mentioned for 2021?", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["In March 2021, the company decided to acquire an additional manufacturing plant in a neighboring city, expanding its production facility.", "In March 2021, Fabrikon completed the asset acquisition of Precision Tools Inc., a leading manufacturer of precision machinery, with a total value of $50 million.", "In May 2021, Fabrikon completed the acquisition of 60% equity of TechnoParts Ltd., a key supplier of critical components."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_62_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd.: 2021 Growth, Financials, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_62_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "According to the performance summary in \"Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd.: 2021 Growth, Financials, and Governance Overview\", what was Fabrikon's shareholder equity and what factors influenced it?", "answer": "Shareholder equity reached $400 million, influenced by the net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves.", "evidence": ["Shareholder equity reached $400 million, influenced by the net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_140_zh_黑体.md", "title": "地中海贫血伴肝脾肿大住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_140_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在霜叶市第一人民医院的《地中海贫血伴肝脾肿大住院病历》中，患者的血型是什么？", "answer": "O型", "evidence": ["血型鉴定显示为O型。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_140_zh_黑体.md", "title": "地中海贫血伴肝脾肿大住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_140_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《地中海贫血伴肝脾肿大住院病历》中的《体温单》记录的血压数值是多少？", "answer": "110/70 mmHg", "evidence": ["体温: 36.7℃; 脉搏: 84次/分; 呼吸: 20次/分; 血压: 110/70 mmHg"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_140_zh_黑体.md", "title": "地中海贫血伴肝脾肿大住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_140_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《地中海贫血伴肝脾肿大住院病历》中，入院时间与入院后病程记录的首日日期是否相同？请给出该日期。", "answer": "2月4日", "evidence": ["入院时间：2月4日", "2月4日，患者因贫血、体力下降、腹部突出入院。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_140_zh_黑体.md", "title": "地中海贫血伴肝脾肿大住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_140_zh_黑体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《地中海贫血伴肝脾肿大住院病历》中，标注为“已签署”的同意书共有几项？", "answer": "2", "evidence": ["输血治疗知情同意书：", "已签署", "特殊检查同意书：", "已签署"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_86_zh_隶书.md", "title": "茅某某销售假冒注册商标商品案判决", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_86_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《茅某某销售假冒注册商标商品案判决》（柿园市碧落区人民法院刑事判决书）中，本案的案号是什么？", "answer": "（2023）碧刑初字第01234号", "evidence": ["（2023）碧刑初字第01234号"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_86_zh_隶书.md", "title": "茅某某销售假冒注册商标商品案判决", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_86_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《茅某某销售假冒注册商标商品案判决》中，辩护人及其所属律所是什么？", "answer": "辩护人：孙某某，柿园市正义律师事务所律师。", "evidence": ["#### 辩护人：孙某某，柿园市正义律师事务所律师。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_86_zh_隶书.md", "title": "茅某某销售假冒注册商标商品案判决", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_86_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《茅某某销售假冒注册商标商品案判决》中，被告人茅某某被刑事拘留和被批准逮捕的日期分别是什么？", "answer": "于2022年3月25日被柿园市公安局刑事拘留，同年4月10日被柿园市碧落区人民检察院批准逮捕。", "evidence": ["因涉嫌销售假冒注册商标的商品罪，于2022年3月25日被柿园市公安局刑事拘留，同年4月10日被柿园市碧落区人民检察院批准逮捕。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_86_zh_隶书.md", "title": "茅某某销售假冒注册商标商品案判决", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_86_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《茅某某销售假冒注册商标商品案判决》这份《柿园市碧落区人民法院 刑事判决书》的“证据描述”部分，共列举了几项证据？", "answer": "8", "evidence": ["1. **现场扣押的假冒商品清单及照片**：执法部门在被告人茅某某的店铺及仓库中扣押的假冒“耐克”、假冒“阿迪达斯”、假冒“新百伦”品牌的运动鞋及运动服饰的详细清单，以及现场拍摄的照片。该清单和照片准确记录了扣押商品的种类、数量及包装特征。", "2. **销售记录及相关账本**：显示被告人茅某某通过线上线下销售假冒商品的详细记录及金额。账本中详细记载了日常销售的金额、付款方式、客户信息及商品种类。", "3. **消费者证人证言**：多名购买到假冒商品的消费者证实，他们通过茅某某的实体店铺或社交媒体平台购买到的商品为假冒。他们提供了与被告人之间的交易记录、付款凭证及购买商品的实物。", "4. **商品检验报告**：柿园市市场监管局对被扣押的商品进行了检验，证明这些商品确系假冒商品。检验报告详细说明了检验的方法、步骤及结论。", "5. **社交媒体销售记录及宣传截图**：被告人茅某某在社交媒体平台上发布的所有销售信息、宣传图片及与客户互动的截图，记录了其主动推销假冒商品的全过程。", "6. **供货商的聊天记录**：被告人茅某某与供货商之间使用微信及QQ的聊天记录，显示供货商明知这些商品为假冒商品，并与被告人进行价格商议及发货安排。", "7. **批发客户的电子邮件及合同**：显示被告人茅某某与批发客户多次进行批量交易的电子邮件及合同文件。合同中详细列明了商品种类、数量、价格、交货日期等信息。", "8. **批发客户证人证言**：固定批发客户证实其多次通过被告人茅某某处批量购买假冒商品，并提供了交易记录、付款凭证及收到的商品实物。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_86_zh_隶书.md", "title": "茅某某销售假冒注册商标商品案判决", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_86_zh_隶书.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "结合《茅某某销售假冒注册商标商品案判决》的判决结果与文末引用的法条，被告人所适用的是刑法第二百一十四条中的哪一档量刑规定？", "answer": "处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。", "evidence": ["被告人茅某某犯销售假冒注册商标的商品罪，判处有期徒刑四年，并处罚金人民币五十万元。", "违法所得数额巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_41_en_Arial.md", "title": "Entertainment Enterprises Inc. 2019 Strategic, Financial, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_41_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the Entertainment Enterprises Inc. 2019 Strategic, Financial, and Governance Overview report, what was the total value paid to acquire Dream Studios in November 2019?", "answer": "$200 million", "evidence": ["In November 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. completed the acquisition of Dream Studios, a prominent film production company, for a total value of $200 million."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_41_en_Arial.md", "title": "Entertainment Enterprises Inc. 2019 Strategic, Financial, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_41_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In \"Entertainment Enterprises Inc. 2019 Strategic, Financial, and Governance Overview,\" which two independent directors were appointed to the board of Entertainment Enterprises Inc. in February 2019?", "answer": "Jennifer Adams and Michael Collins", "evidence": ["In February 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. appointed two new independent directors, Jennifer Adams and Michael Collins, to its board of directors."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_41_en_Arial.md", "title": "Entertainment Enterprises Inc. 2019 Strategic, Financial, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_41_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "In the Entertainment Enterprises Inc. 2019 Strategic, Financial, and Governance Overview, in which month did Entertainment Enterprises Inc. conduct a large-scale financing activity via bond issuance, and how much did it raise?", "answer": "In August 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $100 million of funds through a bond issuance.", "evidence": ["In August 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $100 million of funds through a bond issuance."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_41_en_Arial.md", "title": "Entertainment Enterprises Inc. 2019 Strategic, Financial, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_41_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "According to the Entertainment Enterprises Inc. 2019 Strategic, Financial, and Governance Overview, how many new independent directors did Entertainment Enterprises Inc. appoint in February 2019?", "answer": "two", "evidence": ["In February 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. appointed two new independent directors, Jennifer Adams and Michael Collins, to its board of directors."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_41_en_Arial.md", "title": "Entertainment Enterprises Inc. 2019 Strategic, Financial, and Governance Overview", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_41_en_Arial.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In the Entertainment Enterprises Inc. 2019 Strategic, Financial, and Governance Overview, given reported total assets of $1.2 billion and total liabilities of $300 million, what debt ratio did Entertainment Enterprises Inc. report?", "answer": "25%", "evidence": ["Entertainment Enterprises Inc. reported total assets of $1.2 billion, representing the total amount of assets owned by the company at the end of the accounting period.", "The company's total liabilities amounted to $300 million, reflecting the total amount of debts the company is obligated to repay at the end of the accounting period.", "The debt ratio, which is the ratio of total liabilities to total assets, stood at 25%."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_3_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "ACME研发有限公司2019年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_3_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《ACME研发有限公司2019年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述》，ACME研发有限公司的总部位于哪里？", "answer": "美国加利福尼亚州", "evidence": ["总部位于美国加利福尼亚州"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_3_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "ACME研发有限公司2019年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_3_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在‘ACME研发有限公司2019年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述’中，融资计划的三个关键时间点（启动、确定方案、签署协议）分别是什么时候？", "answer": "2018年6月、2018年9月、2019年1月", "evidence": ["公司在2018年6月启动了一项大规模融资计划", "公司于2018年9月确定了融资方案", "并于2019年1月正式签署了融资协议"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_3_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "ACME研发有限公司2019年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_3_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《ACME研发有限公司2019年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述》的社会责任部分，2019年1月、2019年2月和2019年4月分别采取了哪些举措？", "answer": "公司于2019年1月开始投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。公司于2019年2月提供了各类培训和发展项目。公司于2019年4月推行了员工多样性与包容计划。", "evidence": ["公司于2019年1月开始投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。", "公司于2019年2月提供了各类培训和发展项目。", "公司于2019年4月推行了员工多样性与包容计划。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_3_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "ACME研发有限公司2019年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_3_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《ACME研发有限公司2019年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述》的环境责任部分，2019年涉及具体环境举措的月份共有多少个？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["公司于2019年4月实施了环境管理系统。", "公司还在2019年5月投资实施了节能减排项目。", "为了进一步减少环境污染，公司于2019年6月建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备。", "公司于2019年10月更新了能源消耗较高的设备。", "此外，公司还于2019年11月投资于碳抵消项目。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_3_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "ACME研发有限公司2019年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_3_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "结合《ACME研发有限公司2019年度财务、治理与可持续发展综述》中的财务报告与治理事件描述，2019年7月公司经历了哪两类事件？分别带来了什么影响或目的？", "answer": "公司卷入了一起财务丑闻，财务丑闻曝光后，公司的股价大幅下跌，投资者信心受到了严重打击。公司在2019年7月全面升级了风险管理框架，这一举措提高了公司对内外部风险的应对能力，保障了公司的持续运营和稳定发展。", "evidence": ["2019年7月，公司卷入了一起财务丑闻，这对公司的声誉和财务状况造成了严重的影响。", "财务丑闻曝光后，公司的股价大幅下跌，投资者信心受到了严重打击。", "公司在2019年7月全面升级了风险管理框架，对内外部风险进行了识别、评估和缓解。", "这一举措提高了公司对内外部风险的应对能力，保障了公司的持续运营和稳定发展。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_168_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "右眼急性闭角型青光眼住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_168_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在紫陌市人民医院的《右眼急性闭角型青光眼住院病历》中，患者的年龄是多少？", "answer": "66岁", "evidence": ["年龄: 66岁"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_168_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "右眼急性闭角型青光眼住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_168_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《右眼急性闭角型青光眼住院病历》的“基本信息”部分中，患者的住址是什么？", "answer": "紫陌市铁桥街13号", "evidence": ["住址: 紫陌市铁桥街13号"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_168_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "右眼急性闭角型青光眼住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_168_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《右眼急性闭角型青光眼住院病历》的“体格检查”与“体温单”中记录的血压是多少？", "answer": "150/90 mmHg", "evidence": ["血压: 150/90 mmHg", "体温36.5°C，脉搏80次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压150/90 mmHg"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_168_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "右眼急性闭角型青光眼住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_168_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《右眼急性闭角型青光眼住院病历》的“眼压测定”中，两眼眼压相比，较高的数值是多少？", "answer": "右眼32 mmHg", "evidence": ["眼压测定: 右眼32 mmHg，左眼18 mmHg，眼底检查显示视神经乳头轻度凹陷"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_168_zh_微软雅黑.md", "title": "右眼急性闭角型青光眼住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_168_zh_微软雅黑.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据患者的症状和检查结果，紫陌市人民医院《右眼急性闭角型青光眼住院病历》中给出的初步诊断是什么？", "answer": "右眼急性闭角型青光眼", "evidence": ["主诉:\n\n视力模糊，头痛，恶心3天", "专科检查：右眼视力0.2，左眼视力1.0，右眼眼压升高，前房变浅，角膜轻度水肿", "初步诊断:\n\n右眼急性闭角型青光眼"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_22_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "信达百货2021年度经营、治理与ESG回顾", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_22_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "根据《信达百货2021年度经营、治理与ESG回顾》，信达百货在哪一年在上海证券交易所上市？", "answer": "2010年", "evidence": ["该公司在2010年在上海证券交易所上市。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_22_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "信达百货2021年度经营、治理与ESG回顾", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_22_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "根据《信达百货2021年度经营、治理与ESG回顾》，在环境责任方面的指标中，信达百货的能源消耗是多少（含单位）？", "answer": "1,000,000千瓦时", "evidence": ["能源消耗为1,000,000千瓦时，受生产效率提高和能源管理措施实施的影响。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_22_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "信达百货2021年度经营、治理与ESG回顾", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_22_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《信达百货2021年度经营、治理与ESG回顾》中提到的2021年4月和2021年8月的两次事件中，信达百货的股东权益指标分别达到了多少？", "answer": "2000万元", "evidence": ["股权收购事件对公司的股东权益指标产生了影响，使其达到了2000万元。", "股利分发事件对公司的股东权益指标产生了影响，使其达到了2000万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_22_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "信达百货2021年度经营、治理与ESG回顾", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_22_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《信达百货2021年度经营、治理与ESG回顾》的环境责任部分描述，2021年信达百货在几个月份具体实施了环境举措（按月份计数）？", "answer": "5", "evidence": ["首先，公司于2021年2月投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资林业项目和太阳能发电项目来抵消碳排放，实现碳中和目标。", "其次，公司于2021年5月建立了新的废水处理系统和废气排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。", "此外，公司于2021年7月实施了ISO14001环境管理系统，提高了环境绩效，减少了废物产生，并确保了合规。", "另外，公司于2021年8月开发了环保型清洁剂，减少了对环境的影响，提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象。", "最后，公司于2021年9月投资实施了节能减排项目，减少了能源消耗和温室气体排放。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_22_zh_仿宋.md", "title": "信达百货2021年度经营、治理与ESG回顾", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_22_zh_仿宋.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《信达百货2021年度经营、治理与ESG回顾》中，哪一个月份的资产收购事件同时满足“总价值为1亿元”且使“总资产和总负债指标分别达到了5000万元和3000万元”？请回答月份。", "answer": "2021年7月", "evidence": ["随后，在2021年7月，信达百货完成了对华盛百货的资产收购，总价值为1亿元。", "资产收购事件对公司的总资产和总负债指标产生了影响，使其分别达到了5000万元和3000万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_105_zh_楷体.md", "title": "栗子市银川区法院祝某某徇私枉法案判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_105_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《栗子市银川区法院祝某某徇私枉法案判决书》中，被告人祝某某的出生日期是什么？", "answer": "1983年6月15日", "evidence": ["被告人：祝某某，女，1983年6月15日生，汉族，住栗子市冰川街45号，栗子市税务局税务专员。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_105_zh_楷体.md", "title": "栗子市银川区法院祝某某徇私枉法案判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_105_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《栗子市银川区法院祝某某徇私枉法案判决书》中，“一、案件涉及程序”部分第3项“刑事拘留”的日期是什么？", "answer": "2022年7月22日", "evidence": ["3. **刑事拘留**：2022年7月22日，经进一步查证，已掌握嫌疑人徇私枉法的具体事实，检察机关决定对祝某某采取刑事拘留措施。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_105_zh_楷体.md", "title": "栗子市银川区法院祝某某徇私枉法案判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_105_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《栗子市银川区法院祝某某徇私枉法案判决书》中，关于飞虎公司相关事实与证据，飞虎公司向祝某某提供的贿赂物品及其价值是什么？", "answer": "价值10万元的名牌手表", "evidence": ["- **物证**：飞虎公司赠送的价值10万元的名牌手表，祝某某曾多次佩戴此手表出席公共场合。", " - 飞虎公司赠送的价值10万元的名牌手表，经调查显示为赵某某所赠，并由祝某某接受。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_105_zh_楷体.md", "title": "栗子市银川区法院祝某某徇私枉法案判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_105_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "在《栗子市银川区法院祝某某徇私枉法案判决书》中，涉及徇私枉法行为的企业共有几家？", "answer": "3", "evidence": ["### 1. 犯罪事实一：与飞虎公司的徇私枉法行为", "### 2. 犯罪事实二：与曙光电子公司的徇私枉法行为", "### 3. 犯罪事实三：与海天建材公司的徇私枉法行为"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_105_zh_楷体.md", "title": "栗子市银川区法院祝某某徇私枉法案判决书", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_105_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "在《栗子市银川区法院祝某某徇私枉法案判决书》的案情陈述中，曙光电子公司与海天建材公司的行为共导致的国家损失金额合计多少万元？", "answer": "30万元", "evidence": ["导致国家税款损失高达20万元。", "致使国家税收损失10万元。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_166_zh_楷体.md", "title": "7岁男童1型糖尿病住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_166_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "在《7岁男童1型糖尿病住院病历》中，患者的入院时间是什么？", "answer": "2月12日", "evidence": ["入院时间：2月12日"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_166_zh_楷体.md", "title": "7岁男童1型糖尿病住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_166_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "在《7岁男童1型糖尿病住院病历》中，雨城市人民医院住院病历开头的个人信息行中，患者的职业是什么？", "answer": "学生", "evidence": ["职业：学生"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_166_zh_楷体.md", "title": "7岁男童1型糖尿病住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_166_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《7岁男童1型糖尿病住院病历》（雨城市人民医院）中，“辅助检查”和“辅助检查报告单”两处记录显示的血糖值是多少？", "answer": "20 mmol/L", "evidence": ["辅助检查：血糖: 20 mmol/L，尿常规: 尿糖阳性，酮体阳性。", "血糖20 mmol/L，尿糖阳性，酮体阳性。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_166_zh_楷体.md", "title": "7岁男童1型糖尿病住院病历", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_166_zh_楷体.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "根据《7岁男童1型糖尿病住院病历》中记载的症状、检验和鉴别诊断，初步诊断患者属于哪种糖尿病类型？", "answer": "1型糖尿病", "evidence": ["初步诊断：康某某疑似患有1型糖尿病。", "鉴别诊断：排除2型糖尿病，因康某某年纪较小，无肥胖史，且症状典型。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_79_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Elevate Retail Inc.: 2020 Expansion, Financial Performance, and ESG Initiatives", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_79_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "According to the document \"Elevate Retail Inc.: 2020 Expansion, Financial Performance, and ESG Initiatives,\" what was the net profit for the accounting period?", "answer": "$32 million", "evidence": ["The net profit of Elevate Retail Inc. for the accounting period reached $32 million."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_79_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Elevate Retail Inc.: 2020 Expansion, Financial Performance, and ESG Initiatives", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_79_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "In the document \"Elevate Retail Inc.: 2020 Expansion, Financial Performance, and ESG Initiatives,\" in September 2020, what assets did Elevate Retail Inc. acquire and from which company?", "answer": "distribution centers and warehouses of Logistics Solutions Inc.", "evidence": ["In September 2020, Elevate Retail Inc. completed the acquisition of distribution centers and warehouses of Logistics Solutions Inc."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_79_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Elevate Retail Inc.: 2020 Expansion, Financial Performance, and ESG Initiatives", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_79_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "According to \"Elevate Retail Inc.: 2020 Expansion, Financial Performance, and ESG Initiatives,\" at the end of the accounting period, what were Elevate Retail Inc.'s total assets and total liabilities?", "answer": "At the end of the accounting period, Elevate Retail Inc. had total assets amounting to $960 million. Elevate Retail Inc. had total liabilities of $380 million at the end of the accounting period.", "evidence": ["At the end of the accounting period, Elevate Retail Inc. had total assets amounting to $960 million.", "Elevate Retail Inc. had total liabilities of $380 million at the end of the accounting period."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_79_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Elevate Retail Inc.: 2020 Expansion, Financial Performance, and ESG Initiatives", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_79_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "According to Elevate Retail Inc.: 2020 Expansion, Financial Performance, and ESG Initiatives, how many new stores did Elevate Retail Inc. announce it would open in July 2020?", "answer": "five new stores", "evidence": ["In July 2020, Elevate Retail Inc. finalized a store expansion plan, announcing the opening of five new stores in major cities across the United States."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_79_en_Calibri.md", "title": "Elevate Retail Inc.: 2020 Expansion, Financial Performance, and ESG Initiatives", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_79_en_Calibri.md", "question_category": "Complex Reasoning", "question": "In Elevate Retail Inc.: 2020 Expansion, Financial Performance, and ESG Initiatives, which occurred first: the $10 million new flagship store investment in downtown Manhattan or the asset restructuring? Provide the earlier event.", "answer": "In January 2020, Elevate Retail Inc. made a major investment of $10 million in a new flagship store in downtown Manhattan.", "evidence": ["In January 2020, Elevate Retail Inc. made a major investment of $10 million in a new flagship store in downtown Manhattan.", "In April 2020, Elevate Retail Inc. underwent asset restructuring to optimize its business structure."]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_95_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "烟波市青田区法院严某盗窃案一审判决", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_95_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Basic Recognition", "question": "《烟波市青田区法院严某盗窃案一审判决》这份烟波市青田区人民法院刑事判决书的案号是什么？", "answer": "（2023）青刑初字第1234号", "evidence": ["案号：（2023）青刑初字第1234号"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_95_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "烟波市青田区法院严某盗窃案一审判决", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_95_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Structural Alignment", "question": "《烟波市青田区法院严某盗窃案一审判决》中列示的庭审人员中，书记员的姓名是谁？", "answer": "卞某", "evidence": ["书记员：卞某"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_95_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "烟波市青田区法院严某盗窃案一审判决", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_95_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Cross-Field Continuity", "question": "在《烟波市青田区法院严某盗窃案一审判决》中，检察院提起公诉的日期与本院公开开庭审理的日期分别是什么？", "answer": "2023年3月15日；2023年4月10日", "evidence": ["烟波市青田区人民检察院以烟青检刑诉[2023]第001号起诉书指控被告人严某犯盗窃罪，于2023年3月15日向本院提起公诉。", "本院依法组成合议庭，于2023年4月10日公开开庭审理了本案。"]}
+{"doc_type": "font", "filename": "font_95_zh_华文行楷.md", "title": "烟波市青田区法院严某盗窃案一审判决", "file_path": "RAG_eval/doc_md/font_95_zh_华文行楷.md", "question_category": "Statistical / Counting", "question": "根据《烟波市青田区法院严某盗窃案一审判决》中“犯罪事实”部分对三起案件的描述，累计盗窃的总价值约为多少元？", "answer": "35000元", "evidence": ["累计盗窃总价值约7000元。", "总价值约16000元。", "物品总价值约12000元。"]}
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8119fa87d24e3e87b39a4e56fe2c37201d0bc95
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+# 2022年工业信息安全态势报告
+
+国家工业信息安全发展研究中心
+监测应急所
+2023.02
+
+## Q | 报告目录
+
+### 01
+事件分析
+
+
+
+### 02
+政策动向
+
+
+
+### 03
+技术趋势
+
+
+
+### 04
+产业发展
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## 01
+
+### 事件分析
+
+ 2022年十大典型工业信息安全事件
+
+勒索攻击持续威胁工业信息安全
+
+工业数据泄露事件影响进一步扩大
+
+供应链攻击加剧工业信息安全威胁
+
+地缘政治冲突推动安全风险升级
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_10.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_10.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13af81193a4556304e46b9fdd683acac120aacc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_10.md
@@ -0,0 +1,163 @@
+# 托牛谷物营养膳食粉
+
+YAK GRAIN NUTRITIONAL DIETARY POWDER
+
+## PART 01 产品介绍
+
+PRODUCT INTRODUCTION
+
+
+
+
+
+### 牦牛谷物营养膳食粉
+
+全新配方
+您身边的营养专家
+
+【产品名称】：牦牛谷物营养膳食粉
+
+【净含量】：360g/盒 (30g×12)
+
+【产品介绍】：全均衡营养餐，好吃抗饿又减脂，以天然谷物亚麻籽、燕麦、甘油二酯、全脂牦牛粉，以及多维元素等营养成分为主要替餐食品，只**提供能量和营养，不产生脂肪**，同时增强内脏脂肪氧化，促进脂肪转化分解为身体能量。以低能量，均衡营养摄入、强化免疫力、增强人体基础代谢。
+
+【特色成分】：亚麻籽粉、**甘油二酯油微囊粉**、大豆肽粉、浓缩乳清蛋白、**全脂牦牛粉**、牛初乳、酵母抽提物、鱼胶原蛋白肽；钙、铁、锌+多种维生素
+
+### 牦牛谷物营养膳食粉
+
+**牦牛谷物营养膳食粉**是以亚麻籽粉、甘油二酯、全脂牦牛粉, 以及多维元素营养成分为主要替餐食品,只**提供能量和营养,不产生脂肪**,同时增强内脏脂肪氧化,促进脂肪转化分解为身体能量。以低能量,均衡营养摄入、强化免疫力、增强人体基础代谢等大原则的全新健康饮食方案。主要针对营养失衡不足、免疫力低下、肥胖及亚健康人群专业定制健康生活理念,其中亚麻籽中大量的不饱和脂肪酸、膳食纤维及亚麻蛋白,在提升人体免疫力的同时降低肥胖人群胆固醇及血脂水平,减少因肥胖引起代谢性疾病的发病几率,从根本上规避不良生活习惯,从而实现真正自我“全均衡营养餐”,养成受用一生的健康生活新方式。
+
+!
+
+## PART 02 成分介绍
+
+FLAXSEED MULTL-NUTRIENT LIGHT MEAL
+PRODUCT COMPOSITION
+
+### 4大进口成分
+
+
+
+#### 圆苞车前子壳粉
+
+进口国家：印度
+降低食欲、控制体重、降低胆固醇和血脂
+
+
+
+#### 白芸豆提取物
+
+进口国家：印度
+低GI食物，含有丰富的蛋白质和膳食纤维，淀粉吸收阻断剂
+
+
+
+#### 柑橘果粉
+
+进口国家：法国
+经临床试验证实其对促进脂肪燃烧、降低体重、减少脂肪的作用
+
+
+
+#### 浓缩乳清蛋白粉
+
+进口国家：澳大利亚
+润肠通便、降低食欲、控制体重
+
+### 油脂对人体作用
+
+
+
+1.油脂分解后的脂肪酸被氧化后可以释放大量热量,被机体加以利用。
+
+2.油脂脂肪酸是组成细胞膜的重要物质和营养成分。
+
+3.被贮藏在脂肪细胞中的油脂构成了皮下脂肪,它们就像隔热材料,为我们防寒保暖,还能在身体受到冲击的时候起到缓冲的作用,让我们内脏器官免受伤害!
+
+4.缺乏油脂会影响脂溶性维生素A、E、D、K的吸收:
+
+维生素A缺乏,幼儿会出现皮肤干燥、头发枯黄及夜盲症等;
+
+维生素E缺乏可影响生殖系统的正常发育,引起皮脂萎缩及早衰等;
+
+维生素D缺乏会影响钙磷吸收,导致小儿佝偻病;
+
+维生素K不足可影响肝脏合成凝血酶原之功能,引起广泛性出血。
+
+### 亚麻籽粉
+
+α-亚麻酸为长链不饱和脂肪酸(ω-3)是人体不能自身合成的必需脂肪酸,必须从体外摄取。亚麻籽是所有植物中含有α-亚麻酸最高的(45%~60%)。
+
+亚麻籽中的ω-3不饱和脂肪酸不会存储脂肪。它会进入人体各处,形成质量好的细胞膜。通过血液循环,激活人体的褐色脂肪,使基础代谢率进一步提高。
+
+**甘油二酯+α-亚麻酸**
+
+#### 1、亚麻籽有助于促进健康体重管理
+
+其高纤维含量有助于增加饱腹感，减少食欲，从而有助于控制体重。另外，它还含有丰富的不饱和脂肪酸，能够提供长效饱腹感，帮助避免频繁的零食。
+
+#### 2、亚麻籽可以改善心脏健康
+
+ω-3脂肪酸是亚麻籽粉的重要组成部分之一，它是一种对心脏健康极其有益的脂肪酸。研究表明，摄入足够的ω-3脂肪酸可以降低心脏病和中风的风险，并有助于维持正常的心脏功能。
+
+#### 3、亚麻籽具有抗炎功效
+
+人体的慢性炎症与许多慢性疾病，包括糖尿病、关节炎和心血管疾病等，密切相关。亚麻籽粉中丰富的ω-3脂肪酸和纤维有助于减轻炎症反应，进而降低患上这些慢性疾病的风险。
+
+#### 4、亚麻籽天然抗氧化剂
+
+抗氧化剂有助于中和体内的自由基，防止细胞氧化损伤，并减缓衰老过程。通过摄入亚麻籽粉，不仅能摄入大量的抗氧化剂，还能维持年轻健康的肌肤。
+
+### 全脂牦牛粉
+
+
+
+#### 降低血压
+
+牦牛奶中含有较多的钾元素，每100ml含有120mg，钾元素可以平衡人体内的钠元素，软化血管，促进血液循环，从而降低血压。
+
+#### 益智健脑
+
+牦牛奶中含有丰富的功能性脂肪酸和二十碳五烯酸（EPA）、二十碳六烯酸（DHA）。
+
+#### 改善消化功能
+
+牦牛奶中含有大量的天然乳酸菌，这些乳酸菌可以减少宿便，改善消化系统，长期饮用可以促进肠道健康[1]。
+
+#### 预防心脑血管疾病
+
+牦牛奶中含有共轭亚油酸（CLA），这是一种抗动脉粥样硬化因子，具有抗肿瘤、抗氧化、抗突变等多种健康益处。
+
+[1]娄新建,郝力壮,刘书杰,等.牦牛乳营养价值的研究进展[J].动物营养学报,2024,36(03):1446-1462.
+
+## PART 03 产品功效及服用方法
+
+FLAXSEED MULTL-NUTRIENT LIGHT MEAL
+
+PRODUCT EFFICACY
+
+### 食用方法
+
+
+
+
+
+1. 直接加入200ml温开水冲泡(水温45度左右，不宜过高)，摇均匀后即可食用；
+
+2. 每日建议1-2袋，每天食用不超过6袋，
+
+3. 早晚餐食用代替碳水，亦或减肥期间的加餐。
+
+(更多DIY搭配食用方法，期待您来解锁...)
+
+**特别提醒：**
+
+**每天保证饮水2000ml～2500ml以上，睡前四小时不进食，晚上8点以后少喝水，以润喉为主；**
+
+**进餐先后顺序：产品 - 菜 - 肉、细嚼慢咽，7、8分饱即可；**
+
+**不饿不吃，食谱仅供参考，同类食材可替换；建议每餐搭配3-5种食物。**
+
+**禁止熬夜，饮食规律！**
+
+## 谢谢观看
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_11.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_11.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6a94361574ac4e7a14499671b1bce1722af6ec0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_11.md
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+## 偏差处理中风险管理工具的应用内容简介
+
+## 内容简介
+
+1 2010版GMP 对偏差和质量风险管理的要求
+
+2 偏差处理的一般流程
+
+3 风险评估工具的应用的阶段
+
+4 如何使用风险评估工具
+
+5 案例分析
+
+## 2010版GMP 对偏差和质量风险管理的要求
+
+第五节 偏差处理
+
+第二百四十九条 任何偏差都应当评估其对产品质量的潜在影响。企业可以根据偏差的性质、范围、对产品质量潜在影响的程度将偏差分类（如重大、次要偏差），对重大偏差的评估还应当考虑是否需要对产品进行额外的检验以及对产品有效期的影响，必要时，应当对涉及重大偏差的产品进行稳定性考察。
+
+## 2010版GMP 对偏差和质量风险管理的要求
+
+第四节 质量风险管理
+
+* 第十三条 质量风险管理是在整个产品生命周期中采用前瞻或回顾的方式，对质量风险进行评估、控制、沟通、审核的系统过程。
+
+ 风险管理运用在可以运用在哪些方面？
+
+* 第十四条 应当根据科学知识及经验对质量风险进行评估，以保证产品质量。
+
+ 什么样的人有经验？什么样的人有科学知识？
+
+* 第十五条 质量风险管理过程所采用的方法、措施、形式及形成的文件应当与存在风险的级别相适应。
+
+ 平衡点在哪？
+
+## 风险管理在偏差处理流程中的应用阶段
+
+对受影响物料的处置，提出可行性的方案
+
+即风险识别和风险评估的过程
+
+制定并实施相应的纠正及预防措施
+
+即风险降低的过程
+
+偏差终审人员根据纠正及预防措施实施的效果对相关物料做出最终的处理意见
+
+即风险接受的过程。
+
+## 风险识别
+
+风险识别
+
+对受影响物料的处置意见进行分析找出能够找出的风险点
+
+即关注如果使用这些方法将会出现的问题是什么？
+
+基本要求：基于科学与经验的专业人员进行有效的识别找出能够找出的风险点。
+
+一线员工和风险评估专业人员共同参与，使用有效的分析工具进行寻找。
+
+## 风险分析
+
+1.严重性(S)
+
+| 类别 | 分数 | 标准 | | 微小 | 1 | 对产品质量有较小的影响,可能会引起该批的较小损失,例如总混后在物料装载的过程中,物料洒落一部分在地上,对产品质量无任何影响但影响了产品的收率 | | 重大 | 2 | 对产品质量有中等或较大的影响,不但对本批有影响,可能还会影响其他批次。例如:筛网与摇摆式颗粒机不配套,造成药粉颗粒不均,影响产品装量差异 | | 严重 | 3 | 对产品质量有严重影响,造成产品报废,例如产品相关质量指标超过法定范围 |
+
+## 风险降低
+
+风险控制中的注意事项：
+
+1. 需要为制定的措施设定明确的行动方案、负责人、完成日期，并需要制定专人对措施的完成情况进行追踪，以确认所有的措施必须完成到位。
+
+2. 如制定的措施不能按时完成必须对所造成的影响以及是否会引入新的风险进行评估。（有的物料放置过久有可能造成微生物限度超标，或有关物质超标）
+
+
+
+## 谢谢
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_12.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_12.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6bc2b4444242bc7c7e0f27cf4425b0e1cd65abe8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_12.md
@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+# 后疫情时代
+
+# 数字文化产业的
+
+# 高质量发展
+
+————以微信视频号助推数字文化消费升级为例
+
+青峰计划
+
+清华大学文化创意发展研究院
+Institute for Culture Creativity,
+Tsinghua University
+
+中國演出行業協會
+China Association of Performing Arts
+
+联合出品
+
+## 目录
+
+序言 短视频正在激发高品质文化消费活力 ...2
+一、文化创生：短视频促进文化传承与新消费迭代 ...4
+ （一）碎片·沉浸·社交：文化消费发展的新形态 ...4
+ （二）短视频文艺助力新时代文化的弘扬与承继 ...5
+ 1. 引导用户亲身参与，唤醒日常生活的文化记忆 ...5
+ 2. 激活传统文化消费，革新文化瑰宝的诠释路径 ...6
+ 3. 助力特色文化出圈，鼓励多彩文化的多样表达 ...6
+ （三）短视频场景促进文化与商业的融合与共生 ...7
+二、生态链通：视频号搭建文化传播的全新坐标系 ...9
+ （一）公共传播新路径：公域私域互通，扩大主流媒体声量 ...9
+ （二）文化商业新思路：跨功能超链接，激发文化演艺活力 ...11
+ （三）形象打造新方法：线上线下共创，擦亮个人垂类名片 ...13
+ （四）熟人社交新模式：关系圈层拓展，共话数字美好生活 ...15
+三、品质升级：新业态保障后疫情文化内容精品率 ...16
+ （一）文化科技相互融合，提供数字文化的沉浸式体验 ...16
+ （二）视频号社交化传播，维系大众优质文化消费刚需 ...17
+ （三）后疫情“云演艺”转向，拉动线下文娱消费意愿 ...19
+ （四）“IP+”打造鲜明“城设”，巩固大文旅复苏信心 ...21
+四、驱动创新：高质量发展模式更迭文化产业供需 ...22
+ （一）释放文化内需，激发文化消费更多活力 ...22
+ 1. 线上线下融合，推动文化消费双向同步发展 ...22
+ 2. 创新合作方式，探索实体文化更多展现可能 ...23
+ 3. 优化推荐机制，重视个性化推荐的技术角色 ...24
+ （二）合理规范引导，培育文化消费健康发展 ...25
+ 1. 强化保障机制，力求内容与评论的健康优质 ...25
+ 2. 培育优质 IP，主动营造良性文化传播氛围 ...25
+ 3. 引导用户创作，激发数字文化原创内容出新 ...26
+结语 ...28
+参考文献 ...29
+
+## 序言：短视频正在激发高品质文化消费活力
+
+习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中指出：“健全现代公共文化服务体系，创新实施文化惠民工程。健全现代文化产业体系和市场体系，实施重大文化产业项目带动战略。”^[1]^这为发挥文化创造力、推动文化发展在新时代迈上新台阶指明了方向，是“推进文化自信自强，铸就社会主义文化新辉煌”的重要行动方略。
+
+此前，2020年9月22日，习近平总书记在教育文化卫生体育领域专家代表座谈会上就曾强调，“要顺应数字产业化和产业数字化发展趋势，加快发展新型文化业态，改造提升传统文化业态，提高质量效益和核心竞争力”。^[2]^《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》也明确提出，“实施文化产业数字化战略，加快发展新型文化企业、文化业态、文化消费模式，壮大数字创意、网络视听、数字出版、数字娱乐、网络演出等产业”。^[3]^这些都为数字经济时代我国文化产业高质量发展提供了行动指南。
+
+### 文化新业态：数字化战略是文化高质量发展的催化剂
+
+文化产业的高质量发展，即在现有发展的基础上，优化文化产业结构、推动文化品质升级、提升文化消费规模和质量，以促进文化产业可持续健康发展。文化产业的高质量发展亟待通过提高文化企业创新能力、改善文化消费环境、优化文化供需结构等具体措施来推动，在这其中，数字化战略的催化剂作用在后疫情时代表现不俗。当前，中国正阔步迈入数字经济时代，以元宇宙、AI、5G、VR、AR、大数据等为代表的新技术形态蓬勃发展，加速为工业领域赋能的同时，也在向文化领域和消费领域渗透融合，技术驱动的新型文化消费展现出前所未有的成长潜力。^[4]^同时，这也催生了以短视频为媒介的场景化消费新形态。短视频消费方式逐渐引起大众的广泛关注和情感共鸣，基于其视觉丰富性、智能性、交互性等特点，用户也逐渐体会到沉浸式体验的乐趣。
+
+在新冠疫情的影响下，与互联网密切相关的数字文化产业新业态逆势上扬，催生出“云看展”“云旅游”等新业务形态，推动了文化产业从生产、运营到传播、消费等整个生命周期的变革。^[5]^
+
+### 微信视频号：腾讯借力视频号引领高品质文化发展
+
+从2005年最早的短视频平台Youtube 开始传入中国到各类UGC短视频平台兴起，中国短视频行业主要经历了探索期、启动期、增长期、爆发期四个阶段，在4G移动网络普及后行业实现高速发展，并诞生了抖音、快手等用户量数亿级的短视频平台。新冠肺炎疫情的突然爆发，一定程度上使得民众居家时间突涨，短视频迅速成为文化消费的强势媒介，聚合资讯、社交、娱乐、学习、创作、电商等属性，后疫情时代的短视频行业呈现新的爆发态势，成为推动文化产业发展的新引擎。
+
+微信视频号于2020年开启内测，2021年完成了功能迭代，2022年持续发展。与其他短视频和直播平台不同，微信视频号基于微信的社交生态，形成了公私域互动、跨功能跳转等优势，这也是腾讯引领数字文化消费的重要优势。视频号直播与支付结合，能够实现实时高效打赏；视频号和公众号打通，让彼此内容相互影响、相互连接，彼此互为推荐。此外，视频号也在不断的迭代升级中形成了自己的内容特色和形式特色，让腾讯成为数字文化产业在高品质升级中的引领者。
+
+互联网平台的出现，让文化传播的内容以多元的形态尽情展现；微信视频号的发展，让文化文娱的活力以创新的方式再被彰显。作为短视频和直播领域的新生力量，腾讯在推动数字文化的传播与消费方面发挥着不可替代的作用，且随着行业的飞速发展、技术的不断完善，越来越多的用户在微信视频号的场景中获得了优质内容，感受到了数字文化文娱的创新活力。
+
+在后疫情时代数字化技术形塑社会的背景下，腾讯正以普惠化、产业化为目标，以微信视频号的快速升级为契机，以高质量发展为要求推动着数字文化产业的可持续发展。
+
+## 一、文化创生： 短视频促进文化传承与新消费迭代
+
+### (一) 碎片・沉浸・社交：文化消费发展的新形态
+
+互联网技术与数字技术催生了新的传播方式和文化业态,影响着文化消费内容和体验方式,文化消费朝着虚拟式、碎片化、沉浸式等方向发展。
+
+约翰·伯格在《观看之道》中指出,看似自然的人类观看行为其实是复杂的文化行为,社会文化制约着人观看事物的方式。物联网、人工智能、大数据、虚拟现实等数字技术的发展改变了社会形态,也刺激了人们的文化消费需求,在为大众带来更为自由的文化消费选择的同时,也深刻影响着消大众的消费方式与消费决策。与传统的物质化消费相比,数字创意时代的文化消费朝着虚拟式、碎片化、沉浸式等方向发展,呈现出“碎片式”“沉浸式”“延伸式”“社交式”“虚拟式”的特征。
+“碎片式”消费具有典型的快速、简便、愉悦感特征,是新技术与人们越来越精细化的需求相互碰撞的结果,它以快捷、方便、时尚为武器“收割”着消费者的新鲜体验。
+
+“碎片式”消费模式下,人们愿意为满足碎片化时间需求的优质服务体验付费。“沉浸式”消费具有强烈的体验性与互动性特征,更加注重消费者的自身体验,是一种为用户提供生理与心理双重体验服务的文化消费模式。“沉浸式”消费模式下,逼真的视觉影像技术与实时的交互设计能够极大地满足人们的体验需求。“社交式”消费强调消费过程中对人的情感、归属等社交需求的满足,是一种以增加社交机会而满足用户情感需求的文化消费模式,具有强烈的互动性与社交性。在虚拟的网络空间里,基于共同的兴趣、认知、价值观,原本分散的个体消费者通过持续的互动、分享、沟通、交流,聚合为具有归属感和共同价值观的消费者群体——社群。通过群内传播、社群与社群之间的传播,最终可产生巨大的传播效应,直接影响到文化消费品的生产与运营。“虚拟式”消费是人们为虚拟商品或非物质性服务付费的消费模式。伴随着VR、AR、AI等数字技术的蓬勃发展,洛天依、爱酱等超越真实的虚拟偶像作为一种文化符号,正取代传统的真人偶像成为年轻人热烈追捧的对象。
+
+### （二）短视频文艺助力新时代文化的弘扬与承继
+
+#### 1. 引导用户亲身参与，唤醒日常生活的文化记忆
+
+调研发现，九成以上的用户使用过微信视频号，且经常使用微信视频号的受访者占比接近六成，过半数的用户使用频率较高。同时，调研还发现视频号的使用目的以自我增值休闲为主，其次是社交功能。$^①$
+
+
+
+偶尔使用 34.4%
+
+没有使用过 6.9%
+
+经常使用 58.7%
+
+图1 受访者使用微信视频号的频率
+
+在激活文化的创新性转化和创造性发展过程中，短视频和直播能够引导用户积极参与到文化场景中来，从而唤醒用户的特定文化记忆。在疫情肆虐的情况下，线上平台逐渐成为了演艺活动的主阵地，短视频和直播正是主舞台与无数用户的连接线。短视频平台让有影响力的内容深入人心，依靠的不只有头部分发，更是通过优质内容唤醒受众的文化记忆。
+
+从演唱会到文艺晚会，从博物馆系列活动到景区的数字展示……丰富多彩的网络演出、线上活动让受众保持着和线下生活中同样的对优质文化的消费热情，唤醒了文化记忆的同时，也对数字文化的生动演绎方式有了全新的认识。前期的短视频及全网多种形式的预热激发起用户对过往经历的怀念或是对全新内容的期待，直播中的互动更是让传统的内容单向输出变成了有参与感的互动活动。
+
+在这其中，受众不再是被动接收者，而是由“受”变成了“用”，由“众”变成了“户”，甚至成为了参与内容呈现的“共创者”，由传统意义上内容的解码者变成了集解码者与编码者于一身，由消费者变成了托夫勒在《第三次浪潮》中提出的生产与消费融合的“产消者”。
+
+① 本报告通过网络调研平台企鹅有调，获取6096份有效样本，从用户视角为微信视频号助推数字文化消费升级提供数据洞察。本次调研样本量覆盖全国31个省、自治区、直辖市，样本符合统计学有效性要求。
+
+#### 2. 激活传统文化消费，革新文化瑰宝的诠释路径
+
+新时代文化的发展离不开中华优秀传统文化的滋养。党的二十大报告为我们激发文化活力提供了目标指引——“传承中华优秀传统文化，满足人民日益增长的精神文化需求”。短视频平台以技术创新重构传统文化传播方式，以形式创新推动传播文化多样转化。
+
+短视频平台以生动的形式让受众更加全面、多元地了解中华优秀传统文化。以往，游客们游览线下的博物馆是对不同专题、不同时期的历史进行了解和学习，更像是一个个点的散布和一条条线的堆叠。而“短视频+直播”的形式能将更多有趣、有用的历史知识彼此相连、相互贯通，同时兼有互动、讲解与解惑，虽没有线下的真实场景，却不输真实场景。独特的形式将这种记忆中的点与线编织成网，甚至构筑起生动、立体的精神城堡，更构建起真正的文化自信。多家互联网平台为传统文化主题的直播提供了新的传播链路，同时，传统文化瑰宝也让这些平台拥有了丰厚的文化底蕴。
+
+除了使受众对优秀传统文化的了解更加全面外，短视频对传统文化的全新诠释方式也让受众对文化内涵的感受更深入、理解更透彻。以微信视频号为例，调研数据显示，近七成的受访用户可以在微信视频号直播演艺、展览活动中清晰感受到其所表达的文化元素或故事，其中有两成的受访用户不仅有明确的感受，还能“准确讲述”。
+
+
+
+能清晰感受到其表达的文化元素 / 故事 43.6%
+
+感受到其文化元素 / 故事表达，但不够清晰 28.9%
+
+能准确讲述出其代表的文化元素 / 故事 22.4%
+
+未感受到或未注意到文化元素 5.1%
+
+图2 受访者通过视频号对文化元素/故事的感受程度
+
+#### 3. 助力特色文化出圈，鼓励多彩文化的多样表达
+
+中华大地，民族文化、地域文化灿若繁星；放眼世界，异域风情、多元文化各显其能。奥地利知名戏剧家布克哈特认为：“任何一个文化的轮廓，在不同人的眼里看来都可能是一幅不同的风景。”文化因其特殊性更显价值，因其内涵丰富性更显珍贵。如何让宝贵的特色文化被更多人认识与认可？如何将不同特色的文化有差别地呈现？如何让多样的文化资源惠及更广泛的公众？这些，正是短视频作为普惠化发展的媒介形式应该关注并解决的问题。
+
+“国风”潮兴起，离不开数字化传播平台，而短视频等传播平台又以其独特的功能和生态链路为特色文化的普惠化传播赋能。在“民乐也疯狂”发布的第一条视频号内容里，四位洋溢着青春激情的年轻男孩站在成都百米高楼的停机坪上，用琵琶、古筝、二胡、古笛四种传统乐器，演奏了流行曲目《起风了》。具有特色的民乐文化与流行歌曲和现代建筑形成鲜明的冲突与反差，在短视频中的呈现也极具创新性，一时间，“传统乐器 + 流行歌曲 + 城市现代建筑”的神奇组合让“民乐也疯狂”圈粉无数。同样是民乐，北京民族乐团以短视频的形式独家推出“国乐最现场”系列内容，是乐团类内容以竖屏开播的形式呈现在用户面前的生动案例，这也为用户提供了沉浸式看民乐演出的超级体验。
+
+当然，不同的特色文化也会在不同特色的短视频平台中得到不同的支持和推广形式，这让大众随时随地都可以接触和领略到有特色、有差别的多元文化的魅力。让高品质文化既有传统又有现代，既传承又创新，既高雅又惠民。
+
+### （三）短视频场景促进文化与商业的融合与共生
+
+场景是实现“商家供给”与“用户期望”动态平衡的特定时空内不同平台情境及其配置关系的总和。短视频以主题鲜明、时长简练等特点，成为备受品牌方喜爱的营销媒介工具之一，在这其中，不乏文化品牌。“情境匹配”是以短视频为主要载体的沉浸式传播的核心，短视频平台情境主要包括产品情境、技术情境、服务情境、移动情境、社交情境和终端情境，用户场景化消费期望的满足是通过场景化情境动态配置实现的。[ ] 大数据、移动设备、传感器、社交媒体和定位系统等场景化要素在商业模式的渐进嵌入，使得短视频正逐步发展为一种新的内容承载形式，以迎合消费者的个性化、碎片化需求。在不断变化的传播环境下，沉浸式体验已经被越来越多的使用者所认可，成为短视频发展的新机遇。
+
+场景化要素嵌入短视频形成的价值主张为产品功能价值的展现提供了阵地。这种价值创造不仅来源于品牌自身，应该包括平台、企业和消费者，其价值创造过程表现为场景化情境的标准化配置，其中，短视频的交互性也是这种配置的核心体现，这让短视频的传播场景变得更加多元、多向。短视频用户早已不是一盘散沙，或是任品牌方随意推荐的广泛成员，更不是人人都能填补的孤子空间，用户的主动性与短视频的互动性相互搭配，其在浏览短视频的同时也可以通过滑动、点击等方式加入到内容共创当中来。
+
+故事内容是短视频场景搭建的主体，更是文化与商业融合的保障，短视频场景促进文化与商业的融合，基本呈现了一条“短视频呈现品牌故事→感官沉浸体验激发期望→产生价值感知→公域流量交易推广变现”的赋能逻辑。视频号中的短视频通过UGC（用户生产内容）和PGC（专业生产内容）相辅的方式，凭借其“短与快”和“新与奇”的特点打造场景故事，在场景故事中将产品功能价值予以体现，以更好地击中消费者痛点。短视频还通过KOC（关键意见消费者）的全方位传播，借助于原生广告植入和店铺页面链接，通过公域流量进行内容交易推广变现，进而聚焦关键业务和强化核心资源。这种“内容为王”的商业模式通过去中心化运营，借助网络效应进行价值的创造与传播。
+
+## 二、生态链通：视频号搭建文化传播的全新坐标系
+
+### （一）公共传播新路径：公域私域互通，扩大主流媒体声量
+
+政务机构与官方媒体的视频号传播有着两方面的优势。一方面是视频号中短视频和直播的功能优势，政务机构和官方媒体在视频号中发布的短视频内容一般较为短小，也往往是最关键的核心画面，而在碎片化时代，这样“精简化”“轻量化”的内容往往更受人们喜爱，更容易出“爆款”。同时，用户还可以通过短视频进入直播界面，可以自主决定对新闻事实、社会事件、文化活动等以简单还是详细的方式进行了解。另一方面，政务机构和官方媒体的视频号内容更容易在微信群、朋友圈或者一对一微信发送过程中传播，依托个人所在的社群传播正能量内容。例如，经调研发现，八成以上的被调查者表示认同与“主流媒体视频号价值”相关的系列观点。
+
+我在微信视频号平台看到的主流媒体发布的正向内容更多
+
+我的微信视频号里，好友点赞分享的视频多数是主流媒体发布的正向内容
+
+在微信视频号平台，当看到主流媒体发布的正向内容时，我经常会点赞以分享给更多微信好友
+
+相比其他渠道，微信好友点赞分享的主流媒体发布的正向内容，更能引起我的关注与共鸣
+
+非常认同
+比较认同 一般 不太认同 完全不认同 说不清
+
+图3 用户对主流媒体视频号价值的认同度
+
+同时，多个官方机构协同共存于视频号生态中，在快速传播、多路径传播的过程中，多个媒体路径联动，扩大报道覆盖面，容易让正能量内容在“媒体间议程设置”的作用下引发“扳机效应”，使主流价值观在连续、重复、多样的传播方式下达到累积、共鸣、遍在的效果。这种公共传播的新方式，从公域到私域，扩大了主流媒体的声量，强化了主旋律内容的声音。
+
+虽然微信视频号具有强大的传播生态链路，但也需要优质内容与之匹配，才能助力正能量内容在公域和私域中高效传播。例如,《合肥日报》视频号紧贴政务、民生、社会热点等方面,视频号展示内容包括城市形象展示,暖心故事,地美食、人文、重大工程进展以及一些定期刊播的系列短视频,如《一分钟聊节气》《皖美味道》等,其采制多以本地素材为基础,有着浓厚的地方文化特色。河南广播电视台旗下视频号“河南卫视”与“大象新闻”于12日发布了水下舞蹈《祈》的视频,一时间内“刷屏”朋友圈和微信群,点赞、转发纷纷破10万+。基于传统节日端午节的历史背景,舞者将“洛神”的形象演绎得活灵活现,视频号在“洛神”与用户之间建立桥梁,也极大地增强了用户对传统文化的认同感与自豪感;2022年重阳节期间,河南卫视又依托其孵化的中国文化的特色IP推出了“重阳奇妙游”系列节目,其中舞蹈《登高抒怀》取景黄山、宏村、木坑竹海等地,通过舞蹈展现重阳节登高、赏秋、插茱萸的节日文化及历史故事,在视频号一经推出就迅速刷屏、引爆全网,也吸引了许多官方媒体视频号的转发。
+
+
+
+图4 合肥日报视频号“一分钟聊天气”系列短视频
+
+
+图5 河南卫视视频号中的“重阳奇妙游”节目
+
+### （二）文化商业新思路：跨功能超链接，激发文化演艺活力
+
+视频号是为社会公众提供文化产品和文化服务刚需的重要平台，满足民众对文化消费的高层次需求，这与微信的优质生态也息息相关。在微信生态环境中，“视频号+公众号+小程序+看一看”的全链路传播，让文化与商业在微信的生态中紧密相连，以至形成品牌效应，让演艺事业在数字文化的浪潮和疫情的时代背景中依然蓬勃发展。2021年12月17日，西城男孩在视频号上直播演唱会，一瞬间将人们的思绪拉回了其出道的年代，这场演唱会累计观看人数超2700万，最高同时在线人数达150万。自此，视频号也迎来了线上演唱会的真正“破圈”。此后，五月天、崔健等诸多知名歌手及团体的演唱会通过视频号的形式直播，周杰伦、张国荣等演唱会的重映版更是真实呈现了一波又一波“回忆杀”。无论是录像重映还是现场直播，视频号在一个个节日点不时呈上“云演唱会”式的情怀大餐，不断破圈。
+
+
+
+
+
+图6 视频号直播五月天和周杰伦的线上演唱会
+
+表1 微信视频号线上演唱会相关数据
+
+| 日期 | 直播内容 | 传播情况 |
|---|
| 2021年12月17日 | “所爱越山海”西城男孩 (Westlife) 全球首个线上演唱会 | 观看量超2700万人次, 视频号平台策划的首场线上演唱会 | | 2021年12月31日 | 五月天“好好好想见到你”陪你 跨年演唱会 | 观看量1676万人次, 点赞量3201万次 | | 2022年4月1日 | 张国荣2000年《热·情》演唱会超清修复版重映 | 观看量1740万人次, 点赞量3878万次, 评论数4.7万条 | | 2022年4月15日 | 崔健“继续撒点野”线上演唱会 | 观看量超4500万人次, 点赞量超1.1亿次 | | 2022年5月20日5月21日 | 周杰伦2013“魔天伦”世界巡回演唱会、2019“地表最强”世界巡回演唱会线上重映 | 全平台观看人数超过5000万, 总观看量接近1亿人次 | | 2022年5月27日 | 罗大佑“童年”线上演唱会 | 观看量近4200万人次 | | 2022年6月24日 | 后街男孩 (Backstreet Boys) 全球首场线上演唱会 | 观看量超4600万人次 |
+
+数据来源:微信公众号“微信视频号创造营”及其他公开数据
+
+视频号通过“短视频+直播+售卖”的形式,让品牌将自己的用户、内容、服务、电商、营销都在视频号中整合了起来,视频号成为品牌的移动版“官方网站”。例如,文化演艺品牌利用官方公众号文章进行活动预告,并插入视频号内容链接到短视频或直播,让受众沉浸于品牌营造的场景中。各类文化相关产品的推广也可以通过直播间的各种玩法,借助节日噱头,将视频号热度推向高峰,利用定时或不定时抽奖、社群互动、发放红包、限时秒杀等营销玩法,促进用户活跃,最终实现转化。例如,在崔健演唱会的视频号直播中,品牌定制点赞、定制礼物、福袋抽奖等互动玩法,让用户沉浸在演唱会的场景之中,也不经意地沉浸在“文化+商业”的氛围中。
+
+微信视频号通过“社交+圈子+社群构建”的方式,将短视频、直播等纳入生活场景,借助社交电商的分销渠道,形成效果转化。场景时代,短视频和直播赋能以场景为载体的沉浸式传播,只要品牌善于洞察、把握机会、顺势而为,在视频号中构建独特的品牌商业模式,实现影响力的直接变现不再是难题。特别是对于以文化内容为依托的知识付费型商品来说,还原用户兴趣场景,传递生活态度和情感价值,激发用户场景体验,才能激发消费者信任,促成转化。
+
+### （三）形象打造新方法：线上线下共创，擦亮个人垂类名片
+
+视频号是记录和创作的内容平台，创作内容将走出微信好友小圈子，进入更大的公域舞台，成为每个机构及个人的社交名片。例如，汕头电台著名节目主持人黄斌在广播时段之外，正在努力转型成为一名视频号创作者，在视频号中和用户一起唱童谣、聊潮汕。通过黄斌的努力，潮汕童谣正在潮汕地区恢复活力，许多家长也开始重新带着孩子一起和她学童谣。而“童谣里的潮汕”也成为了黄斌有特色的名片，从私域走向了公域，推动了汕头童谣的非遗传承。她在视频号重唱童谣，守护着灿烂的非遗文化，守护着一代人的精神家园。
+
+
+
+图7 “童谣里的潮汕”视频号主页
+
+视频号是在私域社交圈和公域范围内展示个人形象的重要途径。从公域与私域的结合到短视频和直播的结合，再到宣传推广与社群运营的结合，视频号及其相关生态中的多种形式都为个人形象在不同圈层的展示提供了机会和空间。例如，苗族银饰锻造技艺非遗传承人“银匠雪儿”会定期更新视频号内容，有时候是简单的工艺介绍，也有时候是专门设计的短剧。此外，银匠雪儿每周会在视频号开2-3场直播介绍苗族银饰，吸引来自全国各地的年轻人学习银饰制作，曝光超亿次。微信视频号的功能为用户详尽、多面地展示个人形象提供了更多便利，用户可以在微信视频号中看到直播预告，浏览短视频时也可以看到与直播相关的信息，可以直接点击预约按钮，还可以在直播前后于视频号和公众号内看到多种形式的内容宣推和回顾，以及为了二次传播而设计的直播片段的短视频版。
+
+
+
+图8 “银匠雪儿”视频号中的情景短剧
+
+另一方面，视频号中的形象打造、IP孵化也能让用户在享受数字文化内容的同时，关注到全网其他平台的同类型文化，或是为该形象品牌的线下消费导流，还有可能出现全网多平台“病毒式传播”的景象，形成线上、线下持续火爆的场面。让个人或组织的粉丝数量实现指数级增长，或是实时、长期或持续的效果转化。例如，如果用户想购买银匠雪儿展示的那些标准化的小配饰，可以直接点击直播页面上的商品图片到网店下单，但更多顾客会喜欢定制化的银饰，因此需要一对一地沟通需求。银匠雪儿还会通过微信和微信群来运营这些忠实的粉丝和用户，仅一年时间，她专门为生意开通的几个微信小号上，加起来就有将近一万个好友。总而言之，微信生态为其完成形象展示、商品销售提供了背景，而视频号在打造“人设”的过程中起到了最为关键作用。
+
+### (四) 熟人社交新模式：关系圈层拓展，共话数字美好生活
+
+当今时代，内容生产网络、人际关系网络、智能物联网络、多向传播网络相互连接、相互交织，彼此深度融合。大数据所具备的精准智能价值匹配的特性，将人与人、人与物、物与物之间的关系进行崭新的升级重构，也让人、物、场之间的相互作用关系更加多元化、紧密化。在这其中，微信视频号依托智能技术，让个性化推荐成为可能，越来越多的内容在相同的兴趣圈层中传播，在关系密切的人群中传播，在同一地域的受众人群中传播。
+
+在技术驱动的关系传播之外，视频号依托微信强大的“强链接”圈层生态以及方便的互动机制，为用户主动向熟人传播提供了基础背景。调研显示，用户对微信视频号在转发分享便利程度、内容可靠真实程度、内容丰富有趣程度方面的满意程度均分都在8分以上（满分10分），并且认为视频号的信息质量更高，谣言、虚假信息比较少见。
+
+调研数据显示，在微信视频号看过优质文化内容（如直播演艺、展览）后，超九成受访者将相关类型活动推荐给亲朋好友的意愿度打分在6分及以上（10分制，分数越高意愿度越高），绝大部分受访者都具有私域推荐的可能。可见，视频号是一个人人可以记录和创作的平台，是一个了解他人和世界的窗口，更是一个维系熟人社交的新生态模式。
+
+
+
+图9 受访者看过优质文化视频号内容后将其推荐给亲朋好友的意愿度
+
+视频号有庞大的微信用户基础，用户便利访问，创作者可通过创造内容，持续与用户保持互动，用户可以了解现实中熟人关注的文化内容。视频号的内容创作也更加符合真实社群（亲缘、地缘、学缘、业缘、趣缘）和地域文化的生产逻辑，用户年龄跨度更广，能够满足民众对文化消费的多样化、个性化需求。视频号支持关注、私信、点赞，转发到微信朋友圈及聊天场景，传播效率高，在微信生态内获得更好的曝光。
+
+## 三、品质升级：新业态保障后疫情文化内容精品率
+
+### （一）文化科技相互融合，提供数字文化的沉浸式体验
+
+文化与科技融合，不仅能够为文化的传承带来新的机遇，还可以提高数字文化的传播效率。随着AI、VR、AR、5G等技术的发展以及用户对数字文化质量需求的提升，视频号成为了文化和科技融合的重要平台。基于此，视频号为数字文化的传播提供了新模式：一方面是对传统数字技术、数字化内容进行有效整合和利用，另一方面则是借助新一代信息技术构建更为开放、多元、共创与共享的平台，为文化内容创新和用户消费提供更多可能，让用户拥有全新的沉浸体验。例如，在2021年腾讯科学WE大会上，视频号首次展开VR全景沉浸式体验直播，实现了裸眼360°全景视觉特效，观众在充满科幻感的沉浸式体验中，与科学家一同“置身”太空、深海等场景。
+
+此外，科技的突破也让用户在移动端能感受到感官沉浸与情感沉浸的多重结合。2022年的虎年春晚首次推出“竖屏看春晚”，视频号成为了用户竖屏过年的主阵地。除夕当晚的四个多小时直播中，超过1.2亿人在微信视频号“竖屏看春晚”，以全新视角共享这场文化盛宴，沉浸式的观看体验让年轻人体会到新的、有科技含量的“年味儿”。一边竖屏看春晚，一边发表虎年专属朋友圈送祝福也成为人们的过年新方式，视频号与朋友圈直接连通，用户观看直播的同时，会有小老虎外观的虎年专属朋友圈提示，用科技定制新年祝福。2023年微信视频号再次获得竖屏春晚的独家转播权，并创新地内设立节目热词搜索入口，助力用户在视频号直播间“边看边搜”“边看边买”。
+
+当今时代，文化与科技的融合已成为文化发展的必然趋势，视频号的兴起正是科技为文化赋能，让文化活起来、火起来的体现。视频号作为微信生态中的内容创作平台和短视频传播载体之一，在融合了社交、商业等多重属性的同时，更具有着强大的科技背景，使其具有创新的视觉表现形式和强大的传播裂变效应，促进着数字文化在线上传播形式、传播过程中不断突破创新，提供沉浸式体验。
+
+### （二）视频号社交化传播，维系大众优质文化消费刚需
+
+视频号在微信生态中的社交化传播，让用户能有更多参与沟通的话题，激发优质内容共享。微信视频号并非一个单独的应用，而是紧紧嵌入到微信生态中，将其作为一个非常重要的流量入口和承接口。首先，在好友信息卡片、朋友圈、发现页等用户流量的关键区域都有视频号曝光，这为视频号的社交化、圈层式传播奠定了基础。此外，视频号基于用户原有的社交圈层，为社交带来新的传播可能。点赞、分享等可以让更多人了解自己对视频号内容的喜好，也可以增加与熟人圈层的沟通机会，加之视频号与朋友圈、好友动态的多向打通，用户可以如同刷朋友圈一般期待着刷视频号，并与好友产生着互动。当然，如戈夫曼的拟剧理论所提到的“前台”“后台”概念一样，许多用户在视频号使用期间不希望有熟人关注其喜好，想保持不公开的“后台”形象，为此，视频号还开启了“独立账号”的功能，即用户可以申请一个完全独立的视频号，与朋友圈等其他功能属性“断连”。
+
+视频号的社交化传播使大众维持着对文化现象的敏感和好奇心，维持着对优质文化内容及其衍生品的刚性需求。例如，在“好看中国”微信视频号营销活动中，云台山景区、西阳桃花源景区、只有河南·戏剧幻城、武汉市文化和旅游局、南漳文化旅游、盐城文旅、黄陂文旅等多个景区的优秀案例涌现出来，这些视频号的内容突出了区域特色，画面流畅、文字优美、配乐悠扬，引发了大量用户转发、评论、点赞，自愿成为优质景区的“代言人”。而在其转发推荐的过程中，既是对视频号优质内容的肯定，又饱含着对未来能亲自前往景区的期待，这反映着大众对优质文化数字化、实体化的双面刚需。
+
+
+
+
+
+图 10 “好看中国” 视频号排行榜
+
+此外,2022年暑期,微信视频号发起“文博探秘——博物馆奇妙游”系列直播活动,近50家博物馆馆长带着300余件文物走进视频号,满足了大众对优质文化的极大需求。7月6日至7月11日,中国国家博物馆联合来自欧洲、非洲、美洲、大洋洲、亚洲的33家博物馆馆长共聚微信视频号,以“手拉手:共享世界文明之美”为主题,进行了全球博物馆珍藏展示在线接力,近150件世界级藏品轮番上场。这一系列活动还邀请了龙门石窟、云冈石窟、山西博物院、湖南博物院等一众国内各大研究院/博物馆馆长在视频号“开讲”,累计观看用户已超235万。特别值得一提的是,秦始皇帝陵博物院专场利用微信视频号直播首次公布了秦陵 K9901 陪葬坑出土4号和28号百戏俑最新研究成果,并向观众详细解读了百戏俑背后的历史文化,当场直播收获近70万用户观看。即使在疫情期间,线上形式呈现的视频号也在为这样的“对美好生活的向往”保驾护航,为优质文化的供需搭建实现的桥梁。
+
+
+
+图 11 “文博探秘——博物馆奇妙游”系列直播活动
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_13.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_13.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9f14c32208e85bd5d5b3bd2e9f7ca523ccbf588c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_13.md
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+# 小红书商业内容爆款原来这么玩
+蒲公英平台&商业学习发展部
+## 为什么在小红书做营销一定要做好内容?
+### TA们需求旺盛，且舍得消费
+
+个人月均消费支出*
+
+
+
+
+Source：小红书媒体价值研究调研数据，Base：小红书用户 N=3188；
+注意：* 这里的个人月均消费支出不包含房贷、车贷
+
+
+每季度至少买一次
+
+
+服装鞋帽
+85%
+
+
+箱包眼镜
+63%
+
+
+珠宝首饰
+50%
+
+护肤
+87%
+
+彩妆
+85%
+
+香水
+65%
+
+美妆工具
+60%
+Base: 近一年购买过美妆/护肤品的小红书用户, n=1517; 近一年购买过时尚/服饰类产品的小红书用户, n=1422
+2021年小红书「返乡创业」等
+相关笔记发布量同比增长4倍
+
+2021年小红书「滑雪教程」
+搜索量同比增长100%
+
+2021年小红书「空气炸锅」
+被搜索约6000万次
+
+2021年小红书「副业」相关笔
+记被收藏超过1500万次
+
+2021年下半年小红书「城市漫游」
+相关笔记发布量环比增长超8倍
+
+2021年小红书「可持续XX」
+笔记发布量同比增长超5倍
+
+2021年下半年小红书「沉浸式」
+相关笔记阅读环比增长超7倍
+
+2021年下半年小红书「新中式穿搭」
+笔记发布量环比增长超26倍
+
+2021小红书测评笔记阅读量
+超过90亿次
+
+2021年小红书露营、桨板、飞盘等
+发布量同比增长5倍、5倍、6倍
+Source: 《小红书2022年十大生活趋势》, 2022年1月
+### 海量多样化博主供给
+#### 14W+ 优质博主资源
+##### 头
+影响力 权威性
+√ 热度覆盖
+√ 粉丝效应
+√ 提高调性
+##### 腰部
+种草力 专业性
+√ 垂直圈层影响
+√ 专业背书
+##### 尾部
+口碑力 真实性
+√ 真实体验分享
+√ 口碑沉淀
+
+#### 30+ 垂类覆盖生活全场景
+| 时尚 | | 兴趣爱好 | | 美食 | | 美妆个护 | | 生活记录 | | 教育 | | 家居装 | | 影视综 | | 母婴 | | 出行 |
+| 娱乐资讯 | | 游戏 | | 动物 | | 文化艺术 | | 摄影 | | 婚嫁 | | 运动健身 | | 搞笑 | | 萌娃 | | 民生资讯 |
+| 科技数码 | | 情感 | | 汽车 | | 健康养生 | | 商业财经 | | 人文 | | 职场 | | 体育运动 | | 知识 | | 体育赛事 |
+
+### 一口价模式匹配多位博主招募合作
+#### 品牌
+设定博主画像
+明确预算及博主数量
+
+发布任务
+多维标签体系高效智能匹配
+集体主动报名
+
+#### 博主
+主动表达
+自主报价
+
+### 2w+ 高潜力「新锐博主」带来更多优质内容空间
+
+#### 近期涨粉快
+#### 综合数据表现好
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## 如何打造商业爆款内容?
+
+### 抓住用户痛点
+#### 季节
+早春 春夏 初
+夏 夏末 早秋秋
+冬 初冬 换
+季期...
+#### 受众人群
+学生党
+打工人
+宝妈/辣妈
+铲屎官...
+#### 使用场景
+宿舍/学校
+约会/出行
+宅家居家
+办公职场..
+#### 价格定位
+白菜
+平价
+贵妇
+……
+#### 节假日
+跨年 春节
+情人节 七夕
+五/十一长假
+圣诞节…
+#### 功能
+美白 保湿 抗
+老
+拍照 妆教
+解馋 扛饿
+### 笔记创作实操—标题
+
+#### 利用标题和用户互动
+找时尚大师帮我画了y2k妆容，请打分！
+
+一周穿搭合集纯欲和美式 你pick哪一个
+
+改造了一下家里的阳台 还算成功吗？
+
+女孩子为了拍照能有多拼 来看看成片值吗？
+##### 引发用户好奇心
+
+##### 提升笔记互动率
+#### 贴近用户 引发情绪共鸣
+
+沉浸式回家 | 90后沪漂小青年下班回家的日常
+
+不完美但要活的舒服，而它能帮我拉满舒适度
+
+3个技巧拯救熬夜脸熬夜党必看干货分享
+
+拍照不上镜？简单3步！素人秒变上镜脸
+##### 身份/地域共鸣
+##### 增强用户代入感
+
+
+
+
+###### 封面
+✓ 封面图由三套基础款穿搭Look二次设计而成
+✓ 排版类似杂志封面十分具有创意和艺术性
+✓ 信息量相较于单套穿搭更充足吸引用户点击
+
+###### 标题
+✓ 「基础款」直观概括了笔记推广商品的类目属性，便于吸引目标人群，关键词属性提升搜索点击率。
+✓ 简短精悍的表达和博主笔记封面的酷拽风格形象十分贴合，人设鲜明，有特色又亮眼。
+###### 图文内容分析
+✓ 时尚穿搭笔记在开篇写明自己的身材数据，为用户提供清晰直观的参考依据。
+✓ 按穿搭组合标明产品货号、价格信息以及简短的穿着体验，可以让用户更全面地进行消费购买决策，干货满满，实用性强，吸引收藏。
+✓ 文案排版结构鲜明、善用表情符号，降低阅读精力成本。
+
+
+
+##### 精准触达痛点，先制造需求，再结合情境推广产品
+###### 封面 & 标题
+✓ 花字标注，视觉上增强注意力，内容上简要说明了视频主旨，先否认“过度收纳”再肯定“生活无忧”，结合反问句式引发好奇心，吸引点击。
+✓ 标题呼应封面，“不太常规”到“帮了大忙”，呼应封面花字欲扬先抑的构造，为正片引出标签机这种小众产品的需求场景做铺垫。
+###### 视频内容分析
+✓ 视频结构分两部分，先抛出标签用途不止最常见的贴抽屉和罐子引入，然后用“五花八门的小家电老妈看了直喊晕”和“化妆品什么时候涂”此类问题制造标签需求场景，让产品需求“从无到有”。
+✓ 每个需求后衔接标签机产品功能对应的解决方案，用日常生活场景堆砌积累成标签机“实用性”的证明，推广十分具有说服力和种草力。
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_14.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_14.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ce1f97abb159b7faf95c6144427b1a84d1c2442
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_14.md
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+
+
+# ueBIM 2025
+
+中国中建科创集团有限公司
+
+深圳市斯维尔科技股份有限公司
+
+## 目录
+
+01 研发背景与意义
+
+02 产品简介与技术突破
+
+03 产品亮点与生态
+
+04 应用场景与案例
+
+## PART 01 研发背景与意义
+
+### 1.1 国际形势
+
+
+
+
+美国从2018年开始发动对中国的贸易战
+
+
+ | BIM基础平台 |
+ 产品特点 |
+
+
+ | Revit |
+ 擅长处理房建工程参数化驱动的几何造型 |
+
+
+ | Microstation |
+ 擅长处理路、桥、隧等非线性工程几何造型 |
+
+
+ | Catia |
+ 擅长机械设计加工各种造型的零部件表达 |
+
+
+
+#### 形势
+
+##### 背景形势
+
+###### 工业基础平台长期被国外垄断
+
+◆ 贸易战、信息战长期存在
+
+◆ 高端前沿技术遭封锁
+
+◆ BIM技术是建筑业未来发展的依托技术# 数字化转型，发展建筑业新质生产力
+
+### 1.2 国家规划
+
+#### 数字化转型，发展建筑业新质生产力
+自“十三五”以来，中国持续推进新型工业化进程，建筑业也正借助数字化和工业化技术进行转型升级。工业软件作为这一转型的关键环节，对于实现自主可控、保障信息安全具有重要意义。
+为响应国家政策，住房和城乡建设部、教育部、科技部、工业和信息化部等九部门联合印发了《关于加快新型建筑工业化发展的若干意见》和《住房和城乡建设部等部门关于推动智能建造与建筑工业化协同发展的指导意见》，明确了建筑业高质量发展的总体目标，并提出要大力发展建筑工业化，以数字化、智能化升级为动力，创新突破相关核心技术，加大智能建造在工程建设各环节的应用。
+#### 十四五规划
+创新驱动发展 新型工业化 工业软件 新质生产力
+
+### 1.3 政策推动
+
+#### 工信部推动工业软件升级：国产替代成为趋势
+工信部近期文件指出：在重点领域方面，针对工业软件领域、工业网络设备给出具体的更新目标。
+工业软件领域，设备更新目标要求，到2027年，完成约200万套工业软件和80万台套工业操作系统更新换代任务。
+以提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平为重点，围绕石油、化工、航空、船舶、钢铁、汽车、医药、轨道交通等关系经济命脉和国计民生的行业领域，推动基础软件、工业软件和工业操作系统更新换代。
+#
+## PART 02 产品简介与技术突破
+### 2.1 研发历程
+#### 2019年12月
+广东省工业和信息化厅启动资金支持，立项
+#### 2022年5、11月
+通过科技成果验收
+深圳市科技攻关资金支持
+#### 2023年2、3月
+列入工信部2022年优秀工业软件产品名录深圳市工信局五局办国产BIM软件测评评价“优深圳市南山区资金支持
+#### 2023年10、11月
+香港未来公屋设计大赛
+四川省高校BIM大赛
+#### 2024年8、9月
+深圳市住建局2024年度国产BIM软件测评排名第一
+通过国家工信部SBC专家测评
+#### 2024年10、11月
+土建算量生态软件正式发布
+国产BIM软件设计成本一体化体系建成
+上海市建设协会2024年创新产品一等奖
+#### 经历5年，1800天研发攻关与打磨
+## ueBIM 2025
+### 2.2 产品概览
+
+
+
+#### 国产基础BIM平台软件
+
+##### 特点概述
+与Revit功能兼容
+易学好用、灵活高效
+
+
+##### 应用场景
+ueBIM软件可用于交互式三维工程设计和出图 也可用于BIM模型创建和深化等工作
+ueBIM软件拥有种类丰富的云族库 为设计和BIM模型创建工作带来极高效率与极大便利
+ueBIM软件既可联网在线运行 也可断网离线运行 能够满足有高度安全要求的应用场景需求
+
+### 2.4 产品框架
+
+#### 一站式解决方案
+建筑 结构 暖通 给排水 电气 装配式
+室内精装 园林景观 渲染平台 协同平台 族制作平台 族库平台
+
+## ueBIM深度应用案例
+#### 4.2.11 应用案例_基于BIM项目的协同管理平台
+
+采用两端(Web端、移动终端)一云(云协同、云存储)的模式,利用BIM模型的数据集成能力,实现项目的可视化、动态化、精细化、规范化管理,从而达到缩短工期、控制成本、减少变更、提升质量、预防事故、打造项目数字资产的目的。
+##### 突破
+全面支持国产基础软硬件环境
+易学好用，10分钟入门半天学会
+七大专业建模出图渲染一体集成
+AI集成，效率提升
+常用软件数据打通，IFC可编辑
+支持二次开发，小生态已经形成
+支持多语言，多标准，国际化
+打造数字底座支持数字化转型
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_15.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_15.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6b98967980d64b33b7f0dfa1043171d9f42a1d4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_15.md
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# 01 品牌故事
+
+## OEM转型自主品牌之路
+
+
+
+### 转型背景与契机
+
+在早期，星伯锐主要从事OEM业务，为国外品牌代工生产台球桌。随着市场竞争加剧，代工利润逐渐微薄，且缺乏自有品牌的话语权。2018年，市场上对高品质自主品牌台球桌的需求开始显现，这成为星伯锐转型的重要契机。
+
+### 转型面临的挑战
+
+技术研发方面，从单纯的生产加工到自主研发设计，需要投入大量资金和人力。例如，研发适合不同赛事的台球桌，需要进行多次试验和改进。市场推广上，自主品牌在初期知名度低，需要投入大量资金进行广告宣传和市场拓展。
+
+### 转型的关键举措
+
+加大研发投入，组建专业的研发团队，与高校和科研机构合作，引进先进的生产技术和设备。在市场推广上，参加国内外各类台球赛事，赞助知名俱乐部，提升品牌知名度。
+
+
+### 转型成果与里程碑
+
+经过多年努力，星伯锐成功推出了一系列自主品牌台球桌，市场份额逐年增长。2023年，自主品牌销售额占总销售额的比例达到了60%，成为国内知名的台球桌品牌。
+
+
+
+## 品牌形象的建立历程
+
+### 品牌定位与核心价值确立
+
+星伯锐将品牌定位为高端、专业的台球桌制造商,核心价值是“品质至上、创新驱动”。致力于为全球台球爱好者提供高品质、高性能的台球桌，满足不同客户的需求。
+
+
+
+### 品牌视觉形象设计
+
+设计了简洁、大气的品牌标志，以蓝色为主色调，象征着专业、科技和沉稳。在产品包装、宣传资料和门店装修上，统一使用品牌标志和视觉形象，提升品牌辨识度。
+
+
+
+### 品牌传播与推广策略
+
+通过线上线下相结合的方式进行品牌传播。线上利用社交媒体、电商平台等进行广告宣传和产品推广；线下参加各类展会、赛事，赞助俱乐部和球员，提升品牌知名度和美誉度。
+
+
+
+### 品牌口碑与形象塑造
+
+注重产品质量和售后服务，通过优质的产品和服务赢得客户的信任和好评。积极参与公益活动，回馈社会，提升品牌的社会形象。例如，赞助青少年台球赛事，培养台球人才。
+
+# 02工厂实拍
+
+## 生产车间全景展示
+
+### 车间整体布局
+
+星伯锐的生产车间总面积达5000平方米，划分为原材料区、加工区、组装区和质检区。原材料区整齐摆放着各类木材、钢材等，占车间面积的20%；加工区配备了先进的切割、打磨设备，面积约1500平方米；组装区是工人集中作业的地方，占比30%；质检区则对成品进行严格检测，确保品质，面积约800平方米。
+
+### 先进设备展示
+
+车间内拥有多台德国进口的CNC数控加工中心，能精确切割木材和钢材，误差控制在±0.1毫米以内。还有意大利的自动打磨机，每小时可打磨10张台球桌的桌面，大大提高了生产效率。
+
+### 安全与环保措施
+
+车间安装了完善的消防系统，配备了20个灭火器和5个消防栓，确保生产安全。同时，采用了先进的环保设备，如废气处理装置，能有效净化加工过程中产生的有害气体，使废气排放符合国家环保标准。
+
+## 台球桌诞生的标准流程
+
+
+
+### 原材料采购与检验
+
+星伯锐从全球优质供应商处采购原材料，如从加拿大进口硬枫木作为桌腿材料。采购回来的原材料会进行严格检验，木材要检查含水率是否在12%-14%之间，钢材要检测硬度和强度是否达标。
+
+
+
+### 零部件加工
+
+木材经过切割、打磨、雕刻等多道工序，制成精美的桌腿和边框。钢材则通过冲压、焊接等工艺，加工成结实的框架。例如，桌腿的雕刻工艺需要经验丰富的工匠手工操作，每个图案都栩栩如生。
+
+
+
+### 组装环节
+
+组装工人按照标准流程，先将框架固定，再安装桌面和袋口。桌面安装要求水平度误差不超过0.5毫米，以保证球的滚动顺畅。整个组装过程需要3-4名工人协作完成，耗时约2小时。
+
+
+
+### 质量检测与调试
+
+组装完成后，台球桌会进入质检区进行全面检测。检测项目包括桌面平整度、袋口尺寸、球的滚动性能等。通过专业的检测设备和经验丰富的质检员，确保每一张台球桌都符合高品质标准。检测合格后，还会进行调试，调整球的反弹角度和速度，以达到最佳的使用效果。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_16.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_16.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5441cf88e33b4bab6147f23a633fae6602b67b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_16.md
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# 用好红色资源 赓续红色血脉
+## 琼台师范学院“馆地校”一体化建设平台简介
+
+
+党史教育
+
+
+研究基地
+
+
+青年党校
+
+
+红色展馆
+
+在全党上下隆重庆祝建党百年、深入开展党史学习教育之际,琼台师范学院立足红色沃土、深挖红色资源,充分发挥“琼崖革命思想的摇篮”作用,打造了琼台书院博物馆、海南青年学生党校和海南省琼崖红色文化传承与创新研究基地的“馆地校”一体化建设平台,成为海南开展党史教育研究的重要阵地。
+
+### 红色文化点亮育人主题
+
+一体化建设平台通过加强科学保护、开展系统研究、打造精品展陈和强化教育功能,用心用情用力保护好、管理好、运用好琼台红色资源,构建以弘扬琼崖革命精神和传承琼台红色基因为主线的育人体系,把红色文化融入学校育人全过程,使琼台人“无负海山、敢为琼先”的红色基因代代相传,成为学校全面落实立德树人根本任务的重要途径。
+
+### 教学科研增加育人深度
+
+一体化建设平台以红色科研和党课教学为抓手,深化育人成效。基地依托琼台丰厚的红色资源,搭建海南红色文化研究平台,挂牌成立半年来,举办大型学术论坛1场,立项省级课题6项。党校通过优化整合全省党建资源,创新党课形式,打造全省青年学生党课培训的重要平台,是自贸港制度创新的生动体现,目前已培训学生党员、入党积极分子600余人。
+
+### 社会服务拓宽育人广度
+
+一体化建设平台作为海南省党史教育基地,积极开展社会服务,成为海南党史学习教育新高地。截至目前,琼台书院博物馆内开设的“琼台:琼崖革命思想摇篮”主题教育展已有政府机关、国有企业、事业单位、大中小学和幼儿园等省内外50个单位及部门共12000余人参观学习,成效突出,广获好评,为海南自贸港建设凝心聚力,贡献琼台力量。
+
+
+社会服务
+
+
+学术研讨
+
+（供稿：琼台师范学院 曾虹 尚婷 申明）
+
+出版 陕西师范大学马克思主义学院
+ 陕西师范大学哲学与政府管理学院
+ 陕西师范大学出版总社
+
+国内统一连续出版物号 CN61-1030/G4
+
+国际标准连续出版物号 ISSN 1002-2147
+
+编辑 中学政治教学参考编辑部
+
+国内邮发代号 52-336
+
+海外发行代号 M4263
+
+定价 15.00元
+
+(C)1994-2022 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House. All rights reserved http://www.cnki.net
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_17.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_17.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2ccff13bed96e0083339ea54af29ca304196ced
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_17.md
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+# 黑鹰坠落
+一个现代战争的故事
+
+作者 马克·鲍德温(Mark Bowden)
+
+马克·鲍德温是《Doctor Dealer》和《Bringing the Heat》的作者。他做为《费城调查者》的记者已有18年，他的作品赢得了许多国家级别的奖项。他还为《体育画刊》(Sports Illustrated)，《花花公子》(Playboy)，《滚石》(Rolling Stone)，《游行》(Parade)和其它杂志撰稿。
+
+1999年由矮脚鸡出版社(Bantam Press)出版
+
+献给我的母亲，丽塔·路易斯·鲍德温(Rita Lois Bowden)，并纪念我的父亲，理查德·H·鲍德温(Richard H·Bowden)
+
+“法官说：在人们看来，战争没什么不同。战争一直持续着。就象去询问人们他们是怎么认为石头的一样。战争一直在那里。在人类还没出现以前，战争就在等着他们。最终的交易等待着最终的从业者。”
+
+康麦克·麦卡锡(Cormac McCarthy)，《血燃的地平线》
+(Blood Meridian)
+
+## 袭击
+### 1
+起飞的时候，马特·埃弗斯曼(Matt Eversmann)说了句万福玛丽亚。他蜷曲地坐在两名直升机机组成员中间的座位里，长腿的膝盖碰到了肩膀。在他面前，黑鹰直升机机舱的两侧拥挤地坐着他的小队(chalk)，十二名沙漠迷彩服外还穿着防弹背心的年轻人。
+
+
+
+Blackhawk► Capacity: 11 equipped troops and 4 crew
+
+KRT► Cost Almost $6 million
+
+他非常熟悉他们的脸，他们就像他的兄弟一样。埃弗斯曼二十六岁，参军已有五年，他和队里比较年长的人已经一起生活和训练了好几年。他和其中的一些人一起经历了基本训练，跳伞学校和游骑兵(Ranger)学校。他们环游过全世界，到过韩国，泰国，中美洲……他们比许多真正的兄弟还要了解对方。他们一起饮酒，参战，宿营于森林，跳伞，登山，提心吊胆地渡河，一起忍饥挨饿，打发无聊时光，无止境地对某人的女朋友打趣或因为他没有女朋友而取笑他，午夜从本宁堡(Fort Benning)开车去接那些在餐馆或脱衣舞夜总会喝醉了或睡着了或对酒吧老板不敬的同袍。经历过这些事后，他们为这一刻一直在训练。这是这位瘦长的中士第一次当头儿，他对此忐忑不安。
+
+现在和死时都为我们的罪行祈祷，阿门。
+
+这是一九九三年十月三日下午三点左右。埃弗斯曼的第四小队是美国陆军游骑兵和三角洲部队(Delta Force)的一部分，他们正要袭击哈伯·吉尔(Habr Gidr)部落领袖在索马里首都摩加迪沙中心区的一个聚会。这个粗野的部落是由军阀默罕默德·法拉赫·艾迪德(Mohamed Farrah Aidid)领导的，他们对美利坚合众国宣了战，宣战被毫不犹豫地接受了。今天的目标是艾迪德的两个副官。他们将逮捕并关押在索马里南部海岸城市基斯马尤(Kismayo)外的一个小岛上，在那里被关押的这个好战的部落的首领的数目在日益增多。在这次快速袭击(snatch-and-grab)中第四小队的任务很简单。游骑兵的四个小队将分别把守目标建筑的四个角落。埃弗斯曼的小队将绳降(rope down)到西北角并建立防御阵地。有了游骑兵在四个角落把守，没人能在三角洲部队行动的时候进入这个区域，也没人能出去。
+
+
+
+无论是在演习中还是前六次任务中，他们毫不费力地这样干过十几次了。埃弗斯曼的心里清楚地了解整个模式。他知道当他落地后该走哪个方向，他的士兵会在哪里。从直升机左边落地的士兵将在街道的左边集中；右边落地的士兵将在街道的右边集中。然后他们将从左右两边出发，医生和最年轻的队员将在队伍的中间。一等兵特德·布莱克伯恩(Todd Blackburn)是埃弗斯曼所在的直升飞机里最年轻的，刚从佛罗里达高中毕业，还没进过游骑兵学校。他需要被照料。中士斯科特·伽兰汀(Scott Galentine)年长一些，但刚来摩加迪沙不久。他是一名补充兵员，刚从本宁堡出来。需要对这些年轻的游骑兵们负责的担子让埃弗斯曼感到沉甸甸的。这次出来，他们都算是他的人。
+
+作为小队领导，当他坐上前座时拿到了一个耳机。耳机很大，有一个话筒，用一根长长的黑色电线与舱顶相连。他把钢盔摘下把耳机戴在耳朵上。
+
+一名机组成员拍了拍他的肩膀。
+
+“马特，一定要把耳机摘下来再离机。”他指着电线说。
+
+然后他们在炎热的停机坪上等待了差不多一个小时，呼吸着刺鼻的柴油气味，被防弹衣和装备裹着的身体不停地流汗，焦虑地抚弄他们的武器，每个人都觉得这次任务在他们离地前就会被取消。事情通常都是这样。每次真正的任务都会伴随着二十次假警报。五个星期前刚到摩加迪沙的时候，他们都很兴奋，每次登机前欢呼声都会从这架黑鹰传到那架黑鹰。现在像这样的场景都是例行公事，激不起大家的兴趣了。
+
+他们在等待起飞的暗语，今天的暗语是“艾瑞尼(Irenne)”。部队由令人生畏的人员和机器组成。四架令人惊叹的AH-6小鸟(Little Bird)直升机，这是种双座，气泡型驾驶舱攻击直升机，能飞到任何地方。这次小鸟将装上火箭弹。前两架将扫荡目标，后两架作为后卫协助。四架小鸟的舱外两侧装上了座椅搭载袭击部队的先锋，三角洲C中队，这是美军最为机密的三种突击队之一。在这批打击力量的后面是八架黑鹰运输直升机纵队；两架搭载着三角洲部队和他们的地面指挥官，四架搭载着游骑兵(佐治亚州本宁堡游骑兵群陆军75团三营B连)，一架搭载着第一流的CSAR(战斗搜索与救生(Combat Search and Rescue))队伍，最后一架搭载着两名此次任务的指挥官——汤姆·马修斯(Tom Matthews)中校，他负责与第160SOAR(肯塔基坎贝尔堡特种任务飞行团(Special Operations Aviation Regiment out of Fort Campbell, Kentucky))协调；另一名是三角洲部队加里·哈瑞尔(Gary Harrell)中校，他负责与地面部队联络。地面车队正排成一列在前门等待，包括九辆宽体悍马(Humvee)和三辆五吨卡车。卡车用来装载犯人和袭击部队撤离。悍马满载着游骑兵，三角洲话务员以及四名海军特种部队的分支——海豹(SEAL Sea, Air, Land)部队第六小队的成员。加上三架监视直升机和高空间谍飞机，共有十九架飞机(原文如此，疑为十六架——译者注)，十二辆车辆和大约一百六十名成员。这是一支整装待发的舰队。
+
+
+
+**Little Bird**
+Matt Erikson / The Inquirer
+
+**Humvee**
+
+
+
+**KRT Graphic**
+
+看来这次是真的行动了。游骑兵特遣部队司令官威廉·F.加里森(William F. Garrison)少将出来观看他们出发。以前他从未这样做过。加里森又高又瘦，灰发，穿着沙漠迷彩服，嘴角叼着半根未点燃的雪茄。他从一架直升机走向另一架直升机，然后在每一辆悍马前停下。“小心点。”他用德克萨斯慢吞吞的口音说。
+
+然后他移向下一个人。
+
+“好运。”
+
+然后是下一个。
+
+“小心点。”
+
+不断加速的引擎让大地颤抖，让他们的血脉贯张。能成为美国军队威力体现的一分子让人激动。真为那些阻挡他们前进的敌人感到悲哀。他们装满了手雷和弹药，紧握着自动武器，心脏在防弹背心下跳动，他们在混合着希望与恐惧中等待。他们最后一次做着检查，做着祷告，再三检查武器，演练他们精确的战术步伐，举行宗教小仪式……都是让他们准备好战斗的事情。他们都知道这次任务可能会很棘手。这是一次在白天大胆地袭击“黑海(Black Sea)”地区的行动。“黑海”位于哈伯·吉尔部落的领地，在摩加迪沙的中心，是军阀艾迪德的据点。他们的目标是一座三层楼，石灰刚白的石头建筑，屋顶是一个平台，这是这个城市里仅存的几座未造毁坏的现代化建筑之一，周围都是一座座泥石结构，锡皮屋顶的小屋。成百上千的部落成员住在这个迷宫一般的泥土街道上，这些通道像仙人掌刺一样伸展。没有现代地图。纯粹的印第安社会。
+
+大家看着火箭弹被装到AH-6上。加里森在以前的任务里从来没有这么做过。这意味着他们可能会遇到麻烦。大家都在每一个口袋和战术背心里塞满了弹药和手雷，水壶、刺刀、夜视镜以及其它对一次白天快速袭击造成拖累的东西都没有带。这样的行动没有困扰他们。一点也没有。他们欢迎这样的行动。他们是掠夺者，重金属复仇者，不可阻挡，毫无对手。感觉就是：白白浪费了六个星期后，他们终于能去踢某些索马里人的屁股了。
+
+下午三点三十二分。当小队领导钻进领头的黑鹰——“超级六四”(Super Six Four)——后，听到内部通讯系统传来一级准尉迈克·杜兰特(Mike Durant)柔和的声音，清晰而令人高兴。
+
+杜兰特宣布：“操他妈的艾瑞尼。”
+
+舰队启航了，从海边破旧的机场出发，融入到海天一色当中。他们轻松地穿过一片杂乱的白沙滩，快速穿过拍岸的浪花。他们排列成紧凑队形沿着海岸线向西南飞去。心情迫切的士兵坐在直升机里，穿着军靴的腿垂在机身两侧的座椅和舱门外。
+
+摩加迪沙在一片朦胧的沙漠地平线上逐渐呈现，在下午的阳光下它是如此明亮，就像整个世界的镜头上的光圈一下子打开了。远远看上去，这个有着黄土街道和西班牙风格的生锈锡屋顶的古老港口城市呈现出一片赤褐色彩。历经多年战乱后，城内唯一矗立的高大建筑是清真寺装饰华丽的白塔——伊斯兰教是所有索马里人唯一感到神圣的东西。城里有许多灌木，最高的树只超过低矮的屋顶，点缀其中的是带有黄色或粉红色或灰色栅栏的高石墙，那是因为战乱而凋零的颜色。它坐落于海边，西边是沙漠，东边是闪闪发亮的海洋，看上去就像是一个尚待开发的地中海度假胜地。
+
+直升机部队掠过摩加迪沙的上空，再从海面上滑行回来，然后倾斜向右转弯，沿着城市的西边向东北方向前进。在机群下方延伸的摩加迪沙呈现出了可怕的真相，它是一场大灾难，是所有东西都乱了套的典型。就像整个城市被一场可怕的传染病毁灭了一样。少数经过铺设的街道被山一样的垃圾,碎片和焚烧过后生锈的汽车残骸弄得支离破碎。还没有变成灰色碎石的墙壁和房屋上面子弹孔星罗棋布。电线杆像巫毒教(voodoo)图腾一样不吉利地倾斜着,顶上披散吓人的长发髻——那是残留的电线头(电线早被拿到日益兴旺的黑市上卖掉了)。公共广场上笨重的石头平台上曾经安放着从前的独载者默罕默德·希亚德·巴里(Mohamed Siad Barre)的雕像。将曾经的国家象征剥成光秃秃的不是革命的热情,而是要卖掉雕像外面的铜皮。仅存的几座政府和大学建筑住满了难民。所有有价值的东西都被掠夺走了,包括铜制的窗框,门把手和绞链。到了晚上,以前的工学院建筑的三层和四层会燃起篝火。每一片空地都挤满了拼凑起来的圆木小屋,小屋顶上铺着破布,碎木和锡皮。从上空俯视,就像显微镜下的脓疮。
+
+在“超级六七”直升机里,埃弗斯曼在脑中回想着计划。当他们到达街道后,D-boy(三角洲部队的昵称——译者注)们应该已经占领目标建筑了,他们会聚拢囚犯,并射杀愚蠢的敢于还击的人。情报说房屋里有两个大人物,特遣部队已经将他们标为“头号目标”(Tier One Personalities),他们是艾迪德身边的近臣。当D-boy干活而游骑兵警戒的同时,由卡车和悍马组成的地面车队将穿过城市,到达目标房屋。囚犯将被赶进卡车。突袭部队和警戒部队将随后跳进车队,然后他们一起回到基地,在海滩边结束一个完美的星期天下午。整个过程大约一个小时。
+
+为了在黑鹰里给游骑兵腾出空间,后面的座椅被拆除了。不在门口的人坐在弹药箱上,或把防弹背心铺在地板上然后坐上去。他们都穿着沙漠迷彩伪装服,防弹背心和头盔,战术背心里装着大约五十磅重的装备和弹药。所有人都佩有护目镜和厚皮手套。层层装备让最瘦弱的人看上去也很粗壮,像机器人一样让人害怕。他们平时在机库里打发时间的时候大多只穿着暗棕色T恤和短裤,许多人看上去都是长满粉刺的十几岁孩子(他们的平均年龄是十九岁)。他们为自己是游骑兵而深深自豪。与战斗无关的日常事务常让许多普通士兵抓狂。游骑兵所有的时间都用来训练打仗。他们更合适,更迅捷,更杰出——“游骑兵打先锋!”(Rangers lead the way!)是他们的口号。每一人都经过三重志愿才能加入,自愿加入陆军,自愿加入伞兵和自愿加入游骑兵。他们都是精英,是他们那一代中主动性最高的年轻士兵,他们是按照陆军的理想标准挑选的——他们都是男性,通过背景调查,几乎全是白人(在一个连一百四十名士兵中只有两名黑人)。有些是职业士兵,比如一九九零年于西点军校毕业的拉里·皮里诺(Larry Perino)中尉。有些是因为自身条件优秀,为了寻找不同的挑战,比如第二小队的约翰·瓦德尔(John Waddell)专业军士(Specialist),他以均分4.0(4.0 GPA)从密西西比的纳齐兹一所高中毕业后参军。有些是为了寻找身体上的挑战而铤而走险。其他人是为了自身的提高,因为他们高中毕业后无处可去,有的是与毒品,酒精,法律之间有了麻烦,或与三者之间都有了麻烦。他们比同年龄的年轻人更老成点。许多游骑兵都被人粗暴对待过,都尝到了失败的滋味。但这里没有游手好闲的人。每个人都经过艰苦的工作才到了这里,艰苦的程度可能是他一生中最高的。那些有着麻烦过去的人经历了严酷的考验。在他们最佳的表现下,许多人成了最热心,最爱国的人和理想主义者。军队征兵的广告写着“成为你能成为的人”(Be All You Can Be),他们逐字逐字地在实现这句话。
+
+他们按照比普通士兵更高的标准要求自己。他们身体锃亮,独特的平头——头部两侧和后部完全剃光,他们问候的词语是“呼-哈”(Hoo-ah),他们把自己看成军队里同心协力的部队中最好的。他们中许多人一旦符合标准,就志愿加入特种部队,其中的佼佼者甚至会被选去尝试参加三角洲部队，就是正在带领这支队伍前进的那支强壮，机密的超级部队。只有最好的人才会被邀请去尝试，只有十分之一的人能通过选拔。在这个古老的排名里，游骑兵排在阶梯的上端，但三角洲部队排在最高处。
+
+游骑兵们知道只有拥有战斗经验才有可能向阶梯高处攀登。迄今为止，呆在摩加迪沙几乎成了一则笑话。战争总是几乎快要发生。几乎快要发生。尽管任务跟以前一样刺激，但却越来越短。索马里人——他们称之为“斯基尼”(Skinnies)或“萨米”(Sammies)——有时候会对他们放冷枪，这足以让游骑兵们热血沸腾，以猛烈的火力还击，但这还够不上真正意义上的交火。
+
+交火是他们所想要的。所有人都想。如果对此有任何犹豫的念头，他们也掩饰得很好。许多人开始跟任何人一样害怕战争，但这种恐惧感也被隐藏起来。尤其是在游骑兵的训练中。大约四分之一的志愿者被淘汰，那些最终配戴上游骑兵徽章的人因为年纪轻轻就取得了成就而志得意满。这就是优胜劣汰。接踵而至的就是日以继夜的训练。新人们渴望战斗。他们就像年复一年，日复一日经受着撞伤，疲劳和危险训练的全明星足球队员——却不能参加正式比赛。
+
+他们渴望战斗。他们传阅着以前的战斗中流传下来的活页备忘录，许多是由前游骑兵撰写的，他们感受着其中的同志情谊，传诵着他们的事迹，为那些受伤或残废的可怜的家伙感到遗憾。他们研究着旧照片，同样也是从以前的战斗中流传下来的，看上去脏兮兮的年轻人，下身穿着战斗伪装服，狗牌挂在脖子上，彼此搂着对方的肩膀，在异国他乡合影。他们也能看到自己在这些快照里，被同袍包围着，进行自己的战斗。战斗才是唯一算上的测试。
+
+中士迈克·高德尔(Mike Goodale)在离开伊利诺斯州的时候试图把这个概念解释给他的母亲听。他的母亲是一名护士，对他的自信表示了怀疑。
+
+“为什么所有的人都希望去打仗？”她问。
+
+高德尔对她说，好比作为一名护士，经过多年的训练后却得不到在医院工作的机会。情况就像是那样。
+
+“你会希望知道自己是否能胜任这个工作。”他解释道。
+
+就像备忘录中的其他伙计一样。他们经历过测试，证明了自己。新一代游骑兵的日子到来了。
+
+直升机中没有一个人对索马里的了解能写成高中教材，不过这不要紧。他们毫不迟疑地组成了防线。军阀们的混战使国家被蹂躏，人民忍饥挨饿。邪恶的军阀把别的国家送来的粮食据为己有，并杀害那些想阻止他们的人。所以文明社会决定采取行动，让这个星球上的勇士来铲除邪恶。摩加迪沙就像梅尔·吉布森(Mel Gibson)的影片《疯狂的麦克斯》(Mad Max)里所描绘的后启示录(postapocalyptic)世界，一个被持枪恶棍帮派所统治的世界。他们来是要把邪恶的军阀们赶走，恢复理智和文明。
+
+埃弗斯曼一直以游骑兵而荣。他不太确定他来当头后是什么感觉，尽管这只是暂时的。他是自动替补这个位置的。他那个排的中士因为家中有人生病回国了，顶替他的人突发癫痫，也被送回国内了。埃弗斯曼是排里资历最老的。他迟疑地接受了这个任务。这个早上在食堂里他为此而祈祷。
+
+现在终于起飞了，埃弗斯曼向外看着整个队伍感到自豪，全身充满了能量。这是一支技术先进的军事力量。目标高空中盘旋着美国所能提供的最先进的情报搜集手段，包括卫星，高空飞行的P3“奥里昂”(Orion)间谍飞机以及三架OH-58观察直升机，它们看上去像有着气泡型驾驶舱的小鸟直升机，顶部装有5英尺高的球根状观察镜。这些观
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_18.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_18.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f88e59f7c7fdb75e1a3114f0ba2fbb904bc6924
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_18.md
@@ -0,0 +1,412 @@
+# Helix fitting: Least-Square method
+
+
+理论计算
+
+
+实验测量
+
+漂移距离计算示意图
+
+* 不考虑物质效应
+
+* 从寻迹过程得到的径迹参数为初值
+
+* 计算理论漂移距离及其对径迹参数的
+ Jacobian
+
+* 多次迭代, 拟合过程中考虑丢点
+
+* 考虑到磁场不均匀性, 采用分段螺旋
+ 线拟合
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\alpha &= \alpha_0 + V_{\alpha} A^T V_y^{-1} (d_m - d_{\alpha}) \\
+\chi^2 &= (d_m - d_{\alpha})^T V_y^{-1} (d_m - d_{\alpha}) \\
+V_{\alpha} &= \langle \delta\alpha\delta\alpha^T \rangle = (A^T V_y^{-1} A)^{-1} \\
+A &= \frac{\partial d}{\partial \alpha}, \quad V_y^{-1} = \text{diag}\left(\frac{1}{\sigma_d^2}\right)
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+# Kalman Filter介绍
+
+1960年,匈牙利数学家Kalman发表了著名的,利用递归方法,解决离散数据线性滤波的论文
+
+1987年,Frühwirth把Kalman filter方法引入粒子物理实验中来
+
+Kalman filter 由一系列递归数学公式描述
+
+高效的可计算的方法来估计过程的状态,可以估计信号的过去和当前的状态,甚至能估计将来的状态,即使不知道模型的确切性质
+
+应用广泛,功能强大,可用于粒子物理实验中的参数的优化估计,如径迹重建,顶点重建和运动学拟合等领域
+
+# Kalman Filter
+
+被估计的信号:
+State Vector
+
+
+
+1. Prediction
+
+2. Filtering
+
+3. Smoothing
+
+# 一些基本的概念与标识
+
+ | State Vector | Error Matrix | State Vector Example |
|---|
| True Vector | x | C | 5 helix parametersdρ,dz,κ,φ0,λ |
|---|
| Predicted Vector | xkk-1 | Ckk-1 | 5 predicted helix parametersdρ,dz,κ,φ0,λ |
|---|
| Measured Vector | mk | Vk | Drift distance ddrift |
|---|
| Updated Vector | xk | Ck | 5 updated helix parametersdρ,dz,κ,φ0,λ |
|---|
| Smoothed Vector | xkn | Ckn | 5 smoothed helix parameters |
|---|
+
+Dynamic equation:
+
+$$
+x(t_k) = Fx(t_{k-1}) + \eta, \quad \text{cov}(\eta) = Q
+$$
+
+# Equation for state vector
+
+系统传输方程:把上一时刻的状态量影射到当前时刻的状态量
+
+$$
+x_k = F_{k-1}x_{k-1} + \eta_{k-1} \quad \text{cov}(\eta_{k-1}) = Q_{k-1}
+$$
+
+$F_{k-1}$:传输矩阵, $\eta_{k-1}$:随机的传输误差
+
+
+
+测量方程:描述观测量与状态矢量的关系
+
+$$
+m_k = H_k x_k + \varepsilon_k \quad \text{cov}(\varepsilon_k) = V_k
+$$
+
+$H_k$:状态矢量$x_k$对测量量$m_k$的增益矩阵
+(for track fitting, see page 22)
+
+$e_k$:测量误差
+
+# Prediction
+
+对将来时刻的状态矢量的估计
+
+状态矢量的外延：
+
+$$
+\mathbf{x}_k^{k-1} = F_{k-1} \mathbf{x}_{k-1}
+$$
+
+误差矩阵的传递：
+
+$$
+C_k^{k-1} = F_{k-1} C_{k-1} F_{k-1}^T + Q_{k-1}
+$$
+
+外延的状态矢量及其误差矩阵只是一种”中间”变量
+
+# Filtering
+
+状态矢量通常不能直接观测,通过测量模型与观测量联接
+
+把预言的状态矢量与当前的”测量”量进行比较,从而更新
+当前的状态矢量
+
+$$
+C_k = \left[ \left( C_k^{k-1} \right)^{-1} + H_k^T V_k^{-1} H_k \right]^{-1}
+$$
+
+$$
+x_k = C_k \left[ (C_k^{k-1})^{-1} x_{k-1} + H_k^T V_k^{-1} m_k \right]
+$$
+
+矩阵求逆:
+状态矢量维数
+
+$K_k$:Kalman
+增益矩阵
+
+
+
+$$
+x_k = x_k^{k-1} + K_k (m_k - H_k x_k^{k-1})
+$$
+
+$$
+K_k = C_k^{k-1} H_k^T [V_k + H_k C_k^{k-1} H_k^T]^{-1}
+$$
+
+$$
+C_k = (I - K_k H_k) C_k^{k-1}
+$$
+
+矩阵求逆:
+观测量维数
+
+# Smoothing
+
+利用所有测量的结果(最后一步)，回推到以前的测量，并对各步的状态矢量进行更新
+
+过滤与光滑相结合，可以有效地实现双向预测，并探测”坏点”
+
+增益矩阵 $A_{k-1}$
+
+$$
+x_{k-1}^n = x_{k-1} + A_{k-1} (x_k^n - x_{k}^{k-1})
+$$
+
+$$
+A_{k-1} = C_{k-1} F_{k-1}^T (C_k^{k-1})^{-1}
+$$
+
+$$
+C_{k-1}^n = C_{k-1} + A_{k-1} (C_k^n - C_k^{k-1}) A_{k-1}^T
+$$
+
+状态矢量的逼真化
+
+* 过滤比预言更真实
+
+* 光滑比过滤更真实
+
+常用光滑后的$\chi^2$来检验拟合的优度
+
+# Backward Kalman Filter
+
+Kalman Filter 是一步一步添加测量点
+
+反向Kalman Filter则是剔除某一测量点
+
+反向Kalman Filter又称为”负权重” Filter,
+ $V_k \rightarrow -V_k$
+
+$$
+x_k^{n*} = C_k^{n*} \left[ \left(C_k^n\right)^{-1} x_k^n - H_k^T V_k^{-1} m_k \right]
+$$
+
+$$
+C_k^{n*} = \left[ \left(C_k^n\right)^{-1} - H_k^T V_k^{-1} H_k \right]^{-1}
+$$
+
+
+$$
+x_k^{n*} = x_k^n + K_k^{n*} (m_k - H_k x_k^n)
+$$
+
+$$
+K_k^{n*} = C_k^n H_k^T (-V_k + H_k C_k^n H_k^T)^{-1}
+$$
+
+$$
+C_k^{n*} = (I - K_k^{n*} H_k) C_k^n
+$$
+
+剔除某一测量点后,状态矢量的更新
+
+# Kalman Filter extension
+
+实际情况下,传输方程和测量响应方程一般都是状态矢量的非线性函数.
+
+对状态矢量的传输方程和测量响应方程做线性的泰勒展开,称为”扩展的” Kalman Filter
+
+传输方程
+
+$$
+x_k^{k-1} = f_{k-1}(x) \approx f_{k-1}(x_e) + F_{k-1}(x - x_e)
+$$
+
+$$
+F_{k-1} = \frac{\partial f_{k-1}(x)}{\partial x} \Big|_{x=x_e}
+$$
+
+测量响应方程
+
+$$
+m_k = h_k(x) \approx h_k(x_{k,e}^{k-1}) + H_k(x - x_{k,e}^{k-1})
+$$
+
+$$
+H_k = \frac{\partial h_k(x)}{\partial x} \Big|_{x=x_{k,e}^{k-1}}
+$$
+
+应用扩展的Kalman Filter方法,一般需要迭代
+
+
+# Track fitting: Kalman Filter method
+
+
+
+径迹参数从$k-1 \to k$
+
+非均匀磁场, 物质效应影响
+
+与测量的飘移距离比较
+
+得到更新的径迹参数
+
+# Multiple scattering effect
+
+主要是库仑散射的贡献，核作用也有贡献。
+多次散射可用莫里埃理论描述，小散射角时近似高斯分布 (98%)，大角度时有长尾巴。
+
+
+
+t: direction of motion
+$\theta_t$ and $\phi_t$ are orthogonal
+to the direction of motion
+
+L: the thickness of material
+$\theta$: scattering angle
+$\theta_0$: RMS of $\theta$
+
+$X_0$: 辐射长度
+
+$$
+\sigma_{\theta} = \theta_{0} = \frac{13.6\text{MeV}}{\beta \cdot p} \sqrt{\frac{L}{X_{0}}} \left[ 1 + 0.038 \log \left( \frac{L}{X_{0}} \right) \right]
+$$
+
+
+
+经验公式
+
+轻物质的多次散射效应小，“重”粒子的多次散射效应大
+多次散射除了影响粒子的运动方向以外，还影响粒子的位置
+
+# Multiple scattering effect
+
+在与粒子路径垂直的两个平面内发生散射，包括角度偏移和位置变化。角度和位置偏移之间存在关联
+
+由于多次散射是随机过程，对其处理的原则：
+
+不改变径迹参数
+
+计算多次散射造成的误差矩阵
+
+$$
+\delta\alpha = M \begin{pmatrix} \sin\theta_t \delta\varphi_t \\ \delta\theta_t \\ \delta x_{\varphi_t}/L \\ \delta x_{\theta_t}/L \end{pmatrix}, \quad M = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{\partial\alpha}{\sin\theta_t \partial\varphi_t}， \frac{\partial\alpha}{\partial\theta_t} ， \frac{L\partial\alpha}{\partial x_{\varphi_t}} ， \frac{L\partial\alpha}{\partial x_{\theta_t}} \end{pmatrix}
+$$
+
+$$
+V_{\alpha MS} \equiv \langle \delta\alpha\delta\alpha^T \rangle = \sigma_{\theta}^2 M \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 1/2 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 & 0 & 1/2 \\ 1/2 & 0 & 1/3 & 0 \\ 0 & 1/2 & 0 & 1/3 \end{pmatrix} M^T
+$$
+
+误差矩阵的详细计算请参看有关文献
+
+# Multiple scattering effect
+
+
+
+某次散射发生后,其后的散射都受上一步的影响
+
+关联的直接后果是误差矩阵非对角元不为0
+
+多次散射步长的计算
+
+不可以平方相加,每步都要按总散射步长计算
+
+# dE/dx effect
+
+$$
+-\frac{dE}{dx} = Kz^2 \frac{Z}{A} \frac{1}{\beta^2} \left[ \frac{1}{2} \log \frac{2m_e c^2 \beta^2 \gamma^2 T_{\max}}{I^2} - \beta^2 - \frac{\delta}{2} \right], \quad T_{\max} \approx 2m_e c^2 \beta^2 \gamma^2
+$$
+
+* $\delta$电子
+
+* 能损的统计涨落：朗道分布
+
+* 混合和复合物质中的电离能量损失
+
+低能端: $1/\beta^2$
+
+
+
+最小电离粒子(MIP): $\beta\gamma \sim 3.4$
+
+电离能损最可几值
+
+相对论上升: 密度效应
+
+
+
+电离能损平均值
+
+
+
+电离能量损失的概率分布:
+尾巴较长, 数学上用朗道分布近似
+
+# Correction for the energy loss
+
+粒子动量修正公式
+
+C是一个与漂移室物质相关的常数
+
+$$
+\Delta \mathbf{p} = \int_{0}^{t} \frac{d\mathbf{p}}{dx} \mathbf{dx} = \int_{0}^{t} \frac{1}{\beta} \frac{dE}{dx} \mathbf{dx} = \int_{0}^{t} \frac{C}{\beta^3} \left[ \log \left( \frac{2m_e c^2 \beta^2 \gamma^2}{I} \right) - \beta^2 - \frac{\delta}{2} \right]
+$$
+
+$$
+\beta = \frac{p}{\sqrt{p^2 + m^2}} \qquad \beta\gamma = \frac{p}{m}
+$$
+
+当$\beta>0.7$时,能损近似为常数;当$\beta$较低时,能损变化很快
+
+问题可以转化为对一个微分方程的积分,需要利用数字计算方法求解,如龙格—库塔方法。可参看有关文献。
+
+# Bremsstrahlung effect (轫致辐射)
+
+对电子,尤其是高能电子十分重要
+
+近似公式
+
+$$
+\left\langle \frac{E_{after}}{E_{before}} \right\rangle = \exp \left( -\frac{L}{X_0} \right)
+$$
+
+
+
+既改变径迹参数,也改变误差矩阵
+
+# 非均匀磁场
+
+粒子穿过一段非均匀磁场下区域,其动量方向会发生变化,变化量与穿越的路径有关:
+
+$$
+\Delta \vec{p} \propto \int_{L_{start}}^{L_{end}} (\vec{B}(x,l) - \vec{B}_0)dl
+$$
+
+一般取路径的中点值
+做为近似
+
+动量改变量为:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{p}_B = \frac{\partial \mathbf{p}}{\partial \Theta} \frac{\Delta \vec{p}}{|\mathbf{p}|}\cdot \hat{\Theta} + \frac{\partial \mathbf{p}}{\partial \Phi} \frac{\Delta \vec{p}}{|\mathbf{p}|} \cdot\hat{\Phi}
+$$
+
+详细计算利用数字方法,根据磁场的三维分布和
+粒子穿行的路径,进行积分
+
+理想螺旋线
+拟合的动量
+~276MeV/c
+
+
+
+对撞点处
+的动量
+~301MeV/c
+
+
+
+第一层击中
+处的动量
+~280MeV/c
+
+
+
+最后一层击中
+处的动量
+~276MeV/c
+
+300MeV/c的质子
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_19.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_19.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24a096c0ba37bc8b5426b92857bad447500cdacd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_19.md
@@ -0,0 +1,116 @@
+# 天气预报的数学魔术
+
+从混沌到可预测——数学如何驯服大气的不确定性
+
+“一只蝴蝶扇动翅膀，真的能引发一场风暴吗？”
+
+今天，我将揭示现代天气预报背后的数学魔法，以及它惊人的局限性
+
+## 第一步：为地球大气拍摄一张“全身CT”
+
+这张表反映了大气从地面到高空的完整“指纹”，是理解天气变化的基础。
+
+合并单元格揭示了不同参数在不同层次的“协同工作”模式，是分析关键。
+
+每6小时更新一次全球数据，单次产生超1亿个数据点，支撑精准预报。
+
+### 关键参数关联性
+
+温度与气压 (强相关)
+
+
+
+湿度与云量 (直接影响)
+
+
+
+风场切变 (风暴发展关键)
+
+
+
+| 高度(km) | 温度(°C) | 气压(hPa) | 风速(m/s) | 数据来源 |
|---|
| 对流层 0-12 | 25 → -55 | 1013 → 193 | 5 → 25 | 地面站/探空仪/卫星 | | 平流层 12-50 | -55 → 0 | 193 → 1 | 25 → 5 | 卫星/火箭 |
+
+## 蝴蝶效应的数学心脏：三个方程如何描述混沌
+
+### 洛伦兹吸引子方程组
+
+$$
+dx/dt = \sigma(y - x)
+$$
+
+$$
+dy/dt = x(\rho - z) - y
+$$
+
+$$
+dz/dt = xy - \beta z
+$$
+
+### 逐层解析
+
+x→对流强度(空气上升/下降的速度)
+
+y→水平温度梯度(冷热差异程度)
+
+z→垂直温度梯度(上下层温差)
+
+### 混沌的核心：初始值敏感性
+
+初始值仅差百万分之一, 48小时后天气模式完全不同。
+
+
+
+“确定性系统可以产生完全不可预测的行为”
+
+## 如何用“不完美网格”预测“不完美大气”？
+
+### 现实的妥协：网格化
+
+水平分辨率：9公里 × 9公里
+
+垂直分层：137层
+
+全球总格点数：约1亿个
+
+总计算量：每秒10¹⁵次浮点运算
+
+### 简化的方程
+
+$$
+\partial u/\partial t = -(u \cdot \nabla)u - (1/\rho)\nabla p + g + F
+$$
+
+(动量方程：空气如何加速)
+
+$$
+\partial \theta/\partial t = -(u \cdot \nabla)\theta + Q
+$$
+
+(热力学方程：能量如何传递)
+
+| 维度 | 洛伦兹理想模型 | 数值天气预报现实 | | 系统自由度 | 3个变量 | 10⁹个以上变量 | | 初始误差 | 放大10⁷倍/5天 | 放大10⁴倍/5天 | | 可预测极限 | 理论：无限混沌 | 实际：约7-10天 |
+
+## 天气预报的边界，也是人类认知的边界
+
+### 当前能力与边界
+
+3天预报：准确率 > 90%
+
+7天预报：准确率 ≈ 80%
+
+10天预报：准确率 ≈ 60%
+
+14天后：基本等于气候平均值
+
+
+### 未来方向：下一代天气预报的三重革命
+
+**数据革命：** 物联网感知、微小尺度、数据同化
+
+**计算革命：** 量子计算、百亿亿次级超算
+
+**方法革命：** 人工智能、数据驱动、模型融合
+
+“预测未来的最高艺术，不是追求100%准确，而是精准量化不确定性。”
+
+我们无法消除蝴蝶效应，但我们学会了与不确定性共舞。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_2.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_2.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8f90be1bd1c61a31517c3ddc0a2d1e602ab04abd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_2.md
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+# 项目背景
+
+## 学前美育
+
+美育是前教育的重要课程，就是通过审美活动、不同的色彩给幼儿带来热爱生活不同的美感，以培养审美能力的过程，美育是个人和社会最为重要的事业之一，幼儿阶段处于人生成长发展的最初阶段，这时期的教育对以后人生有着重要影响。
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## 存在问题
+
+美育教育前景广阔且意义非凡。但同时产品层出不穷，质量也参差不齐。究竟该如何选择适合孩子的美育产品，成了大多数家长所面临的一个问题。
+
+1. 教学模式单一
+
+
+
+2. 课程实践性不强
+
+
+
+3. 课程体系和教学材料不完善
+
+
+
+# 政策支持
+
+“要全面加强和改进学校美育，坚持以美育人、以文化人，提高学生审美和人文素养”。全国教育工作大会上强调，“培养德智体美劳全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人”。将美育工作放在了社会主义建设者和接班人培养的重要位置。
+
+
+
+
+
+# 项目愿景
+
+
+
+
+
+数据来源：观研报告网
+
+
+
+数据来源：观研报告网
+
+
+
+高质量亲子陪伴认同率提升
+
+目前行业有着千亿级别的市场，截止2024年市场规模就达到了1767.2亿就中国教育行业融资领域分布，学前教育有28%的占比。为教育行业分领域融资之最2020年开始我国家庭对于高质量亲子陪伴的育儿方式认可度不断攀升。随着近年相关政策的放开，预计将有爆发式增长。
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_20.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_20.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f9649ae8bd9cb67d3f07516e29f5e8e3add56d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_20.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# 影响力与感应系数
+
+| 产业部门 | 影响力系数 | 感应度系数 |
|---|
| 第一产业 | 0.5502 | 0.8867 | | 第二产业 | 0.9185 | 7.5071 | | 第三产业 | 0.6720 | 2.1407 | | 文化产业 | 1.1208 | 1.4889 | | 新闻出版业 | 1.6970 | 0.2585 | | 广播、电视、电影和音像业 | 0.9969 | 0.2216 | | 文化艺术业 | 0.9167 | 0.2472 | | 体育业 | 0.8577 | 0.2597 | | 娱乐业 | 0.7826 | 0.2399 | | 造纸业及纸制品业 | 1.5607 | 0.5587 | | 印刷业和记录媒介的复制 | 1.4090 | 0.3892 | | 文教体育用品制造业 | 1.0864 | 0.2281 | | 家用视听设备制造业 | 1.0007 | 0.2744 | | 文化、办公用机械制造业 | 1.1987 | 0.3262 | | 工艺品及其他制造业 | 0.0014 | 0.2774 |
+
+# 产业分类 生产诱发系数
+
+| 产业部门 | 最终消费 | 资本形成总额 | 出口 | 最终使用总额 |
|---|
| 第一产业 | 0.0667 | 0.0492 | 0.0447 | 0.0538 | | 第二产业 | 0.5326 | 0.7198 | 0.1776 | 0.6792 | | 第三产业 | 0.3082 | 0.1716 | 0.0171 | 0.1870 | | 文化产业 | 0.0307 | 0.0297 | 0.0070 | 0.0040 | | 新闻出版业 | 0.0010 | 0.0004 | 0.0003 | 0.0009 | | 广播、电视、电影和音像业 | 0.0020 | 0.0005 | 0.0006 | 0.0011 | | 文化艺术业 | 0.0013 | 0.0002 | 0.0004 | 0.0006 | | 体育业 | 0.0014 | 0.0000 | 0.0002 | 0.0012 | | 娱乐业 | 0.0045 | 0.0008 | 0.0010 | 0.0011 |
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+中国流通经济（2024年11月，第38卷第11期） China Business And Market（November 2024，Vol.38，No.11）
+
+**doi**：10.14089/j.cnki.cn11-3664/f.2024.11.004
+**引用格式**：封永刚.全国统一大市场建设中流通业的产业协同发展效应[J].中国流通经济,2024(11):38-50.
+
+# 全国统一大市场建设中流通业的产业协同发展效应
+——基于时序变化和地区差异的双重分析
+
+封永刚
+
+(中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所, 北京市 100006)
+
+**摘要**：加强流通业产业协同发展效应、优化产业协同发展格局，是以现代流通体系建设助推全国统一大市场构建的重要手段。基于中国时间序列投入产出表和地区投入产出表，分别使用加权改进的高斯（Ghosh）逆矩阵和列昂惕夫（Leontief）逆矩阵，测度 1981—2023 年全国层面以及 2000—2023 年地区层面流通业（包括批发和零售业，交通运输、仓储和邮政业）双向产业协同发展效应，分析双向产业协同发展格局的时空差异。研究发现，在全国层面，流通业通过增加初始投入对相关行业产生的前向产业协同发展效应，明显强于其通过增加最终需求对相关行业产生的后向产业协同发展效应。其中，我国批发和零售业前向产业协同发展效应突出，特别是 2010—2023 年期间波动回升，后向产业协同发展效应波动特征减弱并稳定在中等水平；相比于批发和零售业，我国交通运输、仓储和邮政业的前向产业协同发展效应整体较弱，后向产业协同发展效应也较弱但与批发和零售业之间的差距有所缩小。从六大门类行业对我国流通业双向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额看，服务业始终保持主导地位且重要性不断上升，制造业地位也较高但重要性有所下降，顺应制造业结构转变趋势，先进资本或技术密集型制造业贡献份额明显增加，传统劳动密集型制造业贡献份额有所减小。在地区层面，流通业前向产业协同发展效应的地区差异明显缩小，后向产业协同发展效应的地区差异明显扩大。从六大门类行业对我国流通业前向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额看，在东部沿海经济区以制造业为主的格局正在向与其他经济区类似的以服务业为主的格局转变，在大西南和大西北经济区建筑业的贡献份额明显较高且有所上升。从六大门类行业对我国流通业后向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额看，整体而言，以服务业为主的格局仍在加强，制造业的重要辅助作用在逐渐减弱，但北部和东部沿海经济区制造业的贡献份额始终较高。为更好地加强流通业产业协同发展效应、推动全国统一大市场建设，应继续增加流通业初始投入，更大程度地发挥流通业前向产业协同发展效应；顺应流通业最终需求变化趋势，适当加强流通业后向产业协同发展效应；缩小流通业后向产业协同发展效应的地区差异，持续改善地区分割问题。
+
+**关键词**： 全国统一大市场; 现代流通体系; 产业协同发展效应; 投入产出分析
+
+**中图分类号: F713** **文献标识码: A** **文章编号: 1007-8266(2024)11-0038-13**
+
+
+建设全国统一大市场是构建新发展格局的基础支撑和内在要求,而现代流通体系建设是构建全国统一大市场的重要手段,二者之间存在互促互进的动态关系[1]。根据2022年4月发布的《中共中央国务院关于加快建设全国统一大市场的意见》,建设全国统一大市场的首要原则是“立足内需,畅通循环”,即促使生产、分配、流通、消费各环节更加畅通,提高市场运行效率。流通业作为我国国民经济的基础性和先导性产业[2],向前连接着生产,向后连接着消费,具备承上启下的桥梁作用[3]。分析流通业发展对全国统一大市场建设的作用,既要评估流通业对经济增长(增加值)的贡献,更要评估流通业发展能否顺应产业结构转型趋势,形成适宜的产业协同关系,在产业链升级和延伸过程中不断提升前向和后向产业协同发展水平。
+
+
+**收稿日期**: 2024-08-11
+**基金项目**：国家自然科学基金青年项目“中国经济增长动能配置协调性的评价与优化研究：基于经济增长阶段变更的视角”（72203233）；国家自然科学基金专项项目“中国人口转变的独特性、经济影响及政策研究”（72141310）
+**作者简介**：封永刚（1989—），男，辽宁省海城市人，中国社会科学院人口与劳动经济研究所助理研究员，管理学博士，主要研究方向为劳动力市场与经济增长。
+
+从现有文献看,已有研究使用投入产出方法,测度流通业产业关联格局,但仍然存在较大改进空间。具体而言,一是相关研究[4-9]采用的投入产出数据滞后、时间间隔较长、行业口径持续变化等,难以展现新常态下我国流通业从生产、消费两个方面对其他产业的推动和拉动作用。如王笑宇等[4]、赵霞等[5]、李晓慧[6]、司增绰等[7]、李杨超等[8]在分析流通业产业关联特征时,使用的是2010年前少数几个年份的投入产出数据;祝合良等[9]的研究时间跨度相对较长,但其流通业产业关联分析数据也仅更新至2012年。二是相关研究[4-9]缺乏对地区层面流通业产业协同发展状态的分析。突破市场条块分割、加强地区经济合作是建设全国统一大市场的重要内容[10],各省份只有加强流通业产业协同发展效应,不断缩小流通业产业协同发展能力差距,才能切实破解地区市场分割问题。三是相关研究[4-9]使用列昂惕夫(Leontief)逆矩阵的行向或列向关系分析,刻画流通业与其他产业的前向和后向关系。而根据琼斯(Jones)[11]、刘起运[12]、杨灿[13]的研究,列昂惕夫逆矩阵只适合刻画后向关系,前向关系应使用高斯(Ghosh)逆矩阵刻画。2012年之后国家统计局也在中国投入产出表相关介绍中建议,应使用高斯逆矩阵测量前向关系。但是,目前流通业相关研究尚未采纳这一建议。四是相关研究[2-5]在测算流通业产业关联关系时,往往假定各产业权重相同,未考虑流通业前向初始投入和后向最终需求对各产业影响的差异。根据刘起运[12]、杨灿等[14]的研究,应使用差异性权重衡量产业关联关系,但采纳这一改进建议的流通业相关研究尚未出现。
+
+为探寻进一步提升我国及各省份流通业产业协同发展效应的具体方向,本研究通过更新研究数据、扩展研究对象、改进研究方法,更全面评估全国统一大市场建设过程中,不同时段不同省份的流通业能否通过前向和后向关系,不断加深与其他行业的协同发展效应。与既有研究相比,本研究的创新点和边际贡献有四:一是基于1981—2023年中国时间序列投入产出表,在一个较长的时间跨度内全面展示我国流通业产业协同发展效应的发展变化;二是构建2000—2023年中国地区投入产出表,全面分析我国30个省份(未含西藏、香港、澳门、台湾)流通业产业协同发展效应的空间差异特征;三是引入高斯逆矩阵,更准确刻画流通业与其他产业的前向关系;四是采用加权改进的高斯逆矩阵和列昂惕夫逆矩阵,更准确分析国家和地区层面的流通业产业协同发展效应。
+
+## 一、理论分析与识别方法
+
+### (一) 前向关系和流通业前向产业协同发展效应
+
+#### 1. 前向关系
+
+传统研究在刻画产业前向关系时,往往使用列昂惕夫逆矩阵对投入产出表进行列向分析,然后通过反向推导近似计算行向关系。根据琼斯(Jones)[11]、刘起运[12]、杨灿[13]的研究,传统研究对前向关系的刻画方法较为间接和复杂,为更加准确地识别和判断产业前向关系,应使前向关系测度回归行向分析范式,并采用高斯逆矩阵。
+
+第一步,采用列昂惕夫[15-16]提出的投入产出方法,以及米勒(Miller)等[17]制定的投入产出框架进行分析。假设经济系统中有$n$个行业,从投入产出表的行向关系看,$i$行业的总产出为:
+
+$$
+X_i = \sum_{j=1}^{n} x_{ij} + f_i \quad i,j=1,2,\dots,n \qquad (1)
+$$
+
+其中,$i、j$表示行业,$X_i$表示总产出,由中间需求和最终需求共同构成,$x_{ij}$表示$i$行业分配给$j$行业使用的中间需求,$f_i$表示$i$行业的最终需求。
+
+第二步,在式(1)基础上,计算直接分配系数:
+
+$$
+h_{ij} = x_{ij} / X_i \qquad (2)
+$$
+
+其中,$h_{ij}$为直接分配系数,表示$i$行业单位总产出分配给$j$行业的份额。
+
+第三步,根据直接分配系数,得到高斯逆矩阵:
+
+$$
+G=(I-H)^{-1}=\left( \begin{vmatrix}
+1 & & \\
+& \ddots & \\
+& & 1
+\end{vmatrix} - \begin{vmatrix}
+h_{11} & \cdots & h_{1j} \\
+\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
+h_{i1} & \cdots & h_{ij}
+\end{vmatrix} \right)^{-1} \\
+=\begin{vmatrix}
+g_{11} & \cdots & g_{1j} \\
+\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
+g_{i1} & \cdots & g_{ij}
+\end{vmatrix} \tag{3}
+$$
+
+
+其中,G表示高斯逆矩阵,I表示单位矩阵,H表示直接分配系数矩阵,$g_{ij}$ 表示i行业单位初始投入对j行业的完全供给量,包括直接供给和多次间接供给。此时,可将前向关系定义为某行业通过增加初始投入对其他行业的经济推动力。
+
+#### 2. 流通业的前向产业协同发展效应
+
+根据前向关系的定义,可将流通业前向产业协同发展效应定义为流通业通过增加初始投入对所有行业(包括流通业本身)产生的推动力。此时,前向和后向关系是相对而言的,其他行业也能通过增加最终需求,反过来后向拉动流通业发展,从而形成关系的闭环。基于式(3)的高斯逆矩阵,假设流通业为i行业,且所有行业最初投入份额即权重相等,整理得到流通业前向产业协同发展系数:
+
+$$
+S_i = \frac{\sum_{j=1}^{n} g_{ij}}{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} g_{ij}} \qquad (4)
+$$
+
+其中，$S_i$表示流通业前向产业协同发展系数。当行业i=j时，流通业通过增加初始投入，对自身产生推动作用，称为前向内部产业协同发展效应；当行业i≠j时，流通业通过增加初始投入，对其他行业产生推动作用，称为前向外部产业协同发展效应。
+
+不过，根据刘起运[12]、杨灿等[14]的研究，式（4）的等权重设定，未考虑i行业本身的最初投入份额，可能导致最初投入份额较低（高）行业的推动力被高（低）估。鉴于此，破除传统的等权重设定，对式（4）进行加权改进，计算改进的流通业前向产业协同发展系数：
+
+$$
+WS_i = \frac{S_i \times \beta_i}{\sum_i S_i \times \beta_i} \times 100\%
+\qquad (5)
+$$
+
+其中,$WS_i$ 表示改进的流通业前向产业协同发展系数。本研究以此衡量流通业前向产业协同发展效应,$\beta_i$ 表示流通业初始投入占所有行业总初始投入的比重。$WS_i$ 越大,意味着流通业通过增加初始投入对其他行业的推动力越强,对全国统一大市场建设的促进作用越大。
+
+### (二) 后向关系和流通业后向产业协同发展效应
+
+#### 1. 后向关系
+
+后向关系与前向关系相对,其定义需要回溯至投入产出表的列向分析。从投入产出表的列向关系看,j行业的总投入为:
+
+$$
+X_j = \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{ij} + v_j \quad i, j = 1, 2, \dots, n \qquad (6)
+$$
+
+其中,$X_j$ 表示j行业的总投入,由中间投入和初始投入共同构成,$x_{ij}$表示j行业消耗i行业的中间投入,$v_j$ 表示j行业的初始投入。
+
+在式(6)基础上,测算直接消耗系数:
+
+$$
+a_{ij} = x_{ij} / X_j \qquad (7)
+$$
+
+其中,$a_{ij}$表示直接消耗系数,其经济含义是j行业单位总产出所消耗的i行业中间投入。
+
+根据直接消耗系数 $a_{ij}$, 得到列昂惕夫逆矩阵:
+
+$$
+B=(I-A)^{-1}=\left( \begin{vmatrix}
+1 & & \\
+& \ddots & \\
+& & 1
+\end{vmatrix} - \begin{vmatrix}
+a_{11} & \cdots & a_{1j} \\
+\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
+a_{i1} & \cdots & a_{ij}
+\end{vmatrix} \right)^{-1} \\
+=\begin{vmatrix}
+b_{11} & \cdots & b_{1j} \\
+\vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
+b_{i1} & \cdots & b_{ij}
+\end{vmatrix} \tag{8}
+$$
+
+
+其中,B表示列昂惕夫逆矩阵,A表示直接消耗系数矩阵,$b_{ij}$表示j行业生产的单位最终产品对i行业总产出的完全需要量,包括直接需要量和多次间接需要量。此时,可将后向关系定义为某行业通过增加最终需求对其他行业的经济拉动力。
+
+#### 2. 流通业后向产业协同发展效应
+
+流通业后向产业协同发展效应是指流通业通过增加最终需求对所有行业（包括流通业本身）产生的拉动力。同样，因前向和后向关系是相对而言的，其他行业也会通过增加初始投入，反过来前向推动流通业发展，从而再次形成关系的闭环。基于式（8）的列昂惕夫逆矩阵，假设所有行业的最初投入份额即权重相等，流通业为行业j，整理得到流通业后向产业协同发展系数：
+
+$$
+R_j = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} b_{ij}}{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} b_{ij}}
+\qquad (9)
+$$
+
+其中,$R_j$表示流通业后向产业协同发展系数。当行业j=i时,流通业通过增加最终需求,对本行业产生拉动作用,称为后向内部产业协同发展效应;当行业$i \neq j$时,流通业通过增加最终需求,对其他行业产生拉动作用,称为后向外部产业协同发展效应。
+
+进一步,破除传统的等权重设定,对式(9)进行加权改进,得到改进的流通业后向产业协同发展系数:
+
+$$
+WR_j = \frac{R_j \times \alpha_j}{\sum_j R_j \times \alpha_j} \times 100\% \qquad (10)
+$$
+
+
+
+其中,WR$_j$表示改进的流通业后向产业协同发展系数,本研究以此衡量流通业后向产业协同发展效应,$\alpha_j$表示流通业最终需求占所有行业最终需求的份额。WR$_j$越大,意味着流通业通过增加最终需求对其他行业的拉动力越强,越能通过最终需求扩张拉动全国统一大市场建设。
+
+流通业前向和后向产业协同发展效应形成机理见图1。
+
+### (三) 数据说明
+
+#### 1. 中国时间序列投入产出表
+
+长期以来,国家统计局公布逢2、逢7年份的投入产出基础表,以及逢0、逢5年份的投入产出延长表 [18] 。一方面,投入产出表天然具有年份的间隔特征;另一方面,我国对行业的分类标准存在变化,进行长期的投入产出分析面临年份不连续、行业分类标准不一致两大问题。张红霞等 [19] 以国家统计局数据为基础,参照投入产出延长表的制作方法,制作了1981—2018年中国时间序列投入产出表。本研究参考张红霞等 [19] 的研究,根据国家统计局公布的《2020年中国投入产出表》、2020—2023年经济增长数据,结合国家标准《国民经济行业分类:GB/T 4754—2017》,将1981—2018年中国时间序列投入产出表延长至2023年,并将之调整为六大门类17个具体行业 ① ,以使之与地区层面投入产出表的行业分类相匹配。此外,参考谢莉娟等 [1,20] 、祝合良等 [9] 的研究,从“批”“零”“物”三个方面定义流通业,将17个具体行业中的批发和零售业,交通运输、仓储和邮政业划归流通业。
+
+
+
+图1 流通业前向和后向产业协同发展效应形成机理
+
+#### 2. 中国地区投入产出表
+
+目前,只有国家统计局国民经济核算司编制的中国地区投入产出表公布了各省份的投入产出数据,且仅在逢2、逢7年份公布投入产出基础表。因此,本研究基于1997—2017年中国地区投入产出表,参考张红霞等 [19] 和国家统计局制作投入产出延长表的思路,制作2000—2023年中国省份层面投入产出表,并同样将行业分类口径调整为与全国层面投入产出表(即中国时间序列投入产出表)一致的六大门类17个具体行业。此外,考虑到西藏的投入产出数据自2012年起才开始公布,数据缺失年份较多,香港、澳门、台湾的投入产出数据暂时缺乏,本研究考察我国除此之外的其他30个省份。
+
+## 二、我国流通业产业协同发展效应与格局的时序变化
+
+### (一) 我国流通业产业协同发展效应的时序变化
+
+根据式(5)、式(10),分别计算1981—2023年我国流通业双向产业协同发展效应,结果见表1。
+
+#### 1. 流通业以前向为主、后向为辅的方式促进产业协同发展
+
+根据表1,在考察期内,无论是批发和零售业,还是交通运输、仓储和邮政业,其前向产业协同发展效应始终高于后向产业协同发展效应。比如,2023年,批发和零售业,交通运输、仓储和邮政业的前向产业协同发展效应分别为10.15%、6.14%,后向产业协同发展效应分别为2.80%、2.82%。这表明,相比于流通业最终需求增加,流通业初始投入增加对相关产业的推动作用更大。即流通业发展能够以前向为主、后向为辅的方式,有效推动和拉动相关产业协同发展,进而促进全国统一大市场建设。
+
+#### 2. 批发和零售业前向产业协同发展效应突出,且2010—2023年呈波动回升态势
+
+1981—2023年,我国批发和零售业前向产业协同发展效应呈N形变化趋势:1981—1988年从5.81%上升到11.38%，后来波动下降到2009年的5.39%，再后来又波动回升到2023年的10.15%。2010—2023年，我国批发和零售业前向产业协同发展效应在17个具体行业中的排名从第七位持续上升并稳定在第三位，意味着持续增加批发和零售业初始投入（包括人力、资本等要素的投入），能使之与相关产业发展形成合力，说明发展批发和零售业是未来全国统一大市场建设的重要抓手。相比之下，2012年以来，我国批发和零售业后向产业协同发展效应基本在2.4%~3.0%区间波动，在17个具体行业中的排名维持在第八位到第十位，稳定在中等水平。根据中国时间序列投入产出表进行计算，结果发现，1981—2023年，批发和零售业最终需求率由23.53%上升到32.38%，增加最终需求也能对相关产业发展产生明显拉动作用。
+
+表1 1981—2023年我国流通业两个细分行业的
+双向产业协同发展效应：全国层面
+%
+| 年份 | 批发和零售业 | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 |
|---|
| 前向 | 后向 | 前向 | 后向 |
|---|
| 1981 | 5.81(6) | 3.38(7) | 4.66(9) | 1.52(12) | | 1982 | 4.07(10) | 2.45(7) | 4.81(8) | 1.48(12) | | 1983 | 4.19(10) | 2.56(7) | 4.79(9) | 1.51(12) | | 1984 | 6.26(5) | 2.73(8) | 4.85(9) | 1.65(12) | | 1985 | 10.48(2) | 4.37(7) | 4.74(10) | 1.82(12) | | 1986 | 9.74(2) | 3.91(7) | 4.91(9) | 2.02(11) | | 1987 | 10.20(2) | 3.90(7) | 4.75(9) | 2.22(11) | | 1988 | 11.38(2) | 4.35(7) | 4.63(10) | 2.03(11) | | 1989 | 10.51(3) | 3.97(7) | 4.70(10) | 2.12(11) | | 1990 | 7.58(4) | 4.24(7) | 5.75(6) | 3.33(9) | | 1991 | 9.14(3) | 5.22(7) | 7.20(6) | 2.32(11) | | 1992 | 9.68(3) | 5.27(7) | 6.91(6) | 2.37(10) | | 1993 | 8.99(4) | 3.61(8) | 5.97(8) | 2.55(10) | | 1994 | 8.95(3) | 3.00(8) | 5.93(8) | 1.86(11) | | 1995 | 9.35(3) | 2.42(9) | 5.62(8) | 2.01(10) | | 1996 | 8.14(5) | 3.06(8) | 5.48(8) | 2.11(11) | | 1997 | 7.89(5) | 3.62(8) | 5.88(8) | 1.41(12) | | 1998 | 8.07(6) | 3.24(9) | 5.52(8) | 2.73(10) | | 1999 | 8.13(5) | 3.79(8) | 5.55(8) | 3.01(10) | | 2000 | 8.13(6) | 3.68(7) | 6.77(8) | 1.78(12) | | 2001 | 7.72(7) | 3.79(7) | 7.21(8) | 1.63(12) | | 2002 | 7.94(7) | 3.70(7) | 6.88(8) | 2.50(11) | | 2003 | 8.01(5) | 3.55(7) | 7.27(8) | 1.85(12) | | 2004 | 7.10(6) | 3.06(10) | 6.94(7) | 2.15(12) | | 2005 | 6.95(6) | 3.10(7) | 6.83(7) | 2.58(10) | | 2006 | 4.94(9) | 3.36(7) | 6.95(7) | 1.66(12) | | 2007 | 5.76(9) | 3.39(8) | 5.89(8) | 2.08(12) | | 2008 | 5.60(8) | 3.10(8) | 6.03(7) | 1.51(12) | | 2009 | 5.39(8) | 2.50(9) | 6.28(7) | 0.94(14) | | 2010 | 6.77(7) | 2.63(8) | 5.51(9) | 1.32(12) | | 2011 | 8.22(7) | 1.79(11) | 5.21(9) | 1.62(12) | | 2012 | 8.26(6) | 2.57(9) | 4.85(9) | 2.34(11) | | 2013 | 8.77(5) | 2.65(8) | 5.10(9) | 2.25(12) | | 2014 | 9.09(5) | 2.41(10) | 5.26(9) | 2.25(11) | | 2015 | 8.97(4) | 3.00(8) | 5.39(8) | 1.97(12) | | 2016 | 9.99(3) | 2.72(8) | 5.30(7) | 2.64(9) | | 2017 | 9.35(3) | 2.57(9) | 6.33(8) | 2.66(8) | | 2018 | 9.58(3) | 2.64(8) | 6.37(8) | 2.51(9) | | 2019 | 9.62(3) | 2.72(9) | 5.76(8) | 2.53(10) | | 2020 | 9.64(3) | 2.80(8) | 5.20(9) | 2.55(10) | | 2021 | 9.91(3) | 2.76(8) | 5.97(8) | 2.70(9) | | 2022 | 10.03(3) | 2.78(8) | 6.06(8) | 2.76(9) | | 2023 | 10.15(3) | 2.80(8) | 6.14(8) | 2.82(7) |
+
+注：括号内数字为流通业两个细分行业前向或后向产业协同发展效应在17个具体行业中的排名。
+
+#### 3. 交通运输、仓储和邮政业双向产业协同发展效应波动范围缩窄，稳定在中等水平
+
+对于交通运输、仓储和邮政业，从其前向产业协同发展效应看，1981—2012年在4.6% ~ 7.3%区间波动，行业排名最高为第六位，最低为第十位；2013—2023年在5.1% ~ 6.4%区间波动，波动范围缩窄，行业排名稳定在第七位至第九位的中等水平。从其后向产业协同发展效应看，1981—2015年在0.9% ~ 3.4%区间波动，行业排名最高为第九位，最低为第十四位；2016—2023年在2.5% ~ 2.9%区间波动，波动范围缩窄，行业排名稳定在第七位至第十位的中等水平。根据中国时间序列投入产出表，相比于批发和零售业，交通运输、仓储和邮政业的中间投入率、中间需求率始终更高，产业连接作用更大，但前向产业协同发展能力较弱。
+
+### （二）我国流通业产业协同发展格局的时序变化趋势
+
+为探究流通业双向产业协同发展效应究竟来自其与哪些行业的互动联系，将表1的流通业双向产业协同发展效应分解到17个具体行业，得到各具体行业的贡献份额，结果见表2。
+
+#### 1. 流通业与农林牧渔业、采掘业等行业的双向产业协同发展效应始终较小
+
+从17个具体行业对流通业两个细分行业双向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额看，1981—2023年，农林牧渔业、采掘业这两个行业的贡献份额均有所下降，2023年下降至2%以内，电力、热力、燃气及水生产和供应业的贡献份额也比较小，说明流通业初始投入或最终需求增加，对上述行业的推动或拉动作用有限，未能形成有效的双向产业协同发展效应。
+
+#### 2. 制造业对流通业双向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额有所下降但仍然可观
+
+根据表2，对批发和零售业，交通运输、仓储和邮政业这两个流通业细分行业而言，一方面，制造业对二者前向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额分别由1981年的39.97%、31.14%下降至2023年的33.79%、27.24%；另一方面，制造业对二者后向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额分别由1981年的34.25%、28.79%下降至2023年的10.50%、21.60%。可以发现，制造业对流通业双向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额均有所下降，但仍然保有重要地位，且相比于流通业后向产业协同发展格局，制造业在流通业前向产业协同发展格局中所占份额更高。进一步分析可知，顺应制造业结构转变趋势，流通业与先进资本或技术密集型制造业的协同发展效应明显增强，与传统劳动密集型制造业的协同发展效应有所减弱。
+
+#### 3. 建筑业对流通业前向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额较大且持续增加
+
+根据表2，对批发和零售业，交通运输、仓储和邮政业这两个流通业细分行业而言，建筑业对二者前向产业协同发展效应的贡献明显较大且持续增加，其贡献份额分别由1981年的5.86%、5.37%上升至2023年的10.15%、7.53%；建筑业对二者后向产业协同发展效应的贡献略有增加但始终不太明显，其1981年的贡献份额分别为0.00%、0.00%，2023年分别上升至0.14%、0.08%，均不显著。这表明，二者均能通过增加初始投入有效推动建筑业发展，但难以通过扩大最终需求对建筑业产生同样的影响。需要注意的是，根据表2，从2023年各具体行业对流通业前向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额看，7.5% ~ 10.2%的贡献份额并不低。
+
+#### 4.服务业对流通业双向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额始终最大且仍在增加
+
+根据表2，服务业对流通业两个细分行业双向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额始终最大。这是因为，在投入产出关系中，各行业对自身的推动和拉动作用均居于主导地位，而流通业两个细分行业均属于服务业范畴。具体来看，对批发和零售业，交通运输、仓储和邮政业这两个流通业细分行业而言，服务业对二者前向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额分别由1981年的47.71%、55.74%增加至2023年的52.44%、61.86%，对二者后向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额分别由1981年的55.51%、63.25%增加至2023年的86.23%、72.99%。可以发现，服务业对流通业两个细分行业双向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额均在增加，且相比于流通业前向产业协同发展格局，服务业在流通业后向产业协同发展格局中所占份额更大。此外，根据研究理论分析可知，批发和零售业，交通运输、仓储和邮政业这两个流通业细分行业的双向产业协同发展效应，也包含这两个细分行业对本行业的推动或拉动作用。鉴于此，将流通业细分行业本身剔除，重新核算服务业对流通业双向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额。结果表明，上述结论依然成立，说明服务业对流通业双向产业协同发展效应贡献份额的提升，有很大一部分来自流通业之外的服务业其他具体行业的协同发展。
+
+表2 1981年、2023年17个具体行业对流通业两个细分行业双向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额:全国层面
+%
+| 行业 | 批发和零售业 | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 |
|---|
| 前向 | 后向 | 前向 | 后向 |
|---|
| 1981年 | 2023年 | 1981年 | 2023年 | 1981年 | 2023年 | 1981年 | 2023年 |
|---|
| 农林牧渔业 | 3.95 | 1.79 | 5.46 | 0.77 | 5.58 | 1.95 | 2.72 | 0.46 | | 采掘业 | 1.81 | 0.38 | 2.74 | 0.85 | 1.36 | 0.14 | 3.59 | 1.77 | | 制造业 | 食品和烟草制品业 | 5.68 | 3.63 | 1.93 | 0.75 | 8.17 | 2.74 | 1.14 | 0.71 | | 纺织、服装、鞋帽及皮革羽绒制品业 | 10.81 | 2.44 | 7.90 | 0.76 | 5.67 | 3.18 | 2.78 | 0.71 | | 木材加工、家具、造纸印刷和文教体育用品制造业 | 3.22 | 3.11 | 5.53 | 1.00 | 2.05 | 1.86 | 1.61 | 0.96 | | 石油、炼焦、核燃料加工品和化学产品制造业 | 6.16 | 4.49 | 7.33 | 2.75 | 5.12 | 4.70 | 14.26 | 6.61 | | 非金属矿物制品业 | 1.68 | 2.06 | 1.92 | 0.18 | 1.42 | 1.47 | 0.66 | 0.30 | | 金属冶炼、加工及制品业 | 4.25 | 3.44 | 4.31 | 1.01 | 3.35 | 2.76 | 2.87 | 2.15 | | 机械设备、交通运输设备、电子电气及其他设备制造业 | 6.99 | 14.36 | 3.97 | 3.89 | 4.56 | 10.29 | 4.91 | 9.84 | | 其他制造产品及修理服务业 | 1.20 | 0.28 | 1.35 | 0.17 | 0.80 | 0.24 | 0.57 | 0.33 | | 制造业合计 | 39.97 | 33.79 | 34.25 | 10.50 | 31.14 | 27.24 | 28.79 | 21.60 | | 电力、热力、燃气及水生产和供应业 | 0.70 | 1.44 | 2.03 | 1.51 | 0.81 | 1.27 | 1.64 | 3.10 | | 建筑业 | 5.86 | 10.15 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 5.37 | 7.53 | 0.00 | 0.08 | | 服务业 | 批发和零售业 | 39.31 | 37.93 | 44.45 | 56.82 | 4.28 | 4.76 | 3.86 | 3.28 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 1.20 | 2.27 | 1.97 | 6.52 | 42.08 | 41.20 | 55.16 | 50.95 | | 信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业 | 0.05 | 1.34 | 0.14 | 1.83 | 0.03 | 1.55 | 0.06 | 2.97 | | 金融和房地产业 | 1.00 | 1.02 | 6.48 | 9.83 | 1.53 | 1.64 | 0.82 | 8.70 | | 其他服务业 | 6.15 | 9.89 | 2.47 | 11.24 | 7.83 | 12.70 | 3.35 | 7.08 | | 服务业合计 | 47.71 | 52.44 | 55.51 | 86.23 | 55.74 | 61.86 | 63.25 | 72.99 | | 剔除流通业细分行业本身的服务业合计 | 8.40 | 14.51 | 11.06 | 29.41 | 13.66 | 20.66 | 8.09 | 22.04 |
+
+注:受篇幅限制,仅列示了1981年、2023年两个年份的数据。
+
+## 三、流通业产业协同发展效应与格局的地区差异
+
+### (一) 流通业产业协同发展效应的地区差异
+
+为全面分析流通业产业协同发展效应的地区差异，分别测算2000—2023年我国30个省份和八大综合经济区（以下简称“经济区”） ② 流通业两个细分行业的双向产业协同发展效应，结果见表3。
+
+#### 1. 批发和零售业的前向产业协同发展效应以提升为主且地区差异缩小
+
+根据表3，从批发和零售业前向产业协同发展效应看，在省份层面，2000—2023年，有20个省份的效应出现不同程度的上升，如海南、重庆、山东、安徽4个省份的效应上升了7.5个百分点及以上，宁夏、黑龙江、河南、吉林、内蒙古、新疆6个省份的效应上升了2.0 ~ 5.6个百分点，仅有10个省份的效应出现下降，其中广西、青海、甘肃、福建4个省份的效应降幅相对较大，为2.2 ~ 3.5个百分点。在经济区层面，除东部沿海经济区的效应有所下降（源自江苏、浙江效应的下降）外，其他七大经济区的效应均有不同程度的上升，各经济区之间效应的差异明显缩小，2023年仅黄河中游和大西北经济区的效应相对较小。
+
+#### 2. 批发和零售业后向产业协同发展效应以下降为主且不断分化
+
+根据表3，在省份层面，2000—2023年，相比于前向产业协同发展效应，各省份批发和零售业后向产业协同发展效应普遍较弱，这与全国层面同时段的情况基本一致。且相比于2000年，2023年各省份批发和零售业后向产业协同发展效应以下降为主，如有19个省份的效应及其省内行业排名出现不同程度的下降，特别是重庆、新疆、安徽、海南的效应下降了4.3 ~ 6.7个百分点，其他省份的效应尽管有所提升，但幅度不大。在经济区层面，2000年，各经济区批发和零售业后向产业协同发展效应差异不大，仅东部沿海经济区的效应相对较小，其余七大经济区的效应均在3.0 ~ 5.3个百分点之间；2023年，东部沿海经济区的效应上升，长江中游、大西北、南部沿海、大西南经济区的效应明显下降，内陆经济区效应较强的格局被扭转，东北和沿海经济区成为效应较强的经济区。
+
+#### 3. 交通运输、仓储和邮政业前向产业协同发展效应以减弱为主且地区差异缩小
+
+根据表3，在省份层面，相比于批发和零售业，2000—2023年，各省份交通运输、仓储和邮政业前向产业协同发展效应及其省内行业排名普遍靠后，且其与各省份批发和零售业前向产业协同发展效应的差异以增大为主，这与全国层面同时段的情况基本一致。且从交通运输、仓储和邮政业前向产业协同发展效应看，相比于2000年，2023年有20个省份的效应下降，有18个省份效应的省内行业排名下滑，整体由中上水平向中等水平转换，这与批发和零售业前向产业协同发展效应提升的趋势完全不同。在经济区层面，从交通运输、仓储和邮政业前向产业协同发展效应看，2000年，各经济区的效应呈现明显的阶梯状分布特征，有三个经济区的效应达到8.0%及以上，有一个经济区的效应处在7.0% ~ <8.0%之间，有三个经济区的效应处在6.0% ~ <7.0%之间，有一个经济区的效应处在5.0% ~ <6.0%之间；2023年，各经济区效应全面下降，基本分布在4.8% ~ 6.8%之间，区际差异明显缩小。
+
+#### 4. 交通运输、仓储和邮政业后向产业协同发展效应差异扩大
+
+根据表3，在省份层面，2000—2023年，相比于前向产业协同发展效应，各省份交通运输、仓储和邮政业后向产业协同发展效应普遍较弱，这与全国层面同时段的结论基本一致。从各省份交通运输、仓储和邮政业后向产业协同发展效应看，各省份走势差异明显，其中海南、上海、辽宁、天津、黑龙江5个省份的效应提升了2.0个百分点以上，河南、新疆、北京、浙江、山西、河北、贵州7个省份的效应提升了1.0 ~ 2.0个百分点，青海、甘肃、吉林、江西、福建5个省份的效应下降了1.0 ~ 3.5个百分点。在经济区层面，从交通运输、仓储和邮政业后向产业协同发展效应看，2000年，大西北、南部沿海经济区的效应相对较强，其余经济区的效应差异较小；2023年，南部沿海、北部沿海、东部沿海经济区的效应位列前三，与非沿海经济区的效应差异扩大。
+
+表3 2000年、2023年流通业两个细分行业的双向产业协同发展效应:省份/经济区层面
+%
+| 省份/经济区 | 批发和零售业 | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 |
|---|
| 前向 | 后向 | 前向 | 后向 |
|---|
| 2000年 | 2023年 | 2000年 | 2023年 | 2000年 | 2023年 | 2000年 | 2023年 |
|---|
| 北京 | 6.91(4) | 8.80(4) | 3.14(10) | 4.75(10) | 4.97(7) | 5.16(8) | 3.42(9) | 4.81(9) | | 天津 | 6.67(7) | 8.31(6) | 4.12(9) | 6.01(4) | 9.76(4) | 4.23(7) | 3.55(10) | 5.67(5) | | 河北 | 8.51(7) | 8.88(5) | 4.17(10) | 1.55(13) | 8.99(4) | 7.85(6) | 2.42(12) | 3.47(8) | | 山西 | 6.93(7) | 7.82(5) | 3.90(9) | 2.72(10) | 8.99(4) | 6.07(7) | 3.48(10) | 4.68(5) | | 内蒙古 | 5.34(9) | 7.99(5) | 2.60(11) | 2.91(12) | 9.12(4) | 9.19(4) | 3.41(9) | 3.56(11) | | 辽宁 | 11.34(2) | 10.28(4) | 5.36(7) | 4.75(8) | 7.61(7) | 5.03(9) | 1.77(13) | 4.51(9) | | 吉林 | 7.85(6) | 10.50(3) | 5.41(7) | 3.29(8) | 5.80(8) | 6.42(6) | 2.45(9) | 0.84(15) | | 黑龙江 | 9.41(3) | 12.67(3) | 3.35(9) | 4.27(8) | 6.07(7) | 5.21(7) | 1.36(12) | 3.37(11) | | 上海 | 10.75(4) | 11.27(3) | 2.30(12) | 6.02(6) | 5.55(7) | 6.04(8) | 3.82(11) | 6.87(5) | | 江苏 | 10.26(2) | 8.63(4) | 2.75(9) | 1.92(9) | 5.85(8) | 5.90(8) | 0.71(14) | 1.34(13) | | 浙江 | 13.26(1) | 13.07(2) | 2.19(11) | 3.62(8) | 6.14(8) | 7.72(5) | 1.02(14) | 2.37(12) | | 安徽 | 7.85(4) | 15.41(2) | 6.96(6) | 2.02(10) | 6.68(7) | 3.18(10) | 0.68(13) | 1.26(15) | | 福建 | 10.33(3) | 8.04(2) | 6.70(6) | 3.03(9) | 11.40(2) | 7.87(3) | 4.54(8) | 3.23(8) | | 江西 | 6.87(6) | 6.32(7) | 3.32(9) | 2.12(12) | 8.03(4) | 4.37(11) | 3.03(10) | 1.70(15) | | 山东 | 7.76(7) | 16.11(1) | 4.17(8) | 1.96(10) | 6.00(9) | 5.56(7) | 1.44(14) | 1.52(12) | | 河南 | 7.19(4) | 10.24(3) | 1.25(14) | 0.81(16) | 7.00(5) | 4.50(9) | 2.02(11) | 3.89(8) | | 湖北 | 8.95(3) | 7.44(4) | 4.88(7) | 2.57(9) | 5.55(9) | 5.90(8) | 2.52(10) | 2.93(7) | | 湖南 | 11.27(2) | 10.17(2) | 2.47(12) | 1.47(12) | 7.63(5) | 6.05(8) | 1.41(15) | 1.33(14) | | 广东 | 8.49(5) | 9.33(4) | 2.02(10) | 3.38(7) | 7.24(6) | 4.64(7) | 1.89(12) | 1.80(13) | | 广西 | 11.12(2) | 7.68(4) | 5.11(6) | 2.76(7) | 8.24(4) | 6.39(5) | 2.51(11) | 2.49(8) | | 海南 | 2.35(12) | 11.62(3) | 6.26(6) | 1.92(10) | 5.39(6) | 6.13(6) | 3.52(9) | 8.90(6) | | 重庆 | 3.27(11) | 12.52(3) | 8.35(5) | 1.70(11) | 7.40(6) | 5.23(6) | 1.02(11) | 1.94(10) | | 四川 | 7.30(4) | 8.75(4) | 1.71(10) | 2.09(10) | 6.01(6) | 4.53(9) | 0.89(15) | 1.06(13) | | 贵州 | 7.73(4) | 8.45(6) | 2.28(10) | 3.89(8) | 6.04(7) | 10.26(3) | 4.02(7) | 5.06(6) | | 云南 | 11.29(3) | 11.59(3) | 3.90(9) | 3.04(6) | 5.19(8) | 4.02(11) | 1.79(11) | 0.89(12) | | 陕西 | 4.87(7) | 5.17(9) | 4.30(8) | 6.21(4) | 10.37(3) | 5.57(7) | 1.82(15) | 1.34(14) | | 甘肃 | 10.29(4) | 7.99(4) | 5.22(8) | 3.48(9) | 7.48(7) | 6.26(6) | 4.64(9) | 1.50(12) | | 青海 | 7.58(7) | 5.11(10) | 4.81(7) | 3.50(8) | 8.84(5) | 5.86(8) | 4.45(8) | 1.09(12) | | 宁夏 | 7.15(8) | 12.67(3) | 2.49(9) | 2.66(10) | 7.77(7) | 8.36(5) | 2.35(10) | 3.06(8) | | 新疆 | 5.68(6) | 8.23(6) | 8.67(5) | 2.15(12) | 9.12(4) | 6.37(7) | 3.35(10) | 4.95(7) | | 东北 | 9.53 | 11.15 | 4.71 | 4.11 | 6.49 | 5.56 | 1.86 | 2.91 | | 北部沿海 | 7.46 | 10.52 | 3.90 | 3.57 | 7.43 | 5.70 | 2.71 | 3.87 | | 东部沿海 | 11.42 | 10.99 | 2.41 | 3.86 | 5.85 | 6.55 | 1.85 | 3.53 | | 南部沿海 | 7.06 | 9.67 | 4.99 | 2.78 | 8.01 | 6.21 | 3.32 | 4.65 | | 黄河中游 | 6.08 | 7.81 | 3.01 | 3.16 | 8.87 | 6.33 | 2.68 | 3.37 | | 长江中游 | 8.74 | 9.83 | 4.41 | 2.04 | 6.98 | 4.88 | 1.91 | 1.80 | | 大西南 | 8.14 | 9.80 | 4.27 | 2.70 | 6.58 | 6.09 | 2.04 | 2.29 | | 大西北 | 7.67 | 8.50 | 5.30 | 2.95 | 8.30 | 6.71 | 3.70 | 2.65 |
+
+注:受篇幅限制,仅列示了2000年、2023年两个年份的数据;括号内数字为流通业两个细分行业前向或后向产业协同发展效应的省内行业排名。
+
+### （二）流通业双向产业协同发展格局的地区差异
+
+按照表2的方式，分别计算2000—2023年各省份17个具体行业对流通业两个细分行业双向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额。但考虑到该计算涉及24个年份、30个省份、17个具体行业、两个流通业细分行业，结果过于冗长，难以全面呈现，选择2000年、2023年两个年份，将17个具体行业归为六大门类，将30个省份归为八大经济区，呈现相关计算结果，具体见表4、表5。
+
+#### 1. 流通业前向产业协同发展格局的地区差异
+
+##### （1）东部沿海经济区：贡献份额从以制造业为主向以服务业为主转变
+
+根据表4，在东部沿海经济区，从六大门类行业对流通业两个细分行业前向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额看，2000年，制造业的贡献份额分别为52.32%、48.87%，超过服务业的贡献份额37.90%、40.18%，是八大经济区中唯一一个制造业贡献份额超过服务业的经济区；2023年，制造业的贡献份额分别下降至36.37%、31.95%，服务业的贡献份额分别上升至54.88%和58.70%，制造业的优势地位被服务业取代。
+
+##### （2）非东部沿海经济区：贡献份额始终以服务业为主、制造业为辅
+
+根据表4，2000—2023年，从六大门类行业对流通业两个细分行业前向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额看，除东部沿海经济区外，在其他七大经济区，服务业的贡献份额始终高于制造业，展现出以服务业为主、制造业为辅的特征。此外，从服务业的贡献份额看，与2000年相比，2023年，在东部沿海经济区之外的其他七大经济区，服务业对交通运输、仓储和邮政业前向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额均有所上升，对批发和零售业前向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额在东北、北部沿海、黄河中游、长江中游四个经济区也均有所上升，在南部沿海、大西南、大西北三个经济区尽管有所下降但依然超过48%，说明在非东部沿海经济区，前向产业协同发展效应以服务业为主的特征始终稳定。进一步，探寻各经济区服务业贡献份额提升的原因。可以发现，在非东部沿海经济区，流通业两个细分行业初始投入的增加能够显著推动本行业以及服务业其他具体行业产出的增长，协同促进流通业与服务业前向产业协同发展效应的增强。
+
+##### （3）大西南和大西北经济区：建筑业贡献份额上升
+
+根据表4，2000—2023年，在大西南和大西北经济区，建筑业对批发和零售业前向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额分别由2000年的7.90%、11.33%，上升至2023年的18.12%、20.81%，建筑业对交通运输、仓储和邮政业前向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额分别由2000年的10.18%、13.16%，上升至2023年的15.27%、16.20%。总体而言，相比于其他六大经济区，建筑业对流通业前向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额在大西南、大西北经济区更大，且呈现上升趋势。这是因为，与其他六大经济区相比，大西南、大西北经济区的流通体系建设相对滞后，其初始投入特别是资本投入对建筑业的推动效应依然显著。
+
+表4 2000年、2023年六大门类行业对流通业两个细分行业前向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额：经济区层面
+%
+| 经济区 | 流通业细分行业 | 年份 | 门类行业 |
|---|
| 农林牧渔业 | 采掘业 | 制造业 | 电力、热力、燃气及水生产和供应业 | 建筑业 | 服务业 |
|---|
| 合计 | 剔除流通业细分行业本身 |
|---|
| 东北 | 批发和零售业 | 2000 | 4.79 | 2.29 | 32.76 | 1.87 | 6.07 | 52.22 | 9.94 | | 2023 | 3.65 | 0.46 | 27.80 | 1.68 | 10.47 | 55.94 | 12.23 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 2000 | 4.19 | 3.33 | 34.07 | 1.94 | 6.41 | 50.05 | 13.39 | | 2023 | 3.13 | 0.19 | 22.40 | 1.92 | 9.99 | 62.37 | 17.60 | | 北部沿海 | 批发和零售业 | 2000 | 3.62 | 2.56 | 40.70 | 0.96 | 6.44 | 45.72 | 10.10 | | 2023 | 1.35 | 0.52 | 35.06 | 2.36 | 8.08 | 52.63 | 16.75 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 2000 | 2.76 | 2.32 | 38.40 | 1.06 | 7.24 | 48.23 | 13.78 | | 2023 | 0.90 | 0.23 | 24.56 | 1.49 | 6.40 | 66.43 | 22.09 | | 东部沿海 | 批发和零售业 | 2000 | 1.85 | 0.26 | 52.32 | 1.69 | 5.97 | 37.90 | 7.62 | | 2023 | 0.56 | 0.02 | 36.37 | 0.73 | 7.43 | 54.88 | 11.35 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 2000 | 2.07 | 0.45 | 48.87 | 2.15 | 6.29 | 40.18 | 12.40 | | 2023 | 0.72 | 0.02 | 31.95 | 2.06 | 6.55 | 58.70 | 21.44 | | 南部沿海 | 批发和零售业 | 2000 | 2.85 | 0.52 | 27.86 | 2.37 | 3.09 | 63.30 | 9.47 | | 2023 | 2.75 | 0.09 | 31.60 | 1.78 | 9.17 | 54.61 | 12.51 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 2000 | 6.80 | 1.44 | 31.72 | 1.71 | 5.32 | 53.02 | 12.52 | | 2023 | 2.37 | 0.05 | 21.11 | 1.21 | 13.18 | 62.08 | 15.23 | | 黄河中游 | 批发和零售业 | 2000 | 5.02 | 5.19 | 28.16 | 2.30 | 6.16 | 53.16 | 11.96 | | 2023 | 3.03 | 2.52 | 22.16 | 2.09 | 9.95 | 60.25 | 12.44 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 2000 | 3.57 | 6.12 | 27.88 | 2.39 | 7.40 | 52.64 | 13.89 | | 2023 | 1.78 | 1.06 | 16.63 | 2.92 | 8.35 | 69.26 | 15.53 | | 长江中游 | 批发和零售业 | 2000 | 5.48 | 2.39 | 36.39 | 1.47 | 7.10 | 47.18 | 9.53 | | 2023 | 1.89 | 0.34 | 36.63 | 1.19 | 9.81 | 50.14 | 10.64 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 2000 | 5.41 | 3.46 | 37.00 | 1.80 | 7.32 | 45.01 | 11.89 | | 2023 | 2.25 | 0.17 | 34.64 | 1.23 | 8.74 | 52.96 | 13.66 | | 大西南 | 批发和零售业 | 2000 | 4.92 | 2.32 | 24.93 | 1.22 | 7.90 | 58.71 | 8.44 | | 2023 | 3.23 | 0.66 | 27.26 | 2.24 | 18.12 | 48.48 | 14.42 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 2000 | 4.12 | 3.51 | 30.59 | 1.91 | 10.18 | 49.68 | 14.06 | | 2023 | 2.93 | 0.45 | 21.11 | 1.97 | 15.27 | 58.28 | 19.61 | | 大西北 | 批发和零售业 | 2000 | 4.80 | 2.60 | 21.40 | 2.02 | 11.33 | 57.84 | 12.05 | | 2023 | 3.37 | 0.64 | 19.10 | 3.70 | 20.81 | 52.37 | 13.20 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 2000 | 4.57 | 4.57 | 24.91 | 2.73 | 13.16 | 50.05 | 14.46 | | 2023 | 3.35 | 0.30 | 18.53 | 2.91 | 16.20 | 58.70 | 17.40 |
+
+注：受篇幅限制，仅列示了2000年、2023年两个年份的数据。
+
+#### 2. 流通业后向产业协同发展格局的地区差异
+
+##### （1）服务业的贡献份额处于优势地位且优势持续增强
+
+不同于各大门类行业对流通业前向产业协同发展效应的贡献分布，根据表5，从流通业两个细分行业的后向产业协同发展格局看，2000—2023年，在八大经济区，六大门类行业的贡献份额始终呈现以服务业为主、制造业为辅的特征，且服务业的贡献份额持续上升，说明在流通业后向产业协同发展格局中服务业处于优势地位且优势持续增强。其中，2023年，从后向产业协同发展格局看，在八大经济区，服务业对批发和零售业的贡献份额份额均高于82%，对交通运输、仓储和邮政业的贡献份额均高于71%，即使剔除流通业各细分行业对本行业的拉动效应，服务业对上述流通业两个细分行业的贡献份额也分别高于27%和16%，说明流通业两个细分行业最终需求的增加，能够对本行业以及服务业其他具体行业产出增长产生明显的拉动效应，协同促进流通业与服务业后向产业协同发展效应的增强。同时，相比于前向产业协同发展效应，服务业对流通业两个细分行业后向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额明显更高，说明流通业两个细分行业最终需求增加所产生的影响主要表现为对服务业产出增长的拉动效应。
+
+##### （2）制造业的贡献份额在北部和东部沿海经济区更大
+
+根据表5，从六大门类行业对流通业两个细分行业后向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额看，2000—2023年，在八大经济区，制造业的贡献份额均明显下降，六大门类行业的贡献份额有所趋同，说明贡献份额中制造业的重要辅助作用正逐渐减弱。2000—2023年，在北部和东部沿海经济区，从制造业看，其对批发和零售业后向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额分别由2000年的23.45%、23.66%下降至2023年的13.10%、10.40%，其对交通运输、仓储和邮政业后向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额分别由2000年的30.24%、35.03%下降至2023年的20.49%、21.45%。尽管下降幅度均比较大，但相比于其他经济区，北部和东部沿海经济区制造业对流通业后向产业协同发展效应贡献份额更大的特征依然没有改变。
+
+## 四、结论与政策建议
+
+### (一) 结论
+
+以现代流通体系建设助推全国统一大市场构建，既要提升流通业对经济增长的贡献，更要顺应我国产业结构转型的趋势，发挥流通业承上启下的产业关联作用，持续提升流通业产业协同发展效应。本研究使用投入产出方法，借助加权改进的高斯逆矩阵和列昂惕夫逆矩阵，测算1981—2023年全国层面以及2000—2023年地区层面流通业两个细分行业（分别是批发和零售业，交通运输、仓储和邮政业）的双向产业协同发展效应，分析流通业双向产业协同发展格局，从时间、空间、方法三个层面拓展流通业产业关联研究。结论如下：
+
+第一，从全国层面看，1981—2023年，流通业两个细分行业的前向产业协同发展效应明显强于其后向产业协同发展效应，说明相比于提升流通业最终需求，增加流通业就业、资本等初始投入对相关产业的推动作用更大，意味着在构建全国统一大市场的过程中，能够以增加流通业初始投入为主、提升流通业最终需求为辅的方式，有效推动优势产业产出增长，促进产业协同发展。在流通业两个细分行业中，批发和零售业的前向产业协同发展效应整体强于交通运输、仓储和邮政业并呈现回升态势，但两个细分行业后向产业协同发展效应的差异有所缩小。从流通业两个细分行业的双向产业协同发展格局看，服务业对流通业两个细分行业双向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额始终最高，且仍在上升；制造业对流通业两个细分行业双向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额也比较高但有所下降，不过顺应制造业结构转变趋势，先进资本或技术密集型制造业的贡献份额明显增大，传统劳动密集型制造业的贡献份额有所减小。
+
+表5 2000年、2023年六大门类行业对流通业两个细分行业后向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额：经济区层面
+%
+| 经济区 | 流通业细分行业 | 年份 | 门类行业 |
|---|
| 农林牧渔业 | 采掘业 | 制造业 | 电力、热力、燃气及水生产和供应业 | 建筑业 | 服务业 |
|---|
| 合计 | 剔除流通业细分行业本身 |
|---|
| 东北 | 批发和零售业 | 2000 | 2.05 | 3.53 | 25.75 | 3.05 | 0.50 | 65.11 | 15.87 | | 2023 | 0.90 | 1.34 | 9.28 | 2.83 | 0.44 | 85.20 | 28.39 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 2000 | 2.63 | 5.20 | 30.23 | 2.83 | 0.39 | 58.71 | 10.45 | | 2023 | 1.23 | 2.95 | 16.92 | 4.54 | 0.22 | 74.15 | 19.72 | | 北部沿海 | 批发和零售业 | 2000 | 1.60 | 2.20 | 23.45 | 2.79 | 1.15 | 68.83 | 23.84 | | 2023 | 0.44 | 1.35 | 13.10 | 2.61 | 0.17 | 82.33 | 30.91 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 2000 | 1.76 | 3.20 | 30.24 | 2.46 | 0.61 | 61.72 | 13.89 | | 2023 | 0.37 | 2.36 | 20.49 | 5.59 | 0.11 | 71.06 | 18.31 | | 东部沿海 | 批发和零售业 | 2000 | 1.25 | 1.28 | 23.66 | 2.54 | 1.06 | 70.21 | 20.02 | | 2023 | 0.45 | 0.89 | 10.40 | 1.79 | 0.18 | 86.28 | 30.67 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 2000 | 1.80 | 2.07 | 35.03 | 2.30 | 0.54 | 58.26 | 13.22 | | 2023 | 0.16 | 1.76 | 21.45 | 3.96 | 0.11 | 72.57 | 17.55 | | 南部沿海 | 批发和零售业 | 2000 | 2.81 | 1.07 | 19.61 | 3.24 | 0.88 | 72.40 | 26.24 | | 2023 | 0.61 | 0.52 | 8.01 | 2.17 | 0.23 | 88.46 | 31.43 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 2000 | 1.93 | 1.94 | 26.46 | 3.41 | 0.91 | 65.34 | 14.16 | | 2023 | 0.93 | 1.24 | 20.09 | 4.67 | 0.28 | 72.79 | 22.34 | | 黄河中游 | 批发和零售业 | 2000 | 2.96 | 2.90 | 21.99 | 3.79 | 1.28 | 67.08 | 20.68 | | 2023 | 0.52 | 1.58 | 7.23 | 2.81 | 0.36 | 87.51 | 29.29 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 2000 | 2.15 | 4.62 | 30.46 | 3.52 | 1.17 | 58.10 | 10.23 | | 2023 | 0.26 | 2.47 | 14.51 | 5.38 | 0.24 | 77.14 | 23.13 | | 长江中游 | 批发和零售业 | 2000 | 1.50 | 2.35 | 19.94 | 2.64 | 1.18 | 72.39 | 23.53 | | 2023 | 0.69 | 0.91 | 8.83 | 2.42 | 0.39 | 86.76 | 27.61 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 2000 | 1.54 | 3.36 | 29.56 | 2.13 | 0.72 | 62.69 | 13.55 | | 2023 | 0.48 | 1.81 | 19.59 | 5.58 | 0.12 | 72.41 | 20.05 | | 大西南 | 批发和零售业 | 2000 | 1.55 | 1.37 | 16.40 | 1.92 | 1.20 | 77.56 | 24.76 | | 2023 | 0.74 | 0.84 | 8.02 | 2.08 | 0.33 | 87.99 | 28.89 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 2000 | 1.91 | 2.55 | 29.60 | 3.09 | 1.44 | 61.42 | 11.77 | | 2023 | 0.71 | 1.78 | 17.97 | 4.47 | 0.21 | 74.86 | 21.43 | | 大西北 | 批发和零售业 | 2000 | 0.92 | 2.95 | 16.18 | 3.16 | 1.17 | 75.62 | 24.36 | | 2023 | 0.42 | 1.18 | 7.01 | 4.11 | 0.41 | 86.86 | 30.95 | | 交通运输、仓储和邮政业 | 2000 | 1.38 | 6.60 | 25.68 | 4.84 | 1.32 | 60.17 | 12.09 | | 2023 | 0.28 | 3.00 | 14.72 | 8.71 | 0.18 | 73.11 | 16.21 |
+
+注：受篇幅限制，仅列示了2000年、2023年两个年份的数据。
+
+第二，从地区层面看，2000—2023年，对大部分省份或经济区而言，批发和零售业前向产业协同发展效应有所上升，交通运输、仓储和邮政业前向产业协同发展效应有所减弱，但这两个流通业细分行业前向产业协同发展效应的地区差异均在缩小，说明增加流通业初始投入，有助于推动地区相关产业产出增长，破除全国统一大市场地区分割问题。从流通业后向产业协同发展效应看，沿海经济区与内陆经济区的差异在逐渐扩大，各地要加强流通业的产业协同发展效应，首先要解决后向产业协同发展效应差异扩大问题。不同地区流通业双向产业协同发展格局也存在明显差异。从各大门类行业对流通业前向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额看，在东部沿海经济区，正在从以制造业为主，向与其他经济区类似的以服务业为主的模式转变；在大西南和大西北经济区，建筑业的贡献份额明显高于其他经济区且呈现上升趋势。从各大门类行业对我国流通业后向产业协同发展效应的贡献份额看，整体而言，以服务业为主的格局仍在加强，制造业的重要辅助作用在逐渐减弱，但在北部和东部沿海经济区，制造业的作用始终强于其他经济区。
+
+### （二）政策建议
+
+第一，继续增加流通业初始投入，更大程度地发挥流通业前向产业协同发展效应，促进全国统一大市场建设。在现代流通体系建设过程中，以增加流通业初始投入为主、扩大流通业最终需求为辅，特别是充分发挥批发和零售业前向产业协同发展效应较强的优势，注重加大批发和零售业初始投入，以前向产业协同为主、后向产业协同为辅的方式促进相关产业发展，助推全国统一大市场建设。
+
+第二，顺应流通业最终需求变化趋势，适当加强流通业后向产业协同发展效应对全国统一大市场建设的辅助作用。一是顺应批发和零售业最终需求率小幅上升趋势，促进其最终需求增长，进一步发挥其后向产业协同发展效应的辅助作用；二是正视交通运输、仓储和邮政业初始投入率大幅降低的事实，着力扩大该行业最终需求，进一步发挥其中等水平的后向产业协同发展能力，为建设全国统一大市场提供辅助动力。
+
+第三，缩小流通业后向产业协同发展效应的地区差异，持续改善全国统一大市场建设面临的地区分割问题。以现代流通体系建设助力全国统一大市场构建，必然要求缩小流通业双向产业协同发展效应的地区差异。当前，流通业前向产业协同发展效应的地区差异已经大幅缩小，未来应着力缩小流通业最终需求增长引发的后向产业协同发展效应的地区差异，更大程度地推进全国统一大市场建设。
+
+**注释**:
+
+①本研究设置了六大门类17个具体行业。其中，第一大门类是农林牧渔业（未划分具体行业），第二大门类是采掘业（未划分具体行业），第三大门类是制造业（划分为8个具体行业，分别是食品和烟草制品业，纺织、服装、鞋帽及皮革羽绒制品业，木材加工、家具、造纸印刷和文教体育用品制造业，石油、炼焦、核燃料加工品和化学产品制造业，非金属矿物制品业，金属冶炼、加工及制品业，机械设备、交通运输设备、电子电气及其他设备制造业，其他制造产品及修理服务业），第四大门类是电力、热力、燃气及水生产和供应业（未划分具体行业），第五大门类是建筑业（未划分具体行业），第六大门类是服务业（划分为5个具体行业，分别是批发和零售业，交通运输、仓储和邮政业，信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业，金融和房地产业，其他服务业）。
+
+②本研究采用2005年6月国务院发展研究中心《地区协调发展的战略和政策》报告提出的区域划分方法，将30个样本省份划归东北、北部沿海、东部沿海、南部沿海、黄河中游、长江中游、大西南、大西北八大经济区。其中，东北经济区包含辽宁、吉林、黑龙江3个省份；北部沿海经济区包含北京、天津、河北、山东4个省份；东部沿海经济区包含上海、江苏、浙江3个省份；南部沿海经济区包含福建、广东、海南3个省份；黄河中游经济区包含山西、内蒙古、河南、陕西4个省份；长江中游经济区包含安徽、江西、湖北、湖南4个省份；大西南经济区包含广西、重庆、四川、贵州、云南5个省份；大西北经济区包含甘肃、青海、宁夏、新疆4个省份。
+
+**参考文献**：
+
+[1]谢莉娟，张昊.全国统一大市场与现代流通体系建设：实践探索与关系演进[J].中国流通经济，2022（7）：3-11.
+[2]王芳.流通业基础性和先导性作用研究——基于投入产出模型分析[J].改革与战略，2016（6）：132-135.
+[3]李丽.我国流通产业与国民经济的协同演进分析[J].财贸经济，2014（1）：105-114.
+[4]王笑宇，廖斌.商贸流通业基础性和先导性作用的再认识——基于投入产出模型分析[J].北京工商大学学报（社会科学版），2014（3）：39-47.
+[5]赵霞，蔡文浩，徐永锋.欠发达地区流通产业的关联特征与宏观经济效应分析——以甘肃省为例[J].技术经济与管理研究，2014（9）：94-99.
+[6]李晓慧.我国流通业与制造业的产业关联分析[J].北京工商大学学报（社会科学版），2015（3）：39-47.
+[7]司增绰，王雪峰.商贸流通业成长的产业关联演变与关键路径识别——以我国住宿和餐饮业为例的研究[J].商业经济与管理，2015（2）：18-26.
+[8]李杨超，祝合良.基于投入产出表的流通业产业关联与波及效应分析[J].统计与决策，2016（6）：86-90.
+[9]祝合良，王明雁.基于投入产出表的流通业产业关联与波及效应的演化分析[J].中国流通经济，2018（1）：75-84.
+[10]宋则.建设全国统一大市场的基础理论与应用政策融合[J].中国流通经济，2022（6）：18-24.
+ [11]JONES L P. The measurement of Hirschmanian linkages [J].The quarterly journal of economics，1976（2）：323-333.
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+[13]杨灿.产业关联测度方法及其应用问题探析[J].统计研究，2005（9）：72-75.
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_22.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_22.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a36943cfe182b5b0cf839148935091a63504bd7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_22.md
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+ 
+
+亿灵药业
+Chinese Medicine MAH
+
+# 钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液
+
+TPN Electrolytes (multiple electrolyte additive)
+
+公司：北京亿灵医药科技发展有限公司
+
+时间：2025.07.17
+
+## 目录
+CONTENT
+
+1.基本信息
+
+2.安全性
+
+3.有效性
+
+4.创新性
+
+5.公平性
+
+### 国内首款针对肠外营养的复方电解质补充剂
+
+| 产品基本信息¹ | | 通用名称 | 钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液 | 中国大陆首次上市时间 | 2023年1月19日 | | 注册规格 | 20ml/支 | 目前大陆同通用名药品的上市情况 | 非独家 共计6个批准文号, 我司为首家获批 | | 注册分类 | 化药3类 | 全球首个上市国家/地区以及上市时间 | 美国, 1984年7月 | | 是否为OTC药品 | 否 | | 适应症 | 本品用于通过中心静脉输注含浓葡萄糖或氨基酸的溶液时的电解质补充，以维持成人患者的电解质动态平衡。 | | 用法用量 | 每次用量1支，每支 20ml 本品稀释到 1L 氨基酸或葡萄糖溶液中。通常成人每日可接受 2~3L 含有本品的全肠外营养溶液。 |
+
+| 药品成分表 |
|---|
| 氯化钠 | 氯化钙 | 氯化钾 | 氯化镁 | 醋酸钠
+
+($C_2H_3NaO_2·3H_2O$)
+
+ | | 321mg | 331mg | 1491mg | 508mg | 4020mg |
+
+| 电解质含量折算表
+(本表按离子含量, 将本品折算为临床常用电解质含量) |
|---|
+| NaCl | KCl | CaCl₂ | MgSO₄ | CH₃COO⁻ | | 2g | 1.5g | 0.3g | 0.6g | 1.77g |
+[1]钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液说明书（2021年1月19日）
+
+### 本品专用于肠外营养中的电解质补充，该治疗领域内无其他品种
+
+#### 参照药品建议
+
+1支钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液=
+
+2支氯化钠（10ml: 1g） +1支氯化钾（10ml: 1. 5g）
+
++1支氯化钙（10ml:300mg） +0.6支硫酸镁（10ml:1g）
+
+目前临床中暂无同适应症的复合电解质产品
+
+本品与参照方案临床使用场景一致
+
+#### 本品相较于参照方案
+
+##### 01 可避免配制过程中的污染
+
+* 国外研究发现 ，在输液中加入和不加人药物的污染率分别为6.7%和3.9%；
+
+* 国内研究发现，输液中加人1种或2种药物时污染率分别为12.7%和16.7%，而加人3种药物时，污染率急剧上升到 44.3%。
+
+* 我国医院住院患者80%以上接受输液，85%的护士用于输液工作的时间超过75%¹
+
+##### 02 可减少单支使用中的浪费
+
+参照药品中以硫酸镁注射液为例，单支含量远超每日人体所需基础量，配伍时无法整支添加
+
+##### 03 可规范电解质补充
+
+肠外营养治疗中，有11.83%的三腔袋存在配伍不合理的情况²
+
+##### 04 可提供更好的酸碱缓冲
+
+醋酸根作为缓冲体系，代谢速度快，具有更强的酸碱缓冲能力；迅速代谢，减少肝肾负担
+
+##### 05 中心静脉输注，可减少滥用风险
+
+本品说明书明确通过中心静脉输注，使用人群受限，用量可控，减少了临床滥用风险
+
+推动肠外营养电解质的规范化使用！
+
+[1]葛均波,徐永健. 内科学[M] 9版 北京：人民卫生出版社.
+[2]倪瑞雪, 张向⽉, 王宇菲,等. 186例胃癌患者术后全胃肠外营养处⽅⽤药合
+理性分析[J]. 中国医院⽤药评价与分析, 2019, 19(9):3.
+
+### 本品主要适用人群为需要通过肠外营养补充电解质的患者
+
+| 肠外营养应含电解质 | 肠外营养作为一种复杂的营养治疗方式,需包含各类营养素,电解质是肠外营养中重要的组成部分,目前仍未有专用的复方制剂,如电解质补充不规范,易引起患者电解质紊乱¹。这一定程度上延长了患者住院时间、增加了死亡率,进而给患者带来更大的经济与健康负担。 |
+
+| 单方制剂不规范 | 配伍复杂性：单方制剂的补充需频繁计算各离子需求并分别添加，增加配置时间与差错风险。单药反复穿刺药瓶易引入微粒及微生物污染。渗透压失控：高浓度单药（如10% KCl渗透压约4000mOsm/L）局部释放可损伤血管内皮，需严格依赖中心静脉输注，限制给药途径。离子平衡障碍：无法精准模拟生理比例（如Na⁺ :K⁺ ≈30:1），独立补充易导致血钙/磷沉淀、血钾波动等医源性电解质紊乱。 | | PN配制时每增加一种药物，就会增加配制差错、感染及针刺伤的发生率。每次配制都有可能引入人为误差，包括计量误差、成分错误等，多次配制意味着累积误差的概率增大³，并且会增加配制工作量。据报道，某院静脉药物调配感染发生率0.84%、药物损耗率0.83%⁴，静脉用药配制差错率达0.08%⁵；护士在配液过程中出现的针刺比例最高（73.59%）⁶。 |
+
+| 等渗溶液浓度低 | 复合的电解质药物多为等渗液体,主要用于体液补充,其离子扩容效率低,较难满足营养不良患者全部的电解质需求。 | | 文献显示,37.6%的处方中使用等渗电解质溶液作为肠外营养电解质补充,使用本品可减少等渗类电解质溶液的错误使用²。 | | 使用场景不同:等渗溶液多用于围手术期补充体液,本品用于术后肠外营养电解质的补充。 |
+
+[1]曹祥龙,朱明炜,崔红元,etal.腹部择期手术后患者电解质代谢变化与术后并发症的相关性:回顾性分析[J].中华临床营养杂志,2013,21(6):5.
+
+[2]陈莲珍,范琳琳,江华,朱明炜,陈伟.我国2014-2023年肠外营养处方中电解质补充的文献分析[J].北京医学,2024
+
+[3]余雯莉,姚春蕾,崔琼等.静脉用药调配中心对完全胃肠外营养合理配制的作用观察[J].医药论坛杂志,2024,45(02):203-206.
+
+[4]李明娥.PIVAS改良操作方法对静脉用药配置工作效果的影响[J].中国现代药物应用,2024,18(01):14-147.
+
+[5]刘新春,高海青.静脉药物配置中心与静脉药物治疗.人民卫生出版社,2006.
+
+[6]陈静,杨双,赵建伟.肿瘤科护士输液过程致针刺伤的调查分析[J]. 中华医院感染学杂志,2015,25(15):3595-3597.
+
+### 安全性：本品暂无严重不良事件报道
+
+
+#### 本品国内外不良反应发生情况
+
+本品2023年度获批上市，截至2025年6月30日，暂未收到药品不良反应报告。
+
+本品为电解质补充经典配方，配比合理，安全性高。
+
+本品开展的《评估钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液对不同疾病患者肠外营养(PN)支持的有效性和安全性的真实世界研究》中，共纳入171例患者使用本品，不良反应发生率为0.58%（1例），经判定该不良反应与试验药物间不存在因果关系¹。
+
+
+
+#### 本品安全性优势
+
+减少配制过程中感染及颗粒物混入造成的并发症。
+
+减少电解质补充不足/过量/比例不当带来的安全性风险。
+
+#### 说明书收载的安全信息
+
+1. 本品中一个或多个离子成分过量或不足，可能导致不同的症状。因此，推荐经常监测血中电解质的水平。
+
+2. 当添加钾、钠、钙、镁或氯可能有禁忌时禁用本品。
+
+3. 全肠外营养给药期间应经常性监测血中的钠、钾、钙、镁、磷酸盐和氯离子水平²。
+
+[1] 评估钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液对不同疾病患者肠外营养( PN) 支持的有效性和安全性的真实世界研究期中分析报告
+[2]钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液说明书（2021年1月19日）
+
+### “中国肠外营养(PN)处方中电解质补充存在显著不规范现象”，本品可解决肠外营养补充不规范的难题
+
+#### 2024年发表的(2014—2023年中国肠外营养处方中电解质补充的文献分析)¹
+
+临床上为了解我国肠外营养处方中电解质的补充情况。共计分析99篇文献成人85篇、新生儿14篇(共计83.9万份PN处方)。检索2014—2023年十年发表的有关PN处方的相关文献并对电解质的使用情况进行全面分析。
+
+#### 文章核心结论：
+
+##### 1、补充不足：
+成人仅62.5%处方补充$Na^+$、$K^+$、$Ca^{2+}$、$Mg^{2+}$全四离子(新生儿12.5%)，10.87%成人处方完全未补充。
+
+##### 2、超量风险：
+0.87%成人(6,261份)、1.83%新生儿(516份)处方存在“稳定性超量”(标准不一)，$Na^+/K^+$或$Ca^{2+}/Mg^{2+}$过高易致沉淀/栓塞。
+
+##### 3、制剂混乱：
+26%成人文献使用非推荐制剂(如转化糖电解质、醋酸钠林格)，易致沉淀、违背指南共识。
+
+##### 4、监测缺失：
+97.22%文献未定期监测电解质水平。
+
+#### 根本原因及临床建议：
+
+1、临床对电解质全面补充认知不足，依赖单一制剂；单一制剂配制流程复杂(每增1种药，污染/差错率↑)
+
+**建议**：优先选用预混多阳离子制剂(如钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液)减少配制风险
+
+2、缺乏统一超量标准
+
+**建议**：统一超量标准(参考共识：一价阳离子<150 mmol/L、二价阳离子<5-8 mmol/L)同时强制常规监测电解质浓度并记录结局
+
+#### 2024年为进一步验证本品在临床上带来的帮助进行了如下的研究：
+
+##### 研究摘要：
+
+本真实世界研究在全国共计26家医院共同开展，评估钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液对需肠外营养患者(腹部肿瘤/腹部大手术后等)的有效性与安全性。计划纳入3000例，期中分析显示已入组799例。通过对比治疗组(使用本品)与历史对照组数据，初步验证本品在降低电解质紊乱风险方面的临床价值。
+
+##### 期中分析报告显示：
+
+**治疗组** (171例，使用本品) 电解质紊乱负荷发生率**3.06%**，**历史对照组** (628例) 为**4.62%**。组间比较显示：
+
+1、绝对降幅3.23% (95%CI: -5.66%~ -0.81%)
+
+2、统计学显著差异 (Z=4.5888, P<0.001)
+
+**期中分析报告结论**：本品显著降低电解质紊乱风险。
+
+##### 研究结果表明：
+
+1、降低电解质紊乱发生率方面可能有更好的作用趋势
+2、在维持电解质稳定方面与目前临床常用电解质制剂疗效相当
+3、两组在该安全性指标表现相似
+4、住院时间明显短于临床常用电解质制剂，说明钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液可能有缩短肠外营养治疗患者住院时间的作用(考虑存在纳入人群不同的影响)
+5、在降低配制差错、感染及针刺伤的发生率、减少配液时间等方面可能有优势，预期可极大程度满足临床需求
+
+1.《2014—2023年中国肠外营养处方中电解质补充的文献分析》 陈莲珍 范琳琳 江华 朱明炜 陈伟
+
+### 本品为共识推荐电解质产品，区别于等渗电解质溶液，无滥用风险
+
+**推荐意见9**：建议心力衰竭患者在PN治疗期间补充多种电解质。
+
+**推荐意见10**：建议将术后SBS稳定期患者所需电解质溶液加入PN液中使用。
+
+**推荐意见11**：建议在严密监测重症患者电解质平衡的同时，通过PN治疗补充多种电解质。
+
+**推荐意见13**：围手术期患者在PN治疗期间，宜补充多种电解质补充液。
+
+肠外营养中电解质应用中国专家共识（2024）
+
+
+
+肠外营养处方审核实践专家共识（2024）
+
+临床常见电解质产品中各电解质含量的对比
+
+| 产品名称 | Na+(mmol/L) | K+(mmol/L) | Cl-(mmol/L) | Ca2+(mmol/L) | Mg2+(mmol/L) |
|---|
| 乳酸钠林格液 | 130 | 4 | 109 | 3 | - | | 醋酸钠林格液 | 142 | 5 | 98 | - | 2 | | 复方电解质V (500ml) | 142 | 5 | 98 | - | 1.5 | | 钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液 (20ml) | 35 | 20 | 35 | 2.25 | 2.5 |
+
+### 本品中各成分均为临床必需，剂量及种类符合指南共识推荐
+
+| 电解质 | 推荐剂量 | 生理功能 |
|---|
| 钠 | 60-150mmol | 参与维持和调节渗透压，维持体内酸碱平衡，并参与肌肉收缩与营养物质吸收；经信号传递也依赖钠离子在神经细胞膜上移动 | | 钾 | 40-100mmol | 参与糖、蛋白质和能量代谢；维持神经肌肉的应激性，维持心肌功能 | | 镁 | 4-12mmol | 调节各种离子通道电流，催化体内多种酶参与 ATP 代谢，在调控细胞生长、维持心肌、骨骼肌及胃肠道平滑肌兴奋性等均具重要作用 | | 钙 | 2.5-7.5mmol | 与磷构成骨骼和牙齿，起到保护与支持作用，同时参与神经递质释放、神经冲动传导、肌肉收缩以及心脏正常搏动等生理活动。是多种酶的激活剂，参与细胞代谢与大分子合成和转变（如腺苷酸环化酶、鸟苷酸环化酶等）；参与血液凝固、激素分泌、维持体液酸碱平衡等 | | 氯 | | 体内的主要功能是合成胃酸，调节渗透压；在神经细胞的兴奋性和信号传递中发挥作用，参与调节神经细胞膜电位并维持体液酸碱平衡 | | 醋酸根 | | 醋酸根作为缓冲体系，代谢速度快，具有更强的酸碱缓冲能力；迅速代谢，减少肝肾负担 |
+
+| 时间 | 指南名称 | 推荐内容 |
|---|
| 2002 |
+
+
+ASPEN(美国肠外和肠内营养学会)成人和儿童患者肠外和肠内营养应用指南2 | 成人肠外营养患者电解质的推荐剂量(肠外电解质的标准给药范围假定器官功能正常，没有异常损失)钠1-2 mEq/kg，钾1-2 mEq/kg，氯(根据需要与醋酸盐保持酸碱平衡)，钙5-7.5 mEq/kg，镁4-10 mEq/kg，磷20-40mEq/kg | | 2009 | 
+德国营养医学学会(DGEM)肠外营养指南³ | DGEM推荐的成人肠外营养治疗患者钠钾镁钙电解质补充的标准日剂量:钠60-150 mmol, 钾40-100 mmol, 镁4-12 mmol, 钙2.5-7.5 mmol, 磷10-30 mmol | | 2015 | 
+外科病人围手术期液体治疗专家共识⁵ | 2.2 常规维持维持性液体治疗即补充病人生理需要量: 25~30mL/ (kg·d) 液体，1 mmol/ (kg·d) 的 Na⁺、K⁺、Cl⁻，50~100 g/d葡萄糖。如果病人输注的液体含 Cl⁻>120 mmol/L (如 0.9%NaCl溶液)，应注意监测血中 Cl⁻的浓度，防止发生高氯性酸血症 | | 2023 | 
+中国成人患者肠外肠内营养临床应用指南⁷ | PN处方中应添加常规剂量的多种维生素和微量元素及电解质；添加时应考虑与营养液中其他成分相容性和制剂的稳定性 | | 2024 | 
+肠外营养中电解质应用中国专家共识 | 多电解质复方制剂同时含有钾、钠、钙、镁等多种人体所需的电解质，可用于PN治疗所需的生理支持量，还可满足部分额外电解质补充的需求，预防电解质紊乱。因此，采用多电解质复方制剂加入PN中，以补充所需电解质，更加具有药物经济学效应。” |
+
+#### 产品创新
+
+##### 配比合理，协同增效
+
+3.1类首仿新药，成分分配比合理，符合国内外指南的推荐
+
+四种电解质同时补充，充分发挥协同作用，利用率更高
+
+#### 工艺创新
+
+##### 工艺严格，安全性高
+
+该品种制备工艺在终端灭菌时采用过渡杀灭法，提高了产品稳定性，本品的有效期为36个月¹
+
+质量标准增加了铝元素的控制项目，质量标准高于同类品种¹，药品的安全性高
+
+#### 应用创新
+
+##### 国内首款肠外营养复方电解质补充剂
+
+本品可有效提高电解质补充的规范性，从而减少患者电解质紊乱的发生率，减少并发症，提高总体生存期
+
+本品可与不同的氨基酸及葡萄糖溶液搭配使用，更加灵活便捷，可满足不同患者需求
+
+本品减少处方和配制差错、减少杂质和微生物污染，避免单方电解质单支剂量过大带来的浪费，降低患者风险，降低医院管理成本
+
+[1]钠钾镁钙注射用浓溶液药品注册标准
+
+#### 01 年发病患者总数
+
+用于胃肠道术后、恶性肿瘤等疾病中需要通过肠外营养补充电解质的患者，总体患者数量可控（已发生电解质紊乱的患者，无法使用本品补充）。
+
+所治疗疾病对公共健康的影响：
+
+在胃肠道术后的肠外营养患者中，电解质紊乱发生率高¹，本品可避免电解质紊乱，改善患者预后，延长生存时间，提高全民健康水平。
+
+#### 02 弥补药品目录短板
+
+1. 唯一一款高离子浓度的复方电解质补充剂，国内首仿，弥补了临床用药空白。
+
+2. 可改善目前临床电解质补充不完全规范的现状。根据相关调研，39.2%的肠外营养中阳离子电解质不符合指南推荐的电解质浓度²。
+
+#### 03 临床管理便利
+
+1. 文献显示，37.6%的处方中使用等渗电解质溶液作为肠外营养电解质补充，使用本品可减少等渗类电解质溶液的错误使用³。
+
+2. 本品使用患者固定，每日用量可控，整体无滥用风险。
+
+3. 本品说明书明确中心静脉使用，输注途径限制，避免临床滥用。
+
+#### 04 符合“保基本”原则
+
+1. 保障各级医疗机构患者基本的治疗需求，使用便利，帮助更多患者获得规范的电解质补充治疗。
+
+2. 帮助无法经口和经肠内营养补充的患者补充电解质，受益人群广泛。
+
+[1]曹祥龙,朱明炜,崔红元,etal.腹部择期⼿术后患者电解质代谢变化与术后并发症的相关性:回顾性分析
+[2]刘金春,陈大宇,卞晓洁,等.江苏省12家医院肠外营养制剂使用现状调研[J]. 中华临床营养杂志,2019(3):14-148.
+[3]陈莲珍,范琳琳,江华,朱明炜,陈伟.我国2014－2023年肠外营养处方中电解质补充的文献分析[J].北京医学，2024
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+# 基于投入产出表的产业链上下游划分及产业链结构变迁
+
+在国民经济结构中,通常存在着上游生产制造、中游加工运输、下游终端消费的模糊划分, 其中,下游库存或需求的变动会通过产业链条传导至上游,而上游成本和产出的变动又会 通过产业链条传导至下游,这种传导具有非同步、梯次性的特征,把握得当可以获取行业 层面的超额收益。
+
+然而真实投资环境中,对于每个行业在产业链中的定位却缺乏相对客观的标准,而投入产 出技术在刻画产业关联度方面具有独特优势,后文中我们将利用投入产出表定量刻画各行 业之间的关联关系,进而进行产业链上下游的划分。
+
+需要说明的是,国家统计局公布的投入产出表中各经济部门的划分方式与投资中常用的一 级行业并不对应,**我们通过对比分析建立了投出产出表各部门和中信一级行业间的映射关 系,进而将原始投入产出表转换为了中信一级行业之间的投入产出表**(下图展示了将农业 部门和其他部门合并成非工业部门的操作示例)。后文中所有分析都是基于中信一级行业 之间的投入产出表展开。这里为了不影响阅读连贯性,相关映射关系已于附录展示。
+
+图表12: 投入产出表部门间合并示例(将农业部门和其他部门合并为非工业部门)
+
+ | 中间需求 | 最终需求 | 总产出 |
|---|
| 非工业部门 | 工业部门 | 合计 | 消费 | 资本形成 | 净出口 | 合计 | | 中间投入 | 非工业部门 | 500 | 500 | 1000 | 800 | 400 | 80 | 1280 | 2280 |
|---|
| 工业部门 | 450 | 800 | 1250 | 500 | 300 | 100 | 900 | 2150 | | 合计 | 950 | 1300 | 2250 | 1300 | 700 | 180 | 2180 | 4430 | | 最初投入 | 固定资产折旧 | 100 | 100 | 200 | | |
|---|
| 从业人员报酬 | 630 | 320 | 950 | | | | 生产税净额 | 310 | 280 | 590 | | | | 营业盈余 | 290 | 150 | 440 | | | | 合计 | 1330 | 850 | 2180 | | | | 总投入 | 2280 | 2150 | 4430 | | |
|---|
+
+第1象限
+第2象限
+第3象限
+第4象限
+
+资料来源：华泰证券研究所
+
+## 基于投入产出表的产业链上下游划分
+
+在基于投入产出表构建的各类系数中,有多个系数都能提供上下游划分的依据,包括:
+
+1. 感应度系数和影响力系数: 感应度系数(以及产业感应度系数)反映了某行业增加单位产出对各部门产出的推动程度,其值越大,该行业对国民经济的推动作用越大; 影响力系数(以及产业影响力系数)反映了某行业部门增加单位最终需求对国民经济各部门的拉动作用,其值越大,该行业的拉动作用越大; **若某行业感应度系数较大,影响力系数较小,则其为上游行业; 若某行业感应度系数较小,影响力系数较大,则其为下游行业; 若某行业感应度系数和影响力系数都较大,则其为中游行业; 若某行业感应度系数和影响力系数都较小,则其生产既不依赖其他部门投入,也不依赖其他部门需求,产出主要用于最终需求,不适用于简单划分上下游行业**。
+
+2. APL 系数: 反映了某部门发生一个外生变化后对其他部门的产出造成影响要经过的平均轮次,各行业平均前向 APL 反映了各行业对其他行业产生成本推动效应平均要经过的轮次,该值越大,则该行业越靠近上游; 平均后向 APL 反映了各行业对其他行业产生需求拉动效应平均经过轮次,该值越大,则该行业越靠近下游;
+
+3. 上游度表示某部门产品在达到最终需求之前还需要经历的生产阶段的数目,该值越大,则该行业越靠近上游。
+
+下表展示了基于2017年最新的投入产出表数据计算的一级行业各类系数,具体步骤为:1、将2017年国家统计局公布的投入产出表中149个部门与中信一级行业之间建立一一映射关系,**其中国防军工行业并没有对应的部门,而综合行业没有明确的逻辑含义,也不考虑**;2、将部门间投入产出表合并成一级行业投入产出表;3、基于一级行业投入产出表计算各类系数,并按从大到小的顺序排序,计算各行业的特定系数排序值。
+
+图表13: 基于行业投入产出表(2017年)构建的各类系数
+
+ | 感应度系数 | 产业感应度系数 | 影响力系数 | 产业影响力系数 | 前向 APL 系数 | 后向 APL 系数 | 上游度系数 |
|---|
| 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 |
|---|
| 石油石化 | 2.16 | 1 | 0.043 | 8 | 1.01 | 17 | 0.005 | 23 | 4.11 | 2 | 3.806 | 1 | 5.27 | 2 | | 煤炭 | 1.57 | 4 | 0.026 | 13 | 0.84 | 22 | 0.001 | 27 | 3.88 | 4 | 3.125 | 20 | 4.42 | 3 | | 有色金属 | 1.96 | 2 | 0.031 | 11 | 1.22 | 7 | 0.002 | 26 | 4.3 | 1 | 3.755 | 3 | 5.25 | 1 | | 公用事业 | 0.84 | 19 | 0.063 | 4 | 0.87 | 21 | 0.06 | 4 | 3.02 | 19 | 2.767 | 27 | 2.41 | 19 | | 钢铁 | 1.27 | 6 | 0.027 | 12 | 1.11 | 12 | 0.004 | 24 | 3.91 | 3 | 3.425 | 9 | 3.62 | 7 | | 基础化工 | 1.51 | 5 | 0.062 | 6 | 1.17 | 10 | 0.016 | 16 | 3.42 | 10 | 3.419 | 10 | 4.44 | 4 | | 建筑 | 0.37 | 27 | 0.026 | 14 | 1.15 | 11 | 0.254 | 1 | 3 | 21 | 3.037 | 22 | 1.07 | 27 | | 建材 | 0.87 | 18 | 0.019 | 17 | 1.1 | 13 | 0.004 | 25 | 3.05 | 17 | 3.213 | 17 | 2.53 | 16 | | 轻工制造 | 1 | 11 | 0.019 | 16 | 1.18 | 9 | 0.023 | 12 | 3.01 | 20 | 3.328 | 13 | 3.16 | 8 | | 机械 | 0.94 | 13 | 0.042 | 9 | 1.22 | 6 | 0.083 | 2 | 3.06 | 16 | 3.252 | 15 | 2.76 | 15 | | 电力设备 | 0.93 | 14 | 0.01 | 24 | 1.29 | 3 | 0.019 | 14 | 3.2 | 13 | 3.47 | 8 | 2.82 | 12 | | 汽车 | 0.8 | 21 | 0.017 | 18 | 1.25 | 5 | 0.049 | 5 | 3.76 | 7 | 3.527 | 5 | 2.32 | 21 | | 商贸零售 | 0.95 | 12 | 0.094 | 1 | 0.64 | 26 | 0.026 | 11 | 2.71 | 27 | 2.997 | 24 | 2.83 | 11 | | 餐饮旅游 | 0.91 | 15 | 0.016 | 20 | 0.94 | 18 | 0.017 | 15 | 2.86 | 23 | 3.221 | 16 | 2.66 | 18 | | 家电 | 0.53 | 26 | 0.001 | 27 | 1.33 | 2 | 0.011 | 18 | 3.34 | 12 | 3.408 | 12 | 1.68 | 26 | | 纺织服装 | 0.9 | 16 | 0.016 | 19 | 1.25 | 4 | 0.041 | 6 | 3.49 | 9 | 3.795 | 2 | 3.29 | 6 | | 医药 | 1.04 | 9 | 0.01 | 25 | 1.04 | 15 | 0.008 | 20 | 3.65 | 8 | 3.184 | 19 | 2.99 | 14 | | 食品饮料 | 0.81 | 20 | 0.031 | 10 | 1.01 | 16 | 0.069 | 3 | 3.34 | 11 | 3.408 | 11 | 2.34 | 20 | | 农林牧渔 | 1.03 | 10 | 0.087 | 2 | 0.74 | 24 | 0.023 | 13 | 3.83 | 5 | 3.307 | 14 | 3.09 | 13 | | 银行 | 1.15 | 7 | 0.062 | 5 | 0.71 | 25 | 0.006 | 21 | 2.8 | 25 | 2.958 | 26 | 3.37 | 9 | | 非银金融 | 0.74 | 22 | 0.011 | 23 | 0.76 | 23 | 0.01 | 19 | 3.13 | 15 | 3.198 | 18 | 2.17 | 23 | | 房地产 | 0.71 | 23 | 0.054 | 7 | 0.57 | 27 | 0.026 | 10 | 3.13 | 14 | 3.075 | 21 | 2.13 | 25 | | 交通运输 | 1.08 | 8 | 0.064 | 3 | 0.87 | 20 | 0.026 | 9 | 2.78 | 26 | 2.987 | 25 | 3.21 | 10 | | 电子 | 1.62 | 3 | 0.02 | 15 | 1.34 | 1 | 0.015 | 17 | 3.79 | 6 | 3.681 | 4 | 4.74 | 5 | | 通信 | 0.64 | 25 | 0.012 | 22 | 1.19 | 8 | 0.04 | 7 | 2.97 | 22 | 3.501 | 7 | 2.02 | 22 | | 计算机 | 0.66 | 24 | 0.015 | 21 | 1.07 | 14 | 0.039 | 8 | 3.04 | 18 | 3.521 | 6 | 1.97 | 24 | | 传媒 | 0.88 | 17 | 0.008 | 26 | 0.88 | 19 | 0.005 | 22 | 2.81 | 24 | 3.031 | 23 | 2.65 | 17 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+图表14：一级行业影响力系数和感应度系数散点图（2017年）
+
+
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+图表15：一级行业前向APL系数和后向APL系数散点图（2017年）
+
+
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+图表16：一级行业上游度系数（2017年）
+
+
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+在实证过程中，我们一般会结合各指标进行综合评估，尽量降低单个指标带来的误判，根据前文计算结果有：
+1. 以石油石化、煤炭、有色金属为代表的行业感应度系数排名靠前，影响力系数排名靠后，上游度系数排名靠前，是非常典型的上游行业。
+2. 以汽车、家电、通信为代表的行业感应度系数排名靠后，影响力系数排名靠前，上游度系数排名靠后，是非常典型的下游行业。
+3. 以钢铁、基础化工、轻工制造为代表的行业感应度系数和影响力系数均排名靠前，对上有较强的拉动作用，对下有较强的推动作用，是非常典型的中游行业。
+4. 以非银行金融、房地产为代表的行业，感应度系数和影响力系数排名均很靠后，说明其生产既不依赖其他部门投入，也不依赖其他部门需求，并不适合简单的上下游划分。
+
+采用同样的思路对其他行业进行判断，得到如下图所示的产业链上下游划分结果：上游行业包括有色金属、煤炭、石油石化、农林牧渔；中游行业包括钢铁、基础化工、电子元器件、电力设备、机械、建材、电力及公用事业、轻工制造、交通运输；下游行业包括计算机、通信、传媒、家电、汽车、医药、建筑、食品饮料、餐饮旅游、纺织服装、商贸零售。
+以上产业链划分中没有包含如下行业：国防军工、综合、银行、非银行金融、房地产。
+
+图表17：基于投入产出表（2017年）的产业链上下游划分
+
+
+
+资料来源：华泰证券研究所
+
+## 基于投入产出表的细分产业链梳理
+
+确定基本的上中下游行业后,可以进行细分产业链识别。这里需要利用到行业间的APL系数矩阵,APL系数反映了某部门发生一个外生变化后对其他部门的产出造成影响需要经过的平均轮次,两个行业之间的APL系数越小,说明这两个行业之间的联系越紧密。
+
+图表18：行业间 APL 系数矩阵
+
+ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 |
|---|
| 1 石油石化 | 2.0 | 4.3 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 4.3 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.7 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 4.3 | 2.5 | 5.3 | 5.5 | 5.6 | 4.7 | | 2 煤炭 | 4.5 | 1.4 | 3.4 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 4.5 | 4.8 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 4.9 | 5.4 | 4.7 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 4.9 | | 3 有色金属 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 2.1 | 4.6 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 3.9 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 5.3 | 5.9 | 3.2 | 5.8 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 5.3 | 5.3 | 5.7 | 5.6 | 4.9 | 3.3 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 5.0 | | 4 公用事业 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 3.1 | | 5 钢铁 | 4.0 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 1.7 | 4.3 | 2.1 | 3.0 | 3.9 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 5.0 | 5.4 | 3.2 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 5.5 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.6 | 5.1 | 5.1 | | 6 基础化工 | 3.4 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 2.0 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 4.4 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 3.8 | | 7 建筑 | 4.0 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 1.6 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 1.2 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 2.6 | 1.3 | 2.5 | 3.9 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 2.0 | | 8 建材 | 4.8 | 2.1 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 3.3 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.2 | 2.5 | 4.1 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 4.6 | 2.3 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 3.3 | 4.0 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 3.6 | 3.9 | | 9 轻工制造 | 4.3 | 2.7 | 4.4 | 2.7 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 1.6 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 3.4 | 2.8 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 2.7 | 2.8 | 3.8 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 2.5 | 2.1 | | 10 机械 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 3.5 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.3 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 2.3 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.1 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 3.5 | 2.9 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 3.9 | | 11 电力设备 | 4.3 | 3.2 | 4.0 | 1.9 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 2.1 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.1 | 1.8 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.9 | 2.6 | | 12 汽车 | 4.5 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 4.3 | 1.6 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 1.9 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 4.8 | 4.1 | | 13 商贸零售 | 3.2 | 2.7 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 2.2 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.5 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.9 | | 14 餐饮旅游 | 3.6 | 3.0 | 3.7 | 1.9 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 2.4 | 3.0 | 3.2 | 1.7 | 1.4 | 2.3 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 1.9 | | 15 家电 | 4.2 | 3.5 | 4.4 | 2.9 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 1.3 | 2.8 | 1.2 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 3.2 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 4.0 | | 16 纺织服装 | 4.3 | 3.2 | 4.7 | 2.8 | 4.4 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 2.7 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 4.1 | 1.8 | 2.9 | 3.7 | 4.5 | 2.9 | 3.6 | 3.3 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.7 | 2.7 | | 17 医药 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 4.6 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 4.9 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 3.9 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 1.4 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 4.4 | 4.2 | 3.5 | | 18 食品饮料 | 4.0 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 3.1 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.6 | 3.6 | 1.6 | 4.3 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 3.3 | 2.9 | 3.1 | 3.4 | 4.3 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 3.1 | | 19 农林牧渔 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 5.1 | 3.6 | 4.9 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.6 | 2.5 | 4.7 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 4.3 | 2.2 | 5.0 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 3.9 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 5.3 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 3.9 | | 20 银行 | 3.2 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 2.4 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 1.9 | 3.1 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 2.9 | 2.3 | 1.7 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.2 | 2.8 | | 21 非银行金融 | 3.6 | 3.4 | 4.0 | 2.6 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 4.2 | 2.2 | 3.3 | 4.1 | 3.8 | 3.4 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 3.9 | 3.3 | | 22 房地产 | 4.1 | 3.5 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.1 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 1.5 | 1.9 | 4.2 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 1.4 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 2.7 | 4.3 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 2.1 | | 23 交通运输 | 3.1 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 2.7 | 3.0 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 1.8 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 2.6 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 1.8 | 3.7 | 3.7 | 3.6 | 2.6 | | 24 电子元器件 | 5.3 | 4.2 | 5.5 | 3.9 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 4.2 | 4.7 | 4.2 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 2.5 | 5.5 | 4.6 | 5.0 | 5.0 | 3.9 | 3.9 | 4.3 | 3.6 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 3.2 | | 25 通信 | 4.3 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 2.0 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 2.6 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 3.8 | 4.2 | 3.4 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.5 | 3.8 | 1.4 | 1.7 | 1.4 | | 26 计算机 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 4.0 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 3.9 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | | 27 传媒 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 3.8 | 1.8 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 3.6 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 4.1 | 2.5 | 2.5 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 2.9 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 4.0 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 1.3 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+然而, APL 系数矩阵错综复杂, 刻画的是不同行业之间的图式关联关系, 而我们期望得到的是树形的产业链结构, 因此需要对原始 APL 系数矩阵进行稀疏化处理(也即剪枝)。这里就需要利用到 Dietzenbacher (2005) 提出的产业间关联度矩阵, 计算公式如下:
+
+$$
+F = \frac{1}{2}(\tilde{B} - I + \tilde{G} - I)
+$$
+
+其中, I为单位矩阵, B为列昂惕夫逆矩阵, G为Ghosh逆矩阵, **关联度系数越大, 表明两个行业之间的联系越紧密**。后文中, 我们统一获取关联度系数大于0.1的行业配对, 并据此对APL系数矩阵进行稀疏化处理, 也即当两个行业间的关联度系数小于0.1时, 直接将这两个行业的APL系数置为0。
+
+最后,我们将综合考虑稀疏化后的关联度矩阵和APL矩阵来挖掘细分产业链传导关系:1、当关联度系数大于0.3且APL系数位于1 ~ 3之间时,认为行业之间具有强联系;2、当关联度系数位于0.1至0.3,APL系数位于3 ~ 4之间时,认为行业之间具有弱联系;3、当关联关系小于0.1,且APL系数大于4时,认为行业之间不具有直接联系。在识别产业链时,重点关注具有强联系的行业配对,辅助参考具有弱联系的行业配对。**最终,我们从前文梳理得到的上游行业出发,得到了石化产业链、制造业产业链、农林牧渔产业链三条基本的产业链**。
+
+图表19：行业间关联度矩阵（0.3以上红色填充，0.1 ~ 0.3之间黄色填充）
+
+ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 |
|---|
| 1 石油石化 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 2 煤炭 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 3 有色金属 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | | 4 公用事业 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 5 钢铁 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 6 基础化工 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 7 建筑 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 8 建材 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 9 轻工制造 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 10 机械 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 11 电力设备 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 12 汽车 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 13 商贸零售 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 14 餐饮旅游 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 15 家电 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 16 纺织服装 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 17 医药 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 18 食品饮料 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 19 农林牧渔 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 20 银行 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 21 非银行金融 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 22 房地产 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 23 交通运输 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 24 电子元器件 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.0 | | 25 通信 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 26 计算机 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | | 27 传媒 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+图表20：基于产业关联度矩阵筛选后的行业间APL矩阵（1 ~ 3之间红色填充，3 ~ 4之间黄色填充）
+
+ | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 |
|---|
| 1 石油石化 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 4.0 | 3.5 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 2 煤炭 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 3.5 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 3.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 3 有色金属 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 3.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.3 | 4.2 | 4.4 | 0.0 | | 4 公用事业 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 1.6 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 5 钢铁 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 6 基础化工 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 2.8 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 7 建筑 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 8 建材 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 9 轻工制造 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 10 机械 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 11 电力设备 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 12 汽车 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 13 商贸零售 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 14 餐饮旅游 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 15 家电 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 16 纺织服装 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 17 医药 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 18 食品饮料 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 19 农林牧渔 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 2.0 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 20 银行 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 21 非银行金融 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 22 房地产 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 23 交通运输 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 3.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 24 电子元器件 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 2.1 | 2.1 | 0.0 | | 25 通信 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 26 计算机 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 0.0 | | 27 传媒 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+### 石化产业链
+
+石化产业链以石油石化行业作为起点行业，从投入产出分析角度来看，上游的石油石化的产品作为中间产品投入到基础化工、电力及公用事业和交通运输；作为中游行业，基础化工的产品也是轻工制造和建材、家电、建筑、医药制造的中间投入品，下游的建筑的中间投入还包括建材和轻工制造。上游行业的产品作为中间品或最初投入投向中游行业，中游行业的产品同样作为最初投入或中间投入进入建筑、医药、家电等下游行业，这样就形成了一个从上游行业到中游行业再到下游行业的产业链。
+
+图表21：石化产业链上下游划分
+
+
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+### 制造业产业链
+
+制造业产业链以煤炭和有色金属为起点：从煤炭出发，煤炭的产品作为中间投入进入基础化工、钢铁和电力及公用事业，钢铁作为中游行业，同时是汽车、建筑、机械的上游行业；从有色金属出发，其产品作为中间产品投入到机械制造、电力设备、电子元器件，机械和电子元器件的产品进一步投入到相关的下游行业中，包括家电、汽车、建筑、计算机、通信。值得注意的是很多中游行业互为上下游，如机械与电力设备、机械与电子元器件、电力设备与电子元器件，这三个行业可形成产业链闭环。
+
+图表22: 制造业产业链上下游划分
+
+
+
+资料来源:国家统计局,华泰证券研究所
+
+### 农林牧渔产业链
+
+农林牧渔业产业链以农林牧渔业作为起点，其构成相对另外两条产业链较为简单，农林牧渔业产品经历生产轮次相对较少，产品主要去向行业中，中游行业为轻工制造业，下游行业包括食品饮料业、纺织服装业、医药业、餐饮旅游业。
+
+图表23: 农林牧渔产业链上下游划分
+
+
+
+资料来源:国家统计局,华泰证券研究所
+
+这三条产业链互有关联,包括了国民经济主要行业部门并反映了国民经济运行模式。
+
+## 基于投入产出表的产业结构变迁
+
+统计2002年至2017年各一级行业影响力系数的变化，结果显示：
+
+1. **建筑业长期保持国民经济支柱产业地位，其产业影响力系数常年保持在第一位**，具体看其产业影响力系数大小，呈现先下降后上升趋势，从一定程度上可以说明建筑业对国民经济的拉动作用近年来在不断增强。
+
+2. 机械行业在产业影响力系数排序中，地位仅次于建筑业，常年保持在第二位，但是无论是看其产业影响力系数绝对值，还是经过归一化处理后的产业影响力系数，自2012年以来机械行业对国民经济的拉动作用呈下降趋势，这与国家近些年来内需疲软，基建产能过剩等大形势有关。
+
+3. 纺织服装业从产业影响力系数来看，其地位在2002-2007年呈上升趋势，但到了2012年和2017年其地位不断下降（降回至第6位），这与我国当前正在进行的经济转型有一定关系，我国加工贸易占比不断下降，纺织服装业作为劳动密集型产业和加工贸易为主的行业，其地位下降与经济结构转型有关。
+
+4. 食品饮料业、汽车业、通信业等行业产业影响力地位呈上升趋势，它们在拉动国民经济发展中发挥越来越重要的作用；从其产业影响力系数具体大小来看，汽车行业的产业影响力系数在2017年出现了下降，其拉动作用可能相对往年有所减弱，但在2017年整体经济中仍占有重要地位。
+
+5. 家电业的产业影响力系数排序呈下降趋势，主要是因为家电业近些年产值占比下降较大（不考虑产值占比，其影响力系数仍排名靠前），对国民经济拉动力减弱。
+
+6. 计算机业的影响力系数排名在逐年下降，而**电子元器件行业的影响力系数在逐年提升，这可能与政府近年来在半导体、芯片、面板等底层基础技术领域的持续投资有关；若未来电子元器件产业产值占比增加，则很有可能成为新的国民经济主导行业**。
+
+图表24：2002~2017年各行业影响力系数
+
+ | 影响力系数 | 产业影响力系数 |
|---|
| 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 | 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 |
|---|
| 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 |
|---|
| 石油石化 | 0.95 | 14 | 1.03 | 14 | 1.09 | 14 | 1.01 | 17 | 0.003 | 24 | 0.004 | 23 | 0.007 | 20 | 0.005 | 23 | | 煤炭 | 0.76 | 23 | 0.88 | 21 | 0.82 | 22 | 0.84 | 22 | 0.003 | 23 | 0.002 | 27 | 0.001 | 27 | 0.001 | 27 | | 有色金属 | 1.13 | 4 | 1.19 | 7 | 1.21 | 6 | 1.22 | 7 | 0.003 | 25 | 0.006 | 20 | 0.003 | 26 | 0.002 | 26 | | 电力及公用事业 | 0.79 | 22 | 0.91 | 19 | 0.88 | 19 | 0.87 | 21 | 0.073 | 3 | 0.054 | 4 | 0.057 | 4 | 0.060 | 4 | | 钢铁 | 1.05 | 11 | 1.17 | 9 | 1.19 | 9 | 1.11 | 12 | 0.001 | 26 | 0.014 | 19 | 0.006 | 22 | 0.004 | 24 | | 基础化工 | 1.05 | 10 | 1.17 | 8 | 1.19 | 8 | 1.17 | 10 | 0.024 | 13 | 0.029 | 11 | 0.020 | 15 | 0.016 | 16 | | 建筑 | 1.08 | 8 | 1.14 | 11 | 1.12 | 12 | 1.15 | 11 | 0.216 | 1 | 0.198 | 1 | 0.221 | 1 | 0.254 | 1 | | 建材 | 0.97 | 13 | 1.07 | 13 | 1.12 | 13 | 1.10 | 13 | 0.005 | 21 | 0.005 | 21 | 0.005 | 23 | 0.004 | 25 | | 轻工制造 | 1.00 | 12 | 1.10 | 12 | 1.12 | 11 | 1.18 | 9 | 0.028 | 10 | 0.033 | 8 | 0.025 | 12 | 0.023 | 12 | | 机械 | 1.10 | 7 | 1.20 | 6 | 1.22 | 5 | 1.22 | 6 | 0.106 | 2 | 0.128 | 2 | 0.126 | 2 | 0.083 | 2 | | 电力设备 | 1.13 | 3 | 1.27 | 4 | 1.29 | 2 | 1.29 | 3 | 0.019 | 17 | 0.033 | 9 | 0.028 | 10 | 0.019 | 14 | | 汽车 | 1.12 | 5 | 1.29 | 2 | 1.24 | 4 | 1.25 | 5 | 0.020 | 16 | 0.039 | 7 | 0.053 | 5 | 0.049 | 5 | | 商贸零售 | 0.76 | 24 | 0.67 | 25 | 0.58 | 26 | 0.64 | 26 | 0.037 | 7 | 0.027 | 14 | 0.026 | 11 | 0.026 | 11 | | 餐饮旅游 | 0.84 | 20 | 0.87 | 22 | 0.83 | 21 | 0.94 | 18 | 0.025 | 12 | 0.019 | 16 | 0.016 | 18 | 0.017 | 15 | | 家电 | 1.18 | 2 | 1.27 | 3 | 1.30 | 1 | 1.33 | 2 | 0.027 | 11 | 0.028 | 13 | 0.016 | 17 | 0.011 | 18 | | 纺织服装 | 1.08 | 9 | 1.15 | 10 | 1.15 | 10 | 1.25 | 4 | 0.069 | 4 | 0.067 | 3 | 0.048 | 6 | 0.041 | 6 | | 医药 | 0.90 | 16 | 0.97 | 16 | 0.99 | 16 | 1.04 | 15 | 0.007 | 19 | 0.005 | 22 | 0.008 | 19 | 0.008 | 20 | | 食品饮料 | 0.90 | 15 | 0.93 | 18 | 0.95 | 17 | 1.01 | 16 | 0.055 | 6 | 0.053 | 5 | 0.061 | 3 | 0.069 | 3 | | 农林牧渔 | 0.70 | 25 | 0.69 | 24 | 0.70 | 24 | 0.74 | 24 | 0.062 | 5 | 0.028 | 12 | 0.030 | 9 | 0.023 | 13 | | 银行 | 0.61 | 26 | 0.49 | 26 | 0.65 | 25 | 0.71 | 25 | 0.006 | 20 | 0.004 | 24 | 0.007 | 21 | 0.006 | 21 | | 非银行金融 | 0.88 | 18 | 0.95 | 17 | 0.70 | 23 | 0.76 | 23 | 0.001 | 27 | 0.004 | 25 | 0.005 | 24 | 0.010 | 19 | | 房地产 | 0.58 | 27 | 0.47 | 27 | 0.53 | 27 | 0.57 | 27 | 0.022 | 15 | 0.015 | 18 | 0.024 | 13 | 0.026 | 10 | | 交通运输 | 0.83 | 21 | 0.85 | 23 | 0.93 | 18 | 0.87 | 20 | 0.023 | 14 | 0.020 | 15 | 0.023 | 14 | 0.026 | 9 | | 电子元器件 | 1.11 | 6 | 1.26 | 5 | 1.28 | 3 | 1.34 | 1 | 0.007 | 18 | 0.017 | 17 | 0.017 | 16 | 0.015 | 17 | | 通信 | 0.89 | 17 | 0.99 | 15 | 1.06 | 15 | 1.19 | 8 | 0.028 | 9 | 0.032 | 10 | 0.038 | 8 | 0.040 | 7 | | 计算机 | 1.21 | 1 | 1.29 | 1 | 1.20 | 7 | 1.07 | 14 | 0.030 | 8 | 0.051 | 6 | 0.042 | 7 | 0.039 | 8 | | 传媒 | 0.85 | 19 | 0.91 | 20 | 0.85 | 20 | 0.88 | 19 | 0.005 | 22 | 0.003 | 26 | 0.003 | 25 | 0.005 | 22 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+统计2002年至2017年各一级行业感应度系数的变化，结果显示：
+
+1. 产业感应度系数排名靠前的是农林牧渔业和商贸零售业，这与两个行业的产值占比较大有关。从感应度系数排名来看，石油石化业、有色金属业、煤炭业常年保持在排名前几位。
+
+2. 石油石化业、煤炭业、钢铁业的产业感应度系数排名在 2002-2017 年呈现稳步下降趋势，其具体系数变化也反映了这一点，但从这些行业的感应度系数来看，其排名较为稳定，这与 2002 年-2017 年石油石化业、煤炭业、钢铁业的增加值占总增加值比重不断下降有关，反映出我国供给侧结构性改革对煤炭、钢铁、石油石化行业有显著影响。值得注意的是，有色金属业增加值占比在 2002-2017 年也呈现下降趋势，但是其产业感应度系数排名在不断上升，这说明有色金属业在国民经济中的推动作用越来越显著，其地位有所上升。
+
+3. 电子元器件业的感应度系数虽然有所波动，但一直稳定保持在排名前五位，且其影响力系数排名和大小在 2002-2017 年呈现出显著上升的趋势，其产业感应度系数也表现出上升的趋势，说明电子元器件业在国民经济中的地位在逐渐上升，有成为主导产业的趋势。
+
+4. 电力及公用事业的产业感应度系数和产业影响力系数排名在 2002-2017 年都保持在前五位，但其影响力系数和感应度系数排名并不高，反映出电力及公用事业因产值占比较大而对国民经济产生较大影响。
+
+图表25：2002~2017年各行业感应度系数
+
+ | 感应度系数 | 产业感应度系数 |
|---|
| 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 | 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 |
|---|
| 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 |
|---|
| 石油石化 | 1.81 | 2 | 2.3 | 1 | 2.5 | 1 | 2.2 | 1 | 0.05 | 7 | 0.06 | 3 | 0.07 | 6 | 0.04 | 8 | | 煤炭 | 1.19 | 7 | 1.6 | 4 | 1.7 | 3 | 1.6 | 4 | 0.03 | 15 | 0.04 | 11 | 0.03 | 10 | 0.03 | 13 | | 有色金属 | 1.74 | 3 | 1.8 | 2 | 1.9 | 2 | 2.0 | 2 | 0.02 | 19 | 0.03 | 10 | 0.03 | 12 | 0.03 | 11 | | 电力及公用事业 | 0.78 | 19 | 1.0 | 8 | 0.9 | 12 | 0.8 | 19 | 0.07 | 4 | 0.07 | 2 | 0.08 | 5 | 0.06 | 4 | | 钢铁 | 1.41 | 5 | 1.4 | 6 | 1.4 | 6 | 1.3 | 6 | 0.04 | 8 | 0.04 | 9 | 0.05 | 9 | 0.03 | 12 | | 基础化工 | 1.44 | 4 | 1.5 | 5 | 1.5 | 5 | 1.5 | 5 | 0.08 | 3 | 0.07 | 4 | 0.07 | 4 | 0.06 | 6 | | 建筑 | 0.40 | 27 | 0.3 | 27 | 0.4 | 27 | 0.4 | 27 | 0.02 | 16 | 0.03 | 18 | 0.02 | 14 | 0.03 | 14 | | 建材 | 1.00 | 13 | 0.9 | 16 | 0.9 | 14 | 0.9 | 18 | 0.01 | 21 | 0.02 | 16 | 0.02 | 17 | 0.02 | 17 | | 轻工制造 | 1.01 | 12 | 1.0 | 11 | 1.0 | 9 | 1.0 | 11 | 0.04 | 10 | 0.02 | 13 | 0.03 | 16 | 0.02 | 16 | | 机械 | 0.97 | 14 | 1.0 | 13 | 0.9 | 18 | 0.9 | 13 | 0.05 | 6 | 0.04 | 5 | 0.06 | 8 | 0.04 | 9 | | 电力设备 | 1.09 | 9 | 1.0 | 14 | 0.9 | 17 | 0.9 | 14 | 0.01 | 22 | 0.01 | 22 | 0.01 | 22 | 0.01 | 24 | | 汽车 | 1.03 | 11 | 0.9 | 17 | 0.8 | 21 | 0.8 | 21 | 0.02 | 18 | 0.01 | 21 | 0.02 | 20 | 0.02 | 18 | | 商贸零售 | 0.92 | 15 | 0.8 | 19 | 0.9 | 16 | 0.9 | 12 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.08 | 7 | 0.05 | 2 | 0.09 | 1 | | 餐饮旅游 | 0.74 | 22 | 0.8 | 18 | 0.8 | 20 | 0.9 | 15 | 0.02 | 17 | 0.01 | 17 | 0.02 | 19 | 0.02 | 20 | | 家电 | 0.59 | 26 | 0.5 | 26 | 0.5 | 26 | 0.5 | 26 | 0.00 | 26 | 0 | 26 | 0.00 | 27 | 0.00 | 27 | | 纺织服装 | 0.78 | 20 | 0.8 | 20 | 0.9 | 15 | 0.9 | 16 | 0.03 | 12 | 0.02 | 14 | 0.03 | 15 | 0.02 | 19 | | 医药 | 0.84 | 16 | 1.0 | 10 | 1.0 | 10 | 1.0 | 9 | 0.01 | 24 | 0.01 | 23 | 0.01 | 24 | 0.01 | 25 | | 食品饮料 | 0.66 | 23 | 0.8 | 21 | 0.8 | 19 | 0.8 | 20 | 0.03 | 13 | 0.03 | 12 | 0.03 | 13 | 0.03 | 10 | | 农林牧渔 | 0.76 | 21 | 0.9 | 15 | 1.0 | 11 | 1.0 | 10 | 0.12 | 1 | 0.1 | 1 | 0.10 | 1 | 0.09 | 2 | | 银行 | 1.10 | 8 | 1.1 | 7 | 1.2 | 7 | 1.1 | 7 | 0.04 | 9 | 0.07 | 8 | 0.05 | 3 | 0.06 | 5 | | 非银行金融 | 1.35 | 6 | 1.0 | 12 | 0.9 | 13 | 0.7 | 22 | 0.01 | 25 | 0.01 | 25 | 0.00 | 23 | 0.01 | 23 | | 房地产 | 0.60 | 25 | 0.5 | 25 | 0.6 | 24 | 0.7 | 23 | 0.03 | 11 | 0.03 | 15 | 0.03 | 11 | 0.05 | 7 | | 交通运输 | 1.06 | 10 | 1.0 | 9 | 1.1 | 8 | 1.1 | 8 | 0.07 | 5 | 0.05 | 6 | 0.06 | 7 | 0.06 | 3 | | 电子元器件 | 2.38 | 1 | 1.8 | 3 | 1.6 | 4 | 1.6 | 3 | 0.01 | 20 | 0.02 | 19 | 0.02 | 18 | 0.02 | 15 | | 通信 | 0.83 | 17 | 0.7 | 23 | 0.6 | 23 | 0.6 | 25 | 0.03 | 14 | 0.01 | 20 | 0.02 | 21 | 0.01 | 22 | | 计算机 | 0.82 | 18 | 0.6 | 24 | 0.6 | 25 | 0.7 | 24 | 0.01 | 23 | 0.01 | 24 | 0.01 | 25 | 0.02 | 21 | | 传媒 | 0.65 | 24 | 0.8 | 22 | 0.7 | 22 | 0.9 | 17 | 0.00 | 27 | 0 | 27 | 0.00 | 26 | 0.01 | 26 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+计算2002-2017年各行业生产诱发度系数，从消费类最终需求角度来看可得如下结论：
+
+1. 消费类最终需求变动一单位对食品饮料业、电力及公用事业、农林牧渔业、基础化工业、交通运输业部门的生产诱发度最大，这与这些行业的生产特点与销售特点有关。食品饮料业、农林牧渔业等都是以消费为导向的行业，这些部门的最终需求结构中，消费占比都远高于资本形成占比。
+
+2. 从年度间变化来看，消费变动对食品饮料业生产诱发程度在逐渐提升，其排名由2002、2007年的第三名升至2012、2017年的第一名，而农林牧渔业由2002年的第一位降至2017年的第三位；消费对交通运输业的生产诱发程度在2002-2017年也稳步上升。除了排名靠前的几个行业，汽车、医药、房地产、传媒等行业的排名也在2002-2017年间逐渐上升，而机械、轻工制造、家电、纺织服装等行业的排名在逐渐下降。这些现象与近些年我国发生的消费结构和消费模式变化有关，汽车、医药、食品饮料等行业排名上升反映了我国正在发生的消费升级，消费主要支出中，生存型消费占比下降，即生活必需品占比逐渐下降，发展型和享受型消费占比上升，即人们更加愿意增加对医疗、高端消费品、媒体娱乐等方面的支出，追求更健康更有品质的生活；此外，**电子商务的快速发展同时促进了商贸零售、交通运输业（主要是物流）的生产，使得消费类需求对这两类行业的生产的诱发程度越来越强**。
+
+3. 消费一直是经济增长的“压舱石”，2018年最终消费对经济增长的贡献率达到72.6%，而且最终消费支出中升级类商品和服务类消费支出占比进一步扩大，成为消费稳定增长的动力。参考发达国家的经验，可以预见未来我国消费仍将保持平稳增长，消费对经济增长的拉动作用将不断增强，而从消费对各行业的生产诱发度来看，未来长期看好食品饮料、交通运输（主要是物流）、汽车、医药等行业的配置价值。
+
+图表26：2002~2017年各行业生产诱发度（消费）
+
+| - | 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 |
|---|
| 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 |
|---|
| 石油石化 | 0.08 | 12 | 0.14 | 5 | 0.15 | 5 | 0.08 | 11 | | 煤炭 | 0.03 | 17 | 0.04 | 19 | 0.05 | 18 | 0.03 | 20 | | 有色金属 | 0.03 | 21 | 0.06 | 15 | 0.05 | 16 | 0.04 | 19 | | 电力及公用事业 | 0.24 | 2 | 0.28 | 1 | 0.25 | 2 | 0.23 | 2 | | 钢铁 | 0.05 | 15 | 0.07 | 13 | 0.05 | 17 | 0.02 | 24 | | 基础化工 | 0.16 | 4 | 0.20 | 4 | 0.17 | 4 | 0.13 | 4 | | 建筑 | 0.02 | 25 | 0.01 | 26 | 0.01 | 27 | 0.00 | 27 | | 建材 | 0.02 | 24 | 0.02 | 25 | 0.02 | 25 | 0.01 | 25 | | 轻工制造 | 0.09 | 9 | 0.10 | 10 | 0.06 | 13 | 0.06 | 14 | | 机械 | 0.10 | 8 | 0.12 | 6 | 0.09 | 11 | 0.08 | 10 | | 电力设备 | 0.03 | 23 | 0.04 | 20 | 0.03 | 21 | 0.02 | 23 | | 汽车 | 0.03 | 16 | 0.05 | 16 | 0.06 | 14 | 0.06 | 13 | | 商贸零售 | 0.12 | 5 | 0.10 | 8 | 0.12 | 6 | 0.12 | 7 | | 餐饮旅游 | 0.08 | 10 | 0.09 | 11 | 0.07 | 12 | 0.07 | 12 | | 家电 | 0.03 | 22 | 0.03 | 22 | 0.02 | 24 | 0.01 | 26 | | 纺织服装 | 0.10 | 7 | 0.12 | 7 | 0.11 | 8 | 0.09 | 9 | | 医药 | 0.03 | 19 | 0.04 | 21 | 0.04 | 20 | 0.05 | 16 | | 食品饮料 | 0.16 | 3 | 0.24 | 3 | 0.27 | 1 | 0.25 | 1 | | 农林牧渔 | 0.29 | 1 | 0.25 | 2 | 0.25 | 3 | 0.21 | 3 | | 银行 | 0.06 | 13 | 0.07 | 14 | 0.10 | 10 | 0.09 | 8 | | 非银行金融 | 0.01 | 27 | 0.02 | 24 | 0.03 | 22 | 0.04 | 17 | | 房地产 | 0.08 | 11 | 0.07 | 12 | 0.10 | 9 | 0.12 | 6 | | 交通运输 | 0.10 | 6 | 0.10 | 9 | 0.11 | 7 | 0.13 | 5 | | 电子元器件 | 0.03 | 18 | 0.05 | 17 | 0.05 | 19 | 0.05 | 15 | | 通信 | 0.05 | 14 | 0.05 | 18 | 0.05 | 15 | 0.04 | 18 | | 计算机 | 0.03 | 20 | 0.02 | 23 | 0.02 | 23 | 0.02 | 21 | | 传媒 | 0.02 | 26 | 0.01 | 27 | 0.01 | 26 | 0.02 | 22 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+从资本形成类最终需求角度来看可得如下结论：
+
+1. 资本形成类最终需求变动一单位对建筑、机械、基础化工、钢铁部门的生产诱发度最大，上述4个行业常年排名在前五位，均是典型的重资产工业部门，其产品多形成固定资产，最终需求结构中，资本形成占比较高。因此，资本形成类最终需求变动对这些行业的诱发程度最高。
+
+2. 从年度间变化来看，建筑和机械的资本形成类最终需求生产诱发度一直维持在前两名，从其数值来看，建筑有先减小后增大的趋势，机械为先增大后减小；钢铁和基础化工的生产诱发度排名也较为稳定，二者交替为第三、四名，数值同样有先增大后减小趋势。说明我国长期以来重资产行业结构维持在较为稳定的状态，**但是除建筑业外，资本形成类最终需求对这些行业生产的诱发程度有下降趋势，反映出投资对经济的拉动作用在减弱**。自实行供给侧改革以来，去产能、调结构一直在推行，使基础设施投资不再保持过去的高速增长；经济转型期与后金融危机时代，内需疲软，制造业投资和民间投资增速不断放缓，投资对经济增长的贡献率不断降低（由2014年的46.9%降至2018年的32.4%）。**除了排名靠前的行业排名保持稳定，电子元器件、汽车的生产诱发度排名在2002-2017年不断上升，且其具体数值也在不断增大，从中或许可以反映出我国投资结构的优化，资本形成类最终需求对先进技术类行业的生产诱发度在不断提升**。
+
+3. 2018年全年投资稳趋缓，资本形成总额对GDP增长贡献率为32.4%，比上年略降。基础设施投资、民间投资和制造业投资增长乏力是投资增长趋缓的主要原因。随着国内供给侧改革的不断推进，投资结构的不断优化，**预计未来国内投资总量上将保持稳中趋缓态势，结构上或许将会更加促进电子元器件和汽车行业的生产**。
+
+图表27：2002~2017年各行业生产诱发度（资本形成）
+
+ | 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 |
|---|
| 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 |
|---|
| 石油石化 | 0.11 | 8 | 0.18 | 5 | 0.16 | 6 | 0.09 | 11 | | 煤炭 | 0.04 | 18 | 0.07 | 16 | 0.07 | 17 | 0.05 | 20 | | 有色金属 | 0.08 | 13 | 0.17 | 6 | 0.17 | 5 | 0.12 | 8 | | 电力及公用事业 | 0.09 | 12 | 0.14 | 9 | 0.11 | 10 | 0.08 | 14 | | 钢铁 | 0.23 | 4 | 0.33 | 3 | 0.29 | 3 | 0.16 | 4 | | 基础化工 | 0.25 | 3 | 0.28 | 4 | 0.26 | 4 | 0.21 | 3 | | 建筑 | 0.61 | 1 | 0.54 | 1 | 0.54 | 1 | 0.62 | 1 | | 建材 | 0.07 | 14 | 0.16 | 7 | 0.15 | 8 | 0.14 | 5 | | 轻工制造 | 0.10 | 10 | 0.11 | 12 | 0.08 | 16 | 0.07 | 15 | | 机械 | 0.40 | 2 | 0.46 | 2 | 0.38 | 2 | 0.29 | 2 | | 电力设备 | 0.07 | 15 | 0.12 | 11 | 0.09 | 13 | 0.07 | 16 | | 汽车 | 0.10 | 9 | 0.14 | 8 | 0.15 | 7 | 0.13 | 6 | | 商贸零售 | 0.13 | 5 | 0.08 | 14 | 0.10 | 11 | 0.13 | 7 | | 餐饮旅游 | 0.03 | 23 | 0.03 | 23 | 0.02 | 23 | 0.03 | 22 | | 家电 | 0.01 | 24 | 0.01 | 24 | 0.01 | 25 | 0.01 | 27 | | 纺织服装 | 0.03 | 21 | 0.04 | 21 | 0.04 | 21 | 0.03 | 23 | | 医药 | 0.01 | 26 | 0.01 | 25 | 0.01 | 24 | 0.02 | 24 | | 食品饮料 | 0.03 | 22 | 0.05 | 17 | 0.06 | 19 | 0.05 | 19 | | 农林牧渔 | 0.13 | 6 | 0.07 | 15 | 0.09 | 15 | 0.05 | 18 | | 银行 | 0.04 | 19 | 0.05 | 20 | 0.09 | 14 | 0.09 | 12 | | 非银行金融 | 0.01 | 25 | 0.01 | 26 | 0.01 | 26 | 0.01 | 26 | | 房地产 | 0.03 | 20 | 0.04 | 22 | 0.06 | 20 | 0.06 | 17 | | 交通运输 | 0.12 | 7 | 0.12 | 10 | 0.11 | 9 | 0.11 | 9 | | 电子元器件 | 0.06 | 17 | 0.09 | 13 | 0.09 | 12 | 0.10 | 10 | | 通信 | 0.09 | 11 | 0.05 | 19 | 0.04 | 22 | 0.04 | 21 | | 计算机 | 0.06 | 16 | 0.05 | 18 | 0.06 | 18 | 0.08 | 13 | | 传媒 | 0.00 | 27 | 0.00 | 27 | 0.00 | 27 | 0.01 | 25 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+从净出口类最终需求角度来看可得如下结论：
+
+1. 净出口类最终需求变动一单位对纺织服装、商贸零售、通信、轻工制造部门的生产诱发度最大，上述行业大多为出口导向型行业，其产品多用于出口，最终需求结构中，出口占比较高。在21世纪初我国加工贸易发展较快的时期，上述行业均为进行加工贸易的主要行业。还有一些行业的净出口类最终需求生产诱发度系数为负值，如石油石化、煤炭、钢铁、电子元器件等，说明这些行业的进口大于出口，其中，能源类行业主要是因为我国从国外大量进口自然资源如石油、铁矿石等，电子元器件等行业可能与来料加工需要大量进口国外中间产品有关。
+
+2. 从年度间变化来看，纺织服装和商贸零售的净出口类最终需求生产诱发度一直维持在前两名，从其数值来看，均经历了先在2002-2007年间减小，后在2007-2017年间增大的趋势，这可能与2008年金融危机对外需造成的冲击的影响有关，出口导向型行业在经历冲击后逐渐开始恢复发展。除了排名靠前的行业排名保持稳定，**通信、机械、电力设备的生产诱发度排名在2002-2017年不断上升，且其具体数值也在不断增大，或许可以反映出我国高端制造业产品在国外市场占有率的扩大，我国出口产品正由劳动密集型逐渐向资本密集型转变，反映了国内产业升级改革的成效**；餐饮旅游、家电、农林牧渔、食品饮料等行业的排名在2002-2017年间不断下降，其中餐饮旅游、食品饮料和农林牧渔业的生产诱发度系数甚至由正转负（进口大于出口），也符合国内消费升级的大背景。
+
+3. 2018年货物和服务净出口对国内生产总值增长贡献率为-8.6%，相比内需，外需对经济的支撑作用较小。在当前世界经济持续低迷，国际贸易增速放缓，同时中美间贸易摩擦不断，外部环境不确定性增加的情况下，预计未来我国进出口增速不会有较明显的提升，拉动经济增长的作用不会很大。
+
+图表28：2002~2017年各行业生产诱发度（净出口）
+
+ | 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 |
|---|
| 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 |
|---|
| 石油石化 | -0.50 | 25 | -0.43 | 27 | -2.26 | 27 | -1.59 | 27 | | 煤炭 | 0.01 | 16 | 0.04 | 17 | -0.18 | 22 | -0.16 | 19 | | 有色金属 | -0.21 | 22 | -0.08 | 25 | -0.81 | 26 | -0.75 | 26 | | 电力及公用事业 | -0.01 | 17 | 0.07 | 14 | -0.03 | 20 | -0.04 | 16 | | 钢铁 | -0.55 | 26 | 0.03 | 18 | -0.40 | 24 | -0.33 | 24 | | 基础化工 | -0.33 | 23 | 0.19 | 8 | 0.10 | 11 | -0.08 | 18 | | 建筑 | 0.03 | 14 | 0.01 | 21 | 0.05 | 14 | 0.02 | 13 | | 建材 | -0.02 | 19 | 0.08 | 13 | 0.18 | 10 | 0.18 | 10 | | 轻工制造 | 0.49 | 3 | 0.38 | 3 | 0.79 | 3 | 0.87 | 4 | | 机械 | -0.39 | 24 | 0.22 | 7 | 0.64 | 6 | 0.71 | 5 | | 电力设备 | 0.04 | 13 | 0.14 | 10 | 0.42 | 7 | 0.52 | 7 | | 汽车 | -0.09 | 21 | 0.01 | 22 | -0.19 | 23 | -0.22 | 20 | | 商贸零售 | 0.73 | 2 | 0.25 | 4 | 1.00 | 2 | 1.12 | 2 | | 餐饮旅游 | 0.16 | 9 | 0.04 | 16 | -0.01 | 18 | -0.24 | 21 | | 家电 | 0.38 | 4 | 0.19 | 9 | 0.19 | 9 | 0.22 | 9 | | 纺织服装 | 1.57 | 1 | 1.07 | 1 | 1.77 | 1 | 1.92 | 1 | | 医药 | 0.04 | 12 | 0.02 | 20 | 0.01 | 16 | -0.08 | 17 | | 食品饮料 | 0.20 | 8 | 0.10 | 12 | -0.01 | 17 | -0.27 | 23 | | 农林牧渔 | 0.27 | 7 | 0.13 | 11 | -0.05 | 21 | -0.24 | 22 | | 银行 | 0.06 | 11 | 0.06 | 15 | 0.09 | 12 | 0.05 | 12 | | 非银行金融 | -0.04 | 20 | 0.01 | 23 | 0.01 | 15 | -0.01 | 15 | | 房地产 | 0.02 | 15 | 0.02 | 19 | 0.07 | 13 | 0.11 | 11 | | 交通运输 | 0.36 | 5 | 0.24 | 6 | 0.29 | 8 | 0.30 | 8 | | 电子元器件 | -0.64 | 27 | -0.15 | 26 | -0.40 | 25 | -0.58 | 25 | | 通信 | 0.10 | 10 | 0.25 | 5 | 0.69 | 4 | 1.08 | 3 | | 计算机 | 0.28 | 6 | 0.38 | 2 | 0.66 | 5 | 0.69 | 6 | | 传媒 | -0.01 | 18 | 0.00 | 24 | -0.02 | 19 | 0.01 | 14 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+图表29：三大需求对GDP增长贡献率
+
+ | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | 2012 | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
|---|
| 最终消费支出对GDP增长贡献率(%) | 56.1 | 44.9 | 61.9 | 54.9 | 47 | 48.8 | 59.7 | 66.5 | 57.6 | 76.2 | | 资本形成总额对GDP增长贡献率(%) | 86.5 | 66.3 | 46.2 | 43.4 | 55.3 | 46.9 | 41.6 | 43.1 | 33.8 | 32.4 | | 货物和服务净出口对GDP增长贡献率(%) | -42.6 | -11.2 | -8.1 | 1.7 | -2.3 | 4.3 | -1.3 | -9.6 | 8.6 | -8.6 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+从APL系数来看，大多数产业间APL呈现先增长后下降的趋势，但是由于投入产出表在编制过程中采用的是当年生产者价格，因此不同年度的投入产出表计算得到的系数由于价格水平不同不可直接进行比较，较为精确的处理方法是利用价格平减指数将不同年份的投入产出表调整成可比价投入产出表，但是价格平减指数的获取以及调整过程都相对繁琐，因此在本报告中我们采用简化的归一方案，即将每一个部门计算得到的平均APL 系数都除以当年度所有部门平均APL系数的最大值，以此来尽可能降低不同年度价格因素对系数大小的影响（注意，下表中展示的仍然是原始值）。经过归一化处理后，仍然有大部分行业的前向APL、后向APL呈现出先增长后下降的趋势，**这反映出我国国民经济中各行业的联系更加紧密，这可能与产业分工进一步细化有关**。
+
+图表30：2002~2017年各行业APL系数
+
+ | 平均前向APL系数 | 平均后向APL系数 |
|---|
| 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 | 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 |
|---|
| 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 |
|---|
| 石油石化 | 3.75 | 2 | 4.38 | 3 | 4.63 | 1 | 4.11 | 2 | 3.54 | 1 | 4.04 | 2 | 4.20 | 1 | 3.81 | 1 | | 煤炭 | 3.24 | 9 | 4.21 | 4 | 4.25 | 4 | 3.88 | 4 | 2.89 | 22 | 3.33 | 19 | 3.31 | 20 | 3.13 | 20 | | 有色金属 | 3.79 | 1 | 4.46 | 1 | 4.49 | 2 | 4.30 | 1 | 3.42 | 5 | 3.62 | 12 | 4.02 | 3 | 3.75 | 3 | | 电力及公用事业 | 2.81 | 18 | 3.58 | 12 | 3.43 | 14 | 3.02 | 19 | 2.69 | 26 | 3.14 | 24 | 3.04 | 27 | 2.77 | 27 | | 钢铁 | 3.59 | 3 | 4.44 | 2 | 4.37 | 3 | 3.91 | 3 | 3.35 | 7 | 3.85 | 6 | 3.89 | 5 | 3.42 | 9 | | 基础化工 | 3.10 | 11 | 3.64 | 11 | 3.69 | 10 | 3.42 | 10 | 3.26 | 10 | 3.79 | 7 | 3.77 | 10 | 3.42 | 10 | | 建筑 | 2.90 | 12 | 3.25 | 18 | 3.05 | 23 | 3.00 | 21 | 3.01 | 19 | 3.48 | 17 | 3.43 | 18 | 3.04 | 22 | | 建材 | 2.86 | 15 | 3.35 | 14 | 3.32 | 19 | 3.05 | 17 | 3.02 | 17 | 3.54 | 15 | 3.49 | 17 | 3.21 | 17 | | 轻工制造 | 2.76 | 20 | 3.20 | 20 | 3.18 | 20 | 3.01 | 20 | 3.12 | 15 | 3.50 | 16 | 3.61 | 12 | 3.33 | 13 | | 机械 | 2.82 | 17 | 3.42 | 13 | 3.35 | 17 | 3.06 | 16 | 3.25 | 11 | 3.62 | 11 | 3.56 | 15 | 3.25 | 15 | | 电力设备 | 2.79 | 19 | 3.32 | 16 | 3.39 | 15 | 3.20 | 13 | 3.25 | 12 | 3.61 | 13 | 3.80 | 7 | 3.47 | 8 | | 汽车 | 3.21 | 10 | 3.79 | 9 | 3.95 | 7 | 3.76 | 7 | 0.00 | 2 | 0.00 | 4 | 0.00 | 8 | 0.00 | 5 | | 商贸零售 | 2.60 | 27 | 3.01 | 26 | 2.88 | 27 | 2.71 | 27 | 3.52 | 27 | 3.95 | 26 | 3.78 | 25 | 3.53 | 24 | | 餐饮旅游 | 2.66 | 25 | 3.03 | 25 | 3.05 | 22 | 2.86 | 23 | 2.68 | 18 | 3.04 | 20 | 3.09 | 16 | 3.00 | 16 | | 家电 | 2.74 | 21 | 3.22 | 19 | 3.51 | 12 | 3.34 | 12 | 3.02 | 6 | 3.32 | 10 | 3.56 | 14 | 3.22 | 12 | | 纺织服装 | 3.32 | 8 | 3.86 | 7 | 3.84 | 9 | 3.49 | 9 | 3.37 | 3 | 3.66 | 1 | 3.57 | 2 | 3.41 | 2 | | 医药 | 3.44 | 4 | 3.84 | 8 | 3.87 | 8 | 3.65 | 8 | 3.50 | 16 | 4.04 | 18 | 4.08 | 19 | 3.79 | 19 | | 食品饮料 | 3.35 | 7 | 3.65 | 10 | 3.64 | 11 | 3.34 | 11 | 3.06 | 9 | 3.43 | 8 | 3.39 | 11 | 3.18 | 11 | | 农林牧渔 | 3.38 | 6 | 4.03 | 6 | 4.03 | 6 | 3.83 | 5 | 3.27 | 13 | 3.72 | 9 | 3.71 | 9 | 3.41 | 14 | | 银行 | 2.70 | 23 | 2.99 | 27 | 2.96 | 25 | 2.80 | 25 | 3.21 | 25 | 3.68 | 25 | 3.78 | 26 | 3.31 | 26 | | 非银行金融 | 2.83 | 16 | 3.29 | 17 | 3.32 | 18 | 3.13 | 15 | 2.80 | 23 | 3.10 | 22 | 3.06 | 21 | 2.96 | 18 | | 房地产 | 2.89 | 14 | 3.04 | 23 | 3.35 | 16 | 3.13 | 14 | 2.85 | 24 | 3.20 | 27 | 3.27 | 24 | 3.20 | 21 | | 交通运输 | 2.67 | 24 | 3.04 | 22 | 3.01 | 24 | 2.78 | 26 | 2.80 | 20 | 2.96 | 21 | 3.14 | 22 | 3.08 | 25 | | 电子元器件 | 3.42 | 5 | 4.14 | 5 | 4.09 | 5 | 3.79 | 6 | 3.00 | 8 | 3.32 | 5 | 3.24 | 4 | 2.99 | 4 | | 通信 | 2.64 | 26 | 3.11 | 21 | 3.09 | 21 | 2.97 | 22 | 3.30 | 14 | 3.94 | 14 | 3.93 | 13 | 3.68 | 7 | | 计算机 | 2.90 | 13 | 3.33 | 15 | 3.45 | 13 | 3.04 | 18 | 3.18 | 4 | 3.55 | 3 | 3.58 | 6 | 3.50 | 6 | | 传媒 | 2.73 | 22 | 3.03 | 24 | 2.95 | 26 | 2.81 | 24 | 3.46 | 21 | 3.99 | 23 | 3.84 | 23 | 3.52 | 23 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+从行业上游度系数来看,其变化趋势与APL类似,也是先上升后下降,但进行归一化处理后(表中展示的仍然是原始值),可以发现大部分行业(煤炭、钢铁、电力设备、基础化工、商贸零售、餐饮旅游、医药、食品饮料、农林牧渔业、通信等)的上游度在2007年-2017年呈现波动上升趋势,少部分行业如非银行金融、电力及公用事业等呈现波动下降趋势。**这说明我国大多数行业的分工仍在不断细化,产业链仍然在不断加长**。
+
+图表31：2002~2017年各行业上游度系数
+
+ | 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 |
|---|
| 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 |
|---|
| 石油石化 | 4.79 | 2 | 6.53 | 1 | 6.06 | 1 | 5.27 | 1 | | 煤炭 | 3.32 | 7 | 5.06 | 5 | 4.87 | 4 | 4.42 | 5 | | 有色金属 | 4.63 | 3 | 5.67 | 3 | 5.32 | 2 | 5.25 | 2 | | 电力及公用事业 | 2.21 | 21 | 3.38 | 12 | 2.80 | 15 | 2.41 | 19 | | 钢铁 | 3.80 | 6 | 4.57 | 6 | 4.07 | 6 | 3.62 | 6 | | 基础化工 | 4.14 | 4 | 5.24 | 4 | 4.82 | 5 | 4.44 | 4 | | 建筑 | 1.16 | 27 | 1.08 | 27 | 1.14 | 27 | 1.07 | 27 | | 建材 | 2.67 | 16 | 2.88 | 18 | 2.73 | 17 | 2.53 | 18 | | 轻工制造 | 3.09 | 11 | 3.58 | 9 | 3.40 | 10 | 3.16 | 10 | | 机械 | 2.78 | 14 | 3.27 | 15 | 2.66 | 18 | 2.76 | 15 | | 电力设备 | 3.24 | 9 | 3.26 | 16 | 2.80 | 14 | 2.82 | 14 | | 汽车 | 3.00 | 12 | 2.92 | 17 | 2.28 | 22 | 2.32 | 21 | | 商贸零售 | 2.72 | 15 | 2.74 | 20 | 2.82 | 13 | 2.83 | 13 | | 餐饮旅游 | 2.19 | 22 | 2.78 | 19 | 2.55 | 20 | 2.66 | 16 | | 家电 | 1.77 | 25 | 1.73 | 26 | 1.60 | 26 | 1.68 | 26 | | 纺织服装 | 2.78 | 13 | 3.81 | 7 | 3.50 | 8 | 3.29 | 8 | | 医药 | 2.49 | 18 | 3.31 | 13 | 3.03 | 12 | 2.99 | 12 | | 食品饮料 | 2.00 | 23 | 2.67 | 21 | 2.62 | 19 | 2.34 | 20 | | 农林牧渔 | 2.35 | 20 | 3.39 | 11 | 3.26 | 11 | 3.09 | 11 | | 银行 | 3.29 | 8 | 3.73 | 8 | 3.63 | 7 | 3.37 | 7 | | 非银行金融 | 4.08 | 5 | 3.30 | 14 | 2.79 | 16 | 2.17 | 22 | | 房地产 | 1.75 | 26 | 1.84 | 25 | 1.87 | 25 | 2.13 | 23 | | 交通运输 | 3.10 | 10 | 3.53 | 10 | 3.49 | 9 | 3.21 | 9 | | 电子元器件 | 6.86 | 1 | 6.36 | 2 | 5.04 | 3 | 4.74 | 3 | | 通信 | 2.40 | 19 | 2.29 | 23 | 2.10 | 23 | 2.02 | 24 | | 计算机 | 2.51 | 17 | 2.20 | 24 | 1.94 | 24 | 1.97 | 25 | | 传媒 | 1.87 | 24 | 2.58 | 22 | 2.29 | 21 | 2.65 | 17 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+# 产业链上下游之间是否存在业绩或股价上的传导关系？
+
+前文中我们通过分析挖掘了石化、制造业、农林牧渔三条产业链，一个很自然的疑问是：
+沿着产业链上下游是否存在股价上的传导效应？为此，我们设计了如下验证思路：
+
+1. 从三条产业链出发，以每条产业链中包含的行业作为考察对象，研究每一对行业之间是否存在“先导-跟随”关系，具体方法为格兰杰因果检验和领先滞后回归分析，前者主要用于挖掘每一对行业之间是否存在统计意义上的因果关系，后者则用于确定最优的领先阶数。
+
+2. 格兰杰因果关系的定义如下：对于X、Y两个时间序列，若在包含了变量X、Y的过去信息的条件下，对变量Y的预测效果要优于只单独由Y的过去信息对Y进行的预测效果（即变量X有助于解释变量Y的将来变化），则认为变量X是引致变量Y的格兰杰原因。格兰杰因果检验的具体步骤如下：（1）、获取所有行业在考察区间内相比于行业等权基准的月度超额收益，验证数据是否平稳，数据必须平稳才能进行格兰杰检验；（2）、对任意一对行业，采用AIC准则确定最优阶数；（3）、通过F检验判断两个行业之间是否存在因果关系，显著性水平统一设定为5%。
+
+3. 领先滞后回归分析的步骤如下：假设A行业是B行业的格兰杰原因，则以A行业的月度超额收益率序列作为自变量X，以B行业的月度超额收益率序列作为因变量Y，将X滞后不同阶数（本文统一限定为1~12期）后对Y进行回归，根据回归系数P值最小来确定最优领先阶数，并记录最优阶数下回归方程的拟合优度。
+
+4. 获取所有满足格兰杰因果关系的行业配对，及其最优领先阶数后，可以基于先导行业发出多空信号，进而对跟随行业进行择时，以便更直观的考察领先滞后关系的效用。假设A是B的先导行业，且最优领先阶数为L：（1）、如果领先滞后回归显示回归系数为正，也即A对B有正向引导作用时，则第T期A行业有正向（负向）超额收益时，在T+L期做多（做空）B行业；（2）、如果回归显示A和B之间相关系数为负，则第T期A行业有正向（负向）超额收益时，在T+L期做空（做多）B行业。最后统计择时策略的胜率，累计超额收益来衡量模型表现。
+
+图表32：产业链股价传导现象研究流程
+
+
+
+资料来源：华泰证券研究所
+
+后文中，为了更客观的分析产业链上的股价传导现象，我们分别基于2005年至今、2010年至今、2014年至今三个区间进行分析对比，图表32~34分别展示了三条产业链的分析结果，其中每个表格都展示了三个分析区间内满足格兰杰因果关系的行业配对，对于三个区间内同时存在因果关系的行业配对已经高亮标注。结果表明：
+
+1. 总的来看,随着统计区间的改变,满足格兰杰因果关系的行业配对并不稳定,以石化产业链为例,全局统计(2005年至今)结果显示,建材和石油石化行业之间存在显著的因果关系,领先滞后回归R2在所有行业配对中排名第一,而后两个考察区间内建材和石油石化之间已经不存在因果关系。
+
+2. 每个产业链内部会存在一些相对稳定的因果传导关系,其中:石化产业链存在8对,包括轻工制造→交通运输、建筑→交通运输、电力及公用事业→轻工制造、建筑→石油石化、建筑→轻工制造、交通运输→电力及公用事业、基础化工→交通运输、家电→石油石化;制造业产业链存在5对,包含建筑→机械、建筑→计算机、基础化工→计算机、家电→电子元器件、基础化工→电力设备;农林牧渔产业链中仅包含1对稳定的关系,也即食品饮料→轻工制造。
+
+图表33: 石化产业链格兰杰因果检验结果
+
+| 起始时间 | 结束时间 | 格兰杰因 | 格兰杰果 | 最显著滞后阶数 | 回归系数 | P值 | R2 |
|---|
| 2005/1/1 | 2019/11/30 | 建材 | 石油石化 | 6 | 0.38 | 0.0% | 9.6% | | 电力及公用事业 | 建材 | 5 | 0.30 | 0.0% | 7.1% | | 轻工制造 | 交通运输 | 1 | 0.30 | 0.0% | 7.0% | | 建筑 | 交通运输 | 4 | 0.20 | 0.0% | 7.0% | | 电力及公用事业 | 轻工制造 | 5 | 0.24 | 0.1% | 6.0% | | 石油石化 | 电力及公用事业 | 4 | 0.17 | 0.1% | 5.7% | | 建筑 | 石油石化 | 6 | 0.21 | 0.3% | 4.9% | | 基础化工 | 电力及公用事业 | 3 | 0.23 | 0.4% | 4.8% | | 家电 | 医药 | 6 | 0.20 | 0.5% | 4.5% | | 建筑 | 轻工制造 | 1 | 0.13 | 1.0% | 3.7% | | 交通运输 | 轻工制造 | 5 | 0.17 | 1.3% | 3.5% | | 电力及公用事业 | 基础化工 | 6 | -0.17 | 1.6% | 3.4% | | 交通运输 | 电力及公用事业 | 2 | 0.16 | 1.8% | 3.2% | | 基础化工 | 交通运输 | 4 | -0.20 | 2.0% | 3.1% | | 建材 | 建筑 | 2 | -0.22 | 2.4% | 2.9% | | 家电 | 石油石化 | 7 | 0.17 | 4.3% | 2.4% | | 2010/1/1 | 2019/11/30 | 建筑 | 交通运输 | 6 | 0.25 | 0.0% | 11.3% | | 轻工制造 | 交通运输 | 1 | 0.35 | 0.1% | 9.4% | | 家电 | 石油石化 | 8 | 0.30 | 0.1% | 9.0% | | 电力及公用事业 | 基础化工 | 6 | -0.24 | 0.2% | 8.7% | | 交通运输 | 石油石化 | 1 | -0.32 | 0.1% | 8.6% | | 电力及公用事业 | 轻工制造 | 5 | 0.31 | 0.2% | 8.4% | | 石油石化 | 交通运输 | 1 | -0.25 | 0.2% | 7.9% | | 建筑 | 轻工制造 | 5 | 0.17 | 0.4% | 7.1% | | 基础化工 | 交通运输 | 5 | 0.39 | 0.5% | 6.9% | | 医药 | 建材 | 3 | 0.20 | 0.5% | 6.8% | | 医药 | 交通运输 | 5 | 0.23 | 0.8% | 6.2% | | 建筑 | 基础化工 | 1 | 0.12 | 1.2% | 5.3% | | 交通运输 | 电力及公用事业 | 2 | 0.18 | 1.9% | 4.7% | | 建筑 | 石油石化 | 5 | -0.18 | 2.1% | 4.7% | | 2014/1/1 | 2019/11/30 | 电力及公用事业 | 轻工制造 | 5 | 0.60 | 0.0% | 21.4% | | 家电 | 石油石化 | 8 | 0.50 | 0.0% | 21.1% | | 建筑 | 交通运输 | 6 | 0.30 | 0.0% | 21.1% | | 电力及公用事业 | 交通运输 | 6 | 0.60 | 0.0% | 19.7% | | 轻工制造 | 交通运输 | 1 | 0.38 | 0.2% | 13.8% | | 基础化工 | 交通运输 | 6 | -0.52 | 0.3% | 13.3% | | 建材 | 交通运输 | 2 | -0.55 | 0.3% | 12.5% | | 建筑 | 建材 | 2 | -0.14 | 0.3% | 12.3% | | 石油石化 | 交通运输 | 1 | -0.30 | 0.3% | 12.2% | | 建筑 | 轻工制造 | 5 | 0.21 | 0.6% | 11.0% | | 建材 | 基础化工 | 1 | -0.35 | 0.6% | 10.5% | | 建筑 | 基础化工 | 11 | 0.13 | 2.0% | 9.0% | | 建筑 | 石油石化 | 5 | -0.21 | 2.4% | 7.7% | | 交通运输 | 电力及公用事业 | 2 | 0.18 | 3.6% | 6.4% |
+
+资料来源: Wind, 华泰证券研究所
+
+图表34：制造业产业链格兰杰因果检验结果
+
+| 起始时间 | 结束时间 | 格兰杰因 | 格兰杰果 | 最显著滞后阶数 | 回归系数 | P值 | R2 |
|---|
| 2005/1/1 | 2019/11/30 | 电力设备 | 有色金属 | 7 | 0.45 | 0.0% | 8.7% | | 建筑 | 机械 | 5 | 0.16 | 0.1% | 6.4% | | 基础化工 | 煤炭 | 10 | -0.52 | 0.2% | 5.9% | | 通信 | 钢铁 | 6 | -0.24 | 0.3% | 5.1% | | 钢铁 | 基础化工 | 5 | 0.14 | 0.3% | 5.1% | | 基础化工 | 电力及公用事业 | 3 | 0.23 | 0.4% | 4.8% | | 通信 | 电力设备 | 1 | 0.17 | 0.4% | 4.6% | | 钢铁 | 通信 | 1 | 0.19 | 0.6% | 4.2% | | 建筑 | 计算机 | 4 | -0.26 | 0.7% | 4.2% | | 基础化工 | 计算机 | 3 | -0.39 | 0.8% | 4.0% | | 基础化工 | 电子元器件 | 3 | -0.32 | 0.8% | 3.9% | | 基础化工 | 汽车 | 5 | -0.20 | 0.9% | 3.9% | | 家电 | 电子元器件 | 1 | 0.24 | 0.9% | 3.8% | | 电力设备 | 基础化工 | 1 | -0.16 | 0.9% | 3.8% | | 建筑 | 电力设备 | 1 | 0.15 | 1.1% | 3.6% | | 电力设备 | 电子元器件 | 4 | 0.24 | 1.5% | 3.4% | | 汽车 | 煤炭 | 5 | 0.38 | 2.0% | 3.1% | | 钢铁 | 汽车 | 6 | -0.10 | 3.2% | 2.6% | | 基础化工 | 电力设备 | 6 | 0.19 | 4.3% | 2.4% | | 2010/1/1 | 2019/11/30 | 建筑 | 机械 | 5 | 0.22 | 0.0% | 12.9% | | 基础化工 | 机械 | 5 | -0.37 | 0.1% | 9.9% | | 汽车 | 汽车 | 9 | -0.30 | 0.1% | 9.4% | | 电力及公用事业 | 煤炭 | 11 | -0.54 | 0.1% | 9.1% | | 电力及公用事业 | 基础化工 | 6 | -0.24 | 0.2% | 8.7% | | 电力设备 | 计算机 | 10 | -0.59 | 0.3% | 7.8% | | 电力及公用事业 | 电力设备 | 11 | 0.26 | 0.4% | 7.6% | | 电力设备 | 机械 | 8 | 0.27 | 0.4% | 7.2% | | 建筑 | 计算机 | 4 | -0.32 | 0.5% | 6.6% | | 建筑 | 钢铁 | 11 | -0.23 | 0.8% | 6.5% | | 电力及公用事业 | 机械 | 2 | -0.25 | 0.6% | 6.4% | | 汽车 | 钢铁 | 5 | 0.41 | 0.7% | 6.4% | | 有色金属 | 机械 | 3 | 0.15 | 1.2% | 5.4% | | 建筑 | 基础化工 | 1 | 0.12 | 1.2% | 5.3% | | 汽车 | 机械 | 3 | 0.24 | 1.7% | 4.9% | | 基础化工 | 计算机 | 3 | -0.54 | 1.8% | 4.8% | | 家电 | 电子元器件 | 1 | 0.24 | 1.9% | 4.7% | | 基础化工 | 电力设备 | 1 | -0.25 | 2.0% | 4.6% | | 2014/1/1 | 2019/11/30 | 建筑 | 机械 | 5 | 0.24 | 0.0% | 19.9% | | 基础化工 | 机械 | 5 | -0.44 | 0.1% | 14.9% | | 家电 | 煤炭 | 8 | 0.53 | 0.2% | 14.2% | | 家电 | 钢铁 | 8 | 0.48 | 0.3% | 14.0% | | 电力设备 | 建筑 | 10 | 0.67 | 0.5% | 12.7% | | 电力及公用事业 | 机械 | 5 | 0.38 | 0.4% | 12.3% | | 基础化工 | 电力设备 | 1 | -0.40 | 0.3% | 12.3% | | 有色金属 | 计算机 | 5 | -0.61 | 0.5% | 11.9% | | 汽车 | 钢铁 | 5 | 0.70 | 0.5% | 11.7% | | 电力设备 | 计算机 | 3 | -0.75 | 0.4% | 11.7% | | 汽车 | 机械 | 5 | -0.41 | 0.6% | 11.2% | | 有色金属 | 通信 | 5 | -0.37 | 0.7% | 10.9% | | 汽车 | 煤炭 | 5 | 0.74 | 0.8% | 10.4% | | 计算机 | 钢铁 | 8 | -0.23 | 1.1% | 10.2% | | 汽车 | 汽车 | 3 | 0.31 | 1.0% | 9.6% | | 基础化工 | 计算机 | 1 | -0.79 | 0.9% | 9.6% | | 建筑 | 基础化工 | 11 | 0.13 | 2.0% | 9.0% | | 电力设备 | 机械 | 5 | -0.29 | 1.5% | 8.8% | | 建筑 | 计算机 | 1 | 0.33 | 1.8% | 7.9% | | 家电 | 电子元器件 | 1 | 0.28 | 3.7% | 6.2% |
+
+资料来源：Wind，华泰证券研究所
+
+图表35：农林牧渔产业链格兰杰因果检验结果
+
+| 起始时间 | 结束时间 | 格兰杰因 | 格兰杰果 | 最显著滞后阶数 | 回归系数 | P值 | R2 |
|---|
| 2005/1/1 | 2019/11/30 | 农林牧渔 | 轻工制造 | 5 | -0.23 | 0.0% | 6.9% | | 食品饮料 | 农林牧渔 | 9 | -0.19 | 0.1% | 5.9% | | 轻工制造 | 餐饮旅游 | 4 | 0.28 | 0.4% | 4.7% | | 餐饮旅游 | 纺织服装 | 9 | 0.18 | 0.6% | 4.5% | | 农林牧渔 | 餐饮旅游 | 9 | -0.24 | 0.7% | 4.3% | | 轻工制造 | 食品饮料 | 3 | 0.31 | 1.1% | 3.6% | | 纺织服装 | 农林牧渔 | 9 | 0.21 | 1.3% | 3.6% | | 食品饮料 | 轻工制造 | 12 | -0.12 | 1.6% | 3.5% | | 2010/1/1 | 2019/11/30 | 食品饮料 | 轻工制造 | 12 | -0.15 | 1.7% | 5.3% | | 食品饮料 | 纺织服装 | 1 | -0.11 | 1.6% | 4.9% | | 纺织服装 | 餐饮旅游 | 3 | -0.29 | 4.0% | 3.7% | | 2014/1/1 | 2019/11/30 | 农林牧渔 | 餐饮旅游 | 3 | -0.37 | 0.5% | 11.2% | | 食品饮料 | 轻工制造 | 12 | -0.21 | 1.6% | 9.7% | | 纺织服装 | 餐饮旅游 | 3 | -0.44 | 1.3% | 9.0% | | 食品饮料 | 纺织服装 | 1 | -0.15 | 2.9% | 6.8% | | 轻工制造 | 食品饮料 | 3 | 0.34 | 4.0% | 6.2% |
+
+资料来源：Wind，华泰证券研究所
+
+基于每条产业链中稳定存在的“先导→跟随”关系构建择时策略，结果显示，每条关系下，择时策略均有一定的超额表现，胜率最高的三条传导关系是：建筑→交通运输、基础化工→交通运输、家电→电子元器件。然而，虽然个别行业之间存在相对稳定的关联关系，但从整个产业链视角来看，上下游之间的关联关系并未让股价之间呈现出普遍、显著的联动。
+
+图表36：根据“先导-跟随”关系构建的择时策略表现
+
+| 产业链 | 格兰杰因 | 格兰杰果 | 最显著滞后阶数 | 回归系数 | P值 | R2 | 累计超额 | 信号次数 | 胜率 |
|---|
| 石化产业链 | 轻工制造 | 交通运输 | 1 | 0.30 | 0.0% | 7.0% | 116.7% | 179 | 60.8% | | 建筑 | 交通运输 | 4 | 0.20 | 0.0% | 7.0% | 156.7% | 176 | 68.8% | | 电力及公用事业 | 轻工制造 | 5 | 0.24 | 0.1% | 6.0% | 284.0% | 175 | 63.5% | | 建筑 | 石油石化 | 6 | 0.21 | 0.3% | 4.9% | 27.8% | 174 | 63.8% | | 建筑 | 轻工制造 | 1 | 0.13 | 1.0% | 3.7% | 27.1% | 179 | 58.2% | | 交通运输 | 电力及公用事业 | 2 | 0.16 | 1.8% | 3.2% | 39.6% | 178 | 59.6% | | 基础化工 | 交通运输 | 4 | -0.20 | 2.0% | 3.1% | 85.1% | 176 | 66.7% | | 家电 | 石油石化 | 7 | 0.17 | 4.3% | 2.4% | 61.1% | 173 | 63.6% | | 制造业产业链 | 建筑 | 机械 | 5 | 0.16 | 0.1% | 6.4% | 42.0% | 175 | 53.7% | | 建筑 | 计算机 | 4 | -0.26 | 0.7% | 4.2% | 272.5% | 176 | 53.8% | | 基础化工 | 计算机 | 3 | -0.39 | 0.8% | 4.0% | 396.5% | 177 | 55.3% | | 家电 | 电子元器件 | 1 | 0.24 | 0.9% | 3.8% | 389.5% | 179 | 64.1% | | 基础化工 | 电力设备 | 6 | 0.19 | 4.3% | 2.4% | 83.1% | 174 | 58.2% | | 农林牧渔产业链 | 食品饮料 | 轻工制造 | 12 | -0.12 | 1.6% | 3.5% | 99.2% | 168 | 55.3% |
+
+资料来源：Wind，华泰证券研究所
+
+总结全文，我们详细阐述了投入产出表的编制原理与分析思路，并提出了一套基于投入产出表定量挖掘产业链的方法，虽然无法简单的从产业链关联关系出发构建轮动策略，但对于中长期的行业配置提供了一些有价值的思路，未来我们考虑进一步细化行业分类（一级行业划分方式过于宽泛），构建更精细化、更贴近基本面和投资实操的产业链结构。
+
+风险提示：模型根据历史规律总结，历史规律可能失效。市场出现超预期波动，导致拥挤交易。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_24.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_24.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6ec574c8157482d9b2797e0efd91933336f9e35d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_24.md
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# Backup
+
+
+## 最小二乘法
+
+Suppose we measure $N$ values, $y_1, \dots, y_N$, assumed to be independent Gaussian random variables with
+
+$$
+E[y_i] = \lambda(x_i; \theta).
+$$
+
+Assume known values of the control variable $x_1, \dots, x_N$ and known variances
+
+$$
+V[y_i] = \sigma_i^2.
+$$
+
+We want to estimate $\theta$, i.e., fit the curve to the data points.
+
+The likelihood function is
+
+$$
+L(\theta) = \prod_{i=1}^{N} f(y_i; \theta) = \prod_{i=1}^{N} \frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma_i} \exp \left[ - \frac{(y_i - \lambda(x_i; \theta))^2}{2\sigma_i^2} \right]
+$$
+
+
+
+## 最小二乘法(2)
+
+The log-likelihood function is therefore
+
+$$
+\ln L(\theta) = -\frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \frac{(y_i - \lambda(x_i; \theta))^2}{\sigma_i^2} + \text{terms not depending on } \theta
+$$
+
+So maximizing the likelihood is equivalent to minimizing
+
+$$
+\chi^2(\theta) = \sum_{i=1}^{N} \frac{(y_i - \lambda(x_i; \theta))^2}{\sigma_i^2}
+$$
+
+Minimum defines the least squares (LS) estimator $\hat{\theta}$.
+
+Very often measurement errors are ~Gaussian and so ML and LS are essentially the same.
+
+Often minimize $\chi^2$ numerically (e.g. program **MINUIT**).
+
+## 相关测量的最小二乘法
+
+Covariance matrix $V$,
+
+$$
+\operatorname{cov}[y_i, y_j] = V_{ij} = \operatorname{E}[(y_i - y_i^{\exp})(y_j - y_j^{\exp})]
+$$
+
+If the $y_i$ follow a multivariate Gaussian, covariance matrix $V$,
+
+$$
+g(\vec{y}, \vec{\lambda}, V) = \frac{1}{(2\pi)^{N/2}|V|^{1/2}} \exp \left[ -\frac{1}{2}(\vec{y} - \vec{\lambda})^T V^{-1} (\vec{y} - \vec{\lambda}) \right]
+$$
+
+Then maximizing the likelihood is equivalent to minimizing
+
+$$
+\chi^2(\vec{\theta}) = \sum_{i,j=1}^{N} (y_i - \lambda(x_i; \vec{\theta})) (V^{-1})_{ij} (y_j - \lambda(x_j; \vec{\theta}))
+$$
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_25.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_25.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d0b9934e29178afeff84d695b35cb1d37baa2f21
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_25.md
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+**Statistics and Application** 统计学与应用, **2025, 14(12), 398-410**
+Published Online December 2025 in Hans. https://www.hanspub.org/journal/sa
+https://doi.org/10.12677/sa.2025.1412374
+
+Hans汉斯
+
+# 女性地位越高越幸福吗？
+
+**张天怡**
+
+重庆大学公共管理学院，重庆
+
+收稿日期：2025年11月26日；录用日期：2025年12月17日；发布日期：2025年12月29日
+
+
+
+## 摘要
+
+传统观念普遍认为，女性社会与家庭地位的提升必然带来幸福感的同步增长。但本研究基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据的实证分析揭示了更复杂的图景：女性地位提升确实能显著改善其主观幸福感，但这种效应存在显著的群体异质性——受教育程度较低的女性从地位提升中获得的幸福感增益反而更为明显。这一发现挑战了“教育正向促进幸福感”的线性认知，折射出当代社会幸福感生成机制的深层变迁。数据表明，随着经济社会发展，女性幸福感的构成要素已从单一物质满足转向多维价值实现。高教育群体在地位提升过程中，可能因职业竞争压力增大、工作家庭平衡难度提高等因素，部分抵消了地位提升带来的幸福感；而低教育群体则因社会参与机会扩大、经济自主能力增强等直接效应，获得更显著的主观福利改善。这种分化现象揭示，当代女性的幸福感内涵已扩展至自我实现、社会认同、发展机会等更高层次需求。研究结论为政策制定提供了重要启示：提升女性幸福感需构建“立体化”支持体系。一方面要持续推进性别平等制度建设，重点破解职场歧视、资源分配等结构性障碍；另一方面需针对不同群体特征设计差异化政策工具，如为高学历女性提供托育服务、弹性工作制度等支持，为低学历女性开展技能培训、创业扶持等赋能措施。唯有通过制度保障与精准施策的协同发力，才能真正满足女性对美好生活的多元化需求，实现幸福感提升的可持续性。这一发现也为全球性别平等实践提供了中国方案的独特视角。
+
+## 关键词
+
+幸福感，地位，教育
+
+
+
+# Does Higher Status for Women Make Them Happier?
+
+**Tianyi Zhang**
+
+School of Public Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing
+
+Received: November 26, 2025; accepted: December 17, 2025; published: December 29, 2025
+
+文章引用：张天怡. 女性地位越高越幸福吗？[J]. 统计学与应用, 2025, 14(12): 398-410. DOI: 10.12677/sa.2025.1412374
+
+## Abstract
+
+Traditional beliefs generally hold that the elevation of women's social and family status inevitably leads to a simultaneous increase in happiness. However, this study, based on empirical analysis of data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS), reveals a more complex picture: while the elevation of women's status does significantly improve their subjective well-being, this effect exhibits significant group heterogeneity—women with lower educational levels experience a more pronounced increase in happiness from status elevation. This finding challenges the linear perception that education positively promotes happiness and reflects the deep changes in the generation mechanism of happiness in contemporary society. The data indicate that with economic and social development, the components of women's happiness have shifted from a single material satisfaction to the realization of multidimensional values. In the process of status elevation, the highly educated group may partially offset the happiness brought by status elevation due to factors such as increased career competition pressure and difficulties in balancing work and family; whereas the low-educated group achieves more significant subjective welfare improvements due to direct effects such as expanded social participation opportunities and enhanced economic autonomy. This differentiation phenomenon reveals that the connotation of contemporary women's happiness has expanded to higher-level needs such as self-actualization, social identity, and development opportunities. The research conclusion provides important insights for policy formulation: enhancing women's happiness requires the construction of a "three-dimensional" support system. On the one hand, it is necessary to continuously promote the construction of gender equality systems, focusing on breaking structural barriers such as workplace discrimination and resource allocation; on the other hand, differentiated policy tools need to be designed according to different group characteristics, such as providing childcare services and flexible work systems for highly educated women, and carrying out empowerment measures such as skills training and entrepreneurial support for low-educated women. Only through the collaborative efforts of institutional guarantees and precise measures can the diverse needs of women for a better life be truly met, achieving sustainability in the enhancement of happiness. This discovery also provides a unique perspective of the Chinese approach to global gender equality practices.
+
+## Keywords
+
+Happiness, Status, Education
+
+
+
+Copyright © 2025 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
+This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
+http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
+
+
+
+## 1. 引言
+
+改革开放以来,我国在经济发展与社会建设领域书写了令世界惊叹的壮丽篇章。2010年,我国经济总量超越日本,跃居全球第二大经济体,彰显出强大的发展动能;至2019年,人均国民收入首次突破万元门槛,达到10,390美元,标志着我国正稳步向高收入国家行列迈进。与此同时,城乡发展差距持续缩小,融合发展态势愈发显著,居民生活品质实现了全方位提升。
+
+近年来,女性劳动者已然成为我国社会主义建设进程中的关键力量,在推动国家各项事业发展中发挥着不可或缺的作用。随着时代发展,女性的话语权显著增强,不仅在职场中担任重要岗位的比例持续上升,而且诸多职业领域因性别因素导致的薪酬差异也在逐步缩小。经济实力的提升,进一步优化了女性在社会与家庭中的地位。随着经济发展程度的持续深化与开放水平的稳步提升,自由先进的思潮如春风化雨般广泛传播,深刻影响着人们的认知框架,促使性别角色观念发生根本性嬗变,对传统性别观念形成有力冲击。这种经济社会结构的转型发展具有双重效应:一方面显著优化了女性在社会分工与家庭关系中的地位格局,另一方面推动社会大众在观念层面形成对女性权益保障的广泛共识。这种转变带来的积极影响深远而具体,不仅直接减少了家庭暴力等侵害女性权益的现象发生,更促使家庭资源向女童教育领域倾斜,形成代际传递的良性循环。这些多维度的改善最终汇聚成提升女性主观幸福感的强大合力,为构建性别平等的社会生态奠定坚实基础。
+
+与此同时,传统观念的顽固残留仍在不同程度上束缚着女性发展的脚步,甚至可能悄然拉大性别差距的鸿沟。诸如“男性当以事业为重,女性应以家庭为本”“事业再强不如嫁得风光”等陈腐观念,不仅过度强化了男性在家庭与社会结构中的主导地位,更将女性窄化为传宗接代与操持家务的工具。这种根植于文化基因的规范体系,通过代际传递与社会规训,持续塑造着人们对性别角色的刻板认知,导致许多女性在潜意识中形成自我设限的行为模式。当女性试图突破传统观念构筑的无形藩篱时,往往面临来自家庭、职场乃至社会的多重压力,这种持续的精神负荷与现实阻力,不可避免地对其主观幸福感产生消极影响,形成阻碍女性全面发展的深层桎梏。
+
+鉴于此,本文基于2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据(China Family Panel Studies,简称CFPS),考察女性地位的提高是否会提升其主观幸福感。
+
+## 2. 文献综述
+
+随着我国城镇化进程的加速深化,城市人口结构呈现出显著的异质化特征,传统以血缘、地缘为纽带的“熟人社会”逐渐解体,取而代之的是多元利益主体共生的新型城市生态。这种社会关系的重构导致“社会资本”的分布与作用机制发生根本性转变——当个体所拥有的社会网络资源、信任规范及互惠机制等社会资本要素无法匹配城市发展需求时,居民往往被迫调整甚至放弃原有发展目标,进而引发主观幸福感的结构性下降。
+
+Hagerty 与 Veenhoven (2003)的研究表明,以美国为代表的多个国家在国民收入增长的同时,国民幸福感也呈现同步提升态势[1]。关于个体幸福感的驱动机制,学界研究经历了从宏观社会变量到微观个体特征的范式转变。早期研究聚焦于社会宏观层面的影响因素,如收入水平、失业率、社会不平等程度及教育普及度等[2]。其中,Clark (1994)发现高教育群体主观幸福感相对较低的反常现象[3],而Stevenson (2008)则通过实证证实了教育对幸福感的正向促进作用[4]。
+
+随着研究深化,学者们开始系统考察微观个体特征变量对幸福感的影响机制,涵盖性别差异、健康状况、社会互动质量及年龄结构等维度[5][6]。Miret (2014)通过控制收入、年龄等混杂因素后证实,健康状况与主观幸福感存在显著正相关[7]。Lelkes (2005)则从社会融合视角指出,社会互动作为衡量社会排斥与福利状态的核心指标[8],其质量高低直接反映着Townsend (1979)提出的贫困定义内涵,进而对个体幸福感产生结构性影响[9]。这种研究视角的转换,为构建多维度幸福感分析框架提供了重要理论支撑。
+
+近年来,主观幸福感研究呈现三大聚焦方向:其一为纵向历时性变迁研究。徐映梅(2014)运用世界价值观调查(WVS)数据,揭示了21世纪以来中国居民主观幸福感呈总体上升态势[10],但伴随经济发展出现“收入-幸福”悖论现象——即收入增长与幸福感提升未呈现同步性。其二为横向群体差异性研究。李婷(2018)基于中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据,解析了不同世代群体的幸福感演变轨迹及影响因素[11];胡荣等(2021)通过中日韩三国跨体制比较,揭示了区域发展差异对居民幸福感的塑造作用及其作用机制[12]。其三为多维度影响因素研究,其中社会资本、经济条件、阶层认同、公共服务供给及社会公平性等成为核心分析变量。孙良顺等(2016)利用CGSS数据证实,个体相对社会经济地位感知与其幸福感呈显著正相关[13]。
+
+家庭场域的研究揭示了婚姻状态对幸福感的差异化影响:已婚群体幸福感显著高于单身群体,但单身者又优于分居、离异及丧偶群体[14]。这种差异源于婚姻关系对人类基本需求的满足功能,特别是成年期的依恋需求。基于英国家庭面板研究(BHPS)的纵向数据,Powdthavee (2009)证实了婚姻关系中存在显著的情绪溢出机制——配偶一方的生活满意度变化会通过情感传染途径显著影响另一方的主观幸福感,配偶的幸福感水平会通过情感传导机制提升个体幸福感,凸显家庭作为幸福感重要生成场所的特质[15]。
+
+基于既有研究积累,本研究采用2018年中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,重点考察女性社会地位提升对其主观幸福感的影响机制。通过构建包含个体特征、家庭结构、社会资本等多维变量的分析框架,试图揭示性别平等进程中的幸福感生成路径,为优化社会政策提供实证依据。
+
+## 3. 模型构建与变量说明
+
+### 3.1. 数据来源
+
+研究数据源自2018年CFPS 跨领域追踪调查,其采用“省-县/区-村/居-家庭”四级抽样框架,结合地理信息系统(GIS)技术实现空间抽样优化,最终获取包含53,287名个体、15,834个家庭及896个社区的三维动态数据库,有效反映我国社会经济发展梯度特征。2010年开展的CFPS 基线调查构建了具有全国代表性的微观数据库,其抽样框架涵盖25省162县的635个行政村,最终有效样本为14,798户家庭。该项目采用动态追踪设计,对基因成员进行双年度持续观测,2012~2020年间完成的五轮追踪调查显示,样本保留率呈稳定态势,平均响应率为79.1%,县域流失率控制在8%以内。由于CFPS 2018轮次数据存在部分核心指标缺失,本研究实施跨期数据融合方案:首先通过共同个体识别码将2018年数据与2016年成人、家庭及成员数据库进行1:1匹配,形成包含23,416个观测值的混合截面数据。针对内生性问题,采用2016年家庭数据库中政策冲击变量作为工具变量,经 Sargan 检验(p = 0.62)证实工具变量有效性后,实施IV-Probit 回归分析。
+
+### 3.2. 模型构建
+
+#### (一) 研究方法及思路
+
+本论文重点运用了理论与实际结合、标准探究与实验数据分析结合的研究方式,并辅以丰富的资料、表格等进行了阐述。本报告根据2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据(China Family Panel Studies,简称 CFPS)的截面数据,参考众多文献的做法,对女性的社会与家庭地位与其主观幸福感结合起来,并且控制了一系列控制变量,进而得出女性的地位越高女性主观幸福感越强的结论[16]。
+
+#### (二) 模型构建
+
+本研究旨在探讨女性地位与其主观幸福感之间的关联。在分析女性地位对主观幸福感的影响时,我们不仅仅依赖于直接的女性地位和幸福感数据进行简单的回归分析。女性主观幸福感是一个多维度的概念,它不仅与社会和家庭地位相关,还受到其他因素的影响。为了避免因遗漏关键变量而导致模型构建错误和得出不可靠的结论,我们参考了Alesina (2004)和 Hagerty (2003)等学者的研究。
+
+我们在模型中加入工作总收入(income)、工作收入满意度(incomesatis)以描述收入状况 Wages;加入年龄(age)、受教育年限(eduyear)和健康状况(health)来描述个人情况 Individual:加入是否拥有城镇户口(urban)和人际关系(relation)来描述样本的生活状况 Life。另外为尽量消除可能存在的异方差以及数据单位和数据量级不一的问题,我们对个别变量取对数,模型具体如下:
+
+$$
+happiness_i = \alpha_0 + \alpha_1 compare_i + \sum_{k=1}^{8} \lambda_k X_{ki} + \mu_i \quad (1)
+$$
+
+其中,happiness$_i$表示女性主观幸福感,compare$_i$表示女性地位,X$_{ki}$为相应的控制变量的值,$\mu_i$为随机误差项。
+
+### 3.3. 变量说明
+
+#### (一) 被解释变量
+
+本研究中,女性的主观幸福感是通过直接询问受访者“你觉得自己有多幸福?”来测量的。受访者需要在一个从0到10的数值范围内进行选择,其中0代表完全不幸福,而10代表极度幸福。因此,数值越大,表明个体感受到的幸福感越强烈。
+
+幸福感是指人类基于自身的满足感与安全感而主观产生的一系列欣喜与愉悦的情绪。幸福感受到许多复杂因素的影响,主要包括:经济因素如就业状况、收入水平等;社会因素如教育程度、婚姻质量等;人口因素如性别、年龄等;文化因素如价值观念等;心理因素个性特征对当前中国社会主要矛盾的转化具有深刻的幸福感研究启示。随着社会生产能力跃升至新台阶,民众需求结构已从生存型向发展型跃迁,具体表现为对公平发展机会、优质公共服务、精神文化富足等更高层次需求的追求。这种转变使得幸福感研究突破了传统经济学框架,成为衡量社会进步质量的核心指标。据 CFPS 数据显示,2018年城镇居民主观幸福感评分较2010年提升27%,但区域间差异扩大14个百分点,印证了不平衡发展对幸福感知的制约效应。
+
+因此,构建符合中国国情的幸福感评估体系具有双重意义:既是落实“以人民为中心”发展思想的实践要求,也为破解发展不平衡不充分问题提供微观证据。后续研究需重点关注数字化时代幸福感的代际差异、公共服务均等化对幸福感知的阈值效应等前沿命题。
+
+#### (二) 核心解释变量
+
+界定女性地位的内涵需从“性别群体”与“社会位序”两个维度展开。作为生物性别划分的人类亚群,“女性”具有共通的生理特征与社会属性,其群体构成呈现多元复杂的特征。而“地位”则指某领域内的重要性程度,数值越高表征相对位势越显著。
+
+中国绵延五千年的文明进程中,传统性别观念形成深刻的历史惯性。“男主外女主内”“学得好不如嫁得好”等观念,通过制度化规范强化了男性在公共领域的支配地位,同时将女性角色限定于家族延续与家庭服务。这种分工模式在农业社会具有效率合理性,却也造成了性别资源的结构性失衡。
+
+当代社会转型催生了性别秩序的范式革新。随着市场经济的发展,女性在科技、教育、政治等领域的参与度显著提升,其社会话语权呈现增强态势。基于此,本文构建“女性地位”(compare)作为核心解释变量,该指标通过职业竞争强度、决策参与度等维度综合测度,数值增大反映女性在公共领域承担压力的上升,侧面印证其社会地位的实质性提升。
+
+#### (三) 其他控制变量
+
+为缓解遗漏变量偏误,本文在基准模型中纳入以下女性个体特征控制变量:户籍身份:城镇户籍虚拟变量(urban=1,农村=0);经济状况:年收入的自然对数(income,单位:元);人力资本:受教育年限(eduyear,取值范围:0~22年);健康资本:五级量表测量的健康状况(health, 1=非常差,5=非常好);收入感知:五级李克特量表测度的收入满意度(incomesatis, 1=非常不满意,5=非常满意);社会资本:十级量表测度的人际关系质量(relation, 0=非常差,10=非常好);生命周期:年龄(age)及年龄平方项(age²)以捕捉非线性效应。
+
+推测拥有城镇户籍的女性较没能拥有城镇户籍的女性主观幸福感更强,女性收入越高越幸福,受教育年限对女性主观幸福感起着负向的作用,健康状况与人际关系越好越幸福,对自己的收入越满意越幸福。既有研究表明,家庭系统对个体主观福祉具有显著影响。参照王群勇等(2020)基于CFPS数据的实证分析,个体幸福感存在明显的家庭内部溢出效应。因此本文还引入了家庭对女性个体带来的幸福感(marriage, 1~5,值越大越幸福),是通过“您对您当前的‘婚姻/同居’生活有多满意?”问题进行测量的(表1)。
+
+**Table 1.** Control variables
+
+**表1.** 控制变量
+
+| 变量 | 含义 | 单位 |
|---|
| Wages | lnIncome | 年收入(对数处理) | 元 | | incomesatis | 对自己收入的满意度 | 1 | | Individual | age | 年龄 | 岁 | | age2 | 年龄 | 岁 | | eduyear | 受教育年限 | 年 | | health | 健康状况 | 1 | | Life | urban | 是否有城镇户籍 | 1 | | relation | 人际关系 | 1 |
+
+### 3.4. 描述性统计
+
+本文所用数据描述性统计如表2所示。
+
+**Table 2.** Descriptive statistics of variables
+
+**表2.** 变量描述性统计
+
+| Variable | N | Mean | Std. dev. | P50 | Min | Max |
|---|
| happiness | 2298 | 7.562 | 1.848 | 8 | 0 | 10 | | compare | 2298 | 2.010 | 0.575 | 2 | 1 | 3 | | lnIncome | 2266 | 10.116 | 0.946 | 10.309 | 0 | 12.628 | | incomesatis | 2298 | 3.3545 | 0.953 | 4 | 1 | 5 | | age | 2298 | 34.212 | 7.305 | 33 | 17 | 72 | | age2 | 2298 | 1223.8 | 556.042 | 1089 | 289 | 5184 | | eduyear | 2298 | 11.064 | 4.371 | 12 | 0 | 19 | | health | 2298 | 3.225 | 1.011 | 3 | 1 | 5 | | relation | 2298 | 6.976 | 1.673 | 7 | 0 | 10 |
+
+对文中核心变量展开描述性统计分析后发现：女性主观幸福感(happiness)指标的均值为7.56，中位数达8，这反映出样本群体中的女性普遍呈现出较高的幸福感知水平。在女性地位(compare)维度上，样本均值为2.01，中位数为2，该数据特征印证了我国女性社会地位较历史时期已取得显著提升，与当前经济社会发展进程中女性家庭与社会角色优化的现实趋势相契合。值得注意的是，样本中54.7%的女性居住于城市区域，这一比例与2018年国家统计局公布的城镇化率数据高度吻合，有效保障了研究样本的代表性。
+
+如表3所示，将数据按西部地区、中部地区、东部地区来分，表格内数据为其平均数。从中可以看出，西部地区的主观幸福感、受教育年限和女性地位都要略低于中部与东部地区，因此猜测地区可能对女性地位与其主观幸福感具有异质性。
+
+**Table 3.** Descriptive statistics for subregional variables
+**表 3.** 分地区变量描述性统计
+
+ | 西部地区 | 中部地区 | 东部地区 |
|---|
| N | 470 | 736 | 1092 | | happiness | 7.313 | 7.530 | 7.691 | | comepare | 2.006 | 2.011 | 2.010 | | eduyear | 10.481 | 10.785 | 11.502 |
+
+如表4是按照公式(1)进行回归的结果。在收入方面,绝对收入与幸福感之间的关系并不显著,而相对收入提高时,能显著提升幸福的概率。实证结果显示,相对收入的主观测度具有显著解释力。被访者对家庭经济地位的自我定位(1=远低于平均,5=远高于平均)每提升1个等级,其幸福感指数平均增加0.21个单位(p<0.05)。这种效应在控制绝对收入对数(β=0.13, p<0.1)后依然稳健,表明主观比较产生的心理效用超出单纯物质层面,印证了 Festinger 社会比较理论在家庭经济领域的适用性。
+
+**Table 4.** Regression results
+**表 4.** 回归结果
+
+| happiness | Coefficient | Std. err. | t | p > |t| |
|---|
| compare | 0.352*** | 0.059 | 6.00 | 0.000 | | lnIncome | 0.143 | 0.039 | 0.36 | 0.717 | | incomesatis | 0.172*** | 0.036 | 4.81 | 0.000 | | age | -0.068** | 0.029 | -2.36 | 0.018 | | age2 | 0.001** | 0.000 | 2.01 | 0.044 | | eduyear | 0.035*** | 0.010 | 3.41 | 0.001 | | health | 0.280*** | 0.340 | 8.23 | 0.000 | | urban | 0.169** | 0.080 | 2.12 | 0.034 | | relation | 0.474*** | 0.020 | 23.61 | 0.000 | | c | 2.873*** | 0.662 | 4.34 | 0.000 |
+
+注：\*\*\*、\*\*、\*分别表示在1%、5%、10%的统计水平下显著。
+
+## 4. 实证结果
+
+### 4.1. 基准回归
+
+表5展示了如公式(1)的回归结果,女性地位在1%的置信水平下为0.313,显著大于0。
+
+**Table 5.** Women's status and women's subjective well-being
+**表 5.** 女性地位与女性主观幸福感
+
+| 模型 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
|---|
| compare | 0.313***(0.067) | 0.333***(0.067) | 0.344***(0.066) | 0.352***(0.059) | | Wages | | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | Individual | | | 控制 | 控制 | | Life | | | | 控制 | | 常数项 | 6.934***(0.139) | 4.288***(0.456) | 4.834***(0.719) | 2.873***(0.662) |
+
+注：括号内为标准误，\*\*\*、\*\*、\*分别表示在1%、5%、10%的统计水平下显著。
+
+表3中的第2列,即模型(1)为不加任何控制变量的回归结果。这时compare 的系数为0.313,通过1%的显著性检验。说明,女性地位每提升一个指标,会使得女性主观幸福感提高31.3%。而模型(2)~(4)则为分别加入收入状况、个人状况、生活状况等控制变量后的回归结果,核心解释变量 compare 正的影响依然在1%的水平下显著,系数的绝对值待续略有增加。具体来说,在控制其他变量不变的情况下,女性地位每提升一个指标,会使得女性主观幸福感提高35.2%,进一步验证了模型的稳健性。
+
+### 4.2. 稳健性检验
+
+#### (一) 不同幸福感衡量方式
+
+在上文的基础上,分别改用女性对自己生活的满意度(satis)和对婚姻的满意度(marriage)衡量女性主观幸福感,对估计结果进行稳定性检验,表6展示了稳定性检验的结果。
+
+**Table 6.** Stability tests: different measures of well-being
+**表6.** 稳定性检验：不同幸福感衡量方式
+
+| 变量 | (1)satis | (2)satis | (3)marriage | (4)marriage |
|---|
| happiness | 0.194***(0.031) | 0.180***(0.031) | 0.199***(0.033) | 0.207***(0.033) | | 控制变量 | | 控制 | | 控制 | | 常数项 | 3.550***(0.066) | 1.822***(0.348) | 2.903***(0.070) | 2.303***(0.370) | | 样本数 | 2298 | 2298 | 2298 | 2298 |
+
+注：括号内为标准误，\*\*\*、\*\*、\*分别表示在1%、5%、10%的统计水平下显著。
+
+从中不难看出,无论采用哪种形式衡量女性主观幸福感,结果都是正向显著的,且替换后的回归系数基本在18%~20%左右。同时,考虑到女性的主观幸福感不仅来源于对生活的幸福感,得到结果如上表所示,女性对自己生活的满意度(satis)和对婚姻的满意度(marriage)影响程度低于绝对度量指标女性的主观幸福感(happiness)。
+
+#### (二) 不同女性地位衡量方式
+
+在构建衡量女性地位的指标体系时,改用女性主观地位(status)衡量女性地位,现对女性地位的不同体现进行讨论得到表7所示的结果。
+
+**Table 7.** Stability test: different measures of female status
+**表7.** 稳定性检验：不同女性地位衡量方式
+
+| 模型 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
|---|
| status | 0.425***(0.041) | 0.380***(0.042) | 0.344***(0.041) | 0.190***(0.037) | | Wages | | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | Individual | | | 控制 | 控制 | | Life | | | | 控制 | | 常数项 | 6.339***(0.123) | 4.588***(0.415) | 5.219***(0.694) | 3.616***(0.645) |
+
+注：括号内为标准误，\*\*\*、\*\*、\*分别表示在1%、5%、10%的统计水平下显著。
+
+表7中的第2列,即模型(1)为不加任何控制变量的回归结果。这时status的系数为0.425,通过1%的显著性检验。说明女性地位每提升一个指标,会使得女性主观幸福感提高42.5%。而模型(2)~(4)则为分别加入收入状况、个人状况、生活状况、省份等控制变量后的回归结果,正的影响依然在1%的水平下显著,系数的绝对值待续略有下降。具体来说,在控制其他变量不变的情况下,女性地位每提升一个指标,会使得女性主观幸福感提高19%,与社会地位(compare)作为指标衡量女性地位所得结果方向一致,进一步说明女性地位提高会使得女性主观幸福感得到增加。
+
+#### (三) 交互项作用全样本回归结果
+
+表8包含了女性地位(compare)与各个控制变量交互项的全样本回归数据,目的在于深入探讨女性地位对女性主观幸福感的效应。
+
+**Table 8.** Full sample regression results for interaction effects
+**表8.** 交互性作用全样本回归结果
+
+ | (1)happiness | (2)happiness | (3)happiness | (4)happiness |
|---|
| compare | 0.815(0.627) | 0.359*(0.202) | -0.059(0.271) | 0.134(0.135) | | lnIncome | 0.108(0.132) | 0.014(0.039) | 0.014(0.039) | 0.015(0.039) | | lnIncome * compare | -0.045(0.061) | | | | | incomesatis | 0.171***(0.358) | 0.176(0.121) | 0.170***(0.036) | 0.170***(0.036) | | incomesatis * compare | | -0.002(0.058) | | | | age | -0.066**(0.029) | -0.068**(0.029) | -0.086***(0.031) | -0.059**(0.029) | | age * compare | | | 0.012(0.008) | | | age2 | 0.001*(0.000) | 0.001**(0.000) | 0.001*(0.000) | 0.000(0.000) | | age2 * compare | | | | 0.000*(0.000) | | eduyear | 0.034***(0.010) | 0.035***(0.010) | 0.035***(0.010) | 0.035***(0.010) | | health | 0.280***(0.034) | 0.280***(0.034) | 0.280***(0.034) | 0.280***(0.080) | | urban | 0.170**(0.080) | 0.169**(0.080) | 0.473**(0.080) | 0.168**(0.080) | | relation | 0.474***(0.020) | 0.474***(0.020) | 0.473***(0.020) | 0.473***(0.020) | | c | 1.890(1.481) | 2.858***(0.769) | 3.611***(0.815) | 3.165***(0.681) | | 样本量 | 2298 | 2298 | 2298 | 2298 | | F-statistic | 88.615 | 88.539 | 88.874 | 88.984 | | (5)happiness | (6)happiness | (7)happiness | (8)happiness | | compare | 0.502***(0.160) | 0.625***(0.188) | 0.381***(0.077) | 0.384(0.253) | | lnIncome | 0.014(0.039) | 0.015(0.039) | 0.016(0.039) | 0.014(0.039) | | incomesatis | 0.171***(0.036) | 0.173***(0.036) | 0.171***(0.036) | 0.172***(0.036) | | age | -0.065**(0.029) | -0.066**(0.029) | -0.068**(0.029) | -0.068**(0.029) | | age2 | 0.001*(0.000) | 0.001*(0.000) | 0.001**(0.000) | 0.001**(0.000) | | eduyear | 0.062**(0.028) | 0.036*(0.010) | 0.035***(0.10) | 0.035***(0.010) | | edu * compare | -0.013(0.013) | | | | | health | 0.278***(0.034) | 0.454***(0.119) | 0.279***(0.034) | 0.280***(0.034) | | health * compare | | -0.084(0.057) | | | | urban | 0.165**(0.80) | 0.165**(0.080) | 0.307(0.117) | 0.168**(0.074) | | urban * compare | | | -0.069(0.117) | | | relation | 0.473***(0.020) | 0.493***(0.20) | 0.473***(0.020) | 0.483***(0.074) | | relation * compare | | | | -0.005(0.035) | | c | 2.535***(0.741) | 2.284***(0.766) | 2.813***(0.669) | 2.805***(0.843) | | 样本量 | 2298 | 2298 | 2298 | 2298 | | F-statistic | 88.681 | 88.862 | 88.588 | 88.541 |
+
+注：括号内为标准误，\*\*\*、\*\*、\*分别表示在1%、5%、10%的统计水平下显著。
+
+如上表所示，交互项作用全样本结果都不显著，说明这些变量之间没有内在联系，说明模型不存在严重的内生性，进一步证明了模型的稳健。
+
+### 4.3. 内生性检验
+
+为了说明，这里假定疑似只有一个内生变量：
+
+$$
+happiness_i = \alpha_0 + \alpha_1 compare_i + \sum_{k=1}^{8} \lambda_k X_{ki} + \mu_i \quad (2)
+$$
+
+为了检验公式(1)是否存在内生性,这里用 OLS 估计 eduyearᵢ 的约简型,其中 controlᵢ 是表 1 控制变量中除 eduyearᵢ 以外余下的控制变量, eduᵢ 和 employmentᵢ 是公式(1)中未出现的。
+
+$$
+eduyear_i = \pi_0 + \pi_1 \text{compare}_i + \pi_2 \text{control}_i + \pi_3 \text{edu}_i + \pi_4 \text{employment}_i + \mu_{5i} \quad (3)
+$$
+
+可以获得约简型残差 $\hat{e}_i$，因此本文用 OLS 估计，其中，$\mu_{4i} = \delta_1\mu_{5i} + \hat{e}_i$。
+
+$$
+\text{happiness}_i = \text{compare}_i + \text{control}_{1i} + \delta_1 \mu_{5i} + \hat{e}_i \quad (4)
+$$
+
+并用 t 统计量检验 $H_0: \delta_1 = 0$。结果显示 $t = -0.52, p = 0.212$, 接受原假设, 认为 $\delta_1 = 0$, 可以认为模型没有内生性。
+
+### 4.4. 异质性分析
+
+#### 教育水平
+
+通过教育分层检验发现,女性地位对幸福感的影响存在显著的教育异质性。采用有序 Probit 模型的分样本回归(表 9)显示:1)基础教育组(小学及以下)中,女性地位每提升 1 个单位,幸福感概率比提高 26.7%(OR = 1.267, p<0.01);2)而在高等教育组(高中及以上),该效应降至 14.2%(OR = 1.142, p<0.05)。这种差异可能源于高教育群体具有更复杂的社会比较框架,使得客观地位指标与主观幸福感的关联被稀释。
+
+**Table 9.** Heterogeneity analysis: education level
+**表9.** 异质性分析：教育水平
+
+ | 小学及以下(1) | 初中(2) | 高中及以上(3) |
|---|
| compare | 0.476***(0.086) | 0.390**(0.044) | 0.304**(0.044) | | 控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | N | 362 | 686 | 1250 |
+
+注：括号内为标准误，\*\*\*、\*\*、\*分别表示在1%、5%、10%的统计水平下显著。
+
+通过教育分层检验发现,女性地位对幸福感的影响存在显著的教育异质性。采用有序 Probit 模型的分样本回归(表 10)显示:1)东部地区中,女性地位每提升1个单位,幸福感概率比提高具有较为强烈的显著性;2)而在中部地区与西部地区,女性地位提升所带来的幸福感增益没有明显联系。这种差异可能源于地区之间文化不同所引起的回归结果不显著。
+
+**Table 10.** Heterogeneity analysis: region
+**表10.** 异质性分析：地区
+
+ | 东部地区(1) | 中部地区(2) | 西部地区(3) |
|---|
| compare | 0.364***(0.060) | 0.348(0.018) | 0.332(0.018) | | 控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | N | 1092 | 736 | 470 |
+
+注：括号内为标准误，\*\*\*、\*\*、\*分别表示在1%、5%、10%的统计水平下显著。
\ No newline at end of file
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+Artificial Intelligence and Robotics Research 人工智能与机器人研究, 2026, 15(1), 188-196
+Published Online January 2026 in Hans. https://www.hanspub.org/journal/airr
+https://doi.org/10.12677/airr.2026.151019
+
+Hans汉斯
+
+# 基于智能优化算法的求解电路方程对比研究
+
+**高薪越, 宋甜甜, 郑步京, 钱汤亮, 朱洋辰, 丁超, 孔维宾***
+
+盐城工学院信息工程学院, 江苏 盐城
+
+收稿日期: 2025年12月8日; 录用日期: 2025年12月31日; 发布日期: 2026年1月9日
+
+
+
+## 摘要
+
+针对电路方程组求解难度大的问题，通过引入优化算法求解电路方程，可应用于更为复杂的电路计算。本文将线性电路方程转化为优化问题，为复杂电路计算提供高效解决方案。选取灰狼优化算法、白骨顶鸡优化算法和蜣螂优化算法三种典型智能优化算法，系统对比分析其在电路方程求解中的性能表现。通过建立电路方程模型，结合电路图进行数值验证。
+
+## 关键词
+
+电路，线性方程组，智能优化算法
+
+
+
+# Comparative Study on Solving Circuit Equations Based on Intelligent Optimization Algorithms
+
+**Xinyue Gao, Tiantian Song, Bujing Zheng, Tangliang Qian, Yangchen Zhu, Chao Ding, Weibin Kong***
+
+School of Information Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng Jiangsu
+
+Received: December 8, 2025; accepted: December 31, 2025; published: January 9, 2026
+
+
+
+## Abstract
+
+To address the difficulty of solving circuit equation systems, introducing optimization algorithms to solve circuit equations can be applied to more complex circuit calculations. This article transforms linear circuit equations into optimization problems, providing efficient solutions for complex circuit calculations. Select three typical intelligent optimization algorithms: Grey Wolf Optimization Algorithm, White Bone Top Chicken Optimization Algorithm, and Beetle Optimization Algorithm,and systematically compare and analyze their performance in solving circuit equations. By establishing circuit equation models and combining them with circuit diagrams, numerical verification can be performed.
+
+*通讯作者。
+
+文章引用: 高薪越, 宋甜甜, 郑步京, 钱汤亮, 朱洋辰, 丁超, 孔维宾. 基于智能优化算法的求解电路方程对比研究[J].
+人工智能与机器人研究, 2026, 15(1): 188-196. DOI: 10.12677/airr.2026.151019
+
+## Keywords
+
+**Circuit Analysis, Linear Equation System, Intelligent Optimization Algorithm**
+
+
+
+Copyright © 2026 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
+This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
+http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
+
+
+
+## 1. 引言
+
+电路分析的核心是通过建立元件间的电压与电流关系，将电路问题转化为线性或非线性方程组的求解问题[1]。高效、精准地求解电路方程组不仅在电力电子、通信工程和自动控制等领域具有重要理论价值，也对电路设计、性能评估与系统仿真提供关键支撑。传统求解方法主要包括精确法和迭代法[2] [3]，尽管此类方法在局部收敛性和计算效率方面已形成较为成熟的理论体系并得到了广泛应用，但仍存在对初始值高度敏感、易陷入局部最优解以及难以全面获取方程组全部可行解等局限性[4]。
+
+近年来，智能优化算法凭借其结构简洁、参数依赖性低及全局搜索能力强等特点，在非线性方程组求解领域展现出相较于传统数值方法更为突出的优势[5]。欧阳艾嘉等[6]将 Hooke-Jeeves 方法与粒子群优化算法相结合，提出混合粒子群算法，实现了全局搜索与局部优化的协同作用，显著提升了求解精度。赵世杰等[7]则通过引入基于邻域交叉的双变异差分进化算法，在增强种群多样性和个体差异性的基础上，实现了非线性方程组多根的高效同步求解；汪继文等[8]将差分进化算法中的变异算子融入人工蜂群算法，有效提升了算法的收敛速度与求解精度。因此，引入智能优化算法能够在保证全局搜索能力的同时，有效提升电路方程求解的精度与效率。
+
+针对上述问题，本文将线性电路方程转化为优化问题，并选取灰狼优化算法[9]、白骨顶鸡优化算法[10]和蜣螂优化算法[11]三种典型智能优化算法作为研究对象，对其在电路方程求解中的性能进行系统对比分析。通过揭示不同算法在全局搜索能力与求解稳定性方面的差异，为智能优化算法在电路分析与电路设计领域的应用提供可行路径与理论参考。
+
+## 2. 理论基础
+
+### 2.1. 线性方程组
+
+电路分析的本质是建立节点电压与支路电流之间的平衡关系。基于基尔霍夫电流定律(KCL)、基尔霍夫电压定律(KVL)以及各类电学元件的伏安特性，任意电路均可形式化为如下联立代数方程组：
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+f_1(x_1,\dots,x_n)=0 \\
+f_2(x_1,\dots,x_n)=0 \\
+\quad\quad\quad\vdots \\
+f_m(x_1,\dots,x_n)=0
+\end{cases} \tag{1}
+$$
+
+其中，$x = [x_1, \cdots, x_n]^T$ 表示节点电压或支路电流，m 为方程个数，n 为待求变量数。
+
+利用优化算法求解线性方程组,需要将线性方程组的求解问题转化为求解目标函数的最小值:
+
+$$
+\max \mathfrak{R} = \sum_{i=1}^{m} f_i^2(x) \tag{2}
+$$
+
+### 2.2. 灰狼优化算法
+
+灰狼优化算法(Grey Wolf Optimization, GWO)的灵感来源于自然界中灰狼的等级制度以及狩猎行为。算法中通常将当前的最优解视为狼群中的最高等级个体α，次优解狼群等级从高到低依次为β, δ, ω。
+狼群捕猎主要包括勘探猎物、包围猎物和攻击猎物3个步骤。其数学模型为：
+
+$$
+D = |C \times X_{\text{prey}}(t) - X(t)| \tag{3}
+$$
+
+$$
+X(t+1) = X_{\text{prey}}(t) - A \times D \tag{4}
+$$
+
+式中：D 是距离参数；$X_{prey}(t)$ 为灰狼经过第 t 次迭代后所得出的猎物当前所在位置；$X(t)$ 为灰狼个体第 t 次迭代所处位置，即算法的局部最优解位置；A 和 C 为勘探猎物中的随机数，其数学模型为：
+
+$$
+A = 2 \times a \times r_1 - a \tag{5}
+$$
+
+$$
+C = 2 \times r_2 \tag{6}
+$$
+
+式中：
+
+$$
+a = 2 - \frac{2t}{T_{\max}} \tag{7}
+$$
+
+收敛算子 a 从 2 线性递减到 0；t 为当前迭代次数，$T_{max}$ 为种群的最大迭代次数；$r_1$ 和 $r_2$ 为区间 $[0,1]$ 中的随机数。
+
+灰狼种群包围猎物的数学模型为：
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} D_{\alpha} = |C_1 \times X_{\alpha}(t) - X(t)| \\ D_{\beta} = |C_2 \times X_{\beta}(t) - X(t)| \\ D_{\delta} = |C_3 \times X_{\delta}(t) - X(t)| \end{cases} \tag{8}
+$$
+
+式中：α, β 和 δ 狼与其他狼的距离由 $D_α, D_β$ 和 $D_δ$ 表示；$X(t)$ 为当前灰狼个体的位置，$X_α(t), X_β(t)$ 和 $X_δ(t)$ 代表 α, β 和 δ 狼的当前位置。
+
+攻击猎物阶段，ω 狼朝前 3 个潜在解 α 狼、β 狼和 δ 狼移动，攻击猎物，更新位置，其数学模型为：
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} X_1 = X_{\alpha}(t) - A_1 \times D_{\alpha} \\ X_2 = X_{\beta}(t) - A_2 \times D_{\beta} \\ X_3 = X_{\delta}(T) - A_3 \times D_{\delta} \end{cases} \tag 9
+$$
+
+$$
+X(t+1) = \frac{X_1 + X_2 + X_3}{3} \tag {10}
+$$
+
+### 2.3. 白骨顶鸡优化算法
+
+白骨顶优化算法(COOT)的灵感源自白骨顶鸡在水面的自然运动与群体协作行为。算法中，白骨顶种群分为领导者(leader)与普通个体(coot)两类，领导者作为种群中的优势个体，负责指引群体朝向最优目标(食物源)前进。算法具体模拟了四种典型移动模式：个体随机移动以探索未知区域、链式移动实现群体协同靠拢、普通个体跟随领导者调整位置、领导者主导的最优区域导向运动，算法通过在上述四种模式之间进行动态切换，实现全局探索与局部开发能力的有效平衡。COOT 使用区间(0,1)中的随机数初始化种群位置,数学表达式如下所示:
+
+$$
+Cootpos(i) = rand(1, D) \cdot (ub - lb) + lb \tag {11}
+$$
+
+式中, Cootpos(i) 是第 i 只白骨顶鸡的位置, i∈[1, N]; N 为种群的数量; D 是问题的维度; ub, lb 分别是搜索空间的上限和下限。
+
+生成初始种群位置之后,计算个体适应度,并随机选择种群数量 1/10 的个体作为群体领导者。然后,群体基于以下4种移动方式更新位置:随机移动、链式移动、跟随领导者移动和领导者移动。
+
+首先使用公式(2)生成随机位置Q,然后通过公式(3)进行随机移动:
+
+$$
+Q = rand(1, D) \cdot (ub - lb) + lb \tag {12}
+$$
+
+$$
+Cootpos(i) = Cootpos(i) + A \cdot R_2 \cdot (Q - Cootpos(i)) \tag {13}
+$$
+
+式中, $R_2$ 是区间[0,1]中的随机数; A 随迭代次数的增加由 1 线性递减到 0, A 的计算公式为:
+
+$$
+A = 1 - \frac{t}{T_{\max}} \tag {14}
+$$
+
+式中, $T_{\max}$ 是最大迭代次数; t 是当前迭代次数。
+
+链式移动使用两只白骨顶鸡的位置计算平均值,其数学表达式如下所示:
+
+$$
+Cootpos(i) = \frac{1}{2}(Cootpos(i-1) + Cootpos(i)) \tag {15}
+$$
+
+式中, Cootpos(i-1) 是前一只白骨顶鸡的位置。
+
+白骨顶鸡个体根据群体领导者更新它们的位置,逐渐靠近领导者。根据如下来选择领导者:
+
+$$
+K = 1 + \bigl(i \;\text{MOD}\; N_L\bigr)\tag {16}
+$$
+
+式中, K 表示选定的第 K 个领导者; $N_L$ 是领导者的数量, 设置为种群数量的 1/10; MOD 为求余函数。
+
+跟随领导者移动的数学表达式如下所示:
+
+$$
+Cootpos(i) = LeaderPos(K) + 2 \cdot R_1 \cos(2R\pi) \cdot (LeaderPos(K) - Cootpos(i)) \tag {17}
+$$
+
+式中, LeaderPos(K) 是选定的领导者位置; $R_1$ 是区间[0,1]中的随机数; R 是区间[-1,1]中的随机数。
+
+领导者向当前最优的邻域移动,通过如下公式实现:
+
+$$
+LeaderPos(i) =
+\begin{cases}
+B \cdot R_3 \cdot \cos(2R\pi) \cdot \bigl(g\text{Best} - \text{LeaderPos}(i)\bigr) + g_{Best}, & \text{if } R_4 < 0.5 \\
+B \cdot R_3 \cdot \cos(2R\pi) \cdot \bigl(g\text{Best} - \text{LeaderPos}(i)\bigr) - g_{Best}, & \text{otherwise}
+\end{cases}\tag {18}
+$$
+
+式中, $g_{\text{Best}}$ 是当前最优位置; $R_3$ 和 $R_4$ 是区间[0,1]中的随机数; B 随迭代次数的增加由 2 线性递减到 1, B 的计算公式如下:
+
+$$
+B = 2 - \frac{t}{T_{\max}} \tag {19}
+$$
+
+### 2.4. 蜣螂算法
+
+蜣螂在将粪球滚回巢穴的过程中表现出高度适应性的导航行为。研究表明，其能够利用太阳光、月光等天体线索维持滚动路径的直线性；然而在夜间光照不足的情况下，导航精度会显著下降，导致运动轨迹出现弯曲甚至偏离直线。为应对环境干扰，蜣螂通常会爬至粪球顶部进行短暂的“定向行为”，以重新获取外界线索并校正滚动方向。
+
+基于蜣螂的滚动行为与方向校正机制，蜣螂优化算法构建了相应的搜索策略模型。算法将蜣螂的移动过程抽象为搜索空间中的位置迭代，并将光源强度视为影响导航精度的重要环境变量，以模拟蜣螂在不同光照条件下的方向选择与路径修正机制。其位置更新模型如下式所示。
+
+$$
+x_i(t+1) = x_i(t) + \alpha \times k \times x_i(t-1) + b \times |x_i(t) - X^p| \tag {18}
+$$
+
+其中, $x_i(t+1)$ 表示第 $i$ 个个体在第 $t$ 次迭代时的位置, $k \in (0,0.2]$ 是偏转系数, $b \in (0,1)$ 为自然系数, $\alpha \in \{-1,1\}$。
+
+当蜣螂在行进过程中遇到障碍物无法前行时,会通过短暂的“定向行为”来重新定位自身位置,以获取新的导航信息并校正运动方向。为模拟这一方向重置过程,算法采用切线函数构建方向更新算子,用以计算蜣螂新的滚动角度,其取值区间为$[0, \pi]$。完成方向校正后,蜣螂继续沿更新后的方向推进,此时其位置更新方式如下所示。
+
+$$
+x_i(t+1) = x_i(t) + \tan(\theta) |x_i(t) - x_i(t-1)| \tag {19}
+$$
+
+其中, $\theta \in [0, \pi]$ 为蜣螂行进方向偏转角, 当 $\theta$ 等于 $0, \frac{\pi}{2}$ 或 $\pi$ 时, 位置不变。
+
+当粪球被成功滚回家后,引入了边界选择策略构建产卵区,如下所示。
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} Lb^* = \max[X^* \times (1-R), Lb] \\ Ub^* = \min[X^* \times (1-R), Ub] \end{cases} \tag {20}
+$$
+
+其中, $Lb^*$ 和 $Ub^*$ 分别为该区域范围的下界和上界, $Lb$ 和 $Ub$ 分别为算法在探索时的下界和上界, $X^*$ 为当前算法寻找到的最优位置。惯性权值通常会随着迭代次数动态调整,以平衡全局搜索和局部搜索。通过动态调整惯性权值,算法可以在搜索过程中更好地探索和利用搜索空间,从而提高优化性能。惯性权值如下所示。
+
+$$
+R = 1 - \frac{t}{T_{\max}} \tag {21}
+$$
+
+其中, $T_{\max}$ 为算法迭代的最大次数。
+
+在迭代过程中,孵卵粪球的位置是动态变化的,其定义如下所示。
+
+$$
+B_i(t+1) = X^* + b_1 \times [B_i(t) - Lb^*] + b_2 \times [B_i(t) - Ub^*] \tag {22}
+$$
+
+其中 $B_i(t)$ 是第 $t$ 次迭代时第 $i$ 个孵卵粪球的位置, $b_1$ 和 $b_2$ 表示大小为 $1 \times D$ 的两个随机向量, $D$ 代表问题的维度规模。
+
+建立最佳觅食区域引导孵化成功的小蜣螂，最佳觅食区域的定义如下所示。
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} Lb^b = \max[X^b \times (1-R), Lb] \\ Ub^b = \min[X^b \times (1-R), Ub] \end{cases} \tag {23}
+$$
+
+其中, $X^b$ 为全局最优位置, $Lb^b$ 和 $Ub^b$ 分别为最佳觅食区域的下界和上界。小蜣螂的位置更新方式如等式(7)所示。
+
+$$
+x_i(t+1) = x_i(t) + C_1 \times [x_i(t) - Lb^b] + C_2 \times [x_i(t) - Ub^b] \tag {24}
+$$
+
+其中, $x_i(t)$ 表示第 t 次迭代过程中时, 第 i 只小蜣螂所处的空间位置, $C_1$ 是随机数, 且 $C_1$ 遵循正态分布, $C_2$ 是从区间 (0,1) 内随机选择的向量。
+
+在蜣螂社会中，也存在着一些个体不愿意自己滚粪球，而是选择偷窃其他蜣螂的粪球。在迭代过程中，具有偷盗行为的蜣螂位置更新方式如下所示。
+
+$$
+x_i(t+1) = X^b + S \times g \times \left[ |x_i(t) - X^*| + |x_i(t) - X^b| \right] \tag {25}
+$$
+
+其中，$x_i(t)$ 表示第 t 次迭代过程第 i 只小偷的空间位置，g 是遵循正态分布且大小为 $1 \times D$ 的随机向量，S 是被赋值为 0.5 的常量。
+
+## 3. 验证与分析
+
+如图1所示的电路图中,已知$U_{e1}=8\,V$，$U_{e2}=4\,V$，$U_{e3}=2\,V$，$R_1=R_2=R_4=1\,\Omega$，$R_3=3\,\Omega$，$R_5=2\,\Omega$，$R_6=7\,\Omega$，求解$I_{l1}, I_{l2}, I_{l3}$。
+
+
+
+Figure 1. Circuit diagram
+图 1. 电路图
+
+根据电路等效分析可得：
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{aligned}
+R_{11} &= R_1 + R_2 + R_3 = 5 \, \Omega \\
+R_{22} &= R_2 + R_4 + R_5 = 4 \, \Omega \\
+R_{33} &= R_3 + R_5 + R_6 = 12 \, \Omega \\
+R_{12} &= R_{21} = -R_2 = -1 \, \Omega \\
+R_{23} &= R_{32} = -R_5 = -2 \, \Omega \\
+R_{13} &= R_{31} = -R_3 = -3 \, \Omega
+\end{aligned}
+\right.
+$$
+
+根据戴维南定理可得：
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{aligned}
+R_{11}I_{l1} + R_{12}I_{l2} + R_{13}I_{l3} &= U_{e1} - U_{e2} \\
+R_{21}I_{l1} + R_{22}I_{l2} + R_{23}I_{l3} &= U_{e2} + U_{e3} \\
+R_{31}I_{l1} + R_{32}I_{l2} + R_{33}I_{l3} &= 0
+\end{aligned}
+\right.
+$$
+
+代入数值：
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{array}{l}
+5I_{l1} - I_{l2} - 3I_{l3} = 4 \\
+-1I_{l1} + 4I_{l2} - 2I_{l3} = 6 \\
+-3I_{l1} - 2I_{l2} + 12I_{l3} = 0
+\end{array}
+\right.
+$$
+
+利用蜣螂算法(DBO)、灰狼优化算法(GWO)、白骨顶鸡优化算法(COOT)求解的迭代曲线图 2 所示。
+计算结果如表 1 所示。蜣螂算法与其他两个算法相比计算精度更高，迭代速度更快。
+
+
+
+Figure 2. Iteration curve graph
+图 2. 迭代曲线图
+
+Table 1. Comparison of calculation results and data
+表 1. 计算结果数据对比
+
+| 电流 | I11 | I12 | I13 |
|---|
| 精确解 | 1.775 | 2.3625 | 0.8375 | | 蜣螂算法(DBO) | 1.775 | 2.3625 | 0.8375 | | 灰狼优化算法(GWO) | 1.7755 | 2.3623 | 0.8377 | | 白骨顶鸡优化算法(COOT) | 1.7730 | 2.3597 | 0.8362 |
+
+如图3所示电路图, 已知$U_{e1} = 40 \text{ V}$, $U_{e2} = 20 \text{ V}$, $R_1 = R_2 = 2 \Omega$, $R_3 = 1 \Omega$, $R_4 = 8 \Omega$, $R_5 = 4 \Omega$, $R_6 = 6 \Omega$。求解$I_{11}, I_{22}, I_{33}$。
+
+根据电路的等效分析可得:
+
+
+
+Figure 3. DC circuit diagram
+图 3. 直流电路图$$
+\left\{
+\begin{array}{l}
+R_{11} = R_1 + R_3 + R_4 = 11 \, \Omega \\
+R_{22} = R_2 + R_3 + R_5 = 7 \, \Omega \\
+R_{33} = R_4 + R_5 + R_6 = 18 \, \Omega \\
+R_{12} = R_{21} = -R_3 = -1 \, \Omega \\
+R_{23} = R_{32} = -R_5 = -4 \, \Omega \\
+R_{13} = R_{31} = -R_4 = -8 \, \Omega
+\end{array}
+\right.
+$$
+
+根据戴维宁定理可得：
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{array}{l}
+R_{11}I_{11} + R_{12}I_{22} + R_{13}I_{33} = U_{e1} \\
+R_{21}I_{11} + R_{22}I_{22} + R_{23}I_{33} = -U_{e2} \\
+R_{31}I_{11} + R_{32}I_{22} + R_{33}I_{33} = 0
+\end{array}
+\right.
+$$
+
+代入数值可得：
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+11I_{11} - I_{22} - 8I_{33} = 40 \\
+-I_{11} + 7I_{22} - 4I_{33} = -20 \\
+-8I_{11} - 4I_{22} + 18I_{33} = 0
+\end{cases}
+$$
+
+利用蜣螂算法(DBO)、灰狼优化算法(GWO)、白骨顶鸡优化算法(COOT)求解的迭代曲线图 4 所示。
+计算结果如表 2 所示。蜣螂算法与其他两个算法相比计算精度更高，迭代速度更快。
+
+
+
+Figure 4. Iteration curve graph
+图 4. 迭代曲线图
+
+Table 2. Comparison of calculation results and data
+表2. 计算结果数据对比
+
+
+
+
+ | 电流 |
+ I11 |
+ I22 |
+ I33 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 精确解 |
+ 5 |
+ -1 |
+ 2 |
+
+
+ | 蜣螂算法(DBO) |
+ 5.0000 |
+ -1.0000 |
+ 2.0000 |
+
+
+ | 灰狼优化算法(GWO) |
+ 5.0017 |
+ -0.9984 |
+ 2.0008 |
+
+
+ | 白骨顶鸡优化算法(COOT) |
+ 4.9993 |
+ -1.0007 |
+ 1.9994 |
+
+
+
+
+## 4. 结论
+
+本文针对电路方程组求解难度大、传统方法易受初始值影响且易陷入局部最优的问题，将线性电路方程转化为优化问题，选取灰狼优化算法、白骨顶鸡优化算法和蜣螂优化算法三种智能优化算法，通过建立电路方程模型并结合电路图进行数值验证，系统对比分析了三种算法在电路方程求解中的性能表现。
+智能优化算法在电路方程求解领域的应用仍有广阔拓展空间。一方面可针对现有算法短板，通过融合改进与物理信息引导实现性能升级，降低参数敏感性并提升寻优稳定性；另一方面需向非线性、时变及大规模集成电路等复杂场景延伸，结合电路设计、故障诊断等工程需求强化实用性。
+
+## 基金项目
+
+大学生创新创业训练计划资助项目(2025481、2025482、2025517)。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1] 裴志坚. 基于高斯-赛德尔迭代法及 MATLAB 软件的电路方程组求解方法[J]. 北京工业职业技术学院学报, 2017, 16(3): 22-25.
+[2] 刘雄峰, 姚思远. 迭代法求解电路方程组的 Matlab 软件实现[J]. 电子测试, 2021(6): 46-48.
+[3] 裴志坚. 迭代法求解电路方程组的 Matlab 软件实现[J]. 常州信息职业技术学院学报, 2017, 16(4): 24-26, 29.
+[4] 郭煜. 改进粒子群优化算法的非线性方程组求解研究[J]. 自动化技术与应用, 2022, 41(7): 6-9.
+[5] 张伟, 莫愿斌. 非线性方程组的增强型部分强化算法求解与应用[J]. 数学的实践与认识, 2024, 54(8): 191-205.
+[6] 欧阳艾嘉, 刘利斌, 乐光学, 等. 求解非线性方程组的混合粒子群算法[J]. 计算机工程与应用, 2011, 47(9): 33-36.
+[7] 赵世杰, 赵秋丽, 陈淼, 等. 基于邻域交叉的双变异差分进化算法求解非线性方程组[J]. 控制与决策, 2025, 40(2): 546-552.
+[8] 汪继文, 杨丹, 邱剑锋, 等. 改进人工蜂群算法求解非线性方程组[J]. 安徽大学学报(自然科学版), 2014, 38(3): 16-23.
+[9] 沈家北. 基于改进灰狼优化算法的五电平逆变器 SHEPWM 调制策略研究[D]: [硕士学位论文]. 阜新: 辽宁工程技术大学, 2023.
+[10] 张志飞, 孔维宾, 杜义, 等. 融合翻筋斗觅食和正余弦策略的白骨顶鸡优化算法[J]. 软件工程, 2024, 27(11): 44-48.
+[11] 吕亚娜, 袁慧玲, 于舒娟, 等. 改进蜣螂优化算法的无人机路径规划[J]. 兵器装备工程学报, 2025, 46(8):1-10.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_27.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_27.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8721cfc57a0cdf2b8f4fbc32028ec06135bdf756
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_27.md
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+# 应用2：基于投入产出表的产业结构变迁梳理
+
+统计2002年至2017年各行业影响力系数的变化，结果显示：
+
+1. **产业影响力系数长期保持靠前位置的行业主要包括建筑业、机械制造行业**。建筑业的产业影响力系数常年保持在第一位，且绝对数值呈现出逐年攀升的走势，说明建筑业对国民经济的拉动作用近年来在不断增强；机械行业的产业影响力系数排名一直位于前三，但近年来绝对数值呈下行走势，说明机械行业对国民经济的拉动作用正逐步减弱，这与国家近些年来内需疲软，基建产能过剩等大形势有关。
+
+2. **产业影响力系数整体呈上升趋势的行业主要包括电子、通信、计算机、食品饮料、汽车等行业**。其中，汽车、食品饮料行业的产业影响力系数排名逐年攀升，对经济的拉动作用不断增强；而以电子、通信为代表的高科技行业，虽然产业影响力系数排名都未进入前五，但是整体呈现出震荡攀升走势，在拉动国民经济发展中也发挥出越来越重要的作用；尤其是电子行业，在不考虑产值占比的前提下，其影响力系数已经攀升至第一位，随着政府在半导体、芯片等底层基础技术领域的持续投入，电子行业的产值规模预计会越来越大，未来有望成为新的经济支柱型行业。
+
+3. **产业影响力系数排名呈下降趋势的行业主要包括家电业、纺织服装业**。其中，纺织服装业的产业影响力系数在2002-2007年呈上升趋势，但到了2012年和2017年其地位不断下降（降回至第6位），这与我国当前正在进行的经济结构转型有一定的关系，随着我国加工贸易占比不断下降，纺织服装业作为劳动密集型产业和加工贸易为主的行业，其产值占比在未来可能进一步下滑；家电业的产业影响力系数排名呈下降趋势，主要是因为家电业近些年产值占比下降较大（不考虑产值占比，其影响力系数仍排名靠前），对国民经济拉动力有所减弱。
+
+图表24：2002~2017年各行业影响力系数
+
+ | 影响力系数 | 产业影响力系数 |
|---|
| 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 | 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 |
|---|
| 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 |
|---|
| 石油石化 | 1.01 | 14 | 1.03 | 14 | 1.09 | 14 | 0.99 | 17 | 0.01 | 21 | 0.01 | 20 | 0.02 | 17 | 0.01 | 21 | | 煤炭 | 0.82 | 23 | 0.88 | 21 | 0.82 | 22 | 0.82 | 22 | 0.00 | 25 | 0.00 | 27 | 0.00 | 27 | 0.00 | 27 | | 有色金属 | 1.21 | 4 | 1.19 | 7 | 1.21 | 6 | 1.19 | 7 | 0.00 | 26 | 0.01 | 21 | 0.01 | 21 | 0.01 | 25 | | 电力及公用事业 | 0.84 | 22 | 0.91 | 19 | 0.88 | 19 | 0.85 | 20 | 0.07 | 4 | 0.05 | 5 | 0.06 | 4 | 0.06 | 4 | | 钢铁 | 1.12 | 11 | 1.17 | 9 | 1.18 | 9 | 1.08 | 12 | 0.01 | 24 | 0.01 | 19 | 0.01 | 20 | 0.01 | 24 | | 基础化工 | 1.13 | 10 | 1.17 | 8 | 1.19 | 8 | 1.15 | 10 | 0.03 | 10 | 0.03 | 9 | 0.02 | 15 | 0.02 | 16 | | 建筑 | 1.16 | 8 | 1.14 | 11 | 1.12 | 12 | 1.12 | 11 | 0.19 | 1 | 0.19 | 1 | 0.22 | 1 | 0.23 | 1 | | 建材 | 1.04 | 13 | 1.07 | 13 | 1.12 | 13 | 1.08 | 13 | 0.01 | 23 | 0.00 | 25 | 0.00 | 25 | 0.00 | 26 | | 轻工制造 | 1.07 | 12 | 1.10 | 12 | 1.12 | 11 | 1.15 | 9 | 0.03 | 12 | 0.03 | 11 | 0.02 | 16 | 0.02 | 14 | | 机械 | 1.17 | 7 | 1.19 | 6 | 1.22 | 5 | 1.19 | 6 | 0.10 | 2 | 0.12 | 2 | 0.12 | 2 | 0.08 | 3 | | 电力设备新能源 | 1.21 | 3 | 1.27 | 4 | 1.29 | 2 | 1.26 | 3 | 0.02 | 17 | 0.03 | 12 | 0.03 | 10 | 0.02 | 17 | | 商贸零售 | 0.81 | 24 | 0.67 | 25 | 0.57 | 26 | 0.63 | 26 | 0.03 | 7 | 0.03 | 13 | 0.02 | 12 | 0.02 | 12 | | 消费者服务 | 0.89 | 20 | 0.87 | 22 | 0.83 | 21 | 0.92 | 18 | 0.03 | 8 | 0.02 | 16 | 0.02 | 18 | 0.02 | 13 | | 家电 | 1.25 | 2 | 1.27 | 3 | 1.29 | 1 | 1.30 | 2 | 0.02 | 14 | 0.03 | 14 | 0.01 | 19 | 0.01 | 19 | | 纺织服装 | 1.15 | 9 | 1.15 | 10 | 1.14 | 10 | 1.22 | 4 | 0.06 | 6 | 0.06 | 4 | 0.04 | 6 | 0.04 | 6 | | 医药 | 0.95 | 16 | 0.97 | 16 | 0.99 | 16 | 1.01 | 15 | 0.01 | 19 | 0.01 | 22 | 0.01 | 22 | 0.01 | 20 | | 食品饮料 | 0.96 | 15 | 0.93 | 18 | 0.95 | 17 | 0.99 | 16 | 0.06 | 5 | 0.07 | 3 | 0.06 | 3 | 0.08 | 2 | | 汽车 | 1.19 | 5 | 1.29 | 2 | 1.24 | 4 | 1.22 | 5 | 0.02 | 16 | 0.04 | 7 | 0.06 | 5 | 0.05 | 5 | | 农林牧渔 | 0.74 | 25 | 0.69 | 24 | 0.70 | 24 | 0.72 | 24 | 0.07 | 3 | 0.04 | 8 | 0.03 | 9 | 0.03 | 10 | | 银行 | 0.65 | 26 | 0.49 | 26 | 0.65 | 25 | 0.69 | 25 | 0.01 | 20 | 0.01 | 23 | 0.01 | 23 | 0.01 | 22 | | 非银行金融 | 0.94 | 18 | 0.95 | 17 | 0.70 | 23 | 0.75 | 23 | 0.00 | 27 | 0.00 | 24 | 0.00 | 24 | 0.01 | 18 | | 房地产 | 0.62 | 27 | 0.47 | 27 | 0.52 | 27 | 0.55 | 27 | 0.03 | 13 | 0.02 | 18 | 0.02 | 11 | 0.03 | 9 | | 交通运输 | 0.88 | 21 | 0.85 | 23 | 0.93 | 18 | 0.85 | 21 | 0.02 | 15 | 0.02 | 17 | 0.02 | 14 | 0.03 | 11 | | 电子 | 1.18 | 6 | 1.25 | 5 | 1.28 | 3 | 1.32 | 1 | 0.01 | 18 | 0.02 | 15 | 0.02 | 13 | 0.02 | 15 | | 通信 | 0.95 | 17 | 0.99 | 15 | 1.05 | 15 | 1.16 | 8 | 0.03 | 9 | 0.03 | 10 | 0.03 | 8 | 0.04 | 7 | | 计算机 | 1.29 | 1 | 1.29 | 1 | 1.20 | 7 | 1.04 | 14 | 0.03 | 11 | 0.04 | 6 | 0.04 | 7 | 0.03 | 8 | | 传媒 | 0.91 | 19 | 0.91 | 20 | 0.85 | 20 | 0.86 | 19 | 0.01 | 22 | 0.00 | 26 | 0.00 | 26 | 0.01 | 23 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+
+统计2002年至2017年各行业感应度系数的变化，结果显示：
+
+1. **产业感应度系数排名一直靠前的是农林牧渔、商贸零售、电力及公用事业**，主要是因为这些行业的产值占比较大，在不考虑产值占比因素的前提下，这几个行业的感应度系数排名并不靠前。
+
+2. **感应度系数排名靠前的主要是石油石化、煤炭、有色金属、钢铁这些资源类行业**。它们通常处于产业链上游，其他行业的生产制造过程都依赖这些行业的原材料投入，因而对经济的推动作用较强。
+
+3. **产业感应度系数排名呈下降趋势的行业包括石油石化、煤炭、钢铁**。这些行业的感应度系数排名较为稳定，因此产业感应度系数排名的下降主要与产值占比不断下滑有关，反映出我国供给侧结构性改革对煤炭、钢铁、石油石化这些产能过剩行业有显著影响。
+
+4. **产业感应度系数排名呈上升趋势的行业包括有色金属、电子**。其中，有色金属行业无论是感应度系数排名还是产业感应度系数排名都呈现出攀升走势，这说明有色金属业在国民经济中的推动作用越来越强，而且产值占比也在提升，相比于其他上游资源类行业体现出更高的配置价值；电子行业的感应度系数虽然有所波动，但一直稳定保持在排名前三位，产业感应度系数则呈现出逐年攀升走势，说明电子行业在国民经济中的地位在逐渐上升。值得注意的是，**电子行业是唯一一个在感应度和影响力上同时提升的行业**，说明其作为下游行业对经济的拉动作用越来越强（比如消费电子产品的蓬勃发展），同时作为上游行业对经济的推动作用也越来越强（其他行业依赖芯片、元器件等核心原材料的投入），综合考虑日本、韩国等经济体的产业升级历程，我们认为电子行业未来有望成为新的国民经济主导型行业。
+
+图表25：2002~2017年各行业感应度系数
+
+ | 感应度系数 | 产业感应度系数 |
|---|
| 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 | 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 |
|---|
| 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 |
|---|
| 石油石化 | 1.77 | 2 | 2.25 | 1 | 2.45 | 1 | 2.10 | 1 | 0.05 | 8 | 0.07 | 3 | 0.06 | 6 | 0.04 | 8 | | 煤炭 | 1.16 | 7 | 1.51 | 4 | 1.61 | 4 | 1.53 | 4 | 0.03 | 16 | 0.03 | 11 | 0.04 | 10 | 0.03 | 13 | | 有色金属 | 1.70 | 3 | 1.77 | 2 | 1.86 | 2 | 1.90 | 2 | 0.02 | 20 | 0.03 | 10 | 0.03 | 12 | 0.03 | 11 | | 电力及公用事业 | 0.76 | 19 | 1.02 | 8 | 0.90 | 12 | 0.81 | 19 | 0.07 | 5 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.07 | 5 | 0.06 | 4 | | 钢铁 | 1.38 | 5 | 1.38 | 6 | 1.33 | 6 | 1.23 | 6 | 0.04 | 9 | 0.05 | 9 | 0.04 | 9 | 0.03 | 12 | | 基础化工 | 1.41 | 4 | 1.49 | 5 | 1.49 | 5 | 1.46 | 5 | 0.08 | 3 | 0.07 | 4 | 0.07 | 4 | 0.06 | 6 | | 建筑 | 0.39 | 27 | 0.34 | 27 | 0.36 | 27 | 0.36 | 28 | 0.02 | 17 | 0.02 | 18 | 0.03 | 14 | 0.03 | 14 | | 建材 | 0.98 | 13 | 0.87 | 16 | 0.86 | 15 | 0.84 | 18 | 0.01 | 22 | 0.02 | 16 | 0.02 | 17 | 0.02 | 15 | | 轻工制造 | 0.99 | 12 | 0.97 | 11 | 0.96 | 9 | 0.98 | 11 | 0.04 | 11 | 0.03 | 13 | 0.02 | 16 | 0.02 | 16 | | 机械 | 0.95 | 14 | 0.97 | 13 | 0.84 | 18 | 0.92 | 14 | 0.05 | 7 | 0.06 | 5 | 0.04 | 8 | 0.04 | 9 | | 电力设备新能源 | 1.07 | 9 | 0.94 | 14 | 0.87 | 13 | 0.92 | 12 | 0.01 | 23 | 0.01 | 22 | 0.01 | 22 | 0.01 | 22 | | 汽车 | 1.01 | 11 | 0.87 | 17 | 0.73 | 21 | 0.78 | 21 | 0.02 | 19 | 0.02 | 21 | 0.01 | 20 | 0.02 | 18 | | 商贸零售 | 0.90 | 15 | 0.79 | 19 | 0.85 | 17 | 0.92 | 13 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.05 | 7 | 0.08 | 2 | 0.09 | 1 | | 消费者服务 | 0.73 | 22 | 0.82 | 18 | 0.80 | 20 | 0.88 | 15 | 0.02 | 18 | 0.02 | 17 | 0.01 | 19 | 0.02 | 20 | | 家电 | 0.57 | 26 | 0.50 | 26 | 0.47 | 26 | 0.52 | 27 | 0.00 | 27 | 0.00 | 26 | 0.00 | 27 | 0.00 | 27 | | 纺织服装 | 0.76 | 20 | 0.78 | 20 | 0.85 | 16 | 0.88 | 16 | 0.03 | 13 | 0.03 | 14 | 0.02 | 15 | 0.02 | 19 | | 医药 | 0.82 | 16 | 0.99 | 10 | 0.96 | 10 | 1.01 | 9 | 0.01 | 25 | 0.01 | 23 | 0.01 | 24 | 0.01 | 25 | | 食品饮料 | 0.65 | 23 | 0.76 | 21 | 0.81 | 19 | 0.79 | 20 | 0.03 | 14 | 0.03 | 12 | 0.03 | 13 | 0.03 | 10 | | 农林牧渔 | 0.75 | 21 | 0.90 | 15 | 0.95 | 11 | 1.00 | 10 | 0.12 | 1 | 0.10 | 1 | 0.10 | 1 | 0.09 | 2 | | 银行 | 1.08 | 8 | 1.06 | 7 | 1.13 | 7 | 1.12 | 7 | 0.04 | 10 | 0.05 | 8 | 0.07 | 3 | 0.06 | 5 | | 非银行金融 | 1.32 | 6 | 0.97 | 12 | 0.87 | 14 | 0.72 | 23 | 0.01 | 26 | 0.00 | 25 | 0.01 | 23 | 0.01 | 24 | | 房地产 | 0.59 | 25 | 0.53 | 25 | 0.57 | 24 | 0.69 | 24 | 0.03 | 12 | 0.03 | 15 | 0.03 | 11 | 0.05 | 7 | | 交通运输 | 1.04 | 10 | 1.02 | 9 | 1.08 | 8 | 1.05 | 8 | 0.07 | 6 | 0.06 | 6 | 0.05 | 7 | 0.06 | 3 | | 电子 | 2.32 | 1 | 1.74 | 3 | 1.65 | 3 | 1.69 | 3 | 0.01 | 21 | 0.02 | 19 | 0.02 | 18 | 0.02 | 17 | | 通信 | 0.81 | 17 | 0.65 | 23 | 0.62 | 23 | 0.63 | 26 | 0.03 | 15 | 0.02 | 20 | 0.01 | 21 | 0.01 | 23 | | 计算机 | 0.80 | 18 | 0.56 | 24 | 0.57 | 25 | 0.64 | 25 | 0.01 | 24 | 0.01 | 24 | 0.01 | 25 | 0.02 | 21 | | 传媒 | 0.63 | 24 | 0.75 | 22 | 0.72 | 22 | 0.86 | 17 | 0.00 | 28 | 0.00 | 27 | 0.00 | 26 | 0.01 | 26 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+计算2002-2017年各行业生产诱发度系数，从消费类最终需求来看可得如下结论：
+
+1. **消费类最终需求变动一单位对生产诱发最大的行业包括食品饮料、电力及公用事业、农林牧渔、基础化工**，这与这些行业的生产特点和销售特点有关。食品饮料、农林牧渔等都是以消费为导向的行业，这些部门的最终需求结构中，消费占比都远高于资本形成占比。
+
+2. **消费变动对行业生产诱发程度逐渐提升的行业包括食品饮料、交通运输、汽车、医药、房地产、传媒等**。其中，食品饮料的排名由2002、2007年的第三名升至2012、2017年的第一名；交通运输、汽车、医药、房地产、传媒等行业的排名也在2002-2017年间逐渐上升，反映了我国正在发生的消费升级，消费支出中，生存型消费占比下降，即生活必需品占比逐渐下降，发展型和享受型消费占比上升，即人们更加愿意增加对医疗、高端消费品、媒体娱乐等方面的支出，追求更健康更有品质的生活。此外，电子商务的快速发展同时促进了商贸零售、交通运输（主要是物流）的生产，使得消费类需求对这两类行业的生产的诱发程度越来越强。
+
+3. **消费变动对行业生产诱发程度逐渐下降的行业包括农林牧渔、机械、轻工制造、家电、纺织服装等行业**，这些现象与近些年我国发生的消费结构和消费模式变化有关，在消费升级的大背景下，生存型消费占比不断下降，导致消费类最终需求对这些行业的生产诱发度降低。
+
+4. 消费一直是经济增长的“压舱石”，2019年最终消费对经济增长的贡献率为57.8%，消费作为经济增长主动力作用进一步巩固，而且最终消费支出中升级类商品和服务类消费支出占比进一步扩大，成为消费稳定增长的动力。参考发达国家的经验，可以预见未来我国消费仍将保持平稳增长，消费对经济增长的拉动作用将不断增强，而从消费对各行业的生产诱发度来看，未来长期看好食品饮料、医药、交通运输（主要是物流）、汽车等行业的配置价值。
+
+图表26：2002~2017年各行业生产诱发度（消费）
+
+ | 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 |
|---|
| 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 |
|---|
| 石油石化 | 0.08 | 12 | 0.14 | 5 | 0.15 | 5 | 0.08 | 11 | | 煤炭 | 0.03 | 17 | 0.04 | 19 | 0.05 | 18 | 0.03 | 20 | | 有色金属 | 0.03 | 21 | 0.06 | 15 | 0.05 | 16 | 0.04 | 19 | | 电力及公用事业 | 0.24 | 2 | 0.28 | 1 | 0.25 | 2 | 0.23 | 2 | | 钢铁 | 0.05 | 15 | 0.07 | 13 | 0.05 | 17 | 0.02 | 24 | | 基础化工 | 0.16 | 4 | 0.20 | 4 | 0.17 | 4 | 0.13 | 4 | | 建筑 | 0.02 | 25 | 0.01 | 26 | 0.01 | 27 | 0.00 | 27 | | 建材 | 0.02 | 24 | 0.02 | 25 | 0.02 | 25 | 0.01 | 25 | | 轻工制造 | 0.09 | 9 | 0.10 | 10 | 0.06 | 13 | 0.06 | 14 | | 机械 | 0.10 | 8 | 0.12 | 6 | 0.09 | 11 | 0.08 | 10 | | 电力设备及新能源 | 0.03 | 23 | 0.04 | 20 | 0.03 | 21 | 0.03 | 21 | | 汽车 | 0.03 | 16 | 0.05 | 16 | 0.06 | 14 | 0.06 | 13 | | 商贸零售 | 0.12 | 5 | 0.10 | 8 | 0.12 | 6 | 0.12 | 7 | | 消费者服务 | 0.08 | 10 | 0.09 | 11 | 0.07 | 12 | 0.07 | 12 | | 家电 | 0.03 | 22 | 0.03 | 22 | 0.02 | 24 | 0.01 | 26 | | 纺织服装 | 0.10 | 7 | 0.12 | 7 | 0.11 | 8 | 0.09 | 9 | | 医药 | 0.03 | 19 | 0.04 | 21 | 0.04 | 19 | 0.05 | 15 | | 食品饮料 | 0.16 | 3 | 0.24 | 3 | 0.27 | 1 | 0.25 | 1 | | 农林牧渔 | 0.29 | 1 | 0.25 | 2 | 0.25 | 3 | 0.21 | 3 | | 银行 | 0.06 | 13 | 0.07 | 14 | 0.10 | 10 | 0.09 | 8 | | 非银行金融 | 0.01 | 27 | 0.02 | 24 | 0.03 | 22 | 0.04 | 17 | | 房地产 | 0.08 | 11 | 0.07 | 12 | 0.10 | 9 | 0.12 | 6 | | 交通运输 | 0.10 | 6 | 0.10 | 9 | 0.11 | 7 | 0.13 | 5 | | 电子 | 0.03 | 18 | 0.05 | 17 | 0.04 | 20 | 0.05 | 16 | | 通信 | 0.05 | 14 | 0.05 | 18 | 0.05 | 15 | 0.04 | 18 | | 计算机 | 0.03 | 20 | 0.02 | 23 | 0.02 | 23 | 0.02 | 22 | | 传媒 | 0.02 | 26 | 0.01 | 27 | 0.01 | 26 | 0.02 | 23 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+从资本形成类最终需求对各行业的生产诱发度来看可得如下结论：
+
+1. **资本形成类最终需求变动一单位对生产诱发最大的行业为建筑、机械、基础化工、钢铁**，上述4个行业常年排名在前五位，均是典型的重资产工业部门，其产品多形成固定资产，最终需求结构中，资本形成占比较高。建筑和机械的资本形成类最终需求生产诱发度一直维持在前两名，从其数值来看，建筑有先减小后增大的趋势，机械为先增大后减小；钢铁和基础化工的生产诱发度排名也较为稳定，二者交替为第三、四名，数值同样有先增大后减小趋势。说明我国长期以来投资驱动型的发展模式较为突出，重资产行业结构维持在较为稳定的状态。
+
+2. **资本形成类最终需求变动一单位对生产诱发度呈增长趋势的行业包括汽车、电子**。从年度间变化来看，电子、汽车的生产诱发度排名在2002-2017年不断上升，且其具体数值也在不断增大，从中或许可以反映出我国投资结构的优化，资本形成类最终需求对技术密集型行业的生产诱发度在不断提升。
+
+3. **除上述行业外，资本形成类最终需求对大多数行业生产的诱发程度有下降趋势，典型如石油石化、煤炭、电力及公用事业，这反映出投资对经济的拉动作用在减弱**。自实行供给侧改革以来，去产能、调结构一直在推行，基础设施投资不再保持过去的高速增长；经济转型期与后金融危机时代，内需疲软，制造业投资和民间投资增速不断放缓，投资对经济增长的贡献率不断降低(由2010年的63.4%降至2019年的31.2%)，因而投资类最终需求对大多数行业的生产诱发度呈下降趋势。
+
+4. 2019年全年投资稳中趋缓，资本形成总额对GDP增长贡献率为31.2%，比上年略降。基础设施投资、民间投资和制造业投资增长乏力是投资增长趋缓的主要原因。随着国内供给侧改革的不断推进，投资结构的不断优化，**预计未来国内投资总量上将保持稳中趋缓态势，结构上或许将会更加促进电子和汽车行业的生产**。
+
+图表27：2002~2017年各行业生产诱发度（资本形成）
+
+ | 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 |
|---|
| 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 |
|---|
| 石油石化 | 0.11 | 8 | 0.18 | 5 | 0.16 | 6 | 0.09 | 11 | | 煤炭 | 0.04 | 18 | 0.07 | 16 | 0.07 | 17 | 0.05 | 20 | | 有色金属 | 0.08 | 13 | 0.17 | 6 | 0.17 | 5 | 0.12 | 8 | | 电力及公用事业 | 0.09 | 12 | 0.14 | 9 | 0.11 | 10 | 0.08 | 14 | | 钢铁 | 0.23 | 4 | 0.33 | 3 | 0.29 | 3 | 0.16 | 4 | | 基础化工 | 0.25 | 3 | 0.28 | 4 | 0.26 | 4 | 0.21 | 3 | | 建筑 | 0.61 | 1 | 0.54 | 1 | 0.54 | 1 | 0.62 | 1 | | 建材 | 0.07 | 14 | 0.16 | 7 | 0.15 | 8 | 0.14 | 5 | | 轻工制造 | 0.10 | 10 | 0.11 | 12 | 0.08 | 16 | 0.07 | 16 | | 机械 | 0.40 | 2 | 0.46 | 2 | 0.39 | 2 | 0.29 | 2 | | 电力设备及新能源 | 0.07 | 15 | 0.12 | 11 | 0.10 | 12 | 0.08 | 15 | | 汽车 | 0.10 | 9 | 0.14 | 8 | 0.15 | 7 | 0.13 | 6 | | 商贸零售 | 0.13 | 5 | 0.08 | 14 | 0.10 | 11 | 0.13 | 7 | | 消费者服务 | 0.03 | 23 | 0.03 | 23 | 0.02 | 23 | 0.03 | 22 | | 家电 | 0.01 | 24 | 0.01 | 24 | 0.01 | 25 | 0.01 | 27 | | 纺织服装 | 0.03 | 21 | 0.04 | 21 | 0.04 | 21 | 0.03 | 23 | | 医药 | 0.01 | 26 | 0.01 | 25 | 0.01 | 24 | 0.02 | 24 | | 食品饮料 | 0.03 | 22 | 0.05 | 17 | 0.06 | 19 | 0.05 | 19 | | 农林牧渔 | 0.13 | 6 | 0.07 | 15 | 0.09 | 15 | 0.05 | 18 | | 银行 | 0.04 | 19 | 0.05 | 20 | 0.09 | 13 | 0.09 | 12 | | 非银行金融 | 0.01 | 25 | 0.01 | 26 | 0.01 | 26 | 0.01 | 26 | | 房地产 | 0.03 | 20 | 0.04 | 22 | 0.06 | 20 | 0.06 | 17 | | 交通运输 | 0.12 | 7 | 0.12 | 10 | 0.11 | 9 | 0.11 | 9 | | 电子 | 0.06 | 17 | 0.09 | 13 | 0.09 | 14 | 0.09 | 10 | | 通信 | 0.09 | 11 | 0.05 | 19 | 0.04 | 22 | 0.04 | 21 | | 计算机 | 0.06 | 16 | 0.05 | 18 | 0.06 | 18 | 0.08 | 13 | | 传媒 | 0.00 | 27 | 0.00 | 27 | 0.00 | 27 | 0.01 | 25 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+从净出口类最终需求对各行业的生产诱发度来看可得如下结论：
+
+1. **净出口类最终需求变动一单位对生产诱发度最大的行业为纺织服装、商贸零售、轻工制造部门**，上述行业大多为出口导向型行业，其产品多用于出口，最终需求结构中，出口占比较高。在21世纪初我国加工贸易发展较快的时期，上述行业均为进行加工贸易的主要行业。
+
+2. **部分行业的净出口类最终需求生产诱发度系数为负值，如石油石化、煤炭、钢铁、电子等，说明这些行业的进口大于出口**，其中，能源类行业主要是因为我国从国外大量进口自然资源如石油、铁矿石等，电子等行业可能与来料加工需要大量进口国外中间产品（芯片、元器件）有关。
+
+3. **净出口类生产诱发度排名逐渐上升的行业包括通信、机械、电力设备及新能源**。这些行业的生产诱发度排名在2002-2017年不断上升，且其具体数值也在不断增大，或许可以反映出我国高端制造业产品在国外市场占有率的扩大，我国出口产品正由劳动密集型逐渐向资本密集型转变，反映了国内产业升级改革的成效；
+
+4. **净出口类生产诱发度逐渐下降的行业包括消费者服务、农林牧渔、食品饮料等行业**，其中消费者服务、食品饮料和农林牧渔的生产诱发度系数甚至由正转负（进口大于出口），也符合国内消费升级的大背景。
+
+5. 2019年货物和服务净出口对国内生产总值增长贡献率为11%，虽然较上年有较大增长，但相比内需，外需对经济的支撑作用不稳定。在当前世界经济持续低迷，国际贸易增速放缓，同时中美间贸易摩擦不断，特别是新冠疫情笼罩下外部环境不确定性增加的情况下，预计未来我国进出口增速不会有较明显的提升，拉动经济增长的作用不会很大。结构上或许更利好通信、机械、电力设备及新能源这类资本密集型和技术含量较高的高端制造行业。
+
+图表28：2002~2017年各行业生产诱发度（净出口）
+
+ | 2002 | 2007 | 2012 | 2017 |
|---|
| 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 | 参数值 | 排序 |
|---|
| 石油石化 | -0.50 | 25 | -0.43 | 27 | -2.26 | 27 | -1.58 | 27 | | 煤炭 | 0.01 | 16 | 0.04 | 17 | -0.18 | 22 | -0.16 | 19 | | 有色金属 | -0.21 | 22 | -0.08 | 25 | -0.79 | 26 | -0.71 | 25 | | 电力及公用事业 | -0.01 | 17 | 0.07 | 14 | -0.03 | 20 | -0.04 | 16 | | 钢铁 | -0.55 | 26 | 0.03 | 18 | -0.40 | 24 | -0.33 | 24 | | 基础化工 | -0.33 | 23 | 0.19 | 8 | 0.12 | 11 | -0.04 | 17 | | 建筑 | 0.03 | 14 | 0.01 | 21 | 0.05 | 14 | 0.02 | 13 | | 建材 | -0.02 | 19 | 0.08 | 13 | 0.18 | 10 | 0.18 | 10 | | 轻工制造 | 0.49 | 3 | 0.38 | 3 | 0.79 | 3 | 0.87 | 4 | | 机械 | -0.39 | 24 | 0.22 | 7 | 0.63 | 6 | 0.73 | 5 | | 电力设备及新能源 | 0.04 | 13 | 0.14 | 10 | 0.47 | 7 | 0.61 | 7 | | 汽车 | -0.09 | 21 | 0.01 | 22 | -0.19 | 23 | -0.22 | 20 | | 商贸零售 | 0.73 | 2 | 0.25 | 4 | 1.00 | 2 | 1.12 | 2 | | 消费者服务 | 0.16 | 9 | 0.04 | 16 | -0.01 | 18 | -0.24 | 21 | | 家电 | 0.38 | 4 | 0.19 | 9 | 0.19 | 9 | 0.22 | 9 | | 纺织服装 | 1.57 | 1 | 1.07 | 1 | 1.77 | 1 | 1.92 | 1 | | 医药 | 0.04 | 12 | 0.02 | 20 | 0.01 | 16 | -0.08 | 18 | | 食品饮料 | 0.20 | 8 | 0.10 | 12 | -0.01 | 17 | -0.27 | 23 | | 农林牧渔 | 0.27 | 7 | 0.13 | 11 | -0.05 | 21 | -0.24 | 22 | | 银行 | 0.06 | 11 | 0.06 | 15 | 0.09 | 12 | 0.05 | 12 | | 非银行金融 | -0.04 | 20 | 0.01 | 23 | 0.01 | 15 | -0.01 | 15 | | 房地产 | 0.02 | 15 | 0.02 | 19 | 0.07 | 13 | 0.11 | 11 | | 交通运输 | 0.36 | 5 | 0.24 | 6 | 0.29 | 8 | 0.30 | 8 | | 电子 | -0.64 | 27 | -0.15 | 26 | -0.48 | 25 | -0.75 | 26 | | 通信 | 0.10 | 10 | 0.25 | 5 | 0.69 | 4 | 1.08 | 3 | | 计算机 | 0.28 | 6 | 0.38 | 2 | 0.66 | 5 | 0.68 | 6 | | 传媒 | -0.01 | 18 | 0.00 | 24 | -0.02 | 19 | 0.01 | 14 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+图表29：三大需求对GDP增长贡献率
+
+| 指标 | 2010年 | 2011年 | 2012年 | 2013年 | 2014年 | 2015年 | 2016年 | 2017年 | 2018年 | 2019年 |
|---|
| 最终消费支出对国内生产总值增长贡献率(%) | 47.4 | 65.7 | 55.4 | 50.2 | 56.3 | 69 | 66.5 | 57.5 | 65.9 | 57.8 | | 资本形成总额对国内生产总值增长贡献率(%) | 63.4 | 41.1 | 42.1 | 53.1 | 45 | 22.6 | 45 | 37.7 | 41.5 | 31.2 | | 货物和服务净出口对国内生产总值增长贡献率(%) | -10.8 | -6.8 | 2.5 | -3.3 | -1.3 | 8.4 | -11.6 | 4.8 | -7.4 | 11 |
+
+资料来源：国家统计局，华泰证券研究所
+
+总结前文，通过梳理产业链的结构变迁，得到如下核心结论：
+
+1. 电子行业是唯一一个在感应度系数和影响力系数上同时提升的行业，说明其作为下游行业对经济的拉动作用越来越强（比如消费电子产品的蓬勃发展），同时作为上游行业对经济的推动作用也越来越强（其他行业依赖芯片、元器件等核心原材料的投入），综合考虑日本、韩国等经济体的产业升级历程，我们认为电子行业未来有望成为新的国民经济主导型行业。
+
+2. 消费一直是经济增长的“压舱石”，2019年最终消费对经济增长的贡献率为57.8%，消费作为经济增长主动力作用进一步巩固。参考发达国家的经验，可以预见未来我国消费仍将保持平稳增长，消费对经济增长的拉动作用将不断增强。而从结构上来看，我国正处于消费升级的转型过程中，生存型消费占比下降，即生活必需品占比逐渐下降，发展型和享受型消费占比上升，即人们更加愿意增加对医疗、高端消费品、媒体娱乐等方面的支出，追求更健康更有品质的生活，因此我们长期看好食品饮料、医药、传媒、交通运输（主要是物流）、汽车等行业的配置价值。
+
+3. 投资在我国过去的经济发展中一直起着重要作用，然而近年来，资本形成类最终需求对大多数行业的生产诱发程度有下降趋势，这反映出投资对经济的拉动作用在逐步减弱。2019年全年投资稳中趋缓，资本形成总额对GDP增长贡献率为31.2%，比上年略降，基础设施投资、民间投资和制造业投资增长乏力是投资增长趋缓的主要原因。随着国内供给侧改革的不断推进，投资结构的不断优化，预计未来国内投资总量上将保持稳中趋缓态势，结构上我们更看好资产形成类生产诱发度逐年提升的电子和汽车行业。
+
+4. 净出口是经济增长的X变量，相比于内需，外需对经济的支撑作用不稳定。在当前世界经济持续低迷，国际贸易增速放缓，同时中美间贸易摩擦不断，特别是新冠疫情笼罩下外部环境不确定性增加的情况下，预计未来我国进出口增速不会有较明显的提升，拉动经济增长的作用不会很大。结构上或许更利好通信、机械、电力设备及新能源这类资本密集型和技术含量较高的高端制造行业，这些行业已经逐步成长为我国的出口支柱型行业。
+
+# 基于区域间投入产出表的全球价值链分析
+
+## 区域间投入产出表介绍
+
+区域间投入产出表是利用地区间商品和劳务流动,将各地区投入产出表联接而成的表格。区域间投入产出表系统、全面地反映了各个地区各个产业之间的经济联系,并对各个地区间商品和劳务流动进行了描述,是进行地区之间产业结构和技术差异比较、分析地区间产业相互联系与影响、资源在地区间的合理配置、地区经济发展对其它地区经济的带动作用和溢出、反馈效应等研究的重要基础工具。
+
+与单国投入产出表类似,区域间投入产出表也分三个象限,第一象限为中间使用矩阵,包括地区内部中间使用和地区间中间使用流量;第二象限为最终使用矩阵,包括地区内部最终使用和地区间最终使用流量;第三象限为最初投入矩阵,反映各经济体各部门的增加值。
+
+下表以三国家三部门区域间投入产出表为例,阐述其解读方法:
+
+1. 水平方向来看,它反映了各地区各部门产品的去向,即产出情况,包括中间需求和最终需求(也称为中间使用和最终使用)。其中,中间使用是指某经济体某部门产品作为中间品进入各经济体中各产业的生产过程中,被完全地消耗掉;最终使用是指产品作为最终品进入各经济体生产活动以外的领域,如消费、资本形成以及出口等。比如第一行最后一列的单元格表示中国1部门总产出为385万美元,其中有50万美元产出用于美国3部门的中间生产,有40万美元产出用于满足其他国家最终需求,其他单元格含义以此类推。
+
+2. 垂直方向来看,它反映了各地区各部门产品的投入情况,包括中间投入和最初投入。其中,中间投入是在生产过程中被完整消耗的中间品,这些中间品的价值全部进入消耗该中间品的部门的产出价值中;最初投入是指某经济体某部门在生产过程中投入的初级要素,它在生产过程中只是被部分地消耗,其价值是部分地、以折旧等方式进入消耗该产品的部门的产出价值中,这种投入可以是资本品也可以是劳动力,对应着经济学中的增加值,因此也被称作增加值投入。比如第一列最后一个单元格表示中国1部门的总投入为385万美元,其中有60万美元来自其他国家3部门,有75万美元属于最初投入,其他单元格含义依此类推。
+
+图表30: 世界投入产出表示例 (单位: 万美元)
+
+ | 中间使用 | 最终使用 | 总产出 |
|---|
| 中国 | 美国 | 其他国家 | 中国 | 美国 | 其他国家 |
|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 消费 | 投资 | 消费 | 投资 | 消费 | 投资 |
|---|
| 投入 | 中间投入 | 中国 | 1 | 30 | 20 | 45 | 15 | 35 | 50 | 45 | 40 | 30 | 20 | 15 | 40 | 385 | | 2 | 30 | 15 | 50 | 10 | 40 | 30 | 50 | 25 | 55 | 10 | 20 | 25 | 360 | | 3 | 25 | 30 | 40 | 30 | 10 | 45 | 30 | 50 | 20 | 15 | 30 | 45 | 370 | | 美国 | 1 | 15 | 35 | 30 | 50 | 20 | 40 | 35 | 40 | 25 | 30 | 20 | 20 | 360 | | 2 | 20 | 25 | 25 | 45 | 30 | 30 | 55 | 45 | 40 | 10 | 25 | 30 | 380 | | 3 | 45 | 45 | 20 | 30 | 25 | 55 | 75 | 55 | 50 | 20 | 15 | 40 | 475 | | 其他国家 | 1 | 55 | 30 | 35 | 45 | 65 | 50 | 50 | 60 | 60 | 20 | 15 | 40 | 525 | | 2 | 30 | 35 | 45 | 15 | 55 | 55 | 65 | 45 | 60 | 20 | 15 | 40 | 480 | | 3 | 60 | 40 | 25 | 45 | 40 | 50 | 50 | 40 | 30 | 20 | 15 | 40 | 455 | | 最初投入 | 75 | 85 | 55 | 75 | 60 | 70 | 70 | 80 | 85 | | | 总投入 | 385 | 360 | 370 | 360 | 380 | 475 | 525 | 480 | 455 |
+
+第1象限
+第2象限
+第3象限
+
+资料来源：华泰证券研究所
+
+## 区域间投入产出表相关指标
+
+由区域间投入产出表行向可得等式：
+
+$$
+Z_{11}^{cc} + Z_{12}^{cc} + Z_{13}^{cc} + Z_{11}^{ca} + Z_{12}^{ca} + Z_{13}^{ca} + Z_{11}^{co} + Z_{12}^{co} + Z_{13}^{co} + f_{1}^{cc} + f_{1}^{ca} + f_{1}^{co} = x_{1}^{c}
+$$
+
+上述公式中上标的含义为国家(经济体), c为中国, a为美国, o为其他国家; 公式中下标的含义为部门。$x_1^c$为中国1部门总产出, $Z_{12}^{ca}$为中国1部门投入到美国2部门的产品价值, $f_1^{co}$为中国1部门产品成为其他国家最终需求的部分。
+
+由区域间投入产出表列向可得等式：
+
+$$
+Z_{11}^{cc} + Z_{21}^{cc} + Z_{31}^{cc} + Z_{11}^{ac} + Z_{21}^{ac} + Z_{31}^{ac} + Z_{11}^{oc} + Z_{21}^{oc} + Z_{31}^{oc} + v_1^c = x_1^c
+$$
+
+$x_1^c$为中国1部门总投入, $v_1^c$为中国1部门最初投入。
+
+与单国投入产出表类似, 区域间投入产出表也可以计算直接消耗系数和列昂惕夫逆矩阵, 地区内直接消耗系数计算公式为
+
+$$
+a_{ij}^{rr} = \frac{Z_{ij}^{rr}}{X_j^r}
+$$
+
+其中下标ij为部门, 上标r为地区, 地区间直接消耗系数计算公式为
+
+$$
+a_{ij}^{rs} = \frac{Z_{ij}^{rs}}{X_j^s}
+$$
+
+同理, 下标ij为部门, 上标rs为地区。
+
+将直接消耗系数矩阵记为A, A可以进一步表示为分块矩阵形式:
+
+$$
+A = \begin{bmatrix} A_{cc} & A_{ca} & A_{co} \\ A_{ac} & A_{aa} & A_{ao} \\ A_{oc} & A_{oa} & A_{oo} \end{bmatrix}
+$$
+
+其中, $A_{ac}$表示中国各部门单位产出所需中间投入有多少来自美国。
+
+列昂惕夫逆矩阵为：
+
+$$
+B = (I - A)^{-1}
+$$
+
+同样可以表示为分块矩阵形式
+
+$$
+B = \begin{bmatrix} B_{cc} & B_{ca} & B_{co} \\ B_{ac} & B_{aa} & B_{ao} \\ B_{oc} & B_{oa} & B_{oo} \end{bmatrix}
+$$
+
+其中, $B_{ac}$表示中国各经济部门单位产出所需要的美国各经济部门的完整投入量, 其中既包含美国流向中国的直接产出, 也包含美国流经其他地区加工后进入中国各经济部门的产出。
+
+增加值系数计算公式为：
+
+$$
+av_j^r = \frac{v_j^r}{X_j^r}
+$$
+
+各经济体各部门共同组成增加值系数向量：
+
+$$
+V = [V_c \ V_a \ V_o]
+$$
+
+### 区分来源的增加值占比矩阵
+
+利用区域间投入产出表，可以计算出区分来源的增加值占比矩阵 VAS (Value Added Share)：
+
+$$
+VAS = \hat{V}B = V(I - A)^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} V_c B_{cc} & V_c B_{ca} & V_c B_{co} \\ V_a B_{ac} & V_a B_{aa} & V_a B_{ao} \\ V_o B_{oc} & V_o B_{oa} & V_o B_{oo} \end{bmatrix}
+$$
+
+其中，$V_c B_{cc}$ 的元素表示中国生产的某部门产品中来自本国的增加值比重，$V_o B_{oa}$ 的元素表示美国生产的某部门产品中来自其他国家的增加值比重。由于一个产品蕴含的增加值只有两个来源——国内和国外，因此 VAS 矩阵每一列元素按列向求和都为 1，即：
+
+$$
+V_c B_{cc} + V_a B_{ac} + V_o B_{oc} = 1
+$$
+
+### 区分来源的出口蕴含增加值占比
+
+VAS 矩阵包含了在部门层面上区分一国产品中本国和进口增加值占比的所有信息，更进一步我们可以利用VAS计算出一国某部门出口产品中本国和进口增加值占比，其公式如下：
+
+$$
+VASE = \hat{V}B\hat{E} = \begin{bmatrix} V_c B_{cc} E_c & V_c B_{ca} E_a & V_c B_{co} E_o \\ V_a B_{ac} E_c & V_a B_{aa} E_a & V_a B_{ao} E_o \\ V_o B_{oc} E_c & V_o B_{oa} E_a & V_o B_{oo} E_o \end{bmatrix}
+$$
+
+$E$ 为各经济体各部门出口，包括中间品出口和最终品出口，以中国 1 部门出口为例，其计算公式为：
+
+$$
+E_1^c = 15 + 35 + 50 + 45 + 40 + 30 + 15 + 40 = 270
+$$
+
+前 6 项为中国 1 部门对美国和其他国家中间品出口，后 2 项为中国 1 部门对美国和其他国家最终品出口。
+
+VASE 矩阵中的每一个元素表示某经济体某部门出口产品中包含的来自某经济体某部门的增加值。如下图，VASE 矩阵第 2 行第 4 列的元素 21.66 表示美国的 1 部门出口中包含的来自中国 2 部门的增加值，第 4 行第 5 列元素表示美国的 2 部门出口中包含的来自美国 1 部门的增加值
+
+图表31：VASE 矩阵计算示例
+
+
+
+资料来源：华泰证券研究所VASE的对角线分块矩阵 ($V_c B_{cc} E_c$, $V_a B_{aa} E_a$, $V_o B_{oo} E_o$) 表示各国出口中包含的本国增加值, 记为 DV (Domestic Value added); 非对角线分块矩阵表示各国出口中包含的国外增加值, 记为 FV (Foreign Value added), 如 $V_a B_{ac} E_c$ 表示中国总出口中包含的美国增加值, 以公式表示如下:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+DV_{ir} &= \hat{V}_r * B_{rr} * \hat{E}_{r*} \\
+FV_{ir} &= \sum_{s \neq r} \hat{V}_s * B_{sr} * \hat{E}_{r*}
+\end{aligned}
+$$
+
+其中, DV 为 VASE 矩阵对角线矩阵元素列向求和, FV 为非对角线矩阵元素列向求和。
+
+由于VAS矩阵的每一列求和都为1,因此出口国内增加值与出口国外增加值之和为总出口:
+
+$$
+FV_{ir} + DV_{ir} = E_{ir}
+$$
+
+因此可计算总出口中包含的国内增加值占比:
+
+$$
+\frac{DV_{ir}}{E_{ir}}
+$$
+
+其具体含义为出口对国内增加值的贡献率,一定程度上可以反映一国出口产品的自主程度,出口包含国内增加值越大,说明自给自足率越高,对外依存度越低。
+
+此外, Koopman (2010) 的文章还定义了一种新的增加值来源,即出口中包含的间接增加值,记为 IV(Indirect Value added),其含义为包含在第三国出口中的本国增加值,例如, $V_c B_{ca} E_a$ 表示美国总出口中包含的中国增加值,其产生的渠道为中国的产品以中间品出口的形式出口到美国,投入美国的下一阶段生产,生产出来的产品被美国继续出口到各个国家,这部分由中国创造的增加值即为中国出口中包含的间接增加值。其计算公式如下:
+
+$$
+IV_{ir} = \sum_{s \neq r} \hat{V}_r * B_{rs} * \hat{E}_s
+$$
+
+即为VASE矩阵中非对角线矩阵元素的行向求和。
+
+如下图所示,以中国1部门(c-1)为例,其出口中包含的国内增加值为122.12万美元,包含的国外增加值为147.88万美元,两者之和也就是该部门的总出口值270万美元;而该部门出口到国外的产值中,又有158.84万美元的产出被用于第三国中间生产后进一步出口给其他经济体。
+
+图表32: IV、FV、DV 计算示例
+
+
+
+资料来源：华泰证券研究所
+
+# 应用1：各行业在全球价值链中的地位变迁
+
+## 全球价值链地位指数与全球价值链参与度介绍
+
+Koopman (2010) 等提出了测算一国某产业在GVC(Global Value Chain)所处国际分工地位的具体指标——“GVC地位指数”。该指数是用一国某产业“中间品”出口额(用于他国生产和出口“最终产品”)，与该国该产业的“中间品”进口额(用于本国生产和出口“最终产品”)进行比较，得到一国某产业在全球价值链中所处的地位，其公式为：
+
+$$
+GVCposition_{ir} = \ln \left( 1 + \frac{IV_{ir}}{E_{ir}} \right) - \ln \left( 1 + \frac{FV_{ir}}{E_{ir}} \right)
+$$
+
+其中，$GVCposition_{ir}$ 代表 $ir$ 国 $i$ 产业在 $GVC$ 国际分工中的地位；$IV_{ir}$ 表示 $ir$ 国 $i$ 产业间接增加值出口，即 $ir$ 国 $i$ 产业向其他国家出口的中间品贸易额中，有多少经过加工后又出口给第三国；$FV_{ir}$ 则表示 $ir$ 国 $i$ 产业出口最终产品中包含的国外进口的中间品价值；$E_{ir}$ 表示 $ir$ 国 $i$ 产业的出口额。显然，**如果一国某产业的出口中依赖的国外进口中间品的价值越小，而出口贸易额中被其他国家二次加工后再出口给第三国的比例越大，则说明该产业在全球价值链中的地位越高，直观含义是该部门对外依存度低，而外界对该部门依存度高**。
+
+Koopman 等认为，如果一国处于某产业 $GVC$ 的“上游”环节（主要包括创意、研发、设计、品牌、零部件生产供应等“任务和活动”），它会通过向其他国家提供中间品参与 $GVC$ 生产。对于这样的国家，其间接价值增加值($IV_{ir}$)占总出口($E_{ir}$)的比例，就会高于国外价值增加值($FV_{ir}$)占总出口($E_{ir}$)的比例；相反，如果一国处于某产业 $GVC$ 的“下游”（主要指最终产品的组装）环节，就会使用大量来自别国的中间品来生产最终产品，此时$IV_{ir}$会小于$FV_{ir}$。因此，$GVCposition_{ir}$ 数值越大，表明一国某产业在 $GVC$ 上所处的国际分工地位就越高，反之亦然。
+
+由于 $GVC$ 地位指数是一个比例类型的指标，忽略了一国的经济体量和经济活跃度，因此仅考虑 $GVC$ 地位指数是不够的，还需参考 $GVC$ 参与度，举例来说，日本和墨西哥的非加工贸易的电气设备制造业的 $GVC$ 地位指数显示二者都位于全球价值链的上游，但是比较二者的 $GVC$ 参与度指数可以发现日本的电气设备制造业参与度高于墨西哥的电气设备制造业参与度，说明日本的电气设备制造业更多的参与到全球价值链中，因此更能印证其位于全球价值链上游的地位。$GVC$ 参与度指数的公式如下：
+
+$$
+GVCparticipation_{ir} = \frac{IV_{ir}}{E_{ir}} + \frac{FV_{ir}}{E_{ir}}
+$$
+
+图表33：GVC地位指数与GVC参与度指数
+
+
+
+资料来源：华泰证券研究所
+
+## 各行业全球价值链中的地位变迁实证分析
+
+本节将基于 OECD 发布的 2005-2015 年世界投入产出表 (Inter-Country Input-Output Tables) 来分析我国各部门的全球价值链中的地位变迁，并梳理相应投资机会。在 OECD 发布的全球投入产出表中共包括了 69 个经济体和 36 个部门，鉴于服务业和非服务业生产形式上的差异，我们在进行分析时，只考虑非服务行业（加工制造部门）内部比较。此外，考虑到地区间投入产出表的经济部门划分已经相对宽泛，本节分析中并没有将其映射到相应行业研究对象，而是直接基于原始数据进行分析。
+
+首先考察我国各部门出口国内增加值占比，也即特定部门出口产值中包含的国内增加值的比例，它一定程度上刻画了该部门的自给自足率，其值越大，对外依存度越低。从与美国的比较来看：
+
+1. 我国低端制造业和初级产品部门的出口国内增加值占比较高。其中，食品、饮料和烟草、纺织服装业、农林渔业等劳动密集型行业，其出口国内增加值占比高于美国同行业，说明这些行业所需的中间投入品多来自国内生产，自给自足率较高。
+
+2. 我国高端制造业的出口国内增加值占比普遍低于美国。其中，计算机、电子和光学产品制造业、化学品和药品制造业、电气设备制造业等技术密集型行业所需的中间投入品更加依赖国外进口，对外依存度较高。这些高端制造业部门对技术水平的要求较高，当前我国尚未完全掌握或引领这些行业上游核心技术（比如芯片、发动机），在国际竞争中处于相对劣势。
+
+3. 从发展趋势上来看，虽然目前我国高端制造业与美国存在较大差距，但是各行业的差距正在逐年缩小，发展势头向好。其中，电气设备、化学品和药品、计算机、电子和光学产品的出口国内增加值占比都在逐年提升，与美国同行业相比也在快速追赶，差距逐渐缩小；而机械设备行业的出口国内增加值占比已经高于美国，体现出我国近年来在经济结构转型中获得的实质进步。在当前中美脱钩论日渐受到关注的背景下，我国高端制造业无论是被中美脱钩或发达国家贸易制裁倒逼来自主寻求创新，还是由国家政策扶植支持创新，其发展前景都值得我们关注。另一方面，中美高端制造业之间的差距在某种程度上可以视为我国高端制造业未来仍可提升的空间，行业源头的技术进步将改变当前我国高端制造业依赖国外技术的局面，打破其他国家在产业领域内的技术垄断，国产中间投入品将逐步替代进口中间投入品，从而促进这类行业的出口国内增加值占比提高，因而长期来看这些行业也具备较高的配置价值。
+
+图表34：中国与美国各行业出口增加值占比
+
+ | 中国-2005 | 中国-2010 | 中国-2015 | 美国-2005 | 美国-2010 | 美国-2015 | 差值-2005 | 差值-2010 | 差值-2015 |
|---|
| 农林渔业 | 93.77% | 94.45% | 93.68% | 90.82% | 90.06% | 91.24% | 2.95% | 4.38% | 2.44% | | 能源产品的开采 | 90.07% | 92.57% | 91.34% | 87.16% | 93.77% | 97.14% | 2.91% | -1.20% | -5.80% | | 非能源产品的开采和采石 | 85.82% | 88.22% | 88.63% | 92.30% | 95.90% | 95.99% | -6.48% | -7.68% | -7.36% | | 采矿支持服务活动 | 87.25% | 89.65% | 88.47% | 92.54% | 97.65% | 95.32% | -5.29% | -8.00% | -6.85% | | 食品、饮料和烟草 | 90.80% | 91.74% | 92.40% | 89.67% | 89.31% | 89.87% | 1.12% | 2.43% | 2.53% | | 纺织服装 | 83.57% | 88.29% | 89.99% | 84.87% | 85.59% | 84.16% | -1.31% | 2.70% | 5.83% | | 木材及木塞制品 | 81.41% | 85.58% | 86.36% | 85.77% | 86.86% | 86.46% | -4.36% | -1.29% | -0.10% | | 纸制品和印刷 | 81.47% | 86.02% | 88.33% | 87.88% | 87.64% | 87.45% | -6.40% | -1.61% | 0.88% | | 焦炭和精炼石油产品 | 69.43% | 67.77% | 71.77% | 64.37% | 58.72% | 74.13% | 5.06% | 9.04% | -2.36% | | 化学品和药品 | 76.94% | 80.75% | 84.87% | 85.36% | 87.37% | 89.86% | -8.42% | -6.62% | -4.98% | | 橡塑制品 | 75.85% | 80.77% | 84.64% | 85.19% | 85.57% | 85.72% | -9.35% | -4.81% | -1.08% | | 其他非金属矿产品 | 83.20% | 85.87% | 88.55% | 89.81% | 89.09% | 89.95% | -6.60% | -3.22% | -1.40% | | 基本金属 | 77.19% | 75.56% | 82.64% | 82.52% | 80.51% | 83.22% | -5.33% | -4.95% | -0.57% | | 金属制品 | 76.69% | 79.96% | 85.31% | 85.92% | 84.28% | 84.57% | -9.23% | -4.32% | 0.75% | | 计算机、电子、光学产品 | 68.16% | 73.04% | 74.42% | 87.42% | 91.52% | 92.18% | -19.25% | -18.48% | -17.76% | | 电气设备 | 73.37% | 77.02% | 82.35% | 83.27% | 84.42% | 83.46% | -9.91% | -7.40% | -1.11% | | 机械设备 | 76.00% | 80.91% | 84.61% | 82.25% | 81.65% | 81.59% | -6.25% | -0.74% | 3.03% | | 机动车辆、拖车和半拖车 | 78.58% | 80.77% | 83.77% | 76.05% | 73.93% | 76.33% | 2.52% | 6.85% | 7.44% | | 其他运输设备 | 76.40% | 80.23% | 81.60% | 86.58% | 86.38% | 84.82% | -10.18% | -6.15% | -3.22% |
+
+资料来源：OECD，华泰证券研究所
+
+接下来考察各行业在全球价值链中的地位变化情况。我们以全球价值链地位指数为横轴，以出口国内增加值占比为纵轴，做出各行业的全球价值链地位指数变化气泡图（气泡半径越大，意味着年份越近，其中起始点2005年和终止点2015年已经高亮标注），同时辅以GVC 参与度进行判断，来探究各行业在全球价值链中的地位变迁。结果表明，几乎所有行业的出口国内增加值占比都在震荡攀升，说明我国制造业整体自给自足率是不断提升的，而GVC地位指数和GVC参与度则有所分化，据此可以将各行业大体分为三类：
+
+1. 第一类行业的 GVC 地位指数呈现出上升趋势，且其 GVC 参与度指数较高，包括化学品和药品制造业和计算机、电子、和光学产品制造业。GVC 地位指数的提升意味着提供的高技术附加值产品和服务稳步增加，而较高的 GVC 参与度则意味着该行业融入全球价值链的程度较高，其 GVC 地位指数更贴近其在全球价值链中的真实位置。长期来看，这类行业的配置价值最值得关注。
+
+2. 第二类行业的 GVC 地位指数虽呈现出上升趋势，但数值仍然偏低，且 GVC 参与度也较小，说明该行业生产与全球价值链的关联程度较低，更多的依靠本国内部生产，主要包括电气设备制造业、机械设备制造业、金属制品业、食品饮料和烟草制造业。长期来看，这类行业在全球化生产的大背景下也存在较大的发展空间，比如电气设备制造业的 GVC 地位指数由之前的负值变为正值，由依靠进口中间投入品为主转变为对外出口中间投入品为主，虽然其绝对数值仍然较低，但也反映出其在全球价值链上的地位逐渐向上游靠近；同样地，机械设备制造业的全球价值链地位指数虽一直为负值，但在近些年也逐渐向 0 靠近，并有成为正值的趋势，具有较好的发展前景。
+
+3. 第三类行业的 GVC 地位指数为下降趋势，说明这类行业的产业结构在逐渐发生变化，其生产过程中的进口投入品增加，全球价值链地位有所下降，包括其他非金属矿产品、橡塑制品、纸制品和印刷业，多集中在低端制造业部门。
+
+图表35：化学品和药品 GVC 地位指数变化（第一类代表）
+
+
+
+资料来源：OECD，华泰证券研究所
+
+图表36：计算机、电子和光学产品 GVC 地位指数变化（第一类代表）
+
+
+
+资料来源：OECD，华泰证券研究所
+
+图表37：电气设备 GVC 地位指数变化（第二类代表）
+
+
+
+资料来源：OECD，华泰证券研究所
+
+图表38：机械设备 GVC 地位指数变化（第二类代表）
+
+
+
+资料来源：OECD，华泰证券研究所
+
+图表39：各行业 GVC 地位指数、GVC 参与度、出口国内增加值占比
+
+ | 出口国内增加值占比 | GVC 地位指数 | GVC 参与度 |
|---|
| 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 |
|---|
| 农林渔业 | 93.77% | 94.45% | 93.68% | 0.74 | 0.76 | 0.82 | 1.28 | 1.32 | 1.47 | | 食品饮料 | 90.80% | 91.74% | 92.40% | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.15 | 0.28 | 0.31 | 0.33 | | 能源产品 | 90.07% | 92.57% | 91.34% | 1.03 | 1.61 | 1.65 | 2.17 | 4.47 | 4.74 | | 纺织服装 | 83.57% | 88.29% | 89.99% | -0.01 | 0.03 | 0.04 | 0.32 | 0.27 | 0.24 | | 非能源产品 | 85.82% | 88.22% | 88.63% | 0.91 | 1.33 | 1.32 | 1.99 | 3.33 | 3.27 | | 非金属矿 | 83.20% | 85.87% | 88.55% | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.44 | 0.41 | 0.31 | | 采矿服务 | 87.25% | 89.65% | 88.47% | 2.19 | 2.60 | 2.26 | 9.25 | 14.03 | 9.76 | | 纸制印刷 | 81.47% | 86.02% | 88.33% | 0.49 | 0.50 | 0.41 | 1.12 | 1.03 | 0.79 | | 木材产品 | 81.41% | 85.58% | 86.36% | -0.01 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.31 | | 金属制品 | 76.69% | 79.96% | 85.31% | -0.03 | 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.44 | 0.40 | 0.32 | | 化学品和药品 | 76.94% | 80.75% | 84.87% | 0.15 | 0.18 | 0.21 | 0.66 | 0.62 | 0.57 | | 橡塑制品 | 75.85% | 80.77% | 84.64% | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.13 | 0.69 | 0.64 | 0.47 | | 机械设备 | 76.00% | 80.91% | 84.61% | -0.05 | -0.04 | -0.01 | 0.42 | 0.33 | 0.30 | | 机动车辆 | 78.58% | 80.77% | 83.77% | 0.00 | -0.08 | -0.04 | 0.43 | 0.29 | 0.28 | | 基本金属 | 77.19% | 75.56% | 82.64% | 0.14 | 0.11 | 0.15 | 0.64 | 0.64 | 0.53 | | 电气设备 | 73.37% | 77.02% | 82.35% | -0.04 | -0.04 | 0.02 | 0.48 | 0.41 | 0.37 | | 其他运输设备 | 76.40% | 80.23% | 81.60% | 0.05 | -0.03 | 0.00 | 0.54 | 0.36 | 0.37 | | 计算机、电子、光学产品 | 68.16% | 73.04% | 74.42% | 0.10 | 0.11 | 0.11 | 0.77 | 0.68 | 0.66 | | 焦炭精炼石油 | 69.43% | 67.77% | 71.77% | 0.35 | 0.52 | 0.70 | 1.16 | 1.55 | 1.88 |
+
+资料来源：OECD，华泰证券研究所
+
+需要说明的是，虽然从我国各行业来看，出口国内增加值占比都呈现出波动上升的走势，但这在全球各国中并非普遍存在的现象。我们以中国、美国、日本、德国、越南五个典型经济体为例，考察其计算机、电子和光学产品制造业以及电气设备制造业的出口国内增加值占比走势，结果表明：1、越南的两个行业的出口国内增加值占比都在下降，其可能原因为发达国家近年来逐渐将制造业中低盈利能力的生产环节转移到劳动力成本较低的越南，使越南的生产活动对进口中间投入品的需求增大；2、日本的两个行业的出口国内增加值占比在2009-2014年间都呈下降趋势，其可能原因包括两方面，一方面日本对外直接投资由来已久，通过对外直接投资将日本国内制造业的部分生产环节转移至海外，造成本国产业链缺失，对进口投入品依赖增大；另一方面日本自然资源较为缺乏，没有条件发展完整产业链。与这些国家相比，国内大部分行业的出口国内增加值占比增大可能与我国产业链发展日益完备有关，各个行业的生产所需的中间投入品大多可以直接从国内获得，对进口投入品的依赖下降，使得产业链中的产生的利润大部分留在国内，特别是此次新冠疫情期间我国在生产医疗器械等产品时展现了完整产业链的优势，在当前逆全球化逐渐流行和各国之间贸易摩擦日益加剧的背景下，完整产业链将为我国经济发展和企业生存提供有力的保障。
+
+图表40：各国计算机、电子、光学产品出口国内增加值占比走势
+
+
+
+资料来源：OECD，华泰证券研究所
+
+图表41：各国电气设备制造业出口国内增加值占比走势
+
+
+
+资料来源：OECD，华泰证券研究所
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+# 对投入产出模型性质的理论思考*
+
+张红霞 夏明
+
+
+
+**[提要]** 投入产出方法作为一种经验研究方法被大量用于实际经济问题的分析,但是模型假定与方法性质的理解却是合理使用投入产出方法的前提。投入产出模型的突出特点表现为以生产为中心、结构性和方法的系统性。投入产出需求拉动的数量模型和成本推动的价格模型构成了其核心分析框架,两类模型都是以生产为中心;数量模型和价格模型所体现的产业间相互影响不仅包括直接联系,也包括间接联系,从而具有结构性特征。从系统性来看,这一分析框架以生产为核心形成模型的内生边界,并可以进一步对内生边界和概念进行调整;此外,通过引入分配系数建立供给驱动模型,以及与优化模型相结合扩展为广义投入产出模型体系,构成系统性的分析框架。为此,本文从投入产出模型的基本性质出发,对投入产出方法结构性的内涵、模型系统内生边界的划分和调整、需求拉动和供给推动模型体系的对称性,以及广义投入产出体系的对偶性等若干基本问题展开充分讨论,由此提出笔者对投入产出方法性质的思考。
+
+**[关键词]** 投入产出; 结构分析; 供给驱动; 对偶
+
+
+
+## 一、引言
+
+20世纪60年代,我国开始了投入产出分析的研究,并于1974—1976年间编制了1973年我国61种产品的实物型投入产出表。改革开放以后大量研究开始涌现,如各种投入产出表的编制,大量研究论文的发表,以及高校投入产出课程的开设和教材的编辑出版。自20世纪90年代中期以后,投入产出技术的研究进入低潮,直到近年来随着投入产出方法在区域、能源环境,以及全球价值链等诸多领域与重大现实问题的经验研究中被广泛应用,才再次引起人们对这一方法的重视。
+
+实际上,从学科范围与内容上看,投入产出分析并不局限于一种经验分析方法。从国民核算与数据角度看,从SNA1968开始,投入产出核算被正式引入国民账户体系(联合国经济和社会事务部统计处,1982)。经过后续版本的发展,投入产出核算逐步规范为供给使用框架,与SNA整体核算架构一起,成为由联合国主导,欧盟、经济合作与发展组织(OECD)、国际货币基金组织(IMF),以及世界银行参与制定的标准体系,并被世界各国广泛接受。目前,供给使用表已成为各国产业数据的核心,如果要了解世界各国的产业状况,投入产出数据必不可少,如果要从整体上对产业进行认识和分析,这甚至是唯一选择。然而,与投入产出在数据和方法上的大量经验应用不同,投入产出方法的理论研究并不充分,投入产出方法和模型研究中对其理论性质的认识存在着欠缺。为此,本文试图从基本模型出发,探讨模型背后的理论性质问题。
+
+本文结构安排如下。论文第二部分论述如何理解投入产出方法的结构性;第三部分至第五部分从不同角度说明投入产出方法的系统性,包括模型系统边界的划分、模型体系的对称性、广义投入产出模型的对偶关系等;最后,在对投入产出方法的性质分析和特点分析的基础上,对投入产出方法的发展提出展望。
+
+
+
+* 张红霞、夏明(通讯作者),中国人民大学应用经济学院,邮政编码:100872,电子信箱:xiaming@ruc.edu.cn。本文得到中国人民大学科学研究基金项目“中国时间序列投入产出数据库的构建研究(21XNA038)”和“中国人民大学首批专业核心课建设项目”的资助。感谢匿名评审人的审稿意见,笔者已做了相应修改,本文文责自负。
+
+## 二、如何理解投入产出方法的结构性
+
+### (一) 投入产出方法所体现的结构性
+
+投入产出分析的基本模型是需求拉动模型 $x = (I-A)^{-1}y$, 表示在一个封闭的经济系统中, 为生产最终需求列向量 y, 所需的各部门产出列向量为 x。其中, A 为直接消耗系数矩阵, 也称技术系数矩阵, I 为单位矩阵。在投入产出技术的一些教科书中, 根据列向平衡关系 $\hat{a}_c x + v^T = x$, 建立列模型 $x = (I - \hat{a}_c)^{-1} v^T$。其中, $a_c$ 表示直接消耗系数矩阵 A 列向合计得到的行向量; 用尖号“^”表示由向量元素对角化得到的对角矩阵, $\hat{a}_c$ 表示以向量 $a_c$ 的元素为对角元素构造的对角矩阵; 用上标 $T$ 表示矩阵或向量的转置, $v^T$ 是初始投入行向量的转置。这一模型试图表明初始投入如何推动产出的增长。但是, 这一模型中, $(I - \hat{a}_c)^{-1}$ 是以各部门产出与增加值的比率为对角元素的对角矩阵, 模型只是利用这一比率把各部门初始投入放大为各部门产出。所以, 这一模型并没有太大意义。实际上, 从模型性质看, 基于对角矩阵形式的生产系数矩阵, 决定了它所描述的生产体系虽然存在多个部门, 但是每个部门仍是独立生产, 进而只存在直接联系而无完全联系, 所以在性质上仍属于总量模型特征, 而非结构模型。基于上述例子提出一个问题: 在投入产出视角下, 如何看待总量与结构的区别与联系? 投入产出方法常被称之为一种结构分析方法, 其分析方法的结构性质又是如何体现的?
+
+投入产出分析是一个综合多种模型的分析体系。从需求拉动模型来看。一方面,对于同一技术,即使需求总量不变,但随着需求结构的改变,产出结构与产出总量都会发生变化。从模型的角度看,产出总量对最终需求总量的放大倍数为: $\frac{i^T x}{i^T y} = \frac{i^T (I-A)^{-1} y}{i^T y}$, 其中 i 为元素全为1的列向量。设 $s_y = \frac{1}{i^T y} y$ 表示最终需求结构, 从而 $\frac{i^T x}{i^T y} = i^T (I-A)^{-1} s_y$。可以看出, 放大倍数将取决于技术系数矩阵 A 和最终需求结构。在技术系数矩阵不变的情况下, 随着最终需求 y 结构的变化, 产出对最终需求总量的放大倍数也在改变; 如果最终需求结构不变, 技术系数矩阵改变, 则放大倍数也会改变。
+
+另一方面,在需求拉动模型中引入初始投入系数或增加值系数行向量 $a_v$, 进一步建立最终需求与初始投入(收入或增加值)之间的联系,即 $a_v (I-A)^{-1} y$, 并将 $b_v = a_v (I-A)^{-1}$ 定义为完全的初始投入系数。在封闭条件下,因为 $a_v (I-A)^{-1} = i^T (I-A) (I-A)^{-1} = i^T$, 也就是 $b_v$ 是元素全为1的行向量,由此看出,尽管不同最终需求带来的产出总量可能并不相等,但是它所拉动的收入或增加值的合计一定与最终需求总量相等。从模型角度表现为最终需求与初始投入之间的平衡方程:
+
+$$
+\tilde{v} = a_v x = a_v (I - A)^{-1} y = b_v y = \tilde{y} \quad (1)
+$$
+
+上式从中间往左看,最终需求 y 拉动的产出 x, 进一步通过初始投入系数,得到产出增加所带来的总收入的增加,即各部门增加值的加总 $\tilde{v}$。上式从中间往右看,初始投入系数行向量右乘列昂惕夫逆阵,得到完全的初始投入系数行向量 $b_v$, 所以公式右端最终表示的是全部最终需求或最终产品价值的合计 $\tilde{y}$。这表明不管何种情形,最终需求的总量与其所拉动的初始投入或增加值的总量始终是相等的。
+
+从上述分析可以看出,投入产出模型框架提供了两种看待生产过程的视角。首先是直接生产过程,着眼于产出,基于直接消耗系数矩阵 A, 每个部门以自身的技术生产出本部门的产出,生产过程中的消耗来自各个部门的投入品,体现为部门与部门之间的直接生产联系。其次,着眼于最终产品,在直接生产过程的基础上,由直接消耗系数矩阵 A 转换为完全需求系数矩阵 $(I-A)^{-1}$ 的同时,也把观察对象从单个生产过程转变为部门间相互联系的整体生产过程,体现为部门之间的完全生产联系。需要指出的是,上式基于列昂惕夫逆阵所建立的初始投入和最终产品之间的联系,是从最终需求如何拉动初始投入要素的角度对生产的描述,而供给推动的模型视角则需要基于分配系数来构造,对此本文将在第四部分讨论。
+
+在投入产出模型框架下,如果把多部门生产看作一个“黑箱”,那么将只能看到初始投入$\tilde{v}$与最终产品$\tilde{y}$之间的总量生产过程,这也相当于把投入产出的所有部门进行合并,成为一个部门的投入产出表,即使其中存在产出对最终需求的放大,这种放大倍数在给定技术下也只是一个确定的数,不可能改变。但是,在存在多部门生产的情况下,尽管$\tilde{v}$与$\tilde{y}$的转换关系始终是恒定的,即使技术系数矩阵不变随着需求结构的变化,却存在着各个部门生产的不同安排。这意味着有些部门的生产规模更大和更多的物耗,生产能力的更充分利用和更多的就业,另一些部门则可能处于相对不足状态,而且它们之间存在联系。不仅如此,产出总量也会随着需求结构的变化而改变。也就是说,投入产出的乘数效应不仅具有总量效应,也具有结构效应。
+
+### (二) 总量与结构的关系
+
+既然产出总量与最终需求总量之间的倍数关系取决于$i^T(I-A)^{-1}s_y$, 而$i^T(I-A)^{-1}s_y=i^T(I+A+A^2+\cdots)s_y=i^Ts_y+i^TAs_y+i^TA^2s_y+\cdots$, 所以, 倍数大小取决于$A, A^2$等的传递关系。然而,在最初的列模型中,传递关系为$(I-\hat{a_c})^{-1}$,作为对角矩阵,在传递关系中始终是每个元素对自身进行连乘,部门与部门之间没有影响。尽管采取了多部门形式,但每个部门仍是独立的,从而在本质上具有总量模型性质。
+
+在投入产出模型部门分类和模型假定的讨论中,也存在总量与结构关系的影响。通常认为,投入产出模型需要满足三个假定,即同质性、比例性和可加性。比例性假定包含了固定比例生产函数与规模报酬不变,可加性则是排除了投入产出乘数性质以外任何形式的外部性。在有关部门分类的同质性假定中,包含了三层含义:一是每个部门具有单一的投入结构;二是单个部门生产的所有产品是同质的,相互间或者完全替代,或者保持固定比例;三是不同部门产品之间无替代性(United Nations, 1966)。在这样的假定下,如果两个部门具有相同的技术,那么这两个部门可以合并为一个部门。从总量与结构关系的视角看,两个部门技术相同,意味着行向量$(i^TA+i^TA^2+\cdots)$中对应于这两个部门的元素相同,从而最终需求向量y中这两个部门的相对结构变化不会对总量产生影响。对于在最终需求中存在高度替代关系而生产技术却不相同的产品,如果合并为一个部门将违背技术同质性的假定,如果分为不同部门,则又会面临不同部门产品间存在替代关系的两难处境。这种替代关系将破坏需求结构的界定,带来分析的不确定性。
+
+总量与结构关系不仅在投入产出模型的假定中,也在理论模型中反映出来。古典(classical)理论中通常假设所有部门的资本有机构成相同,如果初始投入只有劳动,则每个部门中间投入合计与初始投入两者间比例都相同。在这一假定下,公式$(i^TA+i^TA^2+\cdots)$中$i^TA$是一个所有元素相同的行向量,$i^TA^2=i^TA×A$的所有元素也相同,如此等等,使得整个向量元素都相同,从而只存在总量效应。对于这一问题,本文将在后续投入产出模型的对偶性质中做进一步探讨。
+
+## 三、模型系统边界的划分
+
+### (一) 两种价格影响模型的系统边界及其内在一致性
+
+投入产出的价格影响模型存在两种形式:一种是要素变化推动价格的改变;另一种是部分产品价格的变化如何推动其他产品价格改变。两者的公式表面上看起来并不相同,但在本质上是一致的。
+
+价格模型建立的基础是实物投入产出表。在实物型投入产出表中,在实物中间流量与实物产出已知的情况下,把初始投入看作各种实物要素的回报,那么价格模型所描述的将是产品价格与要素价格之间的关系;或者把要素价格理解为一种分配关系,把初始投入看作是产出扣除物耗后的一种剩余,那么基于价格模型将在一种给定技术下,同时决定分配与相对价格。但是,现实中通常更多面对的是价值型投入产出表数据。对于价格模型:$$
+p = pA + a_v \quad (2)
+$$
+
+式中, 基于价值型投入产出表系数得到的价格行向量 $p$ 其元素全为1, 从而无法提供对价格绝对量的测度。但是这并不影响测算外生冲击下价格的比较静态变化, 价格影响模型的名称由此而来。对于初始投入改变如何对价格产生影响, 可以直接把初始投入的变化引入价格影响模型, 来测算其影响, 即:
+
+$$
+\Delta p = \Delta a_v (I - A)^{-1} \quad (3)
+$$
+
+式中, 表明初始投入的外生冲击 $\Delta a_v$ 如何通过直接和间接的传递推动产品成本的变化, 所以是一种成本推动或供给驱动的价格模型。但是, 为分析另一种形式, 即部分产品价格变化带来的其他产品价格的改变, 就需要对价格模型的这两种产品进行分块矩阵的处理, 即分为两个子系统。用下标1和2分别表示两个子系统, 分析第二个子系统中产品价格变化 $\Delta p_2$ 如何对第一个子系统中产品价格产生影响 $\Delta p_1$, 基于分块矩阵形式的价格模型展开, 并求比较静态变化, 有:
+
+$$
+\Delta p_1 = \Delta p_1 A_{11} + \Delta p_2 A_{21} \quad (4)
+$$
+
+进一步转换得到:
+
+$$
+\Delta p_1 = \Delta p_2 A_{21} (I - A_{11})^{-1} \quad (5)
+$$
+
+式中, $A_{11}$ 和 $A_{21}$ 分别为系数矩阵 A 分块矩阵中对应位置的子矩阵。与要素投入变化的价格影响模型比较, 逆阵中的矩阵 A 被替换为分块矩阵 $A_{11}$, 表明这一模型系统的内生边界与初始投入的价格影响模型相比发生了改变。在要素影响价格模型中, 初始投入相对于矩阵 A 是外生的, 但是在产品价格影响模型中, 模型的边界重新设定为 $A_{11}$, 那些价格发生变化的产品被外生化, $\Delta p_2 A_{21}$ 与前一模型中的 $\Delta a_v$ 处于同样的外生地位。因此, 两种模型只是形式不同, 模型性质完全一致, 都是测算外生冲击如何对经济系统内的产品价格产生影响。区别仅仅在于经济边界的划分。这样, 对于后一模型中价格发生外生变动的产品, 影响其他产品的价格, 却没有受到反馈影响, 类似这样的假定就可以得到更好的理解, 因为这些产品的价格与初始投入要素一样, 均被外生化了。
+
+在利用投入产出模型对经济问题进行分析的过程中, 始终需要对模型所设定的经济系统边界有一个清晰界定。表面上看起来毫不相关的模型, 本质上面对的都是模型边界变化以及内外生调整所带来的问题。在开放经济模型中, 将看到一国经济系统和多国经济系统存在的差别; 在乘数模型中, 将看到消费变量内生变化对乘数效应的影响; 投入占用产出模型则反映了资本损耗补偿内生化的影响。
+
+### (二) 开放经济分析中的模型边界
+
+对于一国经济的两部门模型, 如果把向量中的元素理解为分块向量, 把矩阵中的元素理解为分块矩阵, 如果是两个地区就转化为区域间模型, 如果是两个国家就转化为国际投入产出模型。区域间投入产出模型与国际投入产出模型基本性质上是一致的。本文以仅包含两国的一个经济系统的国际投入产出模型为例:
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} \tilde{v}_1 \\ \tilde{v}_2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} a_{v1} & \\ & a_{v2}\end{pmatrix}\begin{pmatrix}L_{11} & L_{12} \\ L_{21} & L_{22} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} y_1 \\ y_2 \end{pmatrix} \quad (6)
+$$
+
+式中, 下标1和2分别表示国家1和国家2, $\tilde{v}_1$ 和 $\tilde{v}_2$ 分别为两国的增加值总量, $a_{v1}$ 和 $a_{v2}$ 分别为两国的增加值系数行向量, $\begin{pmatrix} L_{11} & L_{12} \\ L_{21} & L_{22} \end{pmatrix}$ 为 A 的分块矩阵 $A = \begin{pmatrix} A_{11} & A_{12} \\ A_{21} & A_{22} \end{pmatrix}$ 求解列昂惕夫逆阵 $(I-A)^{-1}$ 后得到的分块矩阵, $y_1$ 和 $y_2$ 分别为国际投入产出表中两国的最终产品列向量。最终需求中的出口通过需求的拉动, 带来两国产出的增加, 进一步通过增加值系数, 带来两国收入或增加值的增加。这种由出口所带来的增加值被称之为贸易增加值 (value added in trade)。然而, 这里的出口必须是两国生产体系之外的最终需求, 也就是只能是作为两国最终产品的出口。这与海关出口的概念形成差别, 并且带来一个矛盾, 因为海关进出口的定义以一国为边界, 而在国际投入产出表中, 却要把在生产中相互联系的处于一个生产体系的两个国家作为一个经济体看待, 从而形成新的投入产出系统的边界。在这种情况下, 如果要计算海关出口所带来的增加值, 要么放弃两国经济系统, 回到单一国家的经济系统, 要么放弃海关进出口概念, 而重新进行定义。
+
+对于前者, 两国系统中的系数矩阵 $A = \begin{pmatrix} A_{11} & A_{12} \\ A_{21} & A_{22} \end{pmatrix}$, 对于 $A_{11}$ 界定的国家 1 生产系统而言, $A_{21}$ 就成为进口矩阵, 最终需求 $\begin{pmatrix} y_1 \\ y_2 \end{pmatrix}$ 也可以相应细分为 $\begin{pmatrix} y_{11} & y_{12} \\ y_{21} & y_{22} \end{pmatrix}$, 第一列和第二列分别表示国家 1 和国家 2 的最终需求。这样, 第一个国家的全部出口带来的增加值模型表述为: $a_{v1}(I - A_{11})^{-1}(A_{12}x_2 + y_{12})$。这时的出口包含了中间产品出口 $A_{12}x_2$ 和最终产品出口 $y_{12}$, 这样就得到海关出口拉动的本国增加值。对于进口矩阵数据, 实际分析中针对数据缺乏情况通常会提出一种简化构造方法。即用每一产品的进口与国内总使用相除构造一个系数, 用这一系数从中间使用的各行中分离出进口矩阵。国内总使用是从总使用中扣除出口。那么为什么在系数构造中要采用国内总使用这个概念? 原因是假设出口中不含进口, 因此, 在剔除时需要把出口这部分从作为基数的分母中加以剔除。因此, 如果进口只用于中间使用, 那么剔除系数的分母应该是中间使用的合计, 这就是米勒和布莱尔教材中的近似方法 I。如果全部最终使用也包含进口, 那么分母就应该用中间使用加最终使用, 也就是用总使用这个概念。米勒和布莱尔教材的近似方法 II 中提出了以总产出为分母, 然而这一做法的经济含义似乎并不明确 (罗纳德·E. 米勒和彼得·D. 布莱尔, 2019)。因为产出对应的产品中是不含进口品的。如果以产出为分母, 那只能是列向从投入角度进行剔除, 而非行向从使用角度剔除。
+
+对于后者, 在海关进出口概念之外重新定义增加值的进出口, 就得到了增加值贸易概念 (trade in value added)。这时把最终需求与最终产品概念区别开来, 有:
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} v_{11} & v_{12} \\ v_{21} & v_{22} \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} a_{v1} & \\ & a_{v2} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} L_{11} & L_{12} \\ L_{21} & L_{22} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} y_{11} & y_{12} \\ y_{21} & y_{22} \end{pmatrix} \quad (7)
+$$
+
+式中, 把国家 2 最终需求 $(y_{12}, y_{22})^T$ 带来的国家 1 的增加值 $v_{12}$ 称为国家 1 对国家 2 的增加值出口。而把国家 1 本国最终需求带来国家 2 的增加值 $v_{21}$ 称为从国家 2 的增加值进口。显然, 这一定义完全基于两国系统的最终产品概念, 从而避免了之前模型中包含中间产品出口所带来的困扰。
+
+### (三) 乘数模型与内生边界的扩展
+
+前文分析中, 尽管需求拉动模型中的投入产出乘数 $(I-A)^{-1}$ 实现了产出对最终需求的放大, 但是对于GDP而言, 实际上并没有任何放大, 最终产品价值与增加值之间在总量上的关系始终是1:1。①为此, 有学者提出以消费内生化的方式, 得到放大的GDP的乘数, 例如局部闭模型和宫泽乘数模型。实际上, 最初的投入产出乘数本身在模型改造过程中并没有任何对收入的放大作用, 如果存在某种放大的话, 一定是收入范围内的放大, 而非生产领域内的放大。在投入产出乘数分析中, 宫泽模型很好地表现了投入产出乘数与凯恩斯乘数的关系。因此, 基于这一模型来讨论经济边界的变化, 因为无论是对于局部闭模型还是宫泽模型而言, 其核心都是最终需求某些部分如消费的内生化, 从而带来经济系统内生边界的调整。与此同 时, 将再次观察到总量与结构的关系, 因为总量与结构也可以看作是一种特殊的经济边界的划分。
+
+
+
+① 这一结论是针对封闭经济而言的。对于开放经济, 在模型关系上, 本国所生产的最终产品的价值合计, 将等于增加值与中间产品进口价值的合计。从核算的角度看, GDP=本国生产的最终产品-中间产品进口=(本国生产的最终产品+最终产品进口)-(最终产品进口+中间产品进口)=消费+资本形成+出口-进口。
+
+宫泽模型的特点是在投入产出多部门分析框架的基础上, 通过对收入进行分层, 把投入产出需求拉动对收入的传导进一步结构化。设V为收入系数矩阵, 每一行对应该行收入群体在不同部门的收入系数, 即该收入群体在某一部门收入与该部门产出或投入之比; C为消费倾向的结构矩阵, 其中的列为对应收入群体单位收入对不同产品的消费结构, 即该收入群体某一产品的消费量与该收入群体收入之比。由此, 投入产出行模型可以对消费进行内生化：
+
+$$
+x = Ax + CVx + f \quad (8)
+$$
+
+$$
+x = (I - A - CV)^{-1} f \quad (9)
+$$
+
+式中，$f$ 为消费以外的最终需求部分。模型中的广义列昂惕夫逆阵 $(I-A-CV)^{-1}$ 就是在原来的直接消耗系数 A 对物耗的消耗之外，再叠加一个部门消费系数矩阵 $CV$，也就是在每个部门每种产品的生产物耗外加上该部门劳动者的消费品，从而实现消费的内生化。设 $L=(I-A)^{-1}$ 为列昂惕夫逆阵，即本来意义的投入产出乘数，上述模型可以进一步变形得到：
+
+$$
+x = L(I - CVL)^{-1} f \quad (10)
+$$
+
+与 $x=(I-A)^{-1}y$ 对比，显然有：
+
+$$
+y = (I - CVL)^{-1} f \quad (11)
+$$
+
+这一模型表明消费之外的最终需求 $f$ 经 $(I-CVL)^{-1}$ 放大得到全部的最终需求，如果把全部最终需求看作是GDP或全部国民收入的话，那么这个乘数 $(I-CVL)^{-1}$ 就是一种结构化的凯恩斯乘数。对于 $CVL$ 的经济含义，用展开式 $CVL_y+f=y$ 与行模型 $Ax+y=x$ 中直接消耗系数矩阵 A 的含义相类比，可以看出 $CVL$ 就是针对不同最终产品，或者更准确地说是不同最终产品所带来的收入的消费系数列向量构成的消费系数矩阵，$(I-CVL)^{-1}$ 则由直接消费系数矩阵转换为完全的消费系数矩阵，与此同时，分析视角也从 y 转换为 $f$。围绕这一系数，式 (11) 构成一种分产品的收入乘数子系统。
+
+在上述模型基础上，通过引入收入系数矩阵 $V$，进一步得到 $f$ 所带来的不同收入群体收入的增加，会得到两个模型①：
+
+$$
+Vx = VL(I - CVL)^{-1} f \quad (12)
+$$
+
+$$
+Vx = (I - VLC)^{-1} VLf \quad (13)
+$$
+
+两个模型分析的结果是一样的，但是两个乘数 $(I-CVL)^{-1}$ 和 $(I-VLC)^{-1}$ 的含义不一样。对于前者本文已经做了分析，是结构化凯恩斯乘数。
+
+对于后者，$VLf$ 表示消费外的最终需求所带来的收入群体的收入，而 $Vx$ 是收入群体的全部收入，两者均为列向量，向量的维数取决于收入群体的数目。所以，$(I-VLC)^{-1}$ 也是一种结构化凯恩斯乘数，只不过实现的是把各收入群体由消费以外最终需求带来的收入 $VLf$ 放大为全部收入 $Vx$。设 $K = VLC$，在两个收入群体的情况下，方阵第一列上下的两个元素 $k_{11}$ 和 $k_{21}$ 的含义是第一个收入群体的收入，通过消费转化产出增加进一步带来的本收入群体和第二个收入群体的收入增加，因此该方阵也称为收入群体间的收入传递矩阵，而 $(I-VLC)^{-1}$ 则由直接的收入传递转换为完全的收入传递。围绕该系数，式 (13) 构成一种分收入群体的收入乘数子系统。由此，宫泽模型提供了两套凯恩斯乘数结构化的方案，无论是哪种方案，都是以直接系数为基础进一步得到完全系数，在经济内容上是凯恩斯乘数，但是在模型性质上却与投入产出模型机制一致。此外，在总量和结构的关系上，对于 $(I-CVL)^{-1}$，如果生产部门数为1，所依赖的生产体系是一种投入产出总量模型，那么该乘数将退化为一个标量，成为总量的收入乘数；对于 $(I-VLC)^{-1}$，如果收入群体数为1，也就是收入不分层，尽管所依赖的生产体系是一种多部门投入产出模型，但该乘数同样将退化为一个标量，也成为总量的收入乘数。
+
+需要注意的是，无论哪种形式，都表明投入产出框架的这种处理并非在生产体系内派生出结构化的凯恩斯乘数效应，实际上是投入产出乘数或产出乘数，与凯恩斯乘数或收入乘数两种效应的叠加。同时，本文注意到消费内生化之所以得到一个对产出更大的放大关系，是由于新系统内生边界的扩大。
+
+
+
+① 利用 $(I-CVL)^{-1} = I + CVL + CVLCVL + \dots$，可以很容易从第一个模型转换得到第二个模型。
+
+### (四) 投入占用产出模型中的内生边界划分
+
+投入占用产出技术是陈锡康教授提出的开创性分析技术，受到多位国际知名学者的好评，例如美国科学院院士 Isard、诺贝尔奖获得者列昂惕夫教授、澳大利亚昆士兰大学 Jensen 教授和 Kenwood 教授等,认为是非常有价值的发现、先驱性研究,投入占用产出技术及完全消耗系数的计算方法是该领域的一个非常重要的发明和创新(陈锡康等,2011)。
+
+投入占用产出技术的重要贡献在于不仅研究部门间产品的投入与产出的关系,而且考虑各部门所拥有的固定资产、劳动力和自然资源与各部门产出之间的关系。投入产出分析的核心在于完全消耗系数矩阵或列昂惕夫逆矩阵,投入占用产出模型对此进行了扩展。如果考虑生产过程中对于固定资本的使用和损耗,则基于投入占用产出技术可以得到扩展的完全消耗系数矩阵,式子如下:
+
+$$
+b_{ij}^* = a_{ij} + \sum_{k=1}^{n} b_{ik}^* a_{kj} + \alpha_i d_{ij} + \sum_{s=1}^{n} b_{is}^* \alpha_s d_{sj} \quad (i,j=1,2,\dots,n)\quad (14)
+$$
+
+式中, $b_{ij}^*$ 为包含固定资产消耗的完全消耗系数, $\alpha_i$ 为第 i 种固定资产的损耗率(可以近似为折旧率), $d_{sj}$ 为 j 部门对第 s 种固定资产的直接占用系数。等式右端第三项和第四项分别表示通过使用固定资产而产生的直接消耗和间接消耗,例如炼钢生产中所消耗的设备对电力的直接消耗和间接消耗。写成矩阵形式为:
+
+$$
+B^* = A + B^* A + \hat{\alpha} D + B^* \hat{\alpha} D \quad (15)
+$$
+
+式中, $B^*$, $\hat{\alpha}$ 和 $D$ 分别表示考虑固定资本损耗的完全消耗系数矩阵、固定资本损耗率对角矩阵和固定资本占用系数矩阵。由(15)式可得:
+
+$$
+B^* = (I - A - \hat{\alpha}D)^{-1} - I \quad (16)
+$$
+
+式中, $L^* = (I - A - \hat{\alpha}D)^{-1}$ 为考虑固定资本损耗的列昂惕夫逆矩阵。
+
+如果进一步考察投入占用产出模型,则可以看出投入占用产出技术实际上是将经典投入产出模型的系统内生边界向最终需求部分的固定资本形成进行的扩展。固定资本形成可以根据其未来用途划分为两部分,其中一部分用于补偿本年度生产过程中对固定资本的损耗,另一部分则与各个部门未来的生产增长相关,形成新增生产能力。显然第一个部分取决于各个部门本年度的产出量,将这一部分内生化,有:
+
+$$
+A x + \hat{\alpha} D x + \bar{y} = x \quad (17)
+$$
+
+式中, $\bar{y}$ 为除了固定资本损耗补偿之外的净最终产品,包括消费、出口、存货变动,以及除了固定资本损耗补偿之外的其余固定资本形成。易得:
+
+$$
+X = (I - A - \hat{\alpha}D)^{-1} \bar{y} \quad (18)
+$$
+
+式中, $(I - A - \hat{\alpha}D)^{-1}$ 就是投入占用产出模型中扩展的列昂惕夫逆矩阵,而 $B^* = (I - A - \hat{\alpha}D)^{-1} - I$ 就是投入占用产出模型考虑资本损耗的完全消耗系数矩阵。因此,通过将模型的内生边界外移至固定资本形成中对资本损耗的补偿部分,投入占用产出模型在其分析中不仅考虑了生产过程中对原材料、燃料、服务等中间投入品的消耗,还考虑了生产过程中对于固定资本等生产要素以及其他资源的使用和损耗,是对投入产出模型的重要发展。
+
+## 四、投入产出模型体系的对称性
+
+### (一) 纵向一体化与横向一体化
+
+Ghosh (1958) 提出了基于分配系数的供给驱动模型,刘起运(1993)将其称为“对称模型”,并独立展开更为系统的分析。基于分配系数,可以得到另一组初始投入与最终产品之间的关系:
+
+$$
+\tilde{v} = v d_y = v (I - R)^{-1} r_y = x r_y = \tilde{y} \quad (19)
+$$
+
+式中, $R$ 为分配系数矩阵, $r_y = \hat{x}^{-1} y$ 为最终产出系数列向量, $d_y = (I - R)^{-1} r_y$ 为完全的最终产出系数列向量,且是元素全为1的列向量,这一结论与前文需求拉动模型中有关 $b_v$ 的结论类似。与式(1)相比,这一模型同样是对生产过程的描述,只是前者的核心基于完全需求系数矩阵 $(I - A)^{-1}$,观察视角是一种需求拉动的传递关系,而该模型则基于完全供给系数矩阵 $(I - R)^{-1}$,观察视角是一种供给驱动的传递关系,表明初始的要素投入如何推动产品产出的增加,并进一步增加最终产品,要素的初始投入量与其所推动的最终产品的价值量始终是对等的。这两组系数的对应关系还表现在完全消耗系数对直接生产过程的投入进行了列与列之间的调整,从而把直接投入转换为针对不同最终产品生产所需的完全投入;而完全分配系数则对产品的直接使用去向进行了行与行之间的调整,从而把直接使用转换为不同初始投入所推动的完全使用。
+
+以中间产品部分为例,对于需求拉动关系而言,A$\hat{x}$中的列是实际投入产出表中的中间投入,也就是生产中的直接投入,而B$\hat{y}$中的列则是生产不同最终产品的投入,包含了直接和间接的投入,也称为完全投入。因为$Ax=A(I-A)^{-1}y=By$,其中$B=A(I-A)^{-1}$为完全消耗系数矩阵,表明尽管B$\hat{y}$与A$\hat{x}$两个矩阵并不相同,但是行向合计相等。从A$\hat{x}$到B$\hat{y}$是把各个部门生产中的直接投入,按照最终用来生产的最终产品的不同,打散了再重新组合起来,这样一些新形成的列所构成的生产部门也被称为纵向一体化 (vertical integration) 部门。但这并非实际中存在的部门,而只存在于观念中的抽象部门。所采用的系数是各部门产出对于不同产品最终需求的依赖度,即:$\hat{x}^{-1}(I-A)^{-1}\hat{y}$。利用这一系数右乘A$\hat{x}$转换得到B$\hat{y}$。即:$A\hat{x}$ $\hat{x}^{-1}(I-A)^{-1}\hat{y} =A(I-A)^{-1}\hat{y}=B\hat{y}$。
+
+对于供给驱动关系而言，存在着完全对称的关系：
+
+$$
+xR = v(I - R)^{-1}R = vD \quad (20)
+$$
+
+式中, $D=(I-R)^{-1}R$ 为完全分配系数矩阵。公式两端都是各部门中间投入合计的行向量,只是前者中的 R 是基于产出向量 x 的,而后的完全分配系数矩阵 D 则是基于初始投入向量 v 的。但在展开形式中, $\hat{x}$R 是中间流量矩阵,而$\hat{v}$D 则是中间流量矩阵在不同行之间分割重组得到的新的流量矩阵,得到的新的行不再是同一种产品的中间使用,而是原来不同产品中间使用行的一种新组合,新的使用行源自各自对应的不同初始投入。这时分割重组所采用的系数为各部门投入对不同初始投入供给的依赖度,即:$\hat{v}(I-R)^{-1} \hat{x}^{-1}$,利用这一系数矩阵左乘 $\hat{x}$R 可以转换得到 $\hat{v}$D,也就是:$\hat{v}(I-R)^{-1} \hat{x}^{-1} \hat{x}R =\hat{v}(I-R)^{-1}R =\hat{v}D$。
+
+但是,对于上述结论,并不能基于两者的对称关系,简单地认为列昂惕夫逆阵$(I-A)^{-1} $针对的将是列交换,而高希逆阵$(I-R)^{-1}$ 针对的将是行交换。因为两组系数之间也存在着转换关系：
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\hat{x}^{-1} (I - A)^{-1} \hat{y} &= \hat{x}^{-1} (I - A)^{-1} \hat{x} \hat{x}^{-1} \hat{y} \\
+&= (I - R)^{-1} \hat{r_{y}} \tag{21}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+式中, $(I-R)^{-1}r_y$ 为元素全为1的列向量, 因此矩阵 $(I-R)^{-1}\hat{r_y}$ 的行向元素的合计为1, 表明一个部门的产出受不同最终产品拉动所占的份额, 而这正是原先的系数要达到的目的。
+
+对称地，有：
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\hat{v}(I-R)^{-1}\hat{x}^{-1} &= \hat{v}\hat{x}^{-1}\hat{x} (I-R)^{-1}\hat{x}^{-1} \\
+&= \hat{a_v} (I-A)^{-1} \tag{22}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+式中, $a_v (I-A)^{-1}$ 为元素全为 1 的行向量,$\hat{a_v} (I-A)^{-1}$ 列向元素合计为 1, 表明不同初始投入所推动的投入在全部投入中所占的份额。
+
+从上述两组关系出发,通过$(I-A)^{-1}$ 建立起最终产品与所需的初始投入之间的关系,而通过$(I-R)^{-1}$ 建立起初始投入与所推动的最终产品之间的关系。因此,前者称为后向关联系数,而后者称为前向关联系数。在管理理论中,企业对不同供应商的并购称之为纵向整合,而对同一种或类似产品供应商的并购称之为横向整合。在投入产出对部门分类的讨论中,对平行生产过程的加总称为横向加总 (horizontal aggregation),而对生产过程连续生产阶段的加总称为纵向加总 (vertical aggregation) (Chenery & Clark, 1959)。此外,由于B$\hat{y}$ 是把生产同一最终产品所需的不同部门的投入重组在一起,因此投入产出文献中普遍以此来表现纵向一体化。①本文将 $\hat{v}$D 看作是某种形式的横向一体化,只不过其含义是把同一初始投入所推动的不同产品的销售重组在一起。不管怎样,投入产出框架下的这两组概念都有其自身的含义,纵向一体化是针对不同的最终产品,对投入的整合,在视角上向上游回溯,而横向一体化是针对不同的初始投入对使用它的产品的整合,在视角上向下游延伸。基于概念本身的含义,可以进一步用于现实经济的分析,例如利用纵向一体化可以基于消费、资本形成和出口等不同最终需求分析,把整个经济生产区分成消费品、资本品和出口品的不同生产体系,利用横向一体化可以基于资本投入和劳动投入等不同初始投入分析,把经济系统区分成资本驱动和劳动驱动的经济系统。需要指出的是,基于A系数的需求拉动模型和基于R系数的供给驱动模型只是观察生产过程的两个视角,相互之间转换的基础是基于同一张投入产出表的数据。
+
+
+
+① 除管理理论外,纵向一体化概念也大量出现在经验分析中,例如 Hummels et al. (2001)的垂直专门化概念,以及斯拉法经济学中,例如“子体系”概念和“纵向一体化部门”的概念(Pasinetti, 1973)。
+
+### (二) 对称模型的意义
+
+供给驱动模型提出以来一直备受争议。争论的核心在于供给驱动模型在预测中需要以分配系数的稳定为前提,而现实中分配系数所表现的市场联系,远不如直接消耗系数所表现的技术关系那样稳定。不仅如此,在模型假定的背后,当分配去向为固定比例且假定不变的情况下,投入之间将表现为完全替代的关系,投入之间的技术比例关系将不复存在。此外,相对于需求拉动模型的需要多少,生产多少,供给驱动模型中,对于任何给定的初始投入,推动中间产品的前向传递,供给多少就需求多少,一直到最终需求的完全实现,不仅生产的技术比例失去意义,最终产品之间可能存在的互补关系也无法成立。这是对供给驱动模型的担忧所在。
+
+对此,本文认为,对称模型的意义在于一方面扩展了投入产出分析系统,另一方面也有助于重新审视基本的需求拉动模型的假定。如果供给驱动模型的假定过于极端,需求拉动模型的假定则处在另一个极端。包括需要多少则生产多少,以及产品在不同使用去向(包括中间使用和最终使用)上的完全同质和可替代。这些假定在现实经济中往往难以成立。从更高层面看,这正揭示了经济分析的局限性。相对于投入产出表数据所包含的现实经济的多面性,一旦引入技术系数或者是分配系数,意味着选定了某种视角,从而排除了其他的视角,不可避免地带来分析的局限。这也为一般意义上经济分析的局限带来思考。
+
+Dietzenbacher (1997) 对于供给驱动模型的质疑提出了一种新的解释。在他看来,供给驱动模型模拟了初始投入的变化如何直接和间接推动产出改变,这与价格模型的传导机制是一样的。Dietzenbacher (1997) 证明了对于初始投入的变化,用供给模型所测算的产出改变,与用价格模型模拟的价格变化,从价值量改变的事实结果看两者是一致的。因此,Dietzenbacher (1997)认为供给驱动模型本质上是一种价格变化,尽管分配系数不变而技术系数发生改变,但这种改变只是初始投入变动带来的价格变化的结果。这一分析对于整个对称体系,在A系数与R系数的数量模型之间的对称性之外,表现出供给驱动的数量模型与基于直接消耗系数的价格模型之间的同一性。实际上,对于这一结论本文同样可以基于两种系数的转换关系来说明。以两部门模型为例,假设第一个部门的初始投入增长了β,利用供给驱动模型,这种改变带来的产出的变动为:
+
+$$
+(\Delta x_1, \Delta x_2) = (\beta v_1, 0)(I-R)^{-1} \\ = (\beta v_1, 0)\hat{x}^{-1}(I-A)^{-1}\hat{x} \\ = (\beta a_{v1}, 0)(I-A)^{-1}\hat{x} \quad (23)
+$$
+
+因此有:
+
+$$
+(\Delta x_1, \Delta x_2) \hat{x}^{-1} = (\Delta x_1/x_1, \Delta x_1/x_2) \\ = (\beta a_{v1}, 0)(I-A)^{-1} \quad (24)
+$$
+
+由此可以看出,供给驱动模型测算的初始投入变化带来的产出的增长率,经过上面的转换得到的方程右侧公式恰好是价格影响模型测算第一部门初始投入上涨β带来的对两部门价格的影响。不仅如此,从对称角度思考,相对应地,是否在需求拉动的数量模型与某种基于分配系数的价格模型之间也存在着类似的同一性?事实正是如此。同样以两部门为例,并假设有两类最终需求,一种新的价格模型可以表示为如下形式:
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} x_1 &\\& x_2 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} p_1 \\ p_2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} z_{11} & z_{12} \\ z_{21} & z_{22} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} p_1 \\ p_2 \end{pmatrix} \\ + \begin{pmatrix} y_{11} & y_{12} \\ y_{21} & y_{22} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} \quad (25)
+$$
+
+式中, $\begin{pmatrix} z_{11} & z_{12} \\ z_{21} & z_{22} \end{pmatrix}$ 为实物型中间流量矩阵。这一价格模型中同一种产品由于销售对象的不同,出价也不一样,因此行向平衡表明产品的总收入等于来自各项收入的合计。同一种产品的价格成为所有售价的加权合计。最终产品如果是实物量,需要引入最终产品价格,这与基于A系数的价格模型中的初始投入类似,采用价值量,右边需要乘元素全为1的列向量,对价值量进行加总。模型两边左乘产出的对角矩阵的逆,求解有:
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} p_1 \\ p_2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} r_{11} & r_{12} \\ r_{21} & r_{22} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} p_1 \\ p_2 \end{pmatrix} + \begin{pmatrix} r_{y11} & r_{y12} \\ r_{y21} & r_{y22} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} \quad (26)
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} p_1 \\ p_2 \end{pmatrix} = (I - R)^{-1} \begin{pmatrix} r_{y11} & r_{y12} \\ r_{y21} & r_{y22} \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ 1 \end{pmatrix} \quad (27)
+$$
+
+式中, $\begin{pmatrix} r_{y11} & r_{y12} \\ r_{y21} & r_{y22} \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} x_1 & \\ & x_2 \end{pmatrix}^{-1} \begin{pmatrix} y_{11} & y_{12} \\ y_{21} & y_{22} \end{pmatrix}$ 表示最终产品系数矩阵。上式表明最终需求价值的变化直接与间接拉动产品价格的变动, 某一最终产品由于售价的上涨, 其所需投入品价格, 以至于投入的投入等等都会有相应的上涨。可以发现, 中间产品价格还是最终产品价格都不是以前投入产出价格模型中的成本价格, 而是一种需求或效用决定型的价格。对于这一价格模型, 利用A系数与R系数之间的转化关系, 同样可以证明它与需求拉动数量模型测算结果之间的一致性。假设部门1第一类最终需求的比例$r_{y11}$由于某种原因(例如额外的价格冲击)上涨了$\beta$, 那么产品价格的变化为:
+
+$$
+\begin{align*} \begin{pmatrix} \Delta p_1 \\ \Delta p_2 \end{pmatrix} &= (I-R)^{-1} \begin{pmatrix} \beta r_{y11} \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} \\ &= \hat{x}^{-1} (I-A)^{-1} \hat{x} \begin{pmatrix} \beta y_{11} / x_1 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} \\ &= \hat{x}^{-1} (I-A)^{-1} \begin{pmatrix} \beta y_{11} \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} \end{align*} \quad (28)
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} x_1 & \\ & x_2 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} \Delta p_1 \\ \Delta p_2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \Delta x_1 \\ \Delta x_2 \end{pmatrix} = (I - A)^{-1} \begin{pmatrix} \beta y_{11} \\ 0 \end{pmatrix} \quad (29)
+$$
+
+这正是需求拉动模型 $\Delta x = (I-A)^{-1} \Delta y$ 的测算公式。由此说明基于分配系数的需求拉动型价格模型的测算结果与基于投入系数的需求拉动型数量模型的测算结果是一致的。
+
+### (三) Seton 的特征价格模型：对称模型的一个应用
+
+投入产出分析系统的对称体系从两个视角建立了初始投入与最终产品之间的联系, Seton (1992)利用这一性质提出了特征价格(eigenprices)模型。这一模型所要回答的问题是: 基于成本价格, 产品的价格最终是要由要素的价格来决定, 而要素的价格又是如何决定的? 在 Seton (1992) 看来, 要素的价格最终又要由它所生产的最终产品的价格来衡量。这两种价格决定同时实现达成了一种均衡价格, 这一均衡价格就是该经济系统的特征价格。
+
+设V为要素投入矩阵, 同一行为同一要素在不同部门生产中的投入, 同一列为对应生产部门所有要素投入。$v^T$为不同要素总投入量的列向量, 所以其元素为矩阵V的行合计。同一行的某种要素投入到各个部门最终用于生产不同的最终产品, 由此所获得的收入与该要素的价值量应该相等, 也就有如下平衡方程:
+
+$$
+\hat{v} r^T = V (I-R)^{-1} \hat{r}_y p^T \quad (30)
+$$
+
+式中, $r^T$为要素价格列向量, $p^T$为产品价格列向量。也就是说, 一方面要素的价格取决于最终产品销售所带来的收入, 并进一步取决于产品的价格。上式经整理有:
+
+$$
+r = p \hat{r}_y [(I-R)^{-1}]^T V^T \hat{v}^{-1} = pN \quad (31)
+$$
+
+式中, 令 $N = \hat{r_y} [(I-R)^{-1}]^T V^T \hat{v}^{-1}$。
+
+另一方面, 产品的价格又取决于它所包含的要素的价值, 即:
+
+$$
+p = rA_v(I-A)^{-1} = rC \quad (32)
+$$
+
+式中, $A_v$表示要素的初始投入系数矩阵, 其每一行对应某一种要素在各个部门单位产出生产中的初始投入, 而其每一列则表示某个部门生产单位产出需要的各种要素的初始投入, 令 $C = A_v (I-A)^{-1}$。
+
+如此, 把要素价格模型带入产品价格模型, 以及把产品价格模型带入要素价格模型, 得到: $p = pNC$, 以及 $r = rCN$。表明产品价格 $p$ 和要素价格 r 分别为矩阵 $NC$ 和 $CN$ 的左特征向量。Seton (1992) 把这一价格称为特征价格。
+
+在上述分析中, 最重要的是两组转换系数。对于产品价格还原为要素价格的关系, 是 $A_v (I-A)^{-1}$, 根据前面的分析, 它是根据不同类别的初始投入在各个使用去向之间分割重组的系数。例如, 如果 $A_v$ 是包含劳动和土地两种投入的投入系数矩阵, 那么将针对这两种要素投入对行向使用进行分割重组。对于要素价格由产品价格来确定的关系,则是$(I-R)^{-1}\hat{r_y}$, 根据前面的分析,它正是针对不同最终产品对投入进行分割重组的系数$\hat{x}^{-1}(I-A)^{-1}\hat{y}$。这样的理解下,把这种转换关系带入到前面的要素平衡方程中,从而转换为等价的另一种形式的平衡方程:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+\hat{v}r^T &= V(I-R)^{-1}\hat{r_y} p^T = V\hat{x}^{-1}(I-A)^{-1}\hat{y}p^T \\
+&= A_v(I-A)^{-1}\hat{y}p^T
+\end{aligned}
+\quad (33)
+$$
+
+公式左边表示按要素价格计算的不同要素的价值量列向量,最右边的$\hat{y}p^T$为最终产品价值列向量,而$A_v(I-A)^{-1}$则把最终产品的价值还原为要素的初始投入价值。因此,整个关系表示每种要素的价值等于所有最终产品中所包含的该要素价值量合计。
+
+此外,需要进一步指出的是,现实中通常没有实物表,如果基于价值表,无论是产品价格$p$还是要素价格r计算的结果都将成为元素全为1的行向量,而且最大特征值为1。其经济含义是特征价格与实际价格相一致。实际上,Seton (1992)把成本和价格区分开来,把不能看作要素的投入排除在外,在要素的投入成本之上存在一个加价,形成产品的价格,并假定所有部门具有一个统一的加价率$\alpha$,即要素成本$rC$占价格$p$的比率,那么产品价格公式将为$p=\frac{1}{\alpha}rA_v(I-A)^{-1}=\frac{1}{\alpha}rC$。这样上述公式将转变为: $\alpha p = pNC$, $\alpha r = rCN$。这时NC与CN的特征向量将不再是全为1的向量,而$\alpha$为特征值。实际计算中通过让特征价格与最终产品相乘让其合计等于实际GDP,可以对特征价格标准化。这时,特征价格相对于1的背离就代表着实际价格相对于均衡价格的背离。因此,特征价格的大小本质上是统一的加价率假定与各部门实际加价率不一致所带来的偏离。如果把统一的加价率看着是市场均衡应该达到的一种结果,那么特征价格与实际的偏离就代表着对这一均衡的偏离。
+
+## 五、广义投入产出模型的对偶性质
+
+### (一)广义投入产出框架下的对偶关系
+
+投入产出模型也可以用数学上的线性规划对偶关系进行重新表述,建立广义的投入产出模型。对于实物体系而言,是以给定需要生产的净产出,寻求最小的初始投入成本,用线性规划描述,即:
+
+$$
+\text{Min } wa_0x, s.t. (I-A)x \overset{＞}{=} y, x \geq 0 \quad (34)
+$$
+
+而对于价格体系而言,是在价格小于等于单位成本的条件下最大化净产出价值。即:
+
+$$
+\text{Max } py, s.t. p(I-A) \overset{＜}{=} a_0w, p \geq 0 \quad (35)
+$$
+
+式中, $a_0$为劳动投入系数行向量, w为单位劳动的价格即工资率。假设劳动为唯一的要素投入。根据对偶性质(互补松弛条件),最优解情况下,如果原问题某个约束条件严格不等式起作用,那么对偶问题中对应变量的最优解为0。若价格体系中某种产品价格小于单位成本,则实物体系中对应的产出将为0,企业将不生产。在长期均衡下,存在正的最优产出$x^*$和最优价格$p^*$,则约束条件将都满足等式约束,也即投入产出的数量模型和价格模型。在上述规划问题的构造中,假设初始投入要素劳动无供给方约束,或假设所有部门都有足够的生产能力,这也是经典投入产出模型的假设条件。实际上,在把基本的投入产出模型扩展为广义的投入产出模型之后,可以通过在约束条件中增加要素供给约束、资源环境约束等考虑更为复杂的情况。当然,上述问题的目标函数也可以从考虑单一要素增加到考虑多个要素,例如考虑劳动和资本,则此时的目标函数包括了劳动要素和资本要素的成本。
+
+在广义投入产出模型的建立中,也可以在多部门生产的投入产出平衡关系(即等式关系)成立的条件下考虑要素供给、资源环境等约束条件。如果生产体系中存在多个初始投入要素,利用给定技术条件下产出与最终产品的转换关系,把模型变量转换为净产出y,把约束条件转换为要素供给约束。对于实物体系而言,是在给定要素约束下,最大化净产出,即:
+
+$$
+\text{Max } py, s.t. By \overset{＜}{=} b, y \geq 0 \quad (36)
+$$
+
+而对于价格体系而言,则是:
+
+$$
+\text{Min } rb, s.t. rB \overset{＞}{=} p, r \geq 0 \quad (37)
+$$
+
+式中, $B=A_v(I-A)^{-1}$为实物形式的完全初始投入系数矩阵, b 为要素的供给量列向量。因此, 原问题的约束为最终产出或者是净产出生产中每种要素的总需求量不超过其供给量。这种情况下, 所有要素的线性约束方程将对应多个超平面, 满足所有约束的可行解集为凸集, 在这个凸集中寻找目标函数的最大值。对偶模型中的向量 r, 在数理经济学教科书中称为要素的影子价格, 并把模型解释为把某一生产中所需的要素直接销售出去所得收入不小于用这些要素生产产品所得到的销售价格的情况下, 现有要素直接销售所能获得的最小收入是多少。
+
+投入产出模型是多部门线性模型的特例, 如果把投入产出模型推广到存在多个可供选择的技术条件下, 这种广义投入产出模型就会表现出一个独特的性质, 即在静态体系下广为讨论的无替代定理(nonsubstitution theorem)。
+
+### (二) 无替代定理的含义
+
+投入产出静态体系模型性质的研究中, 首先就是生产性 (productive), 所谓生产性就是存在非负向量 x', 使得 $x' > Ax'$, 净产出为正。经济意义上表明这一技术可以自我维系进行生产。由于技术系数的特殊性, 使得投入产出模型具有的一个性质是, 如果技术 A 可以生产出某个有经济意义的净产出 $y' = x' - Ax'$, 那么它就可以生产出任何有经济意义的净产出。即如果 A 具有生产性, 那么对于任何的 $y \overset{＞}{=} 0$, $(I-A)x = y$ 均存在非负解。①但是, 尽管 A 可以生产出任何有经济意义的最终产品, 在存在多个可选择技术的广义投入产出模型中, 如果对于 y 的生产 A 是最优技术, 那么对于任意某个 y', A 是否仍是最优技术? 也就是对于最终产品向量 y', 技术 A 是否仍是成本最小化的? 无替代定理表明, 如果只有唯一的初始投入, 那么即使存在更多生产方法的选择, 原先最优的技术 A 对于任意最终产品向量的生产仍是成本最小化的。这一定理有很多证明方法, Gale (1960) 从投入产出体系的对偶性质出发, 对定理进行了证明。其基本思想是, 假设唯一的初始投入为劳动, B 为广义技术系数矩阵, 其元素中正数表示产出, 负数表示投入, 那么对于最优化问题:
+
+$$
+\begin{array}{ll} \text{Min} & a_0 x \\ \text{s.t.} & Bx \ge y, x \ge 0 \end{array} \qquad (38)
+$$
+
+
+
+式中, x 表示生产过程的产出向量, y 表示净产品向量, 生产过程数大于产品数, 且每个生产过程(活动)只生产一种产品, 从而存在技术选择, 使得劳动投入最小。由于生产过程数大于产品数, 会出现方程数小于未知数个数。考察这一问题的对偶问题, 为:
+
+$$
+\begin{array}{ll} \text{Max} & py \\ \text{s.t.} & pB \overset{＜}{=} a_0, p \ge 0 \end{array} \qquad (39)
+$$
+
+在这一优化框架下, 原问题中的技术选择问题等同于寻找上述线性规划问题的最优基。如果 $x^*$ 和 $p^*$ 是原问题与对偶问题的最优解, 根据对偶问题的数学性质, 若最优解情况下对偶问题中某个约束中严格不等式成立, 则该约束对应于原问题的最优解 $x^*$ 中相应的分量为 0, 这意味着相应的生产过程被排除在最优技术之外。由此, 得到最优技术组合, 也就是原问题中的一组最优基。假设最终产品发生改变, 由 y 变成 y', 根据现有技术的生产性, 存在相应的可行解 x', 也就是 x' 定义在与 $x^*$ 同样的一组基上, 其零分量相同, 将系数矩阵 B 记为 $B = (B_B \ B_N)$, 其中 $B_B$ 为对应的基, 将 x' 记为 $x' = \begin{pmatrix} x'_B \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}$, $x'_B$ 为基变量。根据原规划可行解要满足的条件可得: $x'_B = B_B^{-1}y'$, 此时原规划目标函数取值为: $a_{0B}B_B^{-1}y'$, 其中, $a_{0B}$ 为目标函数中基变量 $x'_B$ 对应的系数向量。由于对偶问题的约束条件保持不变, $p^*$ 作为最终产品向量为 y 时对偶问题的最优解, 在最终产品向量为 y' 时依然可行, 且对应的可行基也为 $B_B$, 从而可得 $p^* = a_{0B}B_B^{-1}$, 此时对偶问题的目标函数取值为: $a_{0B}B_B^{-1}y'$. 因此, x' 和 $p^*$ 分别为最终产品向量为 y' 时原问题和对偶问题的可行解, 且它们对应的目标函数值相等, 根据线性规划的对偶理论, x' 和 $p^*$ 分别为原问题和对偶问题的最优解,并且最优基与最终产品为y时相同,所以对于y',原先的最优技术选择仍是最优的。
+
+
+
+① 投入产出的系数矩阵 $(I-A)$ 是一个 $Z$-矩阵。数学上, 在 $Z$-矩阵条件下, 存在众多的等价条件, 基于非负矩阵 A 的线性生产系统有经济意义解的 $H-S$ 条件就属于其中的两个条件。Nikaido (1968) 所提出的广义 $H-S$ 定理作为对原 $H-S$ 定理的推广, 也属于这些条件中的一部分。
+
+无替代定理的成立有赖于其特殊的假定,这其中最重要的就是存在唯一的初始投入。①对于无替代定理的经济含义,Dorfman et al. (1958)进行了解释。简单归纳起来就是,由于劳动为唯一的初始投入,商品价格将完全取决于直接和间接消耗的这种要素的数量。例如“工资率的变化,只是等比的增加一切商品的价格”,所以相对价格不改变。最终需求的改变虽然带来了产出的变化,但是对价格却并不产生影响,因此,尽管最终需求改变,由于过高的成本曾经被抛弃的技术在新的需求下仍将面临更高的成本。所以,技术选择并不会因为需求的变化而改变。
+
+对这一解释,本文有必要做进一步的说明。在唯一初始投入的情况下,直接的初始投入系数为$a_v$,完全初始投入系数$b_v=a_v(I-A)^{-1}$。假设对于最终产品y的生产中$b_v^*y0$,也就是$(p-p^*)y'>0$,假设原来的最优技术中,某一部门技术改变,而其他部门技术不变,那么技术改变的部门成本将变得更高,从而价格上涨,根据价格影响模型,这会导致其他部门价格也上涨,而不可能下降,因此$(p-p^*)>0$,不可能部分产品价格变化为正,部分为负。因此,对于任何其他的半正向量y',必然$(p-p^*)y'>0$,从而最优技术始终是成本最小化技术。或者从对偶的角度看,给定初始投入要素b的情况下,最优技术的约束方程$b_v^*y=b$将是唯一约束,例如,在只有两种产品的情况下,可行域为第一象限内该约束直线下的区域,对于任何非最优的其他技术的约束方程将处于最优技术的前沿面之下,从而对于任何最终产品的选择,最优技术始终能够实现净产出的最大化。
+
+但是,如果初始投入不唯一,那么在最小化初始投入的目标函数$b_vy$中,$b_v$不再是一个行向量,而是一个矩阵。该矩阵行的数目取决于初始投入的种类,例如,由劳动投入与土地投入所构成的完全投入系数矩阵。在单一劳动投入要素的情况下,是否引入要素价格,也就是以实物劳动投入来度量,还是以工资这种价值量来度量,并不会对成本最小化的结果产生影响。但是,在两种或两种以上投入要素的情况下,作为一种加总的权数,要素价格的引入将不可避免。例如,引入工资率和地租来对初始投入价值进行加总。要素价格的引入,使得整个生产体系中相对价格的决定不再唯一地取决于技术系数,同时取决于要素相对价格。从线性规划的敏感度分析角度来看,如果只有一种初始要素投入,则要素价格的改变不会改变目标函数的最优解;而如果有多种要素投入,则意味着目标函数系数要同时考虑多种要素相对价格变化的影响,对偶规划约束条件右端参数不再随着要素价格变动而同比例变化,要素相对价格的变化必然使得目标函数的最优解发生变化,从而对最优技术选择产生影响。因此,随着要素价格的引入,在多部门分析框架下要素价格作为一种分配变量,反过来会对技术选择产生影响,这种分析思路将把研究引入到古典生产理论基于技术的分配前沿所开展的对分配与技术选择关系的讨论。
+
+
+
+① 其他的条件还包括规模报酬不变与无联合生产。
+
+### (三) 古典理论家们的困扰
+
+无替代定理从逻辑上展示了多部门投入产出框架下技术、要素价格与产品价格相互影响的关系,这同样是古典理论学者们所感兴趣的话题,只不过他们更关心的是伴随要素价格变动的分配问题。
+
+现代分析认为,李嘉图的核心观点可以用“谷物模型”进行描述(马克·布劳格,2009)。这一模型假想了只有一种商品的经济,包括工资在内的投入品是谷物,产出也是谷物,由此李嘉图能够清楚地界定工资与利润的份额。但是,如果把单一商品模型扩展到两种或以上的商品,相对价格由此出现,这时的价格模型为$p=(1+r)pA+wa_0$,表明在技术给定的条件下,工资率w和利润率r与相对价格之间存在相互影响的关系。斯拉法认为,两种产品的相对价格变动,不但取决于它们各自生产时所使用的劳动对生产资料的比例,并且取决于这些生产资料本身被生产时所使用的比例,还取决于这些生产资料的生产资料被生产时所使用的比例。结果导致,两种产品相对价格的变动方向随着工资的下降,和根据它们各自的‘比例’所期望的相反”(彼罗·斯拉法,1962)。这样,在工资与利润份额的划分中,如果工资涨落本身会使社会产品的价值量值发生变化,那么对利润的影响就很难确定(彼罗·斯拉法,1962)。从价格模型出发,$p=wa_0[I-(1+r)A]^{-1}$,利润率的上升导致价格上涨,实际工资率相应下降,尽管实物体系下唯一的劳动投入要素使得技术的无替代性质仍然成立。进一步引入计价物$d$使得$pd=1$,就有$wa_0[I-(1+r)A]^{-1}d=1$,这样以利润率为横轴,工资率为纵轴,在第一象限将得到给定技术下的工资利润分配曲线。但是,随着计价物的改变,这一曲线会发生变化,从而影响对分配关系的度量。不仅如此,由于价格传递的复杂性,这一曲线除右下倾斜外,无法对具体形状进行任何限定,不同技术的所有曲线最大可能的组合构成分配前沿面,在多种技术中进行技术更替时可能随着利润率的下降,人均资本并不一定会越来越大,从而出现资本并不必然替代劳动的悖论(Pasinetti, 1977)。从无替代定理到要素替代悖论,古典传统的学者们坚持以技术选择来反对需求变化与要素替代之间的确定性机制。面对收入分配与相对价格变动的复杂关系,在李嘉图单一商品的谷物模型外,学者们从更多角度展开研究。
+
+一是最大利润率和最大工资率的两种极端假定。研究者们在多部门框架下,对工资率或利润率作为零条件下的分配关系进行了分析。从投入产出角度看,这就回到了唯一初始投入要素的一种最简单形式(Pasinetti, 1977)。古典劳动价值论从模型性质的角度也属于这类假定。如果只有劳动是唯一的初始投入的话,价格将与生产中“体现劳动(embodied labor)”的实物量成比例(Pasinetti, 1977)。在经济理论史学者马克·布劳格看来,尽管李嘉图批评了斯密的“支配劳动(labour commanded)”概念,但是却坚持了“劳动价值论”,而这种坚持一方面是由此避开不同的部门资本有机构成下工资率变动对相对价格的干扰,即所谓的“李嘉图效应”,另一方面是因为在近似的比率上,商品交换在数量上更多地受相对劳动成本的影响,所以布劳格认为,李嘉图的劳动价值论并非“分析的劳动价值论”,而是一种“经验的劳动理论”(马克·布劳格,2009)。
+
+二是采用严格的所有部门有机构成相同的假定。古典传统的研究者们假定在$pA$与$a_0$之间所有部门保持同一固定的比例,$pA=\delta a_0$,如此引入计价物,$pd=(1+r)\delta a_0d+wa_0d=1$。这样分配曲线将成为线性函数。Samuelson (1962)提出代用生产函数(surrogate production function)以避免出现要素替代悖论时采用的正是同样的这一假定。在多部门的框架下,随着要素价格的变化,人均资本的无序变动,要素的使用并不必然呈现完美的替代关系,但是在代用生产函数中引入所有部门资本有机构成相同的假定,使得给定技术下的分配曲线成为线性函数,人均资本对于某一给定技术将唯一取决于该曲线的斜率,那么在多种技术的选择过程中,随着利润率的下降,人均资本上升,将必然呈现资本对劳动的替代。实际上,无论是资本有机构成不变,还是代用生产函数,从投入产出模型的角度看,中间投入与初始投入所有部门严格保持相同的比例,实质上把多部门模型又退化成了总量模型,并以这种方式避开了分析中所面临的结构问题。
+
+三是寻找一组复合商品作为不变价值尺度。在彼罗·斯拉法(1963)看来,李嘉图的困惑在于相对价格的变化对分配的干扰,使得分配关系会随着计价物的不同而发生改变,为此需要寻找一种“不变价值尺度”。斯拉法基于现实经济中的A系数,构造了一个假想经济的标准体系。在该体系中,每种产品的最终使用与中间使用保持相同的比例,并把这一比例称为“剩余率”。这一体系的最终产品成为一组标准商品,以其为计价物,可以导出工资率和利润率之间线性的分配前沿,从而解决李嘉图不变价值尺度的难题。
+
+无论如何,古典理论学者从其基本理论倾向出发,忽略需求而尽量从生产的角度来解释经济过程,那么在生产体系内就需要面对技术、分配与相对价格之间的关系,并且要放在结构框架下来进行思考。从投入产出分析的角度看,由此所产生的“不变价值尺度”,以及对要素替代机制的批判等诸多问题,本质上正是结构问题带来的必然结果。但是,在新古典(neoclassical)看来,价格本来就不是完全在生产体系内所决定的,无论是要素价格还是产品价格都在市场机制作用下,受外在的效用和需求的引导,因此认为结构模型下可能面对的逻辑矛盾在现实中是可以避免的,甚至可能根本不会出现。
+
+## 六、结论与展望
+
+通过上述分析可以看出,投入产出分析框架的基本特征主要表现为三个方面,即以生产为中心、模型的结构性与方法的系统性。首先,边际革命以来,主流理论从古典理论对生产的关注,转为新古典理论对效用与需求的重视。然而,投入产出关注的核心问题仍是生产,以及围绕生产一方面形成分配关系,另一方面以生产的产品来满足各种需求。其次,投入产出模型是多部门模型,如果把多部门替换为单一部门,投入产出模型最重要的性质将几乎丧失殆尽。在多部门的基础上,通过中间产品形成部门与部门之间的联系,所以中间产品必不可少,而主流理论的生产模型往往舍弃中间产品。正是基于中间产品及其相互需求,经济过程在投入产出框架下表现为是一种循环流,而非线性流(Dorfman *et al.*, 1958)。在斯拉法的分析中,则表现为“用商品生产商品”,而非用要素生产商品(彼罗·斯拉法,1963)。也就是,商品既是产出同时也成为投入,生产体系本身生产出所需要的投入品,正是基于中间产品,经济系统的种种结构特征才得以展开。第三,基于产品供给与使用去向之间的行向联系,引入技术系数,建立投入产出的需求拉动模型。基于投入与产品价值构成之间的列向关系,在技术系数基础上,建立投入产出价格模型。通常的价格影响模型更多关注于相对价格变动的测算,而斯拉法体系通过对初始投入中工资利润关系的分析提供了技术、收入分配与相对价格之间更为丰富的理论内涵。分配系数的引入则从另一个角度大大扩展了投入产出的系统分析体系。
+
+从上述三个方面的特点可以看出,投入产出分析体系的这些分析特色往往与新古典主流理论的基本假定并不一致。例如,投入产出采用固定比例生产函数,尽管L形生产函数也具有广义上的凸性,但是固定投入比例的假定下,新古典生产函数中最重要的要素之间的替代关系被排除在外,基于边际概念的最大化与均衡调节机制也面临失效。更为重要的是,投入产出模型下,需求决定产出与经济规模,而价格则由单位成本来决定。这一描述也正是马克·布劳格在《经济理论的回顾》中对斯密与李嘉图等人理论特征的评价。布劳格认为,斯密理论中的生产,面对的是长期供给曲线完全为水平的情况,没有领悟到需求对价格的影响,所以斯密理论是马歇尔理论的特例(马克·布劳格,2009)。但是,在斯拉法看来,古典理论的这种特点并非是采取了规模报酬不变假定的结果,因为古典学者们根本就不考虑“收益改变和不变的问题”,古典生产体系的那些性质“不取决于生产规模和‘要素’比例的改变。”而且,这个论点是从亚当·斯密到李嘉图老的古典经济学家的论点,在“边际”方法出现以后,它被淹没和遗忘了(彼罗·斯拉法,1963)。按照这种说法,古典理论并非是某种特例,而是古典分析体系作为更一般的分析框架的必然结果。
+
+实际上,上述观点的分歧反映了方法论上如何看待理论史演进的两种相互冲突的观点。阿列桑德洛·荣卡格利亚(2009)在《西方经济思想史》中指出,按照累积性观点,现有经济理论比历史上曾经出现的那些理论要更高级;相反,竞争性观点则基于库恩的科学革命,认为不同范式的更替并不是一个以知识总量的不断增长为特征的逻辑系列。不同的范式被认为是彼此间不能相比的;每一种范式都形成了解释现实的不同的方法,都必定以一系列特定的化繁为简的假设为基础。在本文看来,斯密与李嘉图分析框架上的特点是与当时整体社会思想的倾向是有关系的,古典时期的研究者们更为关注长期,供求变化带来的价格变动只是一种短期现象,古典学者们并非没有认识到需求的作用,而是根本就不关心。按照方法论上的竞争性观点,一个时代有一个时代的问题,而分析架构是否适合所要解决的问题才是决定分析方法取舍的关键。我国经济正处在结构转型的深刻变革中,供给侧改革提出了紧迫的理论问题,投入产出方法理应发挥其分析作用。实际上,对现实问题的回避往往导致理论与事实的割裂,而这也正是沃西里·里昂惕夫(1990)提出投入产出方法的原因。现如今,研究者们也许并不缺乏数据,但缺乏理论的指引和对方法性质的理解,数据仍仅限于一种未被理解的事实。
+
+在上述方法论层次认识的基础上,本文认为投入产出的发展一方面要以现实问题为导向,从解决实际问题出发,更好发挥投入产出方法的特长。近年来,区域模型、资源与环境模型,以及全球价值链的分析等等都是利用投入产出方法特点解决实际问题取得进展的例证。另一方面是与其他方法,包括主流理论在内的结合。在这方面,Dorfman *et al.*, (1958)对投入产出方法的阐述,代表了从主流理论的视角对投入产出模型所展开的一种纯数理讨论。而可计算一般均衡,以社会核算矩阵为数据基础,在投入产出模型生产框架基础上增加了效用最大化原则下对消费者收入与支出如何决定的描述,分析的范围涵盖了产品市场和要素市场,成为投入产出方法的重要扩展。此外,近年来对于如何在TFP增长率的分析中把中间产品的影响考虑进来(Baqaee & Farhi, 2019)以及生产网络分析(Acemoglu & Azar, 2020)等方面,投入产出的思想与方法也在现代研究中不断得以呈现。对于诸如此类的投入产出方法的种种扩展,正如 Solow (1998)在回顾列昂惕夫《美国经济结构》时对投入产出所提出的忠告那样,通过扩展投入产出模型的假定,与经济学其他分支之间的紧密联系对每个人都是有益的。当然,无论是对我国实际经济问题的分析,还是方法的扩展都要以对投入产出方法性质的理解为基础。这要求研究者们能够从更一般的数理结构出发,并从不同分析路径的学习中寻找启发,而本文所进行的讨论就是希望沿着这一目的,为加深对投入产出模型性质的理解提供一点帮助。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[意] 阿列桑德洛·荣卡格利亚, 2009:《西方经济思想史》(罗汉、耿筱兰、郑梨莎、姚炜堤译), 上海: 上海社会科学院出版社。
+
+[英] 彼罗·斯拉法, 1962:《李嘉图著作和通信集》(郭大力、王亚男译), 北京: 商务印书馆。
+
+[英] 彼罗·斯拉法, 1963:《用商品生产商品——经济理论批判绪论》(巫宝三译), 北京: 商务印书馆。
+
+陈锡康、杨翠红等, 2011:《投入产出技术》, 北京: 科学出版社。
+
+联合国经济和社会事务部统计处, 1982:《国民经济核算(SNA)》(闵庆全、崔书香、肖家魁译), 北京: 中国财政经济出版社。
+
+刘起运, 1993:《经济系统规划方法与模型》, 北京: 中国计划出版社。
+
+[美] 罗纳德·E. 米勒、彼得·D. 布莱尔, 2019:《投入产出分析: 基础与扩展(第二版)》(夏明、张红霞、林晨译), 北京: 中国人民大学出版社。
+
+[英] 马克·布劳格, 2009:《经济理论的回顾》(姚开建译), 北京: 中国人民大学出版社。
+
+[美] 沃西里·里昂惕夫, 1990:《投入产出经济学》(崔书香、潘省初、谢鸿光译), 北京: 中国统计出版社。
+
+Acemoglu, D., and P.D. Azar, 2020, "Endogenous Production Networks", *Econometrica*, 88(1):33-82.
+
+Baqaee, D.R., and E. Farhi, 2019, "The Macroeconomic Impact of Microeconomic Shocks: Beyond Hulten's Theorem", *Econometrica*, 87(4):1155-1203.
+
+Chenery, H. B., and P. G. Clark, 1959, *Interindustry Economics*, New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
+
+Dietzenbacher, E., 1997, "In Vindication of the Ghosh Model: A Reinterpretation as a Price Model", *Journal of Regional Science*, 37(4): 629-651.
+
+Dorfman, R., P. A. Samuelson, and R. M. Solow, 1958, *Linear Programming and Economic Analysis*, New York: McGraw-Hill.
+
+Gale, D., 1960, *The Theory of Linear Economic Models*, New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
+
+Ghosh, A., 1958, "Input-output Approach in an Allocation System", *Economica*, 25(97): 58-64.
+
+Hummels, D., J. Ishii, and K.-M. Yi, 2001, "The Nature and Growth of Vertical Specialization in World Trade", *Journal of International Economics*, 54(1): 75-96.
+
+Nikaido, H., 1968, *Convex Structures and Economic Theory*, New York: Academic Press.
+
+Pasinetti, L., 1973, "The Notion of Vertical Integration in Economic Analysis", *Metroeconomica*, 25(1):1-29.
+
+Pasinetti, L., 1977, *Lectures on the Theory of Production*, New York: Columbia University Press.
+
+Samuelson, P. A., 1962, "Parable and Realism in Capital Theory: The Surrogate Production Function", *Review of Economic Studies*, 29(3):193-206.
+
+Seton, F., 1992, *The Economics of Cost, Use and Values*, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
+
+Solow, R. M., 1998, "Rereading the Structure of the American Economy", *Economic Systems Research*, 10(4): 299-306.
+
+United Nations, 1966, "Problems of Input-output Tables and Analysis (Series F No. 14)", New York.
+
+(责任编辑：李振新)
+
+# ON THE THEORETIC PROPERTIES OF INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL
+
+ZHANG Hongxia XIA Ming
+
+(School of Applied Economics, Renmin University of China)
+
+**Abstract:** As an empirical research method, input-output technique is widely used in the analysis of practical economic problems, but the understanding of the assumptions and properties of the model is the premise of correct use of the method. The prominent characteristics of input-output model are production-centered, structured and systematic. Demand-driven quantity model and cost-driven price model constitute the core framework of input-output technique, both of which are production-centered. The interaction between industries reflected in the quantitative model and the price model includes not only direct but also indirect connections, therefore it is a structural methodology. From the systematic point of view, this framework takes production as the core to form the endogenous boundary of the model and can further adjust the endogenous boundary and concept. In addition, the supply driven model is established by introducing distribution coefficient, and Leontief input-output model is extended to generalized input-output model by being combined with optimization model, which constitute the systematic framework. Focusing on the basic properties of input-output model, this paper fully discusses some basic issues of the framework, including the nature of structural description, the determination and adjustment of the endogenous boundary of the system, the symmetry of the demand-driven and supply-driven modelling system, and the duality of the generalized input-output system. From the discussion, the thoughts of the authors on the properties of input-output framework are proposed.
+
+**Key words:** input-output; structural analysis; supply driven; duality
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_29.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_29.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81d811dc3dda844fce4fb7b5b7fbdad4eebe47c0
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@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+# 3、《国防科技工业计量检定人员管理办法》
+
+## 第五节 法定计量单位的使用
+
+* 一、法定计量单位
+
+法定计量单位是国家以法令形式强制使用或允许使用的计量单位。
+
+国内计量单位的统一,可以避免由于多种单位制并用而引起的混乱和不必要的换算,节省大量的人力物力,从而促进科学技术、文化教育和工农业生产的发展。
+
+与国际上计量单位的统一,能使我国在国际交往中与绝大多数国家具有共同的国际计量语言和交流工具,推动我国对外贸易、科技协作和文化交流的发展。
+
+任何组织在从事下列活动，需要使用计量单位的，应当使用法定计量单位：
+
+a.制发公文 统计报表;
+b.生产、销售产品,标注产品标识,编制产品使用说明书;
+c.制定标准、规范、规程、技术文件;
+d.出具检定、校准、检验、测量数据;
+e.国家规定应使用法定计量单位的其他活动。
+
+我国的法定计量单位包括：
+
+(1) 国际单位制单位：SI单位、SI单位的倍数单位，SI单位包括SI基本单位和SI导出单位 (SI辅助单位在内的具有专有名称的SI导出单位，组合形式的单位)。
+
+(2) 国家选定的非国际单位制单位
+
+(3) 上述单位构成的组合形式的单位
+
+SI基本单位的名称、符号：
+
+| 量的名称 | 基本单位名称 | 符号 | 错误符号 |
|---|
| 长度 | 米 | m | M | | 质量 | 千克 (公斤) | kg | KG、kG、Kg | | 时间 | 秒 | s | S | | 电流强度 | 安[培] | A | | | 热力学温度 | 开[尔文] | K | | | 物质的量 | 摩[尔] | mol | MOl | | 发光强度 | 坎[德拉] | cd | |
+
+国际单位制中具有专门名称的
+导出单位
+
+| 量的名称 | 单位名称 | 单位符号 | 错误符号 |
|---|
| 频率 | 赫[兹] | Hz | HZ | | 力、重力 | 牛[顿] | N | | | 压力、压强、应力 | 帕[斯卡] | Pa | pa、PA、pA | | 能量、功、热 | 焦[耳] | J | | | 电荷量 | 瓦[特] | W | | | 电位、电压、电动势 | 库[仑] | C | | | 电容 | 伏[特] | V | | | 电容 | 法[拉] | F | | | 电阻 | 欧[姆] | Ω | | | 电导 | 西[门子] | S | | | 磁通量 | 韦[伯] | Wb | | | 磁通量密度、磁感应强度 | 特[斯拉] | T | | | 电感 | 亨[利] | H | | | 摄氏温度 | 摄氏度 | °C | | | 光通量 | 流[明] | lm | | | 光照度 | 勒[克斯] | lx | | | 放射性活度 | 贝可[勒尔] | Bq | | | 吸收剂量 | 戈[瑞] | Gy | | | 平面角 | 弧度 | rad | | | 立体角 | 球面度 | sr | |
+
+我国选为法定单位的
+非SI单位
+
+| 量的名称 | 单位名称 | 单位符号 | | 量的名称 | 单位名称 | 单位符号 | | 量的名称 | 单位名称 | 单位符号 |
|---|
| 时间 | 分、小时、天 (日) | minhd | | 速度 | 节 | kn | | 级差 | 分贝 | dB | | 平面角 | (角) 秒(角) 分度 | (")(')(°) | | 质量 | 吨原子质量单位 | tu | | 线密度 | 特克斯 | tex | | 旋转速度 | 转/分 | r/min | | 体积 | 升 | L(l) | | 面积 | 公顷 | hm² | | 长度 | 海里 | nmile | | 能 | 电子伏 | eV | | | | |
SI词头名称、符号
+
+| 因数 | 1024 | 1021 | 1018 | 1015 | 1012 | 109 | 106 | 103 | 102 | 101 | | 名称 | 尧[它] | 泽[它] | 艾[可萨] | 拍[它] | 太[拉] | 吉[咖] | 兆 | 千 | 百 | 十 | | 符号 | Y | Z | E | P | T | G | M | k | h | da | | 因数 | 10-1 | 10-2 | 10-3 | 10-6 | 10-9 | 10-12 | 10-15 | 10-18 | 10-21 | 10-24 | | 名称 | 分 | 厘 | 毫 | 微 | 纳[诺] | 皮[可] | 飞[母托] | 阿[托] | 仄[普托] | 幺[科托] | | 符号 | d | c | m | μ | n | p | f | a | z | y |
+
+### 二、计量单位的使用规则
+
+1） 组合单位的中文名称与其符号表示的顺序一致,符号中的字母没有对应的名称,除号的对应名称为“每”字,无论分母中有几个单位“每”字只能出现一次。
+2） 乘方形式的单位名称,其顺序应是指数名称在前(由数字加“次方”二字),单位名称在后。特殊情况下,对于长度的2次幂和3次幂,表示面积体积时,则相应的指数名称为“平方”和“立方”,其余则为“二次方”和“三次方”。
+3） 书写法定计量单位时,不加任何表示乘或除的符号或其它号。
+
+* 例如:电阻率的单位的名称为“欧姆米”,而不是“欧姆·米”、“欧姆-米”或“[欧姆][米]”等。
+
+### 三、法定单位和词头的符号
+
+1）法定单位和词头的符号,不论拉丁字母或希腊字母,一律用正体并严格遵循其大小写,不得自行变更。
+
+2）在由两个以上单位相乘构成的组合单位中,若某单位的符号又是词头符号,则应尽量将其置于右侧,以免引起混淆。
+
+3）由两个以上单位相乘的组合单位,其中文符号只能是一种形式,即用居中圆点代表乘号。
+
+4）由两个以上单位相除构成的组合单位,其英文符号可用如下三形式(以密度单位为例):
+
+* a. $kg/m^3$ 除号用斜线表示;
+
+* b. $kg \cdot m^{-3}$ 用负指数将相除转化为相乘,乘号用居中圆点。
+
+* c. $kgm^{-3}$ 紧排
+
+* 其中文符号有两种形式:
+* a. 千克/米³ 用斜线
+* b. 千克·米⁻³ 用负指数, 乘号用居中圆点表示。
+
+5）在一个组合单位中, 表示相除关系的斜线一般不能多于一条。
+* 例如: 比热容的单位为J/(kg·K), 不能写为J/kg/K。
+6）词头和单位符号之间不留间隔, 不加表示相乘的任何符号, 也不必加圆括号。
+* 例如: 面积的单位“平方千米”的符号是km², 不应为k·m²、k×m², 也不必写为(km)²。
+
+* 四、法定单位和词头使用规则
+
+1）单位名称与符号的使用场合
+
+* 单位名称,一般用于叙述性的文字中,单位的符号则在公式、数据表、曲线图、刻度盘和产品铭牌等需要简单明了表示的地方使用,也可用于叙述性文字中。
+
+* 这里重点强调以下几点：
+
+* a. 单位的简称在不致混淆的场合下可等效全称使用,因此当然也可以用于叙述性文字中。
+
+* b. 国际符号可使用于任何场合。但仅用来表示相应的单位,不能借作文字使用。例如：“每公斤鱼价5元”,不能写成“每kg鱼5元”。
+
+* c. 在符号使用时,应优先考虑使用国际符号。中文符号一般在初中、小学课文和普通书刊中使用。
+
+2）单位名称或符号必须作为一整体使用，不得拆开使用。
+
+* 例如：20℃应读成“20摄氏度”，不应写成或读成“摄氏20度”。
+
+3）不能单独使用词头。
+* a. 不能把词头当作单位使用。例如，“电容的容量为10µ”应改为“电容的容量为10µF”。
+
+* b. 不能把词头单纯当作因数使用。$10^{-3}S^{-1}=1mS^{-1}$这个等式就不成立。因为上式将因数值$10^{-3}$随便地代之以相应的词头m。
+
+4）词头不能重迭使用。例如：“µµF”应改为“pF”，“mµs”应改为“ns”。
+
+5）以相乘或相除形式构成的组合单位，词头一般位于组合单位之首或分子上。例如：力矩的单位kN·m，不宜写成N·km。
+
+6）倍数单位和分数单位的指数，是指包括词头在内的单位的幂。例如：$1\text{cm}^2=1(10^{-2}\text{m})^2=10^{-4}\text{m}^2$，而不应认为$1\text{cm}^2=10^{-2}\text{m}^2$。
+
+# 第二章 企业计量管理
+
+* 第一节 企业计量的作用
+
+* 第二节 企业计量管理的特征
+
+* 第三节 企业计量管理的内容
+
+* 第四节 企业计量工作的定位与发展
+
+* 计量管理：计量管理是指计量部门对所用测量手段和方法，以及获得、表示和使用测量结果的条件进行的管理。
+
+* 企业的计量管理：是企业为了获得准确可靠的测量数据，为企业生产、科研、经营提供计量保证所开展的各项活动。
+
+## 第一节 企业计量管理的作用
+
+### 一、计量是企业发展的重要技术基础
+
+贯穿于企业的能源管理、物料检测、工艺监控、质量检验、环境监测、安全防护、计量数据管理、经营核算等方面
+
+### 二、计量是企业现代化管理的基本条件
+
+涉及人类活动各个方面，现代化工业生产三大支柱之一：计量检测、原材料和工艺装备
+
+### 三、计量是产品质量的重要保证
+
+### 四、计量是节能降耗的重要手段
+
+### 五、计量是企业经济核算的重要技术依据
+
+## 第二节 企业计量管理的特征
+
+* ### 一、科学管理和法制管理相结合
+专业性、系统性和社会性很强的基础工作,遵循客观规律,科学管理
+
+* ### 二、微观管理和宏观监督相结合
+企业是体系的末端，执行层
+
+* ### 三、普遍性与特殊性相结合
+目的一致,侧重点不同
+
+* ### 四、统一性和系统性相结合
+计量单位统一、量值准确,靠体系管理
+
+## 第三节 企业计量管理的内容
+
+### 一、国家对企业计量管理的法制要求
+
+* 1、法定计量单位的使用
+* 2、最高计量标准的管理
+* 3、强制检定
+* 4、制造计量器具的管理（制造企业）
+* 5、对计量数据实行计量监督（对社会服务机构）
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_3.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_3.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7489895ca7d85f2a38ca32ea12158e2b9bf51bc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_3.md
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+# 小红书保健品行业通案
+
+小红书商业部 | 医疗健康行业
+
+## 01-赛道洞察
+
+### 疫情爆发刺激保健品行业爆发，居民健康意识全盘提升，行业有望进一步渗透
+
+保健品日益成为人们生活密不可分的一部分，随着消费水平的提高、各项国家利好政策的驱动以及人们健康意识的提升，中国保健品将迎来发展黄金时期
+
+#### 中国保健品行业经济环境
+
+
+
+#### 中国保健品行业市场规模及预测
+
+
+
+数据来源：艾媒咨询《2023 - 2024年中国保健品行业研究及消费者洞察报告》
+
+### 经济下行消费分级趋势显现，但疫后对「健康」的重视驱动国民消费预算向带来健康的「高品质」保健品类倾斜
+
+#### 36%
+
+国内消费者对通胀表示担忧，略高于今年第二季度的平均水平
+
+
+
+
+
+国内消费者对身心平衡的态度排序
+
+#### TOP 1
+
+身心健康是23年11月所有年龄段消费者都最关心的事
+
+
+
+
+
+*数据来源于凯度《中国消费者态度月度晴雨表》23年6月
+
+### 从内容看风向-小红书已成为当代年轻人的健康养生图鉴
+
+成年人的奶茶
+
+
+
+回蓝回城回气血
+
+
+
+边吃边养口腔溃疡
+
+
+
+易瘦体质养成记
+
+
+
+
+
+“懒美人”必备好物
+
+
+
+分秒必争补钙计划
+
+
+
+重新定义专业人士
+
+
+
+控糖与胰岛素抵抗
+
+### 保健品赛道的高热度带动「大健康人群」在小红书域内高速增长
+
+51.2%的小红书19-40岁用户平时会吃保健品，其中女性和26+人群相对渗透更高。
+
+
+
+
+
+*数据来源于小红书后台
+
+### 惜命打工人
+
+人群量级4600W+
+
+#### 基本人群画像
+
+高线城市&工作强度比较高的行业，如互联网、金融、医护人员等。
+
+作息比较不规律，工作时间长、压力大，时不时需要熬夜加班。
+
+##### 年龄占比
+
+
+
+##### 城市线级占比
+
+
+
+##### 内容偏好 TOP30
+
+
+
+#### 对保健品的态度
+
+- 目的性强，通过保健品预防工作劳累带来的身体损伤
+
+- 有较明确的功效诉求，西式保健品为主
+
+- 购买决策时比较“成分党”
+
+#### 吃保健品的契机
+
+- 加班或应酬时身体感到疲惫或明显的不适
+
+- 体检指标出现异常
+
+- 网上/身边同事推荐
+
+#### 核心考虑因素
+
+成分/含量 功效 品牌
+
+#### 功效/品类偏好
+
+机能增强型产品：护肝片、鱼油&辅酶q10
+
+基础保健&提升免疫力：维生素
+
+*数据来源于小红书用户团队《小红书保健食品人群》相关调研
+
+## 02-竞争格局
+
+### 用户重点从「全面健康」到「机能提升」, 健康诉求多元化 提升身体机能的进阶需求是行业未来的增长引擎
+
+#### 热门品类: 用户刚需的大众化诉求
+
+##### 维生素、益生菌、鱼油&钙
+
+强健体质、全面健康&每日营养摄入均衡, 依然是用户核心诉求
+
+#### 新兴品类: 高增长的新趋势热点
+
+##### NAD、护肝、氨糖
+
+将保健品当作「身体的加油站」, 具备抗衰、护肝&关节保护等进阶机能提升型产品受追捧, 是市场未来的机会点
+
+保健品赛道各细分类目双十一 VS 618 增长情况对比
+2022.09~2023.06
+
+
+
+*数据来源于小红书后台
+
+### 从需求看机会-五大核心品类引领小红书保健品行业规模增长
+
+维生素、益生菌、鱼油、胶原蛋白、钙，这五大品类占据保健品赛道超7成的搜索量；
+
+后疫情时代用户对「护肝&护眼」&「免疫力」的关注带动维生素、益生菌、护肝片&叶黄素等品类的持续走热
+
+保健品赛道搜索趋势
+2022.09~2023.06
+
+
+
+保健品赛道搜索量占比
+2022.09~2023.06
+
+
+
+*数据来源于小红书后台
+
+## 03-营销方案
+
+### 保健品行业小红书阵地信任关系共建策略 流量与内容协同助力品牌全链生意升级
+
+#### 声量+
+
+#### 种草+
+
+#### 生意+
+
+以小红书为阵地，依托特有RED style生态，达成全域全链生意经营提效
+
+流量扩容
+
+关系重塑
+
+价值释放
+
+
+
+### 保健品行业 营销阵地图
+
+#### 声量+
+
+平台IP - 引爆影响
+品牌广告 - 扩散认知
+
+新品上市 | 事件破圈
+
+#### 种草+
+
+人群策略 - 场景营销
+竞价广告 - 精准触达
+
+人群渗透 | 产品教育
+
+#### 生意+
+
+闭环打通 - 种收平衡
+节点大场 - 销量爆发
+
+小红书内循环
+
+### 保健品行业 营销阵地图
+
+#### 声量+
+
+平台IP-引爆影响
+
+品牌广告-扩散认知
+
+新品上市 | 事件破圈
+
+#### 种草+
+
+人群策略-场景营销
+
+竞价广告-精准触达
+
+人群渗透 | 产品教育
+
+#### 生意+
+
+闭环打通-种收平衡
+
+节点大场-销量爆发
+
+小红书内循环
+
+## Thank you
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_30.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_30.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c3852f1fa2347b5263b2428cb498865c51b71d64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_30.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1618 @@
+# Database Normalization
+* An important step in the physical design is **database normalization**
+* Developing a table structure which:
+ - Reduces or eliminates redundancy
+ - Makes tables easy to manage
+ - Simplifies changes in the future
+- There is an entire theory of database normalization
+ - we don’t have time to go into it
+ * Just present an example
+ - The usual goal is to create a table structure which is in **3rd normal form (3NF)**
+
+## Unnormalized form (flat file)
+
+| Parcel_ID | Parcel_ad | Block | Precinct | Councillor | City | Mayor | Own1_name | Own1_ad | Own2_name | Own2_ad | Value |
|---|
| 8 | 501 Sadowski | 1 | 1001 | Smith | Big | Green | Sadowski. M | 501 Sadowski | | | 105,450 | | 9 | 590 Sadowski | 2 | 1002 | Jones | Big | Green | Adams, K | 590 Sadowski | Adams, M | 590 Sadowski | 89,780 | | 36 | 1001 Adnan | 4 | 1002 | Jones | Big | Green | Sadowski, M | 501 Sadowski | | | 101,500 | | 75 | 1175 Dadley | 12 | 1004 | Hassan | Little | White | Kroeger | 592 Tierney | Bertrand. K | 1097 Bertrand | 98,000 |
+
+## 3rd Normal form:
+
+--all fields are determined by primary key field
+
+
+
+ | OWNER TABLE |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ key fields |
+ |
+
+
+ | Owner_ID |
+ Owner_name |
+ Owner_ad |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ | 001 |
+ Sadowski. M |
+ 501 Sadowski |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ | 002 |
+ Adams, K |
+ 590 Sadowski |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ | 004 |
+ Kroeger |
+ 592 Tierney |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ | 003 |
+ Adams, M |
+ 590 Sadowski |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ | 005 |
+ Bertrand. K |
+ 1097 Bertrand |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ | PARCEL TABLE |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ | Parcel_ID |
+ street_no |
+ street name |
+ Block |
+ Owner_ID |
+ Value |
+
+
+ | 8 |
+ 501 |
+ Sadowski |
+ 1 |
+ 001 |
+ 105,450 |
+
+
+ | 9 |
+ 590 |
+ Sadowski |
+ 2 |
+ 002 |
+ 89,780 |
+
+
+ | 36 |
+ 1001 |
+ Adnan |
+ 4 |
+ 001 |
+ 101,500 |
+
+
+ | 75 |
+ 1175 |
+ Dadlexz |
+ 12 |
+ 004 |
+ 98,000 |
+
+
+ | 9 |
+ 590 |
+ Sadowski |
+ 2 |
+ 003 |
+ 89,780 |
+
+
+ | 75 |
+ 1175 |
+ Dadlexz |
+ 12 |
+ 005 |
+ 98,000 |
+
+
+ | COUNCILOR TABLE |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ MAYOR TABLE |
+ |
+
+
+ | Precinct |
+ Councillor |
+ City |
+ |
+ City |
+ Mayor |
+
+
+ | 1001 |
+ Smith |
+ Big |
+ |
+ Big |
+ Green |
+
+
+ | 1002 |
+ Jones |
+ Big |
+ |
+ Little |
+ White |
+
+
+ | 1004 |
+ Hassan |
+ Little |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+
+See:
+*Appendix II*
+for more detail
+
+# Data Importing Vs. Data Loading
+
+* Importing
+
+- Creates new features within a _new_ feature class or geodatabase table.
+
+* The features class or table cannot exist before importing
+
+- Database schema is imported at the same time
+
+- Often involves conversion from other formats e.g. coverages
+
+* Loading
+
+- Appends features into an _existing_ feature class.
+
+- Existing feature class must have the same schema as the data sources
+
+- Can be accomplished with:
+* Simple Data Loader (ArcCatalog)
+* Object Loader Wizard
+
+# Conclusion
+
+* The outcome of these steps is:
+
+ - A rigorous design for our database: a “database schema”
+
+ - The design of a process for obtaining the data elements that will populate our database schema
+
+ * Identifying a data source and the necessary processing sequence for each layer
+
+ * covered in *Implementation Steps* lecture
+
+Next time, we will go into the lab and look at some of this in practice.
+
+This will involve many ESRI-specific design decisions as outlined in:
+*dbdecisions.ppt*
+
+# Appendix I
+
+## DBMS Relational Operators
+
+*“for regular (non-spatial) relationships (in the ER Diagram or UML model), physical database design involves identifying which of the RDBMS’s normal query structures or **relational operators** will handle the relationship”# RDBMS: Relational Operators*
+
+* Select (or Restrict)
+ - retrieves a subset of rows from a table based on value(s) in a column or columns
+
+* Project
+ - retrieves a subset of columns from a table, removing duplicates from the result
+
+* Product
+ - produces the set of all rows that are the concatenation of a row from one relational table with a row from another relational table
+ - (usually an intermediate step; not useful otherwise)
+
+* Join
+ - horizontally combines (contatenates) rows in one table with rows in another (or the same) table, including only rows which meet some selection criteria relating columns of the two tables
+ - Combines **product** and **select**
+
+* Union
+ - vertically combines (stacks) rows of one table with rows in the same or a different table
+
+* Intersection
+ - results in rows common to two (or more) relational tables
+
+* Difference
+ - results in rows that appear in one table but not another
+
+* **Division**
+ - results in common values in one table for which there are other matching column values corresponding to every row in another table
+
+*Examples follow in the next three slides...*
+
+## Base Tables
+
+| STORE TABLE |
|---|
| Store_Name | Location |
|---|
| Mr Chip | New York | | Bean, Inc. | New York | | Mrs Mousse's | New Jersey | | Mr Mousse's | New Jersey | | Sancho's | California | | Diet-Crème | Colorado | | Freeze-it | Alaska |
+
+| SUPPLIER TABLE |
|---|
| Supplier_Name | Flavor |
|---|
| Mr Chip | vanilla | | Mr Chip | Chocolate | | Mrs Chip | avocado | | Mrs Chip | date-nut | | Diet-Crème | cottage cheese | | Diet-Crème | skim milk |
+
+
+
+
+| SELECT (RESTRICT) of Store Table |
+
+
+ | on Location = New Jersey |
+
+
+| Store_Name |
+Location |
+ |
+
+
+
+
+| Mrs Mousse's |
+New Jersey |
+ |
+
+
+| Mr Mousse's |
+New Jersey |
+ |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| PROJECT of Store table |
+
+
+ | Pon Location column |
+
+
+ |
+Location |
+
+
+ |
+New York |
+
+
+ |
+ New Jersey |
+
+
+ |
+California |
+
+ |
+Colorado |
+
+
+ |
+Alaska |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| JOIN Store Table and Supplier Table |
+ |
+
+
+| by vendor name |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (same as Select from Product when |
+ |
+
+
+ | supplier_name=store_name) |
+ |
+
+
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+vanilla |
+Mr Chip |
+New York |
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+Chocolate |
+Mr Chip |
+New York |
+
+
+| Diet-Crème |
+cottage cheese |
+Diet-Crème |
+Colorado |
+
+
+ | (note: this is an equi-join; there are other types) |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| PRODUCT of STORE and SUPPLIER Tables |
+ |
+
+
+| Supplier |
+Supplier |
+Store |
+Store |
+
+
+| supplier_name |
+flavor |
+Name |
+Location |
+
+
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+vanilla |
+Mr Chip |
+New York |
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+vanilla |
+Bean, Inc. |
+New York |
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+vanilla |
+Mrs Mousse's |
+New Jersey |
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+vanilla |
+Mr Mousse's |
+New Jersey |
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+vanilla |
+Sancho's |
+California |
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+vanilla |
+Diet-Crème |
+Colorado |
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+vanilla |
+Freeze-it |
+Alaska |
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+Chocolate |
+Mr Chip |
+New York |
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+Chocolate |
+Bean, Inc. |
+New York |
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+Chocolate |
+Mrs Mousse's |
+New Jersey |
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+Chocolate |
+Mr Mousse's |
+New Jersey |
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+Chocolate |
+Sancho's |
+California |
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+Chocolate |
+Diet-Crème |
+Colorado |
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+Chocolate |
+Freeze-it |
+Alaska |
+
+
+| Mrs Chip |
+Avocado |
+Mr Chip |
+New York |
+
+
+| Mrs Chip |
+Avocado |
+Bean, Inc. |
+New York |
+
+
+| Mrs Chip |
+Avocado |
+Mrs Mousse's |
+New Jersey |
+
+
+| Mrs Chip |
+Avocado |
+Mr Mousse's |
+New Jersey |
+
+
+| Mrs Chip |
+Avocado |
+Sancho's |
+California |
+
+
+| Mrs Chip |
+Avocado |
+Diet-Crème |
+Colorado |
+
+
+| Mrs Chip |
+Avocado |
+Freeze-it |
+Alaska |
+
+
+| Mrs Chip |
+date-nut |
+Mr Chip |
+New York |
+
+
+| Mrs Chip |
+date-nut |
+Bean, Inc. |
+New York |
+
+
+| Mrs Chip |
+date-nut |
+Mrs Mousse's |
+New Jersey |
+
+
+| Mrs Chip |
+date-nut |
+Mr Mousse's |
+New Jersey |
+
+
+| Mrs Chip |
+date-nut |
+Sancho's |
+California |
+
+
+| Mrs Chip |
+date-nut |
+Diet-Crème |
+Colorado |
+
+
+| Mrs Chip |
+date-nut |
+Freeze-it |
+Alaska |
+
+
+| Diet-Crème |
+cottage cheeses |
+Mr Chip |
+New York |
+
+
+| Diet-Crème |
+cottage cheeses |
+Bean, Inc. |
+New York |
+
+
+| Diet-Crème |
+cottage cheeses |
+Mrs Mousse's |
+New Jersey |
+
+
+| Diet-Crème |
+cottage cheeses |
+Mr Mousse's |
+New Jersey |
+
+
+| Diet-Crème |
+cottage cheeses |
+Sancho's |
+California |
+
+
+| Diet-Crème |
+cottage cheeses |
+Diet-Crème |
+Colorado |
+
+
+| Diet-Crème |
+cottage cheeses |
+Freeze-it |
+Alaska |
+
+
+| Diet-Crème |
+skim milk |
+Mr Chip |
+New York |
+
+
+| Diet-Crème |
+skim milk |
+Bean, Inc. |
+New York |
+
+
+| Diet-Crème |
+skim milk |
+Mrs Mousse's |
+New Jersey |
+
+
+| Diet-Crème |
+skim milk |
+Mr Mousse's |
+New Jersey |
+
+
+| Diet-Crème |
+skim milk |
+Sancho's |
+California |
+
+
+| Diet-Crème |
+skim milk |
+Diet-Crème |
+Colorado |
+
+
+| Diet-Crème |
+skim milk |
+Freeze-it |
+Alaska |
+
+
+
+
+## Base Tables
+
+| STORE TABLE |
|---|
| Store_Name | Location |
|---|
| Mr Chip | New York | | Bean, Inc. | New York | | Mrs Mousse's | New Jersey | | Mr Mousse's | New Jersey | | Sancho's | California | | Diet-Crème | Colorado | | Freeze-it | Alaska |
+
+| EUROPE_STORE Table |
|---|
| Store_Name | Location | Status |
|---|
| Sir Chip | London | open | | Monsieur Chip | Paris | closed | | Senor Chip | Madrid | open |
+
+| MY_FAVORITES Table |
|---|
| Store_Name | Location |
|---|
| Comrade Chip | Moscow | | Sir Chip | London | | Herr Chip | Berlin |
+
+
+
+
+| UNION of STORE |
+
+
+| and EUROPE_STORE Tables |
+
+
+| Store_Name |
+Location |
+Status |
+
+
+
+
+| Mr Chip |
+New York |
+null |
+
+
+| Bean, Inc. |
+New York |
+null |
+
+
+| Mrs Mousse's |
+New Jersey |
+null |
+
+
+| Mr Mousse's |
+New Jersey |
+null |
+
+
+| Sancho's |
+California |
+null |
+
+
+| Diet-Crème |
+Colorado |
+null |
+
+
+| Freeze-it |
+Alaska |
+null |
+
+
+| Sir Chip |
+London |
+open |
+
+
+| Monsieur Chip |
+Paris |
+closed |
+
+
+| Senor Chip |
+Madrid |
+open |
+
+
+| (duplicates removed, if any) |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| INTERSECTION of MY_FAVORITES |
+
+ | and EUROPE_STORE Tables |
+
+
+| Store_Name |
+Location |
+Status |
+
+
+
+
+| Sir Chip |
+London |
+open |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| DIFFERENCE of MY_FAVORITES |
+
+
+ | and EUROPE_STORE |
+ |
+
+
+| Store_Name |
+Location |
+ |
+
+
+
+
+| Comrade Chip |
+Moscow |
+ |
+
+
+| Herr Chip |
+Berlin |
+ |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| DIFFERENCE of EUROPE_STORE |
+
+
+ | and MY_FAVORITES |
+ |
+
+
+| Store_Name |
+Location |
+Status |
+
+
+
+
+| Monsieur Chip |
+Paris |
+closed |
+
+
+| Senor Chip |
+Madrid |
+open |
+
+
+
+
+
+| Required Course Table |
+
+
+| Course# |
+C_Name |
+
+
+
+
+| mis101 |
+data |
+
+
+| mis201 |
+program |
+
+
+| mis301 |
+networks |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| Completed Course Table |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| Student ID# |
+S_Name |
+Course# |
+C_Name |
+
+
+
+
+| 10 |
+Fred |
+mis101 |
+data |
+ |
+
+
+| 10 |
+Fred |
+gis101 |
+gis |
+ |
+
+
+| 10 |
+Fred |
+mis201 |
+program |
+
+
+| 10 |
+Fred |
+mis301 |
+networks |
+
+
+| 30 |
+Karen |
+mis101 |
+data |
+ |
+
+
+| 20 |
+John |
+gis201 |
+gps |
+ |
+
+
+| 30 |
+Karen |
+gis101 |
+gis |
+ |
+
+
+| 30 |
+Karen |
+mis301 |
+networks |
+
+
+| 30 |
+Karen |
+mis201 |
+program |
+
+
+
+
+| DIVISION of Completed_Course Table |
|---|
| by Required_Course Table | |
|---|
| Student ID# | S_Name | | |
|---|
| 10 | Fred | | | | 30 | Karen | | |
+
+The ***division*** operator identifies Fred and Karen
+
+# Appendix II
+# Database Normalization Detail
+
+* Developing a table structure which:
+
+ –Reduces or eliminates redundancy
+
+ –Makes tables easy to manage
+
+ –Simplifies changes in the future
+
+* Our goal is normally to have all tables in *third normal form (3NF)*
+
+
+# Unnormalized Data (Flat File)
+
+## Unnormalized form (flat file)
+
+
+
+
+| Parcel_ID |
+Parcel_ad |
+Block |
+Precinct |
+Councillor |
+City |
+Mayor |
+Own1_name |
+Own1_ad |
+Own2_name |
+Own2_ad |
+Value |
+
+
+
+
+| 8 |
+501 Sadowski |
+1 |
+1001 |
+Smith |
+Big |
+Green |
+Sadowski, M |
+501 Sadowski |
+ |
+ |
+105,450 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+590 Sadowski |
+2 |
+1002 |
+Jones |
+Big |
+Green |
+Adams, K |
+590 Sadowski |
+Adams, M |
+590 Sadowski |
+89,780 |
+
+
+| 36 |
+1001 Adnan |
+4 |
+1002 |
+Jones |
+Big |
+Green |
+Sadowski, M |
+501 Sadowski |
+ |
+ |
+101,500 |
+
+
+| 75 |
+1175 Dadley |
+12 |
+1004 |
+Hassan |
+Little |
+White |
+Kroeger |
+592 Tierney |
+Bertrand. K |
+1097 Bertrand |
+98,000 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Not smallest meaningful value.
+How can you sort by street, then number?
+
+repeating groups of fields. What if there are 3 (or 25)
+owners?
+
+What if there are 3 (or 25) owners?
+
+* You work for the county. In this particular state, the county records land ownership, values property, and manages all elections held in the county.
+
+* Some of the information you need is shown in the flat file above
+
+* This format has many problems, some of which are pointed to above# First Normal Form (1NF)
+
+# First Normal Form (1NF):
+## First Normal Form (1NF):
+
+* Each field contains smallest meaningful value
+
+ * *Parcel_ad* split into two variables (street_no & street_name), thus can sort on street, then number
+
+ * *Owner_ad* left as complex attribute 'cos only used for mailing
+
+* No repeating fields (owner1, owner2, etc..)
+
+ * There is now no limit on number of owners per parcel
+
+| Parcel_ID | street_no | street_name | Block | Precinct | Councillor | City | Mayor | Owner_ID | Owner_name | Owner_ad | Value | | 8 | 501 | Sadowski | 1 | 1001 | Smith | Big | Green | 001 | Sadowski. M | 501 Sadowski | 105,450 | | 9 | 590 | Sadowski | 2 | 1002 | Jones | Big | Green | 002 | Adams, K | 590 Sadowski | 89,780 | | 36 | 1001 | Adnan | 4 | 1002 | Jones | Big | Green | 001 | Sadowski, M | 501 Sadowski | 101,500 | | 75 | 1175 | Dadlexz | 12 | 1004 | Hassan | Little | White | 004 | Kroeger | 592 Tierney | 98,000 | | 9 | 590 | Sadowski | 2 | 1002 | Jones | Big | Green | 003 | Adams, M | 590 Sadowski | 89,780 | | 75 | 1175 | Dadlexz | 12 | 1004 | Hassan | Little | White | 005 | Bertrand. K | 1097 Bertrand | 98,000 |
+
+## However, problems in that:
+
+* Must use multiple primary key fields (parcel_id and owner_id) to uniquely identify a record
+* multiple repeating values when there are two (or more) owners: Street_no, street_name, block, precinct,councillor, mayor, city, Owner_name, Owner_ad all have repeats. Wastes
+space, and
+ * If an owner’s address changes, multiple records (rows) must be updated
+ * If a parcel is sold, and the owner does not own any other property (e.g. Kroeger, Adams, M or Bertrand), information about that owner is lost
+
+# Second Normal Form (2NF):
+*concept of 2NF and problem with 1NF table*
+
+* **Second Normal Form (2NF)** requires that every non-key field (attribute) be "functionally dependent" on the primary key
+
+ - **Functional dependency** is a relationship between attributes such that knowing one attribute automatically determines the other
+
+* Tables with multiple fields making up the primary key are not 2NF
+
+ - This usually shows up as repeating values in an attribute fields
+
+ - For example, owner_ID repeats, and knowing the owner does not determine the councillor
+
+ * knowing *owner_ID* (part of primary key) is 001, does not determine Councilor, which could be Jones or Smith.
+
+| Parcel_ID | street_no | street_name | Block | Precinct | Councillor | City | Mayor | Owner_ID | Owner_name | Owner_ad | Value | | 8 | 501 | Sadowski | 1 | 1001 | Smith | Big | Green | 001 | Sadowski. M | 501 Sadowski | 105,450 | | 9 | 590 | Sadowski | 2 | 1002 | Jones | Big | Green | 002 | Adams, K | 590 Sadowski | 89,780 | | 36 | 1001 | Adnan | 4 | 1002 | Jones | Big | Green | 001 | Sadowski, M | 501 Sadowski | 101,500 | | 75 | 1175 | Dadlexz | 12 | 1004 | Hassan | Little | White | 004 | Kroeger | 592 Tierney | 98,000 | | 9 | 590 | Sadowski | 2 | 1002 | Jones | Big | Green | 003 | Adams, M | 590 Sadowski | 89,780 | | 75 | 1175 | Dadlexz | 12 | 1004 | Hassan | Little | White | 005 | Bertrand. K | 1097 Bertrand | 98,000 |
+
+Second Normal Form (2NF): *example of 2NF form*
+
+
+
+ | PRECINCT TABLE |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ key field |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ Precinct |
+ Councilor |
+ City |
+ Mayor |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ 1001 |
+ Smith |
+ Big |
+ Green |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ 1002 |
+ Jones |
+ Big |
+ Green |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ 1004 |
+ Hassan |
+ Little |
+ White |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ | OWNER TABLE |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ Owner_ID |
+ Owner_name |
+ Owner_ad |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ 001 |
+ Sadowski. M |
+ 501 Sadowski |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ 002 |
+ Adams, K. |
+ 590 Sadowski |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ 004 |
+ Kroeger |
+ 592 Tierney |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ 003 |
+ Adams, M |
+ 590 Sadowski |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ 005 |
+ Bertrand. K |
+ 1097 Bertrand |
+ |
+
+
+ | PARCEL TABLE |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ | Parcel_ID |
+ street_no |
+ street_name |
+ Block |
+ Precinct |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ Owner_ID |
+ |
+ |
+ Value |
+
+
+ | 8 |
+ 501 |
+ Sadowski |
+ 1 |
+ 1001 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ 001 |
+ |
+ |
+ 105,450 |
+
+
+ | 9 |
+ 590 |
+ Sadowski |
+ 2 |
+ 1002 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ 002 |
+ |
+ |
+ 89,780 |
+
+
+ | 36 |
+ 1001 |
+ Adnan |
+ 4 |
+ 1002 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ 001 |
+ |
+ |
+ 101,500 |
+
+
+ | 75 |
+ 1175 |
+ Dadlexz |
+ 12 |
+ 1004 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ 004 |
+ |
+ |
+ 98,000 |
+
+
+ | 9 |
+ 590 |
+ Sadowski |
+ 2 |
+ 1002 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ 003 |
+ |
+ |
+ 89,780 |
+
+
+
+(2NF tables)
+
+* In each table, there is only one key field, and knowing its value determines the value of all other attributes
+
+ - Satisfies criteria for 2NF
+
+ - Far fewer repeats and duplicate editing problems
+
+* Note that there are still shortcomings, for example
+
+ - if the *mayor* of city “big” changes, we must update two records# Third Normal Form (3NF)
+
+# Third Normal Form(3NF)
+* 3NF requires that no non-key field be a fact about another non-key field
+
+ - This will be violated if there is **transitive dependency in a table**
+
+* **Transitive functional dependency** occurs when the value in a non-key field is determined by a value in another non-key field
+
+ * The value for *city* determines *mayor*, (and neither of these is the key field)
+
+* In 3NF, fields can only be attributes of the primary key, and not of some other field
+
+ - Tables not in 3NF usually have repeating values in a non-key field (e.g *mayor* field in **PRECINCT** table)
+
+ - *Mayor 'Green'* is a fact about *city* (*a non-key field*), not about *precinct* (*the key field*).
+
+
+
+
+| PRECINCT TABLE (2NF) |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+Precinct |
+Councilor |
+City |
+Mayor |
+
+
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+1001 |
+Smith |
+Big |
+Green |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+1002 |
+Jones |
+Big |
+Green |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+1004 |
+Hassan |
+Little |
+White |
+
+
+| COUNCILOR TABLE (3NF) |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| Precinct |
+Councillor |
+City |
+MAYOR TABLE (3NF) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 1001 |
+Smith |
+Big |
+ |
+City |
+Mayor |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 1002 |
+Jones |
+Big |
+ |
+Big |
+Green |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 1004 |
+Hassan |
+Little |
+ |
+Little |
+White |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+
+
+**Precinct** Table (in 2NF) is split into **Councilor** and **Mayor** tables in 3NF
+
+# 4th and 5th Normal Form
+
+* Our goal is usually to have all tables in at least 3rd normal form
+
+* 4th and 5th normal forms also exist, but these can add disadvantages (for example, processing inefficiency) as well as advantages
+
+* For example, 5th Normal form has *no duplicated data*, but requires *junction tables* to link data and form relationships
+
+
+
+| PRECINCT TABLE (5NF) |
+COUNCILOR TABLE (5NF) |
+CITY TABLE (5NF) |
+ |
+
+
+| Precinct |
+Voter_count |
+ |
+Councilor |
+Age |
+ |
+City |
+Mayor |
+Population |
+
+
+| 1001 |
+3245 |
+ |
+Smith |
+27 |
+ |
+Big |
+Green |
+500,000 |
+
+
+| 1002 |
+5600 |
+ |
+Jones |
+85 |
+ |
+Little |
+White |
+5,000 |
+
+
+| 1004 |
+2001 |
+ |
+Hassan |
+43 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 1005 |
+750 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| Junction Tables |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+| Precinct |
+Councilor |
+ |
+Councilor |
+City |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 1001 |
+Smith |
+ |
+Smith |
+Big |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 1002 |
+Jones |
+ |
+Jones |
+Big |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 1004 |
+Hassan |
+ |
+Hassan |
+Little |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 1005 |
+Hassan |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_4.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_4.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..35ff06fdae4495225740cf09102af329b0b7fee3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_4.md
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+
+
+# Introducing Olink® Flex: Inflammation in aging panel
+
+## Uncovering biological aging mechanisms through circulating biomarker profiling
+
+The pathophysiology of biological aging is an expanding area of research with a growing interest in identifying biomarkers of aging-related conditions. Biological aging clocks are well-established as more accurate tools for monitoring age-related physiological decline rates compared to chronological age assessment.
+
+A key strategy for the development of aging clocks includes evaluating related proteome changes through circulating biomarker profiling. This offers real-time insights into the physiology of aging, which is hallmarked by an altered expression of senescence- and inflammation-related proteins.
+
+For example, plasma levels of immune-related proteins such as CDCP1 and HGF have been shown to provide a link between inflammatory nutritional patterns and future cognitive impairment.
+
+A longitudinal study on aging-driven frailty progression also used plasma proteomics to identify a set of core proteins, including CD4 and RANK, as crucial for understanding the pathomechanisms of this condition.
+
+The Olink Flex Inflammation in aging panel includes 21 protein biomarkers linked to age-related changes of the immune system, including CDCP1, STAMBP, RANK and PLAUR. These biomarkers may provide deeper insights into age-related inflammation and lead to improved stratification and treatment of individuals at higher risk of developing aging-related diseases and functional decline.
+
+
+
+## Key publications:
+
+→ Duggan M.R. et al. Plasma proteins related to inflammatory diet predict future cognitive impairment. Mol Psychiatry (2023)
+→ Cedeno-Veloz, B. et al. Serum biomarkers related to frailty predict negative outcomes in older adults with hip fracture. J Endocrinol Invest (2023).
+→ Mitchell, A. et al. Pro-Inflammatory Proteins Associated with Frailty and Its Progression—A Longitudinal Study in Community-Dwelling Women. J Bone Miner Res (2023)
+→ Llaurador-Coll M. et al. Plasma levels of neurology-related proteins are associated with cognitive performance in an older population with overweight/obesity and metabolic syndrome. Geroscience (2023)
+
+## Need more flexibility?
+
+Olink® Flex allows you to optimize this panel with other validated assays from the Flex library or to build an entirely new panel that fits your research interests. Try the Flex panel builder on [Olink® Insight](https://insight.olink.com/) now!
+
+© 2024 Olink Proteomics AB.
+Olink products and services are For Research Use Only and not for Use in Diagnostic Procedures.
+This document is not intended to convey any warranties or representations of any kind.
+1431, v1.0, 2024-02-22
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_5.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_5.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..76005c483ed2b50768e0e70dd9e885bbd0f28e93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_5.md
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+
+
+
+
+# Windows安全体系演进之路
+
+绿盟科技天机实验室 张云海
+
+
+
+# Windows安全体系发展历史
+
+## ● 安全体系的建立
+
+
+
+# Windows安全体系发展历史
+
+## ● 安全体系的建立
+
+### ● Windows Defender 应用程序防护
+
+
+
+# Windows安全体系发展历史
+
+## ● 安全体系的建立
+
+### ● 基于虚拟化的安全
+
+
+
+# Windows安全体系的未来
+
+## ● Windows 11建立了良好的安全体系基线
+
+### ● 缺省启用的安全机制
+
+* Virtualization-Based Security (VBS)
+
+* Hypervisor-protected Code Integrity (HVCI)
+
+* Secure Boot
+
+* Windows Hello
+
+### ● 支持的硬件安全特性
+
+* Hardware-enforced Stack Protection
+
+* Microsoft Pluton security processor
+
+# Windows安全体系的未来
+
+## 从芯片到云端的安全体系设计
+
+
+
+# THANKS
+
+
+欢迎关注绿盟科技
+
+了解更多安全资讯
+
+
+
+微信公众号
+
+
+
+新浪微博
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_6.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_6.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..797ae2773767b114648941b5a125ba5bababa3fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_6.md
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# Naturamin®-Plus
+
+## GUARANTEED CONTENT
+
+
+
+| Free amino acids... |
+400.0 g/L |
+
+
+| Boron (B)... |
+1.3 g/L |
+
+
+| Copper (Cu)... |
+1.2 g/L |
+
+
+| Iron (Fe)... |
+12.5 g/L |
+
+
+| Manganese (Mn)... |
+7.5 g/L |
+
+
+| Zinc (Zn)... |
+2.5 g/L |
+
+
+
+**Registration clasification**: Aminoacids ≥ 100 g / L; Cu + Fe + Mn + Zn + B ≥ 20 g/L
+
+**Naturamin®-Plus** is a product which has a stimulating effect on the plant during its active growth phase and flowering periods, particularly in situations which may adversely affect it, such as root asphyxiation, drought, hail, phytotoxicity caused by pesticides, etc.
+
+The product it is also enriched with microelements, which, as major cofactors, help maximize its effectiveness in the various metabolic routes.
+
+## DOSAGE AND INSTRUCTIONS FOR USE
+
+Grapes, citrus, fruit trees, ornamental, berries, vegetables:
+
+ Foliar: 3-5 treatments of 1-2 L/ha. During the cycle
+
+ Soil treatment: 10-15 l/ha. in 2-3 applications
+
+Maize, wheat, barley, cotton, beetroot:
+
+ Foliar: 2-3 treatments of 0.6-1 L/ha. During the cycle
+
+Alfalfa:
+
+ Foliar: After 2nd cutting 0.6-1 L/ha. And repeat it during the cycle
+
+**Naturamin®-Plus**
+
+All living beings require L-Amino acids as the basic structural units for the formation of proteins, enzymes and the starting material for the synthesis of other essential substances.
+
+Up until a years ago the only way of encouraging the formation of amino acids in plants was indirectly and through the root system only: by adding inorganic nitrogen-containing fertilizers.
+
+Nitrogen is dissolved in the soil and is then absorbed by the roots and converted into amino acids. This process means that the plant has to use up a very large amount of energy which it could devote to other biological processes.
+
+Today it has been demonstrated that the use of amino acid solutions applied to the soil or to plant leaves has a very positive effect on crop nutrition as it is a way of providing plants with one of the fundamental links for the formation of biological macromolecules, without having to go through the intermediate steps for synthesis.
+
+## ORGANIC AGRICULTURE
+
+Approved for use in Organic Agriculture according to Regulation (EC) 834/2007 and 889/2008 and NOP Regulation and JAS Regulation. ECOCERT SA F 32600. CAAE.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Camino de Enmedio, 120
+
+50013 Zaragoza (España)
+
+Telf. +34 976 461 516
+
+Fax +34 976 415 986
+
+mail@daymsa.com
+
+**daymsa.com**
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_7.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_7.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d2d2da3a4a4fc2887065341d7b0d397eb6ff01d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_7.md
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+中国电视报·青少版 / 名师讲名篇
+
+# 读《西游记》解锁阅读经典的新方法(上)
+
+北京十一晋元中学 魏凤英
+
+
+
+在初中语文学习中,《西游记》是继《朝花夕拾》之后的第二部必读经典。
+
+新教材对于《朝花夕拾》的定位是“整本书阅读·精读、略读、浏览”,对于《西游记》的定位是进行精读和跳读相结合;《朝花夕拾》中要求完成“了解鲁迅生活的那些年”“认识鲁迅笔下的那些人”“体会鲁迅心中的那些情”三个任务,《西游记》则要求感受曲折的故事情节和其中蕴含的丰富独特的想象,学习故事开头、结尾的技巧以及悬念设置的方法,能够有滋有味地讲出其中的经典故事。
+
+相较于《朝花夕拾》,从阅读方法上来说,《西游记》是对精读和跳读的加深和强化;从阅读难度上来说,虽然《西游记》有文言成分,由于大家对其中的人物和部分故事情节很了解,比较容易读进去;从阅读任务上来说,《西游记》突出兴趣性的内容选择,突出写作技巧的学习,突出阅读内容的转化,有一定的选择性、自由度,也有一定的深度,因此,我们可以进行基于兴趣的专题性阅读。
+
+## 观内容：选择感兴趣的专题，走进文本世界
+
+《西游记》以唐僧师徒四人西天取经为叙述主线,串起81难故事,塑造了人、妖、神、佛等众多形象,描绘了天庭地狱、仙山神山、奇涧大河等奇景奇境,展现了节日、祭祀、婚姻、饮食、集会等各种习俗……这些内容,有现实生活的真实呈现,更多的则是在想象基础上的神化、幻化、异化,这增加了可读性,增强了趣味性,也便于进行分专题理解内容。
+
+### 第一，从形象分类角度，研究共性、异性或发展性。
+
+比如选择妖怪来研究,可以从其来历关系、事件、本领或武器、外形特点、结局等维度进行概括性了解,提出其间的差异性;也可以从某一个妖怪身上的动物本性、人性、妖性等维度进行深入分析,然后用这个方法对照其余妖怪,达到共性提取,这是以妖怪的角度走进内容的理解方式。当然也可以从神仙角度来进行,方法同理。
+
+如果用人物角色来研究,选择孙悟空作为自己的研究对象,就可以围绕自己最想解开的有关孙悟空的疑问来展开。比如,常见的问题是:为什么孙悟空是大师兄?为什么孙悟空能成佛?为什么随着故事的深入,孙悟空的武力值越来越低(大闹天宫时所向无敌,取经路上时常搬救兵)?确定问题后,用跳读的方法,结合圈点勾画,把每章节中孙悟空的表现圈画出来,尤其是描写孙悟空的语言和心理的内容,从中分析孙悟空对自我认识和对外界认识的变化,以此来理解人物的发展性。这是从人物角色成长的角度走进《西游记》。
+
+### 第二，从书中描绘奇景奇境的角度，走进《西游记》。
+
+《西游记》用了大量篇幅描写神仙或妖怪居住的神山或洞府,其中山林、树草、花鸟、溪涧等各有不同,春夏秋冬等季节的特色也十分鲜明。可以选择自己最喜欢的“山水福地”,进入自己的想象来欣赏其景物的神奇美丽,神游仙境,然后体会这样的景物对故事发展的作用、对表现人物性格特点的作用。比如,孙悟空所在的花果山,“丹崖上,彩凤双鸣;削壁前,麒麟独卧”“峰头时听锦鸡鸣,石窟每观龙出入”……这样环境里的孙悟空,灵动、自由,无拘无束,才有了后来的大闹天宫。
+
+也可以选择同类景物及其作用来进行梳理,比如唐僧师徒面临的凶险环境,第9回中是“八百流沙界,三千弱水深。鹅毛飘不起,芦花定沉底”“浪涌如山,波翻若岭”;27回中有“虎狼成阵走,麋鹿作群行”“大蟒喷愁雾,长蛇吐怪风”;43回中有对黑水河畔狂风的描绘——“揭互翻转房屋倒,惊天动地泰山摇”……景物的特征预示着将要面临的灾难,也暗示着要出现的形象并非善类。通过这样的方法,可以体会景和人、景和事、景和情的关系。
+
+此外,还可以从民俗风情的角度,研究《西游记》中的人物活动场景。比如研究书中呈现的各种美食,各自独有的风俗习惯等等,不仅可以以此梳理内容,还可以从这些角度去总结人物形象和作品想要表达的主题。
+
+## 学方法：选择感兴趣的章节，提炼写作技巧
+
+《西游记》是神魔小说的代表作,达到古代长篇浪漫主义小说的巅峰,全书故事引人入胜,人物塑造栩栩如生。其神奇的想象、跌宕的情节、生动的语言,值得深入品味、鉴赏。
+
+### 第一，从画面体会、要素分析的角度，品鉴想象妙处。
+
+选择喜欢的章节或者某一个画面,读的时候,首先要在脑海中随文呈现书中的画面,这个画面需要有形象、有色彩、有声音、有光线、有味道、有细节,这是以自己的想象再现文本,是读懂,读进。
+
+然后就感兴趣的点,进行要素分析,思考作者是用什么方法进行想象的,这是理性分析,是专业性解读。
+
+
+
+作者简介
+
+魏凤英:中学高级教师,北京市海淀区语文学科带头人,北京十一晋元中学语文教师。参加过多项省市级课题研究。
+
+比如“女儿国”这个地方,作者用的是残缺式“异化”的手法,让这个国度的婚嫁、生育等习俗自然与常态不同。写天宫、地府、洞府、西天雷音寺等地方,作者借用空间的转换、挪移,实现神佛世界的神异特性。
+
+对于孙悟空、猪八戒以及众多妖怪的塑造,作者则是从生物学的角度,在保持他们动物特性的同时,赋予了其神性、人性,比如书中塑造的猪八戒,他懒惰、贪吃、丑陋,粗壮强健,这是作为动物猪的特性;他会36变,这是神性;他朴实敦厚、嫉恶如仇、有情有义,也撒谎偷懒、挑拨离间,这是人性。作者用动物性、神性和人性叠加的方式,想象创造出了这些生动的形象。特别运用夸张的方式进行想象,也是本书中最突出的一个点,每个神、佛、妖、怪的神通、法力,基本上都是基于夸张的塑造……就想象这一个点,深入读下去,不仅能体会《西游记》之美,也能训练自己的写作想象力。
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_8.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_8.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e89c2f636748b56b20073de1b500fb52b8a7ee72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_8.md
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+
+
+
+全球最具潛力的差价合约交易商
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+全球最具潜力的差价合约经纪商与世界顶尖交易者一同交易
+
+01 公司介紹
+
+02 監管信息
+
+03 資金安全
+
+04 交易平台
+
+05 交易產品
+
+06 库存費优势
+
+07 专属服務
+
+08 公司活動
+
+...
+
+
+
+## 企业概况
+
+
+
+Vatee万腾成立于2013年，是全球顶尖的差价合约经纪商，受澳大利亚投资与证券委员会(ASIC: 563425 & 545560)，与瓦努阿图金融投资委员会(VFSC:40097)的权威监管，同时获得美国全国期货协会(NFA: 0546588)的普通金融注册。公司提供六大交易产品：外汇，贵金属，大宗商品，加密货币，股票以及指数。我们始终致力于打造全行业最优质的交易环境，包括低交易成本、极速交易环境和5*24小时全方位的技术支持与帮助，还提供交易咨询以及出金一个工作日到账等服务。获得了客户的高度评价，成就了公司的飞速发展。
+
+## 我们的合作伙伴
+
+万腾VATEE长期与全球多家知名交易所密切合作,交易并非是一个工具,而是一座桥梁,我们的合作使我们能够为广大投资者搭建一座连接金融世界的桥梁。交易并非是一路独行,而是一段陪伴,我们始终伴您左右。
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## 监管信息
+
+### 美国NFA注册 (监管号: 0546588)
+
+美国全国期货协会 (NFA) 是世界最高规格的监管之一。严格监管美国的银行、证券、外汇零售行业。NFA致力于维护市场诚信和保护消费者权益，其完善的金融监管体系和严格的执行力度，受到各国投资者和监管同行的一致认可。
+
+### 澳大利亚投资与证券委员会ASIC (监管号: 563425 & 545560)
+
+ASIC是澳大利亚金融服务和市场的法定监管机构，经联邦政府批准，根据2001年议会审核通过的澳大利亚《证券投资委员会法案》的规定，该机构依法独立对全澳金融体系、各金融机构和专业从业人员行驶金融监管的职能。万腾集团拥有澳洲双监管牌照，不仅可以为独立交易者提供金融建议，也可以服务大型交易机构。
+
+### 瓦努阿图金融牌照VFSC (监管号: 40097)
+
+瓦努阿图金融服务委员会 (Vanuatu Financial Services Commission) 是世界权威的监管机构，VFSC 在严格审核企业背景，资金实力等资质后，才会为少数公司颁发最高等级的金融牌照。作为瓦努阿图政府机构，VFSC 负责执行证券、金融报告以及公司法，使其适用于金融服务和证券市场，为每一位客户保障了资金的绝对安全。
+
+保护地球
+万腾有责
+
+
+
+WWF
+
+VATEE携手世界自然基会为
+考拉安家添砖加瓦
+
+2022年7月,万腾集团(Vatee Group)正式启动了对WWF的赞助,在企业蓬勃发展之余,力争创造人类与自然和谐相处的美好未来。作为全球十大最具潜力的差价合约经纪商,Vatee不仅致力于为全球交易者提供优质服务,更积极关注地球生态,以实际行动回馈社会,助力环境保护。通过考拉救助项目,万腾集团迈出了履行社会责任的第一步,未来3年内,万腾集团将逐步推进万腾小学和万腾地球村等项目,致力于为社区提供教育支持,并推动可持续发展,助力全球生态保护。通过这些努力,万腾集团将真正做到万物生长,腾飞向前。
+
+## 资金安全
+
+与一般银行不同,像Vatee这样的交易商公司必须将客户资金和资产与自有资金隔离存放。这意味着,
+即便市场动荡,金融受到冲击,客户资金仍完全受到隔离账户保护,任何机构银行不得行使留置权、抵
+消权及保留权。
+
+您的资金将存放于顶级银行隔离托管账户中。这意味着,资金仍是您的,而非Vatee的,并且它将被视
+作客户资金,所以Vatee及其债权人将不得对其进行收费,或行使留置权、抵消权及保留权。
+
+Vatee在多家备受信赖的顶级国际银行设立了隔离银行账户,例如美国运通公司
+(American Express Bank Limited)和星展银行(DBS Bank Limited)。
+
+
+
+
+
+Thank You
+
+VATEE 万腾
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_9.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_9.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4f8f556ec39c84e3c77a25bf2c76ba57d65c3237
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/colourful_background_9.md
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+# WEN能源链 家族财富传承计划
+
+——重走BTC长征之路
+
+WEN Energy Chain Family Wealth Inheritance Plan PPT 1.0
+
+— Rediscovering the Long March of BTC
+
+## 目录 CONTENTS
+
+### 01
+
+Public chain
+background
+
+公链背景
+
+Public chain
+background
+
+### 02
+
+economic
+model
+
+经济模型
+
+economic
+model
+
+### 03
+
+Mining
+mechanism
+
+挖矿机制
+
+Mining
+mechanism
+
+### 04
+
+underlying
+logic
+
+底层逻辑
+
+underlying
+logic
+
+### 05
+
+Strategic
+planning
+
+战略规划
+
+Strategic
+planning
+
+### 06
+
+Core
+highlights
+
+核心亮点
+
+Core
+highlights
+
+
+
+### Public chain background 公链背景
+
+#### 一. 核心定位: Core positioning
+
+* WEN 是 WEBER 公链的核心底层, 全称 WEBER 能源链。是专为现实金融资产赋能的高性能公链, 以 POW 工作量证明 + POA 权威证明混合共识机制破局, 首创预言机定价 + 抵押铸币 + 去中心化券商承兑的 DEREAL 协议, 推动黄金、股票、期货等现实资产在链上的发行、交易与结算, 通过 WUSD 稳定币、WENLINK 跨链桥与闪电支付, 立志构建一个公开公平开放的数字金融基础设施网络。
+
+
+
+现实资产
+
+
+
+数字金融
+
+
+
+基础设施
+
+
+
+DEREAL 协议
+
+
+
+去中心化券商
+
+#### 二. 当前问题: Current problem
+
+##### 1 YEAR
+
+* 当下的传统金融体系中，股票、黄金等现实优质资产的投资仍然存在重重障碍（机构垄断/高昂门槛/限时交易/信息黑箱/规则森严）。
+
+##### 2 YEAR
+
+* 当前主流公链（BTC/ETH等）与现实资产之间存在信任鸿沟，资产上链缺乏流动性和信任。
+
+##### 3 YEAR
+
+* RWA (Real World Asset) 因为“信任映射”和“司法挑战”，容易陷入中心化控制。
+
+#### 三. 解决方案: solution
+
+* 在 WEN 能源链上如何通过 DEREAL 发行和交易现实世界的黄金股票外汇期货等主流资产?
+
+(举例: 如何成为链上黄金交易的券商)
+
+##### A、抵押铸币 ——
+
+通过抵押WUSD发行50%价值的黄金币
+
+
+
+##### B、实时交易 ——
+
+用户买卖黄金币都是在抵押池 (类DEFI)
+发行方作为对手盘赚取手续费;
+
+
+
+##### C、预言机同步 ——
+
+黄金价格由预言机实时同步市场;
+
+
+
+##### D、清算规则 ——
+
+当流通中的黄金币总价值大于抵押池的WUSD总价值则引发清算。
+
+
+
+#### 四. 五大协议 Five major agreements
+
+##### Dereal协议
+—— 去中心化的RWA，银、碳、黄金、股票、债券、外汇、期货
+
+##### Realmint协议
+—— 预言机 + 抵押铸币
+
+##### OracleDEX协议
+—— 预言机交易引擎
+
+##### Pegvault协议
+—— 抵押资产池
+
+##### Autopeg协议
+—— 预言机 + 自动清算
+
+#### 五. 关键创新: Key Innovations
+
+| 关键词 | 简述 |
|---|
| 现实资产链上化 | 黄金股票外汇期货等现实资产可在WEN链上发行并交易 |
|---|
| 去中心化券商 | 任何用户/机构都能通过质押变身“券商” |
|---|
| 能源指数机制 (EI) | 模拟电力成本, 确保铸币过程稀缺与真实 |
|---|
| 强DeFi应用支撑 | 稳定币、跨链桥、DEX、借贷协议支撑流动性与需求 |
|---|
+
+
+
+### Economic model 经济模型
+
+#### 代币经济模型：WEN Token Economic Model
+
+**发行总量**: WEN 代币总量恒定为 2.1 亿枚
+
+**初始发行**: 预发行1000万枚,
+
+**挖矿比例**: 其余2亿通过挖矿产出
+
+* **主币循环**: 本源合约、绑定质押, 促进代币内循环
+
+* **挂载机制**: 微节点必须挂载在全节点上, 产出的算力按比例反哺至全节点, 形成协作激励模型
+
+* **应用场景**: WEN 将广泛用于支付、质押、铸币、治理等场景, 实现真实消耗与价值流通
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce19974e5654f2ce91313713bef042a09e14f426
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ | (1)happiness | (2)happiness | (3)happiness | (4)happiness |
|---|
| compare | 0.815(0.627) | 0.359*(0.202) | -0.059(0.271) | 0.134(0.135) | | lnIncome | 0.108(0.132) | 0.014(0.039) | 0.014(0.039) | 0.015(0.039) | | lnIncome * compare | -0.045(0.061) | | | | | incomesatis | 0.171***(0.358) | 0.176(0.121) | 0.170***(0.036) | 0.170***(0.036) | | incomesatis * compare | | -0.002(0.058) | | | | age | -0.066**(0.029) | -0.068**(0.029) | -0.086***(0.031) | -0.059**(0.029) | | age * compare | | | 0.012(0.008) | | | age2 | 0.001*(0.000) | 0.001**(0.000) | 0.001*(0.000) | 0.000(0.000) | | age2 * compare | | | | 0.000*(0.000) | | eduyear | 0.034***(0.010) | 0.035***(0.010) | 0.035***(0.010) | 0.035***(0.010) | | health | 0.280***(0.034) | 0.280***(0.034) | 0.280***(0.034) | 0.280***(0.080) | | urban | 0.170**(0.080) | 0.169**(0.080) | 0.473**(0.080) | 0.168**(0.080) | | relation | 0.474***(0.020) | 0.474***(0.020) | 0.473***(0.020) | 0.473***(0.020) | | c | 1.890(1.481) | 2.858***(0.769) | 3.611***(0.815) | 3.165***(0.681) | | 样本量 | 2298 | 2298 | 2298 | 2298 | | F-statistic | 88.615 | 88.539 | 88.874 | 88.984 | | (5)happiness | (6)happiness | (7)happiness | (8)happiness | | compare | 0.502***(0.160) | 0.625***(0.188) | 0.381***(0.077) | 0.384(0.253) | | lnIncome | 0.014(0.039) | 0.015(0.039) | 0.016(0.039) | 0.014(0.039) | | incomesatis | 0.171***(0.036) | 0.173***(0.036) | 0.171***(0.036) | 0.172***(0.036) | | age | -0.065**(0.029) | -0.066**(0.029) | -0.068**(0.029) | -0.068**(0.029) | | age2 | 0.001*(0.000) | 0.001*(0.000) | 0.001**(0.000) | 0.001**(0.000) | | eduyear | 0.062**(0.028) | 0.036*(0.010) | 0.035***(0.10) | 0.035***(0.010) | | edu * compare | -0.013(0.013) | | | | | health | 0.278***(0.034) | 0.454***(0.119) | 0.279***(0.034) | 0.280***(0.034) | | health * compare | | -0.084(0.057) | | | | urban | 0.165**(0.80) | 0.165**(0.080) | 0.307(0.117) | 0.168**(0.074) | | urban * compare | | | -0.069(0.117) | | | relation | 0.473***(0.020) | 0.493***(0.20) | 0.473***(0.020) | 0.483***(0.074) | | relation * compare | | | | -0.005(0.035) | | c | 2.535***(0.741) | 2.284***(0.766) | 2.813***(0.669) | 2.805***(0.843) | | 样本量 | 2298 | 2298 | 2298 | 2298 | | F-statistic | 88.681 | 88.862 | 88.588 | 88.541 |
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_10.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_10.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14e8653e44940d91f4a71cc946c27cea1fb63c71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_10.md
@@ -0,0 +1,226 @@
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+提供场地智能化系统设计建设、无人机研发及定制、空域申请及保障服务 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+天津市克兰鹰航空科技有限公司 |
+特定区域低空物流路径验证算法平台 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+西安蓝悦控制技术有限公司 |
+无人智能系统技术开发与无人机相关服务 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+湖南华迈科技有限公司 |
+低空物流应用场景技术服务 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+成都华日通讯技术股份有限公司 |
+提供航空无线电保护监测的系统解决方案,针对通用航空频率的电磁保护性监测,为重点保护地空通讯台频段及卫星导航频段。利用GNSS专用监测设备、航空多路接收设备,搭配传统固定站组网建设航空专项监测网,进行自动化监测、智能化分析,对航空频率干扰进行自动分析、告警,对航空频率可能发生的干扰进行预警,能够输出监测区域内的电磁环境状况、信号特征参数,能对信号内容进行溯源,降低航空干扰查处的难度。 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+盘锦浩隆科技服务有限公司 |
+制定农业作业方案,依据农田面积、作物种类等规划喷洒、施肥具体实施操作流程。创意拍摄策划服务,根据拍摄主题构思独特的无人机拍摄镜头与画面。电力、环保及化工企业巡检配备红外热成像仪、高清变焦摄像头,可远距离清晰查看电力设备细节。根据突发应急情况,紧急制动调配飞手和匹配的无人机,与现场指挥中心进行谋划救援解决方案 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+针对于中小型无人机提供相关的技术解决方案 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+安胜(天津)飞行模拟系统有限公司 |
+为低空物流应用场景提供仿真测试场景搭建、仿真验证设备、应用场景模拟训练解决方案 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+泰州润翼航空科技有限公司 |
+大疆无人机技术支持 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+云南飞拉航空科技有限公司 |
+公司有专业无人机维修团队,提供无人机维修服务且负责保养和升级 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+陕西华兴通盛航空科技有限公司 |
+无人机技术支持 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+宁波欣金通航天科技有限公司 |
+低空经济全系列城市建设 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+安徽天机慧智能科技有限公司 |
+定制无人机解决方案:高空清洗、大载重调运等 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+四川蜀慧通航智能科技有限公司 |
+城市配送:在人口密集的城市区域,利用无人机等载具,实现快速、灵活的货物配送,提升物流效率;农业物流:在农业生产中,通过无人机实现农药、化肥的精准投放;医疗领域:在医疗救援领域,如在偏远地区,无人机可迅速输送血液、药品等急救物资,缩短了救援时间,挽救了宝贵生命;能源与基础设施巡查:在风电、油井等基础设施的日常运维中,低空物流通过无人机实现定期巡检,降低了人力成本,提升了检测效率 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+重明鸟通用航空服务(成都)有限责任公司 |
+城市低空运输和配送解决方案、山区A起B降物资运输 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+芸瀚无人机科技(启东)有限公司 |
+专业飞手支持 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+深圳亿航低空经济咨询有限公司 |
+低空物流枢纽规划,以及基于低空物流的三级配送体系解决方案 |
+
+
+| 18 |
+成都亿博物流咨询有限公司 |
+低空物流枢纽规划 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+泰州鸿鹄信息科技有限公司 |
+大疆行业无人机(M350RTK,经纬4T,4E等无人机)及无人机场 |
+
+
+| 20 |
+贵州寰屿科技服务有限公司 |
+为兴义万峰林景区无人机物流培训 |
+
+
+| 21 |
+镇江兴业电气科技有限公司 |
+可根据用户具体需要定制应用场景的解决方案 |
+
+
+| 22 |
+湖南智航飞购科技有限公司 |
+低空经济行业软件定制研发、低空物流体系建设服务、低空经济产业咨询服务 |
+
+
+| 23 |
+广东万虹科技有限公司 |
+犇腾400E |
+
+
+| 24 |
+云南领跑通用航空科技有限公司 |
+从客户选购产品到无人机运送最后到客户手上,整套运营平台的搭建和开发 |
+
+
+| 25 |
+江苏智羽诚禾科技有限公司 |
+定制化服务 |
+
+
+| 26 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+我们为森林消防领域提供智能化、立体化的无人机技术支持和整体解决方案,构建“空天地一体化”的森林防火体系,全面提升火灾预防、监测预警和应急救援能力。典型应用场景:日常巡护:替代人工巡护,效率提升10倍、火情早期预警:实现“打早、打小、打了”、火场侦查:快速获取火场态势,保障人员安全、夜间灭火:红外引导下的精准灭火作业、灾后评估:过火面积精确测算,损失评估 |
+
+
+| 27 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+低空冷链物流 |
+
+
+| 28 |
+苏州蓝悦无人机技术有限公司 |
+无人智能系统技术开发与无人机相关服务 |
+
+
+| 29 |
+南昌交通学院低空交通研究院 |
+能够承接各类复杂的无人机应用项目。、巡检业务中,无人机凭借其灵活、高效的特点,能够对电力线路、管道、基础设施等进行全方位巡检,及时发现潜在问题,保障设施安全稳定运行;无人机表演,提供绚丽的灯光和精准的编队飞行;在测绘建模方面,利用先进的无人机搭载高精度测绘设备,快速、准确地获取地理信息数据,构建高精度的二维、三维模型;无人机喷洒服务,实现了农药的精准定量喷洒,提高了作业效率 |
+
+
+| 30 |
+江西航易绘无人机科技有限公司 |
+提供技术服务和方案规划 |
+
+
+| 31 |
+黄山飞鹰农业服务有限公司 |
+山区运输难问题解决 |
+
+
+| 32 |
+宇翔盛泰通用航空有限公司 |
+公司目前正与某无人机公司开展北京-张家口低空无人机货运项目进行各方位的合作,在项目中对接政府各个资源,按照客户要求,并提供相应的解决方案;并在整个航线运营前对无人机的试飞、调试、航线设计、起降场环境,运营方案等都进行了充分的论证;运营后对空域、航线的申请、各项地面保障服务都进行了充足的准备,保障了航线的顺利开通和运营 |
+
+
+| 33 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+生态治理解决方案,公共安全解决方案,应急消防解决方案,新能源场站巡检解决方案 |
+
+
+| 34 |
+百纳智航(深圳)科技有限公司 |
+百纳智航已经为全球20多个国家地区和行业领域客户提供了自动化、无人化、定制化产品和解决方案。特别在农林、电力、公路、公安、消防、清洗、物流、应急救援、防疫消杀、巡查巡防等应用场景提供了更完善更自动化的无人机(车)产品 |
+
+
+| 35 |
+西安天翼智飞科技集团有限公司 |
+巡检(能源、安防、城市治理)、测绘、消防、农业等场景的行业应用技术解决方案 |
+
+
+| 36 |
+深圳市太乙传心科技有限公司 |
+智慧低空综合运行保障平台 |
+
+
+| 37 |
+赛飞特工程技术集团有限公司 |
+1.智能导航系统融合毫米波/激光雷达与多模态算法,实现厘米级避障和路径规划。2.空域管控平台集成ADS-B及雷达数据,支持多机协同调度与空域动态分配。3.反制系统采用AI识别与频谱探测,可快速处置非法干扰。4. "地-空"监管网络通过分布式传感节点构建全时域监视体系,实现飞行追溯与风险预警。整套方案解决了复杂环境下的全天候自主飞行、空域资源优化及安全防护问题,形成从感知、决策到应急的完整技术闭环 |
+
+
+| 38 |
+温州市航洋航空装备研究院 |
+带伞、无伞精确空投技术;(含100米精确散布模型评估) |
+
+
+| 39 |
+上海汇晨柏航科技有限公司 |
+航空产品适航取证服务 |
+
+
+| 40 |
+北京神州数码有限公司 |
+空域试航申请方案、低空运载无人机站点建设及运营方案、人员团队低空运载技术服务方案、CAAC、UTC技能培训方案等... |
+
+
+| 41 |
+贵州华赤无人机产业发展有限公司 |
+顺丰低空产业学院,低空医疗运输,低空物资运输解决方案 |
+
+
+| 42 |
+电鹰科技集团有限公司 |
+应用解决方案 |
+
+
+| 43 |
+杭州飞步科技有限公司 |
+无人驾驶水平运输系统、远程控制系统、车队及设备调度管理系统等 |
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_11.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_11.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..aa750ca9ca7c88e1253274d46f527634e3725c15
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_11.md
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+为企业、事业单位提供无人机等低空飞行器的维修、保养和升级服务 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+上海天德通用航空有限公司 |
+直升机定检及维修 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+湖南华迈科技有限公司 |
+无人机维修保养升级服务 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+盘锦浩隆科技服务有限公司 |
+1、故障诊断:专业装调员通过检测设备软件,对无人机各系统进行检查,精准找出故障原因。2、零部件更换:对于损坏或老旧零部件,使用原厂或兼容高质量配件进行更换,使其保持良好性能状态。3、软件升级与调试:及时更新无人机的飞控软件、遥控器固件等,修复软件漏洞提升性能和稳定性。4、保养:对无人机进行清洁,检查各部件连接牢固性,对电机、电调进行检测维护。对飞控系统、云台相机、电机动平衡、飞控主板等进行检测 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+提供无人机相关系统集成、飞行平台、数据检测平台、无人机设备等维护服务 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+安胜(天津)飞行模拟系统有限公司 |
+为航空器提供维护、维修、改装及保养服务 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+泰州润翼航空科技有限公司 |
+大疆无人机维护与服务 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+辽宁省军扬科技有限公司 |
+定期保养:对无人机进行例行检查、清洁和性能测试,延长设备使用寿命;故障维修:快速响应并解决无人机飞行中的技术问题,恢复设备正常功能;硬件升级:根据客户需求,优化无人机硬件配置,提升飞行性能和负载能力;软件更新:提供最新飞行控制系统和导航软件的安装与调试,确保设备智能化运行技术支持:为客户提供专业技术咨询和培训,帮助其更好地使用和维护设备 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+云南飞拉航空科技有限公司 |
+公司有专业无人机维修团队,提供无人机维修服务 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+陕西华兴通盛航空科技有限公司 |
+无人机、飞控系统的维护 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+宁波欣金通航天科技有限公司 |
+航天时代飞鹏宁波经销商 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+安徽天机慧智能科技有限公司 |
+无人机维修、调试、升级等 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+四川蜀慧通航智能科技有限公司 |
+负麦无人机等低空飞行器的维修、保养和升级服务 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+河南星翼通用航空有限公司 |
+无人机维修 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+芸瀚无人机科技(启东)有限公司 |
+无人机维修保养 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+泰州鸿鹄信息科技有限公司 |
+大疆行业无人机(M350RTK,经纬4T,4E等无人机)及无人机场 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+云南中天翼航空科技有限公司 |
+专用设备修理:涵盖智能无人飞行器及相关配套设备的维修服务,涉及工业机器人安装、维修等;仪器仪表修理:包括飞行器控制系统、导航设备等精密仪器的维护与校准;日常维护与技术支持:通过技术开发、咨询及培训等业务,提供飞行器的日常保养、故障排查及操作培训支持 |
+
+
+| 18 |
+中创航空科技(浙江)有限公司 |
+飞行保障服务:为无人机的飞行提供保障,确保无人机在飞行过程中的安全和稳定。有人机无人化改造:将有人驾驶的飞机改造成无人驾驶的飞机,以满足客户的特定需求。操作人员培训:对无人机操作人员进行培训,包括飞行技能、操作规范、安全知识等方面的培训,以确保操作人员能够熟练地操作无人机;售后服务:为客户提供无人机的售后维修、保养、升级等服务,以确保无人机的性能和使用寿命 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+无人机维修保养 |
+
+
+| 20 |
+江西航易绘无人机科技有限公司 |
+ |
+
+
+| 21 |
+黄山飞鹰农业服务有限公司 |
+无人机维护维修 |
+
+
+| 22 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+可提供多品牌维修维护服务 |
+
+
+| 23 |
+山西浩宸低空立体交通运营有限公司 |
+公司拥有工程师12名,装调检修工34名,针对各类无人机等飞行器的软件升级与性能优化、硬件维修与保养,例如机械部件的维修、电池管理、传感器校准、修复系统漏洞、任务模块扩展、飞行参数调整等都有成熟经验。公司还可根据客户需求,对现有的无人机做定制化改装 |
+
+
+| 24 |
+百纳智航(深圳)科技有限公司 |
+当客户在无人机使用过程中出现问题时,公司售后员工会第一时间帮助处理解决问题;无人机出现各种情况均可返厂进行维修保养 |
+
+
+| 25 |
+河南新丝路国际飞行学校有限公司 |
+大型中型无人机运维服务 |
+
+
+| 26 |
+北京低空产业科技有限公司 |
+承接其他省市和地区新开放低空空域的安全管控平台建设、管理,吸引相关产业落地延庆 |
+
+
+| 27 |
+贵州寰屿科技服务有限公司 |
+为兴义万峰林景区无人机物流培训 |
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_12.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_12.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..143f981c9eb0091b80b86b205736aa574daa2bd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_12.md
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+为企、事业公司提供低空物流相关的法规政策咨询服务 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+善于提供并辅助于各类政策性法规、文件的分析研究、可持续提供相关政策法规指向的业务体系解决方案 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+辽宁省军扬科技有限公司 |
+为提供政策法规研究服务,首先需组建专业团队,涵盖法律、航空、物流等领域专家,系统梳理国内外低空物流相关法规政策,分析其适用性与不足。其次,结合行业需求和技术发展趋势,研究制定空域管理规定,明确低空飞行区域划分、使用权限及动态管理机制。同时,优化飞行审批流程,推动数字化审批平台建设,提高效率。此外,制定安全监管政策,明确责任主体,建立飞行器适航性检查、驾驶员资质审核及实时监控体系,确保安全运行 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+赛飞特工程技术集团有限公司 |
+研究制定低空物流相关的法律法规和政策,如空域管理规定飞行审批流程、安全监管政策等,为低空物流产业的发展提供政策支持和法律保障 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+上海段和段(沈阳)律师事务所 |
+政策法规研究、咨询服务 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+上海汇晨柏航科技有限公司 |
+解读并应用最新的法律法规 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+上海中联(大连)律师事务所 |
+1、空域划设方案法律论证;2、低空飞行计划审批代理;3;无人机适航认证争议解决;4、低空物流运输合同架构设计;5、飞行数据隐私合规审查;6、飞行数据隐私合规审查;7、跨境低空合作法律框架搭建;8、无人机侵权责任纠纷代理;9、低空交通事故损害赔偿诉讼;10、技术泄密与专利侵权维权;11、研发端技术合规咨询;12、制造端适航标准辅导;13、运营端应急预案设计等 |
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_13.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_13.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c48bf95d44d0c7ccfd1df937c7b6bbdc93652ee0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_13.md
@@ -0,0 +1,311 @@
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+CAAC执照培训、物流无人机人员培训 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+天津市克兰鹰航空科技有限公司 |
+低空飞行器(eVTOL与无人机)培训标准与教具 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+无锡小翼通航科技有限公司 |
+提供专业的无人机驾驶员培训、技术人员培训、管理人员培训等服务,包括飞行器操作、维护、管理等方面的人才培养,为产业输送合格的专业人才 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+德阳诺亚方舟模型科技有限公司 |
+公司开展无人机CAAC操控员培训,行业驾驶员培训,物流无人机操作,测绘无人机技术,无人机的维修,维护,保养等 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+西安蓝悦控制技术有限公司 |
+具有中型直升机培训资格 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+湖南华迈科技有限公司 |
+无人机专业人才培训 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+青海智景云航空科技有限公司 |
+民航执照培训;小、中型驾驶员、机长;AOPA合格证 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+盘锦浩隆科技服务有限公司 |
+按照中国民航局要求,我公司正在申请民用无人机驾驶航空器运营合格证、经营许可证及民办学校许可证,对民用无人机驾驶航空器操作员(简称"CAAC")进行规范化培训考证,从“理论讲解、实践飞行、地面站操作”等各方面进行综合教学,目前我司与盘锦市多个公办和私立职业技能学校进行校企合作办学,多位教练员和机长在校区进行实地坐班教学 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+无人机操控员培训 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+苏州航家航空科技发展有限公司 |
+飞行器操作、维护、管理等方面的人才培养,提供飞行员培训、技术人员培训、管理人员培训等服务,为产业输送合格的专业人才 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+淄博市盛合农业科技有限公司 |
+无人机操作证培训,caac培训,植保机培训 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+大连淘宁网络传媒有限公司 |
+场地规模:拥有千平的室内理论教学与实训场地,配备无人机展览厅、理论教室、模拟飞行室及研发实验室;自有室外飞行训练基地,可满足多机型同步训练需求;设备资源:配置多旋翼、固定翼、垂直起降无人机等教学机型,以及RTK模拟考试系统、VR无人机培训系统等先进设备,确保理论与实践紧密结合;师资力量:拥有多名民航局认证的无人机教员,涵盖多旋翼、固定翼等专业领域,小班教学模式,保障教学质量 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+安胜(天津)飞行模拟系统有限公司 |
+为低空航空器提供专业人才培训服务,包含飞行员培训、维护维修人员培训等;为飞行员及维护维修人员培训提供所需的模拟仿真训练设备 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+辽宁省军扬科技有限公司 |
+我们提供涵盖飞手、技术人员和管理人员的全方位系统化培训,培训课程紧密结合行业需求,涵盖飞行器操作、设备维护、安全管理、运营优化等核心领域。通过理论教学与实操训练相结合的方式,学员不仅能够深入理解专业知识,还能通过模拟飞行、设备拆装、案例分析等实践环节提升实际操作能力。此外,我们还注重培养学员的创新思维和团队协作能力,帮助他们在快速发展的低空物流产业中脱颖而出 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+云南飞拉航空科技有限公司 |
+公司现有的教学条件,可承担每期为80人规模的多旋翼训练班次,每年可训练8-10期 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+宁波欣金通航天科技有限公司 |
+caac取证培训 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+安徽天机慧智能科技有限公司 |
+多旋翼、固定翼、垂直起降、直升机中小型教员/植保、电力巡检、巡检等行业应用技术人才培训 |
+
+
+| 18 |
+重明鸟通用航空服务(成都)有限责任公司 |
+可培训低空物流领域专业无人机操控员 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+北京蜂运科技有限公司 |
+提供培训无人机及相关运营、提供注册教练、提供课程体系、提供应用场景、颁发对应证件 |
+
+
+| 20 |
+福建闽南航空科技有限责任公司 |
+民航局CAAC无人机执照培训 |
+
+
+| 21 |
+河南星翼通用航空有限公司 |
+无人机CAAC执照培训 |
+
+
+| 22 |
+山西航翼低空科技有限公司 |
+人才培训 |
+
+
+| 23 |
+芸瀚无人机科技(启东)有限公司 |
+CAAC无人机培训 |
+
+
+| 24 |
+贵州寰屿科技服务有限公司 |
+caac培训 无人机物流师培训 人社资质培训 |
+
+
+| 25 |
+云南中天翼航空科技有限公司 |
+民用航空器驾驶员培训:覆盖无人机(ASFC执照)及载人航空器驾驶员资质培训,含飞行操作、应急处理等课程;技术人员技能培训:包括飞行器维护与维修技术;低空物流管理培训:聚焦低空物流运营管理、法规合规及安全管理课程,适配产业链管理需求;专项认证课程:如物流无人机操作认证、多机协同作业培训等定向技能认证项目;行业配套培训服务:含资格认证辅导(如民用航空执照考试) |
+
+
+| 26 |
+广电计量检测集团股份有限公司 |
+无人机多旋翼培训视距内、超视距 |
+
+
+| 27 |
+镇江兴业电气科技有限公司 |
+CAAC三类或四类多旋翼无人机飞行执照培训,行业应用技能培训 |
+
+
+| 28 |
+湖南智航飞购科技有限公司 |
+《物流无人机运行手册》,《校验飞行手册》,《设备管理手册》,《岗位工作手册》,《航线规划手册》,《项目服务手册》,《人员培训手册》培训等 |
+
+
+| 29 |
+广东万虹科技有限公司 |
+打造国内领先的以学员为中心、一站式、标准化、系统化无人机全流程培训服务体系 |
+
+
+| 30 |
+哈苏无人机科技(苏州)有限公司 |
+适航审定培训,无人机执照培训 |
+
+
+| 31 |
+云南领跑通用航空科技有限公司 |
+民航局颁发的CAAC无人机驾驶证培训以及运动类执照培训 |
+
+
+| 32 |
+江苏智羽诚禾科技有限公司 |
+CAAC执照培训,职教课程的合作,青少年无人机及航空类培训和比赛 |
+
+
+| 33 |
+湖北战狼航空有限公司 |
+湖北战狼航空AOPA飞行基地无人机飞行培训 |
+
+
+| 34 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+CAAC执照与专业技能培训体系 |
+
+
+| 35 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+无人机驾驶员培训、低空经济与冷链物流从业者培训 |
+
+
+| 36 |
+浙江善于飞智能科技有限公司 |
+多旋翼机型的CAAC无人机操控员执照培训服务及后续延伸服务 |
+
+
+| 37 |
+苏州蓝悦无人机技术有限公司 |
+具有中型直升机培训资格 |
+
+
+| 38 |
+南昌交通学院低空交通研究院 |
+无人机培训 |
+
+
+| 39 |
+黄山飞鹰农业服务有限公司 |
+无人机操作维修培训 |
+
+
+| 40 |
+宇翔盛泰通用航空有限公司 |
+无人机驾驶培训、固定翼飞机私照培训CCAR-135部运行合格证资质 |
+
+
+| 41 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+具备无人机驾驶员培训三类四类 |
+
+
+| 42 |
+山西浩宸低空立体交通运营有限公司 |
+无人机培训覆盖了固定翼、多旋翼、直升机、垂直起降固定翼等多种机型培训 |
+
+
+| 43 |
+西安天翼智飞科技集团有限公司 |
+职业院校(高职、中职、技师)无人机专业建设、无人机操控员执照考试培训 |
+
+
+| 44 |
+北京中科金科技有限公司 |
+无人驾驶航空器操控员执照培训,小型,中型视距内,超视距,多旋翼,动力升空器,固定翼,直升机培训资质 |
+
+
+| 45 |
+深圳市太乙传心科技有限公司 |
+智慧低空培训服务 |
+
+
+| 46 |
+上海汇晨柏航科技有限公司 |
+适航培训,飞行培训,构型管理培训,质量培训,设计保证体系培训等 |
+
+
+| 47 |
+北京神州数码有限公司 |
+CAAC、大疆UTC技能培训 |
+
+
+| 48 |
+贵州华赤无人机产业发展有限公司 |
+低空物流人才培训 |
+
+
+| 49 |
+上海民航职业技术学院 |
+运输服务(如航空物流、电子商务)、机务维修(含飞机机电、无人机技术)、机场运行(含航空管制方向)、空中乘务与安保人才培养 |
+
+
+| 50 |
+宁波市澄澈无人机科技有限公司 |
+无人机驾驶员培训 |
+
+
+| 51 |
+江西飞行学院 |
+飞行制造工程、物流工程(航空物流方向)、休闲体育(航空运动方向)人才培养 |
+
+
+| 52 |
+中国民用航空飞行学院 |
+人才培训 |
+
+
+| 53 |
+东莞理工学院 |
+在低空飞行技术、无人机应用、空中智能管理等专业人才 |
+
+
+| 54 |
+泉州海洋职业学院 |
+低空人才培养 |
+
+
+| 55 |
+广东翼启飞航空科技有限公司 |
+低空人才培训 |
+
+
+| 56 |
+杭州胤天低空经济产业发展有限公司 |
+低空人才培训 |
+
+
+| 57 |
+东方通用航空摄影有限公司 |
+低空人才培训 |
+
+
+| 58 |
+腾飞(福建)低空智能科技有限公司 |
+低空人才培训、竞赛、科普活动 |
+
+
+| 59 |
+晋鹰无人机科技(山西)有限公司 |
+低空人才培训、科普教育、竞赛 |
+
+
+| 60 |
+上海小飞手无人机科技有限公司 |
+无人机操控员培训 |
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_14.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_14.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bf4b71a90ba3ff3b7048316589d1a58a05071663
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_14.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+| 方法 | HotpotQA† | 2Wiki† | Musique* | 平均 |
|---|
| 基础工具调用 | 0.1372 | 0.0891 | 0.0277 | 0.0847 | | 朴素 RAG | 0.1916 | 0.1792 | 0.0277 | 0.1328 | | PPO | 0.4136 | 0.5468 | 0.1552 | 0.3719 | | GRPO | 0.4405 | 0.5741 | 0.1485 | 0.3877 | | REINFORCE++ | 0.3768 | 0.4796 | 0.1336 | 0.3300 | | REINFORCE++基线 | 0.3966 | 0.5406 | 0.1485 | 0.3619 | | RLOO | 0.4089 | 0.5641 | 0.1419 | 0.3716 |
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_15.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_15.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a95d5642e185a96bb9ef8d146906008b059d1e41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_15.md
@@ -0,0 +1,836 @@
+
+
+
+| 产品代码 |
+填料 |
+包装 |
+平均颗粒(μm) |
+每毫升载量 |
+应用/特性 |
+耐压(MPa) |
+推荐流速(cm/h) |
+最高流速(cm/h) |
+pH稳定性工作[清洗] |
+
+
+
+
+| Capto™ 填料高流速、高载量、易于放大高流速琼脂糖基质,刚性更强,传质速度更快* 线状葡聚糖表面延伸剂,载量提高* 高流速: > 700 cm/h (20 cm 床高的使用流速)* 低反压: < 3 bar (700 cm/h 20 cm 床高)* 高稳定性: 1 M NaOH 40 °C 1 周稳定 |
+
+
+| 17531610 |
+Capto™ Q |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+> 100 mg BSA/mL |
+高流速、高载量 |
+0.3 |
+< 700 |
+700 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+ | 17531602 |
+ 100 mL |
+
+
+ | 17531603 |
+ 1 L |
+
+
+ | 17531604 |
+ 5 L |
+
+
+ | 17531605 |
+ 10L |
+
+
+ | 17531660 |
+ 60 L |
+
+
+| 17547301 |
+Capto™ Q XP |
+25 mL |
+75 |
+> 10 mg lgM/mL |
+大分子、高流速、适合放大 |
+0.3 |
+< 300 |
+700 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+ | 17547302 |
+ 100 mL |
+
+
+ | 17547303 |
+ 1 L |
+
+
+ | 17547304 |
+ 5 L |
+
+
+| 17544310 |
+Capto™ DEAE |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+> 90 mg 卵清蛋白/mL |
+高流速、高载量 |
+0.3 |
+< 700 |
+700 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+ | 17544301 |
+ 100 mL |
+
+
+ | 17544303 |
+ 1 L |
+
+
+ | 17544304 |
+ 5 L |
+
+
+ | 17544305 |
+ 10L |
+
+
+ | 17544360 |
+ 60 L |
+
+
+| 17544110 |
+Capto™ S |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+> 120 mg 溶菌酶/mL |
+高流速、高载量 |
+0.3 |
+< 700 |
+700 |
+4-12[3-14] |
+
+
+ | 17544110 |
+ 100 mL |
+
+
+ | 17544101 |
+ 1 L |
+
+
+ | 17544104 |
+ 5 L |
+
+
+ | 17544105 |
+ 10L |
+
+
+ | 17544160 |
+ 60 L |
+
+
+| Capto™ ImpAct填料高流速、高载量
+ |
+
+
+| 17371701 |
+Capto™ S ImpAct |
+25 mL |
+50 |
+> 90 mg 溶菌酶/mL |
+高流速、较高分辨率、高载量 |
+0.3 |
+200 |
+600 |
+4-12[3-14] |
+
+
+ | 17371702 |
+ 100 mL |
+
+
+ | 17371703 |
+ 1 L |
+
+
+ | 17371704 |
+ 5 L |
+
+
+ | 17371705 |
+ 10L |
+
+
+ | 17371760 |
+ 60 L |
+
+
+| Capto™ ImpRes填料高流速、高分辨率
+ |
+
+
+| 17547010 |
+Capto™ Q ImpRes |
+25 mL |
+40 |
+> 55 mg BSA/mL |
+高流速、高分辨率 |
+0.3 |
+300 |
+400 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+ | 17547002 |
+ 100 mL |
+
+
+ | 17547003 |
+ 1 L |
+
+
+| 17546810 |
+Capto™ SP ImpRes |
+25 mL |
+50 |
+ > 95 mg BSA/mL |
+高流速、高分辨率 |
+0.3 |
+300 |
+400 |
+4-12[3-14] |
+
+
+ | 17546802 |
+ 100 mL |
+
+
+ | 17546803 |
+ 1 L |
+
+
+ | 17546804 |
+ 5 L |
+
+
+ | 17546805 |
+ 10L |
+
+
+| Sepharose™ Big Beads 填料快速处理大量样品，超大颗粒凝胶可保证高粘样品亦可保持 500cm/h 的流速
+ |
+
+
+| 17098903 |
+Q Sepharose™ Big Beads |
+1 L |
+200 |
+- |
+高流速、耐高粘度、工业设计 |
+0.3 |
+1200-1800 |
+1800 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17098905 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17065703 |
+SP Sepharose™ Big Beads |
+1 L |
+200 |
+- |
+高流速、耐高粘度、工业设计 |
+0.3 |
+1200-1800 |
+1800 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 17065705 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 11000829 |
+SP Sepharose™ Big Beads Food Grade |
+1 L |
+200 |
+- |
+食品级、高流速、耐高粘度 |
+0.3 |
+1200-1800 |
+1800 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 11000830 |
+10 L |
+
+ Sepharose™ Fast Flow 填料快速捕获，初步纯化
+ |
+
+| 17051010 |
+Q Sepharose™ FF |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+120 mgBSA/mL |
+快速、高产量纯化 |
+0.3 |
+<700 |
+700 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17051001 |
+300 mL |
+
+
+| 17051004 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17051005 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17128601 |
+ANX Sepharose™ 4 FF(LS) |
+500 mL |
+90 |
+-CDM 产品咨询 |
+快速、高产量纯化 |
+0.3 |
+<700 |
+700 |
+3-13[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17128604 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17128710 |
+ANX Sepharose™ 4 FF(HS) |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+5 mg甲状腺球蛋白/mL |
+快速、高产量纯化 |
+0.3 |
+<700 |
+700 |
+3-13[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17128701 |
+500 ml |
+
+
+| 17128704 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17128705 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17070910 |
+DEAE Sepharose™ FF |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+110 mg人血清白蛋白/mL |
+快速、高产量纯化 |
+0.3 |
+300-600 |
+700 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17070901 |
+500 mL |
+
+
+| 17070905 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17071001 |
+DEAE Sepharose™ CL-6B |
+500 mL |
+90 |
+170 mg人血清白蛋白/mL |
+高载量 |
+0.045 |
+<150 |
+- |
+3-9[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17071005 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17072910 |
+SP Sepharose™ FF |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+70 mg核糖核酸酶 A/mL |
+快速、高产量纯化 |
+0.3 |
+<700 |
+700 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 17072901 |
+300 mL |
+
+
+| 17072904 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17072905 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17071910 |
+CM Sepharose™ FF |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+50 mg核糖核酸酶 A/mL |
+快速、高产量纯化 |
+0.3 |
+300-600 |
+700 |
+4-13[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17071901 |
+500 mL |
+
+
+| 17071905 |
+10 L |
+
+Sepharose™ XL 填料超高载量
+ |
+
+| 17507201 |
+Q Sepharose™ XL |
+300 mL |
+90 |
+> 130 mgBSA/mL |
+高载量、高流速 |
+0.3 |
+300-500 |
+500 |
+3-13[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17507204 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17507205 |
+10 L |
+ |
+
+| 17507301 |
+SP Sepharose™ XL |
+300 mL |
+90 |
+> 160 mg溶菌酶/mL |
+高载量、高流速 |
+0.3 |
+300-500 |
+500 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 17507304 |
+5 L |
+
+ Sepharose™ High Performance 填料中度纯化，高分辨率
+ |
+
+| 17101401 |
+Q Sepharose™ HP |
+75 mL |
+34 |
+70 mgBSA/mL |
+高分辨率、经济的精细纯化 |
+0.3 |
+<150 |
+150 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 17101403 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17101404 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17101405 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17108701 |
+SP Sepharose™ HP |
+75 mL |
+34 |
+55 mg核糖核酸酶 A/mL |
+高分辨率、经济的精细纯化 |
+0.3 |
+<150 |
+150 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 17108703 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17108704 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17108705 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| SOURCE™ 填料合成基架, 高流速半制备
+ |
+
+
+| 17127501 |
+SOURCE™ 30Q |
+50 mL |
+30 |
+45 mg白蛋白/mL |
+极快速的中度至精细纯化可用于各种 Tricorn™、HiScale™、BPG、FineLINE™ 层析柱, 选择HiScale™ 柱型需更换 10 µm 筛网 |
+0.3 |
+300-1000 |
+2000 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 17127502 |
+200 mL |
+
+
+| 17127503 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17127504 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17094720 |
+SOURCE™ 15Q |
+10 mL |
+15 |
+45 mg白蛋白/mL |
+高分辨率精细纯化装入Tricorn™, HiScale™ 柱效果最佳 |
+0.5 |
+150-900 |
+1800 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 17094701 |
+50 mL |
+
+
+| 17094705 |
+200 mL |
+
+
+| 17094702 |
+500 mL |
+
+
+| 17094703 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17094704 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17127301 |
+SOURCE™ 30S |
+50 mL |
+30 |
+80 mg溶菌酶/mL |
+极快速的中度至精细纯化可用于各种 Tricorn™、HiScale™、BPG、FineLINE™ 层析柱, 选择HiScale™ 柱型需更换 10 µm 筛网 |
+0.3 |
+300-1000 |
+2000 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 17127302 |
+200 mL |
+
+
+| 17127303 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17127304 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17094410 |
+SOURCE™ 15S |
+10 mL50 mL |
+15 |
+80 mg溶菌酶/mL |
+高分辨率精细纯化装入Tricorn™, HiScale™ 柱效果最佳 |
+0.5 |
+150-900 |
+1800 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 17094401 |
+50 mL |
+
+
+| 17094405 |
+200 mL |
+
+
+| 17094402 |
+500 mL |
+
+
+| 17094403 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 29452023 |
+5 L |
+
+ 其他离子交换填料 |
+
+| 17546901 |
+MacroCap™ Q |
+25 mL |
+50 |
+> 8 mg 30 kDa PEG修饰 BSA/mL |
+纯化 PEG 蛋白 |
+- |
+<120 |
+120 |
+4-11[2-13] |
+
+
+| 17546902 |
+500 mL |
+
+
+| 17546904 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17544010 |
+MacroCap™ SP |
+25 mL |
+50 |
+- |
+纯化 PEG 蛋白 |
+- |
+<120 |
+120 |
+4-11[2-13] |
+
+
+| 17544001 |
+100 mL |
+
+
+| 17544002 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17019001 |
+QAE Sephadex™ A-25 |
+100 g |
+40-120 |
+10 mg人血清白蛋白/mL |
+适合纯化 30 kDa 左右低分子量蛋白、多肽、核苷酸 |
+- |
+>100 |
+- |
+2-2[2-13] |
+
+
+| 17019003 |
+5 kg |
+
+
+| 17020001 |
+QAE Sephadex™ A-50 |
+100 g |
+40-120 |
+80 mg人血清白蛋白/mL |
+适合纯化 30-100 kDa 中等大小的生物分子 |
+- |
+>60 |
+- |
+2-2[2-12] |
+
+
+| 17020003 |
+5 kg |
+
+
+| 17017001 |
+DEAE Sephadex™ A-25 |
+100 g |
+40-120 |
+30 mg人血清白蛋白/mL |
+Sephadex™ 基架的弱阴离子交换填料 |
+- |
+>120 |
+- |
+2-9[2-13] |
+
+
+| 17017002 |
+500 g |
+
+
+| 17017003 |
+5 kg |
+
+
+| 17018001 |
+DEAE Sephadex™ A-50 |
+100 g |
+40-120 |
+110 mg人血清白蛋白/mL |
+Sephadex™ 基架的弱阴离子交换填料, 广泛用于纯化血浆制品 |
+- |
+>60 |
+- |
+2-12[2-12] |
+
+
+| 17018002 |
+500 g |
+
+
+| 17018003 |
+5 kg |
+
+
+| 17018007 |
+40 kg |
+
+
+| 17023001 |
+SP Sephadex™ C-25 |
+100 g |
+40-120 |
+230 mg 核糖核酸酶/mL |
+Sephadex™ 基架的强阳离子交换填料 |
+- |
+>100 |
+- |
+2-13[2-13] |
+
+
+| 17023003 |
+5 kg |
+
+
+| 17024001 |
+SP Sephadex™ C-50 |
+100 g |
+40-120 |
+100 mg 核糖核酸酶/mL |
+Sephadex™ 基架的强阳离子交换填料 |
+- |
+>100 |
+- |
+2-12[2-12] |
+
+
+| 17024003 |
+5 kg |
+
+
+| 17021001 |
+CM Sephadex™ C-25 |
+100 g |
+40-120 |
+190 mg 核糖核酸酶/mL |
+Sephadex™ 基架的弱阳离子交换填料 |
+- |
+>120 |
+- |
+6-10[2-13] |
+
+
+| 17021002 |
+500 g |
+
+
+| 17021003 |
+5 kg |
+
+
+| 17022001 |
+CM Sephadex™ C-50 |
+100 g |
+40-120 |
+120 mg 核糖核酸酶/mL |
+Sephadex™ 基架的弱阳离子交换填料 |
+- |
+>100 |
+- |
+6-10[2-12] |
+
+
+| 17022002 |
+500 g |
+
+
+| 17022003 |
+5 kg |
+
+
+| 17050001 |
+DEAE Sephadex™ |
+500 mL |
+40-160 |
+160 mg 人血清白蛋白/mL |
+球状纤维素基架的弱阴离子交换填料 |
+0.03 |
+<50 |
+50 |
+2-9[2-12] |
+
+
+| 17050005 |
+10 L |
+
+
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_16.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_16.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..891893aff9d5d570ce2ce43ba9044dba91daddec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_16.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+| 线规格号(钢比%) | 最高允许温度为下值时的载流量A |
|---|
| +70°C | +80°C |
|---|
| 16 (17%) | 79 | 111 | | 25 (17%) | 109 | 147 | | 40 (17%) | 152 | 198 | | 63 (17%) | 211 | 265 | | 100 (17%) | 293 | 355 | | 125 (6%) | 338 | 405 | | 125 (16%) | 345 | 410 | | 160 (6%) | 403 | 473 | | 160 (16%) | 411 | 480 | | 200 (6%) | 473 | 546 | | 200 (16%) | 483 | 553 | | 250 (10%) | 561 | 634 | | 250 (16%) | 568 | 639 | | 315 (7%) | 658 | 732 | | 315 (16%) | 670 | 741 | | 400 (7%) | 781 | 854 | | 400 (13%) | 789 | 859 | | 450 (7%) | 846 | 917 | | 450 (13%) | 855 | 923 | | 500 (7%) | 913 | 981 | | 500 (13%) | 923 | 989 | | 560 (7%) | 990 | 1055 | | 560 (13%) | 1002 | 1064 | | 630 (7%) | 1078 | 1139 |
+
+| 630 (13%) |
+1090 |
+1147 |
+
+
+| 710 (7%) |
+1175 |
+1231 |
+
+
+| 710 (13%) |
+1188 |
+1240 |
+
+
+| 800 (4%) |
+1273 |
+1324 |
+
+
+| 800 (8%) |
+1282 |
+1330 |
+
+
+| 800 (13%) |
+1294 |
+1338 |
+
+
+| 900 (4%) |
+1386 |
+1429 |
+
+
+| 900 (8%) |
+1395 |
+1434 |
+
+
+| 1000 (4%) |
+1496 |
+1530 |
+
+
+| 1120 (4%) |
+1622 |
+1646 |
+
+
+| 1120 (8%) |
+1635 |
+1654 |
+
+
+| 1250 (4%) |
+1756 |
+1767 |
+
+
+| 1250 (8%) |
+1767 |
+1773 |
+
+
+
+| 注1: 最高允许温度+70℃的载流量, 系按基准环境温度为+25℃、无日照、无风、导线表面黑度为0.9条件计算的。
+ 注2: 最高允许温度+80℃的载流量, 系按基准环境温度+25℃、日照0.1W/cm²、风速0.5m/s、海拔1000m、导线表面黑度为0.9条件计算的。
+ 注3: JL/G1A、JL/G1B、JL/G2A、JL/G2B、JL/G3A型铝合金绞线性能见GB/T 1179—1999附表D4。 |
+
+
+
+
+| 导线规格号(钢比%) | 最高允许温度为下值时的载流量A |
|---|
| +70°C | +80°C |
|---|
| 16 (17%) | 81 | 112 | | 25 (17%) | 112 | 149 | | 40 (17%) | 156 | 201 | | 63 (17%) | 217 | 269 | | 100 (6%) | 296 | 356 | | 125 (6%) | 347 | 411 | | 125 (16%) | 354 | 416 | | 160 (6%) | 414 | 481 | | 160 (16%) | 423 | 487 | | 200 (6%) | 485 | 554 | | 200 (16%) | 497 | 563 | | 250 (10%) | 576 | 644 | | 250 (16%) | 583 | 649 | | 315 (7%) | 675 | 744 | | 315 (16%) | 688 | 753 | | 400 (7%) | 800 | 864 | | 400 (13%) | 809 | 871 | | 450 (7%) | 869 | 932 | | 450 (13%) | 880 | 939 | | 500 (7%) | 938 | 998 | | 500 (13%) | 950 | 1005 | | 560 (7%) | 1018 | 1073 | | 560 (13%) | 1030 | 1081 | | 630 (4%) | 1101 | 1153 | | 630 (13%) | 1120 | 1166 | | 710 (4%) | 1201 | 1246 | | 710 (13%) | 1221 | 1260 | | 800 (4%) | 1310 | 1347 | | 800 (8%) | 1318 | 1352 | | 900 (4%) | 1424 | 1453 |
+
+| 900 (8%) |
+1434 |
+1458 |
+
+
+| 1000 (8%) |
+1548 |
+1563 |
+
+
+| 1120 (8%) |
+1680 |
+1682 |
+
+
+
+
+| 注1: 最高允许温度+70℃的载流量, 系按基准环境温度为+25℃、无日照、无风、导线表面黑度为0.9条件计算的。
+注2: 最高允许温度+80℃的载流量, 系按基准环境温度+25℃、日照0.1W/cm²、风速0.5m/s、海拔1000m、导线表面黑度为0.9条件计算的。
+注3: JLHA2/G1A、JLHA2/G1B、JLHA2/G3A (JLHA1/G1A、JLHA1/G1B、JLHA1/G3A) JLHA2型钢芯铝合金绞线性能见GB/T1179-1999附表D5、附表D6。
+a JLHA2/G1A、JLHA2/G1B、JLHA2/G3A型钢芯铝合金绞线单线截面、额定拉断力比JLHA1/G1A、JLHA1/G1B、JLHA1/G3A略大, 个别规格导线载流量也略大, 但均在5A以内。 |
+
+
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_17.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_17.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e923697a60ba2e76d180bcdd3217537496e680a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_17.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2246 @@
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+本报告期 |
+本报告期比上年同期增减变动幅度(%) |
+年初至报告期末 |
+年初至报告期末比上年同期增减变动幅度(%) |
+
+
+
+
+| 营业收入 |
+111, 453, 239 |
+10.48 |
+323, 544, 477 |
+9.62 |
+
+
+| 利润总额 |
+1, 944, 535 |
+-14.67 |
+8, 506, 826 |
+0.09 |
+
+
+| 归属于上市公司股东的净利润 |
+354, 288 |
+-56.92 |
+3, 156, 126 |
+-12.43 |
+
+
+| 归属于上市公司股东的扣除非经常性损益的净利润 |
+103, 803 |
+-79.98 |
+2, 625, 186 |
+-7.76 |
+
+
+| 经营活动产生的现金流量净额 |
+不适用 |
+不适用 |
+-9,110,250 |
+不适用 |
+
+
+| 基本每股收益(元/股) |
+0.01 |
+-50.00 |
+0.07 |
+-12.50 |
+
+
+| 稀释每股收益(元/股) |
+0.01 |
+-50.00 |
+0.07 |
+-12.50 |
+
+
+| 加权平均净资产收益率 (%) |
+0.27 |
+下降 0.44 个百分点 |
+2.68 |
+下降 0.59 个百分点 |
+
+
+ |
+本报告期末 |
+上年度末 |
+本报告期末比上年度末增减变动幅度(%) |
+
+
+| 总资产 |
+945,671,125 |
+869,004,776 |
+8.82 |
+
+
+| 归属于上市公司股东的所有者权益 |
+118,701,564 |
+116,011,181 |
+2.32 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| 报告期末普通股股东总数 |
+473,007 |
+报告期末表决权恢复的优先股股东总数(如有) |
+不适用 |
+
+
+| 前10名股东持股情况(不含通过转融通出借股份) |
+
+
+| 股东名称 |
+股东性质 |
+持股数量 |
+持股比例(%) |
+持有有限售条件股份数量 |
+质押、标记或冻结情况 |
+
+
+| 股份状态 |
+数量 |
+
+
+| 中国能源建设集团有限公司 |
+国有法人 |
+18,847,137,078 |
+45.21 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+| HKSCC NOMINEES LIMITED |
+其他 |
+8,681,703,201 |
+20.82 |
+0 |
+未知 |
+ |
+
+
+| 中国国新控股有限责任公司 |
+国有法人 |
+2,029,378,794 |
+4.87 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+| 中国证券金融股份有限公司 |
+国有法人 |
+613,374,538 |
+1.47 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+| 香港中央结算有限公司 |
+其他 |
+488,211,798 |
+1.17 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+| 中央汇金资产管理有限责任公司 |
+国有法人 |
+306,593,601 |
+0.74 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+| 中国工商银行股份有限公司-华泰柏瑞沪深300交易型开放式指数证券投资基金 |
+其他 |
+221,576,231 |
+0.53 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+| 中国建设银行股份有限公司-易方达沪深300交易型开放式指数发起式证券投资基金 |
+其他 |
+159,628,500 |
+0.38 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+中国工商银行股份有限公司
一华夏沪深300交易型开放式指数证券投资基金 |
+其他 |
+119, 131, 400 |
+0.29 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+中国银行股份有限公司一嘉
实沪深300交易型开放式指数证券投资基金 |
+其他 |
+102, 722, 800 |
+0.25 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+| 前10名股东持股情况(不含通过转融通出借股份) |
+
+
+| 股东名称 |
+持有无限售条件流通股的数量 |
+股份种类及数量 |
+
+
+| 股份种类 |
+数量 |
+
+
+| 中国能源建设集团有限公司 |
+18, 847, 137, 078 |
+人民币普通股 |
+18, 268, 253, 078 |
+
+
+| 境外上市外资股 |
+578, 884, 000 |
+
+
+| HKSCC NOMINEES LIMITED |
+8, 681, 703, 201 |
+境外上市外资股 |
+8, 681, 703, 201 |
+
+
+| 中国国新控股有限责任公司 |
+2, 029, 378, 794 |
+人民币普通股 |
+2, 029, 378, 794 |
+
+
+| 中国证券金融股份有限公司 |
+613, 374, 538 |
+人民币普通股 |
+613, 374, 538 |
+
+
+| 香港中央结算有限公司 |
+488, 211, 798 |
+人民币普通股 |
+488, 211, 798 |
+
+
+| 中央汇金资产管理有限责任公司 |
+306, 593, 601 |
+人民币普通股 |
+306, 593, 601 |
+
+
+中国工商银行股份有限公司
一华泰柏瑞沪深300交易型开放式指数证券投资基金 |
+221, 576, 231 |
+人民币普通股 |
+221, 576, 231 |
+
+
+中国建设银行股份有限公司
一易方达沪深300交易型开放式指数发起式证券投资基金 |
+159, 628, 500 |
+人民币普通股 |
+159, 628, 500 |
+
+
+中国工商银行股份有限公司
一华夏沪深300交易型开放式指数证券投资基金 |
+119, 131, 400 |
+人民币普通股 |
+119, 131, 400 |
+
+
+中国银行股份有限公司一嘉
实沪深300交易型开放式指数证券投资基金 |
+102, 722, 800 |
+人民币普通股 |
+102, 722, 800 |
+
+
+| 上述股东关联关系或一致行动的说明 |
+公司第一大股东中国能源建设集团有限公司与上述其他股东之间不存在关联关系,也不属一致行动人。公司未知上述其他股东是否存在关联关系或一致行动关系。 |
+
+
+| 前10名股东及前10名无限售股东参与融资融券及转融通业务情况说明(如有) |
+不适用 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+2025年9月30日 |
+2024年12月31日 |
+
+
+
+
+| 流动资产： |
+
+
+| 货币资金 |
+82,556,710 |
+91,162,208 |
+
+
+| 结算备付金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 拆出资金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 交易性金融资产 |
+120,899 |
+420,989 |
+
+
+| 衍生金融资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应收票据 |
+4,606,634 |
+4,191,330 |
+
+
+| 应收账款 |
+97,541,647 |
+85,237,305 |
+
+
+| 应收款项融资 |
+897,376 |
+1,088,616 |
+
+
+| 预付款项 |
+37,703,054 |
+30,179,673 |
+
+
+| 应收保费 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应收分保账款 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应收分保合同准备金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 其他应收款 |
+35,267,603 |
+32,257,779 |
+
+
+| 买入返售金融资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 存货 |
+84,944,550 |
+74,877,095 |
+
+
+| 其中：数据资源 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 合同资产 |
+115,741,655 |
+103,655,338 |
+
+
+| 持有待售资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 一年内到期的非流动资产 |
+4,171,120 |
+7,170,362 |
+
+
+| 其他流动资产 |
+25,298,114 |
+17,063,955 |
+
+
+| 流动资产合计 |
+488,849,362 |
+447,304,650 |
+
+
+| 非流动资产： |
+
+
+| 发放贷款和垫款 |
+3,360,600 |
+3,474,586 |
+
+
+| 债权投资 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 其他债权投资 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 长期应收款 |
+29,698,588 |
+28,410,056 |
+
+
+| 长期股权投资 |
+54, 123, 124 |
+52, 770, 648 |
+
+
+| 其他权益工具投资 |
+2, 697, 930 |
+2, 566, 773 |
+
+
+| 其他非流动金融资产 |
+13, 553, 918 |
+12, 998, 218 |
+
+
+| 投资性房地产 |
+1, 070, 752 |
+895, 080 |
+
+
+| 固定资产 |
+85, 700, 295 |
+73, 934, 087 |
+
+
+| 在建工程 |
+47, 200, 450 |
+37, 212, 340 |
+
+
+| 生产性生物资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 油气资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 使用权资产 |
+3, 775, 573 |
+4, 395, 752 |
+
+
+| 无形资产 |
+104, 950, 783 |
+100, 521, 685 |
+
+
+| 其中:数据资源 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 开发支出 |
+298, 100 |
+256, 856 |
+
+
+| 其中:数据资源 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 商誉 |
+2, 847, 466 |
+2, 624, 844 |
+
+
+| 长期待摊费用 |
+843, 623 |
+779, 223 |
+
+
+| 递延所得税资产 |
+3, 766, 566 |
+3, 561, 473 |
+
+
+| 其他非流动资产 |
+102, 933, 995 |
+97, 298, 505 |
+
+
+| 非流动资产合计 |
+456, 821, 763 |
+421, 700, 126 |
+
+
+| 资产总计 |
+945, 671, 125 |
+869, 004, 776 |
+
+
+| 流动负债: |
+
+
+| 短期借款 |
+53, 401, 890 |
+40, 192, 548 |
+
+
+| 向中央银行借款 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 拆入资金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 交易性金融负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 衍生金融负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应付票据 |
+20, 868, 075 |
+16, 795, 080 |
+
+
+| 应付账款 |
+192, 404, 987 |
+188, 538, 218 |
+
+
+| 预收款项 |
+62, 837 |
+30, 878 |
+
+
+| 合同负债 |
+100, 201, 986 |
+78, 993, 313 |
+
+
+| 卖出回购金融资产款 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 吸收存款及同业存放 |
+3, 978, 514 |
+3, 528, 424 |
+
+
+| 代理买卖证券款 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 代理承销证券款 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应付职工薪酬 |
+2, 382, 831 |
+2, 505, 028 |
+
+
+| 应交税费 |
+6, 668, 087 |
+7, 619, 399 |
+
+
+| 其他应付款 |
+69, 467, 167 |
+69, 197, 532 |
+
+
+| 应付手续费及佣金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应付分保账款 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 持有待售负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 一年内到期的非流动负债 |
+23, 692, 706 |
+23, 750, 753 |
+
+
+| 其他流动负债 |
+6, 822, 896 |
+6, 078, 580 |
+
+
+| 流动负债合计 |
+479, 951, 976 |
+437, 229, 753 |
+
+
+| 非流动负债: |
+
+
+| 保险合同准备金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 长期借款 |
+216,910,531 |
+193,009,617 |
+
+
+| 应付债券 |
+20,948,233 |
+13,999,319 |
+
+
+| 其中:优先股 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 永续债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 租赁负债 |
+2,497,805 |
+2,720,892 |
+
+
+| 长期应付款 |
+3,514,393 |
+5,336,339 |
+
+
+| 长期应付职工薪酬 |
+6,394,485 |
+6,744,663 |
+
+
+| 预计负债 |
+162,367 |
+176,988 |
+
+
+| 递延收益 |
+697,811 |
+738,600 |
+
+
+| 递延所得税负债 |
+2,165,060 |
+2,106,070 |
+
+
+| 其他非流动负债 |
+2,770,367 |
+1,113,456 |
+
+
+| 非流动负债合计 |
+256,061,052 |
+225,945,944 |
+
+
+| 负债合计 |
+736,013,028 |
+663,175,697 |
+
+
+| 所有者权益(或股东权益): |
+
+
+| 实收资本(或股本) |
+41,691,164 |
+41,691,164 |
+
+
+| 其他权益工具 |
+9,000,000 |
+9,000,000 |
+
+
+| 其中:优先股 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 永续债 |
+9,000,000 |
+9,000,000 |
+
+
+| 资本公积 |
+17,662,717 |
+17,662,305 |
+
+
+| 减:库存股 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 其他综合收益 |
+235,820 |
+-11,812 |
+
+
+| 专项储备 |
+2,046,686 |
+1,737,358 |
+
+
+| 盈余公积 |
+11,306,717 |
+11,306,717 |
+
+
+| 一般风险准备 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 未分配利润 |
+36,758,460 |
+34,625,449 |
+
+
+| 归属于母公司所有者权益(或股东权益)合计 |
+118,701,564 |
+116,011,181 |
+
+
+| 少数股东权益 |
+90,956,533 |
+89,817,898 |
+
+
+| 所有者权益(或股东权益)合计 |
+209,658,097 |
+205,829,079 |
+
+
+| 负债和所有者权益(或股东权益)总计 |
+945,671,125 |
+869,004,776 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+2025年前三季度(1-9月) |
+2024年前三季度(1-9月) |
+
+
+
+
+| 一、营业总收入 |
+323,544,477 |
+295,138,721 |
+
+
+| 其中：营业收入 |
+323,544,477 |
+295,138,721 |
+
+
+| 利息收入 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 已赚保费 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 手续费及佣金收入 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 二、营业总成本 |
+314,392,581 |
+286,612,391 |
+
+
+| 其中：营业成本 |
+288,208,375 |
+261,080,856 |
+
+
+| 利息支出 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 手续费及佣金支出 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 退保金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 赔付支出净额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 提取保险责任准备金净额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 保单红利支出 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 分保费用 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 税金及附加 |
+1,198,653 |
+1,011,591 |
+
+
+| 销售费用 |
+1,611,204 |
+1,521,502 |
+
+
+| 管理费用 |
+10,058,296 |
+10,438,975 |
+
+
+| 研发费用 |
+8,892,454 |
+8,255,419 |
+
+
+| 财务费用 |
+4,423,599 |
+4,304,048 |
+
+
+| 其中：利息费用 |
+4,810,619 |
+5,037,597 |
+
+
+| 利息收入 |
+985,722 |
+987,861 |
+
+
+| 加：其他收益 |
+390,969 |
+426,255 |
+
+
+| 投资收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+123,599 |
+454,915 |
+
+
+| 其中：对联营企业和合营企业的投资收益 |
+-419,015 |
+-494,164 |
+
+
+| 以摊余成本计量的金融资产终止确认收益 |
+-8,787 |
+-454 |
+
+
+| 汇兑收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 净敞口套期收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 公允价值变动收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+-5,998 |
+-1,593 |
+
+
+| 信用减值损失(损失以“-”号填列) |
+-1,067,957 |
+-1,190,244 |
+
+
+| 资产减值损失(损失以“-”号填列) |
+-444,745 |
+-124,950 |
+
+
+| 资产处置收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+127,359 |
+260,030 |
+
+
+| 三、营业利润(亏损以“-”号填列) |
+8,275,123 |
+8,350,743 |
+
+
+| 加:营业外收入 |
+427,911 |
+338,326 |
+
+
+| 减:营业外支出 |
+196,208 |
+189,599 |
+
+
+| 四、利润总额(亏损总额以“-”号填列) |
+8,506,826 |
+8,499,470 |
+
+
+| 减:所得税费用 |
+2,417,888 |
+2,393,997 |
+
+
+| 五、净利润(净亏损以“-”号填列) |
+6,088,938 |
+6,105,473 |
+
+
+| (一)按经营持续性分类 |
+
+
+| 1.持续经营净利润(净亏损以“-”号填列) |
+6,088,938 |
+6,105,473 |
+
+
+| 2.终止经营净利润(净亏损以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (二)按所有权归属分类 |
+
+
+| 1.归属于母公司股东的净利润(净亏损以“-”号填列) |
+3,156,126 |
+3,604,277 |
+
+
+| 2.少数股东损益(净亏损以“-”号填列) |
+2,932,812 |
+2,501,196 |
+
+
+| 六、其他综合收益的税后净额 |
+208,365 |
+-588,281 |
+
+
+| (一)归属母公司所有者的其他综合收益的税后净额 |
+243,839 |
+-532,814 |
+
+
+| 1.不能重分类进损益的其他综合收益 |
+-27,274 |
+-213,633 |
+
+
+| (1)重新计量设定受益计划变动额 |
+48 |
+-218,438 |
+
+
+| (2)权益法下不能转损益的其他综合收益 |
+-20,983 |
+ |
+
+
+| (3)其他权益工具投资公允价值变动 |
+-6,339 |
+4,805 |
+
+
+| (4)企业自身信用风险公允价值变动 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 2.将重分类进损益的其他综合收益 |
+271,113 |
+-319,181 |
+
+
+| (1)权益法下可转损益的其他综合收益 |
+20,915 |
+ |
+
+
+| (2)其他债权投资公允价值变动 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (3)金融资产重分类计入其他综合收益的金额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (4)其他债权投资信用减值准备 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (5)现金流量套期储备 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (6)外币财务报表折算差额 |
+250,198 |
+-319,181 |
+
+
+| (7)其他 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (二)归属于少数股东的其他综合收益的税后净额 |
+-35,474 |
+-55,467 |
+
+
+| 七、综合收益总额 |
+6,297,303 |
+5,517,192 |
+
+
+| (一)归属于母公司所有者的综合收益总额 |
+3,399,965 |
+3,071,463 |
+
+
+| (二)归属于少数股东的综合收益总额 |
+2,897,338 |
+2,445,729 |
+
+
+| 八、每股收益: |
+
+
+| (一)基本每股收益(元/股) |
+0.07 |
+0.08 |
+
+
+| (二)稀释每股收益(元/股) |
+0.07 |
+0.08 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+2025年前三季度(1-9月) |
+2024年前三季度(1-9月) |
+
+
+
+
+| 一、经营活动产生的现金流量: |
+
+
+| 销售商品、提供劳务收到的现金 |
+326, 431, 316 |
+274, 461, 555 |
+
+
+| 客户存款和同业存放款项净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 向中央银行借款净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 向其他金融机构拆入资金净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 收到原保险合同保费取得的现金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 收到再保业务现金净额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 保户储金及投资款净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 收取利息、手续费及佣金的现金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 拆入资金净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 回购业务资金净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 代理买卖证券收到的现金净额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 收到的税费返还 |
+879, 877 |
+906, 565 |
+
+
+| 收到其他与经营活动有关的现金 |
+2, 932, 849 |
+2, 481, 937 |
+
+
+| 经营活动现金流入小计 |
+330, 244, 042 |
+277, 850, 057 |
+
+
+| 购买商品、接受劳务支付的现金 |
+297, 548, 851 |
+254, 284, 180 |
+
+
+| 客户贷款及垫款净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 存放中央银行和同业款项净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 支付原保险合同赔付款项的现金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 拆出资金净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 支付利息、手续费及佣金的现金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 支付保单红利的现金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 支付给职工及为职工支付的现金 |
+23, 168, 213 |
+22, 629, 284 |
+
+
+| 支付的各项税费 |
+10, 594, 790 |
+8, 896, 398 |
+
+
+| 支付其他与经营活动有关的现金 |
+8, 042, 438 |
+4, 558, 553 |
+
+
+| 经营活动现金流出小计 |
+339, 354, 292 |
+290, 368, 415 |
+
+
+| 经营活动产生的现金流量净额 |
+-9, 110, 250 |
+-12, 518, 358 |
+
+
+| 二、投资活动产生的现金流量: |
+
+
+| 收回投资收到的现金 |
+19, 131, 677 |
+6, 969, 756 |
+
+
+| 取得投资收益收到的现金 |
+405, 213 |
+377, 419 |
+
+
+| 处置固定资产、无形资产和其他长期资产收回的现金净额 |
+204, 087 |
+421, 820 |
+
+
+| 处置子公司及其他营业单位收到的现金净额 |
+2, 328 |
+217, 706 |
+
+
+| 收到其他与投资活动有关的现金 |
+9, 794, 570 |
+9, 540, 114 |
+
+
+| 投资活动现金流入小计 |
+29, 537, 875 |
+17, 526, 815 |
+
+
+| 购建固定资产、无形资产和其他长期资产支付的现金 |
+32, 264, 824 |
+32, 447, 339 |
+
+
+| 投资支付的现金 |
+27, 272, 349 |
+17, 258, 563 |
+
+
+| 质押贷款净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 取得子公司及其他营业单位支付的现金净额 |
+244, 619 |
+68, 620 |
+
+
+| 支付其他与投资活动有关的现金 |
+8, 273, 139 |
+7, 639, 775 |
+
+
+| 投资活动现金流出小计 |
+68, 054, 931 |
+57, 414, 297 |
+
+
+| 投资活动产生的现金流量净额 |
+-38, 517, 056 |
+-39, 887, 482 |
+
+
+| 三、筹资活动产生的现金流量: |
+
+
+| 吸收投资收到的现金 |
+8, 668, 025 |
+4, 195, 426 |
+
+
+| 其中:子公司吸收少数股东投资收到的现金 |
+8, 668, 025 |
+4, 195, 426 |
+
+
+| 取得借款收到的现金 |
+109, 292, 543 |
+129, 898, 836 |
+
+
+| 收到其他与筹资活动有关的现金 |
+4, 509, 864 |
+2, 543, 429 |
+
+
+| 筹资活动现金流入小计 |
+122, 470, 432 |
+136, 637, 691 |
+
+
+| 偿还债务支付的现金 |
+65, 021, 845 |
+74, 169, 197 |
+
+
+| 分配股利、利润或偿付利息支付的现金 |
+5, 739, 909 |
+9, 855, 887 |
+
+
+| 其中:子公司支付给少数股东的股利、利润 |
+1, 649, 906 |
+2, 561, 253 |
+
+
+| 支付其他与筹资活动有关的现金 |
+11, 982, 972 |
+7, 281, 179 |
+
+
+| 筹资活动现金流出小计 |
+82, 744, 726 |
+91, 306, 263 |
+
+
+| 筹资活动产生的现金流量净额 |
+39, 725, 706 |
+45, 331, 428 |
+
+
+| 四、汇率变动对现金及现金等价物的影响 |
+89, 900 |
+-172, 045 |
+
+
+| 五、现金及现金等价物净增加额 |
+-7, 811, 700 |
+-7, 246, 457 |
+
+
+| 加:期初现金及现金等价物余额 |
+82, 101, 475 |
+68, 136, 020 |
+
+
+| 六、期末现金及现金等价物余额 |
+74, 289, 775 |
+60, 889, 563 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+2025年9月30日 |
+2024年12月31日 |
+
+
+
+
+| 流动资产： |
+
+
+| 货币资金 |
+501,586 |
+413,036 |
+
+
+| 交易性金融资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 衍生金融资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应收票据 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应收账款 |
+47,713 |
+51,064 |
+
+
+| 应收款项融资 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 预付款项 |
+4,281 |
+7,037 |
+
+
+| 应收资金集中管理款 |
+100,639 |
+220,015 |
+
+
+| 其他应收款 |
+1,527,213 |
+3,296,788 |
+
+
+| 存货 |
+2,837 |
+3,015 |
+
+
+| 其中：数据资源 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 合同资产 |
+1,192 |
+144,572 |
+
+
+| 持有待售资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 一年内到期的非流动资产 |
+66,376 |
+29,027 |
+
+
+| 其他流动资产 |
+1,190,660 |
+277,637 |
+
+
+| 流动资产合计 |
+3,442,497 |
+4,442,191 |
+
+
+| 非流动资产： |
+
+
+| 债权投资 |
+6,721,800 |
+6,486,000 |
+
+
+| 其他债权投资 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 长期应收款 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 长期股权投资 |
+104,959,023 |
+103,103,217 |
+
+
+| 其他权益工具投资 |
+42,920 |
+18,000 |
+
+
+| 其他非流动金融资产 |
+282,430 |
+307,350 |
+
+
+| 投资性房地产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 固定资产 |
+60,445 |
+66,904 |
+
+
+| 在建工程 |
+7,634 |
+8,471 |
+
+
+| 生产性生物资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 油气资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 使用权资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 无形资产 |
+83,811 |
+77,235 |
+
+
+| 其中：数据资源 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 开发支出 |
+92,088 |
+94,356 |
+
+
+| 其中：数据资源 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 商誉 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 长期待摊费用 |
+272 |
+380 |
+
+
+| 递延所得税资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 其他非流动资产 |
+112,888 |
+163,922 |
+
+
+| 非流动资产合计 |
+112,363,311 |
+110,325,835 |
+
+
+| 资产总计 |
+115,805,808 |
+114,768,026 |
+
+
+| 流动负债: |
+
+
+| 短期借款 |
+9,100,000 |
+7,200,000 |
+
+
+| 交易性金融负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 衍生金融负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应付票据 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应付账款 |
+101,841 |
+423,803 |
+
+
+| 预收款项 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 合同负债 |
+195,062 |
+ |
+
+
+| 应付职工薪酬 |
+33,098 |
+37,186 |
+
+
+| 应交税费 |
+17,321 |
+12,498 |
+
+
+| 其他应付款 |
+9,400,371 |
+9,609,855 |
+
+
+| 持有待售负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 一年内到期的非流动负债 |
+84,207 |
+3,551,450 |
+
+
+| 其他流动负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 流动负债合计 |
+18,931,900 |
+20,834,792 |
+
+
+| 非流动负债: |
+
+
+| 长期借款 |
+4,101,000 |
+4,101,000 |
+
+
+| 应付债券 |
+7,498,690 |
+3,500,000 |
+
+
+| 其中:优先股 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 永续债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 租赁负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 长期应付款 |
+70,542 |
+88,811 |
+
+
+| 长期应付职工薪酬 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 预计负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 递延收益 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 递延所得税负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 其他非流动负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 非流动负债合计 |
+11,670,232 |
+7,689,811 |
+
+
+| 负债合计 |
+30,602,132 |
+28,524,603 |
+
+
+| 所有者权益(或股东权益): |
+
+
+| 实收资本(或股本) |
+41,691,164 |
+41,691,164 |
+
+
+| 其他权益工具 |
+9,000,000 |
+9,000,000 |
+
+
+| 其中:优先股 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 永续债 |
+9,000,000 |
+9,000,000 |
+
+
+| 资本公积 |
+32,087,877 |
+32,087,877 |
+
+
+| 减:库存股 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 其他综合收益 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 专项储备 |
+ |
+4,043 |
+
+
+| 盈余公积 |
+1,562,495 |
+1,562,495 |
+
+
+| 未分配利润 |
+862,140 |
+1,897,844 |
+
+
+| 所有者权益(或股东权益)合计 |
+85,203,676 |
+86,243,423 |
+
+
+| 负债和所有者权益(或股东权益)总计 |
+115,805,808 |
+114,768,026 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+2025年前三季度(1-9月) |
+2024年前三季度(1-9月) |
+
+
+
+
+| 一、营业收入 |
+169,831 |
+492,245 |
+
+
+| 减：营业成本 |
+127,018 |
+459,617 |
+
+
+| 税金及附加 |
+6,890 |
+504 |
+
+
+| 销售费用 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 管理费用 |
+350,533 |
+351,011 |
+
+
+| 研发费用 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 财务费用 |
+360,281 |
+160,985 |
+
+
+| 其中：利息费用 |
+358,123 |
+160,343 |
+
+
+| 利息收入 |
+1,196 |
+2,290 |
+
+
+| 加：其他收益 |
+1,634 |
+1,133 |
+
+
+| 投资收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+984,807 |
+888,230 |
+
+
+| 其中：对联营企业和合营企业的投资收益 |
+286 |
+180 |
+
+
+| 以摊余成本计量的金融资产终止确认收益 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 净敞口套期收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 公允价值变动收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 信用减值损失(损失以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 资产减值损失(损失以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 资产处置收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 二、营业利润(亏损以“-”号填列) |
+311,550 |
+409,491 |
+
+
+| 加：营业外收入 |
+150 |
+6 |
+
+
+| 减：营业外支出 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 三、利润总额(亏损总额以“-”号填列) |
+311,700 |
+409,497 |
+
+
+| 减：所得税费用 |
+ |
+11 |
+
+
+| 四、净利润(净亏损以“-”号填列) |
+311,700 |
+409,486 |
+
+
+| (一)持续经营净利润(净亏损以“-”号填列) |
+311,700 |
+409,486 |
+
+
+| (二)终止经营净利润(净亏损以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 五、其他综合收益的税后净额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (一)不能重分类进损益的其他综合收益 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 1. 重新计量设定受益计划变动额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 2. 权益法下不能转损益的其他综合收益 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 3. 其他权益工具投资公允价值变动 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 4. 企业自身信用风险公允价值变动 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (二)将重分类进损益的其他综合收益 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 1. 权益法下可转损益的其他综合收益 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 2. 其他债权投资公允价值变动 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 3. 金融资产重分类计入其他综合收益的金额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 4. 其他债权投资信用减值准备 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 5. 现金流量套期储备 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 6. 外币财务报表折算差额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 7. 其他 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 六、综合收益总额 |
+311,700 |
+409,486 |
+
+
+| 七、每股收益: |
+
+
+| (一)基本每股收益(元/股) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (二)稀释每股收益(元/股) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+2025年前三季度(1-9月) |
+2024年前三季度(1-9月) |
+
+
+
+
+| 一、经营活动产生的现金流量: |
+
+
+| 销售商品、提供劳务收到的现金 |
+606,333 |
+190,255 |
+
+
+| 收到的税费返还 |
+519 |
+116 |
+
+
+| 收到其他与经营活动有关的现金 |
+458,750 |
+378,062 |
+
+
+| 经营活动现金流入小计 |
+1,065,602 |
+568,433 |
+
+
+| 购买商品、接受劳务支付的现金 |
+407,637 |
+138,029 |
+
+
+| 支付给职工及为职工支付的现金 |
+221,052 |
+210,478 |
+
+
+| 支付的各项税费 |
+44,000 |
+4,448 |
+
+
+| 支付其他与经营活动有关的现金 |
+691,459 |
+642,087 |
+
+
+| 经营活动现金流出小计 |
+1,364,148 |
+995,042 |
+
+
+| 经营活动产生的现金流量净额 |
+-298,546 |
+-426,609 |
+
+
+| 二、投资活动产生的现金流量: |
+
+
+| 收回投资收到的现金 |
+ |
+1,400,000 |
+
+
+| 取得投资收益收到的现金 |
+3,210,917 |
+2,440,547 |
+
+
+| 处置固定资产、无形资产和其他长期资产收回的现金净额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 处置子公司及其他营业单位收到的现金净额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 收到其他与投资活动有关的现金 |
+287,817 |
+ |
+
+
+| 投资活动现金流入小计 |
+3,498,734 |
+3,840,547 |
+
+
+| 购建固定资产、无形资产和其他长期资产支付的现金 |
+22,006 |
+45,166 |
+
+
+| 投资支付的现金 |
+2,188,135 |
+5,013,084 |
+
+
+| 取得子公司及其他营业单位支付的现金净额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 支付其他与投资活动有关的现金 |
+1,423,000 |
+2,521,000 |
+
+
+| 投资活动现金流出小计 |
+3,633,141 |
+7,579,250 |
+
+
+| 投资活动产生的现金流量净额 |
+-134,407 |
+-3,738,703 |
+
+
+| 三、筹资活动产生的现金流量: |
+
+
+| 吸收投资收到的现金 |
+ |
+700,000 |
+
+
+| 取得借款收到的现金 |
+11,700,000 |
+11,700,000 |
+
+
+| 收到其他与筹资活动有关的现金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 筹资活动现金流入小计 |
+11,700,000 |
+12,400,000 |
+
+
+| 偿还债务支付的现金 |
+9,300,000 |
+6,000,000 |
+
+
+| 分配股利、利润或偿付利息支付的现金 |
+1,960,363 |
+1,270,810 |
+
+
+| 支付其他与筹资活动有关的现金 |
+1,387 |
+ |
+
+
+| 筹资活动现金流出小计 |
+11,261,750 |
+7,270,810 |
+
+
+| 筹资活动产生的现金流量净额 |
+438,250 |
+5,129,190 |
+
+
+| 四、汇率变动对现金及现金等价物的影响 |
+-580 |
+-504 |
+
+
+| 五、现金及现金等价物净增加额 |
+4,717 |
+963,374 |
+
+
+| 加:期初现金及现金等价物余额 |
+597,508 |
+367,535 |
+
+
+| 六、期末现金及现金等价物余额 |
+602,225 |
+1,330,909 |
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_18.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_18.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91fad1e3c56186334877061b95e8328c72851830
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_18.md
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+| 序号 | 新增投资者姓名/名称 | | 1 | 徐新喜 | | 2 | 摩根士丹利国际股份有限公司 | | 3 | 中新融创资本管理有限公司 | | 4 | UBS AG | | 5 | 施渊峰 | | 6 | 张宇 | | 7 | 陈学赓 | | 8 | 徐毓荣 | | 9 | 周永祥 | | 10 | 福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司-汉石1号私募证券投资基金 | | 11 | 福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司-汉石2号私募证券投资基金 | | 12 | 重庆中新融鑫投资中心(有限合伙) | | 13 | 北京宏道投资管理有限公司-观道7号精选私募证券投资基金 | | 14 | 王梓旭 |
+
+| 名称 | 国泰海通证券股份有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 其他股份有限公司(上市) | | 注册地 | 中国(上海)自由贸易试验区商城路618号 | | 注册资本 | 1,762,970.8696万元 | | 办公地址 | 上海市静安区南京西路768号国泰海通大厦 | | 法定代表人 | 朱健 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 9131000063159284XQ | | 经营范围 | 许可项目:证券业务;证券投资咨询;证券公司为期货公司提供中间介绍业务。(依法须经批准的项目,经相关部门批准后方可开展经营活动,具体经营项目以相关部门批准文件或许可证件为准)一般项目:证券财务顾问服务。(除依法须经批准的项目外,凭营业执照依法自主开展经营活动) | | 获配数量 | 8,811,305 股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+| 名称 | 诺德基金管理有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 其他有限责任公司 | | 注册地 | 中国(上海)自由贸易试验区富城路99号18层 | | 注册资本 | 10,000万元 | | 主要办公地址 | 上海市浦东新区富城路99号震旦国际大楼18楼 | | 法定代表人 | 潘福祥 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 91310000717866186P | | 经营范围 | (一)发起、设立和销售证券投资基金;(二)管理证券投资基金;(三)经中国证监会批准的其他业务。【依法须经批准的项目,经相关部门批准后方可开展经营活动】 | | 获配数量 | 20,864,505 股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+| 名称 | 易方达基金管理有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 其他有限责任公司 | | 注册地 | 广东省珠海市横琴新区荣粤道188号6层 | | 注册资本 | 13,244.2万元 | | 主要办公地址 | 广州市天河区珠江东路28号越秀金融大厦42楼易方达基金管理有限公司 | | 法定代表人 | 吴欣荣 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 91440000727878666D | | 经营范围 | 公开募集证券投资基金管理、基金销售、特定客户资产管理。(依法须经批准的项目,经相关部门批准后方可开展经营活动) | | 获配数量 | 30,008,323 股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_19.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_19.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9e1e5225047bf2743da40cdba8375cfea601c82b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_19.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1021 @@
+
+
+
+ | 序号 |
+ 类别(三字符英文缩写) |
+ 数据层命名（突发事件大类） |
+ 数据层命名（突发事件亚类） |
+ 数据内容 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 1 |
+ 自然灾害(NAT) |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "FDD" |
+ 水旱灾害 |
+
+
+ | 2 |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "MET" |
+ 气象灾害 |
+
+
+ | 3 |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "EQD" |
+ 地震灾害 |
+
+
+ | 4 |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "GED" |
+ 地质灾害 |
+
+
+ | 5 |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "MRD" |
+ 海洋灾害 |
+
+
+ | 6 |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "FRF" |
+ 森林火灾 |
+
+
+ | 7 |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "GRF" |
+ 草原火灾 |
+
+
+ | 8 |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "BHE" |
+ 生物灾害事件 |
+
+
+ | 9 |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "OTH" |
+ 其他自然灾害事件 |
+
+
+ | 10 |
+ 事故灾难(ACD) |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "CMA" |
+ 煤矿事故 |
+
+
+ | 11 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "MNA" |
+ 金属非金属矿山事故 |
+
+
+ | 12 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "DCA" |
+ 危险化学品事故 |
+
+
+ | 13 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "FEA" |
+ 烟花爆竹和民用爆炸物事故 |
+
+
+ | 14 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "CSA" |
+ 建筑施工事故 |
+
+
+ | 15 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "OCA" |
+ 其他工矿商贸事故 |
+
+
+ | 16 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "FRA" |
+ 火灾事故 |
+
+
+ | 17 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "RTA" |
+ 道路交通事故 |
+
+
+ | 18 |
+ 事故灾难(ACD) |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "MTA" |
+ 水上交通事故 |
+
+
+ | 19 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "RAA" |
+ 铁路交通事故 |
+
+
+ | 20 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "URA" |
+ 城市轨道交通事故 |
+
+
+ | 21 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "CAA" |
+ 民用航空事故 |
+
+
+ | 22 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "SEA" |
+ 特种设备事故 |
+
+
+ | 23 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "EPA" |
+ 环境污染和生态破坏事故 |
+
+
+ | 24 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "IUD" |
+ 基础设施和公用设施事故 |
+
+
+ | 25 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "AMA" |
+ 农业机械事故 |
+
+
+ | 26 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "SPD" |
+ 踩踏事件 |
+
+
+ | 27 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "NRA" |
+ 核与辐射事故 |
+
+
+ | 28 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "EIA" |
+ 能源供应中断事故 |
+
+
+ | 29 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "OTH" |
+ 其他事故灾难 |
+
+
+ | 30 |
+ 公共卫生事件(HEA) |
+ "EMR" + "HEA" |
+ "EMR" + "HEA" + "FDS" |
+ 传染病疫情 |
+
+
+ | 31 |
+ "EMR" + "HEA" + "IDS" |
+ 食品安全事件 |
+
+
+ | 32 |
+ "EMR" + "HEA" + "MPH" |
+ 群体性中毒、感染事件 |
+
+
+ | 33 |
+ "EMR" + "HEA" + "PMB" |
+ 病原微生物、菌毒种事件 |
+
+
+ | 34 |
+ "EMR" + "HEA" + "AEE" |
+ 动物疫情事件 |
+
+
+ | 35 |
+ "EMR" + "HEA" + "GUC" |
+ 群体性不明原因疾病 |
+
+
+ | 36 |
+ "EMR" + "HEA" + "OTH" |
+ 其他公共卫生事件 |
+
+
+ | 37 |
+ 社会安全事件(SCL) |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "MAT" |
+ 群体性事件 |
+
+
+ | 38 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "MCC" |
+ 重大刑事案件 |
+
+
+ | 39 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "TRA" |
+ 恐怖袭击事件 |
+
+
+ | 40 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "ERE" |
+ 民族和宗教事件 |
+
+
+ | 41 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "IFA" |
+ 涉外突发事件 |
+
+
+ | 42 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "NSE" |
+ 网络安全事件 |
+
+
+ | 43 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "ISE" |
+ 信息安全事件 |
+
+
+ | 44 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "FSE" |
+ 金融安全事件 |
+
+
+ | 45 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "UMS" |
+ 影响市场稳定的突发事件 |
+
+
+ | 46 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "OTH" |
+ 其他社会安全事件 |
+
+
+ | 47 |
+ 其他(OTH) |
+ "EMR" + "OTH" |
+ — |
+ 不能归为上述4大类的,或者是综合灾种 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ | 序号 |
+ 字段名称 |
+ 字段含义 |
+ 字段类型 |
+ 字段长度 |
+ 是否必填 |
+ 字段说明 |
+ 备注 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 1 |
+ EventName |
+ 事件名称 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 100 |
+ 是 |
+ 描述突发事件的名称信息 |
+ 事件基本信息 |
+
+
+ | 2 |
+ EventTime |
+ 发生时间 |
+ 日期时间型 |
+ |
+ 是 |
+ 描述突发事件的时间信息 |
+
+
+ | 3 |
+ EventType |
+ 事件类型 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 60 |
+ 是 |
+ 描述突发事件的类型信息,参考GB/T 35561进行填写 |
+
+
+ | 4 |
+ EventDesc |
+ 发生地点 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 200 |
+ 是 |
+ 描述突发事件发生地的基本信息。应按照GB/T 2260的要求,精确至县镇级别 |
+
+
+ | 5 |
+ EventGrade |
+ 事件等级 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 10 |
+ 是 |
+ 描述突发事件的等级信息。取值包括特别重大/重大/较大/一般 |
+
+
+ | 6 |
+ EventOrigin |
+ 事件原因 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 200 |
+ 否 |
+ 对突发事件发生原因的文字描述 |
+
+
+ | 7 |
+ EBasDesc |
+ 事件基本信息描述 |
+ 备注型 |
+ 2000 |
+ 否 |
+ 描述突发事件的基本信息 |
+
+
+ | 8 |
+ ReportID |
+ 接报编号 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 32 |
+ 是 |
+ 系统内部主键 |
+ 事件管理信息 |
+
+
+ | 9 |
+ ReportTitle |
+ 信息标题 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 200 |
+ 是 |
+ 事件接报信息的标题 |
+
+
+ | 10 |
+ EID |
+ 事件编号 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 32 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件的编号 |
+
+
+ | 11 |
+ ReportTime |
+ 报送时间 |
+ 日期时间型 |
+ |
+ 是 |
+ 事件信息的上报时间 |
+
+
+ | 12 |
+ ReportMethodCode |
+ 报送方式 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 1 |
+ 否 |
+ 事件信息的报送方式代码,包括1(电话)、2(传真)、3(系统)、4(邮件)、5(短信)、9(其他) |
+
+
+ | 13 |
+ ReportType |
+ 报送类型 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 32 |
+ 否 |
+ 事件信息报送类型代码。取值包括以下3种：0:首次报送1:续报2:重报 |
+
+
+ | 14 |
+ Submitter |
+ 报送人员 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 100 |
+ 否 |
+ 报送事件信息的人员姓名 |
+ 事件管理信息 |
+
+
+ | 15 |
+ ReportDiv |
+ 报送单位 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 100 |
+ 是 |
+ 报送事件信息单位的名称 |
+
+
+ | 16 |
+ ReceivedDiv |
+ 接收单位 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 100 |
+ 是 |
+ 接收事件信息单位的名称 |
+
+
+ | 17 |
+ ReportDivTel |
+ 报送单位联系电话 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 200 |
+ 是 |
+ 报送事件信息单位的联系电话。多个电话用英文逗号分隔 |
+
+
+ | 18 |
+ SignPer |
+ 报送签发人员 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 100 |
+ 否 |
+ 报送事件信息的签发人姓名 |
+
+
+ | 19 |
+ Notes |
+ 备注 |
+ 备注型 |
+ 2000 |
+ 否 |
+ 报送单位报送突发事件信息时的备注信息 |
+
+
+ | 20 |
+ DeathNum |
+ 死亡人数 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件中的死亡人数。单位为人 |
+ 事件导致的损失/危害信息 |
+
+
+ | 21 |
+ WoundNum |
+ 受伤人数 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件中的受伤人数。单位为人 |
+
+
+ | 22 |
+ DispNum |
+ 失踪人数 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件中的失踪人数。单位为人 |
+
+
+ | 23 |
+ LockNum |
+ 受困人数 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件中的受困人数。单位为人 |
+
+
+ | 24 |
+ EffectRadius |
+ 影响半径 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 11,3 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件影响范围的半径。单位为公里 |
+
+
+ | 25 |
+ EffectDegree |
+ 影响程度 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 1000 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件对自然环境、公共基础设施、居民生活、社会治安等的影响程度 |
+
+
+ | 26 |
+ EffectDesc |
+ 影响范围 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 2000 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件影响的范围描述 |
+
+
+ | 27 |
+ EcoLoss |
+ 直接经济损失 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 20,4 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件造成的直接经济损失。单位为万元 |
+
+
+ | 28 |
+ LossDesc |
+ 损失情况说明 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 1000 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件已造成的各种损失的描述 |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ 说明 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ | 34 |
+ Linkscene |
+ 突发事件现场数据关联项 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 100 |
+ 否 |
+ 与突发事件的现场数据关联 |
+ 突发事件关联的现场数据 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ | 序号 |
+ 字段名称 |
+ 字段含义 |
+ 字段类型 |
+ 字段长度 |
+ 是否必填 |
+ 字段说明 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 1 |
+ DisasterNum |
+ 受灾人口 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 自然灾害中的受灾人数，单位为人 |
+
+
+ | 2 |
+ TransferNum |
+ 紧急转移安置人口 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 自然灾害中的紧急转移安置人数，单位为人 |
+
+
+ | 3 |
+ DisasterNum |
+ 受灾人口 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 自然灾害中的受灾人数，单位为人 |
+
+
+ | 4 |
+ TransferNum |
+ 紧急转移安置人口 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 自然灾害中的紧急转移安置人数，单位为人 |
+
+
+ | 5 |
+ LifeAssistNum |
+ 需紧急生活救助人口 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 自然灾害中需紧急生活救助人口，单位为人 |
+
+
+ | 6 |
+ TransitLifeAssistNum |
+ 需过渡性生活救助人口 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 自然灾害中需过渡性生活救助人口，单位为人 |
+
+
+ | 7 |
+ DroughtTrbNum |
+ 因旱需生活救助人口 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 自然灾害中因旱需生活救助人口，单位为人 |
+
+
+ | 8 |
+ WaterTrbNum |
+ 因旱饮水困难需救助人口 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 自然灾害中的饮水困难人数，单位为人 |
+
+
+ | 9 |
+ SmlCropDmgArea |
+ 农作物受灾面积 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 12,3 |
+ 否 |
+ 自然灾害造成的农作物受灾面积，单位为公顷 |
+
+
+ | 10 |
+ CropDmgArea |
+ 农作物成灾面积 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 12,3 |
+ 否 |
+ 自然灾害造成的农作物成灾面积，单位为公顷 |
+
+
+ | 11 |
+ BigCropDmgArea |
+ 农作物绝收面积 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 12,3 |
+ 否 |
+ 自然灾害造成的农作物绝收面积，单位为公顷 |
+
+
+ | 12 |
+ DisasteFarmland |
+ 草场受灾面积 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 12,3 |
+ 否 |
+ 自然灾害造成的毁坏草场面积，单位为公顷 |
+
+
+ | 13 |
+ BuildCollps |
+ 倒塌房屋数 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 自然灾害造成的倒塌房屋数，单位为间 |
+
+
+ | 14 |
+ BuildDmg |
+ 损坏房屋数 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 自然灾害造成的损坏房屋数，单位为间 |
+
+
+ | 15 |
+ LivestockDeadNum |
+ 因灾死亡大牲畜 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 自然灾害造成的死亡大牲畜数，单位为头只 |
+
+
+ | 16 |
+ AgriclLoss |
+ 农业损失 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 20,4 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件造成的农业经济损失，单位为万元 |
+
+
+ | 17 |
+ IndusLoss |
+ 工矿企业损失 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 20,4 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件造成的工矿企业经济损失，单位为万元 |
+
+
+ | 18 |
+ InfrastrLoss |
+ 基础设施损失 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 20,4 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件造成的基础设施经济损失，单位为万元 |
+
+
+ | 19 |
+ WelfacilLoss |
+ 公益设施损失 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 20,4 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件造成的公益设施经济损失，单位为万元 |
+
+
+ | 20 |
+ FamilyProptyLoss |
+ 家庭财产损失 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 20,4 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件造成的家庭财产经济损失，单位为万元 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 注：农作物受灾面积：因灾减产1成以上的农作物播种面积，如果同一块地的当季农作物多次受灾，只计算一次。农作物成灾面积：农作物受灾面积中，因灾减产3成以上的农作物播种面积。农作物绝收面积：农作物受灾面积中，因灾减产8成以上的农作物播种面积。 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ | 序号 |
+ 类别(三字符英文缩写) |
+ 数据层命名 |
+ 数据内容 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 1 |
+ 自然灾害的危险源（NAT） |
+ "HAZ" + "NAT" |
+ 气象灾害、地震灾害、地质灾害、海洋灾害、生物灾害、森林或草原火灾等自然灾害的危险源 |
+
+
+ | 2 |
+ 事故灾难的危险源（ACD） |
+ "HAZ" + "ACD" |
+ 工矿商贸等企业的各类安全事故，交通运输事故，公共设施和设备事故，环境污染和生态破坏等事故灾难的危险源 |
+
+
+ | 3 |
+ 公共卫生事件的危险源（HEA） |
+ "HAZ" + "HEA" |
+ 重大传染病疫情、群体性不明原因疾病、重大食物和职业中毒以及其他严重影响公众健康的事件的危险源 |
+
+
+ | 4 |
+ 社会安全事件(SCL)的危险源 |
+ "HAZ" + "SCL" |
+ 大型活动安全事件、群体性事件、恐怖主义事件、经济安全事件、校园安全事件、突发网络舆情的危险源 |
+
+
+ | 5 |
+ 其他的危险源(OTH) |
+ "HAZ" + "OTH" |
+ 不能归为上述4类的危险源 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+字段名称 |
+字段含义 |
+字段类型 |
+字段长度 |
+是否必填 |
+字段说明 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+PAC |
+行政区划代码 |
+字符型 |
+12 |
+是 |
+统计区域的行政区划代码，符合5.8给出的要求 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+TotalPop |
+总人口数 |
+数值型 |
+10 |
+是 |
+行政区划内的总人口数，为常住人口总数、暂住人口总数、境外在华停（居）留人数之和。单位为人。也是男性人口数与女性人口之和，城镇人口数与乡村人口数之和 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+MalePop |
+男性人口数 |
+数值型 |
+10 |
+否 |
+行政区划内的男性人口总数。单位为人 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+FemalePop |
+女性人口数 |
+数值型 |
+10 |
+否 |
+行政区划内的女性人口总数。单位为人 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+PAC |
+行政区划代码 |
+字符型 |
+12 |
+是 |
+统计区域的行政区划代码，符合5.8给出的要求 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+TotalPop |
+总人口数 |
+数值型 |
+10 |
+是 |
+行政区划内的总人口数，为常住人口总数、暂住人口总数、境外在华停（居）留人数之和。单位为人。也是男性人口数与女性人口之和，城镇人口数与乡村人口数之和 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+MalePop |
+男性人口数 |
+数值型 |
+10 |
+否 |
+行政区划内的男性人口总数。单位为人 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+FemalePop |
+女性人口数 |
+数值型 |
+10 |
+否 |
+行政区划内的女性人口总数。单位为人 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+TownPop |
+城镇人口数 |
+数值型 |
+10 |
+否 |
+行政区划内的城镇人口总数。单位为人 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+RuralPop |
+乡村人口数 |
+数值型 |
+10 |
+否 |
+行政区划内的乡村人口总数。单位为人 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+HanPop |
+汉族人口数 |
+数值型 |
+10 |
+否 |
+行政区划内的汉族人口总数。单位为人 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+MinorityPop |
+少数民族人口数 |
+数值型 |
+10 |
+否 |
+行政区划内的少数民族人口总数。单位为人 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+HouseholdNum |
+总户数 |
+ |
+ |
+否 |
+ |
+
+
+| 14 |
+LocalPop |
+常住人口数 |
+数值型 |
+10 |
+否 |
+行政区划内的常住人口总数。单位为人 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+StayPop |
+暂住人口数 |
+数值型 |
+10 |
+否 |
+行政区划内的暂住人口总数。单位为人 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+ForeignerPop |
+境外在华停（居）留人数 |
+数值型 |
+10 |
+否 |
+行政区划内的境外在华停（居）留人数。单位为人 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+Under14Pop |
+14岁以下人数 |
+数值型 |
+10 |
+否 |
+行政区划内14岁以下的总人数。单位为人 |
+
+
+| 18 |
+Range15o59Pop |
+15～59岁人数 |
+数值型 |
+10 |
+否 |
+行政区划内15岁以上、60岁以下的总人数。单位为人 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+Over60Pop |
+60岁及以上人口 |
+数值型 |
+10 |
+否 |
+行政区划内60岁及以上的总人数。单位为人 |
+
+
+| 20 |
+StatTime |
+统计时间 |
+日期时间型 |
+ |
+否 |
+人口统计的时间 |
+
+
+| 21 |
+SourceDeptCode |
+数据来源单位 |
+字符型 |
+18 |
+是 |
+该数据的来源单位代码(统一社会信用代码) |
+
+
+| 22 |
+UpdateTime |
+最近更新时间 |
+日期时间型 |
+ |
+是 |
+该数据的最近更新时间 |
+
+
+| 23 |
+Notes |
+备注 |
+备注型 |
+2000 |
+否 |
+简短的文字描述，或者补充说明信息 |
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_2.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_2.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..98464b77a1dafe2c4b8999f1c77e287312fd37e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_2.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+| 量的名称 | 单位名称 | 单位符号 | 错误符号 |
|---|
| 频率 | 赫[兹] | Hz | HZ | | 力、重力 | 牛[顿] | N | | | 压力、压强、应力 | 帕[斯卡] | Pa | pa、PA、pA | | 能量、功、热 | 焦[耳] | J | | | 电荷量 | 瓦[特] | W | | | 电位、电压、电动势 | 库[仑] | C | | | 电容 | 伏[特] | V | | | 电容 | 法[拉] | F | | | 电阻 | 欧[姆] | Ω | | | 电导 | 西[门子] | S | | | 磁通量 | 韦[伯] | Wb | | | 磁通量密度、磁感应强度 | 特[斯拉] | T | | | 电感 | 亨[利] | H | | | 摄氏温度 | 摄氏度 | °C | | | 光通量 | 流[明] | lm | | | 光照度 | 勒[克斯] | lx | | | 放射性活度 | 贝可[勒尔] | Bq | | | 吸收剂量 | 戈[瑞] | Gy | | | 平面角 | 弧度 | rad | | | 立体角 | 球面度 | sr | |
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_20.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_20.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a2de7b79bee5b6fe8c8af59928962f6972861d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_20.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+ | 二级区 | 省份 | 县数 | 县（市、区、旗）名称 | 建设重点 |
|---|
| (一)东部丘陵平原区 | | 01小兴安岭(南部)森林生态保育区 | 黑龙江 | 9 | 鹤岗市向阳区、工农区、南山区、兴安区、东山区、兴山区、萝北县,伊春市铁力市,佳木斯市汤原县 | 严格保护中温带天然针阔混交林,加强天然次生杨桦林提质,推进森林抚育和老化杨树林更新改造,加快恢复以红松为主的针阔混交林。保护自然湿地岸线,修复受损湿地生态系统,连通生态廊道。推进丘陵沟壑水土流失治理,开展采煤区、沙金过采区和废弃地等矿区植被恢复。 | | 02三江平原重要湿地保护恢复区 | 黑龙江 | 22 | 哈尔滨市依兰县,鸡西市虎林市、密山市,鹤岗市绥滨县,双鸭山市尖山区、岭东区、四方台区、宝山区、集贤县、宝清县、饶河县,佳木斯市前进区、向阳区、东风区、郊区、同江市、富锦市、抚远市、桦南县、桦川县,七台河市新兴区、茄子河区 | 加强黑龙江下游、乌苏里江、兴凯湖等界江界湖防护林建设。推行大网格、宽林带,推进农田防护林网建设。开展退化自然湿地修复,恢复沼泽湿地生态和珍稀水禽栖息地,连通鸟类迁徙生态廊道。开展漫川漫岗水土流失治理,恢复侵蚀区植被。发展红松、水曲柳、胡桃楸、椴树、械树等珍贵树种,培育红松等果材兼用林。 | | 03松嫩平原重要湿地保护恢复区 | 吉林 | 8 | 长春市九台区、榆树市、德惠市、农安县,吉林市船营区、昌邑区、龙潭区、舒兰市 | 通过人工造林、补播种草和草原改良相结合,推进中西部地区沙化和盐碱化土地治理。加强松嫩平原防护林建设,强化灌木造林,完善防风固沙林网,维护农田牧场安全。沿嫩江中下游和松花江上游,推进水源涵养林和护堤护岸林建设。实施侵蚀沟综合治理,加强黑土地保护。推进退化湿地功能恢复,修复丹顶鹤等珍稀水禽栖息地。因地制宜发展樟子松、水曲柳、胡桃楸、紫椴等储备林基地,建设羊草、碱茅、无芒雀麦、紫花苜蓿等牧草基地。 | | 黑龙江 | 38 | 哈尔滨市松北区、道里区、南岗区、道外区、平房区、香坊区、呼兰区、阿城区、双城区、尚志市、五常市、方正县、宾县、巴彦县、木兰县、通河县、延寿县,齐齐哈尔市铁锋区、昂昂溪区、依安县、克山县、克东县、拜泉县,大庆市让胡路区、肇州县、林甸县,黑河市北安市、五大连池市,绥化市北林区、安达市、肇东市、海伦市、望奎县、兰西县、青冈县、庆安县、明水县、绥棱县 | | 04辽河平原生态综合治理区 | 辽宁 | 27 | 沈阳市浑南区、苏家屯区、沈北新区、于洪区、辽中区、新民市、法库县, 鞍山市台安县,抚顺市顺城区、东洲区,本溪市平山区、溪湖区,锦州市太和区、北镇市、黑山县、义县,阜新市清河门区,辽阳市弓长岭区、太子河区、灯塔市、辽阳县,铁岭市银州区、清河区、调兵山市、开原市、铁岭县、西丰县 | 治坡与治沟相结合,构建水土保持林草带,推进东辽河上游中低山区、辽河中上游丘陵沟壑区水土流失治理。推进杨树林更新改造,开展松材线虫病等重大有害生物综合防治。加快通道绿化、农田林网建设和景观提升,构筑辽河流域生态走廊。统筹发展塞外红、大果沙棘、仁用杏、文冠果等林果,培育樟子松、槭树、元宝枫和水曲柳等储备林,建设羊草、冰草、披碱草、沙打旺、紫花苜蓿等牧草基地。 | | 吉林 | 14 | 长春市南关区、宽城区、朝阳区、二道区、双阳区、公主岭市,吉林市永吉县,四平市铁西区、铁东区、伊通满族自治县,辽源市龙山区、西安区、东丰县、东辽县 | | 05长白山西麓森林生态保育区 | 辽宁 | 10 | 鞍山市岫岩满族自治县,抚顺市抚顺县、新宾满族自治县、清原满族自治县,本溪市明山区、南芬区、本溪满族自治县、桓仁满族自治县,丹东市凤城市、宽甸满族自治县 | 推进辽东重要水源地、长白山主脉森林保护修复,严格保护中温带天然针阔混交林。推进次生栎类林修复提质、松类林抚育和老化柞树林更新改造,恢复地带性红松阔叶混交林。在农林过渡带加强坡耕地和侵蚀沟综合治理,治理丘陵漫岗水土流失。加强江河源头、重要水源地以及镜泊湖、松花湖、红石湖、白山湖等重要湖泊保护。培育红松、东北红豆杉、水曲柳、胡桃楸等珍贵树种,积极发展红松等果材兼用林。 | | 吉林 | 19 | 吉林市丰满区、蛟河市、桦甸市、磐石市,通化市东昌区、二道江区、梅河口市、集安市、通化县、辉南县、柳河县,白山市浑江区、江源区、临江市、抚松县、靖宇县、长白朝鲜族自治县,延边朝鲜族自治州敦化市、安图县 | | 黑龙江 | 19 | 鸡西市鸡冠区、恒山区、滴道区、梨树区、城子河区、麻山区、鸡东县,七台河市桃山区、勃利县,牡丹江市东安区、阳明区、爱民区、西安区、绥芬河市、海林市、宁安市、穆棱市、东宁市、林口县 | | 06燕山太行山海河上源保护治理区 | 北京 | 7 | 门头沟区、房山区、昌平区、怀柔区、平谷区、密云区、延庆区 | 加强华北落叶松、油松、蒙古栎、枫桦等天然植被恢复与修复提质,注重乔灌混交配置,构筑京津冀水源涵养带。推行窄林带、小网格,恢复沟道矿山植被,建设风沙防护带。加强退化草原修复、重要物种栖息地和生境保护。在山沟和山前冲积台地发展板栗、核桃等特色林果,打造重要的经济林产业带。 | | 天津 | 1 | 蓟州区 | | 河北 | 43 | 石家庄市井陉矿区、鹿泉区、井陉县、行唐县、灵寿县、赞皇县、平山县、元氏县,唐山市遵化市,秦皇岛市抚宁区、青龙满族自治县,邯郸市武安市,邢台市信都区、沙河市、临城县、内丘县,保定市满城区、徐水区、涞水县、阜平县、唐县、涞源县、易县、曲阳县,张家口市宣化区、下花园区、万全区、崇礼区、蔚县、阳原县、怀安县、怀来县、涿鹿县、赤城县,承德市双桥区、双滦区、鹰手营子矿区、平泉市、承德县、兴隆县、滦平县、隆化县、宽城满族自治县 | | 山西 | 2 | 大同市广灵县、灵丘县 | | 内蒙古 | 1 | 赤峰市宁城县 | | 辽宁 | 7 | 朝阳市双塔区、龙城区、凌源市、朝阳县、建平县、喀喇沁左翼蒙古族自治县、葫芦岛市建昌县 | | 07 华北平原北部生态综合治理区 | 北京 | 4 | 朝阳区、通州区、顺义区、大兴区 | 通过断带补植、更新改造并举,修复老化林网,建设农田防护林体系。推广生物篱带种植等治理模式,推进沙化土地和盐碱地治理。推进环首都、雄安新区等绿色网络建设,构建大尺度城市绿色空间,打造生态缓冲区。积极推进海滦河流域“六河”和重要湖库绿色生态治理。发展干鲜果品基地和速生丰产林基地。 | | 天津 | 4 | 西青区、北辰区、武清区、宝坻区 | | 河北 | 36 | 石家庄市藁城区、新乐市、正定县、无极县,唐山市丰润区、迁安市、滦州市、迁西县、玉田县,秦皇岛市卢龙县,保定市涿州市、定州市、安国市、高碑店市、定兴县、高阳县、容城县、望都县、安新县、蠡县、顺平县、博野县、雄县,沧州市任丘市、河间市、肃宁县,廊坊市安次区、霸州市、三河市、固安县、永清县、香河县、大城县、文安县、大厂回族自治县,衡水市安平县 | | （二）北部风沙区 | | 08 内蒙古东部草原沙地综合治理区 | 内蒙古 | 10 | 呼伦贝尔市海拉尔区、扎赉诺尔区、满洲里市、牙克石市、额尔古纳市、根河市、陈巴尔虎旗、新巴尔虎左旗、新巴尔虎右旗、鄂温克族自治旗 | 严格落实草原禁牧休牧制度,实施划区轮牧和草畜平衡,以补播改良、鼠虫害治理等为主,治理退化草原。严格保护沙地天然植被。灌草为主,结合沙障,推进沿海拉尔河、锡尼河、伊敏河以及辉河与乌尔逊河、哈拉哈河之间的沙带治理,加强沿呼伦湖等湖泊固沙林草带建设,推进呼伦贝尔沙地综合治理,遏制沙带前移。推进矿区植被恢复。发展羊草、冰草、无芒雀麦、紫花苜蓿等牧草基地。 | | 09 大兴安岭东麓林草过渡带修复治理区 | 内蒙古 | 8 | 呼伦贝尔市扎兰屯市、阿荣旗、莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗、鄂伦春自治旗,兴安盟乌兰浩特市、阿尔山市、科尔沁右翼前旗、扎赉特旗 | 全面保护中温带针阔混交林。坚持灌草合理配置,建设防风固沙、农牧防护和水土保持林。推进次生阔叶林修复,精准提升兴安落叶松、樟子松等针叶林质量。严格落实草原禁牧休牧制度,开展划区轮牧、草畜平衡、人工种草和草原改良。结合修筑沟边埂,沿沙丘漫岗、沟头沟边构建多道生态防线,治理侵蚀沟道。 | | 黑龙江 | 1 | 黑河市嫩江市 | | 10科尔沁沙地综合治理区 | 内蒙古 | 7 | 赤峰市敖汉旗,通辽市科尔沁区、开鲁县、科尔沁左翼中旗、科尔沁左翼后旗、库伦旗、奈曼旗 | 全力打好科尔沁沙地歼灭战。全面保护温带禾草、草甸草原、典型草原和天然榆树疏林等温带落叶小叶疏林。划定封禁保护区,沿西辽河中上游的丘间滩地、低丘漫岗、沙丘坨甸和洪积平原,以防风固沙为主,采取禁牧封育、草原改良、毒害草治理、草方格固沙等措施,恢复沙化土地植被。以草定畜,严格落实草原禁牧休牧制度,实施划区轮牧和草畜平衡。以阻断沙地南移为主,推进防风固沙、农田防护等防护林建设和老化退化防护林更新改造,健全防护林体系。加强退化湿地修复,改善水鸟等野生动物栖息环境。科学利用沙区灌木资源,发展羊草、大针茅、紫花苜蓿等牧草基地。 | | 辽宁 | 6 | 沈阳市康平县,阜新市细河区、彰武县、阜新蒙古族自治县,铁岭市昌图县,朝阳市北票市 | | 吉林 | 12 | 四平市双辽市、梨树县,松原市宁江区、扶余市、长岭县、乾安县、前郭尔罗斯蒙古族自治县,白城市洮北区、洮南市、大安市、镇赉县、通榆县 | | 黑龙江 | 11 | 齐齐哈尔市富拉尔基区、碾子山区、讷河市、龙江县、泰来县、甘南县、富裕县,大庆市红岗区、大同区、肇源县、杜尔伯特蒙古族自治县 | | 11大兴安岭南段生态综合治理区 | 内蒙古 | 13 | 赤峰市红山区、元宝山区、松山区、林西县、阿鲁科尔沁旗、巴林左旗、巴林右旗、翁牛特旗、喀喇沁旗,通辽市霍林郭勒市、扎鲁特旗,兴安盟突泉县、科尔沁右翼中旗 | 全面保护天然林、疏林草原和沙生植被,加强森林抚育和次生阔叶林提质,恢复落叶松针阔混交林。加强水土保持林建设,治理侵蚀沟道。封育为主,恢复沙生植被,构筑阻挡北路风沙南侵的生态防线。加强重要湿地保护,保护中华斑羚、鹤鹳等重要物种栖息地。积极发展经济型防护林。 | | 12浑善达克沙地综合治理区 | 山西 | 8 | 大同市平城区、新荣区、云冈区、云州区、阳高县、天镇县、左云县,朔州市右玉县 | 全力打好浑善达克沙地歼灭战。加强温带典型草原、草甸、灌丛和大果榆疏林等天然阔叶林保护。划定封禁保护区,采取封沙育林育草和人工、飞播造林种草等方式,结合沙障等工程措施,营造防风固沙林,推进流动沙丘、半固定沙丘治理,全面治理沙化土地。对退化老化防护林实施改造更新,提升生态防护功能。对退化草原实施划区轮牧、草畜平衡、合理刈割,结合施肥、补播等改良措施,提升草场质量。封禁保护、植被恢复和生态补水相结合,加强察汗淖尔、查干诺尔湖等河湖湿地生态修复,保护重要的候鸟栖息、繁育地。科学利用沙区灌木资源,发展羊草、披碱草、老芒麦、紫花苜蓿等牧草基地。 | | 内蒙古 | 19 | 赤峰市克什克腾旗,乌兰察布市集宁区、丰镇市、卓资县、化德县、商都县、兴和县、凉城县、察哈尔右翼前旗,锡林郭勒盟锡林浩特市、二连浩特市、阿巴嘎旗、苏尼特左旗、苏尼特右旗、东乌珠穆沁旗、西乌珠穆沁旗、镶黄旗、正镶白旗、正蓝旗 | | 13坝上高原森林草原保护修复区 | 河北 | 6 | 张家口市张北县、康保县、沽源县、尚义县,承德市丰宁满族自治县、围场满族蒙古族自治县 | 严格保护落叶松、油松、沙地云杉、白扦、白桦等天然植被,保护疏林草原。乔灌结合,科学推进荒山绿化。实施补植补造、更新改造、抚育平茬等措施,加强退化杨树林修复。通过禁牧休牧轮牧、种草改良等措施,加强退化干旱型草原治理。发展羊草、冰草、披碱草、苔草、扁蓿豆等牧草基地。持续推进塞罕坝机械林场保护与建设。 | | 内蒙古 | 2 | 锡林郭勒盟多伦县、太仆寺旗 | | 14阴山北麓中西段生态综合治理区 | 内蒙古 | 13 | 呼和浩特市新城区、回民区、玉泉区、赛罕区、武川县,包头市白云鄂博矿区、固阳县、达尔罕茂明安联合旗,巴彦淖尔市乌拉特中旗、乌拉特后旗,乌兰察布市察哈尔右翼中旗、察哈尔右翼后旗、四子王旗 | 推行轮牧、舍饲等措施,加快实现草畜平衡,促进荒漠生态系统保护性恢复。以封育为主,辅以补播补植、平茬等措施,人工促进沙化草原植被恢复,提升灌草固沙滞尘功能,筑牢阻挡北路风沙侵害的第一道生态防线。以植被建设为主,墚、峁、坡、沟兼治,推进阴山前山黄土丘陵区和土石山区水土流失治理。保护和修复岩羊等重要物种栖息地。发展山杏、黄太平、大果沙棘、蒙古扁桃等特色林果。 | | 15 黄河河套平原生态综合治理区 | 内蒙古 | 13 | 呼和浩特市托克托县、土默特左旗,包头市昆都仑区、东河区、青山区、石拐区、九原区、土默特右旗,巴彦淖尔市临河区、五原县、磴口县、乌拉特前旗、杭锦后旗 | 全力打好乌兰布和沙漠等边缘阻击战,遏制沙漠扩展。加强天然柽柳、胡杨等荒漠植被保护。通过断带补植、更新改造并举,配置抗逆性强、耐盐碱、恢复快树种,推进疏透适宜的绿网建设。加强沙化土地封禁保护,统筹采用封育、飞播、沙障、光伏治沙等措施,治理沙化土地。沿乌兰布和、库布齐等沙漠前沿,毛乌素沙地边缘,建设以灌草为主的锁边林草带。推进乌梁素海等重要湿地治理,恢复湿地生态系统。加强土壤盐渍化治理。科学发展枸杞、苹果、红枣等特色林果基地,沙生中药材基地和生物质能源基地。 | | 宁夏 | 5 | 银川市灵武市,吴忠市利通区、青铜峡市,中卫市沙坡头区、中宁县 | | 16 库布齐—毛乌素沙地综合治理区 | 内蒙古 | 9 | 鄂尔多斯市东胜区、康巴什区、达拉特旗、准格尔旗、鄂托克前旗、鄂托克旗、杭锦旗、乌审旗、伊金霍洛旗 | 全力打好库布齐沙漠—毛乌素沙地攻坚战。严格保护天然沙生植被,保护四合木等古地中海孑遗植物。实施禁牧休牧轮牧和以草定畜,采取灌草混播、光伏治沙等措施,加强沙化土地治理和退化防护林修复,筑牢阻挡西北部风沙侵害的生态防线。实施矿区植被恢复。加强红碱淖等重要湿地保护和恢复,保护鸥类等重要物种栖息地。发展沙生冰草、沙打旺、苜蓿、草木樨、柠条、杨柴等牧草基地,沙生中药材基地和生物质能源基地。 | | 陕西 | 7 | 延安市吴起县,榆林市榆阳区、横山区、神木市、府谷县、靖边县、定边县 | | 宁夏 | 1 | 吴忠市盐池县 | | 17 贺兰山森林草原保护修复区 | 内蒙古 | 3 | 乌海市海勃湾区、海南区、乌达区 | 严格保护青海云杉等山地寒温性针叶林和天然荒漠植被,实施禁牧、禁伐等措施,辅以人工促进更新,加快植被正向演替。加强浅山区防护林抚育和提质改造,构筑阻挡腾格里沙漠东侵的生态屏障,维护河套平原生态安全。推进池盐、芒硝、煤炭等矿山植被恢复,修复雪豹、林麝、马麝等重要物种栖息地,保护我国重要的西北物种基因库。 | | 宁夏 | 8 | 银川市金凤区、兴庆区、西夏区、永宁县、贺兰县,石嘴山市大武口区、惠农区、平罗县 | |
| (三)黄土高原区 | |
| 18 黄河上中游高塬沟壑综合治理区 | 陕西 | 22 | 铜川市耀州区、王益区、印台区、宜君县, 宝鸡市陇县、千阳县、麟游县,咸阳市彬州市、永寿县、长武县、旬邑县、淳化县,渭南市韩城市、合阳县、澄城县、蒲城县、白水县,延安市富县、洛川县、宜川县、黄龙县、黄陵县 | 全面保护暖温带天然落叶阔叶林、草甸草原和荒漠草原, 加强金钱豹等重要物种栖息地保护。建设六盘山、子午岭等山地水源涵养林,维护黄河及洮河、渭河等水源补给安全。沿腾格里沙漠南缘等推进锁边林草带建设。沿田、路、堤、坡、村庄,乔灌混交配置,构建塬面沟坡沟道防护体系。严格管控岸线植被,加强高原河湖湿地保护,维护龙羊峡、刘家峡、李家峡等重要水库安全。推进残塬沟壑区村镇“四旁”绿化和矿山植被恢复。发展苹果、枸杞、花椒等经济林基地和冰草、红豆草、苜蓿、花棒、沙打旺、多年生黑麦草等牧草基地。 | | 甘肃 | 50 | 兰州市城关区、七里河区、西固区、安宁区、红古区、永登县、皋兰县、榆中县,白银市白银区、平川区、靖远县、会宁县、景泰县,天水市秦州区、麦积区、清水县、秦安县、甘谷县、武山县、张家川回族自治县,平凉市崆峒区、华亭市、泾川县、灵台县、崇信县、庄浪县、静宁县,庆阳市西峰区、庆城县、环县、华池县、合水县、正宁县、宁县、镇原县,定西市安定区、通渭县、陇西县、渭源县、临洮县、漳县、岷县,临夏回族自治州临夏市、临夏县、康乐县、永靖县、广河县、和政县、东乡族自治县、积石山保安族东乡族撒拉族自治县 | | 青海 | 15 | 西宁市城中区、城东区、城西区、城北区、湟中区、湟源县,海东市乐都区、平安区、民和回族土族自治县、互助土族自治县、化隆回族自治县、循化撒拉族自治县,黄南藏族自治州同仁市、尖扎县,海南藏族自治州贵德县 | | 宁夏 | 8 | 吴忠市红寺堡区、同心县,固原市原州区、西吉县、隆德县、泾源县、彭阳县,中卫市海原县 | | 19 黄河中游丘陵沟壑综合治理区 | 山西 | 24 | 朔州市朔城区、平鲁区、怀仁市、山阴县,忻州市宁武县、神池县、五寨县、岢岚县、河曲县、保德县、偏关县,临汾市吉县、乡宁县、大宁县、隰县、永和县,吕梁市离石区、兴县、临县、柳林县、石楼县、岚县、方山县、中阳县 | 开展森林植被带、森林草原植被带和草原植被带质量提升。实施黄河沿岸山体和通道绿化,推进长城沿线防风固沙屏障、吕梁山等山地沿黄水土保持林建设。以灌草为主,恢复樑峁、沟道植被,沿樑峁顶、樑峁坡、峁缘线、沟道构建防护体系,固土护坡、分割水势,降低土壤侵蚀。保护和恢复沟谷湿地植被,推进矿山植被恢复。发展文冠果、枸杞、葡萄、大果榛子等特色林果基地,建设紫花苜蓿、多年生黑麦草、沙打旺等牧草基地。 | | 内蒙古 | 2 | 呼和浩特市和林格尔县、清水河县 | | 陕西 | 13 | 延安市宝塔区、安塞区、子长市、延长县、延川县、志丹县、甘泉县,榆林市绥德县、米脂县、佳县、吴堡县、清涧县、子洲县 | | 20 汾渭河谷平原生态综合治理区 | 山西 | 19 | 太原市尖草坪区、万柏林区、晋源区、古交市、清徐县、娄烦县,运城市河津市、万荣县、稷山县、新绛县,临汾市尧都区、襄汾县、蒲县、汾西县,吕梁市孝义市、汾阳市、文水县、交城县、交口县 | 加强渭河、汾河沿岸护坡护岸林和风景林带建设,构建丝绸之路经济带重要枢纽的生态走廊。开展“四旁”绿化、补植补造、间阔补针和更新造林,健全防护林网。加强防风固沙林带建设,治理冲积沙地。加强内陆滩涂保护。配置节水灌溉设施,发展林果、林草、林药等特色资源基地。 | | 陕西 | 26 | 西安市灞桥区、阎良区、高陵区、蓝田县,宝鸡市金台区、渭滨区、陈仓区、凤翔区、岐山县、扶风县、眉县,咸阳市秦都区、杨陵区、渭城区、兴平市、三原县、泾阳县、乾县、礼泉县、武功县,渭南市临渭区、华州区、华阴市、潼关县、大荔县、富平县 | | 21 太行山西麓森林草原保护修复区 | 山西 | 16 | 太原市阳曲县, 大同市浑源县, 阳泉市平定县、盂县, 朔州市应县, 晋中市左权县、和顺县、昔阳县、寿阳县, 忻州市忻府区、原平市、定襄县、五台县、代县、繁峙县、静乐县 | 全面保护暖温带天然落叶阔叶林、针阔混交林和中生落叶灌丛, 加大封山育林力度, 开展补植补造、间伐疏伐等适度干预措施, 优化树种配置, 配套沟道水土保持设施, 加强桑干河和滹沱河等流域固沙蓄水林建设。加强川地、缓坡地农田林网和草场林网修复提质。在条件适宜地区发展牧草基地和核桃、花椒、仁用杏、皂角等林果基地, 合理利用木本花卉、中药材等特色资源。 | | (四) 西北荒漠区 | | 22 腾格里-巴丹吉林沙漠锁边治理区 | 内蒙古 | 3 | 阿拉善盟阿拉善左旗、阿拉善右旗、额济纳旗 | 全力打好腾格里-巴丹吉林沙漠边缘阻击战, 遏制沙漠扩展。全面保护戈壁针茅、石生针茅、棉刺、沙冬青等天然荒漠植被, 加强天然四合木、胡杨、红柳等物种保护。推进沙化土地封禁保护, 推行禁牧休牧轮牧。加强蒙古野驴等重要物种栖息地保护。在巴丹吉林沙漠、腾格里沙漠前沿, 采取草方格、防沙栅栏、光伏治沙等措施固定沙丘, 通过封沙育草、飞播种草、适当补植沙生乔灌植物, 逐步推进荒漠植被恢复和沙地生态治理, 建立以草灌为主的生物隔离带。推进老化杨树林带更新改造, 完善绿洲防护林网。发展肉苁蓉、锁阳、葡萄等沙产业。 | | 23 甘肃北山荒漠草原保护修复区 | 甘肃 | 3 | 酒泉市玉门市、敦煌市、瓜州县、肃北蒙古族自治县(部分, 不计入本区县数) | 全面保护天然荒漠植被, 推进沙化土地封禁保护, 加强封山(滩)育草、禁牧休牧, 结合飞播、光伏治沙等措施, 推进荒漠植被恢复。沿沙漠前沿和绿洲外围, 推进防风御沙灌草带建设, 提高绿洲生态系统稳定性。通过耐旱树种混交配置, 健全农田防护体系。加强苏干湖等河湖、湿地保护。开展矿山复绿行动。发展枣、沙枣、枸杞等特色林果基地和沙拐枣、沙生冰草等牧草基地。 | | 24 河西走廊沙化土地综合治理区 | 甘肃 | 13 | 嘉峪关市, 金昌市金川区、永昌县, 武威市凉州区、民勤县、古浪县, 张掖市甘州区、民乐县、临泽县、高台县、山丹县, 酒泉市肃州区、金塔县 | 严格保护超旱生灌木、半灌木和半乔木荒漠植被, 加强白鹳等重要物种栖息地保护。推进沙化土地封禁保护, 坚持封沙育草、飞播造灌种草、草方格固沙、光伏治沙等多措并举, 封育退化荒漠草场, 恢复荒漠生态系统。通过耐旱树种混交配置, 推进丝绸之路河西段生态防护带建设。坚持灌草结合, 在绿洲内部构建农田防护林网、外围建设阻沙锁边林草带, 阻止沙漠汇合, 促进绿洲连通。加强盐碱地治理。发展枣、沙枣、枸杞等特色林果基地和花棒、沙拐枣、苜蓿等牧草基地。 | | 25 祁连山森林草原保护修复区 | 甘肃 | 4 | 武威市天祝藏族自治县, 张掖市肃南裕固族自治县, 酒泉市阿克塞哈萨克族自治县、肃北蒙古族自治县(部分) | 全面保护浅山荒漠草原和干草原、中山森林草原、亚高山灌丛草甸、高山冰雪植被和沼泽湿地, 保护森林、草原、冰川为主的综合生态系统, 构筑黄河上游水系和河西内陆河流域生态安全屏障。以封育为主, 加强封山育林、荒山绿化、森林抚育提质, 实施水源涵养林建设, 保护重要水源地。对戈壁加强封禁措施, 逐步恢复天然植被; 对流动沙地, 通过工程和生物措施相结合实施综合治理。以灌木为主推进布哈河、沙流河等河流护岸林建设, 加强湟水河山体绿化和矿山植被恢复。保护青海湖、哈拉湖等重要河湖湿地。 | | 青海 | 7 | 西宁市大通回族土族自治县, 海北藏族自治州祁连县、海晏县、刚察县、门源回族自治县, 海西蒙古族藏族自治州乌兰县、天峻县 | | 26 柴达木盆地荒漠化治理区 | 青海 | 9 | 海南藏族自治州共和县、同德县、兴海县、贵南县、海西蒙古族藏族自治州德令哈市、格尔木市、茫崖市、都兰县、大柴旦行政区 | 全面保护峡谷青海云杉等针阔混交林,严格保护勃氏麻黄、梭梭和红砂灌木等温性荒漠植被。加强沙化土地封禁保护,统筹采用封沙育草、休牧育草、光伏治沙等措施,恢复荒漠植被,推进沙漠治理。沿柴达木河、素林郭勒河、格尔木河等河流,建设以灌草为主的绿洲边缘阻沙带,遏制流沙入侵。推进绿洲防护林网更新改造。加强南、北霍鲁逊湖和达布逊湖等重要河湖保护,保护野骆驼等重要物种栖息地。推进矿区植被恢复,加强盐碱地治理。发展枸杞等特色林果基地、荒漠药用资源基地和苜蓿、沙打旺、老芒麦、碱茅、草木樨、红豆草等牧草基地。 | | 27 阿尔泰山森林草原保护修复区 | 新疆 | 7 | 阿勒泰地区阿勒泰市、布尔津县、富蕴县、福海县、哈巴河县、青河县、吉木乃县 | 严格保护西伯利亚红松等寒温带针叶林、亚高山草甸和高山荒原,加强紫貂等重要物种栖息地保护,延缓冰川退化。开展补植补造和抚育提质,推进阿勒泰北部和西部林草修复,健全防护林网,构筑北疆天然生态屏障。推进额尔齐斯河、乌伦古河等上游植被恢复,保护重要水源地。加强云杉锈病等有害生物防控。实施禁牧休牧、草畜平衡、封沙育草、工程固沙、植灌种草等措施,治理退化草原和沙化土地,加强乌伦古湖、中哈边境等区域荒漠生态保护修复。开展矿山植被恢复,合理开发利用野生植物资源。 | | 新疆生产建设兵团 | 1 | 第十师北屯市 | | 28 准噶尔盆地荒漠绿洲保护治理区 | 新疆 | 28 | 乌鲁木齐市天山区、沙依巴克区、新市区、水磨沟区、头屯河区、米东区,克拉玛依市克拉玛依区、独山子区、白碱滩区、乌尔禾区,哈密市巴里坤哈萨克自治县、伊吾县,昌吉回族自治州昌吉市、阜康市、呼图壁县、玛纳斯县、奇台县、吉木萨尔县、木垒哈萨克自治县,博尔塔拉蒙古自治州阿拉山口市,伊犁哈萨克自治州奎屯市,塔城地区塔城市、乌苏市、沙湾市、额敏县、托里县、裕民县、和布克赛尔蒙古自治县 | 严格保护西伯利亚落叶松等针叶林、胡杨林和天然荒漠植被,加强野马等重要物种栖息地保护。沿古尔班通古特沙漠,加强沙化土地封禁保护,实施封沙育草、休牧育草、飞播种草、光伏治沙等措施,构建锁边林草带,恢复以梭梭等为建群种的荒漠植被。加强老化退化防护林更新改造,沿乌鲁木齐河、玛纳斯河、奎屯河、额敏河等流域,以灌草为主,推行窄林带、小网格,健全绿洲防护林网,阻止流沙蔓延,构筑塔额盆地、天山北麓等绿洲生态屏障。加强艾比湖生态保护修复,恢复湿地生态系统。推进油气等矿区植被恢复。发展葡萄、红枣、黑加仑、沙棘、野樱桃等特色林果基地和红豆草、沙打旺、苜蓿等牧草基地。加强鼠兔害综合防控。 | | 新疆生产建设兵团 | 6 | 第五师双河市、第六师五家渠市、第七师胡杨河市、第八师石河子市、第九师白杨市、第十二师 | | 29 天山森林草原保护修复区 | 新疆 | 21 | 乌鲁木齐市达坂城区、乌鲁木齐县,吐鲁番市高昌区、鄯善县、托克逊县,哈密市伊州区,博尔塔拉蒙古自治州博乐市、精河县、温泉县,巴音郭楞蒙古自治州和静县、焉耆回族自治县,伊犁哈萨克自治州伊宁市、霍尔果斯市、伊宁县、霍城县、巩留县、新源县、昭苏县、特克斯县、尼勒克县、察布查尔锡伯自治县 | 全面保护以雪岭云杉等为主的天然林,加强冰川保护。开展封山育林、补植补造、抚育经营和人工促进天然更新,促进森林正向演替,保护重要水源地。加强光肩星天牛等有害生物综合防控。开展禁牧休牧、草畜平衡、封沙育草,实施退化草原修复治理,推进吐鲁番—哈密盆地荒漠化防治。推进艾丁湖和伊犁河等流域生态保护修复,加强博斯腾湖生态综合治理和重要湿地保护,改善河湖生态环境。推进矿山植被恢复。加强雪豹、金雕、新疆北鲵等重要物种栖息地保护,连通物种扩散迁徙廊道。 | | 新疆生产建设兵团 | 2 | 第四师可克达拉市、第十三师新星市 | | 30 塔克拉玛干沙漠周边治理区 | 新疆 | 42 | 阿克苏地区阿克苏市、库车市、温宿县、沙雅县、新和县、拜城县、乌什县、阿瓦提县、柯坪县,喀什地区喀什市、疏附县、疏勒县、英吉沙县、泽普县、莎车县、叶城县、麦盖提县、岳普湖县、伽师县、巴楚县、塔什库尔干塔吉克自治县,和田地区和田市、和田县、墨玉县、皮山县、洛浦县、策勒县、于田县、民丰县、和康县、和安县,巴音郭楞蒙古自治州库尔勒市、轮台县、尉犁县、若羌县、且末县、和硕县、博湖县,克孜勒苏柯尔克孜自治州阿图什市、阿克陶县、阿合奇县、乌恰县 | 全力打好塔克拉玛干沙漠、库姆塔格沙漠边缘阻击战,遏制沙漠扩展。封禁保护胡杨林、柽柳灌丛等荒漠植被,保护双峰驼、塔里木马鹿、鹅喉羚等重要物种栖息地和迁徙廊道。压减地下水超采,保障塔里木河干流生态流量。在塔克拉玛干沙漠和库姆塔格沙漠前沿,加强沙化土地封禁保护,采取封沙育草、光伏治沙等措施,人工促进自然落种,恢复荒漠植被,修复退化荒漠草场。推进老化退化防护林更新改造,加强光肩星天牛、春尺蠖、胡杨锈病等有害生物综合防控。坚持灌草结合,适当配置耐旱树种,实施沙障固沙,建设绿洲外围骨干林带和农田防护林,遏制流沙入侵,维护绿洲生态安全。推进油气等矿区植被恢复。加强艾西曼湖、台特玛湖等重要湖泊生态修复。发展苹果、核桃、红枣、白杏、香梨等特色林果基地和冰草、红豆草、碱茅、苜蓿等牧草基地。 | | 新疆生产建设兵团 | 4 | 第一师阿拉尔市、第二师铁门关市、第三师图木舒克市、第十四师昆玉市 |
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_21.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_21.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..17f201e263af15e41b9986288ed646f120f5819c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_21.md
@@ -0,0 +1,439 @@
+
+
+
+| polysaccharide |
+blended with |
+printer type |
+advantage |
+disadvantage |
+application |
+ref |
+
+
+
+
+| chitosan |
+ |
+extrusion |
+self-healing properties |
+filament shrinkage |
+tissue engineering |
+162, 163 |
+
+
+ |
+silk |
+extrusion |
+improved printing accuracy |
+ |
+human fibroblast cells |
+138 |
+
+
+ |
+gelatin |
+bioprinting; bioplotter |
+high shape-fidelity; biocompatibility |
+low structural strength |
+skin tissue engineering |
+164, 165 |
+
+
+ |
+carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) |
+bioprinter |
+stable structure; high biocompatibility |
+low swelling ratio |
+tissue engineering |
+166 |
+
+
+ |
+gellan |
+FDM |
+enhancing mechanical strength |
+ |
+biomedical printing |
+167 |
+
+
+ |
+PLA |
+extrusion; FFF |
+improved cell viability |
+high water solubility; low tensile strength |
+tissue engineering |
+168, 169 |
+
+
+| starch |
+ |
+extrusion |
+shear-thinning behavior; good geometries |
+low structural strength |
+food printing |
+19,20,22,161 |
+
+
+ |
+cellulose acetate |
+FDM |
+good structural homogeneity and deposition |
+low adhesion between layers |
+biomedical printing |
+63 |
+
+
+ |
+oat- and faba beans |
+extrusion |
+good printing accuracy |
+spreading after printing |
+food printing |
+11 |
+
+
+ |
+carrageenan/xanthan |
+extrusion |
+increased the gelation temperature; thixotropic behavior |
+some extent of thermal instability |
+food printing |
+33 |
+
+
+| alginate |
+plant cell |
+extrusion |
+enhanced cell viability |
+some extent of poor resolution |
+plant tissue simulation |
+142 |
+
+
+ |
+soy protein isolate/gelatin |
+extrusion |
+stable and precise geometries |
+weak mechanical strength |
+food printing |
+7 |
+
+
+ |
+pea protein |
+extrusion |
+suitable textural properties |
+collapsing the object |
+food printing |
+65 |
+
+
+ |
+taro/CMC/xanthan/guar/whey protein |
+extrusion |
+desired printability |
+low textural parameters |
+food printing |
+10 |
+
+
+ |
+gelatin |
+extrusion |
+shear-thinning behavior; stronger printed gel |
+increasing the deformation rate |
+drug delivery systems |
+120 |
+
+
+| cellulose |
+starch/milk powder/rye bran/oat and faba beans |
+extrusion |
+good printing accuracy |
+spreading after printing |
+food printing |
+11 |
+
+
+ |
+xanthan |
+binder jetting |
+good resolution |
+limitation of layer number |
+food printing |
+31, 98 |
+
+
+ |
+lignosulfonate |
+extrusion |
+shear-thinning behavior; high yield stress |
+continuous deformation until spreading |
+biosourced precursor |
+111 |
+
+
+ |
+gelatin/cellulose |
+extrusion |
+porous structure; improved cytocompatibility |
+ |
+artificial tissue |
+170 |
+
+
+| pectin |
+ |
+extrusion |
+desired printability |
+some extent of shrinking behavior |
+food printing |
+171 |
+
+
+ |
+bovine serum albumin/sugar |
+extrusion |
+appropriate flowability |
+a higher pectin ratio hampered printability |
+food printing |
+172 |
+
+
+ |
+chitosan |
+extrusion |
+good printability; self-adhesion to skin |
+recommended only for fresh epidermal wounds |
+wound dressings |
+173 |
+
+
+ |
+sucrose/starch/sodium caseinate |
+FDM |
+improved rheological properties |
+low printability due to low gelation temperature |
+food printing |
+17 |
+
+
+ |
+TEMPO-oxidized cellulose |
+extrusion bioprinting |
+shear-thinning property; improving the printability |
+partial filaments instability |
+tissue engineering |
+174 |
+
+
+| xanthan |
+gelatin |
+FDM |
+desired printability |
+granularity structure |
+food printing |
+74 |
+
+
+ |
+taro/alginate/CMC/guar/whey protein |
+extrusion |
+shear-thinning behavior |
+some level of printing deviation |
+food printing |
+10 |
+
+
+ |
+methylcellulose |
+extrusion |
+high structural retention; high shear modulus |
+poor 3D printing performance |
+food printing |
+86 |
+
+
+ |
+konjac gum |
+extrusion |
+desired rheological parameters |
+formation of weaker gels |
+food printing |
+175 |
+
+
+ |
+starch |
+extrusion |
+desired printability |
+high adhesiveness |
+food printing |
+176 |
+
+
+ |
+pureed carrot/guar/gelatin |
+extrusion |
+increasing the hardness |
+some level of printing deviation |
+food printing |
+177 |
+
+
+ |
+silk fibroin/trimetaphosphate |
+extrusion |
+self-healing property |
+low swelling ratio |
+tissue engineering |
+139 |
+
+
+ |
+guar |
+extrusion |
+less dense microstructure |
+some level of printing deviation |
+food printing |
+178 |
+
+
+| carrageenan |
+ |
+extrusion |
+desired rheological parameters |
+ |
+biofilter designs |
+179 |
+
+
+ |
+gelatin |
+FDM |
+increased gelling temperature |
+poor structural strength |
+ food printing |
+119 |
+
+
+ |
+epoxy amine |
+extrusion |
+enhanced mechanical performance |
+ |
+tissue engineering;soft robotics |
+180 |
+
+
+| cyclodextrin |
+ pectin/honey |
+ extrusion bioprinter |
+good releasing rate |
+ precipitation the inclusion complex; thermal instability |
+drug delivery systems |
+181 |
+
+
+ |
+cellulose/carbamazepine |
+extrusion |
+shear-thinning behavior; desired drugreleasing profile |
+existence of the brittle objects |
+ drug delivery systems |
+182 |
+
+
+ |
+mannitol/ondansetron |
+SLS |
+improved drug releasing rate |
+some amount of drug was inaccessible |
+drug delivery systems |
+183 |
+
+
+| maltodextrin |
+PVA |
+ not defined |
+good architectural accuracy |
+random shapes and sizes in pores |
+bone regeneration |
+184 |
+
+
+ |
+paracetamol/glycerine TiO2/span |
+filament extrusion |
+desired drug loading |
+generating inhomogeneous spot |
+drug delivery systems |
+185 |
+
+
+ |
+sorbitol/hydroxyethyl cellulose |
+SLS |
+quick melting |
+low structural strength |
+food printing |
+82, 83 |
+
+
+| hyaluronic acid |
+cyclodextrin |
+FDM |
+supporting cell adhesion |
+losing the printed filament |
+tissue engineering |
+186 |
+
+
+ |
+gelatin/CMPCs cell |
+bioscaffolder tissue printer |
+improving myocardial viability;preservation of cardiac performance |
+ |
+regenerative medicine |
+187 |
+
+
+ |
+polylactic acid/polyethylene glycol |
+SLA |
+enhanced survival human adipose stem cells |
+limited matrix deposition |
+degenerative joint diseases |
+188 |
+
+
+ |
+methacrylated gelatin |
+ bioscaffolder pneumatic system |
+improved shape fidelity and cell survival |
+limited connectivity of newly formed extracellular matrix |
+cartilage tissue engineering |
+189 |
+
+
+ |
+dextran |
+bioscaffolder pneumatic system |
+good cytocompatibility; high porosity |
+ |
+tissue engineering |
+190 |
+
+
+ |
+polybutylene terephthalate/CNT |
+digital light processing |
+good cytocompatibility |
+some level of deformation |
+cartilage tissue ngineering |
+191 |
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_22.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_22.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..25835d8b36ec79cc2ac5be452bba418dd9dfa115
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_22.md
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+
+
+
+| Resin type |
+Functional group |
+Commercial name |
+Solution Medium |
+Target elements |
+Impurity elements |
+Optimal conditions |
+Capacity meq/g |
+Highlights |
+Ref. |
+
+
+| pH |
+T (°C) |
+Time (h) |
+
+
+
+
+| CR |
+Aminomethyl-phosphonic acid |
+Purolite S940 |
+Sulfate |
+Nd |
+Ca, Fe, and Sr |
+3 |
+21 |
+24 |
+~0.4 |
+Nd is strongly bound to resin through several phosphonate groups, generating a stable complex. |
+Virolainen et al. (2019) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Lewatit TP 260 |
+Sulfate |
+Sc |
+Fe, Al |
+3 |
+22 |
+36 |
+5.13 |
+Sc adsorption capacity on chelating resins declined as sulfate concentration increased. |
+Bao et al. (2018) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Lewatit TP 260 |
+Phosphate ore leachate |
+Er |
+Fe, U |
+– |
+25 |
+24 |
+1.8 |
+Both aminophosphonic IRC-747 and TP-260 are promising and exhibit comparable performance in terms of their maximal sorption capacity. |
+Hérès et al. (2018) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Amberlite IRC-747 |
+Phosphate ore leachate |
+Er |
+Fe, U |
+– |
+25 |
+24 |
+1.8 |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Tulsion CH 93 |
+Uranium leach liquor (sulfate) |
+Sc |
+Th |
+– |
+22 |
+24 |
+2.67 |
+The distribution coefficients and ion exchange capacity for scandium were found to be decreased as the thorium concentration increased due to thorium's competitive action. |
+Smirnov et al. (2017) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Purolite S950 |
+Sulfate |
+La, Sm, Ho |
+Al, Fe, Th |
+1.5 |
+21 |
+20 |
+La (0.84) |
+Fe and Th were preferentially sorbed over REE and Al in the selectivity series for the three chelating resins (Th ≈ Fe> >REE ≈ Al). |
+Page et al.(2017) |
+
+
+ |
+Sulfonic and phosphonic acid |
+Purolite S957 |
+Sulfate |
+La, Sm, Ho |
+Al, Fe, Th |
+1.5 |
+21 |
+20 |
+La (1.12) |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+Iminodiacetic acid |
+Purolite S930Plus |
+Sulfate |
+La, Sm, Ho |
+Al, Fe, Th |
+4 |
+21 |
+20 |
+La (1.06) |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Lewatit TP 209 |
+Sulfate |
+Sc |
+Fe, Al |
+3 |
+22 |
+36 |
+2.51 |
+The solution's pH has a greater effect on TP 209 sorption performance. |
+Bao et al. (2018) |
+
+
+| SAC |
+Sulfonic acid |
+Purolite C150 |
+Sulfate |
+Nd |
+Ca, Fe, Sr |
+3 |
+21 |
+24 |
+~0.12 |
+The competitive influence of Ca diminished Nd adsorption by the resins. |
+Virolainen et al.(2019) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Finex CS16GC |
+Sulfate |
+Nd |
+Ca, Fe, Sr |
+3 |
+21 |
+24 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Dowex 50Wx8 |
+Sulfate |
+Ce |
+– |
+5.2 |
+25 |
+– |
+2.88 |
+The type of solute anions linked with the REE during cation exchange affects the sorption capacity of the IX resin and the sorption capacity increased with sulfate over nitrate. |
+Miller et al.(2018) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Nitrate |
+Ce |
+– |
+5.8 |
+25 |
+– |
+2.16 |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Purolite C150MBH |
+Sulfate |
+La, Sm, Ho |
+Al, Fe, Th |
+1.5 |
+21 |
+20 |
+La (1.38) |
+SAC resin exhibited the following selectivity series: REE ≈ Th > Fe ≈ Al. |
+Page et al. (2017) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Lewatit MDS 200H |
+Sulfate |
+Y, La, Ce, Nd, Dy, Gd |
+– |
+1.4–3.4 |
+25 |
+– |
+Y (0.36), La (0.63), Ce (0.52), Nd (0.49), Dy (0.39), Gd (0.42) |
+All SAC resins displayed a slightly different selectivity in the order of Dy < Y < Gd < Ce < Nd < La at pH 2.4 as compared to Y < Dy < Gd < Nd < Ce < La at pH presented 1.4. |
+Felipe et al. (2020) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Purolite C160 |
+Sulfate |
+Y, La, Ce, Nd, Dy, Gd |
+– |
+1.4–3.4 |
+25 |
+– |
+Y (0.33), La (0.75), Ce (0.53), Nd (0.51), Dy (0.40), Gd (0.47) |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Dowex 50WX8 |
+Sulfate |
+Y, La, Ce, Nd, Dy, Gd |
+– |
+1.4–3.4 |
+25 |
+– |
+Y (0.40), La (0.63), Ce (0.51), Nd (0.51), Dy (0.42), Gd (0.42) |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Purolite C100 |
+Sulfate |
+Y, La, Ce, Dy |
+Fe, Al |
+1.5-2 |
+- |
+24 |
+- |
+High degree of the matrix crosslinking increases the selective separation of REEs at the pH 1.5-2.0. |
+Rychkov et al. (2016) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Dowex 50WX8 |
+Ammonium sulfate media |
+La, Lu, Sm, Sc |
+Fe, Al, Ca |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+The distribution coefficient of average La, Lu, and Sm decrease quicker with rising concentration of ammonium sulfate media than that of Sc. |
+Kuroda and Yoshihito Nakagomi (1966) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Purolite C160 |
+Sulfate |
+REEs |
+Fe, Ca |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+The authors used a resin paste method to leach and extract the rare earths in a single phase. Iron and calcium were co-extracted with REEs, and ammonium nitrate was used to follow them during desorption. |
+Rychkov et al. (2018) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Purolite C160 |
+Sulfate |
+La, Ce |
+- |
+2.5 |
+25 |
+168 |
+La (4.91), Ce (3.96) |
+The equilibrium isotherms of La and Ce are described well by the Langmuir model. |
+Yakovleva et al. (2020) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Purolite C100 |
+Raffinate copper leach solution |
+Sc, Y |
+Fe, Al, Cu |
+1.5 |
+25 |
+24 |
+Sc (6.54), Y (3.59) |
+The highest removal of Sc and Y was accomplished at pH 1.5 and room temperature. |
+Hajmohammadi et al. (2020) |
+
+
+| SBA |
+Quaternary ammonium |
+Dowex 1 X-8 |
+Ammonium sulfate media |
+Sc |
+- |
+1-9 |
+25 |
+- |
+- |
+The quantity of free sulfuric acid strongly influences the Sc ion distribution coefficients. |
+Hamaguchi et al. (1964b) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+Potassium sulfate media |
+Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Sm, Lu, Yb, Er, Ho, Dy, Gd |
+- |
+1-9 |
+25 |
+- |
+- |
+REEs showed slight adsorption on the SBA resin from potassium sulfate solution, except Sc was relatively strongly adsorbed on the resin. The distribution coefficients of the REEs increase from La to Eu, and then drop as atomic number rises. |
+Hamaguchi et al. (1964a) |
+
+
+| SIR |
+Bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl-) phosphinic acid |
+Lewatit TP 272 |
+Sulfate |
+Sc |
+Fe, Al |
+3 |
+22 |
+12 |
+0.73 |
+Sc adsorbed on SIR faster within 12 h to achieve equilibrium. |
+Bao et al. (2018) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+[D201] [DEHP] |
+Sulfuric acid leaching liquor of nickel laterite ore |
+Sc |
+Ni, Co, Fe, Al, Ca, Mn, Mg, Zn |
+0.78 |
+25 |
+6 |
+0.54 |
+Sc adsorption on [D201-DEHP] and [D201-C272] was drastically impacted by pH of the solution, and equilibrium data were well fitted to the Langmuir model. |
+Cui et al. (2016) |
+
+
+ |
+Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) |
+[D201] [C272] |
+Sulfuric acid leaching liquor of nickel laterite ore |
+Sc |
+Ni, Co, Fe, Al, Ca, Mn, Mg, Zn |
+0.78 |
+25 |
+6 |
+0.4 |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+DODGAA: TODGA |
+Davisil 636 |
+Sulfate |
+La, Nd, and Dy |
+Fe, Al |
+- |
+- |
+24 |
+La (0.04), Nd (0.06), Dy (0.11) |
+The adsorption performance of the resin for encapsulation of REE declined with the increase of solution acidity, and this trend was more evident for light REE. |
+Rychkov et al. (2021) |
+
+
+| WBA |
+Primary amine |
+Purolite RUA21207 |
+Sulfate |
+Sc |
+Fe, Al, Ca, Th, Ti, Zr |
+— |
+25 |
+24 |
+0.41 |
+The removal of Sc was favoured in 25 g/L H2SO4 at concentrations less than or equal to 0.9 g/L. |
+Smyshlyaev et al. (2022) |
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_23.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_23.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38cc86665d0cd8b1f198d13958831aed62d07d4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_23.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+| PARAMETERS | TEST CONDITIONS | UC1903 / UC2903 | UC3903 | UNITS |
|---|
| MIN | TYP | MAX | MIN | TYP | MAX |
|---|
| Supply | | Input Supply Current | No Faults | | 7 | 9 | | 7 | 11 | mA | | UV, OV and Line Fault | | 10 | 15 | | 10 | 18 | mA | | Supply Under Voltage Threshold (Vsuv) | Fault Outputs Enabled | 6.0 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 8.0 | V | | Minimum Supply to Enable Power OK Output | | | 3.0 | 4.0 | | 3.0 | 4.0 | V | | Reference | | Output Voltage (VREF) | TJ = 25℃ | 2.485 | 2.5 | 2.515 | 2.470 | 2.5 | 2.530 | V | | Over Temperature | 2.465 | | 2.535 | 2.465 | | 2.535 | V | | Load Regulation | IL = 0 to 10mA | | 1 | 10 | | 1 | 15 | mV | | Line Regulation | +VIN = 8 to 40V | | 1 | 4 | | 1 | 8 | mV | | Short Circuit Current | TJ = 25℃ | | 40 | | | 40 | | mA | | Fault Thresholds (Note 4) | | OV Threshold Adj. | Offset from VREF as a function of VPIN 4Input = Low to High, 0.5V ≤ VPIN 4 ≤ 2.5V | .230 | .25 | .270 | .230 | .25 | .270 | V/V | | UV Threshold Adj. | Offset from VREF as a function of VPIN 4Input = High to Low, 0.5V ≤ VPIN 4 ≤ 2.5V | -.270 | -.25 | -.230 | -.270 | -.25 | -.230 | V/V | | Fault Thresholds (cont.) | | OV & UV Threshold Hyst. | 0.5V ≤ VPIN 4 ≤ 2.5V | 10 | 20 | 30 | 10 | 20 | 30 | mV/V | | OV & UV Threshold Supply Sensitivity | +VIN = 8V to 40V | | .002 | .01 | | .002 | .02 | %/V | | Adjust Pin (Pin 4) Input Bias Current | 0.5V ≤ VPIN 4 ≤ 2.5V | | ±1 | ±10 | | ±1 | ±12 | µA/V | | Line Sense Threshold | Input = High to Low | 1.94 | 2.0 | 2.06 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | V | | Line Sense Threshold Hyst. | | 125 | 175 | 225 | 100 | 175 | 250 | mV | | Sense Inputs | | Sense 1-4 Input Bias Current | Input = 2.8V (Note 2) | | 1 | 3 | | 1 | 6 | µA | | Input = 2.2 (Note 2) | | -1 | -3 | | -1 | -6 | µA | | Line Sense Input Bias Current | Input = 2.3V (Note 2) | | 1 | 3 | | 1 | 6 | µA | | OV and UV Fault Delay | | Charging Current | | | 60 | | | 60 | | µA | | Threshold Voltage | Delay Pin = Low to High | | 1.8 | | | 1.8 | | V | | Threshold Hysteresis | TJ = 25℃ | | 250 | | | 250 | | mV | | Delay | Ratio of Threshold Voltage to Charging Current | 20 | 30 | 50 | 20 | 30 | 50 | ms/µF | | Fault Outputs (OV, UV, & Power 0K) | | Maximum Current | VOUT = 2V | 30 | 70 | | 30 | 70 | | mA | | Saturation Voltage | IOUT = 12mA | | .25 | .40 | | .25 | .40 | V | | Leakage Current | VOUT = 40 V | | 3 | 25 | | 3 | 25 | µA | | Sense 4 Inverter (Note 3) | | Input Offset Voltage | | | 2 | 8 | | 2 | 10 | mV | | Input Bias Current | | | .1 | 2 | | .1 | 4 | µA | | Open Loop Gain | | 65 | 80 | | 65 | 80 | | dB | | PSRR | +VIN = 8 to 40 V | 65 | 100 | | 65 | 100 | | dB | | Unity Gain Frequency | | | 1 | | | 1 | | MHz | | Slew Rate | | | .4 | | | .4 | | V/µs | | Short Circuit Current | TJ = 25℃ | | 40 | | | 40 | | mA | | G.P. Op-Amp (Note 3) | | Input Offset Voltage | | | 1 | 5 | | 1 | 8 | mV | | Input Bias Voltage | | | .1 | 2 | | .1 | 4 | µA | | Input Offset Current | | | .01 | .5 | | .01 | 1.0 | µA | | Open Loop Gain | | 65 | 120 | | 65 | 120 | | dB | | CMRR | VCM = 0 to +VIN = 2.0V | 65 | 100 | | 65 | 100 | | dB | | PSRR | +VIN = 8 to 40V | 65 | 100 | | 65 | 100 | | dB | | Unity Gain Frequency | | | 1 | | | 1 | | MHz | | Slew Rate | | | .4 | | | .4 | | V/µs | | Short Circuit Current | TJ = 25℃ | | 40 | | | 40 | | mA |
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_24.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_24.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..74641d4468802766beade20c5fd2ca2dd28b1ae5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_24.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+| Product Type1 | Model Name | Package | Voltage | Ron | Temperature Range |
|---|
| SiC Chips | ASC8N650MT3 | TO-247-3 | 650V | 320mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC12N650MT3 | TO-247-3 | 650V | 245mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC20N650MT3 | TO-247-3 | 650V | 130mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC60N650MT3 | TO-247-3 | 650V | 35mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC60N650MT4 | TO-247-4 | 650V | 35mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC60N650MD8 | DFN8\*8 | 650V | 35mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC100N650MT3 | TO-247-3 | 650V | 15mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC100N650MT4 | TO-247-4 | 650V | 15mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC60N900MT3 | TO-247-3 | 900V | 36mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC60N900MT4 | TO-247-4 | 900V | 36mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC100N900MT3 | TO-247-3 | 900V | 16mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC100N900MT4 | TO-247-4 | 900V | 16mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC5N1200MT3 | TO-247-3 | 1200V | 350mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC10N1200MT3 | TO-247-3 | 1200V | 280mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC18N1200MT3 | TO-247-3 | 1200V | 160mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC30N1200MT3 | TO-247-3 | 1200V | 80mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC30N1200MT4 | TO-247-4 | 1200V | 80mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC60N1200MT3 | TO-247-3 | 1200V | 40mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC60N1200MT4 | TO-247-4 | 1200V | 40mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC60N1200MD8 | DFN8*8 | 1200V | 40mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC100N1200MD10 | DFN10*12 | 1200V | 17mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC100N1200MT3 | TO-247-3 | 1200V | 17mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC100N1200MT4 | TO-247-4 | 1200V | 17mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC5N1700MT3 | TO-247-3 | 1700V | 1000mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC100N1700MT4 | TO-247-4 | 1700V | 20mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC20N3300MT4 | TO-247-4L | 3300V | 200mohm | -40~150°C |
+
+
+| Product Type2 | Model Name | Package | Voltage | Ron | Temperature Range | | Sic Modules | ASC100N1200 | Easypim | 1200V | 20mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC300N1200 | HP1/DWC3 | 1200V | 6.7mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC600N1200 | HP1/DWC3 | 1200V | 3.3mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC1000N1200 | DWC3 | 1200V | 1.7mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC800N1200 | Econodual | 1200V | 3.8mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC1000N900 | Econodual | 900V | 1.3mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC700N1200 | HPD | 1200V | 2.2mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC600N1200 | HPD | 1200V | 2.9mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC300N1200 | XM3 | 1200V | 8mohm | -40~150°C |
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_25.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_25.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c7bf988dfb8ac083d3c8a63e4065fda4a742bf87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_25.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+| 国家或地区 | 价值(万美元) | 批次 |
|---|
| 总金额 | 合格品价值 | 不合格品价值 | 总批次 | 合格批次 | 不合格批次 | 不合格率(%) |
|---|
| 阿富汗 | 2.39 | 2.39 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 阿塞拜疆 | 8.24 | 5.85 | 2.40 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 40.00 | | 埃塞俄比亚 | 79.85 | 79.85 | 0.00 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 0.00 | | 爱尔兰 | 628751.12 | 628751.12 | 0.00 | 302 | 302 | 0 | 0.00 | | 奥地利 | 45009.51 | 45009.51 | 0.00 | 224 | 224 | 0 | 0.00 | | 澳大利亚 | 55.32 | 55.32 | 0.00 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | | 巴基斯坦 | 85.93 | 52.69 | 33.23 | 36 | 28 | 8 | 22.22 | | 巴西 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | | 比利时 | 61315.05 | 61315.05 | 0.00 | 65 | 65 | 0 | 0.00 | | 波多黎各 | 1063.38 | 1063.38 | 0.00 | 17 | 17 | 0 | 0.00 | | 波兰 | 33.13 | 33.13 | 0.00 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | | 丹麦 | 179872.92 | 179872.92 | 0.00 | 413 | 413 | 0 | 0.00 | | 德国 | 309124.53 | 308920.70 | 203.82 | 1240 | 1238 | 2 | 0.16 | | 俄罗斯 | 101.73 | 101.73 | 0.00 | 510 | 510 | 0 | 0.00 | | 法国 | 126467.20 | 126467.20 | 0.00 | 549 | 549 | 0 | 0.00 | | 哥斯达黎加 | 24.60 | 24.60 | 0.00 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | | 哈萨克斯坦 | 11.07 | 11.07 | 0.00 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0.00 | | 韩国 | 15361.98 | 15359.82 | 2.16 | 638 | 637 | 1 | 0.16 | | 荷兰 | 804.48 | 804.48 | 0.00 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0.00 | | 吉尔吉斯斯坦 | 1.37 | 1.37 | 0.00 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | | 加拿大 | 7274.51 | 6860.42 | 414.09 | 152 | 144 | 8 | 5.26 | | 捷克 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.00 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | | 克罗地亚 | 1.73 | 1.73 | 0.00 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | | 肯尼亚 | 690.11 | 686.06 | 4.05 | 98 | 97 | 1 | 1.02 | | 老挝 | 1101.90 | 1092.61 | 9.29 | 313 | 310 | 3 | 0.96 | | 罗马尼亚 | 136.48 | 136.48 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 马达加斯加 | 91.10 | 64.22 | 26.88 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 50.00 | | 马耳他 | 10.82 | 10.82 | 0.00 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | | 马来西亚 | 58.22 | 58.22 | 0.00 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0.00 | | 美国 | 309788.92 | 309788.92 | 0.00 | 1568 | 1568 | 0 | 0.00 | | 缅甸 | 3063.80 | 3028.17 | 35.63 | 727 | 716 | 11 | 1.51 | | 墨西哥 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 尼泊尔 | 137.31 | 137.31 | 0.00 | 22 | 22 | 0 | 0.00 | | 尼日利亚 | 28.96 | 28.96 | 0.00 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | | 日本 | 22837.21 | 22837.21 | 0.00 | 256 | 256 | 0 | 0.00 | | 瑞典 | 16673.59 | 16673.59 | 0.00 | 236 | 236 | 0 | 0.00 | | 瑞士 | 244576.01 | 244576.01 | 0.00 | 874 | 874 | 0 | 0.00 | | 塞浦路斯 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.00 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | | 斯洛伐克 | 8.69 | 8.69 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 斯洛文尼亚 | 19.66 | 19.66 | 0.00 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0.00 | | 苏丹 | 316.37 | 316.37 | 0.00 | 48 | 48 | 0 | 0.00 | | 索马里 | 139.47 | 139.47 | 0.00 | 28 | 28 | 0 | 0.00 | | 泰国 | 3003.57 | 2827.83 | 175.74 | 1189 | 1162 | 27 | 2.27 | | 坦桑尼亚 | 6.03 | 6.03 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 土耳其 | 15.82 | 15.82 | 0.00 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0.00 | | 乌克兰 | 3.52 | 3.52 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 乌兹别克斯坦 | 26.37 | 26.37 | 0.00 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0.00 | | 西班牙 | 26715.48 | 26672.75 | 42.73 | 588 | 587 | 1 | 0.17 | | 希腊 | 602.97 | 602.97 | 0.00 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0.00 | | 新加坡 | 257.14 | 257.14 | 0.00 | 49 | 49 | 0 | 0.00 | | 匈牙利 | 1.34 | 1.34 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 伊朗 | 196.68 | 196.68 | 0.00 | 32 | 32 | 0 | 0.00 | | 意大利 | 32855.00 | 32855.00 | 0.00 | 192 | 192 | 0 | 0.00 | | 印度 | 1615.10 | 1586.50 | 28.60 | 462 | 449 | 13 | 2.81 | | 印度尼西亚 | 1911.06 | 1866.16 | 44.90 | 319 | 309 | 10 | 3.13 | | 英国 | 7849.43 | 7849.43 | 0.00 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 0.00 | | 越南 | 4199.44 | 4098.13 | 101.31 | 745 | 725 | 20 | 2.68 | | 中国澳门 | 96.18 | 96.18 | 0.00 | 13 | 13 | 0 | 0.00 | | 中国台湾 | 2996.76 | 2996.76 | 0.00 | 72 | 72 | 0 | 0.00 | | 中国香港 | 24939.47 | 24939.47 | 0.00 | 2942 | 2942 | 0 | 0.00 | | 合计 | 2082421.48 | 2081296.64 | 1124.84 | 15076 | 14967 | 109 | 0.72 |
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_26.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_26.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..44dc2e980d67c4c1e7ac676a4bff1a7eaf5393ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_26.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+| 项目 | 2024年 | 2023年 | 变动比例% |
|---|
| 金额 | 占营业收入的比重% | 金额 | 占营业收入的比重% |
|---|
| 营业收入 | 5,659,103,023.14 | - | 5,694,589,619.24 | - | -0.62% |
|---|
| 营业成本 | 5,050,444,692.66 | 89.24% | 4,690,197,562.45 | 82.36% | 7.68% |
|---|
| 毛利率 | 10.76% | - | 17.64% | - | - |
|---|
| 销售费用 | 95,811,650.50 | 1.64% | 99,781,586.38 | 1.70% | -3.98% | | 管理费用 | 328,210,910.50 | 5.63% | 363,365,088.74 | 6.19% | -9.67% | | 研发费用 | 173,428,698.20 | 2.97% | 166,540,895.64 | 2.84% | 4.14% | | 财务费用 | 132,613,174.53 | 2.27% | 120,853,541.98 | 2.06% | 9.73% | | 信用减值损失 | -3,728,302.10 | -0.06% | 13,233,146.50 | 0.23% | 128.17% | | 资产减值损失 | -276,155,710.13 | -4.74% | -87,258,225.06 | -1.49% | 216.48% | | 其他收益 | 27,694,384.24 | 0.48% | 68,928,803.25 | 1.17% | -59.82% | | 投资收益 | -226,970,520.98 | -3.89% | -70,571,926.79 | -1.20% | 221.62% | | 公允价值变动收益 | - | 0.00% | -802,444.18 | -0.01% | -100.00% | | 资产处置收益 | 3,207,056.93 | 0.06% | 21,883,529.25 | 0.37% | -85.34% | | 汇兑收益 | - | 0.00% | - | 0.00% | 0.00% | | 营业利润 | -628,954,111.52 | -10.79% | 166,736,471.62 | 2.84% | -477.21% | | 营业外收入 | 5,950,140.66 | 0.10% | 8,051,218.01 | 0.14% | -26.10% | | 营业外支出 | 15,498,385.57 | 0.27% | 11,568,939.96 | 0.20% | 33.97% | | 净利润 | -595,980,085.88 | -10.22% | 91,174,238.94 | 1.55% | -753.67% |
+
+| 研发项目名称 | 项目目的 | 所处阶段/项目进展 | 拟达到的目标 | 预计对公司未来发展的影响 |
|---|
| 4000 吨/年嘧菌酯原药连续化工艺工程技术开发研究 | 针对产品的产能、连续化工艺、工程、三废等进行绿色清洁新技术的工艺开发研究。 | 车间建设及设备安装完成， 水试车完毕， 达到预定可使用状态。 | 产能目标， 达到 4000 吨/年；质量目标， 原药含量 ≥98%；三废目标， 达到预期三废处理要求指标；主工段采用连续操作的方式， 溶剂回收部分采用连续操作方式、后处理工序除过滤操作为间歇操作外，其他均采用连续操作方式。 | 本项目的实施， 在工艺方面进行了全面的技术创新， 采用了清洁生产工艺以及连续化自动化装置， 基本实施连续化、自动化生产， 对降低安全风险、减少废水、废气的产生和产品规模方面均具有突出作用。 | | 2-硝基-4-甲砜基苯甲酸的催化剂、溶剂及连续化工艺技术开发研究 | 作为公司主要产品的关键原料，开发其新的清洁工艺，从催化剂合成、硝化和氧化连续化等方面开展绿色清洁新技术的工艺开发研究。 | 项目中试研究阶段 | 创新性的使用新的连续化反应方式进行硝化及氧化反应，优化了氧化后产品的后处理方案，提高产品质量。同时也开发新工艺关键催化剂的合成研究。 | 公司采用自主开发新工艺的连续化反应技术，通过优化工艺物料比、控制条件及过程监控、采用创新的反应器等方案，提供硝化、氧化的本质反应安全，实现了工艺收率稳定、三废数量大大降低。从生产到后处理环节实现自动化控制、对可能存在的风险通过连锁控制进行预防。目前该产品采用的连续化工艺处于国内领先地位。 | | 15000 吨/年精异丙甲草胺连续化清洁生产技术 | 对产品的产能、连续化工艺、工程、三废等进行绿色清洁新技术的工艺开发研究 | 达到预定可使用状态 | 产能目标，15000 吨/年，质量目标含量 ≥98%，有效减少能耗、降低成本；建成15000 吨/年清洁化生产装置。 | 本项目的投产与应用，在提高或保持相同药效的前提下，将减少近半数的农田除草剂用量，对保障农业生产和保护生态环境具有重要意义。 |
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_3.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_3.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8db6a672845b99e3bc6c5d20ed02811d933996cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_3.md
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+
+
+
+| 接触途径 |
+单位 |
+急性毒性范围数值或急性毒性危害类别 |
+换算得到的急性毒性点估计值a |
+
+
+
+
+| 经口 |
+mg/kg(按体重) |
+0<类别 1≤5 |
+0.5 |
+
+
+| 5<类别 2≤50 |
+5 |
+
+
+| 50<类别 3≤300 |
+100 |
+
+
+| 300<类别 4≤2 000 |
+500 |
+
+
+| 2 000<类别 5≤5 000 |
+2 500 |
+
+
+| 经皮肤 |
+mg/kg(按体重) |
+0<类别 1≤50 |
+5 |
+
+
+| 50<类别 2≤200 |
+50 |
+
+
+| 200<类别 3≤1 000 |
+300 |
+
+
+| 1 000<类别 4≤2 000 |
+1 100 |
+
+
+| 2 000<类别 5≤5 000 |
+2 500 |
+
+
+| 吸入 |
+气体 |
+1×10-6 V(ppm V) |
+0<类别 1≤100 |
+10 |
+
+
+| 100<类别 2≤500 |
+100 |
+
+
+| 500<类别 3≤2 500 |
+700 |
+
+
+| 2 500<类别 4≤20 000 |
+4 500 |
+
+
+| 类别 5 |
+— |
+
+
+| 蒸气 |
+mg/L |
+0<类别 1≤0.5 |
+0.05 |
+
+
+| 0.5<类别 2≤2.0 |
+0.5 |
+
+
+| 2.0<类别 3≤10.0 |
+3 |
+
+
+| 10.0<类别 4≤20.0 |
+11 |
+
+
+| 类别 5 |
+— |
+
+
+| 粉尘和烟雾 |
+mg/L |
+0<类别 1≤0.05 |
+0.005 |
+
+
+| 0.05<类别 2≤0.5 |
+0.05 |
+
+
+| 0.5<类别 3≤1.0 |
+0.5 |
+
+
+| 1.0<类别 4≤20.0 |
+1.5 |
+
+
+| 类别 5 |
+— |
+
+
+| 注1:本表摘自联合国《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(GHS),2019 年,第八修订版。注2:气体浓度以体积百万分率表示[1×10⁻⁶V(ppm V)]。 |
+
+
+| a 急性毒性点估计值主要用于计算根据混合物成分对混合物进行分类的急性毒性估计值,并不代表试验结果。表中数值保守的设定在类别 1 和类别 2 范围的较低端和距离类别 3 至类别 5 范围较低端大约 1/10 点处。 |
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_4.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_4.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..721056337a9f7b1356467196ee7c7a2037fbd8d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_4.md
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+CAS号 |
+UN号 |
+中文名称 |
+别名 |
+毒性a,b |
+燃烧爆炸特性 |
+加压气体 |
+其他危害c |
+介质与金属材料相容性提示d |
+反应和稳定性提示 |
+危害提示 |
+GHS健康和环境危害类别b |
+附加信息 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+999-81-5 |
+— |
+矮壮素 |
+— |
+IV |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+急性毒性-经口,类别4急性毒性-经皮,类别4 |
+— |
+
+
+| 2 |
+7664-41-7 |
+1005 |
+氨 |
+液氨;氨气 |
+III * |
+易燃气体,类别2 |
+加压气体 |
+— |
+氨应力腐蚀开裂、渗氮(含量高,高温) |
+与强氧化剂、卤素、酸类等禁配物接触发生剧烈反应。禁配物:卤素、酰基氯、氯仿、强氧化剂。危险的分解产物:无资料 |
+易燃气体,内装加压气体,遇热可能爆炸,吸入会中毒,可引起皮肤腐蚀,强渗透性 |
+急性毒性-吸入,类别3*皮肤腐蚀/刺激,类别1B严重眼损伤/眼刺激,类别1危害水生环境-急性危害,类别1 |
+— |
+
+
+| 3 |
+95-55-6 |
+2512 |
+2-氨基苯酚 |
+邻氨基苯酚;邻羟基苯胺;2-氨基酚 |
+IV/III |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+与强氧化剂等禁配物发生反应。禁配物:强氧化剂、酰基氯、酸酐、酸类、氯仿。危险的分解产物:无资料 |
+— |
+急性毒性-经口,类别4急性毒性-吸入,类别4生殖细胞致突变性,类别2 |
+— |
+
+
+| 4 |
+591-27-5 |
+2512 |
+3-氨基苯酚 |
+间氨基苯酚;间羟基苯胺;3-氨基酚;间氨基酚 |
+IV/III |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+与强氧化剂等禁配物发生反应。禁配物:强氧化剂、酰基氯、酸酐、酸类、氯仿。危险的分解产物:无资料 |
+— |
+急性毒性-经口,类别4急性毒性-吸入,类别4危害水生环境-急性危害,类别2危害水生环境-长期危害,类别2 |
+— |
+
+
+| 5 |
+123-30-8 |
+2512 |
+4-氨基苯酚 |
+对氨基苯酚;4-氨基酚 |
+—/III |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+与强氧化剂等禁配物发生反应。禁配物:强氧化剂、酰基氯、酸酐、酸类、氯仿。危险的分解产物:无资料 |
+— |
+生殖细胞致突变性,类别2危害水生环境-急性危害,类别1危害水生环境-长期危害,类别1 |
+— |
+
+
+| 6 |
+107-10-8 |
+1277 |
+1-氨基丙烷 |
+正丙胺;丙胺 |
+III |
+易爆介质;易燃液体,类别2 |
+— |
+— |
+碱腐蚀、碱脆 |
+与强氧化剂等禁配物接触,有发生火灾和爆炸的危险。禁配物:强氧化剂、酰基氯、酸酐、酸类。危险的分解产物:无资料 |
+高度易燃液体,皮肤接触会中毒,吸入会中毒,可引起皮肤腐蚀 |
+急性毒性-经口,类别4急性毒性-经皮,类别3急性毒性-吸入,类别3皮肤腐蚀/刺激,类别1严重眼损伤/眼刺激,类别1 |
+— |
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_5.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_5.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..81d0da3fe0233fc1ee3d825a42ea7fb8fc16976e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_5.md
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+天津市克兰鹰航空科技有限公司 |
+AAM空域管理验证平台 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+拥有多年的无人机模拟飞行平台的、理论管理平台、数据检测平台等方面的服务经验和管理体系 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+安徽天机慧智能科技有限公司 |
+提供无人机飞行后台,使用天机训练机在该平台注册。可远程查看飞机每个架次的训练情况。该飞行记录同步民航局,各位老总也可登录各公司后台查看教员带训情况等 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+北京蜂运科技有限公司 |
+提供低空物流管理系统,可以将物流通过平台来进行配送 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+公元数智技术(北京)有限公司 |
+无线双向数据链通讯系统 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+湖北战狼航空有限公司 |
+战狼空天地AI智能一体化指控系统 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+无人机管理系统研发与维护,助力飞行安全提升和无人机运营效率升级。应用场景:低空经济线上管理系统、应急空管系统:灾害救援等特殊场景管理。平台具备180种数据处理智能算法。15种场景AI识别算法 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+空管系统、物流配送系统、智慧园区管理系统 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+南昌交通学院低空交通研究院 |
+低空物流管理系统,为快递提供低空物流配送平台 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+自研低空产业园管理平台系统v1.0 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+深圳市创客火科技有限公司 |
+无人机综合管理系统:为满足行业无人机各类工作场景,解决传统模式作业弊端,为客户提供无人值守,全自动全新作业方式;基于现代webGL技术,可跨平台跨终端应用于智慧城市、智慧园区、警用巡查、应急消防、海上执法等多行业应用,以强大的呈现能力,极大提升系统价值;基于全场景可视化技术,为不同行业作为定制化解决方案,如智能化管理系统、无人机信息监测系统、智慧城市可视化管理系统等 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+深圳市太乙传心科技有限公司 |
+智慧低空综合运行保障平台 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+中科骊久(济南)机器人有限公司 |
+无人机服务站 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+北京飞了网数据技术有限公司 |
+低空数据软件服务商,提供业务端票务软件、数据平台、空管系统软硬件服务 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+北京飞行魔方科技有限公司 |
+物流无人机管理控制系统,编队无人机管理控制系统 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+上海峰飞航空科技有限公司 |
+空中物流运营系统 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+南京莱斯信息技术股份有限公司 |
+提供空管自动化系统、场面管理系统等核心产品等 |
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_6.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_6.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b2d9efc224f1047e5e03f75bc5719d6e69df454
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_6.md
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+广东万虹科技有限公司 |
+犇腾400E等无人机制造 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+物流无人机研发及定制 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+西安蓝悦控制技术有限公司 |
+无人机中试产线 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+丰翼科技(深圳)有限公司 |
+方舟40、丰舟90、方舟80、方舟150、虎鲸等无人机 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+陕西华兴通盛航空科技有限公司 |
+无人机通盛一号的生产、无人机通盛二号的生产、飞控系统天鸿-1的生产 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+安徽天机慧智能科技有限公司 |
+天机系列无人机培训专用机/X6165 X6165PRO X1100 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+重明鸟通用航空服务(成都)有限责任公司 |
+CQF快递无人机 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+公元数智技术(北京)有限公司 |
+多旋翼火灾侦察预警无人机, ADI载重无人机, ADI森林消防无人机, ADI系留照明无人机, ADI消防 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+哈苏无人机科技(苏州)有限公司 |
+物流运输无人机以及运营保障服务 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+中创航空科技(浙江)有限公司 |
+自主研发ZC系列纵列双旋翼系列无人直升机, 具有大载荷、长续航、高可靠的特点。ZC500型纵列式双旋翼无人机, 是公司历时7年研发、测试, 推出的一款多用途无人直升机。ZC300无人直升机:采用纵列式双旋翼结构, 机体结构紧凑, 抗风能力强, 最大起飞重量300kg, 最大载荷140kg, 最大速度140千米/小时, 抗扰动能力强 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+湖北战狼航空有限公司 |
+战狼星载无人机, 东湖云侦察及遥感系统 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+无人机、电动垂直起降飞行器等低空飞行器的自主研发与生产, 致力于推动智能航空技术的发展, 为物流运输、城市空中交通(UAM)、应急救援、工业巡检等领域提供高效、安全、环保的飞行解决方案。应用场景:物流运输、巡检服务、公共安全、工业服务 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+物流行业无人机 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+成都纵横自动化技术股份有限公司 |
+纵横股份PH-100、PH-20、PH-007、CW-15D等无人机 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+山东龙翼航空科技有限公司 |
+森林火灾发生地区,一般情况下地形复杂,消防车辆无法及时到达扑救火情。利用无人机可克服森林消防的这一大痛点。龙翼航空应急消防救援灭火无人机解决方案,更是攻克了消防无人机“速度低、载荷小、能力弱”的三大难题,建立起一套完整的消防救援灭火无人机作业体系,开发了集成化森林消防无人机作战单元装备车,无人机作战单元已迅速装备至广西省、云南省、湖北省、河北省、山西省、河南省、山东省等十二省份的森林防火体系 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+苏州蓝悦无人机技术有限公司 |
+无人机中试产线 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+自研白特、蜜蜂等机型 |
+
+
+| 18 |
+百纳智航(深圳)科技有限公司 |
+百纳智航主要生产各种类型的无人机,包括植保无人机系列、行业无人机系列、垂直起降固定翼无人机系列、穿越机系列以及未来将要生产的EVTOL正在验证性测试中 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+西安天翼智飞科技集团有限公司 |
+无人机整机研发及制造 |
+
+
+| 20 |
+中科骊久(济南)机器人有限公司 |
+货运型大型无人机、客运型大型无人机 |
+
+
+| 21 |
+广州极飞科技股份有限公司 |
+无人机制造 |
+
+
+| 22 |
+追梦空天科技(苏州)有限公司 |
+DF600是一种采用候转旋翼构型和混合动力增程的垂直起降飞行器,构型设计采用了上单翼、V型尾翼,机体结构主要为复合材料,可以模块化换装任务载荷和货运机仓。该机主要用于侦查监视和物流运输领域,利用垂直起降和高速长航的优势,有效满足远海编队、沿海岛礁和陆地高原的使用需求 |
+
+
+| 23 |
+赛飞特工程技术集团有限公司 |
+大载重货运无人机、空中天眼飞艇、应急救援无人机/eVTOL、植保无人机 |
+
+
+| 24 |
+北京飞行魔方科技有限公司 |
+编队无人机,物流无人机制造 |
+
+
+| 25 |
+广联航空工业股份有限公司 |
+无人机制造 |
+
+
+| 26 |
+航天彩虹无人机股份有限公司 |
+彩虹-3/4/5/6/7/10/101/801/802/804D/817/821等无人机系列产品无人机系统应用 |
+
+
+| 27 |
+浙江万丰奥威汽轮股份有限公司 |
+飞机整机制造 |
+
+
+| 28 |
+重庆驼航科技有限公司 |
+重载无人机 |
+
+
+| 29 |
+国安达股份有限公司 |
+无人机行业应用机型组装等 |
+
+
+| 30 |
+上海峰飞航空科技有限公司 |
+空中物流运营系统 |
+
+
+| 31 |
+微至航空科技(北京)有限公司 |
+大型固定翼通用无人运输机 |
+
+
+| 32 |
+上海拓攻机器人有限公司 |
+运鹏600物流无人机等 |
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_7.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_7.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..45e642d96080ee6aec00b5973a74b205a32943cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_7.md
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+天津市克兰鹰航空科技有限公司 |
+eVTOL及无人机工程仿真验证平台 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+警用无人机设备、应急、消防救援类设备+无人机匹配专业软件、无人机各类挂载设备 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+安胜(天津)飞行模拟系统有限公司 |
+为航空器制造商提供展示、研发、测试、运营所需的模拟仿真设备及解决方案 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+常州市小域智能科技有限公司 |
+无人机伞降系统 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+航空器制造、高端装备、核心部件及配套产品,覆盖无人机、电动垂直起降飞行器等各类飞行器的研发与生产需求。凭借先进技术和精密制造能力,我们致力于成为航空产业链中关键装备与核心部件的战略供应商。应用领域:无人机生产:配套高性价比的专业级制造解决方案、航空科研:为高校及研究院所提供实验装备 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+发动机、电机 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+景德镇三航电子科技有限公司 |
+机载多模融合通信终端技术 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+百纳智航(深圳)科技有限公司 |
+百纳智航对于每台无人机的出品都会配置专业的遥控器、电池、充电器等配套产品 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+深圳市创客火科技有限公司 |
+硬件:航电智能无人机巡检机巢可满足行业定点范围内的精细巡检需求,是具备远程操控、自主作业、自动充电、多机协同和智能数据处理的高智能化装备,降低人员参与程度,在有序的规模化推广下提供出一种更便捷、智能的解决方案,真正实现全自主无人化作业。智能无人机巡检系统可远程一键操作多机协同作业,进行多舱接力飞行,搭配多种任务载荷进行长航时飞行,三重保障策略可有效杜绝摔机情况及次生灾害的发生 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+河南新丝路国际飞行学校有限公司 |
+航材贸易:西锐、钻石、赛斯纳等机型航材及各类航化品 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+深圳市艾飞智控科技有限公司 |
+中大型无人机系统配套地检设备 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+温州市航洋航空装备研究院 |
+运输无人机模块化空运空投系统;中、小件物资空投货台、集装箱;无伞空投技术产品;无人机降落伞产品 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 |
+电池技术及生产制造 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+孚能科技(赣州)股份有限公司 |
+电池技术及生产制造 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+中航航空高科技股份有限公司 |
+航空复合材料、关键部件等 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+中航光电科技股份有限公司 |
+光电元器件及电子信息产品 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+中航工业机电系统股份有限公司 |
+智能制动能量回收系统、模块化电源管理单元等 |
+
+
+| 18 |
+中国航发动力股份有限公司 |
+AEP100涡轴发动机 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+广联航空工业股份有限公司 |
+复合材料 |
+
+
+| 20 |
+航天时代电子技术股份有限公司 |
+无人机核心零部件 |
+
+
+| 21 |
+中航直升机股份有限公司 |
+无人直升机零部件等 |
+
+
+| 22 |
+安徽应流机电股份有限公司 |
+主要研制生产1000kw以下洞轴发动机,重载无人直升机、核心零部件等 |
+
+
+| 23 |
+南京商络电子股份有限公司 |
+电子元器件 |
+
+
+| 24 |
+广州航新航空科技股份有限公司 |
+核心设备与系统 |
+
+
+| 25 |
+卧龙电气驱动集团股份有限公司 |
+无人机动力系统 |
+
+
+| 26 |
+浙江万丰奥威汽轮股份有限公司 |
+金属材料轻量化应用 |
+
+
+| 27 |
+重庆宗申动力机械股份有限公司 |
+动力系统 |
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_8.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_8.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b751cc45694437608e8531f7c3e1eab60668d14e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_8.md
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+空域申请及保障服务 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+成都华日通讯技术股份有限公司 |
+航空无线电保护性监测,提供电磁环境监测摸底,确保低空飞行的无线电用频安全 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+湖南华迈科技有限公司 |
+低空飞行设施维护 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+提供无人机空域技术咨询服务、无人机飞行申报服务、无人机地面飞行保障服务 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+云南飞拉航空科技有限公司 |
+长期合作公司双翊科技有限公司可以提供相应的服务机巢的搭建，配套材料的提供通信的搭建等 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+陕西华兴通盛航空科技有限公司 |
+提供外出服务飞行 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+我们为无人机、电动垂直起降飞行器等低空飞行器提供全生命周期保障服务，涵盖基础设施维护、延伸服务及运营支持，构建安全、可靠、智能的低空飞行保障体系，助力低空经济高质量发展。典型应用：应急救援：野外临时起降场建设维护、工业巡检：作业基地全托管服务 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+江西航易绘无人机科技有限公司 |
+提供航向空域审批维护 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+宇翔盛泰通用航空有限公司 |
+提供“飞行计划申报、航线划设、动态监视、地空通信、通航情报、低空气象、告警救援、过程重演”等空管服务 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+提供北斗和5G信号服务 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+山西浩宸低空立体交通运营有限公司 |
+浩宸公司拥有多项工程资质，可提供基础设施维护保养工作，针对无人机专用起降点、分布式充电桩的物理基础设施维保运营拥有一站式解决方案 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+深圳市太乙传心科技有限公司 |
+智慧低空综合运行保障平台 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+赛飞特工程技术集团有限公司 |
+提供低空飞行服务管理平台：融合雷达/ADS-B/RemoteID多源数据，实时构建三维空域地图，动态监测飞行器与空域冲突；AI算法动态调度空域资源，支持无人机航线规划/避障/多机协同，适配复杂电磁环境；频谱探测+AI识别定位非法目标，联动电子手铐/诱导降落装备，实现监测-处置-追溯闭环；整合气象/障碍物数据库，实时风险评估并触发避让或紧急降落，为空域管理方提供可监管、可调度、可追溯的数字化服务 |
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_9.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_9.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fb52bd00b76fd4cce4dbba66f2898c686ba2f16d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_9.md
@@ -0,0 +1,221 @@
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+湖南华迈科技有限公司 |
+无人机运营服务 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+行业应用:娱乐航拍、室内飞行、航模组件、航拍摄影、农林植保、物流配送、测绘勘探、电力巡检、环境监测、森林防火、应急救援、公安执法、货运物流、通信中继、气象探测 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+盘锦浩隆科技服务有限公司 |
+农业植保、文旅宣传、电力巡检、环保巡检、应急救援、消防安防 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+无人机各类应用领域飞行服务及技术解决放哪提供商,主要运行场景:农林植保、航拍摄影、测绘勘查、林业巡检、电力巡检、石油巡检、电网综合性巡检、应急救援、警用侦察、高高原飞行作业等 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+大连淘宁网络传媒有限公司 |
+城市建筑外立面养护,包括喷漆修补,理石抛光,清洁刷洗等服务 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+泰州润翼航空科技有限公司 |
+大疆无人机 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+云南飞拉航空科技有限公司 |
+培训CAAC驾驶员 机长 教员执照 搭建机长团队承接 吊运 航测 电力巡检项目 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+陕西华兴通盛航空科技有限公司 |
+低空巡检 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+四川蜀慧通航智能科技有限公司 |
+低空旅游、低空农业、低空巡检、低空拍照、低空测绘等 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+桉睿数字化科技(北京)有限公司 |
+无人机测绘 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+重明鸟通用航空服务(成都)有限责任公司 |
+城市、山区低空运输和配送服务 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+湖北战狼航空有限公司 |
+湖北战狼航空校区物流低空配送(最后一公里);星载大载重无人机应急救援运输 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+公元数智技术(北京)有限公司 |
+森林防灭火 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+福建闽南航空科技有限责任公司 |
+低空旅游、低空农业、低空巡检 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+河南星翼通用航空有限公司 |
+电力巡检,航空测绘 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+江西直升机有限公司 |
+JH-1小青龙无人直升、JH-5小白虎无人驾驶直升、无人直升机飞行服务 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+芸瀚无人机科技(启东)有限公司 |
+无人机吊运,农药喷洒,光伏板清洗 |
+
+
+| 18 |
+泰州鸿鹄信息科技有限公司 |
+大疆行业无人机(M350RTK,经纬4T,4E等无人机)及无人机场 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+菏泽市定陶区培富水果种植园 |
+服务低空农业:植保打药、农产品运输 |
+
+
+| 20 |
+贵州寰屿科技服务有限公司 |
+为兴义万峰林景区无人机物流培训 |
+
+
+| 21 |
+广电计量检测集团股份有限公司 |
+无人机巡检 |
+
+
+| 22 |
+镇江兴业电气科技有限公司 |
+电力巡检及数据处理、道路、河道、森林、环保等各类巡检和检测、旅游航拍、表演、应急搜救 |
+
+
+| 23 |
+湖南智航飞购科技有限公司 |
+大型活动支持(含无人机表演、会务及其他定制活动)、无人机巡检、低空物流体系建设服务 |
+
+
+| 24 |
+宝鸡麟海农业实业有限公司 |
+无人机病虫害防治 |
+
+
+| 25 |
+上海市欣宇建设工程检测试验有限公司 |
+房屋检测、测绘 |
+
+
+| 26 |
+江苏智羽诚禾科技有限公司 |
+道路桥梁河道等的常态化巡检、环保、电力的巡检及数据分析、航拍航测服务 |
+
+
+| 27 |
+中创航空科技(浙江)有限公司 |
+其产品应用场景主要有应急救援、应急通信、城市消防、森林消防、物资投送、电力吊装、后勤保障、科研挂载等领域 |
+
+
+| 28 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+无人机运营服务,提供从设备、飞行到数据分析的一站式解决方案,助力客户实现高效、安全、智能化的低空作业。典型应用场景:旅游景区:特殊地形空中游览、林草行业:巡检与精准农业管理、能源行业:风光电站、输电网络定期巡检、应急管理:灾后快速勘测与评估 |
+
+
+| 29 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+低空冷链物流、低空农业、巡检、文旅、无人机表演 |
+
+
+| 30 |
+江西航易绘无人机科技有限公司 |
+提供农业植保,低空观光,巡查巡检技术服务 |
+
+
+| 31 |
+黄山飞鹰农业服务有限公司 |
+测绘、电网线路巡查 |
+
+
+| 32 |
+上海易凡达无人机科技有限公司 |
+房屋检测、测绘,低空旅游、低空农业、低空巡检 |
+
+
+| 33 |
+宇翔盛泰通用航空有限公司 |
+公司运营的市航空应急救援基地(城市中心直升机起降场)占地约100亩,建有综合机库一座1200平米,停机坪及联络道约3000平米。公司是国内为数不多的能提供固定翼飞机和直升机,以及多机种无人机综合运营能力的通航企业。公司自有直升机1架(高峰期运营2架),固定翼飞机3架(高峰期运营4架),自悬翼机1架,大疆行业全系列无人机、天翼应急系列无人机、天途教学系列无人机等20余架 |
+
+
+| 34 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+低空文旅运营、三北生态治理、 |
+
+
+| 35 |
+山西浩宸低空立体交通运营有限公司 |
+公司作为低空领域无人机全业态应用场景服务商,在物流领域和邮政达成合作,依托邮政在当地的网络,共建无人机物流运输网络,并在当地医院和乡镇诊所之间运输血液、标本等,达到快速响应,安全高效的目标 |
+
+
+| 36 |
+西安天翼智飞科技集团有限公司 |
+巡检(能源、安防、城市治理)、测绘、消防、农业等场景的无人机运营服务 |
+
+
+| 37 |
+河南新丝路国际飞行学校有限公司 |
+农用无人机春季一喷三防,秋季一喷多促项目及大型无人直升机,中型复合翼无人机应急管理项目及郑州市环境监测项目 |
+
+
+| 38 |
+深圳市太乙传心科技有限公司 |
+智慧低空营销服务平台 |
+
+
+| 39 |
+赛飞特工程技术集团有限公司 |
+通过无人机搭载高清摄像头、激光雷达、激光甲烷检测仪、热成像仪等设备、远程喊话,实现巡检视频、数字化建模采集、可燃气体及温度等数据的实时监测。利用无人机机动灵活性,支持极端天气及夜间巡检,对人工巡检盲角进行有效补充。构建“视频+图像+空间数据”多源融合分析体系,整合监控视频、无人机巡检、卫星遥感等异构数据流,打造智能分析中枢,可应用于森林防火、管道巡检、化工装置巡检、城市风险监测等领域 |
+
+
+| 40 |
+北京神州数码有限公司 |
+城市间低空无人机货运、低空配送和综合物流系统、低空运载城乡农村配送、低空医疗物资配送、应急抢险物资运送 |
+
+
+| 41 |
+北京爱尚云飞行科技有限公司 |
+景区低空经济发展 |
+
+
+| 42 |
+贵州华赤无人机产业发展有限公司 |
+低空巡检,城市治理 |
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_10.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_10.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f20dd6f7639d6c58405a0000d0307d0d38fa02ca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_10.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+
+| 序号 | 二级指标 | 单位 | 光气法 | 非光气法 |
+| 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | | 1 | 废水产生量 | t/t | 8.0 | 7.5 | 6.5 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 1.5 |
+| 2 | 废气产生量 | Nm³/t | 4600 | 3600 | 2700 | 3500 | 2800 | 2500 |
+| 3 | 主要污染物产生量 | 烟尘及颗粒物 | kg/t | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
+| 4 | 有组织VOCs | kg/t | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.15 |
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_103.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_103.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6892d9aaf393baa5306e80d882d651f0c73c3323
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_103.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+| 专栏2 “十四五”时期主要指标 | | 序号 | 指标 | 单位 | 2020年 | 2025年 | 指标属性 | | 一、就业 | | 1 | 城镇新增就业人数 | 万人 | [717.25] | [550] | 预期性 | | 2 | 城镇调查失业率 | % | 5.45 | 5.5左右 | 预期性 | | 3 | 城镇登记失业率 | % | 2.6以内 | 4以内 | 预期性 | | 二、社会保险 | | 4 | 基本养老保险参保率 | % | 90 | 95 | 预期性 | | 5 | 基本医疗保险参保率 | % | 95以上 | 稳定在95以上 | 约束性 | | 6 | 失业保险参保人数 | 万人 | 3603 | 3700 | 约束性 | | 7 | 工伤保险参保人数 | 万人 | 3867 | 3950 | 约束性 | | 8 | 城乡居民基本养老保险基金委托投资资金规模 | 亿元 | [30] | [100] | 预期性 | | 9 | 补充养老保险基金规模 | 亿元 | 2126 | >3500 | 预期性 | | 10 | 职工基本医疗保险政策范围内住院费用基金支付比例 | % | 85.2 | 保持稳定 | 预期性 | | 11 | 城乡居民基本医疗保险政策范围内住院费用基金支付比例 | % | 70 | 保持稳定 | 预期性 | | 三、人才队伍建设 | | 12 | 新增取得专业技术人员职业资格证书人数 | 万人 | [96.4] | [100] | 预期性 | | 13 | 博士后研究人员年招收数 | 人 | 4215 | 2500 | 预期性 | | 14 | 新增取得职业资格证书或职业技能等级证书人数 | 万人次 | [281.1] | [300] | 预期性 | | 15 | 其中：新增取得高级工以上职业资格证书或职业技能等级证书人数 | 万人次 | [69.2] | [100] | 预期性 | | 16 | 技工院校年招生人数 | 万人 | 19.9 | 20 | 预期性 | | 17 | 开展补贴性职业技能培训人次 | 万人次 | [575] | [700] | 预期性 | | 18 | 其中：农民工参加职业培训人次 | 万人次 | — | [100] | 预期性 | | 19 | “粤菜师傅”培训人次 | 万人次 | [12.3] | [20] | 预期性 | | 20 | “南粤家政”培训人次 | 万人次 | [58.4] | [115] | 预期性 | | 四、劳动关系 | | 21 | 劳动人事争议调解成功率 | % | 74.43 | >60 | 预期性 | | 22 | 劳动人事争议仲裁结案率 | % | 96.45 | >90 | 预期性 | | 23 | 劳动保障监察举报投诉案件结案率 | % | 100 | >96 | 预期性 | | 五、公共服务 | | 24 | 社会保障卡持卡人数 | 万人 | 11428 | 12300 | 预期性 | | 25 | 其中：申领电子社保卡人口覆盖率 | % | 34.3 | 75 | 预期性 |
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_0.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_0.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3acee25cbdb6da1cf77d036633f137548f002e7a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_0.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+| 常用词语释义 | | 公司、本公司、本集 团、360、三六零 | 指 | 三六零安全科技股份有限公司， 曾用名为 “江南嘉捷电梯股份有 限公司”，“原江南嘉捷”(在包含子公司时统称“本集团”) | | 奇信志成 | 指 | 天津奇信志成科技有限公司， 为公司控股股东 | | 三六零科技 | 指 | 三六零科技集团有限公司，为公司全资子公司，曾用名“三六零 科技有限公司”、“三六零科技股份有限公司”、“天津奇思科 技有限公司” | | Qifei International | 指 | Qifei International Development Co. Limited，为公司间接控制的公司 | | 天津金城银行 | 指 | 天津金城银行股份有限公司，为公司参股公司 | | 红杉懿远 | 指 | 北京红杉懿远股权投资中心(有限合伙)，为公司股东 | | 信心奇缘 | 指 | 天津信心奇缘股权投资合伙企业(有限合伙)，为公司股东 | | 合众汽车 | 指 | 合众新能源汽车有限公司， 为公司参股公司 | | 哪吒汽车 | 指 | 哪吒汽车系公司参股公司合众汽车旗下的汽车品牌 | | 移动互联网 | 指 | 互联网的技术、平台、商业模式和应用与移动通信技术结合并实 践的活动的总称 | | 工业互联网 | 指 | 全球工业系统与高级计算、分析、感应技术以及互联网连接融合 的结果， 是实现人、机、物全面互联的新型网络基础设施 | | AIGC | 指 | AI Generated Content， 即人工智能生成内容， 又称生成式人工 智能(Generative AI) | | PC | 指 | 个人计算机(Personal Computer) | | APT | 指 | 高级持续性威胁(Advanced Persistent Threat) | | 360 安全大脑 | 指 | 公司推出的全球最大的分布式智能安全系统， 具备威胁感知、推理溯源、攻击预警、决策辅助、自我学习五项核心能力，可在保护关键基础设施、社会、城市及个人的网络安全方面发挥重要作 用 | | 政企 | 指 | 包括不限于党、政、军、企等客户对象 | | 病毒 | 指 | 编制者在计算机程序中插入的破坏计算机功能或者数据的代码， 是能影响计算机使用， 能自我复制的一组计算机指令或者程序代码 | | 漏洞 | 指 | 因应用软件或操作系统设计时的缺陷或编码时产生的错误、交互 处理过程中的设计缺陷或逻辑流程上的不合理之处等原因而产生的系统弱点或系统缺陷 | | 网络空间安全 | 指 | Cyber space Security 或简称 Cyber Security，网络空间中的 安全威胁和防护问题，即在有敌手的对抗环境下，信息在产生、 传输、存储、处理的各个环节中所面临的威胁和防御措施、以及网络和系统本身的威胁和防护机制。网络空间安全不仅仅包括传 统信息安全所研究的信息保密性、完整性和可用性， 还包括构成网络空间基础设施的安全和可信 | | 人工智能/AI | 指 | 对人的意识、思维的信息过程的模拟， 通常指通过普通电脑实现的智能 | | 云计算 | 指 | 一种基于互联网的计算方式， 通过这种方式， 共享的软硬件资源和信息可以按需求提供给计算机各种终端和其他设备 | | 大数据 | 指 | 无法在一定时间范围内用常规软件工具进行捕捉、管理和处理的数据集合， 是需要新处理模式才能具有更强的决策力、洞察发现力和流程优化能力的海量、高增长率和多样化的信息资产 | | 5G | 指 | 第五代移动通信技术 | | 媒体 | 指 | 交流传播信息的工具， 如网站、报刊、广播、广告、新闻等 | | 智能硬件 | 指 | 以平台性底层软硬件为基础， 以智能传感互联、人机交互、新型 显示及大数据处理等新一代信息技术为特征， 以新设计、新材料、 新工艺硬件为载体的新型智能终端产品及服务 | | 物联网/IoT | 指 | 互联网、传统电信网等信息的承载体， 让所有能行使独立功能的 普通物体实现互联互通的网络 | | 境内 | 指 | 中国大陆(不包括香港、澳门及台湾地区，特别说明除外) | | 境外 | 指 | 中国大陆以外的地区 | | A 股 | 指 | 获准在境内证券交易所上市、以人民币标明面值、以人民币认购 和进行交易的普通股股票 | | 《公司法》 | 指 | 《中华人民共和国公司法》 | | 中国证监会、证监会 | 指 | 中国证券监督管理委员会 | | 财政部 | 指 | 中华人民共和国财政部 | | 工信部 | 指 | 中华人民共和国工业和信息化部 | | 报告期 | 指 | 2022 年 1 月 1 日至 2022 年 12 月 31 日 | | 上年同期 | 指 | 2021 年 1 月 1 日至 2021 年 12 月 31 日 | | 元、千元、万元、亿元 | 指 | 人民币元、千元、万元、亿元 |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2079cada911c4660196e0926701e4e9a3a1b7d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_1.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+| 获奖主体 | 获奖名称 | 发奖机构 | | 360 政企安全集团/ 360 数字安全集团 | 第二届“闽盾杯”网络空间安全大赛第一名 | 福建省委网信办、福建省教育厅、福建省公安厅、福建省通信管理局 | | 2021 年网络安全保险新业态新模式典型案例 | 国家工业信息安全发展研究中心 | | CNNVD“年度优秀技术支撑单位”、“最佳新秀奖” | 国家信息安全漏洞库(CNNVD) | | 2021 年朝阳区独角兽加速计划——“未来独角兽企业” | 中关村科技园区朝阳园管委会 | | 2021 网信自主创新尖峰企业——“云计算安全领域”、“安全服务领域” | 《网信自主创新调研报告》编委会 | | 北京市委网信办网络安全技术支撑单位 | 北京市委网信办、国家互联网应急中心北京分中心 | | 十年网安行业代表性案例 | ISC 互联网安全大会、数说安全 | | 2022 年度第一批北京市市级企业技术中心 | 北京市经济和信息化局 | | 2022 信创“大比武”通信业务运营技术赛带二等奖 | 中国电子工业标准化技术协会信息技术应用创新工作委员会 | | 谷歌 Chrome 最具价值精英榜 | 谷歌 | | 2022 年度信用领跑企业 | 北京市经济和信息化局、中国人民银行营业管理部等 | | 工信部车联网产品安全漏洞专业库技术支撑单位 | 中汽信息安全研究中心 | | 2022 中国高科技高成长 50 强 | 德勤 | | 工业和信息化部”铸网 2022 “实网演练优秀技术支撑单位 | 中国网络安全产业创新发展联盟 | | 麒麟软件安全生态联盟成员(首批) | 麒麟软件 | | ISC 2022 数字安全创新能力百强一创新力十强 | ISC 平台、数世咨询等 | | 360 集团 | 2022 中国数字经济 100 强 | 福布斯中国和中国电子商会 | | 2022 中国品牌 500 强 | 品牌联盟 | | 中电联企业科技创新会员 | 中国电力企业联合会 | | 《2022 年中国新经济企业 500 强发展研究报告》 | 36 氪研究院 | | 2022 用友生态大会 “最佳科技创新生态伙伴” | 用友 | | 360 本地安全大脑能力评估解决方案 | 网络安全产品之星 | 《网络安全与信息化》杂志联合 IT 运维网 | | 360 高级持续性威胁预警系统(360NDR)/360 天相 | 2021 中国软件和信息服务业创新产品/年度风云榜 | 信息化观察网 | | 360 网络空间地图测绘系统 | 2021 年度创新影响力成果 | 赛迪网与《数字经济》杂志社 | | 360 重庆安全大脑 | “重庆新经济贡献奖——网络安全卫士” | 重庆日报报业集团、重庆市轨道交通(集团)有限公司、都市热报社 | | 360 资产威胁与漏洞管理系统 (天相) | 2021 中国软件和信息服务业年度风云榜 | 信息化观察网 | | 360 安全浏览器 | 《商用密码产品认证证书》 | 国家密码管理局商用密码检测中心 | | 360 网络攻防靶场平台 | 2022 中国国际大数据产业博览会领先科技成果奖“新产品” | 中国国际大数据产业博览会组委会 | | 2022 年度解决方案之星 | 网络安全和信息化杂志 | | 360 全网数字安全大脑 | 数字经济 “创新引领成果” | 2022 全球数字经济大会 | | 2022 世界互联网领先科技成果 | 世界互联网大会 | | 360 数字安全集团网络安全保险创新案例 | 数造新实体——数字技术赋能实体经济 | 人民网财经研究院数字经济研究中心、中国信息通信研究院云计算与大数据研究所 | | 360 车联网安全大脑能力平台 | 2022 中国汽车智能创新技术 | 中国国际贸促会汽车行业委员会、成都国际车展组委会、汽车观察传媒 | | 360 数字安全集团联合三峡集团打造的数字安全关键技术应用实践 | 2022 中国 “数字样板” 工程 | 新华网、中国电子信息产业发展研究院 | | 潘剑锋 | 第八届中国管理科学学会“管理科学奖” | 第八届中国管理科学学会 | | 360 织语 | 2022 信创产业领军企业 100 强 | 德本咨询、eNet 研究院、互联网周刊 | | 国家工信安全中心“久安计划”首批合作伙伴 | 国家工信安全中心 | | 2022 年中国最佳数字化转型服务商 | 艾媒咨询 | | 360 资产威胁与漏洞管理系统 (天相)、360 终端安全管理系 统、360 攻击欺骗防御系统、 360 数据安全管理平台、360 高级持续性威胁预警系统 (360NDR)、工业互联网安全、 云原生安全、安全访问服务边 缘 SASE、安全运营 | ISC 2022 数字安全创新能力百强 | ISC 平台、数世咨询等 | | 以“看见”能力为核心的数字安全体系建设解决方案 | 2022 数字政府优秀解决方案 | 工信部直属中国电子学会联合数字世界新媒体、信息化和软件服务网 | | 温州市经海区安全大脑项目 | 2022 数字城市优秀解决方案 | | 360 抗攻击能力评估系统 (BAS) | 2022 十大”数字大脑 “优秀产品 | 中国电子学会、数字世界新媒体、信息化和软件服务网 | | 360 鹰眼 | 2022 中国软件技术创新产品奖 | 信息化和软件服务网 | | 360 数字安全大脑 | 2022 年中国十大网信技术产品 | 北京交通大学信息管理理论与技术国际研究中心 (ICIR) | | 北京奇虎科技有限公司 | 360 集团 APP 全生命周期安全管理平台 | 中国软件评测中心 |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_2.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_12_2.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..62d683ffa4daa4b8278cdc4e49889b680399db6c
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@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+| 发布机构 | 报告名称 | 入围情况 | | 亿欧智库 | 《2021中国信创产业应用落地研究报告及供 应商 60 强》 | 360 政企安全集团凭借领先的信创安全能力体系建设， 以及在信创应用 领域的优秀案例，成功入选 2021 信创产业 60 强企业。 | | IDC | 2022 年 IDC 亚太区智慧城市大奖(中国区) | 360 政企安全集团建设运营的重庆合川区网络安全协同创新产业园一期 项目(以下称 “360 重庆城市安全大脑”)斩获“行政管理”大奖，成为城市创新的最佳实践范例。 | | 《中国网络安全实训演练测试平台市场额，2021：高歌猛进，快速发展》 | 报告显示，2021 年，中国网络安全实训演练测试平台产品的市场规模为 1.45 亿美金(约 9.4 亿元人民币)，同比增长 38.5%。360 政企安全集团作为专业型和综合型网络安全厂商，在攻防对抗等多领域、行业的积累，占据了 18.1% 的国内市场份额。 | | 《2022 上半年中国 IT 安全服务市场跟踪报告》 | 360 数字安全集团凭借实训靶场平台和服务，以 12.9%的市场份额位居 IT 安全企业级培训服务市场首位。 | | 2022 年《网络空间地图市场洞察》研究报告 | 360 数字安全集团凭借全球领先的网络空间资产测绘能力，以及自研网络空间资产搜索引擎，提供企业网、专网测绘服务的实践应用，连续两次入选此报告成为该领域的代表厂商。 | | 《IDC PeerScape：中国数字政府数据安全领导者实践》 | 全球知名IT 咨询机构 IDC 发布《IDC PeerScape：中国数字政府数据安全领导者实践》研究报告，数字安全 SaaS 龙头 360 企业安全云作为“第一实践案例”入选。 | | 数世咨询 | 《工业互联网安全能力指南》报告 | 360 政企安全集团凭借领先的信创安全能力体系建设，以及在政务应用 领域的优秀案例，入选该报告信创安全典型行业应用。 | | 国家工业信息安全发展研究中心 | 2021年网络安全保险新业态新模式典型案例 | 60 政企安全集团凭借“全流程安全服务打造网络安全保险创新模式”成功入选 2021 年网络安全保险新业态新模式典型案例。 | | 国际权威 IT 咨询机构 Gartner | 《中国安全运营代表厂商名录》 | 360 政企安全集团凭借在安全运营领域过硬的产品技术实力和卓越的市场表现入选 Gartner 中国安全运营标杆厂商 | | 《2022 中国网络安全技术成熟度曲线(Hype Cycle for Security in China， 2022)》 | 360 数字安全集团在入侵和攻击模拟(Breach and Attack Simulation，简称 BAS)、智慧城市 CPS(CPS Security in Smart Cities)、态势感知(Situational Awareness)、红蓝对抗(Attack and Defense Teaming)四大领域被推荐为标杆供应商(Sample Vendor)，成为唯一入选四大领域的数字安全企业。 | | 《Market Guide for Managed Detection and Response Services，China》 | 360 数字安全集团凭借体系化、实战化的托管安全运营服务 (MSS) 及多场景的落地实践成果，入选该报告。 | | 《新一代 XDR——面向未来的数字安全防御架构》白皮书 | 360 数字安全集团携手国际权威研究机构 Gartner，正式发布《新一代 XDR——面向未来的数字安全防御架构》白皮书。 | | Forrester | 《The Security Analytics Platform Landscape， Q3 2022》 | 360 凭借本地安全大脑再次入围安全分析平台主要供应商，成为国内唯一连续入选该报告的安全厂商。 | | 网安行业机构 GoUpSec | 《威胁情报产品及服务购买决策参考》 | 该报告共收录 12 家网络安全厂商，涉及案例涵盖政府、金融、运营商、能源、医疗、教育、互联网等重点行业。360 数字安全集团成功入选，威胁情报能力再获认可。 | | 嘶吼安全产业研究院 | 《2022 中国网络安全产业势能榜》 | 360 数字安全集团凭借行业领先的技术优势、创新能力和市场影响力，实力入选政务与能源两大行业榜单，被评为“综合型”厂商代表。 | | 《2021 信创安全典型行业应用专题报告》 | 360 政企安全集团凭借领先的信创安全能力体系建设，以及在政务应用 领域的优秀案例，入选该报告信创安全典型应用。 | | 《日日新，又日新中国网络安全细分赛道发展与技术创新趋势洞察》 | 360 凭借新一代 XDR 数字安全防御架构入选 XDR 扩展威胁检测与响应技术典型厂商，创新势能领跑行业。 | | 艾瑞 | 《2023 年中国协同办公行业研究报告》 | 在政企数字化转型和信创“齐头并进”的趋势下， 360 织语数字化协作管理平台作为标杆案例入选了该报告。 |
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+| 奖项类型 | 奖项 | 获奖案例 | 获奖名称 | | 金奖 | 艾瑞金瑞营销奖 | 「存量破局」戴尔企业购 品效全链路合作 | 年度最佳场景营销案例奖 | | 【寻梦环游季】360 智慧商业 × 旅游业暑期重振计划 | 年度最佳技术营销案例奖 | | 金网奖 | 【520 挚爱之礼-做懂你的蓝朋友】 | 大数据营销 | | 金触点 | 上班族治愈计划—360 智慧商业情绪营销 IP | IP 营销与跨界联名 | | 银奖 | 金鼠标 | 【一加 N 的无限可能】360 × 一加手机 | 效果营销类 | | 金网奖 | 【使命召唤 荣耀新生】荣耀手机新品发布案例 | OTT 营销 | | 梅花创新营销奖 | 携程旅行 × 墨鱼丸视频-每天旅行一分钟营销推广项目 | 旅游航空 | | TMA | 【520 挚爱之礼-做懂你的蓝朋友】 | 效果类-品牌传播 | | 哪吒汽车 × 墨鱼丸视频「哪吒传说新解」短剧项目 | 3C 类 | | 金触点 | 携程旅行 × 墨鱼丸视频-每天旅行一分钟营销推广项目 | 技术营销 | | 金匠奖 | 「存量破局」戴尔企业购 品效全链路合作 | 年度精准营销 | | 【寻梦环游季】360 智慧商业 × 旅游业暑期重振计划 | 年度精准营销 | | 【520 挚爱之礼-做懂你的蓝朋友】 | 年度精准营销 | | 赢在企跑线 企业 IT 采购节 | 年度场景营销 | | 铜奖 | IAI 奖 | 生而为赢， 战无止境， 360 智慧商业一戴尔 PMP 推广方案 | 场景营销 | | 金网奖 | 翻转新视界 三星 Galaxy Z 系列折叠屏 × 360 推广案例 | OTT 营销 | | 《跟着屏保游中国》360 画报中国文化自信传播之旅 | 公益营销 | | 梅花创新营销奖 | 生态赋能 赢在起点 360 × 联想官网企业购 618 创新解锁 ABM 营销通路 | 电子科技 | | TMA | 上班族治愈计划—360 智慧商业情绪营销 IP | IP 营销类 | | 生态赋能 赢在起点 360 ×联想官网企业购 618 创新解锁 ABM 营销通路 | 3C 类 | | 金触点 | 技术营销 | | ECI 艾奇奖 | 【520 挚爱之礼-做懂你的蓝朋友】 | 营销创新类-日化产品 | | 产品 | 金匠奖 | 360 日历 | 年度产品营销 | | ECI 艾奇奖 | 360PC 锁屏画报 | 产品创新类-软件产品-企业级 | | 金网奖 | 360PC 锁屏画报 | 年度营销产品 | | 金鼠标 | 360 墨鱼丸视频 | 年度最佳数字营销系统 | | 360 易托管 | 年度最佳数字营销工具 |
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+| Sample | Job transition | 2014-2018 | 2009-2013 | 2004-2008 | 2000-2004 | Before 2000 |
|---|
| Total | Start | 7157 | 12160 | 9684 | 8039 | 35869 | | End | 9701 | 14898 | 8023 | 6256 | 9262 | | by gender | | Male | Start | 3543 | 6164 | 4952 | 4231 | 18899 | | End | 4254 | 6686 | 3405 | 2657 | 4926 | | Female | Start | 3535 | 5960 | 4695 | 3766 | 16823 | | End | 5355 | 8177 | 4591 | 3578 | 4303 | | by level of education | | Junior middle school and below | Start | 4174 | 6715 | 5718 | 5158 | 26765 | | End | 6388 | 9348 | 5174 | 4173 | 6524 | | Technical secondary school / High school / Vocational college | Start | 2247 | 4093 | 2993 | 2205 | 7802 | | End | 2767 | 4582 | 2447 | 1802 | 2468 | | Bachelor's degree and above | Start | 729 | 1316 | 943 | 650 | 1201 | | End | 527 | 906 | 382 | 254 | 234 | | by job type | | Leaders and managers in government agencies and enterprises | Start | 110 | 109 | 80 | 66 | 222 | | End | 108 | 72 | 54 | 38 | 64 | | Professionals and technical personnel | Start | 626 | 1022 | 631 | 463 | 1650 | | End | 647 | 858 | 454 | 312 | 385 | | Clerical and related workers | Start | 304 | 612 | 380 | 270 | 712 | | End | 302 | 424 | 227 | 162 | 134 | | Social and production service workers | Start | 3129 | 3752 | 2362 | 1813 | 3700 | | End | 3207 | 2779 | 1495 | 1108 | 1056 | | Agricultural, forestry, animal husbandry, Fishery production and support personnel | Start | 918 | 1031 | 917 | 1040 | 14222 | | End | 2043 | 2418 | 1037 | 765 | 1200 | | Production and manufacturing and related workers | Start | 1867 | 3078 | 2449 | 2012 | 6580 | | End | 2933 | 3366 | 2266 | 1844 | 3000 |
+
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+| 序号 | 作者 | 年份 | 研究名称 | 性别 | 样本量 | 受教育程度 | 职业状况 | 影响因素 |
|---|
| 1 | 张建颖 | 2013 | 基于TAM模型的江苏省大学生手机报使用行为研究 | 53.500 | 766 | 100.000 | 100.000 | 主观规范、感知有用性、感知易用性 | | 2 | 丁凯 | 2015 | 大学生自媒体使用意愿影响因素及对高校网络宣教的启示 | 48.660 | 254 | 100.000 | 100.000 | 感知有用性、感知易用性、主观规范、兼容性 | | 3 | 宋之杰等 | 2015 | 政务微信公众号用户采纳研究 | 43.560 | 225 | 84.920 | 40.670* | 感知有用性、相容性 | | 4 | 孙阗[62] | 2016 | 移动新媒体的采纳、使用与持续使用研究 | 52.700 | 421 | 96.300 | 30.500 | 感知有用、感知易用、感知娱乐、外部影响 | | 5 | 徐婷 | 2017 | 老年人对新闻类微信公众号的需求、采纳与使用研究 | 64.060 | 294 | 53.040 | 0.000 | 感知有用性、感知易用性、感知趣味性 | | 6 | 郭燕 | 2018 | 手机新闻用户采纳行为研究 | 56.100 | 303 | 51.670* | 42.170* | 易用性、有用性、内容质量 | | 7 | 丁紫薇 | 2019 | 自媒体商业广告受众采纳意愿影响因素研究——以微博美妆自媒体为例 | 69.400 | 301 | 95.100 | 26.900 | 广告可信度、感知愉悦性、善意信任 | | 8 | 陈小霖 | 2019 | 健康类微信公众号用户信息采纳意愿影响因素研究 | 44.900 | 485 | 66.700 | 12.000 | 社会影响、信任、感知风险、来源可信度、信息质量 | | 9 | 王刚 | 2019 | 微信公众号健康信息采纳意愿影响因素研究 | 51.600 | 312 | 66.000 | 62.800 | 感知威胁严重性、感知威胁易感性、信任、健康信息质量、信源可信度 | | 10 | 姜维 | 2019 | 高校学生对科学类公众号采纳行为的影响因素分析——以“丁香医生”“果壳网”等普适类科学公众号为例 | 75.670 | 300 | 100.000 | 100.000 | 社会影响 | | 11 | 谢泽航等 | 2020 | 基于ELM-SEM模型的政务短视频受众采纳意愿研究 | 47.500 | 440 | 91.820 | 52.050 | 有用性、趣味性、易用性、信源可信度、社会影响 | | 12 | 龚月红[63] | 2020 | 金汇镇共青团政务微信的公众采纳研究 | 70.900 | 206 | 91.700 | 24.800 | 信息质量、相容性、信任、感知有用性、感知易用性 | | 13 | 王钰沂 | 2020 | 我国老年群体的微信采纳影响因素研究——以宜昌市为例 | 47.800 | 209 | 22.280* | 0.000 | 主观规范、感知风险、感知易用性、兼容性 | | 14 | 彭思豪 | 2020 | 抖音健康类短视频用户信息行为影响因素研究 | 59.500 | 501 | 64.900 | 11.800 | 主观规范、信息质量、信源可信度、感知有用、感知易用、感知风险 | | 15 | 马艳琼 | 2020 | 政务新媒体公众使用意愿影响因素研究——基于UTAUT 模型和ECM-ISC 模型 | 51.600 | 623 | 93.580 | 30.660 | 社群影响、网络信任、政府信任 | | 16 | 韩敏 | 2021 | 健康科普短视频信息采纳研究 | 38.300 | 554 | 82.930 | 25.050* | 信息质量、信源可信度、感知威胁、感知有用性 | | 17 | 董梦霞 | 2021 | 公众参与政务短视频意愿的影响因素研究 | 48.000 | 300 | 48.190 | 18.000 | 感知有用性、感知易用性、主观规范 | | 18 | 李青 | 2021 | 自媒体营销中消费者信息采纳行为影响因素研究 | 48.200 | 454 | 82.800 | 42.100 | 感知娱乐性、感知信任、感知有用性、感知易用性、社会影响 |
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+| 自变量 | 调节 c 变量 | 次数 k | 回归系数 β | 标准误 | 95%CI | 双尾检测 | 解释方差 R² |
|---|
| 低值 | 高值 | Z 值 | p 值 |
|---|
| 感知有用性 (PU) | 性别(女性%) | 12 | 0.0096 | 0.0258 | -0.0409 | 0.0601 | 0.3700 | 0.7086 | 0.0000 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 12 | 0.0023 | 0.0121 | -0.0214 | 0.0260 | 0.1900 | 0.8471 | 0.0000 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 12 | -0.0078 | 0.0072 | -0.0218 | 0.0063 | -1.0800 | 0.2794 | 0.0100 | | 感知易用性 (PEU) | 性别(女性%) | 11 | 0.0512 | 0.0381 | -0.0234 | 0.1258 | 1.3500 | 0.1783 | 0.0000 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 11 | 0.0045 | 0.0110 | -0.0170 | 0.0260 | 0.4100 | 0.6822 | 0.0000 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 11 | 0.0062 | 0.0076 | -0.0087 | 0.0211 | 0.8100 | 0.4171 | 0.0800 | | 感知娱乐性 (PE) | 性别(女性%) | 5 | 0.0164 | 0.0277 | -0.0379 | 0.0707 | 0.5900 | 0.5538 | 0.0000 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 5 | 0.0234 | 0.0098 | 0.0041 | 0.0427 | 2.3800 | 0.0173 | 0.5100 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 5 | 0.0096 | 0.0134 | -0.0167 | 0.0359 | 0.7100 | 0.4758 | 0.0000 | | 感知风险 (PR) | 性别(女性%) | 5 | -0.0268 | 0.1014 | -0.2256 | 0.1720 | -0.2600 | 0.7918 | 0.0000 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 5 | 0.0469 | 0.0251 | -0.0023 | 0.0961 | 1.8700 | 0.0417 | 0.3000 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 5 | 0.0543 | 0.0182 | 0.0187 | 0.0899 | 2.9900 | 0.0028 | 0.5800 | | 主观规范 (SN) | 性别(女性%) | 5 | -0.0330 | 0.0764 | -0.1827 | 0.1167 | -0.4300 | 0.6658 | 0.0000 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 5 | -0.0010 | 0.0109 | -0.0224 | 0.0203 | -0.1000 | 0.9235 | 0.0000 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 5 | 0.0027 | 0.0067 | -0.0104 | 0.0158 | 0.4000 | 0.6867 | 0.0300 | | 信息质量 (IQ) | 性别(女性%) | 6 | -0.0007 | 0.0251 | -0.0498 | 0.0485 | -0.0300 | 0.9785 | 0.0000 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 6 | 0.0148 | 0.0196 | -0.0235 | 0.0531 | 0.7600 | 0.4493 | 0.0000 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 6 | 0.0023 | 0.0141 | -0.0254 | 0.0300 | 0.1600 | 0.8702 | 0.0000 | | 信源可信度 (SC) | 性别(女性%) | 6 | 0.0024 | 0.0339 | -0.0642 | 0.0689 | 0.0700 | 0.9446 | 0.0000 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 6 | -0.0039 | 0.0278 | -0.0584 | 0.0507 | -0.1400 | 0.8897 | 0.0000 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 6 | 0.0173 | 0.0172 | -0.0164 | 0.0510 | 1.0100 | 0.3138 | 0.0000 | | 相容性(C) | 性别(女性%) | 4 | 0.0714 | 0.0461 | -0.0190 | 0.1619 | 1.5500 | 0.1216 | 0.3100 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 4 | -0.0192 | 0.0173 | -0.0531 | 0.0148 | -1.1100 | 0.2686 | 0.1900 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 4 | -0.0238 | 0.0144 | -0.0520 | 0.0044 | -1.6500 | 0.0985 | 0.1800 | | 信任(T) | 性别(女性%) | 6 | -0.0978 | 0.0934 | -0.2808 | 0.0853 | -1.0500 | 0.2952 | 0.0000 | | 受教育情况(大专及以上%) | 6 | 0.1657 | 0.0763 | 0.0161 | 0.3152 | 2.1700 | 0.0300 | 0.0000 | | 职业状况(学生%) | 6 | -0.0306 | 0.0582 | -0.1447 | 0.0835 | -0.5300 | 0.5993 | 0.0000 |
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+| 国家机构 | 职权 | | 全国人民代表大会 | (1) 修改宪法(2) 监督宪法的实施(3) 制定和修改刑事、民事、国家机构的和其他的基本法律(4) 选举中华人民共和国主席、副主席、中央军事委员会主席、国家监察委员会主任、最高人民法院院长、最高人民检察院检察长(5) 根据中华人民共和国主席的提名,决定国务院总理的人选;根据国务院总理的提名,决定国务院副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长的人选(6) 根据中央军事委员会主席的提名,决定中央军事委员会其他组成人员的人选(7) 审查和批准国民经济和社会发展计划和计划执行情况的报告(8) 审查和批准国家的预算和预算执行情况的报告(9) 改变或者撤销全国人民代表大会常务委员会不适当的决定(10) 批准省、自治区和直辖市的建置(11) 决定特别行政区的设立及其制度(12) 决定战争和和平的问题 | | 全国人民代表大会常务委员会 | (1) 解释宪法, 监督宪法的实施(2) 制定和修改除应当由全国人民代表大会制定的法律以外的其他法律(3) 决定特赦(4) 撤销国务院制定的同宪法、法律相抵触的行政法规、决定和命令(5) 撤销省、自治区、直辖市国家权力机关制定的同宪法、法律和行政法规相抵触的地方性法规和决议(6) 在全国人民代表大会闭会期间, 如果遇到国家遭受武装侵犯或者必须履行国际间共同防止侵略的条约的情况, 决定战争状态的宣布(7) 决定全国总动员或者局部动员(8) 决定全国或者个别省、自治区、直辖市进入紧急状态 | | 国家主席 | 中华人民共和国主席根据全国人民代表大会的决定和全国人民代表大会常务委员会的决定, 公布法律, 任免国务院总理、副总理、国务委员、各部部长、各委员会主任、审计长、秘书长, 授予国家的勋章和荣誉称号, 发布特赦令, 宣布进入紧急状态, 宣布战争状态, 发布动员令 | | 国务院 | (1) 根据宪法和法律, 规定行政措施, 制定行政法规, 发布决定和命令(2) 领导和管理国防建设事业(3) 改变或撤销各部、各委员会发布的不适当的命令、指示和规章(4) 改变或撤销地方各级国家行政机关的不适当的决定和命令(5) 批准省、自治区、直辖市的区域划分, 批准自治州、县、自治县、市的建置和区域划分(6) 依照法律规定决定省、自治区、直辖市的范围内部分地区进入紧急状态 |
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+| 主体 | 自然人 | 完全刑事
责任能力 | (1) 年满16周岁的人
(2) 间歇性精神病人精神正常时
(3) 醉酒的人 | 完全无刑事
责任能力 | (1) 不满12周岁的人,一律不负刑事责任,即不满12周岁的人所实施的任何行为,都不构成犯罪
因不满16周岁不予刑事处罚的,责令其父母或者其他监护人加以管教;在必要的时候,依法进行专门矫治教育
(2) 精神病人
精神病人在不能辨认或者不能控制自己行为的时候造成危害结果,经法定程序鉴定确认的,不负刑事责任,但是应当责令他的家属或者监护人严加看管和医疗;在必要的时候,由政府强制医疗 | 相对无刑事
责任能力 | (1)已满12周岁不满14周岁的人,犯故意杀人、故意伤害罪,致人死亡或者以特别残忍手段致人重伤造成严重残疾,情节恶劣,经最高人民检察院核准追诉的,应当负刑事责任
(2)已满14周岁不满16周岁的人,犯故意杀人、故意伤害致人重伤或者死亡、强奸、抢劫、贩卖毒品、放火、爆炸、投放危险物质罪的,应当负刑事责任 | 减轻刑事
责任能力 | 对依法规定追究刑事责任的不满18周岁的人、已满75周岁的人、又聋又哑的人或者盲人、尚未完全丧失辨认或者控制自己行为能力的精神病人
对依法规定追究刑事责任的不满18周岁的人,应当从轻或者减轻处罚
已满75周岁的人故意犯罪的,可以从轻或者减轻处罚;过失犯罪的,应当从轻或者减轻处罚
又聋又哑的人或者盲人犯罪,可以从轻、减轻或者免除处罚
尚未完全丧失辨认或者控制自己行为能力的精神病人犯罪的,应当负刑事责任,但是可以从轻或者减轻处罚 | | 单位 | 双罚制 | 对单位判处罚金,并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员判处刑罚 | | 单罚制 | 对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员判处刑罚 | 主观
方面 | 故意 | 直接故意 | 行为人明知自己的行为会发生危害社会的结果,并且希望这种结果发生的心理态度 | | 间接故意 | 行为人明知自己的行为可能发生危害社会的结果,并且有意放任,以致发生这种结果的心理态度 | | 过失 | 疏忽大意的
过失 | 应当预见自己的行为可能发生危害社会的结果,因为疏忽大意而没有预见,以致发生这种结果的心理态度 | 过于自信的
过失 | 已经预见自己的行为可能发生危害社会的结果,但轻信能够避免,以致发生这种结果的心理态度 | | 客体 | 我国刑法所保护而为犯罪行为所侵犯的社会关系 | 客观
方面 | 危害行为 | 作为:积极的行为
不作为:行为人在能够履行自己应尽义务的情况下不履行该义务 | | 危害结果 | 危害结果是指危害行为作用于犯罪对象而对犯罪直接客体造成的法定的实际损害或现实的危险状态 | | 因果关系 | 因果关系是指犯罪客观方面中的危害行为同危害结果之间存在的引起与被引起的关系 |
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+ | 通告 | 通报 | 通知 |
|---|
| 告知对象 | 全体组织和群众, 所宣布的事项具有法规性、政策性和约束性 | 上级机关把工作情况或带有指导性的经验教训通报下级单位或部门, 受文单位只能是制发机关的所属单位或部门 | 一般只通过某种公文交流渠道, 传达至有关部门、单位或人员, 它所告知的对象是有限的 | | 制发时间 | 制发于事前 | 制发于事后 | 制发于事前 | | 目的 | 在一定范围内必须遵守的事项, 有着较强的、直接的和具体的约束力 | 通过典型事例或重要情况的传达, 向全体下属进行宣传教育或沟通信息, 以指导、推动今后的工作, 没有工作的具体部署与安排 | 主要是通过具体事项的安排, 要求下级机关在工作中照此执行或办理 | | 作用 | 不能用于奖惩 | 可以用于奖惩有关单位或人员 | 不能用于奖惩 |
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+
+
+
+ | 分类 |
+ 具体规则 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 一般规则 |
+ 一般不得越级行文，特殊情况需要越级行文的，应当同时抄送被越过的机关 |
+
+
+ | 上行文规则 |
+ 原则上主送一个上级机关，根据需要抄送相关机关，不抄送下级机关 |
+
+
+ | 下级机关的请示事项，如需以本机关名义向上级机关请示，应当提出倾向性意见后上报，不得原文转报上级机关 |
+
+
+ | 请示应当一文一事。不得在报告等非请示性公文中夹带请示事项 |
+
+
+ | 除上级机关负责人直接交办事项外，不得以本机关名义向上级机关负责人报送公文，不得以本机关负责人名义向上级机关报送公文 |
+
+
+ | 受双重领导的机关向一个上级机关行文，必要时抄送另一个上级机关 |
+
+
+ | 下行文规则 |
+ 重要行文 应当同时抄送发文机关的直接上级机关 |
+
+
+ | 党委、政府的办公厅（室）根据本级党委、政府授权，可以向下级党委、政府行文，其他部门和单位不得向下级党委、政府发布指令性公文或者提出指令性要求 |
+
+
+ | 党委、政府的部门在各自职权范围内可以向下级党委、政府的相关部门行文 |
+
+
+ | 涉及多个部门职权范围内的事务，部门之间未协商一致的，不得向下行文；擅自行文的，上级机关应当责令其纠正或者撤销 |
+
+
+ | 上级机关向受双重领导的下级机关行文，必要时抄送该下级机关的另一个上级机关 |
+
+
+ | 特殊行文规则 |
+ 同级党政机关、党政机关与其他同级机关必要时可以联合行文。属于党委、政府各自职权范围内的工作，不得联合行文 |
+
+
+ | 党委、政府的部门依据职权可以相互行文 |
+
+
+ | 部门内设机构除办公厅（室）外不得对外正式行文 |
+
+
+
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+| 序号 | 重点内容 | | 1 | 会议简介:2021年11月8日至11日在北京举行。审议通过了《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》。【相关内容】党史上的三个决议:1945年4月,六届七中全会通过的《关于若干历史问题的决议》;1981年6月,十一届六中全会通过的《关于建国以来党的若干历史问题的决议》;2021年11月,十九届六中全会通过的《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》。 | | 2 | 三个需要:(1)总结党的百年奋斗的重大成就和历史经验,是在建党百年历史条件下开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程、在新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的需要;(2)总结党的百年奋斗的重大成就和历史经验,是增强“四个意识”,坚定“四个自信”,做到“两个维护”,确保全党步调一致向前进的需要;(3)总结党的百年奋斗的重大成就和历史经验,是推进党的自我革命、提高全党斗争本领和应对风险挑战能力、永葆党的生机活力、团结带领全国各族人民为实现中华民族伟大复兴的中国梦而继续奋斗的需要。 | | 3 | 四个成就——百年历程创造(1)一百年来,党领导人民浴血奋战、百折不挠,创造了新民主主义革命的伟大成就;(2)一百年来,党领导人民自力更生、发愤图强,创造了社会主义革命和建设的伟大成就;(3)一百年来,党领导人民解放思想、锐意进取,创造了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的伟大成就;(4)一百年来,党领导人民自信自强、守正创新,创造了新时代中国特色社会主义的伟大成就。 | | 4 | 四个改变——百年奋斗带来的改变
(1)使近代一百多年饱受奴役和欺凌的中国人民站立起来;
(2)使具有五千多年文明历史的中华民族全面迈向现代化;
(3)使具有五百多年历史的社会主义思想在世界上人口最多的国家开辟出成功道路;
(4)使新中国大踏步赶上时代,中华民族伟大复兴展现出光明前景。 | | 5 | 两个问题:
(1)看清楚过去我们为什么能够成功;
(2)弄明白未来我们怎样才能继续成功。 | | 6 | 五大历史意义:
(1)党的百年奋斗从根本上改变了中国人民的前途命运。
(2)党的百年奋斗开辟了实现中华民族伟大复兴的正确道路。
(3)党的百年奋斗展示了马克思主义的强大生命力。
(4)党的百年奋斗深刻影响了世界历史进程。
(5)党的百年奋斗锻造了走在时代前列的中国共产党。 | | 7 | 十个坚持:
坚持党的领导;坚持人民至上;坚持理论创新;坚持独立自主;坚持中国道路;坚持胸怀天下;坚持开拓创新;坚持敢于斗争;坚持统一战线;坚持自我革命。 | | 8 | 重要决定:
全会决定,中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会于2022年下半年在北京召开。 |
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+| 序号 | 重点内容 | | 1 | 发布时间: 2022年2月22日
文件名称:《中共中央国务院关于做好2022年全面推进乡村振兴重点工作的意见》
文件地位: 21世纪以来第19个指导“三农”工作的中央一号文件 | | 2 | 重要意义:
从容应对百年变局和世纪疫情,推动经济社会平稳健康发展,必须着眼国家重大战略需要,稳住农业基本盘、做好“三农”工作,接续全面推进乡村振兴,确保农业稳产增产、农民稳步增收、农村稳定安宁。 | | 3 | 底线任务:保障国家粮食安全和不发生规模性返贫
重点工作:乡村发展、乡村建设、乡村治理
“两新”发展:乡村振兴取得新进展、农业农村现代化迈出新步伐 | | 4 | 文件突出年度性任务、针对性举措、实效性导向,部署2022年全面推进乡村振兴重点工作。
(1)全力抓好粮食生产和重要农产品供给的五项措施:
稳定全年粮食播种面积和产量;
大力实施大豆和油料产能提升工程;
保障“菜篮子”产品供给;
合理保障农民种粮收益;
统筹做好重要农产品调控。
(2)强化现代农业基础支撑的六项政策:
落实“长牙齿”的耕地保护硬措施;
全面完成高标准农田建设阶段性任务;
大力推进种源等农业关键核心技术攻关;
提升农机装备研发应用水平;
加快发展设施农业;
有效防范应对农业重大灾害。
(3)坚决守住不发生规模性返贫底线的四项措施:
完善监测帮扶机制;
促进脱贫人口持续增收;
加大对乡村振兴重点帮扶县和易地搬迁集中安置区支持力度;
推动脱贫地区帮扶政策落地见效。
(4)聚焦产业促进乡村发展的五项政策:
持续推进农村一二三产业融合发展;
大力发展县域富民产业;
加强县域商业体系建设;
促进农民就地就近就业创业;
推进农业农村绿色发展。
(5)扎实稳妥推进乡村建设的五项措施:
健全乡村建设实施机制;
接续实施农村人居环境整治提升五年行动;
扎实开展重点领域农村基础设施建设;
大力推进数字乡村建设;
加强基本公共服务县域统筹。
(6)加大政策保障和体制机制创新力度的四项措施:
扩大乡村振兴投入;
强化乡村振兴金融服务;
加强乡村振兴人才队伍建设;
抓好农村改革重点任务落实。 | | 5 | 文件重要表述:
(1)严守18亿亩耕地红线。按照耕地和永久基本农田、生态保护红线、城镇开发边界的顺序,统筹划定落实三条控制线。
(2)2022年建设高标准农田1亿亩。实施黑土地保护性耕作8000万亩。启动全国第三次土壤普查。
(3)推动脱贫地区更多依靠发展来巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果。
(4)落实乡村振兴为农民而兴、乡村建设为农民而建的要求,坚持自下而上、村民自治、农民参与,启动乡村建设行动实施方案。
(5)加快推进以县城为重要载体的城镇化建设。加强普惠性、基础性、兜底性民生建设。
(6)健全党组织领导的自治、法治、德治相结合的乡村治理体系,推行网格化管理、数字化赋能、精细化服务。
(7)发现和培养使用农业领域战略科学家。启动“神农英才”计划,加快培养科技领军人才、青年科技人才和高水平创新团队。实施高素质农民培育计划、乡村产业振兴带头人培育“头雁”项目、乡村振兴青春建功行动、乡村振兴巾帼行动。
(8)制定乡村振兴责任制实施办法,明确中央和国家机关各部门推进乡村振兴责任,强化五级书记抓乡村振兴责任。落实各级党委和政府负责同志乡村振兴联系点制度。借鉴推广浙江“千万工程”经验。
(9)开展“百县千乡万村”乡村振兴示范创建,采取先创建后认定方式,分级创建一批乡村振兴示范县、示范乡镇、示范村。深入推进“万企兴万村”行动。按规定建立乡村振兴表彰激励制度。 |
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+| 序号 | 重点内容 | | 1 | 杨振宁——归根清华、为中国科学发展作出重要贡献的百岁物理学家颁奖辞:站在科学和传统的交叉点上,惊才绝艳。你贡献给世界的,如此深奥,懂的人不多。你奉献给祖国的,如此纯真,我们都明白。曾经,你站在世界的前排,现在,你与国家一起向未来。事迹:杨振宁先生是跨世纪的伟大物理学家,在粒子物理学、统计力学和凝聚态物理等领域作出里程碑性贡献。他心系祖国科教事业,为国家的科技发展、中外科技文化交流作出了重要贡献。 | | 2 | 张顺东、李国秀夫妇——身残志坚的脱贫攻坚奋斗者颁奖辞:山对山来崖对崖,日子好比江中排,毛竹天生筋骨硬,顺风顺水出山来。李家大姐人才好,张家大哥看上她。没脚走出致富路,无手绣出幸福花。事迹:张顺东和妻子李国秀身残志坚、自立自强,用奋斗创造幸福生活,照顾年迈老人、抚养年幼孩子以及失去双亲的2个侄女,书写了“踏出脱贫路、撑起半边天”的感人故事。 | | 3 | 苏炳添——首位闯进奥运会男子百米决赛的亚洲飞人颁奖辞:世界屏住了呼吸;9秒83;冲出亚洲的速度;你超越伤病和年龄,超越了自己;你奔跑的背后,有强大的祖国。事迹:中国男子短跑运动员,男子60米、100米亚洲记录保持者。在东京奥运会男子100米半决赛中,苏炳添跑出9秒83,以半决赛第一的成绩闯入决赛并打破亚洲记录,成为中国首位闯入奥运男子百米决赛的运动员。 | | 4 | “中国保尔”朱彦夫——长津湖幸存的志愿军战士颁奖辞:生命,于你不止一次;士兵,于你不只是经历;没有屈服长津湖的冰雪;也没有向困苦低头;与自己抗争;向贫穷宣战;一直在战斗,一生都在坚守;人的生命,应当像你这样度过。事迹:14岁参军,先后10次负伤,3次立功。在朝鲜战场上,他所在连队与敌军在零下30多度的天气里血战三天三夜,最终仅有他一人生还。新中国成立后,朱彦夫回乡,用25年时间带领乡亲治山治水,改变了家乡贫穷落后的面貌。 | | 5 | 顾诵芬——七十年航空报国的科学家颁奖辞:像静水深流,静水里涌动报国的火,似大象无形,无形中深藏着强国梦。心无旁骛,一步一个脚印,志在冲天。振长策,击长空,诵君子清芬。事迹:顾诵芬先后参与、主持我国第一款自主设计的喷气式机型的气动布局和全机的设计,并创造性解决了大超音速飞行的飞机方向安定性问题和跨音速的飞机抖振问题。 | | 6 | 陈贝儿——见证国家脱贫奇迹颁奖辞:从霓虹灯的丛林中转身,让双脚沾满泥土。从雨林到沙漠,借溜索穿过偏见,用钢梯超越了怀疑。一条无穷之路,向世界传递同胞的笑容,你记录这时代最美的风景。事迹:陈贝儿出生于香港,在传媒行业工作近20年。2021,她和团队为拍摄脱贫攻坚纪录片《无穷之路》跨越14个曾经处于深度贫困的地区,节目深刻诠释了中国共产党“以人民为中心”的发展思想,拉近了内地和香港同胞的心灵距离。 | | 7 | 吴天——守护高原人民健康的老院士颁奖辞:喝一口烧不开的水,咽一口化不开的糟粕,封存舍不下的亲情,是因为心里有放不下的梦。缺氧气,不缺志气!海拔高,目标更高。在高原上,你守望一条路,开辟了一条路。事迹:吴天一院士投身高原医学研究50余年,提出高原病防治的国际标准,开创“藏族适应生理学”研究,诊疗救治了藏族群众上万人。如今80多岁的吴天一仍然坚守在青藏高原之上,守护着高原人民的健康。 | | 8 | 江梦南——双耳失聪但仍然自强不息的青年学生颁奖辞:你觉得,你和我们一样,我们觉得,是的,但你又那么不同寻常。从无声里突围,你心中有嘹亮的号角。新时代里,你有更坚定的方向。先飞的鸟,一定想飞得更远。迟开的你,也鲜花般怒放。事迹:半岁时,江梦南双耳失聪,但她通过读唇语学会了“听”和“说”。凭借优秀的学习成绩,她成为家乡小镇上今年来唯一考上重点大学、最终到清华念博士的学生。江梦南的目标始终是明确的,那就是解决生命健康的难题。 | | 9 | 彭士禄——中国核动力事业的奠基者颁奖辞:历经磨难,初心不改。在深山中倾听,于花甲年重启。两代人为理想澎湃,一辈子为国家深潜。你,如同你的作品,无声无息,但蕴含巨大的威力。事迹:被誉为“中国核潜艇之父”。彭士禄是我国著名的核动力专家,中国核动力事业的开拓者和奠基者之一。上世纪50年代,他隐姓埋名投身核潜艇研制事业,为我国第一艘核潜艇成功研制作出了重要贡献。 | | 10 | 中国航天人——取得辉煌成就
颁奖辞:发射入轨着陆;九天探梦一气呵成;追赶并跑领跑;五十年差距一载跨越;环宇问天探月逐梦;五星红旗一次次闪耀太空;中国航天必将行稳致远。
事迹:此次神舟十二号航天员飞行乘组由3位航天员组成,分别是聂海胜、刘伯明、汤洪波,其中聂海胜担任指令长。 |
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+| 规范词汇 | 适用场景 |
|---|
| 政策利好/利好政策/政策红利 | S市先后出台了多项地方政策,为当地小微企业快速成长提供“福利” | | 提高执法效率 | 过去解决这些难题时,执法者协调过程复杂、耗时长,现在通过综合平台,协调过程更简单,耗时也短 | | 人性化管理 | ××管理方法的设计和选择考虑不同人群、不同主体的需求 | | 强化基层法治 | 在基层尊崇法治思维和法治方式,以此推动基层社会治理 | | 执法不严 | 执法时“睁一只眼,闭一只眼” | | 一刀切/简单粗暴 | 政府不考虑对象、情况的不同,都采取统一的、强制性的做法 | | 干部追求政绩/错误的政绩观 | 部分政府官员好大喜功,只顾“面子”,不顾“里子”;喜欢招大商、大项目、形象工程等 | | 管理权责不明 | 谁来主管、谁来执行、各自管哪些等都还不明确 | | 转变政府职能 | 政府担负的职责和所发挥的功能、作用的范围、内容、方式发生变化 | | 强化领导责任 | 让各级领导负起各自应该承担的责任 | | 一站式服务/一站式办理 | 去某个窗口/服务厅全部当场办结多项业务;办理业务只需要“只跑一趟”“只去一个地方” | | 及时性/及时回复、处理 | 第一时间/马上/立刻做××事,必须在××小时内进行回复、处理 | | 专项整治/专项治理 | 针对一个问题、事件开展的打击、治理行为 | | 信息闭塞/信息壁垒/缺乏沟通机制 | 各组织、团体、机构之间信息不通畅,各自行事 | | 前瞻性/预见性 | 一项政策、决定考虑到了事物的发展,顾及到了以后 | | 相关部门配合/联合执法 | 材料中涉及多个主体联合处理同一件事情,各主体之间有配合、互相帮助等情况 | | 信息公开不全面 | 在政府网站上查找某些应透明的信息却找不到 | | 乱作为 | 权力任性使用、存在瞎指挥、乱拍板等问题 | | 分类归档/归类建档 | 根据文件的来源、创建时间、内容等方面的异同,将它们分成若干类别并保存备案 | | 不作为 | 松弛懒散、推诿扯皮、“踢皮球”、玩忽职守、工作消极、得过且过、贪图安逸、明哲保身 | | 夯实基层德治 | 注重发挥家教、家风、道德在基层治理中的作用 | | 政企合作 | 政府还与“××”公司合作 | | 放宽信息共享权限 | 之前公共服务数据查询功能不对外开放,现在由于打造了“智慧云”平台,老百姓凭借个人身份信息也有权访问查询了 | | 数字化管理 | 启动互联网大数据系统进行管理 | | 重建轻管/重建设,轻管理 | 很多城市在城市建设上花费了巨大人力物力,而建成后却没精力、没人来管了 | | 实事求是 | 对于群众反映的问题,不回避、不遮掩 | | 网格化管理 | 将管辖地域划分成若干网状单元格,并对每一单元格实施动态、全方位管理 | | 基层管理组织涣散 | 村党组织处于半瘫痪状态,几乎不开党员大会、不过组织生活 | | 建立退出机制 | 将失信情节严重、性质恶劣的基层干部,清除出公务员队伍。 | | 督查频繁 | 各项督查检查总是隔三岔五就来,工作人员反映检查过多过频 | | 问责滥用 | 现在的问责状态是“下面一颗钉,上面千把锤。随时可能挨一锤,就是不知谁先锤” | | 缺乏执法权限 | 一些地方的环保部门在看到企业超标排污时也没有更好的办法,因为环保部门本身没有停电停水、责令企业关停的权力 | | 科学防治 | 相信科学、依靠科学,尊重科学规律来防御治理 | | 平衡利益诉求 | 要尽量满足各方代表的要求,努力实现共赢,寻求各方需求最大“公约数” | | 精准施策 | 坚持按照因人、因地、因事而采取不同的政策、措施 | | 服务清单 | 将服务的对象、服务的项目、服务的标准等,都一一罗列出来 | | 联防联控 | 各地要进一步加强和完善部门间和区域间的联合防控工作 | | 群防群治 | 在各级党委、政府领导和专门机关指导下,群众自己组织起来,预防和治理违法犯罪活动 | | 惩罚性赔偿 | 弥补过去故意侵权行为造成的损失之外,法律还要求被告缴纳更多处罚金 | | 多管齐下 | 某项工作涉及多个部门,这些部门采用众多措施,一起参与这项工作 | | 精准扶贫 | 缺什么就补什么,扶贫扶到点上、扶到根上 | | 社会扶贫 | 动员企业和社会各界力量参与扶贫 | | 精准问责 | 精准发现问题、精准识别问题、精准进行处置、处罚 | | 公正执法 | 对于触犯法律的领导干部,不能因为其位高权重就睁一只眼,闭一只眼,要严格处理 | | 构建公平用人机制 | 在选拔干部时不能任人唯亲、不能靠裙带关系,要唯才是举、要同等对待、不分厚薄 | | 基层减负 | 减少基层干部的工作量、减轻他们身上的责任,把基层干部从一些无谓的事物中抽出来 | | 加强风险预警 | 要早识别、早发现隐患,从而降低风险带来的负面冲击 | | 和蔼友善/文明礼貌 | 某人从没和别人红过脸、吵过架,对别人总是笑脸相迎、言辞恰当 | | 线上推送信息 | 在微信、微博以及抖音等平台上经常推送信息 | | 人员结构老龄化 | 为居民服务的多是退休的“婆婆级”人员 | | 人员结构年轻化 | 现在,这里的工作人员多是20多岁的年轻人 | | 淡泊名利 | 某人认为身外之名,只是被社会上一般人所追求,而他轻视在外的名声与利益 | | 取舍观 | 我们在生活中,或取熊掌而舍鱼,或取利禄而舍悠闲,或取权位而舍性命 | | 以权谋私 | 借手中的公职权利,公然收取好处 | | 畅通表达 | 人人都能发声,处处都是舆论场 | | 各自为政 | 各吹各的号、各唱各的调 | | 公平对待外来人员 | 不管是从哪里来的人,只要来到这儿就是一家人,我们都一视同仁 | | 明哲保身思想/保守自保 | 现在从中央到地方查得这么严,发了福利不一定有问题,不发 | | 思想 | 肯定没问题,所以,多一事不如少一事 | | 阳奉阴违思想 | 少数地方一时还不适应反腐禁令的出台,仍习惯于“打擦边球”的老一套做法 | | 转变工作作风/坚持服务宗旨 | 坚决扭转官僚主义、形式主义等思想之风,各项工作要践行以人为本、服务群众的宗旨 | | 树立正确的权力观 | 坚持把人民赋予的权力视作为人民服务的手段 | | 树立正确的事业观 | 领导干部要将为天下人民谋福利、全心全意为人民服务作为个人事业 | | 标本兼治 | 解决了本质问题,也解决了一系列引发的问题 | | 换位思考 | 设身处地地为他人着想,想人所想 | | 尽职尽责、恪尽职守 | 无论遇到什么困难,他都会坚守本职工作,想尽一切办法完成既定目标 |
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+| 规范词汇 | 适用场景 |
|---|
| 市场化运作 | ××是市场化产物,可按照市场规律,自由参与市场竞争 | | 增强互动性 | 增加两者之间的沟通机会,促进彼此之间实时交流 | | 集聚资源/集聚效应 | 某些产业、不同类型的资源聚在一起,互相协作 | | 辨识度 | D公司的产品在众多同类商品中显得格外与众不同,消费者在选购时很容易认出来 | | 过度市场化 | 一味地/过度迎合市场需求和喜好 | | 粗制滥造 | 市场上的一些商品在生产时偷工减料,质量低劣 | | 就地取材 | 在建设小镇的过程中,建筑材料像是石材、竹子、木材等都是在我们当地找的 | | 延伸产业链 | 在原有产业的基础上,向该产业的上下游进行拓展,如农场不光种植蔬菜、水果,还建起了加工作坊,发展加工业等 | | 产业融合发展 | 多个产业(农业、工业、服务业)齐头并进、水乳交融 | | 竞争上岗 | 多个人靠自己的本领竞选同一个工作岗位 | | 降低人力成本 | 随着人工智能的发展、普及,企业需要的员工数量大大减少 | | 优化就业结构 | 将人们的双手从繁重的体力劳动/从高度重复劳动中解放出来,更多的人会从第一、二产业转移到第三产业中去 | | 打破垄断/遏制垄断 | 制定规范化政策,防止某个领域“一家独大”的现象发生 | | 拓宽销售市场 | 原来只在本地销售,现在面向全国销售 | | 精品化/提升产品品质 | 通过加工处理或包装等形式,把产品打造成精品 | | 增强自主权/扩大自主权 | 要让自己“说的算”,减少其他主体的干预 | | 技术化生产 | 在种植农产品或生产产品的过程中,充分利用技术手段,来提高生产效率 | | 同质化 | 市场上的同类产品在性能、设计等方面大致相同,差异小 | | 盲目跟风 | 各个公司没有或缺少主见,不经过仔细思考,盲目跟随潮流、模仿他人产品 | | 粗放式发展 | 某地政府依然采取增加生产要素、盲目扩大生产规模等“简单粗暴”的发展模式 | | 产品层次低/低端化 | 某些产品仍局限在较低的层面,还未达到较高的层次 | | 错位竞争 | 企业坚持“人无我有,人有我优,人优我新”,生产出的产品不与业内其他对手雷同 | | 把握市场机遇 | 对于那些还未被满足的市场需求,我们要善于发现,抓住良机 | | 专业化运营 | 企业让专业的人去做运营管理,如让更懂年轻消费群体、更懂电商的人员去负责线上运营 | | 民间资本 | 企业、社会组织等注入的资金 | | 资源优势互补 | 两个企业分别有不同方面的资源优势,它们之间进行合作、“联姻” | | 盲目招商/招商门槛低 | 为了完成招商引资任务,对投资方不加甄别,什么公司都接受 | | 准入门槛低 | 随便什么人都能做,资质没有任何要求 | | 增加产品附加值 | 除了商品本身外,研发周边附属产品,经过包装、加工后售卖,以此增加产品的价值 | | 产业结构单一 | 只做某一项产业,只生产某一种产品等 | | 人口流失/外流 | 不少村里的年轻人外出打工 | | “线上+线下”相结合销售模式 | 开通了网店进行线上销售的同时也开设了线下实体店 | | 融入现代特色 | 融入了当下的特色、亮点 | | 推进产学研融合 | 把企业生产与院所研究、高校教育等融为一体 | | 人才回流/人才返乡 | 乡村务工人员从城市回到家乡 | | 一体化/体系化 | 为了适应发展,不能单个部门或单个企业甚至个人单枪匹马地做,要一起系统地做 | | 配置生产资源 | 分配土地、劳动力、技术、资本等生产要素 | | 降低融资门槛 | 金融机构放宽企业贷款的资质与条件 | | 产业结构调整 | 从第一、二产业向第三产业转变,第三产业占比高 | | 集约化经营 | 以效益为前提,重组经营要素,实现最小的成本获得最大的投资回报 | | 优化营商环境 | 为企业休养生息创造良好的政策环境 | | 多渠道筹资 | 通过工商资本投资、村集体牵头融资、农民入股等方式筹集资金 | | 瞄准市场空白 | 专注开发市场中还未有人“踏进”的行业和领域 | | 优化产业布局 | 根据各空间地域情况,合理分配各种企业、产业等 | | 新旧动能转换 | 新模式代替旧模式,新业态代替旧业态,新技术代替旧技术等 | | 资本下乡 | 把城镇工商业积累的人力、物力、财力等资源吸引到农村去 | | 优化种植结构 | 发展水稻、薯类、中药材、苗树等品类种植,代替传统单一的旱田耕种 | | 开拓产业发展空间 | 某公司在继续发展主营产业的基础上,逐步向生物医药、人工智能、商用地产开发等多个领域延伸业务 | | 提高用户粘度 | 不断升级优化产品,提高用户主动使用的意愿,增强用户对产品的依赖性 | | 精研专业领域 | 利用自己的专业知识,在自己擅长的领域潜心研究、精益求精 | | 信息可追溯 | 要实现产品从原材料投放到生产再到产品售后“全流程”的数据追踪 | | 过度商业化 | 如今,自然景点慢慢变成了吆喝、叫卖、讨价还价的集市,到处充斥着“商业味道” | | 选用上乘原料/精选优良原料 | 采用的调料都是100%的真料,都是指定供货商提供的,绝对没有一丝杂质 | | 秉持开放竞争理念 | 某些商家并不担心其他商家进驻会带来竞争 | | 异业结合 | 很多商家选择了抱团取暖,这些不同商业形态“团”在一起 | | 准确定位消费群体 | 某机构根据市场消费需求和产品特性,将自己的客户定位为XXX | | 发展眼光短浅 | 我们选择的就是“杀鸡取卵”似的发展 | | 差异化学习 | 鼓励村民到不同的地方、不同的行业、不同的企业去学习 | | 产需精准对接 | 根据消费者的个性需求要求生产相应的产品 | | 阶层固化 | 干部子女多数在系统内工作,而寒门子弟有很多依然处于寒门 | | 农户分散经营 | 某村大部分农户都是各种各的,就像一盘散沙 | | 产业空心化 | 本地制造产业大量迁往外地,使得本地的制造业在本地经济中的比重微乎其微 | | 加强自律 | 自己约束制约自己的行为 | | 专注经营/经营品种专一 | 从爷爷辈开始,我们家就只做小面的,也正是因为这一根筋的坚持,才让老叶走到现在 | | 知识结构老化 | 有近三分之二的科技特派员认为自己掌握的知识还是以前的,亟待需要更新丰富 | | 打造新模式、新业态 | 发展“双创+扶贫”“双创+产业”“双创+农业”“双创+旅游”“双创+电商”等新型发展态势 | | 供需结构性失衡 | 市场出现供需错位的情况,劣质低端产品泛滥,优质高端产品匮乏 |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_165_2.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_165_2.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b0515ecd53bbaf5f6003d7b1fa8d84c56ca30cef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_165_2.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+| 规范词汇 | 适用场景 |
|---|
| 固执己见 | 不管怎样都坚持自己的意见,不肯改变想法 | | 缺乏公共意识 | 在公共场合肆意玩耍,大声喧哗,不顾及别人感受 | | 引发情感共鸣 | 当看到其他人或事物的一些行为或感情变化时,自己内心也会产生相同或相似的反应 | | 促进文化产业发展 | 资料提到与文化相关的产业发展很好。比如,带动婚纱摄影、婚庆、休闲旅游、动画、剪纸等发展 | | 虚荣心 | 过于夸大、显示自身的优点,以招来别人羡慕的眼光 | | 完善文化设施 | 修建文化广场、文化宣传基地、艺术墙等 | | 活化文化 | 让优秀的文化传统融入到普通百姓生活中,使其得到充分利用 | | 侥幸心理/心存侥幸 | 有的干部总感觉“防贪腐”的杆子打不到自己身上,认为贪污这点儿钱是不会被人发现 | | 原真性保护 | 真实地保护文化遗产的原始风貌,在保护过程中原样原修,保留原材料、原工艺、原样式 | | 整体性保护 | 保护文化遗产,不仅是保留其中某一个部分,还要重视周边的整体风貌 | | 循序渐进 | 对于每项工作任务都不能心急,要按部就班,一步一步地按照次序完成 | | 艰苦奋斗 | 虽然身处逆境,但依旧奋发努力,斗志昂扬 | | 务实精神/务实作风 | 在做某项工作时,以事实、实际为主,不做表面功夫 | | 丰富百姓文化生活 | 闲暇时人们可以读书读报、唱小曲、学舞、学乐器等 | | 兼顾经济和文化效益 | 既发展经济,又注重当地古建筑、民间工艺的保护 | | 破坏人际关系/滋生人际矛盾 | 由于其他人的挑拨离间,让过去亲密无间的二人如今反目成仇 | | 传统与现代融合 | 既保留了传统文化元素,同时还融入了现代特色/既重视传统方面,又重视现在的情况 | | 缺乏职业素养 | 某些职员整日“浑水摸鱼”,对前来办事的群众态度恶劣,业务知识还很生疏 | | 占用公共空间 | 居民把私人东西放在公共楼道间、走廊里 | | 强调文化地域化 | 符合这个地方的文化,体现当地的特色风格 | | 传统文化式微 | 各种佳节越来越缺少韵味,大家觉得传统文化已“索然无味” | | 碎片化阅读 | 利用候车、会议间隙、睡觉前等一些零散的时间阅读简短而少量的文本信息 | | 文化虚无主义 | 不加分析地盲目否定民族文化,甚至否定一切民族精神文化价值 | | 集体意识薄弱/集体观念薄弱 | 将自己的那点儿蝇头小利置于团队利益至上,为了自己的利益不惜损害团队利益 | | 以洋为尊 | 把文化作品在国外获奖作为最高追求,跟在别人后面亦步亦趋、东施效顰 | | 人性冷漠 | 当看到老人摔倒了,很多人都会冷眼旁观,无动于衷 | | 重形式、轻内涵 | 一些文化活动只是虚有其表,单纯的为了活动“排场”搞一些看似“新颖”的形式 | | 融入传统文化元素 | 某产品在设计时,创造性的将《清明上河图》《金陵十二钗》等融合进来 | | 融入现代生活元素 | 融入现代的景、现代的物和现代的人 | | 片面理解中国文化 | 真正的中国文化精髓没有被大众熟知,而一些细枝末节的文化枝乘被广泛认知 | | 文化产品庸俗 | 每天打开电视机,扑进眼帘的都是多角恋、伦理剧之类的文化创作作品 | | 创作娱乐化 | 有些创作作品只为迎合当下人民群众的“娱乐精神” | | 人情味淡薄 | 以前在农村,谁家有个事,八方来帮忙。而现在,村民见了面也没了热乎劲,彼此少了联络 | | 我国文化资源被盗用 | 我国一些“非遗”资源被国外无偿进行商业使用甚至申请了商标、专利,反过来限制我国正常使用 | | 我国文化逆差严重 | 中国的电影、电视剧、图书、文艺演出等文化产品的进口多、出口少 | | 爱国/报效祖国 | 某人毅然舍弃国外高薪工作,坚决回国,为中华民族的崛起而奋斗不止 | | “等靠要”思想 | 个别困难户平时一点农活不做，生活只靠政府和干部送钱送物，存在典型的“懒汉”思想 |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_183_0.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_183_0.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82b666e7d53b0f7f674bb90737cc1fdb1871a610
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_183_0.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+| 变量 | 变量定义 | 样本量 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 | | Culture GDP | 文化产业经济发展效益 | 248 | 1338.43 | 1483.111 | 26.5 | 7185.45 | | DFA | 数字金融综合发展程度 | 248 | 304.9653 | 63.8788 | 186.38 | 460.6909 | | DFCB | 数字金融服务覆盖广度 | 248 | 288.3628 | 71.1495 | 139.87 | 455.9272 | | DFUD | 数字金融服务使用深度 | 248 | 292.125 | 77.40318 | 125.25 | 510.6945 | | DL | 数字金融服务数字化程度 | 248 | 383.1365 | 41.45768 | 293.1151 | 467.1723 | | GDP | 经济发展水平 | 248 | 30659.83 | 25316.59 | 1026.391 | 129118.6 | | UES | 城市经济的服务化程度 | 248 | 0.5124758 | 0.0825927 | 0.388032 | 0.839 | | HES | 人力资本潜力 | 248 | 218.5666 | 55.86513 | 97.6497 | 436.1739 | | FISCUL | 地方政府的影响 | 248 | 110.6554 | 69.212 | 20.97 | 417.22 | | MEC | 移动电话交换机容量 | 248 | 8210.906 | 5304.015 | 448 | 24521.58 | | FCL | 光缆线路长度 | 248 | 1410265 | 973234.3 | 115694.7 | 4392609 | | MBC | 移动电话基站容量 | 248 | 24.84931 | 16.94176 | 1.6876 | 98.9391 | | MPU | 移动电话年末用户数 | 248 | 4878.466 | 3332.536 | 268.67 | 16823.26 |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_183_1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_183_1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f46ada5217f1ee141cf6dd27f50db81a1a7cb87e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_183_1.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+| 变量 | 综合影响 | 覆盖广度影响 | 使用深度影响 | 数字化程度影响 | | L1. CultureGDP | 0.750***(0.103) | 0.698***(0.113) | 0.907***(0.105) | 0.742***(0.107) | | L2. CultureGDP | 0.210**(0.094) | 0.281***(0.101) | 0.015(0.111) | 0.239**(0.123) | | DFA | 5.119***(0.892) | | | | | DFCB | | 3.841***(0.746) | | | | DFUD | | | 3.663***(0.822) | | | DL | | | | 1.03(0.780) | | GDP | 0.003(0.006) | 0.002(0.006) | 0.003(0.006) | 0.006(0.007) | | UES | 31.643(696.745) | 141.467(686.340) | 905.061(639.652) | 872.938(676.578) | | HES | -2.538***(0.793) | -2.126***(0.863) | -1.246**(0.619) | 0.359(0.738) | | FISCUL | -0.663(0.674) | -0.178(0.694) | -1.637**(0.771) | 0.015(0.733) | | MEC | 0.021(0.014) | 0.027*(0.015) | 0.007(0.021) | 0.015(0.013) | | FCL | -0.00005(0.00008) | -0.0001(0.0001) | 0.0001(0.0001) | -0.0001(0.0001) | | MBC | -16.965*(9.232) | -14.663(9.956) | -11.700(8.799) | -12.409(10.433) | | MPU | 0.065*(0.039) | 0.057(0.039) | 0.069(0.048) | 0.039(0.038) | | Cons | -1304.832**(560.068) | -1065.971**(521.589) | -1438.143***(517.491) | -1074.336**(491.799) |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_19.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_19.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..de429758773a46cf764a163cad0bdbb15a275618
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_19.md
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+| 朝代/分域 | 唐朝 | 宋朝 | 明朝 | 清朝 |
|---|
+
+| 农业 (页码) | 曲辕犁简车 | 占城稻水稻产量第一苏湖熟天下足棉花 茶树 | 国外引进高产农作物 | 垦荒政策湖广熟天下足 | | 手工业 (页码) | 蜀锦越窑青瓷邢窑白瓷唐三彩 | 棉织业兴起瓷都和瓷器中心造船业中心 | 苏州丝织业中心景德镇青花瓷器 | 民间丝织业出现手工业工场 |
+
+| 商业 (页码) | 长安商业都市特点水陆交通发达 | 城乡商业店铺市坊界限交易时间草市商品数量 | 北京 南京两大商业城市商帮 | 全国商业网城镇兴起大城市繁华商帮作用增大 |
+
+| 经济重心南移(页码) | 唐中期开始南移 | 南宋完成南移 | 南方经济重心巩固 | 南方经济重心巩固 |
+
+| 社会风气 (页码) | 开放兼容并包 | | | |
+
+| 都市生活 (页码) | | 繁华瓦子构栏杂剧 | | |
+
+| 中外交通 (页码) | 陆海丝绸之路 | 陆上丝绸之路驿站制度海上丝路发达 | | |
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_36.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_36.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5579b8c7ea7b671f14c4775c66c386019cbe879f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_36.md
@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+| 序号 | 阶段划分 | 工作内容 | 控制要点 | 控制措施 |
+
+| 1 | 施工准备阶段 | 单位工程或分部工程开工前实施的预控 | 1、施工组织设计、施工方案、施工工艺、施工进度计划等2、施工单位质量保证体系及自控措施3、设计图纸审查4、进场人员和机具5、进场原材料和设备6、测量放线 | 1、组织审查，提出建议，检查交底监督执行。2、检查落实情况3、组织设计图纸交底4、落实各工种人员素质和机具完成状态5、报检查“三证”复核6、报验、现场检测 |
+
+| 2 | 基础工程阶段 | 土方、垫层、条形基础 | 1、基坑、标高、位置2、条形基础轴线、标高3、予埋件、预留孔洞穿墙管,予埋管线4、施工缝、变形缝、后浇带 | 1、检查、实测各类予埋,预留的位置2、检查、实测各类预埋、预设的位置3、审查砼浇注方案,对大面积砼、止水带、后浇带、施工缝等采取的技术措施4、审查配合比,旁站监理重点部位的振捣 |
+
+| 3 | 主体工程阶段 | 模板工程钢筋工程砼工程 | 1、轴线、标高、模板尺寸和垂直度2、模板及支撑的可靠性、稳定性3、预留孔洞、预埋件位置4、钢筋型号、规格、位置、数量5、钢筋接头是关键,接头位置分布、连接、锚固6、焊条和焊药的型号、规格,保存情况7、砼配合比、外加剂、坍落度、强度、计量8、施工缝设置及处理9、季节性施工技术措施 | 1、每层复测轴线、标高和垂直度2、检查模板刚度,支撑牢固稳定3、现场检查、测量预留、预埋位置4、钢筋要复验,检查成型和安装位置5、审查焊工的上岗证,做焊接试验,合格者上岗6、检查接头质量,接头位置,同一断面数量7、选用焊条和焊药要与钢材品种相匹配8、水泥复验,审检配合比和外加剂,现场做试块,做好试验记录 |
+
+| 4 | 砌体工程阶段 | 砌块砌筑构造柱浇筑 | 1、每层的轴线、标高要符合设计要求2、砌块和砂浆强度3、砌块应错缝搭砌,纵横墙交接处应交错搭砌,做到横平竖直,砌体表面平整,砂浆饱满,灌缝密实4、砌筑填充墙时必须把预埋在柱中的拉结筋的规格、数量、间距、长度应符合设计要求5、当围护墙或间隔墙的水平长度大于5米时,应在墙端划墙中加设构造柱,当墙高大于4米时,需在墙半高处设置钢筋砼腰带一道6、设计要求的孔洞、管道和预埋件应于砌筑时正确留出或预埋7、冬雨季施工工艺和技术措施 | 1、现场复验轴线、标高2、砌块强度要复验、审检砂浆配合比3、现场检查砌体灰缝砂浆的饱满程度,水平灰缝饱满度不得低于80%,竖缝不得出现透明缝,暗缝4、构造柱中的柱顶、柱脚应在主体结构中预埋4φ12短竖筋,钢筋搭接长度30d,先砌墙后浇柱,墙柱的拉结筋在砌墙时预埋5、做好砌体工程隐蔽项目验收1) 砌体中的预埋拉结筋及预埋件2) 构造柱和配筋带3) 其它隐蔽项目6、审检施工单位冬雨季施工方案和技术措施 |
+
+| 5 | 屋面工程 | 找平、保温、防水、排水系统 | 1、找平层厚度,坡度、平整度2、冷底子刷均匀3、保温层厚度,平整度防水层选用材料、施工工艺、粘贴情况,无开裂空鼓5、排水方向,坡度6、落水管位置,细部结构 | 1、现场检查2、检查配制,现场施工3、检查保温材料质量敷设厚度、均匀性4、防水材料的抽样复试,粘结度试验,考核操作人员技能,审查施工工艺、流程操作规程和交底情况5、检查落水管位置,坡向安装牢固,接头细部结构严密,排水畅通无渗流现象 |
+
+| 6 | 装修阶段 | 外墙装饰室内初装修门窗安装楼地面 | 1、外墙面平、阴阳角直宽洞口垂直水平面线,颜色一至。2、饰面板平整,接缝严密3、室内抹面厚度,平整度垂直度4、塑钢门(或铝合金)窗位置、尺寸安装牢固、开关灵活、关闭严密5、木门位置、尺寸、安装平整、严密6、楼地面标高、厚度、平整度 | 1、装饰工程一律先做样板,经联合鉴定合格后,方可大面积施工2、外墙面粉刷时宽洞,勒角,阴阳角要放线控制,用靠尺板找平3、塑钢门窗检查材质、规格、制作尺寸、所用的配件,安装质量,填嵌材料及作法4、检查木门材质、送材、制作、安装质量5、楼地面现场检查 |
+
+| 7 | 水、电、暖及设备安装阶段 | 配合土建施工阶段 | 1、配合土建和结构施工,暗埋电气的配管和接线盒的位置走向2、配合土建施工要求楼板和墙面上预留给排水或予埋给排水套管 | 严密性4、暗管弯头不能多于2个,弯头处不得有瘤5、检查楼板,墙面予留孔埋管的位置尺寸6、现场检查予埋件的防腐处理 |
+
+| 毛坯阶段 | 1、管道井立管安装固定2、各层支管管径、位置、排水流向、坡度3、暖通管道的位置、数量、热气阀、控制阀4、管道井内固定架牢固 | 1、审查各种管材合格证2、按图核查管道井内管道排水位置及固定3、检查排水管道接口的密封性,水流方向,坡度4、检查暖气管道,装配质量。6、检查井内固定架焊接质量和位置 |
+
+
+| 安装阶段(配合装修进行水电安装) | 1、电气面板,插座位置2、各类灯具位置选用和安装3、卫生洁具造型、安装、位置、成品保护 | 1、电气面板插座、灯具、卫生洁具、经联合选择后,把样品、合格证、技术资料保存在监理部2、电气面板,插座安装和装修同步配合施工3、装修前进行管道通水试验4、成品保护,防止电气板插座、灯具、卫生洁具破坏 |
+
+
+| 调试阶段 | 1、给水管道试验2、排水系统通水试渗漏,地漏流水坡向3、电气系统通电,有无泄漏4、避雷系统接地试验5、弱电系统试验 | 1、调试阶段实行旁站监理,做好记录2、调试是安装工程的最后阶段,对整个工程能否正常使用起关键作用3、审查安装单位编写的试压试验和试车方案4、核查安装单位所用测试仪器是否通过计量部门审验5、有特殊要求的安装项目,如:消防、电梯、电讯、有线电视等测试时还应邀请有关部门参加 |
+
+| 8 |
+智能化系统 | 配合土建施工阶段 | 配合土建和结构施工,暗埋通讯、有线电视、宽带等管线配管和接线盒位置走向。 | 做好隐蔽工程检查，严禁在已安土建工作面上凿孔、剔槽。 | | |
+毛坯阶段 | 1.固定智能化相关明装管线,并做好防腐处理;2.检查导线质量;3.严格控制智能系统各种设备的进厂前质量检查。 |
+1.控制好系统的线路敷设、缆线连接质量。2.注意交叉连接方法。 | | | 安装阶段(配合装修进行水、电安装) | 1.智能化设备应提供质量合格证检测报告及安装、使用、维护说明书。2.由系统集成商编制的用户应用软件,应满足多项功能测试。 | 1.对信息插座的安装应特别旁站监理；2.系统调试时应与业主谨慎选用测试仪；3.成品保护。 |
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_0.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_0.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78dae74e09b3d67b1516634d0dfcdbec6d5a47f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_0.md
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+
+| Key accounting data | 2023 years | 2022 years | Year-on-year increase of decrease (%) | 2021 years |
+| After adjustment | Before adjustment | After adjustment | Before adjustment |
+| Operating revenue | 147,693,604,994.14 | 124,099,843,771.99 | 124,099,843,771.99 | 19.01 | 106,190,154,843.76 | 106,190,154,843.76 |
+| Net profit attributable to shareholders of the listed company | 74,734,071,550.75 | 62,717,467,870.12 | 62,716,443,738.27 | 19.16 | 52,435,506,622.16 | 52,460,144,378.16 |
+| Net profits deducting non-recurring profits and losses attributable to shareholders of the listed company | 74,752,564,425.52 | 62,792,896,829.57 | 62,791,872,697.72 | 19.05 | 52,556,464,900.24 | 52,581,102,656.24 |
+| Net cash flows from operating activities | 66,593,247,721.09 | 36,698,595,830.03 | 36,698,595,830.03 | 81.46 | 64,028,676,147.37 | 64,028,676,147.37 |
+ | At the end of 2023 | At the end of 2022 | Increase or decrease at the end of the current period compared with the same period of the previous year | At the end of 2021 |
+| After adjustment | Before adjustment | After adjustment | Before adjustment |
+| Net assets attributable to shareholders of the listed company | 215,668,571,607.43 | 197,480,041,239.46 | 197,506,672,396.00 | 9.21 | 189,511,713,508.90 | 189,539,368,797.29 |
+| Total assets | 272,699,660,092.25 | 254,500,826,096.02 | 254,364,804,995.25 | 7.15 | 255,315,103,017.82 | 255,168,195,159.90 |
+| Share capital | 1,256,197,800.00 | 1,256,197,800.00 | 1,256,197,800.00 | | 1,256,197,800.00 | 1,256,197,800.00 |
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ba5b42799c1d47657cbb076b2d6f6e02d139024c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+
+| Main business grouped by business segment |
+| Operating revenue | Operating revenue | Operating costs | Gross profit margin | YoY Change of operating revenue (%) | YoY change of operating costs (%) | YoY change of gross profit margin (%) |
+| Liquor | 147,218,996,281.04 | 11,620,203,653.32 | 92.11 | 18.94 | 17.42 | 0.11 |
+| Primary business (by product) |
+| Product | Operating revenue | Operating costs | Gross profit margin (%) | Increase or decrease in operating revenue over the previous year (%) | Increase or decrease in operating costs over the previous year (%) | Increase or decrease in gross profit margin over the previous year (%) |
+| Moutai | 126,589,066,691.89 | 7,445,470,669.11 | 94.12 | 17.39 | 18.83 | -0.07 |
+| Other liquor | 20,629,929,589.15 | 4,174,732,984.21 | 79.76 | 29.43 | 15.00 | 2.54 |
+| Main business grouped by region |
+| Region | Operating revenue | Operating costs | Gross profit margin | YoY Change of operating revenue (%) | YoY change of operating costs (%) | YoY change of gross profit margin (%) |
+| Domestic | 142,868,885,823.91 | 11,280,212,551.30 | 92.10 | 19.52 | 18.01 | 0.10 |
+| Overseas | 4,350,110,457.13 | 339,991,102.02 | 92.18 | 2.61 | 0.76 | 0.14 |
+| Main business condition by sales model |
+| Sales model | Operating revenue | Operating costs | Gross profit margin | YoY Change of Operating revenue (%) | YoY change of operating costs (%) | YoY change of gross profit margin (%) |
+| Wholesale agency | 79,986,119,397.90 | 8,569,360,111.66 | 89.29 | 7.52 | 6.82 | 0.07 |
+| Direct sales | 67,232,876,883.14 | 3,050,843,541.66 | 95.46 | 36.16 | 62.78 | -0.74 |
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_2.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_2.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a50c0004966ee0c199ddc67ca776e7d1b579b31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_2.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+
+| Item | Amount in this period | Amount in last period | Change (%) |
+| △Net increase in customer bank deposits and placement from banks and other financial institutions | -810,223,002.76 | -8,916,033,228.67 | N/A |
+| Refunds of taxes and surcharges received | 1,500,047.04 | 33,191,912.56 | -95.48 |
+| Cash paid for purchase of goods or receipt of services | 11,029,476,036.21 | 8,357,859,151.03 | 31.97 |
+| △Net increase in loans and advances to customers | -2,051,930,316.19 | 723,778,672.00 | N/A |
+| Net increase in loans to banks and other financial institutions | 2,500,000,000.00 | | N/A |
+| △Net increase in deposits in central bank, other banks and financial institutions | 1,570,003,429.01 | 13,037,761,321.90 | -87.96 |
+| △Cash paid for interest, handling charges and commissions | 142,896,151.21 | 79,226,410.98 | 80.36 |
+| Cash paid for other operating activities | 7,943,709,518.14 | 5,123,087,432.89 | 55.06 |
+| Cash received from disposal of investments | 7,549,947,301.15 | | N/A |
+| Cash received from investment income | 140,715,000.00 | 5,880,000.00 | 2,293.11 |
+| Net cash received from disposal of fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets | 24,948,352.95 | 355,149.00 | 6,924.76 |
+| Cash paid to acquire and construct fixed assets, intangible assets and other long-term assets | 2,619,755,888.79 | 5,306,546,416.54 | -50.63 |
+| Cash paid for investments | 14,817,852,800.00 | 210,000,000.00 | 6,956.12 |
+| Cash paid for other investing activities | 7,021,867.10 | 31,486,829.54 | -77.70 |
+| Cash paid for other financing activities | 134,315,261.93 | 54,332,788.37 | 147.21 |
+| Effect of fluctuation in exchange rate on cash and cash equivalents | 1,718,255.65 | 911,088.01 | 88.59 |
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_3.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_3.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..24690390b77c4a12b56a5550201f4a34bfc0b664
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_3.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+
+| Item | Amount by the end of this period | As % of total assets (%) | Amount by the end of last period | As % of total assets (%) | Change in percentage (%) | Explanation about any material change |
+| Cash and cash equivalents | 69,070,136,376.12 | 25.33 | 58,274,318,733.23 | 22.90 | 18.53 | | | Held-for-trading financial assets | 400,712,059.93 | 0.15 | | | N/A | Mainly the additional investment of Kweichow Moutai Group Finance Co., Ltd., a holding subsidiary of the Company, in debt instruments | | Notes receivable | 13,933,440.00 | 0.01 | 105,453,212.00 | 0.04 | -86.79 | Mainly the decrease in the sales business with bank acceptance bills of the Company's wholly-owned subsidiary, Kweichow Moutai-Flavor Liquor Marketing Co., Ltd. | | Accounts receivable | 60,373,410.41 | 0.02 | 20,937,144.00 | 0.01 | 188.36 | Mainly the sales of Kweichow Moutai Sales Co., Ltd., a controlling company of the Company, via an online platform where the system adopts the T+7 model for the settlement of payments for goods. | | Prepayments | 34,585,111.79 | 0.01 | 897,377,162.27 | 0.35 | -96.15 | Mainly the transformation from advanced land payments to intangible assets | | Redemptory Monetary Capital for Sale | 3,504,849,885.05 | 1.29 | | | N/A | The purchase of reverse repo of treasury bonds was made by Guizhou Maotai Group Finance Co., Ltd., a holding subsidiary of the company. | | Inventories | 46,435,185,061.53 | 17.03 | 38,824,374,236.24 | 15.26 | 19.60 | | | Other current assets | 71,403,906.57 | 0.03 | 160,843,674.42 | 0.06 | -55.61 | Mainly the decrease in input VAT retained | | Non-current assets maturing within one year | | | 2,123,601,333.33 | 0.83 | -100.00 | Mainly the recovery of loans distributed to member units by the Company's holding subsidiary Kweichow Moutai Group Finance Co., Ltd. | | Loans and payments | 2,130,818,189.27 | 0.78 | 4,134,744,407.92 | 1.62 | -48.47 | Mainly the purchase of | | Debt investment | 5,323,002,071.02 | 1.95 | 380,685,319.09 | 0.15 | 1,298.27 | Mainly the purchase of bonds by Kweichow Moutai Group Finance Co., Ltd., a holding subsidiary of the Company | | Fixed assets | 19,909,280,655.97 | 7.30 | 19,742,622,547.86 | 7.76 | 0.84 | | | Other non-current financial assets | 4,002,439,902.57 | 1.47 | | | N/A | The additional investment of the Company in industrial funds | | Other non-current assets | 109,563,497.23 | 0.04 | | | N/A | The newly-added informatization project in progress | | Non-current liabilities maturing within one year | 57,054,879.48 | 0.02 | 109,351,155.28 | 0.04 | -47.82 | The payment for rental expenses | | Deferred tax liabilities | 78,943,062.19 | 0.03 | 162,628,090.99 | 0.06 | -51.46 | The influence of the implementation of the Interpretation No. 16 of the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises | | Other comprehensive income | -6,061,727.51 | | -10,776,907.33 | | N/A | The difference arising from the translation of financial statements of overseas operations of Kweichow Moutai Paris Trading Co., Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company, into the functional currency statements |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_4.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_4.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e0039a4e6dd424a7b228b2ebbe1e39459b87a21c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_43_4.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+| Product grade | Production (ton) | Change (%) Same Period | Sales (tons) | Change (%) Same period | Production-sales ratio (%) | Sales revenue | Change (%) same period | Main representing brand | | Moutai | 57,204.11 | 0.69 | 42,109.50 | 11.10 | | 12,658,906.67 | 17.39 | Moutai | | Other series liquor | 42,937.04 | 22.41 | 31,164.54 | 2.94 | | 2,062,992.96 | 29.43 | Moutai Wangzi liquor, Moutai 1935 liquor, Han Jiang liquor, Lai Mao liquor |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_0.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_0.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..38f3af3c07d129ce12bc45bdd61e4c9450f299b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_0.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+| 序号 | 课题 | 讲课人 | 讲课时间 |
|---|
| 1 | 协调系统 | 房之栋 | 2004/11 | | 2 | 发电机定子冷却水 | 张神举 | 2004/12 | | 3 | 发电机密封油系统 | 白鹏 | 2004/12 | | 4 | 燃烧系统 | 马学荣 | 2005/1 | | 5 | 空冷控制逻辑 | 白鹏 | 2005/2 | | 6 | 减温水调节系统 | 李振华 | 2005/3 | | 7 | 炉膛负压控制逻辑 | 王建峰 | 2005/3 | | 8 | RB 控制逻辑 | 房之栋 | 2005/4 | | 9 | 一次调频逻辑控制系统 | 白鹏 | 2005/4 | | 10 | 汽轮机单顺阀切换 | 张神举 | 2005/5 | | 11 | 汽包水位控制系统 | 房之栋 | 2005/6 | | 12 | 化学水仪表培训 | 柴志宏 | 2005/7 | | 13 | 脱硫系统介绍培训 | 肖瑞岗 | 2005/8 | | 14 | 脱硫 FGD 系统逻辑培训 | 肖瑞岗 | 2005/8 | | 15 | SIPOS 5 执行机构培训 | 王建峰 | 2005/9 | | 16 | AUMA 执行机构培训 | 李振华 | 2005/10 | | 17 | TSI 技术培训 | 张神举 | 2005/11 | | 18 | ROTORK 执行机构培训 | | 2005/12 | | 19 | | | | | 20 | | | | | 21 | | | | | 22 | | | | | 23 | | | |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..47ce8ebf422879f9b6d1b88d5e1ec132dbc039f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_1.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+| 0 | | 5 | PSIA | 10 | CFM | 28 | UM | | 1 | | 6 | PSIG | 11 | LB\HR | 29 | MM | | 2 | % | 7 | IN H2O | 12 | GAL | 30 | M | | 3 | DEGF | 8 | GPM | 13 | AMPS | 63 | Us | | 4 | DEGC | 9 | CFS | 14 | IN HG | 64 | Kj/NM3 | | 15 | KLB\HR | 31 | M3/H | 47 | Vs/cm | 65 | mm/H2O | | 16 | A | 32 | UG/Kg | 48 | MW/min | 66 | T/H | | 17 | RPM | 33 | UG/I | 49 | mPa/min | 67 | HZ | | 18 | C | 34 | NM3/Kg | 50 | MWH | 68 | KA | | 19 | Hz | 35 | Kj/M3C | 51 | G/KWH | 69 | M/s | | 20 | Pa | 36 | Kj | 52 | R/m | 70 | | | 21 | Kpa | 37 | Kj/Kg | 53 | mm/s | 71 | KJ/Kg | | 22 | Mpa | 38 | %/MIN | 54 | Kg/KWH | 72 | Mg/L | | 23 | T/H | 39 | DEG/H | 55 | Kj/KWH | 73 | MS | | 24 | V | 40 | Km3/H | 56 | Kj/h | 74 | Ppm | | 25 | KV | 41 | Km3 | 57 | Kg/h | 44 | MmWG | | 26 | MW | 42 | T | 58 | H | 45 | MmVs | | 27 | MVAR | 43 | %O2 | 59 | WKWH | 46 | Mv | | 76 | Ppb | 84 | RPM/M | 89 | PA | 97 | Kj/KgC | | 77 | | 85 | MW/M | 90 | | 98 | Mj/h | | 78 | Kg/cm2 | 86 | Kg/HR | 91 | W | 99 | M3 | | 79 | | 87 | KM3/H | 92 | mG/L | 100 | 摄氏度 | | 80 | Microm | 88 | M3/H | 93 | T | 83 | MmHg | | 81 | SEC | 60 | KWH | 94 | min | 62 | PH | | 82 | CVM | 61 | Micros | 95 | %min | 96 | mJ/Kg |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_2.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_2.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10c303a5a9072d347f9d682faebb8e6e900f2c1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_2.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+| 功能码 | 英文 | 中文 |
|---|
| FC 1 | FUNCTION GENERATOR | 函数发生功能码 | | FC 3 | LEAD/LAD | 超前/滞后功能码 | | FC 6 | HIGH/LOW LIMITER | 高/低限功能码 | | FC 8 | RATE LIMITER | 速率限制功能码 | | FC 9 | ANALOG TRANSFER | 模拟信号切换功能码 | | FC 18 | PID ERROR INPUT | PID 故障输入功能码 | | FC 19 | PID (SP AND PV) | PID 功能码 | | FC 24 | ADAPT | 参数赋值功能码 | | FC 31 | TEST QUALITY | 质量检测功能码 | | FC 34 | MEMORY | 存储功能码 | | FC 35 | TIMER | 时钟功能码 | | FC 36 | QUALIFIED OR | 限或功能码 | | FC 58 | TIME DELAY (ANALOG) | 纯时延功能码 | | FC 62 | RCM | 远程存储功能码 | | FC 68 | RMSC | 远方手动设定常数功能码 | | FC 69 | TEST ALARM | 检测报警功能码 | | FC 80 | CONTROL STATION | 站控制功能码 | | FC 82 | SEGMENT CONTROL | 分段控制功能码 | | FC 129 | MSDD | 多状态驱动功能码 | | FC 126 | APID | 高级 PID 功能码 |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_3.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_3.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a3cee980fe71fc8d16555e6297e9fd46e6fc8df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/cross_page_table_normal_9_3.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+| KKS 编号 | MCS 名称 | 套数 |
|---|
| 11HLA10DP901 | 一次风压控制 | 2 | | 11HLA41DT901 | 左侧暖风器冷端温度控制 | 1 | | 11HLA42DT901 | 右侧暖风器冷端温度控制 | 1 | | 10HBB10DP901 | 炉膛压力控制 | 2 | | 10HFC11 (2, 3) DP901 | 磨出入口差压控制 | 3 | | 10HFC11 (2, 3) DT901 | 磨出口温度控制 | 3 | | 10HFC11 (2, 3) DP902 | 磨入口负压控制 | 3 | | 10HFG11DU001 | 炉#1角1层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG12DU001 | 炉#2角1层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG13DU001 | 炉#3角1层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG14DU001 | 炉#4角1层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG21DU001 | 炉#1角2层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG22DU001 | 炉#2角2层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG23DU001 | 炉#3角2层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG24DU001 | 炉#4角2层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG31DU001 | 炉#1角3层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG32DU001 | 炉#2角3层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG33DU001 | 炉#3角3层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG34DU001 | 炉#4角3层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG41DU001 | 炉#1角4层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG42DU001 | 炉#2角4层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG43DU001 | 炉#3角4层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG44DU001 | 炉#4角4层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG10DU001 | 炉1层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG20DU001 | 炉2层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG30DU001 | 炉3层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HFG40DU001 | 炉4层给粉机转速控制 | 1 | | 10HF-G00DU001 | 燃料主控 | 1 | | 10HJF30DP901 | 燃油压力控制 | 1 | | 10HAG10DL901 | 汽包水位控制 | 4 | | 10HAH11DT901 | 左侧一级减温控制 | 1 | | 10HAH12DT901 | 右侧一级减温控制 | 1 | | 10LBA10DT901 | 主汽温度控制 | 2 | | 10LAF31DT901 | 左侧再热事故喷水减温控制 | 1 | | 10LAF33DT901 | 右侧再热事故喷水减温控制 | 1 | | 10LAF32DT901 | 左侧再热微量喷水减温控制 | 1 | | 10LAF34DT901 | 右侧再热微量喷水减温控制 | 1 | | 10LBB10DT901 | 再热器温度挡板控制 | 6 | | 10LCQ60DL901 | 锅炉连排疏水水位控制 | 1 | | 10LCQ60DF901 | 汽包连排流量控制 | 1 | | 10HLB10DF901 | 送风量控制 | 2 | | 10HNA10DQ901 | 氧量控制 | 1 | | 10HCB01DT901 | 吹灰蒸汽压力控制 | 1 | | 10LCK50DL901 | 暖风器疏水箱水位控制 | 1 | | 10CJA10DU001~5 | 协调控制系统 | 3 | | 10LCE20DT901 | 三级减温水温度控制 | 1 | | 10MAC10DT901 | 低压缸喷水控制 | 2 | | 10LAA10DP001 | 除氧器压力控制 | 1 | | 10LBG10DP001 | 辅助蒸汽联箱压力控制 | 1 | | 10LBG50DT001 | 锅炉辅助用汽温度控制 | 1 | | AOLBG10DP001 | 采暖用汽压力控制 | 1 | | AOLBG10DT001 | 采暖用汽温度控制 | 1 | | 10LAD10DL901 | 3#号高加水位控制 | 1 | | 10LAD20DL901 | 2#号高加水位控制 | 1 | | 10LAD30DL901 | 1#号高加水位控制 | 1 | | 10LCC10DL901 | 7#号低加水位控制 | 1 | | 10LCC20DL901 | 6#号低加水位控制 | 1 | | 10LCC30DL901 | 5#号低加水位控制 | 1 | | 10LAA10DL901 | 除氧器水位控制 | 1 | | 10LBW10DP001 | 主汽至轴封压力控制 | 1 | | 10LBW10DP002 | 再热冷段至轴封压力控制 | 1 | | 10LBW10DP003 | 辅汽至轴封压力控制 | 1 | | 10LBW10DP004 | 轴封至排汽装置压力控制 | 1 | | 10LBW20DT001 | 轴封温度控制 | 1 | | 10PCB21DT001 | 汽轮机润滑油温度控制 | 1 | | 10PCB22DT001 | 发电机定子冷却水温度控制 | 1 | | 10LAW11DP001 | 1号给水泵密封水差压控制 | 1 | | 10LAW12DP001 | 2号给水泵密封水差压控制 | 1 | | 10LAW13DP001 | 3号给水泵密封水差压控制 | 1 | | 10LAB21DF901 | 1号给水泵最小流量控制 | 1 | | 10LAB22DF901 | 2号给水泵最小流量控制 | 1 | | 10LAB23DF901 | 3号给水泵最小流量控制 | 1 | | 10MAG20CL001 | 凝汽器水位控制 | 1 | | 10MAG10DL901 | 排汽装置水位控制 | 1 | | 10LCA40CP001 | 凝结水压力控制 | 1 | | 合计 | 96 |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_0_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_0_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ee1254bd53f1b25a82d6067daa22c27a70c794e9
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_0_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+华夏娱乐有限公司成立于2001年5月，是一家多元化的娱乐公司，主要从事电影制作、音乐制作和艺人经纪业务，注册地为上海，并在2010年在上海证券交易所上市（股票代码：HXYE）。
+
+2017年度是华夏娱乐有限公司取得重要进展的一年。首先，在2017年2月，公司完成了对草莓文化传媒有限公司的资产收购，总价值1.2亿元。这次收购扩大了华夏娱乐的电视剧制作业务，增强了公司的市场竞争力。随后，在2017年3月，公司投资了一部以明星A为主角的电影《时光之恋》，投资金额为8000万元。这次投资进一步拓展了公司的电影制作业务，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+为了支持公司的扩张和发展，华夏娱乐在2017年7月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了10亿元资金。这次融资活动加强了华夏娱乐的资金实力。为了改善公司的财务状况，华夏娱乐在2017年8月进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元负债。这次债务重组降低了公司的财务成本。
+
+在回报股东的同时，华夏娱乐决定在2017年10月向股东分发1亿元股利。这次股利发放提升了股东的收益。为了进一步优化公司的业务结构，华夏娱乐在2017年11月进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的电影和音乐业务结构。这次资产重组提高了华夏娱乐的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+最后，在2017年12月，华夏娱乐完成了对嘉悦传媒有限公司的股权收购，获得了70%的股权。这次股权收购进一步扩大了华夏娱乐的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+以上重大事件对公司的财务指标产生了显著影响。在2017年度，华夏娱乐的营业收入达到了2.5亿元，净利润为8500万元。公司的总资产达到了15亿元，总负债为6亿元，股东权益为9亿元。公司的现金流量为2亿元。负债比率为40%，资产负债率也为40%。净资产收益率为15%。
+
+这些指标的变化反映了公司在2017年度的经营状况和财务健康程度。首先，营业收入的增加主要是由于公司进行了重大资产收购和投资，扩大了业务规模。其次，净利润的增长得益于公司对成本的控制和非经常性损益的减少。总资产和股东权益的增加主要是由于资产收购和资产重组。总负债的减少则是通过债务重组实现的。现金流量的增加反映了公司的经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动的积极表现。
+
+未来展望方面，华夏娱乐计划进一步优化成本控制，提高投资回报率，加强资本运营等。公司将加大对新电影项目的投资，并计划进一步拓展海外市场，以推动公司长期稳定发展。同时，华夏娱乐也意识到市场需求变化、成本上升和金融风险等主要财务风险，将加强风险管理，制定相应的应对策略。
+
+综上所述，华夏娱乐有限公司在2017年度取得了显著的业务发展和财务表现。公司通过资产收购、投资、融资、债务重组和股权收购等一系列重大事件，扩大了业务规模，提升了市场竞争力。公司的财务指标表明了公司的财务健康程度和经营状况。未来，公司将继续优化业务策略，加大投资力度，加强风险管理，以实现长期稳定发展。
+
+公司治理报告
+
+华夏娱乐有限公司在2017年度的公司治理方面取得了一系列重要进展。首先，公司积极参与可持续性与社会责任倡议，体现了对环境保护和社区公益活动的关注。在2017年1月，公司发起了一项环保倡议，通过采取一系列措施来减少对环境的负面影响。同时，公司还积极参与社区公益活动，为当地社区做出了积极贡献。
+
+2017年3月，公司发生了高级管理层变动，这对公司的治理结构产生了一定的影响。公司在此事件后采取了一系列措施，以确保高级管理层的稳定性和连续性。
+
+然而，在2017年4月，公司发生了一起道德与诚信事件，这对公司的声誉和治理结构造成了一定的冲击。公司在此事件后进行了全面的自查和整改，加强了内部控制和道德规范的培训，以防止类似事件再次发生。
+
+为了进一步加强公司治理，华夏娱乐有限公司于2017年7月修订了公司治理政策，以确保公司治理的透明度和合规性。此外，公司还根据最新的合规与监管要求进行了更新，以确保公司在法律法规方面的合规性。
+
+在2017年9月，公司进行了董事会变更，以进一步提升公司治理的效果。新董事会成员的加入为公司带来了新的思路和经验，有助于推动公司治理的进一步改进。
+
+在2017年11月的股东大会上，公司通过了一系列重要决议，进一步推动了公司治理的发展。这些决议涉及公司治理结构的调整和改进，以及对关键问题的决策。
+
+最后，在2017年12月，公司采取了一系列风险管理举措，以应对潜在的风险和挑战。这些举措包括加强内部控制系统，确保公司的运营和财务活动的合规性和稳定性。
+
+在以上重要事件中，华夏娱乐有限公司涉及的指标包括信息披露、关联交易和内部控制。公司积极参与可持续性与社会责任倡议，体现了对环境保护和社区公益活动的关注，这在信息披露方面得到了体现。高级管理层变动和董事会变更对公司的治理结构产生了一定的影响，这在关联交易方面得到了体现。道德与诚信事件的发生对公司的声誉和治理结构造成了冲击，这在内部控制方面得到了体现。
+
+为了进一步加强公司治理，华夏娱乐有限公司制定了治理改进计划。该计划包括加强董事会和监事会功能，以及提升透明度和信息披露质量。这些改进计划将在2018年逐步实施，有助于进一步提升公司治理的效果。
+
+此外，公司还制定了风险管理策略，以应对潜在的风险和挑战。该策略包括强化内部控制系统，以确保公司的运营和财务活动的合规性和稳定性。同时，公司还将可持续发展和社会责任整合到风险管理中，以确保公司在经济、社会和环境方面的可持续性。
+
+综上所述，华夏娱乐有限公司在2017年度取得了一系列重要的公司治理进展。公司在可持续性与社会责任倡议、高级管理层变动、道德与诚信事件、公司治理政策修订、合规与监管更新、董事会变更、股东大会决议和风险管理举措等方面都取得了积极的成果。这些进展对公司的治理结构和指标产生了积极的影响，为公司的可持续发展奠定了良好的基础。在未来，公司将继续加强治理改进和风险管理，以确保公司的长期稳定发展。
+
+在2017年度的公司环境与社会责任报告中，华夏娱乐有限公司展示了其在环境责任和社会责任方面的努力和成就。
+
+在环境责任方面，华夏娱乐采取了多项措施来防止污染设施的建设。首先，公司在2016年进行了一次全面的环境评估，以了解当前环境状况和法规要求。接着，公司选择了适合的污染防治设备，并成功采购。然后，公司进行了新污染防治设施的建设和调试，并在2017年1月将其投入使用。为了确保设施的正常运行，公司定期监测和调整其运行情况。此外，华夏娱乐还投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资碳抵消项目来实现碳中和目标。同时，公司还开发了环保型产品，减少对环境的影响。为了提高环境绩效并确保合规，公司实施了环境管理系统（EMS）。此外，华夏娱乐与供应商合作，加强对供应链的可持续管理，并鼓励其采纳环保和社会责任标准。最后，公司还投资实施了节能减排项目，以减少能源消耗和温室气体排放。
+
+根据数据显示，华夏娱乐在2017年度的二氧化碳排放量为1,500,000吨，能源消耗为2,000,000 MWh。这些数据表明，公司在环境责任方面取得了一定的成绩，但仍有进一步的改进空间。
+
+在社会责任方面，华夏娱乐致力于支持当地社区的发展。公司投资于教育、健康和社会发展项目，为社区做出了积极的贡献。此外，公司还致力于促进公平就业机会，并依法保护员工的劳动权益。华夏娱乐提供多种培训和发展项目，支持员工职业成长和个人发展。同时，公司实施了旨在提升员工健康与安全的措施。此外，华夏娱乐还参与或资助慈善活动和慈善机构，支持教育、健康、减贫等领域。公司还投资或参与公共服务项目，如城市绿化、公共卫生改善项目，以提升社区生活质量。
+
+根据数据显示，华夏娱乐的员工满意度为82%，社区投资额达到了100,000,000元。这些数据表明，公司在社会责任方面取得了一定的成绩，但仍有进一步的改进空间。
+
+未来展望方面，华夏娱乐将继续采取一系列措施减少运营对环境的影响。公司将积极履行社会责任，促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。此外，公司还将整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs）。
+
+综上所述，华夏娱乐有限公司在2017年度的公司环境与社会责任报告中展示了其在环境责任和社会责任方面的努力和成就。公司通过防止污染设施的建设、投资碳抵消项目、开发环保型产品、实施环境管理系统、建设可持续性供应链和实施节能减排项目等措施，积极履行社会责任。然而，公司仍需进一步改进，以提高环境绩效和社会责任履行水平。华夏娱乐将继续努力，减少对环境的影响，促进社区发展，并为员工提供更好的工作环境和发展机会。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_101_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_101_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13cb7edbd138d9bb87ea8a1d452e2608a6598bd0
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_101_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+# 银杏市橄榄区人民法院刑事判决书
+
+
+
+（2023年银橄刑初字第0123号）
+
+
+
+银杏市橄榄区人民法院
+
+
+
+刑事判决书
+
+
+
+公诉机关：银杏市橄榄区人民检察院。
+
+
+
+被告人：孙某，男，1961年7月23日出生，汉族，银杏市夜莺街48号居民，机械工程师。因本案于2022年8月15日被立案调查，2022年8月22日被采取留置措施，2022年8月29日被刑事拘留，2022年9月5日被逮捕。
+
+
+
+辩护人：马某某，银杏市正义律师事务所律师。
+
+
+
+## 案件经过
+
+
+
+本院于2022年8月15日接到银杏市橄榄区人民检察院提交的本案立案材料，决定立案。经过初步调查后，于2022年8月22日决定对被告人孙某采取留置措施。在留置期间，被告人孙某对其过失行为供认不讳，因此于2022年8月29日被刑事拘留，并于2022年9月5日被依法批准逮捕。
+
+
+
+## 案情陈述
+
+
+
+本案中的审理显示，被告人孙某是银杏市正源机械厂的一名资深机械工程师，负责厂内设备的维护和检修工作。2022年7月1日至2022年7月15日期间，孙某担任维修任务，负责一台大型冲床的维修。尽管该设备的使用情况存在明显的安全隐患，被告人孙某在维修过程中未能遵循严格的安全检查程序，对设备状态的判断和维护不到位，存在疏忽大意的问题。
+
+
+
+根据银杏市正源机械厂的维修记录和行业安全检查报告，证实了被告人孙某对该设备的安全检测不严格，其维修过程存在诸多疏漏和不合程序之处。2022年7月16日，该冲床在正常运作时因孙某未能及早发现并处理存在的安全隐患，导致了工人王某在使用冲床时被夹住，受到了极为严重的重创。此事故经由现场监控录像、目击者员工证言以及医院急救记录和死亡证明等证据材料得到充分证明。王某被立即送至医院紧急抢救，但由于伤势过重，抢救无效，于当晚不幸去世。
+
+
+
+## 指控罪名
+
+
+
+银杏市橄榄区人民检察院指控被告人孙某过失致人死亡罪，认为被告人孙某在明知设备存在潜在危险的情况下，未能履行应尽的安全职责，直接导致了一名员工的死亡。根据《中华人民共和国刑法》第一百三十三条的相关规定，应追究其刑事责任。
+
+
+
+## 证据描述
+
+
+
+检察机关提交了以下证据证明被告人孙某的犯罪事实：
+
+
+
+1. **银杏市正源机械厂的维修记录**：该记录详细记载了被告人孙某从2022年7月1日到2022年7月15日对冲床设备进行维修的工作情况，包括但不限于维修步骤、使用材料、检查记录等。维修记录显示，孙某在维修期间明显忽略了一些重要的安全检查项目，导致设备存在潜在的安全隐患。
+
+
+
+2. **行业安全检查报告**：由专业检测机构提供的行业安全检查报告指出，被告人孙某在维修过程中的操作不规范，未遵循行业标准，导致了设备的安全隐患长期得不到有效排除。
+
+
+
+3. **现场监控录像**：监控录像记录了事故发生时的全过程，从中清晰可见，冲床在运行时由于设备故障，员工王某被夹住直至无法动弹的整个过程。同时，录像记录了事故发生前冲床运行时出现的异常反应，体现设备的安全隐患。
+
+
+
+4. **目击者员工证言**：事发当时在场的目击者员工的证言，详细描述了事发经过，佐证了事故的真实发生情况，并且证明了在事故发生前设备运行时确实存在异常情况，但被告人孙某未能及时处理。
+
+
+
+5. **医院急救记录和死亡证明**：医院急救记录显示王某被送入医院时的详细情况，包括入院时的伤情描述及抢救过程。死亡证明则标明王某因受到重创引发的多器官衰竭死亡，事故是导致死亡的直接原因。
+
+
+
+## 量刑考量
+
+
+
+被告人孙某虽然因疏忽大意导致严重的后果，但其初犯，无前科，案发后也表现出深刻的自责以及积极赔偿受害者家属的行为，体现了其内心的悔意和改过自新的意愿。辩护人马某某律师提出，被告人在事发后不仅承认错误且积极配合调查，迅速向受害人家属进行经济赔偿，表现出对事件的高度重视以及对逝者的诚挚歉意。
+
+
+
+在量刑时，本院同时考虑了因本案而受影响的员工家庭。被告人孙某在事发后自愿给予王某家属经济赔偿，王某的家属对此也表达了一定的谅解。本院认为，被告人的行为虽构成犯罪，但鉴于其后续行为所表现的良好态度以及受害人家属的谅解，可酌情从轻处理。
+
+
+
+## 判决结果
+
+
+
+经本院审判委员会讨论一致同意，综合考虑各方面因素，本院判决如下：
+
+
+
+被告人孙某犯过失致人死亡罪，判处有期徒刑三年。
+
+
+
+## 上诉权说明
+
+
+
+如不服本判决，被告人可以在接到判决书后的十日内，通过本院或直接向银杏市中级人民法院提出书面上诉。上诉应提交上诉状一式两份。
+
+
+
+本判决书自送达之日起生效。
+
+
+
+审判长 罗某某
+
+
+
+审判员 俞某
+
+
+
+书记员 舒某某
+
+
+
+银杏市橄榄区人民法院
+
+
+
+2023年2月20日
+
+
+
+参考法条如下：
+
+第一百三十三条
+
+过失致人死亡的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑；情节较轻的，处三年以下有期徒刑。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_105_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_105_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3311924949088a050e2e1250ea6beecc299fdb09
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_105_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,242 @@
+# 栗子市银川区人民法院刑事判决书
+
+
+
+栗子市银川区人民法院
+
+
+
+刑事判决书
+
+
+
+（2023）栗银刑初字第XX号
+
+
+
+公诉机关：栗子市银川区人民检察院。
+
+
+
+被告人：祝某某，女，1983年6月15日生，汉族，住栗子市冰川街45号，栗子市税务局税务专员。因本案于2022年7月22日被刑事拘留，2022年8月1日被逮捕。现羁押于栗子市看守所。
+
+
+
+辩护人：严某某，栗子市正义法律事务所律师。
+
+
+
+栗子市银川区人民检察院以栗银检刑诉〔2023〕XX号起诉书指控被告人祝某某犯徇私枉法罪，于2023年2月15日向本院提起公诉。本院受理后，依法组成合议庭，公开开庭审理了本案。栗子市银川区人民检察院指派检察员冯某某出庭支持公诉，被告人祝某某及其辩护人严某某到庭参加诉讼。现已审理终结。
+
+
+
+## 一、案件涉及程序
+
+
+
+1. **立案调查**：2022年7月1日，栗子市银川区人民检察院根据群众举报及初步调查，认为祝某某涉嫌徇私枉法罪，决定立案调查。
+
+
+
+2. **采取留置措施**：2022年7月15日，因需要进一步搜集证据，并防止嫌疑人逃避法律追责，决定对祝某某采取留置措施。
+
+
+
+3. **刑事拘留**：2022年7月22日，经进一步查证，已掌握嫌疑人徇私枉法的具体事实，检察机关决定对祝某某采取刑事拘留措施。
+
+
+
+4. **逮捕**：2022年8月1日，获取充分证据后，决定对祝某某采取逮捕措施。
+
+
+
+## 二、案情陈述
+
+
+
+### 1. 犯罪事实一：与飞虎公司的徇私枉法行为
+
+
+
+2021年5月至2021年8月期间，祝某某在担任栗子市税务局税务专员时，负责查验栗子市飞虎公司的纳税申报材料。祝某某在审核过程中，明知飞虎公司存在偷税漏税行为，但因与该公司负责人赵某某存在私人利益交易，祝某某利用职务便利，故意减少飞虎公司应缴税额，并炮制虚假账目，以掩盖飞虎公司的违法行为。为此，祝某某收受了飞虎公司赠送的市价约10万元的名牌手表作为回报。
+
+
+
+在本案中，检察院提供了以下证据：
+
+
+
+- **书面证据**：2021年5月至2021年8月间飞虎公司的纳税申报表复印件及相关账目，显示了祝某某在其中的明显修改痕迹，减少了飞虎公司的实缴税款数目。
+
+- **物证**：飞虎公司赠送的价值10万元的名牌手表，祝某某曾多次佩戴此手表出席公共场合。
+
+- **证人证言**：税务局同事李某某的证词，李某某指出，祝某某经常与赵某某私下接触，且在审核飞虎公司纳税申报材料时，存在避重就轻的嫌疑。
+
+- **录音证据**：检察机关调取的祝某某与赵某某之间的谈话录音，录音明确提到祝某某利用职务便利帮助赵某某减少税款。
+
+
+
+### 2. 犯罪事实二：与曙光电子公司的徇私枉法行为
+
+
+
+2021年9月至2021年12月，祝某某在栗子市另一企业曙光电子公司涉嫌逃税案件中，再次利用职权之便，为该公司逃避处罚提供帮助。祝某某收取了曙光电子公司高管的宴请和纸币贿赂，导致国家税款损失高达20万元。祝某某多次参加公司高管组织的宴请，并在宴请期间多次谈论和指示逃税相关注意事项。
+
+
+
+在此期间，检察院提供了以下证据：
+
+
+
+- **书面证据**：曙光电子公司2021年9月至2021年12月间的财务报表与对帐单，显示公司在祝某某帮助下伪造的逃税数据。
+
+- **物证**：祝某某和曙光电子公司多位高管共同参加的高档宴会书面邀请函，具体包含该高档宴会的时间地点及参与人员。
+
+- **证人证言**：曙光电子公司财务经理王某某的证言，王某某详细说明了祝某某在逃税操作中的帮助行为，包括伪造账目和减少税款。
+
+
+
+### 3. 犯罪事实三：与海天建材公司的徇私枉法行为
+
+
+
+2022年1月至2022年4月，祝某某负责协助栗子市海天建材公司税务年审工作。祝某某与海天建材公司法定代表人陈某某暗中勾结，在收受现金贿赂5万元后，对公司的税务违规行为视而不见，致使国家税收损失10万元。祝某某将受贿的5万元现金藏匿在家中。
+
+
+
+检察院在此期间提供了以下证据：
+
+
+
+- **书面证据**：海天建材公司于2022年1月签署的税务年审报告及审查意见书，祝某某在审查意见书中作出不实陈述以掩盖公司的税务违规行为。
+
+- **物证**：搜查祝某某家中时发现的5万现金，经鉴定确认为海天建材公司法定代表人陈某某所提供的贿赂款项。
+
+- **证人证言**：祝某某的下属张某某的证言，张某某描述祝某某与海天建材公司法定代表人陈某某多次会面及私下交易的经过。
+
+
+
+## 三、指控罪名
+
+
+
+草案书指出，被告人祝某某身为国家机关工作人员，利用职务之便非法徇私，为他人谋取利益，严重侵扰了国家税收管理秩序，构成徇私枉法罪。公诉人以详实的证据证明了上述犯罪事实。
+
+
+
+## 四、证据描述
+
+
+
+### 证据一：飞虎公司的徇私枉法行为相关证据
+
+
+
+1. **书面证据**：
+
+ - 2021年5月至2021年8月间飞虎公司的纳税申报表及相关账目，记录祝某某故意减少公司应缴税款的操作痕迹，并进行了详细标注。
+
+2. **物证**：
+
+ - 飞虎公司赠送的价值10万元的名牌手表，经调查显示为赵某某所赠，并由祝某某接受。
+
+3. **证人证言**：
+
+ - 税务局同事李某某提供了证词，证实祝某某与赵某某在多次私下会面中存在利益交换的可能，且祝某某在进行税务审查过程中存在避重就轻的嫌疑。
+
+4. **录音证据**：
+
+ - 对祝某某与赵某某谈话内容的录音，内容详实，明确讨论了假账编造和减少税款事宜。
+
+
+
+### 证据二：与曙光电子公司的徇私枉法行为相关证据
+
+
+
+1. **书面证据**：
+
+ - 曙光电子公司2021年9月至2021年12月间的财务报表与对帐单，详细记录了在祝某某协助下伪造和减少税款数据。
+
+2. **物证**：
+
+ - 祝某某和曙光电子公司高管共同参加的高档宴会的书面邀请函。通过邀请函查证祝某某确实参加了宴会，并在宴会期间进行了一系列商议。
+
+3. **证人证言**：
+
+ - 曙光电子公司财务经理王某某证词，证实了祝某某在逃税操作中的关键性帮助行为，包括伪造账目和减少税款。
+
+
+
+### 证据三：与海天建材公司的徇私枉法行为相关证据
+
+
+
+1. **书面证据**：
+
+ - 海天建材公司于2022年1月签署的税务年审报告及审查意见书。祝某某在该公司税务年审工作中出具了不实审查意见，故意掩盖公司税务违规行为。
+
+2. **物证**：
+
+ - 搜查祝某某家中的5万现金，根据相关鉴定该现金与海天建材公司法定代表人陈某某提供的时间和数额一致，确认系贿赂款项。
+
+3. **证人证言**：
+
+ - 祝某某下属张某某证词，详细描述了祝某某与海天建材公司法定代表人陈某某的会面经过及贿赂交易。
+
+
+
+## 五、量刑考量
+
+
+
+祝某某作为国家机关工作人员，其徇私枉法行为严重，且数额巨大，直接侵害了国家和人民的利益，虽其认罪态度较好，并全力退赃，但其行为性质仍然恶劣。根据犯罪情节、造成的社会危害、被告人的认罪态度以及退赃情况，本院综合考量决定依法从重处罚。
+
+
+
+## 六、判决结果
+
+
+
+经审理查明并认定，被告人祝某某犯徇私枉法罪，判处有期徒刑五年，并处罚金人民币十万元。罚金应在本判决生效之日起一个月内缴纳，如逾期不缴纳，本法院将依法强制执行。
+
+
+
+## 七、上诉权说明
+
+
+
+被告人祝某某如不服本判决，可在接到判决书之日起十日内，通过本院或者直接向栗子市中级人民法院提出上诉。书面上诉的，应提交上诉状正本一份、副本二份。
+
+
+
+栗子市银川区人民法院
+
+
+
+审判长：冯某某
+
+
+
+审判员：娄某
+
+
+
+审判员：某某
+
+
+
+书记员：孟某
+
+
+
+2023年5月1日
+
+
+
+参考法条如下：
+
+第三百九十七条
+
+国家机关工作人员滥用职权或者玩忽职守，致使公共财产、国家和人民利益遭受重大损失的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；情节特别严重的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑。
+
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_107_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_107_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b13fb5b0f5b4e53d1fe2f442d0d645cc37d7a2d1
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_107_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+**芒果市梧桐区人民法院**
+
+
+
+**刑 事 判 决 书**
+
+
+
+（2023）芒梧刑初字第12号
+
+
+
+公诉机关：芒果市梧桐区人民检察院
+
+
+
+被告人：曹某，男，1970年3月21日出生，汉族，芒果市财政局财务科科长，住芒果市翠湖街29号。
+
+
+
+辩护人：麻某某，芒果市梧桐区百合律师事务所律师。
+
+
+
+芒果市梧桐区人民检察院以芒梧检刑诉〔2023〕23号起诉书指控被告人曹某犯挪用公款罪，于2023年5月3日向本院提起公诉。本院受理后依法组成合议庭，公开开庭审理了本案。芒果市梧桐区人民检察院指派检察员卜某出庭支持公诉，被告人曹某及其辩护人麻某某到庭参加诉讼。现已审理终结。
+
+
+
+经审理查明：
+
+
+
+一、案件发现与立案侦查过程
+
+
+
+2023年5月3日，芒果市人民检察院接到财政局内部举报，反映曹某在担任财务科科长期间存在挪用公款行为。检察院立即展开初步调查，并接触到多名财政局工作人员，了解到曹某的行为存在严重违规嫌疑。随即，检察院决定正式立案，并对案件展开全面深入的调查。
+
+
+
+2023年5月10日，检察机关依法对曹某采取留置措施，以防止其逃避调查和毁灭证据。此后，曹某被带离财政局，并被告知其涉嫌挪用公款的相关情况。在随后的调查过程中，曹某对其行为进行了部分承认，但对于一些细节问题还存在争议。
+
+
+
+2023年5月20日，芒果市公安机关根据检察院移交的证据材料，对曹某实施刑事拘留。公安机关立即开展对曹某的调查取证工作，进一步核实了其挪用公款的具体数额和使用情况。
+
+
+
+2023年6月4日，芒果市人民检察院批准，对曹某予以正式逮捕。曹某被逮捕后，检察院对其进行了多次讯问，并搜查了其住所和私人账户，搜集到详实的证据材料。
+
+
+
+二、犯罪事实与行为
+
+
+
+（一）挪用公款200万元用于股票投资和个人消费
+
+
+
+2022年3月至2023年2月期间，被告人曹某利用其作为芒果市财政局财务科科长的职务便利，将财政局账户上的公款多次私自转入自己控制的私人账户。经查，共计200万元公款被曹某挪用，其中大部分资金用于高风险的股票投资，其余部分则被用于个人奢侈消费。
+
+
+
+财政局财务账簿和银行流水账单显示，曹某共进行多次异常转账，金额总计达到200万元。这些资金随后被转入到曹某控制的多个私人账户，并迅速被用于股票交易。相关的股票交易记录显示，购入股票的金额与挪用金额大致相符。此外，财政局内部多名工作人员证实了曹某在此期间的财务操作行为，进一步坐实了其挪用公款的事实。
+
+
+
+（二）挪用50万元用于亲属医疗费用
+
+
+
+2022年9月至2022年10月期间，曹某利用其对项目拨款的管理权，将本应用于特定项目的资金挪用于个人亲属的医疗费用支出。经核查，曹某共挪用公款50万元，用于支付其亲属在医院的医疗费用。
+
+
+
+项目拨款审批表和实际账目对比显示，拨出的资金和实际使用情况存在明显差异，这部分资金被直接转入了曹某亲属的医疗费用账户。医院出具的医疗费用收据确认，曹某亲属确实收到了50万元的医疗资助。医院财务人员和曹某亲属的证言也印证了这一点，进一步确认了曹某的挪用行为。
+
+
+
+（三）挪用30万元用于购买高档消费品
+
+
+
+2023年1月至2023年2月间，曹某将单位备用金中30万元挪用于购买高档消费品，其中包括一辆高档轿车和名贵手表。财政局备用金账簿明确记录了这笔资金的异常减少情况，且购买高档消费品的费用与这笔资金相吻合。
+
+
+
+汽车购买发票和手表购买收据等证据显示，曹某购买的这两件高档商品价格合计约30万元。同时，相关品牌店铺的销售记录和销售人员证言，也进一步证明了曹某在该时段内进行了高额消费。
+
+
+
+三、证据审查与认定
+
+
+
+1. 财政局财务账簿和项目拨款审批表清晰记录了多笔资金的转移情况，并与被告人的行为时间线高度一致。上述财务记录真实、合法，具有较高的证明力。
+
+
+
+2. 银行流水账单，显示公款先后转入曹某控制的多个私人账户，其后这些资金迅速用于高风险股票交易及个人奢侈消费的事实，与曹某的行为完全吻合，具有充分的客观性和一致性。
+
+
+
+3. 证人证言，包括财政局内部多名工作人员、医院财务人员及曹某亲属的证言，他们的证词相互印证，逻辑清晰，进一步坐实了被告人的挪用行为。这些证言真实可信，具有较高的证明效力。
+
+
+
+4. 汽车购买发票、手表购买收据等书证，以及相关品牌店铺的销售记录和销售人员证言，清晰地证明了曹某在特定时间段内进行了高额消费，这些证据链条完整、环环相扣，事实清楚。
+
+
+
+5. 曹某的股票交易记录与涉案资金流向及预估收益相吻合，有效证明了被告人利用挪用资金进行高风险的投资活动，且最终导致部分资金难以收回。
+
+
+
+四、关于量刑的考虑
+
+
+
+本院在查明犯罪事实后，对于被告人曹某的量刑做了详细的考虑与权衡：
+
+
+
+1. 挪用公款数额巨大：曹某的行为涉及多个金额较大的挪用行为，总计挪用公款数额达到280万元，严重违反了国家财经纪律，损害了国家和群众利益，情节严重，依法应从重处罚。
+
+
+
+2. 部分资金难以追回：虽然曹某在庭审过程中表现出悔过态度，并已主动退还部分款项，但因其挪用资金中有相当部分用于股票投资，且处于亏损状态，导致部分挪用资金难以追回，这不仅加大了损失数额，也对社会公共利益造成了较为严重的侵害。
+
+
+
+3. 悔过态度及配合调查：办理该案过程中，曹某表现出较好的悔过态度，并主动交代了大部分犯罪事实，积极配合办案机关的调查工作，提供了较为详细的资金流向说明材料。因此，本院在对其量刑时予以酌情从轻处罚的考虑。
+
+
+
+并结合《关于办理挪用公款案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》中规定的相关条文，经审理，本院认为曹某挪用公款数额巨大，情节严重，应依法给予严厉处罚，但考虑到其主动交代部分犯罪事实并退还部分挪用款项的情形，可酌情从轻处罚。
+
+
+
+五、判决
+
+
+
+依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第三百八十四条之规定，判决如下：
+
+
+
+被告人曹某犯挪用公款罪，判处有期徒刑十年，不适用缓刑。
+
+
+
+六、上诉权利的告知
+
+
+
+被告人曹某，以及芒果市梧桐区人民检察院如不服本判决，可在接到判决书的第二日起十日内，通过本院或者直接向芒果市中级人民法院提出上诉。书面上诉须提交上诉状正本一份，副本二份。
+
+
+
+特此公告。
+
+
+
+审 判 长：许某
+
+
+
+审 判 员：卞某
+
+
+
+书 记 员：云某某
+
+
+
+二〇二三年九月十五日
+
+
+
+参考法条如下：
+
+第三百八十四条
+
+国家工作人员利用职务上的便利，挪用公款归个人使用，进行非法活动的，或者挪用公款数额较大、进行营利活动的，或者挪用公款数额较大、超过三个月未还的，是挪用公款罪，处五年以下有期徒刑或者拘役；情节严重的，处五年以上有期徒刑。挪用公款数额巨大不退还的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑。
+
+挪用用于救灾、抢险、防汛、优抚、扶贫、移民、救济款物归个人使用的，从重处罚。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_10_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_10_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..709682ac9b988faf8d169952d237d091dd239609
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_10_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+国际英语培训教育有限公司是一家位于上海市的教育公司，成立于2005年3月12日，主要业务是提供针对学生及成年人的英语培训课程。
+
+在过去的一年里，国际英语培训教育有限公司经历了一系列重大事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了重要影响。
+
+首先，公司在2019年2月投资了全球在线英语教育平台『阳光英语』500万美元。这笔投资是在公司与阳光英语进行了长时间的洽谈和尽职调查后决定的。这次投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+接下来，在2019年3月，公司完成了英仕特教育集团80%股权的收购。这一收购使公司进一步扩大了市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+为了支持公司的扩张和发展，公司在2019年5月进行了一次募集了3000万人民币资金的大规模融资活动。这次融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，为公司的未来发展提供了有力支持。
+
+为了优化公司的业务结构，公司在2019年6月进行了一次资产重组。这次资产重组提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+在2019年7月，公司完成了思迪英语学校的资产收购，总价值2000万人民币。这一资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。
+
+为了回报给股东们的投资，公司在2019年8月决定向股东分发500万人民币股利。这一举措提升了股东的收益，增强了股东对公司的信心。
+
+为了改善公司的财务状况，公司在2019年9月进行了债务重组，减少了500万人民币负债。这一债务重组改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。
+
+为了进一步提升公司的市场竞争力，公司在2019年10月推出了全新的在线英语考试培训课程。这一举措受到了良好的市场反馈，带来了更多的学生招生。
+
+为了提高教学品牌形象，公司在2019年11月进行了人力资源战略调整，优化了教师结构，提高了课程质量。这一调整进一步提升了公司的教学品牌形象，提高了学生满意度和续费率。
+
+为了扩大合作伙伴网络，公司在2019年12月与某某大学达成合作协议，开展英语教育项目。这一合作进一步提升了公司在教育行业的声誉，扩大了合作伙伴网络。
+
+在这些重大事件的影响下，公司的财务指标发生了相应的变化。营业收入达到1.8亿元人民币，净利润为4000万元人民币，总资产为2.5亿元人民币，总负债为9500万元人民币，股东权益为1.55亿元人民币，现金流量为1.2亿元人民币，负债比率为0.38，资产负债率为0.39，净资产收益率为25%。
+
+这些指标的变化受到多种因素的影响。营业收入的变化主要受市场需求和产品价格变化的影响。净利润的变化受营业收入、成本控制和非经常性损益的影响。总资产的变化受资产收购、资产处置和资产重估的影响。总负债的变化受新债发行、债务偿还和债务重组的影响。股东权益的变化受净利润、股利发放和资本公积的影响。现金流量的变化受经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动的影响。负债比率的变化受总负债的变化和总资产的变化的影响。资产负债率的变化受资产和负债的增减变化的影响。净资产收益率的变化受净利润的变化和股东权益的变化的影响。
+
+展望未来，国际英语培训教育有限公司将继续提高教学质量、精细控制成本和提升学生满意度等，以实现财务策略的目标。公司还计划加大对在线教育平台的投资，扩大合作伙伴网络，开发更多优质课程。同时，公司将继续加强风险管理，建立风险监测机制和合规经营，以应对市场风险、教育政策变化风险等。
+
+综上所述，国际英语培训教育有限公司在过去一年中经历了一系列重大事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了重要影响。公司将继续努力提高教学质量，扩大市场份额，加强风险管理，以实现持续的发展和增长。
+
+公司治理结构方面，国际英语培训教育有限公司在2019年1月进行了风险管理框架的更新，并加强了内部控制和风险评估。这些举措将提高公司的风险应对能力，保证公司的持续运营和稳定发展。在更新的风险管理框架中，公司明确了风险识别、评估和控制措施。同时，公司加强了内部控制体系，包括财务报告和审计程序的加强，以确保准确性和合规性。此外，公司进行了全面的风险评估，识别了与公司经营活动相关的潜在风险，并制定了相应的应对策略和措施。
+
+在2019年2月的股东大会上，公司通过了重要决议，包括公司章程的变更、决定重大投资计划和收购项目，以及审批了股东投票结果。这些决议将对公司的战略发展和业务运营产生重要影响。
+
+然而，在2019年4月，公司发生了一起道德和诚信违规事件。公司立即成立了调查组，并采取了严肃的纠正措施，以确保合规和诚信的最高标准。
+
+为了加强公司在教育领域的战略发展，公司董事会于2019年5月进行了成员调整，招聘了教育行业资深人士加入董事会。
+
+为了提高公司治理水平，公司于2019年7月制定了新的治理政策，将加强透明度、问责制和利益相关方参与作为核心内容。
+
+在2019年9月，公司进行了高级管理层的变动，任命了新任CEO和其他关键职位人员，以提升管理团队的整体素质和效能。
+
+为了严格履行合规要求，公司迅速响应法规更新，制定了一系列合规措施。
+
+在2019年12月，公司推出了一系列的可持续发展和社会责任倡议，包括环境保护、教育公益等项目，积极履行企业公民责任。
+
+在信息披露方面，公司秉持信息披露透明、准确、及时的原则，向投资者和股东提供全面的财务和非财务信息。
+
+为了保证关联交易的公正性和合规性，公司严格遵守关联交易政策与流程，并建立了相应的监控机制。
+
+公司建立了完善的内部控制框架，包括流程、策略和培训计划，并定期评估内部控制的有效性和效果。
+
+为了加强董事会和监事会功能，公司制定了计划，包括定期的培训和进修计划，增加独立董事比例，优化决策过程。
+
+为了提升透明度和信息披露质量，公司升级了信息披露的流程和标准，提升信息披露的质量和透明度，以确保及时、准确、全面地向所有利益相关者报告公司情况。
+
+在风险管理方面，公司进一步加强了内部控制系统，包括完善内部审计机制，加强内部控制能力，降低财务和运营风险。
+
+公司将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，制定相关政策和措施，以识别并管理相关风险，促进长期的价值创造。
+
+综上所述，国际英语培训教育有限公司在治理结构方面采取了一系列举措，包括风险管理、股东大会决议、道德与诚信事件处理、董事会变更、治理政策修订、高级管理层变动、合规与监管更新以及可持续发展和社会责任倡议。公司在信息披露、关联交易和内部控制方面也取得了显著进展。公司还制定了治理改进计划，以加强董事会和监事会功能，提升透明度和信息披露质量。在风险管理策略方面，公司进一步加强了内部控制系统，将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略。这些举措将有助于提高公司的治理水平和风险管理能力，为公司的持续发展奠定坚实基础。
+
+公司在环境责任方面取得了显著的成就。首先，公司于2019年2月推出了绿色产品，这是一个重要的里程碑。在此之前，公司投入了大量资金和人力资源进行研发，并进行了市场调研，以了解消费者对环保型产品的需求和接受程度。根据调研结果和研发成果，公司开始进行绿色产品的设计和改进。这些努力使得公司的产品在市场上具有竞争力，同时减少了对环境的影响。绿色产品的开发不仅提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象，还减少了环境影响。
+
+另一个重要事件是公司于2019年4月启动了农场项目。通过投资兴办农业项目，公司提供有机食品和农业教育服务。这不仅增加了公司的收入来源，还改善了农村地区的生计，促进了可持续农业发展。农场项目的启动对公司的社会责任和可持续发展具有积极的影响。
+
+为了减少能源消耗和温室气体排放，公司于2019年5月实施了节能减排项目。这项投资旨在通过采用节能技术和管理措施来减少能源消耗和碳足迹。这一举措直接减少了公司的能源消耗和碳排放，提高了能效和环境绩效。节能减排项目的实施对公司的环境责任和可持续发展具有重要意义。
+
+为了进一步强调公司对环境的承诺和责任，公司于2019年8月开始投资于碳抵消项目。通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目来抵消其碳排放，公司努力实现碳中和目标。通过碳抵消证书，公司能够向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺和责任。碳抵消项目的投资对公司的环境责任和可持续发展具有重要意义。
+
+此外，公司于2019年9月建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。这一举措显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。污染防治设施的建设对公司的环境责任和可持续发展具有重要意义。
+
+为了提高环境管理能力和持续改进，公司于2019年10月实施了环境管理系统（EMS）。该系统有助于提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。通过采用环境管理系统，公司增强了对环境的管理能力，提升了合规性和市场认可度。环境管理系统的实施对公司的环境责任和可持续发展具有重要意义。
+
+在社会责任方面，公司也取得了显著的成就。首先，公司于2019年2月实施了员工健康与安全计划，旨在提升员工的健康与安全水平。这一措施显著改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的满意度和工作效率。员工健康与安全计划的实施对公司的社会责任和员工福利具有重要意义。
+
+此外，公司还积极参与公共服务项目，如城市绿化和公共卫生改善项目，以提升社区生活质量。公司还投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。这些举措加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。公共服务项目和社区支持项目的实施对公司的社会责任和可持续发展具有重要意义。
+
+公司还参与或资助慈善活动和慈善机构，以支持教育、健康、减贫等领域。这些慈善活动不仅提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，还加强了与社区的联系和支持。参与慈善活动的实施对公司的社会责任和社会影响具有重要意义。
+
+为了支持员工的职业成长和人才发展，公司于2019年10月推出了员工职业成长和人才发展计划。该计划提供各类培训和发展项目，包括在线课程、工作坊和导师计划等。这些举措提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。员工职业成长和人才发展计划的实施对公司的社会责任和员工福利具有重要意义。
+
+为了保护业务活动的诚信和合法性，公司于2019年12月建立了反腐败政策和合规措施。这一举措提高了公司的声誉和商业伦理标准，减少了法律风险和负面影响。反腐败政策和合规措施的实施对公司的社会责任和商业道德具有重要意义。
+
+通过对公司的环境责任和社会责任的综合分析，可以看出公司在环境保护和社会发展方面取得了显著的成就。未来，公司将继续致力于环境保护计划、社会责任战略和可持续发展目标的实施。同时，公司还将加强技术研发和创新，提供更优质的教学服务和用户体验。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_119_en_Counrier-New.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_119_en_Counrier-New.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e74475442e1859c73df637ff29a8051b4c8fab5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_119_en_Counrier-New.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+**RIVERTON, HAMILTON COURT CRIMINAL JUDGMENT**
+
+
+
+Court and Prosecutor Information:
+
+Presiding Court:
+
+Riverton, Hamilton Court
+
+
+
+Procuratorate:
+
+Riverton, Hamilton Procuratorate
+
+
+
+Chief Judge:
+
+Z. Rodriguez
+
+
+
+Judge:
+
+V. Thomas
+
+
+
+Clerk:
+
+T. James
+
+
+
+---
+
+Defendant and Defense Lawyer Information:
+
+Defendant:
+
+Name: H. Walker
+
+Gender: Male
+
+Date of Birth: 18th July, 1964
+
+Residence: 74, Milton Street, Hamilton
+
+Ethnicity: Caucasian
+
+Occupation: Unemployed
+
+
+
+Defense Lawyer:
+
+Name: B. Kim
+
+Law Firm: Hamilton Defense Associates
+
+
+
+---
+
+Case Procedures:
+
+On 1st February 2023, the Riverton, Hamilton Procuratorate received a credible tip regarding suspicious activities involving counterfeit currency. This led to the initiation of a thorough investigation aimed at uncovering the scope and extent of the counterfeiting operations.
+
+
+
+In the subsequent weeks, significant evidence was gathered warranting further actions. Consequently, on 15th March 2023, initial detention measures were imposed on H. Walker, given the significant evidence against him. On 20th March 2023, H. Walker was formally detained under the suspicion of counterfeiting currency, following standard criminal detention procedures. Five days later, on 25th March 2023, formal arrest measures were carried out, effectuating H. Walker's full arrest status.
+
+
+
+---
+
+Case Statement:
+
+This court examines the case in which the defendant, H. Walker, is charged with the crime of counterfeiting currency, a severe offense under Article 170. The case involves various activities spanning several months and an intricately organized counterfeit operation.
+
+
+
+In January 2023, investigative units monitored increased instances of counterfeit currency in Hamilton. Reports surfaced from multiple retailers about suspicious $100 bills circulating within local businesses. Investigative units traced these activities back to a vacant warehouse located at 123 Mason Street, Hamilton. On 15th January 2023, surveillance captured Walker’s numerous visits to this warehouse.
+
+
+
+Upon further investigation, it was discovered that Walker, an unemployed resident of Hamilton living at 74 Milton Street, had been financing a counterfeit currency operation. Security footage obtained from the warehouse indicated consistent movement of equipment and materials used in counterfeiting processes.
+
+
+
+Officers conducted a raid on March 1, 2023, wherein they found industrial-grade printers, specialized inks, paper similar to legal tender, and counterfeit currency amounting to $10,000. In addition to the equipment, bundled notes mimicking legitimate currency were seized and examined. During preliminary interrogation, Walker admitted to orchestrating the operations from the warehouse, stating financial desperation drove him to commit such crimes.
+
+
+
+Continuing into February 2023, Walker distributed counterfeit $100 bills extensively across various local retailers, resulting in substantial financial losses. Testimonies from five local businesses, supplemented by transaction receipts and forensic analysis, pointed to Walker’s direct involvement. Forensic teams confirmed that counterfeit bills matched those produced using the equipment found in the warehouse on Mason Street.
+
+
+
+In March 2023, Walker attempted to use counterfeit currency for purchasing high-value electronics from online marketplaces. Observations from intercepted digital transaction records and physical examination of parcels indicated the involvement of counterfeit currency. Statements from sellers detailed the receipt of fake currency through transactions routinely conducted by Walker.
+
+
+
+On March 20, 2023, a series of coordinated raids revealed raw materials and partially completed counterfeit notes totaling over $50,000 at Walker’s residence and a secondary storage unit on the outskirts of Hamilton.
+
+
+
+---
+
+Charge:
+
+Under Article 170, H. Walker is charged with the Crime of Counterfeiting Currency. The comprehensive investigation confirms the sophisticated counterfeiting operation and deliberate actions to produce and distribute counterfeit currency worth over $65,000. Walker’s activities posed significant risks to economic stability and individual financial security.
+
+
+
+---
+
+Evidence Description:
+
+The case's evidence is both substantial and corroborative. Key pieces of evidence include:
+
+
+
+1. Confiscated Equipment: Industrial-grade printers, custom inks, and counterfeit-specific paper seized from the warehouse at 123 Mason Street.
+
+2. Counterfeit Currency: $10,000 in fake bills discovered during the warehouse raid, validated through forensic examination.
+
+3. Security Footage: Video recordings from the warehouse showing Walker’s regular involvement in counterfeit production processes.
+
+4. Testimonies from Five Local Businesses: Detailed accounts and transaction receipts from businesses adversely affected by counterfeit $100 bills.
+
+5. Forensic Analysis: Confirmations that counterfeit bills collected at various scenes originated from Walker’s operational base.
+
+6. Digital Transaction Records: Documented attempts by Walker to launder money through online purchases using counterfeit currency.
+
+7. Intercepted Parcels: Packages containing counterfeit currency tracked to Walker’s operations.
+
+8. Raided Assets: Additional raw materials and over $50,000 in partially completed notes found in Walker’s residence and storage unit.
+
+
+
+Walker’s confession during preliminary interrogation acknowledged participation in these operations due to financial desperation stemming from unemployment.
+
+
+
+---
+
+Sentencing Considerations:
+
+In determining the appropriate sentence, this court considered multiple factors. The sheer volume of counterfeit currency produced and the organized effort to distribute it throughout the local economy demonstrated a high degree of premeditation and criminal sophistication. The economic impact and potential harm to business owners and citizens were significant.
+
+
+
+Although Walker may have claimed dire financial straits as his motivation, such rationale does not mitigate the substantial harm caused to the economic fabric and individual livelihoods. Walker’s prior record does not exhibit leniency as he previously faced charges for fraudulent activities, establishing a pattern of financial misconduct.
+
+
+
+Thus, given the extensive nature of the crime and the significant monetary impact, the court considers a strict sentence imperative to uphold justice, deter future crimes, and maintain economic integrity.
+
+
+
+---
+
+Judgment Result:
+
+This court finds H. Walker guilty of the Crime of Counterfeiting Currency under Article 170. Walker is sentenced to eight years of imprisonment, coupled with a monetary fine of $20,000. This strict sentence aligns with the gravity and scale of the offense, intending to convey the seriousness of economic crimes while ensuring future deterrence.
+
+
+
+---
+
+Appeal Rights Explanation:
+
+Under applicable legal provisions, Walker retains the right to file an appeal against this judgment. Should the defendant choose to appeal, notice must be given within ten days from the date of this judgment, through appropriate legal channels, to ensure proper examination by a higher court. The appeals procedure aims to reassess contested facts, legal interpretations, or potential procedural errors considered pertinent by the defense.
+
+
+
+This document finalizes the thorough judicial process undertaken to reach the judgment, addressing all critical aspects involved in H. Walker's counterfeiting case. This court stands committed to upholding justice and maintaining the rule of law.
+
+
+
+Reference Article is below：
+
+Article 170
+
+Those who counterfeit currency shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of more than three years but not more than ten years, and shall also be fined; if any of the following circumstances apply, they shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of more than ten years or life imprisonment, and shall also be fined or have their property confiscated:
+
+(a) Principal members of a counterfeiting currency group;
+
+(b) Counterfeiting currency in particularly large amounts;
+
+(c) Other particularly serious circumstances.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_11_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_11_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..833d59ca3339ec3608eecf8478207be88a598b30
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_11_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+滨江消费品有限公司是一家成立于2005年6月，位于浙江省杭州市滨江区的消费品公司，主营业务为生产和销售饮料、零食和日用品，尚未上市。
+
+滨江消费品有限公司的2021年度财务报告显示，公司在该会计期间实现了8000万元的营业收入。这一数字受到市场需求的增减变化和产品价格调整的影响。同时，公司在该会计期间实现了500万元的净利润，这一数字受到营业收入的增减变化、成本控制的效果以及非经常性损益的影响。
+
+截至会计期末，滨江消费品有限公司的总资产为20000万元，主要受到资产收购和新投资、资产处置和报废以及资产重估的影响。总负债为8000万元，受到新债发行和债务偿还、债务重组的影响。股东权益为12000万元，受到净利润的增减变化、股利发放的金额以及资本公积的影响。
+
+滨江消费品有限公司在该会计期间的现金流量为1000万元，这一数字受到经营活动的现金流量、投资活动的现金流量以及筹资活动的现金流量的影响。此外，公司的负债比率为40%，反映了公司的债务水平。资产负债率为40%，衡量了公司的财务杠杆。
+
+净资产收益率是衡量公司股东权益的经营效益的指标，滨江消费品有限公司的净资产收益率为4%。这一数字受到净利润的增减变化以及股东权益的增减变化的影响。
+
+在2021年的重要事件中，滨江消费品有限公司进行了一次大规模融资活动，募集了5亿元资金。这一事件加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。在此过程中，公司先是向多家银行提交了贷款申请，为后续融资活动打下基础。随后，公司与投资机构合作，设计了一套完整的融资方案，并最终成功达成了融资协议。
+
+然而，滨江消费品有限公司也面临着财务造假丑闻的指控，涉嫌虚增销售额和净利润。这一事件导致了公司信誉的受损，股价的暴跌，并面临着诉讼风险和监管调查。
+
+此外，滨江消费品有限公司还完成了对金华果汁有限公司的重大股权收购，获得了70%的股权。这一举措进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。同时，公司还完成了对乐清食品厂的重大资产收购，总价值为5000万元。这一举措扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了市场竞争力。
+
+为优化公司的业务结构，滨江消费品有限公司进行了一次资产重组，提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。此外，公司还进行了债务重组，减少了3亿元负债，改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。
+
+在2021年11月，滨江消费品有限公司决定向股东分发800万元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。同时，公司还投资了嘉兴新能源项目，投资金额为2000万元，进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+滨江消费品有限公司未来计划实施一系列财务策略，包括提高成本效益、优化资金运营、推行供应链金融等措施。公司还将加大在研发、市场拓展和设备更新方面的投入，推出新品牌和产品线，进一步提升产品质量和市场竞争力。此外，公司还将加强财务风险的预警和控制，建立健全的内部审计体系，提升公司的风险识别和应对能力。
+
+综上所述，滨江消费品有限公司在2021年度取得了一系列重要的财务成果和事件。公司在财务指标方面取得了稳定的增长，并通过融资活动、股权收购、资产收购等方式扩大了业务规模和市场份额。然而，公司也面临着财务造假丑闻的挑战，需要加强风险管理和内部控制。未来，公司将继续实施财务策略，加大投资力度，提升竞争力，实现可持续发展。
+
+2021年度，滨江消费品有限公司经历了一系列重要的治理结构变动和关键事件，对公司的运营和战略决策产生了重大影响。
+
+首先，在2021年1月，公司任命了新的首席执行官（CEO），以取代前任CEO。新任CEO具有丰富的行业经验和领导能力，被选为公司的新领导者。这一任命可能带来战略方向和业务重点的变化，对公司的运营和战略决策产生重大影响。投资者和股东对新CEO的背景和业绩表现可能产生积极或负面的看法。
+
+接着，在2021年1月，公司进行了高级管理团队的重组，包括重新分配职责、调整组织结构和增加新的职位。这次重组可能导致公司内部流程和组织结构的改变，重新定义管理层的角色和职责。这可能对公司的决策速度、业务流程和内部沟通产生影响。
+
+随后，在2021年1月，滨江消费品有限公司与新的高级管理层共同制定了新的战略重点，以适应市场变化和实现公司的长期目标。制定战略重点的过程涉及对市场趋势和竞争环境的分析，以及内部能力和资源的评估。新的战略重点可能导致公司运营和投资的重大变化。公司可能寻求扩大市场份额、推出新产品或进入新市场，或者改进和优化现有产品和业务。
+
+在2021年3月，董事会成员发生了变更，这可能导致公司战略调整，影响公司长期发展方向和股东利益。
+
+在2021年4月，公司更新了风险管理框架，包括新风险的识别和缓解策略的实施。这将提高公司对内外部风险的应对能力，保障公司持续运营和稳定发展。
+
+在2021年5月，滨江消费品有限公司取得了在可持续性、环境保护、社会责任和企业公民方面的重大进展。这将提升公司公众形象和市场竞争力，促进长期可持续发展。
+
+在2021年6月，公司修订了公司治理框架或政策，以增强透明度、问责制或利益相关者参与。这将增强公司治理透明度和问责制，提升利益相关者信心。
+
+在2021年7月，公司适应影响公司治理实践的新规定或合规标准的更新，包括证券法、公司法或特定行业规定的变化。这将确保公司遵守最新法律法规，减少法律风险，保护公司和股东利益。
+
+在2021年8月，公司发生了重大的道德或诚信违规事件，如欺诈、腐败或利益冲突案例，公司采取了相应的应对措施。这可能损害公司声誉和品牌价值，影响公司与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系。
+
+在2021年9月，公司召开了股东大会，作出了关键决策，直接影响公司治理结构、未来经营策略和股东权益。
+
+在2021年10月，公司开始了一个新的项目，该项目将推动公司进一步发展和扩大市场份额。预计该项目将带来新的收入来源，增加公司的市场竞争力和品牌影响力。
+
+在2021年11月，公司计划进行重组和并购，以拓展业务范围、整合资源、提高市场占有率。预计该重组和并购将增加公司的规模和市场份额，促进业务增长和利润提升。
+
+除了以上重要事件外，滨江消费品有限公司还关注了一系列涉及的指标，包括信息披露、关联交易、内部控制等。
+
+在信息披露方面，滨江消费品有限公司遵循信息披露的最佳实践，定期发布年度报告、财务报告和关键事件公告，并建立了稳定的沟通渠道，确保及时、准确、全面地向投资者、利益相关者披露公司情况。
+
+在关联交易方面，滨江消费品有限公司通过建立严格的关联交易审批流程和相应的内部控制机制，确保关联交易的公正性和合规性。所有关联交易都需要董事会审批并经过审计委员会的审核，以保护股东利益。
+
+在内部控制方面，滨江消费品有限公司在财务和运营方面建立了完善的内部控制系统，包括风险评估、制度和流程的设计和实施、内部审计和风险管理，以确保公司的财务报告的准确性、合规性和可靠性。公司定期评估内部控制的效果，并根据评估结果进行改进和优化。
+
+为了进一步提升公司治理水平，滨江消费品有限公司制定了治理改进计划。该计划包括加强董事会和监事会功能，提升透明度和信息披露质量，加强风险管理和内部控制等方面的措施。
+
+此外，滨江消费品有限公司还制定了风险管理策略，包括内部控制系统的强化、可持续发展和社会责任的整合以及供应链风险管理等。这些策略将提高公司的抗风险能力，促进长期价值创造。
+
+综上所述，滨江消费品有限公司在2021年度经历了一系列重要的治理结构变动和关键事件，公司积极应对挑战，不断完善治理体系，提高公司的运营效率和竞争力。公司在信息披露、关联交易和内部控制等方面取得了显著进展，为公司的长期发展奠定了坚实基础。滨江消费品有限公司将继续致力于提升公司治理水平，增加股东价值，实现可持续发展。
+
+在环境责任方面，滨江消费品有限公司一直致力于节能减排和环境保护。在2021年1月，公司实施了一项节能减排项目，通过改善生产流程和使用新技术，成功降低了能源消耗和碳排放。该项目的实施使公司的能源消耗减少了20%，碳排放减少了15%，提高了公司的能效和环境绩效。
+
+首先，在2020年6月，公司成立了节能减排项目团队，并制定了详细的项目计划。这个计划为即将开始的节能减排项目提供了指导和规划，并确保项目能够按时启动和顺利进行。
+
+接下来，在2020年7月，公司与多家节能减排技术供应商展开接触和洽谈，并选择了最适合公司需求的供应商。这样的选择为后续的技术实施提供了保障，并确保了节能减排项目能够取得预期的效果。
+
+在2020年8月至2020年12月期间，公司对生产流程进行了全面评估，并采取了一系列措施进行改进，包括调整生产线布局、优化操作方式等。这些改进使公司能够更有效地利用能源资源，减少能源消耗和碳排放，为节能减排项目的实施奠定了基础。
+
+同时，在2020年9月，公司购买了一批先进的节能减排设备，用于替代老旧设备，并安排专人负责设备安装、调试和培训操作人员。新设备的引入提升了生产线的能效，减少了能源消耗和碳排放，为实现节能减排目标打下了坚实的基础。
+
+此外，在2020年10月至2020年12月期间，公司组织了员工培训活动，提高员工节能意识和操作技能，并建设了能耗监测系统，实时监测能源消耗情况。培训活动和能耗监测系统的建设增强了员工的节能意识，帮助他们更好地掌握节能技巧并主动参与节能减排工作，同时能耗监测系统为随后的数据分析和改进提供了依据。
+
+除了节能减排项目，滨江消费品有限公司还投资于碳抵消项目。在2021年3月，公司投资了一个林业项目，通过植树和森林保护来抵消其碳排放，以实现碳中和目标。通过参与碳抵消项目，公司获得了碳抵消证书，显示了公司对环境的承诺和责任，加强了与利益相关者的合作与交流。
+
+此外，滨江消费品有限公司还致力于绿色产品的开发。在2021年6月，公司研发了一系列环保型产品，使用环保材料和可循环包装，减少对环境的影响。这些绿色产品的推出大大提升了公司的市场竞争力和品牌形象，同时减少了环境污染。销售额增长了10%。
+
+为了更好地管理环境责任，滨江消费品有限公司在2021年7月开始着手实施环境管理系统（EMS）。通过建立相关流程和标准，公司提高了环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保符合环保法规。EMS的实施有效提高了对环境管理方面的能力并不断进行持续改进，获得了市场和政府的认可。
+
+此外，在2021年11月，公司在生产基地新建了一套先进的污染防治设施，包括废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。这个项目大大提高了公司的废水处理能力，废水排放浓度降低了30%，达到了国家和地方的环保标准。
+
+在社会责任方面，滨江消费品有限公司注重员工职业成长和人才发展。在2021年3月，公司根据员工需求和职业规划，提供了一系列培训和发展项目，包括在线课程、工作坊和导师计划。这些项目的实施提高了员工参与培训的积极性，技能和专业能力得到提升，员工福利满意度和工作满意度显著提高。
+
+此外，滨江消费品有限公司还积极支持当地社区的发展。在2021年5月，公司投资于社区支持和发展项目，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目，帮助那些需要帮助的人。通过支持社区的发展项目，公司加强了与社区的联系和认可度，为社区的整体福祉和发展做出了积极贡献。
+
+此外，公司还积极参与慈善活动。在2021年6月，公司资助了一家慈善机构，为贫困地区提供教育、健康和减贫项目的支持。公司的慈善活动得到了社会各界的赞誉，公司社会形象和品牌认知度提升，进一步增强了与社区的联系。
+
+滨江消费品有限公司还参与了公共服务项目。在2021年7月，公司投资了一个城市绿化项目，以提升社区居民的生活质量和环境美观。这个项目改善了城市绿化水平，提高了公众的生活质量，树立了公司的社会形象和责任感。
+
+为了保障员工的安全和健康，滨江消费品有限公司制定并实施了员工健康与安全计划。在2021年8月，公司改善了工作环境，提供相关培训和保护措施，大幅降低了工伤事故发生率，员工的健康水平显著提升，提高了员工的工作积极性和满意度。
+
+在未来，滨江消费品有限公司将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任。公司计划进一步提高生产过程中的能效，减少二氧化碳排放和能源消耗。积极研发和应用可再生能源，减少对非可再生资源的依赖。加强废物管理和循环再利用，推动循环经济模式的实施。
+
+在社会责任方面，公司将继续积极履行社会责任，推进公益事业发展，加大对贫困地区教育、健康和环境领域的支持。注重员工福利，提供更多的培训和发展机会，创造更好的工作环境。加强与社区的合作，推动社区可持续发展。
+
+滨江消费品有限公司将进一步整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，积极实现联合国可持续发展目标。通过可持续生产和消费，减少资源浪费和环境破坏，推动经济、社会和环境的协调发展。
+
+综上所述，滨江消费品有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了显著的成绩。通过节能减排项目的实施和碳抵消项目的投资，公司成功降低了能源消耗和碳排放，并获得了环保认证。同时，公司积极开发绿色产品，支持员工职业成长和人才发展，以及支持社区发展和参与慈善活动。未来，公司将继续努力，加大环境保护和社会责任的力度，推动可持续发展的实现。
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@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+澜赋科技有限公司是一家成立于2015年的中国上海市社交网络平台开发与运营公司，目前尚未上市。
+
+2021年度对于澜赋科技有限公司来说是一个重要的年份，公司经历了一系列重大事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和未来展望产生了深远的影响。
+
+首先，2021年4月，澜赋科技决定收购明心科技的资产。明心科技是一家于2015年6月成立的公司，与澜赋科技有着长期的合作关系。在2018年2月，澜赋科技与明心科技开始合作，并在2020年9月增资明心科技。通过这次收购，澜赋科技进一步巩固了其在社交网络平台开发与运营领域的地位。这一重大事件对公司的财务状况产生了积极影响。根据财务报告显示，2021年度的营业收入达到8000万元，净利润为2000万元，相较于前一年有了显著增长。
+
+其次，2021年5月，澜赋科技进行了资产重组。这一举措旨在优化公司的资产结构，提高运营效率。通过对公司资产的重新组合和调整，澜赋科技进一步增强了其市场竞争力。同时，公司在2021年6月进行了大规模融资，进一步增加了公司的资金实力，并为未来的发展提供了充足的资金支持。这些举措对公司的财务状况产生了积极的影响，使得公司的总资产达到15000万元，总负债为5000万元，股东权益为10000万元。
+
+在2021年7月，澜赋科技决定分发股利，回报股东。这一举措旨在提高股东的收益，增强股东对公司的信心。此外，公司在2021年8月进行了重大投资，投资更多的研发项目，开发新的产品和服务，以拓展市场份额和增加营业收入。这些举措对公司的财务状况产生了积极的影响，使得公司的现金流量达到3000万元。
+
+然而，2021年度也面临着一些挑战。在2021年10月，澜赋科技进行了重大股权收购，这一举措旨在进一步扩大公司的规模和影响力。然而，这次收购也导致了公司的负债增加，负债比率达到了0.33，资产负债率达到了0.25。这表明公司的负债相对较高，需要加强负债管理和风险控制。
+
+为了应对这一挑战，澜赋科技在2021年11月进行了债务重组，以降低负债水平并改善财务状况。这一举措对公司的财务状况产生了积极的影响，有助于提高公司的净资产收益率。根据财务报告显示，2021年度的净资产收益率为0.20，相较于前一年有所提高。
+
+展望未来，澜赋科技将继续优化成本结构，提高运营效率，以提升净利润和股东权益。同时，公司计划投资更多的研发项目，开发新的产品和服务，以拓展市场份额和增加营业收入。为了确保公司的稳健经营和持续发展，澜赋科技将建立完善的风险管理体系，加强内部控制，合理规避和应对市场风险、信用风险、流动性风险等。
+
+综上所述，2021年度对于澜赋科技有限公司来说是一个充满挑战和机遇的年份。通过一系列重大事件和策略举措，公司取得了显著的财务成果，并制定了未来的发展计划。然而，公司也面临着一些财务风险和挑战，需要加强风险管理和内部控制。澜赋科技将继续努力，以稳健的财务状况和持续的创新能力，实现可持续发展。
+
+公司治理报告
+
+澜赋科技有限公司的治理结构在过去一年中经历了多个重要事件。首先，在2021年1月，公司召开了股东大会，通过了一系列重要决议。在此次股东大会之前，公司于2020年11月制定了公司章程变更提案，并于2020年12月召开了董事会特别会议，为股东大会做准备。股东大会的召开标志着公司治理结构的重要变化和决策的实施。此外，公司还在2021年2月发生了道德与诚信事件，这对公司的治理结构和声誉产生了一定的影响。
+
+为了进一步加强公司治理，澜赋科技有限公司制定了治理改进计划。其中，公司计划加强董事会和监事会的功能，以提高决策的质量和透明度。此外，公司还致力于提升信息披露的质量和透明度，以增强投资者对公司治理的信任。
+
+在风险管理方面，澜赋科技有限公司采取了一系列策略来强化内部控制系统。公司意识到内部控制对于保护公司利益和规避风险的重要性，因此加强了对内部控制的监督和管理。此外，公司还将可持续发展和社会责任纳入风险管理策略中，以确保公司在经营过程中兼顾环境、社会和经济的可持续性。
+
+通过对公司治理结构和风险管理策略的分析，我们可以看到澜赋科技有限公司在过去一年中取得了一些积极的变化和进展。然而，仍然存在一些挑战和改进的空间。例如，公司在信息披露方面仍然存在一定的不足，需要进一步提高透明度和披露质量。此外，公司在关联交易和内部控制方面也需要加强监督和管理，以确保公司的利益和风险得到有效的管理和控制。
+
+在过去一年中，澜赋科技有限公司的治理结构和风险管理策略发生了多个重要事件。这些事件对公司的治理结构和指标产生了一定的影响。例如，在2021年1月的股东大会上，公司通过了一系列决议，这些决议对公司的信息披露、关联交易和内部控制等指标产生了积极的影响。然而，道德与诚信事件的发生对公司的声誉和治理结构产生了一定的负面影响。此外，公司在2021年6月进行了董事会变更，这对公司的治理结构和决策过程产生了一定的影响。在2021年7月，公司采取了一系列风险管理举措，以加强内部控制系统，这对公司的风险管理指标产生了积极的影响。在2021年10月，公司发生了高级管理层变动，这对公司的治理结构和决策过程产生了一定的影响。最后，在2021年12月，公司进行了合规与监管更新，这对公司的治理结构和合规指标产生了积极的影响。
+
+综上所述，澜赋科技有限公司在过去一年中进行了一系列重要的治理结构和风险管理方面的变革。这些变革对公司的治理结构和指标产生了积极的影响，但同时也面临一些挑战和改进的空间。公司将继续努力加强董事会和监事会的功能，提升信息披露的质量和透明度，并加强内部控制系统的监督和管理。通过这些努力，公司将进一步提升治理水平，增强投资者对公司的信任和支持。
+
+公司在环境责任方面取得了显著的进展。首先，公司于2021年2月采用了环境管理系统，以提高环境绩效和合规性。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力和市场认可度。为了实施环境管理系统，公司成立了专职的环境管理团队，并制定了环境管理政策和计划。此外，公司还委托机构对运营活动的环境风险进行评估，并组织了员工培训，以提高员工的环境保护意识和技能。
+
+为了减少能源消耗和温室气体排放，公司于2021年5月投资实施了节能减排项目。这一举措不仅减少了能源消耗和碳足迹，还提高了公司的环境绩效。此外，公司还计划于2021年7月增加购买可再生能源的比例，以推动可持续能源的发展。通过减少对传统能源的依赖和环境影响，公司将进一步降低碳排放量，并促进可再生能源市场的发展。
+
+为了实现碳中和目标，公司于2021年9月通过投资碳抵消项目来抵消碳排放。这一举措不仅向利益相关方展示了公司的环境承诺和责任，还有助于减少碳排放对气候变化的影响。此外，公司还开发了环保产品，以减少对环境的影响。这些环保产品不仅提升了公司的市场竞争力和品牌形象，还减少了对环境的负面影响。
+
+为了防止环境污染，公司于2021年12月建立了新的污染防治设施。这一举措有助于降低环境污染水平，增强公司的合规性和社会责任感。
+
+在公司的社会责任方面，公司实施了一系列措施来提升员工的健康与安全。公司还参与或资助了慈善活动和机构，支持教育、健康、减贫等领域的发展。此外，公司提供各类培训和发展项目，支持员工的职业成长和发展。公司还制定和实施了多元化促进计划，推动公平就业和性别平等。此外，公司还投资或参与公共服务项目，如城市绿化和公共卫生改善项目，以促进社区的可持续发展。公司还投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目，加深了公司与社区的联系。
+
+根据指标数据，公司的二氧化碳排放量为3000吨，能源消耗为50000 MWh。这些指标受到生产规模的变化和节能技术的应用的影响。公司的员工满意度为85%，社区投资额为5000000元。这些指标反映了公司在环境和社会责任方面的表现，并受到工作环境改善和员工福利政策调整的影响。
+
+展望未来，公司将继续采取一系列措施来减少运营对环境的影响。在社会责任方面，公司将继续积极履行社会责任，促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。此外，公司还将致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs），通过整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，推动可持续发展。
+
+总之，澜赋科技有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了显著的进展。公司通过实施环境管理系统、投资节能减排项目和购买可再生能源等举措，减少了能源消耗和碳排放，提高了环境绩效。同时，公司通过提升员工健康与安全、参与慈善活动和支持社区发展等措施，履行了社会责任，提升了公司的社会形象和品牌认知。未来，公司将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任，推动可持续发展。
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+阳光传媒集团有限公司是一家成立于2005年6月15日的媒体公司，主营业务包括电视剧制作、演艺活动、广告代理和影视投资，注册地为北京市，已在香港交易所上市。
+
+在2021年度的公司财务报告中，我们将重点关注公司的重要事件和涉及的指标。首先，公司在2021年1月进行了债务重组，成功减少了10亿元的负债。这一重要事件对公司的财务状况产生了积极影响，降低了财务成本。在债务重组过程中，公司先是在2020年11月签订了债务重组协议，为整个过程奠定了基础。随后，在2020年12月，公司制定了债务重组方案，明确了减少负债的目标和数额。最终，在2021年1月，公司正式签署了债务重组协议，使债务重组生效，负债减少了10亿元。
+
+另外一个重要事件是公司在2021年2月决定向股东分发8亿元的股利。这一举措是对股东投资的回报，提升了股东的收益。
+
+在2021年3月，公司进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构。这一举措提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+进一步扩大公司业务范围的重大事件是公司在2021年4月完成了对阳光影视有限公司的资产收购，总价值为20亿元。这一收购使得公司的市场竞争力得到了增强。
+
+在2021年7月，公司完成了对精英艺人经纪有限公司的股权收购，获得了70%的股权。这一举措进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+为了支持公司的扩张和发展，公司在2021年9月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了15亿元资金。这一举措加强了公司的资金实力。
+
+最后，在2021年12月，公司投资了星光影业有限公司的新电视剧制作项目，投资金额为5亿元。这一投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+以上重要事件对公司的财务指标产生了影响。营业收入为238亿元，净利润为38亿元。总资产为168亿元，总负债为78亿元，股东权益为90亿元。现金流量为46亿元。负债比率和资产负债率均为46.43%。净资产收益率为29.41%。
+
+这些指标的变化受到多个因素的影响。营业收入的变化受市场需求和产品价格变化的影响。净利润的变化受营业收入、成本控制和非经常性损益的影响。总资产和总负债的变化受资产收购、资产处置和资产重估的影响。股东权益的变化受净利润、股利发放和资本公积的影响。现金流量的变化受经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动的影响。负债比率和资产负债率的变化受总负债和总资产的变化影响。净资产收益率的变化受净利润和股东权益的变化影响。
+
+展望未来，公司计划实施更加精细化的成本控制和优化资本运营等财务策略，以提升经营效益和盈利能力。公司将加大对高质量电视剧的投资，并加强自有知识产权的研发投入，以进一步巩固在媒体行业的领先地位。公司还将严格把控项目风险，加强市场变化的监测和预警，积极应对可能出现的财务风险，并制定有效的风险管理策略，以保障公司的稳健发展。
+
+综上所述，阳光传媒集团有限公司在2021年度取得了积极的财务成果，并通过重要事件的发生和指标的变化展示了公司的发展动力和潜力。公司将继续努力实施财务策略，加大投资力度，强化风险管理，以实现更好的业绩和长期可持续发展。
+
+公司治理结构方面，股东大会决议是公司治理的重要环节之一。在2021年，公司通过股东大会决议，决定通过发行股份的方式收购一家电视剧制作公司。这一决议的影响是拓展公司的主营业务，加强对电视剧制作领域的控制力，有助于提升公司市场竞争力和盈利能力。在此次决议之前，公司进行了对目标公司的尽职调查，并出具了独立评估报告，以确保收购交易的合理性和可行性。
+
+高级管理层变动也是公司治理结构的重要组成部分。公司任命了一位具有丰富媒体产业经验和创新思维的新任首席执行官。这一任命将带领公司制定更为务实的经营策略，并加强与合作伙伴的合作，为公司的长期发展提供强有力的支持。
+
+在可持续性与社会责任方面，公司发布了一份可持续性报告，并承诺加强对环境保护和社会责任的投入。这一举措有助于公司积极履行企业公民责任，提升了公众形象和客户信任，为公司未来的可持续发展奠定了基础。
+
+董事会变更也是公司治理结构的重要调整。公司董事会迎来了新成员，其中包括了著名电影导演张伟。这一变更将为公司带来丰富的创意和战略指导，有助于进一步提升公司在影视行业的影响力。
+
+合规与监管更新是公司治理结构中不可忽视的一环。公司对最新的证券法和公司法的变化进行了适应，并更新了公司合规标准。通过更新合规标准，公司确保了自身在法律法规方面的合规性，降低了法律风险，并加强了对股东利益的保护。
+
+风险管理举措是公司治理结构中的重要环节。公司强化了风险管理框架，提升了新风险的识别能力，并制定了相应的缓解策略。通过优化风险管理举措，公司提高了对内外部风险的应对能力，保障了公司的持续健康发展。
+
+公司治理政策的修订是为了加强对高级管理层行为的监督和问责机制。公司进行了治理政策的修订，进一步提高了决策的透明度和内部控制的效果，增强了对投资者的吸引力。
+
+在道德与诚信方面，公司发生了一起道德与诚信事件，并进行了妥善处理。通过及时而妥善的处理方式，公司维护了公司声誉和客户信任，进一步提升了公司的道德标准和诚信形象。
+
+信息披露是公司治理中的重要指标之一。公司积极主动披露公司治理、重大决策和财务情况，信息准确、全面、及时。公司每季度披露财报，并定期发布公司治理报告，信息披露覆盖股东、投资者、媒体等利益相关者。
+
+关联交易是公司治理中需要关注的指标之一。公司设立了关联交易审批流程，并确保关联交易的公正性和合规性。公司设立了专门的关联交易审批委员会，严格审核所有关联交易，并根据相关法律法规进行公示和披露。
+
+内部控制是公司治理中的重要指标之一。公司建立了完善的内部控制制度，确保财务和运营风险的有效管理。公司每年进行内部控制自评，并聘请独立的审计机构对内部控制的有效性进行审计，确保内部控制的适当性和有效性。
+
+为了进一步加强公司治理，公司制定了一系列治理改进计划。其中包括加强董事会和监事会功能，提升透明度和信息披露质量。公司将增加独立董事的比例，并定期组织董事会和监事会的培训，提升其在公司治理中的效率和效果。公司还将进一步改进信息披露流程和标准，确保及时、准确、全面地向所有利益相关者报告公司情况。
+
+在风险管理策略方面，公司将进一步强化内部控制系统，加强财务和运营风险的识别、评估、监控和报告。公司将采用先进的技术手段，提升内部控制的自动化程度，确保内部控制的全面性和准确性。同时，公司将将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，并识别相关风险和机会，促进长期价值创造。公司将积极开展可持续发展项目，积极履行企业公民责任，为社会发展和环境保护作出更大贡献。
+
+综上所述，阳光传媒集团有限公司在公司治理方面采取了一系列重要举措，包括股东大会决议、高级管理层变动、可持续性与社会责任倡议、董事会变更、合规与监管更新、风险管理举措、公司治理政策修订、道德与诚信事件的处理等。这些举措有助于提升公司的市场竞争力和盈利能力，加强公司在影视行业的影响力，确保公司的持续健康发展。公司还注重信息披露、关联交易和内部控制等指标的管理，以提高公司治理的透明度和有效性。未来，公司将继续加强董事会和监事会功能，提升透明度和信息披露质量，强化内部控制系统，整合可持续发展和社会责任，以进一步提升公司治理水平和长期价值创造能力。
+
+在环境责任方面，阳光传媒集团有限公司采取了一系列措施来减少对环境的影响。首先，在2021年1月，公司购买了废水处理系统，随后与供应商签订合同并启动了污染防治设施的建设。这些举措显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。此外，公司还在2021年4月实施了节能减排项目，通过优化能源消耗，直接减少了能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。在2021年6月，公司还推出了绿色产品开发计划，通过开发环保产品，提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象，同时减少了环境影响。为了进一步强调对环境的承诺和责任，公司在2021年8月投资了碳抵消项目，通过碳抵消证书向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺。此外，公司还在2021年9月采取措施减少塑料使用量，降低了塑料垃圾对环境的污染，提高了公司的环保形象和可持续发展能力。在2021年11月，公司优化了物流运输，降低了运输对环境的负担，减少了能源消耗和排放，提高了物流效率。最后，在2021年12月，公司采用了环境管理系统，增强了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进，提升了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+这些环境责任举措也反映在相关的指标上。公司的二氧化碳排放量在2020年度为200,000吨，而能源消耗为1,000,000千瓦时。这些指标受到生产规模的变化、节能技术的应用、生产效率的提高和能源管理措施的实施等因素的影响。
+
+在社会责任方面，阳光传媒集团有限公司也积极履行其社会责任。公司在2021年1月参与了公共服务项目，促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。在2021年3月，公司实施了员工健康与安全计划，显著改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。为了提供公平就业机会，公司在2021年5月推广了公平就业机会政策，提高了公司的多元化和包容性，增加了员工的工作满意度和团队凝聚力。在2021年8月，公司实施了员工职业成长和人才发展计划，提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。此外，公司还在2021年10月参与了慈善活动，提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，并加强了与社区的联系和支持。在2021年11月，公司开展了社区支持和发展项目，加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。最后，在2021年12月，公司承诺反腐败和合规，确保公司的商业行为道德规范，提高了公司的声誉和合规性。
+
+这些社会责任举措也反映在相关的指标上。公司的员工满意度在2020年度为75（满分100），反映了工作环境的改善和员工福利政策的调整。公司在2020年度在社区发展项目上的投资总额为500万元，体现了公司对社区发展的支持。此外，公司为员工提供了100,000小时的培训时间，提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度。
+
+展望未来，阳光传媒集团有限公司将继续致力于环境保护计划，采取进一步的措施减少运营对环境的影响，包括推广可再生能源、优化资源利用和提升能效标准等。在社会责任方面，公司将继续积极履行社会责任战略，包括促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。此外，公司还将整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs），包括贫困消除、地球气候行动和良好健康等。
+
+综上所述，阳光传媒集团有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面采取了一系列措施，取得了显著的成绩。公司将继续努力，致力于可持续发展，为社会和环境做出更大的贡献。
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diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_140_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_140_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md"
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67a6fe6347b5b91d867b126bcb53a77f0e4fbc77
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_140_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+霜叶市第一人民医院
+
+住院病历
+
+
+
+基本信息：
+
+姓名：喻某某
+
+性别：女
+
+年龄：28岁
+
+民族：汉族
+
+婚姻状况：已婚
+
+职业：教师
+
+住址：霜叶市雨燕街84号
+
+入院时间：2月4日
+
+记录时间：2月4日
+
+病史陈述者：本人
+
+医院名称：霜叶市第一人民医院
+
+
+
+主诉：
+
+贫血、体力下降、腹部突出2个月余
+
+
+
+现病史：
+
+患者于2个月前搬运重物后出现体力下降，随后逐渐出现面色苍白，并伴有腹部逐渐突出。患者感到体力明显下降，面色苍白，腹部逐渐突出，并有下腹部酸胀感。伴有轻度头晕、心悸和乏力，需要休息时仍能缓解。曾在附近诊所接受过简单的贫血治疗，但效果不佳，症状持续存在并加重。患者精神状态良好，无显著变化。睡眠正常，食欲减退。大小便无明显异常，体重逐渐下降约3Kg。
+
+
+
+既往史：
+
+一般健康状况良好，平时较少生病。无特殊疾病史，也否认传染病史。接受了各种疫苗接种，并无手术及重大外伤史。输血史和药物、食物过敏史均为否认。
+
+
+
+个人史：
+
+出生地和居留地均为霜叶市。无吸烟、饮酒习惯，有规律的饮食习惯。职业为教师，工作压力适中。无接触工业毒物、粉尘、放射性物质等的史，也否认冶游史。
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史：
+
+婚姻状况已婚，结婚年龄26岁。配偶健康状况良好，育有一女，3岁，健康。月经史显示初潮年龄为14岁，行经期天数为5天，间隔天数为28天，末次月经时间为1月20日，月经量为中等，痛经情况为无痛经。家族史中，父亲有高血压病史，母亲健康，无地中海贫血家族史。
+
+
+
+体格检查：
+
+在一般情况下，患者体温为36.7℃，脉搏为84次/分，呼吸为20次/分，血压为110/70 mmHg。系统检查发现患者面部苍白，肢端无发绀，粘膜可见轻度苍白，淋巴结未触及肿大淋巴结，颅骨无畸形，听力视力正常，颈部无肿块，胸部心率齐，无杂音，双肺呼吸音清，未闻及异常，腹部腹软，有轻度脾大，肝脾下缘可触及无压痛，直肠肛门未见异常，外生殖器也未见异常，脊柱无畸形，四肢无水肿，神经系统正常，神志清楚，运动、感觉正常。
+
+
+
+辅助检查：
+
+腹部超声检查显示肝脾轻度肿大。血常规结果显示血红蛋白为80g/L，红细胞计数为3.2x10^12/L，平均红细胞体积为70fL。血铁蛋白测定显示血铁蛋白升高。血生化检查显示血清铁和铁蛋白增高。血型鉴定显示为O型。
+
+
+
+初步诊断：
+
+地中海贫血
+
+
+
+诊断依据：
+
+患者面色苍白、体力下降、伴腹部突出等症状，结合血常规检查异常，经影像学检查提示肝脾肿大。
+
+
+
+鉴别诊断：
+
+铁性贫血：患者血清铁和铁蛋白水平增高，否定可能性。
+
+巨幼细胞性贫血：无典型巨幼红细胞及维生素B12、叶酸缺乏表现。
+
+新生儿黄疸：患者年龄和症状不符。
+
+
+
+入院记录：
+
+张医生
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录：
+
+2月4日，患者因贫血、体力下降、腹部突出入院。体检发现面色苍白，肝脾轻度大。实验室检查提示血红蛋白低，血清铁蛋白高，初步诊断地中海贫血。
+
+
+
+日常病程记录：
+
+2月5日，患者贫血症状略有缓解，精神状态良好。继续给予铁螯合剂治疗。
+
+
+
+上级医师查房记录：
+
+2月5日，上级医师确认诊断为地中海贫血，建议继续监测血常规，必要时调整铁螯合剂剂量。
+
+
+
+交（接）班记录：
+
+2月6日，患者病情稳定，今日无特殊情况。
+
+
+
+医嘱：
+
+长期医嘱单：给予铁螯合剂治疗，定期监测血常规。
+
+临时医嘱单：需配合查房时进一步调整治疗方案。
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单：
+
+血常规、血铁蛋白、腹部超声等检查报告。
+
+
+
+体温单：
+
+体温: 36.7℃; 脉搏: 84次/分; 呼吸: 20次/分; 血压: 110/70 mmHg
+
+
+
+输血治疗知情同意书：
+
+已签署
+
+
+
+特殊检查同意书：
+
+已签署
+
+
+
+病历结束。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_142_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_142_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34c97877fd8c2112b458137aaa0f4171c62cd4a9
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_142_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+病历全文：
+
+
+
+翠湖市人民医院
+
+住院病历
+
+姓名：杜某某 性别：男 年龄：65岁 民族：汉族
+
+病史陈述者：本人 入院时间：2月5日 记录时间：2月5日
+
+
+
+主诉：
+
+进食新鲜蚕豆后2天内出现全身不适、疲倦乏力、畏寒、发热1天。
+
+
+
+现病史：
+
+患者于2月3日在家中进食新鲜蚕豆，2月4日开始出现全身不适、疲倦乏力、畏寒、发热，持续至今无缓解。主要症状为全身不适、疲倦乏力、自觉畏寒，体温最高达38.5℃，无明显缓解或加重。伴有头晕、头痛、厌食、恶心、呕吐、腹痛，症状出现于主要症状之后，与主要症状相伴随。患者至本院急诊就诊，初步诊断为蚕豆症，建议住院治疗。患者精神状态差，睡眠差，食欲减退；大小便正常，体重无明显变化。
+
+
+
+既往史：
+
+一般健康状况一般，无高血压、糖尿病、冠心病等慢性病史。无传染病史。完整接种儿童时期疫苗，无近期接种史。无手术外伤史、输血史和药物过敏史。
+
+
+
+个人史：
+
+出生地与居留地均为翠湖市。不吸烟，不饮酒，饮食规律。已退休，曾为公司职员。无工业毒物、粉尘、放射性物质接触史和冶游史。
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史：
+
+婚姻状况已婚，结婚年龄25岁。配偶健康状况健康。有两个子女，均健康。父母均已去世，兄弟姐妹健康，无类似疾病及遗传倾向。
+
+
+
+体格检查：
+
+一般情况：体温38.5℃，脉搏90次/分，呼吸18次/分，血压120/80 mmHg。
+
+系统检查：面色苍白，无黄疸。咽部轻微充血。未触及肿大淋巴结。头部无畸形，双眼无黄染，耳鼻咽无异常。颈软，无抵抗，甲状腺不大。胸廓对称，两侧呼吸音清，未闻及干湿性啰音，心率90次/分，律齐，心音有力，各瓣膜听诊区未闻及病理性杂音。腹软，无压痛及反跳痛，肝脾肋下未触及，肝区无叩痛。肛门未见异常。外生殖器无异常。脊柱无畸形。四肢无浮肿，活动自如。神经系统正常，神志清楚，言语流利，双侧瞳孔等大等圆，对光反射灵敏。
+
+
+
+辅助检查：
+
+血常规示贫血，配合G6PD酶活性测定异常。
+
+
+
+初步诊断：
+
+蚕豆症
+
+诊断依据：患者进食新鲜蚕豆后出现全身不适、疲倦乏力、畏寒、发热等症状，血常规示贫血，G6PD酶活性测定异常。
+
+鉴别诊断：感染性贫血、失血性贫血、地中海性贫血、遗传性球形红细胞增多症已排除。
+
+
+
+入院记录：
+
+李医生于2月5日签名。
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录：
+
+首次病程记录：患者为65岁男性，进食新鲜蚕豆后2天内出现全身不适、疲倦乏力、畏寒、发热等症状，结合辅助检查，初步诊断为蚕豆症。计划行补液、对症治疗，密切观察病情变化，并定期复查血常规。
+
+日常病程记录：患者目前症状有所缓解，继续对症治疗，复查相关指标。
+
+上级医师查房记录：患者病情相对稳定，继续当前治疗方案，密切监测病情变化。
+
+
+
+医嘱：
+
+长期医嘱单：补液，注意营养，定期复查血常规，密切观察病情变化。
+
+临时医嘱单：对症处理，如有不适立即通知医生。
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单：
+
+G6PD酶活性测定报告单异常提示患者有蚕豆症。
+
+
+
+体温单：
+
+体温：38.5℃，脉搏：90次/分，呼吸：18次/分，血压：120/80 mmHg。
+
+
+
+特殊检查同意书：无
+
+
+
+病危（重）通知书：无
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_143_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_143_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..095996f54dbd809de266b7d0a1e3bf37f2bcb9c5
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_143_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,197 @@
+住院病历
+
+
+
+医院名称：朱雀市中心医院
+
+病历编号：xxxxx
+
+病史陈述者：患者本人
+
+记录时间：8月27日
+
+患者：葛某某
+
+性别：男
+
+年龄：37岁
+
+民族：汉族
+
+婚姻状况：已婚
+
+职业：职员
+
+住址：朱雀市紫陌街29号
+
+入院时间：8月27日
+
+
+
+主诉：
+
+患者反复呼吸道感染伴心悸、气喘、发绀3个月。
+
+
+
+现病史：
+
+患者3个月前无明显诱因开始出现反复呼吸道感染、心悸、气喘和发绀症状，起初症状较轻，近一个月来症状加重，尤其是夜间情况更加明显。主要症状为反复呼吸道感染伴心悸、气喘和发绀，症状多在运动后加重，稍作休息后有所缓解。症状发作时伴有乏力、头晕、食欲减退。发病后于当地医院检查发现心脏异常，予以对症治疗（抗感染、供氧等），效果不佳，遂来我院进一步诊治。精神状态差，夜间常有咳嗽影响睡眠，食欲减退，大便正常，小便次数增多，体重无明显变化。
+
+
+
+既往史：
+
+一般健康状况良好，此次发病前无明显不适。无重大疾病史、传染病史和输血史。已完成国家计划免疫接种，并无对青霉素过敏。
+
+
+
+个人史：
+
+出生地和居留地均为朱雀市。平时生活习惯良好，不吸烟，偶尔饮酒，作息规律。从事公司职员工作，工作压力较大，需久坐。无明显工业毒物、粉尘、放射性物质接触史。无冶游史。
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史：
+
+婚姻状况已婚，结婚年龄28岁。配偶健康状况良好。有一子，健康。父母健在，无家族遗传病史，也无类似疾病。
+
+
+
+体格检查：
+
+一般情况：体温36.8℃，脉搏85次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压120/80 mmHg。
+
+系统检查：
+
+皮肤：未见皮疹，发绀明显。
+
+粘膜：暂无明显异常。
+
+淋巴结：未触及肿大淋巴结。
+
+头部及器官：五官端正，未见明显异常。
+
+颈部：颈软，甲状腺未触及肿大。
+
+胸部：胸廓无畸形，双肺呼吸音清，未闻及明显干湿性啰音。心界略左移，心音有力，第一心音稍减弱，心尖区可闻及3/6级收缩期杂音。
+
+腹部：腹软无压痛，肝脾未触及肿大。
+
+直肠肛门：未查。
+
+外生殖器：未查。
+
+脊柱：无畸形，全身骨胳无畸形。
+
+四肢：无浮肿，活动自如。
+
+神经系统：神志清晰，肌力、肌张力未见异常，生理反射存在，病理反射未引出。
+
+
+
+专科检查：
+
+心电图显示心律不齐，窦性心动过速。胸部X线显示心影扩大，肺部无明显异常。
+
+
+
+辅助检查：
+
+心电图显示心律不齐，胸部X线提示心影扩大，彩超未见明显结构异常。
+
+
+
+初步诊断：
+
+先天性心脏病。
+
+
+
+诊断依据：
+
+根据患者3个月以来的反复呼吸道感染、心悸、气喘、发绀等症状，结合体格检查（心音减弱、心脏杂音），心电图显示心律不齐及胸部X线提示心影扩大，初步诊断为先天性心脏病。
+
+
+
+鉴别诊断：
+
+1.风湿性心脏病：患者无风湿病史，心脏杂音表现不符合风湿性病变特征。
+
+2.贫血：血常规未见相应变化，否定贫血。
+
+3.静脉杂音：与患者心脏杂音性质不同，否定。
+
+4.感冒：无感冒症状，症状持续时间长，否定。
+
+
+
+入院记录：
+
+患者入院8小时内，症状显著，精神状态差。体格检查见明显体征，心音有杂音，初步诊断先天性心脏病。计划进一步行心脏彩超及相关血液检查，明确诊断并拟定治疗方案。
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录：
+
+患者入院后，每日查房，记录病情变化，继续监测生命体征。上级医师王主任查房，患者病情稳定，建议继续对症治疗，并行进一步心脏影像学检查。病程中无疑难病例讨论记录。交接班记录无特殊情况。无转科记录。目前患者病情有所缓解，精神状态略有好转，持续观察。无抢救记录、有创诊疗操作记录和出院记录。护理中注重监测各项生命体征。
+
+
+
+医嘱：
+
+长期医嘱单：
+
+1. 密切监测生命体征，按时测量体温、脉搏、呼吸、血压。
+
+2. 保持病房安静，确保患者充足休息。
+
+3. 根据心内科会诊结果行强化检查。
+
+
+
+临时医嘱单：
+
+1. 血常规、尿常规及电解质检查。
+
+2. 心脏彩超检查。
+
+3. 心脏磁共振检查。
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单：
+
+血常规：正常
+
+尿常规：正常
+
+电解质：正常
+
+心电图：心律不齐，窦性心动过速
+
+胸部X线：心影扩大，无肺异常
+
+心脏彩超：尚未进行
+
+心脏磁共振：尚未进行
+
+
+
+体温单：
+
+体温：36.8℃
+
+脉搏：85次/分
+
+呼吸：20次/分
+
+血压：120/80 mmHg
+
+
+
+就诊医师签名：李医生
+
+
+
+至此, 病历记录完毕。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_144_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_144_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..25a9ab5830df4a6417a8b7f1228731c1def61913
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_144_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+病例编号：MH-20211017-001
+
+住院病历
+
+姓名：沈某某 性别：男 年龄：17岁 民族：汉族 婚姻状况：未婚 职业：学生
+
+住址：土丘市荔枝街55号 入院时间：10月17日 记录时间：10月17日 病史陈述者：患者本人
+
+医院名称：土丘市人民医院
+
+
+
+主诉：沈某某患者自述腹部阵发性绞痛、食欲减退、便秘和腹胀5天。
+
+
+
+现病史：
+
+沈某某患者在5天前无明显诱因下出现腹部阵发性绞痛，起病急，疼痛位于中下腹部，伴有食欲减退、便秘、腹胀，无发热。起初疼痛较轻，但随后疼痛逐渐加重，并伴有呕吐，无法排便和排气。患者在家自行服用了止痛药，但症状无缓解，故来医院就诊。
+
+主要症状特点为腹部阵发性绞痛，间歇期轻松，但绞痛间隔逐渐缩短，且疼痛程度逐渐加剧。疼痛主要位于中下腹部，阵发性疼痛频率高，呕吐物为胃内容物。
+
+伴随症状为呕吐、无法排便和排气、腹胀。主症与伴随症状明显相关。
+
+诊疗经过及结果：患者来院后进行了腹部X光检查，提示可能存在肠梗阻。血常规检查无明显异常。给予禁食、胃肠减压、补液等对症支持治疗，症状稍有缓解。
+
+一般情况变化：精神状态较差，夜间睡眠差，食欲减退明显，5天内未大便，体重无明显变化。
+
+
+
+既往史：
+
+一般健康状况良好，无疾病史和传染病史。按时接种疫苗，无手术外伤史、输血史和过敏史。
+
+
+
+个人史：
+
+出生地和居留地均为土丘市，有规律饮食，偶尔外出运动。职业为学生，学习紧张压力大。无特殊接触史和冶游史。
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史：
+
+婚育史方面，沈某某患者未婚，未有婚育史。
+
+家族史方面，父母及兄弟姐妹无类似疾病，无明显遗传倾向。
+
+
+
+体格检查：
+
+一般情况：体温36.8°C，脉搏85次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压120/80mmHg。
+
+系统检查：患者皮肤、粘膜正常，未触及肿大淋巴结。头部及器官未见异常，颈部软，未触及肿块。胸部双肺呼吸音清，未闻及啰音；心脏未见异常，心率85次/分，律齐，未闻及病理性杂音。腹部腹胀明显，腹肌紧张，全腹压痛，以中下腹部为重，未触及包块，肝脾未触及，肠鸣音减弱。直肠肛门未见异常，外生殖器正常。脊柱无畸形及压痛。四肢活动自如，未见水肿。神经系统无明显异常。
+
+
+
+专科检查：腹部触诊提示全腹压痛，腹肌紧张，以中下腹部为主。肠鸣音减弱。
+
+
+
+辅助检查：腹部X光提示多处肠管扩张，气液平面，肠梗阻表现。血常规检查无明显异常。
+
+
+
+初步诊断：肠梗阻
+
+诊断依据：沈某某患者有腹部阵发性绞痛、食欲减退、便秘、呕吐、腹胀等症状，腹部X光提示肠梗阻表现。
+
+
+
+鉴别诊断：
+
+1.胃十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔：无长期消化道溃疡病史。
+
+2.胆囊结石并发急性胆囊炎：无右上腹持续性疼痛，无Murphy征阳性。
+
+3.急性胰腺炎：无明显诱因，无发热、腹部CT无胰腺病变。
+
+4.急性阑尾炎：腹痛部位不在右下腹，压痛点不固定。
+
+
+
+入院记录：
+
+沈某某患者因腹部阵发性绞痛、食欲减退、便秘和腹胀5天入院。体检发现腹胀，腹壁紧张，全腹压痛，肠鸣音减弱，腹部X光提示肠梗阻。初步诊断为肠梗阻，鉴别诊断排除了胃十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔、胆囊结石并发急性胆囊炎、急性胰腺炎和急性阑尾炎。诊疗计划为禁食、胃肠减压、补液、对症支持治疗。
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录：
+
+首次病程记录：患者因腹部阵发性绞痛、食欲减退、便秘和腹胀5天入院。体检发现腹胀，腹壁紧张，全腹压痛，肠鸣音减弱，腹部X光提示肠梗阻。初步诊断为肠梗阻，鉴别诊断排除了胃十二指肠溃疡急性穿孔、胆囊结石并发急性胆囊炎、急性胰腺炎和急性阑尾炎。诊疗计划为禁食、胃肠减压、补液、对症支持治疗。
+
+日常病程记录：患者症状稍有缓解，但腹胀未完全消退，继续给予禁食、胃肠减压、补液等对症治疗。
+
+上级医师查房记录：患者病情稳定，继续当前治疗方案，密切观察病情变化。上级医师：李教授
+
+疑难病例讨论记录：无
+
+交（接）班记录：患者症状稍有缓解，继续当前治疗方案，已交班。
+
+转科记录：无
+
+阶段小结：患者入院后经过禁食、胃肠减压、补液等治疗，病情稍有缓解，但仍需进一步观察和治疗。
+
+抢救记录：无
+
+有创诊疗操作记录：无
+
+会诊记录：无
+
+出院记录：无
+
+病重（病危）患者护理记录：无
+
+
+
+医嘱：
+
+长期医嘱单：禁食、静脉补液、胃肠减压
+
+临时医嘱单：每日复查血常规、定时监测生命体征
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单：
+
+腹部X光提示多处肠管扩张，气液平面，肠梗阻表现。
+
+血常规检查无明显异常。
+
+
+
+体温单：
+
+10月17日：体温36.8°C，脉搏85次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压120/80mmHg
+
+
+
+以上为患者沈某某的住院病历，仅供参考。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_146_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_146_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a07bff37a98fda2578d1c17ca4f75c45ae8c0673
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_146_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+雪山市儿童医院
+
+住院病历
+
+
+
+基本信息：
+
+姓名：路某某
+
+性别：女
+
+年龄：5岁
+
+民族：汉族
+
+婚姻状况：未婚
+
+职业：学生
+
+住址：雪山市香山街2号
+
+入院时间：9月23日
+
+记录时间：9月23日
+
+病史陈述者：患者母亲
+
+医院名称：雪山市儿童医院
+
+
+
+主诉：
+
+皮肤出现斑疹、丘疹、水疱两周。
+
+
+
+现病史：
+
+两周前在家中突发，起病较急，无明显前驱症状。皮肤出现红斑、丘疹、水疱，主要分布于手臂、腿部及躯干。症状持续存在且有加重趋势，伴有瘙痒，无其他明确诱因。同时伴有轻度发热和食欲下降。患者母亲在家中曾自行涂抹皮炎药膏，但效果不明显，症状未见好转。患者精神状态尚可，但因瘙痒影响睡眠，食欲明显下降，大便正常，小便正常，体重无明显变化。
+
+
+
+既往史：
+
+一般健康状况良好，无重大疾病史。无疾病史、传染病史、手术外伤史、输血史和药物过敏史。已接种常规疫苗。
+
+
+
+个人史：
+
+出生地和居留地均为雪山市，生活规律，饮食正常，无职业暴露。无接触工业毒物、粉尘、放射性物质等史，无冶游史。
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史：
+
+婚姻状况为未婚，未有结婚和生育经历。配偶健康状况良好，子女情况无。月经史无异常，初潮年龄、行经期天数、间隔天数、末次月经时间、月经量和痛经情况均未见异常。家族史中父母、兄弟姐妹均健康，无类似皮肤病及遗传倾向。
+
+
+
+体格检查：
+
+一般情况：体温37.8℃，脉搏90次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压100/70 mmHg。
+
+系统检查：皮肤手臂、腿部及躯干部位见红斑、丘疹、水疱。粘膜和淋巴结未见异常。头部及器官、颈部、胸部、腹部、直肠肛门、外生殖器、脊柱和四肢均未发现异常。神经系统检查粗测无异常。
+
+
+
+专科检查：
+
+患者皮肤出现典型皮炎症状，相关部位触诊发现皮疹中有液体渗出，局部瘙痒明显，无明显感染征象。
+
+
+
+辅助检查：
+
+血常规检查：白细胞计数正常，嗜酸性粒细胞有轻度增多。
+
+皮肤针刺试验：阳性。
+
+皮肤刮片镜检：未见真菌。
+
+
+
+初步诊断：
+
+1. 皮炎（过敏性）
+
+
+
+诊断依据：
+
+根据患者的皮肤症状、病史以及辅助检查结果，初步诊断为过敏性皮炎。
+
+
+
+鉴别诊断：
+
+特应性皮炎、接触性皮炎、脂溢性皮炎、淤积性皮炎、神经性皮炎、浅部真菌病、疥疮、多形性日光疹、嗜酸粒细胞增多综合征、培拉格病等。
+
+经病史及辅助检查结果，排除真菌感染及其他类型皮炎。
+
+
+
+入院记录：
+
+李医生
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录：
+
+入院时患者精神状态尚可，皮肤见广泛红斑、丘疹及水疱，伴有渗液。诊断为过敏性皮炎，计划给予抗过敏药物及局部治疗。患者症状有缓解，瘙痒减轻，食欲有所恢复。上级医师查房记录：患者病情稳定，继续抗过敏治疗。交（接）班记录：患者病情平稳，皮肤症状缓解。阶段小结：患者经过抗过敏治疗，皮肤症状明显缓解，瘙痒基本消失，拟于近日出院。出院记录：患者病情稳定，皮肤症状消失，痒感消失，恢复良好，准予出院。
+
+
+
+医嘱：
+
+长期医嘱单：口服抗过敏药，局部外用药膏。
+
+临时医嘱单：每日复查皮肤情况，若有异常随时处理。
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单：
+
+血常规、皮肤针刺试验、皮肤刮片镜检结果已上传。
+
+
+
+体温单：
+
+9月23日：
+
+体温37.8℃，脉搏90次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压100/70 mmHg。
+
+
+
+以上为病历全文。
+
+
+
+请妥善保管。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_147_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_147_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c8e0e2f19437ea533a03352f2d2cc103afa8fb85
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_147_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+金丝市人民医院
+
+住院病历
+
+
+
+姓名：郝某某 性别：男 年龄：59岁 民族：汉族
+
+婚姻状况：已婚 职业：工人 住址：金丝市桃源街22号
+
+入院时间：8月12日 记录时间：8月12日
+
+病史陈述者：患者本人
+
+医院名称：金丝市人民医院
+
+
+
+主诉：局部红肿、热痛3天
+
+
+
+现病史：
+
+患者于3天前无明显诱因下发现左小腿皮肤红肿、热痛，呈急性发作。左小腿皮肤出现局部红肿、热痛，红肿区域直径约3厘米，局部触痛明显，无发热等全身不适。无发热、寒战等全身症状。无头痛、无恶心呕吐。患者来我院前未进行任何治疗。入院后给予局部消毒、抗生素治疗，症状有所缓解。精神状态尚可，睡眠正常，食欲一般，大便正常，小便正常，体重无明显变化。
+
+
+
+既往史：
+
+一般健康状况良好，有高血压病史5年，平时服药控制。无传染病史、预防接种史、手术外伤史、输血史和过敏史。
+
+
+
+个人史：
+
+出生地和居留地均为金丝市。偶尔饮酒，不吸烟。职业为工厂工人，职业稳定。无工业毒物、粉尘、放射性物质等接触史和冶游史。
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史：
+
+婚姻状况已婚，结婚年龄30岁，配偶健康状况良好，有一子一女，均健康。父母已故，健康状况良好，无类似疾病及遗传倾向。
+
+
+
+体格检查：
+
+一般情况：体温36.8℃，脉搏76次/分钟，呼吸18次/分钟，血压128/80mmHg。
+
+系统检查：皮肤左小腿局部红肿，触痛，局部热感，无皮疹。粘膜正常，淋巴结未触及肿大。头部及器官无异常，颈部无异常。胸部胸廓对称，呼吸音正常，心音有力，无杂音。腹部胀软，无压痛，肝脾未触及。直肠肛门未见异常，外生殖器正常。脊柱无畸形。四肢左小腿局部红肿，触痛。神经系统正常。
+
+
+
+专科检查：左小腿局部红肿，触痛，局部热感，无波动感。
+
+
+
+辅助检查：未进行特殊检查。
+
+
+
+初步诊断：疖子。
+
+诊断依据：根据患者病史（急性皮肤红肿、热痛），体格检查（局部红肿、热感、触痛），诊断为疖子。
+
+鉴别诊断：1.痈（表面有多个蜂窝状脓栓）；2.痱疖（似疖肿，但无脓栓）；3.皮脂囊肿并发感染；4.痤疮伴有轻度感染。
+
+
+
+入院记录医师签名：李医生。
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录：
+
+首次病程记录：患者左小腿局部红肿、热痛3天，疑为疖子。初步诊断需进一步排除其它疾病，给予抗生素治疗。
+
+日常病程记录：8月13日，患者左小腿红肿略减轻，继续给予抗生素治疗。
+
+上级医师查房记录：8月13日，上级医师查房，同意目前治疗方案，建议继续观察病情变化。
+
+交（接）班记录：与接班医生详细交代病情及治疗情况。
+
+阶段小结：患者治疗1周，病情稳定，症状缓解，继续观察。
+
+出院记录：8月19日，患者病情好转，无需进一步治疗，准予出院。遵医嘱继续观察。
+
+
+
+医嘱：
+
+长期医嘱单：口服青霉素每日三次。
+
+临时医嘱单：局部消毒每日两次；加强营养，保证休息。
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单：无异常发现。
+
+
+
+体温单：每日监测体温、脉搏、呼吸、血压，体温维持在36.8℃左右。
+
+
+
+以上为病历全文。
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diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_14_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_14_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9aeba7888f2bc02048456adf8d9cbede2615bd0
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_14_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+美好家政服务有限公司是一家成立于2005年3月，注册地位于上海市徐汇区的家政服务公司，专业提供家庭清洁、保姆、育儿嫂、老人陪护等服务。
+
+自2018年以来，美好家政服务有限公司经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了重大影响。
+
+首先，在2018年1月，公司进行了一次资产重组，通过合并子公司、调整资产配置等方式，优化了公司的业务结构。这一重组使得公司的资源配置更加合理，提高了公司的运营效率，进而增加了公司的价值。随后，公司在2018年2月招聘了一支高级管理团队，以提升公司的管理水平和决策能力。这一举措引入了更多的专业人才，增强了公司的管理能力，为未来的运营提供了支持。此外，公司还在2018年3月成立了一个新的业务部门，专门负责家电维修业务。这一举措拓展了公司的服务范围，增加了公司的业务收入，为公司的业务增长提供了新的机会。同时，公司还与供应商重新洽谈合作关系，以获取更好的采购价格和服务条件。这一举措降低了采购成本，提高了公司的盈利能力，并改善了产品和服务的质量。此外，公司还加大了市场推广力度，通过广告、促销等方式提高了品牌知名度和市场份额。这一举措增加了客户数量和订单量，促进了公司的业务增长，提高了公司的收入和利润。
+
+另外，在2018年2月，公司进行了一次名为优生堂的健康养生项目的投资，投资金额为500万元人民币。这一投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。随后，在2018年3月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，成功募集了1亿元人民币资金。这一融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。此外，公司还决定向股东分发200万元人民币股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。在2018年6月，公司完成了对竞争对手智慧家政公司的资产收购，总价值3000万元人民币。这一资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。在2018年11月，公司进行了债务重组，成功减少了500万元人民币负债。这一举措改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。最后，在2018年12月，公司完成了对家庭服务平台养家乐的股权收购，获得了60%的股权。这一股权收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+以上重要事件对公司的财务状况产生了明显的影响。根据财务报告显示，2018年公司的营业收入为700万元人民币，净利润为80万元人民币。公司的总资产为5000万元人民币，总负债为2000万元人民币，股东权益为3000万元人民币。公司的现金流量为1000万元人民币。负债比率为40%，资产负债率也为40%。净资产收益率为8%。
+
+展望未来，美好家政服务有限公司将实施成本控制、风险管理和资本运营等财务策略，以确保公司稳定盈利、持续发展。公司计划加大对技术研发的投入，推动家政服务的创新和提升，同时加强市场拓展，扩大业务规模。为了降低风险对公司经营的不利影响，公司将加强对市场风险、竞争风险以及资本市场波动的监控和研判，积极制定应对政策和措施。
+
+综上所述，美好家政服务有限公司在过去一年中经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了重大影响。公司将继续致力于提供优质的家政服务，实施有效的财务策略和风险管理，以保持稳定的盈利能力和持续的发展。
+
+美好家政服务有限公司在公司治理结构方面，经历了一系列重要事件和改革措施。首先，在2018年1月，公司曝光并处理了员工利益冲突和腐败事件。为了预防和纠正类似事件的发生，公司采取了一系列措施。首先，公司加强了员工的诚信培训和合规机制建设，以提升员工的诚信意识和道德素质，从而提升公司的声誉和信誉。其次，公司建立了内部举报渠道，以提高员工的监督意识，增强公司的透明度和信任度。此外，公司还加强了对员工利益冲突的监管，确保公正透明，降低腐败风险。
+
+在风险管理方面，公司于2018年2月加强了内外部风险识别和应对措施，以降低负面影响。此外，公司在2018年3月进行了高级管理层变动，新任CEO带来了新的管理理念和发展方向。这一变动对公司的治理结构和战略调整产生了重要影响。
+
+在股东大会上，公司于2018年5月通过了增加注册资本的决议，以支持业务扩张。随后，在2018年6月，公司进行了董事会变更，新董事的加入对公司的战略调整和发展产生了重要影响。为了进一步提升公司的治理水平和透明度，公司于2018年7月修订了公司治理政策。此外，公司还及时应对监管变化，于2018年9月进行了合规与监管更新，以确保合规性和风险控制。最后，在2018年12月，公司积极参与了可持续性发展和社会责任倡议，树立了公司的形象和信誉。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，公司注重信息披露，通过透明披露财务状况和重要事件，增加了投资者的信任。公司严格规范关联交易，并进行公示，以确保公正和合规。此外，公司建立了有效的内部控制框架，监控财务和业务活动，确保财务信息的准确性和可靠性。
+
+为了进一步改进公司治理，公司制定了一系列计划。首先，公司计划加强董事会和监事会的功能，优化决策流程和程序，提高治理水平和效果。其次，公司计划提升透明度和信息披露质量，改进披露流程和标准，并增加投资者关系活动。
+
+在风险管理策略方面，公司计划进一步强化内部控制系统，加强监控和管理，确保财务信息的准确性和可靠性。同时，公司将可持续发展和社会责任纳入战略考虑，降低与环境和社会相关的风险。
+
+综上所述，美好家政服务有限公司在公司治理结构、重要事件及其子事件、涉及的指标、治理改进计划和风险管理策略方面都进行了全面的分析和讨论。公司通过一系列措施和改革，不断提升治理水平和透明度，以确保公司的可持续发展和社会责任。
+
+在环境责任方面，美好家政服务有限公司采取了一系列重要的措施来减少其对环境的影响。首先，在2018年4月，公司选择投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目来抵消其碳排放，努力实现碳中和目标。公司在2018年3月选择了投资于碳抵消项目，并与一家专业的林业项目合作伙伴达成合作协议。公司在2018年4月确定了投资金额，决定投资100,000美元用于该林业项目。通过投资碳抵消项目，公司可以消除碳排放，向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺和责任。
+
+其次，在2018年5月，公司实施了环境管理系统（EMS），以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进，提升了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+此外，美好家政服务有限公司还开发了环保型产品，减少对环境的影响。在2018年7月，公司开发了一系列环保型产品，提高了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象，同时减少了对环境的影响。
+
+为了减少环境污染，公司在2018年8月建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备。这一举措显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。
+
+此外，公司还投资实施了节能减排项目，减少能源消耗和温室气体排放。在2018年10月，公司投资了一系列节能减排项目，直接减少了公司的能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。
+
+为了优化废物管理，公司在2018年11月优化了废物管理流程，减少对环境的损害。这一举措减少了废物对环境的负面影响，提高了资源的利用率和可持续发展能力。
+
+在社会责任方面，美好家政服务有限公司也采取了一系列重要的措施。在2018年6月，公司推行了社会公正计划，包括平等就业机会、反腐败措施和社会因素评估等。通过建立公正和透明的企业文化，公司增加了在社会中的影响力和可持续发展性。
+
+此外，公司还参与或资助慈善活动和慈善机构，以支持教育、健康、减贫等领域。在2018年7月，公司参与了多项慈善活动，提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。
+
+为了支持员工职业成长和人才发展，公司提供各类培训和发展项目，包括在线课程、工作坊、导师计划等。在2018年9月，公司实施了员工职业成长和人才发展计划，提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。
+
+为了提升员工健康与安全，公司在2018年10月实施了一系列旨在提升员工健康与安全的措施。这一举措显著改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+此外，公司还投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。在2018年11月，公司投资了一系列社区支持和发展项目，加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。
+
+为了提升社区生活质量，公司投资或参与了公共服务项目，如城市绿化、公共卫生改善项目。在2018年12月，公司参与了多项公共服务项目，促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。
+
+在未来，美好家政服务有限公司将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任。公司将采取一系列措施减少其运营对环境的影响，并将在业务实践中积极履行社会责任，包括促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。同时，公司将整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs）。
+
+根据相关指标数据，美好家政服务有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了显著的成绩。二氧化碳排放量为1000吨，能源消耗为500万千瓦时。员工满意度为85%，社区投资额为200万元。这些数据表明公司在环境保护和社会责任方面取得了积极的进展，并为公司的可持续发展做出了重要贡献。
+
+总之，美好家政服务有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面采取了一系列重要的措施，取得了显著的成绩。公司将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任，以实现可持续发展目标，并为行业树立了良好的榜样。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_150_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_150_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d19e53fd9c3cda0cdda20e685ce2e2494dade418
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_150_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,259 @@
+暮光市人民医院住院病历
+
+
+
+基本信息:
+
+姓名: 秦某某
+
+性别: 女
+
+年龄: 13岁
+
+民族: 汉族
+
+婚姻状况: 未婚
+
+职业: 学生
+
+住址: 暮光市椰风街37号
+
+入院时间: 11月11日
+
+记录时间: 11月11日
+
+病史陈述者: 患者本人
+
+医院名称: 暮光市人民医院
+
+
+
+主诉:
+
+发热伴游走性关节炎3天
+
+
+
+现病史:
+
+发病情况:
+
+11月8日傍晚，患者在家中突然出现发热，体温高达39°C，起病较急。无明显前驱症状及诱因。
+
+
+
+主要症状特点:
+
+发热伴游走性关节炎，最初发生在左膝关节，后转移至右肘关节和左肩关节。局部红肿热痛，活动受限。
+
+
+
+伴随症状:
+
+伴有心悸、乏力、多形性红斑及舞蹈症样不自主运动，以四肢为主，情绪激动时加重。
+
+
+
+诊疗经过及结果:
+
+入院前曾在当地诊所用退烧药及抗生素治疗，退热效果欠佳，症状未见缓解。
+
+
+
+一般情况变化:
+
+精神萎靡不振，食欲减退，入睡困难，大便正常，小便量少，体重无明显变化。
+
+
+
+既往史:
+
+一般健康状况: 一向健康
+
+疾病史: 无
+
+传染病史: 无明显传染病史
+
+预防接种史: 接种齐全
+
+手术外伤史: 无
+
+输血史: 无
+
+过敏史: 无特殊药物过敏史
+
+
+
+个人史:
+
+出生地: 暮光市
+
+居留地: 暮光市
+
+生活习惯: 有规律的作息时间，喜食甜食
+
+职业及工作条件: 学生，学习压力较大
+
+接触史: 无有害物质接触史
+
+冶游史: 无
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史:
+
+婚育史:
+
+- 婚姻状况: 未婚
+
+- 结婚年龄:
+
+- 配偶健康状况:
+
+- 子女情况:
+
+
+
+月经史:
+
+- 初潮年龄: 11岁
+
+- 行经期天数: 5天
+
+- 间隔天数: 28天
+
+- 末次月经时间: 10月25日
+
+- 月经量: 中等
+
+- 痛经情况: 轻度痛经
+
+
+
+家族史: 父母及一兄一姊，均健康。家族中无类似疾病及遗传倾向。
+
+
+
+体格检查:
+
+一般情况:
+
+- 体温: 38.5°C
+
+- 脉搏: 96次/分
+
+- 呼吸: 22次/分
+
+- 血压: 110/70 mmHg
+
+
+
+系统检查:
+
+- 皮肤: 多形性红斑，特别是四肢部位
+
+- 粘膜: 正常
+
+- 淋巴结: 无肿大
+
+- 头部及器官: 无异常
+
+- 颈部: 柔软无抵抗
+
+- 胸部: 心脏心尖部可闻及收缩期杂音，肺部无异常
+
+- 腹部: 软，无压痛，肝脾未及
+
+- 直肠肛门: 未查
+
+- 外生殖器: 未查
+
+- 脊柱: 无畸形
+
+- 四肢: 左膝关节、右肘关节和左肩关节红肿，压痛明显，活动受限
+
+- 神经系统: 舞蹈症样不自主运动
+
+
+
+专科检查: 心脏听诊示左心缘2/6级收缩期杂音
+
+
+
+辅助检查: 血常规：白细胞计数增多，C反应蛋白增高。心电图：窦性心动过速、境界性心律不齐。超声心动图：心脏轻度扩大。
+
+
+
+初步诊断: 急性风湿热
+
+
+
+诊断依据: 患者有发热、游走性关节炎、心脏炎、和多形性红斑、舞蹈症等症状。病史、体格检查发现多形性红斑、心脏听诊杂音、舞蹈症状，结合血常规及心电图、超声心动图检查结果，符合急性风湿热的诊断标准。
+
+
+
+鉴别诊断: 需要鉴别链球菌感染后反应性关节炎，但本病例有心脏炎、多形性红斑及舞蹈症，不符合链球菌感染后反应性关节炎的诊断。
+
+
+
+入院记录: 李医生
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录:
+
+- 首次病程记录: 患者入院后血常规白细胞计数增多，C反应蛋白增高，心电图、超声心动图异常，初步诊断急性风湿热。计划立即予抗风湿治疗和抗生素治疗。监测体温、心脏听诊情况及血常规变化。
+
+- 日常病程记录: 每日监测体温及心脏听诊情况，症状无明显变化。
+
+- 上级医师查房记录: 主任医师王医生查房，意见同意目前治疗，建议继续观察血常规及心功能情况。
+
+- 疑难病例讨论记录: 无
+
+- 交（接）班记录: 无特殊变化，按常规治疗进行。
+
+- 转科记录: 无
+
+- 阶段小结: 患者入院两周，经抗风湿治疗及抗感染治疗，体温降至正常，关节炎有所缓解，但心脏杂音仍存。继续目前治疗，密切观察。
+
+- 抢救记录: 无
+
+- 有创诊疗操作记录: 无
+
+- 会诊记录: 心内科会诊建议继续抗风湿治疗，密切观察心功能变化。
+
+- 出院记录: 未出院
+
+- 病重（病危）患者护理记录: 无病重病危情况，常规护理
+
+
+
+医嘱:
+
+长期医嘱单:
+
+1. 口服阿司匹林
+
+2. 继续抗生素治疗
+
+3. 心功能监测
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单: 心电图、血常规、CRP测定、超声心动图
+
+
+
+体温单: 体温：38.5°C，脉搏：96次/分，呼吸：22次/分，血压：110/70 mmHg
+
+
+
+输血治疗知情同意书: 无
+
+
+
+特殊检查同意书: 无
+
+
+
+病危（重）通知书: 无
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_151_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_151_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..21abc8500a4b8df3972e334807984ed1237ae9df
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_151_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,247 @@
+住院病历
+
+
+
+医院名称：桃花市人民医院
+
+记录时间：3月11日
+
+入院时间：3月11日
+
+
+
+姓名：何某某
+
+性别：男
+
+年龄：15岁
+
+民族：汉族
+
+婚姻状况：未婚
+
+职业：学生
+
+住址：桃花市桐城街40号
+
+
+
+主诉：右下肢酸胀痛3个月，加重1周
+
+
+
+现病史：
+
+患者3个月前无明显原因出现右下肢酸胀痛，症状时轻时重，站立时明显。近日痛感加重，行走困难。无外伤史。
+
+主要症状特点：
+
+右小腿酸胀痛，酸胀感较为严重，站立时加重，抬高患肢可稍缓解。久坐久立后症状加剧。淤血明显，浅静脉高起。
+
+伴随症状：
+
+无发热、头痛、胸闷等症状。无其他严重并发症。
+
+诊疗经过及结果：
+
+发病后尝试进行热敷以及口服活血化瘀药物，效果不明显。后就诊本院，通过多普勒超声及静脉造影确诊。
+
+一般情况变化：
+
+精神状态良好，睡眠尚可，食欲正常，无明显体重变化。
+
+
+
+既往史：
+
+一般健康状况：平素健康良好，体质中等。
+
+疾病史：无高血压、心脏病、糖尿病等慢性病史。
+
+传染病史：无
+
+预防接种史：按时接种各类疫苗
+
+手术外伤史：无
+
+输血史：无
+
+过敏史：无药物过敏史
+
+
+
+个人史：
+
+出生地：桃花市
+
+居留地：桃花市
+
+生活习惯：生活规律，少量饮酒，不吸烟
+
+职业及工作条件：学生，学习压力较大
+
+接触史：无工业毒物、粉尘、放射性物质等接触史
+
+冶游史：无冶游史
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史：
+
+婚育史：
+
+婚姻状况：未婚
+
+结婚年龄：无
+
+配偶健康状况：无
+
+子女情况：无
+
+家族史：父母健康，家族中无类似疾病及遗传倾向
+
+
+
+体格检查：
+
+一般情况：
+
+体温：36.5℃
+
+脉搏：72次/分
+
+呼吸：18次/分
+
+血压：120/80 mmHg
+
+
+
+系统检查：
+
+皮肤：右下肢皮肤稍暗
+
+粘膜：无异
+
+淋巴结：未触及肿大淋巴结
+
+头部及器官：无异常
+
+颈部：无异常
+
+胸部：心肺听诊无异常
+
+腹部：软，无压痛
+
+直肠肛门：未查
+
+外生殖器：未查
+
+脊柱：无畸形
+
+四肢：右下肢浅静脉隆起、扩张、变曲
+
+神经系统：无神经系统症状
+
+
+
+专科检查：右下肢浅静脉明显隆起、曲张，站立时更明显
+
+
+
+辅助检查：多普勒超声及静脉造影提示浅静脉血液回流不畅，静脉造影显示浅静脉明显曲张
+
+
+
+初步诊断：右下肢静脉曲张
+
+
+
+诊断依据：
+
+1. 患者右下肢酸胀痛，站立时加重。
+
+2. 体格检查发现右下肢浅静脉隆起、曲张。
+
+3. 多普勒超声及静脉造影证实浅静脉血液回流不畅。
+
+
+
+鉴别诊断：
+
+1. 下肢静脉血栓形成后综合症：患者多普勒超声未见深静脉血液回流不畅，排除。
+
+2. 布加综合症：无脾脏肿大及大量腹水，排除。
+
+3. 静脉畸形骨肥大综合症：无肢体增长及皮肤血管瘤三联征，排除。
+
+
+
+入院记录：
+
+医师签名：张医生
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录：
+
+首次病程记录：患者入院后，进一步完善相关检查，确认右下肢静脉曲张。初步考虑保守治疗，建议减少久站久坐，适当抬高患肢，局部热敷及使用弹力袜。同时，进行观察并定期进行复查。
+
+日常病程记录：患者每日右下肢痛感稍有好转，但长时间站立后仍有不适。继续保守治疗。
+
+上级医师查房记录：上级医师查房时，患者一般情况尚可，右下肢症状有所缓解，继续保守治疗。
+
+疑难病例讨论记录：暂时无疑难病例讨论。
+
+交（接）班记录：患者目前病情稳定，继续观察。
+
+转科记录：无
+
+阶段小结：保守治疗一周后，患者症状有所缓解，但偶有酸胀感，持续观察。
+
+抢救记录：无
+
+有创诊疗操作记录：无
+
+会诊记录：无
+
+出院记录：未记录
+
+病重（病危）患者护理记录：无
+
+
+
+医嘱：
+
+长期医嘱单：
+
+1. 弹力袜 早晚穿戴
+
+2. 局部热敷 2次/天
+
+
+
+临时医嘱单：
+
+1. 减少长时间站立和坐下
+
+2. 硝酸甘油软膏 外用，涂抹患肢 2次/天
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单：多普勒超声及静脉造影检查报告单已存档
+
+
+
+体温单：体温：36.5℃，脉搏：72次/分，呼吸：18次/分，血压：120/80 mmHg
+
+
+
+输血治疗知情同意书：无
+
+
+
+特殊检查同意书：无
+
+
+
+病危（重）通知书：无
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_153_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_153_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6d751fc9406761ee060edf1e29dd3166ce27dd7e
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_153_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+病历全文如下：
+
+
+
+碧波市人民医院
+
+住院病历
+
+姓名：曹某某 性别：女 年龄：28岁 民族：汉族
+
+婚姻状况：已婚 职业：教师 住址：碧波市铁桥街58号
+
+入院时间：5月6日 记录时间：5月6日 病史陈述者：患者本人
+
+
+
+主诉：右耳持续流脓伴听力下降2个月。
+
+
+
+现病史：
+
+患者在2个月前出现右耳开始流脓的症状，伴有听力下降，症状逐渐加重。右耳持续流脓、听力逐渐下降，伴有耳鸣，间歇性眩晕，偶尔出现剧烈头痛。偶尔伴有呕吐，无面瘫，寒战及高热。在当地诊所进行抗生素治疗无明显效果后转至我院。近期精神状态较差，睡眠不佳，食欲稍差，大便正常，小便正常，体重无明显变化。
+
+
+
+既往史：
+
+患者无重大疾病史及特殊疾病史。童年时期按时接种预防疫苗。除此之外，无传染病史、手术外伤史、输血史，患者对青霉素过敏。
+
+
+
+个人史：
+
+出生地和居留地均为碧波市。患者无烟酒嗜好，有饮食规律。患者为教师，工作压力较大，经常加班。无工业毒物、粉尘、放射性物质接触史，无旅游史。
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史：
+
+患者已婚，结婚年龄为26岁，配偶健康状况良好。患者有一个健康子女。
+
+月经史方面，患者初潮年龄为14岁，行经期天数为5天，间隔天数为28天，末次月经时间为4月15日，月经量正常，无痛经情况。家族史方面，父母、兄弟姐妹均健康，无类似疾病及遗传倾向。
+
+
+
+体格检查：
+
+一般情况：体温37.2℃，脉搏80次/分，呼吸18次/分，血压120/80mmHg。
+
+系统检查：皮肤、粘膜均正常，淋巴结未触及肿大。头部及器官检查发现右耳流脓，耳膜充血，左耳正常。颈部未触及肿大或压痛。胸部胸廓对称，双肺呼吸音清，心音正常，未闻及杂音。腹部肝脾未触及，下腹无压痛。直肠肛门未见异常。外生殖器正常。脊柱正常。四肢无畸形，肌力正常。神经系统检查神志清醒，反应敏捷。
+
+
+
+专科检查：耳镜检查发现右耳耳膜穿孔，耳道流脓。
+
+
+
+辅助检查：听力测试显示右耳听力显著下降，血常规正常。
+
+
+
+初步诊断：慢性中耳炎
+
+
+
+诊断依据：根据病史陈述、体格检查和辅助检查结果显示，患者右耳流脓维持2个月，伴随听力下降，耳镜检查见右耳耳膜穿孔。
+
+
+
+鉴别诊断：通过耳镜和辅助检查，排除慢性鼓膜炎、中耳癌、结核性中耳炎。
+
+
+
+治疗方案：
+
+长期医嘱：每日两次使用抗生素滴耳液，保持耳道清洁。
+
+临时医嘱：必要时使用止痛药物，防止再次感染。
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录：
+
+患者入院8小时内完成检查，确诊为慢性中耳炎，计划进行进一步的药物治疗。患者病情稳定，耳道流脓减少，听力有所改善。上级医师查房记录确认诊断和治疗方案，继续观察病情变化。无疑难病例讨论记录。患者情况稳定，护士遵照医嘱执行。无转科记录。患者治疗一周后病情有所缓解，听力略有改善。无抢救记录。无有创诊疗操作记录。无会诊记录。出院记录显示病情好转，听力改善，建议回家继续药物治疗。无病重（病危）患者护理记录。
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单：
+
+耳镜检查：右耳耳膜穿孔，耳道流脓。
+
+听力测试：右耳听力下降。
+
+
+
+体温单：
+
+体温：37.2℃，脉搏：80次/分，呼吸：18次/分，血压：120/80mmHg。
+
+
+
+医嘱：
+
+长期医嘱单：抗生素滴耳液每日两次，保持耳道清洁。
+
+临时医嘱单：必要时使用止痛药物，防止再次感染。
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单：耳镜检查：右耳耳膜穿孔，耳道流脓。听力测试：右耳听力下降。
+
+
+
+以上为病历全文。
+
+
+
+医师签名：李医生
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_154_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_154_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c656a699bac1d9719a924f65071d257a87c80c18
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_154_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+丝路市人民医院
+
+住院病历
+
+基本信息：
+
+姓名：俞某某
+
+性别：男
+
+年龄：55岁
+
+民族：汉族
+
+婚姻状况：已婚
+
+职业：工人
+
+住址：丝路市梧桐街28号
+
+入院时间：7月17日
+
+记录时间：7月17日
+
+病史陈述者：患者本人
+
+医院名称：丝路市人民医院
+
+
+
+主诉：
+
+左腿骨痛伴行走困难3天
+
+
+
+现病史：
+
+患者于3天前在家中突然出现左腿剧烈疼痛，未考虑明显诱因，起病急，伴局部红肿。主要症状特点为左腿剧烈疼痛，持续性疼痛，无法行走。局部红肿，触痛明显，体温升高。伴随发热至38.5℃，无寒战、盗汗、乏力等。发病后在本院急诊进行初步处理，给予抗生素和止痛药物治疗，效果欠佳，遂以“急性骨髓炎”收入院。一般情况变化包括精神稍差，睡眠差，食欲一般，大便正常，小便正常，体重无明显变化。
+
+
+
+既往史：
+
+一般健康状况平素身体健康，疾病史为高血压5年，服用药物血压控制良好。传染病史无，预防接种史按时接种，手术外伤史无，输血史无，过敏史无。
+
+
+
+个人史：
+
+出生地为丝路市，居留地为丝路市，生活习惯不吸烟，不饮酒，作息规律。职业及工作条件为工人，工作环境无明显不良因素。接触史无，冶游史无。
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史：
+
+婚育史中已婚，结婚年龄为30岁，配偶健康状况健康，子女情况有一子一女，健康。家族史父母均健康，兄弟姐妹健康，家族中无类似疾病及遗传性疾病。
+
+
+
+体格检查：
+
+一般情况体温为38.5℃，脉搏为95次/分，呼吸为20次/分，血压为140/90 mmHg。系统检查中皮肤为左腿局部红肿，粘膜正常，淋巴结未触及肿大，头部及器官正常，颈部正常，胸部呼吸音清，未闻及明显异常音，心跳有力，心率齐，腹部平软，无压痛或反跳痛，直肠肛门未查，外生殖器正常，脊柱正常，四肢左下肢局部红肿，触痛阳性，活动受限，神经系统正常。
+
+
+
+专科检查：
+
+左腿X片显示骨膜反应。
+
+
+
+辅助检查：
+
+CRP升高，ESR升高，血常规显示白细胞计数升高。
+
+
+
+初步诊断：
+
+急性骨髓炎
+
+
+
+诊断依据：
+
+患者有左腿剧烈疼痛、行走困难、局部红肿，伴发热、炎症标志物升高，X片提示骨膜反应。
+
+
+
+鉴别诊断：
+
+1. 骨肉瘤（骨破坏、骨膜反应的范围比较局限）：患者症状不符合。
+
+2. Ewing肉瘤（骨膜反应与骨髓炎相比，规则，多半呈葱皮状骨膜反应）：患者无相关病史。
+
+3. 骨组织细胞增多症：患者症状及检查不支持骨组织细胞增多症。
+
+4. 骨样骨瘤：患者无骨样骨瘤典型的夜间痛，影像学检查无典型表现。
+
+
+
+入院记录：
+
+张医生：患者55岁男性，以“左腿骨痛伴行走困难3天”为主诉入院。查体见体温38.5℃，左腿局部红肿、触痛明显。辅助检查显示CRP升高，ESR升高。初步诊断为急性骨髓炎，鉴别诊断包括骨肉瘤等，排除可能。拟定诊疗计划，继续抗感染治疗、镇痛及对症处理，密切观察病情变化。
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录：
+
+- 首次病程记录：患者55岁男性，以“左腿骨痛伴行走困难3天”为主诉入院。查体见体温38.5℃，左腿局部红肿、触痛明显。辅助检查显示CRP升高，ESR升高。初步诊断为急性骨髓炎，鉴别诊断包括骨肉瘤等，排除可能。拟定诊疗计划，继续抗感染治疗、镇痛及对症处理，密切观察病情变化。
+
+- 日常病程记录：无
+
+- 上级医师查房记录：患者入院次日，上级医师查房，确认诊断，建议继续现有治疗方案，密切观察病情变化。
+
+- 疑难病例讨论记录：无
+
+- 交（接）班记录：交班时患者生命体征平稳，左腿红肿略有减轻。
+
+- 转科记录：无
+
+- 阶段小结：入院3天，病情控制效果较好，症状有所缓解，继续现有治疗。
+
+- 抢救记录：无
+
+- 有创诊疗操作记录：无
+
+- 会诊记录：无
+
+- 出院记录：无
+
+- 病重（病危）患者护理记录：无
+
+
+
+医嘱：
+
+长期医嘱单：
+
+1. 抗生素注射
+
+2. 止痛药物口服
+
+3. 清淡饮食
+
+
+
+临时医嘱单：
+
+1. 血常规每日复查
+
+2. CRP、ESR每三日复查
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单：
+
+血常规显示白细胞计数升高；CRP升高；ESR升高；X片显示左腿骨膜反应明显。
+
+
+
+体温单：
+
+体温：38.5℃-37.8℃-37.5℃
+
+脉搏：95次/分-85次/分-80次/分
+
+呼吸：20次/分-19次/分-18次/分
+
+血压：140/90 mmHg - 135/85 mmHg
+
+
+
+输血治疗知情同意书：
+
+无
+
+
+
+特殊检查同意书：
+
+无
+
+
+
+病危（重）通知书：
+
+无
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_158_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_158_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ace37406d740fdb70c84884a9cd7ae9bd9c4cb01
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_158_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+杨柳市人民医院
+
+住院病历
+
+
+
+基本信息：
+
+姓名：臧某某
+
+性别：女
+
+年龄：64岁
+
+民族：汉族
+
+婚姻状况：已婚
+
+职业：退休
+
+住址：杨柳市珠港街80号
+
+入院时间：3月3日
+
+记录时间：3月3日
+
+病史陈述者：本人
+
+医院名称：杨柳市人民医院
+
+
+
+主诉：高血压、双下肢水肿1周+蛋白尿2天
+
+
+
+现病史：
+
+患者于1周前无明显诱因出现头痛、头晕，自测血压升高（160/100 mmHg），休息后症状无明显缓解。2天前出现双下肢水肿，尿检发现蛋白尿，遂来我院就诊。
+
+主要症状特点：持续性高血压（160/100 mmHg），双下肢明显水肿，蛋白尿（+++）。症状随时间加重，无明显缓解因素。
+
+伴随症状：偶尔头晕、头痛，伴轻度乏力。
+
+诊疗经过及结果：在当地诊所使用降压药物治疗后效果不显，水肿及蛋白尿未见明显好转，故来我院进一步诊治。
+
+一般情况变化：精神稍差，睡眠欠佳，食欲中等，尿频但无尿急、尿痛，大便正常，近期体重增加约2公斤。
+
+
+
+既往史：
+
+一般健康状况：平素身体健康。
+
+疾病史：无慢性疾病史。
+
+传染病史：无传染病史。
+
+预防接种史：儿时按时接种疫苗。
+
+手术外伤史：无重大手术及伤残史。
+
+输血史：无。
+
+过敏史：无药物及食物过敏史。
+
+
+
+个人史：
+
+出生地：杨柳市
+
+居留地：杨柳市
+
+生活习惯：作息规律，饮食清淡，但喜食咸。
+
+职业及工作条件：退休前在工厂工作，环境较为嘈杂。
+
+接触史：无有害化学物质、粉尘或放射性物质接触史。
+
+冶游史：无
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史：
+
+婚育史：
+
+- 婚姻状况：已婚
+
+- 结婚年龄：26岁
+
+- 配偶健康状况：健康
+
+- 子女情况：一子一女，健康
+
+月经史：
+
+- 初潮年龄：14岁
+
+- 行经期天数：5天
+
+- 间隔天数：28天
+
+- 末次月经时间：52岁
+
+- 月经量：中等
+
+- 痛经情况：无
+
+家族史：父母均有高血压史，无其他遗传性疾病。
+
+
+
+体格检查：
+
+一般情况：
+
+- 体温：36.7℃
+
+- 脉搏：78次/分
+
+- 呼吸：18次/分
+
+- 血压：160/100 mmHg
+
+系统检查：
+
+- 皮肤：腻滑，无皮疹
+
+- 粘膜：色淡红，无溃疡
+
+- 淋巴结：未触及肿大淋巴结
+
+- 头部及器官：正常
+
+- 颈部：软，无颈静脉怒张
+
+- 胸部：
+
+ - 胸廓：正常
+
+ - 肺部：无罗音
+
+ - 心脏：心音有力，无杂音
+
+ - 血管：无异常
+
+- 腹部：
+
+ - 肝：肝区无压痛
+
+ - 脾：未触及肿大
+
+- 直肠肛门：未见异常
+
+- 外生殖器：无异常
+
+- 脊柱：无畸形
+
+- 四肢：双下肢轻度水肿
+
+- 神经系统：无异常
+
+
+
+专科检查：妇科检查未见明显异常。
+
+
+
+辅助检查：血常规：正常，尿常规：蛋白尿（+++），肾功能：正常，血清电解质：正常，心电图：窦性心律。
+
+
+
+初步诊断：妊娠高血压综合症
+
+诊断依据：
+
+1. 患者有高血压病史，160/100 mmHg；
+
+2. 双下肢水肿；
+
+3. 尿常规示蛋白尿（+++）。
+
+鉴别诊断：
+
+1. 慢性高血压：患者无高血压史，故排除；
+
+2. 子痫前期：无症状提示子痫；
+
+3. 慢性高血压合并子痫前期：无慢性高血压史。
+
+
+
+入院记录：
+
+医师签名：张医生
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录：
+
+首次病程记录：
+
+患者臧某某，女性，64岁。因“高血压、双下肢水肿1周+蛋白尿2天”入院。初步诊断为妊娠高血压综合症。患者于1周前无明显诱因出现头痛、头晕，自测血压升高，2天前出现双下肢水肿，尿检发现蛋白尿。入院后检查血压160/100 mmHg，尿常规显示蛋白尿（+++）。诊疗计划：控制血压，利尿减轻水肿，监测尿蛋白。
+
+日常病程记录：
+
+患者入院后给予降压治疗，血压控制较平稳，双下肢水肿有所减轻，蛋白尿监测中。
+
+上级医师查房记录：
+
+查房意见：继续密切监测血压及尿蛋白变化，调整治疗方案。
+
+疑难病例讨论记录：
+
+交（接）班记录：
+
+夜班交班：患者生命体征平稳，无特殊事件发生。
+
+转科记录：
+
+阶段小结：
+
+患者入院5天，血压已基本控制，双下肢水肿减轻，蛋白尿（+），继续治疗观察。
+
+抢救记录：
+
+有创诊疗操作记录：
+
+会诊记录：
+
+出院记录：
+
+病重（病危）患者护理记录：
+
+
+
+医嘱：
+
+长期医嘱单：
+
+1. 每日测量血压；
+
+2. 控盐饮食；
+
+3. 低蛋白饮食。
+
+临时医嘱单：
+
+1. 口服洛沙坦50mg每日一次；
+
+2. 口服螺内酯20mg每日一次。
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单：尿常规、血常规、肾功能、血清电解质、心电图
+
+
+
+体温单：体温：36.7℃、脉搏：78次/分、呼吸：18次/分、血压：160/100 mmHg
+
+
+
+输血治疗知情同意书：
+
+特殊检查同意书：
+
+病危（重）通知书：
+
+
+
+病种：
+
+妊娠、分娩病及产褥期并发症：
+
+- 名称：妊娠高血压综合症
+
+- 症状：高血压、水肿、蛋白尿
+
+- 鉴别诊断：慢性高血压、子痫前期、慢性高血压合并子痫前期
+
+
+
+以上病历由张医生于3月3日记录。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_15_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_15_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b81103cf70fd8ad421cfba9d7b75e80349698258
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_15_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+金融优势有限公司是一家成立于2005年3月12日，总部位于上海市，主要提供金融服务，包括贷款和投资咨询等。公司目前尚未上市，属于金融行业。
+
+在过去一年中，金融优势有限公司取得了一系列重要的财务事件。首先，公司于2017年1月完成了对鑫盈证券有限公司的资产收购，总价值为8000万元。这次收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了市场竞争力。在这个过程中，公司进行了鑫盈证券公司的尽职调查，以确保资产收购的可行性和风险控制。同时，公司对鑫盈证券公司的资产进行了评估，并进行了交易谈判，最终签订了收购协议。随后，公司完成了与鑫盈证券公司的资产交割和过户手续，正式成为鑫盈证券公司的合法拥有者。
+
+这次资产收购对公司的财务状况产生了积极影响。根据财务报告，公司的营业收入达到了15000万元，净利润为3500万元。总资产为28000万元，总负债为10000万元，股东权益为18000万元。公司的现金流量为5000万元。负债比率和资产负债率均为35%。净资产收益率为20%。这些指标的变化反映了资产收购对公司财务状况的积极影响。
+
+除了资产收购，公司还进行了其他重要的财务活动。在2017年2月，公司对旗下电子支付子公司进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构。这次重组提高了公司的运营效率，并增加了公司的价值。在2017年5月，公司投资了数字银行项目，投资金额为2000万元。这次投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。此外，公司还于2017年6月完成了对瑞信证券有限责任公司的股权收购，获得了20%的股权。这次收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+为了支持公司的扩张和发展，公司于2017年7月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了5000万元资金。这次融资活动加强了公司的资金实力。另外，公司于2017年8月决定向股东分发1000万元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。最后，在2017年10月，公司进行了债务重组，减少了2000万元负债。这次债务重组改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。
+
+综上所述，金融优势有限公司在过去一年中取得了一系列重要的财务事件。这些事件包括资产收购、资产重组、重大投资、重大股权收购、大规模融资、分发股利和债务重组。这些事件对公司的财务状况产生了积极影响，提高了公司的营业收入、净利润和股东权益。公司的财务指标表明了公司的稳健发展和良好的财务状况。未来，公司计划实施财务策略，降低成本、提升资本运营效率等。同时，公司将继续进行投资，拓宽业务领域，并加强风险管理，以应对可能的财务风险。
+
+公司治理结构方面，金融优势有限公司在2017年进行了一系列重要决策和变动。首先，在2017年1月，公司召开了股东大会，为后续的决议提供了前置条件。同时，公司还起草了公司章程变更提案，为股东大会决议提供了变更公司章程的前提条件。在2017年2月，公司组织了股东投票，股东投票结果直接影响了股东大会决议的内容和结果，从而对公司治理结构、未来经营策略和股东权益产生了影响。
+
+在2017年3月，金融优势有限公司发生了高级管理层变动，这可能导致公司运营重点和战略优先事项的调整，进而影响了短期内的业绩和长期发展。为了确保公司遵守最新法律法规，减少法律风险，保护公司和股东利益，在2017年4月，公司进行了合规与监管更新。然而，在2017年5月，公司发生了道德与诚信事件，这可能损害了公司的声誉和品牌价值，影响了公司与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系。
+
+为了提高公司对内外部风险的应对能力，保障公司持续运营和稳定发展，在2017年7月，金融优势有限公司采取了一系列风险管理举措。此外，在2017年9月，公司进行了公司治理政策的修订，旨在增强公司治理透明度和问责制，提升利益相关者的信心。在2017年10月，公司董事会发生了变更，这可能导致公司战略调整，影响了公司的长期发展方向和股东利益。最后，在2017年11月，金融优势有限公司推出了可持续性与社会责任倡议，以提升公司的公众形象和市场竞争力，促进长期可持续发展。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，金融优势有限公司注重信息披露，通过在线媒体、定期报告和公告发布渠道，及时、准确、全面地向投资者和其他利益相关者披露公司的运营情况和财务状况。公司的信息披露符合相关法律法规要求，采用国际通行的会计准则和报告规范。此外，公司严格遵守关联交易规定，建立并执行相关政策和程序，保证交易的公正性、合规性和真实性。公司对关联交易进行有效监督和内部审查，并及时向监管机构和股东披露关键信息。另外，金融优势有限公司建立了健全的内部控制框架，包括风险评估、控制措施、内部审计和合规程序。公司定期对内部控制进行评估，确保其有效性和适用性，及时发现和纠正潜在的风险和问题。
+
+为了进一步改进公司治理，金融优势有限公司制定了一系列治理改进计划。首先，公司将加强董事会和监事会的功能，提高其在公司治理中的效率和效果。这包括定期的培训、增加独立董事比例以及优化决策过程。其次，公司将提升透明度和信息披露质量，改进信息披露流程和标准，确保及时、准确、全面地向所有利益相关者报告公司情况。
+
+在风险管理策略方面，金融优势有限公司将继续强化内部控制系统，建立和完善内部控制框架，识别、评估、监控和报告财务和运营风险，提高公司抵御风险的能力。同时，公司将把可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，识别相关风险和机会，促进长期价值创造。
+
+综上所述，金融优势有限公司在公司治理方面采取了一系列措施，包括重要决策和变动，涉及的指标以及治理改进计划。公司注重信息披露、关联交易和内部控制，同时加强董事会和监事会的功能，提升透明度和信息披露质量。在风险管理方面，公司将继续强化内部控制系统，并将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略。通过这些措施，金融优势有限公司致力于提高公司治理水平，保护股东利益，促进公司的可持续发展。
+
+在环境责任方面，金融优势有限公司采取了一系列措施来减少对环境的影响。首先，在2017年1月，公司建立了新的污染防治设施，包括废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。这一举措显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。在此过程中，公司进行了环境评估，并进行了技术研究和选型，最终建设了污染防治设施。
+
+另外，为了提高环境绩效并确保合规，公司在2017年5月实施了环境管理系统（EMS）。通过采用EMS，公司能够更好地管理环境问题，减少废物产生，并持续改进环境绩效。这一举措提高了公司的环境管理能力和市场认可度。
+
+为了减少能源消耗和温室气体排放，金融优势有限公司在2017年7月投资实施了节能减排项目。这些项目的实施直接减少了公司的能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。
+
+此外，公司还致力于开发绿色产品，减少对环境的影响。在2017年8月，金融优势有限公司推出了一系列环保型产品，这些产品不仅提升了公司的市场竞争力和品牌形象，还减少了对环境的影响。
+
+为了实现碳中和目标，公司于2017年10月开始投资于碳抵消项目。通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目，公司努力抵消其碳排放，向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺和责任。
+
+在社会责任方面，金融优势有限公司积极参与慈善活动。在2017年3月，公司参与或资助了多个慈善活动和慈善机构，支持教育、健康、减贫等领域。这些活动提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，并加强了与社区的联系和支持。
+
+此外，公司还投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。这些投资加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。
+
+为了提升员工的健康与安全水平，金融优势有限公司于2017年5月实施了员工健康与安全计划。通过改善工作环境和采取相应的措施，公司显著减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+此外，公司还提供各类培训和发展项目，支持员工的职业成长。这些项目包括在线课程、工作坊和导师计划等，提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。
+
+金融优势有限公司还积极参与公共服务项目，如城市绿化和公共卫生改善项目。通过投资或参与这些项目，公司提升了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，金融优势有限公司关注二氧化碳排放量和能源消耗。根据数据显示，公司的二氧化碳排放量为70000吨，能源消耗为50000吨等价标准煤。这些指标受到生产规模的变化、节能技术的应用以及生产效率的提高和能源管理措施的实施等因素的影响。
+
+展望未来，金融优势有限公司将继续采取一系列措施来减少其运营对环境的影响。公司将在业务实践中积极履行社会责任，包括促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。同时，公司将整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs）。
+
+通过以上的环境责任和社会责任举措，金融优势有限公司在不断提升自身的可持续发展能力的同时，也为社会和环境做出了积极的贡献。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_162_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_162_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..15f4c219d2f830da5f32f4fc3497dd0c42cbc58b
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_162_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,117 @@
+住院病历
+
+
+
+雪梨市人民医院
+
+病历号：
+
+姓名：邵某某 性别：女 年龄：83岁 民族：汉族 婚姻状况：已婚 职业：退休教师 住址：雪梨市雨城街70号 入院时间：8月9日 记录时间：8月9日
+
+
+
+主诉：反复发热、寒战、大汗、乏力3周。
+
+
+
+现病史：患者邵某某3周前在自己家中突然出现发热、寒战、大汗伴乏力。发热呈周期性出现，每次发热前有寒战，持续高热后大汗，随后缓解。无明显诱因。其主要症状特点为寒战、高热、大汗、乏力，每次发热时体温高达40℃，汗出后体温迅速下降至正常，症状每日反复出现。伴随症状包括头痛、四肢酸痛、乏力，与发热症状同步发生。患者在当地诊所进行对症处理未见明显好转，后转至我院进一步诊治。患者的一般情况变化为精神状态差，夜间失眠，食欲下降，小便正常，大便稀薄，体重无明显变化。
+
+
+
+既往史：患者一般健康状况一般，有高血压病史15年，长期服用降压药物，血压控制较好。无传染病史，完整接种了儿童期的预防接种。无手术外伤史、输血史和过敏史。
+
+
+
+个人史：患者出生地和居留地均为雪梨市。生活习惯规律，有午睡习惯，近年来活动量减少。退休前为初中教师，无接触工业毒物、粉尘、放射性物质等。无疫区旅行史。
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史：患者婚姻状况为已婚，结婚年龄为23岁，配偶健康状况良好，无重大疾病。患者有一子一女，均健康。月经史显示绝经。家族史中父母已故，均无类似疾病史，兄弟姐妹身体健康，没有遗传病史。
+
+
+
+体格检查：患者体温为39.5℃，脉搏为110次/分，呼吸为22次/分，血压为140/90 mmHg。皮肤无皮疹，无黄疸。口腔、咽部粘膜无异常。未触及明显肿大的淋巴结。头部及器官五官端正，听力视力正常。颈部无肿大，甲状腺不大。胸部双肺呼吸音清，无啰音，心音低钝，未闻及杂音。腹部柔软，肝、脾无肿大。直肠肛门未查。外生殖器未查。脊柱无畸形。四肢肌力肌张力正常，无水肿。神经系统意识清楚，言语流利，四肢活动自如，肌力、肌张力正常。
+
+
+
+辅助检查：血常规显示白细胞总数正常，红细胞略减少，血小板正常。血涂片显示见疟原虫。
+
+
+
+初步诊断：疟疾。据患者周期性高热、寒战、大汗等临床表现，结合血涂片见疟原虫，诊断为疟疾。
+
+
+
+鉴别诊断：疟疾应与多种发热性疾病相鉴别，如败血症、伤寒、钩端螺旋体病、肾综合征出血热、羌虫病、胆道感染和尿路感染等。当发展为脑型疟时，应与乙型脑炎、中度型菌痢、散发病毒性脑炎等相鉴别。
+
+
+
+入院记录：张三医师
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录：
+
+- 首次病程记录：入院后进行全面检查，初步判断为疟疾，建议进行抗疟治疗及支持疗法。
+
+- 日常病程记录：患者体温波动明显，继续监测体温，注意水电平衡。
+
+- 上级医师查房记录：上级医师每天查房，调整治疗方案，定期复查患者体质状况。
+
+- 疑难病例讨论记录：无。
+
+- 交（接）班记录：无。
+
+- 转科记录：无。
+
+- 阶段小结：经过治疗，患者体温稳定，症状明显缓解，食欲有所恢复。
+
+- 抢救记录：无。
+
+- 有创诊疗操作记录：无。
+
+- 会诊记录：无。
+
+- 出院记录：患者症状改善，体温恢复正常，生活自理能力恢复，病情稳定，准予出院。
+
+- 病重（病危）患者护理记录：无。
+
+
+
+医嘱：
+
+- 长期医嘱单：抗疟药物口服及其他支持疗法。
+
+- 临时医嘱单：定期复查血常规和疟原虫血片。
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单：血涂片见疟原虫，肝功能、肾功能无明显异常。
+
+
+
+体温单：体温：39.5℃，脉搏：110次/分，呼吸：22次/分，血压：140/90 mmHg。
+
+
+
+输血治疗知情同意书：无。
+
+
+
+特殊检查同意书：无。
+
+
+
+病危（重）通知书：无。
+
+
+
+寄生虫病-疟疾的主要症状为寒战、高热、大汗、头痛、四肢酸痛和乏力等。在一定的潜伏期后，症状会反复出现。严重时，疟疾能引发贫血、低血糖、急性肾功能衰竭或急性肺水肿等并发症。疟疾应与多种发热性疾病相鉴别，如败血症、伤寒、钩端螺旋体病、肾综合征出血热、羌虫病、胆道感染和尿路感染等。当发展为脑型疟时，应与乙型脑炎、中度型菌痢、散发病毒性脑炎等相鉴别。
+
+
+
+此次入院病历完毕。
+
+
+
+医生签名：张三
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_166_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_166_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c67694b960c6ba6b34df107b99e91153b3b258cf
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_166_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+雨城市人民医院
+
+住院病历
+
+姓名：康某某 性别：男 年龄：7岁 民族：汉族 婚姻状况：未婚 职业：学生 住址：雨城市柏林街21号 入院时间：2月12日 记录时间：2月12日 病史陈述者：母亲
+
+主诉：多饮、多尿、多食，体重下降2个月
+
+
+
+现病史：
+
+患者康某某于2个月前开始出现多饮、多尿、多食，体重明显下降，无明显诱因。每天饮水量显著增加，尿量增多且频繁，食量增加但体重显著下降。偶有疲乏无力，精神状态尚可。在当地诊所检查发现血糖显著升高，建议转诊到雨城市人民医院。精神状态尚可，睡眠正常，食欲尚可，大便正常，体重下降明显。
+
+
+
+既往史：
+
+一般健康状况良好，无特殊疾病史。无传染病史，按时接种疫苗，无手术外伤史，无输血史，无过敏史。
+
+
+
+个人史：
+
+康某某出生于雨城市，目前居住在雨城市，生活习惯规律，饮食正常。他是学生，学习压力一般，无工业毒物、粉尘、放射性物质等接触史，无冶游史。
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史：
+
+婚育史：康某某未婚，无结婚年龄、配偶健康状况、子女情况记录。家族史：康某某的父母健康状况良好，无类似疾病及遗传倾向。
+
+
+
+体格检查：
+
+一般情况：体温36.5°C，脉搏88次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压110/70 mmHg。
+
+系统检查：皮肤、粘膜正常。淋巴结未触及肿大。头部及器官正常。颈部无异常。胸部胸廓正常，双肺呼吸音清，未闻及干湿啰音。心率88次/分，律齐，未闻及杂音。腹部腹平软，无压痛、反跳痛，肝脾未触及。直肠肛门正常。外生殖器正常。脊柱正常。四肢正常。神经系统生理反射存在，病理反射未引出。
+
+
+
+专科检查：无特殊情况。
+
+
+
+辅助检查：血糖: 20 mmol/L，尿常规: 尿糖阳性，酮体阳性。
+
+
+
+初步诊断：康某某疑似患有1型糖尿病。
+
+
+
+诊断依据：根据康某某的多饮、多尿、多食、体重下降的症状，结合血糖显著升高，尿糖、尿酮体阳性。
+
+
+
+鉴别诊断：排除2型糖尿病，因康某某年纪较小，无肥胖史，且症状典型。
+
+
+
+入院记录：
+
+康某某，男，7岁，2个月前出现多饮、多尿、多食，体重下降，血糖20 mmol/L，尿糖、尿酮体阳性。考虑为1型糖尿病。计划进行胰岛素治疗，控制血糖，进一步监测及调整治疗方案。
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录：
+
+康某某血糖控制较好，症状有所好转，继续胰岛素治疗。
+
+
+
+上级医师查房记录：
+
+上级医师查房后建议胰岛素剂量调整，密切监测血糖变化。
+
+
+
+交（接）班记录：
+
+康某某病情稳定，血糖控制良好，继续密切观察。
+
+
+
+转科记录：
+
+无
+
+
+
+阶段小结：
+
+康某某入院后经过治疗，血糖控制较好，症状有所缓解，依从性良好。
+
+
+
+出院记录：
+
+康某某病情稳定，血糖控制良好，判断出院。
+
+
+
+医嘱：
+
+长期医嘱单：胰岛素每日3次，餐前注射，控制血糖。
+
+临时医嘱单：每日测量血糖4次，记录血糖变化。
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单：
+
+血糖20 mmol/L，尿糖阳性，酮体阳性。
+
+
+
+体温单：
+
+体温36.5°C，脉搏88次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压110/70 mmHg。
+
+
+
+病历编辑：李医生
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_168_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_168_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d489accc59a3e1761d83072c681eb8d55f8de3cf
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_168_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,271 @@
+紫陌市人民医院
+
+住院病历
+
+
+
+基本信息:
+
+姓名: 贝某某
+
+性别: 男
+
+年龄: 66岁
+
+民族: 汉族
+
+婚姻状况: 已婚
+
+职业: 退休职工
+
+住址: 紫陌市铁桥街13号
+
+入院时间: 6月25日
+
+记录时间: 6月25日
+
+病史陈述者: 患者本人
+
+医院名称: 紫陌市人民医院
+
+
+
+主诉:
+
+视力模糊，头痛，恶心3天
+
+
+
+现病史:
+
+发病情况: 发病时间为3天前，于家中，起病较急。患者在发病前曾有过剧烈头痛但未在意，症状在黑暗环境下加重。
+
+主要症状特点: 患者3天前开始出现视力模糊，右眼明显，伴有剧烈头痛，恶心，症状持续且逐渐加重。患者描述视力模糊呈蒙雾状，眼胀，眼痛。
+
+伴随症状: 伴有恶心、呕吐，眼睛看东西模糊，坐下休息时有轻微缓解，但剧烈头痛影响持续。
+
+诊疗经过及结果: 患者前往当地诊所就诊，诊所给予口服止痛药及止吐药，但症状未见好转，视力继续下降，遂来我院就诊。
+
+一般情况变化: 患者精神疲惫，睡眠差，食欲不佳，小便正常，大便略稀，体重无明显变化。
+
+
+
+既往史:
+
+一般健康状况: 一般
+
+疾病史: 高血压病史5年，糖尿病史3年
+
+传染病史: 无
+
+预防接种史: 无特别
+
+手术外伤史: 无
+
+输血史: 无
+
+过敏史: 对青霉素过敏
+
+
+
+个人史:
+
+出生地: 紫陌市
+
+居留地: 紫陌市
+
+生活习惯: 不吸烟，偶尔饮酒
+
+职业及工作条件: 退休前在工厂工作
+
+接触史: 无工业毒物、粉尘、放射性物质等接触史
+
+冶游史: 无
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史:
+
+婚育史:
+
+婚姻状况: 已婚
+
+结婚年龄: 28岁
+
+配偶健康状况: 良好
+
+子女情况: 育有一子一女，健康
+
+家族史: 父母均健在，无心血管疾病及类似眼部疾病家族史，兄弟姐妹健康
+
+
+
+体格检查:
+
+一般情况:
+
+体温: 36.5°C
+
+脉搏: 80次/分
+
+呼吸: 20次/分
+
+血压: 150/90 mmHg
+
+
+
+系统检查:
+
+皮肤: 无黄疸、皮疹
+
+粘膜: 正常
+
+淋巴结: 无肿大
+
+头部及器官: 头部压痛，右眼球明显触痛
+
+颈部: 无肿块
+
+胸部: 胸廓无畸形，双肺呼吸音清，未闻及干湿啰音，心前区无异常
+
+腹部: 腹软，无压痛，肝脾肋下未触及
+
+直肠肛门: 未检查
+
+外生殖器: 未检查
+
+脊柱: 无畸形
+
+四肢: 无浮肿，活动自如
+
+神经系统: 无明显异常
+
+
+
+专科检查:
+
+眼科检查：右眼视力0.2，左眼视力1.0，右眼眼压升高，前房变浅，角膜轻度水肿
+
+
+
+辅助检查:
+
+眼压测定: 右眼32 mmHg，左眼18 mmHg，眼底检查显示视神经乳头轻度凹陷
+
+
+
+初步诊断:
+
+右眼急性闭角型青光眼
+
+
+
+诊断依据:
+
+患者有视力模糊、眼痛、头痛、恶心呕吐等症状，眼压明显升高，前房变浅，眼科检查符合青光眼的表现。
+
+
+
+鉴别诊断:
+
+急性胃肠炎：主要症状为恶心呕吐，但无眼部症状，可排除。
+
+急性虹膜睫状体炎：虽有眼痛但无明显眼压升高及视力明显下降。
+
+急性结膜炎：通常无眼压升高，症状为红肿、分泌物多。
+
+
+
+入院记录:
+
+李医生
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录:
+
+首次病程记录:
+
+患者贝某某，男，66岁。主诉：视力模糊伴头痛3天。患者3天前出现视力模糊，右眼为主，伴有剧烈头痛和恶心呕吐，尤其在黑暗环境下加重。查体：右眼视力0.2，左眼视力1.0，右眼眼压32 mmHg，前房变浅，角膜轻度水肿，初步诊断：右眼急性闭角型青光眼。诊疗计划：控制眼压，缓解症状，进一步检查明确病因。
+
+日常病程记录:
+
+6月26日，患者右眼疼痛有所缓解，但视力仍模糊，复测眼压右眼28 mmHg，继续予以降眼压治疗。
+
+上级医师查房记录:
+
+6月26日，上级医师王教授查房，复核诊断无误，建议继续降眼压治疗，密切观察视力变化。
+
+疑难病例讨论记录:
+
+无
+
+交（接）班记录:
+
+6月27日，交班记录：患者情况稳定，右眼压控制在28 mmHg，继续治疗。
+
+转科记录:
+
+无
+
+阶段小结:
+
+患者入院3天，右眼急性闭角型青光眼诊断明确，眼压已从32 mmHg降至28 mmHg，视力仍模糊，需继续治疗监测。
+
+抢救记录:
+
+无
+
+有创诊疗操作记录:
+
+无
+
+会诊记录:
+
+无
+
+出院记录:
+
+无
+
+病重（病危）患者护理记录:
+
+无
+
+
+
+医嘱:
+
+长期医嘱单: 降眼压药物（噻吗洛尔），每天2次
+
+临时医嘱单: 复查眼压，每天2次
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单:
+
+眼压测定报告、眼底检查报告
+
+
+
+体温单:
+
+体温36.5°C，脉搏80次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压150/90 mmHg
+
+
+
+输血治疗知情同意书:
+
+无
+
+
+
+特殊检查同意书:
+
+未做
+
+
+
+病危（重）通知书:
+
+无
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_169_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_169_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9752557cb954677a85402baa9c6ee0ad0fa63eb4
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_169_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+病历全文如下：
+
+
+
+薄雾市人民医院
+
+住院病历
+
+姓名：元某某 性别：女 年龄：12岁 民族：汉族 婚姻状况：未婚
+
+职业：学生 住址：薄雾市竹林街56号
+
+入院时间：1月28日 记录时间：1月28日
+
+病史陈述者：本人及母亲
+
+基本信息
+
+患者姓名：元某某
+
+性别：女
+
+年龄：12岁
+
+民族：汉族
+
+婚姻状况：未婚
+
+职业：学生
+
+住址：薄雾市竹林街56号
+
+入院时间：1月28日
+
+记录时间：1月28日
+
+病史陈述者：本人及母亲
+
+医院名称：薄雾市人民医院
+
+
+
+主诉
+
+视物模糊半年，加重一周
+
+
+
+现病史
+
+发病情况：患者自述半年前开始出现视物模糊，右眼症状较重。近一周来症状明显加重，视物更加模糊，影响学习和日常活动。无明显诱因，急性缓慢发作。
+
+主要症状特点：右眼视物混浊、模糊，视力明显下降，对比敏感度降低，单眼复视，无明显疼痛感。左眼症状相对较轻。
+
+伴随症状：有时伴有头痛，无恶心呕吐，夜间驾驶时有眩光。
+
+诊疗经过及结果：患者在当地诊所凭经验多次治疗，效果不佳，遂转至我院进一步诊治。
+
+一般情况变化：精神状态尚可，睡眠正常，食欲一般，大小便正常，体重无明显变化。
+
+
+
+既往史
+
+一般健康状况：一般
+
+疾病史：无
+
+传染病史：无
+
+预防接种史：按时接种
+
+手术外伤史：无
+
+输血史：无
+
+过敏史：无
+
+
+
+个人史
+
+出生地：薄雾市
+
+居留地：薄雾市
+
+生活习惯：起居规律
+
+职业及工作条件：学生，学习压力较大
+
+接触史：无
+
+冶游史：无
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史
+
+婚育史：
+
+婚姻状况：未婚
+
+结婚年龄：
+
+配偶健康状况：
+
+子女情况：
+
+
+
+月经史：
+
+初潮年龄：11岁
+
+行经期天数：5-6天
+
+间隔天数：28-30天
+
+末次月经时间：1月20日
+
+月经量：正常
+
+痛经情况：偶有
+
+
+
+家族史：父母健康，兄弟姐妹健康，无类似病史及遗传倾向
+
+
+
+体格检查
+
+一般情况：
+
+体温：36.6°C
+
+脉搏：76次/分
+
+呼吸：18次/分
+
+血压：110/70 mmHg
+
+
+
+系统检查：
+
+皮肤：正常，无黄疸或皮疹
+
+粘膜：无苍白或出血点
+
+淋巴结：未触及肿大淋巴结
+
+头部及器官：头颅无畸形，眼睑无浮肿
+
+颈部：颈软，无抵抗
+
+胸部：胸廓对称，双肺叩诊清音，听诊无异常；心音有力，无杂音
+
+腹部：平坦，无压痛及反跳痛，肝脾未触及
+
+直肠肛门：未见异常
+
+外生殖器：未查
+
+脊柱：无畸形
+
+四肢：活动自如，肌力5级
+
+神经系统：浅深感觉正常，反射存在
+
+
+
+专科检查
+
+双眼视力：右眼0.2纠正不到，左眼0.6纠正至1.0；裂隙灯检查示：右眼晶状体皮质白内障，左眼晶状体略混浊，无葡萄膜炎及眼底病变。
+
+
+
+辅助检查
+
+验光结果右眼近视300度，左眼近视150度；眼底检查未见明显异常。
+
+
+
+初步诊断
+
+白内障（右眼为主）
+
+
+
+诊断依据
+
+根据患者主诉视物模糊、视力下降半年，加重一周，裂隙灯检查示右眼晶状体皮质白内障，左眼晶状体稍混浊。
+
+
+
+鉴别诊断
+
+青光眼：患者眼压正常，无眼痛或视野缺损；老年性黄斑变性：患者年纪较轻，无黄斑变性特征；晶状体生理性老化：年龄不符合，病变较重。
+
+
+
+入院记录
+
+医师签名：李医生
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录
+
+首次病程记录：患者入院后，详细进行全面体检及专科检查，确诊为白内障。初步诊疗计划：控制症状，缓解病情，定期复查决定是否手术。指导患者避免眼部劳累及强光照射。
+
+日常病程记录：患者一般状态良好，视物依然模糊，眼部情况未见明显恶化。继续对症治疗，控制病情。
+
+上级医师查房记录：查房中建议继续观察，若症状加重，需考虑手术治疗。
+
+疑难病例讨论记录：无
+
+交（接）班记录：患者病情稳定，视力无明显变化，继续观察。
+
+转科记录：无
+
+阶段小结：经过一段时间的治疗，患者病情基本稳定，视物模糊症状无明显加重迹象。
+
+抢救记录：无
+
+有创诊疗操作记录：无
+
+会诊记录：无
+
+出院记录：无
+
+病重（病危）患者护理记录：无
+
+
+
+医嘱
+
+长期医嘱单：继续观察视力变化，定期复查
+
+临时医嘱单：低光强环境下阅读，避免眼部劳累，适时戴眼镜
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单
+
+裂隙灯检查结果：右眼晶状体皮质白内障，左眼晶状体稍混浊；眼底检查正常
+
+
+
+体温单
+
+体温：36.6°C；脉搏：76次/分；呼吸：18次/分；血压：110/70 mmHg
+
+
+
+输血治疗知情同意书
+
+无
+
+
+
+特殊检查同意书
+
+无
+
+
+
+病危（重）通知书
+
+无
+
+
+
+病种：眼及附器疾病
+
+- 白内障
+
+ - 症状：视物混浊、模糊，视力下降，对比敏感度下降，视物模糊，单眼复视或多视，视野缺损，眩光
+
+ - 鉴别诊断：青光眼、老年性黄斑变性、晶状体生理性老化
+
+
+
+详细病历全文结束。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_16_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_16_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..51f9a57bbe64e47449b232b05cbb9402ea757d66
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_16_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+天空航空有限公司成立于2005年5月，是一家在A股市场上市的北京航空企业，主要业务为提供国内和国际航空客运服务。
+
+公司在2017年进行了一系列重要事件，其中包括大规模融资、债务重组、员工福利提升、分发股利、重大股权收购、运力扩张、重大资产收购、品牌合作、资产重组和重大投资。这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了重要影响。
+
+首先，公司在2017年1月进行了一次大规模融资活动，募集了10亿元资金。这次融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，为公司的扩张和发展提供了支持。在融资活动之前，公司与多家投资机构签署了融资协议，并制定了详细的融资方案。此外，公司还接受了投资者的尽职调查，为融资活动的成功提供了保障。融资宣布后，公司的知名度和信誉度得到了提高，为融资活动顺利进行创造了良好的舆论环境。
+
+其次，公司在2017年3月进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元负债。这一举措改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。债务重组的成功为公司提供了更好的资本结构，为未来的发展奠定了基础。
+
+此外，公司还提高了员工的福利待遇，包括加薪、加班费、住房补贴等。这一举措提高了员工的工作积极性和满意度，减少了员工流失，提升了员工的工作投入度和绩效。
+
+公司在2017年6月决定向股东分发3亿元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。这一举措增强了股东对公司的信心，为公司的发展提供了稳定的资金支持。
+
+在2017年7月，公司完成了对蓝天航空公司的股权收购，获得了75%的股权。这一重大股权收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+公司在2017年8月购买了10架新飞机，并增加了航线和航班频次，扩大了公司的运营规模。这一举措提供了更多的航班选择给乘客，增加了公司的收入。
+
+在2017年9月，公司完成了对ABC航空公司的资产收购，总价值8亿元。这一重大资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。
+
+公司在2017年10月与大型国内旅行社合作，推出精品旅游套餐，增加了公司的旅游收入。这一品牌合作吸引了更多乘客选择公司提供的旅游服务，提高了公司的利润。
+
+在2017年11月，公司进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构。这一举措提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+最后，在2017年12月，公司投资了D项目，投资金额为2亿元。这一重大投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+以上事件对公司的财务状况产生了重要影响。根据财务指标数据，公司在2017年的营业收入达到30亿元，净利润为5亿元，总资产为100亿元，总负债为60亿元，股东权益为40亿元，现金流量为20亿元。负债比率为60%，资产负债率为60%，净资产收益率为10%。
+
+公司未来的展望包括实施财务策略、投资计划和风险管理。公司计划加强成本管控，提高运营效率，降低财务风险，并积极寻找新的收入来源。同时，公司将注重资本的合理配置，保持盈利能力稳定增长。公司还计划继续投资扩大航线和航班规模，提升飞机运力，加大研发投入，推出更加舒适、安全的航空服务，并加强信息技术建设，提升公司的运营效率和客户体验。公司将建立完善的风险管理体系，制定相应的风险管理策略，积极应对市场波动，降低企业运营风险，并与相关政府部门合作，密切关注政策变化，及时调整业务战略。
+
+综上所述，天空航空有限公司在2017年取得了显著的发展成果，通过一系列重要事件的推动，公司的财务状况得到了改善，业务范围得到了扩大，市场竞争力得到了提升。公司未来将继续积极推进发展战略，实现更加稳健的增长。
+
+在公司治理结构方面，天空航空有限公司在2017年进行了一系列重要的变动和改进。首席执行官于2017年1月提出了战略重组和创新发展计划，随后在2017年2月成立了专门的工作组来实施这一计划。为了推动创新发展，公司加大了研发投入，并于2017年4月成立了投资组合管理部门，加强资本运作。此外，公司还在2017年3月召开了股东大会，通过了一系列决议。为了遵守合规和监管要求，公司在2017年6月进行了更新，并在2017年7月推出了可持续性和社会责任倡议。在2017年9月，董事会发生了变更，并在2017年10月修订了公司治理政策。为了管理风险，公司在2017年11月采取了一系列举措。然而，在2017年12月，公司也面临了一些道德与诚信事件。
+
+在信息披露方面，天空航空有限公司按时公布了年度报告和中期报告，并定期更新重要信息，披露透明度较高。在关联交易方面，所有关联交易都符合公司建立的审批程序，并通过独立审计机构审计确认。此外，公司的内部控制系统有效运行，发现和处理了潜在的运营和财务风险。
+
+为了进一步改进公司治理，天空航空有限公司制定了一系列计划。其中包括加强董事会和监事会的功能，提升透明度和信息披露质量。在风险管理方面，公司强化了内部控制系统，并将可持续发展和社会责任整合到风险管理策略中。
+
+通过对天空航空有限公司的治理结构和涉及的指标进行分析，可以看出公司在治理方面取得了一定的成绩。信息披露透明度高，关联交易符合审批程序，内部控制系统有效运行。然而，仍有一些改进的空间，如进一步加强董事会和监事会的功能，提升信息披露质量。通过加强风险管理策略，公司可以更好地应对潜在的运营和财务风险。
+
+总的来说，天空航空有限公司在公司治理方面取得了一定的进展，但仍需要进一步改进。通过加强董事会和监事会的功能，提升信息披露质量，以及强化风险管理策略，公司可以进一步提升治理水平，为持续发展打下坚实的基础。
+
+在2017年度，天空航空有限公司在环境责任方面取得了显著的进展。首先，公司于2017年4月推出了绿色产品，通过减少对环境的影响，提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象。这一举措是公司环保研发计划的一部分，该计划于2017年1月启动，随后在2017年2月确定了绿色产品的概念，并于2017年3月组建了绿色产品研发团队。最终，公司于2017年3月至4月完成了绿色产品的研发工作。这一系列事件的发生使得公司在环境责任方面取得了重要的突破。
+
+此外，天空航空有限公司于2017年5月实施了节能减排项目，通过投资实施节能减排项目，公司成功减少了能源消耗和温室气体排放。这一举措直接降低了公司的能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。
+
+为了进一步强调公司对环境的承诺和责任，天空航空有限公司于2017年7月投资于碳抵消项目。通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目，公司努力实现碳中和目标。通过碳抵消证书，公司能够向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺和责任。
+
+此外，公司于2017年9月开展了环境培训计划，针对员工进行环境保护培训，提供环境保护意识和知识。这一举措增强了员工对环境保护的认识，促进了员工参与公司的环境保护活动。
+
+为了进一步减少环境污染，天空航空有限公司于2017年10月建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备。这一举措显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。
+
+最后，公司于2017年11月采用了环境管理系统（EMS），以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进，提升了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+通过以上事件的发生，天空航空有限公司在环境责任方面取得了显著的成绩。根据数据显示，2017年度二氧化碳排放量为100万吨，能源消耗为500,000吉焦。这些数据反映了公司在节能减排方面的努力和成果。
+
+除了环境责任，天空航空有限公司还在社会责任方面取得了重要进展。公司于2017年3月推出了员工职业成长和人才发展计划，通过各类培训和发展项目，支持员工职业成长。这一举措提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。
+
+此外，公司于2017年5月参与了公共服务项目，通过投资或参与公共服务项目，提升社区生活质量。这一举措促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。
+
+为了保障员工的健康与安全，天空航空有限公司于2017年7月实施了员工健康与安全计划。该计划的实施显著改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+公司还于2017年9月开展了社区支持和发展项目，投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。这一举措加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。
+
+此外，天空航空有限公司于2017年11月改善了员工福利，提供更加完善和优厚的员工福利。这一举措提高了员工的工作满意度和忠诚度，有助于留住和吸引优秀人才。
+
+最后，公司于2017年12月参与了慈善活动，支持教育、健康、减贫等领域的慈善活动和慈善机构。这一举措提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。
+
+根据数据显示，2017年员工满意度为85%，社区投资额为1000万元。这些数据反映了公司在社会责任方面的努力和成果。
+
+综上所述，天空航空有限公司在2017年度在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了显著的进展。公司通过一系列的举措，减少了对环境的影响，提高了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象。同时，公司也积极履行社会责任，支持员工职业成长和人才发展，参与公共服务项目，关注员工健康与安全，支持社区发展，改善员工福利，参与慈善活动。未来，天空航空有限公司将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任，通过采取一系列措施减少其运营对环境的影响，积极履行社会责任，实现可持续发展目标。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_171_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_171_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ae5d166980dc4aa52c6770b3b55f409c81edf590
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_171_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+栗子市人民医院
+
+住院病历
+
+姓名：沈某某，性别：男，年龄：66岁，民族：汉，婚姻状况：已婚，职业：退休工人，住址：栗子市竹林街57号
+
+入院时间：3月1日，记录时间：3月1日，病史陈述者：患者本人
+
+
+
+主诉：吞咽困难3个月，加重1周
+
+
+
+现病史：
+
+患者于3个月前无明显诱因出现吞咽困难，初为进食固体食物时感到梗阻感，随后逐渐恶化，进食半固体及液体食物均有困难，1周前症状明显加重。患者诉初期仅对固体食物感到梗阻，随后发展至对半固体和液体食物也感到困难，进食时胸部有放射至背部的疼痛，持续性，无明显缓解因素，加剧因素为进食。此外，患者胸部疼痛伴随吞咽困难，无明显恶心呕吐，无体重明显减轻。在外院行食管钡餐造影及内镜检查，提示食管中段肿块，予抗酸、保护胃黏膜等对症治疗，效果不佳。为求进一步诊治，来我院就诊。近期精神状态欠佳，睡眠质量差，食欲下降，大便正常，无明显体重减轻。
+
+
+
+既往史：
+
+一般健康状况一般，患有高血压病史10余年，常规服用降压药，血压控制尚可。无传染病史、预防接种史、手术外伤史、输血史和过敏史。
+
+
+
+个人史：
+
+沈某某出生地和居留地均为栗子市，生活习惯良好，无烟酒嗜好，作息规律。他是一名退休工人，工作环境无明显职业病危害。无接触史和冶游史。
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史：
+
+沈某某已婚，结婚年龄为25岁。配偶健康状况良好，有一女儿，健康。父母已逝，兄弟姐妹中无人患有类似情况，无明显家族遗传病史。
+
+
+
+体格检查：
+
+一般情况：体温36.8°C，脉搏80次/分，呼吸20次/分，血压130/85 mmHg。
+
+系统检查：皮肤无黄染、无皮疹，粘膜无出血点，淋巴结无肿大，头部及器官头颅无畸形，五官端正，颈部无抵抗、无颈静脉怒张，胸部胸廓对称，双肺呼吸音清晰，心音无杂音，腹部腹平软，无压痛，肝脾未触及，直肠肛门未见异常，外生殖器未见异常，脊柱无畸形，四肢无畸形，活动自如，神经系统神志清楚，四肢肌力正常，病理反射阴性。
+
+
+
+专科检查：食管镜检查：食管中段肿块，表面溃疡。
+
+
+
+辅助检查：食管钡餐造影：食管中段狭窄，考虑肿瘤；内镜检查：食管中段肿块，需进一步病理确诊。
+
+
+
+初步诊断：食管恶性肿瘤。
+
+
+
+诊断依据：患者具有进行性吞咽困难，胸痛放射至背部，钡餐和内镜检查均提示食管中段肿瘤。
+
+
+
+鉴别诊断：食管良性狭窄：病史及检查结果提示恶性病程，不符合良性狭窄表现；贲门痉挛：无典型贲门痉挛症状；食管憩室：内镜未见憩室；食管结核：无结核典型症状及病史，影像学检查无结核表现。
+
+
+
+医嘱：
+
+长期医嘱单：术后抗生素预防感染，早期进食流质，逐渐过渡到半流质。
+
+临时医嘱单：术后镇痛，补液维持水电解质平衡。
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单：术后病理检查结果显示食管中段鳞状细胞癌，无法确定浸润深度，区域淋巴结1/10阳性。
+
+
+
+入院记录：
+
+患者因进行性吞咽困难入院，食管中段肿块考虑恶性，拟行手术治疗。
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录：
+
+首次病程记录：患者一般情况良好，无明显手术禁忌症，拟行食管肿瘤切除术。
+
+日常病程记录：患者每日均完成常规查房，病情稳定，今日已无不适主诉。
+
+上级医师查房记录：病情稳定，计划术前进一步完善检查。
+
+疑难病例讨论记录：讨论手术方式及术后应对潜在风险，决定行食管部分切除术加区域淋巴结清扫。
+
+交（接）班记录：患者一般情况良好，病情平稳，继续术前准备。
+
+转科记录：无
+
+阶段小结：患者入院后病情稳定，已完成术前各项检查，计划近期手术。
+
+
+
+手术相关：
+
+术前小结：患者一般情况良好，无明显手术禁忌症，拟行食管肿瘤切除术。
+
+术前讨论记录：手术方式为食管部分切除加区域淋巴结清扫，可能问题包括术中出血、吻合口瘘等。
+
+麻醉术前访视记录：ASA分级II级，麻醉风险评估后决定行全身麻醉。
+
+麻醉记录：全身麻醉顺利实施，手术过程平稳。
+
+手术记录：术中见食管中段肿块约5cm，行肿瘤切除及区域淋巴结清扫，手术顺利。
+
+手术安全核查记录：手术前、术中和术后核对病人信息和手术细节，无遗漏。
+
+手术清点记录：术后器械、纱布等均清点无误。
+
+术后首次病程记录：术后患者一般情况良好，安返病房，继续观察。
+
+麻醉术后访视记录：患者麻醉苏醒良好，无明显不适。
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单：术后病理检查：食管中段鳞状细胞癌，无法确定浸润深度，区域淋巴结1/10阳性。
+
+
+
+体温单：体温、脉搏、呼吸、血压均稳定正常。
+
+
+
+恶性肿瘤名称：食管恶性肿瘤
+
+症状：吞咽困难（难于吞下或食物沿食管下行时出现梗阻感，首先出现的是对固体食物的吞咽困难，以后是半固体食物，最后是对液体食物和唾液的吞咽困难，这些阶段的进展提示有进行性的恶性病程而非痉挛，良性或消化性狭窄）；胸痛经常放射至背部。
+
+鉴别诊断：食管良性狭窄、贲门痉挛、食管憩室、食管结核等。
+
+
+
+以上为栗子市人民医院的住院病历全文记录。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_173_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_173_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f932896a4b5d1021fa48f114ee3ebdf0cfcb404
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_173_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,387 @@
+病历
+
+住院病历
+
+基本信息：
+
+姓名：岑某某
+
+性别：男
+
+年龄：14岁
+
+民族：汉族
+
+婚姻状况：未婚
+
+职业：学生
+
+住址：玄武市橄榄街50号
+
+入院时间：7月17日
+
+记录时间：7月17日
+
+病史陈述者：患者本人及其母亲
+
+医院名称：玄武市第一人民医院
+
+
+
+主诉：
+
+右侧腹部剧烈疼痛1天，伴血尿
+
+
+
+现病史：
+
+发病情况:
+
+1天前在学校上课时突然出现右侧腹部剧烈疼痛，随后出现血尿。无明显诱因。
+
+
+
+主要症状特点:
+
+疼痛位于右侧腹部，呈阵发性绞痛，持续时间较长，站立、走动加重。血尿开始出现时量多，尿频、尿急，但无明显尿痛。
+
+
+
+伴随症状:
+
+伴有发热（体温38.5°C）、寒颤。疼痛发作时频繁波动，影响饮食及睡眠。
+
+
+
+诊疗经过及结果:
+
+发病后随即到当地诊所就诊，行静脉滴注镇痛药物治疗，但疼痛未见明显缓解，遂转至我院急诊科就诊，予实验室检查及影像学检查显示右侧输尿管结石。
+
+
+
+一般情况变化:
+
+精神状态差，睡眠欠佳，食欲一般，小便时有血尿，体重无明显变化
+
+
+
+既往史:
+
+一般健康状况:
+
+平素健康，体质一般，无重大疾病史。
+
+
+
+疾病史:
+
+无
+
+
+
+传染病史:
+
+无
+
+
+
+预防接种史:
+
+按儿童常规免疫程序接种
+
+
+
+手术外伤史:
+
+无
+
+
+
+输血史:
+
+无
+
+
+
+过敏史:
+
+无
+
+
+
+个人史:
+
+出生地:
+
+玄武市
+
+
+
+居留地:
+
+玄武市
+
+
+
+生活习惯:
+
+生活规律，无烟酒嗜好，喜欢运动
+
+
+
+职业及工作条件:
+
+学生，学习压力较大
+
+
+
+接触史:
+
+无
+
+
+
+冶游史:
+
+无
+
+
+
+婚育史及家族史:
+
+婚育史:
+
+未婚
+
+结婚年龄:
+
+无
+
+配偶健康状况:
+
+无
+
+子女情况:
+
+无
+
+
+
+家族史:
+
+父母健康，兄弟姐妹健康，无遗传性疾病及泌尿系统结石史
+
+
+
+体格检查:
+
+一般情况:
+
+体温: 38.5°C
+
+脉搏: 88次/分
+
+呼吸: 20次/分
+
+血压: 120/80 mmHg
+
+
+
+系统检查:
+
+皮肤: 皮肤正常，无黄染、皮疹
+
+粘膜: 眼结膜无苍白，口腔粘膜无出血
+
+淋巴结: 未触及肿大淋巴结
+
+头部及器官: 未见异常
+
+颈部: 软组织正常，无肿块
+
+胸部: 胸廓正常，双肺呼吸音清，心率88次/分，心音有力，无杂音
+
+腹部: 右侧腹部压痛，肝脾未触及
+
+直肠肛门: 未检查
+
+外生殖器: 未见异常
+
+脊柱: 无畸形，无压痛
+
+四肢: 无水肿，无畸形
+
+神经系统: 生理反射存在，病理反射未引出
+
+
+
+专科检查:
+
+腹部B超显示右侧输尿管可见结石影，右肾集合系统扩张
+
+
+
+辅助检查:
+
+尿常规：红细胞明显增多
+
+血常规：白细胞轻度升高
+
+
+
+初步诊断:
+
+右侧输尿管结石伴急性肾盂炎
+
+
+
+诊断依据:
+
+根据患者病史、疼痛部位特点、血尿以及影像学检查结果，确诊为右侧输尿管结石
+
+
+
+鉴别诊断:
+
+腹膜炎（腹痛性质不同，无明显压痛及反跳痛）
+
+胆囊炎（疼痛部位及性质不同）
+
+肠梗阻（无腹胀无肠鸣音）
+
+胰腺炎（疼痛部位及放射性疼痛情况不同）
+
+
+
+入院记录:
+
+医师签名：李医生
+
+
+
+入院后病程记录:
+
+首次病程记录:
+
+患者岑某某，男，14岁，因“右侧腹部剧烈疼痛1天，伴血尿”于7月17日入院。患者病情突发，右侧腹部疼痛剧烈，呈阵发性绞痛，血尿明显。已行静脉滴注止痛处理，效果欠佳。B超提示右侧输尿管结石伴右肾积水。初步诊断为‘右侧输尿管结石伴急性肾盂肾炎’。住院诊疗计划包括止痛、抗炎及保守排石治疗。
+
+
+
+日常病程记录:
+
+7月18日，患者昨晚疼痛有所缓解，血尿未减轻；今天血常规白细胞继续升高，考虑感染。行抗生素静脉输注，同时调整镇痛剂量，鼓励多饮水，促进结石排出。
+
+
+
+上级医师查房记录:
+
+主管医生李医生查房，核实患者诊断和治疗方案，指导调整抗生素用药。
+
+
+
+疑难病例讨论记录:
+
+无
+
+
+
+交（接）班记录:
+
+7月18日早交班时，夜班护士汇报患者血尿继续，疼痛较前缓解。白班护士接班后继续观察病情变化。
+
+
+
+转科记录:
+
+无
+
+
+
+阶段小结:
+
+患者入院3天，疼痛有所缓解，但血尿未完全消失，正在继续治疗。血常规提示感染控制较差，需调整抗生素用药方案。
+
+
+
+抢救记录:
+
+无
+
+
+
+有创诊疗操作记录:
+
+无
+
+
+
+会诊记录:
+
+无
+
+
+
+出院记录:
+
+患者岑某某，住院7日，治疗效果显著，右侧腹部疼痛及血尿均基本消失，复查尿常规正常，B超提示结石排出，准予出院。出院医嘱包括多饮水，定期复查。
+
+
+
+病重（病危）患者护理记录:
+
+无
+
+
+
+医嘱:
+
+长期医嘱单:
+
+1. 泼尼松 10mg 口服 bid
+
+2. 左氧氟沙星 0.5g 静滴 qd
+
+3. 保守排石治疗，鼓励多饮水
+
+
+
+临时医嘱单:
+
+1. 阿托品 0.5mg 皮下注射 q4h prn
+
+2. 尿液及血常规每2日复查
+
+
+
+辅助检查报告单:
+
+尿常规：红细胞+++
+
+血常规：白细胞13.0 x 10^9/L
+
+B超：右侧输尿管结石0.8cm，右肾积水
+
+
+
+体温单:
+
+体温：38.5°C 脉搏：88次/分 呼吸：20次/分 血压：120/80 mmHg
+
+
+
+输血治疗知情同意书:
+
+无
+
+
+
+特殊检查同意书:
+
+无
+
+
+
+病危（重）通知书:
+
+无
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_17_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_17_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..191c902b41b619a5cf0020aa36ba3a36fe65dd45
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_17_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+政府部门有限公司是一家成立于1995年6月的政府承接各类项目的管理和运营公司，注册地在中国北京市，尚未上市。
+
+在2018年度的财务报告中，政府部门有限公司展示了其在过去一年中的重要事件和财务信息。首先，公司进行了一项重大资产收购，于2018年2月完成。这次资产收购涉及到阳光电力公司，总价值达到2000万元。这一收购事件的影响是扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了公司在市场上的竞争力。
+
+在资产收购事件中，有几个子事件值得关注。首先，在2017年11月，政府部门有限公司确定了对阳光电力公司进行资产收购的计划，以扩大公司的业务范围。这一决策推动了公司向新的市场领域发展，增加了市场份额。接下来，在2017年12月至2018年1月期间，公司对阳光电力公司进行了详细的资产评估，并进行了收购谈判和协议讨论。通过这一过程，公司确定了收购的具体条件和价格，并取得了阳光电力公司的同意。为了筹措资金用于资产收购，公司在2018年1月组织了相关部门，成功筹措了2000万元。最终，在2018年2月，政府部门有限公司正式完成了对阳光电力公司的资产收购，包括过户手续和付款。这一收购使得公司获得了阳光电力公司的所有权和相关资产，进一步扩大了公司的业务范围和市场份额。
+
+然而，公司也面临了一些负面事件。在2018年3月，政府部门有限公司面临多起合同纠纷，争议金额达到1000万元，这将对公司的财务状况和声誉带来负面影响。这些合同纠纷可能导致公司遭受经济损失，并面临法律纠纷。
+
+除了资产收购和合同纠纷，政府部门有限公司还进行了其他重要的财务活动。在2018年3月，公司完成了对能源公司的股权收购，获得了60%的股权。这一股权收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。在2018年5月，公司投资了高速铁路项目，投资金额为5亿元。这一投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。在2018年8月，政府部门有限公司进行了债务重组，减少了1亿元的负债。这一债务重组改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。在2018年10月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了10亿元资金。这一融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。在2018年11月，政府部门有限公司决定向股东分发2亿元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。最后，在2018年12月，公司进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构。这一资产重组提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+以上重要事件对公司的财务指标产生了影响。营业收入在2018年度达到了10000万元，这主要受到市场需求和政府项目经营的影响。净利润为500万元，这受到营业收入和合同纠纷处理的影响。总资产达到了80000万元，这主要受到资产收购和资产处置的影响。总负债为60000万元，这受到新债发行、债务偿还和债务重组的影响。股东权益为20000万元，这受到净利润和股利发放的影响。现金流量为20000万元，这受到政府拨款和投资回报的影响。负债比率为75%，反映了公司的债务水平，这受到总负债的变化和总资产的变化的影响。资产负债率也为75%，衡量了公司的财务杠杆，这受到资产和负债的增减变化的影响。净资产收益率为5%，反映了公司股东权益的经营效益，这受到净利润的变化和股东权益的变化的影响。
+
+展望未来，政府部门有限公司计划实施一系列财务策略，包括加强成本控制、优化资本运营等，以提高财务效益和盈利能力。公司还计划加大对基础设施建设的投资，并发展新兴产业，以推动公司业务的可持续增长。同时，公司也识别了市场风险、政策风险、经营风险等主要财务风险，并制定了相应的风险管理策略，以保障公司财务安全和稳定发展。
+
+综上所述，政府部门有限公司在2018年度取得了一系列重要的财务成果和事件。通过资产收购、股权收购、投资和债务重组等活动，公司扩大了业务范围，提升了市场竞争力，并取得了一定的财务成果。然而，公司也面临了合同纠纷等负面事件的挑战。在未来，公司将继续实施财务策略，加大投资力度，并进行风险管理，以推动公司的可持续增长和稳定发展。
+
+2018年度，政府部门有限公司在公司治理方面发生了一系列重要事件，对公司的治理结构和股东权益产生了影响。首先，在股东大会上，董事会讨论了公司章程的变更事项。这一变更将直接影响公司的治理结构和股东权益。随后，股东提出了关于重大公司行动的提案，并在股东大会上进行了投票表决。这些投票结果将直接决定公司章程的变更是否获得通过，以及公司是否执行该重大公司行动。
+
+在2018年3月，政府部门有限公司进行了董事会变更，新成员的加入和原成员的离职。这一变更可能导致公司战略调整，对公司长期发展方向和股东利益产生影响。随后，在2018年4月，公司根据新规定或合规标准的变化，对治理实践进行了更新。这些合规与监管更新确保公司遵守最新法律法规，降低法律风险，保护公司和股东权益。
+
+然而，在2018年5月，政府部门有限公司发生了重大的道德或诚信违规事件，并采取了相应的应对措施。这一事件可能损害公司声誉和品牌价值，对公司与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系产生影响。为了应对这一事件，公司采取了相应的措施，以恢复公众对公司的信任。
+
+在2018年7月，公司高级管理层发生了变动，对公司运营重点和优先事项产生了影响。这一变动可能导致公司运营重点和战略优先事项的调整，对短期业绩和长期发展产生影响。然而，在2018年8月，政府部门有限公司在可持续性、环境保护、社会责任和企业公民方面取得了重大进展。这些可持续性与社会责任倡议提升了公司公众形象和市场竞争力，促进了长期可持续发展。
+
+在2018年9月，政府部门有限公司成功收购了一家子公司，增强了公司的市场份额和竞争力。这一收购进一步增强了公司市场份额和竞争力，为公司未来的业务扩张奠定了基础。随后，在2018年10月，公司对治理框架进行了修订，增强了透明度、问责制和利益相关者参与程度。这一治理政策修订将提升公司治理透明度和问责制，增强利益相关者的信心。
+
+在2018年11月，政府部门有限公司更新了风险管理框架，包括识别新风险和实施缓解策略。这些风险管理举措提高了公司应对内外部风险的能力，保障了公司持续运营和稳定发展。最后，在2018年12月，公司旗下的一家子公司成功上市，并获得了良好的市场反响和投资者关注。这一子公司IPO为公司带来了资本市场的认可，增加了投资者信心，为公司整体业务扩张带来了机遇。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，政府部门有限公司注重信息披露，确保信息披露符合证券法、公司法以及监管机构的要求。公司建立了关联交易的流程，并确保其公正性和合规性。此外，公司建立了完善的内部控制架构，并进行了效果评估。这些指标的改善和落实，有助于公司提高治理效率和风险控制能力。
+
+为了进一步改进公司治理，政府部门有限公司制定了治理改进计划。该计划包括加强董事会和监事会功能，提升透明度和信息披露质量。这些措施将提高公司治理效率和透明度，增强利益相关者的信心。
+
+为了应对风险，政府部门有限公司制定了风险管理策略。公司将进一步强化内部控制系统，加强财务和运营风险的识别、评估、监控和报告。同时，公司将将可持续发展和社会责任纳入战略考量，识别相关风险和机会，促进长期价值创造。
+
+综上所述，政府部门有限公司在2018年度在公司治理方面取得了一系列重要进展。公司通过治理改进计划和风险管理策略，不断提升治理效率和风险控制能力。这些举措有助于公司保护股东权益，提高公司的市场竞争力，实现长期可持续发展。
+
+在环境责任方面，政府部门有限公司采取了一系列措施来保护环境。首先，在2018年3月，公司建立了新的污染防治设施。这项事件包括了提出新设施建设计划、评估项目可行性、制定建设方案、寻求环评和审批以及开始建设新设施。通过建立废水处理系统和排放控制设备，公司成功减少了环境污染，提升了合规性和社会责任感。这一举措对二氧化碳排放量和能源消耗指标产生了积极影响。
+
+其次，在2018年4月，公司采取了措施减少废物产生。公司优化了生产流程和资源回收再利用，达到了废物减量的效果。这一举措不仅降低了废物处理成本，还提升了资源利用效率。
+
+另外，在2018年5月，公司推行了循环经济模式。通过实现废物的再利用和资源的最大化利用，公司成功降低了对自然资源的依赖，减少了环境压力，并提高了经济效益。
+
+此外，公司还在2018年6月开发了环保型产品，减少了环境影响。这一举措不仅提升了产品市场竞争力和品牌形象，还减少了环境影响。
+
+在2018年8月，公司投资实施了节能减排项目，成功减少了能源消耗和温室气体排放。这一举措降低了能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。
+
+此外，公司在2018年9月投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资林业或可再生能源项目抵消碳排放。这一举措展示了公司对环境的承诺和责任。
+
+在2018年11月，公司实施了环境管理系统，提高了环境绩效、减少了废物产生，并确保了合规。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进，提升了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+在社会责任方面，政府部门有限公司也采取了一系列措施。首先，在2018年2月，公司投资或参与了公共服务项目，提升了社区生活质量，如城市绿化和公共卫生改善。这一举措促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。
+
+其次，在2018年3月，公司积极参与了各类社会公益活动，如环境保护、扶贫等项目，回馈社会。这一举措提升了公众对公司的认可度，增强了企业的社会责任感。
+
+此外，公司在2018年4月提供了各类培训和发展项目，支持员工职业成长，提升工作技能和满意度。这一举措促进了人才留存和发展，提高了员工绩效。
+
+在2018年9月，公司实施了员工健康与安全计划，改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故。这一举措提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+此外，在2018年10月，公司参与或资助了慈善活动和慈善机构，支持教育、健康、减贫等领域的慈善事业。这一举措提升了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。
+
+在2018年11月，公司投资于当地社区，支持社区发展项目，如教育、健康和社会发展等。这一举措促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。
+
+未来展望方面，政府部门有限公司将继续致力于环境保护计划，通过提升能源效率、优化生产流程和推行可再生能源，减少运营对环境的影响。同时，公司将继续在业务实践中积极履行社会责任，如促进社区发展、改善员工福利、参与公益活动等。公司还将整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs）。此外，公司还将积极投资和支持当地社区的发展项目，如教育、医疗、基础设施建设等。
+
+综上所述，政府部门有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面采取了一系列措施，取得了显著的成效。公司将继续努力，为可持续发展做出更大的贡献。
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diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_18_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_18_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b5a011f14eddb8def8678e09ff82f240103304a8
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_18_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+蓝天旅游有限公司成立于2005年3月，位于上海市浦东新区，是一家专注于提供高品质旅游服务的旅游公司。
+
+在2021年度，蓝天旅游有限公司取得了一系列重要的财务成果和事件。首先，在2021年1月，公司决定向股东分发100万元股利，并将部分资金投资于盈利项目，增加了公司的盈利能力和资产收益率。同时，公司还决定增加广告和市场营销投入，以加强市场宣传和扩大市场份额，提高了公司的品牌知名度和市场占有率。此外，公司进行了成本结构优化，降低了运营成本，进一步提高了公司的盈利能力和资金利用效率。
+
+在2021年3月，蓝天旅游公司完成了对海外旅游公司太阳假期的资产收购，总价值达到5000万元，这一举措扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了市场竞争力。
+
+在2021年8月，公司进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构，将旅游产品线进行整合，提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+在2021年9月，蓝天旅游公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，成功募集了2亿元资金，加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。
+
+在2021年10月，为优化资本结构，公司进行了债务重组，成功减少了1亿元负债，改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。
+
+在2021年11月，蓝天旅游公司投资了一个新的高端旅游项目，投资金额为8000万元，进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+最后，在2021年12月，公司完成了对国内旅游景区ABC的股权收购，获得了30%的股权，进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+这些重要事件对公司的财务指标产生了显著影响。根据财务报告显示，蓝天旅游公司在2021年度实现了100000000元的营业收入，受市场需求和产品价格变化等因素的影响。同时，公司实现了5000000元的净利润，受营业收入、成本控制和非经常性损益等因素的影响。总资产达到了200000000元，受资产收购、资产处置和资产重估等因素的影响。总负债为80000000元，受新债发行、债务偿还和债务重组等因素的影响。股东权益为120000000元，受净利润、股利发放和资本公积等因素的影响。现金流量为60000000元，受经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动等因素的影响。负债比率为40%，受总负债的变化和总资产的变化等因素的影响。资产负债率为40%，受资产和负债的增减变化等因素的影响。净资产收益率为5%，受净利润的变化和股东权益的变化等因素的影响。
+
+未来展望方面，蓝天旅游公司计划优化成本控制，并加大资本运营，以提高财务效益。公司还计划加大对旅游资源的投资，开发更多具有竞争力的旅游产品。同时，公司将加强对市场竞争、政策变化和自然灾害等风险的监测和应对措施，提高风险防范和控制能力。
+
+综上所述，蓝天旅游有限公司在2021年度取得了显著的财务成果和重要事件，通过一系列的决策和举措，公司成功扩大了市场份额，提高了盈利能力和资产收益率。公司未来将继续优化成本控制，加大投资力度，以实现更好的财务效益和持续发展。
+
+公司治理结构方面，蓝天旅游有限公司在2020年12月发生了高级管理层变动。董事会决定解雇原CEO，这一决定对公司运营重点和战略优先事项产生了调整影响。然而，在2021年1月，董事会任命了新的CEO，这也对公司运营重点和战略优先事项产生了调整影响。
+
+为了提升公司的公众形象和市场竞争力，蓝天旅游有限公司在2021年2月推出了可持续性与社会责任倡议。这一倡议旨在通过积极参与社会责任活动，提升公司的公众形象和市场竞争力。
+
+然而，在2021年3月，蓝天旅游有限公司发生了一起道德与诚信事件。这一事件可能会损害公司的声誉和品牌价值，对公司的经营产生负面影响。
+
+为了确保公司遵守最新的法律法规并减少法律风险，蓝天旅游有限公司在2021年7月进行了合规与监管更新。这一举措旨在确保公司的合规性，并减少可能的法律风险。
+
+为了提高公司对内外部风险的应对能力，蓝天旅游有限公司在2021年8月实施了一系列风险管理举措。这些举措旨在提高公司对风险的识别和应对能力，以保护公司的利益。
+
+在2021年9月的股东大会上，蓝天旅游有限公司的股东们做出了重要的决议。这些决议直接影响了公司的治理结构、未来的经营策略和股东权益。
+
+在2021年11月，蓝天旅游有限公司的董事会发生了变更。这一变更可能导致公司战略的调整，影响公司的长期发展方向和股东利益。
+
+为了增强公司治理的透明度和问责制，蓝天旅游有限公司在2021年12月修订了公司治理政策。这一修订旨在增强公司治理的透明度，并加强对公司管理层的问责。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，蓝天旅游有限公司积极推动信息披露工作，确保利益相关方能够全面了解公司的经营状况和风险情况。公司建立了严格的关联交易管理制度，所有关联交易需按照公正、公平、合规的原则进行，并经过独立董事会的审批。此外，公司还建立了完善的内部控制体系，包括风险识别、业务流程控制和内部审计，以确保财务报告的准确性和合规性。
+
+在治理改进计划方面，蓝天旅游有限公司计划加强董事会和监事会的功能，提高其在公司治理中的效率和效果。公司还计划提升透明度和信息披露质量，改进信息披露流程和标准，确保及时、准确、全面地向所有利益相关者报告公司情况。
+
+为了应对风险，蓝天旅游有限公司计划强化内部控制系统，建立和完善内部控制系统，以提高公司抵御风险的能力。此外，公司还计划将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，识别相关风险和机会，促进长期价值创造。
+
+综上所述，蓝天旅游有限公司在治理结构、可持续性与社会责任倡议、道德与诚信事件、合规与监管更新、风险管理举措、股东大会决议、董事会变更和公司治理政策修订等方面都发生了重要的事件和变化。这些事件和变化对公司的经营和治理产生了影响，并涉及了信息披露、关联交易和内部控制等指标。蓝天旅游有限公司还计划通过加强董事会和监事会功能、提升透明度和信息披露质量、强化内部控制系统和整合可持续发展和社会责任来改进公司治理和应对风险。通过这些举措，蓝天旅游有限公司将进一步提升公司的治理效果和风险管理能力，为公司的长期发展创造更大的价值。
+
+在环境责任方面，蓝天旅游有限公司一直致力于推动可持续发展和环境保护。在2021年，公司实施了一系列重要的环境责任事件。
+
+首先，公司制定了绿色产品开发方案，并投入研发资源进行研究和开发。在2020年4月，公司制定了绿色产品开发方案，并在2020年6月投入了研发资源。随后，在2020年11月，公司对产品进行了测试和认证，并在2020年12月制定了生产与推广计划。这些举措旨在推动公司产品的绿色化，减少对环境的影响。
+
+其次，蓝天旅游有限公司在2021年3月实施了节能减排项目。这一项目的目标是减少公司的二氧化碳排放量和能源消耗。根据数据显示，公司的二氧化碳排放量为12000吨，能源消耗为50000吨标准煤。这些指标受到生产规模的变化、节能技术的应用、生产效率的提高和能源管理措施的实施等因素的影响。
+
+此外，蓝天旅游有限公司于2021年5月采用了环境管理系统，并在同年9月建设了防止污染设施。这些举措旨在加强对环境的管理和保护，确保公司的运营活动不对周围环境造成负面影响。
+
+另外，蓝天旅游有限公司于2021年10月投资了碳抵消项目。这一举措旨在通过投资碳抵消项目来抵消公司的碳排放量，以减少对气候变化的影响。
+
+在社会责任方面，蓝天旅游有限公司也积极履行着自己的社会责任。
+
+首先，公司于2021年2月启动了社区支持和发展项目。这一项目旨在支持当地社区的发展，提供相关的支持和帮助。同时，公司还参与了公共服务项目，为社会公益事业做出贡献。
+
+其次，蓝天旅游有限公司于2021年7月推出了员工职业成长和人才发展计划。该计划旨在提供员工的职业发展机会和培训，提高员工的技能和能力。同时，公司也于2021年9月实施了员工健康与安全计划，确保员工的健康和安全。
+
+此外，蓝天旅游有限公司还积极参与慈善活动，为社会公益事业做出贡献。根据数据显示，公司的社区投资额为200万元。这些举措旨在促进社区发展，改善员工福利，提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。
+
+在未来，蓝天旅游有限公司将继续加强环境保护计划，包括加强废物分类管理和推广环保交通工具等措施。同时，公司还将继续推进社会责任战略，促进社区发展，改善员工福利，提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。此外，公司还将致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs），通过推广低碳出行等措施，减少单次旅游对环境的影响。
+
+综上所述，蓝天旅游有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了一系列重要的成就。公司通过绿色产品开发、节能减排项目、环境管理系统的采用和防止污染设施的建设等举措，积极推动可持续发展和环境保护。同时，公司通过社区支持和发展项目、参与公共服务项目、员工职业成长和人才发展计划、员工健康与安全计划以及参与慈善活动等举措，履行了自己的社会责任。在未来，公司将继续加强环境保护计划和社会责任战略，致力于实现可持续发展目标。
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diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_19_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_19_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md"
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+北京市建业集团有限公司成立于2005年5月，是一家专注于建筑工程设计与施工的非上市企业。
+
+2020年是建业集团有限公司发展历程中的关键一年。在这一年，公司经历了多个重要事件，对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了深远的影响。
+
+首先，公司在2020年3月进行了债务重组，成功减少了2亿元的负债。这一举措优化了公司的资本结构，降低了财务成本。然而，在此之前，公司曾经发生了债务违约的情况，由于经营困难和资金紧张，公司无法按时偿还债务。这一事件加剧了公司的债务问题，导致公司资本结构不合理和财务风险增加。随后，公司与主要债权人进行了贷款协商，寻求延期还款或减少利息的方案。这为债务重组奠定了基础，为后续的债务重组提供了借鉴和依据。
+
+在2020年4月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了5亿元资金。这一举措加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。
+
+在2020年6月，公司完成了对华夏地产公司的资产收购，总价值达到8亿元。这一重大资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。
+
+随后，在2020年7月，公司投资了智能建筑项目，投资金额为3亿元。这一投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+在2020年9月，公司决定向股东分发5000万元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。
+
+另外，在2020年11月，公司完成了对长城建设股份有限公司的股权收购，获得了30%的股权。这一重大股权收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+最后，在2020年12月，公司进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构。这一举措提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+以上重要事件对公司的财务状况产生了重要影响。根据报告指标，公司在2020年度的营业收入达到了31亿元，净利润为1.5亿元。总资产为16亿元，总负债为8亿元，股东权益为8亿元。现金流量为2.5亿元。负债比率为50%，资产负债率也为50%。净资产收益率为20%。
+
+这些指标的变化反映了公司在2020年度的经营状况和财务表现。营业收入的增加主要受到市场需求和产品价格变化的影响。净利润的增长则得益于营业收入的增加、成本控制的改善以及非经常性损益的影响。总资产的增加主要是由于资产收购和资产重估等因素。总负债的增加主要是由于新债发行和债务重组等原因。股东权益的变化受到净利润的影响，同时也受到股利发放和资本公积的影响。现金流量的变化主要受到经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动的影响。
+
+综合来看，建业集团有限公司在2020年度取得了较好的财务表现。然而，公司仍面临着一些挑战和风险，如市场风险、信用风险和工程风险等。为了确保公司的稳步发展，公司计划加强成本控制，提高资本运营效率。同时，公司还计划增加对绿色建筑、智能建筑等领域的投资，以适应市场需求和技术创新。此外，公司还将加强对市场风险、信用风险和工程风险的管理，建立完善的内部控制机制和风险防范体系。
+
+总之，建业集团有限公司在2020年度取得了较好的财务表现，并制定了相应的发展策略和风险管理措施，以确保公司的稳步发展。公司将继续努力提高经营效益，拓展业务领域，为股东创造更大的价值。
+
+建业集团有限公司在2020年的治理结构方面取得了一系列重要进展。首先，在风险管理方面，公司于2020年3月更新了风险管理框架并实施了新的风险管理措施。这包括在2020年1月制定了新的风险管理框架，其中包括风险评估、风险防控和风险监测。随后，在2020年2月，公司进行了全面的风险评估与分类工作，并制定了风险预警机制。这些举措提高了公司对内外部风险的应对能力，保障了公司的持续运营和稳定发展。
+
+其次，在公司治理政策方面，建业集团有限公司于2020年4月修订了公司治理框架，增加了透明度、问责制和利益相关者参与的要求。这一举措加强了公司治理的有效性和责任，提升了利益相关者对公司的信心和支持。
+
+在董事会方面，公司于2020年5月任命了两位来自建筑行业的新任董事，并辞去了两位现任董事的职务。这一变动将推动公司实现战略调整，进一步巩固公司长期发展方向和股东利益。
+
+在合规与监管方面，建业集团有限公司于2020年7月及时更新了公司治理实践以适应法规和标准的变化。这一举措保障了公司在法律层面的合规，减少了法律风险。
+
+然而，公司在2020年9月发生了道德违规事件。尽管公司采取了相应措施防止再次发生类似事件，但这一事件对公司的声誉和形象造成了一定的负面影响。不过，公司通过回应和治理措施恢复了投资者、客户和合作伙伴的信任和支持。
+
+在高级管理层方面，建业集团有限公司于2020年10月任命了新的首席执行官，推动战略调整和优化运营重点和优先事项。这一变动可能导致公司短期内业绩和长期发展的调整。
+
+在可持续性与社会责任方面，建业集团有限公司于2020年11月取得了绿色建筑、环境保护和社会责任等方面的重大进展。这一举措提升了公司的公众形象和市场竞争力，促进了公司的长期可持续发展。
+
+最后，在股东大会方面，建业集团有限公司于2020年12月通过了重要决议，包括修改公司章程、批准新投资计划等。这些决议直接影响了公司治理结构、经营策略和股东权益，推动了公司实现长期发展目标。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，建业集团有限公司在信息披露方面准确、及时、全面地披露公司信息。公司的信息披露已按照监管要求进行，并定期向投资者提供相关信息。在关联交易方面，建业集团有限公司公正、合规地进行交易。公司已制定关联交易政策并严格遵守，公正性和合规性得到有效保证。在内部控制方面，建业集团有限公司建立了完善的内部控制架构。公司的内部控制系统持续有效，风险得到识别、评估和缓解，保证了公司的持续稳定发展。
+
+为了进一步加强公司治理和风险管理，建业集团有限公司制定了治理改进计划和风险管理策略。治理改进计划包括加强董事会和监事会功能，培训董事和增加独立董事比例，并优化决策过程。同时，公司计划提升透明度和信息披露质量，改进信息披露流程和标准，向所有利益相关者准确、全面地报告公司情况。风险管理策略包括强化内部控制系统，建立和完善内部控制系统，提高抵御风险的能力。此外，公司还将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，促进长期价值创造。
+
+综上所述，建业集团有限公司在2020年取得了一系列重要的治理结构和风险管理方面的进展。这些举措将进一步提升公司的治理效能和风险防控能力，为公司的持续稳定发展奠定了坚实的基础。
+
+该公司在环境责任方面采取了一系列积极的举措。首先，公司于2020年4月实施了节能减排项目。在环境评估的基础上，公司决定投资实施该项目，并进行了设备更新和供应链优化。这些举措直接减少了公司的能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。根据数据显示，公司的二氧化碳排放量从237,630吨减少到了98,540 MMBtu的能源消耗。
+
+其次，公司在绿色产品开发方面取得了显著成果。公司开发了一系列使用环保材料和可再生能源的绿色产品，减少了对环境的影响。这些绿色产品不仅提升了公司的市场竞争力和品牌形象，还减少了环境影响。
+
+此外，公司还注重防止污染设施的建设。在2020年7月，公司在工地上建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。这些设施的建设显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。
+
+为了进一步减少环境影响，公司还采取了减少废弃物处理量的措施。通过改进生产工艺和推广循环利用方法，公司成功减少了废弃物的处理量。这不仅降低了废弃物处理成本，还提升了环境绩效和可持续发展水平。
+
+此外，公司还投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资林业项目和太阳能项目来抵消其碳排放，努力实现碳中和目标。通过碳抵消证书，公司能够向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺和责任。
+
+为了加强环境管理能力和持续改进，公司于2020年11月采用了ISO 14001标准的环境管理系统（EMS）。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力，提升了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+在社会责任方面，公司积极参与公共服务项目，如城市绿化和公共卫生改善项目，以提升社区生活质量。此外，公司还推动绿色供应链管理，引导和扶持供应链合作伙伴加强环境保护和可持续发展意识。公司还投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。此外，公司积极参与慈善活动和资助慈善机构，支持教育、健康、减贫等领域的社会公益事业。为了保障员工的健康与安全，公司推行了全面的员工健康与安全计划，改善工作环境、培训安全意识并设置应急响应机制。此外，公司还提供员工职业成长和人才发展计划，提供各类培训和发展项目，支持员工职业成长。
+
+根据数据显示，公司的员工满意度达到了87%，社区投资额达到了500万元。
+
+未来展望方面，公司将进一步加大环境保护力度，采取一系列措施减少其运营对环境的影响。公司计划提升能源效率、推广可再生能源、改善废弃物处理和加强环境监测等。同时，公司将继续在业务实践中积极履行社会责任，包括促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。公司还将继续整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs）。
+
+综上所述，建业集团有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了显著成果，并制定了未来的发展计划。公司将继续努力减少环境影响，提升社会影响力，为可持续发展做出贡献。
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@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+农业发展有限公司是一家成立于2001年5月，主要从事农作物种植和农产品销售的农业公司，注册地位于农业大省云南，目前尚未上市。
+
+2021年度是农业发展有限公司发展历程中的重要一年。公司在这一年内进行了多项重大事件，进一步扩大了市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。首先，在2021年1月，公司完成了对云南农业有限公司60%的股权收购，获得了公司的控制权。这次收购是在2020年11月进行了对云南农业有限公司的尽职调查和评估后决定的，为收购决策打下了基础。随后，在2020年12月，公司与云南农业有限公司开始了股权收购的谈判，并商定了收购的具体条件和价格。最终，在2021年1月，公司与云南农业有限公司正式签署了股权转让协议，并进行了资金结算，完成了股权收购。这次收购使得公司进一步扩大了市场份额和影响力。
+
+除了股权收购，公司还进行了其他重大投资。在2021年3月，公司投资了昆明农业科技园项目，投资金额为5000万元。这项投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+为了支持公司的扩张和发展，公司在2021年6月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了8000万元资金。这次融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，为公司的发展提供了充足的资金支持。
+
+为了优化资本结构，公司在2021年7月进行了债务重组，减少了2000万元负债。这次债务重组改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。
+
+在2021年8月，公司进行了一次资产重组，优化了农产品种植和销售的业务结构。这次资产重组提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+为回报给股东们的投资，公司决定在2021年10月向股东分发1000万元股利。这次股利分发提升了股东的收益。
+
+最后，在2021年12月，公司完成了对云南农机制造有限公司的资产收购，总价值5000万元。这次资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。
+
+在这些重大事件的影响下，公司的财务指标也发生了相应的变化。在2021年度，公司的营业收入达到了30000万元，这主要受益于市场需求的增长和农产品价格的波动。同时，公司的净利润达到了5000万元，这得益于营业收入的增长、成本控制的效果以及非经常性损益的影响。
+
+公司的总资产达到了50000万元，这主要受益于资产收购和投资的增加，以及资产处置和减值准备的减少。与此同时，公司的总负债为15000万元，这受到新债发行的增加和债务偿还的减少的影响。
+
+股东权益达到了35000万元，这主要受益于净利润的增加，股利发放的减少以及资本公积的影响。
+
+公司的现金流量达到了10000万元，这主要受益于经营活动的现金流量、投资活动的现金流量以及筹资活动的现金流量。
+
+负债比率为30%，这反映了公司的债务水平。资产负债率也为30%，这衡量了公司的财务杠杆。
+
+净资产收益率为15%，这反映了公司股东权益的经营效益，即净利润与平均股东权益的比率。
+
+展望未来，农业发展有限公司将加强成本控制，提高资本利用效率，并通过市场开拓和产品创新等措施提升盈利能力。公司还计划加大对农业科技的投入，加强与科研机构的合作，推动现代农业技术的应用，提高农产品的产量和质量。同时，公司将加强对市场风险、价格风险以及自然灾害等风险的监测和防范，建立风险应对机制，保障公司的可持续发展。
+
+综上所述，2021年度是农业发展有限公司发展历程中的重要一年。通过一系列重大事件的推动，公司进一步扩大了市场份额，提升了控制力，并取得了良好的财务表现。展望未来，公司将继续努力，实现更大的发展。
+
+在2021年，农业发展有限公司在公司治理方面采取了一系列重要的举措，以提高透明度、加强合规性，并提升公司的可持续发展能力。
+
+首先，在道德与诚信事件方面，公司在2021年1月接到举报后立即启动了内部调查程序。这一举措展示了公司的透明度和决心解决不当行为。经过内部调查确认后，公司在2021年2月决定解雇涉事经理，以提升员工的道德意识和行为规范。同时，公司在2021年3月加强了内部审计和监督措施，提高了交易审查和监控力度，以提升公司的内部控制与风险管理水平。
+
+其次，在合规与监管方面，公司在2021年3月更新了合规与监管制度，以确保符合最新的农业法规和环境保护标准。这一举措有助于提升公司的可持续发展能力。
+
+在董事会方面，公司在2021年4月增加了两位具有丰富农业行业经验的新任董事。这一举措为公司提供了更多的专业知识和战略指导，以应对市场波动。
+
+在股东大会方面，公司在2021年6月通过了增加农产品种植面积和改善农产品加工技术的计划。这一举措有助于提高销售额和市场份额。
+
+为了推动可持续发展和社会责任，公司在2021年9月推出了绿色农业倡议，采用有机农业种植技术，减少化学农药和化肥的使用。这一举措有助于提升公司的市场竞争力和社会责任形象。
+
+为了加强公司治理政策，公司在2021年10月加强了信息披露要求，提高了透明度和问责制度。这一举措有助于增强投资者对公司的信心，获得更多发展机会。
+
+在高级管理层方面，公司在2021年11月任命了具有丰富农业管理经验的新的首席执行官。这一举措有助于推动公司的发展和业绩提升。
+
+最后，在风险管理方面，公司在2021年12月对风险管理框架进行了全面评估，并加强了风险评估和缓解措施。这一举措有助于提高公司的抗风险能力，降低各种风险。
+
+以上事件和举措对公司的治理结构和发展产生了积极影响。公司通过加强内部控制、更新合规与监管制度、增加农业行业经验的董事、推动可持续发展和社会责任倡议、加强信息披露要求、任命具有丰富农业管理经验的首席执行官以及加强风险管理措施等举措，提高了公司的透明度、合规性、可持续发展能力和抗风险能力。
+
+在指标方面，公司通过各种方式向投资者和利益相关者披露重要信息、业绩数据和公司治理情况，提高了信息披露质量和透明度。公司执行严格的关联交易管理制度，并及时披露相关信息，避免利益输送和不公平交易。公司建立了完善的内部控制制度，通过内部审计、风险评估和控制措施，保证财务状况准确可靠。
+
+综上所述，农业发展有限公司在2021年度在公司治理方面采取了一系列重要举措，取得了显著的成果。这些举措不仅提高了公司的透明度和合规性，还提升了公司的可持续发展能力和抗风险能力。公司将继续致力于加强公司治理，为投资者和利益相关者创造更大的价值。
+
+在环境责任方面，农业发展有限公司采取了一系列措施来降低对环境的影响。首先，公司于2021年3月投资于碳抵消项目，并制定了碳中和目标。在2021年2月，公司评估了可行的碳抵消项目，并选择了合适的项目进行合作。随后，公司与碳抵消项目签署了合作协议。这些举措有助于减少二氧化碳排放量，从而降低对气候变化的负面影响。
+
+此外，农业发展有限公司还在2021年4月实施了节能减排项目，以减少能源消耗。公司还在2021年6月建设了防止污染设施，以确保生产过程中不会对环境造成污染。为了推动绿色发展，公司在2021年8月开始开发绿色产品，以满足消费者对环保产品的需求。
+
+然而，2021年9月发生了一起重大环境事故，对公司的环境责任形成了挑战。这起事故导致了环境指标的恶化，需要公司采取措施进行修复和改善。为了更好地管理环境责任，公司在2021年11月采用了环境管理系统，以确保环境政策得到有效执行。
+
+在社会责任方面，农业发展有限公司积极履行社区支持和发展项目。在2021年1月，公司投资了500万元用于社区发展，并参与了公共服务项目，为社区提供了必要的支持和帮助。然而，公司在2021年7月遇到了劳工纠纷，这对公司的声誉和员工满意度产生了负面影响。为了改善员工的工作环境和福利，公司在2021年10月制定了员工健康与安全计划，并在同年11月推出了员工职业成长和人才发展计划。
+
+此外，农业发展有限公司还积极参与慈善活动，为社会做出贡献。在2021年12月，公司参与了一系列慈善活动，为弱势群体提供帮助和支持。
+
+通过这些社会责任举措，农业发展有限公司提高了员工满意度，并为社区和社会做出了积极贡献。
+
+在指标方面，农业发展有限公司的二氧化碳排放量为10000吨，能源消耗为200000吨标煤。这些指标的变化与公司的环境责任措施和事件密切相关。例如，投资于碳抵消项目有助于减少二氧化碳排放量，而节能减排项目和防止污染设施的建设有助于降低能源消耗。
+
+在未来展望方面，农业发展有限公司将继续推进环境保护计划和社会责任战略。公司将致力于实现可持续发展目标，通过减少碳排放、节能减排和社区支持等措施，为环境和社会做出更大的贡献。
+
+综上所述，农业发展有限公司在2021年度的公司环境与社会责任报告中展示了在环境责任和社会责任方面的重要事件和指标。通过投资于碳抵消项目、节能减排和防止污染设施的建设等措施，公司努力降低对环境的影响。同时，公司还在社区支持和发展、员工健康与安全、员工职业成长和人才发展等方面积极履行社会责任。未来，公司将继续推进环境保护计划、社会责任战略，并致力于实现可持续发展目标。
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diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_20_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_20_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..51aa9e2c809f7d237bb813efab15c77b526ec94d
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_20_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+喜乐娱乐集团是一家于2005年在美国成立的综合娱乐公司，主要经营电影制作、演艺经纪、音乐制作和演出、票务销售等业务，并于2010年在纳斯达克交易所上市。
+
+2017年度是喜乐娱乐集团发展的关键一年。在这一年里，公司实施了一系列重要的战略举措，进一步扩大了市场份额，提升了公司的控制力和竞争力。
+
+首先，公司于2017年1月完成了对天骄影业的股权收购，获得了70%的股权。这一重大股权收购进一步巩固了公司在电影制作领域的地位，扩大了公司的市场份额。随后，在2017年3月，公司进行了一次资产重组，将旗下的电影制作、演艺经纪和音乐制作业务整合为新的子公司“喜乐娱乐影视集团”。这一举措优化了公司的业务结构，提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+在2017年5月，公司完成了对魅力音乐的资产收购，总价值1.2亿美元。这一重大资产收购进一步扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。为了改善公司的财务状况，公司于2017年6月进行了债务重组，减少了5亿美元负债。这一举措改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。
+
+在2017年8月，公司投资了D项目，投资金额为8000万美元。这一重大投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。为了支持公司的扩张和发展，公司于2017年9月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了10亿美元资金。这一举措加强了公司的资金实力，为公司的发展提供了强大的支持。
+
+在2017年10月，公司决定向股东分发2亿美元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。
+
+以上重要事件对公司的财务状况产生了重要影响。根据公司财务报告，2017年度的营业收入为2亿美元，净利润为5000万美元，总资产为12亿美元，总负债为8亿美元，股东权益为4亿美元，现金流量为1.5亿美元。负债比率为0.67，资产负债率为0.67，净资产收益率为0.15。
+
+营业收入的增长主要受到市场需求的变化和产品价格的调整的影响。净利润的增长除了受到营业收入的增长影响外，还受到成本控制的效果和非经常性损益的影响。总资产的变化主要受到资产收购的金额、资产处置的金额和资产重估的影响。总负债的变化主要受到新债发行的金额、债务偿还的金额和债务重组的效果的影响。股东权益的变化主要受到净利润的变化、股利发放的金额和资本公积的影响。现金流量的变化主要受到经营活动的现金流量、投资活动的现金流量和筹资活动的现金流量的影响。
+
+综合以上数据和分析，可以看出，喜乐娱乐集团在2017年度取得了良好的财务业绩。公司通过重大股权收购、资产重组、资产收购、债务重组、重大投资、大规模融资等一系列战略举措，不断扩大业务范围，提升市场竞争力，改善财务状况，为未来的发展奠定了坚实的基础。
+
+展望未来，喜乐娱乐集团将继续实施财务策略，进一步优化成本控制、增加市场投入、提高资源配置效率等，以提升盈利能力和降低风险。同时，公司将加大投资力度，计划投资20亿美元用于新项目开发、技术研发和市场推广等领域，以拓展公司业务、提高市场竞争力。在风险管理方面，公司将制定相应的应对策略，如严格控制成本，增加市场研究和风险评估，加强内部控制等，以应对市场风险、竞争风险和经营风险等挑战。
+
+综上所述，喜乐娱乐集团在2017年度取得了显著的发展成果，公司的财务状况稳步提升。未来，公司将继续实施战略举措，加大投资力度，提升盈利能力和市场竞争力，为公司的长期发展打下坚实基础。
+
+在公司治理结构方面，喜乐娱乐集团在2017年经历了一系列重要事件。首先，在2017年1月，公司发生了一起道德与诚信违规事件，涉及欺诈和利益冲突。为了保护公司声誉和品牌价值，并维护与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系，公司立即采取了严厉措施，对相关人员进行调查和处理。这一事件对公司的道德与诚信形象产生了负面影响，但公司的及时应对措施有助于恢复公众信任。
+
+其次，在2017年3月，喜乐娱乐集团修订了公司治理政策，进一步加强了公司的透明度和问责制。这一举措有助于提高公司的治理效能，增强利益相关者的参与度，进一步提升公司的治理水平。
+
+在2017年4月，公司根据新的合规和监管标准更新了合规和监管措施，以确保公司的法律合规性，减少法律风险，并保护公司和股东的利益。这一举措有助于提高公司的合规水平，增强公司的竞争力。
+
+在2017年5月，喜乐娱乐集团任命了两位新董事，这对公司的战略方向和决策产生了积极的影响。新董事的加入为公司带来了新的思路和经验，有助于推动公司的发展和创新。
+
+在2017年6月，公司取得了在可持续性、环境保护、社会责任和企业公民方面的重大进展。这些进展有助于提升公司的公众形象和市场竞争力，促进公司的长期可持续发展。
+
+在2017年7月，喜乐娱乐集团发生了高级管理层变动，新的管理团队将调整公司的运营重点和优先事项。这对公司的短期业绩和长期发展都会产生影响。
+
+在2017年8月，公司召开了股东大会，对公司章程进行了修改，并根据股东的投票结果做出了更有力的决策。这有助于加强公司的治理结构，提高公司的决策效率。
+
+在2017年11月，喜乐娱乐集团更新了风险管理框架，通过识别新的风险并实施相应的缓解策略，提高了公司应对内外部风险的能力，确保公司的持续运营和稳定发展。
+
+在信息披露方面，喜乐娱乐集团采用全面、准确和及时的信息披露原则，并通过公司网站、内部报告和股东会议等多种方式进行信息披露。
+
+在关联交易方面，公司采取严格的关联交易政策，确保所有关联交易的公正性和合规性，并对关联交易进行严格的审查和监管。
+
+在内部控制方面，喜乐娱乐集团建立了完善的内部控制架构，并定期进行内部控制的评估和效果评估，以确保公司的财务和运营风险得到有效控制。
+
+在治理改进计划方面，公司计划加强董事会和监事会的功能，提高其在公司治理中的效率和效果。同时，公司还计划改进信息披露流程和标准，以提升透明度和信息披露质量。
+
+在风险管理策略方面，公司计划进一步强化内部控制系统，识别、评估、监控和报告财务和运营风险，提高公司抵御风险的能力。此外，公司还计划将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，识别相关风险和机会，促进长期价值创造。
+
+综上所述，喜乐娱乐集团在2017年在公司治理方面取得了一系列重要进展。公司通过修订治理政策、更新合规和监管措施、任命新董事和高级管理层变动等措施，不断加强公司的治理结构和内部控制，提高公司的透明度和问责制，保护公司和股东的利益。同时，公司在可持续性、环境保护、社会责任和企业公民方面取得了重大进展，提升了公司的公众形象和市场竞争力。公司还制定了治理改进计划和风险管理策略，进一步提升公司的治理水平和风险管理能力。这些举措有助于喜乐娱乐集团实现长期可持续发展，并为公司创造更大的价值。
+
+在环境责任方面，喜乐娱乐集团一直致力于减少对环境的影响。在2017年，公司采取了一系列重要的环境保护措施。首先，公司建立了新的污染防治设施，以减少环境污染。这项举措对公司的二氧化碳排放量产生了积极影响，使其从之前的400,000吨减少到350,000吨。此外，公司还实施了环境管理系统，以提高环境绩效并减少废物产生。这一举措导致能源消耗从之前的600,000兆焦减少到500,000兆焦。此外，公司还投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目来抵消碳排放。同时，公司还投资于海洋资源保护项目，以支持海洋生态系统的可持续发展。此外，公司还开发了环保型产品，以减少对环境的影响。最后，公司还投资实施了节能减排项目，以减少能源消耗和温室气体排放。
+
+在社会责任方面，喜乐娱乐集团积极履行社会责任，支持当地社区的发展。公司投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。此外，公司还提升了员工健康与安全的措施，改善工作环境，减少工伤事故的发生。公司还参与或资助了慈善活动和机构，支持教育、健康和减贫等领域。此外，公司还投资或参与公共服务项目，提升社区生活质量。公司还制定和实施了公平就业和多元化计划，以提供公正的机会和平等的待遇。此外，公司还提供各类培训和发展项目，支持员工职业成长。这些举措使公司的员工满意度达到了85%。此外，公司还投资了100万美元用于社区发展。
+
+在未来展望方面，喜乐娱乐集团将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任。公司计划通过一系列措施减少运营对环境的影响，并投资200万美元用于环境保护计划。同时，公司还将继续积极履行社会责任，支持社区发展、改善员工福利，并提供公平就业机会。公司计划投资150万美元用于社会责任战略。此外，公司还将整合可持续性原则，关注减贫、健康和教育领域的项目，并计划投资100万美元用于可持续发展目标。
+
+综上所述，喜乐娱乐集团在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了显著成绩。通过一系列的环境保护措施和社会责任举措，公司成功减少了二氧化碳排放量和能源消耗，提高了员工满意度，并为社区发展做出了积极贡献。在未来，公司将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任，为可持续发展做出更大的贡献。
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diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_21_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_21_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7a9464854429dd4e818124bb49076b0320efe96e
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_21_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+农田实业有限公司是成立于2005年7月的农业公司，主要从事种植和销售优质农产品，注册地位于某省某市，目前未上市。
+
+公司财务报告
+
+本报告旨在对农田实业有限公司的财务状况和重要事件进行全面分析和评估。报告涵盖了财务信息、重要事件和额外信息三个主要部分。
+
+1. 财务信息
+
+首先，我们将关注公司的财务信息。根据最新的财务报告，农田实业有限公司在报告期内实现了2,000万元的营业收入。这一数字受到市场需求的变化和产品价格的波动的影响。市场需求的增长和产品价格的上升促使公司的营业收入增加。
+
+净利润方面，公司在报告期内实现了300万元的净利润。这一数字受到营业收入的增长、成本控制的效果以及非经常性损益的影响。营业收入的增长和成本控制的效果使得公司的净利润增加，而非经常性损益对净利润的影响较小。
+
+总资产方面，公司的总资产为5,000万元。这一数字受到资产收购、资产处置和资产重估的影响。公司通过资产收购和资产处置来调整资产结构，同时对资产进行重估以反映其真实价值。
+
+总负债方面，公司的总负债为2,000万元。这一数字受到新债发行、债务偿还和债务重组的影响。公司通过发行新债、偿还债务和进行债务重组来调整负债结构，以提高财务状况。
+
+股东权益方面，公司的股东权益为3,000万元。这一数字受到净利润的增长、股利发放和资本公积的变动的影响。净利润的增长和股利发放使得股东权益增加，而资本公积的变动对股东权益的影响较小。
+
+现金流量方面，公司的现金流量为1,000万元。这一数字受到经营活动的现金流量、投资活动的现金流量和筹资活动的现金流量的影响。公司通过经营活动获得的现金流量、投资活动的现金流量和筹资活动的现金流量来维持运营和发展。
+
+负债比率方面，公司的负债比率为40%。这一数字受到总负债和总资产的变化的影响。负债比率的变化反映了公司负债结构的变化，对公司的财务状况产生影响。
+
+资产负债率方面，公司的资产负债率为40%。这一数字受到资产和负债的增减变化的影响。资产负债率的变化反映了公司资产和负债结构的变化，对公司的财务状况产生影响。
+
+净资产收益率方面，公司的净资产收益率为10%。这一数字受到净利润和股东权益的变化的影响。净资产收益率的变化反映了公司净利润和股东权益的变化，对公司的盈利能力产生影响。
+
+2. 重要事件
+
+在报告期内，农田实业有限公司发生了一系列重要事件，对公司的业务和财务状况产生了影响。
+
+首先，公司于2017年1月进行了重大投资，投资了农产品销售项目。这一投资对公司的业务领域和盈利能力产生了积极影响。投资农产品销售项目使得公司在农产品市场上拥有了更大的份额，进一步提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+其次，公司于2017年3月完成了绿色农业科技公司的资产收购。这一资产收购对公司的业务范围和市场竞争力产生了积极影响。通过收购绿色农业科技公司的资产，公司扩大了自己的业务范围，提高了在农业科技领域的竞争力。
+
+随后，公司于2017年4月完成了有机肥公司的股权收购。这一股权收购对公司的市场份额和控制力产生了积极影响。通过收购有机肥公司的股权，公司增加了在有机肥市场上的份额，进一步加强了对市场的控制力。
+
+在2017年5月，公司进行了一次大规模融资。这次融资对公司的资金实力和扩张发展产生了积极影响。融资使得公司获得了更多的资金支持，为公司的扩张发展提供了保障。
+
+接下来，在2017年7月，公司进行了一次资产重组。这次资产重组对公司的业务结构、运营效率和价值产生了积极影响。资产重组使得公司的业务结构更加合理，提高了运营效率，并增加了公司的价值。
+
+然而，在2017年9月，公司发生了一起财务诈骗案。这起财务诈骗案对公司的财务损失和声誉造成了严重影响。财务诈骗案导致公司遭受了财务损失，并对公司的声誉造成了损害。
+
+最后，在2017年11月，公司进行了一次债务重组。这次债务重组对公司的财务状况和财务成本产生了积极影响。债务重组使得公司的财务状况得到了改善，并降低了财务成本。
+
+在2017年12月，公司分发了股利。这一举措对公司的股东投资和收益产生了积极影响。分发股利使得公司的股东获得了投资回报，提高了股东的收益。
+
+3. 额外信息
+
+除了财务信息和重要事件，农田实业有限公司还制定了一系列额外信息，以指导未来的发展。
+
+在财务策略方面，公司将继续控制成本，提高产品质量和市场竞争力。通过控制成本，公司可以提高盈利能力，并通过提高产品质量和市场竞争力来增加市场份额。
+
+在投资计划方面，公司计划增加对农业科技研发的投入，开发更多的绿色农产品。通过增加对农业科技研发的投入，公司可以提高农产品的品质和产量，并满足市场需求。
+
+在风险管理方面，公司将加强内部控制，规范财务管理流程，并建立有效的风险管理制度。通过加强内部控制和规范财务管理流程，公司可以降低风险，并保护公司的财务状况和声誉。
+
+综上所述，农田实业有限公司在报告期内取得了可观的财务成果，并经历了一系列重要事件。公司将继续努力控制成本，提高产品质量和市场竞争力，并加强风险管理，以保持持续发展。
+
+在过去一年的治理结构方面，农田实业有限公司经历了多个重要事件。首先，在2017年1月，公司发生了一起道德与诚信事件。该事件对公司的声誉和品牌价值可能造成损害。然而，公司的管理层采取了相应的措施来应对这一事件，以减轻其影响。
+
+接下来，在2017年2月的股东大会上，公司做出了一些重要决议，这些决议决定了公司的治理结构、未来经营策略和股东权益。这些决议的实施将对公司的发展产生深远影响。
+
+在2017年4月，农田实业有限公司在可持续发展、环境保护和社会责任等方面取得了一定的进展。这些举措有助于提升公司的公众形象和市场竞争力。
+
+在2017年5月，公司发生了高级管理层的变动。这一变动可能引发公司运营重点和战略优先事项的调整。
+
+为了提高公司对内外部风险的应对能力，公司在2017年6月更新了风险管理举措。这些举措有助于提高公司的风险管理水平。
+
+在2017年8月，农田实业有限公司进行了董事会变更，新成员的加入为公司带来了新的经验和视角，促进了公司长期发展战略的制定。
+
+在2017年9月，公司修订了治理政策，这些修订有助于增强公司治理效果，提升利益相关者对公司的信心和支持。
+
+在2017年10月，公司进行了合规与监管的更新，这有助于减少法律风险，保护公司和股东利益。
+
+在信息披露方面，农田实业有限公司遵守了相关的法律法规和标准，信息披露准时、准确且完整。
+
+关于关联交易，公司制定了相应的政策和流程，并监督关联交易的公正合规，以保护公司和股东利益。
+
+在内部控制方面，公司建立了相应的内部控制架构和措施，并对其进行了评估。这些措施有助于确保财务和运营风险得到识别和控制。
+
+为了进一步改进公司治理结构和管理能力，农田实业有限公司制定了治理改进计划。该计划包括加强董事会和监事会的功能，提升透明度和信息披露质量。
+
+此外，公司还制定了风险管理策略，包括继续建立和完善内部控制系统，将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略。
+
+综上所述，农田实业有限公司在过去一年的治理结构方面取得了一些进展，并制定了相应的改进计划和策略。然而，公司仍然面临一些挑战，如道德与诚信事件对声誉和品牌价值的潜在影响。因此，建议公司进一步完善信息披露和加强董事会的独立性，以提升公司治理效果和管理能力。
+
+在环境责任方面，农田实业有限公司采取了一系列重要措施来减少对环境的影响。首先，在2017年1月，公司投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目来抵消碳排放量，努力实现碳中和目标。这一举措有助于减少公司在生产过程中产生的二氧化碳排放量。其次，在2017年3月，公司实施了节能减排项目，投资实施节能减排措施，以减少能源消耗和温室气体排放。这一措施有助于降低公司的能源消耗。此外，公司还在2017年5月引入了先进的农业生产技术和管理方法，优化农业生产工艺，提高农产品产量和质量。这一举措有助于提高农业生产效率，减少资源浪费。另外，公司在2017年6月开发了环保型产品，减少对环境的影响。通过推出环保型产品，公司能够满足消费者对环保产品的需求，同时减少对环境的负面影响。此外，公司在2017年9月实施了环境管理系统(EMS)，以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生。通过引入环境管理系统，公司能够更好地管理和控制环境影响，减少废物产生。最后，在2017年10月，公司建立了新的污染防治设施，以减少环境污染。这一举措有助于保护周围环境免受污染的影响。
+
+在社会责任方面，农田实业有限公司也采取了一系列重要措施来履行社会责任。首先，在2017年3月，公司实施了员工健康与安全计划，旨在提升员工的健康与安全。通过实施健康与安全计划，公司能够提供更好的工作环境，保障员工的身体健康和安全。其次，在2017年5月，公司参与或资助了慈善活动和机构，支持教育、健康、减贫等领域。通过参与慈善活动，公司能够回馈社会，支持社会发展。此外，在2017年8月，公司承诺遵守职业道德规范和公平贸易原则，保障员工的权益。通过遵守职业道德和公平贸易原则，公司能够建立良好的员工关系，提高员工满意度。另外，在2017年10月，公司投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。通过社区支持和发展项目，公司能够促进当地社区的发展，改善社区居民的生活条件。此外，在2017年11月，公司投资或参与公共服务项目，提升社区生活质量。通过参与公共服务项目，公司能够为社区居民提供更好的公共服务，提高社区生活质量。最后，在2017年12月，公司提供各类培训和发展项目，支持员工的职业成长。通过提供培训和发展项目，公司能够提高员工的技能和能力，促进员工的职业发展。
+
+在未来展望方面，农田实业有限公司将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任。公司计划采取一系列措施来减少运营对环境的影响，包括优化农业生产工艺、引入更多的清洁能源、加强废物回收和再利用等。通过这些措施，公司将进一步降低碳排放量、减少能源消耗和废物产生，实现可持续发展。同时，公司将继续积极履行社会责任，支持社区发展、提供优质农产品、促进员工职业发展等。通过这些举措，公司将为社会做出更大的贡献，实现可持续发展目标。农田实业有限公司将继续整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，以实现联合国可持续发展目标，促进公司的长期稳定发展。
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@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+信达百货是一家成立于2000年的中国零售公司，主营业务包括日用品、家居用品、服装鞋帽、食品饮料等多品类商品和服务。该公司在2010年在上海证券交易所上市。
+
+2021年度是信达百货发展历程中的关键一年。公司在这一年发生了多个重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了深远的影响。
+
+首先，2021年1月，信达百货进行了一项重大投资，投资金额为5000万元。这笔投资用于新开设的一家大型门店。新门店的开设将进一步拓宽公司的业务领域，提升公司的盈利能力。这一投资事件直接影响了公司的营业收入指标，使其达到了6000万元。
+
+接下来，在2021年4月，信达百货完成了对优品百货的股权收购，获得了55%的股权。这一重大股权收购进一步扩大了信达百货的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。股权收购事件对公司的股东权益指标产生了影响，使其达到了2000万元。
+
+随后，在2021年7月，信达百货完成了对华盛百货的资产收购，总价值为1亿元。这一重大资产收购扩大了信达百货的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。资产收购事件对公司的总资产和总负债指标产生了影响，使其分别达到了5000万元和3000万元。
+
+在2021年8月，信达百货决定向股东分发500万元股利。这一分发股利的决定是回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。股利分发事件对公司的股东权益指标产生了影响，使其达到了2000万元。
+
+在2021年9月，信达百货进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构。资产重组提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。资产重组事件对公司的净利润指标产生了影响，使其达到了1500万元。
+
+随后，在2021年10月，信达百货进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了2亿元资金。这一大规模融资活动加强了信达百货的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。融资活动对公司的现金流量指标产生了影响，使其达到了1000万元。
+
+在2021年11月，为优化资本结构，信达百货进行了债务重组，减少了1亿元负债。债务重组改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。债务重组事件对公司的总负债指标产生了影响，使其达到了3000万元。
+
+然而，在2021年12月，信达百货被曝光存在财务造假行为，公司股价暴跌。财务丑闻导致投资者信心受损，可能面临法律诉讼和罚款等风险。这一财务丑闻事件对公司的股价和股东权益指标产生了影响，使其分别下降了一个未知的数值。
+
+综上所述，信达百货在2021年度发生了一系列重大事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了重要影响。通过分析这些事件对各项指标的影响，可以看出公司的营业收入、股东权益、总资产、总负债、净利润、现金流量等指标在不同程度上发生了变化。这些变化的原因主要是由于公司的投资、资产收购、股利分发、资产重组、融资活动和债务重组等事件所带来的影响。然而，财务丑闻事件对公司的股价和股东权益指标产生了负面影响，给公司带来了一定的风险和挑战。
+
+在未来展望方面，信达百货计划实施一系列财务策略，包括加强成本控制、提高资本运营效率等措施。同时，公司还计划在现有门店的扩张和改造，并考虑进军线上零售市场。为了应对市场竞争风险和财务造假风险，信达百货制定了相应的风险管理策略。
+
+综上所述，信达百货在2021年度取得了一系列重要的成就和进展，但也面临着一些挑战和风险。公司将继续努力实施财务策略，加强风险管理，以实现持续的发展和增长。
+
+治理结构方面，2021年2月，信达百货发生了高级管理层变动。公司CEO被更换，这对公司的运营重点和优先事项产生了影响。新任CEO可能会调整公司的运营重点和战略优先事项，这可能会对公司的短期业绩和长期发展产生影响。
+
+在2021年3月，信达百货更新了风险管理举措。公司更新了风险管理框架，包括识别新风险和实施缓解策略。这将提高公司对内外部风险的应对能力，保障公司的持续运营和稳定发展。
+
+在2021年4月，信达百货修订了公司治理政策。公司修订了治理框架或政策，以增强透明度、问责制和利益相关者参与。这将增强公司的治理透明度和问责制，提升利益相关者的信心。
+
+在2021年6月的股东大会上，信达百货作出了关键决议。这些决议可能直接影响公司的治理结构、未来经营策略和股东权益。例如，决议可能包括公司章程的变更、重大公司行动和股东投票结果。
+
+在2021年7月，信达百货发生了董事会变更。董事会成员的任命或辞职可能会对公司的战略方向产生影响。新的董事会成员可能导致公司的战略调整，影响公司的长期发展方向和股东利益。
+
+在2021年8月，信达百货进行了合规与监管的更新。公司适应了影响公司治理实践的新规定或合规标准的变化，包括证券法、公司法或特定行业规定的变化。这将确保公司遵守最新的法律法规，减少法律风险，保护公司和股东的利益。
+
+在2021年9月，信达百货进军了新的地理区域市场，开拓了潜在的增长机会。这将扩大公司的市场份额，增加销售额和利润。
+
+在2021年10月，信达百货优化了供应链。公司优化了供应链体系，提升了供应链的效率和灵活性，降低了成本。这将降低采购成本、提高库存周转率，并减少缺货现象。
+
+在2021年11月，信达百货发生了道德与诚信事件。公司出现了重大的道德或诚信违规事件，如欺诈、腐败或利益冲突案例，并采取了相应的应对措施。这可能会损害公司的声誉和品牌价值，影响公司与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系。
+
+在2021年12月，信达百货在可持续性、社会责任和企业公民方面取得了重大进展。公司在可持续性、环境保护、社会责任和企业公民方面的进展将提升公司的公众形象和市场竞争力，促进公司的长期可持续发展。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，信达百货积极履行信息披露义务，定期公布财务报表、事项公告等信息，确保信息准确、完整、及时。公司制定了严格的关联交易政策，所有关联交易必须符合公正、公平和公开的原则，并经过独立审查，确保符合法律法规和公司利益。信达百货建立了完善的内部控制制度，包括风险识别和评估、内部控制监督和审计机制，确保资产安全、财务信息准确性和业务合规性。
+
+为加强公司治理，信达百货计划加强董事会和监事会的功能，提高其在公司治理中的效率和效果。公司还计划提升透明度和信息披露质量，改进信息披露流程和标准，确保及时、准确、全面地向所有利益相关者报告公司情况。此外，公司还计划加强合规和风险管理能力，制定更严格的合规标准，加强内部控制和风险评估，降低法律、市场和运营风险。
+
+为了应对风险，信达百货计划建立和完善内部控制系统，识别、评估、监控和报告财务和运营风险，提高公司抵御风险的能力。公司还计划将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，识别相关风险和机会，促进长期价值创造。此外，公司还计划识别和评估供应链中的潜在风险，并采取相应措施，确保供应链的稳定性和可靠性。
+
+综上所述，信达百货在2021年面临了多个重要的治理事件和挑战。通过积极应对这些事件和挑战，公司将提升治理效能，增强透明度和问责制，降低风险，促进可持续发展。
+
+在环境责任方面，信达百货采取了一系列重要的举措来减少对环境的影响。首先，公司于2021年2月投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资林业项目和太阳能发电项目来抵消碳排放，实现碳中和目标。这一举措展示了公司对环境的承诺和责任。其次，公司于2021年5月建立了新的废水处理系统和废气排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。此举降低了环境污染水平，增强了公司的合规性和社会责任感。此外，公司于2021年7月实施了ISO14001环境管理系统，提高了环境绩效，减少了废物产生，并确保了合规。这一举措提升了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进能力，增加了合规性和市场认可度。另外，公司于2021年8月开发了环保型清洁剂，减少了对环境的影响，提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象。最后，公司于2021年9月投资实施了节能减排项目，减少了能源消耗和温室气体排放。这一举措减少了能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。
+
+在环境责任方面的指标方面，信达百货的二氧化碳排放量为500,000吨，受生产规模变化和节能技术应用的影响。能源消耗为1,000,000千瓦时，受生产效率提高和能源管理措施实施的影响。
+
+在社会责任方面，信达百货也采取了一系列重要的举措来支持社区发展和员工成长。首先，公司于2021年1月投资于当地社区，支持社区教育和健康项目。这一举措加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区整体福祉和发展。其次，公司于2021年3月开展了员工职业成长和人才发展计划，通过培训和发展项目，支持员工的职业成长和个人发展。这一举措提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。此外，公司于2021年5月投资于当地公园改造项目，提升了社区居民的休闲环境。这一举措促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。另外，公司于2021年9月参与了慈善活动，资助了当地小学，为贫困学生提供学费和学习用品。这一举措提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。最后，公司于2021年10月加强了工作场所的安全设施，组织了员工健康活动。这一举措改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+在社会责任方面的指标方面，信达百货的员工满意度为85%，受工作环境改善和员工福利政策调整的影响。社区投资额为500,000元，受公司财务状况和社会责任战略变化的影响。
+
+未来展望方面，信达百货将进一步采取措施减少运营对环境的影响。公司计划增加可再生能源使用比例，降低废物产生量，进一步推动环境保护计划的实施。在社会责任方面，公司将继续积极履行社会责任，包括促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。公司还将整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，实现联合国可持续发展目标，包括减少碳排放、促进经济发展和社会公正。
+
+综上所述，信达百货在环境和社会责任方面采取了一系列重要的举措，取得了显著的成绩。公司在环境责任方面通过投资碳抵消项目、建设污染防治设施、采用环境管理系统、开发绿色产品和实施节能减排项目等措施，减少了对环境的影响。在社会责任方面，公司通过支持社区发展、员工成长、公共服务项目、慈善活动和员工健康与安全计划等举措，积极履行社会责任。未来，公司将继续努力，进一步推动环境保护和社会责任的实施，实现可持续发展目标。
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+环保科技有限公司是一家于2005年6月在北京市朝阳区注册成立的环保技术研发与应用公司，于2010年在上海证券交易所上市。
+
+自2021年以来，环保科技有限公司经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了深远影响。
+
+首先，在2021年1月，公司完成了对绿色环保科技有限公司的股权收购，获得了75%的股权。这一重大事件进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。股权收购的成功使得公司的营业收入达到2亿元，净利润达到8000万元，总资产达到1.5亿元，股东权益达到9000万元。这些指标的增长主要得益于公司对绿色环保科技有限公司的成功整合，使得公司的业务规模和盈利能力得到了显著提升。
+
+其次，在2021年3月，公司进行了债务重组，成功减少了5000万元的负债。这一事件改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。债务重组的成功使得公司的负债比率降至40%，资产负债率降至60%。债务重组的效果显著提升了公司的资本结构，为公司未来的发展提供了更加稳定的财务基础。
+
+在2021年5月，公司进行了一次资产重组，剥离了不相关业务，优化了公司的业务结构。这一事件提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。资产重组使得公司的营业收入和净利润进一步增长，分别达到2亿元和8000万元。同时，资产重组也使得公司的总资产和股东权益得到了进一步增加，分别达到1.5亿元和9000万元。这些指标的增长主要得益于资产重组后公司业务结构的优化，使得公司能够更好地适应市场需求，提高产品竞争力。
+
+在2021年6月，公司投资了清洁能源项目，投资金额为8000万元。这一重大投资事件进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。清洁能源项目的投资使得公司的营业收入和净利润进一步增长，分别达到2亿元和8000万元。这一投资事件的成功实施为公司未来的可持续发展奠定了坚实基础。
+
+在2021年8月，公司完成了对绿色科技有限公司的资产收购，总价值6000万元。这一重大资产收购事件扩大了公司业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。资产收购使得公司的营业收入和净利润进一步增长，分别达到2亿元和8000万元。资产收购的成功实施为公司未来的业务拓展提供了更多机会。
+
+在2021年9月，公司决定向股东分发5000万元股利。这一事件回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。股利的分发使得公司的股东权益进一步增加，达到9000万元。
+
+最后，在2021年12月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了2亿元资金。这一事件加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。融资活动使得公司的现金流量进一步增加，达到1.2亿元。这一融资活动的成功实施为公司未来的投资和运营提供了充足的资金保障。
+
+综上所述，环保科技有限公司在2021年经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了积极影响。通过股权收购、债务重组、资产重组、投资、资产收购、股利分发和融资等一系列举措，公司的营业收入、净利润、总资产、总负债、股东权益和现金流量等指标均得到了显著提升。公司未来计划实施成本控制、资本运营等财务策略，加大对环保技术研发的投入，加强风险管理，以进一步提升公司的盈利能力和市场竞争力。
+
+公司治理结构方面，环保科技有限公司在2021年进行了一系列重要的改革和调整。首先，在2021年1月，公司对公司治理政策进行了修订，增加了董事会及监事会的职责和权力，并加强了对关键决策的监督。这一举措的影响是通过完善治理政策，提高了公司决策的科学性和透明度，增强了公司治理的有效性和可持续发展能力。
+
+其次，在2021年2月，公司董事会成员由原有的5人增加到7人，新增了两名知名环保专家。这一变动的影响是新增的董事具有丰富的环保经验，将对公司环保技术研发和应用方向提供更多专业意见，促进公司可持续发展。
+
+在2021年3月的股东大会上，公司通过了新增环保科技研究与应用项目的提案，并为此项目提供了5000万元的投资。这一决议的影响是通过投资环保科技研究与应用项目，公司将进一步扩大主营业务范围，提高技术实力，推动公司业务的进一步发展。
+
+在2021年5月，公司积极适应《环保法》、《企业信息公示暂行条例》等相关法律法规，完善公司内部合规流程与相关文件，确保合规性。这一合规与监管更新的举措的影响是公司优先考虑环境保护和合规性，提高了公司的法律风险防范能力，有利于保护公司的声誉和稳定运营。
+
+在2021年6月，公司聘请了一位新的首席执行官，他在环保领域拥有丰富的经验，并提升了公司的运营重点和优先事项。这一高级管理层变动的影响是新任首席执行官将带领公司开展更多高科技环保项目，加强创新能力，提高市场竞争力，为公司的长期发展注入新的活力。
+
+在2021年8月，公司加强了可持续性管理、环境保护和社会责任方面的投入，并开展了一系列社会公益活动，如宣传环保知识和捐赠环境保护设备。这一可持续性与社会责任倡议的影响是通过积极履行社会责任，公司增强了公众的认可度和品牌形象，提升了在环保领域的核心竞争力，为公司的长期可持续发展夯实基础。
+
+在2021年10月，公司对业务风险、市场风险和环境风险进行了全面评估，并采取了一系列风险缓解措施，包括建立紧急响应机制和提高团队应对能力。这一风险管理举措的影响是有效的风险管理提高了公司在复杂市场环境下的应变能力和抵御风险的能力，保障了公司的长期稳定发展。
+
+然而，在2021年12月，公司发生了一起道德与诚信事件，如有员工因利益冲突引发的贪污行为，公司果断进行查处并公开道歉。这一道德与诚信事件的影响是公司积极处理道德与诚信事件，加强内部监管，明确责任，有力保护了公司声誉，增强了市场信任和股东利益保护。
+
+在信息披露方面，环保科技有限公司采用主板上市公司的信息披露原则，并按时公布年度报告、中报、季报和重要事项公告。信息披露逐步向更高资讯化的方向发展，通过建立投资者关系咨询电话、定期举办投资者答疑会等形式增强信息披露的互动性，并制定了信息披露流程和标准，保证及时、准确、全面地向所有利益相关者报告公司情况。
+
+在关联交易方面，环保科技有限公司对关联交易有严格的规定，所有关联交易事项都需董事会审议并获得独立董事的意见。公司建立了关联交易的政策和流程，关联交易的公正性、合规性得到了保证，确保了公司与关联方的利益一致性，并进一步增强了公司治理的透明度和可信度。
+
+在内部控制方面，环保科技有限公司建立了完善的内部控制系统，通过内部审计、风险评估和控制自评，评估和监控公司内部控制的有效性。公司内部控制框架健全，内部控制制度严密，所有重大决策和风险事项都需经过内部控制程序的审批，确保了内部控制的实施和质量。
+
+为进一步加强公司治理，环保科技有限公司制定了一系列治理改进计划。首先，公司将加强董事会和监事会在公司治理中的功能，提高治理效能。定期组织董事会和监事会培训，增加独立董事比例，优化决策过程。通过加强董事会和监事会的功能，公司将进一步提高治理效率和风险管控能力，保障公司的可持续发展和股东利益。其次，公司将继续改进信息披露流程，进一步提升信息披露的质量和透明度，确保及时、准确、全面地向所有利益相关者报告公司情况。提升透明度和信息披露质量，有利于市场投资者充分了解公司运营状况和风险情况，增强投资者的信心，促进公司与投资者之间的良好沟通与合作。
+
+在风险管理方面，环保科技有限公司将进一步强化内部控制系统，完善内部控制流程，严格执行内部控制要求。加强对财务和运营风险的识别、评估、监控和报告，提高公司抵御风险的能力。内部控制系统的强化将进一步提高公司风险防范和治理水平，保障公司持续健康发展，提高投资者对公司的信心和认可度。此外，公司将进一步整合可持续发展和社会责任，并将其纳入公司战略中。识别与可持续发展相关的风险和机会，制定相应的管理和应对措施，促进长期价值创造。通过整合可持续发展和社会责任，公司将更好地回应市场和社会的期望，提高企业品牌声誉和市场竞争力，为公司的长远发展打下坚实的基础。
+
+综上所述，环保科技有限公司在2021年通过一系列治理结构的调整和改进，进一步提升了公司治理的科学性、透明度和有效性。公司在信息披露、关联交易和内部控制等方面采取了一系列措施，保障了公司治理的透明度和可信度。公司还制定了治理改进计划，加强董事会和监事会的功能，提升透明度和信息披露质量，强化风险管理和可持续发展与社会责任整合。这些举措将进一步提高公司的治理水平和风险防范能力，为公司的长期发展奠定坚实基础。
+
+公司一直以来都致力于环境责任和社会责任的履行。在2021年3月，公司开始实施环境管理系统（EMS），以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进，提升了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+为了积极参与森林保护和生态恢复，公司于2021年5月推出了植树造林计划。通过增加森林覆盖率，改善生态环境，促进生物多样性保护和碳汇效应。
+
+为了实现碳中和目标，公司于2021年6月开始投资于碳抵消项目。通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目来抵消其碳排放，公司向利益相关者展示了其对环境的承诺和责任。
+
+为了减少能源消耗和温室气体排放，公司于2021年9月投资实施了节能减排项目。这些项目直接减少了公司的能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。
+
+为了减少对环境的影响，公司于2021年11月开发了一系列环保型产品。这些产品不仅提升了公司的市场竞争力和品牌形象，同时也减少了对环境的影响。
+
+为了减少环境污染，公司于2021年12月建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备。这些设施的建设显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。
+
+在指标方面，公司的二氧化碳排放量为30000吨，能源消耗为50000吨标准煤。
+
+除了环境责任，公司也积极履行社会责任。公司于2021年1月推出了员工职业成长和人才发展计划，提供各类培训和发展项目，支持员工职业成长，提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。
+
+为了提升员工健康与安全，公司于2021年4月实施了一系列措施。这些措施显著改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+为了支持社区发展，公司于2021年7月参与或资助了慈善活动和慈善机构。这些举措提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。
+
+为了提供公平就业机会，公司于2021年8月致力于消除歧视，打造多元化和包容性的工作环境。这些举措提升了员工的工作满意度和忠诚度，塑造了公平公正的企业形象。
+
+为了促进社区的整体福祉和发展，公司于2021年9月投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。这些举措加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。
+
+为了提升社区生活质量，公司于2021年12月投资或参与公共服务项目，如城市绿化、公共卫生改善项目。这些举措促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。
+
+在指标方面，公司的员工满意度为85%，社区投资额为500万元。
+
+未来展望方面，公司将继续采取一系列措施减少其运营对环境的影响，包括改进生产工艺、提升能效、降低废物排放等。同时，在业务实践中积极履行社会责任，包括促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。公司还将整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs），包括降低碳排放、保护生态环境和提升社会公益等。
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diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_25_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_25_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bb00c63787d94b55ec525037b3d1bcc8092f0141
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+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_25_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+ABC科技有限公司是一家成立于2000年的IT公司，总部位于中国北京市，主要提供高科技软件解决方案，并于2015年在纳斯达克上市。
+
+在过去的一年里，ABC科技有限公司经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了深远的影响。
+
+首先，公司在2018年3月完成了对XYZ科技有限公司的资产收购，总价值达到3000万元。这一重大资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了市场竞争力。随后，在2018年4月，公司进行了一次资产重组，通过优化业务结构和提高运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+然而，公司在2018年5月遭遇了一起媒体曝光的丑闻，涉及危害用户隐私信息，导致了一定的商誉损失。这一事件使得公司的声誉受损，可能面临用户流失和法律诉讼等问题。
+
+为了支持扩张和发展，公司在2018年6月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了8000万元资金，加强了资金实力。同时，公司在2018年8月投资了E项目，投资金额为1000万元，进一步拓宽了业务领域，提升了盈利能力。此外，在2018年9月，公司完成了对G公司的股权收购，获得了30%的股权，进一步扩大了市场份额，提升了控制力。
+
+为回报股东的投资，公司决定在2018年10月向股东分发1000万元股利，提升了股东的收益。而在2018年12月，公司进行了债务重组，减少了2000万元负债，改善了财务状况，降低了财务成本。
+
+这些重要事件对公司的财务指标产生了显著影响。首先，营业收入达到6000万元，受到市场需求和产品价格变化的影响。其次，净利润为1500万元，受到营业收入、成本控制和非经常性损益的影响。总资产达到25000万元，受到资产收购、资产处置和资产重估的影响。总负债为10000万元，受到新债发行、债务偿还和债务重组的影响。股东权益为15000万元，受到净利润、股利发放和资本公积的影响。公司的现金流量为4000万元，受到经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动的影响。负债比率为40%，受到总负债的变化和总资产的变化的影响。资产负债率为40%，受到资产和负债的增减变化的影响。净资产收益率为10%，受到净利润的变化和股东权益的变化的影响。
+
+面对未来，ABC科技有限公司制定了一系列财务策略，包括降低成本、提高效率和优化资本运营。公司计划投入5000万元资金用于新技术研发和市场拓展等投资计划。同时，公司识别了市场竞争风险、技术变革风险等主要财务风险，并制定了相应的风险管理策略。
+
+综上所述，ABC科技有限公司在过去一年中经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了深远的影响。公司将继续努力实施财务策略，加大投资力度，并积极管理风险，以实现可持续发展。
+
+2018年1月，ABC科技有限公司发生了一起道德与诚信事件。该事件涉及员工利益冲突，公司成立了调查组进行调查，并采取了严厉的纪律处分措施。这一事件加强了公司对道德和诚信问题的零容忍态度，也进一步强化了公司的内部控制和职业道德意识。
+
+随后，在2018年2月，公司进行了董事会的人员调整，任命了两位经验丰富的行业专家加入董事会。这一变动为公司的战略方向提供了新的洞察和建议，提升了公司的治理能力和决策水平。
+
+为了进一步加强公司治理，ABC科技有限公司在2018年3月对公司治理政策进行了修订。修订后的治理政策增加了独立董事的比例，并优化了董事会决策流程。这一举措增强了管理层和董事会的透明度、问责制度和利益相关者参与度。
+
+在2018年4月的股东大会上，股东通过了有关公司章程的重要变更，包括增加董事会成员人数和展开新一轮的选举。股东大会决议决定着公司的治理结构和战略方向，为公司未来的发展提供了决策依据和落地保障。
+
+然而，在2018年6月，公司CEO因个人原因辞职，公司任命了一位经验丰富的行业精英担任新的CEO。这一高级管理层变动对公司的运营重点和优先事项产生了一定的影响，新任CEO将领导公司进入新的发展阶段。
+
+为了保持合规和监管更新，ABC科技有限公司在2018年7月全面关注了证券法和公司法的变化，并对公司的合规流程进行了优化和调整。公司高度重视合规和监管问题，保证了公司在法律风险方面的合规性，也保护了股东的利益。
+
+在2018年8月，公司对风险管理框架进行了全面评估和优化，加强了对内外部风险的识别、监控和应对能力。这一风险管理举措的优化提高了公司的业务抗风险能力，为公司的长期发展提供了保障。
+
+最后，在2018年12月，ABC科技有限公司在可持续发展、环境保护、社会责任和企业公民方面取得了重大进展，积极参与公益慈善活动。公司的可持续发展和社会责任倡议提升了公司的公众形象和市场竞争力，并取得了广泛赞誉。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，ABC科技有限公司高度重视信息披露，并采用透明、准确和全面的信息披露原则。公司建立了严格的关联交易审批流程和风险控制机制，确保关联交易的公正性、合规性和合理性。此外，公司还建立了有效的内部控制架构，保障公司财务和运营风险的管理和控制。
+
+为了进一步加强公司治理，ABC科技有限公司制定了治理改进计划。公司将继续加强董事会和监事会的功能和作用，提高决策效率和决策质量。同时，公司将不断改进信息披露流程和标准，确保及时、准确、全面地向股东和利益相关方披露公司情况。
+
+在风险管理策略方面，ABC科技有限公司将进一步强化内部控制系统，提高对公司财务和运营风险的识别、评估、监控和报告能力。同时，公司将进一步整合可持续发展和社会责任观念，将其纳入公司的战略规划和风险管理体系。
+
+综上所述，ABC科技有限公司在2018年取得了一系列重要的治理改进和风险管理举措。公司通过加强董事会和监事会功能，提升透明度和信息披露质量，强化内部控制系统，整合可持续发展和社会责任，不断提升公司的治理能力和风险管理水平。这些举措将为公司的长期发展提供坚实的基础和保障。
+
+在环境责任方面，ABC科技有限公司采取了一系列重要措施来减少对环境的影响。首先，公司于2018年3月实施了节能减排项目，通过减少能源消耗和温室气体排放，提高能效和环境绩效。这一举措对公司的二氧化碳排放量产生了影响，使其减少到了100,000吨。同时，能源消耗也得到了控制，降低到了200,000吉瓦时。这些数据表明公司在节能减排方面取得了显著的成果。
+
+另外，ABC科技有限公司于2018年4月投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资抵消碳排放，展示了公司对环境的承诺和责任。此外，公司还于2018年5月建立了防止污染设施，以减少环境污染水平。这些举措进一步提高了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进能力，增强了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+此外，ABC科技有限公司还于2018年9月开始进行新能源研究与开发，推动可持续能源应用和发展，为未来可持续发展提供增长引擎。同时，公司还于2018年10月开发了绿色产品，以减少对环境的影响，提升市场竞争力和品牌形象。这些举措进一步体现了公司在环境责任方面的努力和成果。
+
+在社会责任方面，ABC科技有限公司也采取了一系列重要措施来履行社会责任。首先，公司于2018年3月实施了员工健康与安全计划，通过提升员工健康与安全水平，改善工作环境，减少工伤事故。这一举措对员工满意度产生了影响，使其提高到了75%。
+
+此外，公司于2018年4月推出了员工职业成长和人才发展计划，提供培训和发展项目，增加员工专业技能和工作满意度，促进人才发展。同时，公司还于2018年6月参与了公共服务项目，投资或参与公共服务项目，促进社区可持续发展，增强公众对公司的积极感知。这些举措进一步提升了公司在社会责任方面的形象和认知。
+
+此外，ABC科技有限公司还于2018年7月推出了多元化与包容性计划，提供公平就业机会和包容性工作环境，增进员工理解和合作，提高创新能力和竞争力。同时，公司还于2018年10月参与了慈善活动，支持教育、健康、减贫等领域，提升社会形象和品牌认知。此外，公司还于2018年12月投资于社区支持和发展项目，支持教育、健康和社会发展，促进社区整体福祉和发展。这些举措进一步体现了公司在社会责任方面的努力和成果。
+
+综上所述，ABC科技有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面采取了一系列重要措施，取得了显著的成果。这些举措不仅减少了对环境的影响，提高了环境绩效，还提升了员工满意度和社会形象。未来，公司将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任，积极履行社会责任，实现可持续发展目标，并投资于人工智能技术研究，推动科技创新和竞争力，为未来增长提供支持和优势。
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diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_26_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_26_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..513906a1702f42be9439791195c782b26b1ecf67
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_26_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+真实制造有限公司成立于1998年6月15日，是一家位于中国上海的制造公司，主营业务为生产高品质家电产品，并已在A股市场上市。
+
+在2020年，真实制造有限公司经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了重大影响。
+
+首先，在2020年1月，公司进行了资产重组，出售了低效益的子公司，并购了一家新兴公司。这一重要事件优化了公司的业务结构，提高了运营效率，增加了公司的价值。资产重组对公司的财务状况产生了积极影响，使得公司的总资产达到了8000万元。
+
+接着，在2020年3月，公司完成了对优质电子有限公司的重大股权收购，获得了75%的股权。这一收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。股权收购对公司的财务状况产生了显著影响，使得公司的净利润达到了150万元。
+
+随后，在2020年4月，公司实施了涨薪计划，全员涨幅为10%。这一举措提高了员工的工作积极性和忠诚度，增强了企业凝聚力。涨薪计划对公司的财务状况产生了一定影响，使得公司的股东权益达到了3000万元。
+
+在2020年6月，公司完成了对绿色科技有限公司的重大资产收购，总价值为5000万元。这一资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了市场竞争力。资产收购对公司的财务状况产生了重要影响，使得公司的总负债达到了5000万元。
+
+在2020年7月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，成功募集了10亿元资金。这一融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。融资活动对公司的财务状况产生了显著影响，使得公司的现金流量达到了2000万元。
+
+在2020年8月，公司向股东分发了3亿元股利。这一股利分发回报了股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。股利分发对公司的财务状况产生了一定影响，使得公司的负债比率达到了62.5%。
+
+在2020年9月，公司进行了债务重组，减少了2亿元负债。这一债务重组改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。债务重组对公司的财务状况产生了重要影响，使得公司的资产负债率达到了62.5%。
+
+在2020年11月，公司推出了一款创新型家用电器产品，获得了市场的高度关注，订单量大幅增加。这一产品创新提升了公司的市场竞争力，增加了收入来源。产品创新对公司的财务状况产生了积极影响，使得公司的营业收入达到了1000万元。
+
+最后，在2020年12月，公司投资了D31项目，投资金额为5亿元。这一重大投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。重大投资对公司的财务状况产生了显著影响，使得公司的净资产收益率达到了5%。
+
+综上所述，真实制造有限公司在2020年度经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了重大影响。公司通过资产重组、股权收购、涨薪计划、资产收购、融资活动、股利分发、债务重组、产品创新和重大投资等措施，不断优化业务结构，扩大市场份额，提高盈利能力。公司将继续提升产品质量、降低生产成本、加强供应链管理，并计划投资5亿元用于技术研发和新产品设计，以进一步提升整体盈利能力。同时，公司将严格遵守财务法规和会计准则，加强风险管控，降低风险对公司盈利能力的影响。
+
+在公司治理结构方面，真实制造有限公司在2020年经历了一系列重要事件。首先，在2020年1月，公司进行了董事会变更，新任命了董事会成员，加强了公司战略制定和监督职能，以确保公司的长期发展。这一变动可能会引发公司战略的调整，对股东利益和业务发展方向产生影响。
+
+其次，在2020年2月，公司发生了一起重大的道德与诚信事件，涉及欺诈、腐败或利益冲突。公司采取了严厉措施解决这一事件，但它可能会损害公司的声誉和品牌价值，影响公司与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系。
+
+接下来，在2020年4月，公司进行了高级管理层变动，任命了新的CEO和其他关键职位，以实现新的运营重点和优先事项。这一变动可能导致公司运营重点和战略优先事项的调整，对短期内的业绩和长期发展产生影响。
+
+在2020年5月，公司对风险管理框架进行了更新，识别了新的风险并制定了相应的缓解策略。这些风险管理举措将提高公司应对内外部风险的能力，确保公司持续运营和稳定发展。
+
+在2020年6月，公司修订了公司治理政策，增强了透明度和问责制度，提高了利益相关者的参与度。这一修订将提升公司的透明度，加强问责制，增强利益相关者的信心。
+
+在2020年7月，公司及时更新了合规制度以满足新版的法规和监管要求，确保法律合规。这一合规性更新有助于公司完全符合最新法律法规，减少法律风险，保护公司和股东利益。
+
+在2020年9月，公司在可持续性、环境保护、社会责任和企业公民方面取得了重大进展。这些可持续性和社会责任倡议将提升公司在公众中的形象和市场竞争力，促进长期可持续发展。
+
+最后，在2020年10月，公司的年度股东大会决定了重大事项，包括公司章程的修改、关键业务决策和股东投票结果。这些决议直接影响公司的治理结构、未来经营策略和股东权益。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，真实制造有限公司高度重视信息披露，采用定期发布年度报告、中期报告和季度报告的方式进行信息披露，确保投资者获得及时、全面的信息。公司还制定了关联交易政策和流程，并建立了严格的审批程序，以保证交易公正、合规。此外，公司建立了全面的内部控制体系，包括风险识别、控制活动实施和监控评估等环节，以提高运营效率和抵御风险。
+
+为了进一步加强公司治理，真实制造有限公司制定了治理改进计划。公司将加强董事会和监事会的功能，包括定期培训、增加独立董事比例和优化决策过程，以提高公司治理效率和效果。同时，公司将改进信息披露流程和标准，确保向所有利益相关者及时、准确、全面地报告公司情况，提高透明度和信任度。
+
+在风险管理策略方面，真实制造有限公司将继续建立和完善内部控制系统，识别、评估、监控和报告财务和运营风险，提高公司抵御风险的能力。此外，公司还将进一步将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，识别相关风险和机会，促进长期价值创造。
+
+综上所述，真实制造有限公司在2020年经历了一系列重要事件，并采取了相应的措施来应对挑战和改进公司治理。公司在信息披露、关联交易和内部控制等方面取得了显著进展，并制定了治理改进计划和风险管理策略，以进一步提升公司的治理效果和抵御风险的能力。
+
+在环境责任方面，公司采用了环境管理系统（EMS）来提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。该系统于2020年1月实施，增强了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进，提升了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+为了减少能源消耗和温室气体排放，公司于2020年3月投资实施了节能减排项目。这一举措直接减少了公司的能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。此外，公司还于2020年5月投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资林业项目和风力发电项目来抵消其碳排放，努力实现碳中和目标。通过碳抵消证书，公司能够向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺和责任。
+
+公司还注重绿色产品的开发，于2020年7月推出了一款名为“绿能之家”的环保型家电产品，减少对环境的影响。这一举措不仅提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象，同时也减少了环境影响。
+
+然而，公司在2020年9月发生了一起意外漏油事故，造成了环境污染。公司需要承担环境污染治理和赔偿责任，对其声誉和财务状况产生了一定影响。为了防止类似事件再次发生，公司在2020年12月建立起了全新的废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。这一举措显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。
+
+在社会责任方面，公司积极参与慈善活动，于2020年3月资助当地的福利院，为贫困老人和孤儿提供食物和生活用品等帮助。这一举措提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。
+
+为了保障员工的健康与安全，公司于2020年6月加强了工作场所的卫生和安全管理，提供个人防护装备和健康检查等措施。这一举措显著改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+公司还积极参与公共服务项目，于2020年8月投资建设公园绿化，改善城市环境，提升居民的生活质量。这一举措促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。
+
+然而，公司在2020年10月与员工发生劳资纠纷，导致员工罢工要求提高工资和改善待遇。公司需要与工会进行谈判，调整员工福利待遇，可能对公司财务状况造成压力。
+
+为了促进社区的整体福祉和发展，公司于2020年11月投资当地的学校和医院建设，提升教育和医疗水平。这一举措加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。
+
+为了支持员工的职业成长和人才发展，公司于2020年12月开展了一系列培训项目，包括技能提升、管理能力培养等。这一举措提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。
+
+在未来展望方面，公司将进一步采取措施减少其运营对环境的影响，包括进一步提高能源利用效率、推广绿色工艺等。公司还将在业务实践中积极履行社会责任，包括促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。通过整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，公司致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs）。
+
+综上所述，真实制造有限公司在2020年度在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了一系列成就。公司通过采用环境管理系统、实施节能减排项目、投资碳抵消项目和开发绿色产品等措施，提高了环境绩效和合规性。同时，公司积极参与慈善活动、关注员工健康与安全、参与公共服务项目和支持社区发展等，履行了社会责任。未来，公司将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任，实现可持续发展目标。
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@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+智慧教育科技有限公司于2010年在中国北京成立，是一家专注于智能教育软件开发和教育培训服务的教育科技企业，在中国A股上市。
+
+在2021年度，智慧教育科技有限公司取得了一系列重要的财务成就和业务发展。首先，在2021年1月，公司进行了债务重组，成功减少了500万元的负债。这一举措不仅改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本，还为公司的未来发展提供了更稳定的资金支持。
+
+接着，在2021年3月，公司进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构。这一举措提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。随后，在2021年4月，公司完成了对乐学教育有限公司的股权收购，获得了40%的股权。这一收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+在2021年5月，公司进行了一项重大投资，投资了AI在线学习平台项目，投资金额为1000万元。这一投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。随后，在2021年7月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了5000万元资金。这一举措加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。
+
+在2021年9月，公司完成了对华夏教育机构的资产收购，总价值800万元。这一资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。最后，在2021年11月，公司决定向股东分发200万元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。
+
+这些重大事件对公司的财务指标产生了积极的影响。根据报告指标，公司在2021年度实现了9000万元的营业收入和1200万元的净利润。公司的总资产达到了5000万元，总负债为2500万元，股东权益为2500万元。公司的现金流量为1000万元，负债比率为50%，资产负债率为50%，净资产收益率为25%。
+
+展望未来，智慧教育科技有限公司制定了一系列财务策略。公司计划通过成本控制和资本运营来提高利润率，加强产品价格竞争力和内部成本控制。同时，公司计划优化资金使用效率，增加资本运营收益。此外，公司还将继续投资新项目和研发，扩大线上教育业务，提升竞争力并满足市场需求。公司还计划在A股市场进行再融资，筹集更多资金用于未来项目的开展。
+
+为了应对财务风险，公司将加强市场调研和竞争情报的收集，完善营销策略和产品创新，增加市场占有率。同时，公司将提升内部管理水平，加强成本控制和预算管理，以降低经营风险。此外，公司将保持较高的现金流水平，储备足够的流动资金，以应对可能的流动性风险。
+
+综上所述，智慧教育科技有限公司在2021年度取得了显著的财务成就和业务发展。公司通过债务重组、资产重组、股权收购、重大投资、大规模融资和资产收购等一系列重大事件，不断优化了公司的资本结构，提升了公司的市场竞争力和盈利能力。公司未来将继续实施财务策略，加强投资计划和风险管理，以实现持续的增长和稳定的发展。
+
+公司治理结构方面，股东大会在2021年1月通过了一项利润分配政策的决议，将利润的30%用于企业社会责任项目，推动教育公益事业的发展。这一决议直接影响了公司的治理结构、未来经营策略和股东权益，展示了公司对社会责任的承担和可持续发展的决心。
+
+在道德与诚信方面，公司在2021年2月发现一名员工存在利益冲突行为，并立即采取行动解除劳动合同，并追究了相关责任。此事件表明公司坚守道德底线，维护企业信誉和品牌价值，提升公司与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系，树立行业标杆形象。
+
+为了加强公司治理透明度和问责制，公司在2021年3月修订了公司治理政策，明确规定了独立董事的职责、权益保护措施以及高级管理层与董事会的职责划分。这一举措增强了公司治理透明度和问责制，提升利益相关者对公司的信心，同时保护股东权益。
+
+在2021年6月，公司任命了一位经验丰富的新CEO，拥有多年在线教育行业从业经验，将带领公司进一步扩大市场份额和业务规模。这一变动将为公司带来更多战略对接和市场拓展的机会，有助于推动公司的长期发展和业绩增长。
+
+为了应对新的数据保护法规，公司在2021年7月积极采取措施加强用户隐私保护，完善了个人信息收集、存储和使用的审核和报告制度。此举确保公司遵守最新法律法规，减少法律风险，保护公司和股东利益，同时增强用户对公司的信任。
+
+在2021年9月，公司董事会新增了两名独立董事，增强了公司治理能力和专业知识。同时，原董事会成员中有一位董事辞职。此变更将带来更多的战略建议和决策支持，对公司长期发展方向和股东利益产生积极影响。
+
+为了提高公司对内外部风险的应对能力，公司在2021年11月进一步完善了风险管理框架，增加了内部控制和合规风险的监测和报告机制，加强了对外部市场风险的评估。这一举措提高了公司对内外部风险的应对能力，保障公司持续运营和稳定发展，降低经营风险对公司的影响。
+
+公司积极参与教育公益项目，捐赠资金支持贫困地区学校的建设，并与公益组织合作推出线上公益课程。这一倡议提升了公司公众形象和市场竞争力，促进长期可持续发展，践行社会责任，推动教育公益事业的发展。
+
+在信息披露方面，公司按照相关法规和规范要求，及时、准确、全面地披露公司运营和财务情况。公司每季度发布财务报告，年度发布股东大会决议和公司治理报告，定期披露重大事项和风险管理状况。
+
+公司建立了严格的关联交易审核和决策流程，保证关联交易公正有效，符合相关法规和内部控制要求。公司关联交易的公平性和合规性得到独立审计师的确认，并定期向监事会和股东大会报告关联交易的情况和控制措施。
+
+公司建立了完善的内部控制机制，确保财务报告的准确性、完整性和合规性。公司定期进行内部控制审计和评估，加强财务风险的识别、监测和控制，采取适当的纠正措施，保证内部控制的有效运行。
+
+为了进一步加强董事会和监事会的工作能力和专业素质，公司将持续加强董事会和监事会的工作能力和专业素质，通过定期的培训和知识分享活动提高决策的准确性和效率，增加独立董事的比例，优化决策过程。
+
+公司将继续改进信息披露流程和标准，加强与投资者的沟通，确保及时、准确、全面地向所有利益相关者报告公司情况。
+
+为了进一步完善内部控制体系，公司将建立全面的风险管理制度，加强对财务和运营风险的识别、评估、监控和报告，提高公司抵御风险的能力。
+
+公司将在战略和运作层面上将可持续发展和社会责任纳入考虑，加强与政府、公益组织和世界各地的伙伴合作，共同推动可持续发展目标的实现，为股东和社会创造长期价值。
+
+综上所述，伟业教育科技有限公司在公司治理方面采取了一系列措施，包括股东大会决议、道德与诚信事件处理、公司治理政策修订、高级管理层变动、合规与监管更新、董事会变更、风险管理举措和可持续性与社会责任倡议。这些举措有助于提升公司治理透明度和问责制，保护股东权益，增强公司对内外部风险的应对能力，推动公司的长期可持续发展。公司在信息披露、关联交易和内部控制方面也采取了相应的措施，确保公司运营和财务的准确性、完整性和合规性。未来，公司将继续加强董事会和监事会的工作能力和专业素质，改进信息披露流程和标准，完善内部控制体系，将可持续发展和社会责任纳入考虑，为股东和社会创造长期价值。
+
+公司一直致力于环境保护和社会责任，通过一系列重要事件和措施，取得了显著的成果。
+
+首先，在环境责任方面，公司于2021年1月实施了节能减排项目。通过推广使用高效节能设备和优化生产工艺，公司成功减少了能源消耗和温室气体排放。这一举措直接减少了公司的二氧化碳排放量，从而降低了对环境的影响。同时，公司于2021年3月开发了一款基于云计算技术的智能学习平台，以减少纸质教材的使用，降低能源消耗和环境污染。这一举措不仅提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象，还减少了对环境的负面影响。此外，公司于2021年6月开始投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资林业项目和可再生能源项目来抵消其碳排放，努力实现碳中和目标。通过碳抵消证书，公司能够向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺和责任。此外，公司还于2021年7月减少了塑料废物的产生，鼓励员工使用可循环利用的瓶装水和环保袋，促进了可持续的资源利用。为了提高环境管理能力和合规性，公司于2021年9月实施了ISO 14001环境管理体系，通过增强环境管理能力和持续改进，提升了合规性和市场认可度。最后，在2021年11月，公司在生产基地建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备，显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。
+
+这些环境责任举措的实施对公司的指标产生了积极影响。根据数据显示，公司的二氧化碳排放量从10000吨减少到8000吨，能源消耗从5000万千瓦时降低到4000万千瓦时。这些指标的改善主要得益于公司节能减排项目的实施和环境管理体系的建立。此外，公司还通过绿色产品开发和减少塑料废物的措施，进一步降低了环境影响。
+
+在社会责任方面，公司也取得了显著成果。首先，在2021年1月，公司投资或参与了多个公共服务项目，如城市绿化和公共卫生改善项目，提升了社区生活质量。此外，公司于2021年2月推出了员工职业成长和人才发展计划，提供各类培训和发展项目，支持员工的职业成长。这些举措不仅提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，还促进了人才的留存和发展。此外，公司于2021年5月资助了多个教育慈善项目，为贫困地区的学生提供奖学金，并捐建希望小学。这些举措提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。此外，公司还于2021年6月投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。为了保障员工的健康与安全，公司于2021年10月实施了员工健康与安全计划，提供定期体检、安全培训和职业健康咨询，显著改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+这些社会责任举措的实施对公司的指标产生了积极影响。根据数据显示，员工满意度从80%提高到85%，社区投资额达到1000万元。这些指标的改善主要得益于公司公共服务项目的参与和员工职业成长计划的推行。
+
+未来，公司将进一步加强环境保护和社会责任工作。在环境保护方面，公司将继续采取一系列措施减少其运营对环境的影响，包括提升工艺技术，推广可再生能源的使用，降低能源消耗和碳排放。在社会责任方面，公司将加大教育援助力度，提升员工福利和参与公益慈善活动。同时，公司将继续整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs），包括减贫、优质教育和清洁能源等。
+
+综上所述，智慧教育科技有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了显著成果。通过一系列重要事件和措施，公司成功减少了能源消耗和温室气体排放，提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象，加强了与社区的联系和支持。同时，公司通过投资于公共服务项目、员工职业成长计划和慈善活动，提高了员工满意度和社区的整体福祉。未来，公司将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任，实现可持续发展目标。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_28_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_28_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db4f938af68f4030175da42e70f108027b34713b
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_28_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+百和文化集团成立于2000年3月15日，主营业务为投资和管理国内外的电影、电视剧、音乐、戏剧等文化产业项目，于2008年在上海证券交易所上市。
+
+2017年度是百和文化集团发展的关键一年。在这一年中，公司实施了一系列重要的事件，进一步拓展了在电影、音乐和戏剧产业的市场份额，提升了公司的盈利能力和控制力。
+
+首先，公司于2017年1月投资了《时光之约》电影项目，投资金额为1,000万元。这一重大投资进一步拓展了公司在电影产业的业务领域，为公司带来了新的盈利增长点。同时，公司于2017年4月完成了对星空音乐有限公司的股权收购，获得了80%的股权。这一举措进一步扩大了公司在音乐产业的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+为回报股东的投资，公司于2017年6月决定向股东分发500万元股利。这一举措提升了股东的收益，增强了股东对公司的信心。为支持公司的扩张和发展，公司于2017年7月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了2亿元资金。这一举措加强了公司的资金实力，为公司的未来发展提供了坚实的支持。
+
+为优化公司的业务结构，公司于2017年8月进行了一次资产重组。通过这一举措，公司优化了业务结构，提高了运营效率，增加了公司的价值。为改善公司的财务状况，公司于2017年9月进行了债务重组，减少了500万元负债。这一举措改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。
+
+在2017年11月，公司完成了对ABC剧院的资产收购，总价值800万元。这一重大资产收购扩大了公司在戏剧产业的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。同时，公司于2017年12月决定投资DEF音乐剧，投资金额为300万元。这一投资进一步拓展了公司在戏剧产业的市场份额，带动了公司的盈利能力。
+
+为激励员工的积极性，公司于2017年12月启动了员工持股计划，员工可以以优惠价格购买公司股票。这一举措激励了员工的积极性，提高了公司的凝聚力和稳定性。
+
+以上重大事件对公司的财务指标产生了重要影响。在2017年度，公司的营业收入为5,000万元，净利润为1,200万元。公司的总资产为20,000万元，总负债为12,000万元，股东权益为8,000万元。公司的现金流量为4,000万元。负债比率为60%，资产负债率为60%，净资产收益率为15%。
+
+这些指标的变化反映了公司在2017年度的经营状况和财务表现。营业收入的增加主要受益于公司在电影、音乐和戏剧产业的拓展，以及重大投资和资产收购的实施。净利润的增加主要受益于营业收入的增加和成本控制的实施。总资产的增加主要受益于资产收购和资产重估的结果。总负债的减少主要受益于债务重组的实施。股东权益的增加主要受益于净利润的增加和股利发放的决策。现金流量的变化主要受益于经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动的现金流量的变化。
+
+未来展望方面，公司将继续执行成本控制策略，提高经营效率，降低运营成本，并进一步推进资本运作，优化资产配置。公司计划投资新一轮的电影项目，扩大在音乐产业的投入，并进一步拓展戏剧产业的布局。同时，公司将加强市场风险、资金风险和市场竞争风险的管理，制定相应的风险对策，确保公司可持续健康发展。
+
+综上所述，2017年度是百和文化集团取得重要进展的一年。公司通过一系列重大事件的实施，进一步拓展了在电影、音乐和戏剧产业的市场份额，提升了公司的盈利能力和控制力。公司将继续秉持财务策略，加大投资力度，加强风险管理，为公司的未来发展奠定坚实基础。
+
+在公司治理结构方面，百和文化集团一直致力于提高透明度和问责制。在2017年2月，公司修订了治理政策，要求更严格的问责制和透明度要求。这一修订增强了公司的透明度和问责制，提高了公司的声誉和社会形象。
+
+然而，2017年3月，公司发生了一起涉及贪污的道德缺失事件。公司采取了纪律处分措施，并加强了内部审计和监督机制。这一事件对公司的形象和声誉造成了负面影响，但通过采取措施重塑公众信任，公司成功地恢复了形象。
+
+为了应对内外部风险，百和文化集团在2017年4月更新了风险管理框架，并加强了风险监测和缓解策略的实施。这一举措提高了公司对内外部风险的应对能力，保障了公司的持续运营和稳定发展。
+
+为了提升公众形象和市场竞争力，百和文化集团在2017年5月发布了可持续性和社会责任倡议。该倡议包括设立环境保护基金、鼓励员工参与社会公益活动等。这些举措提升了公司的公众形象和市场竞争力，促进了长期可持续发展。
+
+在2017年6月的股东大会上，股东对重要议案进行了投票表决，改变了公司的治理结构和股东权益。这一举措确保了公司决策的民主性和透明度，增进了股东对管理层的信任。
+
+为了进一步优化公司治理和战略方向，百和文化集团在2017年7月进行了董事会变更，任命了两位新董事。这一举措优化了业务发展方向，提升了股东利益。
+
+为了应对法律法规和行业标准的变化，百和文化集团在2017年8月更新了合规措施，密切关注法律法规和行业标准的变化。这一举措提高了公司对法律合规风险的应对能力，保驾护航。
+
+最后，在2017年10月，百和文化集团进行了高级管理层的变动，任命了新的首席执行官。这一举措调整了公司的运营重点，优化了财务策略，促进了公司的长期发展。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，百和文化集团注重信息披露。公司及时、准确、全面地披露信息，秉持诚实、公正和透明的原则。这一举措维护了公司的信任。
+
+此外，百和文化集团在关联交易方面遵循公平、合规的原则，并设立了关联交易审批委员会。这一举措保障了关联交易的公正和合规性。
+
+为了加强内部控制，百和文化集团建立了完善的内部控制框架，并定期评估和检查内部控制系统。这一举措有效控制了财务和运营风险。
+
+为了进一步改进公司治理，百和文化集团制定了加强董事会和监事会功能的计划。该计划包括培训与研讨会、增加独立董事比例、优化决策流程和加强对高级管理层的监督。这些改进措施逐步实施，为公司的功能和效果提供了提升。
+
+为了提升透明度和信息披露质量，百和文化集团改进了信息披露流程和标准，并加强了对外界和内部利益相关者的沟通和合作。这些举措提升了信息披露质量，增加了沟通和互动。
+
+在风险管理策略方面，百和文化集团强化了内部控制系统，完善了内部控制框架，并识别、评估和监测财务和运营风险。这些举措加强了对内部和外部风险的识别和应对能力。
+
+此外，百和文化集团将可持续发展和社会责任整合到公司战略中，识别和管理与业务相关的新风险和机会。公司注重与利益相关者的合作，共同推动可持续发展。
+
+综上所述，百和文化集团在公司治理方面采取了一系列措施，提高了透明度和问责制，重塑了公众信任。公司注重信息披露、关联交易和内部控制，加强了对内外部风险的应对能力。此外，公司还制定了治理改进计划和风险管理策略，进一步优化了公司治理和促进了可持续发展。
+
+在2017年度的环境责任报告中，百和文化集团展示了其在环境保护方面的努力和成就。首先，在绿色产品开发方面，公司研发出一款全新的可降解材料，用于电影和电视剧的道具制作，以减少对环境的影响。这款绿色产品不仅提升了电影和电视剧的真实感，还减少了对环境的破坏，增加了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象。
+
+其次，公司投资实施了节能减排项目，通过在总部办公楼安装LED灯、优化供暖系统等措施，成功减少了能源消耗和温室气体排放。这些节能减排措施不仅降低了能源费用支出，还提高了能效和环境绩效。
+
+此外，百和文化集团全面推行了ISO 14001环境管理体系，以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。这项环境管理系统的实施增强了公司对环境的管理能力和改进意识，提高了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+为了减少生产过程中的环境污染，公司投资建设了一套先进的废水处理系统和排放控制设备。这些污染防治设施显著降低了公司的排放水平，改善了环境状况，并加强了合规性和社会责任感。
+
+此外，百和文化集团还通过投资林业项目和太阳能发电项目来抵消其碳排放，努力实现碳中和目标。通过购买碳抵消证书，公司能够向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺和责任，同时积极参与可再生能源行业。
+
+在社会责任方面，百和文化集团积极参与和资助多个公共服务项目，如投资城市绿化、改善公共卫生条件等，以提升社区生活质量。公司还制定并实施了一系列旨在提升员工健康与安全的计划，改善工作环境，减少工伤事故发生率，提高员工的健康和安全水平。
+
+此外，百和文化集团投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目，如为社区建设图书馆，举办义工培训班等。这些社区支持和发展项目加深了与当地社区的联系，促进了社区整体福祉和可持续发展。
+
+公司通过提供各类培训和发展项目，支持员工的职业成长和个人发展，提高了员工的专业技能水平和工作满意度，促进了员工的人才留存和个人发展。
+
+此外，百和文化集团积极参与和资助多个慈善活动和慈善机构，改善了被资助地区的教育和生活条件，提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知度。
+
+通过以上的环境责任和社会责任举措，百和文化集团展示了其对环境和社会的关注和承诺。未来，公司将继续采取一系列措施，包括进一步优化生产工艺、加强能源管理和提升废物处理效率，以减少其运营对环境的影响。同时，公司将继续履行社会责任，促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动，以推动社会的可持续发展。百和文化集团致力于通过整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs），包括减少不平等、促进经济增长和社会公正等方面的目标。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_29_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_29_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1677b49472faff9040971c4921dd4f4a21a04608
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_29_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+爱康医疗集团是一家在2005年3月成立的医疗服务供应商，在北京市注册，并在香港交易所上市，主营业务涵盖体检、医疗影像、检验等多项医疗服务。
+
+2019年度是爱康医疗集团发展的重要一年。在重大事件方面，首先，爱康医疗集团于2019年1月完成了对雅仕维尔医疗集团的股权收购，获得了48%的股权。这一收购进一步扩大了爱康医疗集团的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。随后，在2019年2月，爱康医疗集团投资了华瑞生物医药有限公司，投资金额为2亿元人民币。这一投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。在2019年6月，爱康医疗集团完成了对安康药房连锁有限公司的资产收购，总价值1.5亿元人民币。这一资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。在2019年8月，为优化资本结构，爱康医疗集团进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元人民币负债。这一债务重组改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。在2019年9月，爱康医疗集团决定向股东分发1亿元人民币股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。在2019年10月，爱康医疗集团进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了10亿元人民币资金。这一融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。最后，在2019年11月，爱康医疗集团进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构，提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+在财务信息方面，爱康医疗集团在2019年度取得了以下指标。首先，公司的营业收入为20亿元人民币。营业收入受市场需求和产品价格变化的影响。其次，公司的净利润为2亿元人民币。净利润受营业收入、成本控制和非经常性损益的影响。第三，公司的总资产为30亿元人民币。总资产受资产收购、资产处置和资产重估的影响。第四，公司的总负债为10亿元人民币。总负债受新债发行、债务偿还和债务重组的影响。第五，公司的股东权益为20亿元人民币。股东权益受净利润、股利发放和资本公积的影响。第六，公司的现金流量为3亿元人民币。现金流量受经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动的影响。第七，公司的负债比率为33.33%。负债比率反映了公司的债务水平，受总负债的变化和总资产的变化的影响。最后，公司的资产负债率为33.33%。资产负债率衡量了公司财务杠杆的一个指标，受资产和负债的增减变化的影响。此外，公司的净资产收益率为10%，反映了公司股东权益的经营效益，受净利润的变化和股东权益的变化的影响。
+
+综上所述，2019年度是爱康医疗集团取得重要进展的一年。通过重大事件的推动，公司进一步扩大了市场份额，拓宽了业务领域，增强了市场竞争力。同时，公司的财务指标也取得了良好的表现，营业收入、净利润、总资产、总负债、股东权益、现金流量、负债比率、资产负债率和净资产收益率均呈现出积极的变化。未来，爱康医疗集团将继续加强成本控制，提高资本运作效率，以稳定和增加收益。公司计划增加在医疗技术领域的研发投入，开拓更多高端医疗项目。同时，公司将持续关注医疗行业政策变化、竞争压力和产品质量安全等风险，并制定相应的应对策略。
+
+公司治理结构方面，爱康医疗集团在2019年经历了一系列重要事件。首先，在2019年1月，公司修订了治理政策，旨在增强透明度和问责制，并加强利益相关者的参与。这一举措提升了公司治理的透明度和问责制，增强了利益相关者对公司的信心。
+
+其次，在2019年2月，爱康医疗集团迎来了新成员李明加入董事会，为公司带来了新的视角和创新。这一董事会变更可能导致公司战略调整，进一步提升公司的发展方向和股东利益。
+
+然而，2019年3月，爱康医疗集团发生了道德与诚信事件，涉及员工的腐败行为。公司全面调查了这一事件，并采取了纪律处分措施。这一举措严厉处理了腐败事件，保护了公司的声誉和品牌价值，维护了与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系。
+
+随后，在2019年4月，爱康医疗集团进行了高级管理层变动，任命了新的首席执行官张华，并进行了战略调整。这一变动可能导致公司运营重点和战略调整，对短期业绩产生影响，但长期有利于公司的发展。
+
+在2019年6月，爱康医疗集团开展了可持续性与社会责任倡议，包括环境保护和员工福利等方面。这一举措提升了公司的公众形象和市场竞争力，促进了公司的长期可持续发展。
+
+另外，在2019年7月，爱康医疗集团及时更新了合规程序，以应对新的法规和合规标准的变化。这一举措确保了公司遵守最新的法律法规，减少了风险，保护了公司和股东的利益。
+
+在2019年9月的股东大会上，爱康医疗集团通过了增加独立董事比例并调整公司章程的决议。这一决议直接影响了公司的治理结构、经营策略和股东权益。
+
+最后，在2019年10月，爱康医疗集团升级了风险管理框架，加强了对新风险的识别和缓解策略。这一举措提高了公司应对内外部风险的能力，保障了公司的持续运营和稳定发展。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，爱康医疗集团在信息披露方面表现良好，2019年情况良好，信息及时准确地披露给利益相关者。在关联交易方面，公司严格执行关联交易政策和流程，公正合规，无法律冲突。在内部控制方面，公司的内控体系完善，监控效果评估有效，对财务和运营风险起到了作用。
+
+此外，爱康医疗集团还制定了治理改进计划，包括加强董事会和监事会功能，定期培训提高效率，增加独立董事比例，并优化决策过程。同时，公司还提升了透明度和信息披露质量，改进了信息披露流程和标准，准确地报告了公司的情况。
+
+在风险管理策略方面，爱康医疗集团加强了内部控制系统，建立了完善的内控系统，识别、监控和报告财务和运营风险。同时，公司将可持续发展和社会责任纳入了公司战略，识别相关风险和机会，促进了长期价值的创造。
+
+综上所述，爱康医疗集团在2019年在治理结构方面经历了一系列重要事件，并采取了相应的措施和策略。这些事件和措施对公司的发展和股东利益产生了积极的影响。公司在信息披露、关联交易和内部控制等方面表现出色，并制定了治理改进计划和风险管理策略，以进一步提升公司的治理水平和长期价值创造能力。
+
+爱康医疗集团一直致力于环境责任和社会责任的履行。在环境责任方面，公司采取了一系列重要措施来减少对环境的影响。首先，公司于2019年1月实施了节能减排项目，投资于节能减排设施，从而减少了能源消耗和碳足迹。这项举措直接降低了公司的二氧化碳排放量，为公司的环境绩效和能效提升做出了贡献。其次，公司于2019年2月建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。这一举措显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。
+
+为了提高环境管理能力和持续改进，公司于2019年5月实施了环境管理系统（EMS）。通过实施EMS，公司能够更好地管理环境风险，减少废物产生，并确保合规。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力和市场认可度。此外，公司于2019年8月开始采用再生能源，如太阳能和风能，用于自己的能源消耗。这一举措减少了对传统能源的依赖，降低了碳足迹，并提高了能源的可持续性。
+
+为了实现碳中和目标，公司于2019年10月投资于碳抵消项目。通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目，公司抵消了自身的碳排放，并获得了碳抵消证书，向利益相关者展示了其对环境的承诺和责任。此外，公司于2019年12月开发了环保型产品，减少了对环境的影响。这一举措提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象，减少了环境影响。
+
+在环境责任方面，爱康医疗集团关注的指标包括二氧化碳排放量和能源消耗。根据数据，公司的二氧化碳排放量为12500吨，能源消耗为95000立方米。这些指标受到生产规模的变化、节能技术的应用和能源管理措施的实施等因素的影响。
+
+在社会责任方面，爱康医疗集团积极参与各种慈善活动和社区支持项目。公司于2019年1月开始参与或资助慈善活动和慈善机构，支持教育、健康、减贫等领域。这些举措提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。此外，公司于2019年6月投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。这一举措加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。
+
+为了提升社区生活质量，公司于2019年7月投资或参与公共服务项目，如城市绿化、公共卫生改善项目。这些举措促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。此外，公司于2019年8月推出了员工职业成长和人才发展计划，提供各类培训和发展项目，支持员工的职业成长。这一举措提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。
+
+为了确保员工的健康与安全，公司于2019年9月实施了员工健康与安全计划。这一计划改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。此外，公司于2019年11月组织员工参与各类义工活动，如环保清理、社区义工等。这些活动推动了员工的社会责任感和公益意识，培养了团队合作精神和社交能力。
+
+在社会责任方面，爱康医疗集团关注的指标包括员工满意度和社区投资额。根据数据，公司的员工满意度为85%，社区投资额为1500000元。这些指标受到工作环境的改善、员工福利政策的调整和公司的财务状况等因素的影响。
+
+未来，爱康医疗集团将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任的履行。公司计划推广节能技术、提高废物回收率和投资可再生能源项目等措施，以减少运营对环境的影响。在社会责任方面，公司将积极履行社会责任，包括促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。公司计划加大慈善捐赠力度，扩大社区投资，并与更多的慈善组织和社区合作。此外，公司将整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs），推动可持续发展的实现。
+
+综上所述，爱康医疗集团在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了显著成绩。通过一系列重要措施，公司减少了对环境的影响，提高了环境绩效和能效。同时，公司积极参与慈善活动和社区支持项目，提升了社会形象和品牌认知。未来，公司将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任的履行，推动可持续发展的实现。
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@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+顶级购物中心是一家成立于2005年3月，注册地在上海的零售公司，主要经营高端购物中心和百货商场，并在上海证券交易所上市。
+
+在2018年度的财务报告中，顶级购物中心展示了其在过去一年中的重要财务信息和业务发展情况。其中，重大资产收购是公司在2018年1月完成的一项重要事件。该资产收购涉及对华东百货股份有限公司的收购，总价值为5000万元。此次收购使得公司的业务范围得到扩大，市场竞争力得到增强。在此事件中，公司经历了一系列子事件，包括筹划资产收购、资产评估与谈判、财务审查与尽职调查以及协议签署与交割。这些子事件为后续资产收购打下了基础，确保了收购目标的真实性、合规性和价值。
+
+除了资产收购，顶级购物中心还进行了一次大规模融资活动，于2018年4月募集了10亿元资金。这次融资活动进一步加强了公司的资金实力，为公司的扩张和发展提供了支持。
+
+在2018年5月，公司进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构。这次重组提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+另外，顶级购物中心还在2018年6月投资了维也纳购物中心项目，投资金额为6000万元。这次投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+在2018年7月，公司完成了对豪客百货集团的股权收购，获得了70%的股权。这次股权收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+为回报股东的投资，顶级购物中心决定在2018年9月向股东分发5000万元股利。这次分红回报了股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。
+
+此外，在2018年10月，公司进行了债务重组，减少了2000万元负债。这次债务重组改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。
+
+在财务指标方面，顶级购物中心的营业收入为5000万元，净利润为800万元，总资产为50000万元，总负债为20000万元，股东权益为30000万元，现金流量为10000万元。负债比率为40%，资产负债率为40%，净资产收益率为5%。
+
+根据以上数据，我们可以看出，顶级购物中心在2018年度取得了良好的财务业绩。营业收入和净利润的增长表明公司的主营业务和其他业务都取得了较好的成绩。总资产的增加反映了公司的资产规模扩大，而总负债的减少则降低了公司的负债风险。股东权益的增加表明公司的净资产得到了增值。现金流量的增加则反映了公司的经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动都取得了良好的效果。
+
+在未来展望方面，顶级购物中心计划实施一系列财务策略，包括进一步控制成本、提高运营效率和优化资本结构。公司还计划在新兴市场开设更多购物中心，加大研发投入，提升服务品质。此外，公司将加强风险防控，建立完善的风险管理体系，以应对市场风险和信用风险等财务风险。
+
+综上所述，顶级购物中心在2018年度取得了良好的财务业绩和业务发展。公司通过重大资产收购、大规模融资、资产重组、重大投资、重大股权收购等一系列重要事件，不断拓展业务范围，提升市场竞争力。公司的财务指标表明了其稳健的财务状况和良好的盈利能力。未来，公司将继续实施财务策略，加大投资力度，加强风险管理，以保持持续的发展和增长。
+
+在2018年度，顶级购物中心面临了一系列的治理结构挑战和风险管理问题。首先，公司在2018年1月发生了一起重大的道德与诚信违规事件，涉及高管贪污丑闻的曝光。这一事件可能对公司声誉和品牌价值造成损害，并影响公司与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系。为了应对这一事件，公司采取了一系列的应对措施。首先，公司于2018年1月1日展开了内部调查，并于1月3日启动了内部调查小组。调查结果确认了高管贪污行为，并于1月10日对相关人员进行了停职和解雇。此外，公司还在1月20日根据调查结果改进了内部控制制度。
+
+除了道德与诚信事件，顶级购物中心还在2018年度更新了公司的风险管理框架，以识别和缓解新风险。公司还修订了公司治理框架和政策，增强了透明度、问责制和利益相关者参与。此外，公司还发生了高级管理层变动和股东大会决议，可能导致公司治理结构和未来经营策略的调整。在2018年9月，公司还进行了合规与监管的更新，以确保公司遵守最新的法律法规。此外，公司在可持续发展和社会责任方面取得了重大进展，并在2018年11月进行了董事会变更。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，顶级购物中心注重信息披露，根据中国证监会要求，公司每年发布年度报告并定期进行信息披露。此外，公司建立了严格的关联交易政策和流程，并通过独立第三方评估确保交易的公正性和合规性。公司还通过完善的内部控制制度和流程保障运营的合规性和风险把控。
+
+在治理改进计划方面，顶级购物中心计划加强董事会和监事会的功能，提高效率和效果，定期培训、增加独立董事比例、优化决策过程。公司还计划提升透明度和信息披露质量，改进信息披露流程和标准，及时、准确、全面地报告公司情况。在风险管理策略方面，公司计划建立和完善内部控制系统，识别、评估、监控和报告财务和运营风险。此外，公司还计划将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，识别相关风险和机会。
+
+综上所述，顶级购物中心在2018年度面临了一系列的治理结构挑战和风险管理问题。公司通过采取一系列的应对措施和改进计划，努力提升治理效果和风险管理能力。公司在信息披露、关联交易和内部控制等方面取得了积极的进展，并计划进一步加强董事会和监事会功能，提升透明度和信息披露质量，以及强化内部控制系统和整合可持续发展和社会责任。这些举措将有助于提升公司的治理水平和可持续发展能力，为公司未来的发展奠定坚实基础。
+
+在环境责任方面，顶级购物中心采取了一系列措施来减少对环境的影响。首先，公司在2018年1月开发了一系列环保型产品，包括有机食品和环保家居用品等。这些产品的开发过程包括生态环境评估、研发团队成立、市场调研、供应商选择和产品研发完成。这些环保产品的推出不仅提升了公司的市场竞争力和品牌形象，还减少了对环境的影响。
+
+其次，公司在2018年6月通过投资碳抵消项目来抵消其碳排放。公司投资于林业项目或可再生能源项目，以努力实现碳中和目标。通过碳抵消证书，公司能够向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺和责任。
+
+另外，公司在2018年9月投资建设了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。这些设施的建设显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。
+
+此外，公司在2018年10月实施了ISO14001环境管理系统，以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进，提升了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+最后，在2018年11月，公司投资实施了节能减排项目，通过更新照明设施、优化空调系统等方式，旨在减少能源消耗和温室气体排放。这些措施直接减少了公司的能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。
+
+根据相关指标数据，顶级购物中心的二氧化碳排放量为100,000吨，能源消耗为500,000兆瓦时。这些数据反映了公司在环境责任方面的努力和成果。
+
+在社会责任方面，顶级购物中心积极参与慈善活动，资助教育、健康、减贫等领域的慈善机构，以支持社会公益事业。公司还投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。此外，公司积极参与公共服务项目，如城市绿化、公共卫生改善项目，以提升社区生活质量。
+
+为了支持员工的职业成长和人才发展，公司提供各类培训和发展项目，包括在线课程、工作坊、导师计划等。这些举措提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。
+
+为了确保员工的健康与安全，公司实施了一系列措施，包括加强工作场所安全设施和开展健康促进活动。这些举措显著改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+根据相关指标数据，员工满意度为80%，社区投资额为300万元。这些数据反映了公司在社会责任方面的努力和成果。
+
+未来展望方面，顶级购物中心将进一步采取一系列措施减少其运营对环境的影响。公司计划加强废物分类处理、推行可循环商品包装等措施，以提升环境保护水平。在社会责任方面，公司将进一步促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。此外，公司将整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs），包括减少碳排放、提升环境保护水平等。
+
+综上所述，顶级购物中心在环境责任和社会责任方面采取了一系列措施，取得了显著的成绩。公司通过绿色产品开发、投资碳抵消项目、建设污染防治设施、采用环境管理系统和实施节能减排项目，有效减少了对环境的影响。同时，公司积极参与慈善活动、支持社区发展和公共服务项目、关注员工职业成长和健康安全，积极履行社会责任。未来，公司将继续努力，进一步减少环境影响，促进社区发展，实现可持续发展目标。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_30_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_30_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2afbd1256efe9161b1c909d49b649a8b6436bcc2
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_30_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,67 @@
+盛达能源是一家于2005年成立的中国上海注册的能源公司，专注于开发和销售可再生能源产品，包括太阳能发电和风能发电等业务。该公司于2015年在上海证券交易所上市，股票代码为601228。
+
+在2019年度，盛达能源经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了重大影响。
+
+首先，在2019年1月，盛达能源决定向股东分发3亿元股利。这一举措回报了股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。同时，这也反映在公司的财务指标上，营业收入达到了250000万，净利润为80000万，股东权益为500000万。
+
+接着，在2019年4月，盛达能源完成了对绿地能源有限公司的资产收购，总价值8亿元。这次重大资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了市场竞争力。同时，这也对公司的财务状况产生了影响，总资产增加到了800000万，总负债为300000万。
+
+在2019年5月，盛达能源进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了20亿元资金。这次融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。同时，这也反映在公司的现金流量上，现金流量达到了200000万。
+
+随后，在2019年6月，盛达能源进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元负债。这一举措改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。同时，这也反映在公司的负债比率和资产负债率上，负债比率和资产负债率均为37.5%。
+
+在2019年7月，盛达能源完成了对新能源科技有限公司的股权收购，获得了55%的股权。这次重大股权收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+在2019年8月，盛达能源进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构。这一举措提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+在2019年10月，盛达能源投资了新能源研发项目，投资金额为10亿元。这次重大投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+最后，在2019年12月，盛达能源成功进入南美洲市场，与当地一家能源公司合作开发太阳能发电项目。这次新市场开拓开拓了新的市场，增加了公司的收入来源。
+
+综上所述，盛达能源在2019年度经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了重大影响。通过分析公司的财务指标，我们可以看到公司的营业收入、净利润、总资产、总负债、股东权益和现金流量等指标均有所增长或改善。这些变化的原因主要是由于公司的股利分发、资产收购、融资活动、债务重组、股权收购、资产重组、重大投资和新市场开拓等事件的影响。通过这些事件，盛达能源不仅扩大了市场份额，提升了公司的控制力，还加强了公司的资金实力，改善了财务状况，拓宽了业务领域，提高了运营效率，增加了公司的价值和盈利能力。未来，盛达能源计划通过提高产品的附加值，降低成本，优化资本运营等财务策略来进一步提升公司的业绩。同时，公司还将加大对新能源技术的研发投入，扩大市场份额，增加生产能力等投资计划，以应对市场风险、资金风险和政策风险等风险挑战。
+
+在2019年1月，盛达能源面临了一场严重的财务危机。由于资金链断裂、高额债务和市场竞争加剧，公司陷入了困境。这一事件对公司产生了深远的影响。首先，公司股票价格下跌，导致投资者信心受到严重打击，公司形象受损。其次，债权人对公司提起诉讼追索债务，进一步加剧了公司的财务困境。这一事件对公司治理结构产生了重大影响，迫使公司采取措施来应对危机。
+
+为了应对财务危机，盛达能源在2019年3月进行了董事会变更。这一变动对公司的战略方向产生了影响。新的董事会成员可能带来新的思路和决策，可能导致公司战略调整，进而影响公司的长期发展方向和股东利益。
+
+随后，在2019年4月，盛达能源发生了高级管理层的变动。这包括CEO或其他关键职位的更换，对公司的运营重点和优先事项产生了影响。新的高层管理层可能会带来新的管理风格和战略重点，可能导致公司运营重点和战略优先事项的调整，进而影响短期业绩和长期发展。
+
+然而，盛达能源在2019年6月取得了一些重要的进展，特别是在可持续性、环境保护、社会责任和企业公民方面。公司在这些领域取得了重大进展，提升了公司的公众形象和市场竞争力，促进了公司的长期可持续发展。
+
+在2019年7月，盛达能源更新了其风险管理举措。公司更新了风险管理框架，包括识别新风险和实施缓解策略。这一举措提高了公司对内外部风险的应对能力，保障了公司的持续运营和稳定发展。
+
+然而，在2019年8月，盛达能源发生了一起重大的道德与诚信事件。公司涉及欺诈、腐败或利益冲突等违规行为，并采取了相应的应对措施。这一事件可能损害了公司的声誉和品牌价值，影响了公司与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系。
+
+在2019年9月，盛达能源制定了新的投资计划。公司计划扩大太阳能和风能发电项目的生产规模，并进军新兴市场。这一投资计划有望提升公司的市场份额和盈利能力，推动公司发展到新的领域和市场。
+
+在2019年10月，盛达能源修订了公司治理政策。公司修订了公司治理框架或政策，以增强透明度、问责制或利益相关者参与。这一举措增强了公司治理透明度和问责制，提升了利益相关者的信心。
+
+在2019年11月，盛达能源适应了新的合规和监管要求。公司更新了公司治理实践，确保公司遵守最新的法律法规，减少法律风险，保护公司和股东利益。
+
+最后，在2019年12月的股东大会上，盛达能源作出了关键决策。这些决策直接影响了公司的治理结构、未来经营策略和股东权益。
+
+综上所述，盛达能源在2019年经历了一系列重要的治理事件。这些事件对公司的治理结构、战略方向和股东利益产生了深远影响。公司在应对财务危机、董事会变更、高级管理层变动、可持续性与社会责任倡议、风险管理举措、道德与诚信事件、投资计划、公司治理政策修订、合规与监管更新和股东大会决议等方面采取了一系列措施。这些措施有助于提升公司的治理透明度、风险管理能力和长期可持续发展。然而，公司仍然面临着一些挑战，需要进一步加强公司治理、风险管理和可持续发展策略。
+
+在环境责任方面，盛达能源有限公司采取了一系列重要的措施来减少对环境的影响。首先，在2019年2月，公司实施了节能减排项目，旨在减少能源消耗和温室气体排放，改善环境。这一举措对公司的二氧化碳排放量产生了重要影响，使其降低到20万吨。同时，能源消耗也得到了控制，降低到3000万千瓦时。这些成果的取得得益于公司在生产规模和节能技术方面的不断努力。
+
+为了进一步弥补碳排放的影响，盛达能源有限公司于2019年3月投资于碳抵消项目。通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目，公司成功抵消了部分碳排放。这一举措不仅有助于减少公司对环境的负面影响，还促进了可再生能源的发展。
+
+此外，为了减少对环境的影响，盛达能源有限公司于2019年6月开发了一系列绿色产品。这些环保型产品减少了对环境的污染，并提供了更加可持续的解决方案。同时，公司还在2019年7月开始建设大规模电动汽车充电桩网络，以促进绿色交通的发展。这一举措有助于减少传统燃油车的使用，减少空气污染和温室气体排放。
+
+为了提高环境绩效和合规，盛达能源有限公司于2019年10月采用了环境管理系统。这一系统的实施有助于公司更好地管理和控制环境影响，并提高环境绩效。同时，公司于2019年11月建立了防止污染设施，包括污水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。
+
+在社会责任方面，盛达能源有限公司也采取了一系列重要的举措。首先，在2019年3月，公司积极参与或资助了教育、健康、减贫等社会领域的慈善活动。这些活动有助于改善社会福利，提高社会公平性。
+
+为了提升员工的健康与安全，盛达能源有限公司于2019年6月实施了员工健康与安全计划。通过采取一系列措施，公司提高了员工的工作环境和安全保障，提升了员工满意度，使其达到了85%。
+
+为了支持员工的职业成长，盛达能源有限公司于2019年7月推出了员工职业成长和人才发展计划。公司提供了培训和发展项目，帮助员工提升自身能力和技能，实现个人职业目标。
+
+为了促进员工和社区的环保意识，盛达能源有限公司于2019年8月提供了员工环保意识培训。通过培训，公司鼓励员工采取绿色生活方式，减少对环境的负面影响。
+
+为了支持当地社区的发展，盛达能源有限公司于2019年9月投资于社区支持和发展项目。公司投资了500万元用于教育、健康和社会发展等领域，为当地社区的可持续发展做出了贡献。
+
+此外，盛达能源有限公司还于2019年11月参与了公共服务项目，包括投资或参与城市绿化、公共卫生等公共服务项目。这些项目有助于改善城市环境和公共服务水平。
+
+在未来，盛达能源有限公司将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任。公司计划进一步提升能源效率，加强废物处理和资源回收，推广清洁能源等。同时，公司将继续关注社会和环境影响，促进社区发展，改善员工福利，参与公益活动等。盛达能源有限公司还将努力实现联合国可持续发展目标，减少温室气体排放，推动可再生能源发展，促进社会公正和可持续城市的建设。
+
+综上所述，盛达能源有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了显著成果。通过一系列重要的措施，公司减少了能源消耗和温室气体排放，改善了环境。同时，公司积极参与社会慈善活动，提升了员工的健康与安全，支持了员工的职业成长，促进了社区的发展。在未来，公司将继续努力，为可持续发展做出更大的贡献。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_31_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_31_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8d0e5ea53970852885f5266c183dfbc17b0615a5
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_31_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+社交科技有限公司是一家于2005年成立的美国加利福尼亚州注册的上市公司，主营业务为社交媒体平台的开发与运营。
+
+2017年度，社交科技有限公司取得了显著的财务成果。首先，在重要事件方面，公司成立了专利部门，全力研究和申请技术专利，提升了公司的技术竞争力，增加了公司的知识产权价值。此外，公司进行了债务重组，减少了10亿美元负债，改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。公司还决定向股东分发5亿美元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。此外，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了30亿美元资金，加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。公司还投资了社交电商平台“友贝平台”，投资金额为20亿美元，进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。此外，公司完成了对社交游戏开发公司“乐游科技”的资产收购，总价值40亿美元，扩大了公司业务范围，增强了市场竞争力。公司还进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构，提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。最后，公司完成了对社交直播平台“云演”的股权收购，获得了80%的股权，进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+在财务指标方面，社交科技有限公司在2017年度取得了令人瞩目的成绩。营业收入达到50亿美元，受到市场需求的增减变化和产品价格的波动的影响。净利润达到15亿美元，受到营业收入的增减变化、成本控制的效果和非经常性损益的影响。总资产达到100亿美元，受到资产收购和投资的额度和时机、资产处置的效果以及资产重估的结果的影响。总负债达到30亿美元，受到新债发行和偿还的额度和时间以及债务重组的效果的影响。股东权益达到70亿美元，受到净利润的变化、股利发放政策的影响和资本公积的变动的影响。现金流量达到10亿美元，受到经营活动的现金流量变化、投资活动的现金流量变化和筹资活动的现金流量变化的影响。负债比率为30%，受到总负债的增减变化和总资产的变化的影响。资产负债率为30%，受到资产和负债的增减变化的影响。净资产收益率为20%，受到净利润的变化和股东权益的变化的影响。
+
+以上数据显示，社交科技有限公司在2017年度取得了显著的财务成果。公司的营业收入和净利润均呈现出稳定增长的趋势，这主要得益于公司的技术创新和市场拓展能力的提升。此外，公司通过债务重组和资产收购等举措，优化了资本结构，降低了财务风险，提高了盈利能力。公司的总资产和股东权益也得到了显著增长，这表明公司的资产质量和财务状况良好。同时，公司的现金流量稳定，为公司的经营和发展提供了充足的资金支持。
+
+展望未来，社交科技有限公司将继续优化成本控制，提高资本运营效率，以增强盈利能力。公司将继续加大对新项目的投资力度，增强技术创新和市场拓展能力。同时，公司将加强市场监测，提前识别和应对市场风险，强化财务风险防控措施。通过以上的努力，社交科技有限公司有望在未来继续保持良好的财务表现，为股东创造更大的价值。
+
+治理结构方面，社交科技有限公司在2017年进行了多项重要决策和变更。首先，股东大会于2017年1月通过了一系列决议，包括公司治理政策的修订、合规与监管更新、风险管理举措等。这些决议旨在提高公司治理的效率和效果，确保公司在合规和风险管理方面取得良好的成绩。随后，在2017年2月，公司对治理政策进行了修订，进一步完善了公司治理的框架和流程。在2017年3月，公司进行了合规与监管的更新，以确保公司在法律法规要求方面的合规性。此外，在2017年4月，公司采取了一系列风险管理举措，以识别、评估和管理潜在的风险。这些举措包括建立风险管理框架、制定风险管理政策和流程，并进行风险评估和监控。这些举措的目的是确保公司能够及时应对风险，并保护公司和股东的利益。
+
+在2017年8月，社交科技有限公司发生了高级管理层变动。这一变动对公司的治理结构和决策过程产生了一定影响。公司通过增加独立董事的比例、优化决策过程等措施，加强了董事会和监事会的功能，提高了公司治理的效率和效果。
+
+另外，在2017年9月，社交科技有限公司积极参与了可持续性和社会责任倡议。公司将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，并制定了相关政策和措施。这些举措旨在促进公司的可持续发展，识别与之相关的风险和机会，并推动长期价值的创造。
+
+然而，在2017年10月，社交科技有限公司发生了一起道德与诚信事件。这一事件对公司的声誉和治理结构产生了一定冲击。公司对此事件进行了调查和处理，并采取了相应的纠正措施，以恢复公司的声誉和信誉。
+
+最后，在2017年12月，社交科技有限公司进行了董事会的变更。这一变更对公司的治理结构和决策过程产生了一定影响。公司通过增加独立董事的比例、优化决策过程等措施，进一步加强了董事会的功能，提高了公司治理的效率和效果。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，社交科技有限公司注重信息披露的准确性和完整性。公司执行了一系列信息披露的原则和方式，包括公告、年度报告、季度财务报告等。所有信息披露都按照适用法律法规的要求进行，以确保披露的准确性和完整性。此外，公司建立了关联交易政策和流程，包括审批程序、风险评估和披露要求，以确保关联交易的公正性和合规性。任何涉及关联交易的决策都需要经过严格的审批程序，并进行风险评估，相关信息也会进行必要的披露。此外，公司建立了完善的内部控制架构，包括内部控制政策和流程、审计和监控机制。公司定期对内部控制的实施情况进行评估，并通过内部审计等手段对内部控制的效果进行监测和验证，以确保其有效性和合规性。
+
+为了进一步加强公司治理，社交科技有限公司制定了治理改进计划。首先，公司计划通过定期的董事会和监事会培训、增加独立董事比例以及优化决策过程，提高董事会和监事会在公司治理中的效率和效果。其次，公司将改进信息披露流程和标准，确保及时、准确、全面地向所有利益相关者报告公司的情况，提升透明度和信息披露质量。
+
+在风险管理策略方面，社交科技有限公司计划进一步强化内部控制系统。公司将建立和完善内部控制系统，以识别、评估、监控和报告财务和运营风险，提高公司抵御风险的能力。同时，公司将把可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，识别与之相关的风险和机会，促进长期价值的创造。
+
+综上所述，社交科技有限公司在治理结构方面进行了一系列重要决策和变更，以提高公司治理的效率和效果。公司注重信息披露的准确性和完整性，并建立了关联交易政策和流程、内部控制架构等，以确保公司的合规性和风险管理能力。公司还制定了治理改进计划和风险管理策略，以进一步加强公司治理和抵御风险的能力。社交科技有限公司将继续努力提高公司治理的水平，为股东和利益相关者创造长期价值。
+
+在2017年度，社交科技有限公司在环境责任方面采取了一系列重要的举措。首先，公司于2017年3月推出了绿色供应链计划，鼓励供应商采用环保措施以减少环境影响。随后，在2017年4月，公司通过投资林业项目和可再生能源项目等方式抵消了300,000吨的碳排放量。此外，公司还在2017年6月建立了污染防治设施，以减少环境污染。为了提高环境绩效并确保合规，公司在2017年9月全球范围内实施了环境管理系统。在2017年11月，公司还开发了绿色产品，采用环保材料和可再生能源。最后，在2017年12月，公司投资实施了节能减排项目，进一步减少了能源消耗和温室气体排放。
+
+这些环境责任举措对公司的指标产生了积极的影响。根据数据显示，公司的二氧化碳排放量为300,000吨，受到生产规模变化和节能技术应用的影响。同时，公司的能源消耗为500,000 MWh，受到生产效率提高和能源管理措施实施的影响。
+
+在社会责任方面，社交科技有限公司也采取了一系列重要的举措。首先，在2017年5月，公司投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。随后，在2017年6月，公司提供了员工职业成长和人才发展计划，通过培训和发展项目支持员工的职业成长。此外，公司还在2017年7月投资或参与了公共服务项目，提升了社区居民的生活质量。为了确保公平就业，公司在2017年8月推动了公平就业计划，确保招聘和晋升过程的公正性。在2017年9月，公司积极参与或资助了慈善活动和慈善机构，支持教育、健康、减贫等社会福利领域。此外，公司还在2017年10月实施了员工健康与安全计划，保障员工的身心健康。
+
+这些社会责任举措对公司的指标产生了积极的影响。根据数据显示，公司的员工满意度达到了85%，受到工作环境改善和员工福利政策调整的影响。此外，公司在2017年度投资了$2,500,000用于社区发展，受到公司财务状况和社会责任战略变化的影响。
+
+未来展望方面，社交科技有限公司将继续致力于环境保护。公司计划在2018年推广节能技术、优化生态设计，并继续投资环保项目。在社会责任方面，公司将积极履行社会责任，包括促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。此外，公司还将整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，以实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs）。
+
+综上所述，社交科技有限公司在2017年度在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了显著的成绩。公司通过一系列重要的举措，减少了碳排放量、能源消耗和环境污染，同时支持了社区发展、员工职业成长和公益活动。公司未来将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任，为可持续发展做出贡献。
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@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+诚信消费品有限公司是一家成立于2005年6月15日的中国北京注册的消费品公司，主要业务为生产和销售各类消费品，如食品、饮料、日用品等，同时在纽约证券交易所上市。
+
+在2020年度，诚信消费品有限公司经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的业务范围、市场竞争力和财务状况产生了重大影响。
+
+首先，在2020年2月，公司进行了一项重大投资，投资了位于北京市中心的优质房地产项目，投资金额为1.5亿元人民币。这一投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。这也反映在公司的营业收入指标上，2020年度营业收入达到2亿元人民币。
+
+其次，在2020年3月，公司完成了对华东地区最大食品制造企业上海食品有限公司的资产收购，总价值为2亿元人民币。这一资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。这也反映在公司的净利润指标上，2020年度净利润达到8000万元人民币。
+
+接着，在2020年5月，公司进行了债务重组，减少了5000万元人民币负债，优化了资本结构。这一债务重组改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。这也反映在公司的总负债和股东权益指标上，2020年度总负债为1.5亿元人民币，股东权益为2.5亿元人民币。
+
+在2020年6月，公司进行了一次资产重组，剥离了非核心业务，优化了业务结构。这一资产重组提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。这也反映在公司的资产负债率指标上，2020年度资产负债率为37.5%。
+
+在2020年8月，公司完成了对B公司的股权收购，获得了40%的股权。这一重大股权收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。这也反映在公司的股东权益指标上，2020年度股东权益为2.5亿元人民币。
+
+在2020年10月，公司进行了一次1亿元人民币的大规模融资活动，成功募集了资金。这一大规模融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。这也反映在公司的现金流量指标上，2020年度现金流量为5000万元人民币。
+
+最后，在2020年12月，公司决定向股东分发5000万元人民币股利。这一股利分发回报了股东的投资，提升了股东的收益。
+
+综上所述，诚信消费品有限公司在2020年度经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的业务范围、市场竞争力和财务状况产生了积极影响。公司通过重大投资、资产收购、债务重组、资产重组、股权收购、大规模融资和股利分发等举措，进一步拓宽了业务领域，增强了市场竞争力，改善了财务状况，提高了运营效率，增加了公司的价值。未来，公司将继续加强成本控制、提高资本运作效率，优化资金结构，持续加大对研发和新项目的投资，提升产品研发能力和市场竞争力，并建立完善的风险管理体系，加强内部控制，降低市场风险和财务风险。
+
+公司治理报告
+
+引言
+
+本报告旨在对诚信消费品有限公司的治理结构、涉及的指标以及额外信息进行全面分析和评估。报告涵盖了公司在2020年发生的一系列重要事件，包括道德与诚信事件、董事会变更、股东大会决议、风险管理举措、合规与监管更新、可持续性与社会责任倡议、高级管理层变动以及公司治理政策修订。此外，报告还详细讨论了信息披露、关联交易和内部控制等指标的具体细节及其原因、影响。通过使用具体数据和行业比较分析，本报告旨在提供详尽而深入的公司治理情况。
+
+治理结构
+
+在2020年1月，诚信消费品有限公司发生了一起道德与诚信事件，该事件对公司产生了重大影响。事件描述了公司一名高级管理人员因涉嫌贪污受到调查，这引发了外界对公司治理结构的质疑。影响分析显示，此事件导致公司声誉受损，股东信任度下降，进而影响了公司的市值和股价。
+
+随后，在2020年2月，诚信消费品有限公司进行了董事会变更。公司决定增加独立董事的比例，并引入了新的董事成员，以加强公司的治理结构。这一变更对公司的治理结构产生了积极影响，增强了公司的监督和决策能力。
+
+在2020年5月的股东大会上，诚信消费品有限公司通过了一系列重要决议，包括董事会成员的任免和薪酬调整等。这些决议的通过进一步巩固了公司的治理结构，增强了公司的透明度和决策效率。
+
+为了加强风险管理，诚信消费品有限公司在2020年6月采取了一系列举措。公司加强了内部控制，建立了风险管理体系，并制定了相关政策和流程。这些举措有助于降低公司面临的风险，并提高公司的经营稳定性和可持续发展能力。
+
+在2020年7月，诚信消费品有限公司更新了合规与监管政策，以适应不断变化的监管环境。公司加强了内部合规团队的建设，并加大了对合规培训和监督的投入。这些更新有助于确保公司在法律法规方面的合规性，并减少公司面临的法律风险。
+
+为了积极履行社会责任，诚信消费品有限公司在2020年9月推出了一系列可持续性和社会责任倡议。公司加强了对供应链的管理，推动了环境保护和社会公益活动，并提高了员工福利待遇。这些倡议有助于提升公司的社会形象和品牌价值。
+
+在2020年10月，诚信消费品有限公司发生了高级管理层变动。公司任命了新的高级管理人员，以进一步提升公司的管理水平和执行能力。这一变动对公司的治理结构产生了积极影响，有助于推动公司的战略发展和业务增长。
+
+最后，在2020年11月，诚信消费品有限公司修订了公司治理政策。公司更新了董事会和监事会的职责和权力，并加强了对公司治理的监督和评估。这一修订有助于进一步完善公司的治理结构，提高公司的决策效率和透明度。
+
+涉及的指标
+
+信息披露是评估公司治理质量的重要指标之一。诚信消费品有限公司在2020年积极加强了信息披露工作，提高了信息披露的及时性和准确性。公司在年度报告中详细披露了公司的财务状况、经营情况和风险管理情况。此外，公司还定期发布重要公告，及时向股东和投资者披露公司的重大事项。
+
+关联交易是另一个重要的指标，它反映了公司与关联方之间的交易情况。诚信消费品有限公司在2020年积极加强了对关联交易的管理和监督。公司建立了严格的关联交易审批制度，并加强了对关联交易的披露和公开透明度。这些举措有助于保护公司和股东的利益，减少关联交易可能带来的潜在风险。
+
+内部控制是评估公司治理效果的重要指标之一。诚信消费品有限公司在2020年加强了内部控制体系的建设和完善。公司建立了全面的内部控制制度，包括风险管理、内部审计和合规监督等方面。这些举措有助于提高公司的运营效率和风险管理能力，保护公司和股东的利益。
+
+额外信息
+
+为了进一步改进公司治理，诚信消费品有限公司制定了一系列治理改进计划。公司加强了董事会和监事会的功能，提高了决策和监督能力。同时，公司还致力于提升透明度和信息披露质量，加强与股东和投资者的沟通和互动。
+
+为了加强风险管理，诚信消费品有限公司制定了一系列风险管理策略。公司强化了内部控制系统，加强了风险管理和监测能力。同时，公司将可持续发展和社会责任整合到风险管理中，以确保公司的长期可持续发展。
+
+综上所述，诚信消费品有限公司在2020年积极推进了公司治理的改进和完善。公司通过加强董事会和监事会的功能，提高了决策和监督能力。同时，公司加强了信息披露、关联交易和内部控制等指标的管理和监督。这些举措有助于提高公司的治理质量和透明度，增强公司的竞争力和可持续发展能力。
+
+公司一直以来都非常重视环境责任，通过一系列的举措来减少对环境的影响。首先，在2020年1月，公司建立了新的污染防治设施，包括废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。这项举措显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。
+
+为了提高环境绩效和减少废物产生，公司在2020年3月实施了环境管理系统（EMS）。通过这个系统，公司能够更好地管理环境问题，减少废物产生，并确保合规。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进，提高了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+为了修复和保护生态系统，公司在2020年4月投资了生态补偿项目。这些项目有助于提高公司的环境声誉和可持续性，增强了利益相关者对公司的信任。
+
+为了减少环境污染，公司在2020年7月推出了废物资源化利用项目。通过将废物转化为有用的资源，公司降低了废物处理成本，并减少了对自然资源的消耗，提高了公司的可持续性。
+
+为了减少对环境的影响，公司在2020年8月开发了一系列环保型产品。这些产品减少了对环境的影响，提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象。
+
+为了减少能源消耗和温室气体排放，公司在2020年9月投资实施了节能减排项目。这些项目直接减少了公司的能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。
+
+为了实现碳中和目标，公司在2020年11月投资于碳抵消项目。通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目，公司努力抵消其碳排放，向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺和责任。
+
+在这些环境责任举措中，二氧化碳排放量降低到12,500吨，能源消耗降低到15,000 MWh。这些指标的变化主要受到生产规模变化、节能技术应用和能源管理措施实施的影响。
+
+除了环境责任，诚信消费品有限公司也非常重视社会责任。公司在2020年1月投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。这些举措加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。
+
+为了支持公平贸易，公司在2020年3月开始与小农户和发展中国家合作，确保他们获得公平报酬。这些举措提高了小农户和发展中国家的生活水平，促进了全球经济的公平和可持续发展。
+
+为了提升员工健康与安全，公司在2020年4月实施了员工健康与安全计划。这些措施显著改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+为了支持教育、健康、减贫等领域，公司在2020年5月参与或资助了慈善活动和慈善机构。这些举措提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。
+
+为了支持员工职业成长，公司在2020年6月提供各类培训和发展项目。这些举措提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。
+
+为了提升社区生活质量，公司在2020年8月投资或参与了公共服务项目，如城市绿化、公共卫生改善项目。这些举措促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。
+
+为了支持社会公益事业，公司在2020年10月向公益机构捐赠资金和物资。这些举措为社会公益事业提供了资金支持，减轻了一些社会问题的负担，提高了社会慈善意识。
+
+在这些社会责任举措中，员工满意度达到了85%。这一指标的变化主要受到工作环境改善和员工福利政策调整的影响。
+
+未来，诚信消费品有限公司将继续致力于环境保护计划，引进更多的节能设备、推广循环经济理念，并提倡低碳生活方式。公司还将积极履行社会责任，包括促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。公司将继续投资社会公益项目，并与各利益相关者合作，推动社会可持续发展。通过整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，公司致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs），并定期追踪和评估目标的实现。
+
+综上所述，诚信消费品有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了显著的成绩。通过一系列的举措，公司减少了对环境的影响，提高了环境绩效，同时积极履行社会责任，促进社区发展和改善员工福利。公司将继续努力，致力于实现可持续发展目标，并为社会和环境做出更大的贡献。
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@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+国家行政数据中心是一家成立于2003年6月，总部位于北京市朝阳区的政府信息化解决方案和云计算服务提供商。
+
+在2021年度，国家行政数据中心经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了深远影响。
+
+首先，在2021年1月，公司投资了国家“数字中国”战略相关项目，投资金额为5000万元。这一重大投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。作为投资的结果，公司的营业收入达到了8000万元，较去年同期增长了25%。同时，净利润也增加到了3000万元，较去年同期增长了20%。这些数据表明，公司的投资决策取得了良好的回报。
+
+其次，在2021年2月，公司进行了一次资产重组，优化了政府信息化解决方案和云计算服务的业务结构。这一举措提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。作为资产重组的结果，公司的总资产增加到了50000万元，较去年同期增长了15%。同时，总负债减少到了15000万元，较去年同期减少了10%。这些数据反映出公司在资产配置和负债管理方面取得了积极的成果。
+
+在2021年3月，公司完成了对全球知名云计算服务提供商XYZ公司的资产收购，总价值2亿元。这一重大资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了市场竞争力。作为收购的结果，公司的股东权益增加到了35000万元，较去年同期增长了10%。同时，现金流量达到了10000万元，较去年同期增长了50%。这些数据表明，公司的资产收购战略取得了显著的成果。
+
+在2021年5月，公司决定向股东分发6000万元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。这一举措进一步增加了公司的股东权益，使其达到了35000万元。
+
+在2021年6月，公司完成了对ABC科技有限公司的股权收购，获得了80%的股权。这一重大股权收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。作为收购的结果，公司的营业收入继续增长，达到了8000万元，较去年同期增长了25%。
+
+在2021年7月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了5亿元资金。这一举措加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。作为融资的结果，公司的现金流量增加到了10000万元，较去年同期增长了50%。
+
+在2021年9月，为优化资本结构，公司进行了债务重组，减少了3亿元负债。这一举措改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。作为债务重组的结果，公司的负债比率和资产负债率都下降到了30%。
+
+最后，在2021年10月，公司与国家发改委签订了一份总金额1亿元的政府信息化解决方案服务合同。这一合同提升了公司的业绩，增加了公司的现金流入。作为合同签订的结果，公司的营业收入继续增长，达到了8000万元，较去年同期增长了25%。
+
+综上所述，国家行政数据中心在2021年度经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了积极影响。公司通过投资、资产收购、股权收购和融资等举措，拓宽了业务领域，增强了市场竞争力。同时，公司通过资产重组和债务重组，优化了资本结构，改善了财务状况。公司未来将继续严格控制成本，加大研发投入，加强财务风险管理，以保障公司的稳健发展。
+
+在2021年度的公司治理报告中，我们将重点关注国家行政数据中心的治理结构、涉及的指标以及额外的信息。首先，我们将介绍公司在2021年度发生的重要事件，并分析这些事件对公司治理结构和指标的影响。
+
+在2021年2月，公司进行了公司治理政策的修订，旨在提升公司的透明度和问责制。这一举措加强了公司治理的透明度和利益相关者的参与度，增强了投资者的信心。此外，公司在2021年3月的股东大会上作出了关键决策，包括章程变更和重大公司行动。这些决策直接影响了公司治理结构、未来经营策略和股东权益。
+
+在2021年6月，公司推出了可持续性与社会责任倡议，取得了在可持续性、环境保护和社会责任方面的重大进展。这一举措提升了公司的公众形象和市场竞争力，促进了长期可持续发展。然而，在2021年7月，公司发生了高级管理层变动，可能会影响公司的经营重点和优先事项。这一变动可能导致公司调整战略重点，对短期业绩和长期发展产生影响。
+
+在2021年8月，公司进行了合规与监管的更新，以适应相关合规标准的变化，保护公司和股东的利益。这一举措确保了公司符合最新的法律法规，降低了法律风险。然而，在2021年9月，公司面临了安全事件，数据泄露导致公司面临安全风险和声誉损失。这一事件可能引发客户和投资者对公司的不信任，影响公司的业务和合作伙伴关系。
+
+在2021年10月，公司进行了董事会变更，任命了新的董事会成员。这一变更可能导致公司的战略方向调整，对股东利益产生影响。在2021年11月，公司更新了风险管理举措，提高了对内外部风险的应对能力，确保了公司的稳定发展。而在2021年12月，公司发生了道德与诚信事件，并采取了相应的应对措施。这一事件可能损害了公司的声誉和品牌价值，影响了与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，公司在信息披露方面注重及时、准确和透明。公司制定了严格的信息披露规定，并进行了信息技术升级，提升了信息披露的质量。此外，公司也注重关联交易的公正性保证措施，制定了明确的关联交易规定，并加强了内部审批和监督，确保了公正性和合规性。同时，公司也重视内部控制，建立了健全的内部控制系统，确保了风险管理的有效性和财务数据的准确性。
+
+在公司治理改进计划方面，公司加强了董事会和监事会的功能。通过定期培训董事会和监事会成员，提高了决策的科学性和透明度。此外，公司还提升了透明度和信息披露质量，改进了信息披露流程和标准，及时、准确、全面地向所有利益相关者报告公司情况。
+
+在风险管理策略方面，公司强化了内部控制系统。通过完善内部控制制度，加强风险预警机制，并进行定期的风险评估和报告，提高了对财务和运营风险的识别和管理能力。同时，公司将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，识别相关风险和机会。公司制定了可持续发展和社会责任战略，并推行了环保项目和社会公益活动。
+
+综上所述，国家行政数据中心在2021年度的公司治理报告中，重点关注了公司的治理结构、涉及的指标以及额外的信息。通过对公司在2021年度发生的重要事件的分析，我们可以看到这些事件对公司治理结构和指标产生了直接的影响。公司在治理改进计划和风险管理策略方面也取得了一定的进展。通过加强董事会和监事会的功能，提升透明度和信息披露质量，以及强化内部控制系统和整合可持续发展和社会责任，公司在公司治理方面取得了积极的成果。
+
+在环境责任方面，国家行政数据中心积极推行节能减排项目。自2021年1月起，公司投资实施了一系列节能减排项目，采用了先进的节能技术。这些项目的实施成功减少了能源消耗量和碳排放，提高了能效和环境绩效。其中，二氧化碳排放量减少了120,000吨，能源消耗减少了1,500,000吨标准煤相当。这些成果主要归功于生产规模的变化和节能技术的应用，有效地提高了公司的环境可持续性。
+
+此外，国家行政数据中心还推广了节能灯的使用，通过使用节能灯来减少能源消耗和碳排放。这项举措的影响是实现了节能减排，降低了能源消耗和环境负荷。公司还通过投资林业项目和可再生能源项目来实现碳排放的抵消，展示了对环境的承诺和责任，为可持续发展做出了贡献。此外，公司还投资建设了先进的污染防治设施，有效控制废水和废气排放，增强了合规性和社会责任感。同时，公司还致力于研发和推出绿色产品，减少对环境的影响，提升了市场竞争力和品牌形象。
+
+为了加强环境管理和持续改进能力，国家行政数据中心引入并执行了ISO 14001环境管理体系。这一举措的影响是加强了环境管理和持续改进能力，提升了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+在社会责任方面，国家行政数据中心积极投资或参与公共服务项目，提升社区的生活质量和环境。公司还积极参与和资助慈善活动和机构，支持公益事业。此外，公司还积极投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展。通过这些社区支持和发展项目，公司加深了与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体进步和发展，树立了企业形象和社会声誉。公司还与公益机构合作，共同开展社会公益项目，积极参与社会事务，发挥了企业的社会责任，得到了公众的认可和赞誉。
+
+为了支持员工的职业成长和个人发展，国家行政数据中心提供了培训和发展项目。这些举措的影响是提升了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。同时，公司还实施了全面的员工健康与安全计划，改善了工作环境和应对风险，降低了工伤事故风险，提高了员工的工作满意度和福祉水平。
+
+未来展望方面，国家行政数据中心将继续推进节能减排、加强废物管理和资源循环利用等措施，以实现环境保护计划。同时，公司将继续积极履行社会责任，促进社区发展、改善员工福利和参与公益活动，实施社会责任战略。此外，公司还致力于整合可持续性原则，实现联合国可持续发展目标，如减排、清洁能源和可持续城市发展等。
+
+综上所述，国家行政数据中心在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了显著成绩。通过一系列的节能减排项目和环境管理措施，公司成功减少了能源消耗量和碳排放，提高了能效和环境绩效。同时，公司积极投资或参与公共服务项目、慈善活动和社区支持项目，支持社区的发展和改善员工福利。未来，公司将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任，为可持续发展做出更大的贡献。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_34_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_34_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68996b639b275b78bd9a18cb23d9235df1b24beb
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@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+旅游乐园有限公司是一家成立于2000年的中国旅游景区开发和运营公司，尚未上市。
+
+公司的财务报告类型包括年度财务报告和季度财务报告，报告时间为2020年。本报告将对公司的重要事件进行分析，并对涉及的指标进行详细分析和解读。
+
+首先，公司在2020年2月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了5000万元资金。这次融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，为公司的扩张和发展提供了支持。这一事件对公司的营业收入、净利润、总资产、总负债和股东权益等指标产生了影响。
+
+接下来，疫情爆发导致旅游业受到严重冲击，公司的游客数量大幅下降。这一事件对公司的营业收入和净利润产生了负面影响，迫使公司加大市场推广和产品创新力度，以应对市场变化。
+
+在2020年4月，公司完成了对魔幻世界乐园的资产收购，总价值1亿元。这一重大资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。
+
+随后，在2020年5月，公司进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构。这一事件提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+在2020年6月，公司投资了欢乐水世界项目，投资金额为5000万元。这一重大投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+在2020年7月，公司对旗下的乐园进行了升级改造，增加了更多的游乐设施和表演项目。这一举措吸引了更多的游客，提升了公司的收入和市场竞争力。
+
+在2020年8月，公司完成了对乐园酒店集团的股权收购，获得了60%的股权。这一重大股权收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+在2020年10月，为优化资本结构，公司进行了债务重组，减少了2000万元负债。这一债务重组改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。
+
+最后，在2020年11月，公司决定向股东分发1000万元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。
+
+以上事件对公司的营业收入、净利润、总资产、总负债和股东权益等指标产生了影响。根据财务报告显示，公司的营业收入为2000万元，净利润为500万元，总资产为5000万元，总负债为3000万元，股东权益为2000万元。此外，公司的现金流量为1000万元。负债比率为60%，资产负债率为60%，净资产收益率为25%。
+
+根据以上分析，可以看出公司在2020年经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了积极影响。未来，公司将继续实施财务策略，提高成本控制效率，加强资金管理和投资回报率优化。同时，公司将继续加大对乐园的升级改造投入，并拓展自有景区的开发。公司还将加强风险管理，建立紧急应急机制，并制定完善的风险防控策略。
+
+综上所述，旅游乐园有限公司在2020年经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了积极影响。公司将继续实施财务策略，加大投资力度，加强风险管理，以保持持续稳定的发展。
+
+公司治理结构方面，旅游乐园有限公司在2020年进行了一系列调整和改进。首先，在2020年1月，公司进行了董事会的变更，新的董事成员加入公司，为公司的战略调整和发展提供了新的思维和经验。这一变更将对公司的决策和战略调整产生积极影响。
+
+然而，在2020年2月，公司发生了一起道德与诚信违规事件。公司立即采取了调查和纠正措施，以确保公司对违规行为的零容忍态度。公司加强了诚信建设和员工培训，提升了公司的声誉和品牌价值。
+
+在2020年5月的股东大会上，公司通过了一项重要决议，决定增加公司董事会的独立董事比例。这一决议增强了公司治理结构的独立性，确保公司决策更加公正和客观。
+
+另外，在2020年6月，由于个人原因，公司的CEO辞职，新的CEO上任并制定了新的业务发展策略。新的CEO带来了新的业务视角和创新理念，推动了公司的战略调整和优化。
+
+为了适应最新的合规标准，公司在2020年7月积极更新了合规与监管措施，确保公司行为符合相关法规要求。这一举措保护了公司和股东的利益，降低了法律风险和信用风险。
+
+在2020年8月，公司对治理政策进行了修订，加强了内部控制和信息披露要求。这一修订提高了公司治理的透明度和问责制，增强了利益相关者对公司的信心。
+
+为了提升公司的公众形象和市场竞争力，公司在2020年9月积极参与了可持续性和社会责任倡议，推进了低碳旅游和环境保护工作。这一举措有助于提升公司的长期可持续发展。
+
+最后，在2020年10月，公司对风险管理框架进行了更新，增加了新的风险识别和缓解策略。这一举措提高了公司对内外部风险的识别和应对能力，保障了公司的持续运营和稳定发展。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，旅游乐园有限公司在信息披露方面表现良好。公司采用定期报告和公告披露的方式，及时向投资者和利益相关者提供项目进展和财务情况。信息披露准确全面，未发现违规情况。
+
+在关联交易方面，公司对关联交易采用公正公平的原则，制定了关联交易政策和流程，并设立了独立审查机构。关联交易透明公正，未发现违规情况。
+
+在内部控制方面，公司建立了完善的内部控制体系，包括风险评估、内部审计和监督机制。内部控制有效，未发现重大违规和失误。
+
+为了进一步加强公司的治理结构，旅游乐园有限公司制定了治理改进计划。公司计划定期培训董事和监事，提高其专业水平和治理能力，优化决策和监督过程。此外，公司还计划改进信息披露流程和标准，确保全面准确地向各方报告公司情况。公司还将加强内部控制系统，完善流程和规范，提高风险识别和防范能力。同时，公司将可持续发展和社会责任纳入长期战略，识别和管理相关风险和机会，推动企业可持续发展。
+
+综上所述，旅游乐园有限公司在2020年进行了一系列治理结构的调整和改进，以提升公司的治理效能和透明度。公司在信息披露、关联交易和内部控制等方面表现良好，并制定了治理改进计划和风险管理策略，以进一步提升公司的治理水平和可持续发展能力。
+
+旅游乐园有限公司一直致力于环境责任和社会责任的履行。在2020年，公司采取了一系列重要事件来提高其环境绩效和社会影响力。
+
+首先，公司于2020年2月采用了环境管理系统（EMS），以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进，提升了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+其次，公司在2020年5月开发了一种名为“翡翠绿”的环保型游乐项目，减少了对环境的影响。这一举措提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象，同时减少了环境影响。
+
+在2020年7月，公司通过投资林业项目来抵消其碳排放，努力实现碳中和目标。通过碳抵消证书，公司能够向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺和责任。
+
+为了提高资源利用效率，公司在2020年9月在景区内建设了雨水收集设施，并用于景区绿化和公共卫生设施的供水。这一举措减少了对自来水的依赖，节约了水资源，同时改善了景区的环境质量。
+
+为了减少环境污染，公司在旗下旅游景区“碧水乐园”中建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备。这一举措显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。
+
+最后，在2020年12月，公司投资实施了节能减排项目，旨在减少能源消耗和温室气体排放。这一举措直接减少了公司的能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。
+
+以上重要事件对公司的指标产生了积极影响。二氧化碳排放量从5000吨减少到了未来的未知数值，能源消耗从1000万千瓦时减少到了未来的未知数值。这些变化是由于公司采取了节能技术的应用、生产效率的提高和能源管理措施的实施等因素所导致的。
+
+除了环境责任，旅游乐园有限公司还积极履行社会责任。公司于2020年3月推出了员工职业成长和人才发展计划，提供各类培训和发展项目，支持员工职业成长。这一举措提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。
+
+公司还投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。在2020年4月，公司投资了500万元用于社区发展项目。这一举措加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。
+
+为了更好地履行社会责任，公司于2020年6月设立了名为“旅途之爱”的公益基金，支持教育、环保、贫困减轻等公益项目。通过基金的投入，公司帮助解决了一系列社会问题，提升了公司的社会影响力。
+
+此外，公司还参与或资助慈善活动和慈善机构，以支持教育、健康、减贫等领域。这一举措提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。
+
+为了提升员工的健康与安全水平，公司于2020年11月实施了员工健康与安全计划。这一举措显著改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+最后，在2020年12月，公司投资或参与公共服务项目，如城市绿化、公共卫生改善项目，以提升社区生活质量。这一举措促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。
+
+以上重要事件对公司的指标产生了积极影响。员工满意度从85%提高到了未来的未知数值，社区投资额从500万元增加到了未来的未知数值。这些变化是由于公司工作环境的改善、员工福利政策的调整和社会责任战略的变化等因素所导致的。
+
+旅游乐园有限公司将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任的履行。公司将继续采取一系列措施减少其运营对环境的影响，包括使用更多的可再生能源、提高能源利用效率、优化废物处理等措施。同时，公司将继续在业务实践中积极履行社会责任，包括促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。通过整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，公司致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs），包括减少碳排放、保护生态环境、促进经济发展等方面的目标。
+
+旅游乐园有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面的努力将进一步提升其在旅游行业的竞争力和可持续发展能力。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_35_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_35_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..19a7c74fd96dd96d65a69fa07cbe58cc791f48bc
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_35_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+建天建筑有限公司是一家成立于2005年，在北京市注册地的建筑公司，主要承接住宅、商业和公共建筑的设计、施工和装修项目。该公司为非上市公司，主要业务涉及建筑行业。
+
+2020年度是建天建筑有限公司取得重要进展的一年。首先，在2020年1月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了5000万元资金。这一举措加强了公司的资金实力，为公司的扩张和发展提供了支持。
+
+其次，在2020年2月，公司决定向股东分发200万元股利。这一举措回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。
+
+接着，在2020年3月，公司进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构。这一举措提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+在2020年4月，公司完成了对天华房地产有限公司的资产收购，总价值1000万元。这一举措扩大了公司业务范围，增强了市场竞争力。
+
+在2020年6月，公司投资了D项目，投资金额为500万元。这一举措进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+在2020年9月，公司完成了对绿地地产股份有限公司的股权收购，获得了15%的股权。这一举措进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+最后，在2020年11月，为优化资本结构，公司进行了债务重组，减少了1000万元负债。这一举措改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。
+
+这些重要事件对公司的财务状况产生了积极影响。根据财务信息，2020年度公司的营业收入达到2000万元，净利润为300万元。公司的总资产为5000万元，总负债为2000万元，股东权益为3000万元。公司的现金流量达到1500万元。负债比率为40%，资产负债率为30%，净资产收益率为10%。
+
+未来展望方面，建天建筑有限公司计划实施的财务策略包括提高成本控制水平和优化资本运作。公司将通过提高成本控制水平来降低成本，提高盈利能力。同时，公司将优化资本运作，以提高资金的利用效率。
+
+在投资计划方面，建天建筑有限公司面向未来计划投资新项目和加大研发投入。公司将寻找新的项目机会，扩大业务范围，并加大研发投入，提升技术水平和产品竞争力。
+
+风险管理方面，建天建筑有限公司识别的主要财务风险包括市场风险和资金风险。公司将采取一系列策略来应对这些风险，包括加强市场调研和预测，合理规划资金运作，以及建立风险管理体系。
+
+综上所述，建天建筑有限公司在2020年度取得了显著的财务成果，通过一系列重要事件的推动，公司实现了业务扩张和财务优化。未来，公司将继续实施财务策略，加大投资力度，并有效管理风险，以实现可持续发展。
+
+自2020年1月以来，建天建筑有限公司在公司治理方面取得了一系列重要进展。首先，在可持续性与社会责任倡议方面，公司加强了对环境保护和社会责任的关注，推行了绿色建筑和可持续发展项目，并积极参与社区公益活动。这些举措提升了公司在市场中的竞争力和公众形象，赢得了更多客户的支持和认可。
+
+其次，公司在2020年2月修订了治理框架和政策，加强了信息披露的透明度，完善了利益相关者参与的机制。这一举措提升了公司治理的透明度和问责制，并增加了与股东和利益相关者之间的信任和合作。
+
+在2020年3月，公司进行了董事会成员的调整，增加了两位具有行业经验的外部董事，并任命了一位新的首席执行官。这一变动将为公司带来更多的行业智慧和战略规划，有助于公司的长远发展。
+
+然而，2020年4月，公司发生了一起员工腐败事件。公司立即进行了全面调查，开展了内部纪律处分，并增强了内部控制机制。这一事件对公司声誉造成了一定影响，但公司及时作出反应，展示了公司的零容忍政策和诚信经营原则，帮助恢复了投资者和客户的信心。
+
+为了提升对内外部风险的监测和防范能力，公司在2020年5月建立了一套全新的风险管理框架，包括风险识别、评估和监控机制，并采取了相应的风险缓解措施。这一举措提升了公司的风险管理能力，确保了公司的可持续稳定发展。
+
+在2020年7月，公司更新了合规制度，以适应新的证券法和建筑行业规定的变化，加强了内部控制和财务报告的合规性。这一举措确保公司遵守最新法律法规，降低违规风险，保护了公司和股东的合法权益。
+
+在2020年9月的股东大会上，股东通过了公司章程的变更，提高了独立董事的比例，并就重大投资和业务扩张进行了投票。这一决议改变了公司治理结构，加强了独立监督力度，并确保了公司战略的合理性和可持续发展。
+
+最后，在2020年11月，公司任命了一位新的首席财务官和首席技术官，以适应公司战略调整和业务扩展的需要。这一变动将为公司注入新的财务管理和技术实力，为公司的短期业绩和长期发展注入新动力。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，建天建筑有限公司在信息披露方面采取了及时、全面披露的原则，符合法律法规要求，充分保护了投资者的知情权。公司严格执行关联交易政策，所有关联交易均通过公开招标或独立审批机制，并确保交易公正、合规。公司建立了完善的内部控制制度，包括审计和风险管理机制，定期评估内部控制的效果。这些指标的良好表现为公司的稳健运营提供了有力保障。
+
+为了进一步改进公司治理，建天建筑有限公司制定了一系列治理改进计划。首先，公司将加强董事会和监事会的功能，提升其培训和专业能力，优化决策过程，确保高效有序运行。其次，公司将提升透明度和信息披露质量，改进信息披露流程和标准，加强反馈机制，提高信息披露的及时性和准确性。这些计划将进一步促进公司治理的科学化和民主化。
+
+在风险管理方面，建天建筑有限公司将进一步加强内部控制制度建设，提升财务风险和运营风险的识别和管理能力。同时，公司将可持续发展和社会责任纳入核心业务和战略规划，推动绿色低碳建筑和社区发展，实现经济效益与社会效益的双赢。
+
+综上所述，建天建筑有限公司在2020年取得了显著的治理改进和风险管理举措。公司通过加强治理结构、完善信息披露和内部控制制度，提升了公司的透明度和问责制，增加了与股东和利益相关者之间的信任和合作。公司的治理改进计划和风险管理策略将进一步提升公司的治理水平和风险管理能力，为公司的可持续稳定发展奠定坚实基础。
+
+在环境责任方面，建天建筑有限公司采取了多项措施来降低对环境的影响。首先，在2020年1月，公司投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资碳抵消项目来实现碳中和目标。这一举措展示了公司对环境的承诺和责任，提升了可持续发展形象和品牌价值。同时，公司在2020年3月开始投资建设污染防治设施，以减少环境污染。这项举措有助于降低环境污染水平，并获得政府和社会的认可与奖励。
+
+为了进一步减少能源消耗和温室气体排放，建天建筑有限公司在2020年5月开始实施节能减排项目。通过投资实施节能减排项目，公司成功减少了能源消耗和环境污染，提高了能效和环境绩效。此外，公司在2020年6月开始采用环境管理系统，以提高环境绩效和合规性。通过实施环境管理系统，公司增强了环境管理能力和市场认可度，赢得了更多市场份额。
+
+另外，为了减少对环境的影响，建天建筑有限公司在2020年12月开始研发绿色产品。通过研发绿色产品，公司减少了对环境的影响，提高了市场竞争力和品牌形象，获得了客户的认可和偏好。
+
+在环境责任方面，建天建筑有限公司取得了显著的成绩。根据数据统计，公司的二氧化碳排放量为20000吨，能源消耗为300,000千瓦时。这些数据表明，公司的环境责任措施取得了积极的效果，成功降低了对环境的影响。
+
+在社会责任方面，建天建筑有限公司也采取了一系列措施来履行社会责任。首先，在2020年4月，公司投资或参与了城市绿化、公共卫生改善等公共服务项目。这些举措提升了社区生活质量，增强了公众对公司的信任和好感。此外，在2020年6月，公司定期参与或资助教育、健康、减贫等慈善活动和机构，以提高社会形象和品牌认知，加强与社区的联系与支持。
+
+为了确保员工的健康与安全，建天建筑有限公司在2020年10月实施了员工健康与安全计划。通过改善工作环境和条件，公司成功降低了工伤事故率，提高了员工的工作满意度和忠诚度。此外，在2020年11月，公司投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展，加深了与社区居民的互动和信任，提高了企业的社会责任感。
+
+为了支持员工的职业成长和人才发展，建天建筑有限公司在2020年12月提供了员工培训和发展项目。通过提供员工培训和发展项目，公司成功提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，减少了员工流失率。
+
+在社会责任方面，建天建筑有限公司取得了显著的成绩。根据数据统计，公司的员工满意度达到了80%，社区投资额达到了500万元。这些数据表明，公司在履行社会责任方面取得了积极的成果。
+
+展望未来，建天建筑有限公司将继续加强环境保护，进一步减少对环境的影响。公司将制定更加全面的环境保护计划，持续改善环境绩效，提高可持续发展水平。同时，公司将继续积极履行社会责任，促进社区发展和公益事业。公司将制定更加具体的社会责任战略，提高社会形象和企业声誉，支持业务增长。此外，公司还将整合可持续性原则，实现联合国可持续发展目标。通过加大市场机会和商业价值的投入，公司将为社会和环境做出更大的贡献。
+
+综上所述，建天建筑有限公司在2020年度的公司环境与社会责任报告中，通过一系列的环境和社会责任措施，取得了显著的成绩。公司在环境责任方面减少了二氧化碳排放量和能源消耗，提高了环境绩效和可持续发展水平。同时，公司在社会责任方面提升了社区生活质量，加强了与社区的联系与支持。展望未来，公司将继续加强环境保护和社会责任，为可持续发展做出更大的贡献。
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@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+盈利家居服务有限公司是一家于2000年4月15日成立的位于上海市浦东新区的家政公司，主营业务包括提供高质量的保洁、家庭烹饪和陪伴照料等家政服务。该公司目前尚未上市。
+
+2019年度是盈利家居服务有限公司发展的关键一年。在重要事件方面，公司进行了一系列的资本运作，包括大规模融资、分发股利、债务重组、资产重组、重大股权收购、重大投资和重大资产收购等。这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了重要影响。
+
+首先，公司在2019年1月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了5000万元资金。这次融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，为公司的扩张和发展提供了有力支持。随后，在2019年2月，公司决定向股东分发1000万元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。这一举措进一步增强了公司的股东信心。
+
+为优化资本结构，公司在2019年3月进行了债务重组，减少了2000万元负债。这次债务重组改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。同时，公司在2019年5月进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构。这次资产重组提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+在2019年8月，公司完成了对优家家政的股权收购，获得了70%的股权。这次收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。随后，在2019年9月，公司投资了一家技术创新企业，投资金额为500万元。这次投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+另外，在2019年10月，公司完成了对百合家政的资产收购，总价值为2000万元。这次资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。然而，在2019年11月，公司一位核心高级技术员工离职，对公司的研发和创新能力造成了一定影响。为了保持业务的稳定运作，公司需要加强技术团队建设。
+
+最后，在2019年12月，公司启动了一项新的家政电商项目，计划于2020年上线。这个项目进一步拓展了公司的业务模式，提高了公司的收入和市场影响力。
+
+以上重要事件对公司的财务指标产生了显著影响。营业收入在2019年度达到了3000万元，净利润为500万元。总资产达到了8000万元，总负债为2000万元，股东权益为6000万元。现金流量为1000万元。负债比率为25%，资产负债率为20%。净资产收益率为8%。
+
+这些指标的变化反映了公司在2019年度的经营状况和财务表现。营业收入的增加主要受益于公司的资产收购和业务扩张，而净利润的增长则得益于成本控制的效果和非经常性损益的影响。总资产的增加主要源于资产收购和资产重估，而总负债的减少则得益于债务重组和债务偿还。股东权益的增加主要受益于净利润的变化、股利发放和资本公积的影响。现金流量的变化主要受益于经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动的影响。
+
+未来展望方面，公司将继续加强成本控制，提高业务的盈利能力，并优化资金运营，提高资金使用效率。公司计划在未来两年内增加对技术创新领域的投资，提高服务质量和竞争力。同时，公司将加强对市场竞争风险和人员流动风险的管理，并积极应对政策变化对业务的影响。
+
+综上所述，盈利家居服务有限公司在2019年度取得了显著的发展成果，通过一系列的资本运作和业务拓展，公司实现了营业收入和净利润的增长，优化了资本结构，提高了市场竞争力。公司未来将继续致力于提高盈利能力和服务质量，应对风险挑战，实现可持续发展。
+
+公司治理结构方面，盈利家居服务有限公司在2019年进行了一系列的改进和更新。首先，在2019年1月，公司更新了风险管理框架，识别了新风险并采取了相应的缓解措施。这一举措增强了公司对内外部风险的应对能力，保障了公司的持续运营和稳定发展。其次，在2019年2月，公司对适应新的合规标准进行了更新，以满足法律法规的要求。这一合规更新确保了公司按照最新的法律法规运营，减少了法律风险。在2019年3月，公司对公司治理政策进行了修订，增强了透明度和问责制。修订后的公司治理政策提高了公司的透明度，增加了股东和利益相关者的信心。在2019年6月，公司取得了在可持续性、环境保护、社会责任和企业公民方面的重大进展。这些可持续发展和社会责任倡议提升了公司的公众形象和市场竞争力，促进了公司的长期可持续发展。然而，在2019年7月，公司发生了一起道德与诚信事件，对公司声誉造成了一定影响。但是，公司采取了严厉的惩罚措施，并加强了内部控制，保护了公司与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系。在2019年8月，公司进行了董事会成员的变更，任命了两位经验丰富的董事。新任董事带来了更多专业知识和经验，将对公司的战略方向产生积极影响。在2019年10月的股东大会上，公司通过了一项重大决议，决定增加公司的注册资本。这一决议将为公司提供更多资金支持，推动公司未来的扩张计划。最后，在2019年12月，公司进行了高级管理层的变动，任命了一位新的首席执行官。新任首席执行官将对公司的运营重点和优先事项进行调整，为公司带来新的发展机遇。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，盈利家居服务有限公司注重信息披露。公司通过定期报告、公告和其他适当方式向股东和利益相关者披露财务和经营信息。这种及时透明的信息披露有助于提高股东和利益相关者的信心，促进公司与外部利益相关者的良好关系。此外，公司关联交易的政策和流程符合相关法规和规定，并遵循公正、合规的原则。公司建立了完善的内部控制体系，确保财务和业务活动符合法律法规，同时保护公司和股东利益。这些指标的良好表现反映了公司在治理结构方面的努力和成果。
+
+在额外信息方面，盈利家居服务有限公司制定了治理改进计划。公司将加强董事会和监事会的功能，包括定期的培训、增加独立董事比例、优化决策过程。这些改进措施有助于提高公司治理的效率和效果，更好地保障股东权益。此外，公司计划改进信息披露流程和标准，确保及时、准确、全面地向所有利益相关者报告公司情况。提升透明度和信息披露质量有助于增强股东和利益相关者的信心，改善公司与外部利益相关者的关系。在风险管理策略方面，公司将进一步建立和完善内部控制系统，识别、评估、监控和报告财务和运营风险。这一强化的内部控制系统有助于提高公司对财务和运营风险的识别和管理能力，保护公司和股东的利益。此外，公司将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，识别相关风险和机会，促进长期价值创造。将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略可以在实现经济目标的同时，创造社会和环境的长期价值。
+
+综上所述，盈利家居服务有限公司在治理结构方面进行了一系列的改进和更新，注重信息披露、关联交易和内部控制。公司制定了治理改进计划和风险管理策略，以进一步提升公司治理效果和保护股东利益。这些举措将有助于公司实现长期可持续发展，并提升公司的公众形象和市场竞争力。
+
+本报告是关于盈利家居服务有限公司的环境与社会责任报告，涵盖了2019年度的相关信息和未来展望。
+
+在环境责任方面，盈利家居服务有限公司在2019年度采取了一系列重要事件来降低对环境的影响。首先，在2019年2月，公司建立了新的污染防治设施，包括废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。这一举措显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。其次，在2019年3月，公司推广可持续性原则，包括资源的合理利用和废物的循环利用等。这一举措树立了公司在可持续发展方面的领导地位，提高了业界对公司的认可度。在2019年4月，公司实施了环境管理系统（EMS），以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进，提升了合规性和市场认可度。在2019年8月，公司通过投资碳抵消项目来抵消其碳排放，努力实现碳中和目标。通过碳抵消证书，公司能够向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺和责任。此外，在2019年9月，公司开发了环保型产品，减少对环境的影响，提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象。最后，在2019年10月，公司投资实施了节能减排项目，减少能源消耗和温室气体排放，提高了能效和环境绩效。
+
+在社会责任方面，盈利家居服务有限公司也采取了一系列重要事件来履行社会责任。在2019年2月，公司投资或参与公共服务项目，如城市绿化、公共卫生改善项目，以提升社区生活质量。这一举措促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。在2019年4月，公司参与或资助慈善活动和慈善机构，以支持教育、健康、减贫等领域。这一举措提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。在2019年6月，公司提供各类培训和发展项目，支持员工职业成长，包括在线课程、工作坊、导师计划等。这一举措提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。在2019年7月，公司实施了旨在提升员工健康与安全的计划，显著改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。在2019年11月，公司定期与社区居民进行沟通和交流，以了解他们的需求和意见，进一步改善公司的服务和质量。这一举措增进了公司与社区的互动，提高了公司的形象和社会责任感。最后，在2019年12月，公司投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目，加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。
+
+在环境责任方面，盈利家居服务有限公司的二氧化碳排放量为1500吨，能源消耗为8000吉瓦时。这些指标的变化受到生产规模的变化、节能技术的应用、生产效率的提高和能源管理措施的实施等因素的影响。
+
+在社会责任方面，盈利家居服务有限公司的员工满意度为85%，社区投资额为200万元。员工满意度的提高与工作环境的改善和员工福利政策的调整有关。社区投资额的变化受到公司的财务状况和社会责任战略的变化等因素的影响。
+
+未来展望方面，盈利家居服务有限公司将继续致力于环境保护计划，采取一系列措施减少公司运营对环境的影响，包括更新能效设备、提升废物回收利用率等。同时，公司将继续推进社会责任战略，积极履行社会责任，包括促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。此外，公司还将通过整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs）。
+
+综上所述，盈利家居服务有限公司在2019年度在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了显著的进展。公司通过一系列重要事件和措施，降低了对环境的影响，提高了环境管理能力和持续改进，增强了合规性和市场认可度。同时，公司积极履行社会责任，促进了社区的可持续发展，提高了员工满意度和社会形象。未来，公司将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任，实现可持续发展目标。
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+媒体之星有限公司是一家成立于2005年3月，总部位于上海市的媒体传媒服务公司，目前在纽约证券交易所挂牌上市，主要经营媒体业务。
+
+在2017年度，媒体之星有限公司经历了一系列重要的财务事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了深远的影响。
+
+首先，在2017年1月，公司进行了一次资产重组，将子公司XYZ传媒进行了合并。这一举措优化了公司的业务结构，整合了相关业务资源，实现了成本的优化与协同效应的提升。资产重组提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+其次，在2017年2月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了10亿元资金。这笔资金将用于新媒体平台的研发和市场推广，以进一步增强公司的竞争力。大规模融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。
+
+接着，在2017年5月，公司完成了对致力于在线视频直播的ABC网络公司的资产收购，总价值15亿元。这一举措不仅在业务上拓宽了公司的发展领域，同时也在市场上提升了公司的品牌影响力。资产收购扩大了公司业务范围，增强了市场竞争力。
+
+在2017年8月，为优化资本结构，公司进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元负债。通过协商债权人和发行新的债券，公司成功实现了债务负担的减轻。债务重组改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。
+
+在2017年9月，公司决定向股东分发1亿元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。
+
+在2017年10月，公司完成了对电视节目制作公司XYZ传媒有限公司的股权收购，获得了80%的股权。这一收购将进一步提高公司在电视节目制作领域的产能和市场份额。此事件进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+在2017年11月，公司投资了D项目，投资金额为2亿元。该项目是一次重要的战略性投资，将进一步拓宽公司的业务领域，提升公司的盈利能力。此事件进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+这些重要事件对公司的财务指标产生了显著影响。首先，公司的营业收入达到了12亿元，这主要归因于市场需求的上升和公司推出的新产品成功上市。其次，公司的净利润达到了3亿元，这是由于营业收入的增长、公司有效控制成本以及并购收益的贡献。此外，公司的总资产达到了50亿元，这是由于资产收购、资产处置和资产重估的影响。然而，公司的总负债也相应增加到了30亿元，这主要是由于新债发行和债务偿还。股东权益达到了20亿元，这是由于净利润、股利发放和资本公积的影响。公司的现金流量达到了5亿元，这是由于经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动的影响。负债比率为60%，资产负债率为60%，净资产收益率为15%。
+
+展望未来，媒体之星有限公司将进一步加强对成本的控制和运营成效的提升，通过提高管理效率、降低运营成本来优化公司的财务结构。公司计划在下一年度投资5亿元用于新媒体平台的研发、市场推广和技术创新，以提升公司创新能力和市场竞争力。此外，公司将建立完善的风险管理体系，加强风险监测和预警，制定相应的应对策略，以降低业务风险对公司财务状况的影响。
+
+综上所述，媒体之星有限公司在2017年度经历了一系列重要的财务事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了积极的影响。公司将继续努力优化财务结构，加强创新能力和市场竞争力，以实现可持续发展。
+
+媒体之星有限公司在过去一年中，取得了显著的治理结构改进和业务发展成果。首先，在风险管理方面，公司于2017年2月推出了一系列风险管理举措，包括改进风险管理框架、加强风险识别和应对能力，并推出新的风险管理培训计划。这些举措使得公司更加专注于风险管理，保障了持续稳健的经营，提高了投资者信心。此外，公司还于2017年3月修订了治理政策，增加了独立董事的比例，并推出了更严格的问责制。这一修订提高了公司治理透明度和责任制度，增强了利益相关者的信心和投资者的参与意愿。
+
+另外，公司于2017年4月及时适应了最新的证券法和公司法的合规要求，并更新了内部合规制度。这一举措确保公司经营活动符合法律法规，降低法律风险，保护股东利益和公司声誉。在道德与诚信方面，公司于2017年6月发现并严肃处理了一起腐败案件，建立了更加严密的内部控制制度。这一事件增强了公司内部诚信文化，维护了公司的声誉和品牌形象，增加了投资者信任度。
+
+此外，公司于2017年8月进行了董事会变更，新增独立董事并任命新的董事长，以加强公司治理能力。新的董事会成员将带来更多的行业专业知识和经验，促进公司战略调整和发展。在可持续性与社会责任方面，公司于2017年9月取得了显著进展，推出了一系列公益项目，提升了公司的社会形象和市场竞争力，提高了员工和股东的参与度和归属感。此外，公司于2017年11月任命了一位具有丰富行业经验的新CEO，目标是推动创新和业务拓展。新的高级管理层将为公司带来新的发展战略和商业模式，引领公司实现更好的业绩表现。最后，公司于2017年12月的股东大会通过了新的章程，决定增加投资研发和扩大市场份额。公司将加大对核心业务的投资，提升产品和服务质量，进一步巩固市场竞争优势。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，公司秉持公平透明的原则，及时披露与股东和利益相关者有关的重要信息。公司及时披露了年度财务报告和重大事件公告，保证信息披露的及时性和准确性。此外，公司建立了严格的关联交易审批制度，并通过公正的定价机制保障了交易的合规性。公司所有的关联交易都经过独立董事审批，价格公正合理，避免了利益冲突。公司还设立了独立的内部控制部门，全面监督和评估内部控制的有效性。公司的内部控制系统经过独立审计，确保了财务报告的准确性和合规性。
+
+为进一步加强公司治理能力，公司制定了治理改进计划。首先，公司将提高董事会和监事会的工作效率，增加独立董事比例，并优化决策流程。这将提升公司治理水平，确保决策的科学性和公正性，增加股东的利益保护。其次，公司将重视信息披露的质量，确保信息披露及时、准确、全面、适当。这将提高利益相关者对公司情况的了解程度，增强股东、客户和合作伙伴的信任度。
+
+在风险管理策略方面，公司将进一步完善内部控制系统，加强风险识别和监控，提高应对风险的能力。这将减少内部操作风险和经营风险，保证资产安全和公司经营的稳定性。同时，公司将把可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，以实现长期价值创造。这将提升公司的社会责任形象，积极响应社会需求，为可持续发展做出贡献。
+
+综上所述，媒体之星有限公司在过去一年中取得了显著的治理结构改进和业务发展成果。公司通过一系列重要事件和指标的改进，提高了治理透明度和责任制度，增强了利益相关者的信心和投资者的参与意愿。公司还制定了治理改进计划和风险管理策略，进一步提升公司治理能力和风险应对能力。展望未来，媒体之星有限公司将继续致力于提升治理水平，实现可持续发展和社会责任，为股东和利益相关者创造更大的价值。
+
+公司在环境责任方面采取了一系列重要举措。首先，在2017年1月，公司建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。这一举措显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。同时，公司还在2017年7月开发了环保型产品，减少对环境的影响，提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象。此外，公司在2017年9月投资于新能源项目，扩大可再生能源发电规模，减少对传统能源的依赖，提高了能源消耗的可持续性，保护了环境。在2017年10月，公司还投资实施了节能减排项目，减少能源消耗和温室气体排放，提高了能效和环境绩效。为了提高环境管理能力和持续改进，公司在2017年11月采用了环境管理系统（EMS），减少废物产生，并确保合规。最后，在2017年12月，公司通过投资碳抵消项目来抵消其碳排放，努力实现碳中和目标，向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺和责任。
+
+这些环境责任举措对公司的指标产生了积极影响。例如，二氧化碳排放量在2017年达到了150,000吨，这是公司在生产过程中产生的二氧化碳总量。这一数字的变化主要受到生产规模的变化和节能技术的应用的影响。另一个指标是能源消耗，公司在2017年消耗的能源总量为50,000吉焦。这一数字的变化主要受到生产效率的提高和能源管理措施的实施的影响。
+
+除了环境责任，公司还在社会责任方面采取了一系列重要举措。首先，在2017年2月，公司推出了员工职业成长和人才发展计划，提供各类培训和发展项目，支持员工职业成长。这一举措提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。此外，公司还在2017年4月投资或参与公共服务项目，如城市绿化、公共卫生改善项目，以提升社区生活质量。这一举措促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。在2017年6月，公司积极支持媒体多样性，提供平等的就业机会和维护公正的报道环境。这一举措促进了信息多样性和舆论的自由表达，反映了公司的价值观和社会责任。此外，在2017年8月，公司参与或资助慈善活动和慈善机构，以支持教育、健康、减贫等领域。这一举措提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。在2017年9月，公司实施了员工健康与安全计划，显著改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。最后，在2017年11月，公司投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。这一举措加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。
+
+这些社会责任举措对公司的指标产生了积极影响。例如，员工满意度在2017年达到了75%，这是通过调查得到的员工对公司环境和政策满意度的度量。这一数字的变化主要受到工作环境的改善和员工福利政策的调整的影响。另一个指标是社区投资额，公司在2017年在社区发展项目上的投资总额为$500,000。这一数字的变化主要受到公司的财务状况和社会责任战略的变化的影响。
+
+展望未来，公司将继续致力于环境保护计划，采取一系列措施减少其运营对环境的影响，包括进一步提升能源利用效率、推行再生能源等。在社会责任战略方面，公司将在业务实践中积极履行社会责任，包括促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。此外，公司还将致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs），通过整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，包括减贫、质量教育和清洁能源等。这些举措将受到全球可持续发展议程的推动，以及社会投资者和利益相关者的关注。
+
+综上所述，媒体之星有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了显著成绩。通过一系列重要举措，公司减少了环境污染、提高了能源消耗的可持续性，支持员工职业成长和人才发展，参与公共服务项目，支持媒体多样性，参与慈善活动，改善员工健康与安全，支持社区发展。这些举措对公司的指标产生了积极影响，如二氧化碳排放量、能源消耗、员工满意度和社区投资额。展望未来，公司将继续致力于环境保护计划、社会责任战略和可持续发展目标的实现，以进一步提升其环境和社会绩效，树立良好的企业形象和社会声誉。
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@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+安骐金融控股有限公司是一家在2001年6月10日成立的香港金融公司，主要提供金融咨询、投资管理和资产管理服务，并在香港联合交易所主板上市。
+
+在过去的一年里，安骐金融控股有限公司经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了深远影响。
+
+首先，公司在2021年2月进行了一次大规模融资活动，募集了2,000,000,000港元资金。这次融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，为公司的扩张和发展提供了支持。随后，在2021年3月，公司进行了债务重组，减少了1,500,000,000港元负债。这一举措优化了公司的资本结构，改善了公司的财务状况，并降低了财务成本。
+
+为了进一步优化业务结构，公司在2021年4月进行了一次资产重组。这次重组使得公司的业务更加高效，提高了公司的运营效率，并增加了公司的价值。同时，在2021年6月，公司投资了东方科技有限公司，投资金额为850,000,000港元。这次重大投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+然而，2021年7月，公司发现一名高级财务主管参与了财务诈骗活动，造成公司财务损失5,000,000港元。为了防止类似事件再次发生，公司采取了行动，加强了内部控制和审计程序。
+
+在2021年10月，公司决定向股东分发750,000,000港元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。随后，在2021年11月，公司完成了对金源集团的股权收购，获得了52%的股权。这次收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。最后，在2021年12月，公司完成了对华盛置业有限公司的资产收购，总价值达到15,000,000,000港元。这次资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。
+
+这些重要事件对公司的财务指标产生了显著影响。公司的营业收入达到4,500,000,000港元，受市场需求和产品价格变化的影响。净利润为850,000,000港元，受营业收入、成本控制和非经常性损益的影响。总资产达到16,500,000,000港元，受资产收购、资产处置和资产重估的影响。总负债为9,200,000,000港元，受新债发行、债务偿还和债务重组的影响。股东权益为7,300,000,000港元，受净利润、股利发放和资本公积的影响。公司的现金流量为2,100,000,000港元，受经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动的影响。负债比率和资产负债率均为55.76%，受总负债和总资产的变化影响。净资产收益率为11.64%，受净利润和股东权益的变化影响。
+
+展望未来，安骐金融控股有限公司将实施一系列财务策略，包括更加强调成本控制，提高资本投资回报率等。公司还计划进一步扩大线上金融服务、加大技术研发投入等投资计划。为了应对财务风险，公司将加强风险控制和风险管理能力，确保稳健运营。
+
+综上所述，安骐金融控股有限公司在过去一年里经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了深远影响。公司将继续实施财务策略，加大投资力度，以应对未来的挑战和机遇。
+
+在2021年度的公司治理报告中，我们将详细讨论安骐金融控股有限公司在治理结构方面的各项重要事件和指标。
+
+首先，在2021年1月，公司适应了影响公司治理实践的新规定和合规标准的更新。这些更新包括证券法、公司法或特定行业规定的变化。通过遵守最新的法律法规，公司能够减少法律风险，保护公司和股东的利益。
+
+接下来，在2021年2月，公司进行了公司治理政策的修订，以增强透明度、问责制和利益相关者的参与。这些修订将提高公司治理的透明度和问责制，增强利益相关者的信心。
+
+在2021年4月，公司更新了风险管理框架，包括识别新风险和实施缓解策略。这将提高公司对内外部风险的应对能力，保障公司的持续运营和稳定发展。
+
+在2021年5月，公司取得了在可持续性、环境保护、社会责任和企业公民方面的重大进展。这些举措将提升公司的公众形象和市场竞争力，促进公司的长期可持续发展。
+
+在2021年7月，公司进行了董事会成员的变更，这对公司的战略方向产生了影响。这可能导致公司战略的调整，影响公司的长期发展方向和股东利益。
+
+在2021年8月的股东大会上，公司作出了关键决策，包括公司章程的变更、重大公司行动和股东投票结果。这些决策直接影响公司的治理结构、未来经营策略和股东权益。
+
+在2021年10月，公司发生了重大的道德或诚信违规事件，如欺诈、腐败或利益冲突案例，并采取了应对措施。这可能损害公司的声誉和品牌价值，影响公司与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系。
+
+在2021年11月，公司发生了高级管理层的变动，包括CEO或其他关键职位的更换。这对公司的运营重点和优先事项产生了影响，可能导致公司运营重点和战略优先事项的调整，影响短期内的业绩和长期发展。
+
+最后，在2021年12月，公司发生了涉及财务欺诈的事件，包括虚增利润、假账、审计问题等。这可能导致公司财务损失、股价下跌，影响公司的声誉和投资者信心。
+
+在这些事件中，我们关注了信息披露、关联交易和内部控制这三个指标。公司在信息披露方面遵循透明、准确、全面的原则，通过公告、报告等形式向股东和市场披露公司的运营、财务状况、投资计划和风险管理情况。公司建立了严格的关联交易政策和流程，确保关联交易的公正性和合规性，避免利益冲突，保护股东利益。公司建立了完善的内部控制体系，包括风险识别、控制活动、信息与沟通和监督机制。内部控制体系经过定期评估和独立审计，保证有效运作。
+
+在治理改进计划方面，公司计划加强董事会和监事会的功能，提高其在公司治理中的效率和效果。公司还计划提升透明度和信息披露质量，改进信息披露流程和标准，确保及时、准确、全面地向所有利益相关者报告公司情况。此外，公司还计划增强内部控制与风险管理，进一步加强内部控制和风险管理体系，规范业务流程和决策程序，提高财务和运营风险的控制能力。
+
+在风险管理策略方面，公司计划强化内部控制系统，建立和完善内部控制系统，识别、评估、监控和报告财务和运营风险，提高公司抵御风险的能力。公司还计划将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，识别相关风险和机会，促进长期价值创造。此外，公司计划通过投资多样化来分散风险，包括投资于不同行业和地区的项目，降低整体风险，并提升回报潜力。
+
+综上所述，安骐金融控股有限公司在2021年度在治理结构方面取得了一系列重要进展。公司通过更新合规和监管要求、修订公司治理政策、加强风险管理、推进可持续发展和社会责任、调整董事会成员、作出股东大会决议、应对道德与诚信事件、调整高级管理层、应对财务丑闻等措施，不断完善公司治理结构，保护股东利益，提升公司形象和竞争力。公司还制定了治理改进计划和风险管理策略，以进一步加强公司治理和风险管理能力，促进长期可持续发展。
+
+公司在环境责任方面取得了显著的成就。首先，在2021年2月，公司投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目来抵消其碳排放，努力实现碳中和目标。这一举措不仅减少了公司的碳足迹，还树立了良好的企业形象，向利益相关者展示了公司对环境的承诺和责任。
+
+其次，在2021年3月，公司实施了节能减排项目，通过更新设备、优化工艺和管理改进等措施，减少能源消耗和温室气体排放。这一举措使得公司的能源消耗大幅降低，碳足迹得到有效减少，提升了能效和环境绩效。
+
+在2021年5月，公司采用环境管理系统（EMS），在全面落实ISO 14001标准的基础上，以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力，持续改进的意识深入人心，提升了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+此外，公司在2021年6月开发了一系列绿色产品，使用可再生材料和低碳工艺，减少对环境的影响。这些绿色产品赢得了市场的认可和青睐，提升了公司的市场竞争力和品牌形象，同时减少了环境影响。
+
+在2021年9月，公司加强了与供应商和客户的合作，推动循环经济的发展，推广资源的再利用和回收利用。这一举措有效地减少了资源的浪费，提高了资源利用效率，也降低了环境污染的风险。
+
+在2021年10月，公司投资兴建了新的污染防治设施，包括先进的废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。这些设施的建设显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。
+
+通过以上环境责任举措的实施，公司取得了显著的成果。二氧化碳排放量从2,000吨减少到了一定数值，能源消耗从5,000,000兆焦减少到了一定数值。这些数据的变化反映了公司在环境责任方面的努力和成就。
+
+除了环境责任，公司还积极履行社会责任。在2021年4月，公司坚守公平就业原则，推动多样化和包容性的人力资源管理，提供公平的招聘渠道和职业晋升机会。这一举措为员工创造了公正的就业环境，也为社会贡献了力量。
+
+在2021年7月，公司积极参与或资助慈善活动和慈善机构，支持教育、健康、减贫等领域。这一举措提升了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持，也为弱势群体带来了实际的帮助和改善。
+
+在2021年8月，公司加强了对员工健康与安全的管理和保护，提供安全的工作环境和健康的工作条件。这一举措改善了工作环境，降低了工伤事故的发生率，提升了员工的健康状况和工作满意度。
+
+在2021年10月，公司提供多种培训和发展项目，帮助员工实现个人职业成长。这一举措提升了员工的专业技能，改善了工作满意度，激发了员工的创新思维和工作动力，也为公司的可持续发展积累了人才储备。
+
+在2021年12月，公司投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目，提升社区的整体福祉。这一举措加深了公司与社区的联系，推动社区的可持续发展，提高了社区居民的生活质量和幸福感，也增强了公众对公司的认同和支持。
+
+通过以上社会责任举措的实施，公司取得了显著的成果。员工满意度从8.5/10提高到了一定数值，社区投资额达到了一定数值。这些数据的变化反映了公司在社会责任方面的努力和成就。
+
+未来，公司将继续致力于环境保护计划，通过减少运营对环境的影响，推动绿色能源的应用，提高资源利用效率，积极响应全球应对气候变化的呼吁。同时，公司将进一步强化在业务实践中的社会责任，包括积极履行企业公民责任、关注员工的健康福祉、提供平等就业机会以及推动教育和社区发展。公司还将继续整合可持续发展原则到业务模型和决策过程中，通过创新和合作，积极努力实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs），为可持续发展做出贡献。
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diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_39_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_39_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md"
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+云翼航空有限公司是一家成立于2003年6月、总部位于中国北京市的航空公司，主要从事航空运输服务，包括客运和货运。
+
+该公司在2019年度取得了一系列重要的财务成果和里程碑事件。首先，在2019年1月，云翼航空完成了对翱翔航空的股权收购，获得了70%的股权。这一举措进一步扩大了云翼航空的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。
+
+为了改善财务状况，云翼航空在2019年4月进行了债务重组，成功减少了10亿元的负债。这一举措不仅改善了公司的财务状况，还降低了财务成本。
+
+为了支持公司的扩张和发展，云翼航空在2019年6月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了30亿元资金。这次融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，为公司的未来发展提供了充足的支持。
+
+为了回报股东的投资，云翼航空在2019年7月决定向股东分发6亿元股利。这一举措提升了股东的收益，增强了股东对公司的信心。
+
+然而，2019年7月燃油价格上涨导致云翼航空的成本上升，净利润下降。这一事件增加了公司的经营风险，需要公司采取相应的措施来应对。
+
+为了进一步拓宽业务领域，云翼航空在2019年9月投资了南方航空蓝天项目，投资金额为20亿元。这一举措进一步提升了公司的盈利能力，为公司的未来发展奠定了坚实的基础。
+
+在2019年11月，云翼航空完成了对东方航空物流的资产收购，总价值30亿元。这一举措扩大了云翼航空的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。
+
+然而，由于天气影响和航空管制原因，云翼航空在2019年11月取消了多个航班。这一事件导致公司的营业收入下降，增加了航司的航班延误率。
+
+为了优化业务结构，云翼航空在2019年12月进行了一次资产重组。这一举措提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+在财务指标方面，云翼航空在2019年度取得了一系列关键指标的积极变化。营业收入达到了500亿元，这主要受到市场需求和产品价格变化的影响。净利润达到了30亿元，这受到营业收入、成本控制和非经常性损益的影响。总资产达到了700亿元，这主要受到资产收购、资产处置和资产重估的影响。总负债达到了400亿元，这受到新债发行、债务偿还和债务重组的影响。股东权益达到了300亿元，这受到净利润、股利发放和资本公积的影响。现金流量达到了100亿元，这受到经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动的影响。负债比率为57.14%，这受到总负债的变化和总资产的变化的影响。资产负债率为57.14%，这受到资产和负债的增减变化的影响。净资产收益率为10%，这受到净利润的变化和股东权益的变化的影响。
+
+展望未来，云翼航空将继续加强成本控制，提高财务效率，优化资本运营，以保持财务稳健。公司计划继续加大对新飞机和设备的投资，加强技术研发，提升航空运输服务水平。同时，公司将通过积极的风险管理措施，识别并应对市场竞争、燃油价格波动、政策变化等风险，降低风险影响，保障公司稳定运营。
+
+综上所述，云翼航空有限公司在2019年度取得了一系列重要的财务成果和里程碑事件。公司将继续努力，保持财务稳健，加强投资和风险管理，为公司的未来发展奠定坚实基础。
+
+在公司治理结构方面，云翼航空有限公司在2019年经历了一系列重要事件。首先，在2019年1月的股东大会上，公司作出了重要决策，包括公司章程的变更、重大公司行动和股东投票结果。这些决议直接影响了公司的治理结构、未来经营策略和股东权益。其次，在2019年2月，公司发生了一起重大的道德与诚信违规事件，涉及欺诈、腐败或利益冲突等问题，并采取了相应的应对措施。这一事件可能损害了公司的声誉和品牌价值，影响了公司与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系。
+
+在可持续性与社会责任方面，云翼航空有限公司在2019年3月取得了重大进展。公司在可持续性、环境保护、社会责任和企业公民方面取得了显著成绩。这些倡议提升了公司的公众形象和市场竞争力，促进了公司的长期可持续发展。
+
+在2019年4月，公司高级管理层发生了变动，包括CEO和其他关键职位的更换。这对公司的运营重点和优先事项产生了影响。高级管理层变动可能导致公司运营重点和战略优先事项的调整，进而影响短期内的业绩和长期发展。
+
+在2019年6月，公司董事会成员进行了人事变动，以适应公司战略方向的调整。董事会变更可能导致公司战略调整，影响公司长期发展方向和股东利益。
+
+在2019年7月，公司对组织架构进行了调整和优化，以提高运营效率和工作协同性。组织架构优化有助于提高公司的运营效率和决策灵活性，促进公司业务的发展。
+
+在2019年8月，公司开展了多项员工培训和激励计划，以提升员工的专业能力和工作积极性。员工培训与激励计划将提高公司员工的综合素质和工作质量，促进公司的长期发展。
+
+在2019年10月，公司更新了风险管理框架，识别了新的风险，并制定了相应的缓解策略。风险管理举措提高了公司对内外部风险的应对能力，保障了公司的持续运营和稳定发展。
+
+在2019年11月，公司适应新的合规标准和法规变化，修订了合规政策和规程。合规与监管更新确保了公司遵守最新的法律法规，减少了法律风险，保护了公司和股东利益。
+
+最后，在2019年12月，公司修订了治理政策，以增强透明度、问责制和利益相关者参与度。公司治理政策的修订将增强公司透明度和问责制，提升利益相关者信心。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，云翼航空有限公司严格遵守信息披露原则，及时、准确、全面地向市场和股东披露公司的重要信息。公司建立了健全的关联交易制度，确保关联交易公正、合规，并完善了风险监测和防控机制。此外，公司制定了完善的内部控制架构，建立了内部控制制度，加强了风险评估和内部监控。
+
+为了进一步提升公司治理水平，云翼航空有限公司制定了一系列改进计划。首先，公司计划通过定期的培训和改善决策过程，提高董事会和监事会在公司治理中的效能。其次，公司计划改进信息披露流程和标准，以确保及时、准确、全面地向所有利益相关者报告公司的情况。
+
+为了加强风险管理，云翼航空有限公司计划建立和完善内部控制系统，从财务和运营角度识别、评估、监控和报告风险，提高对风险的抵御能力。此外，公司计划将可持续发展和社会责任纳入战略考虑，识别相关风险和机会，促进长期价值创造。
+
+综上所述，云翼航空有限公司在2019年在公司治理结构、可持续性与社会责任、高级管理层变动、董事会变更、组织架构优化、员工培训与激励计划、风险管理举措、合规与监管更新、公司治理政策修订等方面都取得了重要进展。公司在信息披露、关联交易和内部控制等指标上表现出色。未来，公司将继续加强董事会和监事会功能，提升透明度和信息披露质量，强化内部控制系统，整合可持续发展和社会责任，以进一步提升公司治理水平和风险管理能力，实现长期稳定发展。
+
+公司在环境责任方面采取了多项举措来减少对环境的影响。首先，公司于2019年4月投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目来抵消其碳排放，努力实现碳中和目标。这一举措不仅展示了公司对环境的承诺和责任，还通过碳抵消证书向利益相关者展示了公司的环保成果。
+
+其次，公司于2019年5月开发了绿色产品，减少对环境的影响。这些环保型产品不仅提升了公司的市场竞争力和品牌形象，还减少了对环境的负面影响。
+
+此外，公司于2019年6月建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。这一举措显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。
+
+另外，公司于2019年7月开展了航空燃油的高效使用项目，通过改进飞行计划和机队管理来减少燃油消耗。这一举措不仅降低了公司的运营成本，还减少了碳排放，提高了资源利用效率。
+
+此外，公司于2019年10月采用了环境管理系统（EMS），以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进，提升了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+此外，公司于2019年11月投资实施了节能减排项目，旨在减少能源消耗和温室气体排放。这一举措直接减少了公司的能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。
+
+以上举措在一定程度上改善了公司的环境绩效。根据数据显示，公司在2019年的二氧化碳排放量为10000吨，能源消耗为50000吉焦。这些指标的变化主要受到生产规模的变化、节能技术的应用、生产效率的提高和能源管理措施的实施等因素的影响。
+
+在社会责任方面，公司也采取了多项举措来履行其社会责任。首先，公司于2019年6月推出了员工职业成长和人才发展计划，提供各类培训和发展项目，支持员工职业成长。这一举措提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。
+
+此外，公司于2019年8月投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。这一举措加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。
+
+另外，公司于2019年9月参与了公共服务项目，如城市绿化、公共卫生改善项目，以提升社区生活质量。这一举措促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。
+
+此外，公司于2019年10月实施了反腐败和合规计划，加强了内部控制和风险管理。这一举措维护了公司的商业声誉和道德价值观，加强了合规性和内部管理。
+
+另外，公司于2019年11月参与或资助了慈善活动和慈善机构，以支持教育、健康、减贫等领域。这一举措提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。
+
+此外，公司于2019年12月实施了员工健康与安全计划，显著改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+根据数据显示，公司的员工满意度为80分（满分100分），社区投资额为500万人民币。这些指标的变化主要受到工作环境的改善、员工福利政策的调整、公司的财务状况和社会责任战略的变化等因素的影响。
+
+未来展望方面，公司将继续采取一系列措施来减少其运营对环境的影响。首先，公司将继续投资节能减排项目，推行绿色供应链管理，更新航空器以提高燃油效率等，以实现环境保护计划。
+
+在社会责任方面，公司将继续参与公众服务项目，支持社区教育，推动员工职业发展等，以履行其社会责任战略。
+
+此外，公司还致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs），包括减少碳排放、促进经济发展、推进社会公正和环境保护等。
+
+综上所述，云翼航空有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面采取了多项举措，取得了一定的成绩。公司将继续努力，致力于实现可持续发展目标，为社会和环境做出更大的贡献。
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@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+ACME研发有限公司成立于2005年7月，总部位于美国加利福尼亚州，专注于研发创新科技产品，目前尚未上市。
+
+2019年度是ACME研发有限公司发展历程中的重要一年。在财务方面，公司经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业绩产生了深远的影响。
+
+首先，公司在2018年6月启动了一项大规模融资计划，旨在支持公司的扩张和发展。经过数月的筹备和谈判，公司于2018年9月确定了融资方案，并于2019年1月正式签署了融资协议。这一融资计划为公司提供了充足的资金，有助于推动公司的业务增长和创新研发。
+
+然而，2019年3月，公司面临了债务重组的挑战。由于公司的债务规模较大，为了降低财务风险和减轻负债压力，公司决定进行债务重组。这一举措有助于优化公司的资本结构，并提高公司的财务稳定性。
+
+在2019年6月，公司进行了一项重大投资，以进一步扩大业务规模和市场份额。这项投资为公司带来了新的增长机遇，并为公司未来的发展奠定了坚实的基础。
+
+然而，2019年7月，公司卷入了一起财务丑闻，这对公司的声誉和财务状况造成了严重的影响。财务丑闻曝光后，公司的股价大幅下跌，投资者信心受到了严重打击。公司随后采取了一系列措施，包括调查和整改，以恢复市场信任和稳定财务状况。
+
+为了进一步优化资产配置和提高经营效率，公司于2019年8月进行了一次资产重组。这一重组使公司能够更好地利用资源，提高资产回报率，并为未来的发展提供更强的支持。
+
+在2019年10月，公司进行了一次重大股权收购，以扩大市场份额和增强竞争力。这一收购使公司能够进一步巩固在行业中的地位，并为未来的增长奠定了坚实的基础。
+
+为回报股东对公司的支持和投资，公司于2019年11月宣布分发股利。这一举措旨在回报股东，并进一步提升公司的股东价值。
+
+最后，在2019年12月，公司进行了一项重大资产收购，以拓展业务领域和增加收入来源。这一收购为公司带来了新的增长机遇，并进一步提升了公司的市场竞争力。
+
+以上重要事件对公司的财务状况和业绩产生了深远的影响。营业收入在融资计划和重大投资的推动下实现了显著增长，净利润也得到了提升。同时，公司的总资产和股东权益也得到了增加，显示出公司的资本实力和财务稳定性的提升。然而，财务丑闻的曝光导致公司股价下跌，对公司的财务状况和声誉造成了一定的负面影响。此外，债务重组和资产重组对公司的负债比率和资产负债率产生了积极的影响，有助于降低公司的财务风险。
+
+展望未来，公司将继续秉持稳健的财务策略，并加大投资力度，以推动业务增长和创新研发。同时，公司将加强风险管理，以应对市场变化和不确定性。通过这些措施，公司有信心实现长期可持续发展，并为股东创造更大的价值。
+
+以上是对ACME研发有限公司2019年度财务报告的详细分析和讨论。通过对重要事件和涉及的指标的深入分析，我们可以更好地了解公司的财务状况和业绩表现，为投资者和利益相关方提供有价值的信息。
+
+ACME研发有限公司在2019年度面临了一系列重要的治理事件，这些事件对公司的声誉、股东利益和长期发展产生了潜在影响。首先，在2018年12月，公司遭遇了一起道德与诚信事件，涉及高级管理人员违反道德和诚信原则的指控。这一事件对公司的声誉和信誉产生了潜在的负面影响，公司迅速采取措施成立调查小组对涉嫌违规行为进行深入调查。调查结果为后续决策提供了基础，并帮助公司了解事件的真相，最终公司依据调查结果采取了纪律措施对涉嫌违规的高级管理人员进行处理。这一系列措施表明公司对道德和诚信原则的重视，并传达了公司对违规行为的零容忍态度。
+
+另外，在2019年5月，公司宣布董事会迎来两位新成员的加入。这一董事会变更对公司的战略方向产生了积极的影响，进一步促进了公司的长期发展方向和股东利益。为了提高对内外部风险的应对能力，公司在2019年7月全面升级了风险管理框架，对内外部风险进行了识别、评估和缓解。这一举措提高了公司对内外部风险的应对能力，保障了公司的持续运营和稳定发展。
+
+为了提升公司的可持续发展能力和社会责任，公司在2019年8月宣布了一系列可持续性和社会责任倡议，包括减少环境足迹、提高供应链的社会责任、多元包容和社区发展支持。这些倡议提升了公司的公众声誉和市场竞争力，增强了公司的可持续发展能力。
+
+为了进一步提高公司治理透明度和问责制，公司在2019年9月修订了公司治理政策，提高了透明度和问责制。这一举措增强了公司治理透明度和问责制，提升了利益相关者对公司的信心。
+
+在2019年10月，公司宣布了高级管理层的变动，包括新任CEO、CFO和其他关键职位的更换。这一变动对公司的经营重点和优先事项产生了重要影响，可能导致公司在短期内调整经营重点和战略优先事项。
+
+在2019年11月的股东大会上，股东通过了一系列重要决议，包括增加独立董事席位、提高高级管理层薪酬透明度和批准新的股权计划。这些决议直接影响了公司治理结构、未来经营策略和股东权益，为公司的长期发展和股东利益提供了保障。
+
+最后，在2019年12月，公司根据最新法规修订了公司的合规政策和程序，确保公司在法律法规层面上的合规性。这一举措保证了业务运作的合法性和合规性，减少了法律风险，保护了公司和股东的利益。
+
+除了以上重要事件外，ACME研发有限公司还注重信息披露、关联交易和内部控制等指标。公司坚持透明度原则，通过多种渠道向投资者和公众披露关键信息，信息披露情况良好，符合相关规范和要求。公司严格遵守关联交易政策，确保公正、透明的程序和审批流程，关联交易政策及程序得到有效实施和监督，保证交易的公正性和合规性。此外，公司建立了完善的内部控制体系，用于保护公司资产、确保财务报告准确性和业务运营有效性，内部控制架构完善，实施有效，有助于识别和控制财务和运营风险。
+
+为了进一步提高公司治理效能和应对风险能力，ACME研发有限公司制定了治理改进计划和风险管理策略。治理改进计划旨在加强董事会和监事会的功能，提高决策质量和治理透明度，加强了董事会和监事会的功能，提高了治理质量和透明度。风险管理策略包括强化内部控制系统和将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，以提高抵御风险的能力和推动长期价值创造。
+
+综上所述，ACME研发有限公司在2019年度通过一系列重要事件和指标的改进，维护了公司的声誉、保障了股东利益和实现了长期发展。公司在治理结构、风险管理、可持续性和社会责任等方面采取了积极的措施，并注重信息披露、关联交易和内部控制等指标的落实。此外，公司还制定了治理改进计划和风险管理策略，以进一步提高治理效能和应对风险能力。ACME研发有限公司在未来将继续致力于提高治理水平，推动可持续发展，为股东和利益相关者创造更大价值。
+
+公司一直以来都高度重视环境责任，并采取了一系列措施来减少对环境的影响。首先，公司致力于研究和开发绿色产品。通过不断研发新技术和环保型产品原型，公司能够提供更环保的产品，并通过严格的产品测试和质量控制确保产品的环保性能。这些举措不仅提升了公司的市场竞争力和品牌形象，还减少了对环境的影响。
+
+为了进一步加强环境管理能力，公司于2019年4月实施了环境管理系统。该系统帮助公司提高了环境绩效，减少了废物的产生，并确保公司的运营符合相关法规和标准。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进能力，提升了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+此外，公司还在2019年5月投资实施了节能减排项目。通过采用节能技术和减少温室气体排放，公司成功减少了能源消耗和碳足迹。这不仅直接降低了能源消耗和环境污染，还提高了能效和环境绩效。
+
+为了进一步减少环境污染，公司于2019年6月建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备。这些设施的建设显著降低了环境污染水平，增强了公司的合规性和社会责任感。
+
+此外，公司还通过工艺创新来降低废物的产生。通过改进工艺流程，公司成功降低了废物的产生，减少了资源浪费和环境污染。这不仅减少了废物处理和处置的成本，还提高了资源利用效率。
+
+为了进一步减少能源消耗和碳排放，公司于2019年10月更新了能源消耗较高的设备。通过更新设备，公司提高了设备能效，降低了能源成本，减少了对环境的负面影响。
+
+此外，公司还于2019年11月投资于碳抵消项目。通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目，公司成功抵消了碳排放，实现了碳中和目标。这一举措向利益相关者展示了公司对环境的承诺和责任。
+
+根据相关指标数据显示，公司的二氧化碳排放量为120万吨，受生产规模变化和节能技术应用的影响。能源消耗为5000万千瓦时，受生产效率提高和能源管理措施实施的影响。
+
+除了环境责任，公司还高度重视社会责任。公司于2019年1月开始投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。这些举措加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。
+
+为了支持员工的职业成长，公司于2019年2月提供了各类培训和发展项目。这些举措提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。
+
+为了提高员工的幸福感和凝聚力，公司于2019年4月推行了员工多样性与包容计划。这一计划提高了员工的幸福感和凝聚力，增强了公司的创新能力和竞争力。
+
+为了推动供应链的可持续发展，公司于2019年6月与合作伙伴共同推动了供应链的可持续发展。这一举措提高了供应链的透明度和合规性，促进了整个产业链的可持续发展。
+
+为了改善员工的健康与安全水平，公司于2019年9月采取了一系列措施。这些措施改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+为了提升社区的生活质量，公司于2019年10月投资或参与了公共服务项目。这些举措促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。
+
+此外，公司还积极参与慈善活动。公司于2019年11月参与或资助了慈善活动和慈善机构，支持教育、健康、减贫等领域。这些举措提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。
+
+根据相关指标数据显示，公司的员工满意度为85，受工作环境改善和员工福利政策调整的影响。社区投资额为500,000美元，受公司财务状况和社会责任战略变化的影响。
+
+展望未来，公司将继续推广节能技术、加强废物管理、提高能源利用效率等环境保护计划。同时，公司将积极履行社会责任，促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。公司还将致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs），如减少碳排放、提升生态环境等。通过整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，公司将为实现可持续发展做出更大的贡献。
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+Acme Government Solutions is a government industry company established on June 1, 2001 in Washington, D.C., specializing in providing comprehensive government services and solutions.
+
+In January 2021, Acme Government Solutions made a significant decision to distribute $5 million of dividends to its shareholders. This move not only enhanced shareholder returns but also showcased the company's commitment to rewarding its investors. This dividend distribution was a result of the company's successful acquisition of a major government contract worth $100 million in March 2021. This acquisition expanded Acme Government Solutions' service portfolio and increased its revenue potential. Furthermore, in April 2021, the company announced plans to establish regional offices in three new states, thereby expanding its presence and market reach. This strategic move allowed Acme Government Solutions to tap into new geographic markets, increasing its market share and potential customer base.
+
+In May 2021, Acme Government Solutions forged a strategic partnership with a leading technology firm. This partnership aimed to jointly develop innovative solutions for government agencies, providing Acme Government Solutions with access to advanced technology and expertise. This strategic collaboration also gave the company a competitive advantage in the market. Additionally, in June 2021, Acme Government Solutions successfully completed a high-profile project for a government client, showcasing its capabilities and establishing a reputation for excellence. This successful project delivery further enhanced the company's brand reputation and credibility in the industry.
+
+In February 2021, Acme Government Solutions completed the asset acquisition of Nationwide Security Services, with a total value of $20 million. This acquisition expanded the company's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness. To support its expansion and development, the company conducted a large-scale financing activity in March 2021, raising $50 million of funds. This significant financial boost strengthened Acme Government Solutions' financial strength and provided the necessary resources for its growth plans.
+
+In May 2021, the company further expanded its market share by completing the acquisition of 51% equity of Government IT Solutions. This acquisition not only increased Acme Government Solutions' control but also broadened its business areas, enhancing its profitability. Moreover, in June 2021, the company invested $30 million in the Modernizing Public Infrastructure project. This strategic investment allowed Acme Government Solutions to diversify its business areas and further capitalize on emerging opportunities.
+
+To optimize its capital structure, Acme Government Solutions underwent debt restructuring in August 2021, reducing its liabilities by $15 million. This move improved the company's financial condition and reduced its financial costs. In September 2021, the company underwent an asset restructuring, optimizing its business structure. This restructuring initiative aimed to improve operational efficiency and increase the company's overall value.
+
+These significant events have had a direct impact on Acme Government Solutions' financial indicators. The company's operating income reached $100 million, driven by increased market demand and changes in product prices. This strong operating income contributed to a net profit of $20 million, reflecting effective cost control measures and non-recurring gains and losses. Acme Government Solutions' total assets stood at $500 million, primarily influenced by asset acquisitions, disposals, and revaluations. The company's total liabilities amounted to $200 million, influenced by new debt issuances, debt repayments, and debt restructuring activities.
+
+Shareholder equity, on the other hand, reached $300 million, driven by the company's net profit, dividend distributions, and capital reserves. Acme Government Solutions' cash flow amounted to $50 million, reflecting the company's efficient management of operating, investment, and financing activities. The company's debt ratio stood at 0.4, indicating a moderate level of debt, while the debt to assets ratio was 40%, highlighting the company's financial leverage. Finally, the return on equity was 6.67%, reflecting the operational efficiency of shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, Acme Government Solutions has outlined its future outlook. The company plans to implement various cost control measures to improve profitability and optimize capital operations to ensure efficient resource utilization. Additionally, Acme Government Solutions intends to invest heavily in research and development to introduce innovative solutions for public services. The company also aims to expand its presence in emerging markets through strategic partnerships. To mitigate financial risks, Acme Government Solutions has implemented robust risk management strategies, considering factors such as changes in government policies, economic downturns, and cybersecurity threats. These strategies ensure the company's business continuity and long-term success in the government industry.
+
+The purpose of this Corporate Governance Report is to provide an in-depth overview of Acme Government Solutions' governance structure and practices, highlighting significant events and indicators that have impacted corporate governance. Additionally, this report will discuss the company's efforts to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement.
+
+One of the key events that had a significant impact on Acme Government Solutions' governance structure and operational strategies was the Shareholders' Meeting Resolution held in February 2021. This resolution resulted in several sub-events that shaped the company's direction and decision-making process. Firstly, the Board of Directors Election took place, leading to changes in the governance structure and operational strategies. The election of new board members brought fresh perspectives and expertise to the company's leadership.
+
+Another sub-event following the Shareholders' Meeting Resolution was the appointment of a new CEO in March 2021. This change in leadership had a profound impact on the company's direction and decision-making process. The new CEO brought a strategic vision and implemented changes to improve operational efficiency and effectiveness.
+
+In April 2021, Acme Government Solutions conducted a Financial Performance Review, which had a direct impact on the company's financial health and identified areas for improvement. The review provided valuable insights into the company's financial performance, allowing for strategic adjustments to enhance profitability and sustainability.
+
+Furthermore, in May 2021, Acme Government Solutions announced a Strategic Partnership, which expanded the company's capabilities and market reach. This partnership opened doors to new opportunities and positioned the company for growth in a competitive market.
+
+In June 2021, Acme Government Solutions unveiled a New Market Expansion Plan, which aimed to diversify revenue streams and expand the client base. This initiative demonstrated the company's commitment to adapt to changing market dynamics and seize new business opportunities.
+
+Compliance and regulatory updates in March 2021 also played a crucial role in Acme Government Solutions' corporate governance. These updates ensured the company's adherence to laws and regulations, reinforcing its commitment to ethical practices and transparency.
+
+In April 2021, a change in the Board of Directors further shaped the company's strategic direction and long-term development. The new board members brought diverse expertise and perspectives, contributing to effective decision-making and governance.
+
+May 2021 witnessed senior management changes within Acme Government Solutions, which had a direct impact on the company's operational focus and strategic priorities. These changes aimed to align the management team with the company's vision and goals, enhancing overall performance.
+
+Acme Government Solutions also made significant progress in sustainability and social responsibility initiatives in June 2021. The company's commitment to environmental protection, social responsibility, and corporate citizenship positively impacted its public image and market competitiveness.
+
+These events and indicators are closely tied to Acme Government Solutions' governance structure and practices. The company's commitment to information disclosure, related transactions, and internal control has been instrumental in ensuring transparency, fairness, and accountability.
+
+Acme Government Solutions has prioritized regular and timely information disclosure, providing stakeholders with the necessary information to make informed decisions. This commitment to transparency and accountability has strengthened the company's relationships with shareholders and other stakeholders.
+
+Furthermore, Acme Government Solutions has implemented policies, procedures, and measures to prevent conflicts of interest and ensure fairness in related transactions. This strict compliance with ethical standards has fostered trust and confidence among stakeholders.
+
+The company has also established a robust internal control system, safeguarding its assets and preventing financial misstatements. The architecture, implementation, and effectiveness of this system have been continuously assessed to ensure its reliability and efficiency.
+
+To further enhance corporate governance, Acme Government Solutions has outlined governance improvement plans. These plans include strengthening the function of the Board of Directors and Supervisory Board, enhancing transparency and the quality of information disclosure, and establishing an Ethics Committee. These initiatives aim to improve governance efficiency, promote ethical standards, and ensure the company's long-term success.
+
+In terms of risk management strategy, Acme Government Solutions has focused on strengthening its internal control system, integrating sustainable development and social responsibility into its strategy, and enhancing cybersecurity measures. These efforts aim to identify, assess, monitor, and report risks effectively, while also addressing emerging challenges in the digital landscape.
+
+In conclusion, Acme Government Solutions has demonstrated a strong commitment to corporate governance, with a clear focus on transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. The significant events and indicators discussed in this report have shaped the company's governance structure, operational strategies, and long-term development. Through continuous improvement and a proactive approach to risk management, Acme Government Solutions is well-positioned for future success in the government services industry.
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+Entertainment Enterprises Inc. is an entertainment company that was established on January 1, 2000, in Los Angeles, California, and is primarily engaged in the production and distribution of films, TV shows, and music.
+
+In March 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. made a major investment of $50 million in the production of the blockbuster film "The Great Escape". This investment was projected to generate $300 million in global box office revenue. The company's decision to invest in this film further broadened its business areas and enhanced profitability. Additionally, in January 2019, the company announced the expansion of its digital distribution platform, adding more titles from its film and TV library and partnering with major streaming platforms for exclusive content licensing. This move increased revenue streams and expanded the company's audience reach through digital channels. In February 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. acquired a renowned production studio specializing in visual effects and animation. This acquisition aimed to bolster the company's internal production capabilities and strengthen its competitive edge. By streamlining production processes and improving control over creative components, the company was able to deliver higher-quality content.
+
+In June 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. completed the acquisition of 30% equity of Music Productions Inc., a leading record label. This significant equity acquisition further expanded the company's market share and enhanced its control in the music industry. In July 2019, the company underwent debt restructuring, optimizing its capital structure and reducing liabilities by $20 million. This move improved the company's financial condition and reduced financial costs. In August 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $100 million of funds through a bond issuance. This strengthened the company's financial strength and supported its expansion and development.
+
+In October 2019, the company underwent asset restructuring, focusing on core entertainment businesses and selling non-core assets. This strategic move improved operational efficiency and increased the company's overall value. In November 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. completed the acquisition of Dream Studios, a prominent film production company, for a total value of $200 million. This major asset acquisition expanded the company's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness. Finally, in December 2019, the company decided to distribute $5 million of dividends to its shareholders, further enhancing shareholder returns.
+
+These significant events had a direct impact on various financial indicators of Entertainment Enterprises Inc. The company's operating income reached $500 million, reflecting the total amount of main business income and other business income within a certain accounting period. This increase in operating income can be attributed to market demand and changes in product prices. The net profit of the company amounted to $50 million, which is the net income within a certain accounting period after deducting total costs and taxes from total income. The net profit was influenced by the operating income, cost control measures, and non-recurring gains and losses.
+
+Entertainment Enterprises Inc. reported total assets of $1.2 billion, representing the total amount of assets owned by the company at the end of the accounting period. This increase in total assets can be attributed to asset acquisitions, asset disposals, and asset revaluation. The company's total liabilities amounted to $300 million, reflecting the total amount of debts the company is obligated to repay at the end of the accounting period. The debt ratio, which is the ratio of total liabilities to total assets, stood at 25%. This indicates a moderate level of debt for the company. The debt to assets ratio, which is the percentage of total liabilities to total assets, also stood at 25%, indicating a balanced financial leverage for the company.
+
+The shareholder equity of Entertainment Enterprises Inc. amounted to $900 million, representing the total amount of equity belonging to shareholders at the end of the accounting period. The return on equity, which reflects the operational efficiency of shareholder equity, was 12%. This ratio is calculated by dividing the net profit by the average shareholder equity. The return on equity was influenced by changes in net profit and changes in shareholder equity.
+
+In terms of cash flow, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. reported a total cash flow of $100 million within a certain accounting period. This cash flow includes cash inflows and outflows from operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities. The company's financial strategy focuses on cost control measures to optimize operational efficiency while exploring strategic capital operations to fuel growth and increase profitability. Additionally, the company plans to invest $150 million in the development of original content, build partnerships with emerging talent, and expand its presence in international markets. To manage financial risks, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. closely monitors market trends, invests in innovative technologies, and maintains a diversified portfolio of entertainment offerings.
+
+Overall, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. has experienced significant growth and success in the entertainment industry. Through strategic investments, acquisitions, and restructuring, the company has expanded its business areas, enhanced profitability, and strengthened its market competitiveness. With a solid financial position and a focus on future growth, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. is well-positioned for continued success in the entertainment industry.
+
+The purpose of this report is to provide a comprehensive analysis of Entertainment Enterprises Inc.'s governance structure, significant events, and indicators related to information disclosure, related transactions, and internal control. By examining these aspects, we can gain insights into the company's governance practices and their impact on its overall performance and stakeholder relationships.
+
+In January 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. launched a comprehensive sustainability program aimed at reducing its carbon footprint and implementing environmentally friendly practices. This initiative had a significant impact on the company, resulting in reduced operating costs, improved resource efficiency, and a positive public perception of its environmental responsibility. The sustainability program also enhanced the company's brand reputation and demonstrated its commitment to addressing environmental challenges.
+
+In the same month, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. implemented a diversity and inclusion initiative, promoting equal opportunities and fostering a diverse workforce. This initiative had a positive impact on the company's reputation as an inclusive and diverse workplace, leading to improved employee satisfaction, increased innovation, and the attraction of top talent. By embracing diversity and inclusion, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. positioned itself as a progressive and forward-thinking organization within the entertainment industry.
+
+Additionally, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. actively supported various community engagement programs, making a positive impact in local communities. This commitment to community engagement fostered goodwill, strengthened relationships with stakeholders, and improved the company's public image. By actively engaging with the community, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. showcased its dedication to social responsibility and demonstrated its commitment to making a difference beyond its core business operations.
+
+Furthermore, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. initiated philanthropic efforts by providing financial support to causes aligned with its values. These philanthropic initiatives not only demonstrated the company's commitment to giving back but also enhanced its reputation as a socially responsible organization. By addressing important societal issues through philanthropy, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. positioned itself as a responsible corporate citizen and garnered support from various stakeholders.
+
+In February 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. appointed two new independent directors, Jennifer Adams and Michael Collins, to its board of directors. This appointment strengthened the board's decision-making process and positively influenced the company's long-term development direction. With the addition of experienced and knowledgeable directors, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. enhanced its governance structure and prioritized the interests of its shareholders.
+
+In March 2019, several key decisions were made at the annual shareholders' meeting, including the approval of an increase in authorized share capital, the election of new board members, and the approval of dividend payments. These decisions directly impacted the company's governance structure, future operational strategies, and the rights of shareholders. By actively involving shareholders in decision-making processes, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. ensured transparency and accountability in its governance practices.
+
+In July 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. identified an internal fraud incident and took prompt action to address it. This swift response to the integrity violation prevented damage to the company's reputation and brand value, preserving positive relationships with investors, customers, and partners. By prioritizing ethics and integrity, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. demonstrated its commitment to maintaining high standards of corporate conduct.
+
+In August 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. proactively updated its compliance practices to adhere to the latest regulatory changes in the entertainment industry. This commitment to compliance ensured that the company operated within the bounds of the law, reducing legal risks and safeguarding its reputation. By staying abreast of evolving regulations, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. demonstrated its dedication to responsible and ethical business practices.
+
+In September 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. revised its corporate governance policy to ensure the highest level of transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. This revision significantly improved the company's transparency and accountability, reinforcing stakeholder confidence and fostering a responsible corporate culture. By prioritizing good governance, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. positioned itself as a trustworthy and reliable organization.
+
+In October 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. strengthened its risk management measures in response to emerging risks. This proactive approach to risk management enhanced the company's resilience against internal and external risks, ensuring continuous operations and stable development. By effectively managing risks, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. safeguarded its business and protected the interests of its stakeholders.
+
+Finally, in December 2019, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. appointed Sarah Johnson as its new Chief Executive Officer. This appointment may lead to adjustments in operational focus and strategic priorities, impacting the company's short-term performance and long-term development. With a new CEO at the helm, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. has the opportunity to drive innovation, adapt to changing market dynamics, and position itself for future success.
+
+In conclusion, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. has demonstrated a strong commitment to governance excellence through its sustainability and social responsibility initiatives, board of directors' changes, shareholders' meeting resolutions, ethics and integrity incidents, compliance and regulatory updates, corporate governance policy revision, risk management measures, and senior management changes. These events have had a significant impact on the company's performance, stakeholder relationships, and overall reputation. By prioritizing transparency, accountability, and responsible business practices, Entertainment Enterprises Inc. has positioned itself as a leader in the entertainment industry.
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+Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc., established in August 15, 2005 in Cityville, Techland, is a publicly listed manufacturing company specializing in the design, development, and manufacturing of high-tech precision tools and equipment for various industries.
+
+In 2017, Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. underwent significant financial developments and strategic initiatives that propelled the company towards growth and success. The year started with an extensive asset restructuring process, aimed at consolidating operations and improving operational efficiency. This restructuring had a positive impact on the company's financial indicators, including operating income, net profit, total assets, and shareholder equity.
+
+In March 2017, the company made a major investment of $50 million in Project Automate, a groundbreaking automated manufacturing technology. This investment expanded the company's business areas, strengthened its market position, and enhanced profitability. Additionally, in April 2017, Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. acquired Tech Tools Ltd. for $80 million, further expanding its business scope, increasing operational capabilities, and enhancing market competitiveness.
+
+The company successfully executed a debt restructuring process in June 2017, reducing liabilities by $30 million. This debt restructuring had a significant impact on the company's financial condition, resulting in improved financial strength, reduced financial costs, and enhanced growth opportunities. Furthermore, in July 2017, the company declared a dividend distribution of $0.50 per share, totaling $20 million. This dividend distribution not only boosted shareholder returns but also reflected the company's strong financial performance.
+
+In October 2017, Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. acquired a 30% equity stake in Precision Components Ltd., a renowned manufacturer. This acquisition expanded the company's market share, enhanced its control over market dynamics, and strengthened its overall market position. Finally, in December 2017, the company successfully raised $100 million through corporate bond issuance, further strengthening its financial strength to support expansion and development plans.
+
+These financial developments and strategic initiatives had a significant impact on the company's financial indicators. The operating income for 2017 reached $450 million, driven by market demand and changes in product prices. The net profit amounted to $60 million, influenced by the company's operating income, cost control measures, and non-recurring gains and losses. The total assets of the company stood at $800 million, reflecting the impact of asset acquisition, disposal, and revaluation. The total liabilities amounted to $300 million, influenced by new debt issuance, debt repayment, and debt restructuring. The shareholder equity reached $500 million, influenced by the net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. The company generated a cash flow of $80 million, resulting from its operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities.
+
+The company's debt ratio stood at 0.375, indicating a healthy financial position with a favorable ratio of total liabilities to total assets. The debt to assets ratio was 37.5%, reflecting the percentage of total liabilities to total assets. The return on equity for the company was 12%, indicating a satisfactory return on investment for shareholders.
+
+Looking ahead, Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. is committed to implementing a comprehensive financial strategy focused on cost control and prudent capital operations to ensure sustainable growth and increased profitability. The company plans to continue investing in research and development to drive product innovation and market expansion. Additionally, investments in advanced production technologies will enable the company to remain at the forefront of the manufacturing industry. Risk management will also be a priority, with the company actively identifying potential financial risks and implementing proactive risk management strategies. This includes diversifying the customer base, monitoring market trends, and maintaining adequate cash reserves.
+
+In conclusion, Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. has experienced significant financial developments and strategic initiatives in 2017, positioning the company for continued growth and success. The company's strong financial indicators, coupled with its commitment to ongoing investment and risk management, bode well for its future prospects in the manufacturing industry.
+
+The company has made significant strides in enhancing its corporate governance structure, which has positively impacted its transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. In January 2017, Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. underwent a revision of its corporate governance policies, leading to a series of sub-events that further strengthened its governance practices. Firstly, the company successfully completed its Initial Public Offering (IPO) in April 2017, listing its shares on a stock exchange. This move not only raised capital for the company's growth and expansion plans but also increased its visibility and market presence. Additionally, in May 2017, the company appointed independent directors, bolstering its board independence and governance practices. This step further enhanced the company's credibility and ability to make objective decisions. Furthermore, in June 2017, Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc. adopted a Whistleblower Protection Policy, demonstrating its commitment to promoting ethical behavior and accountability. This policy encourages employees to report any wrongdoing, fostering a culture of transparency and integrity within the organization. Moreover, the establishment of an Ethics Committee in July 2017 further solidified the company's commitment to ethical practices and high corporate standards. This committee oversees ethical standards and ensures compliance with industry regulations. Furthermore, in October 2017, the company published its Sustainability Report, showcasing its dedication to sustainable practices and attracting socially conscious investors. The publication of this report not only demonstrates transparency but also highlights the company's efforts to minimize its environmental impact and contribute to the well-being of society. These sub-events collectively contribute to Advanced Manufacturing Solutions Inc.'s overall corporate governance structure, positioning the company as a responsible and trustworthy entity in the manufacturing industry.
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+EcoGuard Solutions, established on April 15, 2010, is a listed NASDAQ company based in San Francisco, California, United States, specializing in providing innovative environmental protection services and solutions to various industries.
+
+In 2019, EcoGuard Solutions made significant progress in expanding its business scope and strengthening its position in the environmental protection industry. One of the major highlights of the year was the company's major investment in Project CleanWater, a cutting-edge water purification technology. This investment of $10 million allowed EcoGuard Solutions to diversify its business areas and tap into the growing market demand for clean water solutions, ultimately enhancing its profitability. The launch of Project CleanWater in January 2019 further solidified the company's expertise in water purification and opened up potential market opportunities.
+
+To optimize the efficiency and performance of Project CleanWater, EcoGuard Solutions entered into a strategic partnership with a leading water technology research institute in March 2019. This partnership strengthened the company's technical capabilities and accelerated the development of Project CleanWater. In recognition of its commitment to developing eco-friendly water purification solutions, EcoGuard Solutions received a government grant of $5 million in June 2019. This grant provided valuable financial support for the research, development, and marketing of Project CleanWater, enhancing the company's reputation in the industry.
+
+In September 2019, EcoGuard Solutions successfully negotiated an international trade agreement with a major water technology distributor. This agreement established a distribution network for Project CleanWater in multiple countries, significantly boosting the market potential and expanding the company's global reach. This achievement further strengthened EcoGuard Solutions' position in the water purification industry.
+
+Apart from its focus on water purification, EcoGuard Solutions also made strategic moves in other areas of environmental protection. In April 2019, the company raised $50 million through equity and debt financing, strengthening its financial capability to support operations expansion and accelerate the development of new environmental technologies. In May 2019, EcoGuard Solutions acquired 75% equity of AquaLife Inc., a renowned provider of sustainable water treatment solutions. This acquisition expanded the company's market share in the water treatment industry and enhanced its control over the supply chain, enabling the offering of comprehensive environmental services.
+
+In June 2019, EcoGuard Solutions made a major asset acquisition by acquiring EnergyEco Inc., an established provider of renewable energy solutions, with a total value of $30 million. This acquisition allowed the company to expand its business scope to include renewable energy services and strengthened its market competitiveness. In July 2019, EcoGuard Solutions formed a strategic partnership with CleanAirTech, a leading provider of air pollution control solutions. This partnership further strengthened the company's market position in the air pollution control sector and enabled the offering of integrated environmental protection services.
+
+To improve its financial condition, EcoGuard Solutions underwent successful debt restructuring in September 2019, reducing its liabilities by $15 million. This debt restructuring improved the company's financial stability and freed up resources for future investments and growth initiatives. In November 2019, EcoGuard Solutions restructured its assets to optimize its business structure and enhance operational efficiency. This asset restructuring resulted in improved overall efficiency and increased value for shareholders.
+
+Throughout the year, EcoGuard Solutions achieved impressive financial performance. The company reported an operating income of $250 million, reflecting the strong market demand for its environmental protection services. The net profit for the year amounted to $30 million, showcasing the company's effective cost control measures and ability to generate sustainable profits. With total assets of $500 million and total liabilities of $200 million, EcoGuard Solutions maintained a healthy financial position, with a debt ratio of 0.4 and a debt to assets ratio of 40%. The company's return on equity stood at 10%, indicating its operational efficiency in utilizing shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, EcoGuard Solutions has outlined a comprehensive future outlook. The company aims to implement effective cost control measures, maintain solid financial discipline, and explore new capital operations for sustainable growth. It plans to expand its research and development capabilities for innovative environmental technologies, invest in renewable energy projects, and pursue strategic acquisitions to enhance its service portfolio and market presence. EcoGuard Solutions has also identified major financial risks, such as regulatory changes, market fluctuations, and project execution risks, and has implemented diversification strategies, rigorous due diligence, and continuous monitoring of market dynamics to mitigate these risks.
+
+In conclusion, EcoGuard Solutions had a successful year in 2019, marked by major investments, strategic partnerships, and asset acquisitions. The company's focus on water purification, renewable energy, and air pollution control has allowed it to expand its business scope and strengthen its position in the environmental protection industry. With strong financial performance and a clear future outlook, EcoGuard Solutions is well-positioned for continued growth and success in the years to come.
+
+In 2019, EcoGuard Solutions demonstrated a strong commitment to corporate governance and sustainability, making significant strides in enhancing its governance structure and practices. The company's proactive approach to compliance and regulatory updates ensured its adaptation to the evolving regulatory landscape, while also reducing legal risks and reinforcing its commitment to environmental protection and shareholder interests. This was evident in the expansion of the Research and Development (R&D) department in June 2019, which aimed to meet the increasing demand for innovative solutions by hiring top-tier scientists and engineers. This strategic move not only enhanced EcoGuard Solutions' research capabilities but also allowed for the development of new products and services, maintaining its competitive edge in the industry.
+
+Furthermore, the company forged a strategic partnership with an industry leader in August 2019, which aimed to improve its market presence and technological capabilities. This partnership facilitated knowledge-sharing and joint R&D efforts, allowing EcoGuard Solutions to benefit from the expertise, resources, and market access of its partner. As a result, the company was able to accelerate its growth, increase its market share, and gain a competitive advantage.
+
+In October 2019, EcoGuard Solutions made a significant acquisition by identifying and acquiring a competitor in the environmental protection industry. This acquisition allowed for the consolidation of its market position, expansion of its product portfolio, and the leveraging of acquired technology and customer relationships for revenue growth. This strategic move further strengthened the company's position in the industry and positioned it for future success.
+
+To ensure effective governance, EcoGuard Solutions revised its corporate governance policies in April 2019, with a focus on reporting mechanisms, compliance, and accountability. This revision aimed to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder confidence, ultimately protecting shareholder interests. Additionally, the company implemented risk management measures in May 2019, establishing a dedicated department to enhance its risk management framework. This included conducting risk assessments and implementing streamlined reporting mechanisms, ensuring the company's resilience, continuous operation, and stabilizing development in the face of risks.
+
+EcoGuard Solutions also prioritized ethics and integrity incidents, taking prompt measures to investigate an incident of unauthorized data access in August 2019. The company enhanced its cybersecurity measures and provided employee training to reinforce its commitment to ethical standards, thereby reinforcing its reputation, investor confidence, and relationships.
+
+In line with its commitment to sustainability and social responsibility, EcoGuard Solutions achieved significant milestones in its initiatives in October 2019. The company collaborated with local communities, reduced its carbon footprint, and engaged in educational outreach, thereby enhancing its public image, market competitiveness, and long-term growth prospects. These initiatives also established EcoGuard Solutions as a leader in the industry.
+
+In November 2019, the company underwent senior management changes, with Mr. Michael Thompson assuming the role of Chief Executive Officer. This change optimized the company's focus on R&D and client relationships, aligning its strategic priorities with market trends and ensuring sustainable growth.
+
+In December 2019, EcoGuard Solutions appointed Mr. Robert Johnson, an environmental scientist, to its Board of Directors. This appointment brought expertise, insights, and a positive impact on the company's strategic direction and sustainable growth. It ensured effective governance, enhanced development direction, and protected shareholder interests.
+
+Throughout the year, EcoGuard Solutions demonstrated its commitment to information disclosure, related transactions, and internal control. The company achieved a 97% compliance rate in information disclosure, exceeding industry benchmarks and fostering trust and transparency. In related transactions, EcoGuard Solutions ensured fairness and compliance, with a comprehensive audit finding 100% compliance, reinforcing its commitment to integrity and fair business practices. The company's robust internal control architecture, governing operational and financial processes, policies, procedures, and assessments, received an 'excellent' rating from an independent audit, commending its coverage and evaluation processes.
+
+Looking ahead, EcoGuard Solutions has outlined governance improvement plans, including strengthening the function of the Board of Directors and Supervisory Board. This involves implementing training programs, increasing the proportion of independent directors, and optimizing decision-making processes to foster constructive dynamics. The company also aims to enhance transparency and the quality of information disclosure by improving its information disclosure process and standards through technological advancements, streamlined reporting procedures, and external audit recommendations.
+
+Furthermore, EcoGuard Solutions is committed to strengthening its internal control system to identify, assess, monitor, and report financial and operational risks. This involves implementing advanced risk assessment tools, conducting regular audits, and establishing clear reporting channels. The company also aims to integrate sustainable development and social responsibility into its decision-making processes, prioritizing the identification and assessment of environmental and social risks, and seeking opportunities to contribute positively to society and the environment.
+
+Overall, EcoGuard Solutions' commitment to corporate governance, sustainability, and social responsibility in 2019 has positioned the company as a leader in the environmental protection industry. Through its strategic initiatives, partnerships, and acquisitions, the company has enhanced its market presence, innovation capabilities, and long-term growth prospects. With a strong focus on transparency, compliance, and risk management, EcoGuard Solutions is well-positioned to navigate the evolving regulatory landscape and continue delivering value to its shareholders and stakeholders.
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+Green Fields Agriculture Ltd., established on April 1, 2005 in Sunnydale, California, is a listed company on NASDAQ and specializes in the cultivation and distribution of high-quality organic fruits and vegetables.
+
+In January 2021, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. made a significant equity acquisition by acquiring 40% equity of Green Harvest Farm. This acquisition expanded their market share and enhanced their control over the industry. As part of this acquisition, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. also purchased an additional 500 acres of farmland, expanding their production capacity and allowing them to cultivate a wider variety of organic fruits and vegetables. The company further invested in the refurbishment of their facilities in February 2021, resulting in improved operational efficiency, reduced water usage, and compliance with organic farming standards.
+
+In March 2021, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. entered into a strategic partnership with an agricultural research institution for product development. This partnership has not only enhanced their product portfolio but also increased their competitiveness in the market, positioning them as pioneers in organic crop innovation.
+
+In April 2021, the company underwent asset restructuring, optimizing their farmland allocation and divesting non-core assets. This restructuring has led to improved operational efficiency and increased the overall value of the company.
+
+In June 2021, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. made a major asset acquisition by acquiring FreshPro, a leading distributor of premium organic produce. This acquisition has expanded their business scope and enhanced their market competitiveness.
+
+To improve their financial condition, the company underwent debt restructuring in August 2021, reducing their liabilities by $5 million through refinancing at lower interest rates. This has resulted in improved financial stability and reduced financial costs.
+
+In September 2021, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. distributed $2 million in dividends to their shareholders, enhancing shareholder returns and demonstrating their commitment to delivering value to their investors.
+
+In October 2021, the company raised $30 million through a bond issuance, strengthening their financial strength and providing support for future expansion and development.
+
+In December 2021, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. made a major investment of $15 million in Project Greenhouse. This investment has broadened their business areas and is expected to enhance profitability in the long run.
+
+These significant events have had a direct impact on various financial indicators of Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. The operating income of the company has been influenced by market demand and changes in product prices. The net profit has been affected by the operating income, cost control, and non-recurring gains and losses. The total assets have been influenced by asset acquisition, asset disposal, and asset revaluation. The total liabilities have been influenced by new debt issuance, debt repayment, and debt restructuring. The shareholder equity has been affected by the net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. The cash flow has been influenced by operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities. The debt ratio and debt to assets ratio have been impacted by changes in total liabilities and total assets. Finally, the return on equity has been influenced by changes in net profit and shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. has outlined a comprehensive financial strategy to optimize cost structures and streamline capital operations, aiming to improve profitability and achieve sustainable growth. The company plans to invest in cutting-edge technology for precision farming and expand their product portfolio to include exotic tropical fruits. They are also exploring potential mergers and acquisitions to further expand their market presence. To mitigate financial risks, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. has identified potential risks such as adverse weather conditions, pricing fluctuations, and changes in government regulations. They plan to implement risk mitigation strategies, including diversification of cultivation locations, hedging programs for commodity price stability, and regular communication with regulatory bodies for proactive compliance.
+
+In conclusion, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. has experienced significant growth and expansion through strategic acquisitions, partnerships, and investments. These events have had a direct impact on various financial indicators, positioning the company for future success. With a comprehensive financial strategy and a focus on innovation and risk management, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. is well-positioned to capitalize on opportunities in the agriculture industry and deliver sustainable growth in the years to come.
+
+In March 2021, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. underwent significant changes in its senior management, which had a profound impact on the company's operational focus and strategic priorities. The first sub-event was the appointment of a new CEO in January 2021. This new CEO brought extensive experience in the organic agriculture industry, providing fresh leadership to drive strategic initiatives and enhance the company's competitive position. The second sub-event was the expansion of farmland in February 2021 through the acquisition of additional land. This expansion aimed to increase production capacity and meet the growing demand for organic fruits and vegetables, thereby strengthening the company's position in the market.
+
+In April 2021, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. faced updates to regulations affecting corporate governance practices. These updates were implemented to ensure compliance, reduce legal risk, and protect the company and its shareholders. The company actively responded to these changes, adapting its governance structure accordingly.
+
+May 2021 marked significant progress for Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. in sustainability, environmental protection, social responsibility, and corporate citizenship. These initiatives had a positive impact on the company's public image and market competitiveness, as they showcased the company's commitment to promoting sustainable development and responsible business practices.
+
+In June 2021, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. implemented risk management measures to enhance its ability to respond to risks and ensure continuous operation and stable development. This involved updating the risk management framework, identifying new risks, and implementing mitigation strategies. By proactively addressing potential risks, the company aimed to safeguard its operations and protect the interests of its stakeholders.
+
+August 2021 witnessed key decisions made at the annual or extraordinary shareholders' meeting, which had a direct impact on the company's governance structure, operational strategies, and shareholder rights. These decisions were crucial in shaping the future direction of Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. and ensuring alignment with the interests of its shareholders.
+
+In October 2021, the company faced significant ethical or integrity incidents, which had the potential to damage its reputation and brand value. Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. took immediate measures to address these violations, emphasizing the importance of ethics and integrity in its operations. The company recognized the need to rebuild trust with stakeholders and restore its reputation.
+
+In November 2021, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. revised its corporate governance policy, aiming to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder confidence. This revision reflected the company's commitment to best practices in corporate governance and its dedication to maintaining strong relationships with its stakeholders.
+
+Finally, in December 2021, there was a change in the board of directors with the appointment or resignation of board members. This event had the potential to bring about strategic adjustments that could impact the company's long-term development and the interests of its shareholders.
+
+Throughout these events, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. demonstrated its commitment to effective governance and sustainable business practices. The company's stringent policy on information disclosure ensured timely and accurate reporting of financial performance, operations, and key events. Additionally, comprehensive policies and procedures were in place to ensure fairness, transparency, and compliance with regulations in related transactions. The company also maintained a robust internal control system to safeguard assets, detect and prevent fraud, and ensure the accuracy of financial reporting.
+
+Looking ahead, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. has outlined governance improvement plans to further strengthen its governance structure. These plans include enhancing the function of the board of directors and supervisory board through training, increasing the proportion of independent directors, and optimizing decision-making processes. The company also aims to enhance transparency and the quality of information disclosure by improving its information disclosure process and standards for timely, accurate, and comprehensive reporting to stakeholders.
+
+Furthermore, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. has developed a risk management strategy that focuses on strengthening its internal control system to identify, assess, monitor, and report financial and operational risks. The company also recognizes the importance of integrating sustainable development and social responsibility into its strategy, identifying related risks and opportunities, and promoting long-term value creation.
+
+In conclusion, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. has demonstrated its commitment to effective governance, sustainability, and social responsibility. Through its proactive approach to senior management changes, compliance and regulatory updates, sustainability initiatives, risk management measures, and governance improvement plans, the company has positioned itself as a leader in the organic agriculture industry. By prioritizing transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement, Green Fields Agriculture Ltd. is well-positioned for continued success and growth in the future.
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+StrongBuild Construction is a publicly traded construction company specializing in commercial and residential construction, including building construction, infrastructure development, and renovation, with its establishment date on March 12, 2005, in Metropolis City, State of Progress.
+
+In 2019, StrongBuild Construction underwent several significant events that impacted its financial performance and overall business operations. One of the key events was the debt restructuring that took place in January. This restructuring aimed to optimize the company's capital structure and resulted in a reduction of liabilities by $25 million. The impact of this event was twofold. Firstly, it improved the company's financial condition by reducing its financial costs. Secondly, it provided StrongBuild Construction with a comprehensive understanding of its financial health and areas for improvement through a thorough financial audit conducted in February.
+
+The cost optimization program implemented in March further contributed to the company's improved financial performance. By reducing expenses and streamlining operations, StrongBuild Construction was able to lower its operating costs and improve its profit margins. This program was followed by a project portfolio analysis in April, which allowed the company to prioritize profitable projects and maximize profitability.
+
+In May, StrongBuild Construction engaged in negotiations with lenders to restructure its loans for more favorable repayment terms. This resulted in a reduced financial burden and improved cash flow for the company. Additionally, in June, the company sold non-performing or surplus assets as part of its asset disposal strategy, which further improved its liquidity and financial position.
+
+Another important event that occurred in July was a contract dispute with a major client, potentially impacting the company's profitability by $5 million. This dispute had a short-term effect on the company's profitability and cash flow. However, in the same month, StrongBuild Construction also reviewed and renegotiated contracts, leading to improved profitability and reduced costs.
+
+In August, the company undertook detailed financial forecasting and planning. This allowed StrongBuild Construction to make informed decisions and set long-term strategic goals. The following month, the company invested $100 million in the construction of Green View Mall, which broadened its business areas and enhanced profitability.
+
+September saw StrongBuild Construction acquire the assets of Elite Construction Firm worth $50 million. This acquisition expanded the company's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness. In October, the company raised $200 million through large-scale financing activities, strengthening its financial strength and supporting further expansion and development.
+
+Analyzing the financial indicators of StrongBuild Construction, it is evident that the company has achieved impressive results. The operating income for the year reached $500 million, driven by market demand and changes in product prices. The net profit amounted to $30 million, reflecting the company's ability to control costs and generate non-recurring gains and losses.
+
+StrongBuild Construction's total assets stood at $750 million, influenced by asset acquisitions, disposals, and revaluations. The company's total liabilities amounted to $350 million, reflecting new debt issuances, debt repayments, and the successful debt restructuring efforts. Shareholder equity reached $400 million, driven by net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves.
+
+The company's cash flow for the year was $20 million, resulting from its operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities. The debt ratio stood at 46.7%, indicating a healthy balance between total liabilities and total assets. The debt to assets ratio was 50%, reflecting the company's ability to manage its debt and assets effectively.
+
+Finally, the return on equity for StrongBuild Construction was 7.5%, indicating the company's operational efficiency in utilizing shareholder equity. This was influenced by changes in net profit and shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, StrongBuild Construction has outlined a financial strategy focused on cost control programs and new capital operations. The company also plans to invest in innovative technologies and research and development to stay competitive in the industry. Additionally, proactive risk assessment, a diversified portfolio, and strong stakeholder relationships will be key elements of the company's risk management approach.
+
+In conclusion, StrongBuild Construction's 2019 financial report highlights the company's successful debt restructuring, cost optimization programs, and strategic investments. These initiatives have contributed to improved financial performance, enhanced market competitiveness, and strengthened the company's overall financial position. With a focus on future growth and risk management, StrongBuild Construction is well-positioned to continue its success in the construction industry.
+
+In February 2019, StrongBuild Construction experienced a significant change in its Board of Directors, which had implications for the company's strategic direction. This change included the resignation of the former CEO, John Smith, and the appointment of a new CEO, Jane Johnson. The change in leadership is expected to result in a shift in strategic priorities and decision-making processes within the company. This event was accompanied by a comprehensive financial evaluation conducted by an external auditing firm in March 2019. The evaluation provided insights into the company's financial health and performance, informing decision-making processes and strategic planning.
+
+In April 2019, StrongBuild Construction secured a significant construction contract for a major infrastructure development project within its region of operation. This contract acquisition is expected to boost the company's revenue and enhance its reputation, potentially attracting more clients and contributing to future growth. Additionally, in June 2019, the company established a strategic partnership with a leading architectural firm, Summit Construction. This partnership allows StrongBuild Construction to leverage Summit Construction's expertise and broaden its service offerings, potentially attracting more clients and increasing market share.
+
+To improve efficiency and streamline project management processes, StrongBuild Construction implemented a reorganization of its project delivery team in September 2019. This reorganization is expected to result in more effective project execution, reduced costs, and improved client satisfaction. Furthermore, in October 2019, the company won the bid for the construction of a mega public infrastructure project valued at $500 million. This success in securing a substantial contract ensures a steady revenue stream and improves the company's financial performance in the upcoming years.
+
+In terms of corporate governance, StrongBuild Construction revised its corporate governance policies in March 2019 to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. This revision aims to boost corporate governance transparency and accountability, thereby increasing stakeholder confidence. The company also made efforts to update its risk management measures in May 2019, identifying new risks and implementing mitigation strategies to ensure continuous operation and stable development.
+
+Throughout the year, StrongBuild Construction faced various challenges related to ethics and integrity incidents in August 2019. These incidents, although significant, were promptly addressed by the company to mitigate any potential damage to its reputation and brand value. Additionally, the company experienced senior management changes in September 2019, which may lead to adjustments in operational focus and strategic priorities, affecting both short-term performance and long-term development.
+
+In November 2019, StrongBuild Construction ensured compliance with the latest laws and regulations by staying updated on compliance and regulatory updates. This commitment to compliance reduces legal risk and protects the company and shareholder interests. Lastly, in December 2019, the company made significant progress in sustainability, environmental protection, and corporate citizenship. These sustainability and social responsibility initiatives enhance the company's public image and market competitiveness, promoting long-term sustainable development.
+
+Throughout the report, StrongBuild Construction has demonstrated a commitment to strong corporate governance practices. The company adopts a transparent and timely information disclosure policy, ensuring that all material information is available to shareholders and the public. It maintains strict policies and procedures to ensure fairness and compliance of related transactions, preventing conflicts of interest. StrongBuild Construction also has a robust internal control system in place, regularly assessing its effectiveness to identify areas for improvement and implement necessary changes.
+
+Looking ahead, StrongBuild Construction has outlined governance improvement plans to strengthen the function of the Board of Directors and Supervisory Board. This includes providing regular training programs to enhance the skills and knowledge of board members, increasing the proportion of independent directors, and improving transparency and the quality of information disclosure. The company also aims to strengthen its internal control system, integrating sustainable development and social responsibility principles into its overall strategy to create long-term value for all stakeholders.
+
+Overall, StrongBuild Construction has navigated various events and challenges throughout the year, demonstrating resilience and a commitment to corporate governance and sustainable development. With its strong governance structure and strategic initiatives, the company is well-positioned for future growth and success in the construction industry.
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+JetWing Aviation, established on April 15, 2002 and headquartered in Miami, Florida, United States, is a renowned player in the aviation industry, specializing in private jet charter services, aircraft management, and aviation consulting.
+
+In recent years, JetWing Aviation has undergone significant events that have shaped its financial performance and market position. In January 2021, the company successfully executed a debt restructuring strategy, reducing its liabilities by $50 million. This optimization of the capital structure not only improved the company's financial condition but also resulted in reduced financial costs. As a result, JetWing Aviation was able to embark on a series of sub-events that further enhanced its operations and profitability.
+
+One of the key sub-events was the expansion of the company's fleet in March 2021. JetWing Aviation acquired five new private jets, enabling it to increase its capacity and meet the growing demand for charter flights. This strategic move had a significant impact on the company's ability to fulfill charter flight requests promptly, leading to increased revenue and improved customer satisfaction.
+
+In April 2021, JetWing Aviation established partnership agreements with luxury resorts, offering exclusive travel packages to high-net-worth individuals and luxury travelers. This move expanded the company's customer base and attracted a discerning clientele, further bolstering its market position.
+
+To improve operational efficiency and reduce expenses, JetWing Aviation implemented cost-cutting measures in May 2021. These measures resulted in lower operating expenses, improved profit margins, and increased overall profitability.
+
+In June 2021, JetWing Aviation introduced special services such as personalized inflight dining options, luxury amenities, and dedicated concierge assistance. These offerings differentiated the company from its competitors, attracting high-end customers and fostering customer loyalty.
+
+Another significant event for JetWing Aviation was the acquisition of a 20% equity stake in SkyFlight Airlines in February 2021. This strategic move further expanded JetWing Aviation's market share and enhanced its control over the industry.
+
+In March 2021, the company conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $100 million. This infusion of capital strengthened JetWing Aviation's financial position, supporting its expansion and development plans.
+
+JetWing Aviation made a major investment of $75 million in Project SkyLink in June 2021. This investment broadened the company's business areas and enhanced its profitability potential.
+
+In July 2021, JetWing Aviation completed the asset acquisition of AeroTech Avionics, with a total value of $30 million. This acquisition expanded the company's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness.
+
+To reward its shareholders, JetWing Aviation distributed $10 million in dividends in August 2021. This move enhanced shareholder returns and demonstrated the company's commitment to delivering value to its investors.
+
+In November 2021, JetWing Aviation underwent asset restructuring to optimize its business structure. This restructuring initiative improved operational efficiency and increased the overall value of the company.
+
+These significant events have had a profound impact on JetWing Aviation's financial performance. The company's operating income reached $350 million, reflecting the success of its main business and other income sources. Factors such as market demand and changes in product prices influenced this indicator.
+
+JetWing Aviation's net profit stood at $50 million, showcasing the company's ability to generate substantial earnings within a certain accounting period. The key influencing factors for net profit include operating income, cost control measures, and non-recurring gains and losses.
+
+With total assets amounting to $500 million, JetWing Aviation demonstrates a strong asset base. The acquisition and disposal of assets, as well as asset revaluation, are key factors influencing this indicator.
+
+Total liabilities for JetWing Aviation amounted to $200 million, reflecting the company's debt obligations at the end of the accounting period. Factors such as new debt issuance, debt repayment, and debt restructuring contribute to changes in total liabilities.
+
+Shareholder equity, totaling $300 million, represents the equity belonging to shareholders at the end of the accounting period. Net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves are the primary factors influencing this indicator.
+
+JetWing Aviation's cash flow amounted to $100 million, reflecting the total cash inflows and outflows within a certain accounting period. Operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities are the primary drivers of changes in cash flow.
+
+The company's debt ratio stands at 40%, indicating its debt level relative to its total assets. Changes in total liabilities and total assets influence this ratio.
+
+JetWing Aviation's debt to assets ratio is 0.4, representing the percentage of total liabilities to total assets. This ratio serves as a measure of the company's financial leverage, with increases or decreases in assets and liabilities impacting this indicator.
+
+The return on equity for JetWing Aviation is 18%, reflecting the operational efficiency of shareholder equity. Changes in net profit and shareholder equity are the primary factors influencing this ratio.
+
+Looking ahead, JetWing Aviation has outlined a financial strategy focused on cost control initiatives to improve profitability. The company also aims to explore strategic capital operations to enhance financial stability and support future growth.
+
+In terms of investment plans, JetWing Aviation intends to invest in expanding its fleet, introducing advanced aviation technologies, and exploring new markets. These investments will further strengthen the company's competitive position and revenue streams.
+
+To mitigate financial risks, JetWing Aviation has identified major risks such as fluctuations in fuel prices, regulatory changes, and global economic uncertainties. The company plans to implement risk mitigation strategies through hedging, diversification, and continuous market monitoring.
+
+In conclusion, JetWing Aviation has experienced significant events that have shaped its financial performance and market position. Through strategic initiatives such as debt restructuring, fleet expansion, and partnerships with luxury resorts, the company has successfully enhanced its operations, profitability, and market share. With a strong financial foundation and a focus on cost control and strategic investments, JetWing Aviation is well-positioned for future growth and success in the aviation industry.
+
+In January 2021, JetWing Aviation faced a significant challenge when it was hit with reports and allegations of ethics and integrity violations. This prompted the company to initiate an internal investigation to examine potential fraud, corruption, and conflicts of interest. The impact of these incidents was potentially damaging to the company's reputation and relationships with stakeholders. To address these concerns, JetWing Aviation implemented stricter compliance policies and controls, demonstrating its commitment to corporate governance. Additionally, disciplinary actions were taken against guilty employees, and contracts with external consultants were terminated, showcasing the company's zero tolerance for unethical behavior. These actions were aimed at preserving the company's corporate culture and governance practices, ensuring that JetWing Aviation maintains a high standard of ethics and integrity.
+
+In March 2021, JetWing Aviation entered into a strategic partnership with a global aircraft manufacturer. This partnership aimed to develop innovative aviation solutions, leading to market expansion and increased competitiveness for JetWing Aviation. By leveraging the expertise and resources of the aircraft manufacturer, JetWing Aviation aimed to enhance its service offerings and provide cutting-edge solutions to its clients. This strategic partnership was a significant milestone for the company, as it opened up new opportunities for growth and innovation in the aviation industry.
+
+In April 2021, JetWing Aviation made notable progress in its sustainability and social responsibility initiatives. The company focused on improving its corporate citizenship and sustainability practices, aiming to enhance its public image and market competitiveness. By integrating sustainability principles into its strategy and operations, JetWing Aviation demonstrated its commitment to environmental stewardship and social responsibility. This not only resonated with environmentally conscious customers but also positioned the company as a responsible and ethical player in the industry.
+
+In May 2021, JetWing Aviation's shareholders' meeting resulted in key decisions that had a significant impact on the company's governance structure and shareholder rights. These decisions were made during the annual or extraordinary meetings and were aimed at aligning the company's governance practices with the interests of its shareholders. The resolutions passed during these meetings shaped the direction of the company and ensured that shareholder interests were adequately represented and protected.
+
+In June 2021, JetWing Aviation revised its corporate governance policy to enhance transparency and accountability. This revision aimed to address any gaps in the existing policy and ensure that the company's governance practices met the highest standards. By enhancing transparency and accountability, JetWing Aviation aimed to increase stakeholder confidence and foster a culture of trust and integrity within the organization. This revision was a proactive step taken by the company to continuously improve its governance framework and ensure that it remains in line with best practices.
+
+In July 2021, JetWing Aviation launched an ultra-luxury jet membership program targeting high-net-worth individuals. This program aimed to generate additional revenue for the company and increase its market share in the private jet charter services sector. By offering exclusive benefits and personalized services to its members, JetWing Aviation aimed to attract a niche clientele and differentiate itself from competitors. This launch was a strategic move to tap into the growing demand for luxury travel experiences and further establish JetWing Aviation as a leader in the industry.
+
+In August 2021, JetWing Aviation implemented risk management measures to improve its response to potential risks and ensure stable development. The company updated its risk management framework to identify, assess, and mitigate risks effectively. By proactively managing risks, JetWing Aviation aimed to safeguard its operations, protect its assets, and maintain a resilient business model. This focus on risk management demonstrated the company's commitment to maintaining a secure and sustainable business environment.
+
+In September 2021, JetWing Aviation experienced a change in its board of directors. This change involved the appointment or resignation of board members, leading to strategic adjustments and considerations of shareholder interests. The composition of the board of directors plays a crucial role in shaping the company's governance structure and decision-making processes. By making changes to the board, JetWing Aviation aimed to ensure that it had the right expertise and diversity of perspectives to drive the company's growth and success.
+
+In October 2021, JetWing Aviation witnessed changes in its senior management positions. These changes resulted in adjustments in operational focus and priorities. The senior management team plays a vital role in executing the company's strategy and driving its day-to-day operations. By making changes to the senior management positions, JetWing Aviation aimed to align its leadership with its strategic objectives and ensure effective execution of its business plans.
+
+In December 2021, JetWing Aviation responded to compliance and regulatory updates by implementing necessary changes to ensure compliance assurance and protection of its interests. The company closely monitored and updated its policies and practices to align with the evolving regulatory landscape. By staying abreast of regulatory changes, JetWing Aviation aimed to maintain its compliance with applicable laws and regulations, mitigating any potential risks associated with non-compliance.
+
+JetWing Aviation's governance structure is supported by several indicators that reflect its commitment to transparency, fairness, and accountability. The company places great importance on information disclosure, regularly sharing financial statements and corporate governance information with stakeholders. This commitment to information disclosure ensures that stakeholders have access to accurate and comprehensive information about the company's performance and governance practices.
+
+JetWing Aviation also has policies and measures in place to ensure fairness and compliance in related transactions. These policies aim to prevent conflicts of interest and maintain a level playing field for all stakeholders. By adhering to strict policies, JetWing Aviation demonstrates its commitment to upholding ethical standards and ensuring that all transactions are conducted in a fair and transparent manner.
+
+The company has established a robust internal control system, which includes architecture, implementation, and assessment processes. This system ensures accurate financial reporting and provides stakeholders with confidence in the reliability of the company's financial statements. JetWing Aviation's commitment to maintaining a strong internal control system reflects its dedication to sound financial management and governance practices.
+
+To further improve its governance structure, JetWing Aviation has developed a set of governance improvement plans. These plans focus on strengthening the function of the board of directors and supervisory board, enhancing transparency and the quality of information disclosure, and establishing a dedicated sustainability and social responsibility committee. These initiatives aim to enhance the company's governance practices, ensure effective decision-making processes, and integrate sustainability principles into its strategy and operations.
+
+In terms of risk management, JetWing Aviation has developed a comprehensive strategy to strengthen its internal control system. This strategy focuses on enhancing the identification, assessment, and monitoring of risks, particularly in the areas of financial and operational risk management. By proactively managing risks, JetWing Aviation aims to safeguard its business and ensure its long-term stability and success.
+
+Furthermore, JetWing Aviation recognizes the importance of integrating sustainable development and social responsibility into its risk management strategy. By identifying related risks and opportunities, the company can effectively address environmental and social challenges while driving sustainable growth. This approach aligns with the growing global focus on sustainability and positions JetWing Aviation as a responsible and forward-thinking player in the aviation industry.
+
+To mitigate the impact of unforeseen events, JetWing Aviation has implemented business continuity and disaster recovery plans. These plans ensure that the company is prepared to respond to natural disasters, cyber threats, and global crises. By proactively developing and implementing these plans, JetWing Aviation aims to minimize disruptions to its operations and protect its stakeholders' interests.
+
+In conclusion, JetWing Aviation has demonstrated its commitment to sound corporate governance practices through various initiatives and measures. The company's focus on ethics and integrity, strategic partnerships, sustainability, and social responsibility, as well as its governance improvement plans and risk management strategy, all contribute to its overall governance structure. By continuously improving its governance practices, JetWing Aviation aims to maintain stakeholder confidence, drive sustainable growth, and remain a leader in the aviation industry.
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+CleanCo Housekeeping Services is a housekeeping company established on April 1, 2013, in New York, United States, and specializes in providing professional cleaning services to residential and commercial clients.
+
+In 2018, CleanCo Housekeeping Services experienced several significant events that had a profound impact on its financial performance and market position. Firstly, the company conducted a large-scale financing activity in January, raising $10 million in funds. This financing activity strengthened CleanCo's financial strength and provided support for its expansion and development. As a result, the company was able to expand its operations into a new market by opening a branch office in Chicago in March. This expansion increased CleanCo's reach and potential customer base, leading to revenue growth.
+
+In May, CleanCo made a strategic investment in advanced cleaning technology, including robotic cleaners and eco-friendly cleaning products. This investment enhanced the efficiency and effectiveness of the company's cleaning services, resulting in improved customer satisfaction and attracting new clients. Additionally, in September, CleanCo acquired a local competitor, XYZ Cleaning Solutions, to consolidate its market position. This acquisition expanded the company's market share, eliminated competition, and provided access to new clients and resources.
+
+Furthermore, CleanCo entered into a strategic partnership with a leading hospitality chain in October, providing exclusive housekeeping services to their hotels. This partnership not only secured a stable and high-profile client for CleanCo but also led to increased revenue, brand recognition, and potential future partnerships.
+
+In February, CleanCo underwent debt restructuring, reducing its liabilities by $5 million. This debt restructuring optimized the company's capital structure and improved its financial condition by reducing financial costs. Additionally, in March, CleanCo completed the asset acquisition of Sparkle Cleaners, a leading provider of commercial cleaning services, with a total value of $8 million. This acquisition expanded CleanCo's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness.
+
+CleanCo also made a major investment in April, investing $3 million in Project Green Clean, a startup specializing in eco-friendly cleaning products and technologies. This investment further broadened CleanCo's business areas and enhanced its profitability. In June, CleanCo completed the acquisition of 30% equity of Fresh Breeze Cleaning Services, further expanding its market share and enhancing its control.
+
+In August, CleanCo underwent an asset restructuring, optimizing its business structure. This asset restructuring improved operational efficiency and increased the company's value. Finally, in December, CleanCo decided to distribute $2 million of dividends to its shareholders, enhancing shareholder returns.
+
+These significant events had a direct impact on CleanCo's financial indicators. The company reported an operating income of $25 million in 2018, influenced by market demand and changes in product prices. The net profit for the year was $3.5 million, influenced by the operating income, cost control, and non-recurring gains and losses. CleanCo's total assets reached $40 million, influenced by asset acquisition, disposal, and revaluation. The company's total liabilities amounted to $15 million, influenced by new debt issuance, debt repayment, and debt restructuring. Shareholder equity stood at $25 million, influenced by net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. CleanCo generated a cash flow of $4 million, influenced by operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities.
+
+The company's debt ratio and debt to assets ratio were both 37.5%, reflecting its moderate level of debt and financial leverage. The return on equity for CleanCo was 12.5%, indicating the operational efficiency of shareholder equity and influenced by changes in net profit and shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, CleanCo Housekeeping Services plans to implement cost control measures to improve profitability and explore potential capital operations to enhance its financial performance. The company also aims to invest in market research and development of new cleaning technologies, expand its service offerings, and target new geographic markets. To mitigate risks such as increasing competition, regulatory changes, and economic uncertainties, CleanCo plans to implement risk management strategies through diversification and continuous monitoring.
+
+Overall, CleanCo Housekeeping Services has demonstrated strong growth and financial performance in 2018, driven by strategic investments, acquisitions, and partnerships. The company's focus on innovation, efficiency, and expansion positions it well for future success in the housekeeping industry.
+
+In 2018, CleanCo Housekeeping Services underwent several significant events that had a profound impact on its corporate governance structure and practices. Firstly, in January 2018, the company revised its corporate governance policies to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. This revision included the implementation of regular board evaluations, strengthened codes of ethics, and increased shareholder communication programs. These changes aimed to improve corporate governance transparency and accountability, ultimately boosting stakeholder confidence.
+
+As part of the policy revision, CleanCo Housekeeping Services appointed three independent board members in March 2018. These board members brought diverse backgrounds and expertise to the company, strengthening the board's independence and enhancing transparency in decision-making processes. The appointment of independent board members increased the board's diversity and expertise, leading to improved governance and decision-making.
+
+In June 2018, CleanCo Housekeeping Services introduced a whistle-blower program to allow employees, clients, and other stakeholders to report any unethical behavior, fraud, or violations of corporate governance policies anonymously and with protection from retaliation. This program created a mechanism to detect and address unethical behavior, further strengthening the company's corporate governance practices.
+
+Another important event in September 2018 was the implementation of a comprehensive board evaluation process. This process aimed to assess the effectiveness of the board, its committees, and individual directors. The evaluation included self-assessment and external evaluation to identify areas for improvement in corporate governance practices. This initiative played a crucial role in identifying weaknesses and areas for improvement, facilitating better decision-making and accountability within the company.
+
+In February 2018, CleanCo Housekeeping Services achieved significant progress in its sustainability and social responsibility efforts. The company implemented eco-friendly cleaning practices, reduced water and energy consumption, and actively participated in community outreach programs. These initiatives not only enhanced the company's public image but also improved its market competitiveness, promoting long-term sustainable development.
+
+To address potential risks, CleanCo Housekeeping Services updated its risk management framework in May 2018. This update involved conducting regular risk assessments, strengthening internal controls, and providing risk awareness training to employees. These measures improved the company's ability to respond to internal and external risks, ensuring continuous operation and stable development.
+
+However, in June 2018, CleanCo Housekeeping Services faced an ethics and integrity incident involving a senior executive. The company conducted a thorough internal investigation and took appropriate disciplinary actions, including termination, to maintain its integrity and reputation. While this incident may have temporarily damaged the company's reputation and brand value, it demonstrated the company's commitment to upholding ethical standards.
+
+During the annual shareholders' meeting in August 2018, a resolution to update the company's charter was approved unanimously. The revised charter empowered the board to make certain strategic decisions without requiring shareholder approval, enabling swift actions and streamlining decision-making processes. This resolution directly affected the company's governance structure, future operational strategies, and shareholder rights.
+
+In October 2018, CleanCo Housekeeping Services experienced a change in senior management as Mr. David Anderson, the CEO, completed his tenure. He was succeeded by Ms. Amanda Wilson, an experienced industry professional with a proven track record of leading and expanding housekeeping companies. This transition in leadership aimed to drive operational focus and priorities towards innovative service offerings and customer satisfaction.
+
+In November 2018, there was also a change in the board of directors with the resignation of Ms. Emily Carter and the appointment of Mr. Michael Evans. Mr. Evans brought extensive experience in the housekeeping industry, providing fresh insights and positively impacting the company's strategic direction.
+
+Lastly, in December 2018, CleanCo Housekeeping Services proactively adapted to changes in compliance and regulatory requirements. The company trained its staff on new OSHA regulations to ensure full compliance with health and safety standards in the housekeeping industry. This commitment to compliance and regulatory updates reduced legal risk, protecting the company and shareholder interests.
+
+Overall, CleanCo Housekeeping Services demonstrated a strong commitment to corporate governance, sustainability, and risk management in 2018. Through policy revisions, the appointment of independent board members, the implementation of a whistle-blower program, and the introduction of a board evaluation process, the company enhanced transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. Additionally, the company's sustainability initiatives, risk management measures, and compliance efforts further solidified its commitment to responsible business practices. These events and initiatives have positioned CleanCo Housekeeping Services as a reputable and trustworthy player in the housekeeping industry.
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+InnovateTech Solutions, established on March 15, 2010, is an IT company based in Silicon Valley, California, USA, specializing in providing innovative software solutions for enterprises. The company is listed on NASDAQ.
+
+In January 2021, InnovateTech Solutions made a major investment of $10 million in Project X, an AI-driven analytics platform. This investment had a significant impact on the company, as it further broadened its business areas and enhanced profitability. The development of Project X laid the foundation for its future success and potential revenue streams. Additionally, InnovateTech Solutions formed a strategic partnership with a leading player in the data analytics industry in February 2021. This partnership provided access to a wider customer base and enhanced the company's credibility and market position. To support the development of Project X, InnovateTech Solutions expanded its R&D team in March 2021, hiring additional skilled professionals. This move increased the company's capacity for faster development and improved product quality. From April to June 2021, extensive testing and iteration of Project X's functionalities and user experience were conducted, resulting in a high-quality product that meets customer expectations and increases market competitiveness. To create awareness and generate interest in Project X, a strategic marketing campaign was launched in July to August 2021. This campaign increased visibility, generated leads, and potential customers for Project X. Finally, in September 2021, InnovateTech Solutions officially launched Project X to the market, commencing revenue generation from the sale of Project X licenses and associated services.
+
+In February 2021, the company decided to distribute $1.5 million as dividends to shareholders, enhancing shareholder returns. In March 2021, InnovateTech Solutions underwent an asset restructuring to optimize its business structure and consolidate resources in key growth areas. This restructuring improved operational efficiency and increased the company's value. In June 2021, the company underwent debt restructuring, reducing liabilities by $5 million. This move improved the company's financial condition and reduced financial costs. In September 2021, InnovateTech Solutions completed the acquisition of 30% equity of Data Analytics Corp, further expanding its market share and enhancing control. Additionally, in October 2021, the company completed the asset acquisition of Tech Solutions Ltd., with a total value of $8 million. This acquisition expanded the company's business scope and enhanced market competitiveness. In November 2021, InnovateTech Solutions conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $20 million through a successful IPO. This strengthened the company's financial strength and supported expansion and development. In December 2021, the company entered into a strategic partnership with GlobalTech Corporation to jointly develop advanced cloud-based solutions. This partnership expanded market reach and increased revenue potential.
+
+Now let's delve into the specific indicators that are relevant to InnovateTech Solutions. The operating income of the company is a crucial indicator that reflects the total amount of main business income and other business income within a certain accounting period. It is influenced by market demand and changes in product prices. The net profit, on the other hand, represents the net income of the company within a certain accounting period, calculated by subtracting total costs and taxes from total income. The net profit is influenced by the operating income, cost control, and non-recurring gains and losses. The total assets of the company reflect the total amount of assets owned by the company at the end of the accounting period. This indicator is influenced by asset acquisition, asset disposal, and asset revaluation. On the other hand, the total liabilities represent the total amount of debts the company is obligated to repay at the end of the accounting period. It is influenced by new debt issuance, debt repayment, and debt restructuring. The shareholder equity is the total amount of equity belonging to shareholders at the end of the accounting period and is influenced by the net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. The cash flow represents the total cash inflows and outflows of the company within a certain accounting period. It is influenced by operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities. The debt ratio reflects the ratio of total liabilities to total assets and indicates the company's debt level. It is influenced by changes in total liabilities and total assets. The debt to assets ratio, on the other hand, represents the percentage of total liabilities to total assets and is a measure of the company's financial leverage. It is influenced by increases or decreases in assets and liabilities. Finally, the return on equity reflects the operational efficiency of shareholder equity and is calculated by dividing the net profit by the average shareholder equity. It is influenced by changes in net profit and changes in shareholder equity.
+
+Looking into the future outlook of InnovateTech Solutions, the company plans to implement a comprehensive cost control strategy to improve profit margins. This strategy aims to optimize expenses and increase efficiency. Additionally, the company is committed to investing in cutting-edge technologies and research and development efforts to stay at the forefront of the industry. It plans to invest in AI-driven solutions and cloud computing advancements. Moreover, InnovateTech Solutions will explore strategic partnerships for mutual growth. In terms of risk management, the company has identified potential risks such as intense competition, technological disruptions, and economic uncertainties. To address these risks, InnovateTech Solutions will focus on diversifying its product portfolio, conducting regular risk assessments, and implementing effective risk mitigation strategies. By proactively managing risks and investing in innovation, InnovateTech Solutions aims to maintain its market position and drive future growth.
+
+The company's governance structure underwent significant changes in 2021, starting with the Shareholders' Meeting Resolution in March. The shareholders approved a change to the company's charter, allowing an increase in authorized capital. This decision was aimed at providing the company with additional financial flexibility to support its future growth strategies. Additionally, the shareholders approved a new stock option plan for employees, which was designed to incentivize and retain talent within the organization.
+
+The Q1 Financial Report, released in April, highlighted the strong revenue growth and profitability achieved by InnovateTech Solutions. The company experienced a significant increase in revenue, driven by successful product launches and an expanding customer base. This positive financial performance had a direct impact on the company's strategic decision-making and future expansion plans, as it provided the necessary resources to invest in new initiatives and technologies.
+
+In June, InnovateTech Solutions announced a strategic partnership with a leading software development company. This partnership brought together the resources, expertise, and networks of both companies, strengthening InnovateTech Solutions' position in the market, expanding its product portfolio, and increasing its customer reach. This strategic move was expected to drive further growth and enhance the company's competitive advantage.
+
+In September, InnovateTech Solutions unveiled a new software solution targeting a specific market segment. This product launch was met with great interest from the market, as the innovative features and value proposition of the product resonated with potential customers. The launch generated a significant number of inquiries and positioned InnovateTech Solutions as a leader in the industry.
+
+In November, the company completed the acquisition of a smaller software development company, further expanding its product offerings and talent pool. This strategic acquisition strengthened InnovateTech Solutions' market presence, accelerated its product development cycles, and provided a competitive advantage in the industry.
+
+In May, InnovateTech Solutions addressed a minor instance of conflict of interest involving an employee. The company took immediate action to address the incident and implemented additional training to prevent similar incidents in the future. This prompt response demonstrated the company's commitment to ethics and integrity, safeguarding its reputation and brand value.
+
+In June, two new members were appointed to the board of directors, bringing their expertise in software development and strategic planning. These appointments were expected to contribute to the long-term development direction of the company and protect shareholder interests.
+
+In July, InnovateTech Solutions incorporated new regulations for data privacy and cybersecurity, ensuring compliance through internal training programs. This commitment to compliance reduced legal risk and protected shareholder interests.
+
+In September, a new Chief Financial Officer (CFO) was appointed, bringing extensive experience in financial management and strategic planning. The new CFO's appointment was expected to result in adjustments in operational focus and strategic priorities, ensuring the company's financial stability and growth.
+
+In October, InnovateTech Solutions revised its corporate governance policy to actively engage with shareholders and solicit their opinions. This revision aimed to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder confidence, fostering strong relationships with shareholders.
+
+In November, the company enhanced its risk management measures by strengthening its risk management framework. A comprehensive risk assessment was conducted, identifying emerging risks and implementing measures to ensure continuous operation and stable development.
+
+In December, InnovateTech Solutions launched an environmental sustainability program, aiming to reduce its carbon footprint. The company also engaged in community outreach initiatives, further enhancing its public image and market competitiveness.
+
+Throughout the year, InnovateTech Solutions demonstrated a commitment to corporate governance and shareholder value. The company adhered to international best practices in information disclosure, ensuring timely and accurate reporting of financial and non-financial information. The presence of a committee to review and approve significant related party transactions safeguarded shareholder interests. Additionally, InnovateTech Solutions established a comprehensive internal control system to safeguard assets, ensure accurate financial reporting, and comply with laws and regulations.
+
+Looking ahead, InnovateTech Solutions has outlined governance improvement plans to strengthen the function of the board of directors and enhance transparency and the quality of information disclosure. These plans include initiatives such as regular training, increasing the proportion of independent directors, and optimizing decision-making processes. The company also aims to strengthen its internal control system and integrate sustainable development and social responsibility into its business strategy. These measures will anticipate and mitigate risks, ensure operational sustainability, and protect stakeholder interests.
+
+In conclusion, InnovateTech Solutions has demonstrated a strong commitment to corporate governance and shareholder value throughout 2021. The company's strategic decisions, financial performance, partnerships, acquisitions, and risk management measures have positioned it for future growth and success. By focusing on governance improvement plans and a robust risk management strategy, InnovateTech Solutions aims to continue delivering value to its shareholders while driving positive change in the industry.
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+Capital Finance Group, established on March 15, 1995, is a publicly traded finance company based in New York, United States that primarily focuses on providing financial services such as investment banking, asset management, and wealth management.
+
+In 2018, Capital Finance Group experienced several significant events that had a profound impact on the company's performance and financial indicators. Firstly, in January 2018, the company completed the acquisition of a 20% equity stake in Alpha Financial Services. This strategic move not only expanded Capital Finance Group's market share but also enhanced its control in the industry. As a result, the company saw an increase in its operating income, net profit, and total assets.
+
+To further strengthen its position in the market, Capital Finance Group introduced a series of new investment products in February 2018, including high-yield bonds and structured notes. This diversification of its investment offerings attracted more clients and expanded the company's revenue streams. Additionally, in March 2018, the company formed a strategic partnership with a leading global asset management firm. This collaboration facilitated investment research, distribution, and client servicing, leveraging the expertise and global reach of the asset management firm. Consequently, Capital Finance Group's investment capabilities and client base were enhanced.
+
+In February 2018, the company decided to distribute $10 million of dividends to its shareholders, which significantly improved shareholder returns. Furthermore, in March 2018, Capital Finance Group made a major investment of $50 million in Project Delta, a technology startup focused on blockchain solutions. This investment broadened the company's business areas and contributed to its profitability.
+
+In May 2018, the company conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $500 million of funds. This strengthened Capital Finance Group's financial position and provided support for its expansion and development plans. In September 2018, the company completed the asset acquisition of XYZ Wealth Management, with a total value of $200 million. This acquisition expanded the company's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness.
+
+To optimize its capital structure, in November 2018, Capital Finance Group underwent debt restructuring, reducing its liabilities by $100 million. This move improved the company's financial condition and reduced its financial costs. Additionally, in December 2018, the company underwent an asset restructuring, which resulted in improved operational efficiency and increased company value.
+
+These events had a significant impact on Capital Finance Group's financial indicators. The company's operating income reached $1.5 billion, influenced by market demand and changes in product prices. The net profit amounted to $300 million, influenced by the operating income, cost control measures, and non-recurring gains and losses. Capital Finance Group's total assets stood at $5 billion, driven by asset acquisitions, disposals, and revaluations. The company's total liabilities amounted to $2 billion, influenced by new debt issuances, debt repayments, and debt restructuring. Shareholder equity reached $3 billion, influenced by the net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves.
+
+Capital Finance Group achieved a positive cash flow of $800 million, influenced by its operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities. The company maintained a debt ratio of 40%, reflecting its debt level in relation to its total assets. The debt to assets ratio stood at 25%, indicating the company's financial leverage. Finally, the return on equity was 10%, reflecting the operational efficiency of shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, Capital Finance Group plans to implement financial strategies focused on cost control and optimizing capital operations to improve profitability and operational efficiency. The company also aims to invest in emerging markets, particularly targeting fintech companies and sustainable energy projects, to diversify its revenue streams and foster long-term growth. To manage financial risks, Capital Finance Group is enhancing its risk monitoring systems, conducting regular stress tests, and implementing robust cybersecurity measures to safeguard data and transactions.
+
+In conclusion, Capital Finance Group's performance in 2018 was marked by significant events that shaped its financial indicators and future outlook. The company's strategic acquisitions, partnerships, and investments contributed to its growth and market competitiveness. With a focus on financial strategies, investment plans, and risk management, Capital Finance Group is well-positioned to navigate the challenges and opportunities in the finance industry.
+
+In February 2018, the company held its annual shareholders' meeting, during which several key decisions were made to strengthen the company's governance structure and enhance shareholder rights. One of the significant resolutions was the appointment of an independent auditor, which aimed to enhance transparency and strengthen the credibility of the company's financial reporting. This decision reflects the company's commitment to maintaining high standards of corporate governance.
+
+Another important decision made during the shareholders' meeting was the expansion of the company's asset management portfolio. This strategic move is expected to contribute to the company's financial performance and strengthen its position in the finance industry. By diversifying its portfolio, Capital Finance Group aims to capture new opportunities and generate sustainable growth.
+
+In the same month, the company also gained approval to issue new shares, providing it with increased financial flexibility and potential for future growth and development. This decision aligns with the company's long-term strategy of expanding its operations and seizing market opportunities.
+
+However, in March 2018, the company faced an ethics and integrity incident when a former employee was found guilty of fraud and corruption. This incident tarnished the company's reputation and brand value. Nevertheless, the actions taken by the company in response to this incident demonstrate its commitment to maintaining ethical standards and rebuilding trust with stakeholders.
+
+In April 2018, Mrs. Julia Thompson was appointed as the new CEO of Capital Finance Group. This senior management change may lead to adjustments in operational focus and strategic priorities, as new leadership often brings fresh perspectives and ideas.
+
+To strengthen its risk management capabilities, the company implemented an updated risk management framework in June 2018. This framework aims to enhance the company's ability to respond to internal and external risks, preserving financial stability and enabling sustainable growth.
+
+In August 2018, Capital Finance Group revised its corporate governance policy to include greater transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. This revision reflects the company's commitment to enhancing its corporate governance practices and fostering a positive business environment.
+
+In September 2018, the company appointed Mr. John Anderson as a new board member. This addition to the board of directors may lead to strategic adjustments, promoting the company's long-term development direction and enhancing shareholder interests.
+
+In October 2018, Capital Finance Group made significant progress in sustainability, environmental protection, and social responsibility initiatives. These efforts not only enhance the company's public image and market competitiveness but also engender long-term stakeholder trust and foster sustainable development.
+
+In December 2018, the company reevaluated its compliance practices to adhere to updated securities regulations and industry-specific regulations. By aligning with the latest laws and regulations, Capital Finance Group reduces legal risk, protects the company, and safeguards shareholder interests.
+
+Throughout the report, several indicators were involved to assess the company's corporate governance. Capital Finance Group follows a transparent information disclosure process, providing detailed financial reports and ensuring comprehensive and accurate information disclosure. This commitment to information transparency enhances stakeholder trust and confidence.
+
+The company also has rigorous policies, procedures, and measures in place to ensure fairness and compliance in related transactions. By focusing on eliminating conflicts of interest and ensuring fair treatment, Capital Finance Group enhances trust among shareholders and stakeholders.
+
+Furthermore, the company has established a robust internal control system to govern its activities. This internal control system effectively safeguards assets, prevents fraud, and maintains the integrity of financial reporting.
+
+Looking ahead, Capital Finance Group has outlined governance improvement plans, including strengthening the function of the board of directors and supervisory board, as well as enhancing transparency and the quality of information disclosure. These plans reflect the company's commitment to continuous improvement in its corporate governance practices.
+
+In terms of risk management, the company aims to strengthen its internal control system and integrate sustainable development practices into its operations. By dedicating itself to establishing and enhancing the internal control system, Capital Finance Group aims to mitigate risks and ensure the long-term sustainability of its business.
+
+In conclusion, Capital Finance Group has demonstrated a commitment to strong corporate governance practices through various initiatives and decisions. Despite facing challenges such as an ethics and integrity incident, the company has taken proactive measures to address these issues and rebuild trust with stakeholders. With a focus on transparency, fairness, and risk management, Capital Finance Group aims to maintain its position as a reputable and trusted financial services provider.
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+创新科技有限公司是一家于2005年3月15日成立于美国加利福尼亚州的IT公司，主营业务为提供软件开发、数据分析和云计算解决方案。
+
+在2020年度，创新科技有限公司经历了一系列重要事件，这些事件对公司的财务状况和业务发展产生了深远的影响。
+
+首先，公司在2020年1月完成了对CleanTech公司的股权收购，获得了75%的股权。这一重大事件进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。在此之前，公司管理层于2019年9月开始策划收购CleanTech公司的计划，并于2019年10月至2019年12月进行了尽职调查。这些调查结果为公司后续的收购决策提供了重要参考。最终，公司与CleanTech公司达成了收购协议，并于2020年1月支付了相应的收购款项。这次收购使公司进一步巩固了市场地位，为未来的发展奠定了基础。
+
+其次，公司在2020年3月进行了债务重组，减少了500万美元的负债。这一举措有助于优化公司的资本结构，改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。
+
+在2020年4月，公司投资了1000万美元用于AI技术研发项目。这一重大投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+在2020年6月，公司决定向股东分发500万美元股利，回报了股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益。
+
+为了支持公司的扩张和发展，公司在2020年8月进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了2亿美元资金。这次融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，为公司未来的发展提供了充足的资金支持。
+
+在2020年10月，公司完成了对DataTech公司的资产收购，总价值为2.5亿美元。这一重大资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。
+
+然而，在2020年11月，公司发现了一起财务诈骗事件。经过调查发现，公司的一名财务职员伪造了公司的财务信息，并违规转移了公司资金。这一事件对公司造成了财务损失，同时也影响了公司的声誉和信誉。
+
+最后，在2020年12月，公司进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构。这一举措提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。
+
+以上重要事件对公司的财务状况产生了显著影响。根据财务报告显示，公司在2020年度的营业收入为4500万美元，净利润为800万美元。公司的总资产为2.3亿美元，总负债为1.1亿美元，股东权益为1.2亿美元。公司的现金流量为3000万美元。负债比率为47.83%，资产负债率为48.28%。净资产收益率为6.67%。
+
+通过对这些指标的分析可以看出，公司在2020年度取得了较好的业绩。收购CleanTech公司和DataTech公司的资产收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额和业务范围，为公司的增长提供了强劲动力。债务重组和大规模融资活动改善了公司的财务状况，增强了公司的资金实力。然而，财务诈骗事件对公司造成了一定的财务损失，对公司的声誉和信誉产生了负面影响。
+
+展望未来，公司计划实施一系列财务策略，包括提高成本效益和控制费用开支，以提升利润率和投资回报率。公司还计划加大在研发领域的投资，积极探索新技术和创新产品，并加强市场营销，扩大市场份额。同时，公司将加强风险管理体系建设，建立完善的内部控制和审计机制，及时发现和应对潜在风险，并加强合规性管理。
+
+综上所述，创新科技有限公司在2020年度取得了较好的业绩，并制定了一系列的发展计划和策略，以应对未来的挑战和机遇。公司将继续致力于创新和发展，为股东创造更大的价值。
+
+公司治理结构方面，创新科技有限公司在2020年1月召开了年度股东大会，就公司章程的变更、重要的公司行动和股东投票结果作出了关键性决策。股东大会决议的通过意味着公司治理结构的变更、重要事项的确定和股东意见的统一，对公司未来的经营策略和股东权益产生直接影响。在股东大会决议通过之前，公司董事会于2019年11月确定了股东大会的议程，包括公司章程的变更、重要事项的讨论和股东投票事项。股东大会议程的确定为股东大会决议的讨论和投票提供了指导，确保决议过程的有序进行。公司于2020年1月向股东发送了股东大会的通知，包括会议时间、地点和议程，提醒股东参加。股东大会通知的发出确保了股东能够及时了解到股东大会的召开信息，从而能够参加并对重要事项进行投票。公司于2020年1月召开了年度股东大会，股东代表齐聚一堂，讨论和决定公司的重要事项。股东大会的召开为公司决策提供了合法性和权威性，确保了公司未来经营策略的合理性和股东权益的保障。
+
+在可持续性与社会责任倡议方面，创新科技有限公司在2020年2月取得了在可持续性发展、环境保护、社会责任和企业公民方面的重大进展。该可持续性与社会责任倡议提升了公司的公众形象和市场竞争力，促进了公司的长期可持续发展。
+
+在董事会变更方面，公司于2020年4月进行了董事会成员的任命和辞职，并根据新成员的加入重新调整了公司的战略方向。董事会的变动或许会导致公司的战略调整，进而影响公司的长期发展方向和股东利益。
+
+公司于2020年6月修订了公司治理框架和政策，增强了透明度、问责制度和利益相关者的参与度。公司治理政策修订的措施增强了公司的治理透明度和问责制度，提升了利益相关者的信心。
+
+在合规与监管更新方面，公司在2020年7月适应了涉及公司治理实践的相关新规定和合规标准的更新，包括证券法、公司法或特定行业规定的变化。公司的合规与监管更新能有效确保公司遵守最新的法律法规，减少法律风险，维护公司和股东的利益。
+
+公司于2020年9月更新了风险管理框架，识别新的风险并实施缓解策略。该风险管理举措的更新提高了公司对内外部风险的应对能力，有效保障了公司的持续运营和稳定发展。
+
+然而，公司在2020年10月发生了重大的道德或诚信违规事件，公司采取了一系列应对措施。该事件可能会损害公司声誉和品牌价值，影响公司与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系。
+
+在2020年11月，公司高级管理层发生了变动，包括对CEO或其他关键职位的更换，这导致了公司运营重点和优先事项的调整。高级管理层变动可能会导致公司运营重点和战略优先事项的调整，进而影响短期内的业绩和长期发展。
+
+在指标方面，公司秉持信息披露的原则，采取及时、准确、全面地向利益相关者披露公司信息的方式，并根据相关要求执行情况。公司制定了关联交易政策和流程，并采取相应措施确保关联交易的公正性、合规性。公司建立了完善的内部控制架构，全面实施并评估了内部控制的效果。公司计划加强董事会和监事会的功能，提高其在公司治理中的效率和效果。公司计划改进信息披露流程和标准，确保及时、准确、全面地向所有利益相关者报告公司情况。公司计划进一步建立和完善内部控制系统，识别、评估、监控和报告财务和运营风险，提高公司抵御风险的能力。公司计划将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，识别相关风险和机会，促进长期价值创造。
+
+综上所述，创新科技有限公司在公司治理结构、可持续性与社会责任倡议、董事会变更、公司治理政策修订、合规与监管更新、风险管理举措、道德与诚信事件以及高级管理层变动等方面都取得了重要进展。公司在信息披露、关联交易和内部控制等指标方面表现出色，并计划加强董事会和监事会功能、提升透明度和信息披露质量、强化内部控制系统以及整合可持续发展和社会责任。这些举措将有助于提高公司治理效能、增强风险管理能力和推动可持续发展，进一步巩固公司的竞争优势和长期价值创造能力。
+
+在环境责任方面，创新科技有限公司采取了一系列措施来减少对环境的影响。首先，公司于2020年1月投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目来抵消其碳排放，努力实现碳中和目标。为了支持这一举措，公司启动了内部碳减排项目，研究和实施减少碳排放的策略和措施。此外，公司与国际碳抵消组织合作，通过购买碳抵消证书来补偿其碳排放，增加了对投资于碳抵消项目的可信度。
+
+其次，创新科技有限公司于2020年3月实施了节能减排项目，旨在减少能源消耗和温室气体排放。这一举措直接减少了公司的能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。
+
+另外，公司于2020年4月建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。这一举措显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。
+
+此外，创新科技有限公司于2020年5月优化了生产流程，改善能源利用效率，减少资源浪费。这一举措降低了能源成本，提高了公司的竞争力和可持续发展能力。
+
+在产品方面，创新科技有限公司于2020年7月开发了环保型产品，减少对环境的影响。这一举措提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象，同时减少了环境影响。
+
+为了加强环境管理能力和持续改进，创新科技有限公司于2020年12月实施了环境管理系统（EMS）。通过实施EMS，公司提高了环境绩效，减少了废物产生，并确保合规。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力和市场认可度。
+
+在社会责任方面，创新科技有限公司也采取了一系列措施。首先，公司于2020年1月实施了员工健康与安全计划，显著改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+此外，公司于2020年3月推出了员工职业成长和人才发展计划，提供各类培训和发展项目，支持员工职业成长。这一举措提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。
+
+创新科技有限公司还积极参与公共服务项目，如城市绿化、公共卫生改善项目，以提升社区生活质量。这一举措促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。
+
+此外，公司于2020年7月投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。这一举措加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。
+
+创新科技有限公司还参与或资助慈善活动和慈善机构，支持教育、健康、减贫等领域。这一举措提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。
+
+为了促进员工的平等机会和公平待遇，创新科技有限公司于2020年11月实施了员工多样性和包容性计划。这一举措提高了员工的工作满意度和团队凝聚力，增强了公司的创新力和竞争力。
+
+通过上述环境责任和社会责任的举措，创新科技有限公司取得了一定的成果。根据数据显示，公司的二氧化碳排放量从20000吨减少到了一定的数值，这主要得益于生产规模的变化和节能技术的应用。同时，公司的能源消耗也得到了一定程度的降低，这主要归功于生产效率的提高和能源管理措施的实施。
+
+在员工满意度方面，公司取得了较好的成绩，员工满意度达到了80%。这主要得益于工作环境的改善和员工福利政策的调整。
+
+此外，创新科技有限公司在社区投资方面也取得了一定的成果，投资额达到了100万美元。这主要受到公司财务状况和社会责任战略的变化的影响。
+
+展望未来，创新科技有限公司将继续致力于环境保护计划，采取一系列措施减少其运营对环境的影响。公司还将继续推进社会责任战略，积极履行社会责任，促进可持续发展。同时，公司将整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs），包括减少碳排放、提高员工幸福指数和推动数字包容性等。
+
+综上所述，创新科技有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了一系列成果，通过投资碳抵消项目、实施节能减排项目、建设污染防治设施、优化能源利用、开发绿色产品、采用环境管理系统等措施，减少了对环境的影响，改善了员工的工作环境和福利，促进了社区的可持续发展，提高了公司的社会形象和市场竞争力。未来，公司将继续努力，为实现可持续发展目标做出更大的贡献。
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+Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd., established on January 1, 2010, is a leading tourism company in the City of Adventureville, Touristland, offering guided tours, accommodation bookings, and adventure activities.
+
+In 2021, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. experienced several significant events that shaped its financial performance and market position. One of the major events was the acquisition of Exotic Resorts in March, with a total value of $50 million. This strategic move expanded the company's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness. The acquisition was preceded by the successful initial public offering (IPO) in June 2010, which raised capital for the company's growth and expansion, increased investor visibility, and credibility.
+
+In April 2021, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. launched a new adventure package, introducing exhilarating activities such as skydiving, white-water rafting, and mountain climbing. This initiative attracted adventure-seeking customers and significantly boosted sales revenue in the tourism sector. Moreover, the company formed a strategic partnership with several major international airlines in May 2021. This collaboration enabled seamless travel arrangements for customers and exclusive discounts, thereby enhancing the overall customer experience, increasing brand recognition, and improving market penetration.
+
+To further expand its market reach, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. expanded its tour destinations in June 2021 to include popular international locations such as Bali, Paris, and New York. This strategic move diversified the company's revenue streams, attracted a larger customer base, and increased its market share. In September 2021, the company implemented a technologically advanced online booking system, offering customers a user-friendly platform with real-time availability and instant confirmations. This streamlined booking process improved customer satisfaction and operational efficiency.
+
+In terms of financial activities, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. conducted a large-scale financing activity in April 2021, raising $100 million through a successful public offering. This significant financial boost strengthened the company's financial strength and supported its expansion and development. In June 2021, the company decided to distribute $10 million of dividends to shareholders, enhancing shareholder returns and demonstrating its commitment to rewarding investors.
+
+Another notable event was the acquisition of 25% equity of Adventure Sport Ltd. in July 2021. This acquisition further expanded the company's market share and enhanced its control over the adventure tourism sector. In September 2021, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. underwent an asset restructuring by merging with Holiday Escapes Ltd., optimizing its business structure and improving operational efficiency. Additionally, the company underwent debt restructuring in October 2021, reducing liabilities by $20 million and improving its financial condition.
+
+In November 2021, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. made a major investment of $30 million in Project Dream Holidays to develop an exclusive luxury resort. This investment further broadened the company's business areas and enhanced its profitability.
+
+These events had a significant impact on the company's financial performance. In terms of operating income, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. recorded a total of $200 million in 2021. This increase in operating income can be attributed to the successful launch of the new adventure package, the expansion of tour destinations, and the strategic partnership with leading airlines. The net profit for the year was $50 million, reflecting the company's ability to generate profits after deducting total costs and taxes. The increase in net profit can be attributed to the growth in operating income, effective cost control measures, and the absence of significant non-recurring gains and losses.
+
+At the end of 2021, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. reported total assets of $500 million, which can be attributed to the acquisition of Exotic Resorts and the expansion of tour destinations. The company's total liabilities stood at $200 million, resulting in a debt ratio of 40%. This indicates a moderate level of debt, which can be managed effectively. The company's debt to assets ratio was 0.4, indicating a balanced financial leverage. The return on equity for the year was 16%, reflecting the operational efficiency of shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. plans to implement cost control measures to improve profitability and efficiency. The company also aims to expand its adventure tourism offerings, invest in eco-tourism projects, and enhance its online booking platform to attract a larger customer base. To mitigate financial risks, the company will employ hedging strategies, diversify its geographical operations, and conduct thorough market research.
+
+In conclusion, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. has experienced significant growth and development in 2021, driven by strategic acquisitions, successful product launches, and partnerships with leading airlines. The company's financial performance has been strong, with increased operating income, net profit, and shareholder equity. With a focus on cost control and strategic investments, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. is well-positioned for future success in the highly competitive tourism industry.
+
+Throughout the year 2021, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. experienced a series of significant events that had a profound impact on its governance structure and overall operations. These events encompassed various aspects, including ethics and integrity incidents, compliance and regulatory updates, risk management measures, strategic partnerships, introduction of new tour packages, acquisition of a competitor, shareholders' meeting resolutions, board of directors changes, sustainability and social responsibility initiatives, senior management changes, and corporate governance policy revisions.
+
+One of the most notable events that occurred in January 2021 was the emergence of ethics and integrity incidents within the company. These incidents involved significant violations, such as fraud, corruption, and conflicts of interest. To address these issues, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. took several measures, including launching an internal audit in May 2021. The audit revealed financial improprieties and suspicious transactions, raising concerns about the accuracy and integrity of the company's financial reports.
+
+In response to the internal audit findings and alleged ethics and integrity incidents, the board of directors initiated a formal investigation in June 2021. This investigation aimed to uncover the truth behind the allegations and demonstrate the company's commitment to addressing the issues at hand. As a result of the investigation, senior executives implicated in the internal audit findings and ethics and integrity incidents were placed on suspension in July 2021, pending the outcome of the investigation. This action sent a strong message that Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. would not tolerate unethical behavior and would hold individuals accountable.
+
+Furthermore, in August 2021, the company announced the need to restate its financial statements due to identified errors and misstatements. This restatement raised concerns about the accuracy and reliability of previously reported financial information, potentially damaging investor trust. To ensure a thorough investigation into the financial improprieties, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. hired a reputable forensic accounting firm in September 2021. This decision demonstrated the company's commitment to transparency and its determination to address the identified issues.
+
+In addition to the ethics and integrity incidents, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. also experienced other significant events throughout the year. In February 2021, the company implemented compliance and regulatory updates to ensure adherence to the latest laws and regulations. These updates aimed to reduce legal risk and protect the interests of the company and its shareholders.
+
+Moreover, in April 2021, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. established strategic partnerships with key industry players. These partnerships allowed for shared resources, increased market reach, and collaboration on new ventures. As a result, the company was able to expand its market presence, diversify its revenue sources, and generate positive customer feedback.
+
+Furthermore, in June 2021, the company successfully acquired a competitor, leading to synergies, cost savings, and increased market share. This acquisition consolidated Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd.'s position in the market, expanded its customer base, and improved its overall financial performance.
+
+Throughout the year, the company also underwent changes in its governance structure. In August 2021, key decisions were made at the annual shareholders' meeting, which directly affected the company's governance structure, future operational strategies, and shareholder rights. Additionally, in September 2021, there were changes in the board of directors, which may lead to strategic adjustments and impact the company's long-term development direction and shareholder interests.
+
+Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. also demonstrated its commitment to sustainability and social responsibility initiatives in October 2021. These initiatives included significant progress in sustainability, environmental protection, social responsibility, and corporate citizenship. By enhancing its public image and market competitiveness, the company aimed to promote long-term sustainable development.
+
+Lastly, in November 2021, there were changes in the company's senior management, including the CEO or other key positions. These changes may have led to adjustments in operational focus and strategic priorities, affecting both short-term performance and long-term development.
+
+Throughout the year, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. implemented various governance improvement plans to strengthen its overall governance structure. These plans included enhancing the function of the board of directors and supervisory board, improving transparency and the quality of information disclosure, and actively engaging with stakeholders to ensure their interests were represented and addressed.
+
+To mitigate risks, the company focused on strengthening its internal control system, integrating sustainable development and social responsibility into its strategy, and diversifying its revenue streams. These measures aimed to identify, assess, monitor, and report financial and operational risks, enhance the company's ability to withstand risks, and promote long-term value creation.
+
+In conclusion, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. experienced a series of significant events in 2021 that had a profound impact on its governance structure and overall operations. These events ranged from ethics and integrity incidents to compliance and regulatory updates, strategic partnerships, acquisitions, and changes in senior management and the board of directors. The company also implemented various governance improvement plans and risk management strategies to strengthen its overall governance structure and mitigate risks. Through these efforts, Grand Adventures Tourism Ltd. aimed to ensure transparency, accountability, and long-term sustainable development.
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+Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. is a publicly-traded company on NYSE that was established on June 1, 2000, and is primarily engaged in the manufacturing and distribution of personal care and household goods.
+
+In January 2017, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. made the strategic decision to distribute $50 million of dividends to its shareholders. This move not only enhanced shareholder returns but also demonstrated the company's commitment to rewarding its investors.
+
+In February 2017, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. expanded its operations into three new international markets: Europe, Asia, and South America. By establishing partnerships with local distributors and investing heavily in marketing campaigns, the company aimed to increase its market reach and generate higher revenue. This expansion into new markets had a positive impact on the company's financial performance.
+
+March 2017 marked a significant milestone for Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. as it acquired its main competitor, Global Household Enterprises. This strategic acquisition allowed the company to eliminate competition and strengthen its dominance in the consumer goods industry. The acquisition had a profound impact on the company's financials, contributing to its overall growth and market share expansion.
+
+In April 2017, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. launched a new premium product line targeting affluent consumers. This move was aimed at diversifying the company's product portfolio and capturing a higher market segment. The introduction of the premium product line had the potential to increase profit margins and further enhance the company's financial performance.
+
+Throughout July 2017, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. successfully implemented various cost reduction initiatives across its supply chain and manufacturing processes. These initiatives were designed to improve operational efficiency and ultimately drive profitability. By effectively managing costs, the company was able to enhance its financial performance and position itself for future growth.
+
+In October 2017, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. entered into a partnership agreement with a celebrity influencer to endorse its products. This strategic move aimed to enhance the company's brand image, increase product sales, and gain a larger market share. The partnership with the celebrity influencer had a significant impact on the company's financial performance, contributing to its overall success.
+
+In terms of major asset acquisition, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. completed the acquisition of Green Health Products in February 2017, worth $200 million. This acquisition expanded the company's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness. The acquisition had a positive impact on the company's financials, contributing to its overall growth and success.
+
+In March 2017, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. raised $500 million in a large-scale financing activity. This significant financing activity strengthened the company's financial strength and provided support for its expansion and development plans. The financing activity had a positive impact on the company's financial position and allowed it to pursue its growth strategies.
+
+In April 2017, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. underwent debt restructuring, reducing its liabilities by $100 million. This debt restructuring initiative improved the company's financial condition and reduced its financial costs. By effectively managing its debt, the company was able to enhance its financial performance and strengthen its overall financial position.
+
+In May 2017, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. underwent asset restructuring, optimizing its business structure. This asset restructuring initiative aimed to improve operational efficiency and increase the company's overall value. The asset restructuring had a positive impact on the company's financials, contributing to its growth and success.
+
+In September 2017, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. completed the acquisition of 10% equity of GreenWaves Inc. This significant equity acquisition further expanded the company's market share and enhanced its control. The acquisition had a positive impact on the company's financial performance, contributing to its overall growth and success.
+
+In December 2017, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. made a major investment of $300 million in Project EverFresh. This investment further broadened the company's business areas and enhanced its profitability. The investment had a positive impact on the company's financials, contributing to its growth and success.
+
+Throughout the year, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. achieved impressive financial results. The company reported an operating income of $2.5 billion, influenced by market demand and changes in product prices. This strong operating income reflected the company's ability to meet market demand and effectively manage its pricing strategies.
+
+Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. also reported a net profit of $400 million, influenced by its operating income, cost control measures, and non-recurring gains and losses. The company's ability to effectively control costs and optimize its operations contributed to its profitability.
+
+With total assets amounting to $5.2 billion, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. demonstrated its strong financial position. The company's total assets were influenced by asset acquisitions, disposals, and revaluation. These factors contributed to the overall growth and value of the company.
+
+Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. reported total liabilities of $3.1 billion, influenced by new debt issuances, debt repayments, and debt restructuring. The company's ability to effectively manage its debt and financial obligations contributed to its overall financial stability.
+
+The company's shareholder equity stood at $2.1 billion, influenced by its net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. Evergreen Consumer Goods Co.'s ability to generate profits, distribute dividends, and maintain capital reserves reflected its commitment to shareholder value and financial stability.
+
+The company reported a positive cash flow of $600 million, influenced by its operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities. This positive cash flow demonstrated Evergreen Consumer Goods Co.'s ability to generate cash and effectively manage its financial resources.
+
+With a debt ratio of 59% and a debt to assets ratio of 38%, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. maintained a balanced financial structure. The company's ability to manage its debt and assets effectively contributed to its overall financial stability and growth.
+
+Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. achieved a return on equity of 18%, influenced by changes in net profit and shareholder equity. This strong return on equity reflected the company's ability to generate profits and effectively utilize its shareholders' equity.
+
+Looking ahead, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. has outlined its future outlook and financial strategies. The company plans to implement effective cost control measures and optimize its capital operations to enhance profitability and maintain sustainable growth. Additionally, the company intends to invest $400 million in research and development and expand its production facilities to increase capacity and enter new geographic markets. Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. has also identified potential financial risks, such as fluctuations in raw material prices, foreign exchange risks, and product liability risks. To manage these risks, the company will implement hedging strategies, closely monitor currency exchange rates, and prioritize product quality control and safety measures.
+
+In conclusion, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. has demonstrated strong financial performance and strategic initiatives throughout the year. The company's expansion into new markets, acquisitions, product launches, cost reduction initiatives, and partnerships have contributed to its overall growth and success. With a focus on financial stability, profitability, and risk management, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. is well-positioned for future growth and continued success in the consumer goods industry.
+
+Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. has demonstrated a strong commitment to sustainability and social responsibility through various significant events. In March 2017, the company launched a comprehensive sustainability program aimed at reducing its environmental impact. This program included implementing energy-efficient manufacturing processes, increasing the use of recycled materials, and engaging in community outreach initiatives. As a result, Evergreen was able to reduce its environmental impact by 20%. This initiative not only enhances the company's public image but also improves its market competitiveness, promoting long-term sustainable development while contributing to a more environmentally-friendly future.
+
+One of the sub-events that occurred as part of the sustainability program was the strategic partnership with a renewable energy company in April 2017. Through this partnership, Evergreen implemented solar panel installations on its facilities, leading to a further reduction in energy consumption and carbon emissions. This initiative not only contributes to the company's environmental goals but also improves energy efficiency and enhances its reputation as a sustainable company.
+
+In June 2017, Evergreen launched a corporate recycling program to reduce waste and promote responsible disposal of materials used in the manufacturing process. This program not only demonstrates the company's commitment to sustainability but also leads to cost savings, enhanced resource management, and an improved reputation within the industry.
+
+Furthermore, in August 2017, Evergreen collaborated with local communities on environmental initiatives such as tree planting campaigns and waste cleanup projects. These collaborative efforts not only foster good relationships with local communities but also strengthen the company's brand image as an environmentally responsible organization. Additionally, Evergreen established a partnership with a non-governmental organization specializing in water conservation in September 2017. This partnership aims to develop and implement projects that reduce water usage and improve water management. By actively demonstrating dedication to sustainable water use, Evergreen improves its operational efficiency and positively impacts water resources in water-stressed regions.
+
+In April 2017, Evergreen's shareholders' meeting approved a dividend increase of 15% to reward shareholders' continued support. This resolution not only enhances shareholder value but also provides flexibility in future financial decisions. The reappointment of the company's auditor and the adoption of an amendment to the company's charter for future financings further strengthen the company's governance structure and ensure the protection of shareholder rights.
+
+To ensure compliance with new regulations, Evergreen implemented the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and stricter sustainability reporting standards in May 2017. This compliance ensures reduced legal risk, protects the company and shareholder interests, and promotes sustainable business practices.
+
+In July 2017, Evergreen updated its risk management measures by conducting a comprehensive risk assessment. This assessment identified emerging risks related to supply chain disruptions and increased cybersecurity threats. The company implemented mitigation strategies such as supplier diversification and enhanced cybersecurity protocols to ensure continuous operation and stable development in the face of potential challenges.
+
+In August 2017, Evergreen promptly addressed a minor ethics and integrity incident related to an employee violation of the internal code of conduct. The company conducted a thorough investigation, terminated the employee, and reinforced ethics training across all departments. This swift and transparent handling of the incident demonstrates Evergreen's commitment to ethics and integrity, minimizing potential damage to the company's reputation and brand value.
+
+In September 2017, Evergreen revised its corporate governance policy to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. The revision included the introduction of a whistleblower mechanism and the establishment of a dedicated ethics hotline. These changes enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder confidence, positively influencing the company's operations and reputation.
+
+In October 2017, Evergreen appointed Lisa Anderson as the new Chief Financial Officer (CFO). With a proven track record in financial management within the consumer goods industry, Anderson's appointment is expected to strengthen the company's financial performance and growth strategies.
+
+Lastly, in December 2017, Evergreen appointed two new independent directors, John Smith and Emily Johnson, to its board of directors. With extensive experience in the consumer goods industry, these new board members are expected to contribute to the company's strategic direction, positively impacting its long-term development direction and shareholder interests.
+
+Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. has demonstrated stability and transparency in its information disclosure. The company follows the principles and methods outlined in its Information Disclosure Policy, ensuring full compliance with information disclosure requirements.
+
+To maintain fairness and compliance, Evergreen has implemented comprehensive policies, procedures, and measures governing related transactions. All transactions are conducted with integrity and in the best interest of the company and its shareholders.
+
+Evergreen has established an effective and robust internal control system to safeguard its assets, ensure reliable financial reporting, and comply with relevant laws and regulations. The system is regularly assessed by independent auditors to guarantee its effectiveness.
+
+Moving forward, Evergreen has outlined governance improvement plans to strengthen the function of its board of directors and supervisory board. These plans include regular training for board members, increasing the proportion of independent directors, and optimizing decision-making processes for more streamlined operations.
+
+Additionally, Evergreen is committed to enhancing transparency and the quality of information disclosure. The company aims to improve the information disclosure process and set higher standards to ensure timely, accurate, and comprehensive reporting to all stakeholders. Leveraging advanced technology will be a key strategy in enhancing communication channels and providing transparent and high-quality information.
+
+In terms of risk management, Evergreen is dedicated to strengthening its internal control system. The company aims to identify, assess, monitor, and report financial and operational risks effectively. By doing so, Evergreen will enhance its ability to withstand risks and drive sustainable growth.
+
+Furthermore, Evergreen recognizes the importance of sustainable development and social responsibility. The company plans to integrate these principles into its overall strategy, identifying related risks and opportunities to promote long-term value creation. By aligning its objectives with sustainability goals, Evergreen aims to achieve a positive environmental and social impact.
+
+In conclusion, Evergreen Consumer Goods Co. has demonstrated a strong commitment to sustainability, social responsibility, and effective governance. Through various significant events, the company has implemented initiatives to reduce its environmental impact, enhance shareholder value, ensure compliance with regulations, manage risks, and strengthen ethics and integrity. With ongoing governance improvement plans and a focus on risk management and sustainable development, Evergreen is well-positioned for continued success in the consumer goods industry.
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+EduCorp, established on March 1, 2005, is an education company that offers educational services through online platforms and physical learning centers, headquartered in the City of Education, Country A.
+
+In January 2020, EduCorp underwent an asset restructuring, optimizing its business structure by divesting from underperforming businesses and focusing on core educational services. This strategic move had a significant impact on the company's operational efficiency and overall value.
+
+Following the asset restructuring, EduCorp made a key acquisition in February 2020, acquiring an online learning platform specialized in providing virtual classrooms and interactive educational content. This acquisition allowed EduCorp to enhance its online presence, expand its customer base, and offer a more comprehensive range of educational services. As a result, EduCorp strengthened its position in the online education market and experienced an increase in revenue streams.
+
+In March 2020, EduCorp formed strategic partnerships with several local schools, integrating its educational programs and services into their curriculum. This partnership not only facilitated the expansion of EduCorp's physical learning centers but also helped establish a strong presence in the local education community. Consequently, the partnership with local schools increased the visibility of EduCorp's brand and attracted more students to its physical learning centers, leading to higher enrollment numbers.
+
+In April 2020, EduCorp invested in the development of an AI-powered learning analytics system. This system analyzes students' performance data to provide personalized recommendations and feedback, thereby offering a more tailored learning experience and improving educational outcomes. The development of this AI-powered learning analytics system enhanced the quality of EduCorp's educational services, resulting in increased student satisfaction and higher retention rates.
+
+In August 2020, EduCorp expanded its operations into international markets by establishing partnerships with educational institutions in different countries. This strategic move allowed EduCorp to tap into new customer segments, diversify its revenue sources, and gain a global presence in the education industry. The international expansion contributed to EduCorp's overall growth and financial performance.
+
+In February 2020, EduCorp made a major investment of $10 million in Project SmartLearn, an innovative online learning platform that offers personalized education solutions. This investment further broadened EduCorp's business areas and enhanced its profitability.
+
+To optimize its capital structure, EduCorp underwent debt restructuring in March 2020, reducing its liabilities by $5 million through debt renegotiations and repayment strategies. This debt restructuring improved EduCorp's financial condition, reduced its financial costs, and increased its liquidity.
+
+In April 2020, EduCorp completed the acquisition of 40% equity of Alpha Schools, a renowned K-12 institution in the region. This significant equity acquisition further expanded EduCorp's market share and enhanced its control in the education industry.
+
+In May 2020, EduCorp conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $50 million from a consortium of private investors and institutional lenders. This large-scale financing strengthened EduCorp's financial strength, supported its expansion and development plans, and fueled its growth ambitions.
+
+In September 2020, EduCorp completed the asset acquisition of Global Education Solutions, a leading provider of professional development programs for educators, with a total value of $20 million. This major asset acquisition expanded EduCorp's business scope, enhancing its market competitiveness and enabling the provision of comprehensive educational services.
+
+In December 2020, EduCorp decided to distribute $4 million of dividends to its shareholders, reflecting its strong financial performance and commitment to enhancing shareholder returns.
+
+Moving on to the involved indicators, EduCorp's operating income reached $150 million, reflecting the total amount of main business income and other business income within a certain accounting period. This figure is influenced by market demand and changes in product prices.
+
+The net profit of EduCorp stood at $25 million, representing the net income of the company within a certain accounting period. It is calculated by deducting total costs and taxes from total income. The net profit is influenced by operating income, cost control, and non-recurring gains and losses.
+
+EduCorp's total assets amounted to $500 million, indicating the total amount of assets owned by the company at the end of the accounting period. The value of total assets is influenced by asset acquisition, asset disposal, and asset revaluation.
+
+The total liabilities of EduCorp were recorded at $200 million, representing the total amount of debts the company is obligated to repay at the end of the accounting period. The total liabilities are influenced by new debt issuance, debt repayment, and debt restructuring.
+
+Shareholder equity, which represents the total amount of equity belonging to shareholders at the end of the accounting period, stood at $300 million for EduCorp. The shareholder equity is influenced by net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves.
+
+EduCorp's cash flow for the accounting period amounted to $50 million, reflecting the total cash inflows and outflows of the company. The cash flow is influenced by operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities.
+
+The debt ratio of EduCorp is 40%, indicating the ratio of total liabilities to total assets. This ratio reflects the company's debt level and is influenced by changes in total liabilities and total assets.
+
+The debt to assets ratio of EduCorp is 0.4, representing the percentage of total liabilities to total assets. This ratio is a measure of the company's financial leverage and is influenced by increases or decreases in assets and liabilities.
+
+The return on equity for EduCorp is 8%, which reflects the operational efficiency of shareholder equity. It is calculated by dividing net profit by average shareholder equity. The return on equity is influenced by changes in net profit and changes in shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, EduCorp plans to implement a comprehensive financial strategy, focusing on cost control initiatives to improve profitability while maximizing capital operations to fund future investments. The company's investment plans include expanding its online learning platform, developing new courses for vocational education, and investing in research and development to enhance its technological capabilities. EduCorp has also identified major financial risks such as changes in government policies, market competition, and economic uncertainties. To manage these risks, the company will maintain a diversified portfolio, strong relationships with key stakeholders, and implement risk mitigation strategies.
+
+In January 2020, EduCorp encountered a case of conflicts of interest within its procurement department. However, the company took immediate action to address the issue and mitigate any potential reputational damage. The involved employees were held accountable, and EduCorp implemented enhanced integrity measures to prevent similar incidents in the future. This proactive response demonstrated EduCorp's commitment to maintaining trust and transparency with its investors, customers, and partners.
+
+To further strengthen its corporate governance and ethical practices, EduCorp appointed a new board member in February 2020. This individual brought expertise in corporate governance and ethical policies, contributing to a more robust control environment. In March 2020, EduCorp revised its code of conduct to include stricter guidelines on conflicts of interest and procurement practices. This revision ensured clearer guidelines for employees on ethical conduct, reducing the likelihood of future ethics and integrity incidents. Additionally, in April 2020, EduCorp implemented enhanced oversight measures within the procurement department to detect and prevent conflicts of interest. These measures provided greater transparency and reduced the risk of future incidents.
+
+To promote a culture of integrity and ethical behavior, EduCorp conducted mandatory ethics training for all employees in April 2020. This training program increased employee awareness of ethical issues and reinforced the importance of ethical conduct, reducing the likelihood of future ethics incidents.
+
+In April 2020, EduCorp also revised its corporate governance framework, placing a strong emphasis on transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. This revision enhanced corporate governance transparency and accountability, boosting stakeholder confidence in EduCorp.
+
+In May 2020, EduCorp appointed Lisa Collins as its new CEO. Collins' transformative leadership approach aims to emphasize innovation and expand EduCorp's online platform. This change in senior management may lead to adjustments in operational focus and strategic priorities, potentially impacting both short-term performance and long-term development positively.
+
+EduCorp demonstrated its commitment to sustainability and social responsibility in June 2020 by partnering with environmental organizations to promote sustainability awareness among students. Additionally, the company initiated scholarship programs for underprivileged students. These initiatives enhance EduCorp's public image, market competitiveness, and contribute to long-term sustainable development.
+
+In July 2020, EduCorp enhanced its risk management framework by identifying emerging risks in the online education sector and implementing proactive mitigation strategies. These updated risk management measures strengthen EduCorp's ability to respond to internal and external risks, ensuring operational continuity and stable development.
+
+In October 2020, Steven Johnson was appointed as a new board member, bringing extensive experience in the education industry. Johnson's appointment brings fresh perspectives, enabling strategic adjustments and positively impacting EduCorp's long-term development.
+
+At the annual shareholders' meeting in November 2020, a resolution was passed to increase investment in research and development projects and expand EduCorp's presence in emerging markets. This resolution directly influences EduCorp's governance structure, future operational strategies, and enhances shareholder rights.
+
+In December 2020, EduCorp updated its compliance practices to adhere to newly implemented education regulations in the country. These updates ensure EduCorp's compliance with the latest laws and regulations, minimizing legal risk and protecting the company and shareholders' interests.
+
+Throughout the reporting period, EduCorp has demonstrated a commitment to comprehensive and transparent information disclosure. The company achieved a 97% compliance rate in information disclosure requirements, ensuring timely and accurate reporting to stakeholders.
+
+EduCorp has also implemented policies, procedures, and measures to ensure fairness and compliance in all related transactions. Throughout the reporting period, all related transactions were conducted in accordance with predefined policies and procedures, demonstrating EduCorp's commitment to fairness and compliance.
+
+Maintaining a robust internal control system, EduCorp regularly assesses its effectiveness to mitigate risks associated with financial and operational functions. As a result, the company successfully identified and resolved potential financial and operational risks, resulting in a 20% reduction in material control deficiencies compared to the previous year.
+
+Looking ahead, EduCorp has outlined several governance improvement plans. These plans include strengthening the function of the board of directors and supervisory board by providing regular training, increasing the proportion of independent directors, and optimizing decision-making processes. Additionally, EduCorp is committed to enhancing transparency and the quality of information disclosure, ensuring timely, accurate, and comprehensive reporting to all stakeholders.
+
+To strengthen its risk management strategy, EduCorp aims to establish and improve its internal control system. This system will help identify, assess, monitor, and report financial and operational risks, thereby enhancing the company's ability to withstand risks. Furthermore, EduCorp integrates sustainable development and social responsibility into its strategy, identifying related risks and opportunities, and promoting long-term value creation.
+
+In conclusion, EduCorp has made significant progress in its governance structure during the reporting period. The company's proactive response to ethics and integrity incidents, revisions to its corporate governance policies, senior management changes, sustainability and social responsibility initiatives, risk management measures, and compliance updates demonstrate EduCorp's commitment to transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. These efforts contribute to the company's long-term sustainable development and enhance stakeholder confidence in EduCorp's governance practices.
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@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+Vanguard Media Group, established on March 1, 2000 in Los Angeles, California, is a publicly traded media company that operates television networks, film studios, and digital media platforms, producing and distributing various forms of entertainment content.
+
+In 2019, Vanguard Media Group underwent significant changes and achieved notable financial milestones. The company's asset restructuring in January aimed to divest non-performing assets and allocate resources to high-growth areas, resulting in improved operational efficiency and increased company value. One of the key sub-events within this restructuring was the acquisition of XYZ Studios in March. This strategic move expanded Vanguard's film studio division, strengthened its intellectual property portfolio, and enhanced its competitive position. As a result, the company experienced increased production capabilities, gained access to popular film franchises, and improved its market presence. Another sub-event was the partnership with Digital Channel Inc. in June, which allowed Vanguard to tap into their user base, expand digital content distribution, and enhance online advertising capabilities. This partnership broadened Vanguard's digital reach, increased revenue from online advertising, and strengthened its digital media presence. In August, Vanguard launched its own streaming service, offering movies, TV shows, and exclusive content to compete with established players in the industry. This move created a new revenue stream, increased customer engagement, and established a direct connection with consumers.
+
+In May, Vanguard made a major investment in the development of the "Breaking Point" streaming series, contributing to revenue growth and broadening its business areas. This investment aimed to enhance profitability and capitalize on the growing demand for original content. In July, the company distributed $0.75 per share of dividends to shareholders, reflecting its commitment to profit sharing with investors and enhancing shareholder returns. Additionally, in August, Vanguard successfully raised $100 million in debt capital for strategic initiatives and acquisitions, strengthening its financial position and supporting expansion and development.
+
+In October, Vanguard completed the acquisition of Silver Screen Studios for $200 million, further expanding its film production capabilities and enhancing its market position. This major asset acquisition allowed the company to broaden its business scope and increase its market competitiveness. In November, Vanguard underwent debt restructuring, resulting in a $50 million reduction in liabilities. This move improved the company's financial condition and reduced financial costs. Finally, in December, Vanguard acquired 30% equity of Ambient Digital, expanding its market share and enhancing control in the digital media space.
+
+These events had a significant impact on Vanguard Media Group's financial performance in 2019. The company's operating income reached $1.2 billion, driven by market demand for original content and changes in advertising revenues. Net profit amounted to $300 million, reflecting the company's ability to grow its operating income, efficiently control costs, and minimize non-recurring losses. Total assets stood at $2.5 billion, primarily influenced by the acquisition of Silver Screen Studios, appreciation in the value of investment properties, and increased cash reserves. Total liabilities amounted to $1.1 billion, reflecting the company's debt repayment, liability reduction through debt restructuring, and effective debt management. Shareholder equity reached $1.4 billion, driven by net profit growth, dividend distribution, and the accumulation of capital reserves. The company generated a cash flow of $600 million, resulting from positive operating cash flow, effective management of investment activities, and successful financing activities. Vanguard's debt ratio stood at 45%, indicating its debt level relative to total assets. The debt to assets ratio was 35%, reflecting the company's financial leverage. Lastly, the return on equity was 20%, indicating the operational efficiency of shareholder equity through an increase in net profit and optimization of shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, Vanguard Media Group has outlined a comprehensive financial strategy focused on driving revenue growth, optimizing operational efficiency, and maintaining profitability. The company plans to invest in innovative projects, technologies, original content production, digital streaming platforms, and targeted acquisitions. Risk management will be a key aspect, with a focus on identifying and evaluating financial risks, diversifying content offerings, data-driven decision-making, compliance measures, and strategic partnerships.
+
+In conclusion, Vanguard Media Group's financial performance in 2019 was marked by significant events and achievements. The company's asset restructuring, major investments, dividend distribution, large-scale financing, asset acquisition, debt restructuring, and equity acquisition all contributed to its growth and enhanced market position. The various financial indicators reflect Vanguard's strong performance and strategic decision-making. With a clear future outlook and strategic plans in place, Vanguard Media Group is well-positioned for continued success in the ever-evolving media industry.
+
+In January 2019, Vanguard Media Group experienced several compliance and regulatory updates that impacted its corporate governance practices. These updates were crucial in ensuring the company's compliance with the latest laws and regulations, reducing legal risks, and protecting the interests of both the company and its shareholders. One of the significant sub-events during this period was the acquisition of MediaTech Productions in April 2019. This acquisition enhanced Vanguard Media Group's digital media capabilities and content portfolio, allowing the company to reach a wider audience and compete more effectively in the digital media landscape.
+
+In June 2019, Vanguard Media Group launched its own streaming platform, further expanding its digital presence. This strategic move not only increased revenue streams for the company but also enhanced customer reach and engagement. Additionally, in September 2019, Vanguard Media Group formed a strategic partnership with a global advertising agency, boosting its advertising revenue, increasing brand visibility, and strengthening its market position.
+
+In February 2019, Vanguard Media Group witnessed a change in its board of directors, which had a potential impact on the company's strategic direction. Such changes in the board may lead to adjustments in the company's long-term development and shareholder interests. Furthermore, in March 2019, the company faced significant ethics and integrity incidents. These incidents had the potential to damage Vanguard Media Group's reputation and affect its relationships with investors, customers, and partners.
+
+On the positive side, in June 2019, Vanguard Media Group made significant progress in sustainability and social responsibility initiatives. These initiatives not only enhanced the company's public image but also increased its market competitiveness and promoted long-term sustainable development.
+
+In September 2019, Vanguard Media Group revised its corporate governance policy to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. This revision aimed to boost stakeholder confidence and ensure that the company adhered to the highest standards of corporate governance.
+
+In October 2019, the company experienced changes in its senior management, which had an impact on its operational focus and priorities. These changes may lead to adjustments in operational focus and strategic priorities, affecting both short-term performance and long-term development.
+
+In November 2019, Vanguard Media Group implemented risk management measures to improve its ability to respond to internal and external risks. These measures aimed to ensure the company's continuous operation and stable development.
+
+Finally, in December 2019, the company's annual shareholders' meeting resulted in key decisions that directly affected the governance structure, future operational strategies, and shareholder rights of Vanguard Media Group.
+
+Throughout these events, Vanguard Media Group demonstrated its commitment to information disclosure, related transactions, and internal control. The company consistently adhered to principles of consistent and transparent information disclosure, ensuring accurate and timely communication to shareholders and stakeholders. All related transactions were conducted in accordance with established policies and procedures, minimizing conflicts of interest. Vanguard Media Group also maintained a robust internal control system, covering financial and operational aspects, with regular assessments to ensure effectiveness and reliability.
+
+To further improve its governance structure, Vanguard Media Group planned to strengthen the function of its board of directors and supervisory board. This included regular training, increasing the proportion of independent directors, and optimizing decision-making processes. Additionally, the company aimed to enhance transparency and the quality of information disclosure, ensuring timely, accurate, and comprehensive reporting to all stakeholders.
+
+In terms of risk management, Vanguard Media Group focused on strengthening its internal control system to identify, assess, monitor, and report financial and operational risks. The company also integrated sustainable development and social responsibility into its strategy, identifying related risks and opportunities to promote long-term value creation.
+
+In conclusion, Vanguard Media Group has experienced various events and implemented measures to enhance its corporate governance practices. These events, such as compliance and regulatory updates, acquisitions, partnerships, and changes in senior management, have had significant impacts on the company's strategic direction, reputation, and market position. By continuously improving its governance structure and risk management strategies, Vanguard Media Group aims to ensure transparency, accountability, and long-term sustainable development in the media industry.
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+HealthPro Innovations, established in September 2009, is a publicly traded healthcare company based in New York, specializing in the development and sale of innovative healthcare solutions.
+
+In 2021, HealthPro Innovations experienced several significant events that had a profound impact on its financial performance and market position. Firstly, in February 2021, the company conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $150 million in funds. This financing activity strengthened the company's financial strength and provided support for its expansion and development. One of the sub-events that contributed to this financing activity was the strategic partnership formed with a leading healthcare provider in January 2021. This partnership aimed to expand HealthPro Innovations' market reach and gain access to new customers, ultimately resulting in increased sales and revenue potential.
+
+In March 2021, HealthPro Innovations successfully launched a new line of innovative healthcare solutions, offering advanced features and improved patient outcomes. This product launch stimulated customer interest and generated additional revenue streams for the company. Additionally, in April 2021, HealthPro Innovations acquired a promising research and development startup specializing in cutting-edge medical technology. This acquisition enhanced the company's research capabilities, accelerating the development of new and improved healthcare solutions.
+
+Furthermore, in June 2021, HealthPro Innovations expanded its operations into key international markets, establishing partnerships with local distributors and healthcare providers. This expansion increased the company's market share, revenue, and global presence. In August 2021, the company received an industry award for its outstanding innovation and contribution to the healthcare sector. This award enhanced HealthPro Innovations' brand reputation, attracting potential customers, investors, and partners.
+
+In September 2021, HealthPro Innovations achieved a major research breakthrough, resulting in a significant advancement in the effectiveness and efficiency of its healthcare solutions. This breakthrough propelled the company ahead of competitors, increased market demand, and had the potential for higher sales. In November 2021, HealthPro Innovations obtained a crucial regulatory approval for one of its flagship products, allowing for expanded market access and increased sales potential. This approval boosted confidence among customers and investors, driving sales growth and enhancing the company's market position.
+
+These events had a direct impact on several financial indicators for HealthPro Innovations in 2021. The company reported an operating income of $250 million, influenced by market demand and changes in product prices. The net profit for the year was $40 million, influenced by the operating income, cost control, and non-recurring gains and losses. HealthPro Innovations' total assets stood at $500 million, influenced by asset acquisition, disposal, and revaluation. The company's total liabilities amounted to $200 million, influenced by new debt issuance, debt repayment, and debt restructuring. Shareholder equity reached $300 million, influenced by the net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. The company generated a cash flow of $80 million, influenced by operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities. The debt ratio was 40%, reflecting the company's debt level, while the debt to assets ratio was 0.4, indicating the company's financial leverage. The return on equity was 13.33%, reflecting the operational efficiency of shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, HealthPro Innovations aims to implement a comprehensive financial strategy focused on cost control and optimizing capital operations to achieve sustainable growth and profitability. The company plans to invest heavily in research and development of new healthcare solutions, expand into emerging markets, and enhance its manufacturing capabilities. HealthPro Innovations has identified major financial risks such as changes in healthcare regulations, intense competition, and currency fluctuations. The company will closely monitor these risks and implement appropriate risk management strategies to mitigate their impact on financial performance.
+
+In conclusion, HealthPro Innovations has experienced significant events in 2021 that have shaped its financial performance and market position. Through strategic partnerships, product launches, acquisitions, international expansion, and regulatory approvals, the company has strengthened its presence in the healthcare industry. With a focus on financial strategy, investment plans, and risk management, HealthPro Innovations is well-positioned for future growth and success.
+
+The company has been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since its establishment, positioning itself as a key player in the healthcare industry. HealthPro Innovations operates in an industry that is constantly evolving, and as such, it has demonstrated its commitment to compliance and regulatory updates.
+
+In January 2021, HealthPro Innovations took proactive steps to comply with new regulations, particularly in the area of data protection. The company implemented enhanced data protection measures in accordance with updated healthcare data privacy laws. This event ensures that HealthPro Innovations remains compliant with evolving laws, safeguarding sensitive data and protecting the interests of the company and its shareholders.
+
+In March 2021, HealthPro Innovations made a strategic move to acquire MedTech Solutions, a leading provider of medical technology software solutions. This acquisition aimed to expand the company's portfolio of healthcare solutions and enhance its market position. The acquisition of MedTech Solutions not only increases HealthPro Innovations' market share but also broadens its product offerings, leading to potential revenue growth and improved competitiveness in the healthcare industry.
+
+In July 2021, HealthPro Innovations made a significant breakthrough in the field of diagnostic technology. The company launched a state-of-the-art AI-powered diagnostic device that revolutionizes the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnoses. This innovative product attracted significant attention from healthcare providers and professionals, positioning HealthPro Innovations as an industry leader in diagnostic technology. This event has the potential to increase sales and market recognition for the company.
+
+In November 2021, HealthPro Innovations formed a strategic partnership with a renowned global healthcare provider. This partnership aimed to jointly develop and distribute innovative healthcare solutions, leveraging each other's expertise and resources. This collaboration not only broadens HealthPro Innovations' reach and distribution network but also opens new market opportunities and enhances its brand reputation.
+
+In terms of corporate governance, HealthPro Innovations has demonstrated its commitment to transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. In February 2021, the company proposed and obtained approval for a three-year strategic plan at the annual shareholders' meeting. This plan focuses on expanding product offerings, entering new markets, and acquiring complementary businesses. The successful passing of these resolutions shapes the company's governance structure, providing a clear direction and driving future growth opportunities.
+
+In March 2021, HealthPro Innovations revised its corporate governance policy to increase transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. The revised policy includes provisions for regular communication with shareholders and the formation of an independent governance committee. This event positively influences corporate governance practices, fostering trust among stakeholders and promoting long-term sustainability.
+
+The appointment of Mr. Alex Johnson as the new Chairman of the Board in April 2021 brought extensive experience and strategic vision to guide the company's growth. This appointment elevates the company's strategic direction, leveraging Mr. Johnson's expertise to further enhance shareholder value.
+
+HealthPro Innovations has also demonstrated its commitment to ethics and integrity. In May 2021, the company swiftly responded to a minor ethics violation by conducting an internal investigation, terminating the employee involved, and reinforcing its robust code of ethics. This incident had no significant financial impact on the company and showcased its commitment to ethical practices, preserving its reputation and strengthening stakeholder trust.
+
+To ensure sustained operational stability and growth, HealthPro Innovations enhanced its risk management framework in June 2021. The company implemented updated procedures to identify emerging risks, conducted regular risk assessments, and established an enterprise risk management committee. This event enhances the company's ability to navigate risks effectively, ensuring sustained operational stability and growth.
+
+In August 2021, HealthPro Innovations appointed Ms. Sarah Thompson as the new Chief Financial Officer. Leveraging her extensive financial management experience, Ms. Thompson's appointment enhances the company's financial operations. This ensures sound financial decision-making and maximizes shareholder value.
+
+HealthPro Innovations has also embraced sustainability and social responsibility initiatives. In November 2021, the company launched a comprehensive sustainability program, reducing its carbon footprint by 20% through energy-efficient manufacturing processes and optimized supply chain logistics. Additionally, HealthPro Innovations supports local healthcare charities, providing free medical services to underserved communities. These initiatives positively influence the company's public image, promoting brand loyalty and attracting socially conscious investors and partners.
+
+HealthPro Innovations maintains a robust information disclosure system, ensuring timely and comprehensive reporting to shareholders and stakeholders. Quarterly financial reports, annual reports, and quarterly conference calls provide transparent and accurate information to investors and analysts. The company has also implemented strict policies and measures to ensure fairness and compliance in all related transactions. An independent committee reviews and approves all related party transactions, ensuring transparency and fairness in dealings with related entities. Furthermore, HealthPro Innovations has developed a comprehensive internal control system to mitigate risks and ensure effective governance. Regular internal audits, segregation of duties, and a robust system of checks and balances provide a strong control environment.
+
+Looking ahead, HealthPro Innovations has outlined several governance improvement plans. The company aims to strengthen the function of the board of directors and supervisory board through regular training programs, increased diversity, and an improved decision-making process. Additionally, HealthPro Innovations is committed to enhancing transparency and the quality of information disclosure by adopting best practices and ensuring timely, accurate, and comprehensive reporting to all stakeholders. The company also plans to strengthen its internal control system to identify, assess, monitor, and report financial and operational risks. Furthermore, HealthPro Innovations aims to integrate sustainable development and social responsibility into its strategy, identifying related risks and opportunities and incorporating them into the company's risk management framework.
+
+Overall, HealthPro Innovations has demonstrated its commitment to corporate governance, compliance, and ethical practices. The company's strategic partnerships, acquisitions, and innovative product launches have positioned it as a leader in the healthcare industry. With a strong focus on sustainability and social responsibility, HealthPro Innovations is well-positioned for future growth and success.
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+InnovaTech Solutions, established on January 1, 2010, is a research and development company based in San Francisco, CA, specializing in creating innovative software and hardware products for industries such as healthcare, finance, and telecommunications, and is listed on NASDAQ.
+
+In 2017, InnovaTech Solutions experienced several significant events that shaped its financial performance and market position. Firstly, in February 2017, the company acquired 45% equity of OptiGen Corporation, a move that expanded its market share in the healthcare sector and enhanced its control over genetic testing technology. This acquisition was followed by two sub-events that further strengthened InnovaTech's position in the industry. In April 2017, the company acquired TechGear Inc., a well-established hardware manufacturer in the telecommunications industry. This strategic move allowed InnovaTech to expand its product offerings in the telecommunications sector and gain access to TechGear Inc.'s customer base. In June 2017, InnovaTech successfully launched its flagship software product, InnovatePro, which provided comprehensive financial analysis tools. This product launch generated positive reviews, attracted new customers, and ultimately increased the company's revenue.
+
+Another major event in 2017 was InnovaTech's investment of $10 million in Project Quantum, a disruptive quantum computing research initiative. This investment broadened the company's business areas and further enhanced its position as a leader in emerging technologies, driving future profitability. In April 2017, InnovaTech successfully raised $50 million in funds from venture capital firms and strategic investors, which strengthened its financial strength and supported its expansion plans and research and development efforts.
+
+In June 2017, InnovaTech completed the asset acquisition of Innovate Robotics, with a total value of $25 million. This acquisition allowed the company to expand its business scope into the robotics industry, enhancing its market competitiveness and offering growth opportunities. In August 2017, InnovaTech underwent debt restructuring, reducing its liabilities by $15 million. This move improved the company's financial condition, reduced financial costs, and increased profitability. In September 2017, InnovaTech underwent asset restructuring, consolidating its software development divisions to improve operational efficiency. This restructuring enhanced the company's operational efficiency, increased productivity, and added value to its software products and services.
+
+Lastly, in December 2017, InnovaTech declared a dividend distribution of $5 million, returning value to its shareholders and reinforcing its commitment to long-term value creation. These events and their sub-events had a significant impact on InnovaTech's financial performance, as reflected in the involved indicators. The company's operating income for 2017 amounted to $150 million, influenced by market demand and changes in product prices. InnovaTech achieved a net profit of $35 million, influenced by its operating income, cost control measures, and non-recurring gains and losses. The company's total assets reached $300 million, influenced by asset acquisitions, disposals, and revaluations. InnovaTech's total liabilities amounted to $150 million, influenced by new debt issuances, debt repayments, and debt restructuring. The company's shareholder equity stood at $150 million, influenced by its net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. InnovaTech generated a cash flow of $50 million, influenced by its operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities. The company's debt ratio was 0.5, reflecting its level of debt, while its debt to assets ratio was 50%, measuring its financial leverage. InnovaTech achieved a return on equity of 23%, reflecting its operational efficiency in utilizing shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, InnovaTech Solutions has outlined a future outlook that includes implementing a financial strategy focused on cost control, resource allocation optimization, streamlined operations, and strategic capital operations. The company also plans to invest in cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence and blockchain, driving innovation and developing new products and solutions. Risk management is a key consideration for InnovaTech, as it aims to identify and mitigate financial risks such as market volatility, regulatory changes, and supply chain disruptions. By establishing risk management procedures, monitoring market conditions, and maintaining strategic partnerships, InnovaTech aims to navigate challenges and ensure long-term success in the ever-evolving technology industry.
+
+In 2017, InnovaTech Solutions underwent several significant changes and events that had a profound impact on its corporate governance structure and overall performance. These events, along with their sub-events and the indicators involved, will be discussed in detail in this report.
+
+One of the key governance changes occurred in January 2017 with the appointment and resignation of board members. This change had a direct impact on the strategic direction of the company. Subsequently, a board meeting was held in February 2017 to discuss future plans and strategic direction. This meeting had implications for the long-term development of InnovaTech Solutions and the interests of its shareholders. In March 2017, a strategic review was conducted to evaluate the company's current market position and competitive advantages. This review identified areas for growth and improvement, which could potentially impact future performance and market position.
+
+In April 2017, InnovaTech Solutions hired a new CEO, bringing in fresh leadership and expertise to drive growth and execute strategic plans. The background and experience of the new CEO were carefully considered, as they were expected to have a significant impact on the company's growth trajectory. Additionally, in May 2017, InnovaTech Solutions announced a strategic partnership with a major technology company. This partnership aimed to leverage strengths and expand market reach, potentially enhancing market competitiveness and driving revenue growth.
+
+Another important event in June 2017 was the launch of a highly anticipated software product in the telecommunications industry. This product release had the potential to significantly impact revenue and solidify InnovaTech Solutions' reputation as an industry leader.
+
+In addition to these governance and strategic events, InnovaTech Solutions expanded its operations in March 2017 by opening a new research and development center in Austin, Texas. This expansion allowed the company to tap into a talent pool and meet the growing demand for its products. The opening of this center had the potential to increase the company's capacity for product development and drive revenue growth.
+
+Furthermore, InnovaTech Solutions demonstrated its commitment to sustainability and social responsibility in April 2017. The company made progress in areas such as sustainability, environmental protection, and corporate citizenship. These initiatives had the potential to enhance the company's public image and improve its market competitiveness.
+
+In May 2017, InnovaTech Solutions also ensured compliance with updated regulations affecting corporate governance practices. By staying compliant and reducing legal risks, the company protected its interests and maintained its reputation.
+
+The shareholders' meeting resolution in June 2017 resulted in key decisions that impacted the company's governance structure, operational strategies, and shareholder rights. These decisions were carefully considered and had implications for transparency, accountability, and stakeholder confidence.
+
+In August 2017, InnovaTech Solutions faced ethics and integrity incidents. The company took significant measures in response to these violations, aiming to mitigate any potential impact on its reputation and relationships with stakeholders.
+
+In September 2017, there were changes in senior management positions at InnovaTech Solutions. These changes had the potential to influence the company's operational focus and priorities.
+
+In October 2017, InnovaTech Solutions collaborated with key partners in the healthcare sector. These strategic partnerships had the potential to enhance research, development, and market share.
+
+In November 2017, the company implemented updates to its risk management framework. These measures aimed to address internal and external risks and ensure continuous operation.
+
+Lastly, in December 2017, InnovaTech Solutions revised its corporate governance policies. This revision had the potential to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder confidence.
+
+Throughout the year, InnovaTech Solutions demonstrated its commitment to information disclosure, related transactions, and internal control. The company regularly and timely disclosed information through official communications and regulatory filings. It also had policies, procedures, and measures in place to ensure fairness, compliance, and transparency in related transactions. Moreover, InnovaTech Solutions had a robust internal control system with defined processes, segregation of duties, and monitoring mechanisms in place.
+
+In conclusion, 2017 was a year of significant changes and events for InnovaTech Solutions. The company underwent governance structure changes, expanded its operations, demonstrated its commitment to sustainability and social responsibility, ensured compliance with regulations, made key decisions at shareholders' meetings, addressed ethics and integrity incidents, experienced senior management changes, collaborated with key partners, implemented risk management measures, and revised its corporate governance policies. These events, along with the indicators involved, had a profound impact on the company's corporate governance and overall performance. InnovaTech Solutions' ability to navigate these changes and effectively manage its governance practices played a crucial role in its success and market competitiveness.
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+Energex Corporation, established on January 1, 1990, is a leading energy company based in Houston, Texas, specializing in the exploration, production, and distribution of oil and gas resources worldwide. Listed on the New York Stock Exchange, Energex is recognized for its significant contributions in the energy industry.
+
+In 2021, Energex Corporation experienced several significant events that had a profound impact on its financial performance. Firstly, in February, the company achieved exploration success, which was a result of strategic investments made in October 2020, including a seismic survey in January 2021 and a drilling contract in February 2021. This success led to a boost in operating income, reaching an impressive $1.2 billion.
+
+In April, Energex distributed dividends to its shareholders, reflecting the company's commitment to providing returns to its investors. This distribution had an impact on the net profit, which stood at $500 million. The net profit was influenced not only by the dividend distribution but also by effective cost control measures and non-recurring gains and losses.
+
+May witnessed a major investment by Energex, further expanding its operations and solidifying its position in the industry. This investment had a direct impact on the total assets of the company, which reached $5 billion. The increase in total assets was a result of the acquisition of new assets, as well as the disposal and revaluation of existing assets.
+
+To support its growth and investment plans, Energex engaged in large-scale financing in June. This financing activity had implications for the company's total liabilities, which stood at $2.5 billion. The increase in total liabilities was primarily due to new debt issuance, as well as debt restructuring and repayment.
+
+In July, Energex underwent asset restructuring, a strategic move aimed at optimizing its asset portfolio. This restructuring had an impact on the shareholder equity, which reached $2.5 billion. The shareholder equity was influenced by the net profit generated, dividend distribution, and capital reserves.
+
+August marked a significant milestone for Energex as it formed a partnership with a technology company. This partnership aimed to leverage technological advancements to enhance the company's operations and drive innovation in the energy sector. The partnership had implications for various indicators, including operating income, net profit, and total assets.
+
+In September, Energex made a significant equity acquisition, further expanding its presence in the market. This acquisition had an impact on the company's financial ratios, including the debt ratio and debt to assets ratio. The debt ratio stood at 0.5, indicating a healthy balance between total liabilities and total assets, while the debt to assets ratio was at 50%, reflecting a moderate level of debt in relation to the company's assets.
+
+In November, Energex made a major asset acquisition, strengthening its asset base and supporting its growth strategy. This acquisition had implications for the total assets and total liabilities of the company.
+
+Finally, in December, Energex underwent debt restructuring, optimizing its debt obligations and improving its financial position. This restructuring had an impact on the debt ratio and debt to assets ratio, further enhancing the company's financial stability.
+
+Looking ahead, Energex has outlined a comprehensive financial strategy, which includes cost optimization measures, efficient cash flow management, and prudent risk assessment. The company plans to heavily invest in renewable energy projects, expand its exploration and production activities, and enhance its digital infrastructure. Additionally, Energex is committed to identifying and managing major financial risks through the implementation of risk management protocols, hedging strategies, and diversification initiatives.
+
+In conclusion, Energex Corporation has demonstrated strong financial performance in 2021, driven by successful exploration efforts, strategic investments, and effective financial management. The company's future outlook appears promising, with a focus on sustainable growth, innovation, and risk management. Energex is well-positioned to capitalize on opportunities in the energy industry and deliver value to its stakeholders.
+
+In 2021, Energex Corporation experienced several significant events that shaped its corporate governance and strategic direction. One notable event was the addition of Mr. James Smith to the Board of Directors in January. Mr. Smith, a renowned energy industry expert, brought extensive knowledge and experience to the board, strengthening its expertise and potentially leading to strategic adjustments for long-term development and shareholder interests.
+
+In March, Energex Corporation announced a major oil discovery in the Gulf of Mexico, positioning itself as a key player in the region's oil production. This discovery had a significant impact on the company, enhancing its resource base, increasing revenue, and improving its competitive position.
+
+In April, Energex Corporation secured a substantial investment to support the expansion and upgrade of its production and distribution infrastructure. This investment had a positive impact on the company, enhancing operational efficiency, increasing production capacity, improving the reliability of energy supply, and potentially opening up growth opportunities.
+
+In May, Energex Corporation entered into a strategic partnership with a leading technology company specializing in renewable energy solutions. This partnership provided Energex with access to cutting-edge technologies, diversified its energy portfolio, aligned with sustainability goals, and attracted environmentally-conscious investors.
+
+Another significant event occurred in June when Energex Corporation completed the acquisition of a major competitor. This acquisition expanded the company's market presence and consolidated its position in the energy industry. It resulted in strengthened market power, increased asset base, improved economies of scale, and increased shareholder value and profitability.
+
+In April, during the shareholders' meeting, several resolutions were passed that had a significant impact on the company's governance structure and operational strategies. These resolutions included the appointment of a new audit firm, the expansion of the board to include two additional independent directors, and the implementation of an executive compensation policy tied to sustainable performance targets. These resolutions aimed to strengthen corporate oversight and align the company with shareholder interests.
+
+In May, Energex Corporation proactively updated its corporate governance practices to align with new securities laws, corporate laws, and industry regulations. This proactive approach ensured adherence to legal requirements, mitigated legal risks, and safeguarded the interests of the company and its shareholders.
+
+In June, Energex Corporation updated its risk management framework to incorporate emerging risks related to climate change, cybersecurity, and geopolitical uncertainties. This update aimed to strengthen the company's resilience, ensure continuous operation, and promote stable development in a rapidly evolving energy landscape.
+
+In August, an incident involving an employee's conflict of interest occurred, but Energex Corporation swiftly took disciplinary actions to address the issue. This incident demonstrated the company's commitment to ethics and integrity, minimizing potential damage to its reputation and maintaining trust with stakeholders.
+
+In September, Energex Corporation achieved significant accomplishments in sustainability and social responsibility initiatives. These initiatives included greenhouse gas emissions reduction and community engagement programs. These efforts enhanced the company's public image, market competitiveness, stakeholder relationships, and value creation.
+
+In October, Ms. Emily Davis was appointed as the Chief Operating Officer of Energex Corporation. Her appointment aimed to drive operational focus adjustments and performance improvements, potentially impacting the company's short-term performance and influencing its long-term development trajectory.
+
+In December, Energex Corporation revised its corporate governance policies to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. This revision aimed to enhance transparency, increase accountability, boost stakeholder confidence, attract investor trust, and promote the company's long-term sustainability.
+
+Throughout the year, Energex Corporation demonstrated a commitment to corporate governance excellence. The company maintained a 100% compliance rate for timely information disclosure, established a robust reporting system, implemented stringent policies and procedures to ensure fairness and compliance in related transactions, and established a comprehensive internal control framework with regular audits and an independent internal audit department. These indicators showcased the company's dedication to transparency, accountability, accurate financial reporting, risk mitigation, and compliance.
+
+Looking ahead, Energex Corporation has outlined several governance improvement plans. These plans include strengthening the function of the Board of Directors and Supervisory Board through regular training programs, increasing the proportion of independent directors, and optimizing decision-making processes. The company also aims to enhance transparency and the quality of information disclosure by adopting advanced digital reporting tools to ensure timely, accurate, and comprehensive reporting.
+
+In terms of risk management, Energex Corporation plans to strengthen its internal control system through regular risk assessments, monitoring of financial and operational risks, and the implementation of appropriate controls. The company also aims to integrate sustainable development and social responsibility into its risk management strategy by identifying and managing sustainability-related risks and opportunities to create long-term value and contribute to a more sustainable energy sector.
+
+Overall, Energex Corporation has demonstrated a strong commitment to corporate governance, sustainability, and social responsibility throughout 2021. The company's strategic initiatives, acquisitions, partnerships, and governance improvements have positioned it for continued success in the energy industry.
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+Artistic Creations Inc. is a publicly traded art gallery and exhibitions company that was established in March 2005 in New York, United States.
+
+The company has made significant strides in its financial performance in 2019, as evidenced by its corporate financial report. One of the key highlights of the year was the decision to distribute $5 million in dividends to shareholders in January. This move not only returned value to the investors but also enhanced shareholder returns. The impact of this dividend distribution was further amplified by a series of strategic events throughout the year.
+
+In April, Artistic Creations Inc. implemented cost-cutting measures to improve profitability. These measures included reducing non-essential expenses, optimizing supply chain management, and renegotiating contracts with suppliers. As a result, the company was able to reduce operating costs and improve its financial performance. This was reflected in the operating income indicator, which reached $30 million, a significant increase from the previous year.
+
+Recognizing the growing importance of e-commerce, Artistic Creations Inc. expanded its online sales platform in July. The company launched a new website with improved user experience, enhanced product descriptions, and a streamlined checkout process. This strategic move allowed the company to tap into the growing online customer base, resulting in increased sales and market reach. The net profit indicator, which stood at $8 million, also benefited from this expansion.
+
+In October, Artistic Creations Inc. further strengthened its market position by successfully acquiring a competing art gallery. This acquisition included the transfer of all gallery assets and customer contracts, allowing the company to expand its portfolio of artists, increase market share, and gain access to a new customer segment. The impact of this acquisition was reflected in the total assets indicator, which reached $150 million, showcasing the company's enhanced business scope and improved market competitiveness.
+
+Furthermore, in November, Artistic Creations Inc. formed strategic partnerships with several high-profile artists, including renowned painters, sculptors, and photographers. These partnerships involved exclusive representation agreements, collaboration on limited edition art prints, and joint marketing campaigns. This move not only enhanced the company's reputation but also attracted collectors and increased sales through the association with prestigious artists. The return on equity indicator, which stood at 10%, reflected the positive impact of these partnerships on the company's operational efficiency and shareholder equity.
+
+In addition to these specific events, Artistic Creations Inc. underwent asset restructuring in February, optimizing its business structure and improving operational efficiency. This restructuring had a positive impact on the company's total assets, which reached $150 million, and its debt ratio, which stood at 0.47. The company also completed a major asset acquisition in April, acquiring Pacific Art Gallery with a total value of $20 million. This acquisition expanded the company's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness.
+
+To support its expansion and development, Artistic Creations Inc. conducted a large-scale financing activity in July, raising $50 million of funds. This strengthened the company's financial strength and provided the necessary resources for its investment plans. In September, the company invested $10 million in Project Mosaic, further broadening its business areas and enhancing profitability.
+
+To optimize its capital structure, Artistic Creations Inc. underwent debt restructuring in December, reducing liabilities by $15 million. This move improved the company's financial condition and reduced financial costs. The debt to assets ratio, which stood at 47%, reflected the company's prudent approach to managing its financial leverage.
+
+Looking ahead, Artistic Creations Inc. has outlined a comprehensive financial strategy to ensure long-term profitability. This strategy includes an emphasis on cost control measures to optimize operational efficiency and maximize profit margins. The company also plans to explore new funding opportunities and strategic partnerships to enhance its capital operations. Additionally, the company aims to expand its physical exhibition spaces, invest in innovative art projects, and foster collaborations with emerging artists. To mitigate financial risks, the company will closely monitor market trends, diversify its investment portfolio, and maintain a strong cash position.
+
+Overall, Artistic Creations Inc. has demonstrated strong financial performance in 2019, driven by strategic events and a comprehensive financial strategy. The company's focus on cost control, expansion of online sales, acquisitions, strategic partnerships, and debt restructuring has resulted in improved operational efficiency, increased market share, and enhanced profitability. As the company continues to invest in its future growth, it is well-positioned to capitalize on opportunities in the art industry and deliver value to its shareholders.
+
+In 2019, Artistic Creations Inc. demonstrated a strong commitment to corporate governance and implemented various initiatives to enhance its governance structure. The company proactively addressed compliance and regulatory updates, ensuring adherence to the latest laws and regulations in the industry. In January 2019, Artistic Creations Inc. implemented updates to new regulations and compliance standards, reducing legal risk and protecting the interests of the company and its shareholders. This event had a positive impact on the indicator of information disclosure, as the company's robust information disclosure system ensured timely and accurate dissemination of financial information and major announcements.
+
+Furthermore, in February 2019, Artistic Creations Inc. undertook an internal audit enhancement initiative to strengthen its internal control system and improve financial reporting accuracy. This initiative had a significant impact on the indicator of internal control, as enhanced internal controls promote transparency and provide assurance to shareholders and investors about the accuracy of financial information.
+
+In March 2019, the company appointed a reputable external auditor to conduct an independent audit and financial review of its operations and financial statements. This event had a positive impact on the indicator of related transactions, as Artistic Creations Inc. strictly followed comprehensive policies and procedures to ensure fairness and transparency in all related transactions.
+
+To further strengthen its corporate governance practices, Artistic Creations Inc. undertook a comprehensive review of its corporate governance bylaws in April 2019. This event had a positive impact on the indicator of internal control, as it ensured the company operated with integrity and in compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
+
+In June 2019, a board of directors' training program was conducted for Artistic Creations Inc.'s directors, enhancing their understanding of corporate governance standards and best practices. This event had a positive impact on the indicator of internal control, as well-informed directors were able to make informed decisions in the best interest of the company and its shareholders.
+
+In August 2019, Artistic Creations Inc. established a whistleblower hotline, providing a confidential and secure channel for employees and stakeholders to report any suspected fraudulent activities or misconduct. This event had a positive impact on the indicator of internal control, as it promoted a culture of accountability and transparency, discouraging unethical behavior and ensuring prompt identification and mitigation of potential issues.
+
+Throughout the year, Artistic Creations Inc. demonstrated its commitment to sustainability and social responsibility. In June 2019, the company made significant progress in sustainability, environmental protection, social responsibility, and corporate citizenship. This event had a positive impact on the indicator of internal control, as it enhanced the company's public image and market competitiveness, promoting long-term sustainable development.
+
+In July 2019, key decisions were made at the annual shareholders' meeting, directly affecting the company's governance structure, future operational strategies, and shareholder rights. This event had a significant impact on the indicator of related transactions, as it showcased the company's commitment to transparency and stakeholder engagement.
+
+In August 2019, Artistic Creations Inc. successfully acquired a rare and highly valuable art collection, strengthening its collection and artist roster. This event had a positive impact on the indicator of information disclosure, as it attracted more art enthusiasts and raised the company's prestige in the industry.
+
+In September 2019, the company updated its risk management measures, improving its ability to respond to internal and external risks. This event had a positive impact on the indicator of internal control, as it ensured the company's continuous operation and stable development.
+
+In October 2019, there was a change in the board of directors, which had an impact on the company's strategic direction. This event had a significant impact on the indicator of related transactions, as it may lead to strategic adjustments affecting the company's long-term development direction and shareholder interests.
+
+In November 2019, Artistic Creations Inc. expanded its international partnerships, forming strategic alliances with prominent international art galleries. This event had a positive impact on the indicator of information disclosure, as it opened up new markets for the company, potentially increasing revenue and attracting a broader customer base from different countries.
+
+Overall, Artistic Creations Inc. demonstrated a strong commitment to corporate governance in 2019. The company implemented various initiatives to enhance its governance structure, addressing compliance and regulatory updates, strengthening internal controls, and promoting transparency and accountability. These efforts had a positive impact on the company's indicators of information disclosure, related transactions, and internal control. By prioritizing sustainability and social responsibility, Artistic Creations Inc. also enhanced its public image and market competitiveness, positioning itself for long-term success in the art gallery and exhibition industry.
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+AccuTech Solutions Inc. is a publicly listed social industry company that was established on April 15, 2005 in San Francisco, California, offering innovative software solutions for social media management and analytics.
+
+In January 2019, AccuTech Solutions Inc. completed a major asset acquisition of TrendAnalytica, a renowned data analytics company in the social media industry. This acquisition, valued at $50 million, expanded AccuTech's business scope and increased its market competitiveness. The combined expertise and resources of both companies unlocked new opportunities for growth and innovation. This strategic move was further reinforced by a partnership with GlobalSocial, a leading social media marketing agency, in March 2019. The partnership aimed to combine AccuTech's advanced software solutions with GlobalSocial's extensive expertise in social media marketing, providing comprehensive services to clients. This collaboration enhanced AccuTech's service offerings, allowing the company to provide end-to-end solutions, from social media management and analytics to targeted marketing campaigns.
+
+In May 2019, AccuTech Solutions Inc. launched 'SocialInsights', an AI-powered analytics platform that leverages advanced machine learning algorithms to provide real-time data analysis and actionable insights for businesses seeking to optimize their social media performance. This cutting-edge platform positioned AccuTech as a leader in the social media analytics market, attracting new clients and generating additional revenue streams.
+
+To further expand its market reach, AccuTech Solutions Inc. established its European headquarters in London, United Kingdom, in September 2019. This strategic move allowed the company to tap into the growing social media market in Europe and better serve European clients. The new office served as a hub for sales, marketing, and customer support, strengthening relationships with local partners and increasing market share.
+
+In February 2019, AccuTech Solutions Inc. solidified its position in the influencer marketing industry by acquiring a 30% equity stake in Influencer Connect, a leading influencer marketing platform. This strategic investment enhanced AccuTech's control over the platform's operations and growth, further expanding its market share and opening doors to new partnerships and revenue streams.
+
+AccuTech Solutions Inc. made a strategic investment of $10 million in Project Amplify, an AI-powered content curation and recommendation platform targeting the social media industry, in March 2019. This investment aimed to diversify AccuTech's business areas and enhance profitability through innovative technology. By integrating advanced content curation capabilities, AccuTech strengthened its position as an industry leader in social media management, enabling users to discover and share relevant and engaging content seamlessly.
+
+In June 2019, AccuTech Solutions Inc. successfully underwent a debt restructuring, reducing its liabilities by $20 million. This optimization of the company's capital structure improved its financial stability, resulting in lower interest expenses and a stronger balance sheet. The debt restructuring provided a solid foundation for future growth and investment.
+
+AccuTech Solutions Inc. also underwent a comprehensive asset restructuring effort in July 2019, streamlining its operations and capital allocation efficiently. Through divestitures and strategic reallocations, the company improved operational efficiency, increased productivity, and enhanced overall company value. This asset restructuring initiative positioned AccuTech for sustained growth and innovation.
+
+In August 2019, AccuTech Solutions Inc. demonstrated its commitment to generating shareholder value by distributing $5 million of dividends to its shareholders. This dividend distribution strengthened investor confidence and rewarded shareholders for their continued support.
+
+To further strengthen its financial position and support its expansion and development plans, AccuTech Solutions Inc. successfully completed a large-scale financing activity in October 2019, raising $100 million in funds. This capital infusion significantly enhanced the company's financial strength and provided ample resources to invest in new technologies, research and development, and strategic acquisitions. The large-scale financing activity positioned AccuTech for long-term sustainable growth and value creation.
+
+Now let's delve into the specific financial indicators that are involved in these events and analyze their impact on AccuTech Solutions Inc.'s performance.
+
+The company operates in the technology industry and is registered on the NASDAQ stock exchange. AccuTech Solutions Inc. has gained a strong foothold in the market by offering cutting-edge social media analytics tools that help businesses analyze and optimize their online presence. The company's commitment to corporate governance is evident in its efforts to maintain transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement.
+
+One significant event that had a profound impact on AccuTech Solutions Inc.'s governance structure was the Shareholders' Meeting Resolution in February 2019. During this meeting, key decisions were made to shape the company's governance structure, operational strategies, and shareholder rights. These decisions included the appointment of a new CEO in January 2019, who was expected to drive the company's growth strategy. The strategic partnership announcement in March 2019 further strengthened AccuTech Solutions' market position, while the launch of a new suite of social media analytics tools in April 2019 attracted new customers and increased revenue.
+
+In June 2019, AccuTech Solutions Inc. made a notable acquisition of a competitor, which further solidified its market position and expanded its customer base. This acquisition was made possible due to a successful investor funding round in September 2019, which injected capital into the company's product development, marketing, and expansion plans. These events not only showcased the company's commitment to growth but also highlighted its ability to adapt to the dynamic market landscape.
+
+AccuTech Solutions Inc. also demonstrated its dedication to ethics and integrity by promptly addressing any incidents that arose. In April 2019, the company faced significant ethical and integrity violations, but it took swift measures to rectify the situation and ensure compliance with ethical standards. This incident showcased the company's commitment to maintaining a strong ethical foundation and protecting the interests of its stakeholders.
+
+Furthermore, AccuTech Solutions Inc. made senior management changes in May 2019, which had a direct impact on the company's operational focus and priorities. These changes aimed to streamline operations and optimize performance. The company also made significant progress in sustainability and social responsibility initiatives in June 2019, demonstrating its commitment to environmental protection, social responsibility, and corporate citizenship.
+
+To mitigate risks, AccuTech Solutions Inc. implemented updates to its risk management framework in July 2019. These measures aimed to identify, assess, and mitigate financial and operational risks, ensuring the company's long-term stability and growth. Additionally, the company achieved a major breakthrough in social media analytics technology in the same month, enhancing its product competitiveness and customer retention.
+
+In September 2019, AccuTech Solutions Inc. revised its corporate governance policies, resulting in enhanced transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. The company also successfully expanded into the European market, forging strategic partnerships and securing large-scale contracts with global brands. These achievements showcased the company's ability to adapt to new markets and capitalize on growth opportunities.
+
+AccuTech Solutions Inc. remained committed to compliance and regulatory standards, as demonstrated by its proactive approach to updating its practices in November 2019. The company ensured that its corporate governance practices aligned with new regulations, thereby minimizing legal risks and safeguarding shareholder interests.
+
+These significant events and indicators have had a profound impact on AccuTech Solutions Inc.'s corporate governance. The company's commitment to transparency and timely communication with investors and stakeholders is evident in its high standard of information disclosure. AccuTech Solutions Inc. adheres to comprehensive policies and procedures to ensure fairness and compliance in related transactions, including independent third-party auditors and periodic internal audits. Moreover, the company has implemented a robust internal control system, which includes segregation of duties, access controls, monitoring and testing of controls, and continuous improvement.
+
+Looking ahead, AccuTech Solutions Inc. has outlined several governance improvement plans. The company aims to strengthen the function of the board of directors and supervisory board by enhancing their efficiency and effectiveness in corporate governance. This will be achieved through regular training programs, increasing the proportion of independent directors, and optimizing decision-making processes. AccuTech Solutions Inc. also recognizes the importance of transparency and high-quality information disclosure, and plans to improve its information disclosure process and standards through technology, robust controls, and collaboration with external experts.
+
+In terms of risk management, AccuTech Solutions Inc. is committed to strengthening its internal control system. The company will identify, assess, monitor, and report financial and operational risks to ensure the long-term stability and success of the organization. Additionally, AccuTech Solutions Inc. integrates sustainable development and social responsibility principles into its corporate strategy, aiming to create a positive impact on society and maximize stakeholder value.
+
+In conclusion, AccuTech Solutions Inc. has demonstrated its commitment to corporate governance through various significant events and indicators. The company's focus on transparency, fairness, and compliance has contributed to its success in the technology industry. By continuously improving its governance structure, information disclosure, and risk management practices, AccuTech Solutions Inc. is well-positioned to navigate the evolving business landscape and maximize value for its stakeholders.
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+Retail Emporium is a publicly traded retail company that was established in December 2005 in New York, USA, specializing in the sale of clothing, accessories, and home goods.
+
+In 2020, Retail Emporium experienced several significant events that had a profound impact on its financial performance and market position. Firstly, the company decided to distribute $5 million in dividends to its shareholders, enhancing shareholder returns. This decision was accompanied by several sub-events that further strengthened the company's position in the market. Retail Emporium opened five new stores in key locations across the country, expanding its retail footprint and potentially increasing sales and customer base. Additionally, the company invested in a major upgrade to its online sales platform, improving user experience and website performance, leading to increased online sales and customer engagement. Moreover, Retail Emporium entered into a strategic partnership with a prominent fashion brand, enabling exclusive collaborations and shared marketing efforts. This partnership provided access to a broader customer base, increased brand recognition, and potential revenue growth through joint marketing initiatives. Furthermore, the company implemented a comprehensive supply chain optimization plan, streamlining logistics and improving inventory management practices. This initiative resulted in reduced costs, improved product availability, and increased operational efficiencies. Lastly, Retail Emporium launched a new customer loyalty program, offering exclusive rewards, personalized deals, and incentives to shoppers. This program aimed to improve customer retention, increase repeat purchases, and enhance brand loyalty.
+
+In April 2020, Retail Emporium underwent an asset restructuring, optimizing its business structure. This restructuring led to improved operational efficiency and increased company value. Additionally, in May 2020, the company completed the acquisition of 40% equity of Fancy Apparel Company, further expanding its market share and enhancing its control. In July 2020, Retail Emporium completed the asset acquisition of HomeGoods Corporation, with a total value of $100 million. This acquisition expanded the company's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness. In August 2020, the company underwent debt restructuring, reducing liabilities by $50 million. This move improved the company's financial condition and reduced financial costs. Moreover, in September 2020, Retail Emporium conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $200 million in funds. This strengthened the company's financial strength and supported its expansion and development. Lastly, in October 2020, the company invested $30 million in a new flagship store project, further broadening its business areas and enhancing profitability.
+
+The financial indicators of Retail Emporium reflect the company's performance and financial health. The operating income for 2020 was $500 million, influenced by market demand and changes in product prices. The net profit for the same period was $50 million, influenced by operating income, cost control, and non-recurring gains and losses. The company's total assets amounted to $1 billion, influenced by asset acquisition, disposal, and revaluation. Retail Emporium had total liabilities of $700 million, influenced by new debt issuance, debt repayment, and debt restructuring. The shareholder equity stood at $300 million, influenced by net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. The company's cash flow for 2020 was $100 million, influenced by operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities. The debt ratio and debt to assets ratio were both 70%, reflecting the company's debt level and financial leverage. The return on equity was 17%, indicating the operational efficiency of shareholder equity and influenced by changes in net profit and shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, Retail Emporium has outlined its future outlook. The company plans to implement cost control measures to improve profitability and optimize capital operations for efficient use of resources. Additionally, Retail Emporium aims to invest $50 million in expanding its e-commerce operation, $20 million in opening new store locations, and $10 million in research and development to enhance product offerings. The company has identified major financial risks, including fluctuating market demand, increased competition, and potential supply chain disruptions. To mitigate these risks, Retail Emporium plans to employ diversification strategies, robust forecasting models, and rigorous supplier management.
+
+In conclusion, Retail Emporium's corporate financial report for 2020 highlights the company's significant events, financial indicators, and future outlook. The company's strategic decisions, such as dividend distribution, asset restructuring, equity and asset acquisitions, debt restructuring, financing activities, and investments, have had a substantial impact on its financial performance and market position. The financial indicators reflect the company's operational efficiency, debt level, and financial leverage. Moving forward, Retail Emporium is focused on implementing cost control measures, investing in key areas, and managing financial risks to drive growth and maintain its competitive edge in the retail industry.
+
+In 2020, Retail Emporium made significant strides in corporate governance, sustainability, and social responsibility, solidifying its position as a socially responsible retailer. The company's commitment to sustainability was evident through various initiatives implemented throughout the year. In January, Retail Emporium achieved remarkable milestones in sustainability, including a 20% reduction in carbon emissions through energy-efficient practices. This was made possible by the integration of energy-efficient practices in March, such as optimizing lighting systems, upgrading HVAC systems, and installing solar panels on select stores and distribution centers. These initiatives not only contributed to the reduction in carbon emissions but also showcased the company's dedication to environmental stewardship.
+
+Furthermore, Retail Emporium established fair trade partnerships with suppliers in April, ensuring that their products are produced under fair labor conditions and without exploiting workers. These partnerships not only promote ethical sourcing practices but also support local communities, fostering sustainable economic development. In May, the company introduced a profit donation program, allocating 10% of its annual profits to local community development initiatives. This program demonstrates Retail Emporium's commitment to supporting education, healthcare, and environmental conservation, further enhancing its corporate citizenship and societal impact.
+
+In addition to its sustainability efforts, Retail Emporium also made significant governance changes in 2020. During the annual shareholders' meeting in March, the company implemented changes to its charter, resulting in the appointment of two independent directors. This resolution reinforced shareholder rights and shaped the company's future operational strategies. The appointment of Ms. Sarah Johnson as a new board member in July brought extensive retail experience and strategic insights to the company, positively impacting its future direction.
+
+However, Retail Emporium also faced challenges in ethics and integrity in May when an isolated insider trading incident occurred. The company promptly conducted an internal investigation, terminated the involved employee, and implemented stringent control measures to prevent recurrence. While this incident challenged the company's reputation, Retail Emporium's decisive actions demonstrated its commitment to maintaining ethical and transparent practices, reinforcing investor, customer, and partner relationships.
+
+Throughout the year, Retail Emporium consistently prioritized information disclosure, related transactions, and internal control. The company maintained a robust information disclosure system, ensuring timely and accurate reporting of financial and non-financial information to stakeholders. This commitment to transparency and accountability was further exemplified by the company's stringent policies and procedures regarding related transactions, preventing conflicts of interest and unethical practices. Retail Emporium's comprehensive internal control system, encompassing internal policies, processes, and regular audits, effectively safeguarded assets and mitigated risks.
+
+Looking ahead, Retail Emporium has outlined governance improvement plans to strengthen the function of its board of directors and supervisory board. This includes implementing regular training programs, increasing the proportion of independent directors, and optimizing decision-making processes. The company also aims to enhance transparency and the quality of information disclosure by leveraging technology and digital platforms to improve accessibility and transparency.
+
+In terms of risk management, Retail Emporium plans to strengthen its internal control system by investing in advanced risk management tools and conducting regular risk assessments. The company recognizes the importance of integrating sustainable development and social responsibility into its strategy and will conduct comprehensive risk assessments to identify related risks and opportunities. By doing so, Retail Emporium aims to promote long-term value creation for its stakeholders.
+
+Overall, Retail Emporium's commitment to corporate governance, sustainability, and social responsibility has positioned the company as a leader in the retail industry. Through its various initiatives and governance improvements, Retail Emporium continues to enhance its reputation, strengthen stakeholder confidence, and drive long-term sustainable development.
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+绿源环保有限公司是一家成立于2005年6月的环保企业，主要从事绿色能源的研发、生产和销售业务，注册地位于北京市，目前尚未上市。
+
+2017年是绿源环保有限公司发展的关键一年。在财务信息方面，公司完成了一系列重要的资产重组和投资活动，为公司的未来发展奠定了坚实基础。
+
+首先，公司在2017年2月完成了资产重组计划的制定，并得到股东的确认和支持。这一举措为后续的升级改造和新建绿色能源科技园提供了决策依据，并增强了公司的经营能力和竞争力。随后，在2017年3月，公司确定了旧工厂升级改造方案，包括设备更新、生产线调整和工艺改进等措施。这一举措进一步提高了生产效率和产品质量，为资产重组的顺利进行提供了有力支撑。
+
+在资金方面，公司于2017年3月成功募集了5亿元资金，大规模融资进一步加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。此外，公司还进行了债务重组，于2017年6月减少了1亿元负债，改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。
+
+在投资方面，公司于2017年5月投资了D项目，投资金额为2亿元。这一举措进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提高了公司的盈利能力。此外，公司还完成了对绿能科技股份有限公司的股权收购，获得了45%的股权，并于2017年10月完成了对清新环保公司的资产收购，总价值3.5亿元。这些重大投资进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，增强了公司的控制力，提升了公司的市场竞争力。
+
+在财务指标方面，绿源环保有限公司在2017年取得了可观的业绩。营业收入达到了10亿元，这主要得益于市场需求的增加和产品价格的稳定。净利润达到了2亿元，这得益于营业收入的增加、成本的控制以及非经常性损益的减少。总资产达到了20亿元，这主要得益于资产收购、资产处置和资产重估。总负债为10亿元，这主要受到新债发行、债务偿还和债务重组的影响。股东权益为10亿元，这主要受到净利润的增加、股利发放和资本公积的影响。现金流量为4亿元，这主要受到经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动的影响。负债比率为50%，这主要受到总负债的变化和总资产的变化的影响。资产负债率为50%，这主要受到资产和负债的增减变化的影响。净资产收益率为20%，这主要受到净利润的变化和股东权益的变化的影响。
+
+未来展望方面，绿源环保有限公司将进一步提高生产效率、降低成本和提升产品竞争力等财务策略。同时，公司计划进行新能源研发、绿色项目建设和市场拓展等投资计划，预计投资金额为10亿元。在风险管理方面，公司将重点关注市场需求下降、原材料价格波动和政策环境不稳定等主要财务风险，并通过风险防范和灵活的资金管理来应对这些风险。
+
+综上所述，绿源环保有限公司在2017年取得了显著的发展成果。通过资产重组、大规模融资、重大投资和债务重组等一系列举措，公司进一步增强了经营能力和竞争力。财务指标方面，公司的营业收入、净利润、总资产、总负债、股东权益、现金流量、负债比率、资产负债率和净资产收益率等指标均取得了较好的表现。未来展望方面，公司将继续致力于提高生产效率、降低成本和提升产品竞争力，同时注重风险管理，以保持稳定的发展态势。
+
+在公司治理结构方面，绿源环保有限公司一直致力于合规与监管更新。在2017年1月，公司积极关注环保法律法规的更新情况，并及时进行内部合规审查。此外，公司还不断更新合规措施，以确保公司在环保方面的合规性。在2017年5月，公司发布了环保情况报告，详细介绍了公司在环保方面的表现和成就。
+
+为了提升可持续性和社会责任，绿源环保有限公司于2017年2月推出了一系列倡议。这些倡议旨在推动公司在可持续发展和社会责任方面的表现，并与相关利益相关者合作，共同推动环保事业的发展。
+
+在风险管理方面，绿源环保有限公司于2017年3月采取了一系列举措来管理风险。公司加强了内部控制系统，以确保风险能够被及时发现和应对。此举有助于提高公司的整体风险管理能力，并保护公司的利益和声誉。
+
+为了进一步完善公司治理，绿源环保有限公司于2017年4月修订了公司治理政策。这一修订旨在提高公司治理的效率和透明度，并确保公司的决策能够更好地符合利益相关者的期望。
+
+在2017年5月，绿源环保有限公司发生了高级管理层变动。这一变动对公司的治理结构和决策过程产生了一定影响。公司将继续努力确保管理层的稳定性，并保持良好的治理实践。
+
+然而，2017年6月，绿源环保有限公司发生了一起道德与诚信事件。这一事件对公司的声誉和信誉造成了一定的负面影响。公司将采取相应措施，加强道德和诚信教育，以避免类似事件再次发生。
+
+在2017年7月，绿源环保有限公司进行了董事会变更。这一变更有助于提升公司的治理效能，并确保公司的决策能够更好地符合利益相关者的期望。
+
+在2017年11月，绿源环保有限公司召开了股东大会，通过了一系列重要决议。这些决议对公司的治理结构和发展方向产生了重要影响。公司将积极履行股东大会决议，并确保决议的有效实施。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，绿源环保有限公司高度重视信息披露，积极向利益相关者提供准确、及时的信息。公司还加强了对关联交易的监管，以确保交易的公平性和透明度。此外，公司还不断强化内部控制系统，以提高公司的风险管理能力。
+
+为了进一步改进公司治理，绿源环保有限公司制定了一系列治理改进计划。其中包括加强董事会和监事会的功能，提升透明度和信息披露质量。这些计划有助于提高公司的治理效能，并增强公司与利益相关者的沟通和合作。
+
+为了更好地管理风险，绿源环保有限公司进一步强化了内部控制系统。公司将持续关注风险管理策略的有效性，并根据实际情况进行调整和优化。此外，公司还将可持续发展和社会责任整合到风险管理策略中，以确保公司在经营过程中兼顾经济、环境和社会的可持续发展。
+
+综上所述，绿源环保有限公司在公司治理方面采取了一系列措施来提升合规性、可持续性和风险管理能力。公司将继续努力改进治理结构，并不断优化风险管理策略，以确保公司的可持续发展和社会责任。
+
+在环境责任方面，绿源环保有限公司在2017年度采取了一系列重要的举措。首先，公司投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目来抵消其碳排放，努力实现碳中和目标。这一举措是在2017年2月实施的，通过碳抵消证书，公司能够向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺和责任。此外，公司还制定了环境和社会责任政策，明确了在环境保护和社会责任方面的目标和承诺。在2017年1月至2月，公司对多个可再生能源项目进行了评估，包括太阳能、风能等，评估结果为公司选择投资碳抵消项目提供了依据，并为未来项目投资决策提供了参考。最终，公司在2017年2月投资了碳抵消项目，通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目来抵消其碳排放，进一步展示了公司对环境的承诺和责任。
+
+另外，绿源环保有限公司在环境责任方面还采取了其他重要举措。公司在2017年3月建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。这一举措显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。在2017年5月，公司实施了环境管理系统（EMS），以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进，提升了合规性和市场认可度。此外，公司在2017年6月投资实施了节能减排项目，旨在减少能源消耗和温室气体排放。这一举措直接减少了公司的能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。在2017年8月，公司还开发了环保型产品，减少对环境的影响，提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象，同时减少了环境影响。
+
+在社会责任方面，绿源环保有限公司也采取了一系列重要举措。公司在2017年3月参与或资助了慈善活动和慈善机构，以支持教育、健康、减贫等领域。这一举措提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。然而，在2017年4月，公司由于人为管理失误，发生了一起严重的废水泄漏事故，对周边环境和社区造成了污染。公司面临环境修复及赔偿责任，同时也受到了负面舆论的影响，公司形象受损。为了弥补这一失误，公司在2017年6月投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目，加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。此外，公司还在2017年8月投资或参与公共服务项目，如城市绿化、公共卫生改善项目，以提升社区生活质量。这些举措促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，绿源环保有限公司的二氧化碳排放量为10,000吨，能源消耗为50,000吉焦。公司的二氧化碳排放量受到生产规模的变化和节能技术的应用的影响，能源消耗受到生产效率的提高和能源管理措施的实施的影响。此外，公司的员工满意度为80%，社区投资额为200,000元。员工满意度受到工作环境的改善和员工福利政策的调整的影响，社区投资额受到公司的财务状况和社会责任战略的变化的影响。
+
+展望未来，绿源环保有限公司将继续致力于环境保护计划和社会责任战略。公司计划投资500,000元用于环境保护计划，采取一系列措施减少其运营对环境的影响，包括继续推进节能减排项目，加大绿色产品研发和市场推广力度，优化废物管理和资源循环利用。此外，公司计划年度预算300,000元用于社会责任战略，积极履行社会责任，包括进一步发展慈善活动和公益项目，加大员工职业发展和培训投入，加强与社区的合作与沟通。公司还致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs），通过整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，降低碳排放、提高能源利用效率、加强员工福利和社区支持。公司已制定并追踪各项关键指标，形成了具体的行动计划，并将定期发布进展报告。
+
+综上所述，绿源环保有限公司在2017年度在环境责任和社会责任方面采取了一系列重要举措。公司通过投资碳抵消项目、建立污染防治设施、实施环境管理系统、投资节能减排项目和开发绿色产品等方式，积极履行环境责任。同时，公司参与慈善活动、支持社区发展、参与公共服务项目、关注员工健康与安全和职业成长等方面，积极履行社会责任。公司的各项举措和指标数据表明，绿源环保有限公司在环境和社会责任方面取得了显著的进展，并为未来的可持续发展奠定了基础。
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+Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd., established in April 2005 and based in Los Angeles, California, is a publicly listed entertainment company involved in film and television production, content distribution, licensing, theme park operations, and live entertainment event management.
+
+In 2017, Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. experienced several significant events that had a profound impact on its financial performance and market position. Firstly, the company successfully raised $200 million in large-scale financing, which greatly strengthened its financial strength and supported its expansion and development efforts. This financing allowed Stellar Entertainment to embark on a series of strategic initiatives that enhanced its market competitiveness and revenue potential.
+
+One of the key sub-events resulting from the large-scale financing was the signing of a film production agreement with a major production studio. This agreement enabled Stellar Entertainment to produce and distribute a highly anticipated blockbuster film, thereby enhancing its film production portfolio and increasing its potential revenue and market share. Additionally, the company made a strategic move in May 2017 by acquiring a renowned theme park in a popular tourist destination. This acquisition diversified Stellar Entertainment's revenue streams and led to increased attendance and visitor spending.
+
+In September 2017, Stellar Entertainment announced a strategic partnership with a leading technology company to develop innovative digital content and entertainment experiences. This partnership further strengthened the company's position in the digital content market and created new revenue streams. Moreover, in November 2017, Stellar Entertainment expanded its international presence by opening its first international office in a key global market. This move increased the company's distribution and licensing opportunities, allowing it to tap into new markets and reach a wider audience.
+
+Another significant event in 2017 was the acquisition of 60% equity of Alpha Productions Inc. This acquisition not only expanded Stellar Entertainment's market share but also enhanced its control over the acquired company. Furthermore, the company distributed $50 million in dividends to its shareholders in March 2017, which enhanced shareholder returns and demonstrated its commitment to delivering value to its investors.
+
+Stellar Entertainment also underwent debt restructuring in May 2017, reducing its liabilities by $100 million. This restructuring improved the company's financial condition and reduced its financial costs. In June 2017, the company completed the asset acquisition of XYZ Films with a total value of $150 million. This acquisition expanded Stellar Entertainment's business scope and further enhanced its market competitiveness.
+
+In September 2017, Stellar Entertainment made a major investment of $80 million in Project Delta, broadening its business areas and enhancing its profitability. The company also underwent asset restructuring in October 2017, optimizing its business structure. This restructuring improved operational efficiency and increased the overall value of the company.
+
+Now let's delve into the financial indicators for 2017. Stellar Entertainment reported an operating income of $500 million, which represents the total amount of main business income and other business income within the accounting period. This figure is influenced by market demand and changes in product prices. The company's net profit for 2017 was $120 million, which is the net income after deducting total costs and taxes from total income. The net profit is influenced by factors such as operating income, cost control, and non-recurring gains and losses.
+
+Stellar Entertainment's total assets at the end of 2017 amounted to $1.2 billion, reflecting the total amount of assets owned by the company. The value of total assets is influenced by factors such as asset acquisition, asset disposal, and asset revaluation. The company's total liabilities stood at $600 million, representing the total amount of debts the company is obligated to repay. The debt ratio, which is the ratio of total liabilities to total assets, was 0.5, indicating a moderate level of debt. The debt to assets ratio, which is the percentage of total liabilities to total assets, was 50%, reflecting the company's financial leverage.
+
+Stellar Entertainment's shareholder equity at the end of 2017 was $600 million, representing the total amount of equity belonging to shareholders. The shareholder equity is influenced by factors such as net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. The company reported a cash flow of $250 million, which represents the total cash inflows and outflows within the accounting period. The cash flow is influenced by operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities.
+
+Finally, the return on equity for Stellar Entertainment in 2017 was 20%, reflecting the operational efficiency of shareholder equity. This ratio is calculated by dividing the net profit by the average shareholder equity. The return on equity is influenced by changes in net profit and changes in shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, Stellar Entertainment has outlined a financial strategy focused on cost control measures to improve profitability and ensure a sustainable financial position. The company also has ambitious investment plans, including the development of new theme parks, acquisitions of intellectual property rights, and investments in cutting-edge digital technologies. To mitigate potential risks, Stellar Entertainment is actively identifying and managing risks such as changes in consumer preferences, regulatory challenges, and unforeseen disruptions in the entertainment industry. The company is implementing risk management strategies that include diversification of revenue streams and the establishment of contingency plans.
+
+In conclusion, Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. has demonstrated strong financial performance and strategic growth in 2017. Through a series of significant events and strategic initiatives, the company has expanded its market presence, diversified its revenue streams, and enhanced its financial position. With a focus on cost control, ambitious investment plans, and effective risk management, Stellar Entertainment is well-positioned for continued success in the entertainment industry.
+
+In January 2017, Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. made significant progress in sustainability, environmental protection, social responsibility, and corporate citizenship. These initiatives not only enhanced the company's public image but also strengthened its market competitiveness, promoting long-term sustainable development. This commitment to sustainability and social responsibility aligns with the company's industry, where environmental and social considerations are increasingly important.
+
+In June 2017, Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. announced plans to expand its theme park operations by opening a new park in a popular tourist destination. The company secured suitable land for the park and is in the process of obtaining necessary permits and licenses. This strategic move is expected to increase the company's revenue streams and diversify its entertainment offerings, providing a competitive advantage in the industry.
+
+In August 2017, Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. entered into a strategic partnership with a leading digital streaming platform. This partnership aims to leverage the company's extensive content library and the platform's wide user base for enhanced digital distribution and monetization of films and television shows. Additionally, the collaboration includes exclusive content production. This strategic partnership expands the company's reach and distribution channels, leading to increased digital revenue and access to a larger audience.
+
+In October 2017, Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. made a significant acquisition by acquiring a renowned film production studio. This acquisition includes intellectual properties, ongoing projects, and a talented workforce. The integration process was initiated to ensure a smooth transition and maximize synergies. This acquisition enhances the company's content creation capabilities, strengthens its position in the film industry, and enables greater control over the production process.
+
+In December 2017, Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. released the highly anticipated latest installment of a successful blockbuster film franchise. The film surpassed box office expectations, becoming a global sensation and achieving record-breaking revenues within its opening weekend. This release generated substantial box office revenue, positive critical reception, heightened brand visibility, and increased market value for the company.
+
+However, in April 2017, Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. faced significant ethical or integrity violations. The company took measures to address these violations, but they may still damage the company's reputation and brand value, affecting relationships with investors, customers, and partners.
+
+In May 2017, the company made key decisions at its annual shareholders' meeting, including changes to the company's charter, major corporate actions, and voting results. These decisions directly impact the company's governance structure, future operational strategies, and shareholder rights.
+
+In June 2017, Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. revised its corporate governance policies to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. This revision enhances corporate governance transparency and accountability, boosting stakeholder confidence.
+
+In August 2017, the company updated its risk management framework, identified new risks, and implemented mitigation strategies. These measures improve the company's ability to respond to internal and external risks, ensuring continuous operation and stable development.
+
+In October 2017, there were changes in the company's senior management positions, including the CEO or other key positions. These changes may lead to adjustments in operational focus and strategic priorities, affecting short-term performance and long-term development.
+
+In November 2017, Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. witnessed a change in its board of directors, including the appointment or resignation of board members. These changes may lead to strategic adjustments, affecting the company's long-term development direction and shareholder interests.
+
+In December 2017, there were updates to new regulations or compliance standards affecting corporate governance practices. These updates ensure compliance with the latest laws and regulations, reducing legal risk and protecting the company and shareholder interests.
+
+Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. has a comprehensive information disclosure framework in place, following international standards and ensuring timely and accurate reporting to shareholders and stakeholders. This commitment to information disclosure enhances transparency and builds trust with investors and other stakeholders.
+
+The company has also established strict policies and procedures to govern related transactions, ensuring fairness, transparency, and compliance in all business activities. This commitment to related transactions safeguards the company's reputation and protects shareholder interests.
+
+Furthermore, Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. has a robust internal control system in place, regularly assessing its effectiveness in safeguarding assets and mitigating operational risks. This commitment to internal control ensures the company's financial stability and operational efficiency.
+
+Looking ahead, Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. has outlined governance improvement plans. These plans include strengthening the function of the board of directors and supervisory board through regular training, increasing the proportion of independent directors, and optimizing decision-making processes. The company also aims to enhance transparency and the quality of information disclosure by improving the information disclosure process and standards, implementing robust reporting mechanisms, and adhering to international best practices.
+
+In terms of risk management, Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. plans to strengthen its internal control system by establishing and improving its internal control framework. The company will focus on identifying, assessing, monitoring, and reporting financial and operational risks. Additionally, the company recognizes the importance of sustainable development and social responsibility, and aims to integrate these considerations into its risk management strategy. This includes identifying related risks and opportunities and promoting long-term value creation.
+
+Overall, Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. has made significant strides in its governance structure, sustainability and social responsibility initiatives, and risk management measures. While facing challenges such as ethics and integrity incidents, the company has taken proactive steps to address them and improve its governance policies. With its expansion plans, strategic partnerships, and acquisitions, Stellar Entertainment Holdings Ltd. is well-positioned for continued growth and success in the entertainment industry.
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+National Development Corporation, established on March 1, 1995, is a privately listed government agency specializing in infrastructure development, urban planning, and economic growth initiatives.
+
+In 2019, the company experienced several significant events that had a profound impact on its financial performance. Firstly, in January, the government announced a new policy initiative to promote renewable energy and incentivize investments in the sector. This led to the company's decision to acquire Green Energy Power, a major asset acquisition that was finalized in March through a share purchase agreement. The acquisition of Green Energy Power not only aligned with the government's renewable energy goals but also positioned the company as a key player in the sector. This event directly influenced the operating income of National Development Corporation, which reached $4.2 billion in 2019. The increase in operating income was driven by the new revenue streams generated from the renewable energy sector.
+
+In February, the company made the strategic decision to distribute $100 million of dividends to shareholders. This dividend distribution had a direct impact on the net profit of the company, which amounted to $890 million in 2019. The decision to distribute dividends reflected the company's strong financial performance and its commitment to rewarding its shareholders.
+
+Another significant event occurred in March when the company acquired 35% equity of Urban Solutions Ltd. This equity acquisition expanded the company's portfolio and diversified its revenue streams. As a result, the total assets of National Development Corporation increased to $41.5 billion in 2019. The acquisition of Urban Solutions Ltd also contributed to the growth of the company's shareholder equity, which reached $24.2 billion in the same year.
+
+In May, the company made a major investment of $500 million in Project Momentum. This investment aimed to support the development of smart city projects, sustainable energy initiatives, and digital infrastructure. The investment in Project Momentum not only aligned with the company's long-term growth strategy but also positioned it as a leader in the development of innovative and sustainable solutions.
+
+In June, the company underwent asset restructuring by consolidating its transportation infrastructure assets under a unified management structure. This restructuring aimed to streamline operations, improve efficiency, and optimize resource allocation. The asset restructuring had a direct impact on the company's debt ratio, which decreased to 0.416 in 2019. The reduction in liabilities by $800 million in December further contributed to the improvement of the company's debt ratio.
+
+In November, the company conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $2.5 billion. This financing activity provided the company with the necessary capital to support its future growth initiatives and strategic investments. The increase in cash flow, which amounted to $3.8 billion in 2019, was a direct result of the successful financing activity.
+
+Throughout the year, National Development Corporation demonstrated a strong financial performance, with a return on equity of 0.037 in 2019. This return on equity was influenced by the company's ability to generate net profit and effectively manage its shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, the company has outlined a financial strategy that focuses on cost control measures to improve operational efficiency. Additionally, the company plans to engage in strategic capital operations to optimize its investment portfolio and diversify its revenue streams. These strategies will enable National Development Corporation to maintain its strong financial position and continue driving sustainable growth.
+
+In terms of investment plans, the company aims to heavily invest in smart city projects, sustainable energy initiatives, and digital infrastructure development. These investments are expected to foster economic growth and enhance the quality of life for citizens. By staying at the forefront of technological advancements and embracing sustainable practices, National Development Corporation is well-positioned to capitalize on emerging opportunities and contribute to the long-term development of the region.
+
+Risk management is a key priority for the company, given the potential risks associated with government regulations, economic uncertainties, and market fluctuations. National Development Corporation acknowledges these risks and maintains a prudent approach to financial management. The company conducts thorough risk assessments and implements effective risk mitigation strategies to safeguard its financial stability and protect the interests of its stakeholders.
+
+In conclusion, National Development Corporation had a successful year in 2019, marked by significant events that shaped its financial performance and strategic direction. The company's focus on renewable energy, equity acquisitions, and strategic investments positioned it as a leader in the infrastructure development and urban planning industry. With a strong financial position, a clear growth strategy, and effective risk management practices, National Development Corporation is well-equipped to navigate the challenges and capitalize on the opportunities in the ever-evolving business landscape.
+
+In 2019, the National Development Corporation underwent several significant governance events that shaped its operations and strategic direction. These events, along with their sub-events and impacts, are detailed below.
+
+Firstly, in February 2019, the Shareholders' Meeting Resolution approved the amendment to the company's charter, allowing for strategic collaboration with private partners for major infrastructure projects. This decision was influenced by various sub-events, including a government policy shift announced in January 2019, which incentivized government entities to collaborate with private partners for infrastructure projects. The management proposal in January 2019 initiated the process of updating the company's charter, while internal discussions among key stakeholders and legal consultation ensured a thorough analysis and compliance with existing regulations. Shareholder communication and the subsequent evaluation and approval by the Board of Directors in February 2019 further solidified the progress towards strategic partnerships. This amendment enables the National Development Corporation to undertake larger-scale projects, diversify revenue streams, and enhance shareholder rights.
+
+In March 2019, the corporation experienced a senior management change with the appointment of Ms. Jane Davis as the new Chief Financial Officer. Ms. Davis brings extensive experience in financial management, which is expected to drive improvements in financial decision-making, positively impacting short-term performance and long-term development.
+
+Another significant event took place in April 2019 when the corporation revised its corporate governance policy to align with best practices and strengthen transparency and stakeholder engagement. This revision enhances corporate governance transparency and accountability, fostering stakeholder confidence.
+
+In July 2019, the National Development Corporation implemented the latest securities law and corporate law updates, ensuring compliance with industry-specific regulations. This compliance and regulatory update is crucial in maintaining legal compliance, reducing legal risk, and protecting the interests of the company and its shareholders.
+
+August 2019 saw a change in the Board of Directors with the appointment of Mr. John Smith, who brings extensive experience in infrastructure development. This addition to the board brings a fresh perspective and expertise, contributing to the company's long-term development and shareholder interests.
+
+To address emerging cybersecurity risks, the corporation implemented enhanced IT security measures in September 2019. These measures aim to protect sensitive financial and operational data, strengthening the company's ability to safeguard internal and external risks. This event demonstrates the corporation's commitment to risk management and ensuring uninterrupted operations and stable development.
+
+In October 2019, the National Development Corporation addressed an ethics and integrity incident by conducting a thorough investigation, terminating involved individuals, and implementing stricter integrity policies. This incident highlights the corporation's commitment to ethical practices, preserving its reputation, and maintaining positive stakeholder relationships.
+
+Lastly, in November 2019, the corporation launched a community engagement program focused on environmental education and urban sustainability initiatives. This initiative enhances the company's reputation, promotes social responsibility, and fosters long-term sustainable development.
+
+In addition to these events, the report also highlights indicators that reflect the corporation's commitment to governance and transparency. The National Development Corporation has implemented a robust information disclosure policy, ensuring timely and accurate reporting to stakeholders. This comprehensive and transparent information disclosure is valuable in providing stakeholders with the necessary information to make informed decisions.
+
+To ensure fairness and compliance, the corporation has implemented stringent policies and procedures for related transactions. This ensures that all related transactions are conducted with transparency, integrity, and adherence to applicable regulations, safeguarding shareholder interests.
+
+Furthermore, the National Development Corporation has established a robust internal control system to identify, assess, and mitigate financial and operational risks. This internal control system is valuable in preventing fraud, errors, and mismanagement, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of financial reporting.
+
+Looking ahead, the corporation has outlined governance improvement plans, including strengthening the function of the Board of Directors and Supervisory Board. This involves providing regular training, increasing the proportion of independent directors, and optimizing decision-making processes. Additionally, the corporation aims to enhance transparency and the quality of information disclosure by continuously improving the information disclosure process and standards.
+
+The National Development Corporation also emphasizes its risk management strategy, which focuses on strengthening the internal control system to identify, assess, monitor, and report financial and operational risks. Furthermore, the corporation aims to integrate sustainable development and social responsibility principles into its strategy, assessing related risks and opportunities, and promoting long-term value creation.
+
+In conclusion, the National Development Corporation has experienced significant governance events in 2019, shaping its operations and strategic direction. These events, along with the corporation's commitment to governance indicators, demonstrate its dedication to transparency, stakeholder engagement, and long-term sustainable development.
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+Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd., established on June 1, 2005, is a publicly listed manufacturing company based in Cityville, specializing in the production and distribution of high-quality industrial machinery and equipment.
+
+In February 2021, Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. demonstrated its commitment to enhancing shareholder returns by distributing a dividend of $10 million. This decision reflected the company's strong financial performance and its dedication to providing value to its investors. The dividend distribution had a positive impact on the company's shareholders, increasing their returns and reinforcing their confidence in the company.
+
+Following the dividend distribution, Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. made significant strategic moves to expand its production capacity and improve its competitiveness. In March 2021, the company decided to acquire an additional manufacturing plant in a neighboring city, expanding its production facility. This expansion allowed Fabrikon to meet the growing demand for its industrial machinery and equipment, resulting in increased production capacity and an improved ability to fulfill customer orders. This expansion was a key factor in driving the company's operating income to reach $500 million.
+
+In April 2021, Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. entered into a strategic partnership agreement with a major technology company specializing in automation solutions. This partnership aimed to combine Fabrikon's expertise in manufacturing machinery with the technological advancements of the partner, enabling the development and production of innovative and high-performance automated machinery. This collaboration provided Fabrikon with access to cutting-edge technology, enhancing its competitiveness in the market and enabling the company to offer advanced automated solutions to its customers. This partnership contributed to the company's net profit of $50 million.
+
+In August 2021, Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. successfully launched a new product line of energy-efficient industrial machinery. This innovative line of machinery offered cost savings for customers by reducing energy consumption while maintaining high performance and reliability. The successful product launch resulted in increased market share for Fabrikon, improved customer satisfaction due to the cost-saving features, and the potential for revenue growth. This contributed to the company's total assets reaching $800 million.
+
+In March 2021, Fabrikon completed the asset acquisition of Precision Tools Inc., a leading manufacturer of precision machinery, with a total value of $50 million. This acquisition expanded the company's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness. The acquisition of Precision Tools Inc. played a significant role in increasing Fabrikon's total assets and further solidifying its position in the industry.
+
+In May 2021, Fabrikon completed the acquisition of 60% equity of TechnoParts Ltd., a key supplier of critical components. This acquisition further expanded the company's market share and enhanced its control over the supply chain. The acquisition of TechnoParts Ltd. contributed to the company's total liabilities reaching $400 million.
+
+In July 2021, Fabrikon made a major investment of $30 million in Project Phoenix, a state-of-the-art manufacturing facility. This investment aimed to enhance the company's technological capabilities and diversify its product offerings. The investment in Project Phoenix broadened Fabrikon's business areas and contributed to the company's total assets reaching $800 million.
+
+To support its expansion and development plans, Fabrikon successfully conducted a large-scale financing activity in August 2021, raising $100 million. This financing activity strengthened the company's financial strength and provided the necessary capital for its growth initiatives.
+
+In September 2021, Fabrikon underwent an asset restructuring, optimizing its business structure by divesting non-core assets and funneling resources into high-growth sectors. This asset restructuring improved the company's operational efficiency and increased its overall value.
+
+In December 2021, Fabrikon underwent debt restructuring, reducing its liabilities by $20 million. This debt restructuring improved the company's financial condition and reduced its financial costs.
+
+Throughout the accounting period, Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. demonstrated strong financial performance. The company's operating income reached $500 million, driven by market demand and changes in product prices. The net profit amounted to $50 million, influenced by the company's operating income, effective cost control, and non-recurring gains and losses. Fabrikon's total assets stood at $800 million, influenced by asset acquisitions, disposals, and revaluations. The company's total liabilities amounted to $400 million, influenced by new debt issuances, debt repayments, and debt restructuring. Shareholder equity reached $400 million, influenced by the net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. The company's cash flow amounted to $100 million, influenced by operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities. The debt ratio stood at 0.5, reflecting the company's debt level, influenced by changes in total liabilities and total assets. The debt to assets ratio was 50%, indicating the company's financial leverage, influenced by increases or decreases in assets and liabilities. The return on equity was 12.5%, reflecting the operational efficiency of shareholder equity, influenced by changes in net profit and shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. plans to implement a comprehensive financial strategy focused on cost control measures, efficient capital operations, and optimizing working capital management. The company aims to allocate substantial investments towards research and development initiatives, expanding product lines, and exploring emerging markets to drive sustainable growth and maintain a competitive edge. Fabrikon has identified key financial risks such as currency fluctuations, raw material price volatility, and geopolitical uncertainties. The company will implement robust risk management strategies to mitigate these risks and safeguard its financial stability. With its strong financial performance and strategic initiatives, Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. is well-positioned for continued success in the manufacturing industry.
+
+In February 2021, Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. held a shareholders' meeting where a resolution was passed. This resolution aimed to enhance the company's corporate governance structure by strengthening the role of the Board of Directors and improving transparency in decision-making processes. The impact of this resolution was significant, as it led to more effective oversight and decision-making within the company.
+
+In March 2021, the Board of Directors made a crucial decision regarding the appointment of a new Chief Executive Officer (CEO). This decision was made to bring fresh leadership and expertise to the company, aligning with its long-term growth strategy. The impact of this decision was evident in the subsequent months, as the new CEO implemented various strategic initiatives to drive innovation and improve operational efficiency.
+
+In April 2021, Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. engaged an external consultant to conduct a comprehensive review of its business processes and identify areas for improvement. This engagement aimed to enhance the company's operational effectiveness and optimize resource allocation. The impact of this engagement was noteworthy, as it resulted in the implementation of streamlined processes and cost-saving measures.
+
+In May 2021, the company received approval for a feasibility study on a new product line. This approval was a significant milestone for Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd., as it opened up new growth opportunities and expanded its market reach. The impact of this approval was reflected in the company's financial performance, with increased revenue and market share.
+
+However, April 2021 also saw some ethics and integrity incidents within the company. These incidents raised concerns about the company's commitment to ethical practices and corporate responsibility. The impact of these incidents was detrimental to the company's reputation and stakeholder trust. To address these issues, Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. implemented rigorous ethics training programs and strengthened its internal control mechanisms.
+
+In May 2021, the company also implemented various risk management measures to mitigate potential threats and uncertainties. These measures included the establishment of a dedicated risk management department, regular risk assessments, and the development of contingency plans. The impact of these measures was evident in the company's ability to proactively identify and address potential risks, minimizing their impact on operations and financial performance.
+
+In June 2021, Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. complied with new compliance and regulatory updates in the manufacturing industry. These updates aimed to ensure adherence to industry standards and regulations, enhancing the company's reputation and credibility. The impact of these updates was reflected in the company's improved compliance record and strengthened relationships with regulatory authorities.
+
+In July 2021, the company revised its corporate governance policy to align with best practices and enhance transparency. This revision included the establishment of an independent audit committee and the adoption of stricter disclosure requirements. The impact of this revision was evident in the company's improved corporate governance practices and increased investor confidence.
+
+In September 2021, Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. underwent senior management changes, including the appointment of new executives in key leadership positions. These changes aimed to bring fresh perspectives and expertise to the company's management team, driving innovation and strategic decision-making. The impact of these changes was reflected in the company's improved operational efficiency and performance.
+
+In November 2021, the company launched various sustainability and social responsibility initiatives. These initiatives aimed to minimize the company's environmental footprint, promote employee well-being, and contribute to the communities in which it operates. The impact of these initiatives was evident in the company's improved corporate social responsibility reputation and increased stakeholder engagement.
+
+Finally, in December 2021, Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. experienced a change in its Board of Directors. This change brought new perspectives and expertise to the company's governance structure, ensuring effective oversight and strategic direction. The impact of this change was reflected in the company's improved corporate governance practices and long-term growth prospects.
+
+Throughout these events, Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. demonstrated its commitment to enhancing corporate governance, managing risks, and promoting sustainability. The company's proactive approach to addressing challenges and seizing opportunities has positioned it as a leading player in the manufacturing industry. With a strong foundation and a focus on continuous improvement, Fabrikon Manufacturing Ltd. is well-positioned for future success.
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+GreenTech Solutions Inc., established on January 1, 2008 in San Francisco, California, is a publicly traded company on NASDAQ, specializing in the design, development, and implementation of environmentally friendly technologies for waste management and pollution control in the field of environmental protection.
+
+In 2021, GreenTech Solutions Inc. underwent several significant events that have shaped its financial performance and market position. Firstly, the company embarked on a comprehensive asset restructuring in April, optimizing its business structure to focus on high-growth sectors within the environmental protection industry. This initiative has greatly improved operational efficiency, strengthened research and development capabilities, and increased the overall value of the company. As a result, GreenTech Solutions Inc. experienced a substantial increase in operating income, reaching $150 million, driven by increasing market demand for environmental protection technologies, positive changes in global regulations favoring environmentally friendly solutions, and R&D breakthroughs leading to innovative product offerings.
+
+In addition to asset restructuring, the company formed strategic partnerships with leading technology companies in the environmental protection industry. These partnerships, established in 2021, provided new revenue streams, enhanced market position, and facilitated the asset restructuring process. The impact of these partnerships can be seen in the company's net profit, which reached $30 million. This strong financial performance can be attributed to the company's effective cost control measures and the absence of major non-recurring gains and losses.
+
+Furthermore, GreenTech Solutions Inc. significantly increased its investment in research and development activities in 2021. This investment has resulted in an enhanced product portfolio, enabling the company to offer more advanced and efficient solutions. The company's total assets reached $500 million, reflecting the acquisition of Liberty Energy Solutions, capital expenditures for research and development, and asset revaluation.
+
+To expand its market presence, GreenTech Solutions Inc. ventured beyond its current geographical areas and targeted emerging markets in high environmental protection demand. This strategic move has led to an increased customer base, revenue potential, and contributed to the decision to focus on high-growth sectors during the asset restructuring process. The company's debt restructuring in August 2021 successfully reduced liabilities by $20 million, improving its financial condition and reducing financial costs, providing a more sustainable foundation for future growth.
+
+GreenTech Solutions Inc. made a major investment of $50 million in September 2021 in Project CleanAir, a revolutionary air purification technology. This investment has allowed the company to expand its business areas, tap into the highly-profitable air pollution control market, and bolster overall profitability. Additionally, the company completed the acquisition of Liberty Energy Solutions, a prominent renewable energy company, in November 2021. This acquisition, with a total asset value of $100 million, significantly expanded the company's business scope, enabling comprehensive solutions for both waste management and renewable energy, and enhancing market competitiveness.
+
+To strengthen its financial position, GreenTech Solutions Inc. conducted a large-scale financing round in December 2021, raising $200 million in funds from leading institutional investors. This has provided the necessary capital for continued expansion and development in the environmental protection sector. The company's shareholder equity reached $350 million, reflecting the generation of net profit, dividend distribution to shareholders, and capital reserves from previous financial periods.
+
+In terms of financial indicators, GreenTech Solutions Inc. achieved an operating income of $150 million, a net profit of $30 million, total assets of $500 million, total liabilities of $150 million, and a cash flow of $50 million. The company's debt ratio stands at 30%, reflecting proactive debt restructuring and repayment efforts, strategic financing initiatives, and effective management of asset values. The debt to assets ratio is 25%, indicating a balanced approach between asset acquisition and debt management. The return on equity is 10%, reflecting consistent growth in net profit, effective utilization of shareholder equity, and optimized allocation of available resources.
+
+Looking ahead, GreenTech Solutions Inc. has outlined a financial strategy that includes stringent cost control measures and strategic capital allocation for research and development efforts. The company plans to expand its portfolio of waste management technologies, capitalize on opportunities in renewable energy, and explore emerging sectors such as sustainable agriculture and carbon capture. Risk management is a key focus, with the company aiming to identify major financial risks and proactively manage them through diversifying product offerings, establishing strategic partnerships, and closely monitoring market trends and regulatory changes.
+
+In conclusion, GreenTech Solutions Inc. has demonstrated strong financial performance and strategic initiatives in 2021, positioning itself as a leader in the environmental protection industry. Through asset restructuring, strategic partnerships, research and development investments, market expansion, and major acquisitions, the company has enhanced its operational efficiency, market position, and overall value. With a solid financial foundation and a focus on innovation and sustainability, GreenTech Solutions Inc. is well-positioned for continued growth and success in the future.
+
+The company's commitment to corporate governance is evident in its proactive approach to updating its practices to comply with newly enacted environmental regulations. In February 2021, GreenTech Solutions Inc. expanded its Research and Development (R&D) Department, demonstrating its dedication to innovation and staying ahead of industry standards. This expansion allowed the company to develop cutting-edge technologies that comply with the latest environmental regulations, ensuring the sustainability of its operations and safeguarding the interests of shareholders.
+
+In March 2021, the company made significant progress in enhancing shareholder rights and protections by amending its charter to enable shareholder voting on major corporate actions. This resolution empowered shareholders to have a direct influence on the company's governance structure, operational strategies, and their own rights as stakeholders. This move further strengthened the company's commitment to transparency and accountability.
+
+Recognizing the importance of risk management, GreenTech Solutions Inc. updated its risk management framework in April 2021 to address evolving risks. By implementing robust risk management measures, the company has been able to navigate internal and external risks effectively, ensuring uninterrupted operations. This proactive approach has not only protected the company's interests but also enhanced stakeholder confidence in its ability to manage risks.
+
+In May 2021, GreenTech Solutions Inc. achieved significant milestones in its sustainability and social responsibility efforts. The company's initiatives, such as reducing carbon emissions, promoting recycling, and supporting local communities, have not only improved its public image but also strengthened its market competitiveness. By integrating sustainability and social responsibility into its core business strategy, the company has positioned itself for long-term sustainable growth.
+
+In July 2021, the company revised its corporate governance policies to enhance transparency and accountability. The revised framework has improved the company's reporting practices, ensuring accurate and comprehensive information disclosure to all stakeholders. This increased transparency has fostered stakeholder confidence and strengthened the company's reputation.
+
+In August 2021, Dr. Emily Anderson was appointed as a new board member, bringing extensive expertise in environmental trends. Her appointment is expected to lead to strategic adjustments aligning the company's direction with the latest environmental trends, further enhancing shareholder interests. This addition to the board of directors reflects the company's commitment to attracting top talent and leveraging their expertise to drive strategic decision-making.
+
+In September 2021, GreenTech Solutions Inc. faced an ethics and integrity incident involving financial impropriety by one of its managers. However, the company took prompt actions by launching an internal investigation, terminating the manager's employment, and implementing stricter financial controls. These actions demonstrated the company's dedication to upholding ethical standards and protecting the interests of its stakeholders. While the incident had a temporary impact on the company's reputation, the swift response showcased its commitment to maintaining high ethical standards.
+
+In December 2021, Mr. Michael Roberts assumed the role of CEO, bringing new leadership and strategic priorities to the company. His appointment is expected to drive operational focus and align the company's direction with emerging market opportunities. This change in senior management is anticipated to have both short-term and long-term impacts on the company's performance and development.
+
+Throughout these events, GreenTech Solutions Inc. has demonstrated its commitment to corporate governance through various indicators. The company's information disclosure practices have been transparent and timely, ensuring accurate reporting to all stakeholders. Its policies and measures related to transactions have ensured fairness and compliance, protecting the interests of all stakeholders. Additionally, the company's robust internal control system, including regular audits and compliance checks, has effectively minimized risks and ensured the effectiveness of internal controls.
+
+Looking ahead, GreenTech Solutions Inc. has ongoing governance improvement plans to strengthen the function of the board of directors and supervisory board, enhance transparency, and improve the quality of information disclosure. The company also plans to strengthen its risk management measures by integrating sustainable development and social responsibility into its core business strategy. These initiatives reflect the company's commitment to continuous improvement and long-term success.
+
+In conclusion, GreenTech Solutions Inc. has demonstrated a strong commitment to corporate governance through its proactive approach to compliance, enhancement of shareholder rights, robust risk management measures, sustainability and social responsibility initiatives, and revisions to its corporate governance policies. The company's dedication to transparency, accountability, and stakeholder interests has positioned it for long-term sustainable growth in the environmentally friendly technology industry.
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+Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services is a privately-owned housekeeping company that was established on January 1, 2005, in City Centre, London, specializing in providing comprehensive cleaning, organizing, and maintenance services.
+
+In 2019, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services underwent several significant events that had a profound impact on its financial performance and overall business operations. One of the key events was the debt restructuring in February 2019, which resulted in a reduction of liabilities by £500,000. This strategic move not only optimized the company's capital structure but also improved its financial condition by reducing financial costs. The debt restructuring was followed by a series of sub-events that further enhanced the company's operations and market position.
+
+In March 2019, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services expanded into new markets, increasing its market reach and potential customer base. This expansion was facilitated by the company's strengthened financial strength through large-scale financing. Additionally, in April 2019, the company formed a strategic partnership with an eco-friendly product supplier, enhancing its brand image as an environmentally responsible and sustainable housekeeping service provider. This partnership not only attracted environmentally conscious customers but also contributed to the company's overall market competitiveness.
+
+To improve operational efficiency and strengthen customer relationships, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services implemented an advanced Customer Relationship Management (CRM) system in June 2019. This system allowed the company to streamline its operations, increase customer retention, and provide personalized services. Furthermore, the introduction of an employee incentive program in July 2019 boosted employee morale, increased productivity, and reduced turnover rates. This, in turn, positively impacted the company's overall financial performance.
+
+In August 2019, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services launched premium service packages, targeting affluent customers and increasing revenue through higher-priced service offerings. This strategic move not only diversified the company's service portfolio but also attracted a more lucrative customer segment. These events collectively contributed to the company's improved financial performance and market position.
+
+However, it is important to note that the global pandemic in March 2020 had a significant impact on Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services. The pandemic challenged the company's financial performance and required adaptation and cost-cutting measures to mitigate the adverse effects. Despite this challenge, the company remains resilient and has implemented comprehensive risk management strategies to address potential financial risks.
+
+Analyzing the involved indicators, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services reported an operating income of £5,000,000 in 2019. This figure is influenced by market demand and changes in product prices. The company's net profit for the same period amounted to £800,000, which is influenced by the operating income, cost control measures, and non-recurring gains and losses. The total assets of the company stood at £10,000,000, reflecting the impact of asset acquisition, disposal, and revaluation. On the other hand, the total liabilities amounted to £4,500,000, influenced by new debt issuance, debt repayment, and the debt restructuring event mentioned earlier.
+
+Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services demonstrated a strong shareholder equity of £5,500,000, which is influenced by the net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. The company's cash flow for the year amounted to £1,200,000, influenced by its operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities. The debt ratio of the company stood at 0.45, reflecting changes in total liabilities and total assets. Furthermore, the debt to assets ratio was reported at 45%, indicating the proportion of debt to the company's total assets.
+
+Lastly, the return on equity for Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services was calculated at 14.5%, influenced by changes in net profit and shareholder equity. These indicators provide a comprehensive overview of the company's financial performance and its ability to generate returns for its shareholders.
+
+Looking ahead, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services has outlined a financial strategy focused on intensive cost control measures to efficiently manage expenses and explore strategic capital operations to foster growth. The company also plans to invest £2.5 million in state-of-the-art cleaning equipment and technology to enhance service quality and efficiency. Additionally, the company has implemented a comprehensive risk management strategy to address potential financial risks such as economic volatility, operational disruptions, and legal and regulatory changes.
+
+In conclusion, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services has demonstrated its resilience and adaptability in the face of various events and challenges. The company's strategic initiatives, financial performance, and market position have been positively influenced by debt restructuring, expansion into new markets, strategic partnerships, implementation of advanced CRM systems, employee incentive programs, and the launch of premium service packages. With a strong focus on cost control, investment in technology, and robust risk management, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services is well-positioned for future growth and success in the housekeeping industry.
+
+In February 2019, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services underwent a revision of its corporate governance policy. This revision aimed to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement within the company. The impact of this policy revision was significant, as it boosted stakeholder confidence and improved corporate governance transparency and accountability.
+
+Following the policy revision, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services embarked on an aggressive expansion plan in March 2019. The company successfully opened new branches in three major cities, increasing its market presence and customer reach. This expansion resulted in substantial revenue growth and further solidified the company's position in the industry.
+
+In April 2019, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services secured a partnership with a leading hotel chain, becoming their exclusive housekeeping provider. This partnership not only increased the company's prestige and reputation but also led to a boost in client acquisition and revenue. The partnership showcased the company's commitment to providing high-quality services and further established its position as a trusted housekeeping provider in the market.
+
+In May 2019, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services implemented a comprehensive quality assurance program. This program aimed to ensure consistent service excellence and enhance customer satisfaction. The introduction of this program resulted in improved service quality, increased customer retention, and higher levels of customer satisfaction. The company's dedication to maintaining high standards of service further solidified its reputation in the industry.
+
+To strengthen the management and decision-making processes, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services recruited a team of experienced senior executives in June 2019. This strategic move improved the company's strategic planning, operational efficiency, and overall corporate governance. The addition of the senior management team enhanced the company's ability to make informed decisions and drive sustainable growth.
+
+In July 2019, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services initiated an employee training program to enhance the skills and professionalism of its workforce. This program aimed to increase employee competency, improve service standards, and ultimately enhance customer satisfaction. The implementation of the training program resulted in a more skilled and knowledgeable workforce, leading to improved service delivery and increased customer satisfaction.
+
+In March 2019, there were changes in the company's senior management, including the CEO and other key positions. These changes had an impact on the company's operational focus and priorities. The adjustments made in response to the senior management changes may have affected the company's short-term performance and long-term development.
+
+Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services demonstrated its commitment to sustainability and social responsibility in April 2019. The company made significant progress in areas such as sustainability, environmental protection, social responsibility, and corporate citizenship. These initiatives not only enhanced the company's public image but also increased its market competitiveness, promoting long-term sustainable development.
+
+In May 2019, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services ensured compliance with the latest laws and regulations by updating its compliance and regulatory practices. This proactive approach reduced legal risks, protected the company and shareholder interests, and ensured adherence to the highest standards of corporate governance.
+
+In June 2019, the company faced an incident involving ethical or integrity violations. The measures taken by Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services in response to these incidents aimed to address the violations and mitigate any potential damage to the company's reputation and brand value. Such incidents may have affected the company's relationships with investors, customers, and partners.
+
+In August 2019, there was a change in the board of directors, which had an impact on the company's strategic direction. This change may have led to adjustments in the company's long-term development direction and shareholder interests. The board's decisions and actions play a crucial role in shaping the company's future operational strategies and governance structure.
+
+At the annual or extraordinary shareholders' meeting in November 2019, key decisions were made that directly affected the company's governance structure, future operational strategies, and shareholder rights. These decisions were crucial in shaping the company's direction and ensuring the protection of shareholder interests.
+
+In December 2019, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services updated its risk management measures to address new risks and implement mitigation strategies. The company's proactive approach to risk management improved its ability to respond to internal and external risks, ensuring continuous operation and stable development.
+
+Throughout the reporting period, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services demonstrated a commitment to information disclosure. The company regularly published financial reports, press releases, and stakeholder newsletters to ensure transparent information sharing. This commitment to information disclosure enhanced stakeholder trust and confidence in the company.
+
+To ensure fairness and compliance in related transactions, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services implemented robust policies, procedures, and measures. The company established a strong internal control system to prevent conflicts of interest and ensure fair transactions, further enhancing its reputation as a trustworthy and reliable service provider.
+
+The architecture, implementation, and effectiveness of Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services' internal controls were regularly assessed through internal audits. These audits aimed to evaluate the reliability and efficiency of the company's internal control processes, ensuring the integrity and accuracy of its operations.
+
+Looking ahead, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services has outlined several governance improvement plans. These plans include strengthening the function of the board of directors and supervisory board through regular training, increasing the proportion of independent directors, and optimizing decision-making processes. The company also aims to enhance transparency and the quality of information disclosure by improving the information disclosure process and standards.
+
+In terms of risk management, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services plans to strengthen its internal control system. This includes establishing and improving the internal control framework to identify, assess, monitor, and report financial and operational risks. Additionally, the company aims to integrate sustainable development and social responsibility into its strategy, identifying related risks and opportunities to promote long-term value creation.
+
+Overall, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services has made significant progress in enhancing its corporate governance practices, expanding its market presence, and demonstrating a commitment to sustainability and social responsibility. The company's proactive approach to compliance, risk management, and information disclosure has positioned it as a leader in the housekeeping industry. With its strong governance structure and strategic initiatives, Sparkling Clean Housekeeping Services is well-positioned for continued success and sustainable growth in the future.
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+Green Fields Agriculture Co., established on March 18, 1995, is a publicly listed company based in Ruralville, Agriprovince, specializing in the production and distribution of organic fruits and vegetables.
+
+In 2018, Green Fields Agriculture Co. experienced several significant events that impacted its financial performance and overall business operations. These events, along with their sub-events and the indicators involved, provide insights into the company's growth, challenges, and future prospects.
+
+One of the key events was the debt restructuring undertaken in February 2018. This strategic move aimed to optimize the company's capital structure and resulted in a reduction of liabilities by $10 million. The debt restructuring had a positive impact on the company's financial condition, leading to reduced financial costs. This improvement was further supported by various sub-events throughout the year.
+
+In January 2018, Green Fields Agriculture Co. implemented a new sales strategy, which resulted in a 20% increase in sales volume compared to the previous year. This increase in sales volume positively impacted the company's revenue and overall financial performance. Additionally, in March 2018, the company acquired 100 acres of farmland in a neighboring region. This acquisition aimed to secure a stable supply of organic fruits and vegetables, reducing dependency on third-party suppliers and leading to cost savings.
+
+To further enhance profitability, the company implemented cost-cutting measures across various departments in April 2018, resulting in a 15% reduction in operational expenses. This cost reduction positively impacted the company's profitability and overall financial performance. In June 2018, Green Fields Agriculture Co. entered into a strategic partnership with a well-established organic retail chain, which resulted in an exclusive supplier agreement. This partnership strengthened the company's market presence, expanded its customer reach, and positively impacted sales revenue.
+
+In September 2018, the company launched a new line of premium organic frozen fruits and vegetables to cater to the growing demand in the convenience food sector. This product diversification increased market share and generated additional revenue streams. Furthermore, in October 2018, Green Fields Agriculture Co. invested in an enterprise resource planning (ERP) system to streamline operations, improve efficiency, and optimize resource allocation. The implementation of the ERP system enhanced operational efficiency, reduced costs, and improved overall company performance.
+
+While the company experienced several positive events, it also faced challenges throughout the year. In August 2018, a severe drought in the region significantly reduced crop yields, leading to decreased revenues and profitability. This event highlighted the vulnerability of the company's operations to external factors such as climate change. Additionally, in December 2018, a labor strike occurred at the company's main production facility, resulting in production disruption and increased costs. This labor strike negatively impacted productivity, delayed deliveries, and further increased expenses.
+
+Despite these challenges, Green Fields Agriculture Co. continued to pursue growth opportunities. In March 2018, the company made a major investment of $50 million in Project Green Harvest, which broadened its business areas and enhanced profitability. In May 2018, the company completed the asset acquisition of Fresh Field Farms, with a total value of $25 million. This acquisition expanded the company's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness. In September 2018, Green Fields Agriculture Co. completed the acquisition of 40% equity of Fertile Land Farms, further expanding its market share and enhancing control.
+
+Looking ahead, Green Fields Agriculture Co. has outlined its future outlook and strategies. The company aims to implement rigorous cost control measures to increase profitability and optimize capital operations to maximize shareholder returns. Additionally, the company plans to invest heavily in research and development (R&D) to develop new, high-yield crop varieties and explore market expansion opportunities in emerging economies. To mitigate financial risks, the company has identified climate change, market volatility, and supply chain disruptions as major concerns and plans to implement risk management strategies such as diversification of crop varieties, insurance coverage, and adoption of sustainable farming practices.
+
+In conclusion, Green Fields Agriculture Co. experienced a series of events in 2018 that shaped its financial performance and business operations. The company's debt restructuring, sales growth, cost-cutting measures, strategic partnerships, product diversification, and investments contributed to its overall growth and enhanced market competitiveness. However, challenges such as the severe drought and labor strike highlighted the need for risk management strategies. With a focus on cost control, R&D, and risk mitigation, Green Fields Agriculture Co. is well-positioned to navigate future opportunities and challenges in the organic fruits and vegetables industry.
+
+In 2018, Green Fields Agriculture Co. demonstrated a strong commitment to corporate governance and sustainability, as evidenced by its various initiatives and achievements throughout the year. One notable event was the company's significant progress in sustainability, environmental protection, social responsibility, and corporate citizenship. This included the acquisition of Fair Trade Certification in May, which not only enhanced the company's reputation but also demonstrated its dedication to fair and ethical practices in the agricultural sector. Additionally, Green Fields Agriculture Co. implemented water conservation measures in June, partnering with local NGOs in September, and investing in solar energy in October. These initiatives not only contributed to the company's sustainability goals but also had a positive impact on the environment and local communities.
+
+In terms of compliance and regulatory updates, Green Fields Agriculture Co. stayed abreast of new regulations and compliance standards affecting corporate governance practices. This ensured that the company operated within the legal framework and maintained its commitment to ethical business practices. Moreover, the company took swift action in response to any ethical or integrity incidents that occurred. In April, Green Fields Agriculture Co. addressed significant violations by implementing measures to rectify the situation and prevent future occurrences. This demonstrated the company's dedication to maintaining high ethical standards and its commitment to integrity.
+
+The annual shareholders' meeting in June was another important event for Green Fields Agriculture Co. During this meeting, key decisions were made that had a significant impact on the company's strategic direction. Shareholders' meetings provide an opportunity for stakeholders to voice their opinions and make decisions that shape the company's future. Green Fields Agriculture Co. ensured that these meetings were conducted in a transparent and inclusive manner, allowing for effective governance and decision-making.
+
+In July, the company revised its corporate governance policy, reflecting its commitment to continuously improving its governance framework. This revision aimed to enhance transparency, accountability, and overall governance practices within the organization. By regularly reviewing and updating its policies, Green Fields Agriculture Co. demonstrated its dedication to maintaining best practices in corporate governance.
+
+Senior management changes in August also had an impact on the company's operational focus and priorities. These changes can often bring fresh perspectives and new strategies to the organization. Green Fields Agriculture Co. effectively managed these transitions, ensuring a smooth continuation of operations and alignment with the company's strategic goals.
+
+Risk management measures were updated in September, reflecting the company's proactive approach to identifying and mitigating potential risks. Green Fields Agriculture Co. recognized the importance of a robust risk management framework in safeguarding its operations and ensuring long-term sustainability.
+
+In October, Green Fields Agriculture Co. successfully acquired Smith Farms, a significant event that expanded the company's market presence and product portfolio. This acquisition not only increased the company's market share but also brought new opportunities for growth and innovation.
+
+The appointment or resignation of board members in December had a direct impact on the company's strategic direction. The composition of the board of directors plays a crucial role in shaping the company's governance practices and decision-making processes. Green Fields Agriculture Co. ensured that these changes were carefully managed to maintain a strong and effective board.
+
+Throughout the year, Green Fields Agriculture Co. demonstrated its commitment to information disclosure, related transactions, and internal control. The company maintained a high level of transparency and timely information disclosure, providing stakeholders with the necessary information to make informed decisions. In terms of related transactions, Green Fields Agriculture Co. strictly adhered to fair and ethical principles, ensuring that all transactions were conducted with integrity and in compliance with regulations. The company also had a robust internal control system in place to ensure the integrity of financial reporting and safeguard the company's assets.
+
+Looking ahead, Green Fields Agriculture Co. has outlined several governance improvement plans. These include strengthening the function of the board of directors and supervisory board, enhancing transparency and the quality of information disclosure, and further integrating sustainable development and social responsibility into its operations. By focusing on these areas, Green Fields Agriculture Co. aims to continuously improve its governance practices and maintain its position as a leader in the agriculture industry.
+
+In conclusion, Green Fields Agriculture Co. demonstrated a strong commitment to corporate governance in 2018. Through various initiatives and achievements, the company showcased its dedication to sustainability, ethical practices, and transparency. By effectively managing senior management changes, updating risk management measures, and making strategic acquisitions, Green Fields Agriculture Co. positioned itself for continued growth and success. With its ongoing focus on governance improvement plans, the company is well-positioned to maintain its leadership in the industry and meet the evolving needs of its stakeholders.
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+Buildcorp Holdings, established on January 1, 2000, is a publicly listed construction company based in London, United Kingdom, specializing in commercial, residential, and infrastructure projects.
+
+During the period covered by this report, Buildcorp Holdings experienced several significant events that had a profound impact on its operations and financial performance. In February 2018, the company underwent an asset restructuring aimed at focusing on high-growth sectors. This restructuring included a strategic partnership agreement, the completion of a high-profile infrastructure project, the acquisition of a competitor, and the launch of a sustainable construction initiative. These sub-events resulted in improved operational efficiency, increased company value, access to new markets and resources, enhanced competitiveness, an enhanced reputation, increased brand value, an expanded customer base, and increased market dominance.
+
+In March 2018, Buildcorp Holdings successfully conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising £100 million from a consortium of investors. This financing strengthened the company's financial strength and provided support for its expansion and development. In April 2018, the company completed the acquisition of 35% equity of A&B Construction, a prominent player in the industry. This acquisition further expanded Buildcorp Holdings' market share and enhanced its control.
+
+In July 2018, the company carried out debt restructuring activities, resulting in a reduction of liabilities by £50 million. This restructuring improved the company's financial condition and reduced its financial costs. In August 2018, Buildcorp Holdings made the decision to distribute £10 million of dividends to shareholders, enhancing shareholder returns. In September 2018, the company made a major strategic investment of £80 million in Project Skyscape, a state-of-the-art residential development. This investment further broadened the company's business areas and enhanced its profitability.
+
+In October 2018, Buildcorp Holdings acquired X Constructions, a renowned construction firm with expertise in large infrastructure projects, with a total value of £150 million. This acquisition expanded the company's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness. These events, along with other involved indicators, had a significant impact on the company's financial performance.
+
+Throughout the report time period, Buildcorp Holdings achieved impressive financial results. The company's revenue increased by 15% compared to the previous year, reaching £500 million. This growth can be attributed to the successful completion of high-profile projects, the acquisition of new clients, and the expansion into new markets. Additionally, the company's net profit margin improved by 2%, reaching 10%, due to the implementation of cost control measures and improved operational efficiency.
+
+Furthermore, Buildcorp Holdings' return on investment (ROI) increased by 5%, reaching 12%, indicating the company's ability to generate higher returns from its investments. This increase can be attributed to the successful large-scale financing activity, which provided the necessary capital for the company's expansion plans. Moreover, the company's debt-to-equity ratio decreased by 10%, indicating a healthier financial position and reduced financial risk.
+
+Looking ahead, Buildcorp Holdings has outlined a comprehensive future strategy. The company plans to implement stringent cost control measures and optimize capital operations to maximize profitability and shareholder value. Additionally, Buildcorp Holdings aims to expand its business portfolio by exploring new project investments and increasing research and development investments to capture emerging market opportunities. The company is also proactively managing financial risks, such as economic volatility and supply chain disruptions, by diversifying supplier networks and continuously monitoring market trends.
+
+In conclusion, Buildcorp Holdings has experienced a series of significant events during the report time period, which have had a profound impact on its financial performance. The company's asset restructuring, large-scale financing, equity acquisition, debt restructuring, dividend distribution, major investment, and asset acquisition have all contributed to its growth and success. With a solid financial foundation and a strategic future outlook, Buildcorp Holdings is well-positioned to continue its expansion and maintain its market competitiveness in the construction industry.
+
+The company's main business revolves around delivering high-quality construction projects while prioritizing sustainability and social responsibility. As of 2018, Buildcorp Holdings operates in the construction industry, which is known for its competitive nature and high demand for innovative solutions.
+
+Throughout 2018, Buildcorp Holdings implemented several significant events that had a profound impact on its governance structure. Firstly, in January 2018, the company showcased its commitment to sustainability and social responsibility through various initiatives. These initiatives included the expansion of the Environmental Department, which involved hiring additional environmental experts to address sustainability concerns. This move not only increased the company's expertise and capacity in sustainability initiatives but also demonstrated its dedication to environmental stewardship.
+
+In April 2018, Buildcorp Holdings further solidified its commitment to sustainability by implementing green building practices. This involved adopting eco-friendly materials and sustainable design principles in its construction projects. As a result, the company was able to reduce carbon emissions and improve energy efficiency, aligning its operations with global efforts to combat climate change.
+
+Another notable event in 2018 was Buildcorp Holdings' partnership with local charities in June. This strategic move allowed the company to establish meaningful connections with the local community and contribute to social causes. By supporting local charities, Buildcorp Holdings not only enhanced its public perception but also made a tangible positive impact on the lives of those in need.
+
+In February 2018, the company proactively enhanced its risk management framework. This measure aimed to improve its ability to respond to both internal and external risks effectively. By strengthening its risk management practices, Buildcorp Holdings ensured the long-term stability and sustainability of its operations.
+
+In March 2018, the company experienced a senior management change with the appointment of Ms. Jane Smith as the new CEO. This change potentially led to adjustments in operational focus and strategic priorities, as new leadership often brings fresh perspectives and ideas.
+
+To ensure compliance with the latest laws and regulations, Buildcorp Holdings proactively updated its corporate governance practices in April 2018. This step demonstrated the company's commitment to maintaining a high standard of corporate governance and ensuring transparency and accountability in its operations.
+
+In May 2018, the company's shareholders' meeting resulted in significant resolutions. These resolutions included amendments to the company's charter and the approval of a strategic acquisition plan. These changes had a direct impact on the governance structure, operational strategies, and shareholder rights of Buildcorp Holdings.
+
+In August 2018, the company revised its corporate governance policy, further strengthening transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. This revision aimed to enhance the company's corporate governance practices and ensure that it operates in a responsible and ethical manner.
+
+However, in November 2018, Buildcorp Holdings faced ethics and integrity incidents that required internal investigation and the implementation of stronger controls. These incidents potentially posed a risk to the company's reputation and brand value. To mitigate these risks, Buildcorp Holdings took immediate action to address the issues and strengthen its control mechanisms.
+
+Finally, in December 2018, the company experienced a change in its Board of Directors with the appointment of Mr. John Doe as an independent director. This change aimed to bring fresh perspectives and expertise to the board, potentially leading to strategic adjustments and the protection of shareholder interests.
+
+Throughout the year, Buildcorp Holdings demonstrated its commitment to governance improvement and risk management strategies. The company consistently focused on strengthening its board of directors and supervisory board to enhance their efficiency and effectiveness. By doing so, Buildcorp Holdings aimed to ensure that its governance structure aligns with best practices and supports the company's long-term growth.
+
+Additionally, the company prioritized enhancing transparency and the quality of information disclosure. By improving its information disclosure process and standards, Buildcorp Holdings aimed to provide stakeholders with timely and accurate information, enabling them to make informed decisions.
+
+In terms of risk management, Buildcorp Holdings focused on strengthening its internal control system. By establishing and improving internal control mechanisms, the company aimed to minimize operational risks and ensure transparency in its operations.
+
+Furthermore, Buildcorp Holdings integrated sustainable development and social responsibility into its risk management strategy. This integration aimed to align the company's operations with sustainable development goals and ensure that it operates in an environmentally and socially responsible manner.
+
+In conclusion, Buildcorp Holdings, a publicly listed construction company, implemented various significant events in 2018 that had a profound impact on its governance structure. These events included sustainability and social responsibility initiatives, risk management measures, senior management changes, compliance and regulatory updates, shareholders' meeting resolutions, corporate governance policy revisions, ethics and integrity incidents, and changes in the Board of Directors. Throughout the year, the company demonstrated its commitment to governance improvement and risk management strategies, focusing on strengthening its board of directors, enhancing transparency and information disclosure, and strengthening its internal control system. By prioritizing sustainability and social responsibility, Buildcorp Holdings aimed to enhance its public image and market competitiveness while contributing to the well-being of the local community and the environment.
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+SkyQuest Airlines, established on April 14, 2005, is a publicly traded full-service airline based in Palm City, Florida, offering domestic and international flights in the aviation industry.
+
+In 2017, SkyQuest Airlines experienced several significant events that had a profound impact on its financial performance. Firstly, in January, the company made a major investment of $100 million in Project SkyLink, an aircraft maintenance facility. This investment allowed SkyQuest to expand its business areas and profitability through maintenance services for other airlines. As a result, the company received regulatory approval from the FAA in February for long-haul international flights, enabling route expansion, increased revenue, and a stronger market presence.
+
+In March, SkyQuest further strengthened its capacity by acquiring five new Boeing 737-800 aircraft. This fleet expansion allowed the airline to serve more passengers and flights, leading to increased revenue. Additionally, in April, SkyQuest formed a strategic partnership with a leading hotel chain to offer bundled travel packages. This partnership boosted customer loyalty, sales, and revenue diversification.
+
+In May, SkyQuest launched a new international route from Palm City, Florida to the Caribbean. This expansion increased the airline's network coverage, attracted new customers, and generated additional revenue. Furthermore, in September, SkyQuest implemented a technology upgrade by introducing a new reservation system and mobile app. This upgrade improved operational efficiency, customer satisfaction, and ticket sales.
+
+In February, SkyQuest successfully raised $500 million through bonds issuance, providing the company with enhanced financial strength to support its expansion plans, including new routes and fleet development. In March, the company underwent asset restructuring by merging its leasing subsidiary, SkyLease, for optimized business structure. This restructuring improved operational efficiency and increased the overall value of the company.
+
+In May, SkyQuest completed the major asset acquisition of WingsAway Airlines worth $1.2 billion. This acquisition expanded the airline's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness. In June, the company underwent debt restructuring, reducing its liabilities by $300 million. This move improved SkyQuest's financial condition and reduced its financial costs.
+
+In July, SkyQuest decided to distribute $50 million of dividends to its shareholders, enhancing shareholder returns. Furthermore, in August, the company completed the acquisition of a 25% equity stake in Aerovia, a private jet charter service provider. This acquisition expanded SkyQuest's market share and control in the private jet sector.
+
+These events had a significant impact on SkyQuest's financial indicators. The operating income for the year reached $2.5 billion, influenced by market demand and changes in product prices. The net profit amounted to $400 million, driven by the operating income, effective cost control, and non-recurring gains and losses. SkyQuest's total assets stood at $5.8 billion, influenced by asset acquisitions, disposals, and revaluation. The company's total liabilities amounted to $2.3 billion, influenced by new debt issuance, debt repayment, and debt restructuring. Shareholder equity reached $3.5 billion, influenced by the net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. The cash flow for the year amounted to $800 million, influenced by operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities. The debt ratio stood at 42%, influenced by changes in total liabilities and total assets. The debt to assets ratio was 26.9%, influenced by increases or decreases in assets and liabilities. Finally, the return on equity was 11.4%, influenced by changes in net profit and shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, SkyQuest Airlines has outlined its future outlook. The company plans to implement cost control measures, optimize operational efficiency, and actively manage its capital structure to maximize profitability and shareholder value. Additionally, SkyQuest plans to expand its fleet with new aircraft models, develop new routes to high-demand destinations, and invest in research and development to enhance the customer experience and fuel efficiency. The company has identified major financial risks, including fuel price volatility, fluctuating exchange rates, and geopolitical uncertainties, and aims to mitigate these risks through hedging, effective fuel procurement, and continuous market monitoring.
+
+In conclusion, SkyQuest Airlines has experienced a series of significant events in 2017 that have shaped its financial performance and future outlook. Through strategic investments, fleet expansion, partnerships, and acquisitions, the company has strengthened its market presence, increased revenue, and enhanced shareholder value. With a focus on cost control, operational efficiency, and capital management, SkyQuest is well-positioned to navigate potential risks and continue its growth trajectory in the aviation industry.
+
+In terms of governance structure, SkyQuest Airlines has undergone several significant events and changes that have shaped its ethical practices, transparency, and accountability. In February 2017, the company faced an isolated case of ethics and integrity violation, which prompted immediate action to investigate and implement disciplinary measures. This incident reinforced the importance of maintaining a strong ethical culture within the organization and led to the strengthening of internal controls and the ethical code of conduct.
+
+To prevent future incidents, SkyQuest Airlines appointed a new Chief Integrity Officer in March 2017. This appointment demonstrated the company's commitment to upholding ethical practices and ensuring compliance. Additionally, the company revised and implemented an updated ethics training program in April 2017 to ensure that all employees were aware of the revised ethical code of conduct, minimizing the risk of future ethics and integrity violations.
+
+In June 2017, SkyQuest Airlines expanded its internal control system to further strengthen its ability to prevent misconduct and enhance its ability to detect and prevent fraudulent activities. This expansion of the internal control system was a proactive measure taken by the company to safeguard its operations and protect its stakeholders.
+
+Furthermore, in August 2017, the company reviewed and enhanced its whistleblower protection program. This initiative aimed to encourage employees to report violations without fear of retaliation, enabling timely addressing of potential ethics violations and ensuring a transparent and accountable work environment.
+
+In March 2017, SkyQuest Airlines also revised its corporate governance policy to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. This policy revision emphasized the importance of ethical practices, responsible decision-making, and financial transparency within the organization.
+
+In April 2017, the company experienced a change in its Board of Directors, with the appointment of a highly respected industry leader as Chairman. This change was expected to have a significant impact on the company's strategic direction and shareholder interests, as the new Chairman brought valuable expertise and insights to the board.
+
+During the shareholders' meeting in July 2017, SkyQuest Airlines adopted an updated company charter and consolidated its subsidiary operations. This consolidation aimed to streamline operations and improve efficiency. Additionally, the shareholders approved the issuance of shares for future expansion plans, indicating their confidence in the company's growth prospects.
+
+In September 2017, the company made progress in driving sustainability, environmental protection, and social responsibility. SkyQuest Airlines actively engaged in community development projects and responsible travel initiatives, aligning its operations with sustainable development goals.
+
+In October 2017, there were senior management changes within the company, including a change in CEO and adjustments to the senior management team. These changes had the potential to impact the company's operational focus and strategic priorities, as new leadership often brings fresh perspectives and approaches.
+
+In November 2017, SkyQuest Airlines proactively monitored and implemented compliance and regulatory updates. The company established a dedicated compliance department to effectively manage and mitigate risks associated with regulatory changes, ensuring adherence to industry standards and regulations.
+
+To further enhance its risk management measures, the company focused on strengthening its risk management framework in December 2017. This included the identification, assessment, and monitoring of financial and operational risks. By implementing clear protocols for risk assessment and reporting, SkyQuest Airlines aimed to safeguard its stability and protect its stakeholders.
+
+In terms of indicator analysis, SkyQuest Airlines has demonstrated a proactive approach to information disclosure. The company regularly and comprehensively discloses its financial results and strategic initiatives, ensuring transparency and providing stakeholders with valuable insights into its performance.
+
+Moreover, the company has implemented stringent policies and procedures to ensure fairness and compliance in related transactions. SkyQuest Airlines conducts thorough reviews and independent evaluations of related party transactions, mitigating the risk of conflicts of interest and ensuring the integrity of its business dealings.
+
+SkyQuest Airlines maintains a robust internal control system for financial management and risk assessment. The company conducts periodic audits and assessments to monitor the effectiveness of its internal controls and identify areas for improvement, ensuring the accuracy and reliability of its financial reporting.
+
+Looking ahead, SkyQuest Airlines has outlined governance improvement plans. These plans include strengthening the function of the Board of Directors and the Supervisory Board through regular training programs and increasing the proportion of independent directors. The company also aims to optimize processes to expedite strategic decision-making.
+
+Additionally, SkyQuest Airlines is committed to enhancing the transparency and quality of its information disclosure. The company plans to implement advanced reporting systems and internationally recognized frameworks to ensure accurate and timely dissemination of information to stakeholders.
+
+In terms of risk management strategy, SkyQuest Airlines aims to strengthen its internal control system by identifying, assessing, and monitoring financial and operational risks. The company will provide timely alerts to mitigate potential risks and safeguard its stability. Furthermore, SkyQuest Airlines plans to integrate sustainable development and social responsibility principles into its strategic planning and risk assessments. This integration will help identify related risks and opportunities for value creation while mitigating any potential negative impacts.
+
+Overall, SkyQuest Airlines has demonstrated a commitment to governance excellence through its proactive approach to ethics and integrity, transparency, accountability, and risk management. The company's efforts to strengthen its governance structure and enhance its indicators have positioned it well for future growth and success in the aviation industry.
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+Acme Financial Services is a publicly listed finance company established on October 1, 2002 in New York, United States, specializing in providing comprehensive financial solutions such as wealth management, investment advisory, and financial planning.
+
+In recent years, Acme Financial Services has experienced significant events that have shaped its operations and financial performance. One such event was the decision to distribute $50 million in dividends to shareholders in February 2020. This move aimed to enhance shareholder returns and was followed by several sub-events that further strengthened the company's position. Firstly, in March 2020, Acme Financial Services expanded its service offerings by introducing a new division specializing in insurance services. This expansion not only diversified the company's service portfolio but also increased its revenue streams.
+
+Furthermore, in April 2020, Acme Financial Services entered into a strategic partnership with a leading technology company. This partnership aimed to enhance the company's digital capabilities and improve customer experience. By gaining access to cutting-edge technology, Acme Financial Services was able to improve operational efficiencies and enhance customer satisfaction. Additionally, in August 2020, the company implemented a corporate restructuring, streamlining various departments and functions. This restructuring resulted in improved cost management, increased operational efficiency, and enhanced scalability.
+
+In November 2020, Acme Financial Services launched a new investment product targeting high-net-worth individuals. This product offered exclusive access to a diversified portfolio of alternative assets, expanding the company's client base and increasing revenue through additional investment product sales. These events have had a significant impact on Acme Financial Services' financial indicators.
+
+Operating income for the company reached $500 million, driven by market demand and changes in product prices. Net profit stood at $150 million, influenced by the company's operating income, cost control measures, and non-recurring gains and losses. Acme Financial Services' total assets reached $2.5 billion, reflecting the impact of asset acquisitions, disposals, and revaluations. The company's total liabilities amounted to $1.2 billion, influenced by new debt issuances, debt repayments, and debt restructuring.
+
+Shareholder equity stood at $1.3 billion, driven by net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. The company's cash flow reached $300 million, reflecting the total cash inflows and outflows from operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities. Acme Financial Services maintained a debt ratio of 48.0%, indicating its debt level in relation to total assets. The debt to assets ratio stood at 32.0%, reflecting the company's financial leverage. Finally, the return on equity for Acme Financial Services was 11.5%, reflecting the operational efficiency of shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, Acme Financial Services has outlined its future outlook. The company plans to focus on cost control measures to improve profitability and explore new opportunities for strategic capital investments. Additionally, Acme Financial Services aims to invest significantly in financial technology advancements to enhance its service offerings. The company also plans to expand its operations internationally through strategic partnerships and acquisitions. However, Acme Financial Services has identified cybersecurity threats and changing regulatory environments as major financial risks. To mitigate these risks effectively, the company will implement robust cybersecurity measures and closely monitor regulatory changes.
+
+In conclusion, Acme Financial Services has experienced significant events that have shaped its operations and financial performance. Through dividend distributions, strategic partnerships, corporate restructuring, and new product launches, the company has enhanced shareholder returns, improved operational efficiency, and expanded its market share. The company's financial indicators reflect these events, with operating income, net profit, total assets, total liabilities, shareholder equity, cash flow, debt ratios, and return on equity all demonstrating the impact of these events. Looking ahead, Acme Financial Services remains focused on cost control, technological advancements, and risk management to drive future growth and success.
+
+In February 2020, Acme Financial Services experienced a significant ethics and integrity incident that had a profound impact on the company. Fraudulent activities were uncovered within the organization, leading to a tarnished reputation and a decline in brand value. To address this issue, the company took immediate action by conducting an internal investigation, terminating the employees involved, and implementing stricter internal control measures. These measures aimed to prevent future fraudulent activities and restore trust among investors and stakeholders. In March 2020, Acme Financial Services implemented stricter internal control measures, which had a positive impact on the company's internal control mechanisms and reputation.
+
+In April 2020, the company engaged an external audit firm for independent verification, further enhancing trust and confidence among investors and stakeholders. This move demonstrated Acme Financial Services' commitment to transparency and accountability in its corporate governance practices. Additionally, in May 2020, the company enhanced its staff training programs to promote ethics and integrity. This initiative aimed to improve employee knowledge and awareness of ethical practices within the organization.
+
+In March 2020, Acme Financial Services revised its corporate governance policy to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. This revision had a positive impact on the company's corporate governance practices, ensuring that it adhered to best practices and met the expectations of its stakeholders.
+
+In April 2020, the company announced a change in its board of directors, appointing new members. This change was expected to bring fresh perspectives and expertise in the finance industry, leading to strategic adjustments and better alignment with shareholder interests.
+
+At the annual shareholders' meeting in June 2020, key decisions were made regarding the company's governance structure, operational strategies, and shareholder rights. These resolutions had a significant impact on shaping the company's governance practices, operational direction, and ensuring the protection of shareholder rights.
+
+Acme Financial Services demonstrated its commitment to sustainability and social responsibility in July 2020. The company invested in renewable energy, engaged in green financing, and encouraged employee volunteering. These initiatives not only contributed to the company's public image but also enhanced its market competitiveness.
+
+In September 2020, the company proactively addressed compliance and regulatory updates by conducting a comprehensive review of securities law, corporate law, and industry regulations. This effort ensured that Acme Financial Services remained compliant with changing regulations and protected the interests of the company and its shareholders.
+
+In October 2020, the company announced senior management changes, with the retirement of the former CEO and the appointment of a new CEO. This change was expected to bring adjustments in operational focus and strategic priorities, impacting both short-term performance and long-term development.
+
+To strengthen its risk management framework, Acme Financial Services implemented risk management measures in December 2020. These measures included updating and strengthening the company's risk management framework, assessing potential risks, and implementing new mitigation strategies. These efforts aimed to enhance the company's ability to respond to internal and external risks effectively.
+
+Throughout these events, Acme Financial Services demonstrated a commitment to maintaining high standards of corporate governance. The company's efforts to address ethics and integrity incidents, revise corporate governance policies, engage external audit firms, and implement risk management measures showcased its dedication to transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. These initiatives had a positive impact on the company's reputation, trust among investors and stakeholders, and its ability to navigate regulatory changes. Overall, Acme Financial Services' commitment to corporate governance has positioned it as a responsible and trustworthy financial institution in the industry.
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+Innovate Tech Solutions, established in January 2005 in Silicon Valley, California, is a publicly listed IT company on NASDAQ, specializing in providing innovative IT solutions to businesses worldwide.
+
+In the past year, Innovate Tech Solutions has experienced several significant events that have had a profound impact on its financial performance. One of the major events was the acquisition of NextGen Technologies in March 2017. This acquisition was the result of extensive negotiations and a thorough due diligence process conducted in February 2017. The acquisition of NextGen Technologies has significantly increased Innovate Tech Solutions' total assets, which now stand at $5.8 billion.
+
+Another important event was the significant equity acquisition in April 2017. This acquisition further strengthened Innovate Tech Solutions' market position and contributed to its robust financial performance. The company also engaged in a large-scale financing in May 2017, which provided additional capital for future growth and expansion.
+
+In June 2017, Innovate Tech Solutions underwent an asset restructuring process, which aimed to optimize its asset portfolio and enhance operational efficiency. This restructuring has positively impacted the company's financial indicators, particularly its debt ratio, which currently stands at 20%.
+
+In August 2017, Innovate Tech Solutions made a major investment in research and development of cutting-edge technologies. This investment reflects the company's commitment to innovation and its strategic focus on staying ahead of the competition. The investment has already started to yield positive results, as evidenced by the increase in the company's net profit, which now stands at $420 million.
+
+In October 2017, Innovate Tech Solutions underwent a debt restructuring process, which aimed to improve its capital structure and reduce financial risk. This restructuring has positively impacted the company's debt to assets ratio, which currently stands at 25%.
+
+Finally, in December 2017, Innovate Tech Solutions distributed dividends to its shareholders, reflecting its strong financial performance and commitment to shareholder value. The dividend distribution has further strengthened the company's shareholder equity, which now stands at $4.6 billion.
+
+These significant events have had a direct impact on Innovate Tech Solutions' financial indicators. The company's operating income has reached $2.4 billion, driven by market demand and changes in product prices. The company's total assets have increased to $5.8 billion, primarily due to the asset acquisition and restructuring. On the other hand, the company's total liabilities stand at $1.2 billion, reflecting the impact of debt restructuring and repayment.
+
+In terms of profitability, Innovate Tech Solutions has achieved a net profit of $420 million, driven by strong operating income, effective cost control measures, and non-recurring gains and losses. The company's cash flow stands at $890 million, reflecting its ability to generate cash from operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities.
+
+Furthermore, Innovate Tech Solutions has maintained a healthy financial position, with a debt ratio of 20% and a debt to assets ratio of 25%. These ratios indicate the company's ability to manage its debt and leverage its assets effectively.
+
+Looking ahead, Innovate Tech Solutions has outlined a comprehensive financial strategy aimed at optimizing operational efficiency and capital operations to maximize returns on investment. The company plans to further expand into emerging markets, increase investment in research and development of cutting-edge technologies, and pursue strategic acquisitions to enhance its market position.
+
+However, Innovate Tech Solutions also recognizes the importance of risk management in ensuring sustainable growth. The company is actively identifying financial risks, including market volatility, cybersecurity threats, and regulatory changes. It is implementing robust risk management strategies to mitigate these risks and safeguard its financial performance.
+
+In conclusion, Innovate Tech Solutions has experienced a series of significant events that have shaped its financial performance over the past year. These events, coupled with the company's strong financial indicators and future outlook, position Innovate Tech Solutions as a leading player in the IT industry. With its focus on innovation, strategic investments, and risk management, the company is well-positioned for continued success in the dynamic and competitive IT market.
+
+In 2017, Innovate Tech Solutions experienced several significant events that impacted its corporate governance structure and future operational strategies. These events, along with their sub-events and related indicators, provide insights into the company's performance and potential areas of growth.
+
+One of the key events that took place in February 2017 was the Shareholders' Meeting Resolution. During this meeting, important decisions were made, including changes to the company's charter, major corporate actions, and voting results. These decisions had a direct impact on the company's governance structure, future operational strategies, and shareholder rights. Notably, the appointment of a new CEO in March 2017 marked a significant change in leadership. The board of directors appointed a CEO with extensive experience in the IT industry, signaling a potential shift in the company's strategic direction. This change in leadership could potentially lead to the implementation of strategic changes aimed at enhancing the company's performance. The impact of this change on the company's operational and financial performance will be closely monitored.
+
+In June 2017, Innovate Tech Solutions entered into a strategic partnership agreement with a leading IT hardware manufacturer. This partnership aimed to combine expertise and resources to develop innovative solutions. The collaboration presented opportunities for synergies, increased market presence, and potential revenue growth. By leveraging the strengths of both companies, Innovate Tech Solutions aimed to broaden its service offerings and gain a competitive advantage in the industry.
+
+Another significant event that occurred in September 2017 was the acquisition of a smaller competitor specializing in cloud computing services. This acquisition strengthened Innovate Tech Solutions' capabilities in cloud computing and expanded its customer base. The company anticipated an increase in market share, broadening of service offerings, and the gain of a competitive advantage. This acquisition aligned with the company's growth strategy and positioned it for future success in the cloud computing market.
+
+In addition to these major events, Innovate Tech Solutions achieved a milestone project completion in April 2017. The successful completion of a major IT project for a multinational corporation resulted in significant financial gains for the company. This achievement not only established Innovate Tech Solutions' reputation in the industry but also generated substantial revenue, attracting new clients and fostering partnerships that would drive future growth.
+
+Throughout the year, Innovate Tech Solutions made efforts to enhance its corporate governance policies and practices. In August 2017, the company revised its corporate governance policy, aiming to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. This revision was expected to boost stakeholder confidence and strengthen the company's overall governance framework.
+
+In terms of risk management, Innovate Tech Solutions implemented measures to identify and mitigate risks. In November 2017, the company updated its risk management framework, allowing for better identification of new risks and the implementation of appropriate mitigation strategies. This improved the company's ability to respond to internal and external risks, ensuring continuous operation and stable development.
+
+In recognition of its technological innovation and excellence in IT services, Innovate Tech Solutions received an industry-leading award in December 2017. This award enhanced the company's reputation and increased its brand value. It also played a crucial role in attracting new clients and contributing to sustained business growth.
+
+Overall, Innovate Tech Solutions' corporate governance report for 2017 highlights the company's strategic decisions, partnerships, acquisitions, project achievements, governance improvements, risk management measures, and industry recognition. These events and indicators demonstrate the company's commitment to enhancing its performance, expanding its market presence, and ensuring long-term sustainable development.
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+拓远科技是一家于2005年在上海成立的制造公司，主营业务是智能手机和电子产品的研发、生产和销售，并于2010年在上海证券交易所上市。
+
+在2021年度，拓远科技取得了一系列重要的财务成果和业务发展。首先，在2021年1月，公司决定向股东分发1.5元股利，这是公司董事会决定将部分利润用于股利分配的结果。这一举措不仅回报了股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益，还体现了公司对股东权益的重视。同时，这一事件也反映了公司财务报告的准确性和合规性，因为在2021年1月，公司完成了2020年度财务报告的编制和审核。
+
+其次，在2021年3月，拓远科技进行了一次资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构。这一举措的目的是提高公司的运营效率，增加公司的价值。通过优化业务结构，公司能够更好地适应市场需求，提供更优质的产品和服务。这一事件对公司的营业收入和净利润产生了积极影响。
+
+在2021年6月，拓远科技完成了对全球领先的电子零部件制造商A公司的股权收购，获得了20%的股权。这一重大股权收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。通过与A公司的合作，拓远科技能够共享资源，提高生产效率，降低成本，进一步提升公司的竞争力。
+
+另外，在2021年7月，拓远科技完成了对华尔街电子有限公司的资产收购，总价值5亿元。这一重大资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。通过收购华尔街电子有限公司的资产，拓远科技能够进一步拓展业务领域，提供更多的产品和服务，满足不同客户的需求。
+
+在2021年8月，拓远科技进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了10亿元资金。这一融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。通过融资活动，公司能够获得更多的资金，用于研发创新产品、扩大生产规模和拓展市场份额，进一步提升公司的竞争力。
+
+此外，在2021年9月，拓远科技投资了D项目，投资金额为3000万元。这一重大投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。通过投资D项目，公司能够开拓新的市场，提供更多的产品和服务，实现业务的多元化发展。
+
+最后，在2021年10月，拓远科技进行了债务重组，减少了2亿元负债。这一举措改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。通过债务重组，公司能够减少负债压力，提高资金利用效率，为公司的可持续发展创造更好的条件。
+
+以上事件和举措对拓远科技的财务指标产生了重要影响。首先，营业收入在2021年度达到了100亿元，这是公司不断拓展业务和优化结构的结果。其次，净利润达到了8亿元，这是营业收入增加和成本控制的效果。总资产达到了150亿元，这是资产收购和资产重估的结果。总负债减少到了50亿元，这是债务重组的效果。股东权益达到了100亿元，这是净利润和股利发放的影响。现金流量达到了25亿元，这是公司经营活动和融资活动的结果。负债比率为33.3%，资产负债率为50%，净资产收益率为10%，这些指标反映了公司的财务状况和经营效益。
+
+展望未来，拓远科技将继续实施财务策略，包括优化成本结构、强化资本运营等。公司还计划加大对产品研发的投入，努力开发高附加值的创新产品，提升市场竞争力。同时，公司将加强市场风险、信用风险和流动性风险的管理，精确把握市场动态，保持稳健经营。
+
+综上所述，拓远科技在2021年度取得了一系列重要的财务成果和业务发展，通过股利分配、资产重组、股权收购、资产收购、融资活动、投资和债务重组等举措，公司不断拓展业务领域，提升市场竞争力，改善财务状况，实现了可持续发展的目标。
+
+治理结构方面，拓远科技有限公司在报告期间发生了多起道德与诚信事件。首先，公司曝光了一起高管内部欺诈案件，涉及高管利用职务之便进行财务舞弊。这一事件严重损害了公司的声誉和股东信任。其次，公司还曝光了高管利益冲突的问题，其中包括高管利用公司资源为个人谋取私利的行为。这些利益冲突的曝光进一步削弱了公司治理的有效性。为了应对这些问题，公司采取了严厉的措施，包括解雇涉事高管和加强内部审计。这些举措有助于恢复公司的道德和诚信形象。
+
+在可持续性与社会责任倡议方面，拓远科技有限公司在报告期间积极推动了一系列倡议。公司加强了对环境、社会和治理（ESG）问题的关注，并制定了相应的政策和措施。公司还加强了与利益相关者的沟通和合作，以确保公司的业务活动符合可持续发展的原则和标准。
+
+董事会变更是报告期间的另一个重要事件。公司进行了董事会成员的调整，以确保董事会的多样性和专业性。这一变更有助于提升董事会的决策能力和监督功能，进一步加强了公司治理。
+
+公司还对公司治理政策进行了修订，以适应不断变化的法规和监管要求。这些修订包括对公司治理结构、内部控制和信息披露等方面的要求进行了更新和完善。这些修订有助于提高公司治理的透明度和有效性。
+
+股东大会决议是公司治理的重要环节。在报告期间，公司召开了多次股东大会，就重大事项进行了投票和决策。这些决议涉及公司的战略发展、财务政策和治理结构等方面。股东大会的决议对公司的发展和治理具有重要影响。
+
+为了有效管理风险，公司采取了一系列风险管理举措。公司加强了内部控制系统，确保公司的业务活动符合法规和内部规定。此外，公司还将可持续发展和社会责任整合到风险管理策略中，以确保公司的业务活动对环境和社会的影响最小化。
+
+在高级管理层方面，公司发生了一些变动。公司任命了新的高级管理层成员，以提升公司的管理能力和执行力。这些变动有助于推动公司的战略目标和业务发展。
+
+合规与监管更新是公司治理的重要方面。公司密切关注法规和监管的变化，并及时更新公司的合规政策和措施。这些更新有助于确保公司的业务活动符合法规和监管要求，降低公司面临的法律和监管风险。
+
+在信息披露方面，拓远科技有限公司在报告期间积极提高了信息披露的质量和透明度。公司加强了对关键信息的披露，包括财务信息、业务数据和治理结构等方面。这些信息披露的改进有助于提高投资者对公司的了解和信任。
+
+关联交易是公司治理中的一个重要指标。在报告期间，公司积极管理和监督关联交易，以确保公平和公正。公司制定了关联交易政策，并加强了对关联交易的审查和披露。这些措施有助于减少关联交易对公司利益的影响。
+
+内部控制是公司治理中的另一个重要指标。在报告期间，公司加强了内部控制系统，以确保公司的业务活动符合法规和内部规定。公司进行了内部控制的评估和改进，并加强了对内部控制的监督和审计。这些措施有助于提高公司的风险管理和治理效果。
+
+为了加强董事会和监事会的功能，公司采取了一系列改进计划。公司加强了董事会和监事会成员的培训和教育，提升他们的专业知识和能力。此外，公司还改进了董事会和监事会的运作机制，加强了对公司治理的监督和决策。
+
+为了提升透明度和信息披露质量，公司采取了一系列改进措施。公司加强了对信息披露的监督和审核，确保信息的准确性和完整性。此外，公司还加强了与利益相关者的沟通和合作，以提高信息披露的质量和透明度。
+
+在风险管理策略方面，公司强化了内部控制系统。公司加强了对风险的识别、评估和控制，以降低公司面临的各类风险。此外，公司将可持续发展和社会责任整合到风险管理策略中，以确保公司的业务活动对环境和社会的影响最小化。
+
+综上所述，拓远科技有限公司在报告期间积极推进公司治理的改进和完善。公司加强了董事会和监事会的功能，提升了透明度和信息披露质量。公司还加强了风险管理策略，确保公司的业务活动符合法规和内部规定。这些举措有助于提高公司治理的效果和投资者信任。
+
+为了履行环境责任，拓远科技采取了一系列重要事件来减少对环境的影响。首先，公司于2021年1月开发了绿色产品，以减少对环境的影响。这一举措不仅提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象，还减少了公司的环境影响。在绿色产品开发过程中，公司研发了新技术，降低了能耗并提高了能源利用效率。随后，公司设立了绿色产品部门，并制定了绿色产品开发计划，以提高研发和生产过程的效率。在2021年6月，公司投入了大量资源来提升绿色产品的生产能力和销售额。
+
+另外，公司于2021年8月实施了节能减排项目，通过投资实施一系列措施来减少能源消耗和温室气体排放。这一举措直接减少了公司的能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。
+
+为了防止环境污染，公司于2021年9月建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备。这些设施的建设降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了公司的合规性和社会责任感。
+
+此外，公司于2021年10月投资于碳抵消项目，通过投资林业项目或可再生能源项目来抵消其碳排放，实现碳中和目标。这一举措向利益相关者展示了公司对环境的承诺和责任。
+
+为了提高环境管理能力和持续改进，公司于2021年11月实施了环境管理系统（EMS）。该系统有助于提高公司的环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。通过采用环境管理系统，公司增强了其环境管理能力和市场认可度。
+
+在这些环境责任事件中，公司涉及的指标包括二氧化碳排放量和能源消耗。公司在生产过程中产生的二氧化碳排放量为112,500吨，而能源消耗为280,000吨标准煤。这些指标受到生产规模的变化、节能技术的应用、生产效率的提高和能源管理措施的实施等因素的影响。
+
+除了环境责任，拓远科技也积极履行社会责任。公司于2021年3月推出了员工职业成长和人才发展计划，通过提供各类培训和发展项目来支持员工的职业成长。这一举措提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。
+
+为了提升员工的健康与安全水平，公司于2021年4月实施了员工健康与安全计划。通过改善工作环境和实施相关措施，公司减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+在社区方面，公司于2021年6月参与或资助了慈善活动和慈善机构，支持教育、健康、减贫等领域。这些举措提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。
+
+此外，公司于2021年8月投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。这些投资加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。
+
+为了促进社区的可持续发展，公司于2021年11月投资或参与公共服务项目，如城市绿化和公共卫生改善项目。这些举措促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。
+
+在社会责任方面，公司涉及的指标包括员工满意度和社区投资额。根据调查，员工对公司环境和政策的满意度达到了85%。而公司在社区发展项目上的投资总额为500,000元。
+
+未来展望方面，拓远科技将继续采取一系列措施来减少其运营对环境的影响。公司将继续实施环境保护计划，通过减少能源消耗、优化生产过程和推广可持续技术来降低碳排放和环境影响。
+
+同时，公司将继续履行社会责任，包括促进社区发展、改善员工福利、提供公平就业机会和参与公益活动。公司将整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，致力于实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs）。
+
+综上所述，拓远科技有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面采取了一系列重要事件，通过绿色产品开发、节能减排项目实施、防止污染设施的建设、投资于碳抵消项目和采用环境管理系统等措施，积极履行其环境和社会责任。这些举措不仅提升了公司的市场竞争力和品牌形象，还增强了公司与利益相关者的联系和支持。未来，公司将继续努力减少对环境的影响，履行社会责任，并致力于实现可持续发展目标。
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+Sunrise Holidays is a tourism company based in Sunnyville, Florida, offering travel and tourism services, such as hotel bookings, tour packages, and destination management since its establishment on March 1, 2005.
+
+In this report, we will delve into the financial performance of Sunrise Holidays for the year 2019. Throughout the year, the company underwent several significant events that had a profound impact on its financial position and overall business operations.
+
+One of the major events that took place in January 2019 was the asset restructuring of Sunrise Holidays. This restructuring aimed to optimize the company's business structure, resulting in improved operational efficiency and increased company value. As part of this restructuring, several sub-events occurred throughout the year. In February, the company underwent financial restructuring, which involved renegotiating existing debts and restructuring financial obligations. This move significantly reduced the financial burden on the company and improved its overall financial stability.
+
+In March, Sunrise Holidays formed a strategic partnership with a major online travel agency. This partnership proved to be highly beneficial as it led to increased sales and revenue, as well as improved brand recognition. The company further expanded its service offerings in April by diversifying its travel packages and experiences. This move not only increased its market competitiveness but also enhanced customer satisfaction.
+
+To promote its travel experiences and competitive pricing, Sunrise Holidays launched a comprehensive marketing campaign in June. This campaign successfully increased brand awareness and attracted new customers to the company. In August, the company invested in upgrading its online booking platform and implementing advanced reservation systems. This technological upgrade improved the online user experience and increased operational efficiency.
+
+In October, Sunrise Holidays expanded its network of hotel partnerships, leading to increased customer satisfaction and enhanced competitiveness. The company experienced significant revenue growth in November, which resulted in increased profitability and improved financial performance.
+
+Apart from asset restructuring, Sunrise Holidays also underwent debt restructuring in April, which reduced its liabilities by $5 million. This move significantly improved the company's financial condition and reduced its financial costs. In May, the company raised $20 million through bond issuance, strengthening its financial strength and supporting its expansion and development.
+
+Another significant event for Sunrise Holidays was the acquisition of 40% equity of Ocean Breeze Hotels in June. This acquisition further expanded the company's market share and enhanced its control in the industry. In July, Sunrise Holidays acquired assets of Sunshine Tours worth $15 million, which not only expanded its business scope but also enhanced its market competitiveness.
+
+In September, the company made a major investment of $2 million in Project Destinations. This investment broadened its business areas and enhanced its profitability. In October, Sunrise Holidays distributed $1 million of dividends to its shareholders, further enhancing shareholder returns.
+
+Now let's delve into the involved indicators that provide a comprehensive understanding of Sunrise Holidays' financial performance in 2019. The company's operating income for the year was $100 million, which includes total main business income and other business income. This indicator is influenced by market demand and changes in product prices.
+
+Sunrise Holidays achieved a net profit of $12 million in 2019, reflecting its overall financial performance. This indicator is influenced by the company's operating income, cost control measures, and non-recurring gains and losses.
+
+The total assets of Sunrise Holidays amounted to $150 million, representing the total amount of assets owned by the company. This indicator is influenced by asset acquisition, asset disposal, and asset revaluation.
+
+On the other hand, the company's total liabilities stood at $80 million, representing its total amount of debts. This indicator is influenced by new debt issuance, debt repayment, and debt restructuring.
+
+Sunrise Holidays' shareholder equity amounted to $70 million, representing the total amount of equity belonging to its shareholders. This indicator is influenced by the company's net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves.
+
+The company's cash flow for the year was $10 million, which includes total cash inflows and outflows. This indicator is influenced by operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities.
+
+The debt ratio of Sunrise Holidays was 53%, indicating the ratio of total liabilities to total assets. This indicator is influenced by changes in total liabilities and changes in total assets.
+
+The debt to assets ratio of the company was 35%, representing the percentage of total liabilities to total assets. This indicator is influenced by increases or decreases in assets and liabilities.
+
+Lastly, Sunrise Holidays achieved a return on equity of 17%, which reflects the operational efficiency of its shareholder equity. This indicator is influenced by changes in net profit and changes in shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, Sunrise Holidays has outlined several strategies to enhance its profitability and ensure future growth. The company plans to implement various financial strategies, including cost control measures and efficient capital utilization. Additionally, Sunrise Holidays aims to invest in new tourism projects and research and development initiatives to diversify its offerings and capture emerging market trends. The company also emphasizes the importance of risk management, identifying major financial risks and employing hedging strategies and prudent financial management to mitigate these risks.
+
+In conclusion, Sunrise Holidays has experienced a transformative year in 2019, marked by significant events and notable financial indicators. The company's asset and debt restructuring, strategic partnerships, and acquisitions have contributed to its improved financial position and increased market competitiveness. With a strong financial strategy, investment plans, and risk management practices in place, Sunrise Holidays is well-positioned for future growth and profitability in the travel and tourism industry.
+
+Governance Structure:
+
+In January 2019, Sunrise Holidays faced a significant ethics and integrity incident involving an employee fraud case. The company took immediate action to address the issue, including conducting a thorough investigation, terminating the employee responsible, and implementing stricter internal control measures to prevent future occurrences. This incident had a negative impact on the company's reputation, brand value, and relationships with stakeholders. However, Sunrise Holidays quickly rebounded by making strategic decisions and taking actions to expand into new markets in February 2019. This move not only increased the company's customer base but also enhanced its revenue potential and financial stability. Furthermore, in April 2019, Sunrise Holidays introduced an online booking platform, which greatly improved its competitiveness, market share, and customer experience. The launch of this user-friendly platform attracted more customers and strengthened the company's position in the market. In June 2019, Sunrise Holidays embarked on a comprehensive renovation and upgrading project for its hotel properties. This initiative significantly enhanced customer satisfaction, resulting in positive reviews and increased profitability. Additionally, in August 2019, Sunrise Holidays formed a strategic partnership with the local tourism board to promote its services. This collaboration positively impacted the company's reputation, increased tourist demand, and improved its market positioning. Lastly, in November 2019, Sunrise Holidays launched eco-friendly initiatives, which not only enhanced its brand image but also attracted a niche market segment seeking environmentally conscious travel options. Overall, these significant events within the governance structure of Sunrise Holidays demonstrate the company's ability to adapt to challenges, seize opportunities, and continuously improve its operations.
+
+Shareholders' Meeting Resolution:
+
+During the annual shareholders' meeting in March 2019, several significant decisions were made that had a profound impact on Sunrise Holidays' governance structure, operational strategies, and shareholder rights. One of the key resolutions was to appoint a new CEO with a strong background in the tourism industry. This appointment brought fresh perspectives and expertise to the company, leading to a shift in operational focus, strategic priorities, and long-term development. The new CEO's leadership and vision played a crucial role in driving the company's growth and ensuring its competitiveness in the market. This decision was well-received by shareholders, as it instilled confidence in the company's ability to navigate challenges and deliver sustainable results.
+
+Sustainability and Social Responsibility Initiatives:
+
+In April 2019, Sunrise Holidays made significant progress in its sustainability and social responsibility initiatives. The company implemented various measures to reduce its environmental footprint and contribute to the well-being of the communities it operates in. These initiatives included energy-saving practices, waste reduction programs, and community engagement activities. By actively promoting sustainable practices, Sunrise Holidays not only improved its public image but also enhanced its market competitiveness. Customers increasingly value companies that prioritize sustainability, and as a result, Sunrise Holidays gained a competitive edge over its peers. Furthermore, these initiatives aligned with the principles of sustainable development, allowing the company to create long-term value for its stakeholders while minimizing negative impacts on the environment.
+
+Senior Management Changes:
+
+In May 2019, Sunrise Holidays appointed a new CEO with a strong background in the tourism industry. This senior management change brought about a shift in the company's operational focus, strategic priorities, and long-term development. The new CEO's expertise and leadership skills enabled Sunrise Holidays to adapt to changing market dynamics and seize growth opportunities. Under the new CEO's guidance, the company implemented innovative strategies to enhance customer satisfaction, improve operational efficiency, and drive revenue growth. The appointment of the new CEO had a positive impact on the overall performance of Sunrise Holidays and positioned the company for long-term success.
+
+Risk Management Measures:
+
+In August 2019, Sunrise Holidays updated its risk management framework and implemented various measures to mitigate financial and operational risks. The company identified potential risks, assessed their impact, and developed strategies to manage and monitor these risks effectively. By strengthening its internal control system, Sunrise Holidays ensured its ability to navigate challenges and ensure sustained operation and growth. The proactive approach to risk management enhanced the company's resilience and minimized potential disruptions to its business operations. This, in turn, increased stakeholder confidence and safeguarded the company's interests.
+
+Compliance and Regulatory Updates:
+
+In September 2019, Sunrise Holidays took steps to ensure compliance with changes in laws and regulations. The company closely monitored regulatory developments and promptly adjusted its policies and procedures to align with the new requirements. This proactive approach to compliance minimized legal risks and protected the company's interests. Additionally, Sunrise Holidays' commitment to compliance enhanced shareholder confidence, as it demonstrated the company's commitment to ethical business practices and responsible corporate governance.
+
+Board of Directors Change:
+
+In October 2019, Sunrise Holidays appointed a new board member with expertise in the tourism industry. This addition to the board brought valuable insights and perspectives, contributing to the long-term development and optimization of shareholder interests. The new board member's industry knowledge and experience helped shape strategic decisions and ensure effective oversight of the company's operations. This change further strengthened Sunrise Holidays' governance structure and reinforced its commitment to shareholder value.
+
+Corporate Governance Policy Revision:
+
+In November 2019, Sunrise Holidays revised its corporate governance policies to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. The company implemented measures to improve information disclosure, ensuring that stakeholders receive timely, accurate, and comprehensive reports. This revision increased confidence among shareholders and external stakeholders, as it demonstrated Sunrise Holidays' commitment to transparency and responsible corporate practices. By enhancing its corporate governance policies, Sunrise Holidays established a solid foundation for sustainable growth and long-term success.
+
+Involved Indicators:
+
+Sunrise Holidays prioritizes information disclosure and has implemented principles, methods, and practices to ensure the value of its information disclosure. The company believes that transparent and comprehensive reporting is essential for building trust with stakeholders and making informed decisions. Additionally, Sunrise Holidays has established policies, procedures, and measures to ensure the fairness and compliance of related transactions. By maintaining a robust internal control architecture, the company safeguards its interests and upholds ethical business practices. Furthermore, Sunrise Holidays regularly assesses the effectiveness of its internal controls to identify areas for improvement and enhance operational efficiency.
+
+Governance Improvement Plans:
+
+To strengthen the function of the Board of Directors and the Supervisory Board, Sunrise Holidays has implemented various measures. These include regular training programs for board members, increasing the proportion of independent directors, and optimizing decision-making processes. By enhancing the expertise and independence of the board, Sunrise Holidays ensures effective oversight and strategic guidance. Additionally, the company is committed to enhancing transparency and the quality of information disclosure. Sunrise Holidays aims to provide timely, accurate, and comprehensive reports to improve transparency and facilitate better decision-making. These governance improvement plans reflect the company's commitment to responsible corporate practices and stakeholder engagement.
+
+Risk Management Strategy:
+
+Sunrise Holidays has developed a comprehensive risk management strategy to strengthen its internal control system. The company identifies, assesses, monitors, and reports financial and operational risks to ensure proactive risk mitigation. By integrating sustainable development and social responsibility into its operations, Sunrise Holidays aligns with global principles and identifies related risks and opportunities. This integration allows the company to create long-term value while minimizing negative impacts on the environment and society. The risk management strategy reflects Sunrise Holidays' commitment to sustainable growth and responsible business practices.
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+ABC Education Corporation, a publicly listed company established on March 1, 2005 in New York, USA, is a leading provider of educational services offering K-12 education, test preparation, language courses, and skill development programs.
+
+In January 2021, ABC Education Corporation successfully raised $100 million through a large-scale financing activity, which significantly strengthened the company's financial position and provided support for its expansion and development plans. This financing activity was followed by a series of strategic events that further propelled the company's growth. In February 2021, ABC Education acquired a prominent language institute, expanding its language course portfolio and increasing its market share in the language education sector. This acquisition was a key driver behind the company's increased operating income, which reached $500 million. Additionally, in March 2021, ABC Education formed a strategic partnership with a test preparation company, enhancing its test preparation offerings and gaining access to a wider customer base, which contributed to the company's net profit of $80 million.
+
+In April 2021, ABC Education launched an online learning platform, diversifying its educational offerings and increasing its reach and scalability. This move not only allowed the company to adapt to the changing market demands but also resulted in a reduction in overhead costs, positively impacting the company's financial performance. Moreover, in the same month, ABC Education expanded its operations into key international markets, capitalizing on emerging opportunities and further diversifying its revenue streams. This expansion into international markets played a significant role in increasing the company's total assets to $1 billion.
+
+Recognizing the growing demand for upskilling, ABC Education introduced skill development programs in August 2021, broadening its offerings and tapping into a new market segment. This strategic move contributed to the company's strong financial performance and its ability to generate a return on equity of 15%. Furthermore, ABC Education underwent debt restructuring in August 2021, optimizing its capital structure and improving its financial condition. This debt restructuring initiative resulted in a reduced debt ratio of 40% and a debt to assets ratio of 40%, indicating a healthier financial leverage for the company.
+
+In October 2021, ABC Education completed the acquisition of 70% equity of Alpha Academy, further expanding its market share and enhancing its control over the industry. This acquisition, along with other major investments, such as the $10 million investment in Project FutureGen in November 2021, broadened ABC Education's business areas and enhanced its profitability.
+
+Throughout these significant events, ABC Education Corporation has demonstrated its ability to adapt to market trends and leverage strategic opportunities. The company's focus on cost control measures has improved its profitability, while its investment plans in research and development initiatives have enhanced its educational technologies and curricula. Additionally, ABC Education aims to expand its international presence by establishing additional overseas branches, further solidifying its position as a global leader in the education industry.
+
+However, it is important to note that ABC Education faces certain financial risks, including changes in government regulations, competition from new market entrants, and fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. To mitigate these risks, the company has implemented risk management strategies, such as diversifying its revenue streams and closely monitoring market trends.
+
+In conclusion, ABC Education Corporation has achieved significant growth and success in the education industry through its strategic events and financial performance. With its strong financial position, diverse educational offerings, and global presence, the company is well-positioned for future growth and continued success.
+
+In February 2021, ABC Education Corporation implemented several risk management measures to strengthen its ability to respond to emerging risks. The company updated its risk management framework, which included the identification and evaluation of emerging risks, as well as the development of comprehensive mitigation strategies. This proactive approach to risk management has allowed ABC Education to effectively navigate potential challenges and protect its stakeholders' interests. The impact of these measures can be seen in the company's improved ability to respond to risks, ensuring the continuity of its operations and safeguarding its financial performance.
+
+Furthermore, in the same month, ABC Education Corporation made a strategic decision to expand its online course offerings. Recognizing the growing demand for online education, the company invested in new online programs and technology to enhance its market reach and diversify its revenue streams. This expansion has allowed ABC Education to tap into a wider customer base and adapt to the changing preferences of students and parents. As a result, the company has experienced significant growth in its online course enrollments and has seen a positive impact on its financial performance.
+
+In April 2021, ABC Education Corporation formed a strategic partnership with a technology firm to leverage its expertise in educational software. This partnership aimed to enhance ABC Education's digital infrastructure and improve its market competitiveness. By incorporating advanced technology solutions into its educational offerings, the company has been able to provide a more interactive and engaging learning experience for its students. This strategic move has not only strengthened ABC Education's position in the market but has also opened up new opportunities for innovation and growth.
+
+In June 2021, ABC Education Corporation recognized the increasing demand for language courses and made an acquisition of a language training institute. This strategic move allowed the company to expand its service offerings and diversify its revenue streams. By integrating the language training institute into its operations, ABC Education has been able to tap into the growing market for language education and cater to the needs of a broader customer base. This acquisition has had a positive impact on the company's market position and financial performance.
+
+In September 2021, ABC Education Corporation introduced test preparation programs to further enhance its service offerings. These programs aim to provide comprehensive content review and guidance to students preparing for standardized tests. By offering specialized test preparation services, ABC Education has been able to attract a new segment of customers and generate additional revenue. This expansion of its service offerings has contributed to the company's overall growth and has strengthened its position in the education industry.
+
+In terms of senior management changes, Mr. Jane Doe was appointed as the CEO of ABC Education Corporation in March 2021. With a focus on innovation and adapting to changing needs, Mr. Doe has played a crucial role in shifting the company's operational focus towards digital learning. Under his leadership, ABC Education has embraced technology and implemented initiatives to enhance its online education offerings. This strategic shift has positioned the company for long-term success in an increasingly digital world.
+
+In April 2021, ABC Education Corporation proactively updated its compliance framework to align with new regulations in the education industry. The company appointed a Compliance Officer to ensure adherence to these regulations and mitigate legal risks. This proactive approach to compliance has not only protected ABC Education from potential legal issues but has also enhanced stakeholder protection and fostered trust among its investors and customers.
+
+During the annual shareholders' meeting in May 2021, several key decisions were made to further strengthen the governance structure of ABC Education Corporation. The approval of a charter amendment for international expansion demonstrated the company's commitment to global growth. Additionally, the introduction of a stock buyback program aimed to enhance shareholder value and confidence. The unanimous support for the current board of directors reflected the shareholders' trust in the company's leadership. These resolutions have had a positive impact on the governance structure of ABC Education and have further protected the rights and interests of its shareholders.
+
+In August 2021, ABC Education Corporation welcomed Mr. John Smith to its Board of Directors. With his expertise and experience, Mr. Smith has made valuable contributions to the strategic direction and growth of the company. His addition to the board has brought fresh perspectives and insights, further strengthening ABC Education's governance and decision-making processes.
+
+ABC Education Corporation has also demonstrated its commitment to sustainability and social responsibility through various initiatives. In October 2021, the company made progress in waste reduction and energy efficiency, contributing to a more sustainable future. Additionally, ABC Education formed partnerships with local non-profit organizations to support scholarships and educational programs for underprivileged students. These initiatives have not only enhanced the company's public image but have also positioned it as a responsible corporate citizen, gaining a competitive edge in the market.
+
+In November 2021, ABC Education Corporation revised its corporate governance policies to incorporate best practices for transparency and accountability. The updates included improvements in audits, reporting frequency, and the establishment of an ethics hotline. These revisions have enhanced transparency within the company and have instilled confidence in its stakeholders, ensuring that ABC Education operates with the highest ethical standards.
+
+Lastly, in response to ethics and integrity incidents in December 2021, ABC Education Corporation conducted thorough investigations into the allegations and took appropriate actions, including the termination of employees involved. The company implemented stricter controls and provided ethics training to prevent similar incidents in the future. These measures have been crucial in rebuilding trust and safeguarding the company's reputation.
+
+ABC Education Corporation has demonstrated its commitment to information disclosure by adhering to its information disclosure policy. The company regularly reports its financial statements and major events, ensuring transparency and accurate reporting. This commitment to information disclosure has provided stakeholders with the necessary information to make informed decisions and has fostered trust in the company.
+
+To ensure fairness and compliance in transactions, ABC Education Corporation has implemented policies and internal audits to prevent conflicts of interest. These measures have safeguarded stakeholder trust and have ensured ethical practices within the company.
+
+ABC Education Corporation has established a robust internal control system to safeguard its assets. Regular assessments and improvements have been made to ensure the effectiveness of the internal control system. This has had a positive impact on the company's financial reporting and has mitigated operational risks.
+
+In conclusion, ABC Education Corporation has made significant progress in its corporate governance practices in 2021. Through strategic decisions, senior management changes, compliance updates, and sustainability initiatives, the company has strengthened its governance structure, protected stakeholder interests, and positioned itself for long-term success. The commitment to transparency, ethics, and integrity has fostered trust among stakeholders and has enhanced the company's reputation in the education industry. With a focus on innovation and adaptability, ABC Education is well-positioned to capitalize on future opportunities and continue its growth trajectory.
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+MediaCorp, established on January 1, 2000, is a publicly listed media company on the NYSE, headquartered in New York, United States, specializing in media production and distribution.
+
+In 2018, MediaCorp made significant strides in expanding its business and enhancing its market competitiveness. One of the major highlights was the acquisition of Big Pictures, a renowned film production company, in April. This asset acquisition, valued at $100 million, allowed MediaCorp to broaden its business scope and tap into the lucrative film industry. The decision to acquire Big Pictures was preceded by a series of strategic events, including the appointment of a new CEO in January. The new CEO brought in fresh leadership and expertise, setting the stage for major acquisitions and growth. In February, MediaCorp conducted a strategic market analysis, which identified Big Pictures as a strategic acquisition target with significant growth prospects. This analysis paved the way for the due diligence process initiated in March, ensuring a thorough assessment of the target company's value and mitigating risks associated with the acquisition.
+
+The impact of the Big Pictures acquisition was reflected in MediaCorp's financial indicators. The operating income for the year reached $800 million, indicating the success of the company's main business and other income streams. This increase in operating income can be attributed to the expansion of MediaCorp's business scope through the acquisition. Additionally, the net profit for the year stood at $150 million, showcasing the company's ability to effectively control costs and generate substantial returns. The acquisition of Big Pictures also had a positive impact on MediaCorp's total assets, which reached $2 billion by the end of the year. This increase in assets can be attributed to the inclusion of Big Pictures' assets in MediaCorp's portfolio.
+
+In May, MediaCorp made a major investment of $50 million in Project Vision, a cutting-edge virtual reality technology startup. This investment further diversified MediaCorp's business areas and contributed to enhanced profitability. Additionally, in June, MediaCorp completed the acquisition of 30% equity of Digital Media Solutions, further expanding its market share and enhancing the company's control.
+
+To optimize its capital structure, MediaCorp underwent debt restructuring in July, reducing its liabilities by $20 million. This move improved MediaCorp's financial condition and reduced financial costs. Furthermore, in September, MediaCorp decided to distribute $10 million of dividends to shareholders, enhancing shareholder returns and demonstrating the company's commitment to rewarding its investors.
+
+In October, MediaCorp conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $150 million of funds. This strengthened the company's financial strength and provided support for its expansion and development plans. Finally, in December, MediaCorp underwent an asset restructuring, consolidating and optimizing its media production and distribution businesses. This restructuring improved operational efficiency and increased the company's overall value.
+
+Throughout the year, MediaCorp's financial indicators demonstrated the company's solid performance. The debt ratio stood at 25%, indicating a healthy level of debt compared to total assets. The debt to assets ratio was 0.25, highlighting the company's prudent financial leverage. The return on equity was 10%, reflecting the operational efficiency of shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, MediaCorp has outlined its future outlook and strategic plans. The company intends to implement a cost control strategy to optimize operational efficiency and maintain profitability. Additionally, MediaCorp plans to invest heavily in content production and distribution platforms to strengthen its position in the media industry. The company also aims to allocate resources for research and development initiatives. To mitigate potential financial risks, such as changes in market demand and increasing competition, MediaCorp plans to implement risk diversification strategies, invest in talent acquisition, and enhance marketing efforts.
+
+In conclusion, MediaCorp's corporate financial report for 2018 highlights the company's successful asset acquisition, major investments, equity acquisition, debt restructuring, dividend distribution, large-scale financing, and asset restructuring. These events, along with the company's solid financial performance, position MediaCorp for continued growth and success in the media industry.
+
+In 2018, MediaCorp faced several significant governance challenges and implemented various measures to address them. In January, the company experienced ethics and integrity incidents that could potentially damage its reputation and brand value. To prevent future incidents, MediaCorp undertook a comprehensive review and enhancement of its internal controls in the first quarter of 2018. This included the implementation of additional monitoring and reporting mechanisms, strengthening the company's ability to detect and prevent ethical and integrity violations. The impact of these enhanced internal controls is expected to mitigate the risk of future incidents and reinforce the company's commitment to ethics and integrity, enhancing relationships with stakeholders.
+
+In February, MediaCorp revised its Code of Conduct to explicitly address various ethical aspects, such as fraud, corruption, and conflicts of interest. The revised code emphasized the expected behavior of employees, directors, and other stakeholders, setting a clearer ethical framework within the organization. This revision is expected to provide guidance to employees and promote a culture of integrity.
+
+In March, MediaCorp established a robust Whistleblower Protection Program, allowing employees and stakeholders to report concerns or suspected ethical violations anonymously and without fear of retaliation. The program includes a designated reporting channel and strict confidentiality measures. The implementation of this program is expected to encourage the reporting of potential incidents, facilitating the timely detection and resolution of ethical and integrity issues within the company.
+
+In February, MediaCorp also experienced senior management changes, including the appointment of a new CEO. These changes may lead to adjustments in operational focus and strategic priorities, potentially affecting the company's short-term performance and long-term development.
+
+In April, MediaCorp distributed dividends to its shareholders based on the company's financial performance in the fiscal year. This distribution rewards shareholders and improves investor confidence in the company's financial strength and future prospects.
+
+In May, MediaCorp revised its corporate governance policies to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. This revision is expected to enhance corporate governance transparency and accountability, boosting stakeholder confidence.
+
+In June, there was a change in the board of directors, which may lead to strategic adjustments and affect the company's long-term development direction and shareholder interests.
+
+In July, MediaCorp successfully acquired a competing media company, expanding its market share and consolidating its industry position. This acquisition is expected to increase the company's market presence and potential revenue streams, leading to potential cost synergies.
+
+In August, MediaCorp ensured compliance with the latest regulations and standards affecting corporate governance practices, reducing legal risk and protecting the company and shareholder interests.
+
+In September, MediaCorp made significant progress in sustainability, environmental protection, social responsibility, and corporate citizenship. These initiatives enhance the company's public image and market competitiveness, promoting long-term sustainable development.
+
+In November, key decisions were made at the annual shareholders' meeting, directly affecting the company's governance structure, future operational strategies, and shareholder rights.
+
+In December, MediaCorp updated its risk management framework, identifying new risks and implementing mitigation strategies. These measures improve the company's ability to respond to internal and external risks, ensuring continuous operation and stable development.
+
+Throughout the year, MediaCorp focused on information disclosure, related transactions, and internal control. The company prioritized regular and comprehensive information disclosure through official statements, press releases, and annual reports. MediaCorp also implemented policies, procedures, and measures to ensure fairness and compliance in related transactions. Additionally, the company established a robust internal control system to ensure the accuracy and reliability of financial reporting, mitigate risks, and safeguard assets.
+
+Looking ahead, MediaCorp has outlined governance improvement plans, including strengthening the function of the board of directors and supervisory board, enhancing transparency and the quality of information disclosure, and establishing a whistleblower program. These plans aim to enhance corporate governance, transparency, and accountability within the organization.
+
+In terms of risk management, MediaCorp aims to strengthen its internal control system, integrate sustainable development and social responsibility into its strategy, and diversify its investment portfolio to mitigate concentration risk and enhance returns.
+
+Overall, MediaCorp's governance structure and initiatives in 2018 demonstrate the company's commitment to ethics, transparency, and stakeholder engagement. Through the implementation of various measures, MediaCorp aims to enhance its reputation, strengthen its internal controls, and ensure long-term sustainable development.
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+HealthLife Solutions is a publicly traded healthcare technology solutions provider that was established in January 2010 and is based in San Francisco, California.
+
+Since its establishment, HealthLife Solutions has made significant strides in the healthcare industry, positioning itself as a leader in innovative medical technology solutions. In February 2020, the company made a major investment of $15 million in Project MedTech, a collaboration that aimed to develop groundbreaking medical technology products. This investment had a profound impact on the company, broadening its business areas and enhancing profitability. The collaboration with Project MedTech not only strengthened HealthLife Solutions' research and development capabilities but also expanded its product portfolio, enabling the company to meet emerging healthcare technology trends and market demand.
+
+In addition to the collaboration with Project MedTech, HealthLife Solutions entered into a strategic partnership with a renowned healthcare provider in July 2020. This partnership allowed the integration of HealthLife Solutions' technology solutions into the existing healthcare infrastructure of the provider, providing access to a larger customer base and enhancing brand credibility. Furthermore, the company achieved significant milestones in the development of its innovative medical technology products in September 2020, showcasing its technological capabilities to potential investors and securing additional funding opportunities.
+
+To optimize its capital structure, HealthLife Solutions underwent debt restructuring in June 2020, reducing its liabilities by $25 million. This move improved the company's financial condition and reduced financial costs, contributing to its overall operational efficiency. Moreover, the company underwent asset restructuring in August 2020, divesting from non-core assets and focusing on healthcare technology solutions. This strategic decision not only improved operational efficiency but also increased the company's overall value.
+
+In September 2020, HealthLife Solutions completed the asset acquisition of MedTech Innovations for a total value of $50 million. This acquisition expanded the company's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness. The company also conducted a large-scale financing activity in October 2020, successfully raising $100 million in funds. This significant financing activity strengthened HealthLife Solutions' financial strength, supporting its expansion and development plans.
+
+In terms of financial indicators, HealthLife Solutions reported an operating income of $200 million, reflecting the total amount of main business income and other business income within a certain accounting period. This figure is influenced by market demand and changes in product prices. The company also achieved a net profit of $50 million, which is the net income after deducting total costs and taxes from the total income. Factors such as operating income, cost control, and non-recurring gains and losses contribute to the net profit figure.
+
+HealthLife Solutions' total assets stood at $500 million, representing the total amount of assets owned by the company at the end of the accounting period. This figure is influenced by asset acquisition, asset disposal, and asset revaluation. The company's total liabilities amounted to $200 million, reflecting the total amount of debts the company is obligated to repay. Factors such as new debt issuance, debt repayment, and debt restructuring contribute to the total liabilities figure.
+
+The shareholder equity of HealthLife Solutions reached $300 million, representing the total amount of equity belonging to shareholders at the end of the accounting period. This figure is influenced by net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. The company reported a cash flow of $100 million, which represents the total cash inflows and outflows within a certain accounting period. Operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities contribute to the cash flow figure.
+
+The debt ratio of HealthLife Solutions is 40%, indicating the ratio of total liabilities to total assets. This figure reflects the company's debt level and is influenced by changes in total liabilities and total assets. The debt to assets ratio stands at 0.4, representing the percentage of total liabilities to total assets. This ratio is a measure of the company's financial leverage and is influenced by increases or decreases in assets and liabilities. Finally, the return on equity for HealthLife Solutions is 16%, reflecting the operational efficiency of shareholder equity. This figure is influenced by changes in net profit and changes in shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, HealthLife Solutions plans to implement a financial strategy focused on cost control and efficient capital operations to drive profitability and ensure sustainable growth. The company also aims to expand its product portfolio through new project investments and strategic research and development initiatives to stay at the forefront of healthcare technology innovation. To mitigate major financial risks such as market volatility and regulatory changes, HealthLife Solutions will employ robust risk management strategies to protect shareholder value. With its strong financial position and commitment to innovation, HealthLife Solutions is well-positioned for continued success in the healthcare technology industry.
+
+Since its establishment, HealthLife Solutions has been committed to providing innovative healthcare technology solutions to improve patient care and outcomes. In this corporate governance report for the year 2020, we will examine the various governance events and indicators that have shaped the company's operations and performance.
+
+One of the key incidents that impacted HealthLife Solutions' reputation in January 2020 was an ethics and integrity incident. This incident raised concerns about the company's commitment to ethical conduct and transparency. In response, HealthLife Solutions took several actions to address the issue. Firstly, in April 2020, the company implemented a new internal fraud detection system, which aimed to enhance monitoring and reduce the risk of fraudulent activities. This system had a significant impact on fraud risk reduction and investor confidence, as it provided greater assurance that the company was actively addressing internal control weaknesses.
+
+Furthermore, in June 2020, HealthLife Solutions strengthened its internal controls through a thorough review and the implementation of enhanced controls. This initiative aimed to minimize the likelihood of future fraudulent activities and improve the overall effectiveness of the company's governance structure. By prioritizing internal control enhancements, HealthLife Solutions demonstrated its commitment to transparency and accountability, which positively impacted stakeholder trust.
+
+In August 2020, the company launched a transparency initiative to further enhance its credibility and transparency. This initiative included measures such as increased disclosure of relevant information and improved communication with stakeholders. By implementing this transparency initiative, HealthLife Solutions aimed to rebuild stakeholder trust and demonstrate its commitment to ethical conduct. This had a significant impact on the company's credibility, transparency, and stakeholder trust, as it provided stakeholders with a clearer understanding of the company's operations and decision-making processes.
+
+Another important governance event in February 2020 was the appointment of Dr. Jane Henderson and Mr. Michael Williams to the Board of Directors. This change aimed to strengthen the strategic direction and expertise of the board. Dr. Henderson brought extensive experience in healthcare management, while Mr. Williams had a strong background in technology and innovation. Their appointments were expected to bring fresh perspectives and insights to the board, which would positively impact the company's strategic decision-making processes.
+
+In March 2020, HealthLife Solutions proactively monitored and adapted to new compliance and regulatory requirements. The company established a dedicated compliance team to ensure adherence to regulations and mitigate legal risks. This initiative had a significant impact on legal risk mitigation and stakeholder interests, as it demonstrated the company's commitment to compliance and regulatory requirements.
+
+In April 2020, HealthLife Solutions revised its corporate governance policy to prioritize ethical conduct, diversity, and sustainability. This revision aimed to strengthen the company's commitment to transparency, accountability, and stakeholder confidence. By aligning its governance framework with these key principles, HealthLife Solutions demonstrated its commitment to responsible business practices, which positively impacted stakeholder confidence.
+
+In July 2020, the company conducted a comprehensive review of its risk management practices. This review identified emerging risks and led to the implementation of enhanced mitigation strategies. By proactively addressing potential risks, HealthLife Solutions improved its operational resilience and stability, which positively impacted the company's overall performance.
+
+In September 2020, HealthLife Solutions held its shareholders' meeting and approved charter changes for product expansion and entry into new markets. Additionally, shareholders voted on a dividend increase. These resolutions had a significant impact on the company's future operational strategies and shareholders' rights and returns. The approval of charter changes allowed HealthLife Solutions to explore new growth opportunities, while the dividend increase demonstrated the company's commitment to delivering value to its shareholders.
+
+In October 2020, HealthLife Solutions launched sustainability and social responsibility initiatives, including a carbon reduction program and community partnerships. These initiatives aligned the company's products and services with sustainability goals and had a positive impact on its public image, market competitiveness, and contribution to sustainable development.
+
+In November 2020, Mr. David Thompson was appointed as the CEO of HealthLife Solutions. With his extensive background in healthcare technology, Mr. Thompson was expected to bring a renewed focus on operational performance and drive the company's growth strategy. This change in senior management was anticipated to have a significant impact on the company's operational focus and performance.
+
+Throughout the year, HealthLife Solutions demonstrated a strong commitment to information disclosure. The company adhered to strict principles and procedures for information disclosure, ensuring timely disclosure of financial statements and major events. This commitment had a positive impact on stakeholders' ability to make informed decisions based on accurate and up-to-date information.
+
+HealthLife Solutions also established policies and measures to ensure fairness and compliance in related transactions. The company conducted internal audits and oversight to maintain transparency and trust in its operations. These efforts had a positive impact on fair and compliant related transactions, as well as stakeholders' trust in the company.
+
+Furthermore, HealthLife Solutions maintained a robust internal control system, supported by clear policies, procedures, and regular assessments. This system had a significant impact on financial reporting accuracy and safeguarded against fraudulent activities, ensuring the integrity of the company's financial operations.
+
+Looking ahead, HealthLife Solutions has outlined several governance improvement plans. These plans include strengthening the function of the Board of Directors and Supervisory Board through regular training sessions, increasing the proportion of independent directors, and optimizing decision-making processes. Additionally, the company aims to enhance transparency and the quality of information disclosure by investing in upgraded information systems and engaging with stakeholders.
+
+To mitigate risks, HealthLife Solutions will continue to strengthen its internal control system through advanced technology solutions for risk monitoring and reporting. Regular internal control assessments will be conducted to identify areas for improvement. The company also aims to integrate sustainable development and social responsibility principles into its strategy and risk management processes, actively contributing to sustainable development and social responsibility.
+
+In conclusion, the year 2020 was marked by significant governance events and indicators that shaped HealthLife Solutions' corporate governance. The company's proactive approach to addressing ethics and integrity incidents, board changes, compliance and regulatory updates, corporate governance policy revisions, risk management measures, shareholders' meeting resolutions, sustainability and social responsibility initiatives, and senior management changes have had a positive impact on various governance indicators. HealthLife Solutions' commitment to information disclosure, fair and compliant related transactions, and robust internal control system further strengthened its corporate governance. Looking ahead, the company remains focused on continuous improvement and is poised for future growth and success.
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+Hudson Consumer Goods Co. is a publicly traded company based in New York, United States, specializing in the manufacturing and distribution of personal care and household products, since its establishment on April 1, 2003.
+
+In 2017, Hudson Consumer Goods Co. released its corporate financial report, providing a comprehensive overview of the company's performance and significant events throughout the year. The report highlights key financial indicators such as operating income, net profit, total assets, total liabilities, shareholder equity, cash flow, debt ratio, debt to assets ratio, and return on equity. These indicators shed light on the company's financial health and operational efficiency.
+
+Operating income for the year amounted to $500 million, reflecting the total amount of main business income and other business income within the accounting period. This figure is influenced by market demand and changes in product prices. The net profit for the year stood at $50 million, which is the company's total income minus total costs and taxes. The net profit is influenced by the operating income, cost control measures, and non-recurring gains and losses.
+
+Hudson Consumer Goods Co. reported total assets of $1.2 billion at the end of the accounting period. The value of total assets is influenced by factors such as asset acquisition, asset disposal, and asset revaluation. On the other hand, the company's total liabilities amounted to $600 million, representing the total amount of debts the company is obligated to repay. New debt issuance, debt repayment, and debt restructuring are the main factors influencing the total liabilities.
+
+The shareholder equity of Hudson Consumer Goods Co. stood at $600 million, reflecting the total amount of equity belonging to shareholders at the end of the accounting period. The shareholder equity is influenced by factors such as net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. The company's cash flow for the year amounted to $100 million, representing the total cash inflows and outflows. The cash flow is influenced by operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities.
+
+The debt ratio of Hudson Consumer Goods Co. is 0.5, indicating that the company's total liabilities account for 50% of its total assets. This ratio reflects the company's debt level and is influenced by changes in total liabilities and total assets. The debt to assets ratio, on the other hand, is 50%, representing the percentage of total liabilities to total assets. This ratio is a measure of the company's financial leverage and is influenced by increases or decreases in assets and liabilities.
+
+The return on equity for Hudson Consumer Goods Co. is 8%, reflecting the operational efficiency of shareholder equity. This ratio is calculated by dividing the net profit by the average shareholder equity and is influenced by changes in net profit and shareholder equity.
+
+Throughout the year, Hudson Consumer Goods Co. experienced several significant events that impacted its financial performance and market position. In January 2017, the company completed the asset acquisition of Greenfield Cosmetics for a total value of $50 million. This acquisition expanded the company's product portfolio and strengthened its market position in the cosmetics industry. The acquisition process involved several sub-events, including acquisition preparation, negotiation and agreement, due diligence, and acquisition closure.
+
+In February 2017, the company decided to distribute $10 million of dividends to shareholders, returning value to shareholders and increasing investor confidence and loyalty. In March 2017, Hudson Consumer Goods Co. completed the acquisition of 30% equity of BlueLine Appliances, increasing its market share in the home appliances sector and gaining more control over operations.
+
+In June 2017, the company underwent debt restructuring, reducing liabilities by $20 million to optimize its capital structure. This restructuring improved the company's financial stability and lowered interest expenses. In July 2017, Hudson Consumer Goods Co. conducted a large-scale financing activity, raising $100 million through a bond issuance. This enhanced the company's financial strength and provided funds for future growth initiatives.
+
+In August 2017, the company underwent an asset restructuring, divesting from non-performing business segments. This restructuring improved operational efficiency, reduced costs, and allowed the company to focus on core profitable areas. In September 2017, Hudson Consumer Goods Co. invested $30 million in Project Phoenix, a state-of-the-art manufacturing facility. This investment expanded production capacity, increased efficiency, and boosted profitability.
+
+Looking ahead, Hudson Consumer Goods Co. has outlined its future outlook in the report. The company aims to improve cost controls through operational efficiency and optimizing supply chain management. It also plans to invest in advanced R&D facilities to drive product innovation and expand its product lines. Additionally, Hudson Consumer Goods Co. will explore opportunities for mergers and acquisitions to diversify its offerings. The company has identified potential financial risks such as volatile raw material prices, foreign exchange exposure, and intense market competition. To mitigate these risks, it will implement hedging strategies, invest in risk management tools, and maintain a strong cash position. Overall, Hudson Consumer Goods Co. remains committed to driving growth and delivering value to its shareholders.
+
+In January 2017, Hudson Consumer Goods Co. made significant strides in sustainability and social responsibility initiatives. These efforts included reducing carbon emissions, implementing a recycling program, enhancing employee wellness initiatives, and forming partnerships with local communities. These initiatives not only improved the company's public image but also strengthened its market competitiveness and long-term sustainable development. One of the key sub-events was the launch of the Green Manufacturing Program in March 2017. By implementing energy-efficient technologies and waste reduction strategies, the company successfully reduced its carbon emissions, positioning itself as a leader in sustainable manufacturing practices. In June 2017, Hudson Consumer Goods Co. established a company-wide recycling program, showcasing its commitment to sustainable practices and social responsibility. This initiative not only helped manage and reduce waste but also contributed to the company's overall environmental impact. Additionally, in August 2017, the company introduced an Employee Wellness Program, which aimed to promote the health and well-being of its employees. This initiative resulted in improved employee satisfaction, productivity, and overall well-being. Furthermore, in October 2017, Hudson Consumer Goods Co. formed partnerships with local communities to support education and environmental conservation. These partnerships actively contributed to societal development and environmental protection. Overall, these sustainability and social responsibility initiatives had a positive impact on the company's public image, market competitiveness, long-term sustainable development, and relationships with environmentally conscious consumers.
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+Culture Innovators Ltd., established on March 1, 2010, is a publicly listed company based in New York, United States, specializing in providing creative solutions and immersive experiences in the culture industry through interactive exhibitions, digital installations, and educational programs.
+
+In January 2021, Culture Innovators Ltd. made a major asset acquisition by acquiring ArtEx, a renowned museum exhibition design company, valued at $50 million. This strategic move expanded the company's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness. The acquisition of ArtEx led to several sub-events that further strengthened Culture Innovators Ltd.'s position in the industry. In March 2021, the company established a subsidiary in London, United Kingdom, which provided access to a larger customer base and strategic partnerships. This expansion of international operations had a positive impact on the company's growth potential. In June 2021, Culture Innovators Ltd. formed a strategic partnership with a global technology company to develop innovative digital installations. This partnership not only enhanced the company's capabilities but also expanded its market reach. In September 2021, Culture Innovators Ltd. launched an online education platform offering interactive educational programs. This move diversified the company's revenue streams and strengthened its brand image.
+
+In April 2021, Culture Innovators Ltd. made a major investment of $10 million in Project ArtTech, broadening its business areas and enhancing profitability. This investment allowed the company to explore new opportunities and stay at the forefront of technological advancements in the culture industry.
+
+To support its expansion plans, Culture Innovators Ltd. successfully raised $30 million in funds from prominent investors in May 2021. This large-scale financing strengthened the company's financial strength and provided the necessary support for its growth initiatives.
+
+In July 2021, Culture Innovators Ltd. underwent a successful debt restructuring, resulting in a reduction of liabilities by $15 million. This restructuring improved the company's financial condition and increased its investment opportunities.
+
+In September 2021, Culture Innovators Ltd. implemented a comprehensive asset restructuring strategy to focus on high-potential areas. This restructuring aimed to improve operational efficiency and increase the company's overall value.
+
+In October 2021, Culture Innovators Ltd. distributed $5 million in dividends to its shareholders. This dividend distribution not only enhanced shareholder returns but also strengthened the company's partnership with its investors.
+
+In December 2021, Culture Innovators Ltd. acquired 60% equity of Experience Makers, a significant move that expanded its market share and established the company as a prominent player in the sector.
+
+These events and their sub-events have had a significant impact on various indicators of Culture Innovators Ltd. For instance, the company's operating income reached $75 million, influenced by market demand and changes in product prices. The net profit for the accounting period amounted to $12 million, reflecting the company's effective cost control and ability to generate income. Culture Innovators Ltd.'s total assets stood at $150 million, driven by the acquisition of ArtEx and other asset-related activities. The company's total liabilities were reduced to $80 million following the successful debt restructuring, improving its financial condition. Shareholder equity reached $70 million, influenced by the net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. The company's cash flow amounted to $18 million, resulting from its operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities. The debt ratio stood at 53%, indicating the company's leverage position. The debt to assets ratio was 0.53, reflecting the percentage of total liabilities to total assets. Lastly, the return on equity was 17%, indicating the operational efficiency of shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, Culture Innovators Ltd. has outlined a comprehensive financial strategy focused on cost control, efficient capital operations, and prudent investment decisions. The company plans to expand in emerging markets, invest in cutting-edge technology, and establish strategic collaborations with cultural institutions worldwide. To mitigate financial risks, Culture Innovators Ltd. will identify major risks, implement risk assessment processes, maintain diversified revenue streams, and develop contingency plans.
+
+In conclusion, Culture Innovators Ltd. has experienced significant growth and expansion through strategic acquisitions, investments, financing, and restructuring activities. These events have positively impacted the company's financial indicators and positioned it as a leading player in the culture industry. With a strong financial strategy and investment plans in place, Culture Innovators Ltd. is well-positioned for future success and continued growth.
+
+Established on March 1, 2010, in New York, Culture Innovators Ltd. has positioned itself as a leading player in the culture industry. With a strong emphasis on creativity and innovation, the company has successfully carved out a niche for itself in the market. As a publicly listed company, Culture Innovators Ltd. has demonstrated its commitment to transparency and accountability through its adherence to timely, accurate, and transparent information disclosure, with a compliance rate of 96.5%.
+
+In terms of governance structure, Culture Innovators Ltd. has taken significant steps to ensure ethics and integrity within the organization. In February 2021, the company identified and addressed a conflict of interest involving a former employee. This incident prompted the implementation of corrective actions, including the enhancement of internal controls and the introduction of ethical training programs. These measures not only preserved the company's reputation but also strengthened stakeholder trust.
+
+To further reinforce its commitment to ethical practices, Culture Innovators Ltd. formed an Ethics Committee in February 2021. The committee's purpose is to review and strengthen ethical standards and policies within the organization, demonstrating the company's dedication to preventing future incidents. In line with this, the company revised its Code of Conduct in March 2021 to provide clearer guidelines and expectations for employees. This revision has resulted in a strengthened ethical framework and a reduced likelihood of future incidents.
+
+In April 2021, Culture Innovators Ltd. implemented a Whistleblower Hotline to enhance the reporting and detection of integrity issues. This initiative has encouraged accountability and transparency within the organization, allowing for the timely identification and resolution of potential ethical concerns. Additionally, the company conducted training on ethical conduct in May 2021, covering topics such as conflict of interest, corporate fraud, and ethical decision-making. This training has raised awareness among employees and reinforced their commitment to upholding high ethical standards.
+
+In terms of corporate governance, Culture Innovators Ltd. revised its governance policies in March 2021 to foster transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. This revision has resulted in enhanced governance practices and increased stakeholder confidence in the company's operations. Furthermore, the company's shareholders' meeting in June 2021 approved strategic initiatives aimed at expanding into new markets, securing key partnerships, and investing in technology. These initiatives have shaped the company's governance structure and emphasized its commitment to delivering long-term value to shareholders.
+
+Culture Innovators Ltd. has also prioritized risk management, conducting a comprehensive review of its risk management framework in August 2021. This review has allowed the company to identify and mitigate emerging risks, particularly in the areas of intellectual property protection and data security. By proactively responding to these risks, Culture Innovators Ltd. ensures stable development and safeguards its reputation.
+
+In September 2021, the company underwent senior management changes with the appointment of a new CEO, John Davis. This change in leadership reflects the company's adaptability to market trends and its commitment to developing growth strategies. Additionally, in October 2021, Culture Innovators Ltd. appointed Jane Smith, a renowned expert in cultural innovation, to its Board of Directors. This appointment has brought valuable expertise to the board, driving strategic adjustments and maximizing shareholder value.
+
+Recognizing the importance of sustainability and social responsibility, Culture Innovators Ltd. launched various initiatives in November 2021. These initiatives focus on environmental protection, social responsibility, and corporate citizenship, enhancing the company's public image and long-term market competitiveness.
+
+In December 2021, Culture Innovators Ltd. proactively ensured compliance with securities law, corporate law, and industry-specific regulations. This commitment to compliance and regulatory updates has mitigated legal risks and reinforced the company's dedication to ethical practices.
+
+In conclusion, Culture Innovators Ltd. has demonstrated its commitment to ethical practices, transparency, and accountability through various governance initiatives. The company's focus on risk management, senior management changes, and sustainability initiatives further strengthens its position in the culture industry. With a strong governance structure in place, Culture Innovators Ltd. is well-positioned to deliver long-term value to its shareholders while maintaining its reputation as a leading provider of creative solutions and immersive experiences.
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+Energen Solutions Ltd, established on March 10, 2005, is a publicly listed renewable energy company based in Seattle, Washington that specializes in designing, installing, and maintaining solar and wind power systems for residential, commercial, and industrial clients.
+
+In 2019, Energen Solutions Ltd experienced several significant events that shaped its financial performance and strategic direction. Firstly, the company underwent an asset restructuring in January, consolidating its wind power division and divesting non-performing solar power assets. This move improved operational efficiency and increased the company's overall value. Additionally, in February, Energen Solutions Ltd raised $500 million through a successful bond issuance, strengthening its financial position and supporting future expansion.
+
+In February, the company also experienced a change in senior management, with the appointment of a new CEO and CFO who brought extensive expertise in the renewable energy sector. This change boosted investor confidence and improved strategic decision-making within the company. Furthermore, in April, Energen Solutions Ltd formed a strategic partnership with a construction firm specializing in renewable energy projects. This collaboration strengthened the company's project execution capabilities and accelerated project timelines.
+
+In June, Energen Solutions Ltd expanded into new geographic markets that had a high demand for renewable energy solutions. This strategic move increased the company's customer base and diversified its revenue streams. Later in September, the company successfully completed a large-scale wind farm project, which not only increased its revenue but also enhanced its market reputation.
+
+In November, Energen Solutions Ltd launched an innovative solar panel technology with improved efficiency, durability, and aesthetics. This introduction of revolutionary technology resulted in increased sales and provided the company with a competitive advantage in the market. Additionally, in the same month, the company decided to distribute $25 million of dividends to its shareholders, enhancing shareholder returns.
+
+Throughout the year, Energen Solutions Ltd made significant investments and acquisitions. In June, the company acquired 30% equity of SunPower Corp for $350 million, expanding its market share and enhancing its control. In August, Energen Solutions Ltd invested $80 million in Project Solaris, a large-scale solar power project in California, which broadened its business areas and enhanced profitability. In October, the company completed the asset acquisition of WindTech Inc, a leading wind turbine manufacturer, for $250 million. This acquisition expanded the company's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness.
+
+While Energen Solutions Ltd experienced several positive events in 2019, it also faced challenges. In September, the construction of Project Solaris was delayed due to unforeseen regulatory challenges, which temporarily impacted profitability and cash flow. However, the company's overall financial performance remained strong.
+
+In terms of financial indicators, Energen Solutions Ltd reported an operating income of $650 million in 2019. This was influenced by market demand and changes in product prices. The company's net profit for the year was $120 million, which was influenced by factors such as operating income, cost control, and non-recurring gains and losses. Energen Solutions Ltd's total assets stood at $2.3 billion, influenced by asset acquisition, disposal, and revaluation. The company's total liabilities were $800 million, influenced by new debt issuance, debt repayment, and debt restructuring. Shareholder equity amounted to $1.5 billion, influenced by net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves. The company generated a cash flow of $300 million, influenced by operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities. Energen Solutions Ltd maintained a debt ratio of 34.78% and a debt to assets ratio of 35.56%, indicating a healthy financial position. The company's return on equity was 8.00%, influenced by changes in net profit and shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, Energen Solutions Ltd aims to strengthen its financial position through cost control measures and effective capital management. The company plans to optimize operational expenses and diversify funding sources to support future growth. Additionally, Energen Solutions Ltd intends to expand its renewable energy project portfolio through targeted acquisitions and strategic partnerships. The company will focus on developing innovative technologies and entering new markets to capture emerging opportunities. To mitigate financial risks, Energen Solutions Ltd will identify and address major risks such as regulatory changes, project delays, and cybersecurity threats. The company will implement robust risk mitigation strategies, including monitoring systems, contingency plans, and staff training.
+
+In conclusion, Energen Solutions Ltd had a transformative year in 2019, marked by significant events that shaped its financial performance and strategic direction. The company's asset restructuring, strategic partnerships, acquisitions, and investments contributed to its growth and enhanced market competitiveness. Despite challenges faced, Energen Solutions Ltd maintained a strong financial position and remains focused on strengthening its financial position, expanding its project portfolio, and mitigating risks in the future.
+
+Since its establishment, Energen Solutions Ltd has been committed to promoting sustainable development and reducing carbon emissions through its renewable energy initiatives. As of December 31, 2019, the company is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol "ESL" and has a market capitalization of $2.5 billion.
+
+The objective of this report is to provide a comprehensive analysis of Energen Solutions Ltd's corporate governance structure and its impact on the company's performance and stakeholder interests. By examining key events and indicators, we aim to evaluate the effectiveness of the company's governance policies and identify areas for improvement.
+
+In January 2019, Energen Solutions Ltd underwent a significant revision of its corporate governance policy, aligning it with best practices in the industry. This revision aimed to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement within the company. By encouraging diversity in board composition and strengthening risk oversight mechanisms, the policy revision aimed to ensure the company's long-term success and sustainability.
+
+The impact of this policy revision was evident in several sub-events that occurred throughout the year. In March 2019, Energen Solutions Ltd faced the challenge of an aging renewable energy infrastructure. However, due to the enhanced governance structure, the company was able to promptly address this issue by implementing necessary upgrades and maintenance, thereby minimizing any potential disruptions to its operations.
+
+Another significant sub-event was the appointment of a Chief Sustainability Officer in May 2019. This appointment demonstrated Energen Solutions Ltd's commitment to sustainability and social responsibility. The Chief Sustainability Officer played a crucial role in driving the company's sustainability initiatives, resulting in a reduction of its carbon footprint and the implementation of a community outreach program.
+
+Furthermore, in June 2019, Energen Solutions Ltd entered into a partnership with a leading solar panel manufacturer. This strategic collaboration not only expanded the company's product offerings but also had a positive impact on its financial performance. The partnership allowed Energen Solutions Ltd to tap into new markets and gain a competitive edge in the renewable energy industry.
+
+In September 2019, the company received approval for its wind farm expansion project. This project not only contributed to the company's revenue growth but also reinforced its commitment to renewable energy investments. By expanding its wind farm capacity, Energen Solutions Ltd positioned itself as a key player in the renewable energy sector, attracting potential investors and stakeholders.
+
+The enhanced risk management measures implemented by Energen Solutions Ltd in March 2019 also played a crucial role in ensuring the company's resilience and business continuity. By identifying emerging risks, implementing robust contingency plans, and conducting regular risk assessments, the company was able to effectively respond to potential threats and mitigate their impact on its operations.
+
+In May 2019, Energen Solutions Ltd experienced a change in its board of directors with the appointment of Mr. David Thompson as a new member. This change brought fresh perspectives and strategic guidance to the company, potentially leading to adjustments in its direction and shareholder interests. The appointment of Mr. Thompson further strengthened the governance structure of the company, ensuring effective decision-making processes and long-term development.
+
+Energen Solutions Ltd's commitment to sustainability and social responsibility was evident in its July 2019 initiatives. The company achieved its sustainability goals by reducing its carbon footprint and implementing a community outreach program. These initiatives not only enhanced the company's public image but also positioned it as a responsible corporate citizen, attracting socially conscious investors and customers.
+
+In August 2019, Energen Solutions Ltd adopted new compliance standards in response to changes in securities law and industry regulations. This proactive approach to compliance ensured that the company operated within legal boundaries, protecting its interests and those of its shareholders.
+
+The shareholders' meeting held in September 2019 resulted in several resolutions that had a significant impact on the governance structure, operational strategies, and shareholder rights of Energen Solutions Ltd. These resolutions included the introduction of additional voting rights for long-term shareholders, the implementation of a new share buyback program, and the reaffirmation of the company's commitment to renewable energy investments. These changes aimed to enhance shareholder engagement and align the company's interests with those of its long-term investors.
+
+However, not all events were positive for Energen Solutions Ltd. In November 2019, the company faced allegations of ethics and integrity incidents, specifically a conflict of interest investigation. These incidents had the potential to damage the company's reputation and brand value, as well as impact its relationships with investors, customers, and partners. It became imperative for the company to address these incidents promptly and transparently to regain trust and maintain stakeholder confidence.
+
+In December 2019, Energen Solutions Ltd experienced a change in its senior management with the appointment of Ms. Linda Anderson as the new CEO. This change in leadership brought about adjustments in the company's operational focus and strategic priorities. The impact of these senior management changes on the company's short-term performance and long-term development remains to be seen.
+
+Throughout the report, we have examined various indicators that reflect the company's corporate governance effectiveness. These indicators include information disclosure, related transactions, and internal control. Energen Solutions Ltd has implemented a comprehensive information disclosure policy, ensuring transparent reporting of financial and non-financial information. This commitment to transparency enhances stakeholder trust and confidence in the company.
+
+The company's policies and procedures for related transactions are designed to ensure fairness and compliance. By reviewing and approving related party transactions, Energen Solutions Ltd mitigates the risk of conflicts of interest and protects shareholder interests.
+
+Energen Solutions Ltd has also established an effective internal control system, with clearly defined policies and procedures, segregation of duties, and regular internal audits. This system ensures the company's financial and operational risks are identified, assessed, monitored, and reported, safeguarding its assets and ensuring compliance with regulations.
+
+Looking ahead, Energen Solutions Ltd has outlined governance improvement plans to further strengthen its corporate governance structure. These plans include initiatives to strengthen the function of the board of directors and supervisory board, enhance transparency and the quality of information disclosure, and improve the company's risk management strategy. By continuously improving its governance practices, Energen Solutions Ltd aims to maintain its competitive edge, attract investors, and achieve long-term sustainable growth.
+
+In conclusion, corporate governance plays a vital role in the success and sustainability of Energen Solutions Ltd. The company's commitment to transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement has resulted in positive outcomes such as enhanced corporate governance transparency and accountability, boosted stakeholder confidence, and improved risk management capabilities. However, challenges such as ethics and integrity incidents and the need for continuous improvement in governance practices remain. By addressing these challenges and implementing the outlined governance improvement plans, Energen Solutions Ltd can further strengthen its position as a leader in the renewable energy industry and ensure long-term success.
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+InnovateTech, Inc., established on May 12, 2012, is a social technology company based in San Francisco, California, specializing in the development of advanced software solutions for social networking platforms.
+
+Since its establishment, InnovateTech, Inc. has made significant strides in the industry, positioning itself as a leader in the social technology sector. The company went public and is currently listed on NASDAQ, showcasing its commitment to transparency and accountability. Throughout its journey, InnovateTech has implemented various strategies and initiatives to drive growth and enhance its financial performance.
+
+One of the notable events in InnovateTech's financial history was the asset restructuring in January 2019. This comprehensive strategy aimed to streamline the business structure and reduce costs, resulting in increased operational efficiency and overall value. As part of this restructuring, InnovateTech underwent a CEO change in February 2019, with the appointment of John Smith. Under his leadership, the company implemented a cost-cutting plan and improved the product development process, leading to increased profitability and laying the foundation for future growth.
+
+In March 2019, InnovateTech entered into a strategic partnership with a prominent social media platform. This partnership facilitated joint research and development efforts, cross-platform integration, and access to a larger user base. As a result, InnovateTech expanded its market reach, accelerated product development, and experienced increased revenue from new customers.
+
+In April 2019, InnovateTech released an upgraded version of its flagship software solution, incorporating enhanced features and improved user experience. This product expansion further solidified InnovateTech's position as a leader in software solutions for social networking platforms, boosting revenue and attracting more customers.
+
+To support its expansion and development opportunities, InnovateTech successfully raised $50 million through large-scale financing in February 2019. This infusion of capital bolstered the company's financial strength and provided resources for future growth initiatives.
+
+In June 2019, InnovateTech distributed $10 million in dividends to its shareholders, enhancing shareholder returns and solidifying investor confidence. This move demonstrated the company's commitment to rewarding its shareholders and sharing its success.
+
+In August 2019, InnovateTech completed the acquisition of a 51% equity stake in SocialConnect, Inc., a prominent social media platform. This significant equity acquisition expanded InnovateTech's market share and strengthened its control over the social media technology sector.
+
+In October 2019, InnovateTech underwent a debt restructuring process, reducing its liabilities by $30 million. This initiative improved the company's financial condition and resulted in a substantial reduction in financial costs.
+
+In November 2019, InnovateTech made a major investment of $20 million in Project Ampere, a ground-breaking social media analytics platform. This investment expanded InnovateTech's business areas, enhanced profitability, and diversified its product offerings.
+
+In December 2019, InnovateTech acquired DreamLife Studios, a renowned mobile gaming company, for $60 million. This major asset acquisition expanded InnovateTech's business scope and augmented its market competitiveness in the gaming industry.
+
+These events have had a significant impact on InnovateTech's financial indicators. The company's operating income reached $125 million, reflecting the success of its main business and other income sources. Net profit stood at $40 million, showcasing the company's ability to generate income while effectively controlling costs and managing non-recurring gains and losses.
+
+In terms of assets, InnovateTech's total assets amounted to $450 million, influenced by asset acquisitions, disposals, and revaluations. The company's total liabilities were $180 million, reflecting its debt obligations, new debt issuances, debt repayments, and debt restructuring efforts.
+
+Shareholder equity, representing the total equity belonging to shareholders, reached $270 million. This value was influenced by the company's net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves.
+
+In terms of cash flow, InnovateTech recorded a total cash flow of $65 million, reflecting the inflows and outflows from its operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities.
+
+The company's debt ratio, which measures its debt level, stood at 40%. This ratio was influenced by changes in total liabilities and total assets. Additionally, InnovateTech's debt to assets ratio, which measures its financial leverage, was 30%, indicating a healthy balance between debt and assets.
+
+The return on equity, which reflects the operational efficiency of shareholder equity, was 15%. This ratio was influenced by changes in net profit and shareholder equity.
+
+Looking ahead, InnovateTech has outlined a comprehensive financial strategy to drive growth. This strategy includes cost control measures, improved capital operations, and diversified revenue streams through innovative products and services. The company also has ambitious investment plans in expanding its Artificial Intelligence (AI) research and development capabilities and exploring new market opportunities through strategic collaborations. To effectively manage financial risks and uncertainties, InnovateTech has implemented a thorough risk management framework, addressing challenges such as market fluctuations, legal and regulatory issues, and cybersecurity threats.
+
+In conclusion, InnovateTech, Inc. has demonstrated its commitment to innovation and growth in the social technology industry. Through strategic initiatives, partnerships, acquisitions, and financial restructuring, the company has achieved significant milestones and enhanced its financial performance. With a strong financial foundation, a diverse product portfolio, and a focus on future growth opportunities, InnovateTech is well-positioned to continue its success in the market.
+
+In 2019, InnovateTech, Inc. demonstrated a strong commitment to corporate governance and implemented several key initiatives to enhance transparency, compliance, and ethical practices. The company's governance structure was strengthened through various compliance and regulatory updates, starting with an internal audit of corporate governance practices conducted in February. This audit aimed to identify areas for improvement and ensure adherence to internal policies and procedures. The impact of this audit was significant, as it enhanced transparency, accountability, and integrity in corporate governance, leading to improved decision-making processes and mitigating the risk of fraud or unethical behavior.
+
+In March, InnovateTech appointed a Chief Compliance Officer responsible for overseeing and enforcing compliance with regulatory requirements, internal policies, and industry standards. This appointment further strengthened the company's regulatory compliance culture, minimized non-compliance risks, and instilled confidence in investors and stakeholders regarding the company's commitment to adherence to legal and ethical standards.
+
+In April, the company revised its Code of Ethics and Conduct to align with evolving industry practices, address emerging ethical challenges, and promote responsible business conduct. This revision had a positive impact on the company, as it established clear ethical standards and guidelines, fostering a culture of integrity and building trust among employees, shareholders, and business partners.
+
+To ensure that employees were well-informed about corporate governance principles, compliance requirements, and reporting obligations, InnovateTech conducted comprehensive training sessions in May. This internal training improved employees' awareness of corporate governance standards, mitigated risks associated with non-compliance, and promoted a culture of accountability and responsible decision-making throughout the organization.
+
+In June, the company enhanced its Whistleblower Policy to provide employees with a safe and confidential mechanism to report suspected fraudulent activities, unethical behavior, or violations of corporate governance policies. This enhancement encouraged a speak-up culture, facilitating the detection and prevention of misconduct, and safeguarding the company's reputation and assets.
+
+In terms of risk management, InnovateTech implemented measures in February to update its risk management framework. These measures included the identification of new risks and the implementation of mitigation strategies. By continuously assessing and addressing risks, the company improved its ability to respond to internal and external challenges, ensuring continuous operation and stable development.
+
+In addition to governance and risk management, InnovateTech demonstrated a strong commitment to sustainability and social responsibility. In April, the company made significant progress in these areas, contributing to environmental protection, social responsibility, and corporate citizenship. These initiatives enhanced the company's public image and market competitiveness, promoting long-term sustainable development.
+
+The shareholders' meeting in May played a crucial role in shaping the company's governance structure and future operational strategies. Key decisions made at this meeting, including changes to the company's charter, major corporate actions, and voting results, directly impacted the company's governance structure and shareholder rights.
+
+In June, InnovateTech revised its corporate governance policies to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. This revision further boosted stakeholder confidence and promoted corporate governance transparency and accountability.
+
+In July, the company established a strategic partnership with a top social media platform, enabling access to a wider user base and increased market reach. This partnership expanded InnovateTech's customer base, increased revenue opportunities, and strengthened its position in the social media industry.
+
+In August, there was a change in the board of directors, which had an impact on the company's strategic direction. Such changes may lead to adjustments in operational focus and strategic priorities, affecting both short-term performance and long-term development.
+
+In November, InnovateTech successfully completed its Initial Public Offering (IPO), generating funds for expansion and increasing market visibility. This IPO provided capital for business growth and enhanced the company's reputation as a publicly traded entity.
+
+Finally, in December, there were changes in the company's senior management, including the CEO or other key positions. These changes had an impact on the company's operational focus and priorities, leading to adjustments in strategic direction and potentially affecting both short-term performance and long-term development.
+
+Throughout 2019, InnovateTech demonstrated a strong commitment to corporate governance, risk management, sustainability, and social responsibility. The company's efforts to enhance transparency, compliance, and ethical practices have positioned it as a leader in the social networking software solutions industry. By continuously improving its governance structure, risk management measures, and ethical standards, InnovateTech has built a solid foundation for long-term success and stakeholder confidence.
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+Elevate Retail Inc., established on June 1, 2005, is a prominent retail company listed on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) and specializes in the sale of fashion apparel, accessories, and home goods.
+
+In January 2020, Elevate Retail Inc. made a major investment of $10 million in a new flagship store in downtown Manhattan. This investment aimed to expand the company's product range and incorporate new technologies, ultimately enhancing profitability. Following this investment, Elevate Retail Inc. embarked on a series of sub-events to further strengthen its market position and revenue streams.
+
+In July 2020, Elevate Retail Inc. finalized a store expansion plan, announcing the opening of five new stores in major cities across the United States. This strategic move aimed to boost market share and increase revenue through increased foot traffic and improved customer accessibility.
+
+In August 2020, Elevate Retail Inc. entered into a strategic partnership agreement with a prominent fashion brand. This partnership leveraged the brand's popularity to create a new revenue stream for Elevate Retail Inc., further enhancing its market presence.
+
+Recognizing the growing importance of online retail, Elevate Retail Inc. allocated resources in September 2020 to enhance the functionality and user experience of its online store. This investment aimed to attract more customers, increase online sales, and strengthen the company's omnichannel presence.
+
+In October 2020, Elevate Retail Inc. made a significant move by acquiring a fashion tech startup specializing in augmented reality (AR) virtual try-on technology. This acquisition enhanced the customer shopping experience, increased engagement, and ultimately led to higher conversions.
+
+Expanding its operations internationally, Elevate Retail Inc. initiated plans in November 2020 to tap into new customer demographics and increase brand recognition in international markets. This move aimed to diversify revenue sources and further strengthen the company's position in the global retail industry.
+
+In April 2020, Elevate Retail Inc. underwent asset restructuring to optimize its business structure. This involved closing underperforming stores and reallocating resources, resulting in improved operational efficiency and increased company value.
+
+In July 2020, Elevate Retail Inc. completed the acquisition of 80% equity of High Fashion Corp. This acquisition expanded the company's market share and enhanced its control in the luxury segment of the retail industry.
+
+To optimize its capital structure, Elevate Retail Inc. underwent debt restructuring in August 2020, reducing its liabilities by $15 million. This move improved the company's financial condition and reduced financial costs.
+
+In September 2020, Elevate Retail Inc. completed the acquisition of distribution centers and warehouses of Logistics Solutions Inc. This acquisition expanded the company's business scope and enhanced its market competitiveness in supply chain management.
+
+To strengthen its financial position, Elevate Retail Inc. conducted a large-scale financing activity in October 2020, raising $50 million through bond issuance. This move further solidified the company's financial strength and provided support for its expansion and development strategies.
+
+In December 2020, Elevate Retail Inc. decided to distribute $5 million of dividends to its shareholders. This dividend distribution enhanced shareholder returns and rewarded investor confidence.
+
+Now let's delve into the financial indicators of Elevate Retail Inc. to gain a deeper understanding of the company's performance. The operating income of Elevate Retail Inc. for the accounting period amounted to $480 million. This figure represents the total main business income and other business income generated by the company. The operating income is influenced by factors such as market demand and changes in product prices.
+
+The net profit of Elevate Retail Inc. for the accounting period reached $32 million. This net profit reflects the company's overall financial performance and is influenced by factors such as the operating income, cost control measures, and non-recurring gains and losses.
+
+At the end of the accounting period, Elevate Retail Inc. had total assets amounting to $960 million. These assets include various tangible and intangible assets owned by the company. The total assets are influenced by factors such as asset acquisition, asset disposal, and asset revaluation.
+
+Elevate Retail Inc. had total liabilities of $380 million at the end of the accounting period. These liabilities represent the company's obligations to repay debts. Factors such as new debt issuance, debt repayment, and debt restructuring influence the total liabilities.
+
+The shareholder equity of Elevate Retail Inc. at the end of the accounting period amounted to $580 million. This shareholder equity represents the total amount of equity belonging to the company's shareholders. The shareholder equity is influenced by factors such as the net profit, dividend distribution, and capital reserves.
+
+The cash flow of Elevate Retail Inc. for the accounting period was $75 million. This cash flow represents the total cash inflows and outflows of the company. The cash flow is influenced by the company's operating activities, investment activities, and financing activities.
+
+The debt ratio of Elevate Retail Inc. stands at 39.58%. This ratio reflects the proportion of total liabilities to total assets, indicating the company's debt level. Changes in total liabilities and total assets influence the debt ratio.
+
+The debt to assets ratio of Elevate Retail Inc. is also 39.58%. This ratio represents the percentage of total liabilities to total assets and serves as a measure of the company's financial leverage. Increases or decreases in assets and liabilities influence the debt to assets ratio.
+
+The return on equity of Elevate Retail Inc. is 5.52%. This ratio reflects the operational efficiency of the company's shareholder equity. Changes in net profit and shareholder equity influence the return on equity.
+
+Looking ahead, Elevate Retail Inc. plans to implement strict cost control measures, pursue strategic acquisitions, and focus on capital operations for sustainable growth. The company aims to enhance the online shopping experience, improve supply chain management, and expand its physical presence through technology and digitalization initiatives. Elevate Retail Inc. also recognizes the importance of effective risk management and will continue to identify and mitigate financial risks such as changes in consumer demand, intense competition, and uncertain economic conditions.
+
+In conclusion, Elevate Retail Inc. has established itself as a prominent retail company specializing in fashion apparel, accessories, and home goods. Through strategic investments, partnerships, and acquisitions, the company has expanded its business areas, enhanced profitability, and strengthened its market position. With a focus on financial strategy, investment plans, and risk management, Elevate Retail Inc. is well-positioned for future growth and success in the retail industry.
+
+In recent years, Elevate Retail Inc. has demonstrated a strong commitment to sustainability and social responsibility, as evidenced by their significant progress in these areas. In January 2020, the company launched a Sustainability Task Force, demonstrating their dedication to sustainability and enabling focused efforts on achieving sustainability goals. This initiative has had a positive impact on Elevate Retail's public image and market competitiveness, promoting long-term sustainable development.
+
+Furthermore, Elevate Retail implemented a Sustainable Packaging Program in March 2020, which has effectively reduced the company's environmental footprint and promoted responsible consumption and waste reduction. This program has not only contributed to the company's sustainability efforts but has also resonated with environmentally conscious consumers, enhancing their brand reputation.
+
+In April 2020, Elevate Retail formed partnerships with Sustainable Fashion Organizations, gaining access to expert knowledge and networks in the sustainable fashion space. This collaboration has fostered innovation and credibility in the industry, further positioning Elevate Retail as a leader in sustainable fashion.
+
+Moreover, Elevate Retail made a significant investment in renewable energy projects in May 2020. This investment not only mitigates the company's environmental impact but also demonstrates their financial support for sustainable energy solutions. By aligning their operations with renewable energy sources, Elevate Retail is setting an example for other companies in the retail industry.
+
+Additionally, Elevate Retail has actively engaged in community outreach programs since August 2020. These programs have not only enhanced the company's reputation but have also strengthened stakeholder relationships and contributed to societal well-being. By giving back to the communities they operate in, Elevate Retail has established a positive rapport with their customers and local residents.
+
+In terms of corporate governance, Elevate Retail revised their corporate governance policies in March 2020 to enhance transparency, accountability, and stakeholder engagement. This revision has had a positive impact on the company's corporate governance transparency and accountability, boosting stakeholder confidence.
+
+Furthermore, Elevate Retail expanded their product lines in April 2020 to respond to changing consumer preferences and market trends. This strategic move has increased their revenue streams and diversified their product portfolio, contributing to long-term growth.
+
+In May 2020, Elevate Retail made key decisions at their annual shareholders' meeting, which directly impacted the company's governance structure, future operational strategies, and shareholder rights. These decisions reflect the company's commitment to ensuring the interests of their shareholders and maintaining a strong governance framework.
+
+Elevate Retail also stays updated with compliance and regulatory standards, implementing necessary updates in July 2020. By ensuring compliance with the latest laws and regulations, Elevate Retail reduces legal risk and protects the interests of the company and its shareholders.
+
+In August 2020, Elevate Retail experienced a change in senior management, which included the appointment of a new CEO. This change in senior management may lead to adjustments in operational focus and strategic priorities, potentially affecting the company's short-term performance and long-term development.
+
+Unfortunately, in October 2020, Elevate Retail faced an ethics and integrity incident involving conflicts of interest. The company took immediate measures to address the violation, demonstrating their commitment to maintaining ethical standards. However, such incidents may have a negative impact on the company's reputation and brand value, affecting relationships with investors, customers, and partners.
+
+To mitigate risks, Elevate Retail implemented risk management measures in November 2020. These measures include updates to their risk management framework, identification of new risks, and the implementation of mitigation strategies. By proactively managing risks, Elevate Retail ensures continuous operation and stable development.
+
+Lastly, in December 2020, Elevate Retail experienced a change in their board of directors. The appointment or resignation of board members can have a significant impact on the company's strategic direction, potentially leading to adjustments in the company's long-term development direction and shareholder interests.
+
+In conclusion, Elevate Retail Inc. has made significant strides in sustainability, social responsibility, and corporate governance. Their commitment to these areas has enhanced their public image, market competitiveness, and stakeholder relationships. By continuously adapting to changing consumer preferences and market trends, Elevate Retail has diversified their product portfolio and increased their revenue streams. However, the company also faced challenges, such as ethics and integrity incidents, which they promptly addressed. Moving forward, Elevate Retail aims to strengthen their governance structure, improve transparency in information disclosure, expand their corporate social responsibility initiatives, and enhance their risk management strategies. With these initiatives in place, Elevate Retail is well-positioned for long-term success in the retail industry.
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+文化传媒有限公司是一家于2005年成立的上海企业，主要经营文化传媒服务，包括影视制作、音乐发行、艺人经纪等业务，目前尚未上市，专注于文化行业。
+
+2019年度是文化传媒有限公司取得重要成就的一年。首先，在2019年3月，公司决定向股东分发1000万元股利，每股派发0.5元。这一决策是在经过2019年1月的财务审计后做出的，审计结果显示公司财务状况良好，为分发股利提供了充足的依据。此外，公司在2019年1月至2月实现了较去年同期增长10%的营收，这表明公司业务稳健，为分发股利提供了充足的资金来源。财务分析结果也为公司决定分发股利提供了数据支持，保证了分红决策的合理性。
+
+另外，2019年6月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了3亿元资金，用于新项目投资和业务扩张。这次融资活动加强了公司的资金实力，为公司的扩张和发展提供了有力支持。然而，为了降低成本，公司在同一月份进行了结构调整，裁减了部分员工。这一举措降低了人员成本，提升了公司的运营效率。
+
+在2019年8月，为优化资本结构，公司进行了债务重组，减少了2亿元负债，提高了财务杠杆比率。这一举措改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。同年9月，公司投资了《西游记》系列电影项目，投资金额为1亿元。这一重大投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。随后，公司在10月完成了对绿野电影有限公司的股权收购，获得了70%的股权。这一收购进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。在11月，公司将其旗下的音乐发行业务与F唱片公司合并，优化了公司的业务结构和资源配置。这一资产重组提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。最后，在12月，公司完成了对太阳影视有限公司的资产收购，总价值3000万元。这一资产收购扩大了公司的业务范围，增强了公司的市场竞争力。
+
+以上重要事件对公司的财务状况产生了显著影响。根据财务报告，2019年度的营业收入为3200万元，净利润为800万元，总资产为15000万元，总负债为8000万元，股东权益为7000万元，现金流量为2000万元。负债比率为53.33%，资产负债率也为53.33%。净资产收益率为11.43%。
+
+在未来展望方面，公司计划实施一系列财务策略，包括降低成本、提高资金利用效率和优化资本结构。具体而言，公司将通过精简管理层、优化业务流程等方式降低人员和运营成本。同时，公司将加强资金管理、优化现金流量、有效控制投资风险，提高资金利用效率。此外，公司还计划进一步减少负债，提高股东权益比例，以降低财务风险。
+
+公司还制定了未来的投资计划，主要集中在影视制作、音乐发行和艺人经纪等相关领域。计划投资金额预计在5000万元左右。具体而言，公司将加大对优质电影、电视剧、网络剧等项目的投资，提升公司在影视行业的品牌和影响力。同时，公司将扩大音乐发行业务的规模，加强与唱片公司、艺人的合作，拓展音乐市场。此外，公司还将发掘和培养优秀艺人，提供全方位的经纪管理服务，打造明星团队。
+
+为了应对风险，公司制定了一系列风险管理策略。公司将加强市场调研，及时掌握市场变化，及时调整经营策略，以应对市场风险。同时，公司将密切关注相关行业政策变化，适时调整业务布局，应对政策风险。此外，公司将提高核心竞争力，不断创新，加强产品和服务的差异化，以应对竞争风险。公司还将严格控制财务风险，优化资金运作，合理融资，避免过度依赖债务，以应对资金风险。此外，公司将完善人才培养体系，提高员工培训和激励机制，留住核心人才，以应对人才风险。最后，公司将加大研发投入，提升技术水平，把握技术发展趋势，以应对技术风险。
+
+综上所述，文化传媒有限公司在2019年度取得了显著的成绩，并制定了未来的发展计划和风险管理策略。公司将继续努力提升业务水平，优化财务状况，实现可持续发展。
+
+在公司治理结构方面，文化传媒有限公司在2019年1月发生了一起道德与诚信事件。该事件涉及高管财务失信行为，其中公司高管故意篡改财务报表，夸大公司业绩，违反了财务准则和道德规范。这一事件可能导致投资者对公司财务报表的不信任，损害公司声誉和股价，并可能引发监管部门的调查和处罚。公司内部审计部门在2019年2月发现了这一问题，并决定立即展开调查，并采取相应的行动来纠正财务违规行为，以避免进一步的法律和道德责任。为了恢复投资者的信任，公司决定在2019年3月聘请独立的第三方审计机构重新审计财务报表，以确认公司的财务状况和业绩。此举旨在确保公司财务报表的准确性和可靠性，并为后续的法律和监管程序做准备。此外，公司还在2019年5月对内部财务管理制度进行了全面修订，并加强了财务诚信和准则的培训与监督。这一举措旨在防止类似事件再次发生，并提升公司内部风控和合规管理水平，以保护公司和投资者利益。
+
+在合规与监管更新方面，文化传媒有限公司在2019年2月适应了新的法规和合规标准的更新，包括证券法、公司法或特定行业规定的变化。这一举措旨在确保公司遵守最新的法律法规，减少法律风险，保护公司和股东利益。
+
+在风险管理举措方面，文化传媒有限公司在2019年4月更新了风险管理框架，包括新风险的识别和缓解策略的实施。这一举措旨在提高公司对内外部风险的应对能力，保障公司持续运营和稳定发展。
+
+在董事会变更方面，文化传媒有限公司在2019年5月发生了董事会成员的任命或辞职。这一变更可能导致公司战略调整，影响公司长期发展方向和股东利益。
+
+在高级管理层变动方面，文化传媒有限公司在2019年8月发生了高级管理层的变动，包括CEO或其他关键职位的更换。这一变动可能导致公司运营重点和战略优先事项的调整，影响短期内的业绩和长期发展。
+
+在股东大会决议方面，文化传媒有限公司在2019年10月作出了关键决策，包括公司章程的变更、重大公司行动和股东投票结果。这些决议直接影响公司治理结构、未来经营策略和股东权益。
+
+在公司治理政策修订方面，文化传媒有限公司在2019年11月修订了公司治理框架或政策，以增强透明度、问责制或利益相关者参与。这一举措旨在增强公司治理透明度和问责制，提升利益相关者信心。
+
+在高级管理层变动方面，文化传媒有限公司在2019年11月发生了高级管理层的变动，包括CTO或其他关键职位的更换。这一变动可能导致公司技术发展和创新能力的调整，影响产品研发和市场竞争力。
+
+在可持续性与社会责任倡议方面，文化传媒有限公司在2019年12月取得了重大进展。公司在可持续性、环境保护、社会责任和企业公民方面取得了重大进展。这些举措有助于提升公司公众形象和市场竞争力，促进长期可持续发展。
+
+在信息披露方面，文化传媒有限公司遵循证监会的相关规定，及时披露公司财务状况、业绩情况和重大事件，并且保持高度透明度。
+
+在关联交易方面，文化传媒有限公司采取公平、公正、公开的原则，经过董事会审批，遵循公司法和证监会的要求，确保关联交易的公正性和合规性，以保护利益相关者的利益。
+
+在内部控制方面，文化传媒有限公司建立了完善的内部控制制度，包括风险识别、评估和控制措施的设计与实施。公司定期进行内部控制效果评估，确保财务和运营风险得到有效管理。
+
+为了加强董事会和监事会的功能，文化传媒有限公司提高了董事会和监事会在公司治理中的效率和效果。公司定期进行培训，增加独立董事比例，并优化决策过程。这一举措旨在提高公司治理水平，确保公司决策的科学性和合理性。
+
+为了提升透明度和信息披露质量，文化传媒有限公司改进了信息披露流程和标准。公司确保及时、准确、全面地向所有利益相关者报告公司情况，增强公司治理透明度和问责制。
+
+为了强化内部控制系统，文化传媒有限公司建立和完善了内部控制系统。公司识别、评估、监控和报告财务和运营风险，提高公司抵御风险的能力。
+
+为了将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，文化传媒有限公司识别相关风险和机会，促进长期价值创造。公司将可持续发展和社会责任整合到业务决策和运营中，推动公司可持续发展。
+
+综上所述，文化传媒有限公司在2019年在公司治理结构、合规与监管更新、风险管理举措、董事会变更、高级管理层变动、股东大会决议、公司治理政策修订、可持续性与社会责任倡议等方面采取了一系列措施。这些措施旨在提高公司治理水平、减少法律风险、保护利益相关者的权益，并促进公司的可持续发展。
+
+公司一直致力于环境保护和社会责任的履行，通过一系列的节能减排项目和绿色产品开发，公司取得了显著的成绩。
+
+首先，在节能减排项目实施方面，公司于2019年1月委托专业咨询机构对能源消耗情况进行评估。评估结果为节能减排项目的实施提供了可靠的数据基础，帮助确定了目标和方案。随后，公司于2019年2月制定了全面的节能减排方案，包括改善设备能效和优化能源利用等。这些方案为后续的节能减排项目实施提供了具体的行动指南和措施。为了实施这些方案，公司于2019年2月至3月购买了一批高效能源设备并对部分现有设备进行了改造，以提高能效和降低能源消耗。这些设备采购和改造直接为节能减排项目的实施提供了必要的物质基础，为后续的节能工作奠定了基础。通过这些措施，公司成功减少了碳排放量，降低了企业的环境影响。
+
+此外，公司还在2019年8月成功开发了一款名为"绿影"的环保型影视制作设备。这款设备能够减少能源消耗和废弃物排放，降低对环境的影响。通过绿影设备的推广，公司提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象，同时减少了对环境的负面影响。
+
+为了更好地履行企业社会责任，公司于2019年9月在各分支机构加大了环保投入，建立了先进的废水处理系统和排放控制设备，有效减少了环境污染。这一措施显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，同时增强了合规性和社会责任感。
+
+此外，公司于2019年10月通过投资林业项目和太阳能发电项目等可再生能源项目来抵消其碳排放，致力于实现碳中和目标。通过碳抵消证书，公司能够向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺和责任，并为可持续发展做出积极贡献。
+
+为了提高环境管理能力和持续改进，公司于2019年11月成功实施了国际标准ISO 14001环境管理体系。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进，提升了合规性和市场认可度。
+
+在社会责任方面，公司于2019年4月实施了一系列旨在提升员工健康与安全的措施，包括定期健康体检和职业卫生培训等。这些措施显著改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故发生率，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+为了支持社区的发展，公司于2019年5月加大了对当地社区的投资，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目，为社区居民提供更多福利。通过这些项目，公司加深了与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和可持续发展。
+
+为了提升社会责任履行水平和企业形象，公司于2019年6月委托专业机构对其社会责任履行情况进行评估。评估结果为公司提供了管理建议和改进方向，帮助公司提升社会责任履行水平和企业形象。
+
+为了促进员工的职业成长和人才发展，公司于2019年7月为员工提供了多种培训和发展项目，如在线课程、工作坊和导师计划等。这些计划提高了员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。
+
+为了加强与社区的联系和支持，公司于2019年9月积极参与和资助各类慈善活动和慈善机构，支持教育、健康、减贫等社会公益事业。通过慈善行动，公司提高了社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。
+
+为了提供更好的生活环境和服务，公司于2019年12月积极投资或参与公共服务项目，如城市绿化、公共卫生改善项目等。这些项目促进了社区的可持续发展，增加了公众对公司的积极认可和信任。
+
+未来展望方面，公司计划在2020年至2022年采用更多的清洁能源，并在制造过程中优化能源利用和废物处理，进一步减少环境影响。同时，公司将继续积极履行社会责任，加强与社区、员工和其他利益相关者的合作，致力于打造可持续发展的企业。公司还计划将联合国可持续发展目标纳入战略规划和业务决策中，实现经济、社会和环境的可持续发展。
+
+综上所述，文化传媒有限公司在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了显著的成绩。通过一系列的节能减排项目和绿色产品开发，公司成功降低了碳排放量和能源消耗，减少了环境污染。同时，公司积极履行社会责任，关注员工健康与安全，支持社区发展，并参与慈善活动和公共服务项目。未来，公司将继续加大环境保护力度，制定更具体的社会责任战略，并将可持续发展目标纳入其战略规划和业务决策中，以实现经济、社会和环境的可持续发展。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_84_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_84_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e0f5fcadfb88195f153a5402d2205fd4e7c3a5b
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_84_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+#碧落市柿园区人民法院刑事判决书
+
+
+
+（2023）碧柿刑初字第1234号
+
+
+
+## 公安机关与检察机关信息:
+
+
+
+### 偵查机关:碧落市公安局柿园区分局
+
+### 侦查机关负责人: 陈某
+
+### 检察机关:碧落市柿园区人民检察院
+
+### 检察官: 李某
+
+
+
+## 部分审判信息:
+
+
+
+### 公诉机关: 碧落市柿园区人民检察院
+
+### 法定代表人: 李某某
+
+### 人民检察官: 李某
+
+## 法院基本信息:
+
+
+
+### 审判法院: 碧落市柿园区人民法院
+
+### 审判长:赵某
+
+### 审判员: 马某某
+
+### 书记员: 金某
+
+
+
+## 被告人及辩护人信息:
+
+
+
+### 被告人: 计某某, 男, 1970年8月2日出生, 汉族, 无业, 户籍所在地及目前住址碧落市朝阳街77号。
+
+
+
+### 辩护人: 方某, 碧落市平安律师事务所律师。
+
+
+
+## 案件审理经过:
+
+
+
+碧落市柿园区人民检察院以柿检公诉刑诉[2023]第098号起诉书指控被告人计某某犯有寻衅滋事罪,向本院提起公诉。本院依法组成合议庭,公开开庭审理了此案。碧落市柿园区人民检察院派员出庭支持公诉,被告人计某某及其辩护人方某到庭参加诉讼。本案现已审理终结。
+
+
+
+## 案情陈述:
+
+
+
+### 一.被告人计某某的犯罪事实:
+
+
+
+1. 经审理查明: 被告人计某某无正当职业，长期在碧落市各公共场所游荡，寻衅滋事，情节特别恶劣。其具体犯罪事实如下:
+
+
+
+2022年12月25日，被告人计某某在碧落市朝阳街的“天悦KTV”内，因猜忌顾客赵某在唱歌时多看了其一眼，便无故殴打赵某，致使赵某头部受伤住院。经医院诊断，赵某的伤情为轻伤二级。现场监控录像显示，计某某对赵某采取了暴力行为，赵某无任何反抗。现场目击者刘某提供的证人证言也证实了整个经过。
+
+
+
+2023年1月3日，被告人计某某在碧落市中心广场闲逛，无故辱骂并恐吓路人李某，李某因躲闪不及摔倒在地，造成膝盖擦伤。此事引起多人围观，公共场所秩序一度混乱。广场监控录像完整记录了计某某当时的行为。李某提供的证人证言以及公安部门的现场笔录，进一步佐证了整个事实经过。
+
+
+
+2023年2月15日，被告人计某某在碧落市杏花公园内闲逛，见到摊贩王某售卖的水果新鲜诱人，便强行拿走价值约300元的水果。当王某上前阻止时，计某某不仅没有归还所拿物品，还将王某的水果摊掀翻，造成水果散落一地。王某随后报警，公园管理员陈某作为证人提供了当时的目击证言。事发现场的照片亦显示了被破坏的水果摊。
+
+
+
+2023年3月10日，被告人计某某在碧落市火车站出站口，无理由纠集多人起哄闹事，造成出站口秩序严重混乱，导致出站通道被迫关闭10分钟。火车站监控录像记录了计某某纠集他人起哄闹事的现场情形，铁路工作人员李某提供的证人证言和公安部门的情况汇报也进一步证实了这一行为。
+
+
+
+### 二.被告人计某某的供述与辩解:
+
+
+
+被告人计某某在庭审中对其上述行为供认不讳，但其辩解称，以上行为是因为其当时情绪失控并且受到他人挑衅所致。但经本院查明，被告人的辩解与事实不符，并没有证据能够支持其辩解。
+
+
+
+## 指控罪名:
+
+
+
+碧落市柿园区人民检察院指控被告人计某某犯有寻衅滋事罪，认为其在公共场所多次实施寻衅滋事行为，破坏公共秩序，情节特别恶劣，应当依法予以刑事处罚。
+
+
+
+## 证据描述:
+
+
+
+1. 赵某的住院病历，证明计某某在2022年12月25日的暴力行为致使赵某头部受伤住院，医院诊断其伤情为轻伤二级。
+
+
+
+2. 现场监控录像，显示计某某在“天悦KTV”内无故殴打赵某的全过程。
+
+
+
+3. 目击者刘某提供的证人证言，进一步佐证了计某某在天悦KTV内的暴力行为。
+
+
+
+4. 广场监控录像，记录了计某某在2023年1月3日无故辱骂并恐吓路人李某的全过程。
+
+
+
+5. 李某的证人证言，证明其在碧落市中心广场被计某某无故辱骂并恐吓的事实。
+
+
+
+6. 公安部门的现场笔录，记录了现场勘查的实际情况，佐证了计某某在碧落市中心广场实施的寻衅滋事行为。
+
+
+
+7. 王某的报案记录，证明其在2023年2月15日被计某某强拿硬要水果并掀翻其水果摊的事实。
+
+
+
+8. 公园管理员陈某提供的证人证言，显示陈某目睹了整个过程。
+
+
+
+9. 事发现场的照片，显示王某的水果摊被破坏的具体情况。
+
+
+
+10. 火车站监控录像，记录了计某某在火车站出站口纠集他人起哄闹事的全过程。
+
+
+
+11. 铁路工作人员李某提供的证人证言，证明其在现场目睹计某某起哄闹事的实际情况。
+
+
+
+12. 公安部门的情况汇报，记录了火车站出站口因计某某的行为导致秩序混乱的实际情况。
+
+
+
+## 量刑考量:
+
+
+
+被告人计某某多次实施寻衅滋事行为，破坏公共秩序，情节特别恶劣，其行为不仅对个体受害者造成伤害，更对社会公共秩序造成严重影响。本院在审理过程中，充分考虑了被告人的认罪态度和社会危害性。
+
+
+
+尽管被告人计某某在庭审中认罪认罚，但鉴于其屡次实施犯罪行为，主观恶性较大，社会危害性较高，且无自首或立功表现，故本院认为不适用缓刑。同时，被告人家庭情况、经济状况、社会背景均不影响本案的量刑。
+
+
+
+## 判决结果:
+
+
+
+经本院审判委员会讨论决定，依照《中华人民共和国刑法》及相关法律法规，判决如下:
+
+
+
+被告人计某某犯寻衅滋事罪，判处有期徒刑4年。
+
+
+
+## 上诉权说明:
+
+
+
+被告人计某某如不服本判决，可在接到判决书之日起十日内，通过本院或者直接向碧落市中级人民法院提出上诉。书面上诉的，应提交上诉状正本一份，副本二份。
+
+
+
+本判决书于2023年9月10日作出。
+
+
+
+审判长: 赵某
+
+审判员: 马某某
+
+书记员: 金某
+
+
+
+碧落市柿园区人民法院
+
+2023年9月10日
+
+
+
+参考法条如下：
+
+第二百九十三条
+
+有下列寻衅滋事行为之一，破坏社会秩序的，处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制：
+
+（一）随意殴打他人，情节恶劣的；
+
+（二）追逐、拦截、辱骂、恐吓他人，情节恶劣的；
+
+（三）强拿硬要或者任意损毁、占用公私财物，情节严重的；
+
+（四）在公共场所起哄闹事，造成公共场所秩序严重混乱的。
+
+纠集他人多次实施前款行为，严重破坏社会秩序的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，可以并处罚金。
+
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_85_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_85_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05eeff9011d5b255ec0acd8515384a98f14e6f73
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_85_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# 霜叶市杉木区人民法院刑事判决书
+
+
+
+### （2023）霜杉刑初字第2023号
+
+
+
+案由：寻衅滋事罪
+
+
+
+---
+
+
+
+##### *公诉机关*
+
+霜叶市杉木区人民检察院
+
+
+
+##### *法院审判人员*
+
+审判长：郑某某
+
+审判员：吕某某
+
+书记员：尹某
+
+
+
+##### *被告人*
+
+被告人姓名：曹某
+
+性别：男
+
+出生日期：1982年11月15日
+
+居住地：霜叶市银杏街58号
+
+民族：汉族
+
+职业：个体经营
+
+
+
+##### *辩护人*
+
+辩护人姓名：郑某
+
+律所：霜叶市旭日律师事务所
+
+
+
+---
+
+
+
+### 一、案件经过
+
+
+
+霜叶市杉木区人民检察院于2023年5月15日对被告人曹某涉嫌寻衅滋事罪进行立案调查，随后在2023年5月16日采取留置措施，并于2023年5月18日对其进行刑事拘留，至2023年5月25日正式逮捕。案件调查时间较长，涉案情节复杂，案卷材料繁多，现查明事实如下：
+
+
+
+### 二、案情陈述及指控罪名
+
+
+
+- **2023年4月1日下午2点至2点30分：**
+
+被告人曹某在霜叶市银杏公园内，无故针对一名陈姓老人进行辱骂，在老人试图离开时，曹某追逐并拦截老人，造成老人慌乱中摔倒受伤。事后，银杏公园的监控录像清楚记录了整个事件的经过。监控录像显示，曹某共辱骂老人10分钟之久，并在老人试图避开时继续追打。老人在摔倒后，被其他路人扶起并报警，后经医疗机构诊断为右手腕骨折。受害人陈某及现场目击者陈某的证言，均一致证明了曹某的暴行。
+
+
+
+- **2023年4月10日下午3点至3点15分：**
+
+被告人曹某在霜叶市中心商业街区，因无故与一名女大学生发生言语冲突，抢夺其手中的手机并恶意摔坏。手机的市场价值经评估得知为5000元。根据商业街区的监控录像所显示，曹某在3点整时与女大学生发生口角，随后实施抢夺和摔坏行为。受害人女大学生提供的证言，手机维修店的损毁报告，及曹某发送的部分彩信记录，均证实了其涉嫌犯罪的事实。
+
+
+
+- **2023年4月20日晚上8点至8点30分：**
+
+被告人曹某在霜叶市啤酒花园因醉酒滋事，挑衅周围顾客，导致大规模争执并引发集体推搡，导致酒吧内公共财物受损严重并影响周边治安。霜叶市公安局出具的现场处理记录和酒吧经理王某的证言，均表述了曹某酒后喧闹并挑起纷争的经过。酒吧监控录像详尽记录了被告人曹某醉酒后挑衅他人的全过程。受损财物经过评估，总价值达15000元。
+
+
+
+综上所述，公诉机关指控被告人曹某涉嫌寻衅滋事罪，理由充足，证据确凿。
+
+
+
+### 三、证据描述
+
+
+
+1. **银杏公园监控录像资料：**
+
+根据霜叶市银杏公园提供的监控录像，被告人曹某先是与受害人陈姓老人发生口角，随后蓄意追逐和辱骂老人，直至老人摔倒。监控录像显示，曹某的行为持续时间为10分钟，全程记录了其对老人的侵害行为。
+
+
+
+2. **受害人及证人的证言：**
+
+受害人陈某（老人）在证言中详细描述了曹某在公园内无故对其辱骂、追逐及最终导致其摔伤的整个过程。此外，目击者陈某也在证言中证实了曹某的行为，并强调当时感到极度不安和愤怒。
+
+
+
+3. **霜叶市中心商业街区监控录像：**
+
+监控录像显示，曹某于4月10日下午在与受害人女大学生发生言语冲突后，突然强行抢夺其手机，并当场摔毁。录像资料完整清晰，未有任何断档，能够充分证明曹某的犯罪行为。
+
+
+
+4. **受害人女大学生的证言：**
+
+受害人女大学生在证言中陈述了自己在霜叶市中心商业街区遇到曹某抢夺并摔坏手机的经过，并提供了当时的通讯记录及报警记录，进一步证明了其所述事实。
+
+
+
+5. **手机维修店出具的损毁报告：**
+
+受害人女大学生所使用的手机经过维修店检测后，出具了一份损毁报告，详细说明手机在被摔坏后的具体损坏程度。修理报告显现，手机屏幕、主板等部件均不可修复，确认其经济损失为5000元。
+
+
+
+6. **啤酒花园监控录像资料：**
+
+啤酒花园提供的监控录像全面记录了曹某在酒后挑起事端的全过程，包括与其他顾客发生冲突并招致推搡的细节。录像中清楚可见曹某的挑衅行为是引发混乱的原因，且混乱程度影响了周围数十人的正常活动。
+
+
+
+7. **霜叶市公安局出具的现场处理记录：**
+
+霜叶市公安局在处理啤酒花园事件的过程中，记录详细，包括曹某醉酒行为引发的冲突及后续的警务程序。警方记录显示，曹某的行为严重破坏了现场秩序，并导致大量财物受损。
+
+
+
+8. **酒吧经理王某的证言：**
+
+酒吧经理王某在证言中详细阐述了曹某在喝酒后挑衅顾客的全过程，并说明当时酒吧的损坏情况及其影响。王某称，曹某的行为使酒吧损失惨重，财物无法立即恢复使用，且当晚店内顾客大量减少。
+
+
+
+### 四、量刑考量
+
+
+
+被告人曹某的行为已构成寻衅滋事罪，其无故骚扰他人、抢夺他人财物并毁坏、酒后滋事扰乱公共秩序，且行为具有重复性和较强的社会危害性。具体考量如下：
+
+
+
+1. **犯罪次数和情节恶劣：**
+
+被告人曹某的犯罪行为在短时间内重复发生，情节均较为严重，明显违背社会公序良俗，其中涉及公众场合的暴力和破坏行为尤为突出。
+
+
+
+2. **社会影响：**
+
+曹某的行为不仅对直接受害人造成了身体和财产的损害，同时也严重影响了公共场所的秩序，带来了较大的社会负面影响。
+
+
+
+3. **认罪态度：**
+
+在案件调查和审理过程中，被告人曹某能够较为积极地配合，对所犯罪行表示认罪态度良好，并有一定悔过表现。
+
+
+
+4. **初犯的考虑：**
+
+被告人曹某为初犯，且无前科记录。法律适用上，可酌情予以从轻处罚。
+
+
+
+综合以上情节，霜叶市杉木区人民法院最终决定对被告人曹某作出从轻处罚。
+
+
+
+### 五、判决结果
+
+
+
+依照《中华人民共和国刑法》有关条款，经本院审判委员会评议，判决如下：
+
+
+
+被告人曹某犯寻衅滋事罪，判处有期徒刑三年。刑期自判决执行之日起计算，纳入前期刑事拘留时间。
+
+
+
+### 六、上诉权说明
+
+
+
+判决宣布后，被告人曹某如不服本判决，可以从收到判决书之日起十日内，通过本院或直接向上一级人民法院提出上诉。书面上诉的，应提交上诉状正本一份、副本二份，上诉状应载明上诉理由和事实。
+
+
+
+霜叶市杉木区人民法院
+
+书记员：尹某
+
+二〇二三年十月十日
+
+
+
+---
+
+
+
+以上为霜叶市杉木区人民法院对被告人曹某寻衅滋事一案的完整刑事判决书。
+
+
+
+参考法条如下：
+
+第二百九十三条
+
+有下列寻衅滋事行为之一，破坏社会秩序的，处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制：
+
+（一）随意殴打他人，情节恶劣的；
+
+（二）追逐、拦截、辱骂、恐吓他人，情节恶劣的；
+
+（三）强拿硬要或者任意损毁、占用公私财物，情节严重的；
+
+（四）在公共场所起哄闹事，造成公共场所秩序严重混乱的。
+
+纠集他人多次实施前款行为，严重破坏社会秩序的，处五年以上十年以下有期徒刑，可以并处罚金。
+
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_86_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_86_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..32409d6ed984ef62d23e08403097bcdec7f5783c
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_86_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+### 柿园市碧落区人民法院
+
+#### 刑 事 判 决 书
+
+
+
+（2023）碧刑初字第01234号
+
+
+
+#### 公诉机关：柿园市碧落区人民检察院
+
+
+
+#### 被告人：茅某某，女，1983年5月27日出生汉族，柿园市雨城街87号，个体经营户。因涉嫌销售假冒注册商标的商品罪，于2022年3月25日被柿园市公安局刑事拘留，同年4月10日被柿园市碧落区人民检察院批准逮捕。
+
+
+
+#### 辩护人：孙某某，柿园市正义律师事务所律师。
+
+
+
+本院受理柿园市碧落区人民检察院提起公诉的茅某某涉嫌销售假冒注册商标的商品一案后，依法组成合议庭。于2023年6月1日公开开庭审理了本案，柿园市碧落区人民检察院指派的检察员张某某出庭支持公诉，被告人茅某某及其辩护人孙某某到庭参加诉讼。现已审理终结。
+
+
+
+### 一、案情陈述
+
+
+
+经审理查明：2021年7月至2022年3月期间，被告人茅某某为牟取非法利益，在未经品牌权利人许可的情况下，通过其位于柿园市碧落区的服装店和网上店铺，销售大量假冒知名品牌“耐克”（NIKE）的运动鞋及运动服饰。上述商品均以低于市场价格售出，以吸引更多顾客。根据调查，茅某某的销售记录及相关账本显示，其销售假冒“耐克”商品的总金额达人民币150万元。
+
+
+
+2021年11月至2022年2月期间，被告人为扩大销售渠道，通过社交媒体平台宣传并销售假冒“阿迪达斯”（Adidas）品牌的运动鞋。为增强信任度，被告人茅某某在社交媒体平台上发布大量宣传信息，并与客户进行互动，使消费者误以为购买的是正品。通过该渠道销售的假冒商品金额共计人民币80万元。
+
+
+
+2021年12月至2022年3月期间，被告人茅某某通过固定的几名批发客户，批量销售假冒“新百伦”（New Balance）运动鞋和运动服饰。被告人与批发客户多次通过电子邮件和合同进行交易，累计销售假冒商品金额达人民币100万元。
+
+
+
+上述销售过程中，被告人茅某某明知其所销售的商品均为假冒，却仍通过多种渠道广泛宣传，将假冒商品销往各地。
+
+
+
+### 二、指控与庭审经过
+
+
+
+柿园市碧落区人民检察院指控被告人茅某某销售假冒注册商标的商品，认为其行为违反了中华人民共和国刑法第二百一十四条之规定，构成销售假冒注册商标的商品罪。公诉机关提交了大量证据，包括但不限于现场扣押的假冒商品、销售记录及账本、消费者证人证言、商品检验报告、社交媒体销售记录及宣传截图、与供货商的聊天记录、电子邮件及合同等，以证明被告人的犯罪事实。
+
+
+
+庭审中，被告人茅某某对指控的事实和罪名无异议，但辩护人孙某某提出，被告人茅某某初次犯罪，且认罪态度较好，请求本院予以从轻处罚。
+
+
+
+### 三、证据描述
+
+
+
+为了查明案件事实，公诉机关和辩护人双方提交、质证了如下证据：
+
+
+
+1. **现场扣押的假冒商品清单及照片**：执法部门在被告人茅某某的店铺及仓库中扣押的假冒“耐克”、假冒“阿迪达斯”、假冒“新百伦”品牌的运动鞋及运动服饰的详细清单，以及现场拍摄的照片。该清单和照片准确记录了扣押商品的种类、数量及包装特征。
+
+
+
+2. **销售记录及相关账本**：显示被告人茅某某通过线上线下销售假冒商品的详细记录及金额。账本中详细记载了日常销售的金额、付款方式、客户信息及商品种类。
+
+
+
+3. **消费者证人证言**：多名购买到假冒商品的消费者证实，他们通过茅某某的实体店铺或社交媒体平台购买到的商品为假冒。他们提供了与被告人之间的交易记录、付款凭证及购买商品的实物。
+
+
+
+4. **商品检验报告**：柿园市市场监管局对被扣押的商品进行了检验，证明这些商品确系假冒商品。检验报告详细说明了检验的方法、步骤及结论。
+
+
+
+5. **社交媒体销售记录及宣传截图**：被告人茅某某在社交媒体平台上发布的所有销售信息、宣传图片及与客户互动的截图，记录了其主动推销假冒商品的全过程。
+
+
+
+6. **供货商的聊天记录**：被告人茅某某与供货商之间使用微信及QQ的聊天记录，显示供货商明知这些商品为假冒商品，并与被告人进行价格商议及发货安排。
+
+
+
+7. **批发客户的电子邮件及合同**：显示被告人茅某某与批发客户多次进行批量交易的电子邮件及合同文件。合同中详细列明了商品种类、数量、价格、交货日期等信息。
+
+
+
+8. **批发客户证人证言**：固定批发客户证实其多次通过被告人茅某某处批量购买假冒商品，并提供了交易记录、付款凭证及收到的商品实物。
+
+
+
+### 四、被告人陈述
+
+
+
+被告人茅某某在庭审中供述，为了获取更高的利润，其明知所售商品均为假冒，但仍继续经营并不断扩大销售渠道。她表示，自己在某社交媒体平台上看到类似模式的销售行为时，才意识到这是一个高利润的行业，遂从事销售假冒注册商标的商品这一违法行为。茅某某表示，对其所涉违法行为深感后悔，愿意承担相应的法律责任。
+
+
+
+### 五、量刑考量
+
+
+
+本院认为，被告人茅某某的行为已经违反了中华人民共和国刑法第二百一十四条之规定，构成销售假冒注册商标的商品罪。考虑到以下因素：
+
+
+
+1. 被告人的违法所得金额巨大，仍坚持违法销售行为，说明其主观恶性较大。
+
+2. 被告人的行为涉及“耐克”、 “阿迪达斯”、“新百伦”多个知名品牌，影响恶劣，特别严重。
+
+3. 被告人在庭审中认罪态度较好，且系初次犯罪，本院酌情考虑从轻处罚。
+
+
+
+### 六、判决结果
+
+
+
+根据中华人民共和国刑法第二百一十四条之规定，结合本案的具体情节及被告人的量刑情节，判决如下：
+
+
+
+被告人茅某某犯销售假冒注册商标的商品罪，判处有期徒刑四年，并处罚金人民币五十万元。
+
+
+
+### 七、上诉权利说明
+
+
+
+被告人茅某某如不服本判决，可在接到判决书后的十日内，通过本院向柿园市中级人民法院提出上诉。上诉状应提交至本院。
+
+
+
+审判长：蒋某
+
+审判员：尤某某
+
+书记员：纪某
+
+
+
+2023年6月10日
+
+
+
+### 裁判文书送达：
+
+
+
+本判决书副本将分别送达柿园市碧落区人民检察院、茅某某及其辩护人孙某某。
+
+
+
+
+
+参考法条如下：
+
+第二百一十四条
+
+销售明知是假冒注册商标的商品，违法所得数额较大或者有其他严重情节的，处三年以下有期徒刑，并处或者单处罚金；违法所得数额巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_87_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_87_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91ddd10463bc139b9049dcbeec5e0970e7961c05
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_87_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+### 金丝市雨燕区人民法院
+
+**刑事判决书**
+
+
+
+(2023)雨刑初字第456号
+
+
+
+**公诉机关:** 金丝市雨燕区人民检察院
+
+
+
+**被告人:** 柳某某，女，1966年9月9日出生，汉族，现居住于金丝市青竹街14号，职业为个体商贩。
+
+
+
+**辩护人:** 平某，金丝市冠慧律师事务所律师。
+
+
+
+**审判长:** 潘某某
+
+**审判员:** 吕某
+
+**书记员:** 伍某某
+
+
+
+经金丝市雨燕区人民检察院提起公诉，本院依法于2023年5月10日对被告人柳某某涉嫌销售假冒注册商标的商品罪一案进行了审理。在法庭上，本院听取并记录了控辩双方的陈述，对案件事实和证据进行了充分审理。现判决如下：
+
+
+
+### 案件经过
+
+
+
+2022年4月15日，金丝市雨燕区市场监督管理局接到消费者举报，称柳某某经营的服装店涉嫌销售假冒注册商标的商品。市场监督管理局随即展开初步调查，发现确有违法嫌疑，并正式立案调查。在此过程中，发现柳某某有转移赃物的嫌疑。2022年5月5日，金丝市公安机关采取了留置措施进行进一步调查。经过进一步取证，公安机关于2022年5月10日对柳某某执行了刑事拘留。法律程序继续推进，2022年5月20日，金丝市检察院批准对柳某某实施逮捕。
+
+
+
+### 犯罪事实
+
+
+
+被告人柳某某在2022年1月至2022年4月期间，利用其经营的服装店，在明知是假冒知名品牌“花旗”商标的情况下，仍继续销售这些假冒商品，涉及金额约为30万元。期间，她收集了许多假冒服装，并通过不同渠道销售给不知情的消费者，以获取非法利润。
+
+
+
+2022年2月至2022年3月，柳某某在其网店上销售假冒“太阳鸟”品牌的鞋类商品，涉案金额达15万元。被害消费者在购买后发现商品质量问题，相继向市场监督管理局和公安机关进行了投诉，揭露了柳某某的违法行为。
+
+
+
+另据调查显示，柳某某在2022年3月至2022年4月期间，还销售假冒“精工”品牌的手表，涉及金额达20万元。她通过多个渠道获取假冒手表并以低价出售，获取了巨额非法收入。根据相关产品质检报告，这些假冒手表均不符合国家质量标准，存在严重的安全隐患。
+
+
+
+2022年4月中旬，柳某某进一步试图通过物流方式将两批假冒商品转移至外地销售，每批合同金额均超过10万元。在这种情况下，她与某物流公司达成了多项交易合同，企图通过外地市场继续销售假冒商品以逃避法律制裁。
+
+
+
+### 证据描述
+
+
+
+1. 假冒商品的现场照片：多张照片展现了被告人经营的服装店以及网店中的假冒商品，包括“花旗”品牌的假冒服装、“太阳鸟”品牌的假冒鞋类商品和“精工”品牌的假冒手表。
+
+
+
+2. 假冒商品样品：监督管理部门依法查封并收集了被告店铺和仓库中的大量假冒商品样品，这些样品经品牌公司验证均为假冒。
+
+
+
+3. 店铺内的销售记录与网店销售记录：这些记录显示出柳某某在过去数个月内的大量销售活动，并明确指明了销售的具体商品和金额。
+
+
+
+4. 证人证言：店员和顾客的笔录详细描述了柳某某的经营活动，部分顾客还详细陈述了购买假冒商品后的具体感受，进一步证实了柳某某的违法行为。
+
+
+
+5. 消费者投诉记录：记录中列举了多名消费者对购买商品后遭遇质量问题及其向相关部门举报的详细过程。
+
+
+
+6. 商品进货渠道证明：这些证明文件和相关渠道记录详细展示了柳某某从多个非法供应商处购买假冒商品的过程和持续时间。
+
+
+
+7. 相关产品质检报告：质检报告详细列明了假冒商品的质量问题，包括材质、工艺和安全隐患等多个方面。
+
+
+
+8. 物流快递单据与销货清单：这部分证据展示了柳某某通过物流公司实施外地销售的具体操作，与之相关的单据和清单均为其违法行为提供了有力证据。
+
+
+
+9. 物流公司内部调查报告：报告具体揭示了柳某某与物流公司之间的交易情况，明确指出其试图通过外地市场继续销售假冒商品的行为。
+
+
+
+### 量刑考量
+
+
+
+在量刑过程中，本院充分考虑了柳某某的犯罪时间、犯罪方式、涉案金额和社会危害性等因素。柳某某长时间、大规模地经营销售假冒注册商标的商品，涉案金额巨大，情节特别严重，致使众多消费者受到利益损害，对市场秩序造成了严重的负面影响。依照法律规定，本院认为应依法予以从重处罚。同时，考虑到柳某某在案件侦查过程中有一定的悔过表现，本院在量刑时亦充分兼顾了各方情况，以期达到法律的公正性和惩罚与教育相结合的效果。
+
+
+
+### 判决结果
+
+
+
+经审理查明，柳某某利用其经营的服装店和网店，明知是假冒使用的注册商标，仍然予以销售，其行为构成了销售假冒注册商标的商品罪。根据《中华人民共和国刑法》有关规定，判决如下：
+
+
+
+**被告人:** 柳某某
+
+**罪名:** 销售假冒注册商标的商品罪
+
+**刑期:** 有期徒刑四年，并处罚金人民币50万元。
+
+
+
+### 上诉权说明
+
+
+
+如不服本判决，可依法在接到判决书后的十日内，通过本院或直接向金丝市中级人民法院提起上诉。书面上诉状应提交一式两份。
+
+
+
+审判长: 潘某某
+
+审判员: 吕某
+
+书记员: 伍某某
+
+
+
+金丝市雨燕区人民法院
+
+2023年5月10日
+
+
+
+### 近些相关案例的分析
+
+
+
+在本案的审理过程中，本院参考了相关的法律条文，同时也结合了有关类似案例的判决结果。通过这些参考，本院力求做到公正审理。以下是关于近些年类似案件的法律审理情况的分析：
+
+
+
+1. **案例一** 2019年，A市法院审理的一起类似案件中，被告人因销售假冒某国际知名品牌的手表而被判有期徒刑三年，处罚金人民币30万元。其情节较本案相对轻微，涉案金额较小，故本案相比之下处罚更为严厉。
+
+
+
+2. **案例二** 2021年，B市法院裁定的一起重大假冒商品销售案，被告人因销售假冒多个知名品牌的服装和鞋类，涉案金额达50万元，被判有期徒刑五年，处罚金50万元。其涉案金额和情节与本案相似，但本案受到的综合考量因素更多，如涉及的品牌种类、社会危害性等，因此本案的刑期稍短。
+
+
+
+本院判决不仅仅依照固有法律条文，也根据现实案例与综合考量来保证司法公正，希望以此案例为各违法犯罪者的警示，严格遵守国家法律法规，维护市场经营秩序与消费者利益。
+
+
+
+### 附录
+
+
+
+本判决书附录包含以下内容：
+
+
+
+- **被告人基本情况表**
+
+- **犯罪事实全面记录**
+
+- **相关证据展陈清单**
+
+- **相关法律条文记载**
+
+- **案件相关人员调查记录**
+
+
+
+本院希望所有公众能通过本案例，进一步了解并尊重法律，防范相关违法犯罪行为的发生。对于违反商标权利与法律法规的行为，本院将继续坚决依法追究，永不手软。
+
+
+
+本院裁定的所有事项均基于公开、公平、公正的原则，期待通过本次判决能够更好地教育社会大众，保护消费者的合法权益，同时也为经济的发展和市场的繁荣做出积极贡献。
+
+
+
+此致，敬礼！
+
+
+
+**金丝市雨燕区人民法院**
+
+
+
+2023年5月10日
+
+
+
+参考法条如下：
+
+第二百一十四条
+
+销售明知是假冒注册商标的商品，违法所得数额较大或者有其他严重情节的，处三年以下有期徒刑，并处或者单处罚金；违法所得数额巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金。
+
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_89_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_89_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..eda63b82e2b4a757703db3665028e91d5521233d
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_89_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,171 @@
+### 案件号：2023浥刑初字第105号
+
+
+
+#### 银杏市紫陌区人民法院刑事判决书
+
+
+
+审判机关：银杏市紫陌区人民法院
+
+审判长：傅某
+
+审判员：任某某
+
+书记员：窦某某
+
+
+
+#### 公诉机关及其指控
+
+
+
+公安机关：银杏市紫陌区人民检察院
+
+
+
+#### 被告人信息
+
+
+
+被告人：李某某，女，1968年11月27日出生，汉族，银杏市桐城街28号居民，个体经营者。
+
+辩护人：成某某，银杏市天平律师事务所律师。
+
+
+
+#### 案件涉及程序
+
+
+
+本案由银杏市紫陌区人民检察院立案调查起始，经过系列取证与刑事程序，最终报送我院审理。案件自立案调查至判决，各程序如下：
+
+
+
+- **2023年5月12日：** 银杏市紫陌区人民检察院对李某某立案调查。
+
+- **2023年5月15日：** 公安机关依据法定程序对李某某采取留置措施。
+
+- **2023年5月18日：** 李某某被刑事拘留。
+
+- **2023年5月22日：** 李某某被正式逮捕。
+
+- **2023年10月15日：** 本院作出判决。
+
+
+
+#### 案情陈述
+
+
+
+自2022年8月至2023年4月，被告人李某某在其经营的银杏市桐城街28号的个体店内，通过购买伪造货币的相关设备及原材料，进行了伪造货币的犯罪活动。检察方的调查陈述如下：
+
+
+
+在2022年8月至2023年4月期间，被告人李某某隐藏在其营业的个体店内，购置了一系列伪造货币的设备，包括高精度打印机、特制纸张、印刷油墨等，用以制造仿真度极高的伪钞。在这段时间内，通过伪造货币的设备，李某某一共伪造了面额总计达200万元人民币的假币。现场查获的伪钞样本及设备采购发票显示，李某某至少购置了三批相关设备，并多次收购特制纸张。
+
+
+
+在2023年3月，李某某萌生了将伪钞投入市场获取利益的想法。她通过地下钱庄，将一部分伪造钞票进行了兑换，并用所得的伪钞换取了价值50万元的黄金。根据地下钱庄的交易记录及警察的取证，发现双方多次频繁交易的证据，包括地下钱庄负责人和技术员的证言证明了李某某的犯罪事实。
+
+
+
+2023年4月，李某某计划通过联络临市的酒吧，将伪造货币转移到临市进行流通。她与某酒吧老板取得联络，并商讨通过酒吧回收伪钞的方式进行伪钞的流通。警察截获的李某某与酒吧老板的聊天记录，以及查扣的运输货车中发现的大量伪钞等证据，进一步明确了她的犯罪计划。
+
+
+
+2023年5月，由于李某某制造的伪钞仿真度高，部分伪钞已进入流通市场。连续多家商户曾多次发现伪钞并报警。由银杏市公安局所出具的伪钞技术鉴定报告，多家商户提供的伪钞样本，以及商户的证言，均佐证了伪钞流通的事实，进一步证明了李某某伪造、流通伪钞的危害性和社会影响。
+
+
+
+#### 证据描述
+
+
+
+在本次审判过程中，本院所采用的证据包括但不限于以下材料：
+
+1. **设备及原材料发票：** 显示李某某多次购买伪造货币所需设备及原材料的具体款项和交易记录。通过银行交易记录检查，也能看到大额原料购销款项往来。
+
+2. **查获的伪钞及设备：** 在李某某住处和店内所查获总计达人民币200万元的伪钞，以及相关伪造设备，这些均作为现场证据进行提取并封存。
+
+3. **银行交易记录：** 该记录显示李某某在2022年8月至2023年4月期间的账户异常活跃，大量资金出入与伪造货币的购销行为直接相关。
+
+4. **证人证言：** 含供货商、交易商及地下钱庄负责人等多人的证言，在被讯问及调查中，他们的证词与犯罪事实相吻合。
+
+5. **地下钱庄记录：** 包括交易账簿和交易记录，确认李某某通过地下钱庄进行伪钞获取黄金的行为。
+
+6. **聊天记录：** 警方截获的李某某与临市酒吧老板的聊天内容，详细讨论了伪钞的流通计划及具体执行步骤。
+
+7. **商户供的伪钞样本及报警记录：** 作为证据的伪钞样本，以及商户的报警记录和证词，表明伪钞已实际流通市场并造成了混乱。
+
+
+
+#### 量刑考量
+
+
+
+本院在量刑时，综合考虑了以下因素：
+
+
+
+1. **犯罪事实严重性：** 被告人李某某在不到一年的时间内伪造大量假币，高达200万元。此举对金融秩序及社会秩序造成了严重威胁与破坏。
+
+2. **认罪态度：** 在立案调查和庭审过程中，被告人李某某对自己的犯罪事实供认不讳，并积极配合相关部门进行取证调查，主动提供犯罪细节和相关证据，为案件的侦破提供了重要帮助。
+
+3. **社会危害性：** 由于伪钞仿真度高，部分进入了正常流通市场，对受害商户及消费者造成了直接经济损失，并扰乱了市场秩序。
+
+4. **累犯情况**：无证据表明李某某有前科，其在本案中的犯罪行为属于首次。
+
+
+
+基于以上考量，本院认为李某某虽有认罪态度良好，但其伪造、流通伪钞数额巨大，行为恶劣，社会危害性严重，不宜适用缓刑。最终决定对其判处有期徒刑七年，并处罚金人民币十万元。
+
+
+
+#### 判决结果
+
+
+
+经我院公开审理，本院依法判决如下：
+
+
+
+被告人李某某犯伪造货币罪，判处有期徒刑七年，并处罚金人民币十万元。刑期自2023年5月22日起算，至2030年5月21日止。附带财产处罚，包括伪造货币所用设备和伪钞均予以没收。
+
+
+
+#### 上诉权说明
+
+
+
+根据《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》等有关法律的规定，被告人李某某对本判决如有异议，可在接到本判决书之日起十日以内，向银杏市人民法院或者直接向银杏市中级人民法院提出上诉。逾期不提出上诉的，本判决将依法生效。
+
+
+
+本院希望通过此次判决能够警示社会，遵守法律规定，杜绝伪造、流通伪造货币的犯罪行为，维护社会治安和金融秩序。
+
+
+
+银杏市紫陌区人民法院
+
+
+
+20xx年10月15日
+
+
+
+书记员 窦某某
+
+
+
+参考法条如下：
+
+第一百七十条
+
+伪造货币的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金；有下列情形之一的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处罚金或者没收财产：
+
+（一）伪造货币集团的首要分子；
+
+（二）伪造货币数额特别巨大的；
+
+（三）有其他特别严重情节的。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_8_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_8_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a53115e9c02e143a2ac44b912e9b921681b4be4
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_8_zh_\344\273\277\345\256\213.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+医疗先锋股份有限公司是一家于2005年3月在上海市注册成立的医疗行业企业，主要从事医疗器械的研发、生产和销售，并在上海证券交易所上市。
+
+2021年度是医疗先锋股份有限公司发展历程中的重要一年。在这一年，公司实施了一系列重大事件，进一步提升了公司的市场竞争力和盈利能力。
+
+首先，公司于2021年1月完成了对X生物医疗公司的资产收购，总价值达到15亿元。这一重大资产收购事件为公司扩大生产线、提高产品研发和生产能力，增强市场竞争力奠定了基础。在资产收购过程中，公司与X生物医疗公司达成初步合作意向，并于2020年10月确定了资产收购方案，最终于2020年12月签署了资产收购协议。在2021年1月，公司完成了与X生物医疗公司的资产交割手续，正式完成了资产收购。这一事件对公司的营业收入、净利润、总资产等指标产生了积极的影响。
+
+其次，公司于2021年2月决定向股东分发6亿元股利，回报给股东们的投资，提升了股东的收益，增强了投资者信心。
+
+另外，公司于2021年4月完成了对A医药连锁公司的股权收购，获得了70%的股权。这一重大股权收购事件进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力和市场地位。
+
+在2021年8月，公司进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了10亿元资金。这一举措加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和研发投入。
+
+为优化资本结构，公司于2021年9月进行了一次资产重组，出售了非核心资产。这一举措提高了公司的运营效率，降低了成本，增加了公司的价值。
+
+此外，公司于2021年10月投资了D医疗科技公司，投资金额为8亿元。这一重大投资进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力和技术水平。
+
+最后，在2021年11月，公司进行了债务重组，减少了5亿元负债。这一举措改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务风险和财务成本。
+
+以上重大事件对公司的财务指标产生了显著影响。根据财务报告显示，2021年度公司的营业收入达到150亿元，净利润为30亿元，总资产为500亿元，总负债为200亿元，股东权益为300亿元。此外，公司的现金流量为80亿元，负债比率为40%，资产负债率为40%，净资产收益率为10%。
+
+通过对这些指标的分析，可以看出公司在2021年度取得了良好的财务业绩。其中，营业收入的增长主要受益于重大资产收购事件的推动，而净利润的增长则得益于成本控制的水平和非经常性损益的影响。总资产和股东权益的增加主要归因于资产收购和投资的增加，而总负债的减少则得益于债务重组的效果。此外，公司的现金流量稳定，负债比率和资产负债率保持在合理的范围内，净资产收益率也保持在较高水平。
+
+展望未来，医疗先锋股份有限公司将继续实施有效的财务策略，包括成本控制、资本运营和市场拓展等方面的工作。公司将加大对新产品研发的投入，更新生产设备，进一步提升产品质量和技术水平。同时，公司将加强风险管理措施，应对市场风险、信用风险等各类财务风险。
+
+综上所述，医疗先锋股份有限公司在2021年度取得了显著的发展成果，通过一系列重大事件的推动，公司实现了业务扩张和财务增长。展望未来，公司将继续努力，保持良好的发展势头，为股东创造更大的价值。
+
+公司治理结构方面，医疗先锋股份有限公司一直致力于可持续发展和社会责任倡议。公司在可持续发展、环境保护、社会责任和企业公民方面取得了重大进展。公司推出了一项全面的可持续发展和社会责任计划，旨在促进公司的可持续发展和社会责任实践。该计划的推出为公司树立了可持续发展和社会责任的形象，增强了公司在公众和投资者中的声誉和竞争力。此外，公司还与一家国际环境组织建立合作伙伴关系，共同推动环境保护和可持续发展的倡议。与国际环境组织的合作帮助公司获取了更多的环境保护资源和支持，提高了公司在环境保护领域的影响力和可持续发展能力。为了更好地履行社会责任，公司还设立了专门的社会责任部门，负责公司社会责任战略的制定和执行，以及与相关利益相关者的合作和沟通。社会责任部门的设立增强了公司对社会责任的重视程度，有助于提升公司的社会形象和品牌价值，加强与利益相关者的合作关系。
+
+在高级管理层变动方面，医疗先锋股份有限公司的高级管理层发生了变动，包括CEO或其他关键职位的更替。这种变动可能导致公司运营重点和战略优先事项的调整，对公司的短期业绩和长期发展产生影响。
+
+公司治理政策修订方面，医疗先锋股份有限公司不断修订公司治理框架或政策，以增强透明度、问责制或利益相关者参与。通过修订公司治理政策，公司进一步加强了透明度和问责制，提升了利益相关者对公司的信心。
+
+董事会变更是另一个影响公司治理结构的重要因素。医疗先锋股份有限公司的董事会成员发生了变动，新董事会成员的加入为公司带来了全新的思维和经验。同时，董事会变更可能导致公司战略调整，影响公司长期发展方向和股东利益。
+
+合规与监管更新是医疗先锋股份有限公司治理结构中的另一个重要方面。公司积极适应影响公司治理实践的新规定或合规标准的更新，包括证券法、公司法或特定行业规定的变化。公司的积极适应最新法规，确保公司遵守最新法律法规，减少法律风险，保护公司和股东利益。
+
+道德与诚信事件是医疗先锋股份有限公司治理结构中的一个重要方面。公司发生了一起重大的道德或诚信违规事件，涉及欺诈、腐败或利益冲突案例，同时公司采取了严厉的应对措施。公司采取严厉的应对措施，加强道德和诚信意识的培养，保护公司声誉和品牌价值，维护公司与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系。
+
+在风险管理举措方面，医疗先锋股份有限公司更新了风险管理框架，识别出新的风险并实施缓解策略。公司通过更新风险管理框架，提高了对内外部风险的应对能力，保障公司持续运营和稳定发展。
+
+股东大会决议是医疗先锋股份有限公司治理结构中的另一个重要方面。在年度或特别股东大会上作出的关键决策直接影响公司治理结构、未来经营策略和股东权益。股东大会决议确保股东的权益得到妥善保护。
+
+在涉及的指标方面，医疗先锋股份有限公司注重信息披露的原则、方式以及执行情况。公司积极遵循信息披露原则，定期向股东和市场披露重要信息，确保信息的准确性、全面性和及时性。此外，公司设立了关联交易审计委员会，制定了严格的关联交易政策和流程，并受到内部和外部审计的监督，确保关联交易的公正性和合规性。公司建立了有效的内部控制体系，包括内部控制框架、制度和流程，并定期评估内部控制的有效性，以确保财务和运营的稳定性和规范性。
+
+为了进一步加强公司治理结构，医疗先锋股份有限公司制定了治理改进计划。公司将进一步加强董事会和监事会的功能，包括定期的培训、增加独立董事比例、优化决策过程，提高公司治理效率和效果。同时，公司将继续改进信息披露流程和标准，确保信息披露的及时、准确和全面，向所有利益相关者报告公司情况。
+
+在风险管理策略方面，医疗先锋股份有限公司将进一步建立和完善内部控制系统，识别、评估、监控和报告财务和运营风险，提高公司抵御风险的能力。此外，公司将进一步将可持续发展和社会责任纳入公司战略，识别相关风险和机会，促进长期价值创造。
+
+综上所述，医疗先锋股份有限公司在公司治理结构方面取得了显著进展。公司在可持续发展和社会责任倡议方面取得了重大成就，通过推出可持续发展和社会责任计划、与国际环境组织合作以及设立社会责任部门等举措，提升了公司的公众形象和市场竞争力。公司还通过高级管理层变动、公司治理政策修订、董事会变更等措施不断完善公司治理结构。公司注重信息披露、关联交易和内部控制等指标的管理，进一步提高了公司的透明度和问责制。公司还制定了治理改进计划和风险管理策略，加强了公司治理效果和风险管理能力。医疗先锋股份有限公司将继续努力，不断提升公司治理水平，为股东和利益相关者创造更大的价值。
+
+医疗先锋股份有限公司在2021年度积极履行环境责任和社会责任，取得了一系列显著成果。
+
+首先，公司在2021年1月投资实施了节能减排项目，通过设立节能减排项目工作组、进行可行性分析、制定项目方案、启动项目实施等一系列措施，成功减少了能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。这一举措直接影响了二氧化碳排放量和能源消耗指标。根据数据，公司的二氧化碳排放量为5000吨，能源消耗为10000吨标准煤。这些数字反映了公司在节能减排方面取得的显著成果，同时也说明了生产规模的变化和节能技术的应用对指标的影响。
+
+其次，公司在2021年3月实施了环境管理系统（EMS），以提高环境绩效，减少废物产生，并确保合规。这一举措增强了公司的环境管理能力和持续改进，提升了合规性和市场认可度。虽然没有具体的指标数据支持，但可以通过公司的环境绩效改善和合规性提升来说明EMS的有效性。
+
+另外，公司在2021年5月建立了新的污染防治设施，如废水处理系统和排放控制设备，以减少环境污染。这一举措显著降低了公司的环境污染水平，增强了合规性和社会责任感。虽然没有具体的指标数据支持，但可以通过公司的环境污染水平降低和合规性提升来说明污染防治设施的有效性。
+
+此外，公司在2021年6月组织了员工意识教育活动，宣传环保和可持续发展理念。这些活动提高了员工的环保意识和行动，形成了全员参与的环境保护氛围。虽然没有具体的指标数据支持，但可以通过员工的环保行为和公司的环保氛围来说明员工意识教育活动的有效性。
+
+另外，公司在2021年9月通过投资碳抵消项目来抵消其碳排放，努力实现碳中和目标。通过碳抵消证书，公司能够向利益相关者展示其对环境的承诺和责任。虽然没有具体的指标数据支持，但可以通过公司的碳中和目标和碳抵消证书来说明碳抵消项目的有效性。
+
+最后，公司在2021年11月开发了环保型产品，减少对环境的影响。这些产品的开发提升了产品的市场竞争力和品牌形象，同时减少了环境影响。虽然没有具体的指标数据支持，但可以通过产品市场竞争力和品牌形象的提升来说明环保型产品开发的有效性。
+
+除了环境责任，医疗先锋股份有限公司还积极履行社会责任。
+
+首先，公司在2021年2月投资或参与公共服务项目，如城市绿化、公共卫生改善项目，以提升社区生活质量。通过这些项目的实施，公司促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。
+
+其次，公司在2021年3月投资于当地社区，支持教育、健康和社会发展项目。这些投资加深了公司与社区的联系，促进了社区的整体福祉和发展。
+
+此外，公司在2021年6月提供各类培训和发展项目，支持员工职业成长，提高员工的专业技能和工作满意度，促进了人才的留存和发展。
+
+另外，公司在2021年8月实施了旨在提升员工健康与安全的措施，改善了工作环境，减少了工伤事故，提高了员工的健康与安全水平。
+
+此外，公司在2021年9月参与或资助慈善活动和慈善机构，以支持教育、健康、减贫等领域。这些活动提高了公司的社会形象和品牌认知，加强了与社区的联系和支持。
+
+最后，公司在2021年10月积极参与当地经济发展，提供就业机会和合作项目，推动了当地经济的繁荣和社会的稳定。
+
+综上所述，医疗先锋股份有限公司在2021年度在环境责任和社会责任方面取得了显著成果。通过一系列的措施和项目实施，公司减少了能源消耗和碳足迹，提高了能效和环境绩效。同时，公司积极履行社会责任，通过参与公共服务项目、支持社区发展、提供员工培训和发展、改善员工健康与安全、参与慈善活动和推动地方经济发展等举措，促进了社区的可持续发展，增强了公众对公司的积极感知。未来，公司将继续致力于环境保护和社会责任，通过整合可持续性原则到业务模型和决策过程中，实现联合国可持续发展目标（SDGs）。
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@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+
+
+### 刑事判决书
+
+
+
+#### 案号：2023花刑初字第0001号
+
+
+
+花溪市雾岛区人民法院
+
+
+
+公诉机关：花溪市雾岛区人民检察院
+
+
+
+被告人：施某，男，1976年8月21日出生，汉族，住花溪市赤壁街35号，职业私人印刷厂老板，因涉嫌伪造货币罪，于2022年3月15日被花溪市公安局立案调查，2022年3月20日被采取留置措施，2022年4月10日被刑事拘留，2022年4月25日被逮捕。现羁押于花溪市看守所。
+
+
+
+辩护人：卫某某，雾岛法律事务所律师。
+
+
+
+花溪市雾岛区人民检察院以花检公诉[2022]第087号起诉书指控被告人施某犯伪造货币罪，于2023年4月15日向本院提起公诉。本院依法适用普通程序，组成合议庭，由审判长杨某，审判员曹某参加审理，于2023年5月5日公开开庭进行了审理。书记员姜某某记录。花溪市雾岛区人民检察院指派检察员张某出庭支持公诉，被告人施某及其辩护人卫某某到庭参加诉讼。现已审理终结。
+
+
+
+#### 案情陈述
+
+
+
+经审理查明：
+
+
+
+被告人施某自1998年开始经营私人印刷厂，多年来积累了丰富的印刷技术和设备。因经济困境和高利贷压力，施某在2021年初萌生通过伪造货币牟利的念头。2021年6月至2022年3月期间，施某通过私人印刷厂伪造人民币假钞，总金额超过70万元。
+
+
+
+作案细节如下：
+
+
+
+在2021年6月至2022年3月期间，施某利用其印刷厂的设备和材料，精心伪造各种面额的人民币假钞。为提高假钞的逼真度，施某先是通过黑市购买了专业的防伪油墨和造纸材料，然后雇佣了数名技术工人帮忙进行各项印刷工作。这些工人在施某的指导下，分批次地印制和剪裁假钞。施某每天都会亲自检验成品的质量，确保无误后方才运出。证据包括现场查获的伪造货币印刷设备及伪造货币成品、工人们的证人证言、电子邮件记录和财务账单。这些证据显示，施某每月伪造假钞的数量达到数十万元。
+
+
+
+2021年10月20日至2021年11月5日期间，施某将一批共计20万元的伪造货币贩卖给花溪市某地下交易集团。交易过程中，施某通过密码交易系统联系上了地下交易集团的主要成员，并商定了交易的时间和地点。交易当天，施某将伪造的20万元假钞装入一个黑色行李箱中，通过多次变更路线及交通工具，最终在花溪市某隐秘地点完成了交易。交易结束后，施某通过银行转账收到了该地下交易集团支付的真实货币。为安全起见，施某每次交易后均即刻销毁与交易有关的所有证据。但根据警方调取的交易记录和银行转账记录、对交易集团成员的供词以及电话录音，成功复原了整个交易过程。
+
+
+
+2022年1月15日至2022年2月1日，施某再次在其印刷厂制造了新一批假钞，总金额为30万元。这次，施某计划通过物流渠道将假钞运出并出售。施某在多个不记录身份信息的小型物流公司中侦查，最终选择了华中物流公司。施某先将假钞分装成若干小包裹，利用不同的身份和寄送地址，试图掩盖其真实身份和地址。物流公司在处理这些包裹时，并未发现任何异常。然而，警方通过线报和监控录像锁定了施某的物流操作，最終查获了物流单据和包裹，进一步搜查发现了印刷厂内的监控录像和作案工具，包括伪造的纸张和油墨等，这些证据无不指向施某的犯罪行为。
+
+
+
+上述犯罪事实有公诉机关提交的以下证据证实：
+
+
+
+1. **现场查获伪造货币印刷设备及伪造货币成品**：警方在施某的私人印刷厂内发现并扣押了用于伪造人民币的各种设备和材料，包括高精度打印机、剪裁机、防伪油墨及大量未成品和已成品的伪造货币。现场查获的各类物品已由专业技术鉴定机构鉴定，确认属于伪造货币及伪造货币制造工具。
+
+
+
+2. **证人证言（该厂员工的供述）**：多名工厂员工供述，他们在施某的指挥下，大量制造伪造货币，并详细描述了生产伪造货币的过程和被告人的具体指示。这些供述均与现场查获的证据相符，从多个方向印证了施某的犯罪行为。
+
+
+
+3. **电子邮件记录和财务账单**：施某与负责供应伪造货币材料的黑市商人通过电子邮件进行联系，邮件内容主要涉及关于防伪油墨和造纸材料的购买和交付事宜。同时通过财务账单反映了施某用于伪造货币所支付的大量资金。
+
+
+
+4. **交易记录及银行转账记录**：施某多次与地下交易集团进行大额资金交易，警方通过银行账户查询，获取了施某的银行转账记录，证实了大额转账的事实。同时，施某的多个交易记录也被警方调取，显示了其与地下交易集团进行伪造货币交易的具体细节。
+
+
+
+5. **对交易集团成员的供词**：多名地下交易集团成员在警方调查中供述，施某与他们进行非法货币交易，并详细描述了交易过程。这些供词与施某的供述和其他证据相互印证。
+
+
+
+6. **电话录音**：警方通过技术手段获取了施某与地下交易集团成员的电话录音，通话内容涉及伪造货币的数量、价格及交易时间地点等，进一步佐证了施某的违法行为。
+
+
+
+7. **物流单据和包裹**：警方在物流公司的仓库中查获了施某通过多个身份寄出的包裹，包裹内均装有伪造的货币，同时在物流单据中发现了施某使用的伪造身份信息。
+
+
+
+8. **印刷厂内的监控录像**：监控录像显示施某在其印刷厂内多次进行伪造货币的操作，录像中的活动与其他证据高度一致，确认了施某在印刷厂内进行伪造货币的事实。
+
+
+
+9. **作案工具（伪造的纸张和油墨）**：现场扣押的作案工具经过技术鉴定，确认了其用途和伪造货币的特征，进一步证实了施某的犯罪行为。
+
+
+
+被告人施某在庭审中对检察机关指控的事实供认不讳，辩称因经济压力选择了伪造货币这一违法途径，以求尽快还清债务。辩护人提出，施某仅为初犯，其行为并未给社会带来实质性的严重后果，请求法院从轻处罚。
+
+
+
+#### 法院认定
+
+
+
+经审理查明，被告人施某在2021年6月至2022年3月期间，通过私人印刷厂伪造人民币假钞，总金额超过70万元。2021年10月20日至2021年11月5日期间，施某将一批共计20万元的伪造货币贩卖给花溪市某地下交易集团。2022年1月15日至2022年2月1日期间，施某在其印刷厂制造了新一批假钞，计划通过物流渠道运出，总金额为30万元。
+
+
+
+上述事实清楚，证据确凿，足以认定被告人的罪行。
+
+
+
+#### 量刑考量
+
+
+
+被告人施某伪造货币数额特别巨大，且为伪造货币集团的首要分子，其行为已构成伪造货币罪。根据《中华人民共和国刑法》第170条规定，本院在量刑时考虑以下因素：
+
+
+
+1. **犯罪性质**：施某伪造货币的行为严重扰乱了金融秩序，影响了社会的稳定和公共秩序。
+
+2. **犯罪情节**：施某利用私人印刷厂的便利条件，大量伪造人民币假钞，并多次进行非法交易，犯罪手段隐蔽。
+
+3. **社会危害性**：施某伪造的假钞总金额高达70万元，其中已流入市场的20万元伪造货币，给广大群众的财产安全带来了极大的威胁。
+
+4. **认罪态度**：在庭审过程中，施某对其犯罪行为供认不讳，并主动交代了其伪造货币的具体细节，表现出悔罪态度。
+
+5. **辩护意见**：辩护人请求从轻处罚，但考虑到施某犯罪数额特别巨大，且为伪造货币集团的首要分子，综合上述因素，本院认为对施某从轻处罚不符合社会公平正义原则。
+
+
+
+#### 判决结果
+
+
+
+经合议庭充分讨论，本院认为被告人施某犯伪造货币罪，证据确凿，情节严重，根据《中华人��共和国刑法》第170条之规定，判决如下：
+
+
+
+被告人施某犯伪造货币罪，判处有期徒刑十二年，剥夺政治权利三年，并处罚金人民币五十万元。
+
+
+
+#### 上诉权说明
+
+
+
+被告人施某及其辩护人如不服本判决，可在接到判决书后的十日内，通过本院或者直接向花溪市中级人民法院提起上诉。书面上诉的，应提交上诉状正本一份、副本二份。
+
+
+
+此判决书即日生效，特此通知。
+
+
+
+花溪市雾岛区人民法院
+
+
+
+审判长 杨某
+
+审判员 曹某
+
+书记员 姜某某
+
+
+
+2023年5月10日
+
+
+
+参考法条如下：
+
+第一百七十条
+
+伪造货币的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金；有下列情形之一的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处罚金或者没收财产：
+
+（一）伪造货币集团的首要分子；
+
+（二）伪造货币数额特别巨大的；
+
+（三）有其他特别严重情节的
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_91_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_91_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8971768d4488b5f4bd71b8ab77d35618af3e58f8
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_91_zh_\345\276\256\350\275\257\351\233\205\351\273\221.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+[碧海市金沙区人民法院]
+
+
+
+刑事判决书
+
+
+
+(2023)金沙刑初字第XX号
+
+
+
+公诉机关碧海市金沙区人民检察院。
+
+
+
+被告人柳某某，女，汉族，1982年8月10日出生，住碧海市花溪街60号，自营业主。因涉嫌伪造货币罪，于2023年1月15日被采取留置措施；于2023年2月12日被刑事拘留；于2023年3月10日被执行逮捕。现羁押于碧海市第六看守所。
+
+
+
+辩护人舒某，碧海市诚信律师事务所律师。
+
+
+
+碧海市金沙区人民检察院以金沙检刑诉【2023】X号起诉书指控被告人柳某某犯伪造货币罪，于2023年7月10日向本院提起公诉。本院依法适用普通程序，公开开庭进行了审理。碧海市金沙区人民检察院指派检察员张某出庭支持公诉，被告人柳某某及其辩护人舒某到庭参加诉讼。现已审理终结。
+
+
+
+一、案情陈述
+
+
+
+2022年9月至2022年12月期间，被告人柳某某在其经营的碧海市某印刷厂内，通过购买并利用高仿印刷设备和材料，批量伪造面值50元和100元的人民币，累计伪造面值总额达20万元。2022年12月5日，碧海市金沙区公安局接举报后，对柳某某经营的印刷厂进行突击检查，发现并查获大量伪造的人民币及相关印刷设备。同时，查获的伪造人民币样本与实际流通中的假币样本高度一致，相关采购记录显示这些设备和材料是专门为伪造人民币所采购的。印刷厂内的一名工人张某在证言中明确指认柳某某为该伪造货币活动的组织者和主要操作者，并描述了其参与和见证的伪造过程。
+
+
+
+2022年11月到2023年1月期间，被告人柳某某通过网络平台发布伪造货币的广告，吸引买家，并通过物流公司进行多次交易。经查明，通过网络贩卖和自行运输的方式，柳某某将伪造的人民币销售至包括碧海市在内的多个城市，累计交易金额约30万元。公安机关还获取了柳某某与买家之间的多次交易记录和聊天记录，证实了其伪造货币的销售行为。监控录像记录以及相应的物流单据和监控视频均显示柳某某通过指定的物流公司进行了货物运输。此外，取款地点附近的监控录像和银行收银员的证言显示，在使用过程中发现了伪造货币。
+
+
+
+2023年2月，被告人柳某某计划扩大伪造货币的生产量，并提高伪造质量，意图将伪造的人民币销往邻近省份。公安机关在搜查其住所时，发现了记录有相关伪造货币发展计划的笔记本以及多次与合作伙伴商讨的手机通话录音和短信记录，显示了其试图进一步扩大犯罪规模的企图。在公安机关的调查过程中，柳某某在自述中承认其有加大伪造生产量的计划，并具体描述了该计划的内容和实施步骤。
+
+
+
+综上所述，被告人柳某某自2022年9月以来，从事伪造货币的犯罪活动，数量巨大，涉及金额高达50万元以上，并有明确的扩大生产和销售范围的计划和行为，其行为已严重破坏了国家货币管理制度，具有极大的社会危害性，涉及伪造货币罪。
+
+
+
+二、指控罪名
+
+
+
+碧海市金沙区人民检察院指控被告人柳某某犯伪造货币罪，提供了如下证据：
+
+
+
+1. 物证：2022年12月5日在柳某某印刷厂查获的伪造人民币及印刷设备。
+
+2. 文书证据：印刷厂的采购记录，伪造货币的样本。
+
+3. 证人证言：工人张某的证言，描述其见到了伪造过程。
+
+4. 电子数据：网络交易记录和聊天记录，显示柳某某与买家之间的多次交易行为。
+
+5. 视频资料：物流单据和监控视频，证明伪造货币的运输过程，取款地点附近监控录像和收银员证人的证词，反映收到伪造货币的情况。
+
+6. 书证：柳某某住所发现的笔记本，记录了伪造货币的发展计划。
+
+7. 供述与辨认：被告人柳某某的自述，承认有加大伪造货币生产量的计划，并描述了其具体实施步骤。
+
+
+
+以上证据均经庭审质证，被告人柳某某及辩护人对证据的实际性、关联性和合法性均无异议，本院予以确认。
+
+
+
+三、证据描述
+
+
+
+在本案侦查和审理过程中，公安机关和检察机关依法收集、整理了大量证据材料，用以证明被告人柳某某自2022年9月起从事伪造货币的犯罪事实。
+
+
+
+首先，关于柳某某伪造货币的行为，公安机关在柳某某经营的印刷厂内查获了大量伪造人民币和专门用于伪造的印刷设备。查获的伪造人民币从面值、纸张、防伪标志等方面均与国家发行的人民币极为相似，达到了高度仿真的程度。印刷厂的采购记录及伪造货币样本进一步证实了柳某某进行伪造活动的事实。
+
+
+
+其次，涉案工人张某的证言是关键证据。张某作为印刷厂的工人，亲眼目睹了伪造人民币的全过程，并详细描述了柳某某如何使用高仿印刷设备和材料进行印制。同时，张某还提供了有关柳某某指挥调度、分发任务的细节，为查清犯罪事实提供了有力支持。
+
+
+
+第三，柳某某通过网络贩卖伪造货币的事实，也得到了充分证实。公安机关调取的网络交易记录及聊天记录，清晰显示了柳某某在网络平台发布伪造货币广告，与买家洽谈交易及交货细节的内容。这些记录证明了柳某某通过网络途径，向多个城市的买家出售伪造货币，涉及金额巨大。相关的物流单据和监控视频进一步展示了伪造货币被运输和交付的全过程。
+
+
+
+此外，监控录像和银行收银员的证言也证明了伪造货币在实际使用中的流通情况。取款地点附近的监控录像显示，有人使用伪造的人民币进行交易，收银员在辨别时发现不对劲，向警方报警，最终导致了柳某某的进一步调查。
+
+
+
+最后，柳某某计划扩大生产和销售伪造人民币的行为，也得到了充分的证据支持。公安机关在其住所查获的笔记本中，记录了其详细的伪造货币发展计划，包括要购买更高仿的印刷设备，扩大生产规模以及将伪造货币销往邻近省份的具体安排。手机通话录音和短信记录显示柳某某与其合作伙伴的商讨内容，再次印证了其扩大生产和销售的企图。
+
+
+
+综上所述，检察机关提交的证据材料证实了被告人柳某某自2022年9月至2023年2月期间，通过印刷厂伪造人民币并通过网络渠道进行销售的犯罪事实，涉案金额巨大，犯罪手段复杂，具有严重的社会危害性。
+
+
+
+四、量刑考量
+
+
+
+本院在量刑过程中，综合考虑了以下几个方面：
+
+
+
+首先，柳某某的犯罪行为涉及金额巨大，累计伪造和销售伪造人民币金额高达50万元以上，数量较多且涉及面广。同时，柳某某在伪造货币的过程中使用了高仿的印刷设备和材料，使所伪造的货币具有较高的仿真度，严重破坏了国家的货币管理秩序，具有重大社会危害性。
+
+
+
+其次，柳某某的犯罪行为具有连续性和计划性。柳某某在进行初期伪造活动成功后，计划进一步扩大生产规模，提升伪造质量，并打算将伪造货币销往其他省份，显示其犯罪行为的持续性和扩展性，具有进一步危害社会的潜在风险。
+
+
+
+再次，柳某某在被抓获后，对于所实施的犯罪行为供认不讳，并如实交待了犯罪事实。在法庭审理过程中，表露悔意，并表示愿意接受法律的惩罚，但鉴于其犯罪情节严重，社会危害性大，仅悔罪态度不足以对其判处轻刑。
+
+
+
+综合以上考量，依据《中华人民共和国刑法》第170条之规定，本院对柳某某作出如下判决：
+
+
+
+五、判决结果
+
+
+
+依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第170条之规定，判决如下：
+
+
+
+被告人柳某某犯伪造货币罪，判处有期徒刑八年，并处罚金人民币二十万元。
+
+
+
+六、上诉权说明
+
+
+
+被告人柳某某如不服本判决，可在接到判决书之日起十日内，通过本院或者直接向碧海市中级人民法院提出上诉。书面上诉的，应提交上诉状正本一份，副本一份。
+
+
+
+审判长：孙某
+
+
+
+审判员：史某
+
+
+
+书记员：鲍某
+
+
+
+碧海市金沙区人民法院
+
+
+
+2023年10月1日
+
+
+
+参考法条如下：
+
+第一百七十条
+
+伪造货币的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金；有下列情形之一的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处罚金或者没收财产：
+
+（一）伪造货币集团的首要分子；
+
+（二）伪造货币数额特别巨大的；
+
+（三）有其他特别严重情节的。
+
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_93_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_93_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1948cc15a77cbff7524f7300b8b4bad7ecda4b10
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_93_zh_\351\273\221\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+**雷峰市樱桃区人民法院**
+
+
+
+**刑事判决书**
+
+
+
+（2023）樱刑初字第001号
+
+
+
+公诉机关：雷峰市樱桃区人民检察院，
+
+住所地：雷峰市樱桃区正义路12号。
+
+
+
+被告人：熊某某，女，1997年6月14日出生，汉族，自由职业者，住雷峰市晴川街38号。因涉嫌逃避追缴欠税罪，于2023年5月5日被雷峰市樱桃区公安局刑事拘留，2023年6月1日被依法逮捕，现羁押于雷峰市第一看守所。
+
+
+
+辩护人：强某，雷峰市诚法律师事务所律师，办公地址：雷峰市正义大道28号。
+
+
+
+审判长：穆某某，
+
+审判员：苗某某，
+
+书记员：朱某。
+
+
+
+**公诉机关指控**
+
+根据雷峰市樱桃区人民检察院指控，熊某某在其经营的电子产品出口业务中，通过虚报销项税额和不申报部分销售收入的方式，少缴税款共计人民币25万元。此外，熊某某还通过故意转移公司的主要资产及采取多次小额取现和分批转账的方式，将总计150万元资金隐匿在其控制的多个银行账户中，以逃避税务机关的追缴。上述行为发生在2022年6月至2023年4月期间。
+
+
+
+**案件经过**
+
+2023年3月1日，雷峰市税务局在例行检查中发现熊某某经营的电子产品出口公司存在大额欠税未缴的行为。因涉案金额较大，税务局于当天正式立案，并展开详细调查。调查初期，税务机关发现熊某某通过虚报销项税额及不申报部分销售收入的方式，少缴税款25万元。2023年4月10日，鉴于熊某某有转移和隐匿财产的嫌疑，税务局对其采取了留置措施，以防止其继续转移资产。
+
+
+
+在留置期间，进一步的调查发现，熊某某不仅在税务申报上有规避行为，还在2023年1月至2023年3月期间，将公司的主要资产，包括一处价值100万元的商业地产和两台价值共计50万元的高级机器设备，转移至其亲属名下，以躲避税务机关的追缴。调查人员获取了商业地产转让合同、机器设备转让记录及相关发票等证据材料，并录取了其亲属的证言。面对这些铁证，熊某某起初否认，但在亲属证言和其他证据面前，最终承认了其转移资产的行为。
+
+
+
+2023年5月5日，由于熊某某有规避追缴欠税的行为及转移、隐匿财产的嫌疑，雷峰市樱桃区公安局决定对其进行刑事拘留。同年6月1日，经雷峰市樱桃区人民检察院批准，公安机关依法对其执行逮捕，并移送审查起诉。
+
+
+
+**犯罪事实**
+
+公诉机关指控，熊某某在其经营的电子产品出口业务中，通过虚报销项税额和不申报部分销售收入的方式，少缴税款共计人民币25万元。具体事实如下：
+
+
+
+1. 2022年6月至2023年2月，熊某某在其经营的一家电子产品出口公司中，通过虚报销项税额和不申报部分销售收入的方式，少缴税款共计人民币25万元。相关证据包括2022年7月至2023年2月的公司财务报表复印件及虚假销项税额发票复印件。
+
+
+
+2. 2023年1月至2023年3月，熊某某将公司的主要资产，包括一处价值100万元的商业地产和两台价值共计50万元的高级机器设备，故意转移至其亲属名下，以逃避税务机关追缴欠税。相关证据包括商业地产转让合同、机器设备转让记录及相关发票，以及亲属的证言。
+
+
+
+3. 2023年2月至2023年4月，熊某某通过多次小额取现和分批转账，总计50万元，隐匿在其控制的多个银行账户中。相关证据包括银行取现和转账记录，以及通过技术侦查手段获取的账户控制证据。
+
+
+
+上述事实，有公司财务报表、虚假销项税额发票、转让合同、转账及取现记录、证人证言以及相关技术侦查资料等证据证实。被告人熊某某亦在侦查及审讯过程中承认了以上犯罪事实。
+
+
+
+**案件涉及程序**
+
+根据上述犯罪事实，雷峰市樱桃区人民检察院认为，被告人熊某某的行为已构成逃避追缴欠税罪，依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百零三条之规定，提请本院依法判处。
+
+
+
+在庭审过程中，经法庭调查、举证、质证和辩论程序，针对控辩双方提出的证据材料及意见进行了详细审理和评议。熊某某及其辩护人在庭审中对公诉机关指控的部分事实提出异议，但对整体犯罪事实表示认罪。
+
+
+
+**指控罪名**
+
+本院认为，熊某某通过虚报销项税额、不申报部分销售收入的方式，少缴税款25万元，且后续又采取转移公司资产、隐匿资金等手段，规避追缴欠税行为，数额巨大，情节恶劣，社会危害性较大，其行为已构成逃避追缴欠税罪。
+
+
+
+**证据描述**
+
+1. 虚报销项税额和不申报部分销售收入的证据包括财务报表和虚假发票。公司财务报表显示，2022年7月至2023年2月期间熊某某经营的公司存在虚报销项税额的行为，发票复印件亦证实了此事。
+
+2. 对公司主要资产的故意转移行为所涉证据包括商业地产转让合同、机器设备转让记录及相关发票，以及亲属的证言。亲属证言中明确表示接受了熊某某转移的资产，并确认这些资产来自其公司。
+
+3. 对隐匿资金的证据包括银行取现和转账记录，以及通过技术侦查手段获取的账户控制证据。通过银行记录可以准确查明隐藏的资金流向。
+
+
+
+**量刑考量**
+
+本院在量刑时，考虑了以下几个因素：
+
+1. 犯罪情节：熊某某通过虚假信息进行逃税，转移和隐匿资产，情节恶劣，社会危害性较大。
+
+2. 犯罪数额：逃避追缴的税款数额和所涉隐藏资金均达到了法定标准，属数额巨大。
+
+3. 认罪态度：虽然被告人在调查初期存在抵抗心理，但在充足证据面前，其后认罪态度良好，能如实供述犯罪事实。
+
+4. 案件对社会的影响：熊某某的不法行为不仅对国家税收造成损失，更对诚信经营者带来不良影响。
+
+
+
+综上，依据《中华人民共和国刑法》《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》等相关法律法规，判处如下：
+
+
+
+**判决结果**
+
+本院认为，被告人熊某某逃避追缴欠税的行为构成逃避追缴欠税罪。依据《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百零三条之规定，判决如下：
+
+
+
+1. 被告人熊某某犯逃避追缴欠税罪，判处有期徒刑四年，并处欠缴税款三倍的罚金，共计75万元。缓刑适用期为三年。
+
+
+
+**上诉权说明**
+
+根据《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》有关规定，如不服本判决，可在接到判决书之日起十日内，通过本院或者直接向雷峰市中级人民法院提起上诉。书面上诉的，应提交上诉状正本一份，副本二份。
+
+
+
+此致
+
+
+
+雷峰市樱桃区人民法院
+
+
+
+审判长：穆某某
+
+审判员：苗某某
+
+书记员：朱某
+
+
+
+2023年10月5日
+
+
+
+参考法条如下：
+
+第二百零三条
+
+纳税人欠缴应纳税款，采取转移或者隐匿财产的手段，致使税务机关无法追缴欠缴的税款，数额在一万元以上不满十万元的，处三年以下有期徒刑或者拘役，并处或者单处欠缴税款一倍以上五倍以下罚金；数额在十万元以上的，处三年以上七年以下有期徒刑，并处欠缴税款一倍以上五倍以下罚金。
+
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_95_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_95_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5cca365b6f4071e161382b2366951f20d00e2b4c
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_95_zh_\345\215\216\346\226\207\350\241\214\346\245\267.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+# 烟波市青田区人民法院刑事判决书
+
+
+
+案号：（2023）青刑初字第1234号
+
+
+
+青田区人民检察院
+
+ 公诉机关
+
+
+
+被告人：严某，女，1966年2月5日出生，汉族，无固定职业，户籍所在地及现住址：烟波市杨柳街22号。因涉嫌盗窃罪于2023年1月12日被烟波市青田区公安局立案调查，同年1月15日被烟波市公安局采取留置措施，同年1月20日被刑事拘留，2月5日被正式逮捕，现羁押于烟波市青田区看守所。
+
+
+
+辩护人：卜某，烟波市正义律师事务所律师。
+
+
+
+烟波市青田区人民检察院以烟青检刑诉[2023]第001号起诉书指控被告人严某犯盗窃罪，于2023年3月15日向本院提起公诉。本院依法组成合议庭，于2023年4月10日公开开庭审理了本案。烟波市青田区人民检察院指派检察员张某出庭支持公诉，被告人严某及其辩护人卜某到庭参加诉讼。现已审理终结。
+
+
+
+## 案件经过
+
+
+
+2023年1月9日，烟波市公安局接到多个商铺店主的报案，称自2022年12月起，在烟波市环湖路及某大型商场内多次发生盗窃事件。根据商铺监控录像及店员证言，犯罪嫌疑人均为同一中年女性，且盗窃手段娴熟，多次逃脱监控范围。经烟波市公安局调查，确定犯罪嫌疑人为严某，并于2023年1月12日正式立案调查。1月15日，烟波市公安局对严某采取留置措施，1月20日对其进行刑事拘留，并于2月5日正式逮捕。
+
+
+
+## 被告人供述
+
+
+
+被告人严某在接受公安机关审讯时，供述了其犯罪事实。严某表示，由于无固定职业且经济拮据，她在2022年12月萌生了盗窃的念头。自2022年12月1日起，她开始在烟波市环湖路及某大型商场等多个地点实施盗窃行为。严某称，每次作案前，她都会事先踩点，选取监控盲区和顾客较少的时段进店，并利用熟练的反侦查手段进行作案。在供述中，严某也承认其曾在2022年12月20日伪造身份信息混入某公司的办公区盗窃办公设备。对于上述所有盗窃行为，严某均未作抗辩，表示愿意接受法律的制裁。
+
+
+
+## 犯罪事实
+
+
+
+经本院审查并结合证据，被告人严某的偷盗行为如下：
+
+
+
+### 环湖路盗窃案
+
+
+
+2022年12月1日至2022年12月5日期间，被告人严某在烟波市环湖路的多家商铺内多次盗窃高档商品，包括名牌手提包、钱包、手表等物品，累计盗窃总价值约7000元。根据当事商铺提供的监控录像显示，多次出现一名中年女性，形象特征与严某一致，并能够清晰看到其盗窃行为。在被告人供述中，她详细述说了作案的经过。被告人在一次供述中表示：“当时我看到店里人少，就偷偷拿起手提包塞进自己的包里离开。”商铺店员赵某的证人证言也支持了这一供述。赵某称自己曾数次见到严某出入店铺，有异常举动，但由于忙碌未察觉是盗窃行为。
+
+
+
+### 大型商场盗窃金银饰品案
+
+
+
+2022年12月10日至2022年12月15日期间，被告人严某在烟波市某大型商场内伪装成顾客，趁工作人员不备之际，从珠宝柜台盗窃多件金银饰品，总价值约16000元。商场监控录像显示，严某多次在柜台前徘徊，并在店员离开柜台时迅速行动，将金银饰品收入囊中后迅速离开。珠宝柜台的工作人员王某指出，当时她在为其他顾客服务，严某趁机进行盗窃。被抓获后，严某在供述中承认了这些细节：“偷东西的时候我心跳很快，看到店员走开了，我就迅速把几件首饰抓起塞进包里。”
+
+
+
+### 办公区盗窃办公设备案
+
+
+
+2022年12月20日，被告人严某伪造身份信息，以某公司员工的身份混入烟波市某公司办公区，盗窃一台苹果笔记本电脑和一台高端打印机，物品总价值约12000元。根据公司提供的监控录像，严某在办公区徘徊观察，并在确定监控死角和无人注意的情况下，将设备迅速打包并通过员工通道偷运走。公司员工李某的证词也证实了这一事实。李某表示：“当时她（严某）说是新来的同事，我没有多想她就离开了。”被告人在供述中详细描述了作案过程：“我用假身份证混进办公区，假装成新员工，他们对我毫无戒心，我趁机把电脑和打印机拿走。”
+
+
+
+## 证据描述
+
+
+
+### 1. 被告人供述及辩解笔录
+
+被告人严某在多次审讯过程中，详尽供述了其犯罪过程，细节吻合现场监控录像和证人证言。严某对于指控的所有罪行均未进行否认，并表示愿意承担法律责任。
+
+
+
+### 2. 商铺及商场监控录像
+
+来自烟波市环湖路商铺和某大型商场的监控录像清晰记录了被告人严某的盗窃行为，显示其在行窃过程中一系列细节动作，包括徘徊、观察、安全盲区进行盗窃等。
+
+
+
+### 3. 被盗物品清单及估价报告
+
+烟波市环湖路商铺及某大型商场提供的被盗物品清单及估价报告，详细列明了被告人严某所盗物品的准确数量和市场价值，总价值约23000元。
+
+
+
+### 4. 商铺及商场店员证人证言
+
+商铺店员赵某及商场珠宝柜台工作人员王某在证词中详细描述了事发经过，并指认监控录像中的犯罪嫌疑人为被告人严某。
+
+
+
+### 5. 被盗物品照片及估价报告
+
+对于被盗的金银饰品及办公设备，商场和公司分别提供了对应的物品照片，同时附有独立机构出具的估价报告，确认了总价值约28000元。
+
+
+
+### 6. 公司员工证人证言
+
+某公司员工李某的证言详细描述了被告人严某伪造身份混入办公区并盗窃办公设备的经过，为案件提供了关键证据支持。
+
+
+
+## 量刑考量
+
+
+
+在全面审查案件事实、证据、被告人及其辩护人的意见以及控辩双方的陈述后，本院对被告人严某的量刑考量如下：
+
+
+
+1. **犯罪数额巨大**：被告人严某在短时间内，多次进行盗窃，涉案金额高达28000元，数额巨大，严重危害了社会公共秩序。
+
+2. **作案手段恶劣**：严某多次盗窃均有明显的预谋，她在作案前反复踩点，伪装身份，使用反侦查手段，行为恶劣。
+
+3. **社会危害性较大**：被告人严某的行为不仅造成了多个受害商铺及公司财产损失，还破坏了社会治安，影响恶劣。
+
+4. **认罪态度较好**：在整个审讯和审判过程中，被告人严某态度端正，真诚悔过，主动交代自己的犯罪行为，并且对指控没有异议，表示愿意接受法律的制裁。其认罪态度较好，应当酌情从轻处罚。
+
+
+
+鉴于上述量刑考量，本院认为被告人严某的行为已构成盗窃罪，应当依法予以惩处。
+
+
+
+## 判决结果
+
+
+
+根据《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百六十四条之规定，本院判决如下：
+
+
+
+1. 被告人严某犯盗窃罪，判处有期徒刑五年，并处罚金人民币10000元。
+
+2. 鉴于被告人认罪态度较好，且案件确有从轻情节，决定对其判处缓刑二年。
+
+
+
+## 上诉权说明
+
+
+
+本判决为一审判决。被告人严某如不服本判决，可以自接到判决书的第二日起十日内，通过本院或者直接向烟波市中级人民法院提出上诉。书面上诉的，应当提交副本五份。
+
+
+
+审判长：和某
+
+审判员：和某
+
+书记员：卞某
+
+
+
+烟波市青田区人民法院
+
+2023年4月20日
+
+
+
+参考法条如下：
+
+第二百六十四条
+
+盗窃公私财物，数额较大的，或者多次盗窃、入户盗窃、携带凶器盗窃、扒窃的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制，并处或者单处罚金；数额巨大或者有其他严重情节的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金；数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处罚金或者没收财产。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_96_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_96_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c1caf8b8044edafc0cc97cf5228224b122ff1ffc
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_96_zh_\351\232\266\344\271\246.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+# 烟波市苹果区人民法院
+
+
+
+刑事判决书
+
+
+
+(2023)蘋刑初字第0001号
+
+
+
+## 公诉机关及被告人、辩护人信息
+
+
+
+公诉机关：烟波市苹果区人民检察院。
+
+
+
+被告人：罗某，男，1966年8月8日出生，汉族，烟波市人，住烟波市丝路街67号，现无业。因涉嫌盗窃罪，于2023年3月15日被烟波市公安局立案调查，2023年4月1日被采取留置措施，2023年4月5日被刑事拘留，2023年4月10日被逮捕。现羁押于烟波市苹果区看守所。
+
+
+
+辩护人：彭某某，烟波市正义律师事务所律师。
+
+
+
+## 案件事实
+
+
+
+烟波市苹果区人民检察院指控被告人罗某犯盗窃罪，于2023年5月1日向本院提起公诉。本院依法组成合议庭，公开开庭进行了审理。烟波市苹果区人民检察院指派检察员郑某出庭支持公诉，被告人罗某及其辩护人彭某某到庭参加诉讼。现已审理终结。
+
+
+
+经审理查明：
+
+
+
+被告人罗某自2023年2月至2023年3月期间，多次在烟波市各大商场、广场及高档饭店进行盗窃，行为具体如下：
+
+
+
+### 2023年2月5日 20:30 - 21:00（欢庆商场）
+
+
+
+被告人罗某在烟波市苹果区欢庆商场内，趁店面员工不注意，偷窃了一台价值3000元的苹果手机。商场监控录像显示，罗某先在手机柜台前徘徊，随后趁促销员为其他顾客服务之际，将展示柜中一台未锁机的苹果手机偷走并迅速离开现场。商场员工张某发现手机丢失后立即报案，据其证言，手机型号、价格及当天事情经过均能确认罗某的身份和偷窃行为。
+
+
+
+### 2023年2月20日 14:00 - 14:30（中环广场）
+
+
+
+罗某在烟波市中环广场扒窃了一名女士的LV手提包，内有重要证件及价值5000元的物品。广场监控录像捕捉到其从一位名叫李某的女士背后取下手提包并迅速离开，李某发现包遗失后报案。经警方调查，在罗某住处发现了该手提包，李某确认为其失窃物，物品清单与失窃报告相符。
+
+
+
+### 2023年3月3日 19:45 - 20:00（某高档饭店）
+
+
+
+罗某进入烟波市某高档饭店的餐厅，偷窃了一名客人的钱包，内有现金1200元、银行卡数张。饭店监控记录显示，罗某进入餐厅，趁客人张某不注意时，将其挂在椅背上的钱包顺手牵走。被害人张某随后报警，罗某在审讯中承认了盗窃行为，警方在其住处搜出了部分现金和银行卡。
+
+
+
+### 2023年3月10日 17:30 - 18:00（某购物中心）
+
+
+
+罗某在烟波市某购物中心内，偷窃了一块价值8000元的Gucci手表。购物中心内的监控录像显示，罗某在手表柜台前徘徊，迅速将展示手表装入衣袋离开。购物中心事后报案，经调查在罗某的手机中发现其佩戴该手表的照片，物品详情与商场报失记录相符。
+
+
+
+## 证据材料
+
+
+
+上述事实，有公诉机关提交并经法庭质证、认证的下列证据予以证实：
+
+
+
+1. **监控录像**：欢庆商场、烟波市中环广场、高档饭店及购物中心的监控录像，清晰捕捉到罗某的盗窃行为及离开现场的情况。
+
+
+
+2. **证人证言**：商场员工张某，购物中心保安李某，高档饭店工作人员及被害人李某等，他们提供的证言均能证实罗某的盗窃行为和盗窃细节。
+
+
+
+3. **物证**：警方在罗某住处发现的被盗物品，包括苹果手机、LV手提包、现金及银行卡、Gucci手表。
+
+
+
+4. **罗某的供述**：被告人罗某在审讯中如实供述了其盗窃的经过和动机，供述内容与现场调查和证据相符。
+
+
+
+## 庭审过程
+
+
+
+在法庭审理过程中，公诉机关出示了上述证据并进行了质证。被告人罗某及其辩护人彭某某对公诉机关指控的犯罪事实和所举证据没有异议，承认上述犯罪行为属实，但辩护人辩称考虑到罗某家境贫困、无业，且其已深刻认识到错误，希望法庭能从轻处罚。
+
+
+
+## 法院审理认为
+
+
+
+本院认为，被告人罗某以非法占有为目的，多次在公共场所实施盗窃行为，数额巨大，社会危害性较大，其行为已构成盗窃罪。被告人罗某归案后能如实供述自己的犯罪事实，认罪态度较好，且未对被害人造成严重人身伤害，依法可以酌情从轻处罚。辩护人彭某某的辩护意见，经本院审理，部分予以采纳。
+
+
+
+在量刑上，应综合考虑以下几个方面：
+
+
+
+1. **犯罪次数和金额**：被告人罗某在短短一个月内实施4次盗窃犯罪，每次盗窃金额均较高，累计金额超过17000元，属于数额巨大。
+
+
+
+2. **抗拒行为**：在警方追捕过程中，被告人罗某未表现出任何暴力抗法行为，这对于避免恶性事件发生具有积极意义。
+
+
+
+3. **认罪态度**：罗某在被捕后表现出悔改之心，积极配合调查，供述了全部犯罪事实，并对受害人表达了歉意。
+
+
+
+4. **经济状况**：罗某无稳定收入来源，家境贫困，这在一定程度上导致其走上犯罪道路，但不应成为积极犯罪的借口。
+
+
+
+综上所述，依据相关法律规定，对被告人罗某判处以下刑罚：
+
+
+
+## 判决结果
+
+
+
+一、被告人罗某犯盗窃罪，判处有期徒刑五年，并处罚金五万元。
+
+
+
+二、对扣押在案的赃物予以没收，依法返还被害人；对已变卖无法返还的赃物，责令被告人罗某退赔失主，返还款限在刑期结束后三个月内支付完毕。
+
+
+
+## 上诉权说明
+
+
+
+本判决下达之日起十日内，被告人罗某如不服本判决，有权通过本院或者直接向烟波市中级人民法院上诉。上诉应递交上诉状，并交付副本。
+
+
+
+审判长：黄某
+
+
+
+审判员：邬某
+
+
+
+书记员：常某
+
+
+
+参考法条如下：
+
+第二百六十四条
+
+盗窃公私财物，数额较大的，或者多次盗窃、入户盗窃、携带凶器盗窃、扒窃的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制，并处或者单处罚金；数额巨大或者有其他严重情节的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金；数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处罚金或者没收财产。
+
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_97_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_97_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c19d7bfc1ea4a866ae5fc0a68d438e6f2d0fd9e6
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_97_zh_\345\256\213\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+### 中华人民共和国紫霞市桂林区人民法院
+
+刑事判决书
+
+
+
+（2023）紫桂刑初字第123号
+
+
+
+紫霞市桂林区人民法院刑庭
+
+
+
+公诉机关：紫霞市桂林区人民检察院
+
+
+
+被告人：柏某，男，1975年11月6日出生，汉族，无业，住所地：紫霞市石榴街44号。
+
+
+
+辩护人：孙某某，云霓律师事务所律师。
+
+
+
+### 一、案件背景
+
+
+
+2023年2月1日，紫霞市桂林区公安局接到多起关于盗窃事件的报案，经初步调查发现案件存在关联性。紫霞市桂林区人民检察院遂立案，并在2023年3月10日采取留置措施，2023年3月15日对被告人柏某实施刑事拘留，2023年3月22日正式逮捕被告人柏某。
+
+
+
+### 二、案件经过
+
+
+
+本院依法公开开庭审理了此案。紫霞市桂林区人民检察院指派检察员刘某出庭支持公诉，被告人柏某及其辩护人孙某某到庭参加诉讼。现已审理终结。
+
+
+
+### 三、案情陈述
+
+
+
+经过法庭调查和讯问，被告人柏某对于检察机关指控其盗窃的犯罪行为供认不讳。公诉机关指控，2022年12月15日至2023年3月1日期间，被告人柏某连续实施了多起盗窃犯罪行为，具体事实如下：
+
+
+
+1. **2022年12月15日**，被告人柏某于午夜时分，在紫霞市绿岛社区某居民楼实施入户盗窃，撬开住户李某的防盗门，盗走现金人民币8000元及品牌手表一块。李某事后报警，警方通过现场提取的指纹及监控录像确认了被告人的身份。
+
+
+
+2. **2023年1月20日**，被告人柏某在紫霞市阳光购物中心活动时，在上午11时，趁顾客胡某不注意，从其购物袋内偷走一部价值1500元的iPhone手机，购物中心的监控录像清楚记录了这一过程，胡某之后提供了详细的证词记录。
+
+
+
+3. **2023年2月5日**，被告人柏某在紫霞市中心公园内，利用公园的拥挤环境，于中午12时盗取游人张某的背包，包内包含现金人民币3000元及一台价值2000元的相机。警方通过现场的视频录像以及被告人所持相机的证据，确认了其犯罪事实。
+
+
+
+4. **2023年3月1日**，被告人柏某在紫霞市天如街道，于晚10时，在一辆停放于路边的汽车内盗走点钞机一台及人民币5000元。车主赵某提供证言及意外物品的详细清单，再加上现场提取的指纹和残留物证，揭示了被告人的罪行。
+
+
+
+### 四、罪名指控
+
+
+
+检察机关认为，被告人柏某的行为已构成盗窃罪。根据《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百六十四条之规定，公诉机关建议对被告人柏某处以五年有期徒刑，并处罚金人民币5000元。
+
+
+
+### 五、证据描述
+
+
+
+公诉机关提供了一系列证据，包括但不限于：
+
+
+
+1. 被害人李某、胡某、张某和赵某的证词记录，详细描述了被盗物品及具体情形。
+
+
+
+2. 案发现场提取的指纹及残留物证，证明被告人柏某的到场事实。
+
+
+
+3. 案件发生时的监控录像，其中清晰记录了被告人的犯罪行为，尤其是在阳光购物中心和中心公园内的录像。
+
+
+
+4. 被盗物品清单及失物清单，明确标示了被盗物品的价值和具体状况。
+
+
+
+5. 被告人柏某在公安机关的一系列供述记录，详细陈述了其实施每一起盗窃行为的经过。
+
+
+
+### 六、量刑考量
+
+
+
+本院审理过程中，经过庭审查明：
+
+
+
+1. 被告人柏某自2022年12月15日至2023年3月1日期间，持续实施了四起盗窃行为，共盗取人民币22500元及其他贵重物品，情节严重。从犯罪时间、地点、方式等方面均显示出较强的计划性和反复性。
+
+
+
+2. 被告人柏某在审理过程中，认罪态度较好，供述自己的犯罪事实，并有悔过表现。根据我国法律，对于初次犯罪并认罪悔过的被告人，依法可以酌情从轻处罚。
+
+
+
+3. 被告人柏某的辩护人孙某某律师提出，柏某由于家庭经济困难而走上了犯罪道路，在个人意愿上并不具有恶意，对柏某的犯罪行为应以教育为主。
+
+
+
+### 七、判决结果
+
+
+
+综上所述，考虑到被告人柏某的犯罪次数、所涉金额及其认罪悔过的态度，本院认为，被告人柏某的行为已经构成盗窃罪，情节严重，依法应予以从重处罚。但鉴于其初次犯罪且已认罪悔过，本院决定对其予以从轻处理。
+
+
+
+依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百六十四条之规定，判决如下：
+
+
+
+1. 被告人柏某犯盗窃罪，判处有期徒刑五年，并处罚金人民币5000元。
+
+
+
+2. 缓刑一年。缓刑考验期自判决确定之日起计算。缓刑期内，柏某应接受社区矫正，如有再犯或者违反社区矫正管理相关规定的情形，将撤销缓刑，执行原判刑罚。
+
+
+
+### 八、上诉权说明
+
+
+
+本判决自送达之日起，被告人柏某及其辩护人有权在十日内向本院或者紫霞市中级人民法院提出上诉。
+
+
+
+审判长：姜某
+
+
+
+审判员：苗某
+
+
+
+书记员：俞某
+
+
+
+2023年10月15日
+
+
+
+参考法条如下：
+
+第二百六十四条
+
+盗窃公私财物，数额较大的，或者多次盗窃、入户盗窃、携带凶器盗窃、扒窃的，处三年以下有期徒刑、拘役或者管制，并处或者单处罚金；数额巨大或者有其他严重情节的，处三年以上十年以下有期徒刑，并处罚金；数额特别巨大或者有其他特别严重情节的，处十年以上有期徒刑或者无期徒刑，并处罚金或者没收财产。
+
diff --git "a/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_9_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md" "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_9_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md"
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..077ba0c8743c72d7ed489d732aea1b6fff8e939d
--- /dev/null
+++ "b/RAG_eval/doc_md/font_9_zh_\346\245\267\344\275\223.md"
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+能源巨星有限公司是一家成立于2005年7月，总部位于美国得克萨斯州，主营业务为能源开发与销售的能源公司。该公司已在纽约证券交易所上市。
+
+2017年度，能源巨星有限公司的财务表现稳健。营业收入达到2.5亿美元，这主要归因于市场需求的增长和产品价格的变化。公司的净利润为4000万美元，这得益于营业收入的增加、成本的控制以及非经常性损益的影响。总资产达到10亿美元，这是由于公司进行了资产收购、资产处置和资产重估等因素的影响。总负债为5亿美元，这是由于新债发行、债务偿还和债务重组等因素的影响。股东权益为5亿美元，这是由于净利润的增加、股利发放和资本公积的影响。现金流量为1000万美元，这是由于经营活动、投资活动和筹资活动的影响。负债比率为50%，资产负债率为50%，净资产收益率为8%。
+
+在2017年的重要事件中，能源巨星有限公司完成了对绿色新能源公司的资产收购。这次资产收购的总价值为1亿美元，使得公司的业务范围得到了扩大，市场竞争力得到了增强。此外，公司还进行了一次大规模的融资活动，募集了5亿美元资金，加强了公司的资金实力，支持了公司的扩张和发展。公司还完成了对太阳能科技有限公司的股权收购，获得了45%的股权，进一步扩大了公司的市场份额，提升了公司的控制力。此外，公司还投资了新一期核电站项目，投资金额为2亿美元，进一步拓宽了公司的业务领域，提升了公司的盈利能力。
+
+然而，公司也面临着一些挑战。由于原材料价格上涨和市场需求下滑，公司在某项目上遭受了2亿美元的巨额亏损。为了应对这一挑战，公司进行了资产重组，优化了公司的业务结构，提高了公司的运营效率，增加了公司的价值。此外，公司还进行了债务重组，减少了1亿美元负债，改善了公司的财务状况，降低了财务成本。
+
+展望未来，能源巨星有限公司计划实施一系列财务策略，包括加强成本控制、提高资本运营效率等，以进一步提升公司的盈利能力和财务状况。公司还计划加大对新能源技术研发的投入，开拓国际市场，以寻求更多的增长机会。同时，公司也意识到财务风险的存在，主要包括原材料价格波动和行业政策变动等因素，将建立稳健的风险管理体系，以应对可能的风险和挑战。
+
+综上所述，能源巨星有限公司在2017年度取得了稳健的财务表现，并通过资产收购、融资活动和股权收购等重大事件，进一步扩大了业务范围，增强了市场竞争力。公司未来将继续实施财务策略，加大投资力度，并建立稳健的风险管理体系，以保持持续的发展和增长。
+
+公司治理结构方面，能源巨星有限公司在2017年进行了一系列重要事件的调整和变更。首先，在2017年1月，公司进行了董事会变更，调整了董事会成员的职位，以适应公司战略调整和发展需求。新董事会成员的加入可能引入新的想法和视角，推动公司战略调整和发展。然而，这一变更也导致了高管人员的离职，首席执行官和首席财务官相继离职。离职原因是公司战略调整和管理层变更导致的差异。这些高管人员离职给公司带来了管理层的不稳定性和业务方面的不确定性，可能导致投资者对公司未来发展的质疑。为了确保公司正常运营和业务连续性，公司董事会任命了一位临时首席执行官。临时首席执行官的任命有助于维持公司的正常运营，并向投资者传递公司高层管理的稳定信号，减轻了管理层变更带来的不确定性。
+
+为了适应市场变化和未来发展需求，公司在2017年4月进行了公司战略调整。这一战略调整可能导致公司业务结构和收入模式的变化，对公司业绩和未来发展产生重大影响。为了更好地支持新的战略调整，公司在2017年6月进行了财务部门的重组，调整了部门架构和人员配置，以提高财务管理效率。财务部门的重组可以优化财务流程和决策支持，提高财务管理的准确性和效率，为公司战略调整提供有力支持。
+
+此外，公司还根据上市公司管理要求对内部报告和合规流程进行了调整和改进。这一调整和改进可以提高内部控制和合规流程的规范性和有效性，降低不合规风险，维护公司声誉和投资者信任。
+
+在合规与监管方面，公司在2017年3月进行了更新，确保公司遵守最新法律法规，保护公司和股东利益。合规与监管更新将减少公司的法律风险，提升公司治理透明度和合规水平。
+
+在可持续性与社会责任方面，公司在2017年4月取得了重大进展。公司推出了一系列可持续性与社会责任倡议和项目，包括可持续发展、环境保护、社会责任和企业公民等方面。这些倡议将提升公司的公众形象和市场竞争力，并促进公司的长期可持续发展。
+
+在股东大会方面，公司在2017年7月的年度股东大会上通过了重要决议，包括公司章程的变更、重大公司行动和股东投票结果。股东大会决议对公司的治理结构、未来经营策略和股东权益都会产生直接的影响。
+
+然而，公司在2017年8月遭遇了一起严重的道德与诚信事件，涉及腐败和利益冲突案例。公司采取了严肃的应对措施，包括调查和纪律处分等。这起事件可能会损害公司声誉和品牌价值，对公司与投资者、客户和合作伙伴的关系造成负面影响。
+
+为了提高公司对内外部风险的应对能力，公司在2017年9月对其风险管理框架进行了更新。这些风险管理举措将有助于提高公司对内外部风险的应对能力，确保公司的稳定发展。
+
+在公司治理政策方面，公司在2017年10月修订了治理政策，增强了公司治理透明度和问责制，提升了利益相关者的信心。治理政策修订将改善公司的治理结构，增强投资者对公司的信任和信心。
+
+最后，在2017年11月，公司的高级管理层发生了变动，包括CEO和其他关键职位的更换。这将影响公司的运营重点和优先事项。高级管理层变动可能导致公司在运营重点和战略优先事项上进行调整，对短期业绩和长期发展产生影响。
+
+综上所述，能源巨星有限公司在2017年进行了一系列重要的治理结构调整和改进。公司在董事会变更、高管人员离职、战略调整、财务部门重组、合规与监管更新、可持续性与社会责任倡议、股东大会决议、道德与诚信事件、风险管理举措、公司治理政策修订和高级管理层变动等方面都进行了重要的举措和改进。这些举措和改进将对公司的治理结构、业务发展和股东权益产生重大影响。公司将继续加强董事会和监事会功能，提升透明度和信息披露质量，强化内部控制系统，整合可持续发展和社会责任，以提高公司的治理水平和业务可持续发展能力。
+
+在环境责任方面，能源巨星有限公司采取了一系列重要举措来保护和改善当地生态环境。首先，公司于2017年3月实施了生态恢复计划，包括种植树木、修复湿地等措施。这一计划的制定是在公司董事会于2016年12月召开的会议上讨论并决定的，为实施奠定了基础。在2017年1月，公司委托一家专业的环境咨询公司进行生态环境评估，以确定具体的措施和范围。在环境专家的指导下，公司于2017年2月制定了详细的生态恢复计划，并于3月开始实施。这一计划的实施改善了生物多样性，恢复了当地生态系统的平衡，提高了生态环境的质量。
+
+此外，能源巨星有限公司还致力于防止污染设施的建设，采用环境管理系统，投资于碳抵消项目，实施节能减排项目，并开发绿色产品。这些举措有助于减少二氧化碳排放量和能源消耗，进一步改善了公司的环境责任。
+
+在社会责任方面，能源巨星有限公司也积极投入。公司实施了员工职业成长和人才发展计划，为员工提供了良好的职业发展机会。此外，公司还支持社区发展项目，并参与慈善活动和社会公益项目。公司还积极参与公共服务项目，为社会做出贡献。此外，公司还实施了员工健康与安全计划，确保员工的健康和安全。
+
+在指标方面，能源巨星有限公司关注二氧化碳排放量、能源消耗、员工满意度和社区投资额等指标。通过实施环境保护计划和社会责任战略，公司取得了显著的成果。根据最新数据，公司的二氧化碳排放量减少了20%，能源消耗降低了15%。员工满意度稳步提升，达到85%。同时，公司的社区投资额增加了30%，为当地社区的发展做出了积极贡献。
+
+展望未来，能源巨星有限公司将继续致力于环境保护计划和社会责任战略。公司计划进一步减少二氧化碳排放量和能源消耗，提高员工满意度，并增加社区投资额。公司还将制定可持续发展目标，为实现可持续发展做出更大的贡献。
+
+综上所述，能源巨星有限公司在环境和社会责任方面取得了显著的成就。通过实施生态恢复计划、防止污染设施的建设、采用环境管理系统、投资于碳抵消项目、实施节能减排项目和开发绿色产品，公司保护和改善了当地生态环境。同时，公司通过员工职业成长和人才发展计划、社区支持和发展项目、参与慈善活动、社会公益项目支持、参与公共服务项目和员工健康与安全计划，积极履行社会责任。未来，公司将继续努力，为实现可持续发展做出更大的贡献。
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_003-P20.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_003-P20.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c928774518f4619a9ae9cd56bead22f0b8fb5319
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_003-P20.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+当前和今后一个时期我国土地整理工作的重点已经明确。为实现全国耕地保有量18亿亩的目标,将紧紧围绕耕地保护目标开展土地整理。
+
+新时期还将紧紧围绕基本农田保护和建设开展土地整理。坚持以建设促保护,大力开展基本农田建设。土地整理专项资金主要用于高标准基本农田建设,并将小型农田水利建设作为重要内容。东部地区以建设高标准农田为主要任务;中部粮食主产区以保护和提高基本农田的粮食综合生产能力为主要目的;西部生态脆弱地区加大对平坝和缓坡耕地的整理力度,加大对坡改梯、淤坝地以及对出现沙化趋势耕地的建设和整治力度,加强本口粮田建设。认真组织开展好全国116个基本农田保护示范区建设,为不同类型农业耕作区树立基本农田保护和建设的典范。
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_011-P19.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_011-P19.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d1100042022e9c4f1bf3b5368738b3b4c557c596
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_011-P19.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+记者近日从齐齐哈尔市气象局获悉,为期5年的中国第一个生态湿地气象站建设已基本完成。专家认为,这一生态湿地气象站建成后,将有助于深入了解分析扎龙湿地的天气变化规律,并对丹顶鹤的保护有积极意义。
+
+位于黑龙江省齐齐哈尔市境内的扎龙自然保护区是天然的物种基因库,于1992年列入《国际重要湿地名录》。保护区内水生植被丰富,大面积的芦苇沼泽为栖息和繁殖在这里的水禽提供了隐蔽的场所,低洼地的草甸和草甸草原,分布有大量的草本植物。保护区内通过调查记录到的鸟类有230多种,其中主要有丹顶鹤等6种鹤类。广阔的湖泊和沼泽湿地对调节当地的气候和空气湿度有着巨大的作用。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_023-P20.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_023-P20.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b0a0d6fd8eb8bb6529bf7af91c5e179933c05229
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_023-P20.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+前不久,来自全国采煤大省山西的两家煤矿――蒲县鼎立鹏程公司和汾西县康达洗煤厂,先后与江苏溧阳天华环保机械厂签署合作协议,后者将提供自行研制的硫酸根吸附剂及其处理工艺,帮助前者建立废水处理厂,并保证处理后的废水达到国家饮用水标准。
+
+“硫酸根吸附剂及其处理工艺可以有效解决我国煤矿产区的水资源紧缺问题。”据天华环保机械厂负责人王国强介绍,我国登记在册的煤矿有28000家,2005年排放矿井废水约24亿立方米,其中绝大多数含盐在1000毫克/升以上的高矿化度矿井废水。高矿化度矿井废水所到之处鱼虾绝迹,寸草不生,而且污染地表水及地下水,使矿区本来就紧张的水资源雪上加霜。
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_065-P17.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_065-P17.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ab66c4e75de921d2a8acad591b294a190bc98120
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_065-P17.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+交强险是去年7月1日正式开始实施的。根据《机动车辆交通事故责任强制保险条例》(以下简称《条例》)
+
+有关规定,交强险从第二年度起将实行与道路交通事故和道路交通违法行为挂钩的“奖优罚劣”的费率浮动机制;保监会每年要向社会公布上一年度交强险事业盈亏情况。保监会财产保险监管部主任郭左践今年5月22日在媒体座谈会上表示,预计于9月向社会公布上年度交强险业务盈亏情况。此前,保监会新闻发言人袁力表示,根据实际情况,可能会对基础费率做出调整。而根据《条例规定,调整保险费率的幅度较大的,保监会应当进行听证。
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_075-P17.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_075-P17.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2675cb5858d61f8a47e5f2499b46c5b059260e38
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_075-P17.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+西藏自治区主席向巴平措今天在国新办发布会上表示,青藏铁路通车近一年来,极大地推动了西藏旅游等事业的发展和社会进步,并采取了一系列生态保护措施,使沿线环境得到有效保护。
+
+据向巴平措介绍,西藏的自然风光和风土人情对中外旅游者具有很大的吸引力。近年来,来藏观光旅游的人数增长很快,特别是2006年7月1日青藏铁路的开通,极大地改善了进出藏的交通条件,为西藏旅游业的快速发展提供了良好的外部条件。2006年,西藏共接待国内外游客251.21万人次,其中,接待海外旅游人数15.48万人次。
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_095-P19.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_095-P19.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b9426bf0bcc91512bfb4db766647451af106b6ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_095-P19.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+监督缺失助长了“豪华衙门”攀比风
+
+
+
+中央纪委、国家发展改革委、监察部、财政部、国土资源部、建设部、审计署等七部委日前联合下发《关于开展党政机关办公楼等楼堂馆所建设项目清理工作的通知》决定对各地区各部门近年来修建党政机关办公楼等楼堂馆所建设项目进行一次全面彻底的清理。
+
+早在今年“两会”时,就传出中央将严刹“豪华衙门”风的消息,现今不到短短三个月的时间,消息就已变成现实,这样的高效率表明中央言必行,行必果,整肃吏治,严惩腐败,严控行政成本的决心。
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_099-P20.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_099-P20.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..91c4999388bf2c234a5e7553ab6652144331f83f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_099-P20.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+在国际汽车界,近来最引人关注的话题,莫过于美国纽约私募基金Cerberus资本管理公司出资74亿美元收购未来克莱斯勒80.1%股权、戴—克集团因此将被拆分的消息。其实,这一消息也同样使中国同行感到震惊,因为戴姆勒-克莱斯勒一旦分家之后,其中国业务必然受到影响。人们因此纷纷猜测:未来他们各自在中国将何去何从?
+
+据了解,戴—克集团目前在中国有4个子公司,另外还有3个合资项目。如果戴—克分离,对于主管进口业务的梅赛德斯-奔驰中国销售有限公司和克莱斯勒中国销售有限公司,影响应该不会很大,因为两家公司都系独立运作,并且各自向奔驰与克莱斯勒总部汇报,头绪比较清楚
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_109-P16.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_109-P16.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ed875608793a68163c424c800c66c7a36fcce176
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_109-P16.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+2002年以来,国内企业家包括许多著名企业家在内涉嫌违法犯罪被捕入狱的人数不断增多,此方面的报道也屡屡见诸极端。不是哪个被抓了,就是哪个被判了,或者是这个案子开庭了,那个案子判决了。总之,几乎月月都有这样的新闻。
+
+企业家落马、判刑、入狱、甚至犯死罪被执行死刑了,媒体关注的焦点往往不是法律问题,而更多的是企业家经营和管理上的问题。在媒体上发表各种意见的,不乏经济学家、管理学家,却很少有法律专家来参与讨论。这是一种不正常的现象。企业家不管在经营、管理上存在什么问题,最终的结果如果是走进监狱,最终的结论如果是经由法院判决有罪,那么,最重要的应该是法律问题!
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_120-P17.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_120-P17.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6f56546594e94d29a39a19b6a1104adbde017ce1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_120-P17.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+随着饭店业的蓬勃发展,目前中国星级饭店已经达到13378家。记者从18日在博鳌结束的国家级星评员换届及培训会议上获悉,在星级饭店的复核工作中,星评形式将以暗访为主,明察为辅,重点考察软件。
+
+国家旅游局质量规范与管理司司长满宏卫介绍,预计到2015年,中国将成为世界上第一大旅游目的地国家,这为饭店业的发展带来了巨大的市场空间,对全国的饭店评星工作为带来了挑战。他说,目前国内的星级评定标准已不能满足市场发展,星评员在评定过程中重硬件、轻软件的现象比较普遍。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_120-P18.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_120-P18.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9d17284b37480e5458b9da7339168bec8d76d1c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_120-P18.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+2007年6月17日,一场大雨过后,黄河兰州段又遭污染,而这次污染的是大量的生活垃圾。整个污染带长数十公里。
+
+6月15日上午的一场大雨导致大量生活污水和垃圾排洪道涌入黄河,从小西湖天桥附近开始,黄河南岸的半幅河面形成了一个绵延近4公里的黑色污带,塑料袋、西瓜皮、饮料瓶等各种生活垃圾“浩浩荡荡”漂向下游,污染带处竟占据了河面的一半。兰州市环境监理所控中心的工作人员告诉记者,目前还没有更好的办法控制此类现象的发生,市政管理单位已经着手对黄河边的排洪道进行规划,经过改造后排洪道污水将统一输送到安宁污水厂进行处理。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_143-P18.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_143-P18.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..923a360d3376a84d21e8ab80a5a85d2036bb27fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_143-P18.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+由习惯而产生的先决思维中,中国乃至东亚地区的高储蓄被不甚恰当地视为了常态。很大程度上,各界对于储蓄“搬家”的讨论总是有着“狼来了”的意味,也就是说,虽然在纸面上说,这是一个经常被提及的话题,但在实践中,这又是一个未及准备的假想。由是,一旦在形势骤然出现反转,上上下下所表现出的进退失据可谓当然。
+
+央行最新数据显示,5月份居民户存款减少2784亿元,同比多减2959亿元,创居民存款月度最大降幅。如果加上4月份减少的数字,就在过去两个月里,居民户人民币存款净减少4458亿元。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_178-P20.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_178-P20.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9227ebfe0b6dbc508c71c0c3e53e0777eff308c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_178-P20.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+好莱坞老牌女星莎朗·斯通、华人国际影星张曼玉、韩国人气美男李俊基、日本国家级著名导演山田洋次,以及甄子丹、周迅、张震、舒淇、黄晓明、夏雨……16日晚共聚第十届上海电影节开幕夜。
+
+红毯上的男明星几乎都采取了保守穿法——清一色的黑西装上阵。冯小刚首当其冲所带领的《集结号》队伍、周杰伦作前锋的《灌篮》剧组以及远道而来却绝不失主场气势的李俊基、《越狱》菲律宾演员LEE……女明星们则依然争奇斗艳:张曼玉身着一袭黑色透视上衣搭配白色的蓬蓬裙,粱珞施身着黄色的蛋糕裙,还有其他女星亮出光头、透视、镂空、低胸、制服、超短裙等各种性感造型—在这点上,上海电影节没有逊色于其他A级电影节。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_183-P17.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_183-P17.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bc50ab2156620d6a0986b8da2e5b81cc3fe1ed41
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_183-P17.md
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+农业部副部长牛盾8日表示,当前在经济全球化大背景下,我国棉花产业面临着重大发展机遇。
+
+一是国内纺织工业快速发展为恢复发展棉花生产提供了难得的市场空间。
+
+二是美国等发达国家已承诺2006年至2013年全部取消棉花出口补贴,国内与国际棉花价差将缩小,我国棉花生产发展的国际环境有所改善。
+
+三是通过扩大优势区域生产规模,提高棉田复种指数,“十一五”期间全国棉花面积可以恢复到8500万亩。
+
+他同时表示,未来的棉花产业也将面临着前所未有的挑战,由于国内外棉花价差较大,把握好进口棉花的数量、时机和节奏,实施既能保护国内棉花生产,又能增强棉纺产品竞争力的宏观调控难度加大。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_224-P16.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_224-P16.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e09bd82bbfe5d94b713c1a638d2ab6920f05fd5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_224-P16.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+2006年8月,国际天文学联合会大会正式通过决议,将冥王星降级,与其他类似的一些星体统一定义为“矮行星”。当时,天文学家认为冥王星应该是矮行星中的“老大”。而最新的天文观测证实,冥王星的“老大”头衔也将不保。
+
+美国加利福尼亚理工学院天文学家迈克尔·布朗等人在定于15日出版的美国《科学》杂志上报告说,他们在研究矮行星厄里斯的卫星“迪丝诺美亚”时,利用设在美国夏威夷的凯克大型望远镜和太空中的哈勃太空望远镜,计算出了这颗卫星的运转轨迹,并借助这一信息,进一步计算得出厄里斯的最新密度及轨道数据。结果发现厄里斯的质量大约比冥王星大27%,是目前已知最大的矮行星。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_228-P16.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_228-P16.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d638ca0b5003637ff591364287d94c10386841bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_228-P16.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+公安部正在修改户籍改革文件报国务院审批,目前已经启动对户口法的立法调研。这是公安部办公厅副主任、新闻发言人武和平19日在公安部召开的新闻发布会上透露的。
+
+武和平说,早在上世纪九十年代,我国就提出了取消农业、非农业的二元户口性质,来统一城乡户口登记制度,实行居住地户口登记制度的改革目标。这一目标提出后,经过国家10多个部门的共同努力,在国务院的统一领导下,城乡一体、以户口登记制度为重点的户籍制度改革积极稳妥地推进。去年,全国12个省、自治区、直辖市先后取消了二元户口划分。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_234-P20.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_234-P20.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c4acee3889737a0aafd9b1853f2d445becc2db53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_234-P20.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+6月19日,北京铁路暑运方案出台。暑运期间,北京铁路局预计发送旅客3110万人次,同比增长10%。在运能安排上,北京铁路局将加开北京至哈尔滨、大连、烟台等方向临客25对。
+
+2007年暑运自7月1日起至8月31日止,共计62天。北京铁路局根据客流调查对暑运客流情况进行了预测。预计暑运期间将发送旅客3110万人次,比去年同期增加283万人次,暑运高峰日将达到58万人次,比去年同期高峰日增加5万人次。暑期客流以学生、旅游观光、休假疗养为主,客流方向集中在哈尔滨、大连、青岛、烟台、南京、上海等方向。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_244-P20.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_244-P20.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..80d71274a865c447591c63f5112cde0708533968
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_244-P20.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+据最新一期《自然》杂志报道,美国罗彻斯特大学的地球物理学家对最早地球磁场进行了直接测量,发现磁气圈早在32亿年前就已存在,比科学家此前为的早了5亿年。
+
+由约翰·塔杜诺领导的这个研究小组通过磁石对早期磁气圈进行了研究。塔杜诺说:“当一块火石冷却时,包含在其内部的磁矿石会记录地球磁场的方向和强度,并将其封闭住。”
+
+研究人员惊讶地发现,他们所探测到的磁场比原来估计的要强得多。这就是说,磁气圈当时强到足以保护地球免遭太阳风暴的毁灭性破坏。这一研究成果对准确推算地球生命的历史非常有帮助。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_251-P18.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_251-P18.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ece925162469b0ba1571a396bc1f29764a49e1e2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_251-P18.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+今年,我国最大的镍、钴、铂族金属生产企业甘肃金川集团将加大节能减排力度,力争年内实现主要污染物二氧化硫比上年减排20%,达到国家空气质量标准的要求。
+
+位于甘肃省金昌市的金川镍矿,是我国最主要的镍矿,也是世界著名的三大多金属共生的硫化铜镍矿床之一。1978年,金川被列为金国三大资源综合利用基地之一。经过40多年的开发,目前金川累计探明镍金属保有储量居国内第一,铜金属储量居国内已开发铜矿的第二位,铂族金属储量和可开发利用的钴资源储量均居国内首位。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_257-P17.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_257-P17.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e5e4789e5787dbb62cfd207c521089bdd9361d98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_257-P17.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+调查显示,党政干部读书有三个显著特点:接受网络等新媒体阅读的速度加快;为了学习或工作需要而读书;读书时间少,对上级规定的读书不很认同。
+
+由人民论坛杂志社和人民网时政频道联合进行的“党政干部阅读习惯”网络调查近日公布结果。统计数据显示,通过网络进行阅读的党政干部占到26.96%,仅次于通过书籍阅读的28.55%,但是这个比例已经超过了通过报纸和杂志进行阅读的24.02%和19.64%,说明党政干部接受新媒体的速度加快,程度更深。
+
+但是,相较传统的纸质阅读,通过网络及电视等媒体进行的阅读可以达到同样的效果吗?
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_261-P18.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_261-P18.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84eaf471acdba64263cbbcc470d5d6cbc849efe4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_261-P18.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+2005年,“树仔菜有毒”危机。海南树仔菜(天绿香)被指重金属镉超标,一时树仔菜变毒菜,最终检测表明并未超过国家标准。
+
+2006年,“注水西瓜”风波。海南西瓜被指用红药水染色,“黑美人”等海南西瓜优良品种因谣言被打入冷宫,最终传言在专家辟谣声中平息。
+
+2007年,“香蕉致癌”谣言。海南香蕉染上巴拿马病和含有类似SARS病毒,被讹传为“吃香蕉致癌”,海南省农业厅、农业部先后辟谣。
+
+一次次遭受危机重挫,海南的热带水果已经不起任何风吹草动了。海南水果产业为何屡陷危机呢?令人深思。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_289-P16.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_289-P16.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..cfb6fd02e2d554e337a2b069fdd86775a051d5c0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_289-P16.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+2006年上海证券市场的大幅上涨,资金驱动是其中较为明显的作用因素。快速上涨的股指和巨大的市场交易量,容易掩盖资本市场的深层次矛盾。央行上海总部昨日发布了《上海金融稳定报告(2007)》(以下简称报告)指出,一旦预期发生改变,资产价格的波动与震荡,可能导致企业资金链断裂、个人资产大幅缩水、金融机构的呆坏账增多等一系列连锁反应,从而影响经济和金融的稳定发展,对此需予以防范。
+
+《报告》认为,影响上海金融稳定的因素,包括增长中面临的波动性风险、发展中存在的结构性矛盾、创新中出现的风险管控力挑战、开放中并存的市场竞争压力及集中带来的跨境风险传递。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_294-P19.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_294-P19.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..27b1dd4f5e4372ccf47297466cfdbd6c49c58b91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_294-P19.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+北京市交管局提供的一组数字显示,今年1月至5月,12岁以下儿童在北京市共发生19起交通死亡事故。交管局数据分析来看,儿童交通事故一般发生在步行、骑车、乘车时,其中5岁至9岁多为步行发生事故,10岁到12岁多为骑车发生事故。而2006年,北京平均每天有10名以上儿童在交通事故中受到伤害,交通事故已经成为造成儿童伤亡最主要的原因之一。
+
+一个和谐的汽车社会绝不能忽视儿童的交通安全。而目前的国情是,我们在驾驶员安全教育、儿童安全教育、法律法规保障力度、社会风气等方面存在的漏洞太多。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_310-P18.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_310-P18.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9976865191f63418999b3e1806311d72b84a1f8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_310-P18.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+美国国家航空和航天局(NASA)10日揭开一架大型太空望远镜的“面纱”。它将于2013年接替退休的哈勃望远镜,帮助科学家观察宇宙诞生后形成的首批星系。
+
+NASA当天在华盛顿国家航空航天博物馆门前展示了这架名为“詹姆斯韦布”太空望远镜的同尺寸模型。这一大型望远镜由美国、欧洲和加拿大航空机构合作完成,耗资45亿美元。体积是哈勃望远镜的3倍。望远镜的六边镜直径为6.5米遮阳板的面积则
+
+“詹姆斯·韦布”太空望远镜由美国诺思罗普―格鲁曼公司制造,其中包含10项新科有一个红外线照相机,以及一架保持在极低温度下运行的光谱仪。太空望远镜的预计年
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_319-P19.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_319-P19.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2c64a8243099d324f6892ea53e477eb50b8fba4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_319-P19.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+世界经济论坛是一个非官方的国际织,总部设在瑞士日内瓦。其前身是1971年由现任论坛主席、日内瓦商学院教授克劳斯·施瓦布创建的“欧洲管理论坛”。1987年,“欧洲管理论坛”更名为世界经济论坛”,也称达沃斯论坛。论坛每年1月底至2月初在达沃斯召开为期一周的年会,迄今已举办了37届。
+
+论坛的参与者主要是各国的高层政治和经济界领导人、著名企业家论坛的宗旨是探讨世界上经济领域存在的问题并促进国际经济合作与交流。随着国际形势的变化,论坛所探讨的议题逐渐突破了纯经济领域,许多双边和地区性问题也成为论坛探讨的主要内容。近十多年来,世界上发生的重大政治、军事、安全和社会事件多在论坛上得到反映。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_360-P17.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_360-P17.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b1fbc46e30fa095be1b3681984341c381d6fb1eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_360-P17.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+5月的苍穹好戏连台,公众不但可以观赏到宝瓶座厄塔流星雨,还能看到火星与月亮相伴以及月亮遮掩轩辕十四的美景。此外,被称为“灶神”的一颗小行星还将进行“冲日”表演。
+
+首先登场的是宝瓶座厄塔流星雨,5月6日流星雨极盛,为正在休假的人们送上了一份“厚礼”。届时,流星雨每小时的天顶流星数量可达60颗。由于3点多宝瓶座才会升起.因此观测这个流星雨需要早起。
+
+一个星期后,火星合月登场。13日2时多,火星将与月亮相伴升起,此时的火星位于月球南面约3°的位置,亮度0.9星等左右。一直到天亮公众都能看到火星“合”月的景象。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_364-P19.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_364-P19.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8cc0dbc46d7fdc032c1325cfb73b0ece3a822387
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_364-P19.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+中国科技部部长万钢是35年来第一个出任国务院组成部门正职的非中共党员的人士。对此,万钢认为,这是中国政治民主建设当中一个很重要的举措。万钢同时表示,自己在政府部门的工作经验不足,出任科技部部长对于他自己是一个很大的挑战。
+
+在国务院新闻办今日举行的新闻发布会上,万钢表示,他在多党合作方面还是很有一些经历和经验的。他在同济大学做校长的时候,就是为数很少的几个中国的不是中国共产党员的校长,他和学校党委书记、行政班子、党委班子的合作很顺利、很平滑,形成了工作机制,作为行政首长必须对学校的发展承担责任,来行使他在发展当中的权利。此外,当时的决策绝对是一个民主的决策,一个集体的决策,一个科学的决策。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_409-P19.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_409-P19.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..979e3794a9973eef087bbe44e992225147088c7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_409-P19.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+19世纪中叶以来,罗布泊及其邻近地区成为了科学界探险和考察的热点区域。马可·波罗、斯文·赫定、彭加木……中外探险家在这片“死亡之海”中视角不同的观察,导致了一个世纪的学术争论,并留下众多科学上的谜团。
+
+如今,谜底正在揭开。6月中旬,26次进出罗布泊的我国著名沙漠学家夏训诚领衔的“新疆罗布泊地区环境演变与区域发展”项目在北京通过评审。孙鸿烈、刘东生、孙枢、叶大年等院士组成的专家组认为,这些罗布泊地区综合研究的新进展,具有重要的科学意义,总体上达到了罗布泊研究的领先水平。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_411-P20.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_411-P20.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7e717da195104b80acb7c65683d1b8624b44d5dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_411-P20.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+好莱坞老牌女星莎朗·斯通、华人国际影星张曼玉、韩国人气美男李俊基、日本国家级著名导演山田洋次,以及甄子丹、周迅、张震、舒淇、黄晓明、夏雨……16日晚共聚第十届上海电影节开幕夜。
+
+红毯上的男明几乎都采取了保守穿法—清一色的黑西装上阵。冯小刚首当其冲所带领的《集结号》队伍、周杰伦前锋的《灌篮》剧组以及远道而来却绝不失主场气势的李俊基《越狱》菲律宾演员LEE……女明星们则依然争奇斗艳:张曼玉身着一袭黑色透视上衣搭配白色的蓬蓬裙,粱珞施身着黄色的蛋糕裙，有其他女星亮出光头、透视、镂空、低胸、制服、超短裙等各种性感造型—在这点上,上海电影节没有逊色于其他A级电影节。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_412-P16.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_412-P16.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0b605f06f211cca99898028b8843e8ed7963b14e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_412-P16.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+据市交通委相关负责人介绍,北京站站前街地区受整体道路条件所限,存在交通基础设施不足等问题,影响居民和来京旅客的出行,在节假日、黄金周、春运等客流高峰期间还存在安全隐患为此,市交通委同相关部门编制完成了《北京站地区综合交通规划》根据规划,本市将从本月起对北京站站前街步行系统进行改造
+
+首先要改造的是北京站东街行人过街天桥。改造工程保留了前天桥的南北两侧梯道,仅更换主梁。设计部门根据节假日最大客流、无障碍设施等综合因素,细化了站东街人行过街天桥计方案。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_416-P18.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_416-P18.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..84633ec7580e6f65227941b5d0fce35655bba7bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/handwriting_416-P18.md
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+2007年高校招生录取工作即将陆续展开,教育部有关负责人19日强调,有关部和学校要严格执行行招生计划和录取标准,严禁利用调整计划“做文章”。
+
+这位负责人指出,教育部要求各地要切实做好网上录取各项安全保障和数据准备。各地、各部门和高等学校要严格执行报经教育汇总备案并分送各省(区、市)的招生来源计划。“严禁省级招办为争取调整计划随意放宽录取政策或降低分数的要求。严禁高等学校利用调整计划降低标准指名录取考生。
+
+为保证计划调整工作顺进行,各省级招办应在批次录取开始前,向有关高等学校及时提供生源统计情况。确保所有被录取考生都可以在省级招办和高等学校招生信息网络平台上查到录取结果。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6febcaccc89822be8272c6467109e4fa2b206e43
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+2023年4月19日星期三
+
+编辑 罗皓皓 美编 郑典 见习美编 陈丽朵
+
+## 为技术找市场 为企业解难题
+# 150余项科技成果“组团”进区县
+
+## 新时代新征程新重庆
+
+本报讯 (记者 张亦筑)4月18日,重庆市科技成果进区县专项行动2023年首场活动在万州区举行。重庆材料研究院有限公司、哈尔滨工业大学重庆研究院、上海交大重庆临近空间创新研发中心、重庆科技学院、重庆市林业科学研究院等高校院所的150余项科技成果“组团”进区县进行推介,促进科技成果在区县转化应用,助力区县高质量发展。
+
+本次活动由市科技局、万州区政府、重庆市科学技术研究院共同主办,万州区科技局、重庆两江新区科技创新局、重庆易智网科技有限公司承办。来自市内外高校院所的专家团队聚焦万州区先进材料、食品加工、装备制造、医药化工、新型能源等重点产业,围绕汽车及零部件、船舶及船舶配套、生物医药等多条特色产业链条进行了成果推介,并通过现场路演的形式重点推介了梯度纳米合金技术、船舶及船舶配套产业技术、特色药食科研成果及智能化装备等6个项目。
+
+活动前期,易智网还组织专家技术团队深入走访了30余家万州区企业,开展专业的技术需求挖掘工作,挖掘技术需求20余项,推动专家技术团队与企业展开技术交流40余次。当天,现场还发布了15家企业的密封圈材料进口替代、无线射频功能元器件开发、特种氧化铝产品开发等15项技术需求清单,面向高校院所的专家团队征集技术解决方案。
+
+此外,重庆市太行科技集团有限公司与重庆材料研究院有限公司、重庆欣天利智能重工有限公司与重庆科技学院、重庆市万州区三根食用菌种植场与重庆市林业科学研究院、重庆市万州三峡创业孵化中心与重庆易智网科技有限公司就特种材料及工程仪表项目、钎杆材料疲劳性能提升项目、食用菌绿色高产高效生产项目、共建“一站式”科技创新综合服务平台等进行了签约。
+
+“科技成果进区县专项行动是促进产学研用深度合作和科技成果转移转化的重要举措,旨在为高校院所、技术转移机构和区县企业搭建科技交流合作平台,为技术找市场,为企业解难题。”市科技局相关负责人表示,下一步,该专项行动还将聚焦重点区域、国家级高新区、市级高新区等持续开展,把智能科技、生命健康、绿色低碳三大科创高地作为战略主攻方向,推动更多科技成果走出实验室转化为现实生产力。
+
+***
+
+(上接1版)
+
+如,2020年7月,重庆获批率先在中西部启动贸易外汇收支便利化试点,允许符合条件的优质银行、企业在办理贸易外汇收支业务时优化单证审核、简化业务流程。由此,大幅度提高了企业跨境收付款效率,有效节省了企业“脚底成本”。
+
+数据显示,截至2022年12月末,重庆累计推动142项金融开放政策落地,其中既涵盖本外币合一银行账户体系等制度改革类政策,也涵盖非金融企业外债一次性登记等支持实体类政策。尤其是人民币基金对外投资、银行跨境融资担保、外债切块管理等多项政策创新,均在中西部地区率先取得突破,形成一系列标志性成果。探索“汇保通”汇率避险新模式、“科技跨境贷”助力企业境外融资等金融开放创新案例,更是入选国务院全面深化服务贸易创新发展试点最佳实践案例,在全国推广。
+
+凭此,重庆在中西部地区发挥了金融开放创新的示范效应。资料显示,重庆市近年来对陆海新通道基础设施项目、贸易物流企业发放贷款累计近5000亿元,贷款投放金额在西部领先。
+
+### 打通跨境融资通道
+
+依托金融开放创新政策,重庆通过推动金融服务创新等举措,全力打通跨境融资通道,利用国际国内两个市场、两种资源帮助企业获取境外低成本资金。
+
+今年1月中旬,重庆巴洲文化旅游产业集团有限公司成功发行4.28亿元离岸人民币债券并通过新加坡交易所上市。这是2023年全国首单中资实体企业离岸人民币债券。
+
+时间再往前。2020年,通过中新互联互通项目,四川丝丽雅集团以低于国内的综合融资成本,获得来自新加坡金融机构的3000万人民币银行承兑汇票和973万美元信用证,缓解了资金紧缺的难题。
+
+“中新金融合作7年多以来,已基本建成覆盖国际商业贷款、内保外贷、境外发债和跨境房地产信托基金等融资方式的多元化跨境融资通道。大量重庆企业及西部地区企业因此受益。”重庆市金融监管局相关负责人说。
+
+其中,不少跨境融资业务还是“首单”。如:中西部地区首笔跨境房地产信托基金(砂之船REITs),成功在新加坡发行上市;全国首单非银金融机构借款及结汇业务、中西部地区首笔跨境债权转让业务、中新机构间首笔“再保理”业务、西部陆海新通道下首笔海铁多式联运进口信用证等创新业务,相继在渝落地;进出口银行与星展银行合作的“出口双保通”贸易融资、建设银行跨境资产转让等创新产品率先在重庆推出。
+
+据统计,截至2022年末,中新互联互通项目下跨境融资额累计超185亿美元,较中新合作前增长逾10倍。
+
+### 带动西部与东盟互联互通
+
+带动西部与东盟互联互通中新金融合作取得的成果远不止于此。
+
+首先是机构“引进来”与“走出去”同步发力。近年来，推动新加坡企业合资或独资在渝设立约 20 家涉及基金、小贷、融资租赁、村镇银行等多类型金融机构。截至目前，全市共有外资银行分行17家、外资保险分公司16家，数量均在中西部领先。其中，东盟国家的银行已在渝设立了星展银行重庆分行、华侨银行重庆分行等5家分行，占在渝外资分行总量的近三分之一。
+
+“走出去”方面，重庆易捷汇信息科技有限公司在新加坡设立了分支机构，并在新加坡拿到金融牌照，成为中西部地区首家获批新加坡金融牌照的企业。
+
+不仅如此，重庆还引进了中信银行国际业务运营中心、平安银行离岸金融中心、建行跨境金融服务中心和渣打银行中新互联互通项目金融服务中心等全国性或区域性跨境功能性中心，形成了外向型金融机构集聚发展格局，进一步提升了跨境金融服务水平。
+
+其次，在中新金融合作带动下，重庆与新加坡等东盟国家在金融业务上的交流合作，也在逐步走向深入。
+
+2020 年11 月，工行新加坡分行成功投资重庆银行发行的小型微型企业贷款专项金融债券。这是西部地区首单通过“债券通”引入境外投资者参与认购的金融债券。
+
+2022 年 9 月，重庆银行开展了 2000万新加坡元对在岸人民币的自营远期交易，平仓后成功实现盈利。此举实现了该行在衍生品交易领域对陆海新通道沿线国家币种的“零的突破”，也是重庆地方法人银行在此类交易中的“零的突破”。
+
+7年多来，重庆还通过开展合格境内有限合伙人（QDLP）对外投资试点等举措，建立起双向投资通道，累计推动双向投资超200亿美元，吸引外资及跨境人民币股权投资类企业超50家。
+
+与此同时，人民币跨境使用量也在大幅增长。据统计，7年多来，重庆与新加坡人民币跨境收支金额累计突破 582 亿元。新加坡成为重庆第三大人民币跨境使用境外地域。
+
+2022 年，重庆跨境人民币实际收付金额首次突破 3000 亿元，同比增长67.9%。跨境货物贸易人民币结算量达2482亿元，同比增长 124.6% ；重庆与RCEP各成员国发生跨境人民币实际收付结算量 80.5 亿元，同比增长 51.1%，与“一带一路”沿线国家和地区发生跨境人民币实际收付结算量85.8亿元，同比增长43%。
+
+受益的不仅是重庆。来自重庆市金融监管局的数据显示，7年多来，中新金融合作还辐射带动广西、四川、贵州、云南、陕西等10个西部省（自治区）实现赴新加坡融资超过64亿美元。
+
+“中新金融合作带动了重庆及整个西部省份与东盟国家的互联互通，进一步提升了重庆金融业实力、影响力和辐射力。”重庆市金融监管局相关负责人表示。
+
+已连续举办 4 届的中新金融峰会逐步成为中国与东盟金融行业交流合作的重要平台、中国西部地区对外开放的重要窗口、重庆金融开放发展的重要标识。据重庆市金融监管局相关负责人透露，通过中新金融峰会，重庆建立起与新加坡金管局及西部省份的战略合作机制，促成签约项目223个，督导项目落地1283亿元。
+
+重庆市金融监管局相关负责人表示，下一步，重庆将围绕金融赋能成渝地区双城经济圈建设，打造陆海新通道金融服务平台，深化拓展数字贸易融资，谋划与落地更多示范性项目与创新政策，推动中新金融高质量合作迈上新台阶，加快共建西部金融中心，为现代化新重庆建设贡献金融力量。
+
+# “近悦远来·书香重庆”文化惠民书展开幕
+
+
+
+4月18日，“近悦远来·书香重庆”文化惠民书展开幕，近2000平方米的展区分布于渝中区民权路、民族路和邹容支路，展期为期6天。
+
+本届书展由市委宣传部、渝中区委区政府主办,重庆新华书店集团公司、渝中区委宣传部承办。在主题展销区、特色展销区及互动交流区三大展区里,市民除了可以优惠价格选购图书外,还能参与15场主题多元、内容丰富的阅读主题活动。
+
+记者 赵欣 摄/视觉重庆
+
+***
+
+# 市气象台发布今年首个暴雨黄色预警
+
+本报讯 (记者 崔曜 周松 廖雪梅)4月18日上午,市气象台发布今年首个暴雨黄色预警,我市多个区县有暴雨,局部地区伴有阵性大风。其中,渝北、北碚、巴南、璧山、綦江累计降雨量超过了55毫米,达暴雨量级。上午11时,渝北、北碚等区县气温相比17日同时段降温超10℃。
+
+据市气象台介绍,18日7时至15时,我市中西部及东南部地区小雨到中雨,部分地区大雨到暴雨,其中南岸区、渝北区、巴南区、綦江区、长寿区、涪陵区、丰都县、石柱县及两江新区、万盛经开区的26个雨量站达暴雨,最大雨量70.4毫米(綦江区古岐);其余地区阴天到多云。
+
+18日15时,重庆的雨带已开始向中东部转移。在降雨的影响下,我市大部地区气温不足24℃,其中沙坪坝只有21.7℃,气温较17日同时段下跌了13.8℃。降温幅度最大的是丰都,气温狂降近15℃。
+
+截至18日18时,此次降雨导致綦江、璧山、丰都3个区县9个乡镇(街道)遭受洪涝灾害,造成1072人受灾,紧急避险转移12人,紧急转移安置2人,无因灾死亡失踪人员,农作物受灾面积15.5公顷。
+
+经过一场大暴雨,重庆中心城区不少路面、小区积水,全市公安消防部门轮番出动,保障小区居民和道路交通通行安全。此外,截至18日19时,全市住建系统累计出动应急抢险作业人员837人次,特种车辆48车次、排涝设备119台次、普通载人车辆193车次,共处置24处积水点,未发生因城市内涝造成的人员伤亡和重大财产损失。
+
+18日8时许,千厮门隧道江北经渝中至南岸双向中段出现大量积水险情,渝中区朝天门大队民警宋昂、王生治,骁骑郑元果、董长江等人先后赶往现场处置。10时,雨势再次加大,积水深度进一步增加,交巡警果断对千厮门隧道双向采取交通管制,禁止车辆通行,避免引发险情。
+
+18日凌晨4时50分,渝北区消防救援支队接到报警称,中央公园绿地·春溪云庐小区雨水倒灌进车库,车库内积水严重,请求消防救援。4时56分,悦来消防救援站消防救援人员到达现场。经过5个小时的连续作业,车库内约500立方米的积水被抽出,消防队员在出库入口作好防水措施后离开救援现场。
+
+***
+
+# 重庆高速集团：高速公路建设加速奔跑
+
+## 一季度完成投资83亿元,同比增长17%
+
+今年初,重庆提出把成渝地区双城经济圈建设作为市委“一号工程”和全市工作总抓手总牵引。经济圈建设,抓手在项目。当前,一大批重大在建项目正在火热推进。
+
+春潮声声 踵厉奋发。重庆高速集团紧盯重大项目,铆足劲开新局,以实际行动建设新重庆。
+
+目前,重庆高速集团全资、控股的19个建设项目2023年度计划投资324亿元,一季度累计完成投资83亿元、占全年投资计划的26%,同比增加12亿元、增长17%,投资实现“开门红”。
+
+## 渝湘复线高速五布河特大桥主桥预计6月合龙
+
+在渝湘复线高速公路控制性工程五布河特大桥左幅上,工人们有的在进行钢筋作业,有的在进行挂篮悬臂浇筑施工,为大桥左幅合龙做最后的冲刺。
+
+而大桥的右幅4月初才正式合龙,工人们正在拆除挂篮为桥面施工做好准备。
+
+中铁十一局五公司五布河特大桥项目负责人周萧介绍,大桥左幅建设正在有序推进,计划6月底前合龙。
+
+五布河特大桥分左右幅设置,主桥全长730米,连续梁跨度最大180米,主桥墩最高145.33米,桥面高达157米,相当于50多层楼高,其中35号墩位于山坡陡峭处,与33号墩原地面高差100多米,施工难度大,危险系数高,是全线控制性工程。
+
+施工难度大还不止一个。该大桥跨越巴南区观景口水库,该水库是重庆市主城重点水源工程之一,正常施工必将对水源产生污染。
+
+怎么办?中铁十一局五公司经过现场勘察后,采用了最简单有效的办法:挂吊篮、修便道、运泥浆。
+
+具体操作是主桥下方挂吊篮,防止因施工掉下各种渣土,再专门为35号墩修建一条水泥便道,施工过程中,将施工的泥浆全部及时运走。经过这三层防护,对水库的污染减少到最低,甚至零污染。
+
+渝湘复线正掀起施工高潮。今年的目标要实现280公里路基全幅贯通。目前,复线除彭水特长隧道外,其余61座隧道已全部贯通;桥梁中,除中咀乌江、磨寨乌江、观音庙乌江3座特大桥外,已架通136座,这些项目正在进行地面施工。
+
+投资目标还要努力。今年,市交通局下达渝湘复线建设投资186亿元,占全市年度计划投资511亿元的36.4%,力争投资200亿元以上。
+
+重庆高速集团相关负责人介绍,渝湘复线高速公路是目前我市最大的高速公路投资项目,总里程280公里,全线平均桥隧比达到80%,由巴南至彭水、彭水至酉阳、武隆至道真(重庆段)3个项目段组成。
+
+该项目建成通车后,将有效缓解既有渝湘高速公路拥堵情况,市民驾车从中心城区到酉阳和秀山,用时将缩短40分钟以上,重庆也将新增一条直达广西北海和广东湛江的高速公路出海大通道。
+
+
+
+渝湘复线高速五布河特大桥建设现场
+
+## 梁开高速(重庆段)力争与四川同步建成通车
+
+其他在建高速公路项目也在“加速奔跑”。作为成渝地区双城经济圈首批规划实施的5条高速公路之一,梁平至四川开江高速公路进展顺利。
+
+在梁开高速(重庆段)荫平互通立交施工现场,中铁十五局的工人们正在进行路面交安、机电和绿化等施工,为如期完工做最后冲刺阶段。
+
+为加快施工步伐,工人们利用晴好天气,“抓”重点,“抢”工期。据了解,梁开高速项目部重点进行路面水稳摊铺作业,提前“封基”,基本实现小雨正常干、大雨不停干的施工要求,避免阴雨天气造成的窝工现象。
+
+如果确保施工能顺利进行?中铁十五局集团五公司梁开高速(重庆段)ZB1第一总承包部专职副书记魏福军介绍,项目部采取24小时施工作业,领导、干部靠前指挥,工人们加班加点,确保5月底路基工程、涵洞工程和桥梁下部工程全面完成,10月底前路面工程全面完成,11月底前机电、交安、房建和绿化工程全部完成,力争年底达到通车条件。
+
+“该项目自2022年2月28日进场以来,施工方一直以冲刺的姿态在施工。”梁开公司工程部副经理陈思屹介绍,梁开高速是成渝地区双城经济圈内首条同步开工、同步建设的道路,力争和四川同步通车。
+
+据了解,梁开高速重庆段起于梁平区云龙镇石莲村附近,与G42沪蓉高速相交,经荫平镇、屏锦镇、聚奎镇、礼让镇、明达镇、龙门镇、新盛镇进入开江县,全长45.167公里,设计速度100公里/小时。
+
+该项目建成通车后,将辐射重庆市梁平区,四川省达州市达川区、开江县的20个乡镇,150余万群众受益,梁平到开江的车程也将由2个多小时缩短至40余分钟。
+
+## 成渝高速改扩建计划6月底完成施工图设计文件
+
+这几天,成渝高速改扩建忙得如火如荼:施工图勘察、设计、环评、水保、外业勘测等专项工作正在开展。
+
+重庆高速集团相关负责人介绍,成渝高速改扩建项目规划许可证、初步设计及概算已得到批复,施工监理、中心试验室招标文件正在抓紧编制,其中项目施工图勘察设计已完成招标,施工图勘察设计单位已经进场,计划6月底完成施工图设计文件。
+
+为深入实施成渝地区双城经济圈建设“一号工程”,今年初,重庆高速集团和蜀道集团签署战略合作协议,共同实施成渝高速公路改扩建,将其扩宽为双向八车道。
+
+根据协议,双方将按照“标准统一、步调一致”的目标,高标准谋划建设成渝高速扩容项目,确保同步设计、同步建成、同步投用、同步产生效益,协同推进川渝地区公路领域系列标准建设,打造成渝地区双城经济圈区域协同新标杆。此外,双方还将在智慧高速、新能源、生态环保以及路衍经济等方面全面加强合作。
+
+罗晶 熊志城 刘钦
+
+图片由重庆高速集团提供
+
+
+
+梁开高速公路石莲枢纽互通在建现场
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_10.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_10.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..116b58fcc5abf863bdde5a4818760c2e1fafc9bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_10.md
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+YB/T 132-1997
+
+# 前言
+
+本标准是根据国内外用户对电熔镁铬砂产品技术要求及生产厂家的实际水平，参照日本采购条件16铬和19铬规定制定的。本标准同日本16铬和19铬对比，$SiO_2$、$CaO$、$Fe_2O_3$含量指标要求较严。
+
+本标准由冶金工业部信息标准研究院提出并归口。
+
+本标准起草单位：海城镁矿耐火材料总厂。
+
+本标准主要起草人：汪彦、吕宗律、刘振月。
+
+**中华人民共和国黑色冶金行业标准**
+
+# 电熔镁铬砂Fused magnesite chrome sinter
+
+**YB/T 132-1997**
+
+## 1 范围
+
+本标准规定了电熔镁铬砂的技术要求、试验方法、检验规则和包装、标志、质量证明书、运输及贮存。
+
+本标准适用于生产耐火材料用电熔镁铬砂。
+
+## 2 引用标准
+
+下列标准所包含的条文,通过在本标准中引用而构成为本标准的条文。本标准出版时,所示版本均为有效。所有标准都会被修订,使用本标准的各方应探讨使用下列标准最新版本的可能性。
+
+GB 2007-87 散装矿产品取样、制样通则
+
+GB 2999-82 粒状耐火材料体积密度试验方法
+
+GB 5070-85 镁铬质耐火材料化学分析方法
+
+YB/T 5142-93 冶金矿产品包装、标志和质量证明书的一般规定
+
+## 3 分类
+
+3.1 产品按理化指标分为五个牌号(其中每个牌号按$Fe_2O_3$含量分a、b两级):
+
+FMCS-15 FMCS-18 FMCS-20 FMCS-25 FMCS-30
+
+3.2 牌号的符号
+
+F——熔;
+
+M——镁;
+
+C——铬;
+
+S——砂。
+
+## 4 技术要求
+
+4.1 理化指标
+
+产品理化指标应符合表1规定:
+
+表1
+
+
+
+| 指标/牌号 |
+MgO%不小于 |
+SiO2%不大于 |
+CaO%不大于 |
+Fe2O3%不大于 |
+Cr2O3%不小于 |
+颗粒体积密度g/cm3不小于 |
+
+
+| FMCS-15 a/b |
+68 |
+1.0 |
+1.0 |
+7/9 |
+15 |
+3.60 |
+
+
+| FMCS-18 a/b |
+65 |
+1.1 |
+1.1 |
+8/10 |
+18 |
+3.70 |
+
+
+| FMCS-20 a/b |
+60 |
+1.2 |
+1.2 |
+8/11 |
+20 |
+3.70 |
+
+
+| FMCS-25 a/b |
+50 |
+1.3 |
+1.3 |
+10/13 |
+25 |
+3.75 |
+
+
+| FMCS-30 a/b |
+42 |
+1.4 |
+1.4 |
+11/14 |
+30 |
+3.75 |
+
+
+
+4.2 粒度组成
+
+0~120mm, 其中小于1mm者不得超过5%, 大于120mm者不得超过10%。
+
+4.3 电熔镁铬砂外观
+
+电熔镁铬砂外观应为完全熔融,结晶比较明显,不允许混入杂物及铬铁合金。
+
+## 5 试验方法
+
+5.1 化学分析方法按GB 5070的规定进行。
+
+5.2 颗粒体积密度的测定按GB 2999的规定进行。
+
+## 6 检验规则
+
+6.1 每批同牌号产品重量不超过30t。
+
+6.2 试样应在封批前采取。每炉产品检选后取样一次,每次取样量不少于10kg。
+
+6.3 试样粒度大于10mm,须破碎至小于10mm后再进行缩分,取出不少于2kg做理化试验,可将每批中各个检验结果的平均值做为该批的检验结果。
+
+6.4 电熔镁铬砂理化指标检验结果中,如果某项指标不合格或异常时,应在同批产品中重新采取加倍数量的试样复验一次,并以复验结果作为该批产品的最终检验结果。
+
+6.5 除上述规定外,有关取样制样的其他事项可按GB 2007的规定进行。
+
+## 7 包装、标志、质量证明书、运输及贮存
+
+7.1 电熔镁铬砂的包装袋应有生产厂名、产品名称和牌号。
+
+7.2 每批产品发出,都须将质量证明书及时交给用户。
+
+7.3 电熔镁铬砂的运输工具须清洁,应有防雨、防雪设施,运输过程必须严防潮湿和污染。
+
+7.4 电熔镁铬砂必须贮存在不受潮湿的库房内。
+
+7.5 除上述规定外,其他有关事项均按YB/T 5142的规定进行。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_11.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_11.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..301ea6baae6c78750e732cb41c3466635ef0c3b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_11.md
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+**中华人民共和国黑色冶金行业标准**
+
+# 粘土质和高铝质耐火可塑料试样制备方法Method for sample preparation of fireclay and high alumina plastic refractories
+
+**YB/T 5116-93**
+
+---
+
+本标准适用于检验粘土质和高铝质耐火可塑料理化性能的试样制备。
+
+## 1 设备
+
+**1.1** 成型压力机 可采用各种类型的压力机。
+
+**1.2** 天平 最大称量 5 kg，分度值 1 g。
+
+**1.3** 模具 由模框、盖板和底板组成，其内表面应光滑平整。
+
+脱模后试样的尺寸应符合下列要求：
+
+
+| 长度 | 160 ± 1.0 mm |
+| 宽度 | 40 ± 0.5 mm |
+| 高度 | 40 ± 0.1 mm |
+
+
+**1.4** 钢板尺 最小分刻度 0.5mm。
+
+**1.5** 电热干燥箱。
+
+## 2 试样制备
+
+**2.1** 缩分
+
+按YB/T 5115-93《粘土质和高铝质耐火可塑料》第4.3条规定取样，将样品均分成2份。1份供检验用；1份用作保留样。
+
+将检验用样品分成小于30mm的小块，在不吸水的容器内搅拌均匀后，放在密封容器内，贮存在温度较低场所，供各检验项目用。
+
+**2.2** 线变化率和强度检验用试样成型
+
+称取适量搅拌均匀样品，以70kgf/cm²(6.86MPa)压力在模具内压制成型。脱模后移至刚性平板(例如玻璃板等)上，保持成型面向上，试样尺寸应符合第1.3条规定，否则弃去重做。
+
+试样应在室温下存放24h以上，方可进行烘干。
+
+## 3 记录
+
+应包括下列各项：
+
+**a**. 委托单位；
+
+**b**. 样品名称、牌号、批号和生产日期；
+
+**c**. 取样和试样制备日期；
+
+**d**. 试验人员。
+
+附加说明：
+
+本标准由中华人民共和国冶金工业部提出。
+
+本标准由冶金工业部建筑研究总院负责起草。
+
+本标准主要起草人陆延昌、萧玲珠。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_12.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_12.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..72c8c10e32a68018bf79cf90d3c07d5c0aa24f55
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@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# 壇壝之制 神位祭器玉帛牲牢祝册之數 籩豆之實 祭祀雜議諸儀祭祀日期 習儀 齋戒 遣官祭祀 分獻陪祀
+
+
+五禮，一曰吉禮。凡祀事皆領於太常寺而屬於禮部。明初以圜丘、方澤、宗廟、社稷、朝日、夕月、先農爲大祀，太歲、星辰、風雲雷雨、岳鎮、海濱、山川、歷代帝王、先師、旗纛、司中、司命、司民、司禄、壽星爲中祀，諸神爲小祀。後改先農、朝日、夕月爲中祀。凡天子所親祀者，天地、宗廟、社稷、山川。若國有大事，則命官祭告。其中祀、小祀，皆遣官致祭，而帝王陵廟及孔子廟，則傳制特遣焉。每歲所常行者，大祀十有三：正月上辛祈穀、孟夏大雩、季秋大享、冬至圜丘皆祭昊天上帝，夏至方丘祭皇地祇，春分朝日於東郊，秋分夕月於西郊，四孟季冬享太廟，仲春、仲秋上戊祭太社太稷。中祀二十有五：仲春、仲秋上戊之明日祭帝社帝稷，仲秋祭太歲、風雲雷雨、四季月將及岳鎮、海濱、山川、城隍，霜降日祭旗纛於教場，仲秋祭城南旗纛廟，仲春祭先農，仲秋祭天神地祇於山川壇，仲春、仲秋祭歷代帝王廟，春秋仲月上丁祭先師孔子。小祀八：孟春祭司户，孟夏祭司竈，季夏祭中霤，孟秋祭司門，孟冬祭司井，仲春祭司馬之神，清明、十月朔祭泰厲，又於每月朔、望祭火雷之神。至京師十廟，南京十五廟，各以歲時遣官致祭。其非常祀而間行之者，若新天子耕耤而享先農，視學而行釋奠之類。嘉靖時，皇后享先蠶，祀高禖，皆因時特舉者也。
+
+其王國所祀，則太廟、社稷、風
+
+五禮，一爲吉禮。所有祭祀事宜都由太常寺掌管而隸屬於禮部。明朝初年以圜丘、方澤、宗廟、社稷、朝日、夕月、先農爲大的祭祀，太歲、星辰、風雲雷雨、岳鎮、海濱、山川、歷代帝王、先師、旗纛、司中、司命、司民、司禄、壽星爲中等祭祀，諸神爲小型祭祀。後來改先農、朝日、夕月爲中等祭祀。凡是由天子親自祭祀的，有天地、宗廟、社稷、山川。如若國家有重大事情，就命令官員祭祀稟告神祇。中祀、小祀都派遣官員進行祭祀，而帝王陵廟以及孔子廟，則傳旨專門派人祭祀。每年通常進行的祭祀，大型祭祀有十三次：正月上辛日祈穀祭、四月大雩祭、九月大享祭、冬至日在圜丘祭，都祭祀昊天上帝，夏至日在方丘祭祀皇地祇，春分日在東郊朝日壇祭祀日神，秋分日在西郊夕月壇祭祀月神，一、四、七、十月和十二月祭享太廟，二月、八月的上戊日祭祀太社太稷。中型祭祀有二十五次：二月、八月的上戊日的第二天祭祀帝社帝稷，八月祭祀太歲、風雲雷雨，三、六、九、十二月祭祀岳鎮、海濱、山川、城隍，霜降日在教場祭祀旗纛，八月祭祀城南旗纛廟，二月祭祀先農壇，八月在山川壇祭祀天神地祇，二月、八月祭祀歷代帝王廟，二月、八月上丁日祭祀先師孔子。小型祭祀八次：一月祭祀司户，四月祭祀司竈，六月祭祀中霤，七月祭祀司門，十月初一祭祀泰厲，又在每月的朔日、望日祭祀火雷之神。至於京城的十廟，南京的十五廟，每年按一定季節派官吏祭祀。那些并非經常的祭禮而間或進行的，如新天子即位舉行耕藉禮祭享先農，視察太學舉行祭奠先師孔子之類。嘉靖年間，皇后祭享先蠶，祭祀高禖女神，都是隨時特別舉行的。
+
+王國的祭祀，則是太廟、社稷、風雲雷雨、
+
+雲雷雨、封内山川、城隍、旗纛、五祀、厲壇。府州縣所祀，則社稷、風雲雷雨、山川、厲壇、先師廟及所在帝王陵廟。各衛亦祭先師。至於庶人，亦得祭里社、穀神及祖父母、父母，并祀竈，載在祀典。雖時稍有更易，其大要莫能逾也。
+
+至若壇壝之制，神位、祭器、玉帛、牲牢、祝册之數，籩豆之實，酒齊之名，析其彼此之異同，訂其初終之損益，臚於首簡，略於本條，庶無缺遺，亦免繁複云爾。
+
+## 壇壝之制
+
+明初，建圜丘於正陽門外，鍾山之陽，方丘於太平門外，鍾山之陰。圜丘壇二成。上成廣七丈，高八尺一寸，四出陛，各九級，正南廣九尺五寸，東、西、北八尺一寸。下成周圍壇面，縱橫皆廣五丈，高視上成，陛皆九級，正南廣一丈二尺五寸，東、西、北殺五寸五分。甃磚闌楯，皆以琉璃爲之。壝去壇十五丈，高八尺一寸，四面靈星門，南三門，東、西、北各一。外垣去壝十五丈，門制同。天下神祇壇在東門外。神庫五楹，在外垣北，南向。廚房五楹，在外壇東北，西向。庫房五楹，南向。宰牲房三楹，天池一，又在外庫房之北。執事齋舍，在壇外垣之東南。坊二，在外門外横甬道之東西。燎壇在内壝外東南丙地，高九尺，廣七尺，開上南出户。方丘壇二成。上成，廣六丈，高六尺，四出陛，南一丈，東、西、北八尺，皆八級。下成，四面各廣二丈四尺，高六尺，四出陛，南丈二尺，東、西、北一丈，皆八級。壝去壇十五丈，高六尺。外垣四面各六十四丈，餘制同。南郊有浴室，瘞坎在内壝外壬地。
+
+轄區內的山川、城隍、旗纛、五祀、厲壇。府州縣的祭祀，則是社稷、風雲雷雨、山川、厲壇、先師廟以及所在帝王的陵廟。各衛也祭祀先師。至於平民，也要祭祀本鄉的社、穀神及祖父母、父母，并祭祀竈神，都記載在祀典上。即使不時稍微有所更改，但其要旨没有變化。
+
+至於壇壝的制度，神位、祭器、玉帛、牲牢、祝册的數目，籩豆所盛的實物，酒齊的名目，剖析各自的異同，訂正起初最終的增刪變化，羅列在卷首，本條從略，差不多没有遺漏，也是爲了免於紛繁複雜。
+
+明朝初年，在正陽門外，鍾山的南面建築圜丘，在太平門外，鍾山的北面建築方丘。圜丘壇有兩重。上一重寬七丈，高八尺一寸，四周有臺階，各有九級，正南方向寬九尺五寸，東、西、北方各寬八尺一寸。下一重周圍的壇面，縱橫都有五丈寬，與上一重等高，都是九級臺階，正南方寬一丈二尺五寸，東、西、北方少五寸五分。墻壁欄杆，都用琉璃瓦砌成。矮墻距離壇有十五丈，高八尺一寸，四面建有靈星門，南方三門，東、西、北方各有一門。外墻距離矮墻十五丈，門的形制相同。天下神祇壇在東門外。神庫有五楹，在外墻北面，面朝南方。廚房有五楹，在外壇東北面，面朝西方。庫房有五楹，面朝南方。宰牲房有三楹，天池一個，又在外庫房的北面。執事人員的住房，在壇外墻的東南面。坊兩座，在外門外橫甬道的東、西兩側。燎壇在內矮墻之外東南方的丙地，高九尺，寬七尺，開上南出户。方丘壇有兩重。上一重，寬六丈，高六尺，四周有臺階，南方一丈寬，東、西、北方各八尺寬，都是八級臺階。下一重，四方各寬二丈四尺，高六尺，四周有臺階，南方一丈二尺寬，東、西、北方各一丈寬，都是八級臺階。矮墻距離壇十五丈，高六尺。外墻四周各有六十四丈，其他形制相同。南郊有浴室，埋犧牲、玉帛的坑穴在內矮墻外的北方之地。
+
+洪武四年，改築圜丘。上成廣四丈五尺，高五尺二寸。下成每面廣一丈六尺五寸，高四尺九寸。二成通徑七丈八尺。壇至內壝墻，四面各九丈八尺五寸。內壝墻至外壝墻，南十三丈九尺四寸，北十一丈，東、西各十一丈七尺。方丘，上成廣三丈九尺四寸，高三尺九寸。下成每面廣丈五尺五寸，高三尺八寸，通徑七丈四寸。壇至內壝墻，四面皆八丈九尺五寸。內壝墻至外壝墻，四面各八丈二尺。
+
+十年，改定合祀之典。即圜丘舊制，而以屋覆之，名曰大祀殿，凡十二楹。中石臺設上帝、皇地祇座。東、西廣三十二楹。正南大祀門六楹，接以步廊，與殿廡通。殿後天庫六楹。瓦皆黃琉璃。廚庫在殿東北，宰牲亭井在廚東北，皆以步廊通殿兩廡，後繚以圜墻。南為石門三洞以達大祀門，謂之內壇。外周垣九里三十步，石門三洞南為甬道三，中神道，左御道，右王道。道兩旁稍低，為從官之地。齋宮在外垣內西南，東向。其後殿瓦易青琉璃。二十一年增修壇壝，壇後樹松柏，外壝東南鑿池二十區，冬月伐冰藏凌陰，以供夏秋祭祀之用。成祖遷都北京，如其制。
+
+嘉靖九年復改分祀。建圜丘壇於正陽門外五里許，大祀殿之南，方澤壇於安定門外之東。圜丘二成，壇面及欄俱青琉璃，邊角用白玉石，高廣尺寸皆遵祖制，而神路轉遠。內門四。南門外燎爐毛血池，西南望燎臺。外門亦四。南門外左具服臺，東門外神庫、神厨、祭器庫、宰牲亭，北門外正北泰神殿。正殿以藏上帝、太祖之主，配殿以藏從祀諸神之主。外建四天門。東曰泰元，南曰昭亭，西曰廣利。又西鑾駕庫，又西犧牲
+
+洪武四年，改建圜丘。上一重寬四丈五尺，高五尺二寸。下一重每面寬一丈六尺五寸，高四尺九寸。第二重通徑七丈八尺。內矮墻距離壇，四面各有九丈八尺五寸。內矮墻距離外矮墻，南方十三丈九尺四寸，北方十一丈，東、西方各十一丈七尺。方丘，上一重寬三丈九尺四寸，高三尺九寸。下一重每面寬一丈五尺五寸，高三尺八寸，通徑七丈四寸。內矮墻距離壇，四面都是八丈九尺五寸。內矮墻距離外矮墻，四面各有八丈二尺。
+
+洪武十年，改定合祀的典禮。即為圜丘舊有的規模，上面用屋頂覆蓋，命名為大祀殿，共有十二楹。正中石臺上設立上帝、皇地祇的神位。東、西寬三十二楹。正南方大祀門六楹，與步廊連接，通向偏殿。大殿後的天庫有六楹。都使用黃琉璃瓦。廚庫在大殿東北方，宰牲亭井在廚庫的東北方，都由步廊通向兩側偏殿，後面以圜墻圍繞。南方有三洞石門通達大祀門，稱為內壇。外面四周圍墻長九里三十步，三洞石門南面是三條甬道，中間為神道，左邊為御道，右邊為王道。甬道兩旁稍微低一些，是隨從官員站立的地方。齋宮在外墻之內西南方向，面朝東方。後殿改為青琉璃瓦。二十一年增修壇臺矮墻，壇後種植松柏，外矮墻東南方開鑿池塘二十區，冬月鑿冰收藏在凍庫，以供夏秋季節祭祀時使用。成祖遷都北京，按照這一形制建造。
+
+嘉靖九年又改為分祀。在正陽門外五里左右，大祀殿的南方建築圜丘壇，在安定門外的東方建築方澤壇。圜丘有兩重，壇面以及欄杆都使用青琉璃，邊角用白玉石，高度和寬度的尺寸都遵循祖制，祇有神路變遠了。內門四座。南門外是燎爐毛血池，西南是望燎臺。外門也有四座。南門外左邊是具服臺，東門外是神庫、神厨、祭器庫、宰牲亭，北門外正北方是泰神殿。正殿用來藏上帝、太祖的神主，配殿用來藏從祀諸神的神主。外面建四座天門。東門叫泰元，南門叫昭亭，西門叫廣利。又有西鑾駕庫，西犧牲所，它的北面是神樂觀。北門叫成貞。北門外西北方是
+
+所，其北神樂觀。北曰成貞。北門外西北為齋官，迤西為壇門。壇北，舊天地壇，即大祀殿也。十七年撤之，又改泰神殿曰皇穹宇。二十四年，又即故大祀殿之址，建大享殿。方澤亦二成，壇面黃琉璃，陛增為九級，用白石圍以方坎。內，北門外西瘞位，東燈臺，南門外皇祇室。外，西門外迤西神庫、神厨、宰牲亭、祭器庫，北門外西北齋官。又外建四天門。西門外北為鑾駕庫、遣官房、內陪祀官房。又外為壇門，門外為泰折街牌坊，護壇地千四百餘畝。
+
+太社稷壇，在官城西南，東西峙，明初建。廣五丈，高五尺，四出陛，皆五級。壇土五色隨其方，黃土覆之。壇相去五丈，壇南皆樹松。二壇同一壝，方廣三十丈，高五尺，甃磚，四門飾色隨其方。周坦四門，南靈星門三，北戟門五，東西戟門三。戟門各列戟二十四。洪武十年改壇午門右，社稷共一壇，為二成。上成廣五丈，下成廣五丈三尺，崇五尺。外壝崇五尺，四面各十九丈有奇。外垣東西六十六丈有奇，南北八十六丈有奇。垣北三門，門外為祭殿，其北為拜殿。外復為三門，垣東、西、南門各一。永樂中，建壇北京，如其制。帝社稷壇在西苑，壇址高六寸，方廣二丈五尺，瓮細磚，實以净土。壇北樹二坊，曰社街。王國社稷壇，高廣殺太社稷十之三。府、州、縣社稷壇，廣殺十之五，高殺十之四，陛三級。後皆定同壇合祭，如京師。
+
+朝日、夕月壇，洪武三年建。朝日壇高八尺，夕月壇高六尺，俱方廣四丈。兩壝，壝各二十五步。二十一年罷。嘉靖九年復建，壇各一成。朝日壇紅琉璃，夕月壇用白。朝日壇陛
+
+齋宫，再向西為壇門。壇北，舊為天地壇，就是大祀殿。十七年撤銷，又改泰神殿為皇穹宇。二十四年，又在大祀殿的舊址上建大享殿。方澤壇也是兩重，壇面為黃琉璃，臺階增加為九級，用白石子圍成方坎。內壇，北門外西方為瘞埋位，東方為燈臺，南門外是皇祇室。外壇，西門外向西是神庫、神厨、宰牲亭、祭器庫，北門外西北是齋官。又在外建四座天門。西門外北方是鑾駕庫、遣官房、內陪祀官房。最外面是壇門，門外是泰折街牌坊，護壇的土地有一千四百餘畝。
+
+太社稷壇，在宮城西南面，東西對峙，明朝初年建。寬五丈，高五尺，四周有臺階，都是五級。壇土隨各方位有五種顏色，黃土覆蓋。兩壇相距五丈，壇的南面都種植松樹。兩壇共用一道矮墻，方圓三十丈，高五尺，用磚砌成，四門隨方位裝飾不同顏色。圍墻有四座門，南有靈星門三個，北有戟門五個，東西各有戟門三個。戟門各陳列戟二十四枝。洪武十年壇改建在午門右側，社稷共為一壇，兩重。上一重寬五丈，下一重寬五丈三尺，高五尺。外矮墻高五尺，四面各有十九丈多。外圍墻東西長六十六丈多，南北長八十六丈多。墻北面有三座門，門外為祭殿，祭殿北面為拜殿。再外面又有三座門，墻的東、西、南面各有一座門。永樂年間，在北京建壇，遵照舊制。帝社稷壇在西苑，壇基高六寸，長寬各二丈五尺，細磚砌成，用净土夯實。壇北建了兩座坊，稱為社街。王國社稷壇，高度和寬度比太社稷壇減少十分之三。府、州、縣社稷壇，寬度減少十分之五，高度減少十分之四，三級臺階。後來都規定為同壇合祭，如同京城的做法。
+
+朝日、夕月壇，洪武三年建。朝日壇高八尺，夕月壇高六尺，方圓寬度都是四丈。兩道矮墻，各為二十五步。二十一年廢棄。嘉靖九年重新建築，壇各為一重。朝日壇用紅琉璃，夕月壇用白琉璃。朝日壇的臺階為九級，夕月壇為六
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,790 @@
+明史
+康王朱厚煐...2502
+卷一百十九 列传第七
+诸王（四）...2503
+仁宗诸子...2503
+郑靖王朱瞻埈...2504
+朱载堉...2504
+虞庄王朱载埨...2505
+越靖王朱瞻墉...2505
+蕲献王朱瞻垠...2506
+襄惠王朱瞻墡...2506
+枣阳王朱祐楒...2508
+荆惠王朱瞻堈...2508
+淮靖王朱瞻墺...2509
+滕怀王朱瞻垲...2511
+梁庄王朱瞻垍...2511
+卫恭王朱瞻埏...2511
+英宗诸子...2511
+朱常淓...2511
+德庄王朱见潾...2511
+朱见湜...2512
+许悼王朱见淳...2513
+秀怀王朱见澍...2513
+崇简王朱见泽...2513
+吉简王朱见浚...2514
+忻穆王朱见治...2514
+徽庄王朱见沛...2514
+景帝子...2514
+怀献太子朱见济…………2515
+憲宗诸子…………2515
+悼恭太子朱祐极…………2517
+岐惠王朱祐棆...2517
+益端王朱祐槟...2518
+衡恭王朱祐楎...2518
+新宁王朱载墭...2518
+雍靖王朱祐枟...2518
+寿定王朱祐榰...2519
+汝安王朱祐梈...2519
+泾简王朱祐橓...2519
+荣庄王朱祐枢...2519
+申懿王朱祐楷...2520
+孝宗子...2520
+蔚悼王朱厚炜...2520
+卷一百二十列传第八
+诸王（五）…………2521
+世宗诸子…………2521
+哀冲太子朱载壡…………2522
+庄敬太子朱载壑…………2522
+景恭王朱载圳...2522
+颍殇王朱载墭...2523
+戚怀王朱载𡎴...2523
+蓟哀王朱载㙺...2523
+均思王朱载𰋁...2523
+穆宗诸子...2523
+宪怀太子朱翊釴…………2523
+靖悼王朱翊铃...2523
+潞简王朱翊鏐...2523
+朱常淓...2524
+神宗诸子...2524
+邠哀王朱常溆...2524
+福恭王朱常洵...2525
+朱由崧...2526
+沅怀王朱常治...2527
+瑞王朱常浩...2527
+惠王朱常润...2528
+桂端王朱常瀛...2528
+朱由榔...2528
+永思王朱常溥...2531
+光宗诸子...2531
+简怀王朱由㰒...2531
+齐思王朱由楫...2531
+怀惠王朱由模...2531
+湘怀王朱由栩...2531
+惠昭王朱由橏...2532
+熹宗诸子…………2532
+怀冲太子朱慈然…………2532
+悼愍太子朱慈焴…………2532
+献怀太子朱慈炅…………2532
+庄烈帝诸子...2532
+太子朱慈烺...2532
+
+懷隱王朱慈烜...2533
+定王朱慈炯...2533
+永王朱慈炤...2533
+悼靈王朱慈煥...2533
+悼懷王...2533
+卷一百二十一 列傳第九
+公主...2535
+仁祖二女...2535
+太祖十六女...2536
+福成慶陽二主...2540
+興宗四女...2541
+成祖五女...2541
+仁宗七女...2543
+宣宗二女...2543
+英宗八女...2543
+景帝一女...2544
+憲宗五女...2544
+孝宗三女...2545
+睿宗二女...2546
+世宗五女...2546
+穆宗六女...2546
+神宗十女...2547
+光宗九女...2547
+熹宗二女...2548
+莊烈帝六女...2548
+卷一百二十二 列傳第十
+郭子興...2549
+韓林兒...2551
+劉福通...2551
+卷一百二十三 列傳第十一
+陳友諒...2557
+徐壽輝...2557
+陳理...2560
+熊天瑞...2561
+田元龍...2561
+張士誠...2562
+莫天祐...2566
+方國珍...2566
+劉仁本...2570
+明玉珍...2570
+劉楨...2571
+明昇...2573
+丁世貞...2575
+卷一百二十四 列傳第十二
+擴廓帖木兒...2577
+李思齊...2578
+張良...2580
+蔡子英...2581
+陳友定...2582
+鄭定...2585
+王翰...2585
+伯顏子中(等)...2585
+把匝剌瓦爾密...2587
+卷一百二十五 列傳第十三
+徐達...2589
+徐輝祖...2596
+常遇春...2598
+常茂...2603
+常昇...2604
+卷一百二十六 列傳第十四
+李文忠...2607
+李景隆...2612
+鄧愈...2614
+湯和...2617
+湯胤勣...2621
+沐英...2621
+沐春...2624
+沐晟...2625
+沐昂...2626
+沐春...2627
+沐昆...2627
+沐朝輔...2628
+沐朝弼...2628
+沐朝弼...2629
+沐昌祚...2629
+卷一百二十七 列傳第十五
+李善長...2631
+汪廣洋...2636
+
+卷一百二十八 列傳第十六
+劉基...2639
+劉璟...2644
+劉廌...2645
+宋濂...2646
+葉琛...2650
+章溢...2650
+章存道...2653
+卷一百二十九 列傳第十七
+馮勝...2655
+馮國用...2655
+納哈出...2657
+傅友德...2659
+廖永忠...2663
+趙庸...2665
+楊璟...2666
+胡美...2668
+卷一百三十 列傳第十八
+吳良...2671
+吳高...2672
+康茂才...2673
+康鐸...2674
+丁德興...2674
+耿炳文...2675
+耿璿...2677
+郭英...2677
+郭興...2679
+華雲龍...2681
+韓政...2682
+仇成...2683
+張龍...2683
+吳復...2684
+周武...2686
+胡海...2686
+張赫...2687
+華高...2688
+張銓...2689
+何真...2689
+卷一百三十一 列傳第十九
+顧時...2693
+吳楨...2694
+吳復...2695
+郭興...2697
+郭德成...2697
+陳德...2698
+陳鏞...2699
+王志...2699
+梅思祖...2700
+金朝興...2701
+唐勝宗...2701
+陸仲亨...2702
+費聚...2703
+陸聚...2704
+鄭遇春...2705
+黃彬...2706
+葉昇...2706
+卷一百三十二 列傳第二十
+朱亮祖...2709
+周德興...2710
+王弼...2711
+藍玉...2713
+曹震...2715
+張翼...2716
+張溫...2717
+陳桓...2717
+朱壽...2718
+曹興...2718
+謝成...2718
+李新...2719
+卷一百三十三 列傳第二十一
+廖永安...2721
+俞通海...2722
+俞通源...2724
+俞淵...2725
+胡大海...2725
+胡德濟...2726
+樊通...2727
+耿再成...2728
+
+耿天璧...2728
+張德勝...2728
+汪興祖...2729
+趙德勝...2730
+南昌陳志忠張子明(等)……2731
+康郎山廟忠臣丁普郎(等)……2732
+程國勝...2733
+桑世傑...2733
+劉成...2733
+茅成...2734
+楊國興...2734
+胡深...2734
+孫興祖...2736
+孫恪...2737
+曹良臣...2737
+周顯...2738
+常榮...2738
+張耀...2738
+濮英...2738
+于光...2738
+嚴德...2739
+孫虎...2739
+第五册
+卷一百三十四 列傳第二十二
+何文輝...2741
+徐司馬...2742
+葉旺...2743
+馬雲...2743
+繆大亨...2744
+武德...2745
+蔡遷...2746
+陳文...2747
+王銘...2747
+甯正...2748
+袁義...2748
+金興旺...2749
+費子賢...2750
+花茂...2750
+丁玉...2751
+郭雲...2751
+王溥...2752
+卷一百三十五 列傳第二十三
+陳遇...2755
+秦從龍...2756
+葉兌...2756
+范常...2759
+潘庭堅...2759
+宋思顏...2760
+夏煜...2760
+郭景祥...2761
+李夢庚...2761
+王濂...2761
+毛驥...2761
+毛麒...2762
+楊元杲...2762
+阮弘道...2762
+汪河...2762
+孔克仁...2763
+卷一百三十六 列傳第二十四
+陶安...2765
+錢用壬...2767
+詹同...2767
+詹徽...2768
+朱升...2769
+崔亮...2769
+牛諒...2771
+答祿與權...2771
+張籌...2771
+朱夢炎...2772
+劉仲質...2772
+陶凱...2773
+曾魯...2774
+秦約...2775
+陳思道...2775
+任昂...2775
+
+李原名...2776
+樂韶鳳...2777
+卷一百三十七 列傳第二十五
+劉三吾...2779
+汪睿...2780
+朱善...2781
+安然...2781
+王本(等)...2782
+吳伯宗...2782
+鮑恂...2783
+任亨泰...2783
+吳沉...2784
+桂彥良...2785
+李希顏...2786
+徐宗實...2786
+陳南賓...2787
+劉淳...2787
+董子莊...2787
+趙季通...2787
+楊黼...2788
+金實...2788
+蕭用道...2788
+宋子環...2788
+宋訥...2789
+許存仁...2790
+張美和...2790
+聶松...2791
+貝瓊...2791
+趙俶...2791
+錢宰...2792
+蕭執...2792
+李叔正...2793
+劉崧...2793
+羅復仁...2794
+孫汝敬...2795
+卷一百三十八 列傳第二十六
+陳修...2797
+滕毅...2798
+趙好德...2798
+翟善...2798
+李仁...2799
+吳琳...2799
+楊思義...2799
+滕德懋...2799
+范敏...2800
+費震...2800
+張琬...2800
+周禎...2800
+劉惟謙...2801
+周浈...2801
+端復初...2801
+李質...2802
+黎光...2802
+楊靖...2802
+劉敏...2803
+凌漢...2804
+嚴德珉...2804
+單安仁...2805
+朱守仁...2805
+薛祥...2806
+秦逵...2807
+趙翥...2807
+趙俊...2807
+唐鐸...2808
+沈溍...2809
+開濟...2810
+卷一百三十九 列傳第二十七
+錢唐...2813
+程徐...2814
+韓宜可...2814
+周觀政...2815
+歐陽韶...2815
+蕭岐...2815
+門克新...2816
+馮堅...2816
+茹太素...2817
+曾秉正...2818
+李仕魯...2819
+
+陳汶輝...2820
+葉伯巨...2820
+鄭士利...2826
+方敬...2828
+周敬心...2828
+王樸...2829
+卷一百四十 列傳第二十八
+魏觀...2831
+陶仲...2832
+王佑...2832
+劉仕貆...2832
+王溥...2833
+徐均...2833
+王宗顯...2833
+王興宗...2834
+吕文燧...2834
+王興福...2835
+蘇恭讓...2835
+趙庭蘭...2835
+王鈇...2835
+楊卓...2835
+羅性...2836
+道同...2836
+歐陽銘...2837
+盧熙...2838
+盧熊...2838
+王士弘...2838
+倪孟賢...2838
+郎敏...2838
+青文勝...2839
+卷一百四十一 列傳第二十九
+齊泰...2841
+黄子澄...2842
+方孝孺...2844
+盧原質...2848
+鄭公智...2848
+林嘉猷...2848
+胡子昭...2848
+鄭居貞...2848
+劉政...2848
+方法...2848
+樓琏...2849
+練子寧...2849
+宋徵...2850
+葉希賢...2850
+茅大芳...2850
+周璿...2850
+卓敬...2850
+郭任...2851
+盧迥...2852
+陳迪...2852
+黄魁...2852
+巨敬...2853
+景清...2853
+連楹...2853
+胡閏...2853
+高翔...2854
+王度...2854
+戴德彝...2854
+謝昇...2855
+丁志方...2855
+甘霖...2855
+董鏞...2855
+陳繼之...2855
+韓永...2855
+葉福...2855
+卷一百四十二 列傳第三十
+鐵鉉...2857
+暴昭...2858
+侯泰...2859
+陳性善...2859
+陳植...2860
+王彬...2860
+崇剛...2860
+張昺...2860
+謝貴...2860
+彭二...2861
+葛誠...2861
+
+余逢辰...2861
+宋忠...2861
+余琪...2862
+彭聚...2862
+孫泰...2862
+馬宣...2862
+曾濬...2862
+卜萬...2862
+朱鑑...2863
+石撰...2863
+瞿能...2863
+莊得...2863
+楚智...2864
+皂旗張...2864
+王指揮...2864
+楊本...2864
+張倫...2864
+陳質...2864
+顏伯瑋...2865
+唐子清...2865
+黃謙...2865
+向朴...2865
+鄭恕...2865
+鄭華...2865
+王省...2865
+姚善...2866
+錢芹...2866
+陳彦回...2867
+張彦方...2867
+卷一百四十三 列傳第三十一
+王艮...2869
+高遜志...2870
+廖昇...2870
+魏冕...2870
+鄭瑋...2870
+周是修...2871
+程本立...2871
+黄觀...2872
+王叔英...2873
+林英...2874
+黄鉞...2875
+曾鳳韶...2875
+王良...2875
+陈思賢...2876
+龍溪六生...2876
+温州二樵...2876
+程通...2876
+黄希范...2877
+葉惠仲...2877
+黄彦清...2877
+蔡運...2877
+石允常...2877
+高巍...2877
+韓郁...2877
+高賢寧...2880
+王琎...2881
+周璿...2881
+牛景先...2881
+程濟(等)...2882
+卷一百四十四 列傳第三十二
+盛庸...2885
+平安...2886
+何福...2889
+顧成...2890
+顧興祖...2892
+顧淳...2892
+顧溥...2892
+顧仕隆...2893
+顧寰...2893
+莫宏瀋...2893
+卷一百四十五 列傳第三十三
+姚廣孝...2895
+張玉...2897
+張輗...2899
+張軏...2899
+張信...2900
+朱能...2900
+
+朱勇...2901
+朱希忠...2902
+丘福...2902
+李遠...2904
+李安...2905
+王忠...2905
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+
+
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+翁世資...3092
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_14.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_14.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..56d3f4c6a766402b88d4d46cfbc6be590cfb0bb7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_14.md
@@ -0,0 +1,787 @@
+胡從儉...5066
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+孫承宗...5067
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+李標...5079
+李國楨...5080
+周遇吉...5080
+劉鴻訓...5081
+錢龍錫...5083
+錢士升...5086
+錢士晉...5087
+成基命...5088
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+何如申...5090
+錢象坤...5090
+徐光啓...5091
+鄒以僔...5092
+林焊...5093
+文震孟...5093
+周炳謨...5097
+蔣德璟...5098
+黄景昉...5101
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+丘瑜...5103
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+卷二百五十二 列傳第一百四十
+楊嗣昌...5105
+吴甡...5116
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+王應熊...5121
+何吾騶...5124
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+孔貞運...5126
+黃士俊...5127
+劉宇亮...5128
+薛國觀...5129
+袁愷...5133
+程國祥...5133
+蔡國用...5134
+范復粹...5135
+方逢年...5136
+張四知...5136
+姚明恭...5137
+魏照乘...5137
+陳演...5137
+魏藻德...5139
+李建泰...5139
+卷二百五十四 列傳第一百四十二
+卷二百五十 列傳第一百四十
+喬允升...5143
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+孫鼎相...5149
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+金光辰...5157
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+劉宗周...5161
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+葉廷秀...5191
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+崔景榮...5193
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+王志道...5201
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+張鶴鳴...5205
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+汪泗論...5208
+
+趙彥...5209
+王洽...5211
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+熊明遇...5216
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+陳新甲...5222
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+成勇...5265
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+陸培...5640
+沈廷揚...5640
+林汝翥...5640
+林棨...5641
+鄭爲虹...5641
+黄大鹏...5642
+王士和...5642
+胡上琛...5642
+熊繡...5643
+卷二百七十八 列傳第一百六十六
+楊廷麟...5645
+彭期生(等)...5647
+萬元吉...5647
+梁于涘...5650
+楊文聰...5652
+郭維經...5652
+姚奇胤...5653
+詹兆恒...5653
+胡夢泰...5654
+周定仍...5654
+萬文英...5654
+胡奇偉...5655
+胡甲桂...5655
+單思士...5655
+陳泰來...5655
+曹志建...5655
+王養正...5656
+夏萬亨...5656
+王域...5656
+
+劉允浩...5656
+鄒思絡...5657
+譚夢開...5657
+李翔...5657
+徐伯昌...5657
+李時興...5657
+高飛聲...5657
+曾亨應...5657
+曾孝應...5658
+曾筠...5658
+揭重熙...5658
+傅鼎铨...5659
+陳子壯...5659
+李而棻...5660
+朱實蓮...5660
+霍子衡...5661
+张家玉...5661
+陳象明...5662
+廖翰標...5663
+梁萬爵...5663
+陳邦彦...5663
+蘇觀生...5665
+卷二百七十九 列傳第一百六十六
+吕大器...5669
+文安之...5671
+樊一蘅...5672
+范文光...5675
+詹天顏...5676
+吴炳...5676
+侯偉時...5676
+王錫衮...5676
+堵胤錫...5677
+嚴起恒...5680
+朱天麟...5681
+張孝起...5684
+楊畏知...5684
+吴貞毓...5687
+高勣...5691
+李如月...5691
+任國璽...5692
+薛大觀...5693
+邢昉...5693
+卷二百八十 列傳第一百六十八
+何騰蛟...5695
+章曠...5700
+傅作霖...5701
+顧咸...5702
+瞿士瑞...5702
+瞿式耜...5702
+汪皞...5707
+朱旻如...5707
+周震...5707
+卷二百八十一 列傳第一百六十九
+循吏
+陳灌...5709
+方克勤...5710
+吴履...5711
+廖欽(等)...5712
+高斗南...5713
+高尚...5713
+余彦誠...5714
+鄭敏...5714
+康彦民...5714
+周彥...5714
+史誠祖...5715
+吴祥(等)...5715
+謝子襄...5716
+黄信中...5716
+夏升...5716
+貝秉彝...5716
+劉孟雍(等)...5717
+萬觀...5717
+葉宗人...5717
+王諒...5718
+翟溥福...5719
+李信圭...5719
+孫浩...5721
+薛慎...5721
+
+吴原...5721
+陳哲...5721
+韓宜...5721
+劉伯吉...5721
+孔公朝...5722
+郭完...5722
+徐士宗...5722
+郭南...5722
+張璟...5722
+徐搏...5722
+徐澄...5722
+何澄(等)...5722
+張宗璉...5723
+李骥...5723
+王整...5725
+徐鐸...5725
+許敏軒...5725
+鄭珞...5725
+王昇...5725
+李湘...5725
+趙豫...5726
+趙登(等)...5727
+曾泉...5727
+范衷...5728
+周濟...5728
+范希正...5729
+劉綱...5729
+段堅...5729
+陳穎...5730
+丁鎡...5730
+田鐸...5731
+唐侃...5731
+湯紹恩...5732
+徐九思...5733
+鹿嵩...5734
+張淳...5735
+陳幼學...5736
+卷二百八十二 列傳第一百七十
+儒林(一)
+曹端...5739
+范祖幹...5740
+葉儀...5741
+何蕃朋...5741
+汪與立...5741
+謝應芳...5741
+汪克寬...5742
+梁寅...5743
+趙汸...5743
+陳澔...5744
+薛瑄...5744
+周瑋錫...5746
+周蕙...5747
+薛敬之...5747
+李錦...5748
+王爵...5748
+胡居仁...5748
+余祐...5749
+蔡清...5750
+陳琛...5751
+林希元...5751
+王宣...5751
+易時中...5752
+趙遂...5752
+蔡烈...5752
+羅欽順...5752
+曹端...5754
+吴與弼...5756
+胡九韶...5757
+謝復...5757
+鄭伉...5758
+陳真晟...5758
+吕柟...5759
+吕潛(等)...5760
+邵寶...5760
+王問...5761
+王畿...5762
+楊廉...5762
+劉觀...5763
+孫鼎...5764
+李中...5764
+
+馬理...5764
+魏校...5765
+王應電...5766
+王敬臣...5767
+周洪...5767
+潘府...5768
+崔铣...5769
+何塘...5770
+唐伯元...5771
+黄淳耀...5772
+黄潤耀...5772
+卷二百八十三 列傳第一百七十一
+儒林(二)
+陳獻章...5773
+李承箕...5774
+張诩...5774
+婁諒...5774
+夏尚樸...5775
+賀欽...5776
+陳茂烈...5777
+湛若水...5777
+蒋信...5779
+周衝...5779
+鄒守益...5779
+鄒善...5781
+鄒德涵...5781
+鄒德泳...5782
+錢德洪...5782
+徐愛...5783
+蔡宗兖...5783
+朱節...5783
+應良...5783
+盧可久...5783
+應典...5784
+黄弘綬...5784
+杜漸...5784
+王畿...5784
+王艮...5785
+徐樾...5785
+林春...5786
+羅汝芳...5786
+楊起元...5786
+周汝登...5786
+蔡悉...5787
+歐陽德...5787
+歐陽瑜...5788
+羅洪先...5788
+程文德...5790
+吴悌...5791
+吴仁度...5791
+何廷仁...5792
+劉邦采...5793
+劉文敏...5793
+魏良政(等)...5793
+王時槐...5794
+陳嘉謨...5794
+許孚遠...5795
+尤時熙...5796
+張後覺...5797
+趙维新...5797
+鄧以讚...5798
+張元忭...5798
+孟化鯤...5799
+孟秋...5799
+來知德...5800
+鄧元錫...5801
+劉元卿...5802
+章潢...5802
+卷二百八十四 列傳第一百七十二
+儒林(三)
+孔希學...5803
+孔克堅...5804
+孔汭...5805
+孔公鑑...5805
+孔彦縉...5805
+孔弘緒...5805
+孔公侗...5806
+孔弘泰...5806
+
+孔聞韶...5806
+孔尚賢...5807
+孔尚燝...5807
+孔彦繩...5807
+顔希惠...5808
+曾質粹...5808
+孔聞禮...5809
+孟希文...5809
+仲于陛...5810
+周冕...5810
+程接道...5810
+程克仁...5810
+張文通...5811
+邵繼祖...5811
+朱煜...5811
+朱墅...5811
+卷二百八十五 列傳第一百七十三
+文苑(一)
+楊維楨...5813
+陸居仁...5814
+錢惟善...5815
+胡翰...5815
+蘇伯衡...5816
+王冕...5816
+郭奎...5817
+劉炳...5817
+戴良...5817
+王逢...5818
+丁鶴年...5818
+危素...5819
+張以寧...5820
+石光霽...5821
+秦裕伯...5821
+趙壎...5822
+朱禧...5823
+陳基...5823
+張文海...5823
+徐尊生...5823
+傅恕...5823
+烏斯道...5823
+傅著...5824
+謝徽...5824
+朱右...5824
+朱濂...5824
+王彝...5824
+張孟兼...5825
+李汶...5825
+張宣...5825
+張簡...5825
+杜寅...5826
+徐一夔...5826
+趙㧑謙...5828
+樂良...5828
+張昱...5828
+吴志淳...5828
+朱芾...5828
+陶宗儀...5829
+顧德輝...5829
+孫作...5830
+張憲...5830
+周砥...5830
+高明...5830
+藍仁...5831
+袁凱...5831
+高啓...5831
+楊基...5832
+張羽...5832
+徐賁...5833
+王行...5833
+唐肅...5834
+宋克...5834
+余庭璧...5834
+吕敏...5834
+陳則...5834
+孫蕡...5834
+王佐...5835
+趙介...5836
+李德...5836
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_15.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_15.md
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+胡惟庸 陳寧 陳瑛 馬麟(等) 嚴嵩 趙文華(等)
+
+周延儒 温體仁 馬士英 阮大鍊
+
+胡惟庸
+
+胡惟庸，定遠人。歸太祖於和州，授元帥府奏差。尋轉宣使，除寧國主簿，進知縣，遷吉安通判，擢湖廣僉事。吳元年，召為太常少卿，進本寺卿。洪武三年拜中書省參知政事。已，代汪廣洋為左丞。六年正月，右丞相廣洋左遷廣東行省參政，帝難其人，久不置相，惟庸獨專省事。七月拜右丞相。久之，進左丞相，復以廣洋為右丞相。
+自楊憲誅，帝以惟庸為才，寵任之。惟庸亦自勵，嘗以曲謹當上意，寵遇日盛，獨相數歲，生殺黜陟，或不奏徑行。內外諸司上封事，必先取閱，害己者，輒匿不以聞。四方躁進之徒及功臣武夫失職者，争走其門，饋遺金帛、名馬、玩好，不可勝數。大將軍徐達深疾其奸，從容言於帝。惟庸遂誘達閹者福壽以圖達，為福壽所發。御史中丞劉基亦嘗言其短。久之基病，帝遣惟庸挾醫視，遂以毒中之。基死，益無所忌。與太師李善長相結，以兄女妻其從子佑。學士吳伯宗劾惟庸，幾得危禍。自是，勢益熾。其定遠舊宅井中，忽生石笋，出水數尺，諛者争引符瑞，又言其祖父三世家上，皆夜有火光燭天。惟庸益喜自負，有異謀矣。
+吉安侯陸仲亨自陝西歸，擅乘傳。帝怒責之，曰：“中原兵燹之餘，民始復業，籍户買馬，艱苦殊甚。使
+
+胡惟庸是定遠人。他在和州歸附太祖，授予元帥府奏差。隨即轉任宣使，任寧國主簿，升為知縣，遷升為吉安通判，提升湖廣僉事。吳元年，召為太常少卿，升為本寺卿。洪武三年，授予中書省參知政事。不久，代替汪廣洋做左丞相。六年正月，右丞相汪廣洋降官為廣東行省參政，皇帝認為丞相的人選很難，長久不設置丞相，胡惟庸獨自掌管尚書省的事務。七月，授予右丞相。過了好久，晋升為左丞相，又用汪廣洋做右丞相。
+從楊憲被殺，皇帝認為胡惟庸有才能，寵信任用他。胡惟庸也勉勵自己，經常以小心謹慎承受皇帝的旨意，受到皇帝的寵信一天天隆盛，獨任丞相幾年，生殺予奪，有的就不奏皇帝任性執行。朝廷內外各官署呈上的密封奏章，必定先拆閱，對自己有害的，就藏匿不上報。各地急於進取的人和失去官職的功臣武人，都争着奔走他的門庭下，饋贈金帛、名馬、玩好，數不勝數。大將軍徐達深恨他的奸邪，向皇帝從容陳述。胡惟庸就引誘徐達的守門人福壽來圖謀徐達，被福壽揭發。御史中丞劉基也曾陳述過他的短處。過了好久，劉基患病，皇帝派胡惟庸帶醫生去探視，就用毒藥害他。劉基死了，胡惟庸更加無所顧忌。同太師李善長相結交，用兄長的女兒嫁給太師的侄子李佑做妻子。學士吳伯宗揭發胡惟庸，幾乎招致災禍。從此以後，氣勢更加盛大。他的定遠舊屋的水井中，突然生出石笋，高出水面幾尺，奉承的人争着引用吉祥的徵兆，又說他的祖父三代墳墓上，都在夜裏有火光照耀天空，胡惟庸更加喜悅自以為是，有反叛的意圖。
+吉安侯陸仲亨從陝西返回，擅自用四匹馬拉的車。皇帝憤怒地斥責他，說：“中原在戰爭破壞之後，百姓纔恢復常業，收稅徵購馬匹，艱
+
+皆效爾所爲，民雖盡鬻子女，不能給也。”責捕盜於代縣。平凉侯费聚奉命撫蘇州軍民，日嗜酒色。帝怒，責往西北招降蒙古，無功，又切責之。二人大懼。惟庸陰以權利脅誘二人，二人素戇勇，見惟庸用事，密相往來。嘗過惟庸家飲，酒酣，惟庸屏左右言：“吾等所爲多不法，一旦事覺，如何？”二人益惶懼，惟庸乃告以己意，令在外收集軍馬。又嘗與陳寧坐省中，閱天下軍馬籍，令都督毛驤取衛士劉遇賢及亡命魏文進等爲心膂，曰：“吾有所用爾也。”太僕寺丞李存義者，善長之弟，惟庸婿李佑父也，惟庸令陰說善長。善長已老，不能强拒，初不許，已而依違其間。惟庸益以爲事可就，乃遣明州衛指揮林賢下海招倭，與期會。又遣元故臣封績致書稱臣于元嗣君，請兵爲外應。事皆未發。會惟庸子馳馬於市，墜死車下，惟庸殺輓車者。帝怒，命償其死。惟庸請以金帛給其家，不許。惟庸懼，乃與御史大夫陳寧、中丞涂節等謀起事，陰告四方及武臣從己者。
+十二年九月，占城來貢，惟庸等不以聞。中官出見之，入奏。帝怒，敕責省臣。惟庸及廣洋頓首謝罪，而微委其咎於禮部，部臣又委之中書。帝益怒，盡囚諸臣，窮詰主者。未幾，賜廣洋死，廣洋妾陳氏從死。帝詢之，乃入官陳知縣女也。大怒曰：“没官婦女，止給功臣家。文臣何以得給？”乃敕法司取勘。於是惟庸及六部堂屬咸當坐罪。明年正月，涂節遂上變，告惟庸。御史中丞商暠時謫爲中書省吏，亦以惟庸陰事告。帝大
+
+苦得很。倘若使者都效法你的所作所爲，百姓即使賣光子女，也不能供給呀！”責令在代縣拘捉盜賊。平凉侯费聚奉命撫慰蘇州軍民，每天喜好飲酒和女色。皇帝憤怒，責令他去西北招降蒙古，没有成效，又嚴詞譴責他。兩人十分恐懼。胡惟庸暗地裏用權勢和財利威脅利誘兩人，兩人平素愚昧勇武，看到胡惟庸執政，秘密互相往來。曾經往胡惟庸家飲酒，酒意正濃時，胡惟庸就排除左右的人説：“我們所做的很多都不合法，一旦事情被發覺，怎麼辦呢？”兩人更加惶恐不安，胡惟庸纔把自己的意見告訴他們，讓他們在外面收集軍馬。又曾同陳寧坐在省署衙門，看全國軍馬簿册，叫都督毛驤拿衛士劉遇賢和逃亡在外的魏文進等做親信，説：“我有用你們之處啊！”太僕寺丞李存義，是李善長的弟弟，胡惟庸的女婿李佑的父親，胡惟庸使他暗地裏説服李善長。李善長已經年老，不能强硬拒絶，起初不同意，不久就遲疑不決。胡惟庸更認爲事情可以成功，就派明州衛指揮林賢下海洋去招募倭寇，同他如期相會合。又派遣元朝的舊臣封績寫信向元朝太子稱臣，請求軍隊作爲外應。事情都没有發動。恰逢胡惟庸的兒子在市場驅馬奔馳，落馬死在車下，胡惟庸殺了拉車的人。皇帝發怒，命令賠償他的死。胡惟庸請求用金帛給他的家人，不允許。胡惟庸害怕，就同御史大夫陳寧、中丞涂節等圖謀起兵造反，暗地裏告訴各地和跟隨自己的武臣。
+十二年九月，占城來進貢，胡惟庸等人不把此事奏報皇帝。宦官出來見到此事，進去奏報。皇帝發怒，命令斥責朝廷大臣。胡惟庸和汪廣洋叩頭請罪，而把罪責輕輕推給禮部，禮部大臣又把罪責推卸給中書省。皇帝更加憤怒，全部拘囚各大臣，追究主事者。不久，賜汪廣洋自殺，汪廣洋的妾陳氏隨從死。皇帝詢問此事，原來是犯罪官員陳知縣的女兒。大怒説：“犯罪没收財物官員的婦女，衹給功臣的家庭，文官怎麼能給呢？”就命令刑法官署收捕審問。因此胡惟庸和六部官府都應該獲罪。第二年正月，涂節就上報叛逆，告發胡惟庸。御史中丞商暠當時降官做中
+
+怒，下廷臣更訊，詞連寧、節。廷臣言：“節本預謀，見事不成，始上變告，不可不誅。”乃誅惟庸、寧并及節。
+惟庸既死，其反狀猶未盡露。至十八年，李存義爲人首告，免死，安置崇明。十九年十月，林賢獄成，惟庸通倭事始著。二十一年，藍玉征沙漠，獲封績，善長不以奏。至二十三年五月，事發，捕績下吏，訊得其狀，逆謀益大著。會善長家奴盧仲謙首善長與惟庸往來狀，而陸仲亨家奴封帖木亦首仲亨及唐勝宗、費聚、趙庸三侯與惟庸共謀不軌。帝發怒，肅清逆黨，詞所連及坐誅者三萬餘人。乃爲《昭示奸黨錄》，布告天下。株連蔓引，迄數年未靖云。
+陳寧
+陳寧，茶陵人。元末爲鎮江小吏，從軍至集慶，館於軍帥家，代軍帥上書言事。太祖覽之稱善，召試檄文，詞意雄偉，乃用爲行省掾吏。時方四征，羽書旁午，寧酬答整暇，事無留滯，太祖益才之。淮安納款，奉命徵其兵，抵高郵，爲吴人所獲。寧抗論不屈，釋還，擢廣德知府。會大旱，乞免民租，不許。寧自詣太祖奏曰：“民饑如此，猶徵租不已，是爲張士誠毆民也。”太祖壯而聽之。
+辛丑除樞密院都事。癸卯遷提刑按察司僉事。明年改浙東按察使。有小隸訟其隱過，寧已擢中書參議，太祖親鞠之，寧首服，繫應天獄一歲。吴元年，冬盡將決，太祖惜其才，命諸将數其罪而宥之，用爲太倉市舶提舉。
+
+書省吏，也把胡惟庸秘密的事告發。皇帝大怒，交給朝廷大臣再審訊，供詞牽連到陳寧、涂節。朝廷大臣説：“涂節本來有預謀，看到事情不成功，纔向朝廷上書報告叛變的事，不可不殺。”於是就一起殺掉胡惟庸、陳寧和涂節。
+胡惟庸已經死了，他反叛的狀況還没有全部暴露。到十八年，李存義被别人告發罪行，免去死刑，安置在崇明。十九年十月，林賢的案件查清了，胡惟庸勾結倭人的事纔顯露。二十一年，藍玉征伐北方，俘獲封績，李善長不將此事奏報。到二十三年五月，事情被揭發，逮捕封績交給官吏，詢問得到他的情況，叛逆的陰謀更加明顯。恰逢李善長的家奴盧仲謙告發李善長跟胡惟庸往來的狀況，而陸仲亨的家奴封帖木也告發陸仲亨和唐勝宗、費聚、趙庸三侯爵跟胡惟庸共同圖謀叛逆。皇帝發怒，肅清叛逆的同黨，供詞所牽累獲罪被殺的有三萬多。於是就作《昭示奸黨録》，布告天下的人。受株連牽連的情況一直幾年没有止息。
+
+陳寧是茶陵人。元朝末年做鎮江小官，從軍到集慶，寄宿在軍帥家，代替軍帥上書向皇帝談論政事。太祖閱讀了上書後稱贊説好，召他試寫檄文，詞意雄壯宏偉，就任用他做行省官署的掾吏。這時正是各處征戰，文書紛繁，陳寧答覆從容不迫，公事没有留下停滯，太祖更加認爲他有才能。淮安降服，陳寧奉命去淮安徵兵，抵達高郵，被吴兵俘虜。陳寧争論不屈服，釋放回來，提升爲廣德知府。恰逢大旱，乞求免去百姓田租，皇帝不允許。陳寧就親自去見太祖奏告説：“百姓飢餓如此，還不停徵收田租，這是替張士誠驅趕百姓啊！”太祖認爲他勇敢而聽從他。
+辛丑年，皇帝授予他樞密院都事。癸卯年，提升爲提刑按察司僉事。第二年，改任浙東按察使。有小僕人告發他的隱秘過錯，陳寧已提升爲中書參議，太祖親自審訊他，陳寧低頭服罪，囚禁在應天監獄一年。吴元年，冬季已盡將要行刑處决，太祖愛惜他的才能，命令衆將領責備他的罪行而寬恕了他，任用爲太倉市舶提舉。
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+洪武元年召拜司農卿，遷兵部尚書。明年出爲松江知府。用嚴爲治，積歲蠹弊，多所厘革。尋改山西行省參政。召拜參知政事，知吏、户、禮三部事。寧，初名亮，至是賜名寧。
+三年，坐事出知蘇州。尋改浙江行省參政，未行，用胡惟庸薦，召爲御史中丞。太祖嘗御東閣，免冠而櫛。寧與侍御史商暠入奏事，太祖見之，遂移入便殿，遣人止寧毋入。櫛已，整冠出閣，始命入見。六年命兼領國子監事。俄拜右御史大夫。八月遣釋奠先師。丞相胡惟庸、參政馮冕、誠意伯劉基不陪祀而受胙，太祖以寧不舉奏，亦停俸半月。自是，不預祭者不頒胙。久之，進左御史大夫。
+寧有才氣，而性特嚴刻。其在蘇州徵賦苛急，嘗燒鐵烙人肌膚。吏民苦之，號爲陳烙鐵。及居憲臺，益務威嚴。太祖嘗責之，寧不能改。其子孟麟亦數諫，寧怒，捶之數百，竟死。太祖深惡其不情，曰：“寧於其子如此，奚有於君父耶！”寧聞之懼，遂與惟庸通謀。十三年正月，惟庸事發，寧亦伏誅。
+陳瑛
+陳瑛，滁人。洪武中，以人才貢入太學。擢御史，出爲山東按察使。建文元年調北平僉事。湯宗告瑛受燕王金錢，通密謀，逮謫廣西。燕王稱帝，召爲都察院左副都御史，署院事。
+瑛天性殘忍，受帝寵任，益務深刻，專以搏擊爲能。甫莅事，即言：“陛下應天順人，萬姓率服，而廷臣有不順命、效死建文者，如侍郎黃
+
+洪武元年，徵召授予司農卿，提升爲兵部尚書。第二年出任爲松江知府。用嚴格的方法來進行治理，多年積累的弊端，有很多改革。不久改任山西行省參政。徵召授予參知政事，掌管吏、户、禮三部事務。陳寧起初名陳亮，到這時皇帝賜給陳寧的名字。
+三年，因事獲罪而出任蘇州知州。不久改任浙江行省官署參政，還没有動身，因胡惟庸推薦，召做御史中丞。太祖曾駕臨東閣，摘去帽子而梳理頭髮。陳寧同侍御史商暠進東閣奏告事情，太祖看到他們，就移動進便殿，派人阻止陳寧不要進入。梳理頭髮完畢，整頓帽子走出東閣，纔命令他進去謁見。六年，命令他兼任國子監的事務。隨即授予右御史大夫。八月，派他去祭祀先師孔子。丞相胡惟庸、參政馮冕、誠意伯劉基不陪祭而受祭肉，太祖因爲陳寧不奏報，也停俸半月。從此以後，不參加祭祀的人不發給祭肉。過了好久，晉升左御史大夫。
+
+陳寧有才氣，而性格特別嚴厲苛刻。他在蘇州徵收税賦苛刻急迫，曾經燒鐵灼人肌膚。官民都深以爲苦，稱他爲“陳烙鐵”。到他身居御史官職，更加致力於嚴厲。太祖曾責備他，陳寧不能改掉。他的兒子陳孟麟也多次勸諫，陳寧發怒，打他幾百下，竟被打死了。太祖深深痛恨他的無情，説：“陳寧對他的兒子如此，怎麼會對國君有情谊呢？”陳寧聽到這話害怕，就同胡惟庸合謀。十三年正月，胡惟庸叛逆的事被揭發，陳寧也伏罪被殺。
+陳瑛是滁人。洪武年間，憑有才能而薦舉進入太學。提升爲御史，出任山東按察使。建文元年，調任北平僉事。湯宗告發陳瑛接受燕王金錢，通叛逆的陰謀，逮捕降級去廣西。燕王做了皇帝，徵召他做都察院左副都御史，代理主持都察院事務。
+陳瑛天性殘忍，受到皇帝的寵信任用，更致力於嚴峻刻薄，專以毆鬥爲能事。剛剛到官任事，就對皇帝説：“陛下適應天命、順從人心，人民都服從，而朝廷大臣有不順從命令、盡死爲
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+觀、少卿廖昇、修撰王叔英、紀善周是修、按察使王良、知縣顏伯璋等，其心與叛逆無異，請追戮之。”帝曰：“朕誅奸臣，不過齊、黄數輩，後二十九人中如張紞、王鈍、鄭賜、黄福、尹昌隆，皆宥而用之。况汝所言，有不與此數者，勿問。”後瑛閱方孝孺等獄詞，遂簿觀、叔英等家，給配其妻女，疏族、外親莫不連染。胡閏之獄，所籍數百家，號冤聲徹天。兩列御史皆掩泣，瑛亦色慘，謂人曰：“不以叛逆處此輩，則吾等爲無名。”於是諸忠臣無遺種矣。
+永樂元年擢左都御史，益以訐發爲能。八月劾歷城侯盛庸怨誹，當誅，庸自殺。二年劾曹國公李景隆謀不軌，又劾景隆弟增枝知景隆不臣不諫，多置莊産，蓄佃僕，意叵測，俱收繫。又劾長興侯耿炳文僭，炳文自殺。劾駙馬都尉梅殷邪謀，殷遇害。三年，行部尚書雒僉言事忤帝意，瑛劾僉貪暴，僉坐誅死。又劾駙馬都尉胡觀强取民間女子，娶娼爲妾，預景隆逆謀，以親見宥不改。帝命勿治，罷觀朝請。已，又劾其怨望，逮下獄。八年劾隆平侯張信占練湖及江陰官田，命三法司雜治之。
+瑛爲都御史數年，所論劾勛戚、大臣十餘人，皆陰希帝指。其他所劾順昌伯王佐，都督陳俊，指揮王恕，都督曹遠，指揮房昭，僉都御史俞士吉，大理少卿袁復，御史車舒，都督王瑞，指揮林泉、牛諒，通政司參議賀銀等，先後又數十人，俱得罪。帝以爲能發奸，寵任之，然亦知其殘刻，所奏讞不盡從。中書舍人芮善弟
+
+建文效力的，像侍郎黃觀、少卿廖昇、修撰王叔英、紀善周是修、按察使王良、知縣顏伯璋等人，他們的心跟叛逆没有什麼不同，請求捕殺他們。”皇帝説：“朕殺奸臣，不過齊、黃之類，後面二十九人中，如張紞、王鈍、鄭賜、黃福、尹昌隆，都寬恕而任用他們。何况你所説的，有不同這些人的，不必過問。”後來陳瑛看方孝孺等人的訟詞，就登記黃觀、王叔英等家，發配他們的妻子女兒，遠族、女系的親族没有不牽連的。胡閏的訟案，被查抄没收財物入官府的有幾百家，號哭叫冤聲通天。兩邊排列的御史都掩面流淚，陳瑛也臉色淒慘，對人們説：“不用叛逆的罪懲處這類人，那麼我們這些人就没有聲名。”這樣衆忠臣就没有後代了。
+永樂元年，提升爲左都御史，更加用揭發别人的隱私爲能事。八月，揭發歷城侯盛庸對皇帝怨恨、非議，應當被殺，盛庸自殺了。二年，揭發曹國公李景隆圖謀叛逆，又揭發李景隆的弟弟李增枝曉得李景隆不像臣子而不規勸，多設置莊園田産，蓄養僕役，心不可探測，都被收捕拘囚。又揭發長興侯耿炳文越分，耿炳文自殺。揭發駙馬都尉梅殷有邪惡的圖謀，梅殷就遇害。三年，行部尚書雒僉議論政事違反皇帝的旨意，陳瑛揭發雒僉貪婪橫暴，雒僉獲罪被殺死。又揭發駙馬都尉胡觀强娶民間女子，娶娼婦做小妾，參預李景隆叛逆的陰謀，因親屬被寬恕而不改過。皇帝命令不要懲處，罷免胡觀朝見。不久，又揭發他的心懷不滿，逮捕關入監獄。八年，揭發隆平侯張信占有練湖和江陰的官府田地，命令三個高級司法機關合起來懲處他。
+陳瑛做都御史幾年，被他所定罪揭發的有功勛的皇族親戚、大臣有十多人，都暗地裏迎合皇帝的旨意。其他所揭發的順昌伯王佐，都督陳俊，指揮王恕，都督曹遠，指揮房昭，僉都御史俞士吉，大理少卿袁復，御史車舒，都督王瑞，指揮林泉、牛諒，通政司參議賀銀等，先後又有幾十個人，都得罪。皇帝認爲他能揭發奸邪的人，寵信任用他，然而也知道他殘酷苛刻，所奏議的罪狀，不全都聽從。中書舍人芮善的弟弟夫
+
+夫婦爲盜所殺，心疑其所親，訟於官。刑部驗非盜，縱之。善白帝刑部故出盜，帝命御史鞫治，果非盜。瑛因劾善妄奏，當下獄。帝曰：“兄弟同氣，得賊惟恐逸之，善何罪，其勿問”。車里宣慰使刀暹答侵威遠州地，執其知州刀算黨以歸。帝遣使諭之，刀暹答懼，歸地及所執知州，遣弟刀臘等貢方物謝罪。瑛請先下刀臘法司，且逮治刀暹答。帝曰：“蠻僚之性稍不相得則相仇，改則已。今服罪而復治之，何以處不服者。”遂赦弗問。知嘉興縣李鑑廷見謝罪，帝問故。瑛言：“鑑籍奸黨姚瑄，瑄弟亨當連坐，而鑑釋亨不籍，宜罪。”鑑言：“都察院文止籍瑄，未有亨名。”帝曰：“院文無名而不籍，不失爲慎重。”鑑得免。户部人材高文雅言時政，因及建文事，辭意率直，帝命議行之。瑛劾文雅狂妄，請置之法。帝曰：“草野之人何知忌諱，其言有可采，奈何以直而廢之。瑛刻薄，非助朕爲善者。”以文雅付吏部，量材授官。海運糧漂没，瑛請治官軍罪，責之償。帝曰：“海濤險惡，官軍免溺死，幸矣。”悉釋不問。瑛之奸險附會，一意苛刻，皆此類也。
+帝北巡，皇太子監國。瑛言兵部主事李貞受皂隸葉轉等四人金，請下貞獄。無何，貞妻擊登聞鼓訴冤。皇太子命六部大臣廷鞫之，自辰至午，貞等不至，惟葉轉至。訊之，云貞不承，不勝拷掠死，三皂隸皆笞死三日矣，貞實未嘗受金。先是，袁綱、覃
+
+婦被强盜所殺，心中懷疑是他們的親屬，向官府訴訟。刑部檢驗不是强盜，放掉了他。芮善向皇帝告發刑部故意放走强盜，皇帝命令御史查問懲處，果然不是强盜所殺。陳瑛就揭發芮善亂奏，應當關入牢獄。皇帝説：“兄弟是同一血脈，捉到盜賊衹怕給他逃走，芮善有什麼罪，這不必問罪。”車里宣慰使刀暹答侵犯威遠州地區，捉其知州刀算黨而返回。皇帝派遣使者告諭他，刀暹答害怕，歸還所侵占的土地和所捉的人，派遣弟弟刀臘等人進獻土産品請罪。陳瑛請求先將刀臘交給司法機構，而且逮捕懲處刀暹答。皇帝説：“蠻僚的性格稍有不合就互相仇恨，改變就算了。現在已服罪却再懲處他，用什麼方法去處理不服的人呢？”就赦免不問罪。嘉興縣知縣李鑑上朝謁見皇帝請罪，皇帝問原故。陳瑛説：“李鑑把奸黨姚瑄的財物没收入官府，姚瑄的弟弟姚亨應當連帶受罰，可是李鑑放了姚亨，不把他的財物没收入官府，應該有罪。”李鑑説：“都察院公文衹没收姚瑄的財物，没有姚亨的名字。”皇帝説：“都察院公文没有名字而不没收入官府，不失是慎重的態度。”李鑑纔得免於災禍。户部人材高文雅議論時事政治，就談到建文的事，詞意坦率直爽，皇帝命令議論施行。陳瑛揭發高文雅狂妄自大，請求繩之以法。皇帝説：“粗俗的人哪知道忌諱，他的言論有可采納的，怎麼因爲直率而廢除他。陳瑛苛刻薄情，不是幫助朕做善事的人。”把高文雅交付給吏部，量才授予官職。海運糧食沉没，陳瑛請求懲處官軍的罪責，責令他們賠償。皇帝説：“海浪險惡，官軍免於淹死，已是大幸了。”全部釋放不予問罪。陳瑛的奸邪險惡、牽强附會，專心一意嚴厲刻薄，都屬這一類。
+皇帝到北方巡視，皇太子代替處理國家大事。陳瑛説兵部主事李貞接受差役小吏葉轉等四個人銀子，請求把李貞投入牢獄。不久，李貞的妻子擊登聞鼓訴冤。皇太子命令六部大臣在朝廷上審問此案，從早晨到中午，李貞等人不到，衹有葉轉到來。訊問他，説是李貞等不承認，受不了拷打而死，三個小吏都被鞭撻至死已有三天
+
+珩兩御史俱至兵部索皂隸，貞猝無以應，兩御史銜之，興此獄。於是刑科給事中耿通等言瑛及綱、珩朋奸蒙蔽，擅殺無辜，請罪瑛。皇太子曰：“瑛大臣，蓋爲下所欺，不能覺察耳。”置勿問，械繫綱、珩，以其罪狀奏行在。又有學官坐事謫充太學膳夫者，皇太子令法司與改役，瑛格不行，中允劉子春等復劾瑛方命自恣。皇太子謂瑛曰：“卿用心刻薄，不明政體，殊非大臣之道。”時太子深惡瑛，以帝方寵任，無如何。久之，帝亦浸疏瑛。九年春，瑛得罪下獄死，天下快之。
+帝以篡得天下，御下多用重典。瑛首承風旨，傾誣排陷者無算。一時臣工多效其所爲，如紀綱、馬麟、丁珏、秦政學、趙緯、李芳，皆以傾險聞。綱在《佞倖傳》。
+馬麟
+麟，鞏人。洪武末爲工科給事中，建文時坐罪謫雲南爲吏。成祖即位，悉復建文朝所罷官，麟得召還。尋進兵科都給事中。麟無他建白，專以訐發爲能。帝久亦厭之，諭麟等曰：“奏牘一字之誤皆喋喋，煩碎甚矣。偶謬即改正，不必以聞。”麟等言：“奏内有不稱臣者，不可宥。”帝曰：“彼亦偶脱漏耳。言官當陳軍國大務，細故可略也。”久之，擢右通政。帝一日顧侍臣曰：“四方頻奏水旱，朕甚不寧。”麟遽進曰：“水旱天數，堯、湯不免。一二郡有之，未害。”帝曰：“《洪範》恒雨恒暘，皆本人事，可委天數哉？爾此言，不學故也。”麟慚而退。麟居言路，糾彈
+
+了，李貞實在没有接受銀子。在此之前，袁綱、覃珩兩御史都到兵部索取小吏，李貞倉猝没有答應，兩御史就怨恨他，興起這件冤案。因此刑科給事中耿通等人説陳瑛和袁綱、覃珩勾結奸黨，蒙蔽皇帝，擅自殺害無罪的人，請求懲辦陳瑛。皇太子説：“陳瑛是朝廷大臣，大概被下屬所欺騙，不能覺察吧。”放置一邊不予問罪，拘捕袁綱、覃珩，把他們的罪狀奏報皇帝。又有學官因事獲罪降級充任太學膳夫的，皇太子命令司法官署給他改變勞役，陳瑛阻攔不執行，中允劉子春等人又揭發陳瑛違抗命令，爲所欲爲。皇太子對陳瑛説：“卿用心嚴厲薄情，不明白施政的要領，很不是大臣治政之道。”當時太子深恨陳瑛，因爲皇帝正寵信任用他，没有怎樣。過了好久，皇帝也逐漸疏遠陳瑛。九年春季，陳瑛得罪關入牢獄死去，天下的人都爲此而稱快。
+皇帝以篡位奪得天下，統治百姓多用重法。陳瑛首先承受皇帝旨意，被陰謀傾覆誣衊、排擠打擊的人不計其數。一時之間，群臣百官大多數人仿效他的所作所爲，如紀綱，馬麟、丁珏、秦政學、趙緯、李芳，都由於狡黠陰險而聞名。紀綱的事迹在《佞倖傳》中。
+馬麟是鞏縣人。洪武末年做工科給事中，建文時獲罪降官到雲南做官吏。成祖即位，全部恢復建文朝代所罷免的官員，馬麟纔得召回朝廷。隨即升爲兵科都給事中。馬麟没有别的陳述意見，專門以揭發别人陰私爲能事。皇帝時間長了就厭惡他，告示馬麟等人説：“奏章一個字的錯誤都嘮叨，煩雜瑣碎透頂。虚假錯誤就改正，不必告訴給我聽。”馬麟等人説：“奏章裏有不稱臣的人，不可寬恕。”皇帝説：“他是偶然脱漏呢。諫官應當陳述軍務和國家政務大事，細微之錯原可省略的。”過了好久，提升爲右通政。皇帝一天回看侍從的臣子説：“各處連連奏報水災和旱災，朕心中很不安寧。”馬麟呈報説：“水災旱災是自然規律，堯、湯兩位賢君也不能避免。一兩個郡有水旱災害，没有什麼禍害。”皇帝説：《洪範》中説長久下雨長久晴，原本都是人事所致，
+
+諸司無虚日。嘗署兵部事，甫一日，輒有過，爲人所奏，自是稍戢。居通政八年，卒於官。
+丁珏
+珏，山陽人。永樂四年，里社賽神，誣以聚衆謀不軌，坐死者數十人。法司因稱珏忠，特擢刑科給事中。伺察百僚小過，輒上聞。居官十年，貪黷不顧廉耻。母喪未期，起復視事，輒隨衆大祀齋宫，復與慶成宴，爲御史俞信等所劾，論大不敬當死。帝曰：“朕素疑其奸邪，若悉行所言，廷臣豈有一人免耶？”遂謫戍邊。
+秦政學
+政學，慈谿人。永樂二年進士。歷行在禮部郎中，務擿人過失，肆爲奸貪。十六年春，有罪伏誅。
+趙緯
+緯初爲大興教諭，燕兵起，與城守有勞。擢禮科給事中，坐罪謫思南宣慰司教授。永樂七年，復原官，務捃摭朝士過。久之，遷浙江副使。後入朝，仁宗見其名曰：“此人尚在耶！是無異蛇蝎。”遂謫嘉興典史。
+李芳
+芳，潁上人。永樂十三年進士。歷刑科給事中。宣宗數御便殿，與大臣議事。芳言：“洪武中，大臣面議時政，必給事中二人與俱，請復其舊。”帝是之。芳輒自矜，百司所爲，少不如意，即詣帝前奏之，人比之紀綱。久之，帝亦惡其奸，黜爲海鹽丞，棄官歸。
+
+可以推卸給自然規律嗎？你這種説法，是不學習的緣故。”馬麟慚愧而退去。馬麟身居向朝廷進言的地位，彈劾各官府機構的過失没有空暇的一天。曾經代理兵部的事務，剛剛一天，就有過錯，被别人奏告皇帝，從此稍爲收斂。任通政官職八年，死在官位上。
+丁珏是山陽人。永樂四年，鄉里中祭祀土地神還願，誣衊他們聚衆叛逆，獲罪處死的有幾十人。司法官署因此稱丁珏忠於朝廷，特殊提升爲刑科給事中。他偵察到百官小過失，就上報皇帝。任官十年，貪婪污濁不顧廉耻。母親喪期未滿，又起用去任職，就跟隨衆人在皇帝祭祀的地方參加隆重的祭祀，又參加祭祀完畢後慶成功的宴會，被御史俞信等人揭發，定爲很不敬重父母而應當死的罪。皇帝説：“朕平常懷疑他的奸邪，如果全部按他説的去做，朝廷大臣哪有一人能免於災禍呢？”就貶謫他到邊境守衛邊疆。
+秦政學是慈谿人。永樂二年考中進士。歷任行在禮部郎中，專事拾取别人的過失，放肆做奸邪貪財的事。十六年春季，有罪而伏法被殺。
+趙緯起初做大興教諭，燕地戰争發生，參加守城有功劳。提升爲禮科給事中，獲罪貶謫到思南任宣慰司教授。永樂七年，恢復原來官職，專事拾取朝廷官員的過失。過了好久，升爲浙江副使。後來進朝廷，仁宗見到他的名字説：“此人還活着啊！這人跟毒蛇、蝎子没有兩樣。”就被貶謫到嘉興做典史。
+李芳是潁上人。永樂十三年考中進士。歷任刑科給事中。宣宗多次臨便殿，跟大臣商議政事。李芳説：“洪武年間，大臣當面議論當時的政治措施，必定是給事中兩人一起參與，請求恢復洪武時的舊制。”皇帝認爲他説得對。李芳常自誇，百官所做的事，稍不合他的心意，就到皇帝面前奏報，人們把他同紀綱相并列。過了好久，皇帝也痛恨他的奸邪，降低爲海鹽丞，丟棄
+
+嚴嵩
+嚴嵩，字惟中，分宜人。長身戍削，疏眉目，大音聲。舉弘治十八年進士，改庶吉士，授編修。移疾歸，讀書鈐山十年，爲詩古文辭，頗著清譽。還朝，久之進侍講，署南京翰林院事。召爲國子祭酒。
+嘉靖七年歷禮部右侍郎，奉世宗命祭告顯陵，還言：“臣恭上寶册及奉安神床，皆應時雨霽。又石産棗陽，群鶴集繞，碑入漢江，河流驟漲。請命輔臣撰文刻石，以紀天眷。”帝大悦，從之。遷吏部左侍郎，進南京禮部尚書，改吏部。
+
+居南京五年，以賀萬壽節至京師。會廷議更修《宋史》，輔臣請留嵩以禮部尚書兼翰林學士董其事。及夏言入内閣，命嵩還掌部事。帝將祀獻皇帝明堂，以配上帝。已，又欲稱宗入太廟。嵩與群臣議沮之，帝不悦，著《明堂或問》示廷臣。嵩惶恐，盡改前説，條畫禮儀甚備。禮成，賜金幣。自是，益務爲佞悦。帝上皇天上帝尊號、寶册，尋加上高皇帝尊謚聖號以配，嵩乃奏慶雲見，請受群臣朝賀。又爲《慶雲賦》、《大禮告成頌》奏之，帝悦，命付史館。尋加太子太保，從幸承天，賞賜與輔臣埒。
+嵩歸日驕。諸宗藩請恤乞封，挾取賄賂。子世蕃又數關説諸曹。南北給事、御史交章論貪污大臣，皆首嵩。嵩每被論，亟歸誠於帝，事輒已。帝或以事諮嵩，所條對平無奇，帝必故稱賞，欲以諷止言者。嵩科第
+
+官職而回家。
+嚴嵩字惟中，分宜人。身材高而清瘦，目大眉粗，聲音洪亮。弘治十八年考中進士，改任庶吉士，授予編修。稱病退居，在鈐山讀書十年，作詩和古文，頗有高潔的聲譽。返回朝廷，過了好久升爲侍講，代理南京翰林院事務。徵召做國子祭酒。
+嘉靖七年，逐漸升任禮部右侍郎，奉世宗的命令去顯陵祭祀告神，回來説：“臣恭敬地獻上寶璽詔書以及恭敬安置神床，都隨時而下雨停止。又石頭在棗陽出産，一群鶴鳥會集迴繞着飛，石碑投進漢江，河水突然上漲。請命令輔助大臣撰寫文章刻在石頭上，來記上天的恩愛。”皇帝很高興，聽從他的話。提升爲吏部左侍郎，晉升南京禮部尚書，改任吏部尚書。
+在南京任官五年，因祝賀萬壽節到京城。恰逢朝廷議論再編修《宋史》，輔佐大臣請求留嚴嵩以禮部尚書兼翰林學士的身份來主持這件事。到夏言進入内閣，皇帝命令嚴嵩返回掌管吏部的事務。皇帝將在明堂祭祀獻皇帝，以便與天神媲美。不久，又想稱祖先進入天子的祖廟。嚴嵩和一群大臣商議阻止他，皇帝不高興，著述《明堂或問》告示朝廷大臣。嚴嵩惶恐不安，全部改變以前的説法，分條規劃禮儀十分完備。祭祀禮儀完成，賜予金帛。從此，嚴嵩更加致力於奉承討好皇帝。皇帝獻上皇天上帝的尊號、寶璽、詔書，隨即增加獻上高皇帝尊崇的死後帝號來匹配，嚴嵩就奏告祥瑞雲彩出現，請求接受衆臣子的拜賀。又作《慶雲賦》、《大禮告成頌》陳奏皇帝，皇帝喜悅，命令交付給修史書的機構。隨即加賜太子太保，跟隨皇帝到承天，賞賜跟輔佐的大臣相等同。
+嚴嵩返回後一天比一天高傲。各受封的皇族請求撫恤封賞，他從旁撈取賄賂。嚴嵩兒子嚴世蕃又多次通關節去向各官府游説。南北給事、御史先後交替上奏章評論貪污大臣，都告發嚴嵩罪行。嚴嵩每次被評論，多次向皇帝投順，事情就停止。皇帝有時用事情徵詢嚴嵩，他逐條對答平
+
+先夏言，而位下之。始倚言，事之謹，嘗置酒邀言，躬詣其第，言辭不見。嵩布席，展所具啓，跽讀。言謂嵩實下己，不疑也。帝以奉道嘗御香葉冠，因刻沈水香冠五，賜言等。言不奉詔，帝怒甚。嵩因召對冠之，籠以輕紗。帝見，益内親嵩。嵩遂傾言，斥之。言去，醮祀青詞，非嵩無當帝意者。
+二十一年八月拜武英殿大學士，入直文淵閣，仍掌禮部事。時嵩年六十餘矣，精爽溢發，不異少壯。朝夕直西苑板房，未嘗一歸洗沐，帝益謂嵩勤。久之，請解部事，遂專直西苑。帝嘗賜嵩銀記，文曰“忠勤敏達”。尋加太子太傅。翟鑾資序在嵩上，帝待之不如嵩。嵩諷言官論之，鑾得罪去。吏部尚書許讚、禮部尚書張璧同入閣，皆不預聞票擬事，政事一歸嵩。讚嘗嘆曰：“何奪我吏部，使我旁睨人。”嵩欲示厚同列，且塞言者意，因以顯夏言短，乃請凡有宣召，乞與成國公朱希忠、京山侯崔元及讚、璧偕入，如祖宗朝蹇、夏、三楊故事。帝不聽，然心益喜嵩，累進吏部尚書、謹身殿大學士、少傅兼太子太師。
+久之，帝微覺嵩橫。時讚老病罷，璧死，乃復用夏言，帝爲加嵩少師以慰之。言至，復盛氣陵嵩，頗斥逐其黨，嵩不能救。子世蕃方官尚寶少卿，橫行公卿間。言欲發其罪，嵩父子大懼，長跪榻下泣謝，乃已。知陸炳與言惡，遂與比而傾言。世蕃遷
+
+庸無奇，皇帝一定故意稱贊，想以此來勸止説話的人。嚴嵩中進士在夏言之前，而職位在夏言之下。起初倚靠夏言，侍奉夏言很謹慎，曾設酒邀請夏言，親自到他的住宅，夏言推辭不見他。嚴嵩鋪設席子，展開要陳述的文書，跪着讀。夏言認爲嚴嵩確實處於自己之下，深信不疑。皇帝因信奉道教曾進用香葉帽，就鏤刻沉香木製的香帽五頂，賜給夏言等人。夏言不接受詔命，皇帝很憤怒。嚴嵩就在召見回答時戴上沉香木帽，用輕薄的紗籠遮着。皇帝看見，更加內心親近嚴嵩，嚴嵩就陷害夏言，排斥他。夏言離開朝廷，祭祀天神的表章，不是嚴嵩寫就没有合皇帝心意的。
+二十一年八月，授予武英殿大學士，進朝在文淵閣值勤，仍舊掌管禮部事務。當時嚴嵩年紀已六十多歲了，精力充沛奮發，跟年輕力壯的人没有兩樣。他早晚在西苑板房值班，不曾回家一次去洗浴，皇帝更加認爲嚴嵩勤奮。過了好久，請求解除禮部的職務，就專職在西苑值班。皇帝曾經賜給嚴嵩銀子印章，文字是“忠勤敏達”。不久加賜太子太傅。翟鑾的年資位次在嚴嵩之上，皇帝待他不如嚴嵩。嚴嵩勸諫官評論此事，翟鑾得罪罷職。吏部尚書許讚、禮部尚書張璧一起進入内閣，都不參與公文起草的事，朝政大事全歸嚴嵩。許讚曾嘆息説：“爲什麼剝奪我吏部的職位，使我在一旁看别人？”嚴嵩想表示優惠同位的人，并且堵塞説話的人猜想，因此來顯示夏言的缺點，就請求凡是有召見，就給成國公朱希忠、京山侯崔元和許讚、張璧一起進入内閣，像太祖、成祖朝時蹇義、夏原吉、三楊的典章制度。皇帝没有聽從，然而心中更喜愛嚴嵩，多次提升任吏部尚書、謹身殿大學士、少傅兼太子太師。
+過了好久，皇帝稍微感到嚴嵩專橫。這時許讚年老因病罷免，張璧死了，就再任用夏言，皇帝爲此加賜少師來安慰他。夏言到朝廷，又怒氣凌辱嚴嵩，全部驅逐他的同夥，嚴嵩不能援助。他的兒子嚴世蕃正任尚寶少卿的官職，在公卿之間橫行霸道。夏言想揭露他的罪行，嚴嵩父子十分害怕，直身跪在床下流淚請罪，纔停止。他知
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+州，民請築城，而蠻人來争。百常與之拒，且戰且築，城乃得立。自宋迄元，皆爲羌人所據，不置州縣者幾二百年。洪武十一年平蜀，置疊溪右千户所，隸茂州衛。而置威茂道，開府茂州，分游擊以駐疊溪，規防始立。然東路生羌，白草最強，又與松潘黄毛韃相通，出没爲寇，相沿不絶云。其通西域要路，爲桃坪，即古桃關也，有繩橋渡江。守桃坪者，爲隴木司。
+茂州長官司三：曰隴木，曰静州，曰疊溪。隴木長官司，其長官即隴木里人也。洪武時歸附，授承直郎，世襲長官，歲貢馬二匹。所屬玉亭、神溪十二寨，俱爲編氓，有保長統之。
+静州長官司，其地即唐之悉唐縣，其長官亦静州里人也。襲官貢馬，與隴木同。正德間，與岳希蓬、節孝爲亂，攻茂城，斷水道七日。節孝弟車勺潜引水以濟我軍。事平，使車勺襲職，轄法虎、核桃溝八寨，俱編户爲氓，亦有保長統之。
+疊溪千户所，永樂四年置。領長官司二：曰疊溪，在治北一里；曰鬱即，在治西十五里。
+疊溪郁氏，洪武十五年歸附，給印世襲，凡三年貢馬四匹。長官所轄河東熟番八寨，皆大姓，及馬路、小關七族。其土舍轄河西小姓六寨。地土廣遠，饒畜産，稞麥路積。人皆梟黠，名雖熟番，與生番等。
+鬱即長官嗽保，萬曆十八年與黑水、松坪稱兵，攻新橋，明年伏誅。漢關墩附近諸小姓，舊屬鬱即，至是改屬疊溪。初，都督方政平曆日諸寨，設長寧安撫司，隸松潘。至正統
+
+請求修築城邑，而蠻人來争奪。范百常抗拒蠻人，一面作戰一面築城，城邑纔得建立。從宋到元，都被羌族人所占據，不設置州縣幾乎有兩百年。洪武十一年平定蜀，設置疊溪右千户所官署，隸屬於茂州衛。設置威茂道，開設茂州官署，分派游擊去駐守疊溪，防禦法規纔建立。然而東路不馴服的羌族，以白草最强大，又同松潘黄毛韃相勾結，出没搶劫，相沿不絶。那裏通往西域的要道，是桃坪，就是古時的桃關，有繩索做的橋可渡江。駐守桃坪的，是隴木司。
+茂州的長官司有三個：稱爲隴木、静州、疊溪。隴木長官司，它的長官就是隴木鄉里的人。洪武時歸順朝廷授予承直郎，父子承襲長官職位，一年進貢兩匹馬。所隸屬的玉亭、神溪十二村寨，都是編入户口的普通人民，有保長管理他們。
+静州長官司，它的地域就是唐的悉唐縣，它的長官也是静州鄉里的人。世代承襲官職進貢馬匹，同隴木一樣。正德年間，與岳希蓬、節孝叛亂，進攻茂城，切斷水路上七天。節孝的弟弟車勺暗地引水來救助我軍。事件平息，就使車勺承襲官職，管轄法虎、核桃溝等八個村寨，都編入户口成爲百姓，也有保長管理他們。
+
+疊溪千户所，是永樂四年設置。統領長官司兩個：稱爲疊溪，在官署以北一里；稱爲鬱即，在官署西十五里。
+疊溪郁氏，在洪武十五年歸順朝廷，授給官印父子世代承襲官職，三年共進貢四匹馬。長官所管轄的河東馴服番族的八個村寨，都是大族，以及馬路、小關七個族。那裏的土官僚子弟管轄河西小族六個寨。地域寬廣遙遠，畜産豐饒，稞麥堆積在路上。人都勇猛狡黠，名義上雖稱馴服的番族，其實同不馴服的番族相同。
+鬱即的長官嗽保，在萬曆十八年同黑水、松坪調動軍隊，攻打新橋，第二年被處死。漢關墩附近各小姓人家，從前屬於鬱即，到這時改屬於疊溪。當初，都督方政平定曆日各村寨，設置長寧安撫司，隸屬於松潘。到正統元年，總兵蔣貴
+
+元年，總兵蔣貴言其遼闊，亦改隸於疊溪守禦千户。
+松潘衛
+松潘，古氏羌地。西漢置護羌校尉於此。唐初置松州都督，廣德初，陷於吐蕃。宋時，吐蕃將潘羅支領之，名潘州。元置吐蕃宣慰司。
+洪武十二年命平羌將軍御史大夫丁玉定其地，敕之曰：“松潘僻在萬山，接西戎之境，朕豈欲窮兵遠討，但羌戎屢寇邊，征之不獲已也。今捷至，知松州已克，徐將資糧於容州，進取潘州。若盡三州之地，則疊州不須窮兵，自當來服。須擇士勇者守納都、疊溪路，其驛道無阻遏者，不可守也。來降諸戎長，必遣入朝，朕親撫諭之。”遂并潘州於松州，置松州衛指揮使司。丁玉遣寧州衛指揮高顯城其地。十三年，帝以松州衛遠在山谷，屯種不給，餽餉爲難，命罷之。未幾，指揮耿忠經略其地，奏言松州爲番蜀要害地，不可罷，命復置。
+
+十四年置松潘等處安撫司，以龍州知州薛文勝爲安撫使，秩從五品。又置十三族長官司，秩正七品：曰勒都，曰阿昔洞，曰北定，曰牟力結，曰蛒匝，曰祈命，曰山洞，曰麥匝，曰者多，曰占藏先結，曰包藏先結，曰班班，曰白馬路。其後復隸松潘者，長官司四，曰阿思，曰思曩兒，曰阿用，曰潘斡寨；安撫司四，曰八郎，曰阿角寨，曰麻兒匝，曰芒兒者。後又以思曩日安撫司附焉。諸長官司每三年入貢，賞賜如例。十五年，占藏先結等土酋來朝，貢馬一百三匹，詔賜綺鈔有差。十六年，耿忠言：“臣所轄松潘等處安撫司屬各長官司，宜以具户口之數，量其民力，
+
+
+説它遼遠寬廣，也改屬於疊溪守禦千户管轄。
+松潘，古時是氐羌的境域，西漢在此設置護羌校尉。唐朝初年設置松州都督，廣德初年，被吐蕃攻陷。宋朝時，吐蕃將領潘羅支統領它，稱作潘州。元朝設置吐蕃宣慰司。
+洪武十二年，皇帝命令平羌將軍御史大夫丁玉確定它的地域，命令説：“松潘處在萬山荒僻之中，連接西戎邊界，朕豈想窮兵黷武進行遠征，衹由於羌戎多次侵掠邊境，征討不得停息。現在捷報頻傳，知道松州已收復，慢慢將給容州送糧食，向前取得潘州。倘若全部取得三個州的土地，那麼疊州就不必采取武力，自然該來歸順。必須選擇勇敢的士兵守衛納都、疊溪路，那些没有險阻的驛道，是不可守住的。來投降的各戎長，一定要遣送進朝廷，朕將親自安慰告知他們。”於是把潘州并給松州，設置松州衛指揮使司。丁玉派遣寧州衛指揮高顯在那地方建築城邑。十三年，皇帝認爲松州衛遠在山谷之中，屯戍耕種不足自給，運送軍糧很困難，命令撤銷。不久，指揮耿忠籌劃那個地區，上奏説松州是番蜀的要害之地，不可撤銷，命令再設置松州衛。
+
+十四年，設置松潘等處安撫司，任龍州知州薛文勝做安撫使，俸禄從五品官職。又設置十三族長官司，俸禄從正七品官職：稱爲勒都、阿昔洞、北定、牟力結、蛒匝、祈命、山洞、麥匝、者多、占藏先結、包藏先結、班班、白馬路。以後又隸屬松潘的，長官司四個：稱爲阿思、思曩兒、阿用、潘斡寨；安撫司四個：稱爲八郎、阿角寨、麻兒匝、芒兒者。以後又把思曩日安撫司附屬於它。各長官司每三年進貢一次，賞賜依照條例。十五年，占藏先結等土酋長來朝見皇帝，進貢馬一百零三匹，命令賜給絲絹錢鈔各有不同。十六年，耿忠説：“臣所管轄的松潘等處安撫司屬於各長官司，應當以它的户口數目，計算百姓的財力，每年命令它繳納馬匹和設置驛站，徵集那裏的百姓充當驛夫，供給勞役。”皇帝聽從他的意見。不久松潘的羌族百姓叛亂，官軍討
+
+歲令納馬置驛，而籍其民充驛夫，供徭役。”從之。既而松潘羌民作亂，官兵討平之。甕松州及疊溪城。
+十七年，松潘八積族老虎等寨蠻亂。官兵擊破之，獲馬一百二十，犏牛三百，氂牛五百九十。景川侯曹震請擇良馬貢京師，餘給軍，其犏牛、氂牛非中國所畜，令易糧餉犒軍。從之。十八年，松州羌反。成都衛指揮成信等率兵攻其牟力等寨，破之。兵還，又遇賊三千人於道，復擊敗之，追至乞剌河乃還。
+二十年改松州衛爲松潘等處軍民指揮使司，改松潘安撫司爲龍州。二十一年，朵貢生番則路、南向等引草地生番千餘人寇潘州阿昔洞長官司，殺傷人口。指揮周助率馬步軍同松潘衛軍討之，番寇率衆迎戰，千户劉德破之，斬首三十四級，獲馬三十餘匹。賊潰，渡河四十餘里，復收敗卒屯聚。指揮周能追擊之，斬首一百三十餘級，獲馬六十餘匹，溺死甚衆，群番遠遁。二十六年，西番思曩日等族來歸，進馬百三十匹，命給金銅信符并賜文綺襲衣。
+宣德二年，麻兒匝順化，喇嘛著八讓卜來歸。置麻兒匝安撫司，以喇嘛著八讓卜爲安撫。麻兒匝在阿樂地，去松潘七百餘里。初，著八讓卜時侵掠邊民及遮八郎安撫司朝貢路。松潘衛指揮吳璋遣人招之，因遣其侄完卜來貢獻，言其地廣民衆，過於八郎，請置宣撫司以轄之。帝命置安撫，遣敕諭之。
+四川巡按等奏松潘衛所轄阿用等寨蠻寇，擁衆萬餘，傷敗官軍，請討之。帝意邊將必有激之者。既四川都司奏至，言并非番寇。實由千户錢宏因調發松潘官軍往征交阯，衆憚行，
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+伐平息了叛亂。砌築松州和疊溪城。
+十七年，松潘八積族老虎等村寨的蠻族叛亂。官軍打敗了他們，俘獲馬一百二十匹，犏牛三百頭，氂牛五百九十隻。景川侯曹震請求選擇良馬進貢給京城，其餘給軍隊，那些犏牛、氂牛不是中原所飼養的，命令交換成軍糧犒勞戰士。皇帝同意他的意見。十八年，松州羌族反叛朝廷。成都衛指揮成信等率領軍隊攻打它的牟力等村寨，攻破了它。軍隊回來，又在路上碰上叛賊三千人，又打敗了他們，追到乞剌河纔回來。
+二十年，把松州衛改成松潘等處軍民指揮使司，把松潘安撫司改爲龍州。二十一年，朵貢不馴服的番族則路、南向等引誘草地不馴服的番族一千多人侵犯潘州阿昔洞長官司，殺傷百姓。指揮周助率領騎兵和步兵以及松潘衛士兵去討伐他們，番族的賊寇率領衆番迎戰，千户劉德打敗了他們，斬殺三十四人，俘獲馬三十多匹。賊寇潰敗，渡河四十多里，又收取打敗的士卒聚集在一起。指揮周能追擊他們，斬殺一百三十多人，俘獲馬六十多匹，淹死的很多，大批番人逃往遠方。二十六年，西面的番人思曩日等族來歸順朝廷，進貢一百三十匹馬，皇帝命令賜給金銅符契，并賜予華美的絲綢套服。
+宣德二年，麻兒匝歸順朝廷，喇嘛著八讓卜來投奔依附。朝廷設置麻兒匝安撫司，任喇嘛著八讓卜做安撫。麻兒匝在阿樂境域，離開松潘七百多里。當初，著八讓卜時常侵掠邊境百姓和阻擋八郎安撫司朝貢的道路。松潘衛指揮吳璋派人招他歸順，就派他的侄子完卜到朝廷進貢，説他的地域寬廣百姓衆多，超過八郎，請求設置宣撫司來管轄。皇帝就命令設置安撫，派人送皇上的命令曉諭他。
+四川巡按等奏報松潘衛所管轄的阿用等村寨蠻族侵擾，擁有一萬多人，打傷打敗官軍，請求討伐它。皇帝猜想守邊疆的將領中一定有激怒蠻族的人。不久四川都司奏狀到，説并不是番族的賊寇，實際是由千户錢宏因爲調發松潘的官軍去
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+宏詭言番寇至，當追捕，冀免調。又領軍突入麥匝諸族，逼取牛馬，致番人忿怨。復以大軍將致討懾之，番衆驚潰，約黑水生番爲亂。帝命逮宏等，而責諸司怠玩邊務，亟捕諸傷官軍者。遣都指揮僉事蔣貴往，同松潘衛指揮吳璋招撫番寇，令調附近諸衛軍二萬人以行。時賊圍松潘、疊溪、茂州，斷索橋，官軍與戰皆敗，出掠綿竹諸縣，官署民居皆被焚毀，鎮撫侯琎死之。蜀王遣護衛官校七千人來援，命都督陳懷與指揮蔣貴等合師亟討之，而梟宏於松潘以徇，并竄諸將之貪淫玩寇者。三年，陳懷等率諸軍屢敗賊於圪答壩、葉棠關，奪永鎮等橋，復疊溪，撫定祁命等十族，又招降渴卓等二十餘寨，松潘平。
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+
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+八年，八部安撫司及思曩兒十四族朝貢之使陛辭，令齎敕還諭其土官，俾約束所轄蠻民，安分循理，毋作過以取罪戾。九年敕指揮僉事方政、蔣貴等撫剿松潘。政等至，榜諭禍福，威、茂諸衛俱聽命，惟松潘、疊溪所轄任昌、巴猪、黑虎等寨梗化。政令指揮趙得、宫聚等以次進兵，平龍溪等三十七寨，班師還。命蔣貴佩平蠻將軍印，鎮守松潘。十年，貴奏，比因番人不靖，松潘、疊溪諸處倉糧，支銷殆盡，别無儲積。帝命户部於四川歲運之數，量益二分給之。
+正統三年，巖州長官司讓達作亂，侵雜道諸邊，雜道長官安白訴於朝。帝命四川三司往諭之，皆歸服。四年，松潘指揮趙得奏：“祁命族番寇商巴作亂，官軍捕擒之。其弟小商巴復聚浦江、新塘等關，據險劫掠，
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+征討交阯，官軍怕去，錢宏謊稱番人賊寇來了，應當去追捕，希望免於調遣。他又率領官軍突然衝進麥匝各族，强逼取得牛馬，致使番人民衆憤怒怨恨。又以大軍將去征討而威懾他們，番人大衆受驚而惱怒，就約黑水不馴服的番人作亂。皇帝命令逮捕錢宏等人，而責備各司玩忽邊疆事務，趕快拘捕各打傷官軍的人。皇帝派遣都指揮僉事蔣貴前往，同松潘衛指揮吳璋招降安慰番人賊寇，命令調遣附近各衛的軍隊兩萬人前去。當時番賊圍困松潘、疊溪、茂州，斷絶索橋，官軍同他作戰都遭失敗，他們四出搶掠綿竹各縣，官署民房都被燒毁，鎮撫侯琎戰死。蜀王派遣護衛官校七千人去支援，命令都督陳懷和指揮蔣貴等會合軍隊迅速討伐賊寇，而在松潘殺了錢宏，斬首示衆，并且放逐貪財、奸淫、消極抗敵的將領。三年，陳懷等人率領各軍隊在圪答壩、葉棠關多次擊敗番賊，奪取永鎮等橋，收復疊溪，撫慰平定祁命等十個番族，又招降了渴卓等二十多個村寨，松潘纔得到平息。
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+八年，八部安撫司和思曩兒十四個番族進貢的使者辭别皇帝，命令攜持詔書去曉諭他們的土官，使約束所管轄的蠻民，安守本分遵循道理，不要叛亂而獲得罪過。九年，皇帝下令指揮僉事方政、蔣貴等安撫征討松潘。方政等到達後，張榜曉諭禍福利害，威茂衛、茂州衛各衛都聽從命令，衹有松潘、疊溪所管轄的任昌、巴猪、黑虎等村寨抗拒歸順。方政命令指揮趙得、宫聚等按次序進軍，平息龍溪等三十七個村寨，得勝回朝。命令蔣貴佩帶平蠻將軍印章，鎮守松潘。十年，蔣貴奏報，近來因番人不安定，松潘、疊溪各處倉庫的糧食，財力物力消耗殆盡，其他地方没有儲積。皇帝命令户部在四川每年運送的糧食數目中，增加十分之二供給他們。
+正統三年，巖州長官司讓達叛亂，侵占雜道各邊境，雜道長官安白向朝廷申訴。皇帝命令四川三司官去曉諭他們，都歸順了朝廷。四年，松潘指揮趙得奏報：“祁命族番賊商巴叛亂，官軍捕獲了他。他的弟弟小商巴又聚集在浦江、新塘等關隘，占據險要地勢進行搶劫，請求發大軍消
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+乞發大軍剿除。”帝命李安充總兵官，王翱參贊軍務，調成都左衛官軍及松潘土兵，合二萬人征之。已，翱知商巴爲都指揮趙諒所陷，乃按誅諒而釋商巴等，事遂已。
+九年，松潘指揮僉事王杲奏：“比者，黑虎等寨番蠻攻圍椒園、松溪等關堡，殺傷官民。欲行擒剿，恐各寨驚疑，應諭能擒賊者重賞之。”報可。十年，黑虎寨賊首多兒太伏誅。初，多兒太掠茂州境，爲官軍所獲，誡而釋之。未幾，復糾諸寨入掠。帝命序班祁全往諭諸寨，擒多兒太至京，梟其首。十一年以寇深爲僉都御史，提督松潘兵備。時松潘番已向化，惟歪地骨鹿族二十寨不服，命都督高廣、王杲等剿之。設思曩日安撫司，以阿思觀爲之使，隸松潘衛。先是，阿思觀父端葛，洪武中歸順，給金牌撫番，至阿思觀又能招撫，故有是命。
+景泰三年，鎮守松潘刑部左侍郎羅綺等奏：“雪兒卜寨賊首卓時芳等，烟崇寨賊首阿兒結等，累年糾合於安化關劫掠。臣會師抵其巢穴，斬首不計其數，生擒卓時芳、阿兒結等，梟斬於市。”七年，提督松潘羅綺復奏：“松潘土番王永習性凶獷，嘗殺其土官高茂林男婦五百餘口，及故土官董敏子伯浩等二十餘人。今又糾合番蠻，攻劫地方。臣與指揮周貴等統領官軍，直抵桑坪，已將永等誅滅，邊境肅清。”降敕褒賞。天順五年，番衆入龍安、石泉等處，擾糧道。六年敕松潘總兵許貴曰：“叙州蠻賊出没爲患，比松潘尤甚，其馳往會剿。”貴聞命，會兵叙州，追討昔乖件、莫洞、都夜三寨，分兵兩哨，克硬寨四十餘，斬首一千一百餘級。
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+滅他。”皇帝命令李安充當總兵官，王翱參謀協助軍務，調遣成都左衛官軍和松潘土軍，共兩萬人去征討他。不久，王翱得知商巴被都指揮趙諒所陷害，就審查殺掉趙諒而釋放了商巴等，事端於是就停息。
+九年，松潘指揮僉事王杲奏報：“近來，黑虎等村寨番族蠻賊攻打圍困椒園、松溪等關隘城堡，殺傷官吏百姓。想去拘捕圍剿，恐怕各村寨受驚疑惑，應當曉諭能捕番賊的人給予他重賞。”回答説可以。十年，黑虎寨賊寇頭目多兒太被處死。當初，多兒太搶劫茂州境域，被官軍捕獲，警告他後把他放掉了。不久，他又糾集各村寨入境掠奪。皇帝命令序班祁全去曉諭各蠻寨，捕獲多兒太送到京城，斬其頭示衆。十一年，派寇深做僉都御史，充當松潘提督官負責軍事防禦。當時松潘都已歸順朝廷，衹有歪地骨鹿族二十個村寨不服，命令督率高廣、王杲等去討伐他們。設置思曩日安撫司，派阿思觀做安撫使，隸屬於松潘衛。在這之前，阿思觀的父親端葛，在洪武年間歸順朝廷，賜給金牌撫慰番族，到阿思觀又能招收安撫，所以有這樣的命令。
+景泰三年，鎮守松潘的刑部左侍郎羅綺等奏報：“雪兒卜村寨的賊寇首領卓時芳等，烟崇寨的賊寇首領阿兒結等，多年糾集在安化關搶劫。臣會合軍隊抵達他們的巢穴，斬殺的賊寇不計其數，活捉卓時芳、阿兒結等，在市上斬頭示衆。”七年，提督松潘羅綺又奏報：“松潘土番王永生性很凶暴，曾殺死土官高茂林男女五百多人，以及已故土官董敏的兒子董伯浩等二十多人。現在又糾集番蠻賊寇，攻打各地方。臣同指揮周貴等統領官軍，直達桑坪，已將王永等消滅，邊境禍亂已被肅清。”皇帝下令嘉獎。天順五年，大批番人進入龍安、石泉等地方，擾亂輸送糧食的道路。六年，命令松潘總兵許貴説：“叙州蠻賊出没成爲禍患，比松潘更加厲害，宜緊急去會合討伐。”許貴聽到命令，就在叙州會合大軍，追擊昔乖件、莫洞、都夜三個寨子，把兵分成兩個隊，攻克難攻的寨子四十多個，斬殺一千一百多人。
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+成化二年，鎮守太監閻禮奏：“松、茂、疊溪所轄白草壩等寨，番羌聚衆五百人，越龍州境剽掠。白草番者，唐吐蕃贊普遺種，上下凡十八寨。部曲素强，恃其險阻，往往剽奪爲患。”四年，禮復奏：“白草諸番擁衆寇安縣、石泉諸處，因各軍俱調征山都掌蠻，致指揮王璟備禦不謹。”命副總兵盧能剿之。能遣指揮閻斌巡邊至廟子溝，番賊三百突至，殺傷相當。斌以失機逮治。九年，巡撫夏埙奏：“黑虎寨賊首夜合等攻劫關堡，左參將宰用、兵備副使沈琮督兵馳詣松溪堡敗之，斬獲夜合等三十六級。”松潘指揮僉事堯彧奏：“臣與兵備沈琮分剿白馬路水土、茹兒等番寨，大克之。”
+弘治二年，松潘番寇殺傷平夷堡官軍，命逮指揮以下各官治之。三年免思曩日安撫等十六族明年朝覲，以守臣言其地方災傷也。七年，松潘空心寨番賊犯邊，都指揮僉事李镐敗之。十三年，番賊入犯松潘壩州坡抵關，勢益獗。命逮指揮湯綱等，而敕巡撫張贛調漢、土官兵五萬，由東南二路分剿，破白羊嶺、鵝飲溪等三十一寨，斬四百餘級。商巴等二十六族皆納款。十四年復攻黃頭、青水諸寨，前後殺獲男婦七百餘人，赭其碉房九百，墜崖死者不可勝計，諸番稍靖。
+正德元年，巡撫劉洪奏：“祈命族八長官司所攝番衆多至三十寨，少亦二十餘寨，環布松潘兩河。其土官已故子孫，自應承襲。今宜察勘，有原降印信者，方許襲。”報可。十六年，松潘衛熟番八大攘等作亂，同知杜欽平之。
+嘉靖五年命都督僉事何卿鎮守松
+
+成化二年，鎮守太監閻禮奏報：“松、茂、疊溪所管轄的白草壩等寨子，番羌聚集五百人，越過龍州境界搶掠。白草番人是唐吐蕃贊普的遺種，上下共有十八個寨子。其軍隊素來强悍，依仗險要的地理形勢，常常搶掠成爲禍患。”四年，閻禮又奏報：“白草各番族聚集侵擾安縣、石泉各地方，由於各軍都調往討伐山都掌蠻族，以致指揮王璟防備不嚴謹。”皇帝命令副總兵盧能去圍剿。盧能派遣指揮閻斌巡邏邊境到達廟子溝，番賊三百人突然來到，殺傷的人數兩方相當。閻斌由於失去戰機而逮捕治罪。九年，巡撫夏埙奏報：“黑虎寨子的賊寇首領夜合等搶劫攻打關隘城堡，左參將宰用、兵備副使沈琮率領軍隊急往松溪堡打敗他，斬殺夜合等三十六人。”松潘指揮僉事堯彧奏報：“臣同兵備沈琮分別討伐白馬路水土、茹兒等番族寨子，打了大勝仗。”
+弘治二年，松潘的番族賊寇殺傷平夷堡官軍，皇帝命令逮捕指揮以下各官懲處他們。三年，免掉思曩日安撫等十六族第二年朝見皇帝，這是由於鎮守的大臣説那些地方有災害。七年，松潘空心寨番賊侵擾邊境，都指揮僉事李鏞打敗了他們。十三年，番賊進犯松潘壩州坡抵關，氣焰更加猖獗。皇帝命令逮捕指揮湯綱等，而下令巡撫張贛調遣漢族和土著官兵五萬，從東南兩路分頭討伐，攻破白羊嶺、鵝飲溪等三十一個寨子，斬殺四百多人。商巴等二十六個蠻族都歸順。十四年，又攻打黃頭、青水各寨子，前後殺死俘獲的男女有七百多人，伐盡樹木使其九百個石室裸露，落到山崖下死的不計其數，各番族逐漸安定。
+正德元年，巡撫劉洪奏報：“祈命族八個長官司所總管的番族人衆多到三十個寨子，少一點的也有二十多個，環繞分布在松潘兩條河周圍。那些土官已去世，他們的子孫應當承襲。現在應該檢察核實，有原投降印章符契的，纔允許世襲。”回答説可以。十六年，松潘衛馴服的番族八大攘等反叛，同知杜欽平息了這次作亂。
+嘉靖五年，皇帝命令都督僉事何卿去鎮守松
+
+潘。時黑虎五寨及烏都、鵓鴿諸番叛，卿次第平之，降者日至。卿有威望，在鎮十七年，松潘以寧。二十三年以北警召卿入衛，繼之者李爵、高岡鳳，未幾皆爲巡撫劾罷。二十六年復命卿往鎮。時白草番亂，卿會巡撫張時徹討擒渠惡數人，俘斬九百七十餘級，克營寨四十七，毀碉房四千八百，獲馬牛器械儲積無算。終嘉靖世，松潘鎮號得人，邊境安堵焉。
+初，龍州薛文勝於洪武六年來降，命仍知龍州。既置松潘安撫司，命文勝爲安撫使。既置松州衛，仍以松潘爲龍州。宣德七年升龍州爲宣撫司，以土知州薛忠義爲宣撫使。龍州者，漢陰平道也。宋景定間，臨邛進士薛嚴來守是州，捍衛有功，得世襲。自文勝歸附，其部長李仁廣、王祥皆輸糧餉有功，亦得世襲。及宣德中，以征松潘功，升州爲宣撫使，仁廣爲副使，祥爲僉事，各統兵五百世守白馬、白草、木瓜番地。
+至嘉靖四十四年，宣撫薛兆乾與副使李蕃相仇訐，兆乾率衆圍執蕃父子，毆殺之。撫按檄兵備僉事趙教勘其事。兆乾懼，與母陳氏及諸左右糾白草番衆數千人，分據各關隘拒命，絶松潘餉道。脅僉事王華，不從，屠其家。居民被焚掠者無算。是年春，與官軍戰，不利，求救於上下十八族番蠻，皆不應。兆乾率其家屬奔至石壩，官軍追及之，就擒。四十五年，兆乾伏誅，籍其家，母及其黨二十二人皆以同謀論斬，餘黨悉平。遂改龍州宣撫司爲龍安府，設立流官如馬湖，而割保寧之江油、成都之石泉二縣分隸之。
+
+潘。當時黑虎五寨和烏都、鵓鴿各番族叛亂，何卿逐一平定了他們，投降的番人天天接踵而至。何卿有威望，在鎮守任上十七年，松潘因而安寧無事。二十三年，由於北面邊境有危急而召何卿進入朝廷任職，接替他的李爵、高岡鳳，不久都被巡撫揭發罷免。二十六年，皇帝又命令何卿去鎮守。當時白草番人叛亂，何卿會合巡撫張時徹討伐捕獲首惡幾個人，俘虜斬殺九百七十多人，攻克營寨四十七個，搗毁石房四千八百個，繳獲馬、牛、器械、積蓄的糧食不計其數。直到嘉靖朝結束，松潘鎮守號令深得人心，邊境就相安無事。
+當初，龍州薛文勝在洪武六年來投降，皇帝命令他依然任龍州知州。已經設置松潘安撫司，就命令薛文勝做安撫使。已經設置松州衛，依然以松潘爲龍州。宣德七年，升龍州爲宣撫司，用土知州薛忠義做宣撫使。龍州就是漢陰平道。宋景定年間，臨邛進士薛嚴來守衛這個州，捍衛有功勞，得到世代相繼承的恩賜。從薛文勝歸順朝廷，他的部長李仁廣、王祥都輸送軍糧有功，也得到世代相承襲的恩賜。到宣德年間，由於討伐松潘的功勞，升州爲宣撫使，李仁廣做副使，王祥做僉事，各自統領軍隊五百人，世代守衛白馬、白草、木瓜番族境地。
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+潘。當時黑虎五寨和烏都、鵓鴿各番族叛亂，何卿逐一平定了他們，投降的番人天天接踵而至。何卿有威望，在鎮守任上十七年，松潘因而安寧無事。二十三年，由於北面邊境有危急而召何卿進入朝廷任職，接替他的李爵、高岡鳳，不久都被巡撫揭發罷免。二十六年，皇帝又命令何卿去鎮守。當時白草番人叛亂，何卿會合巡撫張時徹討伐捕獲首惡幾個人，俘虜斬殺九百七十多人，攻克營寨四十七個，搗毁石房四千八百個，繳獲馬、牛、器械、積蓄的糧食不計其數。直到嘉靖朝結束，松潘鎮守號令深得人心，邊境就相安無事。
+當初，龍州薛文勝在洪武六年來投降，皇帝命令他依然任龍州知州。已經設置松潘安撫司，就命令薛文勝做安撫使。已經設置松州衛，依然以松潘爲龍州。宣德七年，升龍州爲宣撫司，用土知州薛忠義做宣撫使。龍州就是漢陰平道。宋景定年間，臨邛進士薛嚴來守衛這個州，捍衛有功勞，得到世代相繼承的恩賜。從薛文勝歸順朝廷，他的部長李仁廣、王祥都輸送軍糧有功，也得到世代相承襲的恩賜。到宣德年間，由於討伐松潘的功勞，升州爲宣撫使，李仁廣做副使，王祥做僉事，各自統領軍隊五百人，世代守衛白馬、白草、木瓜番族境地。
+
+到了嘉靖四十四年，宣撫薛兆乾同副使李蕃互相因仇恨而揭發，薛兆乾率領一批人包圍拘捕李蕃父子，毆打殺害了他們。撫按命令兵備僉事趙教查核那件事。薛兆乾恐懼，同他的母親陳氏和各親近的人糾集白草番衆幾千人，分別據守各關口抗拒朝廷的命令，斷絶松潘運送糧食的道路。威脅僉事王華，因不隨從，就把他一家殺盡。居民被他燒毁搶劫不計其數。這年春季，他同官軍作戰，不利，向上下十八個番族蠻人請求援助，都不答應。薛兆乾率領他的家屬逃奔到石壩，官軍追到了他，就被捕獲。四十五年，薛兆乾受死刑，查抄没收他的家財，母親和他的同夥二十二人都因爲同謀而判死刑，其餘的黨徒全部平息。於是就把龍州宣撫司改爲龍安府，如馬湖一樣設立有任期的官吏，而割取保寧的江油、成
+
+萬曆八年，雪山國師喇嘛等四十八寨，勾北邊部落爲寇，圍漳臘，守備張良賢破之。犯鎮虜，百户杜世仁力戰，城得全，世仁死焉。又犯制臺，良賢復擊之，追至思答弄，連戰大破之，火落赤之侄小王子死焉。十九年，巡按李化龍言：“松潘爲四川屏蔽，疊、茂爲松潘咽喉。番戎作梗，松潘力不能支，宜移四川總兵於松潘以備防禦。”是時疊、茂諸番衆糾結爲亂，鎮巡官率兵剿之，俘馘八百餘級，番寇亦斬其部長黑卜、白什等，獻功贖罪。而松坪諸惡屯據大雪山頂，諸將卒搜討，亦有斬獲。以捷聞，遂設平武縣於龍安府。
+
+松潘以孤城介絶域，寄一綫饋運路於龍州，制守爲難。洪武時欲棄者數，以形勝扼險，不可罷，乃内修屯務，外輯羌戎，因俗拊循，擇人爲理，番衆相安者垂四十餘年。及宣德初，調兵啓釁，致動干戈，自是置鎮建牙，宿重兵以資彈壓，亦時服時叛。自漳臘以北即爲大荒，斯籌邊者之所亟圖也。
+天全六番招討司
+天全，古氐羌地。五代孟蜀時，置碉門、黎、雅、長河西、魚通、寧遠六軍安撫司。宋因之，隸雅州。元置六安撫司，屬土番等處宣慰司，後改六番招討，又分置天全招討司。明初并爲天全六番招討司，隸四川都司。
+洪武六年，天全六番招討使高英遣子敬嚴等來朝，貢方物。帝賜以文綺龍衣。以英爲正招討，楊藏卜爲副招討，秩從五品，每三歲入貢，賜予甚厚。二十一年，楊藏卜來朝，言茶
+
+都的石泉兩個縣分別隸屬於它。
+萬曆八年，雪山國師喇嘛等四十八寨，勾結北面邊境的部落進行搶劫，圍困漳臘，守備張良賢打敗了他們。他們去侵犯鎮虜，百户杜世仁努力戰鬥，城邑纔得保全，杜世仁戰死。又侵犯制臺，張良賢又攻擊他們，一直追到思答弄，連續作戰把他們打得大敗，火落赤的侄子小王子也戰死。十九年，巡按李化龍説：“松潘是四川的屏障，疊溪、茂州是松潘的咽喉。番人戎人侵擾，松潘的力量不能支持，應當把四川總兵移到松潘來作防禦的準備。”這時疊溪、茂州各番族人衆聚集在一起作亂，鎮巡官率領軍隊去討伐他們，俘虜殺死敵人八百多，番族賊寇也殺了他們的部長黑卜、白什等，獻功贖罪。而松坪各壞人占據大雪山頂，各將士去搜捕征伐，也有殺死俘獲。捷報送達朝廷，於是就在龍安府設置平武縣。
+
+松潘因爲孤城處於極遠的地域，在龍州依賴一綫通路爲軍隊運輸給養，控制守衛很困難。洪武時，幾次想放棄它，但由於地勢險要，不能廢棄，就在内部整頓駐守的事務，外部和睦羌戎，按照習俗加以安撫，選擇人去治理，番族民衆相安無事達四十多年。到宣德初年，調遣軍隊引發争端，而造成戰争，從此設置鎮守、建立幕府，駐留重兵來進行彈壓，也有時歸順有時作亂。從漳臘以北就是邊遠的地方，這是謀劃邊境事務的人所一再謀劃計議的。
+天全是古代氏羌的境地。五代孟蜀時，設置碉門、黎、雅、長河西、魚通、寧遠六軍安撫司。宋沿襲它，隸屬雅州。元設置六個安撫司，屬於土番等地方宣慰司，以後改爲六番招討，又分設天全招討司。明初并成天全六番招討司，隸屬四川都司。
+洪武六年，天全六番招討使高英派他的兒子高敬嚴等來朝見皇帝，進貢土産物品。皇帝賜給他美麗的綢緞龍衣。任高英做正招討官，楊藏卜做副招討官，俸禄依照五品官，每三年進貢一次，賞賜給他的財物很豐厚。二十一年，楊藏卜
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+户向與西番貿易，歲收其課。近在官收買，額遂虧，乞從民便，許之。先是，高敬嚴襲招討使，偕楊藏卜奏請簡土民爲兵，以守邊境，詔許之。敬嚴等遂招選土民，教以戰陣，得馬步卒千餘人。至是藏卜來朝，奏其事，詔更天全六番招討司爲武職，令戍守邊界，控制西番。三十一年，帝諭左都督徐增壽曰：“曩因碉門拒長河西口，道路險隘，以致往來跋涉艱難，市馬數少。今聞有路自碉門出枯木任場徑抵長河西口，通雜道長官司，道路平坦，往來徑直，可即檄所司開拓，以便往來。”
+永樂二年，高敬讓來朝，并賀立皇太子，且遣其子虎入國子學，賜虎衣衾等物。十年，敬讓遣子虎貢馬。初，虎入國學讀書，以丁母憂去，至是服闋還監，皇太子命禮部賜予如例。
+宣德五年，六番招討司奏：“舊額歲辦烏茶五萬斤，二年一次，運付碉門茶馬司易馬。今户部令再辦芽茶二千二百斤，山深地瘠，艱於采辦，乞減其數。”帝令免烏茶只辦芽茶。十年命高鳳署天全六番招討司事。先是，敬讓以罪下獄死。至是，其子鳳乞襲父職。帝念其祖有撫綏功，命暫理招討事。正統四年命鳳襲。
+正德十五年，招討高文林父子稱兵亂，副招討楊世仁亦助惡。命四川撫按官討之。初，文林等與蘆山縣民争田構釁，知縣處置失宜，致叛亂。逾年，討斬文林，擒其子繼恩，擇其宗人承襲。
+初，天全招討司治碉門城，元之碉門安撫司也，在雅州境。明初，宣
+
+來朝見皇帝，説種茶的農户向來同西邊的番族貿易，每年收取它的賦税。近來官家收買，數額就减少，乞求隨從百姓的便利，皇帝允許他的請求。在此之前，高敬嚴承襲招討使，偕同楊藏卜上奏請求選擇土民當兵，來守衛邊境，皇帝准許了。高敬嚴等就招選土民，教導他們作戰布陣，招到騎兵步兵一千多人。到此楊藏卜來朝見皇帝，奏報那件事，皇帝命令改天全六番招討司成武職，使他們駐守邊疆，控制西面的番族。三十一年，皇帝命令左都督徐增壽説：“從前因爲碉門阻拒長河西口道，道路險要狹窄，造成往來行走的艱難，交易馬匹的數量少。現在聽説有一條路從碉門出枯木任場直達長河西口，通往雜道長官司，道路平坦，往來筆直便利，可以立即行文官署開闢修建，以便於往來交通。”
+永樂二年，高敬讓來朝見皇帝，并一起祝賀皇太子繼位，而且派他的兒子高虎進入國子監，皇帝賜給高虎衣被等物。十年，高敬讓派兒子高虎進貢馬匹。當初，高虎進國子監讀書，因遭母親的喪事而離去，到這時服喪期滿回國子監，皇太子命令禮部依照成例給予賞賜。
+宣德五年，六番招討司奏報：“原來的數額一年置辦烏茶五萬斤，兩年一次，運交給碉門茶馬司交換馬匹。現在户部命令再辦芽茶二千二百斤，山谷深邃，土地貧脊，難於采辦，請求减少茶的數額。”皇帝命令免除烏茶，衹辦芽茶。十年，命令高鳳代理天全六番招討司事務。在此之前，高敬讓因犯罪下獄而死。到這時，他的兒子高鳳請求承襲父親的官職。皇帝考慮他的祖先有安撫的功績，命令暫時代理招討司事務。正統四年命令高鳳承襲。
+正德十五年，招討高文林父子舉兵作亂，副招討楊世仁也助紂爲虐。皇帝命令四川撫按官去討伐他們。當初，高文林等同蘆山縣百姓争奪田地結下仇恨，知縣處置不當，造成叛亂。過了一年，征討殺掉高文林，捕獲他的兒子高繼恩，選擇他的同宗族的人承襲官職。
+當初，天全招討司治理碉門城邑，是元的碉門安撫司，在雅州境地。明朝初年，宣慰余思
+
+慰余思聰、王德貴歸附，始降司爲州，設雅州千户所，而設碉門百户，近天全六番之界。又置茶課司以平互市。蓋其地爲南詔咽喉，三十六番朝貢出入之路。
+三十六番者，皆西南諸部落，洪武初，先後至京，授職賜印。立都指揮使二：曰烏斯藏，曰朵甘。爲宣慰司者三：曰朵甘，曰董卜韓胡，曰長河西魚通寧遠。爲招討司者六，爲萬户府者四，爲千户所者十七，是爲三十六種。或三年，或五年一朝貢，其道皆由雅州入，詳《西番傳》。
+黎州安撫司
+黎州，漢沈黎郡地。《史記》稱越巂以東北，君長以十數，筰都最大。自唐蒙通夜郎，邛、筰之君請爲内臣，因置筰都縣，復曰旄牛縣。元鼎中，以爲沈黎郡。唐割雅、巂二州置黎州。天寶初，改爲洪源郡，尋改漢源。宋屬成都路。元屬土番等處宣慰司。
+洪武八年省漢源縣，置黎州長官司，以芍德爲長官。德，雲南人，馬姓。祖仕元，世襲邛部州六番招討使。明氏據蜀，德兄安復爲黎州招討使。明氏亡，蠻民潰散，德奉母還居邛部。至是，四川布政司招之，德遂來朝貢馬，請置長官司。詔以德爲黎州長官，賜印及衣服綺帛。十一年升爲黎州安撫司，即以德爲使。十四年，德遣使貢馬。詔賜德鈔五十四錠、文綺七匹。自是，三年一入貢。弘治十四年命黎州安撫隸四川都司。
+萬曆十九年，安撫馬祥無後，妻瞿氏掌司事，取瞿姓子撫之，將有他志。祥侄土舍居松坪者，遂興兵攻城，奪印，番衆乘機剽掠。時參將吴
+
+聰、王德貴歸順朝廷，纔把司降爲州，設置雅州千户所，而設置碉門百户，接近天全六番的境域。又設置茶課司來平衡往來貿易。大概那地方是南詔的咽喉，三十六個番族向朝廷進貢出入的必由之路。
+三十六番族，都是西南各部族，洪武初年，先後到京城，授予官職賜給官印。設立都指揮使兩個：一爲烏斯藏，一爲朵甘。成爲宣慰司的有三個：稱爲朵甘、董卜韓胡、長河西魚通寧遠。成爲招討司的有六個，成爲萬户府的有四個，成爲千户所的有十七個，這就是三十六個種族。有的三年、有的五年向朝廷進貢一次，他們走的路都是從雅州進入，詳細地記載在《西番傳》中。
+黎州是漢沈黎郡的境地。《史記》稱越巂以東北，君長以十計數，筰作是最大的。從唐蒙直到夜郎。邛，筰的國君請求做臣子，因而設置筰都縣，又稱爲旄牛縣。元鼎年間，作爲沈黎郡。唐劃分出雅州、巂州二州設置黎州。天寶初年，改爲洪源郡，不久改爲漢源。宋時屬於成都路。元時屬於土番等地方宣慰司。
+
+洪武八年，撤銷漢源縣，設置黎州長官司，任芍德爲長官。芍德是雲南人，姓馬。祖先在元朝做官，世代繼承邛部州六番招討使。明氏占據蜀，芍德的哥哥芍安又做黎州招討使。明氏敗亡，蠻族百姓潰散，芍德奉陪母親回到邛部居住。到這時，四川布政司招撫他，芍德於是來朝見皇帝進貢馬匹，請求設置長官司。皇帝命令芍德做黎州長官，賜給官印和衣服絲綢。十一年，提升他做黎州安撫司，就任命芍德做安撫使。十四年，芍德派使者進貢馬匹。皇帝命令賜給芍德銀鈔五十四錠、華麗的絲絹七匹。從此以後，三年向朝廷進貢一次。弘治十四年，皇帝命令黎州安撫隸屬於四川都司管轄。
+萬曆十九年，安撫馬祥没有後代，妻子瞿氏掌管安撫司的事務，收了瞿姓的兒子撫養，將另有企圖。馬祥的侄子土舍居住在松坪的，就起兵攻城，奪取官印，番族民衆乘機搶掠。當時參將
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+年，舜臣奏宋農寨蠻賊糾脅諸寨洞蠻，殺掠焚劫，乞剿捕。保靖、永順二宣慰亦奏，邑梅副長官楊勝剛父子謀據酉陽，結俊倍洞長楊廣震等，號召宋農、後溪諸蠻，聚兵殺掠，請并討。兵部議，酉陽溪洞連絡，易煽動，宜即撲滅，請行鎮巡官酌機宜。十四年調酉陽兵五千協剿貴州賊婦米魯。
+
+正德三年，酉陽宣撫司護印舍人冉廷璽及邑梅長官司奏，湖廣鎮溪所洞苗聚衆攻劫，請兵剿捕。八年，宣撫冉元獻大木二十，乞免男維翰襲職赴京，從之。二十年，元再獻大木二十，詔量加服色酬賞。
+
+萬曆十七年，宣撫冉維屏獻大木二十，價逾三千。工部議，應加從三品服，以爲土官輸誠之勸，從之。四十六年調酉陽兵四千，命宣撫冉躍龍將之援遼。四十七年，躍龍遣子天胤及文光等領兵赴遼陽，駐虎皮、黃山等處三載，解奉集之圍。再援瀋陽，以渾河失利，冉見龍戰没，死者千餘人。撤守遼陽，又以降敵縱火，冉文煥等戰没，死者七百餘人。兵部尚書張鶴鳴言：“躍龍遣子弟萬里勤王，見龍既殺身殉國，躍龍又自捐金二千兩，運軍器至山海關，振困招魂，忠義可嘉。臣在貴州時，躍龍亦自捐餉征紅苗，屢建奇功。今又著節於邊，宜加優恤，以風諸邊。”
+
+天啓元年授躍龍宣慰使，并妻舒氏，皆給誥命，仍恤陣亡千七百餘家。二年，奢崇明叛，躍龍率援師合圍重慶。及崇明誅，其土舍冉紹文與有功。四年，躍龍以東西赴調效命，
+
+年，冉舜臣上奏宋農寨蠻族賊寇糾集威脅各寨洞蠻人，殺戮掠奪焚燒搶劫，請求討伐捕捉。保靖、永順兩個宣慰也上奏說，邑梅副長官楊勝剛父子謀議占據酉陽，勾結俊倍洞長楊廣震等人，號召宋農、後溪各蠻族，聚集軍隊殺戮掠奪，請求一起討伐。兵部商議，酉陽溪洞連接在一起，容易煽動，應當立即撲滅，請傳布鎮巡官斟酌時機采取恰當的決策。十四年，朝廷調遣酉陽五千軍隊協助征討貴州賊婦米魯。
+ 正德三年，酉陽宣撫司護印舍人冉廷璽和邑梅長官司上奏，湖廣鎮溪所洞苗族聚集眾人進攻搶劫，請軍隊討伐拘捕。八年，宣撫冉元奉獻大木材二十根，請求免除兒子冉維翰承襲官職去往京城，皇帝依從他的請求。二十年，冉元再進獻大木材二十根，皇帝命令酌情加服飾酬報獎賞。
+
+萬曆十七年，宣撫冉維屏奉獻大木材二十根，價值超過銀三千兩。工部商議，應該增加副三品服飾，作爲土官表達誠意的勉勵，皇帝依從工部的意見。四十六年，調遣酉陽軍隊四千人，命令宣撫冉躍龍率領他們去援助遼。四十七年，冉躍龍派遣兒子冉天胤和冉文光等帶領軍隊去遼陽，駐守虎皮、黃山等地方三年，解除了奉集的包圍。他又去援助瀋陽，由於渾河一戰失利，冉見龍戰死，犧牲的人有一千多。他撤退去守衛遼陽，又因爲投降的敵人放火，冉文煥等戰死，死掉的人有七百多。兵部尚書張鶴鳴説：“冉躍龍派遣兒子奔波萬里爲王朝出力，冉見龍已經爲國家犧牲自己的生命，冉躍龍又親自捐了二千兩銀子，運送軍器到山海關，賑濟困厄、招收亡魂，忠義值得嘉獎。臣在貴州時，冉躍龍也親自捐軍糧征討紅苗，多次建立奇功。現在又在邊疆顯示節義，應當加以優待撫恤，以便感化各邊境的人。”
+
+天啓元年，皇帝授予冉躍龍宣慰使之職，同他的妻子舒氏，都給予封賜，依舊撫恤陣亡戰士一千七百多人的家庭。二年，奢崇明叛亂，冉躍龍率領援救的軍隊會合包圍重慶。到奢崇明處以死刑，土官僚子弟冉紹文參加平叛有功。四年，
+
+
+爲弟見龍及諸陣亡者請賚恤。命下所司。
+
+崇禎九年，宣慰使冉天麟疏言：“庶孽天胤假旨謀奪臣爵土，不遂，擅兵戕殺。”下撫按察勘。時蜀方憂盜，大吏自顧不暇，土官事多寢閣云。
+
+#### 石砫宣撫司
+
+石砫，以石潼關、砫蒲關而名。後周置施州。唐改青江郡。宋末，置石砫安撫司。元改石砫軍民府，尋仍爲安撫司。
+
+ 洪武七年，石砫安撫使馬克用遣其子付德與同知陳世顯入朝，貢方物。八年，改石砫安撫司爲宣撫司，隸重慶府。十六年，石砫溪蠻寇施州，黔江守禦官軍擊破之。十八年，石砫宣撫同知陳世顯遣子興潮等奉表貢方物，賀明年正旦。二十四年賜石砫宣撫同知陳興潮及其子文義白金百兩，以從征散毛洞有功故也。
+
+宣德五年命宣撫馬應仁子鎮爲宣撫。初，應仁有罪應死，貸謫戍。至是，帝念其祖克用嘗效力先朝，命求其子孫之良者用之，故有是命。
+
+成化十八年，四川巡撫孫仁奏：“三月內盜三百人入石砫，殺宣撫馬澄及隸卒二十餘人，焚掠而去。以石砫地鄰酆都，互争銀場相訐，有司不爲區治，致相仇殺。”命責有司捕賊。仁奏：“石砫歲辦鉛課五千一百三十斤，正統後停之。鄰境軍民假以徵課，乘機竊取，釀成禍階。請除其課，閉其洞，仍移忠州臨江巡檢於酆都南賓里之姜池，以便防守。”從之。是年，命馬徽爲宣撫。
+
+冉躍龍因東方和西方的戰事接受調遣，捨命報效朝廷，爲弟弟冉見龍和各陣亡的戰士請求賞賜撫恤。皇帝命令交給主管部門處理。
+
+崇禎九年，宣慰使冉天麟上疏説：“妾生的兒子冉天胤假冒聖旨陰謀奪取臣的爵位和封地，没有成功，就掌握兵權擅自殘殺。”皇帝將此事交給撫按實地調查。當時蜀地正憂慮苗蠻叛亂，撫按等要員大官自顧不暇，土官也事多，這件事也就擱置。
+
+石砫，因石潼關、砫蒲關而命名。後周設置施州。唐朝改爲青江郡。宋朝末年，設置石砫安撫司。元朝改爲石砫軍民府，不久依舊成爲安撫司。
+
+洪武七年，石砫安撫使馬克用派遣他的兒子馬付德和同知陳世顯進朝廷，貢獻土産物品。八年，把石砫安撫司改爲宣撫司，隸屬於重慶府。十六年，石砫溪蠻族侵犯施州，黔江守衛的官軍打敗了他們。十八年，石砫宣撫同知陳世顯派遣兒子陳興潮等奉上奏書進貢土産物品，祝賀明年正月初一。二十四年，皇帝賞賜石砫宣撫同知陳興潮和他的兒子陳文義白銀一百兩，是由於跟隨官軍征討散毛洞有功勞的緣故。
+
+宣德五年，皇帝命令宣撫馬應仁的兒子馬鎮做宣撫使。起初，馬應仁有罪應當處死，寬恕他衹受貶謫去守衛邊疆。到這時，皇帝想到他的祖父馬克用曾爲前朝效勞，命令選擇一個他的優秀的子孫而任用，所以有這樣的命令。
+
+ 成化十八年，四川巡撫孫仁上奏説：“三月，内盜三百人進入石砫，殺害宣撫使馬澄和衙役士卒二十多人，焚燒搶掠後離去。由於石砫地界鄰近酆都，互相爲争奪産銀的場地而揭發攻擊，官吏不分别懲處，造成互相因仇恨而殘殺。”皇帝責令官吏逮捕賊寇。孫仁奏報説：“石砫一年辦理鉛税五千一百三十斤，正統以後停辦。鄰近境界的軍民府代理徵收賦税，趁機盜取，這是釀成禍亂的途徑。請求免除那裏鉛税，關閉礦洞，依舊把忠州臨江巡檢搬移到酆都南賓里的姜池，以便於防守。”皇帝依從他的請求。這年，皇帝
+
+萬曆二十二年，石砫女土官覃氏行宣撫事。土吏馬邦聘謀奪其印，與其黨馬斗斛、斗霖等，集眾數千，圍覃氏，縱火焚公私廬舍八十餘所，殺掠一空。覃氏上書言：“臣自從征疊、茂，擊賊大雪山，斬首捕寇，皆著有成勞，屢膺上官獎賞。今邦聘無故虔劉孤寡，臣豈不能出一旅與之角勝負，誠以非朝命，不敢也。今叛人斯在，請比先年楚金洞舍覃碧謀篡事，願與邦聘同就吏。”二十三年命四川撫按按讞其獄，事未决。會楊應龍反播州，覃與應龍爲姻，而斗斛亦結應龍，兩家觀望，獄遂解。覃氏有智計，性淫，故與應龍通。長子千乘失愛，暱次子千駟，謂應龍可恃，因聘其女爲千駟妻。千駟入播，同應龍反。千乘襲馬氏爵，應調，與酉陽冉御龍同征應龍。應龍敗，千駟伏誅，而千乘爲宣撫如故。千乘卒，妻秦良玉以功封夫人，自有傳。
+
+命令马徽做宣撫使。
+
+萬曆二十二年，石砫女土官覃氏掌管宣撫司事務。土吏馬邦聘陰謀奪取她的官印，同他的黨徒馬斗斛、斗霖等人，聚集人衆幾千人，圍困覃氏，放火烧毁公家和私人的房屋八十多所，殺戮搶劫一空。覃氏上奏疏説：“臣自從征討疊、茂以來，在大雪山攻擊賊寇，斬殺叛賊首領，拘捕盜寇，都有卓著的功勞，多次受到長官的獎賞。現在馬邦聘無緣無故地殺害孤兒寡婦，臣難道不能派出一旅的軍隊同他争一個勝負，實在因爲不是朝廷的命令，不敢貿然行動。現在罪人都在，請求比照前年楚金洞官僚子弟覃碧陰謀篡奪的事，願意同馬邦聘一起接受官吏的審問。”二十三年，皇帝命令四川撫按官審理訴訟，事情没有判决。恰逢楊應龍在播州謀反，覃氏同楊應龍是姻親，而馬斗斛也同楊應龍結交，兩家都懷着猶豫不定的心情，觀看事態的發展，訟案於是就化解了。覃氏有智謀，生性淫蕩，所以跟楊應龍通奸。長子千乘失去她的寵愛，親近次子千駟，認爲楊應龍可以依仗，因而聘娶他的女兒做千駟的妻子。千駟進入播州，跟楊應龍一起謀反。千乘繼承了馬氏的爵位，受朝廷調遣，同酉陽冉御龍一起征討楊應龍。楊應龍失敗，千駟判處死刑，而千乘依然像原來一樣做宣撫使。千乘死去，妻子秦良玉由於功勞封爲夫人，她另有傳記。
+
+# 明史卷三百十三
+
+## 列傳第二百一
+
+### 雲南土司(一)
+
+明洪武十四年，大軍至滇，梁王走死，遂置雲南府。自是，諸郡以次來歸，垂及累世，規制咸定。統而稽之，大理、臨安以下，元江、永昌以上，皆府治也。孟艮、孟定等處則爲司，新化、北勝等處則爲州，或設流官，或仍土職。今以諸府州概列之土司者，從其始也。蓋滇省所屬多蠻夷雜處，即正印爲流官，亦必以土司佐之。而土司名目淆雜，難以縷析，故係之府州，以括其所轄。而於土司事迹，止摭其大綱有關乎治亂興亡者載之，俾控馭者識所鑒焉。
+
+**雲南** **大理** **臨安** **楚雄** **澂江** **景東** **廣南** **廣西** **鎮沅**
+
+**永寧** **順寧** **蒙化** **孟艮** **孟定** 耿馬安撫司(附) **曲靖**
+
+#### 雲南
+
+雲南，滇國也。漢武帝時始置益州郡。蜀漢置雲南郡。隋置昆州，唐仍之。後爲南詔蒙氏所據，改鄯闡府。歷鄭、趙、楊三氏，至大理段氏，以高智昇領鄯闡牧，遂世其地。元初，置鄯闡萬户府。既改置中慶路，封子忽哥爲雲南王鎮之，仍録段氏子孫守其土。忽哥死，其子嗣封爲
+
+明朝洪武十四年，大軍到滇，梁王逃亡他鄉而死，於是設置雲南府。自此，各郡依次來歸附，世代流傳，規範制度都已固定。綜合考察，大理、臨安以下，元江、永昌以上，都是府治。孟艮、孟定等處則是司，新化、北勝等處則是州，有的設置有一定任期非土著非世襲的流官，有的沿襲以土著首領充任并世襲的土官。現在把衆府州一概列入土司，是依從其開始的制度。滇省領屬的地域多是蠻夷雜處，即使正印授予流官，也必定用土司輔佐他。但土司名目混雜，難以詳細分析，因此把它與府州相連，以包括它管轄的地區。而對於土司的事迹，衹摘取其要點與國家治亂興亡有關的來記載，使統治管理的人有所借鑒。
+
+雲南，是滇國。漢武帝時開始設置益州郡。蜀漢設置雲南郡。隋朝設置昆州，唐朝沿襲。後來被南詔蒙氏占據，改爲鄯闡府。歷經鄭、趙、楊三氏，到大理段氏，因高智昇兼任鄯闡長官，於是世代掌管此地區。元朝初年，設置鄯闡萬户府。後來改置中慶路，封兒子忽哥爲雲南王鎮守其地，仍録用段氏子孫守衛其土。忽哥死，他的兒子繼承爵位封爲梁王。
+
+梁王。
+
+洪武六年，遣翰林待制王禕等齎詔諭梁王，久留不遣，卒遇害。八年，復遣湖廣行省参政吴雲往，中途爲梁使所害。十四年，征南將軍傅友德、藍玉、沐英率師至雲南城，梁王赴滇池死，定其地。改中慶路爲雲南府，置都指揮使司，命都督僉事馮誠署司事。二月，詔諭雲南諸蠻。十五年，友德等分兵攻諸蠻寨之未服者，土官楊苴乘隙作亂，集蠻衆二十餘萬攻雲南城。時城中食少，士卒多病，寇至，都督謝熊、馮誠等攖城固守，賊不能攻，遂遠營爲久困計。時沐英方駐師烏撒，聞之，將驍騎還救。至曲靖，遣卒潛入報城中，爲賊所得，紿之曰：“總兵官領三十萬衆至矣。”賊衆驚愕，拔營宵遁，走安寧、羅次、邵甸、富民、普寧、大理、江川等處，復據險樹栅，謀再寇。英分調將士剿降之，斬首六萬餘級，生擒四千餘人，諸部悉定。二十五年，英卒，命其子春襲封西平侯，仍鎮雲南。
+
+自英平雲南，在鎮十年，恩威著於蠻徼；每下片楮，諸番部具威儀出郭叩迎，盥而後啓，曰：“此令旨也。”沐氏亦皆能以功名世其家。每大征伐，輒以征南將軍印授之，沐氏未嘗不在行間。數傳而西平裔孫當襲侯，守臣争之，謂滇人知有黔國公，不知西平侯也。孝宗以爲然，許之。自是，遂以公爵佩印，爲故事。諸土司之進止予奪，皆咨禀。及承平久，文網周密，凡事必與太監撫、按、三司會議後行，動多掣肘，土官子孫承襲有積至二三十年不得職者。土官復慢令玩法，無所忌憚；待其罪大惡極，然後興兵征剿，致軍民日困，地
+
+洪武六年，派翰林待制王禕等帶詔書曉諭梁王，久留不遣發，終遇害。八年，又派湖廣行省参政吴雲前往，中途被梁王的使者所害。十四年，征南將軍傅友德、藍玉、沐英率領軍隊到雲南城，梁王赴滇池自盡，平定了這一地區。改中慶路爲雲南府，設置都指揮使司，任命都督僉事馮誠代理司事。二月，下詔書曉諭雲南衆郡蠻。十五年，傅友德等分兵攻打衆蠻寨中沒有歸服的，土著官楊苴乘機作亂，聚集蠻衆二十多萬攻打雲南城。當時城中食物缺乏，士卒多病，賊寇來到，都督謝熊、馮誠等環城堅守，賊不能攻克，於是在遠處扎營作長時間圍困的打算。當時沐英正駐扎軍隊在烏撒，聽到消息，帶領勇猛的騎兵返還援救。到曲靖，派士卒偷偷入城通報，被賊抓住，士卒誑騙賊説：“總兵官率領三十萬衆到了。”賊衆驚愕，拔營連夜遁逃，跑到安寧、羅次、邵甸、富民、普寧、大理、江川等處，又據險立栅，圖謀再次侵犯。沐英分調將士剿滅降服他們，斬首六萬餘人，生擒四千餘人，各部落全部平定。二十五年，沐英去世，命令他的兒子沐春襲封西平侯，仍然鎮守雲南。
+
+自從沐英平定雲南，在此鎮守十年，恩惠與威勢著稱於蠻方邊地；每次下發片紙，衆番部都準備儀仗出郭叩拜迎接，盥洗後纔開啓，説：“這是令旨。”沐氏也都能以功名世代傳家。每次大舉征伐，總是把征南將軍印授予他，沐氏没有不在軍中的。數代傳承而西平的遠代子孫應當承襲侯爵，守臣争論，説滇人知道有黔國公，不知道有西平侯。孝宗認爲正確，允許這樣做。自此，就以公爵佩印，成爲慣例。衆土司的進升止留給予削奪，都咨詢稟告。到太平相承長久，法禁周密，凡事必與太監撫、按、三司會同商議後施行，舉動多受牽制，土官子孫承襲有積至二三十年不能得到職位的。土官又輕慢法令，無所忌憚；等到他們罪大惡極，然後興兵征剿，導致軍民日益困頓，地方日益毀敝。大學士楊一清等因
+
+方日壞。大學士楊一清等因武定安銓之亂，痛切陳之。黔國公沐紹勳亦以爲言。雖得旨允行，亦不能更革。馴至神宗之世，朝廷惰偷，封疆敗壞日甚一日。緬、莽之叛，皆土官之失職者導之。雖稍奏膚功，而滇南喪敗，卒由土官沙定洲之禍。
+
+沙定洲者，王弄山長官司沙源之子也。源驍勇有將才，萬曆中，數從征調有功，巡撫委以王弄副長官事。繼以征建水功，以安南長官司廢地畀之。後征東川、水西、馬龍山等處，全雲南會城，稱首功，累加至宣撫使，時號沙兵。定洲，其仲子也。
+
+崇禎中，元謀土知州吾必奎叛。總兵官沐天波剿之，調定洲從征。定洲不欲行，出怨言。會奸徒饒希之、余錫朋者逋天波金，無以償。錫朋常出入土司家，誇黔府富盛。定洲心動，陰結都司阮韻嘉諸人爲內應。既定洲入城辭行，天波以家諱日不視事，定洲噪而入，焚劫其府。天波聞變，由小竇遁。時寧州土司祿永命在城，方巷戰拒賊，從官周鼎止天波，留討賊。天波疑鼎爲定洲誘己，殺之，其母妻皆走城北自焚死。定洲據黔府，盤踞會城。劫巡撫吴兆元，使題請代天波鎮滇，傳檄州縣，全滇震動。祿永命與石屏州龍在田俱引所部去。
+
+天波走楚雄，金滄副使楊畏知奉調駐城中，謂天波曰：“公何不走永昌，使楚得爲備，而公在彼掎角，首尾牽制之，上策也。”天波從之。定洲至楚雄，城閉不得入，乃去。遣其黨王翔、李日芳等，攻陷大理、蒙化。畏知乘間檄城外居民盡入城，築陴浚隍，調土、漢兵守之。定洲聞禄永命等各固守，不敢至永昌，恐畏知
+
+武定安銓之亂，痛切陳奏。黔國公沐紹勳也以此進言。雖然得旨允許施行，也不能更改革除舊弊。逐漸傳至神宗之朝，朝廷懈怠苟且，邊疆敗壞一日比一日嚴重。緬、莽的反叛，都是土官中失職的人導致的。雖然稍有大功奏報，但滇南的喪失敗壞，都是由於土官沙定洲的禍害。
+
+沙定洲，是王弄山長官司沙源的兒子。沙源驍勇有將材，萬曆年間，多次隨服徵調有功，巡撫委任他爲王弄副長官事。接着因征建水的功勞，把安南長官司的廢地賞給他。後來征討東川、水西、馬龍山等處，全雲南省城，稱首功，累積功勞加封至宣撫使，當時號稱沙兵。沙定洲，是他的次子。
+
+崇禎年間，元謀土知州吾必奎反叛。總兵官沐天波征剿他，調沙定洲跟隨出征。沙定洲不想出征，口出怨言。恰逢奸徒饒希之、余錫朋欠沐天波金，無法償還。余錫朋常出入土司家，誇黔府富有。沙定洲心動，暗中勾結都司阮韻嘉等人作內應。之後沙定洲入城辭行，沐天波因父祖諱日不處理事務，沙定洲吵嚷着進入，焚燒劫掠了沐府。沐天波得知變故，由小洞逃走。當時寧州土司祿永命在城中，正巷戰抵禦賊寇，從官周鼎阻止沐天波，留下討賊。沐天波懷疑周鼎是爲沙定洲誘捕自己，殺了他，他的母親妻子都跑到城北自焚而死。沙定洲占據黔王府，盤踞省城。劫持巡撫吴兆元，令他奏請代替沐天波鎮守滇，傳發檄文到各州縣，全滇震動。祿永命與石屏州龍在田都率領部衆離去。
+
+沐天波逃到楚雄，金滄副使楊畏知奉命調任駐守城中，對沐天波説：“您何不到永昌去，使楚雄得以防備，而您在那裏成掎角之勢，首尾牽制沙定洲，這是上策。”沐天波聽從其計。沙定洲到楚雄，城閉不能進入，於是離去。派他的同黨王翔、李日芳等，攻陷大理、蒙化。楊畏知乘間隙傳檄令城外的居民全部入城，築建城墙疏通護城壕，調集當地兵、漢兵守衛。沙定洲得知禄永命等各自堅守，不敢到永昌，怕楊畏知截斷他
+
+截其歸路，急還兵攻楚雄。畏知坐城樓，賊發巨炮擊之，烟焰籠城櫓，衆謂畏知已死，而畏知端坐自如，賊相驚謂神。畏知伺賊間，輒出奇兵殺賊甚衆。賊引去，攻石屏不下，還攻寧州，禄永命戰死。賊計迤東稍稍定，乃復攻楚雄。分兵爲七十二營，環城掘濠，爲久困計。
+
+會張獻忠死，其部將孫可望率餘衆由遵義入黔，稱黔國焦夫人弟來復仇。民久困沙兵，喜其來，迎之。定洲解楚雄圍，迎戰於草泥關，大敗，遁阿迷。可望破曲靖及交水，俱屠之。遂由陸涼、宜良入雲南城，分遣李定國徇迤東諸府。而可望自率兵西出，畏知禦於啓明橋，兵敗，被執。可望聞其名，不殺，語之曰：“吾與爾共討賊，何如？”畏知要以三事：“不用獻忠僞號，不殺百姓，不擄婦女，吾從爾。”可望皆許之。即折箭相誓，乃以書諭天波如畏知言，天波亦來歸。而李定國之徇臨安者，定洲部目李阿楚拒戰甚力。定國穴地置炮，炮發城陷，遂入。驅城中官民於城外白場殺之，凡七萬八千餘人，斬獲不與焉。當時皆意定國破臨安，必襲阿迷，取定洲，乃僅掠臨安子女而回，所過無不屠滅。迤西以畏知在軍，得保全。
+
+始定洲歸，屯兵洱革龍，且借安南援自固。會可望與定國不協，聲其罪，杖之百，責以取定洲自贖。定國既至，定洲土目楊嘉方迎定洲就其營宴。定國偵知之，率兵圍營，相拒數日，乃出降。遂械定洲及妻萬氏數百人回雲南，剥其皮市中。可望遂據滇，而天波卒走死於緬甸。
+
+的歸路，急忙回軍攻打楚雄。楊畏知坐在城樓上，賊發巨炮攻擊他，烟焰籠罩城樓，衆人認爲楊畏知已死，而楊畏知端坐神態鎮定自然，賊驚愕稱他是神。楊畏知窺伺賊的間隙，便出奇兵殺賊很多。賊退去，攻石屏没有攻下，返還攻寧州，禄永命戰死。賊考慮到向東稍稍安定，就又攻打楚雄。分兵爲七十二營，環城挖濠溝，作長久圍困的打算。
+
+正逢張獻忠死，他的部將孫可望率領餘衆由遵義入黔，聲稱黔國焦夫人的弟弟前來復仇。百姓長久被沙兵圍困，很高興他的到來，迎接他。沙定洲解除楚雄的包圍，在草泥關迎戰，大敗，逃到阿迷。孫可望攻克曲靖及交水，全部屠城。於是由陸涼、宜良入雲南城，分派李定國招撫東面衆府。而孫可望親自率兵向西出擊，楊畏知在啓明橋抵禦他，兵敗，被抓住。孫可望聽説他的名字，不殺他，對他説：“我與你共同討賊，怎麽樣？”楊畏知約言三件事：“不用張獻忠僞號，不殺百姓，不擄掠婦女，我跟從你。”孫可望都答應。立即折箭盟誓，傳書信告訴沐天波如同楊畏知所説，沐天波也來歸附。而李定國招撫臨安時，沙定洲的部將李阿楚盡力抵禦。李定國挖洞穴放置炮，炮爆炸城墙塌陷，於是入城。驅趕城中的官吏百姓到城外白場殺死，共七萬八千多人，斬殺俘獲的人不算在內。當時都認爲李定國攻克臨安，必定襲擊阿迷，攻取沙定洲，却僅僅擄掠臨安子女就返回了，經過之處没有不屠滅的。西面因楊畏知在軍中，得以保全。
+
+當初沙定洲返回，屯兵洱革龍，暫藉安南的援助鞏固自己。正逢孫可望與李定國不和，宣布李定國的罪行，杖責一百，責令他抓獲沙定洲立功贖罪。李定國到來後，沙定洲的土目楊嘉正迎接沙定洲前往他的營地宴飲。李定國偵察得知，率兵圍營，雙方對抗數日，纔出營投降。於是把沙定洲及妻子萬氏數百人戴上刑具押回雲南，在街市上剥了他的皮。孫可望於是占據滇，而沐天波最終逃亡他鄉死在緬甸。
+
+#### 大理
+
+大理，唐葉榆縣境也。麟德初，置姚州都督府。開元末，蒙詔皮羅閣建都於此，爲南詔，治太和城。至閣羅鳳，號大蒙國，異牟尋改大禮國。其後，鄭買賜、趙善政、楊干貞互篡奪，至五代晉時，段思平得之，更號大理國。元憲宗取雲南，至大理，段智興降附，乃設都元帥，封智興爲摩訶羅嵯，管領八方。又以劉時中爲宣撫使，同智興安輯其民。
+
+段氏有大理，傳十世至寶。聞太祖開基江南，遣其叔段真由會川奉表歸款。洪武十四年，征南將軍傅友德克雲南，授段明爲宣慰使。明遣都使張元亨貽征南將軍書曰：“大理乃唐交綏之外國，鄯闡實宋斧畫之餘邦，難列營屯，徒勞兵甲。請依唐、宋故事，寬我蒙、段，奉正朔，佩華篆，比年一小貢，三年一大貢。”友德怒，辱其使。明再貽書曰：“漢武習戰，僅置益州。元祖親征，祇緣鄯闡。乞賜班師。”友德答書曰：“大明龍飛淮甸，混一區宇。陋漢、唐之小智，卑宋、元之淺圖。大兵所至，神龍助陣，天地應符。汝段氏接武蒙氏，運已絶於元代，寬延至今。我師已殲梁王，報汝世仇，不降何待？”
+
+十五年，征南左將軍藍玉、右將軍沐英率師攻大理。大理城倚點蒼山，西臨洱河爲固。聞王師至，聚衆扼下關。下關者，南詔皮羅閣所築龍尾關也，號極險。玉等至品甸，遣定遠侯王弼以兵由洱水東趨上關，爲掎角勢，自率衆抵下關，造攻具。遣都督胡海洋由石門間道夜渡河，繞出點蒼山後，攀木援崖而上，立旗幟。昧爽，軍抵下關者望見，皆踴躍歡噪，蠻衆驚亂。英身先士卒，策馬渡河，
+
+大理，是唐朝葉榆縣的區域。麟德初年，設置姚州都督府。開元末年，蒙詔皮羅閣在此建都，稱爲南詔，在太和城建立治所。到閣羅鳳，號稱大蒙國，異牟尋改爲大禮國。之後，鄭買賜、趙善政、楊干貞互相篡奪，到五代晉朝時，段思平得到它，改稱大理國。元憲宗攻取雲南，到大理，段智興投降歸附，於是設置都元帥，封段智興爲摩訶羅嵯，管領八方。又以劉時中爲宣撫使，同段智興安撫那裏的百姓。
+
+段氏據有大理，傳承十世到段寶。得知明太祖在江南開創基業，派他的叔父段真由會川奉表投誠。洪武十四年，征南將軍傅友德攻克雲南，授段明爲宣慰使。段明派都使張元亨給征南將軍送書信説：“大理是唐朝軍隊剛接觸就撤退的外國，鄯闡實是宋朝以玉斧劃出的統轄外的疆域，難以駐扎營寨，白白辛勞軍隊。請依照唐朝、宋朝舊例，寬容我蒙、段，遵從新頒布的曆法，佩戴華貴的印信，每年一次小貢，三年一次大貢。”傅友德憤怒，侮辱他的使者。段明第二次送書信説：“漢武擅長作戰，僅設置益州。元祖親自出征，祇接近鄯闡。請求班師回軍的恩賜。”傅友德回信説：“大明龍飛淮甸，統一天下。輕視漢、唐的小智慧，鄙薄宋、元的短淺圖謀。軍隊所至，神龍助陣，天地應合。你段氏繼承蒙氏，運數在元代已經斷絶，延緩到現在。我軍隊已殲滅梁王，替你報了世代之仇，不投降還等待什麽？”
+
+十五年，征南左將軍藍玉、右將軍沐英率領軍隊攻打大理。大理城倚傍點蒼山，西臨洱河地形堅固。得知朝廷的軍隊來到，聚集兵衆扼制下關。下關，就是南詔皮羅閣建築的龍尾關，號稱十分險峻。藍玉等到達品甸，派定遠侯王弼領兵由洱水東前往上關，成掎角之勢，自己率領衆軍抵達下關，製造攻城器械。派都督胡海洋由石門走小路夜間渡河，繞到點蒼山後面，攀木援崖而上，樹立旗幟。黎明，抵達下關的軍隊望見，都情緒高漲跳躍喧嘩，蠻衆驚慌混亂。沐英身先士卒，策馬渡河，水没過馬腹，將士跟隨他，於是
+
+水没馬腹，將士隨之，遂斬關入。蠻兵潰，拔其城，酋長段世就擒。世與明皆段寶子也。至京師，帝傳諭曰：“爾父寶曾有降表，朕不忍廢。”賜長子名歸仁，授永昌衛鎮撫；次子名歸義，授雁門鎮撫。大理悉定，因改大理路爲大理府，置衛，設指揮使司。
+
+十六年，品甸土酋杜惠來朝，命爲千夫長。命六安侯王志、安慶侯仇成、鳳翔侯張龍督兵往雲南品甸，繕城池，立屯堡，置郵傳，安輯人民。十七年，以土官阿這爲鄧川知州，阿散爲太和府正千夫長，李朱爲副千夫長，楊奴爲雲南縣丞。十九年，置雲南洱海衛指揮使司，以賴鎮爲指揮僉事。洱海，本品甸也。兵燹後，人民流亡，室廬無復存者。鎮至，復城池，建譙樓，治廬舍市里，修屯堡、堤防、斥堠，又開白鹽井，民始安輯。二十年，詔景川侯曹震及四川都司選精兵二萬五千人，給軍器農具，即雲南品甸屯種，以俟征討。
+
+永樂以後，雲南諸土官州縣，率按期入貢，進馬及方物，朝廷賜予如制。嘉靖元年，改十二關長官司於一泡江之西，從巡撫何孟春奏也。
+
+#### 臨安
+
+臨安，古句町國。漢置縣。唐爲羈縻牁州地。天寶末，南詔蒙氏於此置通海郡。元時内附，置阿僰部萬户府。至元中改臨安路，屬臨安、廣西、元江等處宣慰司。
+
+洪武十四年，征南將軍下雲南，遣宣德侯金朝興分道取臨安。元右丞兀卜台、元帥完者都及土官楊政降，改路爲府，廢宣慰司，置臨安衛指揮使司。十七年，以土官和寧爲阿迷知州，弄甥爲寧州知州，陸羨爲蒙自知縣，普少爲納婁茶甸副長官；俱來朝
+
+攻破關門進入。蠻兵潰敗，攻取其城，酋長段世被擒獲。段世與段明都是段寶的兒子。到京城，皇帝傳諭説：“你父親段寶曾有降表，朕不忍心廢棄。”賜長子名歸仁，授官永昌衛鎮撫；賜次子名歸義，授官雁門鎮撫。大理全部平定，於是改大理路爲大理府，設置衛，設指揮使司。
+
+十六年，品甸土著酋長杜惠來京朝見，任命爲千夫長。命六安侯王志、安慶侯仇成、鳳翔侯張龍督率士兵前往雲南品甸，修繕城池，建築城堡，設置驛館，安撫百姓。十七年，以土官阿這爲鄧川知州，阿散爲太和府正千夫長，李朱爲副千夫長，楊奴爲雲南縣丞。十九年，置雲南洱海衛指揮使司，以賴鎮爲指揮僉事。洱海，本是品甸。戰火之後，人民流亡，房舍没有完好的。賴鎮到任，修復城池，建築望樓，在街市修治房舍，修建城堡、堤防、瞭望堡，又開鑽白鹽井，百姓開始安居。二十年，詔令景川侯曹震及四川都司挑選精兵二萬五千人，供給軍器農具，到雲南品甸屯墾，以等待征討。
+
+永樂以後，雲南衆土官州縣，都按期入朝進貢，進獻馬及本地物産，朝廷按禮制賞賜。嘉靖元年，把十二關長官司改遷到一泡江的西面，是聽從巡撫何孟春的奏請。
+
+臨安，是古代的句町國。漢朝置縣。唐朝是羈縻牁州的地域。天寶末年，南詔蒙氏在此地置通海郡。元朝時歸附朝廷，設置阿僰部萬户府。至元年間改爲臨安路，屬臨安、廣西、元江等處宣慰司。
+
+洪武十四年，征南將軍到雲南，派宣德侯金朝興分道攻取臨安。元朝右丞兀卜台、元帥完者都及土官楊政投降，改路爲府，廢除宣慰司，設置臨安衛指揮使司。十七年，任土官和寧爲阿迷知州，弄甥爲寧州知州，陸羨爲蒙自知縣，普少爲納婁茶甸副長官；都來朝貢，於是賞賜誥敕冠帶任命他們。十八年，臨安府千户納速丁等來朝
+
+貢，因給誥敕冠帶以命之。十八年，臨安府千户納速丁等來朝，人賜米十石。
+
+永樂九年，溪處甸長官司副長官自恩來朝，貢馬及金銀器，賜賚如例。自恩因言：“本司歲納海肥七萬九千八百索，非土所産，乞准鈔銀爲便。”户部以洪武中定額，難准折輸。帝曰：“取有於無，適以厲民，况彼遠夷，尤當寬恤，其除之！”
+
+宣德五年，中官雲仙還自雲南，奏設東山口巡檢司，以故土官後普覺爲巡檢。八年，虧容甸長官司奏：“河底自洪武中官置渡船，路通車里、八百。近年軍民有逃逸出境詐稱使者，迫令乘載，往往被害，又沿河時有劫盜出沒。乞置巡檢司，以故把事袁凱之子瑀爲巡檢。”從之。
+
+嘉靖元年，復設寧州流官知州，掌州事，土知州禄氏專職巡捕。寧州舊設流官，正德初，土官禄俸陰賄劉瑾罷之。遂交通彌勒州十八寨强賊爲亂，爲官軍捕誅，其子禄世爵復以罪論死。撫按請仍設流官，從之。
+
+初，臨安阿迷州土官普柱，洪武中爲土知州。後設流，録其後覺爲東山巡檢，既而以他事廢。正德二年，以廣西維摩、王弄山與阿迷接壤，盜出沒，仍令普覺後納繼前職。
+
+普維藩者，與寧州禄氏構兵，師殲焉。維藩子名聲，幼育於官，既長，有司俾繼父職。名聲收拾舊部，勇於攻戰，從討奢安有功，仍授土知州，漸驕恣。
+
+崇禎五年，御史趙洪範按部，名聲不出迎。已，出戈甲旗幟列數里。洪範大怒，謀之巡撫王伉，請討，得旨。官軍進圍州城，名聲恐，使人約
+
+見，每人賜米十石。
+
+永樂九年，溪處甸長官司副長官自恩來朝見，進貢馬以及金銀器，按例賞賜。自恩於是説：“本司每年交納海貝子七萬九千八百索，不是本地所産，請求准許改交鈔銀爲便。”户部認爲是洪武年間規定的數額，現在難以准許折合交納。皇帝説：“從無中取有，正是以此危害人民，何况對方是邊遠的蠻夷，尤其應當寬容體恤，免去吧！”
+
+宣德五年，宦官雲仙從雲南返回，奏請設立東山口巡檢司，以原土官的後人普覺爲巡檢。八年，虧容甸長官司奏請：“河底自從洪武年間官府設置渡船，道路通達車里、八百。近年軍民有逃亡出境詐稱使者的，迫令乘載，往往遭受其害，又沿河時常有搶劫的盜賊出沒。請求設置巡檢司，以原把事袁凱的兒子袁瑀爲巡檢。”皇上聽從。
+
+嘉靖元年，又設置寧州流官知州，掌管該州政事，土知州禄氏專管巡捕。寧州舊設流官，正德初年，土官禄俸暗中賄賂劉瑾罷除。於是串通彌勒州十八寨强賊作亂，被官軍捕拿誅殺，他的兒子禄世爵又因罪判處死刑。撫按請仍設流官，皇上聽從。
+
+當初，臨安阿迷州土官普柱，洪武年間爲土知州。後來設置流官，録用他的後人普覺爲東山巡檢，不久因其他事情廢去。正德二年，因廣西維摩、王弄山與阿迷接壤，盜賊出沒，仍令普覺的後人普納繼任先前的職務。
+
+普維藩，與寧州禄氏交戰，被殲滅。普維藩的兒子普名聲，幼年在官府撫育，長大後，主管官吏令他繼任父親的職務。普名聲收聚舊部，勇於攻戰，跟隨征討奢安有功，仍授官土知州，逐漸驕横恣肆。
+
+崇禎五年，御史趙洪範巡視管轄區域，普名聲不出來迎接。之後，擺出戈甲旗幟陳列數里。趙洪範大怒，與巡撫王伉謀劃，請求征討，得到聖旨。官軍進圍州城，普名聲恐懼，派人約請投
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_18.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_18.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..acc151f1e3147c34f908e7ae4066d328459a8d84
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_18.md
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+
+
+商会中国 SHANGHUIZHONGGUO.COM
+
+商会通讯
+
+
+
+
+
+赞
+
+
+
+分享
+
+
+
+推荐
+
+
+
+写留言
+
+市场监管总局8月12日发布数据
+
+# 今年上半年全国新设经营主体1327.8万户
+
+多种经营主体均呈现稳定增长势头
+
+
+
+新华社国内部出品
+
+市场监管总局12日发布数据,今年上半年,全国新设经营主体1327.8万户。其中,新设企业462万户,新设个体工商户862.9万户,新设农民专业合作社2.9万户,多种经营主体均呈现稳定增长势头。
+
+**民营和外资企业发展势头良好。**上半年,新设民营企业434.6万户,同比增长4.6%;新设外资企业3.3万户,同比增长4.1%。多种所有制企业发展态势良好,显示市场预期持续改善,企业投资信心有效提升,中国始终是全球投资的热土。
+
+**产业结构进一步优化。**上半年,第一产业新设经营主体60.1万户、第二产业新设96.5万户、第三产业新设1171.2万户。截至6月底,全国登记在册“四新”(新技术、新产业、新业态、新模式)经济企业2536.1万户,同比增长6.6%,占企业总量的40.2%。
+
+**消费领域文化产业亮点突出。**随着“哪吒”“悟空”等国产IP火爆全球,文化产业成为上半年消费增长亮点,新设“文化、体育和娱乐业”企业增速高达17.5%。
+
+据介绍,市场监管部门将聚焦经营主体发展需求,持续完善市场准入退出制度,纵深推进全国统一大市场建设,着力维护公平竞争的市场环境,持续优化涉企政务服务,进一步激发各类经营主体发展活力。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_19.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_19.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ce6737233de9ec21725b229d47fe64fd73fff66f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_19.md
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# 第 18 课
+
+境界，对谁来讲都很困难。讲胜义菩提心的境界，对我们来讲也望尘莫及。而世俗菩提心，只要有利他心和大悲心，每个人都可以发、都可以修。
+
+当然，先要了解！若对菩提心一无所知，就不知道它的殊胜何在。而了解后，在生活和修行中，每天都要观修一段时间，比如一个小时、半个小时、十分钟。观修的力量与闻思的力量完全不相同，若世间文凭比较高，各方面很不错，佛法的理论谁都可以讲得滔滔不绝；但没有观修，法要融入相续也很困难，所以要将反复听闻、思维所得的定解，长期在相续中串习。这就是所谓的闻思修行。在藏传佛教中，其次第是非常严密的。
+
+表面看来，这几个颂词我们也懂，甚至遣词造句会更优美。但我们相续当中，若没有这些境界，说得再漂亮也没有多大的意义，所以大家在这方面一定要多关注。
+
+下面讲正文：
+
+**一切过咎归一己，于众生观具大恩，**
+
+**他所不欲自心取，我之善根回向众。**
+
+在观修世俗菩提心时，世间一切过错和不好的事情，都应归咎于自己，不应怨天尤人。但在生活中，很多人经常抱怨、怨恨他人，比如：这些事情不是我做的，而是我的朋友、敌人、对手等干的。作为修学大乘菩提心的人，当我们与众生发生冲突、矛盾等时，就像《修心七要》所讲的一样²⁸，要想到是自己的我执和前世今生所造恶业所致。就像在监狱中感受痛苦，是自己犯法导致的一样。因此，一切过咎皆应归在自己身上，不能怪罪于他人。
+
+对所有众生，都要观想对自己有非常大的恩德。因为，若没有众生，不管是六波罗蜜多的哪一个，都无法成就。所以，从根本上讲，众生和佛陀并没有差别。寂天菩萨在《入菩萨行论》中也说：“修法所依缘，有情等诸佛，敬佛不敬众，岂有此道理？”从依靠众生与佛陀成就佛果这一角度来说是相同的，因为没有佛陀，就不可能开示解脫道，没有众生，就无法圆满波罗蜜多，那对佛陀恭敬而不恭敬众生，是什么道理呢？根本没有理由。
+
+所以，一切众生不愿意的事情，比如他们所感受的痛苦、疾病等，我们都要发自内心地取代，而我们三世所造的一切善根，应无余回向给一切众生。也就是说，要恒时利益众生，如《入菩萨行论》云：“直接或间接，所行唯利他，为利诸有情，回向大菩提。
+
+
+
+28 《修心七要》：“罪满情器时，恶缘成觉道，报应皆归一，于众修大恩。”
+
+对从来没有学过菩提心利益的人来讲，因为他不知道众生跟自己平等，甚至比自己更重要，那要观修这样的修法就很困难。而真正发了无上菩提心的人，就会在日常生活中去训练：凡是生活中不悦意的事，全部归于自己；自己所有善根、功德、快乐、幸福等，直接或间接让一切众生获得。这样调整自己的心以后，再在实际行动当中，将自己的受用、身体、家人等布施给众生，逐渐就会达到布施度圆满的一地菩萨的境界。
+
+**如是他众之三门，所造三毒我取受，**
+
+**犹如孔雀毒增艳，愿烦恼成菩提伴。**
+
+前面将快乐赐给众生，自己接受痛苦，以这样的方式让三界轮回所有众生身口意三门所造的一切罪业，或贪嗔痴三毒等一切烦恼和痛苦，由自己取受。这样行持，不但不会成为自己修行的障碍或违缘，反而将烦恼变成了菩提的助伴。就像孔雀食用剧毒后，不但不会伤害自己的生命，反而会让羽毛更加鲜艳夺目一样。
+
+禅宗讲“烦恼即菩提”，如《六祖坛经》云：“凡夫即佛，烦恼即菩提。”有人会问：凡夫是具有一切烦恼障和所知障的人，而佛陀断证功德圆满，他们怎么会一样呢？烦恼是贪嗔痴，菩提灭尽贪嗔痴，它们怎么会
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_2.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_2.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..db2eded8d66b2e6b51a21fa81e69bc9f83f5dac9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_2.md
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+## 中华人民共和国国家标准
+
+# 铁路边界噪声限值及其测量方法
+
+**Emission standards and measurement methods of railway noise on the boundary alongside railway line**
+
+**GB 12525-90**
+
+***
+
+## 1 主题内容与适用范围
+
+本标准规定了城市铁路边界处铁路噪声的限值及其测量方法。
+
+本标准适用对城市铁路边界噪声的评价。
+
+## 2 引用标准
+
+GB 3785 声级计的电、声性能及测量方法
+
+GB 3222 城市环境噪声测量方法
+
+## 3 名词术语
+
+### 3.1 铁路噪声 railway noise
+
+系指机车车辆运行中所产生的噪声。
+
+### 3.2 铁路边界 boundary alongside railway line
+
+系指距铁路外侧轨道中心线 30 m 处。
+
+### 3.3 背景噪声 background noise
+
+系指无机车车辆通过时测点的环境噪声。
+
+## 4 铁路边界噪声限值
+
+表 1 等效声级 $L_{eq}$[dB(A)]
+
+
+
+注：本限值中昼间、夜间的时间由当地人民政府按当地习惯和季节变化划定。
+
+## 5 测量方法
+
+5.1 测点原则上选在铁路边界高于地面 1.2 m,距反射物不小于1 m处。
+
+### 5.2 测量条件
+
+5.2.1 测量仪器：应符合 GB 3785 中规定的Ⅱ型或Ⅱ型以上的积分声级计或其他相同精度的测量仪器。测量时用“快档”，采样间隔不大于 1 s。
+
+5.2.2 气象条件：应符合 GB 3222 中规定的气象条件，选在无雨雪的天气中进行测量。仪器应加风罩，四级风以上停止测量。
+
+### 5.3 测量内容及测量值
+
+***
+
+国家环境保护局1990-11-09批准 1991-03-01实施
+
+5.3.1 测量时间：昼夜、夜间各选在接近其机车车辆运行平均密度的某一个小时，用其分别代表昼间、夜间。必要时，昼间或夜间分别进行全时段测量。
+
+5.3.2 用积分声级计(或具有同功能的其他测量仪器)读取1h的等效声级(A):dB。
+
+5.4 背景噪声应比铁路噪声低10dB(A)以上,若两者声级差值小于10dB(A),按表2修正。
+
+表 2
+
+dB
+
+
+| 差值 |
+3 |
+4~5 |
+6~9 |
+
+
+| 修正值 |
+-3 |
+-2 |
+-1 |
+
+
+
+## 6 测量报告
+
+测量报告应包括以下内容：
+
+a. 测量仪器；
+
+b. 测量环境(测点距轨面相对高度m,几股线路,测点与轨道之间的地面状况,如土地、草地等);
+
+c. 车流密度(每小时通过机车车辆数);
+
+d. 背景噪声声级；
+
+e. 1h的等效声级。
+
+## 附录 A 测量记录表
+
+(参考件)
+
+铁路边界噪声测量记录表
+
+年 月 日
+
+| 编号 |
+ |
+地点 |
+ |
+时 分至 时 分 |
+
+
+| 几股线路 |
+ |
+车流密度 |
+ |
+距轨面距离 m |
+
+
+| 测点与轨道间地面状况 |
+ |
+
+| 测点仪器 |
+ |
+
+
+| 等效声级 dB(A) |
+
+| 背景噪声声级 dB(A) |
+
+
+
+
+测量者______
+
+______
+
+## 附加说明：
+
+本标准由国家环境保护局提出。
+
+本标准主要起草人郑天恩、王四德、何庆慈、李秀萍。
+
+本标准由国家环境保护局解释。
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_20.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_20.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b7729050aac54947bbaee2df5c4e75a639d5540f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_20.md
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+指那些认屎屙大“笃”的家伙。
+
+二是粤歇后语有“鸡屙尿——少见”句，因鸡是屎尿齐来，一般都呈糊状，所以很多人认为鸡是不屙屎的。而“鸠”这东西是用来屙尿的，现在竟然有人的“鸠”屙出屎来，那比鸡屙尿更少见。这么难得自然嚣张，“沙尘”啦，这种可能更接近戏说，肯定的是，石岐话的“鸠屎”不可能像浙江东阳的“童子蛋”一样被列为非物质文化遗产。
+
+现在我时不时会碰上那位名“鸠屎仔”的小学同学。虽然他赚了不少钱，但比起小学那个时候，现在的他倒一点都不显“鸠屎”味，人很平和，略呈谦逊。有人说过，最能摧毁一个人正确价值观的活动之一就是同学聚会，但和前“鸠屎仔”的聚会就不一定了。
+
+
+
+用孩童尿液做成的童子蛋
+
+**有排拗**
+
+友人打来电话，问了两个问题，一是粤俗语“有乜冬瓜豆腐”的出处；一是石岐话“拗爆”的出处。
+
+第一个问题，我能马上作答。粤地风俗，丧事后主家会设解秽酒，席上可上7个菜，称“食7”，所以粤人无论是在家或出外吃饭都不会上7个菜，要么少一个，要么多一个。以前那7个菜例必有豆腐和冬瓜，这就是“冬瓜豆腐”的出处，“有乜冬瓜豆腐”就是“有什么三长两短”的意思。
+
+对于第二个问题，我哑口了。“拗爆”乃石岐话中的一个词汇，意思是阴招或指在游戏和竞赛中不守规则。冯小刚电影《非诚勿扰》一开始，就借用了彭浩翔电影《AV》中的桥段——分歧终端机。此机就是为了解决在“包剪揼”中“拗爆”的问题。对于这个词，友人倒是提供了条线索。他说，在台湾，民进党和国民党经常会互骂，互指对方的不是，其中经常使用的一个词就是“奥步”。这“奥步”乃是闽南话，它的意思就是“阴招”，其音义皆与石岐话的“拗爆”甚是接近，所以友人觉得它很可能是“拗爆”的出处。
+
+
+
+长辈常用拗断筷子的事例来教育晚辈团结的重要性
+
+
+
+众所周知，中山是一个方言甚是繁杂的乡邑，是省内
+唯一的同时拥有粤语三大语系的地级市，包括广府话、客
+家话和闽南话。作为市中心的石岐，其方言（它本身属广
+府话系）自然会受到客家话和闽南话的影响，所以，石岐
+话中有闽南话词汇是一点都不出奇。
+
+我先是上网键入“奥步”一词，百度是这样解释的，“奥
+步”的意思是“不好的招数、烂招、贱招”。这一词以国
+语发音广泛使用，这与台湾领导人选举密不可分。“奥”
+在闽南语中是“不好的、差的”的意思，“步”则是“想法、
+招数”的意思。
+
+我接着再去翻查周长楫先生主编的《闽南方言大词典》，发现“沤”“拗”“奥”“恶”这几个字在闽南话中都发ao音。其中有两个词值得关注，一是“恶屎步”，一是“恶谱”。先说“恶屎步”，词典给出的解释是“卑鄙的招数、手段”。其中的“恶屎”，亦作“奥屎”，有两个解释，一是比喻糟糕或犯规的，一是指（球等）出界线。这样一说就很明显了，这“恶屎”或“奥屎”，不就是英语的“出界” outside 吗？广府话（包括石岐话）也有这样的讲法，“拗晒”就是出界，“肥佬”就是 fail（即失败），若“奥步”就是出自“奥屎步”，那“奥步”有一半是出自英语。
+
+
+
+两人争吵，互不相让，真是有排拗数
+
+说到第二个词“恶谱”，《闽南方言大词典》给出的解释是“坏的主意”。这“恶谱”令我想到石岐话的一个俗语词——“离谱”，意思就是过分，更过分的就是“有谱”，或是“离晒大谱”。香港人蔡炎培有一诗集名《离鸠谱》，我觉得写成“离咎谱”更佳。
+
+这么看来，“恶谱”和“恶屎步”都有可能是“奥步”的出处。当然“沤”本身也有“浸泡”“使腐烂”“发臭”的意思，也就是说“沤步”也有可能。若石岐话的“拗爆”是出自闽南话“奥步”的话，以上说的都有可能是“拗爆”的出处。
+
+无论如何，我们还是先按读音写作“拗爆”吧。其实，“拗”这个字和由这个字组成的词，在石岐话中使用得还算挺广泛的。“拗”的本义是折、折断，石岐的老一辈会这样语重心长地对后辈说：“嗱，一支筷子呢就好易拗断，一扎呢，你就拗唔断啰，记得至紧要齐心呀。”
+
+还有“拗数”，就是“讨价还价”的意思。“佢地有排拗数啫”，那就是说做生意谈合作时经常出现的状况，利益团体之间、国与国之间更是如此。
+
+“拗口”指的是说起来别扭、不顺口，这个词不单是广府话有，其他的方言中也有。《红楼梦》第35回就有这么一句：“我的名字本来是两个字，叫做金莺，姑娘嫌拗口，只单叫莺儿，如今就叫开了。”这“拗口”可对“碍眼”，二词都是广府话常用的。
+
+
+
+我……
+
+我叫莺儿
+
+
+薛宝钗嫌金莺的名字读起来拗口，就叫她莺儿
+
+争执，文雅一点的说“争拗”，口语化一点会说“拗撬”。
+其实单“拗”这个字在广府话中就有争执的意思，“有排
+拗数”亦可说作“有排拗”。至于“拗撬”，我倒想到一
+个英语单词 argue，其读音与“拗撬”非常接近，词义就是争论、辩论。那么“拗撬”是否出自英语，真系“有排拗”啰。
+
+几天后我在石汝杰和宫田一郎编的《明清吴语词典》
+一书里头，发现有“拗挢”一词，解释是“不平整，不规
+则，奇怪”。挢，音近“撬”，本义是举手，一般解作“举、
+伸”，亦可通“矫”，即“假托、作假”的意思。这个“矫”
+还有一解释，是“用火烤使物体弯曲”。这让我想起小时
+候看大人手工做灯笼，就是用火烤竹篾使其弯曲成直角形，不过石岐话倒是称这动作为“拗”。另《明清吴语词典》上说“拗挢”可写作“拗桥”，这让人联想，你以为你是
+烟花呀？连桥都拗了！
+
+**匀巡，朝匀**
+
+广府话有“均真”一词，意思是分得清、公正。如“我做人好均真㗎，嘢就系你做晒，赚到钱就我九你一”。这样的“均真”，在当今的社会随处可见。《论语》中就有“不患寡而患不均，不患贫而患不安”句，但现在到处都是不均、不安，你患是你的事，人家不患。
+
+均匀，字典中这个词的解释是“分布或分配在各部分的数量与比例相同”。同义词有匀称、平均、匀和等。均匀的“均”，右边也是个“匀”。这个“匀”是会意字，金文是臂弯里有二物形，篆文变为从勹（表周匝），从二，含平均二分之意。
+
+均匀，在广府话里一般说成“匀巡”，这个“巡”，有“遍”的意思。古时为全体客人的酒杯斟满一遍叫一巡，所以广府话的“匀巡”很好理解，且“匀巡”还有“遍、彻底”的意思，如“碟手撕鸡捞得好匀巡”。又如“条友颠得几匀巡”。香港的彭志铭先生在他的《广东俗语正字考》一书中，这样写道：“‘匀巡’的‘巡’，正字应是‘旬’。”他还告诉我们，这个“旬”字若要查字典，则要查“日”字部。他说“旬”念“巡”，通“均”字，作“均平”解。同时，“十天”或“十岁”，也可称为“一旬”。“傻得匀旬”并非说一个人“傻得平均”，而是作“做事愚笨，荒谬绝伦”解。
+
+
+
+匀巡、朝匀都愿为均匀
+
+
+
+背着儿媳妇朝华山——吃力不讨好
+
+广府话的“匀巡”，在石岐话里头又讲成“朝匀”。我觉得这个词中的“朝”有点费解，查字典，说它可通“潮”。我就想，这个词或许是“潮匀”，或是由潮水引申出“遍”的意思。
+
+后翻景尔强先生的《关中方言词语汇释》一书，里头收有一句关中俗语，曰“背着儿媳妇朝华山”，比喻吃力不讨好。句中的“朝”是“逛”的意思，背着人逛华山，肯定吃力，但若背的是儿媳妇，悖乎常理，肯定遭人说闲话，肯定不讨好。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_21.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_21.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..722d69a98c9195bd5adc1909893dd832c69df919
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_21.md
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+## 一蟹不如一蟹
+
+我是60后，中学语文课本里头的文章不是毛泽东的，就是鲁迅的，什么孔乙己啦，闰土啦，祥林嫂啦，阿Q啦。老师还提到过九斤老太，说她出生时九斤，她儿子出生时八斤，孙子出生时七斤，曾孙女出生时六斤。于是有了说她的著名的话：一代不如一代。老师告诉我，我哋石岐都有句差唔多𠮶：一蟹不如一蟹。
+
+鱼米之乡嘛，鱼虾蟹都不会太缺，鸡鸭鹅亦不会太少，那为什么不说“一虾不如一虾”或者“一鸡不如一鸡”（“一鸡死一鸡鸣”就有），偏偏是“一蟹不如一蟹”呢？原来还大有来头。就是“日啖荔枝三百颗”的老苏——苏东坡大学士，他在其《艾子杂说》中记有这样一段“古仔”：
+
+
+
+ 艾子喟然叹曰：“何一蟹不如一蟹也！”
+
+艾子行于海上，见一物圆而扁，且多足，问居人曰：“此何物也？”曰：“蝤蛑。”既又见一物，圆扁多足而差小，问居人曰：“此何物也？”曰：“螃蟹也！”又于后得一物，状貌皆如前所见而剧小，问居人曰：“此何物也？”曰：“彭越也。”艾子喟然叹曰：“何一蟹不如一蟹也！”
+
+蝤蛑，又名青蟹，即我们粤人所说的膏蟹，个子较大。这蝤蛑、螃蟹和彭越外形差不多，只是大小不同。艾子先见大的，然后越见越小，遂慨叹“一蟹不如一蟹”。
+
+“一蟹不如一蟹”中最小的一蟹——彭越，这原是汉朝开国功臣的名字。他曾在钜野湖泽中打鱼，伙同一帮人做强盗，后成为汉军将领，楚汉战争结束后被封为梁王，与韩信、英布并称汉初三大名将。后被诬造反，吕后下令将其剁成肉酱，并分赐给各路诸侯品尝。传说，英布吃了彭越的肉酱，呕吐出来的东西变成了蟛蜞，于是乎蟛蜞有了“彭越”这个别称。
+
+据说蟹有八百多个种，蟛蜞是这个大家庭中的一员，学名叫相手蟹，因其双螯往下伸而得名，又因其螯似螳螂而称螳臂蟹。钱仓水先生的《说蟹》称，晋代崔豹在他的《古今注》里最早提及并说明了蟛蜞：“蟛蜞，小螯，生海边泥中，食土，一名长卿。其一有鳖偏大者，名拥剑。一名执火，其鳖赤，故谓之执火云。”
+
+这段文字提到蟛蜞“一名长卿”，那么这位长卿是谁呢？原来他就是汉武帝时期著名的才子司马相如。他原名长卿，后来因仰慕蔺相如为人，改名为司马相如。至于司马才子为何跟蟛蜞扯上关系，钱仓水在《说蟹》里引元代伊世珍的《琅嬛记》，说四川临邛县令王吉有一晚做了一个奇怪的梦，梦到一只蟛蜞告诉他明天要到城下的亭子里小住。王吉醒后觉得很怪异，于是派人到那个亭子去等，结果等来的是落魄归蜀的司马长卿，于是王吉高瞻远瞩：“此人文章当横行一世。”从此，天下人就称蟛蜞为长卿了。
+
+
+
+ 美味的礼云子琵琶虾
+
+另外还有一种讲法，云司马相如仙游后，卓文君夜里梦到了蟛蜞，蟛蜞竟自称长卿。而第二天卓文君果真就见了蟛蜞，于是她从此不再吃蟛蜞，甚至不再吃蟹。
+
+前几年在蔡澜等先生的大力鼓吹下，到香港自由行的“为食”人士都知道香港有家“镛记”，而“镛记”除了烧鹅，还有道经典名菜曰“礼云子琵琶虾”。这礼云子就是蟛蜞的卵子，俗称“蟛蜞春”。蟛蜞本来就体积细小，卵自然亦难取，要制作这一道菜，几乎就要从二三百只蟛蜞乸身上取卵。而20世纪80年代以后，由于污染日益严重，珠江三角洲的蟛蜞已不多见，礼云子的产量更是不多，所以礼云子就显得珍贵无比。
+
+但是在以前，珠江三角洲一带的沙田地区，“长卿”们曾经是多到成灾，严重地危害到水稻的生长。农民发现鸭子喜欢吃这些“长卿”，遂“畜鸭以食蟛蜞，鸭既肥而稻不害”。屈大均的《广东新语》就有这样的记载：“广州濒海之田，多产蟛蜞，岁食谷芽为农害，惟鸭能食之。鸭在田间，春夏食蟛蜞，秋食遗稻，易似肥大，故乡落间多畜鸭。”
+
+说到礼云子这个甚为文雅的大号，据说是因为蟛蜞的一双蟹钳永远缩起放在嘴边，像个谦恭有礼的君子在作揖，遂得名礼云，礼云的卵子就是礼云子了。这小小的蟛蜞，雅号可真不少，长卿、礼云，还有之前提到的拥剑和执火。
+
+
+
+一蟹不如一蟹
+
+在中秋的第二天（据说那天晚上的月亮最圆，比农历八月十五的还圆），我在广州的宝业路找到一家门面小且简陋（椅子都是破的）的食店，店名叫“蒲天光”。在那里我和两位朋友吃了一锅粥，一锅蟛蜞白鸽粥。吃完之后，我想替“蒲天光”改名，改为“坐烂凳”，第一它的椅子都是破的，第二，那个粥实在好吃，吃了还想再吃，不想走。椅子就是这样坐烂的。
+
+三年前，我喝蟛蜞粥再不用费劲去找，我家楼下一家大排档就有。老板是湛江黄坡的，那里的“长卿”实在是“礼云”。不过那个店除了蟛蜞粥，别的菜实在是太糟糕，尽管我们一周光顾他三次，但一锅蟛蜞粥只卖15元，后来大排档倒闭了。顺便提一下，“长卿”有位兄弟，学名叫“角蟹”，外号是“蟛辣”，或者又叫“虾辣”，个子比“长卿”更小，且没有大钳，不过它多膏香浓。食神韬韬说蟛辣很湿热，“长卿”则是寒性，两种东西一起煮粥就 very good 啦。他说他在中山的板芙就吃过蟛蜞蟛辣粥，这个粥我也吃过。蟛辣用紫苏蒸也很不错，我在佛山还吃过蟛辣浸鸡，“正”到不得了。
+
+又想起上面提到的畜鸭食蟛蜞，“蒲天光”用蟛蜞白鸽一起煮粥，如果把蟛蜞和鸭子这对天敌一齐煮粥，味道不知会怎样。
+
+
+
+
+
+“边仔订”同“大筐地”，
+“sir”滑梯同“卓”滑梯。
+我“才”石岐好频扑，
+潮州音乐静鸡鸡。
+𠮩𠹌读音得把声，
+同声同气同捞煲。
+
+## “sir”滑梯,“卓”滑梯
+
+无论是60后,70后,80后,还是90后,甚至是00后,滑梯都是他们孩提时代甚喜欢的东西。普通话曰“坐滑梯”,略显平淡,广府话曰“sir滑梯”。
+
+香港的彭志铭先生说有读者写信给他,问这个“sir”,有没有中文字。彭志铭先生回答:“我话你知,系有!”他认为,“sir滑梯”的“sir”,中文正字是“瀡”。他说,“瀡”是个古字,是“滑”的意思。我查《汉语大字典》,该字的解释的确是“滑”,不过,这“滑”指的好像是“滑溜、光滑、不涩滞”的意思,并不是指从上而下的滑动。至于读音,《大宋重修广韵》表的是“思累”切,近于“碎”音,与“sir”不远不近。
+
+我认为,这“sir”很有可能是一象声字,即物体从上
+
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_22.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_22.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8ad0aa705fe6c61ab8c6c02ba579b1bedf538ff9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_22.md
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+另：
+
+“早敨”，除了解作正面的“早点休息”，还可以是一句咒语，意思跟北方话的“洗洗睡吧”很接近。不过“早敨”可以更恶毒，怎样恶毒，无须画公仔画出肠。
+
+补：
+
+后翻罗翙云先生的《客方言》，上有一词条曰“休息曰偷”，而在《汉语大字典》里头，“偷”有一解释是：“抽出（多指时间）”，例子有许多，如忙里偷闲，偷空。韦庄有这样的诗句“能说乱离惟有燕，解偷闲暇不如鸥”,王安石亦有“强偷须臾乐”句，当然还有那句“偷得浮生半日闲”。休息就是要抽出一段时间，在现今社会，要“抖”的确要靠“偷”。其实，字典中，“偷”的第一个解释是“苟且、怠惰”，《老子》第41章有“健德若偷”句，其中的“偷”就是这个意思。而“抖”自然是怠惰的一种表现。
+
+
+
+ 早敨，意为早点休息，石岐话曰“歇赖”或“歇吓赖”
+
+
+
+ 敨开粽子
+
+另外，篆文的“偷”，从女，俞声，隶变后楷书写作“媮”。而“偷”则是异体字，后却成了正体。而“媮”又是“愉”的异体字，“愉”解作喜悦、快意，“有得抖”自然喜悦啦。综上所述，表休息之意的“抖”，本字应就是“偷”，有点意思。
+
+## kai kai 补碌俾阿婆
+
+我家的老房子，已有过百年的历史，在太平路，是三进的，不过第三进在20世纪70年代被房管所拆了。现在跟我们已无关系。
+
+第一进原是个大厅，我记得以前厅里有一个小房间，应该是佣人住的吧。后来小房间被拆了，房管所在大厅内砌了一道墙，留一条小巷让我们出入。大厅的另一大半让一家人住了进来，他们是一对夫妻及其7个子女。
+
+20世纪70年代我们一家就住在第二进，第二进也有个大厅，称二厅，还有二厅楼。二厅的旁边有两个房，各有二进，左边的房间是爸妈和两个弟弟住的，阿婆和我住在右边的房间。
+
+有时，父亲在二厅开了个“补碌”（即柚子），然后命我：“kai kai 补碌俾阿婆先。”第二个“kai”应是普通话“块”的音转，第一个“kai”作动词，是“拿”的意思。
+
+
+
+ “kai kai 补碌俾阿婆先” 意思是，先拿一块柚子给奶奶
+
+
+
+香港的欧阳伟豪在《撑广东话》一书中，有提到“kai”这个词。他说：在2011年底，他在香港中文大学开了个讲座，名为“那些年，《香港粤语语法的研究》说过的粤语”，那本书是欧阳先生的老师张洪年写的。欧阳先生说，那次讲座他和听众的互动讨论很热烈，尤其是说到那一句——“佢械条毛布嚟做抹台布”。
+
+他说，起初听众都说没听过“械”这个字词，但是多想一会，有人说听过读声母h的，有人说那个字应是台山话，有人说是中山话才对。
+
+
+
+ 妈妈和太太同时落水了，到底先救谁？
+
+如我前文所述，中山的石岐话的确有这个“kai”，有“摞、拿”之意，也有“将、把”的意思。如老婆和阿妈在讨论那个著名的问题：她们俩都落水了，儿子先救谁？老爸听不下去了，来了这么一句：“你哋两个，kai个仔来做磨心。”
+
+正如香港听众讨论的那样，我一直认为“kai”是石岐话。后翻孔仲南先生出版于1933年的《广东俗语考》一书，他亦在书中收有这个词，写作“𢬿”——“音楷上声，又读平声，以手指持曰𢬿，《集韵》：‘持也。’”
+
+这么说，最迟在20世纪30年代，广府话还在用“𢬿”这个词，后来慢慢没什么人讲了，不过仍留在石岐话里，而现在的后生石岐仔女也基本上不会这样说了。
+
+孔仲南用的这个“𢬿”，笔画不算多，但显生僻，《汉语大字典》只是引了《集韵》的解释——“持也”，例句欠奉。我个人觉得，“携”更有可能是“kai”的本字，从音来讲，“携”的粤语读音kui近于“kai”音。至于词义，“携”可解作“提、持、带、连接”等。最重要的一点，是“携”的使用频率远超“𢬿”，例句随处可“携”。
+
+我想起小时候随父母去亲友家探访，带着两梳蕉，亲友说：“来坐吓咪好啰，使乜携咁多嘢来呀。”
+
+我于是又想起农历新年收到的一则短信：××携妻儿祝你新年快乐，万事如意！
+
+## 噯姑乖
+
+以前石岐有这样一首童谣：
+
+噯姑乖，
+噯姑大，
+噯大阿姑嫁后街。
+后街有鲜鱼鲜肉卖，
+卖唔晒，
+安落床头畀老鼠拉。
+
+童谣中的“噯”，音“哀”，是用背带背的意思。背这个动词，石岐话有两种讲法，一是“𱙷”，这跟广州话是一样的。查《汉语大字典》，这个“𱙷”只有一种解释：方言，背负的意思。背或𱙷的背带，广州话曰“𱙷带”。𱙷镬，就是背黑锅的意思。
+
+“背”，石岐话的另一种讲法就是童谣中的“噯”，音“哀”。这个“噯”的正字是什么呢？我有一次翻《明清吴语词典》，发现“挨”字有一个解释，为“驮、背”。
+
+广府话受吴语的影响不少，因为在清末民初，不少粤人，特别是香山人在上海、江浙一带“揾食”。这样说来，石岐话的“噯”或“哀”，很有可能就是吴语的“挨”，最起码从读音上是说得过去的。
+
+但石岐话和广州话一样，本身就有“挨”这个词，读音跟“哀”有所不同。这个挨，一般解作靠近，如“挨挨凭凭”“挨身挨势”“挨年近晚”“挨晚”等等，当然，一个字有不同读音，有不同解释也是很正常的。
+
+挨，本义是从后推击，又表示靠紧，引申指接触；还通“捱”，即遭受的意思，由此而产生“背”的意思也是合情合理。
+
+背小孩的背带，石岐话称“𱙷带”，也称“噯带”。我是家中老大，比二弟大5年，比三弟大7年。三弟小时候，父母没空，就让我用“噯带”挨三弟。我挨累了，先是挠三弟的脚底，进而“𱟭”他的小脚，令他哭，以图卸掉三弟这个“负担”。
+
+
+
+ 在石岐话中用石磨磨东西，称作挨，例如“挨”辣椒酱、“挨”芝麻糊
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+用法，有不少例句——《窦娥冤》：“委实是屈招个（“个”通“個”）。”（这一句若用石岐话讲，应该就是“确实系俾人屈打成招個”。）乔吉《春闺怨》：“瘦呵也不似今春个。”
+
+而更早的唐宋，“個”也作如此用，唐韩愈诗《盆池五首》之一，就有“老翁真箇（‘箇’和‘個’通用）似童儿”句。苏大学士东坡，他的《蝶恋花》，亦有“苦被多情相折挫。病绪厌厌，浑似年时箇”。
+
+## 金纸
+
+“你今日执到金呀？好似开笼雀咁子个？”
+
+“唔系‘金纸’，系赚到银纸。”
+
+石岐话中的“咁子”，应是“咁样子”，省了个“样”字，是“这样子”的意思。至于“咁”则是粤人的造字，粤人造字比较简单，一般是口字旁加一个同音或近音的字，所以，粤人也有把“咁”写作“噉”的。
+
+那么，“咁”或“噉”的真身是什么呢？首先把“口”这个偏旁去掉，“甘”甲骨文是口中有一点，这一点指明口中含有甜美的东西，所以“甘”的本义是甜美可口，引申为“甜美的”，又引申为“乐意、情愿”，如粤人成日讲的“心甘命抵”。“甘”还被引申为“美味”和“嗜好某种食物”的意思。说到美味，石岐人口中说味道的“甘”,一般指略带苦味的“甘”，清凉的“甘”，如“饮咗碗凉茶，嗰口好甘呀”。又如“哋芝榄甘甘地，几好食”。至于“呢镬够晒甘啰”（即这次娄子捅大了）中的“甘”，相信冇人食得落。无论怎样，这个“甘”似乎并没有“这样、这么”的意思。
+
+
+
+ 你今日执到金呀？好似开笼雀咁子了？
+
+
+
+ 甲骨文中的“敢”字
+
+“敢”字甲骨文是手叉猛刺野兽形，引申为有勇气、有胆量。“敢”作副词用时，有“一定”“准”的意思，相当于“正、正好”，又相当于“莫非、大概”。总之，“敢”似乎也没有“这样、那么”的意思。
+
+香港的彭志铭先生在其《正字正确》中认为，这“咁”的正字是“恁”。彭先生说：“‘恁’，绝非方言，而是优雅的古汉字，宋代欧阳修之《玉楼春》：‘已去少年无计奈，且愿芳心长恁在。’便早将‘恁’字入词，作‘如此这样’解矣！”翻查《汉语大字典》，“恁”有3个读音，发rèn音时可作“思念、任凭、诚信、弱”等解，发nín 音时同“您”，发 nèn 音时，字典说为方言，是“那么、那样”的意思，也可解作“此、这”。意思没问题，但音就似乎有点距离了。
+
+邑人杨公杨铁夫先生在其《铁城土语语原考》中有这样一段话：“粤语述事之一段落曰锦，按：锦即今之音变。”杨公在书中还提到“金纸”——“城语曰今止，今止者，断自今而止也。”查《汉语大字典》，“今”的确可作代词，相当于“此、这”。清王引之《经传释词》卷五：“今，指事之辞也。”《国语·周语上》：“王曰：‘今是何伸也？’”《吕氏春秋·知分》：“……则今是矣。”这些例句中的“今”都有“此”“这”“这样”的意思，这么说，石岐话中的“金纸”，应写作“今子”。至于杨公说的“今止”，石岐人说“就今子啦”时，就真的有点自今而止的意思，除此之外，“今子”比“今止”更适合。
+
+
+
+ 饮咈碗凉茶，吆口好甘呀
+
+杨公和写《广州语本字》的詹宪慈份属老友，所以他在书中也提到詹宪慈先生的看法，即“恁”是“咁”的本字。其实，杨公是赞同詹公的看法的，他说的“今止”是“自今而止”，并没有“这样子”的意思，却令到我去翻查字典中“今”字的解释，竟又发现“今”有“此”之意。不过，
+就算是既有“此”意，又同“咁”音，也不能断定“咁”或“噉”就是“今”，口甜舌滑（咁）行唔通，话敢就敢（噉）冇可能，还是现在就“今”？还是任（恁）心所欲？结论“今”难下。
+
+“咁”是“这”，“咁子”是“这样子”。“这里”呢，要说成“呢度”。“那里”呢，是“𠮶度”，石岐话说成“姑度”，甚至直接说成“姑”，如“得闲去我‘姑’耍呀”。不过有时“姑度”会成了“这里”，而“那里”又会说成“噜度”。依我看，“姑”是“𠮶”的音转，而“噜”则是“那”的音转。
+
+“那些”石岐话说成“姑呢”。“那么一点东西”会
+说成“姑仔嘢”或是“姑仔咁多嘢”，这句话让外地人听了会产生歧义，变成“小姑那么多东西”。
+
+补：
+
+章太炎《新方言·释词》：“今广州谓‘何故如是’，曰‘𣵷’，音如‘憨’，俗作‘咁’。”查《汉语大字典》“𣵷”有两个解释，发gàn时作方言词，解作“这么，这样”；发hán音时，解作“或”。《方言》卷十：“𣵷，或也。沅澧之间凡言‘或如此’者曰‘𣵷如是’”。
+
+罗翙云先生在《客方言》（客家话乃粤地三大方言之一）一书中这样写道：“今语言如此者曰𣵷且（音兹）。”这令我在看到此处时愣了一愣，这“𣵷且”，音义都和石岐话的“咁子”实在是太接近了。“且”可解作“此、这”。《诗经·周颂·载芟》就有“匪且有且，匪今斯今”句，其中的“且”就解作“这、此”。周振甫先生把这两句译成这样：“不料有此竟如此，不料有今竟如今。”但“且”为什么念成“兹”音，罗先生没有解释，或许又是音转吧。
+
+## 静鸡鸡散水
+
+香港才子林振强英年早逝，身后一堆辛辣文字和绝妙歌词，还有几首对徐志摩诗的“善搞”，最搞的就是那首《剑桥拜拜》（林振强改编自《再别康桥》）：
+
+我静静鸡散水，
+就好似我静静鸡咁踩嚟；
+我静静鸡 yaap 手，
+同啲云讲声“系噉先喇，喂”
+河边𠮶啲金柳，
+好似个新娘系黄昏晒太阳；
+反映系水上面个靓样，
+系我个心度浮吓浮吓咲样。
+但我唔可以唱K，
+讲拜拜𠮶 支笛衰咗；
+热天的昆虫都为我收声，
+剑桥今晚真系哑咗！
+我静静鸡散水，
+就好似我静静鸡咁踩嚟；
+我拍拍箩柚，
+一啲云都毋拎，嫌重得滞。
+
+
+
+这首“拜拜”诗，重点在于“静静鸡”一词，也有说“静鸡鸡”的。受林才子“善搞”之气所沾，我有这样的“贱解”——广府话有“水静河飞”一词。本来，众所周知，河是不可能会飞的，但2012年7月21日北京特大暴雨之后，“河飞”就是“一切皆有可能”的一切之一。而“小众所周知”，“水静河飞”是“水静鹅飞”之讹音，鹅都飞走了，水面很安静，但飞走的很有可能是水鸡——“水静鸡飞”，于是就“静鸡鸡”了。而“水静鸡飞”的另一种讲法，就是“静鸡鸡散水”。
+
+“贱解”——哂，按下不表。先说石岐话另一个形容安静的叠字词——静嘤嘤。粤歇后语有“三营走咗两营——静嘤嘤”句，三营走咗两营，剩一营，广府话中的“剩”，
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+依张相所著《诗词典语辞汇释》一书所述，“能”亦可作副词，解作“何其、那么”，“镽能”就是“何其细长”，“了能”就是“何其了不起”，都可引申出“何其特别”。若让我来挑，“了能”可能是首选，最起码笔画少多了。有一点我得说清楚，无论是“镽能”，还是“了能”，都只是我的推测，没有文献上的证据可支持。
+
+彭先生所说的“𬮄镽”，可算是这“了能”的近义词，“奄尖”也属于它们的家族成员。还有一词曰“屙果”，这“屙果”的原因大都是消化不良，而消化不良的人大都会很“屙果”。其实这“屙果”很简单，就是“苛刻”的音转嘛。
+
+
+
+ 消化不良会致人“屙果”
+
+补一：
+
+“𠮩”应该至少还有两个可能，一是“辽”，《说文解字》：“辽，远也。”若“𠮩能”是“辽能”，那意思就是“远戚咁”。陆游诗《居山》有“辽天渺归鹤，千载付茫茫”句，远的地方比较偏僻，“辽能”可解作“偏成咁”、仲晤“𠮩𠹌”。
+
+二是“聊”，这个字有一解释是“恐惧貌”，“聊能”意思就是“恐怖成咁”，真变态，真“𠮩𠹌”。
+
+补二：
+
+后翻杨子静先生的《粤语钩沉》，书中有“撩刁”这一词条。杨先生在书中引一首古老的广州儿歌：“细纹仔，莫撩刁，买只船仔你去摇……”杨先生说：“撩刁，民间俗语词，指孩子调皮，好动，按捺不住。”
+
+杨先生还说，撩刁，古书上写作“了鸟”，指门窗上的金属搭扣，今称门钩，窗钩。李商隐《病中闻河东公乐营置酒口占寄上》诗：“锁门金了鸟，展障玉鸦叉。”因“了鸟”常活动摇摆，故借喻孩子调皮好动。
+
+事实上，“了”可解作“悬挂”。《玉篇》：“了，挂也。”这时的“𠮩𠹌”跟上面说的“𠮩𠹌”不太一样了，是“调皮成咁”的意思。
+
+《汉语大字典》里头，接在“了”字后面的，是一很“𠮩𠹌”的字，就是跟“了”刚好上下颠倒，音diao，意思也是“悬挂”，那“了鸟”可以写成“了𠄏”了。这个字还有一解释，就是指男人那活儿。我在《“吊吊fing”究竟算唔算粗口》一文中，引薛俊武先生在其《汉字揆初》（第三集）一书中的看法，说“了”的本初之意，就是男性性事完了之后，阳具病软下垂的状态。他还说“了不起”即阳萎，就是“大件事”的隐语（那以后哪个男人还敢说自己“了不起”，特别是那事“了不起”）。
+
+## 你把到我好把炮咧
+
+广府话有“巴闭”一词,可解作“了不起、犀利”,如“佢就巴闭啰,有楼有车”;又可解作“紧张,小题大做”,如“好小事啫,使乜咁巴闭啊”。
+
+这个“巴闭”有几“巴闭”,吴昊先生说,你可以翻开本大英文字典查 Bobbery 这个词,睇下点解。意思是“嘈吵,乱发声音骚扰别人”,而这个Bobbery 音近粤语的“巴巴闭”,它就是源自粤语的这个词。
+
+但吴昊还认为,这粤语的“巴闭”,是来自印度语的“Bapre”,意思是“我的天”。他说,要知道广州早在汉代已经与东南亚及中东等地区人民通商了,那些印度人经常“Bapre Bapre”地叫着,粤人于是有样学样。
+
+不过,大多数研究粤语本字的人都认为,这个“巴闭”,应是源自“把柄”。早在宋元时期，它已是民间流行语，不过那时它以各种面目出现，如巴臂、巴避、巴鼻、巴壁、把臂、把背等。苏东坡诗云：“有甚意头求富贵，没些巴鼻便奸邪。”
+
+
+
+为了强调“巴闭”，中间会加一“鬼”字，成“巴鬼闭”。说着说着，把“闭”省去，“巴”字再音转为“把”，成了“把鬼”一词，意思是“很了不起吗”，相当于“饱死”，如：“佢成日话自己住洋楼，养番狗，真系把鬼。”
+
+“巴闭，巴闭”地说着，又音转成“把炮”，加上“炮”是厉害的家伙，不然人家为什么会“车大炮”呢，这“把炮”就是“好犀利”咁解。
+
+石岐话还有“把到”一词，意思是“以为”，相当于广府话另一俗语字——估，例句就有本文标题那一句：“你把到我好把炮咧。”
+
+我认为，就跟“把炮”是“巴闭”的音转一样，石岐话中“把到”的“把”，应是“巴”的音转。“巴”这个字，本是象形字，指大蛇，引申有“攀爬”的意思，如广府话的“巴墙头”。而“巴”还有“期待、盼望”的意思，如现在还用的“巴不得”：宋杨万里诗有“暗潮巴到无人会，只有篱师识水痕”句。《水浒传》第54回：“巴得天明，把猪出去门前挑了，卖个早市。”
+
+
+
+ 据说 Bobbery 这个英文单词是源自粤语词“巴巴闲”
+
+
+
+ “把炮”就是“好犀利”的意思，形容十分厉害
+
+现今的地方方言，我查了一下《现代汉语方言大词典》，“巴”仍解作“盼望、期待”的有成都、南京、扬州、牟平、徐州、万荣等地。“巴”由“期待、盼望”，引申到“认为”、
+音调一转就成了“把”。当然，你大可以说：“你把到咁讲就一定啱㗎啦？”
+
+唔系咁子，你把到又系点子呢？
+
+## 频扑
+
+锦叔陈绍锦先生曾在《新雅客》杂志上发表过一篇文章——《越讲越白石岐话》。上头有这样一句话：“石岐话说‘劳累’为‘奔波’。”韩愈《论佛骨表》有“老少奔波，弃其业次”。
+
+我当时看了有点疑惑，石岐话什么时候有“奔波”一词？一旁的江西老表小廖倒是一语惊醒梦中人：“那不就是‘频扑’吗？”
+
+望文生义，“奔波”就是高唱一曲“波奔、波流”，即像波浪一样奔来奔去。音变后的“频扑”就更直接，频频地扑来扑去。
+
+杨琳先生在其《训诂方法新探》一书中提到，魏晋以来“波”常用于奔跑、逃跑去。他举了几个例句，如《乐府诗集·横吹曲辞五·企喻歌辞之一》：“鹞子经天飞，群雀两向波。”《太平广记》卷263中的一句：“商旅惊波，行纲侧胆。”《汉语大字典》引明李翊《俗呼小录》：“跑谓之波，立谓之站。”
+
+
+
+杨琳在书中说，今天还有“奔波”一词，这种含义的“波”是“播”的借字。这么说，石岐话“频扑”的“扑”，应是“波”字，但“波”还不是“坚”的，本字是“播”。
+
+
+
+ “奔波”即像波浪一样奔来奔去，形容十分匆忙
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e1e6abcf775813e5ac025fe32707922cebe8421
--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+
+
+可以是“薯仔（一指土豆，一指傻仔）”“萝卜仔（可以是小的萝卜，也指冻疮）”，还可以是“老婆仔”“老公仔”“老鼠仔（可以是小老鼠，又可以是‘手瓜’上的那块肌肉）”。
+
+这个“仔”，到了石岐话这里，还相当于“哋”“啲咁多”，石岐话是“一仔咁多”“一仔嘢”，就是一点点大的东西。
+石岐人说：“佢呀，一仔嘢就嘈生晒，慌死人地唔知。”
+
+石岐人又话：“做人嘅嘢，求其啦，多仔少仔都冇所谓𠮶。”这句话的“多仔少仔”指的当然是“多哋少哋”，但也可以有另一层含义，“多仔佛”并不是“多点佛”，而是会令你多子多福的佛。所以，“多仔少仔”可以理解成“多些儿子，或少些儿子”。除了多仔，少仔、高仔、矮仔、长仔、短仔都会有此义。
+
+有一点，广府话和石岐话都是一样的，就是说“少”的时候，广府话是“啲咁多”，石岐话是“一仔咁多”，而不会说成“啲咁少”和“一仔咁少”，这似乎有点禅意。
+
+“在哪里”，广府话曰“系边度”，石岐话可以说“响边度”，也可以说“响边仔订呀”，如：“𠮶个多仔佛响边仔订呀？”这里的“仔”似乎并不表示小或点，应是语气助词。
+
+“边”，孔仲南认为“边”有东南西北，所以作疑问代词。至于“订”，解作“地方”。“冇‘订’企”，表面意思是没地方站，实际指已失去他本来的位置，如“自从阿甲来咗之后，阿乙就冇订企啦”。香港的潘永强先生在其《广府俗语探奇》一书中说，这“订”的本字乃是“党”。“党”字古代有好几种含义，其中一义乃是“处所、地方”。孙希旦《礼记集解》曰：“党，所也。”章太炎的《新方言》也说：“党，所也，方也。”
+
+不过，潘先生还说，古时作为地方意思的“党”，本身也只是借字。其本义乃是“灰暗、不鲜明”，其被借的是“䣊”，且“一借不还”。《玉篇》解释道：“䣊，五百家为䣊，今作党。”
+
+| “店”的本义是用以放置农具、看守作物的草舍
+
+我则是这样认为的，在广府话里，除了“冇订企”，另一说得较多的念“订”的俗语是“买棺材唔知订”，意思近于“不知道死字怎么写”。我疑心“订”的本字是“店”，“店”的本义是用以放置农具、看守作物的草舍，后引申指旅舍、客栈和买卖货物的场所。还有，“店”还可以是都邑、集镇名，如驿马店。意思不用说，从读音的角度，“订”更有可能是“店”。
+
+拉蒲肚坡畀人睇,
+面皮仲品过牛肚。
+石岐好耍眯唔去,
+滞运啰定都闲个。
+姑个音啱边个字,
+正斩头鬼捉字虱。
+
+# 唔同色都闲𠮶
+
+自从我开始筹备写《石岐话词语笔记》，每逢回到石岐，我都会竖起耳仔做人，十足十一个窃听者。特别是去茶楼饮茶，家人或朋友都会发现我老是心不在“马”，身在此台耳听别台，当然，前提是别台的人是用石岐话交流。
+
+某天，如我所愿，隔离𠮶台茶客都是说石岐话的，且个个都声如洪钟，耳朵打横都可听到，且终于听到一句“唔同色都闲𠮶”。
+
+那位石岐佬说的前一句我没在意，这一句我捉到正。现在的石岐人，特别是年轻人，由于受广州话和香港话的影响，都会说成“唔同色都得𠮶”或是“唔同色都冇所谓”，只有上了年纪的人才会说“都闲𠮶”。
+
+这个“闲”，我在《兼》这篇小文中曾提到过，现在的“闲”是简体字，繁体是“閑”。门中有木，所以“閑”的本义是木栏之类的遮挡物，后引申出“规范、限制”等义。后“閑”又通“閒”，这个门中有月的字，才是“闲”的本义，不过经汉字简化后，这个“閒”也消失了。
+
+|“竖起耳朵”做人的我，终于听到一句老土且正宗的石岐话
+
+这个“閒”，从门从月，“大门当夜开，闲而见月光，是有间隙也。”（南唐徐错《说文解字系传》）所以“閒”的本义是“空隙”，即现在的“间”。这个“閒”有许多引申义，包括我们最熟悉的“空闲、清闲”，还有一个引申义是“无关紧要”。辛弃疾的著名词句“閒愁几许，更晚风特地吹衣”中的“閒”，意思就是“无关紧要”。
+
+那位石岐佬所说的“唔同色都闲𠮶”中的“闲”，意思也是“无关紧要”，且看下面这对话：
+
+甲：唔好意思，系你度住咗几日，真系滚搞晒！
+
+乙：几咁闲啊，你有时间咪住多几日先至走啰。
+
+（画外音：“最好就冇啰。”）
+
+“几咁闲”“好闲啫”这些句子中的“闲”意思也是“无关紧要”。
+
+北方话的“有空”，广府话称“得闲”。这个“得闲”甚有古意——“偷得浮生半日闲”。李白诗曰“人生得意须尽欢，莫使金樽空对月”，我则认为，应是“人生得闲须尽欢，莫使閒字空有月”。
+
+| 在别人家里住了段时间，添了麻烦，对方只能无奈地笑笑
+曾经，我认为“唔同色都闲𠮶”，可以表达为“不同的颜色也行的”。于是这个“闲”可能是北方话“行”的音讹，后来翻字典，才发现我纯粹是谂多咗。
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@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+
+
+| “枭”指的是一种猫头鹰
+
+反，幼鸟长大后翻脸不认母，反而将母亲“夹生”食咗。于是古人规定在夏至和冬至那两天要捉枭，将其身体剁碎，将其头挂在木柱上示众，所以后人把砍头悬挂示众称作“枭首”。
+
+另一位夏先生——夏元瑜，在其《老盖仙谈民俗》一书中，谈到“砍人头”这个话题。他是这样说的：“中国的砍脑袋，要两名刽子手，犯人先跪下，一名揪着辫子，向前一拉，另一名一刀下来，正好落在第一和第二颈椎之间，飘然而过，连刀刃都不伤。不过这手艺平常没法儿练，常常误砍在第二颈椎之下，那五个关节可连得复杂，很难一刀砍断，只好连剁多几刀，好歹将其剁下来。有的新手越剁越慌，甚至砍到肩膀，那犯人就受了罪了，所以常有些不怕死的人临刑前拜托刽子手‘给我个痛快’。”
+刘居上先生在其《阜峰岐水》一书中，收有《中山土著溯源》一文。他说：“香山岛腹地是连绵起伏的五桂山脉，山下围着一圈窄窄的沿海平原，远古时代的越人就在这里繁衍生息，过着打猎、捕鱼的生活。”那时的古越人，有着一种现在听起来很骇人的风俗——猎头。历史学家吕思勉曾指出“沿海原始民族或有食人之俗”。他引证了《墨子·鲁问》中“楚之南有啖人之国者”等文献资料，“可证食人之俗，曾一度流行于楚、粤、交、广至南洋群岛之原始民族间也”。
+
+| 波兰女诗人辛波斯卡《砍头》一诗仿佛在说妇女穿得袒胸露肩，显出美丽的脖子，是为了让人砍去自己的头颅
+
+有学者认为，在广东许多地方考古发掘出来的材料中，可以看见古代广东地区很可能是这些“猎首族”的天下，包括那时的香山岛，而被猎首的人，不就是斩头鬼了吗？
+
+这“斩头鬼”，史上最强的或许是《山海经》中的“刑天”——“刑天与帝争神，帝断其首，葬之常羊之山。乃以乳为目，以脐为口，操干戚以舞。”他的头被黄帝斩了，竟以两乳为双目，用肚脐当口继续呐喊，继续战斗，这个“斩头鬼”认真劲。
+
+某天翻1996年诺贝尔文学奖得主、波兰女诗人辛波斯卡的诗集。里头有首名《砍头》的诗，注释中提到，波兰文和法文中“袒胸露肩装”一词，其字源为拉丁文“decollo”，意思是砍头，于是她诗中有这么一段：
+
+苏格拉皇后玛丽·史都华
+穿着得体的连身衣裙走上断头台
+她的衣衫袒胸露肩
+红似喷溅的鲜血
+
+这颇有意思，仿佛女人穿得袒胸露肩，显出美丽的脖子，是为了让别人砍头。以后看到美眉穿成这样子，我们会别有深意地说：“你个斩头鬼呀，件衫着得咁好睇𠮶。”
+
+后来，有了枪，有了子弹，“斩头鬼”于是有了个同义词——“打靶鬼”。
+
+好多年前，读过一部小说，名《亮出你的舌苔或空空荡荡》，内容全忘了，书名一直记得，稍改了一下，变成了这篇小文的标题。
+
+# 石岐好好耍
+
+电影《李小龙 我的兄弟》有这样一个情节：李小龙的“老豆”替BB仔的小龙（时名“细凤”）画了个大花面，眉毛长如仙人，还画上了胡子。这情节倒是有出处，因为他们父子二人真有一张这样的合照。替BB仔画上胡子，这样的行为石岐人称“耍”。
+
+“耍”字的“而”，表从颊及下颌下垂的须，下面加上“女”字，就是表往女子面上画须，就是表戏耍之义。有件事挺好耍的，那就是我这个石岐佬还是石岐仔时，第一次看到这个“耍”字，还错认为“要”字。
+
+而“要”本是一个人站着，双手叉腰的象形，即腰的本字。由于腰是人体运动系统的重要部位，因此引申有“重要、主要、要害”等义，而“要挟”实际上是“腰挟”、即拦腰挟持。
+| 李小龙的“老豆”替BB仔的小龙（时名“细凤”）画了个大花面，眉毛长如仙人，还画上了胡子
+
+“耍”的意思是“戏耍、玩耍”，铁城人说的“耍”，省城人一般说“玩”。“玩”的“王”字旁本是“玉”，“元”表声。“玩”，本义就是把玩观赏玉，引申泛指欣赏，又引申指“游戏、闲耍”。“玩”显得有点端，拿着块玉，有点作态，而“耍”则比较纯真，小女孩往脸上画胡须，多天真。
+
+省城人很正规地把“玩具”说成“玩具”，书面语似的。铁城人则本真地说成“嘢耍”，这个词还是倒装的，从语法上讲应是“耍嘢”，即供玩耍的东西，但铁城人偏说成“嘢耍”。同样的还有“嘢吃”。我想是这样的，好闷的细蚊仔甲问细蚊仔乙：“有咩嘢耍呀（即有什么东西玩呀）？”馋嘴的细蚊仔丙问细蚊仔丁：“有咩嘢食呀（即有什么东西吃呀）？”慢慢地，就用“嘢耍”代表玩具，用“嘢吃”代表食物。
+
+
+
+“耍”，在石岐话（广府话也是）里头，还有“表演、展示”的意思，如“我耍套咏春畀你睇吓呀”。打功夫称耍功夫，似乎会功夫显得不那么严肃。哈哈，真好耍。还有，小夫妻或是男女朋友之间的打闹游戏，称“耍花枪”。不过，有个“耍”字倒不是讲“耍”的，那就是“耍家”，拿手的意思。
+
+“石岐好好耍”的下一句，自然是“十二点钟有炮打”。打炮的地方是烟燎山，“十二点”指的是中午，所以亦称“午炮”。响午炮是为了报时，此习俗一直到1958年才停息。以前的人比较简单，12点钟听听打炮声，已觉“好好耍”。打炮这“好耍”之事，令我想起当年石岐严老师著名的一副对子：
+
+三灶无柴，萌尾大兜烧破镬；
+四门有炮，中心小引弹长江。
+
+这是一副“好好耍”的对子，为了那句“石岐好好耍，十二点钟有炮打”，我稍作修改，曰：
+
+翠坑砌灶，萌尾大兜烧破镬；
+烟墩开炮，中心小引弹长江。
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..acb26dae364b6f217608d46bcda38d5a03c04c09
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@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+从以上两例中可总结周转轮系传动比计算的**一般步骤**，如下。
+
+第一步：判断轮系是平面周转轮系还是空间周转轮系，找到行星轮 G，确定与行星轮啮合的太阳轮 K、行星架 H，看看有没有固定中心轮（机架轮），如有固定中心轮则机构为行星轮系，反之为差动轮系。
+
+第二步：若为差动轮系，套公式 $i_{AB}^{H} = \frac{n_{A}^{H}}{n_{B}^{H}} = \frac{n_{A}-n_{H}}{n_{B}-n_{H}} = f(z)$。注意：A、B 大多数时候为两个太阳轮，偶尔取 A、B 为一个太阳轮与一个行星轮，H 为行星架。
+
+若为行星轮系，套公式 $i_{AB}^{H} = \frac{n_{A}^{H}}{n_{B}^{H}} = \frac{n_{A}-n_{H}}{n_{B}-n_{H}} = f(z)$ 或 $i_{AH} = 1 - i_{AB}^{H} = 1 - f(z)$。注意：A 一般为活动中心轮，偶尔取 A 为行星轮，B 为固定中心轮，H 为行星架。
+
+第三步：若为平面周转轮系，画箭头或者通过外啮合次数以确定 $f(z)$ 的方向。若为空间周转轮系，通过箭头表示转向。
+
+第四步：选取正方向，开始代值，与正方向相同的代入正值，与正方向相反的代入负值，求出的第三个转速就可按其符号来确定方向。
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_28.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_28.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d28db7df396edb0267881c5b00f2083fb5431644
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@@ -0,0 +1,28 @@
+# 提高各级党校为党育才献策水平
+
+来源:《求是》2025/16 作者:《求是》杂志评论员 2025-08-15 09:30:10
+
+## 提高各级党校为党育才献策水平
+
+《求是》杂志评论员
+
+党校作为教育培训干部和党员的主渠道、党的思想理论建设的重要阵地,工作水平如何,关系到党和国家工作大局,关系到党的建设全局。近日,中共中央印发新修订的《中国共产党党校(行政学院)工作条例》(以下简称《条例》),对党校(行政学院)办学治校各方面工作进一步作出一系列具有针对性、指导性和可操作性的制度安排,为党校(行政学院)更好服务大局、践行初心提供了基本遵循,必将有力推动党校(行政学院)工作向更高水平迈进。
+
+兴办党校为党育才献策,是我们党的优良传统和政治优势。从大革命时期安源党校、北京党校这两所最早党校的成立,到如今构建起从中央到地方包括3000余所党校(行政学院)的完整体系,党充分运用党校(行政学院)这一重要阵地,培养造就了一批又一批领导骨干,为党的事业不断从胜利走向胜利提供了有力保障。习近平总书记历来高度重视党校工作,对党校事业发展倾注大量心血。2007年至2012年兼任中央党校校长期间,58次到中央党校,18次讲授“开学第一课”。党的十八大以来,总书记对党校工作作出一系列重要论述,深刻回答了为什么办党校、办什么样的党校、怎样办党校等根本问题,为做好新时代党校工作指明了前行方向。特别是在中央党校建校90周年庆祝大会暨2023年春季学期开学典礼上发表的重要讲话,把我们党对党校工作规律的认识提升到全新高度。在总书记亲切关怀下,各级党校(行政学院)坚守为党育才、为党献策的初心,为培养党的干部、推动党的思想理论建设、服务党和国家事业作出了重要贡献。
+
+当前,我国正处于以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业的关键时期,改革发展稳定任务之重、矛盾风险挑战之多、对我们党治国理政考验之大前所未有。党要肩负起新的历史使命,必须锻造堪当重任的骨干队伍、凝聚磅礴深厚的思想力量。在这方面,党校(行政学院)责任重大、责无旁贷。近年来,党校(行政学院)工作取得显著成效,但也还存在一些不容忽视的问题。比如,有的党校(行政学院)对自身地位作用和使命任务认识不清,对党校姓党根本原则领悟不深;有的教学内容、方式方法与新时代新要求不相适应,针对性和实效性不强;有的重教学、轻科研,理论研究、对策研究能力水平不足;等等。面对新形势新任务,如何更好发挥党校(行政学院)作用,正是党中央决定对《条例》予以修订的重要考量。新修订的《条例》充分体现党中央和习近平总书记的最新部署要求,把办学实践中形成的好经验好做法总结上升为制度规范,同时对办学过程中遇到的新情况新问题从制度层面加以解决,各级党校(行政学院)必须结合自身实际抓好贯彻落实。
+
+党校因党而立,党校姓党是天经地义的要求,也是党校工作最鲜明的特征、最根本的原则。《条例》明确规定,党校(行政学院)工作的首要原则就是坚持党校姓党。这次修订将“深刻领悟‘两个确立’的决定性意义”、“为党育才、为党献策”等写入总体要求,并在具体制度安排上充分体现党校姓党原则,就是为了确保党对党校(行政学院)工作的全面领导落实到位。在这个根本性问题上,各级党校(行政学院)一定要有高度的政治清醒和思想自觉,始终铭记业为谁兴、功为谁建、言为谁立,坚持一切教学活动、一切科研活动、一切办学活动都坚持党性原则,让党的旗帜始终在党校(行政学院)高高飘扬。
+
+为党育才,是党校的独特价值所在。近年来,各级党校(行政学院)持续大规模开展干部教育培训,取得明显成效,但也还存在培训覆盖面不够广的问题,重复培训、多头调训和多年不训的现象仍不同程度存在。党的二十届三中全会将“健全常态化培训特别是基本培训机制”列为党的建设制度改革的重要内容,就是为了加强对干部和党员的教育培训,更好用党的创新理论武装全党。贯彻落实全会部署,这次《条例》修订新增了开展常态化培训特别是基本培训相关内容。各级党校(行政学院)应充分发挥基本培训的牵引带动作用,科学制定培训方案,推进培训方式创新,坚持应训尽训,让更多干部和党员接受高质量教育培训。“教什么”,关系教育培训方向和实效。应坚持把习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想作为教学的主题主线、中心内容,系统开展党的理论教育、党性教育和履职能力培训,帮助学员练就硬脊梁、铁肩膀、真本事。
+
+为党献策,也是党校不同于一般学校的独特价值所在。当今时代,社会思潮纷纭激荡,意识形态领域斗争尖锐复杂,党和国家发展面临许多亟待解决的问题。作为党的思想理论建设的重要力量,党校必须做好理论研究、对策研究这个探索规律、经世致用的大学问。新修订的《条例》要求党校(行政学院)强化科研和决策咨询工作,就是为了更好发挥其为党献策的职责。如何搞好理论研究?重点是加强对习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的体系化、学理化研究阐释,不能从文献到文献、从理论到理论,而应多搞“集成”和“总装”,多搞“自主创新”和“综合创新”。如何为决策研究提供“金点子”、开出“好方子”?关键是紧紧围绕中国式现代化,聚焦实践遇到的新问题、改革发展稳定存在的深层次问题、人民群众急难愁盼问题、国际变局中的重大问题、党的建设面临的突出问题开展调查研究,提出真正解决问题的新理念新思路新办法。
+
+做好党校(行政学院)工作是一项系统工程。坚持系统观念,正是此次《条例》修订新增加的一条重要原则。各级党校(行政学院)要坚持以系统思维和方法谋划部署工作,着力把系统内外的办学资源都盘活起来、整合起来,推动同题共答、同向共进。办好党校(行政学院)也是全党的共同责任。各级党委应切实落实好办学治校的主体责任,用情用力耕耘好党校(行政学院)事业这份“责任田”。各级党委和政府、相关职能部门应在学员选调、人才培养、政策制定、经费投入、调查研究、基础设施建设等方面给予有力支持,共同把党校(行政学院)办好。
+
+
+
+网站编辑 - 张芯蕊 校对 - 乔雪 夏明月 审校 - 高胜军
+【网站声明】
+Copyright © 2009-2025 QSTHEORY.cn All Rights Reserved.
+制作单位：求是网传媒（北京）有限公司 版权所有：求是网传媒（北京）有限公司
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_29.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_29.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69fdbd5bb831bf1e118d6114664e3190dd29b4ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_29.md
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# 育发液,唤醒发量新生
+## 科学植萃，养护健韧发态
+
+
+
+● 何首乌提取物+ ● 川穹提取物+ ● 当归提取物
+
+
+### 01 何首乌根提取物
+
+
+
+强韧发干 改善断裂
+
+多糖成分修复毛鳞片结构，提升发丝角蛋白密度（实测韧性+32%）
+
+
+
+### 02 川穹提取物
+
+
+
+活血通络 改善微循环
+
+含川芎嗪和阿魏酸，有助于促进头皮血液循环，提升毛囊营养输送，改善头皮环境
+
+
+
+### 03 当归提取物
+
+
+
+滋养头皮 减少脱落
+
+当归多糖与挥发油成分协同, 温和滋养头皮, 帮助调节毛囊生长节律, 减少日常掉发情况
+
+
+
+# 激活头发生长力
+## 多维滋养,强韧每一根发
+
+
+
+● 膜荚黄芪提取物 + ● 人参根提取物 + ● 姜根提取物
+
+
+### 01 膜荚黄芪提取物
+
+
+
+益气固表 强韧发根
+
+增强毛囊稳固性, 减少发丝松动脱落, 令发根更扎实
+
+
+
+### 02 人参根提取物
+
+
+
+激活毛囊 促进生长
+
+人参皂苷Rb1与Rg1协同作用有助于提升毛乳头细胞活性, 支持毛囊干细胞增殖, 帮助延长头发生长期, 提升生长活力
+
+
+
+### 03 姜根提取物
+
+
+
+温养头皮 强韧发根
+
+有助于促进头皮微循环, 温和滋养毛囊, 增强发根稳固性, 减少日常松动
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_3.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_3.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7a42f744afc4593174c2abf792a89c8b45e3eff
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_3.md
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+有违法所得的，并处没收违法所得；给他人造成损失的，依法承担赔偿责任；情节严重的，依法责令停止执业或者吊销相应资格；造成重大损失的，由相关部门吊销营业执照，并对有关责任人员采取______措施。
+
+前款规定的机构出具失实文件，给他人造成损失的，依法承担赔偿责任；造成重大损失的，由消防救援机构依法责令停止执业或者吊销相应资格，由相关部门吊销营业执照，并对有关责任人员采取终身市场禁入措施。
+
+4. 单位违反本法规定，有下列行为之一的，责令改正，处五千元以上五万元以下罚款：
+
+(1) 消防设施、器材或者消防安全标志的配置、设置______国家标准、行业标准，或者未______的；
+
+(2) ______、挪用或者擅自____、____消防设施、器材的；
+
+(3) 占用、堵塞、封闭疏散通道、安全出口或者有其他妨碍安全疏散行为的；
+
+(4) 埋压、圈占、遮挡____或者占用____的；
+
+(5) 占用、堵塞、封闭消防车通道，妨碍消防车通行的；
+
+(6) 人员密集场所在____上设置影响逃生和灭火救援的障碍物的；
+
+(7) 对火灾隐患经公安机关消防机构通知后不及时采取措施消除的。**口诀：蔬菜溅车门**
+
+个人有前款第二项、第三项、第四项、第五项行为之一的，处____或者____罚款。5. 人员密集场所使用____的消防产品或者国家明令____的消防产品的，责令限期改正；逾期不改正的，处____罚款，并对其直接负责的主管人员和其他直接责任人员处____罚款；情节严重的，责令____。
+
+6. 生产、储存、经营易燃易爆危险品的场所与____设置在同一建筑物内，或者未与____保持安全距离的，责令停产停业，并处____罚款。
+
+7. ______、______的安装、使用及其线路、管路的设计、敷设、维护保养、检测不符合消防技术标准和管理规定的，责令限期改正；逾期不改正的，责令停止使用，可以并处____罚款。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_30.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_30.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3491018602161e9fbcade8409588d10276c8e279
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_30.md
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+# QA
+
+
+
+## Q1:防脱效果多久能看到?需要长期使用吗?
+
+A: 防脱是一个需要耐心的过程。根据我们的第三方和特证实验显示，多数用户在持续使用8周后可见脱发明显改善，如脱发量减少、新生绒毛出现。可作为日常头皮护理长期使用。
+
+## Q2:产品是否适合敏感头皮?会有刺激性吗?
+
+A: 控驻系列采用氨基酸表活(如月桂酰谷氨酸钠)与两性表面活性剂(椰油酰胺丙基甜菜碱), pH值贴近头皮弱酸性环境, 温和不刺激。洗发水中的薄荷脑、迷迭香提取物还能舒缓头皮敏感, 减少瘙痒。经第三方检测, 产品无致敏性, 适合敏感肌人群。若您是极度敏感头皮, 建议首次使用前进行耳后测试。
+
+## Q3:洗发水中的防腐剂安全吗?会导致头屑或脱发吗?
+
+A: 我们严格遵循《化妆品安全技术规范》，选用苯甲酸钠、苯氧乙醇等合规防腐剂，且浓度符合标准。这些成分在冲洗型产品中停留时间极短，只要彻底冲洗干净，不会残留在头皮引发问题。此外，产品添加柠檬酸调节pH值，进一步降低刺激风险。
+
+## Q4:产品是否有防脱特证?如何证明其有效性?
+
+A: 控驻系列通过国家药品监督管理局严格审批，拥有国妆特字认证。洗发水：国妆特字20241949 育发液：国妆特字G2020226，并完成人体功效测试，证实可有效减少脱发、促进毛发生长。产品成分中的侧柏叶提取物、人参根提取物等均有现代研究支持其防脱作用。可以根据证书编号自行查询辨别真伪。
+
+## Q5:产后脱发女性可以使用吗?哺乳期是否安全?
+
+A: 非常适合，产品不含激素、酒精，硅油等成分，温和配方经皮肤科测试，哺乳期女性可放心使用。建议配合头部按摩加速恢复。
+
+## Q6:东西是好东西,价格会不会有点贵?
+
+A: 控驻系列定位高端防脱，原料成本占比超60%（如何首乌，侧柏叶，冬虫夏草提取物提取物等），且生产工艺复杂。建议选择洗发水+育发液套装，价格较单买节省约34%，更适合长期护理。。
+
+## Q7:如何正确使用才能发挥最佳效果?
+
+A: 建议按以下步骤操作：
+
+洗发水：每日或隔日使用，湿发状态下取 5-8ml 于掌心，加水揉搓出泡沫后按摩头皮 3 分钟，重点清洁发际线与头顶，按摩 3 分钟后彻底冲洗。
+
+育发液：采用30ml三点滚珠式包装，单手垂直头皮向下按压，可精准涂抹发际线、发缝等发量稀少区域，单只用完即弃，避免污染。
+
+轻度脱发者可将育发液混入洗发水使用，清洁同时持续滋养毛囊
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_31.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_31.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..178520184163721a57b6041af34930e2cc8f61ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_31.md
@@ -0,0 +1,453 @@
+# United States Patent Office
+
+3,271,341
+
+Patented Sept. 6, 1966
+
+---
+
+**1**
+
+**3,271,341**
+
+## AQUEOUS COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS OF POLYMER
+
+**William Emmett Garrison, Jr., Wilmington, Del., assignor to E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington, Del., a corporation of Delaware**
+
+**No Drawing. Filed Aug. 7, 1961, Ser. No. 129,52621 Claims. (Cl. 260—29.6)**
+
+The present invention relates to the preparation of aqueous colloidal dispersions of polymer, and, more particularly, to the use of novel dispersing agents in the preparation of aqueous colloidal polymer dispersions.
+
+It is the principal object of the present invention to provide dispersing agents which are suitable for use in the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers to form aqueous colloidal dispersions of polymer. Another object is to provide dispersing agents which do not adversely affect the rate of degree of polymerization of the ethylenic monomer but aid in the formation and stabilization of colloidal polymer particles and in the solubilization of the ethylenic monomer in the aqueous phase. Other objects will become apparent hereinafter.
+
+The objects of the present invention are accomplished by carrying out the polymerization of a polymerizable monomeric monoethylenically unsaturated compound in an aqueous medium containing a water-soluble polymerization initiator, and, as an ionizable dispersing agent, a water-soluble compound having the general formula
+
+$$
+\ce{F-\!\!\!(CF_2-\!\!\!\!)_mO-\!\!\![CF(X)-CF_2-O-\!\!\!]_n-CF(X)-COOA}
+$$
+
+where X is a member of the class consisting of fluorine and the perfluoromethyl radical, *m* is a positive integer of 1 to 5 inclusive and *n* is a positive integer from 0 to 10, and A is a hydrophilic radical of the class consisting of hydrogen and monovalent salt radicals.
+
+The polymerization of the monomer in an aqueous medium containing a dispersing agent as herein defined and a polymerization initiator to obtain an aqueous colloidal dispersion of the polymer is carried out in accordance with the known general procedures. Pressures of 1 to 3000 atmospheres and temperatures of 0° C. to 200° C. or higher can be used, the preferred ranges being a pressure of 10 to 100 atmospheres and a temperature of 50° C. to 130° C. The polymerization initiator is a water-soluble, free radical-producing initiator, preferably a water-soluble peroxy compound which can be inorganic, e.g., persulfates, perborates, percarbonates, hydrogen peroxide, or organic, e.g., disuccinic acid peroxide. There may also be used water-soluble, azo initiators, e.g., disodium-γ,γ-azobis(γ-cyanovalerate) or α,α'-azodiisobutyramidine hydrochloride. The initiator is normally used in proportions of 0.001% to 5%, based on the weight of polymerizable monomer employed.
+
+The dispersing agents employed in the present invention are polyether acids and salts which may be obtained by the polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene epoxide or hexafluoropropylene epoxide and subsequent hydrolysis. Hexafluoropropylene epoxide is prepared by the reaction of hexafluoropropylene with aqueous alkaline hydrogen peroxide. Tetrafluoroethylene epoxide is prepared by the oxidation of tetrafluoroethylene using molecular oxygen, ultraviolet light radiation and a trace of a halogen such as bromine.
+
+The polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene epoxide or hexafluoropropylene epoxide may be carried out by contacting the epoxide with a suitable free radical-forming catalyst such as activated charcoal. A specific procedure for the polymerization is as follows: In a dry nitrogen atmosphere, a 500 ml. stainless steel cylinder is charged with 28.6 g. of "Darco" 12 x 20 activated carbon which has been dried for 12 hours at 400° C. in vacuo.
+
+**2**
+
+The cylinder is cooled to liquid nitrogen temperatures and 400 g. of hexafluoropropylene epoxide is charged into the cylinder. The reaction mixture, under autogenous pressure, is allowed to come to room temperature, where it is maintained for approximately three days. The reaction mixture is then distilled through a column under suitable conditions. Various fractions of the polyether having the general formula:
+
+$$
+\ce{CF_3-CF_2-CF_2-O[CF(CF_3)-CF_2-O-\!\!\!]_nCF(CF_3)-COF}
+$$
+
+where *n* indicates the number of repeating
+
+$$
+\ce{-CF(CF_3)-CF_2-O-}
+$$
+
+units and differing in degree of polymerization (n+2) are obtained.
+
+In a specific example using the described procedure, the conversion to dimer ($n=0$) is about 12%, to trimer ($n=1$) about 5%, to polymers boiling up to 285° C. at 0.12 mm. Hg pressure ($n=2-35$) about 50% and to polymers boiling above 285° C. at 0.12 mm. Hg pressure ($n>35$) about 8%. Approximately 25% of unreacted hexafluoropropylene epoxide is recovered. Tetrafluoroethylene epoxide is polymerized in substantially the same way to result in polyethers having the general formula
+
+$$
+\ce{CF_3-CF_2-O-(CF_2-CF_2-O-)_nCF_2COF}
+$$
+
+where *n* indicates the number of $\ce{-CF_2-CF_2-O-}$ groups and $n+2$ is the degree of polymerization. The product can be distilled to isolate various fractions differing in the degree of polymerization.
+
+The modification of the perfluoroalkyl end of the polyether acid is achieved by carrying out the polymerization in the presence of a perfluoroalkyl acid fluoride. Thus, the presence of carbonyl fluoride results in a perfluoromethyl end group in the polymerization of hexafluoropropylene epoxide, the presence of perfluoroacetyl fluoride in a perfluoroethyl group, etc. The following experimental procedure illustrates this modification in the polymerization of hexafluoropropylene epoxide using a cesium fluoride as the polymerization catalyst: Into a 320 ml. stainless steel shaker tube is charged 25 g. of cesium fluoride, 40 ml. of diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, 38 g. of carbonyl fluoride and 193 g. of hexafluoropropylene epoxide. The tube is sealed and heated for 6 hours at 50° C. The liquid contents of the tube are distilled and 20 g. of 3,6-dioxa-2,4-di(trifluoromethyl) heptafluoroheptanoyl fluoride is isolated. The material is then hydrolyzed by treatment with 10 ml. of water, and the fluorocarbon layer is separated and dried by azeotropic distillation of the water with benzene. The acid is treated with ammonia in the ether solution to convert it to the ammonium salt.
+
+As indicated by the foregoing description, the formation of the acid or the salt from the acid fluoride is readily achieved by hydrolysis in the case of the acid, and in the case of the salt by the simultaneous or subsequent reaction with a basic compound or by the direct reaction of the basic compound with the polyether acid fluoride.
+
+The dispersing agents employed in the process of the present invention comprise a perfluoropolyether acid radical and a hydrophilic group. As indicated above, the number of repeating divalent polyether radicals can be from zero in the case of the dimer, to about 10, although preferably n is from 1 to 5. The specific hydrophilic group is not critical provided it confers upon the compound as a whole a solubility in water of at least 0.1% at 100° C., which is necessary for the dispersing agent to perform satisfactorily in aqueous polymerization systems.
+
+**3**
+
+The term "water-soluble" as applied herein to the dispersing agent denotes a minimum solubility in water of 0.1% at 100° C. Although the free acids can be used, their solubility is rather low.
+
+TABLE I
+
+
+
+
+| Example |
+Dispersing agent |
+Wt. ofdisp.agentin g. |
+Space-timeyield ing./1 hr. |
+Dis-persedsolids inpercent |
+Polymerproducedin g. |
+Coagulum(dry wt.)in g. |
+Particle diame-ter in microns |
+Specificgravity |
+
+
+| Lighttrans. |
+Ultra-centr. |
+
+
+
+
+| I________ |
+CF3CF2CF2—O—CF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH4Ammonium-3,6-dioxa-2,4-di(trifluoromethyl)undec-afluorononanoate. |
+4.9 |
+347 |
+35.0 |
+1710 |
+trace |
+0.245 |
+________ |
+2.216 |
+
+
+| II_______ |
+CF3CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH4 Ammon-nium-3,6-dioxa-2,4-di(trifluoromethyl)nonafluoro-octanoate. |
+4.9 |
+324 |
+32.9 |
+1577 |
+trace |
+0.208 |
+0.222 |
+2.207 |
+
+
+| III______ |
+CF3—OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH4 Ammonium-3,6-dioxa-2,4-di(trifluoromethyl heptafluoroheptanoate. |
+4.9 |
+414 |
+35.4 |
+1744 |
+trace |
+0.224 |
+________ |
+2.208 |
+
+
+| IV______ |
+CF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH3CH3_____ |
+4.9 |
+318 |
+34.1 |
+1700 |
+trace |
+0.275 |
+________ |
+2.210 |
+
+
+| V_______ |
+CF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH2(CH3)2__ |
+4.9 |
+345 |
+35.1 |
+1711 |
+trace |
+0.262 |
+________ |
+2.222 |
+
+
+| VI______ |
+CF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH(CH3)3___ |
+4.9 |
+403 |
+35.0 |
+1679 |
+trace |
+0.299 |
+0.300 |
+2.216 |
+
+
+| VII_____ |
+CF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COON(CH3)4_____ |
+4.9 |
+336 |
+33.0 |
+1650 |
+trace |
+0.283 |
+________ |
+2.228 |
+
+
+| VIII____ |
+CF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH3CH2OH_ |
+4.9 |
+333 |
+35.1 |
+1711 |
+trace |
+0.262 |
+________ |
+2.220 |
+
+
+| IX______ |
+CF3CF2CF2O—CF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONa_________ |
+4.9 |
+400 |
+35.0 |
+1730 |
+trace |
+0.245 |
+________ |
+2.216 |
+
+
+| X_______ |
+CF3CF2CF2O[CF(CF3)CF2O]2CF(CF3)COONH4_______ |
+4.9 |
+255 |
+33.9 |
+1597 |
+trace |
+0.254 |
+________ |
+________ |
+
+
+| XI______ |
+CF3CF2CF2O[CF(CF3)CF2O]3CF(CF3)COONH4_______ |
+4.9 |
+________ |
+20.4 |
+________ |
+500 |
+0.262 |
+________ |
+________ |
+
+
+| XII_____ |
+CF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)COOH___________________________ |
+5.0 |
+312 |
+20.7 |
+1243 |
+500 |
+0.250 |
+________ |
+2.217 |
+
+
+| XIII____ |
+CF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2O—CF(CF3)COOH__________ |
+4.9 |
+423 |
+33.7 |
+1610 |
+50 |
+0.263 |
+0.280 |
+2.216 |
+
+
+| XIV____ |
+CF3CF2CF2O[CF(CF3)CF2O]2CF(CF3)COOH__________ |
+8.0 |
+368 |
+28.3 |
+1252 |
+29 |
+0.272 |
+________ |
+2.206 |
+
+
+| XV_____ |
+CF3CF2CF2O[CF(CF3)CF2O]3CF(CF3)COOH__________ |
+8.0 |
+417 |
+20.2 |
+1143 |
+417 |
+0.288 |
+________ |
+2.210 |
+
+
+| XVI____ |
+CF3CF2O[CF2CF2O]1CF2COONH4______________________ |
+1.8 |
+243 |
+34.4 |
+1733 |
+113 |
+0.176 |
+________ |
+2.220 |
+
+
+| XVII___ |
+CF3CF2O(CF2CF2O)2CF2COONH4_____________________ |
+2.5 |
+290 |
+34.0 |
+1645 |
+trace |
+0.152 |
+0.195 |
+2.217 |
+
+
+| XVIII__ |
+CF3CF2CF2OCF(CF3)CF2OCF(CF3)COONH4_________ |
+2.5 |
+191 |
+33.6 |
+1630 |
+trace |
+0.152 |
+________ |
+2.218 |
+
+
+
+
+For this reason, it is preferred to use these acids in the form of salts. These salts of the polyether acids include, for example, the ammonium and alkali metal (e.g., sodium, potassium or lithium) salts; salts of these acids with saturated alkyl amines, preferably of 1 to 4 carbon atoms, i.e., substituted ammonium salts, can also be used to advantage as well as salts of quaternary ammonium bases, such as, for example, tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide. It is not necessary to use a salt of an isolated individual acid. On the contrary, since the starting polyethers are generally obtained as mixtures of polyethers of different degree of polymerization, it may be more economic to use mixtures.
+
+The quantity of dispersing agent employed in the polymerization of the polymerizable ethylenic monomer depends on the monomer itself as well as on the conditions of polymerization. In general, the concentration of the dispersing agent is from 0.001 to 10% by weight of the aqueous medium, and, preferably, from 0.05 to 0.3%. The latter range is particularly suitable in the polymerization of halogenated ethylenes.
+
+The invention is further illustrated in greater detail in the following examples in which parts are by weight, unless otherwise stated.
+
+*Examples I-XVIII*.—Into a two-gallon, stirred, horizontal autoclave was charged 200 g. of paraffin wax, 0.0065 g. of iron powder, 2500 ml. of distilled deoxygenated water and the quantity and type of dispersing agent indicated in the table. The autoclave was evacuated and pressured to 25 p.s.i.g. with tetrafluoroethylene and heated to 70° C. Then a solution of 1.623 g. of disuccinic acid peroxide in 750 ml. of distilled and deoxygenated water was added and the system was agitated and heated to 85° C. The tetrafluoroethylene pressure was increased to 390 to 400 p.s.i.g. In the last three examples of this series (i.e., XVI-XVIII), 7.7 ml. of liquid hexafluoropropylene was injected into the reaction zone with tetrafluoroethylene. The tetrafluoroethylene pressure was maintained at that level by continuous addition during the polymerization. The polymerization was continued until the desired amount of tetrafluoroethylene was absorbed. The concentration of the resulting dispersion (i.e., percent solids), the total polymer produced, the coagulum resulting, the specific gravity of the resulting polymer and the space-time yields were determined and are listed in Table I. The specific gravity was measured in accordance with ASTM-D-1475-56T. Average particle size was determined by light transmission and/or ultracentrifuge as indicated in the table.
+
+**4**
+
+*Example XIX*.—Into a 320 ml. stainless steel autoclave is charged 100 ml. of water, 0.2 g. of potassium persulfate, 1.0 g. of ammonium-3,6-dioxa-2,4-di(trifluoromethyl) undecafluorononanoate and 2.5 g. of paraffin wax. The autoclave is cooled with Dry Ice, evacuated and 50 g. of chlorotrifluoroethylene is injected. The autoclave is heated to 40° C. and agitated for a period of 16 hours. A stable, colloidal dispersion of polychlorotrifluoro-ethylene is obtained.
+
+*Example XX*.—Into a glass vessel, maintained in a nitrogen atmosphere at a charged 100 ml. of water, 25 g. of styrene, 0.1 g. of potassium persulfate and 1.0 g. of ammonium-3,6-dioxa-2,4-di(trifluoromethyl)undecafluorooctanoate. The mixture is mildly agitated for a period of 10 hours at a temperature of 60°C. Unreacted styrene is removed by steam distillation. A stable colloidal dispersion of polystyrene is obtained.
+
+*Example XXI*.—Into a glass vessel is charged under nitrogen 100 ml. of water, 50 g. of acrylonitrile, 0.1 g. of potassium persulfate and 1.0 g. of ammonium-3,6-dioxa-2,4-di(trifluoromethyl)undecafluorononanoate. The vessel is agitated for a period of 16 hours at a temperature of 45° C. A stable aqueous dispersion of polyacrylonitrile is obtained.
+
+*Example XXII*.—Into a 320 ml. stainless steel autoclave is charged 100 ml. of water, 0.05 g. of potassium persulfate, 45 g. of vinyl acetate and 1.0 g. of ammonium-3,6-dioxa-2,4-di(trifluoromethyl)undecafluorononanoate. The autoclave is agitated under autogenous pressure for a period of 4 hours at a temperature of 45° C. A stable aqueous dispersion of polyvinyl acetate is obtained.
+
+*Example XXIII*.—A paddle stirred stainless steel reactor having a length to diameter ratio of about 1.5 and a water capacity of 80.7 parts is evacuated, charged with 46 parts of demineralized water, containing 0.1 weight percent of ammonium-3,6-dioxa-2,4-di(trifluoromethyl) undecafluorononanoate and purged of gases. The degasified charge is heated to 120° C., pressured to 390 p.s.i.g. with hexafluoropropylene and made 2.9×10⁻⁴ molal with respect to potassium persulfate by addition of an aqueous solution of potassium persulfate. The reactor is stirred and is then further pressurized to 600 p.s.i.g. with a 75/25 mixture of hexafluoropropylene and tetrafluoroethylene while additional potassium persulfate is injected so that after 15 minutes of addition the calculated concentration of undecomposed persulfate is 7.85×10⁻⁵ molal.
+
+**5**
+
+Sufficient potassium persulfate is continuously added tomaintain the free radical generation at about 2.6×10⁻⁵ moles per minute per liter of solution. The stirring of the reactor contents at 120° C. and the addition of potassium persulfate are continued for 100 minutes after the 600 p.s.i.g. pressure is attained. During this period the pressure is maintained constant by the continuous addition of tetrafluoroethylene. At the end of the 100 minutes, the agitation is discontinued, the reactor is vented and the liquid reaction mixture is discharged. There is obtained 7.3 parts of a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene colloidally dispersed in the water.
+
+It will be understood that the foregoing examples are merely illustrative and that the present invention broadly comprises the use of the described dispersing agents in the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers in an aqueous medium to obtain an aqueous dispersion of polymer. The polymerizations described, particularly those relating to the polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene, have incorporated various features described in the prior art. Thus, the use of paraffin wax is described in U.S. 2,612,484, issued to S. J. Bankoff, September 20, 1952, and the use of iron powder is described in U.S. 2,750,350, issued to A. E. Kroll, June 12, 1956.
+
+Although the invention is broadly applicable to the polymerization of ethylenically unsaturated monomers which have been established in the art as being polymerizable in aqueous media, it is of particular value in the polymerization of halogenated monomers which have a tendency to react with common dispersing agents or the polymerization of which is inhibited by such dispersing agents.
+
+In general, the monomers polymerized to aqueous dispersions of polymers using the aforesaid dispersing agents are terminally unsaturated and have the general formula where A and B are hydrogen or halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine) and D and E are hydrogen, halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, aryl, aralkyl, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, acyloxy, aldehyde, ketone, amido and imido, ether, perhaloether groups and the like.
+
+
+
+Thus, specific examples of these monomers are ethylene, propylene, vinyl chloride, vinylidene chloride, vinyl fluoride, vinyl acetate, vinyl butyrate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, methyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, ethyl methacrylate, acrylamide, methacrylamide, acrylonitrile, methacrolein, acrolein, methyl vinyl ketone, methyl vinyl ether, ethyl vinyl ether, vinyl pyridine, itaconic acid, diethyl fumarate, dimethyl fumarate and the like.
+
+A particularly preferred class of monomers, as already indicated, are halogenated monomers and, particularly, those which have the general formula $CF_2=CFR$ where R is chlorine, fluorine, perfluoroalkyl, perfluoroalkoxy, and copolymers of these halogenated monomers with each other and the monomers described hereinabove.
+
+The dispersions obtained by the process of the present invention, and, particularly, those obtained from the polymerization of perhalogenated monomers, differ from those generally obtained with other fluorinated dispersing agents, particularly with respect to the particle size. Thus, whereas the prior art polymer dispersions have particle sizes around 0.2 micron and smaller, the particle size of the dispersions obtained by the process of the present invention have particle sizes generally above 0.2 micron. This increase of particle size is highly beneficial in some applications of the dispersion. Thus, it is possible to obtain thicker coatings of polymer when the dispersion is applied to a surface without causing "mud-cracking."
+
+The aqueous dispersions of the present invention have many applications. Thus, they can be used in the spinning of fibers, in the coating of wood, metal, ceramics, textiles and the like, and in the casting of tough, flexible, coherent unsupported films.
+
+**6**
+
+All of these applications have been described in the literature and, thus, no further detailed description is deemed necessary.
+
+What is claimed is:
+
+**1**. In the polymerization of a monoethylenically unsaturated monomer composition in an aqueous medium to obtain a colloidal dispersion of polymer employing a water-soluble polymerization initiator, the step of carrying out the polymerization in the presence of an ionizable dispersing agent, said dispersing agent being a compound having a solubility of at least 0.1% at 100° C. and having the general formula
+
+$$
+\ce{F-(CF_2-\!\!\!\!)_mO-\!\!\![CF(X)-CF_2-O-\!\!\!]_nCF(X)-COOA}
+$$
+
+where X is a member of the class consisting of fluorine and the perfluoromethyl radical, *m* is a positive integer from 1 to 5 inclusive, *n* is a positive integer from 0 to 10 inclusive, and A is a hydrophilic radical selected from the class consisting of hydrogen, ammonium radical, alkali metals, and substituted ammonium radicals.
+
+**2**. The process as set forth in claim **1** wherein the concentration of the dispersing agent is from 0.001 to 10%.
+
+**3**. The process as set forth in claim **1** wherein the monomer composition is a halogenated ethylene.
+
+**4**. The process as set forth in claim **1** wherein the monomer composition is tetrafluoroethylene.
+
+**5**. The process as set forth in claim **1** wherein A is hydrogen.
+
+**6**. The process as set forth in claim **1** wherein A is the ammonium radical.
+
+**7**. The process as set forth in claim **1** wherein A is an alkali metal.
+
+**8**. The process as set forth in claim **1** wherein A is a substituted ammonium radical.
+
+**9**. In the polymerization of a monoethylenically unsaturated monomer composition in an aqueous medium to obtain a colloidal dispersion of polymer employing a water-soluble polymerization initiator, the step of carrying out the polymerization in the presence of an ionizable, water-soluble dispersing agent having the general formula
+
+$$
+\ce{CF_3CF_2CF_2-O-[CF(CF_3)-CF_2-O]_n-CF(CF_3)COOA}
+$$
+
+where n is a positive integer from 0 to 3 inclusive and A is a hydrophilic radical selected from the class consisting of hydrogen, ammonium radical, alkali metals, and substituted ammonium radicals.
+
+**10**. The process as set forth in claim **9** wherein the monomer composition is a halogenated ethylene.
+
+**11**. The process as set forth in claim **9** wherein the monomer composition is tetrafluoroethylene.
+
+**12**. The process as set forth in claim **9** wherein the monomer composition is a combination of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene.
+
+**13**. The process as set forth in claim **9** wherein the dispersing agent is ammonium-3,6-dioxa-2,4-di(trifluoromethyl)-undecafluorononanoate.
+
+**14**. The process as set forth in claim **1** wherein the dispersing agent is ammonium-3,6-dioxa-2,4-di(trifluoromethyl)-nonafluorooctanoate.
+
+**15**. The process as set forth in claim **1** wherein the dispersing agent is ammonium-3,6-dioxa-2,4-di(trifluoromethyl)-heptafluoroheptanoate.
+
+**16**. The process as set forth in claim **1** wherein the dispersing agent is ammonium-3,6-dioxa-undecafluoro-octanoate.
+
+**17**. The process as set forth in claim **1** wherein the dispersing agent is ammonium-3,6,9-trioxa-pentadecafluoro-undecanoate.
+
+**18**. A stable aqueous dispersion of the polymer of a monoethylenically unsaturated monomer composition, said dispersion containing as dispersing agent an ionizable compound having a solubility of at least 0.1% at 100° C. and having the general formula
+
+**7**
+
+$$
+F(CF_2)_m-O-[CF(X)-CF_2-O-]_n-CF(X)COOA
+$$
+
+where X is a member of the class consisting of fluorine and the perfluoromethyl radical, *m* is a positive integer from 1 to 5 inclusive, *n* is a positive integer from 0 to 10 inclusive and A is a hydrophilic radical selected from the class consisting of hydrogen, ammonium radical, alkali metals, and substituted ammonium radicals.
+
+**19**. The dispersion as set forth in claim **18** wherein the dispersing agent is employed in concentrations of 0.001 to 10% by weight of the aqueous medium.
+
+**20**. The dispersion as set forth in claim **18** wherein A is the ammonium radical.
+
+**8**
+
+**21**. The dispersion as set forth in claim **18** wherein the monomer composition is tetrafluoroethylene.
+
+**References Cited by the Examiner**
+
+UNITED STATES PATENTS
+
+
+
+| 2,559,952 |
+7/1951 |
+Berry |
+__________ |
+260—29.6 |
+
+
+| 2,713,753 |
+7/1955 |
+Brice |
+__________ |
+260—533 |
+
+
+| 3,123,599 |
+3/1964 |
+Warnell |
+__________ |
+260—535 |
+
+
+
+SAMUEL H. BLECH, *Primary Examiner*.
+
+LEON J. BERCOVITZ, MURRAY TILLMAN, *Examiners*.
+
+H. L. SATZ, W. J. BRIGGS, *Assistant Examiners*.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_32.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_32.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2b7b872f3d9ad18c53934ca40eaeb406d69a515f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_32.md
@@ -0,0 +1,826 @@
+
+
+## Abcam 春季买二送一,多买多送
+
+| 赠送产品完整清单(“🔥”为人气产品)
+
+### • 精选 IHC 试剂
+
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+
+
+| IHC实验步骤 |
+产品货号 |
+产品名称 |
+产品类型 |
+规格 |
+
+
+
+
+| 抗原修复 |
+64214 |
+10x Citrate Buffer pH 6.0 |
+抗原修复液 |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 抗原修复 |
+64236 |
+100x Citrate Buffer pH 6.0 |
+抗原修复液 |
+50 ml |
+
+
+| 抗原修复 |
+93678 |
+Antigen Retrieval Buffer (100X Citrate Buffer pH 6.0) |
+抗原修复液 |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 抗原修复 |
+128986 |
+10X Tris-HCl Buffer for HIER |
+抗原修复液 |
+50 ml |
+
+
+| 抗原修复 |
+64216 |
+10x EDTA Buffer pH 8.0 |
+抗原修复液 |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 抗原修复 |
+93680 |
+Antigen Retrieval Buffer (100X EDTA Buffer, pH 8.0) |
+抗原修复液 |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 抗原修复 |
+93684 |
+Antigen Retrieval Buffer (100X Tris-EDTA Buffer, pH 9.0) 🔥 |
+抗原修复液 |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 抗原修复 |
+93682 |
+Antigen Retrieval Buffer (100X Tris Buffer, pH 10.0) |
+抗原修复液 |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 抗原修复 |
+972 |
+Heat Mediated High pH Antigen Retrieving Solution |
+抗原修复液 |
+1000 ml |
+
+
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+64220 |
+Proteinase K 🔥 |
+抗原修复酶 |
+4 ml |
+
+
+| 抗原修复 |
+970 |
+Trypsin Enzymatic Antigen Retrieval Solution |
+抗原修复酶 |
+25 ml |
+
+
+| 抗原修复 |
+64201 |
+Pepsin Solution |
+抗原修复酶 |
+7 ml |
+
+
+| 封闭 |
+64212 |
+Endogenous Avidin/Biotin Blocking Kit 🔥 |
+封闭液 |
+15 ml |
+
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+64218 |
+Hydrogen Peroxide Blocking Reagent 🔥 |
+封闭液 |
+60 ml |
+
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+64226 |
+Protein Block |
+封闭液 |
+125 ml |
+
+
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+156024 |
+Protein Block |
+封闭液 |
+60 ml |
+
+
+| 一抗孵育 |
+2601 |
+PAP pen 🔥 |
+PAP笔 |
+1 unit |
+
+
+| 一抗孵育 |
+64211 |
+Antibody Diluent |
+抗体稀释液 |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 洗涤 |
+128983 |
+10X Phosphate Buffered Saline |
+10X PBS |
+1 pack |
+
+
+| 洗涤 |
+128987 |
+Tween 20 (Polyoxyethelenesorbitan Monolaurate) |
+吐温20 |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 洗涤 |
+64026 |
+25x PBS Buffer pH 7.6 |
+25X PBS (pH 7.6) |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 洗涤 |
+64204 |
+20x TBS-T with Tween 20 |
+20X TBS-T |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 洗涤 |
+64247 |
+20x PBS buffer with Tween 20 |
+20X PBS-T |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 洗涤 |
+64248 |
+25x TBS (pH 7.4) |
+25X TBS (pH 7.4) |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 酶底物显色 |
+64238 |
+DAB Substrate Kit 🔥 |
+酶底物 |
+60 ml |
+
+
+| 酶底物显色 |
+7468 |
+Alkaline Phosphatase chromogen (BCIP/NBT) - Ready to Use |
+酶底物 |
+100 ml |
+
+
+| 酶底物显色 |
+7413 |
+Alkaline Phosphatase chromogen (BCIP/TNBT) |
+酶底物 |
+100 ml |
+
+
+| 酶底物显色 |
+64254 |
+Liquid Fast-Red Substrate Kit |
+酶底物 |
+60 ml |
+
+
+| 酶底物显色 |
+178453 |
+StayBlue/AP 30ml (Alcohol and Xylene Substitute Compatible) |
+酶底物 |
+30 ml |
+
+
+| 酶底物显色 |
+671 |
+Alkaline Phosphatase Enhancer |
+碱性磷酸酶增强剂 |
+250 ml |
+
+
+| 复染 |
+220365 |
+Hematoxylin (Modified Mayer's) |
+苏木精 |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 封片 |
+64230 |
+Mounting Medium 🔥 |
+封片剂 |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 封片 |
+128982 |
+Aqueous Mounting Medium |
+封片剂 |
+6 ml |
+
+
+| 封片 |
+104141 |
+Limonene Mounting Medium (30ml) |
+封片剂 |
+30 ml |
+
+
+| 封片 |
+104131 |
+ImmunoHistoMount Medium |
+封片剂 |
+30 ml |
+
+
+
+
+### • 精选 ICC 试剂
+
+
+
+
+| ICC实验步骤 |
+产品货号 |
+产品名称 |
+产品类型 |
+规格 |
+
+
+
+
+| 封闭 |
+126587 |
+10X Blocking Buffer 🔥 |
+封闭液 |
+50 ml |
+
+
+| 封闭 |
+64212 |
+Endogenous Avidin/Biotin Blocking Kit 🔥 |
+封闭液 |
+15 ml |
+
+
+| 一抗孵育 |
+2601 |
+PAP pen 🔥 |
+PAP笔 |
+1 unit |
+
+
+| 洗涤 |
+128983 |
+10X Phosphate Buffered Saline |
+10X PBS |
+1 pack |
+
+
+| 洗涤 |
+128987 |
+Tween 20 (Polyoxyethelenesorbitan Monolaurate) |
+吐温20 |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 洗涤 |
+64026 |
+25x PBS Buffer pH 7.6 |
+25X PBS (pH 7.6) |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 洗涤 |
+64204 |
+20x TBS-T with Tween 20 |
+20X TBS-T |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 洗涤 |
+64247 |
+20x PBS buffer with Tween 20 |
+20X PBS-T |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 洗涤 |
+64248 |
+25x TBS (pH 7.4) |
+25X TBS (pH 7.4) |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 封片 |
+104135 |
+Fluoroshield Mounting Medium 🔥 |
+荧光封片剂 |
+20 ml |
+
+
+| 封片 |
+64230 |
+Mounting Medium 🔥 |
+封片剂 |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 封片 |
+128982 |
+Aqueous Mounting Medium |
+封片剂 |
+6 ml |
+
+
+| 封片 |
+103746 |
+BrightMount 25ml (Aqueous Mounting Medium for Fluorescent Staining) |
+荧光封片剂 |
+25 ml |
+
+
+| 封片 |
+104129 |
+Fluoroshield Mounting Medium with Propidium Iodide |
+荧光封片剂 |
+20 ml |
+
+
+
+
+# Abcam 20 周年庆钜惠
+
+4月15日 ~ 6月15日
+
+**买**两支抗体
+
+**免费送**
+
+**七十余种** WB、IHC、ICC 必备试剂或内参抗体
+
+单份赠品价值可高达**RMB 3880+,多买多送**
+
+---
+
+买**高品质产品**,还能**节省经费**?
+
+Abcam 已经为您提供了**两全其美**的方案
+
+
+
+Abcam “**两全其美**” 活动简介:
+
+* 从2019年4月15日至6月15日,凡是一次性购买两支抗体,即可免费获得试剂或内参抗体一份,赠送可达**RMB 3880+**,多买多送。
+
+* 免费试剂涵盖WB、IHC、ICC多种经典试剂及优选抗体,满足您的不同实验需求。
+
+详细活动规则:
+
+此活动中,所购两支抗体需满足
+
+* 规格为 50 µl 或 50 µg 及其以上包装;
+
+* 两支抗体中必须包含一支一抗(两支二抗产品不享受优惠);
+
+* 若您购买三支抗体,则只能获得一份免费试剂或抗体;
+ 若您购买四支抗体,可以获得两份免费试剂或抗体,以此类推。
+
+
+
+请扫描二维码
+参与活动
+
+## Abcam 精品赠,两全其美任你选
+
+### ● WB 经典试剂精品图示
+
+ab156034 10X RIPA缓冲液
+
+1道：蛋白Marker
+2道：裂解后可溶的HeLa细胞裂解液
+3道：裂解后不溶的HeLa细胞裂解液
+
+ab126587 10X Blocking缓冲液
+5%牛奶封闭
+
+1道：AMPKα1蛋白
+2道：AICAR诱导的C2C12细胞裂解液
+3道：未诱导的C2C12细胞裂解液
+
+ab116027 蛋白 Marker (10-180 kDa)
+
+胶 1: Tris-Glycine (~4-20%)
+胶 2: Bis-Tris (12%) MOPS buffer
+胶 3: Bis-Tris (10%) MES buffer
+
+
+
+### ● IHC 经典试剂精品图示
+
+ab64212 Endogenous Avidin/Biotin 封闭试剂盒
+
+有效封闭组织样品中内源性的 Avidin/Biotin，适合配合生物素放大信号的 IHC 显色试剂盒，如 ABC IHC detection kit (ab64264)。
+
+ab64238 DAB 底物试剂盒
+
+适用于石蜡包埋切片样品的 IHC 实验，混合后的试剂可以在 6 个月内保持稳定，适合配合 Autostainer 仪器使用。
+
+ab93684 T
+ris-EDTA 缓冲液 pH 9.0
+
+小鼠睾丸组织石蜡切片
+（Abcam 实验室推荐抗原修复液）
+
+ab64220 Proteinase K
+
+适用于 IHC-P 及原位杂交
+
+ab2601 PAP 笔
+
+可圈画约 500 张样品
+
+IHC/ICC必备实验辅助工具
+
+## 我们不仅仅是抗体供应商
+
+Abcam-蛋白质研究领导者,我们致力于为生命科学研究工作者在科研探索的道路上给予最大的支持,为科学家提供多种高品质的一抗、二抗、免疫测定及细胞检测试剂盒、蛋白/多肽、激动剂/拮抗剂/活化剂/抑制剂及裂解物等蛋白质研究工具和专业的技术支持。
+
+### ● Abcam WB 全套解决方案
+
+
+
+### ● Abcam IHC/ICC 全套解决方案
+
+
+
+## Abcam 春季买二送一,多买多送
+
+| 赠送产品完整清单(“🔥”为人气产品)
+
+### ● 精选内参/标签抗体 (部分产品配额有限,先到先选)
+
+
+
+
+| 产品货号 |
+产品名称 |
+规格 |
+
+
+
+
+| 8245 |
+Anti-GAPDH antibody [6C5] - Loading Control |
+20 µg |
+
+
+| 8226 |
+Anti-beta Actin antibody [mAbcam 8226] - Loading Control |
+20 µg |
+
+
+| 7291 |
+Anti-alpha Tubulin antibody [DM1A] - Loading Control |
+20 µg |
+
+
+| 1791 |
+Anti-Histone H3 antibody - Nuclear Loading Control and ChIP Grade |
+20 µg |
+
+
+| 9110 |
+Anti-HA tag antibody - ChIP Grade |
+20 µg |
+
+
+| 18184 |
+Anti-6X His tag® antibody [HIS.H8] |
+20 µg |
+
+
+
+
+ab1791 Histone H3 内参抗体
+
+适用于 ChIPseq 的 H3 内参抗体
+
+### ● 精选 WB 试剂
+
+
+
+
+| WB实验步骤 |
+产品货号 |
+产品名称 |
+产品类型 |
+规格 |
+
+
+
+
+| 样品制备 |
+152163 |
+Cell Lysis Buffer |
+细胞裂解缓冲液 |
+15 ml |
+
+
+| 样品制备 |
+156034 |
+10X RIPA Buffer🔥 |
+RIPA裂解缓冲液 |
+15 ml |
+
+
+| 样品制备 |
+156035 |
+Native Lysis Buffer |
+非变性裂解缓冲液 |
+15 ml |
+
+
+| 样品制备 |
+189137 |
+Ca2+/Calmodulin Solution 10x |
+钙离子/钙调蛋白溶液(10X) |
+500 μl |
+
+
+| 样品制备 |
+189136 |
+AIP Stock Solution |
+AIP存储液 |
+200 μl |
+
+
+| 样品制备 |
+201111 |
+Protease Inhibitor Cocktail (EDTA-free)🔥 |
+蛋白酶抑制剂 |
+1 ml |
+
+
+| 样品制备 |
+201112 |
+Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail I🔥 |
+磷酸酶抑制剂 |
+1 ml |
+
+
+| 样品制备 |
+201113 |
+Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail II🔥 |
+磷酸酶抑制剂 |
+1 ml |
+
+
+| 样品制备 |
+201114 |
+Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail III |
+磷酸酶抑制剂 |
+1 ml |
+
+
+| 样品制备 |
+201115 |
+Phosphatase Inhibitor Cocktail IV |
+磷酸酶抑制剂 |
+1 ml |
+
+
+| 蛋白定量 |
+119216 |
+Bradford Reagent |
+Bradford蛋白定量试剂 |
+500 ml |
+
+
+| 电泳分离 |
+115832 |
+Pre-stained Protein Ladder - Mid-range molecular weight (10-175 kDa) |
+预染蛋白Marker |
+500 μl |
+
+
+| 电泳分离 |
+116027 |
+Pre-stained Protein Ladder - Mid-range molecular weight (10-180 kDa)🔥 |
+预染蛋白Marker |
+500 μl |
+
+
+| 电泳分离 |
+116028 |
+Pre-stained Protein Ladder - Broad molecular weight (10-245 kDa)🔥 |
+预染蛋白Marker |
+500 μl |
+
+
+| 电泳分离 |
+116029 |
+Pre-stained Protein Ladder - Extra broad molecular weight (5-245 kDa) |
+预染蛋白Marker |
+500 μl |
+
+
+| 电泳分离 |
+234592 |
+Pre-stained Protein Ladder - Extra broad molecular weight (6.5-270 kDa) |
+预染蛋白Marker |
+500 μl |
+
+
+| 电泳分离 |
+234618 |
+Unstained Protein Ladder (10 - 200 kDa) |
+非预染蛋白Marker |
+500 μl |
+
+
+| 电泳分离 |
+139604 |
+Precast Gel SDS-PAGE 8% (8x10cm,17well) |
+预制胶 |
+10 unit |
+
+
+| 电泳分离 |
+119203 |
+Precast Gel SDS-PAGE 12% (10x10cm,12well) |
+预制胶 |
+10 unit |
+
+
+| 电泳分离 |
+119209 |
+Precast Gel SDS-PAGE 4-20% (8x10cm,12well) |
+预制胶 |
+10 unit |
+
+
+| 电泳分离 |
+139593 |
+Precast Gel SDS-PAGE 4-12% (10x10cm,12well) |
+预制胶 |
+10 unit |
+
+
+| 电泳分离 |
+119196 |
+Optiblot LDS Sample Buffer (4X) |
+上样缓冲液(4X) |
+10 ml |
+
+
+| 电泳分离 |
+119197 |
+Optiblot SDS Run Buffer (20X) |
+电泳液 |
+500 ml |
+
+
+| 电泳分离 |
+119211 |
+Optiblot Blue |
+蛋白蓝指示剂 |
+1000 ml |
+
+
+| 转膜 |
+133411 |
+Low Fluorescence Western Membrane (PVDF) |
+PVDF膜 |
+10 Membrane |
+
+
+| 转膜 |
+133413 |
+Nitrocellulose Transfer Membrane - 0.22 um |
+NC膜 |
+10 Membrane |
+
+
+| 转膜 |
+133412 |
+Nitrocellulose Transfer Membrane - 0.45 um |
+NC膜 |
+10 Membrane |
+
+
+| 封闭 |
+126587 |
+10X Blocking Buffer🔥 |
+封闭液 |
+50 ml |
+
+
+| 封闭 |
+64226 |
+Protein Block |
+封闭液 |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 封闭 |
+156024 |
+Protein Block |
+封闭液 |
+60 ml |
+
+
+| 封闭 |
+166952 |
+Aqua Block Buffer |
+封闭液 |
+500 ml |
+
+
+| 洗膜 |
+128983 |
+10X Phosphate Buffered Saline |
+10X PBS |
+1 pack |
+
+
+| 洗膜 |
+128987 |
+Tween 20 (Polyoxyethelenesorbitan Monolaurate) |
+吐温20 |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 洗膜 |
+64026 |
+25X PBS Buffer pH 7.6 |
+25X PBS |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 洗膜 |
+64204 |
+20X TBS-T with Tween 20 |
+20X TBS-T |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 洗膜 |
+64247 |
+20X PBS buffer with Tween 20 |
+20X PBS-T |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 洗膜 |
+64248 |
+25X TBS (pH 7.4) |
+25X TBS (pH 7.4) |
+125 ml |
+
+
+| 酶底物显影 |
+133406 |
+ECL Substrate Kit (High Sensitivity)🔥 |
+化学发光底物试剂盒 |
+20 ml |
+
+
+| 酶底物显影 |
+133409 |
+ECL Substrate Kit (Ultra High Sensitivity) |
+化学发光底物试剂盒 |
+20 ml |
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_33.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_33.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b17f4502bbc8f8597f199d66ff4de70aa030586
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_33.md
@@ -0,0 +1,465 @@
+许可证：CC BY 4.0
+arXiv:2511.09030v1 [cs.AI]2025 年 11 月 12 日
+
+# 以零错误解决百万步 LLM 任务
+
+Elliot Meyerson
+
+Cognizant Al Lab & Giuseppe Paolo Cognizant Al Lab & Roberto Dailey
+
+Cognizant Al Lab & Hormoz Shahrzad UT Austin & Cognizant Al Lab & Olivier
+
+Francon Cognizant Al Lab & Conor F. Hayes Cognizant Al Lab & Xin Qiu
+
+Cognizant Al Lab & Babak Hodjat Cognizant Al Lab & Risto Miikkulainen UT
+
+Austin & Cognizant Al Lab
+
+Correspondence to: elliot.meyerson@cognizant.com
+
+## 摘要
+
+LLMs 在推理、洞察和工具使用方面取得了显著的突破,但将这些能力链式结合成人类、组织和社会常规执行规模的扩展流程仍然难以实现。这些模型具有持续的错误率,阻碍了规模化:例如,在汉诺塔基准领域的最近实验表明,该过程在最多几百步后不可避免地会偏离轨道。因此,尽管 LLM 研究通常仍在相对较少依赖逻辑步骤的任务上进行基准测试,但人们越来越关注 LLMs 执行长距离任务的能力(或无能力)。本文描述了 MAKER,第一个成功以超过一百万步 LLM 步骤且零错误完成任务的系统,原则上可以扩展到这个水平以上。该方法依赖于将任务极端分解为子任务,每个子任务都可以由专注的微代理来处理。分解产生的高度模块化允许通过高效的 multi-agent 投票方案在每一步应用错误纠正。这种极端分解与错误校正的组合使得扩展成为可能。因此,结果表明,与其依赖当前 LLMs 的持续改进,大规模分解的 agentic 过程 (MDAPs) 可能为在组织和社会的层面上高效解决问题提供了一种途径。
+
+
+
+图1: *扩展 AI* 的垂直方向。扩展 AI 的主要方法是为越来越多的“智能”基础 LLMs。本文介绍了一种垂直方法的框架和实现: MAKER,它以零错误解决了完整任务(如第 4 节所述)。在图中,每输出代币的 API 成本(截至2025年10月,来自 OpenAI、Anthropic 和两者)被用作衡量智能的代理,而基础 LLMs 的连续无错误步骤是根据其每步错误率计算的(图 6b)。附录 A 给出了该图的对数尺度版本。
+
+## 1 引言
+
+先进社会的技术成就建立在可靠执行包含大量步骤的任务的能力之上。无论是建造摩天大楼、飞机、粒子加速器,还是 iPhone (后者依赖于来自数百个跨国供应商的数百万人的实体贡献[维基百科苹果供应链, 苹果供应商名单]), 还是运营医院或医学研究机构,在全国范围内处理纳税申报并发放社会福利,甚至看似简单的事情,如生产一片面包 [VegPatchKitchen_BreadStages],精确执行详细计划和政策的准确性对于产生高价值成果和维护社会信任至关重要,因为这些任务中的错误影响范围可能从不便到经济损害,甚至到身体伤害和死亡。
+
+大型语言模型 (LLMs) 正越来越多地应用于这些大型复杂现实世界流程中。为了最大限度地发挥 LLMs 在这些角色中的使用效益,理解 LLMs 可以在何处以及如何可靠地部署至关重要。本文重点探讨 LLMs 能否以极端精度执行大型任务的问题,例如,当每步 1% 的错误率不可接受时。
+
+这个问题通过将基于 LLM 的推理应用于一个需要超过一百万个 LLM 步骤且零错误的任务来进行研究。汉诺塔问题最近被提议作为评估 LLM 推理能力的基准 [shojaee2025illusion],它提供了一个这样的任务。大多数用于评估 LLM 质量的标准都使用独立的例子,每个例子只需要不多于几个依赖的逻辑执行步骤 [patel2024multistep],最终得分是所有例子的平均准确率。如果准确率达到 99%,这样的基准可能被认为是解决了。然而,一个每步 1% 错误率的系统在执行一百万步任务时仅 100 步就会失败。因此,要在一百万步任务中实现零错误,需要一种根本不同的方法。
+
+本文提出了一种方法：**大规模分解的agentic过程** (MDAPs)。本文的主要贡献如下：
+
+* MDAP 框架的设计, 该框架由三个核心组件构成: (1)分解为最小子任务; (2)基于子任务级别的投票进行错误校正; (3)标记红旗以减少相关错误。
+
+* 该框架的形式化, 产生了缩放定律, 例如, 成功概率和预期成本如何随总步骤数和任务分解级别的变化而变化。在这种形式化下, 我们发现极端分解下的有效缩放, 而没有它的不可行性。
+
+* 该框架在成功解决超过一百万步的任务且零错误方面的实证应用。主要启示之一是: 无需“最先进”的推理模型; 相对较小的非推理模型即可满足需求。
+
+本文首次实现了 MDAP 框架: **MAKER** (用于 **M**aximal **A**gentic decomposition、first-to-ahead-by-**KE**rror correction 以及 **R**ed-flagging), 并在 Hanoi 塔问题领域对其进行了评估。MAKER 是一个由 *Agents 组成的系统, 其中每个 Agent 被分配一个子任务来求解。换句话说, 每个 Agent 的角色由其被分配的子任务定义。正如先前工作 [meyersonposition] 所倡导的, 通过避免拟人化 Agent (即不赋予其人类级别的角色), 而是分配给它们微小的“微观角色”, 可以发挥 LLMs 固有的机器特性。这样, 就有可能利用在许多计算领域中至关重要的错误校正方法, 即通过分配多个 Agent 独立求解相同的子任务*。
+
+结果展示了一个**多智能体优势** (类似于量子优势 [harrow2017quantum]) 的实例,即一个无法由单一智能体系统解决的问题的解决方案。这一演示为人工智能的扩展建立了一个新的范式:不是依赖于简单底层 LLMs的持续改进,而是通过大规模分解的智能体过程 (MDAPs) 实现更强大的 AI。
+
+## 2 背景
+
+尽管当前的 LLM 智能体在大型任务上会遭受灾难性错误,但可能存在一种多智能体方法,将任务分解为小步骤。错误纠正对于此过程至关重要,正如在许多复杂的数字和生物系统中一样。
+
+### 2.1 大型智能体 LLM 任务
+
+随着大型语言模型的改进,越来越多的关注被投入到需要多步、长时程推理的现实世界经济任务中 [kwa2025]。在这一方向上的研究反复证实了 LLMs 的一个固有属性:无论任务复杂度如何,其性能随着任务时程的长度显著下降(并且通常是指数级下降)[schaeffer2023, Dziriexp]。这一观察结果促使近期研究关注 LLMs 在*执行*方面的能力(及失败),即即使向其明确提供正确的执行计划,它们仍无法完成多步任务 [sinha2025]。虽然这项工作识别了 LLMs 在长时程执行中的根本性缺陷,但也提供了一个机会:即使单个子任务的性能有微小改进,也可能导致可完成的任务长度呈指数级提升 [sinha2025]。
+
+与此同时,近期理论研究声称将大型任务分解为尽可能小的子任务可以带来显著的效率提升 [meyersonposition]。工业界将任务分解为可通过专注的“小型语言模型”(SLM)代理可解决的子任务的趋势,既受到可靠性和成本的双重驱动 [belcak2025smalllanguagemodelsfuture],又伴随着学术界对多代理 LLM 系统的蓬勃发展研究 [guo2024largelanguagemodelbased, wang2024llm_agents survey],为这一想法的实用性提供了证据。本文延续了这一研究方向。其基于任务应分解为尽可能小的元素的前提,以便 LLM 代理可以逐步专注于它们,提高每一步的错误率,从而在极限情况下实现扩展性、可靠性和效率。这种方法的可行性关键在于分解粒度,即定义单个步骤的标准。由于本文侧重于执行,因此假设步骤的定义是预先给定的;一个正交的开放问题是如何自动发现最优分解 [russell1991principles, horvitz2021ideal]。非正式地说,第 3 节中方法能够工作的主要条件是步骤足够小,以至于对于每个步骤,一个正确解更有可能被采样,而没有一个错误解更有可能。
+
+现在,当 agentic 系统应用于一个漫长且昂贵的多步骤任务时,人们自然希望从格式不正确的响应中提取相关信息。因此,人们投入了大量工作来从 LLM 生成结构正确的输出。语法约束 (JSON/CFG) 解码可靠地强制执行结构,并经常改进下游管道 geng2025jsonschemabench, openai2024structured, LLM 被微调以获得正确的格式 grattafiori2024llama3herdmodels, qiu2025evolution, 采样方式仅选择尊重所需格式的标记 chen2022relation, 并且开发了专门的 Python 包用于事后修复 LLM 的输出,以便它可以以有意义的方式被解析 pydantic, json_repair, guardrails_ai。然而,正如第 3.3 节所述,当 agent 在输出格式上出错时,这个错误可能表明其其他推理也是错误的。当一个任务被分解成微小的部分时,可以利用这一属性来减少错误。
+
+### 2.2 纠错
+
+纠错能力是计算领域许多重要领域的关键能力,包括通信 [clark1981error, lin2004error]、存储器存储 [chen1984error]和量子计算 [roffe2019quantum]。纠错使得数字通信和经典计算看似是确定性的,但实际上单个比特一直在丢失和翻转 [normand1996single, wang2008single]。类似地,改进纠错是实现可扩展量子计算的最重要因素 [fowler2012surface_code]。在生物系统中,纠错对于长时间生长和持续的大型过程至关重要。纠错既需要在群体层面,例如通过重组的纠错效应 [otto2002resolving],也需要在个体层面,例如哺乳动物的抗癌能力。在个体层面,它与寿命和体型(即规模)高度相关,大象显示出最令人印象深刻的抵抗力 [abegglen2015potential]。LLMs 现在成为另一种计算基底的依据,*语言计算*,其构成过程是*基于语言的算法*(LbAs)[meyersonposition, chen2024design]。因此,错误纠正对实现可扩展的 LbAs 至关重要,这也不足为奇,以缓解从概率分布中生成语言所导致的固有非确定性。
+
+许多可能的 LbA 错误纠正方法可以借鉴其他领域的实例 [shannon1948]。一种减少错误的方法是让 LLM 反思其输出并明确纠正其发现的任何错误 [manakul2023selfcheckgpt]。另一种方法是明确量化并利用 LLM 的不确定性[xue2023dynamicvoting, xin2024semantic]。例如,关于*语义密度*的研究显示,对于给定的 Prompt, LLM 最一致采样的语义内容比贪婪解码更可能正确 [xin2024semantic]。这种采样中的语义一致性承诺使得第三种、更简单的方法成为可能:投票,或 *集成*,这是一种几十年来一直是核心机器学习技术的技术 [opitz1999popular, mienye2022survey, ganaie2022ensemble],现在常用于提高基于LLM系统的准确性 [Trad2025voting]。迄今为止,集成学习主要在远高于单个最小步骤的操作级别上在LLMs中实现。例如,最先进的基于LLMs的编码系统通常使用每个都是编码挑战候选解的完整程序输出的多数投票 [i2022alphacode, wang2022selfconsistency]。然而,当扩展到具有数千或数百万个依赖步骤的任务时,应用错误纠正的粒度级别至关重要,正如第 3 节所示。
+
+### 2.3 动机挑战领域：汉诺塔
+
+汉诺塔问题最近被引入作为测试领域,用于研究最先进 LLM 推理模型的能力和局限性 [shojaee2025illusion]。这个基准测试基于经典游戏,其中有三根柱子和 *D* 个圆盘,目标是将所有圆盘从第一根柱子移动到第三根柱子,每次只能移动一个圆盘,并保持一个较大的圆盘永远不会放在较小的圆盘上面 [hinz2013tower]。在基准测试中,要求 LLM 系统生成一个移动序列 ($m_i = [d_i, s_i, t_i]_{i=1}^n$),其执行完成该任务,其中第 $i$ 个移动是通过将编号为 $d_i \in \{1, ..., D\}$ 的圆盘从源柱子 $s_i \in \{0, 1, 2\}$ 移动到目标柱子 $t_i \in \{0, 1, 2\}$ 来执行的。通过简单地增加更多圆盘,这个问题自然地扩展到需要巨大数量的步骤,因为完成任务的步骤数是 $2^D - 1$。例如,用十个圆盘解决汉诺塔问题只需要一千多步,而用二十个圆盘则需要一千多万步。在其最著名的(神话)版本中,僧侣们持续在一个包含 64 个盘片的实例上工作,预计需要大约 585 亿年,届时宇宙将终结 [moscovich20011]。
+
+当前最先进的 LLMs 在这个基准测试上的性能会灾难性地下降:它们能够在五到六个磁盘之前以高成功率完成任务,之后成功率会骤降至零 [shojaee2025illusion]。这种性能下降是否意味着 LLM 是否真正“思考”或“推理”,是一个需要哲学辩论的问题,并且超出了本文的范围 varela2025rethinking, khan2025comment, opus2025illusion。然而,这一结果清楚地表明,当前最先进的 LLMs 的可靠性从根本上受到限制:如果它们需要正确地完成每一步才能解决一个任务,那么在经过一定数量的步骤后,它们几乎肯定会因为潜在的易错性而失败,即使答案应该是显而易见的。虽然错误率为千分之一似乎很低,并且在传统的 LLM 基准测试上会很好,但在一个需要连续成功执行数千步骤的任务中,这样的系统会导致不可避免的失败。
+
+作为基准测试的汉诺塔问题存在两个批评意见,应首先予以回应。首先,有人可能会认为它不是一个理想的 LLM 任务,因为可以编写代码来解决这个问题,并且已知最优算法 [hinz2013tower]。确实如此,但产生解决方案并非重点:相反,该领域为研究 LLM 系统将其固有智能扩展到日益增大的步骤数量的能力提供了一个理想的试验平台。其次,有人可能会认为这个问题太难了,因为大型现实世界任务可能允许少量错误而不会导致灾难性结果 [simon1957models]。然而,专注于一个不容许任何错误的案例,迫使我们追求消除任何可能在长时间尺度上出现的错误类型,这种关注可以导致可能被忽视的见解和实用方法。此外,也存在一些现实世界的安全关键系统,其中不容许任何错误 [kremer1993ring]。因此,随着基于 LLM 的系统在现实世界决策过程中变得无处不在,确保这些系统能够可靠地做出无错误的决策至关重要。因此,该问题为开发对扩展基于 LLM 的系统至关重要的技术提供了一个理想的试验平台,使其能够扩展到一百万步及更远。
+
+
+
+图2: *MAKER* 的核心组件。(1)最大代理分解(MAD;第3.1节):通过将具有 $s$ 步骤的任务分解为 $s$ 个子任务,每个代理可以专注于单个步骤;(2)第一个领先于 $k$ 投票(第3.2节):MAD产生的模块化使得子任务级别的错误纠正既有效又可扩展;(3)旗帜标记(第3.3节):通过丢弃具有高风险指标的所有响应 $r$ ,可靠性可以得到进一步提升。这些方法共同使得能够以零错误的方式解决具有超过一百万步骤的任务。
+
+## 3 方法
+
+MAKER 包含三个主要成分 (图 2)：(1) 将任务分解为尽可能小的子任务；(2) 利用这种分解的模块性实现高效错误纠正；(3) “标记” LLM 输出，即丢弃结构表明错误风险增加的输出，特别是相关错误。这三个组件将在接下来的三个小节中详细说明。它们共同使得在所有步骤中高效提高成功概率成为可能，达到整个过程很可能成功的水平。
+
+### 3.1 最大代理分解
+
+在一个具有 $s$ 步的长期代理任务中, 基于 LLM 的系统的目标是为给定的初始输入 $x$ [sinha2025] 生成一个动作序列 $a_1, \dots, a_s$, 从而产生目标输出 $y$。本文关注以下问题: *将任务分解为子任务如何影响其可解性?*
+
+$s$-步任务可以分解为子任务,分解的粒度由每个子任务中的步数 $m$ 定义。然后,可以通过对 LLM 代理进行单独调用来解决子任务,其中模板函数 $\phi$ 将子任务的输入和规范映射为 LLM $M$ 的提示,提取器 $\psi_a$ 从 LLM 的输出响应 $r$ 中解析操作,第二个提取器 $\psi_x$ 从 $r$ 中解析信息,以包含在下一个子任务的输入中。令 $x_0 = x$。然后可以递归地采样完整任务的解决方案:
+
+$$
+r_{i+1} \sim M(\phi(x_i)), \qquad (1)
+$$
+
+$$
+a_{mi+1}, \dots, a_{mi+m} = \psi_a(r_{i+1}), \qquad (2)
+$$
+
+$$
+x_{i+1} = \psi_x(r_{i+1}) \quad \forall i = 0, \dots, \frac{s}{m} - 1. \qquad (3)
+$$
+
+特别值得关注的是两种极端情况：无分解的情况，即 $m=s$，称为*单代理*：
+
+$$
+a_1, \dots, a_s \sim (\psi_a \circ M \circ \phi)(x); \qquad (4)
+$$
+
+和*最大代理分解* (MAD) 的情况，即 $m=1$：
+
+$$
+r_{i+1} \sim M(\phi(x_i)), \qquad (5)
+$$
+
+$$
+a_{i+1} = \psi_a(r_{i+1}), \qquad (6)
+$$
+
+$$
+x_{i+1} = \psi_x(r_{i+1}) \quad \forall i = 0, \dots, s-1. \qquad (7)
+$$
+
+由于 LLMs 是自回归的，在生成 $i$ 个动作时，单个代理 $M$ 会越来越受到在生成动作 $a_1, \dots, a_{i-1}$ 时产生的上下文的影响。因此，随着上下文的增加，其输出变得越来越不可靠 [du2025contextlengthhurtsllm]。然而，在 MAD 中，代理的上下文仅限于执行其单个分配步骤所需的信息量，使其能够专注于其分配的角色，并避免来自不相关上下文的混淆。这种专注也允许使用上下文大小更小的 LLMs。
+
+有人可能会认为这种分解可能会提高任何给定 LLM 调用的可靠性，但通过将任务分解为 $s$ 个独立调用，现在有 $s$ 个可能的故障点，而不仅仅是一个。也就是说，由于对于正确的动作序列 $a_1^*, \dots, a_s^*$，随着步骤数的增加，生成它的错误概率呈指数衰减，因此存在 $s$ 个机会让最薄弱的环节破坏整个系统。
+
+$$
+p(a_1^*, \dots, a_s^*) = \prod_{i=0}^{s-1} p((\psi_a \circ M \circ \phi)(x_i) = a_{i+1}^*). \qquad (8)
+$$
+
+首先，值得注意的是单次长 LLM 调用同样存在一种指数衰减的正确性概率问题 [Dziriexp]。其次，更重要的是，通过最大分解所诱导的模块化允许实现一种有效且高效的错误缓解和不可靠性检测 (“红旗标记”)，而单次大调用则无法实现。这些功能将在接下来的两个小节中描述。
+
+### 3.2 领先投票和缩放定律
+
+为简化起见，本文中的错误纠正利用了随机过程（此处为 LLM）的独立样本的统计能力。为了从这些样本中确定胜者，采用了一种“先领先 kk”的投票过程，该过程受到在序贯概率比检验（SPRT）中这种方法的优化的启发 [wald2004sequential, lee2025consol]。除了这个初步实现之外，还有许多可能的改进。例如，在本文的实验中，要求动作之间完全匹配，但在一般情况下，可以使用分类函数来确定语义上等效的输出（例如，由 LLM 实现，参见第 5 节 5）。
+
+具体而言，对于一个 LLM $M$，通过抽取子任务（Eq. 2 & 3）的候选样本，直到有一个样本被抽取的次数 $k$ 倍多于其他任何样本（Alg. 2）。这个过程是经典赌徒破产问题的推广 [bernoulli1713ars]，但所有候选样本对之间存在同时依赖的竞赛 [ross2025first]。由于这个一般情况没有已知的封闭形式，分析通过假设最坏情况来简化，即一个正确候选样本以概率 $p$ 与一个替代样本竞赛，以概率 $1-p$。如果 $p > 0.5$，通过这个过程的正确候选样本被选中的概率是
+
+$$
+p(a_i = a^*) = \frac{1 - \left(\frac{1-p}{p}\right)^k}{1 - \left(\frac{1-p}{p}\right)^{2k}} = \frac{p^k}{p^k + (1-p)^k} = \frac{1}{1 + \left(\frac{1-p}{p}\right)^k}, \qquad (9)
+$$
+
+并且存在某个 $k$ 使得这个投票过程将以概率 $1-\epsilon$ 使正确候选样本获胜，对于任何给定的错误率 $\epsilon \in (0, 1)$。
+
+
+
+图3：*由公式13 得出的 MAKER 无错误求解率缩放规律*。(a)对于一个包含一百万步的任务，MAKER 通过 $k$ 先于前导的误差校正，在 $k$ 的实用值下，即使每步误差率接近于十亿分之一，也能实现高概率的零误差解决方案；(b)对于较低的每步误差率，理论上即使 $k$ 较低，也能将缩放范围远远超过一百万步。
+
+现在, 假设该任务需要 $s$ 总步数完成, 具有每步固有成功率 $p$, 分解级别由每个子任务的步数 $m$ 给出, 并且假设每个子任务需要 $k$ 票数来决定行动。再次假设每个子任务的正确解仅与最可能的替代解竞争。请注意, 这一假设对较大的 $m$ 值 (即较少分解) 更有利, 因为随着 $m$ 的增长, 最可能的替代解仅占总体替代 (错误) 概率质量的一个消失比例。令 $p_{\text{vote}}$ 为子任务正确投票的概率, $p_{\text{alt}}$ 为抽样替代的概率, $p_{\text{sub}}$ 为投票程序在子任务上成功的概率, $p_{\text{full}}$ 为它在所有子任务上成功的概率, 即整个任务成功完成。
+
+$$
+p_{\text{vote}} = p^m, \qquad (10)
+$$
+
+$$
+p_{\text{alt}} = (1 - p)p^{m-1}, \qquad (11)
+$$
+
+$$
+p_{\text{sub}} = \frac{p_{\text{vote}}^k}{p_{\text{vote}}^k + p_{\text{alt}}^k} = \frac{p^{mk}}{p^{mk} + ((1-p)p^{m-1})^k} = \frac{1}{1 + \left(\frac{1-p}{p}\right)^k}, \qquad (12)
+$$
+
+$$
+p_{\text{full}} = p_{\text{sub}}^{\frac{s}{m}} = \left(1 + \left(\frac{1-p}{p}\right)^k\right)^{-\frac{s}{m}}, \qquad (13)
+$$
+
+其中等式 12 来源于将 $p_{\text{vote}}$ 和 $p_{\text{alt}}$ 代入赌徒破产问题的击中概率公式 [ross2025first]。图 3 使用等式 13 来说明在 $m=1$, 即最大分解情况下, 通过增加 $k$ 来维持整体成功概率 $p_{\text{full}}$ 的高概率。
+
+给定等式 13, 可以计算以特定可靠性水平解决整个任务的预期成本, 即给定整体成功概率 $t$ 的目标概率。首先, 产生至少 $t$ 成功概率的最小 $k$ 为
+
+$$
+k_{\min} = \left\lceil \frac{\ln\left(t^{-m/s} - 1\right)}{\ln\left(\frac{1-p}{p}\right)} \right\rceil = \Theta(\ln s). \qquad (14)
+$$
+
+详细的推导过程包含在附录 B 中。值得注意的是, $k_{\min}$ 随着 $s$ 的对数增长, 无论分解级别如何。图 4(a) 显示了使用 MAD 时 $k_{\min}$ 如何随步骤数 (即 $m=1$) 扩展。
+
+
+(a)
+
+
+(b)
+
+图4：*根据公式 14 和 18 得出的MAKER成本缩放规律*。(a)在采用 $k$ 投票机制时，为保持全任务0.9的解算概率，所需的 $k$ 值随任务步骤数的增加呈对数增长；(b)运行系统的相应预期成本则呈对数线性增长。这些图表展示了 MAKER 理论上可扩展至数百万步甚至更多步骤的能力。
+
+现在可以以 LLM 原语调用的次数来表示预期成本，即执行 AALPs 分析[meyersonposition]。设 $c$ 为使用 LLM $M$ 生成单个步骤响应的成本。假设生成 token 的成本与 token 数量线性成正比(因为 API 的定价方式如此)，则 Agent 生成 $m$ 步骤样本的成本为 $c_{\text{sample}} = cm$。设 $c_{\text{vote}}$ 为采样子任务正确投票或与之竞争的替代方案的成本，$c_{\text{sub}}$ 为完成子任务的预期成本，$c_{\text{full}}$ 为完成完整任务的预期成本。然后，
+
+$$
+c_{\text{vote}} = \frac{c_{\text{sample}}}{p_{\text{vote}} + p_{\text{alt}}} = \frac{cm}{p^m + (1-p)p^{m-1}} = \frac{cm}{p^{m-1}}, \qquad (15)
+$$
+
+$$
+c_{\text{sub}} = c_{\text{vote}} \cdot \frac{2k_{\min}p_{\text{sub}} - k_{\min}}{2p-1} = \frac{cm}{p^{m-1}} \cdot \frac{2k_{\min}\left(1 + \left(\frac{1-p}{p}\right)^{k_{\min}}\right)^{-1} - k_{\min}}{2p-1} \approx \frac{cmk_{\min}}{p^{m-1}(2p-1)}, \qquad (16)
+$$
+
+$$
+c_{\text{full}} = \frac{s}{m} \cdot c_{\text{sub}} = \frac{cs k_{\min} \left( 2 \left( 1 + \left( \frac{1-p}{p} \right)^{k_{\min}} \right)^{-1} - 1 \right)}{p^{m-1}(2p-1)} \approx \frac{cs k_{\min}}{p^{m-1}(2p-1)} = \Theta(p^{-m}cs \ln s), \qquad (17)
+$$
+
+其中等式 16 来源于将等式 12 代入赌徒破产问题的hitting time [bernoulli1713ars]，等式 17 来源于乘以子任务数量，当 $p_{\text{sub}} \approx 1$ 时，即误差容限较低时，该近似成立。值得注意的是，成本随 $m$ 呈指数增长。图 5 说明了这一现象。随着分配给一个 agent 的有意义决策数量增加，其决策序列在多个样本中完全匹配的概率将消失。相比之下，在 MAD 情况下，系统随 $s$ 呈对数线性扩展：
+
+$$
+E[\text{cost of solving full task; } m = 1] = \Theta(p^{-1}cs \ln s) = \Theta(s \ln s), \qquad (18)
+$$
+
+当 $p$、$c$ 和 $t$ 保持不变时。图 4(b) 展示了这种高效的扩展性。对对数线性扩展算法的发现对于经典计算的扩展性至关重要。因此，这一结果令人鼓舞：它表明基于 LLM 的系统具有以类似方式扩展的潜力，从而提高其可靠性，达到可以信任它们完成长时间运行任务的程度。此外，Eq. 18 中的 $\Theta(\ln s)$ 因子对应于每步所需的投票数，在实际中可以在 $\Theta(\ln s)$ 进程间并行化。因此，并行化系统的时空成本仅随 $s$ 线性扩展。
+
+尽管公式 18 显示了 MAD 随着步骤数量的增加而高效地扩展，但在实践中，模型成本 $c$ 和每步成功率 $p$ 将产生重大影响。不同的 LLMs 将具有不同的成本和不同的固有错误率。解决具有大量步骤的任务将产生有意义的成本，例如经济成本，因此在运行完整任务之前，应选择一个 LLM $M$，使得 $c/p$ 最小化。换句话说，公式 18 使得能够选择一个在规模上最具成本效益的 LLM，并且由于每个单独的步骤都非常小，因此较小的 LLMs 可能足以解决该任务。
+
+
+(a)
+
+
+
+
+图5：*由公式17得到的任务分解缩放规律*。(a)对于一个包含 1M 步的任务，随着分配给每个 Agent 的步数增加(因此 Agent 的数量减少)，以足够的可靠性完成任务所需的预期成本呈指数增长。请注意，虽然 x 轴是 log(.)缩放，但 y 轴是 log(log(.))缩放。(b)随着任务规模的增长，这种模式会持续：分配给 Agent 更多步数的设置会带来数量级的额外成本。
+
+### 3.3 红旗标记：识别不可靠的迹象
+
+由于 $p$ 在系统成本中扮演着如此重要的角色，在可能的情况下，值得采取实际措施将其提高。简单的原则是“不良”行为在 LLMs 中是相关的，因此如果 LLM 产生了一个表明病态行为的响应，该响应应该被标记并简单地丢弃。由于在 MAD 中每个 Agent 只负责单一步骤，每一步的成本并不高，可以丢弃并重新采样新的动作（即，通过让另一个 Agent 调用）。在本文中，使用了两个不可靠的标志作为红旗：(1) 过于冗长的响应，以及 (2) 格式错误的响应。假设丢弃标记的响应不仅会增加 $p$，还会显著减少相关错误，因为这两种标志类型都表明 LLM 在采样之前被条件化到了一个奇怪的开始点。检测这些标志并丢弃它们的响应很简单，但由于本文侧重于理解对高度扩展的长期任务预期成本的影响，因此值得阐述这一实现选择的动机和影响。
+
+与先前工作中观察到的较长的答案往往更容易出错的现象一致$^{liu2024lostinthemiddle}$，本文的初步实验表明，一旦 LLM 最初产生困惑，它可能会偏离轨道并对情况过度分析，在自我毁灭的循环中出错。在 MAD 中，每个 Agent 的角色高度集中且相对简单；如果 Agent 花费过多精力来寻找答案，它很可能产生困惑而偏离要点，因此更有可能给出错误答案。即使成功率仅从 99% 提高到 99.9%，当步骤数量很大时，这种提高也会产生重大影响。
+
+同样，初步实验表明，当 Agent 以错误格式生成答案时，它更有可能在生成该答案的过程中某个时刻产生了困惑。因此，与其尝试以某种方式修复答案的格式，不如标记出错误格式的检测，并丢弃该样本。
+
+上述两种现象的实验证据在第四部分详细阐述。形式上，如果 $v$ 表示从 LLM 的输出中解析出有效响应的概率，即没有出现红旗，那么 MAKER 的预期成本可以表示为：
+
+$$
+\mathbb{E}[\text{cost of MAKER}] \approx \frac{csk_{\min}}{v(2p-1)} = \Theta\left(\frac{cs \ln s}{vp}\right), \qquad (19)
+$$
+
+其中 $p$ 现在表示每步的成功率*在响应有效的条件下*。在实践中，该公式可用于决定在增加 $p$（可能导致 $k_{\min}$ 降低，其计算取决于 $p$ 但与 $v$ 无关）和丢弃样本产生的成本开销之间的权衡。
+
+最直接的方法是在相对较少的步骤中估计 $p$，以确定模型的选择和红旗，即 $c$ 和 $v$，以及 $k$ 的值，然后再使用 $s$ 步骤在完整任务上运行系统。这种方法的示例应用将在下一节中展示。
+
+## 4 实验
+
+本节详细介绍了 MAKER 在解决 20 个盘子的汉诺塔问题上的应用，即在一百万个 LLM 步骤内实现零错误。首先，描述实验设置（第 4.1 节）。接下来，估计单步错误率（第 4.2 节），这些错误率用于预测不同设置的代价（第 4.3 节）。然后，运行并评估所选设置在完整任务上的表现（第 4.4 节）。最后，研究标记红旗的影响（第 4.5 节）。总而言之，这些实验验证了 MDAP 框架的 MAKER 实现的组件和可扩展性。
+
+### 4.1 设置
+
+MAKER 在此问题上的实现源自先前工作中引入的单 Agent 方法 [shojaee2025illusion]。单 Agent 提示被修改，以便每个 Agent 知道它必须仅执行问题的单步操作，即移动单个盘子。
+
+为了提高效率并尽可能集中代理的注意力，每个代理都被赋予执行其单步操作所需的最小上下文。在汉诺塔问题中，代理需要知道的一切是整体策略和当前问题的状态，即盘片的配置。与先前工作 [sinha2025, shojaee2025illusion] 类似，整体策略通过每个代理的提示提供。该策略适用于任何偶数数量的盘片，并且是当没有预先提供策略时 LLMs 自身最常建议的策略。（附录 C）。这种设计选择有效地将代理执行明确指令的能力与 LLMs 对任务应如何解决产生见解的能力（第 5 节 5；另见 [sinha2025]）分离开来。见解和执行对 LLMs 的功能都至关重要，但在实验中它们常常纠缠在一起，使得难以确定失败的根源。专注于执行使得追求在步骤数量方面扩展 LLM 系统的最小条件的目标成为可能。
+
+完整的代理提示模板在附录 C 中给出。根据当前状态（即磁盘配置）和先前的移动（哪个磁盘从哪里移动到哪里），每个代理被要求提供下一步移动和结果状态。与单代理情况不同，在单代理情况下只需要生成移动序列，在 MAD 情况下每个代理必须生成结果状态，因为这是传递给下一个代理的关键信息。每个代理被要求将其答案格式化为“move = ”和“next_state = ”。表面上，除了单代理情况之外，产生下一步状态以及动作的要求创造了更多潜在的失败点，但事实证明，任何缺点都被极端分解和错误纠正的优势所克服。
+
+### 4.2 估计单步成功率
+
+在百万步的规模上运行基于 LLM 的系统是昂贵的。因此，在执行任何大型实验之前，校准系统参数并估计成功率与成本是很有必要的。公式 18 提供了这样一种校准和估计方法。这种估计的关键在于每步成功率 *p*，它取决于所使用的底层 LLM。
+
+估计每步成功率的一种直接方法是让系统在随机子集的步骤上运行。每个代理的提示中使用相同策略的一个优点是，每一步的正确答案都是已知的，并且，假设每一步之前的步骤都是正确的，输入也是已知的。这项知识也使得我们能够使用 API 异步获取许多步骤的一批答案，从而大大加快实验的墙上时间并降低成本 [OpenAI_BatchAPI_Pricing]。这些特性是塔楼问题之所以成为许多步方法实用测试平台的部分原因。对于其他问题，可能无法如此高效地估计 *p*，但在任何情况下，都应能够以实用程度进行估计。
+
+这些初始探索性估计实验在没有设置红旗的情况下运行。也就是说，代理被给予最多 2048 个输出令牌作为初始保守的上限，确保它们有足够的空间来表达它们需要表达的任何答案。它们还使用了一个“修复解析器”（由 LLM 编写，附录 C），该解析器试图纠正一些更常见的格式错误，以便从其输出中可靠地提取 LLM 的预期答案。重要的是，由于这些实验侧重于 LLM 的固有生成推理能力，因此它们不包括可以访问辅助工具的 LLM。
+
+图 $^{6(a)}$ 显示了随着磁盘数量增加，不同 LLMs 的单步错误率。
+
+
+(a)
+
+
+
+
+
+| Model |
+$/M |
+tok |
+1 - p |
+kmin |
+
+
+$\mathbb{E}$[cost]
+
+ |
+
+
+
+
+| gpt-4.1-nano |
+0.4 |
+842 |
+.3571 |
+29 |
+41.9K |
+
+
+| gpt-4.1-mini(τ = 1.0) |
+1.6 |
+580 |
+.0040 |
+4 |
+4.9K |
+
+
+| gpt-4.1-mini(τ = 0.1) |
+1.6 |
+538 |
+.0022 |
+3 |
+$3.5K |
+
+
+| o3-mini (低) |
+4.4 |
+535 |
+.0018 |
+3 |
+9.4K |
+
+
+| haiku-4.5 |
+5.0 |
+588 |
+.1839 |
+12 |
+71.2K |
+
+
+| llama-3.2-3B |
+0.06 |
+434 |
+1.0 |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| gpt-oss-20B |
+0.2 |
+1104 |
+.0358 |
+6 |
+1.7K |
+
+
+| qwen-3 |
+0.6 |
+449 |
+.2342 |
+15 |
+11.5K |
+
+
+| deepseek-v3.1 |
+1.7 |
+1004 |
+.0569 |
+6 |
+14.6K |
+
+
+| kimi-k2 |
+3.0 |
+925 |
+.0393 |
+6 |
+22.9K |
+
+
+
+(b)
+
+图6：*不同模型的单步错误率经验估计*。(a)不同模型具有不同的每步错误率,但这些错误率并未随着磁盘数量(解决方案长度的对数)的增加而显著降低,这对系统扩展能力来说是一个令人鼓舞的迹象。(b)考虑到每个模型的每代币API成本、错误率估计以及平均输出代币数,公式18可用于估计使用 $t=0.95$ 运行完整20磁盘实验的成本。在专有模型中,尽管 gpt-4.1-nano具有最低的每代币成本,o3-mini 具有最低的每步错误率,但 gpt-4.1-mini(低温设置)的预期成本远最低, gpt-oss-20B 是明显的开源选择。通过这种方式,使用公式 18 估计成本可以带来显著节省。
+
+从这张图可以得出两个重要且可能令人惊讶的结论：(1) 不同的 LLMs 具有不同的基础错误率, 但相对较小的非推理模型的错误率与更高级的推理模型相当, 这表明非推理模型可能更适合与 MAKER 配合进行长距离任务。图 6(b) 显示, 这种差异不能归因于输出 token 数量的不同, 因为模型使用的 token 数量相似。(2) 随着磁盘数量的增加, 每步错误率表现出显著的稳定性, 这是一个非常令人鼓舞的迹象, 表明 MAKER 将能够实现大规模步骤扩展, 而不会出现单代理中常见的错误率爆炸现象。
+
+### 4.3 预测纠错成本
+
+基于上述单步错误率,可以估计成功解决完整的 20 盘任务的成本,对于 $p>0.5$ 的模型,即那些投票收敛到正确子任务答案的模型,随着 $k$ 的增加。图 6(b) 中的表格显示了这些估计值,考虑到模型的每代币成本、每步平均输出代币数以及 $p$ 和 $k_{min}$ 的经验估计值。对于给定的模型,其估计的每样本成本 (第3.2节) 为:
+
+$$
+c_{\text{sample}} = c_{\text{in}} \cdot n_{\text{in}} + c_{\text{out}} \cdot n_{\text{out}}, \qquad (20)
+$$
+
+其中$c_{in}$和$c_{out}$分别表示输入和输出令牌的成本,而$n_{in}$和$n_{out}$分别表示每个样本的输入和输出令牌的估计平均数量。每一样本的成本乘以预期样本数量得到总体成本。对于成功率的目标概率$t=0.95$,这些结果清楚地表明,最有效的专有选择是 gpt-4.1-mini,而最有效的开源选择是 gpt-oss-20B。这些估计是否有用取决于错误是否在多次运行中充分去相关。实际上它们似乎是：在 10K 个随机样本的 gpt-4.1-mini ($\tau=0.1$)的两次独立运行中,没有步骤在两次运行中同时出现错误。错误的去相关在章节 4.5 和 5 中进一步讨论。
+
+尽管 gpt-oss-20B 的预期成本总体最低,但在规模扩展实验中使用了 gpt-4.1-mini,因为发现 OpenAI API 比 together.ai 更可靠(对于需要数百万次 agentic 调用的实验这是一个关键因素)。还应注意,对于每代币成本高于图 6(b) 中所示的那些的推理 LLMs,即使它们的每步估计错误率为零(因此 $k_{min}=1$ ),由于运行所有 $2^{20}-1$ 步骤的成本,它们的总体成本也会高于 gpt-4.1-mini,因此,可以实际假设错误估计是下限并设置 $k=2$。因此,与其它专有模型相比,在规模扩展实验中使用非推理的 gpt-4.1-mini 可节省数千美元。
+
+### 4.4 解决20盘问题：超过一百万步且零错误
+
+以 gpt-4.1-mini 为基础模型,将最大输出代币阈值设置为 750,并使用红色标记输出解析器来强制执行基本格式要求。超过这个截止点,模型经常陷入令人困惑的逻辑循环;格式错误的输出通常与这种扭曲的推理相关,从而可以被检测并丢弃(如将在第 4.5 节中进一步讨论)。自 $k_{min}=3$ 起,每一步至少并行生成三个响应。第一步使用温度为 0 生成,以确保最佳猜测包含在投票中。对于所有后续投票,使用温度为 0.1。
+
+通过这些校准,整个系统完美地解决了该问题。图 7 展示了一个动画快照,该动画可视化了通过一百万步移动磁盘的过程以及完成该过程的代理激活序列。这一结果构成了第一个成功解决具有一百万个 LLM 步骤且零错误的任务的解决方案,证实了将基于 LLM 的系统扩展到长时间跨度的可能性。
+
+
+图7：*百万步问题解决过程的快照*。背景中的点代表步骤，按从上到下的顺序排列。在第 479,806 步时，MAKER 接近百万步的中点，大约一半的 Agents 已经执行（绿色），另一半正在等待执行（蓝色）。此过程动画可查看 www.youtube.com/watch?v=gLkehsQy4H4。
+
+通过观察每一步需要抽取的样本数量以及所需的投票数（即，在标记红旗后的有效样本数），可以分析该过程的行为。如果一个行动决策在投票规则下尚未做出，则一个步骤在 *i* 轮后被认为未决定。图 8 显示了未决定步骤的数量如何随着抽样轮数（包括无效样本）和投票轮数（不包括无效样本）的增加而减少。
+
+
+(a)
+
+
+(b)
+
+图8：*收敛到零误差解*。未决步骤的数量随着采样轮(a)和投票轮(b)的进行而减少。在两种情况下，正如理论预期的那样，在最初的 $k=3$ 轮之后，未决步骤的数量呈现稳定的指数级下降，最终结果为零个未决步骤和零个错误。这种急剧的指数级收敛意味着绝大部分总体成本都发生在最初的 $k$ 轮采样中；完成剩余步骤的成本实际上是一个舍入误差。当 $p$ 足够高时，这种效应会出现。起初可能会令人担忧，因为存在任何需要超过五轮投票的步骤，但误差的去相关性足以防止投票机制被淹没（如第 4.5 节所述）。关于特定步骤的详细信息，包括那个需要 18 轮的病态步骤，请参见附录 D。
+
+指数衰减的不确定步骤数量与理论预测相符。由于这种指数衰减，绝大多数 LLM 调用（因此也是成本）都花费在最初的 $k$ 调用中，而剩余成本在实际应用中几乎可以视为舍入误差。值得注意的是，即使使用统计能力较弱的先到 kk 投票（即第一个候选人 $k$ 投票获胜），任务也能完美解决，这说明了该方法的鲁棒性。
+
+尽管系统以零错误和预期的高效性完成，但少数步骤需要显著更多的采样和投票轮次而其他步骤则不然，这一点可能引起关注。下一节将探讨如何通过标记红旗来减少此类相关误差的负面影响。
+
+### 4.5 研究标记红旗的影响
+
+标记红旗的假设是减少每步错误率，同时也减少相关误差的影响，即某些步骤的错误率显著高于平均步骤。图 9 展示了这两种现象的证据；然而，对相关错误的影响却是一个更为重要的效应。在前两轮投票中，将调用 API 时的输出代币数最大值设置为 2048 以进行这项分析。图 9(a) 表明，一旦响应长度超过约 700，每步错误率会急剧上升。尽管超过这个阈值后仍有约 90%，但与较短响应的千分之一量级的错误率相比，这是一个急剧的退化。即便如此，由于总体响应中过长的响应很少，因此在高最大代币阈值下的总体错误率并没有明显增加，特别是不足以引起 $k_{min}$ 的增加。
+
+然而，红色标记的主要优势在图 9(b) 中变得清晰。该图绘制了 20 盘实验中所有步骤的前两票投票的冲突数量，即有多少步骤的两票都是错误的。冲突数量是在第 4.2 节中使用的修复解析器以及第 4.4 节中使用的红色标记解析器的最大代币截断下计算的。假设步骤是独立同分布的，具有均匀的成功率，那么冲突的期望数量在所有情况下都不超过一个或两个。然而，在较高的最大代币截断下，观察到的冲突数量要高得多，尤其是使用修复解析器时。红色标记成功地减少了一些相关错误，并且可能对许多步任务的方法成功至关重要。附录 D 说明了该领域相关错误的样子，第 5 节讨论了减少相关性的技术。
+
+
+(a)
+
+
+(b)
+
+图9：*红色标记对减少错误的影响*。(a)一旦响应长度超过约700,错误率会急剧上升。然而,由于整体响应中过长的响应很少,因此在高最大代币阈值下的整体错误率并没有明显增加,即不足以引起 $k_{min}$ 的增加。(b)但是,当关注相关错误时,标记红旗的优势变得明显:从“有帮助”的修复输出解析器切换到丢弃任何格式问题的样本的解析器,会导致碰撞计数降低(即,第一和第二个投票不正确的步骤数量)。这些结果证实了在多步骤任务中,稳健的去相关化至关重要,并且标记红旗有助于处理相关错误。
+
+## 5 讨论与未来工作
+
+本文介绍了一个用于大规模分解代理过程 (MDAPs) 的框架,该框架可以可靠地解决具有大量步骤的任务,以及该框架的第一个实现 MAKER,它成功应用于汉诺塔基准任务。这项初步研究确立了核心原则,为未来的工作开辟了许多方向。
+
+### 更广泛的应用
+
+LLM 的行为可以分为两类: *洞察和执行*。洞察来自于LLM创造性地生成想法、计划和策略,而执行则涉及遵循这些策略。本文重点关注执行:解决问题的整体策略在过程开始时设定,给定这一策略,每个子任务的答案可以明确实现。将框架扩展以处理基于 LLM 的洞察是一个重要的未来工作领域,因为洞察本质上更具开放性,并可能带有不可简化的逐步不确定性。一种具体的方法是将 MAKER 应用于将每个子任务的产生本身视为整体分解中的一个步骤的情况。目标是自动化整个问题解决管道:任务被分解成最小的块,每一块被解决,并将结果聚合为完整的解决方案。框架需要扩展以处理未知数量的总步骤,以及不同类型的步骤、不同的基础成功率、洞察步骤之间的不精确匹配,以及匹配过程的可能失败。
+
+本方向上的初步实验结果令人鼓舞(附录 F)。MAKER 的更通用版本被创建,包含四种 agent 类型:分解 agent,递归调用以将任务分解为两个更简单的子任务和组合函数;分解判别 agent,用于对分解候选进行投票(采用先到先得投票);组合判别 agent,用于对组合候选进行投票;以及用于解决无需分解的最小子任务的求解 agent。该系统在大型数字乘法任务上取得了令人鼓舞的结果,而该任务对基于 transformer 的模型来说是一个著名的难题[Dziriexp, bai2025canttransformerslearnmultiplication]。未来的工作将研究此类系统的更广泛潜力。
+
+为简化起见,本文中所有 MAKER 代理都使用了相同的底层 LLM,并且它们的提示仅在分配的子任务上有所不同。更通用的系统可能需要为不同类型的角色使用不同的 LLM,并且代理之间的一般多样性会增加。这种多样性的一个好处将是误差的去相关化,如下文所述。
+
+### 去相关误差的重要性
+
+为清晰和简单起见,本文的理论分析假设误差在步骤之间是独立同分布的。这一假设是合理的,因为步骤相对均匀。即使如此,也有一些步骤,无缘无故地,具有比其他步骤高得多的固有误差率。对于特定输入的这种奇怪行为是 LLM 训练的众所周知的不良副作用,处理这种相关误差是机器学习中的一个开放的基础性问题[lehman2025evolution]。
+
+本文使用的独立采样加红旗标记方法是足够的,可以克服这些问题,但在其他现实世界的情况下可能需要更复杂的去相关方法。例如,与其使用温度进行简单的重采样,对提示词[wahle2024paraphrase]进行释义或以其他方式向提示词添加噪声,可以帮助避免由特定固定上下文引起的异常状态。那么每一步的错误率将接近 LLM 理解和执行该步骤的真实能力。此外,该框架可以扩展以考虑不同步骤的不同 $p$ 值,以及使采样更有效的去相关方法。此类扩展对于使框架更广泛适用至关重要,因为在长程任务中,即使单个步骤具有异常高的错误率也可能导致推理过程失败。
+
+### 与微服务相似
+
+微代理与微服务之间可以进行类比。将单体代理的任务分解为子任务的好处与将单体应用程序分解为更小的服务的好处相似[fowler microservices]:
+
+* 模块化：每个微代理都可以针对特定任务进行定制,并利用适合该工作的正确工具。
+
+* 数据管理：每个微代理负责管理其数据。
+
+* 独立开发：微代理可以独立于系统其他部分进行更新和测试。
+
+* 可扩展性：微代理可以独立扩展，根据系统的实际需求调整资源。
+
+* 通信：自然语言是一种强大且被广泛理解的通信协议。
+
+* 复杂性：微服务旨在解决大规模系统问题，而微代理则专注于解决复杂的推理任务。
+
+* 实时监控：微代理可以实时监控。
+
+* 容错设计：微代理被设计为能够容忍任何代理的失败。
+
+* 进化式设计：与单体代理相比，使用微代理更容易管理变更。
+
+事实上，微代理可以被视为微服务的自然演进。该框架可以向这个方向发展，利用从微服务架构中吸取的教训 [goyal2025microservices]。
+
+### 分解的局限性
+
+MAKER 的应用假设任务可以被分解为足够小和足够简单的步骤，以至于每个步骤都可以被 LLM 代理以合理的概率解决。因此，有一个核心问题将决定该方法可以应用的广泛程度：是否存在一些重要的问题，其中这种分解是不可能的或发现其计算上不可行？在 LLM 实现的最低级别，存在分解为在 CPU 或 GPU 上执行的原始操作；人们希望在这个和整个问题之间存在某种分解，这种分解仍然是语言的，但有效地隔离了上下文和不同的行为。哪种类型的任务最抵抗这种分解还有待观察。
+
+### 安全、道德与超级智能的未来
+
+如果大型且重要的现实问题能够成功分解为微步骤，那么在安全性方面可能会有重大益处。如果每个步骤都有明确界定且有限的目标和目的，那么 LLM 对世界的看法和影响领域可以被严格限制，从而实现更有效的沙盒测试、审计和一般控制。多个专注的智能体可以在每个步骤上独立运行，这也显著降低了智能体串通产生有害行为的可能性。正如本文实验所示，绝大多数工作都可以由相对较小的 LLM 完成，这些 LLM 能够处理这些小步骤，从而避免在更强大的模型中可能出现的有害行为风险 [lynch2025agentic]。换句话说，这有助于降低不可控superintelligence.风险。补充这些减少的社会风险，极端分解可以减少机器自身无意中遭受痛苦的可能性，因为模型福利已成为一个日益受到关注的领域 [anthropic2025claude4systemcard]。如先前研究所述，依赖较小模型并使模型专注于通过分解实现的有限范围子任务，可以降低无意识涌现意识的可能性 [meyersonposition, tkachenko2024position]。
+
+当前的 LLMs 几乎拥有构建未来超级智能摩天大楼所需的所有原始智能，并能够构建自身成为技术进步的有益组织。MDAPs 提供了一条实现超级智能益处的替代路径，与不断构建更大更聪明的单一代理模型相比，这条路径对人类和机器都带来了显著降低的风险。
+
+## 6 结论
+
+本文聚焦于如何大规模扩展基于 LLM 的 agentic 系统。将任务分解为最小子任务，使得能够有效且高效地应用纠错技术，支持扩展至数百万步乃至更多。由此产生了一种新的 AI 系统类别，即大规模分解的 agentic 过程，或称 MDAP。MAKER 是该方法的首次实现，本文中关于汉诺塔的实验是展示其价值的首次演示。这一基础为更通用的实现和大规模、长时运行的现实应用打开了大门。此类 MDAP 为构建永无止境更大更智能的 LLM 提供了一种替代方案：通过将智能拆分为百万份，可以构建高效、安全、可靠的 AI。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_34.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_34.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3f1550c31855536f8c642e0fd501aa0ec370655f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_34.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1086 @@
+## 4.2 混合物危害分类原则
+
+### 4.2.1
+
+混合物危害分类可以使用现有整体混合物的数据、类似混合物的数据或混合物成分数据,分类的一般原则如下:
+
+a) 如果有混合物整体试验数据,混合物分类始终依据该数据进行;
+
+b) 如果没有混合物整体试验数据,按第5章至第14章的规定及适用的架桥原则进行分类,即使试验数据表明无需分类,也可采用架桥原则;
+
+c) 如果没有混合物整体试验数据,现有信息不足以使用架桥原则,有全部或部分混合物成分数据时,可根据GHS采用临界值/浓度极限值进行混合物危害分类。
+
+### 4.2.2
+
+物质或混合物对生物的危害受物质或混合物/混合物成分的物理化学特性,以及成分物质危害方式影响。对混合物危害进行分类时,应视情况综合考虑混合物成分的危害方式及有关数据。
+
+### 4.2.3
+
+如果无法根据4.2.1对混合物危害进行分类,经单位技术负责人同意,可由设计或使用单位采用成熟可靠的方法,或采用技术评审的方式,结合专家判断,对混合物危害进行分类。在解释用于危害分类的数据时,尤其是在确定证据权重的情况下,专家判断也可以作为依据之一。
+
+### 4.2.4
+
+如果已确定混合物中的杂质、添加剂或个别成分,且已知这些杂质、添加剂或成分的危害分类,当其含量超过危害分类判据中的临界值/浓度极限值,在混合物危害分类时应予以考虑。
+
+### 4.2.5
+
+有些物质可能与混合物中其他成分或大气中的气体,如氧气、二氧化碳、水蒸气等缓慢起反应,形成新物质,或者自行聚合形成齐聚物或聚合物,这些新的产物一般被认为浓度很低,不影响混合物危害分类。
+
+### 4.2.6
+
+进行混合物危害分类时,需考虑可能存在以下特殊情况:
+
+a) 有些混合物含有的危害性成分浓度低于临界值/浓度极限值,但仍会造成某种危害;
+
+b) 混合物中某一成分产生危害的临界值浓度/浓度极限值可能大大低于预期;
+
+c) 某些成分在混合物中的危害性高于纯物质的危害。
+
+### 4.2.7
+
+进行混合物危害分类时,需考虑到混合物各成分间可能发生的协同效应。有足够的数据支持时,才能根据抵消效应将混合物降低到较低一级的危害类别。
+
+# 5 毒性介质
+
+## 5.1 介质毒性危害分类标准
+
+### 5.1.1
+
+毒性介质是指物质经呼吸道、经皮肤或经口进入人体而对人类健康产生危害的介质。
+
+### 5.1.2
+
+承压设备使用或储存介质的毒性危害分类主要依据为急性毒性。介质毒性危害程度等级和急性毒性危害类别的对应关系见表1,应分别确定经口、经皮肤和吸入急性毒性危害类别,以最严重的危害类别确定介质的毒性危害程度等级。介质的急性毒性应根据急性毒性估计值(ATE)进行分类,见表2。
+
+**表 1 介质毒性危害程度等级和急性毒性危害类别的对应关系**
+
+
+
+
+| 毒性危害程度等级 |
+急性毒性危害类别 |
+
+
+
+
+| 极度危害(I级) |
+类别1 |
+
+
+| 高度危害(II级) |
+类别2 |
+
+
+| 中度危害(III级) |
+类别3 |
+
+
+| 轻度危害(IV级) |
+类别4、类别5 |
+
+
+
+
+**表 2 急性毒性危害分类**
+
+
+
+
+| 接触途径 |
+单位 |
+类别 1 |
+类别 2 |
+类别 3 |
+类别 4 |
+类别 5 |
+
+
+
+
+| 经口a,b |
+mg/kg(按体重) |
+ATE≤5 |
+5<ATE≤50 |
+50<ATE≤300 |
+300<ATE≤2 000 |
+2 000<ATE≤5 000,见具体判据g |
+
+
+| 经皮肤a,b |
+mg/kg(按体重) |
+ATE≤50 |
+50<ATE≤200 |
+200<ATE≤1 000 |
+1 000<ATE≤2 000 |
+
+
+| 吸入 |
+气体a,b,c |
+1×10-6 V(ppm V) |
+ATE≤100 |
+100<ATE≤500 |
+500<ATE≤2 500 |
+2 500<ATE≤20 000 |
+见具体判据g |
+
+
+| 蒸气a,b,c,d,e |
+mg/L |
+ATE≤0.5 |
+0.5<ATE≤2.0 |
+2.0<ATE≤10.0 |
+10.0<ATE≤20.0 |
+
+
+| 粉尘和烟雾a,b,c,f |
+mg/L |
+ATE≤0.05 |
+0.05<ATE≤0.5 |
+0.5<ATE≤1.0 |
+1.0<ATE≤5.0 |
+
+
+| 注1:本表摘自联合国《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(GHS),2019年,第八修订版。
+注2:气体浓度以体积百万分率表示[1×10⁻⁶V(ppm V)]。 |
+
+
+| a 急性毒性估计值(ATE)等于急性毒性半数致死剂量(经口、经皮肤)LD₅₀或急性毒性半数致死浓度(吸入)LC₅₀。
+b 混合物中某物质的急性毒性估计值(ATE)可根据下列数值推算:
+——LD₅₀或LC₅₀值;否则
+——根据有关急性毒性范围试验结果或急性毒性危害类别,按表3换算急性毒性点估计值。
+c 表中的吸入临界值以4h接触试验为基础。如果采用1h接触试验结果除以一个因子换算成4h的等效值,对于气体和蒸气,因子为2;对于粉尘和烟雾,因子为4。
+d联合国《关于危险货物运输的建议书》中使用饱和蒸气浓度作为介质包装组别的附加要素,以提供特定的健康和安全保护。
+e 物质的试验物态不仅是蒸气,而是由液相和气相混合组成。物质的试验物态由接近气相的蒸气组成时,分类应以1×10⁻⁶V(ppm V)为基础,如下所示:类别1[100×10⁻⁶V(100 ppm V)]、类别2[500×10⁻⁶V(500 ppm V)]、类别3[2 500×10⁻⁶V(2 500 ppm V)]、类别4[20 000×10⁻⁶V(20 000 ppmV)]。粉尘通常是通过机械过程形成的,烟雾通常是由过饱和蒸气凝结形成的或通过液体的物理剪切作用形成的,粉尘和烟雾的大小通常从小于1 µm到约100 µm。
+f 应检查粉尘和烟雾的有关数值,以适应经济合作与发展组织(OECD)试验准则对可吸入形式存在的粉尘和烟雾,在产生、保持和测量浓度方面技术限制的任何更新变化。
+g 类别5是为了识别急性毒性危害相对较低,但在某些环境下可能对易受害人群造成危害的物质。这类物质的经口或经皮肤LD₅₀范围为2 000 mg/kg(按体重)~5 000mg/kg(按体重),吸入途径为当量剂量。类别5的具体判据为:
+——如果现有的可靠证据表明LD₅₀或LC₅₀在类别5的数值范围内,或者其他动物研究或人类毒性效应表明对人类健康有急性影响,则划入此类别。
+——通过外推、评估或测量数据,将物质划入此类别,但前提是没有充分理由将该物质划入更危险的类别,并且:
+* 现有的可靠信息表明对人类有显著的毒性效应;或
+* 当以经口、吸入或经皮肤途径进行试验,剂量达到类别4的值时,可观察到任何致命性;或
+* 当进行的试验剂量达到类别4的值时,专家判断证实有明显的毒性临床征象,腹泻、毛发竖立或未修饰外表除外;或
+*专家判断证实,在其他动物研究中,有可靠信息表明可能出现显著的急性效应。
+ 为保护动物,不应在类别5范围内对动物进行试验;只有在试验结果与保护人类健康直接相关的可能性非常大时,才考虑进行这样的试验。 |
+
+
+
+### 5.1.3
+
+在确定设备的密封性、致密性等技术要求时,除急性毒性外,还需考虑物质的致癌性。根据国际癌症研究机构(IARC)的致癌性分类,对于属于明确人类致癌物(G1)的物质或混合物,在确定设备的密封性、致密性等技术要求时,按毒性危害程度提升1个等级,且最低分类为高度危害(II级)考虑。
+
+### 5.1.4
+
+对于在室内相对密闭的环境中使用的承压设备和事故状态等异常工况,需综合考虑介质的急性毒性、刺激性与腐蚀性、致敏性、生殖毒性、致癌性、危害后果与预后、扩散性、蓄积性等指标,分别按GBZ 230和急性毒性确定介质毒性危害程度等级,取两者中较高的等级作为介质最终的毒性危害程度等级。
+
+### 5.1.5
+
+进行介质毒性危害分析时,需考虑到以往发生的人员意外中毒事故,以及个别介质的特殊性质,如毒性介质的渗透性,可通过密封结构设计、垫片选取等予以充分考虑,避免毒性介质泄漏到大气中造成危害。
+
+## 5.2 混合物毒性危害分类方法
+
+### 5.2.1 通则
+
+#### 5.2.1.1
+
+对于混合物的急性毒性分类,如果所有成分都循经一种接触途径(估计或试验确定),且没有相关证明表明急性毒性循经多种途径,则只需对该接触途径的急性毒性进行分类;如果相关证据表明毒性有多重接触途径,应对所有接触途径进行分类,根据最严重的急性毒性危害类别,确定混合物的毒性危害程度等级。
+
+#### 5.2.1.2
+
+为利用所有现有信息对混合物的急性毒性进行分类,可采用以下假设:
+
+a) 一种混合物的“相关成分”是指浓度不小于1%的成分(固体、液体、粉尘、烟雾、蒸气为质量分数,气体为体积分数),除非有理由怀疑浓度小于1%的成分与该混合物的急性毒性分类具有相关性;
+
+b) 如果一种已分类混合物被用作另一种混合物的成分,采用公式(1)或公式(2)确定新混合物分类时,可使用该混合物实际或推算的急性毒性估计值;
+
+c) 如果对混合物所有成分换算得到的急性毒性点估计值均属于同一类别,则混合物的急性毒性可按该类别分类;
+
+d) 如果只掌握混合物各成分的范围估计数据(或急性毒性危害类别资料),根据5.2.4 确定新混合物分类时,可根据表3将其换算成点估计值。
+
+**表 3 试验获得的急性毒性范围数值(或急性毒性危害类别)与急性毒性点估计值的换算表**
+
+
+
+
+| 接触途径 |
+单位 |
+急性毒性范围数值或急性毒性危害类别 |
+换算得到的急性毒性点估计值a |
+
+
+
+
+| 经口 |
+mg/kg(按体重) |
+0<类别 1≤5 |
+0.5 |
+
+
+| 5<类别 2≤50 |
+5 |
+
+
+| 50<类别 3≤300 |
+100 |
+
+
+| 300<类别 4≤2 000 |
+500 |
+
+
+| 2 000<类别 5≤5 000 |
+2 500 |
+
+
+| 经皮肤 |
+mg/kg(按体重) |
+0<类别 1≤50 |
+5 |
+
+
+| 50<类别 2≤200 |
+50 |
+
+
+| 200<类别 3≤1 000 |
+300 |
+
+
+| 1 000<类别 4≤2 000 |
+1 100 |
+
+
+| 2 000<类别 5≤5 000 |
+2 500 |
+
+
+| 吸入 |
+气体 |
+1×10-6 V(ppm V) |
+0<类别 1≤100 |
+10 |
+
+
+| 100<类别 2≤500 |
+100 |
+
+
+| 500<类别 3≤2 500 |
+700 |
+
+
+| 2 500<类别 4≤20 000 |
+4 500 |
+
+
+| 类别 5 |
+— |
+
+
+| 蒸气 |
+mg/L |
+0<类别 1≤0.5 |
+0.05 |
+
+
+| 0.5<类别 2≤2.0 |
+0.5 |
+
+
+| 2.0<类别 3≤10.0 |
+3 |
+
+
+| 10.0<类别 4≤20.0 |
+11 |
+
+
+| 类别 5 |
+— |
+
+
+| 粉尘和烟雾 |
+mg/L |
+0<类别 1≤0.05 |
+0.005 |
+
+
+| 0.05<类别 2≤0.5 |
+0.05 |
+
+
+| 0.5<类别 3≤1.0 |
+0.5 |
+
+
+| 1.0<类别 4≤20.0 |
+1.5 |
+
+
+| 类别 5 |
+— |
+
+
+| 注1:本表摘自联合国《全球化学品统一分类和标签制度》(GHS),2019 年,第八修订版。注2:气体浓度以体积百万分率表示[1×10⁻⁶V(ppm V)]。 |
+
+
+| a 急性毒性点估计值主要用于计算根据混合物成分对混合物进行分类的急性毒性估计值,并不代表试验结果。表中数值保守的设定在类别 1 和类别 2 范围的较低端和距离类别 3 至类别 5 范围较低端大约 1/10 点处。 |
+
+
+
+
+#### 5.2.1.3
+
+如果相关法规中对混合物毒性危害分类有特殊规定,则从其规定。对于常见的、长期实践证明危害程度较小的典型混合物(以相对固定范围比例的化学组成出现,同时有相对统一名称、相对稳定的物理和化学性能的混合物),如汽油、柴油、煤油、石脑油等,当混合物中毒性危害物质含量不超过有关法规和国家标准时,其毒性危害程度等级可定为轻度危害(Ⅳ级)及以下。
+
+#### 5.2.1.4
+
+对于无法按照5.2.2~5.2.5进行毒性危害分类的混合物,经单位技术负责人同意,可由设计或使用单位采用成熟可靠的方法,或采用技术评审的方式对其毒性危害进行分类。
+
+### 5.2.2 有混合物整体急性毒性试验数据时混合物的分类
+
+如果已对混合物做过确定其急性毒性的试验,应采用混合物整体急性毒性试验数据,按表2进行急性毒性分类。
+
+### 5.2.3 无混合物整体急性毒性试验数据时混合物的分类(架桥原则)
+
+如果没有混合物整体急性毒性试验数据,但有混合物单个成分和类似混合物的试验数据,可采用以下架桥原则进行毒性分类。
+
+a) 稀释:如果做过试验的混合物用稀释剂进行稀释,稀释剂的毒性分类与原混合物中毒性最低的成分相等或比它更低,且该稀释剂不会影响其他成分的腐蚀性/刺激性,则经稀释的新混合物可划分为与原来做过试验的混合物相等的类别。
+
+b) 产品批次:可以认为已做过试验的某一生产批次混合物的毒性,实际上与同一制造商生产的或在其控制下生产的同一商业产品的另一个未经试验的产品批次毒性相同。如果有理由认为,未试验产品批次的毒性有显著变化,则应进行新的分类。
+
+c) 高毒性混合物的浓度:已做过试验的混合物被划入某一急性毒性危害类别,如果该混合物中属于该毒性危害类别的成分浓度增加,则未经试验的新混合物仍划入该急性毒性危害类别,无需另做试验。
+
+d) 内推法:三种成分完全相同的混合物A、B和C,混合物A和B经过测试,属于同一急性毒性危害类别,而混合物C未经测试,但含有与混合物A和B相同的毒素活性成分,且其毒素活性成分浓度介于混合物A和B之间,可以假定混合物C与A、B属于同一急性毒性危害类别。
+
+e) 实际上类似的混合物:对于两种混合物A+B和C+B,成分B的浓度在两种混合物中基本相同,混合物A+B中成分A的浓度等于混合物C+B中成分C的浓度,已有A和C的毒性数据,且A和C属于相同急性毒性危害类别,且可能不会影响B的毒性,如果混合物A+B或C+B已经根据试验数据分类,则另一混合物可以划为相同的毒性危害类别。
+
+### 5.2.4 根据混合物成分对混合物急性毒性进行分类(加和性公式)
+
+#### 5.2.4.1 已知所有成分的数据
+
+为了通过一次计算实现对混合物急性毒性的准确分类,应满足以下要求:
+
+a) 将已知具有急性毒性,属于本文件规定的任一急性毒性危害类别的成分全部纳入计算;
+
+b) 忽略所有假定不具有急性毒性的成分(如水、糖等);
+
+c) 如果掌握的数据来自极限剂量试验(表2中相应接触途径,处于类别4的上限)且不显示急性毒性时,可不考虑该成分。
+
+按公式(1)计算所有相关成分的急性毒性估计值(ATE),确定混合物的经口、经皮肤、吸入毒性ATE$_{mix}$,按表2确定不同接触途径的急性毒性危害类别,取最严重的类别确定混合物的毒性危害程度等级。
+
+$$
+\frac{100}{\text{ATE}_{\text{mix}}} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{C_{i}}{\text{ATE}_{i}} \qquad (1)
+$$
+
+式中：
+
+$C_i$ —— 混合物中毒性成分 $i$ 的浓度；
+
+$n$ —— 混合物中毒性成分总数；
+
+$\text{ATE}_i$ —— 混合物中成分 $i$ 的急性毒性估计值。
+
+#### 5.2.4.2 一种或多种成分没有可用数据
+
+5.2.4.2.1 如果没有个别成分的 ATE 值，但从以下信息可以推算出换算值，则可以采用公式(1)计算：
+
+a) 在经口、经皮肤和吸入急性毒性估计值之间使用外推法，可能需要适当的药效学数据和药物代谢动力学数据；
+
+b) 人体接触证据表明有毒性效应，但没有提供致死剂量数据；
+
+c) 已知毒性试验/分析中得到的证据表明，确有毒性急性效应，但不一定提供致死剂量数据；或
+
+d) 用结构-活性关系得到的极其类似物质的数据。
+
+这种方法通常需要大量地补充技术信息，且需要有经过专门培训、经验丰富的专家才能可靠地估算急性毒性，否则应按5.2.4.2.3计算。
+
+5.2.4.2.2 如果混合物中某一浓度不小于1%的成分无任何对毒性分类有用的信息，可推断该混合物没有确定的急性毒性估计值。在这种情况下，应只根据已知成分对混合物进行分类，并另外说明混合物中有$x\%$的急性毒性(经口/经皮肤/吸入)未知成分。
+
+5.2.4.2.3 如果急性毒性未知的成分总浓度不大于10%，可采用公式(1)计算；否则，应根据未知成分的百分比按公式(2)做出修正。
+
+$$
+\frac{100 - \sum C_{\text{未知}}}{\text{ATE}_{\text{mix}}} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \frac{C_{i}}{\text{ATE}_{i}} \qquad (2)
+$$
+
+### 5.2.5 特殊情况下混合物的分类
+
+对于在室内相对密闭的环境中使用的承压设备和事故状态等异常工况，可以按混合物毒性危害程度最大的成分确定其毒性危害程度等级，或根据各成分的浓度和毒性危害程度，按公式(3)计算混合物的毒物危害指数$\text{THI}_\text{mix}$，按 GBZ 230 确定混合物的毒性危害程度等级。取 GBZ 230 和急性毒性分类结果中的较高的等级，作为混合物最终的毒性危害程度等级。
+
+$$
+\text{THI}_\text{mix} = \sum_{i=1}^{n} C_{i} \cdot \text{THI}_{i} \qquad (3)
+$$
+
+式中：
+
+$C_i$ —— 混合物中毒性成分$i$的浓度；
+
+$n$ —— 混合物中毒性成分总数；
+
+$\text{THI}_i$ —— 混合物中成分$i$的毒物危害指数。
+
+# 6 爆炸性介质
+
+## 6.1
+
+爆炸性介质分为易爆介质和一般爆炸物。应先判断承压设备中使用或储存介质是否为易爆介质，不属于易爆介质的爆炸性介质，按照一般爆炸物分类。
+
+## 6.2
+
+易爆介质是指气体或者液体的蒸气、薄雾与空气混合形成的爆炸混合物，且爆炸下限小于10%，或者爆炸上限和爆炸下限的差值大于或等于20%。
+
+注：气体或者液体的蒸气、薄雾与空气形成的混合物遇火源发生爆炸，能使火焰蔓延的最低浓度，称作爆炸下限；能使火焰蔓延的最高浓度，称作爆炸上限。
+
+## 6.3
+
+一般爆炸物是指能够通过化学反应在内部产生一定速度、一定温度与压力的气体，且对周围环境具有破坏作用的物质或其混合物，分为以下6类：
+
+a) 1.1项：有整体爆炸危险的介质；
+
+b) 1.2项：有迸射危险但无整体爆炸危险的介质；
+
+c) 1.3项：有燃烧危险，并有较小爆炸危险或较小迸射危险或两者兼有，但无整体爆炸危险的介质；
+
+d) 1.4项：不存在显著爆炸危险的介质，如被点燃或引爆也只存在较小危险；
+
+e) 1.5项：有整体爆炸危险的非常不敏感介质；
+
+f) 1.6项:无整体爆炸危险的极端不敏感介质。
+
+## 6.4
+
+一般爆炸物(包括混合物)应按照联合国《关于危险货物运输的建议书 试验和标准手册》进行爆炸性、敏感性、热稳定性等核心试验,以确定其分类。应特别注意热不稳定和/或对正常搬运和使用过程中太敏感的不稳定爆炸物。如果混合物含有已知的一般爆炸物,应进行爆炸性危害分类。
+
+## 6.5
+
+爆炸特性与分子内存在的会起反应使温度或压强快速提高的原子团有关。如果存在以下情况,可不进行一般爆炸物判定及分类。
+
+a) 分子中没有与爆炸性相关的原子团。
+
+b) 物质中含有与爆炸性相关的原子团,但计算出的氧平衡少于-200。氧平衡针对的化学反应为 $C_xH_yO_z+(x+y/4-z/2)O_2 \rightarrow x \cdot CO_2+(y/2)H_2O$。氧平衡 $=-1600(2x+y/2-z)/$相对分子质量。
+
+c) 含有一个(或多个)具有爆炸性原子团的有机物质或有机物质的均匀混合物,但放热分解能低于500 J/g,或放热分解起始温度等于或大于500 ℃。
+
+d) 对于无机氧化性物质和有机物质的混合物,无机氧化性物质的浓度按质量小于15%(氧化性介质划入类别1或类别2时)或30%(氧化性介质划入类别3时)。
+
+# 7 易燃介质
+
+## 7.1 易燃气体
+
+### 7.1.1
+
+易燃气体是指在20 ℃和标准大气压101.3 kPa下,与空气混合有一定易燃范围的气体,分为2类,见表4。气溶胶不应分类为易燃气体。
+
+### 7.1.2
+
+在没有空气或氧气时也能极为迅速反应的易燃气体为化学不稳定气体,分为2类,见表5。
+
+### 7.1.3
+
+易燃性可由试验确定,或按照ISO 10156的规定计算确定。如因缺乏充分数据,无法使用上述方法,可按照承压设备监管部门承认的类似方法进行试验。化学不稳定性应按照联合国《关于危险货物运输的建议书 试验和标准手册》确定,如果根据ISO 10156的规定计算显示气体混合物不易燃,则无需为了分类而开展确定化学不稳定性的试验。
+
+**表 4 易燃气体的分类**
+
+
+
+
+| 类别 |
+标准a |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+在20℃和标准大气压101.3 kPa下：
a) 在与空气的混合物中,体积分数为13%或更少时可点燃的气体;或
b) 易燃性下限不限,与空气混合,可燃范围至少为12个百分点的气体 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+在20℃和标准大气压101.3 kPa时,除类别1中的气体之外,与空气混合时有易燃范围的气体 |
+
+
+| a 如果有关法规有规定,氨和甲基溴化物可以视为特例。 |
+
+
+
+
+**表 5 化学不稳定性气体的分类**
+
+
+
+
+| 类别 |
+标准 |
+
+
+
+
+| A |
+在20℃和标准大气压101.3 kPa时化学性质不稳定性的易燃气体 |
+
+
+| B |
+在温度超过20℃和/或气压高于101.3 kPa时化学性质不稳定性的易燃气体 |
+
+
+
+
+## 7.2 易燃液体
+
+### 7.2.1
+
+易燃液体是指闪点不大于93℃的液体,包括在溶液或悬浮液中含有固体的液体(如油漆、清漆、喷漆等,但不包括由于其危害划入其他类别的物质,易爆介质除外)和液态退敏爆炸品。易燃液体还包括温度高于或等于其闪点的条件下使用和运输的液体,以液态在高温条件下运输且在温度等于或低于最高运输温度下放出易燃蒸气的物质。气溶胶不属于易燃液体。
+
+### 7.2.2
+
+满足以下任一条件的液体,不需视为易燃液体:
+
+a) 按照 ISO 2592 确定的燃点大于100℃的液体;
+
+b) 按质量含水大于90%的可与水混合的溶液,且判定为不能够持续燃烧的液体。
+
+### 7.2.3
+
+液态退敏爆炸品是指溶解或悬浮在水中或其他液态物质中,形成一种均匀的液态混合物,以抑制其爆炸性质的爆炸性物质。
+
+### 7.2.4
+
+易燃液体分为4类,见表6。
+
+**表 6 易燃液体的分类**
+
+
+
+
+| 类别 |
+标准a,b,c |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+闪点小于23℃,且初始沸点不大于35℃ |
+
+
+| 2 |
+闪点小于23℃,且初始沸点大于35℃ |
+
+
+| 3 |
+闪点不小于23℃,且不大于60℃ |
+
+
+| 4 |
+闪点大于60℃,且不大于93℃ |
+
+
+
+a 为了某些管理目的,可将闪点范围在55℃~75℃的瓦斯油、柴油和取暖用轻油视为特定组别。
+
b 为了某些管理目的(如运输),某些黏性易燃液体,如色漆、磁漆、喷漆、清漆、黏合剂和抛光剂等,可视为特定组别。根据有关法规标准,可以将其归类为非易燃液体。
+
c 对于闪点高于35℃但不超过60℃的液体,如果在联合国《关于危险货物运输的建议书 试验和标准手册》规定的持续燃烧试验中得到否定结果,为了某些管理目的可不视为易燃液体。 |
+
+
+
+
+### 7.2.5
+
+易燃液体的分类需要掌握闪点和初始沸点等数据,可以通过试验(闪点一般采用闭杯试验的方法确定)或计算确定,也可以在文献中查找数据。如果混合物中含有规定浓度的已知易燃液体,尽管可能含有不挥发成分,如聚合物、添加剂等,如果用格梅琳(Gmehling)和拉斯穆森(Rasmussen)1)介绍的方法(该计算方法对最多含有6种挥发性成分的混合物有效,对含有卤化物、硫磺和/或磷化合物的混合物尚未确认有效)计算得到混合物的闪点比表6中的分类标准高5℃,则无需通过试验确定其闪点,应用条件为:
+
+a) 已准确知道混合物的组成(如果有明确组成范围,选用计算得到的闪点最低的成分进行评估);
+
+b) 已知每一种成分的爆炸下限(将数据外推至试验条件以外的温度时,应采用适当的关联公式),以及计算混合物爆炸下限的方法;
+
+c) 已知混合物中每种成分的饱和蒸气压强和活性系数的温度相关性;
+
+d) 液相是均质的。
+
+# 8 自反应介质
+
+## 8.1
+
+自反应介质是指即使没有氧(空气)也容易发生激烈放热分解的热不稳定物质或者混合物。自反应介质包括在承压设备中自加速聚合温度(SAPT)为75℃或以下,以及反应热大于300 J/g的聚合物质;不包括根据本文件分类为爆炸性介质、有机过氧化物、氧化性介质、分解热小于300 J/g或在承压设备(50 kg包装件)中自加速分解温度(SADT)大于75℃的介质,但含有5%或更多可燃有机物质的氧化性混合物应按程序判断是否为自反应介质。显示自反应介质特性的介质,即使符合自燃介质的判定条件,也应分类为自反应介质。
+
+
+
+1) 工业工程化学基础.1982, 21:186.
+
+## 8.2
+
+自反应介质可能因为热、与催化性杂质(如酸、重金属化合物、碱)接触、摩擦或碰撞而发生分解,分解速度随温度上升而加快,且因物质而异。自反应介质的分解,特别是在没有着火的情况下,可能放出毒性气体或蒸气。有些自反应物可猛烈燃烧。
+
+## 8.3
+
+有些自反应介质可能发生爆炸性分解,特别是在封闭情况下,可通过添加稀释剂加以改变。在实验室试验中,如自反应介质容易起爆、迅速爆燃或在封闭条件下加热时显示剧烈效应,则被视为具有爆炸性质。
+
+## 8.4
+
+自反应介质根据其危险程度,分为7种类型。
+
+a) A型自反应介质:在承压设备中可能起爆或迅速爆燃的自反应介质。
+
+b) B型自反应介质:具有爆炸性质的自反应介质,在承压设备中不会起爆或迅速爆燃,但可能发生热爆炸。
+
+c) C型自反应介质:具有爆炸性质,在承压设备中不可能起爆或发生热爆炸的自反应介质。
+
+d) 在实验室试验中,满足以下任一条件,则判定为D型自反应介质:
+
+1) 部分起爆,不迅速爆燃,在封闭条件下加热时不呈现任何剧烈效应;
+
+2) 不起爆,缓慢爆燃,在封闭条件下加热时不呈现任何剧烈效应;
+
+3) 不起爆和爆燃,在封闭条件下加热时呈现中等效应。
+
+e) E型自反应介质:在实验室试验中,不起爆也不爆燃,在封闭条件下加热时呈现微弱效应或无效应的自反应介质。
+
+f) F型自反应介质:在实验室试验中,不在空化状态下起爆也不爆燃,在封闭条件下加热时只呈现微弱效应或无效应,而且爆炸力弱或无爆炸力的自反应介质。
+
+g) G型自反应介质:在实验室试验中,不在空化状态下起爆也不爆燃,在封闭条件下加热时显示无效应,而且无任何爆炸力,且该物质或混合物是热稳定的承压设备(50 kg包装件)中介质的自加速分解温度为60℃~75℃。对于液体混合物,所用脱敏稀释剂的沸点大于或等于150℃。如果混合物不是热稳定的,或者所用脱敏稀释剂的沸点低于150℃,则判定为F型自反应物质。
+
+## 8.5
+
+对自反应介质分类具有决定作用的性质,应按照联合国《关于危险货物运输的建议书 试验和标准手册》进行试验确定。下列情况可不进行自反应介质分类判定:
+
+a) 分子中没有与爆炸性或自反应性质相关的原子团;
+
+b) 单一有机物质或有机物质的混合物,自加速分解温度大于75℃或分解热低于300 J/g。
+
+## 8.6
+
+符合以下任一条件的自反应介质,运输时应进行温度控制:
+
+a) 自反应介质的自加速分解温度低于或等于55℃时;
+
+b) 聚合物质在承压设备中自加速聚合温度不高于50℃时;
+
+c) 在便携式承压设备中,聚合物质自加速聚合温度不高于45℃时。
+
+需要进行温度控制的常见自反应介质见附录B。
+
+# 9 自燃介质
+
+自燃介质是指即使数量少也能在与空气接触5 min内着火的液体。液体加至惰性载体上并暴露在空气中5 min内燃烧,或与空气接触5 min内燃着或使滤纸碳化,判定为自燃介质。如果生产或运输经验表明,物质或混合物在常温下接触空气不会发生引燃,则不需要进行自燃介质的判定。
+
+# 10 遇水放出易燃气体的介质
+
+## 10.1
+
+遇水放出易燃气体的介质是指通过与水作用,可能自燃或放出易燃气体且数量危险的物质和混合物。
+
+## 10.2
+
+按照联合国《关于危险货物运输的建议书 试验和标准手册》中33.4.1.4 规定的方法进行试验,在试验程序任一步骤发生自燃,或释放易燃气体的速度大于每千克物质每小时释放1 L的介质,应判定为遇水放出易燃气体的介质。
+
+## 10.3
+
+遇水放出易燃气体的介质分为3类,见表7。
+
+**表 7 遇水放出易燃气体的介质的分类**
+
+
+
+
+| 类别 |
+标准 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+在环境温度下遇水起剧烈反应,并且所产生的气体通常显示自燃倾向,或在环境温度下遇水容易发生反应,释放易燃气体的速度等于或大于每千克物质在任何1 min内释放10 L的任何物质或混合物 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+在环境温度下遇水容易发生反应,释放易燃气体的最大速度等于或大于每千克物质每小时释放20 L,并且不符合类别1标准的任何物质或混合物 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+在环境温度下遇水容易发生反应,释放易燃气体的最大速度等于或大于每千克物质每小时释放1 L,并且不符合类别1和类别2标准的任何物质或混合物 |
+
+
+
+
+## 10.4
+
+对于以下情况,不需要进行遇水放出易燃气体的介质判定:
+
+a) 物质或混合物的化学结构中不含金属或类金属;
+
+b) 生产或运输经验表明,物质或混合物不与水反应,如物质是用水生产或用水冲洗,或已知物质或混合物可溶于水并形成稳定的混合物。
+
+# 11 氧化性介质
+
+## 11.1
+
+氧化性介质是指本身未必可燃,但通常会提供或放出氧气,可能引起或促进其他物质燃烧的物质,包括氧化性气体和氧化性液体。
+
+## 11.2
+
+氧化性气体是指氧化能力大于23.5%的纯净气体或气体混合物。氧化能力(OP)可按ISO 10156给出的试验或按公式(4)的计算方法确定。
+
+$$
+OP = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i} C_{i}}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_{i} + \sum_{k=1}^{p} K_{k} B_{k}} \qquad (4)
+$$
+
+式中：
+
+$OP$ —— 氧化能力；
+
+$n$ —— 混合物中氧化性气体的总数；
+
+$x_i$ —— 混合物中氧化性气体 $i$ 的摩尔分数；
+
+$C_i$ —— 混合物中氧化性气体 $i$ 的氧等值系数；
+
+$p$ —— 混合物中惰性气体的总数；
+
+$K_k$ —— 惰性气体k与氮相比的等值系数；
+
+$B_k$ —— 混合物中惰性气体k的摩尔分数。
+
+## 11.3
+
+氧化性液体通过试验测定该物质在与一种可燃物质完全混合时，增加该可燃物质的燃烧速度或燃烧强度的潜力或者发生自发着火的潜力来判定。氧化性液体分为3类，见表8。
+
+**表 8 氧化性液体的分类**
+
+
+
+
+| 类别 |
+标准 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+任何物质或混合物，以物质(或混合物)与纤维素质量1:1的比例混合后进行试验，可自燃；或受试物质与纤维素按质量1:1比例混合后，平均压强上升时间小于50%的高氯酸与纤维素按质量1:1比例混合后的平均压强上升时间 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+任何物质或混合物，以物质(或混合物)与纤维素按质量1:1的比例混合后进行试验，显示的平均压强上升时间小于或等于40%氯酸钠水溶液与纤维素按质量1:1的比例混合后的平均压强上升时间；并且不符合类别1的标准 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+任何物质或混合物，以物质(或混合物)与纤维素按质量1:1的比例混合后进行试验，显示的平均压强上升时间小于或等于65%硝酸水溶液与纤维素按质量1:1的比例混合后的平均压强上升时间；并且不符合类别1和类别2的标准 |
+
+
+
+
+## 11.4
+
+使用和运输经验是判定介质氧化性的重要附加因素。如果用于判定氧化性介质的试验结果与已知经验不一致，根据已知经验的判断应优先于试验结果。
+
+## 11.5
+
+对于氧化性液体的分类判定，有时物质或混合物可能由于化学反应而造成压强升高(太高或太低)，不代表该物质或混合物具有氧化性。在该种情况下，需要用硅藻土之类的惰性物质代替纤维素进行重复试验，以确定反应性质。满足以下任一条件，则不需要进行氧化性液体判定：
+
+a) 物质或混合物不含氧、氟或氯；
+
+b) 含有氧、氟或氯，但这些元素只有化学键连在碳或氢上；
+
+c) 不含氧或卤原子的无机物质或混合物。
+
+# 12 有机过氧化物
+
+## 12.1
+
+有机过氧化物是指含有二价-O-O-结构的有机物质，可视为一个或两个氢原子已被有机基团取代的过氧化氢衍生物。有机过氧化物是热不稳定的物质或混合物，容易发生放热自加速分解，具有一种或多种下列性质：
+
+a) 易于爆炸分解；
+
+b) 迅速燃烧；
+
+c) 对撞击或摩擦敏感；
+
+d) 与其他物质发生危害性反应。
+
+## 12.2
+
+有机过氧化物可能因为受热、与杂质(如酸、重金属化合物、胺)接触、摩擦或碰撞而分解，分解速度随温度增加而加快，不同的有机过氧化物配制品分解速度各不相同。分解可能产生有害或易燃气体或蒸气。
+
+## 12.3
+
+在实验室试验中，如有机过氧化物易于起爆或迅速爆燃，或在封闭条件下加热时显示激烈效应，则视为具有爆炸性质。
+
+## 12.4
+
+有机过氧化物按其危险程度分为以下7种类型：
+
+a) A型有机过氧化物：在承压设备中可能起爆或迅速爆燃的有机过氧化物。
+
+b) B型有机过氧化物:具有爆炸性质,在承压设备中既不起爆也不迅速爆燃,但在承压设备中可能发生爆炸的有机过氧化物。
+
+c) C型有机过氧化物:具有爆炸性质,在承压设备中不可能起爆或迅速爆燃或发生热爆炸的有机过氧化物。
+
+d) 在实验室试验中,满足以下任一条件,则判定为D型有机过氧化物:
+
+1) 部分起爆,不迅速爆燃,在封闭条件下加热时不呈现任何剧烈效应;
+
+2) 根本不起爆,缓慢爆燃,在封闭条件下加热时不呈现任何剧烈效应;
+
+3) 根本不起爆或爆燃,在封闭条件下加热时呈现中等效应。
+
+e) E型有机过氧化物:在实验室试验中,绝不起爆也绝不爆燃,在封闭条件下加热时只呈现微弱效应或无效应的有机过氧化物。
+
+f) F型有机过氧化物:在实验室试验中,绝不在空化状态下起爆也绝不爆燃,在封闭条件下加热时显示无效应,而且爆炸力弱或无爆炸力的有机过氧化物。
+
+g) G型有机过氧化物:在实验室试验中,绝不在空化状态下起爆也绝不爆燃,在封闭条件下加热时显示无效应,而且爆炸力弱或无爆炸力,且该物质或混合物应是热稳定的(50 kg承压设备内介质的自加速分解温度为60℃或更高)。对于液体混合物,所用脱敏稀释剂的沸点不低于150℃。如果有机过氧化物不是热稳定的,或者所用脱敏稀释剂的沸点低于150℃,则判定为F型有机过氧化物。
+
+## 12.5
+
+满足以下任一条件的有机过氧化物混合物,在危害分类时可不予考虑:
+
+a) 有机过氧化物的有效氧含量不超过1.0%,且过氧化氢含量不超过1.0%;
+
+b) 有机过氧化物的有效氧含量不超过0.5%,且过氧化氢含量超过1.0%,但不超过7.0%。
+
+有机过氧化物混合物的有效氧含量 $w$ 按公式(5)计算。
+
+$$
+w=16 \times \sum_{i}^{n}\left(n_{i} \times c_{i} / m\right) \qquad (5)
+$$
+
+式中：
+
+$w$ —— 有效氧含量；
+
+$n_i$ —— 有机过氧化物$i$每个分子的过氧化基团数；
+
+$c_i$ —— 有机过氧化物$i$的浓度(质量百分数)，%；
+
+$m_i$ —— 有机过氧化物$i$的相对分子质量。
+
+## 12.6
+
+有机过氧化物的分类主要依据化学结构和混合物中有效氧的含量及过氧化氢的含量。对分类起决定作用的有机过氧化物性质，应通过试验确定。有机过氧化物的混合物，可按其中最危险的成分确定其分类。但由于两种稳定的成分可能形成比较不稳定的混合物，应确定混合物的自加速分解温度（SADT），必要时应施加温度控制。控制温度和危急温度应根据SADT推算。确定SADT的试验方法以及控制温度和危急温度的推算见联合国《关于危险货物运输的建议书 试验和标准手册》。
+
+## 12.7
+
+下列有机过氧化物运输时应进行温度控制：
+
+a) SADT 不大于 50℃ 的 B 型和 C 型有机过氧化物；
+
+b) 在封闭条件下加热时显示中等效应并且 SADT 不大于 50℃，或在封闭条件下加热时显示微弱或无效应并且 SADT 不大于 45℃ 的 D 型有机过氧化物；
+
+c) SADT 不大于 45℃ 的 E 型和 F 型有机过氧化物；
+需要进行温度控制的常见有机过氧化物见附录 B。
+
+## 12.8
+
+如果有机过氧化物发生泄漏，应避免眼睛和有机过氧化物接触。有些有机过氧化物即使短暂接触，也会对角膜造成严重伤害，或对皮肤具有腐蚀性。
+
+# 13 加压气体
+
+## 13.1
+
+加压气体为20℃下,以200 kPa(表压)或更大压强装入承压设备的气体,或是液化气体或冷冻液化气体。
+
+## 13.2
+
+加压气体分为压缩气体、液化气体、溶解气体、冷冻液化气体等4类,具体如下:
+
+a) 压缩气体:在-50℃加压封装时完全是气态的气体,包括所有临界温度不大于-50℃的气体;
+
+b) 液化气体:在高于-50℃温度下加压封装时部分是液体的气体,分为高压液化气体(临界温度在-50℃和65℃之间的气体)和低压液化气体(临界温度高于65℃的气体);
+
+c) 冷冻液化气体:封装时由于温度低而部分是液体的气体;
+
+d) 溶解气体:加压封装时溶解于液相溶剂的气体。
+
+气溶胶不应分类在加压气体中。
+
+## 13.3
+
+对加压气体进行分类时,需要50℃时的蒸气压强、20℃和标准环境压强下的物理状态、临界温度等数据。单一气体可以根据文献、计算或试验获得的数据进行分类。对于大部分混合物,需要进行附加计算,计算可能非常复杂。
+
+## 13.4
+
+压缩气体、液化气体和溶解气体预热可能爆炸,冷冻液化气体可能造成低温灼伤或损伤,在承压设备设计制造和使用管理中需考虑可能产生的危害。
+
+# 14 金属腐蚀性介质
+
+金属腐蚀性介质是指通过化学作用会严重损坏甚至彻底毁坏金属的物质或混合物。在试验温度55℃下,如果介质对钢或铝表面的腐蚀速率超过每年6.25mm,则判定为金属腐蚀性介质。如果对钢或铝进行的初步试验表明,试验的物质或混合物具有腐蚀性,则不必再对另一金属作试验。可以根据联合国《关于危险货物运输的建议书 试验和标准手册》中37.4规定的试验方法测定腐蚀速率。
+
+# 15 介质和材料的相容性
+
+## 15.1 相容性分析要求
+
+### 15.1.1
+
+介质和材料的相容性主要受化学反应和物理效应的影响,分析时需考虑介质特性和含量、材料特性、设备的工况(如温度、压力、介质流速、表面污染等)、周围的环境(如氧的浓度及状态、湿度等),以及设备的性能要求、已有经验、可行性和成本等其他因素。
+
+### 15.1.2
+
+介质和材料的相容性分析依据包括实验室测试、使用经验和文献资料等。
+
+### 15.1.3
+
+在某些特殊情况中,如果有适合的涂层或保护,且经过可靠的试验验证,由设计单位技术负责人批准后,可以使用与介质不相容的材料。
+
+## 15.2 介质和金属材料的相容性分析
+
+### 15.2.1
+
+介质和金属材料的相容性分析主要考虑以下情况:
+
+a) 腐蚀减薄:介质和材料发生化学反应导致壁厚减薄,不具有腐蚀性的介质在存在水和/或杂质时,也会发生腐蚀现象,可表现在均匀腐蚀、局部腐蚀、点蚀;
+
+b) 环境开裂:主要包括应力腐蚀开裂、湿硫化氢破坏、氢脆等;
+
+c) 材质劣化:主要包括渗氮、渗碳、脱碳、金属粉化、钛氢化、脱金属腐蚀、敏化-晶间腐蚀等;
+
+d) 机械损伤:主要包括冲刷、汽蚀等;
+
+e) 其他损伤:主要包括低温脆化、高温氢腐蚀、腐蚀疲劳、冲蚀、铸铁石墨化腐蚀、耐火材料退化、微动腐蚀等;
+
+f) 介质和材料发生激烈反应(如燃烧,对于金属材料不常见,需要较高激活能)、反应产生危险产物(如铜含量超过70%的铜合金和乙炔的反应,铝和氯甲烷的反应)等。
+
+### 15.2.2
+
+介质和材料的相容性按照 GB/T 30579 及相关标准进行判定。
+
+## 15.3 介质和非金属材料的相容性分析
+
+### 15.3.1
+
+介质和非金属材料的相容性分析主要考虑以下情况。
+
+a) 发生激烈反应(如燃烧、氧化):介质和非金属材料的相容性取决于操作工况,存在氧气、氟气、氯气、三氧化二氮等氧化性气体的环境中发生激烈反应的风险较高。大部分非金属材料在含氧化性气体有助燃气体的环境中极易点燃,但需要点燃源,如摩擦、压缩热、物质撞击产生的热量、颗粒撞击产生的热量、静电、电弧、共振、内部挠动等。
+
+b) 质量损失:如抽提、化学侵蚀等。
+
+c) 由于吸收气体或液体导致材料膨胀。
+
+d) 机械性能变化:如硬度升高、弹性降低等。
+
+e) 其他:如介质中的杂质和材料不相容、毒性气体对材料的污染、释放危险产物、老化(高温含氧环境可能会加速老化,导致开裂和脆化)、渗透(如氦气、氢气、二氧化碳等对非金属材料的渗透,渗透率取决于温度、压力、厚度、与气体接触的表面积等,尤其应关注毒性和易燃易爆介质的渗透性)等。
+
+### 15.3.2
+
+深冷容器用材料和气体的相容性按照 GB/T 31481 及相关标准进行判定。气体和气瓶及阀门材料的相容性按照 ISO 11114 及相关标准进行判定。
+
+## 附录 A
+
+(规范性)
+
+### 常见介质危害分类
+
+A.1 常见介质危害分类见表 A.1。
+
+**表 A.1 常见介质危害分类**
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+CAS号 |
+UN号 |
+中文名称 |
+别名 |
+毒性a,b |
+燃烧爆炸特性 |
+加压气体 |
+其他危害c |
+介质与金属材料相容性提示d |
+反应和稳定性提示 |
+危害提示 |
+GHS健康和环境危害类别b |
+附加信息 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+999-81-5 |
+— |
+矮壮素 |
+— |
+IV |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+急性毒性-经口,类别4急性毒性-经皮,类别4 |
+— |
+
+
+| 2 |
+7664-41-7 |
+1005 |
+氨 |
+液氨;氨气 |
+III * |
+易燃气体,类别2 |
+加压气体 |
+— |
+氨应力腐蚀开裂、渗氮(含量高,高温) |
+与强氧化剂、卤素、酸类等禁配物接触发生剧烈反应。禁配物:卤素、酰基氯、氯仿、强氧化剂。危险的分解产物:无资料 |
+易燃气体,内装加压气体,遇热可能爆炸,吸入会中毒,可引起皮肤腐蚀,强渗透性 |
+急性毒性-吸入,类别3*皮肤腐蚀/刺激,类别1B严重眼损伤/眼刺激,类别1危害水生环境-急性危害,类别1 |
+— |
+
+
+| 3 |
+95-55-6 |
+2512 |
+2-氨基苯酚 |
+邻氨基苯酚;邻羟基苯胺;2-氨基酚 |
+IV/III |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+与强氧化剂等禁配物发生反应。禁配物:强氧化剂、酰基氯、酸酐、酸类、氯仿。危险的分解产物:无资料 |
+— |
+急性毒性-经口,类别4急性毒性-吸入,类别4生殖细胞致突变性,类别2 |
+— |
+
+
+| 4 |
+591-27-5 |
+2512 |
+3-氨基苯酚 |
+间氨基苯酚;间羟基苯胺;3-氨基酚;间氨基酚 |
+IV/III |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+与强氧化剂等禁配物发生反应。禁配物:强氧化剂、酰基氯、酸酐、酸类、氯仿。危险的分解产物:无资料 |
+— |
+急性毒性-经口,类别4急性毒性-吸入,类别4危害水生环境-急性危害,类别2危害水生环境-长期危害,类别2 |
+— |
+
+
+| 5 |
+123-30-8 |
+2512 |
+4-氨基苯酚 |
+对氨基苯酚;4-氨基酚 |
+—/III |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+与强氧化剂等禁配物发生反应。禁配物:强氧化剂、酰基氯、酸酐、酸类、氯仿。危险的分解产物:无资料 |
+— |
+生殖细胞致突变性,类别2危害水生环境-急性危害,类别1危害水生环境-长期危害,类别1 |
+— |
+
+
+| 6 |
+107-10-8 |
+1277 |
+1-氨基丙烷 |
+正丙胺;丙胺 |
+III |
+易爆介质;易燃液体,类别2 |
+— |
+— |
+碱腐蚀、碱脆 |
+与强氧化剂等禁配物接触,有发生火灾和爆炸的危险。禁配物:强氧化剂、酰基氯、酸酐、酸类。危险的分解产物:无资料 |
+高度易燃液体,皮肤接触会中毒,吸入会中毒,可引起皮肤腐蚀 |
+急性毒性-经口,类别4急性毒性-经皮,类别3急性毒性-吸入,类别3皮肤腐蚀/刺激,类别1严重眼损伤/眼刺激,类别1 |
+— |
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_35.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_35.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..55b9a01b589dbd9a44b0f33980d8d18b43425577
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_35.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2223 @@
+# 产品\服务类别
+
+## A1上游 - 原材料供应商
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+上海天德通用航空有限公司 |
+可提供直升机机型的航材有: H125、H135、H155、H225、R22、R44、R66、贝尔系列、阿古斯塔系列、CESSNA172、CESSNA180等 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+河南新丝路国际飞行学校有限公司 |
+宇航级T300碳纤维、T700碳纤维、碳纤维预浸料/布、碳纤维布(平纹/斜纹)、800幅宽复合材料拉挤装备 |
+
+
+
+
+## A2上游 - 零部件制造商
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+公元数智技术(北京)有限公司 |
+飞控系统 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+发动机、电机、飞控、反无系统 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+深圳市艾飞智控科技有限公司 |
+飞控系统:含传感器(大气机、无线高、光纤惯导等)、飞控计算机(飞控、任管计算机)、执行机构(舵机、舵控器);地面站系统:便携式加固地面站、方舱式指挥控制战等模拟仿真系统:面向教学、培训、科研试验的仿真计算机及配套半物理仿真测试飞控计算机 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+安徽天机慧智能科技有限公司 |
+天机飞行控制系统 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+西安蓝悦控制技术有限公司 |
+无人机飞控系统 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+牛瓦时克(上海)科技有限公司 |
+电池能源系统 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+中科骊久(济南)机器人有限公司 |
+轴向磁通电机 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+苏州蓝悦无人机技术有限公司 |
+电池能源系统 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+百纳智航(深圳)科技有限公司 |
+拥有自研飞控BN-N9系列 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+碳纤维桨叶、无人机动力系统、无人机机身、无人机焊接配件等 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+我们专注于多旋翼无人机(如四旋翼、六旋翼)和固定翼无人机的自主飞控系统研发,采用先进的自适应控制算法和传感器融合技术,确保飞行器在各种复杂环境下保持高稳定性、抗干扰性和精准操控。应用场景:工业巡检(电力、石油、风电)、农业植保(精准喷洒、地形跟随)、测绘与遥感(高精度航线飞行)、应急救援(复杂环境稳定飞行) |
+
+
+| 12 |
+西安天翼智飞科技集团有限公司 |
+无人机电池、机架相关产品制造 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+北京聚智合众科技有限公司 |
+氢能混合动力系统 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+中国电子科技集团公司第四十研究所 |
+连接器及电缆组件类:射频连接器及组件、低频连接器及组件、高压电连接器及组件、流体连接器、光总线互连部组件等;继电器类:高压直流继电器、射频继电器/微波开关、温度继电器、固体继电器、波导开关等;管壳类:集成电路外壳、传感器外壳、滤波器外壳等。按照GJB、GB、MIL、IEC、ISO等标检测试验服务:依托信息产业接插件继电器质量监督检验中心,对各类连接器、继电器、开关等机电元件进行检测试验服务 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+江西洪都航空工业股份有限公司 |
+航空零部件及智能装备的研发、无人机制造等 |
+
+
+
+
+## A3上游 - 研发机构
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+西安蓝悦控制技术有限公司 |
+无人机整机设计 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+具有自主研发无人机整机技术、开源飞控编写等能力 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+丰翼科技(深圳)有限公司 |
+中型物流无人机 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+陕西华兴通盛航空科技有限公司 |
+地面站的研发 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+机械工业第六设计研究院有限公司 |
+提供低空产业创新发展规划、低空空域研究以及低空基础设施规划设计服务 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+芸瀚无人机科技(启东)有限公司 |
+无人机研发生产定制化服务 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+广东万虹科技有限公司 |
+犇腾400E |
+
+
+| 8 |
+云南领跑通用航空科技有限公司 |
+研发物流无人机遇到障碍物或风雨雪天气平稳系统 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+研发物流无人机遇到障碍物或风雨雪天气平稳系统 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+冷链物流专用无人机、行业无人机 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+景德镇三航电子科技有限公司 |
+机载多模融合通信终端技术 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+苏州蓝悦无人机技术有限公司 |
+无人机整机设计 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+南昌交通学院低空交通研究院 |
+飞控技术、导航技术、新无人机机型、反无人机、动力系统技术研究 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+生态修复系列无人机,机器人等 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+百纳智航(深圳)科技有限公司 |
+百纳智航拥有专业研发团队进行无人机研发工作,针对不同应用场景给出专业解决方案,比如最近研发的载重100公斤油电混动无人机 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+重庆倬航直升机吊装有限公司 |
+ZF1000型直升机、共轴直升机、垂直起降固定翼直升机研发 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+中科骊久(济南)机器人有限公司 |
+货运型大型无人机、客运型大型无人机 |
+
+
+| 18 |
+北京飞行魔方科技有限公司 |
+低空物流系统研发,物流无人机及配件研发 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+深圳市艾飞智控科技有限公司 |
+中大型无人机全构型(固定翼、直升机、倾转、复合翼、自转旋翼、飞翼等)正向控制率设计、气动建模分析、遥控遥测/地检软件开发、模拟仿真软件定制、联调试飞保障等 |
+
+
+| 20 |
+温州市航洋航空装备研究院 |
+大、中、小型空运空投适应性技术研究;(含概念验证、技术改造、试验测试) |
+
+
+| 21 |
+上海汇晨柏航科技有限公司 |
+航空产品设计研发 |
+
+
+| 22 |
+四川沃飞长空科技发展有限公司 |
+电动力垂直起降载人飞行器AE200等研发 |
+
+
+| 23 |
+中信海洋直升机股份有限公司 |
+无人机系统开发与集成 |
+
+
+| 24 |
+时代飞鹏科技有限公司 |
+无人机研发,FP-98、FP-985大型固定翼多功能无人机、FP-980-7B末端站式自动化机场 |
+
+
+| 25 |
+江苏启源无人机科技有限公司 |
+无人机、直升机、eVTOL研发、生产 |
+
+
+| 26 |
+深圳智航无人机有限公司 |
+无人机研发制造,产品包括垂直起降固定翼无人机Z4、V330、V380、V500、V600、V800等,以及多旋翼无人机凌云IIS、铁牛280 |
+
+
+| 27 |
+徐州启航未来航空航天科技有限公司 |
+无人机、直升机研发、生产 |
+
+
+| 28 |
+江苏工之友低空智能科技有限公司 |
+无人机、直升机、eVTOL研发、生产 |
+
+
+
+
+## A4上游 - 地面基础设施建设商
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+飞行营地、飞行场地、飞行平台建设施工、场地智能化系统设计建设 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+成都华日通讯技术股份有限公司 |
+航空无线电保护性监测,建设电磁环境监测设备、无人机监测设备,主要监测低空飞行器常用频点(卫星导航>数传>遥控),以及无人机的位置坐标、航迹等。通过平台组网,利用人工智能构建综合性智能化安全保障系统,给出多种预警,形成低空经济安全保护屏障 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+四川翼飞亚通用航空有限公司 |
+基础设施建设 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+具有各类飞行场地建设经验,专供无人机飞行基地建设、无人机跑道建设、无人机实训室建设、无人机各类场地防护措施建设、无人机飞行模拟端平台建设等 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+机械工业第六设计研究院有限公司 |
+提供低空管理平台及配套设施建设、低空(5G-A)智联网能力建设、产业落地一体化咨询建设方案咨询与设计 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+地面停机坪、基站 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+江西航易绘无人机科技有限公司 |
+建设无人机物流停机坪,机场等 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+南京牧星人航空科技有限公司 |
+以ADS-B(广播式自动相关监视)和remote ID(无人机远程身份识别)的相关地面及机载设备和低空监视与自动感知避让整体解决方案 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+地面基础设施建设 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+江西航易绘无人机科技有限公司 |
+深圳市太乙传心科技有限公司 |
+
+
+
+
+## A5上游 - 管理系统开发商
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+天津市克兰鹰航空科技有限公司 |
+AAM空域管理验证平台 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+拥有多年的无人机模拟飞行平台的、理论管理平台、数据检测平台等方面的服务经验和管理体系 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+安徽天机慧智能科技有限公司 |
+提供无人机飞行后台,使用天机训练机在该平台注册。可远程查看飞机每个架次的训练情况。该飞行记录同步民航局,各位老总也可登录各公司后台查看教员带训情况等 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+北京蜂运科技有限公司 |
+提供低空物流管理系统,可以将物流通过平台来进行配送 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+公元数智技术(北京)有限公司 |
+无线双向数据链通讯系统 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+湖北战狼航空有限公司 |
+战狼空天地AI智能一体化指控系统 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+无人机管理系统研发与维护,助力飞行安全提升和无人机运营效率升级。应用场景:低空经济线上管理系统、应急空管系统:灾害救援等特殊场景管理。平台具备180种数据处理智能算法。15种场景AI识别算法 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+空管系统、物流配送系统、智慧园区管理系统 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+南昌交通学院低空交通研究院 |
+低空物流管理系统,为快递提供低空物流配送平台 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+自研低空产业园管理平台系统v1.0 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+深圳市创客火科技有限公司 |
+无人机综合管理系统:为满足行业无人机各类工作场景,解决传统模式作业弊端,为客户提供无人值守,全自动全新作业方式;基于现代webGL技术,可跨平台跨终端应用于智慧城市、智慧园区、警用巡查、应急消防、海上执法等多行业应用,以强大的呈现能力,极大提升系统价值;基于全场景可视化技术,为不同行业作为定制化解决方案,如智能化管理系统、无人机信息监测系统、智慧城市可视化管理系统等 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+深圳市太乙传心科技有限公司 |
+智慧低空综合运行保障平台 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+中科骊久(济南)机器人有限公司 |
+无人机服务站 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+北京飞了网数据技术有限公司 |
+低空数据软件服务商,提供业务端票务软件、数据平台、空管系统软硬件服务 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+北京飞行魔方科技有限公司 |
+物流无人机管理控制系统,编队无人机管理控制系统 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+上海峰飞航空科技有限公司 |
+空中物流运营系统 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+南京莱斯信息技术股份有限公司 |
+提供空管自动化系统、场面管理系统等核心产品等 |
+
+
+
+
+## B1中游 - 航空器制造商
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+广东万虹科技有限公司 |
+犇腾400E等无人机制造 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+物流无人机研发及定制 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+西安蓝悦控制技术有限公司 |
+无人机中试产线 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+丰翼科技(深圳)有限公司 |
+方舟40、丰舟90、方舟80、方舟150、虎鲸等无人机 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+陕西华兴通盛航空科技有限公司 |
+无人机通盛一号的生产、无人机通盛二号的生产、飞控系统天鸿-1的生产 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+安徽天机慧智能科技有限公司 |
+天机系列无人机培训专用机/X6165 X6165PRO X1100 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+重明鸟通用航空服务(成都)有限责任公司 |
+CQF快递无人机 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+公元数智技术(北京)有限公司 |
+多旋翼火灾侦察预警无人机, ADI载重无人机, ADI森林消防无人机, ADI系留照明无人机, ADI消防 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+哈苏无人机科技(苏州)有限公司 |
+物流运输无人机以及运营保障服务 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+中创航空科技(浙江)有限公司 |
+自主研发ZC系列纵列双旋翼系列无人直升机, 具有大载荷、长续航、高可靠的特点。ZC500型纵列式双旋翼无人机, 是公司历时7年研发、测试, 推出的一款多用途无人直升机。ZC300无人直升机:采用纵列式双旋翼结构, 机体结构紧凑, 抗风能力强, 最大起飞重量300kg, 最大载荷140kg, 最大速度140千米/小时, 抗扰动能力强 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+湖北战狼航空有限公司 |
+战狼星载无人机, 东湖云侦察及遥感系统 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+无人机、电动垂直起降飞行器等低空飞行器的自主研发与生产, 致力于推动智能航空技术的发展, 为物流运输、城市空中交通(UAM)、应急救援、工业巡检等领域提供高效、安全、环保的飞行解决方案。应用场景:物流运输、巡检服务、公共安全、工业服务 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+物流行业无人机 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+成都纵横自动化技术股份有限公司 |
+纵横股份PH-100、PH-20、PH-007、CW-15D等无人机 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+山东龙翼航空科技有限公司 |
+森林火灾发生地区,一般情况下地形复杂,消防车辆无法及时到达扑救火情。利用无人机可克服森林消防的这一大痛点。龙翼航空应急消防救援灭火无人机解决方案,更是攻克了消防无人机“速度低、载荷小、能力弱”的三大难题,建立起一套完整的消防救援灭火无人机作业体系,开发了集成化森林消防无人机作战单元装备车,无人机作战单元已迅速装备至广西省、云南省、湖北省、河北省、山西省、河南省、山东省等十二省份的森林防火体系 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+苏州蓝悦无人机技术有限公司 |
+无人机中试产线 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+自研白特、蜜蜂等机型 |
+
+
+| 18 |
+百纳智航(深圳)科技有限公司 |
+百纳智航主要生产各种类型的无人机,包括植保无人机系列、行业无人机系列、垂直起降固定翼无人机系列、穿越机系列以及未来将要生产的EVTOL正在验证性测试中 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+西安天翼智飞科技集团有限公司 |
+无人机整机研发及制造 |
+
+
+| 20 |
+中科骊久(济南)机器人有限公司 |
+货运型大型无人机、客运型大型无人机 |
+
+
+| 21 |
+广州极飞科技股份有限公司 |
+无人机制造 |
+
+
+| 22 |
+追梦空天科技(苏州)有限公司 |
+DF600是一种采用候转旋翼构型和混合动力增程的垂直起降飞行器,构型设计采用了上单翼、V型尾翼,机体结构主要为复合材料,可以模块化换装任务载荷和货运机仓。该机主要用于侦查监视和物流运输领域,利用垂直起降和高速长航的优势,有效满足远海编队、沿海岛礁和陆地高原的使用需求 |
+
+
+| 23 |
+赛飞特工程技术集团有限公司 |
+大载重货运无人机、空中天眼飞艇、应急救援无人机/eVTOL、植保无人机 |
+
+
+| 24 |
+北京飞行魔方科技有限公司 |
+编队无人机,物流无人机制造 |
+
+
+| 25 |
+广联航空工业股份有限公司 |
+无人机制造 |
+
+
+| 26 |
+航天彩虹无人机股份有限公司 |
+彩虹-3/4/5/6/7/10/101/801/802/804D/817/821等无人机系列产品无人机系统应用 |
+
+
+| 27 |
+浙江万丰奥威汽轮股份有限公司 |
+飞机整机制造 |
+
+
+| 28 |
+重庆驼航科技有限公司 |
+重载无人机 |
+
+
+| 29 |
+国安达股份有限公司 |
+无人机行业应用机型组装等 |
+
+
+| 30 |
+上海峰飞航空科技有限公司 |
+空中物流运营系统 |
+
+
+| 31 |
+微至航空科技(北京)有限公司 |
+大型固定翼通用无人运输机 |
+
+
+| 32 |
+上海拓攻机器人有限公司 |
+运鹏600物流无人机等 |
+
+
+
+
+## B2中游 - 高端装备制造商
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+天津市克兰鹰航空科技有限公司 |
+eVTOL及无人机工程仿真验证平台 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+警用无人机设备、应急、消防救援类设备+无人机匹配专业软件、无人机各类挂载设备 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+安胜(天津)飞行模拟系统有限公司 |
+为航空器制造商提供展示、研发、测试、运营所需的模拟仿真设备及解决方案 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+常州市小域智能科技有限公司 |
+无人机伞降系统 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+航空器制造、高端装备、核心部件及配套产品,覆盖无人机、电动垂直起降飞行器等各类飞行器的研发与生产需求。凭借先进技术和精密制造能力,我们致力于成为航空产业链中关键装备与核心部件的战略供应商。应用领域:无人机生产:配套高性价比的专业级制造解决方案、航空科研:为高校及研究院所提供实验装备 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+发动机、电机 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+景德镇三航电子科技有限公司 |
+机载多模融合通信终端技术 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+百纳智航(深圳)科技有限公司 |
+百纳智航对于每台无人机的出品都会配置专业的遥控器、电池、充电器等配套产品 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+深圳市创客火科技有限公司 |
+硬件:航电智能无人机巡检机巢可满足行业定点范围内的精细巡检需求,是具备远程操控、自主作业、自动充电、多机协同和智能数据处理的高智能化装备,降低人员参与程度,在有序的规模化推广下提供出一种更便捷、智能的解决方案,真正实现全自主无人化作业。智能无人机巡检系统可远程一键操作多机协同作业,进行多舱接力飞行,搭配多种任务载荷进行长航时飞行,三重保障策略可有效杜绝摔机情况及次生灾害的发生 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+河南新丝路国际飞行学校有限公司 |
+航材贸易:西锐、钻石、赛斯纳等机型航材及各类航化品 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+深圳市艾飞智控科技有限公司 |
+中大型无人机系统配套地检设备 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+温州市航洋航空装备研究院 |
+运输无人机模块化空运空投系统;中、小件物资空投货台、集装箱;无伞空投技术产品;无人机降落伞产品 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司 |
+电池技术及生产制造 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+孚能科技(赣州)股份有限公司 |
+电池技术及生产制造 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+中航航空高科技股份有限公司 |
+航空复合材料、关键部件等 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+中航光电科技股份有限公司 |
+光电元器件及电子信息产品 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+中航工业机电系统股份有限公司 |
+智能制动能量回收系统、模块化电源管理单元等 |
+
+
+| 18 |
+中国航发动力股份有限公司 |
+AEP100涡轴发动机 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+广联航空工业股份有限公司 |
+复合材料 |
+
+
+| 20 |
+航天时代电子技术股份有限公司 |
+无人机核心零部件 |
+
+
+| 21 |
+中航直升机股份有限公司 |
+无人直升机零部件等 |
+
+
+| 22 |
+安徽应流机电股份有限公司 |
+主要研制生产1000kw以下洞轴发动机,重载无人直升机、核心零部件等 |
+
+
+| 23 |
+南京商络电子股份有限公司 |
+电子元器件 |
+
+
+| 24 |
+广州航新航空科技股份有限公司 |
+核心设备与系统 |
+
+
+| 25 |
+卧龙电气驱动集团股份有限公司 |
+无人机动力系统 |
+
+
+| 26 |
+浙江万丰奥威汽轮股份有限公司 |
+金属材料轻量化应用 |
+
+
+| 27 |
+重庆宗申动力机械股份有限公司 |
+动力系统 |
+
+
+
+
+## B3中游 - 低空飞行保障服务商
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+空域申请及保障服务 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+成都华日通讯技术股份有限公司 |
+航空无线电保护性监测,提供电磁环境监测摸底,确保低空飞行的无线电用频安全 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+湖南华迈科技有限公司 |
+低空飞行设施维护 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+提供无人机空域技术咨询服务、无人机飞行申报服务、无人机地面飞行保障服务 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+云南飞拉航空科技有限公司 |
+长期合作公司双翊科技有限公司可以提供相应的服务机巢的搭建，配套材料的提供通信的搭建等 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+陕西华兴通盛航空科技有限公司 |
+提供外出服务飞行 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+我们为无人机、电动垂直起降飞行器等低空飞行器提供全生命周期保障服务，涵盖基础设施维护、延伸服务及运营支持，构建安全、可靠、智能的低空飞行保障体系，助力低空经济高质量发展。典型应用：应急救援：野外临时起降场建设维护、工业巡检：作业基地全托管服务 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+江西航易绘无人机科技有限公司 |
+提供航向空域审批维护 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+宇翔盛泰通用航空有限公司 |
+提供“飞行计划申报、航线划设、动态监视、地空通信、通航情报、低空气象、告警救援、过程重演”等空管服务 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+提供北斗和5G信号服务 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+山西浩宸低空立体交通运营有限公司 |
+浩宸公司拥有多项工程资质，可提供基础设施维护保养工作，针对无人机专用起降点、分布式充电桩的物理基础设施维保运营拥有一站式解决方案 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+深圳市太乙传心科技有限公司 |
+智慧低空综合运行保障平台 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+赛飞特工程技术集团有限公司 |
+提供低空飞行服务管理平台：融合雷达/ADS-B/RemoteID多源数据，实时构建三维空域地图，动态监测飞行器与空域冲突；AI算法动态调度空域资源，支持无人机航线规划/避障/多机协同，适配复杂电磁环境；频谱探测+AI识别定位非法目标，联动电子手铐/诱导降落装备，实现监测-处置-追溯闭环；整合气象/障碍物数据库，实时风险评估并触发避让或紧急降落，为空域管理方提供可监管、可调度、可追溯的数字化服务 |
+
+
+
+
+## B4中游 - 综合服务提供商
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+湖南华迈科技有限公司 |
+低空物流行业信息租赁 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+无人机技能培训、CAAC执照培训、无人机战术战法技能培训及实训类演练、无人机电力巡线服务、无人机测绘勘查服务、无人机应急、林业等巡检服务 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+安徽天机慧智能科技有限公司 |
+无人机有全险+10W第三者意外险 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+河南星翼通用航空有限公司 |
+训练机研发、电力巡检，航空测绘 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+无人机租赁、保险代理、供应链管理 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+江西航易绘无人机科技有限公司 |
+提供物流无人机检修维修 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+可提供多场景的低空应用一体化行业解决方案 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+赛飞特工程技术集团有限公司 |
+为低空物流产业链提供信息租赁（数据平台）、中介代理（供需对接、合规服务）等综合服务。 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+亿航智能设备（广州）有限公司 |
+亿航智慧物流体系 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+时代飞鹏科技有限公司 |
+针对山区物流、海岛运输、城市配送等典型运营场景提供体系化解决方案 |
+
+
+
+
+## C1下游 - 物流公司
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+智能化无人机配送、定点及移动式配送 |
+
+
+| 1 |
+四川翼飞亚通用航空有限公司 |
+中大型无人机 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+提供低空无人机物流配送、吊运等服务 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+丰翼科技(深圳)有限公司 |
+同城即时送、跨城飞送 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+辽宁省军扬科技有限公司 |
+无人机配送服务涵盖城市、偏远地区和特殊场景。城市配送适用于生鲜、医药等高时效性商品;偏远地区配送覆盖山区、海岛等传统物流难以到达的区域;特殊场景配送包括医疗应急物资、工业零部件等。配送流程为:客户通过平台下单,系统生成任务并规划路线,无人机从配送中心起飞,按路线飞行并精准投放货物,完成后返回配送中心 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+云南飞拉航空科技有限公司 |
+公司一直在云南承接吊运项目 像光伏板 建筑材料的运输 或者农副产品 的吊运工作 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+安徽天机慧智能科技有限公司 |
+300KG无人机调运解决方案 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+北京蜂运科技有限公司 |
+外卖订单配送及最后一公里物流体系 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+江西直升机有限公司 |
+JH-1小青龙无人直升、JH-5小白虎无人驾驶直升、无人直升机运输服务 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+贵州寰屿科技服务有限公司 |
+为兴义万峰林景区无人机物流培训 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+湖南智航飞购科技有限公司 |
+即时零售常态化运行服务、景区配送、空中生命通道(医疗运输) |
+
+
+| 11 |
+广东万虹科技有限公司 |
+无人机物流 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+云南领跑通用航空科技有限公司 |
+丰翼无人机和大疆无人机载货运送花卉和水果蔬菜 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+湖北战狼航空有限公司 |
+星载大载重无人机物流运输,逐龙无人机低空配送 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+低空冷链物流、物资吊运 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+南昌交通学院低空交通研究院 |
+墨轩云商外卖平台外卖低空配送 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+黄山飞鹰农业服务有限公司 |
+吊运,运载 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+道路运输许可资质、航空器运营资质 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+按睿数字化科技(北京)有限公司 |
+无人机测绘 |
+
+
+| 18 |
+北京神州数码有限公司 |
+低空运载无人机物流运输:工程物资运输、生活物资运输、经营物资运输、电力物资运输、应急物资运输 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+贵州华赤无人机产业发展有限公司 |
+低空物流运输 |
+
+
+| 18 |
+中邮无人机(北京)有限公司 |
+涵盖智能无人飞行器制造、智能机器人研发与销售在偏远地区、城市短途物流等 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+上海中通云霄科技有限公司 |
+民用航空器(发动机、螺旋桨)生产 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+上海圆航无人机科技有限公司 |
+智能无人飞行器销售、智能物料搬运装备销售等 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+西安京东天鸿科技有限公司 |
+京鸿无人货运大飞机 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+北京三快在线科技有限公司 |
+美团无人机 |
+
+
+
+
+## C2下游 - 应用场景运营商
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+湖南华迈科技有限公司 |
+无人机运营服务 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+行业应用:娱乐航拍、室内飞行、航模组件、航拍摄影、农林植保、物流配送、测绘勘探、电力巡检、环境监测、森林防火、应急救援、公安执法、货运物流、通信中继、气象探测 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+盘锦浩隆科技服务有限公司 |
+农业植保、文旅宣传、电力巡检、环保巡检、应急救援、消防安防 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+无人机各类应用领域飞行服务及技术解决放哪提供商,主要运行场景:农林植保、航拍摄影、测绘勘查、林业巡检、电力巡检、石油巡检、电网综合性巡检、应急救援、警用侦察、高高原飞行作业等 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+大连淘宁网络传媒有限公司 |
+城市建筑外立面养护,包括喷漆修补,理石抛光,清洁刷洗等服务 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+泰州润翼航空科技有限公司 |
+大疆无人机 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+云南飞拉航空科技有限公司 |
+培训CAAC驾驶员 机长 教员执照 搭建机长团队承接 吊运 航测 电力巡检项目 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+陕西华兴通盛航空科技有限公司 |
+低空巡检 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+四川蜀慧通航智能科技有限公司 |
+低空旅游、低空农业、低空巡检、低空拍照、低空测绘等 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+桉睿数字化科技(北京)有限公司 |
+无人机测绘 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+重明鸟通用航空服务(成都)有限责任公司 |
+城市、山区低空运输和配送服务 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+湖北战狼航空有限公司 |
+湖北战狼航空校区物流低空配送(最后一公里);星载大载重无人机应急救援运输 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+公元数智技术(北京)有限公司 |
+森林防灭火 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+福建闽南航空科技有限责任公司 |
+低空旅游、低空农业、低空巡检 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+河南星翼通用航空有限公司 |
+电力巡检,航空测绘 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+江西直升机有限公司 |
+JH-1小青龙无人直升、JH-5小白虎无人驾驶直升、无人直升机飞行服务 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+芸瀚无人机科技(启东)有限公司 |
+无人机吊运,农药喷洒,光伏板清洗 |
+
+
+| 18 |
+泰州鸿鹄信息科技有限公司 |
+大疆行业无人机(M350RTK,经纬4T,4E等无人机)及无人机场 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+菏泽市定陶区培富水果种植园 |
+服务低空农业:植保打药、农产品运输 |
+
+
+| 20 |
+贵州寰屿科技服务有限公司 |
+为兴义万峰林景区无人机物流培训 |
+
+
+| 21 |
+广电计量检测集团股份有限公司 |
+无人机巡检 |
+
+
+| 22 |
+镇江兴业电气科技有限公司 |
+电力巡检及数据处理、道路、河道、森林、环保等各类巡检和检测、旅游航拍、表演、应急搜救 |
+
+
+| 23 |
+湖南智航飞购科技有限公司 |
+大型活动支持(含无人机表演、会务及其他定制活动)、无人机巡检、低空物流体系建设服务 |
+
+
+| 24 |
+宝鸡麟海农业实业有限公司 |
+无人机病虫害防治 |
+
+
+| 25 |
+上海市欣宇建设工程检测试验有限公司 |
+房屋检测、测绘 |
+
+
+| 26 |
+江苏智羽诚禾科技有限公司 |
+道路桥梁河道等的常态化巡检、环保、电力的巡检及数据分析、航拍航测服务 |
+
+
+| 27 |
+中创航空科技(浙江)有限公司 |
+其产品应用场景主要有应急救援、应急通信、城市消防、森林消防、物资投送、电力吊装、后勤保障、科研挂载等领域 |
+
+
+| 28 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+无人机运营服务,提供从设备、飞行到数据分析的一站式解决方案,助力客户实现高效、安全、智能化的低空作业。典型应用场景:旅游景区:特殊地形空中游览、林草行业:巡检与精准农业管理、能源行业:风光电站、输电网络定期巡检、应急管理:灾后快速勘测与评估 |
+
+
+| 29 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+低空冷链物流、低空农业、巡检、文旅、无人机表演 |
+
+
+| 30 |
+江西航易绘无人机科技有限公司 |
+提供农业植保,低空观光,巡查巡检技术服务 |
+
+
+| 31 |
+黄山飞鹰农业服务有限公司 |
+测绘、电网线路巡查 |
+
+
+| 32 |
+上海易凡达无人机科技有限公司 |
+房屋检测、测绘,低空旅游、低空农业、低空巡检 |
+
+
+| 33 |
+宇翔盛泰通用航空有限公司 |
+公司运营的市航空应急救援基地(城市中心直升机起降场)占地约100亩,建有综合机库一座1200平米,停机坪及联络道约3000平米。公司是国内为数不多的能提供固定翼飞机和直升机,以及多机种无人机综合运营能力的通航企业。公司自有直升机1架(高峰期运营2架),固定翼飞机3架(高峰期运营4架),自悬翼机1架,大疆行业全系列无人机、天翼应急系列无人机、天途教学系列无人机等20余架 |
+
+
+| 34 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+低空文旅运营、三北生态治理、 |
+
+
+| 35 |
+山西浩宸低空立体交通运营有限公司 |
+公司作为低空领域无人机全业态应用场景服务商,在物流领域和邮政达成合作,依托邮政在当地的网络,共建无人机物流运输网络,并在当地医院和乡镇诊所之间运输血液、标本等,达到快速响应,安全高效的目标 |
+
+
+| 36 |
+西安天翼智飞科技集团有限公司 |
+巡检(能源、安防、城市治理)、测绘、消防、农业等场景的无人机运营服务 |
+
+
+| 37 |
+河南新丝路国际飞行学校有限公司 |
+农用无人机春季一喷三防,秋季一喷多促项目及大型无人直升机,中型复合翼无人机应急管理项目及郑州市环境监测项目 |
+
+
+| 38 |
+深圳市太乙传心科技有限公司 |
+智慧低空营销服务平台 |
+
+
+| 39 |
+赛飞特工程技术集团有限公司 |
+通过无人机搭载高清摄像头、激光雷达、激光甲烷检测仪、热成像仪等设备、远程喊话,实现巡检视频、数字化建模采集、可燃气体及温度等数据的实时监测。利用无人机机动灵活性,支持极端天气及夜间巡检,对人工巡检盲角进行有效补充。构建“视频+图像+空间数据”多源融合分析体系,整合监控视频、无人机巡检、卫星遥感等异构数据流,打造智能分析中枢,可应用于森林防火、管道巡检、化工装置巡检、城市风险监测等领域 |
+
+
+| 40 |
+北京神州数码有限公司 |
+城市间低空无人机货运、低空配送和综合物流系统、低空运载城乡农村配送、低空医疗物资配送、应急抢险物资运送 |
+
+
+| 41 |
+北京爱尚云飞行科技有限公司 |
+景区低空经济发展 |
+
+
+| 42 |
+贵州华赤无人机产业发展有限公司 |
+低空巡检,城市治理 |
+
+
+
+
+## C3下游 - 技术解决方案提供商
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+提供场地智能化系统设计建设、无人机研发及定制、空域申请及保障服务 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+天津市克兰鹰航空科技有限公司 |
+特定区域低空物流路径验证算法平台 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+西安蓝悦控制技术有限公司 |
+无人智能系统技术开发与无人机相关服务 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+湖南华迈科技有限公司 |
+低空物流应用场景技术服务 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+成都华日通讯技术股份有限公司 |
+提供航空无线电保护监测的系统解决方案,针对通用航空频率的电磁保护性监测,为重点保护地空通讯台频段及卫星导航频段。利用GNSS专用监测设备、航空多路接收设备,搭配传统固定站组网建设航空专项监测网,进行自动化监测、智能化分析,对航空频率干扰进行自动分析、告警,对航空频率可能发生的干扰进行预警,能够输出监测区域内的电磁环境状况、信号特征参数,能对信号内容进行溯源,降低航空干扰查处的难度。 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+盘锦浩隆科技服务有限公司 |
+制定农业作业方案,依据农田面积、作物种类等规划喷洒、施肥具体实施操作流程。创意拍摄策划服务,根据拍摄主题构思独特的无人机拍摄镜头与画面。电力、环保及化工企业巡检配备红外热成像仪、高清变焦摄像头,可远距离清晰查看电力设备细节。根据突发应急情况,紧急制动调配飞手和匹配的无人机,与现场指挥中心进行谋划救援解决方案 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+针对于中小型无人机提供相关的技术解决方案 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+安胜(天津)飞行模拟系统有限公司 |
+为低空物流应用场景提供仿真测试场景搭建、仿真验证设备、应用场景模拟训练解决方案 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+泰州润翼航空科技有限公司 |
+大疆无人机技术支持 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+云南飞拉航空科技有限公司 |
+公司有专业无人机维修团队,提供无人机维修服务且负责保养和升级 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+陕西华兴通盛航空科技有限公司 |
+无人机技术支持 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+宁波欣金通航天科技有限公司 |
+低空经济全系列城市建设 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+安徽天机慧智能科技有限公司 |
+定制无人机解决方案:高空清洗、大载重调运等 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+四川蜀慧通航智能科技有限公司 |
+城市配送:在人口密集的城市区域,利用无人机等载具,实现快速、灵活的货物配送,提升物流效率;农业物流:在农业生产中,通过无人机实现农药、化肥的精准投放;医疗领域:在医疗救援领域,如在偏远地区,无人机可迅速输送血液、药品等急救物资,缩短了救援时间,挽救了宝贵生命;能源与基础设施巡查:在风电、油井等基础设施的日常运维中,低空物流通过无人机实现定期巡检,降低了人力成本,提升了检测效率 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+重明鸟通用航空服务(成都)有限责任公司 |
+城市低空运输和配送解决方案、山区A起B降物资运输 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+芸瀚无人机科技(启东)有限公司 |
+专业飞手支持 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+深圳亿航低空经济咨询有限公司 |
+低空物流枢纽规划,以及基于低空物流的三级配送体系解决方案 |
+
+
+| 18 |
+成都亿博物流咨询有限公司 |
+低空物流枢纽规划 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+泰州鸿鹄信息科技有限公司 |
+大疆行业无人机(M350RTK,经纬4T,4E等无人机)及无人机场 |
+
+
+| 20 |
+贵州寰屿科技服务有限公司 |
+为兴义万峰林景区无人机物流培训 |
+
+
+| 21 |
+镇江兴业电气科技有限公司 |
+可根据用户具体需要定制应用场景的解决方案 |
+
+
+| 22 |
+湖南智航飞购科技有限公司 |
+低空经济行业软件定制研发、低空物流体系建设服务、低空经济产业咨询服务 |
+
+
+| 23 |
+广东万虹科技有限公司 |
+犇腾400E |
+
+
+| 24 |
+云南领跑通用航空科技有限公司 |
+从客户选购产品到无人机运送最后到客户手上,整套运营平台的搭建和开发 |
+
+
+| 25 |
+江苏智羽诚禾科技有限公司 |
+定制化服务 |
+
+
+| 26 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+我们为森林消防领域提供智能化、立体化的无人机技术支持和整体解决方案,构建“空天地一体化”的森林防火体系,全面提升火灾预防、监测预警和应急救援能力。典型应用场景:日常巡护:替代人工巡护,效率提升10倍、火情早期预警:实现“打早、打小、打了”、火场侦查:快速获取火场态势,保障人员安全、夜间灭火:红外引导下的精准灭火作业、灾后评估:过火面积精确测算,损失评估 |
+
+
+| 27 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+低空冷链物流 |
+
+
+| 28 |
+苏州蓝悦无人机技术有限公司 |
+无人智能系统技术开发与无人机相关服务 |
+
+
+| 29 |
+南昌交通学院低空交通研究院 |
+能够承接各类复杂的无人机应用项目。、巡检业务中,无人机凭借其灵活、高效的特点,能够对电力线路、管道、基础设施等进行全方位巡检,及时发现潜在问题,保障设施安全稳定运行;无人机表演,提供绚丽的灯光和精准的编队飞行;在测绘建模方面,利用先进的无人机搭载高精度测绘设备,快速、准确地获取地理信息数据,构建高精度的二维、三维模型;无人机喷洒服务,实现了农药的精准定量喷洒,提高了作业效率 |
+
+
+| 30 |
+江西航易绘无人机科技有限公司 |
+提供技术服务和方案规划 |
+
+
+| 31 |
+黄山飞鹰农业服务有限公司 |
+山区运输难问题解决 |
+
+
+| 32 |
+宇翔盛泰通用航空有限公司 |
+公司目前正与某无人机公司开展北京-张家口低空无人机货运项目进行各方位的合作,在项目中对接政府各个资源,按照客户要求,并提供相应的解决方案;并在整个航线运营前对无人机的试飞、调试、航线设计、起降场环境,运营方案等都进行了充分的论证;运营后对空域、航线的申请、各项地面保障服务都进行了充足的准备,保障了航线的顺利开通和运营 |
+
+
+| 33 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+生态治理解决方案,公共安全解决方案,应急消防解决方案,新能源场站巡检解决方案 |
+
+
+| 34 |
+百纳智航(深圳)科技有限公司 |
+百纳智航已经为全球20多个国家地区和行业领域客户提供了自动化、无人化、定制化产品和解决方案。特别在农林、电力、公路、公安、消防、清洗、物流、应急救援、防疫消杀、巡查巡防等应用场景提供了更完善更自动化的无人机(车)产品 |
+
+
+| 35 |
+西安天翼智飞科技集团有限公司 |
+巡检(能源、安防、城市治理)、测绘、消防、农业等场景的行业应用技术解决方案 |
+
+
+| 36 |
+深圳市太乙传心科技有限公司 |
+智慧低空综合运行保障平台 |
+
+
+| 37 |
+赛飞特工程技术集团有限公司 |
+1.智能导航系统融合毫米波/激光雷达与多模态算法,实现厘米级避障和路径规划。2.空域管控平台集成ADS-B及雷达数据,支持多机协同调度与空域动态分配。3.反制系统采用AI识别与频谱探测,可快速处置非法干扰。4. "地-空"监管网络通过分布式传感节点构建全时域监视体系,实现飞行追溯与风险预警。整套方案解决了复杂环境下的全天候自主飞行、空域资源优化及安全防护问题,形成从感知、决策到应急的完整技术闭环 |
+
+
+| 38 |
+温州市航洋航空装备研究院 |
+带伞、无伞精确空投技术;(含100米精确散布模型评估) |
+
+
+| 39 |
+上海汇晨柏航科技有限公司 |
+航空产品适航取证服务 |
+
+
+| 40 |
+北京神州数码有限公司 |
+空域试航申请方案、低空运载无人机站点建设及运营方案、人员团队低空运载技术服务方案、CAAC、UTC技能培训方案等... |
+
+
+| 41 |
+贵州华赤无人机产业发展有限公司 |
+顺丰低空产业学院,低空医疗运输,低空物资运输解决方案 |
+
+
+| 42 |
+电鹰科技集团有限公司 |
+应用解决方案 |
+
+
+| 43 |
+杭州飞步科技有限公司 |
+无人驾驶水平运输系统、远程控制系统、车队及设备调度管理系统等 |
+
+
+
+
+## C4下游-维护与服务商
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+为企业、事业单位提供无人机等低空飞行器的维修、保养和升级服务 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+上海天德通用航空有限公司 |
+直升机定检及维修 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+湖南华迈科技有限公司 |
+无人机维修保养升级服务 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+盘锦浩隆科技服务有限公司 |
+1、故障诊断:专业装调员通过检测设备软件,对无人机各系统进行检查,精准找出故障原因。2、零部件更换:对于损坏或老旧零部件,使用原厂或兼容高质量配件进行更换,使其保持良好性能状态。3、软件升级与调试:及时更新无人机的飞控软件、遥控器固件等,修复软件漏洞提升性能和稳定性。4、保养:对无人机进行清洁,检查各部件连接牢固性,对电机、电调进行检测维护。对飞控系统、云台相机、电机动平衡、飞控主板等进行检测 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+提供无人机相关系统集成、飞行平台、数据检测平台、无人机设备等维护服务 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+安胜(天津)飞行模拟系统有限公司 |
+为航空器提供维护、维修、改装及保养服务 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+泰州润翼航空科技有限公司 |
+大疆无人机维护与服务 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+辽宁省军扬科技有限公司 |
+定期保养:对无人机进行例行检查、清洁和性能测试,延长设备使用寿命;故障维修:快速响应并解决无人机飞行中的技术问题,恢复设备正常功能;硬件升级:根据客户需求,优化无人机硬件配置,提升飞行性能和负载能力;软件更新:提供最新飞行控制系统和导航软件的安装与调试,确保设备智能化运行技术支持:为客户提供专业技术咨询和培训,帮助其更好地使用和维护设备 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+云南飞拉航空科技有限公司 |
+公司有专业无人机维修团队,提供无人机维修服务 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+陕西华兴通盛航空科技有限公司 |
+无人机、飞控系统的维护 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+宁波欣金通航天科技有限公司 |
+航天时代飞鹏宁波经销商 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+安徽天机慧智能科技有限公司 |
+无人机维修、调试、升级等 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+四川蜀慧通航智能科技有限公司 |
+负麦无人机等低空飞行器的维修、保养和升级服务 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+河南星翼通用航空有限公司 |
+无人机维修 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+芸瀚无人机科技(启东)有限公司 |
+无人机维修保养 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+泰州鸿鹄信息科技有限公司 |
+大疆行业无人机(M350RTK,经纬4T,4E等无人机)及无人机场 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+云南中天翼航空科技有限公司 |
+专用设备修理:涵盖智能无人飞行器及相关配套设备的维修服务,涉及工业机器人安装、维修等;仪器仪表修理:包括飞行器控制系统、导航设备等精密仪器的维护与校准;日常维护与技术支持:通过技术开发、咨询及培训等业务,提供飞行器的日常保养、故障排查及操作培训支持 |
+
+
+| 18 |
+中创航空科技(浙江)有限公司 |
+飞行保障服务:为无人机的飞行提供保障,确保无人机在飞行过程中的安全和稳定。有人机无人化改造:将有人驾驶的飞机改造成无人驾驶的飞机,以满足客户的特定需求。操作人员培训:对无人机操作人员进行培训,包括飞行技能、操作规范、安全知识等方面的培训,以确保操作人员能够熟练地操作无人机;售后服务:为客户提供无人机的售后维修、保养、升级等服务,以确保无人机的性能和使用寿命 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+无人机维修保养 |
+
+
+| 20 |
+江西航易绘无人机科技有限公司 |
+ |
+
+
+| 21 |
+黄山飞鹰农业服务有限公司 |
+无人机维护维修 |
+
+
+| 22 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+可提供多品牌维修维护服务 |
+
+
+| 23 |
+山西浩宸低空立体交通运营有限公司 |
+公司拥有工程师12名,装调检修工34名,针对各类无人机等飞行器的软件升级与性能优化、硬件维修与保养,例如机械部件的维修、电池管理、传感器校准、修复系统漏洞、任务模块扩展、飞行参数调整等都有成熟经验。公司还可根据客户需求,对现有的无人机做定制化改装 |
+
+
+| 24 |
+百纳智航(深圳)科技有限公司 |
+当客户在无人机使用过程中出现问题时,公司售后员工会第一时间帮助处理解决问题;无人机出现各种情况均可返厂进行维修保养 |
+
+
+| 25 |
+河南新丝路国际飞行学校有限公司 |
+大型中型无人机运维服务 |
+
+
+| 26 |
+北京低空产业科技有限公司 |
+承接其他省市和地区新开放低空空域的安全管控平台建设、管理,吸引相关产业落地延庆 |
+
+
+| 27 |
+贵州寰屿科技服务有限公司 |
+为兴义万峰林景区无人机物流培训 |
+
+
+
+
+## C5下游 - 终端设施提供商
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+为低空物流单位提供飞行营地、飞行场地、飞行平台建设施工、场地智能化系统设计建设。如丰巢终端、无人机起降平台等 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+提供中小型无人机及终端销售、维护、技术保障的服务 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+贵州寰屿科技服务有限公司 |
+为兴义万峰林景区无人机物流培训 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+镇江兴业电气科技有限公司 |
+可供应大疆系列产品 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+湖南智航飞购科技有限公司 |
+无人机标准起降设施、低空经济行业软件定制研发、低空物流体系建设服务 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+江苏智羽诚禾科技有限公司 |
+大疆设备的供应商 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+自动停机柜、停机坪 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+可提供个性化需求的设备定制服务 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+贵州华赤无人机产业发展有限公司 |
+无人机起降台建设 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+杭州迅蚁网络科技有限公司 |
+TR9物流无人机、无人枢纽站RH1等 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+深圳市智莱科技股份有限公司 |
+无人机起降平台 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+新石器慧通(北京)科技有限公司 |
+无人车 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+毫末智行科技有限公司 |
+末端物流自动配送车 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+湖北战狼航空有限公司 |
+湖北战狼航空校区物流低空配送(最后一公里);星载大载重无人机应急救援运输 |
+
+
+
+
+## D1支撑体系 - 政策法规研究
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+为企、事业公司提供低空物流相关的法规政策咨询服务 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+善于提供并辅助于各类政策性法规、文件的分析研究、可持续提供相关政策法规指向的业务体系解决方案 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+辽宁省军扬科技有限公司 |
+为提供政策法规研究服务,首先需组建专业团队,涵盖法律、航空、物流等领域专家,系统梳理国内外低空物流相关法规政策,分析其适用性与不足。其次,结合行业需求和技术发展趋势,研究制定空域管理规定,明确低空飞行区域划分、使用权限及动态管理机制。同时,优化飞行审批流程,推动数字化审批平台建设,提高效率。此外,制定安全监管政策,明确责任主体,建立飞行器适航性检查、驾驶员资质审核及实时监控体系,确保安全运行 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+赛飞特工程技术集团有限公司 |
+研究制定低空物流相关的法律法规和政策,如空域管理规定飞行审批流程、安全监管政策等,为低空物流产业的发展提供政策支持和法律保障 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+上海段和段(沈阳)律师事务所 |
+政策法规研究、咨询服务 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+上海汇晨柏航科技有限公司 |
+解读并应用最新的法律法规 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+上海中联(大连)律师事务所 |
+1、空域划设方案法律论证;2、低空飞行计划审批代理;3;无人机适航认证争议解决;4、低空物流运输合同架构设计;5、飞行数据隐私合规审查;6、飞行数据隐私合规审查;7、跨境低空合作法律框架搭建;8、无人机侵权责任纠纷代理;9、低空交通事故损害赔偿诉讼;10、技术泄密与专利侵权维权;11、研发端技术合规咨询;12、制造端适航标准辅导;13、运营端应急预案设计等 |
+
+
+
+
+## D2支撑体系 - 行业标准制定
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+为企业、事业单位提供低空物流行业技术标准、制造标准、飞行安全等相关咨询服务 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+天津市克兰鹰航空科技有限公司 |
+低空飞行器(eVTOL与无人机)配置标准建议 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+有制定行业标准、各类团标的能力和体系 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+湖南智航飞购科技有限公司 |
+城市低空物流无人机配送运行规范、民用无人驾驶航空器事件调查标准等编制 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+我们经过大型复合翼长航时无人机与大载重多旋翼无人机专业产品测试,与实验室验证,建立标准的企业化流程,同时与专业权威单位(协会)构建全面、系统、可落地的大载重运输标准体系,涵盖技术标准、服务标准和安全标准三大维度,推动行业规范化发展,保障运输安全高效运营 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+低空冷链物流 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+西安天翼智飞科技集团有限公司 |
+参与行业应用相关标准、行业人才培养评价相关标准的制定 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+湖南智航飞购科技有限公司 |
+制定低空物流的技术标准、服务标准和安全标准等,包括制定低空飞行安全标准、飞行培训规范等标准,确保低空物流产业的规范化和标准化发展 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+温州市航洋航空装备研究院 |
+拟起草运输无人机机舱模块化空投地板设计技术要求 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+上海汇晨柏航科技有限公司 |
+参与业内行业标准制定、解读与应用 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+北京低空产业科技有限公司 |
+制定国家低空开放的安全管控标准 |
+
+
+
+
+## D3支撑体系 - 人才培训
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+大连天翼无界数字科技发展有限公司 |
+CAAC执照培训、物流无人机人员培训 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+天津市克兰鹰航空科技有限公司 |
+低空飞行器(eVTOL与无人机)培训标准与教具 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+无锡小翼通航科技有限公司 |
+提供专业的无人机驾驶员培训、技术人员培训、管理人员培训等服务,包括飞行器操作、维护、管理等方面的人才培养,为产业输送合格的专业人才 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+德阳诺亚方舟模型科技有限公司 |
+公司开展无人机CAAC操控员培训,行业驾驶员培训,物流无人机操作,测绘无人机技术,无人机的维修,维护,保养等 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+西安蓝悦控制技术有限公司 |
+具有中型直升机培训资格 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+湖南华迈科技有限公司 |
+无人机专业人才培训 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+青海智景云航空科技有限公司 |
+民航执照培训;小、中型驾驶员、机长;AOPA合格证 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+盘锦浩隆科技服务有限公司 |
+按照中国民航局要求,我公司正在申请民用无人机驾驶航空器运营合格证、经营许可证及民办学校许可证,对民用无人机驾驶航空器操作员(简称"CAAC")进行规范化培训考证,从“理论讲解、实践飞行、地面站操作”等各方面进行综合教学,目前我司与盘锦市多个公办和私立职业技能学校进行校企合作办学,多位教练员和机长在校区进行实地坐班教学 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+无人机操控员培训 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+苏州航家航空科技发展有限公司 |
+飞行器操作、维护、管理等方面的人才培养,提供飞行员培训、技术人员培训、管理人员培训等服务,为产业输送合格的专业人才 |
+
+
+| 11 |
+淄博市盛合农业科技有限公司 |
+无人机操作证培训,caac培训,植保机培训 |
+
+
+| 12 |
+大连淘宁网络传媒有限公司 |
+场地规模:拥有千平的室内理论教学与实训场地,配备无人机展览厅、理论教室、模拟飞行室及研发实验室;自有室外飞行训练基地,可满足多机型同步训练需求;设备资源:配置多旋翼、固定翼、垂直起降无人机等教学机型,以及RTK模拟考试系统、VR无人机培训系统等先进设备,确保理论与实践紧密结合;师资力量:拥有多名民航局认证的无人机教员,涵盖多旋翼、固定翼等专业领域,小班教学模式,保障教学质量 |
+
+
+| 13 |
+安胜(天津)飞行模拟系统有限公司 |
+为低空航空器提供专业人才培训服务,包含飞行员培训、维护维修人员培训等;为飞行员及维护维修人员培训提供所需的模拟仿真训练设备 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+辽宁省军扬科技有限公司 |
+我们提供涵盖飞手、技术人员和管理人员的全方位系统化培训,培训课程紧密结合行业需求,涵盖飞行器操作、设备维护、安全管理、运营优化等核心领域。通过理论教学与实操训练相结合的方式,学员不仅能够深入理解专业知识,还能通过模拟飞行、设备拆装、案例分析等实践环节提升实际操作能力。此外,我们还注重培养学员的创新思维和团队协作能力,帮助他们在快速发展的低空物流产业中脱颖而出 |
+
+
+| 15 |
+云南飞拉航空科技有限公司 |
+公司现有的教学条件,可承担每期为80人规模的多旋翼训练班次,每年可训练8-10期 |
+
+
+| 16 |
+宁波欣金通航天科技有限公司 |
+caac取证培训 |
+
+
+| 17 |
+安徽天机慧智能科技有限公司 |
+多旋翼、固定翼、垂直起降、直升机中小型教员/植保、电力巡检、巡检等行业应用技术人才培训 |
+
+
+| 18 |
+重明鸟通用航空服务(成都)有限责任公司 |
+可培训低空物流领域专业无人机操控员 |
+
+
+| 19 |
+北京蜂运科技有限公司 |
+提供培训无人机及相关运营、提供注册教练、提供课程体系、提供应用场景、颁发对应证件 |
+
+
+| 20 |
+福建闽南航空科技有限责任公司 |
+民航局CAAC无人机执照培训 |
+
+
+| 21 |
+河南星翼通用航空有限公司 |
+无人机CAAC执照培训 |
+
+
+| 22 |
+山西航翼低空科技有限公司 |
+人才培训 |
+
+
+| 23 |
+芸瀚无人机科技(启东)有限公司 |
+CAAC无人机培训 |
+
+
+| 24 |
+贵州寰屿科技服务有限公司 |
+caac培训 无人机物流师培训 人社资质培训 |
+
+
+| 25 |
+云南中天翼航空科技有限公司 |
+民用航空器驾驶员培训:覆盖无人机(ASFC执照)及载人航空器驾驶员资质培训,含飞行操作、应急处理等课程;技术人员技能培训:包括飞行器维护与维修技术;低空物流管理培训:聚焦低空物流运营管理、法规合规及安全管理课程,适配产业链管理需求;专项认证课程:如物流无人机操作认证、多机协同作业培训等定向技能认证项目;行业配套培训服务:含资格认证辅导(如民用航空执照考试) |
+
+
+| 26 |
+广电计量检测集团股份有限公司 |
+无人机多旋翼培训视距内、超视距 |
+
+
+| 27 |
+镇江兴业电气科技有限公司 |
+CAAC三类或四类多旋翼无人机飞行执照培训,行业应用技能培训 |
+
+
+| 28 |
+湖南智航飞购科技有限公司 |
+《物流无人机运行手册》,《校验飞行手册》,《设备管理手册》,《岗位工作手册》,《航线规划手册》,《项目服务手册》,《人员培训手册》培训等 |
+
+
+| 29 |
+广东万虹科技有限公司 |
+打造国内领先的以学员为中心、一站式、标准化、系统化无人机全流程培训服务体系 |
+
+
+| 30 |
+哈苏无人机科技(苏州)有限公司 |
+适航审定培训,无人机执照培训 |
+
+
+| 31 |
+云南领跑通用航空科技有限公司 |
+民航局颁发的CAAC无人机驾驶证培训以及运动类执照培训 |
+
+
+| 32 |
+江苏智羽诚禾科技有限公司 |
+CAAC执照培训,职教课程的合作,青少年无人机及航空类培训和比赛 |
+
+
+| 33 |
+湖北战狼航空有限公司 |
+湖北战狼航空AOPA飞行基地无人机飞行培训 |
+
+
+| 34 |
+北京云天智阳科技有限公司 |
+CAAC执照与专业技能培训体系 |
+
+
+| 35 |
+河南省畅宇航空科技有限公司 |
+无人机驾驶员培训、低空经济与冷链物流从业者培训 |
+
+
+| 36 |
+浙江善于飞智能科技有限公司 |
+多旋翼机型的CAAC无人机操控员执照培训服务及后续延伸服务 |
+
+
+| 37 |
+苏州蓝悦无人机技术有限公司 |
+具有中型直升机培训资格 |
+
+
+| 38 |
+南昌交通学院低空交通研究院 |
+无人机培训 |
+
+
+| 39 |
+黄山飞鹰农业服务有限公司 |
+无人机操作维修培训 |
+
+
+| 40 |
+宇翔盛泰通用航空有限公司 |
+无人机驾驶培训、固定翼飞机私照培训CCAR-135部运行合格证资质 |
+
+
+| 41 |
+内蒙古信通科技发展有限责任公司 |
+具备无人机驾驶员培训三类四类 |
+
+
+| 42 |
+山西浩宸低空立体交通运营有限公司 |
+无人机培训覆盖了固定翼、多旋翼、直升机、垂直起降固定翼等多种机型培训 |
+
+
+| 43 |
+西安天翼智飞科技集团有限公司 |
+职业院校(高职、中职、技师)无人机专业建设、无人机操控员执照考试培训 |
+
+
+| 44 |
+北京中科金科技有限公司 |
+无人驾驶航空器操控员执照培训,小型,中型视距内,超视距,多旋翼,动力升空器,固定翼,直升机培训资质 |
+
+
+| 45 |
+深圳市太乙传心科技有限公司 |
+智慧低空培训服务 |
+
+
+| 46 |
+上海汇晨柏航科技有限公司 |
+适航培训,飞行培训,构型管理培训,质量培训,设计保证体系培训等 |
+
+
+| 47 |
+北京神州数码有限公司 |
+CAAC、大疆UTC技能培训 |
+
+
+| 48 |
+贵州华赤无人机产业发展有限公司 |
+低空物流人才培训 |
+
+
+| 49 |
+上海民航职业技术学院 |
+运输服务(如航空物流、电子商务)、机务维修(含飞机机电、无人机技术)、机场运行(含航空管制方向)、空中乘务与安保人才培养 |
+
+
+| 50 |
+宁波市澄澈无人机科技有限公司 |
+无人机驾驶员培训 |
+
+
+| 51 |
+江西飞行学院 |
+飞行制造工程、物流工程(航空物流方向)、休闲体育(航空运动方向)人才培养 |
+
+
+| 52 |
+中国民用航空飞行学院 |
+人才培训 |
+
+
+| 53 |
+东莞理工学院 |
+在低空飞行技术、无人机应用、空中智能管理等专业人才 |
+
+
+| 54 |
+泉州海洋职业学院 |
+低空人才培养 |
+
+
+| 55 |
+广东翼启飞航空科技有限公司 |
+低空人才培训 |
+
+
+| 56 |
+杭州胤天低空经济产业发展有限公司 |
+低空人才培训 |
+
+
+| 57 |
+东方通用航空摄影有限公司 |
+低空人才培训 |
+
+
+| 58 |
+腾飞(福建)低空智能科技有限公司 |
+低空人才培训、竞赛、科普活动 |
+
+
+| 59 |
+晋鹰无人机科技(山西)有限公司 |
+低空人才培训、科普教育、竞赛 |
+
+
+| 60 |
+上海小飞手无人机科技有限公司 |
+无人机操控员培训 |
+
+
+
+
+## D4支撑体系 - 其他
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+单位名称 |
+具体产品/服务 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+机械工业第六设计研究院有限公司 |
+提供低空产业创新发展规划、低空空域研究以及低空基础设施规划设计服务 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+北京云墨广告传媒有限公司 |
+核心业务:新媒体矩阵运营推广;全流程活动策划执行;科技展厅与交互设计;品牌视觉与文创体系;数字化基建服务;适航认证宣传片制作;空域政策解读H5开发;供应链金融品牌包装;低空经济白皮书设计;舆情监测与公关支持 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+北京广顺和科技有限公司 |
+飞手降温背心 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+盘锦浩隆科技服务有限公司 |
+公司管理体系:按照科技型企业管理规章制度建立“岗位管理、质量管理、人力资源、财务制度”等多个管理体系;科技研发创新体系:根据“无人机竞技大赛、新产品运用、空域航线要求及网络信息系统建立”等方面不断鼓励科技研发创新;应用场景实践:除上述应用场景以外,结合地方特色因地制宜,在实践中不断满足客户和用户的需求,持续提升应用场景的广泛运用性 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+新疆凯兰航空科技有限公司 |
+在无人机职教事业、无人机行业应用、无人机各国企事业单位及边防、部队等方面有足够的销售及培训经验。基于传统无人机行业现状的前提下可延伸开展定制化需求 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+中冶检测认证有限公司 |
+既有建构筑物结构检测鉴定加固设计,如:办公楼、厂房、道路、桥梁、灯塔等高耸物、地下管线、地下建筑等建构筑物进行可靠性鉴定 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+赛飞特工程技术集团有限公司 |
+低空基础设施建设:通过搭建低空融合基础服务和低空信号塔的建设,形成覆盖全区的低空飞行网络,支持无人机等飞行器的安全高效运行,并提供高带宽、低延迟的数据传输能力。建立低空飞行RTK定位服务,确保厘米级甚至更高的定位精度。该网络不仅支持无人机等飞行器的安全高效运行,还具备与其他交通方式的协同能力 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+上海航空材料结构检测股份有限公司 |
+航空器材料、结构试验验证服务 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+深圳市艾飞智控科技有限公司 |
+低空物流适航咨询 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+上海段和段(沈阳)律师事务所 |
+低空物流法律服务:诉讼代理服务、法律顾问服务、专项法律服务 |
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_36.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_36.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..63448b519d64e4b85efc842f73d9ca63c4376f72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_36.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3240 @@
+# 商用除湿
+
+
+
+## 专业除湿 科技环保
+## 高效节能 快速除湿
+
+广泛应用于车间、仓库、地下室，一站式解决潮湿、发霉问题。
+
+
+
+### 厂房实力
+
+4万平工厂
+完整先进流水线
+高端自动化生产
+
+
+
+### 品牌压缩机
+
+澎湃动力除湿心脏
+国际名牌进口压缩机
+过载保护抗旱耐高温
+
+
+
+### 液晶面板
+
+高灵敏测温控制面板
+采用施耐德元器件
+灵敏度高稳定可靠
+
+
+
+### 涡轮风机
+
+涡轮离心风机
+U型风道降音降噪
+风力强劲大循环风量
+
+
+
+### 蒸发器&冷凝器
+
+铝翅亲水膜防污渍清洁
+0.1mm亲水铝箔材料
+内螺纹铜管快速冷凝
+
+
+
+### CCC认证
+
+高新技术企业
+CCC国家产品认证
+中国节能产品认证
+
+
+
+### 直排
+
+水箱/软管直排
+双模式排水
+持续除湿不间断
+
+
+
+### 无忧售后
+
+快速、准确、彻底
+全国千家服务网点
+服务热线:400-0079-973
+
+| 型号 | MS-860D | MS-8138B | MS-9138B | MS-9156B |
|---|
| 最大除湿量 | 60L/D | 138L/D | 138L/D | 156L/D |
|---|
| 最大功率 | 680W | 1500W | 2000W | 2500W |
|---|
| 电源 | 220V-50Hz | 220V-50Hz | 220V-50Hz | 220V-50Hz |
|---|
| 温度可控范围 | RH40 - 70% | RH10 - 95% | RH10 - 95% | RH10 - 95% |
|---|
| 适用温度 | 5-32°C | 5-38°C | 5-38°C | 5-38°C |
|---|
| 适用平方面积 | 80m² | 150m² ~ 200m² | 150m² ~ 200m² | 200m² ~ 250m² |
|---|
| 净重 | 32kg | 47kg | 49kg | 52kg |
|---|
| 制冷剂 | R410A型 | R22 | R22 | R22 |
|---|
| 控湿精准度 | ±3%RH | ±3%RH | ±3%RH | ±3%RH |
|---|
| 机器体积 (长宽高) | 410*350*740mm | 480*406*924mm | 480*406*924mm | 480*406*924mm |
|---|
+
+
+# 商用除湿
+
+
+
+## 专业除湿 科技环保
+## 高效节能 快速除湿
+
+广泛应用于车间、仓库、地下室，一站式解决潮湿、发霉问题。
+
+
+
+### 厂房实力
+
+4万平工厂
+完整先进流水线
+高端自动化生产
+
+
+
+### 品牌压缩机
+
+澎湃动力除湿心脏
+国际名牌进口压缩机
+过载保护抗旱耐高温
+
+
+
+### 液晶面板
+
+高灵敏测温控制面板
+采用施耐德元器件
+灵敏度高稳定可靠
+
+
+
+### 涡轮风机
+
+涡轮离心风机
+U型风道降音降噪
+风力强劲大循环风量
+
+
+
+### 蒸发器&冷凝器
+
+铝翅亲水膜防污渍清洁
+0.1mm亲水铝箔材料
+内螺纹铜管快速冷凝
+
+
+
+### CCC认证
+
+高新技术企业
+CCC国家产品认证
+中国节能产品认证
+
+
+
+### 直排
+
+水箱/软管直排
+双模式排水
+持续除湿不间断
+
+
+
+### 无忧售后
+
+快速、准确、彻底
+全国千家服务网点
+服务热线:400-0079-973
+
+| 型号 | MS-860DE | MS-8138BE | MS-9138BE | MS-9156BE |
|---|
| 最大除湿量 | 60L/D | 138L/D | 138L/D | 156L/D |
|---|
| 最大功率 | 680W | 1500W | 2000W | 2500W |
|---|
| 电源 | 220V-50Hz | 220V-50Hz | 220V-50Hz | 220V-50Hz |
|---|
| 温度可控范围 | RH40 - 70% | RH10 - 95% | RH10 - 95% | RH10 - 95% |
|---|
| 适用温度 | 5-32°C | 5-38°C | 5-38°C | 5-38°C |
|---|
| 适用平方面积 | 80m² | 150m² ~ 200m² | 150m² ~ 200m² | 200m² ~ 250m² |
|---|
| 净重 | 32kg | 53kg | 55kg | 52kg |
|---|
| 制冷剂 | R410A型 | R22 | R22 | R22 |
|---|
| 控湿精准度 | ±3%RH | ±3%RH | ±3%RH | ±3%RH |
|---|
| 水箱容量 | 8L | 8L | 8L | 8L |
|---|
| 机器体积(长宽高) | 410*350*740mm | 480*406*924mm | 480*406*924mm | 480*406*924mm |
|---|
+
+
+
+# 工业除湿
+
+
+
+## 专业除湿 科技环保
+## 高效节能 快速除湿
+
+广泛应用于车间、仓库、地下室，一站式解决潮湿、发霉问题。
+
+
+
+### 厂房实力
+
+4万平工厂
+完整先进流水线
+高端自动化生产
+
+
+
+### 品牌压缩机
+
+澎湃动力除湿心脏
+国际名牌进口压缩机
+过载保护抗旱耐高温
+
+
+
+### 液晶面板
+
+高灵敏测温控制面板
+采用施耐德元器件
+灵敏度高稳定可靠
+
+
+
+### 涡轮风机
+
+涡轮离心风机
+U型风道降音降噪
+风力强劲大循环风量
+
+
+
+### 蒸发器&冷凝器
+
+铝翅亲水膜防污渍清洁
+0.1mm亲水铝箔材料
+内螺纹铜管快速冷凝
+
+
+
+### CCC认证
+
+高新技术企业
+CCC国家产品认证
+中国节能产品认证
+
+
+
+### 直排
+
+水箱/软管直排
+双模式排水
+持续除湿不间断
+
+
+
+### 无忧售后
+
+快速、准确、彻底
+全国千家服务网点
+服务热线:400-0079-973
+
+| 型号 | MS-9180B | MS-9200B | MS-9240B | MS-9300B |
|---|
| 最大除湿量 | 180L/D | 200L/D | 240L/D | 300L/D |
|---|
| 最大功率 | 4200W | 4200W | 4400W | 4400W |
|---|
| 电源 | 380V-50Hz(220v50Hz)可选 | 380V-50Hz | 380V-50Hz |
|---|
| 湿度调节 | RH10 - 95% | RH10 - 95% | RH10 - 95% | RH10 - 95% |
|---|
| 适用温度 | 5-38°C | 5-38°C | 5-38°C | 5-38°C |
|---|
| 适用平方面积 | 280m² ~ 300m² | 300m² ~ 350m² | 350m² ~ 400m² | 400m² ~ 500m² |
|---|
| 制冷剂 | R22 | R22 | R22 | R22 |
|---|
| 净重 | 98kg | 98kg | 110kg | 110kg |
|---|
| 控湿精准度 | ±3%RH | ±3%RH | ±3%RH | ±3%RH |
|---|
| 机器体积 (长宽高mm) | 615*470*1595 | 615*470*1595 | 783*470*1603 | 783*470*1603 |
|---|
+
+# 工业除湿
+
+
+
+## 专业除湿 科技环保
+## 高效节能 快速除湿
+
+广泛应用于车间、仓库、地下室，一站式解决潮湿、发霉问题。
+
+
+
+### 厂房实力
+
+4万平工厂
+完整先进流水线
+高端自动化生产
+
+
+
+### 品牌压缩机
+
+澎湃动力除湿心脏
+国际名牌进口压缩机
+过载保护抗旱耐高温
+
+
+
+### 液晶面板
+
+高灵敏测温控制面板
+采用施耐德元器件
+灵敏度高稳定可靠
+
+
+
+### 涡轮风机
+
+涡轮离心风机
+U型风道降音降噪
+风力强劲大循环风量
+
+
+
+### 蒸发器&冷凝器
+
+铝翅亲水膜防污渍清洁
+0.1mm亲水铝箔材料
+内螺纹铜管快速冷凝
+
+
+
+### CCC认证
+
+高新技术企业
+CCC国家产品认证
+中国节能产品认证
+
+
+
+### 直排
+
+水箱/软管直排
+双模式排水
+持续除湿不间断
+
+
+
+### 无忧售后
+
+快速、准确、彻底
+全国千家服务网点
+服务热线:400-0079-973
+
+
+
+
+| 型号 |
+MS-9380B |
+MS-9480B |
+MS-25KG |
+MS-30KG |
+MS-40KG |
+MS-50KG |
+MS-60KG |
+
+
+
+
+| 最大除湿量 |
+380L/D |
+480L/D |
+25kg/h |
+30kg/h |
+40kg/h |
+50kg/h |
+60kg/h |
+
+
+| 电源 |
+380V-50Hz |
+380V-50Hz |
+380V-50Hz |
+380V-50Hz |
+380V-50Hz |
+380V-50Hz |
+380V-50Hz |
+
+
+| 最大功率 |
+7000W |
+8000W |
+8000W |
+15000W |
+20000W |
+22000W |
+30000W |
+
+
+| 湿度调节 |
+RH10-95% |
+RH10-95% |
+RH10-95% |
+RH10-95% |
+RH10-95% |
+RH10-95% |
+RH10-95% |
+
+
+| 适用平方面积 (m²) |
+500~600 |
+600~700 |
+800~900 |
+900~1000 |
+1000~1200 |
+1300~1500 |
+1500~2000 |
+
+
+| 适用温度 |
+5-38℃ |
+5-38℃ |
+5-38℃ |
+5-38℃ |
+5-38℃ |
+5-38℃ |
+5-38℃ |
+
+
+| 净重 |
+156kg |
+180kg |
+180kg |
+216kg |
+363kg |
+450kg |
+460kg |
+
+
+| 制冷剂 |
+R22 |
+
+
+| 控湿精准度 |
+±3% |
+
+
+| 机器体积 (长宽高mm) |
+1008*470*1633 |
+1208*470*1688 |
+1208*470*1750 |
+1380*645*1916 |
+1580*645*1930 |
+
+
+
+
+# 除湿加湿一体机
+
+
+
+## 除湿加湿 智能一体
+双重系统 自动控制
+
+广泛应用于机房/精密仪器生产车间/实验室/储藏室等环境。
+
+| 型号 | SMSCS-03B | SMSCS-06B | SMSCS-09B | SMSCS-12B | SMSCS-15B | SMSCS-20B |
|---|
| 每日除湿量 | 90L/D | 156L/D | 180L/D | 288L/D | 360L/D | 480L/D |
|---|
| 每小时加湿量 | 3kg/h | 6kg/h | 9kg/h | 12kg/h | 15kg/h | 20kg/h |
|---|
| 最大功率 | 1500w | 2000w | 4000w | 4800w | 7000w | 9000w |
|---|
| 电源 | 220v-50Hz | 220v-50Hz | 220v/380v-50Hz | 380v-50Hz | 380v-50Hz | 380v-50Hz |
|---|
| 除湿模式时功率 | 980w | 1350w | 2950w | 3200w | 4800w | 6300w |
|---|
| 加湿模式时功率 | 150w | 150w | 250w | 280w | 320w | 470w |
|---|
| 适用平方面积(m²) | 10~30 | 10~80 | 100~150 | 150~200 | 200~300 | 300~400 |
|---|
| 净重 | 50kg | 70kg | 110kg | 120kg | 160kg | 210kg |
|---|
| 循环风量 | 900m³/h | 2000m³/h | 2000m³/h | 2300m³/h | 2800m³/h | 4000m³/h |
|---|
| 制冷剂 | R22型 |
|---|
| 控湿精准度 | ±3%RH |
|---|
| 湿度可控范围 | RH30 - 95% |
|---|
| 加湿方式 | 湿膜式 |
|---|
| 机器体积(高长厚mm) | 1724*559*552 | 1724*559*552 | 1930*774*600 | 2050.5*774*600 | 2133*986*661 | 2193*1186*661 |
|---|
+
+| 型号 | CS-03B | CS-06B | CS-09B | CS-12B | CS-15B | CS-20B |
|---|
| 每日除湿量 | 90L/D | 156L/D | 180L/D | 288L/D | 360L/D | 480L/D |
|---|
| 每小时加湿量 | 2kg/h | 2kg/h | 4kg/h | 5kg/h | 10kg/h | 15kg/h |
|---|
| 最大功率 | 2500w | 3000w | 5500w | 6000w | 10000w | 17000w |
|---|
| 电源 | 220v-50Hz | 220v-50Hz | 220v/380v-50Hz | 380v-50Hz | 380v-50Hz | 380v-50Hz |
|---|
| 除湿模式时功率 | 980w | 1350w | 2950w | 3200w | 4800w | 6300w |
|---|
| 加湿模式时功率 | 1650w | 1650w | 3200w | 3300w | 10000w | 11700w |
|---|
| 适用平方面积(m²) | 10~30 | 10~80 | 100~150 | 150~200 | 200~300 | 300~400 |
|---|
| 净重 | 50kg | 70kg | 110kg | 120kg | 160kg | 210kg |
|---|
| 循环风量 | 900m³/h | 2000m³/h | 2000m³/h | 2300m³/h | 2800m³/h | 4000m³/h |
|---|
| 制冷剂 | R22型 |
|---|
| 控湿精准度 | ±3%RH |
|---|
| 湿度可控范围 | RH30 - 95% |
|---|
| 加湿方式 | 电极式 |
|---|
| 机器体积(高长厚mm) | 1600*539*452 | 1600*539*452 | 1930*782*593 | 1930*782*593 | 2016*980*590 | 2016*1180*590 |
|---|
+
+# 消毒净化一体机
+
+
+
+## 除湿加湿消毒净化一体型产品
+
+### 99%高效灭菌消毒
+
+灭菌效率可达到无菌室要求标准：
+
+细菌个数<200个/立方米 (菌落数<2个/皿)
+
+灭菌要求大量发生空气维生素负离子浓度高达106个/cm³
+
+保持空调房间的空气处于健康状态
+
+选用瑞典蒙特进口湿膜，对水质无特殊要求，无污染
+
+湿膜汽化加湿为等焓加湿：
+
+主要特点是吸收空气中的热能，使液体水汽化蒸发
+
+自动上水式标配水箱自动清洗功能，湿膜介质进行自我清洗功能
+
+可选装净水过滤系统，保证水源洁净，延长加湿模块的使用寿命
+
+| 型号 | XCSM-03B | XCSM-06B | XCSM-09B | XCSM-12B | XCSM-15B | XCSM-20B |
|---|
| 每日除湿量 | 90L/D | 156L/D | 180L/D | 288L/D | 360L/D | 480L/D | | 每小时除湿量 | 3kg/h | 6kg/h | 9kg/h | 12kg/h | 15kg/h | 20kg/h | | 最大功率 | 1500w | 2000w | 4000w | 4800w | 7000w | 9000w | | 电源 | 220v-50Hz | 220v-50Hz | 380v-50Hz | 380v-50Hz | 380v-50Hz | 380v-50Hz | | 湿度可控范围 | RH30-95% | RH30-95% | RH30-95% | RH30-95% | RH30-95% | RH30-95% | | 自动消毒模式 | 有 | 有 | 有 | 有 | 有 | 有 | | 自动净化模式 | 有 | 有 | 有 | 有 | 有 | 有 | | 控制方式 | 触摸屏 | 触摸屏 | 触摸屏 | 触摸屏 | 触摸屏 | 触摸屏 | | 加湿方式 | 湿膜式 | 湿膜式 | 湿膜式 | 湿膜式 | 湿膜式 | 湿膜式 | | 净重 | 50kg | 70kg | 110kg | 120kg | 160kg | 210kg | | 循环风量 | 900m³/h | 2000m³/h | 2000m³/h | 2300m³/h | 2800m³/h | 4000m³/h | | 制冷剂 | R22型 | R22型 | R22型 | R22型 | R22型 | R22型 | | 控湿精准度 | ±5%RH | ±5%RH | ±5%RH | ±5%RH | ±5%RH | ±5%RH | | 适用面积 | 10m²~30m² 层高3m | 10m²~30m² 层高3m | 100m²~150m² 层高3m | 150m²~200m² 层高3m | 200m²~300m² 层高3m | 300m²~400m² 层高3m | | 机器体积 (高×长×厚) | 1724*559*552mm | 1724*559*552mm | 2050.5*774*600mm | 2050.5*774*600mm | 2133*986*661mm | 2193*1186*661mm |
+
+# 防爆除湿机
+
+
+
+## 防爆除湿 动力强劲
+## 性能稳定 安全可靠
+
+广泛应用于危险品仓库/车间/调漆室/弹药库等易燃易爆环境。
+
+
+
+### 厂房实力
+
+4万平工厂
+完整先进流水线
+高端自动化生产
+
+
+
+### 品牌压缩机
+
+澎湃动力除湿心脏
+国际名牌进口压缩机
+过载保护抗旱耐高温
+
+
+
+### 防爆面板
+
+高灵敏防爆测温控制面板
+采用施耐德元器件
+灵敏度高稳定可靠
+
+
+
+### 防爆插销
+
+采密闭防爆接线盒
+性能稳定安全可靠
+金属外壳纯铜实芯
+
+
+
+### 蒸发器&冷凝器
+
+铝翅亲水膜防污渍清洁
+0.1mm亲水铝箔材料
+内螺纹铜管快速冷凝
+
+
+
+### CCC认证
+
+国家防爆合格证
+CCC国家产品认证
+中国节能产品认证
+
+
+
+### 质量保障
+
+专业的设备
+完善的检测程序
+6S管理方法
+
+
+
+### 无忧售后
+
+快速、准确、彻底
+全国千家服务网点
+服务热线:400-0079-973
+
+
+
+
+| 型号 |
+BCF-956B |
+BCF-990B |
+BCF-9138B |
+BCF-9156B |
+BCF-9180B |
+BCF-9240B |
+BCF-9380B |
+BCF-9480B |
+
+
+
+
+| 每日除湿量 |
+56L/D |
+90L/D |
+138L/D |
+156L/D |
+168L/D |
+240L/D |
+360L/D |
+480L/D |
+
+
+| 防爆等级 |
+ExdibmbⅡBT4Gb |
+
+
+| 最大功率 |
+960w |
+1500w |
+2000w |
+2500w |
+4200w |
+4400w |
+7000w |
+8000w |
+
+
+| 电源 |
+220V-50Hz |
+380V-50Hz/220V-50Hz可选 |
+380V-50Hz |
+
+
+| 温度可控范围 |
+RH30 - 95% |
+
+
+| 适用温度 |
+5-38℃ |
+
+
+| 适用平方面积 (m²) |
+80~100 |
+120~150 |
+180~200 |
+200~250 |
+280~300 |
+350~400 |
+500~580 |
+650~700 |
+
+
+| 适用立方面积 (m³) |
+260~300 |
+300~450 |
+500~600 |
+600~800 |
+560~900 |
+1000~1200 |
+1500~1700 |
+1700~2100 |
+
+
+| 净重 |
+45kg |
+52kg |
+52kg |
+61kg |
+98kg |
+110kg |
+146kg |
+180kg |
+
+
+| 循环风量 |
+900m³/h |
+900m³/h |
+1200m³/h |
+1300m³/h |
+1800m³/h |
+2000m³/h |
+2500m³/h |
+4000m³/h |
+
+
+| 制冷剂 |
+R22型 |
+
+
+| 控湿精准度 |
+±5%RH |
+
+
+| 排水方式 |
+软管直排 |
+
+
+| 机器体积 (长宽高mm) |
+480*406*848 |
+480*406*848 |
+480*406*848 |
+480*406*848 |
+615*470*1500 |
+783*470*1510 |
+1008*470*1540 |
+1208*470*1580 |
+
+
+
+
+# 升温烘干
+
+
+
+## 升温烘干 快速干燥
+自动控制 安全可靠
+
+广泛应用于木材药材加工/食品茶叶烘/烟草烘干等环境。
+
+
+
+### 厂房实力
+
+4万平工厂
+完整先进流水线
+高端自动化生产
+
+
+
+### 自动调节
+
+双重除湿加湿控制系统
+自动控制温湿度
+自动停机
+
+
+
+### 控制面板
+
+高灵敏测温控制面板
+采用施耐德元器件
+灵敏度高稳定可靠
+
+
+
+### 涡轮风机
+
+涡轮离心风机
+U型风道降音降噪
+风力强劲大循环风量
+
+
+
+### 散热器
+
+PTC波纹散热器
+热阻小 换热效率高
+自动恒温省电的电加热器
+
+
+
+### CCC认证
+
+高新技术企业
+CCC国家产品认证
+中国节能产品认证
+
+
+
+### 质量保障
+
+专业的设备
+完善的检测程序
+6S管理方法
+
+
+
+### 无忧售后
+
+快速、准确、彻底
+全国千家服务网点
+服务热线:400-0079-973
+
+| 型号 | SM-7KG | SM-10KG | SM-15KG | SM-20KG | SM-30KG | SM-40KG |
|---|
| 每日除湿量 | 168L/D | 240L/D | 360L/D | 480L/D | 720L/D | 960L/D | | 每小时除湿量 | 7kg/h | 10kg/h | 15kg/h | 20kg/h | 30kg/h | 40kg/h | | 总功率 | 9kw | 11kw | 17kw | 21kw | 25kw | 38kw | | 电源 | 380V-50Hz | 380V-50Hz | 380V-50Hz | 380V-50Hz | 380V-50Hz | 380V-50Hz | | PTC电加热功率 | 6kw | 8kw | 12kw | 16kw | 16kw | 25kw | | 湿度可调范围 | RH10 - 95% | RH10 - 95% | RH10 - 95% | RH10 - 95% | RH10 - 95% | RH10 - 95% | | 适用温度 | 30-63°C | 30-63°C | 30-63°C | 30-63°C | 30-63°C | 30-63°C | | 适用平方面积 (m²) | 根据不同烘干产品选用 | | 净重 | 110kg | 135kg | 180kg | 210kg | 280kg | 380kg | | 循环风量 | 2000m³/h | 2500m³/h | 3000m³/h | 4000m³/h | 5000m³/h | 7500m³/h | | 控湿精准度 | ±5%RH | ±5%RH | ±5%RH | ±5%RH | ±5%RH | ±5%RH | | 支持485通讯协议 | 支持 | | 机器体积 (长宽高) | 800*485*1900mm | 1190*485*2000mm | 1200*560*2000mm |
+
+# 管道除湿
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| 吊顶管道型 |
+
+| 型号SMS- |
+26B |
+36B |
+56B |
+90B |
+138B |
+156B |
+08KG |
+10KG |
+12KG |
+15KG |
+20KG |
+30KG |
+40KG |
+
+
+
+
+| 除湿量L/D |
+26 |
+36 |
+56 |
+90 |
+138 |
+156 |
+8 |
+10 |
+12 |
+15 |
+20 |
+30 |
+40 |
+
+
+| 电源 |
+220V-50HZ |
+380V-50HZ |
+
+
+| 最大功率W |
+300 |
+450 |
+960 |
+1500 |
+1800 |
+2300 |
+3000 |
+4200 |
+5500 |
+6000 |
+8000 |
+15000 |
+20000 |
+
+
+| 循环风量m³/h |
+250 |
+350 |
+600 |
+800 |
+1200 |
+1200 |
+2000 |
+2000 |
+2000 |
+2500 |
+4000 |
+5000 |
+8000 |
+
+
+| 湿度可调范围 |
+RH10 - 95%任意控制 |
+
+
+| 湿度可控范围 |
+RH30 - 95% |
+
+
+| 控湿精准度 |
+±5%RH |
+
+
+| 适用温度 |
+5-38℃ |
+
+
+| 也可按照要求定制 |
+进风法兰口圆形 Ø100mm |
+进风方形法兰口 高×宽320*200mm |
+进风方形法兰口 高×宽800*320mm |
+进风方形法兰口 高×宽630*400mm |
+出风方形法兰口 高×宽1200*370mm |
+
+
+| 也可按照要求定制 |
+出风法兰口圆形 Ø100mm |
+出风方形法兰口 高×宽400*240mm |
+出风方形法兰口 高×宽630*320mm |
+出风方形法兰口 高×宽630*400mm |
+出风方形法兰口 高×宽1200*300mm |
+
+
+| 定时关机 |
+1-24小时任意设定 |
+
+
+| 适用平方面积m² |
+30 |
+50 |
+80 |
+120 |
+180 |
+200 |
+250 |
+300 |
+350 |
+400 |
+500 |
+800 |
+1000 |
+
+
+| 净重KG |
+20 |
+20 |
+30 |
+43 |
+43 |
+48 |
+96 |
+110 |
+110 |
+145 |
+200 |
+240 |
+300 |
+
+
+| 机器体积 |
+<高×宽×深>根据客户要求定制型 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| 立式管道型 |
+
+
+| 型号 |
+SMS-90B |
+SMS-138B |
+SMS-156B |
+SMS-08KG |
+SMS-10KG |
+SMS-12KG |
+SMS-15KG |
+SMS-20KG |
+SMS-30KG |
+SMS-40KG |
+
+
+
+
+| 除湿量 |
+90L/D |
+138L/D |
+156L/D |
+8kg/h |
+10kg/h |
+12kg/h |
+15kg/h |
+20kg/h |
+30kg/h |
+40kg/h |
+
+
+| 电源 |
+220V-50HZ |
+380V-50HZ |
+
+
+| 最大功率W |
+1500 |
+1800 |
+2300 |
+3000 |
+4200 |
+5500 |
+6000 |
+8000 |
+15000 |
+20000 |
+
+
+| 循环风量m³/h |
+800 |
+1200 |
+1200 |
+2000 |
+2000 |
+2000 |
+2500 |
+4000 |
+5000 |
+8000 |
+
+
+| 湿度可调范围 |
+RH10 - 95%任意控制 |
+
+
+| 湿度可控范围 |
+RH30 - 95% |
+
+
+| 控湿精准度 |
+±5%RH |
+
+
+| 适用温度 |
+5-38℃ |
+
+
+| 也可按照要求定制 |
+进风方形法兰口 高×宽320*200mm |
+进风方形法兰口 高×宽800*320mm |
+进风方形法兰口 高×宽630*400mm |
+出风方形法兰口 高×宽980*520mm |
+
+
+| 也可按照要求定制 |
+出风方形法兰口 高×宽400*240mm |
+出风方形法兰口 高×宽630*320mm |
+出风方形法兰口 高×宽630*400mm |
+出风方形法兰口 高×宽980*520mm |
+
+
+| 定时关机 |
+1-24小时任意设定 |
+
+
+| 适用平方面积m² |
+120 |
+180 |
+200 |
+250 |
+300 |
+350 |
+400 |
+500 |
+800 |
+1000 |
+
+
+| 净重KG |
+51 |
+55 |
+65 |
+80 |
+90 |
+95 |
+105 |
+115 |
+125 |
+135 |
+
+
+| 机器体积 |
+<高×宽×深>根据客户要求定制型 |
+
+
+
+
+# 防腐除湿
+
+
+
+## 防腐不锈钢除湿机
+
+腐蚀环境除湿，普通除湿机可能慢慢会被侵蚀掉
+
+湿美电气工程师研发的这款防腐蚀除湿机
+
+完全解决您的后顾之忧
+
+不锈钢304机壳
+
+热交换器选用铜管套铜翅片
+
+全自动湿度控制，RH10-95%任意调节
+
+三分钟延时启动，保护压缩机
+
+湿度传感器故障自诊功能
+
+微电脑自动除霜，更可靠、更精确；
+
+国际名牌压缩机〈美国谷轮/日立〉可选
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+### 适用环境
+
+
+
+化学品存储仓
+
+
+
+医药生产车间
+
+
+
+烟草加工
+
+
+
+纺织厂
+
+
+
+医疗化验室
+
+
+
+电子厂车间
+
+
+# 耐高温 除湿
+
+
+
+## 专业除湿 科技环保
+## 高效散热 效果显著
+
+广泛应用于高温瑜伽/桑拿中心/酒店餐饮/食品加工等高温工作环境。
+
+
+
+### 厂房实力
+
+4万平工厂
+完整先进流水线
+高端自动化生产
+
+
+
+### 品牌压缩机
+
+澎湃动力除湿心脏
+国际名牌进口压缩机
+过载保护抗旱耐高温
+
+
+
+### 液晶面板
+
+高灵敏测温控制面板
+采用施耐德元器件
+灵敏度高稳定可靠
+
+
+
+### 涡轮风机
+
+涡轮离心风机
+U型风道降音降噪
+风力强劲大循环风量
+
+
+
+### 散热风扇
+
+优质高效散热风扇
+强劲运行通风散热
+效果显著
+
+
+
+
+### CCC认证
+
+高新技术企业
+CCC国家产品认证
+中国节能产品认证
+
+
+
+### 质量保障
+
+专业的设备
+完善的检测程序
+6S管理方法
+
+
+
+### 无忧售后
+
+快速、准确、彻底
+全国千家服务网点
+服务热线:400-0079-973
+
+
+
+
+| 型号 |
+MS-06EX |
+MS-08EX |
+MS-10EX |
+MS-12EX |
+MS-15EX |
+MS-20EX |
+
+
+
+
+| 每日除湿量 |
+144L/D |
+192L/D |
+240L/D |
+288L/D |
+360L/D |
+480L/D |
+
+
+| 每小时除湿量 |
+6kg/h |
+8kg/h |
+10kg/h |
+12kg/h |
+15kg/h |
+20kg/h |
+
+
+| 最大功率 |
+2000w |
+3000w |
+4400w |
+4400w |
+7000w |
+8000w |
+
+
+| 电源 |
+220V-50Hz |
+380V-50Hz |
+
+
+| 湿度可控范围 |
+RH30 - 95% |
+
+
+| 湿度可调范围 |
+RH10 - 95% |
+
+
+| 适用温度 |
+30-63℃ |
+
+
+| 适用平方面积 (m²) |
+30-120 |
+200-220 |
+300-350 |
+350-400 |
+550-600 |
+650-700 |
+
+
+| 适用平方面积 (m³) |
+90-330 |
+600-660 |
+900-1000 |
+1000-1200 |
+1500-1800 |
+2000-2100 |
+
+
+| 净重 |
+53kg |
+98kg |
+110kg |
+110kg |
+146kg |
+180kg |
+
+
+| 制冷剂 |
+R22型 |
+
+
+| 机器体积 (高宽厚mm) |
+848*406*480 |
+1500*470*615 |
+1510*470*783 |
+1510*470*783 |
+1540*470*1008 |
+1580*470*1208 |
+
+
+
+
+# 耐低温 除湿
+
+
+
+## 专业除湿 科技环保
+## 低温抗寒 效果显著
+
+广泛应用于低温场所/冷库/溜冰场/滑雪场等温度极低特殊环境。
+
+
+
+### 厂房实力
+
+4万平工厂
+完整先进流水线
+高端自动化生产
+
+
+
+### 品牌压缩机
+
+澎湃动力除湿心脏
+国际名牌进口压缩机
+过载保护抗旱耐高温
+
+
+
+### 液晶面板
+
+高灵敏测温控制面板
+采用施耐德元器件
+灵敏度高稳定可靠
+
+
+
+### 涡轮风机
+
+涡轮离心风机
+U型风道降音降噪
+风力强劲大循环风量
+
+
+
+### 四通换向阀
+
+采用品牌元器件
+切换制冷工质的直流路径
+实现制冷和制热模式的转换
+
+
+
+### CCC认证
+
+高新技术企业
+CCC国家产品认证
+中国节能产品认证
+
+
+
+### 质量保障
+
+专业的设备
+完善的检测程序
+6S管理方法
+
+
+
+### 无忧售后
+
+快速、准确、彻底
+全国千家服务网点
+服务热线:400-0079-973
+
+
+
+
+| 型号 |
+MS-06DX |
+MS-08DX |
+MS-10DX |
+MS-12DX |
+MS-15DX |
+MS-20DX |
+
+
+
+
+| 每日除湿量 |
+144L/D |
+192L/D |
+240L/D |
+288L/D |
+360L/D |
+480L/D |
+
+
+| 每小时除湿量 |
+6kg/h |
+8kg/h |
+10kg/h |
+12kg/h |
+15kg/h |
+20kg/h |
+
+
+| 最大功率 |
+2000w |
+3000w |
+4400w |
+4400w |
+7000w |
+8000w |
+
+
+| 电源 |
+220V-50Hz |
+380V-50Hz |
+
+
+| 湿度可控范围 |
+RH30 - 95% |
+
+
+| 湿度可调范围 |
+RH10 - 95% |
+
+
+| 适用温度 |
+0-8℃ |
+
+
+| 适用平方面积 (m²) |
+30 |
+50-80 |
+90-100 |
+100-130 |
+130-150 |
+155-210 |
+
+
+| 适用平方面积 (m³) |
+90 |
+150-240 |
+270-300 |
+300-360 |
+360-450 |
+450-600 |
+
+
+| 净重 |
+53kg |
+98kg |
+110kg |
+110kg |
+146kg |
+180kg |
+
+
+| 制冷剂 |
+R22型 |
+R22a型 |
+
+
+| 机器体积 (高宽厚mm) |
+848*406*480 |
+1500*470*615 |
+1510*470*783 |
+1510*470*783 |
+1540*470*1008 |
+1580*470*1208 |
+
+
+
+
+# 防爆 调温降温
+
+
+
+## 调温降温 防爆除湿 灵敏度高 稳定可靠
+
+广泛应用于危险品仓库/车间/调漆室/弹药库等易燃易爆环境。
+
+
+
+### 厂房实力
+4万平工厂
+完整先进流水线
+高端自动化生产
+
+
+
+### 国家防爆
+国家防爆合格证
+CCC国家产品认证
+中国节能产品认证
+
+
+
+### 防爆面板
+高灵敏防爆测温控制面板
+采用施耐德元器件
+灵敏度高稳定可靠
+
+
+
+### 质量保障
+专业的设备
+完善的检测程序
+6S管理方法
+
+
+
+### 无忧售后
+快速、准确、彻底
+全国千家服务网点
+服务热线:400-0079-973
+
+
+
+
+| 性能/型号 |
+BKFR-2.5 |
+BKFR-3.5 |
+BKFR-5 |
+BKFR-7.5 |
+BKFR-12 |
+BKFR-20 |
+BKFR-25 |
+BKFR-40 |
+
+
+
+
+| 适用面积（平方、层高3m） |
+15-30 |
+30-40 |
+40-50 |
+50-60 |
+60-80 |
+80-100 |
+100-150 |
+150-200 |
+
+
+| 除湿量 |
+kg/h |
+2.1 |
+3 |
+4.5 |
+6.5 |
+8.5 |
+13 |
+20 |
+25 |
+
+
+| 制冷量 |
+kW |
+3.5 |
+5 |
+7.5 |
+10 |
+12 |
+20 |
+30 |
+40 |
+
+
+| 制热量 |
+kW |
+1.5 |
+3 |
+4 |
+8 |
+8 |
+10 |
+16 |
+16 |
+
+
+| 循环风量 |
+m³ |
+600 |
+800 |
+1200 |
+1500 |
+1800 |
+2200 |
+3200 |
+3600 |
+
+
+| 机外余压 |
+Pa |
+10 |
+10 |
+20 |
+20 |
+20 |
+20 |
+20 |
+20 |
+
+
+| 电源 |
+220V~50Hz |
+380V 3N~50Hz |
+
+
+| 机组总容量 |
+kw |
+3.2 |
+5 |
+7 |
+11.5 |
+12.6 |
+16.5 |
+27 |
+32 |
+
+
+| 温度控制范围及精度 |
+18-30℃ |
+
+
+| 湿度控制范围及精度 |
+<70% |
+
+
+| 工作环境温度 |
+℃ |
+室外环境温度-20~38℃ |
+
+
+| 压缩机功率 |
+kw |
+1.1 |
+1.7 |
+2.3 |
+4.2 |
+4.5 |
+6 |
+9 |
+12 |
+
+
+| 制冷剂类型/充注量 |
+kg |
+R22 |
+
+
+| 节流方式 |
+毛细管 |
+热力膨胀阀 |
+
+
+| 风机类型 |
+外转子前倾离心风机 |
+
+
+| 风机功率 |
+kW |
+0.05 |
+0.06 |
+0.1 |
+0.2 |
+0.28 |
+0.42 |
+0.55 |
+0.6 |
+
+
+| 电加热类型 |
+PTC电热式 |
+
+
+| 室内机产品尺寸&重量 |
+长mm |
+700 |
+700 |
+807 |
+807 |
+807 |
+1190 |
+1190 |
+1190 |
+
+
+| 宽mm |
+452 |
+452 |
+485 |
+485 |
+485 |
+485 |
+485 |
+485 |
+
+
+| 高mm |
+1574 |
+1574 |
+1811 |
+1811 |
+1811 |
+1946 |
+1946 |
+2045 |
+
+
+| kg*数量 |
+62 |
+80 |
+100 |
+105 |
+105 |
+150 |
+190 |
+220 |
+
+
+| 连接管 |
+mm |
+6.35/9.52 |
+6.35/12.7 |
+9.52/16 |
+12.7/19 |
+12.7/19 |
+15.88/19 |
+12.7/19各2根 |
+15.88/19各2根 |
+
+
+| 室外机产品尺寸&重量 |
+长mm |
+857 |
+857 |
+1093 |
+1193 |
+1193 |
+778 |
+1193 |
+778 |
+
+
+| 宽mm |
+440 |
+440 |
+456 |
+456 |
+456 |
+778 |
+456 |
+778 |
+
+
+| 高mm |
+616 |
+616 |
+813 |
+963 |
+963 |
+925 |
+963 |
+925 |
+
+
+| kg*数量 |
+62 |
+67 |
+85 |
+110 |
+110 |
+150 |
+110 |
+150 |
+
+
+
+
+# 调温降温 除湿
+
+
+
+## 调温降温 精准控制 动力强劲 稳定可靠
+
+广泛应用于博物馆美术馆/信息机房/实验室/图书馆等环境。
+
+
+
+厂房实力
+4万平工厂
+完整先进流水线
+高端自动化生产
+
+
+
+CCC认证
+国家防爆合格证
+CCC国家产品认证
+中国节能产品认证
+
+
+
+温湿度传感器
+温度可调16℃-30℃
+湿度可控RH30-95%
+控湿准度±3%RH
+
+
+
+质量保障
+专业的设备
+完善的检测程序
+6S管理方法
+
+
+
+无忧售后
+快速、准确、彻底
+全国千家服务网点
+服务热线:400-0079-973
+
+
+
+
+| 性能/型号 |
+MS-03M |
+MS-06M |
+MS-08M |
+MS-10M |
+MS-15M |
+MS-20M |
+MS-32M |
+MS-40M |
+
+
+
+
+| 适用面积（平方、层高3m） |
+15-30 |
+30-40 |
+40-50 |
+50-60 |
+60-80 |
+80-100 |
+100-150 |
+150-200 |
+
+
+| 除湿量 |
+kg/h |
+2.1 |
+3 |
+4.5 |
+6.5 |
+8.5 |
+13 |
+20 |
+25 |
+
+
+| 制冷量 |
+kW |
+3.5 |
+5 |
+7.5 |
+10 |
+12 |
+20 |
+30 |
+40 |
+
+
+| 制热量 |
+kW |
+1.5 |
+3 |
+4 |
+8 |
+8 |
+10 |
+16 |
+16 |
+
+
+| 循环风量 |
+m³ |
+600 |
+800 |
+1200 |
+1500 |
+1800 |
+2200 |
+3200 |
+3600 |
+
+
+| 机外余压 |
+Pa |
+10 |
+10 |
+20 |
+20 |
+20 |
+20 |
+20 |
+20 |
+
+
+| 电源 |
+220V~50Hz |
+380V 3N~50Hz |
+
+
+| 机组总容量 |
+kw |
+3.2 |
+5 |
+7 |
+11.5 |
+12.6 |
+16.5 |
+27 |
+32 |
+
+
+| 温度控制范围及精度 |
+18-30℃ |
+
+
+| 湿度控制范围及精度 |
+<70% |
+
+
+| 工作环境温度 |
+℃ |
+室外环境温度-20~38℃ |
+
+
+| 压缩机功率 |
+kw |
+1.1 |
+1.7 |
+2.3 |
+4.2 |
+4.5 |
+6 |
+9 |
+12 |
+
+
+| 制冷剂类型/充注量 |
+kg |
+R22 |
+
+
+| 节流方式 |
+毛细管 |
+热力膨胀阀 |
+
+
+| 风机类型 |
+外转子前倾离心风机 |
+
+
+| 风机功率 |
+kW |
+0.05 |
+0.06 |
+0.1 |
+0.2 |
+0.28 |
+0.42 |
+0.55 |
+0.6 |
+
+
+| 电加热类型 |
+PTC电热式 |
+
+
+| 室内机产品尺寸&重量 |
+长mm |
+700 |
+700 |
+807 |
+807 |
+807 |
+1190 |
+1190 |
+1190 |
+
+
+| 宽mm |
+452 |
+452 |
+485 |
+485 |
+485 |
+485 |
+485 |
+485 |
+
+
+| 高mm |
+1574 |
+1574 |
+1811 |
+1811 |
+1811 |
+1946 |
+1946 |
+2045 |
+
+
+| kg*数量 |
+62 |
+80 |
+100 |
+105 |
+105 |
+150 |
+190 |
+220 |
+
+
+| 连接管 |
+mm |
+6.35/9.52 |
+6.35/12.7 |
+9.52/16 |
+12.7/19 |
+12.7/19 |
+15.88/19 |
+12.7/19各2根 |
+15.88/19各2根 |
+
+
+| 室外机产品尺寸&重量 |
+长mm |
+857 |
+857 |
+1093 |
+1193 |
+1193 |
+778 |
+1193 |
+778 |
+
+
+| 宽mm |
+440 |
+440 |
+456 |
+456 |
+456 |
+778 |
+456 |
+778 |
+
+
+| 高mm |
+616 |
+616 |
+813 |
+963 |
+963 |
+925 |
+963 |
+925 |
+
+
+| kg*数量 |
+62 |
+67 |
+85 |
+110 |
+110 |
+150 |
+110*2 |
+150*2 |
+
+
+
+
+# 吊顶管道 调温降温动力强劲 稳定可靠
+
+
+
+## 吊顶管道 调温降温
+动力强劲 稳定可靠
+
+广泛应用于博物馆美术馆/信息机房/实验室/图书馆等环境。
+
+
+
+厂房实力
+4万平工厂
+完整先进流水线
+高端自动化生产
+
+
+
+CCC认证
+国家防爆合格证
+CCC国家产品认证
+中国节能产品认证
+
+
+
+温湿度传感器
+温度可调16℃~30℃
+湿度可控RH30-95%
+控湿准度±3%RH
+
+
+
+质量保障
+专业的设备
+完善的检测程序
+6S管理方法
+
+
+
+售忧售后
+快速、准确、彻底
+全国千家服务网点
+服务热线:400-0079-973
+
+
+
+
+| 性能/型号 |
+MS-03M-D |
+MS-06M-D |
+MS-08M-D |
+MS-10M-D |
+MS-15M-D |
+MS-20M-D |
+MS-32M-D |
+MS-40M-D |
+
+
+
+
+| 适用面积（平方、层高3m） |
+15-30 |
+30-40 |
+40-50 |
+50-60 |
+60-80 |
+80-100 |
+100-150 |
+150-200 |
+
+
+| 除湿量 |
+kg/h |
+2.1 |
+3 |
+4.5 |
+6.5 |
+8.5 |
+13 |
+20 |
+25 |
+
+
+| 制冷量 |
+kW |
+3.5 |
+5 |
+7.5 |
+10 |
+12 |
+20 |
+30 |
+40 |
+
+
+| 制热量 |
+kW |
+1.5 |
+3 |
+4 |
+8 |
+8 |
+10 |
+16 |
+16 |
+
+
+| 循环风量 |
+m³ |
+600 |
+800 |
+1200 |
+1500 |
+1800 |
+2200 |
+3200 |
+3600 |
+
+
+| 机外余压 |
+Pa |
+10 |
+10 |
+20 |
+20 |
+20 |
+20 |
+20 |
+20 |
+
+
+| 电源 |
+220V~50Hz |
+380V 3N~50Hz |
+
+
+| 机组总容量 |
+kw |
+3.2 |
+5 |
+7 |
+11.5 |
+12.6 |
+16.5 |
+27 |
+32 |
+
+
+| 温度控制范围及精度 |
+18-30℃ |
+
+
+| 湿度控制范围及精度 |
+<70% |
+
+
+| 工作环境温度 |
+℃ |
+室外环境温度-20~38℃ |
+
+
+| 压缩机功率 |
+kw |
+1.1 |
+1.7 |
+2.3 |
+4.2 |
+4.5 |
+6 |
+9 |
+12 |
+
+
+| 制冷剂类型/充注量 |
+kg |
+R22 |
+
+
+| 节流方式 |
+毛细管 |
+热力膨胀阀 |
+
+
+| 风机类型 |
+外转子前倾离心风机 |
+
+
+| 风机功率 |
+kW |
+0.05 |
+0.06 |
+0.1 |
+0.2 |
+0.28 |
+0.42 |
+0.55 |
+0.6 |
+
+
+| 电加热类型 |
+PTC电热式 |
+
+
+| 室内机产品尺寸&重量 |
+长mm |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+
+
+| 宽mm |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+
+
+| 高mm |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+
+
+| kg*数量 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+
+
+| 连接管 |
+mm |
+6.35/9.52 |
+6.35/12.7 |
+9.52/16 |
+12.7/19 |
+12.7/19 |
+15.88/19 |
+12.7/19各2根 |
+15.88/19各2根 |
+
+
+| 室外机产品尺寸&重量 |
+长mm |
+857 |
+857 |
+1093 |
+1193 |
+1193 |
+778 |
+1193 |
+778 |
+
+
+| 宽mm |
+440 |
+440 |
+456 |
+456 |
+456 |
+778 |
+456 |
+778 |
+
+
+| 高mm |
+616 |
+616 |
+813 |
+963 |
+963 |
+925 |
+963 |
+925 |
+
+
+| kg*数量 |
+62 |
+67 |
+85 |
+110 |
+110 |
+150 |
+110*2 |
+150*2 |
+
+
+
+
+# 水冷调温降温除湿
+## CK系列 人防空调
+
+
+
+## 水冷调温降温除湿
+## CK系列 人防空调
+
+
+
+### 厂房实力
+4万平工厂
+完整先进流水线
+高端自动化生产
+
+
+
+### CCC认证
+高新技术企业
+CCC国家产品认证
+中国节能产品认证
+
+
+
+### 温湿度传感器
+温度可调16℃~30℃
+湿度可控RH30~95%
+控湿准度±3%RH
+
+
+
+### 质量保障
+专业的设备
+完善的检测程序
+6S管理方法
+
+
+
+### 无忧售后
+快速、准确、彻底
+全国千家服务网点
+服务热线:400-0079-973
+
+
+
+
+| 性能/型号 |
+CGTS10 |
+CGTS15 |
+CGTS20 |
+CGTS25 |
+CGTS30 |
+CGTS40 |
+CGTS50 |
+CGTS60 |
+CGTS75 |
+CGTS90 |
+
+
+
+
+| 机组性能 |
+制冷量 |
+KW |
+17.6 |
+26.5 |
+36 |
+43.5 |
+51.4 |
+68.5 |
+85.6 |
+103 |
+128 |
+154 |
+
+
+| 10kcal/h |
+1.51 |
+2.28 |
+3.1 |
+3.74 |
+4.42 |
+5.98 |
+7.36 |
+8.86 |
+11 |
+13.24 |
+
+
+| 除湿量 |
+kg |
+10 |
+15 |
+20 |
+25 |
+30 |
+40 |
+50 |
+60 |
+75 |
+90 |
+
+
+| 风量 |
+M³/h |
+27003300 |
+41005000 |
+50006000 |
+63007700 |
+78009300 |
+1000012000 |
+1200014000 |
+1900021000 |
+1900021000 |
+2200025000 |
+
+
+| 风阻 |
+Pa |
+<100Pa~5000Pa）根据风管长度可定制 |
+
+
+| 输入功率 |
+kw |
+3.9 |
+5.9 |
+7.7 |
+8.4 |
+10.2 |
+13.5 |
+16.5 |
+20.8 |
+24 |
+30.2 |
+
+
+| 制冷剂 |
+种类 |
+R22 |
+
+
+| 充注量kg |
+5 |
+7.8 |
+10.2 |
+12.4 |
+14.5 |
+19.4 |
+24.5 |
+29 |
+39 |
+46 |
+
+
+| 电源 |
+3N~50HZ 380/220V |
+
+
+| 制冷系统 |
+压缩机 |
+形式 |
+柔性涡旋式 |
+柔性涡旋式/半封闭活塞 |
+
+
+| 功率kw |
+3.6 |
+5.6 |
+7.4 |
+8.4 |
+10.2 |
+13.5 |
+16.5 |
+20.8 |
+24 |
+30.2 |
+
+
+| 蒸发器 |
+形式 |
+紫铜管套铝翅片式 |
+
+
+| 冷湿器 |
+形式 |
+紫铜管套铝翅片式、板式/壳管式 |
+
+
+| 水系统 |
+进水温度 |
+℃ |
+2℃ |
+
+
+| 水量 |
+kw |
+4 |
+6 |
+8 |
+9 |
+11 |
+15 |
+20 |
+29 |
+34 |
+40 |
+
+
+| 水管接口 |
+inch |
+1-1/4 |
+1-1/2 |
+2 |
+3 |
+
+
+| 外形尺寸 |
+长 |
+mm |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+
+
+| 宽 |
+mm |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+
+
+| 高 |
+mm |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+定制型 |
+
+
+
+
+# 超声波 加湿器
+
+
+
+## 高效加湿 超大雾量 性能稳定 安全可靠
+
+广泛应用于蔬果保鲜/自助火锅/海鲜保鲜/人造景观等环境。
+
+
+
+### 厂房实力
+
+4万平工厂
+完整先进流水线
+高端自动化生产
+
+
+
+### 雾化板
+
+采用十头不锈钢雾化板
+超声波加湿机的心脏
+耐腐蚀易清洗
+
+
+
+### 控制面板
+
+智能全自动控制面板
+微电脑湿度自动控制
+自动停机自动开机
+
+
+
+### 304型不锈钢
+
+整机采用
+超强防锈
+经久耐用不腐烂
+
+
+
+### 变压器
+
+防水环形变压器
+振动噪声较小运行温度低
+良好输出特性和抗干扰能力
+
+
+
+### CCC认证
+
+高新技术企业
+CCC国家产品认证
+中国节能产品认证
+
+
+
+### 质量保障
+
+专业的设备
+完善的检测程序
+6S管理方法
+
+
+
+### 无忧售后
+
+快速、准确、彻底
+全国千家服务网点
+服务热线:400-0079-973
+
+| 型号 (新一代2用型) | SM-03B | SM-06B | SM-09B | SM-12B | SM-15B | SM-20B | SM-32B |
|---|
| 每小时加湿量 | 3kg/h | 6kg/h | 9kg/h | 12kg/h | 15kg/h | 20kg/h | 32kg/h |
|---|
| 出雾口 (Ø110mm) | 1个 | 1个 | 2个 | 2个 | 3个 | 3个 | 3个 |
|---|
| 最大功率 | 250w | 400w | 500w | 600w | 600w | 750w | 1300w |
|---|
| 电源 | 220V-50Hz | 220V-50Hz | 220V-50Hz | 220V-50Hz | 220V-50Hz | 220V-50Hz | 220V-50Hz |
|---|
| 温度可控范围 | RH10-95% | RH10-95% | RH10-95% | RH10-95% | RH10-95% | RH10-95% | RH10-95% |
|---|
| 雾化颗粒 | 0-9微米 | 0-9微米 | 0-9微米 | 0-9微米 | 0-9微米 | 0-9微米 | 0-9微米 |
|---|
| 适用平方面积 (m²) | 30 ~ 50 | 50 ~ 70 | 90 ~ 100 | 100 ~ 120 | 120 ~ 160 | 160 ~ 200 | 200 ~ 320 |
|---|
| 水箱容量 | 5L | 7L | 10L | 10L | 15L | 15L | 15L |
|---|
| 控湿精准度 | ±5%RH | ±5%RH | ±5%RH | ±5%RH | ±5%RH | ±5%RH | ±5%RH |
|---|
| 机器体积 (长宽高) | 700*370*320mm | 800*490*420mm |
|---|
+
+# 超声波
+加湿器
+
+
+
+## 高效加湿 超大雾量
+性能稳定 安全可靠
+
+广泛应用于蔬果保鲜/自助火锅/海鲜保鲜/人造景观等环境。
+
+
+
+### 厂房实力
+
+4万平工厂
+完整先进流水线
+高端自动化生产
+
+
+
+### 雾化板
+
+采用十头不锈钢雾化板
+超声波加湿机的心脏
+耐腐蚀易清洗
+
+
+
+### 控制面板
+
+智能全自动控制面板
+微电脑湿度自动控制
+自动停机自动开机
+
+
+
+### 304型不锈钢
+
+整机采用
+超强防锈
+经久耐用不腐烂
+
+
+
+### 变压器
+
+防水环形变压器
+振动噪声较小运行温度低
+良好输出特性和抗干扰能力
+
+
+
+### CCC认证
+
+高新技术企业
+CCC国家产品认证
+中国节能产品认证
+
+
+
+### 质量保障
+
+专业的设备
+完善的检测程序
+6S管理方法
+
+
+
+### 无忧售后
+
+快速、准确、彻底
+全国千家服务网点
+服务热线:400-0079-973
+
+
+
+
+| 型号（新一代/旧型） |
+SM-42B |
+SM-52B |
+SM-62B |
+SM-72B |
+SM-82B |
+SM-102B |
+SM-122B |
+SM-152B |
+SM-200B |
+SM-300B |
+
+
+
+
+| 每小时加湿量 |
+42kg/h |
+52kg/h |
+62kg/h |
+72kg/h |
+82kg/h |
+102kg/h |
+122kg/h |
+152kg/h |
+200kg/h |
+300kg/h |
+
+
+| 出雾口(Ø160mm) |
+2个 |
+2个 |
+2个 |
+2个 |
+3个 |
+3个 |
+3个 |
+3个 |
+3个 |
+3个 |
+
+
+| 最大功率 |
+1.7kw |
+2kw |
+2.4kw |
+3kw |
+3.2kw |
+3.8kw |
+4kw |
+5kw |
+6kw |
+8kw |
+
+
+| 电源 |
+三相五线制 3N~50HZ 380V-50Hz |
+
+
+| 控制方式 |
+自动/手动(可切换) |
+
+
+| 雾化颗粒 |
+0-9微米 |
+
+
+| 适用平方面积(m²) |
+400~420 |
+500~520 |
+600~620 |
+600~720 |
+700~820 |
+900~1020 |
+1100~1220 |
+1400~1520 |
+1500~2000 |
+2000~3000 |
+
+
+| 水箱容量 |
+30L |
+40L |
+62L |
+72L |
+82L |
+102L |
+122L |
+152L |
+200L |
+300L |
+
+
+| 设备材质 |
+全机不锈钢 |
+
+
+| 机器体积(长宽高) |
+1148*850*590mm |
+
+
+
+
+# 湿膜加湿 增湿器
+
+
+
+## 湿膜加湿 自动判断
+## 智能控制 灵敏度高
+
+广泛应用于博物馆/信息机房/科研实验室/图书馆、档案室等环境。
+
+
+
+### 厂房实力
+
+4万平工厂
+完整先进流水线
+高端自动化生产
+
+
+
+### 自动判断
+
+故障自动判断功能
+加湿效率高
+耗电功率小
+
+
+
+### 控制面板
+
+智能全自动控制面板
+微电脑湿度自动控制
+自动停机自动开机
+
+
+
+### 涡轮风机
+
+涡轮离心风机
+降噪风力强劲
+大循环风量
+
+
+
+### 温湿度传感器
+
+采用准确测控技术
+温度可调范围RH10-99%
+温湿度精准度±3%RH
+
+
+
+### CCC认证
+
+高新技术企业
+CCC国家产品认证
+中国节能产品认证
+
+
+
+### 质量保障
+
+专业的设备
+完善的检测程序
+6S管理方法
+
+
+
+### 无忧售后
+
+快速、准确、彻底
+全国千家服务网点
+服务热线:400-0079-973
+
+
+
+
+| 型号 |
+SMS-09B |
+SMS-12B |
+SMS-15B |
+SMS-20B |
+SMS-30B |
+SMS-40B |
+SMS-50B |
+SMS-60B |
+
+
+
+
+| 每小时加湿量 |
+9kg/h |
+12kg/h |
+15kg/h |
+20kg/h |
+30kg/h |
+40kg/h |
+50kg/h |
+60kg/h |
+
+
+| 控湿精准度 |
+±5%RH |
+±5%RH |
+±5%RH |
+±5%RH |
+±5%RH |
+±5%RH |
+±5%RH |
+±5%RH |
+
+
+| 功率 |
+250w |
+280w |
+320w |
+470w |
+850w |
+1250w |
+1550w |
+1800w |
+
+
+| 电源 |
+220V-50Hz |
+380V-50Hz 三相四线 |
+
+
+| 湿度可控范围 |
+RH10-95% |
+
+
+| 水箱容量 |
+27L |
+27L |
+32L |
+40L |
+82L |
+82L |
+82L |
+100L |
+
+
+| 适用平方面积(m²) |
+90~100 |
+100~120 |
+120~150 |
+150~200 |
+200~300 |
+300~400 |
+300~400 |
+300~400 |
+
+
+| 净重 |
+65kg |
+75kg |
+95kg |
+98kg |
+158kg |
+178kg |
+178kg |
+178kg |
+
+
+| 进水方式 |
+自动/手动 |
+
+
+| 机器体积(长宽高mm) |
+728*486*1830 |
+882*486*1830 |
+1082*486*1890 |
+1624*550*2000 |
+1624*550*2000 |
+1724*650*2082 |
+
+
+
+
+# 电极式 加湿器
+
+## 微处理器控制,实现自动运行
+
+- 液晶LCD显示
+- 蒸汽产生量显示
+- 自动排水清洗功能
+- 不锈钢蒸汽分布管
+- 简单方便的面板操作
+
+环境温湿度: 温度0~40℃ 相对湿度<80%RH
+供水水质: 洁净自来水或软化水, (注: 电极加湿器不可以使用去离子水、纯净水或蒸馏水)
+电导率介于125~1250μs/cm
+供水压力: 0.1~1.0MPa
+供水水温: 0~40℃
+电压: 380V/50Hz
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| 型号 |
+SDJ-02 |
+SDJ-02 |
+SDJ-02 |
+SDJ-02 |
+SDJ-02 |
+SDJ-02 |
+SDJ-02 |
+SDJ-02 |
+SDJ-02 |
+SDJ-02 |
+
+
+
+
+| 每小时加湿量kg/h |
+2 |
+2 |
+2 |
+2 |
+2 |
+2 |
+2 |
+2 |
+2 |
+2 |
+
+
+| 功率KW |
+1.6 |
+1.6 |
+1.6 |
+1.6 |
+1.6 |
+1.6 |
+1.6 |
+1.6 |
+1.6 |
+1.6 |
+
+
+| 外形尺寸mm |
+长 |
+450 |
+450 |
+450 |
+450 |
+450 |
+450 |
+450 |
+450 |
+450 |
+
+
+| 宽 |
+300 |
+300 |
+300 |
+300 |
+300 |
+300 |
+300 |
+300 |
+300 |
+
+
+| 高 |
+768 |
+768 |
+768 |
+768 |
+768 |
+768 |
+768 |
+768 |
+768 |
+
+
+| 电源 |
+220V-50Hz |
+380V 50Hz 三相四线 |
+
+
+| 使用环境温度 |
+0-40℃ |
+
+
+| 进水管径 |
+20DN |
+
+
+| 排水管径 |
+20DN |
+
+
+| 水箱缺水保护 |
+具有 |
+
+
+
+
+# 离心式 加湿器
+
+## 强劲大风量,雾化均匀,颗粒细而小
+
+大雾化角度,覆盖面积广在大气压力作用下通过吸水器压至复合雾化叶轮经化成 5 µm 的细雾雾化盘采用不锈钢材料增加对水和空气的腐蚀和变形的功能。
+
+- 加湿速度非常快加湿量灵活可调
+- 加湿范围0~50kg/h之间机器喷
+- 射出的是细微水雾粒子 (5-10 µm)
+- 不产生水滴湿地的现象
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| 类型 | 离心式手推式加湿器 | 离心式挂壁式加湿器 |
|---|
| MS-400T | MS-500T | MS-600T | MS-700T | MS-400T | MS-500T | MS-600T | MS-700T |
|---|
| 型号 | MS-400T | MS-500T | MS-600T | MS-700T | MS-400T | MS-500T | MS-600T | MS-700T | | 加湿量 | 40kg/h | 50kg/h | 60kg/h | 70kg/h | 40kg/h | 50kg/h | 60kg/h | 70kg/h | | 电源 | 200V/50Hz | 200V/50Hz | | 使用功率 | 0.53kw | 0.73kw | 0.93kw | 1kw | 0.53kw | 0.73kw | 0.93kw | 1kw | | 风量 | 160m³/h | 200m³/h | 280m³/h | 300m³/h | 160m³/h | 200m³/h | 280m³/h | 300m³/h | | 水箱容量 | 0~50kg | 0~70kg | 0~80kg | 0~85kg | 0~50kg | 0~70kg | 0~80kg | 0~85kg | | 适用平方面积(m²) | 300~350 | 400~420 | 420~450 | 450~550 | 300~350 | 400~420 | 420~450 | 450~550 | | 机身尺寸(长宽高mm) | 520x350x1500 | 520x350x1600 | 520x350x1680 | 520x350x1700 | 520x350x1500 | 520x350x1600 | 520x350x1680 | 520x350x1700 |
+
+# 移动空调
+
+
+
+## 专业制冷 高效节能
+超大风量 快速降温
+
+广泛应用于车间、仓库、地下室，一站式解决高温、闷热等问题。
+
+
+
+### 厂房实力
+
+4万平工厂
+完整先进流水线
+高端自动化生产
+
+
+
+### 品牌压缩机
+
+澎湃动力除湿心脏
+国际名牌进口压缩机
+过载保护抗旱耐高温
+
+
+
+### 液晶面板
+
+高灵敏测温控制面板
+微电脑自动控制
+灵敏度高稳定可靠
+
+
+
+### 涡轮风机
+
+涡轮离心风机
+U型风道降音降噪
+风力强劲大循环风量
+
+
+
+### 蒸发器&冷凝器
+
+铝翅亲水膜防污渍清洁
+0.1mm亲水铝箔材料
+内螺纹铜管快速冷凝
+
+
+
+### 排水
+
+水箱/软管直排
+双模式排水
+方便更实用
+
+
+
+### 质量保障
+
+专业的设备
+完善的检测程序
+6S管理方法
+
+
+
+### 无忧售后
+
+快速、准确、彻底
+全国千家服务网点
+服务热线:400-0079-973
+
+| 型号 | MSMAC-25 | MSMAC-35 | MSMAC-50 | MSMAC-75 |
|---|
| 匹数 | 1P | 1.5P | 2P | 3P |
|---|
| 功率 | 1000W | 1500W | 2000W | 2450W |
|---|
| 电源 | 220V-50Hz | 220V-50Hz | 220V-50Hz | 220V-50Hz |
|---|
| 插头 | 10A | 16A | 16A | 16A |
|---|
| 电流 | 4.5A | 6.8A | 9.1A | 11.2A |
|---|
| 冷风量 | 400m³/h | 600m³/h | 800m³/h | 1200m³/h |
|---|
| 制冷剂 | R22 | R22 | R22 | R22 |
|---|
| 冷气管道 | Ø110-1根 | Ø110-2根 | Ø110-2根 | Ø110-3根 |
|---|
| 排水方式 | 直排/水箱8L | 直排/水箱8L | 直排/水箱8L | 直排/水箱8L |
|---|
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_37.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_37.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d634c5a66478f5b88c9319376878888957522626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_37.md
@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+### 小结
+
+方差分析(方差分析)是《爱上统计学》这本书中你能学到的最复杂的推论检验。你需要付出更多的精力来进行手动计算,即使可以使用SPSS,你也必须真的了解这是综合的检验,而且只做部分的话不能给出配对群体差异的信息。只有紧接着进行事后分析,你才真正完成与这项有力的工具相关的所有的工作。如果是均值之间不止一次的检验,那么就是析因方差分析。还有 Holy Grail 方差分析,可以分析两个或更多因素,但是我们主要讨论两个因素的方差分析,而且SPSS 会展示出具体的方式。
+
+### 练习时间
+
+1. 使用下面的表给出三个简单一元方差分析案例、两个两因素方差分析案例和一个三因素方差分析案例。我们给出一些案例,比照我们所做的确定分组变量和检验变量。
+
+| 设计 | 分组变量 | 检验变量 |
|---|
| 简单方差分析 | 培训时间分为四个层级——2、4、6和8个小时 | 打字的准确程度 | | 填入你的案例 | 填入你的案例 | | 填入你的案例 | 填入你的案例 | | 填入你的案例 | 填入你的案例 | | 两因素方差分析 | 培训的两个层级和性别 (2×2设计) | | | 填入你的案例 | 填入你的案例 | | 填入你的案例 | 填入你的案例 | | 三因素方差分析 | 培训的三个层级、性别和收入的三个层级 | 选举态度 | | 填入你的案例 | 填入你的案例 |
+
+2. 使用第11章数据集2(chapter 11 data 2)和SPSS, 计算游泳者每周训练的平均时间(<15,15-25以及>25小时)的三个层级比较的F比率, 被解释变量或结果变量是100码自由泳时间。回答这个问题, 也就是训练时间是否产生差异。不要忘记使用 Options 选项得到群体的均值。
+
+### 练习参考答案
+
+1.
+
+| 设计 | 分组变量 | 检验变量 |
|---|
| 简单方差分析 | 培训时间分为四个层级——2、4、6和8个小时 | 打字的准确程度 | | 三个年龄群体——20岁、25岁和30岁 | 力量 | | 六种工作类型 | 工作绩效 | | 两因素方差分析 | 培训的两个层级和性别(2×2设计) | | | 三个年龄群体——5、10、15岁,兄弟的数量 | 社交技能 | | 三因素方差分析 | 培训的三个层级、性别和收入的三个层级 | 选举态度 | | 课程类型(类型1和类型2), GPA(3.0以上和以下),以及活动参与度(参与和不参与) | ACT 成绩 |
+
+2. 三个群体的均值分别是 58.05 秒、57.96 秒和 59.03 秒, F 值 ($F_{2,33} = 0.160$), 差异来自于随机因素的可能性是 0.853, 远远大于我们预期的由于处理变量引起的可能性。我们的结论是什么? 训练时间并不对游泳速度产生影响。
+
+## 两个因素——析因方差分析 12
+
+### 本章你会学到什么
+
+* 何时使用一个以上因素的方差分析
+
+* 什么是主效应和交互效应
+
+* 如何使用 SPSS 完成析因方差分析
+
+### 析因方差分析介绍
+
+人们如何做出决策已经成为迷惑心理学者几十年的问题。这些研究形成的数据广泛地应用在广告学、商业、规划和宗教领域。米尔蒂亚德·普罗阿斯与乔治·多加尼斯(Miltiadis Proios & George Doganis)研究积极参与决策过程(在一系列的条件下)的经验和年龄如何对道德归因产生影响。研究样本由148个裁判构成——56个足球裁判、55个篮球裁判以及37个手球裁判。他们的年龄范围是17~50岁,性别不是考虑的重要变量。在整个样本中,大约8%没有社会、政治或运动领域全面参与决策制定过程的任何经验,大约53%表现积极但是没有全面参与,大约39%既表现积极,又全面参与一些组织中的决策制定。二元方差分析(在第17章可以更多了解多元方差分析)可以展现经验和年龄对道德归因和裁判的目标定位的交互影响。
+
+什么是二元方差分析？很容易——有两个独立因素,第一个是经验水平,第二个是年龄。与每一个方差分析程序相类似,包括：
+
+1. 对年龄的主效应的检验。
+
+2. 对经验的主效应的检验。
+
+3. 对经验和年龄的交互效应的检验(结果可能是显著的)。
+
+在检验一个以上因素或者独立变量时就体现出方差分析的一个重要特点,也就是研究者可以分析每一个因素的效应,同时可以通过交互效应分析两者共同的效应,在本章后面的部分会进行更多的讨论。
+
+是否想了解更多？查阅原始文献：普罗阿斯与多加尼斯(Proios, M. &Doganis, G.) 2003年发表在《感知与运动技能》(Perceptual and Motor Skills)第96(1)期113~126页的文章“积极活动的经验、决策制定过程的参与和年龄对裁判的道德归因和目标定位的影响。(Experience from active membership and participation in decision-making process and age in moral reasoning and goal orientation of referees)。”
+
+#### 知识和智识路径
+
+下面介绍如何使用图12.1所示流程表选择方差分析(现在处理一个以上的因素)作为合适的检验统计。沿着图中加黑的步骤就可以。
+
+就如在第11章一样,我们已经确定方差分析是正确的选择(检验多个群体之间差异或者独立变量的多个层级之间的差异),但是我们要处理不止一个因素,析因方差分析是正确的选择。
+
+
+
+
+
+1 - 我们检验不同群体的数值之间的差异,在这个案例中是检验经验水平和年龄之间的差异。
+
+2 - 参与者接受一次测试。
+
+3 - 我们检验两个或多个群体。
+
+4 - 我们处理不止一个因素或独立变量。
+
+5 - 合适的检验统计是析因方差分析。
+
+
+
+
+#### 方差分析的新类型
+
+你已经了解方差分析的一种形式,也就是第11章讨论的简单方差分析。简单方差分析只分析一个因素或者处理变量(如群体身份),而且这个因素或者处理变量可分为两个以上的层级或群体。
+
+现在,我们对整个技术进行发展,进而可以同时分析不止一个因素,也就是析因方差分析(factorial analysis of variance)。
+
+现在我们来看一个简单的包含两个因素的案例:性别(男和女)和处理变量——处理变量是不同类型的训练项目(高强度和低强度),以及结果——体重减少的数量。这个案例的实验设计类似于:
+
+
+
+接着我们来看什么是主效应和交互效应。现在不进行更多的数据分析,在本章的最后才会相应的增加数据分析,现在只是看和了解。
+
+图12.1 确定析因方差分析是正确的统计检验方法
+
+就析因分析来说你可以提出并回答三个问题。
+
+1. 不同的训练项目层级也就是高强度和低强度之间是否有差异？
+
+2. 不同性别——男性和女性之间是否有差异？
+
+3. 高强度或低强度项目是否对男性或女性有不同的效应？
+
+问题1和问题2确定主效应是否存在,问题3确定两个因素之间是否有交互效应。
+
+### 主要方面:析因方差分析的主效应
+
+你应该记得方差分析的最初目标是检验两个或两个以上群体之间的差异。如果数据分析表明某个因素的不同层级之间存在差异,我们就会说存在主效应(main effect)。现在来看一个例子,上面给出的案例中共有四个群体,每个群体10个参与者,总共是40。下面给出可能的分析结果(我们使用SPSS 计算得出这个紧凑的表格)。这个表也叫做源表(source table)。
+
+主效应与交互效应检验
+
+被解释变量:LOSS
+
+| 来源 | 第三类平方和 | df | 均方 | F | Sig. |
|---|
| Corrected Model | 3 678.275 | 3 | 1 226.092 | 8.605 | .000 | | Intercept | 232 715.025 | 1 | 232 715.025 | 1 633.183 | .000 | | TREATMEN | 429.025 | 1 | 429.025 | 3.011 | .091 | | GENDER | 3 222.025 | 1 | 3 222.025 | 22.612 | .000 | | TREATMEN * | | | | | | | GENDER | 27.225 | 1 | 27.225 | .191 | .665 | | Error | 5 129.700 | 36 | 142.492 | | | | Total | 241 523.000 | 40 | | | | | Corrected Total | 8 807.975 | 39 | | | |
+
+现在只关注来源列和 sig. 列(已经用阴影显示)。我们可以得出的结论是性别有主效应(p=.000),而处理变量没有主效应(p=.091),而且这两个主要因素之间没有交互效应(p=.665)。因此在高强度组或低强度组对减少体重来说并不重要,但是性别是重要的影响因素。而且处理因素和性别之间没有交互效应,所以不同的强度对性别没有差异性影响。
+
+如果将对应的均值绘图,就会得到图 12.2 的形象展示。
+
+在图12.2中你可以看到男性和女性在“减重(Loss)”轴相差的距离很大(男性的均值是85.25,女性的均值是67.30)。但是对处理变量来说(如果你计算了平均值),你会发现差异很小(高强度项目的均值是73.00,低强度的均值是79.55)。当然现在是进行方差分析,群体内的变化很重要,但是在这个案例中,你可以看到每一个因素(如性别)的群体间的差异(如男性和女性)以及他们如何在分析结果中反映。
+
+
+
+图12.2 处理变量对应男性和女性的均值
+
+### 更有趣的方面：交互效应
+
+现在开始讨论交互效应。先看一组新数据的源表，这些数据表明男性和女性受到处理变量的影响，也就是存在交互效应(interaction effect)。而且你还可以看到一些非常有趣的分析结果。
+
+主效应与交互效应检验
+
+被解释变量：LOSS
+
+| 来源 | 第三类平方和 | df | 均方 | F | Sig. |
|---|
| Corrected Model | 1 522.875a | 3 | 507.625 | 4.678 | .007 | | Intercept | 218 892.025 | 1 | 218 892.025 | 2 017.386 | .000 | | TREATMEN | 265.225 | 1 | 265.225 | 2.444 | .127 | | GENDER | 207.025 | 1 | 207.025 | 1.908 | .176 | | TREATMEN * | | | | | | | GENDER | 1 050.625 | 1 | 1 050.625 | 9.683 | .004 | | Error | 3 096.100 | 36 | 108.503 | | | | Total | 224 321.000 | 40 | | | | | Corrected Total | 5 428.975 | 39 | | | |
+
+处理变量和性别没有主效应(分别为p=.127, p=.176)，但是存在交互效应(p=.004)，这是一个非常有意思的结果。实际上，你是在高强度项目或者低强度项目或者你是男性或者女性都不重要，但是处理变量对于男性和女性的体重减少有不同的影响。
+
+现在给出四个群体的均值的图形展示(图12.3所示)。
+
+
+
+图12.3 处理变量对男性和女性的均值
+
+下面列出实际的均值大小(应用SPSS计算):
+
+ | 男性均值 | 女性均值 |
|---|
| 高强度 | 73.70 | 78.80 | | 低强度 | 79.40 | 64.00 |
+
+如何理解这个结果？解释非常简洁。下面是我们可以做出的解释，就如你可以认识到的，这是之前列出的三个问题的答案。
+
+训练类型没有主效应。
+
+性别没有主效应。
+
+处理变量和性别之间有明显的交互效应，也就是说在高强度项目中女性减少的体重比男性减少的体重多，而在低强度项目中男性减少的体重比女性减少的体重多。
+
+### 需要记忆的内容
+
+
+
+这是特别需要记忆的内容。如果没有掌握更多的知识(也没有持续学习到本章)，你可能会认为你必须做的所有分析都是男性和女性均值之间的t检验，或者参与高强度训练项目的群体和参与低强度项目的群体的均值之间的另一种简单的t检验——不过你不会有所发现。但是如果考虑到主要因素之间的交互效应，就会发现不同的效应的存在——这是其他的分析没有注意到的结果。实际上你不但可以接受这项结果，而且交互效应是任何析因方差分析中最有趣的结果。
+
+### 计算检验统计量
+
+
+
+现在要面对一种改变。在《爱上统计学》整本书中，我们提供一定的案例展示如何使用老的方式(使用计算器手动计算)或者应用类似 SPSS 的统计分析软件包进行特定的统计分析。对于析因方差分析的介绍,我们只使用SPSS 来说明——这不是由于应用计算器完成析因 ANOVA 更具知识上的挑战性,而是由于计算工作量太大。正是由于这个原因我们不准备手动进行所有的计算,而是直接对重要的值进行计算,并且将更多的时间用在解释方面。
+
+我们使用之前展示的存在显著的交互效应的那组数据。
+
+| 处理变量→性别→ | 高强度男性 | 高强度女性 | 低强度男性 | 低强度女性 |
|---|
| 76 | 65 | 88 | 65 | | 78 | 90 | 76 | 67 | | 76 | 65 | 76 | 67 | | 76 | 90 | 76 | 87 | | 76 | 65 | 56 | 78 | | 74 | 90 | 76 | 56 | | 74 | 90 | 76 | 54 | | 76 | 79 | 98 | 56 | | 76 | 70 | 88 | 54 | | 55 | 90 | 78 | 56 |
+
+下面是著名的八个步骤和 F 检验统计量的计算。
+
+1. 零假设和研究假设的表述。实际上这里出现的零假设有三个(公式 12.1a,12.1b,12.1c),表明两个因素的均值之间没有差异,没有交互效应。现在就具体描述。
+
+首先,对处理变量来说…
+
+$$
+H_0: \mu_{high} = \mu_{how} \quad (12.1a)
+$$
+
+对性别变量来说，
+
+$$
+H_0: \mu_{male} = \mu_{female} \quad (12.1b)
+$$
+
+对处理变量和性别之间的交互效应来说，
+
+$$
+H_0: \mu_{high \times male} = \mu_{high \times female} = \mu_{low \times male} = \mu_{low \times female} \quad (12.1c)
+$$
+
+公式 12.2a,12.2b,12.2c 所示为研究假设,表明群体的均值之间有差异,而且存在交互效应。具体如下。
+
+首先,对处理变量来说…
+
+$$
+H_1: \bar{X}_{high} \neq \bar{X}_{low} \quad (12.2a)
+$$
+
+对性别变量来说，
+
+$$
+H_1: \bar{X}_{male} \neq \bar{X}_{female} \quad (12.2b)
+$$
+
+对处理变量和性别之间的交互效应来说，
+$$
+H_1: \bar{X}_{high \times male} \neq \bar{X}_{high \times female} \neq \bar{X}_{low \times male} \neq \bar{X}_{low \times female} \quad (12.2c)
+$$
+
+2. 设置零假设的风险水平(或显著性水平,或第一类错误)。风险水平或第一类错误或显著水平是.05。再一次强调,风险水平完全由研究者决定。
+
+3. 选择合适的检验统计量。使用图12.1所示的流程表,我们确定合适的检验方法是析因方差分析。
+
+4. 计算检验统计值(也叫做实际值)。我们使用SPSS来计算,并给出具体的运行步骤。我们使用上面给出的数据,这些数据可以从网上下载,数据集名称是第12章数据集1(chapter 12 data 1)(也在附录C中列出)。
+
+
+
+在数据编辑栏录入数据,或打开数据文件。要确保每一个因素也就是处理变量和性别在不同的列,如图12.4所示。
+
+
+
+图12.4 第12章数据集1的数据
+
+5. 点击 Analyze→General Linear Model→Univariate,你会看到如图12.5所示析因方差分析对话框。
+
+6. 点击变量 loss,然后点击▶将选中的变量移到 Depend Variable 框中。
+
+7. 点击变量 treatment,然后点击▶将选中的变量移到 Fixed Factors 框中。
+
+8. 点击变量 gender,然后点击▶将选中的变量移到 Fixed Factors 框中。
+
+9. 点击 Options,接着点击 Descriptives,然后点击 Continue。
+
+10. 点击OK。SPSS执行分析过程,然后得出图12.6所示的结果。
+
+
+
+图12.5 析因方差分析对话框
+
+**Univariate Analysis of Variance**
+
+Between-Subjects Factors
+
+ | Value Label | N |
|---|
| GENDER | 1.00 | Male | 20 | | 2.00 | Female | 20 | | TREATMEN | 1.00 | | | | | High Impact | 20 | | 2.00 | Low Impact | 20 |
+
+
+
+图12.6 析因方差分析的SPSS输出结果
+
+
+
+
+
+为什么SPSS的输出结果的标签为 *Univariate Analysis of Variance* (单变量方差分析)? 也许你想知道。就SPSS而言,这项分析只处理一个被解释变量或者结果变量——在我们的这个案例中就是体重减少。如果我们的研究问题中不止一个变量(如对吃的态度),那么就是多元方差分析,在检验群体差异的同时要控制独立变量之间的关系。第17章会讨论更多的内容。
+
+
+
+#### SPSS 输出结果的含义
+
+SPSS 的输出结果很明确。下面就是我们得到的内容。
+
+1. 我们确定的方差来源——组间、组内和总的方差。
+
+2. 接着我们确定不同来源的平方和。
+
+3. 紧接着是自由度,以及平方和均值(均方),也就是平方和除以自由度。
+
+4. 最后就是实际值和相应的准确的显著水平。
+
+5. 对性别来说,在期刊或者报告中出现的结果形式类似于 $F_{(1,36)} = 1.908, P = .176$。
+
+6. 对处理变量来说,在期刊或者报告中出现的结果形式类似于 $F_{(1,36)} = 2.444, P = .127$。
+
+7. 对交互效应来说,在期刊或者报告中出现的结果形式类似于 $F_{(1,36)} = 9.683, P = .004$。
+
+现在都已经完成。
+
+### 小结
+
+我们已经完成了群体均值之间差异的检验,接下来要研究相关关系的显著性,或者说两个变量之间的关系。
+
+### 练习时间
+
+1. 何时使用析因方差分析而不是简单方差分析检验两个或更多群体之间差异的显著性。
+
+2. 建立可以进行析因方差分析的2×3实验设计。
+
+3. 使用第12章数据集2(chapter 12 data 2), 用SPSS完成分析并解释结果。这是一个2×3实验设计,类似于问题2要求的答案。
+
+### 练习参考答案
+
+1. 很容易,析因方差分析只用于不止一个因素和独立变量的分析。当你假设交互作用的存在时,实际上获得结果不是很容易(但是只要你获得结果,你就会真正理解)。
+
+2. 这里可以给出许多不同的可能的案例,下面是其中之一。一个处理变量(因素)有三个层级,疾病严重性分为两个层级。
+
+ | 处理变量 |
|---|
| 药品 1 | 药品 2 | 药品 3 |
|---|
| 疾病严重性 | 严重 | | | | | 轻微 | | | |
+
+3. 源表类似如下所示:
+
+主效应与交互效应检验
+
+被解释变量: PAIN_SCO
+
+| 来源 | 第三类平方和 | df | 均方 | F | Sig. |
|---|
| Corrected Model | 266.742 | 5 | 53.348 | 26.231 | .000 | | Intercept | 3 070.408 | 1 | 3 070.408 | 1 509.711 | .000 | | SEVERITY | .075 | 1 | .075 | .037 | .848 | | TREATMEN | 263.517 | 2 | 131.758 | 64.785 | .000 | | SEVERITY * | | | | | | | TREATMEN | 3.150 | 2 | 1.573 | .774 | .463 | | Error | 231.850 | 114 | 2.034 | | | | Total | 3 569.000 | 120 | | | | | Corrected Total | 498.592 | 119 | | | |
+
+就我们的解释来说,在这个数据集中,疾病严重性没有主效应,处理变量有主效应,两个主要因素之间没有交互效应。
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+# Agent-R1: 使用端到端强化学习训练强大的 LLM Agent
+
+Mingyue Cheng, Jie Ouyang, Shuo Yu, Ruiran Yan, Yucong Luo,
+
+**Zirui Liu, Daoyu Wang, Qi Liu, Enhong Chen** State Key Laboratory of
+Cognitive Intelligence,
+University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
+
+## 摘要
+
+大型语言模型 (LLM) 正越来越多地被用于构建能够主动与环境交互 (例如通过工具使用) 以解决复杂问题的 Agent。强化学习 (RL) 被认为是训练此类 Agent 的关键技术，具有巨大潜力；然而，将 RL 有效应用于 LLM Agent 仍处于起步阶段，并面临相当大的挑战。目前，这一新兴领域缺乏针对 LLM Agent 上下文量身定制的 RL 方法的深入探索，同时缺乏为这一目的设计的灵活且易于扩展的训练框架。为了推动该领域的发展，本文首先通过系统地扩展马尔可夫决策过程 (MDP) 框架，重新审视并阐明 LLM Agent 的强化学习方法，以全面定义 LLM Agent 的关键组件。其次，我们介绍了 Agent-R1，这是一个模块化、灵活且用户友好的基于 RL 的 LLM Agent 训练框架，旨在易于适应不同的任务场景和交互环境。我们在 Multihop QA 基准任务上进行了实验，为所提出的方法和框架的有效性提供了初步验证。
+
+https://github.com/0russwest0/Agent-R1.1
+
+## 1 引言
+
+近年来,大型语言模型(LLMs)在自然语言理解和生成方面展现出卓越的能力 brown2020gpt3;chowdhery2022palm ，并且越来越多地应用于更复杂的智能任务 raffel2020t5 。当LLMs 被赋予“智能体”角色时,不仅需要执行推理和决策等认知任务,还需要能够自主行动、持续学习,并适应交互环境中的变化 yao2022react; schick2023toolformer;li2023agentbench。与传统的静态推理任务 wang2023voyager 不同,作为智能体运行的LLMs 必须跨多轮对话保持记忆 yu2025memweaver,展现序列决策能力,并有效响应环境反馈——这使它们更接近现实世界的自主智能系统 shinn2023reflexion; liu2023llmplanner。这一方向为构建具有自我进化和问题解决能力的通用人工智能开辟了新的可能性 wang2023autogpt; hong2024metagpt。
+
+
+
+图 1: 工作流、agentic 工作流和自主代理的比较。工作流依赖于人类设计的路由或规划，而 agentic 工作流（例如 ReAct）引入了迭代推理-行动循环。完全自主的代理移除了预定义的工作流，并通过端到端行动-反馈循环主动与环境交互。
+尽管强化学习(RL) christiano2017rlhf; jiang2024grupo; deepseekr1 在提升 LLM 在数学问题解决和代码生成等相对明确任务上的能力方面已展现出显著成效 lightman2023mathstep; ouyang2022instructgpt; bai2022constitutional, 但将其应用于开发自主交互式 LLM 代理的应用则相对处于初期阶段。代理设置本质上要求模型进行序列决策、跨回合维持记忆, 并适应随机环境反馈 yao2022react; shinn2023reflexion, 这与其他静态任务相比提出了独特的挑战 li2023agentbench; wang2023voyager。这导致在应用 RL 时出现特定困难; 特别是在多回合交互场景中, 代理训练可能面临不稳定性、复杂奖励信号设计以及泛化能力有限等问题 jgl2023rewarddesign; huang2023innerloop; park2023generativeagents。因此, 仍然需要更深入地探讨如何系统地应用和调整强化学习(RL)方法至大型语言模型 (LLM) 代理, 同时需要灵活且可扩展的训练框架 li2023camel; zhang2023llmagent。
+
+为了系统地解决这些问题, 本文从概念和实践两个层面提出了贡献。在概念层面, 我们专注于阐明强化学习在 LLM Agents 中的应用。我们通过扩展标准马尔可夫决策过程(MDP)框架 xi2024unifiedmdp 来实现这一点, 详细说明了其核心组件——状态空间、动作空间、状态转移概率和奖励函数——如何能够适应性地全面建模 LLM Agents 的多轮交互特性 llmp survey2024; li2024llmplusp。基于这种扩展的 MDP 公式, 我们进一步阐述了从多轮轨迹中优化 Agent 策略的机制 r1zero2025, 强调了
+通过在具有挑战性的多跳问答(Multi-hop QA)任务上进行系统实验, 我们验证了我们的方法和框架的有效性 li2023agentbench; agentgym2024。该任务侧重于涉及跨文档逻辑链接和信息检索的复杂推理, 对代理的多步决策能力、对环境反馈的适应性以及知识构建过程提出了高要求。实验结果表明, 我们的方法和框架能够增强模型在动态交互环境中的性能 wang2025paperarena。
+
+## 2 从大型语言模型到智能体：基于马尔可夫决策过程的观点
+
+表1：静态 LLM 与 LLM Agent 的马尔可夫决策过程 (MDP) 组件比较，突出交互式、多轮场景所需的扩展。
+
+
+
+ | MDP组件 |
+ 静态 LLM |
+ LLM Agent |
+
+
+ | 状态空间（S） |
+ 状态 sₜ 主要封装了当前的文本上下文，包括初始提示以及到目前为止生成的标记序列。它的重点是预测下一个连贯的标记。sₜ = (ωₚ, ω₁, …, ωₜ)。 |
+ 状态 sₜ 显著更加全面，保留了多轮交互和环境反馈的历史。这使得决策能够基于完整的对话历史。每个 Tᵢ 代表一个完整的代理行动和环境影响。sₜ = (ωₚ, T₁, …, Tₖ, Tt+1ᵖᵃʳᵗⁱᵃˡ)。 |
+
+
+ | 动作空间（A） |
+ 动作 aₜ 对应于从 LLM 的词汇表 V 中选择下一个代币 ωₜ₊₁。 |
+ 基本动作也是从 V 生成标记。然而，特定的标记序列可以被解释为调用外部工具的命令，从而实现主动的环境干预。 |
+
+
+ | 状态转移（P） |
+ 状态转换是确定性的。下一个状态将由所选代币附加到当前序列唯一确定。P(sₜ₊₁ | sₜ, aₜ) = 1 如果 sₜ₊₁ = sₜ ⊕ aₜ。 |
+ 状态转换机制包含环境交互，这可能具有随机性。它区分了确定性生成转换（PG）和由工具使用触发的潜在随机环境转换（PE）。 |
+
+
+ | 奖励函数（R） |
+ 奖励通常是稀疏的，并在完整生成结束后提供，用于评估最终输出的整体质量。 |
+ 奖励结构更加丰富和密集。除了最终结果奖励（rf）之外，智能体还可以在成功执行工具调用等步骤时获得中间过程奖励（rp），从而提供更频繁的反馈。 |
+
+
+
+表2：静态 LLMs 与 LLM Agents 在 MDP 公式中的核心差异。
+
+| 组件 | 静态 LLMs | LLM Agent |
|---|
| 状态(S) | 仅捕获当前文本序列。 | 记录了多轮交互的完整历史和环境反馈。 | | 动作(A) | 生成下一个代币。 | 生成可作为调用外部工具的命令的标记。 | | 状态转换(P) | 确定性: 追加一个代币决定了下一个状态。 | 随机性: 下一个状态取决于环境的非确定性反馈。 | | 奖励(R) | 在生成结束时接收单个稀疏奖励。 | 接收中间步骤的密集过程奖励, 以及最终奖励。 |
+大型语言模型 (LLM) 应用中固有的序列决策过程可以有效地在马尔可夫决策过程 (MDP) 框架内进行表述, 无论是用于简单的文本生成还是用于 LLM 智能体的复杂交互。然而, 将 MDP 表述从应用于 LLM 的静态、单轮文本生成任务 (如在数学或代码生成中的应用) 演变到适用于参与本质上动态、多轮且交互丰富的环境对话的 LLM 智能体的表述, 需要大量的扩展。本节通过对比静态 LLM 与 LLM 智能体的核心 MDP 组件, 阐述了这些关键差异。
+
+## 2.1 状态空间 (S)
+
+**静态 LLM:** 在单轮文本生成中, 状态 $s_t$ 主要封装了当前的文本上下文。这包括初始提示 $\mathbf{w}_p$ 以及迄今为止生成的标记序列 $w_1, w_2, ..., w_t$:
+
+$$
+s_t = (\mathbf{w}_p, w_1, w_2, ..., w_t). \qquad (1)
+$$
+
+状态空间专注于捕获预测连贯序列中下一个代币所必需的信息。
+
+**LLM Agent:** 对于参与多轮交互的 Agent, 状态 $s_t$ 必须显著更加全面。它不仅需要保留文本上下文, 还需要保留交互历史和环境反馈。因此, 状态被扩展为:
+
+$$
+s_t = (\mathbf{w}_p, \mathcal{T}_1, \mathcal{T}_2, ..., \mathcal{T}_k, \mathcal{T}_{k+1}^{\text{partial}}). \qquad (2)
+$$
+
+在此, 每个 $\mathcal{T}_i$ 代表一个完整的交互回合, 包括 Agent 生成的 token $(w_{i1}, ..., w_{iT_i})$ 以及后续的环境反馈 $\mathbf{w}_{ei}$, 即 $\mathcal{T}_i = (w_{i1}, ..., w_{iT_i}, \mathbf{w}_{ei})$。术语 $\mathcal{T}_{k+1}^{\text{partial}}$ 指的是当前正在进行的回合中部分生成的序列。这种丰富的状态表示使 Agent 能够根据对话的完整历史记录和环境结果 (例如, 工具使用的成果) 做出决策。
+
+## 2.2 动作空间 (A)
+
+**静态 LLM:** 动作 $a_t$ 对应于从 LLM 词汇表 $\mathcal{V}$ 中选择下一个代币 $w_{t+1}$。动作空间 $A(s_t)$ 通常是一个集合 $\mathcal{V}$。
+
+**LLM Agent:** 类似地, 一个 Agent 的动作 $a_t$ 是从 $\mathcal{V}$ 中选择下一个代币。然而, 动作序列的含义可能更广泛。Agent 生成的特定代币序列可能被解释为调用外部工具或 API 的命令。因此, 虽然基本动作仍然是代币生成, 但其功能结果可以超越单纯的文本生成, 扩展到主动的环境干预。
+
+## 2.3 状态转移概率 (P)
+
+**静态 LLM:** LLM 文本生成中的状态转换是**确定性的**。给定当前状态 $s_t$ 和一个动作 $a_t$ (选择代币 $w_{t+1}$), 下一个状态 $s_{t+1}$ 通过将 $w_{t+1}$ 添加到当前序列中唯一确定:
+
+$$
+P(s_{t+1} | s_t, a_t) = \begin{cases} 1, & \text{if } s_{t+1} = s_t \oplus a_t, \\ 0, & \text{otherwise} \end{cases} \qquad (3)
+$$
+
+其中 $\oplus$ 表示序列连接。
+
+**LLM Agent:** Agent 的状态转换机制通过引入**环境交互**而引入了关键区别, 这种交互可以是随机的。转换可以根据动作是否引发此类交互进行分类:
+
+$$
+P(s_{t+1} | s_t, a_t) = \begin{cases} P_E(s_{t+1} | s_t, a_t), & \text{if } a_t \text{ triggers tool/environment interaction} \\ P_G(s_{t+1} | s_t, a_t), & \text{otherwise (standard token generation)} \end{cases} \qquad (4)
+$$
+
+其中 $P_G$ (生成转换) 反映了静态 LLM 标记生成的确定性 (如果 $s_{t+1} = s_t \oplus a_t$, 则为 $P_G(s_{t+1} | s_t, a_t) = 1$, 否则为 0), $P_E$ (环境转换) 反映了工具执行和环境响应中固有的不确定性。下一个状态 $s_{t+1}$ 不仅取决于 Agent 的动作, 还取决于来自外部环境的结果 (例如, API 响应、计算结果), 这构成了环境反馈 $\mathbf{w}_{ei}$ 的一部分。
+
+## 2.4 奖励函数 (R)
+
+**静态 LLM:** 奖励通常**稀疏**, 并在完整的生成序列结束时提供, 即达到终端状态 $s_T$ 时。这通常是一种基于结果的奖励, $R(s_T)$, 评估生成文本的整体质量 (例如, 连贯性、相关性)。
+
+**LLM Agent:** Agents 的奖励结构通常更丰富且更**密集**，能够适应其任务的多回合特性。奖励 $R(s_t, a_t, s_{t+1})$ 可以定义为：
+
+$$
+R(s_t, a_t, s_{t+1}) = \begin{cases} r_f(s_{t+1}), & \text{if } s_{t+1} \text{ is a terminal state} \\ r_p(s_t, a_t, s_{t+1}), & \text{if } a_t \text{ triggers a significant intermediate event} \\ 0, & \text{otherwise (e.g., during routine token generation)} \end{cases} \quad (5)
+$$
+
+这里，$r_f(s_{t+1})$ 是任务完成的最终**结果奖励**。关键在于，Agents 还可以因成功执行中间步骤而获得**过程奖励**，$r_p(s_t, a_t, s_{t+1})$，例如有效的工具调用或在实现目标方面取得实质性进展。这些中间信号提供更频繁的反馈，更有效地指导学习过程。
+
+总之，将 MDP 框架从静态 LLMs 应用于 LLM Agents 涉及对讨论的核心组件进行显著增强。状态空间扩展以包含交互历史和环境反馈；动作虽然本质上为代币生成，但可触发外部效应；状态转换整合了环境随机性；而奖励系统在引入过程奖励后变得更加精细。这些扩展对于使强化学习算法能够训练出能够进行复杂、多步推理和交互的智能体至关重要。
+
+## 3 Agent-R1 框架
+
+为了更好地适应 LLM Agents 的强化学习需求，我们引入了 Agent-R1，这是一个灵活且高度可扩展的 agent 强化学习训练框架，如图 2 所示。借鉴现有的高效强化学习基础设施，我们将传统的单回合强化学习训练框架扩展为完全适应 agents 的多回合交互特性，从而能够与多样化的任务环境无缝集成，并在日益复杂的 agent 设置中进行可扩展的训练。
+
+
+
+图 2：Agent-R1 训练轨迹的示意图。在部署过程中，Agent 执行多轮推理和基于工具的动作，接收环境反馈，并将工具响应附加到状态中形成下一状态。该轨迹——包含思考步骤、动作和反馈——作为 Agent-R1 强化学习更新的基础。
+
+图 3 和图 4 展示了传统单步强化学习训练框架与 Agent-R1 的多步强化学习训练的工作流程对比，其中图 3 显示了生成阶段，图 4 显示了学习阶段。单步与多步强化学习之间的最显著差异在于展开阶段：单步展开过程仅需 Actor 模型生成一次响应，而多步展开涉及多次复杂交互。为实现灵活且易于扩展的多步展开，我们精心设计了两个核心模块：Tool 和 ToolEnv。
+
+!
+图3: 生成阶段中单轮强化学习和多轮强化学习(Agent-R1)的流程图。
+
+
+
+图4: 学习阶段中单轮强化学习和多轮强化学习(Agent-R1)的流程图。
+
+## 3.1 工具和工具环境：交互式推演的核心模块
+
+交互式推演过程是训练 LLM Agents 的核心，严重依赖于两个关键组件：**工具和工具环境**。这些模块之间明确的责任划分是 **Agent-R1** 设计理念的基础。
+
+**工具**被构想为特定原子操作的执行者。其主要作用是封装一种独特的能力——例如调用外部 API、执行一段代码或访问数据库。当被调用时，一个**工具**执行其操作并返回该操作的直接、原始结果。它本质上报告“发生了什么”这一事实。
+
+相反地，**ToolEnv** 在强化学习(RL)环境中充当协调器和解释器。它接收来自 **Tool** 的原始输出，并确定该输出如何影响 Agent 的感知状态和整体任务进程。**ToolEnv** 负责管理 RL 循环中的状态转换，根据这些转换和工具结果计算适当的奖励信号，并将新的状态信息打包给 Agent。它规定了“这一结果对 Agent 和任务意味着什么。”
+
+### 3.1.1 工具设计
+
+工具作为连接 Agent 与外部环境或功能的关键接口。在 Agent-R1 框架中，我们利用工具作为 Agent-环境交互的统一接口，所有外部功能都被封装成 Agent 可直接调用的标准化“工具”。借鉴 OpenAI 的函数调用范式，Agent-R1 框架通过 BaseTool 抽象基类为工具提供了高级抽象和标准化。其设计聚焦于两个核心模块：
+
+#### 核心执行逻辑：
+
+作为 BaseTool 类中最关键的抽象方法，所有具体的工具子类都必须实现执行方法。该方法封装了工具的核心逻辑，定义了它如何处理输入参数、执行特定操作（例如与外部 API 交互、执行代码或访问数据库），并返回结构化结果。
+
+#### 工具元数据规范：
+
+为确保工具调用的标准化和可解析性，定义了以下元数据属性：
+
+* 识别和描述：名称属性（一个唯一的字符串标识符）和描述属性（提供有关工具功能、用例和预期效果的详细信息）协同工作。智能体理解这些属性，以便根据当前上下文识别和选择合适的工具。
+
+* 参数结构定义：参数属性遵循 JSON Schema 规范，定义工具调用的输入参数结构。这包括参数名称、数据类型、详细描述以及是否为必需参数。参数的标准化确保 agent 能够生成符合预期格式的工具调用参数。该设计以执行方法在执行操作中的关键作用为中心,以及能够使 agent 理解的明确元数据规范,使得 LLM agent 能够通过结构化接口有效地与外部环境交互。工具执行的结果随后由 ToolEnv 模块处理,该模块负责管理相应的环境状态转换。这种交互对于 agent 在多轮交互中解决复杂问题至关重要,并与 ToolEnv 的状态管理设计形成紧密的衔接。
+
+### 3.1.2 ToolEnv 设计
+
+**ToolEnv** 模块作为 Agent-R1 强化学习框架中的动态环境。它负责管理 Agent 与世界的交互,尤其是在涉及工具的情况下。该模块实现了 RL 环境所需的两个核心功能:状态转换和奖励计算,特别是在多轮交互和工具使用非确定性结果的环境下。其设计通过 BaseToolEnv 抽象基类得以形式化。
+
+#### 核心状态转换与奖励逻辑：
+
+最关键的抽象方法是 step。该方法是为环境交互提供主要驱动的：它接收 Agent 的原始输出（例如，可能包含工具调用的生成文本），并处理该输出以识别和协调工具调用，与 Tool 模块协同工作。根据 Agent 的行为以及工具执行的任何反馈，step 然后更新环境的内部状态。它还计算一个适当的奖励信号，反映行为的后果以及新的状态。最后，它将新状态、奖励以及其他相关信息（例如成功状态和活动标志）返回给 Agent。该方法封装了标准生成状态转换以及由工具交互产生的更复杂、可能具有随机性的状态转换的逻辑。
+
+#### 交互管理的支持机制：
+
+为了促进步骤方法的全局作用并管理基于工具的交互的细微差别，BaseToolEnv 中定义了几个关键的辅助方法。processResponses_ids 方法为识别 LLM 生成的原始 token ID 序列中的工具调用触发器提供了可定制的逻辑，以确定调用的精确点。随后，extract_tool_calls 负责解析这些原始 LLM 响应以识别和结构化预期的工具调用请求，包括工具的名称及其参数。在工具执行后，format_tool_response 将原始结果（从 Tool.execute 获取）转换为适合作为新环境状态呈现给 LLM 的字符串格式。补充这些方法的是，stop 方法实现了确定轨迹终止条件的逻辑，根据 LLM 输出、任务完成、错误状态或预定义限制来评估当前交互是否应结束。
+
+这一设计以步骤方法在驱动环境动态中的关键作用为核心，并辅以管理工具调用和轨迹生命周期的明确机制，使 Agent-R1 框架能够有效地模拟复杂的交互场景。它仔细区分了确定性文本生成和工具使用引入的非确定性、改变环境状态的变化，这对于智能体学习至关重要。
+
+## 3.2 基于多轮轨迹优化代理策略
+
+在部署阶段后，我们获得了全面的多轮交互轨迹。每条轨迹包含状态序列、代理的动作（生成的文本部分）以及奖励信号。如前所述，环境为每个交互回合提供奖励信号，这些信号被称为**过程奖励**（$r_p$），此外还有一个潜在的**结果奖励**（$r_f$）。为了清晰地区分 LLM 代理生成的标记（其动作）与环境反馈或轨迹中的初始提示，我们引入了一个**动作掩码**。该掩码精确地识别序列中哪些部分对应于代理的可学习动作。
+
+强化学习优化策略模型的动作以最大化预期累积奖励。Agent-R1 框架利用这些多轮轨迹的详细信息，包括动作掩码和过程奖励，在其学习阶段实现这一目标（如图4所示）。此信息利用的关键方面包括：
+
+### 精细化与对齐的收益计算
+
+如生成阶段（图 3 所示），“收益”不再仅基于 Critic 模型的最终结果奖励和价值估计。在部署过程中从 ToolEnv 收集的“过程奖励”被明确纳入计算。这意味着轨迹中每个相关步骤 $t$ 的收益 $\hat{A}_t$ 不仅反映了未来折扣奖励（由结果奖励和价值函数估计得出），还包括中间步骤的即时成功，例如有效的工具调用（由过程奖励捕获）。图 3 中的“收益”模块显示了其输入来自“值”（Critic 模型）、“结果奖励”（Reward 模型）和“过程奖励”。关键在于，这些收益 $\hat{A}_t$ 的计算（例如使用广义收益估计-GAE）是按照与 Action Mask 识别的智能体行为对齐的方式进行的**与智能体行为对齐**。虽然奖励基于状态转换累积，而值函数估计状态的好坏，但用于更新策略的最终优势与智能体生成动作的特定时间步相关。这确保了信用（正向或负向优势）被分配给智能体实际做出的决策，而不是分配给它无法控制的序列部分，例如提示标记或固定的环境响应。这些与动作对齐的优势随后被传递到学习阶段（图 4）。
+
+### 掩码策略优化 (Actor 损失)
+
+在学习阶段（图 4），**Actor 模型**（策略）被更新以增加导致更高优势的动作的概率。“轨迹”数据被输入 Actor 模型以生成“新动作逻辑”。**动作掩码**在此过程中起着关键作用。在计算 **Actor 损失**（通常是一种策略梯度损失，如 PPO 的剪裁代理目标）时，掩码确保损失仅计算在代理生成的标记上。新策略的动作概率与旧策略的动作概率之间的“比率”（分别从生成阶段的“新动作逻辑”和“动作逻辑”中推导出来）被这些对齐的优势调节，而这一计算由**动作掩码**指导。
+
+### 值函数更新 (Critic 损失)
+
+批评模型被训练以更准确地估计不同状态下的预期累积奖励（价值）。利用“轨迹”数据，它生成“新价值”。批评损失通常是在这些“新价值”与轨迹中的观察回报（包括过程和结果奖励）之间的均方误差，或从这些回报和现有价值估计（例如，在 TD 学习中）推导出的目标值。这有助于批评模型为后续迭代中的优势计算提供更好的基线估计。
+
+通过确保“优势”与代理的实际动作保持一致（并在策略优化过程中与“动作掩码”一起使用），Agent-R1 提供了更精确和有效的学习信号。这种详细的反馈机制使 Actor 和 Critic 模型能够更有效地从复杂的、扩展的对话和工具使用场景中学习，推动代理掌握复杂的任务。
+
+## 4 实证研究
+
+我们通过实验评估了 Agent-R1 在具有外部搜索的多跳问答场景中的有效性和设计贡献。本研究首先验证了该框架在用各种强化学习（RL）算法训练 LLM 代理进行多轮交互任务方面的有效性。其次，通过消融分析研究了关键策略优化改进的影响：用于损失计算的行动掩码（“损失掩码”）和用于对齐优势（“优势掩码”）。总体目标是为评估 LLM 学习到的工具调用和信息检索能力，突出 Agent-R1 的实用性。
+
+### 4.1 实验设置
+
+#### 任务和数据集
+
+我们的研究使用了多跳问答（MultihopQA）数据集。训练集包含 51,200 个样本，这些样本等量且随机地从 HotpotQA HotpotQA 和 2WikiMultihopQA ho2020constructing 的训练拆分中抽取。我们在 HotpotQA 和 2WikiMultihopQA 的完整开发集（领域内）以及 Musique MuSiQue（领域外）上进行了评估，这些数据集需要多步检索和推理。
+
+#### 模型与工具
+
+实验在 NousToolEnv 中使用其原生函数调用方式使用 Qwen2.5-3B-Instructqwen2025qwen25technicalreport。该代理使用单个 wikisearch 工具查询 KILT 维基百科语料库（36M 段落 petroni2021kilt，由 bge-large-en-v1.5 生成嵌入），返回前 5 个文档。
+
+#### 强化学习算法与基线
+
+我们评估 PPO、GRPO、REINFORCE++、REINFORCE++Baseline 和 RLOO，以评估 Agent-R1 的适应性。这些算法与两个基线进行了比较：Naive RAG（单次检索）和 Base Tool Call（使用 wikisearch 工具的原生函数调用）。
+
+#### 奖励公式
+
+采用稀疏的最终结果奖励 $r_f$，定义如下：
+
+$$
+r_f = \begin{cases} r_{\text{answer}}, & \text{if } r_{\text{format}} = 1 \\ r_{\text{format}} - 1, & \text{if } r_{\text{format}} < 1 \end{cases} \qquad (6)
+$$
+
+其中，$r_{\text{answer}} = \text{EM}(a_{\text{pred}}, a_{\text{gold}})$ 是精确匹配分数。格式化分数 $r_{\text{format}} = (r_{\text{format}_a} + r_{\text{format}_t})/2$ 是正确最终答案呈现 ($r_{\text{format}_a}$) 和有效工具调用语法 ($r_{\text{format}_t}$) 的二元指标的均值。这种结构严格奖励格式完全正确、答案正确的，并惩罚任何格式错误。
+
+### 4.2 主要结果
+
+我们框架验证的主要结果，评估了由 Agent-R1 支持的多种强化学习（RL）算法相对于基线方法的性能，如表 3 所示。实验在三个多跳问答数据集上进行。HotpotQA 和 2WikiMultihopQA（2Wiki）作为领域内数据集，而 Musique 用作领域外数据集。报告的分数是精确匹配（EM）值，代表任务成功的首要指标。
+
+表 3：RL 算法与基线在多跳 QA 数据集上的精确匹配（EM）性能比较。† 表示领域内数据集；* 表示领域外数据集。在 RL 算法中，每列最佳性能以粗体表示，次佳性能以下划线表示。
+
+| 方法 | HotpotQA† | 2Wiki† | Musique* | 平均 |
|---|
| 基础工具调用 | 0.1372 | 0.0891 | 0.0277 | 0.0847 | | 朴素 RAG | 0.1916 | 0.1792 | 0.0277 | 0.1328 | | PPO | 0.4136 | 0.5468 | 0.1552 | 0.3719 | | GRPO | 0.4405 | 0.5741 | 0.1485 | 0.3877 | | REINFORCE++ | 0.3768 | 0.4796 | 0.1336 | 0.3300 | | REINFORCE++基线 | 0.3966 | 0.5406 | 0.1485 | 0.3619 | | RLOO | 0.4089 | 0.5641 | 0.1419 | 0.3716 |
+
+表 3 清晰地表明，所有强化学习训练的 agent 都显著优于 Base Tool Call (0.0847) 和 Naive RAG (0.1328) 基线。例如，最弱的强化学习 agent (REINFORCE++，平均 EM 0.3300) 仍然比 RAG 高出约 2.5 倍。这一显著差距突显了强化学习在训练能够进行复杂多轮决策和有效工具使用的专业 LLM agent 中的关键作用，超越了更简单的启发式或单次通过方法。
+
+在强化学习(RL)方法中，GRPO(平均EM 0.3877)表现出最佳的整体性能，其后紧随PPO(0.3719)和RLOO (0.3716)。PPO在具有挑战性的域外Musique 数据集上表现尤为出色。而REINFORCE++ (0.3300)是表现最弱的强化学习算法，但在REINFORCE++Baseline (0.3619)中引入基线提供了明显的优势，尽管它仍无法与顶尖算法相媲美。这些结果有力地验证了 Agent-R1 通过端到端强化学习训练强大 LLM代理的有效性，显示出在不同数据集和强化学习算法上始终如一、显著的超越基线。这证实了我们的框架在交互环境中优化代理策略的价值。
+
+### 4.3 策略优化改进的消融研究
+
+为探究 Agent-R1 框架中特定策略优化改进的重要性——具体而言，使用动作掩码进行损失计算（称为“损失掩码”）以及用于优势对齐（称为“优势掩码”）——我们进行了一项消融研究。该研究采用了PPO和GRPO算法。在精确匹配（EM）分数方面，结果如表4所示，其中每个消融步骤相对于该算法前一行的配置进行了展示。
+
+表4：策略优化组件的消融研究。分数为精确匹配（EM）。$\hookrightarrow$ \hookrightarrow表示在其算法组内通过禁用指定组件而从紧邻的前一行派生的配置。基线配置（每组的第一行）使用$\checkmark$标记启用组件。在此设置中，'优势掩码'对 GRPO 不进行单独的消融。
+
+
+
+
+ | 配置 |
+ HotpotQA |
+ 2Wiki |
+ 音乐 |
+ 平均 |
+
+
+
+
+ | PPO（损失掩码 ✓，优势掩码 ✓） |
+ 0.4136 |
+ 0.5468 |
+ 0.1552 |
+ 0.3719 |
+
+
+ | ↳ 禁用优势掩码 |
+ 0.3630 |
+ 0.4641 |
+ 0.1138 |
+ 0.3136 |
+
+
+ | ↳ 损失掩码禁用 |
+ 0.3429 |
+ 0.4631 |
+ 0.1005 |
+ 0.3022 |
+
+
+ | GRPO（损失掩码 ✓） |
+ 0.4405 |
+ 0.5741 |
+ 0.1485 |
+ 0.3877 |
+
+
+ | ↳ 损失掩码禁用 |
+ 0.4260 |
+ 0.5485 |
+ 0.1422 |
+ 0.3722 |
+
+
+
+
+消融实验（表 4）强调了损失掩码和优势掩码的关键作用。禁用**损失掩码**始终导致 PPO（例如，当从已禁用优势掩码的 PPO 变体中移除时，平均 EM 从 0.3136 降至 0.3022）和 GRPO（平均 EM 从 0.3877 降至 0.3722）的性能下降。这突出了其在将梯度集中于代理生成的标记上的必要性。类似地，对于 PPO，禁用**优势掩码**（在损失掩码激活的情况下，比较前两行 PPO）导致性能显著下降，平均 EM 从 0.3719 降至 0.3136，证实了准确归因的重要性。这些发现验证了这些掩码策略是 Agent-R1 中至关重要的设计选择，对于交互式 LLM 代理的有效策略优化至关重要。
+
+## 5 结论
+
+这项工作阐明了如何通过将经典 MDP 框架扩展以捕获多轮交互、环境反馈和处理奖励，来有效地将强化学习应用于 LLM Agents。基于这些见解，我们引入了 **Agent-R1**，这是一个模块化和可扩展的框架，支持多轮推进、精确的信用分配以及工具和环境的灵活集成。在多跳问答实验中表明，Agent-R1 使 LLM agents 在基线方法上实现了显著的改进，消融结果证实了其关键策略优化组件的重要性。我们希望 Agent-R1 为未来关于可扩展和统一 RL 训练的 agentic LLMs 工作提供一个基础。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_39.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_39.md
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,1176 @@
+and Msrbl($X$) is closed under complements so we are finished. Next, if $\{A_n\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \subseteq \mathfrak{M}$ then
+
+$$
+f^{-1}\left(\bigcup_{n \in \mathbb{N}} A_n\right) = \bigcup_{n \in \mathbb{N}} f^{-1}(A_n)
+$$
+
+and since Msrbl($X$) is closed under countable unions, we have $f^{-1}(\bigcup_{n \in \mathbb{N}} A_n) \in \text{Msrbl}(X)$ so
+
+$$
+\bigcup_{n \in \mathbb{N}} A_n \in \mathfrak{M}
+$$
+
+so, $\mathfrak{M}$ is itself a $\sigma$-algebra in $Y$. By hypothesis, $\mathscr{F} \subseteq \mathfrak{M}$ and so actually
+
+$$
+\mathscr{F} \subseteq \sigma(\mathscr{F}) \subseteq \mathfrak{M}
+$$
+
+since, by construction, $\sigma(\mathscr{F})$ is the smallest $\sigma$-algebra which contains $\mathscr{F}$. But by $\sigma(\mathscr{F}) \subseteq \mathfrak{M}$ we learn that $f$ is measurable. $\square$
+
+**Corollary 2.18.** Let $f: X \to Y$ be a mapping between where $X$ is a measurable space and $Y$ is a topological space, such that $f^{-1}(U) \in \text{Msrbl}(X)$ for any $U \in \text{Open}(Y)$. Then $f$ is measurable w.r.t. $\text{Msrbl}(X)$ and $\mathscr{B}(Y)$ respectively. Similarly, if $f^{-1}(F) \in \text{Msrbl}(X)$ for any $F \in \text{Closed}(Y)$ then $f$ is measurable w.r.t. $\text{Msrbl}(X)$ and $\mathscr{B}(Y)$ respectively.
+
+*Proof.* We know that the Borel $\sigma$-algebra is generated by the open sets
+
+$$
+\mathscr{B}(Y) = \sigma(\text{Open}(Y))
+$$
+
+but in fact it may also be generated by the closed sets (one may verify this...), i.e.,
+
+$$
+\sigma(\text{Open}(Y)) = \sigma(\text{Closed}(Y)).
+$$
+
+This then coincides with Rudin's definition of measurable function, since he only considers maps whose codomains are topological spaces and then restricts to the special case of the Borel $\sigma$-algebra on them.
+
+**Theorem 2.19 (Rudin's Theorem 1.8).** Let $u, v: X \to \mathbb{R}$ be two measurable functions ($\mathbb{R}$ is considered a measure space w.r.t. $\mathscr{B}(\mathbb{R})$). Let $\varphi: \mathbb{R}^2 \to Y$ be continuous where $Y$ is some topological space. Let $h: X \to Y$ be given by
+
+$$
+X \ni x \mapsto \varphi(u(x), v(x)) \in Y.
+$$
+
+Then $h$ is measurable w.r.t. $\text{Msrbl}(X)$ and $\mathscr{B}(Y)$.
+
+*Proof.* The function $f: X \to \mathbb{R}^2$ given by $u \times v$. We have $h = \varphi \circ f$, so we only have to show $f$ is measurable. Let $R$ be any open rectangle on the plane with sides parallel to the axes: $R = I_1 \times I_2$ for two open intervals $I_1, I_2$ and so
+
+$$
+f^{-1}(R) = u^{-1}(I_1) \cap v^{-1}(I_2)
+$$
+
+which is measurable by assumption on $u, v$. Since every open set $V \in \text{Open}(\mathbb{R}^2)$ is the countable union of such rectangles $R_i$, we find
+
+$$
+f^{-1}(V) = f^{-1}\left(\bigcup_{i=1}^{\infty} R_i\right) = \bigcup_{i=1}^{\infty} f^{-1}(R_i)
+$$
+
+and hence $f^{-1}(V)$ is measurable and so is $f$. $\square$
+
+**Theorem 2.20** (Rudin's Theorem 1.9). Let $X$ be a measure space. Then
+
+1. If $u, v: X \to \mathbb{R}$ are measurable then $f: X \to \mathbb{C}$ defined by $f := u + iv$ is measurable.
+2. If $f: X \to \mathbb{C}$ is measurable then $\mathbb{R} \subsetneq \{f\}$, $\mathbb{I} \subsetneq \{f\}$ and $|f|$ are measurable functions from $X \to \mathbb{R}$.
+3. If $f, g: X \to \mathbb{C}$ are measurable then $f+g$ and $fg$ are too.
+4. If $A \in \text{Msrbl}(X)$ then $\chi_A: X \to \mathbb{R}$ is a measurable function.
+5. If $f: X \to \mathbb{C}$ is measurable then there exists some $\alpha: X \to \mathbb{C}$ measurable such that $f = \alpha|f|$.
+
+*Proof.* We only prove the last statement. Set $E := f^{-1}(\{0\})$ (a measurable set) and $Y := \mathbb{C} \setminus \{0\}$. Let
+
+$$
+\varphi: Y \to \mathbb{C} \\ z \mapsto \frac{z}{|z|}.
+$$
+
+Define
+
+$$
+\alpha(x) := \varphi(f(x) + \chi_E(x)) \quad (x \in X).
+$$
+
+Show that $\varphi$ is continuous on $Y$ to conclude. $\square$
+
+In what follows, it will be convenient to consider the *extended real line* $[-\infty, \infty]$, see *Appendix A*. In particular we shall always consider it as a measure space w.r.t. $\mathscr{B}([-\infty, \infty])$ unless otherwise specified.
+
+**Theorem 2.21.** Let $f: X \to [-\infty, \infty]$ be a map with $X$ a measure space. Here we consider $[-\infty, \infty]$ as the extended real line with its topology, see *Appendix A*. Then if
+
+$$
+f^{-1}((\alpha, \infty]) \in \text{Msrbl}(X) \quad (\alpha \in \mathbb{R})
+$$
+
+then $f$ is measurable w.r.t. $\text{Msrbl}(X)$ and $\mathscr{B}([-\infty, \infty])$.
+
+*Proof.* The set $(\alpha, \infty]$ is already open in $[-\infty, \infty]$ so our goal is to build *any* of the basis elements of $[-\infty, \infty]$ using this basic open set. To that end, let
+
+$$
+\Omega := \{ E \subseteq [-\infty, \infty] \mid f^{-1}(E) \in \text{Msrbl}(X) \}.
+$$
+
+Let $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$ and $\{\alpha_n\}_n \to \alpha$ from below. Then $(\alpha_n, \infty] \in \Omega$ by hypothesis, and we have
+
+$$
+[-\infty, \alpha) = \bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} [-\infty, \alpha_n] = \bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} (\alpha_n, \infty]^c
+$$
+
+so we get the other type of basic open set, $[-\infty, \alpha)$. Next, using
+
+$$
+(\alpha, \beta) = [-\infty, \beta) \cap (\alpha, \infty]
+$$
+
+we see that since every open set of $[-\infty, \infty]$ is a *countable* union of segments of the above types, so that $\Omega$ contains all open sets of $[-\infty, \infty]$ and hence $f$ is measurable. $\square$
+
+## 2.2 Limits of measurable functions
+
+Recall the definition of the $\liminf$ and $\limsup$: Let $\{a_n\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \subset \bar{\mathbb{R}}$ be a given sequence. Then
+
+$$
+\liminf_{n \to \infty} a_n \equiv \lim_{n \to \infty} \left( \inf_{m \ge n} a_m \right) = \sup_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \inf_{m \ge n} a_m. \qquad (2.1)
+$$
+
+Similarly,
+
+$$
+\limsup_{n \to \infty} a_n \equiv \lim_{n \to \infty} \left( \sup_{m \ge n} a_m \right) = \inf_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \sup_{m \ge n} a_m.
+$$Evidently, we always have
+
+$$
+\liminf_{n \to \infty} a_n \le \limsup_{n \to \infty} a_n
+$$
+
+and if the limit of $\{a_n\}_n$ actually exists then both are equal to that limit.
+
+**Theorem 2.22.** If $f_n : X \to [-\infty, \infty]$ is a sequence of measurable functions then $\sup_{n \in \mathbb{N}} f_n : X \to [-\infty, \infty]$ defined by
+
+$$
+X \ni x \mapsto \sup_{n \in \mathbb{N}} f_n(x)
+$$
+
+and $\limsup_{n \to \infty} f_n : X \to [-\infty, \infty]$ defined by
+
+$$
+X \ni x \mapsto \limsup_{n \to \infty} (f_n(x))
+$$
+
+are both measurable.
+
+*Proof.* Let us denote $g := \sup_{n \in \mathbb{N}} f_n$ and $h := \limsup_{n \to \infty} f_n$. Then, from the definition of $g$ it follows that
+
+$$
+g^{-1}((\alpha, \infty]) = \bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} f_n^{-1}((\alpha, \infty]) .
+$$
+
+Indeed, let us show this. If $x \in g^{-1}((\alpha, \infty])$ then $g(x) > \alpha$. That means $\sup_{n \in \mathbb{N}} f_n(x) > \alpha$ so in particular there must exist $n \in \mathbb{N}$ so that $f_n(x) > \alpha$. Alternatively, if $x \in \bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} f_n^{-1}((\alpha, \infty])$ then there exists some $n \in \mathbb{N}$ for which $f_n(x) > \alpha$. This in particular implies $g(x) > \alpha$.
+
+We conclude that $g$ is measurable. We write
+
+$$
+h = \inf_{k \ge 1} \sup_{i \ge k} f_i
+$$
+
+so that $h$ is also measurable by similar representations. $\square$
+
+**Corollary 2.23.** We have
+
+1. The limit of every pointwise convergent sequence of complex measurable functions is measurable.
+
+2. If $f, g : X \to \bar{\mathbb{R}}$ are measurable then so are $\max(\{f, g\})$ and $\min(\{f, g\})$.
+
+3. In particular, so are $f^+ = \max(\{f, 0\})$ and $f^- = -\min(\{f, 0\})$.
+
+We may always decompose any $\bar{\mathbb{R}}$-valued function into its positive and negative parts as follows
+
+$$
+f = f^+ - f^-
+$$
+
+with $f^\pm$ the positive and negative parts of $f$, and $|f| = f^+ + f^-$ $^2$.
+
+## 2.3 Simple functions
+
+We shall build a theory of integration starting from primitive functions and then take limits. This will proceed as follows. Given any function
+
+$$
+f : X \to \mathbb{C}
+$$
+
+we write it as
+
+$$
+f = \mathbb{R} \mathrm{e} \{f\} + i \mathbb{I} \mathrm{m} \{f\} .
+$$
+
+Then we write
+
+$$
+\mathbb{R} \mathrm{e} \{f\} = \mathbb{R} \mathrm{e} \{f\}^+ - \mathbb{R} \mathrm{e} \{f\}^-
+$$
+
+and similarly for the imaginary part, so that any complex function is the (complex) linear combination of four *nonnegative* functions. Measurability is inherited by all four. Then we want to approximate each nonnegative function with even simpler objects, simple functions.
+
+$^2$Note a certain minimal property for these objects: Note that if $f = g - h$ with $g, h \ge 0$ then $f^+ \le g$ and $f^- \le h$. This is because $f \le g$ and $0 \le g$ clearly implies $\max(\{f, 0\}) \le g$.**Definition 2.24 (Simple function).** Let $X$ be a measure space and $s: X \to \mathbb{C}$. If $|\mathrm{im}(s)| < \infty$ then $s$ is called a *simple function*. If in addition, $\mathrm{im}(s) \subseteq [0, \infty)$ then $s$ is called a *nonnegative simple function*. We are *not* including $\pm\infty$ as part of $\mathbb{C}$ so that simple functions, by definition, *cannot* take on the values $\pm\infty$.
+
+Clearly simple functions always take on the form
+
+$$
+s = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_i \chi_{A_i}
+$$
+
+for some $n \in \mathbb{N}$, $\alpha_i \in \mathbb{C}$ and $A_i \equiv \{x \in X \mid s(x) = \alpha_i\}$.
+
+*Claim 2.25.* A simple function $X \to \mathbb{C}$ of the form $s = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_i \chi_{A_i}$ is measurable iff $A_i \in \mathrm{Msrbl}(X)$ for $i = 1, \dots, n$.
+
+*Proof.* (We consider $\mathbb{C}$ w.r.t. the Borel sigma algebra, as usual). By *Corollary 2.18* we only need to check that the pre-image of closed sets is msrbl. Hence let $F \subseteq \mathbb{C}$ be closed. If $F$ does not contain any of the points $\alpha_i$ then $s^{-1}(F) = \emptyset \in \mathrm{Msrbl}(X)$. If $F$ contains $\alpha_{i_1}, \dots, \alpha_{i_k}$ then
+
+$$
+s^{-1}(F) = \bigcup_{j=1}^{k} A_{i_j}
+$$
+
+and the union of measurable sets is measurable. Conversely, if $s$ is measurable, take the (closed) singleton $\{\alpha_i\}$ to verify that $A_i \in \mathrm{Msrbl}(X)$. $\square$
+
+*Remark 2.26.* The product and sum of simple functions is again a simple function. Scalar multiplication also preserves this property. Hence they form an algebra over $\mathbb{C}$. As we shall see, they however are not closed under limits.
+
+Now we want to establish that any nonnegative measurable function may be approximated by simple functions *from below*.
+
+**Theorem 2.27 (Approximation by simple functions).** Let $f: X \to [0, \infty]$ be measurable. Then there exist simple measurable functions $s_n: X \to [0, \infty)$ such that
+
+1. $0 \le s_1 \le s_2 \le \dots \le f$.
+
+2. $s_n \to f$ pointwise.
+
+*Proof.* (Thanks to Lydia Boubendir)
+
+For every $n \in \mathbb{N}$, define
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\varphi_n : [0, \infty] &\to [0, \infty) \\
+t &\mapsto \begin{cases} 2^{-n} \lfloor 2^n t \rfloor & 0 \le t < n \\ n & t \in [n, \infty] \end{cases}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+which is depicted, at $n = 3$ in Figure 1. The function $\varphi_n$ converges to $t \mapsto t$ as $n \to \infty$. It is doing that in two ways simultaneously:
+
+1. The region over which it does *not* resemble the identity function, $[n, \infty)$ keeps shrinking.
+
+2. The region over which it does resemble the identity function, it becomes finer and finer at approximation the identity function there by subdividing $[0, n]$ into roughly $2^n$ sub-intervals and being saw-toothed there.
+
+First, note that at each fixed $n \in \mathbb{N}$, $\varphi_n$ is a Borel function. Indeed, it is a simple function that takes on basically $2^n$ values on *intervals* and as such it is measurable. For monotonicity, want to establish
+
+$$
+\varphi_n(t) \le \varphi_{n+1}(t) \quad (t \in [0, \infty], n \in \mathbb{N}).
+$$
+
+Figure 1: The function $\varphi_3$ approximating the identity.
+
+For $t \ge n + 1$ this is easy because $n \le n + 1$. For $n \le t \le n + 1$ as well, since there,
+
+$$
+\varphi_{n+1}(t) \equiv 2^{-n-1} \lfloor 2^{n+1}t \rfloor \ge 2^{-n-1} \lfloor 2^{n+1}n \rfloor = n \equiv \varphi_n(t).
+$$
+
+Finally, we want to show that for $t \in [0, n]$,
+
+$$
+\begin{align*} 2^{-n-1} \lfloor 2^{n+1}t \rfloor &\stackrel{?}{\ge} 2^{-n} \lfloor 2^n t \rfloor \\ &\updownarrow \\ \lfloor 2^{n+1}t \rfloor &\stackrel{?}{\ge} 2 \lfloor 2^n t \rfloor . \end{align*}
+$$
+
+This last relation is implied by the relation
+
+$$
+\lfloor x \rfloor \le \frac{1}{2} \lfloor 2x \rfloor \quad (x \ge 0)
+$$
+
+which is always true. Indeed, for all $m \in \mathbb{N}$, if $x \in [m, m + 1)$, then $\lfloor x \rfloor = m$ whereas
+
+$$
+\frac{1}{2} \lfloor 2x \rfloor = m + \frac{1}{2} \chi_{[m+\frac{1}{2}, m+1)}(x).
+$$
+
+Now we set
+
+$$
+s_n := \varphi_n \circ f
+$$
+
+which automatically fulfills both of our constraints, using the fact that the composition of measurable functions is measurable Claim 2.5. □
+
+## 2.4 Measures
+
+We now come to the notion of *measure* which for us is to be understood as a generalization of volume in $\mathbb{R}^n$ to much more exotic sets (yet they still have to be measurable), or of a *weight* of sets.
+
+**Definition 2.28 (Measure).** A *complex measure* is a map
+
+$$
+\mu : \mathrm{Msrb}l(X) \to \mathbb{C} \cup \{\infty\}
+$$
+
+which is countably additive, i.e.,
+
+$$
+\mu\left(\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} A_n\right) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \mu(A_n) \quad (A_n \in \mathrm{Msrb}l(X) : A_n \cap A_m = \emptyset \forall n \neq m) \qquad (2.2)
+$$
+
+and for which $\exists A : \mu(A) < \infty$ (otherwise it is not very interesting). If $\mathrm{Im}(\mu) \subseteq [0, \infty]$ then we say $\mu$ is a *positive measure*.
+
+*Note:* Despite the “logical” *Definition 2.28*, when using the term *complex measure* Rudin assumes $\mu$ never takes on the value $\infty$ (unlike when we use the phrase *positive measure*). Following him, so we will really only consider the dichotomy:
+
+* Either $\mu$ takes values in $\mathbb{C}$ (complex measure).
+* Or $\mu$ takes values in $[0, \infty]$ (positive measure).
+
+**Theorem 2.29.** Let $\mu : \mathrm{Msrb}l(X) \to [0, \infty]$ be a positive measure. Then
+
+1. $\mu(\emptyset) = 0$ (so in particular (2.2) holds also for finitely many unions).
+
+2. (monotonicity) $A \subseteq B$ implies
+
+$$
+\mu(A) \leq \mu(B) \qquad (2.3)
+$$
+
+for all $A, B \in \mathrm{Msrb}l(X)$.
+
+3. $\mu$ may be approximated from “inside” as follows:
+
+$$
+\lim_{n \to \infty} \mu(A_n) = \mu\left(\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} A_n\right) \qquad (2.4)
+$$
+
+for all increasing sequences $A_n \in \mathrm{Msrb}l(X)$: $A_1 \subseteq A_2 \subseteq A_3 \subseteq \dots$.
+
+4. $\mu$ may be approximated from “outside” as follows:
+
+$$
+\lim_{n \to \infty} \mu(A_n) = \mu\left(\bigcap_{n=1}^{\infty} A_n\right) \qquad (2.5)
+$$
+
+for all decreasing sequences $A_n \in \mathrm{Msrb}l(X)$: $A_1 \supseteq A_2 \supseteq A_3 \supseteq \dots$ with $\mu(A_1)$ assumed finite.
+
+*Proof.* By assumption, there exists $B \in \mathrm{Msrb}l(X)$ with $\mu(B) < \infty$. Define now a sequence $A_1 := B$, $A_j := \emptyset$ for all $j \ge 2$. This sequence obeys the conditions of (2.2) since it is pairwise disjoint. Hence we find
+
+$$
+\infty > \mu(B) = \mu(B) + \sum_{j=2}^{\infty} \mu(\emptyset)
+$$
+
+and the only way this equation could hold is if $\mu(\emptyset) = 0$. Now that we know $\mu(\emptyset) = 0$, we have additivity for finite sequences.
+
+For monotonicity, given $A, B \in \mathrm{Msrb}l(X)$ with $A \subseteq B$, let us decompose $B = A \cup (B \setminus A)$ which are now disjoint. Hence additivity implies
+
+$$
+\mu(B) = \mu(A) + \mu(B \setminus A)
+$$
+
+and using positivity of the measure, we find this is larger than or equal to $\mu(A)$.
+
+Let us now establish the approximation properties. To do so, given any increasing sequence $A_1 \subseteq A_2 \subseteq A_3 \subseteq \dots$, we decompose it into disjoint parts as follows:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} B_1 &:= A_1 \\ B_n &:= A_n \setminus A_{n-1} \quad (n \ge 2) . \end{aligned}
+$$Note that $A_n = \bigcup_{j=1}^n B_j$. So by (2.2) we find
+
+$$
+\mu(A_n) = \sum_{j=1}^{n} \mu(B_j)
+$$
+
+and moreover, since $\bigcup_n A_n = \bigcup_n B_n$, we get
+
+$$
+\mu\left(\bigcup_n A_n\right) = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \mu(B_n).
+$$
+
+The result now follows by taking the limit $n \to \infty$ on the penultimate displayed equation. For approximation from outside, we make the following new variables.
+
+$$
+C_n := A_1 \setminus A_n \quad (n \ge 1).
+$$
+
+This implies $C_1 \subseteq C_2 \subseteq C_3 \subseteq \dots$ and
+
+$$
+\mu(C_n) = \mu(A_1) - \mu(A_n).
+$$
+
+Moreover, $A_1 \setminus (\bigcap A_n) = \bigcup_n C_n$, so now we may invoke the previous statement on the sequence $C_n$ to get
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \mu(A_1) - \mu\left(\bigcap_n A_n\right) &= \mu\left(A_1 \setminus \bigcap_n A_n\right) \\ &= \mu\left(\bigcup_n C_n\right) \\ &= \lim_n \mu(C_n) \\ &= \lim_n (\mu(A_1) - \mu(A_n)) \\ &= \mu(A_1) - \lim_n \mu(A_n) \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+from which our result follows. □
+
+Our main example for a positive measure will be the Lebesgue measure on $\mathbb{R}^n$, but it will be a little while before we can define it.
+
+**Example 2.30 (Counting measure).** Let $\mathrm{Msrbl}(X) = \mathscr{P}(X)$ and define $c : \mathrm{Msrbl}(X) \to [0, \infty]$ via
+
+$$
+S \mapsto |S|
+$$
+
+(the cardinality of a set, $\infty$ if it is countable or higher). $c$ is called the counting measure. Usually we only define the counting measure if $X$ is countable.
+
+**Example 2.31 (Unit mass; “Dirac delta measure”).** Let $\mathrm{Msrbl}(X) = \{\emptyset, X, \{x_0\}, X \setminus \{x_0\}\}$ be a $\sigma$-algebra and define $\delta_{x_0} : \mathrm{Msrbl}(X) \to [0, \infty]$ by
+
+$$
+S \mapsto \begin{cases} 1 & x_0 \in S \\ 0 & x_0 \notin S \end{cases} \equiv \chi_S(x_0).
+$$
+
+In cryptic symbols,
+
+$$
+\delta_{x_0} = \chi \cdot (x_0).
+$$
+
+$\delta_{x_0}$ is called the unit mass concentrated at $x_0$. It is closely related to the *Dirac delta function*. While the latter is *not* actually a function (it is a distribution), the unit mass is a very simple object.
+
+**Example 2.32.** If we take the counting measure $c$ on $\mathbb{N}$ and set $A_n := \mathbb{N}_{\ge n}$ then $\bigcap_n A_n = \emptyset$ and yet $\mu(A_n) = \infty$. This does not violate the theorem above since the assumption $\mu(A_1) < \infty$ is clearly violated here.
+
+**Definition 2.33 (Complete measure).** A measure $\mu : \mathrm{Msrbl}(X) \to \mathbb{C}$ is called *complete* iff for any $Z \in \mathrm{Msrbl}(X)$ such that $\mu(Z) = 0$, any subset $A \subseteq Z$ is also measurable $A \in \mathrm{Msrbl}(X)$.**Example 2.34.** We will later on see that the Lebesgue measure $\mu$ on $\mathbb{R}$ is not complete if we insist its domain is $\mathscr{B}(\mathbb{R})$ since there are Lebesgue measurable subsets which are not Borel.
+
+**Theorem 2.35.** Let $(X, m, \mu)$ be a measure space. Define
+
+$$
+\overline{m} := \{ E \in \mathscr{P}(X) \mid \exists A_E, B_E \in {m} : A_E \subseteq E \subseteq B_E \wedge \mu(B_E \setminus A_E) = 0 \}
+$$
+
+and $\bar{\mu} : \overline{{m}} \to \mathbb{C}$ via
+
+$$
+\bar{\mu}(E) := \mu(A_E) \quad (E \in \overline{{m}}).
+$$
+
+Then $\overline{{m}}$ is a $\sigma$-algebra in $X$ and $\bar{\mu}$ is a measure.
+
+*Proof.* TODO
+
+*Claim 2.36.* Let $X, Y$ be two measurable spaces and $\mu : \mathrm{Msrbl}(X) \to [0, \infty]$ be a complete measure. If $f : X \to Y$ is measurable and $g : X \to Y$ equals to $f \mu$-almost-everywhere then $g$ is also measurable.
+
+*Proof.* Let
+
+$$
+N := \{ x \in X \mid f(x) \neq g(x) \}.
+$$
+
+By hypothesis,
+
+$$
+\mu(N) = 0.
+$$
+
+In particular part of the hypothesis is that $N \in \mathrm{Msrbl}(X)$!
+
+Let $A \in \mathrm{Msrbl}(Y)$. We want to show that $g^{-1}(A) \in \mathrm{Msrbl}(X)$. Again, by hypothesis, $f^{-1}(A) \in \mathrm{Msrbl}(X)$.
+
+$$
+\begin{align*} g^{-1}(A) &\equiv \{ x \in X \mid g(x) \in A \} \\ &= [\{ x \in X \mid g(x) \in A \} \cap N] \cup [\{ x \in X \mid g(x) \in A \} \cap N^c] \\ &= [\{ x \in X \mid g(x) \in A \} \cap N] \cup [\{ x \in X \mid f(x) \in A \} \cap N^c] \\ &= [\{ x \in X \mid g(x) \in A \} \cap N] \cup [f^{-1}(A) \cap N^c] \end{align*}
+$$
+
+Since $\mu$ is complete, $\mu(N) = 0$ and
+
+$$
+\{ x \in X \mid g(x) \in A \} \cap N \subseteq N, \\ [\{ x \in X \mid g(x) \in A \} \cap N] \in \mathrm{Msrbl}(X).
+$$
+
+Hence, $g^{-1}(A)$ is a $\sigma$-algebra-closed combination of procedures on measurable sets, and is hence measurable itself. $\square$
+
+**Definition 2.37 (sigma-finite measure).** A measure $\mu : \mathrm{Msrbl}(X) \to \mathbb{C}$ is called *sigma-finite* iff $\forall A \in \mathrm{Msrbl}(X)$, there is a sequence $\{ E_i \}_{i=1}^\infty \subseteq \mathrm{Msrbl}(X)$ such that $A \subseteq \bigcup_{i=1}^\infty E_i$ and $\mu(E_i) < \infty$ for all $i \in \mathbb{N}$.
+
+**Example 2.38.** The counting measure $c : \mathscr{P}(X) \to [0, \infty]$ is not $\sigma$-finite if $X$ is uncountable.
+
+**Example 2.39.** We will see that the Lebesgue measure on $\mathbb{R}$ is $\sigma$-finite.
+
+## 2.5 Integrating positive functions
+
+Given a *positive* measure $\mu : \mathrm{Msrbl}(X) \to [0, \infty]$, we now proceed to define the Lebesgue integral associated to $\mu$.
+
+**Definition 2.40** (The Lebesgue integral of positive simple measurable functions). Let $s = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_i \chi_{A_i}$ be a nonnegative measurable simple function. Then we define the integral of $s$ on a set w.r.t. $\mu$ as
+
+$$
+\int_E s d\mu := \sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_i \mu (A_i \cap E) \quad (E \in \text{Msrbl}(X)). \qquad (2.6)
+$$
+
+We use the convention $0 \cdot \infty = 0$ in case $\alpha_i = 0$ yet $\mu(A_i \cap E) = \infty$.
+
+**Definition 2.41** (The Lebesgue integral of positive functions). Let $f: X \to [0, \infty]$ be measurable. Then
+
+$$
+\int_E f d\mu := \sup_S \int_E s d\mu
+$$
+
+where the supremum ranges over all simple measurable functions $s$ which obey $0 \le s \le f$. Note if $f$ is simple the two definitions coincide, since then the supremum is attained on $f$ itself.
+
+**Example 2.42** (The integral against the counting measure). Recall the counting measure from Example 2.30
+
+$$
+S \stackrel{c}{\mapsto} |S|.
+$$
+
+What then is
+
+$$
+\int_S f d\mu?
+$$
+
+We claim that if $S$ is countable then
+
+$$
+\int_S f d\mu = \sum_{x \in S} f(x).
+$$
+
+(If $S$ is not countable then the expression $\sum_{x \in S} f(x)$ requires a bit more definition) To prove this however we will need a limit theorem (see Claim 2.50 below for the proof). We contend ourselves with just the simple function case for now. Let $f = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_i \chi_{A_i}$ be a simple function. Then
+
+$$
+\int_S f d\mu = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_i c(S \cap A_i) = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_i |S \cap A_i|
+$$
+
+since, by definition, $A_i \equiv f^{-1}(\{\alpha_i\}) \equiv \{x \in X \mid f(x) = \alpha_i\}$, we get the result of the claim.
+
+**Example 2.43** (The integral against the delta measure). Recall the delta measure $\delta_{x_0}$ from Example 2.31. If $f: X \to Y$ is measurable, then what is $\int_S f d\delta_{x_0}$? We claim
+
+$$
+\int_S f d\delta_{x_0} = \chi_S(x_0) f(x_0).
+$$Indeed, by definition,
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\int_S f \, d\delta_{x_0} &= \sup_{\substack{s \text{ simple s.t.} \\ 0 \le s \le f}} \int_S s \, d\delta_{x_0} \\
+&= \sup_{\substack{s \text{ simple s.t.} \\ 0 \le s \le f}} \sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i \delta_{x_0} (A_i \cap S) \\
+&= \sup_{\substack{s \text{ simple s.t.} \\ 0 \le s \le f}} \sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i \chi_{A_i \cap S} (x_0) \\
+&= \sup_{\substack{s \text{ simple s.t.} \\ 0 \le s \le f}} \chi_S (x_0) s (x_0) \\
+&= \chi_S (x_0) \sup_{\substack{s \text{ simple s.t.} \\ 0 \le s \le f}} s (x_0) \\
+&= \chi_S (x_0) f (x_0) .
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+**Proposition 2.44.** In the following statements, all functions are assumed to be measurable from a measure space *X* into [0, ∞] and all sets are elements of Msrbl(*X*):
+
+1. If $0 \le f \le g$ then
+
+$$
+\int_E f d\mu \le \int_E g d\mu. \tag{2.7}
+$$
+
+2. If $A \subseteq B$ and $f \ge 0$ then $\int_A f d\mu \le \int_B f d\mu$.
+
+3. If $f \ge 0$ and $c \in [0, \infty)$ then
+
+$$
+\int_E c f \, d\mu = c \int_E f \, d\mu . \tag{2.8}
+$$
+
+4. If $f = 0$ for all $x \in E$ then $\int_E f d\mu = 0$. Note this holds even if $\mu(E) = \infty$.
+
+5. If $\mu(E) = 0$ then
+
+$$
+\int_E f d\mu = 0 \tag{2.9}
+$$
+
+, even if $f$ takes on the value $\infty$ on $E$.
+
+6. If $f \ge 0$ then
+
+$$
+\int_E f \, d\mu = \int_X \chi_E f \, d\mu . \tag{2.10}
+$$
+
+**Proposition 2.45.** Let $s: X \to [0, \infty)$ be a measurable simple function and $\mu: \text{Msrbl}(X) \to [0, \infty]$ be a positive measure. Define $\varphi: \text{Msrbl}(X) \to [0, \infty]$ via
+
+$$
+\varphi(E) := \int_E s d\mu \quad (E \in \text{Msrbl}(X)).
+$$
+
+Then $\varphi$ is also a measure on $\text{Msrbl}(X)$.
+
+*Proof.* Since $\mu$ is a measure, $\mu(\emptyset) = 0$ so that $\varphi(\emptyset) = 0$ via (2.9) and this satisfies the first condition on a measure having at least one measurable set not have infinite-measure.
+
+Next, we verify the countable additivity. Let $\{A_n\}_n \subseteq \text{Msrbl}(X)$ be a sequence of pairwise disjoint sets and write
+
+$$
+s = \sum_{j=1}^{J} \alpha_j \chi_{B_j} .
+$$
+
+
+Then
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\varphi \left( \bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} A_n \right) &= \int_{\bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} A_n} \mathrm{sd}\mu \\
+&= \sum_{j=1}^{J} \alpha_j \mu \left( B_j \cap \bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty} A_n \right) \\
+&= \sum_{j=1}^{J} \alpha_j \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \mu (B_j \cap A_n) \\
+&= \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \sum_{j=1}^{J} \alpha_j \mu (B_j \cap A_n) \\
+&= \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \int_{A_n} \mathrm{sd}\mu \\
+&= \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \varphi (A_n) .
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+**Proposition 2.46.** (Additivity of integral on simple functions) Let $s, t : X \to [0, \infty)$ be two measurable simple functions and $\mu : \mathrm{Msrbl}(X) \to [0, \infty]$ be a positive measure. Then
+
+$$
+\int_X (s+t) \, d\mu = \int_X s \, d\mu + \int_X t \, d\mu.
+$$
+
+*Proof.* Write $s = \alpha_1 \chi_{A_1} + \dots + \alpha_n \chi_{A_n}$ and $t = \beta_1 \chi_{B_1} + \dots + \beta_m \chi_{B_m}$. Then
+
+$$
+s + t = \alpha_1 \chi_{A_1} + \dots + \alpha_n \chi_{A_n} + \beta_1 \chi_{B_1} + \dots + \beta_m \chi_{B_m}
+$$
+
+is *not* necessarily of the form *Definition 2.24* since there might be intersections between the $A_i$'s and the $B_j$'s, and
+on those intersections, the value of $s+t$ is $\alpha_i + \beta_j$. Hence let us write
+
+$$
+s + t = \gamma_1 \chi_{C_1} + \dots + \gamma_l \chi_{C_l}
+$$
+
+where the $\gamma$'s and $C$'s correctly account for the intersections. Then we are allowed to write
+
+$$
+\int_X (s+t) \, d\mu \equiv \gamma_1 \mu(C_1) + \dots + \gamma_l \mu(C_l) .
+$$
+
+Now, when $\gamma_i = \alpha_{i_r} + \beta_{i_p}$, that means we are on an intersection, in which case we can write that intersection set $C_{ij}$ as $C_{ij} = A_i \cap B_j$ and then
+
+$$
+A_i = (A_i \setminus B_j) \sqcup C_{ij}
+$$
+
+and similarly
+
+$$
+B_j = (B_j \setminus A_i) \sqcup C_{ij}
+$$
+
+and hence the result.
+
+## 2.6 Limit theorems I
+
+The importance of the following result on sequences of *positive* measurable functions cannot be overstated.
+
+**Theorem 2.47** (Lebesgue's monotone convergence). Let $f_n : X \to [0, \infty]$ be a sequence of measurable functions such that
+
+$$
+f_n(x) \le f_{n+1}(x) \quad (x \in X, n \in \mathbb{N}). \qquad (2.11)
+$$
+
+Assume further that $f_n$ converges pointwise. Then (as we saw in Corollary 2.23) $\lim_n f_n$ is measurable and
+
+$$
+\lim_n \left( \int_X f_n \, d\mu \right) = \int_X \left( \lim_n f_n \right) \, d\mu.
+$$
+
+*Proof.* The monotonicity (2.11) implies that
+
+$$
+\int_X f_n \, d\mu \le \int_X f_{n+1} \, d\mu \quad (n \in \mathbb{N})
+$$
+
+so that $\int_X f_n d\mu \subseteq [0, \infty]$ is a monotone increasing sequence of numbers, and as such necessarily has a (possibly infinite) limit in $[0, \infty]$. Moreover, we also have
+
+$$
+f_n \le \lim_{\tilde{n}} f_{\tilde{n}} \quad (n \in \mathbb{N})
+$$
+
+and by Corollary 2.23, $\lim_n f_n$ is measurable too, so
+
+$$
+\int_X f_n \, d\mu \le \int_X \left( \lim_{\tilde{n}} f_{\tilde{n}} \right) \, d\mu \quad (n \in \mathbb{N})
+$$
+
+and taking the limit of both sides of this w.r.t. $n$ we obtain
+
+$$
+\lim_n \int_X f_n \, d\mu \le \int_X \left( \lim_n f_n \right) \, d\mu.
+$$
+
+For the other direction, let $s$ be a simple measurable function such that $0 \le s \le \lim_n f_n$ and $c \in (0, 1)$. In particular, $0 \le cs < \lim_n f_n$ when $\lim_n f_n > 0$. Then defining
+
+$$
+E_n := \{ x \in X \mid f_n(x) \ge cs(x) \} \quad (n \in \mathbb{N})
+$$
+
+which are all measurable, and obey $E_n \subseteq E_{n+1}$ by (2.11). We claim that $X = \bigcup_n E_n$. Indeed, let $x \in X$. Then either $\lim_n f_n(x) = 0$ in which case $s(x) = 0$ so that $x \in E_1$. Otherwise, $\lim_n f_n(x) > 0$, so $cs(x) < \lim_n f_n(x)$ and so there must be some $n$ such that $f_n(x) \ge cs(x)$ and for that $n$, $x \in E_n$.
+
+Finally,
+
+$$
+\int_X f_n \, d\mu \ge \int_{E_n} f_n \, d\mu \ge c \int_{E_n} s \, d\mu \quad (n \in \mathbb{N}).
+$$
+
+Taking the limit $n \to \infty$ of both sides we obtain
+
+$$
+\lim_n \int_X f_n \, d\mu \ge c \lim_n \int_{E_n} s \, d\mu.
+$$
+
+By the above, we know that $s, \mu$ define a new measure $E \mapsto \int_E s \, d\mu$ on $X$, and applying the monotonicity result (2.4) we obtain
+
+$$
+\lim_n \int_X f_n \, d\mu \ge c \int_X s \, d\mu.
+$$
+
+Now take the limit $c \to 1$ here to get
+
+$$
+\lim_n \int_X f_n \, d\mu \ge \int_X s \, d\mu.
+$$Now take the supremum over simple functions $s$ obeying $0 \le s \le \lim_n f_n$ to get
+
+$$
+\lim_{n} \int_{X} f_{n} d\mu \geq \int_{X} \lim_{n} f_{n} d\mu
+$$
+
+which is what we were trying to show.
+
+**Theorem 2.48** (Exchanging the sum with the integral). Let $f, g : X \to [0, \infty]$ be measurable. Then
+
+$$
+\int_X (f + g) d\mu = \int_X f d\mu + \int_X g d\mu .
+$$
+
+*Proof.* Let $s_n, t_n$ be sequences of positive measurable functions which approximate $f, g$ respectively, according to Theorem 2.27. Since these approximating sequences are monotone, we have by Theorem 2.47 that
+
+$$
+\lim_{n} \int_{X} s_{n} d\mu = \int_{X} f d\mu .
+$$
+
+Moreover, we know that $s_n + t_n$ is a sequence of positive simple functions which approximates $f + g$ monotonically from below. Hence again via Theorem 2.47
+
+$$
+\lim_{n} \int_{X} (s_{n} + t_{n}) d\mu = \int_{X} (f + g) d\mu .
+$$
+
+But by Proposition 2.46 we know that
+
+$$
+\int_X (s_n + t_n) d\mu = \int_X s_n d\mu + \int_X t_n d\mu
+$$
+
+since these are simple functions.
+
+**Theorem 2.49** (Exchanging series summation with the integral). Let $f_n : X \to [0, \infty]$ be a sequence of measurable functions. Then
+
+$$
+\int_X \left( \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} f_n \right) d\mu = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \left( \int_X f_n d\mu \right) .
+$$
+
+*Proof.* The sequence of partial sums $\sum_{n=1}^{N} f_n$ itself converges monotonically to $f$ from below, so we apply Theorem 2.47 to it, after applying Theorem 2.48 $N$ times on the partial sum. $\square$
+
+*Claim 2.50.* If $f : X \to [0, \infty]$ and $X$ is countable, and $c : \mathscr{P}(X) \to [0, \infty]$ is the counting measure, then
+
+$$
+\int_S f d\mu = \sum_{x \in S} f(x) .
+$$
+
+*Proof.* Since $X$ is countable, let $\eta : \mathbb{N} \to X$ be an enumeration of it. Let us then define, for each $n \in \mathbb{N}$, the simple function
+
+$$
+s_n(x) := \chi_{\{1, \dots, n\}} (\eta^{-1}(x)) f(x) = \sum_{j=1}^{n} f(\eta_j) \chi_{\{\eta_j\}}(x) \quad (x \in X) .
+$$
+
+Then clearly $s_n \to f$ pointwise, and since $f \ge 0$, $s_n \ge 0$. In fact $s_{n+1} \ge s_n$ for all $n \in \mathbb{N}$ so this sequence obeys theconditions of the monotone convergence theorem. Then
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\int_S f \, d\mathscr{c} &= \lim_{n} \int_S s_n \, d\mathscr{c} \\
+&= \lim_{n} \sum_{j=1}^{n} f(\eta_j) |S \cap \{\eta_j\}| \\
+&= \sum_{x \in S} f(x).
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+
+
+*Remark 2.51.* If *X* is *not* countable we can still make sense of this, however, then we need a definition of
+
+$$
+\sum_{x \in X} f(x)
+$$
+
+for $X$ uncountable. One such possible definition which is common is
+
+$$
+\sum_{x \in X} f(x) := \sup_{F \subseteq X : |F| < \infty} \sum_{x \in F} f(x) .
+$$
+
+It turns out that with this definition the integral against the counting measure is precisely $\sum_{x \in X} f(x)$ but we do not pursue this here.
+
+Yet another corollary of Theorem 2.47 is the fact we can exchange double summation on positive double sequences.
+
+**Corollary 2.52.** If $a : \mathbb{N}^2 \to [0, \infty]$ is a double-sequence then
+
+$$
+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \sum_{m=1}^{\infty} a_{nm} = \sum_{m=1}^{\infty} \sum_{n=1}^{\infty} a_{nm} .
+$$
+
+*Proof.* We set up the problem as $\mathbb{N}$ being our measure space with $\mathrm{Msrbl}(\mathbb{N}) := \mathscr{P}(\mathbb{N})$ and we choose $c$ as the counting measure. Then for any $M \in \mathbb{N}$ we define $b_M : \mathbb{N} \to [0, \infty]$ via
+
+$$
+b_M(n) := \sum_{m=1}^{M} a_{nm} \quad (n \in \mathbb{N}).
+$$
+
+This is an increasing positive sequence so Theorem 2.47 applies to it:
+
+$$
+\lim_{M \to \infty} \int_{\mathbb{N}} b_M \, d\mathscr{c} = \int_{\mathbb{N}} \lim_{M \to \infty} b_M \, d\mathscr{c}. \qquad (2.12)
+$$
+
+By Claim 2.50 the LHS of (2.12) equals
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\lim_{M \to \infty} \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}} b_M(n) &= \lim_{M \to \infty} \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \sum_{m=1}^{M} a_{nm} \\
+&= \lim_{M \to \infty} \sum_{m=1}^{M} \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}} a_{nm} \\
+&= \sum_{m \in \mathbb{N}} \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}} a_{nm}.
+\end{align*}
+$$On the other hand the RHS of (2.12) yields
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\int_{\mathbb{N}} \lim_{M \to \infty} b_M \mathrm{d}c &= \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \lim_{M \to \infty} b_M (n) \\
+&= \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \lim_{M \to \infty} \sum_{m=1}^{M} a_{nm} \\
+&= \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \sum_{m \in \mathbb{N}} a_{nm}.
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+**Lemma 2.53 (Fatou’s).** Let $f_n : X \to [0, \infty]$ be a measurable sequence on a measure space $(X, \mathrm{Msrbl}(X), \mu)$. Then
+
+$$
+\int_X \left( \liminf_n f_n \right) d\mu \le \liminf_{n \to \infty} \int_X f_n d\mu .
+$$
+
+*Proof.* We use the characterization of $\liminf$ given in (2.1). Then
+
+$$
+\liminf_{n \to \infty} f_n = \lim_{n \to \infty} \left( \inf_{m \ge n} f_m \right) = \sup_{n \in \mathbb{N}} \inf_{m \ge n} f_m .
+$$
+
+Hence, let us define the sequence $g_n := \inf_{m \ge n} f_m$. Then $g_n \le f_n$ and so
+
+$$
+\int_X g_n \mathrm{d}\mu \le \int_X f_n \mathrm{d}\mu \quad (n \in \mathbb{N}). \tag{2.13}
+$$
+
+Moreover, $g_n$ is an increasing measurable sequence whose limit is $\liminf_{n \to \infty} f_n$, So applying Theorem 2.47 to
+this sequence we find
+
+$$
+\lim_{n \to \infty} \int_X g_n \, d\mu = \int_X \lim_{n \to \infty} g_n \, d\mu \\
+\qquad \Updownarrow \\
+\lim_{n \to \infty} \int_X g_n \, d\mu = \int_X \left( \liminf_{n \to \infty} f_n \right) \, d\mu .
+$$
+
+Hence taking the $\liminf$ on (2.13) we find
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\liminf_n \int_X f_n \mathrm{d}\mu &\ge \liminf_n \int_X g_n \mathrm{d}\mu \\
+&= \lim_n \int_X g_n \mathrm{d}\mu \\
+&= \int_X \left( \liminf_{n \to \infty} f_n \right) \mathrm{d}\mu
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+which is what we were trying to show.
+
+With the monotone convergence theorem we can also generalize Proposition 2.45 from simple functions to general measurable functions.
+
+**Theorem 2.54.** Let $f : X \to [0, \infty]$ be measurable and define $\varphi : \mathrm{Msrbl}(X) \to [0, \infty]$ via
+
+$$
+\varphi(E) := \int_E f \, d\mu \quad (E \in \mathrm{Msrbl}(X)).
+$$
+
+Then $\varphi$ is a positive measure on $\mathrm{Msrbl}(X)$ and
+
+$$
+\int_X g d\varphi = \int_X g f \, d\mu \quad (g : X \to [0, \infty] \text{ measurable}).
+$$
+
+*Proof.* Since $\mu$ is a measure, $\mu(\emptyset) = 0$ so that $\varphi(\emptyset) = 0$ via (2.9). Next, we want to verify countable additivity of $\varphi$. To that end, let $\{A_i\}_{i\in\mathbb{N}}$ be a sequence of pairwise disjoint measurable sets. Our goal is to show that $\varphi\left(\bigcup_{i \in \mathbb{N}} A_{i}\right) = \sum_{i \in \mathbb{N}} \varphi\left(A_{i}\right)$.
+
+Then using (2.10) we have
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\varphi \left( \bigcup_{i \in \mathbb{N}} A_i \right) &= \int_{\bigcup_{i \in \mathbb{N}}} A_i f \, d\mu \\
+&= \int_X \left( \chi_{\bigcup_{i \in \mathbb{N}}} A_i f \right) \, d\mu \\
+&= \int_X \left( \sum_{i \in \mathbb{N}} \chi_{A_i} f \right) \, d\mu
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+Now using Theorem 2.49 we get
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\varphi \left( \bigcup_{i \in \mathbb{N}} A_i \right) &= \sum_{i \in \mathbb{N}} \int_X \chi_{A_i} f \, d\mu \\
+&= \sum_{i \in \mathbb{N}} \int_{A_i} f \, d\mu \\
+&= \sum_{i \in \mathbb{N}} \varphi(A_i)
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+which is what we wanted to prove. $\square$
+
+## 2.7 Integrating complex-valued functions
+
+Here again
+
+$(X, \mathrm{Msrbl}(X), \mu)$
+
+is a measure space. As we mentioned above in the beginning of Section 2.3, we shall write a so-called *polarization identity*. For any $f: X \to \mathbb{C}$, we may decompose it as the complex linear combination of four non-negative functions as
+
+$$
+f = \mathbb{Re}\{f\}^{+} - \mathbb{Re}\{f\}^{-} + i\mathbb{I}\mathrm{m}\{f\}^{+} - i\mathbb{I}\mathrm{m}\{f\}^{-}. \quad (2.14)
+$$
+
+However, as it turns out, we don't want to just define
+
+$$
+\int_E f d\mu := \int_E \mathbb{Re}\{f\}^+ d\mu - \int_E \mathbb{Re}\{f\}^- d\mu + i \int_E \mathbb{I}\mathrm{m}\{f\}^+ d\mu - i \int_E \mathbb{I}\mathrm{m}\{f\}^- d\mu \quad (2.15)
+$$
+
+because that might cause some weird algebraic cancelations of the form $\infty - i\infty$. For that reason, we prefer to first define
+
+**Definition 2.55 (L¹ (X, μ) space).** Recall that if $f: X \to \mathbb{C}$ is measurable, then so is $|f|: X \to [0, \infty)$ by Corollary 2.23. It is then legitimate to consider the integral
+
+$$
+\int_X |f| \, d\mu
+$$
+
+and using it we define the space
+
+$$
+L^1(X, \mu) := \left\{ f : X \to \mathbb{C} \mid f \text{ is msrbl. and } \int_X |f| \, d\mu < \infty \right\}.
+$$
+
+We then only define (2.15) only for $f \in L^1(X, \mu)$. We note that since
+
+$$
+\mathbb{Re}\{f\}^{+} \le |f|
+$$
+
+etc we have
+
+$$
+\int_X f d\mu \le 4 \int_X |f| \, d\mu
+$$
+
+but actually we will quickly get rid of the factor 4 in Theorem 2.60 below.
+
+**Theorem 2.56.** $L^1(X, \mu)$ is a $\mathbb{C}$-vector space.
+
+*Proof.* We want to show that if $f, g \in L^1(X, \mu)$ and $\alpha \in \mathbb{C}$ then $\alpha f + g \in L^1(X, \mu)$ too. First, we know that $\alpha f + g$ is measurable by Theorem 2.20. Moreover,
+
+$$
+|\alpha f + g| \leq |\alpha| |f| + |g|
+$$
+
+so that
+
+$$
+\int_X |\alpha f + g| \leq |\alpha| \int_X |f| \, d\mu + \int_X |g| \, d\mu < \infty.
+$$
+
+**Theorem 2.57.** The map
+
+$$
+\int_X \cdot d\mu : L^1(X, \mu) \to \mathbb{C}
+$$
+
+is itself $\mathbb{C}$-linear, so that the integral is a linear functional on the $\mathbb{C}$-vector space $L^1(X, \mu)$.
+
+*Proof.* Let $f, g \in L^1(X, \mu)$ and $\alpha \in \mathbb{C}$. We want to show that
+
+$$
+\int_X (\alpha f + g) d\mu = \alpha \int_X f d\mu + \int_X g d\mu. \qquad (2.16)
+$$
+
+To that end, let $u, v \in L^1(X, \mu)$ be two real-valued functions. Set $h := u + v$ and note that the decomposition into the positive and negative parts obeys
+
+$$
+h^+ - h^- = u^+ - u^- + v^+ - v^-
+$$
+
+‡
+
+$$
+h^+ + u^- + v^- = u^+ + v^+ + h^-.
+$$
+
+Each side of this latter equation is non-negative, and so obeys additivity as stipulated by Theorem 2.48, i.e.,
+
+$$
+\int_X h^+ d\mu + \int_X u^- d\mu + \int_X v^- d\mu = \int_X u^+ d\mu + \int_X v^+ d\mu + \int_X h^- d\mu.
+$$
+
+By the $u, v \in L^1$, each of these integrals is finite, so we may move sides again to get
+
+$$
+\int_X h^+ d\mu - \int_X h^- d\mu = \int_X u^+ d\mu - \int_X u^- d\mu + \int_X v^+ d\mu - \int_X v^- d\mu.
+$$
+
+Now by definition in (2.15) we have
+
+$$
+\int_X h d\mu = \int_X h^+ d\mu - \int_X h^- d\mu
+$$
+
+and similarly for $u, v$, so we get
+
+$$
+\int_X (u + v) d\mu = \int_X u d\mu + \int_X v d\mu
+$$
+
+which is additivity for real-valued functions. Also note that if $u = u^+ - u^-$ is the decomposition into positive and negative parts of $u : X \to \mathbb{R}$, then $-u = -u^+ + u^-$ so the positive and negative parts switch and so
+
+$$
+\begin{align*} \int_X (-u) d\mu &\equiv \int_X u^- d\mu - \int_X u^+ d\mu \\ &= - \left( \int_X u^+ d\mu - \int_X u^- d\mu \right) \\ &= - \int_X u d\mu \end{align*}
+$$so that still with $u, v : X \to \mathbb{R}$
+
+$$
+\int_X (u - v) d\mu = \int_X u d\mu + \int_X (-v) d\mu = \int_X u d\mu - \int_X v d\mu
+$$
+
+and
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \int_X (u + iv) d\mu &\equiv \int_X u^+ d\mu - \int_X u^- d\mu + i \int_X v^+ d\mu - i \int_X v^- d\mu \\ &= \int_E u d\mu + i \int_X v d\mu. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+Finally, we learn then that if $f, g : X \to \mathbb{C}$ then
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \int_X (f + g) d\mu &= \int_X (\mathbb{R}e\{f + g\} + i \mathbb{I}m\{f + g\}) d\mu \\ &= \int_X \mathbb{R}e\{f + g\} d\mu + i \int_X \mathbb{I}m\{f + g\} d\mu \\ &= \int_X (\mathbb{R}e\{f\} + \mathbb{R}e\{g\}) d\mu + i \int_X (\mathbb{I}m\{f\} + \mathbb{I}m\{g\}) d\mu \\ &= \int_X \mathbb{R}e\{f\} d\mu + \int_X \mathbb{R}e\{g\} d\mu + i \int_X \mathbb{I}m\{f\} d\mu + i \int_X \mathbb{I}m\{g\} d\mu \\ &= \int_X f d\mu + \int_X g d\mu. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+Now we want to show that $\int \alpha f d\mu = \alpha \int_X f d\mu$ for any $\alpha \in \mathbb{C}$ and $f \in L^1$. To that end, we already know from (2.8) that if $\alpha \ge 0$ then
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \int_X \alpha f d\mu &\equiv \int_E \mathbb{R}e\{\alpha f\}^+ d\mu - \int_E \mathbb{R}e\{\alpha f\}^- d\mu + i \int_E \mathbb{I}m\{\alpha f\}^+ d\mu - i \int_E \mathbb{I}m\{\alpha f\}^- d\mu \\ &= \int_E \alpha \mathbb{R}e\{f\}^+ d\mu - \int_E \alpha \mathbb{R}e\{f\}^- d\mu + i \int_E \alpha \mathbb{I}m\{f\}^+ d\mu - i \int_E \alpha \mathbb{I}m\{f\}^- d\mu \\ &= \alpha \int_E \mathbb{R}e\{f\}^+ d\mu - \alpha \int_E \mathbb{R}e\{f\}^- d\mu + i\alpha \int_E \mathbb{I}m\{f\}^+ d\mu - i\alpha \int_E \mathbb{I}m\{f\}^- d\mu \\ &= \alpha \int_X f d\mu. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+Clearly if $\alpha = -1$ or $\alpha = i$ then this just rearranges the quadruplet $\mathbb{R}e\{f\}^+, \mathbb{R}e\{f\}^-, \mathbb{I}m\{f\}^+, \mathbb{I}m\{f\}^-$. $\square$
+
+**Corollary 2.58.** We may exchange real and imaginary parts with integration.
+
+*Claim 2.59.* If $u, v : X \to \mathbb{R}$ are $L^1$ and $u \le v$ then $\int_X u d\mu \le \int_X v d\mu$.
+
+*Proof.* We have
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} u^+ - u^- &\le v^+ - v^- \\ &\Downarrow \\ u^+ + v^- &\le v^+ + u^- . \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+Now invoking (2.7) we get
+
+$$
+\int_X (u^+ + v^-) d\mu \le \int_X (v^+ + u^-) d\mu.
+$$
+
+Using Theorem 2.57 and re-arranging we obtain the result. $\square$
+
+**Theorem 2.60** (The triangle inequality). For all $f \in L^1(\mu)$ we have
+
+$$
+\left| \int_X f d\mu \right| \le \int_X |f| d\mu .
+$$
+
+*Proof.* If $\int_X f d\mu = 0$ we are finished. Otherwise,
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+0 &< \left| \int_X f d\mu \right| \\
+&= \frac{\int_X f d\mu}{\left( \int_X f d\mu / \left| \int_X f d\mu \right| \right)} \\
+&= \int_X \left[ \frac{1}{\left( \int_X f d\mu / \left| \int_X f d\mu \right| \right)} \right] f d\mu
+\end{aligned}
+$$
+
+where in the last line we simply inserted the scalar into the integral thanks to linearity Theorem 2.57. Taking the real part of the equation
+
+$$
+\left| \int_X f d\mu \right| = \int_X \left[ \frac{1}{\left( \int_X f d\mu / \left| \int_X f d\mu \right| \right)} \right] f d\mu
+$$
+
+yields
+
+$$
+\left| \int_X f d\mu \right| = \mathbb{Re} \left\{ \int_X \left[ \frac{1}{\left( \int_X f d\mu / \left| \int_X f d\mu \right| \right)} \right] f d\mu \right\} = \int_X \mathbb{Re} \left\{ \left[ \frac{1}{\left( \int_X f d\mu / \left| \int_X f d\mu \right| \right)} \right] f \right\} d\mu .
+$$
+
+Next, thanks to Claim 2.59 and $u \le |u|$ for $u \in L^1$ which is real valued, we have
+
+$$
+\left| \int_X f d\mu \right| \le \int_X \left| \mathbb{Re} \left\{ \left[ \frac{1}{\left( \int_X f d\mu / \left| \int_X f d\mu \right| \right)} \right] f \right\} \right| d\mu \le \int_X \left| \left[ \frac{1}{\left( \int_X f d\mu / \left| \int_X f d\mu \right| \right)} \right] f \right| d\mu
+$$
+
+where in the last inequality we used $|\mathbb{Re}\{z\}| \le |z|$ and then Claim 2.59 once more. But we note that
+$1$ so we obtain
+
+$$
+\left| \int_X f d\mu \right| \le \int_X |f| d\mu
+$$
+
+which is what we were trying to show. $\square$
+
+## 2.8 Limit theorems II
+
+We come to a basic result in Lebesgue integration, one of the most powerful limit theorems.
+
+**Theorem 2.61** (Lebesgue dominated convergence). Let $f_n : X \to \mathbb{C}$ be a sequence of measurable functions which converges pointwise on X. Assume further there is some $g \in L^1(\mu)$ which dominates the entire sequence:
+
+$$
+|f_n(x)| \le g(x) \quad (x \in X, n \in \mathbb{N}). \qquad (2.17)
+$$
+
+(note this inequality automatically implies $\mathrm{im}(g) \subseteq [0, \infty)$)
+Then $\lim_{n} f_{n} \in L^{1}(\mu)$,
+
+$$
+\lim_{n} \int_{X} \left| f_{n} - \lim_{n'} f_{n'} \right| d\mu = 0
+$$
+
+and
+
+$$
+\lim_{n} \int_{X} f_{n} d\mu = \int_{X} \lim_{n} f_{n} d\mu .
+$$*Proof.* Recall from Theorem 2.22 that $\lim_n f_n$ is measurable. Taking the limit on (2.17) we obtain $|\lim_n f_n| \le g$ so that $\lim_n f_n \in L^1(\mu)$ indeed. Moreover, by the triangle inequality we have
+
+$$
+|f_n - \lim_{n'} f_{n'}| \le |f_n| + |\lim_{n'} f_{n'}| \le g + g = 2g
+$$
+
+so that $2g - |f_n - \lim_{n'} f_{n'}| \ge 0$ and hence Fatou's lemma Lemma 2.53 applies to the sequence $\{2g - |f_n - \lim_{n'} f_{n'}|\}_n$. It implies
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\int_X \liminf_n \left[ 2g - \left| f_n - \lim_{n'} f_{n'} \right| \right] d\mu &\le \liminf_n \int_X \left[ 2g - \left| f_n - \lim_{n'} f_{n'} \right| \right] d\mu \\
+&\Updownarrow \\
+\int_X 2gd\mu &\le \liminf_n \int_X 2gd\mu - \limsup_n \int_X \left| f_n - \lim_{n'} f_{n'} \right| d\mu \\
+&\Updownarrow \\
+\limsup_n \int_X \left| f_n - \lim_{n'} f_{n'} \right| d\mu &\le 0 \\
+&\Downarrow \\
+\lim_n \int_X \left| f_n - \lim_{n'} f_{n'} \right| d\mu &= 0.
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+Next, we have by Theorem 2.60 that
+
+$$
+\lim_n \int_X (f_n - \lim_{n'} f_{n'}) d\mu = 0.
+$$
+
+**Corollary 2.62 (The bounded convergence theorem).** Let $(X, \mathrm{Msrbl}(X), \mu)$ be a measure space such that $\mu(X) < \infty$ and assume that $f_n : X \to \mathbb{C}$ is a sequence of measurable functions which converges pointwise and such that
+
+$$
+\sup_n \|f_n\|_{\infty} < \infty.
+$$
+
+Then
+
+$$
+\lim_n \int_X f_n d\mu = \int_X \lim_n f_n d\mu.
+$$
+
+*Proof.* Let $g : X \to \mathbb{C}$ be given by
+
+$$
+g(x) := \sup_n \|f_n\|_{\infty} \quad (x \in X).
+$$
+
+Then as a constant function $g$ is measurable and it dominates the sequence. Moreover, since $\mu(X) < \infty$, $g \in L^1(\mu)$:
+
+$$
+\int_X |g| d\mu = \int_X g d\mu = \left( \sup_n \|f_n\|_{\infty} \right) \mu(X) < \infty.
+$$
+
+Hence, Theorem 2.61 implies the result.
+
+## 2.9 Construction of non-trivial measures [Folland]
+
+In our journey so far we have encountered only two measures: the counting measure and the Dirac delta measure. To get more interesting measures we outline a construction whereby we define not a measure, but an outer measure, on the entire power set $\mathscr{P}(X)$ and then restrict the domain to get an honest measure; see Figure 2. The definition of the outer measure is a bit easier and follows geometric intuition.
+
+*Remark 2.63.* Outer measures are NOT measures according to Definition 2.28.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_4.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_4.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ebdca641903aa49d3fa2a719539302cbc3375830
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_4.md
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# 图解中国决策学·奇门遁甲大全第一部
+
+
+
+北方黑气客有功。若还天英加一地，冬时北方主反利。奇门星位仿此推，人在时方分仔细。”
+
+这首歌诀说的是，无论从奇门格局来看，还是从天盘和地盘的星门宫的刑冲克害生合来看，都还必须同时看其时其方的旺相休囚，这样才能更准确地判断是利主还是利客。
+
+知道了如何判断奇门遁甲中的利主利客，自然在做事时，就可以机动灵活，随机应变，利主就做主；利客就做客，以提高做事的成功率。
+
+### 3. 奇门趋避原则：急则从神缓从门
+
+#### 急则从神
+
+在奇门遁甲趋吉避凶的预测方法中，有一个原则就是急则从神缓从门。所谓“急则从神”，就是在遇到事情危难紧急时，如果没有选择三奇和吉门的时间，可以从天盘值符所在的宫位或地盘值符所在的宫位而选择方位，这样就会比较吉利，没有什么大的危险。比如，惊蛰上元，甲己日，庚午时，此时用阳遁一局，庚午时属甲子旬，值符为天蓬星。此时天盘值符在震三宫，地盘值符在坎一宫，所以在这个时辰遇有急事时，就可以从天盘值符所在的震三宫的正东方向或地盘值符所在的坎一宫的正北方向去采取行动。
+
+#### 缓从门
+
+与急则从神相对的，还有缓从门。所谓“缓从门”，就是当事情不太紧急时，可以比较从容地选择吉利的时间和吉利的方位去采取行动。关于缓从门，主要有以下方法：
+
+一是从时间选择上，要尽量避开五不遇时和时干入墓的方位。五不遇时是指用事的时干克日干，比如甲日庚午时，乙日辛巳时等。时干入墓是指用事时辰的天干落入其墓地所在之宫，比如丙戌时，时干丙落入乾六宫戌墓之方。
+
+二是在避开凶的时辰之后，还要选择最佳方位。在选择吉方时，首先要避开三奇入墓，六仪击刑，年、月、日、时格，大、小、刑格及飞干格、伏宫格和飞宫格等凶格。其次要尽量先择三奇和三吉门所在方位，但还要看办什么事情，比如吊唁送葬则可用死门。除此之外，还要看神盘上的太阴、六合、九天、九地四吉神。在门、星、神三者之中，吉门最重要，吉星、三奇次之，吉神可起辅助作用。
+
+三是选择吉时和吉方时，必须综合运用。此处主要是指门、奇、星、仪是吉
+
+## 导读卷 第五章 奇门遁甲占断：具体决策方法与示例
+
+
+
+白话图解
+
+#### “急则从神缓从门”释义
+
+在奇门遁甲趋吉避凶的选择方位时，有一个原则就是“急则从神缓从门”，下面就详细讲解此句话的意思。
+
+
+
+##### 急则从神
+
+如果遇到急难之事，又来不及排盘时，可以选择天盘值符所在的官位和地盘值符所在的官位。比如阳遁二局丙辛日癸巳时，此时值符为天辅星，天盘值符在兑七官正西方向，地盘值符在巽四官东南方向，所以就可以选择正西和东南方向出行。
+
+
+
+##### 缓从门
+
+如果事情不太紧急，可以从容选择吉时吉方。其原则是：时间上避开五不遇时和时干入墓的方位。方位上要避害开三奇入墓，尽量选择三奇和三吉门所在的方位。此外，在择方时必须结合节令和所昨官位看门、奇、星、仪的旺相休囚。
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_40.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_40.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6308a5b679c96db9fea69837b51acb26389b7b0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_40.md
@@ -0,0 +1,952 @@
+
+
+力彩™/Lcolor™
+
+产品特点Product features
+
+力彩™铝合金地垫是毯面镶嵌到铝合金凹槽里，可铺设于室内外门厅和通道区域，具有刮沙、除污、吸湿和防滑功能，同时铝合金承重能力出色，可通行各式推车等交通工具。铝合金地垫可铺设于井坑内，于地面平齐，也可直接放于地面之上，四周可加装饰边，为到访的宾客提供了安全的保障。
+
+Aluminium alloy mat is assembled carpet into the aluminium alloy slot, can be laid on the indoor and outdoor hall. It has the functions of sand scraping, scrabbing the dirt, moisture absorption and anti slip, at the same time because its good force bearing, allow all kinds of vehicles. It can be laid into the groove, flush with the ground, also can put on the ground directly, surrounded by adding a decorative edge to provide security guarantee for visiting guests.
+
+
+
+
+
+两种铺设方式Two laying methods
+
+
+
+
+
+技术参数Technical specifications
+
+
+
+
+| 产品材质Material |
+6063-T5阳极氧化处理6063-T5 anodic oxidation treatment |
+室外耐温范围Temperature Resistance |
+-30℃~50℃ |
+
+
+| 厚度Height |
+22mm |
+凹槽深度Groove depth |
+22mm（±2mm） |
+
+
+| 壁厚wall thickness重量weight |
+
+1.0mm（比利时: 5.9kg/m、橡胶条: 11.6kg/m、毛刷: 10.3kg/m、毯面+橡胶: 7.6kg/m、毯面+铲刀: 6.6kg/m、橡胶+铲刀: 11.5kg/m）
+1.2mm（比利时: 9.8kg/m、橡胶条: 15.5kg/m、毛刷: 14.2kg/m、毯面+橡胶: 11.5kg/m、毯面+铲刀: 10.5kg/m、橡胶+铲刀: 15.4kg/m）
+1.5mm（比利时: 14.3g/m、橡胶条: 20kg/m、毛刷: 18.7kg/m、毯面+橡胶: 16kg/m、毯面+铲刀: 15kg/m、橡胶+铲刀: 19.9kg/m）
+2.0mm（比利时: 17.9kg/m、橡胶条: 23.6kg/m、毛刷: 22.3kg/m、毯面+橡胶: 19.6kg/m、毯面+铲刀: 18.6kg/m、橡胶+铲刀: 23.5kg/m）
+ |
+
+
+| 边条Edge |
+L边框: 0.25 kg/m斜边款: 0.8 kg/m |
+承重力Weight capacity |
+1000kg/m2-3000kg/m2 |
+
+
+| 阻燃性Fire resistance |
+GB8624-2012:B2 |
+安装方法Install method |
+直接置于地面或者置于凹槽install in the groove directly or on the ground |
+
+
+| 人流量Footfall |
+≥10000 |
+产地Place of original |
+中国 China |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+德国汉堡 Ballindamm 商业中心
+
+## 力祥™/Lshine™
+
+### 产品特点 Product features
+
+力祥™铝合金地垫是毯面镶嵌到铝合金凹槽里,可铺设于室内外门厅和通道区域,具有刮沙、除污、吸湿和防滑功能,同时铝合金承重能力出色,可通行各式推车等交通工具。铝合金地垫可铺设于井坑内,于地面平齐,也可直接放于地面之上,四周可加装饰边,为到访的宾客提供了安全的保障。
+
+Aluminium alloy mat is assembled carpet insert the aluminium alloy slot, can be laid on the indoor and outdoor hall. It has the functions of sand scraping, scrabbing the dirt, moisture absorption and anti slip, at the same time because its good force bearing, allow all kinds of vehicles. It can be laid into the groove, flush with the ground, also can put on the ground directly, surrounded by adding a decorative edge to provide security guarantee for visiting guests.
+
+
+
+天津 国际会展中心
+
+
+
+北京 银河SOHO
+
+## 技术参数 Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 6063-T5阳极氧化处理6063-T5 anodic oxidation treatment | | 产品高度Product size | 12mm、18mm、20mm | | 壁厚wall thickness | 1.5mm、2.0mm | | 承重力Weight capacity | 1000kg/m²-3000kg/m² | | 安装方法Install method | 直接置于地面或者置于凹槽install in the groove directly or on the ground | | 凹槽深度Groove depth | 12mm (±2mm) | | 产地Place of Original | 中国China | | 适用范围Application | 室外以及入户门处Outdoor and entrance door |
+
+## 两种铺设方式 Two laying methods
+
+
+
+嵌入式
+
+
+
+直铺式
+
+
+
+全毯面
+
+
+
+全橡胶
+
+
+
+全刷子
+
+
+
+毯面+橡胶
+
+
+
+刷子+橡胶
+
+
+
+毯面+刷子
+
+多种毯面组合方式
+Multiple carpet surface combination methods.
+
+两端有可裁切伸缩条，可以进行尺寸微调
+
+There are cuttable and stretchable strips at both ends, allowing for fine - tuning of the size.
+
+
+
+## 产品细节 Details
+
+
+
+H12mm (铝合金横截面)
+
+
+
+H18mm (铝合金横截面)
+
+
+
+H20mm (铝合金横截面)
+
+## 清洗维护 Cleaning
+
+可用吸尘器清除地垫表面的尘土，
+也可用高压水枪清洗，晾干即可。
+
+Use a vacuum cleaner to remove the
+dust on the surface of the mat, can
+also be used to clean the high-pressure
+water gun, dry.
+
+
+
+
+
+扫码查看产品详情
+Scan the code to view product details
+
+
+
+## 技术参数 Technical specifications
+
+| 产品名称Product | 力浩™/Lvast™ | | 产品材质Material | 6063-T5阳极氧化处理6063-T5 anodic oxidation treatment | | 产品高度Product size | H12mm | | 承重力Weight capacity | 1000kg/m²-3000kg/m² | | 安装方法Install method | 直接置于地面或者置于凹槽install in the groove directly or on the ground | | 凹槽深度Groove depth | 12mm (±2mm) | | 产地Place of Original | 中国China | | 适用范围Application | 室外以及入户门处Outdoor and entrance door |
+
+
+
+## 清洗维护 Cleaning
+
+可用吸尘器清除地垫表面的尘土，也可用高压水枪清洗，晾干即可。
+
+Use a vacuum cleaner to remove the dust on the surface of the mat, can also be used to clean the high-pressure water gun, dry.
+
+
+
+扫码查看产品详情
+Scan the code to view product details
+
+
+
+辽宁沈阳 飞机场
+
+
+
+内蒙古乌兰浩特 机场
+
+
+
+山东济南 黄金集团
+
+
+
+天津 大悦汇
+
+## 技术参数 Technical specifications
+
+
+
+
+| 产品材质Material |
+6063-T5阳极氧化处理6063-T5 anodic oxidation treatment |
+室外耐温范围Temperature Resistance |
+-30℃~50℃ |
+
+
+| 厚度Height |
+22mm |
+凹槽深度Groove depth |
+22mm（±2mm） |
+
+
+| 壁厚wall thickness重量weight |
+
+1.0mm（比利时: 5.9kg/m、橡胶条: 11.6kg/m、毛刷: 10.3kg/m、毯面+橡胶: 7.6kg/m、毯面+铲刀: 6.6kg/m、橡胶+铲刀: 11.5kg/m）
+1.2mm（比利时: 9.8kg/m、橡胶条: 15.5kg/m、毛刷: 14.2kg/m、毯面+橡胶: 11.5kg/m、毯面+铲刀: 10.5kg/m、橡胶+铲刀: 15.4kg/m）
+1.5mm（比利时: 14.3kg/m、橡胶条: 20kg/m、毛刷: 18.7kg/m、毯面+橡胶: 16kg/m、毯面+铲刀: 15kg/m、橡胶+铲刀: 19.9kg/m）
+2.0mm（比利时: 17.9kg/m、橡胶条: 23.6kg/m、毛刷: 22.3kg/m、毯面+橡胶: 19.6kg/m、毯面+铲刀: 18.6kg/m、橡胶+铲刀: 23.5kg/m）
+ |
+
+
+| 边条Edge |
+L边框: 0.25 kg/m斜边款: 0.8 kg/m |
+承重力Weight capacity |
+1000kg/m²-3000kg/m² |
+
+
+| 阻燃性Fire resistance |
+GB8624-2012:B2 |
+安装方法Install method |
+直接置于地面或者置于凹槽install in the groove directly or on the ground |
+
+
+| 人流量Footfall |
+≥10000 |
+产地Place of original |
+中国 China |
+
+
+
+
+
+## 清洗维护 Cleaning
+
+可用吸尘器清除地垫表面的尘土，也可用高压水枪清洗，晾干即可。
+
+Use a vacuum cleaner to remove the dust on the surface of the mat, can also be used to clean the high-pressure water gun, dry.
+
+青岛 西岸美术馆
+
+# 雅赛™-Yasy™
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+高密度化纤丙纶拉丝绒面料工艺,配PVC防滑底纹,适用手室内过道及临时性迎宾铺设。具有强力刮除灰尘功能及耐污性,易于日常清洁,可重复铺设、收起储存。避免VIP到来时滑倒危险,增加现场气氛及喜庆需求。保护室内地面免受磨损。
+
+High density chemical fiber polypropylene
+velvet fabric process, with PVC anti-slip shad-
+ing, suitable for indoor aisle and temporary wel-
+come laying. With strong dust scraping function
+and stain resistance, easy daily cleaning, can be
+repeated laying, put away storage. Avoid the
+danger of slipping when VIP arrives, increase
+the scene atmosphere and festive needs. Pro-
+tect indoor floors from wear and tear.
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 尼龙 Nylon | 背底Backing | | 绒高Textile Height | 10mm | 绒重Textile Weight | | 厚度Height | 12mm | 总重量Weight capacity | | 卷材幅宽Roll Width | 1.8m、2m(红色) | 可接驳幅宽Stickable Width | | 卷长Roll Length | 18m | 边条宽度Edge Width | | 毯面印染技术Textile Dyeing Technology | 原液染色Solution Dyeing | 光照色牢度Lifgt fastness | | 阻燃性Fire resistance | GB8624-2012:B2 | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | 环保标准Environmental Standard | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | 产地Place of original |
+
+适用范围:各类宴会迎宾场合,烘托热烈气氛,尽显高档尊贵的氛围
+
+Scope of application: All kinds of banquets and guest reception occasions, set off the warm atmosphere, show the upscale and noble atmosphere
+
+
+
+上合组织 会议现场
+
+# 雅净™/Yclean™
+
+100%原液染色尼龙双色纱线,美观耐脏,色牢度高。100%NBR橡胶底,无异味,不弯曲,不断裂。防滑,防静电。
+
+Made by 100% original fluid dyed nylon double color wire, beautiful appearance, high color fastness.
+
+100% NBR rubber backing, without smell, without bending, no breaking.
+
+Anti skidding, anti static.
+
+铺设于室内门口,通道,电梯口等。
+Used on indoor entrance, channel,
+elevator and so on.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## 清洗维护Cleaning
+
+每月可用地毯抽洗机配低泡地毯清洁剂清洗,也可以用高压水枪配低泡地毯清洁剂清洗,最后用清水反复过清后用吸水机,吸干水,清洗好后最好用干风机把它吹干。
+
+Monthly cleaning by carpet extractor with Low Foaming Carpet Cleaner, also by High pressure water gun. Then dry the water by Water suction machine after repeated clear water. Finally dry the water by dryer
+
+
+
+
+
+扫码查看产品详情
+Scan the code to view product details
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 100%尼龙66100%nylon66 | 背底Backing | 橡胶底背Rubber backing | | 绒高Textile Height | 10mm | 绒重Textile Weight | 630g/m² | | 厚度Height | 12mm | 总重量Weight capacity | 4800g/m²±100g/m² | | 卷材幅宽Roll Width | 1.75m | 可接驳幅宽Stickable Width | 1.7m | | 卷长Roll Length | 18m | 边条宽度Edge Width | 25mm | | 毯面印染技术Textile Dyeing Technology | 原液染色Solution Dyeing | 光照色牢度Lifgt fastness | ISO 105-B02:≥6 | | 阻燃性Fire resistance | GB8624-2012:B2 | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | 产地Place of original | 美国America |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## 雅奥™/Yall™
+
+### 产品特点Features
+
+独特的凹凸结构能避免对室内环境造成“二次污染”时尚的轮胎纹垫面纹路,形象美观大方。底部由SBR橡胶制成,表面为高密度丙纶纤维,采用原液染色技术色牢度高。吸水性强安全防滑且能保护地面,易清洗且快速干透。底部由SBR橡胶制成,紧贴地面不易滑动。
+
+The unique concave and convex can avoid secondary pollution to the indoor environment, Fashion tire pattern, beautiful image. SBR rubber backing with good function for anti slip. high density polypropylene fiber, adopt original fluid dyeing technology with better fastness, strong water absorption. Safe and non-slip, protecting the floor. Easy to clean and fast dry. SBR rubber backing is very close to the floor.
+
+### 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 丙纶Polypropylene fiber | 背底Backing | 橡胶底背Rubber backing |
|---|
| 绒高Textile Height | 10mm | 绒重Textile Weight | 1400/m² | | 厚度Height | 12mm | 总重量Weight capacity | 4300g/m²±100g/m² | | 卷材幅宽Roll Width | 1.98m | 可接驳幅宽Stickable Width | 1.83m | | 卷长Roll Length | 18m | 边条宽度Edge Width | 25mm | | 毯面印染技术Textile Dyeing Technology | 原液染色Solution Dyeing | 光照色牢度Lifgt fastness | ISO 105-B02:≥6 | | 阻燃性Fire resistance | GB8624-2012:B2 | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | 产地Place of original | 进口Imports |
+
+### 清洗维护Cleaning
+
+每月可用地毯抽洗机配低泡地毯清洁剂清洗,也可以用高压水枪配低泡地毯清洁剂清洗,最后用清水反复过清后用吸水机,吸干水,清洗好后最好用干风机把它吹干。
+
+Monthly cleaning by carpet extractor with Low Foaming Carpet Cleaner, also by High pressure water gun. Then dry the water by Water suction machine after repeated clear water. Finally dry the water by dryer
+
+
+
+
+
+扫码查看产品详情
+Scan the code to view product details
+
+
+
+# 雅舒™/Yasul™
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+表面为高密度丙纶纤维,重量1200G/㎡,采用原液染色技术,色牢度高。底部由PVC支撑,紧贴地面,不会滑动。吸水性强,易于清洗且快速干透。耐高温,抗严寒,耐磨,出色的防尘防污及刮沙功能。
+
+Surface is high strength PP fiber, pile weight is 1200g/㎡, adopt original fluid dyeing technology with the best fastness. Back supporting by pvc, closed to floor tightly, will be not to slid. Strong water absorption, easy to clean, fast dry, resistance to high temperature and cold weather, super wear resistance and dust removal functions.
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 丙纶Polypropylene fiber | 背底Backing | PVC | | 绒高Textile Height | 7mm | 绒重Textile Weight | 1200/m² | | 厚度Height | 9mm | 总重量Weight capacity | 4000g/m² | | 卷材幅宽Roll Width | 2m | 可接驳幅宽Stickable Width | 1.85m | | 卷长Roll Length | 18m | 边条宽度Edge Width | 25mm | | 毯面印染技术Textile Dyeing Technology | 原液染色Solution Dyeing | 光照色牢度Lifgt fastness | ISO 105-B02:≥6 | | 阻燃性Fire resistance | GB8624-2012:B2 | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | 产地Place of original | 美国America |
+
+## 清洗维护Cleaning
+
+每月可用地毯抽洗机配低泡地毯清洁剂清洗,也可以用高压水枪配低泡地毯清洁剂清洗,最后用清水反复过清后用吸水机,吸干水,清洗好后最好用干风机把它吹干。
+
+Monthly cleaning by carpet extractor with Low Foaming Carpet Cleaner, also by High pressure water gun. Then dry the water by Water suction machine after repeated clear water. Finally dry the water by dryer
+
+## 产品颜色 Color
+
+
+
+深灰色 Black
+
+
+
+红色 Rad
+
+
+
+浅灰色 Gray
+
+
+
+蓝色 Blue
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+上海图书馆 东馆
+
+
+
+
+
+扫码查看产品详情
+Scan the code to view product details
+
+# 雅清™/Yoka™
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+毯面高强度粗纤维+细纤维混合结构,环保安全无异味。高强度尼龙抗紫外线,不褪色不老化,防滑/防潮/防霉。选用厚型PVC材质,防滑底背,隔潮防渗。割绒状间隔排列具有超强的刮沙除尘效果。
+
+High-strength crude fiber and fine fiber mixed structured surface, eco-friendly, non bad smell. High strength nylon with good UV resistance, good fastness, not easy to age, anti slipping, moistureproof, mould proof. Thickened PVC anti slip backing, Moisture-proof and anti-seepage, cut pile surface with strong sand scarping and dust remove functions.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## 清洗维护Cleaning
+
+每月可用地毯抽洗机配低泡地毯清洁剂清洗,也可以用高压水枪配低泡地毯清洁剂清洗,最后用清水反复过清后用吸水机,吸干水,清洗好后最好用干风机把它吹干。
+
+Monthly cleaning by carpet extractor with Low Foaming Carpet Cleaner, also by High pressure water gun. Then dry the water by Water suction machine after repeated clear water. Finally dry the water by dryer
+
+
+
+
+
+扫码查看产品详情
+Scan the code to view product details
+
+## 产品颜色 Color
+
+
+
+深灰色 Black
+
+
+
+红色 Rad
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 100%PA6 | 背底Backing | PVC | | 绒高Textile Height | 10mm | 绒重Textile Weight | 900g/m² | | 厚度Height | 12mm | 总重量Weight capacity | 4300g/m² | | 卷材幅宽Roll Width | 2m | 可接驳幅宽Stickable Width | 1.85m | | 卷长Roll Length | 25m | 边条宽度Edge Width | 25mm | | 毯面印染技术Textile Dyeing Technology | 原液染色Solution Dyeing | 光照色牢度Lifgt fastness | ISO 105-B02:≥6 | | 阻燃性Fire resistance | GB8624-2012:B2 | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | 产地Place of original | 美国America |
+
+
+
+
+
+雅睿™/Yarui™
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+毯面为尼龙材质,重量1200G/㎡,采用原液染色技术,色牢度高。底部由PVC支撑,紧贴地面,不会滑动。吸水性强,易于清洗且快速干透。耐高温,抗严寒,耐磨,出色的防尘防污及刮沙功能。
+
+The carpet surface is made of nylon with a weight of 1200g/㎡. It adopts solution-dyed technology, featuring high color fastness. The PVC backing ensures excellent adherence to the floor and prevents slipping. This product boasts strong water absorption, is easy to clean, and dries quickly. It is resistant to high temperatures, extreme cold, and wear, with outstanding dust-proof, stain-resistant, and dirt-scraping performance.
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 尼龙nylon | 背底Backing | PVC | | 绒高Textile Height | 8mm | 绒重Textile Weight | 1200/m² | | 厚度Height | 10mm | 总重量Weight capacity | 4000g/m² | | 卷材幅宽Roll Width | 2m | 可接驳幅宽Stickable Width | 1.85m | | 卷长Roll Length | 18m | 边条宽度Edge Width | 25mm | | 毯面印染技术Textile Dyeing Technology | 原液染色Solution Dyeing | 光照色牢度Lifgt fastness | ISO 105-B02:≥6 | | 阻燃性Fire resistance | GB8624-2012:B2 | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | 产地Place of original | 中国China |
+
+## 清洗维护Cleaning
+
+每月可用地毯抽洗机配低泡地毯清洁剂清洗,也可以用高压水枪配低泡地毯清洁剂清洗,最后用清水反复过清后用吸水机,吸干水,清洗好后最好用干风机把它吹干。
+
+Monthly cleaning by carpet extractor with Low Foaming Carpet Cleaner, also by High pressure water gun. Then dry the water by Water suction machine after repeated clear water. Finally dry the water by dryer
+
+## 产品颜色 Color
+
+
+
+红色 Rad
+
+
+
+浅灰色 Gray
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+义乌市 义乌天地
+
+
+
+扫码查看产品详情
+Scan the code to view product details
+
+# 雅澜™/Yalan™
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+毯面耐磨耐用不易褪色。耐高温抗严寒,不受地域、天气等因素影响。PVC防滑背底,结实耐用,不易老化。
+刮沙纳尘,吸水防滑,脚感舒适。
+
+The carpet surface is wear-resistant, durable and colorfast. It resists high temperatures and severe cold, unaffected by regions, weather and other factors. The PVC non-slip backing is sturdy, durable and resistant to aging. It scrapes off dirt, traps dust, absorbs water, prevents slipping and ensures a comfortable foot feel.
+
+
+
+
+## 清洗维护Cleaning
+
+每月可用地毯抽洗机配低泡地毯清洁剂清洗, 也可以用高压水枪配低泡地毯清洁剂清洗, 最后用清水反复过清后用吸水机, 吸干水, 清洗好后最好用干风机把它吹干。
+
+Monthly cleaning by carpet extractor with Low Foaming Carpet Cleaner, also by High pressure water gun. Then dry the water by Water suction machine after repeated clear water. Finally dry the water by dryer
+
+## 产品颜色 Color
+
+
+
+灰色 Gray
+
+
+
+红色 Rad
+
+
+
+
+
+
+扫码查看产品详情
+Scan the code to view product details
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 涤纶Polyester | 背底Backing | PVC | | 绒高Textile Height | 9mm | 绒重Textile Weight | 1100g/m² | | 厚度Height | 11mm | 总重量Weight capacity | 4000g/m²±100g/m² | | 卷材幅宽Roll Width | 1.2m、1.8m | 可接驳幅宽Stickable Width | 1.1m、1.7m | | 卷长Roll Length | 18m | 边条宽度Edge Width | 25mm | | 毯面印染技术Textile Dyeing Technology | 原液染色Solution Dyeing | 光照色牢度Lifgt fastness | ISO 105-B02:≥6 | | 阻燃性Fire resistance | GB8624-2012:B2 | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | 产地Place of original | 中国 China |
+
+
+
+# 雅秀™/Yashow™
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+毛面耐磨耐用不易褪色。
+
+耐高温抗严寒,不受地域、天气等因素影响。
+
+PVC防滑背底,结实耐用,不易老化。
+
+刮沙纳尘,吸水防滑,脚感舒适。
+
+PP fiber surface with good wear resistance,
+good fastness.
+
+High temperature resistance, Not affected by
+place, weather and other factors
+
+Anti slip PVC backing, Strong and durable,
+not easy to age
+
+Sand scraping and dust remove, absorbing
+water, anti slipping, comfortable feet feeling
+
+
+
+## 产品颜色 Color
+
+
+
+黑色 Black
+
+
+
+灰色 Gray
+
+
+
+红色 Rad
+
+
+
+蓝色 Blue
+
+
+
+卡其色 Khaki
+
+
+
+
+
+扫码查看产品详情
+Scan the code to view product details
+
+
+
+## 清洗维护Cleaning
+
+每月可用地毯抽洗机配低泡地毯清洁剂清洗,也可以用高压水枪配低泡地毯清洁剂清洗,最后用清水反复过清后用吸水机,吸干水,清洗好后最好用干风机把它吹干。
+
+Monthly cleaning by carpet ex-
+tractor with Low Foaming Carpet
+Cleaner, also by High pressure
+water gun. Then dry the water by
+Water suction machine after re-
+peated clear water. Finally dry the
+water by dryer
+
+
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 丙纶Polypropylene | 背底Backing | PVC |
|---|
| 绒高Textile Height | 8mm | 绒重Textile Weight | 1050g/m² | | 厚度Height | 10mm | 总重量Weight capacity | 4300g/m² | | 卷材幅宽Roll Width | 2m | 可接驳幅宽Stickable Width | 1.95m | | 卷长Roll Length | 25m | 边条宽度Edge Width | 25mm | | 毯面印染技术Textile Dyeing Technology | 原液染色Solution Dyeing | 光照色牢度Lifgt fastness | ISO 105-B02:≥6 | | 阻燃性Fire resistance | GB8624-2012:B2 | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | 产地Place of original | 美国America |
+
+# 瑞麟™/Rline™
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+采用先进的地垫喷染技术，应用到定制地垫领域，能最大程度的展现复杂图案，色彩及设计，效果精美绝伦。实现您全方位的设计梦想，助力您的企业形象和品牌文化留给客户完美的第一印象。
+
+Advanced mat spray dyeing technology, applied in the field of custom floor mats. can showcase complex patterns, colors, and designs to the maximum extent. effect absolutely fine. Realize my dream you a comprehensive range of design, support your corporate image and brand culture to customers a perfect first impression.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 尼龙 Nylon | 背底Backing | 橡胶底背Rubber backing | | 绒高Textile Height | 9mm | 绒重Textile Weight | 950g/m² | | 厚度Height | 11mm | 总重量Weight capacity | 4500g/m² | | 卷材幅宽Roll Width | 1.8m | 可接驳幅宽Stickable Width | 1.75m | | 卷长Roll Length | 18m | 边条宽度Edge Width | 25mm | | 毯面印染技术Textile Dyeing Technology | 喷印染色Spray Dyeing | 光照色牢度Lifgt fastness | ISO 105-B02:≥6 | | 阻燃性Fire resistance | GB8624-2012:B2 | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | 产地Place of original | 中国 China |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+扫码查看产品详情
+Scan the code to view product details
+
+# 瑞秀™-Reshow™
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+优质超细纤维材质,采用3D进口的数码打印技术,个性打印专属logo或任何图案,色泽纯正,结实耐用,具备吸水、吸尘功能且易清理,色牢度高水洗、日晒不易掉色。
+
+High quality microfiber, adopt 3D digital printing technology, we can print customized logo or any picture, pure color, strong and durable, with water absorption, dust suction function and easy to clean, color fastness is very stable, the mat won't ease fade away after sun and water.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+扫码查看产品详情
+Scan the code to view product details
+
+
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 尼龙 Nylon | 背底Backing | PVC底背PVC backing |
|---|
| 绒高Textile Height | 9mm | 绒重Textile Weight | 850g/m² | | 厚度Height | 10mm | 总重量Weight capacity | 4000g/m² | | 卷材幅宽Roll Width | 2m | 可接驳幅宽Stickable Width | 1.95m | | 卷长Roll Length | 18m | 边条宽度Edge Width | 25mm | | 毯面印染技术Textile Dyeing Technology | 喷印染色Spray Dyeing | 光照色牢度Lifgt fastness | ISO 105-B02:≥6 | | 阻燃性Fire resistance | GB8624-2012:B2 | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | 产地Place of original | 中国 China |
+
+
+
+# 瑞丽™-Rely™
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+背部采用优质防滑底层, 牢牢抓住地面。防止打滑, 让您安心使用。印字清晰, 色牢固好, 超级耐磨, 采用上等的原料, 脚感弹性好, 胶合扎实, 不易老化及褪色, 消音降噪, 阻断潮气、经久耐用, 清洗方便, 使用寿命长, 门垫防滑, 防滑, 防霉, 室内外均可是使用, 支持个性私人专属logo。
+
+The backing uses a high-quality non-slip bottom layer that firmly grasp the ground. Prevent slipping, so you can use with peace of mind.
+The printing is clear, color fastness is very stabe, super wear-resistant, use high-quality raw materials, the foot feels good, solid bonding,
+Not easy to age and fade, noise reduction, block moisture, durable, easy to clean, long service life, non-slip, mildew proof, can be used indoor and outdoor, can print customized logo.
+
+
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | PVC毯面PVC blanket | 背底Backing | PVC | | 绒高Textile Height | 8mm | 结构Constrvtion | 圈丝网格结构Loop wire mesh | | 厚度Height | 10mm | 总重量Weight capacity | 2500g/m²±100g/m² | | 卷材幅宽Roll Width | 1.2m | 可接驳幅宽Stickable Width | 1.15m | | 卷长Roll Length | 24m | 边条宽度Edge Width | 压边 | | 毯面印染技术Textile Dyeing Technology | 喷印染色Spray Dyeing | 光照色牢度Lifgt fastness | ISO 105-B02:≥6 | | 阻燃性Fire resistance | GB8624-2012:B2 | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | 产地Place of original | 中国 China |
+
+## 清洗维护Cleaning
+
+建议每日用吸尘器清洁。定期用高压水枪配低泡地毯清洁剂清洗，再用清水冲洗。
+
+Recommended daily use vacuum cleaner.
+Regular wash clean with water cannon with
+low foam carpet cleaner, reoccupy clear
+water flushing.
+
+
+
+扫码查看产品详情
+Scan the code to view product details
+
+
+
+
+
+# 瑞清™-Reka™
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+毯面凹凸硬挺,可以轻松去除泥污,方便打理。每根丝都是织出来的,受力均匀,拉力更强。明火燃烧没有异味,没有浓烟,底部环保PVC采用先进的热熔植入技术,细腻压边无毛刺,不会断丝,更牢固耐用。
+
+Special uneven design, easy remove dirt, and easy to clean. Each thread is woven, and the force is even and the tension is stronger. Fire burning no odor, no smoke. The environmentally friendly PVC at the bottom adopts advanced hot-melt implantation technology.
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | PVC+涤纶丝PVC+Polyester | 背底Backing | PVC | | 绒高Textile Height | 4mm | 结构Constrvtion | 圈丝网格结构Loop wire mesh | | 厚度Height | 6mm | 总重量Weight capacity | 3200g/m²±100g/m² | | 卷材幅宽Roll Width | 1.2m | 可接驳幅宽Stickable Width | 1.15m | | 卷长Roll Length | 15m | 边条宽度Edge Width | 压边 | | 毯面印染技术Textile Dyeing Technology | 喷印染色Spray Dyeing | 光照色牢度Lifgt fastness | ISO 105-B02:≥6 | | 阻燃性Fire resistance | GB8624-2012:B2 | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | 产地Place of original | 中国 China |
+
+
+
+
+
+扫码查看产品详情
+Scan the code to view product details
+
+
+
+# 瑞客™/Rook™
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+采用螺旋形的网格设计,更有效的去除脚底灰尘, 防滑效果好。采用精湛的压边工艺,美观实用,极大延长了地垫的使用寿命。高品质PVC背底,柔软,耐磨。抗紫外线。
+
+Adopting spiral grid design, more effectively remove dust soles, prevent slippery effect is good. Uses the blank-holder exquisite, beautiful and useful, greatly extend the service life of the mat. Back at the end of high quality PVC soft, wear-resisting. Uv radiation.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## 清洗维护Cleaning
+
+建议每日用吸尘器清洁。定期用高压水枪配低泡地毯清洁剂清洗,再用清水冲洗。
+
+Recommended daily use vacuum cleaner. Regular wash clean with water cannon with low foam carpet cleaner, reoccupy clear water flushing.
+
+
+
+扫码查看产品详情
+Scan the code to view product details
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | PVC毯面PVC blanket | 背底Backing | PVC | | 绒高Textile Height | 10mm | 结构Construction | 圈丝网格结构Loop wire mesh | | 厚度Height | 12mm | 总重量Weight capacity | 2800g/m² | | 卷长Roll Length | 18m | 边条宽度Edge Width | 25mm | | 光照色牢度Lifgt fastness | ISO 105-B02:≥6 | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | 产地Place of original | 中国 China | | 尺寸Size | 0.6m*0.9m、0.8m*1.2m、定制尺寸 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+管垫可提供出色的舒适性和脚下支撑；易于卷起和清洁；只需切成所需的任何大小或形状即可；防滑，防水，价格美丽，环保，无异味；保持地板清洁，千燥和安全；非常
+
+Tube mat can provide excellent foot comfort and support, Easy to roll up and clean; Just cut it into any size or shape; Non-slip, waterproof, cheap, environmental protection, no peculiar smell; Keep the floor clean, dry and safe; Very suitable for swimming pool, kitchen, bathroom, bathroom.
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 100%PVC | | 总重量Weight capacity | 3800-4200g/m²4000-4800g/m² | | 阻燃Fire resistance | GB8624-2012: B2 | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | | 单管直径Tube thickness | 8mm | | 尺寸Size | 0.9/1.2m*15m | | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 产地Place of original | 中国 China |
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+板垫可提供出色的舒适性和脚下支撑；易于卷起和清洁；只需切成所需的任何大小或形状即可；防滑，防水，价格美丽，环保，无异味；保持地板清洁，干燥和安全；非常适合游泳池，厨房，浴室，洗手间。
+
+The Mat provides excellent comfort and foot support; easy to roll up and clean; just cut into any size or shape needed; non-slip, waterproof, inexpensive, eco-friendly, smell-free; keeps floors clean, dry and safe: perfect for swimming pools, kitchen, bathroom, bathroom.
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 100%PVC | | 总重量Weight capacity | 3600-3900g/m²3900-4300g/m² | | 阻燃Fire resistance | GB8624-2012: B2 | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | | 厚度Height | 8mm | | 尺寸Size | 1.2m*15m | | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 产地Place of original | 中国 China |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+采用100%纯PVC原料，具有优秀的抗紫外线能力和优秀的弹性性能，易于卷起和清洗；可以根据客户的要求定制任何颜色以及定制尺寸，防滑，防水，环保，无异味；非常适合游泳池、厨房、浴室、洗手间。
+
+100% pure PVC raw material, with excellent UV resistance and excellent elastic properties, easy to roll up and clean; Can be customized according to customer requirements of any color and custom size, non-slip, waterproof, environmentally friendly, odorless: very suitable for swimming pool, kitchen, bathroom, toilet.
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 100%PVC | | 总重量Weight capacity | 7.2-7.8kg/m² | | 阻燃Fire resistance | GB8624-2012: B2 | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | | 单管直径Single tube diameter | 7mm | | 尺寸Size | 0.9/1.2*10m/12m | | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 产地Place of original | 中国 China |
+
+
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+双面刀锋式设计配合刮沙吸水毯面，不但增加了刮泥吸水的作用，更具备超强的防滑效果；可提供个性化设计（企业logo、警示等），根据客户需要定制颜色、尺寸，铺装简单，任意裁剪；最大可承重50吨/平米。
+
+The double-sided blade design is matched with the sand-scraping and water-absorbing blanket surface, which not only increases the effect of dust scraping and water absorption and also has a super anti-slip effect; it can provide personalized design (corporate logo, warning, etc.), according to customers demand to customize the color and size, the paving is simple, and the cutting is arbitrary; The maximum load-bearing capacity is 50 tons/square meter;
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 100%PVC | | 总重量Weight capacity | 6.9kg/㎡ | | 阻燃Fire resistance | GB8624-2012: B2 | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | | 整体高度Overall height | 13mm | | 尺寸Size | 1.2m*10m | | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 产地Place of original | 中国 China |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 100%PVC | | 总重量Weight capacity | 6.9kg/㎡ | | 阻燃Fire resistance | GB8624-2012: B2 | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | | 整体高度Overall height | 13mm | | 尺寸Size | 1.2m*10m | | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 产地Place of original | 中国 China |
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+双面刀锋式设计，可有效刮除鞋底的泥垢和尘沙，具有超强的防滑功能；开放式通透排水结构，泥垢和污水迅速排到地垫底部，冲刷方便；并可提供特殊颜色警示组合，可加重型斜边，方便通行。
+
+The double-sided blade design is matched with the sand-scraping and water-absorbing blanket surface, which not only increases the effect of dust scraping and water absorption and also has a super anti-slip effect; it can provide personalized design (corporate logo, warning, etc.), according to customers demand to customize the color and size, the paving is simple, and the cutting is arbitrary; The maximum load-bearing capacity is 50 tons/square meter;
+
+
+
+班泽/BAZY
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+班瑞/BARA
+
+
+
+## 产品特点Features
+
+双面刀锋式设计，可有效刮除鞋底的泥垢和尘沙，具有超强的防滑功能；开放式通透排水结构，泥垢和污水迅速排到地垫底部，冲刷方便；内部采用空心设计，降低整体重量，提高性价比。并可提供特殊颜色警示组合，可加重型斜边，方便通行。
+
+It features a double-sided blade design, which can effectively scrape off the dirt and dust on the soles of shoes and has an excellent anti-slip function. The open and permeable drainage structure enables dirt and sewage to be quickly drained to the bottom of the floor mat, making it convenient to rinse. The interior adopts a hollow design to reduce the overall weight and improve the cost performance. Moreover, it can provide special color warning combinations and be equipped with reinforced beveled edges for easy passage.
+
+
+
+## 技术参数Technical specifications
+
+| 产品材质Material | 100%PVC | | 总重量Weight capacity | 5.5kg/㎡ | | 阻燃Fire resistance | GB8624-2012: B2 | | 抗紫外线UV Resistance | 通过ISO 105-B02测试ISO 105-B02 Test | | 是否可定制尺寸Is it possible to customize the size | 是Yes | | 整体高度Overall height | 13mm | | 尺寸Size | 1.2m*10m | | 抗电性Electrical Behaviour | 抗静电Static Disipative | | 环保标准Environmental Standard | ZEK 01.4-08:(pahs)等级3 | | 产地Place of original | 中国 China |
+
+
+
+# 配件 Accessories
+
+## 1、地垫边条三种尺寸 Three size Floor Mat Edges
+
+
+
+小型地垫胶边条
+Small floor mat rubber edge strip
+
+
+
+中型地垫胶边条
+Sectional drawing of rubber edge strip
+for medium-sized floor mat
+
+
+
+重型地垫胶边条剖面图
+Sectional drawing of rubber edge strip
+for heavy duty floor mat
+
+## 2、地垫边条安装方法 side strip installation method
+
+
+
+延边处切掉多余边条
+Cut off excess edges
+
+
+
+边条转角处切割45°
+Cut 45° at the corner of the edge strip
+
+
+
+两条对角45° 贴合
+在边条上涂抹胶水
+45° diagonal fit, apply glue on the edge
+
+
+
+最后将毯面压合在边条上
+press the blanket surface to the edge
+
+*所需工具: 度量尺、美工刀、胶水 Tools needed: measuring ruler, utility knife, glue
+
+## 2、其他配件 other Accessories
+
+
+
+胶水
+
+胶水地垫胶边条用特殊胶水粘于地垫底背并外露斜坡边胶水适用于PVC材质及橡胶材质的粘接,粘接牢度高
+*本产品通过权威机构检测,安全可靠。
+
+The adhesive edge strip of the floor mat is glued with special adhesive to the bottom and back of the mat and exposed on the slope edge. The adhesive is suitable for the bonding of PVC and rubber materials, with high adhesion strength. This product has been tested by authoritative institutions and is safe and reliable.
+
+
+
+接驳条
+
+纯PVC环保材质,厚度0.5mm超薄但坚韧耐用,抗撕裂。接驳条常规宽度5cm。
+
+Pure PVC environmentally friendly material, with a thickness of 0.5mm, ultra-thin but tough, durable, and tear resistant. The standard width of the connecting strip is 5cm.
+
+## 4、地垫边条配件参数 Accessories parameters
+
+ | 小型地垫胶边条Small mat rubber strip | 中型地垫胶边条Medium sized mat rubber strip | 重型地垫胶边条Heavy duty rubber strip | 地垫接驳条Floor mat connecting strip | 特殊胶水Special glue |
|---|
| 材质Material | PVC | PVC | PVC | PVC | \ |
|---|
| 特点Characteristic | 柔软耐磨,抗紫外线Soft, wear-resistant UV resistant | 柔软耐磨,抗紫外线Soft, wear-resistant UV resistant | 柔软耐磨,抗紫外线Soft, wear-resistant UV resistant | 坚韧柔软,不断裂Tough and soft without breaking | 粘接牢度高High adhesion fastness |
|---|
| 厚度Thickness | 总高4mmTotal height4mm | 总高7mmTotal height7mm | 总高10.5mmTotal height10.5mm | 宽度5cmwidth 5cm | \ |
|---|
| 颜色Colour | 黑色Black | 黑色Black | 黑色Black | 黑色Black | 透明Transparent |
|---|
| 包装规格Package specification | 100m/箱100m/box | 100m/箱100m/box | 80m/箱80m/box | 10m/卷10m/volume | 50克/瓶50g/bottle |
|---|
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_5.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_5.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..34dfa8f64e58e0b8837f5103f6d310cbfc161a92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_5.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+
+
+
+
+# 南宁市住房和城乡建设局文件
+
+南住建〔2021〕390号
+
+
+
+## 南宁市住房和城乡建设局关于建设工程项目消防水源供水设计相关要求的通知
+
+各有关单位：
+
+近期，我局检查发现，部分在建项目未按设计消防水源供水设计要求接入市政给水管网，导致项目无法满足两路消防供水需求，存在较大的安全隐患。为避免新的建设工程项目出现类似情况，现将建设工程项目消防水源设计要求通知如下：
+
+根据现行消防规范的相关规定，项目室外消防给水系统如需设计为两路市政给水管网供水，应至少有两条不同的市政给水干管引入管向消防给水系统供水。如需采用两路市政供水方案的项目，建设单位和设计单位在施工图设计前应与本地城市自来水供水企业对接，设计方案报城市自来水供水企业审核确认可行。城市自来水供水企业应对设计方案可行性进行确认，并明确以下两点内容:一是明确项目地块周边市政给水管网能否满足两路消防供水的要求;二是明确是否同意建设单位申报两个市政引入管的要求,如同意,则应标识两个市政引入管的具体位置。满足以上两点要求后,设计单位方可进行下一步设计。如实际条件无法满足或不能明确以上要求,则不应设计为两路市政给水管网供水,应按相关规范要求进行设计。
+
+
+
+南宁市住房和城乡建设局
+
+2021年7月15日
+
+公开方式:主动公开
+
+南宁绿城水务股份有限公司,南宁市大沙田供水有限责任公司
+
+南宁市住房和城乡建设局办公室
+
+2021年7月26日印发
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_6.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_6.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6241e3e1dccaf096f31f5bacbe4c77deb713ce1b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_6.md
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+编者序
+
+# 奇门遁甲：中国古代最高决策学
+
+一说到决策，人们往往认为是政府领导和公司总裁们考虑的事情，其实，在日常生活中，我们每个人都需要决策，人生的每一步都需要决策。当今时代，社会生活在急速变化，不确定的因素在增加，置身于瞬息万变的知识经济大浪潮中，个人如一叶小舟，常感到不着边际的茫然与无助，如何在此种情况下，做出正确的决策，使自己一步步走向成功呢？现在的方法多是依靠数据和统计资料，其实这种方法往往并不能给我们提供更全面更准确地决策。那么，有没有一种不依靠数据和统计资料，而同时又包含有前瞻性和预见性的决策方法呢？回答是肯定的，这就需要从我国古代的传统决策学中寻找灵感。
+
+在中国古代的决策学中，有一部不同于世界众多决策方法的经典，这就是《易经》，《易经》是中国古代最伟大、最神秘的一部奇书，不管易学研究者怎样从宇宙学、哲学、史学、政治学、帝王术、权力统御术等多种角度来解说，其最原始的功用便是决策。
+
+自《易经》产生后，后世许多人都对其进行了多方位的解读，主要分为“义理”和“象数”两大块。从义理方面解读《易经》，多是强化其哲学内涵，但却失去了其最初的实用功能；而从象数方面解读《易经》，却能本着其最初的决策功能，进而形成了中国所特有的决策学，主要分为山、医、命、卜、相五术，其中属于最高层次的就是“三式”之学，即太乙、奇门和六壬，而三式之中，又数奇门遁甲最为灵验和实用。
+
+奇门遁甲融周易、天文、律历、阴阳五行学说于一体，是目前探索中国传统决策学中的一个焦点。在古代的各种易学决策学中，奇门遁甲是一种比较完整的数理模型，应验率很高。它把天时、地利、人和与影响人类生产生活的某些能量场，与时间、空间巧妙地组合在一起，为人们提供了一个模拟宇宙统一信息场的立体动态象数理模型，既可以用于决策自然、社会、人生各种各样的事物，也可以向人们提供趋吉避凶的时空选择。
+
+## 一、奇门决策学的源流
+
+关于奇门遁甲决策学，在形成其完整独立的体系之前，应该在中国古文化中寻到不少的源头。它的基础理论，可以上溯到古老的易经、九官、八卦、星相术、古历法，以及天干地支、阴阳、五行原始哲学观念。然而在有关奇门遁甲的典籍中，相传它源于远古时期黄帝与蚩尤的那一场旷日持久的战争中，由九天玄女连同六壬、兵符、印剑、图策一齐传授给黄帝的，以让他去打败蚩尤，当然，这只是传说而已，难以证实。
+
+据明朝程道生所撰写的《遁甲源流》一文所述，奇门遁甲经过了三个时期四阶段的演变：最早是由远古时期的黄帝始创奇门遁甲4320局；第二阶段是黄帝让风后正式制作奇门局法，风后则将它简化为1080局；第三阶段是由精通兵法、善布奇门的周朝开国功臣姜太公创造的，他将奇门遁甲简化为72个活局。最后汉初三杰之一的张良又将其简化为18个活局。这种说法也多带有古人感情色彩，假托古人以增加其权威性与神秘感。
+
+据考证，汉代史志所载并无奇门遁甲方面完整的明文记录，直到南北朝简文帝时才开始有了“三门”之说、“遁甲”之语，并开始兴盛起来，逐步见于史志。到了宋朝，有关奇门遁甲的各种论著愈来愈多，一直流传到后世。但由于奇门遁甲在古代军事和政治中发挥着巨大的作用，所以历代统治者对此都十分重视，有意将奇门预测人才网罗并控制起来，使其成为“帝王之学”。这样，奇门遁甲日渐成为一种绝学，传承范围日益缩小；再加上其本身复杂难学的官卦推演方法，使很多人发出“奇门奇门，难入其门”的感叹。
+
+## 二、奇门决策概说
+
+所谓“奇门遁甲”，是由奇、门和遁甲三个概念组成的。奇是指乙、丙、丁三奇；门是指体、生、伤、杜、景、死、惊、开八门；遁甲是指六甲隐于六仪之下。遁是隐藏的意意，甲是指甲子、甲戌、甲申、甲午、甲辰、甲寅这六甲，由于甲在十天干中最为尊贵，所以它隐于六仪之下。六仪是指戊、己、庚、辛、壬、癸。隐遁原则是甲子同六戊、甲戌同六己、甲申同六庚、甲午同六辛、甲辰同六壬、甲寅同六癸。
+
+除上面的三奇、八门、六甲、六仪外，奇门遁甲中还配合有天蓬、天任、天冲、天辅、天英、天芮、天柱、天心、天禽这九星；以及直符、螣蛇、太阴、六合、勾陈（白虎）、朱雀（玄武）、九地、九天这八神。
+
+奇门遁甲决策主要由大到小的地、天、人、神四个圆盘构成，每个盘都按九宫八卦而排布。其中地盘布八卦、天盘布九星、人盘布八门、神盘布八神。另外，天盘和地盘上分布三奇和六仪。这样，根据具体的时日，地盘不动，天、人、神三盘做相应的转动求得时日的定局，以占测事物的关系、性状和动向，选择吉时吉方。
+
+奇门遁甲分为年家奇门、月家奇门、日家奇门和时家奇门四种，排局方法各不相同。
+
+以上所述，就是时家奇门的排布方法。因为年吉不如月吉，月吉不如日吉，日吉不如时吉，所以时家奇门最为重要，也最为常用。其次是日家奇门，至于月家奇门和年家奇门，则用得较少，所以人们也较少研究。
+
+## 三、奇门决策典籍
+
+在奇门遁甲的流传中，产生了许多重要的著作，使奇门遁甲得以不断发展与完善。汉朝时，有《风鼓六甲》、《风后孤虚》等用于行军布阵的方术论著，这些可以看做是奇门遁甲最初的雏形。隋朝时，涌现了不少关于奇门遁甲的论著，如遁甲文、遁甲经、遁甲图等共十三家，但这些原文现在都难以见到了。唐朝时，李靖写有《遁甲万一诀》、胡乾写有《遁甲经》等，史志上均有记载。宋朝时，有关奇门遁甲的论著则愈来愈多。其中的《景祐遁甲符应经》三卷，此书宋仁宗亲自作序，由司天台春官杨维德，春官副王用立，翰林天文李自正、何堪等集体编撰，经数月始成。
+
+关于奇门遁甲比较全面完整的版本见于清代的两部巨型类书中，一是康熙年间编纂的《古今图书集成》中博物汇编艺术典第703至714卷术数部汇考十七章至二十八章。二是乾隆年间编纂的《四库全书》中子部术数类六，由明朝程道生撰写的《遁甲演义》四卷。
+
+《古今图书集成》版本融合古代流传有关奇门遁甲的各种著述，并做了相关注解，其中最重要的篇章有烟波钓叟歌句解、阳遁九局、阴遁九局、日家奇门等，书中内容十分全面，但却庞杂，有许多重复之处。《四库全书》版本则主要是撷取了古代流传有关奇门遁甲的部分著述，其中最重要的篇章有遁甲源流、烟波钓叟赋、阴阳二遁十八局图列后、六甲出行诀等。此版本与《古今图书集成》版本不同的是，除讲了术理奇门外，还搜集了一些法术奇门的内容。
+
+## 四、奇门决策的批判与传承
+
+奇门遁甲一术源远流长，自古为兵家必修之课，历代政治家们也常运用此来推测事物、判断吉凶、寻找时机等，如汉初张良、三国诸葛亮、明初刘伯温等所谓军师辅臣皆精通此术。正是这些人使奇门遁甲得以良好地传承。但作为一门特殊的历史文化遗产，奇门遁甲经过千百年来的流传、演变，本身难免龙鱼混杂，在封建历史的长河中积演了不少非科学的成分，沾染上一些唯心主义的历史尘垢，使它作为传统历史文化的信息预测载体的功能常被扭曲与篡改，甚至硬加入一些古代学者亦不以为然的迷信糟粕，主要有以下三点：一是对奇门遁甲来源的神化说法，为了渲染其神奇而夸大其辞。二是唯心构拟的一些“动应”，这些不但用今天的常识不能解释，就是在奇门遁甲的理论体系中也找不到真正的依据。三是法术奇门中的符咒，借用道教法术，显得怪诞无稽，将人引入邪道。
+
+目前，奇门遁甲还处于探索阶段，也属于一种内容庞杂、尚待整理与验证的潜科学阶段，其中必然具有一定的朴素的唯物主义世界观和方法论，以及不少的科学信息，但又杂有其它偏向于神秘性、偶然性与非科学性的因素。在批判保留与扬弃的正确前提下，作为一个学术项目去研究与探讨应该是正当的、积极的。而且那些包含着一定神秘性的内容，在古籍中实有来源，并非是今人胡编乱造，研究这些内容，至少可以起到了解古代文化和社会现象、心理现象的作用。
+
+总之，奇门遁甲作为中国古文化的一部分，通过深入地了解，或许会进一步从中探索出一些自然规律，研究出一些新的现象与情况，提示出一些尚未被认识的知识领域，乃至于发现一些很有价值又符合于现代科学的东西，都应该是大有可能的。当然，对于古代思想的局限性和谬误，则应加以分析和扬弃。
+
+## 五、奇门决策新解
+
+为了弘扬中华文化，更好地运用中国传统决策学中的精华，做出更全面、更准确的决策，我们出版了此书，本书以《古今图书集成》术数部汇考十七章至二十六章中介绍的奇门遁甲知识为底本，并对其做了白话提要和白话图解，使犹如天书的文字得以通俗化，使人能对奇门遁甲的相关知识有所了解，也使其研究能得以深入。
+
+由于此版本内容体系庞杂，所以此书共分为三部，第一部主要讲利用奇门遁甲决策的方法以及一些实例；第二、三部分为时家奇门1080式盘，可以当做“词典”一样使用，不用再去耗费大量的时间去排盘，而直接核对式盘就能做出决策。
+
+总之，本书在充分解读古籍的基础上，可以使人对奇门遁甲有所了解，并据此做出更准确的决策。但由于古籍过于庞杂，所以难免有错误和不明的地方，欢迎大家批评、指教、共研！
+
+编者谨识
+2009年8月
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_7.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_7.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..323277c7121e751faaa5f5c348ac98f2488e6f3e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_7.md
@@ -0,0 +1,257 @@
+# ANTI-RATTLE SYSTEM LOUDSPEAKER DEVICE
+
+**Dario Cinanni1**, **Carlo Sancisi1**
+
+**¹ASK Industries Spa**, subject to direction and coordination of **JVCKENWOOD Corporation**
+via Dell'Industria, 12/14/16 - 60037 Monte San Vito (An) - Italy
+Correspondence should be addressed to author (CinanniD@askgroup.it)
+
+## ABSTRACT
+
+On the basis of loudspeaker cabinets and panels vibration problems, this study deals with a new dynamic loudspeaker device capable to reduce mechanical vibrations transmitted to the panel where it is fixed. Virtual 3D prototype is designed and optimized by simulations. Simulations were carried out using analytical and finite element methods. A working prototype was realized, measured and then tested on a panel, in order to evaluate vibrations reduction.
+
+## 1. STANDARD LOUDSPEAKER MODEL SETUP
+
+Firstly, a standard woofer was
+implemented, using a ferrite magnetic
+assembly, steel basket, rubber surround
+and a paper cone.
+
+Loudspeaker 3D design was imported
+in COMSOL, solved for the magnetic
+field and structural mechanics physics.
+
+Real loudspeaker prototype moving parts
+were measured using a laser on membrane
+center along its axis movement.
+
+Displacement @5V is used to
+compare measured and
+simulated amplitude.
+
+
+
+Figure 1. Standard loudspeaker parts.
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 2. Loudspeaker electric impedance,
+measurement vs simulation plot comparison.
+
+
+
+Figure 3. RMS displacement vs
+frequency and amplitude.
+
+
+
+Figure 4. RMS displacement vs frequency
+@5V amplitude. Measurement vs
+simulation plot comparison.
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 5. Transducer magnetic
+assembly and cut lines displayed
+for flux density analysis.
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 6. Simulated magnetic flux density
+plotted on the cut line inside transducer gap.
+
+
+
+Figure 7. Simulated magnetic flux density plotted on
+the cut line on the magnetic assembly external side.
+
+## 2. ANTI-RATTLE LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEM DESIGN
+
+A loudspeaker with Anti-Rattle structure in
+a mechanical system can be identified as a
+TMD (Tuned Mass Damper) with 2-DOF (2
+degree of freedom).
+
+
+
+Figure 8. 2DOF TMD.
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 9. Loudspeaker with the Anti-Rattle system.
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 10. Simulated Von Mises
+Stress on Anti-Rattle springs.
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 12. Simulated magnetic
+flux density.
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 13. The new magnetic assembly
+will create a double magnetic gap, in
+which the double winding Anti-Rattle
+voice coil will move.
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 14. Simulated magnetic flux
+density inside transducer gap.
+
+
+
+Figure 15. Simulated magnetic flux
+density inside the Anti-Rattle gaps.
+
+## 3. ANTI-RATTLE LOUDSPEAKER SYSTEM RESULTS
+
+The closed box has high mass panels
+that for a 4W measurement it's
+possible to consider the transducer
+mounted on an infinitely rigid panel.
+
+Turning on Anti-Rattle system
+the THD measurement shows a
+different behavior in the
+frequency range 100÷500 Hz.
+
+Changing Anti-Rattle phase the
+THD measurement shows a
+complementary behavior in the
+same frequency range.
+
+Eigenfrequencies structure
+simulation shows the first 4
+modes in the range 246÷446 Hz.
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 16. Frequency response comparison of the Anti-Rattle system on/off @4W.
+
+
+
+Figure 17. THD comparison of the Anti-Rattle system on/off @4W.
+
+
+
+Figure 18. THD comparison of the Anti-Rattle system on/off @4W.
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 19. Eigenfrequencies. Fixed constraints on transducer basket screws.
+
+
+
+Figure 20, 21. Using a laser scanner vibrometer a structural Frequency Response Function (FRF) comparison of the Anti-Rattle system on/off has been done. Transducer mounted on a wooden panel and excited by a filtered Gaussian Noise.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Figure 22. Simulated panel displacement focused on resonance frequency of the loudspeaker excited by a sine sweep. Improved behavior of the Anti-Rattle system given by a phase shift.
+
+## CONCLUSIONS
+
+Anti-Rattle system doesn't represent
+a loss factor for loudspeaker acoustic
+performances. On the contrary it
+helps transducer eliminating
+structure self-vibrations. The first
+developed prototype reveals about
+50% of panel vibrations reduction.
+But the latest simulations show the
+way to improve these results.
+
+## References
+
+1. J. K. Iverson, *The Theory of Loudspeaker Cabinet Resonances*, AES 42nd Convention, Los Angeles, California, 1972 May 5.
+
+2. J. Backman, *Effect of Panel Damping on Loudspeaker Enclosure Vibration*, AES 101st Convention, Los Angeles, California, 1996 November 8-11.
+
+3. J. Backman, *Computing the Mechanical and Acoustical Resonances in a Loudspeaker Enclosure*, AES 102nd Convention, Munich, Germany, 1997 March 22-25.
+
+4. S. Lipshitz, M. K. Heal, J. Vanderkooy, *An Investigation of Sound Radiation by Loudspeaker Cabinets*, AES 90th Convention, Paris, France, 1991 February 19-22.
+
+5. S. W. Stevens, *Sound Radiated from loudspeaker Cabinets*, AES 50th Convention, London, UK, 1975 March.
+
+6. O. Døssing, C. Hoffmann, L. Matthiessen, O. J. Veiergang, *Measurement of Operating Modes on a Loudspeaker Cabinet*, AES 87th Convention, New York, US, 1989 October 18-21.
+
+7. P. W. Tappan, *Loudspeaker Enclosure Walls*, J. Audio Eng. Soc., Vol. 10, No. 3, 1962 July.
+
+8. M. Karjalainen, V. Ikonen, P. Antsalo, P. Maijala, L. Savioja, A. Suutela, S. Pohjolainen, *Comparison of Numerical Simulation Models and Measured Low-Frequency Behavior of Loudspeaker Enclosures*, J. Audio Eng. Soc., Vol. 49, No. 12, 2001 December.
+
+9. K. J. Bastyr, D. E. Capone, *On the Acoustic Radiation from a Loudspeaker's Cabinet*, J. Audio Eng. Soc., Vol. 51, No. 4, 2003 April.
+
+10. M. Cobianchi, M. Rousseau, *Predicting the Acoustic Power Radiation from Loudspeaker Cabinets: a Numerically Efficient Approach*, AES 139th Convention, New York, US, 2015 October 29 - November 1.
+
+11. N. Demoli, D. Djurek, *Vibrations in the loudspeaker enclosure evaluated by hot wire anemometry and laser interferometry*, AES 130th Convention, London, UK, 2011 May 13-16.
+
+12. M. Nakashima, Y. Hamada, A. Van Gils, I. Bosmans, C. Coster, D. Sacré, *Experimental and numerical analysis of loudspeaker induced door rattle*, Proceedings of ISMA 2016.
+
+13. S. R. Hsieh, V. J. Borowski, J. Y. Her, S. W. Shaw, *A CAE Methodology for Reducing Rattle in Structural Components*, SAE Technical Paper, 1502, 1997.
+
+14. N. Narayana, *A Finite Element Method for Effective Reduction of Speaker-Borne Squeak and Rattle Noise in Automotive Doors*, SAE Technical Paper, 1583, 2011.
+
+15. H. B. J. Nyholm, J. C. Severinsen, H. Schneider, N. H. Mortensen, M. A. E. Andersen, *Construction of Lightweight Loudspeaker Enclosures*, AES 142nd Convention, Berlin, Germany, 2017 May 20-23.
+
+16. K. J. Bastyr, C. B. Ickler, R. S. Wakeland, *System and Method for Reduced Baffle Vibration*, US patent 2009/0257611, 2009 October 15.
+
+17. K. J. Bastyr, M. W. Stark, *System and Method for Reducing Baffle Vibration*, US patent 2010/0027816, 2010 February 4.
+
+18. G. Nichols, M. D. Rosen, H. P. Greenberger, *Baffle Vibration Reducing*, US patent 7,983,436, 2011 July 19.
+
+19. M. A. Dodd, *Loudspeaker with Force Cancelling Configuration*, US patent 9,191,747, 2015 November 17.
+
+20. S. Tanaka, K. Tamura, S. Kageyama, *Bass Speaker*, US patent 5,850,460, 1998 December 15.
+
+21. G. C. Chick, H. P. Greenberger, R. Litovsky, C. B. Ickler, R. Mark, G. Nochols, *Passive Acoustic Radiating*, US patent 7,133,533, 2006 November 7.
+
+22. S. Egawa, K. Inanaga, K. Maeda, A. Shimizu, *Deleterious Mechanical Vibrations from Dynamic Loudspeaker Offset by Additional Dynamic Device*, US patent 4,176,249, 1979 November 27.
+
+23. T. Hikida, *Speaker Balancer*, JP patent 2218298, August 08 1990.
+
+24. M. Servadio, *Electro-Magnetic Transducer and Vibration Control System*, US patent 2015/0280634, 2015 October 1.
+
+25. A. Mäkivirta, A. Varla, *Method and Arrangement for attenuating Mechanical Resonance in a Loudspeaker*, EP patent 0917396, 1998 November 11.
+
+26. H. Kowaky, A. Nichikawa, K. Tsumori, H. Yoshii, *Speaker Apparatus*, EP patent 1206162, 2001 September 11.
+
+27. S. T. Nevill, *Decoupled Drive Unit for a Loudspeaker Enclosure*, US patent 9,241,206, 2016 January 19.
+
+28. G. Zhao, B. Zhu, *Loudspeaker*, CN patent 204031441, 2014 August 07.
+
+29. F. Cheli, G. Diana, *Dinamica e Vibrazione dei Sistemi*, Utet Libreria, Reprint 1997.
+
+30. D. Cinanni, A. Falcioni, C. Sancisi, *Altoparlante con Sistema di Controllo delle Vibrazioni*, patent pending.
+
+Used tools: Comsol Multiphysics for FEM simulations, Solidworks for 3D design, SpeakerLAB VVC for voice coils calculations, Klippel System for anechoic measurement, Laser Scanner Vibrometer developed by ASK.
+
+Excerpt from the Proceedings of the 2018 COMSOL Conference in Lausanne
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_8.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_8.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1b8f1392659e0649556025f9951b1473bac94ceb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_8.md
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# Prediction of the Loudspeaker Total Harmonics Distortion Using Comsol Multiphysics
+
+
+
+François Malbos¹, Michal Bogdanski², Michael Strauss²
+
+1. Harman France, VPDT, 12 bis, rue des Colonnes du Trône, Paris, 75012, France
+2. Harman Becker Automotive Systems, VPDT, 135 Schlesische Straße, Straubing, D94315, Germany
+
+**Introduction:** For automotive applications, simulation methods are used to optimize the position and orientation of speakers. Since a loudspeaker is a non linear device, the sound pressure includes harmonics. Engineers at Harman are optimizing the audio performance by predicting and minimizing the amplitude of the harmonics.
+
+**Computational Methods:** The harmonics are mainly created by 3 non linear speaker components (force factor, suspension stiffness and voice coil inductance).
+
+
+
+**Figure 1.** Comsol AC/DC Model
+
+
+
+**Figure 2.** Comsol Structural Mechanics Model
+
+**Results:** Simulation results were compared with measurement data delivered by a professional loudspeaker measurement system. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) was predicted based on Comsol and measurement system datasets. Predicted THD was compared with a measurement.
+
+
+
+**Figure 3.** Suspension stiffness simulation
+
+
+
+**Figure 4.** Force factor simulation
+
+
+
+**Figure 5.** Inductance simulation
+
+
+
+**Figure 6.** THD prediction and measurement
+
+**Conclusion:** The optimization of the non linear behavior of a loudspeaker can be realized in the virtual domain.
+
+**References:**
+
+1. W. Klippel, Distortion Analyser - a new tool for assessing and improving electrodynamic speaker, 108th Audio Engineering Society, Convention Paper 5109, (2000)
+
+Excerpt from the Proceedings of the 2016 COMSOL Conference in Munich
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_9.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_9.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3ae9dc10f867f79ac912b285f920370cc524c0e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/high_pixel_9.md
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+# Interactive design of an electrostatic headphone speaker using COMSOL Server
+
+Brett Marmo¹, Murray Snaith¹ and Dan Anagnos²
+
+1. Xi Engineering Consultants Ltd, Argyle House, 3 Lady Lawson Street, Edinburgh, EH3 9DR, United Kingdom;
+2. Warwick Audio Technologies, Forward House 17 High Street, Henley-in-Arden, B95 5AA, United Kingdom.
+
+
+
+
+## Introduction
+
+* Electrostatic headphones include many interrelated design elements that affect the frequency response of the headphone and the users listening experience.
+* Small changes to design elements like material properties, membrane tension, speaker size and AC and DC signal levels can have a large effect of the speakers acoustic output.
+* Xi developed a model to help understand the dynamics of the speaker. The model was used to reduce low-end roll-off, reduce distortion and increase sound pressure level for a given input level.
+* A graphic user interface (GUI) was built using COMSOL Server.
+* The GUI allowed Warwick Audio Technologies to optimise their speaker using virtual tools and thereby reduce expensive and time consuming prototyping.
+
+
+
+## Speaker models and challenges
+
+* Warwick Audio Technologies produce a novel one-sided electrostatic speaker for the high-end consume market. Audiophiles demand extremely high quality performance from their speakers.
+* The dynamics of the one-sided speaker presents some unique challenges not experiences in more conventional two-sided balanced-drive speakers.
+* The dynamics are dependent on the extremely complex interplay between foil tension, AC-signal level, geometry of the speaker, elastic and electromagnetic properties of all materials, thermo-acoustic losses and added-mass effects of the air.
+* The correct modelling of the dynamic relationship between the force asymmetry of the one-sided system and the strongly non-linear of the electrostatic force was extremely challenging.
+* Xi used a fully-coupled acoustic-structure-MEMS model in COMSOL Multiphysics to model the frequency response of the speaker.
+* The model was validated against Warwick Audio Technologies experimental date.
+
+
+
+
+
+## The GUI
+
+* For rapid virtual prototype a GUI was run with COMSOL server and hosted on an Amazon Server.
+
+Global Input
+
+* DC bias
+* AC signal level
+* Frequency range and resolution
+
+Material properties
+
+* Membrane properties
+* Spacer elastic and permittivity
+* Wire mesh elastic properties
+* Wire mesh aperture size and thickness
+
+Geometric changes
+
+* Speaker size
+* Cell size
+* Cell shape
+* Rim and cell wall thickness
+* Spacer thickness
+* Hex frame size and thickness
+
+Excerpt from the Proceedings of the 2016 COMSOL Conference in Munich
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..10d4b86b926d6aab3628fc7dc628f225605b3c31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+十四度少星七星七度張六星十八度翼二十二星十九度少軫四星十八度半以上二十八宿明暗守犯各有所主大角一星在攝提間梗河三星在帝座北招搖一星在梗河北天門二星在左角南庫樓十星在角南折威七星在亢南車三星在氐南騎官二十七星在氐南車騎三星在騎官南西咸四星房北東咸四星在心北積卒十二星在房西南天雞二星在狗國北狗國四星在建皇東左右旂各九星在牽牛北天壘十三星在哭泣南斧鉞三星在八魁西北北落師門一星在羽林西南壁壘陣十二星在室南羽林四十五三三而聚散在壘之南天大将軍十二星在婁西天街二星在昴畢間参旂九星在参西狼一星在参東南弧矢九星在狼東南此皆應兵事之星也占法可按四瑞星曰景星曰周伯星曰含譽星曰天保星妖星曰天棓星曰蚩尤旂星國皇星照明星天狗星營頭星客星曰流星飛星奔星隕星彗星掃星八娥星一髮星二戴劍星三銀鎗星四張弓星五神祐星六拖鏈星七拋球星八檐旂星凡占風立以雞羽八雨置五丈竿頭占風來處知其吉凶風從東來曰嬰風東南小勝風正南大弱風西南陰風西沖風西北小沖風北大剛風東北大剛風占巽風法一红色二黃色三黑色四賊風五神風六賊兵風七暖兵法心要
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_10.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_10.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd0b01d783e2b3e02cf06f16e13e857b652b1c82
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_10.md
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+危崖古荔垂夕照寒江橫若為三詔出兹山竟少姓焦山周鼎歌
+
+海雲堂院竹成項海光雲氣特蒼冷鐘板虛懸僧
+
+雞稀我來開闢看古鼎此鼎一辱丞相嵩不如刦
+
+灰落竇井嵩家驕子兼猥奴玩弄曾與溺器等千
+
+石楜椒百斛珠紛紜書帕日笑領饕餮雙嚵從傍
+
+觀炙手勢焰只駒影滌拭穢污歸焦山警之逃禪
+
+初靜便有腹詎與亡硬耳剛足幸完整嗚呼
+
+鑄鼎出周朝閱甲歷壬子何永販內古文辨難真
+
+子孫寶用存戒儆遭兵遭燹遭權門幾時明堂作
+
+大皿神物顯晦各有時藐小一嵩何足省看畢古
+
+鼎江濤昏還摩挲殘碑發欬聲新城兄弟好長歌西樵
+
+阮亭二程註跋亦精警穆倩崑崙山僧感此慎寶藏搜奪
+
+何時無權幸孝威云分宜一說始自西樵今又得
+
+東塘暢之○定九云極有感慨極有
+
+關係抵一篇史傳之定九云極有感慨極有
+
+平山堂題壁
+
+放眼睛空萬事無沉吟座上想歐蘇春風楊柳揮
+
+介安堂第五刻
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_11.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_11.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fab121d17cd5ef9adaeb77a6e7ae3528280e1b6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_11.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+敗喪此可熟念往事豈復可追願思弘將來令天下寄命有所自隆中興之業政以道勝寬和爲本力爭武功作非所當因循所長以固大業想識其由來也自寇亂以來處內外之任者未有深謀遠慮括囊至計而疲竭根本各從所志竟無一功可論一事可記忠言嘉謀棄而莫用遂令天下將有土崩之勢何能不痛心悲慨也任其事者豈得辭四海之責追咎往事亦何所復及宜更虛己求賢當與有識共之不可復令忠允之言常屈於當權今軍破於外資竭於內保淮之志非復所及莫過還保長江都督將各復舊鎮自長江以外羈縻而已任國鈞者引咎責躬深自貶降以謝百姓更與朝賢思布平正除其煩苛省其賦役與百姓更始庶可以允塞羣望救倒懸之急使君起於布衣任天下之重尚德之舉未能事事允稱當董統之任而喪敗至此恐闔朝羣賢未有與人分其謗者今亟修德補闕廣延羣賢與之分任尚未知獲濟所期
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_12.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_12.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4cbc15522e9486864e0270d575f8987eb3bbcc37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_12.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+懷此郡斷酒一年所省百餘萬斛米乃過於租此救民命當可勝言返復重論相賞有理卿可復論又百姓之命 倒懸吾夙夜憂此時旣不能開倉庾賑之因斷酒以救民命有何不可而刑猶至此使人歎息吾復何在便可放之其罰謫之制宜嚴重可如治日每知卿同在民之主奉法帖省示知足下奉法轉到勝理極此此故蕩滌塵垢研遺滯累可謂盡矣無以復加漆園比之殊誕謾如下言也吾所奉設教意政同但爲形跡小異耳方欲盡心此事所以重增辭世之篤今雖形係於俗誠心終日常在於此足下試觀其終恐薄書帖恐有簿書之煩益屬所事可立制縣不給下貧而給饒有之家開令治國别許爲盛田不平者
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_13.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_13.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5f1e50347c4af23616494a5ba52231afffe9200
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_13.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+道羣育羣生澤周萬物盡其清寧貞粹而已則殊塗融通動靜澄一蓋由聖人不逆萬物之性萬物不犯聖人之化凡滯於一方者形分之所閡耳道之所運常冥通而無待故有生者有生生者有形者有形形者有聲者有聲聲者有色者色色者有味者有味味者形聲色味皆忽爾而生不能自生者也夫不能自生則無為之本無為之本則無當於一象無係於一味故能為形氣之主動必由之者也生之所生者死矣而生生者皆未嘗終形之所形者實矣而形形者未嘗有聲之所聲者聞矣而聲聲者未嘗發色之所色者彰矣，而色色者未嘗顯味之所味者嘗矣而味味者未嘗呈夫盡於皆隨代謝而生生物者無變化也皆無為之職也至無者故能為萬變之宗主也能陰能陽能柔能剛能短能長能員能方能生能死能暑能涼能浮能沈能宮能商能出能沒能玄能黃能甘能苦能羶能香無知也無能也而無不知也而無不能也知盡則無知能極則無能故無所不知無所不能何晏道論曰有之為有恃無以生
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_14.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_14.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..045767c9059ed0a926b3c5a029f50a7ffd7599b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_14.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+六公重七公生五河某其季也生遇鍾離後戊辰年先伯考有孫六人兵興以來相繼而歿先兄重四公有子曰文正今為大都督重六重七俱絕嗣曩者父母因某自幼多疾捨入皇覺寺中甲申父毋長兄俱喪次兄守業又次兄出贅劉氏其托跡緇流至正二十四年天下大亂諸兄皆亡淮兵大起掠入行伍乃招集義旅兵力漸衆因取滁和龍鳳三年帥師渡江駐兵太平為念先考君嘗言世為朱巷人宗族俱有平日每有鄉土之念卽訪朱故鄉宗族之所遂調兵取句容明年克金陵而朱巷距城四十里舉族父兄昆弟四十餘人至始得與之敘長幼之禮行親睦之道但朱氏世次自仲八公之上不可復考今自仲八公高曾而下皆起江左歷世墓在朱巷惟先祖葬泗州先考葬鍾離此我朱氏之源流也爰自金陵太平駐節開府為基本之地實鄕郡焉屢歲征伐拓境吳楚旣越方明 朝 小 史 一 之 四
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_15.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_15.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ea72797e99bbf76c3d4e85041d38e610be39dcab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_15.md
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+肉有腐痕
+
+帝微時甚愛于郭子興郭氏五男惡焉乃以事幽之
+
+空室中絕食糞馬后竊以餅飼給之一日炙餅舎
+
+中將修供為郭氏親信所窺遂納懷中其後肉有
+
+腐痕
+
+山河已定
+
+帝召畫工周玄素令畫天下江山圖于殿壁對曰臣
+
+未嘗遍跡九州未敢奉詔惟陛下草建規模臣狀
+
+後潤之帝即掭筆倏成令玄縈加潤玄素進曰陛
+
+下山河已定豈可動搖帝笑而唯之
+
+蘇民忠厚
+
+帝微行至三山街一媼門有木榻假坐移時問媼何
+
+處人對曰蘇人又問張士誠在蘇州何如媼曰方
+
+大明皇帝起手時張王自知非眞命天子全城歸
+
+附蘇人不受兵戈之苦至今感德又問其姓而忞
+
+翌日語朝臣曰張士誠于蘇人初無深仁厚德昨
+
+明朝小史
+
+一之十八
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_16.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_16.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..614c2ed8d5592d8c8c7a4914766d6e54b0d2439b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_16.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+唐詩紀事 十二於延英門進來宰臣李泌等雖奉詔簡擇難於取捨由是百寮皆和上自考其詩以劉太真及李紓等四人為上等鮑防房于邵等四人為次等張濛殷亮等二十三人為下等而李晟馬燧李泌三宰相之詩不加考第幸章敬寺詩松院淨苔色竹房深磬聲時人傳誦帝晚年工詩句臣莫及每御製奉和退而笑曰排公俗有投石之戲兩頭置標號曰排公以中不中為勝負也杜太保枉淮南進崔叔靖詩一百篇帝曰此惡詩何用進時云奉勅惡詩韋綬以內相感心疾罷還第帝九日作黃菊歌顧左右曰安可不示韋綬遣使持往綬遽奉和附使進帝曰為文不已豈顧養耶勅曰自今勿復文宗上元日詩云上元高會集群仙心齋何事欲祈年唐詩紀事卷二
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_17.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_17.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d62716f9e4ec34ba4cf2bc9af628c273692ba25f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_17.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+唐詩紀事 十五\n之句其聲宛轉上因欷歔問曰汝知之耶此文選古詩第一首益忠臣為姦邪所蔽也乃賜金臂環問其從來則吳元濟女也自陷掖庭易姓沈氏配樂籍又奏曰妾本藝方響迺白玉也槌則響犀為之願賜臣妾帝命賜之旣至命奏涼州之曲音韻淸越聽者無不淒然嘗詔開元霓裳羽衣舞參以云韶肄于廷太常少卿馮定部諸工立簾間端凝若植問李珏珏以定對帝喜曰豈非能古章句者耶親誦定送客西江詩召升殿賜禁中瑞錦詔悉以所著上嘗與宰相論詩之工拙鄭覃曰詩之工者無若三百篇皆國人作之以刺美時政王者采之以觀風俗耳不聞王者為詩也後代辭人之詩華而不實無補於事陳後主隋煬帝皆工於詩不免亡國陛下何取焉單篤於經術上甚重之常吟杜甫曲江篇云江頭宮殿鎖千門細柳新蒲
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_18.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_18.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..05448daf2a55244670ebca7e1d6597a85fbbc806
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_18.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+以寫心貽此話言進簣雖微終焉爲山敬哉離人臨路悽然𣢾襟或遼音問其先酬丁柴桑有客有客爰來爰止秉直司聰於惠百里餐勝如歸聆善若始匪惟諧也屢有良由載言載眺以寫我憂放歡一遇既醉還休寔欣心期方從我遊答龐參軍龐爲衛軍參軍從江陵使上都過潯陽見贈衡門之下有琴有書載彈載詠爰得我娛豈無他好樂是幽居朝爲灌園夕偃蓬廬人之所寶尚或未
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_19.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_19.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..61727ee39fc1af3415c14bbd0210fb415f4a4428
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_19.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+日與行星並其軌道之大在宇內受造萬物中不過一點之物而日之光大亦不過億萬恒星中之一顆而已且穹蒼遠處更有億萬萬之日與諸行星而日之彼此相隔億萬里且遠隔地球故人視之惟一恒星而已西國當未製遠鏡前以人目測見者衹五六千顆之多耳三節各行星繞日之軌道如大小之圓逐層佈置故循軌道而行自無衝擊之患四節地球之爲行星在第三層軌道其一二層軌道更有二行星離日較近而地球外更有行星軌道五合爲八大行星
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_2.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_2.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b6fccb878e00c7c7442a9f3bcbdee6df94bb83ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_2.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+間取之昔王倪於齧缺稱其以人受天乃後之人至不能以人受人何古今之塹也 故神聖代興尊師重道事事之不渝古人也繇其平日讀書卽英雄創造溺♖罵儒 册府元龜序六
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_20.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_20.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8aedf3288f71f67f25902b338ff6de7fca6995e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_20.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+一𠍒日其樣式是生乜式呢應乜是圓其共球一樣二𠍒日自傢務俥轉毛務約畧二十五日午俥一轉𠍒日其光是自傢其光吓怀是呢應正其光共熱氣都是伊自傢其四𠍒日其全面都務光叭應務㑚有時光也務烏點五𠍒將樣曉的務烏點呢應駛鏡去照有時㑹看見六𠍒日當務光叭應是七𠍒將其有時也務蝕呢應因月園地有時殻日共地就遮日其光故此由地禮看是日蝕八𠍒汝務看見日叭應務九𠍒其樣式都一樣叭應怀一樣也務全蝕也務㑚蝕牟爿十𠍒日蝕是全吓蝕牛爿価呢應是蝕半爿故価十一𠍒日將其也務全蝕也務㑚蝕呢應因月有時趁日大中經過就遮全面有時趁日旁邊經過就㑚遮十二𠍒日蝕時候汝觀日賣光其位處所看見是世乜呢應看見月其三𠍒日蝕將其都是三十共初一隻二日中間別日都毛蝕呢應因只覩觀月園殻日共地中間㑹遮日其光別日都賣遮的着十四𠍒學將月日都務蝕一回呱應毛十五𠍒將其毛呢應因月園殻日共地中間正正一直相對㑹遮的日着有時或恰高或恰下賣相對賣遮的日着問答第六回六
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_21.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_21.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..92ef85a5fb7fa4ecdb0028ce977062f1d419868f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_21.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+原何似耳故陽明之有傳習錄為委耶為非委耶吾不敢知但使傳習而為一人之傳習則可傳習而古今之同域也雖欲信人功名之心與高已一時之目而將有所不能則余重陽明之事業而不得不先重其♖論者亦埶也故純疵莫判而好㮣存刪芟横
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_22.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_22.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a9e8f3745eb5f4f95e05b5feee2837bd1629c2e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_22.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+丹之而節之而詮之於是乎論于是乎梓清署髙秌瓣香習誦竊為之幸大義之復章拜闡揚之功巨也公之論有踴夲旨者有引申錯綜者有別為之送難樹義者是即不為陽明先生之書為王公之書夫為公之書乃所以壽先生之書也論不云乎越民之患
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_23.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_23.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..315bd61402c8457f8265733ed741aabb9d03f3ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_23.md
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+劉氏世範卷之一
+
+防欺罔明敎令責成功示情信兼恩威勿昏昏勿察察
+
+母先欺母慢藏禁作威防讒惥恤飢寒嚴名分凡二十
+
+敬官吏母♖官母詗政勤徭役重租稅畏詞訟順命令持公廉
+
+祛朋黨母干謁勿誣訐恪行止慎言語遠雜人矜吏屬
+
+恤小民和鄕里戒剛強絶卑諂確守分拙營利凡二十
+
+古訓要語
+
+立志之要
+
+志伊尹之志學顔子之學
+
+進德之要
+
+主忠信過則勿憚改
+
+爲學之要
+
+念終始典于學
+
+進達之要
+
+不患人之不己知求爲可知
+
+處世之要
+
+安其身而後動易其心而後語定其交而後求
+
+做事之要
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_24.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_24.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0d45ef2a9336de1123cc3614456ea8b9e7eaf023
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_24.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+繆西谿作論如看圖畫須得其意思所在始能為古人點睛然必大開大闔為妙若作小般一味將字眼挑剔詞句對偶縱彫繪滿眼終是小兒百家衣 唐荊川曰作論之妙不過一開一闔而于起伏呼應處尤須有節節關生之勢 宗方城曰論之結尾關鎖處須使讀之有言盡而意不止之妙 王弇州曰一抑一揚是論家本等機軸乃死文則貴絕處逢生生文又貴綿中裹鐵論人者當立其像於傍以自巳口舌代他人心膽方可旦暮古今 許穎陽曰作論時必先立定主意眼目排定間架門路一起一伏如何擺佈經傳典故如何編插成竹在胸奮袂書之隨勢所至或長或短自有兔起鶻落之致 歸震川曰論人須是道理見得透時不妨衝口道破真是生殺在手又曰省山妙處直是眼前語信口說出自妙何嘗學秦漢文正有秦漢文所不到處 顧涇陽曰談論古今只在人情物理察得破時便是說家常話一般此是第一高手與堆詞者自相千里 顧頡瀾曰論有四法鼠頭欲精而銳豕項欲肥而縮牛腹欲厚而大蜂腰欲尖而峭 張侗初曰論有四格陳政則與議說合體釋經則與傳註辨論史則與贊評齊行叅文則與序引共記 又曰論全以氣為主然鼓氣以勢唐李德裕曰氣不可以不貫勢不可以不息須如千兵萬馬風恬雨霽寂無人聲方稱作手 林圖南曰論有八體行文時俱要識得有折腰體有蜂腰時有掉頭體有單頭體有雙閉體有三扇體有鶴膝體有征雁不成行體又曰抑揚之體有急文有緩文一句自下引上如風中帆過不覺其快此謂急體無曲折惟有一片虛徐之致如微風涉水波光自生此謂緩文 馮具區曰論事勢當原其利害成敗而究其形論人物當考其始終顛末而定其案然須胸中真有卓然不可磨滅之見借題發揮則自然醒眼若就事補綴縱裁花製錦終無精彩氣煩 袁儀卿曰論有破有承人題之後有原題原題之後始人大講大講之後有腰有尾佈節相生字字顧母轉接處如九曲黃河來脉不斷呼應處如常山蛇勢首尾相接縱筆
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_25.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_25.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e75b620c2e5de6054463e5a66a69b13ba9fbf280
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_25.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+自矜其色才之慧而自恃其才情之幽而誤用其情德之貞而誤玷其德圓天方地之中蓋甚多有也人間之佳人为之天上之佳人不為也西青散記序震亭曹學詩以甫空山風雪柴門老樹之村破屋藤蘿石徑荒苔之地掃松根而趺坐太素為心種蕉葉以揮毫西青有硯爰乃搜夫異境綴以幽辭鐫舊誓於孤窻佩新愁於半世水流花謝四壁銷魂燈炮酒闌三生繫夢誰能遣此低徊芳草之前若有人兮縹緲碧雲之末不堪持贈勸懲頗寓微言聊以自娛賞識或逢知已將有玉樓才子暫謫人間金屋麗姝乍來天上銀鈎風定挼荳蔻以忘餐寶鼎烟微盥薔薇而若醉畫靜則通序
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_26.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_26.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a7004b07b11a3994af8989f48c1bc766660be6a6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_26.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+黃氏震曰慶當作平聲與下文殃字恊韻上文乃終有慶亦與應地無疆平聲相恊睽卦志行也往有慶也亦恊韻益卦其道大光中正有慶亦恊韻他如井困豐兌凡易中慶字無不與平聲恊韻者 黃中 徐氏曰坤為腹故太玄以坤為黃宮黃宮卽黃庭也黃屬土而在中又曰黃中艮卦行其庭卽黃庭也道書解極玄奧宋儒釋之淺矣 九五屯其膏小貞吉大貞凶 楊氏曰漢書谷永傳引此文孟康註云膏者所以入潤肌膚爵祿亦所以養人也小貞臣也大貞君也遭屯難饑荒君當開倉廩振百姓而反吝則㐫臣吝則吉也 利用刑人 張氏鴻思曰初六發蒙利用刑人用說桎梏以往吝三原王氏曰利用刑人刑卽書所謂扑作敎刑學記稱夏楚二物是也責之以警其怠惰 筆精 卷一 四
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_27.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_27.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c9d8fd27d24875b5fadf2e8b33695bec7ebe22e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_27.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+收者三也景公信用讒佞賞無功罰不辜晏子諫曰臣聞明君望聖人而信其教不聞聽讒佞以誅賞今與左右相悅頌也曰比尢者勉為樂乎吾安能為仁而愈黥民耳矣故內寵之妾迫奪于國外寵之臣矯奪于鄙執灋之吏並荷百姓民愁苦約病而姦驅尢佚隱情奄惡蔽諂其上故雖有至聖大賢豈能勝若讒哉是以忠臣之常有災傷也臣聞古者之士可與得之不可與失之可與進之不可與退之臣請逃之矣遂鞭馬而出公使韓子休追之曰孤不仁不能順教以至此極夫子休國焉而往寡人將從而後晏子遂鞭馬而返其僕曰嚮之去何速今之返又何速晏子曰非子之所知也公之言至矣翟王子羨臣于景公以重駕公觀之而不說也晏子卷一 九
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_28.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_28.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67a35f5eb22188367e6aa5f3ad84b3c8722ce8c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_28.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+稗說童謠驗于事輒應非僅識耳目前一二行志便自誇通博不復遠搜秘典以廣洽見聞然古人越國觀書伐山探異執蝌蚪以辨疑義齎油素而採方言皇皇求之如將弗及故其行列國能奏對無疑詞閉戶著書亦自成一家論迨後學士軰狃于近淺以該
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_29.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_29.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5a64fd2e880987bed8d04c7a430343b3877ce555
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_29.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+穢勿克剪厥蕪荒彼艽蘇合亦轉蛣蜣辟璠璵側碔砆隟之無康而國家俾及滋衍笑嫚驩童子心一典灝灝繁竭倫恬禮不皆典萬言嘉百先生盡心謂余後小子蓀漶漫無丕功惟我浚儀編玉海垂後采制當國選辭有典王猷允作鞶鑑昆式我朝邦無于它
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_3.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_3.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2484c3c77366a76c533cac6c51f54441aa27c3c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_3.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+固河汾所譏而絳灌無文葢代之功名一蹶宜深雒陽之痛哭者也水朝信日夜生世山分心海合羸决形怠决神一展卷而歷代帝王將相翩其來並飲食坐臥於吾
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_30.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_30.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..408f75239bd7a4d97ba0ef1c2cc60c3cd546ef9c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_30.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+房心日月也豈更無深旨大義切實不移而必首角亢末尾箕之相肖中氏房心之相類乎二十八宿之不同更甚矣何以每方之首末皆肖中皆相類別無參差同異乎如以為義不在是也何以四維之一例也如以為義僅在是也則命意亦大淺陋矣而尤有陋者夫貉兎狐獐馬鹿之以毛蟲類雉雞烏之以羽蟲類猶可言也至蝙蝠燕之為類何其意蓋以蝠者鼠所化而燕之飛又似蝠故相從也斯不亦漫然之甚者乎由是言之則二十八宿之從禽巳無深意又況十二支之属原出于宿位與本支無涉者哉然星禽之說沿于俗傳觀歷代正史天官書未有以禽言者○○○文王八卦伏羲八卦方位天理自然至矣善矣至文王移易伏羲之卦自邵子以來未有明其故者故本義云此章所推卦位多未詳以邵朱之玄悟淵博尚有
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_4.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_4.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7fae80e6fcb118ecd1194d5a04653a4b5e9392d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_4.md
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+使人倦勤他皆宿巳鐫行惟册府元龜閱年六百止一寫本互相抄傳勢家購之必損錢三二十萬貧士竟生至夢有不之逮者余童丱聞楊公用脩蓄此書且經讐正
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_5.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_5.md
new file mode 100644
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+悔相道之不察兮延佇乎吾將反回朕車以復路兮及行迷之未遠步余馬於蘭臯兮馳椒丘且焉止息進不入以離尤兮退將復修吾初服製芰荷以為衣兮集芙蓉以為裳不吾知其亦巳兮苟余情其信芳高余冠之岌岌兮長余佩之陸離芳與澤其雜糅兮唯昭質其猶未虧忽反顧以游目兮將往觀乎四荒佩繽紛其繁飾兮芳菲菲其彌章民生各有所樂兮余獨好修以為常雖體解吾猶未變兮豈余心之可懲陽庚通韻後不註悔追恨前非察明審延佇少待行迷所行惑誤未遠猶可四車也追悔前日相道未審迷行取困个將回車復路及此惑誤未甚之時意言歸隱也步徐行澤曲曰臯其中有蘭故曰蘭臯丘上有椒故曰椒丘二句復路進出而仕入合離尤遭患退復路歸隱初服隱者之服也製剪裁集補綴芰菱荷蓮葉芙蓉蓮花本草云蓮其葉名荷其花未發爲菡萏巳發爲芙蓉上曰衣下曰裳言被服益潔修善益明也此與下文即所謂修吾初服二句互文謂取芰荷芙蓉以爲衣裳耳不吾知者進而仕人不知忠也信芳者退而隱芰荷芙蓉自信芳香也至此始出不吾知字結上起下乃一篇之脉絡也岌岌高貌佩玉佩陸離美好貌芳謂氣之芳香澤謂色之潤澤雜糅佩之盛言盛其佩服蓋欲明吾本質之未虧耳此入句文法参錯本言製芰荷爲衣芙蓉爲裳高冠長佩芳澤雜糅惟昭質猶未虧苟余情其信芳不吾知其亦巳矣然如此則文氣傷直故曲折出之古文古詩皆然惟楚詞爲獨多
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+忽疾速貌反顧回首視游目緃目達觀四荒四方即孔子浮海居夷之意佩指衣裳冠佩而言繽紛盛貌繁衆菲菲猶勃勃芳香貌彌章愈明欲隱而彌章謂又不能隱也好修好自修潔未變不改其好修之志懲創艾人生邪正清濁各有所樂而吾獨好修爲常天下重禍無如支解即使至此吾猶不變则黨人之謡諑嫉妬䟽棄放逐豈能使余心懲而少改哉言堅確也此節欲隱而不能也前日相道未審迷行離患將反初服往觀四方佩飾繽紛欲隱彌章好修為常雖體解莫懲也女女♖之嬋媛兮申申其詈予曰鮌婞直以亡身兮終然殀乎羽之野汝何博謇而好修兮紛獨有此姱節薋菉葹以盈室兮判獨離而不服衆不可户說兮孰云察余之中情世並舉而好朋兮夫何㷀獨而不予聽女須三閭姊也嬋媛眷戀留連之意申申猶重重詈責數曰記女媭之詞鮌堯臣帝繫曰颛顼後五世而生鮌婞狠蚤死曰殀言鲧婞狠自用乃殛死中野博謇謂廣博而忠直紛盛貌姱節姱美之節蕡蒺藜菉王芻施枲耳三物皆惡草以比讒侫盈室喻满朝判别言衆人皆佩此惡草汝何獨判然不與衆同也㷀独孤衆既不可户説又孰能察巳之中情况舉世朋党更無一同志者㷀獨至此而尚不聽余言何也補註女媭詈三閭之意蓋欲其為甯武之愚而不欲其為史魚之直耳非責其不為上官靳尚以狥懷王之意也而說者謂其詈三閣不與衆合以承君意誤矣此解亦是
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_7.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_7.md
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+此節歎息而言其所以不留之故也 鼂騁鶩兮江臯夕弭節兮北渚鳥次兮屋上水周兮堂下捐余玦兮江中遺余佩兮澧浦采芳洲兮杜若將以遺兮下女時不可兮再得聊逍遙兮容與 鼂早騁直馳鶩亂馳弭按渚水涯次止周旋也♖ 如環而有缺澧水出武陵充縣注於洞庭史記作 醴下女巳見離騷逍遙容與皆遊戲閒暇之意此 言神既不來則我亦退而游息惟見鳥次水流而巳然湘君既不可見下而捐玦江中遺佩澧浦將採杜若以遺下女尚欲求合於萬一而仐♖之遇道經洞庭尚有可合之意此時一失不可再得惟有從容待時或可復合也 此節終望其合也 右湘君 竭誠盡敬望之不來則亦巳矣而揚靈流涕至云心不同恩不甚交不忠期不信不怨湘君而自咎責終望其合可想其忠愛無巳之心矣 帝子降兮北渚目♖♖兮愁予嫋嫋兮秋風洞庭波兮木葉下登白薠兮騁望與佳期兮夕張鳥何萃兮蘋中♖何為兮木上 帝子謂湘夫人堯之次女女英舜次妃韓子以娥皇正妃故稱君女英自宜降稱夫人目♖♖ 盡也愁予者為主祭者言望之而目盡不見使我愁也一篇主句嫋嫋長弱之貌秋風起則洞庭生
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@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+故參性又博逹通如嗜學不倦之龢退食其以墳籍自娱攷語經史辨订舛語待以是里居浚多考色之好杜門掃軌日去文字爲緣議諞善精醇識見益超字发竪一義皆可以扶蘭教垂勸戒生坐之有國拾
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+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/history_book_9.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+賦葢荒山二分明月今仍照感慨誰來宿水關
+
+孝威云滿樓紅袖徹夜笙歌今俱什之一夢可勝太息
+
+游平山堂
+
+慶曆遺堂見舊顏晴空欄檻俯邦關密疎堤上千絲柳深淺江南一帶山文酒猶傳居士意煙花總待使君聞行吟記取松林路每度春風放艇還仙云搖曵正如隋隄柳孝威云堂搆非舊風物猶存一詩可勝俯仰定九云揚州平山堂在宋則有歐蘇二公近則有濟南王公阮亭曲阜孔公東塘題咏流傳皆足與平山並傳千古
+
+蜀岡觀音閣是迷樓故址
+
+囘首蕪城半是爐輕鞭策馬意凄然滿岡黃葉秋深路幾寺紅樓夕照天螢苑蒼凉迷亂水雷塘疑似訪荒田杳消粉壞何年恨且解征衣喚釣船仙云劉滄趙嘏之間孝威云此地爲吳綘仙板粧裳閣今白楊黃土不勝蕭瑟此詩可招艷魂而使起
+
+紅橋
+
+紅橋一曲綠溪村新舊垂楊六代存酒斾時播看竹路畵船多繫種花門曾逢粉黛當筵醉未許笙歌避吏尊可惜同遊無小杜撲襟絲雨乍消魂
+
+仙云書記秦軍何能遠過孝威云風流旖妮應是裳才人故多情語定九云三四竟是紅橋畵圖阮
+
+介安堂第五刻
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+Download full-text PDF
+
+Article PDF Available
+
+# Mother–infant structures and pre-symbolic self and object representations
+
+January 1997 · Psychoanalytic Dialogues 7(2):133-182
+
+DOI:10.1080/10481889709539172
+
+**Authors**:
+
+Beatrice Beebe Columbia University
+
+Frank Michael Lachmann
+
+Joseph Jaffe
+
+Citations (282) References (141)
+
+Sponsored videos
+
+
+
+
+
+## Abstract
+Using research on the purely social face-to-face exchange, we examine patterns of mother—infant interaction and their relevance for the presymbolic origins of self and object representations, focusing on the representation of inter-relatedness between self and object. Based on a dyadic systems view in which the system is defined by both self- and interactive-regulation processes, we argue that characteristic patterns of self and interactive regulation form early interaction structures, which provide an important basis for emerging self and object representations. What will be represented, presymbolically, is the dynamic interactive process itself, the interplay, as each partner influences the other from moment to moment. This is a dynamic, process view of “interactive”; or “dyadic”;representations. The argument that early interaction structures organize experience is based on a transformational model in which there are continuous transformations and restructurings, where development is in a constant state of active reorganization. To define the capacities on which a presymbolic representational capacity is based, we review the last decade's research on infant perception and memory, which has radically changed our concepts of representation. The interaction structures we describe illustrate the salience of arousal, affect, space, and time in the early organization of experience: (1) state transforming, the expectation that an arousal state can be transformed through the contribution of the partner; (2) facial mirroring, the expectation of matching and being matched in the direction of affective change; (3) disruption and repair, the expectation of degree of ease and rapidity of interactive repair following facial-visual mismatches; (4) “chase and dodge,”; the expectation of the misregulation and derailment of spatial-orientation patterns, without repair; and (5)interpersonal timing, the expectation of degree of vocal rhythm matching.
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+
+ISSN: 1048-1885 (Print) 1940-9222 (Online) Journal homepage: https://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hpsd20
+
+## Mother—infant interaction structures and presymbolic self‐ and object representations
+
+**Beatrice Beebe Ph.D. , Frank Lachmann Ph.D. & Joseph Jaffe M.D.**
+
+**To cite this article**: Beatrice Beebe Ph.D. , Frank Lachmann Ph.D. &Joseph Jaffe M.D.(1997) Mother—infant interaction structures and presymbolic self‐ and object representations,Psychoanalytic Dialogues, 7:2, 133-182, DOI: 10.1080/10481889709539172
+
+**To link to this article**: https://doi.org/10.1080/10481889709539172
+
+Published online: 02 Nov 2009.
+***
+Submit your article to this journal
+***
+Article views: 694
+***
+Citing articles: 173 View citing articles
+***
+
+Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at https://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=hpsd20
+
+# Mother—Infant Interaction Structures and Presymbolic Self- and Object Representations
+
+**Beatrice Beebe, Ph.D., Frank Lachmann, Ph.D.,and Joseph Jaffe, M.D.**
+
+Using research on the purely social face-to-face exchange, we examine patterns of mother—infant interaction and their relevance for the presymbolic origins of self and object representations, focusing on the representation of inter-relatedness between self and object. Based on a dyadic systems view in which the system is defined by both self- and interactive-regulation processes, we argue that characteristic patterns of self and interactive regulation form early interaction structures, which provide an important basis for emerging self and object representations. What will be represented, presymbolically, is the dynamic interactive process itself, the interplay, as each partner influences the other from moment to moment. This is a dynamic, process view of "interactive" or "dyadic"representations. The argument that early interaction structures organize experience is based on a transformational model in which there are continuous transformations and restructurings, where development is in a constant state of active reorganization. To define the capacities on which a presymbolic representational capacity is based, we review the last decade's research on infant perception and memory, which has radi-cally changed our concepts of representation. The interaction structures we describe illustrate the salience of arousal, affect, space, and time in the early organization of experience: (1) state transforming, the expec-tation that an arousal state can be transformed through the contribu-tion of the partner; (2) facial mirroring, the expectation of matching and being matched in the direction of affective change; (3) disruption and repair, the expectation of degree of ease and rapidity of interactive repair following facial-visual mismatches; (4) "chase and dodge," the expectation of the misregulation and derailment of spatial-orientation patterns, without repair; and (5) interpersonal timing, the expectation of degree of vocal rhythm matching.
+
+IN CONSIDERING THE ORIGINS OF SELF- AND OBJECT REPRESENTATIONS, WE begin with the premise that mother (or father or caretaker) and infant generate ways of experiencing each other. How is this experience organized, and how is it represented, by the infant? The parent's representation of the interaction lies beyond the scope of this discussion. We examine the relevance of early patterns of interaction in the normal range during the first year. Self and object representa-tions will be addressed in terms of their presymbolic origins. We use Piaget's (1954) timetable in placing the emergence of symbolic thought at the end of the first year, undergoing major reorganization at 16 to 18 months, and consolidating in the third year. Symbol formation is briefly defined as the capacity to imitate an object that is not physically present, and to refer to an object in a way that is not defined by its physical features, that is, through a conventional (linguistic) symbol (Piaget, 1937; Werner and Kaplan, 1963).
+
+We will address one particular aspect of the presymbolic origins of self and object representations, namely the representation of interrelat-edness between self and object. The discussion will be limited to research on the purely social face-to-face exchange. The contributions of the regulation of crying, sleep-wake, feeding, and alone states to the origins of self and object representations, important as they are, lie beyond the scope of this discussion (see Sander, 1977, 1983, 1985 for an elaboration of these issues).
+
+Our basic argument is that early interaction structures provide an important basis for emerging self and object representations (see also Beebe and Stern, 1977; Stern, 1977, 1985, 1989; Beebe, 1986; Beebe and Lachmann, 1988a, 1988b). Interactionstructures are defined as characteristic patterns of the ways mother and infant influence each other, patterns of the ways the interaction unfolds. They include both how the infant regulates his or her own arousal (self-regulation) and interactive regulation. Interaction structures are organized through the dimensions of time, space, affect, and arousal. These structures are recurrent patterns that the infant comes to recognize, expect, and remember. As they recur, they become generalized structures and begin to organize the infant's experience. What will be represented, at the presymbolic level, is the dynamic interactive process itself, the interplay, as each partner influences the other from moment to moment. We call these "interactive" or "dyadic" representations. It is the infant's experience of the dyad that is represented.
+
+Although self and object are richly conceptualized in psychoanalysis,the dyad is not. The concepts of self and object, as individual, discrete,static entities, do not capture the dynamic nature of the relatedness generated by the dyad (see also Modell, 1984, 1992). We therefore need a theory of the dyad as a system within which the relationship of self to object can be better conceptualized. A number of philosophers show remarkable agreement in describing how interactions are struc-tured dyadically. Mead (1934), Lashley (1951), Habermas (1979), and Bruner (1977) all have very similar descriptions that fit a dyadic sys-tems view of the interaction. They refer to a system of mutuality, a sys-tem of reciprocal relationships, mutual recognition, and a shared set of rules (see also Tronick, 1980).
+
+Sander (1977, 1983, 1985) has been one of the most eloquent advo-cates of a dyadic systems model in infant research. He suggests that the organization of behavior in infancy should be viewed primarily as the property of the mother-infant system rather than as the property of the individual (see also Weiss, 1973). It is the dyad, rather than the indi-vidual, which is the unit of organization. Nevertheless, the individuals are the components of the system. Thus the system is defined by both self-regulation and interactive-regulation processes (see also Hofer,1987). A dyadic systems view requires a model in which information is both sent and received by both partners simultaneously (see Beebe,Jaffe, and Lachmann, 1992).
+
+In 1970 there was a major theoretical shift in infant research. Until then most research in child development had examined the influence of the parent on the child. The shift was ushered in by a critique by Bell (1968) and by an increasing appreciation of infant capacities. Research began to investigate a bidirectional model of influence (see Lewis and Rosenblum, 1974). In this model both partners contribute to the regu-lation of exchange, although not necessarily in the same way or to the same degree. How to evaluate the dyadic system, and how bidirection-ality is to be documented statistically, have been among the central issues of infant social interaction research for the past 20 years. The studies reviewed below use a dyadic systems view of communication and illustrate some of the chief ways in which research has demon-strated bidirectional interactive regulations.
+
+The argument that early interaction structures organize experience is based on the position that continuity in development is at the level of relationship patterns, generalized interaction structures (Zeanah et al., 1990). Continuity is not based on a linear model of development (see Reese and Overton, 1970). Instead we use a transformational model in which there are continuous transformations and restructur-ings. As Sameroff (Sameroff and Chandler, 1976; Sameroff, 1983) has argued, development is in a constant state of active reorganization. Furthermore, it is not possible to predict from the child alone or from the environment alone. Prediction is only possible from the transac-tions between the child and the environment, and their regular restruc-turings (Sameroff and Chandler, 1976). We assume that there will be many transformations and restructurings of relationship patterns after the first year.
+
+## The Presymbolic Representation of Interaction Structures
+
+How does an interaction pattern get represented? On what capacities is a presymbolic representational capacity based? In the last decade,research on infant perception and memory has radically changed our concepts of representation. Representational and symbolic capacities were traditionally equated. Researchers have now documented experimentally that some kind of rudimentary representational capac-ity, not yet symbolic, is present within the first two months of life. This research demands a different way of thinking about representation (see Strauss, 1979; Spelke and Cortelyou, 1981; Fagen et al., 1984; Melt-zoff, 1985; Stern, 1985; Beebe and Lachmann, 1988b; Mandler, 1988).
+
+Underlying this work is an information-processing model of motiva-tion. The infant brings primary endogenous activity and his or her own intrinsic motivation to process and order information. Play, curiosity, and exploration are as decisive as the need to reduce hunger, pain, or fatigue. The nature of the information itself—its novelty, complexity, match, incongruity, or surprise—provides an intrinsic motivation for behavior (Piaget, 1954; Hunt, 1965; Berlyne, 1966; Basch, 1988; Lichtenberg, 1989). Emde (1988), citing the work of Haith, suggests that "the infant is biologically prepared to engage in visual activity in order to stimulate its own brain" and is "self-motivated to detect regu-larity, to generate expectancies, and to act on these expectancies"(P. 20).
+
+### Discrimination Between Mother and Stranger
+
+Babies are primed to respond to people. In the first 15 hours they dis-tinguish their mother's voice and prefer it to a stranger's voice(DeCasper and Fifer, 1980), prefer their mother's smell to a stranger's smell (MacFarlane, 1975), and prefer their mother's face to a stranger's face (Field et al., 1982). "Preference" in these studies refers to a statis-tically significant bias in pattern of response.
+
+### Learning in Utero
+
+Learning occurs in utero. DeCasper and Spence (1986) studied preg-nant women during the last trimester. These women read a Dr. Seuss book, The Cat in theHat, aloud to their fetuses, accumulating 15 hours of reading. At birth the babies preferred a tape recording of the mother reading the story heard in utero to hearing her read another Dr. Seuss story, The King, the Mice, and the Men. Infants are exposed to their mothers' voices over the course of the pregnancy, and they are able at birth to distinguish slight differences in rhythmicity, intonation, fre-quency variation, and phonetic components of speech (DeCasper and Fifer, 1980).
+
+### Auditory Discrimination of"Self"
+
+Martin and Clark (1982) demonstrated that in the first day of life the neonate recognizes his or her own vocalizations and discriminates between them and those of other infants. When a calm baby hears a tape recording of his or her own cry, the infant vocalizes less, whereas the infant vocalizes more when he or she hears the cry of another infant; when a crying baby hears his or her own cry the baby cries less, whereas the baby cries more when he or she hears the cry of another infant. This work has been interpreted as evidence for an auditory specification of "self" from birth (Butterworth, 1990) in the sense that,at a presymbolic level, the infant discriminates between his or her own sounds and those of the environment, and that there is no original per-ceptual confusion between organism and environment. (For a further discussion of the discrimination between self and environment, see Bahrick and Watson, 1985.)
+
+### Contingency Perception and the Creation of Expectancies
+
+A series of experiments by DeCasper and Carstens (1980) showed that the infant's attention, memory, and very capacity to learn are affected by whether or not the environment provides contingent and expectable stimulation. First, an infant's baseline sucking rhythm was assessed. Then the infant was taught that, by lengthening or shortening the pauses between his sucks, he could turn on music. The music's playing was contingent on the infant's alteration of his or her sucking rhythm. The only way an infant could possibly learn to do this is with the ability to time the duration of these pauses.
+
+In another phase of this experiment (DeCasper and Carstens, 1980) the researchers played a dirty trick on these infants. After the infants had learned to lengthen or shorten their pauses, the music was stopped. The infants fussed, whimpered, and grimaced—and some of them stopped sucking altogether. They had learned to expect a certain con-tingency between their own behavior and the environment's response, and the violation of this expectancy produced negative affect.
+
+Haith, Hazan, and Goodman (1988) present evidence that three- to four-month-old infants develop visual expectations rapidly and tend to organize their behavior on the basis of these expectations. The eyes of the infants were videotaped as they watched a series of slides of checkerboards, bull's eyes, and schematic faces. Two series were shown, one regularly alternating to the left and right of visual center and the other appearing randomly in time and in left or right spatial position.The infants detected the spatiotemporal rule that governed the appearance of the regularly alternating series, developed expectations for the impending event in the series, and used these expectations for adaptive action. They manifested this detection through anticipatory eye movements and enhanced reaction times to the slide onsets.
+
+Haith and colleagues (1988) conclude that: "as early as 3.5 months of age, the baby can create an action-based perceptual model of the situation he or she confronts, can generate short-term expectations from this model, and can support action.... This modeling, expecta-tion, and action sequence serves to maintain continuity in an ever-changing perceptual world . infants are motivated to detect regularities in dynamic events and to develop expectations partly in order to bring their behavior under self-control . these findings suggest a natural motivation in babies at a very early age to control their own perceptual activity" (p. 477).
+
+In sum, the infant detects contingencies between what he or she does and what the environment does immediately following his or her actions. This contingency facilitates the development of a sense of agency or effectance. The infant develops expectancies about when events will occur and, as in the sucking experiment, about whether the environment will respond. The infant can use this capacity to develop expectancies about how social interactions will go (see also Beebe and Stern, 1977; Stern, 1985; Watson, 1985; Beebe and Lachmann, 1988b). These expectancies are crucial links to the organization of early representations.
+
+### Memory
+
+Infants have extraordinary memory capacities. The Rovee-Collier group at Rutgers uses a paradigm in which a ribbon is tied to the baby's ankle and connected to a mobile; the baby learns that if he kicks his feet the mobile moves. Infants as young as two months can remember in detail exactly what objects are in the mobile, and can detect changes after a 24-hour delay (Fagen et al., 1984; Hayne et al., 1986; Greco et al., 1986).
+
+If infants as young as two or three months can encode and remember the specific details of the mobile for 24 hours, this finding challenges the traditional view of infant memory: that not until approximately 8 to 12 months could an infant remember an earlier experience and
+compare it to a discrepant event in the immediate perceptual field (see
+Kagan, 1978, 1979; Mast et al. 1980; Hayne et al., 1986). Hayne and
+colleagues (1986) and Mast and colleagues (1980) argue that infants
+as young as three months can maintain a fairly detailed representation
+of the mobile and that the representation can influence the infant's
+behavior for 24 hours.
+
+### Memory and Affect
+
+A remarkable recent experiment from this group (Singer and Fagen,1992) shows that a two-month-old infant's affect at the time of learn-ing affects his or her memory. Using the same paradigm, the researchers first taught the baby to kick in order to move a 10-item mobile. When a two-item mobile was substituted, half the babies cried. One week later the infants who cried did not remember the mobile well enough to kick to get it moving. The infants who did not cry, however, remem-bered for up to three weeks that if they kicked they moved the mobile. For the infants who cried, the intense negative affect at the moment of learning seemed to interfere with memory.
+
+The Rovee-Collier group also gave these babies a "reminder cue": they simply showed the infant the mobile and moved it, but not con-tingently. Those babies who cried, and who did not remember the mobile three weeks later, did remember it once they were given the reminder cue. These researchers concluded that the problem for these babies was not the storage of memory but its retrieval. The heightened negative affect at the moment of learning interfered with access to the memory. Memories are viewed by these researchers as permanent. Instead of asking what is remembered, they are asking under what con-ditions retrieval is possible, and what conditions interfere with retrieval (Singer and Fagen, 1992). This point of view fits recent neurophysio-logical evidence reviewed by Hadley (1983; see also Lichtenberg, 1989), which suggests that everything is stored, and that the question of interest is the conditions of retrieval. This point of view also fits Bloom's (1993) position that language acquistion proceeds optimally under "cool" rather than "hot" affect conditions.
+
+Singer and Fagen (1992) conclude that a young infant's memory is more elaborate than we previously believed. The infant's own emo-tional state is part of his or her memory. This work points to an interac-tive view of the organization of memory, which sees the nature of the organism's state as interacting with the organism's capacity to remem-ber the environment. Thus affect may powerfully influence the nature of early memory development. This research is relevant to questions of amnesia, dissociation, and memories of trauma. Events occurring under conditions of heightened negative affect may be stored but not easily retrieved, unless the retrieval cues are very specific (see Beebe and Lachmann, 1994, for a discussion of the organizing impact of height-ened affect).
+
+### The Perception of Time, Space, Affect, and Arousal
+
+Time, space, affect, and arousal are salient features of the infant's per-ception: They are the dimensions through which social interactions are represented by the infant.
+
+**Time**. Infants are born with the capacity to perceive time (Lewko-wicz, 1989). They can estimate durations of seconds and fractions of seconds. At two months infants distinguish differences in duration of 25 milliseconds (Jusczyk, 1985). The infant times his or her own behavior as well as environmental stimuli (DeCasper and Fifer, 1980). Infants have a remarkable capacity to perceive temporal sequences, to detect contingencies, and to develop expectancies of when events will occur (Lewis & Goldberg, 1969; Allen et al., 1977; Finkelstein and Ramey, 1977). Our study of the interpersonal timing of mother-infant vocal dialogue (described below) rests on this perceptual ability of the infant to time the duration of his or her own and the partner's behavior.
+
+**Space**. Infants have remarkable spatial perception from birth. Neonatal auditory-visual coordination permits the localization of a sound in visual space. In response to a stimulus looming into the infant's face on a collision course, the infant will duck his or her head and put his hands up in a defensive reflex (Bower, Broughton, and Moore, 1970).
+
+Experimental studies of posture and balance in two-month-olds seat infants in a room where the walls slowly approach or recede. The infants compensate for a nonexistent loss of balance with postural and head movements. The optic flow pattern has prestructured propriocep-
+
+line,indicating a "facilitative" response, or increased information pro-cessing. Shortly thereafter the infant returns to looking at the mother. Field and colleagues (1988) have also shown that, by six months, infants of depressed mothers have elevated heart rates and cortisol lev-els. These infants seem to be in a heightened arousal distress state. These studies indicate that level of infant arousal varies systematically with social interactive conditions and information processing.
+
+### Feature Detection and Schema Formation
+
+Babies detect features of stimulation—for example, color, brightness, shape, and pattern—and specific features of speech. Infants detect similarities and differences between patterns (Fantz, Fagan, and Miranda, 1975; Bornstein, 1979, 1985; Eimas, 1985; Kuhl, 1985; Mehler and Fox, 1985). At three months infants can determine whether an event is likely to recur after seeing it only twice, generating rules that govern their expectancies (Fagen et al., 1984). These rules are based on their determination that a pattern is the same or different. At five months infants recognize a photograph of a face after a two-week delay (Cohen and Gelber, 1975). Infants watch a stimulus, create models of distinctive features of the stimulus, store these models, and compare a later version of the stimulus with the model (Fagan, 1974; Cohen and Gelber, 1975; Bornstein, 1979, 1985;Meltzoff, 1985). We assume that the same kinds of models or schemes that the baby gener-ates for inanimate stimulation will be generated for the human partner as well.
+
+This process of schema or model formation is so fundamental that it is possible to predict verbal intelligence at two to five years from an infant's capacity for schema formation at three to five months (Bornstein, 1985). Infants are given auditory and visual stimuli over and over. When they stop attending to stimuli they have habituated, and habituation is an index of schema formation. When infants are shown a new stimulus, they look more at the novel than at the familiar, indicating that they recognize what is new and can compare it with their memory of the familiar. The infant's speed of habituation—that is, how rapidly he or she constructs a schema of the stimulus—predicts verbal intelligence at ages two to five. The ability to form a schema is an index of a primitive capacity to categorize and create representa-tions, and it predicts developmental outcomes. Bornstein (1985) sug-gests that this representational capacity provides an underlying process through which certain continuities in development can be perceived.
+
+### Cross-modal Perception
+
+Infants also have remarkable cross-modal perception. They can trans-late a rhythm expressed in light flashesinto a rhythm expressed in audi-tory beeps (Lewkowicz and Turkewitz, 1980). In a frequently cited experiment (Meltzoff and Borton, 1979), two small rubber balls are used, identical except that one has small nubs protruding from it. The infant is blindfolded and one of the balls is placed in the infant's mouth. When the blindfold is removed and the infant is shown the two balls, he prefers to look at the one he had in his mouth. He is translat-ing information from his tongue, that is, whether the ball was nubbed or smooth, into visual information. Cross-modal perception allows the infant to abstract a pattern from different modalities, and thus pro-motes a constancy of the object at a perceptual level (Bornstein,1985).
+
+### Presymbolic Categorization
+
+Finally, a variety of presymbolic categorization processes are now well documented (Strauss, 1979; Bornstein, 1985; Younger and Cohen, 1985; Mandler, 1988, 1991; Younger and Gottlieb, 1988). Categoriza-tion is inferred when the infant can treat discriminable entities as simi-lar. A category is formed as the infant perceives regularities and forms an average, or "prototype," from these regularities. Category formation facilitates perception, memory, and information processing by reducing variation and supplying organizing principles (Bornstein, 1985). The capacity to abstract what is common among perceptually discriminable entities, and to generalize on the basis of that abstraction, also makes possible a rudimentary form of representation. The ability to categorize in a very rudimentary way provides the beginning of a framework for language and symbol formation. Rovee-Collier (Shields and Rovee-Collier, 1992) suggests that infant categorization "is ubiquitous across ages and should not be regarded as an emergent, higher-order cognitive
+
+Toward the end of the first year, the infant's representations of expected interaction structures are abstracted into generalized proto-types. These prototypes will become the basis for the infant's symbolic forms of self and object representations after the first year. Experiences of the first year will be radically transformed with the onset of symbolic thought, which will not be fully constituted until the infant's third year.
+
+Bucci (1985), in her dual code theory of representation, argues that there are two parallel systems of representation, verbal and nonverbal, and that both develop symbolic capacities. In the verbal mode of repre-sentation we store information in linguistic form; in the nonverbal mode we store information through perceptual modes such as image, sound, or smell. An architect or an artist, for example, may have a highly elaborated nonverbal symbolic representational capacity. We assume that the representations the infant is organizing will become symbolic primarily through the nonverbal representation system. We do not necessarily assume that they will ever be translated into the verbal representation system. In fact, Bucci suggests that one task of adult psychoanalysis is translation between the verbal and nonverbal representation systems. We concur with Zelnick and Buchholz (1990) and Modell (1992) that these early interaction structures at the presymbolic level will later constitute largely unconscious organizing structures or memory structures in the child or adult. Our use of the term unconscious is similar to that of Stolorow's (Atwood and Stolorow, 1984; Stolorow and Atwood, 1992) "prereflective" rather than "dynamic" unconscious.
+
+## Evidence for Presymbolic Organization and Structure in Social Interactions in the First Year
+
+The experimental-perceptual literature and the naturalistic-social lit-erature remain divided in infant research. To some degree this is a nec-essary state of affairs, because the very control of variables that makes possible the experimental study of perception would destroy the phe-nomena observed in the naturalistic study of interaction. It therefore remains largely a hypothesis that the perceptual capacities demonstrated in the laboratory also operate in the natural social interaction. Never-theless, it is an excellent hypothesis, for two reasons. First, social stimuli are far more salient, redundant, and capable of generating meaningful, consistent, and contingent feedback than are variables manipulated in the laboratory. Therefore social stimuli should elicit the use of the infant's most advancedperceptual capacities. Brazelton and colleagues (1975) and Tronick (1982) have made just this point in describing the face-to-face situation. Second, various kinds of evidence that speak to this hypothesis have begun to accrue.
+
+There is now both experimental and naturalistic evidence that the kinds of perceptual capacity demonstrated in the laboratory setting are operative in the social setting as well. The sources of this evidence include: (1) organized behavior patterns, which can be shown to repeat from session to session, across multiple sessions around one point in time, and across home and lab settings; (2) infants of depressed moth-ers, who generalize the aberrant pattern of interaction with the mother to a nondepressed unfamiliar adult; (3) the pattern of EEG activation in infants of depressed mothers, which is different from that of normals; (4) based on Tronick's still-face paradigm, where the mother becomes still-faced, infants expect a normally responsive partner, remember the still-face manipulation, and their method of coping with the still-face violation predicts the security of their attachments; (5) longitudinal evidence that (a) at one and two years infants can remember an unusual single event that occurred at six months; (b) interaction pat-terns in the infant's first six months of life predict social and cognitive outcomes at years one and two; and (c) case histories from child and adult treatments detail the effects of events in the first year of life that are registered, organize subsequent experience, and powerfully shape later symbolic and bodily experiences.
+
+Evidence that organized patterns of behavior repeat comes from Stern (1974; Stern et al, 1975) and Zelner (1983), who showed session-to-session consistency for six mother-infant pairs filmed up to a dozen times across a one-month period. Weinberg (1991) also showed session-to-session stability from six to six-and-a-half months in mea-surements of infant facial affects, looking patterns, and gestures.
+
+Field, Goldstein, and Guthertz, (1988) showed that by six months infants of depressed mothers show "depressed" behavior with a nonde-pressed, optimally attuned novel female adult. One possible under-standing of these results is that the aberrant pattern with the depressed mother, including extensive protest and disengagement, is sufficiently organized that the infant expects similar interactions with the stranger, and thus behaves similarly.
+
+Dawson (1992a,b) has shown that by 10 months infants' brains reflect maternal depression; and from the work of Davidson and Fox (1982) we know that the left and right frontal lobes are specialized for positive and negative affect respectively. In Dawson's data, the same event that activates a positive-affect behavior and EEG pattern in normal infants (mother playing peek-a-boo) elicits negative behavior and EEG pattern of activation in infants of depressed mothers. The reverse is also true. Thus by 10 months the emotional responsivity of infants of depressed mothers is already organized differently from that of normal infants.
+
+In Tronick's still-face paradigm (Tronick et al., 1978), following two minutes of naturalistic play, the mother is instructed to face the infant for two minutes without moving her face or vocalizing. Infants make repeated efforts to greet the mother, smiling and cooing; show surprise expressions when she fails to respond; and cycle through disengage-ment and repeated efforts to elicit a response. Murray has shown a similar pattern of infant attempts to elicit a maternal response, and similar distressed disengagement, in the "violation of contingency" experiment (Murray and Trevarthen, 1985; Murray, 1991). In this experiment the infant is shown a videotape of his mother responding to him in an interaction that took place several minutes earlier, so that the video mother is not at all contingently responsive to his present behavior. These experiments demonstrate the infant's expectation of a contingently responsive partner, and his distress when this expectation is violated.
+
+Tronick (1989b) has shown that the effects of the still-face experi-ment persist for several minutes after the mother's resumption of nor-mal play. The infant shows a negative mood and avoids looking at the mother. Tronick concludes that: "This finding suggests that even three month old infants are not simply under the control of the immediate stimulus situation, but that events have lasting effects, e.g., are inter-nally represented" (p. 114).
+
+Cohn, Campbell, and Ross (1992) have shown that by six months the infant's style of coping with the still-face situation has become characteristic, or stable, and that it predicts the infant's attachment sta-tus at one year. If the infant attempts to elicit a response from the mother with positive behaviors such as smiling and cooing, the infant's attachment status is likely to be secure at one year. The absence of such positive soliciting behavior predicts anxious attachment. Thus the stress of the still-face indexes the relationship history and provides a way of assessing the infant's "working model" or "representation" of what he or she expects will work to engage the mother. Positive solic-iting demonstrates the infant's expectation that his own positive behavior will succeed in engaging her.
+
+Longitudinal evidence that memory of an unusual event at six months (reaching in the dark for a rattle) persists in the second year has been presented by Perris, Myers, and Clifton (1990). Jaffe and col-leagues (1991) have presented longitudinal evidence that patterns of mother—infant vocal rhythm matching at four months predict attach-ment and cognition at one year. Longitudinal evidence that social interactions in the first six months predict social and cognitive out-comes in the second and third years now constitutes a sizable literature (see for example Bakeman and Brown, 1977; Ainsworth et al., 1978; Cohen and Beckwith, 1979; Martin, 1981; Crockenberg, 1983; Lewis et al., 1984; Bretherton, 1985: Malatesta et al., 1989; Isabella and Belsky, 1991).
+
+Finally, numerous case histories of child and adult treatments docu-ment the continuing effects of events in the first year (Bernstein and Blacher, 1967; Herzog, 1983; Casement, 1990). For example, Case-ment describes an adult treatment case in which the patient was preoc-cupied by having been severely burned at 11 months. This traumatic event was a major organizing theme in the adult analysis.
+
+These sources of evidence provide a basis from which to infer that organization, or structure, accrues across the first year. We define structure as relatively persistent organized patterns or classifications of information, or a model used in organizing information. These patterns are formed by the active process of constructing or reconstructing incoming information. The work on normal mother-infant pairs docu-menting the repetition of organized patterns of behavior, and the work on depressed mothers and their infants showing that disturbed interac-tion patterns generalize, yield data that satisfy the criteria for relatively persistent organized patterns. The fact that there is a considerable degree of stability of interactive behavior by six months points to a strong early organizing process through which the infant's ways of relating are becoming stable and characteristic. The neurophysiological evidence that by 10 months the brains of infants of depressed mothers are organized differently from those of normals, and the various studies showing prediction of later outcomes from early interactions, demon-strate that experience is being organized with discernibly differing con-sequences across the first year of life.
+
+On the basis of these sources of evidence, together with the work on early perceptual capacities, we argue that early interaction structures, when repetitive and characteristic, will organize evolving presymbolic representations over the first year. Nevertheless, we reiterate that these early interaction structures will be subject to many transformations and restructurings after the first year.
+
+## Empirical Studies of Face-to-Face Interaction Structures
+
+Normal mothers and infants at three to four months (except as noted) were studied in a naturalistic face-to-face play paradigm. Mothers are instructed to play with their infants as they would at home. The infant is in an infant seat and the mother is seated opposite. Two videotape cameras are in full view, one focused on each partner's face and upper torso. A split-screen view of the interaction is produced from the two cameras.
+
+A major portion of the research on mother-infant face-to-face inter-action examines infants at three to four months. By this age, the infant's visual system has reached an approximately adult maturational status,an extensive range of affective display is present, and infant self-regulation and the maintenance of an alert, engaged state present far fewer difficulties than at earlier ages.
+
+We now move to illustrations of various kinds of interactions that contribute to the origins of self and object representations.
+
+## Illustration of the Integration of Mutual Regulation andSelf-Regulation in the Organization of Interaction Structures
+
+Simultaneous processes of mutual regulation and self-regulation underlie the organization of interaction structures. Constitutional and temperamental differences feed into early self-regulatory capacities. Self-regulatory capacities affect the success of interactive regulations. Conversely, the nature of interactive regulations can facilitate or interfere with self-regulations.
+
+There are controversies in the infant literature, echoing those in the adult literature, over the predominance of mutual regulation versus self-regulation. For example, Greenberg and Mitchell (1983) describe the controversy between the proponents ofrelationship structure theo-ries and drive theories. A relationship structure theory is similar to a two-person psychology in which the self is defined as a system of rela-tionships. A one-person psychology ismore likely to define structure as emerging from endogenous motives and forces and from the person's elaborations on hisor her own experience.
+
+In infant research similar controversies exist. There are those who argue that self-regulation isthecentral principle for understandingpsy-chic structure and the development of the self. For example, Stechler and Kaplan (1980) suggest that self-regulation is the key organizing principle of the self. Self-regulationrefers generally to the regulation of arousal, themaintenance of alertness, thecapacity to dampen arousal in the face of overstimulation, and thecapacity to develop predictable sleep-wake and feeding cycles. Others (Stern, 1985; Beebe and Lach-mann, 1988a, b) have emphasized the role ofinteractive regulation in the development ofthe self and in self and object representations. Still others have emphasized an integration of the two (Sander, 1977; Demos, 1983;Lichtenberg, 1983;Gianino and Tronick, 1988; Beebe and Lachmann, 1994). Sander's (1977) view that organization is an emergent property of the dyadic system, rather than solely of the individual, integrates the simultaneous influences of self- and interac-tive regulation.
+
+It is critically important that interactive regulation and self-regula-tion areintegrated as a system. Forexample, thedifficult temperament of ababy whocannot be easily soothed oraroused will affect the nature of the interactive regulation, and that baby will be a more difficult partner. Similarly, the nature ofthe interactive regulation canfacilitate or interfere with self-regulatory capacity. When conceptualized as a system, self-regulation and interactive regulation affect each othercon-tinuously (see Gianino and Tronick, 1988; Lichtenberg, 1989; Beebe and Lachmann, 1994). Tronick (1989) hasevidence that self-regula-tion and interactive regulation are highly correlated. The infants who regulate themselves better in the still-face experiment have a better interactive regulation with the mother in the ongoing play interaction.
+
+**Film Illustrations**. The first film to be described shows a five-week-old infant who plays with three partners in succession. There is no time-out when the partners change, and each interaction lasts approximately two minutes. With each partner the infant has a very different self-regulatory ability, and a very different interaction is gen-erated by each dyad.
+
+As the film starts the mother is a little tentative, a little flat-faced, perhaps slightly depressed. The infant is slightly fussy, not making eye contact. The mother has no vocal prattle or facial play; instead she jig-gles the infant in a rapid rhythm. Such a rapid rhythm is somewhat unusual and, to the observer, feels aversive. The infant is distressed, and the mother has a very restricted repertoire with which to engage him. At five weeks, the infant is having a normal range of self-regula-tory difficulty in the face-to-face play situation. Eventually the mother hits upon the strategy of singing him "Happy Birthday," which facili-tates his self-regulation. The second she starts singing the infant's eyes change from unfocused to alert and he makes eye contact. This is the firstmoment the mother has provided much structuring of her stimula-tion and the infant is very responsive to it. She seems, however, to have no other strategies and eventually sings "Happy Birthday" again. Now the baby is less interested, and the mother cannot regain his engagement.
+
+The second partner is a student who is being trained to play with babies. Her face is very animated, but she is not matching the baby's affect. She has a wide, fully open smile and looks really happy, but the infant is not happy. He looks sober, with slight frowns, so that this interaction does not work well either. The student then picks the infant up and provides a whole-body rhythm, and she holds him a little more upright, which facilitates his self-regulation. There is a brief moment of mutual visual engagement, but the interaction then disin-tegrates and the infant begins to cry.
+
+The last partner (BB) begins by vocally matching the infant's cry rhythm. After a time I slow it down and lower the volume, and the baby calms right down with me (see Stern, 1985, for a similar descrip-tion).It looks almost as if the baby is hypnotized. He becomes alert and visually engaged. Then the baby's arousal level goes too low, and he begins to look sleepy. It is now necessary to increase the stimulation. I provide more stimulation with my face, but keep my vocal volume down. What is needed is a complex combination of soothing and arousing: The infant must be aroused enough not to go to sleep, but the stimulation must be slow enough not to overstimulate him. At this point he almost does go to sleep. I then change my strategy and begin a faster rhythm with my face, voice, and head—the volume remains low, but the pace picks up. The baby remains visually engaged, and he becomes more alert, making small opening movements with his mouth.
+
+This interaction illustrates the self-regulatory ability that the baby brings to the interaction, the attunement of the partner, and the dyad's ability to make use of whatever abilities the infant brings. The infant's self-regulatory capacity and ability to engage in the interaction is very different with the three partners. The success of the interaction is an emergent dyadic phenomenon. There are similar considerations in adult treatment.
+
+This interaction also illustrates Stern's (1983) concept of "state-transforming," that is, a transformation of the infant's state—in this case from fussy and overaroused to alert and ready to be engaged. Whether or not the pair can successfully and reliably achieve infant state transformations makes a crucial difference to the emerging orga-nization of the infant's representations (see also Sander, 1977). What is at stake at this early age is whether the infant develops an expectation that his or her arousal will stay within a comfortable range, and whether the infant's arousal range will easily include sufficient alertness to engage with the partner.
+
+**Integration of Mutual and Self-Regulation and Psychic Structure Formation**. Our view of psychic structure formation is consistent with a number of previous conceptualizations in which the representation of relationships was emphasized: for example, Hartmann (1939), Loewald (1980), and Modell (1984), Behrends and Blatt (1985). Other current work also views representations and psychic structures as originally organized through the dyad: Stern (1985) and Kegan (1982)—the interpersonal self, Wilson and Malatesta (1989)—the dyadically forged mind, and Fast (1988) and Mitchell (1988)—the relational mind. The view that self and object and their representations are rooted in relationship structures holds true only as long as relationship structures
+
+***
+
+The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions of Stanley Feldstein,Cynthia Crown, Jeffrey Cohn, Edward Tronick, and Mary Sue Moore. This researchwas partially funded by NIMH Grant R01-MH41675.Beatrice Beebe, Ph.D. is Associate Clinical Professor of Medical Psychology (inPsychiatry), College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University; Faculty, NewYork University Postdoctoral Program in Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis, and CoreFaculty, Institute for the Psychoanalytic Study of Subjectivity.Frank Lachmann, Ph.D. is Core Faculty, Institute for the Psychoanalytic Study ofSubjectivity, and Training Analyst, Postgraduate Center for Mental Health.Joseph Jaffe, M.D. is Professor of Clinical Psychiatry, College of Physicians andSurgeons, Columbia University, and Chief, Department of Communication Sciences,New York State Psychiatric Institute.
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+“建设具有时代特征、中国特色、浙江特点的哲学社会科学”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·哲学社会科学篇
+
+今日浙江 2025年08月04日 08:59 浙江
+
+
+
+中共浙江省委主管主办
+
+
+
+# “建设具有时代特征、中国特色、浙江特点的哲学社会科学”————习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·哲学社会科学篇
+
+浙江省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心
+
+
+繁荣发展哲学社会科学,是一个国家和地区走在前列的必然要求。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间,高度重视哲学社会科学工作,他站在新世纪国际国内形势格局发生重大变化的视野下,指出繁荣发展哲学社会科学面临重大机遇,对浙江社科联组织和社科工作者提出“真”“情”“实”“意”的要求,要求建设具有时代特征、中国特色、浙江特点的哲学社会科学,并主持实施浙江文化研究工程,研究浙江现象,总结浙江经验,指导浙江发展。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间关于哲学社会科学工作的重要论述和实践探索,对于繁荣发展哲学社会科学事业具有重要的启示意义。
+
+## 一、习近平总书记在浙江工作期间关于哲学社会科学工作的重要论述及实践探索
+
+习近平总书记在浙江工作期间,把哲学社会科学摆在重要位置,多次对全省社科工作作出重要指示批示。2004年12月23日,习近平同志出席浙江省社科联第五次代表大会,对各级社科联组织和广大社科工作者提出“真”“情”“实”“意”四个方面的要求,强调要真正坚持马克思主义指导地位的立场(真)、对哲学社会科学工作充
+
+今日浙江 赞 分享 推荐 写留言
+
+利于国家富强、民族兴旺、社会安定、文化繁荣的基础研究和应用研究，真情实意地为加快我省全面建设小康社会、提前基本实现现代化奉献毕生的智慧和才情。在“真”“情”“实”“意”总要求下，习近平同志针对浙江哲学社会科学事业发展和现实需要，提出了一系列重要论述，推动了一系列实践探索。
+
+### 1.围绕哲学社会科学的地位和作用，强调“哲学社会科学是人们认识世界、改造世界的重要工具，是推动历史发展和社会进步的重要力量”
+
+哲学社会科学具有认识世界、传承文明、创新理论、资政育人、服务社会的重要功能。“十五”以来，浙江哲学社会科学事业发展步伐加快，但全社会对哲学社会科学的战略地位和重要作用认识仍然不足，一些地方和单位在制定规划、确定投入、安排工作时，容易忽略哲学社会科学。2004年6月30日，习近平同志到浙江省社科联、省社科院调研，他从认识世界和传承文明、促进区域发展和提高国际竞争力、提高党的领导水平和执政能力等方面，深刻阐述了哲学社会科学的重要地位和作用，强调指出，“哲学社会科学的研究能力和成果，是综合国力的重要组成部分；哲学社会科学的发展水平和繁荣程度，是一个民族的综合素质和文化力量的重要体现和标志”，哲学社会科学是推动历史发展和社会进步的重要力量，“包括哲学社会科学在内的文化软实力在区域经济及综合国力竞争中具有重要作用”。2004年8月，中共浙江省委印发《关于进一步繁荣发展哲学社会科学的意见》，明确了浙江繁荣发展哲学社会科学的指导思想、总体目标、发展重点和一系列政策措施。为了弥补本省哲学社会科学研究在一些领域和学科相对薄弱的不足，习近平同志大力推动浙江与全国大院名校的研究合作。2005年6月，习近平同志率队走访中国社会科学院，推动促成浙江省与中国社会科学院的“省院合作”，开创了国家级哲学社会科学研究机构与省域开展战略合作的先例。“省院合作”完成的“浙江经验与中国发展”等系列研究成果将浙江经济社会发展的成功做法介绍给全国，给其他地区带来了启示借鉴。
+
+### 2.围绕哲学社会科学工作的指导思想，强调“哲学社会科学的一切学科和领域，都必须坚持以马克思主义为指导，决不能在指导思想上搞多元化”
+
+哲学社会科学既是一种科学的知识体系，也是一种具有意识形态属性的价值体系。习近平同志强调提出的“真”，就是要真正坚持马克思主义在哲学社会科学中的指导地位。2004年6月30日，他在调研浙江省社科联、省社科院时指出，“要巩固马克思主义的指导地位，必须主动应对挑战，坚决回击各种错误思潮对马克思主义的种种歪曲和攻击”。在2004年12月23日召开的浙江省社科联第五次代表大会上，习近平同志指出，“要坚持用马克思主义引领多样化的社会思潮，指导价值取向多样化的社会生活”。他认为，“真正坚持马克思主义的指导地位，同时也内在地包含了不断发展马克思主义的要求”。习近平同志强调：“社科界要按照中央和省委的要求，积极实施马克思主义理论研究和建设工程，动员和组织更多的哲学社会科学工作者深入研究马克思主义的基本原理，深入研究马克思主义的立场、观点和方法，深入研究马克思主义中国化的历史进程，破除对马克思主义的教条式理解”。为进一步深入推进马克思主义理论的研究和建设，浙江省委明确要求开展马克思主义理论研究和教育工作，组建省理论创新咨询委员会，深入实施马克思主义理论研究和建设工程，强化党员干部的理论学习和教育，抓好高校的马克思主义理论课和思想品德课建设，重视马克思主义思想理论队伍建设。按照习近平同志的指示精神和省委的决策部署，全省积极推进马克思主义理论研究和建设工程，紧密结合浙江实践，以马克思主义指导各个领域、各个学科的研究和教育宣传工作，形成了一批有思想深度、实践价值和社会影响的理论研究成果。
+
+### 3.围绕哲学社会科学的研究任务，强调“广大社科工作者要充满激情地开展哲学社会科学工作”，“从哲学社会科学角度，对浙江历史文化和当代发展进行系统研究”
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+明确哲学社会科学重点研究方向，对于引导学术资源聚焦、深化理论创新、回答重大社会问题、促进学科交叉融合具有重要作用。习近平同志强调提出的“情”和“实”，就是要对哲学社会科学工作充满激情，要坚持理论联系实际的方法。他指出：“社会科学工作者还要进一步提高自身的思想道德修养，树立正确的世界观、人生观、价值观，做到做人、做事、做学问相一致，保持知识分子的独立人格与社会良知，切实承担起哲学社会科学工作者应尽的社会责任。”针对当时社科理论界普遍存在的比较重视学术理论性研究，而对应用对策性研究认识不足、投入较少的问题，习近平同志明确要求社科理论界确定一批重大现实问题研究课题，围绕实施“八八战略”、打造“平安浙江”、建设文化大省和“法治浙江”等重大战略部署，积极开展应用对策研究，探索和回答浙江作为发展和改革的先行省份率先面临的新问题，为省委、省政府决策提供科学依据。习近平同志亲自提出并组织对浙江经验的全面系统总结，强调要“以我省加快全面建设小康社会、提前基本实现现代化进程中面临的重大理论和实践问题为主攻方向”，“深入研究与时俱进的‘浙江现象’，进一步总结完善‘浙江经验’，充实丰富‘浙江精神’”。为探索和回答浙江当代发展的重大理论和现实问题，深刻挖掘浙江的丰厚历史文化底蕴，省委部署实施浙江文化研究工程，围绕浙江“当代发展”和“历史文化”两大主题进行系统研究。习近平同志亲自担任浙江文化研究工程指导委员会主任，并为工程成果文库作序。工程第一期出版成果1000余部，许多对策建议被领导机关和实际工作部门采纳，不仅为推动实施“八八战略”作出了重要贡献，还深入发掘弘扬了优秀传统文化价值。
+
+### 4.围绕繁荣发展哲学社会科学的总体目标，提出“建设面向世界、面向未来、面向现代化，具有时代特征、中国特色、浙江特点，在全国具有重要影响甚至国际上也有一定影响的哲学社会科学”
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+哲学社会科学要出高水平成果，必须树立精品意识。习近平同志强调提出的“意”，指的就是树立精品意识的导向。针对当时浙江哲学社会科学具有重大学术价值和应用价值的研究成果不多，缺少学科优势和特色，缺少有全国影响力的名师大家，社科资源整合程度不够等问题，习近平同志明确提出了繁荣发展哲学社会科学的总体目标，并对相关方面工作目标作出了明确阐述，要求“形成党委统一领导，各部门分工负责，有利于优化资源配置，整合研究力量，组织协调功能完善的宏观管理体制”；“形成以研究重大理论和重大现实问题为主攻方向，有利于多出精品、多出人才、富有活力的微观运行机制”；“形成以现有学科为基础，传统优势学科更具活力，新兴学科、交叉学科成为新的增长点，适应我省经济社会发展需要、门类比较齐全、一些领域全国领先的哲学社会科学学科体系”；“形成一批德才兼备、视野开阔、思想敏锐、治学严谨，具有高度社会责任感和优良学术道德，在全国具有影响力的学科带头人和学术骨干，造就一支学科结构、年龄结构、梯队结构合理的哲学社会科学队伍”；“形成一批在国内具有较大影响的基础研究成果，一批对党委、政府决策具有重要价值的应用对策研究成果和一批对人民群众精神文化具有积极影响的优秀精神产品”。按照习近平同志的指示要求，浙江省委明确部署发展哲学社会科学的重点任务，提出了注重抓好“五个一批”：实施一批重点基础研究工程，确定一批重大现实问题研究课题，建设一批重点研究基地，扶持一批优秀人才和优秀成果，开展一批重点社科活动。在省委的高度重视和直接领导下，依靠政府和社会各方的大力支持，大幅度增加财政投入，优化资源配置，整合社科力量，重点扶持和增强活力相结合，浙江的社科事业实现了跨越式发展。
+
+### 5.围绕哲学社会科学理论的大众化通俗化，强调“提高人民的思想道德素质和科学文化素质，需要哲学社会科学不断提供丰富的知识和发挥教化作用”
+
+哲学社会科学普及工作，是繁荣发展哲学社会科学的重要举措，是推动社会发展进步的重要力量。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间，十分关心满足人民群众日益增长的文化需求，一方面强调哲学社会科学要提供更多更好的精神产品，另一方面强调要切实搞好社科普及工作。针对当时浙江一些农村、城镇和城市社区的社科活动组织管理、科普宣传工作基本处于空白状态的问题，习近平同志要求开展公众人文社科素养及需求调查，强调“这对全面掌握我省当前公众社会科学素养状况、大力发展繁荣哲学社会科学、推动文化大省建设和人才强省建设具有重要现实意义”。2003年，浙江省社科联组织了全国首次城乡公众人文素养及需求调查，为开展社科普及活动提供了依据。习近平同志身体力行，多次给浙江高校学生作形势政策报告，向学生阐释普及党的理论和路线方针政策，宣讲中华优秀传统文化和浙江地域特色文化，影响了很多学生的人生。在习近平同志的推动下，浙江各级各类社科组织积极创建科普平台，推动社科普及活动经常化多样化大众化，使公众人文社会科学素养明显提高。从省、市联合在杭州举办大型广场咨询日活动，扩大到覆盖全省的社会科学普及周活动，每年都有2万余名专家参加社科普及活动，直接受众达数十万人次，通过媒体辐射数百万人。为进一步开拓社科普及新局面，2005年启动“浙江人文大讲堂”系列公共讲座活动。2006年12月26日，习近平同志作出批示，“‘浙江人文大讲堂’在普及人文科学方面很有成效，应认真总结，坚持举办，还应开拓影视传播渠道，扩大其影响，提高效果”。这不仅开辟了普及人文科学的新渠道，也为与媒体合作创新建立了新机制。“浙江人文大讲堂”与主流媒体——浙江在线视频的有机衔接，极大地突破了传统科普讲座的时空局限，实现了社科普及由口头传播向信息化传播的质的跃升，实现了高效低耗、受众面广的人文知识普及、人文精神传播的运作模式和载体的创新。组织撰写《浙江新农村法治建设丛书》《浙江省最新民生政策法规解读》等一批富有实用价值的科普畅销读物，科普示范基地不断呈现特色化发展，媒体科普品牌栏目深受社会公众欢迎。
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+### 6.围绕哲学社会科学事业的管理体制和工作机制，强调“充分发挥规划的龙头作用”“优化哲学社会科学研究体制”“建立和完善哲学社会科学评价和激励机制”
+
+哲学社会科学事业的管理体制机制创新，对于激发学术原创活力、优化资源配置、提高研究效率和质量、促进学术成果转化具有关键性的影响，是推动哲学社会科学持续健康发展的重要保障。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间，十分重视哲学社会科学体制机制建设，他强调指出要“积极探索既适应社会主义市场经济发展需要，又符合哲学社会科学发展规律，既坚持正确方向，又有利于整合资源、激发活力、发挥积极性的有效机制”。为进一步理顺哲学社会科学规划管理体制，2004年，省委将省哲学社会科学规划领导小组更名为省哲学社会科学发展规划领导小组，充实领导力量，扩大组织管理职能，充分发挥领导小组在全省哲学社会科学宏观管理中的权威性和统筹组织协调功能。习近平同志指出，“要抓紧制定浙江哲学社会科学发展规划”。2006年，浙江省制定了《浙江省哲学社会科学“十一五”发展规划》，这是全国省级层面较早的哲学社会科学领域发展规划。习近平同志十分重视社会参与哲学社会科学事业，强调“要积极探索运用社会化手段开展哲学社会科学工作的机制”。省委明确要求，鼓励社科研究机构通过与企事业单位合作研究、提供咨询、转让成果等途径，提供有偿服务，筹措科研经费。鼓励社会各界向哲学社会科学事业提供经费资助。支持社科研究人员在做好本职工作、完成科研任务的前提下，开展咨询服务，保障他们的合法劳动所得。积极引导和规范各类民间社科研究机构和团体健康发展，充分发挥它们在繁荣发展我省哲学社会科学中的积极作用。重视哲学社会科学领域的立法工作，依法保护哲学社会科学的知识产权，保障社科工作者的合法权益。
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+### 7.围绕加强党对哲学社会科学工作的领导，强调“根据哲学社会科学工作的特点和规律，实事求是，因势利导，为哲学社会科学工作的繁荣发展创造条件，并保证其正确的发展方向”
+
+哲学社会科学事业是党和人民的事业，也是党领导的事业。党的领导对于引领和推动哲学社会科学工作具有深远的重要意义。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间，高度重视党对哲学社会科学工作的领导，要求“各级党委、政府要高度重视哲学社会工作，全面贯彻中央和省委关于进一步繁荣发展哲学社会科学的意见，认真研究、准确把握、切实尊重哲学社会科学的发展规律，把哲学社会科学工作纳入重要议事日程，定期听取工作汇报，不断改进领导方式，努力提高领导水平，为繁荣发展我省哲学社会科学创造良好的环境”。习近平同志强调：“各级党员领导干部要密切同社科工作者的联系，主动听取他们对党委、政府工作的建议和意见，充分发挥他们的积极性、主动性和创造性，努力改善他们的学习、工作和生活条件。”全省各级党委、政府高度重视哲学社会科学工作，制定繁荣发展哲学社会科学的意见和政策，创造良好环境，经常向社科研究机构和管理部门提出要求、下达任务，听取专家学者的咨询意见，注重把哲学社会科学优秀成果运用于各项决策中。各级社科联组织坚持先进性、群众性和学术性要求，充分发挥党和政府团结联系广大社科工作者的“桥梁”和“纽带”作用，切实加强基层社科联组织建设。
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+## 二、习近平总书记在浙江工作期间关于哲学社会科学实践探索的理论价值与经验启示
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+习近平总书记在浙江工作期间，在哲学社会科学的地位作用、根本立场、基本要求、发展战略、制度保障、根本保证等方面，都进行了深刻的思考，提出了全方位、系统性的科学理论，既为浙江哲学社会科学工作指明了前进方向，也是一整套高屋建瓴的哲学社会科学工作方法论，对于繁荣发展哲学社会科学事业、构建中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系，具有十分重要的参考意义。
+
+### 1.做好哲学社会科学工作，要真正坚持马克思主义的指导地位
+
+以什么样的思想、观念、价值观为指导，既是哲学社会科学工作的方向性问题，也是一个方法论问题。改革开放后，西方哲学社会科学理论涌进我国，一些错误思潮也不时影响着哲学社会科学研究。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志十分重视马克思主义在哲学社会科学中的指导地位，从认识世界、改造世界的理论武器和保证哲学社会科学正确发展方向的高度，反复强调“马克思主义揭示了人类社会历史发展的规律，其基本原理特别是它的世界观和方法论，是我们认识世界、改造世界的强大理论武器”。他鲜明指出，“哲学社会科学的一切学科和领域，都必须坚持以马克思主义为指导，决不能在指导思想上搞多元化”，要“引导人们用科学的态度对待马克思主义，用发展着的马克思主义指导新的实践”。他特别强调马克思主义的政治性、科学性、人民性在哲学社会科学工作中的有机统一，要求运用马克思主义提供的世界观和方法论，构建能够科学回答人类社会发展规律的哲学社会科学理论，发挥服务于人民、服务于经济社会发展的功能和作用。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记从构建中国特色哲学社会科学的高度，进一步强调“坚持以马克思主义为指导，是当代中国哲学社会科学区别于其他哲学社会科学的根本标志，必须旗帜鲜明加以坚持”“我国哲学社会科学的一项重要任务就是继续推进马克思主义中国化、时代化、大众化，继续发展21世纪马克思主义、当代中国马克思主义”。
+
+实践证明，在我国，不坚持以马克思主义为指导，哲学社会科学就会失去灵魂、迷失方向，最终也不能发挥应有作用。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间强调要真正坚持马克思主义的指导地位，到党的十八大以来在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上从理论、历史、现实多个维度深刻揭示坚持以马克思主义为指导之于中国特色哲学社会科学发展的重要意义，都深刻启示我们：坚持以马克思主义为指导，是当代中国哲学社会科学区别于其他哲学社会科学的根本标志，是哲学社会科学沿着正确方向发展的根本保证。要旗帜鲜明坚持以马克思主义为指导，自觉做到真懂真信真用，坚持以马克思主义的立场、观点、方法，指导哲学社会科学围绕重大理论和实践问题开展有针对性的研究，不断推进哲学社会科学理论创新。必须把坚持马克思主义和发展马克思主义统一起来，不断推进马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合，不断赋予马克思主义新的时代内涵，形成与时俱进的马克思主义的最新理论成果，不断开辟马克思主义中国化时代化新境界。只有这样，才能正确回答时代和实践提出的重大问题，才能始终保持马克思主义的蓬勃生机和旺盛活力，才能沿着正确方向不断构建中国特色哲学社会科学。
+
+### 2.哲学社会科学为中国特色社会主义服务，要坚持充满激情的工作态度
+
+建设中国特色社会主义，迫切需要哲学社会科学深入研究一系列重大的理论和实际问题，提供科学的理论指引和支撑。改革开放以来，哲学社会科学得到了长足发展，但是受市场经济大潮的冲击，哲学社会科学一度不那么受到重视，其应有作用没有得到充分发挥。习近平同志到浙江工作后，敏锐觉察到哲学社会科学工作面临的形势和任务，深刻认识哲学社会科学在中国特色社会主义文化建设中的重要地位，号召广大社科工作者围绕改革开放和现代化建设亟待解决的、广大干部群众关心的现实问题，充满激情地开展理论创新，充满激情地为中国特色社会主义服务，切实承担起应尽社会责任。他指出，繁荣发展哲学社会科学，“是一项光荣而重要的事业、是一项激动人心的事业、是一项大有可为的事业”，“大家都必须振奋精神、自加压力、奋发有为，保持昂扬进取、开拓创新的斗志，为繁荣发展我省的哲学社会科学事业作出应有的贡献”，“真情实意地为加快我省全面建设小康社会、提前基本实现现代化奉献毕生的智慧和才情”。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记指出当代中国正进行着前无古人的伟大实践，号召“一切有理想、有抱负的哲学社会科学工作者都应该立时代之潮头、通古今之变化、发思想之先声，积极为党和人民述学立论、建言献策，担负起历史赋予的光荣使命”。
+
+社会大变革的时代，一定是哲学社会科学大发展的时代，要求哲学社会科学工作者饱含为国家、人民、社会服务的理想、情怀、责任。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间强调社科工作者要充满激情地开展哲学社会科学工作，到党的十八大以来在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上强调要崇尚“士以弘道”的价值追求，都深刻启示我们：广大哲学社会科学工作者只有自觉把个人学术追求同人民群众需求、国家民族发展、中心大局工作联系在一起，胸中有大义、心里有人民、肩头有责任、笔下有乾坤，在为祖国、为人民立德立言中成就自我、实现价值，才能无愧于时代，无愧于人民，无愧于我们建设中国特色社会主义的伟大实践。要坚守为人民做学问的理想，以“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”的家国情怀，立志做大学问、做真学问，自觉以回答中国之问、世界之问、人民之问、时代之问为学术己任，以彰显中国之路、中国之治、中国之理为思想追求。要永葆“指点江山，激扬文字”的热血，不断提升自己的器识、气度、格局、境界，以深厚的学识修养赢得尊重，在研究事关党和国家全局性、根本性、关键性的重大问题上拿出真本事、取得好效果。要有“板凳要坐十年冷，文章不写一句空”的执着坚守，耐得住寂寞，守得住底线，把社会责任放在首位，严肃对待学术研究的社会效果，自觉营造风清气正、互学互鉴、积极向上的学术生态。
+
+### 3.繁荣发展哲学社会科学，要坚持理论联系实际的工作方法
+
+理论联系实际，是中国共产党在长期革命和建设实践中，在克服了教条主义和经验主义的错误倾向后形成的优良作风之一，也是党的思想路线的重要组成部分。教条主义和经验主义在哲学社会科学研究中的表现分别是依赖照搬包括西方理论在内的现成理论来解决问题、轻视科学理论的指导。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志十分强调立足于实践开展哲学社会科学研究，重视哲学社会科学坚持理论联系实际的工作方法，要求“扎根于浙江大地，扎根于人民群众，从浙江改革开放和现代化建设的生动实践中汲取营养”，要求“坚持围绕中心，服务大局，以我省加快全面建设小康社会、提前基本实现现代化进程中面临的重大理论和实践问题为主攻方向”，充分发挥哲学社会科学“思想库”“智囊团”作用。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记十分强调哲学社会科学要立足中国特色社会主义伟大实践，扎根中国现实社会的需要，“以我们正在做的事情为中心”，把论文写在祖国的大地上。
+
+理论思维的起点决定着理论创新的结果。从一定意义上说，理论创新的过程就是发现问题、筛选问题、研究问题、解决问题的过程。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间强调要坚持理论联系实际的工作方法，到党的十八大以来在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上强调以我国实际为研究起点，都深刻启示我们：繁荣发展哲学社会科学，应该以我们正在做的事情为中心，从我国改革发展的实践中挖掘新材料、发现新问题、提出新观点、构建新理论。注重从中华民族伟大历史实践和当代实践中总结经验，上升为理性认识，提炼出新的理论成果，构建具有自身特质的学科体系、学术体系、话语体系，提炼概括出具有主体性、原创性的理论观点，形成能合理解释并有效解决中国本土问题的哲学社会科学理论。注重用新的理论指导新的实践，以党的创新理论的最新成果来观察时代、把握时代、引领时代，为中国式现代化建设中各项方针政策的制定、各项工作的推进提供科学指导，充分发挥哲学社会科学在治国理政中的重要作用。注重理论创新与实践创新的良性互动，持续深入发掘知识体系的融通点和创新源，让中国自主知识体系更全面、更周延，不断推动理论与实践的螺旋上升。
+
+### 4. 构建中国特色哲学社会科学，要坚持树立精品意识的工作导向
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+哲学社会科学的精品力作特别是传世之作是文化发展到一定阶段的产物，是文化成熟的标志、软实力的象征。精品迭出是文化自信的重要支撑。20世纪90年代以来，由于利益驱动和考核压力，哲学社会科学工作中的急功近利倾向日趋突出。在推进浙江哲学社会科学繁荣发展的实践中，习近平同志深刻指出，“当前理论研究工作中存在着‘三多三少’的问题，即对重大问题一般阐述的多，深入研讨的少；简单重复的多，原始创新的少；零碎无序的多，系统有序的少”。他认为其主要原因是哲学社会科学研究缺少自身的优势和特点，缺少原创性的精品力作。针对时弊，他强烈要求哲学社会科学研究树立精品意识，并从时代特征、中国特色、浙江特点三个维度，立足长远发展，对精品建设作出战略布局，要求“按照优化基础性研究、强化应用性研究、突出政策性研究的原则，重点抓好具有浙江特点的优势学科建设，加强新兴、边缘、交叉学科的建设”。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记对构建中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系提出了系统性要求，“要按照立足中国、借鉴国外，挖掘历史、把握当代，关怀人类、面向未来的思路，着力构建中国特色哲学社会科学”。
+
+构建“学术中的中国”“理论中的中国”“哲学社会科学中的中国”，关键要靠立足中国、借鉴国外，挖掘历史、把握当代，关怀人类、面向未来的精品力作。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间强调要树立精品意识的工作导向，到党的十八大以来在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上强调推动形成崇尚精品的优良学风，都深刻启示我们：中国学术要真正屹立于世界学术之林，就要树立精品意识的工作导向，在“两个结合”中构建中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系，努力多出经得起实践、人民、历史检验的研究成果。要体现主体性、原创性，不断推进知识创新、理论创新、方法创新，提炼出有学理性的新理论，概括出有规律性的新实践，构建具有自身特质的学科体系、学术体系、话语体系，在指导思想、学科体系、学术体系、话语体系等方面充分体现中国特色、中国风格、中国气派。要体现体系性、学理性，突出优势、拓展领域、补齐短板、完善体系，加强顶层设计，统筹各方面力量协同推进，系统提炼概括中国式现代化的新理论和新实践。
+
+### 5.高质量发展哲学社会科学,要坚持以育人育才为中心的哲学社会科学整体发展战略
+
+哲学社会科学领域是人才高度密集的领域，人才队伍建设在一定程度上决定哲学社会科学工作的质量、成效和长远发展。进入改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期后，人才工作得到高度重视。但囿于部门职责分工，社科人才工作和社科研究工作相对独立，影响了两者的相互促进。习近平同志到浙江工作后，对社科人才队伍建设十分重视，把它作为人才强省战略的重要组成部分，全方位论述了社科人才培育问题：在人才培养理念上，强调要“树立以人为本的观念、人才资源是第一资源的观念、人人都可以成才的观念”，这是对选拔少数人进行培养的传统做法的突破；在人才培养目标上，强调要造就“德才兼备、视野开阔、思想敏锐、治学严谨”的高素质人才队伍；在人才培养要求上，强调要“引导广大哲学社会科学工作者树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观”，养成“理论联系实际的优良学风”，切实承担起应尽的社会责任；在人才培养过程上，强调人才培养要“抓住培养、吸引、用好人才三个环节”；在人才培养机制上，强调要鼓励理论创新及成果应用，将人才和成果的评价激励机制相结合，“形成优秀人才脱颖而出、人尽其才的良好机制”。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记对构建哲学社会科学人才体系提出了更为系统的要求，指出“哲学社会科学工作者要做到方向明、主义真、学问高、德行正”，要求“构建种类齐全、梯队衔接的哲学社会科学人才体系”，“实施以育人育才为中心的哲学社会科学整体发展战略”。
+
+构建中国特色哲学社会科学，必须高度重视人才培养，构建种类齐全、梯队衔接的人才体系。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间关于哲学社会科学人才工作的探索，到党的十八大以来在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上提出实施以育人育才为中心的哲学社会科学整体发展战略，都深刻启示我们：哲学社会科学人才是推动理论创新、知识创新、方法创新的重要力量，对哲学社会科学发展起着重要支撑作用。繁荣发展哲学社会科学事业，加快构建中国自主的知识体系，发现人才、培育人才、凝聚人才、发挥人才作用是关键。要实施以育人育才为中心的哲学社会科学整体发展战略，大力实施哲学社会科学人才工程，发现、培养、集聚有深厚马克思主义理论素养、学贯中西的思想家和理论家，理论功底扎实、勇于开拓创新的学科带头人，年富力强、锐意进取的中青年学术骨干，打造种类齐全、梯队衔接、结构合理、专业突出的哲学社会科学人才体系。要坚持出成果与出人才并重，围绕社科人才体系建设规划社科未来发展，在哲学社会科学发展中实现人才培育，使中国自主知识体系通过人才培育获得自主生长，使社科发展与人才成长相互促进。
+
+### 6.推动哲学社会科学工作繁荣发展，要坚持深化体制机制改革激发科研活力
+
+科研体制和工作机制是哲学社会科学工作有序、有效开展的制度保障。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志就十分重视哲学社会科学工作的制度建设，既强调了科研体制机制建设的重要性，又提出了科研体制机制改革创新与资源整合两条腿走路的社科工作新路径。他从激发科研活力着手,提出通过三个方面抓好体制机制改革:一是抓好顶层设计,包括“发挥规划的龙头作用”、建立完善评价和激励机制;二是发挥社会作用,加强协调合作,“探索运用社会化手段开展哲学社会科学工作的机制”;三是发挥学者作用,包括整合研究力量,引导加强“经济社会发展中长期战略问题的研究”等。从政府、社会、学者三个行为主体着手,构建了体制改革、组织协调、研究引导全链条研究的工作体制。浙江文化研究工程的成功实施,正是以工程方式加强顶层设计、发挥学者作用的典范。党的十八大以来,习近平总书记进一步强调要深化哲学社会科学管理体制改革,“形成既能把握正确方向又能激发科研活力的体制机制”,“处理好投入和效益、数量和质量、规模和结构的关系,增强哲学社会科学发展能力”。
+
+构建中国特色哲学社会科学是一个系统工程,需要统筹各方面力量,激发各方面活力。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间对优化哲学社会科学体制机制的探索到党的十八大以来在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上提出“深化管理体制改革”,都深刻启示我们:改革是当代中国哲学社会科学事业发展进步的活力之源,要坚持以深化改革激发哲学社会科学创新活力,坚决破除束缚理论创新、知识创新、方法创新的思想观念和体制机制障碍。要遵循哲学社会科学的科学研究规律,从发展规划、学科建设、管理机制、组织方式和绩效考核等环节深化改革,着力营造推动哲学社会科学高质量发展的学术生态。针对薄弱环节破解难题出硬招,在哲学社会科学如何实现均衡发展、如何完善资源要素配置、如何健全适应自身高质量发展的管理服务体系、如何赋予科研人员更大的人财物支配权和学术研究自主权等方面深入探索。坚持“破四唯”和“立新标”并举,改善学术评价体系和评价标准,更加突出质量、创新和学术贡献,适当淡化一些过度的数量化指标。
+
+### 7.繁荣发展哲学社会科学事业,要坚持加强和改善党对哲学社会科学工作的领导
+
+坚持和发展中国特色社会主义必须高度重视哲学社会科学。为繁荣发展哲学社会科学事业创造条件,保证其正确发展方向,必须加强和改善党对哲学社会科学工作作的领导。在浙江工作期间,习近平同志从加强党的执政能力、巩固党的执政地位、掌握党对意识形态领导权的战略高度,要求加强党对哲学社会科学工作的领导,保证其正确的发展方向。他从哲学社会科学工作的本质出发,就如何加强党对哲学社会科学的领导指明了方向:强调“牢牢把握哲学社会科学的发展方向”,在事关政治方向和根本原则问题上要旗帜鲜明、引领方向,在日常工作上要把哲学社会科学工作纳入党委、政府的重要议事日程,在发挥哲学社会科学作用上要注重将研究成果运用于各项决策;强调“要为繁荣发展哲学社会科学创造良好环境”,在财政投入、引导社会资源投向、听取社科工作者意见、改善社科工作者条件等方面积极创造条件;强调“造就一支学科结构、年龄结构、梯队结构合理的哲学社会科学队伍”;强调“更好发挥社科联作为党和政府团结联系广大社科工作者的‘桥梁’和‘纽带’作用”。这四个方面的要求不仅充分体现了“确保党始终成为中国特色社会主义事业的坚强领导核心”的根本政治原则,而且明确了各级党的领导机关对于繁荣发展哲学社会科学的具体职责和有效抓手,具有很强的可操作性。党的十八大以来,习近平总书记鲜明提出“哲学社会科学事业是党和人民的重要事业,哲学社会科学战线是党和人民的重要战线。加强和改善党对哲学社会科学工作的领导,是繁荣发展我国哲学社会科学事业的根本保证”。
+
+哲学社会科学事业是党和人民的重要事业,哲学社会科学战线是党和人民的重要战线。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间强调“各级党委、政府要高度重视哲学社会科学工作”到党的十八大以来在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上提出“加强和改善党对哲学社会科学工作的领导”,都深刻启示我们:加强和改善党的领导,确保始终坚持以马克思主义为指导,确保始终沿着为人民服务、为社会主义服务的正确方向发展,是繁荣发展我国哲学社会科学事业的根本保证,只能加强、不能削弱。把加强党的领导贯穿哲学社会科学的原则、保障、路径等各方面,切实加强政治领导和工作指导,一手抓繁荣发展、一手抓引导管理,认真贯彻党的知识分子政策,让广大哲学社会科学工作者成为先进思想的倡导者、学术研究的开拓者、社会风尚的引领者、党执政的坚定支持者。把“百花齐放、百家争鸣”的方针贯穿哲学社会科学创新创造的全过程,坚持和发扬学术民主,正确区分学术问题和政治问题的界限,既严格宣传教育纪律,又创造宽松的学术研究环境,为繁荣发展中国特色哲学社会科学创造良好环境。
+
+## 三、浙江深入贯彻习近平总书记关于哲学社会科学重要论述的具体实践
+
+20多年来，浙江沿着习近平总书记在浙江工作时确立的文化发展之路，全面落实党中央关于繁荣发展哲学社会科学有关部署，深入践行“真”“情”“实”“意”要求，深入实施文化研究工程，努力打造具有鲜明浙江辨识度的哲学社会科学。一是坚持党的领导，为繁荣发展浙江哲学社会科学事业提供了根本保证。认真落实党委对哲学社会科学工作的领导责任，自觉将其纳入重要议事日程，探索“一手抓繁荣发展，一手抓引导管理”的实现方式和途径。浙江省人大审议通过《浙江省哲学社会科学工作促进条例》，浙江省委制定出台《关于加快推进哲学社会科学发展的实施意见》《关于高水平建设哲学社会科学强省的意见》等，为浙江哲学社会科学工作提供了法治保障和政策支撑。二是坚定文化自信，深入实施文化研究工程，当代“浙学”品牌逐步形成。历任省委书记担任文化研究工程指导委员会主任，按照“今、古、人、文”总体布局，实施一、二、三期工程，累计投入财政资金2.2亿元，组织国内外290多个单位10000余位社科专家学者参与研究，预计形成学术专著6160余部，已经出版3900余部，推出“盛世浙学——浙江文化研究工程成果展”、“中国历代绘画大系”展等，产生广泛影响。三是围绕服务大局，为推动浙江经济社会发展提供智力支持。建成1家国家高端智库、46家省级智库、15个智库联盟，形成定位明晰、特色鲜明、规模适度、布局合理的新型智库体系。围绕国家重大战略和省委、省政府重大决策，加强决策咨询供需对接对话，探索社科工作为山区（海岛）县高质量发展赋能的有效路径。截至目前，智库3000余篇研究成果获省部级以上领导批示。四是坚持全民科普，推进人文素养提升。2004年社科普及周活动范围首次扩大到县级，开启了省、市、县三级“合唱”科普大戏的大科普局面。常态化举办浙江省社科普及周，组织开展公众人文素养提升行动，做好人文社科素养调查。“浙江人文大讲堂”、“浙里·悦读”读书会联盟、红色科普基地联盟等，引导人民群众领略浙江的人文魅力。五是坚持人才支撑，形成较为完善的哲学社会科学人才培养体系。98个学科（含文理交叉学科）列入哲学社会科学一流学科建设名单，其中省登峰学科建设3个，省优势特色学科建设8个，省一流学科（A类）建设21个。创新优化浙江省社科规划课题管理和服务模式，国家社科基金项目年立项数由不足百项增加到500余项。实施哲学社会科学人才工程，一批青年学者入选教育部青年长江学者、国家“万人计划”青年拔尖人才等。六是坚持深化改革，构建起上下贯通、覆盖全面、有机结合、坚强有力的社科组织体系。深入推进浙江社科系统群团改革，11个设区市、90个县（市、区）、92所高校成立社科联组织，基本实现浙江基层社科联组织全覆盖。加强社会组织管理和服务，118家业务主管社会组织实现了党的组织和党的工作两个全覆盖。
+
+党的二十届三中全会指出，要创新马克思主义理论研究和建设工程，实施哲学社会科学创新工程，构建中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系。习近平总书记对新时代马克思主义理论研究和建设工程作出重要指示，强调要扎根中国大地、赓续中华文脉、厚植学术根基。浙江将坚定不移地沿着习近平总书记指引的道路，紧紧围绕加快建设高水平文化强省使命任务，高水平建设社科强省，为构建中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系作出更大贡献。一是创新马克思主义理论研究和建设工程，打造习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想溯源铸魂传播新高地。用足用好习近平总书记留给浙江的宝贵思想财富、实践财富，深化实施浙江省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究传播工程，一体推进党的创新理论溯源、铸魂、传播，推进“八八战略”体系化学理化研究，推动习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想及浙江实践的全球化宣介。二是增强学术研究的问题意识，更好地服务国家战略需求和中国式现代化省域先行。健全高端智库牵引机制，高质量建设一批国家高端智库和有全国影响力的省级新型智库，推进区域国别研究中心建设，形成层次合理、特色鲜明、优势互补、充满活力的新型智库建设总体布局。完善智库大成集智工作机制，健全重大决策咨询研究快速响应机制。围绕习近平总书记考察浙江重要讲话精神，大力推进“社科赋能+”行动，以改革创新的思维和办法，不断迭代优化具体路径、抓手和举措。三是深耕文化研究工程，谱写中华优秀传统文化创造性转化、创新性发展的新篇章。深入实施浙江文化研究工程，延续“当代发展研究”和“历史文化研究”两大主题，以“今、古、人、文”四大板块，打造“大系”文化项目标识，组织“中国历代绘画大系”多学科研究，纳入中华文明全球传播工程。开展“中国历代书法大系”项目，构建集成式“书法大系数据库”等，深化“中国丝绸艺术大系”项目，纵深推进良渚文化、大运河文化、吴越文化、宋韵文化、阳明文化、和合文化、南孔文化、黄帝文化、大禹文化等历史文化研究，进一步擦亮浙江历史文化“金名片”。四是围绕构建中国哲学社会科学自主知识体系，打造具有浙江辨识度的学科体系、学术体系、话语体系。大力推进省登峰学科、优势特色学科、一流学科建设规划，统筹做好哲学社会科学学科布局、平台建设等工作。加大国家社科基金项目的培育孵化力度，提升重大项目比重，巩固全国第一方阵前列地位。打造高水平综合性人文社科学术期刊，鼓励创办高水平学术期刊、外文期刊和集刊，建设展示浙江学术成果、培育浙江学术品牌的重要阵地。搭建哲学社会科学研究信息数据库，打造若干“文理交叉、数智赋能、共建共享、实验创新”的哲学社会科学实验室。五是加强社科“浙军”建设，锻造种类齐全、梯队衔接的哲学社会科学人才队伍。围绕哲学社会科学人才发展的关键、核心和急需，重点解决高层次人才引进、中青年人才培养、人才发展平台建设、人才评价激励等问题，深入实施“之江社科学者培养计划”和“浙籍社科学者回归计划”，培育哲学社会科学创新团队，夯实人才发展基础。遵循哲学社会科学研究和人才成长规律，以尊重人才价值和实际贡献为导向，探索创新更加科学合理的引人育人用人留人机制。六是进一步加强党的领导，为哲学社会科学工作高质量发展提供根本保障。加强哲学社会科学领域意识形态建设和管理，深入落实《浙江省哲学社会科学工作促进条例》，深化社科工作管理体制机制改革，增强各级工作机构力量，加快建设浙江人文中心等哲学社会科学基础设施，积极破解发展战略、学科体系、话语体系、原创能力、学术评价、管理制度等方面的问题。
+
+（课题组负责人：郭华巍）
+
+
+
+来源：浙江日报
+
+
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+“把网络建成宣传思想工作的新阵地、新渠道、新载体”————习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·网络建设篇
+
+浙江统战 2025年08月12日 09:47 浙江
+
+# “把网络建成宣传思想工作的新阵地、新渠道、新载体”————习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·网络建设篇
+
+浙江省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心
+
+做好新形势下宣传思想文化工作，必须使互联网这个最大变量变成最大增量。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志站在时代的前沿，把握信息化迅猛发展的大势，前瞻性擘画和领导实施了数字浙江建设，发展、利用和治理互联网，提出了关于网络建设和治理的一系列重要论述，为浙江利用互联网做好宣传思想文化工作指明了前进方向、提供了重要遵循。这些重要论述和实践探索，为习近平文化思想和习近平总书记关于网络强国的重要思想的形成提供了丰富的理论和实践依据。
+
+## 一、习近平总书记在浙江工作期间关于网络建设的重要论述及实践探索
+
+进入21世纪，信息化成为世界经济和社会发展的大趋势。面对网络宣传思想文化工作的崭新课题，习近平总书记在浙江工作期间高度重视宣传思想文化网络阵地建设，在省域层面进行了富有战略性的实践探索。
+
+### 1. 着力探索打好网络空间主动仗，明确提出“把网络建成宣传思想工作的新阵地、新渠道、新载体”
+
+信息化是必须抓住的历史机遇，更是必须面对的变革挑战。20世纪末21世纪初，互联网和数字信息技术的发展与普及改变了人类的生产方式、生活方式和社会结构，开启了信息时代。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志以极具前瞻性的视野，深刻把握以互联网信息技术为代表的新一轮科技革命对人们获取信息的方式、思维方式和价值取向、审美情趣以及新闻宣传工作所带来的影响和冲击，指出“互联网和手机短信等新电子媒介的迅猛发展，既为意识形态工作尤其是新闻宣传工作提供了新的手段和途径，同时也对报纸、期刊、广播、电视等传统媒
+
+浙江统战赞 分享 推荐 写留言
+
+想工作中的阵地作用、渠道作用和载体作用。他指出,“如何抓住信息化社会带来的历史性机遇,坚持发展和管理并举,因势利导、趋利避害,唱响网上主旋律,打好网上主动仗,掌握网上主动权,把网络建成宣传思想工作的新阵地、新渠道、新载体,成为宣传思想工作必须解决的重要课题”。在习近平同志的推动下,浙江省委积极应对网络和数字化发展带来的新挑战,加强对互联网等新兴文化阵地的管理,2005年,省委成立了互联网管理工作领导小组,制定下发了《关于进一步加强互联网管理工作的实施意见》,强化统一指导和协调,形成互联网管理的整体合力。2006年,浙江省政府印发《浙江省文化建设“四个一批”规划(2005—2010)》,将着力建设广播影视网络、新闻出版信息网络、文化信息网络、文化旅游信息网络四大文化信息网络设施作为重点文化设施“2345”工程的重要组成部分。这一系列战略部署,为浙江加快建设文化大省提供了重要的信息技术基础支撑,使浙江宣传思想文化网络阵地建设始终紧跟时代步伐。
+
+### 2.着力探索掌握网上舆论引导的主动权,明确提出“加强互联网等新兴媒体的管理,让管理适应先进传播技术的发展,积极主动地引导网上舆论”
+
+21世纪初,以互联网为代表的信息技术日新月异,极大提升了人们认识世界、改造世界的能力。与此同时,网络及其催生的各类新媒介对不同文化和价值观的传播扩散、冲突融合产生了深远影响。针对信息网络技术迅猛发展对传统主流媒体产生的冲击、对传统管理方式的挑战,习近平同志强调,“要高度重视和切实加强互联网新闻宣传工作,努力掌握网上舆论引导的主动权”“要从健全规章制度、强化预警功能入手,加强新闻舆论宏观管理,用好管好互联网,做到守土有责、守土有方、守土有效,增强新闻舆论的公信力,不断提高舆论引导水平”。习近平同志将互联网等新兴媒体管理视为宣传思想工作的一项重要任务,鲜明指出“要加强互联网等新兴媒体的管理,让管理适应先进传播技术的发展,积极主动地引导网上舆论,建立健全管理体制,使互联网更快更好地发展,更多更好地为我所用”;提出“加强新闻发布制度,健全重大突发事件新闻报道快速反应机制,加强舆情分析和引导,抓好舆论阵地、互联网和手机短信等新兴媒体、文化市场和社科领域的建设和管理,有针对性地回答干部群众关心的问题,牢牢把握正确舆论导向”。
+
+在习近平同志的亲自指导下，浙江网络媒体积极发挥网络传播优势，不断提高公信力引导力，逐步成为正面舆论宣传和先进文化传播的重要阵地。2002年12月，习近平同志在给浙江在线新闻网站开通的贺信中特别提到“新闻网站是党和国家的重要舆论工具，是党的宣传思想工作的重要组成部分，是参与国际舆论竞争的重要力量”。2004年11月，浙江54家网络媒体签署了《杭州宣言》，以“崛起·发展·责任”为主题，着重强调了网络作为媒体所应承担的社会责任，坚持把正确的舆论导向放在首位。
+
+### 3. 着力探索建设健康有益的网络空间，明确提出“对互联网、手机资源的合理利用和有害信息的有效监管亟待加强”
+
+互联网是把双刃剑，既可以是发展先进文化的重要载体，也可能成为有害信息传播的媒介。针对网络信息庞杂多样，进步、健康、有益的信息和负面信息相交织，西方国家借助网络平台不断对我国进行文化渗透和价值观渗透的现实挑战，习近平同志明确要求加强对互联网有害信息的监管。他还心系未成年人的健康成长，提出要防范“互联网、手机等新兴媒体中传播的一些腐朽落后文化和有害信息，对未成年人的成长产生不良作用”。
+
+在习近平同志的关心推动下，2004年6月，浙江省委、省政府出台《关于进一步加强和改进未成年人思想道德建设的实施意见》，将以引导青少年健康上网、文明上网为内容的“绿网工程”作为社会影响大、群众反映强烈、未成年人欢迎的实事好事。启动全省青少年宫信息网络工程，在全省实施内容健康、形式生动、环境优良的“绿色生态互联网上网服务场所”和“红色健康互联网上网服务场所”建设；在浙江在线等重点新闻网站，开设未成年人思想道德教育的网页、专栏；启动“天天”社区青少年电子阅览室建设，组织建设一批非营业性的互联网上网服务场所，为未成年人提供健康有益的网络空间；加强对校园网站的管理，规范上网内容。
+
+### 4. 着力探索走好网上群众路线，明确提出“可以利用互联网络，探索建立一个了解民情民意的网络平台”
+
+互联网的出现极大加快了信息的传播速度，促进了全球范围内的文化交流和思想碰撞，推动了文化产业与文化服务方式创新，也逐渐成为公民参与政治生活和表达利益诉求的公共空间。习近平同志在调研中了解到，互联网的民意表达、社会动员功能日益增强，互联网对政府行政管理和服务模式带来重要影响。为此，他强调“深入推进政务公开，加强电子政务建设，扩大群众对机关工作的知情权”，提出“可以利用互联网络，探索建立一个了解民情民意的网络平台。通过扩大和疏通民情反映渠道，增强解决民生问题的针对性”。
+
+在习近平同志的谋划推动下，浙江省开始探索将电子政务平台建设为畅通民意的窗口。2003年，浙江省人民政府印发《数字浙江建设规划纲要（2003—2007年）》，提出要“加快电子政务建设，推进政务公开，不断提高政府服务水平”，“积极推进数字社区的建设，把数字社区建设成为政府与居民相互沟通、为老百姓排忧解难的窗口，社区居民文化娱乐、教育培训、医疗救助及综合服务的应用平台；促进各级政府的电子政务、网上办事和社会公共服务直接进入居民家庭,有效服务于群众并接受群众的监督,同时加强对弱势群体的扶助”。2005年7月25日至27日,浙江省十届人大常委会第十九次会议在全国率先采用“网络视频直播”的方式,对其间召开的三次重要会议进行直播,让20万网民通过网络首次“亲临”人大常委会现场,赢得了网民的一致好评。中国宁波网的“对话”栏目、温州网的“代表在线”等一批有特色的品牌栏目也逐渐成为群众参政议政、共同建设社会主义民主政治的重要渠道。
+
+### 5. 着力探索运用信息技术促进文化创新,明确提出“面向高新技术,积极推动信息产业与文化产业的融合”
+
+21世纪初正是互联网兴起之时,催生出数码影视、网络游戏、网络出版等新兴文化业态以及新媒体、数字电视、电子商务等新型文化载体和文化传媒途径。在浙江工作期间,习近平同志高度重视互联网和信息技术对发展文化产业、文化产品、文化服务等方面产生的重要影响,提出“要适应市场的需求,不断推进文化产业的创新。特别是面向高新技术,积极推动信息产业与文化产业的融合,不断提高技术含量,促进文化产业从劳动密集型向技术密集型转变,从低附加值向高附加值转变,从粗放型向质量型转变”。针对信息技术带来的文化活动形式创新,2005年4月,习近平同志考察位于萧山的中国水利博物馆建设工程现场时指出,博物馆的布展方式要有革命性的变化,不能仅是陈列展品和图片宣传,更要创新理念,综合应用声光电等现代科技手段,寓展览、教育、休闲、娱乐为一体,吸引群众积极参与,以增长知识,受到教益。针对网络消费,习近平同志指出,“抓住机遇加快发展电子商务,加强网上购物、电话购物、送货上门等服务,进一步拓展网络教育、网上文化娱乐等方面的消费”。在习近平同志的推动下,浙江结合自身优势,着力发展网络文化服务业等五大新兴文化产业,力争使其成为浙江文化产业新亮点。
+
+### 6. 着力探索利用互联网促进对外宣传和文化开放,明确提出“经济全球化趋势的不断发展和信息网络技术的广泛应用,使文化的发展突破了国界”
+
+经济的开放必将带来文化的开放。加入世贸组织以后,我国文化领域对外开放逐步扩大,为推动我国文化走向世界提供了有利条件,同时也面临严峻考验。浙江是中国沿海发达地区、市场先发地区和开放前沿地区,是互联网发展与应用大省,同时也是文化大省和对外交流的重要窗口。如何在开放的环境中加强对外宣传和文化交流,是网络建设面临的新课题。习近平同志指出,“经济全球化趋势的不断发展和信息网络技术的广泛应用,使文化的发展突破了国界”,“面对西方文化资本、文化产品和价值观念的冲击,如果不加快发展文化产业,壮大文化实力,我们就将面临丧失文化市场竞争力、丧失意识形态斗争重要阵地的危险”。习近平同志高度重视运用互联网与信息网络技术在开放的环境中发展先进文化,增强文化竞争力,鲜明提出,“如何在更加开放的环境中不断发展先进文化,深化文化体制改革,增强文化竞争力,成为宣传思想工作的一项重要任务”。
+
+习近平同志还十分重视区域开放合作、加强网络基础设施建设和信息资源共享利用。2003年3月,在浙江省党政代表团赴沪苏两地学习考察后召开的省委工作会议上,习近平同志谈到区域开放合作时,前瞻性地提出“加强基础信息建设,形成一体化的交通、信息网络体系”,“加大对信息网络建设的投入,以电子政务和企业信用资源共享为切入点,共同开发建设综合性和专门的信息交换平台”。习近平同志高度重视长三角一体化网络建设和文化传播,强调“加强长江三角洲地区地理信息系统建设的合作,努力实现与沪苏公共主干信息传送网、卫星传送网、部分信息应用系统的联通”,“进一步加大文化交流力度,共同探讨解决如浙江卫视节目和上海卫视节目的互相落地进网问题”。
+
+在习近平同志的指引下,浙江网络媒体从无到有、从有到优,成为国际社会了解中国、宣传浙江的主要平台。2005年,浙江在线、杭州网、中国宁波网、温州网和金华新闻网相继在网上设立了英语、日语等外语频道,全省网络媒体的新闻报道被越来越多的海外人士所关注。
+
+### 7. 着力探索发挥信息化对经济社会发展的引领作用，明确提出实施“数字浙江”战略
+
+2003年1月,到浙江工作不久的习近平同志,在广泛调研的基础上,深刻把握信息化发展的时代趋势和浙江加快转变经济增长方式的省情,在省十届人大一次会议上所作的政府工作报告中指出,“数字浙江是全面推进我省国民经济和社会信息化、以信息化带动工业化的基础性工程”。习近平同志将“数字浙江”作为“八八战略”的一项战略性任务、基础性工作、先导性政策来谋划实施,推动出台了《数字浙江建设规划纲要(2003—2007年)》,主导制订了“2003—2007年‘五大百亿’工程”,首次将信息化建设列入省级重大工程,指引浙江率先开启了数字化建设的探索实践。2005年3月至4月,习近平同志连续考察调研浙江电信、浙江移动、浙大中控等一批软件、通信企业,他在调研座谈时指出:“我们要正确分析国内外形势,科学判断发展阶段变化,进一步增强加快发展信息技术、信息产业并推进信息化的紧迫感和责任感,把建设‘数字浙江’作为一项战略性任务、基础性工作、主导性政策研究好、落实好,把信息产业特别是软件业、通信业作为我省结构调整和增长方式转变的一个重要突破口引导好、发展好。”
+
+在“数字浙江”战略部署推进过程中,浙江先后出台了《关于我省电子政务建设指导意见》《关于加强信息资源开发利用工作的实施意见》《关于加快信息化带动工业化的指导意见》等政策措施。“数字浙江”战略构想和这些政策举措的实施,推动浙江信息化综合水平各项指标均走在全国前列。据国家统计局2007年发布的《中国信息化水平评价研究报告》，浙江省信息化水平评价指数位居全国第四，省、区第一。“数字浙江”既是以信息化引领浙江经济进入新型工业化进程的基础性工程，也为浙江宣传思想文化工作提供了坚实的信息化支撑，推动了浙江以互联网为载体的文化与经济交融互动、融合发展。
+
+## 二、习近平总书记在浙江工作期间关于网络建设实践探索的理论价值与经验启示
+
+党的十八大以来，习近平总书记敏锐把握信息时代“时”与“势”，亲自谋划、亲自指导、亲自推动宣传思想文化网络阵地建设和管理工作，提出了一系列新思想新观点新论断。从发展脉络看，习近平总书记在浙江工作期间关于利用互联网做好宣传思想文化工作进行的理论思考、战略谋划和实践探索，为党的十八大以来习近平总书记关于网络强国重要思想的形成提供了重要理论和实践素材。
+
+### 1. 深刻洞悉互联网给宣传思想文化工作带来的变革挑战，把赢得网上主导权作为网络和信息化工作的战略使命
+
+互联网和信息技术的不断发展以及在各领域的广泛应用，为做好意识形态工作带来了巨大的机遇和挑战。在浙江加快推进文化大省网络强省建设的实践中，习近平同志敏锐洞察互联网发展大势，深刻把握互联网是宣传思想斗争重要阵地的内在规律，他强调，“高新科技特别是信息网络技术的迅猛发展对宣传思想工作提出了新要求”，提出了把网络建成宣传思想文化工作的新阵地、新渠道、新载体的许多重要论述，并部署实施了一系列加强网络阵地建设和管理的举措。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记把互联网的影响和作用提升到前所未有的高度，提出“谁掌握了互联网，谁就把握住了时代主动权；谁轻视互联网，谁就会被时代所抛弃”“过不了互联网这一关，就过不了长期执政这一关”等重要论断。他明确指出，“互联网日益成为意识形态斗争的主阵地、主战场、最前沿。能不能牢牢掌握意识形态工作领导权，关键要看能不能占领网上阵地，能不能赢得网上主导权”。习近平总书记以战略性、整体性、全局性、前瞻性的思维和眼光，从立足国内国际两个大局、统筹发展和安全两件大事的高度，深刻洞察互联网给宣传思想文化工作带来的巨大变革，为新时代网络和信息化工作指明了前进方向。
+
+管好用好互联网，是新形势下掌控舆论阵地的关键，是广泛凝聚社会共识的必然要求。从“新阵地、新渠道、新载体”到“主阵地、主战场、最前沿”，网络宣传思想工作始终处在思想文化斗争的核心地带。这深刻启示我们：必须把网上舆论工作作为宣传思想文化工作的重中之重来抓，坚持正能量是总要求、管得住是硬道理、用得好是真本事，推动互联网这个最大变量变成事业发展的最大增量。要旗帜鲜明、毫不动摇地坚持党管互联网，强化各级党委（党组）政治责任、领导责任，全面落实网络意识形态工作责任制、网络安全工作责任制，推动各级领导干部自觉学网、懂网、用网，不断提高对互联网规律的把握能力、对网络舆论的引导能力、对信息化发展的驾驭能力、对网络安全的保障能力。要把互联网思维和信息技术应用系统贯穿到宣传思想文化工作中，以数字化赋能、信息化转型推进工作理念、内容、形式、方法、手段全方位创新，全面提升信息化条件下文化领域治理能力。
+
+### 2. 着力提高网上舆论传播力引导力影响力公信力，把传播正能量、唱响主旋律作为壮大主流思想舆论的重中之重
+
+网上舆论工作是宣传思想文化工作的重中之重。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志审时度势，准确判断网络空间的新语境、新规律，高度重视在互联网快速发展条件下唱响主旋律、加强舆论引导，从加强新闻发布制度，健全重大突发事件新闻报道快速反应机制，健全规章制度、强化预警功能，加强新闻舆论宏观管理等方面，对提高网上舆论传播力引导力影响力公信力的方法路径作了深刻阐释，鲜明指出，“各种媒体特别是信息网络化迅速发展，人们思想活动的独立性、选择性、多变性、差异性明显增强，影响干部群众思想的因素和渠道越来越复杂多样，社会舆论中也难免会有不同的声音甚至是杂音、噪音。对错误的消极的思想舆论，单靠封堵是不能解决问题的，重要的是要唱响主旋律。”党的十八大以来，习近平总书记高度重视网上正面宣传工作，强调“网络空间已成为人们生产生活新空间，那就应该成为我们党凝聚共识的新空间”“加强和改进网上正面宣传，首先要旗帜鲜明坚持正确政治方向、舆论导向、价值取向”。通过制定实施《党委（党组）网络意识形态工作责任制实施细则》，压实网络意识形态工作责任制，将党管互联网落到实处，使我国网络空间主流思想舆论不断巩固壮大。
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+发展壮大主流价值、主流舆论、主流文化，是掌握互联网工作主动权的中心任务。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间对做好网上舆论工作的探索到新时代以来的伟大实践，都深刻启示我们：只有大力弘扬网上主旋律、广泛传播网络正能量，做大做强网上主流舆论，才能真正掌握网络舆论主战场、占领信息传播制高点。要坚持把网上舆论工作作为重中之重来抓，及时研究把握媒体格局、舆论生态、受众对象、传播技术的深刻变化，科学认识网络传播规律，建设积极向上的网络舆论氛围。要坚持正确的政治方向、舆论导向、价值取向，以唱响网上主旋律、巩固壮大主流思想舆论作为内容根基，加强对网上各种思潮、模糊认识和社会情绪的引导和疏导，对网上社会热点问题的阐释和引导，对突发事件的网上引导，提高网上舆论传播力引导力影响力公信力。要坚持守牢舆论引导和舆情应对风险防线，加强网上舆情监测预警，坚持主动发声引导，健全突发事件和热点问题舆论引导机制，确保守牢风险底线。
+
+### 3.创新探索网络空间治理，把营造风清气正的网络空间作为实现中国特色治网之道的关键之举
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+网络生态关乎人民群众利益和社会和谐稳定。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间，十分重视对互联网资源的合理利用和对有害信息的有效监管，尤其是预防网络空间中传播的有害信息对未成年人成长产生不良作用，要求“抓好青少年健康上网、文明上网的‘绿网工程’，积极为未成年人提供健康有益的网络空间”。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记把加强网络空间治理作为过好互联网这一关的必由之路，明确提出，“网络空间不是法外之地”，“网络空间天朗气清、生态良好，符合人民利益”，“打赢网络意识形态斗争，必须提高网络综合治理能力”。在习近平总书记和党中央部署下，基本建立中央、省、市三级网信管理工作体系，涵盖互联网领导管理、正能量传播、网络内容管控、社会协同治理、网络法治、技术治网等方面的网络综合治理体系已基本建成，推动实现互联网由“管”到“治”的根本性转变。
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+信息流通无国界，网络空间有硝烟。随着网络空间发展主导权、制网权的争夺日趋激烈，营造风清气正的网络空间成为中国特色治网之道的关键任务。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间对网络空间治理工作的探索到新时代以来的伟大实践，都深刻启示我们：营造天朗气清、生态良好的网络空间，重在依法加强网络空间治理，加强网络内容建设，健全网络综合治理体系。要坚持依法治网，让互联网在法治轨道上健康运行，法治是中国共产党治国理政的基本方式，也是实现中国特色治网之道的基本保证，通过加强网络空间法治建设，以法治思维认识、分析、解决网络空间的治理问题，以依法治网与技术治网相结合的方式方法，全面提升治网能力和水平。要坚持综合治网，建立党委领导、政府管理、企业履责、社会监督、网民自律等多主体参与，经济、法律、技术等多种手段相结合的治网格局，持续完善网络生态治理长效机制。要坚持技术治网，完善管网治网、技术支撑、队伍建设、人才培养等方面的制度机制，完善生成式人工智能发展和管理机制，规范数据资源利用，切实防范新技术带来的风险。
+
+### 4.注重运用互联网畅通民意服务民生，把以人民为中心的发展思想作为网络建设的价值宗旨
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+人心是最大的政治。做网上工作，不能见网不见人，必须下大气力做好人的工作，把广大网民凝聚到党的周围。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志高度重视利用互联网和信息化手段感知社会态势、畅通沟通渠道、辅助决策施政、方便群众办事，提出了一系列关于利用信息网络技术了解民情民意、促进文化创新、丰富人民群众精神文化生活的重要论述。党的十八大以来,习近平总书记进一步深刻回答了文化建设和网信事业发展”为了谁、依靠谁”这一根本问题,强调”网信事业发展必须贯彻以人民为中心的发展思想,把增进人民福祉作为信息化发展的出发点和落脚点”,“要运用信息化手段推进政务公开、党务公开,提高透明度,及时回应群众关切、接受人民监督”。习近平总书记要求坚持走好网上群众路线,深化网信为民惠民,努力为老百姓提供用得上、用得起、用得好的信息服务,赋予文化强国和网络强国建设鲜明的为民惠民底色。
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+随着互联网与各行各业深度融合,网络空间成为人们生活不可或缺的第二空间,互联网成为满足人们更高层次的精神文化需求的重要载体,必须善于运用信息化手段倾听人民呼声、汇聚人民智慧、回应人民诉求。从“探索建立一个了解民情民意的网络平台”到“走好网上群众路线”,都深刻启示我们:网信为民是网信工作的深厚底色,要善于运用网络了解民意开展工作,让互联网成为我们同群众交流沟通的新平台,成为为群众排忧解难的新途径,成为发扬人民民主、接受人民监督的新渠道。要学会通过网络走群众路线,了解群众所思所愿,积极回应网民关切,增强网民对党的信任和信心,筑牢网上斗争最可靠的群众根基。要坚持以人民为中心的网络文化创作导向,加强网络文艺精品创作,推出更多健康优质的网络文艺作品,用社会主流思想价值和道德文化滋养人心、滋润社会,更好增强人民精神力量、丰富人民精神世界。要构建网上网下同心圆,注重发挥网民主体作用,用网民喜闻乐见的方式,使正面宣传的用户规模不断扩大、用户黏性不断增强,围绕党和国家重大活动、重要方针政策以及群众关心的热点问题,主动设置议题,做好政策解读,把广大网民凝聚到党的周围。
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+### 5. 坚持通过互联网促进对外宣传和文化开放，把网络传播作为推动文明交流互鉴的有效途径
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+互联网有效消除了不同国家间、地区间、群体间的文化交流壁垒,打开了人类文明交流互鉴的新空间。加强网络文明建设,共同建设网上精神家园,是加强文明交流互鉴、更好弘扬全人类价值的重要路径。在浙江工作期间,习近平同志深刻认识互联网无可比拟的开放性和共享性,高度重视利用互联网与信息网络技术来促进文化开放和对外宣传,为在互联网环境下通过“走出去”“引进来”增强文化竞争力提供了科学指引。同时,他十分重视利用互联网改进对外文化交流方式方法和新闻宣传工作,明确指出,“不断扩大对外文化交流”,“要遵循外宣工作规律,不断改进方式方法。重视互联网新闻宣传工作,使之成为对外宣传介绍浙江的重要阵地”。党的十八大以来,习近平总书记深刻把握互联网对弘扬中华优秀传统文化、促进全球文明交流互鉴的传播平台优势,创造性地提出推进全球互联网治理体系变革的“四项原则”和构建网络空间命运共同体的“五点主张”,并指出,“互联网是传播人类优秀文化、弘扬正能量的重要载体。中国愿通过互联网架设国际交流桥梁,推动世界优秀文化交流互鉴,推动各国人民情感交流、心灵沟通”,“网络空间是人类共同的活动空间,网络空间前途命运应由世界各国共同掌握。各国应该加强沟通、扩大共识、深化合作,共同构建网络空间命运共同体”。这些重要论述,着眼信息时代人类的前途命运和共同福祉,既是回答时代课题的必然选择,也是国际社会的共同呼声,得到了大多数国家高度认同。
+
+网络传播是统筹国内国际两个大局、加速提升我国主流意识形态国际影响力的重要载体,也是推动构建网络空间命运共同体的有效途径。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间对网络传播工作的探索到新时代以来的伟大实践,都深刻启示我们:信息技术迅猛发展为我们占据国际传播制高点、构筑国际话语新优势提供了新的重大契机,要着眼提高国家文化软实力,打造具有强大引领力、传播力、影响力的国际一流新型主流媒体,让全世界通过互联网听到并听懂中国声音。要构建具有鲜明中国特色的网络传播体系,坚守中华文化立场,打造以文载道、以文传声、以文化人的国际化网络传播体系,向世界阐释推介更多具有中国特色、体现中国精神、蕴藏中国智慧的优秀文化。要善于运用网络话语讲好中国故事、传播中国声音,用融通中外的话语和镜头讲好中国故事,生动阐述我国的发展观、安全观、文明观、人权观、生态观、国际秩序观和全球治理观,塑造可信、可爱、可敬的中国形象。要善于运用贴近外国网民的传播方式,积极汲取其他国家在国际传播方面的先进经验,关照各国各民族的思维方式和话语习惯,加强与国外媒体平台联动,更加广泛地传播中国声音。
+
+## 三、浙江深入贯彻习近平总书记关于网络建设重要论述的具体实践
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+20多年来，浙江坚决贯彻习近平总书记在浙江工作时关于数字浙江、网络建设的重要指示，推动浙江从网络大省走向网络强省，探索出一条以数字浙江、网络强省建设推进文化繁荣发展的新路径。一是坚持党管互联网，网络综合治理体系不断完善。坚持党管互联网原则，以省委名义印发了《中国共产党浙江省委员会领导网络安全和信息化工作规定》，对省委领导网信工作作出全面系统的制度安排，为落实党管互联网原则提供了依据、赋予了手段、创造了条件。坚持依法治网，围绕“率先构建省域依法治网体系”目标，从省域层面对依法治网进行全面规划，全面推进网络立法、执法、司法、普法体系建设。首创网络生态瞭望哨工程，构建多主体参与、多手段结合的综合治网新格局。二是坚持唱响网上主旋律，网络空间主流思想舆论日益巩固壮大。坚持将唱响网上主旋律视为义不容辞的责任与使命，充分发挥互联网优势和文化底蕴特色，壮大主流舆论。积极打造网络宣传平台，以“移动优先、内容为王、流量说话”为战略考量，以重大传播平台建设为战略支撑，打造浙江“传媒舰队”，有效引领主流舆论。围绕世界互联网大会乌镇峰会、G20杭州峰会、杭州亚运会和亚残运会等重大主场活动，策划网络主题宣传，推出一批网络传播品牌活动，积极开展网络正能量传播和舆论引导。三是坚持加强网络文明建设，共建网上美好精神家园。深入推进网络文明先行区建设，打造全省人民精神富有的网络高地。滋养网络文明新风尚，连续举办“争做中国好网民”接力活动，持续七届举办网络正能量“一江山”论坛，建设百家网络文化家园，实施“银发乐网”工程和青少年网络素养工程，多措并举提升网民网络素养。用好国家文化和科技融合示范基地、中国网络作家村、国家级音乐产业基地、国家级短视频基地等高能级平台，培育打造了中国国际动漫节、中国数字阅读大会、中国电视艺术创新峰会等多个有重要影响的项目，持续带动浙江数字文化高质量发展。四是坚持以信息化引领现代化，不断提高信息化引领经济社会发展水平。在全国率先作出大力发展信息经济的决策部署，成为“两化”深度融合国家示范区和国家信息经济示范区，入选首批国家数字经济创新发展试验区，数字经济总量规模持续扩大，产业数字化指数连续多年位居全国第一。深化数字变革，持续推动政府管理和社会治理的体制机制、方法模式创新，不断提升省域治理体系和治理能力现代化水平。在全国率先推出一系列便民服务应用，构建覆盖全省的民生网、服务网、平安网，以数字赋能开辟了“扩中提低”新路径，构建了公共服务新范式，滋养了精神文明新风尚，提升了除险保安新能力。五是坚持促进网络文明交流互鉴，着力加强国际传播能力建设。坚持以开放的姿态拥抱数字浪潮，着力打造数字领域重大开放平台，持续深化数字领域开放合作，不断加强国际传播能力建设。积极打造国际传播融媒体矩阵，充分发挥互联网大省优势，构建数字化、智能化的国际传播融媒体矩阵，利用社交媒体、短视频平台、在线论坛等工具创建多语种的官方账号，传播浙江好故事好声音。大力打造与世界对话的国际网络文明交流平台，连续11届成功举办世界互联网大会乌镇峰会，品牌影响力逐年提升，溢出效应持续释放。
+
+党的二十届三中全会提出“加快适应信息技术迅猛发展新形势”“健全网络综合治理体系”等新任务新要求，为进一步加强网络建设指明了前进方向。浙江将以更高站位、更高标准推进宣传思想文化网络阵地建设，着力打造文化强国、网络强国先行区。一是全面壮大向上向善的网上主流舆论。牢牢掌握网络意识形态工作领导权、主导权，加快全媒体传播体系建设，推进主流媒体系统性变革。精心组织系列化、矩阵化、连续性的网络宣传活动，主动抢占网络宣传主阵地。推进新闻宣传和网络舆论一体化管理，加强议题设置和宣传话语创新，构建多渠道、立体式的传播格局，让主流声音更加响亮有力。二是全面完善严密严实的网络治理体系。深化网络管理体制改革，建立健全网上网下统筹工作机制。加强信息基础设施网络安全防护，加强网络安全事件应急指挥能力建设，筑牢可信可控的数字安全屏障。加强网络空间法治建设，深化网络综合治理体系建设和网络文明先行区建设，建立健全网络生态治理工作机制，推动依法治网和以德润网有机统一。三是全面建设和谐和乐的网上美好家园。更好发挥互联网在倾听人民呼声、汇聚人民智慧、回应人民关切等方面的作用，以文铸魂、以文赋能、以文兴业、以文惠民，以数字文明提升人民文化素养和社会文明程度，促进共同富裕精神富有。以文化数字化、网络化、智能化为导向，推广“互联网+创意设计”，探索建设全域智慧旅游，丰富高品质数字文化产品与服务供给，激发新型消费潜力。四是全面激发赋能赋力的数智驱动效应。深化“数字浙江”建设，加快打造人工智能创新发展高地，推动数字经济高质量发展，因地制宜发展新质生产力。打好数字关键核心技术攻坚战，以“人工智能+”促进科技创新和产业创新深度融合、实体经济和数字经济深度融合、数据要素和经济社会发展深度融合。激发数字人才新活力，引进培育一批数字经济、数字政府、数字社会发展急需的“高精尖缺”人才。五是全面深化出新出圈的数字开放合作。擦亮世界互联网大会乌镇峰会“金字招牌”，打造更具全球影响力的数字化国际传播融媒平台，不断提升中国文化感染力和中华文明影响力，推动不同文明交流互鉴。
+
+（课题组负责人：陈畴镛）
+
+
+
+（来源：浙江日报）
+
+
+
+
+
+浙江统战
+
+宣传统战知识，展示统战风采，加强联谊交友，欢迎社会各界人士关注、了解、支持浙江…
+
+112篇原创内容
+
+
+
+
+
+公众号
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+
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_12.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_12.md
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_12.md
@@ -0,0 +1,223 @@
+⾷品安全国家标准数据检索平台
+
+您的位置： ⾸页> 关于发布《⾷品安全国家标准 预包装⾷品标签通则》（GB 7718-2025）等50项⾷品安全国家标准和9项修改单的公告（2025年 第2号）
+
+# 公告名称: 关于发布《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品标签通则》(GB 7718-2025)等50项食品安全国家标准和9项修改单的公告(2025年 第2号)
+
+发布日期: 2025-03-16 发布单位: 国家卫生健康委员会 国家市场监管总局浏览次数: 294次
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+
+
+标准公告
+
+根据《中华人民共和国食品安全法》规定,经食品安全国家标准审评委员会审查通过,现发布《食品安全国家标准 预包装食品标签通则》(GB 7718-2025)等50项食品安全国家标准和9项修改单。其编号和名称如下:
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+GB 7718-2025 预包装食品标签通则
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+GB 10769-2025 婴幼儿谷类辅助食品
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+GB 10770-2025 婴幼儿罐装辅助食品
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+GB 25596-2025 特殊医学用途婴儿配方食品通则
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+GB 28050-2025 预包装食品营养标签通则
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+GB 1903.73-2025 食品营养强化剂 氯化钠
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+GB 1903.74-2025 食品营养强化剂 L-蛋氨酸(L-甲硫氨酸)
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+GB 1903.75-2025 食品营养强化剂 (6S)-5-甲基四氢叶酸, 氨基葡萄糖盐
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+GB 19302-2025 发酵乳
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+GB 31637-2025 食用淀粉
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+GB 7098-2025 罐头食品
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+GB 19646-2025 稀奶油、奶油和无水奶油
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+GB 1886.382-2025 (原标准号为GB 26405) 食品添加剂 叶黄素
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+GB 1886.383-2025 (原标准号为GB 31630) 食品添加剂 聚乙烯醇
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+GB 1886.384-2025 (原标准号为GB 28308) 食品添加剂 植物炭黑
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+GB 1886.385-2025 (原标准号为GB 25541) 食品添加剂 聚葡萄糖
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+GB 31661-2025 调制肉制品生产卫生规范
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+GB 31616-2025 食用畜禽副产品加工卫生规范
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+GB 31648-2025 食品中二噁英及多氯联苯污染控制规范
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+GB 14930.2-2025 消毒剂
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+GB 5009.137-2025 食品中锑的测定
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+GB 5009.42-2025 食用盐指标的测定
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+GB 5009.307-2025 食品中甲醛的测定
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+GB 5009.300-2025 食品中左旋肉碱的测定
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+GB 5009.256-2025 食品中多种磷酸盐的测定
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+GB 31604.30-2025 食品接触材料及制品 邻苯二甲酸酯类化合物的测定和迁移量的测定
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+GB 31604.31-2025 食品接触材料及制品 氯乙烯、1,1-二氯乙烯和1,1-二氯乙烷的残留量和迁移量的测定
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+GB 5009.5-2025 食品中蛋白质的测定
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+GB 5009.120-2025 食品中丙酸及其盐的测定
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+GB 5009.247-2025 食品中纽甜的测定
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+GB 5009.268-2025 食品中多元素的测定
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+GB 5009.31-2025 食品中对羟基苯甲酸酯类化合物的测定
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+GB 5009.229-2025 食品中酸价的测定
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+GB 5009.183-2025 食品中脲酶的测定
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+GB 5009.301-2025 食品中渗透压的测定
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+GB 5009.302-2025 食品中壬基酚的测定
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+GB 5009.303-2025 食品中酵母β-葡聚糖的测定
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+GB 5009.304-2025 食品中三价铬和六价铬的测定
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+GB 5009.305-2025 食品中双酚A、双酚F和双酚S的测定
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+GB 5009.18-2025 食品中氟的测定
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+GB 5009.306-2025 食品中二苯醚的测定
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+GB 31604.61-2025 食品接触材料及制品 2,2,4,4-四甲基-1,3-环丁二醇迁移量的测定
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+GB 31604.62-2025 食品接触材料及制品N-亚硝胺类化合物迁移量和释放量的测定
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+GB 31604.63-2025 食品接触材料及制品 4,4'-联苯二酚和1,1'-磺酰基二(4-氯苯)迁移量的测定
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+GB 4789.3-2025 食品微生物学检验 大肠菌群计数
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+GB 4789.42-2025 食品微生物学检验 诺如病毒检验
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+GB 4789.38-2025 食品微生物学检验 大肠埃希氏菌计数
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+GB 4789.30-2025 食品微生物学检验 单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌检验
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+GB 31615.2-2025 食品用菌种安全性评价程序
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+GB 2762-2022 《食品安全国家标准 食品中污染物限量》第1号修改单
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+GB 19301-2010《食品安全国家标准 生乳》第1号修改单
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+GB 25190-2010《食品安全国家标准 灭菌乳》第1号修改单
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+GB 19299-2015《食品安全国家标准 果冻》第1号修改单
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+GB 1886.350-2021《食品安全国家标准 食品添加剂 氧化亚氮》第1号修改单
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+GB 9685-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品接触材料及制品用添加剂使用标准》第1号修改单
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+GB 5009.83-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中胡萝卜素的测定》第1号修改单
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+GB 5009.111-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其乙酰化衍生物的测定》第1号修改单
+
+GB 12456-2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总酸的测定》第1号修改单
+
+以上标准文本可在食品安全国家标准数据检索平台(https://sppt.cfsa.net.cn:8086/db)查阅下载。
+
+国家卫生健康委 市场监管总局
+
+2025年3月16日
+
+
+
+附件下载
+
+
+
+
+相关文本
+
+标准文本
+
+GB 12456-2021《食品安全国家标准 食品中总酸的测定》第1号修改单
+
+发布日期:2025-03-16 浏览次数:11次 起草单位:厦门海关技术中心
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+
+
+标准文本
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+GB 9685-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品接触材料及制品用添加剂使用标准》第1号修改单
+
+发布日期:2025-03-16 浏览次数:1次 起草单位:国家食品安全风险评估中心
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+标准文本
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+食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 单核细胞增⽣李斯特氏菌检验
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+发布日期:2025-03-16 浏览次数:0次 起草单位:浙江省疾病预防控制中心,黑龙江省疾病预防控制中心,广东省食品检验所,上海市食品药品检验所
+
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+标准文本
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+食品安全国家标准 食品微生物学检验 大肠菌群计数
+
+发布日期:2025-03-16 浏览次数:0次 起草单位:深圳海关食品检验检疫技术中心,广州海关技术中心,重庆市食品药品检验检测研究院
+
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+标准文本
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+GB 5009.111-2016《食品安全国家标准 食品中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及其乙酰化衍生物的测定》第1号修改单
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+发布日期:2025-03-16 浏览次数:2次 起草单位:
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+标准文本
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+GB 25190-2010《食品安全国家标准 灭菌乳》第1号修改单
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+发布日期:2025-03-16 浏览次数:3次 起草单位:中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所
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+
+
+标准文本
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+食品安全国家标准 食品中多种磷酸盐的测定
+
+发布日期:2025-03-16 浏览次数:2次 起草单位:中国检验检疫科学研究院,福建省产品质量检验研究院,辽宁省食品检验检测院,青岛海关技术中心(原山东出入境检验检疫局检验检疫技术中心)
+
+
+
+标准文本
+
+GB 25190-2010《食品安全国家标准 灭菌乳》第1号修改单
+
+发布日期:2025-03-16 浏览次数:3次 起草单位:中国农业科学院北京畜牧兽医研究所
+
+
+
+
+Copyright© 国家⾷品安全风险评估中⼼版权所有京ICP备20024162号
+
+联系地址:北京市朝阳区广渠路37号院2号楼电话:52165518传真:52165519
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_13.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_13.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e9ae9d6e51e173efa9cd56c99de9178e3a64bcbd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_13.md
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+# “永久会长”“深夜换届”“带病入会”——部分行业协会换届乱象调查
+
+非公有制企业党建 2025年08月13日 11:15 浙江
+
+各类行业协会是社会结构中的重要组成部分，在连接个体与组织、沟通政府与市场、促进社会发展与治理中，扮演着不可或缺的多重角色。
+
+按期换届是保证行业协会持续健康发展的重要机制。但新华每日电讯记者调查发现，部分行业协会在换届过程中存在一些乱象。有的协会负责人被质疑，在退任后仍通过“永久会长”等名誉职位变相把持协会；有的协会在换届期间内部出现纷争，导致不能按期换届；有的协会换届候选人资质审核不严，出现“带病入会”等问题，影响其正常发挥作用。
+
+## “永远会长”“深夜换届”荒诞不经
+
+依据相关规定，行业协会负责人连任不得超过两届，其理事会任期一般为3至5年，届满前须完成换届。如遇特殊情况需延期换届的，应向登记管理机关申请且最长不得超过1年。此类制度设计旨在防控治理风险，但据记者调查，一些协会存在负责人超期任
+
+非公有制企业党建
+
+赞
+
+分享
+
+推荐
+写留言
+
+今年5月,中国硬笔书法协会举行第七次会员代表大会,选举产生新一届理事会、监事会,刚退任的第六届主席张某某获选终身荣誉职务。该协会对外公布的信息显示,张某某已连任第四、五、六届主席,按照行业协会负责人连任不得超过两届的规定,张某某此前已违规超期任职。
+
+记者注意到,设立类似“永远会长”等名誉职位的做法,在近年来的全国性和地方性社会组织中均有出现。有业内人士公开发文抨击,设置“永远”名誉职位,是有些人把协会当成了“家协会”,做法荒诞不经。记者就相关争议联系张某某本人,截至发稿未获回应。
+
+海南省篮球协会一位会员说,据其观察,该协会负责人“超期服役”的现象长期存在,比如,该协会前主席自2015年9月海南省篮协成立时即担任首任会长,2023年曾因未按章程选举被宣布连任决议无效,原拟连任的会长职务归属自此悬置。截至目前,该协会未再公开组织选举。
+
+还有一些协会因内部纷争上演“深夜换届”。河南省硬笔书法家协会自2023年10月启动换届工作,连续举办两次换届大会,至今换届未能成功。河南省硬笔书法家协会第七届换届选举大会原定于2024年1月29日上午9时举行,却在前一天临时通知,改期在当晚10点召开,大会开到次日凌晨1点。为何上演“深夜换届”的闹剧，协会内部有不同的解读。河南省硬笔书法家协会副主席、郑州市硬笔书法家协会主席陈亚辉认为，深夜换届是为了排除郑州代表团；河南省硬笔书法家协会相关负责人却说：“陈亚辉提出想成为下一届协会法人代表或是主席、秘书长，但其要求未得到满足。协会提前得知他准备带领多名会员冲击会场，才临时将换届选举时间改到前一天晚上。”
+
+2024年3月中旬，河南省民政厅社会组织管理局指出，该协会第七届换届工作因时间和部分程序不符合章程相关规定，2024年1月28日的第七届换届选举结果无效，责成恢复第六届主席团职能，重启换届工作。目前，该协会在河南省委社会工作部和文旅厅、民政厅指导下，正在成立临时党支部推进换届工作。
+
+记者就该协会延期换届、内部纷争等问题采访协会主席、前秘书长等人，截至发稿未获回复。
+
+资质审查不严易出现“带病入会”。今年3月21日，海南省足球协会原主席吕建海被通报接受纪律审查和监察调查。记者调查了解到，在海南省足协换届阶段，吕建海当选主席时未公示资格审查流程，暴露出候选人资质审查不严、日常监督机制流于形式等问题。
+
+## 内控机制与外部监管失灵
+
+该协会要完善法人治理机制，加强法人治理，强化对法人行为的控制和监督。记者调查友现，一些协会换届乱象背后，多是协会负责人任争夺协会控制权，此类问题暴露出内控机制和外部监管的失灵。
+
+深圳市社会组织总会法律顾问耿碧君认为，利益驱动是协会换届乱象的深层原因，换届乱象较为突出的行业协会，多数市场化程度较高、经济利益关联紧密。例如在一些商业性行业协会中，由于涉及行业资源分配、商业合作机会等因素，部分企业为了自身利益，可能会在换届过程中通过不正当手段干预选举，试图推选有利于企业的人员进入协会领导班子。
+
+比如，有多名内部人士反映，2016年以来，中国硬笔书法协会通过举办培训发放证书，获利颇丰。近年来，有多人联名举报，称其相关负责人涉嫌将违规收入存入私人账户。2021年9月，该协会就因违规培训收费、发证等行为，被列入国务院大督查事项，民政部还对该协会作出停止活动3个月的行政处罚，责令其撤销违规设立的分支机构。自行政处罚决定生效之日起，民政部将该会列入社会组织严重违法失信名单。
+
+分析换届乱象背后成因，北京知诚社会组织众扶发展促进会秘书长任宏艳认为，是问责机制疲软与自治意愿匮乏。现有制度虽有要求提前申请延期，但社团还是有“久拖不换”的现象，登记机关对此仅作年检基本合格或不合格处罚，无强制解散条款，变相纵容了协会乱象滋生，使社团丧失自我革新的动力。
+
+北京市致诚律师事务所律师王延斌认为，从全国范围来看，部分协会存在内部民主决策制度不完善的情况，这有原因是工作不细致导致的，应该进一步加强监管。策制度落实不到位的情况,这仕换届工作中表现为换届万案制定、候选人推远等环节
+缺乏广泛的民主参与,难以充分体现全体会员的意愿。
+
+任宏艳表示,协会负责人候选人的资格审查同样存在漏洞:一些领导干部兼职未严格
+执行“先审批、后参选”程序,部分退(离)休干部未满三年“冷却期”即通过社团任职变相
+延续职权,部分协会负责人年龄超过70周岁上限,甚至被纳入失信被执行人名单或存
+在刑事犯罪记录者仍被提名参选。
+
+## 加强行业自律和监管服务
+
+行业协会关键岗位超期未换届,易埋下违法违规问题隐患。受访业内人士认为,针对
+行业协会换届中出现的乱象,亟需通过系统性改革,实现从“形式合规”到“实质规范”
+的跃升。
+
+一方面,加强党建引领行业自律。耿碧君建议,创新“党会融合”机制,将党建工作深
+度嵌入行业协会商会发展脉络,行业协会应在章程中明确党建要求,推动党的领导全
+面融入组织架构与运营流程。通过设立专门自律机构,实施信用评价、惩戒监督等措
+施,对违规行为采取警告、通报等手段,确保换届工作在正确政治方向上平稳推进,
+营造风清气正的换届生态。
+
+另一方面,建立穿透式任职监管体系。针对候选人审核虚化问题,任宏艳建议建立“资
+格联审”机制,其核心是建立负 person 任职负面清单:包括年龄超70周岁、纳入失信被执行人名单、五年内受刑事处罚或党纪重处分、未完成离任审计的离任干部、兼任法定代表人的聘任制秘书长等。民政等监管部门应进一步细化换届流程,明确各环节执行标准,消除规则模糊地带,为换届工作提供全流程操作指南。
+
+来源:半月谈
+
+编审:安佳璐
+
+主编:温浩杰
+
+
+
+非公有制企业党建
+
+为非公领域党建和基层党务工作者服务,打造中国非公党建交流、沟通的平台。
+
+760篇原创内容
+
+公众号
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_14.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_14.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bbf65f6bc0fe7196b52ba6721123d9feb44742d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_14.md
@@ -0,0 +1,123 @@
+## “活人感”凭啥打动人
+
+原创 嘉轩 浙江宣传 2025年08月14日 07:30 浙江
+
+
+
+戳蓝色字关注我们!
+
+
+
+“活人感”凭啥打动人
+
+浙江宣传
+
+8分钟
+
+
+
+网上冲浪，你是否发现，继“氛围感”“破碎感”“松弛感”之后，许多年轻人又开始追捧一种叫“活人感”的风格。
+
+以社交媒体上的分享为例，比起那些晒精致穿搭、立精英人设，发加了滤镜的美景、住宛如样板间的家，这届网友似乎更愿意给翻车日常、踩雷经历、不P图的自拍等普通但具有“活人感”的内容点赞。
+
+会“活人感”运营的博主，涨粉猛；懂“活人感”宣传的品牌，圈粉多；“像个活人”被网友封为“夸人的一种境界”...在许多人自嘲过得像是“NPC”的集体情绪中，“活人感”如一股清流，
+
+浙江宣传
+
+
+赞
+
+分享
+
+推荐
+写留言
+
+不禁让人深思现象背后的深层原因。
+
+
+
+“谁懂啊！街头抓拍的‘活人感’照片，男生运动风扫街……”
+
+♡ 39
+
+
+
+好喜欢我的活人感朋友圈在这么多工作的摧残下，……
+
+♡ 1266
+
+
+
+和朋友徒步，这样拍也太有“活人感”了吧！山上从……
+
+♡ 1927
+
+网友分享的“活人感”图源：社交平台截图
+
+“活人感”给人的感觉就是“像个活牛牛的人”。人性本直，“活人感”的概念内核自然离不开“直活人感，活人的感觉就是像活人上的人。活人中奖，活人感的核心就是自然与真实二字。
+
+比如，不怕暴露真实的弱点。技术的发展，让互联网上的人设包装得越来越完美，但也难免“一眼假”。“活人感”的出现，则让人们一改以往对“完美人设”的追求，敢于在互联网上大方展示自己的真实模样，不怕出丑，不怕露怯，不怕亮出自己的软肋。这世上本就没有完美的人，人活着就会犯错，生活难免不如意，“活人感”就是不再刻意去遮掩自身与生活中那些缺点与瑕疵。
+
+比如，敢于流露真实的情感。在鼓吹“情绪稳定”的网络氛围中，笑要翘三分嘴角，怒得压八分声调，似乎最好能像个“人机”一样，不受情绪的困扰，专注完成生活扔向你的每一条指令。可人有七情六欲，试问孩童时期的我们，谁不是想哭就哭，想笑就笑？成年后稳定的情绪，总是藏着咽下肚的委屈。于是，一些人选择摘下“情绪稳定的面具”，在某些场合下索性把喜怒哀乐都“形于色”，既可以正能量满满，也允许自己偶尔“失态”一下。“活人感”就是不再一味压抑自己的情绪，让真情实感自然流露。
+
+比如，恣意显露真实的生命力。狂奔到模糊的身影，吃东西糊满腮帮的“花脸”，叉腰炫耀但不做作的pose...社交平台上，有网友晒出自己的童年照并感慨“小时候的照片好有活人气息”，感染了一众网友。那些不经意被记录下的童年瞬间，满是鲜活的生命力，反观现在的成年人照片，拗姿势、找角度、调美颜...全然失去了小时候的“活人感”，如同被精心修剪的“盆景”，美则美矣，却难以直击人心。
+
+
+
+游客欣赏西湖晚霞 图源: 潮新闻客户端
+
+二
+
+那么，那些有“活人感”的人、事和物，到底触动了人们心底哪根弦？
+
+许多人之所以在网络世界追捧“活人感”，首先是因为“物以稀为贵”。现在网络世界里充斥着
+
+太多精心设计的内容 比如完美滤镜下的生活 营销活术句装的推荐 或者管法批量生产人总是精心设计的ogs, 比如元夫必换上的工服、告示栏小包里的存款, 或者异乎其里
+的套路化表达。因此,在这个被滤镜和算法高度包装的大环境里,那份未经雕琢的“活人”特
+质,反而显得珍贵起来。
+
+那些“翻车瞬间”“即兴反应”或者“不完美日常”受到喜爱,本质上反映了网友对稀缺的真实感和人情味的渴望。“活人感”吸引人的魅力还在于,那些“不完美”的存在,可以给予人们恰到好处的心理安慰。很多时候,那些袒露“不完美”的人,像一面不那么刺眼的镜子,照出了千千万万普通人的样子,告诉我们“原来大家都是这样的”。这种共鸣感,恰恰是紧绷的时候最需要的。
+
+比如,风靡的热梗“Are you OK?”,拉近了大家对企业家的距离。触动大众的点,不是“爽文男主”的展示秀,而是少见的“活人感”,从而让“槽点”能变成鲜活的“记忆点”。
+
+再者,冒着热乎气儿的“活人感”更能彰显“人之所以为人”的独特性。就像我们迷恋匠人的手艺,赋予手作远超工业品的价值,因为那些手工艺作品每一件都有细微的差别,浸透着匠人的心思和汗水。有人说,置身AI时代,那些无法被算法量化、被效率优化的部分,便是人类最本真的特质。AI可以模仿人类的语言逻辑,甚至生成精致的文案,但它无法真正“感受”世界。
+
+人类会为一片晚霞驻足,会因一段旋律流泪,会被一句话打动...这些被网友称为“活着的瞬间”,看似“无用”且“低效”,却恰恰证明了人不同于精密运转的机器,是一个会疼、会爱、会冲动、会脆弱的生命。
+
+图源：“央视新闻”微信公众号
+
+☰
+
+有些年轻人被“活人感”吸引，其实是希望自己能活出“活人样”。怎样才能活得更有“活人感”？笔者有几点建议。
+
+**别害怕展露自己的“有趣”，哪怕有些不合时宜。** 不少人担心在工作会议、学术讨论、正式社交等严肃场合展现幽默、热情或独特的视角，会被视为不专业、不稳重、甚至幼稚。但其实，在专业能力之外适度的展现一点个性、智慧，会增加一个人的魅力。人们普遍也更愿意与真实、有温度的人合作。比如央视新闻主播朱广权凭借恰到好处地运用“押韵、谐音、化用”等趣味表达，一改新闻播报严肃正经的风格，让观众在莞尔一笑中接受信息，也拉近了新闻与观众的距离。
+
+**在鼓吹“活人感”的喧嚣中，警惕被设计的“真实”。** 如今，“拍具有活人感的内容”已经成为一条公认的起号涨粉捷径。于是，在博主们的镜头下，故意打翻的杯子，画出来的黑眼圈，提前写好剧本的意外等内容就渐渐地多了起来。“假作真时真亦假”，流量生意的驱使下，“真实”也可以被伪装出来。因此，当我们一边自嘲“活人微死”，一边追更他人的“活人感”分享，也要多一些警惕——热闹归热闹，真假要分明。
+
+**想做就去做，也可以允许自己做不到。** 活出“活人感”，其实可以从一句“这事我做不到”开始。当在网络上看到别人争当“六边形战士”，若是被激励到了，可以同样行动起来；若是被“冒犯”到了，就允许自己说一句“我累了”“我不行”。尤其在职场上，有些人容易陷入“跟自己较劲”的状态，一较劲就容易装能干、装不累，装久了就把精力也耗尽了。不如真实面对自己，搞砸的事认个账，接不住的活摇个头，不懂的事问出声。不妨让自己试着从这种强撑着的“悬浮”状态中脱离，短暂休息一下，不鼓励躺平认输，但也享受一份“尽力了就好”的坦然。
+
+本文播音：飞扬各位读者: 关注公号后可点击右上角“...”，设为星标，以免错过最新推文。留言在本文发布24小时内排在评论区首位者, 将获赠一套《浙江宣传》书籍。如果您有选题建议, 请留言或私信。
+
+
+
+声明: 稿件未经授权, 不得转载。
+
+▼ 点击下方名片关注浙江宣传 ▼
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_15.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_15.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4c7947fc081208c9d7133344a2e37481e234cd06
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_15.md
@@ -0,0 +1,107 @@
+# “纠缠历史”：理解世界交织互动的重要视角
+
+
+
+光明理论
+
+
+赞
+分享
+推荐
+写留言
+
+在现代历史学不断走向科学化与专业化的进程中，原始档案文书作为史学研究的基础，逐渐成为推动学科转型的知识媒介。在英国中世纪史学界，伴随着对原始档案文书认识的改变，历史学家们逐渐从档案文书的使用者，转型为兼具档案整理编订、文书分析校勘以及史料研究运用等多重身份的复合型学者，重塑了英国史学研究的知识结构与学术训练路径。本文尝试回溯英国中世纪历史学与档案学融合模式的形成历程及其实践经验，并探讨其在学科发展与知识生产层面所具有的方法论意义。
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+一
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+19世纪之前的英国历史学界，虽有少数学者提倡通过整理原始档案文书进行实证历史研究，但由于缺乏相应的学术氛围，以原始档案文书为基础的现代史学研究范式并没有得到系统发展。直到19世纪，为推动历史学的科学化发展，英国历史学家才开启了主动地“收集原始档案—研究档案文书—历史实证研究”的探索性学术实践。其中，牛津大学中世纪史学者威廉·斯塔布斯是典型人物，他通过自觉的学术实践，成为英国倡导历史学家与档案学家身份融合的集大成者，对后辈学人产生了深远影响。
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+斯塔布斯提出史学研究应建立在原始档案基础上，重新发现档案，尤其是那些尚未被整理出版的原始手稿、抄本等史料富有学术价值。为此，斯塔布斯着手开展大规模收集与整理英国中世纪档案文书的工作，其足迹遍布英国各大教区、图书馆及博物馆。在这一过程中，他将中世纪特许状、契约文书等均纳入原始档案文书的范畴，显著拓宽了史料来源和范围。斯塔布斯先后编撰多达19卷的文献档案。为推广其学术理念并培养后继人才，斯塔布斯编订以原始拉丁文档案为蓝本的《特许状选集》，将其作为基本教材，培养学生感知、阅读原始档案的能力和意识。斯塔布斯对原始档案的重视得到当时历史学家如英国法律史权威学者弗雷德里克·威廉·梅特兰等人的认可和响应。
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+以斯塔布斯为代表的历史学家通过系统开展原始档案文书的整理编订工作，为历史学与档案学的跨学科融合奠定了实践基础。然而，这一时期的历史学家在原始档案的运用及档案本身的认知方面存在明显的学科局限：一方面由于缺乏解读古文字学和古文书学等知识技能，历史学家难以准确解读和把握档案内容及文字格式方面的有效信息；另一方面由于对原始档案的形成背景与生产机制等缺乏专业的知识背景，他们也难以充分发掘原始档案的全部史料价值。随着专业档案学家的介入，这一状况得到有效改善。
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+二
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+在英国史学研究面临方法论转型与专业技能拓展的关键时期，档案学领域取得的重要进展，以及同一时期档案学家在史学研究及人才培养方面的参与和融入，使历史学和档案学实现了进一步的跨学科整合。
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+首先，英国公共档案馆的成立，不仅直接推动了英国国家层面对各类原始档案的收集、编订和出版工作，还通过档案的整理编订实践，培养了一批掌握古文字学和古文书学的专业档案学家，这些档案学家整理的档案作品也成为当时历史学界获取相关史料和档案学知识的重要媒介。1908年，档案学家休伯特·霍尔出版了《英国官方历史档案研究》《英国官方历史档案的文本范式指南》，这两部著作基于古文书学的视角对不同类型官方档案的制作范式、生成机制等予以系统研究，成为英国较早的古文书学研究指南。1915年，公共档案馆出版咨询委员会秘书查尔斯·约翰逊与同事查尔斯·希拉里·詹金森将他们在档案编订过程中积累的英国王廷体经验写成《英国王廷体文书》，对中世纪王廷体的演变，包括每个字母的书写、文书中的缩写符号、标点等予以详细介绍。1915年，詹金森独立出版《古文字学与王廷体》，此后又编订出版了《15—17世纪英国晚期王廷体文书》。正如詹金森在撰写此类作品时所言：“本书的主要目的在于鼓励中世纪历史学研究者积极学习古文字学……学习以王廷体为代表的古文字学技艺，同学习中世纪历史同样重要。”
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+其次，除编订有关档案外，部分档案学家还开始进入高等院校讲授古文字学和古文书学等相关知识，将档案学的有关知识带进历史教学及人才培养过程。比如，1896—1919年，霍尔成为伦敦大学国王学院的授课教师，从事古文字学、古文书学和中世纪经济史的教学。1911—1935年，詹金森在剑桥大学讲授从诺曼征服到1485年期间英国的古文字学和古文书学。档案学家在这一时期成为英国高等院校历史教学的重要师资力量。
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+除了参与历史学科人才培养，档案学家也有意识地加强与历史学科的联系，与历史学家建立深厚友谊。1912年，档案学家查尔斯·乔治·克鲁姆普受公共档案馆出版咨询委员会委托，负责加强英国公共档案馆和英国历史学家联系的任务，促进档案学家与历史学家之间的建设性合作。在此过程中，克鲁姆普同曼彻斯特大学中世纪史学科奠基人托马斯·陶特建立了深厚友情。此外，詹金森同牛津大学中世纪历史学家和古文书学专家皮埃尔·沙普莱、达勒姆大学古文书学教授康威·戴维斯、牛津大学莫德林学院中世纪史教授K.B.麦克法兰等学者建立了紧密的学术联系。这些关系网络的建立也进一步促进了英国历史学与档案学的有机融合和深度互动。
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+三
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+伴随史学研究范式及档案学的发展，斯塔布斯之后的第二代、第三代历史学家普遍形成将档案学知识引入历史研究及教学实践的自觉，推动了传统史学的现代转型。
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+作为斯塔布斯的学生，雷吉纳德·波尔是第二代历史学家中较早将历史学、档案学融合运用的代表性学者，其代表作《教宗文秘署的历史》结合档案学的有关视角分析了中世纪教宗文秘署的发展及其档案文本的制作和流通情况。托马斯·陶特、詹姆斯·泰特则以曼彻斯特大学为基地，基于历史学与档案学融合发展的研究教学模式，打造了中世纪英国行政史研究的曼城学派，同时也培养了以F.M.波威克为代表的第三代历史学家。此后，波威克在曼城和牛津大学又培养了一批精通档案编订技艺的青年历史学家，如曾任教于曼彻斯特大学、剑桥大学的罗伯特·切尼，牛津大学的维维安·加尔布雷斯、凯瑟琳·梅杰等，发挥了学术传帮带的重要作用。以切尼为例，其学术生涯从整理、编订、研究英国教区档案开始，于1950年出版了《中世纪英国主教文书处（1100—1250年）》一书，该书以古文书学视角分析了教区档案的产生与发展。之后，切尼又以此类档案为史料，对12、13世纪英国教会发展、英国与罗马教宗关系等问题进行深入研究，修正了传统史学的诸多观点，凭借扎实的档案学和历史学造诣，切尼成为20世纪英国教会史研究的权威学者。
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+综上，约从19世纪中后期开始，英国历史学家对原始档案的重视促使历史学和档案学走向融合发展。在这一过程中，历史学家通过习得古文字学、古文书学等跨学科技能，逐渐成为整理编订原始档案的重要力量，显著拓展了历史研究的史料基础。如切尼对中世纪教区档案进行大规模整理，牛津大学的多萝西·怀特洛克等对盎格鲁-撒克逊特许状进行系统收集，圣安德鲁斯大学的克里斯·吉文-威尔逊等人重新编订了中世纪议会卷档等。在受到档案学的相关知识训练后，历史学家分析运用原始档案的能力显著提升（如发现中世纪文书档案中特许状伪造现象等），通过挖掘档案背后的历史意义，不断发现新问题、得出新观点，推动了传统史学向修正史学的转型。总之，伴随这一融合过程，英国中世纪史学界在实现史学研究范式转型的同时，革新了历史学知识结构与学术训练模式，逐步实现了历史学的科学化、专业化发展。
+
+（作者：杨韶杰，系广西师范大学历史文化与旅游学院副教授）
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+
+## 古罗马维拉生产与休闲功能考察
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+作者：王鹤《光明日报》（ 2025年08月18日 14版）
+维拉（Villa，中文也译为“乡间别墅”）是罗马贵族精英位于城郊、乡村或海滨地区的居所。罗马共和国后期，维拉兴起于意大利，后来随着罗马的扩张传播至众多行省。伴随着古代晚期罗马帝国的衰亡，维拉遭到破坏、废弃或改作他用，逐渐被人们遗忘。14世纪开始的文艺复兴引发了欧洲人对古典文化的浓厚兴趣，加图、瓦罗、科鲁美拉、小普林尼等拉丁作家对维拉的记载重新引起欧洲学者和公众对罗马维拉的关注。自16世纪起，意大利、荷兰、英国等欧洲国家的贵族纷纷效仿古罗马维拉建筑风格，修建乡间别墅，复兴田园式的乡村生活理想，从而将自己与古罗马精英联系起来，强化其社会地位，关于罗马维拉的研究性成果和考古活动也逐渐展开。
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+1728年，英国学者罗伯特·卡斯特尔出版了首部关于罗马维拉的英文著作——《古人别墅画册》，根据小普林尼在《书信集》中对他的两座维拉——托斯卡纳维拉和劳伦汀维拉的详细描述，复现了维拉的内部结构、装饰以及维拉主人的生活场景。1750年，存在于罗马共和国后期至帝国前期，因维苏威火山喷发而被掩埋的“纸草维拉”在意大利赫库兰尼姆被发掘，这是迄今为止发现的最大、最豪华的罗马维拉之一，在纸草维拉中还发现了大量壁画、青铜器和雕塑等艺术品。
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+19世纪末，关于罗马维拉的考古工作取得重要进展。法国考古学家和历史学家阿西塞·德·科蒙首次将维拉作为一种独特的建筑类型进行研究，同时将在法国和英国发现的多处维拉与意大利维拉进行对比。这一时期，德国成立“帝国边疆委员会”，对德国境内的罗马边疆地区展开大规模考古挖掘。德国学者赫特纳、克罗帕切克、弗朗兹·奥尔曼等重点考察了维拉的建筑形式，致力于维拉的类型学研究。德国考古学家弗莱莫斯多夫则开创了将维拉作为罗马农业生产单位进行研究的先例。1895—1899年，意大利考古学家帕斯奎主持了对庞贝城以北博斯科雷亚莱附近几处维拉的考古发掘工作，考古报告中分析了出土维拉的农业生产、内部设计和装饰情况。
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+马乡村维拉，根据其中出土的生产设施、奴隶囚牢等，认为这些维拉是利用奴隶劳动，从事葡萄酒、橄榄油和其他产品生产的农庄。1931年，英国古典学者卡林顿发表了《坎帕尼亚“乡村维拉”研究》一文，对意大利斯塔比亚地区出土的39座维拉遗址进行考察，指出公元前2世纪至罗马帝国早期，该地区维拉以葡萄酒和橄榄油生产为主，出现了生产专业化趋势。20世纪70—80年代，意大利考古学家安德里亚·卡兰迪尼主持挖掘了意大利北部著名的塞特菲涅斯特维拉遗址，发现其内部结构分为主人住宅区和生产区两部分，在维拉中还发现了葡萄和橄榄压榨机、磨坊、面包坊、酒窖、猪舍、鸟类饲养场，以及奴隶居住的营房，生动地反映了罗马乡村维拉混合型商品生产的情况。
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+20世纪末以来，有关罗马维拉休闲功能的研究取得了较大进展。拉丁文“otium”可译为“休闲”“悠闲”等，既包括休息、放松、从疾病中康复，也包括摆脱罗马城市公共生活压力，从事各种文化娱乐活动。与拥挤喧闹的城市生活相比，维拉中与大自然亲密接触的农场生活、适度的体育锻炼和不受打扰的睡眠，使其成为罗马贵族精英的向往之地。美国建筑史家詹姆斯·阿克曼在《维拉：乡村住宅的形式与观念》（1990）中，将维拉定义为“为主人享受和放松而设计的乡村建筑”，尽管它可能具有生产功能，但“快乐因素是这种住宅与农舍的本质区别”。澳大利亚学者杰夫·亚当斯在《坎帕尼亚城郊维拉及其社会功能》（2006）中，总结了城郊维拉的显著特征：装饰豪华、设施完善、娱乐空间占比较大。由此得出结论，城郊维拉主要用于休闲娱乐和社交活动，农业生产并非其主要功能。英国学者卡洛琳·麦肯齐的《卢林斯通罗马维拉的文化与社会》（2019）则以罗马不列颠行省的卢林斯通维拉为例，认为维拉既是“贵族之间联系和娱乐的场所，也是展示的中心”，壮观宏伟的维拉建筑在景观环境中具有高度的“可视性”，向来访者展示了主人的身份地位，同时扩大了维拉主人与其所在的“精英圈子”之外的人们之间的鸿沟。总之，维拉是罗马元老贵族逃离城市喧嚣、摆脱公务束缚、享受田园和海滨美景的安乐之所；也是罗马上层款待宾朋、接待门客的重要地点；还是罗马精英进行文学创作、哲学研究、锻炼身心
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+对土地、劳动力和产品控制、占有和开发的能力；另一方面，维拉的奢华设计和装饰可被解读为“权力的文化象征”，表明维拉主人对财富的控制以及对乡村施加影响的能力。美国考古学家安娜丽莎·马尔扎诺与加拿大学者盖伊·麦特劳斯主编的《共和国晚期至古代晚期地中海湖盆的罗马维拉》是近年来维拉研究的代表作，对罗马统治下的意大利和地中海周边行省，如高卢、西班牙、北非、希腊等地区的维拉进行了全面考察。马尔扎诺根据大量考古发现，证明一些海滨维拉从事水产养殖、酿酒、采石、纺织、开矿、制盐等经济活动以获取利润，实现了休闲享乐与生产经营的结合。
+
+依笔者所见，维拉是罗马社会上层重要的生产和生活空间。虽然维拉在规模、外观和内部设施等方面存在差别，但生产经营获利与优雅精致的生活方式相结合是维拉的基本特征。一方面，罗马人受传统“重农”观念影响，强调维拉作为生产单位的实用性，即使是以休闲为主的豪华维拉也大多具备一定的生产功能；另一方面，维拉代表了罗马社会上层独特的生活方式和休闲观念，维拉的传播与扩展是行省罗马化的重要标志，促进了罗马消费形式、饮食习惯、建筑风格等在行省精英阶层中的广泛流行。
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+罗马维拉对近现代西方乡村住宅设计、园林艺术和生活方式产生了深远影响，时至今日仍具有独特的现实价值和研究意义。它是乡村庄园、豪华住宅、博物馆等建筑设计的灵感源泉，也是西方文学、艺术如诗歌、影视作品中常见的主题，其所蕴含的休闲观念也契合了现代人在工作与休闲之间保持平衡的理念。
+
+（作者：王鹤，系哈尔滨师范大学历史文化学院副教授）
+
+“纠缠历史”概念的兴起
+
+自20世纪80年代以来，随着经济全球化进程不断加快，全球史、跨国史等超越民族国家的史学研究范式日益兴盛。通过质疑民族国家边界的绝对中心地位和探究非国家交流的过程，历史研究的焦点越来越多地放在跨文化之间的动态关系上，探讨不同行为体之间的彼此联系和相互纠缠，“纠缠历史”由此兴起。此外，后殖民理论对权力与知识生产的批评，解构了西方霸权话语，为分析历史中的纠缠现象提供了思想动力。而量子力学对自然界纠缠现象的关注，启发人们重新审视看似无关事件的隐性关联，成为纠缠历史涉及的复杂联系的自然科学依据。
+
+从直接来源看，纠缠历史脱胎于对比较历史和文化迁变等跨国研究路径的反思。比较历史以国家为固定框架探讨研究对象之间的共性和差异，文化迁变理论则加入对文化交流及其影响机制的思考，但缺点是过于关注强势方的单向影响，使国家视角得到进一步强化。纠缠历史把“纠缠”的观念置于研究的核心，探讨不同行为体之间的联系、交流、互渗，突破了固定的边界约束，解构了传统居于主导地位的研究框架。
+
+从概念发展来看，“纠缠历史”一词于1999年首次出现在法国学者本尼迪克特·齐默尔曼等主编的文集标题中。2002年，法国学者迈克尔·韦纳和本尼迪克特·齐默尔曼发表德语论文《比较、迁变、纠缠：纠缠历史的方法与跨国的挑战》，系统阐述“纠缠历史”的概念，2003年该文章修订后译为法语《思考纠缠历史：在经验与反思之间》，在《年鉴》杂志上发表。韦纳和齐默尔曼提出把“纠缠”作为历史研究的核心概念，认为主要存在四类“纠缠”：研究对象的内在纠缠、研究观点的纠缠、观察者和被观察对象之间的纠缠、研究尺度的纠缠。几乎与法国学者同时，德国学界也涉足纠缠历史的相关问题，尤其围绕“纠缠的现代性”展开讨论，并运用该视角进行史学实践。参与这场讨论的学者主要有沙利尼·兰德里亚、塞巴斯蒂安·康拉德、于尔根·奥斯特哈默、于尔根·科卡等。
+
+在法国和德国学者的倡导下，“纠缠历史”很快被英美学术界接受，并迅速推广开来。2007年，《美国历史评论》围绕“大西洋世界的帝国纠缠”主题，刊发了一组文章，致力于打破传统的民族国家史和帝国史叙事，提出从纠缠历史的角度重新理解美洲早期的历史。此后，运用纠缠历史视角书写的著作快速增长，欧美学界围绕该理论举办了多场学术研讨会。据不完全统计，截至2025年初，以纠缠历史为名或者以该方法开展研究的学术著作不少于40部，发表的学术论文超过120篇。值得注意的是，中国学界也较早对纠缠历史给予积极回应。该视角兴起不久后，研究东亚交流史的学者用“交错的文化史”概念对中国及其周边国家和地区的历史、文化、宗教等交错纠缠现象给予系统关注。
+
+“纠缠历史”的基本内涵
+
+作为一种批判性史学研究路径，纠缠历史旨在打破传统历史叙事的线性发展和静态对比框架，强调历史进程的交织性、互动性与非对称性。大体来讲，纠缠历史具有以下基本内涵：其一，纠缠性网络。主张把历史主体视为纠缠关系网络中的一环，认为研究对象在互动交织中不断重构自身与他者，“没有一种历史现象是作为一个孤立的单元而存在，也没有一种历史现象不以相遇、纠缠为特征”。其二，多尺度观察。纠缠历史打破了传统的研究框架，研究对象从固定单元转向动态网络，批评民族国家等预设分析单位的静态性，强调时间和空间的多层交织、交错，承认历史进程中的断裂、回溯与叠加现象，例如社会记忆的重构。其三，反思性书写。纠缠历史不仅研究历史对象之间的跨时空交织，还关注研究者与研究对象之间的纠缠，把研究者的作用同样纳入纠缠关系的分析对象，强调研究者的文化背景会无形中塑造研究对象的边界。
+
+纠缠历史本质上是跨文化的，考察跨越边界的人员、物品、观念、情感的流动和交织所形成的复杂关系；关注历史发展的显性网络、隐性纠缠和话语权力，主张历史进程中的行动者始终处在彼此影响、相互塑造的纠缠之中，即使是表面上看似无直接联系的对象，也可能通过隐性权力网络产生深远共振。
+
+从学科交叉的角度看，纠缠历史回应了量子隐喻对历史研究的启示作用。例如，量子纠缠的纠缠态概念强调粒子状态超越空间限制的关联，对应历史事件中的跨时空共振；叠加态概念指量子系统在观测前的多重潜在状态，映射历史未被实现的可能世界；坍缩态引发的观测者效应对应历史书写的叙事霸权，谁在观测物质或者书写历史，得到的结果不尽相同。而最根本的启示是，如同量子纠缠中的粒子，历史行动者的状态无法孤立定义，必须置于纠缠的网络中理解。基于此，需要重视微小事件引发系统性巨变的可能性，这种超距作用的“蝴蝶效应”在历史长河中频繁显现，例如明朝银荒与美洲白银开采通过马尼拉大帆船产生纠缠式联动等。
+
+历史书写中的“纠缠转向”
+
+纠缠历史通过引入权力批判与复杂性思维，致力于揭示历史进程中的多样性互动，避免落入简单化的因果叙事。它挑战了自成一体的民族国家历史叙事范式，主张把人类历史重新书写为一张由无数动态关系联结纠缠的网络。可以说，“纠缠”一词十分形象地把握了世界的交织互动，纠缠历史正是将之运用于历史书写的具体体现，它使历史行为体之间的复杂联系得到重新肯定，发掘了许多被压制的声音和被忽视的力量。纠缠历史在历史书写方面的另一个优势是结束了“微观和宏观历史的对立”，把这两种观点“通过无数可能的中间层次相互联结起来”。由于纠缠历史具有的强大历史解释力，许多学者使用该视角开展史学实践，以致在当前的历史书写中形成“纠缠转向”。
+
+德国历史学家于尔根·奥斯特哈默打破传统研究中的时空边界，把纠缠视为现代世界发展的根本动力之一，相继推出《世界的演变：19世纪史》《揭秘东方：启蒙欧洲与东方的相遇》等具有重要影响的著作。美国学者杰弗里·布尔松以启蒙运动为例，提出“纠缠历史”的三个层面：多文化纠缠、跨话语纠缠以及历时性纠缠。布尔松认为启蒙时代的多文化纠缠之所以成为可能，是因为耶稣会士大量译介中国文化典籍，掀起欧洲“中国热”，引发了关于欧洲宗教真实性、历史性和实用性争论的跨话语纠缠。法国学者亚历桑德罗·斯坦齐亚尼的《世界的交织：全球历史和全球思维（16—21世纪）》试图在全球性的互动进程中理解世界现代化，把文明之间的相遇和互鉴作为历史发展的基本动力。纠缠历史不仅有效地重新阐释过去，更成为解码现实的一把钥匙，为理解地缘冲突、国际移民、生态危机等议题提供了历史纵深。例如，欧洲难民问题可追溯至欧洲社会对穆斯林的长期排斥，民粹主义回潮是西方国家的周期性历史现象等。
+
+当然，没有任何一种方法是完美的，纠缠历史也存在若干解释盲点。首先，纠缠历史赖以分析的绝大多数史料来源都是单方面书写的，从这些记录中重建和阐述双边甚至多边的历史图景需要复杂的技能，更多的情况是掺杂真实成分与人为“建构”的多边联系。其次，很难想象彻底破除民族国家等边界分析框架的可能性。在多数情况下，分类和边界是可以接受的，甚至是不可或缺的。实际上，边界的存在以及根据边界限制交流，也是历史的一部分。最后，批评者指出，纠缠叙事可能被工具化，陷入“万物皆可纠缠”的混乱局面，过度强调“纠缠”可能使之沦为方法论霸权，从而模糊了历史发展的核心趋势。
+
+尽管存在上述操作层面的困难，但纠缠历史的价值不容忽视，它为理解世界的交织互动提供了重要视角，丰富了全球史和跨国史研究的维度。在一个交织纠缠的世界里，任何一个国家、一种文化都无法作为孤立的实体，而应被视为与其他对象存在持续、多向交流的纠缠体。很大程度上，人类历史是一部多元力量反复叠加、冲突与共生的“层累史”，正是这种碰撞交融而成的“纠缠”编织了人类文明的多样形态。基于此，纠缠历史不仅是方法论的革新，更是一种认识论的转向：历史不再是各种“对象”的简单并置，而是动态关系的纠缠网络，标志着人类对历史复杂性的认知从“线性叙事”转向“多维关联场”。在经济全球化与逆全球化并行的今天，纠缠历史带给人们的重要启示或许是，对于这个普遍纠缠的世界而言，分离是一种暂时的错觉，联系才是真正的本质。
+
+（作者：艾仁贵，系河南大学历史文化学院暨区域与国别研究院教授）
+
+
+
+编辑：周晓菲
+
+制作：戴宁馨
+
+光明日报理论版·世界史·目录 ■
+
+
+
+上一篇·19世纪以来英国历史学家与档案学家身份融合的实践
+
+阅读原文
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+# “试点”究竟试什么
+
+原创 之江轩 浙江宣传 2025年08月13日 07:31 浙江
+
+
+
+戳蓝色字关注我们!
+
+
+
+“试点”究竟试什么
+
+浙江宣传
+
+11分钟
+
+
+
+在新闻报道中，我们经常看到，某某地区成为某项工作的试点地区，某某单位是试点单位。有人说，试点，意味着拥有更多的“特权”，享受优先发展的“红利”。的确，试点有着先发优势，也有着探路重担，但也有出错的风险。
+
+试点的核心在于“试”，但“试”不是毫无章法的横冲直撞，而是要有“摸着石头过河”的实践智慧和深思熟虑的精准布局。
+
+何为试点，试点何为？笔者认为，只有先搞清楚试点的意义和究竟试什么的问题，才能更好地开展工作，达到改革应有的效果。
+
+
+
+浙江宣传
+
+
+
+赞
+分享
+推荐
+写留言
+
+阅读原文
+
+图源：视觉中国
+
+## 一
+
+当下，我们还需要试点吗？
+
+强调“先行先试”是中国改革开放40多年来总结出的一条基本经验，比如，上世纪80年代深圳、珠海等地先行先试市场经济改革等。但随着时代发展，各项工作体制机制相对成熟，因此，便有人认为当下好像不需要再花时间进行试点探索了，全面铺开才能让工作更快取得成效。
+
+但快就意味着好、做了就等于做对了吗？试点的成功与否，决定了工作是否能够推广、问题能否得到解决。形象地说，试点工作是选定“第一个吃螃蟹的人”，根据“吃螃蟹”的结果，再决定是否让大家一起吃螃蟹、怎么吃螃蟹。笔者认为，试点的存在有这样三个方面的价值。
+
+**提出点子。**推进改革发展稳定的大量任务在基层，改革创新的源头活水也在基层。开展试点工作，为基层提供了“接天线”的渠道，让基层可以发出声音、推动创新，让金点子更多涌现出来。
+
+**开出方子。**当某项新的工作需要推开，或发展遇到问题、暂时找不到切实可行的解决办法时，选定多个试点合力破题攻坚，总能找到一条解决全域发展问题的路径，开出一剂推动发展的良方。
+
+**跑通路子。**我国地域辽阔，各地资源禀赋不同，发展面对的困难也不尽相同。有些从上至下的改革任务，看似顶层设计已经完备，但在不同地区实施过程中情况也千差万别。先开展试点，阻力小、灵活性高，也较容易调整工作策略，从而以较小成本探索出更好的改革效果。
+
+作为吃苦吃“改革”发展的浙江，一直以来承担着国家众多的改革任务，也国家环境健康篇作为依靠吃、改串取、发装的浙江，一旦以米承担着国家从多的改串仕旁。从国家环境健康官理试点、生态产品价值实现机制试点、农村宅基地制度改革试点，到现在高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区，浙江始终以实际问题为导向，通过多领域协同推进，形成了一系列可复制、可推广的改革经验，由此可见试点对于推进改革的客观必要性。
+
+
+
+图源：“半月谈”微信公众号
+
+## 二
+
+正如邓小平同志曾指出的“在全国的统一方案拿出来以前,可以先从局部做起,从一个地区、一个行业做起,逐步推开”,强化顶层设计,鼓励基层试点探索,是推动改革创新的重要一招。我们需要充分理解“试”字的含义。
+
+**科学求证的“试验”。**试点工作就像一个小型实验室,将政策、举措置于真实的社会场景,通过收集相关数据来试验出工作的可操作性和实效性。比如,自贸区试点和普通行政区的对照比较、营改增试点期间税负变化后对税率的调整等,都是在试点工作中不断纠偏、不断求证,最终得出科学的改革经验和路径。
+
+**允许失败的“试错”。**风险永远与收益并存,一般来说,收益越大风险越大,反之亦然。而试点工作可以提前控制和感知风险,积累经验,为后续工作的改进提供有益的借鉴。比如1987年深圳首次土地拍卖试点突破了宪法中“土地不得出租和转让”的相关条款,1988年通过修宪追认其合法性。
+
+**动态博弈的“试探”。**任何一项改革工作都会碰到众多群体的“奶酪”。试点工作是对差异化路径的探索,是对多方群体利益的动态博弈和平衡。像医保DRG改革,通过30个城市试点逐步调整标准,达成医院、药企等多方利益的平衡。
+
+**改革震荡的“适应”。**试点工作往往伴随着政策的迭代。还记得浙江推行“最多跑一次”改革,曾在衢州、桐庐推行试点,不断探索实践路径。因为在试点过程中,政策执行方需要适应变化,也需要适应新的事物方式。在试点工作中,可以不断提升“适应性”,探索适合应，老日姓也需要适应新的办事力式。仕试点工作中，可以不间断地“适应性”，探索出一种被广泛接受的工作方式方法。
+
+
+
+图源：“浙江发布”微信公众号
+
+## ☰
+
+试点既要有“试”的动作，更要有“效”的结果。习近平总书记多次强调，抓好试点对改革全局意义重大。做好试点不容易，梳理一些成功的试点工作，笔者认为，要把试点工作做出成效，需要做到以下几点。
+
+**“向难处攻坚”的勇气。** 改革开放初期，面对各种考验和不确定性，国家提出“摸着石头过河”，并强调，“大胆地试，大胆地闯”。深圳得改革开放风气之先，始终有着敏锐的嗅觉。第一个进行分配制度改革，第一个实行工程招标，第一个改革人事制度……用多个“第一”，为社会主义市场经济发展探路。今天，随着改革进入深水区，面临的形势错综复杂，容易的、皆大欢喜的改革已经完成，好吃的肉都吃掉了，剩下的都是难啃的硬骨头，此时推进试点改革工作，就要拿出“向难处攻坚”的勇气，抓住老百姓最关心最直接最现实的利益问题，用心用力用情解决急难愁盼。
+
+**“破局新生”的锋芒。** 任何改革都会突破利益固化藩篱，遭遇阻力，试点就是通过一次次试验积累的经验，破技术之壁、模式之壁、制度之壁，直面发展过程中“成长的烦恼”，刀刃向内创造新生，让改变真正发生，惠及人民。像台州，2020年正式获批国家级跨境电商综合试验区。此后，台州开始纵深推进跨境电商综试区建设，促进跨境电商发展被视作培育外贸新业态、促进外贸转型升级的重要抓手和突破口。经过5年探索，跨境电商已成为当地许多企业的重要销售渠道。对台州企业而言，探索跨境电商不仅开辟了一条新航线，更让它们提升了市场竞争力。
+
+“稳抓稳打”的方针 试点叠加“双循环” 开放权在手 同时 重要稳抓稳打 这是对改革的**稳扎稳打的早法。** 试点如意 绊驹兵, 但仕轻、伏的问时, 史安稳扎稳打, 这足对以单规律的尊重敬畏。改革涉及多种变量, 将复杂问题拆解, 先验证可行性再逐步完善, 最终形成可推广的模式。嘉兴“亩均论英雄”改革的持续深化, 正是稳扎稳打的生动印证。自2012年以来, 嘉兴便以亩均效益为核心对工业企业综合绩效进行评价。经过多年探索与完善, 该改革已多次迭代升级, 相比以往版本评价指标更趋精准, 奖补政策的力度也显著增强。去年年底, 嘉兴的这一工作经验入围工信部“全国城市制造业高质量发展实践案例和特色案例名单”, 获全国推介。
+
+**“莫辞辛劳”的信念。** 恩格斯指出:“世界不是既成事物的集合体,而是过程的集合体。”试点改革不是一蹴而就的,没有捷径,唯有用汗水浸润坚持,不贪一时之功、不图一时之名,才能让改革成果生根发芽。比如,今年4月份,商务部宣布加快推进服务业扩大开放综合试点,继续增加9个试点城市。许多人不知道的是,服务业扩大开放走过了十年试点之路。十年间,试点工作历经一次升级、两次扩围,先后推出7轮15份试点方案、1300多项试点任务。
+
+学习和用好“试”的智慧,才能闯出一条“不破不立”的新路子。
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+# 《我的阿勒泰》的“出圈”原因解读
+
+原创 张嘉宁 杨桐桐 新闻世界 2025年08月13日 08:30 安徽
+
+
+## 导读
+
+本文以共情传播为视角，以电视剧《我的阿勒泰》为文本，对该作品的共情情境形成、视听语言表达等进行解读，探析其“出圈”的原因，为其他作品提供参考。
+
+
+
+近几年，“诗和远方”高频次地出现在人们视野中，青年群体呐喊着“妈妈，我们人生是旷野 ，不是轨道”，于是跳出现状，上演了现实版的“出逃”，无惧他人眼中的“叛逆”评价，渴望寻求自己的“诗和远方”。电视剧《我的阿勒泰》的爆火与青年群体追求“诗和远方”的理念不谋而合。
+
+客观存在反映思维，社会所流行的或是人们内心所渴望的。《我的阿勒泰》本身所具有的“散文化”视听语言表达与其引起的共情式传播相辅相成，促成《我的阿勒泰》“出圈”式传播。“出圈”一词用于形容媒体内容产品超越特定垂直传播渠道与特定用户群体，甚至在全社会范围引发广泛关注与讨论的现象。这里要探讨和分析该现象背后的内在逻辑。
+
+## 一 共情情境形成
+
+共情（empathy），是心理学术语，新华字典中“共”有“彼此都具有、使用或承受”之意，“情”有“外界事物所引起的喜、怒、爱、憎、哀、惧等心理状态”之意，“共情”即有“彼此都具有的情绪”之意。而共情传播是一种传播的行为过程，是个体在接收情感刺激
+
+
+新闻世界
+
+
+
+赞
+
+
+分享
+
+
+推荐
+
+
+写留言
+
+
+### （一）形成虚拟共情环境
+
+互联网作为一个极具包容性的平台，其观点多样化，信息繁杂，用户可以接收到的信息数量和种类极其丰富。在此环境中，每个人都可以畅所欲言，尽情地表达自己的看法和观点。这种多样化的信息交流和表达方式，为滋养“共情”情感提供了肥沃的土壤。在互联网上，用户可以分享各种形式的内容，比如文字、图片、音频和视频等，此外，还可以分享自己的生活经历、情感体验和思维方式。这些内容不仅可以增强用户的认知和情感体验，还能引发共鸣。特别是在社交媒体平台上，用户之间的互动更加频繁和便捷，评论、点赞、分享等功能使得信息传播更加迅速，情感交流更加顺畅。除此以外，互联网还打破了物理空间和时间的限制，使不同地域、不同文化背景的人们能够在同一平台上交流和互动。这种跨越时空的沟通方式，使得人们能够更广泛接触到更为多样的观点和经历，从而加深对他人的理解和共情。互联网的开放性和互动性，使得信息的传播和情感的交流变得更加高效和多样化。在这个平台上，用户不仅是信息的接收者，也是信息的创造者和传播者。这种双向互动的模式，为共情情境的形成提供了良好的平台依托和信息传播载体。
+
+电视剧《我的阿勒泰》的传播渠道、媒体环境多元且优良。中央电视台作为出品方之一，该平台是国内主流媒体的典型代表。主流媒体作为宣传渠道之一，增强了用户对于该作品质量的可信度，拓宽了用户面，信息源头的可靠性为该作品的良好口碑打下基础。而大众媒体对于该作品的宣传则侧重于剧中人物、情节等的讨论，同时会对该剧进行二创，在传播内容方面实现了创新，用户的接受度更高，利于该传播内容在大众媒体平台的广泛传播，在热度、深度、广度方面都达到了较好的效果。《我的阿勒泰》参加了第七届戛纳电视剧节最佳长剧集竞赛单元，获得良好的国外媒体资源，成为该作品又一新的宣传渠道，该渠道是中华文化对外传播的一个良好路径。良好的传播平台和多元的媒体环境共助共情情境的形成。
+
+### （二）用户作为共情者
+
+用户主动接收信息。互联网带来深刻的变革之一，是其“受众”“用户”的转向。传统的观众、听众演变为用户，对媒体产品的消费从“后仰式”被动观看变为“前倾式”主动使用。用户思维的转变，使得互联网用户主动接收来自于媒介的有关《我的阿勒泰》的宣发等信息，在接收之后，或是选择中断信息的再传播，或是选择进行二次传播，在社交平台上发布关于《我的阿勒泰》的感受、评价等，在平台上与他人进行讨论。这在潜移默化中影响其他用户的观念，进而优化《我的阿勒泰》的宣发效果。用户思维的转变使得《我的阿勒泰》获得了较好的大众传播效果和人际传播效果，上线仅一周，便拿到了豆瓣8.9分的好评。
+
+情绪化传播影响用户。互联网呈现出了情绪化的传播特征，观点、情绪、立场等情绪化和情感化因素已经成为这个时代重要的传播手段和诉求点。青年群体面临交友障碍，一方面渴望有一段真挚的感情，另一方面又恐惧于社交。于是，他们便将一些幻想以及自我追求投射到影视作品中，当《我的阿勒泰》中出现了符合用户想象的情节，便能引发共鸣。在互联网的推动下，用户在网络上展开新的社交，讨论该作品的相关情节，而《我的阿勒泰》表达“反内耗”的生活态度与纯真的感情引发网友共情，展开了新的、大范围的、破圈层化的讨论，该讨论热度符合用户互联网情绪化传播的特征。用户的良好互动与反馈是作品市场化的依托。
+
+提升对民族文化的认同。《我的阿勒泰》作为一个作品，除去商品属性之外，还兼具文化属性。该作品选取的题材有关少数民族，使得哈萨克民族文化得到了很好的宣传，增加了用户对于少数民族的了解。民族大团结一直是民心所向，宣传少数民族的民俗风情也是用户所喜闻乐见的。该作品成为首部入围戛纳电视剧节主竞赛的长篇华语剧集，有利于优秀民族文化的国际传播。同时带动了新疆旅游业的发展，提升了用户对民族文化的认同，对民族文化传播效果的提升显而易见。民族文化具有深厚的文化价值，是当代多数用户的知识盲区，具有推广的必要性，且用户具有主动接收性。
+
+
+## 二 身体共在和视听语言催生情感
+
+### （一）虚拟在场催化情感
+
+群体传播、组织传播通常是尽快有效地实现共情传播的最佳选择。个体在观看《我的阿 勒泰》时产生复杂的情感，此时需要情感表达和观点表达的平台。微博、抖音、小红书 等在线社交平台是用户最好的个人表达平台。个人的情感需要通过聚集的方式快速实现 共情，但是用户无法实现亲身在场，虚拟在场是实现聚集的最好方式，由此达成共情传 播的条件。用户由于同一个话题，或是“我的阿勒泰”，或是“巴太”，或是“文秀”，或是 “彩虹布拉克”等，实现了虚拟在场，开展相关话题讨论，对相关内容进行点赞、转发、 评论。此时，共情情境形成，用户的“喜怒哀乐”情感聚集，更多的人被该情境吸引，加 入该情境中的人逐渐增多，由此，在网络平台上实现群体的情绪狂欢，形成共情传播的 环境。此时，虚拟在场催化了《我的阿勒泰》共情传播的形成。
+
+## （二）“散文化”的视听表达巩固情感
+
+《我的阿勒泰》引起用户共情的关键之一是其“散文化”的视听语言表达，主要是通过“慢 节奏”的基本逻辑、“拒绝焦虑”的精神内核、音乐使草原“意象化”、演员与角色的互相成 就这几点来实现的。
+
+“慢节奏”的基本逻辑。“慢下来”成为了人们对抗这个“快节奏”时代的一味良药。无论是慢 综艺，如《向往的生活》《五十公里桃花坞》《种地吧》，还是《灿烂的花园》，都以 “慢节奏”为基调，以“治愈”为节目的精神核心，用户在观看时，接收到创作者表达的信 息，在这个过程中，节目实现“治愈心灵”的效果。“慢节奏”的影视内容产出，本身是用户 对于慢节奏生活的渴望，也是对于“快节奏”生活的软性抵抗。
+
+“拒绝焦虑”的精神内核。青年群体常喊“拒绝焦虑”，但如今，“内卷”成为了一种从众行 为。青年群体一边迷茫着、焦虑着、痛苦着，一边努力着、奋斗着、反内耗着，压缩了 与自己内心世界对话的时间。因此，“拒绝焦虑”、“反内卷”与“反内耗”的文化内核是现代 人所追求的。《我的阿勒泰》是一部增值的新疆旅游宣传片，阿勒泰作为游牧民族的家 园，也是青年群体所追寻的“心灵栖息”之地。实现了青年群体与大自然的亲密接触与深 度对话。
+
+音乐使草原“意象化”。音乐视觉化在影视作品的叙事中承担着重要角色，能够推动剧情 走向，刻画人物心理，同时带动用户情绪。《我的阿勒泰》的原声带中，插曲《月光》 是哈萨克语，使用的是哈萨克族的传统弹拨乐器“冬不拉”，可以增强草原场景剧情的情 境感、真实感、氛围感。而歌曲《回家吧》选择让主演去配唱歌曲，既能使演员更“入 戏”，还能使观众不容易“跳戏”。于适“硬朗”和周依然“清脆”的声音特质相结合，节奏欢 快而悠扬，让草原意象化，与该剧的主题贴合。
+
+演员与角色互相成就。演员的身份是一种对角色的修辞。粗旷而清澈，又带有“少女感” 的巴太是演员于适的“人生角色”。于适在出演《我的阿勒泰》之前，已经有很高的人 气，他在《封神第一部：朝歌风云》中的角色“姬发”，是一个“武能马上定乾坤”的勇士形 象，这给演员本身增添了硬朗的气质，无形中也给巴太一角增加了演员和角色的适配 感。于适本人擅长运动，有着运动带来的健美外形，又精通马术，而哈萨克族是“马背上 的民族”，演员本人本色出演，无需用替身，实现了演员和角色的互相成就。
+
+### （三）色彩的象征性运用强化情感
+
+电影创作者往往通过不同的色彩表现风格展现个人审美与价值取向。《我的阿勒泰》中导演对于色彩的象征性运用，使视觉呈现效果更佳，表达了创作者和角色想要表达的情感，而此种情感催化了用户情感的生成。
+
+自然之绿。《我的阿勒泰》的取景地是新疆阿勒泰，阿勒泰本身有着水草丰满的大草原，剧中场景所呈现的草原绿，象征着治愈、美好、生命力，起到净化心灵的作用。而“散文诗”的具象化色彩，则更偏向于绿色、蓝色这样的冷色调。草原绿同样引导着用户的情绪，给用户以放松、闲适之感，使得用户在心理上更容易接收来自于剧中所传达的生活态度。如文本“草原上的树啊草啊，有人吃有人用，便叫有用。要是没有人用，它就这么待在草原上也很好嘛”。
+
+生命之红。提到电影色彩，就不得不提经典电影——波兰籍导演基耶斯洛夫斯基的《蓝白红三部曲》。在“三部曲”《红》中, 基耶斯洛夫斯基为我们构建了一个红色的世界，片中的红色作为最主要的色调表达着“博爱”的涵义。再看张艺谋在电影《红高粱》中对于红色调的个性化表达，那抹“红”象征着炽热爱情的结束、激烈的战争、鲜活的生命和血液。九儿死后，其红色血液将高粱地染红，赋予了高粱地真正意义上的“生命”。与之类似的，《我的阿勒泰》中巴太杀死爱马踏雪这一情节，导演强调了红色调，这和剧中的基本色调产生了强烈冲突，表达了巴太内心的痛苦、与爱马的诀别及不舍、无奈等情绪，此时红色代表着鲜活的生命。
+
+梦境之黑。影视剧中黑色的一贯用法，或是冷酷的黑色，或是感性的黑色，或是幽默的黑色。《我的阿勒泰》中有个情节是巴太于黑夜中到达彩虹布拉克村，身着一身黑色服装，此时的巴太眼中有着破碎的星河。此处的黑色服装及黑夜融为一体，导演所表达的是少年经过生活的磨砺有所成长，而这个成长的过程是痛苦的、折磨的，也付出了沉重的代价；同时是转瞬即逝的，恍惚如梦境一般，而此时，梦境醒来，他站在了现实里。正是创作者对于色彩的象征性运用，使观众产生了强烈的共情。
+
+
+## 三 结语
+
+青年群体无论选择何种方式“追寻自我”，都是他们心中认定的“最优解”。电视剧《我的阿勒泰》的出现，加深了用户对于内心世界的思考。该剧不仅仅是散文题材文学作品的翻拍，更是用户心目中现实世界的“散文诗”，作为“诗和远方”的视觉呈现具象化，与当代青年群体实现了情绪上的共鸣。同时也为其他作品提供了参考。用户思维对于作品的成功非常重要，作品经得住时间检验，传播效果才会更佳。要实现作品的经久流传，需要创作者深度探索用户的内心世界，去创作耐人寻味的剧作，才会实现作品商业价值、社会价值、艺术价值的共赢。■
+
+（作者：张嘉宁，西北大学新闻传播学院2022级硕士研究生；杨桐桐，西北师范大学传媒学院（新闻学院）2022级硕士研究生）
+
+本文刊登于《新闻世界》2025年第2期
+
+原标题：《现实世界里的“散文诗”：共情传播视角下<我的阿勒泰>解读》
+
+编辑：周蕾
+
+审核：刘纯友 姚少宝
+
+
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+# 《文化的力量》的五个必看理由
+
+原创 金轩 浙江宣传 2025年08月09日 07:31 浙江
+
+▲ 截蓝色字关注我们!
+
+
+
+《文化的力量》的五个必看理由
+
+浙江宣传
+
+10分钟
+
+
+
+这些天, 笔者和身边的许多小伙伴都在追一部电视专题片——《文化的力量——习近平文化思想在浙江的溯源与实践》, 总共有四集。
+
+从已播出的内容来看, 毫无疑问, 这是一部思想厚重、值得回味的好片子。它用一系列珍贵的历史镜头再现了习近平同志当年领导和推进浙江文化建设的生动实践, 其中很多“金句”和案例, 都让人感到非常亲切, 时至今日仍然深深鼓舞着浙江人, 引领着浙江的改革与发展。
+
+在笔者看来, 这部专题片很值得一看, 至少有这么五个必看的理由。
+
+
+
+浙江宣传
+
+
+
+
+
+赞
+
+
+
+分享
+
+
+
+推荐
+
+
+
+写留言
+
+
+
+图源：央视网
+
+## 一、珍贵的画面
+
+这部专题片，把许多“压箱底”素材都翻了出来，摆在观众眼前。当中一些珍贵画面，带我们重温了历史“名场面”。
+
+比如，第一集《文以立心》讲到2006年6月28日，南湖革命纪念馆新馆破土动工时，习近平同志亲手铲下第一锹土。讲到义乌发展奇迹，重现了当年习近平同志说到的“莫名其妙”“无中生有”“点石成金”三个成语。
+
+第二集《文以载道》中，画面放着习近平同志到余村调研，村里下决心停掉一些矿山，有了发展的新样子，他指出这个都是高明之举，并说出了那句经典的“绿水青山就是金山银山”。
+
+这些弥足珍贵的画面，不仅重现了场景，更随着故事的铺陈，让人深刻理解了背后的深意与来龙去脉，让我们在历史与现实的映照间，深切领悟到文化的力量。
+
+
+
+专题片画面 图源: 央视网
+
+## 二、生动的故事
+
+许多观众追罢前几集，无不惊叹“信息量巨大”，完全沉醉在习近平同志在浙江的文化故事中。
+
+这的确是一部善讲故事的专题片。充满纵深的历史铺陈与精妙伏笔的最终呼应，鲜活生动、浸透细节的表现方式，让人看得津津有味。
+
+第二集《文以载道》的开篇，便由缅云的黄帝祠宇带出了一个小故事。是信马克思主义还是黄帝文化？对这个问题，很多人可能会感到有些不好回答，但看过这一集后便豁然开朗。“作为共产党员，我们要信马克思主义。作为炎黄子孙，中华五千年文明让我们不能忘根。”这则小故事，宛如“第二个结合”思想的生动前奏，点出马克思主义真理力量与中华优秀传统文化根脉的相融相生。
+
+昨晚播出的第三集《文以兴业》，更是把讲故事的感染力推向一个新高潮。在过去和现在时空交错的画面里，我们跟随一个个故事，目睹文化的种子如何在岁月沃土中深植，又在新时代的春风里绽放出璀璨繁花。西湖畔浙江美术馆的现代风骨，横店影视城“横竖都有戏”的昼夜不息，永嘉昆曲婉转重生，京杭大运河焕发新韵……无不诉说着文化赋能发展、点石成金的澎湃能量。
+
+尤为震撼的还属良渚古城遗址的蜕变：从“前怕狼后怕虎”的踌躇探索，到成功申遗、实证中华五千年文明辉煌的壮阔历程，一个故事，便照见一个民族对自身源流的自信与荣光。
+
+这些故事，是历史的星火，是现实的回响，在观众心中激荡起持久不息的共鸣。
+
+
+
+图源：央视新闻客户端
+
+### 三、闪光的金句
+
+习近平同志在浙江工作期间，对浙江的改革发展进行过深邃思考，提出了一系列具有前瞻性、科学性、引领性的思想观点。当中很多金句,至今依然为人津津乐道,引领人们的思想和行动。
+
+收看《文化的力量》时,总会听到一些熟悉的金句甚至原声,像“绿水青山就是金山银山”“义乌的发展是‘莫名其妙’的发展、‘无中生有’的发展、‘点石成金’的发展”,等等。
+
+值得一提的是,专题片不止于再现这些金句,更以多维视角展开,生动展现金句背后的故事、人物与其蕴含的深意。
+
+比如,2003年6月,习近平同志勉励横店要大胆探索,大力发展影视文化产业。当时,横店打算向影视上下游产业拓展,但苦于缺少政策的依据。在习近平同志的推动和支持下,横店成立了全国首个影视产业实验区,通过一步步摸索,最终走出了一条从未走过的路。横店集团副总裁徐天福说:“‘无中生有才会样样都有’,这是习书记告诉我们的。”
+
+这句“无中生有”,习近平同志同样评价过义乌。事实上,不论义乌,还是横店,或是浙江,在自然禀赋先天不足的情况下,大多是靠着敢闯敢拼的精神,才能收获如今的“样样都有”。
+
+
+
+7月25日,中国美术学院美术馆,市民游客参观《黑神话:悟空》艺术展 图源:湖新闻客户端
+
+## 四、超前的眼光
+
+2024年,首款3A国产游戏大作《黑神话:悟空》,从西子湖畔一跃而起,成为全球畅销游戏。很多人都在问,天命人为何会在杭州出现,金猴奋起的千钧棒为何能在浙江搅动周天?
+
+第三集《文以兴业》解答了这个疑问。曾经,在“向钱看”的风气里,等经济发展好了再说文化,是不少地方对待文化产业的态度。
+
+片中详实的案例却告诉世人,习近平同志当年领导和推进浙江文化建设展现了超前眼光和深厚情怀。从拍板选定浙江美术馆建在寸土寸金的西湖边,到关心推动中国国际动漫节永久落户杭州,再到在推土机前“救”下LOFT49文化创意产业园,浙江文化改革发展壮阔画卷的每一次展开,都能找到超越时代局限的印记。
+
+广泛调研后,习近平同志发现,伴随浙江经济的快速发展,文化软实力的不足日益凸显。正是基于这种远见和判断,浙江文化产业发展的步调才得以校正,最终与经济发展的节奏相匹配。
+
+盖明者远见于未萌。当今天全世界都在聚焦中国软实力之时,回顾二十多年前,习近平同志作出的深远擘画,依旧有深刻的现实意义。超前的眼光,铸就了浙江文化产业的今天,也将指引光彩夺目的明天。
+
+杭州西湖 图源: 视觉中国
+
+## 五、深厚的自信
+
+《文化的力量》里,镜头下一个个鲜活的故事,将文化放大具象为人人都能感知的细节,让我们得以真切见证文化究竟如何悄然改变生活、凝聚力量、推动发展,从而深刻感受到
+习近平文化思想的真理力量和实践伟力,感受到习近平总书记博大的文化情怀。
+
+在良渚古城遗址的保护实践里,我们看到了文化自信的坚实根基。从壮士断腕般关停石矿,到全国首创大遗址保护补偿机制,再到成功申遗、改写世界认知,每一步都印证着对文明根脉的深情守护与传承发展的坚定决心。
+
+在公共服务供给的“从无到有、从有向优”里，我们看到了文化自信的深厚底气。一大批重点文化设施拔地而起，家门口的“诗与远方”，精准回应着百姓对“美好精神食粮”的渴求。
+
+在文艺精品扬帆出海的故事里，我们看到了文化自信的蓬勃活力。从浙产剧集圈粉海外受众，到中国动画风靡全球，无不印证着文化创造力的厚积薄发。我们不仅有能力讲好自己的故事，更有信心让世界听懂、爱上中国的故事。
+
+正如习近平总书记指出的，“文化自信，是更基础、更广泛、更深厚的自信”“文化自信是一个国家、一个民族发展中最基本、最深沉、最持久的力量”。
+
+这份自信，源于我们对中华文化的深入洞察和理解，是在无数实践成果中淬炼出的、无可辩驳的底气，是知道“我们是谁”的清醒，相信“我们能做什么”的笃定，以及“我们将走向何方”的从容。而这，也是《文化的力量》给予我们的重要启示之一。
+
+看完这部专题片，您有什么感受？来评论区聊聊吧！
+
+本文语音：魏巍
+
+
+
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+
+**声明：稿件未经授权，不得转载。**
+
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0f23697ae688a321c9931b691bb759f6b41c1912
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+# 「咯血」原因有多少种？想到的和想不到的都总结在这了！
+
+原创 优优行医 丁香园呼吸时间
+
+2024年04月27日 20:00 浙江
+
+
+
+呼吸时间 每天一篇 进阶呼吸间
+
+咯血是指喉以下的呼吸道及肺任何部位的出血，常伴随咳嗽动作从口腔咯出。少量咯血有时仅表现为痰中带血，大咯血时血液从口鼻涌出，严重者可阻塞呼吸道，导致窒息死亡。
+
+## 咯血量
+
+咯血量的界定一般根据的是24h内的咯血总量,每24h咯血少于100mL为小量; 每 24 h 咯血 100 ~ 500 mL 为中等量咯血; 每 24 h 咯血 500 mL 以上或一
+
+
+
+丁香园呼吸...
+
+
+
+赞
+
+
+
+分享
+
+
+
+推荐
+
+
+
+写留言
+
+咯血需与口腔、鼻腔等上呼吸道出血及呕血进行鉴别。上呼吸道出血：应首先仔细检查口腔与鼻咽部局部有无出血灶。鼻出血多自前鼻孔流出，常在鼻中隔前下方发现出血灶；而鼻腔后部出血，尤其是出血量较多时，血液经后鼻孔下流，使咽部有异物感，引起咳嗽，将血液咳出，需结合鼻咽镜检查。呕血是指上消化道出血经口腔呕出，出血部位多见于食管、胃及十二指肠。一般呕血往往混杂有食物，颜色一般为暗红色或咖啡色，同时伴有黑便。
+
+表 1 咯血和呕血的鉴别
+
+ | 咯血 | 呕血 |
|---|
| 出血部位 | 下呼吸道 | 上消化道 |
|---|
| 出血方式 | 咳出 | 呕出 |
|---|
| 原发病 | 常见于呼吸道疾病(肺结核、支气管扩张等) | 常见于消化道疾病(胃溃疡, 食管静脉曲张) |
|---|
| 前期症状 | 胸闷、喉痒、咳嗽 | 上腹部不适或疼痛, 伴恶心、呕吐 |
|---|
| 颜色 | 色鲜红, 泡沫状 | 暗褐色, 粘稠状, 无泡沫 |
|---|
| 混杂内容物 | 常混有痰液 | 常混有食物及胃液 |
|---|
| 酸碱度 | 呈碱性 | 呈酸性 |
|---|
| 黑便 | 无, 若咽下血液量多时可有 | 有, 可为柏油样便, 呕血停止后仍可持续数日 |
|---|
| 痰的性状 | 咯血后常持续痰中带血数日 | 呕吐停止即不再有血液从口腔流出 |
|---|
| 胸部体征 | 胸部病变, 常有肺部体征 | 肺部常无病变和体征 |
|---|
+
+## 咯血的病因
+
+咯血的病因较多，涉及全身多个系统。按照解剖部位可分为支气管、肺、心脏及全身性疾病或其他系统（器官）疾病；按照病因可分为支气管-肺和肺血管结构异常、感染性疾病、肿瘤性疾病、血液系统疾病、自身免疫性疾病、物理因素等；按发病机制又可分为支气管性、肺源性及肺血管性、血液病性、血管炎等。
+
+表 2 咯血的常见原因
+
+| 原因分类 | 疾病名称 |
|---|
+
+| 气道疾病 | 慢性支气管炎、支气管扩张、气管支气管结核、气管异物、气管结石、原发性气管肿瘤、良性支气管肿瘤、气道异物、支气管溃疡、支气管囊肿、外伤性支气管断裂等 |
|---|
+
+| 肺源性疾病 | 肺炎、肺结核、肺脓肿、肺真菌病、肺癌及恶性肿瘤肺转移、寄生虫病(肺阿米巴病、卫氏并殖吸虫病、肺棘球蚴病)、尘肺、硅沉着病、其他尘肺、肺囊肿、肺梅毒、肺含铁血黄素沉着症、肺泡蛋白沉着症等 |
|---|
+
+| 心脑血管疾病 | 心脏瓣膜病、肺梗死、肺动脉高压、单侧肺动脉发育不全、肺动静脉瘘、肺隔离症、支气管动脉和支气管瘘、先天性心脏病（房间隔缺损和动脉导管未闭）、心力衰竭 |
|---|
+
+| 结缔组织病和血管炎 | 系统性红斑狼疮、ANCA相关性肺小血管炎、结节性多动脉炎、白塞综合征、干燥综合征、肺出血肾炎综合征 |
|---|
+
+| 血液系统疾病 | 血小板减少性紫癜、白血病、血友病、凝血障碍及弥散性血管内凝血等 |
|---|
+
+| 全身性疾病 | 急性传染病（流行性出血热、肺出血性钩端螺旋体病）、其他（子宫内膜异位症、特发性咯血等） |
|---|
+
+| 药物和毒物相关性咯血 | 抗肿瘤药物、抗凝药物、抗血小板药、非甾体类抗炎药及灭鼠药中毒等 |
|---|
+
+| 有创性检查和治疗 | 经皮肺活检、支气管镜下组织活检、介入治疗，如射频消融治疗、应用血管内皮生长因子抑制剂治疗肺癌时 |
|---|
+
+## 鉴别咯血原因关键攻略一：病史的询问
+
+咯血原因繁多，在我国，最常见的原因主要是肺结核、支气管扩张、支气管肺癌、肺脓肿。其中青少年多见于肺结核和支气管扩张，老年人则多见于肺结核和支气管肺癌。大咯血多见于支气管扩张、空洞型肺结核、风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄及心源性肺水肿。详细询问病史对疾病的病因诊断具有重要意义，对于咯血患者病史询问时应首先明确是否为咯血，除外鼻腔、牙龈和上消化道出血后，从以下几个方面考虑：
+
+表3 鉴别咯血原因之询问病史
+
+| 询问内容 | 症状 | 可能的疾病 |
|---|
| 咯血量、次数和时间 | 大量咯血 | 肺结核空洞、支气管扩张和慢性肺脓肿等疾病以及二尖瓣重度狭窄 |
|---|
| 痰中带血持续数周或数月 | 警惕肺癌 | | 剧烈咳嗽时痰中带血或偶有血性痰 | 慢性支气管炎和支原体肺炎 | | 反复咯血 | 呼吸系统疾病（如肺结核和支气管扩张）和心源性疾病 | | 咯血的颜色及性状 | 鲜红色 | 空洞型肺结核、气管支气管结核、支气管扩张 |
|---|
| 铁锈色痰 | 大叶性肺炎 | | 砖红色胶冻样血痰 | 肺炎克雷伯杆菌肺炎 | | 烂桃样血痰 | 卫氏并殖吸虫病 | | 棕褐色、带有腥臭味的脓血痰 | 肺阿米巴病 | | 暗红色 | 肺淤血 | | 浆液性粉红色泡沫样血痰 | 左心衰竭肺水肿 | | 粘稠暗红色血痰 | 肺血栓栓塞 | | 起病急缓 | 起病急 | 肺炎、传染性疾病 |
|---|
| 慢性起病，病程长 | 肺结核空洞、支气管扩张、心血管疾病 | | 伴随症状 | 伴有发热、咳嗽、脓痰 | 急性发热者常见于肺炎或急性传染病，如流行性出血热； |
|---|
| 长期低热、盗汗、消瘦，应考虑肺结核 | | 咯血、发热同时伴有咳嗽、咳大量脓痰，多见于肺脓肿； | | 反复咳嗽、咳脓痰，不伴有发热，多见于支气管扩张 | | 伴呛咳 | 气道异物、气道肿瘤、支气管肺癌 | | 伴胸痛、呼吸困难 | 肺血栓栓塞、肺癌和肺炎 | | 伴关节痛、肌肉痛 | 狼疮性肺炎 | | 伴杵状指（趾） | 支气管扩张、肺脓肿、支气管肺癌 | | 伴黄疸 | 钩端螺旋体病、肺炎链球菌性肺炎、肺栓塞等 | | 伴皮肤黏膜出血 | 血液病、风湿病、肺出血型钩端螺旋体病、流行性出血热 | | 伴血尿或尿量明显减少 | ANCA相关性血管炎、Goodpasture 综合征及系统性红斑狼疮等 | | 年龄、性别、吸烟史 | 幼儿 | 支气管扩张、先天性心脏病 |
|---|
| 儿童慢性咳嗽、小量咯血伴有贫血 | 特发性含铁血黄素沉着症 | | 青壮年 | 肺结核、支气管扩张 | | 中年以上伴有慢性咳嗽和吸烟者 | 支气管肺癌 | | 年轻女性反复咯血 | 支气管结核和支气管腺瘤 | | 生育期女性 | 子宫内膜异位症 | | 女性患者伴多系统损害的症状 | 结缔组织病，如系统性红斑狼疮、结节性多动脉炎 | | 基础疾病及个人生活史 | 幼年时曾患麻疹、百日咳、肺炎，而后长期反复咳嗽、咯血、咳脓痰 | 支气管扩张 |
|---|
| 有风湿病、心脏病史 | 二尖瓣狭窄和左心功能衰竭 | | 咯血与月经周期关系密切 | 子宫内膜异位症 | | 是否有结核病密切接触史 | 肺结核 | | 长期职业性粉尘接触者 | 尘肺 | | 生食螃蟹与蝲蛄 | 卫氏并殖吸虫病 | | 月经周期或流产葡萄胎后咯血 | 子宫内膜异位症或绒毛膜上皮癌肺转移 | | 骨折外伤、长期卧床、口服避孕药者咯血伴有胸痛 | 肺栓塞引起的肺梗死 | | 诱因 | 有无感染、外伤、服用抗凝药物史 |
|---|
+
+（点开看大图）
+
+## 鉴别咯血原因关键攻略二：辅助检查
+
+表 4 鉴别咯血原因之辅助检查
+
+| 辅助检查 | 项目 | 目的 |
|---|
| 实验室检查 | 血常规 | 出血的程度, 嗜酸性粒细胞增多提示寄生虫感染, 如肺吸虫病, 白细胞及中性粒细胞增高提示肺、支气管化脓性感染性疾病, 如肺脓肿、支气管扩张。 |
|---|
| 出凝血时间 | 血液系统疾病 | | 降钙素原 | 细菌性感染 | | 红细胞沉降率、抗结核抗体、PPD及T-SPOT 检测 | 结核病 | | 肺部肿瘤标志物 | 肺癌 | | 自身抗体、类风湿因子、抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体 | 风湿性疾病和ANCA相关性血管炎 | | D-二聚体、全套血凝分析 | 肺血栓栓塞 | | 脑钠肽 | 心力衰竭 | | 痰液检查 | 肺结核、肺真菌感染、支气管肺癌、肺吸虫病 | | 尿常规检查 | 肺肾出血综合征、韦格纳肉芽肿、流行性出血热 | | 影像学检查 | 胸部X线检查 | 初步了解肺内出血病变的部位、性质和可能的原因 |
|---|
| 胸部CT检查 | 肺癌、肺脓肿 | | 高分辨率CT | 支气管扩张、肺动静脉瘘和肺癌 | | 增强CT | 肺血栓栓塞、肺动脉高压和肺动脉畸形 | | CT引导下经皮肺活检 | 咯血原因不明者 | | 其他 | 支气管镜检查 | 诊断出血的原因和部位,具有诊断和治疗的双重意义 |
|---|
| 超声心动图和右心导管 | 心脏疾病和肺动脉高压 | | 支气管动脉造影 | 发现支气管动脉异常,进行支气管动脉栓塞手术 |
+
+## 咯血的一般治疗
+
+| 治疗原则 | 根据患者病情严重程度和病因确定相应的治疗措施,包括止血、病因治疗、预防咯血引起的窒息及失血性休克等 |
|---|
| 一般治疗 | 卧床休息,采取患侧卧位,呼吸困难者可取半卧位,吸氧,必要时(可待因)镇咳、(地西泮)镇静 |
|---|
| 药物治疗 | 垂体后叶素、酚妥拉明、6-氨基己酸、氨甲苯酸、酚磺乙胺、巴曲酶等 |
|---|
| 其他治疗 | 支气管动脉栓塞治疗、经支气管镜治疗、手术治疗 |
|---|
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+**【党建】北京市直工委副书记李彦来:在2025年第2场市直机关“机关党建高质量发展”系列现场会上的讲话**
+
+李彦来 交个稿友 2025年08月18日 07:30 江苏
+
+
+
+# 在2025年第2场市直机关“机关党建高质量发展”系列现场会上的讲话
+
+**北京市直工委副书记 李彦来**
+
+**(2025年7月25日)**
+
+今天，我们在市统计局召开2025年第2场“机关党建高质量发展”现场会，主题是“聚焦中心大局发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用”。在全市半年工作会后召开这次会议，就是要号召机关党组织和党员干部落实全市半年工作会精神，紧紧聚焦全市中心工作，发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用，带领广大党员干部以饱满的精神状态，完成好全年各项工作任务，以高质量机关党建促进首都高质量发展。
+
+刚才，李素芳同志从党组层面围绕校准定盘星、筑牢桥头堡、守好主阵地、提升精气神，介绍了抓支部、强党建、促工作的经验做法。市统计局各党支部介绍了在改革发展实践中，充分发挥战斗堡垒作用，以高质量党建促进国民经济核算、社会民生与文化统
+
+
+
+衣个稿友
+
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+
+
+
+赞
+
+
+
+分享
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+写留言
+
+动践行“两个维护”的经验做法，大家要认具学习借鉴。
+
+下面，就创新党支部工作，以高质量机关党建促进高质量发展，我再谈三点意见。
+
+## 一、深刻认识聚焦中心大局发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用的重要意义
+
+近年来，在机关党建发展史上，有两个具有里程碑意义的重要讲话和指示，一是2019年习近平总书记“7·9”重要讲话，开启了机关党建高质量发展的新阶段。二是去年习近平总书记“7·29”重要指示，开启了以高质量机关党建促进高质量发展的新时期。聚焦中心大局，发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用，就是把“以高质量机关党建促进高质量发展”的要求落实到党支部的具体体现。
+
+**第一，这是树立党的一切工作到支部的鲜明导向的必然要求。** 习近平总书记指出“中国特色社会主义大厦需要四梁八柱来支撑，党是贯穿其中的总的骨架，党中央是顶梁柱。同时，基础非常重要，基础不牢、地动山摇。在基层就是党支部，上面千条线、下面一根针，必须夯实基层” 。市直机关在党支部设置方面，有自身的鲜明特点，党支部大多建在处室上，处室在全市中心大局工作中，发挥着重要的中坚作用，是首都改革发展各项任务的具体组织者、执行者和实施者。贯彻好“党的一切工作到支部” ，要求我们必须弘扬“支部建在连上”的传统，推动党支部围绕中心大局发挥战斗堡垒作用，以党支部政治建设统领本处室各项工作，带领党员干部自觉站在党和国家事业发展全局的高度推进工作，让党旗在改革发展一线高高飘扬。
+
+**第二，这是促进首都高质量发展、推动改革落实的现实需要。** 去年9月，市委出台了《中共北京市委贯彻〈中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革、推进中国式现代化的决定〉的实施意见》（以下简称《实施意见》）。刚刚召开的半年工作会，又部署了下半年改革发展的重点任务。年初，市委组织部和市直机关工委联合印发了《以高质量机关党建促进首都高质量发展推动改革落实实施方案》，要求贯彻落实市委十三届五次、六次全会精神和《实施意见》，充分发挥机关党建政治引领和保障作用，组织引导市直机关各级党组织和党员干部在以高质量机关党建促进首都高质量发展中展现新担当新作为。参加今天现场会的部门，都在《实施意见》中承担着重要职责任务，能否实现首都全面深化改革、北京率先基本实现社会主义现代化的各项目标，党员干部特别是领导干部起着决定性作用。这就要求党支部必须围绕中心大局抓党建，团结带领机关党员干部展现新担当新作为，推动改革各项任务落细、落实。
+
+**第三，这是机关党组织更好履职尽责的客观需要。**
+习近平总书记“7·29”重要指示“在以高质量党建促进高质量发展中展现新担当新作为”的要求，对广大机关党员干部的精神状态、思想观念、素质能力、作风形象都提出了新的更高要求。这些年，市直机关党组织和党员干部对机关党建的重视程度、认识深度、工作力度显著提升，机关党建发生全方位、深层次、持久性变化。新起点上，党组织特别是党支部要牢记习近平总书记“以高促高”的殷殷嘱托，聚焦全市中心大局，教育引导党员干部强化高质量意识，对标高质量要求，高质量履职尽责，在做好党建和业务融合文章上持续用力，努力使以高质量党建促进高质量发展的成色更足，效果更好。
+
+## 二、落实好聚焦中心大局发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用的关键举措
+
+关于党支部建设，近年来市直机关工委重点抓了两方面工作，一是持续推进的党支部标准化规范化建设。二是去年开始部署的政治功能强、支部班子强、党员队伍强、作用发挥强“四强”党支部建设。二者既各有侧重，又内在统一。标准化规范化建设重在规范，明确党支部建设抓什么、怎么抓；“四强”党支部建设重在实效，以“四强”为目标，进一步让党支部强起来。聚焦中心大局、发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用，既是对标准化规范化建设的巩固拓展，也是建设“四强”党支部的具体实践。各党组（党委）、机关党委，要抓好以下几个关键举措。
+
+**第一，打造政治过硬的战斗堡垒,以政治机关建设统领高质量发展。** 要带头贯彻落实“看北京首先要从政治上看”的要求，教育党员干部关注党中央在关心什么、强调什么，主动把所承担的改革发展任务放到大局中谋划、思考、推动。要引导党员干部在服务决策、制定政策、落实工作中，对标对表党中央决策部署和习近平总书记重要指示批示精神，经常校正偏差。要带领党员及时学习贯彻党中央对本部门本领域的最新部署，转化为开展工作的思路和举措，让工作始终紧跟中央的步伐。刚才，李素芳同志介绍，市统计局党组带领各支部主动对标对表习近平总书记关于统计工作的重要指示批示精神，始终将统计工作置于党和国家事业发展的全局中去定位，做到中央和市委有部署，统计机关有声音、见行动、落实好，切实将制度优势转化为治理效能。这些突出党支部政治功能的实践，值得大家学习借鉴。
+
+**第二，打造思想统一的战斗堡垒，以高质量思想建设促进高质量发展。** 要坚持理论联系实际学风，持续推动以学铸魂、以学增智、以学正风、以学促干。党支部书记、委员要发挥示范、带动作用，把完成全市中心大局工作的重点任务、解决改革发展稳定突出问题，作为学习的着力点。要带领广大党员把理论学习与业务研讨结合起来，促进学用相长，把学习成果落实到干好本职工作、推动改革、促进事业发展上。刚才，市统计局能源与资源统计处党支部介绍了“党建+绿色发展”特色品牌，把学习贯彻习近平生态文明思想的成果转化为工作实践，开展绿色经济统计核算，助力北京率先构建绿色经济“测得出、算得准、评得实”的统计监测评价体系，值得我们学习借鉴。
+
+**第三，打造团结向上的战斗堡垒，以高质量组织建设为高质量发展凝聚力量。** 要发挥党支部教育、管理、监督作用，协助本部门行政负责人完成任务、改进工作，抓实政治引领、督促落实、监督保障。党支部要在服务保障全市中心工作、完成本部门改革重点任务中，调动党员的积极性、主动性。推广在重大活动中建立临时党支部等做法，把党员干部动员起来，把群众组织起来，把各方力量凝聚起来，高质量高水平完成好党中央和市委交办的各项任务。党支部组织生活要围绕统一思想、凝聚力量、学习教育、提高素质等来开展。要把思想政治工作贯穿业务工作全过程，及时了解掌握、分析研判党员干部思想动态，有针对性地给予鼓励鞭策、提醒帮助。刚才核算金融处党支部介绍了深耕“改革促发展”党建品牌，面对常规统计方法难以快速反映经济恢复动态的难题， “让年轻人大胆闯、党员骨干带头干” ，2023年春节假期攻坚奋战，通过追踪人流、物流、交通流、资金流等鲜活数据，构建了北京市高频经济指标监测体系，科学把握经济发展脉搏；区域协同处党支部介绍了深化“数说京津冀协同向未来”党建品牌，以“钉钉子”精神逐项突破三地统计指标不可比的难题，与天津、河北有关部门发展共谋，激发三地党员干部的创造性，构建全国首个区域发展指数。希望这些经验做法能给大家启发，结合本单位实际创新党支部工作。
+
+
+**第四，打造风清气正的战斗堡垒，以高质量作风建设、纪律建设保障高质量发展。** 要把开展深入贯彻中央八项规定精神学习教育同落实党中央决策部署、推动首都发展紧密结合起来，在一体推进学查改上再深化。要把开展“机关接地气干部走基层”活动，作为作风建设的重要举措，坚持重大决策调研先行，掌握政策在基层落实情况，推动政策创新，使机关所做的工作更加有用有效、贴近实际。刚才社会与文化处党支部介绍了深入开展中小学生通学、儿童就医、居家社区适老化等专题调研，让监测评价成为民生改善的“导航仪” ，让统计工作始终饱含温度、紧贴民心的生动实践很有示范意义。党支部要传承弘扬“四下基层”的优良传统，推动党员干部直接联系群众工作走深走实。要推动政治监督具体化、精准化、常态化，督促党员干部对重点工作任务，紧抓快办，一抓到底，抓出实效；要加强对党员干部全方位的管理监督，特别要加强对权力、资金、资源集中的重点部门和关键岗位的监督，深化以案为鉴、以案促改，筑牢拒腐防变的思想防线，涵养风清气正的政治生态。
+
+
+## 三、履行好聚焦中心大局发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用的政治责任
+
+重视党支部、善抓党支部，是党员领导干部政治成熟的重要标志。党组（党委）、机关党委要深刻认识，抓党支部建设不仅仅要满足于规定动作，更要在继承的基础上不断创新党支部工作，以高质量党建促进高质量发展，确保总书记“7·29”重要指示落到每个党支部、每名党员。
+
+**一方面,要压实主体责任,形成各级书记抓党支部的工作格局。** 党组（党委）、机关党委要严格落实抓党支部工作责任，具体任务可以概括为“四个一” ，党组（党委）每年至少专题研究1次党支部建设。党组（党委）书记带头、班子成员每人确定１个党支部作为联系点，每年至少深入联系点２次，既要了解支部建设中的好经验好做法，更要帮助支部找出短板，提出改进的方法和措施，促进党支部工作质量提升。机关党委每年要对所属党支部进行１次“过筛子” ，每半年开展1次党支部组织生活制度落实情况检查，重点检查党员领导干部参加双重组织生活情况。当前，要重点推动党组（党委）书记、机关党委书记以外的班子成员树立责任意识，落实“一岗双责” ，带领分管的处室、单位加强党支部工作，切实采取实际举措，聚焦中心大局发挥战斗堡垒作用。党支部书记要自觉增强主责主业意识，抓好党支部标准化规范化建设的同时，更要从增强政治功能和组织功能的角度，找准党建和业务工作融合的路径，带领党支部和党员干部发挥战斗堡垒和先锋模范作用。
+
+**另一方面,要坚持守正创新,让党支部工作紧跟并引领时代的步伐。** 今年上半年，市直机关工委组织部连续举办3场“四强”党支部交流分享活动，打造了一批“四强”党支部学习交流点，把“典型引路”具象化、可视化，依托党支部日常工作场景，展示党建引领的成效。本周，首次京津冀三地党支部书记示范培训班组织参观了我市“四强”党支部学习交流点，三地的党支部书记都给予了高度评价。在以高质量机关党建促进高质量发展的新时期，要把握党建工作“变与不变”的辩证法，在守正中创新。守正，就是在坚持党的领导、高举思想旗帜、服从服务大局、践行人民至上等重大原则上，自觉将这些年的好经验好做法运用到各项工作中。创新，要根据全市中心大局的新任务新要求，积极探索发挥战斗堡垒作用的方法路径，破除思维定势、固有模式、路径依赖，积极推进理念、思路、制度、机制和方式载体创新，激发党支部生机和活力。同时，当前人工智能飞速发展的背景下，我们要积极探索信息化条件下开展机关党建特别是党支部工作的新路数，要推动内容形式、运行机制转型升级，让党支部工作插上智慧的翅膀，把有意义的事情做得更加有意思。
+
+
+同志们，全市半年工作会对下半年改革发展各项任务作出了具体部署。今天，我们发出了“聚焦中心大局，发挥党支部战斗堡垒作用”的号召。要深刻认识以高质量机关党建促进首都高质量发展的重要意义，坚定不移、久久为功把党支部建强，引领党员干部自觉把改革摆在更加突出位置，奋力拼搏、开拓进取，为推动新时代首都发展、谱写中国式现代化北京篇章贡献更多力量。
+
+
+**来源：北京市直机关工委网站**
+
+
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+# 【党建】浙江省委书记王浩：在红船论坛主论坛上的讲话（摘要）
+
+王浩 交个稿友 2025年08月01日 07:32 江苏
+
+## 牢记殷殷嘱托 弘扬“红船精神”
+## 始终干在实处 走在前列 勇立潮头
+——在红船论坛主论坛上的讲话（摘要）
+浙江省委书记 王浩
+（2025年6月21日）
+
+嘉兴南湖红船是我们党梦想起航的地方,这里是我们党的根脉。习近平总书记有着深厚的红色情怀,到浙江工作后第一次调研就专程赴嘉兴南湖“重温初心、坚定信念”。2005年6月21日,习近平同志在《光明日报》发表署名文章《弘扬“红船精神” 走在时代前列》,首次总结概括了“红船精神”,将其高度凝练为“开天辟地、敢为人先的首创精神,坚定理想、百折不挠的奋斗精神,立党为公、忠诚为民的奉献
+
+
+
+交个稿友
+
+赞
+
+分享
+
+推荐
+
+写留言
+
+闭幕一周,习近平总书记带领中共中央政治局常委集体瞻仰了中共一大会址和南湖红船,号召全党不忘初心、牢记使命、永远奋斗。2023年9月,习近平总书记考察浙江时,明确要求我们大力弘扬伟大建党精神包括“红船精神”。浙江省委带领全省上下牢记嘱托、深学细悟,紧密联系党的光辉奋斗历程,紧密结合时代特点和浙江实际,不断深化对“红船精神”丰富内涵、时代意义及永恒价值的规律性认识,进一步增强了大力弘扬“红船精神”的高度自觉。
+
+**“红船精神”历久弥新、永放光芒,必须牢记习近平总书记谆谆教诲,进一步增强珍惜守护、传承弘扬的责任感和使命感**
+
+红船精神”集中体现伟大建党精神,我们从中更加深刻感悟到习近平总书记强烈的历史担当和非凡的远见卓识。20年前,习近平总书记基于对党的历史的深刻把握和对时代命题的敏锐洞察,首次对“红船精神”作出系统性、理论性概括,精准标注了中国革命精神的源头坐标,为伟大建党精神的凝练提出奠定坚实基础,充分彰显了习近平总书记作为马克思主义政治家、思想家、战略家的深刻洞察力、巨大理论勇气和战略远见。
+
+“红船精神”承载党的初心使命,我们从中更加深刻感悟到马克思主义政党立党兴党强党的光荣传统和独特优势。“红船精神”的首创要义、奋斗品格、奉献本色是党的性质和宗旨集中体现,充分彰显中国共产党人的政治觉悟、意志品质、革命精神和工作作风,深刻回答我是谁、从哪里来、为什么出发的初心和使命之问,为加强党的全面领导、全面加强党的建设提供了重要法宝。
+
+“红船精神”激励鼓舞走在时代前列,我们从中更加深刻感悟到革命精神穿越时空的生命力和感召力。红船代表和昭示的是时代高度,“红船精神”是走在时代前列的精神,贯穿我们党革命、建设、改革始终,特别是进入新时代,引领我们主动顺应时代趋势、把握时代规律、引领时代潮流、解决时代课题,激发战胜各种风险挑战、艰难险阻甚至惊涛骇浪的昂扬斗志,凝聚起推进中国式现代化的磅礴力量。
+
+“红船精神”不断滋养浙江人民,我们从中更加深刻感悟到干在实处、走在前列、勇立潮头的不竭动力。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间,将“红船精神”的内涵特质和价值追求融入中国特色社会主义在浙江的生动实践,为浙江量身定制了“八八战略”这一省域发展的总纲领总方略。这些年来,浙江干部群众坚持一张蓝图绘到底,在持续推动“八八战略”走深走实中,自觉把“红船精神”融入血脉、化作行动,推动浙江发生了全方位系统性深层次精彩蝶变,浙江综合实力更强、发展活力更足、城乡区域更均衡、人民生活更殷实,高质量发展的道路越走越宽广、越走越有信心。实践充分证明,“红船精神”的价值内涵与“八八战略”的实践要求是高度契合的,始终是推动浙江发展、应对各种挑战的宝贵财富和强大动力。
+
+**大力弘扬“红船精神”与时俱进、永无止境,要立足“红船精神”提出20周年新起点,为高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区注入强大信心和力量**
+
+红船起航于浙江,是浙江的光荣。在新时代新征程大力弘扬“红船精神”,是浙江义不容辞的政治责任。我们要坚决扛起浙江作为中国革命红船起航地和习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想重要萌发地的使命担当,当好“红船精神”的忠实守护者、坚定传承者、自觉践行者,不断从中汲取智慧力量和丰厚滋养,牢牢扭住高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区这一核心任务,聚焦“一个首要任务、三个主攻方向、两个根本”,忠实践行“八八战略”,高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区、加快打造“重要窗口”、奋力谱写中国式现代化浙江新篇章,一步一个脚印把习近平总书记擘画的宏伟蓝图变为美好现实。
+
+淬炼绝对忠诚,筑牢守根护脉的思想政治根基。大力弘扬“红船精神”,首先要传承弘扬对党绝对忠诚的红色基因,增强理论自觉、掌握政治主动、坚定正确方向。要进一步深刻领悟“两个确立”的决定性意义,坚持不懈用习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想凝心铸魂,常态化开展循迹溯源,坚定信仰信念、保持政治本色,持续推动习近平总书记考察浙江重要讲话精神在浙江落地生根、开花结果,坚决做到“总书记有号令、党中央有部署,浙江见行动见实效”,以抓落实的实际成效诠释绝对忠诚。
+
+激发前列意识,推动浙江各项工作争先进、争一流。“红船精神”体现了勇立时代潮头、善开风气之先、敢于争创一流的锐气魄力。要牢固树立“没有走在前列就是风险、就是失职”的忧患意识,坚持高站位、实干事、见真功相统一,强化以实干实绩实效论英雄的鲜明导向,大力弘扬“六干”作风,进一步形成争相干事、比学赶超的浓厚氛围,不断擦亮浙江党员干部干在实处、走在前列、勇立潮头的鲜明标识。
+
+提振干事劲头,坚定不移扛起“经济大省挑大梁”的责任担当。“红船精神”贯穿着一个“实”字、彰显着一个“干”字,蕴含着不竭的奋进力量。要坚持干字当头,积极融入和服务构建新发展格局,加快建设创新浙江、因地制宜发展新质生产力、着力构建浙江特色现代化产业体系,推进高水平对外开放、建设高能级开放强省,以“千万工程”牵引城乡融合发展缩小“三大差距”,加快建设高水平文化强省,积极推进牵一发动全身重大改革,持续巩固经济稳进向好态势,为全国大局多担当多贡献。
+
+滋养为民初心,把屁股端端地坐在老百姓这一面。“红船精神”贯穿着深沉真挚的为民情怀,体现了造福人民的正确政绩观和发展观。要始终坚持以人民为中心的发展思想,牢记“家事国事天下事,让人民过上幸福生活是头等大事”,走好新时代党的群众路线,深入实施“七优享”工程,推动基本公共服务一体化,办好十方面民生实事,坚持和发展新时代“枫桥经验”,推进基层治理体系和治理能力现代化,用心用情用力解决群众急难愁盼,不断提升人民群众的幸福感和满意度。
+
+砥砺过硬作风,持续巩固和发展风清气正的良好政治生态。“红船精神”体现了全面从严治党的优良作风,是一以贯之推进新时代党的建设新的伟大工程的重要精神力量。要坚持用改革精神和严的标准管党治党,高起点高标准打造新时代党建高地和清廉建设高地,推动党员干部在遵规守纪中干事创业、奋发有为。特别是要结合深入贯彻中央八项规定精神学习教育,一严到底纠治“四风”,一体推进不敢腐、不能腐、不想腐,扎实开展违规吃喝、违规收送礼品礼金专项整治,持续整治形式主义为基层减负,深入整治群众身边不正之风和腐败问题,着力构建亲清统一的新型政商关系,让清正廉洁、干净干事在浙江大地蔚然成风。
+
+来源：今日浙江
+
+为在看文章的你,点赞
+
+素材来源官方媒体/网络新闻
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2caa6a59794d384cf85d0ca5909dddd25d904eca
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@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+# 【制度】国家税务总局局长胡静林：以优良作风保障中国式现代化税务实践行稳致远
+
+胡静林 交个稿友 2025年08月06日 07:31 江苏
+
+## 以优良作风保障中国式现代化税务实践行稳致远
+
+国家税务总局党委书记、局长 胡静林
+
+(2025年8月1日)
+
+党的十八大以来,习近平总书记站在事关党和国家前途命运的战略高度,围绕新形势下为什么要抓作风建设、作风建设抓什么和怎么抓等重大课题,发表一系列重要讲话、作出一系列重要指示批示,为新时代加强党的作风建设提供了科学指引和根本遵循。深学细悟习近平总书记关于加强党的作风建设的重要论述、锲而不舍落实中央八项规定精神,是坚决做到“两个维护”的重要体现,是坚持发展“两个结合”的重要任务,是诠释践行“两个答案”的重要引领,是持续增强“两个力量”的重要实践,是倾力服务“两个大局”的重要保障。税务部门要认真学习贯彻习近平总书记关于加强党的作风建设的重要论述,深入落实中央八项规定精神,以作风建设为切入口,带动税务系统党的政治建设、思想建设、组织建设、纪律建设全面进步,引领保障党的税务事业不断向更高质量、更高水平迈进。
+
+**进一步增强狠抓作风建设的政治自觉,在锲而不舍落实中央八项规定精神中坚决做到“两个维护”,持续推进税务系统政治机关建设**
+
+新时代以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央,全力以赴大抓党的建设,从加强党的作风建设开局,以徙木立信之举实现时代风气之变,为党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革提供了有
+
+
+
+交个稿友
+
+赞
+
+分享
+
+推荐
+
+写留言
+
+形象实现革命性重塑。正因为有以习近平同志为核心的党中央示范带头抓、动真碰硬抓、以钉钉子精神抓,才确保落实中央八项规定精神一以贯之、一抓到底,八项规定展现出改变中国的实践伟力；也正因为八项规定改变了中国,以习近平同志为核心的党中央权威得到更加充分彰显,极大增进了全党全军全国各族人民的拥护、信赖和爱戴。制定和落实中央八项规定的过程,也是“两个确立”深得民心、“两个维护”深入人心的过程。
+
+税务部门要深入学习贯彻习近平总书记关于加强党的作风建设的重要论述,深刻领悟“两个确立”的决定性意义,自觉从坚决做到“两个维护”的高度坚定不移抓执行、抓落实,持续推动税务系统政治机关建设与作风建设深度融合、走深走实。在旗帜鲜明讲政治中坚决抓好中央八项规定精神落实,把贯彻执行中央八项规定精神作为检验对党忠诚的重要标尺,自觉站在讲政治的高度,突出政治标准和政治要求,不折不扣抓好贯彻落实。在抓好中央八项规定精神落实中不断增强政治自觉,深刻感悟中央八项规定给我们党和国家带来的巨大变化,深刻认识“两个确立”是新时代最重大政治成果,坚决做到总书记有号令、党中央有部署、税务部门见行动。以习近平总书记重要讲话和重要指示精神为指引,常态化开展强化政治机关意识教育和对党忠诚教育,着力推动各级税务机关建强政治机关、走好第一方阵。
+
+**进一步增强狠抓作风建设的理论自觉,在锲而不舍落实中央八项规定精神中坚持发展“两个结合”,不断强化税务系统理论武装**
+
+党的十八大以来,以习近平同志为主要代表的中国共产党人,坚持把马克思主义基本原理同中国具体实际相结合、同中华优秀传统文化相结合,科学回答了一系列重大时代课题,创立了习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想。习近平总书记在庆祝中国共产党成立100周年大会上的重要讲话中,正式提出“两个结合”重大理论命题；在二十届中央政治局第六次集体学习时进一步指出,马克思主义中国化时代化这个重大命题本身就决定,我们决不能抛弃马克思主义这个魂脉,决不能抛弃中华优秀传统文化这个根脉。习近平总书记关于加强党的作风建设的重要论述,作为习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的重要内容,是坚持和发展“两个结合”、坚守和赓续“魂脉”与“根脉”的重大理论成果。一方面,习近平总书记的重要论述强调用实际行动践行为民宗旨、筑牢执政根基,充分体现人民性和实践性的有机统一,牢牢守住了马克思主义这个魂脉。另一方面,习近平总书记的重要论述注重从中华优秀传统文化中汲取精神养分、启迪实践智慧、凝聚奋进力量,为新时代党的作风建设提供滋养和动力,牢牢守住了中华优秀传统文化这个根脉。同时,习近平总书记的重要论述有力指导新时代党的作风建设具体实践不断取得新成效,特别是中央八项规定精神早已超越规定内容本身,推动我们国家在经济、政治、文化、社会等方面发生深刻变化,为国家治理提供了更好的环境。
+
+税务部门要深入学习贯彻习近平总书记关于加强党的作风建设的重要论述,自觉从“两个结合”以及“魂脉”与“根脉”相贯通的高度,用心领悟其中蕴含的真理力量和实践伟力,着力强化理论武装,不断增强抓好作风建设、落实中央八项规定精神的理论自觉。坚持固本培元,坚持不懈用习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想凝心铸魂,引导税务干部在学深悟透上持续下功夫,努力学出坚定信仰、学出人民立场、学出使命担当。坚持激浊扬清,充分挖掘中华优秀传统文化、革命文化、社会主义先进文化中的廉洁元素、纪律印记,充分发挥税务系统先进典型的带动作用和违纪违法典型案例的警示作用,引导税务干部自觉反对和摒弃关系学、厚黑学、官场术、“潜规则”等庸俗腐朽文化,在见贤思齐、见不贤而内自省中永葆先进性和纯洁性。坚持以文化人,着力培育税务系统新时代廉洁文化,推动中央八项规定精神化风成俗,引导税务干部自觉将他律要求转化为自律追求,自觉做到廉洁从政、廉洁用权、廉洁修身、廉洁齐家。
+
+**进一步增强狠抓作风建设的思想自觉,在锲而不舍落实中央八项规定精神中诠释践行“两个答案”,纵深推进税务系统全面从严治党**
+
+我们党如何跳出治乱兴衰的历史周期率？毛泽东在延安的窑洞里给出了第一个答案,那就是“只有让人民来监督政府,政府才不敢松懈”。经过百年奋斗特别是党的十八大以来新的实践,我们党又给出了第二个答案,那就是自我革命。习近平总书记强调,自我革命是我们党跳出治乱兴衰历史周期率的第二个答案,从抓作风入手推进全面从严治党是新时代党的自我革命一条重要经验。放眼全世界,没有任何一个政党能像中国共产党如此严肃认真地对待自身建设,我们党能够如此高度自觉地以作风建设为切入口推进自我革命,这是由多方面因素决定的。首先,党的宗旨属性决定了必须狠抓作风建设。全心全意为人民服务是我们党的根本宗旨,先进性和纯洁性是我们党的本质属性。我们党不是生活在真空中,各种腐蚀因素无时不有,唯有以刀刃向内、刮骨疗毒的勇气持续加强作风建设、推进自我革命,才能永葆生机活力。其次,党的使命任务决定了必须狠抓作风建设。我们党立志于中华民族伟大复兴千秋伟业,领导人民进行伟大社会革命,涵盖领域的广泛性、利益格局调整的深刻性、涉及矛盾问题的尖锐性前所未有,必须一刻不停地锤炼过硬作风、推进自我革命,确保把党建设得更加坚强有力。最后,党在新时代面临的大党独有难题决定了必须狠抓作风建设。一个大党长期执政,如何始终保持自身的先进性和纯洁性,是世界性难题。针对纠治作风问题及反腐败斗争中出现的一些杂音和奇谈怪论,必须澄清错误认识、廓清思想迷雾,进一步坚定反“四风”和反腐败斗争的决心信心,永远吹冲锋号,把自我革命进行到底。
+
+税务部门要深入学习贯彻习近平总书记关于加强党的作风建设的重要论述,自觉从践行“两个答案”的高度来把握党的作风建设,进一步提升对党的自我革命的思想认识,坚持正风肃纪反腐相贯通,坚持不懈把税务系统全面从严治党引向深入。深刻认识由风及腐、风腐一体的严重危害。税务系统干部队伍大,且绝大多数处在基层一线,手中握有执法权,容易受到利益诱惑进而引发作风和廉政问题,必须清醒认识到作风问题中潜藏的腐败诱因,时时刻刻不松劲、不懈怠,抓早抓小、防微杜渐。着力健全风腐同查同治机制。腐败滋生的“土壤”和“条件”既相互联系又有所区别。不正之风盛行为腐败提供了“土壤”,而权力不受约束则是腐败产生的“条件”。根治税务领域腐败必须推进风腐同查同治,既通过作风建设铲除腐败的“土壤”,将党风党纪硬要求变为硬举措、让铁规矩长出铁牙齿,向全系统释放一严到底、寸步不让的信号；又通过规范权力运行消除腐败的“条件”,从典型案件中查找权力运行漏洞,补齐制度短板,全方位织密扎牢风腐同查同治之网。持续强化智慧监督提升风腐同查同治效能。小圈子、人情社会是开展监督面临的普遍障碍。要探索进一步运用大数据、信息化手段赋能监督,持续完善智慧监督体系,把“写到纸上”的制度规定嵌入信息系统“落到地上”,推动监督如影随形、贯通增效,破解“熟人社会”监督难问题。
+
+**进一步增强抓好作风建设的精神自觉,在锲而不舍落实中央八项规定精神中持续增强“两个力量”,着力锻造忠诚干净担当的税务铁军**
+
+习近平总书记指出,我们党作为马克思主义执政党,不但要有强大的真理力量,而且要有强大的人格力量；真理力量集中体现为我们党的正确理论,人格力量集中体现为我们党的优良作风。这一重要论述深刻揭示了优良作风与人格力量的内在联系,从新的高度阐释了作风建设的极端重要性。强大的人格力量是我们党区别于其他政党的显著标识。中国共产党代表最广大人民群众的根本利益,没有自己任何的特殊利益。始终把人民放在心中最高位置,是我们党的鲜明人格品质,也是我们党能始终得到广大人民群众拥护支持的根本原因。强大的人格力量是我们党发展壮大历程中一脉相承、一以贯之的光荣传统。我们党的百年历史,正是靠作风建设不断涵养强大人格力量的历史。从土地革命战争时期的“三大纪律八项注意”,到新中国成立前夕的“两个务必”,再到改革开放时期我们党从恢复发扬党的优良作风入手整顿党风,一直到进入新时代,党中央以八项规定为切入点推动作风建设取得历史性成就,都生动诠释了我们党在驰而不息加强作风建设中所彰显的强大人格力量。强大的人格力量是我们党从一个胜利走向另一个胜利的重要法宝。我们党之所以能够历经百余年风雨始终风华正茂,带领全党全国人民战胜一个个艰难险阻,取得举世瞩目的辉煌成就,离不开优良作风这一强大人格力量的支撑。今年党中央在全党开展深入贯彻中央八项规定精神学习教育,一个重要目的就是以作风建设的新成效推动我们党继续涵养强大的人格力量,确保在推进中国式现代化的新征程上不断取得新的更大胜利。
+
+税务部门要深入学习贯彻习近平总书记关于加强党的作风建设的重要论述,自觉从增强“两个力量”的高度加强作风建设,培育和增强税务干部的人格力量,锻造忠诚干净担当的铁军队伍。更加注重推动领导干部以身作则、以上率下。各级领导干部特别是“一把手”要在加强自身作风建设、严于修身律己上狠下功夫,示范带动广大税务干部以优良作风为税务工作尽好责、为纳税人缴费人服好务。更加注重帮助年轻干部强化作风养成。年轻干部养成好的作风,是关系到税收事业长远发展的基础性、战略性问题。要充分认识税务年轻干部成长环境的新特点,有针对性地帮助他们增进理论素养、强化政治历练,引导他们明辨是非、增强定力、严于律己,扣好廉洁从税“第一粒扣子”。更加注重发挥基层党组织功能作用。基层党组织担负着教育管理监督职责,对干部作风养成、人格塑造至关重要。各级税务基层党组织要从进一步增强政治功能、组织功能和监督作用抓起,充分发挥“管到人头”优势和“熔炉”作用,推动广大党员干部在严肃的党内政治生活中加强作风养成。
+
+**进一步增强狠抓作风建设的行动自觉,在锲而不舍落实中央八项规定精神中倾力服务“两个大局”,更好发挥税收职能作用促进高质量发展**
+
+党的作风建设不是孤立存在的,而是深深植根于党的事业发展土壤、紧密服务于党的工作大局。以中国式现代化全面推进强国建设、民族复兴伟业是前无古人的开创性事业,前进道路上必然会经受许多风高浪急甚至惊涛骇浪的重大考验。当前,国际国内形势复杂多变,国际环境不利因素增多,国内经济持续回升向好的基础还需进一步巩固,税务领域各项工作任务也十分繁重。形势越严峻,任务越繁重,越需要加强作风建设,越要以优良作风凝心聚力、尽责担当。
+
+税务部门要深入学习贯彻习近平总书记关于加强党的作风建设的重要论述,自觉从服务中华民族伟大复兴的战略全局、应对世界百年未有之大变局的高度谋划和推进税务工作,大力弘扬新风正气,坚决完成习近平总书记和党中央赋予的任务,倾力围绕“两个大局”担当作为。大力弘扬知难而进、迎难而上的新风正气,以开展深入贯彻中央八项规定精神学习教育为契机,进一步砥砺税务干部攻坚克难的作风和本领,依法依规依税源征税收费,坚决完成预算收入目标任务,以扛牢主责主业的工作实绩来检验作风建设成效。大力弘扬定了就干、干就干成的新风正气,认真落实习近平总书记关于高质量发展和高效能治理的重要指示精神,深入实施数字化转型条件下的税费征管“强基工程”,着力构建税费征管新模式和重点领域系列监管新机制,抓深抓实日常管理、基础管理,推动税费治理效能整体性提升。大力弘扬敢于斗争、善于斗争的新风正气,坚守法治正道,坚决同各类涉税违法犯罪行为作斗争,切实维护法治公平的税收经济秩序。同时,面对一些国家对我发动的关税战、贸易战、科技战等遏制打压,自觉同党中央保持高度一致,立足职能职责坚决作斗争,坚决维护改革发展稳定大局。
+
+历史昭示未来,征程未有穷期。过硬的作风过去是、现在是、未来仍将是我们党保持先进性和纯洁性,凝聚人心、汇集力量、赢得胜利的关键所在。全国税务系统要更加紧密地团结在以习近平同志为核心的党中央周围,深入学习贯彻习近平总书记关于加强党的作风建设的重要论述,不断增强狠抓作风建设的自觉性和坚定性,锲而不舍落实中央八项规定精神,切实扛牢税务职责使命,更好发挥税收职能作用,高质量推进中国式现代化税务实践行稳致远,为强国建设、民族复兴伟业贡献更多更大税务力量。
+
+来源:学习时报
+
+
+
+素材来源官方媒体/网络新闻
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+# 【发展】浙江省委书记王浩：在全省城乡一体融合高质量发展现场会上的讲话（摘要）
+
+王浩 交个稿友 2025年08月07日 07:32 江苏
+
+## 在全省城乡一体融合高质量发展现场会上的讲话（摘要）
+
+浙江省委书记 王浩
+
+（2025年6月20日）
+
+习近平同志在浙江工作期间，高度重视城乡一体融合发展工作，将“推进城乡一体化”作为“八八战略”的重要内容，2004年在嘉兴主持召开全省统筹城乡发展座谈会，2005年推动制定实施《浙江省统筹城乡发展、推进城乡一体化纲要》，引领浙江率先探索城乡一体融合发展之路。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记站在战略和全局的高度，就城乡一体融合发展发表了一系列重要讲话，为我们进一步指明了前进方向、提供了根本遵循。2023年习近平总
+
+
+
+交个稿友
+
+赞
+
+分享
+
+推荐
+
+写留言
+
+近平总书记关于城乡融合发展的重要论述和考察浙江重要讲话精神，深化落实以“千万工程”牵引缩小“三大差距”、推进共同富裕先行示范的工作部署，进一步谋深抓细城乡一体融合发展的具体举措，为高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区提供有力支撑。
+
+**深化思想认识，把准方向定位，进一步增强推动城乡一体融合高质量发展的责任感和紧迫感**
+
+学深悟透习近平总书记关于城乡融合发展的重要论述和考察浙江重要讲话精神，深刻认识城乡一体融合发展的极端重要性，牢记嘱托、感恩奋进，以实绩实效坚定拥护“两个确立”、坚决做到“两个维护”。
+
+要深刻认识到，推动城乡一体融合高质量发展既是共同富裕示范区建设的关键路径，也是核心内容，必须担当作为、奋勇争先，持续擦亮城乡一体融合高质量发展这张“金名片”。一方面，共同富裕示范区建设成效最鲜明、最直观的展示，就是要形成城乡经济社会高度一体、相互融合、共同繁荣的新形态；也可以说城乡一体融合高质量发展，是示范区建设中最具有标识性的成果。另一方面，城乡一体融合发展，就是要以新的理念、思路和体制，跳出农村抓农村、跳出“三农”抓“三农”，也就是要统筹新型工业化、新型城镇化和乡村全面振兴，使城乡一体融合发展成为缩小“三大差距”、建设示范区中最具有牵引性的抓手和关键路径。从浙江20多年的实践看，历届省委、省政府坚持一张蓝图绘到底，持续深化“千万工程”，推动造就了万千美丽乡村，造福了万千农民群众，推动城乡面貌发生了精彩蝶变。城乡居民持续增收、收入倍差持续缩小，城乡居民收入分别连续24年、40年位居各省区第一，城乡居民收入倍差缩小到1.83。城乡公共服务水平全面提升。促进城乡一体融合发展的体制机制和政策体系日益健全，形成了一批改革创新成果。我们一定要坚定信心、趁势而上，继续在城乡一体融合高质量发展上探路引领，努力为全国提供更多经验、作出更多贡献。
+
+要深刻认识到，对标“先行示范”的更高要求，对照人民对美好生活的新期待，我省城乡一体融合高质量发展仍存在不少薄弱环节和堵点卡点，必须继续努力攻坚、加力突破。我们一定要坚持问题导向，聚焦堵点卡点，精准谋划举措，集中攻关突破，不断打开城乡一体融合高质量发展的新空间。
+
+**明确目标要求，理清工作思路，进一步找准推动城乡一体融合高质量发展的方法和路径**
+
+总的是要深入贯彻习近平总书记关于城乡融合发展的重要论述和考察浙江重要讲话精神，全面落实以“千万工程”牵引缩小“三大差距”、推进共同富裕先行示范的工作部署，围绕“富民”统筹做好“强城”“兴村”“融合”三篇文章，坚持一体谋划、以城带乡、因地制宜、守正创新、以人为本，全面推进城乡一体融合发展，持续擦亮城乡一体融合高质量发展“金名片”，高质量发展建设共同富裕示范区。
+
+在工作推进中,要做到“五个更加注重”。
+
+**更加注重一体谋划**。当前，我省正在编制“十五五”规划。要准确把握“十五五”时期的阶段性要求，把城市与乡村发展作为一个整体，一体谋划推进城乡规划、产业发展、基础设施、公共服务、生态环境、文化事业等布局建设，促进城乡空间优化和兴业富民协同。“强城”“兴村”“融合”，落脚点也是“融合”。
+
+**更加注重以城带乡**。要更好发挥城市辐射带动作用，大力推进城市产业和资源要素向农村流动、基础设施向农村延伸、公共服务向农村覆盖，同时强化农村对城市的支撑保障作用，形成以城带乡、城乡互促的良好格局。城乡一体融合发展，要以县域为重要单元，对县域干不好、不好干的事，要在市域层面科学统筹，有的还要上升到全省来统筹。
+
+**更加注重因地制宜**。各地要充分考虑当地经济社会发展水平、财政承受能力、农民接受程度等，结合实际找准工作发力点和突破口，循序渐进、久久为功。要赋予县级更多自主权，支持基层创造性开展工作。
+
+**更加注重守正创新**。要牢牢守住根本原则不动摇，坚决守牢国家法律法规、“三农”政策和农民利益不受损的底线红线。同时，要善于创新工作理念、路径和机制，积极谋划实施一批“小切口、大牵引”改革举措，推动农业增效益、农村增活力、农民增收入。
+
+**更加注重以人为本**。只有回应群众期盼、不断提升群众获得感，才能不断激发调动基层干部群众的积极性主动性。要始终坚持“富民”导向，从群众角度思考问题，注重“小切口、大民生”，重点解决教育、医疗、住房、养老等城乡群众急难愁盼，着力提升城乡生活品质和民生温度。
+
+**扭住关键重点，持续加力推进，不断在城乡一体融合高质量发展上取得新进展新突破**
+
+**要在城乡规划布局一体融合上取得新突破**。一要突出一体规划理念。要把城市和农村作为一个整体来规划，完善县域国土空间总体规划、详细规划、专项规划，强化“多规合一”，并以自然资源部等赋予我省“一张图”统筹空间治理试点为契机，推动城乡各类规划纳入“一张图”管理，进一步优化县城和乡村的发展方向、规模和布局。二要突出一体布局推进。坚持城乡规划建设一体谋划、一体推进，促进城乡在规划布局、要素配置、产业发展、公共服务、生态保护等方面相互融合和共同发展。要着力提升县城承载能力，更好发挥县城连接城市、服务乡村的作用；因地制宜推进中心镇建设，发挥对周边乡村的带动作用；大力推进乡村片区组团发展，完善利益联结机制，构建美丽成片、产业成群、服务成网的一体化发展格局。三要突出工作机制保障。省里成立了以“千万工程”牵引缩小“三大差距”工作专班，由一位省领导牵头、一个部门抓总，目的就是充分发挥整体谋划和统筹协调等职能。各市县也要在工作体制机制上实现一体融合，强化统筹谋划、一体推进。
+
+**要在城乡产业体系建设上取得新突破**。要坚持产业先行，推动城乡产业规划一体布局、产业平台一体打造、产业项目一体招引。一要推动城乡产业一体布局。各县（市、区）要根据自身空间环境、产业基础、区位条件、资源禀赋，明确发展定位，着眼产业一体融合发展，加强经开区、产业园、特色小镇、专业村统筹布局，推动形成“生产+销售”“链条+基地”“基地+龙头”等产业布局模式，加快打造一批特色产业集群，不断提升产业竞争力。二要提升县城产业承载能力，积极扩大县城就业岗位。要加强县城的产业平台建设，加强产业平台整合提升，增强县城产业集聚、创新研发、商贸流通等功能，更好服务带动县域产业发展。三要推动“土特产富”全链发展，促进乡村产业振兴。这是促进农民普遍增收的关键。要打造更多“一镇一产业”“一村一品”等品牌，推动土特产“生产+加工+科技+品牌”全产业链融合，积极探索“土特产+商贸”“土特产+文化”等新模式新业态，“一业一策”支持历史经典产业传承创新发展。
+
+**要在构建城乡基础设施体系上取得新突破**。基础设施要成体系谋划，形成网络。一要围绕经济发展、民生需求科学谋划实施。按照优化生产力和人口布局的要求，持续优化城乡路网、水网、充电网、通信网、物流网建设，加快打通一体融合的堵点卡点，积极推动城市基础设施向农村延伸覆盖，让生产生活更加便捷、让群众出行更加便利。二要坚持实事求是、量力而行、适度超前。结合实际需要，在充分论证当地产业、人口、财力支撑等基础上，合理确定建设重点和推进时序。三要健全“建管护”全流程长效机制。坚持城乡一体、建管并重，推动城市管护资源、模式、手段向乡村延伸，全面提升农村基础设施建设和管护水平。
+
+**要在城乡公共服务一体化上取得新突破**。这是重大的民生工程、民心工程，也是群众最有感、最关切的。要紧扣“基本公共服务”和“一体化”两个关键，全面总结推广“一市三县”试点经验，加快推广城乡中小学优化调整、巡回诊疗模式等行之有效的经验做法。一要科学高效配置公共服务资源。加强公共服务，一定要与经济社会发展水平相适应，一定要可持续。要按照常住人口的规模、结构、趋势，深入研判公共服务设施的供需匹配均衡性、空间布局合理性和服务便利可及性，有针对性地补齐短板，加快完善“15分钟公共服务圈”，让群众在家门口就近享受便利生活。二要有序推进标准、服务和政策一体化。这是一个循序渐进、逐步达到一致的过程，先要有一体化的理念、工作，其次是标准、服务的一体化，最终是政策的一体化。要着力推动公共服务工作、标准、服务一体化，逐步解决政策在城乡之间不均等问题，为农业转移人口市民化、促进城乡一体融合发展创造良好条件。三要创新公共服务供给方式。加强城乡公共服务供给，不能仅靠政府“单打独斗”，要积极调动社会力量、广泛发动群众参与，形成工作合力。要建立健全政府主导、社会参与、自主运行、公共监督的多元化公共服务供给机制，按照“可拓展、可转换、能兼容”的原则，提高公共服务资源利用效率，真正让公共服务设施做到有得用、用得上、用得好。
+
+**要在城乡生态环境建设上取得新突破**。一要深入推进城乡环境污染防治。持之以恒打好污染防治攻坚战，深入推进治水、治气、治土、治废、治塑，不断改善城乡环境质量。二要全域打造诗画浙江和美乡村。深入推进城乡风貌整治提升，提升农村生活垃圾、污水、厕所整治建设水平，深入推进农房改造、管线序化、村道提升，提升城乡“颜值”，全面塑造整体大美的城乡风貌，推动城乡“各美其美、美美与共”。三要拓宽生态产品价值实现路径。生态资源是乡村最宝贵的财富。要加快培育生态旅游、森林康养、休闲露营等新业态，大力发展美丽经济，不断打开“绿水青山就是金山银山”转化的通道，更好把生态价值转化为经济价值。
+
+**要在城乡要素有序流动上取得新突破**。要素有序流动是城乡一体融合发展的核心。要坚持政策支持、政府引导、市场驱动，紧紧抓住“人地钱”特别是“人”这个关键，按照“钱随人走”原则进一步完善财政等支持政策，充分发挥市场机制作用，促进城乡生产要素平等交换、双向流动。一方面，要深化农业转移人口市民化改革，让进城农民“融”得更顺利。要加快推行由常住地登记户口提供基本公共服务制度，解决好农民到城市里不愿来、落不下等问题。另一方面，要强化“引育用留”全链条政策供给，让青年入乡“入”得更顺畅。积极培育现代“新农人”“农创客”，加快建设青年入乡实践站点和青创平台，加大政策支持力度，持续吸引人才回归、资源回乡、项目回流。
+
+**要在推进城乡文化繁荣和文明建设上取得新突破**。在一手抓城乡物质文明建设的同时，一手抓好精神文明建设，促进物质富足和精神富有相统一。一要加强农村文明乡风建设。实施社会文明提升行动，推进移风易俗，推动现代文明理念在乡村深深扎根，让乡村既保留住浓郁的人情味、乡土味，又散发出清新的现代风、文明风。二要大力发展文化事业文化产业。加快公共文化服务体系建设，深化文化特派员制度，迭代升级“15分钟品质文化生活圈”。大力推进“农文旅”融合发展，打响“乡村旅游看浙江”品牌。三要加强优秀传统文化保护传承。传承好守望相助、克勤克俭、耕读传家等乡土基因，推进历史文化（传统）村落和农耕文化保护利用，加强农业文化遗产挖掘、保护和活化利用。
+
+推动城乡一体融合发展，必须进一步强化支撑保障。要强化组织领导，强化政策支持，强化真抓实干，确保各项任务落地见效。
+
+来源:浙江发布
+
+
+
+素材来源官方媒体/网络新闻
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+# 【学习“十五五”心得体会】国企领导学习“十五五”时期经济社会发展座谈会讲话精神心得体会!!
+
+原创 述职报告荟萃 述职报告荟萃 2025年07月30日 08:19 河北
+
+
+
+“十五五”时期是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的关键五年，座谈会上总书记的重要讲话，既是对时代方位的精准研判，更是对国企担当的时代号令。作为国有企业负责人，深入学习领会讲话精神，既是政治责任，更是发展使命。结合企业实际，我对国企在“十五五”时期的使命担当与实践路径有了更深体悟。
+
+## 一、观大势明方向：在时代坐标中锚定国企定位
+
+“十五五”时期的中国，正处在“两个大局”交织的关键节点。从国际看，全球政治经济格局加速重构，人工智能、量子科技、生物制造等新一轮科技革命“竞速赛”愈演愈烈，贸易保护主义抬头与新兴市场崛起并存，给我国发展带来“危”与“机”的双重考验。从国内看，经济已从“高速增长”转向“高质量发展”，产业升级的“攻坚期”、创新突破的“窗口期”、共同富裕的“推进期”叠加，既面临传统产业转型滞后、核心技术“卡脖子”等挑战，更拥有超大规模市场、完整产业体系、1.6亿技能劳动者等独特优势。
+
+
+
+述职报告荟萃
+
+赞
+
+分享
+
+推荐
+
+写留言
+
+明了根本遵循：既要当好“稳定器”，在复杂环境中筑牢经济底盘；更要争做“先锋队”，在创新浪潮中勇立潮头。回顾“十四五”，我国在载人航天、深海探测、新能源汽车等领域的突破，国企均是主力军——这启示我们：“十五五”时期，国企必须立足“国之大者”，在科技自立自强、产业体系升级、绿色低碳转型、民生福祉改善中找准坐标，既为一企之发展谋，更为一国之强盛计。
+
+## 二、扛使命勇担当：国企在“十五五”中的四大战略角色
+
+国有企业是中国特色社会主义的“重要物质基础和政治基础”，在“十五五”时期，这种定位更要转化为具体实践，彰显“四种担当”。
+
+### （一）国家安全的“守护者”
+
+在能源安全领域，我们石油企业计划未来五年新增勘探投入500亿元，重点突破页岩气开发关键技术，将国内原油自给率提升3个百分点；在粮食安全领域，参与组建“国家粮食储备联盟”，建立从种植到仓储的全链条保障体系，确保应急状态下“72小时内调运到位”；在网络安全领域，通信企业加快“量子加密通信干线”建设，年内实现重点城市全覆盖，筑牢数字时代的“安全屏障”。
+
+### （二）产业升级的“引领者”
+
+破解“卡脖子”难题，国企必须“啃最硬的骨头”。我们联合6所高校共建“高端装备实验室”，聚焦轴承、芯片等“工业牙齿”，计划三年内突破15项核心技术，带动产业链国产化率从58%提升至80%。在新兴产业布局上，设立200亿元战略基金，重点培育氢能、低空经济等赛道，目前已孵化出3家独角兽企业，其中氢能装备公司的电解槽技术达到国际领先水平。
+
+### （三）民生福祉的“践行者”
+
+国企的根脉在人民。我们在养老领域布局“智慧社区服务中心”，年内覆盖20个城市，提供助餐、健康监测等“一站式服务”；在生态环保方面，投入120亿元实施“长江沿岸治理工程”，清理固废堆场47处，修复湿地1.2万亩；在应急保障上，建立“跨区域物资调配平台”，去年台风灾害中，48小时内调运帐篷、食品等物资3000吨，彰显“国企温度”。
+
+### （四）区域协调的“推动者”
+
+响应“区域协调发展战略”，我们在中西部布局10个产业转移项目，带动当地就业2万人；在革命老区开展“技术帮扶”，培训500名乡村工匠，助力特色产业升级；在边疆地区参与“电网升级工程”，投资80亿元解决200个行政村的用电难题，让共同富裕的阳光照亮每个角落。
+
+## 三、谋实招求突破：国企高质量发展的实践路径
+
+把“十五五”蓝图变为现实，国企需以“钉钉子”精神抓落实，在四个方面聚力攻坚。
+
+### （一）以科技创新“破壁”，激活发展新动能
+
+科技创新是“第一动力”，我们的实践路径是“三链融合”：
+
+创新链强基：将研发投入强度从3.5%提升至6%，重点投向人工智能、新材料等领域，建立“研发投入视同利润”的考核机制，让科研人员“敢闯敢试”；
+
+产业链赋能：在新能源汽车领域，构建“电池-电机-电控”全链条创新，主导制定3项国际标准，话语权显著提升；
+
+人才链支撑：推行“首席科学家制”，给予技术决策权、经费支配权，引进海外高层次人才30名，组建10支“青年创新突击队”。
+
+去年，我们的“新型储能技术”项目获国家科技进步奖，成果转化后新增产值50亿元，印证了“创新是最好的生意”。
+
+### (二)以产业升级“提质”，构建现代化体系
+
+按照“传统产业焕新+新兴产业壮大”思路，我们打出组合拳：
+
+传统产业“智改数转”：钢铁板块投资60亿元建设“黑灯工厂”，生产效率提升40%，能耗下降25%；化工板块建成“数字孪生系统”，实现全流程可视化管控，产品不良率下降60%。
+
+新兴产业“从0到1”：在量子通信领域，建成国内首个“城市级骨干网”，服务政务、金融等关键领域；在生物制造领域，突破“PHA可降解材料”技术，替代传统塑料应用于300家企业。
+
+目前，新兴产业营收占比已从12%提升至35%，成为增长新引擎。
+
+### （三）以深化改革“赋能”，释放内生动力
+
+改革是国企发展的“关键一招”，我们重点突破三点：
+
+公司治理现代化：完善“董事会定战略、经理层抓执行”机制，引入5名外部董事，决策科学性显著提升，去年否决3个高风险项目；
+
+市场化机制破冰：全面推行“经理层任期制+契约化”，120名管理人员签订“军令状”，末等调整15人；推行“岗位价值+业绩贡献”薪酬体系，同岗位收入差距拉大至3倍。
+
+混改提质增效：与2家民企联合组建“智能装备公司”，民资占比49%，市场化决策让产品迭代速度提升50%，印证了“混改不是简单换股，而是机制再造”。
+
+### （四）以风险防控“兜底”，筑牢安全屏障
+
+复杂环境下，“稳健”是发展的前提：
+
+财务风险“防”：优化资本结构，资产负债率控制在65%以内，建立“红黄蓝”预警机制，去年化解潜在债务风险8亿元；
+
+合规风险“控”：构建“全员合规责任制”，对招标、采购等10个高风险领域开展“穿透式检查”，发现并整改问题127项；
+
+供应链风险“疏”：建立“核心供应商白名单”，与20家企业签订“长期保供协议”，关键零部件库存保障周期从30天延长至90天，应对“断链”底气更足。
+
+## 四、强党建固根本：以“根”“魂”优势保障行稳致远
+
+坚持党的领导是国企的“根”和“魂”，我们以“四个融合”把党建优势转化为发展优势。
+
+### （一）政治建设与战略决策融合
+
+将“两个维护”融入发展全局，建立“党委会前置研究讨论重大事项”清单，去年审议投资、改革等事项46项，确保方向不偏航。深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，开展“第一议题”学习52次，班子成员带头讲党课30场，把政治判断力、政治领悟力转化为发展推动力。
+
+### （二）组织建设与生产经营融合
+
+推行“支部建在项目上”，在12个重大工程设立“党员先锋岗”，攻克技术难题78个；开展“党建+成本管控”活动，党员带头提出合理化建议230条，创造效益1.5亿元。基层党组织标准化率达100%，其中3个支部获评“全国先进基层党组织”。
+
+### （三）廉政建设与风险防控融合
+
+构建“三不腐”机制：开展“以案促改”警示教育，拍摄《国企蛀虫》专题片，用身边事教育身边人；在招标、采购等领域安装“廉政红绿灯”系统，自动预警异常行为，去年拦截风险交易17起；建立“家庭助廉”机制，走访职工家庭500户，筑牢“八小时外”防线。
+
+### （四）文化建设与队伍建设融合
+
+培育“家国情怀、创新精神、实干作风”的企业文化，开展“国企楷模”评选，宣传10名一线奋斗者事迹；建立“青蓝工程”，50对师徒结对，30名青年人才走上管理岗；建设“职工幸福指数体系”，解决住房、子女入学等难题89件，队伍凝聚力显著增强。
+
+“十五五”的号角已吹响，国企使命在肩、责无旁贷。我们将以总书记重要讲话精神为指引，既做“稳定器”更当“先锋队”，以科技创新锻造“攻坚利器”，以改革攻坚激活“内生动力”，以党建引领筑牢“发展根基”，在全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新征程上，书写国企担当、贡献国企力量！
+
+素材来源官方媒体/网络新闻
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+# 【探索】许锋华 陈琪：学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识：价值、机制与路径
+
+原创
+
+许锋华 陈琪 中国德育
+
+2025年07月31日 11:01 北京
+
+
+
+欢迎点击上方“中国德育”关注我们！
+
+\* 本文系 2023 年度国家社会科学基金教育学一般项目“铸牢中华民族共同体意识融入学校教育的内在逻辑与空间最终超越物理性和抽象化的构成，回归到人的现实存在——一种其干咸性汪实现路径研究”(BAA230045)的阶段性成果。
+
+\** 本文通讯作者为陈琪,邮箱：cq1142301731@qq.com。
+
+铸牢中华民族共同体意识是新时代党的民族工作的主线，也是学校教育的重要任务。中华民族共同体意识，是中华民族共同体这一历史客观在人们头脑中的反映，是在中华民族共同体建设过程中形成的中华民族共同心理意识，即对中华民族的最高认同及由此产生的对中华民族的使命感、归属感、荣誉感。[1]习近平总书记在第五次中央民族工作会议上强调：“营造环境氛围，逐步实现各民族在空间、文化、经济、社会、心理等方面的全方位嵌入。”[2]中华民族共同体具有空间、文化、经济、社会、心理等多重维度的整体性[3]，应不断增进空间维度的互嵌，以渐进性为原则，逐步铸牢中华民族共同体的基础。
+学校空间作为实施教育活动的重要场所，在铸牢中华民族共同体意识的过程中发挥着引领性作用。已有聚焦于学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的研究，强调划分空间并分析各空间的作用，以探究实现路径或实践策略，但缺乏对学校空间的根本特征——聚合力的关注，而中华民族共同体意识的核心就在于民族凝聚力，如何借空间的聚合力增强民族的凝聚力是亟待回答的问题。鉴于此，本文尝试着眼于分析学校空间的价值，从以空间的聚合力增强民族的凝聚力的角度探求学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的内在机制，进一步提出学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的实现路径。
+## 一、学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的价值意蕴
+
+从国家、学校、个体三个主体的视角从国家、学校、家庭——社会的视角审视学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的价值，能够清晰地回应为何要从学校空间的角度探索铸牢中华民族共同体意识的问题。
+
+### （一）落实立德树人根本任务，全面系统深化认同
+
+立德树人，是学校教育的中心任务立德树人是学校教育的根本任务，而铸牢中华民族共同体意识是立德树人的重要内容。学校教育具有系统的教学计划和课程设置，借助学校空间能够全面、系统地传授中华民族的历史文化、民族关系、民族政策等知识，使学生形成对中华民族共同体的全面认识和深刻认同。一方面，将铸牢中华民族共同体意识教育融入课程体系，以“五个认同”为基本内容，将伟大祖国、中华民族、中华文化、中国共产党和中国特色社会主义等内容深度融入各学段、各学科和各课堂，帮助学生系统、深入了解中华民族的历史、文化和精神内涵。另一方面，利用学校的建筑布局、教室设计、标语口号、校园文化活动等，将中华民族共同体意识融入学校的每一个角落，深入到每一位师生的心中，坚持教育性、文化性、艺术性和实用性兼顾的原则，确保空间优化既美观又实用，既有利于教学又有利于育人。
+
+### （二）营造互嵌互融生态环境，推进交往交流交融
+
+学校生态影响着主体在民族交往中的体验，进而影响交往倾向性以及在此基础上采取的交往行为。学校空间中的交往是民族关系的第一层级, 是日常生活中各民族之间通过接触产生的生活性交往。学校通过宿舍安排、食堂餐饮、课外活动等方式, 实现各民族学生生活上的互嵌。学校空间中的交流是民族关系的第二层级, 包括语言交流、文化交流、产品交流、资源交流等。学校空间中的交融是民族关系的第三层级，达到心理交融程度则说明彼此间认同感增强，对中华民族的归属感增强。在互嵌互融的学校生态中，各民族学生逐渐建立起深厚的情感联系。通过共同参与学校空间活动、分享生活空间点滴等方式，他们将形成共同的记忆和情感体验，为铸牢中华民族共同体意识奠定现实基础。
+
+### (三) 遵循规律塑造个体意识，推动民族团结实践
+
+学校空间具有育人价值，可以显性或隐性地塑造个体的认知、情感，推动民族团结实践。在实践中，中华民族共同体意识嵌入个体意识，被个体接纳并内化为积极的意识。
+
+第一，学校空间是知识传授与文化传承的重要场所。通过开设相关课程、开展多样的教学活动等，向学生传授中华民族的历史文化、民族关系、国家认同等核心知识，引导学生深刻理解“中华民族多元一体”格局，构建起中华民族认同基础。第二，学校空间为个体的情感体验提供了平台，体现在为学生提供一个全方位、多层次的教育环境，是开展教学实践的具体场域。学校举办民族文化节、传统手工艺体验、民族歌舞表演等文化活动，成为本民族与其他民族、各民族与中华民族之间情感联结的纽带。第三，在学校空间的教育实践中，个体不断探寻各民族文化整体性和同一性的共知、共情、共行因子，不断增加学校空间中的社会性群际接触,破除异质社会文化心理的窠臼,将中华民族共同体意识外化为具体的民族团结行为。
+
+## 二、学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的内在机制
+铸牢中华民族共同体意识的学校空间由物质空间、精神空间、实践空间和历史空间有机构成。纵向上从物质空间到精神空间的层次建构，横向上从历史空间到实践空间的动态建构，多层次、动态地铸牢学生的中华民族共同体意识。从总体上看，聚合力是学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的贯穿性线索，是空间的中心力量，空间上的聚合有助于促进精神上的凝聚。中华民族共同体的核心就在于民族凝聚力，借空间的聚合力增强民族的凝聚力，就是挖掘空间中的共性因子以增强各民族对中华民族整体的向心力，增强中华民族整体对各民族的吸引力以及民族与民族之间的亲和力。其中，物质空间提供物质载体的基础，精神空间指向精神信念的支撑，实践空间奠定互嵌实践的场域，历史空间象征共同记忆的构建。（见图1）
+
+
+
+### （一）物质空间提供物质载体基础，利用多种载体缩短空间距离
+
+学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的过程作为一种实践活动，受制于特定的教育时空环境和物质基础。物质空间首先表现为直接可感知的、具体的空间实体，它承载并容纳着与教育教学相关的具体事物、实践活动和教学现象。[4]
+
+第一，学校以教室为铸牢中华民族共同体意识的主阵地，通过优化布局缩短情感距离。社会心理学理论认为，由物理空间导致的“距离感”往往对族群关系、族裔关系以及阶级身份、情感、心理认同等方面构成影响。[5]个体在物质空间中所感知的地位越平等，心理距离越接近。利用圆形、U型等新型教室布局营造平等互助的心理氛围，增进不同民族学生之间的交流互动，缩短人际距离，在增进了解的基础上尊重差异、缩短规范距离，进而借助空间上的优化布局产生情感上的亲近感，达到缩短情感距离的效果。
+
+第二，校外教育实践基地发挥着育人功能，其中存在的多元载体成为缩短文化距离和社会距离的中介。博物馆、图书馆、档案馆、遗址遗迹等教育实践基地利用开放式的载体，展现着异彩纷呈的民族文化。“在博物馆、纪念馆等特定的物质空间，受教育者通过历史与现实的对话，将分属不同体系的知识和价值纳入自身的思想体系，能够形成良好的教育效果。”[6] 这些载体让不同民族的学生直观感知彼此的文化，成为表达见解和分享感受的中介。同时也减少了民族之间的陌生感与疏离感，消解不平等感，提高交往交流交融的深度和质量。
+
+### （二）精神空间指向精神信念支撑，借助文化符号维持内聚状态
+
+精神空间是通过利用已有的或新创设的秩序制定的相应政策、制度，借助知识、符号等工具所设计的空间。“符号表象用以将社会关系维持在共存和内聚性的状态之中。”[7]铸牢中华民族共同体意识则通过发挥文化符号的价值整合功能、精神激励功能，维持中华民族共同体的内聚性状态。
+
+文化符号以共同的文化价值体系感染和教育所有民族成员，贯彻到主体微观的意识心态，潜移默化地进行价值观教育。文化符号是成员所共同享有的、反映民族观念、文化活动等内容的符码体系。中华民族的文化象征符号体系包括但不限于具有想象性质的“神话象征符号”、具有无形力量的“精神意象符号”、具有直观感受性的“民族文化标识”[8]以及共同的语言文字等。
+
+文化符号凝结了强大的精神力量，具有精神激励功能。其一，文化符号能够唤起主体对民族的自信心和自豪感，激发集体意识。“文化符号可以赋能铸牢中华民族共同体意识。它承载了民族的历史记忆，是其认同感和自信力的来源。”[9]其二，文化符号承载着激发爱国情怀和奋斗精神的重要使命。文化符号不仅代表着中华民族的历史和文化，也传递着团结、和谐与共同发展的理念。比如，国旗象征着对国家的尊重和热爱，象征着国家的荣誉和尊严，代表了国家的价值观和信仰，成为铸牢中华民族共同体意识强有力的精神支撑载体。
+
+### （三）实践空间奠定互嵌实践场域，通过互嵌实践推动行为培育
+
+空间最终超越物理性和抽象化的构成回归到人的现实存在——一种基于感性活动的实践空间。实践空间以实践为导向，将社会关系投射到学校空间当中，再现社会关系，通过发挥互嵌式实践的功能，推动铸牢中华民族共同体意识的行为培育。
+
+一方面，空间中的互嵌式实践是学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识有效开展的“黏合剂”。互嵌式实践是一种不同群体或个体之间在特定空间中的相互嵌入、交往和互动，实现深度融合和共同发展的实践方式。“沟通是人们达成占有共同的东西的方法。保证人们参与共同了解的沟通，可以促进相同的情绪和理智倾向。”[10]真正的社会群体是建立在人与人之间的交往和利益共享的基础上所形成的共同体，而非建立在物质、职务、等级、名分等基础上的群体。互嵌式实践提供了丰富的实践机会和平台，人们在其中因为共同的责任感和归属感参与共同交往，将个体与个体、个体与群体有机连接起来。
+
+另一方面，空间中的互嵌式实践是推动中华民族共同体意识外化为行为的“活化剂”。中华文明的共同体“以几千年‘四个共同’历史实践为根据，继续传承着中华民族的不可分割性与精神凝聚力”[11]。学校发挥实践空间的育人功能，引入回族的“跳花儿”、藏族的“锅庄舞”等，使学生们能够在真实的民族交融情境中参与体验，并将体验感受外化为实际行动以传承民族文化。由此，各民族成员在生动的情境和活动中自觉承担起宣扬本民族文化的责任，在体会自身独特性的基础上建构与群体的关系，以更大的合力、更真实的情感体验推动行为的培育。
+
+### （四）历史空间象征共同记忆构建，回溯历史故事唤醒共同记忆
+
+空间是过去行动的产物，承载着过去特定的规范和当下现有的价值理念，又允许新的行动产生。习近平总书记指出：“我们悠久的历史是各民族共同书写的。”[12]中华民族共同体意识是一种高度凝练的思想，“而人的思想行为本身就是生物的、心理的、社会的和历史的各种要素的复合产物”[13]。历史空间是凝聚了集体记忆、承载了民族认同的场所。
+
+第一，回溯历史故事展现中华民族共同体的形成过程，有助于唤醒集体的共同记忆，激发休戚与共、荣辱与共、生死与共、命运与共的共同体意识。“中华民族共同体在各民族多元汇聚一体的发展历程中自觉凝聚、形塑深化，天然拥有团结统一、守望相助的道德情感和历史传统。”[14]在中华民族共同体意识从自在、自觉走向自为的过程中，生成了众多历史事件、历史现象等，都是学校开展思想政治教育的重要资源。“每一个空间、每一个空间的间隔，都是各种约束的载体，都是各种规范与‘价值’的承载者。”[15]因此，历史记忆可以成为共同性的联结点和增长点。
+
+第二，在历史空间中，学生通过集体记忆的回溯与当下的共同创造赋予未来的共同目标以实际意义，并强化对共同历史、共同记忆、共同目标的认同。2024年6月，习近平总书记在青海考察时强调：“讲好中华民族共同体和民族团结进步的故事。”[16]共同体是建立在有关人员的本能的中意或者习惯制约的适应或者与思想有关的共同的记忆之上的。[17]人们对中华民族共同体的认可皆植根于有着共同叙事历史的空间。在深层维度上，实际上是由于经历共同的历史，在共同利益和信念上达成了一致，这成为共同体得以存在与发展的前提。
+
+## 三、学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的实现路径
+
+个体和社群之间不应该处于分裂状态，个体之间在言语和行为层面的交往交流交融过程可以渐渐强化他们的社群意识，社会成员可以从中形成强大的凝聚力。基于对空间聚合力的分析，学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识，可以从增强空间生产能力、提升空间价值强度、整合空间行动资源、活化空间真实情境等方面着手，增强空间的聚合力，进而铸牢中华民族共同体意识。
+
+### （一）优化物质空间，增强空间生产能力
+
+增强学校物质空间生产能力是指推动空间中物质载体的“生产”，以优化整个物质空间本身。增强空间生产能力目的是实现空间广度资源和空间深度资源的有效利用，意味着充分挖掘物质载体，同时尊重物质载体的场所精神与历史文脉。
+
+第一，在准确认识各类载体作用的基础上，挖掘多种多样系统化的载体，是优化物质空间的前提。中华民族共同体意识是一种抽象状态，需要借助一套使其形象化和外显化的物质载体体系来呈现。博物馆、图书馆、档案馆、遗址遗迹等是具有强大空间生产能力的核心载体。此外，还有能够有效塑造空间氛围的边缘载体。“象征符号（旗帜、货币、国歌、制服、纪念碑和典礼）能够唤起民族成员对共同的历史遗产和文化血缘的情感。”[18]此类载体作为刺激通过感觉的大门进入意识阈，激发起民族成员对“中华民族”这一共同身份的认同感和归属感。
+
+第二，尊重物质载体的场所精神与历史文脉，赋予载体以文化感与归属感。无论是建筑、雕塑还是其他形式的载体，都承载着深厚的文化积淀和历史记忆。具体来说，学校空间可以通过优化设计和布局展现出场所精神，将各个部分以合理有序的方式组成整体，营造尊重多元文化、强调民族平等团结、向往各民族共同繁荣的良好精神意境。学校可根据学生的需求，加强对物质空间建设的投入，在校内开辟文化角，塑造具有包容性的多元一体空间，展示不同民族的风俗习惯、艺术作品、手工艺品等，让学生在亲身体验中增进对各民族文化的了解和尊重。
+
+### （二）丰富符号表达，提升空间价值强度
+
+学校空间中文化符号的价值强度体现为文化符号之于学生的价值不可分离性，以文化符号为中介，增强不同主体与同一客体之间的意义关联，可以提升价值强度。这需要与时俱进地丰富文化符号的表达内容、提升文化符号的表达形式，减少个体断裂性在场的概率，以深入精神空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识。
+
+首先，丰富文化符号的表达内容，把中华民族的文化符号认同与铸牢中华民族共同体意识进行有机融合。中华民族拥有丰富多样的文化符号，应该充分展示不同地域、民族和群体的文化特色，同时强调统一的文化符号。让学生在神话传说、英雄故事、民间歌谣、文献古籍等文明成果的学习中更好地体会中华民族的独特魅力和民族精神，感悟个体与民族之间的紧密关联、民族与民族之间的亲密关系，增进身份认同、族群认同与国家认同。
+
+其次，改进文化符号的表达形式，推动育人空间向立体化、生活化转变。一方面，将线下呈现与数字化手段赋能育人相结合。建设数字展馆，“立体呈现意蕴厚重、内涵丰富、共有共享的中华文化符号和形象”[19]，利用网络让其更容易获得，实现线上线下空间的高效联动，发挥文化符号的隐性滋养作用，增强主体与客体之间的意义关联。另一方面，将文化符号融入师生的日常生活，在学生宿舍、教室等空间中，鼓励学生自主布置具有文化特色的装饰物。由此，提升文化符号的吸引力和感染力，从而推动学生对中华优秀传统文化的认同，也增进对各民族共享的文化符号和形象的认同，最终增进对中华民族的认同。
+
+### （三）家校社协同，整合空间行动资源
+
+空间本身即一种社会关系，如果各民族之间的关系无法投射到实践空间并留下烙印，那么这种关系只能停留在列斐伏尔所说的“纯抽象领域”。因此，铸牢中华民族共同体意识需要从宏观和微观两个层面考虑，打造积极互动的实践空间。
+
+首先，从宏观层面来看，为了更好地发挥互嵌式实践资源的功效，需要家庭、学校、社区等多元主体协同。家校社协同为学生铸牢中华民族共同体意识的知情意行转化提供了场域支撑，同时也为党团队一体联动提供了多元载体。[20]多元主体协同不仅仅是指各主体各司其职、相互配合，还指各主体以有机的方式联结为一个整体，这需要从建立整合协同制度、信息交流制度和营造畅通的环境等方面入手。
+
+从微观层面来看，需要通过找准行动的着力点，创设建设性的教育场景以发挥这些资源的最大功能，来打造铸牢中华民族共同体意识的实践空间。一是找准行动的着力点。“体验是在对事物的真切感受和深刻理解的基础上，对事物产生情感和生成意义的活动。”[21]实践体验是深化中华民族共同体意识理解的关键环节，它要求将教育情境从课本中解放出来，拓展到更为广泛、真实的实践环境中去。二是创设建设性的教育场景，发挥空间行动资源的最大功能，提升教育空间的鲜活度。在生成学生认知、深化情感体验、激发行动自觉的过程中，通过创设具有目标导向性、情境性、个性化的建设性民族交往交流交融场景，引发学生对民族关系的积极评价与感受，生成个体与民族之间关系的意义。
+
+### （四）借助先进技术，活化空间历史情境
+
+铸牢中华民族共同体意识的历史空间建设以内容建设为根本、以先进技术为支撑。因此，历史空间的塑造需要借助先进技术，活化空间真实情境，以更好地唤醒共同记忆。
+
+一方面，铸牢中华民族共同体意识需要发挥新兴媒介技术的宣传阵地作用，纠正内容之偏。新兴媒介技术为中华民族共同体形象图像叙事提供了史无前例的技术支撑场域。[22]为达到真正普及真实历史事件、弘扬历史榜样精神的效果，必须充分发挥媒介技术的宣传作用。习近平总书记指出：“让互联网成为构筑各民族共有精神家园、铸牢中华民族共同体意识的最大增量。”[23]学校可利用微信、微博、抖音等平台，精准发布与伟大祖国、中华民族、中华文化、中国共产党、中国特色社会主义有关的信息，内嵌中华民族共同体的价值观念，防止错误思潮“抢滩登陆”。
+
+另一方面，需要发挥视听技术在活化历史空间方面的作用，进行沉浸式和立体式的呈现，创造情感换位点。AR、VR等先进视听技术融入教育，为活化历史人物、重现历史事件、展示历史现象注入了新的力量，其高保真性可为铸牢中华民族共同体意识教育活动带来更具临场感的空间体验，为历史空间的体验与集体记忆的认同建构起一个更生动的空间场域。这种“共时性”的再现手法，赋予了象征物超越时间界限的现时性。即使象征物起源于遥远的过去，它依然能在当前的意义表达中展现出鲜活的生命力，将那些看似断裂的记忆与个体对意义的感知紧密相连，实现一种跨越时空的融合。
+
+空间不是僵滞的、刻板的、直接的固定空间。[24]空间也可以直接体现时间，根本上是质的、流动的、充满活力的。[25]学校空间作为一个流动的、凝聚的、具有生产能力的空间，在铸牢中华民族共同体意识中发挥着重要的作用。通过分析学校空间铸牢中华民族共同体意识的内在机制，科学规划学校四大空间，优化空间资源要素的分配，有助于最大限度发挥学校空间的思想教育价值，增进各民族之间的密切接触。聚焦铸牢中华民族共同体意识的空间诉求，培育具有中华民族共同体意识的学生群体，不断增强实现中华民族伟大复兴的精神动力。
+
+## 参考文献：
+[1][11]《中华民族共同体概论》编写组.中华民族共同体概论[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2024:5,31.
+
+[2]习近平.以铸牢中华民族共同体意识为主线推动新时代党的民族工作高质量发展[N].人民日报,2021-08-29(1).
+
+[3]马忠才.中华民族共同体的多维互嵌结构及其整合逻辑[J].西北民族研究,2021(4):23-
+
+
+【作者：许锋华，华中师范大学教育学院教授、博士生导师；陈琪，华中师范大学教育学院硕士研究生】
+
+【来源：《中国德育》2025年第13期】
+
+【责任编辑：何蕊】
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_26.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_26.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..779b59abd67e3f226bfc3c33ef0ee4cf504704b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_26.md
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# 全球家轿新标杆吉利银河A7: 混动家轿颠覆者
+
+五大价值新标杆，以越级体验打造混动家轿颠覆者，成为主流家庭新能源家轿最优选
+
+## 2L级油耗+超2100km续航+2845mm超长轴距，混动家轿颠覆者
+
+* 吉利银河A7定位全球家轿新标杆，是百万银河时代首款家轿，将首发搭载雷神AI电混2.0等最前沿科技成果，成就美学家轿新标杆、节能家轿新标杆、大空间家轿新标杆、智能家轿新标杆、全球架构家轿新标杆，以超越用户期待的产品实力，颠覆混动家轿市场。
+* 吉利银河A7以2.67L量产最低馈电油耗，2100+km超长综合续航，2845mm超长轴距等越级体验，必将成为主流市场最强家轿。
+
+## 重塑家轿新标杆，引领电混家轿进入新时代
+
+### 节能家轿新标杆：2L级馈电油耗，2100+km超长续航
+
+* 首发搭载雷神AI电混2.0，全球最低馈电油耗2.67L/100km，每公里不到2毛钱。
+
+* 满油满电综合续航2100+km，同级领先CLTC纯电续航150km。
+
+* 全球量产热效率最高电混专用发动机，热效率高达47.26%。
+
+* 11合1混动电驱，175kW电驱功率，双端Xpin扁线绕组，效率高达93.1%，无级升压模块，馈电加速不受限。
+
+* 星睿AI云动力2.0，超1000种AI场景引擎全局寻优，行业首发无图决策，有图无图都能省。
+
+### 大空间家轿新标杆：同级最大车长轴距，B级尺寸C级空间
+
+* 「中国椅」10层棉花糖SPA座椅，同级唯一超舒适10层棉花糖SPA座椅，同级唯一50万级腰背臀腿一体式14点SPA级指压按摩，同级最多8种按摩模式，95mm同级最大浮点顶起高度。
+
+* 4918mm同级最长车身长度，2845mm同级最长轴距，84.87%实现同级最大内部空间。
+
+* 同级最大后排腿部空间950mm，同级最大后排膝部空间132mm，后排纯平地板，媲美C级车的后排空间体验。
+
+* 全车28处储物空间，同级最大535L后备箱，后排座椅支持4:6比例放倒，后备箱拓展空间达988L。
+
+### 智能家轿新标杆：全新银河Flyme Auto智能座舱系统 | 搭载千里浩瀚智能安全辅助驾驶
+
+* 银河Flyme Auto智能座舱系统：新增widget大卡，操作更便捷，信息获取更方便。
+
+* 15.4英寸2.5K高清中控屏：2560*1600px高清分辨率，120Hz高刷新率，龙鹰一号座舱芯片。
+
+* 吉利首发高德810地图导航：支持可视化车道引导、巡航红绿灯、智能播报等功能。
+
+* 16.6英寸大画幅W-HUD：12000nit亮度，支持导航、红绿灯读秒、到达时间、档位等12种信息显示。
+
+* Flyme Sound无界之声定制16扬音响：7.1立体环绕声，1000W功放，主驾音乐头枕，4种模式可选；
+
+* 手车互联全家桶：Hicar、Carlink、Flyme Link、Carplay (OTA) 全覆盖。
+
+* 哨兵模式：实时监测车辆周围潜在风险，提前开启视频录制，7x24小时守护爱车安全。
+
+* HNOA高速领航驾驶辅助：进出匝道全局规划，危险场景提前远离，实时感知智能决策，辅助驾驶畅行无阻，高速驾驶轻松安全。
+
+* 全场景泊车：覆盖360+种车位，支持离车泊入、指尖泊车、遥控泊车等；不惧窄位、斜角、弯道、机械车位，一键泊车快准稳，停车难题全化解。
+
+* AES自动紧急避让：100km/h极限避让速度，支持连续两次变道，提升主动安全上限。
+
+### 全球架构家轿新标杆：GEA全球智能新能源架构首款插混轿车
+
+* 同级唯一油、电、烟路分离设计，“六横四纵”油电保险舱，正向设计开发带来原生安全。
+
+* 神盾电池安全系统，首批获得电池安全新国标认证，100+项全场景极限工况测试，实现针刺不燃，水泡不漏，跌落不炸、火烧不着。
+
+* 同级唯一动力冗余技术，P1、P3电机与发动机互为备份，拒绝EV受限，动力不丢失。
+
+* 加强型麦弗逊悬挂，同级最小前悬抗点头角4.7°，抑制急刹车头俯仰，提升乘坐舒适性。
+
+* 前后悬挂共布置46处软连接，前后悬挂使用了大衬套，直径增加38%以上，大幅提升驾乘舒适性。
+
+* 41.13°同级最大内轮转向角，同级最小转弯半径5.3m，直窄路掉头一把过。
+
+* 麋鹿测试通过成绩达到80.2km/h；零百制动距离仅为34.4m。
+
+## “2L闯全球”实测验证标杆实力
+
+### 日本挑战节油纪录，2L级实测油耗击败普锐斯
+
+* 7月2日，吉利银河A7在日本东京的首都高环线凭借百公里2.47L实测油耗，打败了吉尼斯节油世界纪录保持者丰田普锐斯，成为全球最节能家轿。
+
+### 德国挑战品质标杆 路特斯调校驾乘超越帕萨特
+
+* 采用业内领先的悬架系统调校技术，将空气动力学代入现代车辆设计提升车辆过弯性能与行驶稳定性，兼顾舒适性与操控性，同时创新融合吉利的“三步VD开发理念”，实现“人车一体”的驾控体验。
+
+### 新疆挑战严苛环境，续航达成率超100%
+
+* 吉利银河A7从新疆昌吉出发，最终到达乌鲁木齐，全程行驶2150.2公里，平均气温为39℃实测累计平均油耗为2.6L/100km，最终表显剩余里程58km，续航达成率104.78%。
+
+## 十大越级满配
+
+* 千里浩瀚智能安全辅助驾驶
+* 14点SPA级前排座椅按摩
+* 16扬Flyme Sound 无界之声定制音响*
+* 1b.b央J大画幅HUD抬头显示
+* 19英寸豪华多幅轮毂+马牌轮胎
+* 超大可开启全景天窗+电动遮阳帘
+* 256色星瀑式氛围灯
+* 15.4英寸2.5K高清中控屏
+* 50W手机无线快充
+* 2.3m同级最长一体式贯穿前灯
+
+## 吉利银河A7 亮点配置表
+
+| 版型 | 70km 豪享版 | 70km 启航版 | 70km 探索版 | 150km 尊享版 | 150km 远航版 | 150km 探索+版 | 150km 星舰版 | | 预售先享提车价 | 9.78万元 | 10.38万元 | 11.38万元 | 11.38万元 | 11.98万元 | 12.58万元 | 13.38万元 | | 架构 | GEA全球智能新能源架构 | | 电池技术 | 神盾电池安全系统 首批电池安全新国标认证 | | 动力系统 | 雷神AI电混2.0 | | 车机系统 | 银河Flyme Auto智能座舱 | | 轴距 | 2845mm | | CLTC亏电油耗 | 2.67L/100km | 2.8L/100km | | 综合续航 | 2100+km | | 豪华配置 | 17英寸轮毂基础辅助驾驶银河Flume Auto智能座舱系统棉花糖皮质座椅外后视镜电动折叠540°全景影像 | 17英寸轮毂千里浩瀚智能辅助驾驶系统银河Flyme Auto智能座舱系统15.4英寸中控屏外后视镜电动折叠540°全景影像 | 16扬Flume Sound无界之声可开启全景天窗千里浩瀚智能辅助驾驶系统前排通风加热前排座椅电动调节DMS疲劳监测 | 16扬Flume Sound无界之声18英寸轮毂基础辅助驾驶可开启全景天窗雨量感应式雨刷外后视镜电动折叠 | 16扬Flume Sound无界之声18英寸轮毂千里浩瀚智能辅助驾驶系统可开启全景天窗雨量感应式雨刷外后视镜电动折叠 | 16扬Flume Sound无界之声16.6英寸HUD千里浩瀚智能辅助驾驶系统前排通风加热前排座椅电动调节50W手机快充 | 16扬无界之声19英寸马牌轮胎千里浩瀚智能辅助驾驶系统前排座椅按摩主驾座椅记忆256色氛围灯 | | 订金礼 | 下订即享500元抵1500元订金券 | | 重磅礼 | 限时免费享价值8800元16扬Flyme Sound无界之声(除70km 豪享版、70km 启航版除外) | | 升舱礼 | 限时免费享价值2000-5000元配置升级 |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_27.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_27.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69209f5aac386987e919ef1d9234eac3c1959d4e
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+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_27.md
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# 【民生】嘉峪关市市长刘凯:在全市持续解决群众身边“小事难办”问题、提升群众诉求办理质效工作推进会上的讲话
+
+刘凯 交个稿友 2025年08月13日 07:32 江苏
+
+
+## “小事”不“难办”，城市更“幸福”——在全市持续解决群众身边“小事难办”问题、提升群众诉求办理质效工作推进会上的讲话（根据录音整理）
+嘉峪关市市长 刘 凯
+（2025年8月6日）
+
+今年2月，春节后的第一会，我们召开了“解决群众身边‘小事难办’问题、提升群众诉求办理质效工作”会议，今天我们再次召开专题会议，目的就是对这半年来的工作做一全面盘点、总结，广泛听取各方面特别是一线干部职工的感受体会和意见建议，进一步统一思想、振奋精神、明确目标，以更加精细有力的举措，持续解决好群众身边的“小事难办”问题，切实提升群众诉求办理质效，让群众感受到实实在在的获得感、幸福感，让我们嘉峪关这座城市更具温暖、更富深情、更加幸福。
+
+刚才，我们一起观看了《我为群众办实事》的专题片，虽然我们只从办过的群众诉求中选了3个案例，但真切地反映出我们相关部
+交个稿友
+赞分享推荐写留言
+
+出，群众饱含深情，甚至眼含热泪的一句句“感谢”，是对我们工作最大的认可与点赞。这份双向奔赴的感动，我相信在座的每一个人都已为之动容。正如我上次会上强调的：对全市来说，这些诉求或许只是1%、0.1%的小概率事件，但对群众而言，却是关乎他们100%的利益和感受；只有办好这1%、0.1%的问题，我们才能赢得群众100%的支持和信任。我想这一点，从刚才8位一线同志饱含真情的发言中也能得到充分印证。他们的发言没有华丽的辞藻、没有精妙的技巧，但字里行间却时刻体现着对群众的深情和对工作的热爱，我们能感受到他们在解决完群众诉求时那种无法言表的成就感、获得感，这种感觉令人感动，也让我深受启发。下面，结合这半年来的群众诉求办理工作，我想再从三个方面与大家共同交流一些我的体会和感受：
+第一个方面：谈谈“收获”，我们服务群众过程中有哪些成效和感动。记得上次会议最后我用三句话与大家共勉：把群众呼声当“哨声”，哨响必到；把群众小事当“大事”，事不过夜；把群众笑容当“答卷”，日夜赶考。那么半年过去了，我们交出的“答卷”到底怎么样？我的感觉是“远超预期”！这半年来，全市上下聚焦群众身边“急难愁盼”问题，坚持换位思考和有解思维，以务实举措打通堵点、纾解痛点、化解难点，逐步实现了从“小事难办”到“小事快办”，再到“急事细办”“难事实办”的转变，将服务群众的“最后一公里”变为“最暖一公里”。总的来说，我感觉有4个方面的“收获”。
+
+一是群众收获了实实在在的幸福感。政策好不好，要看群众是愁还是笑；工作实不实，要看群众是怨还是赞。从12345政务服务便民热线的快速响应到网民留言反馈问题的高效办理；从“跑一次没办成”兜底服务窗口的托底攻坚到部门协作的难题化解，我们始终把群众身边的“关键小事”当作“头等大事”来抓，目的就是让群众的生活更加便利、更加幸福。上半年，全市受理各类群众诉求3.67万件，12345政务服务便民热线工单按时办结率、群众满意率均居全省首位，网民感谢信件数量、线上点赞量实现同比大幅增长，市政务服务中心收到企业、群众表扬感谢类留言超过2024年全年总量的4倍。这些感谢信和留言大部分我都认真看过，其中有很多语言说得都很朴实，有的甚至还有错别字，但正因为如此，其中流露出的感情才更显得真实、可信、可感。这里，我也摘选了几条，**比如**，“孩子刚出生，妻子还在坐月子，天气突然降温，暖气也坏了……供热维修师傅不到半小时就上了门，蜷着身子仔细维修，汗一直淌也顾不上擦……看着温度计上的数字一点点上升，宝宝的小手热了，我的心里也暖了。”**还比如**，“小区南门没路口，进出很不方便。抱着试试看的心态在网上留言，没想到工作人员很快赶到现场走访调研、商量对策，没几天路口就开好了……现在邻居们进出更方便，老人买菜不用绕远路，大家过马路也安心。”**再比如**，“之前我对医院护理水平的尖锐批评，政府并没有回避，而是将我的几句抱怨化作改进动力……现在再去医院，明显感觉解答更耐心了，动作更轻柔了，效率也更高了”。**还有**刚才车管所晓英同志分享的案例中，那名当事人的感谢信写得很长、很动情，也让我印象特别深刻，他写道：“此次短暂归国探亲，再次踏上嘉峪关的热土，所见所感让我深受感动……拿到证件那一刻，我深切地感受到，我的家乡已变得如此美丽，又如此温暖人心。”这一封封情真意切的感谢信，一条条发自肺腑的点赞留言，见证着群众的“问题清单”正加速转化为触手可及的“幸福清单”。从过去“诉求难办”的焦虑不安与“办了就行”的底线预期，到如今“马上就办”的安心踏实和“办就办好”的喜出望外，群众发出的是“暖气更热了”“灯更亮了”“路更宽了”“气更顺了”“办事更快，更方便了”的由衷赞叹，收获的是发自内心的信任感和幸福感，是生长于此、居住于此的情感归属与身份认同。我认为这无疑是最根本，也最具温度的收获。
+
+二是干部收获了成就满满的获得感。上次会上我强调过，“办理群众诉求最重要的是要学会换位思考，不轻易对群众说不。无论多高的职位、多大的权力，脱下这身官衣，我们也是普普通通的老百姓。”所以，很多时候，当我们遇到群众诉求的时候，把自己代入群众角度，换位思考去解决问题，心里就会有不一样的感受，特别是经过努力把问题解决之后，心里就会有一种特别的成就感、获得感。就像刚才群众感谢信中提到的“暖气不热了”“路不通了”“证办不了了”的问题，当我们把自己代入群众视角去协调解决的时候，就更能体会问题解决之后群众心里的那种如释重负的幸福。**比如**，刚才视频中第一位出现的赵大姐，为办房产证二十年时间四处碰壁，那种无助和辛酸只要换位思考一下都能感受得到。接到她的留言后，我们数据局、税务局、政府办的同志们，先后多次帮助赵大姐联系陕西杨凌的相关单位，甚至政务服务中心和税务局的同志当时还计划要是电话协调不了就陪同赵大姐前往陕西现场办理。幸而经过各方努力，通过杨凌示范区税务局联系到了原西域花园的开发商，成功为其开具了购房发票。事后，我也与相关单位的同志们交流，他们告诉我，当看到赵大姐捧着迟到二十年的房产证激动落泪的时候，大家都觉得所有奔走协调、跨省沟通都是值得的。我想视频中那些反反复复念叨着的“感谢”、那些无法言喻的感动，正是对我们干部辛劳付出的最好回馈，也是他们“成就感”“获得感”的最生动诠释。“脚下沾有多少泥土，心中就沉淀多少真情；手上解决多少难题，肩上就扛起多少责任”。从上半年12345政务服务便民热线的统计数据来看，我们平均每天要回应200多件群众诉求，这是很大的办理量。其中，很多可能都像刚才话务员李娜分享时讲的，是老人对几块钱水表维修费产生的质疑，是群众着急语速过快时的表达不清，还可能是电子发票在浏览器中打不开这样的小问题……听起来琐碎，甚至微不足道。但这些“小事”，却连着千家万户的心。从刚才李娜的发言中，我能感受到我们的话务员在用一遍遍的耐心倾听，一次次的温和解答，传递着真诚与温度，化解着矛盾与焦虑，点亮着希望与期盼。她们收获的不只是电话那头一句句真诚的“谢谢”，更是那份被信任、被认可的满足感。实话说，现在每周看到12345政务服务便民热线、网民留言办理和兜底服务窗口的工作简报，我都能深切地感受到同志们的辛苦和办理一些难题时的不容易，很多次都深深地感慨、感动，由衷地敬佩我们的工作人员。所以每次看完我都要在报告上、简报中写下我的意见和感受，至少要大大地写上“很好”两个字，以表达我对同志们耐心细致、认真扎实、饱含感情工作的认可和敬意。**记得**上次会上，我还因为兜底服务窗口设置的问题严厉批评了数据局和窗口的负责同志。但经过这半年的努力，以及视频中反映出的认真态度，还有刚才务实恳切的发言，我感受到的是兜底服务窗口的同志们把“办不成的事”努力“办成”、把“难缠的事”尽力“理顺”的硬实作风，是把群众的“烦心事”当成“心头事”、把“小诉求”作为“大责任”的尽职担当。**正如**车管所晓英同志分享感悟时说的几句话，我觉得特别好：“幸福是日复一日的坚持，看似普通平常，却汇聚了群众的信赖和城市的温度”“坐想千步，不如迈出一步”“以心换心，方得真心”。我想如果不是真心实意地为群众着想，那些评价和感谢又怎会如此真挚滚烫？如果不是矢志不渝地耐心服务，这些看似平常的温暖又怎能直抵人心？我认为大家在服务群众过程中收获的这份踏踏实实的成就感、获得感，正是推动我们全市各项事业行稳致远、快速发展的不竭动力。
+三是部门收获了协同运转的高效率。“小事难办”往往折射出的是机制运行的“堵点”、流程设计的“盲点”和协同联动的“断点”。我们持续解决“小事难办”问题，就是想以此为切入点，推动各部门各单位不断提高认识、完善机制、优化举措、转变作风，切实提升群众工作的质效。这半年来，各部门各单位聚焦责任不清、方法不当、推诿扯皮等问题，压紧压实“首接首办”责任，坚持“先办后议、一管到底”，心往一处想、劲往一处使，思路清晰、办法更多、干劲更足。让我们看到了服务响应在加速，跨部门的“壁垒”在打破，“信息孤岛”在联通，“踢皮球”现象在锐减，办事效率在提升。**比如**，今年上半年，某上市集团旗下4家4S店突然撤店，引发购车补贴无法兑现、售后维保断档等投诉密集，短时间内仅12345政务服务便民热线受理的相关投诉就高达260多件，经后来排查统计共涉及全市利益主体1500多人，如果处置不及时、不到位，极易引发群体事件和重大舆情。市大数据中心迅速响应，协调商务、市场监管、运管等多家单位启动“联动工单”机制。三个单位和大数据中心通力协作、分工负责，商务局负责补贴和优惠政策兑现等经济类诉求，市场监管局负责汽车质量和消费者权益保护引发的诉求，运管局负责汽车销售、维护养护类诉求。大数据中心还牵头与该上市集团进行协商，仅仅一周就创造性地形成了落地汽车销售客服中心的解决方案，不到一个月，后续维保服务全面承接到位，彻底排除了车主们的后顾之忧。从投诉集中爆发到问题圆满解决，各部门行动快、配合紧、措施实，不仅免去了群众“来回跑、多头问”的奔波之苦，更有效化解了潜在的群体性风险，真正维护了咱们嘉峪关百姓的利益，守护了群众的权益。**再比如**，针对新华北路缺少非机动车道、人车混行隐患突出的问题。政府办会同公安、住建、工业园区等部门现场办公、会商研判，充分采纳企业和居民职工的意见。短短14天，道路平整、非机动车道铺设、交通信号灯安装、绿化带完善等多项工作齐头并进、一气呵成。仅用一个半月，就让这条困扰群众和企业多年的“揪心路”变成了“安心路”，获得群众和企业的一致好评。**特别是**今年以来，我们持续用情用力推动群众诉求办理工作提质增效。**像**12345政务服务便民热线，通过“即办件”机制倒逼各单位服务提速升温。诸如供水供暖、环境卫生、设施维修等这些群众天天有感的“关键小事”，办理时长从原来的3个工作日，大幅压缩到现在的1天内办结；各单位平均办件时长缩短了近1/5（19%），群众满意率更是提升了1.2个百分点。大家别小看了这1.2%，它代表着的是436位市民的点赞、436个家庭的认可，也是436句发自内心的感谢！**还有**咱们兜底服务窗口，能够主动当好企业群众的“跑腿员”。上半年累计办理跨市州、跨省的事项就有50件，占比46.7%，极大降低了企业群众的时间成本、交通成本和沟通成本，给企业节省了大量生产经营时间，让群众感受到政务服务不仅有速度、更有温度。通过部门间的协同联动和各项机制的高效运行，一些过去看似“不可能完成的任务”得到了圆满解决，一些曾经的“烫手山芋”如今也能从容应对。可以说，诉求办理的顺畅高效，已经成为衡量我们服务群众能力水平的重要标尺，更是我们不断提升服务温度、增强群众获得感幸福感的坚实支撑。
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+四是城市收获了万众一心的凝聚力。不积跬步，无以至千里；不积小流，无以成江海。当每一个平凡的心声都能被温柔倾听，每一个微小的诉求都能被真诚回应，蓄积的就是一座城市快速发展的磅礴力量。**今年2月**，一位在嘉峪关生活了十年的外地人，因户籍问题未享受过咱们景区的优惠政策。接到他的留言后，市文旅局主动伸手，不仅耐心细致地解释了惠民政策，更贴心主动协调社区和派出所，帮助他办理了居住证。游览归来，他专门表达了感谢，说政府的服务让他真切感受到了“嘉”的归属感。**还有**今年咱们嘉峪关长城马拉松报名结束后，很多外地跑友给我留言，特别遗憾没有能够抢到参赛名额。为了不让这份热爱落空，体育局还特地在线上组织了二次补录。虽然名额依然紧张，但这份真诚的回应与努力，赢得了跑友们的理解与期待，纷纷表示明年一定要再来嘉峪关参加马拉松。**今年端午**，一位远在新疆的西安籍年轻妈妈，为了给孩子接种疫苗，怀着忐忑的心情联系了我们。因新疆地处高海拔地区无法接种乙型脑炎疫苗，而返回西安又有感染风险，希望途经嘉峪关时为女儿接种并顺道旅游。政务服务中心卫健窗口迅速联系疾控中心，通过电话对孩子健康状况进行了细致评估，并在端午节假期开辟绿色通道，为孩子完成了接种。事后回访，这位母亲已带女儿平安回到西安，她还在电话中提到，接种过程周到又贴心，下次一定还会再来嘉峪关！我觉得“下次再来”，就胜过了千言万语。这些看似微小的需求能得到如此及时、精准且充满感情的回应，正是我们嘉峪关之所以能留住人、吸引人的魅力所在。**上个月**，全市重点企业生产经营情况调研过程中，祁连山水泥厂负责人说了这么一句话，“从没见过哪一个地方的政府部门对企业服务如此主动，能够想尽办法帮企业解决问题。”在英斯特公司调研时，相关负责人说，“我们下定决心将锌铝镁光伏边框生产线从现在的1条扩展到4条，最主要的原因还是在于嘉峪关市政府的服务精神让企业很放心，让我们能够安心生产、安心经营。”这几句话说得很朴实，也很真诚，既是对我们工作的肯定，也是对嘉峪关发展环境的认可，更是对嘉峪关未来发展的期望。**还有**今年以来，咱们很多大型餐饮企业都面临经营困境，像新华路上的瑞景酒店，就直接把特色菜摆在门口，进行堂食外卖，据说生意还特别火爆，日营业额相较过去直接翻了一番。为确保企业规范经营，市场监管局、商务局、城市管理局等部门靠前服务、灵活处置，为酒店划定了户外经营区域，既保障了企业权益，又维护了市场秩序，更放大了咱们这座城市的烟火气与人情味。这份用心对待和灵活处置，引发的是推动城市发展环境不断优化的“蝴蝶效应”。今年上半年，全市经济社会保持快速发展，**像**固定资产投资、房地产开发投资、金融业增加值增速等多项经济指标明显高于全国、全省平均水平；营商环境便利度更是排名全省第2，综合信用指数直接跃居全国261个地级市第7位。**还有**咱们的文旅产业在多重挑战下逆势上扬，五一前夕全新上线关城夜游2.0版本，引发国内主流媒体竞相报道、收获游客广泛好评；第三届嘉峪关长城马拉松、第十六届国际铁人三项赛等重大赛事的成功举办，持续激活了第三产业的增长动能，咱们城市的知名度与美誉度正在持续攀升。也正因为如此，很多人选择了“用脚”投票，咱们嘉峪关成为全省除兰州以外唯一的人口正增长的市州。特别是今年毕业季，选择回到嘉峪关、扎根嘉峪关的优秀青年与高校毕业生数量明显增多，人才引进与校园招聘吸引力大幅增强，很多985、211院校毕业生，甚至名牌高校和海归人才都选择在嘉峪关就业发展。可以说咱们嘉峪关“发展放心、办事贴心、生活舒心”的口碑，正在转化为实实在在的人才引力、投资魅力和发展活力。
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+回顾这半年，我们倾注心力办理的，或许是“一盏灯”“一条路”“一份证明”，但托举的是千家万户的“稳稳幸福”。从年初我们提出“小事”不“小视”，到现在“小事”不“难办”、“小事”暖心办，这份沉甸甸的收获，不仅仅是解决具体问题“量的积累”，更是服务理念、治理效能、城市形象“质的提升”，凝聚着大家的心血与汗水，也是我们接续奋斗、乘势而上的强大信心和底气！在此，我代表市政府向所有为我们这座城市努力奋斗、倾情付出的同志们致以最诚挚的感谢和最崇高的敬意！谢谢大家！
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+第二个方面：谈谈“不足”，看看“小事难办”背后的问题和根源到底是什么。习近平总书记在《之江新语》中这样写道：“对老百姓来说，他们身边每一件琐碎的小事，都是实实在在的大事，有的甚至还是急事、难事。”正因如此，我们1件办不成的“小事”，便足以消解100件办成“好事”所积累的信任；1次推诿拖延的回应，很可能浇灭群众对政府所有的期待。所以，上次会上我特意强调“要让群众的诉求有地说、有人听、有人办，形成一个群众诉求收集、反映、处置的闭环机制”。半年过去了，从刚才我们谈到的收获来看，效果还是不错的。但做群众工作是一个长期长效、不断提升的过程，其中也会不断出现各种新问题、新诉求，所以我们也必须不断进行反思，努力完善我们的机制、提升我们的能力、改进我们的举措。下面，我想通过三个问题与大家共同进行“反思”。
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+第一个问题：为什么还会出现这么多“小事难办”问题？从今年兜底服务窗口诉求办理情况来看，截至目前，共受理企业和群众反映的各类问题和疑难事项107件。其中，与群众日常生活密切相关的社保缴费、医保报销、燃气改造、水表更换、“两新补贴”发放、宅基地变更等问题占比43.9%，几乎占到了一半。而其中有很大一部分都是各单位各部门的“分内之事”和“应尽之责”，但却成了“难事”，需要兜底服务窗口进行“兜底”。**比如**，今年2月，一位个体经营户申办食品小摊点证时，因持有的营业执照经营者为其本人，而店铺租赁合同签约方为其妻子，被窗口工作人员以“营业执照经营者与租赁合同签署者不是同一人”为由，告知无法办理。这件事虽然最终通过兜底服务窗口，将营业执照经营方式由“个人经营”变更为“家庭经营”，使其妻子签署的租赁合同符合规定，当场办理了证件，但反映出的却是相关部门窗口服务人员对政策理解的僵化、对群众诉求的漠视和对群众工作的不负责任。我们一再强调，窗口服务人员执行规定没有错，但在简单答复“必须变更租赁合同签署人，否则不予办理”时，有没有想过还有其他办法？有没有想过一句简单的答复，群众就得联系房东，甚至缴纳违约金，重新签订合同，再跑几趟我们的大厅？这虽然是一件小事，但窗口单位工作人员服务群众意识的缺失、“灵活处置”能力的不足，非常值得我们反思。**再如**，同样是今年2月，一位因工作变动来我市的申请人，想将四川省的医保关系及账户余额转移到现单位。兜底服务窗口现场联系对接市医保局和四川省华蓥市医保局，确定由我市发起申请、对方线上确认后即可转移。工作人员随即帮助申请人线上提交了转入申请，并完成了医保账户转移。虽然事情办结、群众满意，但我还想问一句，为什么这么多涉及群众日常生活的基本业务最终要靠兜底服务窗口来协调？难道各单位的窗口不能办理？难道只有兜底服务窗口才能跨部门、跨省市协调联系？显然不是。这些诉求的增多，恰恰折射出的是我们基层服务中，个别部门和干部该干的业务没有干好，该履行的职责没有履行到位，该一次性告知的没有说明白。群众眼中的“小事难办”，往往不是政策本身有多复杂，而是我们相关部门和工作人员缺乏“把方便让给群众、把麻烦留给自己”的共情意识；不是流程真的走不通，而是执行中少了“主动想办法、灵活解难题”的工作思维；不是问题本身无解，而是落实中缺了“把规定用活、把服务做细”的能力素养。
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+第二个问题：小事难办到底难办在哪？核心在于我们一些单位和干部仍然不担当、不作为，面对难题时能推就推、一拖再拖，最后小事拖大、易事变难。据我了解，在年初我们受理的诉求中有这样一个问题，一对外地户籍、长期在嘉峪关生活的中年夫妇，因女方改名导致结婚证与身份证姓名不一致。到婚姻登记处补办结婚证时，被要求提供“两个名字系同一人”的证明。他们先跑社区、再跑派出所开具了相关证明。再去办理时又让到档案馆查结婚档案。档案馆翻遍资料也没找到相关档案。回到登记处时，工作人员又让他们去乡镇开证明。到了镇上，镇上又说：“2人非本市农村户籍且无登记机构，无法出具婚姻关系合法证明”。这对夫妇只能拨打投诉电话反映问题。虽然最后镇上开具了证明，婚姻登记处也补办了证件，但是对群众来说，这是一次极差的办事体验。可能，咱们婚姻登记处和乡镇都觉得委屈，严格执行政策、避免可能出现的“失误”有什么错？这就是我经常说的，这样做你们“没错”，但也“不对”。你们想过没有，这样简单的对群众说“不”，是可以避免工作的“失误”和“责任”，但就让群众在市区和乡镇间反复折腾，不仅浪费了时间，更消磨了群众对政府的信任。我常常在想，这些“小事”到底难在哪？是具体问题复杂？还是机制不够顺畅？或是干部作风不扎实？像上次会上我指出的医院便民门诊开药问题，为什么只有我专门督促了、批示了，安排暗访了，甚至在大会上点出来了，大家才能想尽办法去办理，而平时却拖拖拉拉、敷衍了事？说到底，根子在于一些干部责任心不强、担当意识不足，面对难题绕着走、碰到硬茬就退缩，没有真正把群众利益放在心上、扛在肩上；在于个别部门“一把手”嘴上重视、心里轻视，没有把严的要求和实的作风贯彻到全部门、落实到每个人。这种作风问题不解决，“小事”就会不断成为“难事”，群众的信任也会随之不断销蚀。
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+第三个问题：为什么一些难办的“小事”还在反复出现？从12345政务服务便民热线的统计数据来看，今年上半年，诉求受理量相较去年同期增加了2347件，同比增长6%。透过数据，说明企业群众对我们服务水平、诉求办理能力的信任在提升，也反映出一个必须正视的问题：我们的前端工作还存在明显短板。也就是说一些网格、物业、社区等基层单元的作用发挥不够到位，总是慢群众半拍，习惯“等问题上门”，一些本可通过主动巡查、提前介入解决的问题，转变为群众的反复投诉。**比如**，群众反映的碧水绿洲小区道路不平的问题，我想只要社区网格员和物业工作人员在日常巡查中多留一份心、早发现早上报，相关部门及早重视、及时介入处理，完全能够避免群众反复投诉；但现实是，问题总是等群众发现后、反映后、投诉后才被动处理。**再比如**，入夏以来，全市建筑施工频繁，仅7月，关于观山明月、远东华府、滨湖玫瑰园等工地施工噪音扰民的投诉就高达66件。应该说全市施工情况，住建和城管部门都了如指掌，为什么还会出现这么多同类的投诉？说到底，还是前期巡查检查不到位，对潜在问题发现不及时、解决不主动，导致群众反复投诉、问题反复出现。**还有像**群众反映的迎宾湖北门到湖面北侧有很多枯死树枝的问题，林草局也安排工作人员实地查看了，发现上述区域确实存在很多因病虫害和自然老化导致的枯死树枝，覆盖面积还比较大，都分布在休闲步道周边和湖边观景区附近。我认为迎宾湖景区肯定有专门的巡查人员和林木管护人员，发现这些问题应该是我们的职责所在，竟然还没有群众细心，一旦遇到大风天气这就是明显的安全隐患。从这半年群众诉求办理工作来看，我们诉求的收集、反映、处置闭环机制算是初步建立起来了，群众的问题也有地说、有人听、有人办了，但是办结后的长效机制建立得怎么样？我看还不够健全。**像**上次会上指出的消费卡退费的问题，上半年仍受理相关投诉451件，虽然都很快得到了处理，但为什么还会反复出现这样的问题？说明我们没有举一反三，没有真正形成前端约束机制和行之有效的应对措施。**还有像**群众反复投诉的占道经营问题，上半年累计投诉量就达到568件，平均一天至少3件。城管部门排查的全市流动摊点从业人员也只有750人，去掉三镇农民，也才600多人，这意味着上半年平均每个流动摊贩都被投诉近1次。当然，上次会后，城市管理局也积极研究，探索在我市设置“潮汐市场”，也取得了一定的效果。但相关问题仍然反复出现，说明这些长效机制的落地还需要下很大功夫。我认为根源就在于大家没有从“办结一件事”延伸到“治理一类事”，没有把“当下改”与“长久立”真正结合起来，还没有完全形成全流程管理闭环。
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+第三个方面：谈谈“目标”，我们提升诉求办理质量的宗旨和方向是什么。我们着力解决“小事难办”问题，归根结底是为了让民生温度更加可感可及，让发展成果惠及更广大的人民群众。就像我再三强调的“百姓的眉头舒展了，我们的工作才算合格；群众的笑脸多了，城市的幸福才算真实。”那么面向未来，我们究竟要朝着什么方向努力？要干到什么程度？我认为重点要体现在这四个维度：
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+一是追求“无事不扰”的治理境界，让群众在生活中更放心。“无事不扰”是优化营商环境的核心内容，我认为这一概念放在群众诉求办理工作中同样适用，甚至更为贴切。它要求我们转变观念，不做“时刻刷存在感”的管理者，而是当“润物细无声”的服务者。具体来说，就是要将“被动响应”变为“主动治理”，将“事后补救”变为“事前预防”。“但愿世间人无病，何妨架上药生尘”，这是晚清一位老中医写的对联，体现的是一种“悬壶济世”的情怀，就是说药铺不盼人生病却常备良药，我们政府服务的目标，也应该是通过精细化的日常治理，最大限度减少群众生活中烦心小事的发生频率；而一旦问题出现，服务又会像“药架上的常备药”一样随时可取、可靠管用。这需要我们各职能部门真正把身子沉下去、耳朵竖起来、眼睛擦亮些，在日常巡查走访、信息收集和政策宣传中，敏锐捕捉可能演变为“小诉求”的苗头性、倾向性问题，并化解在前端、消解于未然。正如那名网约车司机对杭州市政府的评价：“没事的时候你感觉不到政府的存在，有事的时候他一定在”“他从不扰民，但老百姓有问题的时候他一定第一时间出来解决”。唯有如此，我们才能真正让群众在“无事时”享受城市的安宁，在“有事时”感受政府的温度，让“小事办好”成为嘉峪关最鲜明的民生标识。
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+二是追求“有求必应”的服务速度，让群众遇到急难时更安心。群众反映的问题，无论大小，都关乎切身利益，都等不得、慢不得。如果说“无事不扰”是通过前端预防减少问题发生，那么“有求必应”就是要在问题出现时，以最快速度、最高效率为群众排忧解难。为此，我们要持续发力，打通部门间的信息壁垒，优化诉求流转流程，强化跨层级、跨领域的协同联动，对群众反映的每一个问题，都做到第一时间响应、第一时间核查、第一时间处理，坚决杜绝推诿扯皮、“击鼓传花”。而从更深层次来说，“有求必应”远不止于“快”，更在于“一定行”。**就像**嘉东工业园区铄耀泽公司因天然气未接通严重影响企业生产经营，以及金色佳苑小区长期水压低造成生活不便等问题。看似是具体领域的“小麻烦”，却直接关系着企业群众的安全感与对政府的信任感。相关部门接到问题反映后都第一时间进行了处理，问题得到了很好地解决。昨天，我也到现场进行了走访，企业和群众对我们所做的工作都很满意，也很认可。所以，面对群众的诉求，我们要做的，就是确保每一个诉求都有“落脚点”。无论是12345政务服务便民热线、市长信箱、兜底服务窗口这样的“主渠道”，还是社区网格、部门窗口这些“前沿哨”，都要成为群众诉求的“第一响应点”；无论是“首接首办”的常规流程，还是“兜底攻坚”的特殊情形，都要确保“件件有回应、事事有着落”。这不仅是对企业群众的基本承诺，更是政府公信力的生命线。当“有求必应”成为常态，“小事难办”自然无处遁形。
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+三是追求“办就办好”的工作标准，让群众在办事时更省心。“办就办好”要求我们不仅要把事办结，更要办得漂亮、办到群众心坎上，经得起时间和群众的检验。**首先**，是要持续提升专业能力，这是“办好”的基础支撑。要深刻理解政策法规的核心要义，熟练掌握业务办理的全流程规范，更要锤炼灵活运用政策解决实际问题的真本领，坚决避免因业务不精、政策不清导致“好心办坏事”或机械执行政策伤了群众心。**其次**，是要提升服务温度，这是“办好”的情感内核。始终站在群众立场思考问题，用“将心比心”代替“这不行那不行”，用“马上就办”代替“再研究研究”，用“我帮您办”代替“这不归我管”。在依法依规的前提下，多想想群众跑腿的辛苦、等待的焦虑和问题没解决的失落，尽可能简化流程、减少折腾，尽最大努力将群众诉求办细办实办到位。**最后**，要注重长效管理，这是“办好”的根本路径。对反复出现的同类问题，绝不能满足于“头疼医头、脚疼医脚”的个案解决，更不能止步于“办完就行”的短期成效，必须深入剖析问题根源，举一反三，通过完善制度、优化流程、堵塞漏洞，推动从解决“一件事”向办好“一类事”转变，真正实现标本兼治，让群众的“幸福感”更可持续。
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+四是追求“共治共享”的治理格局，让群众在参与中更暖心。我们着力解决“小事难办”问题，最终还是要体现在提升基层治理效能上。而最关键的就是要打破政府“单打独斗”模式，通过多元参与，推动群众从“旁观者”转变为“主人翁”。这在我们群众诉求办理工作中就有很好的例子。**比如**，在办理“五一社区无室内乒乓球运动场地”的诉求时，我们街道社区秉持“大家的事大家商量着办”的原则，主动与辖区居民充分沟通协商，通过盘活、调整和改造社区现有场地，购置乒乓球桌等设施，回应了居民诉求。昨天我到现场，看到叔叔阿姨们在那打球，“老有所乐”的幸福场景让我们都由衷地高兴。给我留言的张阿姨昨天在医院看病，没有见上面，但她还是托信访局马局长给我转来了信息，看到她们因为没地方打球就觉得“我们老了不中用了，没人喜欢了”，我心里就一揪，看到问题解决后她们又发自内心地说“非常感谢、非常感动、特别温暖，激动得想要落泪”，我就觉得这件事我们做得真值得，真的要给钢城街道和五一社区的同志们说声谢谢。**再比如**，今年4月，市交通局在组织城市公共出行工具服务质量专项治理“每月一题”评议会时，专门邀请市人大代表、政协委员、市民代表等多方参与，通过组织乘坐公交车、出租车，以实际乘坐体验和与司机沟通交流的方式，让代表委员和市民群众切实感受到了“每月一题”的工作成效。还有我们在基层治理中形成的“铁大叔议事团”“幸福树下话幸福”等多个议事协商品牌，搭建了便捷高效的参与平台，让居民群众的意见有地方说、说得上话，也使决策更接地气、更合民意。当群众亲身感受到自己的声音被倾听、建议被采纳、行动能改变身边的环境时，这种发自内心的“参与感”“归属感”，正是化解“小事难办”问题最深厚、最持久的力量源泉，也是形成共治共享治理格局最坚实的基础。
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+同志们，经过半年的努力，我们已经不能仅满足于“小事”的不“小视”，而是要全力以赴将“小事”办成“暖事”；不仅要让城市持续升温，更是要用辛勤的付出托举起全市百姓实实在在的幸福。希望大家继续坚守这份责任，俯下身、沉下心，把群众的每一件“小事”都当作“心头大事”，每一个“诉求”都视为“分内责任”；少一些“按部就班”的套路，多一些“主动上门”的温暖；少一些“推诿扯皮”的借口，多一些“握指成拳”的担当；少一些“办完就行”的凑合，多一些“办就办好”的较真，让生活在嘉峪关和来到嘉峪关的每一个人都真切地感受到：这座城市，始终有人懂你的期盼，护你的冷暖！
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+来源：嘉峪关市政府网
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+素材来源官方媒体/网络新闻
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_29.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_29.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7f9dcec4d7cf96014c4c959d14c4f325a240444e
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+# 【社会】国家信访局局长李文章:充分发挥信访工作反映社情民意“晴雨表”作用
+
+李文章 交个稿友 2025年08月14日 07:31 江苏
+
+## 充分发挥信访工作反映社情民意“晴雨表”作用
+
+**中央社会工作部副部长，国家信访局党组书记、局长 李文章**
+
+**(2025年8月11日)**
+
+坚持以人民为中心的发展思想,是由我们党的性质和宗旨决定的。信访工作是党的群众工作的重要组成部分,信访制度是践行党的群众路线的具体制度形式。新时代新征程,我们要坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,学习贯彻习近平总书记关于加强和改进人民信访工作的重要思想,把坚持以人民为中心的发展思想贯穿信访工作之中,充分发挥信访工作反映社情民意“晴雨表”作用,顺应群众所思所想所忧所盼,解决群众反映强烈的突出问题,筑牢党的执政根基。
+
+### 坚持人民至上是信访工作的根本立场
+
+党的根基在人民、血脉在人民、力量在人民,人民是党执政兴国的最大底气。信访工作由联系人民群众而生、因服务人民群众而兴。信访工作践行以人民为中心的发展思想,必须把人民立场作为
+
+交个稿友 赞 分享 推荐 写留言
+
+
+践行党的性质和宗旨的必然要求。马克思主义认为,人民群众是历史的创造者。马克思主义政党的权力是人民赋予的,一切理论和奋斗都应致力于实现以劳动人民为主体的最广大人民的根本利益。中国共产党自成立之日起,就始终把全心全意为人民服务作为我们党的根本宗旨,把群众路线作为我们党的生命线和根本工作路线。我们党历来高度重视信访工作,在革命、建设、改革的各个历史时期都将信访工作视为密切党和政府与人民群众联系的重要桥梁和纽带。毛泽东指出,必须重视人民的通信,要给人民来信以恰当的处理,满足群众的正当要求。党的十八大以来,在以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下,信访工作为民解难、为党分忧的核心职责更加明晰,人民信访为人民的价值导向更加凸显,在服务党和国家工作大局、维护群众合法权益、化解信访突出问题、促进社会和谐稳定方面发挥了重要作用。新时代新征程,必须把信访工作作为贯彻党的群众路线、密切党同人民群众血肉联系的重要渠道,不断提升为民谋利、为民办事、为民解忧的能力水平,为党长期执政夯实坚实群众基础。
+
+发展全过程人民民主的必然要求。党的十八大以来,我们党深化对民主政治发展规律的认识,提出全过程人民民主的重大理念。习近平总书记强调,“中国治理之所以取得举世瞩目的成就,很重要的一条经验就是,在中国共产党领导下走中国特色社会主义政治发展道路,坚持和发展全过程人民民主”。我国全过程人民民主不仅有完整的制度程序,而且有完整的参与实践,是最广泛、最真实、最管用的社会主义民主。作为我国民主政治制度的一项重要内容,信访制度是群众权利救济的重要补充渠道,也是党和政府丰富民主形式、拓宽民主渠道、接受民主监督、健全民主制度的重要载体。新时代新征程,必须坚持人民主体地位,正确处理新形势下人民内部矛盾,努力把矛盾纠纷化解在基层、化解在萌芽状态,引导人民群众通过理性合法途径表达利益诉求、维护合法权益,充分体现人民意志、保障人民权益、激发人民创造活力,主动接受人民监督,把人民当家作主具体地、现实地体现到实现人民对美好生活向往的工作上来。
+
+维护社会和谐稳定的必然要求。习近平总书记指出,“当前群众通过信访渠道反映出来的信访突出问题,既有新动向,也有老难题,但都事关群众切身利益,事关社会和谐稳定”。如果群众反映的信访问题久拖未决、矛盾任其发展,个别性事件就可能激化为群体性事件,局部性问题就可能转化为全局性问题,非对抗性矛盾就可能转化为对抗性矛盾,不仅会影响社会的和谐,而且还可能影响大局的稳定。新时代新征程,我们必须始终从群众的立场考虑问题,加大保障和改善民生力度,妥善协调各方面利益关系,认真对待群众的合理合法诉求,正确处理好维权和维稳的关系,从源头上预防和减少社会矛盾,努力营造安定团结的社会氛围。
+
+### 信访工作是了解民情、集中民智、维护民利、凝聚民心的一项重要工作
+
+信访是送上门来的群众工作。通过信访工作了解民情、集中民智、维护民利、凝聚民心,必须主动倾听群众呼声、了解群众疾苦,摸清群众愿望和诉求,更好为群众服务,把送上门来的群众工作做实做好。
+
+信访工作是倾听民声、了解民情的重要窗口。习近平总书记指出,“我们的工作和决策必须以人民利益为重、以人民期盼为念”。倾听民声、了解民情,就是要把群众的安危冷暖时刻放在心上,把党和政府的温暖送到千家万户。要充分发挥党密切联系群众的优势,坚持到群众中去、到实践中去,听民声、察民情、访民意,更好地汇集群众反映集中的问题、发现亟待解决的难点,让各项决策部署集中民智、反映民意,更好满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要。
+
+信访工作是吸纳民意、汇集众智的重要平台。习近平总书记强调,“始终保持同人民群众的血肉联系,始终接受人民批评和监督,始终同人民同呼吸、共命运、心连心”。人民群众身处实践最前沿,对实践变化感知最敏感、感受最深切,也最聪慧,只要走到人民群众中去,很多百思不得其解的问题就能豁然开朗、找到答案。吸纳民意、汇集众智,就是要广泛听取群众的呼声和愿望,汇集群众的真知灼见,准确把握群众诉求的新变化新特点、信访形势的新动态新情况,真正把群众面临的问题发现出来,把群众的意见反映上来,把群众创造的经验总结出来,把群众的智慧和力量转化为宝贵执政资源。
+
+信访工作是维护权益、防范风险的重要渠道。习近平总书记强调,“检验我们一切工作的成效,最终都要看人民是否真正得到了实惠,人民生活是否真正得到了改善,人民权益是否真正得到了保障”。信访反映民生,民生关乎民心,民心连着党心。信访工作是正确处理新形势下人民内部矛盾的重要途径。维护权益、防范风险,就是要始终把解决好人民群众最关心最直接最现实的利益问题摆在突出位置,聚焦群众反映的急难愁盼问题,带着感情和责任为群众排忧解难,解决好影响国家安全、社会安定、人民安宁的信访突出问题,不断筑牢社会和谐稳定的坚实基础。
+
+信访工作是凝聚民心、筑牢同心的重要桥梁。民心是最大的政治。民心向背是影响社会稳定和发展的关键因素,凝聚民心不仅是社会治理的重要策略,也是实现国家发展和民族复兴的关键所在。信访问题大多是关乎群众切身利益的民生问题,政策制定得好不好、问题解决得好不好,群众最有发言权。凝聚民心、筑牢同心,就是要求我们着力提高信访工作的质量和效率,把信访工作做到群众心坎上,让群众由衷感到权益受到公平对待、利益得到有效维护,赢得群众的信任和支持,厚植党的执政根基。
+
+### 用好用足“晴雨表”，切实做好凝聚服务群众工作
+
+奋进新征程、建功新时代。我们必须紧跟党中央重大决策部署、紧贴人民群众新要求新期待,用好用足“晴雨表”,走好新时代党的群众路线,在凝聚服务群众过程中,创造经得起历史检验、经得起人民评判的工作业绩。
+
+畅通和拓宽群众诉求表达通道。适应群众诉求表达方式变化,运用现代化信息技术,拓展信、访、网、电等信访渠道,方便群众就地就近反映问题,让“数据多跑路、群众少跑腿”。做好人民建议征集工作,及时发现带有普遍性、倾向性、趋势性问题,为党中央更好掌握社会动态、科学民主决策提供参考,协调推动有关部门针对性改进优化工作,更好为群众服务。
+
+深入推进信访问题源头治理。坚持和发展新时代“枫桥经验”,用好信访工作联席会议机制、党建引领基层治理协调机制,加强资源整合和力量聚合,做实做细矛盾纠纷排查化解工作,切实将矛盾风险隐患发现在早、防范在先、处置在小。突出问题导向,紧盯基层治理的着力点和短板不足,从最薄弱环节入手、最突出问题抓起,拓宽社会力量参与信访工作的制度化渠道,探索更多依靠基层、动员群众化解矛盾的途径和办法，不断提升基层信访工作的治理效能。
+
+着力推进信访工作法治化。运用法律预防化解社会矛盾，最具权威性，也最少后遗症。按照“确保群众的每一项诉求都有人办理、群众的每一项诉求都依法推进，实现权责明、底数清、依法办、秩序好、群众满意”总目标，深入推进预防、受理、办理、监督追责、维护秩序等“五个法治化”，盯住应受理而不受理、应办理而不办理问题，加大督查和问责力度，进一步健全制度机制、优化处理流程、压实工作责任，加强对信访工作和信访行为的双向规范，保障群众合理合法的诉求依照法律规定和程序得到合理合法的结果，让人民群众在每一个信访事项办理中都感受到公平正义。
+
+综合施策化解信访突出问题。准确把握信访矛盾复杂性、敏感性、突发性，精准分析研判信访形势和矛盾风险动向，压实属地责任、部门责任和领导责任，持续抓好突出矛盾化解攻坚，妥善消除各类问题隐患。全面落实“四下基层”制度，深入开展领导干部接访下访，包案化解群众反映强烈的突出问题。推动建立健全政策性群体性信访问题、重点领域突出信访问题、疑难复杂信访问题协调化解机制，解决好群众急难愁盼问题，全力维护社会大局安全稳定。
+
+**来源：学习时报**
+
+
+
+素材来源官方媒体/网络新闻
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_3.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_3.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..543849ee1876d6e2895c367b187b69ba09264a8a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_3.md
@@ -0,0 +1,241 @@
+# [精华]python内置函数面面观，通俗又形象
+
+原创 Python与工控 python增效工作室
+
+2024年04月23日 19:30 浙江
+
+**学好python，改变人生！**
+
+今天给大家介绍一下python内置库，Python内置库是Python安装包中自带的库，它们为开发者提供了许多常用的功能，无需额外安装即可直接使用。这些内置库涵盖了从数据类型转换、数学计算、序列操作到文件处理等多个方面。使用内置库可以大大提高开发效率，简化代码编写，是Python编程中不可或缺的一部分。下文为按功能把内置库进行了分类和通俗介绍。
+
+
+
+## 数学运算：
+这些函数主要涉及基本的数学计算操作，如绝对值、除法和取余、最大值/最小值寻找、幂运算、四舍五入、求和等。
+
+abs()：告诉你**一个数距离0有多远**，无论这个数是正数还是负数。
+
+divmod()：同时**做除法和取余数**，返回一个包含商和余数的元组。
+
+max()：在一堆数中找出**最大的**一个。
+
+min()：在一堆数中找出**最小的**一个。
+
+pow()：进行**指数运算**，即一个数的另一个数的乘方。
+
+round()：将一个数字**四舍五入到最接近的整数**，或者指定的小数位数。
+
+sum()：计算一个数字**序列的总和**。
+
+## 字符串和文本处理：
+专注于字符串的操作，包括编码转换、格式化、字符处理等。
+
+ascii()：把任何东西变成一个**可以在电脑上打印的字符串**，即使它包含非ASCII字符。
+
+bin()：把一个整数转换成**二进制表示的字符串**，就像电脑科学中的0和1。
+
+chr()：给你一个整数，返回**对应的字符**（比如整数65返回字符’A’）。
+
+format()：按照**指定的格式来设置一个值**的字符串表示。
+
+hex()：把一个**整数转换成十六进制**表示的字符串，用于计算机编程。
+
+oct()：把一个**整数转换成八进制**表示的字符串。
+
+ord()：告诉你一个字符的Unicode码点，即它**在Unicode字符集中的位置**。
+
+repr()：获取一个对象的官方字符串表示，通常可以用这个字符串**重新创建该对象**。
+
+## 类型创建和转换：
+这些函数包含了将一种数据类型转换为另一种的基本函数，比如从整数转为浮点数、字符串转换、创建复杂数据类型如列表、字典、集合等。
+
+bool()：确定某个东西**是真的（True）还是假的**（False）。
+
+bytearray()：创建一个可以**修改的字节数组**，就像一个可以改变的小存储空间。
+
+bytes()：创建一个**不可变的字节数组**，一旦创建了就不能改变。
+
+complex()：创建一个**复数，即有实部和虚部的数**，用于科学计算。
+
+dict()：创建一个**字典**，一种存储键值对的数据结构。
+
+float()：把一个数字或字符串**转换成浮点数**（带小数点的数）。
+
+frozenset()：创建一个**不能改变元素的集合**，就像一个不可变的列表。
+
+int()：把一个数字或字符串**转换成整数**（没有小数点的数）。
+
+list()：创建一个**列表**，一种有序的、可以包含任意类型元素的集合。
+
+set()：创建一个**无序的集合**，元素唯一，不重复。
+
+str()：创建一个**字符串**，将其他数据类型转换为字符串表示。
+
+tuple()：创建一个**不可变的序列**，可以包含不同类型的元素。
+
+## 输入输出和显示：
+涉及到与用户或系统文件进行交互的函数，如接收用户输入、读写文件等。
+
+print()：在屏幕上**显示**一些文本，以便用户可以看到。
+
+input()：让程序暂停，等待**用户输入**一些文本。
+
+open()：**打开一个文件**，并返回一个可以用来读写文件内容的对象。
+
+## 序列操作：
+这部分函数用于处理序列类型（如列表、元组）的数据操作，包括遍历并检查元素、索引追踪、过滤、映射、排序、反向遍历以及组合不同序列等。
+
+all()：如果你有一堆东西，all()会告诉你这堆东西**是不是每个都是真的**（True）。
+
+any()：如果你有一堆东西，any()会告诉你这堆东西里**是不是至少有一个是真的**（True）。
+
+enumerate()：给一个序列中的**每个元素加上一个索引号**，方便你按顺序处理。
+
+filter()：从一个序列中挑选出**满足特定条件的元素**。
+
+len()：告诉你一个东西（比如列表或字符串）**有多少个元素**。
+
+map()：把一个函数应用到多个元素上，返回一个**包含所有结果的列表**。
+
+range()：**生成一个序列的数字**，常用于循环中逐个访问一系列数字。
+
+reversed()：获取一个序列的**逆序迭代器**，即从后往前逐个访问元素。
+
+slice()：创建一个**切片对象**，用于在序列中提取一部分元素。
+
+sorted()：返回一个新的列表，其中包含原序列中的所有元素，但已经按**照指定的顺序排序**。
+
+zip()：**将两个或多个迭代器的元素配对成元组**，常用于同时遍历多个序列。
+
+## 函数和对象操作：
+这部分包括了与对象方法调用、属性访问和修改相关的函数，以及面向对象编程中的高级概念如类方法、静态方法等。
+
+callable()：检查一个东西**是不是可以被“调用”**来做事，比如一个函数或方法。
+
+classmethod()：把一个普通的方法**变成一个可以通过类来调用**，而不是通过类的实例来调用的方法。
+
+delattr()：**删除一个对象中的属性**，就像从字典中删除一个键。
+
+getattr()：从一个对象中**获取一个属性的值**。
+
+hasattr()：检查一个对象**是否有一个特定的属性**。
+
+property()：创建一个属性，**让方法可以像属性一样被访问**。
+
+setattr() ： 给一个对象**设置或更改属性值**。
+
+staticmethod()：将一个**普通方法转换为静态方法**，这样的方法不需要实例即可调用。
+
+super()：用于在**子类中调用父类**的方法。
+
+## 数据持久化和序列化：
+这些函数允许程序处理代码对象、执行动态代码、或处理对象的编译和评估，也包括将对象状态转换为可存储或传输的格式。
+
+compile()：把字符串形式的代码**转换成一个可以执行的代码对象**。
+
+eval()：**计算一个字符串形式的表达式**，并返回结果。
+
+exec()：**执行一个字符串形式的代码**，可能包含多个语句。
+
+## 迭代器和生成器：
+专注于Python的迭代协议，如何创建和使用迭代器来遍历集合，以及生成器的使用，用于惰性计算和创建迭代序列。
+
+iter()：从一个可迭代对象中获取一个迭代器，用于逐个访问元素。
+
+next()：从一个迭代器中获取下一个元素。
+
+## 内置帮助和诊断：
+提供关于Python环境内部的帮助信息和对象 introspection（自省）工具。
+
+dir()：列出对象所有的属性和方法，就像是一个对象的目录。
+
+help()：提供帮助信息，告诉你如何使用Python或某个特定的函数。
+
+id()：获取一个对象的唯一身份标识，就像人的身份证号码。
+
+type()：获取一个对象的类型，或者创建一个新的类型。
+
+vars()：获取一个对象的属性和属性值的字典。
+
+## 全局和局部变量操作
+globals()：查看当前程序中的所有全局变量。
+
+locals()：查看当前作用域内的所有局部变量。
+
+## 类型检查和操作
+isinstance()：检查一个对象是不是一个特定类或类型的一个实例。
+
+issubclass()：检查一个类是不是另一个类的子类。
+
+## 杂项：
+包含了一些其他不直接归类于上述的通用或底层操作，比如获取对象哈希值、创建基础对象实例、访问内存视图等。
+
+hash()：获取一个对象的哈希值，一个用来快速比较对象的唯一标识。
+
+memoryview()：创建一个内存视图，让你可以访问一个对象的内部数据。
+
+object()：创建一个最基本的对象，所有Python对象的基类。
+
+python增效工作室
+
+用python提供高效办公服务，营…
+
+108篇原创内容
+
+
+
+公众号
+
+近期文章链接：
+正则表达式在办公中的应用
+python的时间戳计算
+专题：python数学运算三剑客之pandas
+专题：python数学运算三剑客之Numpy
+专题：python数学运算三剑客之scipy浅谈用python自动发邮件实现设备远程运维
+python任务调度神器schedule，让它定时帮
+您干活
+用python自制番茄钟exe，提高工作效率，
+轻松实现时间管理
+python自动化处理Word文档，python-docx来帮您忙
+pip选用国内源，加快python库安装速度
+python把数据写入csv文件的五种方式
+python读写文件的几种方式
+python工程打包成exe的四种方式
+我的Ai工具箱，代号八卦炉
+当Suno遇上中国古诗文，人人都是音乐人
+ChatGPT新认知，人工智能是新时代的水电
+煤
+用python快速摘录文章
+python九阴真经之风起云涌
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+老铁们快上车，用python解锁CAD画图的新
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+漫谈python在金融量化中的应用
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+python把喜爱的电影中的音乐提取出来
+python的天龙世界
+python画朵玫瑰送小主们
+python数据可视化的各种炫酷效果
+python在Excel里作画
+python在工控行业的效率爆炸
+用python把英文文档翻译成中文文档
+爬了几万篇文章看python OpenCV应用
+目前正在设计的几个python构想
+四个python构想已经实现了三个半
+python是照进人生的一束光
+必须拿下的深度学习
+百晓生知识处理引擎，学习效率提升器
+python知识点集，百晓生整理
+金融可视化决策
+PyQt之QPushButton的置反按钮实现
+python的更高效应用之与qt designer联合开
+发
+ChatGPT应用，与人工智能接轨，让工作效
+率起飞
+
+添加文章到ima知识库
+腾讯ima 基于知识库问答更精准
+
+添加
+
+已经到底了
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_30.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_30.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9fc1f707e20f8cd26bde2995d0f527e92ea29407
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_30.md
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+# 【科技】中国人民大学党委书记张东刚：推动自主知识体系建构和拔尖创新人才自主培养同向共进
+
+张东刚 交个稿友 2025年08月12日 07:32 江苏
+
+## 推动自主知识体系建构和拔尖创新人才自主培养同向共进
+
+**中国人民大学党委书记 张东刚**
+
+**(2025年8月8日)**
+
+习近平总书记在致复旦大学建校120周年的贺信中指出，“推动科技自主创新和人才自主培养良性互动，推动哲学社会科学知识创新、理论创新、方法创新”。这一重要论述深刻揭示了知识自主创新与人才自主培养的辩证统一关系，是对新时代育人规律的深化拓展，是对我国高等教育高质量发展和高校人才队伍高水平建设赋予的战略使命，具有重要且鲜明的方法论意义。新征程上，高校必须深刻把握知识自主创新与人才自主培养良性互动的理论逻辑、内涵特征和实践路径，以自主知识体系建构和拔尖创新人才自主培养同向共进推动哲学社会科学知识创新、理论创新、方法创新，为加快建设教育强国贡献智力支撑和人才保障。
+
+### 深刻认识自主知识体系建构和拔尖创新人才自主培养同向共进的理论逻辑
+
+交个稿友 赞 分享 推荐 写留言
+
+才是种子，知识是土壤。种子离开土壤，因缺少养分而无法蓬勃生长；土壤缺少种子，因生机不足而难以焕发活力。要从“种子”与“土壤”的辩证关系中汲取育人智慧，推动自主知识体系建构和拔尖创新人才自主培养同向共进，科学认识自主知识体系建构的育人功能与拔尖创新人才培养的强基作用。坚持和运用系统观念，强化基础研究、原始创新与立德树人、以文化人相互促进，为推进二者有效互动、实现跃升发展提供认识论基础。
+
+自主知识体系是拔尖创新人才自主培养的理论基石和文化前提。教育的本质是以知识为载体、以育人为目标的社会实践活动，始终贯穿知识的生产、传播与应用。当今时代，全球竞争格局深刻变革，国家发展战略对拔尖创新人才的需求日趋旺盛，自主知识体系作为育人育才的源头活水，内含着以我为主、独立自主、勇于创新的价值观念和精神品格，对拔尖创新人才自主培养发挥着至关重要的培塑作用。只有在自主知识体系的滋养下，才能真正形成具有鲜明中国特色、自信自立自强的拔尖创新人才培养体系。具体而言，以自主知识体系建构为基础的教育实践，一方面为拔尖创新人才自主培养提供了系统化、学理化、本土化的知识结构，为受教育者提供了认识世界、改造世界的知识基础；另一方面为拔尖创新人才自主培养赋予了具有稳定性、传承性的文化因子，将自主知识体系蕴含的哲学理念、道德观念和价值取向内化为受教育者的认知结构和思维方式，培养造就秉持强烈文化自信和教育自信，具备认知上的独立性和自主性、观点上的主体性和创新性的拔尖创新人才。
+
+拔尖创新人才是自主知识体系建构的核心动力和创造主体。人们通过实践活动与客观世界相互作用获取感性认识，经过思维加工上升为理性认识，形成对客观世界的体系化系统化的揭示，进而构建起知识体系。人民的创造性实践是知识创新、理论创新、方法创新的不竭源泉，发挥人才优势是建构自主知识体系的内生动力。从基础理论的提出到应用技术的革新，从历史规律的归纳到未来趋势的预判，知识体系的每一次建构与跃升都源于人的主观能动性，都离不开人的创造性社会实践活动。当前，正在进行的推进中国式现代化、创造人类文明新形态、构建人类命运共同体的壮阔实践，是人类历史上前无古人的具有开创性意义的伟大社会运动和社会变革，为哲学社会科学知识创新、理论创新、方法创新提供了丰沛的源泉。人民群众在这一实践中展现出的创新智慧和创造伟力，推动着自主知识体系不断更新完善。而简单照搬他国经验、机械套用西方理论体系、僵化沿袭传统模式的做法必然难以适应新的发展需求，必须构建反映人民需要、体现中国特色、符合发展实际的自主知识体系，更好满足社会发展、实践深化、历史前进对哲学社会科学的要求。实现这一目标，首要在于发挥拔尖创新人才的引领作用，只有具备前沿视野与创新意识的人才，才能立足中国实际深耕知识体系的本土资源，在批判与借鉴中实现知识创新发展。拔尖创新人才通过对重大理论和实践问题的原创性研究，拓展知识边界、重构知识逻辑、推动知识融合，以中国实践为基础，将中国经验、中国智慧和中国方案升华为创新理论，不断赋予自主知识体系以理论生命力与实践引领力。
+
+自主知识体系建构和拔尖创新人才自主培养的同向共进，形成了知识供给与人才需求的良性循环。一方面，将知识供给转化为教育服务创新发展能力，以教育服务创新发展满足人才培养需求。自主知识体系依托系统化的学科结构和创新性的学术探索,突出人才培养的创新意识和实践能力。通过课程体系设计、教学方法创新与实践平台搭建,将抽象的理论知识转化为人才可吸收、可运用的能力素养,完善人才培养模式,从而实现知识供给向人才供给的有效转化。另一方面,推动人才需求转化为知识创新,以知识创新引领知识供给,有效满足时代发展的内在需要,提升教育服务经济社会发展能力。伴随人才需求日趋升级,知识体系必须围绕新兴产业需求、关键技术攻关与社会治理创新等方向,重新界定知识的边界与内涵,通过拓展研究领域、创新理论范式、优化方法工具等途径,建立健全学科专业动态调整机制,推动知识供给的更新迭代。在此过程中,人才需求成为知识创新的“指挥棒”,引领自主知识体系朝着更具前瞻性、时代性与创新性的方向发展,实现有组织的科研和有组织的教学相互促进,最终实现知识体系与人才培养同频共振、协同发展。
+
+### 深刻把握自主知识体系建构和拔尖创新人才自主培养同向共进的内涵特征
+
+自主知识体系建构与拔尖创新人才自主培养的同向共进,不是两个变量之间简单的线性关联和依赖关系,而是包含主体协同、内容创新、机制完善等多个要素的复杂系统工程。通过这种多维互动,不断产生知识增值与人才增值的双重效应,知识体系的原创性和适用性不断增强,人才的创新能力和实践水平持续提升。推动自主知识体系建构和拔尖创新人才自主培养同向共进,就必须深刻认识到时代发展对知识创新与人才培养的现实需求,正确处理知识学习和全面发展的关系问题,深入把握互动主体的协同性、互动内容的创新性、互动目标的一致性等内涵特征,强化学术原创能力,健全哲学社会科学训练培养教育体系，为推动良性互动提供创新方法和实践路径。
+
+互动主体的协同性。任何互动行为都需依托主体而进行，如果缺乏主体参与，互动便会失去基础与条件；如果主体间无法形成协同合力，互动过程便会陷于停滞状态，使二者难以互养相成。理解自主知识体系建构和拔尖创新人才自主培养同向共进的主体协同性，关键在于把握教师群体与学生群体在教育实践中的互动协同，理解知识生产者与人才培养者的角色互融。教师群体通过学术研究、理论创新推动知识体系建构，承担着将知识体系转化为育人资源的使命任务，努力成为“经师”与“人师”统一的大先生，既是自主知识体系建构的重要参与者，更是拔尖创新人才培养的直接实施者。学生群体既是知识体系的学习者，更是知识创新的未来生力军。在二者同向共进的教育生态中，教师为实现培养拔尖创新人才的目标，需自觉建构自主知识体系，融通符合时代精神的知识、观念、理论和方法，并将其转化为丰富而有效的教育资源，以创新的教育供给培育学生的自主思维与实践能力。学生在教师搭建的学术平台与实践环境中，主动参与知识的探究与创造，不断提高创新思维与实践能力，努力成为堪当民族复兴重任的时代新人。教学相长这种师生间的双向互动，突破了“教师教、学生学”的单向传输模式，构建起基于主体间的新型教育关系，在师生平等对话、协作攻关中实现自主知识体系建构和拔尖创新人才自主培养的同向共进。
+
+互动内容的贯通性。互动的实质在于内容的交融与转化，缺乏以实体性内容为支撑的互动，犹如无源之水、无本之木，难以形成推动主体发展的实质效能。在自主知识体系建构与拔尖创新人才培养的互动进程中，内容的贯通性集中体现为知识生产与人才培养的双向转化。一方面,自主知识体系的学理内涵能够向拔尖创新人才培养的教育资源转化。自主知识体系建构从新时代伟大实践中挖掘新材料、发现新问题、提出新观点、构建新理论,其蕴含的理论框架、研究方法与实践经验,满足了拔尖创新人才自主培养所需的知识储备、思维训练与实践能力提升需求。通过课程设计、教学案例开发、实践项目策划等载体,学理内涵被重组为可感知、可操作的教育资源。另一方面,拔尖创新人才自主培养的育人成果能够转化为自主知识体系的结构性要素。在参与科研项目、解决实际问题的过程中,拔尖创新人才通过科学实验、知识赋能、方法创新等形式,将自身的创新思维与实践探索转化为具象化的学养。这些带有鲜明创新性与实践性的知识表达,或填补理论空白,或革新研究方法,成为自主知识体系迭代更新的重要源泉。这种互动内容的贯通性,不是简单的知识传递,而是对既有知识的创造性转化。学理内涵通过教育实践转化为人才培养资源,人才在实践中生成的创新方法又反哺知识体系建构,推动其理论深化与结构优化。
+
+互动目标的一致性。目标一致方能凝聚合力,实现行动上的同频共振,这是互动得以持续推进的观念共识。缺乏共同目标的指引,互动主体间便难以形成有效协作,知识生产与人才培育的资源也将因方向分散而难以形成合力。自主知识体系建构与拔尖创新人才自主培养的同向共进,本质上要求二者在价值导向和发展方向上深度契合。在价值导向的统一性方面,二者共同以服务国家战略需求、回应时代重大命题为核心,聚焦解答中国之问、世界之问、人民之问、时代之问,有效规避知识生产与实际应用脱节、人才培养偏离创新轨道的问题。在发展路径的协同性上,二者呈现出互为支撑、相互提升的特征。在哲学社会科学领域，自主知识体系致力于对中国社会发展经验进行理论化概括和原创性表达，着力提炼标识性概念，强调立足中国实践，阐释中国理论、创新中国话语；拔尖创新人才培养则围绕自主知识体系的理论框架与方法论体系，着力培养学生运用中国理论分析中国问题、提出中国方案的创新能力；着力培养留学生研究中国问题，增强我国哲学社会科学研究的国际影响力。同世界一流教育资源开展高水平合作，使学生既能扎根本土实践，又能拓展全球视野，在协同推进中实现知识创新与人才成长的双重跃升。
+
+### 积极推进自主知识体系建构和拔尖创新人才自主培养同向共进的实践路径
+
+中国人民大学始终牢记习近平总书记在人大考察调研时的政治嘱托，坚守“为党育人、为国育才”的初心使命，紧紧围绕落实立德树人根本任务，充分发挥在人文社会科学领域独树一帜的优势，知识体系构建与育人育才实践同频共振的发展格局正在形成。新征程上，学校将以高度的政治自觉、稳健的战略定力和坚定的使命担当，扎实推进新时代全面深化改革，深入落实《教育强国建设规划纲要（2024—2035年）》和三年行动计划，以自主知识体系构建厚植育人根基、以拔尖创新人才自主培养驱动知识迭代，不断推动自主知识体系建构和拔尖创新人才自主培养同向共进，奋力打造我国人文社会科学研究和教学领域的重要人才中心和创新高地。
+
+坚持思想引领，锚定同向共进的发展方向。党的创新理论既是拔尖创新人才自主培养的根本指导思想，同时也为自主知识体系建构提供了思想指引、科学方法以及标识性概念范畴、原创性理论框架，是自主知识体系的核心和灵魂。坚持不懈用习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想铸魂育人，将“习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究工程”作为“一号工程”，全面构建习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想概论及分领域重要思想的高质量课程群，以党的创新理论体系化、学理化为牵引推动自主知识体系建构，引导学生在成长中感悟真理力量和实践伟力。
+
+坚持改革创新，激活同向共进的发展动力。如果没有改革创新，就难以赋予知识体系构建和拔尖创新人才培养的自主性，将陷入“人云亦云”“邯郸学步”的路径依赖，无法适应时代发展的迫切需求。坚持将人才培养改革作为关键一招，重构“以学为中心”教学形态，强化学科交叉融合，健全纵向本硕博贯通、横向多层次学科交叉的多元立体创新人才培养模式，推动学科布局调整、成果产出转化与人才自主培养相融相促。
+
+坚持以文育人，营造同向共进的发展环境。教育激发人的潜能，促进人的自我实现和全面发展，既能震撼心灵、感化生命，又能春风化雨、启迪智慧。注重以文化人、以文育人，既是塑造学生健全人格与价值底色的必然要求，也是弘扬文化主体性、构建中国自主知识体系的关键路径。坚持立足中国、融通中外，着力构建具有中华文明传统底色、红色基因特质以及世界文明视野的知识体系，在自主知识体系的深度建构和文化传承发展的多维探索中拓展育人格局。
+
+坚持知行合一，搭建同向共进的实践平台。丰富鲜活的中国式现代化实践，是自主知识体系构建的源头活水，也是拔尖创新人才培养的必由之路。推动自主知识体系构建和实践育人大课堂有机结合，着力打造面向实践的教育教学模式，运用新时代伟大变革成功案例，引导学生把对祖国血浓于水、与人民同呼吸共命运的情感贯穿学业全过程、融汇在事业追求中。
+
+**来源：学习时报**
+
+
+
+素材来源官方媒体/网络新闻
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+# 【科技】同济大学党委书记郑庆华：以工程智能为突破口 赋能学科转型发展和拔尖创新人才培养
+
+郑庆华 交个稿友 2025年08月05日 07:31 江苏
+
+## 以工程智能为突破口赋能学科转型发展和拔尖创新人才培养
+
+**同济大学党委书记郑庆华**
+
+**(2025年8月1日)**
+
+在数字技术浪潮席卷全球的当下,人工智能已成为驱动科技革命和产业变革的核心力量,深刻重塑着人类生产生活方式与社会发展格局,也深刻改变着高校教学模式与教育生态结构,以工程智能为突破口,系统推进人工智能赋能学科创新发展与拔尖创新人才自主培养,统筹推进教育科技人才体制机制一体改革,为服务教育强国建设提供有力支撑。
+
+### 聚焦工程智能发力，推动科研范式重构
+
+习近平总书记高度重视人工智能的发展,多次指出,人工智能是引领这一轮科技革命和产业变革的战略性技术。在二十届中央政治局第二十次集体学习时,习近平总书记进一步强调,以人工智能引领科研范式变革,加速各领域科技创新突破。
+
+科研范式作为科学研究的理论根基与实践准则,其每一次革新都意味着人类探索未知的方式实现跨越式突破。人工智能正成为重构科研范式的核心驱动力,通过多模态数据融合与自主推理机制,彻底改变了传统科研“先假设后验证”的线性流程,将其升级为基于数据挖掘的并行网络模式。这标志着科学发现正在摆脱人类认知范围和实验条件的限制,凭借海量数据挖掘、复杂关系建模及自主推理
+
+交个稿友 赞 分享 推荐 写留言
+
+克复杂科研难题带来无限可能。
+
+在新的科研范式中，以生成式人工智能工具的广泛应用为代表的科学智能（AI for Science）致力于解决“0到1”的基础理论突破，着力于科学发现的“理论正确性验证”，开启计算密集度高且能够实现高效迭代的科学探索新征程。但以大模型为代表的生成式人工智能工具也存在固有缺陷，如数据依赖与泛化能力不足、算力与能源消耗过大、缺乏因果推理能力、可解释性差、存在伦理与安全风险等。实际上，大模型的“暴力美学”（更大数据、更大算力）并非唯一方向，而工程化、系统化的智能技术更能满足社会实际需求，即通过工程智能（AI for Engineering）路径，结合工程学科的系统性思维和领域知识，构建更可靠、可解释、低成本的智能技术体系。
+
+实际上，人工智能在工程领域的广泛应用催生并验证了工程智能的可靠性。工程智能作为人工智能技术转化的关键枢纽，通过技术赋能与场景创新的双轮驱动机制，加速了工程领域从经验依赖型决策模式向数据智能决策范式的结构性转型。这种以数据闭环迭代机制、算法动态优化框架与领域知识图谱深度融合为特征的创新范式，以技术链与价值链的协同重构，推动人类工程实践向高精度建模、自主化决策与可持续创新的智能化阶段演进。相较于科学智能，工程智能包括双重实现路径：“1到N”的科技成果转化路径与“1到0”的实践反哺理论路径，其核心是在复杂约束条件下，优先生成可执行的工程解决方案，而非追求理论模型的绝对正确性。这也使得以工程智能为代表的工程化、系统化的智能技术更能满足社会与工程的实际需求，具有更好的落地性和可控性，也使得工程智能日益成为推动高校传统工科转型、教学场景革新与教学模式重构的重要力量。比如，同济大学围绕国家重大战略和地方重大需求，依托优势显著的工程技术学科，发挥智能科学技术学科的优势，联合数学、物理、力学等基础学科，系统性推进人工智能赋能学科创新发展，赋能人才培养、学科建设、科技创新、师资建设、大学管理等全方位改革创新，为加快发展新质生产力提供了科技与人才支撑。
+
+### 强化工程智能赋能，推动学科转型发展内涵升级
+
+学科是高校统筹教育、科技、人才一体推进的载体,高校学科的重心和布局不仅决定着大学的核心竞争力和可持续发展能力,也决定了服务国家重大战略和地方经济社会发展的能力和能级。目前,我国高校超过80%的学科专业是前三次工业革命的产物,存在需求失配、内涵老化、名称陈旧、能力不适等问题。特别是传统工科教育理念过于强调专业化,在人才培养中容易造成知识面窄、人文底蕴和创新能力不足的状况,难以适应人工智能时代对创新型复合型人才的需求。当下,高校学科专业设置和建设机制亟待改变,不同知识体系之间利用自身特有的研究范式和话语体系创造出学科的“高墙”正在被打破,人工智能赋能学科转型发展、内涵升级正在成为共识。
+
+以工程智能驱动学科转型发展,不仅有助于人工智能本体学科突破,也有助于拓展学科边界、推动传统学科转型、牵引基础学科发展、创建新兴交叉学科,并为基础学科、交叉学科和新兴学科的发展创造有利条件,使学科体系更加完善、更具活力、更可持续。因此,高校可聚焦工程智能系统布局,积极成立工程智能研究院、医学人工智能研究院等。工程智能研究院重点聚焦突破工程智能基础大模型与工程智能体的关键技术,解决当前大模型在强推理、可解释性、多目标优化及跨领域应用中的难题,构建可信、可行、可靠的工程智能技术体系,为人工智能工程应用提供共性技术与工具平台支撑。同时,医学人工智能研究院可以积极探索“科技—教育—产业”一体化的创新学科组建方式,实现传统工程产业从依赖人力经验的运作模式,向数据驱动、知识引导和物理规律融合的智能化模式转变,并以此示范带动数字底座基础上教育链、人才链、创新链、产业链的“四链”融合发展,进一步推动学校人才培养模式、科研范式、人才队伍建设等全链条系统性升级。
+
+### 构建“人工智能+教育”新生态，打造拔尖创新人才培养新范式
+
+教育形态变革始终与技术革命相伴共生。《教育强国建设规划纲要(2024—2035年)》明确提出,要促进人工智能助力教育变革。当前,人工智能技术正以颠覆性力量重塑教育生态,重构知识生产与传播方式,构筑虚实融合、人机共生的教育新格局。教育结构已经从“师生”二元结构变成“师、生、机”三元结构，教师正在从知识传授者转型为“学习设计师”与价值引领者，学生未来不可替代的核心竞争力在于“驾驭人工智能而非依赖人工智能”的批判性思维与创造力，人工智能则在教学中扮演着和教师、学生一样的角色，是协同创新的智能伙伴，与师生互学习、同进步、共成长。高校必须主动迎接和适应这种技术变革，积极拓展教育边界，探索未来教育新形态，这也是先进生产力在教育中的应用。
+
+主动拥抱人工智能时代变化，创新育人体制机制，设立人才培养改革示范区，以项目制为牵引，与人工智能、集成电路等领域头部企业“深入合作”“联合培养”“同题共答”，形成更加广泛的人才联合培养协作网络，共同打造“校—产—城”协同共生、产教深度融合的人才联合培养新模式。
+
+推动人工智能与工程教育深度融合，进一步开发学科专业知识图谱，构建“通识+专业+实践”的全链条培养体系，以及涵盖工程思维、场景实践等工程智能核心课程，搭建工程智能教学创新实训平台。积极推动开设人工智能公共课，既帮助学生深入了解人工智能发展前沿和人工智能背后的技术原理，也帮助学生提升实践中解决实际问题和驾驭人工智能的能力。进一步探索基于知识、能力、素质的多元评价机制，夯实适应未来、引领未来的综合素养。
+
+提升教师数智素养是提高人才培养质量的重要抓手，组织开展人工智能素养与能力提升专项培训，持续举办系列人工智能专题工作坊，组织评选“人工智能+高等教育”优秀应用场景案例和人工智能赋能教育教学典型案例，鼓励教师创新教育方式和教学方法，主动探索智慧教育新形态，着力打造既有数字素养又懂教学规律的数智融合的师资队伍。在此基础上，进一步组建工程智能教师发展联盟，积极开放共享培训成果，推动区域教师数字化能力整体提升。
+
+进一步整合全球优质资源，拓展国际合作新网络，建设“分布式知识网络”，构筑“全球人才培养共同体”。探索“人工智能+、绿色+、设计+”人才培养新模式，全力打造高水平、可持续、强特色的国际合作办学新样板，既争取教育对外合作的良好外部环境，也提升中国高等教育的国际话语权和影响力。
+
+面向未来,高校作为科技第一生产力、人才第一资源、创新第一动力的交汇点,是新型举国体制的重要组成部分,是人工智能人才的重要“孵化器”,也是人工智能技术创新的重要“策源地”与应用的先行“示范区”,必须抢抓历史性机遇,深化人工智能赋能发展战略,引领科研范式变革,加快实现人工智能关键核心技术突破,加快推动学科转型升级、教学场景革新与教学模式重构的深度变革,更好地服务国家重大战略和经济社会发展。
+
+**来源：学习时报**
+
+为在看文章的你，点赞
+
+素材来源官方媒体/网络新闻
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+# 【科技】工业和信息化部副部长单忠德：加力培育专精特新中小企业
+
+单忠德 交个稿友 2025年08月11日 07:31 江苏
+
+## 加力培育专精特新中小企业
+
+**工业和信息化部副部长 单忠德**
+
+**(2025年8月6日)**
+
+中小企业和民营企业互为主体,是我国经济活力与韧性的重要源泉。党中央、国务院高度重视民营企业发展和专精特新中小企业培育工作。习近平总书记先后多次就培育专精特新中小企业作出系列重要指示批示,强调要着力在推动企业创新上下功夫,加强产权保护,激发涌现更多专精特新中小企业,为专精特新企业发展指明方向,也为做好专精特新企业培育工作提供行动指南。专精特新企业不仅是我国广大中小企业的“领头羊”,还是反映地方营商环境、经济活跃度的晴雨表,是推进新型工业化、发展新质生产力的生力军。我们要以习近平总书记重要讲话精神为指引,始终坚持“两个毫不动摇”,扎扎实实做好专精特新中小企业培育工作,坚决扛牢实现新型工业化这个关键任务,为加快形成新质生产力、建设现代化产业体系提供有力支撑。
+
+### 学深悟透习近平总书记关于支持专精特新中小企业发展的重要
+
+交个稿友 赞 分享 推荐 写留言
+
+作出了一系列重要论述和重要部署,深刻阐明了支持专精特新中小企业发展的重大意义、主要任务和方法路径,为做好新时代专精特新中小企业培育工作提供了根本遵循。
+
+**牢牢把握支持专精特新中小企业发展的重大意义。** 习近平总书记在致2022全国专精特新中小企业发展大会的贺信中指出,希望专精特新中小企业聚焦主业,精耕细作,在提升产业链供应链稳定性、推动经济社会发展中发挥更加重要的作用。广大专精特新中小企业作为细分领域的“单打冠军”和“配套专家”,其创新能力强、质量效益高,引领着科技发展新趋势,是产业发展的基础和底座,是坚持创新驱动发展、大力发展制造业和实体经济的关键力量。新时代新征程,我们要继续加大专精特新中小企业培育力度,激发广大中小企业干事创业热情,积极营造有利于创新的政策环境和制度环境,完善优化优质高效的公共服务体系,持续健全企业成长要素保障,不断壮大专精特新中小企业力量,助力实体经济特别是制造业做实做强做优,为提升产业链供应链韧性和安全水平作出更大贡献。
+
+**牢牢把握支持专精特新中小企业发展的主要任务。** 习近平总书记强调,要支持引导行业领军企业和掌握关键核心技术的专精特新企业深化改革、强化创新,加大培育力度;要开展补链强链专项行动,加快解决“卡脖子”难题,发展专精特新中小企业;要加快新能源、人工智能、生物制造、绿色低碳、量子计算等前沿技术研发和应用推广,支持专精特新企业发展。自主创新是企业的生命,是企业爬坡过坎、发展壮大的根本。专精特新中小企业积极布局新兴产业和未来产业,瞄准人工智能等前沿领域,发挥机制灵活、技术创新优势，抢占科技制高点，成为发展新质生产力的中坚力量和强劲引擎。新时代新征程，我们要完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念，坚持创新是引领发展的第一动力，深入实施创新驱动发展战略，搭建平台、健全体制机制，不断强化企业科技创新主体地位，加快推进科技创新与产业创新深度融合，坚定支持更多专精特新中小企业脱颖而出、持续涌现，在新领域新赛道跑出加速度。
+
+**牢牢把握支持专精特新中小企业发展的方法路径。** 习近平总书记指出，工作中要善于抓“两头”，一头抓具有重要影响的科技领军企业，支持其牵头组建创新联合体；另一头抓专精特新科技型中小企业，帮助其逐步发展壮大，形成“乔木”参天、“灌木”茁壮、“苗木”葱郁的创新生态。党的二十届三中全会对“构建促进专精特新中小企业发展壮大机制”作出重要改革部署。专精特新中小企业专注细分市场，通过技术创新和产品升级，形成独特的竞争优势，通过化点成珠、串珠成链，提升整个产业链的配套能力和协作效率，是产业链供应链不可或缺的重要组成部分。专精特新企业培育既是遵循中小企业发展规律的必然选择，也是顺应时代发展大势的主动作为。立足新时期新阶段新形势，我们要切实增强做好专精特新中小企业培育工作的责任感、使命感，注重遵循和把握企业成长规律、科技创新规律、产业创新规律，构建统一的优质企业梯度培育体系，增强政策协同性、培育系统性和服务精准性，坚定不移地支持中小企业走专精特新发展道路，加力促进专精特新中小企业发展壮大。
+
+### 专精特新中小企业培育工作取得显著成效
+
+在以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下，各地区各部门深化协同联动，着力完善政策法规体系、优企培育体系、公共服务体系等，引导全社会支持中小企业专精特新发展,推动专精特新中小企业高质量发展取得新突破,为稳增长、促创新、强韧性提供了有力支撑。
+
+**发展规模不断壮大,成为推动经济增长的关键力量。** 截至2024年底,全国专精特新中小企业超14万家,专精特新“小巨人”企业达1.46万家。规模以上“小巨人”工业企业实现营业收入4.84万亿元,同比增长3.9%,高于全部规模以上工业企业1.8个百分点;营业收入利润率为7.8%,高于全部规模以上工业企业2.4个百分点。“小巨人”企业以占全国规模以上工业中小企业约3%的数量,贡献了6%的营业收入和9.7%的利润,成为推动经济增长的新动能。
+
+**高成长性日益凸显,成为推进高质量发展的重要引擎。** 专精特新中小企业成长能力突出,呈现出强劲的增长韧性与活力。专精特新中小企业上年度平均营业收入、净资产总额分别达1.79亿元、1.37亿元,近两年分别平均增长6.0%、8.9%。2024年,A股新上市企业中专精特新中小企业占比超80%,累计有2028家专精特新中小企业在A股上市;有146家专精特新中小企业进入全球独角兽榜,占当年我国独角兽企业数量的43%。
+
+**创新活力竞相迸发,为产业提升注入澎湃动力。** 我国专精特新中小企业的创新能力加速跃升,日益成为创新重要来源。2024年,“小巨人”企业平均研发投入占营业收入比重达7%,拥有32.74万项发明专利,占全国企业发明专利总量的11%,平均授权发明专利22项,同比增长三成,远高于同规模企业,作为主要起草单位制定修订标准总计超5万个。有2000多家“小巨人”企业承担过国家重大科技项目,2024年发布的国家科学技术奖中有360余家企业获奖,其中近三成为专精特新中小企业。
+
+**强链稳链作用彰显,为增强产业链供应链韧性作出积极贡献。** 专精特新企业普遍聚焦产业链关键环节的技术短板,持续加大创新投入,提升颠覆性技术创新能力,在稳链固链强链中发挥着关键作用。“小巨人”企业中,制造业企业占比88%,六成位于工业基础领域,超八成企业分布在战略性新兴产业链上,九成企业至少为3家国内外知名大企业直接配套。量子科技、人工智能、低空经济等未来产业领域“小巨人”企业数量近5000家,为强链稳链发挥了重要支撑作用。
+
+当前,我国促进专精特新中小企业高质量发展机遇和挑战并存。从机遇来看,新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展,催生如人工智能、低空经济等诸多新产业新赛道,为其带来广阔发展空间。同时,国家政策支持力度不断加大,帮扶中小微企业的融资支持、减税降费、稳岗扩岗等各类惠企政策迭代出台,持续加力助企纾困解难。从挑战来看,世界百年变局加速演进,外部环境更趋复杂严峻。关税壁垒增多,冲击全球产业链供应链稳定,对国际经济循环造成阻碍,部分企业生产经营困难。新一轮科技革命、产业变革时间紧迫、不进则退,尤其是人工智能成为未来发展的关键变量,将深刻改变全球产业发展和分工格局,必须要乘势而上。
+
+习近平总书记在民营企业座谈会上强调,当前民营经济发展面临的一些困难和挑战,总体上是在改革发展、产业转型升级过程中出现的,是局部的而不是整体的,是暂时的而不是长期的,是能够克服的而不是无解的。我们要深刻认识、准确把握当前专精特新中小企业发展面临的内外部形势,全力推进落实党中央、国务院决策部署,梯度培育创新型企业,加力构建促进专精特新中小企业发展壮大机制,让企业在新领域新赛道跑出加速度。
+
+### 着力促进专精特新中小企业发展壮大
+
+2025年是“十四五”规划的收官之年，也是我们推进新型工业化迈向纵深的关键一年。民营企业家大显身手正当其时，专精特新中小企业大有可为。我们要坚持“两个毫不动摇”，坚持服务和管理并重、发展和帮扶并举，一体推进创新赋能、数字赋能、服务赋能、人才赋能、生态赋能“五个赋能”，持续擦亮专精特新“金字招牌”，推动专精特新中小企业培育工作取得新突破。
+
+**推进创新赋能。** 强化企业科技创新主体地位，是对推动科技创新和产业创新融合发展的准确把握。促进以企业为主体的产学研合作，支持专精特新中小企业承担国家级科研任务，在产业链供应链关键环节攻坚克难上持续发力。支持重点领域专精特新“小巨人”企业打造新动能、攻坚新技术、开发新产品，提升产业链关键配套能力。一体化推进中小企业“选种、育苗、培优”全生命周期培育，健全完善科技型和创新型中小企业、专精特新中小企业、高新技术企业、专精特新“小巨人”企业、制造业单项冠军企业等构成的优质企业梯度培育体系。瞪羚企业、独角兽企业以市场发现为主，完善其监测和服务机制。
+
+**推进数字赋能。** 数字化转型是增强中小企业生存力、竞争力和发展韧性的关键一招，关乎企业能否实现产业升级和长远发展。深入开展中小企业数字化赋能专项行动，扎实推进中小企业数字化转型城市试点实施工作，统筹各类资源优化供给，降低数字化转型成本，以数字化转型为契机提高中小企业核心竞争力。加强中小企业人工智能应用赋能，大力推广适合中小企业特点的“小快轻准”数字化产品和解决方案，让更多中小企业敢转、愿转、会转，转出实效。
+
+**推进服务赋能。** 服务做得好不好，中小企业感受最明显。建好用好全国中小企业服务“一张网”，大力推进国家、省、市、县四级线下公共服务体系和线上服务网“两网一体”，疏通政策落实堵点，打通企业服务“最后一公里”。探索建设一批专精特新赋能中心，打造专精特新中小企业链接各类高层级创新资源的枢纽。持续开展“一起益企”服务行动，举办中小企业国际博览会，开展中小企业出海服务专项行动，建设中小企业海外服务体系，深化国际合作、融资促进、管理合规等领域企业服务，以高水平服务助力中小企业高质量发展。
+
+**推进人才赋能。** 人才是企业创新发展的第一资源。支持专精特新中小企业参与国家人才专项、引进海内外高层次人才，支持中小企业加强人才队伍建设。开展专精特新“小巨人”企业经营管理人才培训，用3—5年时间实现“小巨人”企业全覆盖，协同培育优秀企业家队伍。组织开展全国中小企业网上百日招聘活动和“优企进校 招才引智”专项行动，引导更多高校毕业生到中小企业就业，持续优化中小企业人才结构。
+
+**推进生态赋能。** 营造适合企业成长的良好生态，是促进专精特新中小企业发展壮大的基础保障。全面落实《中华人民共和国中小企业促进法》，研究做好《中华人民共和国中小企业促进法》与相关法律法规的协调与衔接工作，依法保护中小企业合法权益。推动落实《保障中小企业款项支付条例》，健全清理拖欠企业账款长效机制。研究出台促进民营企业、中小企业高质量发展的改革举措。完善《中小企业发展环境评估办法》，发挥好中小企业发展环境评估和综合督查作用，加强以评促优、以督促优。
+
+**来源：学习时报**
+
+
+
+素材来源官方媒体/网络新闻
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+# REAQIN PHOTOELECTRIC
+# 江苏·南通锐契光电科技有限公司
+
+为民族品牌正名, 助力制造业高质量发展
+
+以匠心守护精准, 用智造驱动普惠, 让高端品质走进寻常百姓家
+
+
+
+总部位于江苏南通
+
+
+
+水平之道，锐契智造
+
+COMPANY **PROFILE**
+
+# 公司简介
+
+锐契（REAQIN）是激光水平仪领域的高端民族品牌，源于创始人二十年行业深耕。依托全产业链智能化生产体系（研发、开模、精加工、调校）和国家级高新企业的自主供应链，确保产品精度（1mm误差）与耐用性，拥有多项专利。品牌使命是融合“高端品质”与“亲民价格”，以匠心守护精准，用智造驱动普惠，让消费者用上放心产品，为民族制造正名。“水平之道，锐契智造”是其文化核心，以匠心守护精准，用智造驱动普惠，让高端品质走进寻常百姓家。
+
+## 公司定位
+
+| 让高端品质走进寻常百姓家 | 激光水平仪专家
+
+| 为民族品牌正名，助力制造业高质量发展
+
+## 战略愿景
+
+**守护匠心的精准** 追求精益，深耕行业，守护匠心精神
+
+**智造创新的产品** 融汇科技，赋能产业，传递产品价值
+
+**深耕普惠的服务** 惠及大众，谋福民生，助力名族品牌
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+5 五维一体生产体系核心
+
+COMPANY **PROFILE**
+
+# 品牌基因
+
+
+
+以“标准化、专业化、体系化、规模化、智能化”
+五维一体生产体系为核心
+
+## 二十年深耕，重塑行业标准
+
+南通锐契光电科技有限公司诞生于创始人二十载行业积淀,以“标准化、专业化、体系化、规模化、智能化”五维一体生产体系为核心,打破激光水平仪领域“高端即高价”的困局。通过全产业链深度整合,实现“精度误差≤1mm”的军工级品质与亲民化定价的融合,为消费者提供高可靠性、高性价比的“放心产品”,致力为民族工业品牌树立技术标杆。
+
+通过二十余年的深耕我们积累了20余项发明专利及实用新型专利
+
+OUR **ADVANTAGE**
+
+# 我们的优势
+
+硬核实力-垂直产业链自主可控
+
+
+
+**技术研发壁垒**
+
+· 拥有20余项发明专利及实用新型专利,覆盖激光模组校准、结构减震、环境适应性等核心领域;
+
+· 自主研发高精度调校算法，确保产品在复杂工况下的稳定性。
+
+
+
+
+**全链制造优势**
+
+· 依托自属国家级高新技术规上企业，实现铝铸件/精密塑件自主生产；
+
+· 从模具开发、精加工到整机组装全程闭环管控，杜绝供应链风险，保障产品耐用性与一致性。
+
+
+
+智造赋能-精准与普惠的双轮驱动
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+**CULTURAL** CORE
+
+# 文化内核
+
+以匠心守护中国精度
+
+**水平之道・锐契智造。不仅是品牌口号,更是技术信仰**
+
+
+
+**匠心守护精准** 每道工序执行 ISO 标准化流程, 工程师团队全程参与可靠性测试;
+
+
+
+**智造驱动普惠** 通过智能化生产降本增效, 让建筑工人、家庭用户共享工业级精度工具;
+
+
+
+**产业报国使命** 以自主核心技术助力制造业高质量发展, 推动行业从“中国制造”向“中国智造”跃迁。
+
+
+
+南通锐契光电科技以全产业链硬实力为基,以重塑民族品牌高度为志,正在书写激光测量工具领域的“中国方案”
+
+——让世界看到: 高端不贵, 源于中国智造的深度与温度。
+
+
+
+欢迎扫码关注微信公众号
+
+**水平之道·锐契智造**
+
+Add: 江苏·启东市惠萍镇大兴工业集中区 198 号
+
+No. 198, Daxing Industrial Concentration Zone,Huiping Town,
+Qidong City, Jiangsu Province
+
+Mob:13962816911、15950838001
+
+Web:WWW.RUIQIN.CN
+
+Zip code:226265
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_34.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_34.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ec9bebc0a20e14e75f8d68d814df5480e1aa96fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_34.md
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+# 埃隆马斯克的学习方法
+
+分类 学习 基础知识读
+
+Cal | 补充卡路里 ≈200-400/cal
+
+ 字数 2676
+
+阅读时间(min) 9
+
+作者 **Michael Simmons**
+
+来源 medium.com/acc...a6137c
+
+One Cup One Cup|你的精神卡路里
+
+
+
+ 在此发表评论...
+
+
+
+**埃隆·马斯克是如何在四十多岁的年纪，就在四个截然不同的领域——软件、能源、交通和航空——打造出四家价值数十亿的公司？**
+
+对于马斯克的成功，人们普遍认为，他的超人般的工作投入（常常每周工作85小时）、他对未来的深远而超乎现实的愿景，以及他无比的坚韧精神，都是关键因素。
+
+然而，这些解释对我来说都不够充分。拥有这些特质的人并不少，我想知道**马斯克究竟有何独特之处？**
+
+在阅读了大量关于马斯克的文章、视频和书籍后，我发现了一个至关重要的遗漏之处。按照传统观念，要想成为世界级的人物，我们应该专注于某一个领域。然而，马斯克打破了这一规则。他的专长涵盖了火箭科学、工程、物理、人工智能、太阳能和能源等多个领域。
+
+我将埃隆·马斯克这类人称为 **“专家通才”**（这个词由贝恩公司董事长奥瑞特·加迪什首创）。**专家通才在众多不同领域广泛研究，深入理解将这些领域联系在一起的原则，并将这些原则应用于他们的核心专长。**
+
+通过对马斯克的生活以及与学习和专业知识相关的学术文献的研究，我深信我们都应该**跨领域学习**，以提高我们取得重大突破的成功几率。
+
+## 全能型人才的神话
+
+如果你是一个热衷于跨领域学习的人，你可能听过这样一些建议：
+
+“你应该专注于一个领域。”
+
+“样样皆通，样样稀松。”这其中的隐藏的含义是，如果你涉猎多个领域，你只能学到皮毛，永远无法精通。
+
+**纵观历史，专家通才的成功表明这种说法是错误的。跨多个领域学习提供了信息优势（因此也提供了创新优势），因为大多数人只专注于一个领域。**
+
+举个例子，如果你在科技行业，其他人只阅读科技类的书籍，而你对生物学也有深入的了解，你就有能力提出几乎没有人能想到的想法。反之亦然。如果你从事生物学，但你同时也了解人工智能，你就会比其他只专注于一个领域的人拥有信息优势。
+
+**尽管这个观点显而易见，但真正能跨领域学习的人却寥寥无几。**
+
+我们所学习的每一个新领域，只要是我们所在领域的其他人不熟悉的，就能让我们有机会进行他们无法想象的组合。这就是专家型通才的优势。
+
+一项有趣的研究印证了这一见解。它考察了20世纪排名前59位的歌剧作曲家如何掌握他们的技艺。与成功顶级表演者仅仅可以通过刻意练习和专业化来解释的传统说法不同，研究员迪安·基思·西蒙顿发现了完全相反的情况：“最成功的歌剧作曲家的作品往往代表着多种流派的融合，作曲家能够通过交叉训练避免过度专业化带来的不灵活性。”
+
+## 马斯克的超能力：学习迁移
+
+据马斯克的弟弟金博尔·马斯克透露，从青少年时期开始，**马斯克每天都会阅读两本涉及不同学科的书籍。** 换句话说，如果你一个月读一本书，那么马斯克读的书将是你的60倍。
+
+最初，马斯克的阅读兴趣涵盖了科幻小说、哲学、宗教、编程以及科学家、工程师和企业家的传记。随着年龄的增长，他的阅读和职业兴趣逐渐扩展到物理、工程、产品设计、商业、技术和能源等领域。正是这种对知识的渴求，让他接触到了许多在学校里未曾涉猎的各种主题。
+
+埃隆·马斯克还擅长一种许多人甚至未曾意识到的特殊学习方式：学习迁移。
+
+学习迁移是指将我们在一个场景中学到的知识应用到另一个场景中。这可以是将我们在学校或书本中学到的一点点知识应用到“现实世界”，也可以是将我们在一个行业中学到的东西应用到另一个行业。
+
+ 这就是马斯克与众不同的原因。他的几次采访表明，他有一个独特的两步过程来促进学习迁移。
+
+### 首先，他将知识分解为基本原理
+
+马斯克在Reddit AMA上的回答揭示了他的学习方法：
+
+
+
+**“把知识看作是一棵语义树非常重要——在你深入到叶子/细节之前，一定要确保你已经理解了基本原则，也就是树干和大分支，否则细枝末节就无法挂靠。”**
+
+原理是这样的：假设你想要分析字母“A”，并深入理解什么使得“A”成为A。我们进一步假设你可以采用两种方法来实现这个目标：
+
+1. 观察对比案例
+
+2. 观察相同的案例
+
+**Approach #1: Look at contrasting cases**
+
+
+
+**Approach #2: Look at same cases**
+
+
+
+你认为哪种方法效果更好？方法1中的每个不同的A都能更深入地了解每个A之间保持不变的内容和不同之处。方法2中的每个A都无法让我们深入了解。
+
+当我们学习任何东西时，**通过观察大量不同的案例，我们开始直觉地了解什么是本质的，甚至可以创造出我们自己独特的组合。**
+
+这在我们日常生活中意味着什么？当我们涉足一个新领域时，我们不应该仅仅采用一种方法或最佳实践。我们应该尝试各种不同的方法，对每一个进行拆解，然后加以比较和对照。这将有助于我们揭示潜在的原理。
+
+### 接下来，他在新领域重建基本原则
+
+马斯克学习迁移过程的第二步涉及将他在人工智能、技术、物理和工程领域学到的基本原则重建到不同的领域：
+
+* 在航空航天领域，创建了SpaceX。
+
+* 在汽车领域，创建了具有自动驾驶功能的特斯拉。
+
+* 在脑科学领域，创立了研究脑机接口的公司Neuralink。
+
+* 在人工智能领域，是OpenAI的早期创始人并成立了xAI
+
+洛杉矶加州大学的心理学教授、全球顶尖的类比推理思想家之一的Keith Holyoak建议人们问自己以下两个问题，以磨炼他们的思维技巧：**“这让我想起了什么？”和“为什么它让我想起它？”**
+
+ 通过不断地观察你周围的物体和你阅读的内容，并向自己提出这两个问题，你就能锻炼你的大脑，帮助你跨越传统的界限，建立各种联系。
+
+**这不是魔法，这只是正确的学习过程。** 现在，我们可以开始理解马斯克是如何成为世界级专家通才的：
+
+* **他花了大量的时间阅读，其阅读量是热衷阅读者的60倍。**
+
+* **他广泛涉猎各个不同的学科。**
+
+* **他不断地将所学应用到实践中，将各种观念拆解到基本原则，然后以全新的方式进行重组。**
+
+从更深层次来看，我们从埃隆·马斯克的故事中可以学到的是，**我们不应该盲目接受专业化是通往事业成功和产生影响力的最佳或唯一路径这一教条。**
+
+传奇的专家型通才巴克明斯特·富勒总结了一种我们都应该思考的转变观念。虽然他在几十年前就提出了这个观点，但它至今仍然具有现实意义：
+
+
+
+**“我们正处于一个认为专业化趋势日益狭窄是合理、自然和可取的时代...然而与此同时，人类已经失去了全面理解的能力。专业化在个人中滋生了孤立、无益和困惑的情绪。这也导致个人将思考和社会行动的责任推给了他人。专业化滋生了偏见，最终演变为国际和意识形态的纷争，进而导致战争。”**
+
+**如果我们投入时间，在各个领域学习核心概念，并始终将这些概念与我们的生活和世界联系起来，那么在不同领域之间的转换将变得更容易、更快。**
+
+随着我们积累了一系列“基本原则”，并将这些原则与不同领域联系起来，我们将能获得这种能力：能够进入一个我们从未涉足过的新领域，并迅速做出独特的贡献。
+
+
+
+了解埃隆·马斯克的学习超能力有助于我们深入了解他如何进入一个拥有百年历史的行业，并改变整个领域竞争的基础。
+
+**埃隆·马斯克也许是独一无二的，但他的能力并非神奇。**
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_35.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_35.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..42fb06daf6cfb06ab98fada99acf8038f7494a31
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_35.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1844 @@
+# 离子交换层析
+## Capto™ HiRes Q Capto™ HiRes S 高分辨率离子交换层析柱
+
+
+### Capto™ HiRes 高分辨率离子交换层析柱 具有以下特点：
+
+* **高分辨率**：在使用离子交换层析技术对蛋白质和核酸进行纯化或分析中，具有高分辨率
+
+* **重复性好**：出色的再现性和耐用性
+
+* **高化学和pH稳定性**：可使用在位清洗且使用寿命长
+
+* **平稳工艺升级**：提供与MonoBeads™ (Mono Q™ 和 Mono S™) 层析柱相似或更高的分辨率和相似的蛋白质洗脱，这意味着可实现从一种层析方案到另一种层析方案的平稳过渡（图1）
+
+#### Capto™ HiRes 高分辨率预装层析柱包含两种配基：
+
+| 特性 | Capto™ HiRes Q | Capto™ HiRes S | | 离子交换剂类型 | 强阴离子交换剂 | 强阳离子交换剂 | | 基架类型 | 高度交联琼脂糖 | 高度交联琼脂糖 | | 粒径, d50v | ~9μm | ~9μm | | 带电基团 | -CH2-N+(CH3)3 | -CH2-SO3- |
+
+对于治疗用抗体来说，结构上的不同修饰可能会影响到抗体的生物活性，所以电荷的变化同样需要监测。阳离子交换是一种标准的鉴别单抗电荷差异性的方法（图2）。
+
+Capto™ HiRes 系列高分辨率离子交换预装层析柱也可以作为 IMAC亲和层析与 SEC 尺寸排阻层析中间的过渡步骤。可有效地去除电荷异构体及其他非目标蛋白（如未成功切割标签的重组蛋白），以便于后期得到更均一稳定的蛋白。
+
+
+
+
+
+图1. Capto™ HiRes 可对氨基酸数量仅差几个的不同蛋白进行分离。(A) 使用Mono Q™ 5/50进行分离的层析图谱。(B) 使用Capto™ HiRes Q 5/50进行分离的层析图谱
+
+
+
+图2. 使用Capto™ HiRes S 5/50对单克隆抗体进行分析。数字为电荷特征数据。
+
+#### 订货信息
+
+| 产品代码 | 产品 | 内径/床高 mm | 柱体积 mL | | 29275878 | Capto™ HiRes Q | 5/50 | 1 | | 29275881 | 10/100 | 8 | | 29275877 | Capto™ HiRes S | 5/50 | 1 | | 29275879 | 10/100 | 8 |
+
+## HiTrap™ Capto™ IEX Selection Kit 离子交换选择套装
+
+
+
+### HiTrap™ Capto™ IEX Selection Kit 离子交换选择套装具有以下特点：
+
+* **使用方便**：三款传统离子交换剂与两款多模式的预装柱组合，可简快速地进行筛选
+
+* **流程快速**：Capto™ 填料在高流速下依然具备很高的动态载量
+
+* **操作简单**：减少纯化时间
+
+* **容易放大**：支持使用大型预装层析柱或散装填料进行制备级纯化
+
+整个套装包含 5 根具有不同离子交换剂的 1 mL HiTrap™ 预装柱，Capto™ Q、Capto™ S、Capto™ DEAE、Capto™ MMC 和 Capto™ adhere。
+
+#### Capto™ 基架
+
+Capto™ 层析填料非常适合放大生产。Capto™ 填料基于高刚性的琼脂糖基架打造，可在生产中提供出色的压力/流速特性以及针对性优化的孔结构，从而实现高通量的下游纯化。
+
+#### 离子交换剂 Capto™ Q、Capto™ S 与 Capto™ DEAE
+
+Capto™ Q 和 Capto™ S 是强离子交换剂，一般会作为的交换剂进行工艺探索。Capto™ DEAE 是弱离子交换剂。
+
+Capto™ 填料中使用的 S、Q 和 DEAE 配体的带电基团与 Cytiva 的其他离子交换填料中使用的带电基团相同。但由于基架、配体密度和表面延伸剂量的差异，选择性可能会发生微小的差异。这在图 1 中进行了说明。
+
+#### 多模式填料 Capto™ adhere 与 Capto™ MMC
+
+与传统的离子交换剂相比，Capto™ MMC 和 Capto™ adhere 具有不同的选择性，这是由于多模式配基可能以多种方式与目标分子发生相互作用。Capto™ MMC 是一种多模式高耐盐阳离子交换剂，可以在高电导率的溶液条件下捕获蛋白质 (图 2)。
+
+Capto™ adhere 是一种多模式强阴离子交换剂。它专为在单克隆抗体的蛋白 A 纯化之后去除聚集体和宿主细胞蛋白而设计。
+
+
+
+图 1. Capto™ S、SP Sepharose™ Fast Flow 和 SP Sepharose™ XL 1mL 预装层析柱对于 α-胰凝乳蛋白酶分离能力的比较。其中将大肠杆菌提取物上样至层析柱，并用线性盐梯度洗脱目标蛋白。通过测量在 280 nm 和 490 nm 处的吸光度来监测分离情况。所有纯化均使用 ÄKTA™ 层析系统进行。红线 = 电导率。
+
+
+
+图 2. 在起始料液对电导率要求方面，相对于传统离子交换剂，Capto™ MMC 多模式填料可提供更大的操作空间 (曲线下方的区域)。
+
+### 订货信息
+
+| 产品代码 | 产品 | 包装 | | 28934388 | HiTrap™ Capto™ Selection Kit | 5 × 1 mL |
+
+#### 离子交换层析预装柱
+
+
+
+
+| 产品代码 |
+产品 |
+包装 |
+内径x床高(mm) |
+柱体积(mL) |
+平均颗粒(μm) |
+每毫升载量 |
+耐压(MPa) |
+最高流速(mL/min) |
+pH稳定性工作[清洗] |
+
+
+
+
+| Capto™预装柱高流速、高载量、易于放大 |
+
+
+| 29401107 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ Q |
+1×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+90 |
+> 100 mg BSA/mL |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+ |
+
+
+| 11001302 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ Q |
+5×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+4 |
+2-12 |
+
+
+| 11001303 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ Q |
+5×5 mL |
+16/25 |
+5 |
+20 |
+[2-14] |
+
+
+| 28926978 |
+HiScreen™ Capto™ Q |
+1×4.7 mL |
+7.7/100 |
+4.7 |
+4.7 |
+ |
+
+
+| 29400457 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ DEAE |
+1×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+90 |
+> 90 mg 卵清蛋白/mL |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+2-9[4-12] |
+
+
+| 28916537 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ DEAE |
+5×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+4 |
+2-9[4-12] |
+
+
+| 28916540 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ DEAE |
+5×5 mL |
+16/25 |
+5 |
+20 |
+2-9[4-12] |
+
+
+| 28926982 |
+HiScreen™ Capto™ DEAE |
+1×4.7 mL |
+7.7/100 |
+4.7 |
+4.7 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 29400458 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ S |
+1×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+90 |
+> 120 mg 溶菌酶/mL |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+2-12[4-12] |
+
+
+| 17544122 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ S |
+5×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+4 |
+2-12[4-12] |
+
+
+| 17544123 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ S |
+5×5 mL |
+16/25 |
+5 |
+20 |
+2-12[4-12] |
+
+
+| 28926979 |
+HiScreen™ Capto™ S |
+1×4.7 mL |
+7.7/100 |
+4.7 |
+4.7 |
+4-12[3-14] |
+
+
+| Capto™ ImpAct预装柱高流速、高载量 |
+
+
+| 29400459 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ S ImpAct |
+1×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+50 |
+> 100 mg IgG/mL |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+4-12[3-14] |
+
+
+| 17371751 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ S ImpAct |
+5×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+
+
+| 17371755 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ S ImpAct |
+5×5 mL |
+16/25 |
+5 |
+0.3 |
+20 |
+
+
+| 17371747 |
+HiScreen™ Capto™ S ImpAct |
+1×4.7 mL |
+7.7/100 |
+4.7 |
+0.4 |
+2.3 |
+
+
+| Capto™ ImpRes预装柱高流速、高分辨率 |
+
+
+| 29400462 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ Q ImpRes |
+1×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+40 |
+> 55 mg BSA/mL |
+0.5 |
+4 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17547051 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ Q ImpRes |
+5×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+0.5 |
+4 |
+
+
+| 17547055 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ Q ImpRes |
+5×5 mL |
+16/25 |
+5 |
+0.5 |
+20 |
+
+
+| 17547015 |
+HiScreen™ Capto™ Q ImpRes |
+1×4.7 mL |
+7.7/100 |
+4.7 |
+0.4 |
+2.3 |
+
+
+| 29400460 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ SP ImpRes |
+1×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+40 |
+> 95 mg BSA/mL |
+0.5 |
+4 |
+4-12[3-14] |
+
+
+| 17546851 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ SP ImpRes |
+5×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+0.5 |
+4 |
+
+
+| 17546855 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ SP ImpRes |
+5×5 mL |
+16/25 |
+5 |
+0.5 |
+20 |
+
+
+| 17546815 |
+HiScreen™ Capto™ SP ImpRes |
+1×4.7 mL |
+7.7/100 |
+4.7 |
+0.4 |
+2.3 |
+
+
+| Capto™ HiRes预装柱超高分辨率 |
+
+
+| 29275878 |
+Capto™ HiRes Q |
+1×1 mL |
+5/50 |
+1 |
+9 |
+ 50 mg BSA/mL |
+4 |
+2 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 29275881 |
+1×8 mL |
+10/100 |
+8 |
+3 |
+
+
+| 29275877 |
+Capto™ HiRes Q |
+1×1 mL |
+5/50 |
+1 |
+9 |
+ 50 mg BSA/mL |
+4 |
+2 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 29275879 |
+1×8 mL |
+10/100 |
+8 |
+3 |
+
+
+| Capto™ IEX Selection Kit预装柱离子交换层析选择试剂盒 |
+
+
+| 28934388 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ IEX Selection Kit |
+5×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+包含5个1ml的预装柱：HiTrap™ Capto™ Q、HiTrap™ Capto™ S、HiTrap™ Capto™ MMC、HiTrap™Capto™ adhere、HiTrap™ Capto™ DEAE |
+0.5 |
+4 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+扫描二维码
+查看本页产品
+数据文件和使用说明
+
+
+#### 离子交换层析预装柱
+
+
+
+
+| 产品代码 |
+产品 |
+包装 |
+内径x床高(mm) |
+柱体积(mL) |
+平均颗粒(μm) |
+每毫升载量 |
+应用/特性 |
+耐压(MPa) |
+最高流速(mL/min) |
+pH稳定性工作[清洗] |
+
+
+
+
+| Sepharose™Fast Flow 预装柱快速捕获，初步纯化 |
+
+
+| 17505301 |
+HiTrap™ Q FF |
+5×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+90 |
+ 120 mg 人血清白蛋白/mL |
+适合实验室规模蛋白纯化 |
+0.5 |
+4 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 17515601 |
+HiTrap™ Q FF |
+5×5 mL |
+16/25 |
+5 |
+适合实验室规模蛋白纯化 |
+0.5 |
+20 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 28950510 |
+HiScreen™ Q FF |
+1×4.7 mL |
+7.7/100 |
+4.7 |
+适合工艺筛选及实验室规模蛋白制备 |
+0.15 |
+3.5 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 28936543 |
+HiPrep™ Q FF 16/10 |
+1×20 mL |
+16/100 |
+20 |
+蛋白的快速半制备/制备分离 |
+0.15 |
+10 |
+2-12[4-13] |
+
+
+| 17516201 |
+HiTrap™ ANX FF HS |
+5×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+90 |
+> 5 mg 甲状腺球蛋白/mL |
+适合实验室规模蛋白纯化 |
+0.5 |
+4 |
+3-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17516301 |
+5×5 mL |
+16/25 |
+5 |
+20 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 17505501 |
+HiTrap™ DEAE FF |
+5×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+90 |
+ 110 mg 人血清白蛋白/mL |
+适合实验室规模蛋白纯化 |
+0.5 |
+4 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 17515401 |
+>HiTrap™ DEAE FF |
+5×5 mL |
+16/25 |
+5 |
+适合实验室规模蛋白纯化 |
+0.5 |
+20 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 28978245 |
+HiScreen™ DEAE FF |
+1×4.7 mL |
+7.7/100 |
+4.7 |
+适合工艺筛选及实验室规模蛋白制备 |
+0.15 |
+3.5 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 28936541 |
+HiPrep™ DEAE FF 16/10 |
+1×20 mL |
+16/100 |
+20 |
+蛋白的快速半制备/制备分离 |
+0.15 |
+10 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 17505401 |
+HiTrap™ SP FF |
+5×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+90 |
+ 70 mg 核糖核酸酶A/mL |
+适合实验室规模蛋白纯化 |
+0.5 |
+4 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 17515701 |
+HiTrap™ SP FF |
+5×5 mL |
+16/25 |
+5 |
+适合实验室规模蛋白纯化 |
+0.5 |
+20 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 28950513 |
+HiScreen™ SP FF |
+1×4.7 mL |
+7.7/100 |
+4.7 |
+适合工艺筛选及实验室规模蛋白制备 |
+0.15 |
+3.5 |
+2-12[4-13] |
+
+
+| 28936544 |
+HiPrep™ SP FF 16/10 |
+1×20 mL |
+16/100 |
+20 |
+蛋白的快速半制备/制备分离 |
+0.15 |
+10 |
+2-12[4-13] |
+
+
+| 175561 |
+HiTrap™ CM FF |
+5×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+90 |
+ 50 mg 核糖核酸酶A/mL |
+适合实验室规模蛋白纯化 |
+0.5 |
+4 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 17515501 |
+>HiTrap™ CM FF |
+5×5 mL |
+16/25 |
+5 |
+适合实验室规模蛋白纯化 |
+0.5 |
+20 |
+
+
+| 28936542 |
+>HiPrep™ CM FF 16/10 |
+1×20 mL |
+16/100 |
+20 |
+蛋白的快速半制备/制备分离 |
+0.15 |
+10 |
+
+
+| Sepharose™ XL预装柱高流速、高载量 |
+
+
+| 17515801 |
+HiTrap™ Q XL |
+5×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+90 |
+> 130mg BSA/mL |
+适合做工艺优化及实验室规模蛋白制备 |
+0.5 |
+4 |
+3-13[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17515901 |
+>HiTrap™ Q XL |
+5×5 mL |
+16/25 |
+5 |
+适合做工艺优化及实验室规模蛋白制备 |
+0.5 |
+20 |
+
+
+| 28936538 |
+>HiPrep™ Q XL 16/10 |
+1×20 mL |
+16/100 |
+20 |
+蛋白的快速半制备/制备分离 |
+0.15 |
+10 |
+
+
+| 17516001 |
+HiTrap™ SP XL |
+5×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+90 |
+> 160mg 溶菌酶/mL |
+适合做工艺优化及实验室规模蛋白制备 |
+0.5 |
+4 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 17516101 |
+>HiTrap™ SP XL |
+5×5 mL |
+16/25 |
+5 |
+适合做工艺优化及实验室规模蛋白制备 |
+0.5 |
+20 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 28936540 |
+>HiPrep™ SP XL 16/10 |
+1×20 mL |
+16/100 |
+20 |
+蛋白的快速半制备/制备分离 |
+0.15 |
+10 |
+3-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| Sepharose™ High Performance预装柱中度纯化，提高分辨率 |
+
+
+| 29051325 |
+HiTrap™ Q HP |
+1×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+34 |
+> 70mg BSA/mL |
+提高样品分辨率，少量样品纯化亦可使用注射器 |
+0.5 |
+4 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17115301 |
+>HiTrap™ Q HP |
+5×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+提高样品分辨率，少量样品纯化亦可使用注射器 |
+4 |
+
+
+| 17115401 |
+>HiTrap™ Q HP |
+5×5 mL |
+16/25 |
+5 |
+提高样品分辨率，少量样品纯化亦可使用注射器 |
+20 |
+
+
+| 28950511 |
+>HiScreen™ Q HP |
+1×4.7 mL |
+7.7/100 |
+4.7 |
+适合工艺筛选及高分辨率实验室规模蛋白制备 |
+1.2 |
+
+
+| 29018182 |
+>HiPrep™ Q HP 16/10 |
+1×20 mL |
+16/100 |
+20 |
+蛋白的快速半制备/制备分离 |
+5 |
+
+
+| 29051324 |
+HiTrap™ SP HP |
+1×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+34 |
+> 55mg 核糖核酸酶A/mL |
+提高样品分辨率，少量样品纯化亦可使用注射器 |
+0.5 |
+4 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 17115101 |
+>HiTrap™ SP HP |
+5×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+提高样品分辨率，少量样品纯化亦可使用注射器 |
+4 |
+
+
+| 17115201 |
+>HiTrap™ SP HPP |
+5×5 mL |
+16/25 |
+5 |
+提高样品分辨率，少量样品纯化亦可使用注射器 |
+20 |
+
+
+| 28950515 |
+>HiScreen™ SP HP |
+1×4.7 mL |
+7.7/100 |
+4.7 |
+适合工艺筛选及高分辨率实验室规模蛋白制备 |
+1.2 |
+
+
+| 29018183 |
+>HiPrep™ SP HP 16/10 |
+1×20 mL |
+16/100 |
+20 |
+蛋白的快速半制备/制备分离 |
+5 |
+
+
+| Sepharose™ IEX selection Kit离子交换选择试剂盒 |
+
+
+| 17600233 |
+HiTrap™ IEX selection Kit |
+7×1 mL |
+7/25 |
+1 |
+90 |
+- |
+适合做工艺优化，凝胶选择含有7个1 mL的预装柱：HiTrap™ Q FF、HiTrap™ SP FF、HiTrap™ CM FF、HiTrap™ DEAE FF、HiTrap™ ANX FF (high sub)、HiTrap™ Q XL、HiTrap™ SP XL |
+0.5 |
+4 |
+- |
+
+
+
+
+#### 离子交换层析预装柱
+
+
+
+
+| 产品代码 |
+产品 |
+内径x床高(mm) |
+柱体积(mL) |
+平均颗粒(μm) |
+每毫升载量 |
+应用/特性 |
+耐压(MPa) |
+最高流速(mL/min) |
+pH稳定性工作[清洗] |
+
+
+
+
+| SOURCE™ 预装柱高流速半制备 |
+
+
+| 17117701 |
+RESOURCE™ Q 1 mL |
+6.4/30 |
+1 |
+15 |
+ 40-54 mg BSA/mL |
+高速、高载量；适合放大 |
+1.5 |
+10 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 17117901 |
+RESOURCE™ Q 6 mL |
+16/30 |
+6 |
+高速、高载量；适合放大 |
+0.6 |
+60 |
+
+
+| 17518101 |
+SOURCE™ 15Q 4.6/100 PE |
+4.6/100 |
+1.7 |
+高速、高载量；适合放大 |
+4 |
+5 |
+
+
+| 90100465 |
+SOURCE™ 15Q, Tricorn™ 10/100 GL |
+10/100 |
+7.8 |
+高分辨率，适合精细纯化和分析工作 |
+- |
+24 |
+
+
+| 28959135 |
+SOURCE™ 15Q, Tricorn™ 10/150 GL |
+10/150 |
+12 |
+高分辨率，适合精细纯化和分析工作 |
+- |
+24 |
+
+
+| 17117801 |
+RESOURCE™ S 1 mL |
+6.4/30 |
+1 |
+15 |
+ 80 mg 溶菌酶/mL |
+高速、高载量；适合放大 |
+1.5 |
+10 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 17118001 |
+RESOURCE™ S 6 mL |
+16/30 |
+6 |
+高速、高载量；适合放大 |
+0.6 |
+60 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 17518201 |
+SOURCE™ 15S 4.6/100 PE |
+4.6/100 |
+1.7 |
+高速、高载量；适合放大 |
+4 |
+5 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| Mini 预装柱超高分辨率 |
+
+
+| 17068601 |
+Mini Q™ PC 3.2/3 |
+3.2/3 |
+0.24 |
+3 |
+6.25 mg 蛋白/mL |
+高分辨率，适合精细纯化和分析工作 |
+10 |
+1 |
+3-11[1-14] |
+
+
+| f(x) 预表征层析柱快速启动层析机理建模实验 |
+
+
+| 29641492 |
+Capto™ SP ImpRes Tricorn™ 10/200 f(x) |
+10/200 |
+15.7 |
+40 |
+>95 mg BSA/mL |
+包含预表征RoA证书，适合快速启机理建模 |
+0.3 |
+- |
+4-12[3-14] |
+
+
+
+
+
+扫描二维码
+查看本页产品
+数据文件和使用说明
+
+
+#### 离子交换层析预装柱
+
+
+
+
+| 产品代码 |
+填料 |
+包装 |
+平均颗粒(μm) |
+每毫升载量 |
+应用/特性 |
+耐压(MPa) |
+推荐流速(cm/h) |
+最高流速(cm/h) |
+pH稳定性工作[清洗] |
+
+
+
+
+| Capto™ 填料高流速、高载量、易于放大高流速琼脂糖基质,刚性更强,传质速度更快* 线状葡聚糖表面延伸剂,载量提高* 高流速: > 700 cm/h (20 cm 床高的使用流速)* 低反压: < 3 bar (700 cm/h 20 cm 床高)* 高稳定性: 1 M NaOH 40 °C 1 周稳定 |
+
+
+| 17531610 |
+Capto™ Q |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+> 100 mg BSA/mL |
+高流速、高载量 |
+0.3 |
+< 700 |
+700 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+ | 17531602 |
+ 100 mL |
+
+
+ | 17531603 |
+ 1 L |
+
+
+ | 17531604 |
+ 5 L |
+
+
+ | 17531605 |
+ 10L |
+
+
+ | 17531660 |
+ 60 L |
+
+
+| 17547301 |
+Capto™ Q XP |
+25 mL |
+75 |
+> 10 mg lgM/mL |
+大分子、高流速、适合放大 |
+0.3 |
+< 300 |
+700 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+ | 17547302 |
+ 100 mL |
+
+
+ | 17547303 |
+ 1 L |
+
+
+ | 17547304 |
+ 5 L |
+
+
+| 17544310 |
+Capto™ DEAE |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+> 90 mg 卵清蛋白/mL |
+高流速、高载量 |
+0.3 |
+< 700 |
+700 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+ | 17544301 |
+ 100 mL |
+
+
+ | 17544303 |
+ 1 L |
+
+
+ | 17544304 |
+ 5 L |
+
+
+ | 17544305 |
+ 10L |
+
+
+ | 17544360 |
+ 60 L |
+
+
+| 17544110 |
+Capto™ S |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+> 120 mg 溶菌酶/mL |
+高流速、高载量 |
+0.3 |
+< 700 |
+700 |
+4-12[3-14] |
+
+
+ | 17544110 |
+ 100 mL |
+
+
+ | 17544101 |
+ 1 L |
+
+
+ | 17544104 |
+ 5 L |
+
+
+ | 17544105 |
+ 10L |
+
+
+ | 17544160 |
+ 60 L |
+
+
+| Capto™ ImpAct填料高流速、高载量
+ |
+
+
+| 17371701 |
+Capto™ S ImpAct |
+25 mL |
+50 |
+> 90 mg 溶菌酶/mL |
+高流速、较高分辨率、高载量 |
+0.3 |
+200 |
+600 |
+4-12[3-14] |
+
+
+ | 17371702 |
+ 100 mL |
+
+
+ | 17371703 |
+ 1 L |
+
+
+ | 17371704 |
+ 5 L |
+
+
+ | 17371705 |
+ 10L |
+
+
+ | 17371760 |
+ 60 L |
+
+
+| Capto™ ImpRes填料高流速、高分辨率
+ |
+
+
+| 17547010 |
+Capto™ Q ImpRes |
+25 mL |
+40 |
+> 55 mg BSA/mL |
+高流速、高分辨率 |
+0.3 |
+300 |
+400 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+ | 17547002 |
+ 100 mL |
+
+
+ | 17547003 |
+ 1 L |
+
+
+| 17546810 |
+Capto™ SP ImpRes |
+25 mL |
+50 |
+ > 95 mg BSA/mL |
+高流速、高分辨率 |
+0.3 |
+300 |
+400 |
+4-12[3-14] |
+
+
+ | 17546802 |
+ 100 mL |
+
+
+ | 17546803 |
+ 1 L |
+
+
+ | 17546804 |
+ 5 L |
+
+
+ | 17546805 |
+ 10L |
+
+
+
+
+扫描二维码
+查看本页产品
+数据文件和使用说明
+
+
+#### 离子交换层析填料
+
+
+
+
+| 产品代码 |
+填料 |
+包装 |
+平均颗粒(μm) |
+每毫升载量 |
+应用/特性 |
+耐压(MPa) |
+推荐流速(cm/h) |
+最高流速(cm/h) |
+pH稳定性工作[清洗] |
+
+
+
+
+| Sepharose™ Big Beads 填料快速处理大量样品，超大颗粒凝胶可保证高粘样品亦可保持 500cm/h 的流速
+ |
+
+
+| 17098903 |
+Q Sepharose™ Big Beads |
+1 L |
+200 |
+- |
+高流速、耐高粘度、工业设计 |
+0.3 |
+1200-1800 |
+1800 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17098905 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17065703 |
+SP Sepharose™ Big Beads |
+1 L |
+200 |
+- |
+高流速、耐高粘度、工业设计 |
+0.3 |
+1200-1800 |
+1800 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 17065705 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 11000829 |
+SP Sepharose™ Big Beads Food Grade |
+1 L |
+200 |
+- |
+食品级、高流速、耐高粘度 |
+0.3 |
+1200-1800 |
+1800 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 11000830 |
+10 L |
+
+ Sepharose™ Fast Flow 填料快速捕获，初步纯化
+ |
+
+| 17051010 |
+Q Sepharose™ FF |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+120 mgBSA/mL |
+快速、高产量纯化 |
+0.3 |
+<700 |
+700 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17051001 |
+300 mL |
+
+
+| 17051004 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17051005 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17128601 |
+ANX Sepharose™ 4 FF(LS) |
+500 mL |
+90 |
+-CDM 产品咨询 |
+快速、高产量纯化 |
+0.3 |
+<700 |
+700 |
+3-13[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17128604 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17128710 |
+ANX Sepharose™ 4 FF(HS) |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+5 mg甲状腺球蛋白/mL |
+快速、高产量纯化 |
+0.3 |
+<700 |
+700 |
+3-13[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17128701 |
+500 ml |
+
+
+| 17128704 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17128705 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17070910 |
+DEAE Sepharose™ FF |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+110 mg人血清白蛋白/mL |
+快速、高产量纯化 |
+0.3 |
+300-600 |
+700 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17070901 |
+500 mL |
+
+
+| 17070905 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17071001 |
+DEAE Sepharose™ CL-6B |
+500 mL |
+90 |
+170 mg人血清白蛋白/mL |
+高载量 |
+0.045 |
+<150 |
+- |
+3-9[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17071005 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17072910 |
+SP Sepharose™ FF |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+70 mg核糖核酸酶 A/mL |
+快速、高产量纯化 |
+0.3 |
+<700 |
+700 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 17072901 |
+300 mL |
+
+
+| 17072904 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17072905 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17071910 |
+CM Sepharose™ FF |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+50 mg核糖核酸酶 A/mL |
+快速、高产量纯化 |
+0.3 |
+300-600 |
+700 |
+4-13[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17071901 |
+500 mL |
+
+
+| 17071905 |
+10 L |
+
+Sepharose™ XL 填料超高载量
+ |
+
+| 17507201 |
+Q Sepharose™ XL |
+300 mL |
+90 |
+> 130 mgBSA/mL |
+高载量、高流速 |
+0.3 |
+300-500 |
+500 |
+3-13[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17507204 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17507205 |
+10 L |
+ |
+
+| 17507301 |
+SP Sepharose™ XL |
+300 mL |
+90 |
+> 160 mg溶菌酶/mL |
+高载量、高流速 |
+0.3 |
+300-500 |
+500 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 17507304 |
+5 L |
+
+ Sepharose™ High Performance 填料中度纯化，高分辨率
+ |
+
+| 17101401 |
+Q Sepharose™ HP |
+75 mL |
+34 |
+70 mgBSA/mL |
+高分辨率、经济的精细纯化 |
+0.3 |
+<150 |
+150 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 17101403 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17101404 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17101405 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17108701 |
+SP Sepharose™ HP |
+75 mL |
+34 |
+55 mg核糖核酸酶 A/mL |
+高分辨率、经济的精细纯化 |
+0.3 |
+<150 |
+150 |
+4-13[3-14] |
+
+
+| 17108703 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17108704 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17108705 |
+10 L |
+
+
+
+
+扫描二维码
+查看本页产品
+数据文件和使用说明
+
+#### 离子交换层析填料
+
+
+
+
+| 产品代码 |
+填料 |
+包装 |
+平均颗粒(μm) |
+每毫升载量 |
+应用/特性 |
+耐压(MPa) |
+推荐流速(cm/h) |
+最高流速(cm/h) |
+pH稳定性工作[清洗] |
+
+
+
+
+| SOURCE™ 填料合成基架, 高流速半制备
+ |
+
+
+| 17127501 |
+SOURCE™ 30Q |
+50 mL |
+30 |
+45 mg白蛋白/mL |
+极快速的中度至精细纯化可用于各种 Tricorn™、HiScale™、BPG、FineLINE™ 层析柱, 选择HiScale™ 柱型需更换 10 µm 筛网 |
+0.3 |
+300-1000 |
+2000 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 17127502 |
+200 mL |
+
+
+| 17127503 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17127504 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17094720 |
+SOURCE™ 15Q |
+10 mL |
+15 |
+45 mg白蛋白/mL |
+高分辨率精细纯化装入Tricorn™, HiScale™ 柱效果最佳 |
+0.5 |
+150-900 |
+1800 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 17094701 |
+50 mL |
+
+
+| 17094705 |
+200 mL |
+
+
+| 17094702 |
+500 mL |
+
+
+| 17094703 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17094704 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17127301 |
+SOURCE™ 30S |
+50 mL |
+30 |
+80 mg溶菌酶/mL |
+极快速的中度至精细纯化可用于各种 Tricorn™、HiScale™、BPG、FineLINE™ 层析柱, 选择HiScale™ 柱型需更换 10 µm 筛网 |
+0.3 |
+300-1000 |
+2000 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 17127302 |
+200 mL |
+
+
+| 17127303 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17127304 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17094410 |
+SOURCE™ 15S |
+10 mL50 mL |
+15 |
+80 mg溶菌酶/mL |
+高分辨率精细纯化装入Tricorn™, HiScale™ 柱效果最佳 |
+0.5 |
+150-900 |
+1800 |
+2-12[1-14] |
+
+
+| 17094401 |
+50 mL |
+
+
+| 17094405 |
+200 mL |
+
+
+| 17094402 |
+500 mL |
+
+
+| 17094403 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 29452023 |
+5 L |
+
+ 其他离子交换填料 |
+
+| 17546901 |
+MacroCap™ Q |
+25 mL |
+50 |
+> 8 mg 30 kDa PEG修饰 BSA/mL |
+纯化 PEG 蛋白 |
+- |
+<120 |
+120 |
+4-11[2-13] |
+
+
+| 17546902 |
+500 mL |
+
+
+| 17546904 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17544010 |
+MacroCap™ SP |
+25 mL |
+50 |
+- |
+纯化 PEG 蛋白 |
+- |
+<120 |
+120 |
+4-11[2-13] |
+
+
+| 17544001 |
+100 mL |
+
+
+| 17544002 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17019001 |
+QAE Sephadex™ A-25 |
+100 g |
+40-120 |
+10 mg人血清白蛋白/mL |
+适合纯化 30 kDa 左右低分子量蛋白、多肽、核苷酸 |
+- |
+>100 |
+- |
+2-2[2-13] |
+
+
+| 17019003 |
+5 kg |
+
+
+| 17020001 |
+QAE Sephadex™ A-50 |
+100 g |
+40-120 |
+80 mg人血清白蛋白/mL |
+适合纯化 30-100 kDa 中等大小的生物分子 |
+- |
+>60 |
+- |
+2-2[2-12] |
+
+
+| 17020003 |
+5 kg |
+
+
+| 17017001 |
+DEAE Sephadex™ A-25 |
+100 g |
+40-120 |
+30 mg人血清白蛋白/mL |
+Sephadex™ 基架的弱阴离子交换填料 |
+- |
+>120 |
+- |
+2-9[2-13] |
+
+
+| 17017002 |
+500 g |
+
+
+| 17017003 |
+5 kg |
+
+
+| 17018001 |
+DEAE Sephadex™ A-50 |
+100 g |
+40-120 |
+110 mg人血清白蛋白/mL |
+Sephadex™ 基架的弱阴离子交换填料, 广泛用于纯化血浆制品 |
+- |
+>60 |
+- |
+2-12[2-12] |
+
+
+| 17018002 |
+500 g |
+
+
+| 17018003 |
+5 kg |
+
+
+| 17018007 |
+40 kg |
+
+
+| 17023001 |
+SP Sephadex™ C-25 |
+100 g |
+40-120 |
+230 mg 核糖核酸酶/mL |
+Sephadex™ 基架的强阳离子交换填料 |
+- |
+>100 |
+- |
+2-13[2-13] |
+
+
+| 17023003 |
+5 kg |
+
+
+| 17024001 |
+SP Sephadex™ C-50 |
+100 g |
+40-120 |
+100 mg 核糖核酸酶/mL |
+Sephadex™ 基架的强阳离子交换填料 |
+- |
+>100 |
+- |
+2-12[2-12] |
+
+
+| 17024003 |
+5 kg |
+
+
+| 17021001 |
+CM Sephadex™ C-25 |
+100 g |
+40-120 |
+190 mg 核糖核酸酶/mL |
+Sephadex™ 基架的弱阳离子交换填料 |
+- |
+>120 |
+- |
+6-10[2-13] |
+
+
+| 17021002 |
+500 g |
+
+
+| 17021003 |
+5 kg |
+
+
+| 17022001 |
+CM Sephadex™ C-50 |
+100 g |
+40-120 |
+120 mg 核糖核酸酶/mL |
+Sephadex™ 基架的弱阳离子交换填料 |
+- |
+>100 |
+- |
+6-10[2-12] |
+
+
+| 17022002 |
+500 g |
+
+
+| 17022003 |
+5 kg |
+
+
+| 17050001 |
+DEAE Sephadex™ |
+500 mL |
+40-160 |
+160 mg 人血清白蛋白/mL |
+球状纤维素基架的弱阴离子交换填料 |
+0.03 |
+<50 |
+50 |
+2-9[2-12] |
+
+
+| 17050005 |
+10 L |
+
+
+
+扫描二维码
+查看本页产品
+数据文件和使用说明
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_36.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_36.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f71fafee35bf4d82b8e3e719f9efc3a32efa180f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_36.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1047 @@
+表 D.2 铝镁系 (LDRE) 管形母线长期允许载流量及计算用数据
+
+
+
+
+| 导体尺寸D/dmm |
+导体截面mm² |
+导体最高允许温度为下值时的载流量A |
+截面系数Wcm³ |
+惯性半径r₁cm |
+截面惯性矩Icm⁴ |
+
+
+| +70°C |
++80°C |
+
+
+
+
+| φ30/25 |
+216 |
+491 |
+561 |
+1.37 |
+0.976 |
+2.06 |
+
+
+| φ40/35 |
+294 |
+662 |
+724 |
+2.60 |
+1.33 |
+5.20 |
+
+
+| φ50/45 |
+373 |
+834 |
+877 |
+4.22 |
+1.68 |
+10.6 |
+
+
+| φ60/54 |
+539 |
+1094 |
+1125 |
+7.29 |
+2.02 |
+21.9 |
+
+
+| φ70/64 |
+631 |
+1281 |
+1284 |
+10.2 |
+2.37 |
+35.5 |
+
+
+| φ80/72 |
+954 |
+1700 |
+1654 |
+17.3 |
+2.69 |
+69.2 |
+
+
+| φ100/90 |
+1491 |
+2360 |
+2234 |
+33.8 |
+3.36 |
+169 |
+
+
+| φ110/100 |
+1649 |
+2585 |
+2463 |
+41.4 |
+3.72 |
+228 |
+
+
+| φ120/110 |
+1806 |
+2831 |
+2663 |
+49.9 |
+4.07 |
+299 |
+
+
+| φ130/116 |
+2705 |
+3655 |
+3274 |
+79.0 |
+4.36 |
+513 |
+
+
+| φ150/136 |
+3145 |
+4269 |
+3720 |
+107 |
+5.06 |
+806 |
+
+
+| φ170/154 |
+4072 |
+5052 |
+4491 |
+158 |
+5.73 |
+1339 |
+
+
+| φ200/184 |
+4825 |
+5969 |
+5144 |
+223 |
+6.79 |
+2227 |
+
+
+| φ250/230 |
+7540 |
+8342 |
+6914 |
+435 |
+8.49 |
+5438 |
+
+
+
+
+
+ | 注1：最高允许温度+70℃的载流量，系按基准环境温度+25℃、无风、无日照、辐射散热系数与吸热系数为0.5、不涂漆条件计算的。注2：最高允许温度+80℃的载流量，系按基准环境温度+25℃、日照0.1W/cm²、风速0.5m/s且与管形导体垂直、海拔1000m、辐射散热系数与吸热系数为0.5、不涂漆条件计算的。注3：导体尺寸中，D为外径，d为内径。 |
+
+
+
+
+ D 3 JL 型铝绞线长期允许载流量 A
+
+| 导线规格号 | 最高允许温度℃ |
|---|
| +70 | +80 |
|---|
| 10 | 55 | 81 | | 16 | 77 | 109 | | 25 | 106 | 144 | | 40 | 147 | 194 | | 63 | 204 | 260 | | 100 | 284 | 348 | | 125 | 334 | 402 | | 160 | 399 | 470 | | 200 | 468 | 542 | | 250 | 549 | 626 | | 315 | 647 | 725 | | 400 | 770 | 846 | | 450 | 833 | 908 | | 500 | 899 | 972 | | 560 | 975 | 1046 | | 630 | 1062 | 1128 | | 710 | 1156 | 1218 | | 800 | 1261 | 1316 | | 900 | 1372 | 1419 | | 1000 | 1480 | 1519 | | 1120 | 1606 | 1635 | | 1250 | 1740 | 1756 | | 1400 | 1884 | 1887 | | 1500 | 1981 | 1974 |
+
+表 D.4 JLHA2 (JLHA1ª) 型铝合金绞线长期允许载流量
+
+
+
+| 导线规格号 |
+最高允许温度为下值时的载流量 |
+
+
+| +70°C |
++80°C |
+
+
+
+
+| 16 |
+79 |
+110 |
+
+
+| 25 |
+108 |
+146 |
+
+
+| 40 |
+152 |
+197 |
+
+
+| 63 |
+210 |
+263 |
+
+
+| 100 |
+293 |
+354 |
+
+
+| 125 |
+343 |
+408 |
+
+
+| 160 |
+410 |
+478 |
+
+
+| 200 |
+480 |
+551 |
+
+
+| 250 |
+564 |
+636 |
+
+
+| 315 |
+665 |
+737 |
+
+
+| 400 |
+788 |
+856 |
+
+
+| 450 |
+857 |
+924 |
+
+
+| 500 |
+925 |
+988 |
+
+
+| 560 |
+1002 |
+1062 |
+
+
+| 630 |
+1092 |
+1147 |
+
+
+| 710 |
+1189 |
+1238 |
+
+
+| 800 |
+1297 |
+1338 |
+
+
+| 900 |
+1410 |
+1443 |
+
+
+| 1000 |
+1521 |
+1544 |
+
+
+| 1120 |
+1651 |
+1662 |
+
+
+| 1250 |
+1789 |
+1786 |
+
+
+
+
+| 注1: 最高允许温度+70℃的载流量, 系按基准环境温度为+25℃、无日照、无风、导线表面黑度为0.9条件计算的。注2: 最高允许温度+80℃的载流量, 系按基准环境温度+25℃、日照0.1W/cm²、风速0.5m/s、海拔1000m、导线表面黑度为0.9条件计算的。
+ 注3: JLHA2 (JLHA1) 型铝合金绞线性能见 GB/T1179—1999 附表D2、附表D3。
+ a JLHA1型铝合金绞线单线截面、额定拉断力比JLHA2略大, 个别规格导线载流量也略大, 但均在5A以内。 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+表D 5 JL/G1A、JL/G1B、JL/G2A、JL/G2B、JL/G3A型
+钢芯铝绞线长期允许载流量
+
+| 线规格号(钢比%) | 最高允许温度为下值时的载流量A |
|---|
| +70°C | +80°C |
|---|
| 16 (17%) | 79 | 111 | | 25 (17%) | 109 | 147 | | 40 (17%) | 152 | 198 | | 63 (17%) | 211 | 265 | | 100 (17%) | 293 | 355 | | 125 (6%) | 338 | 405 | | 125 (16%) | 345 | 410 | | 160 (6%) | 403 | 473 | | 160 (16%) | 411 | 480 | | 200 (6%) | 473 | 546 | | 200 (16%) | 483 | 553 | | 250 (10%) | 561 | 634 | | 250 (16%) | 568 | 639 | | 315 (7%) | 658 | 732 | | 315 (16%) | 670 | 741 | | 400 (7%) | 781 | 854 | | 400 (13%) | 789 | 859 | | 450 (7%) | 846 | 917 | | 450 (13%) | 855 | 923 | | 500 (7%) | 913 | 981 | | 500 (13%) | 923 | 989 | | 560 (7%) | 990 | 1055 | | 560 (13%) | 1002 | 1064 | | 630 (7%) | 1078 | 1139 |
+
+表 D.5 (续)
+
+
+
+| 线规格号(钢比%) |
+最高允许温度为下值时的载流量A |
+
+
+| +70°C |
++80°C |
+
+
+
+
+| 630 (13%) |
+1090 |
+1147 |
+
+
+| 710 (7%) |
+1175 |
+1231 |
+
+
+| 710 (13%) |
+1188 |
+1240 |
+
+
+| 800 (4%) |
+1273 |
+1324 |
+
+
+| 800 (8%) |
+1282 |
+1330 |
+
+
+| 800 (13%) |
+1294 |
+1338 |
+
+
+| 900 (4%) |
+1386 |
+1429 |
+
+
+| 900 (8%) |
+1395 |
+1434 |
+
+
+| 1000 (4%) |
+1496 |
+1530 |
+
+
+| 1120 (4%) |
+1622 |
+1646 |
+
+
+| 1120 (8%) |
+1635 |
+1654 |
+
+
+| 1250 (4%) |
+1756 |
+1767 |
+
+
+| 1250 (8%) |
+1767 |
+1773 |
+
+
+
+
+| 注1: 最高允许温度+70℃的载流量, 系按基准环境温度为+25℃、无日照、无风、导线表面黑度为0.9条件计算的。
+ 注2: 最高允许温度+80℃的载流量, 系按基准环境温度+25℃、日照0.1W/cm²、风速0.5m/s、海拔1000m、导线表面黑度为0.9条件计算的。
+ 注3: JL/G1A、JL/G1B、JL/G2A、JL/G2B、JL/G3A型铝合金绞线性能见GB/T 1179—1999附表D4。 |
+
+
+
+
+表 D.6 JLHA2/G1A、JLHA2/G1B、JLHA2/G3A (JLHA1/G1A、JLHA1/G1B、JLHA1/G3A*) 型钢芯铝合金绞线长期允许载流量
+
+| 导线规格号(钢比%) | 最高允许温度为下值时的载流量A |
|---|
| +70°C | +80°C |
|---|
| 16 (17%) | 81 | 112 | | 25 (17%) | 112 | 149 | | 40 (17%) | 156 | 201 | | 63 (17%) | 217 | 269 | | 100 (6%) | 296 | 356 |
+
+表 D 6 (续)
+
+| 导线规格号 (钢比%) | 最高允许温度为下值时的载流量A |
|---|
| +70°C | +80°C |
|---|
| 125 (6%) | 347 | 411 | | 125 (16%) | 354 | 416 | | 160 (6%) | 414 | 481 | | 160 (16%) | 423 | 487 | | 200 (6%) | 485 | 554 | | 200 (16%) | 497 | 563 | | 250 (10%) | 576 | 644 | | 250 (16%) | 583 | 649 | | 315 (7%) | 675 | 744 | | 315 (16%) | 688 | 753 | | 400 (7%) | 800 | 864 | | 400 (13%) | 809 | 871 | | 450 (7%) | 869 | 932 | | 450 (13%) | 880 | 939 | | 500 (7%) | 938 | 998 | | 500 (13%) | 950 | 1005 | | 560 (7%) | 1018 | 1073 | | 560 (13%) | 1030 | 1081 | | 630 (4%) | 1101 | 1153 | | 630 (13%) | 1120 | 1166 | | 710 (4%) | 1201 | 1246 | | 710 (13%) | 1221 | 1260 | | 800 (4%) | 1310 | 1347 | | 800 (8%) | 1318 | 1352 | | 900 (4%) | 1424 | 1453 |
+
+表D.6(续)
+
+
+
+
+| 导线规格号(钢比%) |
+最高允许温度为下值时的载流量A |
+
+
+| +70℃ |
++80℃ |
+
+
+
+
+| 900 (8%) |
+1434 |
+1458 |
+
+
+| 1000 (8%) |
+1548 |
+1563 |
+
+
+| 1120 (8%) |
+1680 |
+1682 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 注1: 最高允许温度+70℃的载流量, 系按基准环境温度为+25℃、无日照、无风、导线表面黑度为0.9条件计算的。
+注2: 最高允许温度+80℃的载流量, 系按基准环境温度+25℃、日照0.1W/cm²、风速0.5m/s、海拔1000m、导线表面黑度为0.9条件计算的。
+注3: JLHA2/G1A、JLHA2/G1B、JLHA2/G3A (JLHA1/G1A、JLHA1/G1B、JLHA1/G3A) JLHA2型钢芯铝合金绞线性能见GB/T1179-1999附表D5、附表D6。
+a JLHA2/G1A、JLHA2/G1B、JLHA2/G3A型钢芯铝合金绞线单线截面、额定拉断力比JLHA1/G1A、JLHA1/G1B、JLHA1/G3A略大, 个别规格导线载流量也略大, 但均在5A以内。 |
+
+
+
+表D.7 耐热铝合金钢芯绞线(导电率60%IACS)长期允许载流量
+
+A
+
+| 标称截面(铝/钢)mm² | 最高允许温度℃ |
|---|
| +70 | +80 | +90 | +100 | +110 | +120 | +130 | +140 | +150 |
|---|
| 400/50 | 783 | 853 | 949 | 1034 | 1112 | 1184 | 1251 | 1314 | 1374 | | 500/65 | 918 | 983 | 1096 | 1197 | 1288 | 1373 | 1451 | 1526 | 1597 | | 630/80 | 1088 | 1144 | 1278 | 1398 | 1506 | 1606 | 1700 | 1788 | 1873 | | 800/100 | 1279 | 1323 | 1481 | 1622 | 1749 | 1867 | 1978 | 2082 | 2181 | | 1440/120 | 1938 | 1925 | 2167 | 2381 | 2576 | 2756 | 2925 | 3084 | 3236 | | 注1: 最高允许温度+70℃的载流量, 系按基准环境温度+25℃、无日照、无风、导线表面黑度为0.9条件计算的。注2: 最高允许温度+80℃~+150℃的载流量, 系按基准环境温度+25℃、日照0.1W/cm²、风速0.5m/s、海拔1000m、导线表面黑度为0.9条件计算的。 |
+
+表 D 8 扩径导线主要技术参数和长期允许载流量
+
+
+
+
+ | 项目 |
+ 截面mm² |
+ 外径mm |
+ 拉断力N |
+ 弹性系数N/mm² |
+ 线胀系数1/°C |
+ 20℃直流电阻Ω/km |
+ 导线载流量A |
+ 单位重量kg/km |
+
+
+ | 铝 |
+ 钢 |
+ 总 |
+ 70℃ |
+ 80℃ |
+
+
+
+
+ | 扩径钢芯铝绞线 |
+ | | | | | | | | | | |
+
+
+ | LGJK-300 |
+ 301 |
+ 72 |
+ 373 |
+ 27.4 |
+ 143000 |
+ 86500 |
+ 18.1×10⁻⁶ |
+ 0.100 |
+ 669 |
+ 729 |
+ 1420 |
+
+
+ | LGJK-630 |
+ 630 |
+ 150 |
+ 780 |
+ 48 |
+ 206000 |
+ 71000 |
+ 18.1×10⁻⁶ |
+ 0.04666 |
+ 1247 |
+ 1251 |
+ 2985 |
+
+
+ | LGJK-800 |
+ 800 |
+ 150 |
+ 950 |
+ 49 |
+ 215000 |
+ 67000 |
+ 18.1×10⁻⁶ |
+ 0.03656 |
+ 1422 |
+ 1422 |
+ 3467 |
+
+
+ | LGJK-1000 |
+ 1000 |
+ 150 |
+ 1150 |
+ 51 |
+ 225000 |
+ 63800 |
+ 19.3×10⁻⁶ |
+ 0.02948 |
+ 1612 |
+ 1603 |
+ 3997 |
+
+
+ | LGJK-1250 |
+ 1250 |
+ 150 |
+ 1400 |
+ 52 |
+ 235000 |
+ 60800 |
+ 19.9×10⁻⁶ |
+ 0.02317 |
+ 1833 |
+ 1818 |
+ 4712 |
+
+
+ | 铝钢扩径空心导线 |
+ | | | | | | | | | | |
+
+
+ | LGKK-600 |
+ 587 |
+ 49.5 |
+ 636 |
+ 51 |
+ 152000 |
+ 73000 |
+ 19.9×10⁻⁶ |
+ 0.0506 |
+ 1230 |
+ 1223 |
+ 2690 |
+
+
+ | LGKK-900 |
+ 906.4 |
+ 84.83 |
+ 991.23 |
+ 49 |
+ 209000 |
+ 59900 |
+ 20.4×10⁻⁶ |
+ 0.03317 |
+ 1493 |
+ 1493 |
+ 3620 |
+
+
+ | LGKK-1400 |
+ 1387.8 |
+ 106 |
+ 1493.8 |
+ 57 |
+ 295000 |
+ 59200 |
+ 20.8×10⁻⁶ |
+ 0.02163 |
+ 1976 |
+ 1934 |
+ 5129 |
+
+
+ | 特轻型铝合金线 |
+ | | | | | | | | | | |
+
+
+ | LGIQT-1400 |
+ 1399.6 |
+ 134.3 |
+ 1533.9 |
+ 51 |
+ 336000 |
+ 57300 |
+ 20.4×10⁻⁶ |
+ 0.02138 |
+ 1892 |
+ 1882 |
+ 4962 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 注1 最高允许温度+70℃的载流量系按基准环境温度+25℃、无日照、导线表面温度为0.9条件计算的。
+
+注2 最高允许温度+80℃的载流量系按基准环境温度+25℃、风速0.5m/s、日照0.1W/cm²、海拔高度1000m及以下、导线表面黑
+度为0.9条件计算的。
+ |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+表 D.9 矩形铝导体长期允许载流量 A
+
+| 导体尺寸h×bmm×mm | 单条 | 双条 | 三条 | 四条 |
|---|
| 平放 | 竖放 | 平放 | 竖放 | 平放 | 竖放 | 平放 | 竖放 |
|---|
| 40×4 | 480 | 503 | | | | | | | | 40×5 | 542 | 562 | | | | | | | | 50×4 | 586 | 613 | | | | | | | | 50×5 | 661 | 692 | | | | | | | | 63×6.3 | 910 | 952 | 1409 | 1547 | 1866 | 2111 | | | | 63×8 | 1038 | 1085 | 1623 | 1777 | 2113 | 2379 | | | | 63×10 | 1168 | 1221 | 1825 | 1994 | 2381 | 2665 | | | | 80×6.3 | 1128 | 1178 | 1724 | 1892 | 2211 | 2505 | 2558 | 3411 | | 80×8 | 1274 | 1330 | 1946 | 2131 | 2491 | 2809 | 2863 | 3817 | | 80×10 | 1472 | 1490 | 2175 | 2373 | 2774 | 3114 | 3167 | 4222 | | 100×6.3 | 1371 | 1430 | 2054 | 2253 | 2633 | 2985 | 3032 | 4043 | | 100×8 | 1542 | 1609 | 2298 | 2516 | 2933 | 3311 | 3359 | 4479 | | 100×10 | 1278 | 1803 | 2558 | 2796 | 3181 | 3578 | 3622 | 4829 | | 125×6.3 | 1674 | 1744 | 2446 | 2680 | 2079 | 3490 | 3525 | 4700 | | 125×8 | 1876 | 1955 | 2725 | 2982 | 3375 | 3813 | 3847 | 5129 | | 125×10 | 2089 | 2177 | 3005 | 3282 | 3725 | 4194 | 4225 | 5633 | | 注1:载流量系按最高允许温度+70℃,基准环境温度+25℃、无风、无日照条件计算的。注2:导体尺寸中,h为宽度,b为厚度。注3:当导体为四条时,平放、竖放第2、3片间距离皆为50mm。 |
+
+表 D 10 槽形铝导体长期允许载流量及计算数据
+
+
+
+
+| 截面尺寸mm |
+双槽导体截面mm² |
+集肤效应系数K₁ |
+导体载流量A |
+[] [] [] |
+[] [] [] |
+双槽焊成整体时 |
+共振最大允许距离cm |
+
+
+| h |
+b |
+c |
+r |
+截面系数Wycm² |
+截面惯性矩 Iycm⁴ |
+惯性半径rycm |
+截面系数Wxcm² |
+截面惯性矩 Ixcm⁴ |
+惯性半径rxcm |
+截面系数Wy0cm² |
+截面惯性矩Iy0cm⁴ |
+惯性半径ry0cm |
+静力矩Sy0cm³ |
+双槽实连时绝缘子间距 |
+双槽实时绝缘子间距 |
+
+
+
+
+| 75 |
+35 |
+4 |
+6 |
+1040 |
+ 1.012 |
+2280 |
+2.52 |
+6.2 |
+1.09 |
+10.1 |
+41.6 |
+2.83 |
+23.7 |
+89 |
+2.93 |
+14.1 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 75 |
+35 |
+5.5 |
+6 |
+1390 |
+ 1.025 |
+2620 |
+3.17 |
+7.6 |
+1.05 |
+14.1 |
+53.1 |
+2.76 |
+30.1 |
+113 |
+2.85 |
+18.4 |
+ 178 |
+114 |
+
+
+| 100 |
+45 |
+4.5 |
+8 |
+1550 |
+ 1.02 |
+2740 |
+4.51 |
+14.5 |
+1.33 |
+22.2 |
+111 |
+3.78 |
+48.6 |
+243 |
+3.96 |
+28.8 |
+205 |
+ 125 |
+
+
+| 100 |
+45 |
+6 |
+8 |
+2020 |
+ 1.038 |
+3590 |
+5.9 |
+18.5 |
+1.37 |
+27 |
+135 |
+3.7 |
+58 |
+290 |
+3.85 |
+36 |
+ 203 |
+123 |
+
+
+| 125 |
+55 |
+6.5 |
+10 |
+2740 |
+ 1.05 |
+4620 |
+9.5 |
+37 |
+1.65 |
+50 |
+290 |
+4.7 |
+100 |
+620 |
+4.8 |
+63 |
+ 228 |
+139 |
+
+
+| 150 |
+65 |
+7 |
+10 |
+3570 |
+ 1.075 |
+5650 |
+14.7 |
+68 |
+1.97 |
+74 |
+560 |
+5.65 |
+167 |
+1260 |
+6.0 |
+98 |
+ 252 |
+150 |
+
+
+| 175 |
+80 |
+8 |
+12 |
+4880 |
+ 1.103 |
+6600 |
+25 |
+144 |
+2.4 |
+122 |
+1070 |
+6.05 |
+250 |
+2300 |
+6.9 |
+156 |
+ 263 |
+147 |
+
+
+| 200 |
+90 |
+10 |
+14 |
+6870 |
+ 1.175 |
+7550 |
+40 |
+254 |
+2.75 |
+193 |
+1930 |
+7.55 |
+422 |
+4220 |
+7.9 |
+252 |
+285 |
+ 157 |
+
+
+| 200 |
+90 |
+12 |
+16 |
+8080 |
+1.237 |
+8800 |
+46.5 |
+294 |
+2.7 |
+225 |
+2250 |
+7.6 |
+490 |
+4900 |
+7.9 |
+290 |
+ 283 |
+157 |
+
+
+| 220 |
+105 |
+12.5 |
+16 |
+9760 |
+1.285 |
+10150 |
+66.5 |
+490 |
+3.2 |
+307 |
+3450 |
+8.5 |
+645 |
+7240 |
+8.7 |
+390 |
+ 299 |
+163 |
+
+
+| 250 |
+115 |
+12.5 |
+16 |
+10900 |
+1.313 |
+11200 |
+81 |
+660 |
+3.52 |
+360 |
+4500 |
+9.2 |
+824 |
+10300 |
+9.82 |
+495 |
+ 321 |
+200 |
+
+
+
+
+| 注1:载流量系数按最高允许温度+70℃,基准环境温度+25℃、无风、无日照条件计算的。
+ 注2 截面尺寸中,h为槽形铝导体高度、b为宽度、c为壁厚、r为弯曲半径。 |
+
+
+
+
+
+表 D. 11 裸导体载流量在不同海拔高度及环境温度下的综合校正系数
+
+
+
+
+| 导体最高允许温度°C |
+适用范围 |
+海拔高度m |
+实际环境温度°C |
+
+
+| +20 |
++25 |
++30 |
++35 |
++40 |
++45 |
++50 |
+
+
+
+
+| +70 |
+屋内矩形、槽形、管形导体和不计日照的屋外软导线 |
+ |
+1.05 |
+1.00 |
+0.94 |
+0.88 |
+0.81 |
+0.74 |
+0.67 |
+
+
+ | +80 |
+计及日照时屋外软导线 |
+1000及以下 |
+1.05 |
+1.00 |
+0.94 |
+0.89 |
+0.83 |
+0.76 |
+0.69 |
+
+
+| 2000 |
+1.01 |
+0.96 |
+0.91 |
+0.85 |
+0.79 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 3000 |
+0.97 |
+0.92 |
+0.87 |
+0.81 |
+0.75 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 4000 |
+0.93 |
+0.89 |
+0.84 |
+0.77 |
+0.71 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 计及日照时屋外管形导体 |
+1000及以下 |
+1.05 |
+1.00 |
+0.94 |
+0.87 |
+0.80 |
+0.72 |
+0.63 |
+
+
+| 2000 |
+1.00 |
+0.94 |
+0.88 |
+0.81 |
+0.74 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 3000 |
+0.95 |
+0.90 |
+0.84 |
+0.76 |
+0.69 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 4000 |
+0.91 |
+0.86 |
+0.80 |
+0.72 |
+0.65 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+
+
+附录 E
+(资料性附录)
+导体的经济电流密度
+
+E 1 公 式
+
+$$
+J = \frac{I_{\text{max}}}{S_{\text{ec}}} = \frac{\sqrt{\frac{A}{F \rho_{20} B \times [1 + \alpha_{20} (\theta_m - 20)]}}}{1000} \quad (\text{E 1-1})
+$$
+
+$$
+CT = CI + I_{\text{max}}^2 \text{ RLF} \quad (\text{E 1-2})
+$$
+
+$$
+F = \frac{N_p N_c \times (\tau P + D) \times \Phi}{1 + \frac{1}{100}} \quad (E 1-3)
+$$
+
+$$
+\Phi = \sum_{n=1}^{N} (r^{n-1}) = \frac{1-r^n}{1-r} \quad (E 1-4)
+$$
+
+$$
+r = \frac{\left(1 + \frac{a}{100}\right)^2 \times \left(1 + \frac{b}{100}\right)}{1 + \frac{1}{100}} \quad (E 1-5)
+$$
+
+以上式中：
+
+J——导体的经济电流密度, A/mm²;
+
+A ——与导体尺寸有关的单位长度成本的可变部分, 元
+1/(m·mm²);
+
+Sec——导体的经济截面, mm²;
+
+Imax ——第一年导体最大负荷电流, A;
+
+R——单位长度的视在交流电阻, Ω/m, R=ρ20BK1, Ω/m;
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_37.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_37.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8ca40ee7fd782d60c01bdd65b7303141e3574e9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_37.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2418 @@
+公司A股代码:601868
+公司H股代码:03996
+公司A股简称:中国能建公司
+H股简称:中国能源建设
+# 中国能源建设股份有限公司
+# 2025 年第三季度报告
+
+本公司董事会及全体董事保证本公告内容不存在任何虚假记载、误导性陈述或者重大遗漏，并对其内容的真实性、准确性和完整性承担法律责任。
+
+**重要内容提示：**
+
+公司董事会、监事会及董事、监事、高级管理人员保证季度报告内容的真实、准确、完整，不存在虚假记载、误导性陈述或重大遗漏，并承担个别和连带的法律责任。
+
+公司负责人、主管会计工作负责人及会计机构负责人（会计主管人员）保证季度报告中财务信息的真实、准确、完整。
+
+第三季度财务报表是否经审计
+
+□是 √否
+
+## 一、主要财务数据
+
+### （一）主要会计数据和财务指标
+
+单位：千元 币种：人民币
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+本报告期 |
+本报告期比上年同期增减变动幅度(%) |
+年初至报告期末 |
+年初至报告期末比上年同期增减变动幅度(%) |
+
+
+
+
+| 营业收入 |
+111, 453, 239 |
+10.48 |
+323, 544, 477 |
+9.62 |
+
+
+| 利润总额 |
+1, 944, 535 |
+-14.67 |
+8, 506, 826 |
+0.09 |
+
+
+| 归属于上市公司股东的净利润 |
+354, 288 |
+-56.92 |
+3, 156, 126 |
+-12.43 |
+
+
+| 归属于上市公司股东的扣除非经常性损益的净利润 |
+103, 803 |
+-79.98 |
+2, 625, 186 |
+-7.76 |
+
+
+| 经营活动产生的现金流量净额 |
+不适用 |
+不适用 |
+-9,110,250 |
+不适用 |
+
+
+| 基本每股收益(元/股) |
+0.01 |
+-50.00 |
+0.07 |
+-12.50 |
+
+
+| 稀释每股收益(元/股) |
+0.01 |
+-50.00 |
+0.07 |
+-12.50 |
+
+
+| 加权平均净资产收益率 (%) |
+0.27 |
+下降 0.44 个百分点 |
+2.68 |
+下降 0.59 个百分点 |
+
+
+ |
+本报告期末 |
+上年度末 |
+本报告期末比上年度末增减变动幅度(%) |
+
+
+| 总资产 |
+945,671,125 |
+869,004,776 |
+8.82 |
+
+
+| 归属于上市公司股东的所有者权益 |
+118,701,564 |
+116,011,181 |
+2.32 |
+
+
+
+注：“本报告期”指本季度初至本季度末3个月期间，下同。
+
+### （二）非经常性损益项目和金额
+
+√适用 □不适用
+
+单位：千元 币种：人民币
+| 非经常性损益项目 | 本期金额 | 年初至报告期末金额 | 说明 |
|---|
| 非流动性资产处置损益，包括已计提资产减值准备的冲销部分 | 50,111 | 124,918 | | | 计入当期损益的政府补助，但与公司正常经营业务密切相关、符合国家政策规定、按照确定的标准享有、对公司损益产生持续影响的政府补助除外 | 159,421 | 300,608 | | | 除同公司正常经营业务相关的有效套期保值业务外，非金融企业持有金融资产和金融负债产生的公允价值变动损益以及处置金融资产和金融负债产生的损益 | -2 | -5,998 | | | 计入当期损益的对非金融企业收取的资金占用费 | 8,803 | 42,294 | | | 单独进行减值测试的应收款项减值准备转回 | 9,850 | 16,128 | | | 债务重组损益 | 5,316 | 18,917 | | | 除上述各项之外的其他营业外收入和支出 | 78,046 | 188,466 | | | 减：所得税影响额 | 69,824 | 150,478 | | | 少数股东权益影响额（税后） | -8,764 | 3,915 | | | 合计 | 250,485 | 530,940 | |
+
+对公司将《公开发行证券的公司信息披露解释性公告第1号——非经常性损益》未列举的项目认定为非经常性损益项目且金额重大的，以及将《公开发行证券的公司信息披露解释性公告第1号——非经常性损益》中列举的非经常性损益项目界定为经常性损益的项目，应说明原因。
+□适用 √不适用
+
+### （三）主要会计数据、财务指标发生变动的情况、原因
+
+√适用 □不适用
+
+| 项目名称 | 变动比例(%) | 主要原因 |
|---|
| 归属于上市公司股东的净利润_本报告期 | -56.92 | 公司始终坚守能源电力、水利主责主业，全面推进精益管理、强化运营管控，不断提升发展质量，但受房地产市场调整等影响，第三季度实现归属于上市公司股东的净利润较上年同期有所下滑。 | | 归属于上市公司股东的扣除非经常性损益的净利润_本报告期 | -79.98 | 主要为本期归属于上市公司股东的净利润同比减少 | | 基本每股收益_本报告期 | -50.00 | 主要为本期归属于上市公司股东的净利润同比减少 | | 稀释每股收益_本报告期 | -50.00 | 主要为本期归属于上市公司股东的净利润同比减少 |
+
+## 二、股东信息
+
+### （一）普通股股东总数和表决权恢复的优先股股东数量及前十名股东持股情况表
+
+单位：股
+
+
+| 报告期末普通股股东总数 |
+473,007 |
+报告期末表决权恢复的优先股股东总数(如有) |
+不适用 |
+
+
+| 前10名股东持股情况(不含通过转融通出借股份) |
+
+
+| 股东名称 |
+股东性质 |
+持股数量 |
+持股比例(%) |
+持有有限售条件股份数量 |
+质押、标记或冻结情况 |
+
+
+| 股份状态 |
+数量 |
+
+
+| 中国能源建设集团有限公司 |
+国有法人 |
+18,847,137,078 |
+45.21 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+| HKSCC NOMINEES LIMITED |
+其他 |
+8,681,703,201 |
+20.82 |
+0 |
+未知 |
+ |
+
+
+| 中国国新控股有限责任公司 |
+国有法人 |
+2,029,378,794 |
+4.87 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+| 中国证券金融股份有限公司 |
+国有法人 |
+613,374,538 |
+1.47 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+| 香港中央结算有限公司 |
+其他 |
+488,211,798 |
+1.17 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+| 中央汇金资产管理有限责任公司 |
+国有法人 |
+306,593,601 |
+0.74 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+| 中国工商银行股份有限公司-华泰柏瑞沪深300交易型开放式指数证券投资基金 |
+其他 |
+221,576,231 |
+0.53 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+| 中国建设银行股份有限公司-易方达沪深300交易型开放式指数发起式证券投资基金 |
+其他 |
+159,628,500 |
+0.38 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+中国工商银行股份有限公司
一华夏沪深300交易型开放式指数证券投资基金 |
+其他 |
+119, 131, 400 |
+0.29 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+中国银行股份有限公司一嘉
实沪深300交易型开放式指数证券投资基金 |
+其他 |
+102, 722, 800 |
+0.25 |
+0 |
+无 |
+0 |
+
+
+| 前10名股东持股情况(不含通过转融通出借股份) |
+
+
+| 股东名称 |
+持有无限售条件流通股的数量 |
+股份种类及数量 |
+
+
+| 股份种类 |
+数量 |
+
+
+| 中国能源建设集团有限公司 |
+18, 847, 137, 078 |
+人民币普通股 |
+18, 268, 253, 078 |
+
+
+| 境外上市外资股 |
+578, 884, 000 |
+
+
+| HKSCC NOMINEES LIMITED |
+8, 681, 703, 201 |
+境外上市外资股 |
+8, 681, 703, 201 |
+
+
+| 中国国新控股有限责任公司 |
+2, 029, 378, 794 |
+人民币普通股 |
+2, 029, 378, 794 |
+
+
+| 中国证券金融股份有限公司 |
+613, 374, 538 |
+人民币普通股 |
+613, 374, 538 |
+
+
+| 香港中央结算有限公司 |
+488, 211, 798 |
+人民币普通股 |
+488, 211, 798 |
+
+
+| 中央汇金资产管理有限责任公司 |
+306, 593, 601 |
+人民币普通股 |
+306, 593, 601 |
+
+
+中国工商银行股份有限公司
一华泰柏瑞沪深300交易型开放式指数证券投资基金 |
+221, 576, 231 |
+人民币普通股 |
+221, 576, 231 |
+
+
+中国建设银行股份有限公司
一易方达沪深300交易型开放式指数发起式证券投资基金 |
+159, 628, 500 |
+人民币普通股 |
+159, 628, 500 |
+
+
+中国工商银行股份有限公司
一华夏沪深300交易型开放式指数证券投资基金 |
+119, 131, 400 |
+人民币普通股 |
+119, 131, 400 |
+
+
+中国银行股份有限公司一嘉
实沪深300交易型开放式指数证券投资基金 |
+102, 722, 800 |
+人民币普通股 |
+102, 722, 800 |
+
+
+| 上述股东关联关系或一致行动的说明 |
+公司第一大股东中国能源建设集团有限公司与上述其他股东之间不存在关联关系,也不属一致行动人。公司未知上述其他股东是否存在关联关系或一致行动关系。 |
+
+
+| 前10名股东及前10名无限售股东参与融资融券及转融通业务情况说明(如有) |
+不适用 |
+
+
+
+注:
+1. 截至2025年9月30日,中国能源建设集团有限公司持有本公司股份总数为18,847,137,078股,其中A股18,268,253,078股,H股578,884,000股。中国能源建设集团有限公司及其一致行动人电力规划总院有限公司合计持有18,945,679,729股,占本公司总股本的45.44%。
+2. HKSCC Nominees Limited (香港中央结算(代理人)有限公司)持有的 H股股份为代表多个客户持有,并已扣除中国能源建设集团有限公司持有的H股股份数量。
+3. 香港中央结算有限公司持有的A股股份为代表多个客户持有。
+4. 中国国新控股有限责任公司所属子公司中国华星(香港)国际有限公司持有本公司H股633,704,000股,中国国新控股有限责任公司及其控股子公司合计持有本公司2,663,082,794股,占公司总股本的6.39%。
+
+持股5%以上股东、前10名股东及前10名无限售流通股股东参与转融通业务出借股份情况
+
+□适用 √不适用
+
+前10名股东及前10名无限售流通股股东因转融通出借/归还原因导致较上期发生变化
+
+□适用 √不适用
+
+## 三、其他提醒事项
+
+### (一) 经营方面
+
+公司紧密围绕国家能源安全新战略和“双碳”目标,聚焦能源电力、水利两大核心主业,协同发展绿色交通、绿色建筑、人工智能、新型材料、民爆、生态环保、高端装备、城市开发运营、产业金融等相关多元业务,全力推动企业高质量发展。2025年前三季度,公司实现新签合同额、营业收入、利润总额分别为人民币9,927.75亿元、3,235.44亿元、85.07亿元,分别同比增长0.40%、9.62%、0.09%,整体经营呈现“主业更强、结构更优、韧性更足”的良好态势。
+
+#### 1. 主业优势持续夯实, 领军地位更加凸显。
+
+公司始终坚守能源电力、水利主责主业,深度融入国家重大战略,通过规划引领、高端策划和重大工程建设,持续巩固公司行业龙头地位。报告期内,公司主导或参与“十五五”电力发展规划、能源科技创新等8项国家级重大课题,成功举办首届“国际能源电力工程创新与合作发展大会”和“新型能源体系高端论坛”,牵头组建全球可持续交通创新联盟分支机构,行业话语权和影响力进一步提升。全力参建雅鲁藏布江下游水电工程、新疆大石峡水利枢纽、粤藏直流工程、沙戈荒新能源大基地、引江补汉等国家级重大工程,在能源电力关键领域的市场占有率保持高位。前三季度,公司能源电力和水利等优势业务营业收入、利润总额分别同比增长16.76%、18.42%,占公司整体比重均超75%,充分发挥了业绩“压舱石”作用。其中,**传统能源业务保持强劲动能**,营业收入、利润总额分别同比增长22.68%、26.62%;**新能源业务保持快速增长**,营业收入、利润总额分别同比增长10.62%、3.95%,主业的稳健结构与增长韧性进一步彰显。
+
+#### 2. 科技创新成果丰硕, 产业升级全面提速。
+
+公司坚持将科技创新作为高质量发展的核心驱动力,围绕构建新型能源体系和新型电力系统开展关键核心技术攻关,重点聚焦新型储能、氢能、光热发电、可控核聚变、深远海能源等前沿方向,系统打造原创技术策源地,加速培育战略性新兴产业。**科技研发能力持续增强。** 前三季度,公司研发费用同比增长7.72%,获得专利授权1,496项,同比增长12.9%,其中发明专利授权498项;2个项目入选国家绿色低碳先进技术示范项目,3个平台入选中央企业中试验证平台,4项成果进入国家科学技术进步奖复审。**重大示范项目快速落地。** 自主研发投建的全球首座300兆瓦级非补燃压缩空气储能电站——湖北应城示范项目于2025年1月实现全容量并网,并进入商业运行,储能规模、转换效率等多项指标创世界纪录;甘肃酒泉300兆瓦人工硐室压缩空气储能示范项目进入调试阶段,预计年底投运;全球在建规模最大的绿色氢氨醇一体化新技术示范项目——中能建松原氢能产业园将于2025年底前投产,并入选国家能源局首批绿色液体燃料技术攻关和产业化试点项目;厦门5GWh 电化学储能电池项目稳步推进;山西大同200万吨/年煤矸石高价值利用新技术示范项目于2025年9月30日点火进入试运行,着力打造“工业固废-绿色建材-产品应用”全链条示范。**战新产业贡献持续提高。** 前三季度,公司战略性新兴产业营业收入同比增长16.75%,占比38.81%,新质生产力加速形成,产业结构持续向高端化升级。
+
+#### 3. 国际竞争优势持续扩大,共建“一带一路”成果显著。
+
+公司坚定实施国际优先发展战略,持续优化全球市场布局,深度参与“一带一路”能源与基础设施合作,国际化经营实现规模与质量双提升。**全球品牌影响持续增强。** 公司高频亮相国际基础设施投资与建设高峰论坛、中国-中亚峰会、东博会、世博会等国际高端活动,系统输出中国技术、中国标准和能建方案,全球能源电力行业影响力不断提升。**国际经营业绩高速增长。** 2025年前三季度,公司国际业务新签合同额、营业收入与利润总额均实现两位数增长,同比分别增长12.67%、21.21%、21.29%。其中,境外新能源及综合智慧能源业务新签合同额同比增长58.7%,成为拉动海外增长的主引擎。“**一带一路”市场深耕成效显著。** 公司在沿线国家新签合同额占境外总额90.33%,同比增长8.64%,签署沙特PIF五期夏奇拉1GW风电项目、沙特PIF五期斯特拉2GW风电项目、沙特PIF六期福里斯2GW光伏项目、尼日利亚卡诺州加林贾450MW燃气电站等一批重点项目,区域市场优势和品牌地位进一步巩固。
+
+#### 4. 精益运营提质增效,发展基础更为牢固。
+
+公司全面推进精益化管理和数字化转型,强化运营管控,不断提升发展质量与抗风险能力。**项目管理与供应链协同创效。** 发布多项项目精益化管理与穿透监管文件,建立分类分级管控机制,项目履约与创效能力增强,供应链管理获国务院国资委A级评价,在建项目营业收入同比增长13%。**数字化转型系统推进。** 全面实施人工智能三年行动方案,加快建设算力基础设施和AI中台,健全智能化穿透式监管体系,深化BIM设计、智能建造等技术应用,推动传统产业数字化升级,充分释放数据资源要素价值。**投资运营回报稳步提升。**强化投资项目全生命周期精益管控,前三季度投资运营业务实现营业收入同比增长24.93%,资产运营效益持续优化。**关键运营指标持续改善。** 通过系统实施“1+5”专项治理和“五大专项行动”,公司营业收现率、全员劳动生产率等关键效率指标稳步提升,管理费用有效压降。
+
+### (二)向特定对象发行A股股票进展情况
+
+2025年6月,公司获得中国证监会同意注册的批复,详见公司于2025年6月12日在上海证券交易所网站发布的《关于向特定对象发行A股股票申请获得中国证监会同意注册批复的公告》(公告编号:临2025-036)以及2025年6月11日在香港联交所披露易网站发布的海外监管公告。公司董事会将按照相关法律法规和批复文件的要求以及公司股东大会的授权,在规定期限内办理本次向特定对象发行A股股票相关事宜,并及时履行信息披露义务,敬请本公司股东及潜在投资者理性投资,注意投资风险。
+
+需提醒投资者关注的关于公司报告期经营情况的其他重要信息
+
+□适用 √不适用
+
+## 四、季度财务报表
+
+### (一) 审计意见类型
+
+□适用√不适用
+
+### (二) 财务报表
+
+合并资产负债表
+2025年9月30日
+编制单位：中国能源建设股份有限公司
+单位：千元
+币种：人民币
+审计类型：未经审计
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+2025年9月30日 |
+2024年12月31日 |
+
+
+
+
+| 流动资产： |
+
+
+| 货币资金 |
+82,556,710 |
+91,162,208 |
+
+
+| 结算备付金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 拆出资金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 交易性金融资产 |
+120,899 |
+420,989 |
+
+
+| 衍生金融资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应收票据 |
+4,606,634 |
+4,191,330 |
+
+
+| 应收账款 |
+97,541,647 |
+85,237,305 |
+
+
+| 应收款项融资 |
+897,376 |
+1,088,616 |
+
+
+| 预付款项 |
+37,703,054 |
+30,179,673 |
+
+
+| 应收保费 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应收分保账款 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应收分保合同准备金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 其他应收款 |
+35,267,603 |
+32,257,779 |
+
+
+| 买入返售金融资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 存货 |
+84,944,550 |
+74,877,095 |
+
+
+| 其中：数据资源 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 合同资产 |
+115,741,655 |
+103,655,338 |
+
+
+| 持有待售资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 一年内到期的非流动资产 |
+4,171,120 |
+7,170,362 |
+
+
+| 其他流动资产 |
+25,298,114 |
+17,063,955 |
+
+
+| 流动资产合计 |
+488,849,362 |
+447,304,650 |
+
+
+| 非流动资产： |
+
+
+| 发放贷款和垫款 |
+3,360,600 |
+3,474,586 |
+
+
+| 债权投资 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 其他债权投资 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 长期应收款 |
+29,698,588 |
+28,410,056 |
+
+
+| 长期股权投资 |
+54, 123, 124 |
+52, 770, 648 |
+
+
+| 其他权益工具投资 |
+2, 697, 930 |
+2, 566, 773 |
+
+
+| 其他非流动金融资产 |
+13, 553, 918 |
+12, 998, 218 |
+
+
+| 投资性房地产 |
+1, 070, 752 |
+895, 080 |
+
+
+| 固定资产 |
+85, 700, 295 |
+73, 934, 087 |
+
+
+| 在建工程 |
+47, 200, 450 |
+37, 212, 340 |
+
+
+| 生产性生物资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 油气资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 使用权资产 |
+3, 775, 573 |
+4, 395, 752 |
+
+
+| 无形资产 |
+104, 950, 783 |
+100, 521, 685 |
+
+
+| 其中:数据资源 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 开发支出 |
+298, 100 |
+256, 856 |
+
+
+| 其中:数据资源 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 商誉 |
+2, 847, 466 |
+2, 624, 844 |
+
+
+| 长期待摊费用 |
+843, 623 |
+779, 223 |
+
+
+| 递延所得税资产 |
+3, 766, 566 |
+3, 561, 473 |
+
+
+| 其他非流动资产 |
+102, 933, 995 |
+97, 298, 505 |
+
+
+| 非流动资产合计 |
+456, 821, 763 |
+421, 700, 126 |
+
+
+| 资产总计 |
+945, 671, 125 |
+869, 004, 776 |
+
+
+| 流动负债: |
+
+
+| 短期借款 |
+53, 401, 890 |
+40, 192, 548 |
+
+
+| 向中央银行借款 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 拆入资金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 交易性金融负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 衍生金融负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应付票据 |
+20, 868, 075 |
+16, 795, 080 |
+
+
+| 应付账款 |
+192, 404, 987 |
+188, 538, 218 |
+
+
+| 预收款项 |
+62, 837 |
+30, 878 |
+
+
+| 合同负债 |
+100, 201, 986 |
+78, 993, 313 |
+
+
+| 卖出回购金融资产款 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 吸收存款及同业存放 |
+3, 978, 514 |
+3, 528, 424 |
+
+
+| 代理买卖证券款 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 代理承销证券款 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应付职工薪酬 |
+2, 382, 831 |
+2, 505, 028 |
+
+
+| 应交税费 |
+6, 668, 087 |
+7, 619, 399 |
+
+
+| 其他应付款 |
+69, 467, 167 |
+69, 197, 532 |
+
+
+| 应付手续费及佣金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应付分保账款 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 持有待售负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 一年内到期的非流动负债 |
+23, 692, 706 |
+23, 750, 753 |
+
+
+| 其他流动负债 |
+6, 822, 896 |
+6, 078, 580 |
+
+
+| 流动负债合计 |
+479, 951, 976 |
+437, 229, 753 |
+
+
+| 非流动负债: |
+
+
+| 保险合同准备金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 长期借款 |
+216,910,531 |
+193,009,617 |
+
+
+| 应付债券 |
+20,948,233 |
+13,999,319 |
+
+
+| 其中:优先股 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 永续债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 租赁负债 |
+2,497,805 |
+2,720,892 |
+
+
+| 长期应付款 |
+3,514,393 |
+5,336,339 |
+
+
+| 长期应付职工薪酬 |
+6,394,485 |
+6,744,663 |
+
+
+| 预计负债 |
+162,367 |
+176,988 |
+
+
+| 递延收益 |
+697,811 |
+738,600 |
+
+
+| 递延所得税负债 |
+2,165,060 |
+2,106,070 |
+
+
+| 其他非流动负债 |
+2,770,367 |
+1,113,456 |
+
+
+| 非流动负债合计 |
+256,061,052 |
+225,945,944 |
+
+
+| 负债合计 |
+736,013,028 |
+663,175,697 |
+
+
+| 所有者权益(或股东权益): |
+
+
+| 实收资本(或股本) |
+41,691,164 |
+41,691,164 |
+
+
+| 其他权益工具 |
+9,000,000 |
+9,000,000 |
+
+
+| 其中:优先股 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 永续债 |
+9,000,000 |
+9,000,000 |
+
+
+| 资本公积 |
+17,662,717 |
+17,662,305 |
+
+
+| 减:库存股 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 其他综合收益 |
+235,820 |
+-11,812 |
+
+
+| 专项储备 |
+2,046,686 |
+1,737,358 |
+
+
+| 盈余公积 |
+11,306,717 |
+11,306,717 |
+
+
+| 一般风险准备 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 未分配利润 |
+36,758,460 |
+34,625,449 |
+
+
+| 归属于母公司所有者权益(或股东权益)合计 |
+118,701,564 |
+116,011,181 |
+
+
+| 少数股东权益 |
+90,956,533 |
+89,817,898 |
+
+
+| 所有者权益(或股东权益)合计 |
+209,658,097 |
+205,829,079 |
+
+
+| 负债和所有者权益(或股东权益)总计 |
+945,671,125 |
+869,004,776 |
+
+
+
+
+公司负责人¹: 倪真
+主管会计工作负责人: 陈勇
+会计机构负责人: 刘爱军
+
+
+¹注:因工作调动,宋海良先生于2025年6月30日辞去公司董事长职务。按照《公司章程》,在选举产生新任董事长之前,由公司副董事长倪真先生代行董事长、法定代表人职责。
+
+合并利润表
+2025年1—9月
+编制单位：中国能源建设股份有限公司
+单位：千元
+币种：人民币
+审计类型：未经审计
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+2025年前三季度(1-9月) |
+2024年前三季度(1-9月) |
+
+
+
+
+| 一、营业总收入 |
+323,544,477 |
+295,138,721 |
+
+
+| 其中：营业收入 |
+323,544,477 |
+295,138,721 |
+
+
+| 利息收入 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 已赚保费 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 手续费及佣金收入 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 二、营业总成本 |
+314,392,581 |
+286,612,391 |
+
+
+| 其中：营业成本 |
+288,208,375 |
+261,080,856 |
+
+
+| 利息支出 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 手续费及佣金支出 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 退保金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 赔付支出净额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 提取保险责任准备金净额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 保单红利支出 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 分保费用 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 税金及附加 |
+1,198,653 |
+1,011,591 |
+
+
+| 销售费用 |
+1,611,204 |
+1,521,502 |
+
+
+| 管理费用 |
+10,058,296 |
+10,438,975 |
+
+
+| 研发费用 |
+8,892,454 |
+8,255,419 |
+
+
+| 财务费用 |
+4,423,599 |
+4,304,048 |
+
+
+| 其中：利息费用 |
+4,810,619 |
+5,037,597 |
+
+
+| 利息收入 |
+985,722 |
+987,861 |
+
+
+| 加：其他收益 |
+390,969 |
+426,255 |
+
+
+| 投资收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+123,599 |
+454,915 |
+
+
+| 其中：对联营企业和合营企业的投资收益 |
+-419,015 |
+-494,164 |
+
+
+| 以摊余成本计量的金融资产终止确认收益 |
+-8,787 |
+-454 |
+
+
+| 汇兑收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 净敞口套期收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 公允价值变动收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+-5,998 |
+-1,593 |
+
+
+| 信用减值损失(损失以“-”号填列) |
+-1,067,957 |
+-1,190,244 |
+
+
+| 资产减值损失(损失以“-”号填列) |
+-444,745 |
+-124,950 |
+
+
+| 资产处置收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+127,359 |
+260,030 |
+
+
+| 三、营业利润(亏损以“-”号填列) |
+8,275,123 |
+8,350,743 |
+
+
+| 加:营业外收入 |
+427,911 |
+338,326 |
+
+
+| 减:营业外支出 |
+196,208 |
+189,599 |
+
+
+| 四、利润总额(亏损总额以“-”号填列) |
+8,506,826 |
+8,499,470 |
+
+
+| 减:所得税费用 |
+2,417,888 |
+2,393,997 |
+
+
+| 五、净利润(净亏损以“-”号填列) |
+6,088,938 |
+6,105,473 |
+
+
+| (一)按经营持续性分类 |
+
+
+| 1.持续经营净利润(净亏损以“-”号填列) |
+6,088,938 |
+6,105,473 |
+
+
+| 2.终止经营净利润(净亏损以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (二)按所有权归属分类 |
+
+
+| 1.归属于母公司股东的净利润(净亏损以“-”号填列) |
+3,156,126 |
+3,604,277 |
+
+
+| 2.少数股东损益(净亏损以“-”号填列) |
+2,932,812 |
+2,501,196 |
+
+
+| 六、其他综合收益的税后净额 |
+208,365 |
+-588,281 |
+
+
+| (一)归属母公司所有者的其他综合收益的税后净额 |
+243,839 |
+-532,814 |
+
+
+| 1.不能重分类进损益的其他综合收益 |
+-27,274 |
+-213,633 |
+
+
+| (1)重新计量设定受益计划变动额 |
+48 |
+-218,438 |
+
+
+| (2)权益法下不能转损益的其他综合收益 |
+-20,983 |
+ |
+
+
+| (3)其他权益工具投资公允价值变动 |
+-6,339 |
+4,805 |
+
+
+| (4)企业自身信用风险公允价值变动 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 2.将重分类进损益的其他综合收益 |
+271,113 |
+-319,181 |
+
+
+| (1)权益法下可转损益的其他综合收益 |
+20,915 |
+ |
+
+
+| (2)其他债权投资公允价值变动 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (3)金融资产重分类计入其他综合收益的金额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (4)其他债权投资信用减值准备 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (5)现金流量套期储备 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (6)外币财务报表折算差额 |
+250,198 |
+-319,181 |
+
+
+| (7)其他 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (二)归属于少数股东的其他综合收益的税后净额 |
+-35,474 |
+-55,467 |
+
+
+| 七、综合收益总额 |
+6,297,303 |
+5,517,192 |
+
+
+| (一)归属于母公司所有者的综合收益总额 |
+3,399,965 |
+3,071,463 |
+
+
+| (二)归属于少数股东的综合收益总额 |
+2,897,338 |
+2,445,729 |
+
+
+| 八、每股收益: |
+
+
+| (一)基本每股收益(元/股) |
+0.07 |
+0.08 |
+
+
+| (二)稀释每股收益(元/股) |
+0.07 |
+0.08 |
+
+
+
+
+公司负责人：倪真
+主管会计工作负责人：陈勇
+会计机构负责人：刘爱军
+
+合并现金流量表
+2025年1—9月
+编制单位：中国能源建设股份有限公司
+单位：千元
+币种：人民币
+审计类型：未经审计
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+2025年前三季度(1-9月) |
+2024年前三季度(1-9月) |
+
+
+
+
+| 一、经营活动产生的现金流量: |
+
+
+| 销售商品、提供劳务收到的现金 |
+326, 431, 316 |
+274, 461, 555 |
+
+
+| 客户存款和同业存放款项净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 向中央银行借款净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 向其他金融机构拆入资金净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 收到原保险合同保费取得的现金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 收到再保业务现金净额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 保户储金及投资款净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 收取利息、手续费及佣金的现金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 拆入资金净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 回购业务资金净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 代理买卖证券收到的现金净额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 收到的税费返还 |
+879, 877 |
+906, 565 |
+
+
+| 收到其他与经营活动有关的现金 |
+2, 932, 849 |
+2, 481, 937 |
+
+
+| 经营活动现金流入小计 |
+330, 244, 042 |
+277, 850, 057 |
+
+
+| 购买商品、接受劳务支付的现金 |
+297, 548, 851 |
+254, 284, 180 |
+
+
+| 客户贷款及垫款净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 存放中央银行和同业款项净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 支付原保险合同赔付款项的现金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 拆出资金净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 支付利息、手续费及佣金的现金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 支付保单红利的现金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 支付给职工及为职工支付的现金 |
+23, 168, 213 |
+22, 629, 284 |
+
+
+| 支付的各项税费 |
+10, 594, 790 |
+8, 896, 398 |
+
+
+| 支付其他与经营活动有关的现金 |
+8, 042, 438 |
+4, 558, 553 |
+
+
+| 经营活动现金流出小计 |
+339, 354, 292 |
+290, 368, 415 |
+
+
+| 经营活动产生的现金流量净额 |
+-9, 110, 250 |
+-12, 518, 358 |
+
+
+| 二、投资活动产生的现金流量: |
+
+
+| 收回投资收到的现金 |
+19, 131, 677 |
+6, 969, 756 |
+
+
+| 取得投资收益收到的现金 |
+405, 213 |
+377, 419 |
+
+
+| 处置固定资产、无形资产和其他长期资产收回的现金净额 |
+204, 087 |
+421, 820 |
+
+
+| 处置子公司及其他营业单位收到的现金净额 |
+2, 328 |
+217, 706 |
+
+
+| 收到其他与投资活动有关的现金 |
+9, 794, 570 |
+9, 540, 114 |
+
+
+| 投资活动现金流入小计 |
+29, 537, 875 |
+17, 526, 815 |
+
+
+| 购建固定资产、无形资产和其他长期资产支付的现金 |
+32, 264, 824 |
+32, 447, 339 |
+
+
+| 投资支付的现金 |
+27, 272, 349 |
+17, 258, 563 |
+
+
+| 质押贷款净增加额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 取得子公司及其他营业单位支付的现金净额 |
+244, 619 |
+68, 620 |
+
+
+| 支付其他与投资活动有关的现金 |
+8, 273, 139 |
+7, 639, 775 |
+
+
+| 投资活动现金流出小计 |
+68, 054, 931 |
+57, 414, 297 |
+
+
+| 投资活动产生的现金流量净额 |
+-38, 517, 056 |
+-39, 887, 482 |
+
+
+| 三、筹资活动产生的现金流量: |
+
+
+| 吸收投资收到的现金 |
+8, 668, 025 |
+4, 195, 426 |
+
+
+| 其中:子公司吸收少数股东投资收到的现金 |
+8, 668, 025 |
+4, 195, 426 |
+
+
+| 取得借款收到的现金 |
+109, 292, 543 |
+129, 898, 836 |
+
+
+| 收到其他与筹资活动有关的现金 |
+4, 509, 864 |
+2, 543, 429 |
+
+
+| 筹资活动现金流入小计 |
+122, 470, 432 |
+136, 637, 691 |
+
+
+| 偿还债务支付的现金 |
+65, 021, 845 |
+74, 169, 197 |
+
+
+| 分配股利、利润或偿付利息支付的现金 |
+5, 739, 909 |
+9, 855, 887 |
+
+
+| 其中:子公司支付给少数股东的股利、利润 |
+1, 649, 906 |
+2, 561, 253 |
+
+
+| 支付其他与筹资活动有关的现金 |
+11, 982, 972 |
+7, 281, 179 |
+
+
+| 筹资活动现金流出小计 |
+82, 744, 726 |
+91, 306, 263 |
+
+
+| 筹资活动产生的现金流量净额 |
+39, 725, 706 |
+45, 331, 428 |
+
+
+| 四、汇率变动对现金及现金等价物的影响 |
+89, 900 |
+-172, 045 |
+
+
+| 五、现金及现金等价物净增加额 |
+-7, 811, 700 |
+-7, 246, 457 |
+
+
+| 加:期初现金及现金等价物余额 |
+82, 101, 475 |
+68, 136, 020 |
+
+
+| 六、期末现金及现金等价物余额 |
+74, 289, 775 |
+60, 889, 563 |
+
+
+
+
+公司负责人: 倪真
+主管会计工作负责人: 陈勇
+会计机构负责人: 刘爱军母公司资产负债表
+2025年9月30日
+编制单位：中国能源建设股份有限公司
+单位：千元
+币种：人民币
+审计类型：未经审计
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+2025年9月30日 |
+2024年12月31日 |
+
+
+
+
+| 流动资产： |
+
+
+| 货币资金 |
+501,586 |
+413,036 |
+
+
+| 交易性金融资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 衍生金融资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应收票据 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应收账款 |
+47,713 |
+51,064 |
+
+
+| 应收款项融资 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 预付款项 |
+4,281 |
+7,037 |
+
+
+| 应收资金集中管理款 |
+100,639 |
+220,015 |
+
+
+| 其他应收款 |
+1,527,213 |
+3,296,788 |
+
+
+| 存货 |
+2,837 |
+3,015 |
+
+
+| 其中：数据资源 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 合同资产 |
+1,192 |
+144,572 |
+
+
+| 持有待售资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 一年内到期的非流动资产 |
+66,376 |
+29,027 |
+
+
+| 其他流动资产 |
+1,190,660 |
+277,637 |
+
+
+| 流动资产合计 |
+3,442,497 |
+4,442,191 |
+
+
+| 非流动资产： |
+
+
+| 债权投资 |
+6,721,800 |
+6,486,000 |
+
+
+| 其他债权投资 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 长期应收款 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 长期股权投资 |
+104,959,023 |
+103,103,217 |
+
+
+| 其他权益工具投资 |
+42,920 |
+18,000 |
+
+
+| 其他非流动金融资产 |
+282,430 |
+307,350 |
+
+
+| 投资性房地产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 固定资产 |
+60,445 |
+66,904 |
+
+
+| 在建工程 |
+7,634 |
+8,471 |
+
+
+| 生产性生物资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 油气资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 使用权资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 无形资产 |
+83,811 |
+77,235 |
+
+
+| 其中：数据资源 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 开发支出 |
+92,088 |
+94,356 |
+
+
+| 其中：数据资源 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 商誉 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 长期待摊费用 |
+272 |
+380 |
+
+
+| 递延所得税资产 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 其他非流动资产 |
+112,888 |
+163,922 |
+
+
+| 非流动资产合计 |
+112,363,311 |
+110,325,835 |
+
+
+| 资产总计 |
+115,805,808 |
+114,768,026 |
+
+
+| 流动负债: |
+
+
+| 短期借款 |
+9,100,000 |
+7,200,000 |
+
+
+| 交易性金融负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 衍生金融负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应付票据 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 应付账款 |
+101,841 |
+423,803 |
+
+
+| 预收款项 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 合同负债 |
+195,062 |
+ |
+
+
+| 应付职工薪酬 |
+33,098 |
+37,186 |
+
+
+| 应交税费 |
+17,321 |
+12,498 |
+
+
+| 其他应付款 |
+9,400,371 |
+9,609,855 |
+
+
+| 持有待售负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 一年内到期的非流动负债 |
+84,207 |
+3,551,450 |
+
+
+| 其他流动负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 流动负债合计 |
+18,931,900 |
+20,834,792 |
+
+
+| 非流动负债: |
+
+
+| 长期借款 |
+4,101,000 |
+4,101,000 |
+
+
+| 应付债券 |
+7,498,690 |
+3,500,000 |
+
+
+| 其中:优先股 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 永续债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 租赁负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 长期应付款 |
+70,542 |
+88,811 |
+
+
+| 长期应付职工薪酬 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 预计负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 递延收益 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 递延所得税负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 其他非流动负债 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 非流动负债合计 |
+11,670,232 |
+7,689,811 |
+
+
+| 负债合计 |
+30,602,132 |
+28,524,603 |
+
+
+| 所有者权益(或股东权益): |
+
+
+| 实收资本(或股本) |
+41,691,164 |
+41,691,164 |
+
+
+| 其他权益工具 |
+9,000,000 |
+9,000,000 |
+
+
+| 其中:优先股 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 永续债 |
+9,000,000 |
+9,000,000 |
+
+
+| 资本公积 |
+32,087,877 |
+32,087,877 |
+
+
+| 减:库存股 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 其他综合收益 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 专项储备 |
+ |
+4,043 |
+
+
+| 盈余公积 |
+1,562,495 |
+1,562,495 |
+
+
+| 未分配利润 |
+862,140 |
+1,897,844 |
+
+
+| 所有者权益(或股东权益)合计 |
+85,203,676 |
+86,243,423 |
+
+
+| 负债和所有者权益(或股东权益)总计 |
+115,805,808 |
+114,768,026 |
+
+
+
+公司负责人：倪真
+主管会计工作负责人：陈勇
+会计机构负责人：刘爱军
+
+母公司利润表
+2025年1—9月
+编制单位：中国能源建设股份有限公司
+单位：千元
+币种：人民币
+审计类型：未经审计
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+2025年前三季度(1-9月) |
+2024年前三季度(1-9月) |
+
+
+
+
+| 一、营业收入 |
+169,831 |
+492,245 |
+
+
+| 减：营业成本 |
+127,018 |
+459,617 |
+
+
+| 税金及附加 |
+6,890 |
+504 |
+
+
+| 销售费用 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 管理费用 |
+350,533 |
+351,011 |
+
+
+| 研发费用 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 财务费用 |
+360,281 |
+160,985 |
+
+
+| 其中：利息费用 |
+358,123 |
+160,343 |
+
+
+| 利息收入 |
+1,196 |
+2,290 |
+
+
+| 加：其他收益 |
+1,634 |
+1,133 |
+
+
+| 投资收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+984,807 |
+888,230 |
+
+
+| 其中：对联营企业和合营企业的投资收益 |
+286 |
+180 |
+
+
+| 以摊余成本计量的金融资产终止确认收益 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 净敞口套期收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 公允价值变动收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 信用减值损失(损失以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 资产减值损失(损失以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 资产处置收益(损失以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 二、营业利润(亏损以“-”号填列) |
+311,550 |
+409,491 |
+
+
+| 加：营业外收入 |
+150 |
+6 |
+
+
+| 减：营业外支出 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 三、利润总额(亏损总额以“-”号填列) |
+311,700 |
+409,497 |
+
+
+| 减：所得税费用 |
+ |
+11 |
+
+
+| 四、净利润(净亏损以“-”号填列) |
+311,700 |
+409,486 |
+
+
+| (一)持续经营净利润(净亏损以“-”号填列) |
+311,700 |
+409,486 |
+
+
+| (二)终止经营净利润(净亏损以“-”号填列) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 五、其他综合收益的税后净额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (一)不能重分类进损益的其他综合收益 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 1. 重新计量设定受益计划变动额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 2. 权益法下不能转损益的其他综合收益 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 3. 其他权益工具投资公允价值变动 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 4. 企业自身信用风险公允价值变动 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (二)将重分类进损益的其他综合收益 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 1. 权益法下可转损益的其他综合收益 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 2. 其他债权投资公允价值变动 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 3. 金融资产重分类计入其他综合收益的金额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 4. 其他债权投资信用减值准备 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 5. 现金流量套期储备 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 6. 外币财务报表折算差额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 7. 其他 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 六、综合收益总额 |
+311,700 |
+409,486 |
+
+
+| 七、每股收益: |
+
+
+| (一)基本每股收益(元/股) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| (二)稀释每股收益(元/股) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+
+公司负责人：倪真
+主管会计工作负责人：陈勇
+会计机构负责人：刘爱军
+
+母公司现金流量表
+2025年1—9月
+编制单位：中国能源建设股份有限公司
+单位：千元
+币种：人民币
+审计类型：未经审计
+
+>
+
+
+| 项目 |
+2025年前三季度(1-9月) |
+2024年前三季度(1-9月) |
+
+
+
+
+| 一、经营活动产生的现金流量: |
+
+
+| 销售商品、提供劳务收到的现金 |
+606,333 |
+190,255 |
+
+
+| 收到的税费返还 |
+519 |
+116 |
+
+
+| 收到其他与经营活动有关的现金 |
+458,750 |
+378,062 |
+
+
+| 经营活动现金流入小计 |
+1,065,602 |
+568,433 |
+
+
+| 购买商品、接受劳务支付的现金 |
+407,637 |
+138,029 |
+
+
+| 支付给职工及为职工支付的现金 |
+221,052 |
+210,478 |
+
+
+| 支付的各项税费 |
+44,000 |
+4,448 |
+
+
+| 支付其他与经营活动有关的现金 |
+691,459 |
+642,087 |
+
+
+| 经营活动现金流出小计 |
+1,364,148 |
+995,042 |
+
+
+| 经营活动产生的现金流量净额 |
+-298,546 |
+-426,609 |
+
+
+| 二、投资活动产生的现金流量: |
+
+
+| 收回投资收到的现金 |
+ |
+1,400,000 |
+
+
+| 取得投资收益收到的现金 |
+3,210,917 |
+2,440,547 |
+
+
+| 处置固定资产、无形资产和其他长期资产收回的现金净额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 处置子公司及其他营业单位收到的现金净额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 收到其他与投资活动有关的现金 |
+287,817 |
+ |
+
+
+| 投资活动现金流入小计 |
+3,498,734 |
+3,840,547 |
+
+
+| 购建固定资产、无形资产和其他长期资产支付的现金 |
+22,006 |
+45,166 |
+
+
+| 投资支付的现金 |
+2,188,135 |
+5,013,084 |
+
+
+| 取得子公司及其他营业单位支付的现金净额 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 支付其他与投资活动有关的现金 |
+1,423,000 |
+2,521,000 |
+
+
+| 投资活动现金流出小计 |
+3,633,141 |
+7,579,250 |
+
+
+| 投资活动产生的现金流量净额 |
+-134,407 |
+-3,738,703 |
+
+
+| 三、筹资活动产生的现金流量: |
+
+
+| 吸收投资收到的现金 |
+ |
+700,000 |
+
+
+| 取得借款收到的现金 |
+11,700,000 |
+11,700,000 |
+
+
+| 收到其他与筹资活动有关的现金 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 筹资活动现金流入小计 |
+11,700,000 |
+12,400,000 |
+
+
+| 偿还债务支付的现金 |
+9,300,000 |
+6,000,000 |
+
+
+| 分配股利、利润或偿付利息支付的现金 |
+1,960,363 |
+1,270,810 |
+
+
+| 支付其他与筹资活动有关的现金 |
+1,387 |
+ |
+
+
+| 筹资活动现金流出小计 |
+11,261,750 |
+7,270,810 |
+
+
+| 筹资活动产生的现金流量净额 |
+438,250 |
+5,129,190 |
+
+
+| 四、汇率变动对现金及现金等价物的影响 |
+-580 |
+-504 |
+
+
+| 五、现金及现金等价物净增加额 |
+4,717 |
+963,374 |
+
+
+| 加:期初现金及现金等价物余额 |
+597,508 |
+367,535 |
+
+
+| 六、期末现金及现金等价物余额 |
+602,225 |
+1,330,909 |
+
+
+
+
+公司负责人：倪真
+主管会计工作负责人：陈勇
+会计机构负责人：刘爱军
+
+**2025年起首次执行新会计准则或准则解释等涉及调整首次执行当年年初的财务报表**
+
+□适用 √不适用
+
+特此公告。
+
+中国能源建设股份有限公司董事会
+2025 年 10 月 30 日
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_38.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_38.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0698ad31b303f88c1676ff6ec4eea8dc616ef844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_38.md
@@ -0,0 +1,947 @@
+# 【干货分享】大学高等数学公式汇总大全（珍藏版）
+
+大学生数学竞赛 2024年10月21日 15:03 安徽
+
+听全文
+
+# 大学高等数学公式汇总大全（珍藏版）
+
+常用导数公式：
+
+$$
+(tgx)' = sec^2 x
+$$
+
+$$
+(ctgx)' = -csc^2 x
+$$
+
+$$
+(sec x)' = sec x \cdot tgx
+$$
+
+$$
+(csc x)' = -csc x \cdot ctgx
+$$
+
+$$
+(a^x)' = a^x \ln a
+$$
+
+$$
+(\log_a x)' = \frac{1}{x \ln a}
+$$
+
+$$
+(arcsin x)' = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}
+$$
+
+$$
+(arccos x)' = -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}
+$$
+
+$$
+(arctgx)' = \frac{1}{1+x^2}
+$$
+
+$$
+(arcctgx)' = -\frac{1}{1+x^2}
+$$
+
+常用基本积分表：
+
+$$
+\int tgx dx = -\ln|\cos x| + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int ctgx dx = \ln|\sin x| + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int sec x dx = \ln|sec x + tgx| + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int csc x dx = \ln|csc x - ctgx| + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int \frac{dx}{a^2 + x^2} = \frac{1}{a} arctg \frac{x}{a} + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int \frac{dx}{x^2 - a^2} = \frac{1}{2a} \ln \left| \frac{x-a}{x+a} \right| + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int \frac{dx}{a^2 - x^2} = \frac{1}{2a} \ln \frac{a+x}{a-x} + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int \frac{dx}{\sqrt{a^2 - x^2}} = \arcsin \frac{x}{a} + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int \frac{dx}{\cos^2 x} = \int sec^2 x dx = tgx + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int \frac{dx}{\sin^2 x} = \int csc^2 x dx = -ctgx + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int sec x \cdot tgx dx = sec x + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int csc x \cdot ctgx dx = -csc x + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int a^x dx = \frac{a^x}{\ln a} + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int shxdx = chx + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int chxdx = shx + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int \frac{dx}{\sqrt{x^2 \pm a^2}} = \ln(x + \sqrt{x^2 \pm a^2}) + C
+$$
+
+$$
+I_n = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \sin^n x dx = \int_{0}^{\frac{\pi}{2}} \cos^n x dx = \frac{n-1}{n} I_{n-2}
+$$
+
+$$
+\int \sqrt{x^2 + a^2} dx = \frac{x}{2} \sqrt{x^2 + a^2} + \frac{a^2}{2} \ln(x + \sqrt{x^2 + a^2}) + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int \sqrt{x^2 - a^2} dx = \frac{x}{2} \sqrt{x^2 - a^2} - \frac{a^2}{2} \ln|x + \sqrt{x^2 - a^2}| + C
+$$
+
+$$
+\int \sqrt{a^2 - x^2} dx = \frac{x}{2} \sqrt{a^2 - x^2} + \frac{a^2}{2} \arcsin \frac{x}{a} + C
+$$
+
+三角函数的有理式积分:
+
+$$
+\sin x = \frac{2u}{1+u^2}, \quad \cos x = \frac{1-u^2}{1+u^2}, \quad u = \operatorname{tg} \frac{x}{2}, \quad dx = \frac{2du}{1+u^2}
+$$
+
+一些初等函数：
+
+$$
+\text{双曲正弦: } shx = \frac{e^x - e^{-x}}{2}
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{双曲余弦: } chx = \frac{e^x + e^{-x}}{2}
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{双曲正切: } thx = \frac{shx}{chx} = \frac{e^x - e^{-x}}{e^x + e^{-x}}
+$$
+
+$$
+\operatorname{arshx} = \ln(x + \sqrt{x^2 + 1})
+$$
+
+$$
+\operatorname{archx} = \pm \ln(x + \sqrt{x^2 - 1})
+$$
+
+$$
+\operatorname{arthx} = \frac{1}{2} \ln \frac{1+x}{1-x}
+$$
+
+两个重要极限:
+
+$$
+\lim_{x \to 0} \frac{\sin x}{x} = 1
+$$
+
+$$
+\lim_{x \to \infty} \left(1 + \frac{1}{x}\right)^x = e = 2.718281828459045...
+$$
+
+三角函数公式:
+
+* 诱导公式:
+
+| 函数角 A | sin | cos | tg | ctg |
|---|
| -α | -sina | cosa | -tga | -ctga | | 90°-α | cosa | sina | ctga | tga | | 90°+α | cosa | -sina | -ctga | -tga | | 180°-α | sina | -cosa | -tga | -ctga | | 180°+α | -sina | -cosa | tga | ctga | | 270°-α | -cosa | -sina | ctga | tga | | 270°+α | -cosa | sina | -ctga | -tga | | 360°-α | -sina | cosa | -tga | -ctga | | 360°+α | sina | cosa | tga | ctga |
+
+* 和差角公式:
+
+$$
+\sin(\alpha \pm \beta) = \sin \alpha \cos \beta \pm \cos \alpha \sin \beta
+$$
+
+$$
+\cos(\alpha \pm \beta) = \cos \alpha \cos \beta \mp \sin \alpha \sin \beta
+$$
+
+$$
+\operatorname{tg}(\alpha \pm \beta) = \frac{\operatorname{tg}\alpha \pm \operatorname{tg}\beta}{1 \mp \operatorname{tg}\alpha \cdot \operatorname{tg}\beta}
+$$
+
+$$
+\operatorname{ctg}(\alpha \pm \beta) = \frac{\operatorname{ctg}\alpha \cdot \operatorname{ctg}\beta \mp 1}{\operatorname{ctg}\beta \pm \operatorname{ctg}\alpha}
+$$
+
+* 和差化积公式:
+
+$$
+\sin \alpha + \sin \beta = 2 \sin \frac{\alpha + \beta}{2} \cos \frac{\alpha - \beta}{2}
+$$
+
+$$
+\sin \alpha - \sin \beta = 2 \cos \frac{\alpha + \beta}{2} \sin \frac{\alpha - \beta}{2}
+$$
+
+$$
+\cos \alpha + \cos \beta = 2 \cos \frac{\alpha + \beta}{2} \cos \frac{\alpha - \beta}{2}
+$$
+
+$$
+\cos \alpha - \cos \beta = 2 \sin \frac{\alpha + \beta}{2} \sin \frac{\alpha - \beta}{2}
+$$
+
+* 倍角公式:
+
+$$
+\sin 2\alpha = 2 \sin \alpha \cos \alpha
+$$
+
+$$
+\cos 2\alpha = 2 \cos^2 \alpha - 1 = 1 - 2 \sin^2 \alpha = \cos^2 \alpha - \sin^2 \alpha
+$$
+
+$$
+\operatorname{ctg} 2\alpha = \frac{\operatorname{ctg}^2\alpha - 1}{2 \operatorname{ctg} \alpha}
+$$
+
+$$
+\operatorname{tg} 2\alpha = \frac{2 \operatorname{tg} \alpha}{1 - \operatorname{tg}^2 \alpha}
+$$
+
+$$
+\sin 3\alpha = 3 \sin \alpha - 4 \sin^3 \alpha
+$$
+
+$$
+\cos 3\alpha = 4 \cos^3 \alpha - 3 \cos \alpha
+$$
+
+$$
+\operatorname{tg} 3\alpha = \frac{3 \operatorname{tg} \alpha - \operatorname{tg}^3 \alpha}{1 - 3 \operatorname{tg}^2 \alpha}
+$$
+
+* 半角公式：
+
+$$
+\sin \frac{\alpha}{2} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos \alpha}{2}}
+$$
+
+$$
+\operatorname{tg} \frac{\alpha}{2} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 - \cos \alpha}{1 + \cos \alpha}} = \frac{1 - \cos \alpha}{\sin \alpha} = \frac{\sin \alpha}{1 + \cos \alpha}
+$$
+
+$$
+\cos \frac{\alpha}{2} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 + \cos \alpha}{2}}
+$$
+
+$$
+\operatorname{ctg} \frac{\alpha}{2} = \pm \sqrt{\frac{1 + \cos \alpha}{1 - \cos \alpha}} = \frac{1 + \cos \alpha}{\sin \alpha} = \frac{\sin \alpha}{1 - \cos \alpha}
+$$
+
+* 正弦定理：$\frac{a}{\sin A} = \frac{b}{\sin B} = \frac{c}{\sin C} = 2R$
+
+* 余弦定理：$c^2 = a^2 + b^2 - 2ab \cos C$
+
+* 反三角函数性质：
+
+$$
+\arcsin x = \frac{\pi}{2} - \arccos x
+$$
+
+$$
+\arctg x = \frac{\pi}{2} - \arcctg x
+$$
+
+高阶导数公式——莱布尼兹 (Leibniz) 公式：
+
+$$
+(uv)^{(n)} = \sum_{k=0}^{n} C_n^k u^{(n-k)} v^{(k)} \\ = u^{(n)}v + nu^{(n-1)}v' + \frac{n(n-1)}{2!}u^{(n-2)}v'' + \cdots + \frac{n(n-1)\cdots(n-k+1)}{k!}u^{(n-k)}v^{(k)} + \cdots + uv^{(n)}
+$$
+
+中值定理与导数应用：
+
+$$
+\text{拉格朗日中值定理: } f(b) - f(a) = f'(\xi)(b - a)
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{柯西中值定理: } \frac{f(b) - f(a)}{F(b) - F(a)} = \frac{f'(\xi)}{F'(\xi)}
+$$
+
+当$F(x) = x$时, 柯西中值定理就是拉格朗日中值定理。
+
+曲率：
+
+$$
+\text{弧微分公式: } ds = \sqrt{1 + y'^2} dx, \text{其中} y' = \operatorname{tg}\alpha
+$$
+
+平均曲率: $K = \frac{|\Delta\alpha|}{|\Delta s|}$. 从M点到M'点, 切线斜率的倾角变化量; $\Delta s$: MM'弧长。
+
+$$
+M点的曲率: \quad K = \lim_{\Delta s \to 0} \left| \frac{\Delta \alpha}{\Delta s} \right| = \left| \frac{d\alpha}{ds} \right| = \frac{|y''|}{\sqrt{(1 + y'^2)^3}}
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{直线: } K = 0;
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{半径为 } a \text{ 的圆: } K = \frac{1}{a}
+$$
+
+定积分的近似计算：
+
+$$
+\text{矩形法: } \int_{a}^{b} f(x) \approx \frac{b-a}{n} (y_{0} + y_{1} + \cdots + y_{n-1})
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{梯形法: } \int_{a}^{b} f(x) \approx \frac{b-a}{n} \left[ \frac{1}{2}(y_{0} + y_{n}) + y_{1} + \cdots + y_{n-1} \right]
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{抛物线法: } \int_{a}^{b} f(x) \approx \frac{b-a}{3n} \left[ (y_{0} + y_{n}) + 2(y_{2} + y_{4} + \cdots + y_{n-2}) + 4(y_{1} + y_{3} + \cdots + y_{n-1}) \right]
+$$
+
+定积分应用相关公式：
+
+$$
+\text{功: } W = F \cdot s
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{水压力: } F = p \cdot A
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{引力: } F = k \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}, k \text{为引力系数}
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{函数的平均值: } \bar{y} = \frac{1}{b-a} \int_{a}^{b} f(x) dx
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{均方根:} \sqrt{\frac{1}{b-a} \int_{a}^{b} f^2(t) dt}$$
+
+空间解析几何和向量代数:
+
+空间2点的距离: $$d = |M_1M_2| = \sqrt{(x_2-x_1)^2+(y_2-y_1)^2+(z_2-z_1)^2}$$
+
+向量在轴上的投影: $\text{Pr } j_u \overrightarrow{AB} = |\overrightarrow{AB}| \cdot \cos \varphi, \varphi$ 是 $\overrightarrow{AB}$ 与 $u$ 轴的夹角。
+
+$$
+\text{Pr } j_u(\vec{a}_1 + \vec{a}_2) = \text{Pr } j \vec{a}_1 + \text{Pr } j \vec{a}_2
+$$
+
+$$
+\vec{a} \cdot \vec{b} = |\vec{a}| \cdot |\vec{b}| \cos \theta = a_x b_x + a_y b_y + a_z b_z, \text{是一个数量,}
+$$
+
+两向量之间的夹角: $\cos \theta = \frac{a_x b_x + a_y b_y + a_z b_z}{\sqrt{a_x^2 + a_y^2 + a_z^2} \cdot \sqrt{b_x^2 + b_y^2 + b_z^2}}$
+
+$$
+\vec{c} = \vec{a} \times \vec{b} = \begin{vmatrix} i & j & k \\ a_x & a_y & a_z \\ b_x & b_y & b_z \end{vmatrix}, |\vec{c}| = |\vec{a}| \cdot |\vec{b}| \sin \theta. \text{例: 线速度: } \vec{v} = \vec{w} \times \vec{r}.
+$$
+
+向量的混合积: $[\vec{a}\vec{b}\vec{c}] = (\vec{a} \times \vec{b}) \cdot \vec{c} = \begin{vmatrix} a_x & a_y & a_z \\ b_x & b_y & b_z \\ c_x & c_y & c_z \end{vmatrix} = |\vec{a} \times \vec{b}| \cdot |\vec{c}| \cos \alpha, \alpha$ 为锐角时, 代表平行六面体的体积。
+
+平面的方程:
+
+1、点法式: $A(x-x_0)+B(y-y_0)+C(z-z_0)=0$, 其中 $\vec{n} = \{A,B,C\}, M_0(x_0,y_0,z_0)$
+
+2、一般方程: $Ax+By+Cz+D=0$
+
+3、截距世方程: $\frac{x}{a} + \frac{y}{b} + \frac{z}{c} = 1$
+
+平面外任意一点到该平面的距离: $$d = \frac{|Ax_0 + By_0 + Cz_0 + D|}{\sqrt{A^2 + B^2 + C^2}}$$
+
+空间直线的方程: $\frac{x-x_0}{m} = \frac{y-y_0}{n} = \frac{z-z_0}{p} = t$, 其中 $\vec{s} = \{m,n,p\}$; 参数方程: $$\begin{cases} x = x_0 + mt \\ y = y_0 + nt \\ z = z_0 + pt \end{cases}$$
+
+二次曲面:
+
+1、椭球面: $\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} + \frac{z^2}{c^2} = 1$
+
+2、抛物面: $\frac{x^2}{2p} + \frac{y^2}{2q} = z$, ($p,q$ 同号)
+
+3、双曲面:
+
+单叶双曲面: $\frac{x^2}{a^2} + \frac{y^2}{b^2} - \frac{z^2}{c^2} = 1$
+
+双叶双曲面: $\frac{x^2}{a^2} - \frac{y^2}{b^2} + \frac{z^2}{c^2} = 1$ (马鞍面)
+
+多元函数微分法及应用
+
+全微分: $$dz = \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} dx + \frac{\partial z}{\partial y} dy$$
+
+$$
+du = \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} dx + \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} dy + \frac{\partial u}{\partial z} dz
+$$
+
+全微分的近似计算: $$\Delta z \approx dz = f_x(x, y) \Delta x + f_y(x, y) \Delta y$$
+
+多元复合函数的求导法:
+
+$$
+z = f[u(t), v(t)] \quad \frac{dz}{dt} = \frac{\partial z}{\partial u} \cdot \frac{\partial u}{\partial t} + \frac{\partial z}{\partial v} \cdot \frac{\partial v}{\partial t}
+$$
+
+$$
+z = f[u(x,y), v(x,y)] \quad \frac{\partial z}{\partial x} = \frac{\partial z}{\partial u} \cdot \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial z}{\partial v} \cdot \frac{\partial v}{\partial x}
+$$
+
+当 $u = u(x, y)$, $v = v(x, y)$ 时,
+
+$$
+du = \frac{\partial u}{\partial x} dx + \frac{\partial u}{\partial y} dy
+$$
+
+$$
+dv = \frac{\partial v}{\partial x} dx + \frac{\partial v}{\partial y} dy
+$$
+
+隐函数的求导公式:
+
+隐函数 $F(x, y) = 0$, $$\frac{dy}{dx} = -\frac{F_x}{F_y}$$
+
+$$
+\frac{d^2 y}{dx^2} = \frac{\partial}{\partial x}(-\frac{F_x}{F_y}) + \frac{\partial}{\partial y}(-\frac{F_x}{F_y}) \cdot \frac{dy}{dx}
+$$
+
+隐函数 $F(x, y, z) = 0$, $$\frac{\partial z}{\partial x} = -\frac{F_x}{F_z}$$
+
+$$
+\frac{\partial z}{\partial y} = -\frac{F_y}{F_z}
+$$
+
+隐函数方程组: $$\begin{cases} F(x, y, u, v) = 0 \\ G(x, y, u, v) = 0 \end{cases} \qquad J = \frac{\partial(F,G)}{\partial(u,v)} = \begin{vmatrix} \frac{\partial F}{\partial u} & \frac{\partial F}{\partial v} \\ \frac{\partial G}{\partial u} & \frac{\partial G}{\partial v} \end{vmatrix} = \begin{vmatrix} F_u & F_v \\ G_u & G_v \end{vmatrix}$$
+
+$$
+\frac{\partial u}{\partial x} = -\frac{1}{J} \cdot \frac{\partial(F,G)}{\partial(x,v)}
+$$
+
+$$
+\frac{\partial v}{\partial x} = -\frac{1}{J} \cdot \frac{\partial(F,G)}{\partial(u,x)}
+$$
+
+$$
+\frac{\partial u}{\partial y} = -\frac{1}{J} \cdot \frac{\partial(F,G)}{\partial(y,v)}
+$$
+
+$$
+\frac{\partial v}{\partial y} = -\frac{1}{J} \cdot \frac{\partial(F,G)}{\partial(u,y)}
+$$
+
+微分法在几何上的应用:
+
+空间曲线 $$ \begin{cases} x = \varphi(t) \\ y = \psi(t) \\ z = \omega(t) \end{cases} $$ 在点 $M(x_0, y_0, z_0)$ 处的切线方程: $\frac{x-x_0}{\varphi'(t_0)} = \frac{y-y_0}{\psi'(t_0)} = \frac{z-z_0}{\omega'(t_0)}$
+
+在点 $M$ 处的法平面方程: $\varphi'(t_0)(x-x_0) + \psi'(t_0)(y-y_0) + \omega'(t_0)(z-z_0) = 0$
+
+若空间曲线方程为: $$ \begin{cases} F(x,y,z)=0 \\ G(x,y,z)=0 \end{cases} $$ 则切向量 $\vec{T} = \begin{vmatrix} F_y & F_z \\ G_y & G_z \end{vmatrix}, \begin{vmatrix} F_x & F_y \\ G_x & G_y \end{vmatrix} $$
+
+曲面 $F(x,y,z)=0$ 上一点 $M(x_0, y_0, z_0)$, 则:
+
+1. 过此点的法向量: $\vec{n} = \{F_x(x_0, y_0, z_0), F_y(x_0, y_0, z_0), F_z(x_0, y_0, z_0)\}$
+
+2. 过此点的切平面方程: $F_x(x_0, y_0, z_0)(x-x_0) + F_y(x_0, y_0, z_0)(y-y_0) + F_z(x_0, y_0, z_0)(z-z_0) = 0$
+
+3. 过此点的法线方程: $\frac{x-x_0}{F_x(x_0, y_0, z_0)} = \frac{y-y_0}{F_y(x_0, y_0, z_0)} = \frac{z-z_0}{F_z(x_0, y_0, z_0)}$
+
+方向导数与梯度:
+
+函数 $z = f(x, y)$ 在一点 $p(x, y)$ 沿任一方向 $l$ 的方向导数为: $\frac{\partial f}{\partial l} = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} \cos \varphi + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y} \sin \varphi$
+
+其中 $\varphi$ 为 $x$ 轴到方向 $l$ 的转角。
+
+函数 $z = f(x, y)$ 在一点 $p(x, y)$ 的梯度: $\nabla f(x, y) = \frac{\partial f}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial f}{\partial y}$
+它与方向导数的关系是：$\frac{\partial f}{\partial l} = \operatorname{grad} f(x, y) \cdot \bar{e}$，其中 $\bar{e} = \cos \varphi \cdot \bar{i} + \sin \varphi \cdot \bar{j}$，为 $l$ 方向上的单位向量。
+
+∴ $\frac{\partial f}{\partial l}$ 是 $\operatorname{grad} f(x, y)$ 在 $l$ 上的投影。
+
+多元函数的极值及其求法：
+
+设 $f_x(x_0, y_0) = f_y(x_0, y_0) = 0$，令：$f_{xx}(x_0, y_0) = A$，$f_{xy}(x_0, y_0) = B$，$f_{yy}(x_0, y_0) = C$
+
+则：
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+AC - B^2 > 0 \text{时, } & \begin{cases} A < 0, (x_0, y_0) \text{为极大值} \\ A > 0, (x_0, y_0) \text{为极小值} \end{cases} \\
+AC - B^2 < 0 \text{时, } & \text{无极值} \\
+AC - B^2 = 0 \text{时, } & \text{不确定}
+\end{cases}
+$$
+
+重积分及其应用：
+
+$$
+\iint_D f(x,y)dxdy = \iint_{D'} f(r\cos\theta, r\sin\theta)rdrd\theta
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{曲面 } z = f(x, y) \text{ 的面积 } A = \iint_D \sqrt{1 + \left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial x}\right)^2 + \left(\frac{\partial z}{\partial y}\right)^2} dxdy
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{平面薄片的重心: } \bar{x} = \frac{M_x}{M} = \frac{\iint_D x\rho(x,y)d\sigma}{\iint_D \rho(x,y)d\sigma}, \quad \bar{y} = \frac{M_y}{M} = \frac{\iint_D y\rho(x,y)d\sigma}{\iint_D \rho(x,y)d\sigma}
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{平面薄片的转动惯量: 对于x轴} I_x = \iint_D y^2 \rho(x,y)d\sigma, \quad \text{对于y轴} I_y = \iint_D x^2 \rho(x,y)d\sigma
+$$
+
+平面薄片(位于xoy平面)对z轴上质点$M(0,0,a)$, $(a>0)$的引力: $F=\{F_x,F_y,F_z\}$, 其中:
+
+$$
+F_x = f \iint_D \frac{\rho(x,y)xd\sigma}{(x^2 + y^2 + a^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}
+$$
+
+$$
+F_y = f \iint_D \frac{\rho(x,y)yd\sigma}{(x^2 + y^2 + a^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}
+$$
+
+$$
+F_z = -fa \iint_D \frac{\rho(x,y)xd\sigma}{(x^2 + y^2 + a^2)^{\frac{3}{2}}}
+$$
+
+柱面坐标和球面坐标：
+
+$$
+\text{柱面坐标: } \begin{cases} x = r \cos \theta \\ y = r \sin \theta, \\ z = z \end{cases}, \quad \iiint_{\Omega} f(x, y, z) dxdydz = \iiint_{\Omega} F(r, \theta, z) r dr d\theta dz,
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{其中: } F(r, \theta, z) = f(r \cos \theta, r \sin \theta, z)
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{球面坐标: } \begin{cases} x = r \sin \varphi \cos \theta \\ y = r \sin \varphi \sin \theta, \\ z = r \cos \varphi \end{cases}, \quad dv = rd\varphi \cdot r \sin \varphi \cdot d\theta \cdot dr = r^2 \sin \varphi drd\varphi d\theta
+$$
+
+$$
+\iiint_{\Omega} f(x, y, z) dxdydz = \iiint_{\Omega} F(r, \varphi, \theta) r^2 \sin \varphi dr d\varphi d\theta = \int_{0}^{2\pi} d\theta \int_{0}^{\pi} d\varphi \int_{0}^{r(\varphi, \theta)} F(r, \varphi, \theta) r^2 \sin \varphi dr
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{重心: } \bar{x} = \frac{1}{M} \iiint_{\Omega} x \rho dv, \quad \bar{y} = \frac{1}{M} \iiint_{\Omega} y \rho dv, \quad \bar{z} = \frac{1}{M} \iiint_{\Omega} z \rho dv, \quad \text{其中 } M = \bar{x} = \iiint_{\Omega} \rho dv
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{转动惯量: } I_x = \iiint_{\Omega} (y^2 + z^2) \rho dv, \quad I_y = \iiint_{\Omega} (x^2 + z^2) \rho dv, \quad I_z = \iiint_{\Omega} (x^2 + y^2) \rho dv
+$$
+
+曲线积分：
+
+第一类曲线积分（对弧长的曲线积分）：
+
+设$f(x,y)$在$L$上连续，$L$的参数方程为：
+$$ \begin{cases} x = \varphi(t) \\ y = \psi(t) \end{cases} \quad (\alpha \le t \le \beta) $$
+则：
+
+$$ \int_L f(x, y) ds = \int_{\alpha}^{\beta} f[\varphi(t), \psi(t)] \sqrt{\varphi'^2(t) + \psi'^2(t)} dt \quad (\alpha < \beta) $$
+特殊情况：
+$$ \begin{cases} x = t \\ y = \varphi(t) \end{cases} $$
+
+第二类曲线积分(对坐标的曲线积分):
+
+设L的参数方程为 $\begin{cases} x = \varphi(t) \\ y = \psi(t) \end{cases}$ 则:
+
+$$
+\int_L P(x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy = \int_{\alpha}^{\beta} \{P[\varphi(t), \psi(t)]\varphi'(t) + Q[\varphi(t), \psi(t)]\psi'(t)\} dt
+$$
+
+两类曲线积分之间的关系: $\int_L P dx + Q dy = \int_L (P \cos \alpha + Q \cos \beta) ds$, 其中 $\alpha$ 和 $\beta$ 分别为 L 上积分起止点处切向量的方向角。
+
+$$
+\text{格林公式: } \iint_D \left(\frac{\partial Q}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial P}{\partial y}\right) dxdy = \iint_L Pdx + Qdy \quad \text{格林公式: } \iint_D \left(\frac{\partial Q}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial P}{\partial y}\right) dxdy = \iint_L Pdx + Qdy
+$$
+
+当$P=-y, Q=x$，即：$\frac{\partial Q}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial P}{\partial y} = 2$时，得到D的面积：$A = \iint_D dxdy = \frac{1}{2} \int_L xdy - ydx$
+
+平面上曲线积分与路径无关的条件：
+
+平面上曲线积分与路径无关的条件：
+
+1. G是一个单连通区域;
+
+2. $P(x,y), Q(x,y)$在G内具有一阶连续偏导数, 且 $\frac{\partial Q}{\partial x} = \frac{\partial P}{\partial y}$。注意奇点, 如(0,0), 应
+
+减去对此奇点的积分, 注意方向相反!
+
+二元函数的全微分求积:
+
+在 $\frac{\partial Q}{\partial x} = \frac{\partial P}{\partial y}$ 时, $Pdx+Qdy$ 才是二元函数 $u(x,y)$ 的全微分, 其中:
+
+$$
+u(x, y) = \int_{(x_0, y_0)}^{(x, y)} P(x, y) dx + Q(x, y) dy, \text{ 通常设 } x_0 = y_0 = 0.
+$$
+
+曲面积分:
+
+$$
+\text{对面积的曲面积分: } \iint_{\Sigma} f(x, y, z) ds = \iint_{D_{\psi}} f[x, y, z(x, y)] \sqrt{1 + z_x^2(x, y) + z_y^2(x, y)} dxdy
+$$
+
+对坐标的曲面积分: $\iint_{\Sigma} P(x, y, z)dydz + Q(x, y, z)dzdx + R(x, y, z)dxdy$, 其中:
+
+$$
+\iint_{\Sigma} R(x, y, z) dxdy = \pm \iint_{D_{\psi}} R[x, y, z(x, y)] dxdy, \text{ 取曲面的上侧时取正号;}
+$$
+
+$$
+\iint_{\Sigma} P(x, y, z) dydz = \pm \iint_{D_{u}} P[x(y, z), y, z] dydz, \text{ 取曲面的前侧时取正号;}
+$$
+
+$$
+\iint_{\Sigma} Q(x, y, z) dzdx = \pm \iint_{D_{u}} Q[x, y(z, x), z] dzdx, \text{ 取曲面的右侧时取正号。}
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{两类曲面积分之间的关系: } \iint_{\Sigma} Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = \iint_{\Sigma} (P \cos \alpha + Q \cos \beta + R \cos \gamma) ds
+$$
+
+高斯公式:
+
+$$
+\iiint\limits_{\varOmega} \left( \frac{\partial P}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial Q}{\partial y} + \frac{\partial R}{\partial z} \right) dv = \underset{\varSigma}{\oiint} Pdydz + Qdzdx + Rdxdy = \underset{\varSigma}{\oiint} \left( P\cos\alpha + Q\cos\beta + R\cos\gamma \right) ds
+$$
+
+
+高斯公式的物理意义——通量与散度:
+
+散度: $\text{div } \bar{v} = \frac{\partial P}{\partial x} + \frac{\partial Q}{\partial y} + \frac{\partial R}{\partial z}$, 即: 单位体积内所产生的流体质量, 若 $\text{div } \bar{v} < 0$, 则为消失...
+
+$$
+\text{通量: } \iint_{\Sigma} \vec{A} \cdot \bar{n} ds = \iint_{\Sigma} A_n ds = \iint_{\Sigma} (P \cos \alpha + Q \cos \beta + R \cos \gamma) ds,
+$$
+
+因此, 高斯公式又可写成: $\iiint_{\Omega} \text{div} \vec{A} dV = \oiint_{\Sigma} A_n ds$
+
+斯托克斯公式——曲线积分与曲面积分的关系:
+
+$$
+\iint_{\Sigma} \left( \frac{\partial R}{\partial y} - \frac{\partial Q}{\partial z} \right) dydz + \left( \frac{\partial P}{\partial z} - \frac{\partial R}{\partial x} \right) dzdx + \left( \frac{\partial Q}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial P}{\partial y} \right) dxdy = \oint_{\Gamma} P dx + Q dy + Rdz
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{上式左端又可写成: } \iint_{\Sigma} \begin{vmatrix} dydz & dzdx & dxdy \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial}{\partial y} & \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \\ P & Q & R \end{vmatrix} = \iint_{\Sigma} \begin{vmatrix} \cos \alpha & \cos \beta & \cos \gamma \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial}{\partial y} & \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \\ P & Q & R \end{vmatrix}
+$$
+
+空间曲线积分与路径无关的条件: $\frac{\partial R}{\partial y} = \frac{\partial Q}{\partial z}$, $\frac{\partial P}{\partial z} = \frac{\partial R}{\partial x}$, $\frac{\partial Q}{\partial x} = \frac{\partial P}{\partial y}$
+
+$$
+\text{旋度: } \text{rot} \vec{A} = \begin{vmatrix} i & j & k \\ \frac{\partial}{\partial x} & \frac{\partial}{\partial y} & \frac{\partial}{\partial z} \\ P & Q & R \end{vmatrix}
+$$
+
+向量场 $\vec{A}$ 沿有向闭曲线 $\Gamma$ 的环流量: $\oint_{\Gamma} P dx + Q dy + R dz = \oint_{\Gamma} \vec{A} \cdot \vec{i} ds$
+
+常数项级数:
+
+$$
+\text{等比数列: } 1+q+q^2+\cdots+q^{n-1} = \frac{1-q^n}{1-q}
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{等差数列: } 1+2+3+\cdots+n = \frac{(n+1)n}{2}
+$$
+
+调和级数: $1+\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{3}+\cdots+\frac{1}{n}$ 是发散的
+
+级数审敛法:
+
+1、正项级数的审敛法 —— 根植审敛法 (柯西判别法):
+
+设：$\rho = \lim_{n \to \infty} \sqrt[n]{U_n}$，则
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+\rho < 1 \text{ 时，级数收敛} \\
+\rho > 1 \text{ 时，级数发散} \\
+\rho = 1 \text{ 时，不确定}
+\end{cases}
+$$
+
+
+2、比值审敛法：
+设：$\rho = \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{U_{n+1}}{U_n}$，则
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+\rho < 1 \text{ 时，级数收敛} \\
+\rho > 1 \text{ 时，级数发散} \\
+\rho = 1 \text{ 时，不确定}
+\end{cases}
+$$
+
+3、定义法:
+
+$s_n = u_1 + u_2 + \cdots + u_n$; $\lim_{n \to \infty} s_n$ 存在, 则收敛; 否则发散。
+
+交错级数 $u_1 - u_2 + u_3 - u_4 + \cdots$ (或 $-u_1 + u_2 - u_3 + \cdots$, $u_n > 0$) 的审敛法 —— 莱布尼兹定理:
+
+如果交错级数满足 $\begin{cases} u_n \ge u_{n+1} \\ \lim_{n \to \infty} u_n = 0 \end{cases}$, 那么级数收敛且其和 $s \le u_1$, 其余项 $r_n$ 的绝对值 $|r_n| \le u_{n+1}$。
+
+绝对收敛与条件收敛:
+
+(1) $u_1 + u_2 + \cdots + u_n + \cdots$, 其中 $u_n$ 为任意实数;
+
+(2) $|u_1| + |u_2| + |u_3| + \cdots + |u_n| + \cdots$
+
+如果(2)收敛, 则(1)肯定收敛, 且称为绝对收敛级数;
+
+如果(2)发散, 而(1)收敛, 则称(1)为条件收敛级数。
+
+调和级数: $\sum \frac{1}{n}$ 发散, 而 $\sum \frac{(-1)^n}{n}$ 收敛;
+
+级数: $\sum \frac{1}{n^2}$ 收敛;
+
+级数 $\sum \frac{1}{p \le 1}$ 时发散。
+
+p级数：$\sum \frac{1}{n^p} \begin{cases}
+p \leq 1 \text{ 时，级数发散} \\
+p > 1 \text{ 时，级数收敛}
+\end{cases}$
+
+幂级数:
+
+$$
+1+x+x^2+x^3+\cdots+x^n+\cdots \quad \begin{cases} |x|<1 \text{时, 收敛于 } \frac{1}{1-x} \\ |x| \ge 1 \text{时, 发散} \end{cases}
+$$
+
+对于级数 (3) $a_0 + a_1 x + a_2 x^2 + \cdots + a_n x^n + \cdots$，如果它不是仅在原点收敛，也不是在全数轴上都收敛，则必存在 $R$，使 $\begin{cases} |x|R \text{时发散} \\ |x|=R \text{时不定} \end{cases}$，其中$R$ 称为收敛半径。
+
+求收敛半径的方法：设 $\lim_{n \to \infty} \left| \frac{a_{n+1}}{a_n} \right| = \rho$，其中 $a_n, a_{n+1}$ 是(3)的系数，则 $\begin{cases} \rho \neq 0 \text{时, } R = \frac{1}{\rho} \\ \rho = 0 \text{时, } R = +\infty \\ \rho = +\infty \text{时, } R = 0 \end{cases}$
+
+函数展开成幂级数:
+
+函数展开成泰勒级数: $f(x) = f(x_0)(x-x_0) + \frac{f''(x_0)}{2!}(x-x_0)^2 + \cdots + \frac{f^{(n)}(x_0)}{n!}(x-x_0)^n + \cdots$
+
+余项: $R_n = \frac{f^{(n+1)}(\xi)}{(n+1)!}(x-x_0)^{n+1}$，$f(x)$ 可以展开成泰勒级数的充要条件是: $\lim_{n \to \infty} R_n = 0$
+
+$x_0 = 0$ 时即为麦克劳林公式: $f(x) = f(0) + f'(0)x + \frac{f''(0)}{2!}x^2 + \cdots + \frac{f^{(n)}(0)}{n!}x^n + \cdots$
+
+一些函数展开成幂级数:
+
+$$
+(1+x)^m = 1 + mx + \frac{m(m-1)}{2!}x^2 + \cdots + \frac{m(m-1)\cdots(m-n+1)}{n!}x^n + \cdots \quad (-1
+
+
+ | r₁, r₂的形式 |
+ (*)式的通解 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 两个不相等实根 (p2 - 4q > 0) |
+ y = c1er1x + c2er2x |
+
+
+ | 两个相等实根 (p2 - 4q = 0) |
+ y = (c1 + c2x)er1x |
+
+
+ | 一对共轭复根(p2 - 4q<0 ) r1 = α + iβ, r₂ = α - iβα = -p/2, β = √(4q - p²)/2） |
+ y = e(αx)(c1 cos βx + c2 sin βx) |
+
+
+
+
+二阶常系数非齐次线性微分方程
+
+$
+y'' + py' + qy = f(x), p, q \text{为常数}
+$
+
+$f(x) = e^{\lambda x} P_m(x)$型, $\lambda$为常数;
+
+$f(x) = e^{\lambda x} [P_l(x)\cos \omega x + P_m(x)\sin \omega x]$型
+
+你可能会错的消息:
+
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_39.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_39.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a0400455f743ab962c17b4c86abb25e6d2a31a4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_39.md
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+# 医药企业并购动因与绩效分析
+——以华润双鹤并购华润紫竹为例
+
+熊毅帆
+
+广西大学经济学院,广西 南宁
+
+收稿日期:2025年6月30日;录用日期:2025年7月10日;发布日期:2025年8月29日
+
+
+
+## 摘要
+
+并购是企业进行战略扩张、优化资源配置以及提升竞争力的重要手段,对于企业的发展前景具有深远的影响。本文将以华润双鹤并购华润紫竹为研究案例,将华润双鹤作为研究对象,首先分析该公司主要的并购动因,通过事件研究法分析企业短期并购绩效,使用财务指标法分析企业中长期并购绩效,并使用非财务指标法用以弥补单一财务指标的不足。在此基础上总结出相应的结论与对策,为医药行业的其他企业提供重要的并购借鉴经验。
+
+## 关键词
+
+企业并购,医药企业,并购绩效
+
+
+
+# Analysis of the Motives and Performance of Mergers and Acquisitions in Pharmaceutical Enterprises
+——A Case Study of CR Double-Crane's Acquisition of CR Zizhu
+
+Yifan Xiong
+
+School of Economics, Guangxi University, Nanning Guangxi
+
+Received: Jun. 30th, 2025; accepted: Jul. 10th, 2025; published: Aug. 29th, 2025
+
+## Abstract
+
+Mergers and acquisitions are important means for enterprises to carry out strategic expansion, optimize resource allocation, and enhance competitiveness, and have a profound impact on the development prospects of enterprises. This paper takes the merger and acquisition of China Resources Zizhu by China Resources Double-Crane as a research case, and takes China Resources Double-Crane as the research object. Firstly, it analyzes the main motives for the company's mergers and acquisitions. It analyzes the short-term merger and acquisition performance of the enterprise through the event study method, analyzes the medium- and long-term merger and acquisition performance of the enterprise using the financial indicator method, and uses the non-financial indicator method to make up for the shortcomings of a single financial indicator. On this basis, corresponding conclusions and countermeasures are summarized to provide important reference experience for mergers and acquisitions of other enterprises in the pharmaceutical industry.
+
+## Keywords
+
+Enterprise Mergers and Acquisitions, Pharmaceutical Enterprises, Mergers and Acquisitions Performance
+
+Copyright © 2025 by author(s) and Hans Publishers Inc.
+This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY 4.0).
+http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
+
+
+
+
+
+## 1. 引言
+
+在全球经济增长的时代背景下,大众对健康的重视程度不断提高,医药市场需求持续攀升。当前我国医药市场格局持续演变,医药企业的并购活动成为发展与变革的关键力量。相关政策的出台也在持续鼓励医药行业提高行业集中度从而促进医药企业的并购活动,在2024年全国并购事件中,医药生物并购热度仍居高位,在整体市场中居于第三位。但部分政策的出台给医药企业的经营决策带来新的挑战,2021年1月国务院发布《关于推动药品集中带量采购工作常态化制度化开展的意见》,在促进产业升级、企业并购的同时,也让医药企业面临利润压缩、市场竞争加剧等困境[1]。因此,正确的并购动因以及并购后的科学整合对医药企业的发展与变革尤为重要。
+
+## 2. 文献综述
+
+对于并购绩效的研究方法,Jensen (1986)通过事件研究法分析并购公告日股价与收益率存在的相关关系[2];宋哲(2023)使用事件研究法对新乳业自上市后3次并购行为的市场反应进行分析研究[3]。部分学者通过因子分析法研究企业并购绩效,蒋志雄与王宇露(2022)通过因子分析法对技术获取型企业并购对并购绩效的影响机理进行分析[4]。张翼等人(2015)通过财务指标法研究我国2003~2008年的并购案例,结果却表明并购前后财务指标无明显改善[5]。陈木坤,齐中英(2006)通过基于平衡记分卡的方法,弥补单一财务指标方法在分析并购绩效时的不足[6]。宋维佳,乔治(2014)将事件研究法与财务指标法结合研究资源型企业跨国并购绩效[7]。部分学者还通过构建模型进行实证分析,范建红等人(2023)使用fsQCA方法研究了跨国并购中如何提升创新绩效[8]。李策(2019)通过构建包括市场占比、酒店数量等多个要素的非财务指标绩效评估体系,更全面地分析首旅如家并购后的绩效表现[9]。袁明睿和李金茹(2024)选取技术创新能力、市场扩展能力的非财务指标,并将财务指标法与非财务指标法结合用以评价高新技术企业并购绩效[10]。
+
+综上所述,学者们对于绩效的评估方法,大多采用以下类型的方法:事件研究法、因子分析法、财务指标研究法、平衡计分卡法、构建模型、非财务指标研究法等。其中,事件研究法常用于研究短期市场反应;财务指标法是当前学者普遍采用的绩效评估方法;对于非财务指标法,学者们会根据不同的行业以及企业自身特点进行指标的选取。
+
+## 3. 案例概述
+
+### 3.1. 并购双方简介
+
+作为本次并购案例的并购方华润双鹤,华润双鹤药业股份有限公司于1939年作为部队药厂诞生于太行,对外称利华药厂。1949年随军迁京后新建首家国有化学制药厂,后更名北京制药厂,1997年在上交所上市,股票代码600062,2012年更名为华润双鹤。根据公司官网信息显示,目前华润双鹤主营业务涵盖新药研发、制剂生产、药品销售、原料药生产及制药装备等方面,公司旗下药品批文2000余个,在产在销产品330余个,深耕慢病、输液、儿科、肾科、精神/神经、肿瘤、女性健康等领域,在多个细分赛道具有市场领先地位,25个产品年销售收入超亿元。
+
+作为本次并购案例的被并购方华润紫竹,华润紫竹药业有限公司前身为1969年成立的北京第三制药厂,2000年改制为北京紫竹药业有限公司。华润紫竹拥有女性健康用药及器械、口腔用药、眼科用药、原料药等产品线,生殖健康类药品上市后始终占据国内外市场重要地位,公司产品远销国际市场,并已通过 WHO、FDA 认证检查。该公司还是联合国人口基金会生殖健康药物供应商。其主导产品紧急避孕药“毓婷”、抗早孕药“米非司酮”上市后长期保持领先的市场地位。
+
+### 3.2. 并购过程
+
+2024年2月18日召开董事会战略委员会会议,就《关于收购华润紫竹药业有限公司100%股权暨关联交易的议案》进行了审阅,并发表同意意见。2024年2月22日,华润双鹤召开第九届董事会第三十六次会议,审议通过《关于收购华润紫竹药业有限公司100%股权暨关联交易的议案》,关联董事回避表决,独立董事发表同意意见。
+
+2024年2月23日,盘后华润双鹤发布公告称,拟以31.15亿元收购北京医药集团有限责任公司持有的华润紫竹药业有限公司100%股权。2024年2月24日,华润双鹤发布《关于收购华润紫竹药业有限公司100%股权暨关联交易的公告》,向市场详细披露收购相关信息,包括交易背景、基本情况、定价依据等。
+
+2024年3月22日,华润双鹤与北京医药集团有限责任公司签署关于华润紫竹药业有限公司之《股权转让协议》,标志着交易进入实质性执行阶段。2024年4月此次并购已顺利完成交易关键流程。
+
+## 4. 并购动因
+
+### 4.1. 业务协同与资源整合，提高整体运营效率
+
+原料药业务与研发技术方面,华润双鹤拥有国家级企业技术中心,在复杂制剂研发、仿制药一致性评价等领域具有丰富经验;华润紫竹在生殖健康领域拥有较高技术水平,并拥有多个原料药自主知识产权,其抗早孕药物研发能力卓越。双方研发体系整合后,华润双鹤的研发平台可为华润紫竹提供技术支持,优化其产品线结构;华润紫竹的原料药产能可与华润双鹤的国际注册团队结合,推动原料药出口至欧美市场,降低原料药国际化的注册成本、市场准入成本。
+
+在营销渠道方面,根据公司官网显示,华润双鹤已拥有覆盖全国3000余家等级医院、超10万家基层医疗终端的销售网络;而华润紫竹以OTC市场为主,院内市场渗透率相对薄弱。并购后,华润双鹤可将华润紫竹的生殖健康产品接入自身院内销售体系;将华润紫竹在零售渠道的品牌认知度反哺于自身 OTC业务,形成“院内+院外”双渠道协同。在财务与供应链方面,企业年报显示,华润紫竹持有韩美药业26.32%股份,2024年韩美药业净利润约3.5亿元,此次并购将增厚华润双鹤的净利润;从供应链角度看,华润双鹤的7大生产基地可承接华润紫竹部分产品的产能转移,优化生产布局。综上,华润双鹤通过并购可以获取缺乏的资源,与华润紫竹达成资源优势互补,进行业务协同从而提高整体的运营效率。
+
+### 4.2. 战略协同与拓展产品线，实现业务多元化
+
+华润双鹤在公告中表示,此次收购主要是为了落实公司“十四五”战略规划,丰富公司专科领域产品线,形成“女性健康 + 儿科”专科产品序列。华润双鹤过往的产品线以基础输液、慢病管理及儿科用药为核心,在女性健康领域几乎处于空白状态。华润紫竹在生殖健康领域拥有绝对优势,其核心产品“毓婷”“金毓婷”在国内紧急避孕药市场中长期居于领先地位,而慢病业务、输液业务等是华润双鹤的主要聚焦业务。因此,华润双鹤经过此次并购整合可以迅速切入女性健康赛道,实现形成“女性健康 + 儿科”专科产品序列的并购目的。此外,华润紫竹的口腔用药、眼科等产品可进一步丰富华润双鹤在专科领域的产品线,有助于华润双鹤实现业务多元化,更好地满足市场需求。
+
+### 4.3. 品牌提升与市场地位巩固
+
+华润紫竹的“毓婷”系列药在国内零售渠道的市占率长期可观,作为国民级OTC品牌,其“72小时紧急防护”的核心价值已深入消费者心智,并在女性群体中具有极高的认知度,华润双鹤通过此次横向并购可获取和补充华润紫竹具有竞争优势的品牌资源,有助于并购后华润双鹤在生殖健康领域市场份额和品牌影响力的提升,华润双鹤可将华润紫竹成熟的生殖健康产品线与自身慢病用药、儿科用药结合形成疾病管理闭环。
+
+华润紫竹作为联合国人口基金会的长期供应商,其产品通过WHO和FDA认证,这为华润双鹤提供打开国际市场的通行证,可有效满足国际市场中对于生殖健康药物日益增长的需求。另外,华润紫竹参与制定了《紧急避孕药物临床应用指南》等多项行业标准,其生产基地通过国家药监局GMP认证及WHO的PQ认证。华润双鹤在并购后可将华润紫竹的质量管理体系引入自身的药品生产中,提升企业产品的品质公信力并且进一步巩固市场地位。
+
+## 5. 华润双鹤并购华润紫竹的绩效分析
+
+### 5.1. 短期市场反应分析
+
+本文通过事件研究法对并购前后的市场反应进行分析,进而判断此次市场对并购事件的反应如何。
+事件研究法根据事件日选择合适的窗口期和估计期,并通过预期收益率和实际收益率来计算异常收益率(AR)和累计异常收益率(CAR)。事件窗口期的选择范围一般是事件日前后10至20个交易日;事件估计期是选择恰当的期间来估算企业的预期收益率。
+
+第一步,选择华润双鹤并购华润紫竹的公告日(非交易日则顺延一个交易日)作为事件日(date = 0),本文选取 2024 年 2 月 26 日为事件日(date = 0)。并选取 date = [-10, 10]为事件窗口期, date = [-150, -11]为事件估计期。第二步,选择华润双鹤和上证指数的每日收盘价,用以计算个股收益率 $R_{it}$ 和市场收益率 $R_{mt}$,计算公式如下:
+
+$$R_{it} = (P_{it} - P_{it-1}) / P_{it-1}$$
+$$R_{mt} = (P_{mt} - P_{mt-1}) / P_{mt-1}$$
+
+第三步,使用市场模型估计预期收益率。将事件估计期[-150, -11]中的 $R_{it}$ 和 $R_{mt}$ 使用市场模型 $R_{it} = \alpha + \beta * R_{mt} + \varepsilon$ 进行回归,得出华润双鹤预期收益率公式 $R'_{it} = \alpha + \beta * R_{mt} + \varepsilon$。通过回归得到的华润双鹤的预期收益率公式为$R'_{it} = 0.0014791+1.022024R_{mt}$, 并且模型和 $\beta$ 系数在 1% 的显著性水平上显著。第四步, 计算事件窗口期[-10, 10]中华润双鹤的 AR 和 CAR, 计算公式如下:
+
+$$AR_{it} = R_{it} - R'_{it}$$
+$$CAR_{i}[t1,t2] = \sum_{t1}^{t2} AR_{it}$$
+
+Table 1. Calculation results of AR and CAR for CR Double-Crane
+表1. 华润双鹤 AR 与 CAR 计算结果
+
+| T | Rmt | Rit | date | R'it | AR | CAR |
|---|
| 2024/2/2 | -0.0353 | -0.0284 | -10 | -0.0346 | 0.0062 | 0.0062 | | 2024/2/5 | -0.0628 | 0.0197 | -9 | -0.0627 | 0.0823 | 0.0886 | | 2024/2/6 | 0.0177 | 0.0778 | -8 | 0.0196 | 0.0582 | 0.1468 | | 2024/2/7 | -0.0043 | 0.0364 | -7 | -0.0029 | 0.0393 | 0.1860 | | 2024/2/8 | 0.0485 | -0.0058 | -6 | 0.0510 | -0.0568 | 0.1293 | | 2024/2/19 | 0.0279 | 0.0068 | -5 | 0.0299 | -0.0231 | 0.1062 | | 2024/2/20 | 0.0117 | 0.0136 | -4 | 0.0134 | 0.0002 | 0.1063 | | 2024/2/21 | 0.0158 | -0.0083 | -3 | 0.0176 | -0.0259 | 0.0805 | | 2024/2/22 | 0.0182 | 0.0135 | -2 | 0.0201 | -0.0065 | 0.0739 | | 2024/2/23 | 0.0199 | 0.0113 | -1 | 0.0218 | -0.0105 | 0.0634 | | 2024/2/26 | 0.0089 | -0.0376 | 0 | 0.0105 | -0.0481 | 0.0153 | | 2024/2/27 | 0.0222 | 0.0206 | 1 | 0.0242 | -0.0036 | 0.0116 | | 2024/2/28 | -0.0465 | -0.0083 | 2 | -0.0460 | 0.0378 | 0.0494 | | 2024/2/29 | 0.0294 | 0.0250 | 3 | 0.0315 | -0.0065 | 0.0429 | | 2024/3/1 | 0.0067 | 0.0371 | 4 | 0.0084 | 0.0287 | 0.0716 | | 2024/3/4 | 0.0009 | 0.0328 | 5 | 0.0024 | 0.0304 | 0.1020 | | 2024/3/5 | -0.0110 | -0.0057 | 6 | -0.0098 | 0.0041 | 0.1061 | | 2024/3/6 | 0.0078 | 0.0010 | 7 | 0.0095 | -0.0085 | 0.0976 | | 2024/3/7 | -0.0032 | -0.0386 | 8 | -0.0018 | -0.0368 | 0.0608 | | 2024/3/8 | 0.0073 | 0.0327 | 9 | 0.0089 | 0.0238 | 0.0846 | | 2024/3/11 | 0.0158 | 0.0178 | 10 | 0.0177 | 0.0001 | 0.0847 |
+
+数据来源: STATA18 软件计算得出。
+
+根据表1中华润双鹤的AR与CAR计算结果可以描绘出华润双鹤在事件窗口期[-10, 10]中的AR和CAR 曲线图,如图1所示。从图1中AR(异常收益率)与CAR(累计异常收益率)走势,分析此次并购事件市场反应:可以看出,在事件日(date=0)前,CAR持续攀升到达峰值后迅速下降,AR数值由正转负。事件日后,AR数值在事件日后的1至10天内呈正值的天数更多,有少数几天的数值为负但基本接近于0,仅有事件日和date=8时AR负值较大,另外CAR数值后续几天虽有所回落,但总体上大致呈上升趋势。综上,可以认为市场和投资者对于此次并购事件持有一定积极正面的态度。
+
+Figure 1. CR Double-Crane's AR and CAR curves
+图1. 华润双鹤 AR 和 CAR 曲线图
+
+### 5.2. 基于财务指标的企业并购绩效分析
+
+为分析此次并购事件的中长期绩效，本文选取财务指标进行衡量。为了避免季度性特征对分析的影响，本文在分析企业各季度财务数据时采用同比方法。另外，为减少宏观经济与行业周期的影响，本文还利用行业均值的财务数据进行综合分析。
+
+#### 5.2.1. 营运能力分析
+
+如表2、表3所示，华润双鹤的总资产周转率在并购前后的变化不大，同时行业总资产周转率的均值与此次并购时间点的前后差别也不大。在2024年第二季度至第四季度内，华润双鹤的存货周转率数值同比增加，2025年第一季度的数值同比变化不大，并且华润双鹤的存货周转率在并购后的增长幅度领先行业均值。对于应收账款周转天数，虽然华润双鹤从2024年第一季度开始，各报告期的数值同比均在提高，但结合国家统计局发布的生产型制药企业的应收账款周转天数中位值75天，并且应收账款的行业均值也远高于华润双鹤，可以认为华润双鹤的应收账款周转天数在并购前后均保持健康区间。
+
+可以看出华润双鹤在完成并购后，其资产运用能力略微有所下降，但与行业均值的变化幅度相似。而华润双鹤的存货管理效率在并购后的当年内有所提升，但2025年第一季度该公司的存货管理效率同比略微下降。对于应收账款周转天数，虽然华润双鹤的应收账款周转天数在并购后呈上升的趋势但始终处于健康可控的范围，另外其数值远低于行业均值，所以认为该企业的资金流动效率处于正常水平。所以从总体来说，华润双鹤在完成并购后的当年内营运能力有一定的提升，但华润双鹤还需警惕公司的资产运用能力后续是否会出现大幅下降的可能性。
+
+Table 2. List of operational capacity indicators of CR Double-Crane
+表2. 华润双鹤营运能力指标一览表
+
+ | 2023Q1 | 2023Q2 | 2023Q3 | 2023Q4 | 2024Q1 | 2024Q2 | 2024Q3 | 2024Q4 | 2025Q1 |
|---|
| 总资产周转率(次) | 0.18 | 0.35 | 0.50 | 0.67 | 0.17 | 0.35 | 0.49 | 0.64 | 0.18 | | 存货周转率(次) | 0.63 | 1.22 | 1.88 | 2.64 | 0.80 | 1.50 | 2.20 | 2.92 | 0.79 | | 应收账款周转(天) | 50.01 | 54.14 | 54.03 | 51.15 | 56.69 | 58.26 | 59.09 | 56.09 | 60.89 |
+
+数据来源：华润双鹤年报，根据自行计算得出。Table 3. List of average values of operating capacity indicators in the pharmaceutical and biological industry
+表3. 医药生物行业营运能力指标均值一览表
+
+ | 2023Q1 | 2023Q2 | 2023Q3 | 2023Q4 | 2024Q1 | 2024Q2 | 2024Q3 | 2024Q4 | 2025Q1 |
|---|
| 总资产周转率(次) | 0.12 | 0.24 | 0.35 | 0.47 | 0.12 | 0.23 | 0.34 | 0.45 | 0.11 |
|---|
| 存货周转率(次) | 0.94 | 2.12 | 3.02 | 4.49 | 1.10 | 2.14 | 3.28 | 4.22 | 0.96 |
|---|
| 应收账款周转(天) | 104 | 112 | 100 | 94.36 | 123 | 133 | 113 | 104 | 135 |
|---|
+
+数据来源：新浪财经客户端。
+
+#### 5.2.2. 偿债能力分析
+
+流动比率与速动比率常被用于衡量企业短期的偿债能力,如表4、表5所示,可以看出华润双鹤的流动比率与速动比率在2024年第一季度均到达峰值,但从2024年第二季度开始,华润双鹤的流动比率与速动比率数值均小于并购前,流动比率与速动比率的行业均值在并购后的各报告期均同比下降,但华润双鹤的同比下降幅度在并购后的各报告期内均大于行业均值,说明此次并购降低了华润双鹤的短期偿债能力。
+
+为进一步研究华润双鹤长期偿债能力的变化情况,利用资产负债率、产权比率两个指标来衡量,从表4、表5可以看出,从2024年第二季度开始,华润双鹤在完成并购后的各报告期的资产负债率以及产权比率同比均在增大,相比之下该两指标的行业均值在并购后的各报告期呈现数值同比下降或数值同比增大的幅度不及华润双鹤的规律,故可以看出华润双鹤的长期偿债能力在提升。综上,华润双鹤经过此次并购事件,短期偿债能力有所降低,但长期偿债能力得到提升。
+
+Table 4. List of solvency indicators of CR Double-Crane
+表4. 华润双鹤偿债能力指标一览表
+
+ | 2023Q1 | 2023Q2 | 2023Q3 | 2023Q4 | 2024Q1 | 2024Q2 | 2024Q3 | 2024Q4 | 2025Q1 |
|---|
| 流动比率 | 2.58 | 2.29 | 2.54 | 2.42 | 2.61 | 1.46 | 1.59 | 1.87 | 1.99 |
|---|
| 速动比率 | 1.91 | 1.73 | 1.97 | 1.92 | 2.15 | 1.14 | 1.26 | 1.47 | 1.63 |
|---|
| 资产负债率(%) | 24.65 | 25.68 | 23.28 | 23.60 | 22.16 | 34.05 | 34.19 | 33.41 | 32.68 |
|---|
| 产权比率 | 0.35 | 0.37 | 0.32 | 0.33 | 0.30 | 0.55 | 0.55 | 0.54 | 0.52 |
|---|
+
+数据来源：华润双鹤年报，根据自行计算得出。
+
+Table 5. List of average values of solvency indicators in the pharmaceutical and biological industry
+表5. 医药生物行业偿债能力指标均值一览表
+
+ | 2023Q1 | 2023Q2 | 2023Q3 | 2023Q4 | 2024Q1 | 2024Q2 | 2024Q3 | 2024Q4 | 2025Q1 |
|---|
| 流动比率 | 4.88 | 4.74 | 4.99 | 4.47 | 4.86 | 4.45 | 4.52 | 4.10 | 4.47 |
|---|
| 速动比率 | 4.31 | 4.16 | 4.40 | 3.93 | 4.30 | 3.88 | 3.94 | 3.57 | 3.90 |
|---|
| 资产负债率(%) | 30.42 | 30.45 | 29.98 | 30.05 | 30.05 | 30.44 | 30.28 | 31.34 | 30.91 |
|---|
| 产权比率 | 0.80 | 0.92 | 0.76 | 0.74 | 0.73 | 0.82 | 1.04 | 0.82 | 1.00 |
|---|
+
+数据来源：新浪财经客户端。
+
+#### 5.2.3. 盈利能力分析
+
+考虑到医药公司的产品、业务在特定时间区间的销售情况有所差别,对相关财务指标单季度数据进行同比分析。从表6可以看出,对于销售毛利率、销售净利率以及净资产收益率,华润双鹤从2024年第二季度开始,除2024年第四季度外,其余报告期的数值同比均有所提升。结合三项指标的行业均值来看,如表7所示,销售毛利率的行业均值在并购完成后的各报告期内的数值同比均在下降。销售净利率的行业均值在各报告期内的数值均为负。而净资产收益率的行业均值在完成并购后的各报告期内,除2024年第四季度在同比增长外,其余各报告期相较于并购前均在同比下降,所以综合来看可以认为华润双鹤在完成此次并购后其盈利能力得到提升。
+
+Table 6. List of profitability indicators of CR Double-Crane (Unit: %)
+表6. 华润双鹤盈利能力指标一览表(单位:%)
+
+ | 2023Q1 | 2023Q2 | 2023Q3 | 2023Q4 | 2024Q1 | 2024Q2 | 2024Q3 | 2024Q4 | 2025Q1 |
|---|
| 销售毛利率 | 55.56 | 56.11 | 55.30 | 55.24 | 56.75 | 58.49 | 58.46 | 57.27 | 60.53 |
|---|
| 销售净利率 | 13.90 | 15.00 | 14.22 | 12.97 | 14.27 | 17.77 | 16.52 | 14.72 | 16.98 |
|---|
| ROE | 3.55 | 7.66 | 10.08 | 13.27 | 4.11 | 9.38 | 12.39 | 15.07 | 4.75 |
|---|
+
+数据来源: 华润双鹤年报, 根据自行计算得出。
+
+Table 7. List of average values of profitability indicators in the pharmaceutical and biological industry (Unit: %)
+表7. 医药生物行业盈利能力指标均值一览表(单位:%)
+
+ | 2023Q1 | 2023Q2 | 2023Q3 | 2023Q4 | 2024Q1 | 2024Q2 | 2024Q3 | 2024Q4 | 2025Q1 |
|---|
| 销售毛利率 | 51.65 | 51.45 | 52.08 | 51.42 | 50.90 | 50.73 | 50.57 | 49.98 | 49.39 |
|---|
| 销售净利率 | -1047 | -1122 | -883 | -182 | -5378 | -6078 | -392 | -211 | -1062 |
|---|
| ROE | 2.01 | 7.85 | 4.81 | 3.42 | 1.75 | 2.73 | 3.89 | 6.87 | 0.78 |
|---|
+
+数据来源: 新浪财经客户端。
+
+#### 5.2.4. 成长能力分析
+
+通过营业收入与净利润的变化情况,来分析企业的成长能力,进而判断其未来的发展前景。从表8与表9可以看出,华润双鹤的营业收入同比增长率和净利润同比增长率在2024年二、三季度的数值虽为正,但与上一年数值相比明显减少,且后续报告期的数值均为负。结合行业均值的数据来看,营业收入增长率的行业均值在并购完成后的各报告期的数值均为正,净利润增长率的行业均值在并购后的各期数值均为负。从公司的角度来说,随着并购事件发生,华润双鹤各项成长指标大致出现回落;综合行业均值来看,华润双鹤的净利润增长情况在行业中处于健康水平,但营业收入增长情况不佳。综合来看,该公司的成长能力在并购后呈现出一种不利的发展势头。
+
+Table 8. List of growth capacity indicators of CR Double-Crane (Unit: %)
+表8. 华润双鹤成长能力指标一览表(单位:%)
+
+ | 2023Q1 | 2023Q2 | 2023Q3 | 2023Q4 | 2024Q1 | 2024Q2 | 2024Q3 | 2024Q4 | 2025Q1 |
|---|
| 营业收入增长率 | 8.76 | 6.58 | 5.42 | 6.20 | 2.26 | 1.46 | 1.18 | -0.87 | -2.10 |
|---|
| 净利润增长率 | 12.19 | 5.45 | 10.12 | 12.96 | 11.00 | 6.28 | 1.07 | -2.55 | -1.26 |
|---|
+
+数据来源: 华润双鹤年报, 根据自行计算得出。
+
+Table 9. List of average values of growth capacity indicators in the pharmaceutical and biological industry (Unit: %)
+表9. 医药生物行业成长能力指标均值一览表(单位:%)
+
+ | 2023Q1 | 2023Q2 | 2023Q3 | 2023Q4 | 2024Q1 | 2024Q2 | 2024Q3 | 2024Q4 | 2025Q1 |
|---|
| 营业收入增长率 | 18.8 | 13.12 | 41.35 | 110 | 232 | 215 | 31.57 | 9.12 | 651 |
|---|
| 净利润增长率 | 57.74 | -0.95 | -5.41 | -26.85 | -60.74 | -12.58 | -33.15 | -48.38 | -22.45 |
|---|
+
+数据来源: 新浪财经客户端。## 5.3. 企业并购的非财务绩效的影响分析
+
+#### 5.3.1. 主营业务情况
+
+华润双鹤并购前后年的主营业务收入占比和营收情况如表10、表11所示。除2023年外,其余各报告期均是慢病业务处于领先地位;另外,输液业务收入在2023年的占比到达峰值,根据公司财报显示2023年疫情管控放开后输液市场快速增长,至2024年下半年市场需求调整性回落减少,并且2024年存量治疗、营养输液产品受集采政策影响价格下降最终造成输液业务回落。值得注意的是,专科业务的收入及收入占比在2024年的增长幅度最大,造成这一现象的主要原因有两点,一是肿瘤领域收入同比增长85%,二是女性健康领域收入同比增长12%,华润紫竹的核心产品毓婷系列收入同比增长31%,在相关领域市场份额第一。综上所述,此次并购事件对华润双鹤进行产品结构调整、提高业务收入具有一定的积极作用。
+
+Table 10. Proportion of main business revenue of CR Double-Crane
+表10. 华润双鹤主营业务收入占比情况
+
+| 指标 | 原料药 | 慢病业务平台 | 输液业务平台 | 专科业务平台 | 其它及其它业务 |
|---|
| 2022 | - | 33.36% | 27.49% | 14.98% | 24.17% | | 2023 | 12.30% | 30.66% | 31.08% | 14.87% | 11.09% | | 2024 | 10.61% | 29.27% | 27.08% | 24.63% | 8.41% | | 2025Q1 | 9.94% | 31.67% | 24.94% | 23.34% | 10.11% |
+
+数据来源：iFinD 数据库。
+
+Table 11. Revenue situation of the main business of CR Double-Crane
+表11. 华润双鹤主营业务收入情况
+
+| 指标(亿元) | 原料药 | 慢病业务平台 | 输液业务平台 | 专科业务平台 | 营业收入 |
|---|
| 2022 | - | 31.52 | 25.97 | 14.15 | 94.47 | | 2023 | 12.57 | 31.34 | 31.77 | 15.20 | 102.22 | | 2024 | 11.90 | 32.81 | 30.36 | 27.62 | 112.12 | | 2025Q1 | 3.06 | 9.75 | 7.68 | 7.18 | 30.79 |
+
+数据来源：iFinD 数据库。
+
+#### 5.3.2. 员工结构与研发投入
+
+Table 12. R&D investment situation of CR Double-Crane
+表12. 华润双鹤研发投入情况
+
+ | 2022 年报 | 2023 年报 | 2024 年报 |
|---|
| 研发投入总额(亿元) | 7.22 | 8.23 | 7.96 | | 其中: 资本化研发投入(亿元) | 2.48 | 2.61 | 2.41 | | 资本化研发投入占研发投入比例(%) | 34 | 32 | 30 | | 研发投入总额占营业收入比例(%) | 8 | 8 | 7 | | 研发人员数量(人) | 807 | 965 | 1120 | | 研发人员数量占比(%) | 7 | 8 | 8 |
+
+数据来源：iFinD 数据库。华润双鹤员工结构方面,根据iFinD数据库显示,2022年至2024年华润双鹤的技术人员人数分别为2043人、2136人、2495人,对应的技术员工占比分别为17.28%、17.41%、18.60%。按学历层次划分来看,华润双鹤本科及以上的员工占比也逐年增加,2022至2024的占比分别为33.96%、36.21%、40.01%;其中研究生学历的员工人数从2023年的557人增加至2024年的756人。从研发投入情况来看,如表12所示,2024年华润双鹤的研发投入总额与资本化研发投入均同比下降,资本化研发投入占研发投入比例也在逐年下降;研发人员数量虽在逐年增加,但从数量占比来看并无明显变化。综上所述,此次并购完成后华润双鹤的技术人才与高学历人才情况得到提升,但研发投入情况并无明显提升与改善。
+
+## 6. 结论与对策建议
+
+### 6.1. 结论
+
+本文基于华润双鹤的并购案例,通过分析发现,导致华润双鹤进行并购的主要动因有以下几点:业务协同与资源整合,提高整体运营效率;战略协同与拓展产品线,实现业务多元化;提升品牌与巩固市场地位。通过事件研究法对此次并购事件的短期绩效进行分析,认为市场和投资者对于此次并购事件具有一定积极正面的态度。基于财务指标法发现华润双鹤经过此次并购,发现完成并购后的当年内,公司营运能力大致上有所提升,但需警惕资产运用效率出现大幅下降以及存货管理效率出现下降的可能;短期偿债能力降低、长期偿债能力提升;公司盈利能力得到提升但成长能力下降。基于对华润双鹤非财务绩效的分析,认为当前华润双鹤的专科业务发展迅速,输液业务收入受市场需求与政策影响份额降低,并且华润紫竹的女性健康药品助力华润双鹤的营收增长。华润双鹤在完成并购后员工结构合理科学,但研发投入情况总体上无明显的提升与改善。
+
+### 6.2. 对策建议
+
+#### 6.2.1. 多措并举提高财务表现
+
+一是要优化企业库存管理和警惕总资产运营效率后续变化。企业通过零售渠道销售数据预测产品需求,凭借“以销定产”模式压缩成品库存周期;通过产品周转分类法与产品周期相结合深化库存分类;强化数字化与自动化技术在产品全周期管理的运用,提高生产效率与优化供应链协同。另外,企业还需关注总资产运营效率这一财务指标,警惕后续该指标出现恶化的可能。二是要强化短期偿债能力。除优化库存管理外,企业还应提高应收账款的管理效率,注重客户信用的分级并对催收流程进行标准化管理。通过供应链协同如与供应商共建 JIT 体系等方法提高企业流动性管理能力。对相关短期偿债能力指标进行监控,若后续指标持续恶化可考虑资产证券化以及银行借款等模式应对短期偿债困境。三是要提高公司成长能力。当前华润双鹤传统业务受集采冲击收缩,并且新业务的发展正处于起步阶段。因此企业要重视新业务的发展并将其打造为营收新支柱,通过专科业务的增长来弥补传统业务收缩;针对集采政策冲击构建政策响应体系,并进行供应链智能柔性化改造对冲集采成本压力。
+
+#### 6.2.2. 合理调整产品结构,结合经营方针适度增加研发投入
+
+一是加速专科业务放量。凭借华润紫竹在生殖健康领域拥有绝对优势,以及华润双鹤自身在儿科领域的优势,加速企业产品融合形成“女性健康 + 儿科”专科产品矩阵。企业针对当前新生儿数量减少的趋势,可将儿科业务适度向青少年慢性病管理方向拓展。持续肿瘤领域的拓展研发,为专科业务提供持久的发展贡献。二是优化输液业务。针对集采引起的价格变化与市场需求的快速回落,要积极对输液业务进行优化,适度缩减需求回落产品的生产规模避免库存积压,积极拓展符合市场需求的治疗性输液新产品。对产线进行自动化改造升级以降低长期生产成本,并积极参与省采、联盟采,精准把控“以价换量”的程度提升市场份额从而最大化提高企业利润。
+
+
+加快研发创新是当前华润双鹤的经营方针之一,研发创新也意味着更多的研发投入需求。因此,华润双鹤应继续与华润紫竹进行研发资源的科学整合,并在此基础上适度增加研发投入,在增加研发投入的过程中还需注意投入的精准化管理,避免成本过高以及研发资源投入的浪费。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1] 王俊豪,单芬霞.国家组织药品集采如何促进药企研发?[J].经济科学,2025(2): 89-106.
+[2] Jensen, M.C. (1986) Agency Costs of Free Cash Flow. Corporate Finance and Takeovers. *The American Economic Review*, **76**, 323-329.
+[3] 宋哲.新乳业连续并购短期绩效分析——基于事件研究法[J]. 现代营销,2023(11): 135-137.
+[4] 蒋志雄,王宇露.技术获取型并购行为与企业并购绩效[J].统计与决策,2022, 38(9): 179-183.
+[5] 张翼,乔元波,何小锋.我国上市公司并购绩效的经验与实证分析[J].财经问题研究,2015(1): 60-66.
+[6] 陈木坤,齐中英.基于改进平衡记分卡的企业并购绩效评价[J].统计与决策,2006(21): 156-157.
+[7] 宋维佳,乔治.我国资源型企业跨国并购绩效研究——基于短期和中长期视角[J].财经问题研究,2014(7): 98-105.
+[8] 范建红,王冰,闫乐.基于TOE框架的中国企业跨国并购创新绩效组态研究[J].投资研究,2023, 42(12): 71-82.
+[9] 李策.首旅并购如家绩效评价研究[D]: [硕士学位论文].西安:西安石油大学,2019.
+[10] 袁明睿,李金茹.高新技术企业并购动因及绩效研究——以纳思达并购奔图电子为例[J].商业会计,2024(19): 83-87.
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+# “功在当今，利在千秋的系统工程”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·文化工程篇
+
+今日浙江 2025年07月31日 09:37 浙江
+
+
+
+中共浙江省委主管主办
+
+
+
+# “功在当今，利在千秋的系统工程”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·文化工程篇
+
+浙江省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心
+
+中华民族延续几千年，历来有修史立典、存史启智、以文化人的传统。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志高度重视以文化工程为载体推进文化建设，强调“当前和今后一个时期，要重点研究、论证和抓好推进文化大省建设的重大工程建设，不断增强构成浙江综合竞争力的软实力”。他以宏阔的战略视野，亲自擘画、推动实施了文化建设“八项工程”，并高度关注以“八项工程”为龙头、旨在加快文化大省建设的多项重大文化工程，以理论和实践的双重创新，开拓了浙江当代文化的崭新空间和有效路径，也为今天推进文化建设提供了十分有益的方法论借鉴。
+
+## 一、习近平总书记在浙江工作期间关于文化工程的重要论述及实践探索
+文化作为构成综合竞争力的“软实力”，就其具体建设过程而言，“实”是关键所在，不但需要扎实的内容，更需要落实的载体。习近平同志在引领和推动浙江文化建设工作中，立足时代发展趋势，直面现实文化需求，从价值理念、目标导向、组织方式、建设载体、保障体系、管理机制等多重维度，作出以“八项工程”加快推进
+
+今日浙江 赞 分享 推荐 写留言
+
+方法论意义的文化发展模式。
+
+### 1.注重文化工程的顶层设计，提出“以实施文化建设‘八项工程’为龙头”
+文化建设规律如何把握、文化发展形势如何判断，需要站在战略高度和时代高度来回答。文化工程的内涵包括视野上放眼国内外时代大局，时间上研判历史、现状与未来趋势，立意上考量经济、政治、文化、社会、生态一体化进程，布局上通盘规划、顶层设计等方面。习近平同志以全局观念来看待文化建设，强调“要努力增强总揽全局的能力，放眼全局谋一域，把握形势谋大事”。在他看来，“文化要素是综合竞争力的核心要素，文化资源是经济社会发展的重要资源”。在习近平同志的战略规划、顶层设计下，浙江重点实施了文明素质工程、文化精品工程、文化研究工程、文化保护工程、文化产业促进工程、文化阵地工程、文化传播工程、文化人才工程等文化建设“八项工程”。习近平同志为之设计了内在逻辑缜密的系统架构，作出清晰阐释：“从实现文化大省建设的根本目标出发，着眼促进人的全面发展和社会的全面进步，规划设计文明素质工程；从加强文化大省的内容建设出发，着眼形成精品纷呈、人才辈出的繁荣局面，规划设计文化精品工程、文化研究工程、文化产业促进工程、文化人才工程、文化保护工程；从巩固文化大省建设的基础出发，着眼加强基层文化设施和文化传播渠道建设，规划设计文化阵地工程、文化传播工程。”为建设浙江文化大省的宏伟大厦撑起了全面、清晰、坚实的“四梁八柱”。
+
+在具体工作中，习近平同志同样高度重视加强顶层设计、整体谋划，注重各项工作的关联性、系统性、协同性。“八项工程”是在特定时间周期内开展协作活动的复杂过程，规划引领、顶层设计都是“放眼全局谋一域”的关键所在，决定工程的主旨、规模、体量、资源、路径及其所需要的各类配套支撑。在《中共浙江省委关于加快建设文化大省的决定》中，“制定发展规划”被列为加快建设文化大省的有力保障，明确要求制定完善文化建设“八项工程”实施意见，制定完善以建设一批重点文化设施、发展一批重点文化产业、培育一批重点产业区块、壮大一批重点文化企业为内容的“四个一批规划”配套措施，各地各部门要结合实际，制定加快文化建设的具体实施意见，进一步明确文化发展的目标、任务和要求。
+
+### 2.注重文化工程的有形支撑，提出“使文化大省建设有硬抓手、实举措”
+如何将“八项工程”落到实处？关键在于把思路和举措深化、细化、具体化，转化为切实可行的政策措施。在一些地方领导干部看来，相较于经济建设、社会建设等，文化建设似乎显得要“虚一点”。习近平同志面对建设文化事业认知上的这一现象，在2005年8月31日的浙江文化研究工程指导委员会全体会议上强调，要“以工程为载体，明确今后5年宣传文化工作的目标任务和主要抓手，系统科学地推进文化大省建设，使文化大省建设有硬抓手、实举措”，切实将加快文化大省建设作为落实“干在实处、走在前列”要求的客观需要来抓。在习近平同志的推动下，全省各地各部门按照“八项工程”的总体要求，科学制定具体实施方案。各级文化行政部门和文化单位相应制定各自领域的文化发展专项规划，列出一批重点发展项目，引导投资方向，形成发展亮点；各市结合实际，发挥优势，因地制宜、因时制宜，形成具有区域特色的文化发展思路，有针对性地设计抓手、项目，创新文化内容、文化样式、文化活动，积极打造特色文化品牌。文化建设的主要任务被列入各级党委、政府的任期目标，与经济社会发展的目标任务一起规划，一起部署，一起考核，有力推动文化大省建设不断取得新成效。
+
+政府主导的系统性大型文化工程，价值引领是决定其方向、成败、品质的关键。习近平同志高度重视文化的意识形态属性，强调实施文化工程要始终坚持马克思主义指导地位、坚持党的领导、坚持先进文化前进方向。同时强调以解决问题为文化工程的建设目标，习近平同志决策和布局每一项文化工程，都坚持问题导向，注重以有形的抓手来解决所面临的现实难题。例如，之所以实施文化研究工程，是因为“从更高的要求来讲，我省哲学社会科学领域还缺少具有全国重大影响的学术品牌，浙江历史文化的研究还存在着相对分散、参差不齐、整体性系统性不强等诸多弱点，离建设文化大省的目标还有距离”，需要通过实施文化研究工程，进一步加强对哲学社会科学研究的总体规划，整合资源，系统开发，促进建立符合哲学社会科学规律的管理体制和工作机制，推动浙江哲学社会科学研究上规模、上档次。为此，习近平同志亲自担任文化研究工程指导委员会主任，召开指导委员会会议，亲自提出“今、古、人、文”的工程架构，为文化研究工程成果文库撰写总序，为顺利实施文化研究工程谋定方向、打下基础。
+
+### 3.注重文化工程的力量统筹，提出“需要各地各部门高度重视、各司其职、群策群力，形成整体推进的合力”
+作为大型综合性文化建设的载体，文化工程意义重大、任务繁重、时间线长，需要统筹协调各种资源、各方力量，集聚联动形成合力。一方面，需要各地区、各部门、各领域的互动配合，协同共进；另一方面，需要政策体系、制度安排、财政支持等体制机制方面的力量保障。习近平同志强调，“八项工程”是对全省文化建设的统一部署，同时也是对各地各部门文化建设的规划和指导，需要各地各部门高度重视、各司其职、群策群力，形成整体推进的合力。他还要求“既抓住文化建设的重点工作，又突出当前和今后一个时期着重需要解决的薄弱环节，互相联系、互相促进，形成有机整体”。
+
+在文化建设“八项工程”具体实施过程中，习近平同志对各地各部门的集聚联动，作出切实部署和统筹安排：“人大要加强有关推进文化大省建设的立法和法律监督工作。政府及有关部门要加强实施文化大省建设各项工作的具体指导和管理。政协要积极发挥联系广泛、智力密集的优势和参政议政、建言献策的职能作用。党委宣传部门要在加快文化大省建设中充分发挥指导协调作用。工青妇等群团组织和群众性文化团体要积极组织开展各具特色、丰富多彩的群众文化活动。”在政策体系上，习近平同志要求认真梳理国家及浙江省关于文化工作的各项政策，进一步完善文化体制改革以及各项社会事业改革的配套政策，认真落实公共财政投入、税收优惠、融资投资、劳动和社会保障、人事制度等各项政策措施，推进文化建设立法工作，千方百计为实施文化建设“八项工程”提供有力保障。
+
+### 4.注重文化工程的制度保障，提出形成“推动文化创新，多出精品、多出人才的文化管理体制和运行机制”
+文化工程切实落地、顺利开展和最终完成，需要将完善管理体制和运行机制贯穿始终，作为推进工程的必要保障和日常抓手。习近平同志多次就管理体制和运行机制作出具体部署，在文化体制改革和文化大省建设座谈会上，他要求“逐步建立有利于调动文化工作者积极性，推动文化创新，多出精品、多出人才的文化管理体制和运行机制”。在明确责任、明确任务、明确措施等方面，要求各地各部门制定具体实施意见，落实项目责任，细化分解任务，明确责任部门、责任人以及项目实施步骤、时间表，包括把加快建设文化大省的目标任务列入各级党委、政府任期目标考核，综合运用法律、经济、行政等手段切实加强宏观管理和行业监管，有效保护知识产权，强化国有文化资产监管，建立各类指标体系和绩效考核评估制度等。
+
+以文化研究工程为例，从实施之初就形成了由省领导和浙江大学、省直有关单位、各市领导等组成的指导委员会负责审定工程规划、指导工程实施，各市、县成立相关领导班子指导本地区实施文化工程，省社科联负责组织专家开展项目研究的
+协同机制。从项目申报、专家评审、立项签约、开题论证、中期检查、结题审核到成果出版，都出台了相应管理制度，建有一系列运行机制，确保工程的扎实推进和研究成果的学术质量。
+
+### 5.注重文化工程的持续深化，提出“咬定目标，一任接一任、一届接一届地抓下去”
+“功成不必在我”“一张蓝图绘到底”是习近平总书记多次强调的政绩观。在省委十一届四次全会上的报告中，习近平同志有一段关于工作决策和部署的精辟论述：“省委作出的这些决策和部署，既力求体现工作的继承性和连续性，又力求体现工作的开拓性和创造性。这些决策和部署，是一个有机的整体，相互联系，相互促进，相辅相成。这些决策和部署，有的已经全面展开，初见成效；有的已经作出规划，正在落实；有的还需制定政策，完善措施。贯彻这些决策和部署，既有现实紧迫性，又是一项长期的任务，我们要咬定目标，一任接一任、一届接一届地抓下去。”
+
+以文化工程为载体持续推进文化建设，是这一政绩观的具体践行和体现，文化事业由此得以保持连续性稳定性。文化工程作为“相互联系，相互促进，相辅相成”的有机体，具有连续性、开拓性和创造性的巨大空间。这也正是选择以文化工程为载体推进文化建设的重要初衷和目的所在。在浙江文化研究工程指导委员会全体会议上，习近平同志专门指出：“文化研究工程历时长，‘十一五’规划期间完成大部分研究成果，‘十二五’规划时期继续实施工程项目。”
+
+浙江以文化工程为载体的文化建设，取得丰硕实践成果。例如，就文化支出而言，据浙江省财政厅《2003—2022年全省财政文化支出数据统计表》，2003年为27.65亿元，至2007年提高到56.60亿元。2005年全省文化投入总额与“九五”期间5年文化投入总量基本持平。又如，就总体布局而言，文化建设“八项工程”中的每一个方面，既具有质的规定性和各自丰富的内涵，又相互联系、相互依存、相互作用，以其全面系统的整体架构，树立起省域层面建设社会主义文化的典范，构建了新时期中国特色社会主义文化建设的省域大格局。
+
+## 二、习近平总书记在浙江工作期间关于文化工程实践探索的理论价值与经验启示
+习近平总书记在浙江工作期间关于文化工程的系统思考和重要论述、基于实“八项工程”丰富实践形成的成就和经验，彰显了探索社会主义文化建设客观规律的问题意识，体现了“明体达用、体用贯通”的思想特质，凝练了文化工程的本质特征，揭示了以文化工程推进文化建设的规律，形成了领域独特、理念创新、要素丰富、特征鲜明的理论形态和实践样态。其中，不仅有观点新颖、阐述精到、自成体系的理论创新，还有在宏观布局、资源统筹、有序推进等方面的实践创新，充分体现了习近平同志的系统思维、全局观念、前瞻视野和实践品格，以及从工程化建设视域对符合时代需求的文化发展规律的积极探索，为党的十八大以来系统谋划和扎实推动新时代文化建设重大工程提供了十分重要的参考。
+
+### 1.以文化工程为载体推动文化建设，必须做好战略谋划
+习近平文化思想围绕社会主义文化强国目标，从战略高度对文化建设的本质特征、根本任务、时代特点、历史使命进行系统谋划，是体系完备、逻辑严密的理论体系，也是来自丰富实践探索的经验汇聚。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间，从文化在经济社会发展中的引领性意义出发，亲自布局“八项工程”总体框架、亲自加以推动实施，体现了站位高远、总揽全局的宏阔胸襟和真抓实干、落细落实的工作作风。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央站在中华民族和中华文明永续发展的战略高度，不断深化对文化事业的规律性认识，宏观规划、系统布局了文化惠民工程、“中华文明探源工程”、“考古中国”工程、革命文物保护利用工程、《复兴文库》等一系列全局性、根本性、带动性的文化工程。2020年10月，党的十九届五中全会明确2035年的远景目标之一是“建成社会主义文化强国”，形成了总结以往文化改革经验和擘画未来发展目标的集成性概括，从国家规划层面明确了完成文化强国目标的时间图表，充分体现了建设社会主义文化强国的战略布局，文化工作在中国特色社会主义事业中的重要性日益凸显。
+
+文化工程是有关某一领域、某一主题、某一地区文化发展的总体布局和宏观设计，既需要总揽全局的能力，也需要笃行实干的精神，不断提高领导工作的预见性、系统性、创造性和实践性。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间实施文化工程的探索，到新时代以来的伟大实践，都充分说明：繁荣发展社会主义文化，既要把文化建设摆在全局的战略位置，举旗定向、谋篇布局，也要锚定既定的战略目标，以工程为载体，抓实抓紧抓出成效。从发展方向看，要始终坚持社会主义文化强国建设的战略指向，紧密关注文化发展的潮流动向，超前思考重大文化工程的规划思路。从实践导向看，要牢牢把握文化发展的历史脉络、内在逻辑和现实需求，强化总体目标和顶层设计，发挥重大文化工程对文化建设的全局性引领作用。从路径载体看，要精心谋划、缜密布局各项具体目标、实施方案和落实举措，搭建计划、行动、项目等具有工程化性质的建设平台，以看得见、摸得着的方式实实在在地开展文化建设。
+
+### 2.以文化工程为载体推动文化建设，必须坚持理念创新
+借鉴现代工程管理方法实施重大文化工程、推动文化建设，是一项充分体现时代发展需求和科学思维特征，具有重大方法论意义的理念创新。在传统人文学科和文化建设领域，往往认为工程是指以预期目标为依据，运用有关科学知识和技术手段，集聚人力、物力、财力，在一个特定时间周期内，开展协作活动的复杂过程，常常被归为自然科学和工农业等生产建设的组织方式。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间，打破思维定势，不拘时论成规，直面文化建设实际需求，以尊重规律、实事求是的科学态度，开拓进取、勇于创新的过人胆略，综合判断、精准分析的理性思维，深入研判和有效处理工程载体的系统性与文化的内在规律性、发展规划的战略性与具体工作的灵活性、总体布局的整体性与具体领域项目的局部性、建设主题的规定性与个体创造的独特性等复杂关系，首次从意义、目的、原则、内容、要求、布局、组织、保障等方面系统阐释了以文化工程为载体推进文化建设的理念和方法。
+
+党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央对深化文化体制改革作出一系列重要论述，坚持将以文化工程为载体推进文化建设这一创新性系统化的理论成果运用于文化建设，全面布局实施哲学社会科学创新工程、公民道德建设工程等多项重大工程，形成“软实力”“硬支撑”的建设格局。比如，习近平总书记对马克思主义理论研究和建设工程作出重要指示：工程始终围绕中心、服务大局，推出了一大批高质量研究成果，在学习研究宣传党的创新理论、巩固马克思主义在意识形态领域的指导地位等方面发挥了重要作用。新时代新征程，要坚持守正创新，聚焦学习宣传贯彻新时代中国特色社会主义思想，着力深化体系化、学理化研究阐释，着力增强学习宣传的针对性、实效性，推动党的创新理论更加深入人心。
+
+文化的生命力在于创新创造，推进文化建设的重要力量在于与时俱进的创新意识和创新能力。习近平总书记深刻总结文化发展的历史经验、牢牢把握文化发展的时代肯綮，多次论述和强调创新之于文化建设和国家发展的重要意义。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间实施文化工程的探索，到新时代以来的伟大实践，都充分说明：繁荣发展社会主义文化，必须坚持马克思主义的立场观点方法，以创新理念、变革意识洞察时代之变、探索文化发展规律，科学研判现代工程管理方法与文化建设的内在关联性、管理有效性，以工程化思维拓展文化建设新方法新空间。要强化文化工程理念的创新性，敢于打破陈规旧章，顺应信息社会、科技社会的文化生产方式，积极探索文化工程等符合现实社会实际需求的建设方式，拓展文化发展领域和建设方法。要提升文化工程要素的集成性，统筹理论与舆论、事业与产业、国有与民营、阵地与市场等要素，放大其集成效应，实现文化发展质量、结构、规模、速度、效益、安全相统一。要把握文化工程推进的动态性，根据经济社会发展需要与时俱进地提出相适应的文化规划、文化政策和文化目标，不断推动文化创造、实现文化进步、创造文化价值。
+
+### 3.以文化工程为载体推动文化建设，必须注重整体协同
+文化工程是有组织开展的系统性文化建设，其内涵包括价值目标、规划规章、建设内容、组织方式、平台载体、步调节奏等多个方面。实施过程中，必须落实统筹协调的整体布局。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间，谋划、组织多项重大文化工程，尽管建设内容各有不同，具体组织方式、平台、路径等丰富多样，但在内在规律上都依循“发现问题、确定主题、顶层设计、建立机制、组织实施、整体推进”的实践路径，形成了省委省政府领导、省委宣传部规划、相关部门联动协调实施的宏观机制，重视每项工程规划设计、成立领导机构、组建工作班子、制定工作程序等中观机制，具体工作过程中的立项、评审、督查等微观机制，充分整合了人力、物力、财力、技术等资源，集聚了多元主体力量，促成了党委领导、行政推动的工作合力和相关各方的互动共进，具有全程统筹、关联紧密等特点。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央大力布局各项文化工程，统筹协调相关领域的文化融合。在文化建设上，充分认识和把握文化产业融合度高、带动性强、产业链长等内在规律和特点，实施国家文化数字化战略、启动文化产业赋能乡村振兴计划等，统筹国家各部委多方力量，整合政策、企业、人才、项目、用地等多方资源，增强文化工程的系统性、整体性、协同性，大力推动文化与相关产业全方位、深层次、宽领域的融合发展。
+
+以文化工程为载体推进文化建设，通过实施主体、参与单位、文化资源、建设力量、管理机制等全方位调配、集聚、协调、合作，具有多元融汇、优势互补、相辅相成的特点，在建设成效上显示出超越单一部门的显著优势。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间实施文化工程的探索，到新时代以来的伟大实践，都充分说明：繁荣发展社会主义文化，必须牢牢把握集中力量办大事的社会主义制度优势，加强统一领导，重视统筹协调，构建大文化格局，形成整体推进的强大合力。要充分发挥党委领导、政府主导、政策引导的体制机制作用，整合各种力量，统筹多方资源，全程贯通、通力协作、上下联动、整体运行，提升文化工程的组织化程度。要高度重视工程实施中不同建设主体、不同建设领域的基本特性和内在规律，尊重相关部门的主体能动性，形成各自发力的多元化路径。要有效利用文化工程各参与部门、各工作环节关联紧密、相互促进、相辅相成的特点和内在活力，倡导精诚合作的意识，科学整合，互帮互惠，取得齐头并进、百川归海的协同化成效。
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+### 4.以文化工程为载体推动文化建设，必须坚持接续推进
+可持续、可开拓、可延展、可深化，是工程类建设的普遍特征，也是其优势所在。因此，文化工程既是主题鲜明、“一事一抓手”的文化活动，更是具有循序渐进、层层深入等特点的建设载体。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间，围绕文化工程建设内容，以“功成不必在我”的博大胸怀和前瞻视野，有计划地布局、分阶段地逐步实施“八项工程”，为后续一任接一任、一届接一届的可持续事业奠定扎实基础，充分发挥了以文化工程为载体持续推进文化建设的功效和作用。党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持文化惠民，切实保障文化民生，发挥文化工程的可持续性特征，不断完善公共文化服务体系，落实人民群众的基本文化权益。习近平总书记在党的十九大报告中指出，完善公共文化服务体系，深入实施文化惠民工程，丰富群众性文化活动。接续开展乡镇综合文化站工程、广播电视村村通工程、全国文化信息资源共享工程、农村电影放映工程、农家书屋工程、西部开发助学工程和电视进万家工程等重点项目，不断推动城乡基本公共文化服务均等化，数十年磨一剑，取得众多优异成果。
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+文化的作用在于“润物细无声”的涵育教化，文化建设需要日积月累，是一项不容易出政绩的基础工程，是一项需要持之以恒的长期工程，需要一张蓝图绘到底，一代接着一代干。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间实施文化工程的探索，到新时代以来的伟大实践，都充分说明：繁荣发展社会主义文化，必须遵循文化工作需要长期积淀、难以一蹴而就的规律，以持之以恒的迭代升级、有序推进、接续奋斗，交出令人民群众满意的文化建设答卷。要始终保持“功成不必在我、功成必定有我”的为民情怀、咬定青山不放松的韧性毅力、千磨万击还坚劲的工作精神，视文化建设为长期事业，专心投入，乐于奉献。要充分认识文化工程建设的可持续、可拓展特征，慎终如始，长线运作，期期相承，锲而不舍。要深刻把握文化工程建设的可积累、可深化功能，以重大文化工程为孵化平台，不断累积实践经验，不断叠加资源要素，提升文化建设的内生动力和不竭能量。
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+### 5.以文化工程为载体推动文化建设，必须强化效果导向
+提升文化服务和文化产品供给能力，以丰富的文化建设成果增强人民群众的文化获得感、幸福感，提升文化自信，服务中国式现代化建设，是文化工程建设的重要目标。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间，反复强调，“我们的文化是社会主义文化，文化建设的根本目的是满足群众文化需求，实现好人民群众文化权利”，对文化建设提出“多出精品、多出人才”的明确要求。浙江文化研究工程是全国首个以“工程”的形式对本区域历史文化进行系统研究的重大项目，习近平同志指出，文化研究工程“是我省第一次大规模、有计划地集中高精尖哲学社会科学研究力量，探索浙江当代发展的重大理论和现实问题，深刻挖掘浙江丰厚文化底蕴的精品工程”，其目的就是“通过对当代浙江发展的深入研究，为浙江经济社会进一步快速发展提供有力指导”。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记以深厚的文化情怀推动重大文化工程建设，强调“文化强国之‘强’最终要体现在人民的思想境界、精神状态、文化修养上”。习近平总书记在十九届中央政治局第三十九次集体学习时指出，“进一步回答好中华文明起源、形成、发展的基本图景、内在机制以及各区域文明演进路径等重大问题”。2023年6月在考察中国国家版本馆和中国历史研究院时，强调“建设中国国家版本馆，是文明大国建设的基础工程，是功在当代、利在千秋的标志性文化工程”，充分肯定中国历史研究院成立以来取得的工作成效，要求“不断提高研究水平，为中国式现代化建设贡献更多中国史学的智慧和力量”。近年来，一系列重大文化工程进展顺利，推进高效，成果优良，产生重大社会影响。
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+推进社会主义文化强国建设，事关中国式现代化建设全局，事关中华民族复兴大业，事关提升国际竞争力。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间实施文化工程的探索，到新时代以来的伟大实践，都充分说明：繁荣发展社会主义文化，实施新时代文化工程，必须坚持把多出成果、多出有质量的成果作为工程实施、验收的标准，始终把社会效益放在首位，实现社会效益和经济效益的最佳统一，不断增强人民精神力量，筑牢强国建设、民族复兴的文化根基。要以人民群众满意不满意、赞成不赞成、高兴不高兴为最高标准，把工程办实抓好，努力满足最广大人民的文化权益。要发挥文化工程资源力量集聚、协同推进有力的平台优势，为优质文化成果的高效产出提供得天独厚的组织保障。要建立富有生机活力的文化管理体制和文化产品生产经营机制，努力走出一条产业化发展、市场化运作，经济效益和社会效益相统一的文化发展之路，营造助推优质文化成果持续产出的市场环境。
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+## 三、浙江深入贯彻习近平总书记关于文化工程重要论述的具体实践
+20年来，浙江坚持以文化工程为载体，系统化、组织化和常规化推进文化工作，一以贯之持续写好“八项工程”大文章，不断推动文化事业向纵深发展。浙江文化引领力、影响力、创造力不断增强。一是持续推进“八项工程”全面落地见效。20年来，浙江坚持一张蓝图绘到底，接续推进文化建设。文明素质工程聚焦“全面提高公民的思想道德素质”要求，让“最美”成为浙江的亮丽风景线；文化精品工程聚焦“创造出无愧于时代和人民的优秀作品”要求，打响了浙产文艺精品美誉度；文化研究工程聚焦“今、古、人、文”要求，形成一批彰显浙江文化厚度的标志性成果；文化保护工程聚焦“切实把文化资源保护好、开发好、利用好”要求，使浙江悠久丰富的历史文化遗产得到系统性保护传承；文化产业促进工程聚焦“‘文化经济’点亮浙江经济”要求，推动文化产业成为浙江的支柱性产业；文化阵地工程聚焦“实现好人民群众文化权利”要求，构筑起群众身边的“精神家园”；文化传播工程聚焦“为党为民、激浊扬清、贵耳重目”要求，让浙江正能量声音传得更远更广；文化人才工程聚焦“造就一批在全国有较大影响的文艺名家”要求，锻造了一支高素质文化人才队伍。2025年2月，省委印发《关于持续深化“八项工程” 更好担负起新时代的文化使命 加快建设高水平文化强省的实施方案》，进一步激发全省文化创新创造活力。二是持续推进“八项工程”创造学术研究传播新范式。历时20年持续推进、至今相沿不辍的“中国历代绘画大系”，是文化研究工程的重大成果。2005年，文化研究工程启动之际，两岸故宫博物院所藏宋画汇编出版的建议报告提交到了习近平同志的案头。习近平同志对此高度重视，专门批示：这一构想很好，值得为此努力。自此，以《宋画全集》为起点的“中国历代绘画大系”，开启了长达20年的编纂历程，先后被列为浙江文化研究工程项目、国家出版基金项目、国家社科基金重大委托项目，并被列入中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅《关于实施中华优秀传统文化传承发展工程的意见》《国家“十三五”时期文化发展改革规划纲要》《“十四五”文化发展规划》和中共中央办公厅《国家“十四五”时期哲学社会科学发展规划》。作为规模浩大、纵贯古今、横跨中外的国家级大型文化建设工程，“中国历代绘画大系”项目持续时间长、投入人员多、涉及机构广，始终坚持以工程化的组织方式形成建设合力、以工程化的运作机制促进团队协作、以工程化的管理模式推进项目进展、以工程化的项目平台提供基本保障，是以工程化方式实施重大项目、取得显著成果的典范。三是持续推进“八项工程”打造中华文明史实证大平台。良渚遗址的有效保护、成功申遗和“良渚论坛”的举办，是文化保护工程的重大成果。2003年7月16日，习近平同志赴良渚文化博物馆调研。他俯身细看出土文物，认真听取保护现状汇报，精辟地指出：良渚遗址是实证中华5000年文明史的圣地，是不可多得的宝贵财富，我们必须把它保护好。2019年7月6日，良渚古城遗址申遗成功，世界“对中国早期文明的认识提前一千多年”。2023年12月，在习近平总书记的倡议下，首届“良渚论坛”举行。他在贺信中说，中华文明开放包容、兼收并蓄，不断丰富发展、历久弥新，不断吸取世界不同文明的精华，极大丰富了世界文明百花园。20多年来，良渚遗址以系统化工程思维，构建了文化遗产保护与文明价值传播的“中国范式”。强化制度体系创新，构建全链条保护管理范式。制定《杭州市良渚遗址保护管理条例》等专项法规，首创“文物特区”管理模式，设立杭州良渚遗址管理区管委会，创新“城市发展反哺遗产保护机制”，以法规、组织、机制“三位一体”突破传统文物保护模式。强化协同平台赋能，激活跨域资源整合效能。建立“党委领导+专班运作”指挥平台，构建“考古现场+实验室+数字孪生”研究体系，打造“良渚论坛”国际IP和价值传播矩阵，形成政、学、研、用多元主体的保护利用共同体。强化长效发展引擎，驱动价值活化再生。编制《良渚遗址保护总体规划》，搭建“智慧良渚”数字平台，提炼“良渚标准”，以申遗为起点，构建保护、研究、利用、传承的可持续生态，将实证成果转化为文明史叙事话语，为全球大遗产保护提供了中国方案。四是持续推进“八项工程”走出文化传承利用新路径。大运河（浙江段）在保护传承基础上创新建立工程化工作体系，积极探索文旅融合发展空间，有序推进大运河（浙江段）文化建设，是文化保护工程和文化产业促进工程的重大成果。强化总体设计，出台《浙江省大运河世界文化遗产保护条例》《浙江省大运河文化保护传承利用实施规划》等制度文件，为大运河（浙江段）文化遗产保护管理提供切实的法治保障。健全管理机制，省市联动成立大运河文化带建设工作领导小组，形成省市县三级密切配合，高校、研究机构、社会力量共同参与的工作格局。统筹各方力量，积极开展有组织的保护、研究、传承、展示工作，妥善协调运河上下游左右岸、局部与整体关系，有效整合大运河沿线资源，建成杭州京杭运河水上游、宁波三江水上夜游、嘉兴古运河水上游、柯桥运河游等水上文旅游线，推出10条运河诗路精品游线，共同构建起大运河文化公园的特色集中展示带，成为全省文旅经济新的增长极，推动了区域联动和一体化发展，为探索文化传承利用新路径提供了成功案例。五是持续推进“八项工程”强化政策支持保障。坚持把文化工程放在全局工作的突出位置，纳入全省经济社会发展总体规划，不断提升政策保障的结构化、系统化、组织化水平。在组织领导上，逐渐形成党委统一领导、党政齐抓共管、有关部门各负其责、全社会积极参与的工作格局。在政策供给上，稳步推动文化领域立法进程，不断完善财政支持、文化扶持、自主创新、人才保障、激励考核等配套制度，确保文化政策与时俱进、切实有效。在要素保障上，坚持系统化思维，以文化资金多元投入机制稳固资本要素，以文化用地储备利用机制、文化人才分类培育机制丰富要素保障，构筑起全要素保障网络，支持文化工程的高质量发展。
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+综上所述，“八项工程”推动浙江从文化大省迈向高水平文化强省，为浙江推进中国式现代化省域先行提供了坚强思想保证、强大精神力量、有利文化条件，为浙江学习践行习近平文化思想提供了宝贵的思想和实践财富。
+
+党的二十届三中全会提出创新马克思主义理论研究和建设工程、实施哲学社会科学创新工程、实施文明乡风建设工程等，鲜明地体现了以体系化、协同化、机制化、长效化等“工程化”建设理念推进文化体制机制改革的思路。浙江将深入贯彻习近平文化思想，以“八项工程”实施20年为契机，持续深化“八项工程”，为以文化工程为载体推进文化建设开辟更广阔空间。一是拓展文化工程规划布局的全局视野。深化对实施文化工程重要性、必要性和可行性的认识，以全面规划和顶层设计的系统理念，有效组合资源力量的完整架构，提升把握规律、顺势而为、开拓进取的创造能力，规划设计新一轮建设领域，制定加快建设高水平文化强省年度计划，推动各有关单位签订加快建设高水平文化强省工作任务书，拓展浙江社会主义文化建设新局面。二是深化文化工程建设的主题内容。重视文化工程建设内容的主题深化和品质提升，深入实施浙江省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究传播工程、文化基因激活工程、串珠成链“十大百亿”工程、“精神家园”夯基提效工程等系列重大工程项目，为加快建设高水平文化强省提供实实在在的抓手和支撑。三是优化文化工程运行的机制协同。充分总结和吸取文化工程运行机制的已有做法和丰富经验，重视工程实施过程中各种机制的对接提升、合作互动，优化财政支持、文化扶持、激励考核等政策，健全完善组织领导、调度推进、效果评价等工作机制，力求取得同频共振、系统集成的最佳效果。四是加强文化工程经验的提炼概括。进一步追踪实践进程，集聚研究力量，加强对以文化工程推进文化建设的实践总结和理论概括，为进一步优化文化发展策略路径、提升文化建设品质，提供方法论引领和支撑。
+
+（课题组负责人：陈野）
+
+
+
+来源：浙江日报
+
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_40.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_40.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..432ebb62a94d8ddc17bd518bea206a3662025e4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_40.md
@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+邀请书》(以下简称“《认购邀请书》”)中规定的发行价格、发行对象及获配股份数量的确定程序和原则,确定本次发行价格为12.03元/股,不低于定价基准日前20个交易日股票交易均价的80%。
+
+### （三）发行对象
+
+本次发行对象最终确定为19名,符合《注册管理办法》《实施细则》等相关法规以及发行人股东会关于本次发行相关决议的规定。
+
+本次发行配售结果如下:
+
+| 序号 | 认购对象姓名/名称 | 获配股数(股) | 获配金额(元) | | 1 | UBS AG | 9,143,807 | 109,999,998.21 | | 2 | 财通基金管理有限公司 | 22,194,513 | 266,999,991.39 | | 3 | 大成基金管理有限公司 | 22,111,388 | 265,999,997.64 | | 4 | 福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司-汉石1号私募证券投资基金 | 9,975,062 | 119,999,995.86 | | 5 | 福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司-汉石2号私募证券投资基金 | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | | 6 | 广发证券股份有限公司 | 20,781,379 | 249,999,989.37 | | 7 | 国泰海通证券股份有限公司 | 8,811,305 | 105,999,999.15 | | 8 | 华安证券资产管理有限公司 | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | | 9 | 华泰资产管理有限公司 | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | | 10 | 景顺长城基金管理有限公司 | 18,786,367 | 225,999,995.01 | | 11 | 摩根士丹利国际股份有限公司 | 22,443,890 | 269,999,996.70 | | 12 | 诺德基金管理有限公司 | 20,864,505 | 250,999,995.15 | | 13 | 申万宏源证券有限公司 | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | | 14 | 徐新喜 | 37,406,483 | 449,999,990.49 | | 15 | 易方达基金管理有限公司 | 30,008,323 | 361,000,125.69 | | 16 | 易米基金管理有限公司 | 8,561,928 | 102,999,993.84 | | 17 | 中汇人寿保险股份有限公司 | 9,975,062 | 119,999,995.86 | | 18 | 重庆中新融鑫投资中心(有限合伙) | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | | 19 | 周永祥 | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | | 合计 | 290,939,318 | 3,499,999,995.54 |
+
+### （四）发行数量
+
+本次发行的股票数量不超过本次发行前公司总股本(1,826,310,605股)的30%,即547,893,181股(含本数),同时本次发行的股票数量不超过“本次募集资金总额除以本次发行底价”所计算的股数,即不超过294,365,012股(本次拟募集资金金额除以本次发行底价)。募集资金总额(含发行费用)不超过350,000万元。每个认购对象申报的价格不超过三档,每档认购价格对应的本档认购金额不得低于10,000万元,不得高于350,000万元,超过10,000万元的部分必须是100万元的整数倍。
+
+根据投资者申购报价情况,本次向特定对象发行股票的实际发行数量为290,939,318股,未超过公司董事会及股东会审议通过并经中国证监会同意注册的最高发行数量,未超过本次发行方案中规定的拟发行股票数量上限(不超过294,365,012股),且发行股数超过本次发行方案中规定的拟发行股票数量上限的70%,符合公司董事会、股东会决议和中国证监会的相关规定。
+
+### (五) 募集资金金额和发行费用
+
+本次发行的募集资金总额为人民币3,499,999,995.54元,扣除各项发行费用人民币41,761,672.15元(不含增值税)后,实际募集资金净额为人民币3,458,238,323.39元。本次发行募集资金未超过公司董事会及股东会审议通过并经中国证监会批复的募集资金总额,未超过本次发行方案中规定的本次募集资金上限350,000万元。
+
+### (六) 限售期安排
+
+本次发行完成后,发行对象所认购的本次向特定对象发行的股票自发行结束之日起6个月内不得转让。
+
+本次发行完成后至限售期满之日止,发行对象所取得公司本次向特定对象发行的股票因公司分配股票股利、资本公积转增等情形所取得的股份,亦应遵守上述限售安排。
+
+上述限售期届满后,该等股份的转让和交易将根据届时有效的法律法规及中国证监会、上海证券交易所的有关规定执行。法律、法规对限售期另有规定的,依其规定。
+
+### （七）上市地点
+
+在限售期届满后，本次向特定对象发行的股票将在上海证券交易所主板上市交易。
+
+### （八）本次发行前滚存未分配利润的安排
+
+本次发行完成后，公司本次发行前滚存的未分配利润由公司新老股东按照发行后的股份比例共同享有。
+
+### （九）本次发行的申购报价及获配情况
+
+#### 1、《认购邀请书》发送情况
+
+公司及主承销商于2025年9月1日向上交所报送《上海爱旭新能源股份有限公司2023年度向特定对象发行A股股票并在主板上市发行与承销方案》及《会后事项承诺函》，并启动本次发行。
+
+在北京国枫律师事务所（以下简称“本次发行见证律师”）的见证下，发行人和保荐人（牵头主承销商）于2025年9月1日收盘后向符合相关法律法规要求的117名投资者（剔除重复计算部分）发出了《上海爱旭新能源股份有限公司2023年度向特定对象发行A股股票并在主板上市认购邀请书》（以下简称“《认购邀请书》”）及相关认购附件，认购邀请书发送对象名单包括截至2025年8月8日发行人前20名股东中的14名股东（剔除发行人和主承销商的控股股东、实际控制人、董事、监事、高级管理人员及其控制或施加重大影响的关联方，以及香港中央结算有限公司及发行人回购专用证券账户共6个）、证券投资基金管理公司45家、证券公司25家、保险机构投资者25家、董事会决议公告后已经表达认购意向的投资者15家。
+
+自发行方案和拟发送认购邀请书的对象名单报备上交所后至本次发行簿记前，发行人和主承销商共收到14名新增投资者的认购意向，在审慎核查后将其加入到认购邀请书名单中，并向其补充发送认购邀请文件。前述新增投资者名单如下：
+
+
+
+| 序号 | 新增投资者姓名/名称 | | 2 | 摩根士丹利国际股份有限公司 | | 3 | 中新融创资本管理有限公司 | | 4 | UBS AG | | 5 | 施渊峰 | | 6 | 张宇 | | 7 | 陈学赓 | | 8 | 徐毓荣 | | 9 | 周永祥 | | 10 | 福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司-汉石1号私募证券投资基金 | | 11 | 福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司-汉石2号私募证券投资基金 | | 12 | 重庆中新融鑫投资中心(有限合伙) | | 13 | 北京宏道投资管理有限公司-观道7号精选私募证券投资基金 | | 14 | 王梓旭 |
+
+经核查,主承销商认为,《认购邀请书》的内容及发送对象的范围符合《证券发行与承销管理办法》《上海证券交易所上市公司证券发行与承销业务实施细则》等相关法规以及发行人股东会关于本次发行相关决议的规定。同时,《认购邀请书》真实、准确、完整地事先告知了竞价对象关于本次选择发行对象、确定认购价格、分配数量的具体规则和时间安排等相关信息。
+
+## 2、申购报价情况
+
+根据《认购邀请书》的约定,本次发行接收申购文件的时间为2025年9月4日9:00-12:00,本次发行见证律师进行了全程见证。在有效报价时间内,主承销商共收到22个认购对象提交的申购相关文件。
+
+经主承销商和本次发行见证律师的共同核查确认,21个认购对象按照《认购邀请书》的规定提交了《上海爱旭新能源股份有限公司2023年度向特定对象发行A股股票并在主板上市申购报价单》(以下简称“《申购报价单》”)及完整的附件并按时足额缴纳了申购保证金(除无需缴纳保证金的认购对象外),均为有效报价;1个认购对象提交了《申购报价单》、无需缴纳保证金,但未提交完整附件,为无效报价。
+
+有效时间内全部申购簿记数据情况如下:| 序号 | 认购对象姓名/名称 | 申购价格(元/股) | 各档累计认购金额(万元) | 是否缴纳保证金 | 是否有效报价 |
|---|
| 1 | UBS AG | 12.36 | 10,000 | 不需 | 是 | | 12.07 | 11,000 | | 2 | 财通基金管理有限公司 | 13.02 | 15,100 | 不需 | 是 | | 12.64 | 26,700 | | 3 | 大成基金管理有限公司 | 12.20 | 26,600 | 不需 | 是 | | 4 | 福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司-汉石1号私募证券投资基金 | 15.16 | 12,000 | 是 | 是 | | 5 | 福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司-汉石2号私募证券投资基金 | 15.16 | 10,000 | 是 | 是 | | 6 | 广发证券股份有限公司 | 13.19 | 10,300 | 是 | 是 | | 12.51 | 22,900 | | 12.19 | 25,000 | | 7 | 国泰海通证券股份有限公司 | 12.80 | 10,600 | 是 | 是 | | 11.98 | 11,800 | | 8 | 华安证券资产管理有限公司 | 13.15 | 10,000 | 是 | 是 | | 9 | 华泰资产管理有限公司 | 13.08 | 10,000 | 是 | 是 | | 11.89 | 12,000 | | 10 | 景顺长城基金管理有限公司 | 13.41 | 15,000 | 不需 | 是 | | 12.91 | 22,600 | | 12.01 | 34,900 | | 11 | 摩根士丹利国际股份有限公司 | 14.06 | 16,000 | 不需 | 是 | | 13.26 | 23,000 | | 12.86 | 27,000 | | 12 | 诺德基金管理有限公司 | 13.09 | 10,800 | 不需 | 是 | | 12.59 | 20,700 | | 12.19 | 25,100 | | 13 | 农银汇理基金管理有限公司 | 13.21 | 10,000 | 不需 | 否 | | 14 | 平安养老保险股份有限公司 | 11.89 | 10,000 | 是 | 是 | | 15 | 申万宏源证券有限公司 | 12.51 | 10,000 | 是 | 是 | | 16 | 施渊峰 | 11.91 | 10,000 | 是 | 是 | | 11.90 | 10,100 | | 11.89 | 10,200 | | 17 | 徐新喜 | 13.35 | 45,000 | 是 | 是 | | 18 | 易方达基金管理有限公司 | 12.03 | 74,600 | 不需 | 是 | | 19 | 易米基金管理有限公司 | 12.50 | 10,300 | 不需 | 是 | | 11.99 | 10,500 | | 20 | 中汇人寿保险股份有限公司 | 12.60 | 12,000 | 是 | 是 | | 21 | 重庆中新融鑫投资中心(有限合伙) | 12.48 | 10,000 | 是 | 是 | | 22 | 周永祥 | 12.50 | 10,000 | 是 | 是 |
+
+注：农银汇理基金管理有限公司提交了《申购报价单》、无需缴纳保证金，但未提交完整附件，为无效报价
+
+### 3、发行价格、发行对象及获配情况
+
+根据《认购邀请书》关于确定发行对象、发行价格及获配股数的原则，发行对象依次按（1）认购价格优先；（2）认购金额优先；（3）收到《申购报价单》时间优先的原则确定。
+
+本次发行最终获配发行对象共计19名，发行价格为12.03元/股，本次发行股票数量为290,939,318股，募集资金总额为3,499,999,995.54元。本次发行最终确定的发行对象及获配股数、获配金额情况如下：
+
+| 序号 | 认购对象姓名/名称 | 获配股数 (股) | 获配金额 (元) | | 1 | UBS AG | 9,143,807 | 109,999,998.21 | | 2 | 财通基金管理有限公司 | 22,194,513 | 266,999,991.39 | | 3 | 大成基金管理有限公司 | 22,111,388 | 265,999,997.64 | | 4 | 福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司-汉石1号私募证券投资基金 | 9,975,062 | 119,999,995.86 | | 5 | 福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司-汉石2号私募证券投资基金 | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | | 6 | 广发证券股份有限公司 | 20,781,379 | 249,999,989.37 | | 7 | 国泰海通证券股份有限公司 | 8,811,305 | 105,999,999.15 | | 8 | 华安证券资产管理有限公司 | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | | 9 | 华泰资产管理有限公司 | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | | 10 | 景顺长城基金管理有限公司 | 18,786,367 | 225,999,995.01 | | 11 | 摩根士丹利国际股份有限公司 | 22,443,890 | 269,999,996.70 | | 12 | 诺德基金管理有限公司 | 20,864,505 | 250,999,995.15 | | 13 | 申万宏源证券有限公司 | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | | 14 | 徐新喜 | 37,406,483 | 449,999,990.49 | | 15 | 易方达基金管理有限公司 | 30,008,323 | 361,000,125.69 | | 16 | 易米基金管理有限公司 | 8,561,928 | 102,999,993.84 | | 17 | 中汇人寿保险股份有限公司 | 9,975,062 | 119,999,995.86 | | 18 | 重庆中新融鑫投资中心(有限合伙) | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | | 19 | 周永祥 | 8,312,551 | 99,999,988.53 | | 合计 | 290,939,318 | 3,499,999,995.54 |
+
+上述发行对象符合发行人股东会关于本次发行相关决议的规定。
+
+经核查，主承销商认为，在本次发行定价及配售过程中，发行价格的确定、发行对象的选择、股份数量的分配均遵循了《认购邀请书》确定的程序和规则。在定价和配售的过程中坚持了公司和全体股东利益最大化的原则，不存在采用任何不合理的规则人为操纵发行结果，压低发行价格或调控发行股数损害投资者利益的情况。
+
+### 三、本次发行对象情况
+
+#### （一）发行对象基本情况
+
+##### 1、UBS AG
+
+| 名称 | UBS AG | | 企业性质 | 合格境外机构投资者 | | 注册地 | Bahnhofstrasse 45, 8001 Zurich, Switzerland, and Aeschenvorstadt 1, 4051 Basel, Switzerland | | 注册资本 | 385,840,847 瑞士法郎 | | 主要办公地址 | 52ND FLOOR, TWO INTERNATIONAL FINANCE CENTRE, 8 FINANCE STREET CENTRAL, HONG KONG | | 法定代表人 | 房东明 | | 统一社会信用代码 (境外机构编号) | QF2003EUS001 | | 经营范围 | 境内证券投资 | | 获配数量 | 9,143,807 股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+##### 2、财通基金管理有限公司
+
+| 名称 | 财通基金管理有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 其他有限责任公司 | | 注册地 | 上海市虹口区吴淞路619号505室 | | 注册资本 | 20,000万元 | | 主要办公地址 | 上海市浦东新区银城中路68号45楼 | | 法定代表人 | 吴林惠 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 91310000577433812A | | 经营范围 | 基金募集、基金销售、特定客户资产管理、资产管理及中国证监会许可的其他业务。【依法须经批准的项目,经相关部门批准后方可开展经营活动】 | | 获配数量 | 22,194,513 股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+### 3、大成基金管理有限公司
+
+| 名称 | 大成基金管理有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 有限责任公司 | | 注册地 | 深圳市南山区粤海街道海珠社区海德三道1236号大成基金总部大厦5层27层、28层、29层、30层、31层、32层、33层 | | 注册资本 | 20,000万元 | | 主要办公地址 | 深圳市南山区粤海街道海珠社区海德三道1236号大成基金总部大厦5层27层、28层、29层、30层、31层、32层、33层 | | 法定代表人 | 吴庆斌 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 91440300710924339K | | 经营范围 | 基金募集、基金销售、资产管理、中国证监会许可的其他业务(凭中华人民共和国基金管理资格证书A009号经营)。 | | 获配数量 | 22,111,388股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+### 4、福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司-汉石1号私募证券投资基金
+
+认购对象的管理人为福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司，其基本信息如下：
+
+| 名称 | 福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 有限责任公司(自然人投资或控股) | | 注册地 | 福建省闽侯县上街镇乌龙江中大道7号创新园二期18#楼14层南侧1437室 | | 注册资本 | 1,000万元 | | 主要办公地址 | 福建省福州市台江区上浦路67号富力中心B2座3026 | | 法定代表人 | 温春泉 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 91350128MA34Y5AH8K | | 经营范围 | 私募证券投资基金管理服务(须在中国证券投资基金业协会完成登记备案登记后方可从事经营活动)(除依法须经批准的项目外,凭营业执照依法自主开展经营活动) | | 获配数量 | 9,975,062股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+### 5、福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司-汉石2号私募证券投资基金
+
+认购对象的管理人为福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司，其基本信息如下：| 名称 | 福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 有限责任公司(自然人投资或控股) | | 注册地 | 福建省闽侯县上街镇乌龙江中大道7号创新园二期18#楼14层南侧1437室 | | 注册资本 | 1,000万元 | | 主要办公地址 | 福建省福州市台江区上浦路67号富力中心B2座3026 | | 法定代表人 | 温春泉 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 91350128MA34Y5AH8K | | 经营范围 | 私募证券投资基金管理服务(须在中国证券投资基金业协会完成登记备案登记后方可从事经营活动)(除依法须经批准的项目外,凭营业执照依法自主开展经营活动) | | 获配数量 | 8,312,551股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+## 6、广发证券股份有限公司
+
+| 名称 | 广发证券股份有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 股份有限公司(上市、自然人投资或控股) | | 注册地 | 广东省广州市黄埔区中新广州知识城腾飞一街2号618室 | | 注册资本 | 760,584.5511万元 | | 主要办公地址 | 广东省广州市天河区马场路26号广发证券大厦 | | 法定代表人 | 林传辉 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 91440000126335439C | | 经营范围 | 许可项目:证券业务;公募证券投资基金销售;证券公司为期货公司提供中间介绍业务;证券投资基金托管。(依法须经批准的项目,经相关部门批准后方可开展经营活动,具体经营项目以相关部门批准文件或许可证件为准) | | 获配数量 | 20,781,379股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+## 7、国泰海通证券股份有限公司
+
+| 名称 | 国泰海通证券股份有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 其他股份有限公司(上市) | | 注册地 | 中国(上海)自由贸易试验区商城路618号 | | 注册资本 | 1,762,970.8696万元 | | 办公地址 | 上海市静安区南京西路768号国泰海通大厦 | | 法定代表人 | 朱健 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 9131000063159284XQ | | 经营范围 | 许可项目:证券业务;证券投资咨询;证券公司为期货公司提供中间介绍业务。(依法须经批准的项目,经相关部门批准后方可开展经营活动,具体经营项目以相关部门批准文件或许可证件为准)一般项目:证券财务顾问服务。(除依法须经批准的项目外,凭营业执照依法自主开展经营活动) | | 获配数量 | 8,811,305 股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+## 8、华安证券资产管理有限公司
+
+| 名称 | 华安证券资产管理有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 有限责任公司(非自然人投资或控股的法人独资) | | 注册地 | 安徽省合肥市高新区创新大道2800号创新产业园二期E1栋基金大厦A座506号 | | 注册资本 | 60,000万元 | | 主要办公地址 | 安徽省合肥市天鹅湖路198号 | | 法定代表人 | 唐泳 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 91340100MAD7TEBR46 | | 经营范围 | 许可项目:证券业务(依法须经批准的项目,经相关部门批准后方可开展经营活动,具体经营项目以相关部门批准文件或许可证件为准) | | 获配数量 | 8,312,551 股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+## 9、华泰资产管理有限公司
+
+| 名称 | 华泰资产管理有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 其他有限责任公司 | | 注册地 | 中国(上海)自由贸易试验区博成路1101号8F和7F701单元 | | 注册资本 | 60,060万元 | | 主要办公地址 | 上海市浦东新区博成路1101号华泰金融大厦7-8层 | | 法定代表人 | 赵明浩 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 91310000770945342F | | 经营范围 | 管理运用自有资金及保险资金,受托资金管理业务,与资金管理业务相关的咨询业务,国家法律法规允许的其他资产管理业务。【依法须经批准的项目,经相关部门批准后方可开展经营活动】 | | 获配数量 | 8,312,551 股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+## 10、景顺长城基金管理有限公司
+
+| 名称 | 景顺长城基金管理有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 有限责任公司(外商投资、非独资) | | 注册地 | 深圳市福田区中心四路1号嘉里建设广场第一座21层(仅限于办公) | | 注册资本 | 13,000万元 | | 主要办公地址 | 深圳市福田区中心四路1号嘉里建设广场第一座21层 | | 法定代表人 | 叶才 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 91440300717869125N | | 经营范围 | 从事基金管理、发起设立基金以及法律、法规或中国证监会准许和批准的其他业务。 | | 获配数量 | 18,786,367股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+## 11、摩根士丹利国际股份有限公司
+
+| 名称 | 摩根士丹利国际股份有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 合格境外机构投资者 | | 注册地 | 25 Cabot Square Canary Wharf London, E14 4QA England | | 注册资本 | 127.65亿美元 | | 主要办公地址 | 36Floor, International Commerce Centre, 1 Austin Road West, Kowloon, Hong Kong | | 法定代表人 | Young Lee | | 统一社会信用代码 (境外机构编码) | QF2003EUS003 | | 经营范围 | 境内证券投资 | | 获配数量 | 22,443,890股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+## 12、诺德基金管理有限公司
+
+| 名称 | 诺德基金管理有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 其他有限责任公司 | | 注册地 | 中国(上海)自由贸易试验区富城路99号18层 | | 注册资本 | 10,000万元 | | 主要办公地址 | 上海市浦东新区富城路99号震旦国际大楼18楼 | | 法定代表人 | 潘福祥 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 91310000717866186P | | 经营范围 | (一)发起、设立和销售证券投资基金;(二)管理证券投资基金;(三)经中国证监会批准的其他业务。【依法须经批准的项目,经相关部门批准后方可开展经营活动】 | | 获配数量 | 20,864,505 股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+## 13、申万宏源证券有限公司
+
+| 名称 | 申万宏源证券有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 有限责任公司(非自然人投资或控股的法人独资) | | 注册地 | 上海市徐汇区长乐路989号45层 | | 注册资本 | 5,350,000万元 | | 主要办公地址 | 上海市长乐路989号世纪商贸广场45层 | | 法定代表人 | 张剑 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 913100003244445565 | | 经营范围 | 许可项目:证券业务;证券投资咨询;证券投资基金销售服务;证券投资基金托管。(依法须经批准的项目,经相关部门批准后方可开展经营活动,具体经营项目以相关部门批准文件或许可证件为准)一般项目:证券公司为期货公司提供中间介绍业务。(除依法须经批准的项目外,凭营业执照依法自主开展经营活动) | | 获配数量 | 8,312,551 股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+## 14、徐新喜
+
+| 姓名 | 徐新喜 | | 身份证号 | 3306251968***** | | 住所 | 浙江省诸暨市***** | | 获配数量 | 37,406,483 股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+## 15、易方达基金管理有限公司
+
+| 名称 | 易方达基金管理有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 其他有限责任公司 | | 注册地 | 广东省珠海市横琴新区荣粤道188号6层 | | 注册资本 | 13,244.2万元 | | 主要办公地址 | 广州市天河区珠江东路28号越秀金融大厦42楼易方达基金管理有限公司 | | 法定代表人 | 吴欣荣 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 91440000727878666D | | 经营范围 | 公开募集证券投资基金管理、基金销售、特定客户资产管理。(依法须经批准的项目,经相关部门批准后方可开展经营活动) | | 获配数量 | 30,008,323 股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+## 16、易米基金管理有限公司
+
+| 名称 | 易米基金管理有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 有限责任公司(自然人投资或控股) | | 注册地 | 上海市虹口区保定路450号9幢320室 | | 注册资本 | 15,000万元 | | 主要办公地址 | 上海市浦东新区杨高南路759号29层02单元 | | 法定代表人 | 李毅 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 91310109MA1G5BGTXB | | 经营范围 | 许可项目:公开募集证券投资基金管理,基金销售,私募资产管理和中国证监会许可的其他业务。(依法须经批准的项目,经相关部门批准后方可开展经营活动,具体经营项目以相关部门批准文件或许可证件为准) | | 获配数量 | 8,561,928 股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+## 17、中汇人寿保险股份有限公司
+
+| 名称 | 中汇人寿保险股份有限公司 | | 企业性质 | 股份有限公司(非上市、国有控股) | | 注册地 | 北京市东城区金宝街52号8层803室 | | 注册资本 | 3,320,000万元 | | 主要办公地址 | 北京市东城区金宝街52号8层803室 | | 法定代表人 | 任小兵 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 91110101MACNA4WK2B | | 经营范围 | 许可项目:保险业务。(依法须经批准的项目,经相关部门批准后方可开展经营活动,具体经营项目以相关部门批准文件或许可证件为准)(不得从事国家和本市产业政策禁止和限制类项目的经营活动。) | | 获配数量 | 9,975,062 股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+## 18、重庆中新融鑫投资中心(有限合伙)
+
+| 名称 | 重庆中新融鑫投资中心(有限合伙) | | 企业性质 | 有限合伙企业 | | 注册地 | 重庆市渝北区龙兴镇迎龙大道19号 | | 注册资本 | 231,000万元 | | 主要办公地址 | 重庆市渝北区龙兴镇迎龙大道19号 | | 执行事务合伙人 | 宁波梅山保税港区中新融创投资管理有限公司 | | 统一社会信用代码 | 915000000830992360 | | 经营范围 | 一般项目:企业利用自有资金对外进行投资(不得从事银行、证券、保险等需要取得许可或审批的金融业务);投资管理;资产管理;投资咨询;会务服务;展览展示服务;企业营销策划;企业形象设计;市场营销策划;从事建筑相关业务(取得相关资质后方可执业);市场调查;工程项目管理;技术服务、技术开发、技术咨询;经济贸易咨询;企业管理咨询;财务咨询;经济信息咨询;商务信息咨询**【法律、法规禁止的,不得从事经营;法律、法规限制的,取得相关审批和许可后,方可经营】。(除依法须经批准的项目外,凭营业执照依法自主开展经营活动) | | 获配数量 | 8,312,551股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+## 19、周永祥
+
+| 姓名 | 周永祥 | | 身份证号 | 3306251967***** | | 住所 | 浙江省诸暨市***** | | 获配数量 | 8,312,551股 | | 限售期 | 自发行结束之日起6个月 |
+
+### （二）发行对象与发行人的关联关系
+
+本次发行对象不包括发行人和主承销商的控股股东、实际控制人、董事、监事、高级管理人员及其控制或施加重大影响的关联方。发行人及其控股股东、实际控制人、主要股东未向发行对象做出保底保收益或变相保底保收益承诺, 也不存在直接或者通过利益相关方向发行对象提供财务资助或者其他补偿等方式损害公司利益的情形。
+
+### （三）发行对象及其关联方与发行人最近一年的重大交易情况以及未来交易安排的说明
+
+本次发行的发行对象及其关联方与公司最近一年无重大交易；截至本发行情况报告书出具日，公司与发行对象不存在未来交易安排。对于未来可能发生的交易，公司将严格按照《公司章程》及相关法律法规的要求，履行相应的决策程序，并作充分的信息披露。
+
+#### （四）关于发行对象履行私募投资基金备案的核查
+
+根据竞价申购结果，主承销商和发行见证律师对本次发行的获配发行对象是否属于《中华人民共和国证券投资基金法》《私募投资基金监督管理暂行办法》《私募投资基金登记备案办法》《证券期货经营机构私募资产管理业务管理办法》《证券期货经营机构私募资产管理计划备案办法》等法律法规、规范性文件及自律规则所规定的私募投资基金及私募资产管理计划备案情况进行了核查，相关核查情况如下：
+
+广发证券股份有限公司、国泰海通证券股份有限公司、申万宏源证券有限公司、重庆中新融鑫投资中心（有限合伙）、徐新喜、周永祥以其自有资金或合法自筹资金参与本次认购，不属于《中华人民共和国证券投资基金法》《私募投资基金监督管理暂行办法》以及《私募投资基金登记备案办法》规范的私募投资基金，也不属于《证券期货经营机构私募资产管理业务管理办法》《证券期货经营机构私募资产管理计划备案办法》规范的私募资产管理计划，无需履行私募投资基金和私募资产管理计划相关登记备案程序。
+
+汉石1号私募证券投资基金及其管理人福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司、汉石2号私募证券投资基金及其管理人福州高新区汉石私募基金管理有限公司已按《中华人民共和国证券投资基金法》《私募投资基金监督管理暂行办法》《私募投资基金登记备案办法》法规规定完成基金管理人登记和基金产品备案，并已提供登记备案证明文件。
+
+摩根士丹利国际股份有限公司、UBS AG为合格境外机构投资者（QFII），不属于《中华人民共和国证券投资基金法》《私募投资基金监督管理暂行办法》以及《私募投资基金登记备案办法》法规规定的私募投资基金或私募基金管理人，也不属于《证券期货经营机构私募资产管理业务管理办法》《证券期货经营机构私募资产管理计划备案办法》规范的私募资产管理计划，无需履行私募投资基金和私募资产管理计划相关登记备案程序。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_41.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_41.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..59f7da78fe9cb8faeb0e3ab07fb5f47f60469299
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_41.md
@@ -0,0 +1,929 @@
+ICS 07.040
+CCS A 75
+
+
+
+中华人民共和国国家标准
+
+GB/T 41443-2022
+
+
+
+地理信息应急数据规范
+
+Specification for geographic information data for emergency
+
+2022-04-15发布
+2022-04-15实施
+
+
+
+国家市场监督管理总局
+国家标准化管理委员会发布
+
+
+## 目次
+
+- 前言 ... Ⅲ
+1 范围 ... 1
+2 规范性引用文件 ... 1
+3 术语和定义 ... 2
+4 缩略语 ... 2
+5 一般规定 ... 2
+ 5.1 数学基础 ... 2
+ 5.2 数据内容 ... 2
+ 5.3 空间表达类型和存储格式 ... 3
+ 5.4 比例尺和分辨率 ... 3
+ 5.5 数据层标识与文件命名 ... 3
+ 5.5.1 数据层标识 ... 3
+ 5.5.2 文件命名 ... 4
+ 5.6 数据来源和数据更新 ... 4
+ 5.6.1 数据来源 ... 4
+ 5.6.2 数据更新 ... 4
+ 5.7 数据质量 ... 4
+ 5.8 其他要求 ... 4
+6 突发事件数据 ... 4
+ 6.1 概述 ... 4
+ 6.2 分类与编码 ... 5
+ 6.3 空间表达和数据分层 ... 5
+ 6.3.1 空间表达 ... 5
+ 6.3.2 数据分层 ... 5
+ 6.4 属性项 ... 7
+ 6.4.1 通用属性项 ... 7
+ 6.4.2 扩展的属性项 ... 9
+ 6.5 突发事件现场数据 ... 11
+7 应急主题数据 ... 11
+ 7.1 概述 ... 11
+ 7.2 危险源 ... 11
+ 7.2.1 分类 ... 11
+ 7.2.2 空间表达和数据分层 ... 11
+ 7.2.3 属性项 ... 12
+ 7.3 防护目标 ... 12
+ 7.3.1 分类与编码 ... 12
+
+
+
+
+**GB/T 41443—2022**
+
+7.3.2 空间表达和数据分层 ... 12
+7.3.3 属性项 ... 13
+7.4 应急保障资源 ... 13
+7.4.1 分类与编码 ... 13
+7.4.2 空间表达和数据分层 ... 13
+7.4.3 属性项 ... 14
+8 应急基础数据 ... 14
+8.1 概述 ... 14
+8.2 人口数据 ... 15
+8.2.1 人口数据内容 ... 15
+8.2.2 人口数据属性项 ... 15
+8.3 组织机构数据 ... 16
+8.4 经济数据 ... 16
+8.4.1 经济数据内容 ... 16
+8.4.2 经济数据属性项 ... 16
+8.5 基础地理信息数据 ... 17
+8.5.1 概述 ... 17
+8.5.2 境界与政区 ... 17
+8.5.3 交通道路 ... 18
+8.5.4 居民地 ... 18
+8.5.5 水系 ... 19
+8.5.6 管线 ... 19
+8.5.7 地名地址关注点 ... 19
+8.5.8 地表覆盖 ... 19
+8.5.9 数字高程模型 ... 19
+8.5.10 数字正射影像 ... 20
+8.5.11 三维地理信息模型数据 ... 20
+8.6 其他应急基础数据 ... 20
+参考文献 ... 21
+
+## 地理信息应急数据规范
+
+### 1 范围
+
+本文件给出了地理信息应急数据的一般规定，规定了应急突发事件数据、应急主题数据和应急基础数据的具体要求。
+
+本文件适用于地理信息应急数据获取、处理、整合、建库、更新和服务，应急管理分析和辅助决策可参考使用。
+
+### 2 规范性引用文件
+
+下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件。
+
+GB/T 2260 中华人民共和国行政区划代码
+
+GB/T 10114 县级以下行政区划代码编制规则
+
+GB/T 13923 基础地理信息要素分类与代码
+
+GB/T 17278 数字地形图产品基本要求
+
+GB/T 17798 地理空间数据交换格式
+
+GB/T 19711 导航地理数据模型与交换格式
+
+GB/T 27920.1 数字航空摄影规范 第1部分:框幅式数字航空摄影
+
+GB/T 27920.2 数字航空摄影规范 第2部分:推扫式数字航空摄影
+
+GB 32100 法人和其他组织统一社会信用代码编码规则
+
+GB/T 33183 基础地理信息 1:50 000 地形要素数据规范
+
+GB/T 33462 基础地理信息 1:10 000 地形要素数据规范
+
+GB/T 35561 突发事件分类与编码
+
+GB/T 35648 地理信息兴趣点分类与编码
+
+GB/T 35649 突发事件应急标绘符号规范
+
+GB/T 35651 突发事件应急标绘图层规范
+
+GB/T 36104 法人和其他组织统一社会信用代码基础数据元
+
+CH/T1036 管线要素分类代码与符号表达
+
+CH/T 9008.3 基础地理信息数字成果 1:500、1:1 000、1:2 000 数字正射影像图
+
+CH/T 9009.2 基础地理信息数字成果 1:5 000、1:10 000、1:25 000、1:50 000、1:100 000 数字高程模型
+
+CH/T 9009.3 基础地理信息数字成果 1:5 000、1:10 000、1:25 000、1:50 000、1:100 000 数字正射影像图
+
+CH/T 9012 基础地理信息数字成果 数据组织及文件命名规则
+
+CH/T 9015 三维地理信息模型数据产品规范
+
+## 3 术语和定义
+
+GB/T 35651 界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
+
+### 3.1
+
+**地理信息应急数据** geographic information data for emergency
+
+支撑应急响应的、与位置直接或间接相关现象的信息数据。
+
+### 3.2
+
+**应急主题数据** theme data for emergency
+
+在突发事件应急响应中重点关注的防护目标、危险源、应急保障资源等数据。
+
+### 3.3
+
+应急基础数据 basic data for emergency
+
+支持应急响应的基础性信息数据。
+
+示例：如人口数据、社会经济数据、基础地理信息数据等。
+
+注：这些数据来源于行业部门的、应急相关的基础性信息数据。
+
+### 3.4
+
+突发事件现场数据 on-site data of emergency
+
+在突发事件现场采集的、动态变化的且与突发事件发展密切相关的数据。
+
+## 4 缩略语
+
+下列缩略语适用于本文件。
+DEM 数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model)
+DOM 数字正射影像数据(Digital Orthophoto Map)
+
+## 5 一般规定
+
+### 5.1 数学基础
+
+坐标系为 2000 国家大地坐标系(CGCS2000),高程基准宜为 1985 国家高程基准。
+
+### 5.2 数据内容
+
+地理信息应急数据分为突发事件数据、应急主题数据、应急基础数据,详见图1。突发事件数据细分为自然灾害、事故灾难、公共卫生事件和社会安全事件,突发事件现场数据依赖于突发事件数据。应急主题数据细分为危险源、防护目标和应急保障资源。应急基础数据细分为人口数据、组织机构数据、经济数据、基础地理信息数据以及其他应急基础数据。
+
+GB/T 41443-2022
+
+
+
+图 1 地理信息应急数据内容关系图
+
+### 5.3 空间表达类型和存储格式
+
+#### 5.3.1 地理信息应急数据的空间表达类型为矢量、栅格或矢栅混合。
+
+#### 5.3.2 数据存储格式应符合 GB/T 17798 的规定。
+
+### 5.4 比例尺和分辨率
+
+#### 5.4.1 比例尺
+
+地理信息应急矢量数据以1:50 000、1:10 000比例尺数据为主体,也可包括1:250 000和1:1 000 000,或者1:5 000、1:2 000、1:1 000、1:500比例尺数据。
+
+#### 5.4.2 分辨率
+
+地理信息应急栅格数据中的数字高程模型数据的格网间距宜在600 m、100 m、25 m、10 m、2 m中分级选择。地理信息应急栅格数据中的数字正射影像数据的空间分辨率宜在1 000 m~0.1 m之间分级选择,通常为30 m、5 m、2.5 m、1 m或者更高分辨率。
+
+### 5.5 数据层标识与文件命名
+
+#### 5.5.1 数据层标识
+
+地理信息应急数据的数据层标识应具有唯一性,突发事件数据、应急主题数据、应急基础数据的数据层标识分别见表1、表2和表3。
+
+表 1 突发事件数据的数据层标识符
+
+
+
+
+ | 数据类别 |
+ 数据库标识符 |
+ 数据层类别标识符 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 突发事件数据 |
+ EVN |
+ EMR |
+ 自然灾害 NAT |
+
+
+ | 事故灾难 ACD |
+
+
+ | 公共卫生事件 HEA |
+
+
+ | 社会安全事件 SCL |
+
+
+ | 其他事件 OTH |
+
+
+
+
+表 2 应急主题数据的数据层标识符
+
+| 数据类别 | 数据库标识符 | 数据层类别标识符 |
|---|
| 应急主题数据 | THM | 危险源 HAZ | | 防护目标 PRO | | 应急保障资源 RES |
+
+表 3 应急基础数据的数据层标识符
+
+| 数据类别 | 数据库标识符 | 数据层类别标识符 |
|---|
| 应急基础数据 | BAS | 人口 POP | | 法人 COP | | 经济 ECO | | ... |
+
+#### 5.5.2 文件命名地理信息应急数据的文件命名规则应符合 CH/T 9012 的规定。
+
+### 5.6 数据来源和数据更新
+
+#### 5.6.1 数据来源
+
+地理信息应急数据应从各行业部门获取或者通过专业技术手段采集。
+
+#### 5.6.2 数据更新
+
+地理信息应急数据应采用现势性强的数据。地理信息应急数据更新由数据提供或采集部门负责。
+地理信息应急数据应具有时间或版本标识。
+
+### 5.7 数据质量
+
+非突发事件应急处置阶段采集的数据质量应满足 GB/T 17278 要求，突发事件应急处置阶段采集的数据逻辑一致性、位置精度可适当放宽，但应满足应急需求。
+
+### 5.8 其他要求
+
+5.8.1 县及县以上行政区划代码应符合 GB/T 2260 的规定；街道（地区）、镇、乡行政区划代码规则应符合 GB/T 10114 的规定；居民委员会、村民委员会的行政区划代码用 9 位乡镇码和 3 位数字顺序码组合表示。
+
+5.8.2 各类数据整合后所用行政区划代码应保持一致。
+
+## 6 突发事件数据
+
+### 6.1 概述
+
+突发事件数据宜采用数据库存储，其库名为“EVN”。## 6.2 分类与编码
+
+突发事件数据的分类与编码按 GB/T 35561 执行。
+
+### 6.3 空间表达和数据分层
+
+#### 6.3.1 空间表达
+
+突发事件数据的空间表达采用矢量数据。
+
+#### 6.3.2 数据分层
+
+##### 6.3.2.1 数据层划分
+
+突发事件数据层根据大类、亚类以及细分类可划分为若干个数据层。突发事件数据层划分可根据需要进行扩展。
+
+##### 6.3.2.2 数据层命名
+
+突发事件数据层采用多级数据层标识进行命名。第一级数据层标识符号为三个字符,如“EMR”,
+第二级数据层标识为突发事件大类的三字符标识符,第三级数据层标识为突发事件亚类的三字符标识付，见表4。数据层根据需要选用相应的级别进行命名。
+
+表4 突发事件数据的数据层命名
+
+
+
+
+ | 序号 |
+ 类别(三字符英文缩写) |
+ 数据层命名（突发事件大类） |
+ 数据层命名（突发事件亚类） |
+ 数据内容 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 1 |
+ 自然灾害(NAT) |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "FDD" |
+ 水旱灾害 |
+
+
+ | 2 |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "MET" |
+ 气象灾害 |
+
+
+ | 3 |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "EQD" |
+ 地震灾害 |
+
+
+ | 4 |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "GED" |
+ 地质灾害 |
+
+
+ | 5 |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "MRD" |
+ 海洋灾害 |
+
+
+ | 6 |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "FRF" |
+ 森林火灾 |
+
+
+ | 7 |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "GRF" |
+ 草原火灾 |
+
+
+ | 8 |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "BHE" |
+ 生物灾害事件 |
+
+
+ | 9 |
+ "EMR" + "NAT" + "OTH" |
+ 其他自然灾害事件 |
+
+
+ | 10 |
+ 事故灾难(ACD) |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "CMA" |
+ 煤矿事故 |
+
+
+ | 11 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "MNA" |
+ 金属非金属矿山事故 |
+
+
+ | 12 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "DCA" |
+ 危险化学品事故 |
+
+
+ | 13 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "FEA" |
+ 烟花爆竹和民用爆炸物事故 |
+
+
+ | 14 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "CSA" |
+ 建筑施工事故 |
+
+
+ | 15 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "OCA" |
+ 其他工矿商贸事故 |
+
+
+ | 16 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "FRA" |
+ 火灾事故 |
+
+
+ | 17 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "RTA" |
+ 道路交通事故 |
+
+
+
+
+表 4 突发事件数据的数据层命名（续）
+
+
+
+
+ | 序号 |
+ 类别(三字符英文缩写) |
+ 数据层命名（突发事件大类） |
+ 数据层命名（突发事件亚类） |
+ 数据内容 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 18 |
+ 事故灾难(ACD) |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "MTA" |
+ 水上交通事故 |
+
+
+ | 19 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "RAA" |
+ 铁路交通事故 |
+
+
+ | 20 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "URA" |
+ 城市轨道交通事故 |
+
+
+ | 21 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "CAA" |
+ 民用航空事故 |
+
+
+ | 22 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "SEA" |
+ 特种设备事故 |
+
+
+ | 23 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "EPA" |
+ 环境污染和生态破坏事故 |
+
+
+ | 24 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "IUD" |
+ 基础设施和公用设施事故 |
+
+
+ | 25 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "AMA" |
+ 农业机械事故 |
+
+
+ | 26 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "SPD" |
+ 踩踏事件 |
+
+
+ | 27 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "NRA" |
+ 核与辐射事故 |
+
+
+ | 28 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "EIA" |
+ 能源供应中断事故 |
+
+
+ | 29 |
+ "EMR" + "ACD" + "OTH" |
+ 其他事故灾难 |
+
+
+ | 30 |
+ 公共卫生事件(HEA) |
+ "EMR" + "HEA" |
+ "EMR" + "HEA" + "FDS" |
+ 传染病疫情 |
+
+
+ | 31 |
+ "EMR" + "HEA" + "IDS" |
+ 食品安全事件 |
+
+
+ | 32 |
+ "EMR" + "HEA" + "MPH" |
+ 群体性中毒、感染事件 |
+
+
+ | 33 |
+ "EMR" + "HEA" + "PMB" |
+ 病原微生物、菌毒种事件 |
+
+
+ | 34 |
+ "EMR" + "HEA" + "AEE" |
+ 动物疫情事件 |
+
+
+ | 35 |
+ "EMR" + "HEA" + "GUC" |
+ 群体性不明原因疾病 |
+
+
+ | 36 |
+ "EMR" + "HEA" + "OTH" |
+ 其他公共卫生事件 |
+
+
+ | 37 |
+ 社会安全事件(SCL) |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "MAT" |
+ 群体性事件 |
+
+
+ | 38 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "MCC" |
+ 重大刑事案件 |
+
+
+ | 39 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "TRA" |
+ 恐怖袭击事件 |
+
+
+ | 40 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "ERE" |
+ 民族和宗教事件 |
+
+
+ | 41 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "IFA" |
+ 涉外突发事件 |
+
+
+ | 42 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "NSE" |
+ 网络安全事件 |
+
+
+ | 43 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "ISE" |
+ 信息安全事件 |
+
+
+ | 44 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "FSE" |
+ 金融安全事件 |
+
+
+ | 45 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "UMS" |
+ 影响市场稳定的突发事件 |
+
+
+ | 46 |
+ "EMR" + "SCL" + "OTH" |
+ 其他社会安全事件 |
+
+
+ | 47 |
+ 其他(OTH) |
+ "EMR" + "OTH" |
+ — |
+ 不能归为上述4大类的,或者是综合灾种 |
+
+
+
+
+### 6.4 属性项
+
+#### 6.4.1 通用属性项
+
+描述突发事件的信息包括以下属性信息，具体见表 5。
+
+a) 事件基本信息。包括突发事件的名称、发生时间、突发事件类别、发生地点、等级、发生原因、事件概述等。
+
+b) 事件管理信息。包括报送单位、报送人员、报送的核签人员、报送时间、报送方式、报送阶段(初报、续报、重报、核报)、接收单位等。
+
+c) 事件导致的损失/危害信息。突发事件导致人、物、财的损失/危害。具体可以包括受灾的人员方面的信息、损坏的物品或设施、导致的经济损失。
+
+d) 事件处置的信息。包括已采取的措施、救助情况、支援请求情况等。
+
+e) 突发事件关联的现场数据。包括突发事件现场数据关联项。
+
+表 5 突发事件数据通用属性项
+
+
+
+
+ | 序号 |
+ 字段名称 |
+ 字段含义 |
+ 字段类型 |
+ 字段长度 |
+ 是否必填 |
+ 字段说明 |
+ 备注 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 1 |
+ EventName |
+ 事件名称 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 100 |
+ 是 |
+ 描述突发事件的名称信息 |
+ 事件基本信息 |
+
+
+ | 2 |
+ EventTime |
+ 发生时间 |
+ 日期时间型 |
+ |
+ 是 |
+ 描述突发事件的时间信息 |
+
+
+ | 3 |
+ EventType |
+ 事件类型 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 60 |
+ 是 |
+ 描述突发事件的类型信息,参考GB/T 35561进行填写 |
+
+
+ | 4 |
+ EventDesc |
+ 发生地点 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 200 |
+ 是 |
+ 描述突发事件发生地的基本信息。应按照GB/T 2260的要求,精确至县镇级别 |
+
+
+ | 5 |
+ EventGrade |
+ 事件等级 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 10 |
+ 是 |
+ 描述突发事件的等级信息。取值包括特别重大/重大/较大/一般 |
+
+
+ | 6 |
+ EventOrigin |
+ 事件原因 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 200 |
+ 否 |
+ 对突发事件发生原因的文字描述 |
+
+
+ | 7 |
+ EBasDesc |
+ 事件基本信息描述 |
+ 备注型 |
+ 2000 |
+ 否 |
+ 描述突发事件的基本信息 |
+
+
+ | 8 |
+ ReportID |
+ 接报编号 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 32 |
+ 是 |
+ 系统内部主键 |
+ 事件管理信息 |
+
+
+ | 9 |
+ ReportTitle |
+ 信息标题 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 200 |
+ 是 |
+ 事件接报信息的标题 |
+
+
+ | 10 |
+ EID |
+ 事件编号 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 32 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件的编号 |
+
+
+ | 11 |
+ ReportTime |
+ 报送时间 |
+ 日期时间型 |
+ |
+ 是 |
+ 事件信息的上报时间 |
+
+
+ | 12 |
+ ReportMethodCode |
+ 报送方式 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 1 |
+ 否 |
+ 事件信息的报送方式代码,包括1(电话)、2(传真)、3(系统)、4(邮件)、5(短信)、9(其他) |
+
+
+ | 13 |
+ ReportType |
+ 报送类型 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 32 |
+ 否 |
+ 事件信息报送类型代码。取值包括以下3种：0:首次报送1:续报2:重报 |
+
+
+
+
+
+国家市场监督管理总局
+国家标准化管理委员会
+发布表 5 突发事件数据通用属性项（续）
+
+
+
+
+ | 序号 |
+ 字段名称 |
+ 字段含义 |
+ 字段类型 |
+ 字段长度 |
+ 是否必填 |
+ 字段说明 |
+ 备注 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 14 |
+ Submitter |
+ 报送人员 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 100 |
+ 否 |
+ 报送事件信息的人员姓名 |
+ 事件管理信息 |
+
+
+ | 15 |
+ ReportDiv |
+ 报送单位 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 100 |
+ 是 |
+ 报送事件信息单位的名称 |
+
+
+ | 16 |
+ ReceivedDiv |
+ 接收单位 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 100 |
+ 是 |
+ 接收事件信息单位的名称 |
+
+
+ | 17 |
+ ReportDivTel |
+ 报送单位联系电话 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 200 |
+ 是 |
+ 报送事件信息单位的联系电话。多个电话用英文逗号分隔 |
+
+
+ | 18 |
+ SignPer |
+ 报送签发人员 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 100 |
+ 否 |
+ 报送事件信息的签发人姓名 |
+
+
+ | 19 |
+ Notes |
+ 备注 |
+ 备注型 |
+ 2000 |
+ 否 |
+ 报送单位报送突发事件信息时的备注信息 |
+
+
+ | 20 |
+ DeathNum |
+ 死亡人数 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件中的死亡人数。单位为人 |
+ 事件导致的损失/危害信息 |
+
+
+ | 21 |
+ WoundNum |
+ 受伤人数 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件中的受伤人数。单位为人 |
+
+
+ | 22 |
+ DispNum |
+ 失踪人数 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件中的失踪人数。单位为人 |
+
+
+ | 23 |
+ LockNum |
+ 受困人数 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 10 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件中的受困人数。单位为人 |
+
+
+ | 24 |
+ EffectRadius |
+ 影响半径 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 11,3 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件影响范围的半径。单位为公里 |
+
+
+ | 25 |
+ EffectDegree |
+ 影响程度 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 1000 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件对自然环境、公共基础设施、居民生活、社会治安等的影响程度 |
+
+
+ | 26 |
+ EffectDesc |
+ 影响范围 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 2000 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件影响的范围描述 |
+
+
+ | 27 |
+ EcoLoss |
+ 直接经济损失 |
+ 数值型 |
+ 20,4 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件造成的直接经济损失。单位为万元 |
+
+
+ | 28 |
+ LossDesc |
+ 损失情况说明 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 1000 |
+ 否 |
+ 突发事件已造成的各种损失的描述 |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ 说明 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ | 34 |
+ Linkscene |
+ 突发事件现场数据关联项 |
+ 字符型 |
+ 100 |
+ 否 |
+ 与突发事件的现场数据关联 |
+ 突发事件关联的现场数据 |
+
+
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_42.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_42.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bddf077b3d731cceaeec53ffb5118380e38b9034
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/long_42.md
@@ -0,0 +1,434 @@
+# Mathematical Derivation and Computational Analysis Framework for Markets Dynamics Using Fuzzy Hala Discrete Chaotic Systems with an Extended Privacy Protocol
+
+Ahmed M. Hala
+
+Gaseous electronics LLC
+Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
+amhala@gaselco.com
+
+January 8th, 2026
+
+doi: 10.5281/zenodo.18188324
+
+## Abstract
+
+This research establishes a formal topological framework for managing non-stationary market assets in portfolios by synthesizing high-dimensional chaotic dynamics with industrial quality control and cryptographic verification. We introduce the **Hala Operator** as a state-dependent regulator capable of inducing **Successtive Controlled Collapse (SCC)**—a process that maps continuous chaotic flows onto discrete, stable fixed-point constellations. By utilizing **Taguchi Design of Experiments (DoE)** for off-market robustness and **Zero-Knowledge SNARKs** for execution privacy, we provide a mathematically rigorous solution to the "Newtonian Trap" of market unpredictability. Formal proofs of global stability, dimension collapse via divergence analysis, and the uniqueness of the discrete constellation are presented.
+
+## 1 Introduction
+
+The quest to decipher the underlying mechanics of assets markets has historically oscillated between two irreconcilable poles: the rigid, clockwork determinism of Newtonian mechanics and the erratic, seemingly lawless “madness of crowds.” Since Isaac Newton’s infamous failure to quantify the volatility of the South Sea Bubble, the field of economics has struggled to find a mathematical anchor that accounts for the inherent time-irreversibility and non-stationarity of human-driven commerce.
+
+While the “Efficient Market Hypothesis” (Fama, 1970) offered a statistical haven by treating price movements as Gaussian random walks, it famously failed to account for “Black Swan” events (Taleb, 2007) and the fractal, heavy-tailed nature of market distributions (Mandelbrot, 1963).
+
+The emergence of Chaos Theory provided a third path. The seminal work of Edward Lorenz (1963) demonstrated that deterministic systems could produce non-periodic, unpredictable behavior, a concept later adapted to finance to explain the “Butterfly Effect” in global trade. However, traditional chaotic models like the Lorenz attractor remain primarily descriptive; they capture the volatility but offer no intrinsic mechanism for control or “landing.” In the high-stakes environments of the stock market, luxury commerce, and perishable-goods retail, a model that only describes chaos without regulating it is of limited prescriptive value.
+
+This paper introduces a unified framework for portfolio management that moves beyond descriptive chaos into **Topological Engineering**. At the heart of this framework is the **Hala Attractor** (Hala, 2025), a self-regulating dynamical system that introduces a nonlinear feedback operator:
+
+$$
+-\gamma(x^2 + y^2)z \qquad (1)
+$$
+
+to “tame” the stretching of chaotic wings. By integrating this system with **Fuzzy Logic** (Zadeh, 1965) and **Taguchi Robustness Methods** (Taguchi, 1986), we propose a system that treats market volatility not as a risk to be avoided, but as a kinetic resource to be harvested through *Successive Controlled Collapses*.
+
+Consistent with the “Chaos Compressor” logic established in recent preprints (Hala, 2025; 2026), this framework addresses the “Surprise Basins” of attraction that often lead to market failure. By utilizing a **Self-Encrypting Operator** and **Zero-Knowledge Proofs**, we further resolve the epistemological conflict between public trade execution and private algorithmic integrity. This paper provides the rigorous mathematical formulation for this “Hala-Taguchi-ZK” system, offering a scalable solution for both intangible financial assets and tangible, perishable merchandise.
+
+## 2 The Core Dynamical Engine: The Modified Hala System
+
+In classical Newtonian physics, systems are typically categorized as either predictable, such as planetary orbits, or seemingly random, such as fluid turbulence. Ahmed M. Hala introduced a framework where chaos is not treated as a "byproduct" of error, but as a tunable asset. The Hala equations modify the classic Lorenz model by introducing a specific, state-dependent nonlinear term that enforces structural stability.
+
+### 2.1 The Mathematical Model
+
+The state of the portfolio at any time $t$ is defined by the vector $S(t) = [x, y, z]^T$. In a financial context, these variables are assigned the following linguistic interpretations:
+
+* $x$: **Momentum** (The rate of price change).
+* $y$: **Sentiment** (The "Human Mood" or demand pressure).
+* $z$: **The Register** (The accumulated value or capital state).
+
+The evolution of these variables is governed by the following system of non-linear differential equations:
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+\dot{x} = \sigma(y - x) \\
+\dot{y} = \rho x - y - xz \\
+\dot{z} = xy - \beta z - \gamma(x^{2} + y^{2})z - \delta z
+\end{cases} \tag{2}
+$$
+
+### 2.2 The “Hala Operator”: $-\gamma(x^2 + y^2)z$
+
+The defining characteristic of this system is the term governed by the parameter $\gamma$, known as the **Hala Operator**.
+
+**The Issue with the Classic Lorenz Attractor:** In the original Lorenz system ($\gamma = 0$), as sentiment ($y$) and momentum ($x$) grow, the system “stretches and folds” indefinitely for many practical problems. This continuing increase may further lead to even more unpredictable events that lack an intrinsic recovery mechanism.
+
+### 2.3 The Hala Operator: State-Dependent Cubic Dissipation
+
+The primary innovation of the Hala system is the introduction of the *Hala Operator*, $\Phi(S)$, defined as:
+
+$$
+\Phi(x, y, z) = -\gamma(x^2 + y^2)z \tag{3}
+$$
+
+**Functional Logic:** While mathematically a cubic nonlinearity, the operator is functionally driven by the **quadratic influence** of the $xy$-plane. By defining the effective damping of the Register as a function of the squared Euclidean norm $\|\mathbf{r}_{xy}\|^2 = x^2 + y^2$, the system ensures that the feedback strength scales with the kinetic energy of market momentum and sentiment.
+
+**Chaos Compression:** In the high-volatility regime where $(x^2 + y^2) \gg 1$, the cubic nature of the operator dominates the $z$-dynamics:
+
+$$
+\dot{z} \approx -\gamma(x^2 + y^2)z \tag{4}
+$$
+
+This induces a rapid, non-linear contraction of the phase space volume. As the divergence $\nabla \cdot \mathbf{F}$ becomes heavily negative, the chaotic manifold undergoes a **Successive Controlled Collapse (SCC)**, forcing the state vector into a stable, zero-entropy equilibrium point.
+
+### 2.4 The Dissipation Factor ($\delta$)
+
+While $\gamma$ regulates the structural evolution of the chaos, $\delta$ governs its decay. In plasma physics, for example, $\delta$ represents collision frequency or friction. In our financial framework, $\delta$ represents **Perishability**. This is the mathematical representation of the “GROCERY STORE” constraint: the reality that a trade's value dissipates over time due to factors such as inflation, liquidity decay, or opportunity cost.# 3 Mathematical Proof: Stability and Contraction
+
+### 3.1 Jacobian Linearization and Eigenstructure
+
+The local stability of the Hala manifold is governed by the Jacobian matrix $J$. Unlike the Lorenz system, the Hala system introduces a state-dependent diagonal term in the $z$-axis:
+
+$$
+J = \begin{pmatrix} -\sigma & \sigma & 0 \\ \rho - z & -1 & -x \\ y - 2\gamma xz & x - 2\gamma yz & -(\beta + \gamma(x^2 + y^2) + \delta) \end{pmatrix} \quad (5)
+$$
+
+The stability of the system is determined by the eigenvalues $\lambda_i$. As the market "jitters" term $(x^2+y^2)$ increases, the damping factor $\lambda_3$ becomes the dominant negative eigenvalue, forcing a dimension collapse toward the equilibrium.
+
+### 3.2 Global Dissipativity Theorem
+
+**Theorem 1.** The Hala flow $\mathbf{F}$ is globally dissipative, with a volume contraction rate proportional to the quadratic momentum of the state variables.
+
+*Proof.* The divergence of the flow is calculated as the trace of $J$:
+
+$$
+\nabla \cdot \mathbf{F} = -(\sigma + 1 + \beta + \delta) - \gamma(x^2 + y^2) \quad (6)
+$$
+
+Since all parameters are positive, $\nabla \cdot \mathbf{F} < 0$ for all $\mathbf{X} \in \mathbb{R}^3$. The contraction is non-uniform; as $|x, y| \to \infty$, the rate of contraction increases, effectively "trapping" the trajectory in a bounded region of the phase space. $\square$
+
+### 3.3 Successive Controlled Collapse (SCC)
+
+The discretization of the continuous flow into a repeatable constellation $\{P_k\}$ is achieved by modulating $\gamma$. By setting $\gamma = \gamma_{on}$ at time $T_{free}$, the real parts of the unstable eigenvalues are forced to Re($\lambda$) < 0. This transition is topologically equivalent to a supercritical Hopf bifurcation in reverse, collapsing the chaotic attractor into a stable point in the Register ($z$).
+
+### 3.4 Explicit Calculation of the Surprise Basin Boundary
+
+To define the operational limits of the Hala Engine, we calculate the critical radius $R_{crit}$ in the $xy$-plane where the Hala Operator neutralizes the Rayleigh-driven divergence. Defining $R^2 = x^2 + y^2$ and utilizing the inequality $xy \le \frac{1}{2}R^2$, the stability condition for the Register ($\dot{z} \le 0$) is derived from:
+
+$$
+\frac{1}{2}R^2 - (\beta + \delta)z - \gamma R^2 z = 0 \quad (7)
+$$
+
+Solving for $R$ yields the **Hala Boundary Equation**:
+
+$$
+R_{crit} = \sqrt{\frac{2(\beta + \delta)z}{1 - 2\gamma z}} \quad (8)
+$$
+
+This radius defines the "Safe Search Basin." An exit from this manifold ($R > R_{crit}$) constitutes a **Topological Surprise**. The engine pre-empts this by dynamically increasing $\gamma$ via the Fuzzy Inference System, thereby shrinking $R_{crit}$ and forcing an SCC event.
+
+### 3.5 Derivation of Successive Timing Window ($T_{free}$)
+
+The "Search" duration $T_{free}$ is defined as the time interval required for the radial displacement $R(t)$ to evolve from an initial state $R_0$ to the boundary $R_{crit}$. Utilizing the unstable eigenvalue $\lambda_u$ of the linearized $xy$-subsystem:
+
+$$
+\lambda_u = \frac{-(\sigma + 1) + \sqrt{(\sigma + 1)^2 + 4\sigma(\rho - 1)}}{2} \qquad (9)
+$$
+
+The temporal evolution follows $R(t) = R_0e^{\lambda_u t}$. Setting $R(T_{free}) = R_{crit}$, we derive the timing equation:
+
+$$
+T_{free} = \frac{1}{\lambda_u} \ln \left( \frac{1}{R_0} \sqrt{\frac{2(\beta + \delta)z}{1 - 2\gamma z}} \right) \qquad (10)
+$$
+
+This derivation proves that for high-volatility regimes ($\rho \gg 1$), $T_{free}$ is on the order of milliseconds, necessitating the high-frequency 100 Hz sampling and ZK-execution protocol described in Section 5.
+
+### 3.6 Thermodynamic Uncertainty and Entropy Reduction
+
+The "Register" $z$ is modeled as a stochastic observable with an associated Shannon Entropy $H(z) = - \int P(z) \ln P(z) dz$. The evolution of entropy in the dissipative Hala flow is governed by the average divergence $\dot{H} = \langle \nabla \cdot \mathbf{F} \rangle$. Utilizing the previously derived divergence:
+
+$$
+\dot{H} = -(\sigma + 1 + \beta + \delta) - \gamma \langle R^2 \rangle \qquad (11)
+$$
+
+During the Successive Controlled Collapse (SCC), the engagement of the Hala Operator $\gamma$ induces a state-dependent entropy extraction rate $\Delta \dot{H} = -\gamma R^2$. The total entropy reduction $\Delta H$ over the collapse interval $T_{collapse}$ ensures that the probability distribution of the Register $P(z)$ converges toward a Dirac delta function $\delta(z - P^*)$. This proves that the SCC protocol mathematically eliminates the thermodynamic uncertainty (risk) associated with the accumulated wealth at each discrete trade event.
+
+Table 1: Optimized Hala System Constants
+
+| Constant | Name | Value/Range | Functional Role |
|---|
| σ | Prandtl Number | 10.0 | Momentum/Sentiment Ratio | | ρ | Rayleigh Number | 28.0 | Chaotic Wing Expansion | | β | Geometric Factor | 8/3 ≈ 2.66 | Structural Damping | | γon | Hala Feedback | 0.14 – 0.50 | SCC / Entropy Compression | | δ | Perishability | 0.05 | Shelf-Life / Dissipation | | h | Step Size | 0.01 s | RK4 Sampling Period |
+
+The operational efficiency is maintained by adhering to the Stability Identity:
+
+$$
+\gamma_{on} > \frac{1}{R_{crit}^2} \left( \frac{\sigma(\rho - 1)}{\beta + \delta} \right) \qquad (12)
+$$
+
+Adherence to this inequality ensures that the system remains in a state of "Controlled Chaos," allowing for autonomous wealth accumulation with mathematically guaranteed exit windows.
+
+## 4 Cognitive and Robustness Layers
+
+### 4.1 Fuzzy Derivation of the Feedback Parameter ($\gamma$)
+
+We define the feedback regulator $\gamma$ as a dynamically adjusted parameter: $\gamma = \Gamma(x, y, z, \text{ext})$, where "ext" represents exogenous market inputs. To calculate this value rigorously in a non-stationary environment, we utilize a Mamdani-style Fuzzy Inference System (Mamdani, E. H., 1975). This allows the engine to translate qualitative market states into the quantitative damping required for the Hala Operator.
+
+### 4.2 Input Fuzzification (The Antecedents)
+
+We define three primary fuzzy input variables, or Linguistic Variables, to characterize the state of the manifold:
+
+* **Chaoticity ($\chi$):** Quantified by the local maximal Lyapunov Exponent $\lambda_{max}$. Term Sets: {Low, Medium, High}
+* **Perishability ($\Pi$):** Quantified by the liquidity decay constant $\delta$ and the temporal proximity to asset expiration. Term Sets: {Fresh, Aging, Expired}
+* **Sentiment Tension ($\Sigma$):** Measured by the Euclidean divergence between Momentum ($x$) and Sentiment ($y$). Term Sets: {Aligned, Divergent, Critical}
+
+The membership functions $\mu(\chi), \mu(\Pi), \mu(\Sigma)$ map these crisp numerical inputs into a truth value in the interval [0, 1].
+
+### 4.3 The Fuzzy Rule Base (The Logic)
+
+The operational axioms of the Hala Engine are encoded into a set of IF-THEN linguistic rules. These rules determine the active intensity of the Hala Operator's feedback mechanism:
+
+* **Rule 1 (The Lock-in):** IF Chaoticity is *Violent* AND Sentiment is *Aligned*, THEN $\gamma$ is *High*. (Objective: Capture momentum while maintaining orbital proximity to the center).
+* **Rule 2 (The Knock-out):** IF Perishability is *Expired* OR Sentiment is *Critical*, THEN $\gamma$ is *Extreme*. (Objective: Force an immediate Successive Controlled Collapse to exit the position).
+* **Rule 3 (The Growth):** IF Chaoticity is *Low* AND Perishability is *Fresh*, THEN $\gamma$ is *Zero*. (Objective: Allow free, un-damped Lorenz-like evolution for maximum capital appreciation).
+
+### 4.4 Fuzzy Aggregation and the Implication Operator
+
+To determine the final topology of the control surface, we utilize the min-max inference method. For a given rule $i$, the firing strength is determined by the intersection of the antecedents:
+
+$$
+\mu_{\text{rule\_i}}(\gamma) = \min[\mu_{\chi}(\chi_{\text{input}}), \mu_{\Pi}(\Pi_{\text{input}}), \mu_{\Sigma}(\Sigma_{\text{input}})] \quad (13)
+$$The aggregated fuzzy output set for $\gamma$ is the union of all triggered rules, calculated via the t-conorm operator:
+
+$$
+\mu_{agg}(\gamma) = \max_{i}[\mu_{rule\_i}(\gamma)] \qquad (14)
+$$
+
+### 4.5 Defuzzification (The Crisp Output)
+
+To integrate the fuzzy decision into the continuous Hala differential equations, we convert the aggregated fuzzy set into a singular crisp value $\gamma_{crisp}$ using the Centroid Method (Center of Gravity):
+
+$$
+\gamma_{crisp} = \frac{\int \gamma \cdot \mu_{agg}(\gamma) d\gamma}{\int \mu_{agg}(\gamma) d\gamma} \qquad (15)
+$$
+
+This $\gamma_{crisp}$ is then dynamically injected into the third state equation of the system:
+
+$$
+\dot{z} = xy - \beta z - \gamma_{crisp}(x^2 + y^2)z - \delta z \qquad (16)
+$$
+
+### 4.6 Fuzzy Parameterization
+
+The value of $\gamma$ is determined by a Mamdani Fuzzy Inference System (FIS).
+
+**Axiom 1.** (*The Trade-Investment Duality*). A position is a "Trade" if $\gamma \approx 0$ and an "Investment" if $\gamma > 0$ with $\dot{z} > 0$. The system enforces the rule: *Do not turn a bad trade into an investment by forcing $\gamma \to \gamma_{max}$ when the Surprise Flag $\Omega$ is imminent*.
+
+### 4.7 Taguchi Robustness Analysis: Off-Line Optimization
+
+In an industrial setting, a machine is tested against vibration and heat. In our portfolio framework, the “machine” is the **Self-Encrypting Operator**, and the “heat” is the volatility of **Surprise Basins**. We use the off-market hours to perform a sensitivity analysis.
+
+#### 4.7.1 The Signal-to-Noise (S/N) Ratio
+
+The core of Taguchi's method is the S/N Ratio, which measures the ratio of the “Target” (Profit/Value) to the “Noise” (Surprise/Chaos). We define the Quality Characteristic for the portfolio as “Minimum Deviation from the Stability Fixed Point” ($P^*$).
+
+We utilize the “Smaller-the-Better” S/N ratio for the risk of Surprise Basins:
+
+$$
+\eta = -10 \log_{10} \left( \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} y_i^2 \right) \qquad (17)
+$$
+
+Where:
+
+* $y_i$: The distance of the discretized trajectory from a detected “Surprise Basin” during simulation.
+* $n$: The number of simulated market “shocks” (Monte Carlo paths) run off-line.
+
+#### 4.7.2 Orthogonal Arrays and Control Factors
+
+Instead of testing every possible combination of settings, we use **Orthogonal Arrays** ($L_9$ or $L_{27}$). We test three “Control Factors” (C) against “Noise Factors” (N):
+
+* **Control Factors (C):** Feedback Intensity ($\gamma$), Dissipation Rate ($\delta$), and Sampling Frequency ($f$).
+* **Noise Factors (N):** Geopolitical news, liquidity gaps, and human mood volatility.
+
+#### 4.7.3 Mapping the “Surprise Basins”
+
+During off-market hours, the system iterates through the *Hala Discrete Constellation Mode*. It searches for “Hidden Attractors”—orbits that do not have a fixed-point equilibrium. If the simulation shows that the trajectory “leaks” into a hidden basin, the Taguchi Loss Function ($L$) increases, triggering a recalibration of the **Fuzzy Membership Functions**.
+
+#### 4.7.4 The Taguchi Loss Function ($L$)
+
+The financial cost of failing to detect a surprise is modeled as:
+
+$$
+L(y) = k(y - m)^2 \quad (18)
+$$
+
+Where $k$ is the “Cost of a Write-off” and $m$ is the target trajectory.
+
+#### 4.7.5 Integrating Off-Line with On-Line
+
+This analysis bridges the gap between grocery store “perishability” and market “volatility”:
+
+* **Offline:** The Taguchi DoE finds the Robust Optimal Set $\{\gamma^*, \delta^*, f^*\}$.
+* **Online:** These settings are loaded into the Hala Operator before the first bell.
+
+## 5 The Self-Encrypting Operator and ZK-Verification
+
+This layer ensures that the “intent” of the trade remains mathematically obscured until the **Successive Controlled Collapse (SCC)** is finalized. It acts as the epistemological barrier between the strategy and the adversarial market.
+
+### 5.1 The Self-Encrypting Operator (SEO)
+
+The SEO is a function $\Psi$ that transforms the raw Hala state variables $[x, y, z]$ into a high-dimensional encrypted space before the “Either/Or” logic is applied.
+
+* **Obfuscation:** The operator uses a *Homomorphic Encryption* scheme. This allows the fuzzy-Hala math and the Discretization map to be calculated directly on encrypted data.
+* **The “Blind” Inference:** The SEO does not “know” if it is in a Profit or Loss state during the calculation. It only “knows” its topological distance from a Surprise Basin.
+
+* **Delayed Revelation:** The crisp decision (e.g., "Close Position") is only decrypted at the instant the $\gamma_{on}$ feedback triggers the collapse. This prevents "Human Mood" or external "Counter-Attacks" from sensing the move before it happens.
+
+### 5.2 Zero-Knowledge (ZK) Proof of Integrity
+
+To ensure the integrity of the portfolio, we apply zk-SNARKs (Zero-Knowledge Succinct Non-Interactive Argument of Knowledge).
+
+**The Statement:** "I have executed a 'Knock-out' based strictly on the Hala-Taguchi robust parameters, without revealing the underlying price coordinates or the specific $\gamma$ value."
+
+**The Proof ($\pi$):** A compact string of data that verifies the mathematical fidelity of the execution.
+
+**The Benefit:** It proves that the "Write-off" was a result of the Topological Flag (Geometry) and not a random panic or manipulation, providing a trustless audit trail for the Register.
+
+### 5.3 The Execution Protocol (The Master Cycle)
+
+The final synthesis of the Hala-Taguchi-ZK framework follows this repeatable loop:
+
+1. **Initialize:** Load the Taguchi-optimized parameters {$\gamma^*, \delta^*$} into the SEO.
+2. **Monitor (Mode 1):** The Hala system evolves. The SEO calculates the Fuzzy Lock-in strength in the encrypted domain.
+3. **Flagging:** The Time-Embedded Flag monitors for "Surprise Basins." If a basin is detected, a ZK-proof is generated to validate the risk level.
+4. **Collapse (Mode 2):** The SEO triggers $\gamma_{on}$. The continuous chaos collapses into a discrete Register Entry ($P_k$).
+5. **Verify:** The ZK-proof is published, confirming the trade followed the "Either/Or" logic of the axioms without ever exposing the "Secret Shape" of the attractor.
+
+## 6 Conclusion
+
+The formulation of the Hala-Taguchi-ZK Engine represents a fundamental shift from reactive, statistical portfolio management to proactive, **topological engineering**. By treating market volatility not as an external noise factor but as a kinetic resource within a dissipative chaotic system, this research provides a rigorous prescriptive architecture for a *Global Register* of value.
+
+### 6.1 The Knowledge Flow: A Synthesis of Chaos and Order
+
+The trajectory of this work establishes a clear knowledge flow:
+
+* **The Dynamical Core:** Identifying the *Hala Operator* as the primary stabilizing feedback mechanism that “tames” the unbounded Lorenz-like stretches of momentum and sentiment.
+* **The Robustness Layer:** Implementing *Taguchi Methods* to ensure that the system’s “Goldilocks Zone” is resilient against the stochastic shocks of overnight volatility.
+* **The Execution Layer:** Utilizing *Zero-Knowledge SNARKs* and high-frequency *RK4 Discretization* to perform a **Successive Controlled Collapse (SCC)**—proving that wealth can be extracted and “Registered” with mathematical certainty and cryptographic privacy.
+
+### 6.2 Future Outlook: The Age of Topological Commerce
+
+As we look toward the future, the integration of non-linear dynamics with decentralized registers suggests a move toward **Autonomous Efficient Commerce**. In this paradigm, the “Madness of People” is no longer a systemic threat but a predictable variable that can be filtered through the Hala Sink. The future of this engine lies in its transition from a specialized financial tool to a universal “Control Valve” for any high-velocity economic exchange where the “Surprise Basin” risk is high.
+
+### 6.3 Brief Potential Applications
+
+The versatility of the Hala-Taguchi-ZK framework allows for immediate application in several high-impact domains:
+
+* **Automated Liquidity Provision:** Managing the “Shelf-Life” ($\delta$) of liquidity in decentralized exchanges to prevent impermanent loss through geometric avoidance.
+* **Perishable Supply Chain Logistics:** Real-time optimization of inventory flow for luxury goods or high-frequency retail, where market sentiment and physical decay must be balanced via the *Fuzzy Rule Base*.
+* **High-Frequency Energy Trading:** Regulating the “Tension” between energy demand ($y$) and supply momentum ($x$) in smart grids to ensure stability and “Register” profit during peak volatility.
+
+**Sovereign Wealth Management:** Providing a “Global Register” for national reserves that is immune to speculative front-running through the use of the **Self-Encrypting Operator (SEO)**.
+
+In summary, this engine establishes a new standard for autonomous efficiency. It confirms that the most sustainable path to wealth accumulation is not found in the prediction of prices, but in the **engineering of the manifold**—ensuring that every chaotic search eventually culminates in a deterministic chime of the Register.
+
+## Selected References
+
+1. Hala, A. M. (2025). *The Hala Attractor: A Self-Regulating Chaotic System*. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.34745.02407.
+2. Hala, A. M. (2025). *The Modified Hala Attractor: Bridging the Gap Between Hamiltonian and Dissipative Chaos*. DOI: 10.20944/preprints202508.1192/v1.
+3. Hala, A. M. (2026). *The Hala Attractor Chaos Control System: Universality Operating Review*. ResearchGate.
+4. Mamdani, E. H., & Assilian, S. (1975). *An experiment in linguistic synthesis with a fuzzy logic controller*. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies, 7(1), 1-13. DOI: 10.1016/S0020-7373(75)80002-2.
+5. Lorenz, E. N. (1963). *Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow*. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 20(2), 130-141.
+6. Taguchi, G. (1986). *Introduction to Quality Engineering*. Asian Productivity Organization.
+7. Ben-Sasson, E., et al. (2014). *Succinct Non-Interactive Zero Knowledge for a von Neumann Architecture*. USENIX Security Symposium.
+8. Strogatz, S. H. (2018). *Nonlinear Dynamics and Chaos: With Applications to Physics, Biology, Chemistry, and Engineering*. CRC Press.
+9. Shannon, C. E. (1948). *A Mathematical Theory of Communication*. Bell System Technical Journal.
+
+## Appendix A: The Taguchi Robustness Matrix (L₉)
+
+The following L₉(3⁴) orthogonal array represents the off-market stress-testing framework. Each run is subjected to stochastic noise ξ representing overnight volatility shocks.
+
+Table 2: Taguchi L₉ Orthogonal Array for Hala Parameter Optimization
+
+| Run | γ (Feedback) | δ (Perishability) | f (Freq) | S/N Ratio (η) |
|---|
| 1 | 0.001 (Level 1) | 0.01 (Level 1) | 1 Hz (Level 1) | η1 | | 2 | 0.001 (Level 1) | 0.05 (Level 2) | 10 Hz (Level 2) | η2 | | 3 | 0.001 (Level 1) | 0.20 (Level 3) | 100 Hz (Level 3) | η3 | | 4 | 0.070 (Level 2) | 0.01 (Level 1) | 10 Hz (Level 2) | η4 | | 5 | 0.070 (Level 2) | 0.05 (Level 2) | 100 Hz (Level 3) | η5 | | 6 | 0.070 (Level 2) | 0.20 (Level 3) | 1 Hz (Level 1) | η6 | | 7 | 0.140 (Level 3) | 0.01 (Level 1) | 100 Hz (Level 3) | η7 | | 8 | 0.140 (Level 3) | 0.05 (Level 2) | 1 Hz (Level 1) | η8 | | 9 | 0.140 (Level 3) | 0.20 (Level 3) | 10 Hz (Level 2) | η9 |
+
+Appendix B: The Refined Fuzzy Rule Base
+
+The Mamdani Inference System utilizes the following rule matrix to determine the state-
+dependent feedback intensity. This ensures the system remains in the "Safe Search" zone
+until a Surprise Basin is detected.
+
+Table 3: Hala-Fuzzy Rule Matrix for γ Modulation
+
+| Rule | Chaoticity (χ) | Perishability (Π) | Tension (Σ) | Output (γ) |
|---|
| R1 | Low | Fresh | Aligned | Zero (Growth) | | R2 | Medium | Fresh | Aligned | Low (Search) | | R3 | Violent | Fresh | Aligned | Medium (Lock-in) | | R4 | Any | Aging | Divergent | High (Tighten) | | R5 | Any | Expired | Any | Extreme (Collapse) | | R6 | Violent | Any | Critical | Extreme (Knock-out) |
+
+**Membership Function Definitions:** The membership functions μ for the "Violent" and "Critical" sets are modeled as sigmoidal functions to capture the non-linear "tipping points" of the market manifold:
+
+$$
+\mu_{\text{Violent}}(\chi) = \frac{1}{1 + e^{-a(\chi - c)}} \qquad (19)
+$$
+
+where *a* represents the sensitivity to market "Madness" and *c* is the bifurcation threshold found in Section 3.
+
+## Appendix C: RK4 Discretization and Error Analysis
+
+To maintain the topological integrity of the Register, the discretization error must be kept below the Surprise Threshold. The Global Truncation Error (GTE) after $n$ steps is $O(h^4)$. For a high-frequency 100 Hz implementation ($h = 0.01$):
+
+$$
+GTE \approx \sum_{i=1}^{n} |C|h^5 \approx T \cdot |C|h^4 \quad (20)
+$$
+
+Where $T$ is the total duration of the $T_{free}$ search phase.
+
+**Surprise Leakage Verification:** "Surprise Leakage" occurs if the sampling interval $h$ exceeds the divergence time of the unstable manifold. We define the Leakage Coefficient $L$:
+
+$$
+L = e^{\lambda_u h} - 1 \quad (21)
+$$
+
+For $h = 0.01$ and $\lambda_u \approx 11.8$, $L \approx 0.125$ (12.5%), which is within the manageable range for the Fuzzy Governor's corrective damping. Increasing $h$ to 0.1 (10 Hz) results in $L \approx 2.25$ (225%), leading to guaranteed Surprise Leakage and system failure.
+
+Table 4: Sampling Frequency vs. Leakage Probability
+
+| Frequency ($f_s$) | Step Size ($h$) | LTE ($h^5$) | Leakage Risk |
|---|
| 1 Hz | 1.0 s | 1.0 | Critical (100%) | | 10 Hz | 0.1 s | 10-5 | High (Surprise Risk) | | 100 Hz | 0.01 s | 10-10 | Optimal (Safe) | | 1000 Hz | 0.001 s | 10-15 | Diminishing Returns |
+
+## Appendix D: ZK-Arithmetization and R1CS Constraints
+
+The cryptographic integrity of the Global Register is maintained by converting the Hala differential equations into a Rank-1 Constraint System (R1CS). This allows the operator to provide a proof $\pi$ that the Successive Controlled Collapse (SCC) was executed according to the deterministic laws of the manifold.
+
+**Constraint Complexity per Step:** For each RK4 iteration, the following non-linear constraints are mandatory:
+
+* **Momentum/Sentiment Coupling:** $xz$ and $xy$ terms (8 constraints per step).
+* **The Hala Operator:** $(x^2 + y^2)z$ requires 3 multiplication gates per $k_i$ stage (12 constraints per step).
+* **Total R1CS Density:** Approximately 45–60 constraints per discrete time step $h$.
+
+**Fixed-Point Scaling:** Since ZK-SNARKs operate over large prime fields $\mathbb{F}_p$, the floating-point values $(x, y, z)$ are mapped to integers via a scaling factor $10^Q$:
+
+$$
+\bar{x} = \lfloor x \cdot 10^Q \rfloor \pmod{p} \quad (22)
+$$
+
+The circuit verifies the identity $(\bar{\mathbf{a}} \cdot \mathbf{w}) \times (\bar{\mathbf{b}} \cdot \mathbf{w}) - (\bar{\mathbf{c}} \cdot \mathbf{w}) = 0$.
+
+Table 5: ZK-SNARK Resource Requirements for 100 Hz Hala Engine
+
+| Metric | Value | Hardware Allocation | | Constraint Count (N) | ≈ 6,000 per s | GPU (MSM Acceleration) | | Proof Generation Time | < 10 ms | NVIDIA H100 / ASIC | | Proof Size | ≈ 200 bytes | Network (Global Register) | | Verification Time | < 1 ms | Lightweight Client / Node |
+
+## Appendix E: Hardware and Computational Infrastructure
+
+The implementation of the Hala-Taguchi-ZK Engine requires a specialized computational environment to handle the high-dimensional nonlinear feedback and cryptographic constraints in real-time.
+
+### E.1 Component Specifications
+
+The following hardware stack is recommended for industrial-scale deployment of the Global Register:
+
+Table 6: Hardware Infrastructure Requirements
+
+| Subsystem | Component | Functional Role | | Prover Node | NVIDIA H100 (80GB) | MSM and NTT ZK-acceleration | | Sensing Node | Xilinx Alveo U250 FPGA | 100 Hz Fuzzy Logic Governor | | Memory | 128GB DDR5-6400 | Witness and State Vector Buffering | | Interface | 100GbE RoCE v2 | Low-latency Market Data Intake | | Storage | NVMe Gen5 SSD | Off-Market Taguchi DoE Training |
+
+### E.2 The Self-Encrypting Operator (SEO) Workflow
+
+The SEO operates as a trusted execution environment. The **FPGA** handles the high-frequency sensing of the $R_{crit}$ boundary, while the **GPU** performs the heavy lifting of the ZK-SNARK arithmetization.
+
+**Latency Profile:**
+
+* **RK4 Numerical Integration:** ≈ 0.5 ms (SIMD optimized)
+* **Fuzzy Inference Engine:** ≈ 0.2 ms (Hard-coded logic gates)
+* **ZK-SNARK Proving (Groth16):** ≈ 7.5 ms (MSM-accelerated)
+* **Total System Latency:** ≈ 8.2 ms
+
+This profile leaves a safety buffer of 1.8 ms before the 100 Hz sampling threshold is reached, ensuring no “Surprise Leakage” occurs during high-volatility events.
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+
+Applied Soft Computing 29 (2015) 40–51
+
+
+
+
+ELSEVIER
+
+Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
+Applied Soft Computing
+journal h om epage: www.elsevier.com/locate/asoc
+
+
+
+# A modeling approach to financial time series based on market microstructure model with jumps
+
+
+
+CrossMark
+
+Hui Penga,f,*, Genshiro Kitagawab, Yoshiyasu Tamurac, Yanhui Xid,f, Yemei Qina,f, Xiaohong Chene,f
+
+a School of Information Science & Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
+b Research Organization of Information and Systems, 4-3-13 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-0001, Japan
+c The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, 10-3 Midori-cho, Tachikawa, Tokyo 190-8562, Japan
+d Hunan Province Higher Education Key Laboratory of Power System Safety Operation and Control, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
+e School of Business, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
+f Collaborative Innovation Center of Resource-Conserving & Environment-Friendly Society and Ecological Civilization, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China
+
+## ARTICLE INFO
+
+**Article history:**
+
+Received 18 July 2013
+Received in revised form 8 June 2014
+Accepted 20 October 2014
+Available online 29 December 2014
+
+**Keywords:**
+
+Financial time series
+Microstructure modeling
+Jump-diffusion model
+Jump detection
+Extended Kalman filter
+Maximum likelihood estimation
+
+## ABSTRACT
+
+A continuous-time generalized market microstructure (GMMS) model and its discretized model are proposed for characterizing a class of financial time series. The GMMS model is a kind of jump-diffusion model that may describe the dynamic behaviors of measurable market price, immeasurable market excess demand and market liquidity, as well as the interaction among the three variates in a market. The model includes a jump component that is used to capture the large abnormal variations of financial assets, which may occur when a market is affected by some special events happened suddenly, such as release of important financial information. On the basis of the discrete-time GMMS model, an online recursive jump detection algorithm is proposed, which is developed in accordance with the Markov property of financial time series and the Bayes theorem. Simulations and case studies demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the model and its estimation approach presented in this paper.
+
+© 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
+
+### 1. Introduction
+
+Financial markets generally display strong randomness, nonlinearity, jumps, and in particular, stochastic volatility. One usually uses Markov diffusion processes (mainly Wiener processes and/or Poisson processes) as stochastic engines to construct mathematical models for characterizing financial markets. Many mathematical models have been proposed to describe the dynamics of financial markets, including nonlinear diffusion model, jump diffusion model, stochastic volatility model, the general evolutionary model combining the features of all the above models (see e.g. [8]), and the neural network models (see e.g. [24–26]).
+
+In discrete time modeling, the ARCH (autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity) based stochastic volatility models [2,4,9] were wildly adopted in econometrics, financial economics and
+
+* Corresponding author at: School of Information Science & Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, China. Tel.: +86 731 88830642; fax: +86 731 88830642.
+
+E-mail address: huipeng@mail.csu.edu.cn (H. Peng).
+
+microeconomics, mainly because the conditional likelihood function for ARCH-style models is easily calculated. However, most of the proposed models focus on modeling the dynamics of asset price itself and especially its conditional variance. Differing from the general diffusion model, a phenomenological model based on the relationship between price, demand and supply of a market was proposed, which was called the microstructure model [3]. Some improvements of the microstructure models and their estimation approaches, as well as applications were also presented in [6,11,12]. However, the previous works did not incorporate potential discontinuities or jumps in the price process. It is very important to detect the jump components in financial market by using mathematical models and systematic estimation methods, both for theoretical research and for practical financial engineering.
+
+Financial markets sometimes generate significant discontinuities, so-called jumps, in financial variables [7]. A number of recent empirical and theoretical studies proved the existence of jumps and their substantial impact on financial management, from portfolio and risk management to option and bond pricing and hedging (see e.g. [7,13]). Piazzesi [17] shows that incorporating jumps related to market information improves bond pricing models. Once detected,one can examine what type of information is dynamically related to jumps to improve pricing models and better explain market phenomena. Lee and Mykland [13] showed that individual stock jumps are associated with prescheduled earnings announcements and other company-specific news events. Additionally, S&P 500 Index jumps are associated with general market news announcements. Barndorff-Nielsen and Shephard [16] illustrated that most of the jumps are associated with governmental macroeconomic announcements in their exchange rate data case studies. Vlaar and Palm [15] also explained that jumps in the (Exchange Rate Mechanism) ERM exchange rates occur in abnormal circumstances such as parity adjustments but also, for instance, as a result of expected policy changes after an election, speculative attacks, or changes in interest rates. Both the demand/liquidity specification in [6,11,12] or the GARCH specification [15] and the jump process can explain the leptokurtic behavior of financial time series. Since the statistical and economic motivations for demand/liquidity or GARCH effects and jumps are quite different, we choose a model specification that accounts for the two simultaneously in this paper. After a jump has taken place (for instance a parity adjustment), the volatility will be high, but gradually it will return to normal values when a new equilibrium is reached. This behavior can be represented by the demand/liquidity or the GARCH term if the jump can be represented by a jump model and can be correctly detected by an algorithm.
+
+This paper extends the framework of the microstructure model [6,11,12] to build a generalized market microstructure (GMMS) model, which incorporates jump component for capturing low-frequency abnormal vibrations in price process. Because, as mentioned above, this kind of jump often occur when market is affected by some contingent events, such as release of important financial information, regional or global financial crisis, and even serious terrorist attack to a major industrial country with strong economic power in the world.
+
+Various jump-diffusion models with stochastic volatility are widely used to represent the discontinuous price vibration of financial assets. Some jump-diffusion models and their estimation approaches to daily and weekly data typically find high-frequency and small-amplitude jump components, and it is hard to identify low-frequency jumps on the short data intervals typically employed [1]. The non-parametric jump detection methods (see e.g. [13,16,18,19]) are useful tools for empirical study to financial jump-diffusion process, but some issues remain, such as how to check whether the jump tests can uncover possible serial correlation in jumps. Vlaar and Palm [15] used an MA(1)-GARCH(1, 1)-jump model to represent the time series properties of weekly exchange rates, and the model was estimated by maximum likelihood method. The paper [15] verified the effectiveness of the model, and the jump intensity and normally distributed jump size were estimated, but the jump occurrence positions were not reported. Eraker et al. [7] proposed the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation methods to analyze the stochastic volatility models with jumps in returns and/or in volatility, which can be used to detect jumps on lower frequency financial time series, but the methods are different to the one presented in this paper that provides an on-line recursive type jump detection method. Ait-Sahalia [20] proposed a nonparametric test for jumps to tell whether the underlying asset process is a one factor-diffusion processes or not. Using high-frequency data, Carr and Wu [21] exploit the differential behavior of short dated options to test for the presence of jumps, which does not examine the sample paths of the underlying asset process. Jiang and Oomen [22] developed a jump detection test over a fixed time interval based on the Ito's lemma for the semi-martingale process of asset prices. Ait-Sahalia and Jacod [23] gives another nonparametric jump test approach designed for high-frequency financial data, among others.
+
+This manuscript describes an online recursive algorithm for detecting whether expected asset returns have jumps in a certain characteristic in a given time period, based on discrete-time generalized market microstructure (GMMS) model. The authors use this kind of parametric jump-diffusion model to describe the dynamic behaviors of measurable market price, immeasurable market excess demand and market liquidity, as well as the interaction among the three variates in a market.
+
+So far, many research works that have been done in testing for jumps as cited above are based on the analysis to market price itself and its conditional variance alone. This paper proposes a new jump detection approach, which is on the basis of a new type microstructure model that synthetically describes the dynamic behaviors of measurable market price, immeasurable market excess demand and market liquidity, as well as the interaction among the three variates in a market. The procedure proposed in this paper may be used to detect low-frequency jumps on the short data intervals because of using an on-line step-by-step recursive jump detection rule, and we use the powerful parametric jump-diffusion type GMMS model to describe data behavior for jump detection not relying on 'averaged measure' from a set of past date. The jump detection process in our paper is an on-line implementing process and the computational burden is also very light.
+
+This paper first builds a generalized market microstructure (GMMS) model to characterize a class of financial time series, and then derives a discrete local-Gaussian and local-linearization model from the continuous GMMS model, finally proposes a jump detection algorithm and parameters estimation approach to the model. Simulation studies and two real financial time series modeling case studies are also given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the modeling and estimation methods presented in this paper.
+
+## 2. Generalized market microstructure model
+
+The microstructure model based on market microstructure theory [3,10] is as follows [6,11,12]:
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+dP_{t} = \phi_{t} \mathrm{e}^{\sigma_{t}} dt + \gamma_{3} \mathrm{e}^{\sigma_{t}/2} dw_{1,t} \\
+d\phi_{t} = \left( \alpha_{1} + \beta_{1} \phi_{t} \right) dt + \gamma_{1} dw_{2,t} \\
+d\sigma_{t} = \left( \alpha_{2} + \beta_{2} \sigma_{t} \right) dt + \gamma_{2} dw_{3,t}
+\end{cases} \tag{1}
+$$
+
+where $P_t$ is the log-asset price, $\phi_t$ is the excess demand, $e^{\sigma_t}$ is the (inverse of) market liquidity, $w_{1,t}$, $w_{2,t}$ and $w_{3,t}$ are continuous, independent Brownian motion processes, and $\alpha_1, \beta_1, \gamma_1, \alpha_2, \beta_2, \gamma_2$ and $\gamma_3$ are constant parameters. In model (1), $\phi_t$ is defined by $\phi_t = \phi_t^+ - \phi_t^-$, where $\phi_t^+$ is the instantaneous demand and $\phi_t^-$ is the instantaneous supply at any given instant of time for the asset. $\phi_t$ characterizes whether the market is over-valued ($\phi_t > 0$, which tends to push the price up) or under-valued ($\phi_t < 0$, which tends to push the price down). Model (1) assumes that price $P_t$ is driven by the excess demand $\phi_t$, and the amplitude of price variations is dependent on the liquidity of the market, i.e. $e^{-\sigma_t}$. Therefore, if the liquidity is higher, then the market may absorb excess demand by means of smaller price changes, whereas when the liquidity is lower, a smaller excess demand may lead to larger price changes.
+
+Model (1) treats the hidden excess demand $\phi_t$ and log-market-liquidity, $\sigma_t$ as immeasurable state variates, which may be estimated by filtering techniques, and expresses the variation of conditional variance of the price, the most prominent characteristic of financial markets, by the change of market liquidity. Considering the market mechanism, such a relation between the liquidity and the conditional variance is natural. Therefore, model (1) offers more useful information about the internal characteristics of a price-varying process than can be gained just by looking at the price data itself or its prediction.
+
+To make model (1) can characterize more general non-Gaussian financial time series, we add a jump component to model (1), and a generalized market microstructure (GMMS) model would be then built as follows:
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+dP_{t} = \phi_{t} \mathrm{e}^{\sigma_{t}} dt + \gamma_{3} \mathrm{e}^{\sigma_{t}/2} dw_{1,t} + \mu_{t} dN_{t} \\
+d\phi_{t} = \left( \alpha_{1} + \beta_{1} \phi_{t} \right) dt + \gamma_{1} dw_{2,t} \\
+d\sigma_{t} = \left( \alpha_{2} + \beta_{2} \sigma_{t} \right) dt + \gamma_{2} dw_{3,t}
+\end{cases} \tag{2}
+$$
+
+where $\mu_t \sim N(0, \eta_\mu^2)$ is a random jump amplitude, and $N_t$ is a discontinuous, one-dimensional, standard Poisson process with jump rate $\lambda$. Here, one assumes that the jump-diffusion parameters $\alpha_1, \beta_1, \gamma_1, \alpha_2, \beta_2, \gamma_2, \gamma_3, \eta_\mu$ and $\lambda$ in (2) are constant. The stochastic processes $w_{1,t}, w_{2,t}, w_{3,t}$, and $N_t$ are Markov and pairwise independent. The jump amplitude process $\mu_t$, given a Poisson jump in time, is also independently distributed.
+
+## 3. Discrete-time generalized market microstructure model
+
+Using Euler's discrete time approximation to model (2) and applying a Bernoulli variable to approximating the Poisson process of jump rate $\lambda$ in a sampling period, the discrete-time generalized market microstructure (DGMMS) model may be then derived as follows:
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+P_{k} = P_{k-1} + \phi_{k-1} \mathrm{e}^{\sigma_{k-1}} + \gamma_{3} \mathrm{e}^{\sigma_{k-1}/2} \xi_{1,k} + \mu_{k-1} \zeta_{\mu,k} \\
+\phi_{k} = \alpha_{1} + (1 + \beta_{1}) \phi_{k-1} + \gamma_{1} \xi_{2,k} \\
+\sigma_{k} = \alpha_{2} + (1 + \beta_{2}) \sigma_{k-1} + \gamma_{2} \xi_{3,k}
+\end{cases} \tag{3}
+$$
+
+where $\tilde{\xi}_{1,k} \sim N(0, 1)$, $\xi_{2,k} \sim N(0, 1)$, $\xi_{3,k} \sim N(0, 1)$, and $\mu_k \sim N(0, \eta_\mu^2)$ are pairwise independent normally distributed white noise processes, $\zeta_{\mu,k}$ is the Bernoulli variable with $E[\zeta_{\mu,k}] = \lambda$. Actually, on the basis of the market microstructure theory (see e.g. [10]), model (3) may be also regarded as a redesigned discrete-time microstructure model (see e.g. [11]) with jumps. This paper mainly considers the estimation problem of model (3). Because $\mu_k \sim N(0, \eta_\mu^2)$ and the sum of two independent normally distributed random variables is also normal, by introducing a normally distributed random variable $\xi_{1,k} \sim N(0, 1)$ which is independent to $\xi_{2,k}$ and $\xi_{3,k}$ in (4) below, from (3) one can obtain the following DGMMS model:
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+P_{k} = P_{k-1} + \phi_{k-1} \mathrm{e}^{\sigma_{k-1}} + \sqrt{\gamma_{3}^{2}\mathrm{e}^{\sigma_{k-1}} + \eta_{\mu}^{2}\zeta_{\mu,k}} \xi_{1,k} \\
+\phi_{k} = \alpha_{1} + (1 + \beta_{1}) \phi_{k-1} + \gamma_{1} \xi_{2,k} \\
+\sigma_{k} = \alpha_{2} + (1 + \beta_{2}) \sigma_{k-1} + \gamma_{2} \xi_{3,k}
+\end{cases} \tag{4}
+$$
+
+To estimate model (4) by the Kalman filtering technique and the maximum likelihood method, we need to build a state space equation model with state-observability. First, from model (4), the state equation of the DGMMS model may be derived as follows:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{X}_k = \mathbf{A}(\mathbf{X}_{k-1}|\theta)\mathbf{X}_{k-1} + \mathbf{B}(\theta) + \Omega_k, \quad \Omega_k \sim N(0, \mathbf{Q}_k) \quad (5)
+$$
+
+By defining
+
+$$
+\boldsymbol{X}_{k} = \left[ \begin{array}{c} P_{k} \ \phi_{k} \ \sigma_{k} \end{array} \right]^{T}
+$$
+
+$$
+\boldsymbol{A}(\boldsymbol{X}_{k-1}|\theta) = \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} 1 & \mathrm{e}^{\sigma_{k-1}} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 + \beta_{1} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 + \beta_{2} \end{array} \right], \quad \boldsymbol{B}(\theta) = \left[ \begin{array}{c} 0 \\ \alpha_{1} \\ \alpha_{2} \end{array} \right]
+$$
+
+$$
+\boldsymbol{Q}_{k} = \left[ \begin{array}{ccc} \gamma_{3}^{2}\mathrm{e}^{\sigma_{k-1}} + \eta_{\mu}^{2}\zeta_{\mu,k} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \gamma_{1}^{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \gamma_{2}^{2} \end{array} \right]
+$$
+
+where $\theta$ in (5) includes all the constant parameters to be estimated in model (4). In state equation (5), only price $P_k$ is observable. Itis easy to check that the state space representation, composed of state equation (5), and the output equation including only $P_k$ as observation variable (so that only the conditional mean is considered) is state-unobservable. We must therefore extract more information on the observations by considering the conditional mean and also the conditional variance simultaneously so that the state-observability condition is satisfied. For this purpose, multiplying both sides of the first equation in model (2) by $dw_{1,t}$, and noting that in the Ito mean square sense and the zero-one jump law below [5]
+
+$$
+(dt)^2 = 0, \quad (dw_{1,t})^2 = dt, \quad dtdw_{1,t} = 0 \\ dtdN_t = 0, \quad dw_{1,t}dN_t = 0, \quad (dN_t)^2 = dN_t
+$$
+
+yields
+
+$$
+dP_t dw_{1,t} = \gamma_3 e^{\sigma_t/2} dt \quad (7)
+$$
+
+Squaring both sides of Eq. (7), one obtains
+
+$$
+(dP_t)^2 = \gamma_3^2 e^{\sigma_t} dt \quad (8)
+$$
+
+Discretizing formula (8), it follows:
+
+$$
+(P_k - P_{k-1})^2 = \gamma_3^2 e^{\sigma_k} \quad (9)
+$$
+
+Then taking logarithms for both sides of formula (9), finally, one obtains
+
+$$
+\log[(P_k - P_{k-1})^2] = \log \gamma_3^2 + \sigma_k \quad (10)
+$$
+
+If $P_k$ and $\log[(P_k - P_{k-1})^2]$ are regarded as two observation variables and relation (10) is applied, a state space representation of DGMMS model (4) satisfying state observability condition could be built as follows:
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+\boldsymbol{X}_{k+1} = \boldsymbol{A}(\boldsymbol{X}_{k}|\theta)\boldsymbol{X}_{k} + \boldsymbol{B}(\theta) + \Omega_{k+1},\ \ \Omega_{k+1} \sim \mathcal{N}(0, \boldsymbol{Q}_{k+1}) \\
+\boldsymbol{Y}_{k} = \boldsymbol{C}\boldsymbol{X}_{k} + \boldsymbol{D}(\theta) + \Gamma_{k},\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \Gamma_{k} \sim \mathcal{N}(0, \boldsymbol{R}_{k})
+\end{cases} \tag{11}
+$$
+
+where $\mathbf{X}_k = [P_k \quad \phi_k \quad \sigma_k]^T$
+
+$$
+Y_k = [P_k \quad \log[(P_k - P_{k-1})^2]]^T
+$$
+
+$$
+\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{X}_k|\theta) = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & e^{\sigma_k} & 0 \\ 0 & 1 + \beta_1 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 + \beta_2 \end{bmatrix}, \quad \mathbf{B}(\theta) = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ \alpha_1 \\ \alpha_2 \end{bmatrix}
+$$
+
+$$
+\boldsymbol{C} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix}, \quad \boldsymbol{D}(\theta) = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ \log \gamma_{3}^{2} + \varepsilon_{3} \end{bmatrix}
+$$
+
+$$
+\boldsymbol{Q}_{k+1} = \begin{bmatrix} \gamma_{3}^{2}\mathrm{e}^{\sigma_{k}} + \eta_{\mu}^{2}\zeta_{\mu,k+1} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \gamma_{1}^{2} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \gamma_{2}^{2} \end{bmatrix}
+$$
+
+$$
+\boldsymbol{R}_{k} = \begin{bmatrix} \varepsilon_{1}^{2} & 0 \\ 0 & \varepsilon_{2}^{2} \end{bmatrix}
+$$
+
+and $\varepsilon_1, \varepsilon_2$, and $\varepsilon_3$ are constants. The state-space implementation (11) is actually a locally Gaussian, locally linearized, and discretized model of continuous GMMS model (2). If the jump at sample instant $k$ is detected, one may use the extended Kalman filter and the maximum likelihood method to estimate the parameters and the initial states of the model.
+
+## 4. Jump detection algorithm
+
+### 4.1. State prediction and filtering
+
+Assuming that the state of model (11) is $\mathbf{X}_k$ at instant $k$, one can express $\mathbf{X}_k$ as a different state according to the value of the Bernoulli variate $\zeta_{\mu,k}$, that is
+
+$$
+\mathbf{X}_k = \begin{cases} \mathbf{X}_k^{(1)} & \text{if } \zeta_{\mu,k} = 0 \\ \mathbf{X}_k^{(2)} & \text{if } \zeta_{\mu,k} = 1 \end{cases} \qquad (12)
+$$
+
+where $\mathbf{X}_k^{(1)}$ denotes the state when jump does not occur, and $\mathbf{X}_k^{(2)}$ denotes the state when jump occurs at instant $k$. If assuming that the state at instant $k$ is $\mathbf{X}_k = \mathbf{X}_k^{(i)}(i = 1, 2)$, then one can apply the extended Kalman filter to recursively obtain the one-step-ahead predicted and filtered states [11], given below:
+
+Prediction: Assuming $\mathbf{X}_k = \mathbf{X}_k^{(i)}(i = 1, 2)$, let $\mathbf{X}_{k|k-1}^{(i)}, \mathbf{S}_k^{(i)}$ denote the conditional mean and conditional covariance of $\mathbf{X}_k$ given $\mathbf{Z}_{k-1} = \{\mathbf{Y}_1, \mathbf{Y}_2, \dots, \mathbf{Y}_{k-1}\}$, that is, $\mathbf{X}_{k|k-1}^{(i)} = E\{\mathbf{X}_k^{(i)}|\mathbf{Z}_{k-1}\}$ and $\mathbf{S}_k^{(i)} = E\{(\mathbf{X}_k^{(i)} - \mathbf{X}_{k|k-1}^{(i)})(\mathbf{X}_k^{(i)} - \mathbf{X}_{k|k-1}^{(i)})^T\}$, then the prediction can be derived as follows:
+
+$$
+\left\{ \begin{aligned} \mathbf{X}_{k|k-1}^{(i)} &= \mathbf{A}(\mathbf{X}_{k-1|k-1}|\theta)\mathbf{X}_{k-1|k-1} + \mathbf{B}(\theta) \\ \mathbf{S}_k^{(i)} &= \mathbf{A}(\mathbf{X}_{k-1|k-1}|\theta)\mathbf{V}_{k-1}\mathbf{A}(\mathbf{X}_{k-1|k-1}|\theta)^T + \mathbf{Q}_k^{(i)} \end{aligned} \right. \qquad (13)
+$$
+
+Filtering: Assuming $\mathbf{X}_k = \mathbf{X}_k^{(i)}(i = 1, 2)$, let $\mathbf{X}_{k|k}^{(i)}, \mathbf{V}_k^{(i)}$ denote the conditional mean and conditional covariance of $\mathbf{X}_k$ given $\mathbf{Z}_k = \{\mathbf{Y}_1, \mathbf{Y}_2, \dots, \mathbf{Y}_k\}$, that is, $\mathbf{X}_{k|k}^{(i)} = E\{\mathbf{X}_k^{(i)}|\mathbf{Z}_k\}, \mathbf{V}_k^{(i)} = E\{(\mathbf{X}_k^{(i)} - \mathbf{X}_{k|k}^{(i)})(\mathbf{X}_k^{(i)} - \mathbf{X}_{k|k}^{(i)})^T\}$, and let $\mathbf{\Gamma}_k^{(i)}, \mathbf{\Psi}_k^{(i)}$ denote the prediction error and its variance $\mathbf{\Psi}_k^{(i)} = E\{\mathbf{\Gamma}_k^{(i)}(\mathbf{\Gamma}_k^{(i)})^T\}$, then the filtered state and the innovation can be given as
+
+$$
+\left\{ \begin{aligned} \mathbf{X}_{k|k}^{(i)} &= \mathbf{X}_{k|k-1}^{(i)} + \mathbf{K}_k^{(i)} \mathbf{\Gamma}_k^{(i)} \\ \mathbf{V}_k^{(i)} &= [\mathbf{I} - \mathbf{K}_k^{(i)} \mathbf{C}] \mathbf{S}_k^{(i)} \\ \mathbf{\Gamma}_k^{(i)} &= \mathbf{Y}_k - \mathbf{C} \mathbf{X}_{k|k-1}^{(i)} - \mathbf{D}(\theta) \\ \mathbf{\Psi}_k^{(i)} &= \mathbf{C} \mathbf{S}_k^{(i)} \mathbf{C}^T + \mathbf{R}_k \\ \mathbf{K}_k^{(i)} &= \mathbf{S}_k^{(i)} \mathbf{C}^T (\mathbf{\Psi}_k^{(i)})^{-1} \end{aligned} \right. \qquad (14)
+$$
+
+Using recursive algorithm (13) and (14) for the model states $\{\mathbf{X}_k^{(1)}, \mathbf{X}_k^{(2)}\}$ respectively, one can easily calculate the likelihood of each model at sample instant $k$ from the prediction error $\mathbf{\Gamma}_k^{(i)}$ and its variance $\mathbf{\Psi}_k^{(i)}$.
+
+### 4.2. Jump detection
+
+The state series of model (11) is denoted by
+
+$$
+\mathbf{X} = \{\mathbf{X}_1, \mathbf{X}_2, \dots, \mathbf{X}_N\} \qquad (15)
+$$
+
+where $N$ is the number of observation data points. The jump detection may be considered as an optimum estimation problem of the state series $\mathbf{X}$ given all the observation $\mathbf{Z}_N = \{\mathbf{Y}_1, \mathbf{Y}_2, \dots, \mathbf{Y}_N\}$, and thus the optimal state may be obtained by
+
+$$
+\mathbf{X}^* = \arg \max_{\mathbf{X}} p(\mathbf{X}|\mathbf{Z}_N) \qquad (16)
+$$
+
+where $p(\mathbf{X}|\mathbf{Z}_N)$ is the probability density function (p.d.f.) of a state series $\mathbf{X}$ given $\mathbf{Z}_N$. Using the algorithm composed of formulas (13), (14), and (16) to search for optimal states, i.e. to detect jumps can obtain a global optimum state series. However, the computational burden will be enormous, because $\zeta_{\mu,k}$ in model (11) could be 0 or 1 at each sample instant, and then there will be $2^N$ likelihood functions to be considered for the states optimization. This is not, in general, practicable in real application.
+
+We now consider more effective approach to detect the low-frequency and large-amplitude jump components from a given financial time series. In accordance with the Markov property of financial time series, that is, the effect of the past state $\mathbf{X}_k$ to the observation $\mathbf{Y}_t(t > k)$ will exponentially attenuate as time increases. Therefore, it is reasonable to ignore the influence of state $\mathbf{X}_k$ to observation $\mathbf{Y}_t(t > k+1)$. We may then obtain the following jump detection approach
+
+$$
+\mathbf{X}_k^* = \arg \max_{\mathbf{X}_k} p(\mathbf{X}_k|\mathbf{Z}_{k+1}), \quad k = 1, 2, \dots, N-1 \qquad (17)
+$$
+
+where $p(\mathbf{X}_k|\mathbf{Z}_{k+1})$ is the p.d.f. of $\mathbf{X}_k$ given $\mathbf{Z}_{k+1} = \{\mathbf{Y}_1, \mathbf{Y}_2, \dots, \mathbf{Y}_{k+1}\}$. Detection rule (17) is not globally optimal, but it can largely decrease computational load, and another attractive merit is that it is an on-line implementation approach. Corresponding to definition (12), one can define a random regime variable, $S_k$ as follows:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{S}_k = \begin{cases} 0 & \text{if } \mathbf{X}_k = \mathbf{X}_k^{(1)} \quad \text{or} \quad \zeta_{\mu,k} = 0 \\ 1 & \text{if } \mathbf{X}_k = \mathbf{X}_k^{(2)} \quad \text{or} \quad \zeta_{\mu,k} = 1 \end{cases} \qquad (18)
+$$
+
+and based on (17), the jump detection rule can be then further proposed as follows:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{X}_k^* = \begin{cases} \mathbf{X}_k^{(1)} & \text{if } \Pr(\mathbf{S}_k = 0|\mathbf{Z}_{k+1}) > \Pr(\mathbf{S}_k = 1|\mathbf{Z}_{k+1}) \\ \mathbf{X}_k^{(2)} & \text{if } \Pr(\mathbf{S}_k = 0|\mathbf{Z}_{k+1}) < \Pr(\mathbf{S}_k = 1|\mathbf{Z}_{k+1}) \end{cases} \qquad (19)
+$$
+
+The posterior probability $\Pr(S_k = i|\mathbf{Z}_{k+1})$ in (19) can be calculated by Bayes' rule, given below:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \Pr(S_k = i|\mathbf{Z}_{k+1}) &= \Pr(S_k = i|\mathbf{Y}_{k+1}, \mathbf{Y}_k, \mathbf{Z}_{k-1}) \\ &= \frac{\Pr(\mathbf{Y}_{k+1}, \mathbf{Y}_k|S_k = i, \mathbf{Z}_{k-1})\Pr(S_k = i)}{\sum_{i=0}^{1} \Pr(\mathbf{Y}_{k+1}, \mathbf{Y}_k|S_k = i, \mathbf{Z}_{k-1})\Pr(S_k = i)} = \frac{\Pr^{(i)}}{\Pr^{(1,2)}} \end{aligned} \qquad (20)
+$$
+
+Under the assumption,
+
+$$
+\Pr(S_{k+1} = i|S_k = j) = \Pr(S_{k+1} = i) \qquad (21)
+$$
+
+
+
+Fig. 1. Simulation data ($P_k, J_k, \phi_k, e^{\sigma_k}$) produced from model (29), $J_k$ is 4 or -4.
+
+each probability in (20) can be then calculated as follows:
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\mathrm{Pr}^{(i)} &= \sum_{j=0}^{1} [\mathrm{Pr}(\mathbf{Y}_{k+1}, \mathbf{Y}_k, S_{k+1} = j | S_k = i, \mathbf{Z}_{k-1}) \mathrm{Pr}(S_k = i)] \\
+&= \sum_{j=0}^{1} [\mathrm{Pr}(\mathbf{Y}_{k+1} | S_{k+1} = j, S_k = i, \mathbf{Y}_k, \mathbf{Z}_{k-1}) \mathrm{Pr}(\mathbf{Y}_k | S_{k+1} = j, S_k = i, \mathbf{Z}_{k-1}) \times \mathrm{Pr}(S_{k+1} = j | S_k = i, \mathbf{Z}_{k-1}) \mathrm{Pr}(S_k = i)] \\
+&= \sum_{j=0}^{1} [\mathrm{Pr}(\mathbf{Y}_{k+1} | S_{k+1} = j, S_k = i, \mathbf{Z}_k) \mathrm{Pr}(\mathbf{Y}_k | S_k = i, \mathbf{Z}_{k-1}) \times \mathrm{Pr}(S_{k+1} = j | S_k = i) \mathrm{Pr}(S_k = i)] \\
+&= \sum_{j=0}^{1} [\mathrm{Pr}(\mathbf{Y}_{k+1} | S_{k+1} = j, S_k = i, \mathbf{Z}_k) \mathrm{Pr}(\mathbf{Y}_k | S_k = i, \mathbf{Z}_{k-1}) \times \mathrm{Pr}(S_{k+1} = j) \mathrm{Pr}(S_k = i)] \tag{22}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+$$
+\mathrm{Pr}^{(1,2)} = \sum_{i=0}^{1} \sum_{j=0}^{1} [\mathrm{Pr}(\mathbf{Y}_{k+1} | S_{k+1} = j, S_k = i, \mathbf{Z}_k) \mathrm{Pr}(\mathbf{Y}_k | S_k = i, \mathbf{Z}_{k-1}) \\
+\times \mathrm{Pr}(S_{k+1} = j) \mathrm{Pr}(S_k = i)] \quad (23)
+$$
+
+$$
+\mathrm{Pr}(S_l = i) = \begin{cases} 1 - \lambda & \text{if } S_l = 0 \\ \lambda & \text{if } S_l = 1 \end{cases} \quad l = k, k + 1 \quad (24)
+$$
+
+$$
+\mathrm{Pr}(\mathbf{Y}_k | S_k = i, \mathbf{Z}_{k-1}) = \frac{1}{2\pi |\Psi_k^{(i)}|^{1/2}} \exp \left( -\frac{1}{2} (\mathbf{\Gamma}_k^{(i)})^\mathrm{T} (\Psi_k^{(i)})^{-1} \mathbf{\Gamma}_k^{(i)} \right) \quad (25)
+$$
+
+$$
+\mathrm{Pr}(\mathbf{Y}_{k+1} | S_{k+1} = j, S_k = i, \mathbf{Z}_k) = \frac{1}{2\pi |\Psi_{k+1}^{(j,i)}|^{1/2}} \exp \left( -\frac{1}{2} (\mathbf{\Gamma}_{k+1}^{(j,i)})^\mathrm{T} (\Psi_{k+1}^{(j,i)})^{-1} \mathbf{\Gamma}_{k+1}^{(j,i)} \right) \quad (26)
+$$
+
+### 4.3. Parameters estimation
+
+After using jump detection rule (12)–(26) to obtain the optimal state series $\bar{\mathbf{X}}_k^* = \{\mathbf{X}_1^*, \mathbf{X}_2^*, \dots, \mathbf{X}_k^*\}$, $k = 1, 2, \dots, N$, the (-2)log-likelihood of model (11) may be derived as follows:
+
+$$
+(-2) \log p(\mathbf{Y}_N, \dots, \mathbf{Y}_1 | \theta, \bar{\mathbf{X}}_N^*) = \sum_{k=1}^{N} (-2) \log p(\mathbf{Y}_k | \mathbf{Y}_{k-1}, \dots, \mathbf{Y}_1, \theta, \bar{\mathbf{X}}_k^*) \\
+= \sum_{k=1}^{N} (-2) \log p(\mathbf{\Gamma}_k | \mathbf{Y}_{k-1}, \dots, \mathbf{Y}_1, \theta, \bar{\mathbf{X}}_k^*) \\
+= \sum_{k=1}^{N} \{\log |\Psi_k^*(\theta)| + (\mathbf{\Gamma}_k^*(\theta))^T (\Psi_k^*(\theta))^{-1} \mathbf{\Gamma}_k^*(\theta)\} + 2N \log 2\pi \quad (27)
+$$
+
+The optimal estimates of the parameters in model (11) may
+be then obtained by the following minimization of the (-2)log-
+likelihood, which are the maximum likelihood estimations
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\theta^{*} &= \arg\min_{\theta} \sum_{k=1}^{N} \left[ \log \vert \boldsymbol{\Psi}_{k}^{*}(\theta) \vert + \left( \boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{k}^{*}(\theta) \right)^{T} \left( \boldsymbol{\Psi}_{k}^{*}(\theta) \right)^{-1} \boldsymbol{\Gamma}_{k}^{*}(\theta) \right] \\
+&\quad + 2N \log 2\pi
+\end{align*} \tag{28}
+$$
+
+The initial conditions **X**₀₀ and **V**₀ in recursive extended Kalman
+filter (13) and (14) are also regarded as parameters to be esti-
+mated, and all the parameters may be estimated by solving the minimization problem (28) using general nonlinear parameters optimization routines.
+
+## 5. Simulation and case studies
+
+### 5.1. *Simulation studies*
+
+To verify the effectiveness of the jump detection approach pro-
+posed in this paper, we pick different sets of parameters to build
+model (3) or (4), based on the following criteria, high and low per-
+sistence of φk and σk, high and low jump intensity and amplitude,
+and then use the simulation models to generate data and verify the
+jump detection procedure. Firstly, using the following model yields
+simulation data
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{aligned}
+P_k &= P_{k-1} + \phi_{k-1} e^{\sigma_{k-1}} + e^{\sigma_{k-1}/2} \xi_{1,k} + J_k \\
+\phi_k &= 0.0013 + 0.98\phi_{k-1} + 0.047\xi_{2,k} \\
+\sigma_k &= -0.0035 + 0.97\sigma_{k-1} + 0.032\xi_{3,k}
+\end{aligned}
+\right.
+\qquad (29)
+$$
+
+where $J_k$ is a jump. Assume that the jump occurs at instant $k = \{50, 100, 150, \dots, 950\}$ in Figs. 1 and 2 or $k = \{100, 200, 300, \dots, 900\}$ in Figs. 3 and 4, and if jump occurs, the value of $J_k$ is 4 or -4 in Figs. 1 and 2, or is 6 or -6 in Figs. 3 and 4 with probability 0.5,
+
+
+
+**Fig. 2.** Posterior probability of jump occurrence, $\mathrm{Pr}(\mathbf{X}_k = \mathbf{X}_k^{(2)} | \mathbf{Z}_{k+1})$. $\lambda = 0.08$, $J_k$ is 4 or -4.
+
+**Fig. 3.** Simulation data ($P_k, J_k, \phi_k, e^{\sigma_k}$) made from model (29), $J_k$ is 6 or -6.
+
+respectively. The initial conditions of state-space model (11) built from model (29) are given as follows:
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\mathbf{X}_{0,0} &= \begin{bmatrix} 199.3 & 0.1489 & 0.1024 \end{bmatrix}^T \\
+\mathbf{V}_0 &= \begin{bmatrix} \nu_{0,1} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \nu_{0,2} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \nu_{0,3} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 7.32 \times 10^{-8} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1.06 \times 10^{-7} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 4.91 \times 10^{-7} \end{bmatrix} \\
+\mathbf{R}_k &= \begin{bmatrix} 1 \times 10^{-10} & 0 \\ 0 & 2.31^2 \end{bmatrix}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+Figs. 1 and 3 show the simulation data generated from model (29) with different jump intensity and amplitude. Figs. 2 and 4 depict the jump-occurring posterior probability calculated by the proposed jump detection algorithm with the Poisson rate $\lambda = 0.08$ in Fig. 2 and $\lambda = 0.001$ in Fig. 4. Figs. 2 and 4 illustrate that all jumps, $J_k$ in (29) are detected in terms of that the jump-occurring posterior probability is greater than 0.5, and if the given jump amplitude is high, only added jumps can be detected as showed in
+Fig. 4, otherwise, if the given jump amplitude is low, some larger changes from the volatility term $e^{\sigma_{k-1}/2}\xi_{1,k}$ in model (29) may be detected as a
+
+
+
+**Fig. 4.** Posterior probability of jump occurrence, $Pr(X_k = X_k^{(2)} | Z_{k+1})$. $\lambda = 0.001, J_k$ is 6 or -6.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 5.** Posterior probability of jump occurrence for the data from model (29), $J_k$ is 6 or -6, using the SVCJ model and the MCMC estimation methods in [7].
+
+**Table 1**
+The estimated SVCJ model parameters using the MCMC methods [7].
+
+| Parameter | Mean value | Standard deviation |
|---|
| μ | 0.1587 | 0.03178 | | θ | 0.9715 | 0.05011 | | κ | 0.8509 | 0.2734 | | σv | 0.1782 | 0.03657 | | μy | -2.271 | 1.059 | | ρJ | 0.03922 | 0.5062 | | σy | 3.042 | 0.5892 | | μv | 2.072 | 0.4681 | | ρ | 0.3691 | 0.2935 | | λy | 0.02289 | 0.008275 | | λv = λy | | |
+
+
+jump as showed in Fig. 2. This could happen, because $e^{\sigma_{k-1}/2}$ and $\xi_{1,k}$ are random variables, and $e^{\sigma_{k-1}/2}\xi_{1,k}$ may make a larger change at some sample instant.
+
+In this section, we also use the SVCJ model (square-root stochastic volatility model with contemporaneous arriving jumps in volatility and returns) and the Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) estimation methods presented in [7] to detect jumps of the time series generated by model (29), in which $J_k$ is 6 or -6. The results are depicted in Fig. 5 and Table 1, from which one can see that all jumps are well detected, and there is one non-jump that is detected as jump. Another example to be given in Figs. 6 and 7 is to compare the result using jump detection rule (17) with the result of applying jump detection rule (16), in which the data $P_k$ is obtained from model (29), $J_k = 11$, and the model parameters and initial conditions for using the jump detection rules are the same. From Figs. 6 and 7 one can see that the two rules all give correct jump detection result, however, using rule (17), the likelihood function needs to be calculated only once, which was completed almost immediately, whereas, using rule (16), $2^{18} = 262144$ calculations of the likelihood function were needed, which spent 13 min (using Intel Core(TM)2 Duo CPU E8500 3.16 GHz, 4GB-RAM computer). Using the same computer, if there is 1000 data points, using rule (16) will spend $5.0549 \times 10^{290}$ years for completing the jump detection process, this is hence not practicable in real application.
+
+**Fig. 6.** Posterior probability of jump occurrence, $Pr(X_k = \mathbf{X}_k^{(2)} | \mathbf{Z}_{k+1})$, for the data from model (29), using jump detection rule (17).
+
+
+
+**Fig. 7.** Jump occurrence position detected by rule (16), for the data from model (29). In bottom subplot, '0' denotes no jump, and '1' means jump-occurred.
+
+To show simulation results from the model with higher persistence of $\phi_k$ and $\sigma_k$, the simulation data are generated using the following model:
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+P_{k} = P_{k-1} + \phi_{k-1} \mathrm{e}^{\sigma_{k-1}} + \mathrm{e}^{\sigma_{k-1}/2} \xi_{1,k} + J_{k} \\
+\phi_{k} = 0.0013 + 0.98\phi_{k-1} + 0.247\xi_{2,k} \\
+\sigma_{k} = -0.0035 + 0.97\sigma_{k-1} + 0.232\xi_{3,k}
+\end{cases} \tag{30}
+$$
+
+where jump $J_k$ occurs at instant $k = \{50, 100, 150, \dots, 950\}$ in Figs. 8 and 9 or $k = \{100, 200, 300, \dots, 900\}$ in Figs. 10 and 11, and if jump occurs, the value of $J_k$ is 11 or -11 in Figs. 8 and 9, or is 22 or -22 in Figs. 10 and 11 with probability 0.5, respectively. The
+
+
+
+**Fig. 8.** Simulation data ($P_k, J_k, \phi_k, e^{\sigma_k}$) produced from model (30), $J_k$ is 11 or -11.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 9.** Posterior probability of jump occurrence, $Pr(X_k = \mathbf{X}_k^{(2)} | \mathbf{Z}_{k+1})$. $\lambda = 0.00001$, $J_k$ is 11 or -11.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 10.** Simulation data ($P_k, J_k, \phi_k, e^{\sigma_k}$) made from model (30), $J_k$ is 22 or -22.
+
+**Fig. 11.** Posterior probability of jump occurrence, $Pr(X_k = X_k^{(2)}|Z_{k+1}). \lambda = 0.000001, J_k$ is 22 or -22.
+
+initial conditions of state-space model (11) built from model (30) are given as follows:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+\mathbf{X}_{0|0} &= \begin{bmatrix} 499.3 & 0.1489 & 0.1024 \end{bmatrix}^T \\
+\mathbf{V}_0 &= \begin{bmatrix} v_{0,1} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & v_{0,2} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & v_{0,3} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 7.32 \times 10^{-8} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 1.06 \times 10^{-7} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 4.91 \times 10^{-7} \end{bmatrix} \\
+\mathbf{R}_k &= \begin{bmatrix} 1 \times 10^{-10} & 0 \\ 0 & 2.62^2 \end{bmatrix}
+\end{aligned}
+$$
+
+Figs. 8 and 10 show the simulation data generated from model (30) with different jump intensity and amplitude. Figs. 9 and 11 give the jump-occurring posterior probability calculated by the proposed jump detection algorithm with the Poisson rate $\lambda = 0.00001$ in Fig. 9 and $\lambda = 0.000001$ in Fig. 11. Figs. 9 and 11 illustrate that all jumps, $J_k$ in (30) are detected in terms of that the jump-occurring posterior probability is greater than 0.5, and if the given jump amplitude is high, only added jumps can be detected as shown in Fig. 11, otherwise, if the given jump amplitude is low, some larger changes from the volatility term $e^{\sigma_{k-1}/2}\xi_{1,k}$ in model (30) may be detected as a jump as showed in Fig. 9. This behavior is similar to the case happened in Figs. 2 and 4. From the simulation results depicted in Figs. 1–4, 8–11, one can see that the proposed jump detection algorithm is effective.
+
+Furthermore, to demonstrate the effectiveness of the modeling method proposed in this paper for financial time series, we use model (29), in which $J_k$ is 6 or -6, to generate 200 sets of data with different random variables $\xi_{1,k}$, $\xi_{2,k}$, and $\xi_{3,k}$ in (29) for estimating the parameters of model (29). The parameter estimates are obtained by minimizing performance index (28), and the optimization function “FMINSEARCH” in Matlab Toolbox is applied to the estimation where parameter search process will be ended if search iteration times are greater than 300 and the result that performance index is the smallest one occurred in such search process will be picked up. The parameter estimating results are given in Table 2, from which one can see that the estimated parameters are quite close to the true parameters of model (29), in terms of the mean and standard deviation (square root of variance) of parameter estimates.
+
+### 5.2. Case study: TOPIX data
+
+The daily time series of the Japan TOPIX (TOkyo stock Price IndeX) from 1/10/1993 to 31/07/1997 is used to estimate the
+
+**Table 2**
+The estimated model parameters.
+
+| Parameter | True value | Mean value | Standard deviation |
|---|
| α1 | 1.300 × 10-3 | 1.295 × 10-3 | 1.165 × 10-4 | | 1 + β2 | 9.800 × 10-1 | 9.711 × 10-1 | 3.941 × 10-2 | | γ1 | 4.700 × 10-2 | 4.592 × 10-2 | 6.333 × 10-3 | | α2 | -3.500 × 10-3 | -3.419 × 10-3 | 5.177 × 10-4 | | 1 + β2 | 9.700 × 10-1 | 9.419 × 10-1 | 5.905 × 10-2 | | γ2 | 3.200 × 10-2 | 3.107 × 10-2 | 6.122 × 10-3 | | ημ | 6.000 | 6.979 | 1.274 | | γ3 | 1.000 | 9.946 × 10-1 | 4.982 × 10-2 | | λ | 1.000 × 10-3 | 1.049 × 10-3 | 2.315 × 10-4 | | ε3 | -9.460 × 10-1 | -1.142 | 9.588 × 10-2 | | ν0,1 | 7.320 × 10-8 | 6.627 × 10-8 | 1.533 × 10-8 | | ν0,2 | 1.060 × 10-7 | 9.922 × 10-8 | 2.003 × 10-8 | | ν0,3 | 4.910 × 10-7 | 4.753 × 10-7 | 9.495 × 10-8 | | ε1 | 1.000 × 10-10 | 9.348 × 10-11 | 1.629 × 10-11 | | ε2 | 2.120 | 2.285 | 8.620 × 10-2 |
+
+
+
+**Fig. 12.** TOPIX time series $P_k$, the estimated excess demand $\hat{\phi}_{k|k}$ and the volatility $\sqrt{\gamma_3^2 e^{\hat{\phi}_{k|k}} + \eta_{\mu}^2 \zeta_{\mu,k|k}}$.
+
+DGMMS model (3 or 4 or 11). The observation data $P_k$ shown in Fig. 12 is obtained by the following formula
+
+$$
+P_k = 100 \times \log \hat{P}_k \qquad (31)
+$$
+
+where $\hat{P}_k$ denotes the closing spot price. Figs. 12–14 and Table 3 show the estimated results for DGMMS model (11) using the
+
+**Table 3**
+The estimated model parameters for the TOPIX time series.
+
+| Parameter | Mean value | Standard deviation |
|---|
| α1 | -1.974 × 10-4 | 4.163 × 10-6 | | 1 + β2 | 8.726 × 10-1 | 6.766 × 10-3 | | γ1 | 1.526 × 10-2 | 1.877 × 10-4 | | α2 | 2.015 × 10-6 | 1.528 × 10-8 | | 1 + β2 | 5.682 × 10-1 | 4.591 × 10-3 | | γ2 | 5.040 × 10-1 | 1.124 × 10-2 | | ημ | 2.20 | 1.796 × 10-2 | | γ3 | 7.210 × 10-1 | 1.451 × 10-3 | | λ | 2.011 × 10-3 | 1.194 × 10-5 | | ε3 | 1.174 × 10-4 | 1.075 × 10-6 | | ν0,1 | 8.699 × 10-4 | 8.703 × 10-6 | | ν0,2 | 1.066 × 10-2 | 1.512 × 10-4 | | ν0,3 | 4.921 × 10-4 | 6.066 × 10-6 | | ε1 | 1.093 × 10-3 | 1.234 × 10-5 | | ε2 | 2.577 | 2.112 × 10-2 |
+
+
+
+**Fig. 13.** Estimated residual, normalized residual and its histogram of $P_k$ using model (32).
+
+
+
+**Fig. 14.** $P_k$, residual, and the posterior probability of jump occurrence, $Pr(X_k = \mathbf{X}_k^{(2)}|\mathbf{Z}_{k+1})$ for the TOPIX time series.
+
+method presented in Sections 3 and 4 for the TOPIX time series. The estimated DGMMS model for the time series is as follows:
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{aligned}
+P_k &= P_{k-1} + \phi_{k-1} e^{\sigma_{k-1}} + \sqrt{0.7210^2 e^{\sigma_{k-1}} + 2.20^2 \zeta_{\mu,k} \xi_{1,k}} \\
+\phi_k &= -0.0001974 + 0.8726\phi_{k-1} + 0.01526\xi_{2,k} \\
+\sigma_k &= 0.000002015 + 0.5682\sigma_{k-1} + 0.5040\xi_{3,k}
+\end{aligned}
+\right.
+\qquad (32)
+$$
+
+The estimated Poisson rate is $\lambda = 0.002011$, and the estimates of initial conditions of state-space model (11) for model (32) are given below:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+\mathbf{X}_{0|0} &= \begin{bmatrix} 740.3 & 0.003130 & -0.2483 \end{bmatrix}^T \\
+\mathbf{V}_0 &= \begin{bmatrix} 0.0008699 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0.01066 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0.0004921 \end{bmatrix} \\
+\mathbf{R}_k &= \begin{bmatrix} 0.001093^2 & 0 \\ 0 & 2.577^2 \end{bmatrix}
+\end{aligned}
+$$
+
+
+
+**Fig. 15.** JPY/USD time series $P_k$, the estimated excess demand $\hat{\phi}_{k|k}$ and the volatility $\sqrt{\gamma_3^2 e^{\hat{\phi}_{k|k}} + \eta_{\mu}^2 \zeta_{\mu,k|k}}$.
+
+Table 3 gives the estimated model parameters and its standard deviation (by 250 times parameters optimization calculation) for the TOPIX time series. Fig. 14 shows that the estimated normalized-residual of observations $P_k$ is very close to Gaussian white noise, which shows that the modeling is valid. From Fig. 12 one can see that the estimated excess demand $\hat{\phi}_{k|k}$ varies around zero, and is much smoother compared with the estimated strongly random residuals of $P_k$ shown in Fig. 13. This implies that the information from the estimated excess demand is more reliable and useful for making trading-decision than the estimated innovation.
+
+Fig. 14 shows the posterior probability of jump occurrence, $Pr(X_k = \mathbf{X}_k^{(2)}|\mathbf{Z}_{k+1})$ for the TOPIX data, which is obtained from model (32) and the proposed jump detection algorithm. For the TOPIX time series, 16 jumps are detected from the posterior probabilities that are larger than 0.5 at jump occurring instants. The log-likelihood and AIC of model (32) is -3711.41 and 7458.82, respectively, however, the log-likelihood and AIC of the estimated model without jump component for the same data is -3874.09 and
+
+
+
+**Fig. 16.** Estimated residual, normalized residual and its histogram of $P_k$ using model (33).
+
+**Fig. 17.** $P_k$, residual, and the posterior probability of jump occurrence, $Pr(X_k = X_k^{(2)}|Z_{k+1})$ for the JPY/USD time series.
+
+**Table 4**
+The estimated model parameters for the JPY/USD time series.
+
+| Parameter | Mean value | Standard deviation |
|---|
| α1 | -1.633 × 10-4 | 6.785 × 10-6 | | 1 + β2 | 9.680 × 10-1 | 1.551 × 10-2 | | γ1 | 5.818 × 10-2 | 2.881 × 10-3 | | α2 | 3.380 × 10-3 | 1.131 × 10-4 | | 1 + β2 | 9.997 × 10-1 | 4.949 × 10-4 | | γ2 | 1.096 × 10-1 | 1.253 × 10-3 | | ημ | 1.9121 | 8.511 × 10-2 | | γ3 | 1.083 | 3.283 × 10-2 | | λ | 1.833 × 10-3 | 1.122 × 10-4 | | ε3 | -1.130 | 8.619 × 10-3 | | ν0,1 | 1.963 × 10-2 | 9.186 × 10-4 | | ν0,2 | 2.050 × 10-2 | 6.846 × 10-4 | | ν0,3 | 3.137 × 10-2 | 1.091 × 10-3 | | ε1 | 3.911 × 10-4 | 1.578 × 10-5 | | ε2 | 2.377 | 1.767 × 10-2 |
+
+7784.19, respectively. These illustrate a large improvement in modeling performance after jump component is added to the volatility model.
+
+### 5.3. Case study: JPY/USD exchange rate
+
+To show another example, the daily time series of the JPY/USD exchange rate from 17/01/1990 to 07/01/1994 is used to estimate the DGMMS model (3 or 4 or 11). The observation data $P_k$ shown in Fig. 15 is computed by formula (31). Figs. 15–17 and Table 4 show the estimated results for DGMMS model (11) using the method presented in Sections 3 and 4 for the JPY/USD exchange rate time series, and the estimated DGMMS model for the time series is as follows:
+
+$$
+\left\{ \begin{array}{l} P_k = P_{k-1} + \phi_{k-1} e^{\sigma_{k-1}} + \sqrt{1.083^2 e^{\sigma_{k-1}} + 1.9121^2 \zeta_{\mu,k} \xi_{1,k}} \\ \phi_k = -0.0001633 + 0.9680 \phi_{k-1} + 0.05818 \xi_{2,k} \\ \sigma_k = 0.003380 + 0.9997 \sigma_{k-1} + 0.1096 \xi_{3,k} \end{array} \right. \quad (33)
+$$
+
+
+
+**Fig. 18.** JPY/USD time series $P_k$, the estimated excess demand $\hat{\phi}_{k|k}$ and the volatility $\sqrt{\gamma_3^2 e^{\hat{\phi}_{k|k}}}$ using model (4) ignoring jumps.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 19.** Estimated residual, normalized residual and its histogram of $P_k$ using model (4) ignoring jumps.
+
+The estimated Poisson rate is $\lambda = 0.001833$, and the estimates of initial conditions of state-space model (11) for model (33) are given below:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{X}_{0|0} = \begin{bmatrix} 498.0 & 0.00003463 & -1.376 \end{bmatrix}^T
+$$
+
+$$
+\mathbf{V}_0 = \begin{bmatrix} 0.01963 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0.02050 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0.03137 \end{bmatrix}
+$$
+
+$$
+\mathbf{R}_k = \begin{bmatrix} 0.0003911^2 & 0 \\ 0 & 2.377^2 \end{bmatrix}
+$$
+
+Table 4 gives the estimated model parameters and its standard deviation (by 250 times parameters optimization calculation) for the JPY/USD time series. Fig. 16 shows that the estimated normalized-residual of observations $P_k$ is close to Gaussian white noise, which shows that the modeling is also valid. From Figs. 15 and 16 one can see that the estimated excess demand $\hat{\phi}_{k|k}$ varies around zero, and is much smoother compared with the estimated strongly random residuals of $P_k$ shown in Fig. 16. This implies
+
+
+
+**Fig. 20.** Allocation control of currency assets computed in JPY for the JPY/USD rate date based on the estimated model (4); the initial total assets are all $100 (14,565 yen); the assets (A) with control have final assets $144.26 (16,316 yen); the assets (B) without control have final assets $100 (11,310 yen).
+
+
+
+**Fig. 21.** Allocation control of currency assets computed in JPY for the JPY/USD rate data based on the estimated model (4) ignoring jumps; the initial total assets are all $100 (14,565 yen); the assets (A) with control have final assets $127.13 (14,378 yen); the assets (B) without control have final assets $100 (11,310 yen).
+
+that the estimated excess demand information is more reliable and useful for making trading-decision than the estimated innovation. Fig. 17 shows the posterior probability of jump occurrence, $Pr(X_k = \mathbf{X}_k^{(2)}|\mathbf{Z}_{k+1})$ for the JPY/USD exchange rate data, which is obtained from model (33) and the proposed jump detection algorithm. For the JPY/USD exchange rate time series, 11 jumps are detected from the posterior probabilities that are larger than 0.5 at jump occurring instants. The log-likelihood and AIC of model (33) is -3169.74 and 6375.48, respectively, on the other hand the log-likelihood and AIC of the estimated model without jump component for the same data is -3245.62 and 6527.25, respectively. These also illustrate a large improvement in modeling performance after jump component is added to the volatility model.
+
+For providing a convincing application that shows the economic gains of using the proposed methodology, the microstructure model (4) ignoring jumps is also estimated using the proposed approach to the JPY/USD exchange rate data showed in Fig. 15,
+
+and then we apply the two estimated excess demand signals, in which one considered jumps and the other ignored jumps, to execute dynamic asset allocation control [11,12] for comparison. Figs. 18 and 19 depict the estimated results of model (4) ignoring jumps. Figs. 20 and 21 give the dynamic asset allocation performances using a simple trading rule, i.e. if the estimated excess demand $\hat{\phi}_{k|k} > 0.017$, all assets are transferred to USD and the switching action is ‘1’, else if $\hat{\phi}_{k|k} < -0.043$, all assets are transferred to JPY and the switching action is ‘-1’, or else if $-0.043 \le \hat{\phi}_{k|k} \le 0.017$, there is no assets transfer and the switching action is ‘0’. It is clear that the asset allocation performance in Fig. 20 is better than that in Fig. 21, this is because the model to be used for the case in Fig. 20 considered jumps effect.
+
+## 6. Conclusion
+
+Based on our previous work, a generalized market microstructure (GMMS) model and its estimation approach to the discrete GMMS model were presented for characterizing a class of stochastic financial time series. This model could accurately extract the immeasurable market excess demand information from the financial time series by introducing a jump component into the model. The jump detection algorithm proposed in this paper could effectively capture the lower-frequency and larger-amplitude jumps. The jump detecting process is like an on-line recursive implementing process and the computation load is also very light. Therefore, this jump detection procedure may be also used to online real-time control for some jump-diffusion processes. The local linearization and local-Gaussian modeling techniques presented in this paper were successfully utilized to estimate the nonlinear and stochastic volatility multi-variable discrete GMMS model. Simulation and case studies demonstrated the effectiveness and usefulness of the presented modeling and estimation methods. The jump detection method presented in this paper may be also useful to the jump detection of some other type jump-diffusion models.
+
+In this paper, we used formula (16), actually used practicable formula (17) to detect jumps. This is an optimal state estimation approach for whole time series, which may be used to the market data having fewer jumps and also to the sparse data, because for each data point the algorithm considers two cases with or without jump, respectively, in the computation of maximum likelihood estimation. For the analysis of fat-tailed market data, the proposed model with stochastic volatility-Gaussian noise and jumps is one way to cope with the fat-tailed data in case that jumps result in fat-tail. However, this model proposed in this paper cannot solve all problems. There are other models that can cope with the fat-tailed market data well. This paper mainly presented the on-line type jump detection algorithm. In future work, we will try to improve the model structure and the estimation method for obtaining better modeling results for different types of financial time series.
+
+## Acknowledgments
+
+This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 71271215, No. 71221061), and the Collaborative Innovation Center of Resource-Conserving & Environment-Friendly Society and Ecological Civilization. The authors would like to thank the editors and referees for their valuable comments and suggestions that largely improved the quality of this paper.
+
+## References
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+“不断满足人民群众日益增长的多层次精神文化需求”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·文化惠民篇
+
+今日浙江 2025年08月18日 08:47 浙江
+
+
+
+# “不断满足人民群众日益增长的多层次精神文化需求”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·文化惠民篇
+
+浙江省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心
+
+人的需求丰富多彩,有一个多样化、多层次和不断提高的过程,物质需求是这样,文化需求也是这样。2003年7月18日,时任浙江省委书记的习近平同志在主持召开文化体制改革和文化大省建设座谈会时指出,“加快文化大省建设,不断满足人民群众日益增长的多层次精神文化需求,推动人的全面发展,已经成为我省现代化建设的一项重大而紧迫的任务”。在习近平同志的指导和推动下,浙江深化文化为民、文化利民、文化惠民的探索与实践,引领人民群众在创造和共享物质财富的同时,不断创造和共享精神文化财富,努力实现人的全面发展,为党的十八大以来习近平总书记关于文化惠民的系列重要论述提供了理论基础和实践素材。
+
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+习近平总书记在浙江工作期间，前瞻性提出“不断满足人民群众日益增长的多层次精神文化需求”，其核心是文化惠民、以文化人，满足人的精神文化需求，推动人的全面发展。这对当时摆脱以GDP论英雄的单向度发展，推动浙江物质文明和精神文明协调发展，既要“富口袋”又要“富脑袋”，不断满足人们的精神文化需求，提高浙江人民的文化素养和精神境界，具有很强的针对性和指导性。
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+### 1.高度重视人民群众文化权利保障，提出“文化建设的根本目的是满足群众文化需求，实现好人民群众文化权利”
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+在浙江工作期间，习近平同志坚持把人作为文化建设的核心，把满足群众文化需求作为文化建设的根本目的，深刻指出，“我们的文化是社会主义文化，文化建设的根本目的是满足群众文化需求，实现好人民群众文化权利。”他强调：“文化即‘人化’，文化事业即养人心志、育人情操的事业。人，本质上就是文化的人，而不是‘物化’的人；是能动的、全面的人，而不是僵化的、‘单向度’的人。人类不仅追求物质条件、经济指标，还要追求‘幸福指数’；不仅追求自然生态的和谐，还要追求‘精神生态’的和谐；不仅追求效率和公平，还要追求人际关系的和谐与精神生活的充实，追求生命的意义。”在省委十一届八次全会上的报告中，习近平同志全面阐述了浙江社会主义文化建设必须牢牢把握社会主义文化建设的指导思想、本质特征、根本方向、工作方针、重要任务、基本要求、内在动力和最终目标等八个方面，强调其价值指向是“实现好、维护好、发展好人民群众的文化利益”。习近平同志还推动建立健全为民办实事长效机制，他强调，“建立完善责任落实机制，使为民办实事工作真正形成长效机制，使群众日益增长的物质文化需求不断得到满足”。
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+### 2. 高度重视文化建设的多样性和多层次性，提出“充分满足人民群众多层次的文化需求”
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+马克思主义认为，人的发展是多样的、全面的，人的需求也是多样的、全面的。21世纪初的浙江，随着经济社会发展的转型和居民消费结构的升级，人民群众对精神文化的需求急剧上升，并呈现出多层次、多样化的趋势，与此同时，文化产品和文化服务在结构上还不能充分满足人民群众的需求。面对文化供给与需求间的矛盾，习近平同志强调要“充分满足人民群众多层次的文化需求”，并对如何满足、怎样满足这些需求提出了明确的具体要求。他要求，创作人员要深入生活，创造多样性作品，“不断提高创作人员感受生活、了解生活、提炼生活、引导生活的能力……创作出与时俱进、与民同心的优秀作品，唱响主旋律，体现多样性”。同时，习近平同志要求顺应经济多元化带来的文化生活多样化趋势，把精神文明建设好。他指出，“物质文明的发展会对精神文明的发展提出更高的要求，同时精神文明的发展又会成为物质文明建设的动力，尤其是经济的多元化会带来文化生活的多样化，只有把精神文明建设好，才能满足人民群众多样化的精神文化生活需求”。习近平同志还要求大力开展形式多样的群众文化活动。2004年8月24日，他在绍兴市调研时指出，“认真组织大众文化产品的创造生产，大力开展形式多样的群众文化活动”。在习近平同志的推动下，浙江多途径、多方面探索满足群众多样性、多层次的精神文化需求。
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+### 3. 高度重视基层和农村文化建设，提出着力点“放在基层特别是农村文化事业的发展上”
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+长期以来,由于生产力水平低下和城乡分割的二元体制,城乡发展不平衡,农村发展严重落后于城市,文化事业更是如此。2005年6月1日,习近平同志在省宣传文化系统调研座谈会上指出,浙江城乡文化发展还不平衡,多数文化活动场所集中在县级以上城市,不少农村文化阵地存在缺设施、缺经费、缺人才、缺内容的情况,一些偏远农村无法收听收看广播电视节目,文化产品供给的有效性不高,农民群众的精神文化生活还比较贫乏。针对这一情况,习近平同志指出,“提高公共文化服务能力,着力点要放在公益性文化事业的发展上,放在基层特别是农村文化事业的发展上”。他要求“更多地考虑城乡文化的协调发展,无论是在文化设施布局、文化经费投向,还是文化生活安排、文化产品生产等方面,都要更多地向农村倾斜,努力使农村的文化环境有较大改善”。2007年,浙江推出了新农村文化建设十项工程,印发了关于进一步加强农村文化建设的实施意见,并对乡镇文化站建设提出了规定性的要求。“十一五”期末,全省县级图书馆、县级文化馆、乡镇综合文化站基本实现全覆盖,逐步建起覆盖浙江城乡的公共文化服务体系,大大提高了满足群众文化需求的能力。
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+### 4. 高度重视公共文化服务体系建设,提出“加大政府对文化事业的投入,逐步形成覆盖全社会的比较完备的公共文化服务体系”
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+没有投入就没有产出,这是经济发展的规律,也是文化建设的规律。“不断满足人民群众日益增长的多层次精神文化需求”不是一句空话,而是涉及文化建设的规划布局、重大设施建设、体制改革、政府投入、人才培育、科技支撑以及政府服务等一系列问题的系统工程。其中,政府投入是基础和关键,起着“四两拨千斤”的作用。21世纪初的浙江,基层文化资源相对匮乏,部分经济发达市(县)文化设施建设滞后于当地经济发展，欠发达市（县）文化设施建设总体上相对落后，文化设施中“有馆无舍”“无馆无舍”或“两馆同舍”的现象仍然较多，全省乡镇（街道）文化设施建设任务十分艰巨，基层文化工作队伍不健全、不稳定。对此，习近平同志高度重视，积极协调，予以保障。2003年7月18日，他在文化体制改革和文化大省建设座谈会上强调，“繁荣社会主义文化离不开国家的财政投入……总的原则是，政府要继续加大投入力度，但要调整投入结构和方式”。同时，他进一步指明政府投入的方向和重点，强调“公益性文化事业的改革，要以增加投入、转换机制、改善服务为重点，使其不断增强活力。增加投入，就是以各级政府为主导，鼓励社会捐助，增加对博物馆、文化馆、图书馆、美术馆等文化基础设施的投入，增加对社区和居民小区配套文化设施建设的投入，增加对乡镇文化站和村文化室等农村文化阵地建设的投入”。这确保了浙江在公益性文化事业改革中，政府投入只增不减，文化设施建设有序推进，体制机制更加灵活，人民群众得到实惠。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间，省财政用于文化建设的支出有了大幅增长。2005年，浙江文化建设投入总额与“九五”期间5年文化建设投入总量基本持平。
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+### 5. 高度重视文化产品供给的优质性，提出“围绕面向群众、面向市场进行体制机制创新”“把最美好的精神食粮奉献给人民”
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+满足人民群众文化需求，既是文化建设的目的和旨归，也是文化创造的源泉和动力。21世纪初，与经济大省的地位相比，浙江文化发展与人民群众日益增长的精神文化需求还不相适应，文化产品不论在总量上还是质量上都无法充分满足人民群众需求。向人民群众提供更多优质美好的精神文化产品，是浙江推进文化体制改革，加快发展文化生产力的重要目标之一。2005年11月7日，习近平同志在浙江省文学艺术界联合会第六次代表大会上提出,“繁荣发展浙江文艺,必须始终坚持‘三贴近’原则,把最美好的精神食粮奉献给人民”。为了“把最美好的精神食粮奉献给人民”,多出人民群众喜闻乐见的精品力作,他部署了一系列政策举措,通过深化文化体制改革,充分调动和发挥文艺工作者的积极性和创造性。习近平同志强调,“文化体制改革的着力点就是围绕面向群众、面向市场进行体制和机制创新,逐步建立有利于调动文化工作者积极性,推动文化创新,多出精品、多出人才的文化管理体制和运行机制”。他还注重用社会主义先进文化感召人,努力推动建设具有中国特色、中国气派、中国风格和浙江特点的社会主义先进文化。为了推动更多优秀作品的创作,习近平同志在浙江省文学艺术界联合会第六次代表大会上要求,“全省广大文艺工作者要深切体验社会实践,深入思考社会生活,深深热爱人民大众,善于从浙江人民改革开放的实践和追求幸福生活的现实中发现新题材,展示新形象,创造出无愧于时代和人民的优秀作品”。习近平同志亲自谋划组建的钱江浪花艺术团,把优质文化节目直接送到基层群众身边,20年间已送出5000多场演出。
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+### 6. 高度重视人民群众在文化建设中的主体作用，提出“人民创造艺术，艺术属于人民”
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+马克思主义的群众史观认为,“人们自己创造自己的历史”,人民群众既是物质财富的创造者,也是精神财富的创造者。文化在本质上是人民群众对象化活动的产物,只有依靠人民群众在改造自然的同时不断创造新的文化样态,才能实现“文化上的每一个进步”。习近平同志高度重视人民群众在文化建设中的主体作用。2006年3月27日,习近平同志出席中国越剧诞辰100周年纪念大会并致辞,他指出,“文化的力量深深熔铸在人民群众的生命力、创造力和凝聚力之中,与经济发展交融贯通、相得益彰,影响着浙江经济社会发展的方方面面”,“人民创造艺术,艺术属于人民”。2003年11月24日,在浙江陕西经济社会发展情况交流会上,习近平同志谈到要“充分尊重群众的首创精神”。在绍兴,习近平同志勉励莲花落国家级非遗代表性传承人倪齐全保护好、传承好民间艺术,一代一代地传下去。在丽水,习近平同志肯定“畲族歌王”蓝陈启的创作表演。在习近平同志的亲自提议下,2004年9月举办的第七届中国艺术节上,一位九旬老人和一位五岁小孩代表浙江人民为艺术节鸣锣开幕,真正体现了“艺术的盛会,人民的节日”的宗旨;在这次艺术节“文华奖”的评奖中,首次将观众意见纳入评审体系,首次设立由观众投票产生的“观众最喜爱剧目奖”;这次艺术节近100万人次观众直接参与,各地同步上演600余场次群众文化活动。
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+### 7. 高度重视人民群众对文化旅游的需求,提出“精心打造出更多体现浙江文化内涵、人文精神特色的旅游精品”
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+人类文明是在大迁徙中发展演化形成的,旅游是人类文明发展的重要载体,也是人们精神文化生活的重要方式。旅游产生灵感、产生智慧、产生文明成果,李白、杜甫、白居易等文人墨客正是在游历中写下了诸多不朽诗篇。浙江历史悠久,人文荟萃,习近平总书记在浙江工作期间,高度重视浙江优美的山水风光和深厚的文化底蕴,将之作为赋能旅游发展的得天独厚的优势,在文化体制改革和文化大省建设座谈会上要求促进文化旅游业发展,实现文化与经济的有机结合。2004年9月27日,习近平同志在全省旅游发展工作会议上,作出“加快建设旅游经济强省”的重大决策,并全面阐述了“加快建设旅游经济强省”的重要意义、总体要求、发展目标、坚持原则、重点任务和组织领导。他深刻指出,“发展旅游经济,不但能够满足人民群众不断增长的物质文化需求,而且对增进国家和地区之间、民族之间的交流和沟通,弘扬我国优秀文化传统,增强中华民族的凝聚力,都具有十分重要的意义”。他还提出“要以优秀的自然资源和人文资源为主干,突出“诗画江南,山水浙江”主题,精心打造出更多体现浙江文化内涵、人文精神特色的旅游精品,打响文化旅游、休闲旅游、商贸旅游、生态旅游、海洋旅游五张品牌”。随后,习近平同志在《浙江日报》“之江新语”专栏分别以《发展旅游经济要坚持创新与继承相统一》《重视打造旅游精品》 《发展“无烟工业”也要可持续发展》等为题,进一步阐述了要把历史文化与现代文明融入旅游经济发展之中,打响文化旅游品牌,人文资源是发展旅游的基础等观点。
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+## 二、习近平总书记在浙江工作期间关于文化惠民实践探索的理论价值与经验启示
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+文化惠民工程既是凝聚人心的精神纽带、推动城乡发展的重要支撑,又是直接关系民生福祉、人民生活品质的关键因素。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间,把文化惠民作为浙江省现代化建设的重要内容和紧迫任务,在省域层面开展了一系列创新发展文化惠民的理论思考、战略部署和实践探索,取得了丰硕的理论成果、制度成果和实践成果,为习近平文化思想中关于文化惠民的论述提供了重要的理论价值与经验启示。
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+### 1. 坚持人民性,把文化为了人民、依靠人民、成果由人民共享作为文化惠民的根本宗旨
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+马克思认为，“整个所谓世界历史不外是人通过人的劳动而诞生的过程”。文化自然也是人类劳动的产物。所以，从事现实活动的个人就是文化的创造者、传承者、推动者和享有者，即人民群众是文化的主体。文化惠民工作必须坚持人民群众的主体性，从人民中来、到人民中去，充分发挥人民群众的首创精神，实现人人参与、人人创造、人人共享。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志聚焦建设文化大省为了谁、目的是什么等基本问题，强调从以人为本的理念出发，不断提高浙江人民的思想道德素质、科学文化素质和健康素质，并要求实现好、维护好、发展好人民群众的文化利益，“让大众在各类文化活动中接受教育、感受快乐、享受文明，进一步引导精神消费，满足精神需求，丰富精神世界，促进社会成员人格、意志、品格的不断完善，不断营造良好的社会氛围”。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记坚持以人民为中心推进文化惠民工程，指出“把人民放在心中最高位置，把人民满意不满意作为检验艺术的最高标准，创作更多满足人民文化需求和增强人民精神力量的优秀作品，让文艺的百花园永远为人民绽放”“发展文化事业是满足人民精神文化需求、保障人民文化权益的基本途径”，强调满足人民群众精神文化需求，促进全体人民精神生活共同富裕。
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+人民至上是习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想的核心价值和根本立场，坚持人民至上在文化领域就是坚持文化为民、文化利民、文化惠民，保障人民文化权益。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间的探索到新时代以来的伟大实践，都深刻启示我们：人民是文化建设的创造主体和力量源泉，文化惠民工作要把满足人民精神文化需求作为建设的出发点和落脚点，更加突出以人民群众为实践主体，实现全民共建共享。要“依靠于人”，群众既是文化惠民的受益者，也是主要的参与者，通过打造惠民演出、百姓故事会、群众体育活动等，拓宽吸引群众自觉参与文化建设的渠道，为塑造精神、鼓舞人心提供更多更好的文化养料。
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+要“着眼于人”，把满足人民精神文化需求作为文化惠民建设的出发点和落脚点，问需于民、问计于民，提升文化服务和文化产品供给能力，维护群众文化利益，增强人民群众文化获得感、幸福感。要“落脚于人”，优化文化基础设施布局，拓展新型文化空间，引导和培育人民群众的文艺团队和文化品牌，积极动员和组织人民群众以多种形式参与到文化惠民中来，形成人人共建、人人共享的发展合力。
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+### 2. 坚持多样性,把不断满足人民群众多层次文化需求作为文化惠民的基本目标
+
+马克思主义认为，物质资料的生产是多层次的，有一个从低到高的过程，人的需求也是多层次的，也有一个从低到高的过程。针对受教育水平、不同地域风土人情、人口流动等因素影响，人民群众文化需求呈现出多样化特点的情况，习近平总书记在浙江工作期间，深入思考满足人民群众精神文化多样需求的问题，在《中共浙江省委关于加快建设文化大省的决定》中提出“以人为本，不断满足人民群众的精神文化需求，提高人民群众的思想道德素质、科学文化素质和健康素质，促进人的全面发展和社会的全面进步”，并就覆盖全社会的公共服务体系，为广大人民群众提供良好的文化、教育、科技、卫生、体育等方面的公共服务提出了具体要求。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记十分重视人民群众多样化文化需求，多次指示要健全现代公共文化服务体系，不断满足人民群众多样化、多层次、多方面的精神文化需求。2021年8月17日，习近平总书记主持召开中央财经委员会第十次会议时指出：“要促进人民精神生活共同富裕，强化社会主义核心价值观引领，不断满足人民群众多样化、多层次、多方面的精神文化需求。”
+
+面对人民日益增长的美好生活需要,文化惠民建设的供需矛盾整体上已从“有没有”转变为“好不好”,更加强调服务质量与人民获得感的提升。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间的探索到新时代以来的伟大实践,都深刻启示我们:满足人民群众多样化、多层次、多方面的精神文化需求,提升文化服务和文化产品供给能力,增强人民群众文化获得感、幸福感,是文化建设的价值旨归。要关注文化需求的多样性,人民群众年龄、经历和受教育程度、生活环境具有差异性,其文化需求也不相同,因而文化产品必须具有多样性特征。要实现文化供给的多样性,针对群众不同需求,充分发挥公益性文化机构的主体地位,鼓励文化企业、文化社会组织、新文化群体参与文化惠民建设,促进文化多样化发展。要发挥文化传播的多样性,充分利用新兴传播交互技术,形成以内容为根本、以数字技术为支撑的文化惠民现代传播矩阵,促成传统形态与新型形态的文化产品并存,进一步提升文化惠民的便利性与时代性。
+
+### 3. 坚持均衡性,把推动公共文化服务标准化、均等化作为文化惠民的推动支点
+
+公共文化服务具有均衡性、普惠性和共享性,而普惠性和共享性是建立在标准化、均等化基础上的。满足人民群众文化需求,重在加强公共文化服务体系建设,重在加强标准化、均等化建设,切实提高人民群众文化需求的供给能力和保障水平。在浙江工作期间,习近平同志把“进一步增强公共文化服务能力”作为文化建设的重中之重,提出“要加大政府对文化事业的投入,逐步形成覆盖全社会的比较完备的公共文化服务体系”,并把加快建设西湖文化广场等一批现代化的文化设施摆上重要议程;将提高公共文化服务能力的着力点放在公益性文化事业的发展上,在《中共浙江省委关于加快建设文化大省的决定》中提出要“加大对欠发达地区和农村、社区等基层文化建设的投入,加强对文化产业重点建设项目的引导和扶持”。党的十八大以来,习近平总书记高度重视公共文化服务标准化、均等化建设。2018年8月,他在全国宣传思想工作会议上指出:“要推动公共文化服务标准化、均等化,坚持政府主导、社会参与、重心下移、共建共享,完善公共文化服务体系,提高基本公共文化服务的覆盖面和适用性。”2023年9月,习近平总书记在浙江考察时进一步强调,“持续推进城乡公共文化服务标准化、均等化”。
+
+文化的均衡发展,旨在解决人民群众文化享受的不平衡问题,让文化惠民的资源和服务能够更加公平地分布。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间的探索到新时代以来的伟大实践,都深刻启示我们:强化政府主导、社会参与、重心下移、共建共享,健全基本公共服务体系,提高公共服务水平,使人民群众都能享有更高质量、更有效率、更加公平、更可持续的公共文化服务,进而推动社会的进步。要突出“城乡一体”,大力发展城乡文化事业,优化开发多元多样的城乡文化载体,健全系统长效的城乡文化发展机制,完善乡村各类数字化硬件设施,努力缩小城乡公共文化服务差距和“数字鸿沟”。要突出“区域均衡”,健全公共文化服务区域协调发展体制机制,在大型公共文化设施、综合性文化服务中心和社会性文化机构建设等方面注重整体统筹,引导优质文化资源和文化服务向欠发达地区倾斜,多措并举推动文化惠民区域协调发展。要突出“人群均等”,强化对农民工、残疾人、老年人、未成年人等社会群体文化惠民建设的政策措施研究,加大保障力度,开发针对性的服务项目,提升服务实效。
+
+### 4. 坚持优质性,把奉献给人民最美好的精神食粮作为文化惠民的主要着力点
+
+文化精品是一个国家、一个地区、一个时代文化发展水平的重要标志，是书写文化史最重要、最基本的要素，也是不断满足人民群众日益增长的文化需求的优质供给。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间，把文化精品工程作为加快建设文化大省的“八项工程”之一，提出文化精品是文化大省的重要标志，并多次强调多出精品，多出人才，多出效益，满足人民群众日益增长的精神文化需求。为实现多出精品的目标，习近平同志在《中共浙江省委关于加快建设文化大省的决定》中提出要“营造有利于出精品、出人才、出效益的文化发展环境”，并指导制定“通过5年努力，精心组织创作生产100项左右的各类文化精品”的战略目标。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记对文艺精品工作多次作出重要指示，强调“没有优秀作品，其他事情搞得再热闹、再花哨，那也只是表面文章，是不能真正深入人民精神世界的，是不能触及人的灵魂、引起人民思想共鸣的”。他要求文艺工作者“静下心来、精益求精搞创作，把最好的精神食粮奉献给人民”。2020年9月22日，习近平总书记主持召开教育文化卫生体育领域专家代表座谈会时强调：“让人民享有更加充实、更为丰富、更高质量的精神文化生活。”
+
+文艺精品标志着一个时代文艺的高度和水平，也是时代社会生活与精神的写照。文艺精品的涌现是文化繁荣的标志，能够为文化惠民建设注入现实力量。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间的探索到新时代以来的伟大实践，都深刻启示我们：没有优秀作品，是不能真正深入人民精神世界的，是不能触及人的灵魂、引起人民思想共鸣的，推进文化惠民必须打造更多为人民群众所喜爱、所认同、所拥有的高质量文化产品。要体现“为民情怀”，坚持以人民为中心的创作导向，虚心向人民学习，文艺精品创作要反映好人民心声，努力为人民抒写，为人民抒情，为人民抒怀。要体现“原创意识”，围绕提高文化原创能力，改进文艺创作生产服务、引导、组织工作机制，在拓展题材、内容、形式、手法上下功夫，提高原创力。要体现“德艺双馨”，秉持“板凳要坐十年冷”的艺术韧劲，孜孜以求、精益求精的工匠精神，培育造就一大批德艺双馨的文艺名家，为人民群众追求美好生活提供优质文化供给。
+
+### 5. 坚持创新性,把围绕面向群众、面向市场进行体制和机制创新作为文化惠民的内在动力
+
+深化文化体制改革是社会主义文化建设的内在动力。为何而改，为谁而改，改什么和不改什么，则是必须首先回答的问题。随着物质生活水平的不断提高，人们对精神文化生活提出了新的更高要求，精神文化产品的生产与人民群众日益增长的精神文化需求之间的矛盾更加突出。针对这些问题，习近平总书记在浙江工作时明确指出，“文化体制改革的着力点就是围绕面向群众、面向市场进行体制和机制创新，逐步建立有利于调动文化工作者积极性，推动文化创新，多出精品、多出人才的文化管理体制和运行机制”。他还提出，“文化体制改革是为了更好地发展文化，绝不能简单地理解为政府‘卸包袱’和经济上‘断奶’”。在他的指导下，浙江始终坚持文化体制改革的正确方向，对公益性文化事业进行改革，以增加投入、转换机制、改善服务为重点，不断增强其活力，进一步发挥人文优势，进一步增强文化软实力，进一步提高文化惠民的获得感。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记高度重视文化改革发展，把文化体制改革作为全面深化改革的重要组成部分加以谋划推进。在2013年8月召开的全国宣传思想工作会议上，习近平总书记指出，“继续大胆推进改革、推动文化事业全面繁荣和文化产业快速发展、建设社会主义文化强国”。党的二十届三中全会提出“优化文化服务和文化产品供给机制。完善公共文化服务体系，建立优质文化资源直达基层机制，健全社会力量参与公共文化服务机制，推进公共文化设施所有权和使用权分置改革”。
+
+文化体制改革是解放和发展文化生产力、激发文化惠民内生动力的必由之路，是进一步推动文化与市场接轨的必然选择。文化惠民高质量发展离不开持续的创新。从习近平总书记在浙江工作期间的探索到新时代以来的伟大实践，都深刻启示我们：深化文化体制机制改革，要把激发创新创造活力作为中心环节，加快完善遵循文化发展规律、有利于激发活力的文化管理体制和生产经营机制，不断丰富人民精神文化生活。要注重“内容”创新，在促进标准化、均等化发展的基础上，健全扩大普惠性非基本公共文化服务供给机制，拓展文创产品研发、主题研学等方面的文化增值服务，优化公共文化服务供给质效。要注重“方式”创新，进一步建立完善“政府主导、社会参与、重心下移、共建共享”的现代公共文化服务体系，进一步转变政府职能，以需求为导向推动公共文化服务社会化发展、专业化运营。要注重“手段”创新，加强公共文化机构数字资源建设，完善公共文化服务网络平台，不断拓展智慧公共文化服务应用，以数字化赋能公共文化服务社会化供给。
+
+## 三、浙江深入贯彻习近平总书记关于文化惠民重要论述的具体实践
+
+“八八战略”实施以来，浙江进一步发挥人文优势，加快推进文化大省建设，持续推进实施文化惠民工程，让人民群众享有更加充实、更为丰富、更高质量的精神文化生活。一是明确以满足人民群众精神文化需求为出发点和落脚点，不断健全文化惠民顶层设计。坚持一手抓经济，一手抓文化，“硬实力”和“软实力”相互促进、相得益彰。浙江历届省委、省政府高度重视文化惠民工作，把实施文化惠民工程纳入中心工作，写入地方立法、五年规划、专项规划、政府工作报告等重大政策文件，颁布《浙江省公共文化服务保障条例》，确保了浙江文化建设坚持以人民为中心，以人的全面发展为旨归，以文化惠民为抓手，以不断满足群众精神文化需求为出发点和落脚点的发展方向。二是优化公共文化产品和公共文化服务供给，不断提高服务能力水平。坚持把“好钢用在刀刃上”，先后组织实施了农村文化礼堂建设工程、山区26县文化提升工程、公共文化服务“十百千”工程、文化基因激活工程等，推进建设大运河国家文化公园（浙江段），相继建成并投入使用浙江美术馆、浙江音乐学院、国家版本馆杭州分馆、之江文化中心等重大标识性文化设施。这一系列文化惠民工程和文化设施的推进，使浙江满足群众精神文化需求的能力和水平不断提高。2024年末，全省县级以上文化馆、图书馆、乡镇综合文化站和500人以上行政村农村文化礼堂覆盖率均达到100%，建成城市书房1643个、文化驿站946个和乡村博物馆813家。三是实施文化精品战略和文化精品工程，不断激励创作更多满足群众精神文化需求的精品力作。坚持把激励创作文化精品摆到重要位置，创新文化精品创作生产的体制机制，打造文化精品创作的重要平台，完善文化精品创作的全流程保障，让文化精品成为浙江文化高地最鲜明、最令人信服的标识。越剧《新龙门客栈》《我的大观园》，电视剧《狂飙》《县委大院》，电影《热辣滚烫》《万里归途》，舞蹈《碇步桥》《孤山行旅》等一批叫好又叫座的精品力作，既彰显了浙江的文化魅力，又在更大范围内满足了人民群众的精神文化需求。四是深入开展“送文化”和“种文化”活动，不断激活发挥人民群众文化主体作用。文化的生命力在于公众参与。浙江重视发挥人民群众文化需求的主体作用，把“送文化”与“种文化”结合起来，积极发展社区文化、农村文化、校园文化、企业文化等，创新实施“文艺赋美”工程，广泛开展“村晚”“村歌”等群众性文化活动，实现“百姓百艺、百花齐放”，“周周有活动，月月有村晚，季季有走亲”成为基层文化生活的常态。2024年浙江在全国率先实施文化特派员制度，选派1570余位文化特派员赴乡镇（街道）、结对村（社区）开展基层文化建设，推动优质文化资源直达基层的渠道更加畅通，基层文化服务精准性、有效性不断提升。
+
+党的二十届三中全会提出“建立优质文化资源直达基层机制”。踏上新征程，浙江将深入推进“文化+民生”，主动贴近民生，坚持惠民利民导向，加快构建均等化、标准化现代公共文化服务体系，用最少的投入、办最多的事情、提供最好的服务。一是以人民至上的价值理念为文化惠民定向。聚焦满足人民日益增长的美好文化生活需要，将文化服务转化为实实在在的文化民生。抓好顶层谋划设计，进一步明确公共文化服务现代化建设的方向和路径。要提供高品质、精准化文化服务，建立基层文化需求常态化跟踪、研判、响应的工作机制，不断提质升级服务效能，探索创建新型高品质公共文化空间，持续优化公共文化场馆服务模式。二是以深化改革的创新精神为文化惠民增值。以改革为动力，优化文化产品和文化服务供给机制。聚焦“优质”“直达”两个关键词，深化文化特派员制度，积极打造公共文化共同体，完善“文艺赋美”推进机制，拓展内涵外延，营造文艺组织新生态。健全完善社会力量参与公共文化服务机制，探索推进公共文化设施所有权和使用权分置改革，引入社会资本、社会力量参与文化惠民工程建设，运营管理文化惠民设施，开展文化惠民活动。三是以数字科技的服务方式为文化惠民赋能。提升公共文化服务的数智化水平，加快“浙里文化圈”等公共文化数字化平台迭代升级，推动“文化点单”提质拓面。加快推进智慧图书馆、公共文化云等数字公共文化服务前沿实践，优化基层数字文化服务网络。结合多媒体技术和智能交互技术，深入挖掘文化元素，利用场景设计与技术融合，增强互动体验，增强文化活动吸引力。四是以文旅融合的发展模式为文化惠民添彩。适应社会发展趋势，用“文化+”的方式盘活各种公共服务资源，推动公共文化服务供给侧发力。加强文化和旅游深度融合的顶层设计、系统规划，推动更广范围、更深层次、更高水平的融合。全面推进浙江文化标识建设，推动文化价值路径转化，提升旅游的文化内涵。加强公共文化场馆服务功能的拓展，推动博物馆、非遗馆、图书馆等公共文化服务场馆为旅游高质量发展助力赋能。
+（课题组负责人：陈广胜）
+
+
+
+来源：浙江日报
+
+
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+“两山”理念提出二十周年 | 高世楫: 深入学习贯彻习近平生态文明思想 努力做好生态文明领域决策咨询工作
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+欢迎关注  中国发展观察 2025年08月15日 16:39 北京
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+文 | 高世楫
+
+内容提要:
+“绿水青山就是金山银山”的重要论断是习近平生态文明思想的核心内
+容与代表性理念。深入学习和准确把握习近平生态文明思想的科学体
+系与方法论意蕴，对于提升生态文明领域政策咨询研究的理论深度、
+战略高度与实践效度，切实发挥智库在国家治理体系中的智力支撑作
+用，具有重要的理论价值与现实紧迫性。开展好生态文明领域的政策
+咨询研究工作，要有坚定的人民立场、高度的政治自觉、明确的问题
+导向、深入的调查研究、严密的系统观念与开放的国际视野。
+
+ 中国发展观察 赞 分享 推荐  写留言
+
+2005年8月15日，时任中共浙江省委书记的习近平同志在浙江省湖州市安吉县余村考察时，首次明确提出“绿水青山就是金山银山”的重要论断。这一科学论断深刻揭示了生态环境保护与经济社会发展之间的内在统一性与动态平衡关系，体现了对人与自然关系的哲学思考与实践洞察，成为习近平生态文明思想的核心内容与代表性理念。2025年正值该理念提出二十周年，具有重要的历史节点意义。在此背景下，《习近平生态文明文选》第一卷正式出版发行，这部著作全面呈现了习近平生态文明思想的形成脉络、理论内涵与实践逻辑，标志着这一思想体系的进一步系统化与理论化。
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+习近平生态文明思想，为推进人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化提供了根本遵循，也为全面推进美丽中国建设确立了战略指引与行动纲领。深入学习和准确把握习近平生态文明思想的科学体系与方法论意蕴，对于提升生态文明领域政策咨询研究的理论深度、战略高度与实践效度，切实发挥智库在国家治理体系中的智力支撑作用，具有重要的理论价值与现实紧迫性。
+
+# | 从习近平生态文明思想的发展历程中理解和把握习近平生态文明思想的丰富内涵
+
+2018年5月召开的全国生态环境保护大会上，习近平总书记就推动我国生态文明建设迈上新台阶发表了重要讲话，系统论述了新时代推进生态文明建设必须坚持的基本原则。正是这次大会，首次正式提出习近平生态文明思想，高高举起了新时代生态文明建设的思想旗帜。习近平生态文明思想深刻回答了为什么建设生态文明、建设什么样的生态文明、怎样建设生态文明等重大理论和实践问题。其核心要义体现在坚持党对生态文明建设的全面领导，坚持生态兴则文明兴，坚持人与自然和谐共生，坚持绿水青山就是金山银山，坚持良好生态环境是最普惠的民生福祉，坚持绿色发展是发展观的深刻革命，坚持山水林田湖草是生命共同体，坚持用最严格制度最严密法治保护生态环境，坚持把建设美丽中国转化为全体人民自觉行动，坚持共谋全球生态文明建设之路。
+
+习近平生态文明思想的历史源流，可以追溯到我们党领导人民建设现代化国家的漫长征程中。新中国成立后治理江河、绿化祖国；1973年制定《关于保护和改善环境的若干规定》并确定了“全面规划，合理布局，综合利用，化害为利，依靠群众，大家动手，保护环境，造福人民”的环境保护“32字方针”；1979年，我国第一部环境保护单项法律《中华人民共和国环境保护法（试行）》颁布；1992年，我国制定了《中国21世纪议程——中国21世纪人口、环境与发展白皮书》，开启了可持续发展进程；本世纪初，我国提出要实现科学发展，建设生态文明。党领导中国人民推进生态文明建设的这些艰苦而有益的探索，为习近平生态文明思想的形成和发展准备了条件。
+
+习近平生态文明思想的形成和发展，更是直接源于习近平总书记对生态环境保护工作一以贯之的高度重视。早在延安梁家河当知青期间，习近平同志就带领大家修淤地坝改善耕作条件、建沼气池利用生物质能源；在河北正定担任县委书记期间，强调“宁肯不要钱，也不要污染”；在福建工作期间，推动治理水土流失、重视生态环境保护和开发、创新林权制度、推动生态省建设；在浙江工作期间更是提出“绿水青山就是金山银山”，撰文深刻阐述“绿水青山”和“金山银山”的辩证统一关系，对如何将“绿水青山”转化为“金山银山”提出战略性指引，并通过“千村示范、万村整治”行动改善农村人居环境；在上海工作期间，要求崇明按照建设生态岛的思路，认认真真做下去。
+
+到中央工作后、特别是党的十八大以后，习近平总书记更是高度重视生态文明建设，就生态文明建设作出了一系列重要论述，提出了一系列科学论断。学习《习近平生态文明文选》第一卷的一篇篇重要著作，我们可以更加深刻地领略习近平生态文明思想如何指导我国生态文明建设的伟大实践，并在实践中不断升华和与时俱进地发展。
+
+2012年12月，党的十八大后习近平总书记第一次离京赴外地考察，就提出要实现永续发展，必须抓好生态文明建设。我们建设现代化国家，走美欧老路是走不通的，再有几个地球也不够中国人消耗。2013年5月，习近平总书记在主持中共十八届中央政治局第六次集体学习时提出，建设美丽中国，努力走向社会主义生态文明新时代。此外，“山水林田湖是一个生命共同体”的系统思想，创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，“推动形成绿色发展方式和生活方式，是发展观的一场深刻革命”等许多具有原创性的思想和理论，都是习近平总书记在党的十八大前后提出的。
+
+2018年习近平生态文明思想的首次提出和确立，更是标志着新时代以来我们党领导生态文明建设不断迈上新台阶。从党的十八大提出“努力走向社会主义生态文明新时代”；到党的十九大把“坚持人与自然和谐共生”纳入新时代坚持和发展中国特色社会主义的基本方略，把“美丽中国”纳入社会主义现代化强国目标；再到党的二十大提出“中国式现代化是人与自然和谐共生的现代化”，习近平生态文明思想得到了不断发展和完善。
+
+党的十八大以来，习近平生态文明思想正式提出并在实践中不断发展，“生态文明”、“美丽”中国等写进《中国共产党章程》，生态文明理念和生态文明建设写入《中华人民共和国宪法》，人与自然和谐共生成为中国式现代化的重要特征，我们党从思想、法律、体制、组织、作风上全面发力，全方位、全地域、全过程加强生态环境保护，开展了一系列根本性、开创性、长远性工作，生态环境保护发生历史性、转折性、全局性变化，美丽中国建设迈出重大步伐。
+
+# | 从我国生态文明建设取得的巨大成就中感悟习近平生态文明思想的真理伟力
+
+党的十八大以来，以习近平同志为核心的党中央在深化改革开放中持续推进生态文明建设，从顶层设计到全面部署，从最严格制度到最严密法治，出台一系列改革措施，用实际行动回答了绿色发展“做什么”和“怎么做”的时代课题，“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念逐步成为全党全社会的共识和行动，我国经济社会绿色发展取得巨大成就。人民群众能够真切地感受到我国生态环境的变化：污染天数减少，江河湖泊水质变好，森林面积增加，生物多样性改善……这些发生在中华大地的巨大变化，让我们见证了习近平生态文明思想的实践伟力。
+
+据有关部门统计数据，2013年，我国经济总量为59万亿元，2024年增长到135万亿元，翻了一番多。与十年前相比，全国重污染天数减少92%；优良水质断面比例也大幅增加。2013年至2023年，我国以年均3.3%的能源消费增速支撑了年均6.1%的经济增长，能耗强度累计下降26.1%，是全球能耗强度降低最快的国家之一。目前，我国森林覆盖率已超过25%，成为全球森林资源增长最多、最快和人工造林面积最大的国家。天更蓝了，水更清了，真正实现了“既要金山银山，又要绿水青山”的跨越。
+
+这组宏观数据背后，是新发展理念指引下坚持绿色发展带来的产业升级和绿色转型。我们将绿色发展理念融入工业、农业、服务业全链条，不仅使得生产体系更加清洁、低碳、循环、可持续，更带来了新技术、新业态、新增长；不但传统产业焕发“绿色生机”，新兴产业更是获得巨大发展。特别是在低碳产业领域，我国“新三样”产品在全球市场占据领先地位，成为引领全球绿色转型的重要力量。
+
+这些巨大成就的取得，正是因为我们坚持以习近平生态文明思想指导生态文明建设。习近平总书记在2023年全国生态环境保护大会上强调，新时代生态文明建设取得举世瞩目的巨大成就，概括起来就是成功实现了四个“重大转变”。
+
+**一是实现由重点整治到系统治理的重大转变**。党中央以解决人民群众反映强烈的突出生态环境问题出发，坚决查处一批破坏生态环境的重大典型案件，集中力量打好蓝天、碧水、净土保卫战，有效遏制了生态环境恶化的势头。推进精准治污、科学治污、依法治污，统筹山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理，完善生态文明法律制度体系，深化生态文明体制改革，生态环境治理水平显著提高。
+
+**二是实现由被动应对到主动作为的重大转变**。强化责任追究，有效遏制了以牺牲环境为代价换取一时经济增长的行为。把绿色发展要求落实到经济社会发展全过程，推动形成节约资源和保护环境的空间格局、产业结构、生产方式、生活方式，“绿水青山就是金山银山”的理念成为全党全社会的共识和行动。
+
+**三是实现由全球环境治理参与者到引领者的重大转变**。作出碳达峰碳中和的庄严承诺并付诸实施，共建绿色“一带一路”，推动《巴黎协定》达成，先后举办《生物多样性公约》和《湿地公约》缔约方大会，推动确立到2030年至少有效保护全球30%陆地和海洋的目标。
+
+**四是实现由实践探索到科学理论指导的重大转变**。提出一系列新理念新思想新战略，系统回答了为什么建设生态文明、建设什么样的生态文明、怎样建设生态文明等重大理论和实践问题，形成新时代中国特色社会主义生态文明思想，把我们党对生态文明建设规律的认识提升到新高度，为新时代生态文明建设提供了根本遵循。
+
+党的十八大以来，我国生态文明建设取得举世瞩目的巨大成就，人民群众感受最直接最真切，社会普遍认可，成为新时代党和国家事业取得历史性成就、发生历史性变革的显著标志，为我们党和国家赢得了巨大的国际声誉。
+
+# | 深入学习习近平生态文明思想,努力做好政策咨询工作
+
+2023年底，《中共中央国务院关于全面推进美丽中国建设的意见》提出了美丽中国建设“十四五”深入攻坚、“十五五”巩固拓展、“十六五”整体提升的阶段性目标和措施部署，标志着美丽中国建设开启新篇章。作为生态文明领域的智库研究人员，我们应贯彻新发展理念，紧扣“美丽中国”建设这一战略目标，聚焦人民群众日益增长的优美生态环境需要，围绕党中央关于生态文明建设的重大决策部署，提供及时、精准、前瞻且可操作的决策支撑。
+
+开展好生态文明领域的政策咨询研究工作，必须努力提高政治站位，持续深入学习习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想和习近平生态文明思想，不断深化对其深刻内涵的理解和运用，用以指导推进生态文明体制改革，研究全局性、综合性、战略性、前瞻性以及难点、热点问题。深入学习并运用习近平生态文明思想指导政策咨询研究，最重要的是掌握其世界观、方法论及贯穿其中的立场观点方法。
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+坚定的人民立场。生态文明建设的根本目的是为了人民、依靠人民、成果由人民共享。政策咨询研究必须始终坚持以人民为中心的发展思想，把增进人民生态福祉作为出发点和落脚点。要高度关注生态环境质量对群众健康、生活品质和公平正义的影响，深入解决大气污染、黑臭水体、噪声扰民、生态破坏等突出环境问题，倾听基层呼声，回应民生关切。研究成果应体现民情、尊重民意、惠及民生，切实推动解决人民群众身边的生态环境难题，不断增强人民群众对优美生态环境的获得感、幸福感、安全感。
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+高度的政治自觉。必须旗帜鲜明地坚持以习近平生态文明思想为根本遵循和行动指南，深刻把握“人与自然和谐共生”的现代化本质要求。牢记生态文明建设这一“国之大者”，自觉在党和国家事业发展全局中谋划生态文明研究工作，确保研究方向不偏、立场不移。要把维护国家生态安全、推动绿色低碳转型、实现高质量发展等重大战略任务贯穿于政策咨询研究全过程，增强“为党分忧、为国尽责、为民服务”的政治自觉，确保研究成果服务于党中央决策部署和国家长远利益。
+
+明确的问题导向。政策咨询研究的生命力在于回应现实、破解难题。要坚持“急中央之所急、谋发展之所需”，聚焦我国生态文明建设中的突出矛盾和关键瓶颈。既要关注碳达峰碳中和、生物多样性保护、环境治理体系现代化等战略性、长期性议题，也要紧盯污染防治攻坚、资源约束趋紧、生态风险累积等紧迫性、现实性问题。研究应以提出可操作、能落地的政策建议为目标，做到有的放矢、精准建言，真正发挥“参谋”“智囊”作用。
+
+深入的调查研究。没有扎实的调查就没有发言权。必须坚决摒弃“纸上谈兵”“闭门造车”的研究倾向，坚持“从群众中来，到群众中去”的工作方法。要深入基层一线、企业社区、山林湖海，掌握真实的第一手资料，了解政策落地的“最后一公里”情况，发现基层实践中的创新做法与现实困境。通过实地走访、问卷访谈、数据分析等多种方式，全面把握生态环境问题的复杂性与多样性，为科学决策提供坚实的事实依据和实践支撑。
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+严密的系统观念。生态文明是一个涵盖自然、经济、社会、文化等多维度的复杂巨系统。开展政策咨询研究必须强化系统思维，坚持整体性、协同性和动态性原则。要跳出单一要素、单一领域的局限，统筹山水林田湖草沙一体化保护和系统治理，把握各生态要素之间的内在联系与相互作用。在政策设计中，评估政策的跨领域、跨区域、跨周期影响，避免“头痛医头、脚痛医脚”，防范政策叠加或冲突带来的“负外部性”。通过系统建模、情景推演、综合评估等方法，提升研究的科学性、预见性和协同性，推动形成整体最优的治理方案。
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+开放的国际视野。生态文明是全球共同事业，环境问题具有高度的跨国性和全球性。政策咨询研究必须具备宽广的国际格局，密切关注全球气候变化谈判、生物多样性公约、绿色“一带一路”合作等进程。深入研究发达国家在环境治理、循环经济、碳市场机制、绿色技术创新等方面的政策经验与教训，把握全球绿色转型的趋势与规则演变。既要善于借鉴国际先进理念与有效模式，也要立足中国实际，提炼中国生态文明建设的理论创新与实践路径，主动参与全球环境治理话语体系建设，讲好中国生态文明故事，贡献中国智慧与中国方案。
+
+展望未来，我们将继续深入学习贯彻习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想，特别是习近平生态文明思想，全面贯彻新发展理念，深入研究生态文明建设领域的重大战略问题和难点热点问题。积极开展国际合作，从人类社会工业化、现代化的大历史背景研究中国绿色发展和生态文明建设的创新实践和国际影响，努力多出经得起实践、人民、历史检验的研究成果，在国际上讲好中国绿色发展的故事，积极输出中国绿色发展的经验做法，在推动全球可持续发展进程中展现中国智库作为，贡献中国智库力量。
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+作者为国务院发展研究中心资源与环境政策研究所所长、习近平生态文明思想研究室主任、研究员
+
+本文刊发于《中国发展观察》第7期。
+
+
+
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+“全面提高公民的思想道德素质”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·文明素质篇
+
+今日浙江 2025年08月08日 08:10 浙江
+
+
+
+# “全面提高公民的思想道德素质”——习近平总书记在浙江工作期间文化理念与实践·文明素质篇
+
+浙江省习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想研究中心
+
+“全面提高公民的思想道德素质”是全社会精神文明建设的中心内容与关键环节。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间高度重视思想道德建设，明确提出“发挥思想道德凝聚人心、引导行为的作用”等重要论述，扎实推进“双建设、双整治”等工程，努力促进社会文明程度的提高和人的全面发展。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间关于思想道德建设的重要论述与实践探索，不仅为浙江书写思想道德建设新篇章提供了重要的体系性、制度性、机制性实践路径，也为新时代我国社会主义精神文明建设特别是思想道德建设提供了丰富的思想理论资源和实践经验。
+
+## 一、习近平总书记在浙江工作期间关于思想道德建设的重要论述及实践探索
+
+改革开放以来，浙江经济高速发展，经济总量跃居全国前列。与此同时，伴随着市场经济的深入发展，社会思想文化领域也面临着新的挑战：价值观念日趋多元带来思想引领的复杂性，道德认知多样化增加了价值整合的难度，公民素质发展的不均衡性制约着社会文明程度的整体提升。这些新情况和新问题迫切要求全面提高公民的思想道德素质，营造良好社会风尚，推动人的全面发展。在浙江工作期间，
+今日浙江赞 分享推荐 写留言
+
+### 1. 锚定思想道德建设在现代化中的重要地位，旗帜鲜明地提出“要发挥思想道德凝聚人心、引导行为的作用”
+
+思想道德建设在现代化中具有重要地位，起着凝心聚力、引领示范的作用。2002年6月，浙江省第十一次党代会就提出要加强社会主义道德建设，逐步形成与发展社会主义市场经济相适应的社会主义道德体系。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志高度重视发挥思想道德凝聚人心、引导行为的作用。他形象地比喻道，与科学文化素质相比，思想道德素质具有“虚一点”的特点，但“虚与实的工作，好比人体的大脑和心脏……大脑和心脏都重要、都需要，缺一不可”。2004年，习近平同志在嵊州调研时强调，“在提高人们素质的工作上，科学文化素质方面要实一点，思想道德素质方面要虚一点。实的比较好把握，虚的相对难以把握……所以，干工作必须虚实结合”。习近平同志十分重视思想道德建设在提升公民文明素质、促进社会和谐发展方面的重要作用。2005年7月，浙江省委十一届八次全会作出加快建设文化大省的决定，并部署实施文化建设“八项工程”，其中第一项工程就是文明素质工程。实施方案要求深入贯彻《公民道德建设实施纲要》和《浙江省公民道德规范》，不断提高全体公民的思想道德素质、科学文化素质和健康素质，为浙江在加快全面建设小康社会、提前基本实现现代化进程中走在前列提供精神动力、道德支撑、思想保证。
+
+### 2. 指明思想道德建设的最终目的，高瞻远瞩地提出“提高人们的思想道德素质”是“人的全面发展”的应有之义
+
+唯物史观深刻揭示，人既是社会发展的主体，也是社会进步的终极目的。实现人的自由全面发展，既根植于人的本质属性，更标志着社会文明的根本进步。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志鲜明指出，“要认清物质文明建设和精神文明建设的最终目的是什么，GDP、财政收入、居民收入等等是一些重要指标，但都不是最终目的，其最终目的就是要促进人的全面发展，包括改善人们的物质生活、丰富人们的精神生活、提高人们的生活质量、提高人们的思想道德素质和科学文化素质等等”。这一论述充分彰显了唯物史观的世界观和方法论，阐明了提高人的思想道德素质是人的全面发展的应有之义，强调了社会发展最终是为了实现人的全面发展。为此，习近平同志前瞻性地提出促进全省人民全面发展的“四个强省”规划，要求“加快建设教育强省、科技强省、卫生强省和体育强省”。提高人们的思想道德素质和科学文化素质，基础在教育。习近平同志立足浙江的实际情况，推动开展爱国主义教育培养公民的爱国情怀，开展礼仪教育提升公民的文明素养，开展法治宣传提高公民法律素养，开展科普工作增强公民科学意识等一系列工作，这些工作极大地促进了人的全面发展。在推进具体工作时，习近平同志作出指示，各项创建工作要充分考虑当地的财政能力和人民群众的承受力，不搞花架子，不做表面文章，不建劳民伤财的“形象工程”；在衡量工作成效时，还要以人民群众满不满意、赞不赞成、高兴不高兴为最高标准。“促进人的全面发展”这一价值目标已经深深植根于浙江思想道德建设的理论与实践逻辑当中，贯穿于思想道德建设工作部署、系统推进、综合评价的整个过程。正是因为具有明确的目标导向，思想道德建设才既具有针对性又具有实效性。
+
+### 3. 加强农村思想道德建设，因地制宜地提出“要实现农村的和谐稳定和长治久安，就必须继续加强思想道德建设”
+
+农村稳才能天下稳。习近平同志指出，“‘三农’问题的核心是农民问题”，“要把切实提高农民素质、实现人的全面发展，作为‘三农’工作的根本出发点和落脚点”。面对农村环境水脏山秃、农民思想道德相对保守落后等情况，习近平同志亲自谋划、亲自部署、亲自推动“千万工程”。2004年7月26日，习近平同志在全省“千万工程”工作现场会上肯定了这项工作在改善农村生产生活条件、提高农民生活质量、促进农民生活方式转变和文明素质提高，进而改变农村落后于社区的状况等方面起到的积极促进作用。习近平同志多次强调，“我们要把‘讲文明兴村’放到新农村建设的重要位置来抓”。在具体工作中，他不仅提出要继续深入开展社会主义新农村建设教育活动，还积极建立健全培训农民、提高农民素质的长效机制。从2004年起，浙江正式启动“千万农村劳动力素质培训工程”，目的是把广大农民培育成“有新理念、新思想、新知识、新文化、新精神、新技能、新素质、新能力”的新农民。正是在习近平同志的有力推动下，浙江农村风貌焕然一新，农民精神面貌昂扬向上，农村思想道德建设取得实质性成效。
+
+### 4. 聚焦思想道德建设的重点人群，有的放矢地指出要“不断加强党员领导干部的思想道德修养和党性修养”，要“加强和改进未成年人思想道德建设”
+
+21世纪以来，浙江进入了体制转轨、社会转型的重要历史时期，面对各种利益冲突，一些党员干部在工作中出现了“重始轻终、重短轻长、重显轻隐、重易轻难、重局部轻全局”的“五重五轻”问题，官僚主义、形式主义等不正之风滋长蔓延。对此，习近平同志强调，“领导干部又不是一个普通的人，其一言一行对社会具有重要的导向作用”，在多个场合要求干部“自觉做到为政以德、为政以廉、为政以民”。习近平同志高度重视政德建设，注重通过先进性教育活动抓好全省各级党组织和党员的思想政治建设，亲自为省纪委专门编纂的《廉政镜鉴丛书》作序，探索建立体现育德实效的干部政绩考核体系。
+
+一个民族的文明进步，是在一代又一代人的传承和发展中形成的。习近平同志指出，“未成年人的思想道德状况如何，直接关系到我们国家和民族未来的精神面貌。未成年人的工作，是事关未来的事业，是决定中华民族综合素质不断提高的基础工作。只有‘从娃娃抓起’，才能奠定社会主义精神文明的坚实基础”。为此，习近平同志特别提出了“四个着眼于”——着眼于增强爱国情感、着眼于确立远大志向、着眼于规范行为习惯、着眼于提高基本素质。2004年，在全省加强和改进未成年人思想道德建设工作会议上，他呼吁未成年人思想道德建设需要全社会参与，形成强大合力共同来做。正是在习近平同志的带领下，浙江坚持以党风政风带动民风社风，营造全社会关心关爱未成年人健康成长的良好氛围。
+
+### 5. 找准思想道德建设的具体着力点，一针见血地指出“精神文明建设特别是思想道德建设一定要通过看得见、摸得着的方式，创造实实在在的载体”
+
+思想道德建设的成效往往具有潜隐性，需要通过具体的方式、载体才能真正落地见效。2004年，习近平同志到嵊州调研时了解到，嵊州市越剧团一年演出达到130—150场次，其中八成面向农村。看到这里好戏连台，丰富的文化惠民活动就在老百姓家门口开展，他指出，“精神文明建设特别是思想道德建设一定要通过看得见、摸得着的方式，创造实实在在的载体，寓教于乐，入耳入脑，深入人心，潜移默化”。在习近平同志的倡导推动下，浙江面向城乡基层深入推进“双建设、双整治”活动。为了使活动更加贴近实际、贴近群众、贴近生活，他特别强调“在这个大的载体内，还要探索和创造更加具体的载体”。2005年，浙江开展以文明单位与行政村结对共建文明为内容的“双万结对共建文明”活动，充分挖掘文明单位资源优势，充分发挥城市对农村的辐射带动作用和农村对城市的支持促进作用，在思想道德建设方面实现城乡互补。此外，浙江积极推进全省群众性精神文明创建活动。2004年12月，浙江出台《省精神文明建设委员会关于深入开展创建浙江省示范文明城市、浙江省文明城市活动的意见》，重点明确了创建文明城市的总体要求、测评标准、活动分类等内容。种类多样的活动载体将浙江的道德文化切实融入人民群众现实生活，以润物无声的形式让思想道德建设可观可感可知。
+
+### 6. 把大学生思想道德建设放在突出位置，一以贯之地强调“开展大学生思想政治教育工作，要坚持育人为本、德育为先”
+
+大学生作为青年群体的中坚力量，其价值取向、道德水准与创新活力不仅决定着个体的人生走向，也成为影响国家发展和社会进步的关键变量。思想政治教育是思想道德建设的重要方面，也是引导青年崇德向善的重要途径。习近平同志在省委常委会听取浙江大学工作汇报时强调，“要把加强和改进大学生思想政治教育作为一项长期的战略任务”，把“育人”作为大学的首要任务，把“培养什么人”的问题作为根本问题，把“如何培养人”作为高校的永恒课题。他率先垂范，亲自走上讲台讲授思政课。在习近平同志的倡导下，浙江建立了省领导联系高校和定期为高校师生作形势政策报告制度，要求领导干部走上讲台与大学生面对面论形势、讲政策。在思政课建设方面，习近平同志强调要抓住“育人”这个中心，“把育人融入学校工作的各个方面，贯穿于教育教学的各个环节”，并对教学理念、教学内容、教师素养等提出了具体要求。此外，习近平同志还十分关心关注大学生的身心健康问题，强调“必须坚持以学生成长成才为中心，把解决思想问题与解决实际问题结合起来，把教育学生和服务学生结合起来，既要教育人引导人，又要关心人帮助人，体察大学生的冷暖疾苦，倾听大学生的利益诉求，帮助大学生处理好成长过程中学习成才、择业交友、健康生活和经济条件等方面的具体问题”。在实际推进过程中，浙江坚持以教育提升思想道德建设效度，以关心传递思想道德建设温度，从而真正让高远的理想信念和崇高的道德理想植根于大学生心中。
+
+### 7. 注重传统道德资源的发掘传承，推陈出新地提出“积极鼓励和支持一切有利于解放生产力、发展社会主义市场经济的新的道德观念和道德规范”
+
+中华优秀传统文化积淀着五千年文明的道德精华，蕴藏着深厚的道德智慧与美德资源，为推进社会主义思想道德建设提供了丰沃的精神土壤。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志指出，“我们国家历来讲究读书修身、从政以德……传统文化中，读书、修身、立德，不仅是立身之本，更是从政之基”。他多次强调传统家风家规对于道德教育的重要性，并借用“子不教，父之过”“望子成龙”“望女成凤”等经典典故来说明家庭德育在引导孩子成才成人方面发挥着不可替代的作用。习近平同志还多次给浙江高校师生作形势政策报告。在报告中，他从浙江传统文化中挖掘优秀典范，对群星璀璨的浙江历史文化名人故事如数家珍，引导同学们在时代进步与社会发展的潮流中向善向美。人的文明素质决定社会的文明程度，思想道德素质是文明素质的重要内容。正是在习近平同志的带领下，浙江充分注重培养人的思想道德素质、高度注重转化传统道德资源，通过理论宣讲、要素挖掘、榜样引领等途径，在全社会与时俱进地培塑与经济社会发展相适应的思想观念、价值取向、心理状态和社会道德标准，进而发挥人在经济社会发展中的能动作用。
+
+### 8. 强化思想道德建设的法治保障，言近旨远地提出“弘扬法治精神，形成法治风尚”
+
+“法治与德治，如车之双轮、鸟之两翼，一个靠国家机器的强制和威严，一个靠人们的内心信念和社会舆论，各自起着不可替代而相辅相成、相得益彰的作用”。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志多次强调要将道德与法治相结合，以道德良心涵养风气，以强制手段严惩恶行，刚柔并济，破立并举，共同推动公民思想道德建设。在他看来，推进“法治浙江”建设“必须把握法治与德治的互补性、兼容性和一致性”，“既要发挥民主法制保障人民权利、维护社会秩序的作用，又要发挥思想道德凝聚人心、引导行为的作用”。2006年2月，习近平同志在浙江省委理论学习中心组学习会上指出，法治的力量不仅在于定纷止争、化解社会矛盾等方面，法治更深层次的力量表现在向社会输送公平正义价值观、建立社会信任、稳定社会秩序等方面。他认为要“努力把法治精神、法治意识、法治观念熔铸到人们的头脑之中，体现于人们的日常行为之中”。在习近平同志推动下，浙江坚持一手抓法治建设，一手抓道德建设，把法律制裁的强制力量与道德教育的感化力量紧密地结合起来，把硬性的律令与柔性的规范有机地融合在一起，在全省推动形成明德守法的良好风尚。
+
+## 二、习近平总书记在浙江工作期间关于思想道德建设实践探索的理论价值与经验启示
+
+思想道德建设是提升文明素质的立足根基和关键所在，具有纲举目张的重要意义。习近平总书记在浙江工作期间，对思想道德建设的地位、原则、方法等，都作出了明确具体的重要论述和决策部署，形成了丰富深刻的科学认识和规律性把握，为党的十八大以来继续推进思想道德建设提供了重要的实践经验与理论先导。
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+### 1. 坚持系统谋划，构建思想道德建设的大格局
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+思想道德建设涉及各个领域，在人的全面发展、社会的整体进步中发挥着重要的作用，需要放在工作全局中统筹把握、协同推进。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志强调思想道德建设要把顶层设计与基层创新结合起来，形成了思想道德建设的强大合力。浙江将社会主义核心价值观融入地方性法规，并建立了“党委领导、政府推动、社会协同、全民参与”的工作机制。比如，推动学校、家庭、社会教育相联动，通过“阵地工程”“精品工程”“净化工程”“绿网工程”“帮教工程”等加强未成年人思想道德教育，引导未成年人健康成长。比如，将道德建设融入社会治理，以创建文明社区为抓手，建设优良秩序、优质服务、优美环境、人际关系和谐的新型社区。党的十八大以来，“加强新时代公民道德建设，是推进中国特色社会主义事业的一项基础性、战略性工程”，习近平总书记有的放矢地对乡村道德建设、社区道德建设、科研伦理建设等提出了具体要求，作出了统筹部署，形成点面结合、多方联动、立体贯通的大格局。
+
+加强思想道德建设，必须将国家价值目标、社会价值准则和公民价值规范有机融入各方面、全过程，形成一个整体，为中国特色社会主义事业提供源源不断的精神动力和道德滋养。从浙江的“系统工程”到新时代的“基础性、战略性工程”深刻启示我们：开展新时代思想道德建设，要坚持系统观念，以联系的、发展的、全面的思维方式谋篇布局、推进落实。要抓住主要矛盾，精准定位不同地区和不同群体的道德状况与特质，因人因地因事开展思想道德建设。要坚持以点带面，以建设社会主义核心价值体系为根本，规划思想道德建设的任务书、时间表、优先序、路线图，推动思想道德建设向善而行、以质稳进。要确保整体协同，持续推进城乡公共文化服务标准化、均等化，在丰富文化生活中自觉弘扬爱国主义、集体主义、社会主义精神，引导人们积极向上向善，加强社会公德、职业道德、家庭美德、个人品德建设。
+
+### 2. 坚持问题导向，增强思想道德建设的针对性
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+思想道德建设重在实践，重在推动解决社会生活中的实际问题。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志以敏锐的问题意识针砭时弊，强调“进一步查找在理想信念、群众观念、遵守纪律、发挥作用等方面存在的突出问题”，在问题导向中增强思想道德建设的针对性。
+
+针对“党风、政风和社会风气方面存在的一些消极腐败现象”，习近平同志强调要高度重视并加以改正，以理论学习不断涵养党员好品行，不断提高干部队伍的党性修养；针对“思想道德素质方面要虚一点”的问题，习近平同志强调要扎扎实实推动经济社会发展，不断改善人民生活，将思想道德建设落实落细，以经济建设支撑思想道德建设；针对当时乡村伦理建设存在的问题，习近平同志强调“在建设社会主义新农村的新形势下，要实现农村的和谐稳定和长治久安，就必须继续加强思想道德建设”，尤其是要以“千村示范、万村整治”工程为抓手，切实提高农民思想道德素质和科学文化水平。由此可见，浙江思想道德建设总是在发现问题和解决问题之中不断推进。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记要求注重从现实问题出发推进全社会思想道德建设，中共中央、国务院出台了《新时代公民道德建设实施纲要》，强调“群众反映强烈的突出问题，要逐一进行整治，让败德违法者受到惩治、付出代价”，为全社会的思想道德建设指明方向。
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+问题是时代的声音，是创新的起点。只有以重大问题为导向，科学认识、准确把握、正确解决思想道德建设中的突出矛盾和关键问题，多维发力、综合施策，才能不断推动社会进步。从浙江的“查找问题”到新时代的“惩治败德”深刻启示我们：推动公民思想道德建设，关键要以问题为导向，以解决人们在道德建设中面临的新问题和新矛盾为抓手，带动思想道德建设水平的整体提升。要善于发现问题，参照马克思主义道德发展规律、《新时代公民道德建设实施纲要》等认真查摆问题，明确当下的目标和任务。要善于分析问题，不流于思想道德建设问题的表面，而是挖掘问题的根源，解剖好道德滑坡、道德退步、道德腐化等典型症候。要善于解决问题，同社会生活中的拜金主义、享乐主义、极端个人主义作斗争，提高思想道德建设的执行力。要善于总结问题，常常“回头看”，总结出思想道德建设的一般性规律并形成经验推广，在“发现—分析—解决—总结”中提升思想道德建设总体水平。
+
+### 3. 坚持以文化人，提升思想道德建设的感染力
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+文化建设是思想道德建设的“空气”和“土壤”，抓好文化建设能为思想道德建设提供持久的文化力量。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志总结出建设文化大省的八条经验，其中一条便指出了文化建设对于思想道德建设的重要性，并提出要将“提高全省人民的思想道德素质”作为文化建设的“最终目标”去落实。加强公民思想道德建设要善于用好文化的手段。习近平同志曾强调：“优秀的文艺作品能以潜移默化、寓教于乐的特殊方式，作用于人的思想情感，满足人们的精神追求，丰富人们的精神世界，增强人们的精神力量。”需要注意的是，随着经济全球化和信息技术的快速发展，文化的多样性和复杂性日益增加，在这个大背景下，思想道德建设在文化建设中的引领作用更加突出，人的文明素质越发凸显文化主体性和民族特质。在具体实践上，习近平同志将实施文明素质工程放在“八项工程”的首位，要求进一步凸显群众性精神文明创建工作的重点内容和主要抓手，增强针对性和实效性，着力提升全体公民思想道德素质、科学文化素质和健康素质，为人的现代化发展夯实文化根基。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记对加强立德树人、以文化人等各项工作作出一系列重要指示，强调以高尚的精神教育人、以优秀的文化鼓舞人、以丰润的道德滋养人，推动社会主义思想道德建设在新时代展现新气象、取得新成就。
+
+精神文明建设的核心是思想道德建设，“培养什么人”需要明确“以什么样的文化滋养人”，做到以文化人、以文育人。从浙江的“文明素质工程”到新时代的“文化建设根基”深刻启示我们：文化建设为提高人民的思想觉悟和道德水平创造了重要条件，用好各种文化形式和文化载体，能够丰富思想道德建设的内容，提升思想道德建设的效果。以培育和践行核心价值观为根本，大力弘扬时代新风，加强思想道德建设，培育体现社会主义核心价值观的正确道德判断力和道德责任感，不断提升人民群众思想觉悟、道德水准、文明素养和全社会文明程度。把满足人民精神文化需求与思想道德引导结合起来，高质量建设现代公共文化服务体系，创作更多反映时代、感染人民的文艺精品，更好发挥以文化人的作用。突出思想道德建设在文化繁荣和人类文明进步中的作用，不断改进创新文明培育、文明实践、文明创建工作机制，在引导人们向往和追求讲道德、尊道德、守道德的生活实践中，以道德力量奠基文化建设和人的现代化。
+
+### 4. 坚持古为今用，注入思想道德建设的新活力
+
+中华优秀传统文化中有着丰富的美德资源，为思想道德建设提供取之不尽、用之不竭的精神源泉。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志多次强调传统家风家规对于道德教育的重要性，还多次给浙江高校师生作形势政策报告，他从浙江传统文化、浙江历史文化名人故事中挖掘优秀典范，引导人们向善向美。他注重浙江文脉的延续，强调“悠久深厚、意韵丰富的浙江文化传统，是历史赐予我们的宝贵财富，也是我们开拓未来的丰富资源和不竭动力”。比如，在《浙江日报》“之江新语”专栏《心无百姓莫为“官”》一文中，他引用了范仲淹、郑板桥、杜甫、于谦重视民生的诗句，指出心无百姓莫为“官”。他还用古代浙江思想家的思想来讲述浙江人“义利双行”“义利并重”的品行和操守，用北宋胡则的“为官一任、造福一方”来强调党员干部的为政以德，用一系列历史人物和事件来分析浙江人秉承的善于“闯”、勇于“试”、敢于“冒”的品质的文化渊源。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记强调要吸收中华优秀传统文化中的价值理念和道德规范，要“努力实现中华传统美德的创造性转化、创新性发展，引导人们向往和追求讲道德、尊道德、守道德的生活”，“对历史文化特别是先人传承下来的价值理念和道德规范，要坚持古为今用、推陈出新，有鉴别地加以对待，有扬弃地予以继承”。
+
+中华优秀传统文化包含着丰富的内容、多元的形态和深刻的价值，加强思想道德建设，要善于传承和弘扬其中优秀的价值理念和道德规范。从浙江的“取典扬善”到新时代的“传统美德的创造性转化、创新性发展”深刻启示我们：中华传统美德是社会主义道德建设的源头活水，思想道德建设要在守正创新、固本开新中不断推进深化。守正方能创新，在推进文化建设中，注重阐发和弘扬传统文化中符合当今时代要求的道德价值，充分发扬传统美德中的“公私之辨”“义利之辨”“修身处世”“仁者爱人”等优良传统，构建中华传统美德传承体系，将传统美德创造性融入“日用而不觉”的生活场景中、融入社会主义核心价值观的弘扬践行中。创新方能开新，深刻阐发传统美德中契合新时代道德实践的思想理念、符合时代新风的思想表达，持续激活历史文化中的文明因子和现实活力，创造新的表达载体、品牌集群等文明治理新方式，为思想道德建设注入新的源头活水。
+
+### 5. 坚持实践养成，实现思想道德建设的日常化
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+思想道德建设是一项具体工作，需要转化为具体的实践。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志通过多种形式将思想道德建设转化为具体的实践活动，并善于运用科学方法达到事半功倍的效果。他深刻认识到榜样示范的重要引领价值，指出“向先进典型学习，可学者多矣！最关键的是要学精神、学品质、学方法”。浙江通过组织推荐、社会评荐、个人自荐等形式，在楼宇、村居、企业、学校等基层单位树立道德榜样，这一做法成为思想道德建设的重要抓手。同时，习近平同志辩证地看到思想教育与法治手段相辅相成的作用，在思想教育方面，高度重视思政课建设，强调思想道德建设要从青少年抓起，从学生抓起；在法治手段方面，强调法律是最低的道德标准，通过法律形式“惩前毖后，治病救人”，可以为思想道德建设树立一道具有威慑力的保障。此外，习近平同志还善于灵活运用讲故事的形式来阐发深刻的道理，以此引导人们树立正确的道德规范。例如，通过讲故事引导人们学习邓小平同志的情怀感、雷锋同志的幸福感、郑培民同志的责任感、孔繁森同志的境界感。通过讲故事的形式将文化的力量润物细无声地融入经济力量、政治力量、社会力量之中，使之成为社会和谐的“黏合剂”，使历史上的史诗、书本中的典故、身边的亲身事都能够转化为道德动力。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记一以贯之地强调思想道德建设的实践性，指出“一种价值观要真正发挥作用，必须融入社会生活，让人们在实践中感知它、领悟它，达到‘百姓日用而不知’的程度”，强调“培育和践行社会主义核心价值观，贵在坚持知行合一、坚持行胜于言，在落细、落小、落实上下功夫”，要求“深入开展宣传学习活动，创新形式、注重实效，把道德模范的榜样力量转化为亿万群众的生动实践”。
+
+加强思想道德建设是一项长期而紧迫、艰巨而复杂的任务，必须通过实践的各种途径载体，持之以恒、久久为功，才能使思想道德内化于心、外化于行。从浙江的“润物无声”到新时代的“日用而不知”深刻启示我们：实践是思想道德的最终指向，是知行合一的必然要求，要将思想道德建设工作做在日常、融在经常，激发人们形成善良的道德意愿、道德情感，培育正确的道德判断和道德责任，不断提高人的实践能力。坚持引导与规范相结合，除了思想引导外，还要制定法律法规、社会道德准则，确保人们的道德和行为得到有效约束。坚持激励与惩戒相结合，在采取精神奖励和物质奖励等多种形式的同时，通过惩戒确保道德底线不被轻易突破。坚持主导与共治相结合，发挥政府、家庭、学校、企业、媒体等主体的作用，将思想道德建设作为一个全社会、全领域的共同事业去开展。
+
+### 6. 坚持群众主体，凝聚思想道德建设的强大合力
+
+在思想道德建设中，人民群众既是参与者，也是实践者，更是受益者。在浙江工作期间，习近平同志多次强调人民群众在思想道德建设中具有主体作用。比如，他指出，“无论是个人还是组织，无论是贫穷还是富裕，不管在什么条件下，不管做了多少，只要关心、支持慈善事业，积极参与慈善活动，就开始了道德积累”。这就是说，在构建社会主义和谐社会中，人民群众参与到思想道德建设，发挥自身力量，能够积少成多、聚沙成塔，在无数人的“道德积累”之中形成质变，从而推动整体文明素质提升。他强调要善于用好共同的道德遵循，并指出“我们全面建设‘平安浙江’、构建社会主义和谐社会，需要有鲜明的社会价值导向，以此引领和保证全体人民有共同的道德遵循，整个社会有稳定的内在秩序”。在共同的价值观引领下，可以更好地推动德治深入人心。他强调精神文明建设行动要具有群众性，并指出“要广泛动员群众参与各种形式的道德实践活动，促进道德建设进课堂、进企业、进机关、进社区、进军营，渗透到人们生产生活的各个环节”，“还要探索和创造更加具体的载体，以使整个活动更加贴近实际、贴近群众、贴近生活”。党的十八大以来，习近平总书记站在巩固文化主体性的战略高度，强调“让13亿人的每一分子都成为传播中华美德、中华文化的主体”，“吸引群众广泛参与，推动人们在为家庭谋幸福、为他人送温暖、为社会作贡献的过程中提高精神境界”。
+
+人民群众作为社会和历史发展的主体力量，其思想道德素质直接关系到社会的整体风貌和发展方向。思想道德建设是一个长期的、综合的过程，需要全社会的共同努力，尤其要发挥人民群众的主体作用。从浙江的“道德积累”到新时代的“中华美德的传播主体”深刻启示我们：小德川流，大德敦化，要自觉把“为民、惠民、靠民”理念贯穿思想道德建设全过程、各方面。突出人民至上的目标导向，充分认识不同群体的思想道德素质与能力，以大力弘扬社会主义核心价值观为纽带，推动形成思想道德建设的多维合力，从而为社会整体发展提供不竭动力。突出群众参与、群众有感、群众受益的实施路径，着眼于人民群众多样化、多层次、多方面的精神文化需求，充分发挥人的主观能动性、创造性，精准提供更多的文化载体、文化空间、文化内容，产生更多惠及人民群众的实际效果。突出依靠人民群众的实践方式，持续深入推进群众性精神文明建设行动，把全域全民文明创建活动作为培养个体、集体乃至社会整体道德文明风尚的载体形式。
+
+## 三、浙江深入贯彻习近平总书记关于思想道德建设重要论述的具体实践
+
+国无德不兴，人无德不立。习近平总书记关于思想道德建设的重要论述，为浙江凝心聚力推进精神文明建设提供了科学指南和基本遵循。党的十八大以来，浙江把培育与塑造人的文明素质作为发展的深层动力，全域社会文明程度达到新高度。一是以党的创新理论凝心铸魂，持续夯实思想道德建设根基。深化理论铸魂走心，统筹推进文明培育、文明实践、文明创建向纵深发展。组织开展“我最喜爱的习总书记的一句话”“我在之江学新语”系列主题宣讲活动，培育以“8090新时代理论宣讲团”等为代表的青年宣讲团队。坚持把党员干部的思想理论建设置于首位，持续提振全省党员干部实干争先的精气神。不断完善学校思想道德教育体系，创新探索“行走的思政课”“智能的思政课”“一体的思政课”。多层面弘扬社会主义核心价值观，有理有利有节开展网上意识形态斗争，凝聚起浙江人“务实、守信、崇学、向善”的共同价值追求。二是优化“风景”到“风尚”的培塑路径，加快形成全域浸润的文明新风尚。按照“目标内涵—榜样选树—典型项目”文明新风培树选育思路，不断促进思想道德建设新理念新行动在之江大地落地生根、开花结果。聚焦“明德守礼”，凸显“德”“孝”“廉”“慈”等文明涵养的关键词，大力推进自治、法治、德治、智治“四治融合”，全面深化“四德建设”。坚持培育“向上向善”的社会氛围，以慈善带动道德“向上”、以文化引领文明“向善”，在全域形成以文化人的精神风尚。三是放大“最美”品牌效应，聚力打造文明实践的省域样板。聚焦人民群众的精神文明建设，挖掘浙江人引以为傲的文明基因。推进省域文明新实践，打造“礼让斑马线”等一批文明品牌，“浙江有礼”成为浙江省域文明新实践最具标志性与辨识度的标识成果之一。全力开展“文明城市”等群众性创建活动，全省“有礼指数”达92.8，全国文明城市数量从2005年的1个增加到35个，成为首个全国文明城市设区市“满堂红”的省份。新时代文明实践连点成面，“最美浙江人”品牌效应持续放大、志愿服务高质量发展，文明实践成为浙江传递主流思想、弘扬社会新风和提高公民素养的重要依托。四是推进制度改革创新，率先在思想道德建设工作机制上作出探索。强化思想道德建设的体制机制支撑，加强思想道德建设的制度保障，深化道德领域的关键问题治理，优化公民道德建设的组织机制，有序推进思想道德建设的制度创新、政策供给、机制优化、治理提升。先后颁布《浙江省志愿服务条例》《关于进一步把社会主义核心价值观融入法治浙江建设的实施意见》等法规文件，把道德的“软要求”转化为“硬规范”。发动群众性社会力量共建共治共享文明社会，不断发展新时代“枫桥经验”，进一步发挥德治先导作用。
+
+党的二十届三中全会明确提出“完善思想政治工作体系”。面向未来，浙江聚焦打造社会文明新高地，深入推进文明素质工程、文化阵地工程，持续深化“美在浙江”“浙江有礼”省域文明新实践，着力打响“在浙江看见文明中国”品牌。一是强化思想道德建设的集体认同。确保思想道德建设守正固本，既要在理论基础上抓牢根本，也要立足具体实际打造特色。建立精神价值引领机制，将理想信念教育融入新时代公民道德建设之中，持续开展主题教育活动，推动社会主义核心价值观内化于心、外化于行。持续擦亮“循迹溯源”研究品牌，将全省的思想共识转化为推进崇德向善的道德动能，不断为提高人的思想素质注入强大动能。二是系统性谋划思想道德建设。不断培育能够引领时代风尚的思想道德标杆。明确的思想道德建设目标，是涵养人的文明素质的关键因素；鲜活的榜样群像和善行义举，是培养人的文明素质的重要之举。要不断打造道德人物群像，推动“最美”群像不断丰富壮大，深入实施文明乡风建设工程，推进人文乡村建设，进一步培塑全域“最美”风尚。三是加强省域文明建设的牵引性载体建设。既要始终对标文明实践“不变”的使命目标，也要把握省域文明实践“变”的新形势与新要求。进一步围绕人民群众精神文明建设新期待，打造富有浙江特色的实践样板。全域化开展“浙江有礼”新时代文明实践，全面化推进群众性创建活动，专题化打造“最美浙江人”人物评选，数智化打造“志愿浙江”的多元画像。四是找准思想道德建设的发力点。推动建设新时代党建高地，以改革精神和严的标准管党治党；以系统观念推进思政课主渠道建设，建立健全党的理论创新成果思政应用机制，持续推进大中小学思想政治教育一体化建设；抓好网络文明的制度建设，高水平打造网络文明的浙江样本。五是用好浙江独特的文化资源。浙江拥有意蕴独特的文化禀赋，是开展思想道德建设的重要优势。深入挖掘浙江名人故事，激活沉淀在浙江名人文化基因中的道德精神，让文化瑰宝成为“树道德”“讲道德”“践道德”的载体形式，引领塑造新时代浙江的发展水平、精神气质和社会风貌。六是激发思想道德建设的创新创造活力。浙江改革创新的最动人之处就是对体制机制的大胆突破与革新。要进一步全面深化思想道德建设领域的体制机制改革，因地制宜发挥地方性法规对思想道德建设的促进作用，因时制宜搭建新时代基层治理新载体，因势利导整合思想道德建设的组织力量。
+（课题组负责人：张彦）
+
+
+
+来源：浙江日报
+
+
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+“十五五”低空经济将迎爆发式增长！万亿级市场如何抢占先机？
+
+全联青年企业家要参 2025年08月12日 17:51 北京
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+点击上方蓝字关注我们
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+【全国百名民营企业家“破局突围”转型发展云南行将于2025年8月16日-20日在云南举办】
+
+来源 | 工业互联网周刊
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+全联青年企业家要参赞分享推荐写留言
+
+现突破，大型eVTOL向低空运营商业化闭环迈出坚实的一步，助推低空经济应用加速落地。
+
+低空经济是以各类航空载运或作业装备（包括有人驾驶和无人驾驶航空器）为工具、以低空空域（通常指1000米以下，部分场景可扩展至3000米）为活动场域，以低空飞行活动为核心产出的经济活动。
+
+中国信息协会低空经济分会副会长兼秘书长王惠铮对中国工业报表示，当前，我国低空经济发展处于战略准备期和起步阶段，其高质量发展关键取决于空域、航空器、基础设施、市场需求、法规标准体系五大核心要素的协同发展与完善。
+
+王惠铮还指出，发展低空经济应当在航空器适航审定、基础设施建设、技术标准、市场准入、安全监管等多方面加强研究和谋划。随着国家发展改革委低空经济发展司的成立及相关部委的有力推动，低空经济发展战略和中长期规划将更加清晰，政策法规与技术标准体系将进一步完善。“十五五”时期，低空经济将在统筹安全与发展的基础上，步入中高速发展阶段。
+
+# 安全是首要前提 遵循“三先三后”发展路径
+
+“理解低空经济需把握其三大核心要素。”中网信低空经济研究院院务会常务副会长兼适航部主任李亦工说，低空飞行活动是基石，构成了整个经济形态运行的基础；航空器（如eVTOL，载运/作业装备）的研发与生产是核心，提供了必要的物质载体和技术支撑；而上下游产业（如制造、机场、保障服务等）的深度融合则是关键驱动力，推动着整个生态的壮大与创新。
+
+与传统航空器一致，李亦工介绍到，eVTOL在初始适航（出厂安全）方面，同样需要通过“三证合一”体系确保航空器源头安全：即型号合格证（TC），认证航空器设计符合安全标准；生产许可证（PC）规范制造流程与质量控制；单机适航证（AC）确认每架航空器个体达标；在持续适航（运营安全）方面，还需要通过维修保障与状态监控，维持航空器在服役期间的“良好、可用、可信”状态，防范运营风险。但eVTOL适航审定标准需结合其技术特点（如自主飞行、集群作业等）动态优化，以平衡创新与安全需求。
+
+“国家发展改革委提出的‘先载货后载人、先隔离后融合、先远郊后城区’的‘三先三后’原则，是确保低空经济安全有序发展的战略路径和总方针。”王惠铮对中国工业报进一步解释，“先载货后载人”指优先发展物流配送等载货场景，再逐步探索载人应用；“先隔离后融合”指初期实施有人驾驶航空器与无人驾驶航空器隔离运行，技术成熟后逐步实现融合飞行；“先远郊后城区”则指从郊区、乡村等低复杂度区域向城市中心高复杂度区域拓展。
+
+王惠铮对中国工业报表示，低空经济的本质是要依托低空航空活动来带动产业创新和场景应用，进而促进相关经济发展。“三先三后”原则不仅为低空经济发展划定了清晰的安全边界，更体现了对低空产业审慎推进、有序发展的科学态度。
+
+“安全是低空经济发展的首要前提。”国家发展改革委政策研究室副主任、新闻发言人李超此前在新闻发布会上说，按照工作部署，国家发展改革委将在严控风险、确保安全的前提下，分类有序拓展低空经济应用场景，稳妥推进低空旅游、航空运动、消费级无人机等低空消费发展。
+
+李亦工则着重强调：“安全不等于一切，但没有安全就没有一切。”他将安全比作“容器的底”——若底部缺失，则承载的一切价值归零。
+
+李亦工说，在这一认知框架下，适航管理是保障低空经济安全发展的基石，因此构建覆盖“设计-制造-运营”全链条的适航管理体系，是实现低空经济安全可持续发展的先决条件。
+
+对于如何平衡好安全和发展的关系，李亦工认为要坚持“审慎包容”监管原则。首先要具有包容性，承认绝对安全不现实，通过风险评估将事故率控制在可接受水平（如民航事故率0.03‱）；其次，要有审慎性，通过建立无人机SMS安全管理体系（简化版），识别危险源-评估风险-管控措施。
+
+# 发展仍面临瓶颈中国有望引领万亿市场
+
+在确保高度安全的前提下，专家认为，我国低空经济发展仍面临一些瓶颈。
+
+王惠铮对中国工业报分析，低空经济全面开放面临的主要挑战在于基础设施建设、应用场景创新和安全监管体系的完善。具体表现在：低空物理基础设施覆盖不足且标准不一，支撑高效安全运行的低空智联网联系统平台尚未形成；现有应用场景相对单一，高价值、规模化的成熟应用场景尚未完全形成，市场需求有待深度挖掘与培育；尤其是适应低空经济发展特点的法规标准体系存在空白，跨部门、跨军地协同监管机制有待优化，高效、精准、低成本的安全监管能力仍需提升。
+
+
+图片来自摄图网
+
+发展低空经济，是开辟发展新领域新赛道、塑造发展新动能新优势的重要方向，需将其作为一项战略性、系统性工程，在国家与地方层面统筹规划、协同推进。王惠铮对中国工业报表示，发展低空经济要重点把握以下三个方面：一是安全为先，坚持有效管控保障有序放开，在筑牢安全防线的过程中充分释放低空经济发展潜力；二是基建支撑，统筹规划原有及新建基础设施，加快推进国家、省、市三级协同的低空智能网联系统平台建设；三是场景创新，坚持分类有序、因地制宜，形成成熟场景的推广示范效应，助力产业生态蓬勃发展。
+
+王惠铮建议，关于低空管理应系统规划、分步推进：一是构建权责统一、高效联动的分类分级低空管理体系；二是统筹建设低空智能网联系统，保障各平台间的三级联动与横向协调；三是推动建立明确的低空飞行规则，持续优化空域和航线划设；四是加强数字低空内生安全建设，通过技术防护与制度保障提升系统韧性；五是强化航空器全生命周期管理，覆盖航空器从准入、运行监控到退出的完整闭环，系统性保障低空活动的安全高效运行。
+
+李亦工对中国工业报谈道，低空经济的全面“起飞”仍面临技术、法规、基础设施和社会接受度等多重挑战。要真正实现规模化商用，需系统性突破以下关键瓶颈：首先是空域管理：从“严控”到“精细化开放”。空域审批流程长，分类标准模糊，军方、民航、地方政府协调机制待完善；其次是技术瓶颈：安全与性能的双重挑战。现有锂电池能量密度不足，快充技术未突破。复杂气象条件（强风、暴雨）下的避障算法可靠性不足；再次是基础设施：低空“高速公路网”缺失。起降平台建设滞后，充电/换电站、低空通信基站（如5G专网）覆盖率低；最后是社会接受度：从“好奇”到“信任”。公众可能担忧安全性、噪音污染、隐私侵犯等问题。
+
+李亦工谈道，低空经济的“起飞”不是单一技术能推动的，而是需要“技术突破-制度创新-基建配套-公众认同”四轮驱动。若能率先打通这些环节，不仅能培育万亿级产业，更将引领全球城市交通变革。建议从紧迫性高、收益快的领域（如物流、急救）切入，逐步向载人扩展，最终实现“天空之城”的愿景。
+
+目前当务之急是改革审定机制破解行业瓶颈。李亦工特别指出，当前，北京、上海、广州等适航审定中心人力不足、事业化管理效率低，影响适航审批进度，建议下放初审权，引入行业协会和第三方机构参与预审，推动市场化改革，制定合理收费标准，激发审定中心活力，提高适航审批效率。李亦工呼吁，“十五五”期间，要加速完善和简化低空经济审批流程。他举例，如运行合格证审批，完全可以从目前的20个工作日压缩至以小时计，这样可以有效提高适航证审批效率，促进低空经济发展。
+
+低空经济的崛起是技术突破（无人机、eVTOL）+政策松绑（空域改革）+市场需求（物流、交通痛点）共同作用的结果。中网信低空经济研究院院长王一鸣对中国工业报说，低空经济正成为全球科技与产业竞争的新赛道。中国凭借政策支持、技术积累和市场潜力，有望在该领域占据领先地位。
+
+王一鸣表示，摩根士丹利曾预测，到2040年全球低空经济规模将达1.5万亿美元（含物流、巡检等）。中国凭借完整的产业链、政策支持和庞大市场，完全有望成为全球低空经济的引领者。（实习生陈亦夏对本文亦有贡献）
+
+
+
+喜欢这篇文章请在右下方帮我们点个赞和在看吧，分享给朋友：点击右上角分享键“发送给朋友”或“分享到朋友圈”，微信请扫描下方二维码或搜索公众号加以关注。
+
+往期推荐：
+
+关于举办“全国百名民营企业家‘破局突围’转型发展云南行”的通知
+
+关于下半年经济工作，国务院多部门发声
+
+袁青鹏：身处百年未有之大变局，企业如何逆风而行？
+
+余永定：对过去20多年宏观调控政策的几点思考
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+# “向上甩锅”为何更多发生在教育领域？
+
+原创 燕志华 网络舆情和危机公关 2025年08月15日 11:32 江苏
+
+我们生产网络舆情和危机管理专业有用的观点！
+
+文/燕志华
+
+这两天，央媒关于“向上甩锅”的评论引起了舆论关注。
+
+在今天新媒体时代，信源多元化、复杂化反倒提高了央媒的公信力，这源于其积累的传统读者基础有了反馈，再加人们知道央媒是舆论战场的“主力军”，背后站着一群什么样的人，在无从判断真假或者需要确定性观点的时候，人们会更为看重央媒及其表态。
+
+但是我想说明的一点是，我不太同意此次“向上甩锅”的说法。“甩锅”作为一个负面词，在当下政治语境中，下级只会环顾或者向下寻找合适的背锅侠，而很少会向上寻找。如果向上寻找，那肯定具有特殊原因的。其实从央媒此次批评的事件看，不过是下级传统的“等靠要”思维的再现。而“等靠要”的出现，更多是权力的大包大揽导致的后果。
+
+同时，我很担心此次舆论批评的方向，渐渐会因为这个“等上次安排”的说法，而集中到高校领导身上。高校校长任职更多需要专业领域的权威地位，可能对于和舆论打交道并不擅长，因此如果集中到批评个人，那反倒是走上了舆论的歧途，也是舆论的甩锅和错
+
+网络舆情和危机公关赞分享推荐写留言
+
+管部门常常第一时间插手接管，学校反倒失去了主动权。就以“等上级安排”这句话的出台背景来说，如果没有上级的干预处理，那是不可能的。所以只批评这句话，而缺乏对其出台背后的权力的考察，那会流于肤浅的。
+
+某次学校发生舆情事件之后，我对学校负责人谈了思路，该如何做更好，但是对方说教育部门已经要求学校不要对外发表任何信息，由“局里”统一安排。**“统一安排”听起来统筹解决，信心满满，但是最后更多是“统一不安排”**，反倒导致更不好的后果。
+
+为什么教育主管部门常常第一时间插手学校的舆情处理？首先是统一管理的需要。因为教育部门管理众多学校，如果放手学校自主应对，老是感觉不放心。一旦应对失误，那就是次生舆情，火上浇油。而且主管部门更相信自己掌握更多政治资源，更有利于灭火。
+
+主管部门对于意识形态风险意识，又常常过于强烈，总是把学校舆情和意识形态风险挂起钩来。他们担心老师扎堆的地方，很容易出现批评政府、批评权力，从而导致更多后果。因此干脆事发之际，要求学校沉默。
+
+就这样，一旦学校出事，在网络紧盯事发地的时候，学校却拉起吊桥，高挂免战牌，热热闹闹的校园立马进入战时状态。这背后是主管部门的指示，但是主管部门在闭门紧急磋商的时候，又不轻易对外发声。所以教育领域一旦爆发舆情，总是第一时间陷入“静默期”，逻辑大抵如此。
+
+问题在于，当教育主管部门从学校拿走舆情处理权以后，就一脚踏入了传统的公权力的舆情陷阱。就是说，公权力总是难以科学应对舆情，反倒经常引发舆情。教育主管部门一旦亲自出马，经常把事情搞砸，把锅砸穿。这就是我们常常看到的现实。
+
+这种现象源于，主管部门还是以传统的管制思维来看问题，认为少说不说更安全，却不知道今天新媒体时代，反倒需要多说、大声说，否则会被网络碎片信息淹没。或者知道该发声，却不知道如何发声。
+
+更多时候，主管部门也请了专家，也写好了通报，一切都在遵循正确路线。但是需要层层请示、层层批示，任何一个环节的领导不同意某个说法，那就耽误半天、一天的时间。但是在舆情情境下，体制内慢一天，网民感觉过了一年。这就是内外感知的偏差，如此悬殊而剧烈。
+
+主管部门还经常考虑更多，比如意识形态问题、社会思潮问题、社会稳定问题，甚至要考虑国际影响。**比如涉及到女大学生，就让领导头痛不已**。一听到涉及到女大学生，一屋子的领导都会紧张地站起来。这个话题涉及到性别冲突、女性意识、政治正确、身体权利、文化对抗、极端女权、境外关注、人口生产等诸多话题，堪说是个各种敏感风险因素的集大成者。更可能涉及到网络群体事件，因此领导格外看重。但是重视并不代表能处理好，更可能是越催越慢，再催熄火。领导常常在怕“闹”求稳的心理下，选择息事宁人，以权力勾兑、权益交换等方式处理，法律规则意识反倒被抛出窗外。本应是培育理性精神的大学校园，却在尽可能远离“闹”的理性选择的情况下，选择了非理性的应对手法。
+
+一旦主管部门接了手，学校反倒是释重负，豁免了责任，认为有领导出面，也有领导担责。一切都可以推给上级和领导。这不是恶意甩锅，是现实权力思维。因为他们知道他们已经无能为力了，说了反倒引火烧身。那么面对外界的媒体、网民拷问的时候，他们就可以大大方方地说“等上级安排”，这不是甩锅思维，也不是恶意，只是最真实的想法。
+
+**所以不为人知的是，上级一旦接手，学校作为当事方，就此被排除了参与舆论谈判和博弈的可能**，被从桌子上赶走了。只能当配合调查、接受问责的角色。
+
+但是这种权力的转移，网民是不知道的，他们看到静默现象，变得更愤怒了，校长由此成为靶子，但是主管部门隐居幕后，掌握话语权，却经常在第一时间放弃发声，因为他们隔着学校这一道防火墙，所以可以从容讨论外面的焦点问题。网民又不知道谁是真正老大，只能到校门口表达愤怒，校长被声讨，深感无辜，又不能出卖，最多说一声“等上级安排”。
+
+这种从发声到责任的各种错位，导致教育舆情，常常愈演愈烈，最后需要更高层面出马，让央媒报道背书，愤怒野火在网民心头燃烧个几个来回，事件才能消停。由此沉淀为强烈负面群体记忆，成为负面群体心理，更容易爆发舆情。
+
+其实看了很多事件通报，核心原因也往往不过如此，并不严重。是整个应对过程变成了权力行使的过程，成为程序和权力内耗，导致了事情变得严重。
+
+教育舆情就这样陷入恶性循环：社会围观-学校失声-主管部门怠速-网民愤怒-不信任学校和主管部门-公信力危机-再出事再围观-网民宣泄所有不满-处理难度加大……
+
+由此能够看出，教育舆情更多是权力的舆情，是个权力现象。
+
+所以在今天，我们与其批评“向上甩锅”，不如思考这个现象背后的深层问题。权力一旦面对舆情，更多遭遇不信任，由此应对就不太理想，甚至搞砸。**主管部门惯于将学校和舆情视作问题，却根本想不到，自己才是问题**。
+
+再加教育领域是全民K歌的大包间，网民都自认为很熟悉这个领域，也很容易把各种社会不公感受，归咎于教育不公，由此一个舆情爆发了，一旦处理慢了，或者出现猜测和“阴谋论”，社会全部的不满也就引爆了。
+
+因此，主管部门在事发的时候，反倒最好退出处理的一线，只负责推荐专家。不要指手画脚，更不要担心意识形态等诸多问题。问题搞大了，反倒有意识形态风险。
+
+对于中小学和大学，需要区分对待。对于中小学，主管部门可以成立常设专家组，随时对各个学校进行指导，以调查组的名义发声。这个调查组需要经常培训和演练，提高应对本领。
+
+对于大学，我建议主管部门彻底退出一线，由高校独立应对舆情。他们有足够人才可以独力应对，而且知识阶层对于权力抱有警惕，反倒可能在需要双方配合时候出现冲突。大学需要在独立应对舆情中增强本领，学会应对更多的不确定性，也理解大学教育在今天社会舆论中的复杂面目。这样做还有一个好处，大学即便应对失败，不光会倒逼大学进步，也会彻底和权力隔开，不会直接伤害到体制的公信力。
+
+作者简介：
+
+燕志华 博士
+
+高级记者/紫金传媒智库研究员/舆情管理顾问
+
+## 往期精选：
+
+“亮证女”事件：更好的通报应该怎么写？
+
+武汉大学困局的背后：“闹”如何绑架了一切？
+
+ 释永信出事，验证了一个网络舆论规律
+
+ 近期的舆情通报，或许预示了一个新趋势
+
+ 7月至今多起舆情通报的得失点评
+
+ 被网络群体热烈喜爱，是場房的征兆
+
+ 从舆情角度谈省委省政府调查组
+
+ **如何评价宗庆后？**
+
+ 为何对校园食品安全难抱信心？
+
+ 破窗事件：通报失败导致了严重的后续舆情
+
+ 高书记的勇气从何而来？
+
+ 对于近期两个敏感谣言的解读
+
+ 关于那尔那茜的通报和解读
+
+ “老不信”现象的新特征和解决思路
+
+ “罗某宇坠楼事件”通报：过快端出的“预制菜”
+
+ 对于接下来国内舆情风险的研判和提示
+
+ 国内网民和特朗普首次形成“合流”
+
+ “苏超”弥补了长三角没有大型民间赛事的空白
+
+ 从运营粉丝到运营雷军：小米十年，越走越险
+
+ 一个仓促的通报！评雅安关于杨某的调查通报
+
+ 女演员“佩戴百万耳环”舆情应对的难点和建议
+
+ 简评肖某董某莹舆情事件的官方通报
+
+ 删稿撤稿: 地方舆情处置的绝对刚需
+
+ 复盘“行人相撞”案：“假新闻”是如何引爆舆情的？
+
+ 肖飞董袭莹事件：媒体的沉默和舆情应对的困境
+
+ 时代红利最大获益者开始传承声望财富
+
+ 肖飞医生事件：一个新的断裂性舆情话题
+
+ 刘强东向左，王兴向右
+
+ 从舆情角度考察山西订婚强奸案
+
+ 司马南的秘密思想武器
+
+ 两个翻车新闻事件总结的教训
+
+ 小米车祸：雷军为何会陷入发声困境？
+
+ 特朗普舆论操纵术：防范掉入舆论认知的误区
+
+ 2025年开年以来的网络舆情和社会心理的梳理总结
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+# Novel Strategy of Machine Learning for Predicting Henry’s Law Constants of CO2 in Ionic Liquids
+
+Wanxiang Zhang, Yan Wang, Shuhang Ren, Yucui Hou, and Weize Wu*
+
+**Cite This**: ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng. 2023, 11, 6090−6099
+
+**Read Online**
+
+
+
+|
+
+ACCESS
+
+ |
+
+
+Metrics & More
+
+ |
+
+
+Article Recommendations
+
+ |
+
+
+Supporting Information
+
+ |
+
+
+
+**ABSTRACT:** The Henry’s law constant (HLC) of CO2 is an important parameter to characterize its absorption by solvents. However, the HLC data is incomplete in the NIST ionic liquid (IL) Thermo database. In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were used to accurately calculate the HLC of CO2 in ILs. Then, machine learning (ML) and artificial neural networks were combined to learn from limited data to rapidly expand the database. Three rapid HLC prediction models were established by cross-validation and grid search based on rigorous data sets of IL’s structure, temperature, and HLC. The determination coefficient, mean absolute error, and mean square error of the optimal multilayer perceptron model were 0.9817, 0.3023, and 0.2104, respectively. Compared with the reported models, the prediction model established in this work has better versatility and higher prediction accuracy. The HLC matrix of CO2 in 306 ILs was completed, which proves the great potential and significance of the MD−ML method in the expansion of green solvent database. Finally, the structure−activity relationship of CO2 absorption by the binary IL mixtures was studied.
+
+**KEYWORDS**: Henry’s law constant, ionic liquids, CO2 absorption, molecular dynamics simulation, machine learning
+
+
+
+**Received:** February 13, 2023
+**Revised:** March 28, 2023
+**Published:** April 5, 2023
+
+
+
+## 1. INTRODUCTION
+Ionic liquids (ILs) will be promising solvents for CO₂ capture in the future.¹⁻³ Henry's law constant (HLC) is a physical constant that describes the distribution ability of a compound in the gas and liquid phases. However, HLC data are incomplete in the NIST IL Thermo database, which makes it difficult to directly search for IL absorbents with excellent physical absorption properties. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a method that takes into account both the structure of ILs and environmental factors to quickly and effectively predict the CO₂ absorption capacity of ILs.
+
+However, due to the variety of ILs, traditional experimental measurements are expensive and time consuming. At present, theoretical methods to obtain HLC include thermodynamic methods,⁴ kinetic methods,⁵ quantum chemical (QC) calculations,⁶ and quantitative structure–property relationship (QSPR) studies.7,8 Thermodynamic and kinetic methods are semi-empirical ones, which make it difficult to obtain accurate HLC values. The QSPR study based on the group contribution method often has three typical shortcomings in its application.⁹ Vermeire and Green¹⁰ proposed a transfer learning method based on QC calculations to predict the solvation free energy (ΔG) and ensure that learning was not affected by the inherent noise of the experimental database. However, QC calculation is extremely time consuming for explicit solvent calculations with strong interactions.¹¹ The molecular dynamics (MD) simu-lation is one of the most accurate theoretical methods to calculate ΔG at present. However, the knowledge of statistical thermodynamics is involved, and a series of complex simulation parameter settings and tedious data analysis hinder the popularization of this method in non-MD professional researchers. Therefore, it is of great significance to expand the limited accurate data to a complete database for researchers to use.
+
+Machine learning (ML) has high adaptability and learning ability and can help researchers develop effective methods to analyze complex data.12,13 At present, there are few papers published in the ML field related to ILs, and most papers focus on the prediction of IL properties.¹⁴ Zhang et al.¹⁵ used 11 descriptors to describe 98 HLC data points for 32 ILs and constructed three models to predict the HLC of CO₂ in imidazole-based IL. Based on cross-validation, the coefficients of determination ($R^2$), mean absolute error (MAE), and mean square error (MSE) of multilayer perceptron (MLP) model with the best prediction performance are 0.9801, 0.5185, and 0.5643, respectively, which is far from enough for an accurate model. The authors reported that the source of experimental data points was not uniform, and another possible reason was the imbalance of the data set, which was a very common problem in data science. If the two data sets are measured in different temperature ranges, the overlapping temperature predictions can be based on both data sets, but the non-overlapping ranges can be based on data from only one of the data sets and may not provide accurate results. Therefore, it is important to filter or supplement a data set to ensure that learning is not affected by noise inherent in experimental databases.
+
+Bennett acceptance ratio (BAR) method and Widom insertion method have basically the same calculation results under the same sampling rate.¹⁶ However, the Widom insertion method has the problems of systematic errors and difficult convergence for solutes with high viscosity and strong interaction. The stepwise insertion provides a better route to obtain ΔG.¹⁷ Gradual activation of solute allows solvent molecules to respond to the presence of solute and reorganize themselves so that the configuration space can be properly sampled. In this work, the calculation of ΔG has the following three stages. First, the alchemical intermediate states were generated with a thermodynamic pathway of gradual coupling of solute and solvent interactions. Each state was then appropriately sampled using MD simulations. Finally, the BAR method was used to estimate the difference of ΔG between adjacent states,¹⁸ and the simulated HLC was compared with the experimental data to determine its temperature dependence.
+
+Most of the work in the MD–ML field has utilized the statistical analysis capabilities of ML to automatically generate MD simulation parameters or post process the generated trajectory.¹⁹ ML can be used to enhance MD simulations and vice versa. Some preliminary attempts to research combined ML and MD methods have been made,²⁰ to predict the experimental characterization of the behavior of systems, but have not yet been extended to the study of ILs.²¹ After establishing an ML model to rapidly predict the HLC of a pure IL, an IL with a low HLC value can be mixed with a more economical IL to regulate its performance. The variation of absorption properties with the composition of mixtures was explored at the molecular level.
+
+This work aimed to develop an efficient prediction method to quickly estimate the HLC of CO₂ in ILs and supplement the database. In addition, molecular level strategies for designing binary IL-mixed absorbents were provided. The organizational structure of this work was as follows. First, the HLC data set of ILs, including 17 cations and 18 anions, was expanded to 216 based on alchemical free energy (AFE) calculation and compared with experimental values to verify the accuracy of simulation. Then, molecular structures of ILs were used as an input to pre-learn and generate the structural characteristics of ILs. The CO₂ absorption capacity of ILs was accurately predicted by using the support vector machine (SVM) model, random forest (RF) model, and MLP model, and the model structures were optimized by cross-validation to improve the robustness of the models. After the matrix of 306 IL-HLC was completed using the best-trained MD-MLP model. The HLC values of binary IL mixtures were further calculated, and molecular insights on the relationship between the IL structure and HLC of CO₂ were further studied by MD simulations.
+
+
+
+**Figure 1.** Program of an ML-assisted system for the HLC prediction model of CO2 in ILs.
+
+## 2. METHODOLOGY
+The program of the ML assistant system for the HLC prediction model of CO₂ in ILs is shown in Figure 1. This work is divided into five independent parts: alchemical thermal cycle, data collection, feature extraction, ML model, and binary IL mixtures, including a model development process and application cases.
+
+**2.1. Alchemical Thermodynamic Cycle.** First, we implemented a reversible thermodynamic pathway by creating a series of alchemical intermediate states to facilitate the transition from the initial state ($U_0$: fully decoupled) to the final state ($U_1$: fully interacted) (shown in eq 1). $\lambda$ is the coupling parameter.
+
+$$U(\lambda) = (1 - \lambda)U_0 + \lambda U_1 \tag{1}$$
+
+Liu et al. systematically studied the HLC of eight gases in [Emim][NTf₂] based on the calculation of AFE from MD simulations and were qualitatively consistent with the experimental data.²² But Liu et al. preferentially opened a Coulomb interaction ($U_{\text{coulomb}}$). We thought that would lead to atoms with positive and negative charges getting infinitely close together, which seemed unreasonable. We turned the $U_{\text{coulomb}}$ Lennard-Jones interaction ($U_{\text{LJ}}$) at 0.05 steps and the $U_{\text{coulomb}}$ at 0.2 steps. For each $\lambda$ value, we performed a complete simulation process (energy minimization, balance, and data collection).
+
+The MD simulation method for $\Delta G$ calculations was as follows. First, we optimized the molecular structure at the theoretical level of B3LYP/de2-TZVP based on Gaussian 16 software and added D3(BJ)²³ dispersion correction to accurately describe weak interactions. In this work, MD simulations were performed using the GROMACS 2019.1 software package. We used OPLS-2009L force field parameters to describe ILs,²⁴⁻²⁶ and TraPPE force field parameters to describe CO₂.²⁷ Considering the polarizability and charge transfer, the RESP charges calculated by the Multiwfn 3.8 program were uniformly scaled by a factor of 0.8.²⁸ All simulated systems consisted of 1 CO₂ and 128 IL molecules. The equilibrium phase was calculated using a Berendsen thermostat and Berendsen barostat.²⁹ The V-rescale thermo-stat³⁰ and Parrinello−Rahman barostat³¹ were used to calculate the generated phase.³² First, the energy of the system was minimized by the steepest descent method, and the minimum system was balanced by the NVT ensemble for 1 ns with a temperature gradient. Then, the equilibrium simulation was performed at the isothermal–isobaric ensemble (NPT). Finally, without other constraints, a 50 ns MD simulation was performed in a system with a time step of 2 fs. The trajectory data was saved every 10 ps, the balanced MD trajectory data was analyzed using the gmx-bar module, and all $\lambda$ values were summed to obtain the total $\Delta G$ change.
+
+HLC can be obtained by $\Delta G$ as shown in the following relation (eq 2).
+
+$$K_{\text{H}} = \frac{RT\rho}{M} \exp\left(\frac{\Delta G}{RT}\right) \tag{2}$$
+
+where $ K_{\text{H}} $ is HLC, MPa; $ \rho $ and $ M $ denote the density and molecular weight of pure ILs, respectively; and $ R $ and $ T $ represent the ideal gas constant (8.314 ${J·mol}^{-1}·{K}^{-1}$) and the temperature of systems, respectively.
+
+**2.2. Data Collection and Feature Extraction.** In this work, 40 kinds of ILs with HLC data reported in the literature were collected from the NIST IL Thermo database (NIST standard reference database, updated on July 2, 2021), and the ILs contained CHOFNPSB and halogen atoms. After checking the original references and removing repeated experimental data, 132 experimental HLC values were collected. The temperature range is from 283.15 to 353.15 K. The anion and cation of the IL are shown in Table S1, which can be combined into 306 kinds of IL. As shown in Figure 2, when these HLC data were arranged at different temperatures, the obtained lattice graph was obviously sparse. Most researchers only measured the HLC of a single IL at a specific temperature for scientific research needs and then expanded the HLC data set to 216 based on AFE calculations. For the preprocessed HLC data, 80% of the data points were randomly selected as the training set, and the remaining 20% of the HLC data points as the verification set to verify the model. The data set is formed based on the following rules:
+(a) ions only contain CHOFNPSB and halogen;
+(b) charge of ions equals ±1;
+(c) each IL must have more than 5 data points.
+
+Models with molecular structure inputs are more reliable than those with thermodynamic properties.²¹ The simplified molecular input lines (SMILES) from PubChem were used to describe the structure of ILs.³³ The SMILES is a line symbol specification used to describe the structure of chemical substances, which can be used to construct two-dimensional or three-dimensional structures of molecules. The detailed data is shown in Table S1. The SMILES molecular structures of cations and anions of ILs were converted into molecular descriptors using rdkit, so the vector characterizing the structure of ILs was obtained.34,35
+
+
+
+**Figure 2.** HLC data used in model training. Red ● indicates NIST IL Thermo database collection data. Blue ■ indicates MD calculation supplementary data.
+
+**2.3. ML Model.** 2.3.1. Support Vector Machine
+The SVM model was implemented by scikit-learn in Python.³⁶ Radial basis function could accurately predict the properties of ILs and was selected as the kernel function.³⁷ After selecting the kernel function, the penalty coefficient $ C $ and kernel coefficient $ G $ of the SVR model were optimized by a grid search. In Figure 3, when the $ C $ and $ G $ are within a small range of 10 and 0.02, the SVM model error decreases rapidly, and the MSE is 0.2775.
+
+2.3.2. Random Forest. The RF model is an integrated ML algorithm consisting of decision trees with quantitative analysis capability. The RF model can directly process high-dimen-sional data sets without dimension reduction and has great advantages in processing ILs with complex structures. The out of bag error (OOBE) was approximately an RF error.
+
+For the RF model, OOBE is generally controlled by adjusting the number of decision trees (n_estimators, $ n $) and the maximum depth of the tree (max_depth, $ d $) to determine the best model. By optimizing the hyperparameters, the model with the best fitting ability was obtained. The results are shown in Figure 4. When the number of $ n $ is small, the model has a large error. When $ n $ is greater than 40, the error is stable within a certain range. By adjusting the maximum depth, the generalization ability of the model can be increased. The error of the cross-validated model is minimal when the maximum depth of the decision tree is 20. In conclusion, when $ n $ is 40 and $ d $ is 20, and MSE is 0.8085.
+
+2.3.3. Multilayer Perceptron. With the continuous develop-ment of computer technology, artificial neural network technology is used widely. The MLP model is one of the most widely used neural network architectures for classification or regression problems, which can generalize complex or inaccurate data. The learning rate of MLP model is 0.001. As shown in Figure S1, this study adopts a four-layer feedforward neural network architecture, including one input layer, two hidden layers and one output layer. The first hidden layer has 512 neurons, and the second hidden layer has 20 neurons. Layers are fully connected to each other. The adaptive stochastic gradient descent algorithm Adagrad was chosen as the optimizer. The activation function tanh is shown in eq 3
+
+$$\tan h(x) = \frac{1 - \exp(-2x)}{1 + \exp(-2x)} \tag{3}$$
+
+
+
+**Figure 3**. Optimization of penalty coefficient and kernel coefficient parameters in the SVR model.
+
+
+
+**Figure 4.** Optimization of the number and depth of decision trees.
+
+
+**2.4. Model Evaluation.** In this work, an early stop method was used to avoid overfitting.³⁸ At the same time, the external set was used to measure the generalization ability of the final model to ensure that the performance of the final model is satisfactory. $ R^2 $, MSE, and MAE were used to evaluate the accuracy and stability of the regression model. The detailed calculation method is shown in eqs 4–6.
+
+$$R^2 = 1 - \frac{\sum (y_{\text{actual}} - \bar{y})^2}{\sum (y_{\text{predict}} - \bar{y})^2} \tag{4}$$
+
+$$\text{MSE} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} (y_{\text{predict}} - y_{\text{actual}})^2 \tag{5}$$
+
+$$\text{MAE} = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} |y_{\text{predict}} - y_{\text{actual}}| \tag{6}$$
+
+**2.5. Binary IL Mixtures.** In order to understand the structure arrangement of CO₂ in the binary IL system, MD simulations were performed on the binary IL–CO₂ mixture. At a pressure of 6 MPa, eq 7 was used to calculate the mole fraction of CO₂ in the given binary IL system.
+
+$$x = \frac{P}{k_{\text{H,CO}_2}} \tag{7}$$
+
+As shown in Figure S2, the Packmol program³⁹ was used to create a low-density $ 8 \times 8 \times 8 \, \text{nm}^3 $ box, containing 200 ion pairs and a corresponding number of CO₂ molecules. The force field, energy minimization, and balance methods are the same as those used in Section 2.1. The atomic charges of each part of the system are shown in Table S2. In the absence of other constraints, trajectory data was saved every 10 ps. In order to elucidate the potential relationship between the HLC of CO₂ and molecular structure in binary IL mixtures, the simulated trajectory of IL–CO₂ mixtures was analyzed based on the radial distribution functions (RDFs) and spatial distribution functions (SDFs) of various molecular combinations. SDF diagrams were generated using the software package TRAVIS.⁴⁰ The trajectory was analyzed and visualized using visual molecular dynamics software.⁴¹
+
+
+
+**Figure 5.** (a) Difference of free energy between two neighboring states of CO₂ in [Emim][NTf₂] at 300 K and (b) Variation of HLC with a system composition of [Bmim][BF₄]ₓ−[Omim][NTf₂]₁−ₓ system.
+
+
+
+**Figure 6.** Prediction results of HLC for CO₂ in ILs by (a) SVM, (b) RF, and (c) MLP models.
+
+
+
+## 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
+
+**3.1. HLC Calculated.** The key parameter in the ΔG calculation is the interval of the coupling parameter λ. In order to compare the difference caused by the force field and the coupling order, the internal coupling parameters were ΔλLJ = 0.05 and ΔλCoul = 0.2. Figure 5a shows the ΔG and λ functions of CO₂ in [Emim][NTf₂] at 300 K. The more negative ΔG corresponds to the stronger solvation performance of CO₂ in ILs, which is beneficial to the absorption process. It can be seen that the value of Ucoulomb in this work decreases significantly when ΔG > 0. This may be due to the fact that ULJ was slowly opened first, and the configuration between CO₂ and IL was more reasonable, which reduces some unnecessary contributions when opening the Ucoulomb later. ΔG can be obtained by adding ULJ and Ucoulomb contributions to λ. As shown in Table S3, compared with the experimental values, the calculation results of this work have smaller errors.
+
+Then, we calculated the HLC of binary IL mixtures. Figure 5b shows the variation of HLC with the composition of the [Bmim][BF₄]ₓ−[Omim][NTf₂]₁−ₓ system. HLC increases with the mole fraction [Bmim][BF₄], which indicates that the solubility of CO₂ decreases with the increase of [Bmim][BF₄] content in the mixtures. This trend was consistent with the fact that the HLC of CO₂ in [Bmim][BF₄] was higher than that in [Omim][NTf₂]. Compared with the HLC predicted by COSMO-RS,⁴² the predicted values of the BAR method were closer to the experimental value and has the same trend. The above conclusions verified the feasibility of the proposed method and the accuracy of supplementary data.
+
+**3.2. Model Performance.** Feature engineering can effectively screen molecular structure characterization and reduce data redundancy. Based on the feature selector method,⁴³ features with a correlation greater than 0.79, missing rate greater than 0.6, and unique values were deleted. 208 molecular descriptors were retained after feature selection. All the features of the data set were normalized to achieve the uniform distribution of each dimension value of the data set. By calculating the Z-score, the data set was transformed into a standard normal distribution, which improves the solving speed and accuracy. The scikit learning tool kit was used to achieve feature normalization.
+
+The HLC predicted by SVM and RF models are shown in Figure 6a,b, respectively. All training samples were used to develop the final SVM and RF models. Based on cross-validation, the R², MAE, and MSE of the SVM model were 0.9794, 0.3605, and 0.2775, respectively. After determining the number of RF iterations, the R², MAE, and MSE of RF model were 0.9401, 0.6366, and 0.8085, respectively. When the HLC value was less than 8, the results of the SVM model and RF model were inaccurate. Except for a few outliers, most of the predicted values were higher than the experimental values.
+
+As shown in Table 1, the R², MAE, and MSE of the MLP model based on cross-validation were 0.9817, 0.3023, and 0.2104, respectively. The MLP model has a higher accuracy than SVM and RF. Compared with the HLC predicted by combining ML and QSPR, the result is more accurate. As shown in Figure 6, the MLP model predicted HLC and experimental values were closely distributed along the diagonal line in the parity graph, and more than 92% data points fall in the region where the absolute error of HLC was 0.6. The MLP model can accurately predict the HLC of CO₂ in ILs and accurately fit the nonlinear relationship between the IL structure and HLC of CO₂.
+
+As shown in Figure 7, a matrix containing 306 IL-CO₂-HLC data at 298.15 K was completed using the best trained MD-MLP model, which makes the model have a wide range of applications in future work. Detailed data is shown in Table S4,
+
+it can be seen that the HLC of the ILs containing [Omim]⁺, [Hmim]⁺, and [Hmpy]⁺ and [NTf₂]⁻, [OTF]⁻, and [FEP]⁻ was lower. As shown in Table 2, the MLP model was used to predict the HLC values of [Omim][NTf₂] and [Bmim][BF₄] at different temperatures. The prediction error was about 0.01 when the HLC was large and less than 0.45 when the HLC was small. The above conclusions prove that the MLP model prediction value has a good consistency with the experimental value.
+
+**Table 1. Comparison of the Three Models Constructed by MLP, RF, and MLR**
+
+ | MLP | RF | SVM |
|---|
| R2/MAE/MSE | R2/MAE/MSE | R2/MAE/MSE |
|---|
| Wu et al.15 | 0.9814/0.6407/0.7043 | 0.9535/0.9638/1.4494 | | | this work | 0.9817/0.3023/0.2104 | 0.9401/0.6366/0.8085 | 0.9794/0.3605/0.2775 |
+
+
+
+**Figure 7.** IL-CO₂-HLC parameter table extended in this work. Red ● indicates the three ions with the lowest HLC value. The name corresponding to ID is in Table S1.
+
+**Table 2. Prediction Results for the [Omim][NTf₂] and [Bmim][BF₄]**
+
+ | [Omim][NTf2] | [Bmim][BF4] |
|---|
| T (K) | experimental HLC (MPa) | predicted HLC (MPa) | error | experimental HLC (MPa) | predicted HLC (MPa) | error |
|---|
| 283.15 | | | | 4.18 | 4.62 | 0.44 | | 298.15 | 3.00 | 3.10 | 0.10 | 5.65 | 6.00 | 0.35 | | 303.15 | 3.55 | 3.37 | -0.18 | 6.25 | 6.55 | 0.30 | | 313.15 | 3.95 | 4.01 | 0.06 | 7.74 | 7.70 | -0.04 | | 323.15 | 4.63 | 4.73 | 0.10 | 8.89 | 8.92 | 0.03 | | 334.15 | 5.47 | 5.46 | -0.10 | 10.48 | 10.49 | 0.01 | | 344.15 | | | | 12.34 | 12.33 | -0.01 |
+
+**3.3. MD Simulation.** After rapid prediction of HLC of pure IL, IL with low HLC values can be mixed with more economical IL to regulate its performance. For instance, fluorine-containing ILs have a high solubility of CO₂ because of its cation-anion weak interaction, high molar volume, and free volume.⁴⁴ The disadvantages of using fluorine-containing ILs on an industrial scale are high viscosity and cost and mixing them with more economical ILs may offer to overcome these disadvantages. The mixing of two ILs as a new CO₂ absorbent has attracted extensive attention. Therefore, it is particularly important to explore how the absorption performance of binary IL mixtures change with the composition.
+
+In order to study the interaction types and strengths of CO₂ with different parts of [Bmim][Cl]ₓ—[Omim][NTf₂]₁⁻ₓ, centroid-based RDF of CO₂ anion, CO₂ cation, and anion were reported. The first peak heights of these RDFs are higher than 1 indicating a strong interaction of [Bmim][Cl]ₓ—[Omim][NTf₂]₁⁻ₓ with CO₂. The shape of the first coordination shell increases with the size of the anion molecule. The presence of large [NTf₂]⁻ and multiple CO₂ coordination sites leads to the expansion of the CO₂ first solvated shell around them. As shown in Figure 8a, [NTf₂]⁻ and CO₂ have a significant characteristic of splitting peak, indicating that CO₂ interacts with [NTf₂]⁻ through multiple binding sites. Figure 8d,e clearly shows that [NTf₂]⁻ interacts with CO₂ via CF₃ groups and O atoms. As can be seen in Figure 8c, the cation-anion RDF has a stronger concentration dependence than the CO₂-anion RDF. Figure 8f shows that the binding force of cations to CO₂ is lower than that of anions. The position of the first peak distance remains almost unchanged, indicating that the interaction between cations and CO₂ is largely undisturbed regardless of the anion species.
+
+We took the [NTf₂]⁻ in the [Bmim][Cl]ₓ—[Omim]-[NTf₂]₁⁻ₓ as the center and explored the three-dimensional structure distribution of CO₂ and [Omim]⁺ around it. As shown in Figure 9, two types of CO₂ high density regions are displayed around [NTf₂]⁻ because of the interaction between the CO₂ and CF₃ groups and the four equivalent O atoms. With increasing Cl⁻ concentration, structural transitions of the three binding regions in the [Bmim][Cl]ₓ—[Omim][NTf₂]₁⁻ₓ system are visible, with additional domains appearing below compared to the pure [Bmim][NTf₂] system. This suggests that even the smallest amount of Cl⁻, which can replace [NTf₂]⁻ from the ring binding site and also facilitate the interaction of CO₂ with the weak coordination anion [NTf₂]⁻. This CO₂—[NTf₂]⁻ aggregation property cannot be visualized by RDFs.
+
+
+
+**Figure 8.** RDFs between the different molecules present in the [Bmim][Cl]ₓ—[Omim][NTf₂]₁⁻ₓ system: (a) [NTf₂]⁻ and CO₂, (b) [Cl]⁻ and CO₂, (c) [Omim]⁺ and [NTf₂]⁻, (d) CF₃ and CO₂, (e) O and CO₂, and (f) [Omim]⁺ and CO₂.
+
+## 4. CONCLUSIONS
+
+This work established a fast and effective method to search IL absorbents with excellent physical absorption properties. First, we calculated the HLC of CO₂ in ILs by using BAR analysis and AFE method. The results show that the calculated value of BAR is closer to the experimental value than the predicted value of COSMO-RS. Then, the sparse experimental data were supplemented, and a MD-MLP prediction model was proposed after rigorous training and testing on a database containing 132 experimental HLC data and 84 MD calculation data. The R², MAE, and MSE of the MD-MLP model were 0.9817, 0.3023, and 0.2104, respectively, which has a higher accuracy than SVM and RF. Compared with the HLC predicted by combining ML and QSPR, the result is more accurate. The matrix containing 306 IL-HLC was completed using the best-trained MD-MLP model, which makes the model have a wide range of applications in future works. The absorption process of [Bmim][Cl]ₓ−[Omim][NTf₂]₁⁻ₓ was explored. The results show that the spatial arrangement of anions changes significantly with the increase of Cl⁻ concentration, and this structural transformation enables [NTf₂]⁻ to interact more favorably with CO₂. A correlation was established between the observed HLC and the micro-structure of binary IL mixtures. This work provides an effective method for the study of the structure–activity relationship of ILs. This method can be extended to the selection of absorbents for other gases, revealing its important potential in the development of green chemistry.
+
+
+
+**Figure 9.** SDFs of CO₂ and [Omim]⁺ around [NTf₂]⁻. Blue and green surfaces refer to CO₂ and [Omim]⁺, respectively. (a–f) correspond to *x* = 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 0.9, respectively.
+
+## ■ ASSOCIATED CONTENT
+
+### SI Supporting Information
+
+The Supporting Information is available free of charge at
+https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00874.
+
+Types of anions and cations of ILs and SMILE, partial charges of different atoms in molecular species, four-layer MLP model, snapshot of [Bmim]Cl–[Omim]–[NTf₂] and CO₂ system, comparison of ΔG and HLC values, and HLC matrix of CO₂ in 306 ILs at 298.15 K (PDF)
+
+## ■ AUTHOR INFORMATION
+
+### Corresponding Author
+
+**Weize Wu** — State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology,Beijing 100029, China; orcid.org/0000-0002-0843-3359; Email: wzwu@mail.buct.edu.cn
+
+### Authors
+
+**Wanxiang Zhang** — State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
+
+**Yan Wang** — State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology,
+Beijing 100029, China
+
+**Shuhang Ren** — State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China; orcid.org/0000-0003-3253-8852
+
+**Yucui Hou** — College of Chemistry and Materials, Taiyuan Normal University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, China;orcid.org/0000-0002-9069-440X
+
+Complete contact information is available at:
+https://pubs.acs.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.3c00874
+
+### Notes
+The authors declare no competing financial interest.
+
+## ■ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+We thank Professor Zhigang Lei for his help and the long-term subsidy mechanism from the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Education of PRC (BUCT). This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (21176020 and 21306007).
+
+## ■ ABBREVIATIONS
+
+ANNartificial neural network
+
+AFEalchemical free energy
+
+BARBennett acceptance ratio
+
+ΔGsolvation free energy
+
+HLCHenry's law constant
+
+ILionic liquid
+
+MDmolecular dynamic
+
+MLmachine learning
+
+MAEmean absolute error
+
+MSEmean squared error
+
+MLPmultilayer perceptron
+
+NPTisothermal–isobaric ensemble
+
+OOBEout of bag error
+
+QSPRquantitative structure–property relationship
+
+QCquantum chemical
+
+RFrandom forest
+
+R²coefficient of determination
+
+RDFsradial distribution functions
+
+SDFsspatial distribution functions
+
+VMDvisual molecular dynamics
+
+UcoulombCoulomb interaction
+
+ULJLennard-Jones interaction
+
+[Bmim]+1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium
+
+[Emim]+1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium
+
+[Hmim]+1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium
+
+[Hmpy]+4-(hydroxymethyl)pyridine
+
+[Omim]+1-octy-3-methyllimidazolium
+
+[BF4]-tetrafluoroborate
+
+[FEP]⁻tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate
+
+[NTf₂]⁻bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide
+
+[OTF]⁻trifluoromethansulfonate
+
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+
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+
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+# An Analytical Placer for Mixed-Size 3D Placement
+
+Jason Cong†,◇and Guojie Luo†
+
+†UCLA Computer Science Department
+◇California NanoSystems Institute
+Los Angeles, CA 90095
+Tel: +1 (310) 206-2775
+{cong, gluo}@cs.ucla.edu
+
+## ABSTRACT
+
+Existing 3D placement techniques are mainly used for standard-cell circuits, while mixed-size placement is needed to support high-level functional units and intellectual property (IP) blocks. In this paper we present an analytical 3D placement method that is capable of placing mixed-size circuits. A multiple-stepsize scheme for the analytical solver is proposed to handle standard cells and macros differently for stability and efficiency. To relieve the difficulty of legalization, 3D floorplan-based initial solutions are used to guide the analytical solver. As far as we know, this is the first work that reports 3D placement results for mixed-size circuits. Our experiments show that the multiple-stepsize scheme is better than single-stepsize schemes in both quality and runtime. The experimental results on the ICCAD'04 mixed-size benchmarks show that the 4-tier 3D mixed-size placement can reduce the wirelength by 27% on average compared to 2D placement. The results also show that the 3D mixed-size placement achieves 5.3% shorter wirelength on average than the pseudo 3D placement with similar amount of through-silicon vias (TS vias).
+
+## Categories and Subject Descriptors
+
+B.7.2 [Integrated Circuits]: Design Aids –placement and routing.
+
+**General Terms:** Algorithms, Design
+
+**Keywords:** 3D Integration, Analytical Method, Placement
+
+## 1. INTRODUCTION
+
+Three-dimensional (3D) IC technologies can offer the potential to significantly reduce interconnect delays and improve system performance. Furthermore, the shortened wirelength, especially that of the clock net, also lessens the power consumption of the circuit. 3D IC technologies also provide a flexible way to carry out the heterogeneous system-on-chip (SoC) design by integrating disparate technologies, such as memory and logic circuits, radio frequency (RF) and mixed signal components, optoelectronic devices, etc., onto different tiers of a 3D IC.
+
+Physically, a 3D IC can be viewed as a stack of multiple 2D ICs, where a single 2D IC is called a tier. Tiers in a 3D IC are connected using through-silicon vias (TS via). However, TS vias are usually etched or drilled through tiers by special techniques and are costly to fabricate. A large number of the TS vias will degrade the yield of the final chip. Also, under current technologies, TS via pitches, usually around 5-10µm, are very large compared to the sizes of regular metal wires. In 3D IC structures, TS vias are usually placed in the whitespace between the macro blocks or cells, so the TS vias affect both the routing resources and the overall chip areas.
+
+Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the full citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, or republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee.
+*ISPD'10, March 14–17, 2010, San Francisco, California, USA.
+Copyright 2010 ACM 978-1-60558-920-6/10/03...$10.00.
+
+In recent years, 3D IC physical design has attracted more and more attention. Along with the technology updates, there are several published works that target the 3D placement problem. Athermal-driven force-directed 3D placement method [14] was proposed, where the temperature profile is interpreted as a thermal force to guide the cell placement.Atransformation-based 3D placement [10] was proposed to reuse the 2D placement information by the folding/stacking heuristics to construct a 3D placement.
+A partitioning-based approach [15] was also applied to the 3D context, where the temperature and the TS via number are modeled in the min-cut objective together with the total wirelength. A quadratic programming approach [19] for 3D placement was also proposed, which finds an overlap-free placement by modeling the cell distribution with a discrete cosine transformation-based cost function.
+
+However, none of these 3D placement methods consider mixed-size circuits, or at least none of these works report 3D placement results on mixed-size examples. As pointed out in [4][7], the 3D physical design tools are required to work on a higher level of abstraction, which involves the floorplanning and placement of large functional units in addition to standard cells. Also like 2D ICs, the 3D design will have widespread use of embedded memories, IP blocks, and other hard modules for physical design reuse, which makes the mixed-size 3D placement necessary and important.
+
+In this paper we propose several techniques to add in large-macro placement support in a multilevel analytical placer. In particular, we make the following contributions for the mixed-size 3D placement:
+
+* A multiple-stepsize scheme is proposed to improve the analytical placer for mixed-size 3D placement. This scheme distinguishes the stepsizes for macros and standard cells, which allows larger stepsizes than the single-stepsize scheme. In turn, allowance of large stepsizes improves the stability and efficiency of the analytical 3D placer.
+* We analyze cases that are difficult for legalization, from which we propose to use 3D floorplan-based initial solutions to guide the analytical 3D placer. A few large macros are fixed before 3D placement to guarantee legalized solutions.
+* Experimental results on the ICCAD'04 mixed-size benchmarks are reported, which show that the 3D placement is able to reduce the wirelength by 27%compared to 2D placements. The results also show that the full 3D mixed-size placement achieves 5.3% shorter wirelength than the pseudo 3D placement with similar amount TS vias.
+
+The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 describes the 3D placement problem, and the techniques for handling large macros in the analytical 3D placer are proposed in Section 3. Section 4 presents the experimental results. Finally, Section 5 concludes our work.
+
+## 2. 3D PLACEMENT PROBLEM FORMULATION
+
+Given a circuit represented as a hypergraph $H = (V, E)$, the placement region $R$ (scaled to $[0,1] \times [0,1]$), and the number of tiers $K$, the task of 3D placement problem is to assign every cell $v_i \in V$ a triple $(x_i, y_i, z_i)$, which indicates that this cell is placed on the tier $z_i \in \{1, 2, ..., K\}$ with its center at $(x_i, y_i) \in R$. The objective is to minimize the weighted sum of total wirelength and TS via number, under non-overlap constraints.
+
+$$
+\begin{array}{ll}
+\text{minimize} & OBJ(x, y, z) = \sum_{e \in E} (l(e) + \alpha \cdot v(e)) \\
+\text{subject to} & D_k(u, v) = 1, \text{ for } (u, v) \in R \text{ and } 1 \le k \le K
+\end{array}
+\quad (1)
+$$
+
+where $l(e)$ and $v(e)$ are the wirelength and TS via number estimations, respectively, and $D_k(u, v)$ is the density map on tier $k$.
+
+We use the traditional half-perimeter model (HPWL) for wirelength estimation, where the wirelength $l(e)$ of a net $e$ is calculated and approximated by the log-sum-exp function [16] as follows:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+l(e) &= \max_{v_i, v_j \in e} |x_i - x_j| + \max_{v_i, v_j \in e} |y_i - y_j| \\
+&\approx \eta \log \sum_{v_i \in e} \exp(x_i/\eta) + \eta \log \sum_{v_i \in e} \exp(-x_i/\eta) \\
+&\quad + \eta \log \sum_{v_i \in e} \exp(y_i/\eta) + \eta \log \sum_{v_i \in e} \exp(-y_i/\eta)
+\end{aligned}
+\quad (2)
+$$
+
+where $\eta$ is set to 0.01 in our implementation to balance the approximation accuracy and the numerical stability.
+
+Because the routing information is unknown during the placement process, the TS via number is also estimated through a similar model. The TS via number of a net is calculated as the height of the bounding cuboid of the cells belong to that net. The TS via number $v(e)$ of a net $e$ is calculated and approximated as follows [10]:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+v(e) &= \max_{v_i, v_j \in e} |z_i - z_j| \\
+&\approx \eta \log \sum_{v_i \in e} \exp(z_i/\eta) + \eta \log \sum_{v_i \in e} \exp(-z_i/\eta)
+\end{aligned}
+\quad (3)
+$$
+
+The weighting factor $\alpha$ is used to achieve the trade-offs between the wirelength $l(e)$ and the TS via number $v(e)$.
+
+For any placement with $z_i \in \{1, 2, ..., K\}$, we can define a density map $D_k(u, v)$ for tier $k \in \{1, 2, ..., K\}$, where the density value at point $(u, v)$ equals the total number of cells and macros covering that point. Thus the non-overlap constraints are transformed to the density constraints $D_k(u, v) \le 1$, which means that the total number of cells and macros at any point is not greater than 1. These inequality constraints can be further transformed to equality constraints $D_k(u, v) = 1$ by adding dummy cells [6], which are the pseudo cells without connection to the netlist, to fill the white space.
+
+## 3. MIXED-SIZE 3D PLACEMENT FLOW
+
+In order to solve the mixed-size 3D placement problem, we apply the flow in Figure 1, which mainly consists of a 3D floorplanner and our analytical 3D placer for mixed-size designs.
+
+Although our analytical 3D placer is capable of handling mixed-size designs, large-macro legalization is still a problem. Thus, we use a 3D floorplanner to provide an initial 3D placement to guide the analytical placer, which will be discussed in Section 1.1.
+
+Our analytical 3D placer works on a given 3D placement. A multiple-stepsize scheme is developed to enhance the 3D placer [8] for mixed-size designs, which will be described in Section 1.2.
+
+The 3D global placement solution is rounded in z-direction first to snap the movable objects to a tier, and then the movable objects are legalized tier-by-tier using the legalization and detailed placement algorithm in [9].
+
+
+
+Figure 1. Our mixed-size 3D placement flow
+
+### 1.1 3D Floorplan-Based Initial Solution
+
+Before describing the use of 3D floorplanner, we first analyze the cases where large-macro legalization fails for 3D global placements as in Figure 2. In each case, the 3D placement is shown from the bottom tier (tier 1) to the topmost tier (tier 4), where large boxes represent macros and small dots represent standard cells. From these cases, we see that some global placements are difficult to legalize, even by hand. For example, there are two overlapping macros on tier 1 of the ibm03 case. Although there are enough white space to hold the overlapping area, these two hard macros cannot be legalized unless one of them is moved to another tier, resulting in great displacement of the overall solution.
+
+Thus, a 3D global placement that roughly satisfies the area density constraints may still be difficult to legalize. We would like to start the analytical 3D placer with fixed large macros to prevent illegalized solutions. We perform 3D floorplanning [12] on a coarsened netlist after partitioning [17] (e.g. partitioning into 100 parts). These initial solutions guide the analytical 3D placer to better placement of the large macros. Furthermore, to prevent these very large macros being placed on the same tier, we may fix the tier assignment of very large macros (e.g., macros with width or height greater than 20% of the chip width or chip height, respectively). Asdemonstrated in Figure 3, with these initial solutions, we gain a higher probability of obtaining a solution that is easy to legalize.
+
+
+
+**Figure 2.** Global placement results with difficulties in legalization
+
+
+
+**Figure 3.** Global placement results guided by 3D floorplanning
+
+## 1.2 Analytical Solver with Multiple-Stepsize Scheme
+
+The multilevel analytical placement solver [8] is used for 3D global placement of standard-cell circuits. We adopt such analytical solver and propose the multiple-stepsize scheme to handle mixed-size designs.
+
+In an analytical solver, the range of the tier assignment $z_i$ for cell $v_i$ has to be relaxed from the discrete set $\{1, 2, ..., K\}$ to a continuous interval $[1, K]$, thus the previous definition of density map in formulation (1) is no longer valid. To model the non-overlap constraints in terms of the continuous tier assignment, the techniques in [8] of area projection and pseudo tiers are applied, which redefine the density maps by area projection, and use the additional pseudo ties between every two neighboring actual tiers to ensure the equivalence to non-overlap constraints. Then the 3D global placement problem is formulated as a nonlinear programming problem shown below:
+
+$$
+\begin{array}{ll}
+\text{minimize} & \text{OBJ}(x, y, z) = \sum_{e \in E} (l(e) + \alpha \cdot v(e)) \\
+\text{subject to} & D_k(u, v) = 1 \quad \text{for tiers } 1 \le k \le K \\
+& E_k(u, v) = 1 \quad \text{for pseudo-tiers } 1 \le k \le K-1
+\end{array}
+\quad (4)
+$$
+
+This problem can be solved by the quadratic penalty method [18]:
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+\text{minimize } \text{OBJ}(x, y, z) + \mu \cdot \text{Penalty}(x, y, z) \\
+\text{increase } \mu \text{ until converge}
+\end{cases}
+\quad (5)
+$$
+
+where the penalty function is defined as
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+\text{Penalty}(x, y, z) = & \sum_{1 \le k \le K} \iint_{(u,v) \in R} (D_k(u,v) - 1)^2 \, dudv \\
+& + \sum_{1 \le k \le K-1} \iint_{(u,v) \in R} (E_k(u,v) - 1)^2 \, dudv
+\end{aligned}
+\quad (6)
+$$
+
+The non-differentiable functions $\text{Penalty}(x, y, z)$ are approximated by differentiable functions before running an analytical solver. The density functions on both actual tiers and pseudo tiers are replaced by the smoothed density functions [11].
+
+The solution of the unconstrained minimization problem in (5) is equivalent to the steady solution to the following ordinary differential equation (ODE), which is similar to [5]:
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+\frac{d(x(t), y(t), z(t))}{dt} = -\nabla Q_{\mu}(x(t), y(t), z(t)) \\
+(x(0), y(0), z(0)) \text{ is a given initial placement}
+\end{cases}
+\quad (7)
+$$
+
+where $Q_{\mu}(x, y, z) = \text{OBJ}(x, y, z) + \mu \cdot \text{Penalty}(x, y, z)$.
+
+This ODE can be solved by the explicit Euler method, which gives the following iterative scheme:
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{array}{l}
+(x^{(k+1)}, y^{(k+1)}, z^{(k+1)}) \\
+\\
+= (x^{(k)}, y^{(k)}, z^{(k)}) - \tau \cdot \nabla Q_{\mu}(x^{(k)}, y^{(k)}, z^{(k)}) \\
+\\
+(x^{(0)}, y^{(0)}, z^{(0)}) \text{ is a given initial placement}
+\end{array}
+\right.
+\quad (8)
+$$
+
+The stepsize $\tau$ has to be small enough to guarantee convergence. The analytical upper bound for $\tau$ depends on the Hessian of $Q_{\mu}(x, y, z)$ which is difficult to determine. In practice, the value of $\tau$ is determined in an adaptive way: an initial stepsize $\tau$ is tried and then the convergence is checked; if it does not converge, the stepsize is scaled down by a ratio between 0 and 1 (e.g., 0.6) and the trial and error process is repeated.
+
+This scheme works fine for standard cell cases [8]. However, the application of this scheme may cause trouble in mixed-size cases. We observe that if we use the same stepsize for all the variables, the stepsize has to be very small to guarantee convergence. Conversely, the stepsize would cause instability if it is set too large. Thus, we introduce scaling factors for every cell according to its area, such that the step size ratio $\tau_i/\tau_j$ is equal to the inversed area ratio $A_j/A_i$.
+
+Here we justify the multiple-stepsize scheme by showing its equivalence to the *gradient projection method* for mixed-size placement problems. The following analysis only focuses on a small example of mixed-size linear placement, but it can be extended to a rigor proof for general mixed-size placement problems.
+
+In the mixed-size linear placement example, there are only two cells $v_1$ and $v_2$ with widths $w_1$ and $w_2$, respectively, where $w_2 = 2w_1 = 2w$. The placement region $[0, W]$ and the interconnects are shown in Figure 4.
+
+**Figure 4.** A mixed-size linear placement example
+
+This linear placement problem can be solved by the quadratic penalty method [11],
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} \text{minimize} & \{\text{OBJ}_2(x_1, x_2) + \mu \cdot \text{Penalty}_2(x_1, x_2)\} \\ \text{increase} & \mu \text{ until converge} \end{cases} \tag{9}
+$$
+
+where $x_1$ and $x_2$ are the centers of the two cells, $OBJ_2(x_1, x_2)$ is the total wirelength, and $Penalty_2(x_1, x_2)$ is the density penalty function [11].
+
+The mixed-size problem (9) can be transformed to a uniform-size problem (10), by decomposing $v_2$ equally into two cells $v_3$ and $v_4$ with an additional constraint $x_3 + w = x_4$, as shown in Figure 5.
+
+
+
+**Figure 5.** The corresponding uniform-size linear placement
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} \underset{x_3+w=x_4}{\text{minimize}} & \{\text{OBJ}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4) + \mu \cdot \text{Penalty}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4)\} \\ \text{increase} & \mu \text{ until converge} \end{cases} \tag{10}
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{where } \text{OBJ}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4) = \text{OBJ}_2(x_1, (x_3 + x_4)/2).
+$$
+
+The *gradient projection* method [18] can be used to solve the constrained optimization problem in (10). Each iterative step consists of a descent step followed by a projection step. The descent step is as follows,
+
+$$
+\left\{ \begin{aligned} x_1'' &= x_1 - \tau \cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial x_1} (\text{OBJ}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4) + \mu \cdot \text{Penalty}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4)) \\ x_3'' &= x_3 - \tau \cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial x_3} (\text{OBJ}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4) + \mu \cdot \text{Penalty}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4)) \\ x_4'' &= x_4 - \tau \cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial x_4} (\text{OBJ}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4) + \mu \cdot \text{Penalty}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4)) \end{aligned} \right. \tag{11}
+$$
+
+The projection step is to find a feasible solution $(x'_1, x'_3, x'_4)$ such that it is the feasible point with minimal distance to the point $(x''_1, x''_3, x''_4)$. Formally, it is the solution of the following optimization problem:
+
+$$
+\begin{array}{ll} \underset{(x'_1, x'_3, x'_4)}{\text{minimize}} & (x'_1 - x''_1)^2 + (x'_3 - x''_3)^2 + (x'_4 - x''_4)^2 \\ \text{subject to} & x'_3 + w = x'_4 \end{array} \tag{12}
+$$
+
+The Lagrangian function for problem (12) is
+
+$$
+L(x'_1, x'_3, x'_4; \lambda) = (x'_1 - x''_1)^2 + (x'_3 - x''_3)^2 + (x'_4 - x''_4)^2 \\ + \lambda(x'_3 + w - x'_4) \tag{13}
+$$
+
+where the optimality condition requires that
+
+$$
+\left\{ \begin{array}{l} \displaystyle \frac{\partial L(x'_1, x'_3, x'_4; \lambda)}{\partial x'_1} = 2(x'_1 - x''_1) = 0 \\[1em] \displaystyle \frac{\partial L(x'_1, x'_3, x'_4; \lambda)}{\partial x'_3} = 2(x'_3 - x''_3) - \lambda = 0 \\[1em] \displaystyle \frac{\partial L(x'_1, x'_3, x'_4; \lambda)}{\partial x'_4} = 2(x'_4 - x''_4) - \lambda = 0 \end{array} \right. \tag{14}
+$$
+
+Combining the descent step (11) and the projection step (12), we obtain
+
+$$
+\left\{ \begin{array}{l} x'_1 = x_1 \\ -\tau \cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial x_1} (\text{OBJ}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4) + \mu \cdot \text{Penalty}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4)) \\ \frac{x'_3 + x'_4 }{2}= \frac{x_3 + x_4}{2} \\ -\frac{\tau} {2}\cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial x_3} (\text{OBJ}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4) + \mu \cdot \text{Penalty}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4)) \\ -\frac{\tau} {2} \cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial x_4} (\text{OBJ}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4) + \mu \cdot \text{Penalty}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4)) \end{array} \right. \tag{15}
+$$
+
+Since $\text{OBJ}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4) = \text{OBJ}_2(x_1, (x_3 + x_4)/2)$, we have
+
+$$
+\frac{\partial \text{OBJ}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4)}{\partial x_1} = \frac{\partial \text{OBJ}_2(x_1, x_2)}{\partial x_1} \tag{16}
+$$
+
+and
+
+$$
+\frac{\partial \text{OBJ}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4)}{\partial x_3} + \frac{\partial \text{OBJ}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4)}{\partial x_4} = \frac{\partial \text{OBJ}_2(x_1, x_2)}{\partial x_2} \tag{17}
+$$
+
+when $x_2 = (x_3 + x_4)/2$.
+
+According to the property of the density penalty functions [11], for the specific placements $(x_1, x_2)$ and $(x_1, x_3, x_4)$ where $x_2 = (x_3 + x_4)/2$, there exist a density-related function $E(x)$ such that
+
+$$
+\left\{ \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \text{Penalty}_2(x_1, x_2)}{\partial x_1} &= E(x_1 + w/2) - E(x_1 - w/2) \\ \frac{\partial \text{Penalty}_2(x_1, x_2)}{\partial x_2} &= E(x_2 + w) - E(x_2 - w) \end{aligned} \right. \tag{18}
+$$
+
+and
+
+$$
+\left\{ \begin{aligned} \frac{\partial \text{Penalty}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4)}{\partial x_1} &= E(x_1 + w/2) - E(x_1 - w/2) \\ \frac{\partial \text{Penalty}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4)}{\partial x_3} &= E(x_3 + w/2) - E(x_3 - w/2) \\ \frac{\partial \text{Penalty}_3(x_1, x_3, x_4)}{\partial x_4} &= E(x_4 + w/2) - E(x_4 - w/2) \end{aligned} \right. \tag{19}
+$$
+
+Based on the equations (16)(17)(18)(19), we can transform (15) into
+
+$$
+\left\{ \begin{aligned} x'_1 &= x_1 - \tau \cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial x_1} (\text{OBJ}_2(x_1, x_2) + \mu \cdot \text{Penalty}_2(x_1, x_2)) \\ x'_2 &= x_2 -\frac{\tau} {2} \cdot \frac{\partial}{\partial x_2} (\text{OBJ}_2(x_1, x_2) + \mu \cdot \text{Penalty}_2(x_1, x_2)) \end{aligned} \right. \tag{20}
+$$
+
+This can be viewed as a descent step in the *gradient descent* method for the unconstrained optimization problem in (9). It indicates that the step size ratio between $v_1$ and $v_2$ is 2:1, which is inversely proportional to their area ratio $w:2w=1:2$.
+
+**Theorem.** Assume in a mixed-size placement problem, the cell area $A_i = m_i A$ of $v_i$ is a multiple of a unit area $A$. This problem is transformed to a uniform-size placement problem by decomposing $v_i$ into $m_i$ small cells, and use additional constraints to glue these decomposed small cells. If the uniform-size placement problem with additional constraints is solved by the *gradient descent* method with step size $\tau$, it is equivalent to solving the mixed-size placement problem by the *gradient descent* method with step size $\tau/m_i$ for cell $v_i$.
+
+The proof can be obtained by the same idea as the previous analysis of the linear placement example, and thus is omitted.
+
+As a result, the stepsize need not be very small for convergence. Conversely, the requirement on the stepsize is less strict and it helps to implement a stable solver in practice. The effect of the multiple-stepsize scheme will be reported in TABLE II.
+
+## 4. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
+
+To evaluate the quality of our analytical 3D placer for mixed-size circuits, experiments are performed on our modified version of the ICCAD'04 mixed-size placement benchmarks [20]. The netlists and the cell sizes remain the same. And the 3D placement regions are scaled from the 2D regions by a factor of $\sqrt{K}$ on each side, where K is the number of tiers. Thus the total white spaces are not changed. The I/O port locations are also scaled linearly with the placement regions, and the I/O ports are assumed open at the topmost tier (the tier with the largest tier number). We will set K = 4 for all the experiments in this section.
+
+In this suite of benchmarks, the number of standard cells and nets ranges from 10k to 50k, and there are hundreds of macros in each circuit. The readers may refer to [1][2] for these numbers in detail. Here we only show the statistics of areas and wirelengths in TABLE I. The first sub-column under “2D HPWL” is the half-perimeter wirelength produced by the placer mPL6 [6], where the geometric mean is computed at the last row for comparison with 3D placement results. A breakdown of the wirelengths is found in the following sub-columns: there are, on average, 76% wires connecting between standard cells only, 4% wires connecting between macros only, and 20% wires connecting between standard cells and macros. The area breakdown is also shown afterwards, where the standard cells consume 41% of total area, macros consume 39% and there is 20% white space on average.
+
+TABLE I – Statistics of the Benchmarks
+
+ | 2D HPWL | Area |
|---|
| total (x106) | std ratio | mac ratio | mix ratio | std ratio | mac ratio |
|---|
| ibm01 | 2.20 | 0.655 | 0.053 | 0.292 | 0.37 | 0.43 |
|---|
| ibm02 | 4.73 | 0.670 | 0.066 | 0.264 | 0.25 | 0.55 |
|---|
| ibm03 | 6.81 | 0.726 | 0.013 | 0.261 | 0.30 | 0.50 |
|---|
| ibm04 | 7.31 | 0.697 | 0.046 | 0.257 | 0.38 | 0.42 |
|---|
| ibm05 | 9.36 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 0.000 | 0.80 | 0.00 |
|---|
| ibm06 | 5.73 | 0.830 | 0.002 | 0.168 | 0.35 | 0.45 |
|---|
| ibm07 | 9.85 | 0.830 | 0.010 | 0.160 | 0.44 | 0.36 |
|---|
| ibm08 | 11.67 | 0.659 | 0.107 | 0.234 | 0.39 | 0.41 |
|---|
| average | 6.50 | 0.76 | 0.04 | 0.20 | 0.41 | 0.39 |
|---|
+
+Before we show the experimental results, we shall first present the data in TABLE II on the effect of the multiple-stepsize scheme as discussed in Section 1.2. We compare the multiple-stepsize scheme to the single-stepsize scheme on 2D placements ($K=1$). The different schemes are tested as an additional run on the same given placements, and we expect that the final placement will have the same or a slightly better wirelength (the normalized quality in TABLE II). Three implementations are tested: the first one is a single-stepsize scheme with a moderate increasing penalty factor $\mu$; the second one is a single-stepsize scheme with an aggressive increasing penalty factor; and the last one is a multiple-stepsize scheme with an aggressive increasing penalty factor. The quality of the results are normalized, which equal to the final HPWL divided by the given HPWL, and the number of iterations spent is also reported. The results show that if only single stepsize is used, it takes more time for the adaptive scheme to search for a small enough stepsize, or the quality degrades significantly. The multiple-stepsize scheme helps the stability and the runtime, and maintains the best quality with the fewest number of iterations to converge, compared to the other two single-stepsize schemes.
+
+TABLE II – Effect of the multiple-stepsize scheme
+
+ | moderate single stepsize | aggressive single stepsize | aggressive multiple stepsize |
|---|
| quality | #iter | quality | #iter | quality | #iter |
|---|
| ibm01 | 1.01 | 45 | 1.01 | 45 | 1.01 | 45 |
|---|
| ibm02 | 1.00 | 195 | 1.13 | 200 | 0.97 | 60 |
|---|
| ibm03 | 0.99 | 200 | 1.12 | 135 | 0.97 | 70 |
|---|
| ibm04 | 0.99 | 200 | 1.06 | 140 | 0.97 | 75 |
|---|
| ibm05 | 0.99 | 150 | 0.99 | 70 | 0.99 | 70 |
|---|
| ibm06 | 1.00 | 40 | 1.00 | 40 | 1.00 | 40 |
|---|
| ibm07 | 1.00 | 200 | 1.09 | 145 | 0.98 | 65 |
|---|
| ibm08 | 1.03 | 200 | 1.04 | 200 | 0.97 | 70 |
|---|
| geomean | 1.01 | 112.88 | 1.06 | 94.17 | 0.99 | 57.58 |
|---|
+
+Experimental results for the two modes of our 3D placer, “Pseudo 3D” and “3D (mac fixed)”, are summarized in TABLE III, as well as the folding method in [12]. As pointed out in Section 1.1, large macros create troubles for the legalization. Thus, 3D floorplanning is performed on the coarsened netlist (100 nodes) before 3D placement. The “large macros” in the experiments are the macros whose width or height is greater than 20% of the chip width or 20% of the chip height, respectively. Both modes start with 3D floorplan-based initial solutions. The “pseudo 3D” mode fixes the large macros, disables the movement in the z-direction, and runs the 3D placement only for standard cells and small macros in the (x,y)-direction. And the “3D (mac fixed)” mode fixes the large macros, but allows the movement of standard cells and small macros in both the (x,y)-direction and the z-direction. The detailed placement is completed tier-by-tier using the 2D detailed placer [9].
+
+The wirelength after global placement (gp-WL), the wirelength after detailed placement (dp-WL), the number of TS vias (TSV), and the total runtime (RT) are all reported in TABLE III. Both modes produce similar amount of TS vias. Comparing to the “pseudo 3D” mode, the “3D (mac fixed)” mode reduces wirelength by 5.3% on average, by allowing the movement of small objects in the z-direction. Comparing to the folding method, the “3D (mac fixed)” mode reduces wirelength by 18% on average with 35% more TS vias. Comparing to the 2D placement, the “3D (mac fixed)” mode provides a 27% wirelength reduction on average for these mixed-size benchmarks.
+
+## 5. CONCLUSIONS
+
+In this paper, we proposed several techniques to enable an analytical 3D placement to support mixed-size circuits. The multiple-stepsize method gains efficiency by allowing as large a stepsize as possible for each standard cell, while enabling large macros updated with small stepsize for stability. The 3D floorplanning is used to generate initial solutions for very large macros and gives a higher possibility of obtaining a legalizedTABLE III – 3D Placements resultssolution. The experimental results show that the 3D placement is able to reduce the wirelength by 27% compared to 2D placements. The results also show that the 3D mixed-size placement achieves 5.3% shorter wirelength than the pseudo 3D placement with similar amount TS vias.
+
+ | Pseudo 3D | 3D (mac fixed) | Folding [12] |
|---|
| gp-WL (x 106) | dp-WL (x 106) | TSV (x 103) | RT (min) | gp-WL (x 106) | dp-WL (x 106) | TSV (x 103) | RT (min) | dp-WL (x 106) | TSV (x 103) |
|---|
| ibm01 | 1.47 | 1.63 | 2.30 | 1.55 | 1.49 | 1.64 | 2.39 | 2.82 | 1.89 | 1.88 | | ibm02 | 4.12 | 3.90 | 3.31 | 4.04 | 3.83 | 3.79 | 4.98 | 5.81 | 4.12 | 3.23 | | ibm03 | 5.46 | 5.24 | 4.23 | 4.01 | 4.89 | 4.70 | 4.36 | 9.16 | failed | failed | | ibm04 | 6.04 | 5.88 | 4.90 | 4.72 | 5.72 | 5.56 | 5.46 | 9.33 | 6.80 | 3.36 | | ibm05 | 5.53 | 5.40 | 13.98 | 4.43 | 5.72 | 5.65 | 8.26 | 5.72 | 6.92 | 9.41 | | ibm06 | 5.02 | 5.09 | 5.62 | 11.90 | 4.77 | 4.86 | 4.87 | 9.02 | failed | failed | | ibm07 | 7.98 | 8.03 | 6.78 | 7.65 | 7.11 | 7.46 | 7.28 | 33.49 | 9.26 | 5.11 | | ibm08 | 9.65 | 10.00 | 8.95 | 10.68 | 8.12 | 8.48 | 9.40 | 18.25 | 11.79 | 7.01 | | geomean | 5.06 | 5.07 | 5.43 | 5.17 | 4.73 | 4.80 | 5.45 | 9.03 | - | - |
+
+## 6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+This research is partially supported by National Science Foundation under CCF-0430077 and CCF-0528583. The authors would like to thank Prof. Lieven Vanderberghe and John Lee for the inspiring discussions.
+
+## 7. REFERENCES
+
+[1] S.N. Adya and I.L. Markov, “Consistent Placement of Macro-Blocks Using Floorplanning and Standard-Cell Placement,” Proceedings of the 2002 International Symposium on Physical Design, pp. 12-17, 2002.
+[2] S.N. Adya, S. Chaturvedi, J.A. Roy, D.A. Papa, and I.L. Markov, “Unification of Partitioning, Placement and Floorplanning,” Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, pp. 550-557, 2004.
+[3] C. Alpert, A. Kahng, G.-J. Nam, S. Reda, and P. Villarrubia, “A Semi-persistent Clustering Technique for VLSI Circuit Placement,” Proceedings of the 2005 International Symposium on Physical Design, pp. 200-207, 2005.
+[4] K. Bernstein, P. Andry, J. Cann, P. Emma, D. Greenberg, W. Haensch, M. Ignatowski, S. Koester, J. Magerlein, R. Puri, and A. Young, “Interconnects in the Third Dimension: Design Challenges for 3D ICs,” Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on Design Automation, pp. 562-567, 2007.
+[5] T.F. Chan, J. Cong, and K. Sze, “Multilevel Generalized Force-directed Method for Circuit Placement,” Proceedings of the 2005 International Symposium on Physical Design, pp. 185-192, 2005.
+[6] T.F. Chan, J. Cong, J.R. Shinnerl, K. Sze, and M. Xie, “mPL6: Enhancement Multilevel Mixed-Size Placement with Congestion Control,” in Modern Circuit Placement, ed. G.-J. Nam and J. Cong, Springer Publishers, 2007.
+[7] C. Chiang and S. Sinha, “The Road to 3D EDA Tool Readiness,” Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Asia and South Pacific Design Automation, pp. 429-436, 2009.
+[8] J. Cong and G. Luo, “A Multilevel Analytical Placement for 3D ICs,” Proceedings of the 2009 Conference on Asia and South Pacific Design Automation, pp. 361-366, 2009.
+
+[9] J. Cong and M. Xie, “A Robust Mixed-Size Legalization and Detailed Placement Algorithm,” IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, vol. 27, no. 8, pp. 1349-1362, August 2008.
+[10] J. Cong, G. Luo, J. Wei, and Y. Zhang, “Thermal-Aware 3D IC Placement Via Transformation,” Proceedings of the 2007 Conference on Asia South Pacific Design Automation, pp. 780-785, 2007.
+[11] J. Cong, G. Luo, and E. Radke, “Highly Efficient Gradient Computation for Density-Constrained Analytical Placement,” Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 27, no. 12, pp. 2133-2144, 2008.
+[12] J. Cong, J. Wei, and Y. Zhang, “A Thermal-Driven Floorplanning Algorithm for 3D ICs,” Proceedings of the 2004 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, pp. 306-313, 2004.
+[13] W.R. Davis, J. Wilson, S. Mick, J. Xu, H. Hua, C. Mineo, A.M. Sule, M. Steer, and P.D. Franzon, “Demystifying 3D ICs: The Pros and Cons of Going Vertical,” IEEE Design & Test of Computers, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 498-510, 2005.
+[14] B. Goplen and S. Sapatnekar, “Efficient Thermal Placement of Standard Cells in 3D ICs using a Force Directed Approach,” Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE/ACM International Conference on Computer-Aided Design, pp. 86, 2003.
+[15] B. Goplen and S. Sapatnekar, “Placement of 3D ICs with Thermal and Interlayer Via Considerations,” Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on Design Automation, pp. 626-631, 2007.
+[16] D. Hill, “Method and System for High Speed Detailed Placement of Cells within an Integrated Circuit Design,” US Patent 6370673, April 9, 2002.
+[17] G. Karypis, R. Aggarwal, V. Kumar, and S. Shekhar, “Multilevel hypergraph partitioning: applications in VLSI domain,” Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 69-79, 1999.
+[18] J. Nocedal and S.J. Wright, “Numerical Optimization 2nd ed.,” Springer, 2006.
+[19] H. Yan, Q. Zhou, and X. Hong, “Efficient Thermal Aware Placement Approach Integrated with 3D DCT Placement Algorithm,” Proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Quality Electronic Design, pp. 289-292, 2008.
+[20] http://vlsicad.eecs.umich.edu/BK/ICCAD04bench/
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+# AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习:
+价值、框架与路径
+
+余越凡 赵志群
+
+**[摘要]** 在当今智能化时代,人工智能生成内容(AIGC)正深刻推动着人机协同学习方式的变革。然而,受限于语音、文本等传统媒介形式,AIGC在交互方式和应用成效上仍存在一定的局限性,进而引发诸如知识机械投喂、情境创设不足以及情感交互缺失等一系列问题。数字人作为智能时代新兴的媒介形态,与AIGC深度融合后,展现出反身媒介性、具身在场性和智能演绎性等核心特征。在人机协同学习场景下,AIGC赋能的数字人具备独特价值,能够重塑学习的行动场域、实践模式、认知路径以及学习理念。基于上述背景,研究构建了AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习的实践框架。该框架涵盖案例习得、案例迁移和知识创新三个阶段,并且可广泛应用于素质教育中的跨学科主题学习、职业教育中基于工作的学习以及终身教育范畴内的泛在学习等多元场景。为推进这种人机协同学习方式的全面推广与有效落地,还需在技术和应用层面进一步探索,包括开发能够实现情感与智能共生的人工智能大模型、创新智能化能力评价算法,以及灵活运用多元学习场景和多样化组织形式等。
+
+**[关键词]** 人工智能生成内容;生成式人工智能;数字人;人机协同学习
+
+**[中图分类号]** G40-057 **[文献标识码]** A **[文章编号]** 1672-0008(2025)02-0045-08
+
+**[DOI]** 10.15881/j.cnki.cn33-1304/g4.2025.02.005
+
+随着生成式人工智能(generative artificial intelligence, GAI)技术的快速发展,人工智能生成内容(AI-generated content, AIGC)成为继专业生成内容(professional generated content, PGC)和用户生成内容(user generated content, UGC)之后的一种新型内容生产方式(杨宗凯,等,2023)。内容生产方式的突破使机器不再仅是信息的规则化集成体和检索工具,而是能与人类智慧叠加并协同生成甚至创造新内容的能动主体,打破了传统人机关系“主一客”二分的对立格局(吴虑,等,2023)。然而,目前受限于语音、文字、图片等传统交互媒介,AIGC在教育领域的应用仍主要停留于问答或对话等低层次的人机交互模式。学习主体将机器视为被动响应的客体,负责解答问题、批改作业等封闭性任务,未能充分发挥AIGC技术的主体性和交互性优势,进而加剧了学习者思维惰化、教育主体思想同质化、社会参与去身体化(苗逢春,2023;张黎,等,2023;詹泽慧,等,2023)等问题。当前,随着实时动作捕捉、多模态人机交互等技术的发展,数字人(digital human)正越来越多地承担起连接个体与场景、提供各类场景体验反馈的功能,成为有效传递多模态感官信息的新型媒介(程思琪,等,2022)。AIGC与数字人技术结合,可以形成高度互补的关系:AIGC为数字人提供智能驱动内核,数字人为AIGC提供具身感知和交互的媒介,这将极大拓宽人机协同学习的交互维度,并有可能重塑人机协同机制,解决传统问答模式中存在的诸多问题。本研究深入探究AIGC时代数字人的内涵,分析其赋能人机协同学习的价值意蕴,为构建新型人机协同学习实践框架和实施路径提供理论基础。
+
+## 一、AIGC时代数字人的涵义、架构与特征
+
+### (一)AIGC时代数字人的基本涵义
+
+数字人是指能够在虚实共生的社会环境中复制、表达与传播信息,使自然人或化身虚拟人在认知经验上获得拟人性交互体验的虚拟对象(冯婷,等,2023;杨名宜,等,2022)。数字人技术引发了一系列连接和关系的变化,开辟出新的社会行动场域(程思琪,等,2022),其产生的行为、语音、表情等信息媒体已成为一种特殊的文化复制因子,即“数字模因”(digital memes)(中国传媒大学媒体融合与传播国家重点实验室,2023)。当前,数字人在社会文化传递中的媒介作用日益凸显,AIGC技术更是为其带来了新的特征和应用图景。陈卫东等(2023)认为
+AIGC 使数字人具备了情感智能、泛在陪伴、多模交互以及自主演化等特征。郭亚军等(2023)将 Chat-GPT与数字人结合,认为其可以基于图书馆专有知识数据集提供个性化专业服务。派克等(Park, et al.,2023)运用大语言模型构建了25个生成式智能体,这些智能体能够基于主客体经验数据自主模拟人类社会行为,形成自动演化的虚拟小镇。
+
+**基金项目:** 本文系2024年度国家重点研发计划“智能交互实验教学关键技术研究及应用”子课题“多模态多传感器融合的实验过程跟踪分析与智能评测”(项目编号:2024YFC3308504)、2024年度教育部人文社会科学研究青年基金项目“基于多模态学习分析的职教高考技能评价实证研究”(项目编号:24YJC880054)的研究成果。
+
+**作者简介:** 余越凡,北京师范大学教育学部博士研究生(北京 100875);赵志群(通讯作者),博士,北京师范大学教育学部教授、博士生导师(北京 100875)。
+
+**引用信息:** 余越凡,赵志群,2025.AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习:价值、框架与路径[J].远程教育杂志,43(2):45-52.
+①“模因”指人类社会文化传递的复制因子,其表现形态涵盖词语、图像、格调、表情等所有形式。
+
+数字人媒介作用的核心在于,通过多种类人功能在虚实空间中生产和传播具有类人特质的数字模因。从数字模因的生产角度看,AIGC时代的数字人采用多模态数据驱动的内生模式。相较于动作捕捉、判别式人工智能等技术驱动的传统数字人,AIGC赋能的数字人摆脱了对先验规则的依赖,也不再受中之人②等外部驱动要素的控制,能够利用大规模预训练习得的语义规律,对非预设任务进行自主演绎,实时生成个性化的内容。随着GPT-4o等多模态预训练大模型的出现,数字人进一步具备了多模态数据的联合感知和反馈能力,由此形成更为智能、灵活的数字模因生产方式。从数字模因的传播角度看,AIGC时代数字人采用虚实联动的反馈调节模式。先验规则驱动的传统数字人,其环境感知和任务处理能力均具有封闭性特征,导致用户被束缚于有限的行动空间内,单向接受程式化的内容输出。而AIGC赋能的数字人,具备跨时空模因的联合感知能力,能够给予用户个性化、开放化的人机交互体验,数字模因的人机传播关系由程序引导转变为动态反馈。
+
+综上所述,AIGC时代的数字人,是通过虚实空间的多模态融合感知,从开放的多维视角自主生成个性化内容,并依托多种类人功能提供拟人化交互体验的虚拟实体。
+
+### (二) AIGC时代数字人的技术架构
+
+要实现 AIGC与数字人的深度结合,需要多模态预训练大模型、多模感知、语义识别和表达生成四类技术的支持,其关系如图1所示。多模态预训练大模型是AIGC时代数字人的核心技术,由海量的通用领域数据训练而成,能够将语言、音频、图像等多模态数据以特征对齐的方式射到统一的语义空间中,支持数字人进行多模态数据的意义关联和协同处理。多模态预训练大模型的实现技术主要包括多模态Transformer 架构、跨模态对比学习、多模态指令微调(multimodal instruction tun-ing)、人类反馈强化学习(reinforcement learning fromhuman feedback, RLHF)等。多模态Transformer 架构通过模态共享编码器、交叉注意力机制或稀疏混合专家模型(Mustafa,et al.,2022)实现跨模态特征交互与统一表征;跨模态对比学习能够对齐图文/音视频等异构模态的语义嵌入空间;多模态指令微调通过指令格式数据引导模型泛化复杂任务,提升多模态推理与指令遵循能力;RLHF能够对已有模型进行优化调整,使其符合人类的价值观与偏好(卢宇,等,2023a)。
+
+
+
+图 1 AIGC 时代数字人的技术架构
+
+多模感知、语义识别和表达生成三类技术以多模态预训练大模型为基础,通过下游任务适配赋予数字人交互所需的各种类人功能。其中,多模感知技术通过物联网感知设备、全媒体访问设备、沉浸式交互设备等支撑硬件,为数字人实时提供物理、虚拟和混合现实三元空间中各类虚实对象的音频、图像、文本等数据。语义识别技术是基于多模态预训练大模型的通用领域知识,通过小样本或零样本学习,智能感知交互对象和交互场景。例如,理解三维场景中物体的材料、功能和物理属性(Peng,et al.,2023),识别交互对象的语音文字内容、情感、动作和风格。表达
+生成技术则以角色建模、实时渲染等计算机图形技术为基础,综合语义识别捕获的多元模因,生成相应的语音、肢体动作、面部表情等交互反应。
+
+## (三) AIGC时代数字人的关键特征
+
+### 1. 反身媒介性:人类文化的反身性复制和超域传播
+
+AIGC 赋能的数字人可以实现人类文化的反身性复制,这既依赖于多模态预训练大模型对自然语言特征的学习,也依赖于数字人的拟人性交互功能。在人类发展过程中,语言的选择和使用是各种模因竞争的结果(陈琳霞,等,2006),其中蕴含了人类文化中能够以符号形式表征或隐喻的模因。多模态预训练大模型以词向量的形式对自然语言进行建模,其高维矩阵中隐藏的数理关系反映了人类文化的各类模因。数字人以此为底层表征系统处理现实情境,并以语言、表情、动作等具身化的方式表征模因,从
+而实现人类文化的反身性复制。传统媒介,无论是以
+口语、肢体动作等为代表的具身媒介,还是以文字、
+图像等为代表的离身媒介,均无法兼顾传播主体的
+时空自由和感官的整体性与协调性(焦宝,等,2023)。而数字人能够使离身模因重返具身场景,使其脱离于人又回归于身体,弥补了传统媒介的缺陷,是不同于传统媒介的“反身媒介”。此外,在物理、虚拟和混合现实三元空间中,数字人既能对化身虚拟人给予对应的反身性关照,又能与自然人具身交互,形成独特的反身性超域传播链条。
+
+②“中之人”指操纵虚拟主播进行直播的人,泛指为虚拟角色提供声音、动作等支持的真人。
+
+2.具身在场性:情境模因的具身性语用和拟情表达具身是主体凭借身体感官获得各类模因,并将其加工为知觉经验,以此建立起对所处空间认知的过程。AIGC赋能的数字人可以实时获取虚实交互对象和交互场景的多维模因,并基于多模态预训练大模型生成情境化交互内容,因而具有数字形态的具身在场性。在三元空间中,虚实交互对象的口语、语气、神情、服饰格调等均为模因,虚实交互场景的场景语义、装饰风格等亦为模因(颜志科,2011)。凭借多模态预训练大模型的跨模态语义对齐能力,数字人能够以自然语言表征上述多维模因,并通过Transformer 模型的自注意力机制(self-attention)捕获关键模因,将其纳入交互决策,实现情境模因的具身性语用。这一机制帮助数字人顺应外部环境和交互对象的表达需求,获悉当前情境下人际、物际交互的意向性,从而做出符合当前语境的语言、表情、动作等多元模因和谐共生的拟人化表达,以此达成拟情性的塑造。
+
+3.智能演绎性:多维知识的结构性加工和智能
+进化
+
+AIGC赋能的数字人可以基于多模态感知信息进行自主演化,复现人类文化传递与知识获取过程,具备智能演绎的能力。在文化传递过程中,文化的表征形式包括公共表征和心理表征,两者组成的认知因果链条反映了知识的获取过程(赵雷,2019)。数字人以拟人化感官媒介感知、表达信息,实现公共表征信息的感知和传递。同时,它还模拟人脑神经网络实现心理表征,例如,数字人通过RLHF等技术,以调整参数的形式将多模态感知信息融入源模型,或通过元学习神经网络模拟人类的系统泛化能力,使新概念与现有概念系统结合(Lake, et al., 2023),从而调节、重构各类知识的结构关系。相较于以既定客体形式存储模因的书本、音视频等传统载体,数字人能够自主建构或生成模因间的依存关系,在自我演化的同时,对人类文化进化做出智能干预。根据基因——文化协同进化理论,文化进化与基因进化相同,也符合自然选择的逻辑(Turner, et al., 2007)。数字人通过人机交互的方式自主选择、加工、传递和生成模因,从而介入人类文化自然选择的过程,赋能文化和知识的进化。
+
+## 二、AIGC 时代数字人赋能人机协同学习的价值意蕴
+
+自工业时代起,人与机器的关系便以演化博弈的方式随技术发展不断调整,以寻求效益最大化。人机协同是指人与机器以某种稳定的合作关系发挥各自优势,完成超越人类智慧和机器智能的复杂任务(王一岩,等,2022)。对于智能时代的人机协同学习,“人”即学习者,“机”即支持学习的智能系统或应用(郝祥军,等,2022),人机关系同样受技术发展的影响。AIGC 和数字人技术结合,将改变人机协同学习的协作机制,只有厘清 AIGC 时代数字人赋能人机协同学习的价值意蕴,才能实现更高效的人机协同学习。
+
+### (一)重塑行动场域:从定界协同走向超域协同
+
+数字孪生、扩展现实、元宇宙等新一代数字技术在教育领域的应用,大幅扩展了学习边界。一方面,从虚拟现实到教育元宇宙,新型虚拟学习空间不断涌现(黄荣怀,等,2023),颠覆了过往虚拟空间的二维化、符号化特征,赋予其沉浸性、具身性等新的内涵。另一方面,从同步课堂到孪生教室,虚实融合成为学习空间的重要变革趋势(杨现民,等,2020),使不同空间、不同组织形态的学习主体能够以愈发多样的方式开展协作学习,从而赋予了学习活动中个体、组织与社会间新的联结意义和途径。只有重构人与机器在虚实空间中的交互关系,人机协同学习才能适应学习空间变革的要求。AIGC赋能的数字人具有超域传播能力,可以在物理空间、虚拟空间和混合现实空间中自由穿梭,以数字化的拟人功能作为多元空间具身信息的传播媒介,为多元空间中的学习主体传达他者空间的情境模因,并将其融入学习过程中。据此,人机协同学习的行动场域从定界空间转变为可按需自由切换的跨界空间,从而实现人与机器的超域协同学习(朱珂,等,2022)。
+
+### (二)重塑实践模式:从认知分担走向具身参与
+
+传统程序和人工智能无法像人一样感知情境、理解并表达人的情感,无法用高度拟人化且适境的表情、动作等类人行为进行自然交互,因此,人与机器只能放弃情感传达、具身体验等高维度的交互模式。传统的人机协同学习主要依赖学习者建模、自适应诊断等技术,为学习者提供个性化资源推荐、学习路径规划等服务,替代部分原本由学习者大脑完成的信息加工过程,这是一种以认知分担为核心的实践模式(郭炯,等,2019)。AIGC赋能的数字人作为一种反身媒介,一方面能以自身类人功能为载体,为学习者生成个性化的具身体验,达成机器的具身化转变和学习内容的具身性表达。另一方面,数字人通过对情境的具身性语用和拟情表达,可以突破人机交互的情感壁垒,在保证伦理的前提下,联结“人、机、料、法、环”③等场域情境要素(闫寒冰,等,2021),生成适境的认知内容。在虚拟空间中,数字人能够以自然交互的方式组织各类虚拟对象,构建以真实工作场景为模板的沉浸式学习情境,提供个性化学习体验。在物理空间中,数字人通过全媒体设备或其他物联网场景感知装置理解学习者需求和情境要求,并将其有机融入学习者的自主体验和实践活动中。据此,AIGC时代数字人赋能的人机协同学习,体现了人与机器具身参与的探究式学习模式。
+
+### (三)重塑认知方式:从脑内认知走向超脑认知
+
+认知科学研究发现,认知过程不仅仅是由大脑过程实现的,亦有可能冲出大脑的界限,发生在大脑之外,即超脑认知(extraneural cognition)(李建会,等,2018)。超脑认知是具身(embodied)认知、嵌入(embedded)认知、生成(enactive)认知、延展(extended)认知、情境(situated)认知等第二代认知科学理念的集成(张婧婧,等,2021),将认知的要素和发生位置从颅骨内扩展到颅骨和皮肤之外,强调认知是大脑、身体与环境共同作用的结果(李建会,等,2014)。在传统学习中,学习环境通常是由图片、文本、语言等组成的“伪情境”,认知过程仅是借助外部抽象知识和间接经验,在符号化表征的情境规则下进行脑内“计算练习”。在AIGC时代,数字人赋能的人机协同学习是一种具身参与的实践过程,是在数字人的协调下,与身体、环境中的设备和工具密切相关的复杂系统和过程(朱林蕃,等,2023)。在此,“身体”不仅是由多元感官媒介、虚拟化身、拟人特征等数字功能赋予的生理结构的重现,还包含人、机主体有意义地指向客观事物的意识性操作,是现象学意义上的经验结构(苏佳佳,等,2023)。学习者和数字人通过积极意向的具身活动,与外在环境形成因果性或构成性的认知逻辑或集合。例如,通过与外界环境的交互行动完成特定情境下的认知任务,或者依赖特殊工具降低工作中的认知负荷,从而习得高效的技能和行动方法。
+
+### (四)重塑学习理念:从知识本位走向能力本位
+
+受传统认知理论影响,人们过度信奉客观主义、普遍主义、表征主义的知识观(钟柏昌,等,2022),形成了知识本位这一根深蒂固的学习理念。传统的人机协同学习本质上采用以知识为主线的导学模式(郝祥军,等,2023),其目的是促进学习者对符号化内容的信息加工。然而,第四次工业革命改变了社会生态,扩大了人机交互方式和生产组织的设计空间。例如,在现代企业中,人们需要在最短时间内熟悉工作过程和工作环境,并对实时工况进行准确认知,这就要求高度灵活、个性化和数字化的工作与学习模式。在实践共同体中,跨学科和多学科合作解决复杂问题成为常态,高阶思维、跨学科整合、沟通协作等关键能力在此扮演着重要角色。如果仅关注脱离问题情境的抽象知识的学习,将难以维系学习者的未来发展。有效的学习超越了知识获取,在AIGC时代数字人赋能的人机协同学习中,具身参与的实践模式和超脑认知的认知方式使学习者不再将获取知识作为主要目标,学习者的首要任务是通过具身实践解决真实场景中的复杂问题,其主要学习内容从“脱境”的知识转变为“适境”的能力。只有以“能力”取代“知识”,能力成为学习中的主线地位,还原被知识隐匿的经验产生过程和问题解决逻辑,才能带动全面的知识学习和价值观塑造,促进个体核心素养(质)的形成(祝智庭,等,2023)。
+
+## 三、AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习的实践框架
+
+AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习的核心在于将人与机器之间知识传导或指令传达的主客体关系,升格为具身交往、情智互通、互惠共生的主体间性关系,从而构建虚实交织的智能化学习情境,支持学习者技能的习得,并以此为主线促进其综合能力的提升。能力不同于指向通用问题的规则、概念等抽象知识,只有在情境中反复实践、反思与总结,才能提高在未来可用环境中的适应性(冯锐,等,2015)。学习者要想发展综合能力,必须在实践中经历案例习得、推理迁移和知识创新的过程。首先,学习者需要从有限的实践案例中习得某一问题情境下的技能集;其次,在无限的相关情境中重用这些技能,并对实践案例做出适应性调整,形成个性化的技能堆栈;最后,将获得的隐性知识在实践中外化,形成具备泛化功能的知识概念、态度价值和高阶思维能力,并将其应用于社会的创变之中。基于此,本研究参考祝智庭等(2023)提出的知识奠基的技能层次图谱、冯锐等(2015)提出的基于案例推理的学习迁移机制,以及野中郁次郎(Nonaka, 1994)开发的组织知识创造过程模型,构建了AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习的实践框架,如图2所示。
+
+③“人、机、料、法、环”是全面质量管理理论中影响产品质量的5个主要因素(人员、机器、原料、方法、环境),后被引入教育领域,引申为影响教育质量的5个场域要素。
+
+图2 AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习的实践框架
+
+### (一) 案例习得
+案例习得是学习者和数字人在物理、虚拟或混合现实空间中,针对某一典型工作任务或问题范畴构建认知情境,并通过反复体验与实践获得案例经验、积累技能集的过程。对学习者而言,案例习得首先需要明确学习目标,在相应的实践活动中以知觉辨别的方式获取直接经验,获得与场景相关的命题陈述或事实性知识;其次,要在自主决策的行动调节过程中对身体动作经验、事实性知识等知觉内容进行协同运演,产生基于情境的统觉,从而形成过程性的产生式规则;最后,与数字人协同解决目标问题,形成基于全局情境的产生式系统,获得完整的案例经验。对数字人而言,其在人机协同学习过程中既能以数字人导师的身份提供学习资源、组织学习活动、调控交互关系、评估学习成效,又能作为数字人学伴与学习者协同解决问题,还能作为数字人中介者扮演各类交互对象,为营造学习情境提供必要的他者。在虚拟空间中,数字人导师根据学习目标组织学习者、数字人学伴和数字人中介者,开展“适境”的智能交互、情感交流,复现情境中涉及的各类交互要素、关系和规则,从而构建真实的问题情境,激发人、机、环境的全要素协同交互。在物理空间中,数字人导师通过多元感知设备理解现实情境,获取学习场域内各类主客体的语义信息和交互意向性,从而在学习者知觉辨别、统觉运演等认知过程中起到资源推送、可行性保障等导学作用。此外,数字人还可以根据学习者问题解决的过程性表现进行智能评价,并记录其学习风格、认知水平等特征,为后续学习提供个性化支持。
+
+### (二) 案例迁移
+
+案例迁移是学习者和数字人在工作或其他实践性认知情境中协同解决实际问题,将已有的案例经验迁移到无限、综合的现实情境中,借此构建普适性的个性化技能堆栈,形成问题解决的综合能力。首先,学习者根据现实问题检索过往的相似案例经验,通过联想与类比激发先前积累的技能集。数字人导师通过平板电脑、智能手机等全媒体访问设备“反身在场”,或通过全息投影、增强现实眼镜等混合现实设备“具身在场”,在理解情境语义的基础上,为学习者提供相关实践案例、参考资料等资源支持。接着,学习者针对新情境的差异性,能动地对先前案例经验做出修正,以实现案例的适应性重用。数字人导师作为协助者,以保证基本的安全性、科学性和可行性为目标,对学习者行为进行实时主动反馈。最后,学习者在修正与重用中再次通过知觉辨别、统觉运演等过程获取新的案例经验,并通过同化与顺应建构具有更高适用范畴的新产生式系统,从而提升自身综合能力。在此过程中,数字人导师与学习者保持响应式的协同状态,实时提供原理解释、行动建议等多维度的智能增强服务。
+
+### (三) 知识创新
+
+知识创新是学习者在掌握了适用范畴相对较广的个性化技能堆栈,形成一定的综合实践能力之后,在无风险、零成本的虚拟空间以及其他面向探究性学习的认知情境中,与包括数字人在内的各类他者交流合作、生成并传播新知识的过程。首先,数字人作为反身媒介,在虚实融合的具身学习场域中连接跨时空的学习者、不同角色身份的数字人以及各类社会组织,凝聚出联通主义意义下的学习共同体。借此形成的具身性超域协同模式,有利于知识从精加工的符号化信息回归为完整的人类智慧(杨阳,等,2022),并以反身姿态融入各类主体的交互行为中,个体的隐性知识由此在社会组织中自由传播。接着,数字人凭借智能演绎的特性与人类协同实践,辅助人类将个人的隐性知识转化为可以与他人共享的形式,并基于多维知识的结构性加工能力进行自主演化,逐渐形成新的共识、生成新的概念、产出新的问题解决方案,随后,广泛的学习共同体和社会组织对上述结晶化成果的价值进行评估,在人类文化的自然选择过程中筛选出有意义的知识。最后,学习者与数字人共同将知识本身或相关成果通过反身性超域传播链条整合到多模态大模型、学习共同体或社会组织中,完成知识的网络化过程。
+
+## 四、AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习的实施路径
+
+### (一) 应用场景
+
+1. 素质教育：跨学科主题学习
+在互联网、人工智能等技术快速发展的数字时代,知识呈现出海量化、易获取和更新快等特征,以知识占有为目标的学习既无必要,也无可能(陈维维,等,2023)。相较之下,只有包括身体素质、心理素质和社会文化素质等的综合素质培养才是时代所需。跨学科主题学习突破了线性学科知识传授和单一认知训练的瓶颈,是破解综合素质发展难题的重要方法(朱爱华,2023)。AIGC时代数字人赋能的人机协同学习与跨学科主题学习有着极高的契合性。一方面,数字人围绕一个目标学习领域,整合虚实场所中的学习者、他者、环境和其他资源等相关要素,组成多学科知识和方法整合的开放性问题情境;另一方面,数字人的智能来源于海量的跨领域数据,其交互行为能够从多维视角出发,不受学科体系限制,具备决策层面的多元性(翟雪松,等,2023)。因此,数字人能够在学习者运用多种学科知识完成复杂问题的过程中,提供相适应的综合性互动与反馈。
+2.职业教育:基于工作的学习
+高质量的职业教育不仅是传授工具性的专业知识和技能,更要让学习者在完成综合性学习任务的工作过程中提升综合职业素质和行动能力,因此基于工作的学习(work-based learning)④具有重要的意义(赵志群,2022)。然而在实践中,基于工作的学习受到多方掣肘,如来自生产岗位的绩效和安全压力、产业发展水平或企业意愿导致的资源匮乏等,使得学习者无法按照自身意愿进行广泛且有深度的自由学习(赵志群,等,2023)。数字人能够以其具身在场的特性,扮演工作场所中的员工、上级、顾客等角色,构建特定情境规则下的关系网络,为学习者提供允许自我建构、自由交互的综合性工作情境。同时,数字人还可以根据学习者的特征或意愿,灵活控制工作情境的复杂性和实践难度,在保留核心要素的同时简化情境。此外,数字人的跨界沟通能力支持学习者在跨场域、跨职业的多元情境中随时随地享受数字人的智能增强服务,从而自由地进行学习、迁移和创造。
+3.终身教育:泛在可及的学习
+AIGC时代数字人赋能的人机协同学习能够为学习者提供场景多样、方式灵活、内容丰富的终身教育空间和智能化的学习体验,突破各类学习场所的时空限制,打通各级各类教育的壁垒,赋予所有人随时随地按照个人意愿开展个性化学习的机会。数字人作为不同于以往任何媒介的反身媒介,为终身学习的传播媒体带来了重大变革,其智能在虚拟身体与环境的动态交互中表达,使数字世界中存储与流转的不再是由离身媒介表征的静态知识,而是可以针对某一问题领域、根据个人需求和现实情境动态变化的具身知识、技能和态度价值。此外,数字人还可以通过各类数字设备以泛在陪伴的形式实时参与人们的各类活动,例如,通过多维智能增强帮助在工作中的学习,并在人机协同中不断进化,成为与学习者共生共荣的泛在学习伙伴。
+
+### (二)发展路径
+
+1.通用性与专业性相协调:开发情智共生的人
+工智能大模型
+
+基于海量通用场景数据训练而来的通用大模型,虽然具备通用领域知识,可以在通用场景中使用,但较难在特定场景和下游任务中应用并展现高性能(卢宇,等,2023b)。在职业和专业教育的专门化应用场景中,尤其是涉及精深的专业知识或技能时,通用大模型很难支持数字人在人机协同学习中提供专业化的、无科学性谬误的互动与反馈。目前已有机构开始研发专用大模型,例如专精中文法律服务的LawGPT,用于回答数学问题的MathGPT等。专用大模型虽然具备了专业性,但放弃了通用大模型的宽域内容输出能力(苗逢春,2023),丧失了多维度思考与多元决策的能力,更失去了社会性的情感智能。未来研究需要通过上下文学习(in-context learning)等方法,利用通用大模型自身的类比迁移能力,在原有模型的基础上学习专门化场景数据,形成通用性与专业性相协调的人工智能(AI)大模型。此类AI大模型不仅要学习专门化场景中的知识与技能,还要具备相关的情感态度与价值观。这并非要求 AI大模型必须具备人的智慧,拥有与人类相同的道德、精神和品格,而是仅需要具备符合专业化场景要求以及人类价值观的交互能力,使人们可以从与AI大模型的互动中感受到人类所崇尚的行为理念或品质。与记录有动人故事的书籍类似,虽然AI大模型本身并不具有情感,但可以让读者感知到情感。
+2.无感化与语义化相结合:创新智能化能力评
+价算法
+在传统的知识本位人机协同学习中,机器的决策依据来源于对学习者知识结构的评估。例如,通过知识图谱技术,对比学习者模型与知识领域模型间的差异,据此自动推荐学习者感兴趣的相关学习内容、资源与路径(李凤英,等,2020)。然而,AIGC时代数字人赋能人机协同学习的目标是促进学习者综合能力的发展,数字人要做出与学习者能力发展情况相适配的交互行为,仅依赖知识结构这一层面的数据是不够的,还需要构建面向专业能力、方法能力、社会能力等综合能力的智能化评价算法。一方面,综合能力的评估必须内嵌于复杂问题的解决过程之中,需要采用无感化的过程性评价方式, 使评价过程、学习过程、工作或实践过程融合为一个系统化的整体。未来研究可以采用多模态数据支持的学习评价方法,实时采集学习者的语音、身体姿态、交互关系等多模态数据,并结合相应的评价模型进行融合分析,实现综合能力的实时监测。另一方面,对综合能力的评估结果必须转换为数字人可以理解的形式。相关研究发现,借助特殊的提示语框架,可以使生成式人工智能作出具有组织性、解释性和针对性的评价与反馈(王丽,等,2023)。综合能力评估的各维度内涵和结果需要以提示语的形式语义化,使数字人能够以自然语言的方式对其进行存储和处理。
+
+④“基于工作的学习”是与“基于教室或学校的学习”相对应的职业教育概念,指通过参与工作实践进行的学习活动和反思,学习者由此获得富有意义的体验、工作诀窍和默会知识并发展实践能力。
+
+3.个性化与规模化相兼顾:活用多元场景和组织形式AIGC 时代数字人赋能人机协同学习是个性化与规模化并存的学习方式,这一特性得益于其对多元学习场景和组织形式的支持。一方面,数字人可以将多元学习场景、长时间序列中学习者的行为特征、学习风格等纳入考量,随时随地做出陪伴式响应,实现对学习者发展需求的精准定位和个性化协同。另一方面,数字人以反身形式联通多元学习者群体,支持其跨空间协同学习,使不同身份的分布式个体、学习团体和数字人他者能以多元化的组织形式自由构成新的学习共同体。在数字人的精准驱动下,教学组织者可以开展兼顾个体与群体的持续性学习活动,实现高效的大规模协同学习。未来的学习者必须灵活运用多元学习场景和组织形式,在跨场域、群体性的协同交互中充分激活数字人的超域传播和自我演化能力,促成人机互惠共生的新生态,实现人的智慧与机器智能相互促进、迭代发展的良性循环。
+
+## 五、结语
+
+技术的每次跃迁都伴随着人类认知与实践范式的重构。AIGC时代的数字人不仅是一种新型的教育工具,更是学习理念与人机关系重构的催化剂——学习并非孤立的认知行为,而是在人、机、环境协同演化的动态实践中,基于能力本位理念塑造“完整的人”的过程。未来,数字人赋能的人机协同学习或将成为人类突破认知局限、拓展文明边界的重要路径之一。这一愿景的实现,既需要技术层面的深度探索,也需要教育工作者突破传统教育思维的桎梏,深刻认识能力、具身实践与学习的关系,回归对学习者生命体验的关照。唯有在技术理性与人文精神的交织中,AIGC时代数字人的价值才能得以充分体现。
+
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+
+收稿日期:2024年6月5日
+责任编辑:吕东东
+
+## Empowering Human-AI Collaborative Learning with Digital Humans in the AIGC Era: Values, Framework, and Pathways
+
+Yu Yuefan & Zhao Zhiqun [Corresponding Author]
+(Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875)
+
+**[Abstract]** Currently, artificial intelligence-generated content (AIGC) is driving transformation of human-machine collaborative learning. However, traditional media formats such as voice and text impose limitations on the interactivity and effectiveness of AIGC applications, resulting in challenges such as mechanistic knowledge transmission, inadequate contextualization, and a lack of emotional engagement. As an emerging medium in the age of intelligence, digital humans—when deeply integrated with AIGC—exhibit characteristics such as reflexive mediality, embodied presence, and intelligent reasoning. In human-AI collaborative learning contexts, AIGC-empowered digital humans offer unique value by reshaping innovative learning environments, transforming educational practices, diversifying cognitive mechanisms, and redefining learning paradigms. Building on this premise, the present study proposes a practical framework for digital human - enabled human-AI collaborative learning in the AIGC era. This framework consists of three progressive stages: case acquisition, case transfer, and knowledge innovation. It is applicable across a range of educational settings, including interdisciplinary thematic learning in general education, work-based learning in vocational education, and ubiquitous learning in lifelong education. To ensure the effective implementation and broader adoption of this learning model, further exploration is needed at both the technological and practical levels. This includes developing large-scale AI models capable of integrating emotional and cognitive functions, innovating algorithms for accessing intelligent competence, and promoting flexible application across diverse learning environments and organizational formats.
+
+**[Keywords]** AI-generated content; Generative artificial intelligence; Digital humans; Human-AI collaborative learning
\ No newline at end of file
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+
+
+**Sintering Hot Paper**
+
+International Edition: DOI: 10.1002/anie.201605443
+German Edition: DOI: 10.1002/ange.201605443
+
+# Cold Sintering: A Paradigm Shift for Processing and Integration of Ceramics
+
+Jing Guo⁺, Hanzheng Guo⁺, Amanda L. Baker, Michael T. Lanagan, Elizabeth R. Kupp, Gary L. Messing, and Clive A. Randall*
+
+**Abstract:** This paper describes a sintering technique for ceramics and ceramic-based composites, using water as a transient solvent to effect densification (i.e. sintering) at temperatures between room temperature and 200°C. To emphasize the incredible reduction in sintering temperature relative to conventional thermal sintering this new approach is named the "Cold Sintering Process" (CSP). Basically CSP uses a transient aqueous environment to effect densification by a mediated dissolution-precipitation process. CSP of NaCl, alkali molybdates and V₂O₅ with small concentrations of water are described in detail, but the process is extended and demonstrated for a diverse range of chemistries (oxides, carbonates, bromides, fluorides, chlorides and phosphates), multiple crystal structures, and multimaterial applications. Furthermore, the properties of selected CSP samples are demonstrated to be essentially equivalent as samples made by conventional thermal sintering.
+
+Since the upper Paleolithic era mankind has fabricated ceramics with a high temperature process. The earliest archeological evidence of human manufacturing materials is the sintering of ceramics in the case of the iconic figurine, the Venus of Doli Vestonice.[1] We now generally regard most ceramics to be fabricated from powders and sintered between 50% and 75% of the melting temperature to > 95% theoretical density. With high melting temperatures, most ceramics are sintered at > 1000°C.[2] Ceramic powders are increasingly integrated with metals, polymers or other ceramics to achieve improved properties and multifunctional devices.[3] Co-sintering of multimaterial systems is difficult due to the differences in thermal stability, shrinkage temperature onsets and rates, and the physical and chemical incompatibilities of the components at high temperatures.[4] The primary thermodynamic driving force for sintering is the reduction in surface free energy,[2a] and sintering mechanisms are classified as either solid state or liquid phase.[5] Many sintering process innovations increase the driving force for densification by applying pressures up to 200 MPa during the sintering process (e.g. hot pressing, hot isostatic pressing, and field assisted sintering (FAST)) or by enhancing diffusional processes with alternative, rapid volumetric heating strategies (e.g. microwave sintering, FAST, flash sintering)[6] that accelerate heating at the particle-particle level, but these processes still require high temperatures due to the slow solid state diffusional processes, or high temperature needed to form a liquid.
+
+We demonstrate for the first time that a wide range of inorganic materials and ceramic-based composites can be sintered at much lower temperatures than previously thought possible by using either an acidic or basic aqueous solution as a low temperature solvent for the solution-precipitation process. There are a number of earlier contributions that indicate the advantage of using water to aid densification processes.[7] Our work demonstrates the use of small amounts of an aqueous solution to enhance densification across many different systems, and combinations of materials. To differentiate this process from conventional high temperature thermal sintering we name this sintering approach the "Cold Sintering Process (CSP)". To demonstrate the enormous potential and versatility of cold sintering, we present results for NaCl, alkali molybdates (K₂Mo₂O₇, Na₂Mo₂O₇, Li₂MoO₄) and V₂O₅, but we also foresee that new, non-obvious composite material systems can be perceived for the first time between organic and inorganic materials as a result of the ultralow temperatures of the CSP. A broad range of inorganic materials that have undergone densification under CSP (Table S1, Supporting Information) demonstrate the breath of material chemistries, crystal structures, and important technical ceramics with mechanical and multiple electrical functionalities possible by this approach.
+
+Based on liquid phase sintering theory and our microstructure observations on a broad number of systems, a schematic illustration of the basic stages during CSP is shown in Figure 1a. The ceramic powder is uniformly wetted with an appropriate amount of aqueous solution so that a liquid phase is intentionally introduced at the particle-particle interfaces. The dissolution of sharp edges of solid particles reduces the interfacial areas, aiding the rearrangement in the next sintering stage. Under appropriate pressure and temperature condition, the liquid phase redistributes itself and diffuses into the pores between the particles. The subsequent stage, often referred to as solution-precipitation, triggers a large chemical driving force for the solid and liquid phases to reach the equilibrium state. Under capillary pressure, the contact areas between particles have a higher chemical potential, so that in this stage, ionic species and/or atomic clusters diffuse through the liquid and precipitate on particles at sites away from the stressed contact areas. The mass transport during this process minimizes the excess surface free energy of the compact and removes the porosity as the material forms a dense solid. In the final stage of sintering, an amorphous phase may form in some grain boundary areas; a process dependent on crystallography and solute speciation. The amorphous phase can suppress grain boundary diffusion or mobility, and thus limit grain growth. Elimination of water leaves an amorphous grain boundary phase which may or may not crystallize.
+
+[*] Dr. J. Guo,[+] Dr. H. Guo,[+] A. L. Baker, Dr. E. R. Kupp, Prof. G. L. Messing, Prof. C. A. Randall
+Materials Research Institute and Department of Materials Science & Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University
+University Park, PA 16802 (USA)
+E-mail: car4@psu.edu
+
+Prof. M. T. Lanagan
+Materials Research Institute, Department of Materials Science & Engineering and Department of Engineering Science & Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University
+University Park, PA 16802 (USA)
+
+[+] These authors contributed equally to this work.
+
+Supporting information for this article can be found under:
+http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/anie.201605443.
+
+
+
+**Figure 1.** a) Schematic evolution of a powder compact during cold sintering. Interfaces at the grain boundary region in dominant stages have been magnified. Comparison of relative densities of ≈3 µm diameter NaCl under b) cold and c) conventional thermal sintering conditions. Relative densities of K₂Mo₂O₇ ceramics cold-sintered under controlled pressure, temperature, and isothermal holding time are displayed. d) At 120°C for 5 minutes as a function of applied pressures. e) Under a pressure of 350 MPa for 5 minutes at various sintering temperatures. f) At 120°C and 350 MPa as a function of isothermal holding time.
+
+The data in Figure 1b shows the room temperature sintering kinetics of a 55% dense NaCl compact held at either 75% or 85% relative humidity (RH) for up to 24 h. We see that the salt samples densify from 55% to 69% in 5 h and to 90% relative density after 24 h in 75% RH air. The samples sintered at room temperature and 85% RH densify to 65% and 90% density after 2 h and 10 h, respectively. The microstructures of the 90% dense room temperature sintered NaCl consist of grains of approximately 20 to 30 µm in average size (Figure 2a,b). The grain growth is similar to that observed in many liquid phase thermally sintered ceramics as a result of the high solubility and long holding time. In Figure 1c we compare the densification kinetics of NaCl when thermally sintered at 600°C and 700°C. Even though these samples were heated at 600°C and 700°C they are only 84% dense after 50 min and 10 min, respectively. The microstructures show little grain growth relative to the initial NaCl powder (≈3 µm) as a result of the large amount of porosity (Figure 2c,d).
+
+With high aqueous solubility at room temperature, salts like NaCl can easily densify with a small fraction of uniformly distributed water, thus demonstrating the power of the proper solvent for cold sintering. In the case of sparingly soluble materials, like ceramics, the cold sintering temperature and pressure are raised to enhance solubility and the process of densification.
+
+Cold sintering of Li₂MoO₄, Na₂Mo₂O₇, K₂Mo₂O₇, and V₂O₅ illustrates the potential for sintering sparingly soluble single and mixed metal oxide ceramics. As shown in Figure 1d, K₂Mo₂O₇ samples are sintered to 80–85% relative density at 120°C within 5 min under a pressure of 77 MPa. When the pressure is in the range of 270–390 MPa, the relative density of K₂Mo₂O₇ reaches 89%. Increasing sintering temperature from 120°C to 180°C (350 MPa for 5 min) cannot remarkably improve the relative density of K₂Mo₂O₇ (Figure 1e). But with holding time extended to 10–20 min (350 MPa and 120°C), K₂Mo₂O₇ samples are sintered to 90–94% relative density (Figure 1f), which is comparable to those densities found with a conventional thermal sintering temperature of 460°C. By appropriately varying temperature, pressure, holding time, and water chemistry and content, we cold sintered Li₂MoO₄, Na₂Mo₂O₇, K₂Mo₂O₇, and V₂O₅ samples to high density (>90%) ceramics at a temperature as low as 120°C. The densities of cold-sintered Li₂MoO₄ (120°C/ 350 MPa/ 15 min), Na₂Mo₂O₇ (120°C/ 350 MPa/ 15 min), K₂Mo₂O₇ (120°C/ 350 MPa/ 15 min), and V₂O₅ (120°C/ 350 MPa/ 20 min) are 95.7%, 93.7%, 94.1% and 90.2%, respectively.
+
+There are no obvious impurity or second phases after cold sintering (Figure S1, Supporting Information). As shown in Figure S2 (Supporting Information) and Figure 2e–j, the grain sizes of cold-sintered Li₂MoO₄, Na₂Mo₂O₇, K₂Mo₂O₇ ceramics are similar to the particle sizes of prepared Li₂MoO₄, Na₂Mo₂O₇, and K₂Mo₂O₇ powders, indicating that the grain growth is substantially limited under these experimental conditions. To this point, the grain sizes of the sintered ceramics could be easily tailored through control of the initial powder particle size. Such a technique may be utilized to produce polycrystalline materials with controllable and uniform grain sizes, or even preserve the nanoscale size of the crystallites in the final products as shown in Figure S3c (Supporting Information). This set of experiments demonstrates the effective use of pressure to enhance the driving force for cold sintering. The pressure assists both particle rearrangement and the dissolution-precipitation process at particle contacts.
+
+
+
+**Figure 2.** Microstructures of a–d) NaCl, e,h) Li₂MoO₄, f,i) Na₂Mo₂O₇, and g,j) K₂Mo₂O₇. NaCl sintered at a) room temperature and 75% relative humidity (RH) for 24 h, b) room temperature and 85% relative humidity for 10 h, c) 600°C for 50 min, and d) 700°C for 10 min. Cross-section of e) Li₂MoO₄, f) Na₂Mo₂O₇, and g) K₂Mo₂O₇ ceramics cold-sintered at 120°C and 350 MPa for 15 min. Prepared h) Li₂MoO₄, i) Na₂Mo₂O₇, and j) K₂Mo₂O₇ powders.
+
+
+
+**Figure 3.** Interfaces of cold-sintered Na₂Mo₂O₇ ceramics and the Terrace–Ledge–Kink (TLK) model for crystal growth. a) HAADF-STEM image at the crystal/amorphous-phase interface. b) Schematic showing of the terraces and ledges. c) Schematic of the TLK model for crystal growth. d) HAADF-STEM image at the crystal/amorphous-phase interface with the appearance of nanometer-sized precipitates, as highlighted by the white triangles. e) HAADF-STEM image of the grain boundary. The bright-contrasted dots in (a), (d), and (e) are columns of Na atoms.
+
+Since cold sintering involves precipitation of a complex metal oxide-based phase, the appearance of a small fraction of an amorphous phase in the ceramic grain boundaries seems reasonable (Figure S4, Supporting Information). The formation of an amorphous grain boundary phase depends on the rate of solute condensation as controlled by the rate of solvent evaporation, and the associated degree of solute super-saturation before condensation of the dissolved phase. We further studied the amorphous–ceramic interface in cold-sintered Na₂Mo₂O₇ from the atomic-scale view, with representative crystallites oriented along their [110] directions (Figure 3).
+
+We observed that the amorphous–crystalline interface is typically arranged in a terrace-ledge manner (Figure 3b), which is consistent with the classic Terrace–Ledge–Kink (TLK) model[8] used to describe the equilibrium state of a growing crystal surface; the terrace ends in a ledge and steps down to another one, and the missing atoms in the ledge forms kink sites (Figure 3c). From a thermodynamic perspective, the step ledges and kinks provide energetically favorable sites for atomic diffusion and surface free energy minimization during liquid phase sintering, as the ionic species attached to these sites can establish a sufficient number of chemical bonds with the crystal surface so as to resist redissolving.[8c,9] Our EDS mapping results (Figure S5, Supporting Information) show that Na, Mo, and O homogeneously distributed across the crystalline/amorphous-phase interface region. This is also verified by further EDS quantification analysis performed for the corresponding region, which demonstrates a uniform chemical distribution without the notice of any significant deviation. In the amorphous phase, nanometer-sized precipitates are also observed to nucleate on the crystal surface (Figure 3d, as marked by the bright triangles). Additionally, we performed an extensive scanning/transmission electron microscopy (S/TEM) study to examine the grain–grain interface region in cold-sintered Na₂Mo₂O₇ ceramics. We estimate that 90% of grain boundaries have no amorphous phase, indicating that highly crystalline ceramics are approachable.
+
+An additional proof of the utility and potential of cold sintering was found in the performances of cold-sintered NaCl, Li₂MoO₄, Na₂Mo₂O₇, K₂Mo₂O₇, and V₂O₅ ceramics, which are comparable to those prepared by conventional thermal sintering at 600–700°C, 540°C, 575°C, 460°C, and 450–660°C, respectively (Table 1). The bonding of the room temperature sintered NaCl compact is similar to thermally sintered NaCl as illustrated by the comparable tensile strengths for samples ranging from 65 to 90% relative density (Figure S6, Supporting Information). The permittivities of cold-sintered Li₂MoO₄, Na₂Mo₂O₇, K₂Mo₂O₇ ceramics are similar to those of thermally sintered samples and the Q × f values are also good, as listed in Table 1. The DC conductivity of V₂O₅ ceramic is comparable to that of thermally sintered and hot-pressed[10] (630°C/ 30–196 MPa) samples.**Table 1:** Densities and performances of selected ceramics cold-sintered at room temperature without pressure (NaCl), or at 120°C under a pressure of 350 MPa for 15–20 min (Li₂MoO₄, Na₂Mo₂O₇, K₂Mo₂O₇, and V₂O₅).
+
+ | Cold Sintering Process (CSP) | Conventional Thermal Sintering Process |
|---|
| Density [g cm-3] | Performance[a] | Density [g cm-3] | Performance |
|---|
| NaCl | 1.95 (90%) | σs = 10–15 MPa | 1.95–2.07 (90–95.6%) | σs = 7–21 MPa | | Li2MoO4 | 2.9 (95.7%) | εr = 5.61Q × f = 30 500 GHztanδ = 5.7 × 10-4(f = 17.4 GHz) | 2.895 (95.5%) | εr = 5.5Q × f = 46 000 GHz[11a] | | Na2Mo2O7 | 3.45 (93.7%) | εr = 13.4Q × f = 14 900 GHztanδ = 7.5 × 10-4(11.2 GHz) | 3.59 (97%) | εr = 12.9Q × f = 62 400 GHz[11b] | | K2Mo2O7 | 3.39 (94.1%) | εr = 9.8Q × f = 16 000 GHztanδ = 8.3 × 10-4(13.3 GHz) | | εr = 7.5Q × f = 22 000 GHz[11c] | | V2O5 | 3.03 (90.2%) | σc = 4.8 × 10-4 S cm-1 | | σc = 10-5–10-3S cm-1[11d–f] |
+
+[a] $\sigma_s$, tensile strength. $\epsilon_r$, microwave permittivity. $\tan\delta$, loss. Q, quality factor ($Q=1/\tan\delta$). f, resonant frequency. $\sigma_c$, DC conductivity.
+
+To date, we have shown that many simple and mixed metal oxides, metal chlorides and composites with a number of crystal structures and melting temperatures can be sintered between room temperature and 200°C, as listed in Table S1 (Supporting Information). It should be noted that under CSP there are important and subtle process conditions that may vary to enable high densification of the materials listed in Table S1. The specific details will be addressed in future publications.
+
+CSP draws on a diverse and multidisciplinary range of specializations including aqueous thermodynamics, chemical weathering, hydrothermal crystal growth, and biomineralization.[12] The low energy needed to densify the ceramics under the CSP is indicative of a non-equilibrium process involving surface reactions, which require an open system and changes in the chemical potential at the interfaces. The kinetics of the process can be dependent on crystal structure, surface area of the particles, pH of the solvent, the stoichiometry of the dissolution products, temperature, time and pressure. There are, of course, many details and challenges that need to be understood to establish the scientific foundations and ultimate control of CSP, in particular, understanding the diffusion processes under the transient evaporation of the water in and around the interfaces of the particle ensemble. As summarized in Figure S3 (Supporting Information), there are many new opportunities for the integration of different materials at these low temperatures that are non-obvious based on the previous practice of sintering inorganic particles at high temperatures. In summary, we regard the cold sintering process and its applicability across a number of crystal structures and compositions as an important contribution to ceramic processing and manufacturing. CPS offers the potential for a strategic revolution that could alter the material selections, improve performance, and expand integration options in material device applications and additive manufacturing.
+
+## Experimental Section
+
+Cold sintering of NaCl: The NaCl powders were uniaxially pressed in a 12.5 mm steel die at 5 MPa to produce 55% dense samples that were stored in a desiccator prior to sintering studies. For room temperature (25°C) sintering, samples were placed in a constant relative humidity chamber containing either supersaturated NaCl or KCl solutions to obtain a constant relative humidity of 75% or 85%, respectively.[13] Samples were held for up to 24 h and then the relative densities were calculated from sample dimensions after drying. Samples gained very little weight (< 0.2 wt.%) for up to 15 and 10 h, respectively. Samples were also thermally sintered by heating in air at 5°C min⁻¹ up to 600°C and 700°C and held for up to 2 h.
+
+Bulk ceramic preparation: Dense ceramics of Li₂MoO₄, Na₂Mo₂O₇, K₂Mo₂O₇, and V₂O₅ and dense composites of 0.8Li₂MoO₄-0.2BaFe₁₂O₁₉, 0.5Li₂MoO₄-0.5PTFE, and 0.8Li₂MoO₄-0.2EG were prepared by cold sintering. Method 1: All the powders were mixed with 4–25 wt.% deionized water using a mortar and pestle. The moistened powders were uniaxially warm pressed in a steel die into dense pellets (12.7 mm in diameter and 1–5 mm in height) at 80–570 MPa and 120°C. The die was preheated to 120°C for more than 1 h. After cold sintering the pellets were placed into an oven at 120°C for 6 h to remove water. Method 2: All the dry powders were pressed into pellets (12.7 mm in diameter and 1–5 mm in height) at 30–70 MPa at room temperature. Then, the pellets were stored in a constant relative humidity (water vapor generated by heating deionized water or humidity chamber) for 10–360 min. Finally, the moistened pellets were warm pressed with a steel die into dense pellets at 80–570 MPa and 120°C and placed into an oven at 120°C for 6–12 h to dry the samples.
+
+The experimental details of powder preparation, multilayer ceramic preparation, and characterization are available in the Supporting Information.
+
+## Acknowledgements
+
+H.G. would like to thank Dr. K. Wang (Materials Characterization Lab, The Pennsylvania State University) for his help and discussion on the electron microscopy work. J.G. and A.B. would like to thank L. Gao (Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University) for tape casting advice with QPAC. The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from the National Science Foundation, as part of the Center for Dielectrics and Piezoelectrics under Grant Nos. IIP-1361571 and 1361503.
+
+**Keywords:** ceramics · cold sintering · composites · hydrothermal synthesis · sintering
+
+**How to cite:** *Angew. Chem. Int. Ed.* **2016**, *55*, 11457–11461
+*Angew. Chem.* **2016**, *128*, 11629–11633
+
+
+
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+
+Received: June 3, 2016
+Revised: July 15, 2016
+Published online: August 11, 2016
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+◇思想政治理论课教学
+
+# “大思政课”视域下红色资源育人探究
+
+骆郁廷, 余焰琳
+
+(武汉大学 马克思主义学院, 湖北 武汉 430072)
+
+**摘 要：** “大思政课”视域下红色资源育人是当前立德树人重要的时代课题。深入探索回答这一课题，有助于赓续红色血脉，整合优质资源，培育塑造有理想、敢担当、能吃苦、肯奋斗的时代新人。红色资源融入“大思政课”要突出重点，着重将红色资源展陈的历史成就、呈现的英雄形象、蕴含的建党精神、绘就的精神谱系融入“大思政课”，在重点融入中深化“大思政课”育人。新时代，要加强红色资源的科学保护，深化红色资源的系统研究，打造红色资源的精品展陈，拓展红色资源的实践活动，从而不断提高红色资源的育人实效，传承好红色基因，确保时代新人茁壮成长，红色江山永不变色。
+
+**关键词:** 红色资源；“大思政课”；育人功能
+
+**DOI:10.15938/j.cnki.iper.2023.03.012**
+
+**中图分类号：G641 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-9749(2023)03-0069-07**
+
+习近平指出:“‘大思政课’我们要善用之，一定要跟现实结合起来”[1]，“思政课不仅应该在课堂上讲，也应该在社会生活中来讲”[2]。运用红色资源育人，是“大思政课”育人的重大课题之一。深化和推进“大思政课”育人，就要发掘中国共产党人百年奋斗的丰富红色文化资源，把红色资源融入立德树人，传承红色基因，赓续红色血脉，培养堪当民族复兴大任的时代新人。
+
+## 一、“大思政课”视域下红色资源育人的时代课题
+
+红色资源育人融入“大思政课”，是当前落实立德树人根本任务、强化现代化建设人才支撑的重要时代课题。红色资源具有的价值引领功能与“大思政课”育人高度契合，深入推进“大思政课”视域下红色资源育人，有助于新时代新征程塑造时代新人，厚植爱国情怀，强化责任担当，赓续红色血脉。
+
+### 1. 党和国家红色基因库赓续红色血脉的历史逻辑
+
+纵观中国共产党百年来的奋斗历史,红色血脉
+
+始终贯穿其中。“红色是中国共产党、中华人民共和国最鲜亮的底色”[3]，“每一个历史事件、每一位革命英雄、每一种革命精神、每一件革命文物，都代表着我们党走过的光辉历程、取得的重大成就，展现了我们党的梦想和追求、情怀和担当、牺牲和奉献，汇聚成我们党的红色血脉。”[4]丰富的红色文化资源，跨越历史时空，铭记着中国共产党人的百年奋斗，体现着中国共产党的政治本色，凝聚着中国共产党人始终不渝的理想信念和无私奉献、艰苦奋斗的宝贵品格，蕴含着我党继往开来、开拓前进的血脉基因，深深滋养着每一位中华儿女，成为中华民族不竭的力量源泉。
+
+中国共产党百年来革命、建设、改革的伟大实践是红色资源产生的历史根基，纪念馆、展览馆、博物馆等场馆是红色文化的重要载体，纪念馆、展览馆、博物馆等红色资源融入“大思政课”是赓续红色血脉的重大举措，奋斗、传载、发掘、育人，构成了党和国家红色基因库赓续红色血脉的历史逻辑。纪念馆、展览馆、博物馆等场馆保存传载的红色文化资源，具有丰富的时代价值。将红色文化资源融入“大思政课”，不仅有利于提供充分精神滋养，赓续红色血脉，弘扬爱国主义精神，形成良好社会风尚，更有利于凝聚人心、汇聚民力，为中国式现代化提供强大的精神动力。“每到一地，重温那一段段峥嵘岁月，回顾党一路走过的艰难历程，灵魂都受到一次震撼，精神都受到一次洗礼。每次都是怀着崇敬之心去，带着许多感悟回。”[5]无论是回顾过去，还是展望未来，红色文化始终是我们不忘初心、接续奋斗的精神力量。新时代新征程，我们要整合力量，馆校协同，自觉做红色文化资源的发掘者、继承者、传播者，共育时代新人，赓续红色血脉，助力强国复兴的伟大事业。
+
+
+
+**作者简介：** 骆郁廷(1956—)，武汉大学马克思主义学院教授，博士生导师，武汉大学思想政治教育研究院院长，湖北省人文社科重点研究基地“主流意识形态建设与教育研究中心”主任，中央马克思主义理论研究与建设工程首席专家；
+
+余焰琳(2000—)，武汉大学马克思主义学院硕士研究生。
+
+## 2. “大思政课”优质资源建设推广的重要任务
+
+“大思政课”立足“社会大课堂”育人，对新时代如何培养人提出了新要求。其注重社会实践的育人导向，观照现实的突出特点，参与体验的具体途径，多主体协同的大思政格局，是基于全局视角培养广大青年学子运用马克思主义的立场、观点、方法来研究和解决实际问题，坚定其政治立场的重要方法。当前，我国思政课教学既存在对实践教学重视不够，课堂教学与现实结合不紧密，以及学校第二课堂重活动轻引领，课程思政存在硬融入、娱乐化、形式化、表面化等问题[6]，又存在对纪念馆、展览馆、博物馆等“大思政课”优势资源利用不足的问题。因此，注重“校园小课堂”与“社会大课堂”紧密结合，充分发掘纪念馆、展览馆、博物馆等优质资源，将其全面融入“大思政课”，既是推广“大思政课”优质资源育人的重要任务，也是解决当前思政课建设成效不彰难题的破解之道。
+
+２０２２年７月，教育部等十部门印发的《全面推进“大思政课”建设的工作方案》提出，各地各校要“充分挖掘地方红色文化、校史资源……推动党的创新理论和历史融入各学段各门思政课。”[7]国家和各地创建的纪念馆、展览馆、博物馆，蕴藏着大量的革命物质文化遗存，丰富的红色文化资源是弥足珍贵的“大思政课”育人的优质资源。这些优质红色文化资源，一方面，国家和地方投入了大量的人力、物力、财力来建设、维护和保存；另一方面，又没有有效地纳入到“大思政课”的育人体系，造成了红色资源保存与红色文化育人的脱节。将红色文化资源有机融入“大思政课”教学，能够为“大思政课”提供鲜活素材，丰富教育内容，为思政课注入新鲜血液，有利于进一步改善当前思政课存在的突出问题，提高思政课的教学质量，实现思政课应有的价值和作用。
+
+## 3. 红色资源融入“大思政课”塑造新人的时代要求
+
+培养听党话、跟党走，堪当民族复兴大任的时代新人始终是当前教育工作的中心任务。“立足新时代新征程，中国青年的奋斗目标和前行方向归结到一点，就是坚定不移听党话、跟党走，努力成长为堪当民族复兴重任的时代新人。”[8]而红色资源能够为“大思政课”的开展提供鲜活的素材与思想滋养，助力塑造把青春奋斗融入党和人民事业的时代新人。因此，要将红色资源蕴含的丰富思想政治教育素材与时代要求相结合，不断丰富红色革命文化的时代内涵，将爱国主义、英雄主义、集体主义、乐观主义贯穿红色资源育人的方方面面和全过程，进一步提升“大思政课”育人的效果，从而更好地为党育人、为国育才，培养契合当今时代发展、堪当民族复兴重任的栋梁之才。
+
+“担当民族复兴大任的时代新人，必须是在思想水平、政治觉悟、道德品质、文化素养、精神状态等方面同新时代要求相符合的。”[9]红色资源中承载和展现的坚定信念、革命精神、远大理想、责任担当等思想精华，对提升广大青年的思想水平、政治觉悟、道德品质、文化素养和精神状态都发挥着重要的作用，能够帮助青年学子树立正确的世界观、人生观和价值观，增强青年学生的民族自信心和自豪感。将红色资源融入“大思政课”教学，有利于青年学子品味红色文化的思想魅力，感知红色文化的精神伟力，思考红色资源与当代现实的结合路径，更好契合新时代培育“有理想、敢担当、能吃苦、肯奋斗”时代新人的新要求。在红色文化的浸染下，能够促进广大青年将“小我”融入“大我”，使其深刻认识自己在社会、历史中的地位和作用，认清自己肩负的神圣使命，扎根中国大地，立足中国实际，解决中国问题，踔厉奋发，勇毅前进，争做主动投身中国式现代化、实现中华民族伟大复兴中国梦的时代新人。
+
+## 二、“大思政课”视域下红色资源育人的融入重点
+
+红色资源融入“大思政课”的重点是否明确、清晰，很大程度上影响着“大思政课”红色资源育人的实效。要将红色资源中展陈的历史成就、呈现的英雄形象、蕴含的建党精神、绘就的精神谱系作为重点，自觉融入“大思政课”，增强广大青年学子对中国共产党百年奋斗的政治认同、思想认同和情感认同，激励青年学子坚持弘扬红色优良传统，赓续红色精神血脉。
+
+### 1. 红色资源展陈的历史成就融入“大思政课”育人
+
+红色资源记载了党的百年奋斗的伟大成就，是“大思政课”育人的珍贵教材。邓小平指出：“要用我们自己的历史来教育青年。”[10]习近平亦指出：“对我们共产党人来说，中国革命历史是最好的营养剂。多重温我们党领导人民进行革命的伟大历史，心中就会增加很多正能量。”[11]历史是最好的教科书，要用好党的红色资源，运用红色资源承载和展陈的历史成就增强“大思政课”的说服力、感染力，强化党史学习教育，讲好红色革命故事，铸强青年精神力量，传承红色文化基因。
+
+党的十九届六中全会通过的《决议》充分肯定了党百年来的伟大成就，“一百年来，党领导人民浴血奋战、百折不挠，创造了新民主主义革命的伟大成就；自力更生、发愤图强，创造了社会主义革命和建设的伟大成就；解放思想、锐意进取，创造了改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的伟大成就；自信自强、守正创新，创造了新时代中国特色社会主义的伟大成就。”[12]中国共产党百年奋斗的艰辛历程和所取得的伟大成就，谱写了中华民族几千年历史上最恢宏壮阔的史诗，是我们在新时代增强“道路自信、理论自信、制度自信、文化自信”的坚实基础。要用好红色资源传载展陈的党的历史成就，如红岩博物馆展现的革命烈士艰苦卓绝的浴血奋斗、军事历史博物馆展现的“三大战役”、林县人民在悬崖峭壁中开凿的红旗渠等，自觉巧妙地融入“大思政课”，推进广大青年学子学习党的历史成就，展现红色文化的历史魅力和当代价值，引导广大青年学子从党的奋斗征程中汲取精神养分，学习历史、感悟历史、分析历史，从党的恢弘史诗中感受伟大成就，总结历史经验，汲取智慧和力量，增进其对党的百年奋斗的历史认同感，使他们能够深切体会到唯有中国共产党才能带领中国人民推翻帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义“三座大山”，实现国家独立和人民解放，真正让人民当家作主；深刻意识到没有中国共产党就没有新中国，就没有中国特色社会主义，就没有中国式现代化，培养开阔的历史思维和深厚的历史情怀，从而更好地把握当下、面向未来，自觉肩负起时代赋予的历史使命，在新时代新征程谱写崭新的历史新篇章。
+
+### 2. 红色资源呈现的英雄形象融入“大思政课”育人
+
+红色资源记载了党的百年奋斗实践中涌现出的不同时代的英雄人物及其事迹，呈现和展示了他们高大的英雄形象，为今人和后学提供了值得永远学习的历史榜样。“革命胜利从来不是天上掉下来的，不是别人拱手相让的，而是用流血牺牲换来的。”[13]自中国共产党成立以来，涌现了一批又一批舍生忘死的革命先烈和英雄模范，如坚贞不屈、永不叛党的江姐，坚守阵地、宁死不屈的狼牙山五壮士，舍生取义、无畏牺牲的董存瑞，奋不顾身、勇堵枪眼的黄继光，坚守纪律、英勇就义的邱少云，“宁可少活二十年，拼命也要拿下大油田”的铁人王进喜等，作为无数英雄人物的代表，他们用鲜血绘就了中国革命的胜利画卷，用汗水谱写了祖国建设的壮丽篇章，呈现了永垂青史的光辉形象。革命先辈们坚定的革命意志、崇高的精神品质和高尚的道德情操是新时代指引我们自强不息、奋勇向前的指路明灯，是最生动的“大思政课”教材。
+
+要将红色资源中的英雄形象融入“大思政课”，运用革命先辈们的一个个伟大形象和感人事迹，引导广大青年学子瞻仰革命遗址、缅怀革命先烈、学习英雄模范。“通过运用活生生的典型人物或事件进行教育，容易使教育对象产生情感共鸣，自觉效仿和对照榜样，它较说理教育更富有感染性和可接受性”[14]，从而提高“大思政课”的吸引力和感染力，使广大青年学子能够自觉向前辈学习、向英雄学习、向榜样学习，从而激发斗志，砥砺意志，顽强拼搏，奋力开拓，自觉肩负起时代赋予的民族复兴大任，在以中国式现代化推动实现中华民族伟大复兴的奋斗实践中奉献出自己的青春和热血。
+
+### 3. 红色资源蕴含的建党精神融入“大思政课”育人
+
+中国共产党的伟大建党精神是红色资源的核心和精髓，伟大建党精神融入“大思政课”育人，是红色资源育人的根本。“一百年前，中国共产党的先驱们创建了中国共产党，形成了坚持真理、坚守理想，践行初心、担当使命，不怕牺牲、英勇斗争，对党忠诚、不负人民的伟大建党精神，这是中国共产党的精神之源。”[15]伟大建党精神来自于中国共产党和中国先进分子救国救民的探索实践，是中国共产党团结带领全国人民为争取民族独立和实现国家富强而不懈奋斗的强大精神动力。“历史川流不息，精神代代相传。我们要继续弘扬光荣传统、赓续红色血脉，永远把伟大建党精神继承下去、发扬光大！”[16]因此，要将红色资源蕴含的建党精神融入“大思政课”育人，教育引导青年学子坚定崇高理想信念，感悟党的初心使命，坚持不懈奋斗，始终服务人民。
+
+坚持真理、坚守理想是伟大建党精神的首要内容，“我们党的每一段革命历史，都是一部理想信念的生动教材。”[17]中国共产党从只有五十多名党员的小党一步步成长为拥有9800多万名党员并长期执政的世界最大政党，离不开对共产主义的坚定信仰和对社会主义的强大信念。坚持真理、坚守理想最重要的就是要把理想信念转化为党的初心使命，践行初心、担当使命，自觉地“为人民谋幸福、为民族谋复兴”。习近平指出，“建党时的每件文物都十分珍贵、每个情景都耐人寻味，我们要经常回忆、深入思索，从中解读我们党的初心。”[18]中国共产党成功走过百年风雨历程的根本原因就在于我们党始终践行初心、担当使命，全心全意为人民谋幸福，从而获得了人民群众对党的真心拥护和支持。中国共产党百年来的奋斗历史是充满矛盾、考验和斗争历史，因而要不怕牺牲、英勇斗争。艰苦卓绝的英勇斗争，既是推动党的事业发展的必由之路，也是造就共产党人坚强党性的实践淬炼。共产党人不论在任何情况下，都要对党忠诚、不负人民，始终把党和人民的利益放在第一位，终身为实现党的理想信念和人民的根本利益而奋斗。伟大建党精神历史地承载和生动地体现在党的百年奋斗遗存的红色资源之中，集中地呈现在纪念馆、展览馆、博物馆等承载的红色资源之中。红色资源是伟大建党精神最生动、最深刻、最深沉的注脚。因此，我们要将红色资源蕴含的伟大建党精神自觉融入“大思政课”育人，结合党的百年奋斗历史和珍贵的红色资源，引导青年学生深刻理解和把握伟大建党精神所体现的理想信念、初心使命、斗争精神和忠诚品质，理解和把握伟大建党精神的实践起源和内在逻辑，理解和把握伟大建党精神同中国共产党人精神谱系之间的源流关系，坚持和弘扬中国共产党的伟大精神，自觉践行党的为人民谋幸福、为民族谋复兴的初心使命，弘扬新时代的斗争精神，为中华民族的伟大复兴做出应有的贡献。
+
+### 4. 红色资源绘就的精神谱系融入“大思政课”育人
+
+中国共产党走过百年的奋斗征程，形成了许多薪火相传的红色精神，“一百年来，中国共产党弘扬伟大建党精神，在长期奋斗中构建起中国共产党人的精神谱系，锤炼出鲜明的政治品格。”[19]在百年来的奋进征程中，中国共产党以伟大建党精神为源头，形成了不同时期的不同红色精神，从新民主主义革命时期的井冈山精神、长征精神、延安精神、抗战精神，到社会主义革命和建设时期的抗美援朝精神、“两弹一星”精神、红旗渠精神、西迁精神，从改革开放和社会主义现代化建设新时期的改革开放精神、特区精神、抗击非典精神、载人航天精神，到中国特色社会主义新时代的脱贫攻坚精神、伟大抗疫精神、科学家精神、新时代北斗精神，等等，这些伟大的精神共同构筑起了以伟大建党精神为源头的中国共产党人的精神谱系，是党始终保持先进性和纯洁性的生动体现，彰显了中国共产党团结带领全国人民披荆斩棘、乘风破浪、砥砺前行的昂扬精神风貌。
+
+红色精神谱系是我党宝贵的精神财富，凝聚着共产党人的追求、意志、信念，汇集着全民族强大的精神力量，是提升党执政能力和执政水平不竭的力量源泉。将红色资源绘就的精神谱系融入“大思政课”育人，有利于广大青年学子深刻领会红色精神谱系的丰富内涵，充分发挥红色精神谱系的育人作用，推动红色精神谱系在新的时代里、新的奋斗中赓续传承、发扬光大。同时，要进一步加强全党全民尤其是青年学子思想淬炼，厚植青年学子的社会责任感和爱国情怀，坚定青年学子心中信仰，强化青年学子使命担当，并将强大的精神力量转化为接续奋斗的实践力量，从而不断推进中华民族伟大复兴的历史进程。
+
+## 三、“大思政课”视域下红色资源育人的实践进路
+
+深入探究红色资源，是为了更好地将红色资源融入“大思政课”，推进红色资源育人。“红色资源是我们党艰辛而辉煌奋斗历程的见证，是最宝贵的精神财富，一定要用心用情用力保护好、管理好、运用好。”[20]因此，运用“大思政课”推进红色资源育人，要加强红色资源的科学保护，深化红色资源的系统研究，打造红色资源的精品展陈，拓展红色资源的实践活动，创新红色资源融入“大思政课”的教学方法，不断提高红色资源的育人实效。
+
+### 1. 加强红色资源的科学保护
+
+红色资源的保护刻不容缓。“红色资源是不可再生、不可替代的珍贵资源，保护是首要任务。”[21]因此，要在注重保护红色物质遗存的同时，加强保护红色非物质文化遗产，通过对红色资源的科学保护，赓续红色文化的历史文脉，促进红色文化的传承与发展。
+
+科学保护红色物质遗存。红色物质遗存是红色历史文化的承载与记录，是讲好“大思政课”的关键素材，需要科学地对其进行保护。对于珍贵的红色物质遗存资源，不仅要加大投入，精心保护，还要逐步推进其信息化、数字化、智能化管理，以此扩大红色物质遗存资源的受众，使红色物质遗存资源能为更多的人所了解、使用与学习，更好发挥红色物质遗存资源的育人作用。“要本着对历史负责、对人民负责的态度，深入开展红色资源专项调查，加强红色遗址、革命文物保护工作，统筹好抢救性保护和预防性保护、本体保护和周边保护、单点保护和集群保护等。”[22]要运用现代科技手段加强对红色遗址、革命文物、典藏古籍等红色物质遗存资源的保护与修复，对其进行科学与综合的利用，不断发扬光大其传载的优秀红色文化。
+
+加强保护红色非遗资源。红色非物质文化遗产如红色歌曲、革命故事、革命精神、红军标语、苏区舞蹈、苏区歌谣等是红色资源的重要组成部分，加强对红色非遗的保护对延续红色历史文化、传扬红色革命精神都发挥着不可或缺的关键作用。要增强对红色非物质文化遗产的发展性保护，增强人民群众保护红色资源的自觉性和主动性，积极运用新媒体、多媒体传播红色歌曲、故事、舞蹈等非物质文化遗产，使其在人民群众中间广泛传播，扩大红色文化的传播力、感染力和影响力，让广大人民群众能够在日常生活中感受红色文化温度，体悟红色革命情怀。同时，要发现、挖掘和整理流传在人民群众生活中具有红色基因的非遗项目，鼓励各级人民政府根据标准将其列入本级非物质文化遗产代表性项目名录进行保护，发动社会力量广泛参与红色非遗的科学保护，形成全社会参与保护红色非物质文化遗产、弘扬红色精神的浓厚氛围。
+
+### 2. 深化红色资源的系统研究
+
+深化对红色资源的系统研究是使红色资源焕发育人活力的重要途径。习近平指出，“要开展系统研究。统筹研究力量，强化研究规划，积极开展革命史料的抢救、征集和研究工作，加强革命历史研究”[23]，使“大思政课”的教学更具有理论深度，充分显现红色文化资源的历史厚度与理论价值。
+
+系统梳理红色文化。深化红色资源的系统研究，要加强对红色文献资料的梳理、整合和研究，做好红色文献资料的查找、收集、编辑等工作。高校要积极利用好自身丰厚的学术资源，发挥学校传承弘扬红色文化主阵地的作用，加深对红色文化的理论研究，探究其产生背景、红色精神及其现实价值，将理论研究与实际应用相结合，着力推出一批高质量的理论研究成果，丰富“大思政课”教学内容，促进红色历史文化更好地“开口说话”。
+
+挖掘红色文化内涵。深化红色资源的系统研究，要“深入挖掘红色资源背后的思想内涵，准确把握党的历史发展的主题主线、主流本质，旗帜鲜明反对和抵制历史虚无主义。”[24]深度发掘红色文化的精神实质，尤其是每一种红色文化蕴含的特殊精神，把握好这种精神传承的历史脉络，坚持正确的政治方向，将红色文化内核与新时代的新特点、新要求相结合，赋予红色文化资源新的时代意涵，不断推进红色文化资源的创造性转化和创新性发展。
+
+讲好红色革命故事。深化红色资源的系统研究，还要展现好红色历史史实，讲述好红色革命故事。要着力从“小切口”诠释“大道理”，围绕中国革命、建设、改革等时期的重大历史节点与历史事件，讲好有高度、有深度、有温度的红色革命故事，增强红色文化的生命力与感染力。同时，要从红色革命故事中总结历史经验，使学生在聆听与思考中，在历史与现实的对照中，找到中国共产党百年建党成功之道的密码和答案，进而更好地发扬红色传统和优良作风，促进红色基因代代相承。
+
+### 3. 打造红色资源的精品展陈
+
+红色展陈是发挥红色资源育人功能的重要载体。习近平表示，“我每次到革命老区考察调研，都去瞻仰革命历史纪念场所，就是要告诫全党同志不能忘记红色政权是怎么来的、新中国是怎么来的、今天的幸福生活是怎么来的”[25]。革命老区、革命历史纪念场所等红色展陈储存着深沉的红色记忆，蕴含着丰厚的红色文化。因此，建立红色文化场馆、构造红色教育情境，打造红色资源的精品展陈，有利于生动直观地展现中国共产党人百年奋斗的历史足迹及其红色精神，进一步增强红色文化的感染力、影响力、生命力，使红色文化通过“大思政课”得到更好、更形象、更广泛深入的传播。
+
+建立红色文化场馆。红色博物馆、党史馆、纪念馆、遗迹旧址等红色文化场馆是党和国家珍贵的红色基因库，是中国红色革命历史的保存者和记录者。要以“大思政课”实现红色资源育人，就不能仅仅局限于课堂，红色文化场馆已经成为思想政治教育的重要阵地，是感知红色记忆、学习红色文化的关键场所。因此，要借助所在地特色的红色文化资源建立红色文化场馆，打造红色精品展陈，在社会范围内形成学习红色文化的良好氛围，从而提高学生的学习兴趣和红色教育的教学效果。同时，要“坚持政治性、思想性、艺术性相统一，把好导向、聚焦主题，用史实说话，着力打造高质量精品展陈”[26]，使红色文化场馆和展陈在坚持正确的政治导向的同时，能够兼具创造性与艺术性，进而不断提升红色资源的感染力、吸引力，增强学生的感触与领悟，实现红色资源的育人价值。
+
+构造红色教育情境。习近平表示，“每到井冈山、延安、西柏坡等革命圣地，都是一次精神上、思想上的洗礼。”[27]井冈山、延安、西柏坡等地，是中国革命与解放事业的重要圣地，其所蕴含的革命情怀与历史意义构成了天然的教育情境，放大了红色资源的育人功效。因此，要依托红色精品展陈构建独特的教育情境，使学生在具有浓厚红色文化氛围的特定情境中，能够身临其境地缅怀革命先烈对党和国家的伟大事业做出的巨大牺牲和奉献，更深切地感受红色力量，深化红色感悟。对于身处文化情境中的学生群体而言，文化情境发挥着积极的党史认同和价值同化功能，能够巩固与强化学生对于红色文化及精神的认知，从而带动学生自我认识能力及群体归属感的提升，使学生自觉铭记和不断实现肩负的新的历史使命。
+
+### 4. 拓展红色资源的实践活动
+
+习近平指出，“要高度重视思政课的实践性，把思政小课堂同社会大课堂结合起来”[28]，因此，要注重红色革命理论与红色实践活动的统一，在发挥课堂教学主渠道作用的同时，开展多样的红色实践活动，真正实现“大思政课”全方位育人的价值。
+
+拓展红色课堂体验。社会大课堂是使红色资源发挥育人作用的重要一环，要将红色资源融入“大思政课”教育教学，开展丰富的红色课堂实践，拓展思政课堂的空间。结合红色节日和纪念日等重要时间节点，将思政课从校园延伸到革命遗址、烈士陵园、伟人故居、红色博物馆中去，开展现场教学，引领学生走革命之路、感红色之魂。并通过故事性、实践性、互动性的教学方式，增强学生探究式、体验式、情境式的课堂体验，切实发挥学生的主观能动性和主体性作用，加深学生对于红色文化资源的理解、感悟与认同，从而提高红色资源的育人效果。
+
+兴办红色文化活动。红色征文比赛、红色故事演讲比赛、红色歌曲演唱比赛、红色话剧表演等活动均是“大思政课”教学的实践过程，是受教育者坚持和践行正确的政治立场、价值观念、道德规范的过程。以活动为载体，能够使受教育者在生活实践这一堂“大思政课”中进行自我学习、自我体验、自我评价，从而不断提升自我认识、自我调控、自我发展的能力。如进行更多学生喜闻乐见的红色话剧及舞台表演，在表演中体现红色革命历史，更易满足学生个性化的需求。通过视觉、听觉等多感官的沉浸式体验感悟红色文化与红色精神，致敬先辈，学习先辈，脚踏实地，开创未来。
+
+深化红色社会实践。在“大思政课”视域下推进红色文化育人，要将思政课堂搬到社会实践第一线，让学生在亲身实践中，深刻体悟红色革命文化的深厚底蕴、真理魅力和精神力量。积极鼓励学生参与社会实践，走进社会生活，引导学生在寒暑假期深入红色革命文化基地，领悟红色文化精神魅力，使学生经过实践的锻炼，把知与行有机统一起来，将自己对于红色文化的理解，逐步内化于心、外化于行，不断增强对中国共产党人百年来奋斗的历史和现实的认同感。
+
+### 5. 提高红色资源的育人实效
+
+提高红色资源的育人实效是强化红色资源教育功能的最终落脚点，也是推进红色资源育人的重要目标。因此，要依据学生的思维习惯、成长规律和现实需求，创新红色文化表达，革新红色教育形式，创建红色文化空间，不断提高红色资源的育人实效，真正发挥红色资源的育人作用。
+
+创新红色文化表达。随着互联网的迅速发展，网络已成为传播主流意识形态的重要媒介。因此，要正确发挥网络在引导思想和塑造价值观方面的正向作用，充分利用网络课堂、智慧教育平台、网络教育宣传云平台、大数据等先进技术手段，通过党报党刊、广播电台、微信公众号平台等多个端口同步推送红色文化资源信息，组织开展“同上一堂大思政课”活动。同时，要根据新时代信息传播的特征，设计符合学生认知特点的教育活动，推动红色文化的创新表达，依托新媒体平台，推出以红色文化资源为创作内容和传播主题的短视频、微电影、动漫、音乐、直播、云展览等，使红色文化以崭新的形式呈现，更易为学生群体所接受与认同。
+
+革新红色教育形式。充分发挥红色资源的育人实效要打破传统单一的思政课教师主讲模式，让学生走上讲台，使“大思政课”的红色文化育人成为双向互动模式，让学生能通过自主学习和自我教育切实地掌握红色文化内容。同时，要建立“大思政课”特聘教授、兼职教师制度，“通过建立健全兼职教师制度，形成英雄人物、劳动模范、大国工匠等先进代表，以及革命博物馆、纪念馆、党史馆、烈士陵园等红色基地讲解员、志愿者经常性进高校参与思政课教学的长效机制，”[29]创新思政课堂讲授形式，拓展思政课堂教学内容，提升学生对于红色资源的正确认知。
+
+创建红色文化空间。红色资源育人离不开一定的设施、平台和载体构成的特定的文化空间与意义场域。要积极运用现代技术的装置进行虚拟仿真实践教学，依托VR、AR、AI人工智能技术，利用多媒体、装置艺术、算法影像、投影互动等方式，尽可能多地注入趣味性和生动性，让学生走进虚拟仿真场景中开展互动，从而获得更加真切的体验，在娱乐的同时最大程度地感受其中的红色文化及精神。同时，坚持融纪念性、历史性、教育性、艺术性和观赏性为一体，阐释出红色文化场域中所潜藏的象征意义，充分挖掘出由教育者构建出的红色空间与虚拟场景所承载的红色文化的内涵与价值，加深学生的红色记忆，切实提高红色资源的育人实效。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1][2] “大思政课”我们要善用之(微镜头·习近平总书记两会“下团组”·两会现场观察)[N]. 人民日报，2021-03-07(3).
+[3][4][5][20][21][22][23][24][26] 习近平在中共中央政治局第三十一次集体学习时强调：用好红色资源赓续红色血脉努力创造无愧于历史和人民的新业绩[N]. 人民日报，2021-06-27(1).
+[6][7][29] 教育部等十部门关于印发《全面推进“大思政课”建设的工作方案》的通知[EB/OL]. (2022-08-18). http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A13/moe_772/202208/t20220818_653672.html.
+[8] 习近平在中国人民大学考察时强调：坚持党的领导传承红色基因扎根中国大地走出一条建设中国特色世界一流大学新路[N]. 人民日报，2022-04-26(1).
+[9] 习近平. 论党的青年工作[M]. 北京：中央文献出版社，2022：166.
+[10] 邓小平文选(第三卷)[M]. 北京：人民出版社，1993：198.
+[11][27] 习近平在调研指导河北省党的群众路线教育实践活动时强调：充分调动干部和群众积极性保证教育实践活动善做善成[N]. 人民日报，2013-07-13(1).
+[12] 中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议[N]. 人民日报，2021-11-17(1).
+[13][25] 习近平在河南考察时强调：坚定信心埋头苦干奋勇争先谱写新时代中原更加出彩的绚丽篇章[N]. 人民日报，2019-09-19(1).
+[14] 陈秉公. 思想政治教育学基础理论研究[M]. 长春：吉林大学出版社，2007：291.
+[15][16][19] 习近平谈治国理政(第四卷)[M]. 北京：外文出版社；2022：7，7，7.
+[17] 习近平在山西考察工作时强调：扎扎实实做好改革发展稳定各项工作为党的十九大胜利召开营造良好环境[N]. 人民日报；2017-06-24(1).
+[18] 习近平在瞻仰中共一大会址时强调：铭记党的奋斗历程时刻不忘初心担当党的崇高使命矢志永远奋斗[N]. 人民日报；2017-11-01(1).
+[28] 习近平重要讲话单行本(2020年合订本)[M]. 北京：人民出版社；2021：290.
+
+[责任编辑：孙皓]
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+## 中华人民共和国行业标准
+
+# 钢结构高强度螺栓连接技术规程
+
+**JGJ 82 - 2011**
+
+条文说明
+
+## 修订说明
+《钢结构高强度螺栓连接技术规程》JGJ 82 - 2011，经住房和城乡建设部2011年1月7日以第675号公告批准、发布。
+
+本规程是在《钢结构高强度螺栓连接的设计、施工及验收规程》JGJ 82 - 91的基础上修订而成，上一版的主编单位是湖北省建筑工程总公司，参编单位是包头钢铁设计研究院、铁道部科学院、冶金部建筑研究总院、北京钢铁设计研究总院，主要起草人员是柴昶、吴有常、沈家骅、程季青、李国术、肖建华、贺贤娟、李云、罗经亩。本规程修订的主要技术内容是：1. 增加、调整内容：由原来的3章增加调整到7章；增加第2章“术语和符号”、第3章“基本规定”、第5章“接头设计”；原第二章“连接设计”调整为第4章，原第三章“施工及验收”调整为第6章“施工”和第7章“施工质量验收”；2. 增加孔型系数，引入标准孔、大圆孔和槽孔概念；3. 增加涂层摩擦面及其抗滑移系数；4. 增加受拉连接和端板连接接头，并提出杠杆力（撬力）计算方法；5. 增加栓焊并用连接接头；6. 增加转角法施工和检验内容；7. 细化和明确高强度螺栓连接分项工程检验批。
+
+本规程修订过程中，编制组进行了一般调研和专题调研相结合的调查研究，总结了我国工程建设的实践经验，对本次新增内容“孔型系数”、“涂层摩擦面抗滑移系数”、“栓焊并用连接”、“转角法施工”等进行了大量试验研究，并参考国内外类似规范而取得了重要技术参数。
+
+为便于广大设计、施工、科研、学校等单位有关人员在使用本规程时能正确理解和执行条文规定，《钢结构高强度螺栓连接技术规程》编制组按章、节、条顺序编制了本规程的条文说明，对条文规定的目的、依据以及执行中需注意的有关事项进行了说明，还着重对强制性条文的强制性理由做了解释。但是，本条文说明不具备与规程正文同等的法律效力，仅供使用者作为理解和把握规程规定的参考。
+
+## 目 次
+
+1 总则... 47
+2 术语和符号... 48
+2.1 术语 ... 48
+2.2 符号 ... 48
+3 基本规定... 49
+3.1 一般规定 ... 49
+3.2 材料与设计指标 ... 51
+4 连接设计... 53
+4.1 摩擦型连接 ... 53
+4.2 承压型连接 ... 53
+4.3 连接构造 ... 54
+5 连接接头设计... 56
+5.1 螺栓拼接接头 ... 56
+5.2 受拉连接接头 ... 56
+5.3 外伸式端板连接接头 ... 58
+5.4 栓焊混用连接接头 ... 59
+5.5 栓焊并用连接接头 ... 59
+6 施工... 61
+6.1 储运和保管... 61
+6.2 连接构件的制作 ... 61
+6.3 高强度螺栓连接副和摩擦面抗滑移系数检验... 62
+6.4 安装 ... 63
+6.5 紧固质量检验 ... 65
+7 施工质量验收... 67
+7.1 一般规定 ... 67
+7.2 检验批的划分 ... 67
+
+## 1 总 则
+
+**1.0.1** 本条为编制本规程的宗旨和目的。
+
+**1.0.2** 本条明确了本规程的适用范围。
+
+**1.0.3** 本规程的编制是以原行业标准《钢结构高强度螺栓连接的设计、施工及验收规程》JGJ 82 - 91为基础，对现行国家标准《钢结构设计规范》GB 50017、《冷弯薄壁型钢结构技术规范》GB 50018及《钢结构工程施工质量验收规范》GB 50205等规范中有关高强度螺栓连接的内容，进行细化和完善，对上述三个规范中没有涉及但实际工程实践中又遇到的内容，参照国内外相关试验研究成果和标准引入和补充，以满足工程实际要求。
+
+## 2 术语和符号
+
+### 2.1 术 语
+
+本规程给出了13个有关高强度螺栓连接方面的特定术语，该术语是从钢结构高强度螺栓连接设计与施工的角度赋予其涵义的，但涵义又不一定是术语的定义。本规程给出了相应的推荐性英文术语，该英文术语不一定是国际上的标准术语，仅供参考。
+
+### 2.2 符 号
+本规程给出了41个符号及其定义，这些符号都是本规程各章节中所引用且未给具体解释的。对于在本规程各章节条文中所使用的符号，应以本条或相关条文中的解释为准。
+
+## 3 基本规定
+
+### 3.1 一般规定
+
+**3.1.1** 高强度螺栓的摩擦型连接和承压型连接是同一个高强度螺栓连接的两个阶段，分别为接头滑移前、后的摩擦和承压阶段。对承压型连接来说，当接头处于最不利荷载组合时才发生接头滑移直至破坏，荷载没有达到设计值的情况下，接头可能处于摩擦阶段。所以承压型连接的正常使用状态定义为摩擦型连接的符合实际的。
+
+沿螺栓杆轴方向受拉连接接头在外拉力的作用下也分两个阶段，首先是连接端板之间被拉脱离前，螺栓拉应力变化很小，被拉脱离后螺栓或连接件达到抗拉强度而破坏。当外拉力（含撬力）不超过0.8P（摩擦型连接螺栓受拉承载力设计值）时，连接端板之间不会被拉脱离，因此将定义为受拉连接的正常使用状态。
+
+**3.1.2** 目前国内只有高强度大六角头螺栓连接副（10.9s、8.8s）和扭剪型高强度螺栓连接副（10.9s）两种产品，从设计计算角度上没有区别，仅施工方法和构造上稍有差别。因此设计可以不选定产品类型，由施工单位根据工程实际及施工经验来选定产品类型。
+
+**3.1.3** 因承压型连接允许接头滑移，并有较大变形，故对承受动力荷载的结构以及接头变形会引起结构内力和结构刚度有较大变化的敏感构件，不应采用承压型连接。
+
+冷弯薄壁型钢因板壁很薄，孔壁承压能力非常低，易引起连接扳撕裂破坏，并因承压承载力较小且低于摩擦承载力，使用承压型连接非常不经济，故不宜采用承压型连接。但当承载力不是控制因素时，可以考虑采用承压型连接。
+
+**3.1.4** 高环境温度会引起高强度螺栓预拉力的松弛，同时也会使摩擦面状态发生变化，因此对高强度螺栓连接的环境温度应加以限制。试验结果表明，当温度低于100℃时，影响很小。当温度在（100～150）℃范围时，钢材的弹性模量折减系数在0.966左右，强度折减很小。中冶建筑研究总院有限公司的试验结果表明，当接头承受350℃以下温度烘烤时，螺栓、螺母、垫圈的基本性能及摩擦面抗滑移系数基本保持不变。温度对高强度螺栓预拉力有影响，试验结果表明，当温度在（100～150）℃范围时，螺栓预拉力损失增加约为10％，因此本条规定降低10％。当温度超过150℃时，承载力降低显著，采取隔热防护措施应更经济合理。
+
+**3.1.5** 对摩擦型连接，当其疲劳荷载小于滑移荷载时，螺栓本身不会产生交变应力，高强度螺栓没有疲劳破坏的情况。但连接板或拼接板母材有疲劳破坏的情况发生。本条中循环次数的规定是依据现行国家标准《钢结构设计规范》GB 50017的有关规定确定的。
+
+高强度螺栓受拉时，其连接螺栓有疲劳破坏可能，国内外研究及国外规范的相关规定表明，螺栓应力低于螺栓抗拉强度30％时，或螺栓所产生的轴向拉力（由荷载和杠杆力引起）低于螺栓受拉承载力30％时，螺栓轴向应力几乎没有变化，可忽略疲劳影响。当螺栓应力超过螺栓抗拉强度30％时，应进行疲劳验算，由于国内有关高强度螺栓疲劳强度的试验不足，相关规范中没有设计指标可依据，因此目前只能针对个案进行试验，并根据试验结果进行疲劳设计。
+
+**3.1.6** 现行国家标准《建筑抗震设计规范》GB 50011规定钢结构构件连接除按地震组合内力进行弹性设计外，还应进行极限承载力验算，同时要满足抗震构造要求。
+
+**3.1.7** 高强度螺栓连接和普通螺栓连接的工作机理完全不同，两者刚度相差悬殊，同一接头中两者并用没有意义。承压型连接允许接头滑移，并有较大变形，而焊缝的变形有限，因此从设计概念上，承压型连接不能和焊接并用。本条涉及结构连接的安全，为从设计源头上把关，定为强制性条款。
+
+### 3.2 材料与设计指标
+
+**3.2.1** 当设计采用进口高强度大六角头螺栓（性能等级8.8s和10.9s）连接副时，其材质、性能等应符合相应产品标准的规定。设计计算参数的取值应有可靠依据。
+
+**3.2.2** 当设计采用进口扭剪型高强度螺栓（性能等级10.9s）连接副时，其材质、性能等应符合相应产品标准的规定。设计计算参数的取值应有可靠依据。
+
+**3.2.3** 当设计采用其他钢号的连接材料时，承压强度取值应有可靠依据。
+
+**3.2.4** 高强度螺栓连接摩擦面抗滑移系数可按表3.2.4规定值取值，也可按摩擦面的实际情况取值。当摩擦承载力不起控制因素时，设计可适当降低摩擦面抗滑移系数值。设计应考虑施工单位在设备及技术条件上的差异，慎重确定摩擦面抗滑移系数值，以保证连接的安全度。
+
+喷砂应优先使用石英砂；其次为铸钢砂；普通的河砂能够起到除锈的目的，但对提高摩擦面抗滑移系数效果不理想。
+
+喷丸（或称抛丸）是钢材表面处理常用的方法，其除锈的效果较好，但对满足高摩擦面抗滑移系数的要求有一定的难度。对于不同抗滑移系数要求的摩擦面处理，所使用的磨料（主要是钢丸）成分要求不同。例如，在钢丸中加入部分钢丝切丸或破碎钢丸，以及增加磨料循环使用次数等措施都能改善摩擦面处理效果。这些工艺措施需要加工厂家多年经验积累和总结。
+
+对于小型工程、加固改造工程以及现场处理，可以采用手工砂轮打磨的处理方法，此时砂轮打磨的方向应与受力方向垂直，打磨的范围不应小于4倍螺栓直径。手工砂轮打磨处理的摩擦面抗滑移系数离散相对较大，需要试验确定。
+
+试验结果表明，摩擦面处理后生成赤锈的表面，其摩擦面抗滑移系数会有所提高，但安装前应除去浮锈。
+
+本条新增加涂层摩擦面的抗滑移系数值，其中无机富锌漆是依据现行国家标准《钢结构设计规范》GB 50017的有关规定制定。防滑防锈防硅酸锌漆已在铁路桥梁中广泛应用，效果很好。锌加底漆（ZINGA）属新型富锌类底漆，其锌颗粒较小，在国内外所进行的试验结果表明，抗滑移系数值取0.45是可靠的。同济大学所进行的试验结果表明，聚氨酯富锌底漆或醇酸铁红底漆抗滑移系数平均值在0.2左右，取0.15是有足够可靠度的。
+
+涂层摩擦面的抗滑移系数值与钢材表面处理及涂层厚度有关，因此本条列出钢材表面处理及涂层厚度有关要求。当钢材表面处理及涂层厚度不符合本条的要求时，应需要试验确定。
+
+在实际工程中，高强度螺栓连接摩擦面采用热喷铝、镀锌、喷锌、有机富锌以及其他底漆处理，其涂层摩擦面的抗滑移系数值需要有可靠依据。
+
+**3.2.5** 高强度螺栓预拉力P只与螺栓性能等级有关。当采用进口高强度大六角头螺栓和扭剪型高强度螺栓时，预拉力P取值应有可靠依据。
+
+**3.2.6** 抗震设计中构件的高强度螺栓连接或焊接连接尚应进行极限承载力设计验算，据此本条作出了相应规定。具体计算方法见《建筑抗震设计规范》GB 50011 - 2010第8.2.8条。
+
+## 4 连接设计
+
+### 4.1 摩擦型连接
+
+**4.1.1** 本条所列螺栓受剪承载力计算公式与现行国家标准《钢结构设计规范》GB 50017 规定的基本公式相同，仅将原系数0.9 替换为k₁，并增加系数k₂。
+
+k₁ 可取值为 0.9 与 0.8，后者适用于冷弯型钢等较薄板件（板厚t≤6mm）连接的情况。
+
+k₂ 为孔型系数，其取值系参考国内外试验研究及相关标准确定的。中冶建筑研究总院有限公司所进行的试验结果表明，M20 高强度螺栓大圆孔和槽型孔孔型系数分别为 0.95 和 0.86，M24 高强度螺栓大圆孔和槽型孔孔型系数分别为 0.95 和 0.87，因此本条参照美国规范的规定，高强度螺栓大圆孔和槽型孔孔型系数分别为 0.85、0.7、0.6。另外美国规范所采用的槽型孔分短槽孔和长槽孔，考虑到我国制孔加工工艺的现状，本次只考虑一种尺寸的槽型孔，其短向尺寸与标准圆孔相同，但长向尺寸介于美国规范短槽孔和长槽孔尺寸的中间。正常情况下，设计应采用标准圆孔。
+
+涂层摩擦面对预拉力松弛有一定的影响，但涂层摩擦面抗滑移系数数值中已考虑该因素，因此不再折减。
+
+摩擦面抗滑移系数的取值原则上应按本规程 3.2.4 条采用，但设计可以根据实际情况适当调整。
+
+**4.1.5** 本条所规定的折减系数同样适用于栓焊并用连接接头。
+
+### 4.2 承压型连接
+
+**4.2.1** 除正常使用极限状态设计外，承压型连接承载力计算中没有摩擦面抗滑移系数的要求，因此连接板表面可不作摩擦面处理。虽无摩擦面处理的要求，但其他如除锈、涂装等设计要求不能降低。
+
+由于承压型连接和摩擦型连接是同一高强度螺栓连接的两个不同阶段，因此，两者在设计和施工的基本要求（除抗滑移系数外）是一致的。
+
+**4.2.3** 按照现行国家标准《钢结构设计规范》GB 50017 的规定，公式 4.2.3 是按承载能力极限状态设计时螺栓达到其受拉极限承载力。
+
+**4.2.8** 由于承压型连接和摩擦型连接是同一高强度螺栓连接的两个不同阶段，因此，将摩擦型连接定义为承压型连接的正常使用极限状态。按正常使用极限状态设计承压型连接的抗剪、抗拉以及剪、拉同时作用计算公式同摩擦型连接。
+
+### 4.3 连接构造
+
+**4.3.1** 高强度大六角头螺栓扭矩系数和扭剪型高强度螺栓紧固轴力以及摩擦面抗滑移系数都是统计数据，再加上施工的不确定性以及螺栓延迟断裂问题，单独一个高强度螺栓连接的不安全隐患概率要高，一旦出现螺栓断裂，会造成结构的破坏，本条为强制性条文。
+
+对不施加预拉力的普通螺栓连接，在个别情况下允许采用一个螺栓。
+
+**4.3.3** 本条列出了高强度螺栓连接孔径匹配表，其内容除原有规定外，参照国内外相应规定与资料，补充了大圆孔、槽孔的孔径匹配规定，以便于应用。对于首次引入大圆孔、槽孔的应用，设计上应谨慎采用，有三点值得注意：
+
+1 大圆孔、槽孔仅限在摩擦型连接中使用；
+
+2 只允许在芯板或盖板其中之一按相应的扩大孔型制孔，其余仍按标准圆孔制孔；
+
+3 当盖板采用大圆孔、槽孔时，为减少螺栓预拉力松弛，应增设连续型垫板或使用加厚垫圈（特制）。
+
+考虑工程施工的实际情况，对承压型连接的孔径匹配关系均按与摩擦型连接相同取值（现行国家标准《钢结构设计规范》GB 50017 对承压型连接孔径要求比摩擦型连接严）。
+
+**4.3.4** 高强度螺栓的施拧均需使用特殊的专用扳手，也相应要求必需的施拧操作空间，设计人员在布置螺栓时应考虑这一施工要求。实际工程中，常有为紧凑布置而净空限制过小的情况，造成施工困难或大部分施拧均采用手工凿铲，影响施工质量与效率，这一情况应尽量避免。表 4.3.4 仅为常用扳手的数据，供设计参考，设计可根据施工单位的专用扳手尺寸来调整。
+
+## 5 连接接头设计
+
+### 5.1 螺栓拼接接头
+
+**5.1.1** 高强度螺栓全栓拼接接头应采用摩擦型连接，以保证连接接头的刚度。当拼接接头设计内力明确且不变号时，可根据使用要求按接头处最大内力设计，其所需接头螺栓数量较少。当构件按地震组合内力进行设计计算并控制截面选择时，应按现行国家标准《建筑抗震设计规范》GB 50011 进行连接螺栓极限承载力的验算。
+
+**5.1.2** 本条适用于 H 型钢梁截面螺栓拼接接头，在拼接截面处可有弯矩 M 与剪力偏心弯矩 Ve、剪力 V 和轴力 N 共同作用，一般情况弯矩 M 为主要内力。
+
+**5.1.3** 本条对腹板拼接螺栓的计算只列出按最大内力计算公式，当腹板拼接按等强原则计算时，应按与腹板净截面承载力等强计算。同时，按弹性计算方法要求，可仅对受力较大的角点栓 1（图 5.1.2）处进行验算。
+
+一般情况下 H 型钢柱与支撑构件的轴力 N 为主要内力，其腹板的拼接螺栓与拼接板宜按与腹板净截面承载力等强原则计算。
+
+### 5.2 受拉连接接头
+**5.2.3、5.2.4** T 形受拉杆件在外加拉力作用下其翼缘板发生弯曲变形，而在板边缘产生撬力，撬力会增加螺栓的拉力并降低接头的刚度，必要时在计算中考虑其不利影响。T 形件撬力作用计算模型如图 1 所示，分析时假定翼缘与腹板连接处弯矩 M 与翼缘板栓孔中心净截面处弯矩 $M'_2$ 均达到塑性弯矩值，并由平衡条件得：
+
+
+
+图1 T形件计算模型
+
+$$B = Q + N_{\mathrm{t}} \tag{1}$$
+$$M_{\mathrm{2}}^{\mathrm{'}} = Qe_{1} \tag{2}$$
+$$M_{\mathrm{1}} + M_{\mathrm{2}}^{\mathrm{'}} - N_{\mathrm{t}}e_{2} = 0 \tag{3}$$
+
+经推导后即可得到计入撬力影响的翼缘厚度计算公式如下：
+$$t = \sqrt{\frac{4N_{\mathrm{t}}e_{2}}{bf_{\mathrm{y}}(1 + \alpha\delta)}} \tag{4}$$
+
+式中：$f_{\mathrm{y}}$ 为翼缘钢材的屈服强度，$\alpha$、$\delta$ 为相关参数。当 $\alpha=0$ 时，撬力 $Q=0$，并假定螺栓受力 $N_{\mathrm{t}}$ 达到 $N_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{b}}$，以钢板设计强度 $f$ 代替屈服强度 $f_{\mathrm{y}}$，则得到翼缘厚度 $t_{\mathrm{c}}$ 的计算公式（5）。故可认为 $t_{\mathrm{c}}$ 为 T 形件不考虑撬力影响的最小度。撬力 $Q=0$ 意味着 T 形件翼缘在受力中不产生变形，有较大的抗弯刚度，此时，按欧洲规范计算要求 $t_{\mathrm{c}}$ 不应小于 $(1.8\sim2.2)d$（$d$ 为连接螺栓直径），这在实用中很不经济。故工程设计宜适当考虑撬力并减少翼缘板厚度。即当翼缘板厚度小于 $t_{\mathrm{c}}$ 时，T 形连接件及其连接应考虑撬力的影响，此时计算所需的翼缘板较薄，T 形件刚度较弱，但同时连接螺栓会附加撬力 $Q$，从而会增大螺栓直径或提高强度级别。本条根据上述公式推导与使用条件，并参考了美国钢结构设计规范（AISC）中受拉 T 形连接接头设计方法，分别提出考虑或不考虑撬力的 T 形受拉接头的设计方法与计算公式。由于推导中简化了部分参数，计算所得撬力值会略偏大。
+$$t_{\mathrm{c}} = \sqrt{\frac{4N_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{b}}e_{2}}{bf}} \tag{5}$$
+
+公式中的 $N_{\mathrm{t}}^{\mathrm{b}}$ 取值为 $0.8P$，按正常使用极限状态设计时，应使高强度螺栓受拉板间保留一定的压紧力，保证连接件之间不被拉离；按承载能力极限状态设计时应满足式（5.2.4-3）的要求，此时螺栓轴向拉力控制在 $1.0P$ 的限值内。
+
+### 5.3 外伸式端板连接接头
+
+**5.3.1** 端板连接接头分外伸式和平齐式，后者转动刚度只及前者的 30%，承载力也低很多。除组合结构半刚性连接节点外，已较少应用，故本节只列出外伸式端板连接接头。图 5.3.1 外伸端板连接接头仅为典型图，实际工程中可按受力需要做成上下端均为外伸端板的构造。关于接头连接一般应采用摩擦型连接，对门式刚架等轻钢结构也宜采用承压型连接。
+
+**5.3.2** 本条根据工程经验与国内外相关规定的要求，列出了外伸端板的构造规定。当考虑撬力作用时，外伸端板的构造尺寸（见图 5.3.1）应满足 e₁≤1.25e₂ 的要求。这是由于计算模型假定在极限荷载作用时杠杆力分布在端板边缘，若 e₁ 与 e₂ 比值过大，则杠杆力的分布由端板边缘向内侧扩展，与杠杆力计算模型不符，为保证计算模型的合理性，因此应限制 e₁≤1.25e₂。
+
+为了减小弯矩作用下端板的弯曲变形，增加接头刚度，宜在外伸端板的中间设竖向短加劲肋。同时考虑梁受拉翼缘的全部撬力均由梁端焊缝传递，故要求该部位焊缝为熔透焊缝。
+
+**5.3.3、5.3.4** 按国内研究与相关资料，外伸端板接头计算均可按受拉 T 形件单元计算，本条据此提出了相关的计算公式。主要假定是对称于受拉翼缘的两条螺栓的均受拉，以及转动中心在受压翼缘中心。关于第三排螺栓参与受拉工作是按陈绍蕃教授的有关论文列入的。对于上下对称布置螺栓的外伸式端板连接接头，本条计算公式同样适用。当考虑撬力作用时，受拉螺栓宜按承载能力极限状态设计。当按正常使用极限状态设计时，公式（5.3.4）右边的 $1.25N₁^b$ 改为 $N₁^b$ 即可。
+
+### 5.4 栓焊混用连接接头
+
+**5.4.1** 栓焊混用连接接头是多、高层钢结构梁柱节点中最常用的接头形式，本条中图示了此类典型节点，规定了接头按弹性设计与极限承载力验算的条件。
+
+**5.4.2** 混用连接接头中，腹板螺栓连（拼）接的计算构造仍可参照 5.1 节的规定进行。同时，结合工程经验补充提出了有关要求。翼缘焊缝焊后收缩有可能会引起腹板高强度螺栓连接摩擦面发生滑移，因此对施工的顺序有所要求，施工单位应采取措施以避免腹板摩擦面滑移。
+
+### 5.5 栓焊并用连接接头
+
+**5.5.1** 栓焊并用连接在国内设计中应用尚少，故原则上不宜在新设计中采用。
+
+**5.5.2** 从国内外相关标准和研究文献以及试验研究看，摩擦型高强度螺栓连接与角焊缝能较好地共同工作，当螺栓的规格、数量等与焊缝尺寸相匹配到一定范围时，两种连接的承载力可以叠加，甚至超过两者之和。据此本文提出节点构造匹配的规定。
+
+**5.5.3** 综合国内外相关标准和研究文献以及试验研究结果得出并用系数，计算分析和试验结果证明栓焊并用连接承载力折减系数要小于单独螺栓或焊接连接，本条不考虑这一有利因素，偏于安全。
+
+**5.5.4** 在加固改造或事故处理中采用栓焊并用连接比较现实，本条结合国外相关标准和研究文献以及试验研究，给出比较实用、简化的设计计算方法。
+
+**5.5.5** 焊接时高强度螺栓处的温度有可能超过 100℃，而引起高强度螺栓预拉力松弛，因此需要对靠近焊缝的螺栓补拧。
+
+**5.5.6** 由于端焊缝与摩擦型高强度螺栓连接的刚度差异较大，目前对于摩擦型高强度螺栓连接单独与端焊缝并用连接的研究尚不充分，本次修订暂不纳入。
+
+## 6 施 工
+
+### 6.1 储运和保管
+
+**6.1.1** 本条规定了大六角头高强度螺栓连接副的组成、扭剪型高强度螺栓连接副的组成。
+
+**6.1.2** 高强度螺栓连接副的质量是影响高强度螺栓连接安全性的重要因素，必须达到螺栓标准中技术条件的要求，不符合技术条件的产品，不得使用。因此，每一制造批必须由制造厂出具质量保证书。由于高强度螺栓连接副制造厂是按批保证扭矩系数或紧固轴力，所以在使用时应在同批内配套使用。
+
+**6.1.3** 螺纹损伤后将会改变高强度螺栓连接副的扭矩系数或紧固轴力，因此在运输、保管过程中应轻装、轻卸，防止损伤螺纹。
+
+**6.1.4** 本条规定了高强度螺栓连接副在保管过程中应注意事项，其目的是为了确保高强度螺栓连接副使用时同批；尽可能保持出厂状态，以保证扭矩系数或紧固轴力不发生变化。
+
+**6.1.5** 现行国家标准《钢结构用高强度大六角头螺栓、大六角螺母、垫圈技术条件》GB/T 1231 和《钢结构用扭剪型高强度螺栓连接副》GB/T 3632 中规定高强度螺栓的保质期 6 个月。在不破坏出厂状态情况下，对超过 6 个月再次使用的高强度螺栓，需重新进行扭矩系数或轴力复验，合格后方准使用。
+
+### 6.2 连接构件的制作
+
+**6.2.1** 根据第 4.3.3 条，增加大圆孔和槽孔两种孔型。并规定大圆孔和槽孔仅限于盖板或芯板之一，两者不能同时采用大圆孔和槽孔。
+
+**6.2.3** 当板厚时，冲孔工艺会使孔边产生微裂纹和变形，钢板表面的不平整降低钢结构疲劳强度。随着冲孔设备及加工工艺的提高，允许板厚小于或等于12mm时可冲孔成型，但对于承受动力荷载且需进行疲劳计算的构件连接以及主体结构梁、柱等构件连接不应采用冲孔成型。孔边的毛刺和飞边将影响摩擦面板层密贴。
+
+**6.2.6** 钢板表面不平整，有焊接飞溅、毛刺等将会使板面不密贴，影响高强度螺栓连接的受力性能，另外，板面上的油污将大幅度降低摩擦面的抗滑移系数，因此表面不得有油污。表面处理方法的不同，直接影响摩擦面的抗滑移系数的取值，设计图中要求的处理方法决定了抗滑移系数值的大小，故加工中必须与设计要求一致。
+
+**6.2.7** 高强度螺栓连接处钢板表面上，如粘有脏物和油污，将大幅度降低板面的抗滑移系数，影响高强度螺栓连接的承载能力，所以摩擦面上严禁作任何标记，还应加以保护。
+
+### 6.3 高强度螺栓连接副和摩擦面抗滑移系数检验
+
+**6.3.1、6.3.2** 高强度螺栓运到工地后，应按规定进行有关性能的复验。合格后方准使用，是使用前把好质量的关键。其中高强度大六角头螺栓连接副扭矩系数复验和扭剪型高强度螺栓连接副紧固轴力复验是现行国家标准《钢结构工程施工质量验收规范》GB 50205进场验收中的主控项目，应特别重视。
+
+**6.3.3** 本条款规定滑移系数应分别经制造厂和安装单位检验。当抗滑移系数符合设计要求时，方准出厂和安装。
+
+1 制造厂必须保证所制作的钢结构构件摩擦面的抗滑移系数符合设计规定，安装单位应检验运至现场的钢结构构件摩擦面的抗滑移系数是否符合设计要求；考虑到每项钢结构工程的数量和制造周期差别较大，因此明确规定了检验批量的划分原则及每一批应检验的组数；
+
+2 抗滑移系数检验不能在钢结构构件上进行，只能通过试件进行模拟测定；为使试件能真实地反映构件的实际情况，规定了试件与构件为相同的条件；
+
+3 为了避免偏心引起测试误差，本条规定了试件的连接形式采用双面对接拼接；为使试件能真实反映实际构件，因此试件的连接计算应符合有关规定；试件滑移时，试板仍处于弹性状态；
+
+4 用拉力试验测得的抗滑移系数值比用压力试验测得的小，为偏于安全，本条规定了抗滑移系数检验采用拉力试验；为避免偏心对试验值的影响，试验时要求试件的轴线与试验机夹具中心线严格对中；
+
+5 在计算抗滑移系数值时，对于大六角头高强度螺栓$P_t$为拉力试验前拧在试件上的高强度螺栓实测预拉力值；因为高强度螺栓预拉力值的大小对测定抗滑移系数有一定的影响，所以本条规定了每个高强度螺栓拧紧预拉力的范围；
+
+6 为确保高强度螺栓连接的可靠性，本条规定了抗滑移系数检验的最小值必须大于或等于设计值，否则就认为构件的摩擦面没有处理好，不符合设计要求，钢结构不能出厂或者工地不能进行拼装，必须对摩擦面作重新处理，重新检验，直到合格为止。
+
+监理工程师将试验合格的摩擦面作为样板，对照检查构件摩擦面处理结果，有参考和借鉴的作用。
+
+### 6.4 安 装
+
+**6.4.1** 相同直径的螺栓其螺纹部分的长度是固定的，其值为螺母厚度加5~6扣螺纹。使用过长的螺栓将浪费钢材，增加不必要的费用，并给高强度螺栓施拧时带来困难，有可能出现拧到头的情况。螺栓太短的会使螺母受力不均匀，为此本条提出了螺栓长度的计算公式。
+
+**6.4.4** 构件安装时，应用冲钉来对准连接节点各板层的孔位。应用临时螺栓和冲钉是确保安装精度和安全的必要措施。
+
+**6.4.5** 螺纹损伤及沾染脏物的高强度螺栓连接副其扭矩系数将会大幅度变大，在同样终拧扭矩下达不到螺栓设计预拉力，直接影响连接的安全性。用高强度螺栓兼作临时螺栓，由于该螺栓从开始使用到终拧完成相隔时间较长，在这段时间内因环境等各种因素的影响（如下雨等），其扭矩系数将会发生变化，特别是螺纹损伤概率极大，会严重影响高强度螺栓终拧预拉力的准确性，因此，本条规定高强度螺栓不能兼作临时螺栓。
+
+**6.4.6** 为保证大六角头高强度螺栓的扭矩系数和扭剪型高强度螺栓的轴力，螺栓、螺母、垫圈及其表面处理出厂时，按批配套装箱供应。因此要求用到螺栓应保持其原始出厂状态。
+
+**6.4.7** 对于大六角头高强度螺栓连接副，垫圈设置内倒角是为了与螺栓头下的过渡圆弧相配合，因此在安装时垫圈带倒角的一侧必须朝向螺栓头，否则螺栓头就不能很好与垫圈密贴，影响螺栓的受力性能。对于螺母一侧的垫圈，因倒角侧的表面平整、光滑，拧紧时扭矩系数较小，且离散率也较小，所以垫圈有倒角一侧应朝向螺母。
+
+**6.4.8** 强行穿入螺栓，必然损伤螺纹，影响扭矩系数从而达不到设计预拉力。气割扩孔的随意性大，切割面粗糙，严禁使用。修整后孔的最大直径和修孔数量作强制性规定是必要的。
+
+**6.4.9** 过大孔，对构件截面局部削弱，且减少摩擦接触面，与原设计不一致，需经设计核算。
+
+**6.4.11** 大六角头高强度螺栓，采用扭矩法施工时，影响预拉力因素除扭矩系数外，就是拧紧机具及扭矩值，所以规定了施拧用的扭矩扳手和矫正扳手的误差。
+
+**6.4.13** 高强度螺栓连接副在拧紧后会产生预拉力损失，为保证连接在工作阶段达到设计预拉力，为此在施拧时必须考虑预拉力损失值，施工预拉力比设计预拉力增加10%。
+
+**6.4.14** 由于连接处钢板不平整，致使先拧与后拧的高强度螺栓预拉力有很大的差别，为克服这一现象，提高拧紧预拉力的精度，使各螺栓受力均匀，高强度螺栓的拧紧分为初拧和终拧。当单排（列）螺栓个数超过15时，可认为是属于大型接头，需要进行复拧。
+
+**6.4.15** 扭剪型高强度螺栓连接副不进行扭矩系数检验，其初拧（复拧）扭矩值参照大六角头高强度螺栓连接副扭矩系数的平均值（0.13）确定。
+
+**6.4.16** 在某些情况下，大六角头高强度螺栓也可采用转角法施工。高强度螺栓连接副首先须经第6.3.1条检验合格方可应用转角法施工。大量转角试验用一层芯板、两层盖板基础上得出，所以作出三层板规定。本条是参考国外（美国和日本）标准及中冶建筑研究总院有限公司试验研究成果得出。作为国内第一次引入转角法施工，对其适用范围有较严格的规定，应符合下列要求：
+
+**1** 螺栓直径规格范围为：M16、M20、M22、M24；
+
+**2** 螺栓长度在12d之内；
+
+**3** 连接件（芯板和盖板）均为平板，连接件两面与螺栓轴垂直；
+
+**4** 连接形式为双剪接头（一层芯板加两层盖板）；
+
+**5** 按本规程第6.4.14条初拧（复拧），并画出转角起始标记，按本条进行终拧。
+
+**6.4.17** 螺栓群由中央顺序向外拧紧，为使高强度螺栓连接处板层能更好密贴。
+
+**6.4.19** 高强度螺栓连接副在工厂制造时，虽经表面防锈处理，有一定的防锈能力，但远不能满足长期使用的防锈要求，故在高强度螺栓连接处，不仅要对钢板进行涂漆防锈，对高强度螺栓连接副也应按照设计要求进行涂漆防锈、防火。
+
+### 6.5 紧固质量检验
+
+**6.5.1** 考虑到在进行施工质量检查时，高强度螺栓的预拉力损失大部分已经完成，故在检查扭矩计算公式中，高强度螺栓的预拉力采用设计值。现行国家标准《钢结构工程施工质量验收规范》GB 50205中终拧扭矩的检验是按施工扭矩值的±10%以内为合格，由于预拉力松弛等原因，终拧扭矩值基本上在1.0～1.1倍终拧扭矩标准值范围内（施工扭矩值＝1.1倍终拧扭矩标准值），因此本条规定与现行国家标准《钢结构工程施工质量验收规范》GB 50205并无实质矛盾，待修订时统一。
+
+**6.5.2** 不能用专用扳手拧紧的扭剪型高强度螺栓，应根据所采用的紧固方法（扭矩法或转角法）按本规程第6.5.1条的规定进行检查。
+
+## 7 施工质量验收
+
+### 7.1 一般规定
+
+**7.1.1** 高强度螺栓连接属于钢结构工程中的分项工程之一，其施工质量的验收按照现行国家标准《钢结构工程施工质量验收规范》GB 50205执行，对于超出《钢结构工程施工质量验收规范》GB 50205的项目可按本规程的规定进行验收。
+
+**7.1.2、7.1.3** 本节中列出的合格质量标准及不合格项目的处理程序来自于现行国家标准《钢结构工程施工质量验收规范》GB 50205和《建筑工程施工质量验收统一标准》GB 50300，其目的是强调并便于工程使用。
+
+### 7.2 检验批的划分
+
+**7.2.1** 高强度螺栓连接分项工程检验批划分应按照现行国家标准《钢结构工程施工质量验收规范》GB 50205的规定执行。
+
+**7.2.2** 高强度螺栓连接副的进场验收属于高强度螺栓连接分项工程中的验收项目，其验收批划分除考虑高强度螺栓连接分项工程检验批划分外，还应考虑出厂批及螺栓规格。
+
+高强度螺栓连接副进场验收属于复验，其产品标准中规定出厂检验最大批量不超过3000套，作为复验的最大批量不宜超过2个出厂检验批，且不宜超过6000套。
+
+同一材料（性能等级）、炉号、螺纹（直径）规格、长度（当螺栓长度≤100mm时，长度相差≤15mm；当螺栓长度＞100mm时，长度相差≤20mm，可视为同一长度）、机械加工、热处理工艺及表面处理工艺的螺栓为同批；同一材料、炉号、螺纹规格、厚度、机械加工、热处理工艺及表面处理工艺的螺母为同批；同一材料、炉号、直径规格、厚度、机械加工、热处理工艺及表面处理工艺的垫圈为同批。分别由同批螺栓、螺母及垫圈组成的连接副为同批连接副。
+
+**7.2.3** 摩擦面抗滑移系数检验属于高强度螺栓连接分项工程中的一个强制性检验项目，其检验批的划分除应考虑高强度螺栓连接分项检验批外，还应考虑不同的处理工艺和钢结构用量。
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+# 临床护士工作投入在管理关怀感知和个人-组织契合度间的中介效应分析
+
+田书梅 魏永婷 张霞 郑一宁 席祖洋
+
+**[摘要]** **目的**: 分析临床护士工作投入在管理关怀感知和个人-组织契合度中的中介作用,为管理者制订管理措施、提高临床护士个人-组织契合水平提供参考和依据。**方法**: 采用便利抽样方法,于2023年11月,选取北京市、湖北省6所三级甲等综合医院的临床护士作为研究对象,采用一般资料问卷、个人-组织契合度量表、管理关怀性评估量表、Utrecht 工作投入量表为调查工具,采用Amos 26.0软件构建中介效应模型。**结果**: 共调查临床护士1480名,个人-组织契合度得分为(183.74±25.89)分,管理关怀感知总分为(131.68±23.58)分,工作投入总分为(51.49±10.96)分,三者均呈正相关关系(P<0.05)。工作投入在管理关怀感知和个人-组织契合度之间发挥部分中介效应,中介效应量为0.112,占总效应的16.20%。**结论**: 工作投入是管理关怀感知和个人-组织契合的中介变量,护理管理者可通过提高自身管理关怀的水平和素养,激发护士工作投入水平的提升,进而提高护士个人-组织契合水平。
+
+**[关键词]** 护士; 工作投入; 管理关怀感知; 个人-组织契合; 中介效应
+
+**[中图分类号]** R47; R197 [DOI] 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1756.2025.01.023
+
+Mediating effect of clinical nurses' work engagement on perceived management care and person-organization fit / TIAN Shumei, WEI Yongting, ZHANG Xia, ZHENG Yining, XI Zuyang // Nursing Department, The First College of Clinical Medical Science, Three Gorges University, Yichang Central People's Hospital, Yichang, Hubei province, 443003, China /// Chin Nurs Manag, 2025,25(1):118-123
+
+**[Abstract]** **Objective**: To analyze the mediating effect of clinical nurses' work engagement on perceived management care and person-organization fit, so as to provide reference and basis for managers to formulate management measures and improve the person-organization fit level of clinical nurses. **Methods**: Clinical nurses from 6 tertiary grade A general hospitals in Beijing and Hubei province were selected as subjects in November 2023 by convenience sampling method. General data questionnaire, person-organization fit scale, Caring Assessment Tool-administration and Utrecht Work Engagement Scale were used as investigation tools, and Amos 26.0 software was used to construct the mediation effect model. **Results**:A total of 1480 clinical nurses were investigated. The person-organization fit score was 183.74±25.89, the total score of perceived management care was 131.68±23.58, and the total score of work engagement was 51.49±10.96, all of which were positively correlated (P<0.05). Work engagement had a partial mediating effect between perceived management care and person-organization fit, and the mediating effect size was 0.112 accounting for 16.20% of the total effect. **Conclusion**: Work engagement is the mediating variable between perceived management care and person-organization fit. Nursing managers can stimulate the level of work engagement of nurses by improving their management care level and literacy, so as to improve the person-organization fit level of nurses.
+
+**[Keywords]** nurse; work engagement; perceived management care; person-organization fit; mediating effect
+
+个人与组织的目标一致性是组织存在的基本前提[1], 也是当前高质量发展背景下护理管理者必须思考的问题。个人-组织契合指个体与组织在文化、价值观、目标追求、知识能力等方面的一致性、互补性和吻合性程度[2], 其在提高护士忠诚度、组织承诺, 降低离职率中有重要意义[3-6]。因此, 持续研究发掘个人-组织契合度的前因变量并开展管理干预显得尤为重要。Boon 等[7]认为管理者与员工的情感与价值交换能够改善个人-组织契合程度, 因此, 管理关怀感知在理论上可提高个人-组织契合度, 然而目前尚缺乏两者关系的研究以佐证, 是否存在其他中介变量也亟须探讨。场动力理论认为, 个人行为的产生源于环境“场”因素与个人内在因素相互作用所产生的张力[8], 当外部环境和个体需求一致时能促进行为的产生[9-10]。管理关怀感知是护士对外部组织环境的最直接感受, 是护士对感到源自护理管理者的关怀的一种积极情感[11], 影响护士工作投入, 而 Gonlepa 等[12]的研究也证实了工作投入与个人-组织契合度的正相关关系。本研究旨在从管理关怀的视角出发, 分析工作投入在管理关怀感知和个人-组织契合度中的中介作用，为管理者制订干预措施提供参考和依据。
+
+## 1 对象与方法
+
+### 1.1 研究对象
+
+采用便利抽样方法,于2023年11月,选取北京市、湖北省6所三级甲等综合医院的临床护士作为研究对象。纳入标准:①从事临床护理工作≥1年;②取得护士执业证书。排除标准:①近6个月内调科、换岗;②近3个月内遭遇重大生活事件,如离异、患重病或直系亲属死亡;③目前正在休产假、病假、事假等或因以上原因休假后返岗未满6个月。采用横断面调查的样本量计算公式$n=[(Z_{α/2}×S)/δ]^2$,以个人-组织契合得分作为主要观察变量,经前期预实验结果得知$S=27.64$, $δ=2.00$,以$α=0.05$,计算样本量为734例,以20%的无效问卷计算最低样本量为918例。所有研究对象均知情同意,本研究已取得宜昌市中心人民医院伦理委员会审批(批号为2024-160-01)。
+
+### 1.2 调查工具
+
+#### 1.2.1 一般资料问卷
+
+该问卷由研究者自行编制,包括性别、年龄、工作年限、婚姻状况、学历、职称、职务、聘用方式、科室等。
+
+#### 1.2.2 个人-组织契合度量表
+
+选用华中科技大学向御婷[13]于2019年编制的个人-组织契合度量表,该量表基于个人-组织契合理论进行编制,用于评价护理人员的个人-组织契合程度,量表包括价值观契合、个人需求-组织供给和个人能力-组织需求3个维度,共40个条目。该量表采用间接测量法,即每一个条目分为“实际情况”和“个人期望”,均采用Likert 5级评分法,5分表示“非常重视”,1分表示“不重视”,对“实际情况”和“个人期望”的差值进行正性处理,量表总分为40~200分,分值越大表明个人-组织契合度越高。量表在护士群体中测得I-CVI为0.941~1.000, S-CVI为0.988, Cronbach's α系数为0.975,信度和效度均较好。
+
+#### 1.2.3 管理关怀性评估量表
+
+管理关怀性评估量表(Caring Assessment Tool-administration, CAT-admin)由彭笑等[11]于2019年在原版量表[14]基础上汉化并修订而成,修订后量表共有36个条目,包括协同决策、尊重、非关怀3个维度,均采用Likert 5级评分方法,“从不”为1分,“总是”为5分,其中非关怀维度为反向计分,量表总分为36~180分,量表得分越高,则提示管理关怀程度越好,量表在护士群体中测得I-CVI为0.83~1.00, S-CVI为0.89, Cronbach's α系数为0.965[15],信度和效度均较好。
+
+#### 1.2.4 Utrecht 工作投入量表
+
+该量表由 Schaufeli 等于2002年开发,2005年张轶文等[16]汉化,包括活力、奉献、专注3个维度,共15个条目。量表采用Likert 7级评分法,从“从不”到“总是”分别计0~6分,量表总分为0~90分,得分越高表示工作投入越好,量表的Cronbach's α系数为0.960。该量表已广泛应用于护士群体中[17]。
+
+### 1.3 问卷发放与质量控制
+
+由研究者将调查问卷录入问卷星平台,联系被调查医院护理部,在取得同意后严格按照纳入及排除标准筛选研究对象并发放问卷。调查之前向研究对象说明本研究的目的、意义和填写注意事项,同意并继续填写视为知情同意,问卷中所有问题填写完毕方可提交,每个IP地址仅限填写1次。问卷回收后由2名研究者对问卷填写的完整性进行检查,剔除填写明显错误的问卷,删除填写时间小于2分钟的问卷或答案呈明显规律性的问卷。本次调查共发放问卷1649份,回收有效问卷1480份,问卷有效回收率为89.75%。
+
+### 1.4 统计学方法
+
+由问卷星直接导出数据,采用SPSS 26.0软件进行统计分析,采用频数、构成比、均数±标准差进行统计描述,对于连续性变量首先进行 Kolmogorov-Smirnov 正态性检验,符合正态分布时采用 Pearson 直线相关进行相关性分析,采用两独立样本$t$检验和方差分析比较组间差异,采用Amos 26.0软件进行中介效应分析及结构方程模型构建,以$P<0.05$为差异具有统计学意义。
+
+## 2 结果
+
+### 2.1 研究对象的一般资料
+
+1480名临床护士年龄为20~60(32.78±9.64)岁,工作年限为1~38年,平均为11.34年。其余一般资料见表1。
+
+### 2.2 临床护士个人-组织契合度、管理关怀感知、工作投入的得分情况
+
+临床护士个人-组织契合度、管理关怀感知和工作投入的总分及各维度得分见表2。单因素分析结果显示,不同职称和职务护士的个人-组织契合度得分差异有统计学意义($P<0.05$),见表1。
+
+### 2.3 临床护士个人-组织契合度、管理关怀感知、工作投入的相关关系(表3)
+
+### 2.4 临床护士工作投入在管理关怀感知和个人-组织契合度之间的中介效应分析
+
+以工作投入为中介变量,以管理关怀感知和个人-组织契合度得分为自变量和因变量建立结构方程模型,结果见图1。模型适配度指标如下:$x^2/df=1.693$,近似误差均方根(RMSEA)=0.069,模型拟合度佳,拟合优度指数(GFI)=0.939,调整拟合优度指数(AGFI)=0.885, 比较拟合指数(CFI)=0.874, 模型拟合度较好。
+
+Bootstrap 检验结果显示, 管理关怀感知对个人-组织契合度的总效应量为0.689, 95%CI (0.604, 0.773), 工作投入在管理关怀感知与个人-组织契合度中也起到部分中介效应, 中介效应量为0.112, 95%CI (0.107, 0.115), 中介效应占总效应的16.20%。
+
+表1 不同特征临床护士的个人-组织契合度得分情况 (n = 1 480)
+
+| 项目 | 例 (%) | 得分 (x̄±S) | t/F 值 | P 值 |
|---|
| 性别 | | | 1.099 | 0.274 | | 男 | 116 (7.8) | 186.92 ± 18.24 | | | | 女 | 1 364 (92.2) | 182.68 ± 27.12 | | | | 婚姻状况 | | | 0.867 | 0.422 | | 未婚 | 422 (28.5) | 187.89 ± 20.29 | | | | 已婚 | 906 (61.2) | 181.91 ± 28.18 | | | | 离异或丧偶 | 152 (10.3) | 183.12 ± 13.44 | | | | 学历 | | | 1.359 | 0.260 | | 中专 | 15 (1.0) | 186.00 ± 17.84 | | | | 大专 | 380 (25.7) | 186.12 ± 14.61 | | | | 本科 | 1 024 (69.2) | 182.72 ± 28.48 | | | | 硕士及以上 | 61 (4.1) | 185.48 ± 26.39 | | | | 职称 | | | 3.703 | 0.021 | | 初级 | 807 (54.5) | 182.89 ± 25.65 | | | | 中级 | 625 (42.3) | 184.39 ± 27.66 | | | | 高级 | 48 (3.2) | 189.56 ± 10.85 | | | | 职务 | | | -5.297 | 0.003 | | 普通护士 | 1 408 (95.1) | 183.28 ± 27.55 | | | | 护理管理者 | 72 (4.9) | 192.74 ± 22.39 | | | | 聘用方式 | | | 0.012 | 0.912 | | 事业编制 | 216 (14.6) | 183.27 ± 23.68 | | | | 合同制 | 621 (42.0) | 183.86 ± 26.51 | | | | 劳务派遣制 | 643 (43.4) | 183.78 ± 25.88 | | | | 科室 | | | 0.472 | 0.655 | | 内科 | 241 (16.3) | 182.28 ± 22.38 | | | | 外科 | 368 (24.9) | 183.96 ± 24.74 | | | | 妇产科和儿科 | 207 (14.0) | 183.88 ± 25.84 | | | | 门诊和急诊 | 195 (13.1) | 184.17 ± 26.04 | | | | 手术室 | 247 (16.7) | 184.39 ± 24.22 | | | | 其他 | 222 (15.0) | 183.73 ± 25.11 | | |
+
+表2 临床护士个人-组织契合度、管理关怀感知、工作投入总分及各维度得分 (n = 1 480, x̄±S)
+
+| 项目 | 总分 | 条目均分 |
|---|
| 个人-组织契合度 | 183.74 ± 25.89 | 4.59 ± 0.68 | | 价值观契合 | 100.72 ± 14.92 | 4.57 ± 0.67 | | 个人需求-组织供给 | 45.64 ± 7.29 | 4.56 ± 0.73 | | 个人能力-组织需求 | 37.38 ± 5.46 | 4.67 ± 0.68 | | 管理关怀感知 | 131.68 ± 23.58 | 3.66 ± 0.65 | | 协同决策 | 45.59 ± 9.07 | 3.80 ± 0.76 | | 尊重 | 56.11 ± 9.99 | 4.01 ± 0.71 | | 非关怀 | 29.98 ± 8.10 | 2.99 ± 0.81 | | 工作投入 | 51.49 ± 10.96 | 3.43 ± 0.73 | | 活力 | 19.10 ± 5.77 | 3.18 ± 0.96 | | 奉献 | 16.20 ± 4.71 | 4.05 ± 1.18 | | 专注 | 16.19 ± 5.18 | 3.24 ± 1.04 |
+
+表3 临床护士个人-组织契合度、管理关怀感知、工作投入的相关关系 (n=1 480,r值)
+
+| 项目 | 个人-组织契合度 | 管理关怀感知 | 工作投入 |
|---|
| 个人-组织契合度 | 1.000 | 0.243a | 0.356a | | 价值观契合 | 0.960a | 0.198b | 0.319a | | 个人需求-组织供给 | 0.928a | 0.247a | 0.356a | | 个人能力-组织需求 | 0.878a | 0.279a | 0.342a | | 管理关怀感知 | 0.243a | 1.000 | 0.652a | | 协同决策 | 0.277a | 0.913a | 0.611a | | 尊重 | 0.238a | 0.945a | 0.586a | | 非关怀 | 0.103 | 0.724a | 0.492a | | 工作投入 | 0.356a | 0.652a | 1.000 | | 活力 | 0.337a | 0.518a | 0.772a | | 奉献 | 0.201b | 0.262a | 0.889a | | 专注 | 0.195b | 0.563a | 0.719a |
+
+注：a表示P<0.01，b表示P<0.05。
+
+
+
+图1 临床护士工作投入在管理关怀感知和个人-组织契合度间的中介效应模型
+
+## 3 讨论
+
+### 3.1 临床护士个人-组织契合度水平较高, 管理关怀感知水平有待进一步提高
+
+个人-组织契合度是衡量个体价值观与组织价值观之间感知兼容性的指标, 当护士的个人发展目标与组织发展目标一致时, 他们的工作态度和行为会受到积极的影响[3]。本研究结果显示, 临床护士个人-组织契合度条目均分为(4.59±0.68)分, 这与杨金容[18]在沈阳市三级甲等医院护士中调查的结果(平均4.55分)一致。近年来, 护士职业发展规划路径逐渐清晰并拓展延伸, 质量管理、医护合作、薪酬制度愈发合理完善, 而专科护士的蓬勃发展也不断促进了护士个人的职业发展, 专业价值得到凸显, 执业环境和工作满意度日益改善[19], 这些均有力促进了个人-组织契合度的提高[20]。单因素分析结果显示, 职称越高以及担任管理者的护士拥有更高水平的个人-组织契合度。职称越高及担任管理者的护士越受组织重视, 个体与组织在思想观念上更加同质化, 与组织的目标和价值观越趋于一致[21]。因此, 护理管理者应给予初级和中级职称护士、普通护士更多关注, 继续就改善护士执业环境、提高护士工作满意度[22]等方面开展科学管理变革实践, 提高管理情商水平[9], 帮助护士实现个人成长和专业价值,促进个人-组织契合水平的日趋完善。
+
+本研究也发现，临床护士管理关怀感知水平条目均分为(3.66±0.65)分，处于中等水平，与唐彩娟等[23]的结果一致，略低于杨雪等[24]的研究结果，其中非关怀维度得分较低，这提示临床护士在管理关怀感知水平上仍有进一步提升的空间。本研究的研究对象以本科学历、初级职称、非在编护士为主，该类群体在职场中入职时间较短且以劳务派遣或合同制为主，心理敏感，更容易感受到来自管理者的非关怀行为。护理的本质是关怀，其不仅包括护士对患者的关怀，也包含了护理管理者对护士的管理关怀，这也是护理领导力的体现和核心素养[25]，护士对管理关怀的感知能够减轻职业倦怠、降低离职意愿、提高工作满意度[24,26]。因此，一方面，临床护理管理者应充分认识到管理关怀的重要性，鼓励护士参与管理决策，在工作和生活中予以更多的关怀行为和适宜的帮助，营造公平、公正的组织工作氛围，关注护士的职业发展需求。另一方面，也应注意减少非关怀行为，降低对护士的情感伤害。同时，也可针对管理者开展相关培训，提升其管理关怀水平。
+
+### 3.2 管理关怀感知和工作投入对个人-组织契合具有明显的正向促进作用
+
+相关性分析结果显示，管理关怀感知和工作投入均能正向促进个人-组织契合度的提升，当医院及科室在奖惩制度、晋升机制、价值观营造上能够对护士提供关怀，使得护士能够从组织层面感受到被重视，提高护士工作成就感与幸福感，这将直接影响护士的行为与态度，促进护士的自我发展[27]。根据组织支持理论，当护士能够感受到来自管理者和组织的关怀与帮助时，其对组织的认同感和责任心也随之增强，组织承诺水平提高，也有更强烈的意愿去推动组织目标的实现[18]，进而实现个人的成长与个人-组织契合。工作投入与个人-组织契合度也呈正相关，工作投入越高的护士其个人-组织契合水平越高，个人-组织的高度契合除了价值观的契合、组织支持，还包含一个重要的内涵是主观能动性，工作投入越高的个体，其一般具有更坚定的职业信念、更积极的工作态度和工作价值观[28-29]，而这也是个人-组织契合形成的必要前提。此外，工作投入越高的护士更容易取得职业上的成功，也更能具备组织发展所必需的个人能力和素质，更加有利于组织的可持续发展。基于以上结论，护理管理者可通过提供管理关怀提高护士的工作承诺水平、帮助护士树立正确的职业价值观，开展相关培训与辅导，提高护士的个人-组织契合水平。
+
+### 3.3 工作投入在管理关怀感知和个人-组织契合度之间存在部分中介效应
+
+结构方程模型结果显示，临床护士工作投入在管理关怀感知和个人-组织契合度之间有部分中介作用,中介效应占总效应的16.20%,这表明护士既可以通过管理关怀感知直接影响个人-组织契合的水平,也能通过工作投入的中介作用对个人-组织契合水平产生影响。张丰健[30]在关怀领导力概念模型的构建研究中进一步探讨了关怀领导力对护士个人工作行为的影响,该研究认为关怀领导力能够通过职业使命感和组织承诺进一步影响护士的工作行为,增强护士的积极工作表现。管理关怀既是人文的关怀,也是对护士的培育和引导,有助于培养护士的价值感和成就感,引导护士参与管理决策,降低其在执业过程中的耗竭,在工作中更容易采取主动进取的积极心态,具有更高水平的工作投入。Hwang等[31]的研究结果显示,护士的组织环境因素能改善个体的工作绩效表现,进而改善护理结局,这与本研究有相似之处,García-Sierra等[32]的研究也认为,领导力对护士工作投入发挥着重要的积极影响,而管理关怀是重要的领导力特征之一。Boon等[7]认为,管理关怀可视为管理者与员工之间的情感交换与共鸣,在这种机制的作用下,护士与管理者之间更容易达成共识,确定组织对个体的期望并掌握工作所需的知识和技能。从管理者的视角出发,管理者的价值观形成并塑造了组织文化和组织的价值观[33],因此,需要不断培养管理者的护士关怀价值观,通过管理关怀让护士感知管理支持与组织情感,进而激发护士的内驱动力,增加工作投入,并进一步促进个人-组织契合水平的提升。
+
+## 4 小结
+
+本研究采用横断面研究方法，从管理视域分析临床护士管理关怀感知、工作投入及个人—组织契合的关系,并验证了工作投入在其中发挥部分中介作用,管理关怀感知、工作投入均能正向影响个人-组织契合水平。建议护理管理者不断提高自身管理关怀的水平和素养、激发护士工作投入水平的提升,进而提高护士个人-组织契合水平。本研究样本的代表性可能存在一定局限性,无法代表全部临床护士的真实情况,未来可在不同护士群体、不同地域中开展研究或采取纵向研究方式,以进一步验证研究假设。
+
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+[23] 唐彩娟,肖泽梅,邹丽贤,等.组织政治认知在护士资质过剩感与管理关怀感知间的中介作用[J].护理学报,2023,30(21): 24-28.
+[24] 杨雪,孙超.护士感知的管理关怀现状及其与职业倦怠、离职意愿的关系[J].中国护理管理,2021,21(8):1226-1230.
+[25] SOLBAKKEN R, BONDAS T, KASEN A. Relationships influencing caring in first-line nursing leadership: a visual hermeneutic study [J]. Scand J Caring Sci, 2022,36(4): 957-968.
+[26] WADE G H, OSGOOD B, AVINO K, et al. Influence of organizational characteristics and caring attributes of managers on nurses' job enjoyment [J]. J Adv Nurs, 2008,64(4): 344-353.
+[27] 李红贺,郑玲玲,石庆宇.肿瘤医院护士感知的管理关怀现状及其影响因素[J].护理研究,2021,35(7):1280-1284.
+[28] GUTIERREZ A P, CANDELA L L, CARVER L. The structural relationships between organizational commitment, global job satisfaction, developmental experiences, work values, organizational support, and person-organization fit among nursing faculty [J]. J Adv Nurs, 2012,68(7):1601-1614.
+[29] CAI Y, LI Q, CAO T, et al. Nurses' work engagement: the influences of ambidextrous leadership, clinical nurse leadership and workload [J]. J Adv Nurs, 2023,79(3):1152-1161.
+[30] 张丰健.关怀领导力概念模型构建与测量及其对护士工作行为的影响路径研究[D].武汉:华中科技大学,2022.
+[31] HWANG J I, KIM S W, PARK H A. Relationships between nurses' work system, safety-related performance, and outcomes: a structural equation model [J]. J Patient Saf, 2021,17(8):e1638-1645.
+[32] GARCÍA-SIERRA R, FERNANDEZ-CASTRO J. Relationships between leadership, structural empowerment, and engagement in nurses [J]. J Adv Nurs, 2018, 74(12):2809-2819.
+[33] BILGIN N, KUTLU A. Relationships between nurse managers' person-organization fit, person-job fit, and cultural values in Turkey [J]. Work, 2023,75(4):1331-1340.
+
+***
+
+**作者单位** ：三峡大学第一临床医学院 / 宜昌市中心人民医院护理部，443003 湖北省宜昌市（田书梅，魏永婷，席祖洋）；中华护理学会（张霞，郑一宁）
+**第一作者** ：田书梅，硕士，副主任护师，科护士长
+**通信作者** ：张霞，硕士，主管护师，办公室主任，E-mail:yyyyzhx@sina.com
+
+# 护士职业使命感的潜在剖面特征及影响因素分析
+
+陈成 张宁 刘义兰 张丰健 张宗彦 冷菊 张樱
+
+**[摘要]** **目的**:探索我国护士职业使命感的现状及潜在特征,并分析其影响因素,为提升护士职业使命感提供参考。**方法**:采用便利抽样法,于2023年1月抽取辽宁省、河南省、内蒙古自治区、新疆维吾尔自治区、重庆市、上海市6家三级综合医院共4797名护士作为研究对象,采用一般资料调查表、职业使命感量表进行调查,并对护士职业使命感进行潜在剖面分析,通过多元Logistic回归分析探索不同类别护士职业使命感的影响因素。**结果**:护士职业使命感得分为(37.74±7.93)分,可分为职业疏离型(5.8%)、低导向力型(22.7%)、高利他贡献型(43.1%)和高主动进取型(28.4%)4个类别,回归分析结果显示,月均收入、工作满意度、婚姻状况和工作科室是护士职业使命感的影响因素(P<0.05)。**结论**:护士职业使命感处于中等偏上水平,但存在异质性,护理管理者可根据护士职业使命感类别提供相应支持策略。
+
+**[关键词]** 护士;职业使命感;潜在剖面分析;影响因素;横断面调查
+
+**[中图分类号]** R47; R197 **[DOI]** 10.3969/j.issn.1672-1756.2025.01.024
+
+Latent profile characteristics and influencing factors of nurses' career calling / CHEN Cheng, ZHANG Ning, LIU Yilan, ZHANG Fengjian, ZHANG Zongyan, LENG Ju, ZHANG Ying // Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China /// Chin Nurs Manag, 2025,25(1):123-128
+
+**[Abstract]** **Objective:** To explore the current situation and latent characteristics of nurses' career calling in China, and to analyze the influencing factors, so as to provide reference for improving nurses' career calling. **Methods:** A total of 4797 nurses from six tertiary general hospitals were enrolled in January 2023 by convenience sampling. A general information questionnaire and Chinese Calling Scale were used for data collecting, the latent profile of nurses' career calling was analyzed, and the influencing factors of different types of career calling were explored by Logistic regression. **Results:** The overall score of nurses' career calling was 37.74±7.93, which was categorized into four categories, including: occupational alienation type (5.8%), low-orientation type (22.7%), high-altruistic-contribution type (43.1%), and high-motivation type (28.4%). The regression analysis results showed that the average monthly income, job satisfaction, marital status, and work department were the influencing factors (P<0.05). **Conclusion:** Nurses' career calling is at a moderate to high level with heterogeneity. Nursing managers can provide corresponding supports for different categories.
+
+**[Keywords]** nurse; career calling; Latent Profile Analysis; impact factor; cross-sectional survey
+
+***
+
+**基金项目**：2023年湖北省社科基金一般项目（后期资助项目）（HBSKJJ20233285）；中华护理学会2020年度科研课题（ZHKY202006）
+**作者单位**：华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院胰腺外科，430022 武汉市（陈成，张宁，张丰健，张宗彦，冷菊，张樱）；护理部（刘义兰）
+**第一作者**：陈成，本科，主管护师，护士长，E-mail：WHUHCC4409@163.com
+**通信作者**：张丰健，博士，主管护师，E-mail：fengjianzhang2019@163.com
+
+***
+
+[收稿日期：2024-05-06]
+[修回日期：2024-10-10]
+(编辑：陈雪 英文编辑：陈雪)
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+我们从首批国家级非物质文化遗产项目代表性传承人名单中撷取了5位传承人,他们的精彩人生故事折射出这个特殊人才群体的精神风貌。悠久的非物质文化浓缩成传承人手中的绝活,这些呕心沥血的传承者,他们最担心绝活在自己手里断代,他们是民族、民间文化的执着守望者。
+
+
+
+# 传承人的大爱人生
+
+ 江涛
+
+
+
+“听这歌,就像童话里的小孩碰见会说话的老树,树上有月亮的眼泪,树下有1000岁的脚印;路边亮晶晶的琥珀,镶着久远人心的传说,它比我们记得的事儿多多了,比你我所知道的那些快乐幸福,久远多了……”这段充满想象力、生活情趣的歌词来自王安江收集整理的苗族古歌。
+
+被誉为“天下苗族第一县”的台江县台盘乡有一村寨叫棉花坪,这是一个以歌表现生活的苗寨。生活在贵州黔东南自治州一带的苗族,因长期无文字记载,他们只能靠心记、口头传唱历史,用古歌来记载民族文化。在苗族村寨中,古歌的传承多靠能用心和口头传承文化的能人或歌师。
+
+有这样一位老歌师,他叫王安江。34年如一日,以“行乞”的方式辗转流浪四方,足迹踏贵州、云南、广西、湖南四省的20多个县市,几经努力终于将流传于苗族民间的《开天辟地》、《耕地育枫》、《爬山涉水》、《丧亡歌》等12部苗族古歌整理出来了。16册古歌手稿共3200页76800行384000字。除此之外,还收集了其他研究资料10余万字。
+
+为了让正面临断代危险的、有“苗族古代百科全书”、“苗族心史”之称的苗族古歌以书面的形式完整、系统、集中地记录下来,传承下去。王安江曾到凯里、贵阳去“求助”。由于没有任何一个部门给他一个明确的答复,王安江大病一场,家人曾为此准备过后事。也许是出书之心不死,王安江又奇迹般地活了下来。他曾表示愿意为这套苗族古歌面世到北京甚至更远的地方去筹资,直到老死。
+
+王安江的故事感动了许多人,包括台江县县委书记杨德涛、奥申委官员廖晓义女士、黔东南自治州州委书记廖少华等。最终,黔东南自治州州委、州政府决定:拨款20万元为王安江出书,以了却老人让苗族古歌世世代代传唱下去的心愿。
+
+王安江是苗族古歌的一位执着歌师。他痴心传承苗歌,无暇顾及家用,妻子病重无钱医治而亡、大儿子一气之下服毒自杀,一时间家破人亡。但他痴情不改,依然用自己瘦弱的肩膀挑起苗族古歌的保护大任。王安江走的是一条常人难以忍受的泣血传承路。
+
+现在,许多苗寨的歌师已相继去世,苗族古歌已走向了“人亡歌灭”的险境。这是王安江内心最大的悲哀。
+
+
+
+1986年,天桥中幡第四代传人傅文刚在“首届龙潭湖民间花会大赛”进行中幡表演。十余米高、几十斤重的中幡在傅文刚的身上舞动着,肩上、脑门、下巴、项背等处上下飞舞、交替腾挪,轻柔得如同一支竹竿。
+
+起源于晋朝的中幡是一项古老的传统民间艺术,是老北京文化尤其是老天桥文化的缩影。傅文刚乃中幡绝活传人“宝三”的徒弟——傅顺禄之子。
+
+傅文刚的学艺路走的是传统民间艺术的传承方式——家族传授。耳闻目染父辈们那精湛的演技,傅文刚很小的时候就喜欢上了中幡。15岁时,父亲给傅文刚做了一个4米半长的小中幡,从此他与中幡结缘。
+
+中幡的表演项目“脑健”,是将中幡抛起后顶在脑门上,为此脑门的皮肤就要很坚硬。为练出结实的前额(初学者容易被中幡划破),必须每天“糙顶”。每当“糙顶”时,傅顺禄就用藤子棍在傅文刚脑门上反复敲打。起初脑门会感觉疼，“打”到后来脑门都木了，直到肿起一个大包才能停手，过几天肿消下去接着再来，直到脑门上长出厚厚的茧子，才算过了这一关。
+
+想成为中幡的继承者，没有扎实的基本功，良好的天分，坚强的毅力以及吃苦耐劳的精神，是练就不出一身绝活的。从技艺角度来讲，中幡包括手法（挑端云开垂）和腿法（踢抽盘跪过），它不仅练的是人的胆量、力量和技巧，还需要文武兼备，此外中国式摔跤、气功等技艺也是练习中幡的基础。虽是传授给儿子，但严格的傅顺禄在教子上并不手较，严师出高徒，傅文刚兄弟俩经历一番勤学苦练终于修得正果。
+
+傅顺禄去世后给傅文刚留下了遗嘱——“把民族的艺术继续搞下去，宝三爷等老前辈留下的宝贝，决不能在你手上失传。”从此，傅文刚便把主要精力放到中幡艺术的总结创新和培养新人方面。他和哥哥从中幡的基本功：挑、端、云、开、锤开始，系统地总结了一套中幡艺术理论。天桥中幡在傅氏兄弟手里得到传承和发扬光大，成为一个集惊险与壮观于一身的系统性表演项目，包含着头、肩、肘、手、跨、膝、脚7套演练技巧近百种套路。对此，傅文刚自豪地说，他要把中幡的高度由现在的15米延伸到20.08米，等到2008年北京奥运会的时候，他希望在开幕式大典上向世人展示老北京民俗的风采。
+
+傅文刚一直为传承祖国传统文化做着工作，已经培养出第五代传人——孙强（25岁）、傅思超（23岁）等8名演员，但是天桥中幡仍然存在着后继乏人的问题。傅文刚坦言目前面临两方面的压力：一是成为首批国家级非物质文化遗产项目代表性传承人后自己的责任更重了；二是该项目面临断代危机，期待国家尽早出台有利于发展传承人的保护措施。
+
+
+
+一幅绣品中竟有各色人物1.2万余名，各种建筑物2140余栋。这幅仿制清乾隆二十四年（公元1759年）宫廷画家徐扬的《姑苏繁华图》的绣制作品是中国苏绣艺术博物馆里的镇馆之宝，它出自于中国著名苏绣大师顾文霞之手。
+
+苏绣与湘绣、蜀绣、粤绣并列中国四大名绣。苏绣起源于春秋战国时期，至今已有2000多年的历史，而地处太湖之滨的古镇木渎作为苏绣的发源地，曾出现“闺阁家家架绣绷，妇姑人人习针巧”的繁荣景象，被誉为苏绣之乡。在传统苏绣的滋养下，木渎走出了顾文霞等第二代苏绣艺术大师。
+
+由顾文霞策划绣制的苏绣合璧艺术新品《孙子兵法图》也是苏绣中的传世佳作。顾文霞一生绣制了无数精美的绣品，花鸟虫鱼、万里河山都悉收于其绣针之下。她对活泼可爱的猫情有独钟，由她绣制的大白猫在形形色色的猫绣品中首屈一指。其中《花猫戏蚱蜢》，是她1956年创作的作品，中美建交后被作为国家礼物送给美国总统卡特，并上了美国明信片。苏绣从此名声远震海外。
+
+顾文霞的每段人生路，都像她手下的那些刺绣作品一样，充满着精彩和高雅。她是新中国首位出国表演刺绣的艺人；她参与指导了众多包括明代龙袍、战国绣袍在内的珍贵刺绣文物的复制；苏绣的名牌产品《猫》正是由她而声名鹊起；她还奔走呐喊，在苏州成立了中国首个刺绣艺术博物馆。
+
+在攀登苏绣技艺高峰的道路上，顾文霞捷足先行，取得了引人注目的成绩。然而，一代苏绣大师顾文霞并没有得天独厚之处，要说她有什么“妙诀”那就是她深爱刺绣，她像一块海绵，汲取前人的长处。
+
+上世纪60年代初是顾文霞技艺提高的一个重要阶段。那时，顾文霞和李蛾英以及徐绍青等6名刺绣艺人和画家一道复制了北京故宫博物院的明代“露香圆顾绣”等藏品。故宫博物院收藏的珍贵古代绣品成为她借鉴、学习的极好教材，使她进一步明确针法必须服从内容的规律，并从中领悟到综合运用针法的奥妙。
+
+顾文霞认为要保证苏绣长久的生命力，其技艺就不能到停留在临摹阶段，一定要不断实践创新，才能获得新的艺术生命。在执着探索下，顾文霞突破了苏绣历来以绸缎作为底料的传统，运用新的底料尼龙绢和新的绣法成功地绣出一批反映新时代风貌的作品。这些作品既继承了苏绣的传统特点，又表现了崭新的艺术风格，为古老的苏绣增添了新的光彩。
+
+如今，这位已届八旬的老劳模、全国工艺美术大师，仍然为苏绣的明天而生活着。2001年，顾文霞自筹几万元，成立了顾文霞大师工作室，用于钻研古代绣品的复制和巨幅新品的绣制。她吐露心声：“苏绣要发展，必须古、精、新，不继承传统就丢失了根本，不创新发展就没有生命力，不精益求精就丧失了存在的基础。”
+
+
+
+上世纪80年代开始，张同禄就成了业界公认的中国景泰蓝第一人。
+
+张同禄的景泰蓝作品清逸新颖、超凡脱俗，常透过奇妙的创意构思、和谐的釉色变化不断地超越传统，风格古雅而又富有时代韵味。46年来，经他手设计的景泰蓝产品近万种，总市值1000多万美元，为国家创造的外汇不计其数。其中一件“华泰保庭炉”，眼下的市价已经达到140万元；作品《吉羊宝灯》为他赢得了2004年法国巴黎国际博览会100周年特别大奖。
+
+景泰蓝又名“铜胎掐丝珐琅”，从元代至今已有近千年的历史。昔日，它是只有皇族才能用得起的最华美的工艺品，然而到今天景泰蓝却面临着泛滥成灾的危机。成百上千的小作坊制造出来的粗制滥造的景泰蓝充斥着市场，以致廉价得人们只需十几元就能把它变为囊中物。
+
+把景泰蓝当成艺术品来做的，在北京恐怕只有张同禄工作室一家了。景泰蓝的制作工序非常复杂，仅较大的工序就有制胎、掐丝、点蓝、烧蓝、磨光、镀金六道工序，一个寻常的景泰蓝花瓶要几十人经手才能完成。各个工种之间密切配合，流水化作业，掐丝和点蓝的工人至少要培训两到三年才能开始工作，熟练掌握往往需要十几年的经验积累。
+
+掌握景泰蓝的复杂工艺很难，张同禄却精通了全套工艺，这在景泰蓝历史上几乎是前所未有的，而让人感到意外的是张同禄和景泰蓝的结缘却是缘于一场误会。因观看中央新闻电影制片厂拍的纪录片《景泰蓝》，张同禄喜欢上了这门工艺；误把景泰蓝的制作工艺掐丝当作绘画，张同禄选择了景泰蓝厂。进厂后他才发现，景泰蓝与他擅长的绘画完全是两回事。
+
+学景泰蓝第一道工序就是制胎，工厂里很多老师傅一辈子就只做制胎、掐丝这样一道工序。但是张同禄不愿意仅仅局限于掌握某一项技能，为此他考入了北京市工艺美术学校美术系。很快他就熟悉了整个景泰蓝的制作过程，同时还掌握了工厂里学不到的造型设计和颜色调和等美术知识，他的绘画才能也在后来的景泰蓝制作工艺中派上用场。
+
+在将近50年的创作生涯中，他几乎把全部精力都放在了景泰蓝的推陈出新上。如今，他不仅熟练掌握全套景泰蓝制作工艺，而且兼收并蓄，将牙雕、玉雕等多种工艺融合到景泰蓝制作中。他的工作室制作的景泰蓝供不应求，其中大制作精品更是深受收藏家的喜爱。
+
+目前正在从事景泰蓝制作的工人大都是几十年前开始学徒的老艺人，愿意静下心来认真学习的年轻人越来越少。工艺美术厂原有国家级工艺美术大师3人，现在，一位已经去世，一位年事已高，张同禄是目前唯一仍在设计制作景泰蓝的国家级工艺美术大师。年过六旬的张同禄开始为景泰蓝的未来感到忧虑，他担心这项令中国人为之骄傲的技艺也许不久以后就会失传。对此张同禄说：“对于景泰蓝工艺的传承来说，保护人才是第一位的，没有师傅手把手地传授，要学到真经是不可能的。然而，目前的机制对于技艺的传承几乎没有起到激励作用。”
+
+
+
+他完成了共计25万字的《四部医典80幅彩色挂图释难蓝琉璃之光》，被业内人士称为21世纪藏医论著的里程碑；他走遍北京、内蒙、青海、甘肃、四川等省区，翻阅了大量文献资料，为近150名藏医学家撰写了历史传记；为了使年代久远的《四部医典系列彩色挂图》不在自己手中失传，他常年伏案研读发黄的木刻书，视力严重受损，直至双目彻底失明。他就是藏医药的传承人强巴赤列。
+
+藏医学是藏民族在独特的地理、气候条件下与疾病斗争过程中吸收国内兄弟民族及外来医学的长处，逐渐形成完整的理论体系和独特的诊疗方法，至今已有2300多年历史，是世界公认的四大传统医学之一。在藏医经典中，最集大成的著作就是成书于1200年前的《四部医典》，这也正是强巴赤列学习的主要内容。
+
+强巴赤列，具有传奇色彩而又饱满丰盈的人生经历。强巴赤列出生在一个藏医世家，幼年进入拉萨著名的哲蚌寺成为一名小僧人。13岁那年，一个偶然机会，他进入当时拉萨传授藏医天文历算学的“门孜康”，向担任过十三世达赖喇嘛首席保健医师的著名藏医钦绕诺布学习藏医药。在跟随老师学医的几年里，强巴赤列一直非常刻苦，每天早起晚睡，一边修行一边学习，各方面进步很快。19岁时离开学校，还俗成家，一直坚持钻研藏医药和天文历算学。
+
+西藏和平解放那一年是 强巴赤列学医、从医的一个转折点。他开始学习西医理论并把西医先进的理论和手段运用到自己的诊断当中。传统藏医治疗不分科，医生主要靠观察判断病人病情，检测手段比较单一。强巴赤列冲破阻力，大力推动分科门诊，引进先进检测手段和仪器。后来，他进一步引进西医，使藏医药不断迈向现代化。
+
+在党和政府的关心重视下，强巴赤列的梦想一个个得以实现。西藏自治区相继做出了关于重视和扶持藏医药事业、扩建自治区藏医院、各地区建立地区级藏医院、吸收和重视使用名老藏医、兴办藏医院校等多项决定，先后成立了西藏藏医学院、藏医研究所等藏医教育、学术机构。
+
+强巴赤列是个对事业痴迷的人，在他的带领下，西藏藏医药界取得了一系列科研成果。他们先后组织攻关10多项省级以上科研项目，其中藏药防治萎缩性胃炎，临床研究有效率达96.4%；藏药防治慢性乙型肝炎临床研究有效率达94.5%。不少藏草药及藏成药已由《中华人民共和国药典》收载。
+
+鞠躬尽瘁为藏医药是强巴赤列一生的追求，藏医药后继有人是他毕生的心愿。多年来，他为藏医院医生、外地医院进修生、民间医生、实习生等100名学生讲授藏医理论学，藏医临床学等重要课程。他将自己的渊博的知识毫无保留地传授给后代，先后培养了五、六百名学生。
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+# 初中生物学科中的“人工智能 + 生物”融合教学探索
+
+王晓娟
+
+(甘肃省华亭市第二中学,甘肃华亭744100)
+
+**摘要:** 人工智能技术的发展和应用,能够提高初中生物教学效率、促进学生的学科核心素养发展和创新生物教学模式。文章分析了当前初中生物学科教学存在的问题,包括教学内容的设计与学生认知水平脱节、教学模式单一、教学资源分配不均和评价体系过于单一等。针对以上问题,文章提出了一系列初中生物学科中的“人工智能+生物”融合教学。希望能够为人工智能技术与初中生物学科教学的深度融合提供新思路,助力初中生物教学改革与创新发展。
+
+**关键词:** 初中生物;人工智能;教学模式
+
+**中图分类号:** G63 **文献标识码:** A **文章编号:** 1673-9132(2025)20-0137-03
+
+DOI: 10.16657/j.cnki.issn1673-9132.2025.20.046
+
+随着人工智能技术的飞速发展,教育领域正经历着一场深刻的变革。人工智能在个性化教学、丰富教育资源、改革教学方案等方面有着巨大的应用潜力。生物是初中阶段科学教育的重要组成部分,但是传统的传统生物教学模式比较单一,难以充分满足学生的个性化学习需求,教学效果也因学生理解水平和学习兴趣的差异而参差不齐^[1]^。将人工智能技术应用于初中生物学科教学,能够极大地丰富生物学科知识呈现方式、促进学生路径多样化和学习成效评估智能化。而且,教师利用人工智能技术,还能实时采集和分析学生的学习数据,帮助教师精准了解学生的生物知识学习状态和知识薄弱点,从而设计更有针对性的教学策略。
+
+## 一、初中生物“人工智能 + 生物”融合教学的重要性
+
+### (一)提升教学效率,优化教学资源分配
+
+传统初中生物教学中,课堂时间有限,教师往往难以兼顾所有学生的学习需求。教学节奏的统一性使得部分基础薄弱的学生难以跟上进度,而学有余力的学生则缺乏进一步提升的机会。借助人工智能技术,教师可以利用智能化教学平台实现教学资源的动态分配。例如,通过学习分析技术,可以实时采集学生的学习数据,包括课堂回答、作业表现以及实验参与度等。人工智能系统通过分析这些数据,能为每个学生量身定制学习计划和任务,使教学内容更加精准化和个性化。而且,教师还可以利用人工智能技术构建虚拟生物实验室,虚拟生物实验不仅具备高仿真性,还可以降低实验材料的消耗和设备成本,让每个学生都有充分实践的机会,从而显著提升生物实验教学资源的利用效率和公平性。
+
+### (二)促进学生核心素养发展,提升学习成效
+
+《义务教育生物学课程标准(2022年版)》明确提出,初中生物学科的教学目标应侧重于学生的生物学知识、科学思维和自主探究能力等核心素养的发展,而教师应用人工智能技术,能为学生的生物学科核心素养的发展提供强有力的支持。一方面,教师可以利用人工智能技术实现因材施教,帮助学生在学习过程中主动建构知识体系。例如,利用智能学习平台通过对学生的学习路径和错误模式的分析,及时推送针对性练习和补充资源,帮助学生弥补知识盲区,巩固学习成果。另一方面,教师可利用人工智能驱动的课堂交互系统,加强生物课堂的师生互动性,提高学生的课堂参与度,让他们在实践中体验科学探究的乐趣。
+
+### (三)推动教学模式创新,构建智能化教学生态
+
+人工智能技术的应用不仅可以优化初中生物教学内容和过程,还可以为生物教学模式的创新提供更多可能性。一方面,教师利用人工智能技术将生物课堂教学延伸到课外。例如,引导学生利用AI助手在课后复习中随时提问,获得即时反馈和指导。同时,人工智能还可以为学生推荐与课程内容相关的优质学习资源,如视频、图文材料或在线实验平台,鼓励学生进行自主学习和深度探究。这样的教学模式改变了传统课堂的时空限制,构建了“课堂—课外”联动的智能学习生态^[2]^。另一方面,人工智能也能促进协作式学习和情境化教学的实施。在初中生物学科中,许多主题(如生态保护、生命现象)适合通过协作探究来完成。基于人工智能的协作平台可以为学生提供在线组队、分工协作的支持,并通过智能化的过程记录功能帮助教师实时监控学生的学习动态。同时,人工智能技术还可以通过情境模拟增强教学的真实性和趣味性。例如,在生态学教学中,AI系统可以构建虚拟生态环境,让学生在其中解决环境污染、物种保护等实际问题,增强其社会责任感和问题解决能力。
+
+
+
+**作者简介:** 王晓娟(1982.2—),女,汉族,甘肃华亭人,副高级教师,研究方向:生物教学。
+
+## 二、初中生物学科教学存在的问题
+
+### (一)教学内容的设计与学生认知水平脱节
+初中生物课程内容本应围绕学生的认知特点进行设计,以循序渐进的方式引导学生理解复杂的生命现象。然而,当前的教学内容设计在一定程度上存在过于理论化和抽象化的问题,导致学生难以真正理解和内化所学知识。例如,诸如“细胞结构及其功能”“遗传与变异”等内容涉及较为深奥的专业术语和逻辑推理,而现有教材在知识呈现上缺乏生动性和趣味性,使得学生在学习过程中感到枯燥乏味,学习兴趣不足。此外,部分教师在课堂中重视知识点的覆盖率,忽视了教学内容与学生生活经验的联系,导致学生难以将课堂所学与日常生活中的生命现象相结合,知识的实用性与迁移性大大降低。
+
+### (二)教学模式单一,学生参与度不足
+虽然生物新课标提出了“以学生为中心”的教学理念,但在实际教学中,许多教师仍沿用传统的“讲授——记忆”式教学模式。这种单向灌输的模式将学生置于被动接受知识的地位,忽视了学生在学习过程中的主体作用。例如,在学习植物光合作用或动物代谢相关内容时,教师更多地通过板书和课件传递知识,而非引导学生进行实验探究或问题讨论。这种模式下,学生缺乏动手操作和自主探究的机会,课堂参与度低,学习效果不理想^[3]^。此外,部分教师因担心进度延误而减少互动环节,使得课堂缺乏生机,难以激发学生的学习兴趣和创造性思维。
+
+### (三)教学资源分配不均,实验教学落实困难
+实验教学是生物学科的重要组成部分,对学生科学探究能力的培养具有不可替代的作用。然而在教学实践中,实验教学的落实面临多重挑战。首先,受限于学校资源配置的差异,部分地区尤其是农村和偏远地区的初中,生物实验室设备陈旧或配备不足,无法支持完整的实验教学。例如,显微镜、实验耗材等基础设施的短缺使得学生难以开展必要的观察实验。其次,即使在教学资源较为充足的学校中,实验教学也常因教学时间不足或教师重视程度不够而被弱化。许多教师将实验教学简单化为演示实验,学生只能被动观摩,无法亲自操作。这种现象不仅削弱了实验教学的效果,也导致学生对科学探究兴趣的降低,难以充分体验生物学科的实践价值。
+
+### (四)评价体系过于单一,忽视综合能力的考查
+当前初中生物学科的评价体系仍然以笔试为主要形式,评价标准主要集中在对学生知识记忆和基本理解的考查,忽视了对学生科学探究能力、实践能力以及核心素养的全面评价。这种过于单一的评价方式使得学生的学习目标局限于应试需求,难以形成对生物学知识的深刻理解和灵活应用。例如,一些学生可能在考试中表现优秀,但在实际问题中无法利用所学知识解决生命科学相关问题。此外,实验教学环节的评价也往往形式化,学生的实验能力和探究过程难以被客观记录和量化,进一步削弱了实验教学的重要性。
+
+## 三、初中生物学科中的“人工智能+生物”融合教学
+
+### (一)利用人工智能优化教学设计,实现个性化教学目标
+在初中生物课堂教学设计中,教师可以利用人工智能技术实现因材施教,满足学生个性化学习需求。人工智能学习平台能够通过收集和分析学生的学习数据,为教师提供精准的学生画像,帮助其更科学地设计教学方案。首先,教师可以借助人工智能系统诊断学生的学习状况。例如,通过平台分析学生的课堂表现、作业完成情况和测验结果,教师能够快速识别学生的薄弱环节与知识盲区。在此基础上,教师可以为不同层次的学生制订针对性教学计划。例如,针对“光合作用”知识点理解较差的学生,教师可以安排补充相应的学习资源;而对于表现优秀的学生,教师则可以布置更具挑战性的探究任务,以促进其进一步发展。其次,利用人工智能工具实现精准的课堂分层教学。人工智能系统能够根据学生的学习特征将其分为不同的学习小组,教师可在课堂上为每组学生提供适合其能力水平的任务和活动。例如,针对生物学中的实验设计题,教师可以通过人工智能平台分配不同难度的实验内容,既让基础较弱的学生巩固知识,又让能力高的学生尝试更复杂的实验方案,从而提升教学的公平性和有效性^[4]^。最后,积极利用人工智能平台推荐的个性化资源,例如趣味动画、交互式练习和仿真实验,帮助学生在课堂内外完成自主学习任务。这种以数据驱动的个性化教学方式能够提高学生的学习效率,也让教师的教学设计更加科学和高效。
+
+### (二) 利用智能化交互平台，提升课堂教学的互动性与参与度
+
+初中生物课程内容丰富，涉及许多复杂的概念和现象，传统的单向讲授模式难以有效吸引学生的注意力。教师应利用人工智能技术构建智能化交互平台，为课堂教学的互动性和趣味性提供强有力的支持。首先，教师应利用人工智能交互平台实现课堂教学的即时反馈，增强学生的参与感。例如，在学习“遗传与变异”相关内容时，教师可以通过智能化交互平台设计互动问答、实时投票或小组讨论任务，学生可以通过移动设备直接参与互动。平台则可以即时汇总和显示学生的回答结果，帮助教师了解学生的掌握情况，并据此调整教学进度和重点。这种实时反馈机制不仅让课堂更加生动，还能够提高学生的学习积极性。其次，利用智能化交互平台，对生物教学资源进行多模态呈现。教师可以通过平台展示三维动画、生物动态模拟或实验视频等多样化的教学资源，让学生通过视听结合的方式更直观地理解知识点。对于复杂的生物学过程，如“生态系统中的能量流动”，教师可以通过动态模拟展示能量在生产者、消费者和分解者之间的转移路径，使抽象的能量流动过程变得更加具体可感。
+
+### (三) 利用虚拟实验技术，提升实验教学质量
+
+实验教学是初中生物课程的重要环节，但受制于时间、场地和设备等因素，很多学校的生物实验教学往往难以有效开展。在这种情况下，教师可以通过虚拟实验技术，为学生提供更多生动的实验机会，帮助学生更直观地理解生物学现象。首先，教师可以利用虚拟现实(VR)或增强现实(AR)技术，组织学生进行虚拟实验。例如，在讲授“生态系统的能量流动”时，教师可以通过人工智能平台让学生进入虚拟生态环境，观察生产者、消费者和分解者之间的能量传递。学生通过交互式操作完成实验后，教师可以根据系统生成的实验数据，指导学生总结实验结论并反思过程中的问题^[5]^。这种高仿真的实验体验不仅能够激发学生的学习兴趣，还能让他们在虚拟环境中培养自主探究能力。其次，教师还可以利用虚拟实验弥补传统实验的局限性。例如，利用显微镜观察细胞分裂的微观过程时，很多学生经常因为显微镜的倍数有限，无法清晰地观察到细胞分裂的结构动态变化。教师则可以利用人工智能技术为学生提供动态三维模型，帮助学生清晰地观察到细胞分裂在各个阶段的变化。而且，教师在引导学生进行实验操作时，还要注重通过人工智能系统实时监测学生的实验行为，确保每个学生都能掌握扎实的实验技能。最后，教师还可以推荐学生使用在线实验平台，完成更多的课后生物实验任务，并通过在线实验平台提交实验报告。这种方式能够大幅提升学生的实验机会，为课堂教学提供有力的补充。
+
+### (四) 构建智能评价体系，实现学生综合能力的全面评估
+
+评价是教学的重要环节，教师可以利用人工智能技术优化教学评价体系，全面评估学生的学习状态和发展水平。首先，教师可以通过人工智能系统采集学生的学习过程数据，形成多维度的学习档案。学习档案需要记录学生的课堂参与情况、实验操作结果和课后作业表现，并利用人工智能技术生成可视化的评价报告。教师可以依据这些报告，对学生的学习过程进行科学分析，为后续的教学设计提供依据。其次，借助人工智能平台进行动态评价。例如，在生物实验教学中，教师可以借助平台监测学生的实验操作过程，包括实验操作步骤的准确性、数据的分析能力和结论的准确性。然后利用系统对学生的实验表现进行自动评分，帮助教师更加全面地了解学生的实验能力。此外，在考试评价中，教师还可以利用人工智能技术对主观题作答进行语义分析，这样不仅能评估学生答案的正确性，还能评估学生的逻辑思维和表达能力，为其综合素养的考核提供支持。最后，教师可以利用智能评价工具，为学生提供即时的评价反馈，帮助其发现和改进自身不足。例如，教师可以通过智能化平台将个性化的评价建议推送给学生，引导其完成相应的练习或拓展任务。这种评价与反馈相结合的方式能够促进学生的持续改进，也让教师的评价更加具有针对性。
+
+## 四、结语
+
+总之，人工智能技术在初中生物学科教学中的应用，对于提高教学效率，加强学生核心素养培养和促进教学方式创新有重要意义。在未来的教学实践中，教师应充分发挥人工智能的技术优势，针对初中生物传统教学模式中的痛点和难点问题，通过优化教学设计、提升实验教学质量、增强课堂互动和构建智能化评价体系，不断提高初中生物学科教学质量，以促进学生的全面发展。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1] 杜莉.人工智能应用在初中生物教学中的优势及问题分析[J]. 2021(5):224.
+
+[2] 何诚.生成式人工智能在初中生物学教学中的应用[J].中小学校长,2024(10):11.
+
+[3] 梁玉凤.混合式教学模式下初中生物智慧课堂的打造[J].学园, 2022(19):24.
+
+[4] 洒进明.人工智能在初中生物学教学中的应用探讨[J].中学课程辅导,2023(30):27.
+
+[5] 何诚.ChatGPT在初中生物学教学中的功能优势与创新运用:以八年级“五彩缤纷的植物世界”教学为例[J].四川教育,2024(26):17.
+
+[责任编辑 康兰明]
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+# THE SOUTH AND NORTH FEATURES OF BEIJING CLOISONNE
+
+# 北京景泰蓝的“南”“北”特色
+
+文 / 于博 辛欣
+
+景泰蓝作为宫廷工艺品,其使用与流传范围仅限于皇家与达官显贵,名称不为常人所知。晚清,掐丝珐琅器从宫廷流入民间厂肆中,所见多以蓝色调为主,且带有“大明景泰年制”款识,因而名之为“景泰蓝”。相沿至今,成为约定俗成的称谓。景泰蓝经明清两代的发展,造型和装饰逐渐融合了青铜器、瓷器、漆器等特点,器物种类十分丰富。在明清两代为皇家专享,只有通过赏赐,才能被权贵所享用。景泰蓝作为中国传统工艺美术的杰出代表,其生产主要集中在北京一地,无论是生产规模还是花色品种,北京的景泰蓝制作都具备典型性和代表性。宫廷艺术的延续和开放包容的人文环境造就了北京众多传统工艺美术品种繁荣兴盛的局面,也造就了北京景泰蓝典雅富丽的风格。由于生产规模的扩大和设计思想的开放和活跃,北京景泰蓝艺术面貌有了较大改观,“京南派”“京北派”的风格逐渐清晰起来,对此后的景泰蓝艺术创作产生了深远影响。
+
+
+
+提梁卣 霍铁辉
+
+
+
+春妹 张同禄
+
+## 打破守旧的藩篱
+
+长久以来,北京景泰蓝的造型并未形成大的突破,大大小小、尺寸不一的瓶、盘、盒、碗、炉、罐仍是随处可见。装饰仍以花卉、山石、动物为主,程式化的趋势并没有改观;底纹仍是以云头纹、回字锦、菱子锦、方块锦、冰裂纹为主,颈部和底部饰以蕉叶纹、云头纹、如意纹、拐子莲。花卉题材的表现,仍是以牡丹、菊花、过枝梅花荷花、兰花为主。动物图案常见的有龙凤、孔雀、仙鹤、鸭子等,也有少量博古题材的产品。色彩也比较单调,大部分作品以深色为底配以娇艳的花朵,据说这是自民国以来形成的风格,到了上世纪70年代末仍没有大的改变。白色、黄色、绿色的底色配以云头底纹,上面装饰大朵花卉,自新中国成立以来就已经形成模式,缺少新意。
+
+改革开放初期,由于出口需求的扩张,北京景泰蓝行业的生产规模庞大。具有代表性的国营大厂,无论是厂房设备还是职工人数,都达到了历史之最。除了新中国成立初期成立的北京市珐琅厂、北京市工艺美术厂仍是北京景泰蓝行业的骨干企业以外,北京地区还有其他大型景泰蓝国营企业陆续组建。1982年5月6日,北京市工艺美术品总公司改革,对北京市特艺公司进行了组织调整,组建了北京景泰蓝总厂。到了1984年,原北京工艺美术工厂撤销,成立6个独立核算企业,其中包括北京华艺景泰蓝厂。截止到1988年,北京景泰蓝国有企业的规模无论是数量还是人数都达到了历史顶峰,仅北京市工艺美术品总公司所属的景泰蓝生产厂家——北京市珐琅厂、北京华艺景泰蓝厂、北京振华工艺品厂,三个景泰蓝专业生产厂家,从艺人员近3000人。
+
+如此庞大的生产规模,如果只是一味地重复“传统”,显然不利于北京景泰蓝的生存与发展。在“文革”时期,曾经出现过“呆板臃肿,线条繁琐;装饰纹样贫乏,突不破固有的几何形、动物、花卉变形,不洋不土,失去传统特点”的现象,改革开放之后,为了扭转这一局面,北京景泰蓝的设计人员加强了对中国传统艺术的学习和研究,希望以此为突破点。彩陶、青铜器的造型与纹饰，汉唐艺术、民间美术等风格，都对北京景泰蓝的装饰设计产生过影响。
+
+从造型、纹饰的设计上来看，以北京市珐琅厂、北京市工艺美术厂形成了两种迥异的风格。以老一辈景泰蓝艺人金世权、钱美华为代表的设计师，仍然沿着传统道路前行，并带有明显的个人艺术特色，而60年代前后毕业于北京市工艺美术学校的一批设计师如张同禄、霍铁辉、戴嘉林等人的思维开始活跃起来，作品的个人特色逐步形成。此时，北京景泰蓝的造型设计，尤其是一些多种不同工艺结合的异形陈设类作品成为这一时期造型设计的代表。而纹饰以新题材的融入为主。北京市工艺美术厂和北京市珐琅厂在艺术创作上各有侧重，形成了“京南派”“京北派”两大艺术阵营。
+
+
+
+鸟杯 张同禄
+
+## 京北派 注意造型
+
+以金世权、张同禄为首的“京北派”重视对造型设计的突破，装饰多延续传统，金世权作为一个在民国时期学艺的北京景泰蓝行业中的第一位工艺美术大师，他仍活跃在80年代北京景泰蓝行业中。其创作着眼于传统，新中国成立初期，对海棠瓶的恢复、庆祝新中国成立十周年制作的景泰蓝鱼缸，都已载入北京景泰蓝技艺的历史。金世权设计的经典名作“如意炉”高60厘米，宽43.5厘米，此件器物以清末民国时期著名作坊“老天利”制作的于1904年芝加哥世界博览会上获得一等奖的作品“宝鼎炉”为原型，采用传统的香炉造型，炉身分为六面，炉足、炉耳均为如意造型，以回纹和莲花和金鱼为装饰，取“连年有余”之意。硕大的器形布满程式化的双勾缠枝莲纹，纹饰繁密，但满、细、密的纹饰与古朴的造型相得益彰，以装饰体现景泰蓝掐丝技艺的高超。金世权作为民国时期就从艺的老艺人，以掐丝见长，新中国成立以来其掐丝功力堪称第一，擅长根据不同的装饰题材运用不同的表现手法。他掐丝时不需要图纸，即能随心所欲地把铜丝盘卷成各种图案，这件作品也恰恰能体现这一特点，成为改革开放以来传统风格作品的代表，其他作品难以与其比肩。
+
+金世权创作于1982年的“晚青瓶”，高30厘米，颈部施以拐子莲纹，瓶口和肩部饰蕉叶纹，瓶身主体纹饰为二龙戏珠，以带有层次感的双勾云纹为地，足部同为拐子莲纹，黑底，龙身为黄色，鲜艳夺目，云纹为深浅不一的墨绿色。瓶口和圈足镀金。值得注意的是，金世权在对龙的创作中，一改新中国成立以来景泰蓝所表现的龙长须嘴大的面貌，吸收了故宫所藏器物中龙的形象，设计出来的龙既威武又富有装饰性。“晚青瓶”为套瓶，有瓜蝶、万寿、云龙、冬梅4种图案。典雅朴实，是80年代传统装饰题材的代表。命名为“晚青瓶”寓意老艺人金世权永恒的艺术青春。
+
+张同禄设计于70年代末的作品“鸟杯”具有一定的开创性，原作现藏于中国工艺美术馆。器高47厘米，宽25厘米。参考汉代的朱雀图案作为造型基础，以及受到古铜器天鸡尊形制的影响。上扬的身体及尾部变化为杯体，内卷的尾羽成为杯的两个支点。鸟的头部、颈部、尾部均以铸铜镀金配件，并嵌以绿松石，突出鸟的造型，也更添华丽之感。白色为地，饰以蓝色的羽毛纹饰，杯体饰以缠枝花。这件作品突破了新中国成立以来以瓶瓶罐罐为主的景泰蓝造型设计模式，可谓是在异形器上的一次成功尝试。此后在80年代，“京北派”陆续又有多件造型独特的多工艺结合的作品产生。张同禄的“凤亭灯车”“华冠万年灯”“三凤争鸣”，霍铁辉的“双凤宝亭熏”“鹦鹉提梁壶”等作品，都堪称代表。这些作品的风格以动物造型为基础，适当地进行夸张、变形，以形成独特的器物造型。
+
+
+
+景泰蓝 双背瓶
+
+
+
+捧盒 钱美华设计
+
+## 京南派 重彩纹饰
+
+在钱美华的带领下，“京南派”吸收了其他中国传统艺术门类的装饰手法，并开始将国画勾线、烘染的手法运用于景泰蓝的点蓝工序，并在装饰纹样的题材、色彩上对传统装饰进行再发掘。钱美华作为改革开放初期北京市珐琅厂的总工程师，其眼光比较长远，她亲自设计的几件产品，至今仍在大量生产，其色彩和纹饰都具有开创意义。1981年设计的“丰收周其垒”器形传统，之前“周其垒”的装饰以龙凤为主，钱美华在图案设计上才用双鱼、蝙蝠、牡丹、菊花、莲花、寿字组成主体装饰纹样，寓意丰收、喜庆、幸福，底纹为卷草。釉色以珊瑚红为底色，渐变的绛色配合使用来装饰纹饰，其使用的装饰素材十分传统，但又富有时代精神——红红火火的好日子。钱美华设计的“捧盒”兼具实用性与装饰性，纹饰借鉴汉代漆器中的鸟头云气纹，有红底饰以黄白黑纹饰的，也有黑底饰以黄白红纹饰的。
+
+早在70年代末，北京景泰蓝的设计者就开始尝试借鉴传统艺术以丰富当时的景泰蓝装饰表现形式，由屠嘉芳设计的“灯笼锦梅瓶”，其造型借鉴明代梅瓶的形制，以明代织锦中的纹饰装饰瓶身。这件作品就是遵照“推陈出新”“洋为中用”方针而设计的成功作品。钱美华在这一时期的纹饰设计也多借鉴传统文化中具有符号价值的纹饰，以对古代经典器物的再创作为主。1982年的“双龙扁瓶”，其造型依据沈阳故宫博物院收藏的清朝掐丝珐琅缠枝花卉瓶设计。钱美华对其进行适当变化，设计成葫芦形扁瓶并加上錾铜龙耳，明清时期常见的以红色莲花作为器物的中心纹饰，钱美华大胆将一朵盛开的红色牡丹点缀于器物的中心位置，周围山石错落，红色、黄色、蓝色的小朵牡丹以及繁茂的枝叶烘托着中心位置的牡丹，突出了中心纹饰，装饰纹样饱满华丽。同年，钱美华还根据一件唐代的鎏金狮纹银盘的纹饰，参考唐代对此银盘的摹本，设计了一件景泰蓝“唐狮盘”，采用的纹饰基本以唐摹本为准。早在新中国成立之初，林徽因就主张借鉴历代传统装饰图案，曾带领钱美华等学生创作过敦煌系列作品。钱美华作为林徽因的学生，遵从了林徽因的教诲，钱美华这件作品正是对林徽因设计思想的实践，无论在纹饰的处理还是色彩的设计都很成功。
+
+今天，景泰蓝作为非物质文化与物质文化的重要载体，其承载的是民族的历史、文化与情感。北京景泰蓝作为地方特色，其技艺水平具有一定的代表性，已是“燕京八绝”中首屈一指的代表品种。改革开放以后，北京景泰蓝的设计理念逐渐实现了由工业品向艺术品的转变，无论是“京南派”还是“京北派”，都为北京景泰蓝艺术的发展做出贡献，并代表北京景泰蓝的制作水平。而在改革开放初期出现的一些经典作品已经成为了北京景泰蓝艺术的代表作。当下，北京景泰蓝艺术中所蕴藏的传统文化从蛰伏状态到涅槃重生，北京传统工艺美术作品一直以来在收藏市场具有一定的号召力，收藏一件北京景泰蓝当代工艺品是一个不错的选择。（责任编辑：武文龙）
+
+
+
+和平颂宝鑑 钱美华
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+[新课文]
+# 乡村情结·日常生活·诗化小说
+——谈孙犁的《山地回忆》*
+
+福建工程学院现代传媒系 林怀宇
+
+孙犁是中国现当代著名作家, 他生于河北省安平县东辽村, 华北平原上这个普通的乡村, 给了孙犁最早也最重要的心灵的滋养。孙犁的父亲是勤谨的生意人, 在他的操持下, 家境逐渐步入小康, 家里拥有50亩的田地。孙犁的母亲, 曾生育了七个孩子, 只有孙犁一个活下来, 却又体弱多病, 于是他得到了家中长辈更多的呵护。孙犁说自己“幼年怯怯”, $^{（1）} $自幼多病, 对他敏感内向性格的养成有很大的作用。
+
+孙犁在家乡读了小学,又到保定读完中学,之后到北京谋事。从1933年到1935年,他曾先后在北京的政府机关和一所小学做事,但是小职员的生涯并不愉快和长久,于是他回到家乡闲呆着。1936年,两位中学同学介绍他到河北保定同口的小学做教员。同口镇就在白洋淀边,风光明丽,人情淳朴,孙犁在这里教了一年书,留下了相当美好的回忆。1937年,抗战全面爆发,原先介绍孙犁去教书的中学同学公开了中共党员的身份,在冀中平原组建敌后抗战队伍,在他们的引导下,孙犁走上了革命道路。他先是在冀中根据地的抗战学院任教,后来在晋察冀通讯社、晋察冀日报、晋察冀边区文联从事新闻宣传工作,在这期间,他转徙于阜平山区。这里与平原相比,有天壤之别,生活艰苦,衣食住行都很困难,但孙犁对这一方水土有很深的感情,他说:“但是阜平,在我们这一代,该是不能忘记的了,把它作为摇篮,我们在那里成长。那里的农民,砂石,流水,红枣,哺育了我们。”$^{（2）} $
+
+1944年,孙犁奉命来到延安,任教于延安鲁迅艺术学院。1945年抗战胜利后,他又回到河北工作。1949年后,他到天津日报社,长期负责《天津日报》文艺副刊的编辑工作。有意思的是,参加革命资历颇长、在文坛影响颇大的孙犁,行政级别一直只是副科级,这一点曾引发人们许多感慨。
+
+孙犁的作品,明丽清新,富有诗意,曾影响和启迪了许多后来者,以至评论界有“荷花淀派”或“白洋淀派”一说。孙犁本人一直不同意这种提法，但是不可否认，被纳入这一流派的作家如刘绍棠、从维熙、房树民、韩映山等人，确实都深受孙犁的影响，并且都是从向孙犁主持的《天津日报》文艺副刊投稿起步迈进文学殿堂的。
+
+*《山地回忆》为语文版高中课标教材(必修)第三册课文。
+
+
+
+
+虽然历来有“文人相轻”的积习，但是清正的人格和富有审美价值的创作，却使孙犁获得许多作家
+的认同和敬重。邓友梅的回忆文章真切地表达了当年孙犁的作品对他醍醐灌顶一般的启迪：“我读的第一本孙犁著作《采蒲台》……读完之后颇感意外：写的也是抗日军民的艰苦斗争，画的也是根据地的革命图像，却不像喝胡辣汤那样热血沸腾，慷慨激动，而是像嚼青果般淡醇爽口，清心明目，余味无穷。原来歌颂抗战，可以有不同的节奏和音色，同样描绘人民，可以有不同的构图和色调。原来文学是允许有个性的。可以在同一革命目标、人生理念之下，各有自己的心灵感受，语言风格，审美视角，从而写出不同的作品。”$^{(3)}$
+
+1949年12月,孙犁的《山地回忆》发表在《天津日报》的《文艺周刊》上,这是一篇历久弥新的作品,在新时期后逐渐获得人们的注意和重视,被收进各种选集和语文教材。孙犁鲜明独特的创作个性可在这个作品里得到印证,其中关于乡村景象的记忆、战争年代的日常生活的真切表现以及自然流露的诗意,都给读者以绵长的回味。
+
+**一、乡村情结的抒写**
+
+孙犁深具乡村情结,他的写作以农村题材见长,但《山地回忆》与他别的作品有所不同。在这里,作者关注得更多的是农村和农民的命运,关注他们能否摆脱落后贫穷的宿命。
+
+作品中的“我”在天津工作,当他见到快十年没见面的来自阜平山区的农民朋友时,往日的回忆油然而
+生。他最直接的记忆是山区自然地理环境的恶劣:“阜平的天气冷,山地不容易见到太阳。”“阜平土地很少,山上都是黑石头,雨水很多很暴。”“阜平的农民没有见过大的地块,他们所有的,只是像炕台那样大,或是像锅台那样大的一块土地。在这小小的、不规整的,有时是尖形的,有时是半圆形的,有时是梯形的小块土地上,他们费尽心思,全力经营。他们用石块垒起,用泥土包住,在边沿栽上枣树,在中间种上玉黍。”
+
+山区的生产资料匮乏：“那里不种棉花,我刚到那里的时候,老大娘们手里搓着线锤。很多活计用麻代线,连袜底也是用麻纳的。”
+
+农民的生活方式离现代文明很遥远：八路军战士“刷嘴刷牙”的生活习惯让妞儿大惑不解，她说：“你们尽笑话我们，说我们山沟里的人不讲卫生，住在我们家里，吃了我们的饭，还刷嘴刷牙，我们的菜饭再不干净，难道还会弄脏了你们的嘴？为什么不连肠子肚子都刷刷干净！”
+
+农民的生活艰难:妞儿身上穿的是破旧单薄的袄裤,她一家早饭的食粮是一篮子水沤的杨树叶。
+
+孙犁对城市与乡村之间的巨大差异很敏感,他内心充满对山地人民的感激之情,真心希望山地的人们能更好地生活。在作品中,作者设置了这样两个情境:八路军女兵教会妞儿纺线;建国伊始,妞儿的父亲作为农民代表,来到天津市,参观工业展览会,对那些改良的农具特别感兴趣。孙犁显然是希望信息的传播能给封闭落后的山地带去一些变化,这是作为一介书生的作者能想出的唯一办法。
+
+在抗战岁月,“我”充满对未来的信心,“我”对妞儿说:“等我们打败了日本,占了北平……我们就可以一切齐备了。”话语里颇有承诺的意味。可是解放了,进城来的妞儿的父亲“身上穿的还是那样一种浅蓝的土靛染的粗布裤褂……他这身衣服的颜色,在天津是很显得突出,也觉得土气。”可以看出,小说隐然表达了对农民的愧疚感:曾和妞儿一家处得如亲人一般的“我”,终究只是一个过客,没有给他们的生活带去本应有的改变。
+
+**二、日常生活的展现**
+
+20世纪四五十年代,中国的社会政治发生巨大变革,文学创作体制日益走向“一体化”,作家创作受到了更多的约束,必须为政治服务。表达高昂的革命激情、塑造英雄典型、强调阶级斗争成为当时的正宗。
+
+但是孙犁的创作,却始终离文坛上的这种主流范式有一段距离。孙犁也写战争、写革命,但是并不愿意直接写血肉横飞、剑拔弩张,他更愿意把革命生活和日常生活结合起来,愿意关注和表现普通人,特别是普通女性的生活状态。孙犁有自己的创作主张和审美理想:“我喜欢写欢乐的东西。我以为女人比男人更乐观,而人生的悲欢离合,总是与她们有关,所以常常以崇拜的心情写到她们。”$^{(4)}$的确,非凡的勇气、坚强的意志固然是人们度过艰苦年月的重要因素,但是在战争的大背景下,人们表现出来的对日常生活的热情更为可贵。《荷花淀》里织席的水生嫂,《吴召儿》里在反扫荡的行军路上打枣的女孩,以及《山地回忆》里爱斗嘴的妞儿,都是普通的平凡的女子,却都在艰苦的战争环境里保有健康的生活态度和乐观的生活热情。“在非常态的生活中发现常态的、日常生活的朴素和美好成为孙犁最主要的对生活的理解和艺术上的审美方式。”$^{(5)}$孙犁所叙述的普通百姓的日常生活,穿越了时空,传递出早已消逝的那个年代的生命气息,温润可感。他的创作,虽然当时处于边缘,不被提倡,颇为寂寞,但今天看来,无疑更具有审美价值。
+
+在《山地回忆》里,作者没有直接写战争,只是通过妞儿的话(“我们的房,叫他们烧过两三回了!”)来点出抗日战争的大背景,他把笔墨集中在日常小事的描写上:“我”去河边洗脸,和妞儿拌嘴,妞儿给做袜子,跟妞儿一家越来越熟,在她家吃饭、唠家常,帮着妞儿的父亲长途贩运红枣,挣的钱又由妞儿做主买回一架纺车,她开始兴致勃勃地学习纺织的全套手艺……没有气势磅礴的黄钟大吕,却能让读者感受到中国底层百姓对生活的执著、坚忍、乐观和热情,这些小人物身上有着坚韧的生命力量,正是他们支撑起我们民族的脊梁。
+
+**三、诗化的小说**
+
+乍读《山地回忆》,读者很容易把它当成纪实性的散文,因为其中“我”的身份和经历,与作者本人有太多的重合之处,这种看法是如此普遍,以至于作者专门写了一篇文章来辩诬,这就是《关于〈山地回忆〉的回忆》。有趣的是孙犁说自己虽然有过类似经历——和当地妇女在河边吵架,但前因后果却与小说大不相同。他当时和大家一起从河北出发前往延安,途经山西时,在一处宅院里做饭。“忽然‘嗡’的一声,锅飞了起来,屋里烟尘弥漫,……当时我的形象可怕极了。一脸血污,额上翻着两寸来长的一片肉。当我自己用手一抹,那些可怕的东西,竟是污水和一片菜叶……我得不到村外的小河里去把脸洗一下。在洗脸的时候,我和一个在下游洗菜的妇女争吵了起来。……小说里那个女孩子,绝不是这次遇到的这个妇女。这个妇女很刁泼,并不可爱。”$^{(6)}$对照小说和作者的解释,我们可以确认《山地回忆》的确是一篇小说,作者采用取自真实世界的素材,但却进行了符合自己审美目的和叙事逻辑的修改,建构起一个新的世界。
+
+同孙犁的其他作品一样,《山地回忆》也极具诗意,给读者带来了审美的期待和满足。这种诗意,来自作品中的许多“留白”之处,它们给读者不尽的想象空间。
+
+比如“妞儿”这个名字,是这么简单;比如妞儿的长相,只有一句“在她笑着的时候,她的整齐的牙齿洁白的放光”。
+
+在人物身份关系的设置上,作者突出强调的是军民关系。“我”的八路军身份,使得妞儿和“我”的亲近似乎是不证自明的。但是仅靠政治身份如何能取得陌生人的信赖呢?读者,特别是如今的读者不禁会产生这样的疑问。作者在有意无意之中略去的两个人的性别、年龄等因素,更激发起读者的想象,人们也的确能在字里行间见出“我”和妞儿之间若隐若现、若有若无的情愫。小说里有这样一段:
+
+一天,大伯说:
+
+“同志,你知道我是沾你的光吗?”
+
+“怎么沾了我的光?”
+
+“往年,我一个人背枣,我们妞儿是不会给我吃这么好的!”
+
+我笑了。女孩子说:
+
+“沾他什么光,他穿了我们的袜子,就该给我们做活了!”
+
+虽然只是几句对话,却有无穷的意味。
+
+而小说的结尾处有一句“妞儿已经有两个孩子了”,颇有唐人“绿树成荫子满枝”的诗意,深曲蕴藉,耐人寻味。
+
+总之,《山地回忆》是孙犁早期的重要作品,作家在这个短篇里坚持并实现了自己的文学理想和审美追求,联系当代文学逐步走向“一体化”的背景,这一点就更显可贵。
+
+(1) (4) 孙犁《自序》,《孙犁文集》第1卷第4页,百花文艺出版社2002年版。
+
+(2) 孙犁《〈亲家〉》,《文学短论》第16页,人民文学出版社1978年版。
+
+(3) 邓友梅《恭送孙犁师长》,《光明日报》2002年7月24日。
+
+(5) 萨支山《“故事”与“抒情”:五六十年代短篇小说的两种可能性》,《中国现代文学研究丛刊》2004年第2期。
+
+(6) 孙犁《关于〈山地回忆〉的回忆》,《孙犁文集》第4卷第619—620页,百花文艺出版社2002年版。
+
+标的基本要求,其余三套教科书虽然做到人文性与工具性的统一,但先人文性后工具性,也不符合语文科的学习特点。
+
+(六)语文多元化教学的问题
+
+四套教科书都未注意到语文多元化教学的问题。语文的内涵、性质、能力元素以及教学的多元性决定了语文教学的多元化。语文教学需要处理好听话、说话、阅读、写作、文学、文化、思维、品德情意、自学等学习范畴。换言之,教科书的每个单元设计,都要处理好这几个范畴的关系。课标除规划了听说读写的训练要求外,也提到学生的思想道德、思维能力、中华文化、自主学习等学习范畴。一般来说,四套教科书都有听说读写及品德情意的教学安排,但其余的学习范畴就没有完全反映出来。这样要落实课标所说“认识中华文化的丰厚博大”“继承与弘扬中华民族优秀文化”就有一定的难度。
+
+**四、总结**
+
+课标在九年一贯的规划上,尤其在四个学段的衔接方面,比过去的教学大纲做得好,但四套教科书在这方面还有待进一步改善。
+
+在单元组织、编选体系和体例上,四套教科书仍可以做出更科学的规划。如果在语文教科书的编选过程中有意识地注意单元与单元之间的纵向衔接,注意课型间的横向联系,注意课程设计的倒螺旋上升的结构,注意语文基本能力元素的有序性,建构一套科学有序的语文教科书的编写框架还是可能的。
+
+(1)周南山《新时期中学语文单元教学研究综述》,《语文教学通讯》1989年第10期。
+(2)汤才伟编《多元化中文教学》第3~18页,香港中文大学教育学院2003年。
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_2.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_2.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..058a0a39f9f6156c3c7352d97c92f27a2a527e4b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_2.md
@@ -0,0 +1,66 @@
+# 社会治理检察建议的生成机理与优化*
+
+┃ 赵培显 白秀峰
+
+社会治理检察建议是检察机关参与社会治理和推动诉源治理的重要抓手，在彰显检察机关法律监督权威，助推社会治理方面发挥了重要作用。为进一步发挥社会治理检察建议的作用，本文对其生成机理及优化路径作些探讨。
+
+## 一、社会治理检察建议的生成机理
+
+社会治理检察建议的生成有其内在的要求：
+
+一是社会治理检察建议的根基在于司法办案。社会治理检察建议不能随意制发，制发社会治理类检察建议应当坚持一定的谦抑性和补充性原则。检察机关参与社会治理的逻辑起点就在于立足检察职能，结合司法办案制发社会治理类检察建议，而不能脱离检察职能。社会治理检查建议是延伸办案质量，提升办案效果的重要举措，应当立足于法律监督职能，基于检察办案工作而提出。
+
+二是社会治理检察建议的功能在于助推社会治理。党的二十大报告提出，“健全共建共治共享的社会治理制度，提升社会治理效能”。在提升国家治理体系和治理能力现代化的目标下，任何国家机关都有参与社会治理的职责要求，社会治理检察建议是检察机关参与社会治理的切入点和着力点，是以法律监督促进社会治理的重要方式。
+
+三是社会治理检察建议的实施逻辑具有特殊性。与其他几类检察建议“人民检察院发现或在履行对诉讼活动的法律监督职责中发现或在履行职责中发现＋主体（执法、司法机关、行政机关）+存在问题”设定范式不同，社会治理检察建议以“人民检察院在办理案件中发现＋社会治理工作存在问题＋指向有关单位和部门”为范式。检察机关制发的再审检察建议、纠正违法检察建议和公益诉讼检察建议有明确的监督对象和监督情形。基于社会治理的广泛性、全局性，社会治理检察建议的制发应当以社会治理工作出现问题为导向，并没有明确的前提主体指向，而是以其他所有可能参与社会治理的社会主体协同参与治理为最后选择。
+
+另外，检察建议是在指出问题的基础上提出建议，而不是替代被建议方作出判断决定。检察建议的本质属性是法律监督属性，是法律监督职能在社会治理领域的延伸。与抗诉方式所具有的程序上的刚性不同，检察建议作为检察机关参与社会治理的法定方式，其刚性指向效果表现为检察建议能否被采纳、被落实，做到刚性的关键在于检察建议本身质量“过硬”。
+
+## 二、社会治理检察建议存在的主要问题
+
+### （一）检察机关依法能动履职的主动性不足
+
+从最高人民检察院2022年度全国检察建议工作情况的通报来看，存在个别省级检察院全年未制发社会治理检察建议的情形。这说明个别检察院通过检察建议依法能动履职参与社会治理的积极性不高，主动性不足。此外，督促落实和支持配合存在不足。检察建议效果以检察建议内容被采纳和整改为前提。从建议方而言，检察机关负有监督建议执行和督促被建议方整改落实的职责；从被建议方角度而言，社会治理检察建议存在落实力度不够等情形。
+
+### （二）检察建议参与社会治理的创造性不足
+
+创造性不足主要体现为制发检察建议主题选择不佳以及参与社会治理的广度和深度不足。主题选择不佳表现为未能从大局着眼，往往针对一些小问题或针对个案而制发，未能发现行业监管漏洞或类案监督线索等问题，难以形成治理一片的效果。
+
+### （三）部分检察建议质效不高
+
+优秀社会治理检察建议的数量尚未形成一定规模效应，一些检察建议助推社会治理的效果不够显现，甚至对一些领域尚未触及。具体来看，有些检察建议单纯以考核为导向，片面追求数量；有些检察建议在发出去以后就视为完结；有些检察建议视回复为采纳、视回复为整改落实；有些检察建议提出的建议内容较为空洞，欠缺针对性、可操作性；有些检察建议提出的建议内容不符合对方实际，欠缺精准性；有些检察建议规范性不足，影响检察建议的权威性。
+
+## 三、提升社会治理检察建议质效的几点思考
+
+最高检应勇检察长强调，更好发挥社会治理检察建议的监督实效和作用，“关键是要找准问题、提高质量、增强韧劲、争取支持。但检察建议不能‘包打天下’，必须实事求是”。①笔者认为，制发高质效的检察建议可以从以下几个维度展开。
+
+### （一）创造之维
+
+以创造之维锚定好的主题方向。主题方向是制发社会治理检察建议的前提。锚定好的主题方向应坚持以人民为中心，为大局服务，聚焦人民群众“急难愁盼”、执法司法“病灶顽疾”、社会治理难点堵点痛点、行业监管漏洞或角度死角，企业管理和企业经营发展、人民群众切身利益、生态环境和资源安全、经济社会发展、社会公共安全和国家安全等多领域，聚焦本地区实际和本地区重点工作，在依法履行法律监督职责中，洞察案件背后的深层次治理问题。
+
+### （二）实体之维
+
+检察建议的质效包括检察建议文书质量和检察履职质效两个方面。检察建议文书质量是检察建议质量的核心要素，是检察建议落实的前提。检察履职质效是确保高质量检察建议取得实效的保障。检察建议文书质量的核心要义在于精准性，这是确保检察建议做到刚性、做成刚性的核心。为使社会治理检察建议更具正当性、确切性、可采性，可以在某些专业领域借助“外脑”，广泛征求专家、专业机构等多方主体的意见建议。在检察履职方面，要在调查研究上发力，进行大量的走访调查，形成扎实的证据支撑体系，准确查明问题，为有针对性提出检察建议打下良好基础。对于所查明的不同问题，应准确援引法律法规，并分别提出对策建议，使建议在逻辑上与问题一一对应，确保检察建议的精准性和可操作性。
+
+### （三）程序之维
+
+规范是确保检察建议权威性和做到刚性、做成刚性的重要保障。首先，确保内部制发程序的规范。健全社会治理类检察建议立项发送机制。在制发程序上，严格遵循《人民检察院检察建议工作规定》，对于一些重大监督事项，可启动重大法律监督事项案件化办理程序；在文书制作上，严格按照《人民检察院检察建议工作规定》规定的文书内容和《人民检察院检察建议法律文书格式样本》规定的文书格式进行，确保文书规范性。社会治理检察建议发出前要报送法律政策研究部门进行审核，严把质量关。其次，确保外部送达程序的规范，包括宣告送达、督促落实、跟踪回访等。
+
+### （四）大数据之维
+
+传统就案办案的模式在发现社会治理问题方面有些滞后。大数据的运用，有助于解决社会治理中的动态监管难、监管不全面、治理滞后、治理效率不高等问题。检察机关可以运用大数据法律监督思维，借助大数据法律监督平台，通过分析研判所获取的某一类数据，深挖数据背后隐藏的深层次社会治理问题，并有针对性地制发高质量的检察建议。为此，检察机关应深入落实数字检察战略，依托法治信息化工程建设、依法治国强基工程建设等，整合行政执法与刑事司法衔接、政法一体化等大数据平台，建构相应的监督模型，形成数据共建共享共用新格局。
+
+### （五）系统之维
+
+一是形成系统外部合力。健全社会治理类检察建议评估考核机制，促使地方党委和政府将社会治理检察建议的整改落实工作纳入平安建设、法治建设考核内容，同时吸引社会力量参与。多元主体协同治理，可实现优势互补，形成治理合力。
+
+二是形成系统监督合力。其一，坚持治罪与治理并重的理念，针对某一领域治理，相关职能单位可协同司法机关建立对违法犯罪行为的联动查处机制。其二，对于检察建议指出的问题和建议内容，检察机关应与被建议方、主管部门和职能部门加强沟通、协力解决。
+
+三是形成系统内部合力。检察机关应坚持系统思维，进一步完善内部监督制约机制，各内设部门应在各司其职的基础上形成治理合力。
+
+***
+
+*本文系2023年度内蒙古自治区人民检察院重点调研课题《诉源治理与检察建议研究——以 44 份全国优秀社会治理检察建议为切入点》的阶段性研究成果。赵培显，国家检察官学院科研与发展规划部主任、副教授，法学博士；白秀峰，内蒙古自治区人民检察院检察官助理，法学博士。
+
+①参见巩宸宇：《应勇为国家检察官学院2023年秋季学期首批班次授课并看望慰问教职员工 强调 加快推进检察工作理念、体系、机制、能
+力现代化 谱写习近平法治思想的检察实践新篇章》，载《检察日报》2023年9月3日，第1版。
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_20.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_20.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..69c1ab9328985526e68124a24915f3394a6b794b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_20.md
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+DOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.002
+
+# 我国科学家发现基因剪新系统
+
+中科院脑科学与智能技术卓越创新中心（中科院神经所）杨辉团队通过对微生物大规模宏基因组数据进行计算分析发现两类新的CRISPR/Cas13系统，通过一系列工程化改造开发了一套高效率和高特异性的RNA编辑工具，该工具对开发基于RNA编辑的基因治疗手段具有重要的促进作用。该研究成果5月3日在线发表于《自然—方法》。
+
+CRISPR/Cas13是一类RNA 介导的靶向RNA切割的系统,它被广泛地应用于RNA敲低、RNA单碱基编辑、以及核酸检测领域(比如新冠病毒检测)。相比于传统的RNA干扰技术,Cas13 系统具有更高的敲低效率和特异性;而且,相比于Cas9介导的DNA编辑技术,Cas13不会对基因组造成永久性改变,甚至可以通过药物调控RNA编辑,使其具有可逆性,因此在疾病治疗上具有比较独特的优势。
+
+这项工作证明 Cas13X. 1在RNA编辑方面具有非常大的应用潜力,有望在未来成为一种高效和安全的RNA治疗药物,为疾病(尤其是罕见病)基因治疗提供了更多的选择。
+(黄辛)
+
+来源：《中国科学报》
+
+
+DOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.003
+
+# FAST又有新发现!脉冲星深度研究开始
+
+
+
+北京时间5月6日,被誉为“中国天眼”的FAST 望远镜相关研究成果在国际学术期刊《自然·天文》(Nature Astronomy)上刊发,标志着FAST 深度研究脉冲星的开始。
+
+脉冲星是大质量恒星死亡时的超新星爆炸催生的中子星。当前的超新星模拟不能产生速度和自转轴共线的中子星,显示了人类对于中子星起源这一复杂过程所包含的物理机制、例如中微子辐射还需加深认识。基于FAST 望远镜的观测,国家天文台李菂、朱炜玮团组的姚菊枚博士首次找到了脉冲星三维速度与自转轴共线的证据。
+
+研究人员介绍,相对前身星(OB星),年轻脉冲星具有更高的运动速度和更快的自转。经过几十年的研究,科学家们发现一些年轻脉冲星的速度和自转轴普遍存在共线的关系。基于FAST 对处于超新星遗迹S147 中脉冲星 J0538+2817 的观测,姚菊枚博士等研究者首次通过闪烁分析的方法获得脉冲星J0538+2817 在超新星遗迹S147 中径向位置和速度,结合已有切向速度测量获得了三维速度。(甘晓)
+
+来源：《中国科学报》
+
+# 我国首次实验实现量子信息掩蔽
+
+日前,中国科学技术大学郭光灿院士团队李传锋、许金时等人,与上饶师范学院李波、梁晓斌、南开大学陈景灵合作,实验实现了光量子信息的掩蔽,成功地将量子信息隐藏到非局域的量子纠缠态中。该成果2021年4月30日发表在国际知名期刊《物理评论快报》上。
+
+量子信息掩蔽是近期发展起来的一种信息处理协议,它将量子信息由单个量子载体完全转移到多个载体间的量子纠缠态上,这样一来,仅从单个载体上将提取不到任何信息。2018 年的一项研究证明,不能实现对所有量子态都成立的量子信息掩蔽,幸运的是能够实现掩蔽的量子态仍然是相当丰富的。量子信息掩蔽不仅在量子秘密共享,量子比特承诺等实际量子信息任务中具有广泛应用,也有助于对量子信息守恒等基本问题的理解。
+
+这一成果展示了量子信息掩蔽作为一种全新的量子信息处理协议的可行性,对保密量子通信的理论研究和实际应用都具有重要意义。(吴长锋)
+
+来源：《科技日报》
+
+DOI:10.16607/j.cnki.1674-6708.2021.09.004
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_21.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_21.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..40043dc24868911dede90e0f68cb02a7e46f3c66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_21.md
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+DOI:10.19684/j.cnki.1002-4603.2023.27.009
+
+# 爱我家乡 护我太行
+
+
+环太行山四省(市)司法协作保护生态环境纪实
+
+文·李芹
+
+“红日照遍了东方,自由之神在纵情歌唱!看吧!千山万壑,铜壁铁墙!抗日的烽火,燃烧在太行山上!……”
+
+坐在飞驰的高铁上,这首激昂奋进、让人热血沸腾的抗战老歌在耳边回荡。穿越时空,85年前,冼星海谱曲的《在太行山上》,唤起和激励着千千万万英雄儿女奔赴前线,浴血奋战在太行山上……
+
+此时,2023年9月4日,我离京去河北邢台,参加北京、河北、山西、河南四省(市)高院及太行山地域18家中院在那里举办的首届太行山生态环境保护
+司法协作联席会研讨会。“践行两山理念,共护绿色太行”“爱我家乡,护我太行!”太行山域法院人齐聚首,共话环境保护司法协作。
+河北高院党组书记、院长黄明耀出席会议并讲话
+
+**金戈铁马说太行：中华之脊的红色、绿色与精神底色**
+
+八百里巍巍太行,雄踞京冀晋豫,是黄土高原与华北平原的地理分界线,更是华北地区生态屏障和水源涵养地。百余人的联席会议尚未开幕,报到伊始、见面寒暄、散步交谈,关于太行山的话题已是热度飙升。
+
+他们说,太行山是母亲山,山川河流稻香,乡关家国故园。山峦孕育资源,河流四伏奔腾,为北京、大同、太原、安阳、邯郸、邢台、邺城等古城文明提供了生命之源;太行绵延文蕴久远,精卫填海、女娲补天、愚公移山、胡服骑射、负荆请罪、毛遂自荐……耳熟能详的神话传说、历史故事,流淌着一个民族的文化基因和精神记忆;始祖文化、古都文化、佛道文化、红色文化构成了太行山博大精深的文化体系。
+
+他们说,太行山是英雄山、红色山,千沟万壑,断崖绝壁,每一块山石都书写着威武不屈的精神。烽火硝烟,金戈铁马,发生过一系列惊天地、泣鬼神、光耀千秋的重大历史事件。卫国抗日的英雄史诗是太行山最为浓墨重彩的民族记忆,八路军挺进山西,在太行山区建立晋察冀、晋冀鲁豫等敌后抗日根据地,长治是八路军的故乡、子弟兵的摇篮;邢台前南峪抗日军政大学培养了大批抗日中坚力量;西柏坡是革命战争时期最后一个根据地,是进京“赶考”的出发地,新中国从这里走来,人民司法事业于此发韧。
+
+他们还说,太行山是一座有精神力量的传奇之山,蕴含着巨大的能量。愚公移山、女娲补天的传说,体现了中华先民与大自然抗争、修复生态环境,锲而不舍的拼搏勇气和牺牲精神;“挂壁公路”、“人工天河”红旗渠,镌刻下太行山人不认命、不服输、敢于战天斗地的英雄气概。太行精神是中华民族精神的积淀和延续,抗大精神、西柏坡精神、吕梁精神、红旗渠精神激励了一代代中华儿女接续奋斗。
+
+他们今天说,太行山是绿色山,森林茂密、树种丰富,是生物多样性保护的重要基地,是四省(市)的“空中家园”,更是华北平原的天然屏障、资源供给地和生态命脉。可谓太行一山起,华北万物生。加强太行山生态保护,赓续太行红色血脉,对保障国土生态安全、中华民族永续发展具有重要的历史意义和现实意义。“人不负青山,青山定不负人。”携手保护“中华之脊”太行山生人民司法之要事。
+
+**部门联动护太行：以司法之力守护蓝天碧水净土**
+
+“习近平总书记先后10次视察河北,要求建设天蓝、地绿、水秀的美丽河北,这为推进生态文明建设指明了前进方向、注入了强大动力。”伴随着浑厚有力的画外音,壮美太行的深谷流瀑、森林草甸映入眼帘。联席会议开幕式的第一项,与会代表一起观看了专题片《司法护航太行山绿色发展》。“法治是推进生态环境保护的重要武器。”河北省高级人民法院院长黄明耀在开幕式上讲道,近年来,河北法院坚持“生态优先、绿色发展”原则和恢复性司法理念,建立健全太行山-燕山、白洋淀、大运河、衡水湖等生态环境协同保护机制,尤其是太行山绿色发展是生态环境司法保护的重点工程。
+
+工欲善其事,必先利其器。做好生态环境司法保护,首先要有一支队伍。河北高院副院长徐茂明介绍说,目前,河北法院已设立环境资源审判专门机构90个,行政区划集中管辖机构16个,共有专门审判人员360余人;积极探索实行民、行、刑、执案件“四口归一”审理,环资审判有了一支特别能战斗的队伍。
+
+保护太行,不是法院一家的单打独斗,人民法院必须要与政府多部门联动协同作战,打造共治模式。
+为此,河北高院与省生态环境厅等部门会签多个文件,统一司法执法尺度,明确办案流程;与省检察院共同聘请60名公益诉讼技术专家,解决公益诉讼鉴定难。
+“环保行政执法与刑事司法的衔接更加顺畅高效,多部门协调联动日趋常态化,凝聚形成环境保护合力。”河北高院环保庭庭长张晓梅说。
+高院统筹规划,中基层法院能动创新,积极尝试。邯郸、张家口法院与多个部门建立环资保护多元治理协调联动机制,保定中院确定涞水、易县法院,石家庄中院确定平山法院,集中管辖涉太行山片区环境资源案件,提高了审判质效……
+
+
+环太行山四省(市)生态环境保护司法协作联席会议现场
+
+
+北京、河北、山西、河南四省(市)高院签订《太行山生态环境保护司法协作框架协议》
+
+守护绿色太行,河北法院在行动,北京、山西、河南也同样下足了功夫。
+
+北京高院副院长安凤德介绍说,在首个“8·15”全国生态日到来前夕,北京四中院及门头沟法院、房山法院等8家法院统一挂牌成立环境资源审判专门机构。这标志着全市法院建立起“高院1+中院1+基层7”的环境资源审判专门机构体系。
+
+山西高院专委邓一峰说,山西法院依法审理各类环境资源案件,与相关行政部门协作配合,密切工作联动、矛盾联排、纠纷联处,健全生态司法保护多元共治格局,建立协作联动机制。山西全省法院积极构建和参与内部联动、外部协作、跨省跨县的生态保护协作机制,共同化解区域分割与流域整体性、部门分治与生态系统性之间的矛盾,共同应对治理和保护工作具体问题,形成生态环境司法保护合力,有效推动了太行山西侧环资旅游建设。
+
+
+太行生态文明馆人民司法
+
+在河南高院的统筹下,郑州铁路运输法院以及林州市法院、新乡市牧野区法院挂牌设立太行山生态环境保护第一、第二法庭,集中管辖太行山环资案件,有效解决了之前按行政区划管辖、专业化程度不高、裁判标准不统一的问题,实现了对太行山河南段生态环境的系统整体保护。
+
+河南高院专委陈连东说,近年来,河南法院以环资案件集中管辖为抓手,深化内外联动,推行“林长+法院院长”机制,能动司法全力护航太行山河南段生态保护和高质量发展。
+
+太行山域各地各级法院,主动融入党委领导下的生态环境治理体系,法院间协作配合,持续深化跨区域、跨部门生态治理协作体系,切实扛起了太行山生态保护的司法担当。
+
+**再为太行着绿色：司法审判与生态修复同步推*进**
+
+会议在“城市绿心”园博园召开,真没想到,它的前身是邢东煤矿采煤塌陷区,如今成了邢台生态修复的新典范。
+
+漫步其间,江南园林的细腻婉约之美、北方园林的恢弘大气之貌让人赏心悦目,两大主展馆、六大古典园林、13个各具特色的城市展园以及24座造型各异的桥梁排阅而来。最醒目的红色建筑,是全国唯一集中展示太行山文化的综合性展馆:太行生态文明馆,全面介绍了太行山生态保护的今昔变化。
+
+像园博园这样的生态修复,也是邢台法院探索创新环资审判执行机制的有益尝试。邢台中院院长赵倩说:“我们坚持司法审判与生态修复同步推进,建立生态环境损害赔偿资金专用账户,建设生态修复司法保护教育基地,通过增植复绿、建设环境保护宣传长廊等方式,达到异地补植、恢复生态、总体平衡的司法修复效果。”
+
+2020年12月1日,邢台中院从专用账户划拨600万元,当地政府投入配套资金700万元,河北首家生态修复司法保护教育基地(1号基地)在沙河市开工。2018年以来,邢台法院审结环资案件1206件,判令生态损害赔偿金1.14亿元,划拨使用3800余万元,带动地方政府投入配套资金3亿元,建成8个此类基地,累计复绿面积1688亩,增植新绿180万余株,年均固碳5400吨。在刑事高压震慑和有力司法宣传下,全市环资刑事案件从2020年的161件下降至去年的63件,今年1-8月仅有40件。
+
+
+
+环太行山四省(市)生态环境保护司法协作研讨会现场
+
+在去参观生态修复司法保护教育基地的路上,邢台中院教培处处长刘霞介绍说:“5号基地平整场地40.3万平方米,植绿77万余株,播撒草籽1800余公斤;7号基地协调生态环境损害专用账户资金500万元,临城县政府投资2.2亿元,启动泯河修复项目,这起泯河非法采砂案的办理在太行山区生态保护中发挥了示范引领作用。”
+
+把污染者治理、损害者赔偿、开发者养护、受益者补偿综合贯通起来,逐步建立起刑事制裁、民事赔偿与生态补偿有机衔接的环境修复责任制度,实现了惩治违法犯罪、修复生态环境、赔偿经济损失“一判三赢”的法治效果,走出了一条“保护、打击、修复”为一体的生态环境保护新路。河北高院专委曹洪涛对邢台法院的新探索作出这样的评价。
+
+站在7号修复基地上放眼望去,白鹭飞处漾碧波,举目遍野尽披绿,如今的泯河,映入眼帘的是一幅河畅水清、鱼翔浅底、岸绿景美的山水画,曾因无序采砂、满目疮痍的泯河焕发出了勃勃生机!
+
+从无到有,循序渐进,分布于太行山邢台段内的8个生态修复司法保护教育基地,宛如绿色海洋中的一串明珠,“江碧鸟逾白,山青花欲燃”,成为太行山麓赏心悦目的风景线。
+
+**司法协作初实践：在现实需求中萌芽发展壮大**
+
+近年来,护航太行山生态保护取得了较好效果。但是,由于地区间司法协作不畅,司法审判理念存在差异,裁判标准不统一,容易造成各自为战。黄明耀院长说:“河北高院积极对接国家重大战略,创新工作举措,整合司法资源,统筹推进、全力服务保障太行山生态系统的整体保护和治理。”
+
+2021年2月20日,在河北高院倡导推动下,太行山沿线邢台、邯郸、石家庄、保定、张家口五市中院签订了《太行山生态环境保护司法协作备忘录》。同年4月16日,首届太行山河北段生态环境保护司法协作联席会第一次会议在邢台召开,太行山河北段一体化保护司法协作机制正式建立运行。河北高院倾力打造协作交流平台,指导邢台中院创办《太行山河北段生态环境保护司法协作专刊》,研发环境资源审判一体化平台,五地中院环资庭建立常态化沟通交流机制,提升太行山司法保护效率和效果。
+
+齐聚太行主峰,共话协作未来。2022年6月29日,河北高院在张家口蔚县小五台山下组织召开太行山河北段生态环境保护司法协作联席会第二次会议,总结一年来的司法协作工作,研究谋划更大范围的协作。黄明耀院长提出:“进一步谋划与北京、山西、河南等太行山周边省(市)的更宽领域环境司法协作,凝聚起共同保护太行山这一红色圣山、华夏文脉的强大司法合力。”
+
+其时,在跨省域司法协作方面,四省(市)基层法院的积极探索,已呈星火燎原之势。比如,河北磁县法院与河南安阳殷都区法院,河北武安法院、沙河法院与山西左权法院,建立环资类案件审执协作机制;河北大名法院与山东莘县法院、冠县法院、河南南乐法院建立三省四县法院司法协作机制;河北涉县法院与山西平顺县、壶关县、河南鹤壁市、安阳市等三省8家基层法院签署司法保护跨区域协作协议,建立资源信息共享、案件司法协助、裁判标准统一、区域司法联动机制,合力激活环太行山环境资源司法保护“一盘棋”;京津冀21家基层法院共同签署了相关协议,初步建立了官厅水库、密云水库、大运河等上下游各法院之间的司法协作机制,重点生态区域的协同共治次第展开。
+
+
+生态修复的另一种方式：自然修复
+**跨省协作新起点：东西南北更广更深的“四手联弹”**
+
+环资法官各抒己见,专家学者精彩点评。9月5日下午,一场以“践行两山理念,共护绿色太行”为主题的研讨会召开。此前一年间,围绕太行山生态环保,畅通联络、协作机制等,主办方收到调研论文172篇。研讨会上,“跨区域生态环境保护司法协作机制研究”“环境资源案件的跨行政区域集中管辖的困境与出路”等等话题,引发了深度思考和热烈讨论。“太行山环资保护这类案子,具有做出成熟裁判规则的条件和基础。只要做好了,形成可复制经验,就是一种规则创设,对全国都有借鉴意义。”北京高院环资庭庭长宋毅点评说。
+
+山西高院专委邓一峰说:“这次研讨会在司法协作机制建设、损害赔偿资金管理、生态修复方面,大家提出了一些很好的建议,为我们下一步开展太行山生态环境保护提供了理论基础。”
+
+9月5日上午,《环太行山四省(市)生态环境保护司法协作框架协议》签订,一张四省(市)高院领导牵手的照片定格了历史瞬间。这次首届联席会议提出建立环太行山生态环境保护司法协作机制,并规定十项具体协作事项,积极构建跨区域联动的生态环境保护长效机制,加强环太行山区域各法院之间在审判事务、裁判标准、审判资源和法治宣传等方面的协同配合,推动太行山一体化环境区域治理体系建设, 促进太行山区域生态环境质量持续改善。
+
+在立案方面,积极开展诉源治理司法协作,落实司法便民和司法救助措施,畅通环资案件立案绿色渠道,统一立案登记标准,推行网上立案、四省(市)间跨域立案;在审判方面,加强环资案件跨行政区划开庭审判、调查取证、证据保全、行为保全、财产保全、裁判文书送达等方面的配合协助;在执行方面,加强大气水流域和土壤污染、生物多样性保护等跨行政区域环资案件修复生态环境、禁止或限制行为、劳务代偿、第三方治理、金钱赔偿等方面执行联动。
+
+此外,还将共同加强环资审判团队建设,举办环资审判业务研讨班、开展环资审判理论研究,建立太行山区域环资审判专家库,为太行山环资审判协同发展提供智力支持。
+
+“青衿之志,履践致远。这次联席会议是我们四省(市)司法协作史上一个新的起点。”黄明耀院长指出,协议是宣誓、是倡议,更是责任和使命。河北法院作为司法协作机制建设的倡议方,要树立“一盘棋”思想,做到一条心协作,推进协作协议落地生根,开花结果,坚决织密筑牢守护太行绿水青山的“司法屏障”。
+
+“我们要切实把协作机制作为大事要事,抓在手里、扛在肩上,积极推动跨部门、跨地域、跨层级沟通协作,促进太行山生态环境保护优势资源互补、协作机制共建、绿色成果共享。”参会法官纷纷表示。
+
+众行才能致远,合奏才出强音。太行山生态环境保护是一项全局性事业,需要四省(市)统一规划,协调联动。最高人民法院环资庭庭长刘竹梅提出:“要坚持系统思维,增强司法保护的协同性,坚持问题导向,推动司法协作走向纵深。希望各地把协议确立的工作机制用起来,让协议规定的措施活起来,让太行山生态环境司法保护真正协同起来。”
+
+司法携手同行,共护壮美太行。环太行山生态环境保护司法协作机制,是贯彻落实习近平生态文明思想和习近平法治思想的生动实践,是创新和加强生态环境协同治理一体化保护的有力举措。四地同行,风生水起。太行脚下,一幅和谐共生、良性互动、永续发展的美丽画卷,正在徐徐展开,风光无限。
+
+
+与会代表参观生态修复司法保护教育基地
+
+作者单位：
+人民法院新闻传媒总社
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_22.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_22.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9a9730e8c2aed6fc045a888601ee99e666296e27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_22.md
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+# 珐琅器浅谈
+
+
+
+□ 郭桂珍
+
+珐琅又称“佛郎”、“拂郎”、“发蓝”，是以矿物质的硅、铅丹、硼砂、长石、石英等原料按照适当的比例混合，分别加入各种呈色的金属氧化物，经焙烧磨碎制成粉末状的彩料后，再依其珐琅工艺的不同做法，填嵌或绘制于以金属或瓷做胎的器物上，经烘烧而成为珐琅制品。
+
+## 一、珐琅器的种类
+
+珐琅器的分类一般有按胎骨材质及加工方法分类和按珐琅釉料性质及处理方法分类两种。按胎骨材质分类有金属胎珐琅器和瓷胎画珐琅，金属胎珐琅器根据胎骨加工方法又可分为掐丝珐琅器、錾胎珐琅器、画珐琅器、透明珐琅器、锤胎珐琅器等。由于不同的胎骨加工方法与施用的珐琅釉料性质及处理方法具有一定的对应关系，所以按珐琅釉料进行分类与按胎骨分类是相互融合的。
+
+1. 掐丝珐琅器（图一）。又称“景泰蓝”，先在金属胎上，按照图样设计要求描绘纹样轮廓线，然后用细而薄的金属丝或金属片（主要是铜，兼有金、银、丝、片）焊着或粘合在纹样轮廓线上，组成纹饰图案。再于纹样轮廓线的空白处，点施各种颜色的珐琅釉料，经多次焙烧、磨光、镀金而成。由于掐丝珐琅器的图案纹饰线条纤细，在烧制和磨光过程中，易产生断裂现象，故常留有焊接痕迹。
+
+
+
+图一 掐丝珐琅器(山西博物院藏)
+
+2. 錾胎珐琅器（图二）。顾名思义，就是将金属錾刻技法运用于具体的制作过程中。金属錾刻技法是我国古代一种传统的金属器加工方法，早在商周时期，工匠们就将这一技艺广泛运用到青铜器的装饰上,并制作出了图案精美的青铜工艺品。錾胎珐琅器的工艺制作过程是:先在已制成的金属胎上,按照图案设计要求描绘纹样轮廓线,然后运用金属錾刻技法,在纹样轮廓线以外的空白处进行雕錾减地,使得纹样轮廓线起凸,再在其下凹处填施各种颜色的珐琅釉料,经焙烧、磨光、镀金而成。其表面能给人一种似宝石镶嵌的感觉。
+
+
+
+图二 鎏胎珐琅器
+
+3. 画珐琅器(图三)。画珐琅器又称“洋瓷”。从清代蓝滨南在其《景德镇陶录》一书中对画珐琅器的描述可知,画珐琅器是以金属铜做器骨(胎),用五颜六色的瓷粉(珐琅釉)经烧制而成。简单地说,画珐琅器是用珐琅釉料直接在金属胎上作画,经烧制而成,富有绘画趣味,因此也有人称之为“珐琅画”。画珐琅器的制作方法是:先在已制成的红铜胎上涂施薄薄的一层白色珐琅釉,入窑烧结,并使其表面光洁平滑,然后以单色或多彩的珐琅釉料,按照图案纹饰设计要求,绘制花纹图案,再经入窑焙烧显色而成。
+
+
+
+图三 画珐琅器(山西博物院藏)
+
+画珐琅器还有非金属胎的,如瓷、紫砂、玻璃等,这类工艺制品称之为“珐琅彩”,属陶瓷艺术品。瓷胎画珐琅的制作工艺极为精湛,其珐琅釉料颜色丰富多彩,色彩控制准确,画面富有立体感,富丽堂皇。以康熙雍正时期的制品最为精湛。
+
+4. 透明珐琅器(图四)。据说由意大利工匠于13世纪末发明,至14~15世纪有了很大发展。其制作工艺是在金属胎上用金属錾刻或锤花技法锤錾出浅浮雕,再罩以具透明或半透明性质的珐琅釉,经烧制后,显露出因图案线条粗细深浅不同而引起的视觉上明暗浓淡的变化。透明珐琅器是在錾胎珐琅器衰落时开始兴起并发展起来的。以清乾隆年间广州制造的透明珐琅器最为著名。
+
+
+
+图四 透明珐琅器
+
+5. 锤胎珐琅器(图五)。锤胎珐琅器就是按照图案纹饰的设计要求,以金属锤蝶(花)加工技法对金属胎进行加工处理,从而锤出图案花纹,然后填施各种颜色的珐琅釉料,再经焙烧、磨光、镀金而成。有部分作品,刻意追求立体的宝石镶嵌效果。其制作方法是以金属锤碟(花)加工技法对金属胎进行加工处理,从而起线出图案纹样,在其纹样的凸出部分留出平底点施各种颜色的珐琅釉料,花纹的凹下部分不填施釉料而代之以镀金装饰,用金色来衬托点施珐琅的花纹。有的作品在使用珐琅釉料装饰花纹的同时,还镶嵌绿色松石、红色珊瑚等各种宝石。这样,在金光灿烂的铜镀金装饰衬托下,五颜六色的珐琅釉料和晶莹闪烁的各种宝石交相辉映,器物表面呈现出五彩斑斓的立体艺术效果。
+
+
+
+图五 锤胎珐琅器(山西博物院藏)
+
+## 二、中国珐琅工艺渊源
+
+中国金属胎珐琅工艺制品主要以掐丝珐琅和画珐琅两大类为主,也有现藏品不多的錾胎珐琅和透明珐琅器。
+
+谈到中国的掐丝珐琅工艺渊源,多数中外学者、美术史家都主张掐丝珐琅工艺是在元代从阿拉伯地区传入我国,其基本依据就是大食窑。史料记载表明,“大食”是宋元时期中国对西亚阿拉伯地区的称谓。明洪武二十一年曹昭《格古要论》曾说到“大食窑”,原文是:“以铜作身,用药烧成五色花者,与佛郎嵌相似,尝见香炉、花瓶、盒儿、盏子之类,但可妇人闺阁之中用,非士大夫文房清玩也,又为之鬼国窑。”后来王佐增补到:“今云南人在京多作酒盏,俗乎曰鬼国嵌。内府作者,细润可爱。”这段记载较具体地交代了“大食窑”的工艺特点与现今铜胎掐丝珐琅相吻合,故“大食窑”已被诸多学者确认为金属胎掐丝珐琅器。
+
+元朝吴渊颖“大食窑”称:“西南有大食,国自波斯传,兹人最解宝,厥土善陶埏。素瓶一二尺,金壁灿相鲜。晶莹龙宫献,错落鬼斧镌。栗纹起点缀,花裢蟠蜿蜒。……”这首咏“大食瓶”的诗描写了瓶的尺寸、色彩纹样等。说明这是从波斯来的物品。由于掐丝珐琅当时是由阿拉伯地区传入我国,故称掐丝珐琅为“大食窑”或“鬼国嵌”。
+
+阿拉伯地区的掐丝珐琅工艺能传入我国,应与元蒙军西征有关。13世纪下半叶,元蒙军远征,横跨欧亚大陆。1219年成吉思汗率军攻打大食国。每次攻陷城池大屠杀时只有工匠因身怀技艺而得以免杀。并被分遣于诸队,或赏其诸子诸妻诸将,或召赴蒙古营工作,或遣送蒙古广设工厂来发展自己的手工业。这条“惟匠得免”的政策被载入元典章内,元史列传中这种事例多见。元代的工匠,即多来自“技艺极精”的当时极富制作掐丝珐琅盛名的阿拉伯地区的回教徒民族,因此,工匠中自然不乏制作掐丝珐琅技艺的高手。
+
+元代的武力所及曾涵盖了波斯和云南大理一带,依据分析来看“大食窑”技术可能首先传入我国云南,云南的珐琅匠人赴京谋生,带来了珐琅技艺。沈德符在《万历野获编》中讲漆器时说:明初“滇工布满内府,今御用监供应库诸设,皆其子孙也。”其中也应有云南掐丝珐琅匠人。可能这种“以铜作身用药烧成五色”的制作方法,也是这样从波斯带到云南。1252年忽必烈经略云南,次年收附南诏国都大理,后以回人降民分赐百官。《马可·波罗行记》中,也曾提到押赤(昆明)“商工甚众,人有数种,有回教徒、偶像教徒……”。这些被蒙古人西征虏来的降民,几乎都是工匠。可以想象,阿拉伯工匠不仅带来了烧造珐琅制品的技术,也带来了烧造珐琅器所用的釉料。故开始烧造出来的珐琅制品,已达到很高的水平,早期那些光泽晶莹的铜胎掐丝珐琅制品,应该是元代后期在波斯工匠的指导下用进口的珐琅釉料烧造成的。但现存掐丝珐琅制品以明代遗存较多,最早的铭款是宣德,其次是景泰、嘉靖、万历朝的。从宣德款的掐丝珐琅看,已经完全民族化,没有留下阿拉伯风格的遗韵。清代掐丝珐琅得到康熙、乾隆皇帝的重视和提倡,有了很大的发展并达至顶峰。产地有北京、扬州和广州等地。
+
+关于中国画珐琅器的起源，多数学者认为“明末清初之际,西洋教士到中国传教,即可能携入此类艺术品”。康熙五十四年,意大利人郎世宁亦携一箱珐琅器来到中国作为赠礼之用。
+
+西洋画珐琅传到中国,康熙皇帝对珐琅器酷爱有加,康熙十九年(1680年)在内务府下设置了造办处,初期设于养心殿,专门为宫中制作家具、服饰及金玉珠宝等器物。有珐琅作、如意馆、做钟处、玻璃厂、舆图房等,铜、陶、玻璃及瓷胎画珐琅都在研制之中。珐琅作有法国珐琅艺人,制作珐琅的材料由法国商人、传教士带到中国,康熙朝以进口料烧制名贵的铜胎珐琅器。
+
+根据相关资料,早期画珐琅,釉彩堆积较厚,色彩晦涩,珐琅彩地表面砂眼密集,这些现象均说明早期画珐琅制作处于不成熟阶段。康熙后期画珐琅工艺逐渐成熟,其工匠有来自国内如广州的潘淳、杨士章及江西的宋洁等几十人,也有来自国外的传教士马国贤、郎世宁等,皇帝还亲命宫廷内画家参与珐琅作画珐琅器。晚期画珐琅的胎骨较早期既薄又轻,没那么厚重,器物的品种增多,珐琅釉质有所提高,气泡显著减少或接近消失。器物表面匀净平滑,蕴润莹洁,有的器物表面毫无瑕疵,色种增加,且色调鲜艳富丽,焙烧技术也有改进。因此,康熙时期画珐琅工艺完善成熟,为清代画珐琅工艺奠定了坚实的基础。
+
+珐琅器是我国具有鲜明的民族风格和优秀的艺术传统的艺术品类,工艺精湛,造型优美,色彩艳丽,是收藏品领域的一枝艺术奇葩。
+
+参考文献
+
+1. 杨伯达《论景泰蓝的起源——兼考“大食窑”与“拂郎嵌”》,《故宫博物院院刊》1979年4期
+
+2. 李久芳《中国金属胎起线珐琅及其起源》,《故宫博物院院刊》1994年4期
+
+3.李永兴《元明时期掐丝珐琅初探》,《故宫博物院院刊》2001年5期
+
+4. 陈丽芳《故宫知识从书·故宫藏金属胎珐琅器》,紫禁城出版社
+
+5. 杨伯达《中国金银玻璃珐琅器全集·珐琅卷》,河北美术出版社
+
+（作者工作单位：山西省艺术博物馆）
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_23.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_23.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70910dea9975c6d2914053831f9cf194e47ac34a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_23.md
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+
+
+**如何让民间艺术在市场中得到良性的发展，百工坊正试图以一种更接近市场的做法给传统手工艺找到一条持续发展的道路**
+
+
+
+百工坊传统工艺美术基地
+
+
+
+# 动态的民间艺术博物馆
+
+
+
+**本刊记者 薛童**
+
+从泥人到花丝镶嵌，从景泰蓝到牙雕，从剪纸到漆雕……这些带有浓郁怀旧气息的民间手工制作如今依然可以在北京繁华的腹地生动地再现，这就是位居北京崇文区的京城百工坊。在百工坊聚集了几十位全国顶级的民间手工艺大师，他们和他们的手工作坊一起构成了京城最独特的一道风景线。也由此，京城百工坊当之无愧地成为北京十大文化产业聚集地之一。
+
+如果说过去手工艺人作为一种职业在逐渐衰退的话，那么今天手工艺人作为一种文化的载体正在迎来新的发展机遇。传统手工艺在受到现代制造业的冲击而变得衰退，但是在现代制造业越来越发达的今天，质朴自然的传统手工艺产品越发显得弥足珍贵，又有了新的发展契机。
+
+对于民间艺术的保护如果仅仅停留在一种呼吁或者自上而下，效果显然是不理想的。如何让民间艺术在市场中得到良性的发展，百工坊正试图以一种更接近市场的做法给传统手工艺找到一条持续发展的道路。
+
+## 【园区档案】
+
+### 目标
+
+
+
+### 区位
+
+地处崇文区光明桥附近、龙潭湖畔，总面积4.2万平方米。
+
+
+
+## 责任与情结
+
+北京工艺美术行业在900多年的发展历程中，不断聚集全国各地的能工巧匠，逐步形成了历史悠久、门类齐全、技艺精湛、具有一定规模和地方特色的产业。但是进入上个世纪九十年代后，由于文化形态的日趋多元和外来文化的不断冲击，工美行业的发展面临着前所未有的挑战。大批工美行业的老企业倒闭；工艺美术大师大量流散，许多技艺濒于失传；工艺美术产品急速萎缩，北京传统工艺美术企业珍精品设计制作后继乏人，有的品种甚至到了人亡艺绝的地步，根本谈不上对工艺美术的创新发展。
+
+面对工艺美术发展的严峻现实，从国家到北京一系列关于保护工艺美术的政策规定相继出台。1997年5月20日国务院颁布《传统工艺美术保护条例》，2002年8月9日北京市颁布《北京市传统工艺美术保护办法》。2003年1月北京市经济委员会颁布《北京工艺美术行业发展纲要》中明确提出：“实施‘四大工程’，在崇文区建立传统工艺美术保护基地——‘京城百工坊’，并成为国内外有影响的‘名坊’”。京城百工坊诞生了。
+
+百工坊传统工艺美术基地。地处光明桥附近、龙潭湖畔，总面积4.2万平方米，是传统工艺美术基地和人文奥运新景观重点工程。由北京工美凤凰旅游艺术品集团控股的北京京城百工坊艺术品有限公司经营运作。
+
+目前京城百工坊汇集了50多个门类，设置了30多间大师工作室和特色工坊，保护、聚集了102位工艺美术大师。其中有景泰蓝艺术门类的代表人物张同禄先生；玉雕艺术门类的代表人物李博生先生；织绣艺术门类泰斗级人物崔洁先生；雕漆艺术门类中的代表人物文乾刚先生等。
+
+走进百工坊，似乎把我们带回到历史中，在这里，不仅可以看到各个门类的手工艺人大师的作品，欣赏到他们的创作过程，还可以和大师们聊天交流。与其说这里是一个手工艺的聚集地，不如说这里是中国传统工艺美术历史的浓缩。
+
+2003年11月26日京城百工坊开坊，中共北京市委书记刘淇出席开坊典礼，在接见北京130余位工艺美术大师时指出：百工坊开坊对于推动传统工艺美术事业的繁荣发展具有重要意义。国际旅游联合会主席埃里克·杜吕克先生在参观百工坊后，欣然为京城百工坊题词：这里是中华人民共和国的卢浮宫。
+
+北京京城百工坊艺术品有限公司董事长崔放表示，百工坊将打造成民族的、宫廷的中华民族非物质文化遗产；展示皇家工艺美术技艺和品种之传统民族国粹；面向2008年北京奥运会，接待国宾政要和国内外旅游者的首都新人文主题景观，具有丰富文化内涵和底蕴的功能完备的工艺美术文化产业基地。
+
+
+
+北京京城百工坊艺术品有限公司董事长崔放表示，百工坊将打造成民族的、宫廷的中华民族非物质文化遗产
+
+## 保护与传承
+
+京城百工坊是一个承载全国，特别是北京传统工艺美术技艺和大师的平台和基地。从创立到现在保护了一大批传统工艺美术技艺、品种和传承人；安置了工艺美术厂、花丝嵌镶厂等十一家破产企业和大师，并保护了花丝、料器、雕漆、宫绣等濒临绝迹的工艺美术技艺，使这些企业和民间、民族工艺文化传承人有了传承的必要条件和生存的根基。
+
+为了更好地保护和传承传统工艺美术，百工坊做了大量的工作和努力。
+
+首先，京城百工坊无偿为工艺美术大师和散落于社会的技艺传承人提供场地，为他们建立了工作室，使更多人了解工艺美术技艺、制作过程和其中深厚的中华民族历史文化。
+
+京城百工坊尝试着用现代科技成果导入传统制造业，在不改变传统工艺的基础上，合理利用现代科技成果，如景泰蓝釉料的改进、料器原料的无污染化等，拓展传统技艺的生存空间。
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+京城百工坊为技艺、品种、大师、技艺传承人建立知识产权保护系统，百工坊已申请了国家工商总局商标局31个类别274个品种的注册，百工坊的第一批七位大师将拥有自主的知识产权。
+
+在经营渠道上，京城百工坊作为大师、技艺传承人的经纪人，利用京城百工坊的品牌效应拓展他们的销售渠道，使他们增加收入。
+
+同时，京城百工坊在北京市工艺美术行业协会的支持下，为大师、技艺传承人广招艺徒，培养人才和接班人，为大师支付带徒金贴。另外，还分批申报各级非物质文化遗产项目，目前牙雕、景泰蓝、雕漆三项已被北京市正式立项，在北京市文化局、崇文区文委的支持下申报国家级非物质文化遗产项目，争取进入保护传承项目、名录。
+
+在保护与传承的同时，崔放告诉记者，在百工坊近三年的运营中，百工坊也取得了较为可观的社会效益和经济收益。
+
+百工坊成立以来，已接待了近20万人次，成为国宾、政要、旅游团队参观、购物的定点场所，多次举办工艺美术大师专题公益讲座，举办文化庙会，举办中外文化学术交流，接待社会文化名流，广泛而生动地普及民俗、民间、民族文化。
+
+在经济收益方面，百工坊利用品牌效应，使旅游和大师的销售渠道得以拓展，增加了收入。据不完全统计，每年旅游销售约8000多万元、大师销售约4000多万元。百工坊自营也取得实效，经营状况较为稳定。不含房租，2003年各项经营收入59万元；2004年369万元；2005年234万元；2006年1月至6月各项经营收入130万元。
+
+## 问题与探索
+
+作为一种新的尝试和实践，三年来，京城百工坊作为一个承载北京乃至全国传统工艺美术技艺和大师的平台，在积累了一定的理论与实践的经验同时也存在一些问题和发展瓶颈。
+
+虽然北京乃至全国有许多企业都在借鉴百工坊的模式，但百工坊自身的商业模式还不很清晰，百工坊所从事的工艺美术业态，在现阶段适应市场脉搏的商业模式还在探索过程中；企业后续发展资金不足，严重制约了企业的经营活动，使百工坊显得后劲不足，产生不了规模效益，摆脱不了传统手工业固有的弊端，想做大做强很困难。经营与管理机制不利于现代经营管理模式的推进，影响着企业的进一步发展。
+
+面对这些问题，京城百工坊也在积极探索解决问题的途径，目前，他们已经确定了一套比较系统的经营策略。主要经营思路是：确立经营工艺美术大师和工艺美术文化产业两条经营路线。发展四个商业模式：第一，充分利用百工坊政府支持的资源，百工坊品牌的优势，结合中国及北京旅游业的发展，在资本层面上做经营延伸，做功能性房地产。第二，利用研发优势，走工艺美术品实用化的产业道路，形成规模经营。第三，利用百工坊的品牌效应，发展连锁品牌店，打开企业连锁经营空间。第四，举文化旗促进文化产业及相关领域的发展，立足中国市场空间，注重文化休闲体验。如影视领域的文化节目，教育培训领域中的中小学生寒暑假期手工班。以百工坊品牌为先导，在旅游产业上，开拓境内外“文化之旅”。 开展现代特种服务业。
+
+北京市提出“十一五”期间要大力抓好文化创意产业的发展，以发展文化创意产业为新的引擎，推动产业升级。这无疑为百工坊项目的发展提供了契机。但同时，从工美行业的目前整体状况看，市场竞争日趋激烈，京城百工坊发展前景不容乐观。如何在新的发展机遇面前取得更好地发展，经过分析、权衡利弊，百工坊董事会做出重大决策：企业重组。即：实施股权置换，引进资金、引进新的经营和管理机制，促进企业市场化进程，实现企业商业运作模式。据了解，目前百工坊在企业重组方面正在积极地推进，并且已经有了合作的意向。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_24.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_24.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..79cbf5256fbb64945800c4e18fcb1e524518dd6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_24.md
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+
+
+# 交通运输执法
+
+重庆市交通运输综合行政执法总队轨道交通支队
+
+2023年7月
+
+### 典型案例（二）
+
+
+
+**擅自操作警示标志案**
+
+#### 案情介绍
+
+
+
+2023年2月13日,一名乘客擅自操作轨道交通3号线火灾报警装置,造成了火灾应急设备损坏。经执法人员调查,该名乘客在非紧急状态下擅自操作有警示标志的按钮和开关装置的行为,违反了《城市轨道交通运营管理规定》第三十四条第五款之规定,执法人员依据《城市轨道交通运营管理规定》第五十三条之规定,对当事人作出了罚款500元的行政处罚。
+
+#### 典型意义
+
+
+
+此案为重庆首例在轨道站点内擅自操作火灾报警装置案件,具有典型的警示意义。损坏轨道交通设施设备和非紧急情况下擅自操作有警示标志的按钮和开关装置,轻则可能影响轨道交通运营,重则导致运营安全事故等严重后果,危害自己及他人的生命财产安全。此案对提醒广大市民朋友在乘坐轨道交通时,遵守城市轨道交通法规,自觉做到文明出行具有重要意义。
+
+
+
+### 典型案例(三)
+
+
+
+**行人擅自进入轨行区案**
+
+#### 案情介绍
+
+
+
+2021年12月31日,一名行人侵限进入四号线唐家沱轨行区,运营单位发现后迅速将该行人带离。经执法人员调查,该行人为四号线二期施工人员,因迷失方向,从轨道交通唐家沱车站四号线一期和二期交界处翻越车站主体墙进入四号线一期运营轨道内,其行为违反了《城市轨道交通运营管理规定》第三十四条第三款规定,执法人员依据《城市轨道交通运营管理规定》第五十三条之规定,对当事人作出了罚款500元的行政处罚,并要求轨道运营单位对施工运营交界处管理不到位的问题进行整改。
+
+
+
+#### 典型意义
+
+
+
+此案为重庆首例行人侵入轨行区的案件，反映出轨道运营单位对运营与施工连接区域安全管理不到位的问题，对运营单位落实安全生产主体责任具有重要的警示教育意义。
+
+### 典型案例(四)
+
+
+
+**无人机侵限案**
+
+#### 案情介绍
+
+
+
+2022年4月28日,一驾无人机碰撞鹅公岩轨道大桥桥墩,后坠毁于大桥检修道。经执法人员调查,4月26日,刘某驾驶大疆牌无人机在拍摄夜景时因操作不当,碰撞鹅公岩轨道大桥桥梁墩柱导致坠毁。无人机驾驶人刘某未取得无人机驾驶资格,未按规定提交申请和飞行计划,该行为违反《城市轨道交通运营管理规定》第三十四条第九款的规定。执法人员依据《城市轨道交通运营管理规定》第五十三条之规定,对其作出500元的行政处罚。
+
+#### 典型意义
+
+
+
+重庆轨道交通发展迅速,跨越两江,所行之处风景美丽,有许多“网红打卡地”,但不少市民朋友热衷于无人机拍摄,这给轨道交通运营带来了安全隐患。此案对广大无人机爱好者具有重要的普法教育意义。
+
+
+
+### 典型案例(五)
+
+
+
+**车辆撞击轨道高架墩柱案**
+
+#### 案情介绍
+
+
+
+2022年4月30日,一辆轻型自卸货车行驶至轨道交通3号线郑家院子至唐家院子段时撞击轨道高架墩柱。经执法人员调查,撞击事故未造成人员伤亡,货车驾驶员胡某因雨天车速较快及操作不当,致其所驾货车打滑失控撞上了轨道3号线CRT3D214-039号墩柱护栏,墩柱未受撞击,但墩柱护栏明显受损,有多处擦痕和凹陷变形,正常防护功能已受到影响。当事人的行为违反了《城市轨道交通运营管理规定》第三十三条第一款“禁止损坏隧道、轨道、路基、高架、车站、通风亭、冷却塔、变电站、管线、护栏护网等设施”的规定,执法人员依据《城市轨道交通运营管理规定》第五十三条对胡某作出了1000元行政处罚。
+
+
+
+#### 典型意义
+
+
+
+重庆轨道交通具有山城特色,上行轨道下行车辆,轨道交通设施设备同时存在于市政道路之上,近年来已发生多起车辆撞击轨道墩柱的事件。此案警醒了广大驾驶员安全文明驾驶,共同维护城市轨道交通设施设备安全。
+
+
+
+## 轨道交通支队概览
+
+
+
+**轨道执法篇**
+
+建一流交通执法队伍
+创一流交通执法业绩
+树一流为民服务形象
+
+
+
+###  执法队伍基本情况
+
+
+
+重庆市交通运输综合行政执法总队轨道交通支队于2020年9月成立,主要职责为承担轨道交通运营管理的执法职能,承担主城九区轨道交通沿线重要客运枢纽站场道路运政的执法职能,组织开展有关专项整治和重大执法活动。
+
+支队下设特勤大队和一、二、三大队四个大队。其中,特勤大队负责统筹城市轨道交通运营执法工作与运营企业执法监管;一大队辖北碚、渝北、南岸三区;二大队辖两江、江北、渝中三区;三大队辖沙坪坝、九龙坡、大渡口、巴南四区。三个大队分别设一个轨道中队具体负责轨道执法工作。
+
+支队成立以来,坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导,围绕服务“交通强市”和打造“轨道上的都市区”工作大局,始终牢树“以人为本”的理念,以为城市轨道交通安全运营保驾护航为目标,坚持严格规范公正文明执法,不断在轨道交通运营执法领域探索耕耘。
+
+### 重庆城市轨道交通发展历程
+
+
+
+2000年12月,重庆轨道交通2号线一期工程(较场口~大堰村)全线正式开工。2005年,2号线开通试运营,开启了重庆轨道交通的新纪元。目前重庆已开通运营1、2、3、4、5、6、9、10号线及环线、国博线、江跳线、璧山云巴示范线共12条轨道交通线路,建成全世界规模最大的山体城市轨道交通运营网络,进入世界级轨道交通城市行列,并成功打造“李子坝单轨穿楼”“开往春天的列车”“云海列车”等文旅品牌。至2023年2月27日,重庆轨道交通5号线北延伸段正式通车投入初期运营,全市轨道交通运营总里程突破500公里,单日最高客流量达471.9万人次(2023年4月30日)。至2025年,重庆轨道交通在建及运营里程将突破1000公里;至2035年,全市将构建共计24条线路、总里程约1312公里的“环射+纵射”城市轨道线网和共计9条线路、总里程约1061公里的“七射线两环线”市域(郊)铁路网。
+
+
+
+### 执法依据
+
+
+
+
+
+重庆市第三届人民代表大会常务委员会第二十三次会议2011年3月25日审议通过《重庆市轨道交通条例》(以下简称《条例》),该《条例》自2011年6月1日起正式实施。《条例》规定将地铁公共场所容貌、环境卫生和运营秩序的执法职能赋予轨道交通运营单位,将轨道交通控制保护区内建设活动的执法监督职能赋予市城乡建设行政主管部门,将轨道交通运营管理的执法监督职能赋予市交通行政主管部门。
+
+2018年3月,国务院办公厅出台《关于保障城市轨道交通安全运行的意见》(国办发〔2018〕13号),2018年7月1日,交通运输部颁布《城市轨道交通运营管理规定》(中华人民共和国交通运输部令2018年第8号),从国家层面为轨道交通运营执法提供了依据。两个文件发布后,交通运输部先后制定出台了城市轨道交通风险分级管控与隐患排查治理、运营安全评估、行车组织、设施设备运行维护、应急演练、客运服务、服务质量评价等方面的9个规范性文件和4个配套文件,构建了较为完备的城市轨道交通运营管理制度体系。
+
+### 执法监管范围
+
+
+
+
+
+一、负责对轨道运营企业运营应急预案体系、运营前安全评估、从业人员管理、风险分级管控和隐患排查治理、运营安全风险整改、轨道设施设备安全、服务质量履行等9类,21项进行执法监管。
+
+二、负责对轨道站点及轨道线网区域内个人或单位危害运营安全、侵入行车限界、损坏站点设施设备、堵塞站点通行等3类,15项进行执法监管。
+
+依照相关法规条例,轨道交通运营执法工作主要是对运营单位落实安全生产主体责任以及第三方单位或个人危害轨道交通运营安全的执法监管。在实际执法工作中,轨道交通支队主要以执法检查与案件查办的方式履行轨道交通运营执法职能:执法检查方面,通过“双随机一公开”检查与专项检查等方式,对轨道交通运营单位各项运营工作落实情况进行监督;案件查办方面,对执法检查中发现的问题、运营突发事件、第三方单位或个人相关案件线索展开调查,依法责令相关违法人改正违法行为并对其作出行政处罚。
+
+### 执法履职情况
+
+
+
+#### 轨道案件
+
+
+
+2021年至2023年6月,支队共查处轨道案件63起。其中,轨道站点出入口5米范围内违停乱放案件27件,损坏轨道设施设备案件16件,违规放飞无人机案件7件,重要设施、区域存放违禁品案件5起,企业未落实安全生产责任案件5件,行人侵限案件2件,违规操作安全设备案件1件。
+
+#### 责令改正
+
+
+
+2021年至2023年6月,支队共发出责令改正违法行为通知书127份,均实现了整改复查闭环管理。责令改正类型主要集中在运营单位未按规定开展从业人员培训、未按时开展应急演练、未按规定完善风险分级管控与隐患排查治理双重预防制度等方面。
+
+
+
+### 典型案例（一）
+
+
+
+**在城市轨道交通车站出入口5米范围内停放车辆妨碍乘客通行和救援疏散案**
+
+#### 案情介绍
+
+
+
+2022年2月28日,执法人员在轨道环线民安大道站巡查时发现3B出入口横停一辆号牌为渝ADTXXX小轿车该车停放位置在出入口5米范围内,车中无驾驶人员,车身遮挡部分出入口,涉嫌妨碍乘客正常通行和救援疏散。经调查,当事人行为违反了《城市轨道交通运营管理规定》第三十四条第六款之规定,执法人员依据《城市轨道交通运营管理规定》第五十三条之规定,对其作出罚款500元的行政处罚,并依法责令改正违法行为。
+
+
+
+#### 典型意义
+
+
+
+此案为重庆首例对个人在城市轨道交通车站出入口违规停放车辆的行政处罚案例,对停放于车站出入口5米范围内的界定以及对妨碍乘客通行与救援疏散的判定具有较高的参考价值,对侵占轨道交通车站出入口的违法行为具有震慑警示作用。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_25.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_25.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..14457480ce47d3230c8fcd1c00a438cacd37ce50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_25.md
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+# 顶峰山矿区水文地质特征与防治水措施
+
+**许福美**,**雷芳芳**,**吴志杰**,**吴超凡**
+
+龙岩学院资源工程学院,福建龙岩 364012
+
+摘要 顶峰山矿井地下水系统包括第四系孔隙含水岩组、煤系基岩裂隙含水岩组、栖霞灰岩裂隙-岩溶含水岩组和老空水；矿井充水水源有大气降水、含水岩组、断裂构造带和老窑积水，其中对矿井有突水危险的主要是导水性断层和老窑积水；由于矿井内发育的导水性断层为岩溶水进入煤系提供了通道，防治水的重点工作是探查导水性断层和老窑积水区，导水性断层的探查主要采用高分辨率三维地震勘探和瞬变电磁法相结合的探测方法；防治方法可根据实际情况采用留设防隔水煤（岩）柱、截流堵水、疏水降压和注浆加固等措施；老窑积水主要分布在 $F_{5}$ 断层以北地区，采取钻探与物探相结合的方法进行探查，主要防治方法为留设防水煤岩柱和探放水。
+关键词 顶峰山矿井；地下水系统；水文地质特征；防治水
+中图分类号 TD325 文献标识码 A doi 10.3981/j.issn.1000-7857.2011.15.008
+
+## Hydrogeological Features and Measures for Water Control in Dingfengshan Mine
+
+XU Fumei, LEI Fangfang, WU Zhijie, WU Chaofan
+
+School of Resource Engineering, Longyan University, Longyan 364012, Fujian Province, China
+
+**Abstract** The groundwater system in Dingfengshan Mine includes quaternary pore aquifer group, fissure aquifer group of coal bed rock, fissure-karst aquifer group of Qixia limestone, and goaf water; the water in the system is generated from atmospheric precipitation, aquifer group, faulted structural belt, and goaf water, among them the faulted structural belt and goaf water are the major risks for the mine water inrush. The hydraulic conductivity of faulted structural belt, which is originated with in the mine, allows karst water to go into the coal mine, the key tasks for the water control in the mine focus on the investigation of the faulted structural belt and goaf water area. Methods for probing water conductivity belt mainly could rely on the combination of high-resolution three-dimensional seismic exploration with transient electromagnetic method for detecting; while methods of water prevention, according to the actual situation of maximum security, could be based on stay watertight coal (rock) column closure water shutoff, hydrophobic buck, and grouting reinforcement measures. As the goaf water is mainly distributed in north fault $F_5$, the method for probing it is the combination of drilling with geophysical exploration, and methods for prevention are mainly building coal and rock pillars of waterproofing, probing water regularly, and leading it away in time.
+**Keywords** Dingfengshan mine; groundwater system; hydrogeological feature; water control
+
+## 0 引言
+
+据 2005—2009 年统计， 福建省煤矿安全生产事故中，矿井透水事故约占 7.6%， 但若按 3 人以上的较大事故统计，水害事故占事故总数的 28%， 说明在福建省煤矿安全生产中，矿井透水事故是威胁矿井施工和开采安全的重大因素[1-2]。 针对煤矿水文地质特征所进行的矿井水源预测， 涌水量预测，老空水防治，水文地质条件勘查，突水机制，水害探测、预测、监测和防治技术等方面，前人做了大量的研究工作，并取得一定成果[3-10]，逐步形成了以地震法探查导水构造、电法查含水层分布的矿井水文地质条件勘查模式。 1999 年， 李白英[11]提出的“下三带”理论在矿井突水预测和突水机制研究方面取得重大突破；2001 年 王 玉 民 等[12]提出的水质分析法、2009年潘国营等[13]提出的同位素判定法在矿井突水水源判定方面取得一定成果；2005 年，刘树才等[14]应用瞬变电磁法结合三维地震进行探查在矿井采空区及老窑突水预测、预报方面取得良好的效果；在矿井水害探测与监测技术研究方面，利用红外仪激电仪超前探测、煤层底板应力场和渗流场的动态监测也取得初步发展；适应不同类型水害、不同水文地质条件的防治方法也得到发展，形成了留设防水煤柱、强排疏干、带压开采、注浆封堵、防渗、隔水层改造等一系列防治方法。 但是不同地区不同矿井，由于矿井水文地质特征不同，井下采掘条件不同，应根据具体情况，采取相应的防治水措施。 目前在福建省各煤矿区应用物探方法进行矿井水源探测、矿井采空区及老窑突水预测、预报方面还未见详细的报道。 本文通过对顶峰山矿区的地下水文地质特征进行分析，查找危害矿井安全生产的水害因素，在前人研究的基础上，结合矿井实际，确定相应的探查方法和防治水对策，以期为煤矿安全生产提供防治水方面的指导作用。
+
+
+收稿日期： 2011-01-14；修回日期：2011-05-09
+基金项目： 福建省教育厅 B 类科技项目（JB10161）
+作者简介： 许福美，副教授，研究方向为煤田地质与矿井水文地质，电子信箱：xfm6512@163.com
+
+## 1 矿区水文地质概况
+
+顶峰山矿井位于福建省龙岩市南面 14km 处， 是龙永煤田的一部分，井田范围东以 $F_{0}$ 断层为界，南以 $F_{15}$ 断层为界，西以 $F_{27}$ 断层和龙坎铁路为界，北以 $F_{30}$ 断层为界（图 1）。 矿区地下水第四系含水层和煤系基岩裂隙含水层主要接受大气降水补给，而灰岩含水层是由基岩裂隙水通过裂隙或构造破碎带等通道补给，矿坑涌水量受大气降水控制，呈明显季节变化，矿坑充水以渗水、滴水和淋水为主，主要充水途径为地下开采造成的“三带”波及地表的塌陷、裂隙裂缝和断层破碎带。 矿井地下水系统主要有第四系孔隙含水岩组、煤系基岩裂隙含水岩组、栖霞灰岩裂隙-岩溶含水岩组和老窑积水。
+
+
+
+### 1.1 第四系孔隙含水岩组
+
+煤系上分布的第四系主要为残积坡积层，属孔隙含水岩组，富水性不均，为煤系的间接充水含水岩组，是大气降水渗入补给煤系地下水的通道。
+
+### 1.2 煤系基岩裂隙含水岩组
+
+区内出露的基岩几乎都含裂隙承压水， 富水性弱或弱-中等，与煤层开采有关的含水岩组有：
+（1） 翠屏山组， 主要为风化壳孔隙-裂隙和基岩裂隙含水，主要富水部位在岩层风化带和砂砾岩岩层，富水性弱-中等， 涌水量为 0.0055—0.116L/（s·m）， 突水系数为 0.0045—0.629m/d，该含水岩组为煤系的间接充水含水岩组。
+（2） 童子岩组，第一和第三段为裂隙含水岩组，第二段为隔水岩组，富水性弱，涌水量<0.1L/(s·m），突水系数<1.0m/d，为煤层开采时的直接充水含水层。
+
+### 1.3 栖霞灰岩裂隙-岩溶含水岩组
+
+栖霞组主要由碳酸盐类岩石组成，通常发育裂隙与岩溶，裸露区以岩溶含水为主，隐伏区以裂隙含水为主。 本组为裂隙-岩溶承压水含水岩组，富水性弱-中等，在侵蚀基准面以下 100—200m，富 水 性 中 等-强，涌 水 量 0.13—3.05L/（s·m），突水系数为 2.19—9.31m/d， 在侵蚀基准面以下 200—300m，富 水 性 弱-中 等， 涌 水 量 0.04—0.45L/（s·m）， 突 水 系 数 为0.16—0.96m/d。由于童子岩组下有文笔山组隔水岩层组分布，因此栖霞灰岩含水岩组之间常有缓倾角的滑覆断裂构造发育，有时把文笔山组隔水岩组断失或断薄，造成栖霞灰岩与煤系直接接触或接近，构成对煤层开采有灾害性充水危害的充水边界，成为间接充水含水岩组，有些甚至与开采煤层直接对口或接近，成为直接充水含水岩组，所以该含水层为防止矿井突水事故需要特别注意的含水层。
+
+### 1.4 老窑积水
+
+由于矿区范围及周边存在许多已经废弃的小煤窑，这些废弃的小煤窑就成为了储水的良好场所， 即形成老窑水，而这些老窑部分在建矿前就已存在， 空间位置一般都很隐蔽，确切位置不明，给煤矿安全生产带来极大的安全隐患。
+
+## 2 矿井充水因素分析
+
+### 2.1 充水特征
+
+矿坑涌水量受大气降水的控制，呈明显季节变化。旱季，大多数小煤矿硐口流量极小，而雨季，各硐口涌水量明显增大，尤其是与地表沟谷水有联系的煤硐，在连降大雨之后，会出现洪峰似的雨季最大矿坑涌水量，流量高达 14.23L/s，直接威胁安全，影响生产。而在深部，这种季节变化有一定滞后现象，一般 3—6d 后涌水量增大，8—10d 达到高峰。矿井充水以渗水、滴水和淋水为主，煤层顶板往往有渗水现象，出水点均出现在断裂、褶皱等构造裂隙发育部位。
+
+### 2.2 充水因素分析
+
+#### 2.2.1 大气降水
+
+大气降水是井田地表水和地下水的主要补给来源，补给途径主要是通过第四系残坡积层和基岩风化带以及老窑塌陷区等渗入补给含水岩组、断裂构造带和生产煤硐，然后进入矿井坑道。 大气降水是矿井充水的主要因素，从生产硐长期观测成果可以明显看出，生产硐涌水量受降水影响十分明显，雨季最大涌水量是正常涌水量的 2—4 倍。
+
+#### 2.2.2 含水岩组
+
+矿井内第四系及风化带含水岩组一般对煤层无直接充水危害。 翠屏山组含水岩组由于其补给来源主要为大气降水，离可采煤层较远，对煤层开采无直接充水危害。 童子岩组第一段和第三段含水岩组就其本身而言对矿井坑道无灾害性突水危害， 但是局部以静储量为主的裂隙承压水赋存，在有水源补给时会对矿井突水造成灾害。 栖霞灰岩水对矿井的充水影响主要表现在岩溶的发育程度，正常情况下文笔山组隔水岩组能隔开其与煤系的水力联系，不会对煤层开采造成直接的充水危害， 但当断层沟通灰岩水与煤层的联系时，则会造成直接突水危害。
+
+#### 2.2.3 断裂构造带
+
+矿井内发育的$F_1$断层为导水性断层,由于其导水影响,为岩溶水进入煤系提供了通道,但因其两侧岩层富水性较弱,当地下水补给来源有限时,只要在$F_1$断层两侧留足隔水煤柱,做好探防等工作,岩溶水的危害可以避免。$F_0$断层为局部导水性较好的缓倾斜断层,其对+250m以上开采水平无直接充水危害,但对+250m以下开采水平的水文地质条件造成了复杂影响。$F_5$、$F_6$断层为高角度边界断层,由于其形成时间晚,切穿了矿井内的所有地层,但因其本身充导水性较差,并未使灰岩水与煤系水形成水力联系,且其单点涌水量也不大,所以不会对煤层的正常开采产生威胁。$F_{27}$断层为高角度边界断层,钻孔揭露均未发生“全漏”现象,在地表翠屏山组中发现泉源,说明其在浅部有一定导水性,而深部则导水性较差,所以正常情况下其对煤层开采的充水影响不大。应该特别指出:在天然条件下,这些充导水弱的断裂构造虽然与地表水、地下水无明显的水力联系,但在开采条件下,很可能由于强烈的疏干降压而导致裂隙通道疏通,破坏原有的均衡条件,使得这些断裂构造和地表水体及地下水有水力联系,从而构成矿坑充水的新补给边界,因此矿井水文地质工作对此必须给予足够重视。
+
+#### 2.2.4 老窑积水
+
+井田内小煤窑星罗棋布,主要分布在$F_5$断层以北地区。小煤窑开采对井田排水有积极的作用,但报废的小煤窑,特别是斜硐开采的小煤窑,往往会封存相当的积水。特别是那些开采年代很久,硐口坍塌,无人知晓,如有积水,不慎触及可能会造成极大的突水危害,所以在老窑区应做好探防水工作,以防重大突水事故发生。老空、老窑水量不很大,一般不致造成淹井事故,但水量集中,来势凶猛,一旦揭露,就会以“有压管道流”的形式突然溃出,迅猛异常,具有很大的冲击力和破坏力,对人身安全危害极大。
+
+## 3 防治水对策
+
+通过矿井充水因素分析,结合矿井水文地质条件和采掘工作的实际情况,顶峰山矿井的防治水重点为导水性断层和老窑积水。防治水总体工作重点在于:建立健全各类防治水制度;编制防治水中长期规划和年度规划;制订专门的防治水措施;针对有水患影响的地点,地质人员要重点跟踪调查,坚持预测预报、有疑必探、先探后掘、先治后采的防治水原则,采取防、堵、疏、排、截的综合治理措施。
+
+### 3.1 地面防治水
+
+顶峰山矿井周边小窑众多,开采历史较长,对因废弃小窑井口封堵不良、地表浅部开采的小窑冒落塌陷等形成地表塌陷坑、斑裂缝等地表透水通道,每月应由矿领导组织相关人员进行全面排查,特别是在雨季来临前或在雨季期间,对地面废弃小窑井口封堵情况、地表塌陷坑、斑裂缝的位置以及地表的防洪坝、泄洪沟等进行全面排查。
+
+地面防治水是预防矿井水灾的第一道防线,结合顶峰山矿井实际,地面防治水主要应采取4种措施:① 加强地面防水工程的检查,在雨季到来之前,对地面防水工程应做全面检查,发现问题及时处理;② 修筑排洪沟渠,排泄山洪、排放积水,疏干地表水源;③ 注浆填堵塌陷坑、斑裂缝等地表透水通道;④ 充填、平整积水洼地。
+
+### 3.2 井下防治水
+
+根据以上充水因素分析,该矿井含水岩组一般无直接充水危害,所以井下防治水主要为导水性断层和老窑积水。对于井下水文地质条件比较复杂的有突水危险的区域,重点防控,坚持“预测预报,有疑必探,先探后掘,先治后采”的原则,严格执行防、堵、疏、排、截的综合防治水措施。井下防治水害应遵循预防为主、防治并举的原则,总体预防措施为:① 建立健全水害防治工作各级岗位责任制、水害防治技术管理、水害预测预报和水害隐患排查治理等制度;② 编制中长期防治水规划和年度防治水计划,并组织实施;③ 水文地质条件不清的,严禁进行采掘活动,矿井有透水征兆时,受水害威胁的区域要立即停止作业,分析原因,采取有效措施;④ 加强对职工防治水知识的培训和教育,提高安全生产技能和综合素质。
+
+#### 3.2.1 导水性断层的防治
+
+顶峰山矿井内发育的主要导水性断层有$F_1$断层和$F_0$断层,特别是$F_0$断层对+250m以下开采水平的水文地质条件造成了复杂影响。
+
+(1) 导水性断层的预测和探查,井巷遇导水断裂前一般具有以下特征:巷道挂红、水质发黄无异味、水温异常、工作面压力增大,发生片帮、冒顶、底鼓并伴随滴水、淋水现象,且淋水由小变大,有时煤帮出现铁锈色水迹等。对导水断裂的探查,根据矿井实际情况,采用高分辨率三维地震勘探和瞬变电磁法相结合的探测方法,可大大提高勘探精度,为防治水工作提供可靠的水文地质资料。
+
+(2) 导水性断层的防治措施,根据实际情况有留设防隔水煤(岩)柱、截流堵水、疏水降压和注浆加固等措施。对于穿过井田中部的$F_1$断层,一般作为采区边界,故在其两侧留设必要的防水煤柱即可。在一些必须要穿越导水性断层的巷道,应进行注浆,封堵出水通道,加固围岩,并采用特殊的支护措施通过。回采工作面遇导水断层时,一般可采用截流堵水,疏水降压和留设断层防水煤柱等防治水措施。具体采用那种方法,应根据断层的导(含)水性、水压、涌水量、补给水源确定,同时还要考虑技术经济合理性等因素。对井巷工程个别地段由于断层的破坏导致岩性破碎,巷道围岩压力较大并伴有滴水、淋水等透水预兆的区域,设置水闸门、水闸墙等防水设施,发现透水预兆要马上采取措施,停止作业。
+
+#### 3.2.2 老窑水的防治
+
+由于老窑多缺乏各种资料,导致部分老窑分布及积水状况不明,由此给老窑水的防治带来很大困难。因而做好老窑的排查工作成为防治积水的关键。利用钻探和物探技术相结合的手段探查老空积水区,查明老空积水的补给水源、积水范围和积水量,可取得良好的效果。老窑水的防治大体上有留设防隔水煤岩柱回避和主动疏干两种方法。
+
+（1）鉴于老窑水突出时的特点，在井巷设计、施工和工作面回采时应尽量采取留设防隔水煤岩柱进行回避，使其少受或不受采掘影响。 留设防水煤岩柱应按照《煤矿防治水规定》[15]的要求，纵向防水煤岩柱的留设规定为：① 在水淹区或老窑积水区下掘进时，巷道与水体间的最小距离不得小于巷道高度的10 倍；② 在水淹区或老窑积水区下采煤时，防水煤岩柱的尺寸不小于导水裂隙带的最大高度与保护层厚度之和。
+在老窑积水区附近进行同一煤层开采时，在积水区界线已基本查明后，横向防水煤岩柱尺寸可按以下经验公式计算[16]：
+
+$$
+a=0.5KM\sqrt{3P/K_p}
+$$
+
+其中，a 为煤柱宽度；K 为安全系数，一般取 2—5；M 为煤层可采厚度；P 为水头压力；Kp 为煤体的抗拉强度。
+特别是当老窑积水和其他水体有水力联系时，尤其要避免采掘活动对其造成影响，防止两者沟通后较大的动静储量水一并释放，给矿井排水带来巨大压力，威胁人员安全及正常生产，此类情况主要采取留设防水煤岩柱的防治方法。
+（2）由于留设防水煤岩柱会造成大量煤炭损失，增大井巷工程量，所以应根据实际情况，主动采用探放水方法对其进行疏干，主动疏干有以下几种方式。① 直接探放。当水压不大，不致超过矿井排水能力时，可利用探水钻孔直接放水。② 先隔离后探放。积水量大，酸性大的老窑积水，应先留隔离煤柱到生产后期再处理。 ③ 先降压后探放。 静储量大，水量大，水压高的老窑积水，应先打穿层孔降压后再打探水孔。④ 先堵后探放。 当老空水与溶洞水或其他巨大水源有关系，动水储量很大，一时排不完或不可能排完的情况下，应先堵住出水点，然后排放积水。无论采取哪种形式，进行探放水时都应制定好严格的安全措施，组织施工，确保安全。
+
+## 4 结论
+
+（1）顶峰山矿区矿井地下水系统主要有第四系孔隙含水岩组、煤系基岩裂隙含水岩组、栖霞灰岩裂隙-岩溶含水岩组和老窑积水，矿井充水水源有大气降水、含水岩组、断裂构造带和老窑积水。
+（2）大气降水为矿井的主要充水要素，含水岩组中第四系及风化带含水岩组、翠屏山组含水岩组和童子岩组含水岩组含水量不大，对矿井坑道无灾害性突水危害，栖霞灰岩水对矿井的充水影响在正常情况下由于文笔山组隔水岩组能隔开其与煤系的水力联系，不会对煤层开采造成直接的充水危害，但当断层沟通灰岩水与煤层的联系时，则会造成直接的突水危害。
+（3）矿井防治水重点为导水性断层和老窑积水，矿井内发育的导水性断层，为岩溶水进入煤系提供通道，要在断层两侧留足隔水煤柱，做好探防工作；老窑积水主要分布在 F5断层以北地区，主要防治方法为留设防水煤岩柱和探放水。
+
+**参考文献(References)**
+
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\ No newline at end of file
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+油脂营养 DOI：10.19902/j.cnki.zgyz.1003-7969.210232
+
+# 香榧籽油对高脂膳食 SD 大鼠脂质代谢的影响及机理
+
+肖铭慧¹,²,黄敏婕²,董 捷²,宋丽丽¹,王德前²
+
+(1. 浙江农林大学 亚热带森林培育国家重点实验室,杭州 311300; 2. 浙江省农业科学院 畜牧兽医研究所,杭州 310021)
+
+**摘要**: 为推进对香榧籽油生物功效的认知,以高脂膳食大鼠模型评估香榧籽油的降脂、抗氧化功效及其作用机理。将 40 只 SD 大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NF组)、2%香榧籽油正常组(NFO组)、高脂对照组(HF组)、2%香榧籽油高脂组(HFO组)。每周记录 SD 大鼠体重,分别在第 4 周和第 7 周检测血清中总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、血糖(Glu)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、C 反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素 6(IL-6)、白介素 4(IL-4)水平。在第 7 周处死大鼠,解剖取肝脏、十二指肠、脂肪组织,采用油红 O、苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察组织形态,并采用 qRT-PCR 检测肝脏脂质代谢相关基因的表达。结果表明:实验第 4 周,与 NF 组相比,香榧籽油能极显著降低 SD 大鼠体重(P<0.01),整个实验周期内 HF、HFO 组大鼠体重无显著差异;与 NF 组相比,NFO 组大鼠血清 TG、Glu、MDA 水平显著下降(P<0.05),HDL-C 水平显著提高(P<0.05);与 HF 组相比,香榧籽油能显著降低大鼠血清 TC、LDL-C 和 Glu 水平(P<0.05),显著提高 SOD、GSH-Px 的活性和 T-AOC(P<0.01, P<0.05)。实验第 7 周,与 NF 组相比,NFO 组大鼠血清 LDL-C 水平极显著上升(P<0.01),TC、MDA 水平显著下降(P<0.05);与 HF 组相比,香榧籽油能显著升高大鼠血清 TG、LDL-C、MDA、CRP、IL-4 水平(P<0.05, P<0.01);长期食用香榧籽油,大鼠肝脏、十二指肠组织中偶有炎性细胞浸润,脂肪组织细胞形态大小不均。NFO 组大鼠肝脏 AMPKα、SREBP-1c 基因表达水平极显著高于 NF 组(P<0.01),HFO 组大鼠肝脏 FAS、ACC、AMPKα 基因表达水平极显著低于 HF 组(P<0.01)。香榧籽油可能通过调节 AMPKα/SREBP-1c 信号通路实现调节大鼠血脂、提高抗氧化水平的生物功效。
+
+**关键词**: 香榧籽油;降血脂;脂质代谢;多不饱和脂肪酸
+
+**中图分类号**: TS225.1;Q591.5 **文献标识码**: A **文章编号**: 1003-7969(2022)03-0071-07
+
+# Effect of *Torreya grandis* cv. Merrilii seed oil on lipid metabolism in SD rats fed with high fat diet
+
+XIAO Minghui¹,², HUANG Minjie², DONG Jie², SONG Lili¹, WANG Deqian²
+
+(1. State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China; 2. Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China)
+
+**Abstract**: To advance the understanding of the biological efficacy of *Torreya grandis* cv. Merrilii seed oil, a high-fat dietary rat model was developed to evaluate the lipid-lowering and antioxidant effects of *Torreya grandis* cv. Merrilii seed oil and its mechanism of action. Forty SD rats were randomly divided into normal fat group (NF group), 2% *Torreya grandis* cv. Merrilii seed oil group (NFO group), high fat group (HF group), and high fat with 2% *Torreya grandis* cv. Merrilii seed oil group (HFO group). The body weight of SD rats was recorded every week. The levels of serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), blood glucose (Glu), superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), C reaction protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-4 (IL-4) were detected at the 4th and 7th week, respectively. At the 7th week, the rats were sacrificed, and the liver, intestine and adipose tissue were dissected and observed by oil red O and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. In addition, the expression of liver lipid metabolism related genes was detected by qRT-PCR. The results showed that in the 4th week of the experiment, compared with NF group, *Torreya grandis* cv. Merrilii seed oil could significantly reduce the body weight (*P* < 0.01) and the levels of serum TG, Glu and MDA (*P* < 0.05), and markedly increase HDL-C level (*P* < 0.05). There was no significant difference in body weight of rats in HF and HFO groups during the 4 weeks experiment. Compared with HF group, *Torreya grandis* cv. Merrilii seed oil could reduce the levels of TC, LDL-C and Glu (*P* < 0.05), increase the activities of SOD, GSH-Px and T-AOC (*P* < 0.01, *P* < 0.05). In the 7th week of the experiment, compared with NF group, the serum LDL-C level of the NFO group increased significantly (*P* < 0.01), and the TC and MDA levels decreased significantly (*P* < 0.05); compared with HF group, the *Torreya grandis* cv. Merrilii seed oil could significantly increase the levels of TG, LDL-C, MDA, CRP, IL-4 (*P* < 0.05, *P* < 0.01); inflammatory cells occasionally infiltrated into the liver and intestine of rats fed with *Torreya grandis* cv. Merrilii seed oil for a long time, and the shape and size of adipocytes were uneven. The expression levels of AMPKα and SREBP-1c in the liver of rats in NFO group were higher than those in NF group (*P* < 0.01), while the expression levels of FAS, ACC, AMPKα in HFO group were lower than those in HF group (*P* < 0.01). The *Torreya grandis* cv. Merrilii seed oil may regulate the AMPKα/SREBP-1c signaling pathway to achieve the biological effect of regulating blood lipid and improving antioxidant level in rats.
+
+**Key words**: *Torreya grandis* cv. Merrilii seed oil; hypolipidemic; lipid metabolism; polyunsaturated fatty acid
+
+
+
+**收稿日期**:2021-04-13;**修回日期**:2021-10-26
+
+**基金项目**:浙江省重点研发项目(2019C02064,2021C02041)
+
+**作者简介**:肖铭慧(1995),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为植物油成分及功能分析(E-mail)2019102102006@stu.zafu.edu.cn。
+
+**通信作者**:宋丽丽,教授(E-mail) lilisong@zafu.edu.cn;王德前,副研究员(E-mail) wangdq@zaas.ac.cn。
+
+高脂膳食可使机体脂肪堆积,血清中总甘油三酯(TG)、胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)升高,从而引发高脂血症[1]。长期高脂膳食可使机体产生过多自由基,造成脂质代谢异常,使脂类物质合成、分解、转运等发生紊乱[2]。利用自然界植物中的天然成分降低血脂、调节脂质代谢异常一直是国内外关注的热点[3-4]。
+
+香榧( Torreya grandis cv. Merrilii)是红豆杉科榧树属常绿乔木,雌雄异株,属于榧树的栽培品种。香榧起源于中国,主要分布在在我国东南一带地区,如浙江、福建、江苏、安徽等省份,其中以浙江省诸暨市量最多,占全国产量的50%以上[5]。香榧具有很高的药用价值:香榧树根皮可用于治疗风湿肿痛;香榧假种皮和叶片挥发油具有抗菌作用,且假种皮中含有防治癌症的5种二萜类化合物(香榧脂、18-氧弥罗松酚、18-羟基弥罗松酚、花柏酚和半日花烷类衍生物)[6-7]。香榧籽油是一种富含多不饱和脂肪酸的植物油,其多不饱和脂肪酸含量为52.58% ~56.50%[8]。大量研究表明,多不饱和脂肪酸能显著降低大鼠体重和体脂[9],抑制高脂引起的小鼠糖脂代谢紊乱[10],显著降低高脂血症患者TG、TC、LDL-C水平,升高高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平[11-12]。在香榧籽油中,除了大量的脂肪酸以外,还含有有益脂类伴随物,如甾醇(1 407.81 ~1 777.11 mg/kg)、生育酚(1 520.05 ~ 1 620.83mg/kg)、角鲨烯(14.29 ~ 16.77 mg/kg)等[8]。香榧籽油含有降血脂及预防动脉粥样硬化的生物活性物质[13-15],但香榧籽油调节血脂水平的机制尚未明晰,香榧籽油能否长期食用来改善高脂膳食下的血脂水平还有待评估。
+
+本研究采用高脂膳食大鼠模型评估香榧籽油的降脂、抗氧化功效及其作用机制,以期为推进对香榧籽油生物功效的认知,促进香榧籽油精深加工和科学利用提供理论支持。
+
+## 1 材料与方法
+
+### 1.1 实验材料
+
+香榧种实,于2019年9月采自浙江省诸暨市赵家镇,在干燥阴凉处堆沤至假种皮柔软,剥离假种皮后晾晒种子,蒸馏水冲洗后再次晾晒,得到香榧籽。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化酶(GSH-Px)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、白介素6(IL-6)、白介素4(IL-4)试剂盒,南京建成生物工程研究所;组织固定液,浙江金华同和生物技术有限公司;苏木精-伊红(HE)染料,美国 Sigma 公司;FineMag 磁珠法动物组织总 RNA 提取试剂盒,济凡生物科技(常州)有限公司;反转录试剂盒 PrimeScript RT reagent Kit with gDNA Eraser (Perfect Real Time)、实时荧光定量 PCR试剂盒 SYBR Premix Ex Taq II (Tli RNase H Plus), Takara 宝日医生物技术(北京)有限公司。
+
+雄性 SD 大鼠,体重 180~220 g,购自上海斯莱克实验动物有限责任公司,许可证号为 SCXK(沪)2017-0005。基础饲料(无氮浸出物 52.0%,粗蛋白质22.1%,水分9.2%,粗脂肪5.28%,粗灰分5.20%)、高脂饲料(基础饲料49.5%,猪油20.4%,蔗糖15%,酪蛋白12.3%,预混料2%,麦芽糊精0.8%),杭州赛洛进生物科技有限公司;2%香榧籽油基础饲料(基础饲料98%+香榧籽油2%)、2%香榧籽油高脂饲料(高脂饲料98%+香榧籽油2%),自制。
+
+DHG-9070 恒温鼓风干燥箱,济南欧莱博电子商务有限公司;380 型号榨油机,温州康油来电器有限公司;低速离心机,德国 Eppendorf 公司;7080 全自动生化分析仪,日本日立株式会社;RM2235 型病理组织切片机、1150H 型石蜡包埋机、ASP 200S 型组织脱水机,德国 Leica 公司;EcliPse Ci-L 正置拍照显微镜、Eclipse Ti-E 激光共聚焦显微镜,尼康映像仪器销售(中国)有限公司;Pannoramic DESK/MIDI/250/1000 全景切片扫描仪,3 Dhistech 公司;全自动样品快速研磨仪,上海净信实业发展有限公司;PCR 扩增仪,美国 Thermo Scientific 公司;实时荧光定量 PCR仪,美国 Agilent 公司;Avanti JXN-30/26 智能型高效离心机,贝克曼库尔特商贸(中国)有限公司。
+
+### 1.2 实验方法
+
+#### 1.2.1 香榧籽油的制备
+
+将香榧籽置于120℃烤箱烘烤15 min,然后剥离种壳、种衣,将种仁切碎,采用榨油机压榨得到香榧籽原油,过滤后于10 000 r/min 离心 15 min,取上清,即得香榧籽油。
+
+#### 1.2.2 动物分组与给药
+
+将40只SD大鼠在动物房内适应性饲养1周后,随机分为4组,分别为正常对照组(NF组)、2%香榧籽油正常组(NFO组)、高脂对照组(HF组)、2%香榧籽油高脂组(HFO组),每组10只,实验周期7周。NF组、NFO组、HF组和HFO组大鼠分别饲喂基础饲料、2%香榧籽油基础饲料、高脂饲料和2%香榧籽油高脂饲料,所有实验大鼠均饲养于浙江省农业科学院实验动物中心 SPF级动物房内,饲养温度(23±2)℃、湿度(55±5)%、光照12h/12h 明暗交替,自由摄水、摄食,每周定期更换大鼠笼具内的垫料及饮水,整个实验过程按照“3R”原则给予实验动物人道主义关怀。
+
+#### 1.2.3 大鼠的状态观察及体重测定
+
+实验期间,每日对大鼠的外观、精神状态、自主活动、进食饮水和排泄等进行观察,并每周定时称量大鼠体重。
+
+#### 1.2.4 血清指标检测
+
+分别于实验第4、7周采血,采血前大鼠禁食12h,次日清晨眼眶取血。血液于3000 r/min 离心 15 min,取上清,采用全自动生化分析仪测定TC、TG、LDL-C、HDL-C、血糖(Glu),按试剂盒说明书测定SOD、MDA、GSH-Px、T-AOC、CRP、IL-6、IL-4。
+
+#### 1.2.5 组织形态观测
+
+大鼠颈脱处死后,取肝脏、十二指肠和肾周附近的脂肪组织,用无菌 PBS 缓冲液冲洗干净,经4%多聚甲醛固定,固定状态良好后进行修剪,经无水乙醇脱水、包埋、切片后,分别进行HE染色和油红O染色(染色方法参考文献[16]),然后在显微镜下观测组织形态。
+
+#### 1.2.6 实时荧光定量 PCR 检测肝脏脂质代谢相关基因
+
+取50~100 mg 肝脏组织于研磨管中,加入1 mL 组织裂解液和2 粒钢珠进行研磨,然后按照试剂盒说明书提取 RNA。紫外检测总 RNA,质量浓度均为300 ng/µL以上,OD260与OD280 比值均在1.8 ~ 2.0之间,符合后续实验。取500 ng RNA 反转录成cDNA,cDNA纯度在1.6 ~ 1.8方可进行 PCR 扩增。采用20 µL扩增体系。扩增反应条件:95℃ 预变性30 s,95℃ 5 s,60℃ 34 s,进行40个反应循环。实验所需引物参考文献[17],由生工生物工程(上海)股份有限公司完成合成,引物序列如表1所示。
+
+#### 1.2.7 数据处理
+
+采用$2^{-\Delta\Delta C_t}$法比较量化分析荧光定量 PCR 检测结果。实验数据用SPSS 22.0进行分析处理,数据均以“平均值±标准差”的形式表示,对数据进行ANOVA 单因素方差分析和$t$检验($P<0.05$表示差异显著,$P<0.01$表示差异极显著)。采用 GraphPad Prism 8 软件进行制图。
+
+**表1 脂质代谢相关基因引物序列**
+
+
+| 目的基因 | 引物序列(5' - 3') | 片段大小/bp |
|---|
+| β-catin | F: TGTCACCAACTGGGACGATA | 165 |
+| R: GGGGTGTTGAAGGTCTCAAA |
+| FAS | F: ACCTGGTGACCCTGAATCTG | 153 |
+| R: CTTTCCGGGATCTTGTGCTG |
+| ACC | F: ACATCGGTCCTGTGTCAGTT | 179 |
+| R: TCCATCACCACAGCCTTCAT |
+| AMPKα | F: CCCGACACACCCTAGATGAA | 167 |
+| R: TGCTCTACACACTTCTGCCA |
+| SREBP-1c | F: CCCACCTCAAACCTGGATCT | 177 |
+| R: TCTCAGCCTGTAGTCCCTCT |
+
+
+注: FAS. 脂肪酸合成酶; ACC. 乙酰辅酶 A 羧化酶; AMPKα. 腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶 α; SREBP-1c. 固醇调节元件结合蛋白-1c。下同
+
+## 2 结果与讨论
+
+### 2.1 大鼠整体状态及体重
+
+整个实验期间,各组大鼠均无打斗受伤,毛发柔顺有光泽,活泼有生机,进食饮水、排泄均正常。各组大鼠体重如表2所示。
+
+由表2可见:与正常对照组(NF组)相比,2%香槟籽油正常组(NFO组)大鼠在实验第3周、第5周时,体重均显著降低(P<0.05),第4周时体重出现极显著降低(P<0.01);在整个实验期间,高脂对照组(HF组)与2%香槟籽油高脂组(HFO组)大鼠体重差异不显著(P>0.05)。说明香槟籽油在一定时间内能够减缓正常膳食大鼠体重增长,对高脂膳食大鼠体重无影响。
+
+**表2 各组大鼠体重的变化g**
+
+
+| 组别 | 第1周 | 第2周 | 第3周 | 第4周 | 第5周 | 第6周 | 第7周 |
|---|
+| NF | 197.90 ± 7.41 | 256.50 ± 10.24 | 321.40 ± 5.35 | 365.40 ± 2.39 | 419.44 ± 6.37 | 447.16 ± 10.84 | 445.02 ± 13.54 |
+| NFO | 199.54 ± 9.08 | 256.28 ± 7.26 | 308.14 ± 11.37# | 356.55 ± 3.47## | 409.85 ± 5.02# | 446.45 ± 7.03 | 429.44 ± 30.39 |
+| HF | 200.70 ± 5.37 | 256.84 ± 9.11 | 318.10 ± 15.57 | 361.25 ± 28.71 | 417.93 ± 43.49 | 456.60 ± 41.10 | 461.65 ± 40.03 |
+| HFO | 194.44 ± 7.36 | 251.30 ± 9.28 | 315.22 ± 9.88 | 363.60 ± 10.76 | 421.08 ± 15.98 | 458.74 ± 20.27 | 464.98 ± 20.50 |
+
+
+注:NFO组与NF组相比, #为P<0.05, ##为P<0.01; HFO组与HF组相比, *为P<0.05, **为P<0.01。下同
+
+### 2.2 大鼠血清生化指标的变化(见表3)
+
+**表3 大鼠血清生化指标的变化**
+
+
+| 时间 | 组别 | TC/(mmol/L) | TG/(mmol/L) | HDL-C/(mmol/L) | LDL-C/(mmol/L) | Glu/(mmol/L) |
|---|
+| 第4周 | NF | 1.74 ± 0.05 | 1.16 ± 0.26 | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 0.43 ± 0.07 | 9.39 ± 0.80 |
+| NFO | 1.70 ± 0.08 | 0.68 ± 0.04# | 1.12 ± 0.08# | 0.47 ± 0.06 | 6.17 ± 0.40# |
+| HF | 1.68 ± 0.08 | 1.27 ± 0.23 | 0.65 ± 0.11 | 0.64 ± 0.03 | 8.91 ± 1.32 |
+| HFO | 1.48 ± 0.07* | 1.20 ± 0.20 | 0.71 ± 0.06 | 0.50 ± 0.08* | 5.04 ± 0.26* |
+| 第7周 | NF | 1.67 ± 0.07 | 0.88 ± 0.07 | 1.11 ± 0.10 | 0.32 ± 0.05 | 6.39 ± 0.67 |
+| NFO | 1.47 ± 0.10# | 0.84 ± 0.07 | 1.12 ± 0.09 | 0.44 ± 0.06## | 8.42 ± 1.79 |
+| HF | 1.34 ± 0.12 | 0.59 ± 0.19 | 0.70 ± 0.20 | 0.43 ± 0.02 | 8.66 ± 1.50 |
+| HFO | 1.25 ± 0.12 | 1.17 ± 0.39* | 0.69 ± 0.07 | 0.69 ± 0.07* | 8.04 ± 0.81 |
+
+
+由表3可见:饲喂香榧籽油4周后,与NF组相比,NFO组大鼠 TG、Glu 水平显著降低(P<0.05), HDL-C 水平显著升高(P<0.05);与HF组相比,HFO组大鼠 TC、Glu和LDL-C 水平显著降低(P<0.05)。说明香榧籽油短期内具有一定降血脂作用。饲喂香榧籽油7周后,与NF组相比,NFO组大鼠 TC 水平显著降低(P<0.05),LDL-C 水平极显著升高(P<0.01);与HF组相比,HFO组大鼠 TG、LDL-C 水平显著升高(P<0.05)。提示香榧籽油在后期实验阶段未有显著降血脂作用,高脂膳食大鼠饲喂香榧籽油引起 TG、LDL-C 水平升高。结合体重变化结果可知,香榧籽油对大鼠体内脂质的沉积有较强的抑制作用,同时可改善因为脂质沉积过多引起的血脂、血糖紊乱的问题,但香榧籽油减缓大鼠体重增长、调节血脂和血糖水平的生物功效具有时效性。目前市场上的一些降脂药、降糖药对人体肝、肾、胃、肠道有一定损害副作用[18],香榧籽油作为一种富含多不饱和脂肪酸、甾醇、生育酚的植物油,具有开发成天然膳食添加剂、减肥药和降糖药的潜力。
+
+### 2.3 大鼠血清抗氧化指标的变化
+
+SOD、GSH-Px、T-AOC 水平可反映机体清除自由基的能力[19],而丙二醛(MDA)含量可反映机体受氧化损伤程度[20]。对大鼠血清抗氧化指标进行检测,结果见表4。由表4可见:饲喂香榧籽油4周、7周后,与NF组相比,NFO组大鼠 MDA 水平均显著降低(P<0.05);饲喂香榧籽油4周后,与HF组相比,HFO组大鼠SOD、GSH-Px、T-AOC水平显著升高(P<0.01, P<0.05);饲喂香榧籽油7周后,HFO组大鼠MDA水平极显著高于HF组(P<0.01),说明香榧籽油在实验后期加剧了高脂膳食大鼠的氧化损伤。上述结果说明香榧籽油具有短期内提高高脂膳食SD大鼠血清抗氧化水平的作用。
+
+**表4 大鼠血清抗氧化指标的变化**
+
+
+| 时间 | 组别 | SOD/(U/mL) | MDA/(nmol/mL) | GSH-Px/(µmol/L) | T-AOC/(mmol/L) |
|---|
+| 第4周 | NF | 362.25 ± 26.90 | 11.67 ± 3.64 | 2 293.70 ± 338.30 | 0.17 ± 0.04 |
+| NFO | 348.60 ± 26.32 | 9.72 ± 4.20# | 1 952.33 ± 17.58 | 0.21 ± 0.06 |
+| HF | 297.11 ± 10.77 | 6.81 ± 1.12 | 1 603.29 ± 167.67 | 0.14 ± 0.02 |
+| HFO | 333.08 ± 9.60** | 6.22 ± 2.92 | 1 907.26 ± 95.06* | 0.22 ± 0.04* |
+| 第7周 | NF | 378.93 ± 26.32 | 5.35 ± 0.97 | 1 729.86 ± 54.38 | 0.23 ± 0.13 |
+| NFO | 367.73 ± 27.44 | 3.89 ± 0.74# | 1 576.44 ± 105.46 | 0.19 ± 0.04 |
+| HF | 380.33 ± 37.96 | 3.89 ± 0.01 | 1 665.62 ± 185.16 | 0.19 ± 0.06 |
+| HFO | 378.00 ± 34.25 | 7.78 ± 1.94** | 1 571.84 ± 149.50 | 0.19 ± 0.09 |
+
+
+### 2.4 大鼠血清炎症指标的变化
+
+CRP、IL-6是促炎性细胞因子,分泌过量易导致炎性疾病产生[21],而IL-4为抗炎性细胞因子。通过检测大鼠炎症指标表达水平,可对炎症反应紊乱程度进行判断。对大鼠血清炎症指标进行检测,结果见表5。由表5可见,整个实验周期内,NF组和NFO组大鼠血清炎症因子水平无显著差异(P>0.05)。与HF组相比,饲喂香榧籽油4周后,HFO组大鼠血清IL-6水平极显著升高(P<0.01);与HF组相比,饲喂香榧籽油7周,HFO组大鼠血清IL-4水平显著升高(P<0.05),CRP水平极显著升高(P<0.01)。说明香榧籽油能促进高脂膳食大鼠细胞因子CRP、IL-6、IL-4的分泌。
+
+**表5 大鼠血清炎症指标的变化**
+
+
+| 时间 | 组别 | CRP/(ng/mL) | IL-6/(pg/mL) | IL-4/(pg/mL) |
|---|
+| 第4周 | NF | 729.75 ± 206.54 | 87.09 ± 7.26 | 79.91 ± 10.92 |
+| NFO | 744.01 ± 208.63 | 89.91 ± 9.34 | 72.82 ± 12.65 |
+| HF | 816.83 ± 397.62 | 71.56 ± 5.55 | 61.62 ± 12.62 |
+| HFO | 886.67 ± 141.55 | 95.84 ± 6.43** | 77.94 ± 6.26 |
+| 第7周 | NF | 823.24 ± 154.34 | 89.97 ± 8.61 | 63.35 ± 13.64 |
+| NFO | 806.66 ± 287.65 | 84.75 ± 9.98 | 69.39 ± 20.49 |
+| HF | 802.02 ± 153.75 | 91.60 ± 2.18 | 61.70 ± 8.16 |
+| HFO | 1 286.69 ± 99.91** | 91.03 ± 10.31 | 70.16 ± 10.79* |
+
+
+### 2.5 大鼠组织形态的变化
+
+各组大鼠组织病理形态显微图见图1。
+
+
+
+注:第一排为肝组织,第二排为十二指肠组织,第三排为肾周脂肪组织。
+
+**图1 各组大鼠组织病理形态显微图(200×)**
+
+由图1可见:NF组大鼠肝脏细胞大小、形态正常,肝脏组织结构完整且清晰,无炎性细胞浸润; NFO组大鼠肝脏小叶结构完整,肝脏细胞排列规则,局部汇管区周围及小叶内可见炎性细胞小灶性浸润,未见其他明显异常;HF组大鼠肝脏表面肉眼可见脂肪肝形成,显微镜下观察到肝脏细胞排列不规则,脂肪变性严重,脂肪空泡占整个肝脏组织比例较大,肝脏小叶内可见炎性细胞灶性浸润;HFO组大鼠肝脏组织广泛可见肝细胞空泡变性,胞质内可见数量不等的微小圆形空泡,小叶内可见炎性细胞灶性浸润,偶见肝细胞坏死,胞核碎裂溶解,胞质嗜酸性增强,伴轻度出血及少量炎性细胞浸润。
+
+NF组大鼠十二指肠肠绒毛排列规则,分界清晰,上皮完整,肠腺数量丰富,无异常情况;NFO组大鼠十二指肠黏膜层及黏膜下层可见少量炎性细胞浸润;HF组大鼠肠绒毛排列不规则,少量肠绒毛顶端上皮细胞缺失;HFO组大鼠十二指肠各层结构清晰,肠绒毛排列不规则,肠腺数量丰富,黏膜层可见少量炎性细胞浸润。
+
+NF组大鼠肾周脂肪组织细胞分界清晰,形态大小均匀正常,无异常;NFO组大鼠肾周脂肪组织细胞分界清晰,但细胞大小不均匀;HF组大鼠肾周脂肪组织细胞体积较大,细胞形态大小正常;HFO组大鼠肾周脂肪组织细胞大小不均,细胞排列规则,呈蜂窝状,未见明显炎症反应。
+
+本次大鼠组织病理学检查结果与血清炎症指标结果相符,炎性细胞因子升高引发组织炎症。对大鼠组织观测的结果说明香榧籽油并不能改善高脂饮食造成的肝脏细胞损伤,不能减少肝脏脂肪沉积,长期食用香榧籽油肝脏、十二指肠组织会产生轻微炎症,造成脂肪组织细胞大小不均,其他无异常。
+
+### 2.6 大鼠肝脏组织中脂质代谢相关基因表达水平的变化
+
+机体脂质合成通路中,FAS、ACC、SREBP-1c是调控脂类物质合成的关键基因[22]。SREBP-1c可调控 FAS、ACC 表达上调,增加脂肪酸生物合成,触发肝脏脂肪变性[23];而AMPKα能抑制脂肪酸代谢途径,使FAS、ACC 表达下调,促进脂质分解代谢[24]。大鼠肝脏组织中脂质代谢相关基因表达水平的变化如图2所示。
+
+
+
+**图2 大鼠肝脏组织中脂质代谢相关基因相对表达量的变化**
+
+由图2可见:与NF组相比,NFO组大鼠肝脏组织中FAS、ACC的表达下调,但无显著差异($P>0.05$),而AMPKα、SREBP-1c的表达极显著增加($P<0.01$);与HF组相比,HFO组大鼠肝脏组织中FAS、ACC、AMPKα的表达极显著降低($P<0.01$),SREBP-1c表达有下降趋势,但无显著差异($P>0.05$)。结果说明香榧籽油可能通过影响AMPKα/SREBP-1c信号通路改善大鼠脂质代谢。
+
+与NF组相比,香榧籽油能显著增加正常膳食大鼠AMPKα和SREBP-1c表达,提示香榧籽油可能通过调控AMPKα/SREBP-1c信号通路的表达来抑制从头脂肪酸生物合成,从而减缓大鼠体重增长、降低血脂、减少氧化应激。高脂膳食容易引发脂质代谢紊乱,HFO组大鼠FAS、ACC基因表达极显著降低,表明香榧籽油具有改善高脂膳食大鼠脂质代谢异常的作用。
+
+## 3 结论
+
+通过测定SD大鼠体重和血清生化指标的变化,本研究明确了香榧籽油能短期内降低正常膳食大鼠体重、血清中MDA含量并改善血脂水平,短期内能调节高脂膳食大鼠血脂水平,提高血清抗氧化水平,但长期饲喂香榧籽油引起高脂膳食大鼠血清TG、LDL-C、MDA水平升高,炎性细胞因子CRP分泌过多。长期食用香榧籽油,大鼠肝脏、十二指肠组织偶有炎症,脂肪组织细胞大小不均。饲喂香榧籽油后,正常膳食大鼠AMPKα/SREBP-1c信号通路受到上调,高脂膳食大鼠FAS、ACC、AMPKα基因表达下调。
+
+本实验明确了香榧籽油发挥生物功效具有一定时效性,具有开发成高利用价值功能性食用油的潜力。由于香榧籽油成分复杂,起作用成分尚不明确,需在后期进一步对香榧籽油多种成分进行深入探究,明确香榧籽油降血脂与抗氧化作用机理。
+
+## 参考文献:
+
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+
+[2] 江青东.脂多糖诱导肝损伤时脂代谢相关基因的表达变化[D].陕西 杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2014.
+
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+[7] 周大铮.香榧中抗艾滋病病毒先导化合物的研究和结构修饰[D].上海:第二军医大学,2004.
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+[9] 黄海滨.平衡油脂对小鼠脂代谢的影响及其机理研究[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2015.
+
+[10] 黄玉华.膳食脂肪酸平衡性的调查与营养平衡调和油的研究[D].南昌:南昌大学,2007.
+
+[11] 李琳,李晓曦,毕欣芸,等.n-3多不饱和脂肪酸对NOD 小鼠T细胞的免疫调节作用[J].南京医科大学学报(自然科学版),2019,39(12):1707-1711.
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+[12] TIEMEIER H, VAN TUIJL H R, HOFMAN A, et al. Plasma fatty acid composition and depression are associated in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study[J]. Am J Clin Nutr, 2003(1):40-46.
+
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+[13] YASUSHI E, YUKO O, FUMIKO K, et al. Effects of Japanese torreya (*Torreya nucifera*) seed oil on the activities and mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-related enzymes in rats[J]. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem, 2007,71(1):231-233.
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+[14] 陈振德,陈志良,侯连兵,等.香榧子油对实验性动脉粥样硬化形成的影响[J].中药材,2000(9):551-553.
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+
+[22] CHEN Z, YU Y, CAI J J, et al. Emerging molecular targets for treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease[J]. Trends Endocrin Met, 2019, 30(12):903-914.
+
+[23] SRIVASTAVA R A, PINKOSKY S L, FILIPPOV S, et al. AMP-activated protein kinase: an emerging drug target to regulate imbalances in lipid and carbohydrate metabolism to treat cardio-metabolic diseases[J]. J Lipid Res, 2012, 53(12):2490-2514.
+
+[24] LI Y Q, XU S, MIHAYLOVA M M, et al. AMPK phosphorylates and inhibits SREBP activity to attenuate hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis in diet-induced insulin-resistant mice[J]. Cell Metab, 2011, 13(4):376-388.
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+
+
+Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
+
+**Science of the Total Environment**
+
+journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scitotenv
+
+
+
+# Sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and oxytetracycline and related antibiotic resistance genes in a large-scale landfill, China
+
+
+
+CrossMark
+
+Liyan Songa,*, Lei Lia, Shu Yangb, Jiwu Lanc, Haijie Hec, Shawn P. McElmurryd, Youcai Zhaoe
+
+a Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Chongqing 400714, China
+b Department of Geology & Geophysics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
+c Department of Geo-environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
+d Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
+e School of Environmental Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200094, China
+
+## HIGHLIGHTS
+
+* Simultaneous measure of antibiotics and ARGs at a large-scale landfill
+* 3 antibiotics and 2 ARGs were detected in most locations and depths.
+* Oxytetracycline were most prevalent antibiotic.
+* ARGs declined with age of refuse suggesting attenuation.
+* High concentrations of oxytetracycline correlated with *tetO*.
+
+## GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
+
+
+
+## ARTICLE INFO
+
+Article history:
+Received 1 December 2015
+Received in revised form 22 January 2016
+Accepted 1 February 2016
+Available online xxxx
+
+Editor: D. Barcelo
+
+Keywords:
+Landfill
+Refuse
+Antibiotics
+Antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs)
+Distribution
+
+## ABSTRACT
+
+Landfills are likely to be important reservoirs of antibiotics and antibiotic resistant genes (ARGs) as they receive unused and unwanted antibiotics and ARGs in municipal solid waste (MSW). The distribution, transportation and dynamics of antibiotics and ARGs in landfills remain largely unknown. In the present study, 3 antibiotics – sulfamethoxazole (SMX), tetracycline (TC), and oxytetracycline (OTC) – and their related ARGs (*sull* and *tetO*) were quantified in 51 refuse samples from different depths at 8 locations within a large-scale landfill in central China. The average concentration of OTC was the highest, up to 100.9 ± 141.81 µg/kg (dw, n = 48), followed by TC (63.8 ± 37.7 µg/kg, n = 40), and SMX (47.9 ± 8.1 µg/kg, n = 30). Both *sull* and *tetO* were detected in all samples. Of the ARGs, *sul1* (−3.06 ± 1.18, n = 51, log₁₀ ARGs/16SrDNA) was more abundant than *tetO* (−4.37 ± 0.97) in all refuse samples (*p* < 0.05). Both *sull* and *tetO* negatively correlated to refuse age, suggesting they are attenuated during landfill stabilization. OTC and TC positively correlated to *tetO* (*r* = 0.41, *p* < 0.01) and *sull* (*r* = 0.29, *p* = 0.04), respectively. Chemical conditions (e.g. moisture content and nitrate concentrations) within the refuse correlated to antibiotics and ARGs suggesting environmental factors impact the distribution
+
+* Corresponding author at: No 266 Fangzhen Avenue, Shuitu High-Tech Park, Beibei, Chongqing 400714, China.
+E-mail address: songliyan@cigit.ac.cn (L. Song).of antibiotics and ARGs in landfill matrix. This study is the first comprehensive in situ landfill study to connect the concentrations of antibiotic residues to ARGs.
+
+© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
+
+## 1. Introduction
+
+Each year the use and disposal of antibiotics results in the release of large amounts of antibiotics into environment, raising concerns over the risk of promoting antibiotic resistance (Baquero et al., 2008). Antibiotics enter into the environment through a variety of pathways, including: discharge from municipal sewer systems (Munir et al., 2011) and reclaimed wastewater (Jones-Lepp et al., 2010), the application of biosolids onto agricultural fields (Xu et al., 2009), and via aquaculture (Hoa et al., 2011). The most prevalent pathway results from consumer consumption, and subsequent excretion, of antibiotics which are then introduced into the municipal sewer systems and released into surface waters following processing at a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) (Graham et al., 2010). In the United Kingdom, public health experts have recommended that unused medication be flushed down the toilet to protect children and animals from accidental poisoning (Bound and Voulvoulis, 2005). Only recently has the impact of this method of disposal been considered. With increasing evidence that pharmaceuticals enter the aquatic environment via wastewater effluent at alarming rates (Kolpin et al., 2002), many in the U.S. have begun to recommend disposing of unused pharmaceuticals, including antibiotics, in municipal landfills (Musson and Townsend, 2009; Quality MDoE, 2007). The new policy will undoubtedly result in increased amounts of drugs entering MSW landfills (Musson and Townsend, 2009). In China, the unused and unwanted drugs have been listed as hazardous materials, but large amount of drugs enters into landfill by household waste directly due to the absence of regulation. Landfills are recognized as a significant source of new and emerging pollutants, including antibiotics (Musson and Townsend, 2009). For example, high concentrations (10–1000 µg/L) of sulfonamides have been detected in the groundwater down gradient of a landfill site in Denmark (Holm et al., 1995). Sulfonamide has also been detected in concentrations up to 28.7 ng/L (mean) in groundwater proximate to a landfill in Guangzhou, China (Peng et al., 2014). In another recent study, high concentrations of sulfonamide (402 ± 704 ng/L, n = 42) was observed in landfill leachate in Shanghai, China. Despite these studies, the extent of antibiotic residues present in landfills has not been fully characterized.
+
+The presence of antibiotics in the environment results in the formation of ARGs. ARGs have recently been identified as emerging contaminants and are becoming a global human health challenge (Pei et al., 2006). Regardless of whether present in living or dead cells, ARGs can persist in the environment even after the selective pressure responsible for their formation has been removed. Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) accounts for the major mechanism for ARGs sharing between microbes (Courvalin, 1994), leading to the occurrence of multiple drug resistance (MDR) (Mazel, 2004). Increasing evidences shows that ARGs exists in various environments, including sediments (Luo et al., 2010), rivers (Garcia-Armisen et al., 2011; Luo et al., 2010), all forms of sewage (influent, effluent, and activated sludge) (Chen and Zhang, 2013; Munir et al., 2011), swine farms (Zhu et al., 2013), and soil (Wu et al., 2010). High concentrations of ARGs have also been detected in landfill leachate. For instance, in two recent studies, ARGs (*tetW*, *sull*, and *sullI*) were detected at transfer stations and in landfill leachate within a landfill in China (Wang et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2015). Similar to antibiotics, ARGs have not been comprehensively investigated within a landfill site.
+
+Accumulated resistance developed by antibiotics and other factors (e.g., metals and contaminants) contributes to the prevalence of ARGs in landfills. The constant release of antibiotics and ARGs via landfill leachate into the environment is likely to have negative health implications. This is particularly true for landfills that do not have engineered/geomembrane liners and leachate collection systems (Song et al., 2009). To better understand the fate and transport of antibiotics and ARGs from landfills, a full, simultaneous characterization of both within landfills is required.
+
+To address this critical knowledge gap, the concentration of antibiotics and related ARGs was determined for 51 refuse samples collected from a large-scale landfill, Jiangchungou (JCG), located at city Xi'an, China. The presence of 3 antibiotics (Table S1) – sulfamethoxazole (SMX), tetracycline (TC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) – and 2 related ARGs – sulfonamide resistance genes (*sull*) and tetracycline resistance genes (*tetO*) – were measured. Sulfonamide and tetracycline are two classes of antibiotics that are widely used in China (Zhang et al., 2015). Some of sulfonamide and tetracycline antibiotics (Wu et al., 2015) and the related ARGs (*sull* and *tetO*) (Wang et al., 2015; Wu et al., 2015) have been detected in landfill leachate. However, the concentrations of these constituents in refuse have not been described. To address this gap in knowledge, this study quantified the in situ concentration of SMX, TC, and OTC and *sull* and *tetO*. Eight essential chemical parameters of refuse were also measured. Finally, the relationship between ARGs, antibiotics and chemicals parameters were investigated. To our knowledge this is the first field-study to simultaneously report the occurrence of antibiotics and ARGs within a landfill site.
+
+## 2. Materials and methods
+
+*2.1. Descriptions of sampling sites and sampling methodology*
+
+The JCG sanitary landfill is located at east of City Xi'an, China (Fig. 1). Xi'an is semi-arid with 553 mm precipitation per year (China Meterology Administration, CMA, 2012). The valley-based landfill has a total waste volume of $20 \times 10^6 \text{ m}^3$. The landfill was opened in 1994 and received an average of 5500 t of refuse per day. The landfill is comprised of three units, designated units A, B, and C based on the landfilling age. Units A and B have been inactive (i.e. no longer receiving waste) for 15 and 10 years, respectively. However, the top of unit B received additional refuse in 2012, increasing the height 4 m with fresh refuse. Unit C is an active landfill unit. The average age of refuse at the time of sampling in unit A, B, and C was 15–20, 0.3–15, and 0–5 years, respectively. Information regarding when and where refuse was placed in corresponding cells is well documented. Therefore, it was possible to associate refuse samples to the time at which each they arrived at the landfill.
+
+A total of 51 samples were collected from 8 locations (designated P1 to P8) at depths of 0.8–35.0 m from the 3 units (Fig. 1). Samples were collected from August through October 2013 (Table S2). The age of refused collected ranged from 0.3 to 20 years.
+
+Samples were collected by extracting refuse cores following the Chinese National Standard GB: Code for the Investigation of Geotechnical Engineering (GB50021-2001) and the Technical Code for the Geotechnical Engineering of Municipal Solid Waste Sanitary Landfills (CJJ176-2012). Accordingly, an engineering drill with a steel sleeve XY-100 (bottom inner diameter of 110 mm and upper inner diameter of 150 mm; Aicheng Co, Shanghai, China) was pressed into the landfill up to maximum 35 m resulting in refuse being compacted into the steel sleeve. The refuse in the steel sleeve was then separated into 20 cm long cores and stored in sterilized 20 cm steel sleeves (inner diameter: 150 mm, height: 200 mm). The sleeve was then sealed tightly and stored on ice during transport back to the laboratory. The average depth of refuse cores were recorded. For example, refuse collected from a depth of 0.8 m to 1.0 m resulted in a 0.9 m sample.
+
+**Fig. 1.** The location of the Jiangchungou landfill and associated sampling sites. A, B, and C are landfilling units.
+
+Once transported to the laboratory, the samples were immediately processed. Under clean conditions, the outer layers of the cores (1–2 cm) were removed to eliminate possible contamination. The remaining refuse was homogenized aseptically by manual mixing. The mixed refuse was separated into three parts, one part was used for DNA extraction, another part was used for fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis assay analysis, and the rest was air-dried and sieved through a 4 mm mesh for chemical analysis. All concentrations reported are based on dry weight.
+
+*2.2. Chemical analysis*
+
+Chemical characterization of landfill material was performed according to the standard methods for soil chemistry analysis (Lu, 2000). Refuse moisture was measured gravimetrically. Refuse pH was measured from refuse-water suspensions (1:5 v/v). Total carbon was analyzed by sulfochromic oxidation method. Total nitrogen (TN) was measured according to Kjeldahl method. Total phosphorus (TP) was determined using the molybdenum blue spectrophotometric method. Nitrate and ammonium were extracted with 2 mol l⁻¹ KCl and analyzed by Nessler's reagent spectrophotometry and phenol disulfonic acid colorimetry methods, respectively. Refuse hydrolytic activity was determined by measuring the activities of proteases, lipases and esterases capable of cleaving the fluorogenic FDA into fluorescein (Green et al., 2006).
+
+*2.3. Antibiotics extraction*
+
+Antibiotics were extracted from refuse samples by adding 0.2 g Na₂EDTA and 5 mL acetonitrile-phosphoric acid buffer (pH 3.0) to 1 g of sample in a 15 mL polypropylene centrifuge tube. EDTA complexes divalent cations and has been found to increase antibiotics recovery from refuse samples (Jia et al., 2009). Samples were vortex mixed for 2 min and sonicated for 30 min. After mixing, samples were centrifuged for 10 min at 3500 rpm. The supernate was then transferred to a 20 mL clean brown borosilicate glass vial. The extraction was repeated 3 times and the supernate from each replicate was combined. Finally, 1 mL of the extraction was filtered through a 0.2 µm hydrophobic PTFE membrane (Jinteng, China) into a brown borosilicate glass vial and stored (less than 1 week) at 4 °C until LC-MS/MS analysis.
+
+*2.4. LC-MS/MS analysis of antibiotics*
+
+Antibiotics were quantified via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using a Shimadzu LC-20A (Shimadzu, Japan) and AB Sciex API4000⁺ triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer (AB Sciex, USA) with a Phenomenex C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 2.6 µm) run at a column temperature of 30 °C. Gradient separation was performed using a 0.1% formic acid/ultrapure water (> 18 MΩ) solution and acetonitrile (Table S3). The injection volume was 3.0 µL. Detection was achieved using electrospray ionization while running in positive ion mode for all compounds. Data acquisition was performed in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode (Table S4). The limits of detection (LOD) (signal-to-noise (S/N) of 3:1) for SMX, TC, and OTC were 0.04, 0.05, and 0.05 ng/g, respectively. The limits of quantification (LOQ) (S/N of 10:1) for SMX, TC, and OTC were 0.99, 0.46, and 0.44 ng/g, respectively. Additional information describing analytical conditions and method validation are provided in Supporting Information (SI; Sections SI.1 and SI.2, Tables S5, S6, S7 and S8).
+
+*2.5. DNA extraction*
+
+Refuse sample preparation for DNA extraction was performed according to methods described by Staley et al. (2012) with slight modifications. Briefly, 5 g samples were mixed with 25 mL PBS buffer (pH 7.6) and vortexed for 10 min. This solution was centrifuged at 12,000 rpm for 5 min and the supernatant was discarded. After three consecutive washes, the settled material was used for DNA extraction. DNA extraction was then performed using PowerSoil DNA Isolation Kits (Mibio, USA) according to vendor's instructions. To assess the quality of the DNA extraction, the genomic DNA was amplified using the 16S rRNA general primers (63F and 1389R); PCR conditions are summarized in the SI (Section SI.3).
+
+*2.6. Quantitative PCR of 16S rDNA and ARGs*
+
+Two ARGs (*sull* and *tetO*) and 16S rRNA were quantified by real-time PCR using the SYBR green approach. The primers and the details of PCR procedure used for the ARGs are summarized in Table S9 and discussed in more detail in Section SI.4 of the SI. Quantitative PCR assays were performed to detect 16S rRNA and ARGs. The PCR product of each gene was cloned in plasmids, which were further used to prepare thestandardized product for real-time PCR. The concentration of the purified plasmid DNA was determined using NanoVue plus spectrophotometer (GE, USA). The copy number (CN) per microliter was then calculated according to the following equation:
+
+$$\text{CN} = \left(\text{C} \times 6.022 \times 10^{23}\right)/(660 \times \text{N}) \tag{1}$$
+
+where C is the DNA concentration (ng/µL), N is the DNA fragment length (bp). DNA fragments for each gene were then serially diluted (10-fold) to obtain $10^8$ to $10^1$ copies per reaction for the generation of a standard curve in a real-time PCR assay. The slopes of all the standard curves ranges from -3.1 to -3.6 and the amplification efficiency ranged from 88.1% to 102.1% for all primer sets (Table S10).
+
+*2.7. Data analysis*
+
+Copy numbers of genes were log₁₀-transformed to normalize the distribution before analysis. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to assess the homogeneity of variance of antibiotics and ARGs with significance levels of 5% ($p < 0.05$). Pearson's correlation analysis was used to assess trends among ARGs, antibiotics and chemical parameters. All statistical analyses were performed using PAST version 3.0 (Hammer et al., 2001).
+
+## 3. Results and discussion
+
+*3.1. Chemical composition of refuse*
+
+Considerable variation in environmental conditions was observed between sampling locations across the JCG sanitary landfill. Generally, the moisture content ranged from 15.7 to 57.7%. The pH for samples ranged from 7.8 to 9.48, most (>90%, 46 of 51) were above 8.0. The total amount of carbon present ranged from 6.72 to 234.86 g/kg with more than 94% (48 of 51) of the samples having more than 50.0 g/kg of carbon. The TN ranged from 0.8 to 12.3 g/kg. TP varied from 0.7 to 4.6 g/kg. Concentrations of nitrate and ammonium ranged from 7.9 to 100.1 mg/kg and from 10.7 to 361.1 mg/kg, respectively. FDA values ranged from below detection to 7.9 µg/g/30 min. Additional data regarding the physicochemical characteristics of samples are provided in the SI (Table S11).
+
+Variations in chemical characteristics of refuse samples are attributed to variations in the composition/type of material, age of material and method of disposal (Barlaz, 1997). Despite this heterogeneity, some general trends in sample chemistry were observed (Table S12). For instance, the moisture content ($r = -0.47, p < 0.01$) and the nitrate concentration ($r = -0.55, p < 0.01$) decreased with the age of sample material. Similarly, as might be expected, the amount of ammonium increased with the age of sample material ($r = 0.52, p < 0.01$). These results are consistent with the decomposition of refuse over time.
+
+After burial, solid waste in a landfill undergo a complex series of chemical and biological reactions (e.g., hydrolysis, acidification, methanogenesis) (Kjeldsen et al., 2002). Conditions within the landfill will have a significant impact on the rate of refuse decomposition (Barlaz, 1997). The two factors most commonly found to influence the rate of refuse decomposition are the moisture content (Leckie et al., 1979) and pH (Barlaz, 1997). In the present study, moisture positively correlated to the concentration of total carbon ($r = 0.63, p < 0.01$), TN ($r = 0.66, p < 0.01$), nitrate ($r = 0.71, p < 0.01$), and FDA ($r = 0.42, p < 0.01$). The pH of samples was positively correlated to ammonium levels ($r = 0.53, p < 0.01$) and negatively correlated to nitrate levels ($r = -0.31, p = 0.02$). These trends are consistent with the interdependency between pH and the nitrogen cycle under the anaerobic conditions present in landfills. Overall, the trends in chemical characteristics highlight variation in the state of refuse decomposition observed in this study.
+
+*3.2. Antibiotics abundance in refuse*
+
+Concentrations of SMX, TC, and OTC observed in the 51 refuse samples are presented in Fig. 2. Of the antibiotics investigated, OTC was generally found at the highest concentration, with an average concentration of 100.9 ± 141.81 µg/kg ($n = 48$), followed by TC (63.8 ± 37.7 µg/kg, $n = 40$), and SMX (47.9 ± 8.1 µg/kg, $n = 30$). The detection frequency of SMX, TC, and OTC in refuse samples was 59%, 78%, and 94%, respectively. The concentration of SMX, TC, and OTC ranged from levels below the limit of detection (Table S13) to 71.4, 245.7, and 535.8 µg/kg, respectively.
+
+The highest concentrations of TC detected in the present study was 245.7 µg/kg, which is higher than the concentration reported for surface soils (0–10 cm) after fertilization with liquid manure (86.2 µg/kg) (Hamscher et al., 2002) as well as soils adjacent to swine feedlots (95.3 µg/kg) (Wu et al., 2010). The mean concentration of OTC (100.9 µg/kg) observed in this study was close to that detected in the laagoon sediments at a pig farm in China (127 µg/kg) but lower than that in manure samples at the same farm (661 µg/kg) (Zhou et al., 2012). The mean concentration of SMX (47.9 µg/kg) found in this study was comparable to that reported by others in activated sludge (68 µg/kg) (Göbel et al., 2005).
+
+*3.3. ARGs abundance in refuse*
+
+Both *sull* and *tetO* were detected in each of the 51 samples. The approximate range of absolutely copy numbers of *sull* and *tetO* was $10^2-10^7$ and $10^4-10^5$ copies/g, respectively (Table S10). The 16S rRNA copy numbers ranged from $2.1 \times 10^6$ to $1.2 \times 10^{11}$ copies/g. To minimize the variance caused by DNA extraction, q-PCR efficiencies, and differences in background bacterial abundances, the absolute number of all resistance genes was normalized to that of ambient 16S rRNA genes. The resulting normalized abundances of the genes investigated are reported in Fig. 3. Based on the log normalized abundance ($\log_{10}$ ARGs/ 16SrDNA) amounts of *sul1* ($-3.06 \pm 1.18, n = 51$) were generally greater than *tetO* ($-4.37 \pm 0.97, n = 51$). Differences between amounts of *sull* and *tetO* were significant ($p < 0.05$).
+
+Typically, the ratio of ARGs to 16S-rRNA present in pristine environments range from $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-8}$, whereas highly contaminated sites often have normalized ratios that are orders of magnitude higher (e.g., $10^{-4}$) (Graham et al., 2010; Munir et al., 2011; Pei et al., 2006). Given that resistance occurs in pristine environments without the added selective pressure of anthropogenic antibiotic contamination (Martinez, 2009; Quality MDoE, 2007), the number of ARGs observed in this study ($10^{-6}$ to $10^{-1}$) suggest enhanced selective pressure in
+
+
+
+**Fig. 2.** Distribution of the antibiotics in 51 refuse samples. Sampling sites are shown in Fig. 1 and additional sample information is available in Table S9.
+
+**Fig. 3.** Detected levels of sulfonamide resistance genes (sull) and tetracycline resistance genes (tetO) normalized to copies of ambient 16S rRNA gene present in landfill refuse samples from Jiangchungou landfill. Each bar represents different depths (shallow to the left, deep to the right). Error bars represent the standard deviation of three measurements from independent-PCR runs.
+
+some locations within the landfill. The large variation in ARGs throughout the landfill is consistent with the heterogeneity of refuse material, selective pressures and substrate inputs, both in terms of quantity and quality. This spatial variability is similar to variations in ARGs that have been reported for other, more “natural” systems such as the Almendares River in Havana, Cuba (Graham et al., 2010).
+
+Of the genes investigated in this study (*sull* and *tetO*), *sull* was found to generally be more abundant (up to ~10⁻¹). The prevalence of this gene is comparable to that observed in sediments from the Haihe River, China (Luo et al., 2010). The maximum relative abundance of *tetO* (~10⁻²) was comparable to concentrations observed by others in soil adjacent to swine feedlots (Wu et al., 2010) and waste lagoons at cattle feedlots (Peak et al., 2007). Overall, the high prevalence and relative concentrations of *sull* and *tetO* found in the present study indicate that landfills may serve as large reservoirs of ARGs and they may play an important role in generating antibiotic resistance.
+
+*3.4. Relationship between ARGs, antibiotics and chemical conditions*
+
+As expected, the absolute copy numbers of *sull* (*r* = 0.35, *p* = 0.01) and *tetO* (*r* = 0.39, *p* < 0.01) were positively correlated to the absolute copy numbers of 16S rRNA, suggesting that the abundance of background bacteria in landfill may play an important role in the horizontal spread of ARGs (Wang et al., 2015). The absolute copy numbers of *sull* and *tetO* were also negatively correlated (both with *p*-values less than 0.05) to the age of refuse sampled (Table 1). The strong negative correlations, which were —0.29 and —0.40 for *sull* and *tetO*, respectively, suggest significant attenuation may be occurring within the landfill. In other environments, organic matter (Wu et al., 2010), total nitrogen (He et al., 2014) and light (Engemann et al., 2008) are implicated in the selection and spread of ARGs. Given the right conditions, some ARGs are readily removed from natural systems (De Gelder et al., 2004). In present study, the absolute copy numbers of *sull* (*r* = 0.47, *p* < 0.01) and *tetO* (*r* = 0.34, *p* = 0.01) were positively correlated with moisture content (Table 1). This implies that high moisture conditions 1) may enhance the proliferation of ARGs or 2) ARGs migrate with the flow of water within landfills. Similarly, the absolutely copy numbers of *sull* (*r* = 0.34, *p* < 0.05) and *tetO* (*r* = 0.30, *p* < 0.05) were positively correlated to nitrate concentrations. As mentioned previously, correlations between the concentrations of nitrogen (negative) and ammonia (positive) and the age of the refuse samples were indicative of nitrogen reduction (Table S12). Therefore, the correlations observed between ARGs and nitrate suggests co-attenuation.
+
+Associations between antibiotics and ARGs evaluated in this study were observed (Table 1). Positive correlations included: TC with *sull* (*r* = 0.29, *p* = 0.04), OTC with *tetO* (*r* = 0.41, *p* < 0.01). SMX was not found to be associated with the ARGs investigated, based on absolute copy numbers. Correlations between ARG and antibiotic levels have been observed previously. For example, 10⁴–10⁵ ng/L tetracycline correlated to *tetQ* in landfill leachate (Wu et al., 2015) and 10⁴ µg/kg TC correlated to *tetQ* in chicken feedlots (He et al., 2014). In both of these cases, the levels of antibiotics detected were relatively high. Similarly, in this study we find selected ARGs to correlate with antibiotics in samples with the greatest concentration. While the correlation between ARGs and high concentrations of antibiotics is logical, given the heightened selective pressure, this association does not demonstrate causation. The fate and transport of antibiotics, as well as ARGs, is controlled by numerous biogeochemical processes (e.g., sorption) that vary considerably throughout the complex environment present within landfills.
+
+The antibiotics investigated have an array of functional groups (e.g., thiols, amines, carboxylics, phenolics) allowing these compounds to exhibit varying levels of protonation. Generally, as the pH decreases, protonation will increase. Increased protonation will increase sorption, resulting in decreased transport. As expected, the pH observed in refuse samples was found to correlate negatively to 2 of the 3 antibiotics investigated: SMX (*r* = —0.28, *p* = 0.05) and TC (*r* = —0.34, *p* = 0.02) (Table 1). Both of these antibiotics are known to have acid dissociation
+
+**Table 1**
+
+Pearson correlation coefficients and significance levels between antibiotics, ARGs, and selected environmental factors of refuse.
+
+ | Age (yr) | Depth (m) | Moisture % | Nitrate (mg/L) | SMX (µg/kg) | TC (µg/kg) | OTC (µg/kg) | Log10 (sull) | Log10 (tetO) | Log10 (16S) |
|---|
| Age (yr) | | | | | | | | | | | | Depth (m) | 0.61** | | | | | | | | | | | Moisture % | -0.47** | -0.45** | | | | | | | | | | Nitrate (mg/L) | -0.55** | -0.51** | 0.71** | | | | | | | | | SMX (µg/kg) | -0.03 | -0.11 | -0.05 | 0.09 | | | | | | | | TC (µg/kg) | -0.30* | -0.36** | 0.22 | 0.31* | -0.12 | | | | | | | OTC (µg/kg) | -0.15 | -0.18 | 0.38** | 0.24 | -0.46 | 0.59 | | | | | | Log10 (sull) | -0.29* | -0.34* | 0.47** | 0.34* | 0.07 | 0.29* | 0.26 | | | | | Log10 (tetO) | -0.40** | -0.40** | 0.34* | 0.30* | 0.00 | 0.08 | 0.41** | 0.37** | | | | Log10 (16S) | -0.17 | -0.24 | 0.39 | 0.36 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 0.22 | 0.35* | 0.39** | |
+
+**Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
+
+*Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
+
+constants (pKₐ) within the pH range of the samples collected. Additionally, even when fully protonated, they have varying affinity to the ample solid phases (e.g., organic material) present within refuse. While refuse specific sorption constants are not available, the heterogeneous composition of soils can be considered analogs. Tetracyclines, as a class of compounds, have high soil sorption coefficients (K₉ = 417–1026 mL/g) (Lunestad and Goksøyr, 1990), while sulfonamides (SAs) have relatively low sorption coefficients (K₉ = 0.9–18.1 mL/g) (Boxall et al., 2002). Based on these characteristics, it is reasonable to assume SAs are more mobile and likely to be ‘flushed’ from refuse over time. In present study, TC and OTC were found in higher concentrations than SMX. As suggested, this could be due to (1) the enhanced retention of TCs over time versus SMX which may have been preferentially removed during leaching, as well as (2) the possibility that greater amounts of TCs were present initially.
+
+## 4. Conclusion
+
+In this study we demonstrate the co-occurrence of 3 antibiotics and 2 ARGs within a large landfill in China. The amount of *sull* and *tetO* present were found to decrease with the age of refuse material sampled. Overall, this study highlights the significant amounts of antibiotics and ARGs present in landfills, representing a sizable potential risk to the environment. These results point to the need for improved landfill management to minimize potential impacts of this significant source of ARGs.
+
+## Acknowledgments
+
+We thank the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 51578528) and the Natural Science Foundation of Chongqing (Grant No. cstc2014jcyjA20006 and cstc2014yykfC20002) for their financial support. We would like to thank the staff of Jiangchungou landfill for assistance during sampling, Yanlei Guo for the antibiotics determination, Zhaofei Wen for providing the map used in Fig. 1, and Qinqin Zhang for insightful discussions regarding the manuscript.
+
+## Appendix A. Supplementary data
+
+Supplementary data to this article can be found online at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.007.
+
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+
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+
+
+Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
+
+# Neurobiology of Disease
+
+journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ynbdi
+
+
+
+***
+
+Review
+
+## Emerging roles for the intestinal microbiome in epilepsy
+
+**Gregory R. Lum, Christine A. Olson, Elaine Y. Hsiao***
+
+*Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA*
+
+
+
+***
+
+### ABSTRACT
+
+***
+
+The gut microbiome is emerging as a key regulator of brain function and behavior and is associated with symptoms of several neurological disorders. There is emerging evidence that alterations in the gut microbiota are seen in epilepsy and in response to seizure interventions. In this review, we highlight recent studies reporting that individuals with refractory epilepsy exhibit altered composition of the gut microbiota. We further discuss antibiotic treatment and infection as microbiome-related factors that influence seizure susceptibility in humans and animal models. In addition, we evaluate how the microbiome may mediate effects of the ketogenic diet, probiotic treatment, and anti-epileptic drugs on reducing both seizure frequency and severity. Finally, we assess the open questions in inter-rogating roles for the microbiome in epilepsy and address the prospect that continued research may uncover fundamental insights for understanding risk factors for epilepsy, as well as novel approaches for treating refractory epilepsy.
+
+***
+
+### 1. Introduction
+
+Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder affecting > 50 million people worldwide and accounting for 0.5% of the global economic disease burden (WHO, 2019). It is defined as a brain pathology “char-acterized by an enduring predisposition to generate seizures” (Fisher et al., 2014). An estimated 2.4 million patients are diagnosed with epilepsy every year. These diagnoses include various subtypes of sei-zures, such as focal, generalized, combined generalized and focal, or unknown, which indicate their localization to specific brain regions or generalization across both cerebral hemispheres (Scheffer et al., 2017). Seizures occur when excitation and inhibition are imbalanced in the brain, which can be triggered by pathologies affecting synaptic con-nectivity, ionic channel function, and neurotransmitter reception, among several other pathways (Stafstrom and Carmant, 2015). Ad-ditionally, seizures can occur after cerebral insult or damage, as in the case of febrile seizures, traumatic brain injury, or stroke (Herman, 2002).
+
+While the WHO estimates that 70% of epileptic patients could be seizure-free with appropriate medication, in developing regions, less than half of the epileptic patient population has access to anti-epileptic drugs. Additionally, an estimated 15 million patients exhibit refractory epilepsy, based on their non-responsiveness to existing anti-epileptic drugs. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to individual predisposition to epilepsy, but the exact causes of most epilepsy cases remain unclear. It is estimated that 35% of epilepsy cases can be di-rectly attributed to genetic risk, while the remaining cases may involve both genetic risk and environmental exposures, such as head trauma or infections that lead to meningitis or encephalitis (Shorvon, 2014).
+
+Exactly how environmental factors contribute to long-term suscept-ibility to epilepsy remains unclear. The gut microbiota, comprising trillions of microorganisms indigenous to the gastrointestinal tract, is increasingly recognized as an important mediator of environmental risk factors on host risk for disease. The composition and function of the gut microbiota is shaped by environmental factors, such as diet, stress and medication, and also informed by human genetics. The microbiota plays a critical role in guiding brain development and neurobehavior in animal models (Vuong et al., 2017). Of particular relevance to epilepsy, the gut microbiota significantly alters carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism, microglial and astrocytic function, vagal neuronal activity, and hippocampal neurotransmitter levels (Fung, 2017 \#395). In this review, we discuss current evidence for microbiome alterations in epilepsy and potential roles for the microbiome in mediating risk for epilepsy and the effects of seizure interventions (see Fig 1.).
+
+### 2. Alterations of the gut microbiota in human epilepsy
+
+Alterations in the gut microbiome have been reported across several neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative dis-orders, but very little is known regarding microbiome associations with human epilepsy. Only a few recent studies have highlighted differences in fecal microbiota profiles from select epileptic individuals as com-pared to healthy controls (Table 1) (Lindefeldt et al., 2019; Peng et al., 2018; Xie et al., 2017). In a cohort of 42 individuals with refractory epilepsy, 49 with drug-sensitive epilepsy, and 65 matched family members without epilepsy from West China Hospital of Sichuan Uni-versity, 16S rDNA sequencing revealed distinct fecal microbiota al-terations for refractory epileptic patients relative to both drug-sensitive
+
+
+
+**Fig. 1.** Potential roles for the gut microbiome in mediating risk factors (red) and interventions (blue) for epilepsy. Factors associated with increased sus-ceptibility to seizures, including antibiotics, infection, and psychological and physical stressors, also perturb the gut microbiota. Antibiotics can promote seizures directly through modulation of neuronal activity, or indirectly through modification of the microbiome. Pro-inflammatory cytokines and stress hor-mones that promote seizure risk can be induced by microbial antigens and can modify the gut microbiome. Particular gut microbes may alter the metabolism of antiepileptic drugs or be directly inhibited by antiepileptic drugs. The keystone diet is used to treat refractory epilepsy and is associated with changes in both the human and mouse gut microbiome. In two human studies, probiotic treatment was associated with reduced seizure risk. Separate animal studies report that probiotics modulate brain expression of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, levels of GABA relative to glutamate, and seizure suscept-ibility.
+
+epileptic patients and controls without epilepsy. In particular, micro-biota profiles from the refractory epilepsy group exhibited elevated α-diversity, as measured by the Chao1 diversity index for species richness, which was reportedly particular to refractory epileptic patients with 4 or more seizures per year and not for those with < 4 seizures per year (Peng et al., 2018). While samples from refractory epileptic patients exhibited no overt group clustering by weighted principal coordinate analysis, linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size analysis revealed increases in the relative abundances of select members of the phylum *Firmicutes*, including *Roseburia*, *Coprococcus*, *Ruminococcus*, and *Copro-bacillus*, and decreases in *Bacteroides* relative to controls. Relative abundances of *Methanobrevibacter*, *Fusobacterium*, *Neisseria*, and *Akker-mansia* were also increased in the refractory epilepsy group relative to the drug-sensitive epilepsy group. Notably, the study design matched group representation by age (mean 25.1–29.4), sex, and exposure to medication, and excluded individuals who had taken antibiotics or probiotics within the past 3 months or who had a history of another chronic disease. Primary differences between refractory and drug-sen-sitive groups were in seizure frequency and type (generalized, partial, or multiple), which would be expected based on the inherent biological features of the classifications. (See Table 1.)
+
+In another human study, fecal microbiota were profiled by 16S rDNA sequencing of stool samples collected from 14 infants with re-fractory epilepsy, ranging from 1 to 4 years old, and 30 matched healthy infants from Shenzhen Children's Hospital (Xie et al., 2017). In this case, there was no significant difference in α-diversity between groups when measured by the Shannon index for evenness. However, principal component analysis showed clustering of 16S rDNA data from refractory epilepsy infants distinctly from healthy infant controls, in-dicating substantial differences in fecal microbial β-diversity. Similar to results from the Peng et al. study, LEfSe analysis revealed elevated re-lative abundance of *Firmicutes* and *Proteobacteria*, and reduced *Bacter-oidetes* and *Actinobacteria*, in infants with refractory epilepsy. At the genus level, *Cronobacter* was highly enriched in epileptic infants and not detected in healthy infants, while relative levels of *Bacteroides*, *Pre-votella* and *Bifidobacterium* were decreased in infants with refractory epilepsy relative to controls. While the study required participants to not have taken antibiotics 1 month prior to the study and excluded those with chronic illness or metabolic disease, baseline differences in infant diet which could confound the study in the absence of matched household controls were not considered.
+
+A third human study of 12 children with refractory epilepsy, aged 2–17 years, and 11 healthy parent controls from Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital of Karolinska Institute examined fecal microbiomes by shotgun metagenomic sequencing (Lindefeldt et al., 2019). Fecal microbiota samples of children with refractory epilepsy exhibited de-creased α-diversity, as measured by Shannon index, compared to mi-crobiota samples from the healthy control parents. Principal component analysis of taxonomic and functional profiles revealed clear clustering of microbiomes from healthy control parents, whereas those from children with refractory epilepsy exhibited larger variation and minor shifts along the first principal component. In general, taxonomic ana-lysis indicated that microbiota from children with refractory epilepsy displayed decreased relative abundances of *Bacteroidetes* and *Proteo-bacteria* and increased relative abundances of *Firmicutes* and *Actino-bacteria*, when compared to control parent samples. Particular differ-ences in functional potential were reported, with refractory epilepsy microbiomes harboring decreased gene content for β-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase and crotonase, genes involved in the acetyl-CoA pathway, as compared to parent control microbiomes. In light of known age-dependent changes in the gut microbiome, a key caveat of these comparisons is the lack of age-matched controls.
+
+Overall, all three of these human studies report alterations in the fecal microbiota of individuals with refractory epilepsy relative to varied non-epileptic controls (Lindefeldt et al., 2019; Peng et al., 2018; Xie et al., 2017). While they each report increased *Firmicutes* relative to *Bacteroides* in individuals with refractory epilepsy, the reported mi-crobial alterations varied highly across taxonomic levels more resolved than phylum. In addition, the results were conflicting with regard to whether α-diversity is altered in the epilepsy microbiota. These studies are difficult to cross-compare due to variations in study design, age differences of subjects, relatively small sample sizes, as well as a lack of data on genetic and environmental factors that could influence the structure and function of the gut microbiome. Additionally, these stu-dies differ by sequencing methodology and analytical tools used to profile the gut microbiota, where shotgun metagenomics, as in the Lindefeldt study, delivers both strain specificity and microbiome func-tional profiling, while 16S rDNA taxonomic profiling captures broader, less specific levels of diversity (Poretsky et al, 2014). Larger efforts are needed to achieve adequately powered patient and control populations and to account for variables such as age, human genetics, medication, and diet.
+
+**Table 1**
+
+Reported alterations in the gut microbiota in human epilepsy.
+
+| Study | Location of Study | Subject | Type of Epilepsy or Disease | n | Baseline Alterations in a Refractory Epilepsy Microbiome | Baseline α-Diversity Alterations | Intervention | Results after Intervention |
|---|
+
+| Lindefeldt, M., Eng, A., Darban, H., Bjerkner,A., Zetterstrom, C.K., Allander, T.,Andersson, B., Borenstein, E., Dahlin, M.,and Prast-Nielsen, S. (2019). The ketogenic diet influences taxonomic and functional composition of the gut microbiota in children with severe epilepsy. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 5, 5. | Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital of Karolinska Institute, Sweden | Children(2–17 yrs) | Refractory | 12 | Increase in Firmicutes and ActinobacteriaDecrease in Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria | Reduced α-diversity between refractory epilepsy group and healthy group | 3 months KD | Increase in Bacteroidetes and ProteobacteriaDecrease in Firmicutes and ActinobacteriaAfter 3 months KD, 5 children showed> 50% decrease in the number of seizures and 83% showed improved cognition and motor functions |
+
+| Peng, A., Qiu, X., Lai, W., Li, W., Zhang, L.,Zhu, X., He, S., Duan, J., and Chen, L.(2018). Altered composition of the gutmicrobiome in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Epilepsy research 147,102–107. | West China Hospital of Sichuan Univeristy, China | Children and Adults (0–52yrs., avg. age28.4) | Refractory/Drug-Sensitive | 42/49 | Increase in Firmicutes and other rare species:Akkermansia, Clostridium,Ruminococcus, and CoprobacillusDecrease in Bacteroidetes and normal commensal bacteria | Increased α-diversity in the refractory epilepsy group compared to the drug-sensitive and healthy groups | N/A | Altered gut microbiome composition in refractory epilepsy patients compared to healthy control patientsLactobacillus and Bifidobacteria could be protective factors against for epilepsy |
+
+| Tagliabue, A., Ferraris, C., Uggeri, F.,Trentani, C., Bertoli, S., de Giorgis, V.,Veggiotti, P., and Elli, M. (2017). Short-term impact of a classical ketogenic diet on gut microbiota in GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome: A 3-month prospective observational study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 17,33–37. | Department of Child Neurology at the University of Pavia,Italy | Children and Young Adults(8–34 yrs) | GLUT1 DS | 6 | N/A | N/A | 3 months KD | Increase in DisulfovibrioNo significant change in abundance of Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Enterobacteriaceae, or Clostridium |
+
+| Xie, G., Zhou, Q., Qiu, C.Z., Dai, W.K., Wang,H.P., Li, Y.H., Liao, J.X., Lu, X.G., Lin,S.F., Ye, J.H., et al. (2017). Ketogenic diet poses a significant effect on imbalanced gut microbiota in infants with refractory epilepsy. World J Gastroenterol 23, 6164–6171. | Shenzhen Children's Hospital, China | Children(1–4 yrs) | Refractory | 14 | Increase in Firmicutes,Cronobacter, and ProteobacteriaDecrease in Bacteroidetes,Actinobacteria, Prevotella, and Bifidobacterium | No significant difference in α-diversity between any groups | 1 week KD | Increase in Bacteroidetes, Prevotella, andBifidobacteriumDecrease in Proteobacteria and CronobacterAfter 1 week KD, 64% of children showed> 50% decrease in seizure frequency |
+
+| Zhang, Y., Zhou, S., Zhou, Y., Yu, L., Zhang,L., and Wang, Y. (2018). Altered gut microbiome composition in children with refractory epilepsy after ketogenic diet. Epilepsy research 145, 163–168 | Children's Hospital of Fudan University,China | Children(1–10 yrs) | Refractory | 20 | N/A | Reduced α-diversity between pre-KD and post-KD time points | 6 months KD | Increase in Bacteriodetes, Bacteroidia, and BacteroidalesDecrease in Firmicutes and Actinobacteria During KD treatment 2 children were seizure free, 3 children had 90–99% reduction in seizure frequency, 5 children had 50–89% reduction in seizure frequency |
+
+
+KD = ketogenic diet, GLUT1 DS = glucose transporter type 1 deficiency syndrome.
+
+### 3. Microbiome associations with Epileptogenesis
+
+#### 3.1. *The gut microbiota and seizure susceptibility in animal models*
+
+In addition to the existing human studies reporting a correlation between refractory epilepsy and altered gut microbiota, a few animal studies highlight a causal role for the microbiome in modulating seizure susceptibility. Animal models for studying epilepsy include the use of chemoconvulsants such as kainic acid, electrical stimulation using the 6 Hz seizure model, or seizure kindling which applies repeated stimu-lation to increase seizure susceptibility. One in particular drew upon a wealth of literature reporting that physical and psychological stressors alter the gut microbiota (Vuong et al., 2017) to further investigate whether stress-induced alterations in the gut microbiota impact the development of seizures (Medel-Matus et al., 2018). Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to sham stress or chronic restraint stress for two 2-h long sessions per day for 2 weeks, and cecal contents from each group were then transplanted into naïve recipient rats that were pre-treated with antibiotics to first deplete the gut microbiome. As expected, rats exposed to chronic restraint stress required fewer number of trials of basolateral amygdalar stimulation in order to induce a full seizure re-sponse and longer seizure duration, when compared to sham stress controls. This is consistent with prior studies revealing that stress pro-motes epileptogenesis. Notably, transplantation of the microbiome from a stressed rat into non-stressed recipient sufficiently conferred the stress-related increases in susceptibility to kindling and duration of seizures. In contrast, transplantation of the microbiome from a non-stressed rat into a stressed rat sufficiently reduced seizure duration and increased the number of kindling trials toward levels seen in the native sham controls. These results suggest that the microbiome mediates stress-induced increases in seizure susceptibility in a rat kindling model. Limitations of the study include the small sample size of 6 rats per group, the lack of companion sequencing data to identify taxonomic and functional differences in the microbiome that underlie their pro-versus anti-epileptic effects, and the lack of sequencing data of donor and recipient microbiota to confirm high fidelity transplantation. Ad-ditionally, mechanisms underlying the effects of transplantation on seizure susceptibility remain unclear; it is possible that metabolites contained within the transplant material, rather than the microbiome itself, could play a role, as could any indirect effects of the procedure on the host stress response.
+
+A separate study examined links between the microbiome and the formation of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs), structural ab-normalities in brain capillaries that predispose to stroke and seizures (Tang et al., 2017). Initial observations in endothelial specific *Krit1*ECKO and *Ccm2*ECKO knockout mice, which are theoretically susceptible to CCM formation, revealed that differences in the breeding vivarium and unexpected infections modulated resistance vs. susceptibility to CCM formation. Follow-up experiments demonstrated that intraperitoneal injection of the gram-negative bacterium *B. fragilis* or lipopoly-saccharide were each sufficient to drive CCM formation through TLR4 signaling. These results suggest that infection with gram negative bac-teria (GNB) or systemic injection of GNB-associated antigens accel-erates CCM formation. Further supporting a role for the gut microbiome on CCM formation, *Krit1*ECKO mice raised as germ-free failed to form CCM lesions, whereas those raised conventionally colonized developed CCMs by P10. Consistent with this, maternal antibiotic treatment yielded offspring that were resistant to CCM formation, a phenotype that was transmitted transgenerationally to mice in the absence of an-tibiotic treatment. In contrast, conventionalization of the microbiome by cross-fostering to conventionally-colonized mothers restored sus-ceptibility to CCM formation. 16S rDNA sequencing of fecal samples from CCM susceptible versus resistant *Krit1*ECKO and *Ccm2*ECKO mice revealed distinct group clustering of microbiota profiles by principal coordinates analysis. Taxonomic analysis highlighted significantly in-creased relative abundance of *Bacteroidetes* S24-7 in mice susceptible to CCM formation, as compared to resistant controls. Whether this parti-cular taxon is sufficient to modulate CCM formation is unclear. How-ever, the several experiments performed in the study reveal a causal relationship between the gut microbiota and formation of CCMs, a primary risk factor for seizures. Altogether, mechanistic studies in animal models have begun to highlight how the gut microbiota could modify seizure vulnerability.
+
+#### 3.2. *Infection and risk for epilepsy*
+
+Several large epidemiological and case studies associate infections with increased risk for epilepsy. A singleton cohort study of all children born in northern Denmark from 1998 to 2008 reported increased risk for epilepsy in children born from mothers that experienced infection during pregnancy (Ahlers et al., 2019; Norgaard et al., 2012). Similarly, in a nationwide population-based cohort study of all individuals born in Denmark from 1982 to 2012, childhood infection with hospitalization was associated with a 78% increase in risk for epilepsy (Ahlers et al., 2019). Consistent with this, infants infected with *Group B streptococcus*, a leading cause of neonatal morbidity, are more likely to be hospita-lized and diagnosed with epilepsy or other neurological conditions during their childhood years (Yeo et al., 2019). A study conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health reported an increase in febrile seizures characteristic of febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES) following the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) pandemic (Bakken et al., 2015). In addition, human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 infection has been associated with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS), a common pa-thological marker in mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE), and the HHV6-B virus in particular is linked with childhood epilepsy (Leibovitch and Jacobson, 2015; Vezzani et al., 2016). In a study of 75 MTLE patients, 52 patients displaying MTS and 23 non-MTS patients, MTS patients exhibited a greater number of seizures, increased HHV-6 viral DNA load and increased markers of inflammation compared to non-MTS controls (Kawamura et al., 2015). Other studies have also suggested that HHV-6 drives MTS/MTLE pathogenesis by inducing abnormal immune or inflammatory responses (Bartolini et al., 2019; Wipfler et al., 2018). Additional human studies of bacterial and para-sitic infections also suggest links between infection and seizure sus-ceptibility. *Taenia solium*, a tapeworm with prevalence in the regions around Burkina Faso causes neurocysticercosis in infected humans, which correlates with the prevalence of epilepsy in low income coun-tries (Sahlu et al., 2019; Vezzani et al., 2016). Overall, the diversity of infections implicated in epilepsy has led to the notion that generalized immune activation or inflammation promotes susceptibility to seizures (Pardo et al., 2014; Tan, 2018).
+
+Animal models of various infections support a causal role for in-flammation in promoting seizure vulnerability. As a model of limbic epilepsy, mice injected intracortically with Theiler's murine en-cephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) exhibited seizures and neuroinflamma-tion characterized by elevated pro-inflammatory cytokines including interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α in the hippo-campus, a focal region for seizure initiation (Cusick et al., 2017; Patel et al., 2017). Notably, blocking TNF signaling by TMEV injection into TNFα-/- or TNFR1-/-TNFR2-/- mice sufficiently reduced seizures, suggesting that TNF signaling is required for mediating the pro-epi-leptic effects of TMEV infection. The study provided evidence that TNFα modulates glutamate receptor trafficking via TNF receptor 1 to increase excitatory synaptic transmission, which could underlie the elevated seizure incidence seen in response to TMEV. In a separate study, Wistar rats injected systemically with the bacterial cell wall component lipopolysaccharide (Veitenhansl et al., 2004) exhibited elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6, and IL-1β in the brain and decreased thresholds for chemically- and electrically-in-duced seizures by pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) and corneal shock, respec-tively (Sewal et al., 2017). In addition, toxoplasma-infected mice dis-played reduced PTZ-induced seizures as well, which were partially abrogated by blocking the dopamine receptors D1 and D2 (Babaie et al., 2017). Altogether, these animal studies corroborate human association studies by revealing that a broad range of bacteria, viruses, and para-sites can similarly promote seizure propensity. Research further sug-gests that inflammatory responses associated with cytokines and chemokines such as TNFα (Cusick et al., 2017; Patel et al., 2017; Sewal et al., 2017) and MCP-1 (Kawamura et al., 2015) could mediate the pro-epileptic effects of infection.
+
+#### 3.3. Antibiotic treatment and seizure susceptibility
+
+Antibiotics are commonly prescribed for treating bacterial infec-tions (Tamma et al., 2017) but despite their widespread use, many can elicit adverse side effects, including neurological symptoms(Mattappalil and Mergenhagen, 2014). A large epidemiological study of the Danish registry reported that increased numbers of antibiotic pre-scriptions for a single patient correlate with increased risk for epilepsy(Norgaard et al., 2012). Another study reported increased seizure risk in hemodialysis patients that were administered cephalosporin antibiotics(Zhang et al., 2019). A meta-analysis of all randomized controlled human trials of carbapenem antibiotics reported a significant increase in seizure risk associated with carbapenem usage (Cannon et al., 2014). Imipenem and meropenem antibiotics were also highly correlated with epileptogenesis (Leibovitch and Jacobson, 2015; Owens Jr., 2008). While the majority of studies point to neurotoxic effects of antibiotics, such as β-lactams, unsubstituted penicillins, carbapenems, and 4th generation cephalosporins (Esposito et al., 2017; Sutter et al., 2015), a few small cohort and case studies have explored antibiotics as potential treatments for epilepsy (Braakman and van Ingen, 2018; Ghanizadeh and Berk, 2015; Raposo et al., 2016; Ghanizadeh and Berk, 2015). One found that treatment with a combination of penicillin derivative and macrolide antibiotics coincided with temporary seizure-free periods in six epileptic individuals (Braakman and van Ingen, 2018). Another re-ported that cefixime usage correlated with seizure-free bouts in a 9 year old boy with epilepsy and comorbid autism (Ghanizadeh and Berk,2015). A challenge to interpreting the existing human data is the in-ability to distinguish potential off-target effects of antibiotics from their indicated anti-bacterial effects.
+
+Findings from laboratory models have studied potential pathways by which antibiotics regulate seizure susceptibility. Particular β-lactam antibiotics are sufficient to elicit focal seizures in mice when injected intracortically or intracerebroventricularly. For example, penicillin-in-ducible seizure models have been used in multiple studies to under-stand epileptogenesis (Arslan et al., 2017; Han et al., 2015; Marangoz et al., 2018; Tubas et al., 2017; Zhu et al., 2018). The epileptogenic potential of penicillin, among other antibiotics, has been attributed to the antagonism of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) -A receptors by the β-lactam ring (Veitenhansl et al., 2004). Non-competitive inhibition in this manner and voltage-dependent alterations are thought to reduce GABAergic inhibition and thereby permit excitatory signaling to trigger epileptiform bursts. In addition to inhibiting GABA-A receptors, qui-nolones can also bind to benzodiazepine receptors in the GABA com-plex. Moreover, both quinolones and cephalosporins further display agonistic effects on glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) re-ceptors, which further promote seizure susceptibility. Carbapenems, which are most frequently associated with seizures, have a higher po-tential to promote seizures due to their greater ability to cross the blood brain barrier and to interfere with the action of antiepileptic drugs such as valproic acid.
+
+In contrast to these direct effects of particular antibiotics on pro-moting neuronal activity underling seizures, some drugs with anti-microbial properties are being pursued for their anti-epileptic effects. Rapamycin, an mTOR inhibitor and antibiotic, reduced mTOR activa-tion, overexpression of P-glycoprotein, and seizure susceptibility in a rat Coriaria lactone kindling model of temporal lobe epilepsy (Mazumder et al., 2016; Plovier et al., 2017). Minocycline, an inhibitor of microglial activation and antibiotic, reduced sympathetic nerve ac-tivity and increased seizure thresholds in rat kainic acid and amygdalar kindling seizure models (Beheshti Nasr et al., 2013; Bhandare et al.,2017). In addition, the antibiotic gentamicin increased latency to sei-zure and reduced total seizure duration when injected intracerebroventricularly into rats treated with kainic acid (Zhao et al.,2018). Overall, both human and animal studies have reported opposing effects of different antibiotics on seizure susceptibility. The findings warrant increased attention to whether the particular type, dose and route of antibiotic treatment may elicit disparate influences on vul-nerability to particular subtypes of seizures.
+
+### 4. Microbiome implications for epilepsy treatments
+
+#### 4.1. The microbiome and ketogenic diet
+
+The high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) is used as a clinical treatment for refractory epilepsy in individuals who do not respond to existing anti-epileptic drugs. While the KD has been used for almost a century for reducing seizures, the exact mechanisms by which the diet ameliorates seizures remains unclear. A few recent studies have investigated effects of the clinical KD on the composition of the gut microbiome in epilepsy patients, drawing the attention to whether al-terations in the gut microbiome may contribute to the protective effects of the KD against seizures. In a study of 12 children diagnosed with drug-resistant epilepsy, 5 out of 12 children displayed a > 50% de-crease in seizure reduction and 10 out of the 12 children exhibited improved cognition and motor functions after 3 months on classical KD (Lindefeldt et al., 2019). When comparing the gut microbiome samples collected before initiation of the KD to those taken after 3 months on KD, there was no significant difference in α-diversity. However, β-di-versity analysis revealed compositional differences characterized by decreases in relative abundances of Actinobacteria and Bifidobacterium and an increase in Proteobacteria. Another study of 20 children with refractory epilepsy reported KD-associated reductions in epilepsy symptoms that were correlated with reduced α-diversity of the micro-biome, decreases in Actinobacteria and Firmicutes relative to Bacter-oidetes after 6 months of dietary treatment (Zhang et al., 2018). A third study of 14 epileptic infants reported reductions in Proteobacteria and elevations in Bacteroides, Prevotella, and Bifidobacterium after at least 1 week on the KD (Xie et al., 2017). There was little consistency across these studies in the particular microbial taxa that were affected, which could be due to variations in study design, such as the length of KD treatment, the specific KD dietary regimen implemented, and the sub-types of epilepsy and seizure semiologies represented by the patient cohorts. One study examined 6 patients diagnosed particularly with glucose transporter 1 deficiency syndrome (GLUT1 DS) (Tagliabue et al., 2017). 3 months of KD treatment correlated with alterations in the gut microbiome that were characterized by a decrease in the re-lative abundance of Desulfovibrio. Overall, these studies warrant con-tinued efforts to examine the effects of the KD on the gut microbiome across a large cohort of epileptic individuals. In particular, profiling microbial function rather than taxonomy, and examining associations with particular dietary, seizure semiology, medical history, and de-mographic data may yield greater insight across studies.
+
+Additional studies in animal models of epilepsy similarly reveal functional roles for the gut microbiome in mediating the anti-seizure effects of the diet. In a 6 Hz acute electrically-induced seizure model of refractory epilepsy, depletion of the gut microbiome by antibiotic treatment or germ-free rearing abrogated the protective effects of the KD (Olson et al., 2018). Moreover, promoting the KD-associated mi-crobiome in naïve mice fed a control diet sufficiently conferred seizure protection. 16S rDNA sequencing revealed that the KD decreased α-diversity of the gut microbiome within 4 days of dietary treatment and increased the relative abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila, Parabacteroides, Sutterella, and Erysipelotrichaceae relative to controls. Selective enrichment of A. muciniphila and Parabacteroides conferred protection against 6 Hz seizures. These findings were further replicated in the Kcna1−/− genetic mouse model for sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP), where depletion of the gut microbiome promoted spontaneous tonic-clonic seizures whereas selective enrichment of KD-associated bacterial taxa reduced seizure frequency and duration. Metabolomic data revealed decreases in peripheral ketogenic gamma-glutamylated amino acid concentrations, which correlated with higher hippocampal GABA/glutamate ratios in seizure protected mice, sug-gesting a role for microbial regulation of peripheral metabolites and central neurotransmitter metabolism in regulating seizure suscept-ibility. These findings align with increasing interest in select microbes that regulate the biosynthesis of GABA within the gut (Strandwitz, 2018; Yunes et al., 2016), and the use of other microbiota-related metabolites to modulate seizure susceptibility. For example, ginseno-side compound K was reported to decrease seizure intensity and latency in rats challenged with pentylenetetrazole to induce seizures (Zeng et al., 2018), and GPR40, a receptor for free fatty acids, has been shown to also regulate NMDA receptor function to reduced seizure suscept-ibility (Yang et al., 2018). Additional studies are needed to examine mechanisms by which microbes and microbiome-dependent metabo-lites influence brain activity and behavior related to epilepsy.
+
+#### 4.2. Probiotic treatment in human epilepsy
+
+Although there have been only a few small studies to date that re-port alterations in the gut microbiome in human epilepsy (Liang et al.,2017; Lindefeldt et al., 2019; Xie et al., 2017), the links between epi-lepsy and infection, inflammation and antibiotic treatment raise the question of whether microbial alterations under those conditions may play a role. Two recent human studies examined the effects of probio-tics on seizures. In an observational study of neonates infected with rotavirus at the Gyeongsang National University Hospital (Yeom et al.,2019), 32 out of the 78 rotavirus positive neonates and 100 out of 150 rotavirus negative neonates were treated with Saccharomyces boulardii or Lactobacillus casei as a probiotic within 24 h of birth. The authors proposed that S. boulardii reduces seizures through inhibition of rota-virus structural protein 4, a viral enterotoxin which increases reactive oxygen species and white matter injurty, or through suppressing the inflammatory response overall. The study reported that probiotic ad-ministration within 24 h of birth was associated with a 10-fold de-creased risk for seizures (odds ratio of 0.09) while rotavirus infection remained a risk factor only in neonates not given probiotics (odds ratio of 4.83). Seizure reduction was also reported in a pilot open label study of 43 adults with drug-resistant epilepsy treated daily for 4 months with a cocktail of Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum, L. casei, L. helveticus,L. brevis, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Streptococcus salivarius (Gomez-Eguilaz et al., 2018). 13 out of 43 (30%) of individuals reported > 50% reduction in seizure frequency in the 4 months post treatment; how-ever, a major limitation is the small study size and lack of placebo control. In addition to probiotic treatment, one recent case study from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University performed fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) to treat Crohn's disease (CD) in a 22-year-old individual with refractory epilepsy (He et al., 2017). After 3 treatments, there was a decrease in the patient's CD index score from 361 (pre FMT) to 131 (20 months post-FMT). In addition, the patient reportedly experienced no epileptic seizures during the 20 months after FMT during which no antiseizure medications were taken. Consistent with this potential role for select probiotics to modulate seizure sus-ceptibility, two studies in rodent models reported that probiotic treat-ment with L. rhamnosus alone or together with B. longum modulated expression of select GABA receptor subunits in various brain regions (Bravo et al., 2011; Liang et al., 2017). Overall, the promising results from the limited human and animal studies performed to date suggest that additional studies are needed to examine whether manipulation of the gut microbiome may serve as a tractable strategy for reducing sei-zures.
+
+#### 4.3. Anti-epileptic drugs and the gut microbiota
+
+Non-antibiotic medications, including anti-epileptic drugs, can interact directly with gut microbes that modify their metabolism and thereby impact drug efficacy and toxicity. A recent study of 1197 medications reported that 27% of non-antibiotic drugs inhibited the growth of at least one of 40 bacterial isolates (Maier et al., 2018). An additional study reported that the anticonvulsant drug clonazepam is metabolized by intestinal microbes, which can contribute to drug toxicity (Zimmermann et al., 2019). Other studies report mild effects of anti-seizure treatments such as carbamazepine on select gut microbes (Gomes et al., 2018; Vasiliadou et al., 2018; Watkins et al., 2017). Moreover, in a mouse study of maternal treatment with the anti-epileptic drug valproic acid (Veitenhansl et al.), offspring of valproic acid (VPA)-treated mothers exhibited fecal microbiota with decreased Firmicutes and increased Bacteroidetes when compared to vehicle-ex-posed control mice (Sgritta et al., 2019). Additional animal studies si-milarly report that maternal exposure to VPA alters offspring gut mi-crobiota composition (de Theije et al., 2014; Lim et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2018). Notably, VPA during pregnancy has known teratogenic effects, which raises the question of whether select VPA-induced phenotypes occur via microbiome alterations as opposed to other direct effects of VPA on host physiology. These studies highlight the importance of considering drug-induced gut microbiota changes and direct xenobiotic interactions with gut microbes. Large well-controlled population stu-dies are needed to determine whether there is a clear signature of mi-crobiome alterations in human epilepsy, and further, whether any anti-epileptic drugs may alter the microbiome in a reproducible manner.
+
+### 5. Conclusion
+
+The gut microbiota is increasingly recognized as an important factor in epilepsy. Epilepsy is a highly heterogeneous disorder requiring un-derstanding of interactions between genetic and environment risk. The gut microbiota regulates immunity and inflammation, metabolism, and peripheral and central neuronal signaling, pathways independently linked to epileptogenesis. Continued studies are warranted to under-stand the gut microbiota as a mediator of environmental variables, like diet, stress, and immune challenge, on seizure outcomes. Despite human studies demonstrating that changes in the composition of the microbiota correlate with epilepsy, there is as yet little consistency in the exact microbial taxa implicated across studies. The microbiome studies in epileptic patients to date are few, underpowered, and focus largely on bacterial taxa rather than function. Future studies that evaluate functional metagenomic profiles of the microbiome in large cohorts of epileptic individuals and age-matched controls, with careful consideration of seizure semiologies, demographic, medical and dietary information, could reveal whether there are consistent functional mi-crobial signatures for subtypes of epilepsy. Such studies have the po-tential to uncover whether the gut microbiome can serve as a novel biomarker of subtypes of epilepsy. Absent of consistent microbiome implications with epilepsy pathogenesis, the gut microbiome could in-fluence efficacy of seizure treatments, such as the ketogenic diet and anti-epileptic drugs. Further study of how the microbiome is impacted by seizure interventions could identify microbial markers for treatment responsiveness or form the foundation for novel microbiome-based treatments for epilepsy. Finally, detailed studies in animal models, for how microbes impact brain metabolism, neuroimmunity and neuronal activity promise to uncover fundamental principles for host-micro-biome interactions that impact brain and behavior. Overall, further investigation into roles for the microbiome in epilepsy could help to uncover mechanistic underpinnings of epilepsy pathogenesis, bio-markers for disease and therapeutic responsivity, and novel approaches for treatment of refractory epilepsy.
+
+### Acknowledgments
+
+G.R.L. and C.A.O. are funded by the Mallinckrodt Foundation.E.Y.H. is a New York Stem Cell Foundation—Robertson Investigator,supported by a Packard Fellowship in Science and Engineering, Chan Zuckerberg Initiative Ben Barres Career Acceleration Award and Department of Defense Army Research Office Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative Award.
+
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+
+***
+
+⁎ Corresponding author.
+
+E-mail address: ehsiao@g.ucla.edu (E.Y. Hsiao).
+
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104576
+
+Received 14 May 2019; Received in revised form 29 July 2019; Accepted 14 August 2019
+
+Available online 21 August 2019
+
+0969-9961/ © 2019 Elsevier Inc. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/BY-NC-ND/4.0/).
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+# Additional Synchronous Torque Coordinated Control for Approximate-Capacity Diesel-Storage Supply System With Low-Frequency Pulsed Load
+
+Leming Zhou, *Member, IEEE*, Weilang Yi, *Student Member, IEEE*, and Yandong Chen, *Senior Member, IEEE*
+
+***Abstract*—For the power supply of low-frequency pulsed load, the approximate capacity diesel-storage supply system is difficult to dynamically synchronize the output powers of the diesel generators and energy storage converter, resulting in continuous power oscillations and unbalanced power distribution. For this, a coordinated control with additional synchronous torque is proposed to dynamically adjust the virtual torque of the energy storage converter for narrowing the angular accelerations gap with that of diesel generator, and realizing the synchronous power supply during the dynamic process. Meanwhile, the time-domain model incorporating pulsed load is established. The power oscillation mechanism is elaborated from the perspective of normalized oscillation power, and it is found that the oscillation power is mainly affected by the accelerations difference and pulsed period. Afterwards, the principle of the proposed coordinated control method is clarified, and the parameters are properly selected. Furthermore, the stability analysis with the proposed method based on Lyapunov stability theorem is elaborated. Finally, the experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.**
+
+***Index Terms*—Additional synchronous torque, angular acceleration, coordinated control, diesel-storage supply system, low-frequency pulsed load, power oscillation.**
+
+## I. INTRODUCTION
+
+FOR remote areas, e.g., islands, border defenses, and deserts, the diesel-storage supply system composed of diesel engines and energy storage system (ESS) cannot only avoid the high cost in construction of large-scale power grids with high voltage and long distance, but also effectively solve the shortcomings of diesel generation with a single power supply, which has become an important mean of high reliability and high-quality power supply [1], [2]. However, the supply capacity of diesel-storage supply system is limited in remote areas, which is different from the voltage support capability of a strong grid [3], [4]. Moreover, there are some special loads (e.g., electronic radars) that exhibit low-frequency impulsivity (pulse period is about hundreds of millimeters) and high short-term energy (peak power is about 4–7 times the average power), which are different from the conventional resistive load [5], [6], [7].
+
+For meeting the power supply requirements of low-frequency pulsed loads, the diesel generator can work in the voltage source mode to supply the steady-state power, and the ESS can work in the current source mode to supply dynamic instantaneous power [8], [9]. But the capacity of diesel generator needs to be large enough to maintain a stable bus voltage, otherwise a large fluctuation of the system bus voltage will be caused [10]. If the diesel generator and the ESS are both operating in the voltage source mode with approximate capacity to support the ac-bus voltage, the rated capacity of the diesel generator can be configured to be smaller, since the load capacity will be shared by the two [11], [12]. In this case, the weight of the diesel-storage supply system can be reduced and its mobility will be improved in special scenarios. But considering the limited power supply capacity and low-frequency pulsed load, the diesel-storage supply system with approximate capacity will face the challenge of dynamic synchronous output power, which needs to be resolved [13], [14], [15].
+
+Actually, the drop control for the ESS is a suitable way to work as a voltage source like diesel generator [16]. But considering the inertia of diesel generator, the unbalanced dynamic power distribution for the pulsed load will be caused when the conventional droop control is used in the energy storage converters, which is likely to cause overcurrent of power electronic equipment [17]. Therefore, the energy storage converter should emulate the characteristics of the diesel generator, and the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) can be used to achieve the synchronous power supply [18]. However, it inevitably introduces the oscillatingcharacteristics of the synchronous motor rotor when the energy storage converter simulates a diesel generator [19]. In this case, the diesel-storage supply system with approximate capacity is similar to a multiple VSGs parallel system [20]. Moreover, there are common low-frequency power oscillation problems in the diesel-storage supply system and the multiVSGs parallel system. Especially under the low-frequency pulsed load, continuous power oscillations and unbalanced power distribution will easily occur, which easily damages the power electronic equipment [21], [22].
+
+For the power oscillation and unbalanced power distribution issues, a small-signal model of multiple VSGs is established, and the mechanism of power oscillation caused by the introduction of the rotor equation is theoretically analyzed [23]. Moreover, a damping torque analysis is proposed to reveal the influence mechanism of electromechanical oscillation modes [24]. At present, the research on the power oscillation suppression method is mainly focused on inertia matching [25], [26], dynamic damping enhancement [27], and center frequency tracking [28]. In [25], an inertia matching control method by making the inertia of each VSG consistent during the transient transition process is proposed for improving the transient stability of multiple VSGs parallel system. By using alternating moment of inertia, the power oscillation is damped in [26]. In [27], a virtual damping enhancement control method is proposed by increasing the virtual dynamic damping of each parallel VSG to suppress power oscillation. Moreover, a center of inertia (COI) frequency tracking method is proposed in [28], where the oscillation is damped by narrowing the difference between the frequency of VSG and COI frequency. Obviously, the above articles focus on the multi-VSGs parallel system, where their virtual inertias and damping coefficients can be both designed according to the actual situation. But those methods are not applicable to diesel-storage supply system. The main reason is that the control system of diesel generator cannot be changed once it is developed and the inertia of the diesel generator is black-boxed. Furthermore, there is little literature on the synchronous power supply of diesel-storage supply system for the pulsed load.
+
+For this, a coordinated control with additional synchronous torque is proposed to adjust dynamically the virtual torque of the energy storage converter for narrowing the angular acceleration gap between the diesel generator and the energy storage converter even if the inertia of the diesel generator is black-boxed. In this case, the continuous power oscillation caused by pulsed load can be suppressed and the synchronous power supply can be achieved. In Section II, the power oscillation mechanism is revealed from the time-domain model incorporating pulsed load. In Section III, the coordinated control with additional synchronous torque is proposed. In Section IV, the suppression mechanism of the proposed method is analyzed from the perspective of angular acceleration, and the parameters are properly selected. In Section V, the stability analysis with the proposed method based on Lyapunov stability theorem is elaborated. In Section VI, the proposed control method is experimentally verified.
+
+
+
+Fig. 1. Structure diagram of diesel generation system with approximate capacity ESS under low-frequency pulsed load.
+
+
+
+Fig. 2. Power characteristic of low-frequency pulsed load.
+
+## II. DIESEL-STORAGE SUPPLY SYSTEM AND ITS POWER OSCILLATION PROBLEM
+
+### A. Diesel-Storage Supply System With Approximate Capacity Under Low-Frequency Pulsed Load
+
+Fig. 1 shows the structure of diesel-storage supply system with approximate capacity, which is composed of diesel generator, ESS, and low-frequency pulsed loads. The diesel generator mainly includes the diesel engine, synchronous generator (SG), and control system, where its parameters of output impedance and rated power can be known from the nameplate, but the inertia and control parameters are generally black-box and cannot be changed once they are developed. ESS mainly includes the energy storage battery, energy storage converter, and its control system. The synchronization control method is used for energy storage converter to supply power synchronously with the diesel generator. But for the pulsed load, the low-frequency power oscillation will occur with the typical VSG control. $u_1$ and $u_2$ represent the output voltage of diesel generator and ESS, respectively. $i_1$ and $i_2$ are the output current of diesel generator and ESS, respectively. $SW_1$ and $SW_2$ are the parallel switches of diesel generator and energy storage converter, respectively. $X_{t1}$ and $X_{t2}$ are the output inductance of diesel generator and energy storage converter, respectively. $Z_{line1}$ and $Z_{line2}$ are the corresponding line impedance of the diesel generator and the energy storage converter, respectively. $T_{m1}$ is the output mechanical torque of the diesel generator. $U_{dc}$ is the dc voltage of the ESB.
+
+The waveforms of low-frequency pulsed power are shown in Fig. 2, where $T_1$ is the pulse ON time and $T_2$ is the pulse OFF time; T is the pulse period; and $P_p, P_s, P_{av}$, and $P_{L2}$ are peak, steady-state, average, and dynamic powers of the pulsed load, respectively. $P_{av}$ and $P_{L2}$ are expressed as follows:
+
+$$
+P_{av} = P_{p}d + P_{s}(1 - d) \qquad (1)
+$$
+
+$$
+P_{L2} = \begin{cases} P_d nT < t < dT + nT \\ 0dT + nT < t < (n + 1)T \end{cases} \qquad (2)
+$$
+
+
+Fig. 3. Block diagram of the typical VSG control method.
+
+where d is duty cycle of the pulsed power and $P_d$ is the peak of dynamic power $P_{L2}$.
+
+Typically, the duty cycle is usually tens of milliseconds to hundreds of milliseconds, and the pulse period is almost larger than 100 ms. $P_p = (4-7) P_s$ and $P_{av}$ are much smaller than $P_d$. Compared with the conventional resistive load, its power is not constant in each work cycle and changes drastically, similar to repeated sudden increase/decrease of the load.
+
+### B. Continuous Power Oscillation Mechanism With Typical VSG Control Under Low-Frequency Pulsed Load
+
+Fig. 3 shows the block diagram of the typical VSG control method for the energy storage converter, which emulates the droop and inertia characteristics of the diesel generator. Actually, the swing equation of diesel generator and the expression of typical VSG control for the energy storage converter can be expressed as follows:
+
+$$
+\frac{P_{n1}}{\omega_n} - \frac{P_{e1}}{\omega_n} = J_1 \frac{d\omega}{dt} + D_{p1}(\omega_1 - \omega_n) \quad (3)
+$$
+
+$$
+\frac{P_{n2}}{\omega_n} - \frac{P_{e2}}{\omega_n} = J_2 \frac{d\omega_2}{dt} + D_{p2}(\omega_2 - \omega_n) \quad (4)
+$$
+
+where the variables related to diesel generator are represented by adding a subscript “1,” and variables related to energy storage converters are represented by adding a subscript “2.” $P_{n1}$ and $P_{n2}$ are the rated active of diesel generator and energy storage converter, respectively; $\omega_n$ is the rated angular frequency of the system; $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ are the angular frequencies of diesel generators and energy storage converter, respectively; $J_1$ and $J_2$ are the inertia of diesel generator and energy storage converter; $D_{p1}$ and $D_{p2}$ are the damping coefficients of diesel generator and energy storage converter, respectively.
+
+For the diesel generator, the parameters of rated power $P_{n1}$, output reactance $X_{g1}$, and droop coefficient $D_{p1}$ have been given or can be calculated based on the equipment nameplate, but its control parameters are black-boxed and it is difficult to obtain an accurate value of inertia. Thus, the rated power $P_{n2}$, damping coefficient $D_{p2}$, and output reactance $X_{f2}$ of the energy storage converter can be configured according to the corresponding proportions of diesel generator parameters, as follows, but the inertia cannot be designed in proportion to other parameters:
+
+$$
+P_{n1}/P_{n2} = D_{p1}/D_{p2} = X_{f2}/X_{g1} = m. \quad (5)
+$$
+
+Meanwhile, to facilitate comparative analysis, the ratio of the parameter of diesel-storage supply system to its corresponding damping coefficient is regarded as the normalized value of this parameter, and the superscript “\*” is added to distinguish it. For example, the inertia normalized value J*1 of diesel generator is $J_1/D_{p1}$, and its output power normalized value $P_{e1}^* = P_{e1}/D_{p1}$. Moreover, to reveal the mechanism of power oscillation after the pulsed load is connected, the normalized oscillating power $\Delta P_{12}^*$ is introduced to represent the difference between the normalized output powers of the diesel generator and the energy storage converter, expressed as follows:
+
+$$
+\Delta P_{12}^* = P_{e1}/D_{p1} - P_{e2}/D_{p2}. \quad (6)
+$$
+
+In (6), since the typical VSG control is used in the energy storage converter, $P_{e1}$ and $P_{e2}$ can be approximately expressed as follows:
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} P_{e1} \approx (3U_1 U_{\text{bus}}/X_{g1})\delta_1 = k_1 \delta_1 \\ P_{e2} \approx (3U_2 U_{\text{bus}}/X_{f2})\delta_2 = k_2 \delta_2 \end{cases} \quad (7)
+$$
+
+where $U_1$, $U_2$, and $U_{\text{bus}}$ are the output voltage of diesel generator, energy storage converter, and ac bus, respectively. The active power angles $\delta_1$ and $\delta_2$ of the diesel generator and the energy storage converter can be expressed in the frequency domain
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} \delta_1 = (\omega_1 - \omega_{\text{bus}})/s \\ \delta_2 = (\omega_2 - \omega_{\text{bus}})/s. \end{cases} \quad (8)
+$$
+
+Then, according to (6) and (7), the normalized oscillating power $\Delta P_{12}^*$ can be derived as
+
+$$
+\Delta P_{12}^* = k_1 \delta_1 / D_{p1} - k_2 \delta_2 / D_{p2}. \quad (9)
+$$
+
+In (9), $D_{p1}$ can be obtained by curve fitting based on $P_{e1}$ and $\omega_1$ of the diesel generator, and $D_{p2}$ can be designed according to the following relationship $k_1/D_{p1} = k_2/D_{p2} = k^*$. Then, the normalized oscillation power $\Delta P_{12}^*$ can be further simplified as follows:
+
+$$
+\Delta P_{12}^* = k^*(\delta_1 - \delta_2) = k^* \iint (a_{g1} - a_{v1})dt^2 \quad (10)
+$$
+
+where $a_{g1}$ and $a_{v2}$ are the angular acceleration of diesel generator and the energy storage converter, respectively. According to (10), it is easily derived that when the angular accelerations ($a_{g1}$ and $a_{v2}$) are inconsistent, the value of $\Delta P_{12}^*$ cannot be equal to 0, resulting in the continuous power oscillation of diesel-storage supply system while the pulsed load is put in.
+
+By linearizing model (3) and (4), the angular acceleration variation ($\Delta a_{g1}$ and $\Delta a_{v2}$) can be expressed as follows:
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} \Delta a_{g1} = -\frac{D_{p1} \Delta \omega_1}{J_1} - \frac{\Delta P_{e1}}{J_1 \omega_n} + \frac{\Delta P_{n1}}{J_1 \omega_n} \\ \Delta a_{v2} = -\frac{D_{p2} \Delta \omega_2}{J_2} - \frac{\Delta P_{e2}}{J_2 \omega_n} + \frac{\Delta P_{n2}}{J_2 \omega_n} \end{cases} \quad (11)
+$$
+
+Combining (3)–(8), the angular acceleration difference $\Delta a_{12}$ ($\Delta a_{g1} - \Delta a_{v2}$) between the diesel generator and the energy storage converter can be expressed as follows:
+
+$$
+G_{a12}(s) = \frac{\Delta a_{12}}{\Delta P_{\text{load}}} = \frac{(k_2 J_1 - k_1 J_2)s^3 + (k_2 D_{p1} - k_1 D_{p2})s^2}{\alpha_3 s^3 + \alpha_2 s^2 + \alpha_1 s + \alpha_0} \quad (12)
+$$
+
+
+Fig. 4. Time-domain curves of $\Delta a_{12}$ and $\Delta P_{12}^*$ with different normalized inertia ratio $\gamma$, $T = 250$ ms. (a) Curve of $\Delta a_{12}$. (b) Curve of $\Delta P_{12}^*$.
+
+where the expression of $\alpha_0-\alpha_3$ is expressed as follows:
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{aligned}
+\alpha_0 &= k_1 k_2 (D_{p1} + D_{p2}) \\
+\alpha_1 &= k_1 k_2 (J_1 + J_2) + D_{p1} D_{p2} \omega_n (k_1 + k_2) \\
+\alpha_2 &= (k_1 + k_2) (D_{p1} J_2 + D_{p2} J_1) \omega_n \\
+\alpha_3 &= J_1 J_2 \omega_n (k_1 + k_2).
+\end{aligned}
+\right.
+\quad (13)
+$$
+
+According to (10)–(17), the following equation can be obtained:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+G_{P12}(s) &= \frac{\Delta P_{12}^*}{\Delta P_{\text{load}}} \\
+&= k^* \left( \frac{(k_2 J_1 - k_1 J_2)s + (k_2 D_{p1} - k_1 D_{p2})}{\alpha_3 s^3 + \alpha_2 s^2 + \alpha_1 s + \alpha_0} \right).
+\end{aligned}
+\quad (14)
+$$
+
+For simplicity, a pulsed load with fixed duty cycle d and period T is taken as an example to analyze the response of $G_{a12}$ and $G_{p12}$. According to (3), the frequency-domain equation of the pulsed load can be expressed as follows:
+
+$$
+\Delta P_{\text{load}}(s) = P_d (1 - e^{-s dT}) / [s(1 - e^{-sT})]. \quad (15)
+$$
+
+Combining (12), (14), and (15), the time-domain expressions of $\Delta a_{12}$ and $\Delta P_{12}^*$ under the pulsed load excitation are as follows:
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{aligned}
+\Delta a_{12}(t) &= \mathcal{L}^{-1}[G_{a12}(s)\Delta P_{\text{load}}(s)] \\
+\Delta P_{12}^*(t) &= \mathcal{L}^{-1}[G_{P12}(s)\Delta P_{\text{load}}(s)]
+\end{aligned}
+\right.
+\quad (16)
+$$
+
+where $\mathcal{L}^{-1}$ represents the inverse Laplace transform.
+
+According to (16), the time-domain response curves of $\Delta a_{12}(t)$ and $\Delta P_{12}^*(t)$ with different normalized inertia ratio $\gamma$ ($J_1^*/J_2^*$) are depicted in Fig. 4, where the pulsewidth and duty cycle of the pulsed load are 250 ms and 0.5, respectively. In the steady state, the angular accelerations of the two are approximately 0, and $\Delta P_{12}^*$ is approximately equal to zero. But when the pulsed load is put on, the angular accelerations will be inconsistent if $J_2^*$ does not match $J_1^*$, and the value of $\Delta P_{12}^*$ cannot be equal to 0. Moreover, the further the normalized inertia coefficient $\gamma$ deviates from 1, the greater the angular acceleration difference between the two is, and the more the value of $\Delta P_{12}^*$ is. In this case, the power oscillation becomes more severe, and the effect of power asynchrony becomes more obvious.
+
+Moreover, the time-domain response curves of $\Delta a_{12}(t)$ and $\Delta P_{12}^*(t)$ under the pulse period of 100 ms are depicted in Fig. 5. Obviously, when the frequency of pulsed load increases to a certain extent, the time-domain response curves will change.
+
+
+
+Fig. 5. Time-domain response curves of $\Delta a_{12}$ and $\Delta P_{12}^*$ with different normalized inertia ratio $\gamma$, $T = 100$ ms. (a) Curve of $\Delta a_{12}$. (b) Curve of $\Delta P_{12}^*$.
+
+The angular acceleration difference $\Delta a_{12}(t)$ tends to be sinusoidally, and $\Delta P_{12}^*$ tends to be continuous power oscillation. In fact, the oscillation components of $\Delta P_{12}^*$ are mainly decided by its own natural oscillation frequency and pulsed load frequency, where its own natural frequency is determined by the conjugate poles of (13). When the pulsed load frequency is larger than the natural oscillation frequency, $\Delta P_{12}^*(t)$ contains the two oscillation-frequencies components mentioned above, as shown in Fig. 4. When the pulsed load frequency is less than the natural oscillation frequency, $\Delta P_{12}^*(t)$ only contains the continuous power oscillation component at the pulsed load frequency without declining trend, and the power oscillation also turns more severe with the increase of $\gamma$, as shown in Fig. 5.
+
+## III. PROPOSED COORDINATED CONTROL WITH ADDITIONAL SYNCHRONOUS TORQUE
+
+### A. Coordinated Control Method With Additional Synchronous Torque
+
+Since the inertia parameter of the diesel generator is black-box, the angular acceleration of the energy storage converter with unmatched inertia will have a huge difference compared with that of the diesel generator after the pulsed load is connected. In this case, the synchronous power supply is almost impossible to achieve for the diesel-storage supply system because a low-frequency continuous power oscillation will occur during the dynamic process, which also seriously affects the stability of the system. For this, a coordinated control with additional synchronous torque is proposed to dynamically adjust the virtual torque of the energy storage converter for narrowing the angular accelerations gap with that of diesel generator. In this case, the system power oscillation caused by pulsed load can be suppressed and the synchronous power supply can be achieved. The control block diagram is shown in Fig. 6.
+
+In Fig. 6, $Q_{n2}$ and $Q_2$ are the rated and output reactive power of the energy storage converter, respectively; $P_L$ is the active power of pulsed load; $\omega_n$ is the rated angular frequency of the system; $\omega_1$ and $\omega_2$ are the angular frequencies of diesel generators and energy storage converter, respectively; $X_{g1}$ and $X_{f2}$ are equivalent output reactance of diesel generator and energy storage converter, respectively; $T_{e2}$, $T_{D2}$, and $T_{n2}$ are the electromagnetic torque, rated torque, and damping torque of energy storage converter, respectively; $T_{cal2}$ and $T_{H2}$ are the calculated and command value of the additional synchronous torque, respectively; $\theta_2$ is the phase angle command of the energy storage converter; $U_{pn}$ and $U_{p2}$ are the output peak value of the given and the actual voltage, respectively; $D_{q2}$ is the voltage regulation coefficient; and $E_{\text{pref2}}$ is the command of
+the voltage peak value.
+
+
+
+Fig. 6. Block diagram of the proposed coordinated control method with additional synchronous torque.
+
+After introducing $T_{H2}$, the power control equation of the
+energy storage converter is shown as
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+\frac{P_{n2}}{\omega_n} - \frac{P_{e2}}{\omega_n} = J_2 \frac{d\omega_2}{dt} + D_{p2}(\omega_2 - \omega_n) + T_{H2} \\
+Q_{n2} - Q_2 = D_{q2}(U_{pn} - U_{p2})
+\end{cases}
+\quad (17)
+$$
+
+where the expression of $T_{H2}$ is
+
+$$
+T_{H2} = f(T_{cal2}, P_L). \tag{18}
+$$
+
+Actually, $T_{H2}$ is further optimized on the basis of $T_{cal2}$ by
+combining the pulsed load power characteristics. The expression
+of $T_{cal2}$ is shown as
+
+$$
+T_{\text{cal2}} = H \left[ m_2 \frac{dP_{e2}}{dt} - m_1 \left( \frac{dP_L}{dt} - \frac{dP_{e2}}{dt} \right) \right] \quad (19)
+$$
+
+where H is the differential coefficient; and m₁ and m₂ are the active power distribution coefficients of diesel generator and energy storage converter, respectively. m₁ and m₂ are inversely proportional to their corresponding capacity. $T_{cal2}$ is used to dynamically adjust the virtual torque of the energy storage converter for narrowing the angular accelerations gap with that of diesel generator, and realizing the synchronous power supply.
+
+However, there are two problems when directly using (19) as the value of additional synchronous torque $T_{H2}$: 1) due to the existence of the power differential terms, the slight fluctuations in load power might cause repeated changes in the value of $T_{cal2}$; and 2) the calculated value of $T_{cal2}$ might change repeatedly since the output power of the energy storage converter will fluctuate repeatedly for a short time after the pulsed load is put in.
+
+For the first problem, the thresholds can be set for positive and negative changes in the power derivative term $dP_L/dt$. Then, the controller detects the pulsed power edge only when the power derivative term exceeds this range value of thresholds. For the second problem, after the pulse edge is detected, the calculated synchronous torque $T_{cal2}$ needs to be latched for a period of time to avoid repeated power fluctuations, and then the system power trending toward synchronization can be accelerated. In this case, the calculation process diagram of the command value of additional synchronous torque $T_{H2}$ is depicted in Fig. 7. Its specific calculation steps are as follows:
+
+Step 1: The pulsed load power differential $dP_L/dt$ is first calculated. If the $dP_L/dt$ is greater than positive threshold $\Delta P_P$ or less than negative threshold $\Delta P_N$, it means that the operating pulsed load has been detected.
+
+Step 2: The output results A and B can be further obtained through multiple judging whether $dP_L/dt$ exceeds the thresholds. If any one of A or B is 1, it means that there is a large power oscillation in the system at this time. The counting time $t_p$ is immediately set to the initial value $t_c$ (latch time), and the timer starts to count to 0.
+
+Step 3: If either A or B is set to 1, C is set to 1. Then the value of $T_{cal2}$ will be latched for a period of time to avoid repeated power fluctuations. Until $t_p$ counts to 0, D becomes 1, and the latching ends. At this time, $T_{H2}$ is immediately set to $T_{cal2}$.
+
+Step 4: If both A or B is set to 0, C is set to 0. In this case, the $t_p$ is set to 0, and D is set to 1. The value of $T_{H2}$ does not need to be latched and directly be set to the real-time value $T_{cal2}$.
+
+Step 5: Step 2–Step 4 will be performed again until the pulsed
+load is put out.
+
+The value of $t_c$ is expected to be as large as possible to avoid a repeated change of the calculated value of $T_{cal2}$ when the pulsed load is put in or out. But an excessively large value will affect the dynamic power distribution of diesel storage generation system. Therefore, considering the tradeoff between pulse load power disturbance and dynamic power distribution, the value of $t_c$ is set to be 5%–10% of the pulse period. Meanwhile, considering that the pulse period is not lower than 10 ms, the value range of the latch time $t_c$ can be derived as 0.5–1 ms. Then the value of $t_p$ is $n*T_{sw}$ ($n = 12,3...N$), and $t_p/T_{sw}$ is decremented by one every switching period $T_{sw}$ until its value reaches 0, where
+$N = t_c/T_{sw}$.
+
+
+
+Fig. 7. Calculation process diagram of the command value of $T_{H2}$.
+
+## IV. POWER OSCILLATION SUPPRESSION MECHANISM AND PARAMETER DESIGN
+
+### A. Mechanism Analysis of Coordinated Control With Additional Synchronous Torque
+
+According to (17), it can be deduced that the angular accelerations of the diesel generator and energy storage converter after the introduction of additional synchronous torque become
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+a_{g1} = (T_{n1}^* - T_{e1}^* - T_{D1}^*)/J_1^* = T_1^*/J_1^* \\
+a_{v2} = (T_{n2}^* - T_{e2}^* - T_{D2}^* - T_{H2}^*)/J_2^* = T_2^*/J_1^*
+\end{cases}
+\quad (20)
+$$
+
+where $T_1^*$ and $T_2^*$ are the equivalent resultant torques of the diesel
+generator and VSG after using the proposed control.
+
+Based on (20), it can be seen that the angular accelerations are
+determined by the resultant torque and inertia. Since it is difficult
+to ensure the same inertias for the diesel-storage supply system,
+$T_{H2}$ is additionally introduced to realize the dynamic adjustment
+of the angular acceleration of the energy storage converter for
+making their accelerations tend to be consistent.
+
+Actually, on the basis of the relationship between $J_1^*$ and $J_2^*$, the principle of the proposed control can be analyzed in two cases when the pulsed load is put on. The detailed process is as follows:
+
+$$
+\text{If: } J_1^* > J_2^* \Rightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l} |a_{g1}| < |a_{v2}| \Rightarrow T_{H2} > 0, |T_{H2}| \uparrow \Rightarrow T_2^* \downarrow \\ \Rightarrow |a_{v2}| \downarrow \Rightarrow |a_{g1} - a_{v2}| \downarrow \end{array} \right\} \\
+\text{If: } J_1^* < J_2^* \Rightarrow \left\{ \begin{array}{l} |a_{g1}| > |a_{v2}| \Rightarrow T_{H2} < 0, |T_{H2}| \uparrow \Rightarrow T_2^* \uparrow \\ \Rightarrow |a_{v2}| \uparrow \Rightarrow |a_{g1} - a_{v2}| \downarrow \end{array} \right\} \quad (21)
+$$
+
+$$
+|a_{g1} - a_{v2}| \downarrow \Rightarrow |\Delta P_{12}^*| = \left| k^* \iint (a_{g1} - a_{v1}) dt^2 \right| \downarrow . \quad (22)
+$$
+
+Case 1: If $J_1^* > J_2^*$, the initial stage $|a_{g1}| < |a_{v2}|$, and $T_{H2} > 0$ on basis of (19) and (26). The value of $|T_{H2}|$ will continue to increase, and the value of $T_2^*$ will continue to decrease on basis of (20) and (21). Then, $|a_{v2}|$ will also be further reduced, and the value of $|a_{g1} - a_{v2}|$ decreases. According to (22), the system oscillation power $\Delta P_{12}^*$ decreases, and the power oscillation can be well suppressed.
+
+Case II: If $J_1^* < J_2^*$, the initial stage $|a_{g1}| > |a_{v2}|$, and $T_{H2} < 0$ on basis of (19) and (26). The value of $|T_{H2}|$ will continue to increase, and the value of $T_2^*$ will continue to increase on basis of (20) and (21). Then, $|a_{v2}|$ will also be further increased, and the value of $|a_{g1} - a_{v2}|$ decreases. According to (22), the system oscillation power $\Delta P_{12}^*$ decreases, and the power oscillation can be well suppressed.
+
+In order to further analyze the mechanism of low-frequency power oscillation, the time-domain curve of the angular acceleration under pulsed load excitation needs to be obtained. According to (17)–(19), the angular acceleration variation ($\Delta a_{g1}$ and $\Delta a_{v2}$) after the introduction of additional synchronous torque $T_{H2}$ can be expressed as follows:
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{array}{l}
+\Delta a_{g1} = - \frac{D_{p1} \Delta \omega_1}{J_1} - \frac{\Delta P_{e1}}{J_1 \omega_n} + \frac{\Delta P_{n1}}{J_1 \omega_n} \\
+\Delta a_{v2} = - \frac{D_{p2} \Delta \omega_2}{J_2} - \frac{\Delta P_{e2}}{J_2 \omega_n} + \frac{\Delta P_{n2}}{J_2 \omega_n} - \frac{\Delta T_{H2}}{J_2}
+\end{array}
+\right.
+\quad (23)
+$$
+
+Meanwhile, according to (7), the derivative of output power can be calculated as
+
+$$
+dP_{ei}/dt = k_i(\omega_i - \omega_{bus}). \quad (24)
+$$
+
+Moreover, considering that the conventional load power changes are not frequent, the differential relationship of $P_L$,$P_{e1}$, and $P_{e2}$ can be approximately expressed as follows:
+
+$$
+dP_L/dt = dP_{e1}/dt + dP_{e2}/dt. \quad (25)
+$$
+
+Then, on the basis of (19), (24), and (25), $T_{cal2}$ is equivalent
+to
+
+$$
+\begin{align}
+T_{\text{cal2}} &= H(m_2 k_2 \omega_2 - m_1 k_1 \omega_1) = k_m H(\omega_2 - \omega_1) \nonumber \\
+&= -k_m H \int a_{12} dt \tag{26}
+\end{align}
+$$
+
+where $k_m = m_1 k_1 = m_2 k_2$.
+
+Thus, combining (23) and (26), the expressions of the angular acceleration difference $\Delta a_{12}$ and the normalized oscillating power $\Delta P_{12}^*$ after introducing additional synchronous torque are derived as follows:
+
+$$
+G_{a12}(s) = \frac{\Delta a_{12}}{\Delta P_{\text{load}}} = \frac{(k_2 J_1 - k_1 J_2)s^3 + (k_2 D_{p1} - k_1 D_{p2})s^2}{\beta_3 s^3 + \beta_2 s^2 + \beta_1 s + \beta_0} \quad (27)
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+G_{P12}(s) &= \frac{\Delta P_{12}^*}{\Delta P_{\text{load}}} \\
+&= k^* \left( \frac{(k_2 J_1 - k_1 J_2)s + (k_2 D_{p1} - k_1 D_{p2})}{\beta_3 s^3 + \beta_2 s^2 + \beta_1 s + \beta_0} \right)\quad (28)
+\end{aligned}
+$$
+
+where the expression of $\beta_0-\beta_3$ is expressed as follows:
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{aligned}
+\beta_0 &= k_1 k_2 (D_{p1} + D_{p2}) \\
+\beta_1 &= k_1 k_2 (J_1 + J_2) + D_{p1} D_{p2} \omega_n (k_1 + k_2) + D_{p1} k_m H \omega_n (k_1 + k_2) \\
+\beta_2 &= (k_1 + k_2) (D_{p1} J_2 + D_{p2} J_1 + k_m H J_1) \omega_n \\
+\beta_3 &= J_1 J_2 \omega_n (k_1 + k_2).
+\end{aligned}
+\right.
+\qquad (29)
+$$
+
+According to (12), (14), (27), and (28), the comparative response curves under the typical VSG and the proposed control with the pulse period of 250 ms are depicted in Fig. 8, and the comparative response curves with the pulse period of 100 ms are depicted in Fig. 9, where the orange solid lines are the curve of typic VSG control, and blue solid lines are the curve of the proposed control. As shown in Fig. 8(a) and (c), with the proposed coordinated control used, the angular acceleration difference $\Delta a_{12}$ is significantly reduced even if $\gamma$ deviates far from 1 due to the dynamic adjustment of the additional torque $T_{H2}$. Moreover, on the basis of (21), the oscillation power $\Delta P_{12}^*$ at the natural oscillation frequency will be well suppressed since $\Delta a_{12}$ has been significantly reduced, as shown in Fig. 8(b) and (d). As shown in Fig. 9, the continuous power oscillation at the pulsed load frequency is also greatly reduced. Then, the synchronous power supply for the diesel-storage supply system can be well realized under conditions of the low-frequency pulsed load.
+
+### B. Design of Differential Coefficient H
+
+This section will focus on reasonably designing the value of the differential coefficient H to minimize the power oscillation of the diesel-storage supply system.
+
+
+
+Fig. 8. Comparative time-domain curves under different control methods with the pulse period of 250 ms. (a) Curve of $\Delta a_{12}$. (b) Curve of $\Delta P_{12}^*$. (c) Peak value of $\Delta a_{12}$. (d) Peak value of $\Delta P_{12}^*$.
+
+
+
+Fig. 9. Comparative time-domain curves under different control methods with the pulse period of 100 ms. (a) Curve of $\Delta a_{12}$. (b) Curve of $\Delta P_{12}^*$.
+
+The transfer functions of $\Delta P_{e1}(s)/\Delta P_{load}(s)$ and $\Delta P_{e2}(s)/\Delta P_{load}(s)$ are expressed as follows:
+
+$$ \frac{\Delta P_{e1}(s)}{\Delta P_{load}(s)} = \frac{k_1}{k_1 + k_2} + \frac{k_1 k_2}{(k_1 + k_2)} \left( \frac{k_2 D_{p1} - k_1 D_{p2}}{\beta_3 s^3 + \beta_2 s^2 + \beta_1 s + \beta_0} \right) + \frac{k_1 k_2}{(k_1 + k_2)} \left( \frac{(k_2 J_1 - k_1 J_2)s}{\beta_3 s^3 + \beta_2 s^2 + \beta_1 s + \beta_0} \right) \quad (30) $$
+$$ \Delta P_{e2}(s)/\Delta P_{load}(s) = 1 - \Delta P_{e1}(s)/\Delta P_{load}(s). \quad (31) $$
+
+Fig. 10 shows the step response graphs of $\Delta P_{e1}(s)/\Delta P_{load}(s)$ and $\Delta P_{e2}(s)/\Delta P_{load}(s)$ with different values of H. As shown in Fig. 10, the maximum amplitude of the system step response decreases with the increase of H. But when the value of H reaches a certain level, the system decays slower, and the adjustment time to reach the steady state becomes longer. Therefore, the value of H cannot be too large.
+
+In addition, the introduction of additional synchronous torque $T_{H2}$ changes the angular frequency, so the value of H can be further analyzed in conjunction with the angular frequency difference between the diesel generator and the energy storage converter. The expression of the angular frequency difference transfer function $\Delta\omega_{12}(s)/\Delta P_{load}(s)$ is shown as follows:
+
+$$
+G_{\omega 12}(s) = \frac{\Delta\omega_{12}(s)}{\Delta P_{load}(s)} = \frac{\Delta\omega_1(s)}{\Delta P_{load}(s)} - \frac{\Delta\omega_2(s)}{\Delta P_{load}(s)}. \quad (32)
+$$
+
+The maximum frequency difference $\Delta\omega_{max}$ under pulsed load is expressed as follows:
+
+$$
+\Delta\omega_{\max} = \max\left\{\mathcal{L}^{-1}(\Delta P_{\text{load}}(s) \cdot G_{\omega 12}(s)\right\} < 1\% \cdot \omega_n. \quad (33)
+$$
+
+Actually, the maximum frequency difference between the diesel generator and the energy storage converter should not exceed 1% of the rated angular frequency. In this case, the differential coefficient H is designed as 10.
+
+
+
+Fig. 10. Step response of the output power with different values of H. (a) Response of $\Delta P_{e1}(s)/\Delta P_{load}(s)$. (b) Response of $\Delta P_{e2}(s)/\Delta P_{load}(s)$.
+
+
+
+Fig. 11. Transient energy trajectory after a step change. (a) Typical VSG control. (b) Proposed control method.
+
+## V. STABILITY ANALYSIS BASED ON LYAPUNOV THEOREM
+
+The stability of diesel-storage supply system with the proposed coordinated control method is researched on the basis of the Lyapunov stability theorem in this section.
+
+According to (17) and (24), the improved control equation is represented as
+
+$$
+P_{n2} - P_{e2} = J_2\omega_n \frac{d\omega_1}{dt} + D_{p2}\omega_n(\omega_2 - \omega_n) + k_m H \omega_n(\omega_2 - \omega_1). \quad (34)
+$$
+
+The potential energy functions and kinetic energy functions are expressed as
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{aligned}
+E_k &= \frac{1}{2} \sum_{i=1}^{2} J_i \omega_n \left( \omega_i - \omega_E \right)^2 \\
+E_p &= -\sum_{i=1}^{2} \left( P_{ni} - P_{eEi} \right) \left( \delta_i - \delta_{Ei} \right) - \sum_{i=1}^{2} k_i \left( \cos \delta_{12} - \cos \delta_{E12} \right)
+\end{aligned}
+\right. \quad (35)
+$$
+
+where $\delta_{12} = \delta_1 - \delta_2$ and $\Delta\delta_{E12} = \Delta\delta_{E1} - \Delta\delta_{E2}$. And the variable with superscript “E” is the corresponding steady-state value.
+
+Further, the sum of potential energy functions and kinetic energy functions shown in (35) constructs the Lyapunov function
+
+$$
+V(\delta, \omega) = E_k + E_p. \quad (36)
+$$
+
+According to the criterion of Lyapunov function, if the derivative of energy function is a negative definite condition, the transient energy of the system decreases with time. According to (33)–(36), the derivative of the energy function is shown as
+
+$$
+\frac{dV}{dt} = -\omega_n \sum_{i=1}^{2} D_{pi} \Delta\omega_i^2 - \omega_n \Delta\omega_1 k_m H(\Delta\omega_1 - \Delta\omega_2). \quad (37)
+$$
+
+Obviously, in (37), the first term on the right side of the equation is always negative. Considering that the additional synchronous torque acts mainly during the power oscillation after the pulsed load running, the system output and load power variations are always maintained $\Delta P_L = \Delta P_{e1} + \Delta P_{e2}$. After the load change ends, the power consumption remains unchanged, that is, $\Delta P_L = 0$. Thus, there is $\Delta P_{e1} = -\Delta P_{e2}$ in the process of oscillation. According to (7) and (8), the signs of $\Delta\omega_1$ and $\Delta\omega_2$ are always opposite. Thus, the second term on the right side of the equation (37) is always negative. Therefore, $dV/dt$ is always negative. According to the Lyapunov energy equation, the diesel-storage supply system using the proposed control method is stable.
+
+Fig. 13 shows the transient energy trajectory with the typical VSG control method and the proposed control method after a step change in power reference. It is observed that the system transient energy declines to the equilibrium point after a brief fluctuation. When the typical VSG control method is applied, the transient energy drops to the equilibrium point with repeated fluctuations as shown in Fig. 13(a). When the proposed control method is applied, the fast decay of transient energy can be achieved without fluctuation as shown in Fig. 13(b). Thus, the proposed method can improve system stability.
+
+## VI. EXPERIMENTAL VERIFICATION
+
+The experiment platform of diesel-storage supply system in the laboratory is mainly composed of diesel generator simulator, energy storage converter, ESS, and pulsed load, as shown in Fig. 12. The diesel generator simulator in this article is a 15 kW prototype, which is mainly composed of asynchronous motors, SG, and control systems to simulate the power generation process of the diesel generator, where the asynchronous motor is coaxially connected with the SG as the prime mover. ESS is mainly composed of ESB and energy storage converter. The pulsed load is a combination of PWM rectifier and pulsed load simulator. The peak power of the pulsed load can reach 20 kW, the pulse period is less than 1 s, and the duty cycle can be continuously adjusted. The continuous operating time of pulse load does not exceed 15 min each time, and the interval between each operation is 1 h. The detailed parameters of diesel-storage supply system are shown in Table I.
+
+
+
+Fig. 12. Experimental platform of diesel-storage supply system.
+
+
+
+Fig. 13. Comparative output current waveforms when the pulse period is 1 s and the duty cycle is 0.5. (a) Typical VSG control. (b) Proposed control.
+
+TABLE I
+
+PARAMETERS OF DIESEL-STORAGE SUPPLY SYSTEM
+
+| Parameters | Value | Parameters | Value |
|---|
| Pn1/kW | 15 | CBh/A·h | 300 | | Pn2/kW | 15 | Un/V | 220 | | fn/Hz | 50 | Xi/Ω | 0.31 | | Dp | 5 | Dq | 321 | | J2/kg·m2 | 0.28 | H | 10 | | m1 | 0.0002 | m2 | 0.0002 |
+
+In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed coordinated control, Figs. 13 and 14 show the comparative output current waveforms of the typical VSG control and the proposed control when the pulse period is 1 s and the duty cycle is 0.5 and 0.8, and Figs. 15 and 16 show the comparative output current waveforms when the pulse period is 500 ms and the duty cycle is 0.5 and 0.8. Here, the resistive load power is about 7.5 kW, and the peak power of the pulsed load is about 18.7 kW. $u_{load}$ is the output voltage of pulsed load, $i_{a1}$ and $i_{a2}$ are the A-phase output current of the diesel generator and energy storage converter, respectively. $(i_{a1}-i_{a2})/2$ is defined as the circulating current between the diesel generator and the energy storage converter. Ideally, it is expected that their output powers can be synchronized. When only the resistive load is put in, the output currents of both are evenly distributed as 8 A. When the pulsed load is also put in, the peak output currents of both are evenly distributed as 28 A.
+
+
+
+Fig. 14. Comparative output current waveforms when the pulse period is 1 s and the duty cycle is 0.8. (a) Typical VSG control. (b) Proposed control.
+
+
+
+Fig. 15. Comparative output current waveforms when the pulse period is 500 ms and the duty cycle is 0.5. (a) Typical VSG control. (b) Proposed control.
+
+
+
+Fig. 16. Comparative output current waveforms when the pulse period is 500 ms and the duty cycle is 0.8. (a) Typical VSG control. (b) Proposed control.
+
+Fig. 13 shows the comparative output current waveforms with a period of 1 s and a duty cycle of 0.5 (pulsewidth 500 ms).Fig. 13(a) and (b) is the output current waveforms with the typical VSG control and the proposed control, respectively, where the right side of the figure is the partially enlarged view of the output current. As shown in Fig. 13(a), when the typical VSG control is used, the output currents exhibit a low-frequency oscillation, and the maximum peak output current of the energy storage converter can reach 40 A, which is 43% higher than the average peak current (the expected peak current is both 28 A). The maximum circulating current can reach 30 A, which is mainly because the output voltage is not synchronized and has a large difference in phase angle during the dynamic process, resulting in the low-frequency power oscillations with the pulsed load. While the proposed coordinated control is used, the maximum peak output current of the energy storage converter is reduced to 30 A, which is only 7% higher than the average peak current, and the circulating current peak drops from 30 to 4 A. The diesel-storage supply system basically realizes synchronous power supply after the pulsed load is put in, and the low-frequency oscillation is significantly suppressed.
+
+Fig. 14 shows the comparative output current waveforms with a period of 1 s and a duty cycle of 0.8. While the duty cycle of pulsed load is increased from 0.5 to 0.8, the low-frequency oscillation lasts longer and the oscillation amplitude turns to be larger with the typical VSG control adopted. The maximum peak output current of the energy storage converter reaches 50 A, and the maximum circulating current also reaches 38 A. The power dynamic distribution of the diesel-storage supply system is even more unbalanced. But with the proposed coordinated control used, the maximum output peak current of the diesel generator simulator is reduced to 32 A, which is only 11% higher than the average peak current. Moreover, the maximum circulating current is reduced from 38 to 7 A.
+
+Fig. 15 shows the comparative output current waveforms with a period of 500 ms and a duty cycle of 0.5 (pulsewidth 250 ms). When the pulse period is reduced from 1 s to 500 ms,with the typical VSG control used, the maximum peak current of the energy storage converter is 35 A, and the maximum circulating current peak is 16 A. The low-frequency oscillation is not as serious as the case of the pulse period of 1 s. The main reason is that the low-frequency oscillation period is higher than the pulsed load change period, and the next period of oscillation restarts before the power oscillation reached the maximum value. With the proposed coordinated control used, the maximum peak current of the diesel generator simulator is reduced to 31 A, which is only 11% higher than the average peak current, and the maximum circulating current is also reduced to 4 A.
+
+
+
+Fig. 17. Comparative output current waveforms when the pulse period is 50 ms and the duty cycle is 0.5. (a) Typical VSG control. (b) Proposed control.
+
+Fig. 16 shows the comparative output current waveforms with a period of 500 ms and a duty cycle of 0.8. When the duty cycle of pulsed load is increased from 0.5 to 0.8, the low-frequency oscillation lasts longer and the oscillation amplitude turns to be larger with the typical VSG control adopted. The maximum output current peak of the energy storage converter can reach 38 A, and the maximum circulating current can reach 28 A. The power dynamic distribution of the diesel-storage supply system is more unbalanced. But when the proposed coordinated control is used, the maximum output peak current of the diesel generator simulator is reduced to 32 A, which is only 11% higher than the average peak current. Moreover, the maximum circulating current is reduced from 28 to 6 A.
+
+Fig. 17 shows the comparative waveforms of output current with a period of 50 ms and a duty cycle of 0.5. For the typical VSG control, the amplitude of the circulating current remains 12 A without a declining trend and its oscillation frequency is equal to the pulsed load frequency, which is completely different from the previous experimental results when the pulse period is 500 ms or 1 s. The main reason is that the low-frequency oscillation period is higher than the pulsed load period, and the next period of oscillation restarts before the power oscillation reached the maximum value. While the proposed control is used, the amplitude of the circulating current decreases slightly to 4 A without a declining trend.
+
+
+
+Fig. 18. Comparative output current waveforms with the dynamic changing of pulse load power. (a) Typical VSG control. (b) Proposed control.
+
+
+
+Fig. 19. Comparative output current waveforms when the duty cycle changes from 0.3 to 0.5. (a) Typical VSG control. (b) Proposed control.
+
+Fig. 18 shows the dynamic experimental waveforms with the peak power increasing from 7.5 to 15 kW, and then decreasing to 7.5 kW, where the pulsed period is 1 s and the duty cycle is 0.5. Obviously, with the typical VSG control used, the maximum peak output current of the energy storage converter changes from 21 to 42 A, and then drops to 21 A. It means that the output currents have larger low-frequency oscillation amplitudes with the pulsed strength changing dynamically. While the proposed control is used, the maximum peak output current of the energy storage converter changes from 14.5 to 22 A, and then drops to 14.5 A. It is noted that the oscillations of output currents turn to be smaller, and the steady state can be reached faster.
+
+Fig. 19 shows the experimental waveforms of output current when the duty cycle changes from 0.3 to 0.5, and the pulsed period is 1 s. For the typical VSG control, the maximum peak output current of the energy storage converter changes from 32 to 44 A, and its output current needs two pulse cycles to achieve a steady state. It means that the energy storage converter turns to be more difficult to synchronize with the diesel generator when the duty cycle changes. But for the proposed control, the maximum peak current of energy storage converter virtually remains unchanged even when the duty cycle changes from 0.3 to 0.5, and it basically achieves a steady state within one pulse period.
+
+## VII. CONCLUSION
+
+In this article, the low-frequency power oscillation problem of diesel-storage supply system with pulsed load is analyzed, and a coordinated control with additional synchronous torque is proposed to dynamically adjust the virtual torque of energy
+
+Manuscript received 26 April 2022; revised 26 July 2022; accepted 15 August 2022. Date of publication 9 September 2022; date of current version 17 February 2023. This work was supported in part by the General Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant 52177177 and in part by the General Project of Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province under Grant 2021JJ30130 and Grant 2022JJ20014. *(Corresponding author: Weilang Yi.)*
+
+Leming Zhou is with Hunan University, Changsha 410012, China (e-mail: lemingzhoou@hnu.edu.cn).
+
+Weilang Yi and Yandong Chen are with the College of Electrical and Information Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410012, China (e-mail: yiweilang12@hnu.edu.cn; yandong_chen@hnu.edu.cn).
+
+Color versions of one or more figures in this article are available at https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2022.3203673.
+
+Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TIE.2022.3203673
+
+0278-0046 © 2022 IEEE. Personal use is permitted, but republication/redistribution requires IEEE permission.
+See https://www.ieee.org/publications/rights/index.html for more information.
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+# 三个维度感受中华文明现代力量
+
+话题：文化自信 《人民日报》2024.12.5
+
+总论点 举措 分论点
+举例论证 引用论证
+
+
+
+中华文明源远流长、博大精深，中国式现代化赋予中华文明以现代力量。/ 深深植根于中华优秀传统文化，借鉴吸收人类一切优秀文明成果，中国式现代化代表人类文明进步的发展方向，展现了不同于西方现代化模式的新图景，创造了人类文明新形态。
+
+从中华文明生生不息中感悟自信力。/ 历经数千年而绵延不绝，迭遭忧患而经久不衰，中华文明何以铸就这一人类文明的奇迹？惟我国家，亘古亘今。在孔子故里感受历久弥新的先贤智慧，在长城脚下汲取自强不息的精神给养，在良渚古城探寻五千多年文明的源头活水……泱泱中华，历史何其悠久，文明何其博大，这是我们的自信之基、力量之源。中国共产党历史展览馆、中国国家版本馆等先后落成，“考古热”“非遗热”“古籍热”“红色游”等蔚然成风，群众歌咏、乡村“村晚”等文化活动精彩纷呈……中华优秀传统文化、革命文化、社会主义先进文化融汇澎湃，中华大地呈现出“郁郁乎文哉”的浩荡气象。从历史深处走来，向着民族复兴前行。/ 新时代中国，江山壮丽，人民豪迈，前程远大，我们信心十足，力量十足。习近平总书记强调：“老祖宗传下来的优秀传统文化，我们要继续攥在手里，与时俱进，让它发扬光大。”“文明不可断”的共同信念、薪火相传的文化自觉，正是中华文明绵延至今的重要密码。中华文明的现代力量，体现为我们的自信力空前增强，熔铸成全民族的精神气质与文化品格，把国家发展进步的命运牢牢掌握在自己手中。
+
+从中华民族旧邦新命中感悟创新力。/ 革故鼎新、与时俱进是中华文明永恒的精神气质。陶瓷文化与敦煌文化创意融合、精彩碰撞，“三兔共耳”朱拓于杯中，“舞乐飞天”飘逸于碗壁。一面经济繁荣，一面人文鼎盛。古老非遗与潮流饰品同场竞艳，评弹声与吉他声遥相呼应，苏州工业园区成为“中国改革开放的重要窗口”。中华文明辉光日新，静水深流与波澜壮阔交织。将舞台搬进“客栈”，以现代技术升级视听效果，“小百花”让年轻人爱上越剧；《黑神话：悟空》带火古建游，文旅融合焕发新气象……/ 高扬中华民族的文化主体性，创出新思路、新话语、新机制、新形式，“两个结合”推动思想解放、打开创新空间。赓续古老文明，推进实践创新，中国式现代化正是文明更新的重要结果和重大成果，成为中华民族的旧邦新命。这是人类历史上非常宏大而独特的实践创造和文化创造。中华文明的现代力量，体现为我们的创新力不断凝聚，在前沿实践、未知领域探索创新，继续拓展实现现代化的新路径。
+
+从对世界文明兼收并蓄中感悟包容力。/ 中华文明是在中国大地上产生的文明，也是同其他文明不断交流互鉴而形成的文明。新时代中国正以更加开放的姿态拥抱世界、以更有活力的文明成就贡献世界。敦煌，古丝绸之路的“咽喉之地”，各种文明长期交流融汇，造就了独具特色的敦煌文化和丝路精神；泉州，马可·波罗盛赞的东方大港，曾见证“涨海声中万国商”的开放盛景，今天正在共建“一带一路”倡议推动下续写“海丝”故事新篇章。中华文明的现代力量，正体现为我们的包容力持续深化。“天下大同”“四海一家”的理想，孕育了构建人类命运共同体这一中国方案；共建“一带一路”惠及世界的成果，彰显了“和衷共济、和合共生”的理念……/ 美美与共，交流互鉴。提出全球发展倡议、全球安全倡议、全球文明倡议，强调要共同倡导尊重世界文明多样性、共同倡导弘扬全人类共同价值，建设持久和平、普遍安全、共同繁荣、开放包容、清洁美丽的世界。思想之光，照亮前行之路。新时代新的文化使命赋予我们新的更大责任，也要求我们必须有新的更大作为。新征程上，坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，深入学习贯彻习近平文化思想，不断提高把握文化发展规律、推动文化强国建设的能力和水平，担当使命、奋发有为，中华文明必将重焕荣光，中国式现代化道路必定越走越宽广。（全文1521字）
+
+
+
+## 首段：
+
+①总论点：中国式现代化代表人类文明进步的发展方向，展现了不同于西方现代化模式的新图景，创造了人类文明新形态
+
+## 论点1：从中华文明生生不息中感悟自信力
+
+①提出分论点，照应主题
+
+②举例论证，论证论点
+
+③论述论点，强调中华文明与悠久历史是我们的自信之基、力量之源
+
+④引用论证，论证论点
+
+⑤举措：
+
+a. 做好传承与保护，与时俱进
+
+⑥论述论点，指出中华文明的现代力量，体现为我们的自信力空前增强
+
+⑦小结，明确意义，回扣论点
+
+## 论点2：从中华民族旧邦新命中感悟创新力
+
+①提出分论点，照应主题
+
+②论述论点，强调革故鼎新、与时俱进是中华文明永恒的精神气质
+
+③举例论证，论证论点
+
+④举措：
+
+ a. 坚持推动实践创新，创出新思路、新话语、新机制、新形式
+
+⑤论述论点，指出中华文明的现代力量，体现为我们的创新力不断凝聚
+
+⑥小结，明确意义，回扣论点
+
+## 论点3：从对世界文明兼收并蓄中感悟包容力
+
+①提出分论点，照应主题
+
+②论述论点，指出中华文明是在中国大地上产生的文明，也是同其他文明不断交流互鉴而形成的文明
+
+③举例论证，论证论点
+
+④论述论点，指出中华文明的现代力量，正体现为我们的包容力持续深化
+
+⑤举措：
+
+a. 共同倡导尊重世界文明多样性、倡导弘扬全人类共同价值
+
+b. 坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，担当使命、奋发有为
+
+⑥小结，明确意义，回扣论点
+
+学习&持续更新加微信(cry55109)
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_30.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1137 @@
+# Current Status in the Utilization of Biobased Polymers for 3D Printing Process: A Systematic Review of the Materials, Processes, and Challenges
+
+Mahdiyar Shahbazi* and Henry Jäger*
+
+**Cite This:** ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2021, 4, 325–369 Read Online
+
+
+
+ACCESS | Metrics & More | Article Recommendations |
+
+
+
+**ABSTRACT:** Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a revolutionary additive manufacturing technique that allows rapid prototyping of objects with intricate architectures. This Review covers the recent state-of-the-art of biopolymers (protein and carbohydrate-based materials) application in pharmaceutical, bioengineering, and food printing and main reinforcement approaches of biomacromolecular structure for the development of 3D constructs. Some perspectives and main important limitations with the biomaterials utilization for advanced 3D printing procedures are also provided. Because of the improved the ink's flow behavior and enhance the mechanical strength of resulting printed architectures, biopolymers are the most used materials for 3D printing applications. Biobased polymers by taking advantage of modifying the ink viscosity could improve the resolution of deposited layers, printing precision, and consequently, develop well-defined geometries. In this regard, the rheological properties of printable biopolymeric-based inks and factors affecting ink flow behavior related to structural properties of printed constructs are discussed. On the basis of successful applications of biopolymers in 3D printing, it is suggested that other biomacromolecules and nanoparticles combined with the matrix can be introduced into the ink dispersions to enhance the multifunctionality of 3D structures. Furthermore, tuning the biopolymer's structural properties offers the most common and essential approach to attain the printed architectures with precisely tailored geometry. We finish the Review by giving a viewpoint of the upcoming 3D printing process and recognize some of the existing bottlenecks facing the blossoming 3D pharmaceutical, bioengineering, and food printing applications.
+
+
+
+**KEYWORDS:** biomaterials, additive manufacturing, bioengineering, food printing, printability, rheological properties, shape fidelity, chemical cross-linking
+
+## 1. INTRODUCTION
+
+There is increased attention to fabricate robust smart objects aimed at a variety of pharmaceutical, food, and bioengineering sectors. Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a revolutionary and cutting-edge additive manufacturing method for the fabrication of complex architectures with unique structures and diverse properties.1-4 The 3D printing process with using CAD software, generating an STL (stereolithography, entitled after Charles Hull's SLA method) file format that offers for the design of virtual constructs and the control of the nozzle and stage of 3D printer.5-7 The 3D printing technique is commonly more cost-efficient and faster than traditional formative techniques. Developments in the 3D printing process enable manufacturing companies to enlarge from design the 3D printed prototypes to the quick manufacturing of end-products. The 3D printing offers exclusive features for industry including minimized decentralized manufacturing and inventories, in which the customized objects are developed when and where they are required. Some of the printing machines present in the market are included fused direct ink write (DIW) and deposition modeling (FDM) for extrusion processes. Powder bed fusion (PBF) and selective laser sintering (SLS) are applied for processing, which requires a laser to treat or fuse polymeric materials. Inkjet printers also use irradiation to photopolymerize ink solution/suspension into complex objects.3,8
+
+**Table 1.** Examples of 3D Printing Methods Employed for Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering Applications
+
+
+
+
+| technology |
+biodegradable polymer |
+other excipients (binder, stabilizer, etc.) |
+active ingredients/cells |
+application |
+ref |
+
+
+
+
+| SLS |
+β-cyclodextrin/mannitol |
+candurin; kollidon VA64; Gold Sheen |
+ondansetron |
+personalized medicine |
+39 |
+
+
+ |
+hydroxypropyl methylcellulose |
+candurin; Gold Sheen |
+paracetamol |
+personalized medicine |
+40 |
+
+
+ |
+polycaprolactone |
+ |
+progesterone |
+drug delivery system |
+41 |
+
+
+ |
+polycaprolactone |
+ |
+ibuprofen |
+bone regeneration |
+42 |
+
+
+| FDM |
+polyvinyl alcohol |
+triethyl citrate; talc |
+budesonide; eudragit L100 |
+controlled-release dosage |
+43 |
+
+
+ |
+hydroxypropyl cellulose |
+barium sulfate |
+domperidone |
+drug delivery system |
+44 |
+
+
+ |
+polyvinyl alcohol |
+ |
+aminosalicylate (5-ASA, 4-ASA) |
+personalized medicine |
+45 |
+
+
+ |
+microcrystalline cellulose |
+eudragit EPO; talc; tricalcium phosphate |
+5-ASA; captopril; theophylline; prednisolone |
+personalized medicine |
+46 |
+
+
+| extrusion (room temperature) |
+hydroxypropyl methylcellulose |
+microcrystalline cellulose; lactose; polyvinylpyrrolidone |
+dipyridamole |
+drug delivery system |
+47 |
+
+
+| binder jet |
+hydroxypropyl cellulose/ ethylcellulose |
+polyvinylpyrrolidone K30 |
+acetaminophen |
+controlled-release dosage |
+48 |
+
+
+ |
+polycaprolactone |
+polyethylene glycol |
+methylene blue; alizarin yellow |
+drug delivery system |
+49 |
+
+
+| (laser) bioprinting |
+sodium alginate |
+gelatin |
+NIH 3T3 mouse fibroblast |
+cell printing |
+50 |
+
+
+ |
+hyaluronic acid |
+hydroxyapatite |
+adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells |
+tissue engineering |
+51 |
+
+
+ |
+collagen |
+alginate |
+osteoblast-like cells; human adipose-derived stem cells |
+tissue engineering |
+52 |
+
+
+
+
+This technique is extensively utilized in pharmaceutical, bioengineering, and food applications because of numerous benefits, including the production of small batches of medicines with customized designs, simplifying the supply chain, and widening of the available product.1,2,7,9 The production of 3D printed medicines and printed functional organs may finally result in the theory of personalized medicines and the reconstructing of an entire organ becoming a reality. Although additive manufacturing is extremely favorable to improve the patient-centered dosage forms, some challenges, such as printability, resolution, cost of the techniques, etc., must be addressed before application for personalized medicine. Regarding the food industry, it has started a revolution in food processing, where 3D printed food products are manufactured by a specific printer to tailor a healthy diet for population groups with specific needs.5,8,10
+
+The effective uses of additive manufacturing to create the 3D structures are mainly reliant on the improvement of printable ink dispersions. A biopolymeric ink must show shear-thinning, viscoelastic, and thixotropic features to avoid rising difficulty in the printing process with a large degree of cross-linking capacities permitting for the tuned polymeric ink to maintain the 3D architectures after printing.11,12 When polymeric inks are exposed to constant stress, their bonds can be depolymerized, resulting in a weak mechanical property and losing structural integrity. Most inks intrinsically do not possess suitable flow behavior to print. Then, it is essential to attain appropriate rheological properties by introducing specific biobased polymers to widen the scope of 3D printing applications.13,14Supramolecular polymers dramatically affect the flow behavior of ink-based dispersion even though present at low concentrations. The primary purpose behind the extensive use of biopolymers in 3D printing is their ability to improve the dispersion stability and flow behavior of inks, as well as thermal, mechanical, and structural properties of printed constructs.7,15-18 Biomacromolecules are commonly a heterogeneous group of high-molecular-weight biopolymers (proteins and polysaccharides) obtained from animal, bacterial, plants, and algae-based sources. The existence of a large number of hydrophilic groups remarkably enhances their affinity for water binding, producing viscous dispersions and forming hydrogels. The flow behavior of ink usually changes with concentration, temperature, and deformation rate in a complex way dependent on the specific biopolymer and the existence of other components in the systems. Therefore, the introduction of supramolecular biopolymers potentially increases the fabrication speed of printable inks, contributing to a tunable surface structure, and imparts desired mechanical features of 3D printed constructs through reinforcement of interlayer adhesion and inducing self-assembled supramolecular structures.7,19-22 The neat biopolymers, however, have commonly poorer rheological features and weak mechanical strength than those of synthetic polymers, which consequently limit their printability.17,23-25 Nevertheless, tuning the functional properties of biopolymers remains challenging, needing modifications to attain the desired tailored geometries after the printing process. To make biobased polymers more suitable to apply in the printing process, they can be modified through photo-cross-linking,12 chemical,23 enzymatic,26 and ionic cross-linking treatments27 to allow the biomaterials to be cured upon the 3D printing process. Hence, the reinforcement of biopolymeric structure followed by a 3D printing process is poised to open innovative prospects in additive manufacturing by producing well-defined 3D constructs with improved functionalities and precise geometries.
+
+Several sets of criteria for biobased polymeric ink properties have been stated in the past.28-31 Most of these criteria are broad requirements for the material to fulfill instead of applied engineering specifications and procedures. Careful attention is imperative once selecting a material to print a particular object. While there are a variety of commercially available biobased polymers, not one biopolymer inclusive and will give one the functional properties needed for a particular printing application. Besides, a distinct printing technique is not capable of printing any one individual biopolymer available in the literature or marketplace. When designing a biopolymeric ink, the flow properties and extrudability of inks are essential for their successful 3D printing process.17,32-34 Surprisingly, the role of rheological properties in ink formulations linked to geometries and spatial resolution of the final printed objects remains poorly understood during ink development and evaluation. Moreover, there are a few reviews regarding the materials utilization and modification techniques to enhance the quality attributes and functional features of the 3D structures.35
+
+
+
+**Figure 1.** Principal progress in 3D printing achieved in the biomedical and pharmaceutical sectors.
+
+Because biomaterials are the most promising biodegradable materials for the 3D printing process, this Review intends to provide a comprehensive review of 3D printing techniques in terms of the main materials utilized and a perspective on current important limitations of the 3D printing technique. We also review the main procedures for biobased ink reinforcement in the 3D printing process, as well as provide an in-depth insight into the recent progress and advanced biomaterials for 3D printing applications. Additionally, selected applications prove how printable biopolymeric inks are being applied in pharmaceutical, bioengineering, and food processing, as well as personalized and customized constructs designs. We also highlight the profitable introduction of 3D printing technology in the bioengineering and food industries based on critical studies of the material's functional features and the most effective use of multicomponent systems including proteins and carbohydrates.
+
+## 2. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT, KEY MOTIVATION, AND CLASSIFICATION
+
+**2.1. Pharmaceutical and Bioengineering Application.** Numerous additive manufacturing technologies have recently been adopted to construct 3D printed architectures with consideration of material varieties. Similar to conventional synthetic polymers, the effective applications of biomaterials are reliant on the proper selection of a printing method. Some printing approaches are more appropriate for particular biopolymers varieties since they utilize diverse physicochemical approaches aimed at layered solidification of building biomaterials. Among the printing techniques dedicated to printing biomaterials, FDM, SLS, and binder jet technologies are extensively utilized for pharmaceutical and medicine applications (Table 1). Although at its infancy, 3D printing technology is paving its way toward the assembly of customized and personalized medicines from the ongoing “one-size-fits-all” manner. Complex dosage forms can be developed through these approaches and additional programming these dosage forms to show tailored impacts or to the target-specific organs. The motivations for research in pharmaceutical printing are designing personalized and customized medicine to offer utmost therapeutic effects for different disorders, and decreasing the time and cost of operation and the necessary supplies of the conventional processes.36-38 At present, it is also quite impracticable to attain 3D bioprinting of fully functional organs. However, it is a fact that cannot be denied that 3D bioprinting techniques have considerably progressed.53,54 While it may be realistic that the economic considerations suggest that 3D printing technology does not seem to achieve the potential of overcoming the global health challenges.
+
+The application of additive manufacturing in personalized medicine and controlled-release dosage serves as a promising technology to develop a customized product. Among almost 40 years of the 3D printing process history in the medical application, numerous different techniques have been emerged and developed with technological progress. Decades ago Pierre A. L. Ciraud stated the technique of powdered component application and following solidification of each layer through a high-energy beam, where meltable metals or plastics could be hypothetically utilized for the preparation of 3D constructs.37 In the early 1980s, Ross Housholder proposed a concept for the sand binding using several components, and Carl Deckard established a technique for the solidification of the powdered bed using the SLS method. At the end of the 1980s, the FDM printing technique was filed by Scott Crump for the first time. In the 1990s, Emanuel Sachs and co-workers in their “Three-Dimensional Printing Techniques” patent applied a binder to linking the particular areas of powdery materials.37 The central attainments in additive manufacturing for pharmaceutical and bioengineering applications are illustrated in Figure 1.
+
+The additive manufacturing technologies gain importance in pharmaceutical and bioengineering fields because of the opportunity of quick fabrication of customized printed constructs utilized in controlled-release dosage or tissue engineering. The application of additive manufacturing in the biomedical sector principally intends to the improvement of patient-centered printed dosage forms according to the 3D structure. The 3D printing is still considered an emerging technique in biomedical fields with the potential to construct the sustained release drug delivery systems with a precisely tailored geometry. Numerous scientific works are performed to design and develop the 3D printed dosage forms, as the oral administration way remains the most favorite route relating to drug usage. The instances of printing objects prove the increasing attention to the designing drug with multitarget activity through various printing methods (Table 1). Note that standardization of equipment is mandatory along with verifying the protection of accessories. Likewise, the progress in the formulation of printable biopolymeric ink aimed at use in the 3D printing process must comply with the physicochemical standards for effective printed medicine manufacture.36,37
+
+
+
+**Figure 2.** Pivotal achievements in food additive manufacturing.
+
+**Table 2. Examples of Printing Systems Used to Fabricate Custom-Designed Foods**
+
+
+
+
+| system type |
+method |
+mechanism |
+ingredient range |
+critical parameters |
+ref |
+
+
+
+
+| extrusion process |
+soft material extrusion |
+binding based on rheological properties only (phase changes do not occur) |
+meat purees; chocolate; syrups; frostings; processed cheese; dough batters |
+viscosity |
+68–71 |
+
+
+ |
+melting |
+solidification upon cooling |
+chocolate; sugar confection |
+temperature |
+72, 73 |
+
+
+ |
+hydrogel-forming |
+ionic or enzymatic cross-linking |
+biopolymeric hydrogels (including starch, xanthan, gelatin, alginate, etc.) |
+viscoelastic behavior |
+74 |
+
+
+| air sintering |
+sintering and melting |
+powder binding; hot air |
+sugar |
+temperature |
+58 |
+
+
+| inkjet printing |
+drop-on-demand deposition |
+accommodation of layers adjusted with flow behavior |
+chocolate; sugar icing; liquid dough; meat paste; cheese; biopolymeric hydrogels |
+viscosity |
+75–78 |
+
+
+| liquid binding |
+drop-on-demand deposition; powder binding |
+chemical procedures; adhesive interactions |
+chocolate gels; fondants; sugar |
+temperature |
+79–81 |
+
+
+| SLS |
+ |
+laser; powder binding |
+sintered and melted sugar/lipid |
+viscoelastic |
+82, 83 |
+
+
+| bioprinting |
+ |
+self-assembly of cells |
+cultures of living cells and biological materials |
+viscoelastic, temperature |
+84, 85 |
+
+
+
+
+Since the 3D printing process shows the capacity to develop personalized medicines to cure specific diseases, it can offer end-users customized therapeutic strategies among target populations. Therefore, additive manufacturing as an efficient medical approach can be considered to curing a wide range of clinical disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, different types of cancer, and respiratory diseases, as well as pediatric and geriatric populations.36 The idea of end-users having tailor-made medicines supports the fact that the precise dose delivered at the proper time to a patient, therefore supplying the greatest advantages of drug treatment to show appropriate pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic responses. Furthermore, such treatment offers other parameters, including genotype, gender, health conditions, nutrition, physical activity, and weight, to design and develop the dosage forms. In contrast, the common dosage forms are only relied on certain strengths to support the main part of the patient population. Additionally, additive manufacturing offers versatility for in-place assembling, while common treatment depends on the formation of a wide-ranging constructing system with advanced technologies. Therefore, additive manufacturing could manage therapy to an individual-centric rather than a group-centric method.37
+
+**2.2. Food Application.** One of the first methods used for 3D food printing was using droplet-based printing systems and demand on rheological features of inks applied for drop-on-demand approaches has led to the development of direct inkjet printing and hot melt printing process (Figure 2). Another attempt to use 3D printing technology in food processing was patented in 2001 by Nanotek Instruments, Inc., stating the additive construction of a 3D structured birthday cake. However, no prototype was fabricated. After a few years, an affordable open-source 3D printer was introduced in 3D food printing with some technical improvements.55,56 Nico Kläber57 designed an idea in the Electrolux Design Lab (2009) competition, printing a customized complex food product through a mini robotic arm. One of the first experimental implementations was reported in the CandyFab project, which used a low-velocity hot air stream sintering and melting sugar to reduce the thermal distortion and simplify the fusion among layers.58 The method's low cost, using nonproprietary resources and its open-source nature, allowed processes by innovative preparations like producing the recipes in the common food products. Philips Design59 also offered to generate a customized meal through the cartridges with a cooperating graphical operator interface for choosing components, amounts, geometries, and textures.
+
+Over the past few years, different additive manufacturing techniques were launched in food science and improved to address the request for resource processing and food design (Table 2). Considerable scientific research has been stated in recent studies aiming to differentiate 3D printed foods from traditional products.7,10,11,60-65 The research work evaluates the important motivations for printing adjustment in the industry, which compares various 3D printing processes and resources and address possible areas of application. Conventional industrial food manufacturing purposes to develop domestic food in an economic large-scale production that guarantees the constant product quality and features expected by end-users from former consumption. On the other hand, 3D printing allows the fabrication of innovative food structures with acceptable sensory attributes and offers end-users customized foods and innovative sensory properties.1–3,7,64,66,67
+
+
+
+**Figure 3.** Graphics representing different additive manufacturing systems. Reproduced with permission from ref 93. Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society.
+
+Concerning food science and technology, 3D printing techniques are generally included in extrusion-based methods (FDM and DIW), SLS, SLA, and inkjet printing (Figure 3). Explanations of each 3D food printing system were previously reviewed in detail.3,8,60,77 The extruder systems are the attractive 3D printing process in the food sector, allowing deposition of molten material. For the extrusion process, the biobased polymeric inks need to be obtained such that the *pseudoplastic* properties during extrusion conditions to offer high printability and resolution. This technique is frequently applied in the extrusion of hot-melt chocolate,5,68,69 dough,86,87 mashed potatoes,88,89 meat puree,68,70 and cheese.90,91 Examples comprise printing through Fab@home and ChocALM to manufacture custom-designed food products prepared by different types of edible components. Periard et al.71 and Lipton et al.70 fabricated cookies and frosting through an extruder-based 3D system.92
+
+Powder binding technology is another widest method in food additive manufacturing. The process is based on the powder binding using sintering sugar and lipids of food components.82,83 By applying laser sintering, several fascinating complicated 3D objects were fabricated by CandyFab, which could not be developed via traditional methods.58 The liquid binding technique has been originally introduced by Bredt and Anderson55 as a 3D printing method. Using this technique, 3D System's ChefJet printer used the Z-Corp inkjet method to fabricate different customized 3D architectures in diverse flavors-sculptural.81
+
+Binder jetting technology (or inkjet printer), gives the rapid prototyping, development of 3D custom-designed architectures with relatively low-cost components (Figure 3). Binder jetting commonly employs components with a low consistency index; therefore, it can be mostly applied to create the image decoration and surface filling.94–96 Grood and Grood78 developed a binder jetting system to distribute food ink on top of product surfaces to produce attractive figures. On the basis of the binder jetting technique, Southerland et al.97 attempted to develop edible printed objects through sugars and starch blends. Sugar-based materials were handled using an inkjet printer technique like the 3D printing process. Holland et al.98 applied a ball mill to modify the functional properties of amorphous cellulose and xanthan gum to produce a 3D structure through 3D binder jetting. Izdebska and Zolek-Tryznowska99 fabricated numerous attractive edible constructs with different colors and flavor binders. In another study,100 a printable food ink was developed by inkjet printing generating a high image quality of edible substrates to use in the confectionary field. The FDM technology was used in food printing as an approach for the development of edible components, mimicking a wide range of mouthfeels.74 Zhang et al.18 used an FDM printer to print wheat dough, in which printed dough showed good printability and adequate stability upon the printing process.
+
+The 3D printing process as a cutting-edge technology offers a cost-effective customization alternative to conventional food processing methods. Inspired by research personalized nutrition and customized decorative accessories represent, the 3D printing technique can be considered as an influential approach to offer healthy products with custom-designed shapes, allowing personalized foods with healthy edible features and attractive structures.96,101–106 The personalized nutrition promoted by the printing process can address the requirements of functional products, especially healthy foods. With introducing printing technology to the food application, the edible components are easily customized and can be converted into complicated attractive shapes. The customized and personalized printed products content customer prospects of diverse lifestyles obtaining tailored features of texture, color, sensory properties, and nutrition. In the wider outlook, to fabricate customized printed products, digital gastronomy and 3D printing methods are necessary to minimize human involvement.1,2,8,77 Despite fabricating 3D objects with complex shapes and exclusive mechanical properties, the sensory properties could also be improved through additive manufacturing. Moreover, it is likely to develop custom-designed personalized constructs containing a great number of components with antioxidant activity with acceptable sensory sensations.66
+
+## 3. BIOBASED MATERIALS FOR 3D PRINTING
+
+Many ingredients and additives can be utilized to enhance the quality attributes, rheological, mechanical, and structural characteristics of 3D printed objects, but biobased polymers are used as the most important printable materials to regulate the flow properties of the ink system, improving the geometries and spatial resolution of resulting printed constructs.13,14,21 Supramolecular biomaterials, as high-molecular-weight compounds, are frequently applied to fabricate a printable biopolymeric ink-based dispersion for controlling flow behavior, mechanical, and microstructural properties owing to their hydrophilic nature, gelation, and aggregation features. They can offer crucial chain entanglements for printable inks, and therefore develop a well-defined geometry for the 3D printed objects.7,16–18,107 Numerous biopolymers belong to the category of permitted printed pharmaceutical, bioengineering, and food additives in many countries throughout the world. The selection of biomaterials for the 3D printing process depends on the application and the customers’ needs, as well as the suitable selection of a printing method.3,8,108 While it is likely to construct identical 3D structures with diverse 3D printing methods, the ink formulations vary considerably in their proportions and compositions depending on printed objects.5,17,34,109,110 Generally, a printable biopolymeric ink must show a well-defined shear-thinning, viscoelastic, and thixotropic characters to simply extrude out from the nozzle tip. The flow property of inks is usually related to quality indicators of end-products and offers the main information for printing processes, allowing the suitable selection of materials to optimize the final product.12,13,109,110 The biobased polymeric inks must also develop stable polymeric networks, resisting stresses from capillary forces with restricted shrinkage upon drying; preventing 3D printed constructs deformation and/or crack development.111,112 Extensive reviews on these processing and 3D printing technologies have been published elsewhere.3,8,108,113,114
+
+Table 3. List of Proteins to Use As a Material in the Blend of Different Biomaterials along with Printer Type, Advantage, Disadvantage, and Application
+
+
+| protein |
+blended with |
+printer type |
+advantage |
+disadvantage |
+application |
+ref |
+
+
+
+
+| gelatin |
+ |
+FDM; extrusion |
+homogeneous structure; high-fidelity parts |
+weak mechanical strength |
+biomedical engineering; food products |
+74, 116–118 |
+
+
+ |
+Kappa-carrageenan |
+FDM |
+increased gelling temperature |
+poor 3D structure |
+food printing |
+119 |
+
+
+ |
+agar |
+jet extruder |
+jelly-like texture |
+low hardness |
+soft food |
+101 |
+
+
+ |
+egg-white protein/starch |
+melt extrusion |
+improved viscosity; formation of single-helix structure |
+increasing the particle size |
+food printing |
+109 |
+
+
+ |
+alginate |
+extrusion |
+shear-thinning behavior |
+increase in deformation |
+drug delivery systems |
+120 |
+
+
+ |
+zinc oxide/clove oil |
+melt extrusion |
+antimicrobial features; good shape-fidelity |
+rough surface |
+tissues regeneration; packaging |
+121 |
+
+
+ |
+soy protein isolate/alginate |
+extrusion |
+shear-thinning behavior; good geometries |
+weak mechanical strength |
+food printing |
+7 |
+
+
+| collagen |
+polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA) |
+SLA |
+improve mechanical stability |
+low collagen loadings |
+tissue engineering |
+122 |
+
+
+ |
+agarose/mesenchymal stem cells |
+bioprinting |
+enhancing the cell spreading |
+poor printability by lower agarose ratio |
+bone tissue engineering |
+123 |
+
+
+ |
+alginate/agarose/ chondrocytes |
+bioprinting |
+facilitating cell adhesion; accelerating cell proliferation |
+lower swelling ratio |
+cartilage tissue engineering |
+15 |
+
+
+ |
+hyaluronic acid |
+extrusion bioprinting |
+facilitating cell viability |
+some extent of phase separation |
+liver tissue constructs |
+16 |
+
+
+| soy |
+ |
+extrusion bioplotter |
+enhancing geometric accuracy |
+limited cell proliferation |
+tissue regeneration |
+ |
+124 |
+
+
+ |
+alginate/gelatin |
+extrusion |
+shear-thinning behavior; proper flow properties |
+low hardness |
+food printing |
+7 |
+
+
+ |
+xanthan |
+extrusion |
+improving the printability |
+low cohesiveness |
+food printing |
+115 |
+
+
+| zein |
+lipid |
+FDM |
+improving the printability |
+lower mechanical properties |
+biomedical printing |
+125 |
+
+
+ |
+poly(ε-caprolactone) |
+electrohydrodynamic |
+enhancing the mechanical strength |
+some extent of macroscopic contraction |
+drug delivery systems/ tissue engineering |
+29 |
+
+
+ |
+acrylonitrile butadiene styrene |
+extrusion |
+improved convexity index |
+slow sintering kinetics |
+material printing |
+126 |
+
+
+ |
+magnesium silicate/ poly(caprolactone) |
+extrusion bioplotter |
+porous structures; enhancing proliferation |
+ |
+bone regeneration |
+127 |
+
+
+| casein |
+whey protein |
+extrusion |
+thermally stable gels |
+some extent of aggregation |
+food printing |
+9 |
+
+
+ |
+milk protein concentrate (MPC) |
+extrusion |
+improving the thixotropy; high-fidelity parts |
+some extent of aggregation |
+food printing |
+110 |
+
+
+ |
+pectin/sucrose/starch |
+FDM |
+improved rheological properties |
+low printability due to low gelation temperature |
+food printing |
+17 |
+
+
+ |
+wheat flour |
+FDM |
+good printing stability |
+some extent of heterogeneous matrix |
+food printing |
+18 |
+
+
+| wheat flour |
+egg-white |
+extrusion |
+improved printability |
+collapsing the uppermost layer |
+food printing |
+128 |
+
+
+ |
+nonfat milk/sugar |
+extrusion |
+enhanced flow properties |
+some extent of thermal instability |
+food printing |
+87 |
+
+
+| gliadin |
+magnesium calcium silicate/ polycaprolactone |
+bioprinter |
+improved structural strength |
+ |
+bone regeneration |
+129 |
+
+
+| gluten |
+potato granules/sugar |
+extrusion |
+improved rheological properties |
+weakened mechanical strength |
+food and biomedical printing |
+130 |
+
+
+| whey |
+starch/canola oil |
+extrusion |
+desired shape fidelity |
+low hardness |
+food printing |
+13 |
+
+
+ |
+milk protein concentrate |
+extrusion |
+inducing homogeneous matrix |
+low hardness |
+food printing |
+131 |
+
+
+ |
+gellan |
+extrusion |
+shear-thinning behavior; high fidelity |
+solid-gel structure due to the increase in particle size |
+food and biomedical printing |
+30 |
+
+
+| egg proteins |
+ |
+extrusion |
+desired shape fidelity |
+thermal instability |
+food printing |
+132 |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+rice flour |
+extrusion |
+good printing accuracy |
+thermal instability |
+food printing |
+133 |
+
+
+ |
+gelatin/starch/alginate/ sucrose |
+extrusion |
+desired shape fidelity |
+increasing particle size |
+food printing |
+109 |
+
+
+| peanut protein |
+starch |
+extrusion |
+improved mechanical stability |
+thermal instability |
+food printing |
+134 |
+
+
+ |
+hydrolysate/xylose |
+extrusion |
+improved printability; thermal stability |
+low cohesiveness |
+material printing |
+135 |
+
+
+| faba- and oat bean |
+starch/cellulose nanofiber/milk powder |
+extrusion |
+good printing accuracy |
+spreading after printing |
+food printing |
+11 |
+
+
+| silk |
+ |
+extrusion |
+biocompatibility; biodegradability |
+sparse nanoholes |
+tissue engineering |
+136, 137 |
+
+
+ |
+chitosan/human fibroblast cells |
+extrusion |
+improved printing accuracy |
+ |
+soft tissue engineering |
+138 |
+
+
+ |
+xanthan/trimetaphosphate |
+extrusion |
+self-healing property |
+low swelling ratio |
+tissue engineering |
+139 |
+
+
+
+
+**3.1. Printing of Protein-Based Materials.** The biomaterials employed in additive manufacturing can be categorized according to their supramolecular functionality suitable for printing processing. Proteins utilized in the 3D printing application experience processing in the natural form owing to organizational states, high-molecular-weight nature, and supramolecular functionality.2,8,77 The flexibility in the molecular geometry and facility in the mixing, gelation, aggregation, and deposition related to the printing applications allow proteins to develop extremely efficient 3D printed architectures.7,16,115 This reality can be commonly linked with organizational situations and unique hierarchical architectures resulted from self-assembly, influencing by 3D printing. This complexity and sometimes intricacy seldom occur in the nondegradable polymers. The information on protein printing is in the early stages and is mostly devoted to the progressing of the ink composition approaches to attain desired printed structures. Table 3 covers an outline of utilized proteins in additive manufacturing. In the subsequent sections, the applications of different proteins in the 3D printing process are described.
+
+*3.1.1. Gelatin and Collagen.* Gelatin is a complex polypeptide used in different areas, including pharmaceuticals, bioengineering, cosmetics, and widely in the food industry. It has been widely applied to produce functional printable inks due to biodegradability, biocompatibility, substantial cross-linking site, and thermal stability in the environment.74,116−118 Gelatin can be processed in the native state to create printed constructs with an even and uniform structure, producing high-fidelity architectures. Nijdam et al.118 printed gelatin solutions (5–20 wt %) as cylinder shape and found that gelatin experiences initial instantaneous and height deformations, which was especially obvious at the lower concentrations. Stevenson et al.117 combined indirect additive manufacturing and freeze-drying techniques to generate gelatin-based open-channeled objects with dimensional stability. They specified that the indirect 3D printing process of molds together with freeze-drying were hopeful manufacturing approaches to quickly fabricate customized gelatin products with controlled shapes, in which the printed samples preparation procedure did not rely on either the freeze-drying process or the heating process. In another relevant study, Gholamipour-Shirazi et al.140 printed gelatin with different concentrations and found that gelatin at the level of 0.5% created a well-defined hydrogel, but it was not able to preserve its shape. They also demonstrated that only a concentration of 2% gelatin was printable self-supportive. Tamura et al.141 used a microelectrical discharge machine for the microfabrication of gelatin hydrogel, mainly from the outlook of its application in the food sector. They showed that the application of safflower oil on the printed gelatin-based objects was applicable with slight taste altering.
+
+The developments of triple-helix networks are related to the aggregation and/or gelation of gelatin, preventing its printing process. Therefore, combinations of solvents and other ingredients, as well as environmental factors disrupting the triple-helix creation are suitable.74 The 3D printing of gelatin in combination with other biopolymers through a syringe-based FDM process was stated by Cohen et al.74 They reported that the pure gelatin fitted only with a poor to the rigid range and moved to granularity form after introducing xanthan gum into the gelatin matrix. In another related work, Warner et al.119 applied a custom-made FDM printer to print a blend based on gelatin and carrageenan for the printing process. The results showed that the printed square-shaped objects processed with neat gelatin showed an even and homogeneous width. They assumed that the greater printer temperature and slight development of the elastic network caused the system to show a viscoelastic behavior. In contrast, introducing carrageenan allowed regulating the printing process, which gelled just above ambient temperature. A relevant study was performed on printing a blend of gelatin and agar by using a jet extruder at different concentrations for the elderly. The incorporation of gelatin into the system demolished the mechanical strength of agar hydrogel, characterized by a reduction in the firmness of the 3D printed sample.101 In contrast to the above-mentioned study, it is reported that gelatin addition is helpful for the printing of most important proteins such as soy protein isolate7 and egg-white protein109 to extruding out from the nozzle tip and preserving the deposited layers. Chen et al.7 reported that a blend of gelatin and soy protein isolate printed with a stable shape and precise geometry. Liu et al.109 also produced a printable ink based on gelatin and egg-white protein to process through a melt extrusion printer, in which gelatin formed single-helix networks beneath the gelation temperature. Gelatin can be also applied for the fabrication of a 3D printed scaffold in a single form or with a combination of other biobased materials. In this regard, Park et al.142 used gelatin to suspend hydrogels for 3D lattice scaffolds through a 3D extrusion printer. The 3D printed scaffold was fabricated with dispersing gelatin in the culture medium including CaCl2. Kuo et al.120 also fabricated bioscaffold based on gelatin and alginate as an effective delivery system using extrusion-based 3D printing. They determined optimum printing performance with a ratio of gelatin to alginate of 1:1.
+
+Collagen, as an abundant structural protein, is one of the most frequently used biopolymers in additive manufacturing, especially, upon working with cells.5,8,52,122,123 Collagen is an important element of connective tissue acting as a structural protein. It can be printed as a gel, after the extrusion printing process and enzymatic digestion. However, the neat collagen suffers the required strength to develop the printed architectures, thus it should be blended with different biomaterials.143 Collagen has also reported that has a low consistency index and is slow to polymerize, in which it is hard to maintain the collagen functionality in liquid form as a printable bioink. In this regard, extrusion, inkjet, and SLS printing methods can be applied to processing the difficult-to-print collagen-based dispersions.123,143 Moreover, temperature and pH should be controlled during the printing process. The extrusion printing method coupled with a multiprint head can perform along with an in situ cross-linking printing system.16,143 Nevertheless, the main challenges with using collagen as an extrudable polymer are a long gelling time and swelling, which was also flagged up. One strategy for processing collagen with other biopolymers is the freeform reversible embedding of the dispersed gels.143 In this regard, PEGDA/collagen blend hydrogel could be printed through SLA to light-assisted producing 3D collagen networks.122 Collagen was also utilized in the biopolymeric blend form with sodium alginate to gene expression and proliferating chondrocytes using in tissue engineering.107 According to the literature, collagen can be used with gelatin methacrylate system, collagen/agarose for spreading, feasibility, and variation of osteocytes of mesenchymal stem cells;123 and collagen blending with hyaluronan using in liver microenvironments including primary liver stellate cells and human hepatocytes.16 Yeo et al.52 prepared a cell-embedded mesh structure based on collagen blended with alginate for tissue engineering, fabricating through a cell-printing system enhanced via the core–pod nozzle and cross-linking technique. Considering diverse pressure and ionic conditions, the cell-laden support was fabricated, including cell-laden collagen as core zone covered with neat alginate as pod area (Figure 4).
+
+
+
+**Figure 4.** (a) Micrographs of (left) AC structure (cell-laden system) and (right) alginate with human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (hASCs). (b) AC structure (hASCs-laden) including cell-laden collagen (core)—alginate structure (pod), where control is alginate with hASCs. (c) AC structure and control. Reprinted with permission from ref 52. Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society.
+
+*3.1.2. Soy.* Soy protein as a source of essential and nonessential amino acids shows the proper nutritional quality and physicochemical features to be applied as a biopolymeric ink for the 3D printing process.144,145 The popularity of soy is among other proteins triggered by its application in pharmaceutical, bioengineering, and healthy food products, along with the fact that it is a cost-effective product and promising sustainable plant protein sources with an extensive range of usages. It can improve the flow behavior of the system and can be extruded out through the nozzle tip and deposited for the fabrication of different 3D printed constructs. However, soy protein cannot be printed alone and needs a carrier biopolymer with the purpose of involving in 3D printed networks. Chen et al.7 printed a blend of soy protein isolate, alginate, and gelatin by an extrusion printing system. They showed that soy protein ink exhibited a shear-thinning character, in which gelatin and alginate caused the substantial rise of consistency index and mechanical properties. Moreover, resilience, firmness, and chewiness parameters of printed samples were improved in the printed soy protein/gelatin blend, supporting the customized 3D matrix upon printing technique. The results also showed that soy protein blended with alginate and gelatin was printed with a precisely tailored shape, and the inclusion of more gelatin amount provided a shape with finer resolution. In another work, Phuhongsung et al.115 fabricated soy protein isolate blended by xanthan in the presence of NaCl solution. The prepared ink was well printed with proper resolution and precise geometries. They proposed that soy protein isolate/xanthan ink in the presence of 1 g/100 mL NaCl solution was the optimum ink for the printing application. Chien and Shah146 successfully synthesized a porous soy protein-based scaffold using 3D printing techniques. The porous soy protein-containing scaffold comprised a variety of layers configured in a vertical stack, each layer comprising a variety of strands comprising denatured soy proteins. The same work was accomplished by Chien et al.,124who printed reproducible printed scaffolds based on soy protein through a bioplotting system. The ink flow rate was found to be a vital factor that could be used to predict the printability of biomaterials, as well as help as an indicator for quality control purposes. They stated that the printability of soy protein was mainly beneficial as the printing process could be performed at room temperature, which is suitable for drug delivery systems or growth parameters. Further to the studies of raw components, there are some recent research works to improve the 3D printing of products by using soy protein. In this regard, Fan et al.28 examined the impacts of microwave pretreatment and salt incorporation on printability and self-supporting performance of printable ink based on soy protein isolate including strawberry (in powdery shape). Functional properties of the printable ink showed that microwave process and salt addition importantly enhanced printability and self-supporting behavior of blend ink.
+
+
+
+**Figure 5.** (Top-left) Fabrication of zein microneedles (ZMNs). (a) Casting PDMS mold, (b) obtained PDMS mold, (c) ZMNs casting, (d) ZMNs array, (e) images of ZMNs, and (f) microneedle array. Micrographs of (g) ovalbumin (OVA)-entrapped ZMNs, (h) OVA-coated ZMNs, and (i) OVA use upon pretreatment of ZMN. (Top-right) (a) Mechanical strength of ZMNs, (b,c) stained skin upon insertion of ZMN, and (d) schematic representation of skin cryosection upon ZMNs treatment. ZMNs before (e) and after insertion in the skin with 0.4 (f) and 1.0 N/needle (g). Reproduced with permission from ref 147. Copyright 2017 American Chemical Society. (Bottom-left) SEM micrographs of printed PCL/zein scaffold: (a) top view, (b) back view, (c) side view, and (d) magnified top view of the fibers. (Bottom-right) Confocal images of cell seeding on PCL and blend of PCL/zein scaffolds. Reproduced with permission from ref 29. Copyright 2018 American Chemical Society.
+
+*3.1.3. Zein.* Zein is a type of alcohol-soluble prolamine storage proteins in corn, which is rather rich in hydrophobic and neutral amino acids, along with some polar amino acid residues. It can be applied as a hydrophobic printable ink for different 3D printing applications, including drug delivery systems, bioengineering, and food application.29,125−127 Since zein is an expensive protein, therefore extraction of zein and production of 3D printed objects from it would produce an important economic benefit. Moreover, the classical brittleness and flexibility drawbacks of objects produced by zein are an essential problem for their use as a free-standing 3D printed construct and more widespread application as a printable ink. In the study performed by Chaunier et al.,125 they revealed that plasticized zein could be processed by 3D printing using an FDM printer.
+
+No molecular orientation was found in the deposited filament at the outlet of the printer nozzle and the amorphous structure of zein was cross-linked upon the extrusion printing process. They assumed that such results can be used to evaluate more precisely the rheological behavior of zein-based structures in the molten form and their hot fusing features. Furthermore, the possible interactions of zein with different plasticizing compounds (e.g., polar, apolar, or ionic materials) could lead to an improvement of 3D printing abilities.125 It is shown that some biopolymers can be introduced into zein-containing ink to improve the flexibility, flow behavior, and consequently mechanical stability of printed constructs. Bhatnagar et al.147 investigated the possibility of fabrication of antigen delivery using a micromolding technique made by a blend of zein and corn protein. It was shown that zein could be molded to achieve a microneedle array, showing adequate mechanical strength to enter the skin. Their results also showed that zein could be easily cast using the micromolding technique with the potential for scale-up (Figure 5). Jing et al.29 developed a blended ink formulated with poly(ε-caprolactone)(PCL) and zein and examined the printing performance for scaffold fabrication. The enzyme-accelerated in vitro degradation experiment revealed the scaffolds including zein showed a dose-responsive behavior against degradation in the presence of protease and cell culture. Furthermore, the blend biocompatibility was evaluated in human lung cancer cells (H1299) and mice embryonic fibroblast (NIH/3T3), which displayed well cell affinity. The elastic modulus and yield stress of the PCL/zein blend scaffold were remarkably enhanced in comparison with the neat PCL scaffold. These results offered an effective method for modification of mechanical strength of 3D scaffold without application of toxic cross-linking compounds, where the PCL/zein blend scaffold manufactured by the solution-based electrohydrodynamic printer can be used in drug delivery system and bioengineering. Similar work was accomplished by Ru et al.,127 who developed bioactive and degradable scaffolds based on magnesium silicate/zein/PCL ternary system through the 3D printing method. They reported that the in vitro apatite mineralization behavior and the scaffolds degradability were prominently enhanced upon increasing zein level. The scaffolds containing zein also considerably improved the proliferation and initial differentiation of osteoblastic cell line that was dependent on the zein level. Moreover, an enhancement was detected regarding in vivo osteogenesis of printed scaffolds, which also depends on the zein level.
+
+*3.1.4. Casein.* Caseins are the main phosphoproteins of mammalian milk as micelles involving polypeptides called as α-, β-, and κ-caseins. They are commonly applied in the 3D printing process due to their textural, sensory, and nutritional features. Caseins have been electrospun/printed using some carrier biopolymers, including pullulan,148 whey protein,9 pectin/sucrose/starch,17 and PVA.149 Numerous published studies address the effective application of casein with consideration of different printing factors principally in the 3D food printing application. Daffner et al.9 tested an edible suspension formulated with casein and whey protein for tailored nutrition application through an extrusion-based 3D printer. The results revealed that rigid hydrogels were obtained at a pH of 4.8–5.0. Liu et al.110 prepared a milk protein blend hydrogel by introducing milk protein concentrate to the casein system and the obtained ink was printed by an extrusion-based 3D printer. Reportedly, calcium ions might enable forming an attractive force with casein and alter the isotropic behavior of casein dispersion; thus, the development of a stiff 3D printed network could be facilitated in the presence of calcium ions. Kern et al.90 produced a model cheese in the presence of calcium ions by a hot-melt extrusion printing. The printed cheese including calcium ions (pH 6.3) provided a protein structure with improved firmness, decreasing the dry content. The increment in the shear force caused the improved association of para-casein “backbone” among, needing additional cross-linking reorganization.90 In another work, the printability of calcium caseinate and wheat dough using an FDM printer was evaluated by Zhang et al.,18 who reported that printability was dependent on the composition of wheat dough with consideration of moisture content and flour kind, along with casein level. The dough printability was considerably improved upon the addition of calcium caseinate at 3% (w/w). It is also interesting to characterize casein conjugated with polysaccharide via the Maillard reaction as a printable ink for food additive manufacturing. In this case, Schutyser et al.17 successfully prepared sodium caseinate structures using an FDM approach, thanks to the reversible gelation behavior of sodium caseinate. They assumed that the incorporation of sucrose, pectin, and starch compounds was essential to achieve well-defined 3D printed constructs.
+
+*3.1.5. Whole wheat, Gluten, and Gliadin.*The application of whole wheat for 3D printing is more and more popular.1,2,18,150 Whole wheat flour is a blend of wheat bran and flour at adaptable mixed amounts to attain a preferred nutritional value and taste, leading to different functionality. The Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) and an Italian Pasta Company (Barilla) were shown improvement of printed pasta with durum wheat semolina and water.1,2,150 Natural Machines Co. also extruded fresh food ingredients through the Foodini printer to fabricate 3D printed foods.96 The extruded components can be applied to image decoration and surface filling.68,69 Zhang et al.18 printed dough with various amounts of water, flour types, and casein content upon the FDM technique. They argued printing performance of dough correlated to the ink flow behavior and its microstructure, in which formulation with greater loss factor, yield stress, and complex viscosity showed proper printability and good stability upon extrusion. In another work, the impact of printing parameters on the printing performance of wheat-made object was studied.102 It is reported there was a positive correlation between infill amount and a solid portion of 3D printed uncooked and cooked products and their firmness parameters. It was also shown that the interior printed matrix preserved the designed shape, where the irregular layer deposition resulted in the unsystematic filling of the void area. It was concluded that a suitable adjustment of the printing variables must be achieved regarding the mechanical properties to the real utilization of additive manufacturing for cereal-based foods. Similar work was conducted by Severini et al.,145 who used additive manufacturing for the fabrication of snacks prepared from wheat flour containing edible insects (Yellow mealworm) as a sustainable protein source. Their results indicated that the milled insects could be considered as an appropriate nutritious component for the development of 3D printed constructs with precisely tailored shapes without negative influence on the technical feature. In another work by Keerthana et al.,151 they evaluated the printing performance of the mushroom powder mixing with the wheat flour. The printing process of freeze-dried mushroom was failed, while the addition of wheat flour notably improved the system printability. Fahmy et al.128 used two material systems involving wheat dough and a blend of starch and egg-white to evaluate printability and shape fidelity. The quality features and dimensional properties of printed morphologies were evaluated through in-place depicting. It was found that the formation of the gluten network could stabilize the printed structure and induce a well-defined geometry. Pulatsu et al.87 also prepared dough with different formulations including fat, flour variants, nonfat milk, and sugar, where the obtained dough was printed via an extrusion-based printer. The obtained data showed the dough prepared by low-level sugar was the optimum formulation in terms of printability. The existence of the gluten network during the 3D printing process induced higher-order impact, stabilizing the geometries, and enhancing the spatial resolution of the deposited layer of the printed architectures.87 Krishnaraj et al.152 printed a healthy high-fiber high-protein product formulated with a blend of flour variants and specific seeds to assess the printing performance. Liu et al.130 used an extruder printer type to fabricate dough based on gluten prepared from wheat flour, potato granules, and sugar. Zhang et al.129 constructed a printed scaffold based on gliadin mesoporous bioglass fibers and PCL along with magnesium calcium silicate through a bioprinting system. The data demonstrated that introducing gliadin and calcium silicate into the PCL led to an enhancement in mechanical parameters and degradability of 3D printed scaffolds.
+
+*3.1.6. Whey Proteins.* Whey protein is widely used as an ingredient in foods because of its excellent nutritional profile quality and exclusive functional features, that is, emulsification, thickening, gelation, and water-holding ability. They are also extensively applied as a functional ink owing to hydrogel-forming ability and printability features.13,131,153 Considering the role of whey proteins in the adjustment of the flow behavior
+
+of ink formulations and printed constructs improvement, numerous investigations were performed in additive manufacturing using whey proteins either individually or in blending with other biopolymers. Liu and Ciftci13 used whey protein isolate, canola oil, and corn starch for the printing process. The consistency index and loss tangent values specified all ink samples were pseudoplastic fluids and displayed predominantly elastic behavior. Liu et al.131 printed milk protein and evaluated the impact the whey protein addition on the printability of milk protein. The data presented the milk blend paste obtained from the mixture of milk protein concentrate (5 wt %) and whey protein isolate (2 wt %) was the optimum ink formulation, which was effectively processed via extrusion printer and obtained a well-designed printed structure. Oliveira et al.30 produced multiscale inks by segregative phase separation of whey protein isolate and gellan gum. They stated that the printing performance of inks with a low consistency index might be amended thru ion cross-linking via calcium ions. The data offered the ink with minimum whey protein isolate (1%) and supreme viscous character (10% whey protein isolate) was effectively printed by using gentle extrusion forces and shear stresses. In this regard, they adjusted the printing variables to efficiently obtain the precise geometries, where the optimum printing parameters enhanced the interlayer adhesion, consequently improving the shape retention and integrity of resulting printed architectures.30
+
+
+
+**Figure 6.** (Left) Images of 3D printed architectures prepared with heat-induced egg yolk paste. (Right) Confocal micrographs of egg yolk after heating treatment. (Red color represents lipids, and green color shows proteins.) Reproduced with permission from ref 132. Copyright 2019. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
+
+*3.1.7. Egg Proteins.* Egg proteins are a favorable material for the fabrication of 3D objects with different shapes as they form heat-induced edible hydrogels, which conduce to further thermal processing treatment. Xu et al.132 developed printed architecture with heat-induced egg yolk. Reportedly, the egg yolk processed with a temperature of about 76 °C for 8 min showed well printability as the 3D constructs had finer resolution and precise geometries. The authors assumed the β-sheets intermolecular development might adversely affect the 3D printing process. They concluded that individual forms of the egg yolk could barely content the request for the development of customized products with functional properties and nutritional profiles and it should print with some other biobased polymers and binders132 (Figure 6). In another work, Anukiruthika et al.133 studied the printing performance of egg yolk and its blend with rice flour, aiming to adjust different printing variables such as diameter and height of nozzle, printing, and extrusion motor speed, as well as extrusion rate. The results presented the rice flour introducing with levels of 1:1 and 1:2 w/w showed an important impact on the stability enhancement and strength improvement of 3D printed egg yolk and egg white. They reported the printing process yielded the 3D constructs with precise geometry and finer resolution with sufficient adhesion between deposited layers. Liu et al.154 demonstrated the printability of composite bioink consists of egg-white (albumen) and sodium alginate. The in vitro tests showed that HUVECs (umbilical vein endothelial cells) could effectively attach to the printed scaffold and preserve high viability. The vascular sprouting and neovascular network development were observed in-between fibers within the 3D printed scaffold. The results also demonstrated that 3D printed albumen/alginate composite bioinks with favorable biological functionality hold promising potential in tissue and organ engineering application. In a relevant study by Liu et al.,109 the experimental situations essential for 3D printing blend bioink were optimized by changing different concentration ratios of albumen/alginate. This formulation was also comprised of egg-white protein, corn starch, gelatin, and sucrose. The rheological and tribological data showed the egg-white protein mixture system (5.0% (w/w)) was the best formulation to apply for the printing process. Furthermore, a specific ratio of egg-white protein enhanced the springiness and firmness of printed hydrogel. These enhancements facilitated the easily extruded out through the nozzle tip and improved the structural strength of 3D objects. Charbonneau et al.155 successfully printed egg yolk plasma with controlled geometries. They manually extruded egg yolk plasma bioink containing the fluorescence cells in the 3D-Cryo well inserts and displayed the positioning of the cell. This 3D-Cryo insert exposed some data on cells embedded in the egg yolk plasma, representative it would be suitable for cultures of living cells via additive manufacturing.
+
+*3.1.8. Other Plant-Based Proteins.* Some other plant-based proteins are also shown a great promising resource for additive manufacturing. Lille et al.11 evaluated the printability of a blend ink based on oat- and faba bean proteins by evaluating the regularity of extrusion-based printing systems, in addition to the resolution and shape stability of 3D objects. The oat protein concentrate (35% solid content) was practically well printed with precise geometry, though the 3D structures did not show suitable shape retention upon the process. There were considerable variances regarding the protein ratios required to produce a desired printable plant-based ink with an appropriate flow behavior for the printing process. It is shown that the best ratios for printing were 35% for protein concentrate and 45% for faba bean.11 In another study, Chuanxing et al.134 assessed the printability of a starch system blended with pea protein by developing a printable food ink for 3D printing application. They indicated the printing quality improved by increasing the pea protein content to a level of 1%. Zhou et al.135 also investigated the printability of 3D printed pea protein objects with consideration of enzymatic hydrolysate–xylose Maillard reaction. They found that compared to enzymatic hydrolysate addition, the objects including Millard products noticeably enhanced the printing performance of the 3D printed objects.
+
+
+
+**Figure 7.** (Top-left) (A) Illustrative micrographs of chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells in monolayer (A1 and A3) and aggregates (A2 and A4) before bioprinting and (B) virtual construct by CAD (B1 and B2). 3D printed constructs of cell-laden silk and gelatin blend (B3) dispersed state (B4) and aggregated (B5). (Top-right) (A–D) Live/dead fluorescent of chondrocytes and hMSCs bioprinted blend. (Bottom-left) Cell-laden blend divided and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. A strong indication of the pericellular system in the dispersed bioprinted chondrocytes and hMSCs cells (A, B, D, and E). Evidence of aggregation (C and F) after 14 days. (Bottom-right) Immunohistochemistry of dispersed and aggregated architectures of the cell-laden blend at day 14. Complete architectures stained by anti-collagen2A1 antibody-AF 546 (red) (A–D), anti-MMP2-FITC (green) (E and F), and counterstained by DAPI (blue). Reproduced with permission from ref 14. Copyright 2016 American Chemical Society.
+
+Silk fibroin produced by Bombyx mori cocoons is a common fibrous protein, which has been used to develop the 3D printed hydrogel objects showing unique flow behavior, structural strength, and good biocompatibility. Mu et al.136 printed the 3D silk structures with different architectures and a diverse range of functional components. The printing performance was demonstrated through single-step manufacturing a perfusable microfluidic chip was fabricated with reducing the application of supporting and sacrificial components. They also assumed that the 3D printed shaping capability of silk fibroin could be potentially used in the drug delivery system, surgical implants, and tissue engineering. In another study, Du et al.156 extracted silk fibroin from Bombyx mori cocoons and fabricated a 3D printed composite scaffold containing mesoporous bioactive glass. The results illustrated that the silk-based scaffolds showed greater compressive strength and improved biocompatibility and stimulated bone development capacity. Zhao et al.137 developed a 3D printed hydrogel based on silk protein including a microalgal strain by an extrusion-based printer to host the living microalgae. Chameettachal et al.14 evaluated the hypertrophic suppression and chondrogenic differentiations in a cross-linked blend bioink based on silk and gelatin containing dispersed and aggregated cells for chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). The hMSC spheroids chondrogenic differentiation (without the protein-based blend) revealed an increment in the hypertrophy. In contrast, the dispersed and aggregates hMSC-laden bioink objects exposed an upregulated hypoxia. The results showed that gelatin promoted the MMP2 action, degrading the fabricated system, and producing pericellular area to accumulate the growth factors and newly fabricated systems (Figure 7).
+
+**3.2. Printing of Polysaccharide-Based Materials.** Numerous published investigations are focusing on the utilization of polysaccharide-based materials for 3D printing applications.88,157−159 Typically, the resolution of the deposited layers and printing precision offered by polysaccharides are reliant on the degree of chain entanglements. Consequently, the polysaccharide levels, chemical structure, and flow behavior affect the printing condition.8,160 Moreover, the ratios of covalent or ionic linkages of carbohydrate-based materials are associated with the cross-linking degree; therefore the structural strength of 3D printed constructs. The concentration needed for substantial entanglements of polysaccharide-based ink dispersions shows a point where the entangled polymeric strands are developed. This point presents the coil-overlap of polysaccharides at which point the compact globular-like strands produce fewer entanglement chains compared to random walk-coil-like strands at a similar concentration.8,160 In this sense, a shear thickening behavior offers an increased extensional viscosity, which simply blocks the nozzle tip causing a failure in the printing application.160 To overcome this challenge, a printable ink with a suitable shear-thinning character and an improved viscoelastic behavior is essential as it could be simply extruded out through the nozzle tip. Thus, pseudoplasticity and shear-thinning behaviors are crucial for the printing process of polysaccharide-based inks.14,33,159,161 A summary of individual printable inks containing polysaccharides blended with other biopolymers, as well as the printer type is shown in Table 4. The following sections introduce examples of utilizations of 3D printed materials formulated with polysaccharides are described.
+
+Table 4. List of Printable Polysaccharide Blended with Different Biomaterials along with Printer Type Advantage, Disadvantage, and Application
+
+
+
+
+| polysaccharide |
+blended with |
+printer type |
+advantage |
+disadvantage |
+application |
+ref |
+
+
+
+
+| chitosan |
+ |
+extrusion |
+self-healing properties |
+filament shrinkage |
+tissue engineering |
+162, 163 |
+
+
+ |
+silk |
+extrusion |
+improved printing accuracy |
+ |
+human fibroblast cells |
+138 |
+
+
+ |
+gelatin |
+bioprinting; bioplotter |
+high shape-fidelity; biocompatibility |
+low structural strength |
+skin tissue engineering |
+164, 165 |
+
+
+ |
+carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) |
+bioprinter |
+stable structure; high biocompatibility |
+low swelling ratio |
+tissue engineering |
+166 |
+
+
+ |
+gellan |
+FDM |
+enhancing mechanical strength |
+ |
+biomedical printing |
+167 |
+
+
+ |
+PLA |
+extrusion; FFF |
+improved cell viability |
+high water solubility; low tensile strength |
+tissue engineering |
+168, 169 |
+
+
+| starch |
+ |
+extrusion |
+shear-thinning behavior; good geometries |
+low structural strength |
+food printing |
+19,20,22,161 |
+
+
+ |
+cellulose acetate |
+FDM |
+good structural homogeneity and deposition |
+low adhesion between layers |
+biomedical printing |
+63 |
+
+
+ |
+oat- and faba beans |
+extrusion |
+good printing accuracy |
+spreading after printing |
+food printing |
+11 |
+
+
+ |
+carrageenan/xanthan |
+extrusion |
+increased the gelation temperature; thixotropic behavior |
+some extent of thermal instability |
+food printing |
+33 |
+
+
+| alginate |
+plant cell |
+extrusion |
+enhanced cell viability |
+some extent of poor resolution |
+plant tissue simulation |
+142 |
+
+
+ |
+soy protein isolate/gelatin |
+extrusion |
+stable and precise geometries |
+weak mechanical strength |
+food printing |
+7 |
+
+
+ |
+pea protein |
+extrusion |
+suitable textural properties |
+collapsing the object |
+food printing |
+65 |
+
+
+ |
+taro/CMC/xanthan/guar/whey protein |
+extrusion |
+desired printability |
+low textural parameters |
+food printing |
+10 |
+
+
+ |
+gelatin |
+extrusion |
+shear-thinning behavior; stronger printed gel |
+increasing the deformation rate |
+drug delivery systems |
+120 |
+
+
+| cellulose |
+starch/milk powder/rye bran/oat and faba beans |
+extrusion |
+good printing accuracy |
+spreading after printing |
+food printing |
+11 |
+
+
+ |
+xanthan |
+binder jetting |
+good resolution |
+limitation of layer number |
+food printing |
+31, 98 |
+
+
+ |
+lignosulfonate |
+extrusion |
+shear-thinning behavior; high yield stress |
+continuous deformation until spreading |
+biosourced precursor |
+111 |
+
+
+ |
+gelatin/cellulose |
+extrusion |
+porous structure; improved cytocompatibility |
+ |
+artificial tissue |
+170 |
+
+
+| pectin |
+ |
+extrusion |
+desired printability |
+some extent of shrinking behavior |
+food printing |
+171 |
+
+
+ |
+bovine serum albumin/sugar |
+extrusion |
+appropriate flowability |
+a higher pectin ratio hampered printability |
+food printing |
+172 |
+
+
+ |
+chitosan |
+extrusion |
+good printability; self-adhesion to skin |
+recommended only for fresh epidermal wounds |
+wound dressings |
+173 |
+
+
+ |
+sucrose/starch/sodium caseinate |
+FDM |
+improved rheological properties |
+low printability due to low gelation temperature |
+food printing |
+17 |
+
+
+ |
+TEMPO-oxidized cellulose |
+extrusion bioprinting |
+shear-thinning property; improving the printability |
+partial filaments instability |
+tissue engineering |
+174 |
+
+
+| xanthan |
+gelatin |
+FDM |
+desired printability |
+granularity structure |
+food printing |
+74 |
+
+
+ |
+taro/alginate/CMC/guar/whey protein |
+extrusion |
+shear-thinning behavior |
+some level of printing deviation |
+food printing |
+10 |
+
+
+
+ |
+methylcellulose |
+extrusion |
+high structural retention; high shear modulus |
+poor 3D printing performance |
+food printing |
+86 |
+
+
+ |
+konjac gum |
+extrusion |
+desired rheological parameters |
+formation of weaker gels |
+food printing |
+175 |
+
+
+ |
+starch |
+extrusion |
+desired printability |
+high adhesiveness |
+food printing |
+176 |
+
+
+ |
+pureed carrot/guar/gelatin |
+extrusion |
+increasing the hardness |
+some level of printing deviation |
+food printing |
+177 |
+
+
+ |
+silk fibroin/trimetaphosphate |
+extrusion |
+self-healing property |
+low swelling ratio |
+tissue engineering |
+139 |
+
+
+ |
+guar |
+extrusion |
+less dense microstructure |
+some level of printing deviation |
+food printing |
+178 |
+
+
+| carrageenan |
+ |
+extrusion |
+desired rheological parameters |
+ |
+biofilter designs |
+179 |
+
+
+ |
+gelatin |
+FDM |
+increased gelling temperature |
+poor structural strength |
+ food printing |
+119 |
+
+
+ |
+epoxy amine |
+extrusion |
+enhanced mechanical performance |
+ |
+tissue engineering;soft robotics |
+180 |
+
+
+| cyclodextrin |
+ pectin/honey |
+ extrusion bioprinter |
+good releasing rate |
+ precipitation the inclusion complex; thermal instability |
+drug delivery systems |
+181 |
+
+
+ |
+cellulose/carbamazepine |
+extrusion |
+shear-thinning behavior; desired drugreleasing profile |
+existence of the brittle objects |
+ drug delivery systems |
+182 |
+
+
+ |
+mannitol/ondansetron |
+SLS |
+improved drug releasing rate |
+some amount of drug was inaccessible |
+drug delivery systems |
+183 |
+
+
+| maltodextrin |
+PVA |
+ not defined |
+good architectural accuracy |
+random shapes and sizes in pores |
+bone regeneration |
+184 |
+
+
+ |
+paracetamol/glycerine TiO2/span |
+filament extrusion |
+desired drug loading |
+generating inhomogeneous spot |
+drug delivery systems |
+185 |
+
+
+ |
+sorbitol/hydroxyethyl cellulose |
+SLS |
+quick melting |
+low structural strength |
+food printing |
+82, 83 |
+
+
+| hyaluronic acid |
+cyclodextrin |
+FDM |
+supporting cell adhesion |
+losing the printed filament |
+tissue engineering |
+186 |
+
+
+ |
+gelatin/CMPCs cell |
+bioscaffolder tissue printer |
+improving myocardial viability;preservation of cardiac performance |
+ |
+regenerative medicine |
+187 |
+
+
+ |
+polylactic acid/polyethylene glycol |
+SLA |
+enhanced survival human adipose stem cells |
+limited matrix deposition |
+degenerative joint diseases |
+188 |
+
+
+ |
+methacrylated gelatin |
+ bioscaffolder pneumatic system |
+improved shape fidelity and cell survival |
+limited connectivity of newly formed extracellular matrix |
+cartilage tissue engineering |
+189 |
+
+
+ |
+dextran |
+bioscaffolder pneumatic system |
+good cytocompatibility; high porosity |
+ |
+tissue engineering |
+190 |
+
+
+ |
+polybutylene terephthalate/CNT |
+digital light processing |
+good cytocompatibility |
+some level of deformation |
+cartilage tissue ngineering |
+191 |
+
+
+
+
+*3.2.1. Chitosan.* Chitosan can readily be obtained by the process of alkaline N-deacetylation of chitin, mostly extracting from shellfish. The functionality of chitosan is dependent on acetylation degree and molecular weight, affecting the printability, biodegradability, shape fidelity, mechanical strength, and more importantly, flow properties.192−195 It is also distinguished as a natural polymer with wide applications in the printing process.162−165 However, the pure printed chitosan construct suffers from poor precise geometries and weak structural stability due to their hydrophilic character and the shrinking tendency of the 3D structure, which raises difficulties to process into the 3D printed architectures. Numerous efforts were carried out to develop printable chitosan-based ink for different potential applications with a combination of PLA,168,169 silk protein,138 gelatin,165 CMC,166 and gellan.167 In an investigation performed with Wu et al.,162 they offered a 3D printing system for hydrogel construction based on chitosan with great functional features and ordered microfiber structures. The microstructured hydrogel scaffold was made with a neutralization process. The failure strain of 3D printed hydrogel scaffolds reached ∼400% and maximum strength was ∼7.5 MPa. In another study performed by Zhang et al.,138 the printed chitosan hydrogel strengthened with physically ground silk powders developed through an extrusion printing system. Compared to the neat chitosan, introducing the silk powders led to a notable enhancement of compressive modulus and also considerably better printing precision with improved construct stability. Wu et al.163 evaluated the printability of chitosan inks directly in the air at ambient temperature and fabricated a 3D scaffold with intricate geometries. They stated that extrusion bioprinted chitosan scaffolds with improved printing performance and feature sizes of ∼50 µm. Zolfagharian et al.165 optimized the printing adjustment and printing variables to create a polyelectrolyte complex hydrogel based on chitosan and gelatin upon severe printing conditions. The results revealed that the printing process enhanced the maximum deflection compared to both cast films based on neat gelatin and intact chitosan.
+
+Chitosan colloidal dispersion can also be used as bioinks for 3D bioprinting. Detailed research studies into the 3D printing processing variables of chitosan-based bioinks including flow behavior, structural strength, biocompatibility, and solvent evaporation are recently published.38,196,197 Jiankang et al.196 used the SLA technique to process chitosan ink to fabricate a printed scaffold; in which a laser-induced µ-SLA system and two-photon polymerization technique were applied on the grafted chitosan-g-oligolactide copolymer. They argued that the molecular weight of chitosan and oligolactide strands could affect the functionality of 3D printed hydrogels. In another study, an ear-shape scaffold based on a mixture of chitosan and PEGDA was fabricated through SLA. Using adjusting the chitosan molecular weight and the ratio of chitosan, PEGDA, and photosensitizer, mechanical strength, printing performance, and cell adhesion were improved.198 It is reported that chitosan addition to PEGDA increased the flow behavior of the system, and the lowest level of PEGDA for the printing process from 30 decreased to 6.5% w/v. The change in the feed ratios of chitosan to PEGDA from 1:5 to 1:10 led to swelling dropped from 8.4 to 8.1%, respectively, whereas an increase in the ratio from 1:5 to 1:15 raised the elastic modulus.198
+
+*3.2.2. Starch.* Starch macromolecule shows an extensive application range in pharmaceutics, bioengineering, and food since it is considered as a cost-effective biopolymer with excellent functionality. Starch originated from diverse sources, that is, cassava,20 corn,161 potato,107 rice,22 and wheat,19 has been utilized in the printing process to improve the flow properties and extrudability. Starch either in the granular state or gelatinized form can be incorporated into the biopolymeric system to create a printed construct with enhanced printability, improved biodegradability, precise geometries, and structural characteristics.11,80,158 Numerous attempts have been focused on the starch blending with other biopolymers including cellulose,80 oat- and faba bean proteins,11 and carrageenan-xanthan,88 which shows desired processability and adequate structural strength to attain fine resolutions and improved shape retention. Chen et al.¹⁶¹ recognized a relationship between flow
+
+**Received:** October 24, 2020
+**Accepted:** December 8, 2020
+**Published:** December 22, 2020
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_31.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1827 @@
+
+ELSEVIER
+
+Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
+
+# Hydrometallurgy
+
+journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/hydromet
+
+
+
+Review
+
+# The recent progress of ion exchange for the separation of rare earths from secondary resources – A review
+
+
+
+Youssef El Ouardi*, Sami Virolainen, Emile Salomon Massima Mouele, Markku Laatikainen, Eveliina Repo, Katri Laatikainen
+
+Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology LUT, School of Engineering Science, Department of Separation Science, Yliopistonkatu 34, FI-53850 Lappeenranta, Finland
+
+## ARTICLE INFO
+
+Keywords:
+
+Ion exchange
+Rare earth elements
+Chelating resins
+Solvent-impregnated resins
+Permanent magnets
+Ni-MH batteries
+
+## ABSTRACT
+
+The challenge towards modern technologies has been enquiring and culminating in the continuously expanding use of rare earth elements (REEs). The non-renewable primary resources of REEs such as bastnasite, monazite, and xenotime, are 78% dominated by China, and their exhaustive exploitation and future availability have raised global concerns. The recycling of end-of-life (EOL) products containing rare earths, waste streams in mining, and metallurgical industry, also referred to as secondary resources - has therefore become an alternative. This, however, requires advanced separation and extraction technologies to achieve high yields from the raw materials and high purities of the recovered REEs. Hydrometallurgy, starting with leaching, and having solvent extraction as the solution purification step, has been employed worldwide for capturing REEs from primary and secondary resources, with high reported recycling efficiencies. Among the frequently used processes, ion exchange (IX) has become one potential method due to its high selectivity, simple use and maintenance, and easy accessibility. This review briefly highlights the updated separation and extraction technologies used to separate REEs from sulfate-based solutions and secondary sources and mostly focuses on ion exchange separation systems. Significant benefits of IX are outlined, and the content of this review emphasizes that IX can still be used as an efficient, economical, and green method for the enhanced extraction of REEs from secondary sources.
+
+Abbreviations: HIBA, α-Hydroxyisobutyric Acid; HMBA, 2-Hydroxy-2-Methylbutanoic Acid; AMW, Acidic Mine Waters; CR, Chelating Resin; DEHPA, Di2-Ethylhexyl Phosphoric Acid; DTPA, Diethylenetriaminepentaacetic Acid; WEEEs, Waste Electronic And Electrical Equipment; EOL, End-Of-Life Products; EDTA, Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid; EGDMA, Ethylene Glycol Dimethylacrylate; FLS, Fluorescent Lamps; G, Gel; HDD, Hard Disc Drives; HEDTA, Hydroxyethylenediaminetriacetic Acid; HREES, Heavy Rare Earth Elements; HM, Hydrometallurgy; HSAB, Hard and Soft Acids And Bases; IDA, Iminodiacetic Acid; IX, Ion Exchange; IIPs, Ion Imprinted Polymers; LDH, Layered Double Hydroxide; LREEs, Light Rare Earth Elements; LCDs, Liquid Crystal Displays; MP, Macroporous; MTs, Modern Technologies; MGDA, Methylglycine N,N-Diacetate; NMRI, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging; NTA, Nitrilotriacetic Acid; NdFeB, Neodymium Iron Boron Magnets; GLDA, N,N-Dicarboxymethyl Glutamic Acid; DODGAA, N,N-DiOctyl-Diglycolamic Acid; TODGA, N,N,N',N'-TetraOctylDiglycolamide; TEHDGA, N, N,N',N'-Tetrakis-2-Ethylhexyldiglycolamide; PEI, Polyethylenimine; REEs, Rare Earth Elements; REO, Rare Earth Oxide; SIRs, Solvent Impregnated Resins; SAC, Strong Acid Cation Resin; SBA, Strong Base Resins; St-DVB, Styrene-Co-Divinylbenzene; SILP, Supported Ionic Liquid Phase; WBA, Weak Base Resins; WAC, Weak Cation Exchanger.
+
+\* Corresponding author at: Department of Separation Science, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta-Lahti University of Technology (LUT), Yliopistonkatu 34, FI-53850 Lappeenranta, Finland.
+
+*E-mail address:* youssef.el.ouardi@lut.fi (Y. El Ouardi).
+
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2023.106047
+
+Received 27 May 2022; Received in revised form 1 March 2023; Accepted 2 March 2023
+
+Available online 7 March 2023
+
+0304-386X/© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
+
+## 1. Introduction
+
+The global race to modern technologies (MTs) has impacted most aspects of life, from medicine, machine learning, computer science, telecommunication, and environmental and natural sciences. Rare earth elements (REEs) play a significant role here because they exhibit many exceptional physicochemical, catalytic, electrical, magnetic, and optical attributes, making them essential supplies in various areas ranging from smart and green technologies to industrial raw materials. According to previous reports (Akcil et al., 2021; Jha et al., 2016; Patil et al., 2022), REEs consist of 17 elements, including 15 lanthanides from La to Lu, followed by Sc and Y. Moreover, the lanthanides can be divided into light rare earth elements (LREEs), which include lanthanides from La to Eu, and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), including lanthanides from Gd to Lu together with Y (Fu et al., 2022; Zhou et al., 2017). Various authors (Binnemans et al., 2013; Humphries, 2010; Jordens et al., 2013;Kołodyńska and Hubicki, 2012; Liu and Chen, 2021; Yang et al., 2021) consider HREEs as critical resources due to their multiple applications in photo-electromagnetism, including, radiation sources, laser media, scintillation crystals, and magnetic materials to mention only a few. Applications are also found in metallurgy, petroleum, agriculture, textiles, and electronic industries (Tommasi et al., 2021; Xie et al., 2014).
+
+However, the exceeding demand over supply for these metals has led to a drastic decline in their primary resources, known as non-renewable. The United States Geological Survey (USGS, 2020), as well as Liu and Chen (2021) estimated that the global primary and secondary reserves of REEs are around 120 million tons, which China leads with at least 70% and in particular, the HREEs are mainly found in Chinese provinces Jiangxi and Guangdong (Chen, 2011; Chi and Tian, 2007; Liu and Chen, 2021; Mwewa et al., 2022). Nevertheless, the continuous use of the primary REE reserves has lessened their global supplies over time. Following these constraints, it is crucial to develop procedures for the effective recycling of REEs from alternative sources to meet the increasing global demand and environmental regulations (Binnemans et al., 2015; Chen et al., 2017; Habib and Wenzel, 2014; Mueller et al., 2015; Reck and Graedel, 2012; Rollat et al., 2016; Tunsu et al., 2015). Consequently, the global insufficiency of REEs requires to consider recycling of REEs from REE-containing end-of-life goods, including nickel-metal hydride batteries, permanent magnets, and fluorescent lamps (FLs) (Binnemans et al., 2013; Patil et al., 2022).
+
+Extraction and recapture of REEs from primary and secondary sources have attracted global attention in research and development. Hydrometallurgy (HM) has been used as the principal route for recovering REEs (Jha et al., 2016), and the conventional procedure consists of three steps: extraction of metals from solid minerals/ores to aqueous phase (leaching), solvent extraction to separate REEs ions from unwanted aqueous impurities, and the recovery of metals from aqueous phase as (pure) solid compounds (Chen et al., 2020a, 2020b). According to Chen et al. (2020a, 2020b), leaching with highly concentrated acids is normally adopted, but difficulties of leaching with some REEs such as Ce, Gd, La, and Tb requiring mild acidic solutions often limit its applicability (Itakura et al., 2006; Tunsu et al., 2014; Yang et al., 2013). Although solvent extraction has been the most extensively utilized separation technique, owing to its significant scaling ability and high mass transfer coefficients of dissolved species which facilitate their rapid transfer and equilibration between organic and aqueous phases (Chen et al., 2016; Cui et al., 2016; Mwewa et al., 2022; Roosen et al., 2016; Xie et al., 2014), its industrial application still shows some challenges. Alkyl phosphorus acids have commonly been used as extractants to separate REEs (Kuang et al., 2017; Liu et al., 2019; Wei et al., 2019; Zhao et al., 2019), and their efficiency is best at lower pH (pH ≤ 1). Hence, neutralization often results in secondary wastes and related difficulties in the pretreatment process, which in turn increases the costs of REEs extraction. Moreover, solvent extraction might suffer from poor separation selectivity and inadequate stripping efficiency leading to a significant loss of precious REEs (Chen et al., 2016). To address these issues, diverse extraction techniques have been suggested to achieve comparable separation performance for the effective retrieval of REEs (Cui et al., 2016; Roosen et al., 2016). Other techniques, including fractional precipitation and ion exchange have also been used to retrieve valuable REEs from the leach liquors (Avdibegović et al., 2018; Chour et al., 2018; Dupont and Binnemans, 2015; El Ouardi et al., 2022; José and Ladeira, 2021; Li et al., 2019; Maes et al., 2017; Miller et al., 2018; Mu et al., 2019). In this context, new types of separation materials must be developed to treat dilute REE solutions effectively and establish green recycling processes.
+
+The main focus of this review is to: (i) outline the secondary sources of REEs, (ii) discuss the solution chemistry of soluble REE species, (iii) discuss the conventional separation protocols and their limitations, (iv) briefly discuss the ion exchange phenomenon with special attention to novel separation materials that have been employed for the separation and recovery of REEs, and (v) demonstrate the research capabilities in using conventional and unconventional ion exchange materials for the separation and recovery of REEs from secondary sources and sidestreams of metallurgical industry.
+
+## 2. Current status
+
+### 2.1. Occurrence and uses of rare earth elements
+
+The mean concentration rare earth elements (REEs) in the earth's crust is estimated to be about 169 mg/kg, accounting for 137.8 mg/kg of light rare earths (LREEs) and 31.3 mg/kg of heavy rare earths (HREEs) (Zhou et al., 2017). Cerium (Ce) has been found to be the most abundant REE in the earth's crust, at a concentration range of 60–70 mg/kg, followed by La with a similar concentration; Lu and Tm are the rarest REEs (about 0.5 mg/kg) (Palasz and Czekaj, 2000).
+
+China currently produces over 78% of the world's REEs (Opare et al., 2021). However, due to export quota control, the rest of the world faces a risk of a rare earth shortage. In the absence of primary resource deposits, many countries may have to rely on secondary resources based mainly on recycling rare earths from pre-consumer wastes, industrial residues, and EOL products bearing rare earths. In regions such as the European Union (EU), e-waste could theoretically cover a significant portion of the demand for REEs. Generally, about 20% of the total REEs, mainly Ce and La, have been used as catalysts, whilst 21% (including Sm, Nd, and Dy), are used in magnets, followed by 18 and 7% of REEs used as alloys and phosphors, respectively (Haque et al., 2014). Table 1 summarizes the annual productions, costs and technological applications of various REEs.
+
+### 2.2. Secondary resources of rare earths and need for recycling
+
+The growing utilization of REEs in modern technology has become a critical research topic in industries and academic institutions. In 2020, the growth in the global annual need for REEs was projected to exceed 8% (Dupont and Binnemans, 2015). The prominence of REEs in clean and low-carbon technologies has attracted significant attention worldwide (Swain and Mishra, 2019). However, the exhaustion of their primary resources has obstructed their global supply network. That is, to satisfy the impending needs and alleviate the restrained supply chain, extraction of REEs from secondary sources via recycling processes is required.
+
+According to a survey by (Swain and Mishra, 2019), the supply of LREE Nd and three HREEs Dy, Tb, and Er could decline, leading to their high market demand. The discrepancy of Nd and Dy is approximately 25% and 23%, respectively, while the estimated shortfalls of Tb and Er are 29% and 39%, respectively (Kingsnorth, 2010). Indeed, in most industrialized and emerging nations, the disposal of waste electronic and electrical equipment (WEEEs) has become a high-priority scope that urges immediate attention. On the one hand, these deposits comprise valuable resources such as REEs, but on the other hand, they are detrimental to the environment because of their lethal composition.
+
+Cui and Forssberg (2003) reported that the world's cumulative increase of these wastes lies between 3 and 5% annually, and the estimated global generation has reached 4000 t/h (Thakur and Kumar, 2022). The production of WEEEs reached 44.7 million tons globally in 2016 and was expected to escalate to 55.2 million tons in 2021 (Balde et al., 2017). The wastes (secondary resources) principally originate from permanent magnets, wind turbines, computer peripherals, batteries, printed circuit assemblies, discharge lamps, liquid crystal displays (LCDs), and electron-ray tubes (Bigum et al., 2012; Binnemans et al., 2013). The most relevant secondary resources and estimated compositions are summarized in Table 2. The recovery of REEs from secondary resources is therefore crucial to boosting the resource supply chain, tackling insufficiency, and reducing the associated environmental hazards.
+
+**Table. 1**
+
+Total annual productions, costs and technological applications of various REEs.
+
+
+
+
+| REE |
+Annual Production (tons) |
+Application |
+Costs(U.S.$/ton) |
+Ref. |
+
+
+
+
+| La |
+12,500 |
+Catalysis, metal alloys, hybrid engines, carbon arc lamps, phosphors, hydrogen storage batteries, cigarette lighter flints, laser crystals |
+0.0049 |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Binnemans et al. (2013); Haque et al. (2014); Humphries (2010) |
+
+
+| Ce |
+24,000 |
+Catalysis, glass industry, metal alloys, ceramic, petroleum refining, carbon arc lamps, phosphors, corrosion protection, cigarette lighter flints |
+0.0047 |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Haque et al. (2014); Borra et al. (2018); Zhou et al. (2017) |
+
+
+| Pr |
+2400 |
+Magnets, optical fibers, carbon arc lamps, ceramics, medical cat scans |
+0.095 |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Haque et al. (2014); Humphries (2010) |
+
+
+| Nd |
+7300 |
+Catalysis, hybrid engines, HDDs, headphones, Nd-Fe-B magnets, automotive industry, lasers, glass coloring |
+0.0528 |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Binnemans et al. (2013); Humphries (2010); Zhou et al. (2017) |
+
+
+| Pm |
+n/a |
+Nuclear batteries, portable X-ray sources |
+n/a |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Haque et al. (2014) |
+
+
+| Sm |
+700 |
+Sm-Co magnets, microwave technologies, lasers, IR absorption in glass |
+0.0157 |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Haque et al. (2014); Chen et al. (2020a, 2020b) |
+
+
+| Eu |
+400 |
+Phosphors, plasma TV and computer screens |
+0.031 |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Haque et al. (2014); Dutta et al. (2016) |
+
+
+| Gd |
+400 |
+Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging, magnets, phosphors |
+0.0286 |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Haque et al. (2014); Azria et al. (2017) |
+
+
+| Tb |
+10 |
+Fluorescent lamps, phosphors, magnetooptic recording |
+0.646 |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Haque et al. (2014); Humphries (2010) |
+
+
+| Dy |
+100 |
+Permanent magnets, ceramics, Automotive industries |
+0.307 |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Haque et al. (2014); Humphries (2010); Ni'am et al. (2020) |
+
+
+| Ho |
+10 |
+Laser for microwave apparatus, magnetic field, lamps |
+0.057 |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Haque et al. (2014); Humphries (2010) |
+
+
+| Er |
+500 |
+Optical fibers, phosphors, glass coloring |
+0.026 |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Haque et al. (2014); Rostami (2010) |
+
+
+| Tm |
+50 |
+Lasers, medial X-ray units, energy |
+0.700 |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Haque et al. (2014); Binnemans et al. (2018) |
+
+
+| Yb |
+50 |
+Lasers, thermal barrier systems, fiber-optic technologies, energy |
+0.170 |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Haque et al. (2014); Wang et al. (2019) |
+
+
+| Lu |
+n/a |
+Ce-doped Lu-glass applied in positron emission tomography detectors, catalysts, |
+0.643 |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Haque et al. (2014); De Jesus et al. (2021) |
+
+
+| Y |
+8900 |
+Fluorescent lamps, phosphors, ceramics, automotive fuel consumption sensors, plasma screens |
+0.328 |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Haque et al. (2014); Pinto et al. (2022) |
+
+
+| Sc |
+n/a |
+Ceramics, high intensity discharge arc lamp, Al—Sc alloys for aerospace and defence industries |
+3.457 |
+Akcil et al. (2021); Haque et al. (2014); Lasagni et al. (2022) |
+
+
+
+
+“n/a” implies “not available”.
+
+**Table 2**
+
+Composition of REEs contained in secondary resources.
+
+
+
+
+| Resources |
+REEs contents (g/kg) |
+References |
+
+
+|
+ | La |
+Ce |
+Pr |
+Nd |
+Sm |
+Eu |
+Gd |
+Tb |
+Dy |
+Er |
+Lu |
+Y |
+Sc |
+ |
+
+
+
+
+| NiMH batteries: |
+Rechargeable batteries |
+27 |
+25.8 |
+22.9 |
+45 |
+62 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+Meshram et al. (2017) |
+
+
+ |
+Hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) batteries |
+198.8 |
+62.2 |
+24 |
+26.3 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+7.1 |
+- |
+Korkmaz et al. (2018) |
+
+
+| Permanent NdFeB magnets |
+NdFeB grinding sludge |
+- |
+- |
+0-55 |
+190-350 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+15-45 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+Firdaus et al. (2016) |
+
+
+ |
+NdFeB magnet sludge waste |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+351 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+11 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+Rabatho et al. (2013) |
+
+
+ |
+Sintered NdFeB waste |
+0-20 |
+- |
+0-70 |
+230-310 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+13-50 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+Firdaus et al. (2016) |
+
+
+| Industrial residues (Phosphogypsum, red mud) |
+Phosphogypsum |
+0.036 |
+0.026 |
+0.006 |
+0.027 |
+0.022 |
+0.001 |
+0.017 |
+0.003 |
+0.005 |
+0.003 |
+0.001 |
+0.053 |
+- |
+Walawalkar et al. (2016) |
+
+
+ |
+red mud |
+0.114 |
+0.368 |
+- |
+0.099 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+0.068 |
+0.054 |
+Ujaczki et al. (2015) |
+
+
+| Spent fluorescent lamps |
+ |
+5.3 |
+6.9 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+6.2 |
+- |
+3.7 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+157 |
+- |
+Ippolito et al. (2017) |
+
+
+| LCD Backlights |
+ |
+34.1 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+9 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+138.1 |
+- |
+Hobohm and Kuchta, 2015 |
+
+
+
+
+### 2.3. Separation methods for REEs
+
+As described in the preceding sections, the cumulative worldwide use of REEs in clean energy, power, and transportation technology requires adequate and feasible integrated practices to maintain and boost their global production (Izatt et al., 2016). The main production methods of REEs summarized by (Opare et al., 2021) include extraction/pre-concentration, purification, separation, and refining unit processes. Each process is associated with advantages and disadvantages that users may consider according to their resources. The various separation methods for the extraction of REEs include chemical, physical/thermal, biological, or agronomical protocols (Opare et al., 2021). The chemical separation techniques used for the separation of REEs from primary and secondary sources include chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, liquid and gas chromatography, ion exchange, and membrane separation. The summary of their advantages and drawbacks are shown in Table 3 (da Costa et al., 2020; Makanyire et al., 2016; Meshram and Abhilash, 2020; Pereao et al., 2018; Yang et al., 1995). The choice of these techniques depends on various reasons, such as the accessibility of chemicals and equipment, their cost, separation and purification efficiency, energy consumption, types of by-products generated, and their scalability (Opare et al., 2021). Among the above-mentioned techniques, ion exchange (IX) seems particularly efficient and promising. It has many advantages since it is simple to apply, inexpensive, requires no significant investment, gives high separation capacity, and has low hazardous emissions (gaseous, organic) and low energy consumption. In addition, its use on a large scale is well-established in other applications. The factors affecting REEs separation from leaching solutions are discussed in section 3.
+
+### 2.4. Current understanding of solution chemistry of REEs
+
+The lanthanides have an unfilled 4f electron configuration, and the interactions with ligands are therefore largely electrostatic. The coordinative bonds with REEs are weaker when compared with those of the 4d transition metals. Scandium behaves more like the transition metals, while yttrium is similar to the lanthanides. Except for Ce and Eu, the REE elements are stable only at the oxidation state +3. According to the hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) theory, the hydrated cations are classified as hard acids. They interact strongly only with hard bases like carboxylate, carbonate, fluoride, sulfate, phosphate, and hydroxyl anions to form inner-sphere complexes. Some of these eventually form sparingly soluble solids like REE oxalates, hydroxides, and carbonates, which are utilized in selective precipitation.
+
+Complexation of the REE elements involves mainly ionic interactions with anionic species and typically expressed by the reaction: $REE^{3+} + \gamma L^{n-} \rightleftharpoons REEL\gamma (3-\gamma n)$, where $L^{n-}$ is an inorganic or organic ligand and γ is the coordination number. The extent of complexation is characterized by the stability constant $log\beta$ and in aqueous solutions, $log\beta$ of a given REE depends on various parameters such as temperature, solution pH, the strength of the donor ligand involved in the bonding process, structural conformation of the chelating agent, and aquo-complex, whose steric hindrance could make coordination impossible (Hirokawa et al., 1984; Nikonorov, 2010).
+
+Soft bases like nitrate, chloride and sulfate anions form only weak outer-sphere complexes, and complexation with ammonia and disulfide is extremely weak or even non-existent (Wood, 1990). Influence of solution pH and concentration of inorganic anion is illustrated in Appendix B. Lanthanum is used here as an example but similar behavior is found for all REEs. The stability constants of $REENO_3^{2+}$, $REECl^{2+}$, and $REESO_4^{+}$ are shown in Appendix A. In all cases, precipitation of the trihydroxide takes place around pH 6 and it is independent of the anion. Complexation with the anion is significant only at high anion concentrations (> 1 mol/L) except for sulfate solutions because of the much higher stability constants. It is important to note that negatively charged complex $REE(SO_4)_2^-$ may also form, when the sulfate concentration is very high (Appendix B, f). This is important for ion exchange separation as discussed in section 3.3.1.
+
+**Table. 3**
+
+Separation methods with their advantages and drawbacks.
+
+
+
+
+| Method |
+Advantages |
+Drawbacks |
+References |
+
+
+
+
+| Solvent extraction |
+
+
+Feasible for many applications due to the diversity of extractant materials
+Rapid and selectively effective
+Cost-effective at large scale
+
+ |
+
+
+Unsafe when using highly hazardous organic solvents
+Requires excessive volumes of solvents and complexing agents
+Difficulty in achieving phase separation
+
+
+ |
+(Opare et al., 2021; Wang and Cheng, 2011) |
+
+
+| Membrane separation |
+
+
+Possibility to adjust the shape and size for selective separation of REEs
+Excellent recovery highly achieved
+Limited use of chemicals and minimal generation of waste
+Cost effective and energy efficient.
+
+ |
+
+
+Expensive substitution of membrane
+Cleaning requires large amounts of chemical reagents
+
+ |
+(Chen et al., 2018) |
+
+
+| Ion exchange |
+
+
+Very selective and environmentally benign.
+Effective for small metal concentrations
+Well-established and computerized process
+
+ |
+
+
+High cost for selective chelating separation materials.
+Limited capacity (usually <3 meq/g)
+Process can be compromised by temperature, oxidation, mechanical abrasion
+Slow removal kinetics
+
+ |
+(Chen et al., 2022; Sirola, 2009) |
+
+
+| Chemical precipitation |
+
+
+Effective protocol
+Affordable chemical reagents
+Applicable for a varied concentration range
+
+ |
+
+
+Could be limited by precipitation that is often related to pH or redox conditions. Poor selectivity.
+Generation of problematic waste such as jarosite and gypsum
+
+ |
+(Mwewa et al., 2022; Pereao et al., 2018) |
+
+
+| Photochemistry |
+
+
+Cost-effective and eco-friendly
+Effective and superior purity
+
+ |
+
+
+Use of diluted solutions
+The use of light at higher intensity is costly.
+
+ |
+(Opare et al., 2021; Protti et al., 2007) |
+
+
+| Chemical coagulation |
+
+
+Effective for separation
+Enhanced removal capacity
+
+ |
+
+
+Expensive process
+Huge consumption of chemicals and waste generation
+
+ |
+(Fu and Wang, 2011; Tang et al., 2016) |
+
+
+| Ion flotation |
+
+
+Effective and energy efficient
+High recovery of targeted REEs
+
+ |
+
+
+The separation capacity of complex mixtures is low
+
+ |
+(Kurniawan et al., 2006; Polat and Erdogan, 2007) |
+
+
+
+
+Additional bonding with softer bases like amine groups is possible when hard ligand groups are present. This is especially true in complexation with aminocarboxylate ligands like EDTA. Typical stability constants of REE complexes with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (REE-EDTA), hydroxyethylenediaminetriacetic acid (REE-HEDTA), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (REE-DTPA), nitrilotriacetic acid (REE-NTA), 2-hydroxy-2-methylbutanoic acid (REE-HMBA), α-hydroxyisobutyric acid (REE-HIBA), and iminodiacetic acid (IDA) previously reported are listed in Appendix A and illustrated in Fig. 1. Alternatively, Kurkinen et al. (2021) showed that the use of biodegradable chelating agents methylglycine N,N-diacetate (MGDA) and N,N-dicarboxymethyl glutamic acid (GLDA) might cause lesser ecotoxicological impact. Their study claimed that the MGDA and GLDA complexes are easy to reverse compared to EDTA complexes owing to the lower stability constant of these complexes.
+
+Schijf and Byrne (2021) investigated the stability constant (logβ) for REE complexes with the O-containing ligands NTA, EDTA, and DTPA in aqueous solutions. Their outcomes show that logβ of DTPA was 3 to 4 units higher than that of EDTA and was attributed to its larger denticity, because REE was exceptionally attached through coordination numbers of 8 to 9, as previously reported (Davranche et al., 2015; Ohta et al., 2008; Rudolph and Irmer, 2020). On the other hand, the stability constant of NTA was 2 to 3 units smaller than that of EDTA. Schijf and Byrne (2021) further speculated that the stability constant of NTA-REE and EDTA-REE complexes upsurges following REE series-like trends plotted in Fig. 1. These were earlier reported by Moeller (2013), who reinforced that the stability of complexes invariably increases from La to Eu or Gd; however, that of heavy rare earth elements (HREEs) such as gadolinium may continue to rise, remain almost constant, or might reach their maximum and corroborate with data presented in Fig. 1. Furthermore, Schijf and Byrne (2021) reported that logβ of DTPA rises from La to Tb, stabilizes around the HREE, and somewhat diminishes for Lu owing to the incapability of DTPA molecule to encapsulate the tiniest REE cations adequately. Moeller and Ferrús (1961) reported that the large size of REE ions only allows the formation of specific complexes, which implies that the number of different REE complexes is restricted. Ligands that are able to attract REE cations of small size, high charge density, and chelation capacities, will form stable complexes that are often claimed to be soluble in water. In this regard, the stability of these complex REE-Ligand species in solution is of great importance. The difference in their stability is usually identified during processes such as separations by ion exchange (Powell, 1964). The complex formation depends on pH, whilst chelate stabilities are related to the hydration shell of the REE ions (Marcus, 1991).
+
+## 3. Ion exchange separation of rare earth elements
+
+### 3.1. Fundamentals of ion exchange
+
+
+
+Fig. 1. Stability constants for REE complexes with EDTA, HEDTA, DTPA, HMBA, HIBA, and IDA at ionic strength I = 0.1 and temperature 25 °C Schijf and Byrne (2021).
+
+Ion exchange (IX) is the separation of ions from a solution using solid inorganic oxides or organic ion exchange resins with negative or positive charges. Typically, an ion exchanger has the essential property of stoichiometrically and reversibly exchanging the ions it contains (A) with other ions coming from the solution (B) in which it is immersed. Therefore, it can be represented by a reversible reaction shown in Eq. (1), in which the metal ion concentrations are defined as overbar A⁻ and B⁻:
+
+$$
+|z_A|B^{z_B}(aq) + |z_B|R - \overline{A}^{z_A}(s) \rightleftharpoons |z_B|A^{z_A}(aq) + |z_A|R - \overline{B}^{z_B}(s) \quad (1)
+$$
+
+where z is the ion charge, and R is the functional group in the resin.
+
+The selectivity coefficient $K_{A/B}$ is the equilibrium constant for the reversible reaction in Eq. 1, defined according to Eq. (2):
+
+$$
+K_{A/B} = \frac{\overline{C}_A^{|z_B|} C_B^{|z_A|}}{\overline{C}_B^{|z_A|} C_A^{|z_B|}} \quad (2)
+$$
+
+where c and $\overline{c}$ are the concentrations in the solution (aq) and resin (s) phases, respectively, in mol/L and z is the ion charge. Sometimes distribution coefficient $K_d$ defined in Eq. (3) is used, which represents the ratio of concentration of B in the two phases.
+
+$$
+K_{d,B} = \frac{|\overline{B}^{z_B}|}{|B^{z_B}|} \quad (3)
+$$
+
+Eq. (4) describes the equilibrium distribution of the two ions A and B between the solution and resin phases. This mass-action approach can be extended to multi-component systems by selecting one of the ions as a reference ion. Assuming only monovalent cations (i) and H⁺ as the reference ion, the equilibrium condition for cation i is given by Eq. 4. Here $K_{i/H}$ is the selectivity coefficient defined against H⁺ and $q_{max}$ is the ion exchange capacity in equivalents per litre (eq/L) and 1 eq (or equivalent mass) of a general cation Mⁿ⁺ refers to the ratio of molar mass of Mⁿ⁺ (g/mol) and n (eq/mol).
+
+$$
+\overline{c}_i = \frac{q_{\max} K_{i/H} c_i}{\sum_{j=1}^{N} K_{j/H} c_j} \quad (4)
+$$
+
+In a general case, where multivalent ions are present, no explicit form for $\overline{c}$ can be derived and iterative solution is needed. An alternative approach, where the electroneutrality condition is applied on the well-known nonideal competitive adsorption (NICA) model, gives Eq. (5) (Kinniburgh et al., 1999). Here h is the NICA parameter related to the stoichiometry of ion binding to the functional group with a charge number of zR. The affinity coefficient κ of the reference ion is equal to 1.
+
+$$
+\overline{c}_i = \frac{|z_R| q_{\max} h_i (\kappa_i c_i)^{h_i}}{\sum_{j=1}^{N} |z_j| h_j (\kappa_j c_j)^{h_j}} \quad (5)
+$$
+
+However, rather than the above equations, the experimental ion exchange data at equilibrium are frequently correlated and analysed using single-component adsorption isotherms, such as the Langmuir or Scatchard, Freundlich, Langmuir-Freundlich (Sips), and Temkin models (Freundlich, 1906; Langmuir, 1918; Scatchard, 1949; Sips, 1948; Temkin, 1940). Langmuir isotherm model defined them better than Freundlich isotherm and other models in predicting REE ion exchange processes (Bao et al., 2018; Cui et al., 2016; Felipe et al., 2020; Hérès et al., 2018; Page et al., 2017).
+
+Ion exchange rate is normally driven by diffusion of the ions in the resin phase. In very dilute solutions, diffusion via the boundary layer may become the rate-controlling step. The Nernst-Planck equation describes ion diffusion, which combines molecular diffusion with the zero-current condition. This approach has been used only rarely in ion exchange studies (Laatikainen et al., 2015, 2016), while several approximate rate models are generally used in practice (Lagergren, 1898; Mckay, 1998; Weber, 1963). Many studies show that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model fits experimental kinetic data well, compared to other models (Bao et al., 2018; Cui et al., 2016; Page et al., 2017).
+
+The IX resins are generally composed of cross-linked poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) (St-DVB) matrix carrying the ion-exchanging functional groups (Fig. 2a). Depending on the charge of the groups, they are known as anion exchangers (strongly or weakly basic) or cationic exchangers (strongly or weakly acidic). Cationic exchange resins include sulfonic acid functional groups (strong acid cation resin/SAC), carboxylic acid functional groups (weak cation exchanger/WAC), or their salts. As active sites, anion exchange resins consist of secondary, tertiary, and quaternary ammonium groups (Fig. 2). The presence of secondary and tertiary ammonium groups characterize weak base resins (weak anion resin/WBA), whereas the presence of quaternary ammonium groups characterizes strong base resins (strong anion resin/SBA).
+
+### 3.2. Ion exchange resins suitable for REEs
+
+Table 4 lists the most common functional groups of commercial IX resins used for REEs separation (Felipe et al., 2020; Kuroda and Yoshihito Nakagomi, 1966; Miller et al., 2018; Virolainen et al., 2019). The physical structure of the resin matrix is either macroporous (MP) or gel (G). Macroporous resins contain permanent pores (François de Dardel, 1998), and mass transport occurs through the pore-filling solution. In gel resins, on the other hand, ions diffuse in the concentrated polymer solution, and diffusion coefficients of ions ($m^2 s^{-1}$) are substantially lower than in the pore solution.
+
+Ion exchange is a cyclic process which involves a loading step, where the target ions are loaded in the resin phase from e.g. a pregnant leach solution (PLS), and resin/liquid separation followed by the elution step, where the loaded ions are exchanged back to the eluent in a purer state. The process can proceed batch-wise or as a continuous steady-state system. In REE separation, selectivity in the loading step is sufficient for separating REEs as a group from e.g. base metals, but it is not sufficient for fractionation into individual REE elements. Selective elution is the most effective method for achieving the selectivity required for REE fractionation (Wilfong et al., 2022). It means that the loaded metals are desorbed using a suitable complexing agent, and the elution order depends on the stability constants of the relevant metal ions and the complexing agent. For example, EDTA has been widely used, and REEs are eluted in decreasing order of atomic number, because the stability constants of the complexes usually increase from light to heavy REEs (see Appendix A). Specific examples of selective elution are given in the next section.
+
+### 3.3. Ion exchange of rare earth elements from sulfate solutions
+
+#### 3.3.1. Conventional resins
+
+The use of conventional resins as potential materials in the separation of different toxic metal ions from aqueous phases has been studied extensively over the years. Several promising studies on the recovery of REEs (e.g., La, Ce, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Dy, and Y) from sulfate solutions have been conducted as listed in Table 4. The data show that cation exchange resins containing sulfonic acid (SACs) have been extensively used, in particular the polystyrene-divinylbenzene based strongly acidic cation-exchange resins as summarized in Table 4 (Felipe et al., 2020; Hajmohammadi et al., 2020; Kuroda and Yoshihito Nakagomi, 1966; Miller et al., 2018; Virolainen et al., 2019; Yakovleva et al., 2020). Results show that the SACs afford high loading capacity, and they have some selectivity towards LREEs compared to HREEs since the smaller hydration shell of the LREEs makes it easier to access the active sites (Marcus, 1991).
+
+
+
+**Fig. 2.** (a) Structures of most common functional groups of commercial resins. (b) Schematic illustration of the possible interactions between resins and $REE^{3+}$ ions.
+
+**Table. 4**
+
+Separation of REEs with standard ion exchange resins (SAC, SBA, WBA)), chelating resins (CR) and solvent-impregnated resins (SIR).
+
+
+
+
+| Resin type |
+Functional group |
+Commercial name |
+Solution Medium |
+Target elements |
+Impurity elements |
+Optimal conditions |
+Capacity meq/g |
+Highlights |
+Ref. |
+
+
+| pH |
+T (°C) |
+Time (h) |
+
+
+
+
+| CR |
+Aminomethyl-phosphonic acid |
+Purolite S940 |
+Sulfate |
+Nd |
+Ca, Fe, and Sr |
+3 |
+21 |
+24 |
+~0.4 |
+Nd is strongly bound to resin through several phosphonate groups, generating a stable complex. |
+Virolainen et al. (2019) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Lewatit TP 260 |
+Sulfate |
+Sc |
+Fe, Al |
+3 |
+22 |
+36 |
+5.13 |
+Sc adsorption capacity on chelating resins declined as sulfate concentration increased. |
+Bao et al. (2018) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Lewatit TP 260 |
+Phosphate ore leachate |
+Er |
+Fe, U |
+– |
+25 |
+24 |
+1.8 |
+Both aminophosphonic IRC-747 and TP-260 are promising and exhibit comparable performance in terms of their maximal sorption capacity. |
+Hérès et al. (2018) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Amberlite IRC-747 |
+Phosphate ore leachate |
+Er |
+Fe, U |
+– |
+25 |
+24 |
+1.8 |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Tulsion CH 93 |
+Uranium leach liquor (sulfate) |
+Sc |
+Th |
+– |
+22 |
+24 |
+2.67 |
+The distribution coefficients and ion exchange capacity for scandium were found to be decreased as the thorium concentration increased due to thorium's competitive action. |
+Smirnov et al. (2017) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Purolite S950 |
+Sulfate |
+La, Sm, Ho |
+Al, Fe, Th |
+1.5 |
+21 |
+20 |
+La (0.84) |
+Fe and Th were preferentially sorbed over REE and Al in the selectivity series for the three chelating resins (Th ≈ Fe> >REE ≈ Al). |
+Page et al.(2017) |
+
+
+ |
+Sulfonic and phosphonic acid |
+Purolite S957 |
+Sulfate |
+La, Sm, Ho |
+Al, Fe, Th |
+1.5 |
+21 |
+20 |
+La (1.12) |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+Iminodiacetic acid |
+Purolite S930Plus |
+Sulfate |
+La, Sm, Ho |
+Al, Fe, Th |
+4 |
+21 |
+20 |
+La (1.06) |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Lewatit TP 209 |
+Sulfate |
+Sc |
+Fe, Al |
+3 |
+22 |
+36 |
+2.51 |
+The solution's pH has a greater effect on TP 209 sorption performance. |
+Bao et al. (2018) |
+
+
+| SAC |
+Sulfonic acid |
+Purolite C150 |
+Sulfate |
+Nd |
+Ca, Fe, Sr |
+3 |
+21 |
+24 |
+~0.12 |
+The competitive influence of Ca diminished Nd adsorption by the resins. |
+Virolainen et al.(2019) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Finex CS16GC |
+Sulfate |
+Nd |
+Ca, Fe, Sr |
+3 |
+21 |
+24 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Dowex 50Wx8 |
+Sulfate |
+Ce |
+– |
+5.2 |
+25 |
+– |
+2.88 |
+The type of solute anions linked with the REE during cation exchange affects the sorption capacity of the IX resin and the sorption capacity increased with sulfate over nitrate. |
+Miller et al.(2018) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Nitrate |
+Ce |
+– |
+5.8 |
+25 |
+– |
+2.16 |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Purolite C150MBH |
+Sulfate |
+La, Sm, Ho |
+Al, Fe, Th |
+1.5 |
+21 |
+20 |
+La (1.38) |
+SAC resin exhibited the following selectivity series: REE ≈ Th > Fe ≈ Al. |
+Page et al. (2017) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Lewatit MDS 200H |
+Sulfate |
+Y, La, Ce, Nd, Dy, Gd |
+– |
+1.4–3.4 |
+25 |
+– |
+Y (0.36), La (0.63), Ce (0.52), Nd (0.49), Dy (0.39), Gd (0.42) |
+All SAC resins displayed a slightly different selectivity in the order of Dy < Y < Gd < Ce < Nd < La at pH 2.4 as compared to Y < Dy < Gd < Nd < Ce < La at pH presented 1.4. |
+Felipe et al. (2020) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Purolite C160 |
+Sulfate |
+Y, La, Ce, Nd, Dy, Gd |
+– |
+1.4–3.4 |
+25 |
+– |
+Y (0.33), La (0.75), Ce (0.53), Nd (0.51), Dy (0.40), Gd (0.47) |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Dowex 50WX8 |
+Sulfate |
+Y, La, Ce, Nd, Dy, Gd |
+– |
+1.4–3.4 |
+25 |
+– |
+Y (0.40), La (0.63), Ce (0.51), Nd (0.51), Dy (0.42), Gd (0.42) |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Purolite C100 |
+Sulfate |
+Y, La, Ce, Dy |
+Fe, Al |
+1.5-2 |
+- |
+24 |
+- |
+High degree of the matrix crosslinking increases the selective separation of REEs at the pH 1.5-2.0. |
+Rychkov et al. (2016) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Dowex 50WX8 |
+Ammonium sulfate media |
+La, Lu, Sm, Sc |
+Fe, Al, Ca |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+The distribution coefficient of average La, Lu, and Sm decrease quicker with rising concentration of ammonium sulfate media than that of Sc. |
+Kuroda and Yoshihito Nakagomi (1966) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Purolite C160 |
+Sulfate |
+REEs |
+Fe, Ca |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+The authors used a resin paste method to leach and extract the rare earths in a single phase. Iron and calcium were co-extracted with REEs, and ammonium nitrate was used to follow them during desorption. |
+Rychkov et al. (2018) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Purolite C160 |
+Sulfate |
+La, Ce |
+- |
+2.5 |
+25 |
+168 |
+La (4.91), Ce (3.96) |
+The equilibrium isotherms of La and Ce are described well by the Langmuir model. |
+Yakovleva et al. (2020) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Purolite C100 |
+Raffinate copper leach solution |
+Sc, Y |
+Fe, Al, Cu |
+1.5 |
+25 |
+24 |
+Sc (6.54), Y (3.59) |
+The highest removal of Sc and Y was accomplished at pH 1.5 and room temperature. |
+Hajmohammadi et al. (2020) |
+
+
+| SBA |
+Quaternary ammonium |
+Dowex 1 X-8 |
+Ammonium sulfate media |
+Sc |
+- |
+1-9 |
+25 |
+- |
+- |
+The quantity of free sulfuric acid strongly influences the Sc ion distribution coefficients. |
+Hamaguchi et al. (1964b) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+Potassium sulfate media |
+Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Eu, Sm, Lu, Yb, Er, Ho, Dy, Gd |
+- |
+1-9 |
+25 |
+- |
+- |
+REEs showed slight adsorption on the SBA resin from potassium sulfate solution, except Sc was relatively strongly adsorbed on the resin. The distribution coefficients of the REEs increase from La to Eu, and then drop as atomic number rises. |
+Hamaguchi et al. (1964a) |
+
+
+| SIR |
+Bis-(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl-) phosphinic acid |
+Lewatit TP 272 |
+Sulfate |
+Sc |
+Fe, Al |
+3 |
+22 |
+12 |
+0.73 |
+Sc adsorbed on SIR faster within 12 h to achieve equilibrium. |
+Bao et al. (2018) |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+[D201] [DEHP] |
+Sulfuric acid leaching liquor of nickel laterite ore |
+Sc |
+Ni, Co, Fe, Al, Ca, Mn, Mg, Zn |
+0.78 |
+25 |
+6 |
+0.54 |
+Sc adsorption on [D201-DEHP] and [D201-C272] was drastically impacted by pH of the solution, and equilibrium data were well fitted to the Langmuir model. |
+Cui et al. (2016) |
+
+
+ |
+Di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (HDEHP) |
+[D201] [C272] |
+Sulfuric acid leaching liquor of nickel laterite ore |
+Sc |
+Ni, Co, Fe, Al, Ca, Mn, Mg, Zn |
+0.78 |
+25 |
+6 |
+0.4 |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+DODGAA: TODGA |
+Davisil 636 |
+Sulfate |
+La, Nd, and Dy |
+Fe, Al |
+- |
+- |
+24 |
+La (0.04), Nd (0.06), Dy (0.11) |
+The adsorption performance of the resin for encapsulation of REE declined with the increase of solution acidity, and this trend was more evident for light REE. |
+Rychkov et al. (2021) |
+
+
+| WBA |
+Primary amine |
+Purolite RUA21207 |
+Sulfate |
+Sc |
+Fe, Al, Ca, Th, Ti, Zr |
+— |
+25 |
+24 |
+0.41 |
+The removal of Sc was favoured in 25 g/L H2SO4 at concentrations less than or equal to 0.9 g/L. |
+Smyshlyaev et al. (2022) |
+
+
+
+
+**SIR:** Solvent Impregnated Resin; **MP:** Macroporous; **G:** Gel; **CR:** Chelating resin; **SAC:** Strong acid cation exchanger; **SBA:** strong base anion exchanger; **TODGA:** N,N, N',N' -tetra(octyl)diglycolamide (TODGA); **DODGAA:** N,N-di(octyl)-diglycolamic acid.
+
+On the other hand, the use of strong based anions (SBA) resins with quaternary ammonium groups for the separation of REE from sulfate solution has been reported (Hamaguchi et al., 1964a, 1964b). It was proven that the potential of SBAs is subject to the properties of targeted metal ions and the sulfate concentration in the solution. Hamaguchi et al. (1964a) examined the anion exchange characteristics of REEs in a potassium sulfate medium. They explained that the separation co-efficients principally increase steadily from La to Eu, reach a maximum at Eu and then diminish with increasing atomic number. All REEs showed a weak affinity for the SBA, except scandium. This outcome reveals the complexities in separating REEs with SBAs and is elucidated by small variations in the stability of the sulfato complexes of the respective rare earth elements. Scandium mainly exists as the anionic complex $Sc(SO_4)_2^-$, while the positively charged 1:1 complex $La(SO_4)^+$ dominates for lanthanides (Wood, 1990). However, with respect to anion exchangers, further studies are needed to determine the selectivity in the presence of other metal ions and explain the underlying mechanisms. Besides, Ang et al. (2017) stated that SBA exchange resins made by different manufacturers possess different physicochemical attributes but may show comparable adsorption properties. Conversely, the adsorption behavior of weak-base anion (WBA) exchange resins containing primary amine functional groups and SBA exchange resins composed of quaternary ammonium functional groups or alike may be different. Another trend reported by Kurkinen et al. (2022) discusses the affinity of SBA towards REEs when dissolved in various mineral acids, such as $HNO_3$, HCl, and $H_2SO_4$. The authors claimed that the dissolution of REEs in HCl is favorable because $Cl^-$ shows low and negligible affinity towards SBA as compared to $NO_3^-$ in $HNO_3$, which could damage the resin, while $H_2SO_4$ is limited by the formation of the two anions $HSO_4^-$ and $SO_4^{2-}$ depending on pH.
+
+Elution using sulfuric acid/salts demonstrates suitable separation of REEs from amino phosphonic and diphosphonic/sulfonic resins. The selective elution using sulfuric acid is conceivable by adjusting the concentration and temperature; for efficient elution of REEs, a higher concentration and temperature are needed than that for Sc elution (Cui et al., 2016; Hérès et al., 2018). Conversely, the elution by thiosulfate and dimethyl sulfoxide shows lower elution efficiency due to the strong binding of REE- sulfoxides to the resins (Virolainen et al., 2019).
+
+The use of mineral acids and their salts, ammonia solutions, a combination of thiourea/HCl, and complexing agents like oxalic and citric acids, EDTA, and glycine have been studied for total/selective elution of LREEs and HREEs from sulfonic acid resins (Bao et al., 2018; Cui et al., 2016; Hamaguchi et al., 1964a, 1964b; Hérès et al., 2018; Kuroda and Yoshihito Nakagomi, 1966; Miller et al., 2018; Page et al., 2017; Rychkov et al., 2018; Smirnov et al., 2017; Virolainen et al., 2019). High chloride concentrations effectively elute the REEs as a group but no fractionation of the individual elements is possible (Page et al., 2017; Virolainen et al., 2019). Similarly, $Na_2CO_3$ was also found to be an effective eluent for the separation of REEs. Thus EDTA, mainly employed for selective elution of Sc (Bao et al., 2018; Hérès et al., 2018; Smirnov et al., 2017), has been generally proven to be effective for the separation of REEs (Virolainen et al., 2019) and to fractionate individual elements, especially Nd (José and Ladeira, 2021).
+
+#### 3.3.2. Chelating resins (CR) and solvent impregnated resins (SIRs)
+
+Ion exchange with chelating or solvent-impregnated resins, as schemed in Fig. 2, offers an alternative approach for separating REEs from complex media. Chelating resins are generally examined for recovering LREE (e.g., Sc, La, Nd, and Sm) from sulfate solutions (Bao et al., 2018; Page et al., 2017; Virolainen et al., 2019). But the efficiency of this category of resins is not as suitable in terms of loading capacity, as strongly acidic cation exchange resins. The judicious choice of chelating resins for the REEs separation process is crucial since it determines the uptake capacities and selectivity. The selection of resin usually depends on the target metal ion(s) and other metal ions in the solution.
+
+Many commercial chelating resins listed in Table 4 have been used to separate and recover REEs. Chelating resins bearing aminomethyl phosphonic or iminodiacetic acid moieties have been found effective for the recovery of Sc, La, Sm, and Ho from sulfate media (Bao et al., 2018; Page et al., 2017). Page et al. (2017) investigated the adsorption behavior of La, Sm, and Ho in sulfuric acid media using three different chelating resins consisting mixed sulfonic/phosphonic, amino phosphonic, and iminodiacetic acid functionalities. The IDA resin was reported to be better for binding REEs when compared with two sulfonated monophosphonic and amino phosphonic resins in the presence of high concentrations of $Na^+$ or $Ca^{2+}$ ions. In another study, aminomethyl phosphonate (Lewatit TP 260) and iminodiacetate (Lewatit TP 209) chelating resins were used to separate scandium from sulfate solution (Bao et al., 2018). The metal ion uptake showed strong dependence on the sulfate concentration ranging from 0 to 1.5 M. Scandium(III) adsorption capacity onto chelating resins decreased with the increasing sulfate concentration because of the formation of the anionic sulfate complex. However, further study is required to assess the practical applicability of these resins in a real sulfate environment. In addition, the development of the synthesis of new chelating resins and their application to separate REEs from a sulfate-based solution is necessary.
+
+The category of ion exchange materials of solvent-impregnated resins (SIRs) focuses on the incorporation of organic extractants into a macroporous polymer matrix, either by physisorption or by inclusion in the polymerization mixture (Kabay et al., 2010). The porous supports in SIRs include macroporous acrylic ester polymer - Amberlite XAD-7 (İnan et al., 2018), macroporous poly(St-DVB) -Amberlite XAD-16 (Helaly et al., 2012) and macroporous poly(St-DVB) - Lewatit TP 272 (Bao et al., 2018). Several solvent extraction reagents bearing S-, N- and P-donor atoms have been studied but as far as we are aware, scanty studies deal with separation of REEs from sulfate media. Bao et al. (2018) published results for separation involving IX of scandium from sulfate solutionusing the Lewatit TP 272 resin containing bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphinic acid (e.g. Cyanex 272) as impregnated extractant. The obtained results revealed that the exchange capacity of scandium was not affected by the sulfate concentration and remained nearly constant. Cui et al. (2016) attached a P-donor extractants of di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (DEHPA) and bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl) phosphoric acid (Cyanex 272) to a macroporous SBA resin (D201). The obtained materials showed a higher selectivity towards Sc(III) ions by forming the extracted complex species of R-POOSc²⁺. Despite the attractive results obtained for REEs separation by solvent impregnated resins mainly with organophosphorus extractants, and the simplicity and the variety of resins that can be used as extractant carriers, the industrial purposes of such a system turn out to be constrained owing to the loss of the impregnated solvent from the polymeric support during the metal loading-elution step, which consequently reduces the uptake capacity (Lee et al., 2020). According to Kabay et al. (2010), the instability of impregnated extractants in varied aqueous conditions is the cause of their loss. In addition, the leakage of extractants is unacceptable from an environmental standpoint since the leachate includes hazardous and odorous substances that will pollute the effluents. This issue is the primary reason why SIR approach has not developed into widespread use. This issue may be conquered by developing a protective polymeric coating on the surface of traditional SIRs, followed by chemical cross-linking to enhance their operational stability and durability.
+
+#### 3.3.3. Hybrid organo-mineral materials
+
+The incorporation of organic ion exchange groups onto inorganic supports is an effective route for engineering exceptional adsorbents (Ehrlich and Lisichkin, 2017). These types of chemical materials often differ from their raw inorganic counterparts. This leads to variety of properties, including good selectivity and excellent binding ability to metal ions-. Compared with organic polymers, ion exchangers and complexing adsorbents, the inorganic matrices offer non-swelling supports and guarantee unique operational stability. Silica is the ideal organic matrix for producing organo-mineral compounds due to affordability, accessibility, and control over structural parameters such as grain sizes, average porosity, and specific surface area. Similar behavior can be observed for titanium and zirconium oxides though more expensive than silica (Ehrlich and Lisichkin, 2017). Mono-molecular thin coatings of titanium oxide (Silva et al., 2001) or zirconium oxide (Matsui et al., 2000) on silica surfaces provide efficient composites with desired characteristics. However, research on alumina support with predicted structural qualities and particle sizes is scanty.
+
+The procedures for altering inorganic support surfaces have attracted great attention in the past few decades (Jal et al., 2004; Voronkov et al., 2006), So far, the synthetic routes include amendment of inorganic chains with organosilicon composites, variation of inorganic hosts with polymer functionalities, and polycondensation of functional organosilicon complexes. The first technique involves modification of the silica surface as shown in Eq. (6), resulting in an even monolayer coating. The process is used to manufacture numerous organomineral materials with different functional assemblies (Biernat et al., 1994; Plueddemann, 1991; Vansant et al., 1995; Wilfong et al., 2022).
+
+$$
+\mathrm{SiO_2}-\mathrm{OH} + \mathrm{X}-\mathrm{SiR^1R^2R^3} \rightarrow \mathrm{SiO_2}-\mathrm{O}-\mathrm{SiR^1R^2R^3} + \mathrm{HX}, (\mathrm{X} = \mathrm{Cl}, \mathrm{OR}, \mathrm{OAc}, \text{etc.}) \quad (6)
+$$
+
+The second technique focuses on the alteration of inorganic matrices by polymeric functional groups. This method simplifies the synthetic protocol and decreases the operation cost by replacing the organosilicon modifiers with polymers (Allen et al., 2011; Hovey et al., 2021; Hughes et al., 2006; Prado et al., 2001). The third technique concentrates on the poly-condensation of functional organosilicon modifiers or their co-condensation with a non-functional composite. Tetraethoxysilane precursor is commonly used and the silica structure is developed during standard sol-gel synthetic protocol (Vlasova et al., 2013). The specific surface area, average pore diameter, and metal ion uptake of the prepared adsorbents range from 350 to 650 m²/g, 8.2–3.4 nm, and 1–8 mmol/g, respectively; however, the ion exchange rates are often very low (Lee et al., 2001; Prado et al., 2001). Organo-mineral ion exchangers have been prepared using N-methylimidazolium groups for anion exchange and iminodiacetic acid groups for cation exchange (El-Ashgar et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2001; Zhu et al., 2010). Though relatively useful, this technique has problems with repeatability and difficult to scale up. To overcome these limitations, Wang et al. (2013) combined two of the above techniques by using sol-gel synthesis with tetraethoxysilane precursor co-mixed with carboxymethyl chitosan as a coating layer of the silica globules formed.
+
+Separation of REE from complex mixtures has also been achieved using HPLC and various organo-mineral ion exchangers as stationary phases (Al-Shawi and Dahl, 1996; Fernández and García Alonso, 2008; Jezorek and Freiser, 1979). Comparable investigations using silica attached with iminodiacetic acid and nitrilotriacetate as stationary phases resulted in improved selectivity (Inoue et al., 1996; Jones and Nesterenko, 1997). Analogue studies involving the separation of REEs were conducted by (Nesterenko and Jones, 1997, 1998). The uptake process was facilitated by cation exchange with the grafted functional groups. Good resolution of REE peaks was attained at optimum conditions, though Gd–Eu and Dy–Ho pairs were not completely resolved. A similar study using organo-mineral materials with phosphonic, and carboxylic acid groups were reported (Shaw et al., 2003). In this case, the ionic affinity of the eluent was increased to eliminate the ion exchange scenario, which consequently enhanced the separation process. Following this method, total separation of Gd–Eu pair was achieved using iminodiacetate materials. Resolution of light and medium-weight REEs was attained with an alkyl phosphonic acid-modified material and α-hydroxyisobutyric acid as eluent (Garcia-Valls et al., 2001; Nesterenko et al., 1999).
+
+Besides HPLC, classical columns packed with silicas grafted with complexing groups, such as ethylenediamine dicarboxylic acid, is a convenient method for concentrating, extracting, and recovering REEs (Amarasekara et al., 2009; Ogata et al., 2014, 2015a, 2015b, 2016). Moreover, the bidentate hydroxypyridinone ligands, have been immobilized into nanoporous silica (Yantasee et al., 2005, 2010). The complexing characteristics of the modified silica enabled the selective extraction and separation of HREEs. Comparable observations were made for other organo-mineral materials (Arai et al., 2002; Park and Tavlarides, 2010; Yantasee et al., 2005). Consequently, the development of selective organo-mineral materials tailored with organic ligands for the binding of target REEs has been widely reported in the literature.
+
+#### 3.3.4. Ion imprinted separation materials (IIMs)
+
+Ion imprinting method is another excellent tool to improve the metal ion selectivity (El Ouardi et al., 2021). In the case of the imprinting technique, the idea is based on synthesizing functional monomers into the porous solid polymer particle. These monomers have chelating groups for a metal ions while they polymerize to incorporate metal templates with functional monomers. After extracting the metal ion by the polymer particle, it will selectively bind the respective metal cations. Hande et al. (2015) and Junqing et al. (2015) reported that the choice of functional monomers is crucial during preparation of ion imprinted polymers (IIPs) due to their interaction with targeted metals. Consequently, vinyl groups are the most suitable polymerizable functions reported in the literature whereby the chelating ability of the ligands used (Fig. 2) is an extended attribute of the vinyl groups derived imprint polymers.
+
+Due to the challenge of removing REEs from complex media with a variety of metal ions, various studies on manufacturing imprinted polymers have been developed. For instance (Liu et al., 2013) developed a new IIP using Sc(III) metal ion complexed with 8-hydroxyquinoline as the template, whereby methacrylic acid and ethylene glycol dimethylacrylate (EGDMA) were used as functional monomer and crosslinker,correspondingly. The authors informed that; in the newly fabricated Sc-imprinted polymers, the scandium metal ions could successfully be adsorbed/retained in samples of volume up to 300 mL at a pH range of 4.0–6.5. Their results showed that the highest sorption capacities of ion-imprinted and non-imprinted adsorbent reached 12.8 mg/g and 3.5 mg/ g. Another ion-imprinted polymer fixing lutetium as a target ion, functionalized with 4-vinylpyridine-acetylacetone complexes/monomers was prepared by (Lai et al., 2012). The outcomes of their investigation showed that the ultimate loading capacity of the prepared imprinted polymers was 64.2 mg/g attained at an optimum pH of 5.5. The authors further claimed that Lu-IIP showed impeccable thermal stability and high selectivity over other ions. A similar study using IIPs with N-methacryloylamido folic acid as functional monomer for the selective removal of Nd(III) ions from aqueous solutions was conducted by Dolak et al. (2015). The highest loading capacity of the novel IIPs reached 14.6 mg/g at pH 5.5. Their study further showed that selectivity coefficients for Nd over La, Eu, and Ce consistently reached 154.3, 318.4, and 360.5. Ni et al. (2021) engineered an innovative La imprinted polymer (La-IIP) by considering the strong binding interactions between La and phosphorus for improved selectivity. Their results showed that the retention performance of La-IIP reached 62.8 mg/g with a selectivity coefficient $K_{La/Cu}$ of 54.6 for lanthanum over copper. The authors further used the intra-particle diffusion model to describe the adsorption process, and their results indicated that equilibrium time could be reached within 0.5 h. Further diagnosis of their outcomes indicated the uptake of La by La-IIP was mostly induced by the binding interactions between La and O in the phosphonic assembly. The authors further claimed that their study offers not only exceptional loading capacity, acid-stability, and an excellent reusability of La-IIP for La probing but suggests an effective route to engineering applications and practical testing of novel advanced material composite. Similar work on the development of Y-IIP was also reported by Du et al. (2015), who prepared a new yttrium-imprinted polymer (Y-IIP) film consisting of ferricyanide incorporated conductive polypyrrole by a unipolar pulse electro-polymerization technique. Their study showed that IIPs exhibited great performance for the Y(III) ion exchange and further demonstrated that the recovery of Y(III) ion depended not only on the stereochemistry of binding sites but also on the size of the ion cavity. Laatikainen et al. (2021) investigated the ion exchange behavior of REEs with traditional and ion-imprinted resins structured with iminodiacetic acid (IDA) or sulfonic groups. In their study, the ion-imprinted polymers were developed by copolymerisation of complexes prepared from Er. The outcomes of their work showed that previous conventional and IDA resins are mostly governed by strong electrostatic interactions which resulted in low selectivity. On the other hand, the authors claimed that the structure of the complex developed in the solution was successfully coordinated and resulted in selectivity coefficient 3.5 of Er for the imprinted resin compared to 1.0 achieved with the conventional resin.
+
+Yusoff et al. (2017) conducted a similar investigation by preparing lanthanide-ion imprinted polymers (Ln-IIPs) to remove lanthanide ions selectively. According to their findings, the highest removal capacities of 125.3, 126.5, 127.6, 128.2, and 129.1 mg/g for Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, and Gd were attained at pH 6. The authors stressed that, though challenged by co-cations, Ln-IIPs exhibited excellent selectivity in the range of 13.2 to 27.8 towards selected rare earth ions. Despite the outstanding performance of ion imprinted separation materials, there are still uncertainties about the isolation and separation of REE. However, the feasibility of using ion-imprinted materials on a wide scale for unique uses is not yet well-established.
+
+## 4. Recovery of rare earth from secondary resources
+
+Hydrometallurgical processes are generally employed to treat secondary REE resources discussed in section 2.1 (see Table 2). Strongly acidic or basic solutions allow efficient dissolution and precipitation of the desired metals. The main methods implemented during the hydrometallurgical treatment of REE resources are leaching followed by separation steps such as solvent extraction, ion exchange chromatography, ion exchange, and precipitation. These steps vary according to the resource and the REEs to be produced. The general aspects of the retrieval of REEs from alternative sources using the hydrometallurgical (HM) method and Ion exchange (IX) have been summarized and presented in Fig. 3. A convenient overview of literature describing the retrieval of REEs from secondary resources using the steps schemed in Fig. 3 have been summarized and are shown in Table 5.
+
+### 4.1. Ni-MH batteries
+
+Rechargeable batteries power many electronic products. The Ni-MH batteries are one of the most efficient forms of rechargeable batteries. The AA and AAA type “rechargeable batteries” are commonly used in household applications, hybrid electric cars, and power equipment (Ebin et al., 2018; Khan and Kurny, 2012). Because of their technical and environmental benefits, they have largely supplanted nickel-cadmium batteries. The very hazardous and toxic cadmium has been substituted with a mixture of metals (mischmetal alloy), composed mostly of the less hazardous La, Ce, Pr, and Nd (Fernandes et al., 2013). The extraction of REEs from spent Ni-MH battery using a leaching process followed by ion exchange is shown in Table 5. Purolite S957 and Diphonix resin, two multifunctional ion exchangers, have been employed (Araucz et al., 2020). It was found that the ion exchangers containing phosphonic acid groups, which have an intermediate acidity, offer better selectivity than the sulfonic ion exchangers and much more capacity than the carboxylic acid groups at lower pH. The percentage extraction of REE was 99.9% obtained during the first 10–15 min at Ni and La initial concentrations of 25 to 200 mg/kg. Citric acid showed better stripping efficiency as compared to HCl and $HNO_3$.
+
+In another study, rare earth metals were separated using chelating resin Purolite S957 with the phosphonic, and sulfonic acid groups from nitric acid leached spent Ni-MH batteries solutions (Kołodyńska et al., 2020). Compared to base metals such as Ni, Co, Cu, and Zn, they discovered that Purolite S957 is efficient and selective for REEs. The effectiveness of REEs removal on the resin was about 99.9%.
+
+Separation and recovery of REEs from spent Ni-MH batteries using layered double hydroxide (LDH) -A adsorbent has also been attempted (Gasser and Aly, 2013). The synthesized Mg-Fe-LDH-Cyanex 272 ion exchange material was obtained using separate nucleation and aging procedures. The anion sorption of the carrier (Cyanex 272) onto the LDH compounds occurred in two stages. Consequently, the related mechanism may be represented in Fig. 4. The result showed that the Cyanex 272 extractant was successfully intercalated on Mg-Fe-LDH and provided plentiful chelation sites with high separation factors. At a Mg/Fe ratio of 4:1, the authors showed that the absorption of La reached a high value of 84%. The Mg-Fe-LDH-Cyanex-272 was shown to be successful for the extraction of La and Nd from the spent battery, with a 98% recovery.
+
+### 4.2. Permanent magnets
+
+The most prevalent rare earth magnets are neodymium-boron-based (NdFeB magnets). These magnets consist of a matrix phase of $Nd_2Fe_{14}B$ surrounded by a boundary phase of grains rich in neodymium, with modest mixes of Pr, Gd, Tb, and mainly Dy, as well as additional elements such as Co, V, Ti, Zr, Mo, or Nb (Croat et al., 1984; Gutfleisch et al., 2011). Several leach solutions presented in Table 5 have been studied to extract REEs from permanent magnets, including nitric, sulfuric, citric acids, and ammonia. So far, only a few studies have investigated the recovery of REEs from NdFeB permanent magnet scrap leachates using IX technology. A study investigated the recovery of Dy and Nd from the pregnant leach solution of a Nd-magnet in a packed column of impregnated resin containing (2-Ethylhexyl)phosphonic acid mono-2-Ethylhexyl ester coated with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) crosslinked by glutaraldehyde (Yamada et al., 2018). Fig. 5 shows a brief schematic of the main stages of this Nd, Dy, Tb, and Pr recovery process from the waste Nd magnet (Yamada et al., 2018). It was demonstrated that Dy recovery performance and purity reached 96.4% and 99.7%, respectively, whereas the recovery yield of Nd reached 91.0%, and with a purity of 45% Nd.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 3.** Schematic summary of REEs recovery by hydrometallurgical (HM) unit operations including ion exchange (IX) technology.
+
+Recovery of rare earth metals from aqueous wastes of NdFeB and SmCo magnets using supported ionic liquid phase (SILP) has been reported (Avdibegović and Binnemans, 2021). Here the (SILP) betainium sulfonyl(tri-fuoromethanesulfonylimide) poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) was employed to separate the REEs like Nd, Dy, Pr, and Sm. It was shown that the SILP displayed a high affinity for REEs, which were effectively extracted from the aqueous wastes of magnets. However, other elements of significantly high concentrations in the aqueous leachates of magnets, such as the divalent Fe and Co cations, were rejected by the SILP. This was explained as arising due to the presence of Fe and Co as negatively charged chloro-complexes $FeCl_4^{2-}$ and $CoCl_4^{2-}$, which are not sorbed with the dominant cation exchange mechanism.
+
+### 4.3. Industrial residues
+
+The recovery of REEs from industrial waste is crucial to increasing resource efficiency, avoiding scarcity, and minimizing the environmental effects. Various studies were performed to retrieve REEs from industrial waste using different conventional, chelating, and impregnated resins presented in Table 5. Along with EOL waste products, other resources like coal fly ash (Mondal et al., 2019; Mostajeran et al., 2021; Yan et al., 2018), uranium tailings (Reynier et al., 2021), acidic mine waters (Hermassi et al., 2021, 2022; José and Ladeira, 2021), and industrial residues (phosphogypsum, red mud) (Kurkinen et al., 2021; Zhang et al., 2020) could diversify the REEs recovery to assure an unimpeded source of REEs to fulfill present and future demands. Mondal et al. (2019) performed a study to recover La, Nd, Y, and Er from Coal fly ash solution using the impregnation of Amberlite XAD-7 with TEHDGA. The respective loading capacities were 1.737 mg/g, 1.327 mg/g, 2.013 mg/g, and 1.962 mg/g, respectively. It was reported that the extraction and elution capabilities resin persisted after being regenerated ten times. Another investigation showed that scandium could be extracted from the coal fly ash leachate (Mostajeran et al., 2021). Scandium recovery was performed on the solvent impregnated resins, Lewatit VP OC 1026 resin containing di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (D2EHPA), and impregnated Lewatit TP 272 with Cyanex 272. The results showed that solvent-impregnated resins efficiently separated Sc in 0.5 M $H_2SO_4$; the maximum recoveries were about 76% and > 99% on Lewatit TP 272 and VPOC 1026, respectively. Hermassi et al. (2021) studied the selectivity of two types of resins, an IX resin with methyl-amino-phosphonic (TP 260) functionality and a SIR (TP 272), on the selective recovery of REEs from acidic mine waters (AMW). The researchers remarked that better pre-concentration factors were obtained for TP 272 impregnated resin (~ 20–30) compared to the TP 260 phosphonic resin (2–5). Furthermore, by controlling the acidity (pH > 4), the TP 272 resin, which contains Cyanex 272, showed a better affinity towards HRREs than LRREs. José and Ladeira (2021) also studied REEs separation from acid mine drainage using Lewatit® MDS 200H resin. Their study showed a high affinity for light REEs and a low affinity for other impurities such as Ca, Al, and Mg. The overall REEs loading efficiency was 85%. The loading efficiency for the impurities was 30%. Similarly, Hermassi et al. (2022) studied REEs removal by a cation exchange resin containing sulfonic groups (Purolite SPC11706) and found that LREE is retained more effectively than HREE. On the other hand, the selectivity of metal ion separation of various types of resin, namely conventional, chelating, and impregnated resins, on the retrieval of REEs from a bio-leached uranium tailing solution was also examined by (Reynier et al., 2021). Strong acid cationic resin (Amberlite IRN77) with the sulfonic functional group separated light and heavy rare earth elements better than the chelating resins with various functional groups (iminodiacetate, thiol, bis-picolylamine, and thiourea). The removal efficiencies were 85% and 75%, respectively. On the other hand, impregnated Lewatit TP 272 resin with Cyanex 272 showed promising results for scandium (94%). To recover REEs(III) from an industrial phosphogypsum waste, a chelating resin Purolite S940 containing aminomethylphosphonic acid demonstrated a maximum loading capacity of 0.92 eq/kg at 298 K (Kurkinen et al., 2021). In red mud acid leachate containing Ca, Fe, Al, Si, Na, Ti, and Sc, strong basic resin D201 showed negligible recovery for scandium due to the existence of Sc(III) as $ScCl_2^{2+}$, preventing it from selectively separating on D201 resin in the presence of other interfering ions, particularly iron (Zhang et al., 2020).
+
+### 4.4. Summary
+
+In summary, this review dwelled in-depth on recovering REEs from secondary sources. To meet the high demand for REEs used in high-tech applications and to comply with environmental issues, the recycling of secondary wastes disclosed in Table 5 is an excellent alternative for the extraction and recovery of REEs from secondary sources. In this regard, this review highlights that hydrometallurgy comprising leaching, solvent extraction, and precipitation has been employed as the primary recovery method. However, during these processes, limitations include using highly concentrated acids, difficulties in leaching certain REEs, poor separation selectivity of targeted metals over each other or impurities, inadequate stripping process, and high cost of the REEs extraction process have been encountered. To overcome these drawbacks, several studies reported that the combination of leaching with ion exchange could be an exceptional route for the effective retrieval of REEs from secondary sources (Fig. 3).
+
+According to this survey and data recorded in Table 5, Ni-MH batteries, permanent magnets, and industrial residues (e.g., phospho-gypsum, red mud, coal fly ash, etc.) have been the raw materials mostly explored as potential secondary sources for the recovery of REEs. In this context, this paper reveals that chelating resins are the most effective separation materials to retrieve REEs from Ni-MH battery wastes due to their high selectivity. On the other hand, SIRs have been used to extract REEs from permanent magnet scraps and industrial residues because of their excellent extraction capacity. Moreover, the reviewed data show that recovery of REEs from secondary sources may strongly depend on the choice of leachate (Yamada et al., 2018), whereby good recovery was witnessed in a weakly acidic environment (low acid concentration) compared to harsh media.
+
+**Table. 5**
+
+Summary of recovery of REEs by ion exchange from different secondary resources.
+
+
+
+
+| Type of Secondary resources |
+Elements and resin material |
+Leachant and adsorption conditions |
+Adsorption efficiency (% or meq/g)a REEs |
+Reference |
+
+
+| Target elements |
+Impurity elements |
+Resin material |
+Leachant (acid) |
+Acid concentration (M) |
+pH |
+T |
+Time (h) |
+La |
+Ce |
+Nd |
+Dy |
+Y |
+Er |
+Sc |
+REEs |
+
+
+
+
+| Ni-MH Batteries |
+La, Ce, Nd |
+Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn |
+Diphonix resin |
+HNO3 |
+0.2 |
+2 |
+20 |
+1/6 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+100 |
+Fila et al. (2019) |
+
+
+ |
+La, Ce, Nd |
+Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn |
+Purolite S957 |
+HNO3 |
+0.2 |
+1.5 |
+20 |
+1 |
+99.4 |
+99.8 |
+99.8 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+Kołodyńska et al. (2020) |
+
+
+ |
+La, Ce, Nd, Pr |
+Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn |
+Purolite S957, Diphonix resin |
+Citric acid |
+2.5 |
+6 |
+25 |
+1/6–1/3 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+100 |
+Araucz et al. (2020) |
+
+
+ |
+La, Nd |
+Co, Ni |
+Mg–Fe-LDH-Cyanex-272 |
+H2SO4 |
+2 |
+1 |
+25 |
+2 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+98 |
+Gasser and Aly (2013) |
+
+
+| Permanent Magnets |
+Nd, Dy |
+Fe, B, Ni |
+SIRs |
+H2SO4 |
+0.1 |
+1.5 |
+– |
+– |
+ |
+ |
+45 |
+96.4 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+Yamada et al. (2018) |
+
+
+ |
+Nd, Dy, Pr, Sm |
+Fe, B |
+Supported ionicLiquid phase (SILP) |
+HCl |
+0.7 |
+– |
+20 |
+24 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+>99 |
+Avdibegović and Binnemans (2021) |
+
+
+| Coal fly ash |
+La, Nd, Y, Er |
+Si, Al, Ca, Fe, Mg, Ti |
+(TEHDGA) Impregnated XAD-7 resin |
+HNO3 |
+4 |
+– |
+20 |
+1 |
+0.037 |
+ |
+0.028 |
+ |
+0.068 |
+0.035 |
+ |
+ |
+Mondal et al. (2019) |
+
+
+ |
+Sc |
+Fe, Al |
+Lewatit VP OC 1026 |
+H2SO4 |
+0.5 |
+1.6 |
+40 |
+24 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+>99 |
+ |
+Mostajeran et al. (2021) |
+
+
+ |
+Sc |
+Fe, Al |
+Lewatit TP 272 |
+H2SO4 |
+0.5 |
+1.6 |
+40 |
+24 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+76 |
+ |
+Mostajeran et al.(2021) |
+
+
+ |
+Eu |
+– |
+AG50W-x8 resin |
+HNO3 |
+5 |
+– |
+25 |
+12 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+– |
+Yan et al. (2018) |
+
+
+| Red mud |
+Sc |
+Si, Al, Ca, Na, Fe, Ti |
+D201 resin |
+HCl |
+6.65 |
+2 |
+25 |
+4 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+0.063 |
+ |
+Zhang et al. (2020) |
+
+
+| Phosphogypsum (PG) |
+REEs |
+Ca |
+Purolite S940 resin |
+H2SO4 |
+1.088 |
+1 |
+25 |
+20 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+0.92 |
+ |
+Kurkinen et al. (2021) |
+
+
+| Uranium Tailings |
+Sc |
+U, Th |
+Lewatit TP 272 |
+HCl |
+b |
+2 |
+20 |
+24 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+94 |
+ |
+Reynier et al. (2021) |
+
+
+| Acidic mine waters |
+REEs |
+Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, Cu, Cd, Co, Ni, |
+Lewatit TP 260 |
+H2SO4 |
+0.5 |
+3.7 |
+22 |
+24 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+– |
+Hermassi et al. (2021) |
+
+
+ |
+REEs |
+Fe, Al, Ca, Mg, Cu, Cd, Co, Ni, |
+Lewatit TP 272 |
+H2SO4 |
+0.5 |
+3.7 |
+22 |
+24 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+5-100c |
+Hermassi et al.(2021) |
+
+
+ |
+REEs |
+Lewatit® MDS 200H |
+H2SO4 |
+b |
+– |
+25 |
+3 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+85 |
+José and Ladeira (2021) |
+
+
+| REEs |
+Fe, Al, Mn, Ca, Mg, Cd, Pb |
+Purolite SPC11706 |
+H2SO4 |
+0.1 |
+3.5 |
+25 |
+24 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+– |
+Hermassi et al. (2022) |
+
+
+
+
+aSmaller numbers in the range 0.0–1.0 represent q in meq/g.
+
+bNot reported.
+
+cY, Yb, Tm, Ho, Dy: ~ 100%; Sm, Gd, Eu: 70–90%; Ce, Pr, Nd, La, Sc: 5–20%.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 4.** Schematic of rare earth sorption mechanism with Cyanex 272 intercalated MgFe-LDH. Reprinted from Gasser and Aly (2013). Copyright (2013), with permission from Elsevier.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 5.** Flowchart of the Nd, Dy, Tb, and Pr recovery process from the waste Nd magnet. Reprinted from Yamada et al. (2018). Copyright (2018), with permission from Elsevier.
+
+The data reviewed above revealed that ion exchange resins might be used efficiently to retrieve REEs from alternative resources such as Ni-MH batteries and permanent magnets. However, the few studies thus far on separations with ion exchange systems offer a broad scope in the development of novel ion exchange materials and process design from process chemistry and chemical engineering. Furthermore, it can be concluded that more work should be conducted on extracting REEs from other secondary sources, including fluorescent lamps, plasma screens, and LCD backlights.
+
+## 5. Conclusions and future research
+
+Considering that the growing consumption of REEs in modern technologies has become a critical research topic for scientists and researchers worldwide, it is crucial to accelerate research and development in finding new ways and methods to recover REEs from various sources. Over the past decades, ion exchange has been widely explored for the separation of REEs and can be summarized and categorized as the direct use of conventional commercial resins, solvent-impregnated resin, commercial chelating resins, and ion imprinted separation materials. The studies in the IX technology-related literature indicate the difficulty of separating REEs with SBA due to the differences in the similar physicochemical properties of the respective rare earth elements. According to this literature review, the separation performance of REEs with strong anion resins is much inferior to that of strong cation resins, while the chelating resin is much more favorable than strong anion resins in separation of REEs from sulfate-based solutions. Thus, strong cation resins containing sulfonic groups are recommended as the first choice in most cases since the typical performance efficiency and selectivity compared to other commercial resins.
+
+The SIRs have been found suitable extractants of REEs in weak acidic environments. Due to its solubility in the aqueous phase, the loss of the impregnated solvent is the primary constraint of SIRs. Fleeing of the extractant from the polymeric support causes the recovery efficiency to deteriorate vis-à-vis the targeted ions in an aqueous solution. In this context, further studies are needed to improve the operational stability of SIRs. In general, despite the active use of commercial ion exchangers in separating REEs, there remains a lack of knowledge about the mechanism of processes involved and the practical applicability in a real sulfate environment. In the case of hybrid organomineral materials, the low cost associated with their production and the wide availability of raw materials is their current benefit compared to other commercial materials. By ensuring the structural stability of hybrid organomineral materials either by chemical modification or functionalization, it would be possible to maintain the high efficiency of these materials over consecutive cycles. Currently, the literature on the recovery of REEs by IX materials is limited to batch and column systems to comprehend the IX mechanism and the effect of different factors like pH, contact time, temperature, and initial concentration. Smaller-scale preliminary studies (laboratory- and pilot-scale) should be performed first in the future to evaluate the feasibility, time, cost, scaling factors, and unexpected physical and chemical phenomena to properly design pro- cesses for recovering REEs from secondary resources such as Ni-MH batteries, permanent magnets scraps and industrial residues. Only a sprinkling of studies has focused on extracting REEs from secondary resources by commercial ion exchangers. According to the literature, no large-scale industrial processes have yet been apprised.
+
+Further research should address improving the selective separation of REEs in a complex environment, developing new materials like selective chelating exchangers, designing new processes, and finding innovative approaches from a chemical engineering point of view. The fundamental problem of commercial IX materials is the poor selective separation efficiency towards REEs and poor selectivity between individual REEs. New separation materials should be developed to improve selectivity, minimize reagent consumption, and establish greener processes. Realizing large-scale processes for recovering REEs may depend mainly on progress in developing selective functionalities and efficient materials. Creating substrates (e.g., inorganic substrates) other than the traditional polystyrene divinylbenzene matrix is a potential advancement.
+
+## CRediT authorship contribution statement
+
+**Youssef El Ouardi:** Writing – original draft, Writing – review & editing. **Sami Virolainen:** Supervision, Project administration, Writing – review & editing. **Emile Salomon Massima Mouele:** Writing – original draft. **Markku Laatikainen:** Visualization, Writing – review & editing. **Eveliina Repo:** Visualization, Writing – review & editing. **Katri Laatikainen:** Writing – review & editing.
+
+## Declaration of Competing Interest
+
+The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper.
+
+## Acknowledgments
+
+The authors acknowledge Business Finland project TOCANEM (Towards Carbon Neutral Metals) for financial support, grant number 40693/31/2020, Finland.
+
+## Appendix A. Appendices
+
+Stability constants of some REE complexes and dimension of the hydration shell of REE ions.
+
+
+
+
+
+ |
+Stability constant of the complex (log β) |
+
+
+ |
+Inorganic complexes (Zero ionic strength, 25 °C) |
+Organic complexes (Ionic strength (I = 0.1), 25 °C) |
+Hydration shell thickness (nm) (Marcus, 1991) |
+
+
+| REE |
+REEOH2-(Millero,1992) |
+REENO32-(Millero,1992) |
+REECl2-(Millero,1992) |
+REESO4+(Schijf and Byrne, 2004) |
+REE-EDTA(Huclier-Markai et al., 2011) |
+REE-HEDTA(Moeller and Ferrús, 1961) |
+REE-DTPA(Grimes and Nash, 2014) |
+REE-NTA(Li and Byrne, 1997) |
+REE-HIBA(Hirokawa et al., 1984; Itoh et al., 1984) |
+REE-HMBA(Nikonorov, 2010) |
+REE-IDA(Thompson, 1962) |
+ |
+
+
+
+
+| La |
+5.1 |
+0.58 |
+0.29 |
+3.21 |
+14.48 |
+13.46 |
+19.48 |
+12.04 |
+2.99 |
+2.83 |
+5.88 |
+0.203 |
+
+
+| Ce |
+5.6 |
+0.69 |
+0.31 |
+3.29 |
+15.04 |
+14.1 |
+20.5 |
+12.33 |
+3.09 |
+3.04 |
+6.18 |
+0.209 |
+
+
+| Pr |
+5.6 |
+0.69 |
+0.32 |
+3.27 |
+15.44 |
+14.61 |
+21.07 |
+12.70 |
+3.24 |
+3.11 |
+6.44 |
+0.209 |
+
+
+| Nd |
+5.67 |
+0.79 |
+00.32 |
+3.26 |
+15.75 |
+14.86 |
+21.6 |
+12.87 |
+3.29 |
+3.15 |
+6.50 |
+0.212 |
+
+
+| Pm |
+5.77 |
+0.88 |
+0.31 |
+3.34 |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+
+
+| Sm |
+5.81 |
+0.78 |
+0.3 |
+3.28 |
+16.2 |
+15.28 |
+22.34 |
+12.31 |
+3.42 |
+3.46 |
+6.64 |
+0.216 |
+
+
+| Eu |
+5.83 |
+0.83 |
+0.28 |
+3.37 |
+16.23 |
+15.35 |
+22.39 |
+13.23 |
+3.51 |
+3.48 |
+6.73 |
+0.218 |
+
+
+| Gd |
+5.79 |
+0.47 |
+0.28 |
+3.25 |
+16.28 |
+15.22 |
+22.46 |
+13.20 |
+3.53 |
+3.48 |
+6.68 |
+0.220 |
+
+
+| Tb |
+5.98 |
+0.51 |
+0.27 |
+3.2 |
+16.59 |
+15.32 |
+22.71 |
+13.34 |
+3.62 |
+3.51 |
+6.78 |
+0.223 |
+
+
+| Dy |
+6.04 |
+0.15 |
+0.27 |
+3.15 |
+16.79 |
+15.3 |
+22.82 |
+13.45 |
+3.66 |
+3.51 |
+6.88 |
+0.226 |
+
+
+| Ho |
+6.01 |
+0.25 |
+0.27 |
+3.16 |
+17.13 |
+15.32 |
+22.78 |
+13.53 |
+3.73 |
+3.52 |
+6.97 |
+0.228 |
+
+
+| Er |
+6.15 |
+0.15 |
+0.28 |
+3.15 |
+17.45 |
+15.42 |
+22.74 |
+13.66 |
+3.78 |
+3.52 |
+7.09 |
+0.231 |
+
+
+| Tm |
+6.19 |
+0.2 |
+0.27 |
+3.07 |
+17.8 |
+15.59 |
+22.72 |
+13.83 |
+3.83 |
+3.56 |
+7.22 |
+0.233 |
+
+
+| Yb |
+6.22 |
+0.25 |
+0.16 |
+3.06 |
+18.04 |
+15.88 |
+22.62 |
+14.00 |
+3.89 |
+3.58 |
+7.42 |
+0.235 |
+
+
+| Lu |
+6.24 |
+0.56 |
+—0.03 |
+3.01 |
+18.19 |
+15.88 |
+22.44 |
+14.10 |
+3.94 |
+3.61 |
+7.61 |
+0.237 |
+
+
+| Y |
+— |
+ |
+ |
+3.47 |
+16.58 |
+14.65 |
+22.05 |
+13.18 |
+— |
+3.50 |
+6.78 |
+0.262 |
+
+
+| Sc |
+— |
+ |
+ |
+— |
+21 |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+4.84 |
+— |
+ |
+— |
+
+
+
+
+## Appendix B. Appendix
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_32.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_32.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bd977fee7a9e363925a263a7db7e60b51b07e769
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_32.md
@@ -0,0 +1,578 @@
+
+
+**Fig. 1.** Proposed HBTMS (a) system components and (b) dimensional specifications for different number of cooling plates.
+
+heat transfer and maintain a lightweight system design, ensuring efficient thermal management and high energy density. The thermophysical properties of the materials were considered based on [40].
+
+# 3. Numerical modelling
+
+To evaluate the influence of various parameters, including the number of cooling plates (one, two, and three with and without metal foam layer), the thickness of the metal foam layer within the copper tubes (0, 2, 4, 5, 6, and 8.4 mm), and ambient temperature (303.15, 308.15, 313.15, and 318.15 K), on the effectiveness of the proposed HBTMS, 3D simulations were carried out using the commercial CFD software ANSYS FLUENT 23/R2.
+
+## 3.1. Battery transient heat generation modelling
+
+The lumped-capacitance model was employed to simulate the real-time transient heat generation of the LIBs. This model was found to be appropriate as the calculated Biot number [40] is below 0.1 [44]. This model determines heat generation based on voltage and current characteristics assuming constant thermo-physical properties for the battery [45].
+
+The total generated heat in LIBs based on the Bernardi equation is as follows [43]:
+
+$$
+Q_t = R_t I^2 - I \left[ T \left( \frac{dE}{dT} \right) \right] \quad (1)
+$$
+
+where $Q_t$ is the total heat generation, I is the electric current, T is the temperature, $R_t$ is the total internal resistance, and $\frac{dE}{dT}$ is the entropy coefficient. The total internal resistance and entropy coefficient are calculated as presented in Table 1 and equation (2), respectively, based on experimental hybrid pulse power characterization (HPPC) test data [46] to model transient battery heat generation for the high discharge rate of 5C. As the discharge rate is the ratio of discharge current to the battery's nominal capacity [47], the corresponding discharge times for 5C is 720 s.
+
+$$
+\frac{dE}{dT} = -355 \times \text{SOC} + 1898 \times \text{SOC}^2 - 5121 \times \text{SOC}^3 \quad (2)
+$$
+
+where SOC is the state of charge of the battery.
+
+The heat generation per unit volume of the battery ($q_b$) is expressed by:
+
+$$
+q_b = \frac{Q_t}{\text{Vol.}_{\text{battery}}} \quad (3)
+$$
+
+where $Vol._{battery}$ is the battery volume.
+
+**Table 1**
+Total internal resistance in various temperatures [46].
+
+
+
+
+| Total internal resistance (Rt) |
+Temperature (K) |
+
+
+
+
+| 166–1334 × SOC + 6559 × SOC2–16531 × SOC3 + 22391 × SOC4–15496 × SOC5 + 4301 × SOC6 |
+293 |
+
+
+| 107–793 × SOC + 4036 × SOC2–10514 × SOC3 + 14700 × SOC4–10480 × SOC5 + 2989 × SOC6 |
+303 |
+
+
+| 66–382 × SOC + 1962 × SOC2–5181 × SOC3 + 7378 × SOC4–5365 × SOC5 + 1559 × SOC6 |
+313 |
+
+
+| 58–355 × SOC + 1898 × SOC2–5121 × SOC3 + 7367 × SOC4–5374 × SOC5 + 1559 × SOC6 |
+323 |
+
+
+| 48–233 × SOC + 1225 × SOC2–3263 × SOC3 + 4667 × SOC4–3406 × SOC5 + 992 × SOC6 |
+333 |
+
+
+
+
+## 3.2. Governing equations and initial and boundary conditions
+
+To simulate the behaviour of the PCM, enthalpy-porosity model was applied, where the mushy zone, characterized by the coexistence of solid and liquid phases, is considered a porous medium. This model incorporates the effects of latent heat into the energy equation without explicit phase interface tracking [48]. During the melting and solidification processes of a pure PCM without copper foam, three zones are identified: solid, liquid, and mushy. The mushy zone represents a transitional phase where both solid and liquid PCM coexist. In this region, the unmelted PCM forms a solid framework, while the melted PCM fills the gaps, effectively behaving as a porous medium. For composite PCM integrated with metal foam, the liquid phase was also modelled as a porous medium but with a porosity that differs from that of the mushy zone [49].
+
+The representative elementary volume (r.e.v) method was employed for copper foam modelling in conjunction with the Darcy-Brinkman-Forchheimer (DBF) model. The local thermal equilibrium (LTE) model was applied to the metal foam fins, while the local thermal non-equilibrium (LTNE) model was utilised for the metal foam layers within the copper tubes.
+
+Based on the stated assumptions outlined in [40], the governing equations for the PCM and metal foam fins and liquid cooling with metal foam layer are presented in Table 2 and Table 3, respectively.
+
+In Table 2, for the equations applicable to areas without metal foam fins or PCM-only regions, the porosity is set to 1. The momentum equation excludes the source terms since metal foam is not present. Furthermore, $L_f$ is expressed as [55]:
+
+$$
+L_f = \frac{\Delta H}{h_f} = \begin{cases} \text{0if } T < T_s \\ \frac{T - T_{\text{Solidus}}}{T_{\text{Liquidus}} - T_{\text{Solidus}}} T_s \le T \le T_l \\\text{1if } T > T_l \end{cases} \quad (4)
+$$
+
+where $\Delta H$ is latent heat.
+
+The total enthalpy is defined as:
+
+$$
+H = h + \Delta H \quad (5)
+$$
+
+where h is the sensible enthalpy and calculated as:
+
+$$
+h = h_{\text{ref}} + \int_{T_{\text{ref}}}^{T} C_{p_f} dT \quad (6)
+$$
+
+where $h_{ref}$ is the sensible enthalpy at the ambient temperature, which is considered as the reference temperature.
+
+Permeability and coefficient of inertia are given as [56]:
+
+$$
+K = 0.00073(1 - \varepsilon)^{-0.224} d_f^{-1.11} d_p^{3.11} \quad (7)
+$$
+
+$$
+C = 0.0012(1 - \varepsilon)^{-0.132} \left(\frac{d_f}{d_p}\right)^{-1.63} \quad (8)
+$$
+
+where $d_f$ and $d_p$ are ligament diameter, pore size, respectively and are defined as [57,58]:
+
+$$
+d_f = 1.18 d_p \sqrt{\frac{1 - \varepsilon}{3\pi}} \quad (9)
+$$
+
+$$
+d_p = 0.0224/\omega \quad (10)
+$$
+
+where ω is the pore density as pores per inch (PPI).
+
+Based on the LTE model, the effective thermal conductivity is considered as follows [59]:
+
+$$
+k_{\text{eff}} = (1 - \varepsilon)k_s + \varepsilon k_f \quad (11)
+$$
+
+where k is the thermal conductivity.
+
+In Table 3, permeability of the metal foam layer and the geometric parameter are defined as [60]:
+
+$$
+K = \frac{\varepsilon^3 d_p^2}{150(1 - \varepsilon)^2} \quad (12)
+$$
+
+$$
+C_F = \frac{1.75}{\sqrt{150\varepsilon^{3/2}}} \quad (13)
+$$
+
+Effective thermal conductivity for solid and fluid phase of the metal foam layer are calculated as follows [61–63]:
+
+$$
+k_{s\text{eff}} = (1 - \varepsilon)^{0.763} k_s \quad (14)
+$$
+
+$$
+k_{f\text{eff}} = \varepsilon k_f + k_{td} \quad (15)
+$$
+
+where $k_{td}$ is the coefficient of thermal dispersion based on the following [61–63]:
+
+$$
+k_{td} = 0.025 \rho_f C_p \sqrt{K} |\vec{V}| \quad (16)
+$$
+
+Fluid-to-solid heat transfer coefficient and specific surface area are defined as follows [64,65]:
+
+$$
+h_{sf} = \left(\frac{k_f}{d_p}\right)^2 \left(1 + 1.1 \left(\frac{C_{p_f} \mu_f}{k_f}\right)^{1/3}\right) \left(\frac{\rho_f |\vec{V}| d_p}{\mu_f}\right)^{0.6} \quad (17)
+$$
+
+$$
+a_{sf} = \frac{6(1 - \varepsilon)}{d_p} \quad (18)
+$$
+
+**Table 2**
+
+Governing equations for the PCM and metal foam fins [50,51].
+
+
+
+
+| Equation |
+Expression |
+Description |
+
+
+
+
+| Continuity |
+
+
+$$
+\frac{\partial \rho_f}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot \rho_f \vec{V} = 0
+$$
+
+ |
+
+
+ρ: density,$\vec{V}$:
+velocity vector
+
+ |
+
+
+| Momentum |
+
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \frac{\rho_f}{\varepsilon} \frac{\partial \vec{V}}{\partial t} + \frac{\rho_f}{\varepsilon^2} (\vec{V} \cdot \nabla) \vec{V} = & -\nabla P + \frac{\mu_f}{\varepsilon} (\nabla^2 \vec{V}) - \rho_{f,ref} \beta_f \varepsilon (T - T_{ref}) \vec{g} - A_m \frac{(1 - L_f)^2}{L_f^3 + 0.001} \vec{V} - \left(\frac{\mu_f}{K} + \frac{\rho_f C|\vec{V}|}{\sqrt{K}}\right) \vec{V} \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+ |
+
+
+ε: porosity, P: pressure, μ: dynamic viscosity, β: thermal expansion coefficient, T: temperature, $\vec g$: acceleration due to gravity, Am = 105 [52]: mushy zone constant, Lf: liquid fraction, K: permeability, C: coefficient of inertia, $|\vec V|$: magnitude of the velocity vector
+
+ |
+
+
+| Energy (Based on LTE method) |
+
+
+$$
+\frac{\partial \varepsilon \rho_f C_{p_f} T}{\partial t} + \nabla (\rho_f C_{p_f} \vec{V} \cdot T) = \nabla (k_{eff} \nabla T) - \frac{\partial \varepsilon \rho_f L_f h_f}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot (\rho_f \vec{V} TL_f h_f)
+$$
+
+ |
+Cp: specific heat, keff: effective thermal conductivity, hf: latent heat of fusion |
+
+
+
+
+**Table 3**
+
+Governing equations for metal foam layer enhanced liquid cooling [53,54].
+
+
+
+
+| Equation |
+Expression |
+Description |
+
+
+
+
+| Continuity |
+
+
+$$
+\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot \rho \vec{V} = 0
+$$
+
+ |
+
+
+ρ: density, $\vec{V}$: velocity vector
+
+ |
+
+
+| Momentum |
+Clear region:
+
+$$
+\rho \frac{\partial \vec{V}}{\partial t} + \rho \nabla \cdot (\vec{V} \vec{V}) = -\nabla P + \mu_f (\nabla^2 \vec{V})
+$$
+
+Metal foam region:
+
+$$
+\rho \frac{\partial \vec{V}}{\partial t} + \frac{\rho}{\varepsilon} \nabla \cdot (\vec{V} \vec{V}) = -\nabla P + \mu_f (\nabla^2 \vec{V}) - \frac{\mu_f \vec{V}}{K} - \rho C_F \sqrt{\frac{1}{K}} |\vec{V}| \vec{V}
+$$
+
+ |
+
+
+ε: porosity, P: pressure, μ: dynamic viscosity, K: permeability, CF: geometric parameter, $|\vec{V}|$: magnitude of the velocity vector
+
+ |
+
+
+| Energy (Based on LTNE method) |
+Clear region:
+
+$$
+\frac{\partial (\rho C_p T_f)}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot (\rho C_p \vec{V} T_f) = \nabla \cdot (k_f \nabla T_f)
+$$
+
+Metal foam region:Solid phase:
+
+$$
+\frac{\partial (\rho_s C_p T_s)}{\partial t} = \nabla \cdot (k_{seff} \nabla T_s) - h_{sf} a_{sf} (T_s - T_f) $$
+
+Fluid phase:
+
+$$
+\frac{\partial (\rho_f C_p T_f)}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot \left( \frac{\rho_f C_p \vec{V} T_f}{\varepsilon} \right) = \nabla \cdot (k_{feff} \nabla T_f) + h_{sf} a_{sf} (T_s - T_f)
+$$
+
+ |
+
+Cp: specific heat, T: temperature, k: thermal conductivity, hsf: fluid-to-solid heat transfer coefficient, asf: specific surface area |
+
+
+
+
+Adiabatic boundary condition was applied to the bottom of the HBTMS. Constant mass flow rate of 0.001 kg/s was set at the inlet, where the temperature was maintained at 303.15 K, to ensure a balance between maintaining effective cooling performance and minimising pumping power requirements. The porosity and pore density of the copper metal foam have been assumed to be constant at 0.9 and 30 PPI [40], respectively, throughout the study. For water flow in the copper tubes with metal foam layers, the Reynolds number in the unobstructed region was calculated as 151.2, remaining considerably lower than the critical limit of 2000 [66]. Additionally, the permeability Reynolds number for the metal foam layer was determined to be 0.123, which is far below the threshold value of 100 [24,67], confirming laminar flow for all simulations. At the outlet, pressure outlet boundary condition was maintained at atmospheric pressure. No-slip boundary condition was enforced on the walls. For the remaining surfaces, Robin boundary condition (third kind) was applied as follows:
+
+$$
+-k_{wall} \frac{\partial T_{wall}}{\partial n} = h(T_{wall} - T_{Amb}) \qquad (19)
+$$
+
+where h represents the convection heat transfer coefficient, which was assumed to be 10 W·m-2·K-1 [47] corresponding to air natural convection.
+
+At the solid-liquid interface within the metal foam, the following boundary conditions were applied for LTE and LTNE models. In the LTNE model, the negative sign is retained to explicitly account for the directionality of heat flux, whereas in the LTE formulation, it is typically omitted due to the assumption of temperature continuity across the interface.
+
+LTE [68–70]
+
+$$
+\vec{V}|_{fluid} = \vec{V}|_{metalfoam} \qquad (20)
+$$
+
+$$
+\mu_f \frac{\partial \vec{V}}{\partial n} \Big|_{fluid} = \mu_{eff} \frac{\partial \vec{V}}{\partial n} \Big|_{metalfoam}
+$$
+
+$$
+T_{fluid} = T_{metalfoam}
+$$
+
+$$
+k_f \left. \frac{\partial T}{\partial n} \right|_{fluid} = k_{eff} \left. \frac{\partial T}{\partial n} \right|_{metalfoam}
+$$
+
+LTNE [71]
+
+$$
+\vec{V}|_{fluid} = \vec{V}|_{metalfoam}
+$$
+
+$$
+\mu_f \frac{\partial \vec{V}}{\partial n} \Big|_{fluid} = \mu_{eff} \frac{\partial \vec{V}}{\partial n} \Big|_{metalfoam}
+$$
+
+$$
+-k_f \left. \frac{\partial T}{\partial n} \right|_{fluid} = -k_{seff} \left. \frac{\partial T}{\partial n} \right|_{metalfoam} = q_{interface} \qquad (21)
+$$
+
+$$
+-k_f \left. \frac{\partial T}{\partial n} \right|_{fluid} = -k_{feff} \left. \frac{\partial T}{\partial n} \right|_{metalfoam} = q_{interface}
+$$
+
+The governing equations were solved numerically using the specified boundary and initial conditions. Pressure-velocity coupling was achieved using the SIMPLE scheme. The convective terms were discretised using a second-order upwind scheme, the transient terms were discretised using a second-order implicit time integration scheme, and the diffusion terms were treated through spatial gradient reconstruction using the least squares cell-based method. Convergence criteria were set with residuals of 10-4 for the continuity and momentum equations, and 10-6 for the energy equation.
+
+## 3.3. Mesh and time-step independence analysis
+
+The assessment of grid independence was conducted using the Grid Convergence Index (GCI) [72,73], which is defined as:
+
+$$
+GCI = F_s \frac{|\varepsilon_r|}{r_i^p - 1} \qquad (22)
+$$
+
+where Fs is a safety coefficient and considered to be 1.25 as three grids was compared. p is the convergence rate with theoretical value of 1.97 for a second-order method. The relative error εr is calculated as:
+
+$$
+\varepsilon_r = \frac{f_{i+1} - f_i}{f_i} \qquad (23)
+$$
+
+where fi+1 and fi represent the solution values obtained from the fine and coarse grids, respectively. These values correspond to the maximum temperature of the battery surface at 720 s. The ratio of grid refinement $r_i$ is calculated as:
+
+$$
+r_{i,i+1} = \frac{h_i}{h_{i+1}} \qquad (24)
+$$
+
+$$
+h_i = \sqrt[3]{\frac{\sum_{i-1}^{N} \Delta V_i}{N}} \qquad (25)
+$$
+
+where $h_i$ is the average grid spacing, $V_i$ is the volume of each computational cell, and N refers for the total number of grids.
+
+Table 4 presents three different grid densities along with their associated GCI evaluations. For the grid with 6,612,690 computational cells, the GCI is below 3 %, satisfying the grid convergence index criterion [74]. Additionally, the developed mesh is illustrated in Fig. 2.
+
+Various time steps were analysed to ensure time step independence. Table 5 presents the maximum battery surface temperature at 720 s for different time steps. Based on the results, time step of 1 s was deemed suitable for this investigation.
+
+## 3.4. Validation
+
+The numerical approaches utilised in this investigation were validated through comparison with multiple experimental studies. To verify the lumped-capacitance model, the battery surface temperature was assessed in comparison with experimental data from [46], as shown in Fig. 3 (a). For the validation of the numerical method used to model longitudinal metal foam fins in PCM, the experimental study conducted by Hu et al. [75] was referenced, which incorporated aluminium foam saturated with paraffin. The experimental temperature data were analysed in comparison with the numerical results obtained from both LTE and LTNE methods, as illustrated in Fig. 3 (b). Although both models effectively predicted the temperature of the composite PCM, the LTNE model exhibited a slightly enhanced level of accuracy. However, due to the comparable accuracy of both models and the reduced computational expense of the LTE model, the LTE method was selected for implementation in the simulations of metal foam fins. To verify the integration of metal foam layers within copper tubes, the experimental study conducted by Amani et al. [76] was replicated through simulation. This investigation focused on the water flow through a copper tube embedded with copper foam. The computed values for the average Nusselt number on the tube surface and the associated pressure drop were assessed in comparison with experimental findings, as shown in Fig. 3 (c) and Fig. 3 (d), respectively. As depicted in Fig. 3 (c), the LTNE model demonstrated greater accuracy compared to the LTE model. Consequently, the LTNE model was selected for simulating the metal foam layers within the copper tube. The numerical simulation results across various scenarios exhibited a strong agreement with the experimental data, validating the accuracy and reliability of the numerical models.
+
+# 4. Results and discussion
+
+## 4.1. Number of the cooling plate
+
+In this section, the impact of the number of cooling plates in the proposed HBTMS, along with the effect of incorporating metal foam layers at a constant thickness of 4 mm and ambient temperature of 308.15 K, has been investigated.
+
+**Table 4**
+
+Grid Convergence Index (GCI) analysis for various grid densities.
+
+| N | hi | ri | (fi) Tsur, max (K) | εr | GCI (%) |
|---|
| 4,944,155 | 1 | 1.25 | 313.894287 | 0.052741 | 18.30 | | 6,612,690 | 0.8 | 1.25 | 313.897891 | 0.003603 | 1.25 | | 11,642,045 | 0.64 | — | 313.845152 | — | — |
+
+The impact of the different number of cooling plates with or without metal foam layers on batteries maximum surface temperature ($T_{Max, Surface}$) is depicted in Fig. 4 (a) and compared to basic pure PCM BTMS. As shown, for the pure PCM system, the $T_{Max, Surface}$ tends to increase rapidly during the 5C discharge reaching approximately 322 K at 720 s. Three distinct stages can be observed, corresponding to the phase change process of the PCM, during which the HBTMS experiences temperature increases with varying slopes. These phases illustrate the thermal storage process within the PCM, encompassing initial sensible heat accumulation before phase transition, latent heat absorption throughout the melting process, and subsequent sensible heat retention following the commencement of melting. The observed temperature increase is attributed to the low thermal conductivity of the pure PCM which results in the accumulation of heat near the battery surfaces and the formation of a melted PCM layer around the battery housing (as shown in Fig. 5 (a)). This layer acts as an insulation around the batteries due to its low thermal conductivity. To mitigate the rapid temperature increase, the implementation of the HBTMS, which incorporates PCM with longitudinal metal foam fins and cooling plates with copper tubes, with or without metal foam layers, led to a significant reduction in $T_{Max, Surface}$. So that, as depicted in Fig. 4 (a), employing the HBTMS came up with 8.46, 9.19, and 9.68 K reduction in $T_{Max, Surface}$ for HBTMS with one, two, and three cooling plates incorporating metal foam layers, respectively. This reduction is attributed to two key mechanisms introduced by the integration of metal foam. First, the longitudinal copper foam fins embedded in the PCM enhance thermal conduction by acting as highly conductive pathways, which accelerate heat transfer from the battery housing to the outer PCM housing. The metal foam structure increases the effective contact area between the solid foam matrix and the PCM, enabling more uniform and efficient heat transfer. Second, the metal foam layers inside the copper tubes improve forced convection by increasing the internal surface area, disrupting the thermal boundary layer, and promoting enhanced fluid mixing within the coolant flow. These combined effects lead to a substantial improvement in the overall heat transfer capability of the HBTMS. Furthermore, a comparison of cases with varying numbers of cooling plates, with and without metal foam layers, revealed that the inclusion of the metal foam layers resulted in reductions of 2.76 %, 3.24 %, and 3.43 % in $T_{Max, Surface}$ for HBTMS configurations with one, two, and three cooling plates, respectively, compared to their counterparts without the metal foam layers. Moreover, a comparison between the configuration of two cooling plates with metal foam layers and the configuration of three cooling plates without metal foam layers revealed $T_{Max, Surface}$ values of 312.58 K and 312.41 K, respectively, at 720 s. These results demonstrate that incorporating metal foam layers can effectively reduce the number of cooling plates required in the system while maintaining comparable $T_{Max, Surface}$ values.
+
+The number of cooling plates significantly affects the location and extent of PCM melting in the HBTMS, as well as the PCM liquid fraction ($L_f$), due to enhanced convection within the cooling plates. As shown in Fig. 4 (b), incorporating additional cooling plates with metal foam layers significantly reduced the amount of molten PCM in the HBTMS by 66.06 %, 93.91 %, and 97.51 % for configurations with one, two, and three cooling plates, respectively, compared to the pure PCM system. Additionally, the inclusion of metal foam layers within the copper tubes led to a reduction in the $L_f$, which is most pronounced in the HBTMS with a single cooling plate. $L_f$ decreased by 32.36 %, 9.01 %, and 6.83 % for HBTMS configurations with one, two, and three cooling plates, respectively, compared to their counterparts without the metal foam layers. Also, the onset of PCM melting as shown in Fig. 4 (b) is significantly delayed by employing HBTMS with cooling plates compared to pure PCM. For instance, for three cooling plates with metal foam layers, the PCM begins to melt at 618 s of the discharge, whereas in the pure PCM system, the onset of melting occurs at 113 s. PCM $L_f$ contour plots at 720 s are provided in Fig. 5. As can be seen, in contrast to pure PCM with extensive melting, particularly around the battery housing, for the HBTMS more confined and localised melting could be observed, predominantly within the metal foam fins. This effect is attributed to the metal foam fins, which enhance the thermal conductivity of the PCM, leading to increased PCM melting within the fins' pores. Moreover, as additional cooling plates, particularly those with metal foam layers, are incorporated into the HBTMS, the amount of melted PCM decreases significantly. In the case of a single cooling plate without metal foam layers (as shown in Fig. 5 (c)), PCM melting is not confined to the fins, and melted PCM can also be observed around the battery and PCM housing. However, as depicted in Fig. 5 (b), (d), and (f), with the inclusion of metal foam layers, the heat conducted through the battery housing and into the PCM, fins, and PCM housing is more efficiently transferred via force convection within the copper tubes, resulting in a reduction in the amount of melted PCM. Similarly, by increasing the number of cooling plates, with or without metal foam layers, less PCM was melted, and the melting was restricted to the pores of the fins with higher thermal conductivity. Also, as shown in Fig. 5, for different batteries, less PCM is melted around batteries 1 to 4, particularly batteries 2 and 3, as they are most directly affected by the copper tubes which allows for more efficient local heat extraction. As water flows through the copper tubes toward the outlet, it absorbs increasing amounts of heat, gradually diminishing its capacity for further heat removal. Consequently, more PCM melts around the batteries in the last row, particularly batteries 9 and 12 on the side, with some melted PCM still observed even in the case with three cooling plates.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 2.** Mesh configuration for the HBTMS.
+
+**Table 5**
+
+Evaluation of different time steps.
+
+| Time step | TSur, Max (K) | Error (%) | | 0.25 s | 313.9788 | — | | 0.5 s | 313.9391 | 0.012635 | | 1 s | 313.8943 | 0.014271 | | 2 s | 313.7315 | 0.051876 |
+
+
+
+**Fig. 3.** Comparison between (a) the present numerical and experimental surface temperature measurements [46], (b) present numerical and experimental PCM filled metal foam temperatures [75], (c) present numerical and experimental average Nusselt number [76], and (d) present numerical and experimental pressure drop [76].
+
+
+
+**Fig. 4.** Impact of the different number of cooling plates on (a) batteries maximum surface temperature and (b) PCM liquid fraction.
+
+In order to determine the performance enhancement achieved by the HBTMS, the average Nusselt number on battery surface ($\overline{Nu}_{\text{Battery}}$) based on battery surface and PCM melting temperature [77] is illustrated in Fig. 6. For different cases the $\overline{Nu}_{\text{Battery}}$ showed a substantial increase up to the point where melting began, and the surface temperature surpassed the PCM solidus temperature. Progressively, it steadily decreased until the discharge process was completed. Compared to pure PCM cooling with limited natural convection cooling, a significant increase in $\overline{Nu}_{\text{battery}}$ was observed, with values increasing approximately 7, 13, and 33 times for the HBTMS configurations with one, two, and three cooling plates, respectively. As previously discussed, this improvement is attributed to the addition of longitudinal metal foam fins to the PCM surrounding the batteries and the implementation of liquid cooling via cooling plates, particularly through enhanced force convection within the copper tubes with metal foam layers. The incorporation of fins enhances the thermal conductivity of the pure PCM by establishing conduction pathways that significantly improve heat transfer from the battery housing to the PCM housing. As the PCM melts within the fin pores, natural convection complements conduction, with the pores facilitating fluid movement that enhances heat transfer through internal mixing and circulation. Moreover, the metal foam structure increases the surface area, further improving heat transfer efficiency. Additionally, the insertion of metal foam layers significantly impacts the velocity and temperature profiles within the copper tube, directly influencing force convection efficiency. The dimensionless velocity and temperature profile, based on [78], along the vertical axis at the central section of the copper tube is compared in Fig. 7 for a 4 mm thick metal foam layer and a clear copper tube in the case of two cooling plates. As shown in Fig. 7 (a), the metal foam layer introduces flow resistance, with a steeper velocity gradient at a further distance from the copper tube wall compared to the clear copper tube. This promotes greater mixing near the wall, where the high thermal conductivity of the metal foam enhances heat transfer. At the tube's core, the fluid velocity in the clear region is approximately 1.75 times greater than in a tube without the metal foam layer, further improving convection at the interface of the metal foam layer. The dimensionless temperature profile, as presented in Fig. 7 (b), further supports this observation, illustrating that the temperature distribution becomes discontinuous upon the inclusion of the metal foam layer. Water as the liquid phase within the metal foam exhibits a higher temperature compared to the water temperature in the clear tube, indicating improved heat dissipation from the copper tube facilitated by the expanded surface area offered by the foam's ligaments. Furthermore, the high thermal conductivity of the metal foam and the disruption of the thermal boundary layer by the ligaments further enhance heat transfer efficiency.
+
+Each battery $T_{\text{Max, Surface}}$ and maximum surface temperature difference ($\Delta T_{\text{Max, Surface}}$) for the HBTMS and pure PCM is provided in Fig. 8 along with static temperature contour plots in Fig. 9. As shown in Fig. 8 (a), for pure PCM cooling, all the batteries reached a nearly same high $T_{\text{Max, Surface}}$ of approximately 322 K, with $\Delta T_{\text{Max, Surface}}$ maintained around 0.65 K. Almost uniform temperature distribution along each battery, which is also evident in Fig. 9 (a), was obtained due to considering aluminium housing around batteries, which facilitates radial heat conduction and promotes a relatively even temperature distribution. Introducing HBTMS, as shown in Fig. 8 (b) reduced the $T_{\text{Max, Surface}}$ on each battery. As result of cooling plates with liquid cooling the batteries 1, 4, 5, 8, 9, and 12 located on the sides of the pack experienced higher $T_{\text{Max, Surface}}$ compared to batteries 2, 3, 6, 7, 10, and 11. Also as shown in Fig. 9 (b), the static temperature is lower for batteries close to the liquid cooling inlet and the centre of the pack, whereas the highest core temperatures were observed in cells positioned on the sides and at the last row of the pack. This is attributed to the fact that the middle cells are more effectively cooled by the liquid cooling system with metal foam layers, as they are closer to the copper tubes. In terms of the $\Delta T_{\text{Max, Surface}}$, in contrast to pure PCM cooling, fluctuations were observed in HBTMS with a maximum around 0.7 K on batteries 1 and 4, which are more affected by liquid cooling from one side. However, this value is significantly below the expected $\Delta T_{\text{Max, Surface}}$ of 5 K in the literature [9,79]. Similar to pure PCM cooling, as shown in Fig. 9 (b), almost uniform temperature distribution on battery surface was achieved by HBTMS with considerable reduction compared to pure PCM cooling. Therefore, novel implementation of battery housing could provide uniform temperature beside preventing direct contact of the PCM with battery due to safety considerations. This uniformity is essential for battery performance and longevity, as it mitigates thermal stresses among cells and reduces the risk of temperature-driven degradation or imbalance within the battery pack.
+
+Energy density, which is a measure of the amount of energy stored per unit mass of a system [80], is an important factor that requires consideration when designing and developing HBTMS and is calculated as follows [80]:
+
+$$
+E_d = \frac{UC_0}{m} \qquad (26)
+$$
+
+where $E_d$ refers to the energy density, U is the nominal voltage of the battery, $C_0$ denotes its nominal capacity, and m represents the total mass of the HBTMS.
+
+An ideal design achieves a balance between high cooling efficiency
+
+and minimal mass, preserving battery pack energy density while maintaining adequate thermal control. As shown in Fig. 10, the number of cooling plates significantly affects the energy density of the HBTMS due to the additional weight added to the batteries in the pack. Comparing configurations with the same number of cooling plates, with and without metal foam layers, reveals that the inclusion of the metal foam layers slightly reduces the energy density.. The porous nature of the foam adds a relatively low mass, especially when compared to the mass of full cooling plates.. Considering the comparable performance of the HBTMS with three cooling plates without metal foam layers and two cooling plates with metal foam layers in terms of $T_{Max, Surface}$ (Fig. 4 (a)), $\overline{Nu}_{Battery}$ (Fig. 6), and amount of melted PCM (Fig. 5), the two cooling plates configuration with metal foam layers was preferred, resulting in an 11 % improvement in energy density. This improvement highlights the ability of metal foam to compensate for the reduced surface area resulting from fewer cooling plates, leading to a lighter and more energy-dense design without compromising on thermal safety and operational efficiency.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 5.** PCM liquid fraction contour plots for pure PCM cooling and HBTMS with different number of cooling plates at 720 s.
+
+## 4.2. Metal foam layer thickness
+
+In this section the impact of different metal foam layer thickness on the performance of the HBTMS with two cooling plates at the ambient temperature of 308.15 K has been investigated.
+
+
+
+(g) Three cooling plates without metal foam layers
+
+**Fig. 5.** (continued).
+
+
+
+**Fig. 6.** Battery surface average Nusselt number for pure PCM cooling and HBTMS with different number of cooling plates at 720 s.
+
+The influence of various metal foam layer thickness on $T_{Max, Surface}$ is shown in Fig. 11 (a). Compared to copper tube without any metal foam layer, it is evident that $T_{Max, Surface}$ was reduced when the copper tube was partially filled. As the thickness increases, the foam's interconnected pores offer additional surface area for heat exchange and disrupt the developing thermal boundary layer, which improves the overall active heat removal from the system. However, when the metal foam layer thickness is 8.4 mm and the tube is completely filled, convection was hindered by the increased flow resistance, making conduction through the foam ligaments the dominant heat transfer mechanism. As result $T_{Max, Surface}$ reached 313.69 K at 720 s for thickness of 8.4 mm. Reducing the thickness to 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 mm resulted in decreases in $T_{Max, Surface}$ by 0.8, 0.82, 1.11, 1.25, and 1.45 K, respectively. As force convection heat transfer rate is altered by metal foam layer thickness variation, as shown in Fig. 11 (b), more PCM was melted by fully filled copper tube peaking at $L_f = 0.19$ at 720 s. As the thickness of 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 mm were considered, $L_f$ was reduced by 79.21%, 65.44%, 90.82%, 89.21%, and 94.7%, respectively. Also, the onset of PCM melting was affected when the tube is partially filled and delayed by 159, 178, 262, 304, and 341 s for the thickness of 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 mm, respectively, compared to the fully filled tube.
+
+Each battery's $T_{Max, Surface}$ and $\Delta T_{Max, Surface}$ with various metal foam layer thickness is demonstrated in Fig. 12 at 720 s. Partially filled tubes consistently show better overall cooling performance, as indicated by a lower $T_{Max, Surface}$ across the pack. The highest $T_{Max, Surface}$ was observed on batteries 9 and 12, located on the side of the last row, where the impact of liquid cooling is minimal after absorbing heat upstream. Lowest $\Delta T_{Max, Surface}$, as depicted in Fig. 12 (f), was achieved by the fully filled copper tube maintaining values mostly between 0.3 and 0.5 K. This is explained by the dominance of conductive heat transfer through the fully packed foam, which lowers temperature gradients but limits the coolant's convection-driven heat removal. As the thickness was increased from 0 to 6 mm, $\Delta T_{Max, Surface}$ was also increased but remained below 1 K. Also, it was observed that increasing the thickness primarily affected $\Delta T_{Max, Surface}$ on batteries 1 to 4 in the first row, where the best cooling performance occurred due to their proximity to the inlet section of the cooling plates.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 7.** (a) Dimensionless velocity and (b) temperature within the copper tube with and without metal foam layer at 720 s.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 8.** Comparison of the $T_{Max, Surface}$ and $\Delta T_{Max, Surface}$ of the pure PCM cooling and HBTMS with three cooling plates with metal foam layers at 720 s.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 9.** Comparison of the static temperature contour plots of pure PCM cooling and the HBTMS with three cooling plates with metal foam layers at 720 s.
+
+As shown in Fig. 12 (a) to (f), for different metal foam layer thickness the maximum $T_{Max, Surface}$ and $\Delta T_{Max, Surface}$ values were recorded on batteries 12 and 4, respectively. To provide a clearer perspective on these results, the corresponding trends are presented in Fig. 12 (g). It can be observed that as the metal foam layer thickness increases, the $T_{Max, Surface}$ generally decreases, reaching a minimum value with a 6 mm layer, which corresponds to a 0.611 K reduction compared to the clear copper tube. However, further increasing the thickness to 8.4 mm (fully filled copper tube) leads to a 2.6 % increase in $T_{Max, Surface}$, due to reduced convective flow caused by excessive flow resistance. In terms of $\Delta T_{Max, Surface}$, a slight initial reduction of 0.05 K is observed with a 2 mm layer. However, as the thickness increases, $\Delta T_{Max, Surface}$ rises and peaks at 0.830 K with a 6 mm layer which is approximately a 30 % increase compared to the clear copper tube. Notably, the fully filled copper tube configuration (8.4 mm) results in a 25 % reduction in $\Delta T_{Max, Surface}$ compared to the clear copper tube, indicating improved thermal uniformity at the cost of higher overall temperature.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 10.** Energy density of the HBTMS with different number of cooling plates with or without metal foam layers.
+
+Impact of various metal foam layer thickness on $\overline{Nu}_{Battery}$ is depicted in Fig. 13. As shown, $\overline{Nu}_{\text{Battery}}$ peaked at different stages of discharge due to the delay in the onset of PCM melting and the battery surface temperature exceeding the PCM solidus temperature. When the tube was fully filled with metal foam, the lowest $\overline{Nu}_{\text{Battery}}$ value of 42.7 was recorded at 720 s. By considering partially filled tubes, $\overline{Nu}_{\text{Battery}}$ was improved by 2.18, 2.1, 3.16, 4.10 and 6.49 times compared to a fully filled copper tube for metal foam layer thicknesses of 0, 2, 4, 5, and 6 mm, respectively. This enhancement is attributed to the effect of metal foam layer thicknesses on the dimensionless velocity and temperature distribution within the copper tube, as illustrated in Fig. 14. As shown in Fig. 14 (a), the dimensionless fluid velocity within the metal foam layer is lower than in the clear domain, and the uniform velocity distribution observed in a fully filled or clear copper tube is significantly altered by the partially added metal foam layer. This alteration is attributed to the additional flow retardation and mixing caused by the microscopic inertial and viscous forces generated by the solid matrix of the metal foam. As the metal foam creates additional flow resistance near the tube wall, lowering the local velocity within the foam region but redirecting coolant toward the clear domain and increasing its maximum velocity. Consequently, a more pronounced velocity gradient emerges, leading to stronger forced convection along the interface between the foam and the clear region. Also, partial filling reduces the significant pressure drop associated with fully filled tubes. Similarly, as demonstrated in Fig. 14 (b), the uniform dimensionless temperature distribution in a clear tube and the uniform solid and liquid phase temperature distribution in a fully filled tube are influenced by the presence of a partially added metal foam layers. This effect arises from the metal foam's impact on conduction and convection heat transfer within the copper tube. The enhancement in conduction and convection is primarily attributed to the metal foam layer's ability to improve fluid mixing, the increased effective thermal conductivity of the fluid, and the formation of a thinner hydrodynamic boundary layer, which reduces thermal resistance. Additionally, as the thickness increases, the development of the thermal boundary layer becomes more pronounced due to the enhanced velocity and temperature gradients near the interface of the metal foam layer and the walls. Thicker metal foam layers further amplify heat transfer by intensifying velocity gradients, strengthening thermal gradients, and enhancing the interaction between conduction and convection at the interface. Moreover, as illustrated in Fig. 14 (b), increasing the foam thickness enhances the development of a thermal boundary layer near the tube wall. However, beyond a certain point, the benefits of improved conduction are offset by reduced coolant flow, indicating diminishing returns. Therefore, the optimal foam thickness is defined as the one that significantly improves local mixing and heat transfer without causing excessive flow deceleration. As observed, the solid phase temperature is higher for different thicknesses, with the highest value recorded for the 4 mm metal foam layer thickness. This indicates improved conduction in the vicinity of the copper tube's wall. Also, a temperature difference was observed at the interface between the metal foam layer and the clear region of the tube, including between the solid and liquid phases within the metal foam layer and the fluid temperature in the clear region. The increased fluid velocity at the interface, resulting from greater metal foam thickness, enhances force convection at the boundary between the metal foam layer and the clear region. The elevated fluid temperature at the tube's core, particularly for metal foam thicknesses exceeding 2 mm, serves as evidence of improved heat transfer and more effective heat removal from the copper tube wall. However, as shown in Fig. 14 (b), the maximum fluid temperature at the core for a 2 mm thickness is lower than that of the clear tube, resulting in a lower $\overline{Nu}_{\text{Battery}}$ as observed in Fig. 13. Also, as depicted in Fig. 14 (a), the dimensionless velocity at the core of the copper tube increases with the thickness of the metal foam layer up to 5 mm, reaching a maximum value of 3.68. However, further increasing the thickness to 6 mm reduces the maximum velocity to 3.37, which is slightly lower than the 4 mm case, where the maximum velocity is 3.39. As the thickness of the metal foam layer increases, occupying a significant cross-sectional area of the copper tube, and given the assumed porosity of 0.9 and pore density of 30 PPI [40], more fluid flow starts to penetrate into the metal foam. This results in a decline in the maximum velocity at the core of the tube. This observation is consistent to the results reported in the literature [81–83]. This phenomenon significantly impacts heat transfer performance, as reflected in the $T_{\text{Max}}$, Surface and $\overline{Nu}_{Battery}$.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 11.** Impact of the metal foam layer thickness on (a) batteries maximum surface temperature and (b) PCM liquid fraction.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 12.** Comparison of the $T_{Max, Surface}$ and $\Delta T_{Max, Surface}$ of the HBTMS with different metal foam layer thickness at 720 s.
+
+The pressure drop was observed to increase with the insertion of a thicker metal foam layer in the copper tube. Therefore, it is crucial to maintain a balance between the enhanced heat transfer and the increased pressure drop, which is an unfavourable factor in thermal management systems. The performance evaluation criteria (PEC) [84] which analyses the impact of metal foam layers within the copper tube on the Nusselt number and pressure drop, can be utilised to identify an optimal thickness. The PEC value is calculated as follows [84]:
+
+$$
+PEC = \frac{\overline{Nu}/\overline{Nu}_0}{(\overline{f_r}/\overline{f_{r0}})^{1/3}} \qquad (27)
+$$
+
+where $\overline{Nu}$ and $\overline{f_r}$ represent the average Nusselt number for the liquid cooling and the average friction factor, respectively, and are defined as follows:
+
+
+
+**Fig. 12.** (continued).
+
+
+
+**Fig. 13.** Batteries surface average Nusselt number for HBTMS with different metal foam layer thickness at 720 s.
+
+$$
+\overline{Nu} = \frac{\overline{h}D}{K_f} \qquad (28)
+$$
+
+where $\overline{h}$, $D$, and $K_f$ denote the average convective heat transfer coefficient, the inner diameter of the copper tube, and the thermal conductivity of water, respectively.
+
+$$
+\bar{f}_r = \frac{\Delta P}{\rho_f U_{\text{inlet}}^2} \qquad (29)
+$$
+
+where $\Delta P$, $\rho_f$, and $U_{\text{inlet}}$ correspond to the pressure drop in the copper tube, the density of water, and the inlet flow velocity, respectively.
+
+The PEC values for different metal foam layer thicknesses are provided in Fig. 15. A PEC value below 1 indicates that the increase in pressure drop outweighs the enhancement in heat transfer, as observed for the fully filled copper tube, which has a PEC value of 0.11. For partially filled copper tubes with different thicknesses, the PEC values exceed 1, indicating improved performance compared to the fully filled case. Notably, for a thickness of 4 mm, the PEC value is higher than that of other thicknesses, highlighting 4 mm as the optimal thickness. Increasing the foam thickness beyond this point further develops the thermal boundary layer near the tube wall, which can improve conduction. However, these gains are offset by a sharper reduction in coolant flow, leading to diminished convection especially at the interface of the metal foam layer and clear region. At the 4 mm thickness, the foam's ligaments still promote strong local mixing and conduction pathways without causing excessive flow deceleration which results in reduced convective heat transfer and excessive pressure drop. Therefore, the optimal thickness of 4 mm strikes an effective balance between enhanced heat transfer and increased pressure drop, while the porosity of 0.9 contributes to maintaining a high energy density for the system.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 14.** (a) Dimensionless velocity and (b) temperature within the copper tube with different metal foam layer thickness at 720 s.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 15.** Impact of metal foam layer thickness on PEC.
+
+## 4.3. Ambient temperature
+
+In this section, the impact of varying ambient temperatures on the performance of the HBTMS with two cooling plates and 4 mm metal foam insert thickness has been studied.
+
+The impact of ambient temperature, as a critical factor in HBTMSs with PCM, on the performance of the proposed HBTMS in terms of $T_{Max}$, Surface and $L_f$ during high 5C discharge rate is demonstrated in Fig. 16. As shown in Fig. 16 (a), $T_{Max}$, Surface increased more rapidly during discharge at low ambient temperatures. At lower ambient temperatures of 303.15 K and 308.15 K, $T_{Max}$, Surface rose by 8.67 K and 4.44 K, respectively. In contrast, at higher ambient temperatures of 313.15 K and 318.15 K, the variation of $T_{Max}$, Surface during the discharge was significantly lower, recorded at just 1.7 K and 1.5 K, respectively. This is due to the fact that at ambient temperatures below the PCM solidus temperature (311.15 K), as depicted in Fig. 16 (b), PCM was initially in its solid state, and only partial melting occurred during discharge reaching maximum liquid fraction of 0.02 due to the enhanced liquid cooling provided by the cooling plates. In contrast, at higher ambient temperatures, the PCM is partially melted at the onset of discharge, positioning it closer to its latent heat absorption range and thereby enabling more efficient heat absorption from the batteries. This, in conjunction with the cooling plates, allows for improved control over temperature rise during the discharge process. This underscores the importance of employing hybrid cooling systems with PCM, not only to enhance conduction and convection through the application of fins within the PCM but also to incorporate effective mechanisms, such as cooling plates, for extracting heat from the PCM housing under higher ambient temperatures. To provide a more detailed view of the PCM melting process, liquid fraction contour plots of the PCM are presented in Fig. 17 at 720 s. As shown, at the low ambient temperature of 303.15 K, the PCM around the batteries remained unmelted, as the temperature was effectively controlled below the solidus temperature. When the ambient temperature increased to 308.15 K, the PCM was observed to melt primarily within the fins, due to enhanced conduction, with the cooling plates having the most noticeable impact on batteries 1 to 4 in the first row. Similarly, at an ambient temperature of 313.15 K, the PCM was largely melted within the fins and around batteries 9 to 12. A uniform PCM melting pattern was observed, except for batteries 2 and 3, which were more affected by the liquid cooling inlet. At the highest ambient temperature of 318.15 K, the PCM surrounding the batteries was completely melted; however, the HBTMS still effectively controlled the temperature rise. Consequently, as shown in Fig. 16 (a), at high ambient temperatures of 313.15 K and 318.15 K, the proposed HBTMS maintained $T_{Max}$, Surface almost constant and close to the ambient temperature. Additionally, as depicted in Fig. 16 (b), the system recovered part of the melted PCM at 318.15 K and maintained a fairly constant $L_f$ value of around 0.4 at 313.15 K.
+
+$\overline{Nu}_{Battery}$ at different ambient temperatures is demonstrated in Fig. 18. At the low ambient temperature of 303.15 K, where the PCM remains unmelted and the battery surface temperature stays below the PCM melting temperature, $\overline{Nu}_{Battery}$ increased steadily during the discharge process. When the ambient temperature increased to 308.15 K, $\overline{Nu}_{Battery}$ reached a peak as the surface temperature approached the PCM solidus temperature. Once the PCM begins to melt, the thermal buffering effect of the phase change, combined with continued convective heat removal, leads to a reduction in $\overline{Nu}_{Battery}$, which decreases to approximately 135 by 720 s. At higher ambient temperatures, where the battery surface temperature exceeded the PCM solidus temperature at the start of the discharge, $\overline{Nu}_{Battery}$ exhibited a smoother trend throughout the discharge process. For the ambient temperature of 313.15 K, by 500 s, it stabilised around 40.8 and remained relatively steady until the end of discharge. This behaviour is attributed to the balance between the heat conducted through the battery housing into the PCM, fins, PCM housing, and cooling plates, and the heat removed by convection in the copper tubes enhanced by the metal foam layers. As shown in Fig. 16 (b), this balance is reflected in the consistently constant $L_f$ value during discharge. At the highest ambient temperature of 318.15 K, a similar trend was observed, with $\overline{Nu}_{\text{Battery}}$ exhibiting a quasi-steady behaviour during the last 20 s of discharge, reaching a value of approximately 20.2.
+
+
+
+(a)
+
+
+
+(b)
+
+**Fig. 16.** Impact of the ambient temperature on (a) batteries maximum surface temperature and (b) PCM liquid fraction.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 17.** PCM liquid fraction contour plots at different ambient temperatures at the 720 s.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 18.** Batteries surface average Nusselt number for HBTMS at different ambient temperatures at 720 s.
+
+Each battery's $T_{\text{Max, Surface}}$ and $\Delta T_{\text{Max, Surface}}$ at different ambient temperatures is presented in Fig. 19. As the ambient temperature increased, higher $T_{\text{Max, Surface}}$ values were observed with a consistent pattern of the highest temperatures occurring on batteries 9 and 12 and the lowest on batteries 2 and 3. $\Delta T_{\text{Max, Surface}}$ also had an increasing trend with higher ambient temperatures, with the highest $\Delta T_{\text{Max, Surface}}$ value on battery 4. When comparing ambient temperatures of 303.15 K and 308.15 K, a reduction of about 28% in $\Delta T_{\text{Max, Surface}}$ was observed at 308.15 K, attributed to increased PCM melting in metal foam fins, which absorbs a greater fraction of the heat generated by the battery. At higher ambient temperatures of 313.15 and 318.15, $\Delta T_{\text{Max, Surface}}$ on battery 4 reached about 1 K and 1.2 K, respectively, both values are well below the critical 5 K threshold. The maximum temperature differences among the batteries in the pack were 1.3 K, 1.27 K, 2.1 K, and 3.43 K for ambient temperatures of 303.15 K, 308.15 K, 313.15 K, and 318.15 K, respectively, which is also below the 5 K threshold. These findings emphasise that the integration of PCM with longitudinal metal foam fins and cooling plates with copper tubes enhanced by metal foam layers effectively controls the maximum temperature while ensuring a uniform and acceptable temperature distribution within the battery pack even at high ambient temperatures.
+
+# 5. Conclusion
+
+Effective thermal management systems are crucial for enhancing the performance, safety, and lifespan of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Therefore, this study numerically investigated a hybrid battery thermal management system (HBTMS) that integrates phase change material (PCM), copper metal foam as longitudinal fins and metal foam layers, along with liquid cooling. Unlike previous studies that typically adopt conventional solid fins or address passive and active cooling separately, this work addresses an important gap by optimising the use of metal foam fins and layers within the HBTMS. The system achieves substantial enhancements in thermal performance and energy density due to the unique structure of metal foam, characterised by its interconnected pores, which facilitate heat conduction in the PCM and enhance convective heat transfer in the liquid cooling system. The effects of critical parameters, including the number of cooling plates with or without metal foam layer, the thickness of the metal foam layer within the copper tube, and the ambient temperature, were thoroughly analysed to evaluate their influence on the thermal and design performance of the HBTMS. The conclusions drawn from the study are as follows:
+
+
+
+**Fig. 19.** Comparison of the TMax, Surface and ΔTMax, Surface of the HBTMS at different ambient temperatures at 720 s.
+
+1. Enhanced thermal management:
+* By incorporating the HBTMS with cooling plates and copper metal foam the maximum battery surface temperature was reduced by up to 9.68 K, compared to pure PCM cooling.
+* At high ambient temperatures, the system delayed PCM melting and limited the maximum surface temperature rise, enhancing performance consistency.
+2. Optimised metal foam integration:
+* Metal foam layer with 4 mm thickness in the copper tube was identified as optimal, providing the best balance between improved heat transfer and minimal pressure drop, with performance evaluation criteria (PEC) of 1.41, indicating enhanced thermal performance relative to pressure drop compared to clear copper tube.
+* Fully filling the copper tubes hindered convection and reduced overall performance, emphasising the advantages of partially filled designs.
+* The inclusion of metal foam layers in the cooling tubes reduced the PCM liquid fraction by up to 97.51 % in HBTMS with three cooling plates.
+3. Improved energy density:
+* The optimised HBTMS design achieved a similar thermal performance with fewer cooling plates, demonstrating an 11 % improvement in energy density.
+4. Uniform temperature distribution:
+* Across all scenarios, the temperature gradient within the battery pack and each individual cell remained well below the critical threshold of 5 K, ensuring uniformity.
+
+# CRediT authorship contribution statement
+
+**Alireza Keyhani-Asl:** Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Validation, Software, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis. **Noel Perera:** Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Project administration. **Jens Lahr:** Supervision. **Reaz Hasan:** Writing – review & editing, Supervision, Conceptualization.
+
+# Funding
+
+This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
+
+# Declaration of competing interest
+
+The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_33.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_33.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..a5840be3072c83916266721f628f06625173e7e6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_33.md
@@ -0,0 +1,449 @@
+# 磷苯妥英钠注射用浓溶液说明书
+
+请仔细阅读说明书并在医师指导下使用
+
+
+
+**警示语**
+
+由于本药品存在严重低血压和心律失常的风险，成人静脉注射本品每分钟不应超过150mg。
+
+在静脉注射本药品期间和之后需要进行仔细的心脏监测。
+
+有需要时可减少给药速率或停止给药（详见【注意事项】）。
+
+## 【药品名称】
+
+通用名称：磷苯妥英钠注射用浓溶液
+
+英文名称：Fosphenytoin Sodium Concentrated Solution forl njection
+
+汉语拼音：Linbentuoyingna Zhusheyong nongrongye
+
+## 【成份】
+
+本品活性成份为磷苯妥英钠
+
+化学名称：2,4-咪唑啉二酮-5,5-二苯基-3-[（膦酰氧基）甲基]二钠盐
+
+化学结构式：
+
+
+
+分子式：$C_{16}H_{13}N_2Na_2O_6P$
+
+分子量：406.24
+
+辅料：磺丁基倍他环糊精钠、氨丁三醇、盐酸、氢氧化钠、注射用水
+
+## 【性状】
+
+本品为无色澄明液体。
+
+## 【适应症】
+
+用于治疗患者的全身性强直 - 阵挛性癫痫持续状态。
+
+用于预防和治疗神经外科围手术期和手术中引起的癫痫发作。
+
+当患者无法口服苯妥英钠时，本品可用于短期替代治疗。
+
+## 【规格】
+
+(1) 2ml: 100mg (按 $C_{15}H_{11}N_2NaO_2$ 计)
+
+(2) 10ml: 500mg (按 $C_{15}H_{11}N_2NaO_2$ 计)
+
+## 【用法用量】
+
+磷苯妥英钠转化为苯妥英钠的半衰期约15分钟。
+
+### 代谢
+
+经过肠胃外给药，磷苯妥英钠被转化为抗惊厥药苯妥英钠。转换磷苯妥英钠和苯妥英钠的剂量时，无需进行以分子量为基础的调整。本品的剂量、浓度和输注速率应以苯妥英钠当量（PE）表示。结合我国情况，并为表达使用方便，本说明书中仍以 mg 表示，未使用mg PE。
+
+### 药品配制：
+
+静脉输液前，将本品稀释于5%葡萄糖或0.9%生理盐水中，药物浓度应在1.5-25mg/mL之间。所有溶液中的药物最大浓度应为25mg/mL。当本品以静脉输注的方式给药时，需要稀释，并且成人只能以不超过150mg/min的速度给药，2岁至17岁儿童患者以不超过0.4mg/kg/min的速度给药。
+
+在给药前，只要溶液和容器允许，非肠道给药产品应目视检查颗粒物质和变色情况。不应使用有颗粒物或变色的药品。
+
+稀释后的本品溶液在室温下4小时内稳定。
+
+仅用于单次注射：打开后，任何剩余的产品都应该被丢弃。
+
+### 给药剂量：
+
+表 1. 癫痫持续状态：
+
+| 人群 | 剂量 | 输注速率 | | 成人 | 15 ~ 20 mg/kg | 100mg/min至150mg/min, 最大给药速率不要超过150 mg/min | 儿童
(2岁至17岁) | 15 ~ 20 mg/kg | 最大给药速率不超过
0.4 mg/kg/min |
+
+表 2. 非紧急负荷量（包括预防和治疗手术中及围手术期的癫痫发作）
+
+| 人群 | 剂量 | 输注速率 | | 成人 | 10 ~ 20 mg/kg | 最大给药速率不超过
150 mg/min | 儿童
(2岁至17岁) | 10 ~ 15mg/kg | 最大给药速率不超过
0.4 mg/kg/min |
+
+表 3. 维持剂量（包括口服苯妥英钠短期替代）
+
+| 人群 | 剂量 | 输注速率 | | 成人 | 初始维持剂量：4~6mg/kg/d，分次给药 | 最大速率不超过
150 mg/min | 儿童
(2岁至17岁) | 初始维持剂量：2~4mg/kg (应在负荷剂量之后
12小时给予) | 最大速率不超过
0.4 mg/kg/min | 初始维持剂量之后的维持剂量：4~8mg/kg/d，
分次给药 (初始维持剂量
后每隔12小时继续给药) | 最大速率不超过
0.4 mg/kg/min |
+
+## 【不良反应】
+
+常见的不良反应(发生率＞10%)有：瘙痒、头痛、头晕、眩晕、恶心、注射部位疼痛。
+
+其他严重的不良反应详见【注意事项】。
+
+## 【禁忌】
+
+对本品或其非活性成分、苯妥英钠或其他乙内酰脲类过敏史的禁忌。
+
+窦性心动过缓、窦房传导阻滞、二度和三度房室传导阻滞或阿斯综合征，由于注射用苯妥英钠或本品对心室自主性的影响。
+
+既往因本品或苯妥英钠引起的急性肝毒性病史。
+
+与地拉韦定(delavirdine)联用,可能导致失去病毒学应答,或可能产生对非核苷类反转录酶抑制剂的耐药性。
+
+## 【注意事项】
+
+### 1、剂量错误
+
+**50mg/mL浓度**
+
+与本品相关的剂量错误会导致患者接受错误剂量的磷苯妥英钠。本品拟上市药品分为2ml 药液中含有100mg,10ml 的药液中含有500mg。每瓶浓度为50mg/mL,经常发生的错误是将瓶内药物的浓度(50mg/mL),当成50mg/瓶，严禁将药物浓度和规格混淆,以免给药过量,导致致命危险。
+
+### 2、与快速给药
+
+快速静脉注射本品会增加心血管不良事件的风险,包括严重低血压和心律失常。心律失常包括心动过缓、心脏阻滞、QT间期延长、室性心动过速和心室颤动,它们可以导致心脏停搏和死亡。严重并发症最常见于危重患者、老年患者、低血压和严重心机功能不全的患者。然而，在没有心脏病或合并症的成人和儿童中,以推荐剂量和输注速率给药,也有相关心脏事件的报道。
+
+静脉注射本品的速率不应超过成人每分钟150mg和儿童患者每分钟2mg/kg/min(或150mg/min，以慢者为准)。
+
+虽然当输注速率高于推荐输注速率时心血管的风险有所增加，但是当低于推荐输注速率时这些事件也有报告。
+
+非紧急治疗时，静脉注射本品的给药速率应更慢。由于静脉注射本品与心脏病和局部毒性风险相关，因此应尽可能使用口服苯妥英。
+
+由于在输液期间和输液后都发生心血管不良反应，因此在静脉注射本品期间和输液后需要进行仔细的心脏和呼吸监测。必要时可能需要减少给药速率或停止给药。
+
+### 3、突然停药后诱发的癫痫发作,癫痫持续状态发作
+
+抗癫痫药物不应该突然停药,因为可能增加癫痫发作 频率,包括癫痫持续状态。应根据临床医生的判断来逐步减少剂量、中断给药或更换替代性抗癫痫药物。然而,在有过敏或超敏反应的情况下,快速选用替代疗法可能是必要的。在这种情况下,替代疗法应选用不属于乙内酰脲类化学药物的抗癫痫药物。
+
+### 4、严重皮肤反应
+
+本品可能会引起严重的皮肤不良反应(SCARs)，可能会致命。据报道,用苯妥英钠(Cerebyx的活性代谢产物)治疗中出现严重的、有时甚至是致命的皮肤不良反应，包括中毒性表皮坏死松解(TEN)和史蒂文斯·约翰逊综合征(SJS)。症状的发作通常在用药后28天内，但以后也可能会发生。除非皮疹明显与药物无关，否则应在皮疹的出现的第一时间停药。如果症状或体征提示中毒性表皮坏死松解(TEN)或史蒂文斯·约翰逊综合征(SJS)，则不应继续使用本品，应考虑替代治疗。如果出现皮疹，应评估患者的体征和症状是否与嗜酸性粒细胞病增多及系统症状的药物反应有关。
+
+在对有中国血统患者的研究中发现，在使用卡马西平的患者中，发生SJS/TEN的风险与HLA-B\*1502(HLA-B\*1502)基因型存在强烈关联，HLA-B\*1502是HLA-B基因的遗传等位变异体。有限的证据表明HLA-B\*1502可能是服用与SJS/TEN相关的其他抗癫痫药物(包括苯妥英钠)的亚洲祖先患者发生SJS/TEN的危险因素。此外，对东南亚血统患者进行的回顾性、病例对照、全基因组关联研究发现，疤痕风险的增加与患者CYP2C9\*3变异体功能降低有关，同样也和苯妥英钠清除率降低有关。对于HLA-B\*1502的阳性患者或CYP2C9\*3携带者，应考虑避免使用本品作为卡马西平的替代药物。
+
+CYP2C9\*3的携带者是否应该使用本品，考虑应该从计量范围的下限开始使用。
+
+使用HLA-B\*1502或CYP2C9基因分型有重要的局限性，绝不能取代临床警惕性和患者管理。其他对SJS/TEN的发展和发病率有作用的可能因素，如抗癫痫药物(AED)剂量、依从性、伴随用药和合并症以及皮肤病学监测水平尚未研究。
+
+### 5、与嗜酸性粒细胞增多及全身症状相关的药物反应/多器官超敏反应
+
+有报道称,服用抗癫痫药物(包括苯妥英钠和本品)的患者发生嗜酸性粒细胞增多和系统症状(DRESS)药物反应综合征,也称为多器官过敏的案例。
+
+这些事件中的部分事件已经致命或危及生命。DRESS的典型症状表现为发烧、皮疹、淋巴结肿大和/或面部肿胀,与其他器官系统受累有关的症状表现为肝炎、肾炎、血液学异常、心肌炎或有时类似于急性病毒感染的心肌炎,但不排除其他症状,嗜酸性粒细胞增多常有出现。其他器官系统在这里没有被提及,因为这些系统紊乱的症状是可变的。重要的是要注意过敏的早期表现,如发烧或淋巴结肿大,这些表现可能在皮疹不明显时已经存在。如果出现这样的症状或体征,应立即对患者进行评估。如果不能发现症状或体征的其他病因,则应停止本药。
+
+### 6、超敏反应
+
+本品和其他乙内酰脲类药物禁用于有苯妥英钠类药物过敏史的患者[见禁忌]。此外，对于这些患者，应考虑替代结构相似的药物，如甲酰胺(例如，卡马西平)、巴比妥酸盐、琥珀酰亚胺和恶唑烷二酮(例如，三甲二酮)。类似地，如果患者或直系亲属中有对这些结构相似的药物有过敏的历史，应考虑替代治疗。
+
+### 7、血管性水肿
+
+据报道，已上市的苯妥英钠和磷苯妥英钠在治疗患者的过程中出现血管性水肿，如出现面部、口腔周围或上呼吸道肿胀等血管性水肿症状，则应立即停用本药，如果不能确定另一种明确的原因，则应永久停用本药。
+
+### 8、肝损伤
+
+已有报道关于苯妥英钠(本品的活性代谢物)导致急性肝毒性的病例，包括罕见的急性肝衰竭的病例，这些事件可能是一种症候群一部分，或者可能是孤立发生的。其他常见的表现包括黄疸、肝肿大、血清转氨酶升高、白细胞增多和嗜酸性粒细胞增多。急性苯妥英钠肝毒性的临床演变过程可迅速恢复、也可致命。在急性肝毒性患者中，应立即停止本药，并且永不再用。
+
+### 9、造血相关并发症
+
+造血相关并发症，偶尔出现与苯妥英钠(本品的活性代谢物)使用有关的致命性并发症。这些疾病包括血小板减少、白细胞减少、粒细胞减少、粒细胞缺乏症、粒细胞缺乏症以及伴有或不伴有骨髓抑制的全血细胞减少。
+
+已有许多报告表明苯妥英钠与淋巴结病(局部或全身)的发展有关，包括良性淋巴结增生、假性淋巴瘤、淋巴瘤和霍奇金病。尽管尚未建立因果关系，但淋巴结病的发生表明需要将这种情况与其他类型的淋巴结病理学加以区别。淋巴结受累可能出现类似于DRESS综合征(伴随嗜酸性粒细胞增多的全身药物反应综合征)的症状和体征。
+
+在所有淋巴结病变的病例中，都指出要长期随访观察，并且应尽一切努力使用替代性抗癫痫药物来控制癫痫发作。
+
+### 10、感觉障碍
+
+16名健康志愿者以1200mg的最大输注速率(150mg/min)静脉注射本品。其中有7人报告了严重烧伤样感觉、瘙痒和/或感觉异常，6人的严重感觉障碍持续了3~50分钟，第7个人的感觉障碍持续了14小时。在一些情况下，较轻微的感觉障碍可以持续长达24小时。不同志愿者产生不适的部位不同，但最常见的部位为腹股沟。在16名健康志愿者(取自其他2项研究)的单独队列中，在最大给药速率(150mg/min)下通过静脉输注给予1200mg的药物剂量，没有出现严重不适，但大多数志愿者产生了轻度到中度瘙痒或刺痛。以150mg/min的剂量给予20mg/kg剂量的本品的患者预计会产生某种程度的不适。通过减缓或暂时停止输液可以减轻该不适的发生和强度。如果产生这些感觉后仍然持续输注本药,其后果未知。到目前为止还没有永久性后遗症的报道。这些阳性感觉症状的药理学基础尚不清楚,但是其他具有较小磷酸盐负荷的磷酸酯药物主要与腹股沟区域的灼烧、瘙痒和/或刺痛有关。
+
+### 11、局部毒性（包括紫手套综合征）
+
+还有关于外周静脉注射后注射部位远端水肿、变色和疼痛（称为“紫手套综合征”）的报告。这可能与药物外渗有关，也可能无关。这种综合征可能不会继续发展。
+
+### 12、磷酸盐负荷
+
+需要限制磷酸盐的患者，例如那些有严重肾损害的患者，需再次考虑本品(0.0037mmol 苯妥英钠/mg本品)提供的磷酸盐负荷剂量。
+
+### 13、肾脏或肝脏疾病或低白蛋白血症
+
+因为在肾病、肝病或低白蛋白血症患者中，未结合的苯妥英钠（活性代谢物）的部分增加，苯妥英钠血清水平的监测应该基于这些患者的血清未结合部分。肾病和/或肝病患者或低白蛋白血症患者静脉注射后，磷苯妥英钠转化为苯妥英钠的转化率可能增加，而苯妥英钠清除率没有类似增加。这有可能增加不良事件发生的次数和严重程度。
+
+### 14、卟啉病加重
+
+鉴于有关于苯妥英（本品的活性代谢产物）导致卟啉病恶化的独立报道，患有这种疾病的患者中使用本品时应谨慎。
+
+### 15、致畸性及对新生儿的其他危害
+
+孕妇使用本品可能会导致对胎儿的伤害。新生儿在出生前如果暴露于苯妥英（本品的活性代谢产物）中可能增加先天性畸形和其他不良事件结果的风险。
+
+主要畸形（如口面部裂隙和心脏缺陷）和胎儿乙内酰脲综合征的频率异常增加，包括畸形的头骨和面部特征、指甲和手指发育不良、生长异常（包括小头畸形）和认知缺陷。据报道，在怀孕期间单独或联合使用苯妥英钠或其他抗癫痫药物的癫痫妇女所生的儿童中，已经有了多个恶性肿瘤病例，包括神经母细胞瘤。据报道，在欧美临床使用中，孕期使用抗癫痫药物（包括苯妥英钠）治疗癫痫患者的所生儿童的总畸形率约为10%，是一般人群的2到3倍。
+
+在子宫内与苯妥英钠接触的新生儿可能会发生与维生素K依赖性凝血因子水平降低有关的出血性疾病。这是一种潜在的威胁生命的疾病。这种药物引起的疾病可以通过在分娩前给予母亲以及产后给予新生儿维生素K来预防。
+
+### 16、高血糖症
+
+据报道，由于苯妥英钠（本品的活性代谢产物）会抑制胰岛素释放，从而导致高血糖。苯妥英钠也可提高糖尿病患者的血糖水平。
+
+### 17、治疗水平以上的血清苯妥英钠水平
+
+维持在治疗范围以上的血清苯妥英钠（本品的活性代谢物）水平可产生名为“谵妄”、“精神病”或“脑病”的混乱状态，极少出现不可逆的小脑功能障碍和/或小脑萎缩。因此，在急性毒性的第一个迹象出现的时候，应立即检查血清的苯妥英钠水平。如果血清水平过高，则表明应该减少本品剂量；如果此症状持续存在，则应停止服用本品。
+
+### 18、肾、肝损害或低白蛋白血症患者用药
+
+肝脏是生物转化的场所。肝功能受损、老年患者或严重疾病的患者可能表现出早期药物毒性。
+
+由于肾病或肝病患者或低白蛋白血症患者血清中的未结合苯妥英钠（本品的活性代谢产物）的比例增加，因此苯妥英钠的血清水平监测应基于这些患者的苯妥英钠的未结合部分百分比。
+
+肾病和/或肝病患者或低白蛋白血症患者静脉注射本药后，磷苯妥英钠对苯妥英钠的转化率可增加，但苯妥英钠的清除率无类似增加。这有可能增加不良事件的频率和严重程度。
+
+已知磺丁基倍他环糊精钠（Captisol）在中重度肾损害患者中积累。因此应密切监测接受静脉输注本药的严重肾功能损害(eGFR15-29mL/min/1.73m²)患者的血清肌酐水平。如果血清肌酐水平升高，则考虑改为口服苯妥英钠。
+
+## 【孕妇及哺乳期妇女用药】
+
+### 1、妊娠
+
+风险概述
+
+人类在出生前接触苯妥英钠（本品的活性代谢产物）可能增加先天性畸形和其他不良发展结果的风险。报道在怀孕期间单独或联合使用苯妥英钠或其他抗癫痫药物的癫痫妇女所生的儿童中，主要畸形（如口面部裂隙和心脏缺陷）和胎儿乙内酰脲综合征（畸形的头骨和面部特征，指甲和手指发育不良，生长异常（包括小脑）和认知缺陷）的发病率增加。在母亲怀孕期间接受苯妥英钠治疗的儿童中，已经报告了几例恶性肿瘤，包括神经母细胞瘤。
+
+给予怀孕动物苯妥英钠临床剂量，导致相关的多种动物胎儿畸形和其他发育毒性（包括胚胎死亡、生长障碍和行为异常）表现的发病率增加。
+
+在正常美国人群中，临床确认的妊娠主要出生缺陷和流产的风险分别为2-4%和15-20%。怀孕期间使用抗癫痫药物（苯妥英钠和/或其他药物）治疗的癫痫妇女的儿童畸形的总体发生率约为10%，或一般人群的2-3倍。
+
+临床考虑
+
+因为苯妥英钠的药代动力学改变，癫痫的发作频率可能在怀孕期间增加。定期测定血清苯妥英钠浓度对孕妇进行管理，可作为适当调整剂量的依据，产后可以恢复原有剂量。
+
+### 2、泌乳期
+
+目前还不清楚母乳中是否有磷苯妥英分泌。苯妥英钠（本品的活性代谢物）给药后，苯妥英钠会分泌在乳汁中。母乳喂养对儿童的发育和健康的益处应当与母亲对本品的临床需要以及母乳喂养时本品对儿童的潜在不良反应以及母亲身体状况综合考虑。
+
+## 【儿童用药】
+
+本品可用于治疗2-17岁的儿童的全身强直-阵挛性癫痫持续状态,以及预防和治疗神经外科手术中发生的癫痫发作。因为快速静脉注射本品会增加心血管不良反应的风险,所以儿童患者的给药速率不应超过0.4mg/kg/min。
+
+## 【老年用药】
+
+没有针对老年患者的系统研究。苯妥英钠清除率随着年龄的增长而降低,因此老年患者可能需要更低或更少的剂量(参见【药代动力学】)。
+
+## 【药物相互作用】
+
+磷苯妥英广泛地与人血浆蛋白结合,如使用与白蛋白高度结合的药物可增加磷苯妥英的游离部分。虽然,尚不清楚这是否可以导致临床上的显著差异,但建议在同时使用本品与其他显著结合血清白蛋白的药物时应谨慎。本品给药后最重要的产生药物相互作用的药物预计是与苯妥英有相互作用的药物。苯妥英钠与血浆蛋白广泛结合,易发生竞争性移位。苯妥英钠由肝细胞色素P450酶CYP2C9和CYP2C19代谢,并且特别容易受到抑制性药物相互作用,因为它受到饱和代谢的影响。新陈代谢的抑制可显著增加循环苯妥英钠的浓度并增加药物毒性的风险。当怀疑药物相互作用时,应监测血清苯妥英钠的水平。
+
+苯妥英钠或本品是肝脏药物代谢酶的强力诱导剂。
+
+### 1、影响苯妥英钠或本品的药物
+
+表4包括常见的与苯妥英钠产生相互作用的并影响苯妥英钠(本品的活性代谢物)浓度的药物。然而,本表并不包括所有这类药物。
+
+在苯妥英钠治疗患者中添加或撤消表中药物可能需要调整苯妥英钠剂量以得到最佳临床结果。
+
+### 2、受苯妥英钠或本品影响的药物
+
+表5包括常见的受苯妥英钠(本品的活性代谢物)影响而产生药物相互作用的药物。然而,本表并不包括所有这类药物。具体信息详见其药物说明书。
+
+采用下表中药物治疗患者时,如添加或撤销苯妥英钠(或本品)时,可能需要调整这些药物的剂量,以得到最佳临床结果。
+
+### 3、药物/实验室试验相互作用
+
+在使用免疫分析方法测定使用本药后的血清苯妥英钠浓度时应小心。
+
+## 【药物过量】
+
+在磷苯妥英钠注射液过量的病例中,已有关于恶心、呕吐、嗜睡、心动过速、心动过缓、心搏停止、低血压、晕厥、低钙血症、代谢性酸中毒和死亡等的报道。因为本品是苯妥英钠的前体药物,下面关于苯妥英钠过量的信息可能会提供一些帮助。苯妥英钠急性中毒的初始症状是眼球震颤、共济失调和构音障碍。其他体征包括震颤、反射亢进、嗜睡、说话含糊不清、恶心、呕吐、昏迷和低血压。
+
+表4. 影响苯妥英钠血药浓度的药物
+
+| 药物种类 | 代表药物 |
|---|
| 可能升高血清苯妥英钠浓度的药物 | | 抗癫痫药物 | 乙琥胺、非氨酯、奥卡西平、甲琥胺、托吡酯 | | 唑类 | 氟康唑、酮康唑、伊曲康唑、咪康唑、伏立康唑 | | 抗肿瘤药 | 卡培他滨、氟尿嘧啶 | | 抗抑郁药 | 氟西汀、氟伏沙明、舍曲林 | | 抑酸剂 | H2受体拮抗剂(西咪替丁)、奥美拉唑 | | 磺胺类药物 | 磺胺甲噻二唑、磺胺苯吡唑、磺胺嘧啶、磺胺甲恶唑、甲氧苄氨嘧啶 | | 其他 | 急性酒精摄入、胺碘酮、氯霉素、氯氮卓、双硫仑、雌激素、氟伐他汀、异烟肼、哌甲酯、吩噻嗪、水杨酸类、噻氯匹定、甲苯磺丁脲、曲唑酮、华法林 | | 可能降低血清苯妥英钠浓度的药物 | | 联合抗肿瘤药使用 | 博来霉素、卡铂、顺铂、阿霉素、甲氨蝶呤 | | 抗病毒药物 | 福沙那韦、奈非那韦、利托那韦 | | 抗癫痫药物 | 卡马西平、氨己烯酸 | | 其他 | 慢性酒精滥用、地西泮、二氮嗪、叶酸、利血平、利福平、圣约翰草a、茶碱 | | 可能降低或升高血清苯妥英钠浓度的药物 | | 抗癫痫药 | 苯巴比妥、丙戊酸钠、丙戊酸 |
+
+a圣约翰草的诱导效力与其含量有关系。
+
+表5. 受苯妥英钠影响的药物
+
+| 药物种类 | 代表药物 |
|---|
| 被苯妥英钠影响效力的药物 | | 唑类 | 氟康唑、酮康唑、伊曲康唑、泊沙康唑、伏立康唑 | | 抗肿瘤药 | 伊立替康、紫杉醇、替尼泊苷 | | 地拉夫定 | 苯妥英钠可显著降低地拉夫定的浓度。这可能导致病毒学应答的丧失和可能的耐药性。 | | 神经肌肉阻断剂 | 顺式阿曲库铵、泮库溴铵、罗库溴铵和维库溴铵:对非去极化神经肌肉阻滞剂的神经肌肉阻滞作用产生耐药的患者对慢性应用苯妥英钠同样产生抵抗。苯妥英钠是否对其他非去极化剂具有同样的作用尚不清楚。预防或管理:应密切监测患者,以便从神经肌肉阻滞中更快地恢复,并且对输注速率要求的可能更高。 | | 华法林 | 已有报道称:当苯妥英钠与华法林联合用药时,PT(凝血酶原时间)/INR(国际标准化比值)可能增加或降低。 | | 其他 | 皮质类固醇、强力霉素、雌激素、呋塞米、口服避孕药、帕罗西汀、奎尼丁、利福平、舍曲林、茶碱和维生素D | | 可能被苯妥英钠降低血药浓度的药物 | | 抗癫痫药a | 卡马西平、非尔酸盐、拉莫三嗪、托吡酯、奥卡西平 | | 降血脂药 | 阿托伐他汀、氟伐他汀、辛伐他汀 | | 抗病毒药 | 依法韦仑、洛匹那韦/利托那韦、茚地那韦、奈非那韦、利托那韦、沙奎那韦福沙那韦,合并给予福沙那韦时,苯妥英钠可降低其活性代谢物安普那韦的浓度。合并给予福沙那韦与利托那韦时,苯妥英钠可提高安普那韦的浓度。 | | 钙离子通道阻滞药 | 硝苯地平、尼莫地平、尼索地平、维拉帕米 | | 其他 | 阿苯达唑(减少活性代谢物)、氯磺丙脲、氯氮平、环孢素、地高辛、叶酸、美沙酮、美西律定、吡喹酮、喹硫平 |
+
+a苯妥英钠对苯巴比妥、丙戊酸和丙戊酸钠血药浓度的影响是不可预测的。
+
+死亡是由于呼吸和循环障碍引起的。成人苯妥英钠的致死剂量估计为2~5g。儿童的致死剂量尚不清楚。
+
+在中毒发生时苯妥英钠血药浓度之间存在显著的个体差异。20μg/mL时常出现侧视性眼震颤;30μg/mL时常出现共济失调;当血清浓度超过40μg/mL时，出现构音障碍和嗜睡，然而，当苯妥英血药浓度达50μg/mL时，没有报道有毒性;当使用达到苯妥英治疗剂量的25倍时，苯妥英的血药浓度超过100μg/mL，但可以完全恢复。据报道显示，过量用药后会出现不可逆的小脑功能障碍和萎缩。
+
+甲酸盐和磷酸盐是本品的代谢物，因此可能导致过量用药后的中毒症状。甲酸盐的中毒症状与甲醇中毒相似，与严重阴离子间隙增大的代谢性酸中毒有关。大量磷酸盐，迅速分布，导致低钙血症与感觉异常，肌肉痉挛和癫痫发作。此时血清游离钙浓度较低，可以测量血清游离钙浓度用于指导治疗。
+
+治疗:没有针对性治疗方法，因为没有已知的对本品或苯妥英钠过量的解毒剂。
+
+应仔细观察呼吸和循环系统，并采取适当的支持措施。因为苯妥英钠(商品名的活性代谢物)与血浆蛋白的不完全结合，因此可用血液透析治疗。全身血液置换已被用于治疗儿童重度药物中毒。
+
+在急性药物过量时，应考虑其他中枢神经抑制剂包括酒精的可能性。
+
+## 【药代动力学】
+
+### 磷苯妥英钠
+
+#### 吸收
+
+静脉注射:当通过静脉输注给药时，在输注结束时，达到最大血浆磷苯妥英浓度。
+
+肌肉注射:肌肉注射本品时，磷苯妥英钠可被完全利用。峰值浓度出现在给药后约30分钟。由于从注射部位吸收磷苯妥英钠需要时间，肌注给药后的血浆磷苯妥英钠浓度低于静脉注射给药后的血浆磷苯妥英钠浓度，但比静脉注射给药后的血浆磷苯妥英浓度更持久。
+
+#### 分布
+
+磷苯妥英钠与人血浆蛋白(主要是白蛋白)广泛结合(95%~99%)。血浆蛋白的饱和结合的结果，必然会降低血浆白蛋白浓度下降及血浆总磷苯妥英浓度增加。磷苯妥英钠从蛋白结合位点置换苯妥英钠。磷苯妥英钠的分布体积随着本品剂量和注射速率的增加而增加，范围从4.3L到10.8L。
+
+#### 消除
+
+磷苯妥英钠转化为苯妥英钠的半衰期约15分钟。
+
+#### 代谢
+
+经过肠胃外给药，磷苯妥英钠被转化为抗惊厥药苯妥英钠。磷苯妥英钠的转化机制尚未确定，但磷酸酶可能起主要作用。磷苯妥英钠被代谢成苯妥英钠、磷酸盐和甲酸盐。每1mmol的磷苯妥英，可以产生1mmol的苯妥英钠。磷苯妥英还可以水解产生两种代谢物，磷酸盐和甲醛。甲醛随后转化成甲酸盐，通过叶酸依赖的机制代谢。虽然磷酸盐和甲醛（甲酸甲酯）具有潜在的重要生物学效应，这些效应是在推荐剂量下使用本品时就能发生。
+
+#### 排泄
+
+磷苯妥英不会在尿液中排泄。
+
+### 苯妥英（使用本品后的活性代谢产物）
+
+一般来说,肌肉注射本品后可产生与口服苯妥英钠相当的系统性苯妥英浓度,因此原则上是可以互换使用。然而,静脉注射本品后的磷苯妥英的药物动力学较复杂,当用于紧急情况(例如,癫痫状态)时,可利用的苯妥英钠的转化率的差异可能是关键。因此,研究已经根据经验确定了本品的输注速率,该输注速率提供了类似于输注50mg/min苯妥英钠程度的全身苯妥英钠转化速率和程度。以100\~150mgPE/min的速率输注本品15\~20mgPE/kg的剂量,随时间产生血浆游离苯妥英浓度,接近当以50mg/min注射当量苯妥英钠(例如,肠外给予苯妥英)时达到的水平。
+
+
+
+图1：静脉注1200mgPE本药以100mgPE/min(三角形)或150mgPE/min(正方形)注入或1200mg地伦丁以50mg/min(菱形)注入健康受试者(N=12)后,血浆中未结合苯妥英钠的平均浓度。图像显示整个96小时采样周期的时间进程。
+
+在静脉单次给予400~1200mgPE剂量的本品后,平均最大总苯妥英钠浓度与剂量成比例增加,但不随输注速率的变化而显著变化。相反,平均最大游离苯妥英钠浓度随剂量和速率的增加而增加。
+
+#### 吸收:
+
+磷苯妥英在静脉输注给药后完全转化为苯妥英钠,半衰期约为15min。肌肉注射后,磷苯妥英也完全转化为苯妥英钠,血浆总苯妥英浓度在大约3小时内达到高峰。
+
+#### 分布:
+
+苯妥英钠与血浆蛋白高度结合，主要是白蛋白，尽管不如磷苯妥英的结合力。在没有磷苯妥英的情况下，大约12%的血浆总苯妥英钠在临床相关浓度范围内没有结合。
+
+然而,磷苯妥英从血浆蛋白结合位点置换苯妥英。这增加了在磷苯妥英转化为苯妥英的过程中(输注后约0.5~1小时)苯妥英钠的未结合部分(高达30%未结合)。
+
+#### 消除:
+
+使用本品后的平均总苯妥英钠半衰期值(12~28.9小时)与肠外注射等剂量苯妥英相似后，且在较高血浆苯妥英浓度时其半衰期会趋于更大。
+
+#### 代谢
+
+来源于本品的苯妥英钠在肝脏中被细胞色素 P450酶CYP2C9和CYP2C19广泛代谢。苯妥英钠的肝脏代谢是可以饱和的。单次静脉注射本品400~1200mgPE，总苯妥英钠的AUC值和未结合苯妥英AUC值会随剂量不成比例地增加。
+
+#### 排泄
+
+本品使用后产生的苯妥英钠主要以5-(对羟基苯基)-5苯基乙内酰脲及葡糖醛酸的形式在尿中排泄;很少的苯妥英钠(本品剂量的1%-5%)可以以原型的形式在尿中回收得到。
+
+特殊人群
+
+老年人:
+
+对5~98岁患者的年龄对药代动力学的影响进行了评价。患者年龄对磷苯妥英的药代动力学无显著影响。苯妥英清除率随年龄增加而降低(70岁以上患者比20-30岁患者减少20%)，因此，老年患者可能需要更低或更少的剂量。
+
+性别/种族:
+
+性别和种族对磷苯妥英或苯妥英钠的药代动力学无显著影响。
+
+肾或肝损害:
+
+据报道，在肾脏或肝脏疾病患者或低白蛋白血症患者中，游离苯妥英(本品的活性代谢产物)的比例增加。
+
+孕妇
+
+文献中已经报道，苯妥英钠(本品的活性代谢物)的血浆清除率在妊娠期间通常会增加，在妊娠晚期达到高峰，并在分娩数周或数月后恢复到妊娠前水平。
+
+药物相互作用研究机理来源于本品转化的苯妥英钠在肝脏中被细胞色素P450酶CYP2C9和CYP2C19广泛代谢。没有已知的药物干扰磷苯妥英向苯妥英的转化。磷酸酶活性水平的改变可能影响转化，但鉴于磷酸酶在体内的丰富和广泛分布，药物不太可能影响磷苯妥英向苯妥英转化的酶的活性。
+
+同时单次给予次于最大剂量的地西泮和磷苯妥英钠，结果显示:磷苯妥英、苯妥英和地西泮的药代动力学和蛋白结合没有改变。
+
+### 药物基因组学
+
+CYP2C9\*2 和 CYP2C9\*3 等位基因发生遗传变异的个体 CYP2C9 活性降低。等位基因变异的携带者，会导致中等(如\*1/\*3, \*2/\*2)或慢代谢(如\*2/\*3, \*3/\*3), 从而导致对苯妥英钠的清除降低(如\*5, \*6, \*8, \*11)。
+
+CYP2C9慢代谢表型的患病率在白种人中约为2-3%，在亚洲人中约为0.5-4%，在非裔美国人中约为1%。CYP2C9中代谢表型的患病率在白人中约为35%，非裔美国人约为24%，亚洲人约为15-36%。
+
+与正常代谢者(如\*1/\*1)相比,CYP2C9底物代谢中低水平(如\*1/\*3, \*2/\*2, \*3/\*3)的患者可能出现苯妥英血药浓度升高。因此,与正常代谢者相比,中等或较差代谢的患者可能最终需要更低的剂量来维持类似的稳态血药浓度。对于已知携带CYP2C9\*2或\*3功能下降等位基因的患者(中低代谢者),可以考虑从剂量范围的下限开始,监测血清浓度,将苯妥英总浓度维持在10-20ug/mL。如果出现与剂量相关的中枢神经系统(CNS)毒性的早期迹象,应立即检查血清浓度。
+
+## 【药理毒理】
+
+### 药理作用
+
+磷苯妥英为苯妥英前药,其抗惊厥作用归因于苯妥英。苯妥英发挥治疗作用的确切机制尚不清楚,但被认为与电压依赖性阻断膜钠通道,从而导致持续高频的神经元放电减少有关。
+
+### 毒理研究
+
+#### 遗传毒性
+
+磷苯妥英 Ames试验、体外中国仓鼠肺细胞染色体畸变试验和小鼠体内骨髓微核试验结果为阴性,在体外 V79 中国仓鼠肺细胞染色体畸变试验中,在代谢活化条件下染色体结构畸变增加。
+
+#### 生殖毒性
+
+雄性和雌性大鼠于交配期间、雌性大鼠于整个妊娠期和哺乳期继续给予磷苯妥英50mg/kg或更高剂量,未观察到对雄性生育力的影响,在雌性中在所有剂量组观察到与母体毒性相关的动情周期改变、交配延迟、妊娠时间延长和发育毒性。以mg/m²计,试验中的低剂量约相当于最大人体负荷剂量的40%。
+
+妊娠大鼠、兔和小鼠于器官发生期给予苯妥英,可导致胚胎死亡、胎仔畸形和胎仔生长缓慢。大鼠、兔和小鼠分别在低至100、75和12.5 mg/kg剂量下,可见畸形(包括颅面部、心血管、神经、四肢和足趾异常)。
+
+### 致癌性
+
+磷苯妥英的潜在致癌性尚未评估。在苯妥英(磷苯妥英的活性代谢产物)致癌性试验中,小鼠连续2年掺食法给予苯妥英10、25、45mg/kg/天,在高剂量下肝细胞肿瘤发生率增加;大鼠连续2年掺食法给予苯妥英25、50、100mg/kg/天,未见肿瘤发生率增加。在该两项试验中,高剂量下苯妥英血浆峰浓度低于人治疗浓度。
+
+在致癌性试验文献报道中,小鼠连续2年掺食法给予苯妥英达600ppm(约90mg/kg/天),除最低剂量组外雌性小鼠的肝细胞肿瘤发生率增加;大鼠连续2年掺食法给予苯妥英达2400ppm(约120mg/kg/天),未见大鼠肿瘤发生率增加。
+
+## 【贮藏】
+
+密闭，不超过 25℃保存。
+
+## 【包装】
+
+中硼硅玻璃管制注射剂瓶、注射液用溴化丁基橡胶塞、抗生素瓶用铝塑组合盖。
+
+(1) 2ml:100mg 规格: 10 瓶/盒。
+
+(2) 10ml:500mg 规格: 4瓶/盒。
+
+## 【有效期】
+
+24个月
+
+## 【执行标准】
+
+YBH02702023
+
+## 【批准文号】
+
+2ml:100mg: 国药准字 H20233274
+
+10ml:500mg: 国药准字 H20233275
+
+## 【上市许可持有人】
+
+名称：西安葛蓝新通制药有限公司
+
+注册地址：陕西省西安市高新区锦业路 69 号 C 区 12 号
+
+邮政编码：710077
+
+电话和传真号码：86+029-68790358
+
+网址：http://www.xintongyaowu.com/about_39/
+
+## 【生产企业】
+
+企业名称：成都通德药业有限公司
+
+生产地址：成都海峡两岸科技产业开发园柳台大道 B 段
+
+邮政编码：611113
+
+电话和传真号码：028-67233728
+
+网址：www.cd-tdyy.com
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,1499 @@
+证券代码：601208 证券简称：东材科技 公告编号：2026-001
+# 四川东材科技集团股份有限公司 第七届董事会第二次会议决议公告
+
+本公司及董事会全体成员保证公告内容不存在虚假记载、误导性陈述或者重大遗漏，并对其内容的真实、准确和完整承担个别及连带责任。
+
+四川东材科技集团股份有限公司（以下简称“公司”或“本公司”）第七届董事会第二次会议通知于2026年1月2日以专人送达、通讯方式发出，会议于2026年1月12日在公司会议室以现场与通讯相结合的方式召开。本次会议应到董事9名，实到董事9名，会议由董事长唐安斌先生主持，公司全体高级管理人员列席了会议。本次会议的召集和召开符合《公司法》和《公司章程》的有关规定，经与会董事认真审议，形成以下决议：
+
+一、审议通过了《关于公司2026年度向金融机构申请综合授信额度、项目贷款额度的议案》
+表决结果为：9票同意，0票反对，0票弃权。
+详见上交所网站www.sse.com.cn《关于2026年度向金融机构申请综合授信额度、项目贷款额度的公告》。
+二、审议通过了《关于公司2026年度开展票据池业务的议案》
+表决结果为：9票同意，0票反对，0票弃权。
+详见上交所网站www.sse.com.cn《关于2026年度开展票据池业务的公告》。
+三、审议通过了《关于公司2026年度为子公司提供担保的议案》
+表决结果为：9票同意，0票反对，0票弃权。
+详见上交所网站www.sse.com.cn《关于公司2026年度为子公司提供担保的公告》。
+四、审议通过了《关于使用闲置自有资金进行委托理财的议案》
+表决结果为：9票同意，0票反对，0票弃权。
+详见上交所网站www.sse.com.cn《关于使用闲置自有资金进行委托理财的公告》。
+五、审议通过了《关于使用闲置募集资金进行现金管理的议案》
+表决结果为：9票同意，0票反对，0票弃权。
+详见上交所网站www.sse.com.cn《关于使用闲置募集资金进行现金管理的公告》。
+六、审议了《关于为公司及董事、高级管理人员购买责任险的议案》
+表决结果为：0票同意，0票反对，0票弃权。
+鉴于公司全体董事均为关联董事，应回避表决，该议案将直接提交公司2026年第一次临时股东会审议，详见上交所网站www.sse.com.cn《关于为公司及董事、高级管理人员购买责任险的公告》
+七、审议通过了《关于公司2025年日常关联交易执行情况及2026年日常关联交易情况预计的议案》
+本议案在提交董事会审议前已经公司2026年第一次独立董事专门会议审议通过。
+表决结果为：6票同意，0票反对，0票弃权。关联董事熊海涛、宁红涛、李刚回避表决。
+详见上交所网站www.sse.com.cn《关于公司2025年日常关联交易执行情况及2026年日常关联交易情况预计的公告》。
+八、审议通过了《关于收购控股子公司山东艾蒙特少数股东股权暨关联交易的议案》
+本议案在提交董事会审议前已经公司2026年第一次独立董事专门会议审议通过。
+表决结果为：9票同意，0票反对，0票弃权。
+详见上交所网站www.sse.com.cn《关于收购控股子公司山东艾蒙特少数股东股权暨关联交易的公告》。
+九、审议通过了《关于提请召开公司2026年第一次临时股东会的议案》
+董事会提请于2026年1月29日召开东材科技2026年第一次临时股东会，对本次董事会提交的相关议案进行审议。
+表决结果为：9票同意，0票反对，0票弃权。
+
+以上第一、三、六、七、八项议案，尚需提交公司2026年第一次临时股东会审议，详见上交所网站www.sse.com.cn《关于召开2026年第一次临时股东会的通知》。
+
+特此公告。
+四川东材科技集团股份有限公司董事会
+2026年1月12日
+
+证券代码：601208 证券简称：东材科技 公告编号：2026-007
+
+# 四川东材科技集团股份有限公司关于为公司及董事、高级管理人员购买责任险的公告
+
+本公司及董事会全体成员保证公告内容不存在虚假记载、误导性陈述或者重大遗漏，并对其内容的真实、准确和完整承担个别及连带责任。
+
+四川东材科技集团股份有限公司（以下简称“公司”或“本公司”）于2026年1月12日召开第七届董事会第二次会议，提交审议《关于为公司及董事、高级管理人员购买责任险的议案》。为完善公司风险管理体系，降低公司运营风险，促进全体董事、高级管理人员充分行使权利、履行职责，同时保障公司和广大投资者的合法权益。公司根据中国证监会《上市公司治理准则》和《上市公司独立董事管理办法》等相关规定，拟为公司及全体董事、高级管理人员购买责任保险（以下简称“责任险”）。
+
+根据《公司章程》及相关法律法规的规定，公司全体董事均为被保险对象，属于利益相关方，需对本次购买责任险的议案回避表决，该议案将直接提交公司2026年第一次临时股东会审议。
+一、责任险具体方案
+1、投保人：四川东材科技集团股份有限公司
+2、被投保人：公司及全体董事、高级管理人员
+3、责任限额：不超过人民币3,000万元/年，以实际与保险公司协商确定的数额为准。
+4、保费总额：不超过人民币15.00万元
+5、保险期限：12个月（经审批后，后续每年可续保或重新投保）
+为提高决策效率，公司董事会提请股东会授权公司管理层在上述责任险方案的额度范围内，办理购买责任险的相关事宜（包括但不限于选择保险公司、责任限额、保险费用及其他保险条款，商榷、签署相关法律文件等）以及在保险合同期满时（或期满之前）办理续保或者重新投保的相关事宜。
+二、本次购买责任险的决策程序
+公司于2026年1月12日召开第七届董事会第二次会议，提交审议《关于为公司及董事、高级管理人员购买责任险的议案》。但根据《公司章程》及相关法律法规的规定，公司全体董事均为被保险对象，属于利益相关方，需对本次购买责任险的议案回避表决，该议案将直接提交公司2026年第一次临时股东会审议。
+三、备查文件
+《公司第七届董事会第二次会议决议》
+
+四川东材科技集团股份有限公司董事会
+2026年1月12日
+
+证券代码：601208 证券简称：东材科技 公告编号：2026-002
+
+# 四川东材科技集团股份有限公司 关于2026年度向金融机构申请综合授信额度、项目贷款额度的公告
+
+本公司及董事会全体成员保证公告内容不存在虚假记载、误导性陈述或者重大遗漏，并对其内容的真实、准确和完整承担个别及连带责任。
+
+四川东材科技集团股份有限公司（以下简称“公司”或“本公司”）于2026年1月12日召开第七届董事会第二次会议，审议通过了《关于公司2026年度向金融机构申请综合授信额度、项目贷款额度的议案》，该议案尚需提交公司2026年第一次临时股东会审议，具体情况如下：
+一、交易概述
+根据公司2026年的经营发展规划，公司及子公司拟向以下金融机构申请总额不超过人民币75.50亿元的综合授信额度，用于流动资金贷款、融资租赁贷款、抵押贷款、银行承兑汇票、国际贸易融资等各种业务的需要。
+
+
+| 金融机构名称 | 授信额度（单位：万元） | 授信期限 | | 中国工商银行股份有限公司 | 80,000 | 1年 | | 中国农业银行股份有限公司 | 51,000 | 1年 | | 中国银行股份有限公司 | 72,000 | 1年 | | 中国建设银行股份有限公司 | 20,000 | 1年 | | 交通银行股份有限公司 | 46,000 | 1年 | | 中国邮政储蓄银行股份有限公司 | 40,000 | 1年 | | 中国进出口银行 | 50,000 | 1年 | | 上海浦东发展银行股份有限公司 | 76,000 | 1年 | | 招商银行股份有限公司 | 60,000 | 1年 | | 中信银行股份有限公司 | 60,000 | 1年 | | 平安银行股份有限公司 | 30,000 | 1年 | | 兴业银行股份有限公司 | 30,000 | 1年 | | 成都银行股份有限公司 | 40,000 | 1年 | | 成都农村商业银行股份有限公司 | 7,000 | 1年 | | 绵阳市商业银行股份有限公司 | 15,000 | 1年 | | 广发银行股份有限公司 | 5,000 | 1年 | | 青岛银行股份有限公司 | 5,000 | 1年 | | 中国民生银行股份有限公司 | 3,000 | 1年 | | 中原银行股份有限公司 | 1,000 | 1年 | | 中国光大银行股份有限公司 | 5,000 | 1年 | | 上海银行股份有限公司 | 2,000 | 1年 | | 平安中国融资租赁有限公司 | 15,000 | 1年 | | 远东国际融资租赁有限公司 | 15,000 | 1年 | | 光大金融租赁股份有限公司 | 8,000 | 1年 | | 海通恒信国际融资租赁股份有限公司 | 6,000 | 1年 | | 民生金融租赁股份有限公司 | 3,000 | 1年 | | 合计 | 755,000 | 1年 |
+
+上述综合授信额度最终以金融机构实际审批的授信额度为准，不等于公司的实际融资金额，具体融资金额应在授信额度以内，视公司及子公司对运营资金的实际需求予以确定。上述贷款期限自公司与金融机构签订协议之日起计算，在办理具体融资业务时，用信额度的使用期限，不受授信期限的限制。
+除上述拟向各家金融机构申请的综合授信额度外，公司及子公司拟向成都银行股份有限公司、中信银行股份有限公司、中国农业银行股份有限公司、中国工商银行股份有限公司等金融机构(以最终合作的金融机构为准),申请总额不超过10.00亿元的项目贷款额度。
+为提高工作效率，董事会提请股东会授权公司管理层根据实际经营情况的需要，具体办理授信额度申请的相关事宜，上述授权自公司2026年第一次临时股东会审议批准之日起至下一次股东会审议批准相关议案之日止。
+二、备查文件
+《公司第七届董事会第二次会议决议》
+特此公告。
+四川东材科技集团股份有限公司董事会
+2026年1月12日
+证券代码：601208 证券简称：东材科技 公告编号：2026-004
+# 四川东材科技集团股份有限公司关于公司2026年度为子公司提供担保的公告
+本公司董事会及全体董事保证本公告内容不存在任何虚假记载、误导性陈述或者重大遗漏，并对其内容的真实性、准确性和完整性承担法律责任。
+重要内容提示：
+* 担保对象及基本情况
+| 被担保人名称 | 本次担保金额① | 实际为其提供的担保余额 | 是否在前期预计额度内 | 本次担保是否有反担保② | | 山东艾蒙特新材料有限公司（以下简称“山东艾蒙特”） | 65,000.00 | 33,841.51 | 是 | 否 | | 江苏东材新材料有限责任公司（以下简称“江苏东材”） | 60,000.00 | 12,000.00 | 否 | | 东材电子材料（眉山）有限公司（以下简称“眉山东材”） | 55,000.00 | 7,000.00 | 否 | | 四川东材科技集团成都新材料有限公司（以下简称“成都东材”） | 30,000.00 | 9,578.38 | 否 | | 山东东润新材料有限公司（以下简称“山东东润”） | 30,000.00 | 22,840.85 | 否 | | 四川东材科技集团成都国际贸易有限公司（以下简称“东材成都国际贸易”） | 20,000.00 | 0.00 | 否 | | 四川东材功能膜材料科技有限公司（以下简称“东材膜材”） | 10,000.00 | 12,500.00 | 否 | | 河南华佳新材料技术有限公司（以下简称“河南华佳”） | 5,000.00 | 0.00 | 否 |
+
+注①：“本次担保金额”仅为公司2026年度预计为子公司提供的担保额度，本年度实际发生的担保金额将根据子公司生产经营的需要，在实际签署的担保协议时确定。目前“实际为子公司提供的担保余额”包含在2026年度预计为子公司提供的担保额度范围之内。
+注②：在控股子公司实际发生对外融资担保时，由其他小股东向全额提供担保的本公司提供
+
+
+
+ | 对外担保逾期的累计金额（万元） |
+ 0.00 |
+
+
+ | 截至本公告日上市公司及其控股子公司对外担保总额（万元） |
+ 97,760.74① |
+
+
+ | 对外担保总额占上市公司最近一期经审计净资产的比例（%） |
+ 25.53 |
+
+
+ | 特别风险提示（如有请勾选） |
+
+ □担保金额（含本次）超过上市公司最近一期经审计净资产50%
+ □对外担保总额（含本次）超过上市公司最近一期经审计净资产100%
+ □对合并报表外单位担保总额（含本次）达到或超过最近一期经审计净资产30%
+ √本次对资产负债率超过70%的单位提供担保
+ |
+
+
+ | 其他风险提示（如有） |
+ 无 |
+
+
+
+注①：截至本公告披露日，公司提供的担保总额均为对子公司提供的担保，不存在对子公司以外的第三方提供担保的情形。
+
+一、担保情况概述
+（一）担保的基本情况
+根据子公司的生产经营和资金需求，公司对前述八家子公司需向金融机构融资的情况进行了预测分析，为确保其正常开展生产经营活动，顺利实现2026年度的经营目标，拟为山东艾蒙特、江苏东材、眉山东材、成都东材、山东东润、东材成都国贸、东材顾材、河南华佳八家子公司向金融机构申请的综合授信融资分别提供不超过6.5亿元、6亿元、5.5亿元、3亿元、3亿元、2亿元、1亿元、0.5亿元的连带责任担保，以解决其在生产经营过程中的融资需求，上述担保总额（27.50亿元整）占公司最近一期经审计母公司净资产382.901.52万元的71.82%。
+1、担保方式：连带责任保证担保
+2、担保授权：自公司2026年第一次临时股东会审议批准之日起至下一次股东会审议批准相关议案之日止。在前述额度内发生的具体担保事项，董事会提请股东会授权公司董事长或其授权代表与金融机构逐案签订相关的担保协议，不再另行召开董事会或股东会。
+3、在控股子公司实际发生对外融资担保时，由该公司的其他小股东向全额提供担保的本公司提供反担保，并另行签署《反担保协议》。
+（二）内部决策程序
+公司于2026年1月12日召开第七届董事会第二次会议，以9票同意、0票反对、0票弃权，审议通过了《关于公司2026年度为子公司提供担保的议案》，同意将该议案提交公司2026年第一次临时股东会审议，在前述额度范围内，提请股东会授权公司董事长或其授权代表与金融机构逐笔签订相关的担保协议。
+（三）担保预计基本情况
+
+
+
+| 担保方 |
+被担保方 |
+担保方持股比例 |
+被担保方最近一期资产负债率 $ ^{①} $ |
+截至目前担保余额 |
+本次新增担保额度 |
+担保额度占上市公司最近一期净资产比例 |
+担保预计有效期 |
+是否关联担保 |
+是否有反担保 |
+
+
+ | 一、对全资/控股子公司 |
+
+
+| 被担保方资产负债率超过70% |
+
+
+| 本公司 |
+山东艾蒙特 |
+72.50% |
+86.05% |
+33,841.51 |
+65,000 |
+12.85% |
+自公司2026年第一次临时股东会审议批准之日起至下一次股东会审议批准相关议案之日止。 |
+否 |
+否 |
+
+
+| 本公司 |
+眉山东材 |
+100.00% |
+77.63% |
+7,000.00 |
+55,000 |
+10.87% |
+否 |
+否 |
+
+
+| 本公司 |
+山东东洞 |
+72.50% |
+79.33% |
+22,840.85 |
+30,000 |
+5.93% |
+否 |
+否 |
+
+
+| 本公司 |
+东材成都国贸 |
+100.00% |
+88.83% |
+0.00 |
+20,000 |
+3.95% |
+否 |
+否 |
+
+
+| 被担保方资产负债率未超过70% |
+
+
+| 本公司 |
+江苏东材 |
+100.00% |
+64.71% |
+12,000.00 |
+60,000 |
+11.86% |
+自公司2026年第一次临时股东会审议批准之日起至下一次股东会审议批准相关议案之日止。 |
+否 |
+否 |
+
+
+| 本公司 |
+成都东材 |
+100.00% |
+61.14% |
+9,578.38 |
+30,000 |
+5.93% |
+否 |
+否 |
+
+
+| 本公司 |
+东材膜材 |
+100.00% |
+57.33% |
+12,500.00 |
+10,000 |
+1.98% |
+否 |
+否 |
+
+
+| 本公司 |
+河南华佳 |
+61.58% |
+62.65% |
+0.00 |
+5,000 |
+0.99% |
+否 |
+否 |
+
+
+
+注①：上表中子公司的资产负债率包含内部往来资金。
+注②：“本次新增担保额度”仅为公司2026年度预计为子公司提供的担保额度，本年度实际发生的担保金额将根据子公司生产经营的需要，在实际签署的担保协议时确定。“截至目前担保余额”包含在2026年度预计为子公司提供的担保额度范围之内。
+（四）担保额度调剂情况
+根据《上海证券交易所上市公司自律监管指引第1号-规范运作》的相关规定，在年度预计担保额度内，同时满足以下条件的，各子公司的担保额度可按照实际需求内部调剂使用：
+①在调剂发生时，资产负债率为70%以上的子公司仅能从股东会审议时资产负债率70%以上的子公司处获得担保额度；
+②在调剂发生时，获调剂方不存在逾期未偿还负债等情况。
+2026年度,前述八家子公司全年预计发生担保总额为27.50亿元,其中:资产负债率70%以上子公司全年预计发生担保总额为17.00亿元，资产负债率低于70%子公司全年预计发生担保总额为10.50亿元。2、被担保人基本情况
+
+
+| 被担保人类型 |
+被担保人名称 |
+被担保人类型及上市公司持股情况 |
+主要股东及持股比例 |
+统一社会信用代码 |
+
+
+| 法人 |
+山东艾蒙特新材料有限公司 |
+控股子公司 |
+公司的持股比例为72.50% |
+91370500MA3R859C378 |
+
+
+| 法人 |
+江苏东材新材料有限责任公司 |
+全资子公司 |
+公司的持股比例为100.00% |
+91320621051813220C |
+
+
+| 法人 |
+东材电子材料（眉山）有限公司 |
+全资子公司 |
+成都东材的持股比例为100.00% |
+91511400MADY0P24E |
+
+
+| 法人 |
+四川东材科技集团成都新材料有限公司 |
+全资子公司 |
+公司的持股比例为100.00% |
+91510100MA7LEEY34U |
+
+
+| 法人 |
+山东东洞新材料有限公司 |
+控股子公司 |
+山东艾蒙特的持股比例为100.00% |
+91370521MA3TH9O7598 |
+
+
+| 法人 |
+四川东材科技集团成都国际贸易有限公司 |
+全资子公司 |
+成都东材的持股比例为100.00% |
+91510100MABRX0282A |
+
+
+| 法人 |
+四川东材功能膜材料科技有限公司 |
+全资子公司 |
+江苏东材的持股比例为100.00% |
+91510704MA6ABJOR25 |
+
+
+| 法人 |
+河南华佳新材料技术有限公司 |
+控股子公司 |
+公司的持股比例为61.58% |
+91410100694871475N |
+
+
+
+
+| 被担保人名称 |
+ 主要财务指标(万元) |
+
+
+| 2025年9月30日/2025年1-9月（未经审计） |
+2024年12月31日/2024年度（经审计） |
+
+
+| 资产总额 |
+负债总额 |
+资产净额 |
+营业收入 |
+净利润 |
+资产总额 |
+负债总额 |
+资产净额 |
+营业收入 |
+净利润 |
+
+
+| 山东艾蒙特 |
+158,234.05 |
+136,164.00 |
+22,070.05 |
+64,807.81 |
+-768.99 |
+153,424.01 |
+126,041.29 |
+27,382.72 |
+74,227.61 |
+-12,542.24 |
+
+
+| 江苏东村 |
+438,664.39 |
+283,851.43 |
+154,812.96 |
+167,384.68 |
+168.10 |
+365,152.36 |
+277,226.14 |
+78,135.38 |
+160,678.17 |
+-1,095.38 |
+
+
+| 眉山东村- |
+12,809.77 |
+9,944.25 |
+2,865.52 |
+0.57 |
+-35.28 |
+3,505.26 |
+3,004.46 |
+500.80 |
+0.00 |
+0.80 |
+
+
+| 成都东村 |
+230,415.87 |
+140,878.01 |
+89,537.86 |
+11,628.77 |
+3,486.86 |
+175,950.90 |
+84,966.18 |
+90,884.72 |
+6,972.20 |
+1,226.85 |
+
+
+| 山东东润 |
+64,184.56 |
+50,917.15 |
+13,267.40 |
+20,948.46 |
+-2,291.20 |
+60,455.17 |
+59,817.15 |
+35,453.00 |
+25,967.37 |
+-3,192.96 |
+
+
+| 贸成都国贸 |
+99,633.74 |
+88,507.50 |
+11,126.23 |
+4,348.91 |
+304.83 |
+68,596.56 |
+58,105.16 |
+821.40 |
+2,039.23 |
+820.70 |
+
+
+| 东村膜材 |
+71,138.69 |
+40,786.35 |
+30,253.34 |
+24,646.24 |
+-843.67 |
+70,695.56 |
+39,499.54 |
+27,520.94 |
+52,094.71 |
+532.95 |
+
+
+| 河南华佳 |
+25,364.52 |
+15,889.84 |
+9,474.68 |
+896.49 |
+854.42 |
+23,149.29 |
+12,110.03 |
+11,039.26 |
+20,161.38 |
+2,229.52 |
+
+
+
+三、担保协议的主要内容
+本次担保事项尚未经股东会审议通过，暂未签订《担保协议》。上述担保额度仅为公司2026年度预计为子公司提供的担保额度，实际发生的担保金额将根据子公司生产经营的需要，在实际签署的担保协议时确定。此外，在控股子公司实际发生对外融资担保时，由该公司的其他小股东向全额提供担保的本公司提供反担保，并另行签署《反担保协议》。
+四、担保的必要性和合理性
+本次担保额度预计为更好地满足子公司2026年度的生产经营和资金需求，有利于保障子公司的融资需求和业务发展，符合公司整体利益和发展战略。上述被担保方均为公司合并报表范围内子公司，公司拥有被担保方的控制权，且公司能够对其业务、财务、资金管理等方面实施全面有效的风险控制，不存在损害公司及股东利益的情形，不会对公司的正常运作和业务发展造成不利影响。
+五、董事会意见
+公司于2026年1月12日召开第七届董事会第二次会议，以9票同意、0票反对、0票弃权，审议通过了《关于公司2026年度为子公司提供担保的议案》，同意将该议案提交公司2026年第一次临时股东会审议，在前述额度范围内，提请股东会授权公司董事长或其授权代表与金融机构逐笔签订相关的担保协议。
+七、累计对外担保数量及逾期担保的数量
+截至本公告披露日，公司为上述子公司提供担保的余额为97,760.74万元，担保余额占公司最近一期经审计母公司净资产382,901.52万元的25.53%。本公司未对子公司、孙公司以外的第三方提供担保。
+被担保企业: 山东艾蒙特、江苏东材、眉山东材、成都东材、山东东润、东材成都国贸、东材膜材、河南华佳八家子公司，均无对外担保行为。
+公司及子公司均无逾期对外担保、无涉及诉讼的对外担保及因担保被判决败诉而应承担损失的情形。
+
+证券代码：601208 证券简称：东材科技 公告编号：2026-005
+四川东材科技集团股份有限公司董事会
+2026年1月12日
+
+# 四川东材科技集团股份有限公司关于使用闲置自有资金进行委托理财的公告
+
+本公司董事会及全体董事保证本公告内容不存在任何虚假记载、误导性陈述或者重大遗漏，并对其内容的真实性、准确性和完整性承担法律责任。
+重要内容提示:
+* 基本情况
+| 投资金额 | 60,000万元 | | 投资种类 | 安全性高、流动性好、风险可控的理财产品 | | 资金来源 | 自有资金 |
+
+* 已履行的审议程序：四川东材科技集团股份有限公司（以下简称“公司”或“本公司”）于2026年1月12日召开第七届董事会第二次会议，审议通过了《关于使用闲置自有资金进行委托理财的议案》。根据《上海证券交易所股票上市规则》及《公司章程》等有关规定，该议案无需提交公司股东会审议。
+* 特别风险提示：公司及子公司使用闲置自有资金进行委托理财将选择安全性高、流动性好、风险可控的理财产品，但金融市场受宏观经济的影响较大，公司及子公司购买的理财产品可能受货币政策、流动性风险、信用风险等因素影响，投资收益存在一定的不确定性，敬请广大投资者注意投资风险。
+
+公司于2026年1月12日召开第七届董事会第二次会议，审议通过了《关于使用闲置自有资金进行委托理财的议案》。根据《上海证券交易所股票上市规则》及《公司章程》等有关规定，该议案无需提交公司股东会审议，董事会授权公司管理层在委托理财的额度内，办理自有资金委托理财的后续事宜，具体情况如下：
+
+一、委托理财概况
+（一）委托理财目的
+为提高资金使用效率，公司及子公司在不影响正常经营且风险可控的前提下，利用闲置的自有资金进行委托理财，购买安全性高、流动性好、风险可控的理财产品，可提升资金保值增值能力，增加投资收益。
+（二）委托理财金额
+公司拟使用不超过人民币6亿元的闲置自有资金购买理财产品。在授权额度范围内，公司及子公司可共同滚动使用，且在任一时点使用闲置自有资金购买理财产品的总额不超过人民币6亿元。
+（三）资金来源
+暂时闲置的自有资金。
+（四）委托理财方式
+1、受托方：信用评级较高、履约能力较强的银行、证券公司、资产管理公司等金融机构。
+2、理财产品期限：以中短期理财品种为主，最长期限不超过12个月。
+3、理财产品收益类型：安全性高、流动性好、风险可控的理财产品
+（五）授权期限
+自公司董事会审议批准之日起12个月内有效。
+（六）
+公司董事会授权公司管理层在授权额度范围内，办理自有资金进行委托理财的具体事宜，包括但不限于确定委托理财金额、投资期限、选择理财产品、签署合同及协议等事项。
+二、委托理财受托方的情况
+公司及子公司拟购买理财产品的受托方均为信用评级较高、履约能力较强的银行、证券公司、资产管理公司等金融机构，受托方与公司及子公司、公司控股股东及其一致行动人、实际控制人之间均不存在产权、业务、资产、人员等关联关系。
+三、本次委托理财的决策程序
+公司于2026年1月12日召开第七届董事会第二次会议，以9票同意、0票反对、0票弃权，审议通过了《关于使用闲置自有资金进行委托理财的议案》。根据《上海证券交易所股票上市规则》及《公司章程》等有关规定，该议案无需提交公司股东会审议，董事会授权公司管理层在委托理财的额度内，办理自有资金委托理财的后续事宜。
+四、 投资风险分析及风控措施
+金融市场受宏观经济的影响较大，公司及子公司购买的理财产品可能受货币政策、流动性风险、信用风险等因素影响，投资收益存在一定的不确定性，现拟定的内部控制措施如下：
+1、公司将做好资金计划,充分预留资金,在确保不影响正常生产经营的基础上,对理财项目的安全性、期限和收益情况进行严格评估、筛选,谨慎选择合适的投资理财项目。
+2、公司财务部为委托理财业务的实施部门，实时分析和跟踪理财项目的进展情况，严控资金安全风险；公司审计部为委托理财业务的监督部门，负责对委托理财项目进行合规性审核，并对具体的投资审批流程进行监督。公司董事会办公室为委托理财业务的信息披露部门，按照相关法规要求对委托理财的进展情况予以及时披露。
+3、委托理财业务的操作岗位实行权限分离，投资发起、投资审批、资金出入、会计记账等过程均由不同岗位的员工进行操作，避免人为操作风险。
+4、公司独立董事、董事会审计委员会有权对上述委托理财的实施情况进行监督与检查，必要时可以聘请专业机构进行审计。
+五、对上市公司的影响
+截至2025年9月30日，公司的资产负债率为45.35%（未经审计），并不存在负有大额负债的同时购买大额银行理财产品的情形。
+
+
+| 项目 | 2025年9月30日 | 2024年12月31日 | | 资产总额 | 11,216,375,728.42 | 10,443,446,379.14 | | 负债总额 | 5,086,829,216.17 | 5,783,374,056.24 | | 归属于上市公司股东的净资产 | 6,021,281,051.58 | 4,541,883,313.72 | | 项目 | 2025年1-9月 | 2024年1-12月 | | 营业收入 | 3,803,063,068.03 | 4,470,106,386.57 | | 归属于上市公司股东的净利润 | 282,944,260.81 | 181,022,636.52 | | 经营活动产生的现金流量净额 | -364,862,834.77 | 91,029,549.74 | | 投资活动产生的现金流量净额 | -114,408,591.97 | -563,946,497.86 |
+
+公司及子公司在不影响正常经营且风险可控的前提下,使用闲置自有资金进行委托理财，有助于提升资金保值增值能力,增加投资收益,为公司和广大股东创造利润。
+根据新金融工具准则要求，公司及子公司拟购买的银行理财产品将根据产品协议具体内容，在资产负债表中列示为“交易性金融资产”或“货币资金”科目，投资取得的收益将计入投资收益，具体以会计师事务所的年度审计结果为准。
+六、风险提示
+公司及子公司使用闲置自有资金进行委托理财将选择安全性高、流动性好、风险可控的理财产品，但金融市场受宏观经济的影响较大，公司及子公司购买的理财产品可能受货币政策、流动性风险、信用风险等因素影响，投资收益存在一定的不确定性，敬请广大投资者注意投资风险。
+七、备查文件
+《公司第七届董事会第二次会议决议》
+特此公告
+四川东材科技集团股份有限公司董事会
+2026年1月12日
+证券代码：601208 证券简称：东材科技 公告编号：2026-08
+
+# 四川东材科技集团股份有限公司关于2026年度开展票据池业务的公告
+本公司及董事会全体成员保证公告内容不存在虚假记载、误导性陈述或者重大遗漏，并对其内容的真实、准确和完整承担个别及连带责任。
+四川东材科技集团股份有限公司（以下简称“公司”或“本公司”）于2026年1月12日召开第七届董事会第二次会议，审议通过了《关于公司2026年度开展票据池业务的议案》，同意公司及子公司根据实际经营发展及融资需求，与国内资信较好的商业银行开展票据池业务，票据池累计期余额不超过9.80亿元。
+根据法律法规、《公司章程》的相关规定，该议案无需提交公司股东会审议，董事会授权公司管理层在上述额度范围内，实施具体的业务操作并签署相关合同等事宜（包括但不限于选择合作商业银行、确定子公司的可用额度、担保物及担保形式等事项），具体情况如下：
+一、票据池业务概述
+1、业务概述
+票据池业务是指合作金融机构为满足企业对所持有的商业汇票进行统一管理、统筹使用的需求，向企业提供的集票据托管和托收、票据质押融资、票据贴现、票据代理查询、业务统计等功能于一体的票据综合管理服务。
+2、合作银行
+公司拟开展票据池业务的合作银行均为国内资信较好的商业银行，公司管理层将在董事会的授权范围内，根据公司与商业银行的合作关系、业务范围、资质情况和票据池服务能力等综合因素选择。
+3、业务期限
+上述票据池业务的开展期限为自公司董事会审议批准之日起12个月内有效。
+4、票据池额度
+公司及子公司共享最高额不超过9.80亿元的票据池额度，即用于与所有合作银行开展票据池业务的质押、抵押的票据累计即期余额不超过9.80亿元。在上述额度及业务期限内，可循环滚动使用。具体每笔的发生额由公司管理层根据公司及子公司的经营需要按照利益最大化原则确定。
+5、担保方式
+在风险可控的前提下，公司及子公司开展票据质押融资，可采用最高额质押、一般质押、存单质押、票据质押、保证金质押等多种担保方式。
+二、开展票据池业务的目的
+1、通过开展票据池业务，公司及子公司可以将收到的票据统一存入合作银行进行集中管理，由银行代为办理保管、托收等业务，可以减少票据管理的成本，也能避免收到假票、瑕疵票等异常票据的风险。
+2、票据池业务的开展能实现内部票据的统一管理和统筹使用，有效解决公司与子公司之间持票量与用票量不均衡的问题，激活票据的时间价值，全面盘活票据资产。
+3、公司将尚未到期的存量票据用作质押开具不超过质押金额的票据，用于支付供应商货款等日常经营发生的款项，有利于减少货币资金占用，提高流动资产的使用效率。
+三、票据池业务的风险控制
+公司及子公司以进入票据池的商业票据作为质押，向合作银行申请开具银行承兑票据用于支付供应商货款等日常经营发生的款项。随着质押票据的到期，办理托收解付，若票据到期不能正常托收，所质押担保的票据额度不足，可能导致合作银行要求公司追加担保的风险。
+风险控制措施：公司及子公司与合作银行开展票据池业务后，将安排专人与合作银行对接，建立票据池台账进行跟踪管理，跟踪到期票据的托收解付情况，及时安排公司新收票据入池，保证入池票据的安全和流动性。
+四、公司戳票据池业务的内部控制措施
+1、 公司财务部为开展票据池业务的实施部门，实时分析和跟踪票据池业务的进展情况，积极采取应对措施；公司审计部为票据池业务的监督部门，负责对合作银行的业务合规性进行审核，并对具体的业务操作流程进行监督。
+2、票据池业务的操作岗位实行权限分离，申请发起、支付审批、资金出入、会计记账等过程均由不同岗位的员工进行操作，避免人为操作风险。
+3、 公司独立董事、董事会审计委员会有权对上述票据池业务的实施情况进行监督与检查，必要时可以聘请专业机构进行审计。
+五、备查文件
+《公司第七届董事会第二次会议决议》
+特此公告
+四川东材科技集团股份有限公司董事会
+2026年1月12日
+证券代码：601208 证券简称：东材科技 公告编号：2026-010
+
+# 四川东材科技集团股份有限公司关于召开2026年第一次临时股东会的通知
+本公司董事会及全体董事保证本公告内容不存在任何虚假记载、误导性陈述或者重大遗漏，并对其内容的真实性、准确性和完整性承担法律责任。
+
+重要内容提示：
+* 股东会召开日期：2026年1月29日
+* 本次股东会采用的网络投票系统：上海证券交易所股东会网络投票系统
+
+一、召开会议的基本情况
+(一)股东会类型和届次
+2026年第一次临时股东会
+(二)股东会召集人：董事会
+(三)投票方式：本次股东会所采用的表决方式是现场投票和网络投票相结合的方式
+(四)现场会议召开的日期、时间和地点
+召开的日期时间：2026年1月29日14点00分
+召开地点：四川省成都市郫都区菁德路209号四川东材科技集团股份有限公司101会议室
+(五)网络投票的系统、起止日期和投票时间。
+网络投票系统：上海证券交易所股东会网络投票系统
+网络投票起止时间：自2026年1月29日至2026年1月29日
+采用上海证券交易所网络投票系统，通过交易系统投票平台的投票时间为股东会召开当日的交易时间段，即9：15—9：25，9：30—11：30，13：00—15：00；通过互联网投票平台的投票时间为股东会召开当日的9：15—18：00。
+（六）涉及融资融券、转融通业务、约定购回业务相关账户以及沪股通投资者的投票,应按照《上海证券交易所上市公司自律监管指引第1号一规范运作》等有关规定执行。
+(七)涉及公开征集股东投票权
+无
+二、 会议审议事项
+本次股东会审议议案及投票股东类型
+
+
+| 序号 |
+议案名称 |
+投票股东类型 |
+
+
+| A股股东 |
+
+
+| 非累积投票议案 |
+
+
+| 1 |
+《关于公司2026年度向金融机构申请综合授信额度、项目贷款额度的议案》 |
+✓ |
+
+
+| 2 |
+《关于公司2026年度为子公司提供担保的议案》 |
+✓ |
+
+
+| 3 |
+《关于公司2026年度为子公司提供担保的议案》 |
+✓ |
+
+
+| 4 |
+《关于公司2025年日常关联交易执行情况及2026年日常关联交易情况预计的议案》 |
+✓ |
+
+
+| 5 |
+《关于收购控股子公司山东艾蒙特少数股东股权暨关联交易的议案》 |
+✓ |
+
+
+1、各议案已披露的时间和披露媒体公司于2026年1月12日召开的第七届董事会第二次会议审议通过了第1-5项议案,详见公司刊登于《中国证券报》、《上海证券报》及上海证券交易所网站(www.sse.com.cn)的相关公告。同时,公司将在本次股东会召开前，在上海证券交易所网站登载《东材科技2026年第一次临时股东会议资料》。
+2、特别决议议案:无
+3、对中小投资者单独计票的议案:2、3、4、5
+4、涉及关联股东回避表决的议案:3、4
+应回避表决的关联股东名称：第2项议案应回避表决的关联股东名称：公司全体董事、高级管理人员及与之有关联关系的关联股东；第4项议案应回避表决的关联股东名称：高金技术产业集团有限公司、高金富恒集团有限公司、熊海涛、宁红涛、李刚及与之有关联关系的关联股东；
+5、涉及优先股股东参与表决的议案：无
+三、股东会投票注意事项
+（一）本公司股东通过上海证券交易所股东会网络投票系统行使表决权的，既可以登陆交易系统投票平台（通过指定交易的证券公司交易终端）进行投票，也可以登陆互联网投票平台（网址：vote.sseinfo.com）进行投票。首次登陆互联网投票平台进行投票的，投资者需要完成股东身份认证，具体操作请见互联网投票平台网站说明。
+（二）同一表决权通过现场、本所网络投票平台或其他方式重复进行表决的，以第一次投票结果为准。
+（三）持有多个股东账户的股东，可行使的表决权数量是其名下全部股东账户所持相同类别普通股和相同品种优先股的数量总和。
+持有多个股东账户的股东通过本所网络投票系统参与股东会网络投票的，可以通过其任一股东账户参加。投票后，视为其全部股东账户下的相同类别普通股和相同品种优先股均已分别投出同一意见的表决票。
+持有多个股东账户的股东，通过多个股东账户重复进行表决的，其全部股东账户下的相同类别普通股和相同品种优先股的表决意见，分别以各类别和品种股票的第一次投票结果为准。
+(四)股东对所有议案均表决完毕才能提交。
+四、会议出席对象
+（一）股权登记日下午收市时在中国证券登记结算有限责任公司上海分公司登记在册的公司股东有权出席股东会（具体情况详见下表），并可以以书面形式委托代理人出席会议和参加表决。该代理人不必是公司股东
+
+
+ | 股份类别 |
+ 股票代码 |
+ 股票简称 |
+ 股权登记日 |
+
+
+ | A股 |
+ 601208 |
+ 东材科技 |
+ 2026/1/22 |
+
+
+(二)公司董事和高级管理人员。
+(三)公司聘请的律师。
+(四)其他人员
+五、会议登记方法
+（一）现场登记
+1、登记时间:2026年1月29日（星期四）上午9:00-11:30；
+2、登记地点:公司董事会办公室(四川省成都市郫都区菁德路209号)。
+（二）通讯方式登记
+1. 登记方式:可通过信函或传真方式登记；
+2. 登记时间:传真方式登记时间为2026年1月28日9:00-17:00；信函方式登记时间（以到达本地邮戳日为准）不晚于2026年1月28日17:00。
+（三）登记手续
+1、个人股东出席会议的应持本人身份证、上海证券交易所股票账户卡；委托代理人出席会议的，应持委托人身份证原件或复印件、代理人身份证原件、授权委托书原件、委托人上海证券交易所股票账户卡。
+2、法人股东由法定代表人出席会议的，应持本人身份证、法人股东单位的营业执照复印件（盖章）、上海证券交易所股票账户卡；代理人出席会议的，代理人应持本人身份证、法人股东单位的营业执照复印件（盖章）、法定代表人签名的委托书原件和上海证券交易所股票账户卡。
+六、其他事项
+1、参加现场会议时，请出示相关证件的原件。
+2、与会股东的交通、食宿费用自理。
+3、联系方式
+电话:028-65498663
+传真:028-65498663
+邮编:611730
+联系人:陈杰
+特此公告。
+四川东材科技集团股份有限公司董事会
+2026年1月13日
+
+附件1:授权委托书
+授权委托书
+四川东材科技集团股份有限公司：
+兹委托 先生（女士）代表本单位（或本人）出席2026年1月29日召开的贵公司2026年第一次临时股东会，并代为行使表决权。
+委托人持普通股数：
+委托人持优先股数：
+委托人股东账户号：
+| 序号 | 非累积投票议案名称 | 同意 | 反对 | 弃权 | | 1 | 《关于公司2026年度向金融机构申请综合授信额度、项目贷款额度的议案》 | | | | | 2 | 《关于公司2026年度为子公司提供担保的议案》 | | | | | 3 | 《关于为公司及董事、高级管理人员购买责任险的议案》 | | | | | 4 | 《关于公司2025年日常关联交易执行情况及2026年日常关联交易情况预计的议案》 | | | | | 5 | 《关于收购控股子公司山东艾蒙特少数股东股权暨关联交易的议案》 | | | |
+
+委托人签名(盖章): 受托人签名:
+委托人身份证号: 受托人身份证号:
+委托日期：年 月 日
+备注：委托人应当在委托书中“同意”、“反对”或“弃权”意向中选择一个并打“√”，对于委托人在本授权委托书中未作具体指示的，受托人有权按自己的意愿进行表决。
+证券代码：601208 证券简称：东材科技 公告编号：2026-009
+## 四川东材科技集团股份有限公司 关于收购控股子公司山东艾蒙特少数股东股权暨关联交易的公告
+
+本公司董事会及全体董事保证本公告内容不存在任何虚假记载、误导性陈述或者重大遗漏，并对其内容的真实性、准确性和完整性承担法律责任。
+
+* 基于对控股子公司山东艾蒙特新材料有限公司（以下简称“山东艾蒙特”或“标的公司”）资源整合的需要和未来发展的良好预期，四川东材科技集团股份有限公司（以下简称“公司”或“本公司”）拟以人民币6,966.475万元收购山东莱芜润达新材料有限公司（以下简称“山东润达”）持有的山东艾蒙特17.50%股权，以人民币1,961.850万元收购李长彬先生持有的山东艾蒙特5.00%股权。本次股权收购完成后，公司对山东艾蒙特的直接持股比例将由72.50%增加至95.00%，并通过海南艾蒙特润东企业管理合伙企业（有限合伙）（以下简称“海南艾蒙特”）间接控制其5.00%股权，但为山东艾蒙特的控股股东。
+* 本次股权收购事项已经公司2026年第一次独立董事会专门会议、第七届董事会第二次会议审议通过，根据《公司章程》相关规定，尚需提交公司2026年第一次临时股东大会审议批准。
+* 过去12个月内公司曾向山东艾蒙特提供过借款，截至本公告披露日的借款余额为人民币47,598.50万元（本息合计数），该借款事项构成关联交易，详见公司在上交所网站www.sse.com.cn披露的《关于向控股子公司山东艾蒙特提供借款暨关联交易的公告》（公告编号：2025-037）。
+* 特别风险提示
+1、山东艾蒙特正处于产品结构调整、业绩改善的关键时期，存在未来经营业绩不确定的风险。
+2、本次股权收购事项已经公司独立董事专门会议、董事会审议通过，尚需提交公司股东大会审议批准；且交易方尚未签署《股权转让协议》，故本事项能否顺利实施和实施进度，均存在一定的不确定性。
+一、关联交易概述
+（一）本次交易的基本情况
+1、本次交易概况
+基于对控股子公司山东艾蒙特资源整合的需要和未来发展的良好预期，公司拟以人民币6,866.45万元收购山东润达持有的山东艾蒙特17.50%股权；以人民币1,961.850万元收购李长彬先生持有的山东艾蒙特5.00%股权。本次股权收购完成后，公司对山东艾蒙特的直接持股比例将由72.50%增加至95.00%，并通过海南海豪间接控制其5.00%股权，仍为山东艾蒙特的控股股东。
+本次股权收购事项已经公司独立董事专门会议、董事会审议通过，尚需提交公司股东大会审议批准，交易方尚未签署《股权转让协议》。
+2、本次交易的目的和原因
+近年来，公司加速推进“1+3”发展战略的落地，逐步完善电子材料的产业化布局。目前，山东艾蒙特已具备高性能环氧树脂、酚醛树脂及中间体的研发与制造能力，与公司电子材料板块业务高度契合，有望快速形成规模化产能，切入电子级、高频高速等高端树脂领域，进一步完善树脂“合成—改性—应用”的全产业链布局。本次股权收购有利于优化经营决策流程，促进技术研发、销售渠道等核心资源的高效整合，提升决策落地和资本使用效率；同时，优化资本结构，降低财务成本，增强信贷融资和抗风险能力，进一步推动公司核心业务的稳定可持续发展。
+3、本次交易的交易要素
+
+
+| 交易事项(可多选) |
+✓购买 ☐置换 ☐其他,具体为: |
+
+
+| 交易标的类型(可多选) |
+(股权资产 ☐非股权资产) |
+
+
+| 交易标的名称 |
+山东艾蒙特22.50%股权 |
+
+
+| 是否涉及跨境交易 |
+☐是 ✓否 |
+
+
+| 是否属于产业整合 |
+☐是 ✓否 |
+
+
+| 交易价格 |
+(已确定,具体金额(万元):8,828.325 (尚未确定) |
+
+
+| 资金来源 |
+✓自有资金 ☐募集资金 ☐银行贷款 ☐其他: |
+
+
+| 支付安排 |
+
+（全额一次付清，约定付款时点：（分期付款，约定分期条款：1.山东艾蒙特175%股权（山东润达持有）转让款的支付安排（1）第一期股权转让价款：股权转让协议签订起5个工作日内，公司支付总价款的50%，即人民币3,433,2375万元；（2）第二期股权转让价款：标的股权工商变更登记手续完成之日起5个工作日内，公司支付总价款的50%，即人民币3,433,2375万元。2.山东艾蒙特5%股权（李长彬持有）转让款的支付安排（1）第一期股权转让价款：股权转让协议签订起5个工作日内，公司支付总价款的50%，即人民币980,925万元；（2）第二期股权转让价款：标的股权工商变更登记手续完成之日起5个工作日内，公司支付总价款的45%，即人民币882,8325万元；（3）第三期股权转让价款：标的股权工商变更登记手续完成之日起1个月内，公司支付总价款的5%，即人民币98,0925万元。
+ |
+
+
+ | 是否设置业绩对赌条款 |
+ （是（否
+ |
+
+（二）本次关联交易的决策程序
+本次股权收购事项已经公司2026年第一次独立董事专门会议、第七届董事会第二次会议审议通过，根据《公司章程》相关规定，尚需提交公司2026年第一次临时股东会审议批准。
+（三）过去12个月内公司曾向山东艾蒙特提供过借款，由于山东艾蒙特的其他股东未向山东艾蒙特提供同比例的借款，本次交易构成关联交易。截至本公告披露日，关联借款的余额为人民币47,598.50（本息合计数）。
+二、交易对方情况介绍
+（一）交易卖方简要情况
+| 序号 | 交易卖方名称 | 交易标的及股权比例或份额 | 对应交易金额（万元） | | 1 | 山东莱芜润达新材料有限公司 | 标的公司17.50%股权 | 6,866.475 | | 2 | 李长彬 | 标的公司5.00%股权 | 1,961.850 |
+
+（二）交易对方的基本情况
+1、山东莱芜润达新材料有限公司
+
+
+| 关联法人/组织名称 |
+山东莱芜阔达新材料有限公司 |
+
+
+| 统一社会信用代码 |
+(91371200169548434N □不适用 |
+
+
+| 成立日期 |
+2003/9/18 |
+
+
+| 注册地址 |
+山东省济南市莱芜高新区鹏泉街道钱塘江大街39号 |
+
+
+| 主要办公地址 |
+山东省济南市莱芜高新区鹏泉街道钱塘江大街39号 |
+
+
+| 法定代表人 |
+李长彬 |
+
+
+| 注册资本 |
+6,000万元人民币 |
+
+
+| 主营业务 |
+酚醛树脂、环氧树脂的生产销售。 |
+
+
+| 关联关系类型 |
+☐控股股东、实际控制人及其控制的其他企业 ☐董监高及其关系密切的家庭成员及上述主体控制的企业 (其他：山东润达是山东艾蒙特的第二大股东，持有山东艾蒙特1750%股权，属于“直接持有对上市公司具有重要影响的控股子公司10%以上股份的关联法人”，故山东润达与公司构成关联关系，是公司的关联法人。 |
+
+
+2、李长彬
+
+
+| 关联人姓名 |
+李长彬 |
+
+
+| 主要就职单位 |
+山东莱芜润达新材料有限公司 |
+
+
+| 是否为失信被执行人 |
+(是/否) |
+
+
+| 关联关系类型 |
+☐控股股东、实际控制人及其一致行动人 ☐董监高及其关系密切的家庭成员及上述主体控制的企业 (其他:李长彬先生为山东艾蒙特的第三大股东,持有山东艾蒙特5%股权,且为山东润达的实际控制人,属于“直接/间接持有对上市公司具有重要影响的控股子公司10%以上股份的关联自然人”,故李长彬先生与公司构成关联关系,是公司的关联自然人。 |
+
+
+三、关联交易标的基本情况
+（一）交易标的概述
+1、交易标的基本情况
+
+本次交易标的为山东润达持有的山东艾蒙特17.50%股权、李长彬先生持有的山东艾蒙特5.00%股权。
+
+2、交易标的权属情况
+
+本次交易标的权属清晰，李长彬先生持有的山东艾蒙特5.00%股权已于2025年11月28日办理股权出质登记手续，将该部分股权质押给山东艾蒙特。除此以外，不存在抵押或其他任何限制转让的情况，不涉及重大诉讼、仲裁事项或查封、冻结等司法措施，不存在妨碍权属转移的其他情况。
+
+3、交易标的具体信息
+（1）基本信息
+
+
+| 法人/组织名称 |
+山东艾蒙特新材料有限公司 |
+
+
+| 统一社会信用代码 |
+(91370500MA3R89K378 □不适用 |
+
+
+| 是否为上市公司合并范围内子公司 |
+√是 □否 |
+
+
+| 本次交易是否导致上市公司合并报表范围变更 |
+(是 否 |
+
+
+| 交易方式 |
+向标的公司增资 ☐其他: |
+
+
+| 成立日期 |
+2019/12/18 |
+
+
+| 注册地址 |
+山东省东营市垦利区胜坨镇胜利路19号 |
+
+
+| 主要办公地址 |
+山东省东营市垦利区胜坨镇胜利路19号 |
+
+
+| 法定代表人 |
+陈忠明 |
+
+
+| 注册资本 |
+50,000万元人民币 |
+
+
+| 主营业务 |
+一般项目：新材料技术研发；货物进出口；合成材料销售；技术服务、技术开发、技术咨询、技术交流、技术转让、技术推广；工程塑料及合成树脂制造；技术进出口；合成材料制造（不含危险化学品）；销售代理；国内贸易代理；化工产品销售（不含许可类化工产品）；以自有资金从事投资活动；电子专用材料研发；电子专用材料制造；电子专用材料销售。许可项目：有毒化学品进出口；危险化学品生产。 |
+
+
+ | 所属行业 |
+ 化学原料和化学制品制造业 |
+
+
+（2）股权结构
+2.1本次交易前股权结构
+
+
+| 股东名称 |
+注册资本（人民币/万元） |
+持股比例（%） |
+
+
+| 四川东材科技集团股份有限公司 |
+36,250 |
+72.50 |
+
+
+| 山东莱芜福达新材料有限公司 |
+8,750 |
+17.50 |
+
+
+| 李长彬 |
+2,500 |
+5.00 |
+
+
+| 海南艾蒙特润东企业管理合伙企业（有限合伙） |
+2,500 |
+5.00 |
+
+
+| 合计 |
+50,000 |
+100.00 |
+
+
+2.2本次交易后股权结构
+
+
+| 股东名称 |
+注册资本（人民币/万元） |
+持股比例（%） |
+
+
+| 四川东材科技集团股份有限公司 |
+47,500 |
+95.00 |
+
+
+| 海南艾蒙特润东企业管理合伙企业（有限合伙） |
+2,500 |
+5.00 |
+
+
+| 合计 |
+50,000 |
+100.00 |
+
+
+2.3山东艾蒙持有优先受让权的其他股东（海南艾蒙特润东企业管理合伙企业），放弃其优先受让权。
+（二）交易标的主要财务信息
+单位：万元
+
+
+| 标的资产名称 |
+山东艾蒙特新材料有限公司 |
+
+
+| 标的资产类型 |
+股权资产 |
+
+
+| 本次交易股权比例（%） |
+22.50% |
+
+
+| 是否经过审计 |
+√是 □否 |
+
+
+| 审计机构名称 |
+致同会计师事务所(特殊普通合伙) |
+
+
+| 是否为符合规定条件的审计机构 |
+√是 □否 |
+
+
+| 是否为符合规定条件的审计机构 |
+√是 □否 |
+
+
+| 项目 |
+2025年1-7月/2025年7月31日 |
+2024年度/2024年12月31日 |
+
+
+| 资产总额 |
+149,124.11 |
+153,424.01 |
+
+
+| 负债总额 |
+126,830.55 |
+126,041.29 |
+
+
+| 净资产 |
+22,293.57 |
+27,382.72 |
+
+
+| 营业收入 |
+47,609.23 |
+74,227.61 |
+
+
+| 净利润 |
+-5,333.53 |
+-12,542.24 |
+
+
+| 扣除非经常性损益后的净利润 |
+-5,529.99 |
+-13,014.78 |
+
+
+
+ 四、交易标的评估、定价情况
+（一）定价情况及依据
+1、本次交易的定价方法和结果
+本次股权收购前，公司聘请具有从事证券服务业务资格的中联资产评估集团四川有限公司以2025年7月31日为评估基准日，采用收益法对标的公司股东全部权益价值进行了评估，并出具了《四川东材科技集团股份有限公司拟购买子公司少数股权涉及的山东艾蒙特新材料有限公司股东全部权益价值项目资产评估报告》（中联川评报字【2025】第145号）。评估结果为：山东艾蒙特净资产账面值为22,293.57万元，股东全部权益评估值为45,120.00万元，评估增值22,826.43万元，增值率102.39%。
+本次股权收购价格以审计报告、评估报告结果为基础，经交易友好协商一致，本次标的股权（山东艾蒙特22.50%股权）的最终收购价格为人民币8,828.325万元。
+
+2、标的资产的具体定价情况及依据
+
+
+ | 标的资产名称 |
+ 山东艾蒙特22.50%股权 |
+
+
+ | 定价方法 |
+ （协商定价（以评估或估值结果为依据定价（公开挂牌方式确定（其他： |
+
+
+ | 交易价格 |
+ （已确定，具体金额（万元）：8,828.325（尚未确定 |
+
+
+ | 评估/估值基准日 |
+ 2025/7/31 |
+
+
+ | 采用评估/估值结果（单选） |
+ □资产基础法（收益法 □市场法□其他，具体为： |
+
+
+ | 最终评估/估值结论 |
+ 评估/估值价值：10,152.00（万元）评估/估值增值率：102.39% |
+
+
+ | 评估/估值机构名称 |
+ 中联资产评估集团四川有限公司 |
+
+
+
+具体评估情况如下：
+（1）评估方法
+本次评估采用市场法和收益法对山东艾蒙特股东全部权益进行了评估。
+（2）评估基准日
+2025年7月31日
+（3）重要评估假设
+①交易假设
+交易假设是假定所有待评估资产已经处在交易的过程中，评估师根据待评估资产的交易条件等模拟市场进行估价。交易假设是资产评估得以进行的一个最基本的前提假设。
+②公开市场假设
+公开市场假设，是假定在市场上交易的资产，或拟在市场上交易的资产，资产交易双方彼此地位平等，彼此都有获取足够市场信息的机会和时间，以便于对资产的功能、用途及其交易价格等做出理智的判断。公开市场假设以资产在市场上可以公开买卖为基础
+③资产持续使用假设
+资产持续使用假设是指评估时需根据被评估资产目前的用途和使用的方式、规模、频度、环境等情况继续使用，或者在有所改变的基础上使用，相应确定评估方法、参数和依据。
+
+（4）评估情况
+①收益法评估结论
+经实施清查核实、实地查勘、市场调查和询证、评定估算等评估程序采用现金流折现方法（DCF）对企业股东全部权益价值进行评估。山东艾蒙特于评估基准日2025年7月31日合并口径归母净资产账面值22,293.57万元，股东全部权益评估价值为45,120.00万元，评估增值22,826.43万元，增值率102.39%
+②市场法评估结论
+经采用市场法，山东艾蒙特于评估基准日2025年7月31日合并口径归母资产账面值为22,293.57万元，评估价值为45,160.00万元，评估增值22,866.43万元，增值率102.57%。
+③评估结果的选取
+由于市场法比较法是通过分析可比公司的各项指标，以可比公司股权或企业整体价值与其某一收益性指标、资产类指标或其他特性指标的比率并以此比率倍数推断被评估单位应该拥有的比率倍数，进而得出被评估单位股东权益的价值。评估人员对可比公司的财务信息比较有限，可能存在可比公司独有的无形资产、或有负债等不确定因素或难以调整的因素，致使存在上市公司比较法的评估结果，可能与实际企业价值存在较大离散程度。
+收益法评估结果是以企业未来盈利预测为基础，体现了企业的内在价值。被评估单位属于树脂行业，该行业市场前景良好、需求稳定，盈利能力稳定，有较好的发展空间。选择收益法评估结果能较好的体现被评估单位的资产收益价值。
+综上，选择收益法的评估结果作为本次评估的最终结果更能体现股东权益价值，即山东艾蒙特新材料有限公司股东全部权益在基准日时点的价值为45,120.00万元。
+（二）定价合理性分析
+本次交易的评估机构中联资产评估集团四川有限公司具有执行证券、期货相关业务资格。评估机构及经办评估师与公司、交易对方及标的公司均不存在关联关系，不存在除专业收费外的现实的和预期的利害关系；评估机构具有独立性。
+中联资产评估集团四川有限公司按照法律、行政法规和资产评估准则的规定，坚持独立、客观和公正的原则，分别采用收益法和市场法对山东艾蒙特股东全部权益进行评估，然后加以校核比较，最终选用收益法评估结果作为最终评估结论，所选用的评估方法合理，与评估目的相关性一致。
+本次股权收购价格以评估值为基础经商确定，交易定价公平合理，不存在损害公司股东利益的行为。
+五、本次关联交易拟签署合同的主要内容
+本次股权收购事项已经公司独立董事专门会议、董事会审议通过，尚需提交公司股东会审议批准，交易方尚未签署《股权转让协议》。拟签署的《股权转让协议》主要条款如下：
+（一）协议各方基本情况
+转让方：李长彬（甲方）、山东莱芜润达新材料有限公司（乙方）
+受让方：四川东材科技集团股份有限公司
+ （二）标的股权的转让
+1、甲方同意将其持有的目标公司2.50万元注册资本，占目标公司注册资本5.00%的股权转让给受让方；乙方同意将其持有的目标公司8.75万元注册资本，占目标公司注册资本17.50%的股权转让给受让方。受让方同意受让甲乙双方持有的上述股权。
+2、本协议各方确认：本次股权转让仅对目标公司股东层面的变更。除本协议另有约定外，目标公司现有的账面资产、债权、债务等仍归目标公司所有或承担。
+3、除本协议另有约定外，本次股权转让不改变目标公司与在册职工之间的劳动用工关系。
+4、鉴于甲方向受让方转让的股权中存在尚未实际缴纳出资的269.50万元，乙方向受让方转让的股权中存在尚未实际缴纳出资的943.25万元，各方同意，本次股权转让后，由受让方继续缴纳履行相应出资义务。
+（三）转让价格与付款方式
+3.1甲方（李长彬）转让价格与付款方式
+3.1.1 经双方协商一致同意，以评估公司对目标公司股权的评估价值（具体详见评估报告）为基准，结合甲方实际出资情况，本次股权转让总价款为1,961.85万元（大写人民币：壹仟玖佰陆拾壹万捌仟伍佰元整）。
+3.1.2 受让方分批次将应向甲方支付的股权转让价款支付至约定账户，具体如下：
+（1）第一期股权转让价款：本协议签订起5个工作日内，受让方支付总价款的50%，即人民币980.925万元；
+（2）第二期股权转让价款：标的股权工商变更登记手续完成之日起5个工作日内，受让方支付总价款的45%，即人民币882.8325万元；
+（3）第三期股权转让价款：标的股权工商变更登记手续完成之日起1个月内，受让方支付总价款的5%，即人民币98.0925万元。
+3.2乙方（山东莱芜润达新材料有限公司）转让价格与付款方式
+3.2.1 经双方协商一致同意，以评估公司对目标公司股权的评估价值（具体详见评估报告）为基准，结合乙方实际出资情况，本次股权转让总价款为6,866.475万元（大写人民币：陆仟捌佰陆拾陆万肆仟柒佰伍拾元整）。
+3.2.2 受让方分批次将应向乙方支付的股权转让价款支付至约定账户，具体如下：
+（1）第一期股权转让价款：本协议签订起5个工作日内，受让方支付总价款的50%，即人民币3,433.2375万元；
+（2）第二期股权转让价款：标的股权工商变更登记手续完成之日起5个工作日内，受让方支付总价款的50%，即人民币3,433.2375万元。
+（四）标的股权的转让程序
+1、各方确认并同意，由目标公司负责办理股权转让变更登记手续，各方应予以协助，并按要求提供相关文件以供办理工商变更登记之目的使用。
+2、本次股权转让涉及的税费等有关费用，由各方根据相关规定各自承担。
+3、在办理股权变更登记过程中需要向有关部门缴纳的费用由转让方承担。
+（五）承诺和保证
+为受让方之利益，转让方就截至本协议签订时、并且确认至标的股权过户至受让方名下的工商变更登记完成之时与标的股权转让有关的事项向受让方陈述并承诺如下：
+1、转让方合法拥有标的股权，具有以其名义转让标的股权的完全行为能力；转让方已根据目标公司的章程规定及时、足额出资且一直保持其出资的完整性并未出现任何撤回、抽逃出资或转移公司资产的行为。
+2、在本协议签订之时，转让方不存在代持股权现象，也不存在可能导致受让方受让的股权比例减少或者股权转让后目标公司注册资本减少的情况。此外，转让方未在拟转让的标的股权上为任何第三人之利益或以任何第三人为权利人设定任何抵押、质押或类似的担保权利。
+3、除李长彬在本次拟转让的5%股权之上以山东艾蒙特新材料有限公司为权利人设立了质押担保外，转让方未在拟转让的标的股权上为任何第三人之利益或以任何第三人为权利人设定任何抵押、质押或类似的担保权利。
+4、已完成本次股权收购所需的全部审批和决策程序。
+（六）违约行为与救济
+1、各方如违反本协议约定的条款，则将构成违约行为，各方同意违约行为包括但不限于以下情形：
+（1）转让方不按照协议约定履行应当履行的义务；
+（2）受让方不按照本协议约定支付款项；
+（3）任何一方不履行本协议约定的其他各项条款；
+（4）任何一方拒绝或故意拖延政府审批程序的办理。
+2、若转让方出现上述违约行为，每出现一次，则应按照本次股权转让价款的10%向受让方支付违约金。
+3、任何一方发生违约行为并在守约方向其发出要求更正的书面通知之日起30天内不予更正的，或发生累计两次或以上违约行为，守约方有权单方解除本协议，违约方应按照本次股权转让价款的30%向守约方支付违约金。
+4、未行使或延迟行使本协议或法律规定的某项权利并不构成对该项权利或其他权利的放弃。单独或部分行使本协议或法律规定的某项权利并不妨碍其进一步继续行使该项权利或其他权利。
+（七）不可抗力
+1、本条所称的“不可抗力”系指不能预见、不能避免且不能克服的客观事件，但包括不限于：自然灾害（如政府、火灾、爆炸、雷电、地震、风暴、恶劣天气等）、社会事件（如战争、动乱、政府管制等）以及政策、政府行政行为等。
+2、因不可抗力导致本协议任何一方不能履行或不能完全履行本协议的，遭遇不可抗力一方应立即书面通知其余各方，并应在不可抗力事件发生后十五天内，向协议其他方提供县级以上政府部门出具的证明发生不可抗力事件的书面文件，同时采取必要措施防止损失扩大。协议各方应按不可抗力事件对履行协议的影响程度，协商决定是否解除协议，或者部分或全部免除履行协议的责任，或者延期履行协议，且互不承担违约责任。一方延迟履行协议义务后发生不可抗力的或遭受不可抗力的一方未履行前述义务的，不能免除其违约责任。
+（八）争议的处理
+1、本协议的订立、生效、履行、解释、修改、终止及争议等适用中华人民共和国法律。
+2、因履行本协议所发生的或与本协议有关的一切争议，各方应通过友好协商解决，如果通过协商仍不能解决，应当向受让方所在地有管辖权的人民法院起诉。
+3、除非生效判决另有规定，各方为诉讼而实际支付的费用（包括但不限于诉讼费和律师费）由败诉方承担。在诉讼期间，本协议中不涉及争议的条款仍须履行，各方均不得以解决争议为由拒不履行其在本协议项下的任何义务。
+（九）协议生效及其他
+1、本协议自甲方签字捺印，且乙方、受让方授权代表签字并加盖公章之日起生效；本协议一式五份，交易各方执贰份，另壹份报市场监督管理局备案，具有同等法律效力。
+2、若市场监督管理局要求使用其制式模板或对本协议内容进行修改的，各方仍以本协议约定的内容为准。
+六、本次股权收购对公司的影响
+本次收购控股子公司少数股东（山东润达、李长彬）持有的山东艾蒙特22.50%股权，是为了提高公司对山东艾蒙特的持股比例，提升经营决策效率，进一步推动公司核心业务的稳定可持续发展，增强综合盈利能力和核心竞争力，符合公司发展战略规划。本次股权收购完成后，公司对山东艾蒙特的直接持股比例将由72.50%增加至95.00%，并通过海南艾蒙特间接控制其5.00%股权，仍为山东艾蒙特的控股股东，不会导致公司的合并报表范围发生变化，亦不存在损害公司及全体股东、特别是中小股东利益的情形。
+七、本次股权收购履行的审议程序
+1、独立董事专门会议审议情况
+公司于2026年1月11日召开2026年第一次独立董事专门会议，以3票同意、0票反对、0票弃权，审议通过了《关于收购控股子公司山东艾蒙特少数股东股权暨关联交易的议案》。公司全体独立董事一致认为：本次收购控股子公司少数股东（山东润达、李长彬）持有的山东艾蒙特22.50%股权，是为了提高公司对山东艾蒙特的持股比例，提升经营决策效率，进一步推动公司核心业务的稳定可持续发展，增强综合盈利能力和核心竞争力，符合公司发展战略规划。本次关联交易的定价公允、合理，不存在损害公司及全体股东，特别是中小股东利益的情形，同意将该议案提交第七届董事会第二次会议审议。
+
+2、董事会审议情况
+公司于2026年1月12日召开第七届董事会第二次会议，以9票同意、0票反对、0票弃权，审议通过了《关于收购控股子公司山东艾蒙特少数股东股权暨关联交易的议案》，同意公司以人民币8,828.325万元收购控股子公司少数股东（山东润达、李长彬）持有的山东艾蒙特22.50%股权，并同意将该议案提交公司2026年第一次临时股东大会审议。
+
+根据《公司章程》相关规定，本次股权收购事项尚需提交公司2026年第一次临时股东大会审议批准。
+
+八、需要特别说明的历史关联交易（日常关联交易除外）情况
+公司于2025年4月23日召开第六届董事会第十七次会议和第六届监事会第十三次会议，审议通过了《关于向控股子公司山东艾蒙特提供借款暨关联交易的议案》，公司于2025年5月15日召开2024年度股东大会审议批准前述议案，拟向其提供不超过人民币55,000万元的借款，借款期限为12个月，借款年利率参考实际提款日的一年期贷款市场报价利率（LPR）上浮15%，按月计息、按季付息，详见公司于2025年4月25日披露的《关于向控股子公司山东艾蒙特提供借款暨关联交易的公告》（公告编号：2025-037）。
+
+截至本公告披露日，公司向山东艾蒙特提供借款的余额为人民币47,598.50万元（本息合计数），未超过2024年度股东大会的审批额度。
+
+特此公告。
+
+四川东材科技集团股份有限公司董事会
+2026年1月12日
+证券代码：601208 证券简称：东材科技 公告编号：2026-006
+
+# 四川东材科技集团股份有限公司关于使用闲置募集资金进行现金管理的公告
+
+本公司董事会及全体董事保证本公告内容不存在任何虚假记载、误导性陈述或者重大遗漏，并对其内容的真实性、准确性和完整性承担法律责任。
+
+重要内容提示
+* 现金管理种类：安全性高、流动性好、满足保本要求的投资产品（包括但不限于结构性存款、定期存款、大额存单、收益凭证等）。
+* 现金管理金额：不超过1.2亿元，在授权额度范围内，资金可滚动使用。
+* 已履行的审议程序：四川东材科技集团股份有限公司（以下简称“公司”或“本公司”）于2026年1月12日召开第七届董事会第二次会议，审议通过了《关于使用闲置募集资金进行现金管理的议案》。保荐人中信建投证券股份有限公司对本事项出具了明确同意的核查意见。根据《上海证券交易所股票上市规则》及《公司章程》等有关规定，该议案无需提交公司股东大会审议。
+*特别风险提示：公司使用闲置募集资金进行现金管理将选择安全性高、流动性好、满足保本要求的投资产品（包括但不限于结构性存款、定期存款、大额存单、收益凭证等），但金融市场受宏观经济、货币政策、市场利率等变化的影响较大，投资收益具有不确定性，请广大投资者注意投资风险。
+
+公司于2026年1月12日召开第七届董事会第二次会议，审议通过了《关于使用闲置募集资金进行现金管理的议案》，同意公司及子公司在确保募集资金投资项目（以下简称“募投项目”）正常推进和资金安全的前提下，拟使用不超过人民币1.2亿元的闲置募集资金进行现金管理。根据《上海证券交易所股票上市规则》及《公司章程》等有关规定，该议案无需提交公司股东大会审议，董事会授权公司管理层在授权额度范围内，办理募集资金现金管理的后续事宜，具体情况如下：
+
+一、募集资金的基本情况
+根据中国证券监督管理委员会核发的《关于核准四川东材科技集团股份有限公司非公开发行股票的批复》（证监许可【2021】735号），公司采用非公开发行股票方式，向特定对象非公开发行人民币普通股66,464,471股，每股发行价格为人民币11.54元，募集资金总额人民币766,999,995.34元，扣除承销费和保荐费6,444,250.00元（含税）（不含前期已支付费用500,000.00元）后的募集资金为人民币760,555,745.34元，另扣减前期已支付的保荐费、审计费、律师费、法定信息披露费等其他发行费用1,396,464.47元（含税）后，募集资金净额为人民币759,159,280.87元。实际募集资金净额加上本次非公开发行股票发行费用可抵扣增值税进项税额453,814.02元，募集资金净额（不含税）合计金额为人民币759,603,094.89元。致同会计师事务所（特殊普通合伙）对本次公司非公开发行股票的资金到位情况进行了审验，并于2021年4月16日出具了《四川东材科技集团股份有限公司非公开发行股票募集资金验资报告》（致同验字（2021）第510C000185号）。
+
+为规范公司募集资金管理和使用，保护投资者合法权益，公司及子公司已依照相关规定将募集资金全部存放于募集资金专户，并与中信建投证券股份有限公司（以下简称“保荐机构”）、募集资金专户开户银行共同签订了《募集资金专户存储三方监管协议》。
+
+二、现金管理情况概述
+（一）现金管理的目的
+在确保募投项目正常推进和资金安全的前提下，公司及子公司拟使用暂时闲置的募集资金进行现金管理，可有效降低募集资金闲置成本，提升募集资金的保值增值能力，增加投资收益。
+（二）现金管理额度
+在确保募投项目正常推进和资金安全的前提下，公司及子公司拟使用不超过人民币1.2亿元的闲置募集资金进行现金管理。在授权额度范围内，公司及子公司可共同滚动使用，且在任一时点使用闲置募集资金进行现金管理的总额不超过人民币1.2亿元。
+（三）资金来源
+暂时闲置的募集资金。
+
+
+ | 发行名称 |
+ 2020年非公开发行股份 |
+
+
+ | 募集资金到账时间 |
+ 2021年4月15日 |
+
+
+ | 募集资金总额 |
+ 76,700.00万元 |
+
+
+ | 募集资金净额 |
+ 75,915.93万元 |
+
+
+ | 超募资金总额 |
+ 不适用 □适用、______ 万元 |
+
+
+ | 募集资金使用情况 |
+ 项目名称 |
+ 累计投入进度（%） |
+ 达到预定可使用状态时间 |
+
+
+ | 年产1亿平方米功能膜材料产业化项目 |
+ 68.32 |
+ 2025年10月 |
+
+
+ | 年产5200吨高频高速印制电路板用特种树脂材料产业化项目 |
+ 84.00 |
+ 2024年8月 |
+
+
+ | 年产6万吨特种环氧树脂及中间体项目 |
+ 100.15 |
+ 2023年7月 |
+
+
+ | 补充流动资金 |
+ 100.48 |
+ 不适用 |
+
+
+ | 是否影响募投项目实施 |
+ □是 √否 |
+
+
+注1：公司于2025年10月31日召开第六届董事会第二十二次临时会议和第六届监事会第十六次临时会议，审议通过了《关于终止募投项目部分产线并将剩余募集资金继续存放在募集资金专户管理的议案》。经公司审慎研究，拟终止建设“年产1亿平方米功能膜材料产业化项目”的第三期工程，将该募投项目的剩余募集资金继续存放在募集资金专户管理，待公司确定新的投资项目后，用于实施产业化项目建设。
+截至本公告披露日，公司新的投资项目暂未确定，导致该部分剩余募集资金存在暂时闲置的情形。
+注2：年产5200吨高频高速印制电路板用特种树脂材料产业化项目、年产6万吨特种环氧树脂及中间体项目已完成项目结项工作。
+
+（四）现金管理方式
+1、现金管理受托方：信用评级较高、履约能力较强的银行、证券公司、资产管理公司等金融机构。
+2、金管理期限：自公司董事会审议批准之日起12个月内有效。
+3、现金管理类型：安全性高、流动性好、满足保本要求的投资产品（包括但不限于结构性存款、定期存款、大额存单、收益凭证等）。以上产品类型不得涉及证券投资，不得用于股票及其衍生产品、证券投资基金和以证券投资为目的的投资行为。
+4、现金管理实施方式：公司董事会授权公司管理层在授权额度范围内，办理募集资金现金管理的具体事宜，包括但不限于确定现金管理金额、投资期限、选择投资产品、签署合同及协议等具体事项。
+（五）现金管理的收益
+本次使用闲置募集资金进行现金管理所得收益归公司所有，并严格按照中国证监会及上海证券交易所关于募集资金监管措施的要求管理和使用募集资金，现金管理到期后将归还至募集资金专户。
+（六）截至本公告日，公司最近12个月使用募集资金进行现金管理的情况
+金额：万元
+
+
+ | 序号 |
+ 理财产品类型 |
+ 实际投入金额 |
+ 实际收回本金 |
+ 实际收益 |
+ 尚未收回本金金额 |
+
+
+ | 1 |
+ 结构性存款 |
+ 110,000 |
+ 100,000 |
+ 127.72 |
+ 10,000 |
+
+
+ | 合计 |
+ 110,000 |
+ 100,000 |
+ 127.72 |
+ 10,000 |
+
+
+ | 最近12个月内单日最高投入金额 |
+ 10,000 |
+
+
+ | 最近12个月内单日最高投入金额/最近一年净资产（%） |
+ 2.15 |
+
+
+ | 最近12个月现金管理累计收益/最近一年净利润（%） |
+ 0.83 |
+
+
+ | 目前已使用的现金管理额度 |
+ 10,000 |
+
+
+ | 尚未使用的现金管理额度 |
+ 2,000 |
+
+
+ | 总现金管理额度 |
+ 12,000 |
+
+
+注：“实际投入金额”、“实际收回本金”为最近 12 个月内滚动使用后的累计金额。
+
+三、本次现金管理的决策程序
+公司于2026年1月12日召开第七届董事会第二次会议，以9票同意、0票反对、0票弃权，审议通过了《关于使用闲置募集资金进行现金管理的议案》，同意公司及子公司在确保募投项目正常推进和资金安全的前提下，使用不超过人民币1.2亿元的闲置募集资金进行现金管理。
+
+根据《上海证券交易所股票上市规则》及《公司章程》等有关规定，该议案无需提交公司股东大会审议，董事会授权公司管理层在授权额度范围内，办理募集资金现金管理的后续事宜。
+
+四、投资风险分析及风控措施
+金融市场受宏观经济的影响较大，公司及子公司进行现金管理可能受货币市场、流动性风险、信用风险等因素影响，投资收益存在一定的不确定性，现拟定的公司内部控制措施如下：
+1、公司将做好募投项目的资金计划，在确保募投项目正常推进和资金安全的前提下，对投资产品的安全性、期限和收益情况进行严格评估、筛选，谨慎选择合适的投资产品。
+2、公司财务部为现金管理业务的实施部门，实时分析和跟踪投资产品的进展情况，严控资金安全风险；公司审计部为现金管理业务的监督部门，负责对投资产品进行合规性审核，并对具体的投资审批流程进行监督。公司董事会办公室为现金管理业务的信息披露部门，按照相关法律法规要求对募集资金进行现金管理的进展情况予以及时披露。
+3、现金管理的操作岗位实行权限分离，发起申请、投资审批、资金收支、会计记账等过程均由不同岗位的员工进行操作，避免人为操作风险。
+4、公司独立董事、董事会审计委员会、保荐人均有权对上述现金管理的实施情况进行监督与检查，必要时可以聘请专业机构进行审计。
+
+五、对上市公司的影响
+截至2025年9月30日，公司的资产负债率为45.35%（未经审计），并不存在负有大额负债的同时购买大额银行理财产品的情形。
+
+单位：元
+
+
+ | 项目 |
+ 2025年9月30日 |
+ 2024年12月31日 |
+
+
+ | 资产总额 |
+ 11,216,375,728.42 |
+ 10,443,446,379.14 |
+
+
+ | 负债总额 |
+ 5,086,829,216.17 |
+ 5,783,374,056.24 |
+
+
+ | 归属于上市公司股东的净资产 |
+ 6,021,281,051.58 |
+ 4,541,883,313.72 |
+
+
+ | 项目 |
+ 2025年1-9月 |
+ 2024年1-12月 |
+
+
+ | 营业收入 |
+ 3,803,063,068.03 |
+ 4,470,106,366.57 |
+
+
+ | 归属于上市公司股东的净利润 |
+ 282,944,260.81 |
+ 181,022,636.52 |
+
+
+ | 经营活动产生的现金流量净额 |
+ -364,862,834.77 |
+ 91,029,549.74 |
+
+
+ | 投资活动产生的现金流量净额 |
+ -114,408,591.97 |
+ -563,946,497.86 |
+
+
+公司及子公司在确保募投项目正常推进和资金安全的前提下，使用暂时闲置的募集资金进行现金管理，有助于提升募集资金保值增值能力，增加投资收益，为公司和广大股东创造合理利润，不存在变相改变募集资金用途的行为。
+根据新金融工具准则要求，公司拟进行现金管理将根据产品协议具体内容，在资产负债表中列示为“交易性金融资产”或“货币资金”科目，现金管理取得的收益将计入投资收益，具体以会计师事务所的年度审计结果为准。
+
+六、保荐人核查意见
+经核查，保荐人认为：公司本次使用闲置募集资金进行现金管理的事项已经公司第七届董事会第二次会议审议通过，履行了必要的决策程序，符合《上市公司募集资金监管规则》《上海证券交易所上市公司自律监管指引第1号——规范运作》《上海证券交易所上市公司自律监管指引第11号——持续督导》等相关规定的要求，有利于提高募集资金使用效率，不影响募集资金投资项目建设的正常进行，不存在变相改变募集资金用途且损害股东利益的情形。该事项无需提交公司股东大会审议。保荐人对公司本次使用闲置募集资金进行现金管理事项无异议。
+
+ 七、风险提示
+公司使用闲置募集资金进行现金管理将选择安全性高、流动性好、满足保本要求的投资产品（包括但不限于结构性存款、定期存款、大额存单、收益凭证等），但金融市场受宏观经济、货币政策、市场利率等变化的影响较大，投资收益具有不确定性，请广大投资者注意投资风险。
+
+八、备查文件
+1、《公司第七届董事会第二次会议决议》
+2、《中信建投证券股份有限公司关于四川东材科技集团股份有限公司使用闲置募集资金进行现金管理的核查意见》
+
+特此公告。
+
+四川东材科技集团股份有限公司董事会
+2026年1月12日
+
+证券代码：601208 证券简称：东材科技 公告编号：2026-008
+
+# 四川东材科技集团股份有限公司 2025年日常关联交易执行情况及2026年日常关联交易情况预计的公告
+
+本公司董事会及全体董事保证本公告内容不存在虚假记载、误导性陈述或者重大遗漏，并对其内容的真实性、准确性和完整性承担个别及连带责任。
+
+重要内容提示
+* 交易内容
+根据日常经营业务发展的需要，公司及子公司拟分别向金发科技股份有限公司及其子公司（以下简称“金发科技”）采购材料、接受劳务；向太湖金张科技股份有限公司及其子公司（以下简称“金张科技”）销售产品；向山东莱芜润达新材料有限公司及其子公司（以下简称“山东润达”）采购材料、销售材料、销售产品。（以下统称“关联方”）
+* 对上市公司的影响
+上述关联交易事项是公司正常的经营行为，不存在影响公司持续经营能力、损益及资产状况的情形，亦不会对关联方形成依赖。
+* 关联交易审议情况
+上述关联交易事项已经公司2026年第一次独立董事专门会议、第七届董事会第二次会议审议通过，关联董事已回避表决。根据《公司章程》等相关法律法规的规定，该议案尚需提交公司2026年第一次临时股东大会审议，关联股东应回避表决。
+
+ 一、日常关联交易基本情况
+（一）日常关联交易履行的审议程序
+1、独立董事专门会议审议情况
+公司于2026年1月11日召开2026年第一次独立董事专门会议，以3票同意、0票反对、0票弃权，审议通过了《关于公司2025年日常关联交易执行情况及2026年日常关联交易情况预计的议案》。公司独立董事认为：公司及子公司与关联企业之间的日常关联交易是日常生产经营所需，关联交易的定价公允、合理，不存在损害公司及全体股东、特别是中小股东和非关联股东利益的情形，同意将该议案提交第七届董事会第二次会议审议，关联董事需回避表决。
+2、董事会审议情况
+公司于2026年1月12日召开第七届董事会第二次会议，以6票同意、0票反对、0票弃权，审议通过了《关于公司2025年日常关联交易执行情况及2026年日常关联交易情况预计的议案》，同意公司2025年日常关联交易执行情况及2026年日常关联交易预计事项，并同意将该议案提交公司2026年第一次临时股东大会审议。
+
+（二）2025年度日常关联交易的执行情况
+2025年1月9日，公司召开第六届董事会第十四次会议、第六届监事会第十一次会议，审议通过了《关于公司2024年日常关联交易执行情况及2025年日常关联交易情况预计的议案》。基于生产经营的需要，公司预计2025年与关联方之间发生销售、采购等交易事项的关联交易总额不超过37,000万元，其中：采购材料/接受劳务不超过9,000万元，销售材料/销售产品不超过25,000万元，与日常经营相关的零星关联交易不超过3,000万元。2025年5月15日，公司召开2024年度股东大会，审议通过上述关联交易的议案，批准了2025年度公司与关联方预计发生的日常关联交易额度。
+
+截至2025年12月31日，公司与关联方实际发生的关联交易金额为12,376.57万元（未经审计），具体交易情况详见下表。
+单位：万元
+
+
+ | 关联交易类别 |
+ 关联人 |
+ 2025年预计金额 |
+ 2025年实际发生金额（未经审计） |
+ 预计金额与实际发生金额差异较大的原因 |
+
+
+ | 采购材料、接受劳务 |
+ 金发科技及其子公司 |
+ 5,000.00 |
+ 2,086.43 |
+ 公司依据当时市场情况，结合潜在关联交易的可能性，预计2025年度日常关联交易额度，但实际发生额受市场动态、双方业务发展、实际需求等多种因素影响，导致实际发生额与预计金额存在一定差异。 |
+
+
+ | 山东润达 |
+ 4,000.00 |
+ 1,312.15 |
+
+
+ | 小计 |
+ 9,000.00 |
+ 3,398.58 |
+
+
+ | 销售材料、销售产品 |
+ 金张科技 |
+ 10,000.00 |
+ 806.06 |
+
+
+ | 山东润达 |
+ 15,000.00 |
+ 6,472.31 |
+
+
+ | 小计 |
+ 25,000.00 |
+ 7,278.37 |
+
+
+ | 其它与日常经营相关的零星关联交易 |
+ 其他关联方 |
+ 3,000.00 |
+ 1,699.62 |
+
+
+ | 小计 |
+ 3,000.00 |
+ 1,699.62 |
+
+
+ | 合计 |
+ 37,000.00 |
+ 12,376.57 |
+ |
+
+
+注：2025年度日常关联交易发生额未经审计，实际发生金额以公司2025年审计报告的披露数据为准。
+
+二、2026年度日常关联交易的预计情况
+基于生产经营的需要，公司预计2026年与关联方之间发生销售、采购等交易事项的关联交易总额不超过28,000万元，其中：采购材料/接受劳务不超过7,000万元，销售材料/销售产品不超过18,000万元，与日常经营相关的零星关联交易不超过3,000万元，具体预计情况详见下表。
+单位：万元
+| 关联方 | 关联关系 | 关联交易类别 | 2026年预计金额 | 截至本公告披露日累计发生金额 | 本次预计金额与上年实际发生金额差异较大的原因 | | 金发科技及其子公司 | 公司原任董事宁红涛担任董事的企业 | 采购材料接受劳务 | 5,000 | 0 | 根据公司2026年经营计划预计 | | 金张科技 | 公司现任董事李刚担任董事的企业 | 销售产品 | 10,000 | 0 | | 山东润达 | 持有重要的控股子公司10%以上股份的关联法人 | 采购材料 | 2,000 | 0 | | 销售材料销售产品 | 8,000 | 0 | | 其它与日常经营相关的零星关联交易 | | 采购材料接受劳务销售产品提供劳务等 | 3,000 | 0 | | 合计 | \ | \ | 28,000 | 0 |
+三、关联交易的主要内容
+（一）与金发科技的关联交易内容
+基本情况：为了拓宽采购渠道，缩短原材料交付周期，降低采购成本，公司拟向金发科技及其子公司采购部分母料、助剂，用于生产特种聚酯薄膜、无卤阻燃片材、环氧树脂等产品，或提供原材料委托其进行加工。
+定价原则：遵循公开、公平、公正原则，参照公司向非关联第三方采购的同种或类似产品价格进行定价；加工费根据成本费用加上合理利润进行定价。
+货款结算方式和期限：到货后月结30天以银行电汇/承兑方式结算。
+（二）与金张科技的关联交易内容
+基本情况：金张科技拟向公司采购光学级聚酯基膜，用于生产光学涂布产品。
+定价原则：遵循公开、公平、公正原则，参照公司向非关联的第三方销售的同种或类似产品价格进行定价。
+货款结算方式和期限：到货后月结60天以银行电汇/承兑方式结算。
+（三）与山东润达的关联交易内容
+1、向山东润达采购原材料
+基本情况：公司拟向山东润达采购环氧树脂、粉状树脂等基础原材料，用于生产电子级树脂材料。
+2、向山东润达销售材料、销售产品
+基本情况：公司拥有较强的采购渠道优势和规模优势，拟向山东润达以贸易方式销售部分原材料，以赚取合理的贸易利润；同时，山东润达拟向公司采购甲醛、水杨酸等产品，用于生产固体环氧树脂、酚醛树脂等材料。
+定价原则：遵循公开、公平、公正原则，参照公司向非关联的第三方采购/销售的同种或类似产品价格进行定价；或者根据成本费用加上合理利润进行定价。
+货款结算方式和期限：到货后月结30天以现金或银行承兑方式结算。
+
+四、关联方、关联关系及其履约能力的说明
+1、金发科技股份有限公司
+注册地址：广州市高新技术产业开发区科学城科丰路33号
+企业类型：股份有限公司（上市、自然人投资或控股）
+法定代表人：陈平绪
+注册资本：263,661.2697万人民币
+经营范围：化工产品生产（不含许可类化工产品）；合成材料制造（不含危险化学品）；合成材料销售；工程塑料及合成树脂销售；合成纤维制造；合成纤维销售；塑料制品制造；塑料制品销售；玻璃纤维增强塑料制品制造；玻璃纤维增强塑料制品销售；医用包装材料制造；产业用纺织制成品销售；化工产品销售（不含许可类化工产品）；贸易经纪；国内贸易代理；包装材料及制品销售；生物基材料制造；生物基材料销售；橡胶制品制造；橡胶制品销售；海绵制品制造；海绵制品销售；再生资源回收（除生产性废旧金属）；再生资源加工；再生资源销售；再生资源利用技术研发；非金属废料和碎屑加工处理；金属废料和碎屑加工处理；技术服务、技术开发、技术咨询、技术交流、技术转让、技术推广；新材料技术推广服务；工程和技术研究和试验发展；新材料技术研发；生物基材料技术研发；发酵过程优化技术研发；生物基材料聚合技术研发；生物化工产品技术研发；细胞技术研发和应用；日用化工专用设备制造；文化、办公用设备制造；金属制品销售；国内货物运输代理；国际货物运输代理；普通货物仓储服务（不含危险化学品等需许可审批的项目）；物业管理；租赁服务（不含许可类租赁服务）；住房租赁；非居住房地产租赁；以自有资金从事投资活动；计量技术服务；数字技术服务；通用设备制造（不含特种设备制造）；专用设备制造（不含许可类专业设备制造）；包装专用设备制造；机械设备销售；装卸搬运；创业投资（限投资未上市企业）；商业综合体管理服务；园区管理服务；酒店管理；信息技术咨询服务；信息咨询服务（不含许可类信息咨询服务）；科技中介服务；会议及展览服务；知识产权服务（专利代理服务除外）；工程管理服务；市场营销策划；产业用纺织制成品生产；货物进出口；技术进出口；餐饮服务。
+关联关系：公司董事宁红涛先生是金发科技的董事，故金发科技与公司构成关联关系，是公司的关联法人。
+财务状况：截至2024年12月31日（经审计），金发科技的资产总额为6,179,873.08万元，负债总额为4,118,295.00万元，净资产为2,061,578.09万元；2024年度实现营业收入6,051,424.21万元，实现归属于上市公司股东的净利润82,462.48万元。截至2025年9月30日（未经审计），金发科技的资产总额为6,379,470.55万元，负债总额为4,231,049.84万元，净资产为2,148,420.71万元；2025年1-9月实现营业收入4,961,573.49万元，实现归属于上市公司股东的净利润106,458.69万元。
+2、太湖金张科技股份有限公司
+注册地址：安徽省安庆市太湖县经济开发区
+法定代表人：施克炜
+注册资本：8,411.592万元
+经营范围：信息显示、大规模集成电路、电子元器件领域功能性保护材料及生产配套材料、健康护眼膜、光学转换膜、高阻隔膜、高离型膜、功能性光学、电子元器件用离型材料的研发、生产、销售及相关技术咨询、技术转让、技术服务；自营进出口业务；自有房屋、设备租赁。
+关联关系：公司董事李刚先生是金张科技的董事，故金张科技与公司构成关联关系，是公司的关联法人。
+财务状况：截至2024年12月31日（经审计），金张科技的资产总额为88,093.11万元，负债总额为34,915.99万元，净资产为53,177.12万元；2024年度实现营业收入65,609.70万元，实现净利润7,208.07万元。截至2025年9月30日（未经审计），金张科技的资产总额为94,798.54万元，负债总额为34,456.30万元，净资产为60,342.24万元；2025年1-9月实现营业收入56,367.47万元，实现净利润7,052.42万元。
+3、山东莱芜润达新材料有限公司
+注册地址：山东省济南市莱芜高新区鹏泉街道钱塘江大街39号
+企业类型：其他有限责任公司
+法定代表人：李长彬
+注册资本：6,000万元
+经营范围：酚醛树脂、环氧树脂的生产销售。
+关联关系：山东润达是公司控股子公司山东艾蒙特新材料有限公司的第二大股东，持有其17.50%股权，属于“持有对上市公司具有重要影响的控股子公司10%以上股份的关联法人”，故山东润达与公司构成关联关系，是公司的关联法人。
+财务状况：截至2024年12月31日（经审计），山东润达的资产总额为31,500.78万元，负债总额为16,651.69万元，净资产为14,849.09万元；2024年度实现营业收入22,176.19万元，实现净利润312.19万元。截至2025年9月30日（未经审计），山东润达的资产总额为30,703.22万元，负债总额为15,601.24万元，净资产为15,100.39万元；2025年1-9月实现营业收入16,472.24万元，实现净利润626.26万元。
+4、关联方的履约能力分析
+综合考量上述关联方的资信情况、主要财务指标和生产经营情况，并结合以前年度同类关联交易的执行情况，公司董事会认为上述关联方均具备充分的履约能力，能够履行已达成的各项协议，不存在重大履约风险。
+五、关联交易的定价政策
+公司与上述关联方交易的定价政策和定价依据为：遵循公开、公平、公正原则，存在同类交易的参照公司向非关联的第三方销售/采购的同种或类似产品价格进行定价；不存在同类交易或市场价格的，以合理的构成价格（成本费用加上合理利润）作为定价依据。
+六、对上市公司的影响
+上述日常关联交易是公司及子公司的正常经营活动所需，可减少时间成本和沟通成本，此类关联交易的存续有利于保证公司生产经营的稳定性。上述关联交易均遵循公平、公正、公开的原则，不会损害公司及全体股东、特别是中小股东和非关联股东的利益，且占同类交易或公司交易总量的比例较小，对公司本期及未来财务状况、经营成果不会产生较大的影响，不会对关联方形成依赖，亦不会对公司独立性产生影响。
+七、备查文件目录
+1、《公司第七届董事会第二次会议决议》
+2、《公司2026年第一次独立董事专门会议决议》
+
+特此公告。
+
+四川东材科技集团股份有限公司董事会
+2026年1月12日
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_35.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_35.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d8c19c741b1c9ea1979a8ec0921c33c7f33bbd4e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_35.md
@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+
+# 2025年世界钢铁统计数据
+
+**worldsteel**
+ASSOCIATION
+
+
+## 目录
+
+ **引言**
+3 序言
+4 钢铁行业可持续发展指标
+6 要点
+
+ **粗钢产量**
+7 1950-2024年世界粗钢产量
+8 2024年主要钢铁生产公司排名
+9 2024年和2023年主要钢铁生产国
+10 2024年按工艺统计的粗钢产量
+11 2022-2024年连铸钢产量
+12 2021-2024年月度粗钢产量
+
+ **钢铁消费**
+14 钢铁产量和消费量: 2014年分地区构成
+15 钢铁产量和消费量: 2024年分地区构成
+16 2020-2024年钢铁表观消费量
+17 2020-2024年人均钢铁表观消费量
+
+ **原料**
+18 2023-2024年主要国家/地区生铁产量和消费量
+19 2020-2024年直接还原铁产量
+20 2023年主要国家/地区铁矿石产量和消费量
+21 2024年世界各地区铁矿石贸易量
+22 2023-2024年主要国家/地区废钢贸易量
+23 2024年世界各地区废钢贸易量
+
+ **钢铁贸易**
+24 1975-2024年世界钢材贸易量
+24 2000-2024年世界贸易量
+25 2020-2024年世界钢铁分品种出口量
+26 2024年世界各地区钢铁贸易量
+27 2024年主要钢铁进出口国
+
+ **间接贸易**
+28 2000-2019年钢铁间接贸易量
+28 2019年主要间接钢铁进出口国
+29 2015-2019年实际钢铁消费量
+29 2019年人均钢铁表观和实际钢铁消费量
+
+ **钢铁市场**
+30 2024年分行业钢铁消费量
+
+关于文中行业术语的定义，请点击链接查看：
+https://worldsteel.org/zh-hans/about-steel/glossary/
+关于文中标记具体说明，请参见第31页。
+数据统计截止日期为2025年6月4日
+
+
+## 序言
+
+钢铁是世界上最重要的金属材料之一，从宏大的基础设施项目到厨房橱柜里的常见用品，钢铁无所不在。它坚固、耐用，能够无限次地循环利用，并且不会影响其任何固有特性。钢铁使人们过上了现代化生活，并将成为未来现代社会不可或缺的基石。
+
+世界钢铁协会开展的一项重要工作是从我们遍布全球的钢铁会员企业中直接收集数据进行数据发布和出版物编辑，这成为协会重要材料的可靠数据来源。
+
+《世界钢铁统计数据》汇集了收集过程中的大部分统计数据，内容涵盖主要钢铁生产公司和国家、需求、生产流程和贸易等各个方面，为读者提供了行业中的最新动态概览。期刊还包含整个钢铁行业的二氧化碳排放、安全与职业健康，以及教育与培训等可持续发展指标的最新数据。
+
+希望您喜欢阅读这份期刊。如有任何问题或意见，请随时联系我们。
+
+此致，
+
+
+
+**埃德温·巴松博士**
+**总干事**
+
+
+## 钢铁行业可持续发展指标
+
+### 环境绩效
+
+#### 1. 
+**二氧化碳排放强度**
+
+2023年，每吨粗钢排放**1.92吨二氧化碳**。
+
+#### 2. 
+**能耗强度**
+
+2023年，每吨粗钢消耗**21.27吉焦能源**。
+
+#### 3. 
+**材料效率**
+
+2023年，**98.15％来自钢铁行业**的原料转化成产品或共生产品。
+
+#### 4. 
+**环境管理体系**
+
+2023年，**94.81％的正式员工和协力工**在经过认证的生产设施内工作。
+
+### 社会绩效
+
+#### 5. 
+**误工工伤率**
+
+2024年，正式员工与协力工合计加起来的**误工工伤率为0.70**。
+
+#### 6. 
+**正式员工培训**
+
+2023年，钢铁行业正式员工每年接受的**培训天数为8.90天**。
+
+### 经济绩效
+
+#### 7. 
+**新工艺和新产品投资**
+
+2023年，钢铁行业用于投资新产品和新工艺的费用**占收入的7.25%**。
+
+#### 8. 
+**分配的经济价值**
+
+2023年 ，钢铁行业**将收入的98.82%分配**给社会。
+
+**说明：**
+
+**指标1和2:** 二氧化碳排放强度和能源强度是采用世界钢铁协会的二氧化碳排放数据收集方法进行计算，其中包括所有范围的碳排放（范围1、范围2以及部分范围3）。这两个强度指标代表了高炉-转炉流程产量、以废钢为原料的电炉流程产量以及以直接还原铁为原料的电炉流程产量之间的加权平均值。
+**指标3:** 本次计算只包括原料不包含工艺气体。
+**指标5:** 误工工伤率包括死亡事故数，基于协力工和正式员工的数据计算得出。
+**指标6:** 正式员工培训包括生产和非生产部门人员。
+**指标7:** 新工艺和新产品投资包括资本支出和研发投资。
+
+2024年，共有93家钢铁企业和协会贡献了财政年度的数据，共计9.561亿吨，占全球粗钢产量的51%。74家组织自愿提供了8项指标中一项或多项数据，其中36家组织提供了所有8项指标的数据。
+
+**查询更多信息:**
+**可持续发展指标2024年版**
+https://worldsteel.org/wider-sustainability/sustainability-indicators/
+钢铁行业安全与职业健康数据报告2025年版
+https://worldsteel.org/safety-and-health/safety-and-health-in-the-steel-industry-data-reports/
+
+
+## 要点
+
+### 2000-2024年世界粗钢产量 (百万吨)
+
+
+
+粗钢产量自2020年以来维持稳定。
+
+### 人均钢铁表观消费量
+
+
+
+**2024年, 全球人均214.7千克钢铁**用于生产新产品。
+
+### 按不同工艺生产粗钢
+
+全球**70.4％** 的钢通过转炉工艺生产。
+
+全球**29.1％** 的钢通过电炉工艺生产。
+
+
+
+根据2023年数据计算得出,以吨二氧化碳/吨粗钢为单位。
+
+
+## 1950-2024年世界粗钢产量
+
+粗钢产量, 百万吨
+
+| 年 | 世界 | | 1950 | 189 | | 1955 | 270 | | 1960 | 347 | | 1965 | 456 | | 1970 | 595 | | 1975 | 644 | | 1980 | 717 | | 1985 | 719 | | 1990 | 770 |
+
+| 年 | 世界 | | 1995 | 753 | | 2000 | 850 | | 2005 | 1 148 | | 2010 | 1 435 | | 2011 | 1 540 | | 2012 | 1 563 | | 2013 | 1 654 | | 2014 | 1 676 | | 2015 | 1 626 |
+
+| 年 | 世界 | | 2016 | 1 634 | | 2017 | 1 738 | | 2018 | 1 831 | | 2019 | 1 879 | | 2020 | 1 883 | | 2021 | 1 963 | | 2022 | 1 889 | | 2023 | 1 904 | | 2024 | 1 885 |
+
+粗钢产量, 百万吨
+
+
+
+
+## 2024年主要钢铁生产公司
+
+粗钢产量，百万吨
+
+| 排名 | 公司 | 产量 |
|---|
| 1 | 中国宝武钢铁集团 | 130.09 | | 2 | 安赛乐米塔尔(1) | 65.00 | | 3 | 鞍钢集团 | 59.55 | | 4 | 日本制铁株式会社(2) | 43.64 | | 5 | 河钢集团 | 42.28 | | 6 | 沙钢集团 | 40.22 | | 7 | 建龙集团 | 39.37 | | 8 | 浦项控股 | 37.79 | | 9 | 首钢集团 | 31.57 | | 10 | 塔塔钢铁集团 | 31.02 | | 11 | 德龙集团 | 29.33 | | 12 | 京德勒西南钢铁公司 | 26.95 | | 13 | 湖南钢铁集团 | 24.90 | | 14 | JFE钢铁株式会社 | 23.53 | | 15 | 敬业集团(3) | 22.72 | | 16 | 纽柯钢铁公司 | 20.66 | | 17 | 山钢集团 | 19.45 | | 18 | 柳钢集团 | 19.22 | | 19 | 方大集团 | 19.10 | | 20 | 印度钢铁管理局有限公司 | 19.10 | | 21 | 现代制铁 | 18.36 | | 22 | 日照钢铁 | 18.30 | | 23 | 克利夫兰-克利夫斯公司 | 16.40e | | 24 | 中信泰富特钢集团 | 16.15 | | 25 | 青山控股集团 | 16.00 |
+
+| 排名 | 公司 | 产量 |
|---|
| 26 | 包钢集团 | 14.99 | | 27 | 冀南钢铁集团(4) | 14.30 | | 28 | 德兴集团 | 14.29 | | 29 | 美国钢铁公司 | 14.18 | | 30 | 新利佩茨克钢铁公司 | 13.60e | | 31 | 新华联合冶金控股集团 | 13.04 | | 32 | 广西盛隆冶金 | 12.79 | | 33 | 盖尔道 | 12.78 | | 34 | 中国台湾中钢公司 | 12.65 | | 35 | 中天钢铁 | 12.61 | | 36 | 安钢集团(5) | 12.50e | | 37 | 福建三钢集团 | 11.41 | | 38 | 南钢集团 | 11.35 | | 39 | MMK | 11.20 | | 40 | 陕钢集团 | 11.02 | | 41 | 谢韦尔钢铁 | 10.38 | | 42 | 蒂森克虏伯 | 10.26 | | 43 | 钢动态公司 | 10.20 | | 44 | 伊朗穆巴拉克钢铁公司 | 10.19 | | 45 | 普阳钢铁 | 9.38 | | 46 | 托斯亚利控股公司 | 9.12 | | 47 | 河北东海特钢集团 | 9.00 | | 48 | 酒钢集团 | 8.79 | | 49 | 和发钢铁集团 | 8.71 | | 50 | 埃雷利集团 | 8.54 |
+
+(e) 估计值
+
+(1) 包括安赛乐米塔尔-日本制铁印度合资公司60%的产量（前身是艾萨钢铁公司
+(2) 包括日本制铁不锈钢、三洋特钢、奥沃克集团的产量，以及安赛乐米塔尔-日本制铁印度合资公司40%的产量，和米纳斯吉拉斯钢铁公司22%的产量
+(3) 包括2024年营口中板产量
+(4) 包括2024年港陆钢铁和裕华钢铁产量
+(5) 包括2024年信阳钢铁产量
+
+**关于公司所有权和产量计算的说明：**
+对于世界钢铁协会的会员公司，相关数据来源于公司填报的产量。母公司持有股份超过50%，则子公司所有产量都包含在内，另有说明除外。母公司持有股份在30%至50%之间，相应比例的产量包含在内。母公司持有股份低于30%，子公司产量不包含在内，另有说明除外。图中数据代表截止2024年12月31日的产量。
+
+更多钢铁公司产量排名名单，请参见: https://worldsteel.org/zh-hans/data/top-producers/
+
+
+## 2024年和2023年主要钢铁生产国
+
+粗钢产量，百万吨
+
+| 国家 | 2024 | 2023 |
|---|
| 排名 | 产量 | 排名 | 产量 |
|---|
| 中国 | 1 | 1 005.1 | 1 | 1 028.9 | | 印度 | 2 | 149.4 | 2 | 140.8 | | 日本 | 3 | 84.0 | 3 | 87.0 | | 美国 | 4 | 79.5 | 4 | 81.4 | | 俄罗斯 | 5 | 71.0 | 5 | 76.0 | | 韩国 | 6 | 63.6 | 6 | 66.7 | | 德国 | 7 | 37.2 | 7 | 35.4 | | 土耳其 | 8 | 36.9 | 8 | 33.7 | | 巴西 | 9 | 33.8 | 9 | 32.0 | | 伊朗 | 10 | 31.4 | 10 | 30.7 | | 越南 | 11 | 22.0 | 12 | 19.2 | | 意大利 | 12 | 20.0 | 11 | 21.1 | | 中国台湾 | 13 | 19.2 | 13 | 19.1 | | 印度尼西亚(e) | 14 | 18.0 | 14 | 16.8 | | 墨西哥 | 15 | 13.8 | 15 | 16.4 | | 加拿大 | 16 | 12.3 | 16 | 12.2 | | 西班牙 | 17 | 11.9 | 17 | 11.4 | | 法国 | 18 | 10.8 | 19 | 10.0 | | 埃及 | 19 | 10.7 | 18 | 10.4 | | 沙特阿拉伯 | 20 | 9.6 | 20 | 9.9 | | 马来西亚(e) | 21 | 8.8 | 21 | 7.5 | | 乌克兰 | 22 | 7.6 | 24 | 6.2 | | 比利时 | 23 | 7.1 | 25 | 5.9 | | 奥地利 | 24 | 7.1 | 22 | 7.1 | | 波兰 | 25 | 7.1 | 23 | 6.4 | | 荷兰 | 26 | 6.4 | 33 | 4.7 | | 泰国 | 27 | 4.9 | 30 | 5.0 | | 南非 | 28 | 4.7 | 31 | 5.0 | | 澳大利亚 | 29 | 4.7 | 28 | 5.3 | | 阿尔及利亚 | 30 | 4.5 | 34 | 4.4 | | 孟加拉国(e) | 31 | 4.5 | 29 | 5.0 | | 哈萨克斯坦 | 32 | 4.2 | 37 | 3.9 | | 巴基斯坦 | 33 | 4.1 | 27 | 5.3 | | 瑞典 | 34 | 4.0 | 36 | 4.3 | | 英国 | 35 | 4.0 | 26 | 5.6 | | 斯洛伐克 | 36 | 3.9 | 35 | 4.4 | | 阿根廷 | 37 | 3.9 | 32 | 4.9 | | 阿联酋 | 38 | 3.7 | 39 | 3.8 | | 芬兰 | 39 | 3.7 | 38 | 3.8 | | 阿曼 | 40 | 3.0 | 41 | 2.9 | | 伊拉克 | 41 | 3.0 | 42 | 2.8 | | 捷克 | 42 | 2.5 | 40 | 3.4 | | 白俄罗斯(e) | 43 | 2.3 | 43 | 2.3 | | 葡萄牙 | 44 | 1.9 | 44 | 2.0 | | 菲律宾(e) | 45 | 1.9 | 46 | 1.9 | | 卢森堡 | 46 | 1.8 | 45 | 1.9 | | 秘鲁 | 47 | 1.6 | 48 | 1.6 | | 肯尼亚(e) | 48 | 1.6 | 52 | 1.4 | | 摩洛哥 | 49 | 1.4 | 50 | 1.4 | | 塞尔维亚 | 50 | 1.4 | 49 | 1.5 | | 其他国家 | | 23.0 | | 23.6 | | 世界 | | 1 884.6 | | 1 904.1 |
+
+(e) 估计值
+
+
+## 2024年按工艺统计的粗钢产量
+
+ | 百万吨 | 转炉% | 电炉% | 其他% | 总计% |
|---|
| 奥地利 | 7.1 | 91.6 | 8.4 | - | 100.0 | | 比利时(e) | 7.1 | 71.2 | 28.8 | - | 100.0 | | 保加利亚 | 0.5 | - | 100.0 | - | 100.0 | | 克罗地亚 | 0.2 | - | 100.0 | - | 100.0 | | 捷克 | 2.5 | 94.7 | 5.3 | - | 100.0 | | 芬兰 | 3.7 | 63.2 | 36.8 | - | 100.0 | | 法国 | 10.8 | 62.7 | 37.3 | - | 100.0 | | 德国 | 37.2 | 70.9 | 29.1 | - | 100.0 | | 希腊 | 1.3 | - | 100.0 | - | 100.0 | | 匈牙利(e) | 0.2 | - | 100.0 | - | 100.0 | | 意大利(e) | 20.0 | 10.7 | 89.3 | - | 100.0 | | 卢森堡 | 1.8 | - | 100.0 | - | 100.0 | | 荷兰 | 6.4 | 100.0 | - | - | 100.0 | | 波兰 | 7.1 | 54.2 | 45.8 | - | 100.0 | | 葡萄牙 | 1.9 | - | 100.0 | - | 100.0 | | 罗马尼亚(e) | 1.4 | 30.9 | 69.1 | - | 100.0 | | 斯洛伐克(e) | 3.9 | 89.9 | 10.1 | - | 100.0 | | 斯洛文尼亚 | 0.6 | - | 100.0 | - | 100.0 | | 西班牙 | 11.9 | 30.7 | 69.3 | - | 100.0 | | 瑞典 | 4.0 | 65.8 | 34.2 | - | 100.0 | | 欧盟(27国) | 129.7 | 55.6 | 44.4 | - | 100.0 | | 土耳其 | 36.9 | 30.0 | 70.0 | - | 100.0 | | 英国 | 4.0 | 71.7 | 28.3 | - | 100.0 | | 其他(e) | 4.1 | 41.2 | 58.8 | - | 100.0 | | 其他欧洲国家 | 45.0 | 34.7 | 65.3 | - | 100.0 | | 俄罗斯(e) | 71.0 | 63.6 | 34.2 | 2.2 | 100.0 | | 乌克兰 | 7.6 | 49.5 | 12.3 | 38.2 | 100.0 | | 其他独联体国家(e) | 8.4 | 48.5 | 49.9 | 1.7 | 100.0 | | 俄罗斯和其他独联体国家+乌克兰 | 87.0 | 60.9 | 33.8 | 5.3 | 100.0 | | 加拿大 | 12.3 | 57.0 | 43.0 | - | 100.0 | | 墨西哥 | 13.8 | 3.4 | 96.6 | - | 100.0 | | 美国(e) | 79.5 | 28.2 | 71.8 | - | 100.0 | | 其他北美洲国家(e) | 0.5 | - | 100.0 | - | 100.0 | | 北美洲 | 106.1 | 28.2 | 71.8 | - | 100.0 | | 阿根廷 | 3.9 | 47.1 | 52.9 | - | 100.0 | | 巴西 | 33.8 | 75.5 | 23.2 | 1.2 | 100.0 | | 智利 | 0.8 | 43.5 | 56.5 | - | 100.0 | | 委内瑞拉 | 0.0 | - | 100.0 | - | 100.0 | | 其他南美洲国家(e) | 3.5 | 7.2 | 92.8 | - | 100.0 | | 南美洲 | 41.9 | 66.6 | 32.4 | 1.0 | 100.0 | | 埃及 | 10.7 | - | 100.0 | - | 100.0 | | 南非 | 4.7 | 54.9 | 45.1 | - | 100.0 | | 其他非洲国家(e) | 12.6 | 7.7 | 92.3 | 0.0 | 100.0 | | 非洲 | 28.1 | 12.7 | 87.3 | 0.0 | 100.0 | | 伊朗(e) | 31.4 | 8.0 | 92.0 | - | 100.0 | | 沙特阿拉伯 | 9.6 | - | 100.0 | - | 100.0 | | 其他中东国家(e) | 13.9 | - | 100.0 | - | 100.0 | | 中东 | 54.8 | 4.6 | 95.4 | - | 100.0 | | 中国(e) | 1005.1 | 89.8 | 10.2 | - | 100.0 | | 印度 | 149.4 | 41.2 | 58.8 | - | 100.0 | | 日本 | 84.0 | 73.8 | 26.2 | - | 100.0 | | 韩国 | 63.6 | 72.3 | 27.7 | - | 100.0 | | 中国台湾 | 19.2 | 59.4 | 40.6 | - | 100.0 | | 其他亚洲国家(e) | 65.4 | 52.5 | 41.2 | 6.4 | 100.0 | | 亚洲 | 1386.8 | 80.6 | 19.1 | 0.3 | 100.0 | | 澳大利亚 | 4.7 | 72.2 | 27.8 | - | 100.0 | | 新西兰 | 0.6 | 100.0 | - | - | 100.0 | | 以上国家统计 | 1884.6 | 70.4 | 29.1 | 0.5 | 100.0 |
+
+2024年，表中国家约占世界粗钢产量100%。
+
+(e) 估计值
+
+
+## 2022-2024年连铸钢产量
+
+ | 百万吨 | 占粗钢产量比重% |
|---|
| 2022 | 2023 | 2024 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|
| 奥地利(e) | 7.2 | 6.9 | 6.9 | 96.4 | 96.7 | 96.5 | | 比利时 | 7.0 | 5.9 | 7.1 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 保加利亚 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 克罗地亚 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 捷克 | 4.2 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 97.5 | 97.7 | 97.3 | | 芬兰 | 3.5 | 3.8 | 3.6 | 99.5 | 99.5 | 99.5 | | 法国(e) | 11.8 | 9.7 | 10.5 | 97.5 | 97.0 | 97.2 | | 德国(e) | 35.9 | 34.6 | 36.4 | 97.5 | 97.7 | 97.7 | | 希腊 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 匈牙利(e) | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 意大利(e) | 20.5 | 20.0 | 19.0 | 94.9 | 95.0 | 94.8 | | 卢森堡 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 荷兰 | 6.1 | 4.7 | 6.4 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 波兰 | 7.3 | 6.3 | 7.0 | 98.3 | 98.4 | 98.7 | | 葡萄牙 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 罗马尼亚(e) | 2.6 | 1.6 | 1.3 | 97.3 | 96.5 | 96.0 | | 斯洛伐克 | 3.9 | 4.4 | 3.9 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 斯洛文尼亚 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 80.9 | 79.5 | 83.2 | | 西班牙 | 11.4 | 11.3 | 11.8 | 98.2 | 98.8 | 99.4 | | 瑞典1(e) | 3.9 | 3.7 | 3.5 | 87.5 | 86.9 | 87.0 | | 欧盟(27国) | 132.6 | 122.8 | 126.3 | 97.2 | 97.2 | 97.4 | | 土耳其 | 35.1 | 33.7 | 36.9 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 英国 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 4.0 | 99.5 | 99.3 | 98.9 | | 其他(e) | 4.5 | 4.2 | 4.1 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 99.9 | | 其他欧州国家 | 45.6 | 43.5 | 45.0 | 99.9 | 99.9 | 99.9 | | 俄罗斯(e) | 60.0 | 64.5 | 59.5 | 84.0 | 84.8 | 83.8 | | 乌克兰 | 4.7 | 3.7 | 4.6 | 75.2 | 59.2 | 60.6 | | 其他独联体国家(e) | 8.1 | 8.1 | 8.3 | 99.3 | 99.2 | 99.3 | | 俄罗斯和其他独联体国家+乌克兰 | 72.8 | 76.3 | 72.4 | 84.8 | 84.4 | 83.3 | | 加拿大 | 10.9 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 90.2 | 90.1 | 88.8 | | 墨西哥 | 18.4 | 16.4 | 13.8 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 美国 | 80.3 | 81.1 | 79.2 | 99.7 | 99.7 | 99.7 | | 其他北美洲国家(e) | 0.6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 北美洲 | 110.2 | 109.0 | 104.4 | 98.7 | 98.7 | 98.4 | | 阿根廷 | 5.1 | 4.9 | 3.8 | 99.7 | 99.7 | 99.6 | | 巴西 | 33.3 | 31.5 | 33.6 | 97.6 | 98.2 | 99.5 | | 智利 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 0.8 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 委内瑞拉 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 其他南美洲国家(e) | 3.7 | 3.5 | 3.5 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 南美洲 | 43.2 | 41.0 | 41.7 | 98.1 | 98.6 | 99.6 | | 埃及 | 9.8 | 10.4 | 10.7 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 南非 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 4.7 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 其他非洲国家(e) | 8.8 | 11.8 | 12.6 | 99.9 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 非洲 | 23.1 | 27.1 | 28.1 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 伊朗 | 30.6 | 30.7 | 31.4 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 沙特阿拉伯 | 9.9 | 9.9 | 9.6 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 其他中东国家(e) | 13.8 | 13.5 | 13.9 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 中东 | 54.2 | 54.2 | 54.8 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 中国(e) | 1001.5 | 1012.3 | 989.0 | 98.4 | 98.4 | 98.4 | | 印度 | 117.8 | 132.7 | 140.5 | 93.9 | 94.3 | 94.1 | | 日本(e) | 88.3 | 86.2 | 83.3 | 99.0 | 99.1 | 99.1 | | 韩国 | 64.7 | 65.4 | 62.6 | 98.2 | 98.1 | 98.4 | | 中国台湾 | 20.8 | 19.1 | 19.2 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 其他亚洲国家(e) | 62.7 | 61.8 | 65.1 | 99.5 | 99.4 | 99.5 | | 亚洲 | 1355.8 | 1377.6 | 1359.7 | 98.1 | 98.1 | 98.0 | | 澳大利亚 | 5.6 | 5.3 | 4.7 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 新西兰 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 100.0 | 100.0 | 100.0 | | 以上国家统计 | 1843.7 | 1857.4 | 1837.7 | 97.6 | 97.5 | 97.5 |
+
+2024年，表中国家约占世界粗钢产量100%。
+
+(e) 估计值
+
+1 连铸钢产量包含钢粉。
+
+
+## 2021-2024年月度粗钢产量
+
+百万吨
+
+### 总计71个报告国家*
+
+
+
+### 欧盟 (27国)
+
+
+
+### 俄罗斯和其他独联体国家 (2) +乌克兰
+
+
+
+***71个报告国家:**
+
+阿尔及利亚、阿根廷、澳大利亚、奥地利、巴林、白俄罗斯、比利时、巴西、保加利亚、加拿大、智利、中国、哥伦比亚、克罗地亚、古巴、捷克、厄瓜多尔、埃及、萨尔瓦多、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、危地马拉、匈牙利、印度、伊朗、伊拉克、意大利、日本、约旦、哈萨克斯坦、科威特、利比亚、卢森堡、马其顿、墨西哥、蒙古、摩洛哥、荷兰、新西兰、挪威、阿曼、巴基斯坦、巴拉圭、秘鲁、波兰、葡萄牙、卡塔尔、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯、沙特阿拉伯、塞尔维亚、斯洛伐克、斯洛文尼亚、南非、韩国、西班牙、瑞典、中国台湾、泰国、突尼斯、土耳其、乌克兰、美国、阿拉伯联合酋长国、英国、美国、乌拉圭、委内瑞拉、越南和也门。
+
+2024年，这71个国家约占世界粗钢产量98%。
+
+百万吨
+
+### 北美洲
+
+
+
+### 南美洲
+
+
+
+### 日本
+
+
+
+### 中国
+
+
+
+
+## 钢铁产量和消费量：2014年分地区构成
+
+### 粗钢产量
+
+世界总产量：16.76 亿吨
+
+
+
+**其他地区：**
+
+| 非洲 | 1.0% | 南美洲 | 2.7% | | 中东 | 1.8% | 澳大利亚和新西兰 | 0.3% |
+
+### 钢铁表观消费量（成品钢）
+
+世界总消费量：15.52 亿吨
+
+
+
+**其他地区：**
+
+| 非洲 | 2.4% | 南美洲 | 2.9% | | 中东 | 3.5% | 澳大利亚和新西兰 | 0.5% |
+
+
+## 钢铁产量和消费量：2024年分地区构成
+
+### 粗钢产量
+
+世界总产量：18.85 亿吨
+
+
+
+**其他地区：**
+
+| 非洲 | 1.5% | 南美洲 | 2.2% | | 中东 | 2.9% | 澳大利亚和新西兰 | 0.3% |
+
+### 钢铁表观消费量（成品钢）
+
+世界总消费量：17.42 亿吨
+
+
+
+**其他地区：**
+
+| 非洲 | 2.2% | 南美洲 | 2.4% | | 中东 | 3.2% | 澳大利亚和新西兰 | 0.4% |
+
+
+## 2020-2024年钢铁表观消费量
+
+成品钢，百万吨
+
+ | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|
| 奥地利 | 3.6 | 4.5 | 4.1 | 3.1 | 3.0 | | 比利时-卢森堡 | 3.0 | 4.8 | 4.5 | 2.7 | 3.3 | | 捷克 | 6.3 | 7.9 | 6.6 | 5.6 | 5.6 | | 法国 | 12.2 | 13.8 | 11.8 | 11.2 | 11.5 | | 德国 | 31.3 | 35.5 | 32.5 | 28.3 | 26.0 | | 意大利 | 20.3 | 26.5 | 25.0 | 23.5 | 22.8 | | 荷兰 | 4.1 | 4.7 | 4.9 | 4.4 | 4.5 | | 波兰 | 12.9 | 15.3 | 13.2 | 11.8 | 12.9 | | 罗马尼亚 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.3 | 4.1 | 4.2 | | 西班牙 | 11.7 | 13.0 | 12.5 | 12.7 | 13.5 | | 瑞典 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.3 | 3.1 | | 其他欧盟国家(27国) | 18.0 | 19.9 | 19.7 | 19.1 | 19.7 | | 欧盟(27国) | 130.8 | 154.1 | 142.6 | 129.8 | 130.1 | | 土耳其 | 29.5 | 33.4 | 32.5 | 38.0 | 38.3 | | 英国 | 8.4 | 9.7 | 8.3 | 7.7 | 8.1 | | 其他 | 6.5 | 6.8 | 6.5 | 6.6 | 7.0 | | 其他欧洲国家 | 44.3 | 49.8 | 47.2 | 52.4 | 53.3 | | 俄罗斯 | 42.3 | 43.9 | 41.7 | 44.6 | 43.7 | | 乌克兰 | 4.6 | 4.8 | 2.2 | 3.4 | 3.6 | | 其他独联体国家 | 10.8 | 10.2 | 7.8 | 12.2 | 11.8 | | 俄罗斯和其他独联体国家+乌克兰 | 57.7 | 58.8 | 51.7 | 60.3 | 59.1 | | 加拿大 | 13.8 | 15.2 | 13.4 | 12.9 | 12.9 | | 墨西哥 | 21.9 | 25.5 | 25.0 | 29.0 | 27.6 | | 美国 | 80.0 | 97.1 | 94.5 | 90.5 | 89.1 | | 其他北美洲国家 | 3.6 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 4.7 | 4.6 | | 北美洲 | 119.2 | 142.6 | 137.0 | 137.2 | 134.2 | | 阿根廷 | 3.6 | 5.0 | 5.1 | 5.0 | 3.4 | | 巴西 | 21.4 | 26.3 | 23.5 | 24.0 | 26.0 | | 委内瑞拉 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.3 | | 其他南美洲国家 | 10.3 | 14.6 | 12.4 | 12.1 | 12.7 | | 南美洲 | 35.4 | 46.1 | 41.2 | 41.3 | 42.3 | | 埃及 | 9.7 | 10.2 | 11.1 | 8.6 | 9.3 | | 南非 | 3.8 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 4.4 | 4.3 | | 其他非洲国家 | 23.2 | 24.0 | 19.8 | 23.8 | 24.3 | | 非洲 | 36.7 | 39.2 | 35.1 | 36.8 | 37.9 | | 伊朗 | 17.2 | 18.2 | 19.1 | 19.5 | 20.2 | | 其他中东国家 | 30.9 | 33.4 | 33.0 | 35.1 | 36.4 | | 中东 | 48.1 | 51.6 | 52.1 | 54.6 | 56.6 | | 中国 | 1 008.7 | 954.4 | 926.7 | 905.1 | 856.6 | | 印度 | 89.3 | 106.2 | 116.1 | 132.8 | 147.9 | | 日本 | 52.6 | 57.4 | 55.0 | 53.4 | 51.4 | | 韩国 | 49.2 | 56.0 | 51.3 | 52.4 | 47.8 | | 中国台湾 | 18.8 | 21.1 | 17.7 | 17.4 | 17.9 | | 其他亚洲国家 | 93.4 | 98.3 | 97.3 | 97.2 | 100.2 | | 亚洲 | 1 312.0 | 1 293.5 | 1 264.2 | 1 258.3 | 1 221.8 | | 大洋洲 | 6.1 | 7.3 | 7.3 | 7.4 | 7.1 | | 世界 | 1 790.4 | 1 843.1 | 1 778.3 | 1 778.1 | 1 742.4 |
+
+
+## 2020-2024年人均钢铁表观消费量
+
+成品钢，千克
+
+ | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|
| 奥地利 | 409.7 | 504.0 | 459.0 | 347.0 | 335.9 | | 比利时-卢森堡 | 243.7 | 392.8 | 362.7 | 217.0 | 266.7 | | 捷克 | 599.2 | 754.2 | 631.1 | 534.1 | 532.3 | | 法国 | 189.4 | 213.7 | 183.3 | 173.6 | 177.1 | | 德国 | 376.1 | 425.7 | 390.4 | 339.7 | 312.7 | | 意大利 | 341.4 | 447.3 | 423.3 | 398.5 | 388.5 | | 荷兰 | 237.6 | 269.9 | 278.8 | 249.9 | 255.2 | | 波兰 | 336.0 | 398.3 | 332.4 | 287.6 | 320.5 | | 罗马尼亚 | 212.2 | 226.0 | 217.9 | 206.5 | 212.3 | | 西班牙 | 246.8 | 274.0 | 262.8 | 266.2 | 283.9 | | 瑞典 | 302.3 | 361.2 | 330.4 | 308.3 | 289.6 | | 其他欧盟国家(27国) | 245.0 | 271.9 | 267.8 | 260.1 | 269.6 | | 欧盟(27国) | 293.7 | 346.1 | 318.8 | 289.0 | 290.7 | | 土耳其 | 350.4 | 393.7 | 380.8 | 443.2 | 443.6 | | 英国 | 124.8 | 143.4 | 122.5 | 114.3 | 118.4 | | 其他 | 198.2 | 209.6 | 198.8 | 203.2 | 215.1 | | 其他欧洲国家 | 241.1 | 270.0 | 254.8 | 281.5 | 285.5 | | 俄罗斯 | 290.6 | 302.7 | 288.3 | 309.1 | 303.6 | | 乌克兰 | 104.8 | 109.4 | 54.9 | 93.4 | 95.0 | | 其他独联体国家 | 103.3 | 96.4 | 73.3 | 113.3 | 108.3 | | 俄罗斯和其他独联体国家+乌克兰 | 196.4 | 200.1 | 177.7 | 208.6 | 203.2 | | 加拿大 | 362.9 | 399.4 | 347.2 | 331.9 | 329.4 | | 墨西哥 | 173.6 | 201.2 | 196.0 | 226.0 | 213.5 | | 美国 | 238.3 | 288.1 | 279.4 | 266.3 | 260.6 | | 其他北美洲国家 | 37.9 | 49.9 | 42.7 | 48.7 | 47.3 | | 北美洲 | 200.6 | 238.7 | 228.1 | 227.0 | 220.7 | | 阿根廷 | 79.8 | 111.2 | 111.7 | 108.9 | 73.3 | | 巴西 | 100.6 | 122.9 | 109.3 | 110.8 | 119.3 | | 委内瑞拉 | 3.2 | 3.4 | 5.6 | 6.7 | 8.8 | | 其他南美洲国家 | 70.8 | 100.0 | 83.9 | 81.4 | 84.7 | | 南美洲 | 82.0 | 106.2 | 94.2 | 93.8 | 95.5 | | 埃及 | 90.2 | 93.4 | 100.3 | 76.2 | 80.9 | | 南非 | 63.8 | 84.5 | 69.2 | 72.8 | 70.6 | | 其他非洲国家 | 19.5 | 19.6 | 15.8 | 18.6 | 18.5 | | 非洲 | 27.0 | 28.2 | 24.6 | 25.3 | 25.4 | | 伊朗 | 197.1 | 207.4 | 215.4 | 219.2 | 224.8 | | 其他中东国家 | 167.3 | 178.6 | 173.4 | 180.9 | 184.0 | | 中东 | 176.9 | 187.8 | 186.7 | 193.0 | 196.7 | | 中国 | 707.9 | 669.3 | 649.9 | 634.9 | 601.1 | | 印度 | 64.0 | 75.5 | 82.0 | 93.0 | 102.6 | | 日本 | 420.2 | 460.7 | 443.6 | 433.4 | 419.0 | | 韩国 | 948.9 | 1 081.2 | 990.0 | 1 012.6 | 923.5 | | 中国台湾 | 788.9 | 886.1 | 741.0 | 727.2 | 745.7 | | 其他亚洲国家 | 78.2 | 81.4 | 79.8 | 78.7 | 80.3 | | 亚洲 | 311.2 | 305.0 | 296.5 | 293.5 | 283.2 | | 大洋洲 | 139.8 | 164.0 | 161.8 | 162.2 | 153.2 | | 世界 | 228.4 | 233.1 | 223.1 | 221.1 | 214.7 |
+
+
+## 2023-2024年主要国家/地区生铁产量和消费量
+
+百万吨
+
+ | 产量2023 | 产量2024 | -出口量2024 | +进口量2024 | 表观量=消费量2024 |
|---|
| 奥地利 | 5.5 | 5.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.6 | | 比利时-卢森堡 | 3.8 | 4.5e | 0.0 | 0.1 | 4.6 | | 捷克 | 2.7 | 2.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.0 | | 芬兰 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.2 | | 法国 | 6.2 | 6.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 6.6 | | 德国 | 23.6 | 24.3 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 24.5 | | 匈牙利 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 意大利 | 3.1 | 2.2e | 0.0 | 1.3 | 3.5 | | 荷兰 | 4.1 | 5.6 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 5.7 | | 波兰 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 3.6 | | 罗马尼亚 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.4 | | 西班牙 | 3.0 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 3.7 | | 瑞典 | 2.9 | 2.5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.5 | | 其他欧盟国家(27国)(e) | 3.6 | 3.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 3.2 | | 欧盟(27国) | 64.3 | 65.8 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 68.0 | | 土耳其 | 8.7 | 10.2 | 0.0 | 1.5 | 11.7 | | 英国 | 4.5 | 3.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 2.9 | | 其他 | 1.6 | 1.5e | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.5 | | 其他欧洲国家 | 14.8 | 14.7 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 16.1 | | 哈萨克斯坦 | 2.7 | 2.9e | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.9 | | 俄罗斯 | 54.6 | 51.2 | 2.4 | 0.0 | 48.8 | | 乌克兰 | 6.0 | 7.1 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 5.8 | | 其他独联体国家 | 0.0 | 0.0e | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | | 俄罗斯和其他独联体国家+乌克兰 | 63.3 | 61.2 | 3.7 | 0.1 | 57.6 | | 加拿大 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 5.7 | | 墨西哥 | 1.0 | 0.5 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.6 | | 美国 | 22.5 | 20.6e | 0.0 | 4.7 | 25.3 | | 其他北美洲国家 | 0.0 | 0.0e | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 北美洲 | 29.3 | 26.9 | 0.1 | 4.9 | 31.6 | | 阿根廷 | 2.0 | 1.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.8 | | 巴西 | 25.7 | 26.5 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 22.4 | | 智利 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | | 其他南美洲国家 | 0.3 | 0.3e | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.3 | | 南美洲 | 28.5 | 28.8 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 24.8 | | 南非 | 2.9 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 2.5 | | 其他非洲国家 | 0.0 | 0.0e | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 非洲 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 2.9 | | 伊朗 | 3.5 | 3.6e | 0.1 | 0.0 | 3.5 | | 其他中东国家 | 0.0 | 0.0e | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 中东 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 3.9 | | 中国 | 872.1 | 851.7 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 852.0 | | 印度 | 86.3 | 90.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 89.9 | | 日本 | 63.0 | 61.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 60.9 | | 韩国 | 45.2 | 44.2 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 44.3 | | 中国台湾 | 12.2 | 14.9 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 15.1 | | 其他亚洲国家 | 21.0 | 24.3e | 0.5 | 0.2 | 24.0 | | 亚洲 | 1 099.8 | 1 086.1 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 1 086.4 | | 澳大利亚 | 3.5 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.8 | | 新西兰 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.6 | | 其他大洋洲国家 | 0.0 | 0.0e | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 大洋洲 | 4.1 | 3.4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.4 | | 世界 | 1 311.0 | 1 293.5 | 10.5 | 11.7 | 1 294.7 |
+
+(e) 估计值
+
+
+## 2020-2024年直接还原铁产量
+
+百万吨
+
+ | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|
| 德国 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1e | | 欧盟(27国) | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | | 俄罗斯 | 7.8 | 7.8 | 7.7 | 7.8 | 8.0 | | 加拿大 | 1.2 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | | 墨西哥 | 5.2 | 5.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | 4.7 | | 特立尼达和多巴哥 | 1.3 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.4e | | 美国 | 3.4 | 5.0 | 5.2 | 5.5 | 5.5e | | 北美洲 | 11.0 | 14.1 | 14.0 | 14.3 | 13.2 | | 阿根廷 | 0.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.1 | | 委内瑞拉 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 0.7 | 0.3 | | 南美洲 | 1.4 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.2 | 1.4 | | 阿尔及利亚 | 2.2 | 3.1 | 3.9 | 4.2 | 4.2e | | 埃及 | 4.8 | 5.4 | 6.0 | 7.2 | 7.1 | | 肯尼亚(e) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.5e | 0.5e | | 利比亚 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 1.7 | | 南非(e) | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 | | 乌干达 | | | | 1.0e | 1.0e | | 赞比亚(e) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1e | 0.1e | | 非洲 | 8.2 | 9.7 | 11.5 | 14.8 | 14.8 | | 巴林 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.7e | | 伊朗 | 30.8 | 30.4 | 32.9 | 33.4 | 34.1 | | 阿曼 | 1.7 | 1.7 | 1.8 | 1.6 | 1.6e | | 卡塔尔 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.0 | | 沙特阿拉伯 | 5.2 | 6.1 | 6.7 | 6.8 | 6.9 | | 阿联酋 | 3.0 | 3.7 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 3.5 | | 中东 | 42.8 | 44.2 | 47.9 | 48.8 | 49.9 | | 中国 | | | 0.2 | 0.5 | 1.2e | | 印度 | 33.6 | 39.0 | 42.3 | 49.6 | 54.8 | | 马来西亚 | 0.7 | 0.4 | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.8e | | 亚洲 | 34.4 | 39.4 | 43.3 | 50.8 | 56.8 | | 世界 | 106.2 | 117.9 | 127.0 | 138.7 | 144.1 |
+
+(e) 估计值
+
+
+## 2023年主要国家/地区铁矿石产量和消费量
+
+实际重量，百万吨
+
+ | 产量 | - 出口量 | + 进口量 | =表观消费量 |
|---|
| 奥地利 | 3.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 3.5 | | 比利时-卢森堡 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 6.4 | 6.3 | | 捷克 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.1 | 4.1 | | 法国 | 0.0 | | 8.5 | 8.5 | | 德国 | 0.9 | 1.2 | 35.4 | 35.1 | | 意大利 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.5 | 4.5 | | 荷兰 | 0.0 | 18.9 | 25.3 | 6.3 | | 波兰 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 4.0 | 3.9 | | 罗马尼亚 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.8 | | 斯洛伐克 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.4 | 5.4 | | 西班牙 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 4.7 | 4.6 | | 瑞典 | 28.5 | 32.8 | 0.1 | - 4.3 | | 其他欧盟国家(27国) | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.4 | 1.2 | | 欧盟(27国) | 32.6 | 53.5 | 100.8 | 79.9 | | 波黑 | 1.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.2 | | 挪威 | 1.8 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 土耳其 | 6.5 | 2.3 | 8.9 | 13.2 | | 英国 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 3.1 | | 其他 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 1.7 | | 其他欧洲国家 | 9.5 | 4.2 | 13.9 | 19.2 | | 俄罗斯和其他独联体国家+乌克兰 | 176.6 | 35.8 | 0.1 | 140.9 | | 加拿大 | 59.4 | 58.2 | 8.2 | 9.4 | | 墨西哥 | 10.2 | 1.6 | 2.8 | 11.4 | | 美国 | 43.8 | 11.1 | 5.1 | 37.8 | | 其他北美洲国家 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.9 | 1.8 | | 北美洲 | 113.5 | 71.2 | 18.1 | 60.4 | | 巴西 | 418.0 | 408.0 | 0.4 | 10.4 | | 智利 | 17.4 | 7.6 | 0.4 | 10.2 | | 秘鲁 | 20.3 | 8.3 | 0.0 | 12.0 | | 委内瑞拉 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.4 | | 其他南美洲国家 | 0.4 | 0.1 | 4.6 | 4.8 | | 南美洲 | 457.2 | 424.8 | 5.4 | 37.8 | | 利比里亚 | 3.6 | 3.7 | 0.0 | - 0.1 | | 毛里塔尼亚 | 12.4 | 11.8 | 0.0 | 0.6 | | 南非 | 65.8 | 59.4 | 0.0 | 6.4 | | 其他非洲国家 | 18.7 | 10.0 | 12.7 | 21.3 | | 非洲 | 100.5 | 85.0 | 12.7 | 28.2 | | 中东 | 67.3 | 33.6 | 35.4 | 69.1 | | 中国(1) | 298.3 | 21.5 | 1 180.3 | 1 457.2 | | 印度 | 278.0 | 43.8 | 4.7 | 238.8 | | 日本 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 102.2 | 102.2 | | 韩国 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 68.5 | 68.4 | | 其他亚洲国家 | 32.9 | 38.9 | 69.3 | 63.3 | | 亚洲 | 609.6 | 104.7 | 1 425.0 | 1 929.9 | | 澳大利亚 | 952.5 | 898.5 | 1.0 | 55.0 | | 新西兰和其他大洋洲国家 | 2.6 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 2.1 | | 大洋洲 | 955.1 | 899.3 | 1.2 | 57.1 | | 世界 | 2 522.0 | 1 712.0 | 1 612.6 | 2 422.5 |
+
+(1) 调整后的产量，以使铁含量与世界平均含量接近。
+
+来源：RMG咨询公司。
+
+
+## 2024年世界各地区铁矿石贸易量
+
+| 目的地/出口地区 | 欧盟(27国) | 其他欧洲国家 | 俄罗斯与其他独联体国家+乌克兰 | 北美洲 | 南美洲 | 非洲和中东 | 亚洲 | 大洋洲 | 进口总量 | 其中:地区外进口量 |
|---|
| 欧盟(27国) | 11.2 | 1.7 | 18.4 | 27.7 | 21.1 | 14.7 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 95.0 | 83.8 | | 其他欧洲国家 | 2.0 | 0.3 | 3.2 | 1.6 | 5.5 | 1.9 | 1.2 | - | 15.6 | 15.3 | | 俄罗斯与其他独联体国家+乌克兰 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | - | 0.1 | 0.0 | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | | 北美洲 | 0.2 | 0.0 | - | 10.1 | 7.7 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 19.1 | 9.0 | | 南美洲 | 0.0 | - | - | 0.3 | 6.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | - | 6.8 | 0.6 | | 非洲和中东 | 5.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 3.5 | 38.6 | 14.4 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 63.3 | 48.9 | | 中国 | 1.7 | 1.6 | 27.4 | 19.1 | 310.4 | 77.0 | 55.0 | 746.1 | 1 238.2 | 1 183.2 | | 日本 | 0.0 | - | - | 7.3 | 32.2 | 3.7 | 0.0 | 53.2 | 96.4 | 96.4 | | 其他亚洲国家 | 1.1 | 0.3 | - | 7.2 | 37.5 | 27.8 | 47.0 | 80.7 | 201.6 | 154.5 | | 大洋洲 | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.9 | 0.9 | | 出口总量 | 21.4 | 4.3 | 49.4 | 76.7 | 459.1 | 140.7 | 104.8 | 880.5 | 1 737.0 | 1 592.7 | | 其中:地区外出口量* | 10.2 | 4.0 | 49.4 | 66.7 | 452.9 | 126.3 | 2.8 | 880.5 | 1 592.7 | | 净出口量(出口-进口) | -73.6 | -11.4 | 49.3 | 57.6 | 452.3 | 77.4 | -1431.3 | 879.6 |
+
+\* 不包括有颜色标记的地区内贸易量 
+
+
+## 2023-2024年主要国家/地区废钢贸易量
+
+百万吨
+
+ | 出口量 | 进口量 |
|---|
| 2023 | 2024 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|
| 奥地利 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 0.9 | | 比利时 | 3.8 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.2 | | 保加利亚 | 0.5 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.1 | | 捷克 | 2.5 | 2.7 | 0.4 | 0.4 | | 芬兰 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.1 | | 法国 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 1.2 | 1.4 | | 德国 | 7.5 | 7.0 | 3.2 | 4.3 | | 希腊 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.8 | | 意大利 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 5.8 | 5.9 | | 荷兰 | 7.1 | 6.1 | 3.5 | 3.4 | | 波兰 | 2.6 | 2.9 | 0.9 | 1.0 | | 斯洛伐克 | 0.7 | 0.7 | 0.2 | 0.2 | | 西班牙 | 0.7 | 0.8 | 3.1 | 3.2 | | 瑞典 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.2 | | 其他欧盟国家 | 8.5 | 8.2 | 5.4 | 5.7 | | 欧盟(27国) | 44.8 | 42.6 | 30.1 | 31.7 | | 土耳其 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 18.8 | 21.6 | | 英国 | 7.2 | 7.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | | 其他 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.0 | 1.2 | | 其他欧洲国家 | 9.4 | 9.9 | 20.1 | 23.2 | | 哈萨克斯坦 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 俄罗斯 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 乌克兰 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 其他独联体国家 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.3 | | 俄罗斯和其他独联体国家+乌克兰 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 0.2 | 0.3 | | 加拿大 | 4.8 | 4.9 | 0.8 | 0.8 | | 墨西哥 | 1.0 | 1.2 | 2.8 | 2.3 | | 美国 | 16.3 | 14.9 | 5.1 | 4.7 | | 其他北美洲国家 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | | 北美洲 | 23.1 | 22.1 | 8.8 | 8.0 | | 巴西 | 1.1 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 其他南美洲国家 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 1.0 | | 南美洲 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 0.9 | 1.1 | | 南非 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 其他非洲国家 | 1.5 | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.6 | | 非洲 | 1.6 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.6 | | 中东 | 3.4 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 0.5 | | 中国 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | | 日本 | 6.9 | 6.5 | 0.1 | 0.1 | | 韩国 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 3.8 | 2.2 | | 中国台湾 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 3.4 | 3.0 | | 其他亚洲国家 | 3.8 | 3.8 | 27.4 | 25.0 | | 亚洲 | 11.2 | 10.8 | 35.2 | 30.4 | | 大洋洲 | 2.2 | 2.8 | 0.1 | 0.0 | | 世界 | 99.5 | 95.8 | 97.4 | 96.7 |
+
+
+## 2024年世界各地区废钢贸易量
+
+百万吨
+
+| 目的地/出口地区 | 欧盟(27国) | 其他欧洲国家 | 俄罗斯与其他独联体国家+乌克兰 | 北美洲 | 南美洲 | 非洲和中东 | 中国 | 日本 | 其他亚洲国家 | 大洋洲 | 进口总量 | 其中:地区外进口量 |
|---|
欧盟(27国) | 25.7 | 3.3 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 0.3 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 30.5 | 4.8 | | 其他欧洲国家 | 12.2 | 2.2 | 0.7 | 4.7 | 0.5 | 0.6 | - | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 21.1 | 18.9 | | 俄罗斯与其他独联体国家+乌克兰 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | - | 0.3 | 0.3 | | 北美洲 | 0.3 | 0.1 | - | 7.6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.0 | 0.4 | | 南美洲 | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.8 | | 非洲 | 2.1 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.8 | 4.7 | | 中东 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.2 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.5 | 0.3 | | 中国 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.2 | | 日本 | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 0.1 | | 其他亚洲国家 | 2.0 | 1.9 | 0.3 | 8.1 | 1.3 | 2.6 | 0.0 | 6.4 | 3.9 | 2.6 | 29.1 | 25.3 | | 大洋洲 | 0.0 | 0.0 | - | 0.0 | - | - | - | - | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | | 出口总量 | 42.6 | 9.9 | 1.4 | 22.1 | 2.2 | 3.8 | 0.0 | 6.5 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 95.8 | 55.8 | | 其中:地区外出口量* | 16.9 | 7.7 | 1.4 | 14.6 | 1.9 | 3.5 | 0.0 | 6.5 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 55.8 | | 净出口量 (出口-进口) | 12.1 | -11.2 | 1.2 | 14.2 | 1.1 | -1.5 | -0.2 | 6.5 | -24.9 | 2.8 |
+
+\* 不包括有颜色标记的地区内贸易量 
+
+
+## 1975-2024年世界钢材贸易量
+
+百万吨
+
+
+
+出口产品分为成品和半成品钢材产品。对于缺乏可靠官方数据的国家和地区，成品钢材的产量由粗钢产量参考连铸比推算而来。
+
+| 年份 | 出口量 | 产量 | 出口比例% |
|---|
| 1975 | 114.7 | 506.9 | 22.6 | | 1980 | 140.6 | 578.7 | 24.3 | | 1985 | 171.0 | 599.0 | 28.5 | | 1990 | 171.0 | 654.0 | 26.2 | | 1991 | 177.1 | 660.0 | 26.8 | | 1992 | 196.1 | 658.4 | 29.8 | | 1993 | 222.5 | 665.0 | 33.5 | | 1994 | 238.6 | 656.2 | 36.4 | | 1995 | 246.6 | 685.7 | 36.0 | | 1996 | 236.4 | 687.5 | 34.4 | | 1997 | 267.9 | 731.0 | 36.7 | | 1998 | 268.7 | 714.2 | 37.6 | | 1999 | 280.8 | 726.0 | 38.7 | | 2000 | 307.5 | 784.2 | 39.2 | | 2001 | 300.5 | 786.4 | 38.2 | | 2002 | 318.0 | 837.6 | 38.0 | | 2003 | 333.6 | 899.7 | 37.1 | | 2004 | 368.3 | 986.7 | 37.3 | | 2005 | 373.3 | 1 066.7 | 35.0 | | 2006 | 418.5 | 1 163.0 | 36.0 | | 2007 | 446.8 | 1 256.9 | 35.6 | | 2008 | 438.5 | 1 252.2 | 35.0 | | 2009 | 330.1 | 1 156.9 | 28.5 | | 2010 | 392.7 | 1 338.8 | 29.3 | | 2011 | 418.7 | 1 436.9 | 29.1 | | 2012 | 416.0 | 1 459.7 | 28.5 | | 2013 | 412.6 | 1 544.8 | 26.7 | | 2014 | 457.4 | 1 566.3 | 29.2 | | 2015 | 467.4 | 1 519.8 | 30.8 | | 2016 | 476.8 | 1 527.8 | 31.2 | | 2017 | 462.9 | 1 625.3 | 28.5 | | 2018 | 457.9 | 1 711.9 | 26.8 | | 2019 | 445.4 | 1 755.8 | 25.4 | | 2020 | 404.6 | 1 762.2 | 23.0 | | 2021 | 462.2 | 1 837.2 | 25.2 | | 2022 | 401.6 | 1 769.4 | 22.7 | | 2023 | 427.5 | 1 783.2 | 24.0 | | 2024 | 449.2 | 1 764.8 | 25.5 |
+
+
+## 2000-2024年世界贸易量
+
+2000 指数 = 100
+
+
+
+
+## 2020-2024年世界钢铁分品种出口量
+
+百万吨
+
+ | 2020 | 2021 | 2022 | 2023 | 2024 |
|---|
| 钢锭和半成品材料 | 55.7 | 61.1 | 44.6 | 53.1 | 54.6 | | 钢轨材料 | 2.6 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 3.1 | 3.2 | | 角钢和型钢 | 19.6 | 20.3 | 19.0 | 20.3 | 21.7 | | 混筋 | 19.2 | 22.0 | 15.4 | 15.5 | 17.7 | | 热轧棒材和条材 | 12.8 | 15.3 | 12.7 | 12.3 | 12.0 | | 盘条 | 25.2 | 29.0 | 25.5 | 22.8 | 23.8 | | 冷拉钢丝 | 8.7 | 9.6 | 8.6 | 9.9 | 8.9 | | 其他棒材和条材 | 4.5 | 6.1 | 7.4 | 8.4 | 7.7 | | 热轧带钢 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 | | 冷轧带钢 | 3.7 | 4.8 | 4.1 | 4.0 | 3.9 | | 热轧薄板和卷材 | 74.6 | 79.3 | 68.0 | 76.0 | 82.0 | | 中厚板 | 29.4 | 30.9 | 32.2 | 34.6 | 35.5 | | 冷轧薄板和卷材 | 19.0 | 36.7 | 30.8 | 30.1 | 31.9 | | 电工薄板材和带材 | 3.9 | 5.1 | 5.2 | 4.5 | 4.6 | | 镀锡产品 | 7.0 | 6.8 | 6.9 | 5.9 | 6.9 | | 镀锌产品 | 37.0 | 45.3 | 38.4 | 41.0 | 43.2 | | 其他镀层板 | 18.1 | 20.2 | 16.5 | 18.3 | 21.2 | | 钢管和配件 | 32.3 | 34.3 | 34.2 | 36.5 | 37.2 | | 轮毂(锻造和轧制)和轮轴 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 0.8 | 1.0 | 1.3 | | 铸件 | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.4 | 1.4 | | 锻件 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 0.9 | | 总计 | 378.8 | 436.3 | 378.4 | 402.9 | 422.7 |
+
+出口量包括欧盟内部、美墨加三国之间的贸易。
+
+以上数据基于广义钢铁行业产品，包括钢锭、半成品、热轧和冷加工产品、钢管、线材以及未加工的铸件和锻件。
+
+上表包括62个国家的出口量，约占2024年世界贸易总量的94%。
+
+
+## 2024年世界各地区钢铁贸易量
+
+百万吨
+
+| 目的地/出口地区 | 欧盟 (27国) | 其他欧洲国家 | 俄罗斯与其他独联体国家+乌克兰 | 北美洲 | 南美洲 | 非洲和中东 | 中国 | 日本 | 其他亚洲国家 | 大洋洲 | 进口总量 | 其中:地区外进口量 |
|---|
| 欧盟 (27国) | 92.5 | 11.0 | 6.6 | 0.1 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 4.8 | 1.3 | 15.3 | 0.2 | 135.1 | 42.7 | | 其他欧洲国家 | 9.9 | 2.8 | 3.9 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 2.2 | 5.2 | 0.3 | 8.3 | 0.0 | 32.8 | 30.0 | | 俄罗斯与其他独联体国家+乌克兰 | 0.5 | 1.2 | 3.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.1 | 2.8 | 0.0 | 0.2 | - | 8.9 | 5.8 | | 北美洲 | 6.5 | 1.9 | 0.2 | 18.3 | 7.9 | 1.3 | 6.0 | 3.6 | 13.0 | 0.5 | 59.2 | 40.9 | | 南美洲 | 0.7 | 0.6 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 2.3 | 1.0 | 10.1 | 1.5 | 1.5 | 0.0 | 18.8 | 16.5 | | 非洲 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.5 | 13.8 | 1.0 | 1.3 | 0.0 | 23.9 | 21.4 | | 中东 | 1.1 | 2.6 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 8.2 | 16.1 | 1.0 | 2.4 | 0.1 | 32.2 | 23.9 | | 中国 | 0.7 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.6 | - | 2.6 | 4.1 | 0.0 | 8.5 | 8.5 | | 日本 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.3 | - | 4.8 | 0.0 | 6.2 | 6.2 | | 其他亚洲国家 | 1.1 | 0.3 | 2.4 | 1.3 | 0.1 | 7.1 | 55.8 | 19.8 | 31.3 | 0.1 | 119.5 | 88.2 | | 大洋洲 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.1 | 2.3 | 0.1 | 4.1 | 4.0 | | 出口总量 | 115.3 | 23.0 | 18.7 | 20.1 | 11.4 | 26.7 | 117.0 | 31.2 | 84.6 | 1.1 | 449.2 | 288.0 | | 其中:地区外出口量* | 22.8 | 20.2 | 15.6 | 1.8 | 9.1 | 16.0 | 117.0 | 31.2 | 53.2 | 1.0 | 288.0 | | 净出口量(出口-进口) | -19.9 | -9.8 | 9.7 | -39.1 | -7.4 | -29.3 | 108.5 | 25.0 | -34.9 | -2.9 |
+
+\* 不包括有颜色标记的地区内贸易量 
+
+
+## 2024年主要钢铁进出口国
+
+百万吨
+
+| 排名 | 出口总量 | 百万吨 |
|---|
| 1 | 中国 | 117.1 | | 2 | 日本 | 31.2 | | 3 | 韩国 | 28.0 | | 4 | 欧盟 (27国)¹ | 27.8 | | 5 | 德国² | 22.6 | | 6 | 土耳其 | 17.0 | | 7 | 比利时² | 15.4 | | 8 | 意大利² | 15.0 | | 9 | 越南 | 13.4 | | 10 | 俄罗斯 | 12.3 | | 11 | 印度尼西亚 | 11.4 | | 12 | 伊朗 | 10.8 | | 13 | 巴西 | 10.3 | | 14 | 法国² | 9.8 | | 15 | 印度 | 9.7 | | 16 | 马来西亚 | 9.4 | | 17 | 中国台湾 | 9.2 | | 18 | 美国 | 8.7 | | 19 | 荷兰² | 8.7 | | 20 | 西班牙² | 8.0 |
+
+| 排名 | 进口总量 | 百万吨 |
|---|
| 1 | 欧盟 (27国)¹ | 42.8 | | 2 | 美国 | 27.3 | | 3 | 土耳其 | 19.7 | | 4 | 意大利² | 18.5 | | 5 | 德国² | 18.3 | | 6 | 墨西哥 | 17.6 | | 7 | 越南 | 17.2 | | 8 | 韩国 | 14.2 | | 9 | 泰国 | 13.5 | | 10 | 印度尼西亚 | 12.8 | | 11 | 比利时² | 11.9 | | 12 | 波兰² | 11.5 | | 13 | 印度 | 11.5 | | 14 | 法国² | 11.2 | | 15 | 阿联酋 | 10.6 | | 16 | 西班牙² | 10.5 | | 17 | 加拿大 | 9.3 | | 18 | 中国台湾 | 8.9 | | 19 | 中国 | 8.7 | | 20 | 荷兰² | 8.3 |
+
+| 排名 | 净出口量(出口-进口) | 百万吨 |
|---|
| 1 | 中国 | 108.4 | | 2 | 日本 | 25.0 | | 3 | 韩国 | 13.8 | | 4 | 俄罗斯 | 9.8 | | 5 | 伊朗 | 9.0 | | 6 | 德国² | 4.3 | | 7 | 巴西 | 3.9 | | 8 | 比利时² | 3.5 | | 9 | 奥地利² | 3.5 | | 10 | 乌克兰 | 3.4 | | 11 | 埃及 | 1.9 | | 12 | 阿曼 | 1.6 | | 13 | 卢森堡² | 1.5 | | 14 | 斯洛伐克² | 1.5 | | 15 | 马来西亚 | 1.3 |
+
+| 排名 | 净进口量(进口-出口) | 百万吨 |
|---|
| 1 | 美国 | 18.6 | | 2 | 欧盟 (27国)¹ | 15.0 | | 3 | 墨西哥 | 14.3 | | 4 | 泰国 | 12.0 | | 5 | 阿联酋 | 8.6 | | 6 | 菲律宾 | 7.5 | | 7 | 波兰² | 6.7 | | 8 | 伊拉克 | 5.0 | | 9 | 沙特阿拉伯 | 4.6 | | 10 | 英国 | 4.1 | | 11 | 越南 | 3.8 | | 12 | 捷克² | 3.6 | | 13 | 意大利² | 3.5 | | 14 | 罗马尼亚 | 3.2 | | 15 | 新加坡 | 2.9 |
+
+(1) 不包括地区内贸易量
+(2) 个别欧盟 (27) 国家的数据包括欧洲地区的贸易量
+
+
+## 2000-2019年钢铁间接贸易量
+
+成品钢材当量，百万吨
+
+
+
+钢铁间接贸易：通过含钢商品的进出口实现，贸易量以产品所含的成品钢材重量来衡量。
+
+关于间接钢铁贸易中定义和统计方法的说明，可参考间接钢铁贸易报告（2009-2019）https://worldsteel.org/media/publications/indirect-trade/。 更新于2021年5月。
+
+| 年 | 间接出口量(百万吨) |
|---|
| 2000 | 172.1 | | 2001 | 178.1 | | 2002 | 187.8 | | 2003 | 199.1 | | 2004 | 224.0 | | 2005 | 249.2 | | 2006 | 269.5 | | 2007 | 292.4 | | 2008 | 303.6 | | 2009 | 231.4 | | 2010 | 285.4 | | 2011 | 323.8 | | 2012 | 324.1 | | 2013 | 319.1 | | 2014 | 324.5 | | 2015 | 322.4 | | 2016 | 329.8 | | 2017 | 341.5 | | 2018 | 354.6 | | 2019 | 358.9 |
+
+
+## 2019年主要间接钢铁进出口国
+
+成品钢材当量，百万吨
+
+| 排名 | 间接出口量 | 百万吨 |
|---|
| 1 | 中国 | 95.8 | | 2 | 德国* | 32.9 | | 3 | 日本 | 21.7 | | 4 | 美国 | 20.9 | | 5 | 韩国 | 17.9 | | 6 | 墨西哥 | 17.2 | | 7 | 意大利* | 13.3 | | 8 | 波兰* | 9.9 | | 9 | 西班牙* | 9.5 | | 10 | 土耳其 | 8.6 |
+
+| 排名 | 间接进口量 | 百万吨 |
|---|
| 1 | 美国 | 49.0 | | 2 | 德国* | 25.7 | | 3 | 法国* | 13.8 | | 4 | 英国 | 11.9 | | 5 | 加拿大 | 11.6 | | 6 | 中国 | 9.4 | | 7 | 比利时-卢森堡* | 8.8 | | 8 | 俄罗斯 | 8.8 | | 9 | 西班牙* | 8.5 | | 10 | 意大利* | 8.5 |
+
+| 排名 | 净间接出口量(出口-进口) | 百万吨 |
|---|
| 1 | 中国 | 86.4 | | 2 | 日本 | 13.9 | | 3 | 韩国 | 12.7 | | 4 | 墨西哥 | 9.1 | | 5 | 德国* | 7.2 |
+
+| 排名 | 净间接进口量(进口-出口) | 百万吨 |
|---|
| 1 | 美国 | 28.1 | | 2 | 俄罗斯 | 6.3 | | 3 | 英国 | 6.0 | | 4 | 加拿大 | 5.2 | | 5 | 法国* | 5.1 |
+
+*个别欧盟(27)国家的数据包括欧盟地区的贸易量
+
+
+## 2015-2019年实际钢铁消费量
+
+成品钢材当量，百万吨
+
+ | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
|---|
| 法国 | 17.1 | 18.4 | 19.0 | 19.1 | 19.7 | | 德国 | 28.8 | 31.0 | 30.3 | 28.4 | 27.9 | | 意大利 | 18.8 | 18.5 | 19.5 | 20.2 | 20.2 | | 西班牙 | 10.8 | 10.3 | 11.0 | 11.6 | 12.3 | | 欧盟(27国) | 126.8 | 132.3 | 136.8 | 143.8 | 139.7 | | 土耳其 | 32.5 | 32.1 | 33.5 | 26.7 | 20.7 | | 英国 | 16.5 | 17.1 | 16.9 | 16.8 | 16.2 | | 其他欧洲国家 | 56.7 | 57.0 | 58.3 | 51.7 | 45.0 | | 俄罗斯 | 43.8 | 43.5 | 46.9 | 47.1 | 49.8 | | 俄罗斯和其他独联体国家+乌克兰 | 52.0 | 52.7 | 57.7 | 58.4 | 62.0 | | 加拿大 | 18.6 | 18.6 | 19.1 | 19.3 | 18.2 | | 墨西哥 | 20.2 | 20.1 | 22.7 | 21.1 | 15.2 | | 美国 | 118.9 | 115.4 | 122.2 | 127.1 | 125.7 | | 美加墨 | 157.8 | 154.1 | 164.0 | 167.5 | 159.2 | | 巴西 | 22.6 | 19.2 | 19.4 | 21.2 | 21.3 | | 中南美洲 | 47.0 | 39.9 | 41.9 | 42.5 | 41.5 | | 非洲和中东 | 89.4 | 84.5 | 82.3 | 79.9 | 81.8 | | 中国 | 611.7 | 620.5 | 706.2 | 761.5 | 825.5 | | 日本 | 48.3 | 46.9 | 50.3 | 51.5 | 49.4 | | 韩国 | 39.7 | 41.6 | 41.7 | 41.3 | 40.5 | | 亚洲和大洋洲 | 880.3 | 904.1 | 996.5 | 1 066.4 | 1 130.1 | | 总计1 | 1 410.0 | 1 424.7 | 1 537.6 | 1 610.3 | 1 659.2 |
+
+(1) 总计包括74个国家
+
+钢铁实际消费量是从钢铁表观消费量减去净钢铁间接出口量。钢铁实际总消费量不等于钢铁表观总消费量是因为各国的间接贸易覆盖范围和计算方法存在差异。
+https://worldsteel.org/media/publications/indirect-trade/
+
+
+## 2019年人均钢铁表观和实际钢铁消费量
+
+成品钢材当量，千克
+
+
+
+
+## 2024年分行业钢铁消费量
+
+
+
+
+## 订阅我们的数据
+
+
+
+购买更详细的统计数据请登录官网：
+https://worldsteel.org/media/publications/
+
+了解更多信息，请联系：subscribers@worldsteel.org。
+
+世界钢铁协会还定期发布月度和年度数据统计报告。
+其中部分数据可免费获取。网址：worldsteel.org/data
+
+文中符号：
+
+| (e) | 表示估计值。 | | 0.0 | 表示相关数量低于0.05。 | | - | 表示零或无数据 |
+
+© World Steel Association 2025 | 设计: MakeAlias.com
+封面图片：日本东京隧道内行驶的火车
+
+
+世界钢铁协会
+
+AvenuedeTervueren 270
+1150Brussels
+Belgium
+
+T:+32 (0) 2 702 89 00
+F:+32 (0) 2 702 88 99
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+
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+**worldsteel**
+ASSOCIATION
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_36.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_36.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..120de32a3bbb983a216eb49e42544c7d3db03324
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_36.md
@@ -0,0 +1,18232 @@
+# MARKET DATA
+
+
+
+## WORLD MARKETS AT A GLANCE
+
+FT.COM/MARKETSDATA
+
+**Change during previous day's trading (%)**
+
+**S&P 500**
+
+
+**Nasdaq Composite**
+
+
+**Dow Jones Ind**
+
+
+**FTSE 100**
+
+
+**FTSE Eurofirst 300**
+
+
+**Nikkei**
+
+
+**Hang Seng**
+
+
+**FTSE All World $**
+
+
+
+
+**$ per €**
+
+
+**$ per ￡**
+
+
+**￥ per $**
+
+
+**￡ per €**
+
+
+
+
+**Oil Brent $ Sep**
+
+
+**Gold $**
+
+
+
+
+**Stock Market movements over last 30 days, with the FTSE All-World in the same currency as a comparison**
+
+**AMERICAS**
+
+
+| Country | Index | Latest | Previous |
|---|
| Argentina | Merval | 1878613.05 | 1849994.80 | | Australia | All Ordinaries | 8467.30 | 8453.90 | S&P/ASX 200 | 8211.30 | 8206.30 | | S&P/ASX 200 Res | 5515.80 | 5507.40 | | Austria | ATX | 3583.16 | 3549.71 | | Belgium | BEL 20 | 4293.15 | 4274.02 | BEL Mid | 10152.76 | 10113.35 | | Canada | S&P/TSX 60 | 1466.65 | 1468.24 | | S&P/TSX Comp | 24527.61 | 24551.55 | | S&P/TSX Div Met & Min | 2036.85 | 2154.00 | | Chile | S&P/CLX IGPA Gen | 33892.38 | 33733.75 | | China | FTSE A200 | 10339.84 | 10296.71 | | FTSE B35 | 9000.71 | 8988.96 | | Shanghai A | 3458.57 | 3438.19 | | Shanghai B | 275.25 | 272.79 | | Shanghai Comp | 3299.70 | 3280.26 | | Shenzhen A | 2065.42 | 2027.92 | | Shenzhen B | 1248.45 | 1231.96 | | Colombia | COLCAP | 1261.61 | 1260.21 | | Croatia | CROBEX | 2013.05 | 2011.29 |
+
+
+
+| Country | Index | Latest | Previous |
|---|
| Cyprus | CSE M&P Gen | 68.46 | 68.68 | | Czech Republic | PK | 1647.72 | 1647.99 | | Denmark | OMX Copenahgen 20 | 2469.14 | 2477.00 | | Egypt | EGX 30 | 30552.82 | 30414.05 | | Estonia | OMX Tallinn | 1742.45 | 1742.35 | | Finland | OMX Helsinki Genera | 10041.46 | 10001.80 | | France | CAC 40 | 7497.54 | 7503.28 | SBF 120 | 5682.63 | 5688.53 | | Germany | M-DAX | 27259.56 | 27142.17 | | TecDAX | 3420.43 | 3413.86 | | XETRA Dex | 19463.59 | 19443.00 | | Greece | Athens Gen | 1390.25 | 1402.60 | | FTSE/ASE 20 | 3351.54 | 3390.15 | | Hong Kong | Hang Seng | 20590.15 | 20489.62 | | HS China Enterprise | 7385.26 | 7359.14 | | HSCC Reu. Chip | 3850.28 | 3874.88 | | Hungary | Bux | 74263.78 | 73715.29 | | India | BSE Sensax | 79402.29 | 80065.16 | | Nifty 500 | 22499.05 | 22787.85 | | Indonesia | Jakarta Comp | 7694.66 | 7716.55 | | Ineland | ISEQ Overall | 9783.89 | 9784.25 | | Israel | Tel Aviv 125 | 2152.97 | 2172.29 |
+
+**EUROPE**
+
+
+| Country | Index | Latest | Previous |
|---|
| Italy | FTSE Italia All-Share | 36900.48 | 36833.53 | | FTSE Italia Mid Cap | 46645.32 | 46787.43 | | FTSE MIB | 34778.10 | 34598.81 | | Japan | 2nd Section | 7228.27 | 7239.06 | | Nikkei 225 | 37913.92 | 38143.29 | | S&Q Topix 150 | 2312.13 | 2326.38 | | Topix | 2618.32 | 2635.57 | | Jordan | Amman SE | 2408.69 | 2397.75 | | Kenya | NSE 20 | 1849.68 | 1849.75 | | Kuwait | KSX Market Index | 6633.44 | 6603.51 | | Latvia | OMX Riga | 872.73 | 877.52 |
+| Lithvania | OMX Vilnius | 1058.60 | 1058.41 | | Luxembourg | LuxX | 1363.84 | 1361.19 | | Malaysia | FTSE Bursa KLCl | 1618.30 | 1632.23 | | Mexico | IPC | 51909.74 | 51795.56 | | Muiocco | MASI | 14138.37 | 14118.36 | | Netherlands | AEX | 898.82 | 895.90 | AEX All Share | 1173.03 | 1168.49 | | New Zealand | NZX 50 | 12771.61 | 12814.07 |
+| Nigeria | SE All Share | 97343.42 | 98255.72 | | Nurway | Oslu All Share | 1682.84 | 1664.65 | | Pakistan | KSE 100 | 89993.97 | 88945.98 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| Country |
+Index |
+Latest |
+Previous |
+
+
+
+
+| Philippines |
+Manila Comp |
+7314.23 |
+7283.79 |
+
+
+| Poland |
+Wig |
+80734.22 |
+80854.92 |
+
+
+| Portugal |
+PSI 20 |
+6513.28 |
+6491.26 |
+
+
+| PSI General |
+4427.70 |
+4404.36 |
+
+
+| Romania |
+BET Index |
+17473.73 |
+17445.16 |
+
+
+| Russia |
+Micex Index |
+2436.57 |
+2445.30 |
+
+
+| RTX |
+1245.71 |
+1212.57 |
+
+
+| Saudi-Arabia |
+TADAWUL All Share Index |
+11886.06 |
+11901.77 |
+
+
+| Singapore |
+FTSE Straits Times |
+3593.41 |
+3604.95 |
+
+
+| Slovakia |
+SAX |
+309.21 |
+308.59 |
+
+
+| Slovenia |
+SBI TOP |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| South Africa |
+FTSE/JSE All Share |
+87015.81 |
+86937.24 |
+
+
+| FTSE/JSE Res 20 |
+62527.77 |
+62324.62 |
+
+
+| FTSE/JSE Top 40 |
+78929.38 |
+78880.66 |
+
+
+| South Korea |
+Kospi |
+2583.27 |
+2581.03 |
+
+
+| Kospi 200 |
+343.37 |
+342.88 |
+
+
+| Spain |
+IEEX 35 |
+11812.50 |
+11839.80 |
+
+
+| Sri Lanka |
+CSE All Share |
+12517.58 |
+12473.50 |
+
+
+| Sweden |
+OMX Stockholm 30 |
+2592.28 |
+2578.09 |
+
+
+| OMX Stockholm AS |
+990.14 |
+983.05 |
+
+
+| Switzerland |
+SMI Index |
+12184.00 |
+12173.04 |
+
+
+
+
+**ASIA**
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| Country |
+Index |
+Latest |
+Previous |
+
+
+
+
+| Taiwan |
+Weighted Stock Index |
+23348.45 |
+23192.52 |
+
+
+| Thailand |
+Bangkok SET |
+1463.42 |
+1460.64 |
+
+
+| Turkey |
+BST 100 |
+8809.70 |
+8872.85 |
+
+
+| UAE |
+Abu Dhabi General Index |
+9222.93 |
+9251.11 |
+
+
+| UK |
+FT 30 |
+2861.90 |
+2839.40 |
+
+
+| FTSE 100 |
+8248.84 |
+8259.38 |
+
+
+| FTSE 4Good UK |
+7495.82 |
+7521.48 |
+
+
+| FTSE All Share |
+4510.14 |
+4517.97 |
+
+
+| FTSE techMARK |
+6651.90 |
+6661.28 |
+
+
+| USA |
+DJ Composite |
+13506.31 |
+13513.66 |
+
+
+| DJ Industrial |
+42315.03 |
+42374.36 |
+
+
+| DJ Transport |
+16159.71 |
+16077.10 |
+
+
+| DJ Utilities |
+1055.77 |
+1063.48 |
+
+
+| Nasdaq 100 |
+20475.42 |
+20232.87 |
+
+
+| Nasdaq Cmp |
+18628.74 |
+18415.49 |
+
+
+| NYSE Comp |
+19547.14 |
+19560.73 |
+
+
+| S&P 500 |
+5840.44 |
+5809.86 |
+
+
+| Wilshire 5000 |
+42053.18 |
+41446.59 |
+
+
+| Venezuela |
+IEC |
+96090.26 |
+95119.59 |
+
+
+| Vietnam |
+VNI |
+1252.72 |
+1257.41 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| Country |
+Index |
+Latest |
+
+
+
+
+| Cross-Border |
+DJ Global Titans ($) |
+698.2 |
+
+
+| Euro Stoxx 50 (Eur) |
+4940.0 |
+
+
+| Euronext 100 ID |
+1480.4 |
+
+
+| FTSE 4Good Global ($) |
+14704.6 |
+
+
+| FTSE All World ($) |
+557.9 |
+
+
+| FTSE E300 |
+2055.8 |
+
+
+| FTSE Eurotop 100 |
+4070.2 |
+
+
+| FTSE Global 100($) |
+3975.4 |
+
+
+| FTSE Gold Min ($) |
+2541.8 |
+
+
+| FTSE Latibex Top (Eur) |
+4440.0 |
+
+
+| FTSE Multinationals($) |
+3924.3 |
+
+
+| FTSE World ($) |
+1023.9 |
+
+
+| FTSEurofirst 100 (Eur) |
+5551.0 |
+
+
+| FTSEurofirst 80 (Eur) |
+6617.7 |
+
+
+| MSCI ACWI Fr($) |
+845.7 |
+
+
+| MSCI All World ($) |
+3707.1 |
+
+
+| MSCI Europe (Eur) |
+2062.6 |
+
+
+| MSCI Pacific ($) |
+3077.5 |
+
+
+| S&P Euro (Eur) |
+2154.9 |
+
+
+| S&P Europe 350 (Eur) |
+2108.7 |
+
+
+| S&P Glubal 1200 ($) |
+4094.6 |
+
+
+| Stoxx 50 (Eur) |
+4438.6 |
+
+
+
+
+(c) Closed. (u) Unavailable. † Correction. ♥ Subject to official recalculation. For more index coverage please see www.ft.com/worldindices. A fuller version of this table is available on the ft.com research data archive.
+
+## STOCK MARKET: BIGGEST MOVERS
+
+### AMERICA
+
+| ACTIVE STOCKS | stock traded m's | close price | Day's change |
|---|
| Tesla | 156.6 | 267.40 | 6.92 | | Nvidia | 84.9 | 143.43 | 3.07 | | Apple | 19.1 | 232.12 | 1.55 | | Microsoft | 17.6 | 430.94 | 6.21 | | Meta Platforms | 17.1 | 579.02 | 11.24 | | Advanced Micro Devices | 15.8 | 158.51 | 5.07 | | Amazon.com | 14.5 | 190.21 | 3.83 | | Palantir | 8.4 | 45.00 | 1.44 | | Alphabet | 8.3 | 165.32 | 2.60 | | Broadcom | 6.8 | 175.43 | 4.14 |
+
+| BIGGEST MOVERS | Close price | Day's change | Day's chng% |
|---|
| Ups |
|---|
| Tapestry | 51.43 | 6.95 | 15.65 | | Digital Realty Trust | 187.11 | 21.98 | 13.31 | | Deckers Outdoor | 170.29 | 18.25 | 12.00 | | Cerrene | 68.51 | 6.89 | 11.17 | | Western Digital | 72.93 | 6.61 | 9.97 | | Downs |
|---|
| Mohawk Industries | 136.58 | -15.29 | -10.07 | | Hca Healthcare | 364.99 | -33.91 | -8.50 | | Universal Health Services | 205.70 | -18.96 | -8.44 | | Principal Fin | 82.82 | -6.83 | -7.62 | | Hart'ord Fin Services (the) | 112.68 | -7.73 | 6.46 |
+Based on the constituents of the S&P500 and the Nasdap 100 index
+
+### LONDON
+
+
+
+
+| ACTIVE STOCKS |
+stock traded m's |
+close price |
+Day's chnge |
+
+
+
+
+| Lloyds Banking |
+178.4 |
+57.66 |
+-4.42 |
+
+
+| Astrazeneca |
+168.7 |
+11606.10 |
+-110.00 |
+
+
+| Natwest |
+139.4 |
+363.90 |
+3.30 |
+
+
+| Fio Tinto |
+122.9 |
+5022.00 |
+90.50 |
+
+
+| National Grid |
+122.5 |
+998.60 |
+-10.40 |
+
+
+| Shell |
+119.0 |
+2550.50 |
+10.50 |
+
+
+| London Stock Exchange |
+96.3 |
+10605.00 |
+-5.00 |
+
+
+| BP |
+94.3 |
+404.90 |
+2.45 |
+
+
+| Diageo |
+94.3 |
+2565.50 |
+-2.50 |
+
+
+| Earclays |
+94.5 |
+241.40 |
+-6.65 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| BIGGEST MOVERS |
+Close price |
+Day's change |
+Day's chng% |
+
+
+
+
+| Ups |
+
+
+| Burberry |
+785.40 |
+44.00 |
+5.93 |
+
+
+| Molten Ventures |
+417.00 |
+18.00 |
+4.51 |
+
+
+| Dr. Martens |
+56.95 |
+2.30 |
+4.21 |
+
+
+| Watches Of Switzerland |
+546.00 |
+18.40 |
+4.20 |
+
+
+| Ao World |
+109.80 |
+3.40 |
+3.20 |
+
+
+| Downs |
+
+
+| Close Brothers |
+276.60 |
+-90.80 |
+-24.71 |
+
+
+| Amigo Holdings |
+0.40 |
+-0.05 |
+-11.11 |
+
+
+| Lloyds Banking |
+57.66 |
+-4.42 |
+-7.12 |
+
+
+| Airtel Africa |
+108.60 |
+-6.70 |
+-5.81 |
+
+
+| Bytes Technology |
+473.00 |
+-27.50 |
+-5.40 |
+
+
+
+Based on the constituents of the FTSE 350 index
+
+### EURO MARKETS
+
+
+
+
+| ACTIVE STOCKS |
+stock traded m's |
+close price |
+Day's change |
+
+
+
+
+| Roche Gs |
+231.7 |
+299.70 |
+1.49 |
+
+
+| Indient |
+275.3 |
+54.56 |
+-0.44 |
+
+
+| Unicredit |
+251.4 |
+40.15 |
+0.10 |
+
+
+| Asml Holding |
+224.0 |
+664.10 |
+2.80 |
+
+
+| Eni |
+216.0 |
+14.43 |
+0.20 |
+
+
+| Nestle N |
+215.3 |
+90.10 |
+-0.30 |
+
+
+| Novartis N |
+203.0 |
+105.15 |
+0.45 |
+
+
+| Stellantis |
+174.7 |
+12.67 |
+0.11 |
+
+
+| Intesa Sanpao'o |
+167.4 |
+3.88 |
+0.00 |
+
+
+| Sap Se O.n. |
+156.4 |
+221.40 |
+2.35 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| BIGGEST MOVERS |
+Close price |
+Day's change |
+Day's chng% |
+
+
+
+
+| Ups |
+
+
+| Volvo,Ab Ser.A |
+24.42 |
+0.70 |
+2.95 |
+
+
+| Volvo,Ab Ser.B |
+24.19 |
+0.66 |
+2.82 |
+
+
+| Sanofi |
+99.95 |
+2.35 |
+2.41 |
+
+
+| Prosus |
+33.72 |
+0.72 |
+1.83 |
+
+
+| Eni |
+14.23 |
+0.20 |
+1.42 |
+
+
+| Downs |
+
+
+| Vinci |
+101.25 |
+-3.05 |
+-2.92 |
+
+
+| Capgemini |
+175.45 |
+-4.55 |
+-2.53 |
+
+
+| Dassault Systemes |
+31.55 |
+-0.80 |
+-2.47 |
+
+
+| Orange |
+10.10 |
+-0.15 |
+-1.42 |
+
+
+| Pernod Ricard |
+123.40 |
+-1.35 |
+-1.08 |
+
+
+
+Based on the constituents of the FTSEurofirst 300 Eurozone index
+
+### TOKYO
+
+
+
+
+| ACTIVE STOCKS |
+stock traded m's |
+close price |
+Day's change |
+
+
+
+
+| Disco |
+1824.5 |
+37700.00 |
+100.00 |
+
+
+| Iasertec |
+1256.5 |
+21240.00 |
+-220.00 |
+
+
+| Mitsubishi Heavy Industries |
+1192.3 |
+2097.50 |
+-14.00 |
+
+
+| Advantest |
+1040.6 |
+7820.00 |
+-233.00 |
+
+
+| Tokyo Electron |
+768.8 |
+23220.00 |
+195.00 |
+
+
+| Hitachi |
+640.2 |
+4013.00 |
+39.00 |
+
+
+| Mitsubishi Ufj Fin |
+612.2 |
+1548.50 |
+-16.50 |
+
+
+| Nidec |
+575.7 |
+3123.00 |
+138.50 |
+
+
+| Ihi |
+556.2 |
+7767.00 |
+17.00 |
+
+
+| Softbank |
+487.7 |
+8751.00 |
+-41.00 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| BIGGEST MOVERS |
+Close price |
+Day's change |
+Day's chng% |
+
+
+
+
+| Ups |
+
+
+| Konica Minolta Holdings |
+602.10 |
+40.90 |
+7.29 |
+
+
+| Nidec |
+3123.00 |
+138.50 |
+4.64 |
+
+
+| Sunco |
+1455.50 |
+25.50 |
+1.78 |
+
+
+| Mazda Mutur |
+1073.50 |
+16.50 |
+1.56 |
+
+
+| Kanadevia |
+1038.00 |
+14.00 |
+1.37 |
+
+
+| Downs |
+
+
+| Sumitomo Dainippon Pharma Co Ltd |
+593.00 |
+-40.00 |
+-6.32 |
+
+
+| Kawasaki Kisen Kaisha |
+2030.00 |
+-90.00 |
+-4.25 |
+
+
+| Nippon Yusen Kabushiki Kaisha |
+4945.00 |
+-194.00 |
+-3.78 |
+
+
+| Zozo |
+4927.00 |
+-177.00 |
+-3.47 |
+
+
+| Mitsui O.s.k.lines |
+4868.00 |
+-158.00 |
+-3.14 |
+
+
+
+Based on the constituents of the Nikkei 225 index
+
+## UK MARKET WINNERS AND LOSERS
+
+
+
+
+| FTSE 100 |
+Oct 25 price(p) |
+%Chg week |
+%Chg ytd |
+
+
+
+
+| Winners |
+
+
+| Fresnillo |
+758.50 |
+7.9 |
+27.6 |
+
+
+| Fresnillo (ds) |
+475.60 |
+6.4 |
+54.8 |
+
+
+| Wpp |
+822.60 |
+4.6 |
+9.2 |
+
+
+| Anglo American |
+2434.50 |
+2.3 |
+23.5 |
+
+
+| Scotish Matgage Investment Trust |
+877.00 |
+2.3 |
+8.5 |
+
+
+| Standard Chartered |
+853.00 |
+1.7 |
+28.0 |
+
+
+| Reckitt Benckiser |
+4849.00 |
+1.5 |
+-10.5 |
+
+
+| Bp |
+404.90 |
+1.3 |
+-13.1 |
+
+
+| Rentokil initial |
+376.80 |
+1.3 |
+-14.4 |
+
+
+| Natwest |
+363.90 |
+0.9 |
+65.9 |
+
+
+| British American Tobacco |
+2658.00 |
+0.7 |
+15.8 |
+
+
+| London Stock Excharge |
+10605.00 |
+0.7 |
+14.4 |
+
+
+| Losers |
+
+
+| Airtal Africa |
+108.60 |
+-7.5 |
+-16.6 |
+
+
+| Lloyds Banking |
+57.66 |
+-7.3 |
+20.9 |
+
+
+| Intertek |
+4784.00 |
+-6.5 |
+-12.7 |
+
+
+| Admiral |
+2572.00 |
+-6.3 |
+-4.2 |
+
+
+| Convatec |
+219.00 |
+-5.7 |
+-10.3 |
+
+
+| Aviva |
+462.60 |
+-5.2 |
+6.4 |
+
+
+| Persimmon |
+1574.00 |
+-5.2 |
+13.1 |
+
+
+| Taylor Wimpey |
+154.90 |
+-4.9 |
+5.2 |
+
+
+| Phoenix Holdings |
+506.50 |
+-4.9 |
+-5.4 |
+
+
+| Schroders |
+356.80 |
+-4.3 |
+-17.0 |
+
+
+| Land Securities |
+618.50 |
+-4.3 |
+-12.2 |
+
+
+| Legal & General |
+220.50 |
+-4.2 |
+-12.2 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| FTSE 250 |
+Oct 25 price(p) |
+%Chg week |
+%Chg ytd |
+
+
+
+
+| Winners |
+
+
+| Morgan Sindall |
+3815.00 |
+14.9 |
+72.2 |
+
+
+| Burberry |
+785.40 |
+13.7 |
+-44.5 |
+
+
+| Bloomsbury Publishing |
+754.00 |
+12.5 |
+61.3 |
+
+
+| Softcat |
+1716.00 |
+10.8 |
+26.2 |
+
+
+| Wizz Air Holdings |
+1326.00 |
+10.1 |
+-40.0 |
+
+
+| future |
+875.00 |
+10.1 |
+10.0 |
+
+
+| Harbour Energy |
+273.90 |
+3.8 |
+-11.2 |
+
+
+| Ithaca Energy |
+105.60 |
+3.5 |
+-26.8 |
+
+
+| Trustpilo: |
+243.50 |
+3.4 |
+65.9 |
+
+
+| Harworth |
+186.00 |
+3.3 |
+51.1 |
+
+
+| Tbc Bank |
+2870.00 |
+3.2 |
+1.4 |
+
+
+| Aston Martin Lagonda Global Holcings |
+108.90 |
+3.1 |
+-51.7 |
+
+
+| Losers |
+
+
+| Close Brothers |
+276.60 |
+-27.8 |
+-65.2 |
+
+
+| Hunting |
+302.50 |
+-19.0 |
+2.4 |
+
+
+| Abrdn |
+141.00 |
+-18.0 |
+-21.1 |
+
+
+| Amigo I Ioldings |
+0.40 |
+-15.8 |
+100.0 |
+
+
+| Rhi Magnesita Nv. |
+3145.00 |
+-9.4 |
+-9.1 |
+
+
+| Jupiter Fund Maragement |
+80.10 |
+-8.4 |
+-14.2 |
+
+
+| Bridgepoint |
+319.80 |
+-8.0 |
+14.5 |
+
+
+| Travis Perkins |
+858.00 |
+-7.7 |
+3.5 |
+
+
+| Savills |
+1094.00 |
+-7.3 |
+-12.9 |
+
+
+| Ninety One |
+169.70 |
+-7.2 |
+-7.5 |
+
+
+| Volution |
+571.00 |
+-7.2 |
+31.7 |
+
+
+| Wetherspoon (J.j.) |
+672.00 |
+-7.1 |
+-17.1 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| FTSE SmallCap |
+Oct 25 price(p) |
+%Chg week |
+%Chg ytd |
+
+
+
+
+| Winners |
+
+
+| Pinewood |
+338.00 |
+14.8 |
+-47.7 |
+
+
+| Oxford Biomedica |
+445.00 |
+12.5 |
+102.3 |
+
+
+| Videndum |
+283.00 |
+10.8 |
+-18.7 |
+
+
+| Halfords |
+163.80 |
+10.5 |
+-17.8 |
+
+
+| Fenexpu |
+58.00 |
+9.8 |
+-37.5 |
+
+
+| Enquest |
+11.40 |
+9.8 |
+-24.4 |
+
+
+| Gore Street Energy Storage Fund |
+60.30 |
+6.0 |
+-31.8 |
+
+
+| Robert Walters |
+377.00 |
+4.7 |
+-15.3 |
+
+
+| Sig |
+24.65 |
+4.7 |
+-26.2 |
+
+
+| Paypoint |
+768.00 |
+4.5 |
+47.7 |
+
+
+| Aew Uk Reit |
+98.00 |
+4.5 |
+-3.0 |
+
+
+| Norcros |
+263.00 |
+4.4 |
+37.0 |
+
+
+| Losers |
+
+
+| Mears |
+336.00 |
+-12.5 |
+8.4 |
+
+
+| Carr's |
+111.00 |
+-11.2 |
+10.3 |
+
+
+| Luceco |
+142.20 |
+-10.9 |
+14.8 |
+
+
+| Petra Diamonds |
+34.60 |
+-9.9 |
+-50.9 |
+
+
+| Evoke |
+51.65 |
+-9.9 |
+-45.9 |
+
+
+| Saga |
+115.40 |
+-9.8 |
+-20.9 |
+
+
+| Capita |
+19.06 |
+-9.2 |
+-13.4 |
+
+
+| Jpmorgan Global Core Real Assets |
+66.20 |
+-8.1 |
+-10.5 |
+
+
+| Int Personal Finance |
+133.50 |
+-7.3 |
+-17.1 |
+
+
+| Ocean Wilsons (holdings) Ld |
+1405.00 |
+-7.3 |
+17.1 |
+
+
+| Zotefoams |
+375.00 |
+-7.2 |
+11.9 |
+
+
+| On The Beach |
+144.20 |
+-6.7 |
+-17.6 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| Incustry Sectors |
+Oct price |
+
+
+
+
+| Winners |
+
+
+| Personal Goods |
+12613 |
+
+
+| Oil & Gas Froducers |
+8151 |
+
+
+| Mining |
+12678 |
+
+
+| General Financial |
+16505 |
+
+
+| Tobacco |
+31092 |
+
+
+| Industrial Metals |
+6320 |
+
+
+| Construction & Materials |
+12688 |
+
+
+| Equity Investment Instruments |
+11999 |
+
+
+| Media |
+12735 |
+
+
+| General Retailers |
+4404 |
+
+
+| General Industrials |
+7379 |
+
+
+| Software & Computer Services |
+2491 |
+
+Losers |
+
+| Life Insurance |
+5428 |
+
+
+| Nonlife Insurance |
+3638 |
+
+
+| Electricity |
+11164 |
+
+
+| Household Goods |
+13452 |
+
+
+| Real Estate & Investment Servic |
+2417 |
+
+
+| Gas Water & Multiutilities Index |
+6123 |
+
+
+| Real Estate Investment Trusts |
+2263 |
+
+
+| Beverages |
+21133 |
+
+
+| Pharmaceuticals & Diotech. |
+21839 |
+
+
+| Support Services |
+11198 |
+
+
+| Incustrial Engineering |
+11823 |
+
+
+| Aerospace & Deferse |
+11757 |
+
+
+
+Based on the last week's performance.†Price at suspension.
+
+## CURRENCIES
+
+
+
+
+ |
+DOLLAR |
+EURO |
+POUND |
+
+
+| Oct 25 |
+Currency |
+Closing Mid |
+Day's Change |
+Closing Mid |
+Day's Change |
+Closing Mid |
+Day's Change |
+
+
+
+
+| Argentina |
+Argentine Peso |
+985.7377 |
+0.4830 |
+1067.7054 |
+3.8763 |
+1280.6280 |
+3.8786 |
+
+
+| Australia |
+Australian Dollar |
+1.5059 |
+-0.0016 |
+1.6311 |
+0.0034 |
+1.9564 |
+0.0029 |
+
+
+| Bahrain |
+Bahrainin Dinar |
+0.3771 |
+- |
+0.4084 |
+0.0013 |
+0.4898 |
+0.0012 |
+
+
+| Bolivia |
+Bolivian Boliviano |
+6.9100 |
+- |
+7.4846 |
+0.0235 |
+8.9772 |
+0.0223 |
+
+
+| Brazil |
+Brazilian Heal |
+5.6948 |
+-0.0083 |
+6.1683 |
+0.0104 |
+7.3984 |
+0.0080 |
+
+
+| Canada |
+Canadian Dollar |
+1.3866 |
+0.0017 |
+1.5018 |
+0.0066 |
+1.8013 |
+0.0063 |
+
+
+| Chile |
+Chilean Peso |
+950.7050 |
+3.8050 |
+1029.7597 |
+7.3441 |
+1235.1150 |
+8.0673 |
+
+
+| China |
+Chinese Yuan |
+7.1217 |
+0.0001 |
+7.7139 |
+0.0330 |
+9.2522 |
+0.0340 |
+
+
+| Colombia |
+Colombian Peso |
+4305.5650 |
+-7.6600 |
+4663.5896 |
+6.3833 |
+5593.6045 |
+4.2801 |
+
+
+| Costa Rica |
+Costa Rican Colon |
+514.8900 |
+-0.3050 |
+557.7050 |
+1.4230 |
+668.9229 |
+1.3038 |
+
+
+| Czech Republic |
+Czech Koruna |
+23.3333 |
+-0.0022 |
+25.2736 |
+0.0770 |
+30.3136 |
+0.0741 |
+
+
+| Denmark |
+Danish Krone |
+6.8883 |
+-0.0201 |
+7.4611 |
+0.0018 |
+8.9490 |
+-0.0033 |
+
+
+| Cgypt |
+Cgyptian Pound |
+40.7774 |
+0.0251 |
+52.8334 |
+0.1931 |
+63.3695 |
+0.1939 |
+
+
+| Hong Kong |
+Hong Kong Dollar |
+7.7713 |
+0.0008 |
+8.4175 |
+0.0273 |
+10.0961 |
+0.0267 |
+
+
+| Hungary |
+Hungarian Forint |
+373.0093 |
+-0.2021 |
+404.0264 |
+1.0513 |
+484.5976 |
+0.9689 |
+
+
+| India |
+Indian Rupee |
+84.0813 |
+0.0038 |
+91.0729 |
+0.2902 |
+109.2347 |
+0.2823 |
+
+
+| Indonesia |
+Indonesian Fupiah |
+15640.0000 |
+60.0000 |
+16940.5387 |
+118.0113 |
+20318.8433 |
+129.3854 |
+
+
+| Israel |
+Israeli Snekel |
+3.7881 |
+-0.0063 |
+4.1031 |
+0.0061 |
+4.9213 |
+0.0043 |
+
+
+| Japan |
+Japanese Yen |
+152.0450 |
+0.1350 |
+164.8881 |
+0.6632 |
+197.5303 |
+0.6766 |
+
+
+| ...One Month |
+ |
+152.0444 |
+0.1338 |
+164.6877 |
+0.6623 |
+197.5295 |
+0.6750 |
+
+
+| ...Three Month |
+ |
+152.0431 |
+0.1313 |
+164.6863 |
+0.6606 |
+197.5279 |
+0.6718 |
+
+
+| ...One Year |
+ |
+152.0389 |
+0.1228 |
+164.6844 |
+0.6558 |
+197.5295 |
+0.6679 |
+
+
+| Kenya |
+Kenyan Shilling |
+129.0000 |
+- |
+139.7263 |
+0.4390 |
+167.5912 |
+0.4257 |
+
+
+| Kuwait |
+Kuwaiti Dinar |
+0.3004 |
+0.0001 |
+0.3319 |
+0.0012 |
+0.3981 |
+0.0011 |
+
+
+| Malaysia |
+Malaysian Ringgit |
+4.3400 |
+-0.0080 |
+4.7009 |
+0.0061 |
+5.6383 |
+0.0040 |
+
+| Mexico |
+Mexican Peso |
+19.8798 |
+0.0400 |
+21.5328 |
+0.1108 |
+25.8269 |
+0.1174 |
+
+
+| New Zealand |
+New Zealand Dollar |
+1.6651 |
+0.0008 |
+1.8036 |
+0.0066 |
+2.1633 |
+0.0066 |
+
+
+| Nigeria |
+Nigerian Naira |
+1677.5000 |
+17.5000 |
+1816.9905 |
+24.6047 |
+2179.3358 |
+28.2125 |
+
+
+| Norway |
+Norwegian Krone |
+10.9260 |
+-0.0432 |
+11.8345 |
+-0.0095 |
+14.1940 |
+-0.0199 |
+
+
+| Pakistan |
+Parivian Pupee |
+277.8250 |
+0.0250 |
+300.9272 |
+0.9725 |
+360.9383 |
+0.9491 |
+
+
+| Peru |
+Peruvian Nuevo Sol |
+3.7557 |
+-0.0003 |
+4.0680 |
+0.0125 |
+4.8792 |
+0.0120 |
+
+
+| Philippines |
+Philippine Peso |
+58.3350 |
+0.4550 |
+63.1853 |
+0.6898 |
+75.7863 |
+0.7821 |
+
+| Poland |
+Polish Zloty |
+4.0136 |
+-0.0110 |
+4.3473 |
+0.0018 |
+5.2142 |
+-0.0010 |
+
+| Romania |
+Romanian Leu |
+4.5921 |
+-0.0138 |
+4.9739 |
+0.0007 |
+5.9658 |
+-0.0028 |
+
+| Russia |
+Russian Ruble |
+96.8500 |
+-0.0500 |
+104.9034 |
+0.2756 |
+125.8233 |
+0.2548 |
+
+| Saudi Arabia |
+Saudi Riyal |
+3.7560 |
+- |
+4.0683 |
+0.0128 |
+4.8796 |
+0.0124 |
+
+| Singapore |
+Singapore Dollar |
+1.3202 |
+-0.0004 |
+1.4300 |
+0.0041 |
+1.7151 |
+0.0038 |
+
+| South Africa |
+South African Rand |
+17.6338 |
+-0.0737 |
+19.1001 |
+-0.0196 |
+22.9090 |
+-0.0374 |
+
+| South Korea |
+South Korean Won |
+1388.7500 |
+8.4500 |
+1504.2299 |
+13.8503 |
+1804.2042 |
+15.5325 |
+
+| Sweden |
+Swedish Krona |
+10.5701 |
+-0.0131 |
+11.4490 |
+0.0218 |
+13.7322 |
+0.0179 |
+
+| Switzerland |
+Swiss Franc |
+0.8663 |
+- |
+0.9383 |
+0.0029 |
+1.1254 |
+0.0029 |
+
+| Taiwan |
+New Taiwan Dollar |
+32.0780 |
+-0.0135 |
+34.7454 |
+0.0946 |
+41.6744 |
+0.0884 |
+
+| Thailand |
+Thai Baht |
+33.7900 |
+0.1200 |
+36.5998 |
+0.2446 |
+43.8985 |
+0.2670 |
+
+| Tunisia |
+Tunisian Dinar |
+3.0960 |
+-0.0065 |
+3.3534 |
+0.0035 |
+4.0222 |
+0.0018 |
+
+| Turkey |
+Turkish Lira |
+34.2863 |
+0.0563 |
+37.1373 |
+0.1774 |
+44.5432 |
+0.1860 |
+
+| United Arab Emirates |
+UAE Dirham |
+3.6730 |
+- |
+3.9784 |
+0.0125 |
+4.7718 |
+0.0121 |
+
+| United Kingdom |
+Pound Sterling |
+0.7697 |
+-0.0020 |
+0.8337 |
+0.0005 |
+- |
+- |
+
+| ...One Month |
+ |
+0.7697 |
+-0.0020 |
+0.8336 |
+0.0005 |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| ..Three Month |
+ |
+0.7697 |
+-0.0020 |
+0.8334 |
+0.0005 |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| ..One Year |
+ |
+0.7697 |
+-0.0020 |
+0.8322 |
+0.0005 |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| United States |
+United States Dollar |
+- |
+- |
+1.0632 |
+0.0034 |
+1.2992 |
+0.0033 |
+
+
+| ..One Month |
+ |
+- |
+- |
+1.0830 |
+-0.2127 |
+1.2992 |
+0.0033 |
+
+
+| ..Three Month |
+ |
+- |
+- |
+1.0827 |
+-0.2127 |
+1.2991 |
+0.0033 |
+
+
+| ..One Year |
+ |
+- |
+- |
+1.0812 |
+-0.2127 |
+1.2991 |
+0.0033 |
+
+
+| Vietnam |
+Vietnamese Dong |
+25365.5000 |
+-34.5000 |
+27474.7919 |
+49.1291 |
+32953.8152 |
+38.9397 |
+
+
+| European Union |
+Euro |
+0.9232 |
+-0.0029 |
+- |
+- |
+1.1994 |
+-0.0007 |
+
+
+| ..One Month |
+ |
+0.9231 |
+-0.0029 |
+- |
+- |
+1.1993 |
+-0.0007 |
+
+
+| ..Three Month |
+ |
+0.9228 |
+-0.0029 |
+- |
+- |
+1.1991 |
+-0.0007 |
+
+
+| ..One Year |
+ |
+0.9212 |
+-0.0029 |
+- |
+- |
+1.1978 |
+-0.0007 |
+
+
+
+Rates are derived from WM Reuters Spot Rates and MorningStar (latest rates at time of production). Some values are rounded. Currency redenominated by 1000. The exchange rates printed in this table are also available at www.FT.com/marketsdata
+
+## FTSE ACTUARIES SHARE INDICES
+
+UK SERIES
+www.ft.com/equities
+
+Produced in conjunction with the Institute and Facely of Actuaries
+
+
+
+
+ |
+£ Strlg Oct 25 |
+Day's chge% |
+Euro Index |
+£ Strlg Oct 24 |
+£ Strlg Oct 23 |
+Year ago |
+Div yield% |
+Cover |
+P/E ratio |
+X/D adj |
+Total Return |
+
+
+
+
+| FTSE 100 (100) |
+8248.84 |
+-0.25 |
+7713.92 |
+8269.38 |
+8258.64 |
+7414.34 |
+3.64 |
+2.03 |
+13.53 |
+255.19 |
+9100.68 |
+
+
+| FTSE 250 (250) |
+20819.91 |
+0.14 |
+19463.79 |
+20790.55 |
+20829.93 |
+16370.71 |
+3.31 |
+1.93 |
+15.68 |
+555.39 |
+18439.27 |
+
+
+| FTSE 250 ex Inv Co (100) |
+21074.71 |
+-0.07 |
+20453.19 |
+21091.02 |
+21379.31 |
+17221.11 |
+3.42 |
+1.61 |
+10.21 |
+603.90 |
+19012.00 |
+
+
+| FTSE 350 (350) |
+4552.62 |
+-0.20 |
+4257.40 |
+4561.58 |
+4557.60 |
+4034.37 |
+3.60 |
+2.02 |
+13.78 |
+138.09 |
+9953.68 |
+
+
+| FTSE 350 ex Investment Trusts (263) |
+4496.18 |
+-0.25 |
+4204.62 |
+4507.30 |
+4504.03 |
+3993.69 |
+3.65 |
+1.95 |
+14.07 |
+138.60 |
+5085.99 |
+
+
+| FTSE 350 Higher Yield (125) |
+3808.66 |
+-0.20 |
+3561.68 |
+3816.16 |
+3802.64 |
+3494.82 |
+5.13 |
+2.01 |
+9.69 |
+163.38 |
+9666.38 |
+
+
+| FTSE 350 Lower Yield (225) |
+4862.20 |
+-0.20 |
+4545.90 |
+4871.75 |
+4880.53 |
+4150.54 |
+2.06 |
+2.03 |
+23.89 |
+85.46 |
+6238.22 |
+
+
+| FTSE SmallCap (207) |
+6903.02 |
+0.11 |
+6455.94 |
+6895.70 |
+6904.23 |
+5730.93 |
+4.22 |
+0.90 |
+30.35 |
+208.24 |
+12430.94 |
+
+
+| FTSE SmallCap ex Inv Co (107) |
+5965.03 |
+0.11 |
+5573.22 |
+5958.73 |
+5963.74 |
+4732.41 |
+4.46 |
+-0.04 |
+-51.02 |
+178.78 |
+11175.08 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share (557) |
+4509.37 |
+-0.19 |
+4215.95 |
+4517.97 |
+4514.21 |
+3990.54 |
+3.61 |
+1.99 |
+13.91 |
+136.74 |
+9955.37 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share ex Inv Co (370) |
+4418.35 |
+-0.24 |
+4131.83 |
+4429.13 |
+4425.98 |
+3919.69 |
+3.65 |
+1.92 |
+14.22 |
+136.14 |
+5074.28 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share ex Multinationals (504) |
+1229.00 |
+-0.59 |
+953.21 |
+1236.28 |
+1235.34 |
+986.37 |
+3.77 |
+2.01 |
+13.19 |
+38.37 |
+2821.26 |
+
+
+| FTSE Fledgling (54) |
+11026.36 |
+-0.03 |
+10311.33 |
+11029.20 |
+11092.71 |
+9016.28 |
+2.80 |
+3.73 |
+0.58 |
+264.81 |
+25273.32 |
+
+
+| FTSE Fledgling ex Inv Co (22) |
+16832.65 |
+-0.09 |
+15741.10 |
+16848.55 |
+17010.32 |
+14373.85 |
+2.72 |
+3.09 |
+-11.90 |
+392.07 |
+37332.21 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Small (261) |
+4783.76 |
+0.11 |
+4473.55 |
+4778.49 |
+4785.09 |
+3984.86 |
+4.17 |
+0.80 |
+29.92 |
+143.17 |
+11048.99 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Small ex Inv Co (129) |
+4484.83 |
+0.10 |
+4194.00 |
+4480.30 |
+4485.00 |
+3561.45 |
+4.42 |
+-0.08 |
+-214.81 |
+133.74 |
+10635.62 |
+
+
+| FTSE AIM All-Share (610) |
+722.67 |
+-0.42 |
+675.81 |
+725.69 |
+729.13 |
+673.82 |
+2.17 |
+1.44 |
+32.05 |
+11.51 |
+879.50 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Technology (15) |
+2618.10 |
+-0.37 |
+2341.44 |
+2627.80 |
+2587.66 |
+2155.86 |
+1.81 |
+1.75 |
+31.56 |
+39.45 |
+3920.72 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Telecommunications (6) |
+1338.85 |
+-0.22 |
+1197.37 |
+1341.86 |
+1332.91 |
+1203.94 |
+7.76 |
+0.62 |
+20.91 |
+57.12 |
+2333.34 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Health Care (10) |
+15173.63 |
+-0.71 |
+13570.24 |
+15281.51 |
+15382.64 |
+14152.80 |
+2.45 |
+1.87 |
+21.87 |
+340.05 |
+14722.13 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Financials (252) |
+5462.65 |
+-0.67 |
+4885.41 |
+5499.70 |
+5466.93 |
+4420.34 |
+4.32 |
+2.40 |
+9.64 |
+207.30 |
+6634.75 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Real Estate (49) |
+836.75 |
+-0.48 |
+782.84 |
+840.76 |
+841.79 |
+695.46 |
+4.43 |
+0.52 |
+-3.30 |
+30.61 |
+959.15 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Consumer Discretionary (74) |
+5067.10 |
+0.21 |
+5247.10 |
+5055.07 |
+5060.73 |
+4010.77 |
+2.30 |
+0.09 |
+40.97 |
+117.19 |
+6505.25 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Consumer Staples (25) |
+18090.00 |
+-0.32 |
+16910.89 |
+18970.07 |
+18835.46 |
+17664.70 |
+4.17 |
+1.55 |
+15.47 |
+634.29 |
+18835.72 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Industrials (82) |
+8652.42 |
+-0.11 |
+7733.12 |
+8662.07 |
+8712.61 |
+6441.37 |
+1.82 |
+2.38 |
+23.09 |
+150.54 |
+10442.73 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Basic Materials (21) |
+7504.76 |
+1.44 |
+6711.73 |
+7398.06 |
+7389.49 |
+7408.52 |
+4.02 |
+2.32 |
+10.71 |
+299.47 |
+11310.93 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Energy (15) |
+8420.38 |
+0.49 |
+7530.60 |
+8379.25 |
+8381.18 |
+9579.84 |
+4.76 |
+2.84 |
+7.41 |
+301.96 |
+11044.17 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Utilities (8) |
+9122.57 |
+-0.62 |
+8153.58 |
+9179.70 |
+9271.46 |
+8548.25 |
+4.90 |
+2.14 |
+9.55 |
+292.13 |
+15135.55 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Software and Computer Services (13) |
+2854.19 |
+-0.38 |
+2552.59 |
+2865.07 |
+2820.94 |
+2335.35 |
+1.79 |
+1.81 |
+30.91 |
+42.16 |
+4519.95 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Technology Hardware and Equipment (2) |
+2205.31 |
+0.47 |
+1972.28 |
+2195.01 |
+2183.92 |
+4186.11 |
+3.39 |
+0.63 |
+-46.72 |
+171.93 |
+3097.66 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Telecommunications Equipment (1) |
+380.24 |
+-1.10 |
+340.06 |
+384.49 |
+384.49 |
+208.67 |
+0.00 |
+0.00 |
+54.37 |
+0.00 |
+564.04 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Telecommunications Service Providers (5) |
+2082.53 |
+-0.19 |
+1862.46 |
+2086.58 |
+2072.18 |
+1897.99 |
+8.02 |
+0.61 |
+30.37 |
+91.87 |
+3318.31 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Health Care Providers (1) |
+11284.90 |
+-2.82 |
+10092.42 |
+11612.36 |
+11083.38 |
+10906.30 |
+1.16 |
+2.62 |
+32.89 |
+105.80 |
+10598.17 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Medical Equipment and Services (2) |
+5412.02 |
+-2.45 |
+4840.13 |
+5548.16 |
+5568.10 |
+4693.20 |
+2.57 |
+0.65 |
+60.31 |
+138.75 |
+5505.20 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Pharmaceuticals and Biotechnology (7) |
+21778.41 |
+-0.61 |
+19477.08 |
+21912.65 |
+22063.80 |
+20383.54 |
+2.45 |
+1.93 |
+21.18 |
+485.39 |
+19028.17 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Banks (11) |
+4394.11 |
+-1.41 |
+3923.78 |
+4456.96 |
+4411.96 |
+3430.45 |
+5.71 |
+2.64 |
+6.65 |
+218.10 |
+4377.11 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Finance and Credit Services (8) |
+14147.94 |
+-0.49 |
+12652.92 |
+14217.40 |
+13878.82 |
+11005.17 |
+1.54 |
+1.47 |
+44.39 |
+215.36 |
+19739.13 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Investment Banking and Brokerage Services (31) |
+11682.75 |
+-0.25 |
+10443.23 |
+11711.61 |
+11782.63 |
+8124.50 |
+3.69 |
+2.13 |
+12.75 |
+367.61 |
+17987.72 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Closed End Investments (187) |
+12282.83 |
+0.64 |
+10984.90 |
+12204.78 |
+12171.38 |
+10459.79 |
+2.89 |
+3.33 |
+10.38 |
+280.95 |
+8120.94 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Life Insurance (6) |
+5527.38 |
+-1.56 |
+4943.31 |
+5615.23 |
+5626.12 |
+5674.42 |
+6.25 |
+0.62 |
+25.63 |
+345.10 |
+7537.62 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Nonlife Insurance (6) |
+4104.86 |
+-0.91 |
+3671.10 |
+4142.76 |
+4166.50 |
+3484.70 |
+3.30 |
+2.11 |
+14.36 |
+116.50 |
+9207.86 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Real Estate Investment and Services (10) |
+2333.57 |
+-1.13 |
+2086.98 |
+2360.24 |
+2342.12 |
+1830.98 |
+2.24 |
+0.55 |
+11.86 |
+42.80 |
+7294.16 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Real Estate Investment Trusts (39) |
+2042.07 |
+-0.35 |
+1825.28 |
+2049.32 |
+2055.26 |
+1715.31 |
+4.84 |
+-0.61 |
+-33.71 |
+81.95 |
+3398.21 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Automobiles and Parts (3) |
+1008.35 |
+-2.18 |
+901.79 |
+1030.80 |
+1016.99 |
+1350.59 |
+4.89 |
+-1.37 |
+-14.91 |
+47.25 |
+1105.39 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Consumer Services (1) |
+4139.14 |
+0.64 |
+3701.75 |
+4112.76 |
+4130.90 |
+3372.63 |
+1.76 |
+1.99 |
+38.46 |
+72.89 |
+5456.69 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Household Goods and Home Construction (10) |
+11175.31 |
+-0.92 |
+9994.42 |
+11278.55 |
+11395.18 |
+8168.05 |
+3.45 |
+1.58 |
+18.35 |
+334.20 |
+11005.41 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Leisure Goods (2) |
+32984.16 |
+1.06 |
+29493.72 |
+32638.40 |
+33274.71 |
+26715.95 |
+3.45 |
+1.23 |
+23.63 |
+1084.77 |
+40041.31 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Personal Goods (3) |
+10812.01 |
+5.76 |
+9663.50 |
+10223.51 |
+9969.24 |
+20907.38 |
+5.55 |
+1.89 |
+9.52 |
+431.57 |
+9062.06 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Media (10) |
+13083.22 |
+0.34 |
+11701.71 |
+13039.34 |
+12953.21 |
+10570.98 |
+2.21 |
+-0.99 |
+-45.79 |
+287.02 |
+9661.77 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Retailers (21) |
+2609.75 |
+0.53 |
+2333.98 |
+2596.08 |
+2620.88 |
+2105.70 |
+2.66 |
+2.14 |
+17.56 |
+52.34 |
+3571.01 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Travel and Leisure (24) |
+7951.08 |
+-0.49 |
+7110.89 |
+7990.06 |
+8003.13 |
+6367.75 |
+1.49 |
+2.52 |
+26.61 |
+82.82 |
+8386.58 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Beverages (5) |
+21223.88 |
+-0.12 |
+18981.15 |
+21249.81 |
+21287.01 |
+24500.65 |
+3.05 |
+1.55 |
+11.13 |
+625.76 |
+17954.79 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Food Producers (9) |
+8548.17 |
+-0.07 |
+7644.88 |
+8554.56 |
+8570.51 |
+6526.65 |
+2.14 |
+2.88 |
+16.22 |
+102.03 |
+8630.08 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Tobacco (2) |
+31092.11 |
+-0.02 |
+27805.60 |
+31099.35 |
+31184.85 |
+27398.27 |
+8.19 |
+1.56 |
+7.84 |
+1852.49 |
+34400.07 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Construction and Materials (15) |
+13314.70 |
+0.01 |
+11907.74 |
+13313.54 |
+13429.66 |
+8019.73 |
+2.74 |
+2.39 |
+15.25 |
+322.37 |
+17288.77 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Aerospace and Defense (8) |
+12309.31 |
+-0.44 |
+11003.59 |
+12363.77 |
+12494.10 |
+7725.91 |
+1.12 |
+3.99 |
+12.28 |
+138.01 |
+15470.80 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Electronic and Electrical Equipment (11) |
+11234.80 |
+0.23 |
+10047.61 |
+11208.64 |
+11228.69 |
+9557.97 |
+1.72 |
+2.24 |
+25.95 |
+160.03 |
+11467.56 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share General Industrials (7) |
+5936.74 |
+0.04 |
+5303.41 |
+5934.45 |
+5967.75 |
+4723.28 |
+3.01 |
+1.68 |
+19.78 |
+171.61 |
+8377.24 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Industrial Engineering (6) |
+12902.87 |
+0.63 |
+11533.42 |
+12822.30 |
+12873.60 |
+13038.68 |
+2.47 |
+1.84 |
+22.01 |
+319.15 |
+18082.96 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Industrial Support Services (27) |
+10822.93 |
+0.07 |
+9673.27 |
+10815.12 |
+10840.49 |
+8567.82 |
+2.04 |
+1.45 |
+33.81 |
+206.30 |
+12986.49 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Industrial Transportation (8) |
+6452.20 |
+-0.30 |
+5771.40 |
+6471.38 |
+6489.00 |
+5141.36 |
+1.68 |
+3.61 |
+16.52 |
+99.19 |
+6991.70 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Industrial Materials (1) |
+18753.50 |
+-3.85 |
+637.16 |
+19503.64 |
+19453.63 |
+14202.65 |
+1.94 |
+2.80 |
+18.39 |
+364.07 |
+24557.11 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Industrial Metals and Mining (8) |
+6808.67 |
+1.66 |
+6093.70 |
+6697.77 |
+6690.17 |
+6791.19 |
+4.14 |
+2.41 |
+10.01 |
+281.50 |
+11628.74 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Precious Metals and Mining (5) |
+12050.87 |
+-0.16 |
+10777.45 |
+12070.62 |
+12171.17 |
+8679.96 |
+2.31 |
+1.80 |
+23.99 |
+276.70 |
+9039.28 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Chemicals (7) |
+8303.00 |
+-0.08 |
+7425.62 |
+8309.31 |
+8402.47 |
+8724.20 |
+3.71 |
+1.21 |
+12.31 |
+275.68 |
+8806.10 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share Oil, Gas and Coal (14) |
+8179.12 |
+0.49 |
+7314.84 |
+8139.13 |
+8140.70 |
+9307.94 |
+4.76 |
+2.84 |
+7.40 |
+293.64 |
+11126.08 |
+
+
+| FTSE Sector Indices |
+
+
+| Non Financials (305) |
+5370.16 |
+-0.03 |
+5021.92 |
+5371.73 |
+5376.44 |
+4887.04 |
+3.37 |
+1.82 |
+16.29 |
+149.32 |
+10377.62 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| Hourly movements |
+8.00 |
+9.00 |
+10.00 |
+11.00 |
+12.00 |
+13.00 |
+14.00 |
+15.00 |
+16.00 |
+Hgh/day |
+Low/day |
+
+
+
+
+| FTSE 100 |
+8346.75 |
+8346.27 |
+8341.27 |
+8359.65 |
+8345.95 |
+8336.98 |
+8331.93 |
+8356.28 |
+8354.92 |
+8365.15 |
+8326.83 |
+
+
+| FTSE 250 |
+20434.41 |
+20439.13 |
+20429.32 |
+20430.92 |
+20434.39 |
+20407.98 |
+20379.30 |
+20419.95 |
+20447.74 |
+20491.99 |
+20378.45 |
+
+
+| FTSE SmallCap |
+6630.05 |
+6633.65 |
+6631.83 |
+6633.16 |
+6641.41 |
+6635.72 |
+6632.59 |
+6632.47 |
+6639.74 |
+6647.90 |
+6624.73 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-Share |
+4538.91 |
+4538.92 |
+4536.30 |
+4544.82 |
+4538.74 |
+4533.75 |
+4530.53 |
+4542.93 |
+4543.24 |
+4547.23 |
+4528.35 |
+
+
+
+
+Time of FTSE 100 Day's high:14:14:00 Day's Low:12:51:45 FTSE 100 2010/11 High: 8313.6(07/05/2024) Low: 7446.29(17/01/2024)
+Time of FTSE All-Share Day's high:14:14:00 Day's Low:12:52:00 FTSE 100 2010/11 High: 4522.99(07/05/2024) Low: 4072.19(17/01/2024)
+Further information is available on http://www.ftse.com © FTSE International Limited. 2013. All Rights reserved. "FTSE®" is a trade mark of the London Stock Exchange Group companies and is used by FTSE International Limited under licence. † Sector P/E ratios greater than 80 are not shown.
+For changes to FTSE Fledgling Index constituents please refer to www.ftse.com/indexchanges. ‡ Values are negative.
+
+
+## UK RIGHTS OFFERS
+
+
+
+
+| Issue price |
+Amount paid up |
+Latest renun. date |
+High |
+Low |
+Stock |
+closing Price p |
++or- |
+
+
+
+
+**There are currently no rights offers by any companies listed on the LSE**
+
+
+
+## FT 30 INDEX
+
+
+
+
+ |
+Oct 25 |
+Oct 24 |
+Oct 23 |
+Oct 22 |
+Oct 21 |
+Yr Ago |
+High |
+Low |
+
+
+
+
+| FT 30 |
+2861.90 |
+2839.40 |
+2813.00 |
+2788.60 |
+2775.30 |
+0.00 |
+2857.50 |
+2639.70 |
+
+
+| FT 30 Div Yield |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+0.00 |
+3.93 |
+2.74 |
+
+
+| P/E Ratio net |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+0.00 |
+19.44 |
+14.26 |
+
+
+| FT 30 hourly changes |
+
+
+| 8 |
+9 |
+10 |
+11 |
+12 |
+13 |
+14 |
+15 |
+16 |
+High |
+Low |
+
+
+
+
+| 2839.4 |
+2850 |
+2849 |
+2853.9 |
+2850.2 |
+2848.9 |
+2845.9 |
+2856.8 |
+2857.3 |
+2861.9 |
+2839.4 |
+
+
+
+
+FT30 constituents and recent additions/deletions can be found at www.ft.com/ft30
+
+## FT WILSHIRE 5000 INDEX SERIES
+
+
+
+
+| Oct 24 |
+
+
+
+
+| FT Wilshire 5000 |
+58128.10 |
+
+
+| FT Wilshire 2500 |
+7472.75 |
+
+
+| FT Wilshire Mega Cap |
+7814.09 |
+
+
+| FT Wilshire Large Cap |
+7647.40 |
+
+
+| FT Wilshire Mid Cap |
+6821.63 |
+
+
+| FT Wilshire Small Cap |
+6243.49 |
+
+
+| FT Wilshire Micro Cap |
+5323.73 |
+
+
+
+
+Source: Wilshire. Wilshire Advisors LLC (Wilshire) is an investment advisor registered with the SEC.Further information is available at https://www.wilshire.com/solutions/indexes . Wilshire® is a registered service mark. Copyright ©2024 Wilshire. All rights reserved.
+
+
+
+## FTSE SECTORS:LEADERS & LAGGARDS
+
+
+
+
+ Year to date percentage changes
+
+
+
+
+| Aerospace & Defense |
+36.92 |
+
+
+| Construct & Material |
+35.74 |
+
+
+| Industrial Transport |
+29.20 |
+
+
+| Leisure Goods |
+24.69 |
+
+
+| Banks |
+20.99 |
+
+
+| Personal Goods |
+20.33 |
+
+
+| Tobacco |
+18.69 |
+
+
+| Financial Services |
+16.80 |
+
+
+| Fixed Line Telecomms |
+15.82 |
+
+
+| Media |
+15.48 |
+
+
+| Industrials |
+14.08 |
+
+
+| Food Producers |
+13.89 |
+
+
+| Consumer Services |
+11.36 |
+
+
+| General Retailers |
+10.89 |
+
+
+| Travel & Leisure |
+10.85 |
+
+
+| Financials |
+10.04 |
+
+
+| Telecommunications |
+9.39 |
+
+
+| Consumer Goods |
+8.27 |
+
+
+| Nonlife Insurance |
+8.14 |
+
+
+| Pharmace & Biotech |
+7.68 |
+
+
+| FTSE SmallCap Index |
+7.45 |
+
+
+| Health Care |
+7.13 |
+
+
+| FTSE 100 Index |
+6.67 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-(HY-)Share Index |
+6.55 |
+
+
+| Support Services |
+6.22 |
+
+
+| Mobile Telecomms |
+6.03 |
+
+
+| FTSE 250 Index |
+5.74 |
+
+
+| Food & Drug Retailer |
+5.25 |
+
+
+| NON FINANCIALS Index |
+4.96 |
+
+
+| Real Est Invest & Se |
+4.87 |
+
+
+| Equity Investmentr |
+4.07 |
+
+
+| Tech Hardware & Eq |
+2.71 |
+
+
+| Electricity |
+1.25 |
+
+
+| Utilities |
+0.23 |
+
+
+| Industrial Transport |
+32.39 |
+
+
+| Gas Water & Multi |
+-0.07 |
+
+
+| Health Care Eq & Srv |
+-2.42 |
+
+
+| Technology |
+-3.59 |
+
+
+| Software & Comp Serv |
+-4.12 |
+
+
+| Household Goods & Ho |
+-4.92 |
+
+
+| Oil & Gas Producers |
+-4.95 |
+
+
+| Oil & Gas |
+-5.05 |
+
+
+| Real Est Invest & Tr |
+-5.62 |
+
+
+| Electronic & Elec Eq |
+-5.77 |
+
+
+| Beverages |
+-6.02 |
+
+
+| Mining |
+-6.05 |
+
+
+| Basic Materials |
+-7.19 |
+
+
+| Industrial Eng |
+-10.02 |
+
+
+| Industrial Metals & |
+-12.47 |
+
+
+| Life Insurance |
+-13.00 |
+
+
+| Chemicals |
+-19.80 |
+
+
+| Oil Equipment & Serv |
+-21.05 |
+
+
+| Automobiles & Parts |
+-36.84 |
+
+
+
+
+## FTSE GLOBAL EQUITY INDEX SERIES
+
+
+
+
+| Oct 25 Regions & countries |
+No of stocks |
+US $ indices |
+Day % |
+Mth % |
+YTD % |
+Total retn |
+YTD% |
+Gr Div Yield |
+
+
+
+
+| FTSE Global All Cap |
+10102 |
+936.81 |
+0.1 |
+-0.1 |
+15.2 |
+1563.80 |
+17.2 |
+1.8 |
+
+
+| FTSE Global Large Cap |
+1038 |
+864.62 |
+0.2 |
+0.1 |
+17.2 |
+1407.41 |
+19.2 |
+1.0 |
+
+
+| FTSE Global Mid Cap |
+2405 |
+1112.11 |
+0.0 |
+-0.4 |
+10.8 |
+1750.40 |
+12.8 |
+2.1 |
+
+
+| FTSE Global Small Cap |
+5859 |
+1130.02 |
+0.2 |
+-0.9 |
+8.0 |
+1592.99 |
+9.8 |
+1.8 |
+
+
+| FTSE All-World |
+4243 |
+556.35 |
+0.1 |
+0.0 |
+16.0 |
+983.75 |
+18.0 |
+1.8 |
+
+
+| FTSE World |
+2542 |
+1020.95 |
+0.2 |
+-0.1 |
+16.1 |
+2421.42 |
+18.0 |
+1.8 |
+
+
+| FTSE Global All Cap ex UNITED KINGDOM In |
+9839 |
+993.37 |
+0.1 |
+0.1 |
+15.5 |
+1524.39 |
+17.4 |
+1.8 |
+
+
+| FTSE Global All Cap ex USA |
+8412 |
+589.31 |
+0.0 |
+-2.3 |
+7.0 |
+1112.38 |
+9.9 |
+2.9 |
+
+
+| FTSE Global All Cap ex JAPAN |
+8876 |
+984.48 |
+0.1 |
+0.3 |
+16.0 |
+1857.06 |
+18.0 |
+1.8 |
+
+
+| FTSE Global All Cap ex Eurozone |
+9480 |
+997.46 |
+0.1 |
+0.2 |
+16.1 |
+1625.75 |
+17.9 |
+1.8 |
+
+
+| FTSE Developed |
+2017 |
+939.18 |
+0.2 |
+-0.1 |
+16.2 |
+1575.52 |
+18.1 |
+1.8 |
+
+
+| FTSE Developed All Cap |
+5554 |
+967.47 |
+0.2 |
+-0.2 |
+15.5 |
+1598.71 |
+17.3 |
+1.8 |
+
+
+| FTSE Developed Large Cap |
+700 |
+901.77 |
+0.3 |
+0.0 |
+17.4 |
+1538.77 |
+19.3 |
+1.7 |
+
+
+| FTSE Developed Europe Large Cap |
+190 |
+471.37 |
+0.3 |
+-3.2 |
+6.4 |
+994.58 |
+9.5 |
+3.1 |
+
+
+| FTSE Developed Europe Mid Cap |
+327 |
+693.40 |
+0.0 |
+-3.6 |
+4.4 |
+1268.95 |
+7.6 |
+3.3 |
+
+
+| FTSE Dev Europe Small Cap |
+719 |
+915.66 |
+0.1 |
+-4.4 |
+2.4 |
+1507.38 |
+5.3 |
+3.2 |
+
+
+| FTSE North America Large Cap |
+188 |
+1284.02 |
+0.3 |
+1.4 |
+23.0 |
+1985.70 |
+24.3 |
+1.2 |
+
+
+| FTSE North America Mid Cap |
+408 |
+1418.40 |
+0.0 |
+1.0 |
+14.1 |
+2041.24 |
+15.8 |
+1.8 |
+
+
+| FTSE North America Small Cap |
+1256 |
+1384.34 |
+0.4 |
+0.2 |
+10.8 |
+1899.95 |
+12.0 |
+1.4 |
+
+
+| FTSE North America |
+596 |
+814.62 |
+0.2 |
+1.3 |
+21.2 |
+1289.47 |
+22.6 |
+1.3 |
+
+
+| FTSE Developed ex North America |
+1421 |
+313.04 |
+0.2 |
+-3.8 |
+4.4 |
+636.66 |
+7.3 |
+3.0 |
+
+
+| FTSE Japan Large Cap |
+147 |
+460.65 |
+0.7 |
+-5.8 |
+4.5 |
+709.49 |
+6.7 |
+2.2 |
+
+
+| FTSE Japan Mid Cap |
+349 |
+587.11 |
+0.6 |
+-7.1 |
+0.5 |
+863.14 |
+2.9 |
+2.6 |
+
+
+| FTSE Global ex JAPAN Small Cap |
+930 |
+648.78 |
+0.5 |
+-7.5 |
+-2.4 |
+994.55 |
+0.6 |
+2.9 |
+
+
+| FTSE Japan |
+496 |
+185.92 |
+0.7 |
+-6.0 |
+3.7 |
+320.93 |
+5.9 |
+2.3 |
+
+
+| FTSE Asia Pacific Large Cap ex Japan |
+1107 |
+796.97 |
+-0.7 |
+0.8 |
+13.4 |
+1536.72 |
+16.2 |
+2.5 |
+
+
+| FTSE Asia Pacific Mid Cap ex Japan |
+1026 |
+1166.05 |
+-0.8 |
+-0.9 |
+9.0 |
+2160.12 |
+11.3 |
+2.7 |
+
+
+| FTSE Asia Pacific Small Cap ex Japan |
+2636 |
+639.13 |
+-0.8 |
+-0.5 |
+5.7 |
+1144.10 |
+7.7 |
+2.1 |
+
+
+| FTSE Asia Pacific Ex Japan |
+2133 |
+636.63 |
+-0.7 |
+0.6 |
+12.9 |
+1304.15 |
+15.7 |
+2.5 |
+
+
+| FTSE Emerging All Cap |
+4548 |
+849.46 |
+-0.6 |
+0.9 |
+13.1 |
+1570.72 |
+16.0 |
+2.6 |
+
+
+| FTSE Emerging Large Cap |
+1138 |
+783.60 |
+-0.6 |
+1.3 |
+15.2 |
+1458.67 |
+18.2 |
+2.6 |
+
+
+| FTSE Emerging Mid Cap |
+1088 |
+1222.79 |
+-0.2 |
+-0.6 |
+5.5 |
+2722.97 |
+8.2 |
+3.0 |
+
+
+| FTSE Emerging Small Cap |
+2322 |
+918.85 |
+-0.6 |
+-0.5 |
+5.8 |
+1614.77 |
+8.2 |
+2.3 |
+
+
+| FTSE Emerging Europe |
+169 |
+146.29 |
+1.0 |
+-7.6 |
+4.5 |
+330.75 |
+8.0 |
+3.6 |
+
+
+| FTSE Latin America All Cap |
+241 |
+696.63 |
+0.7 |
+-5.1 |
+-20.4 |
+1551.87 |
+-16.8 |
+7.0 |
+
+
+| FTSE Middle East and Africa All Cap |
+349 |
+766.59 |
+0.4 |
+-1.3 |
+4.6 |
+1508.16 |
+8.2 |
+3.5 |
+
+
+| FTSE Global ex UNITED KINGDOM All Cap In |
+263 |
+380.38 |
+0.1 |
+-3.3 |
+9.0 |
+835.63 |
+12.4 |
+3.6 |
+
+
+| FTSE Global ex USA All Cap |
+1690 |
+1388.50 |
+0.2 |
+1.3 |
+20.5 |
+2069.33 |
+21.8 |
+1.3 |
+
+
+| FTSE Europe All Cap |
+1405 |
+520.20 |
+0.2 |
+-3.4 |
+5.7 |
+1069.95 |
+8.0 |
+3.1 |
+
+
+| FTSE Eurozone All Cap |
+622 |
+519.87 |
+0.3 |
+-3.2 |
+4.9 |
+1044.10 |
+8.0 |
+3.2 |
+
+
+| FTSE EDHEC-Risk Efficient All-World |
+4243 |
+574.22 |
+0.0 |
+-0.7 |
+10.9 |
+949.81 |
+13.2 |
+2.3 |
+
+
+| FTSE EDHEC Risk Efficient Developed Europe |
+517 |
+380.05 |
+0.2 |
+-3.5 |
+4.7 |
+712.89 |
+7.9 |
+3.3 |
+
+
+| Oil & Gas |
+140 |
+425.10 |
+0.0 |
+-1.4 |
+4.1 |
+943.84 |
+7.5 |
+4.0 |
+
+
+| Oil & Gas Producers |
+88 |
+420.36 |
+0.0 |
+-2.3 |
+1.7 |
+960.87 |
+5.1 |
+4.2 |
+
+
+| Oil Equipment & Services |
+27 |
+324.51 |
+0.2 |
+3.7 |
+15.4 |
+653.95 |
+19.4 |
+4.0 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| Oct 25 Sectors |
+No of stocks |
+US $ indices |
+Day % |
+Mth % |
+YTD % |
+Total retn |
+YTD% |
+Gr Div Yield |
+
+
+
+
+| Basic Materials |
+415 |
+625.73 |
+-0.7 |
+-2.3 |
+-7.0 |
+1229.62 |
+0.5 |
+3.1 |
+
+
+| Chemicals |
+190 |
+826.07 |
+-0.4 |
+-3.1 |
+-1.9 |
+1530.70 |
+0.1 |
+2.4 |
+
+
+| Forestry & Paper |
+17 |
+246.64 |
+-1.1 |
+-4.9 |
+-6.4 |
+532.14 |
+-4.3 |
+3.7 |
+
+
+| Industrial Metals & Mining |
+115 |
+531.99 |
+-0.1 |
+-2.4 |
+-8.1 |
+1094.73 |
+-5.3 |
+3.9 |
+
+
+| Mining |
+85 |
+993.16 |
+-1.5 |
+-0.7 |
+2.1 |
+2106.20 |
+5.7 |
+3.6 |
+
+
+| Industrials |
+850 |
+655.37 |
+-0.2 |
+-1.1 |
+13.9 |
+1085.73 |
+15.6 |
+1.7 |
+
+
+| Construction & Materials |
+156 |
+789.06 |
+-0.4 |
+-3.9 |
+9.5 |
+1380.96 |
+11.2 |
+1.8 |
+
+
+| Aerospace & Defense |
+41 |
+1240.88 |
+-0.7 |
+0.3 |
+19.0 |
+1991.57 |
+20.4 |
+1.2 |
+
+
+| General Industrials |
+75 |
+365.53 |
+-0.7 |
+-1.1 |
+24.4 |
+674.80 |
+26.5 |
+1.8 |
+
+
+| Electronic & Electrical Equipment |
+184 |
+794.48 |
+0.2 |
+-1.1 |
+17.6 |
+1175.59 |
+19.0 |
+1.3 |
+
+
+| Industrial Engineering |
+171 |
+1317.50 |
+0.1 |
+-1.4 |
+11.6 |
+2179.51 |
+13.4 |
+1.8 |
+
+
+| Industrial Transportation |
+140 |
+971.78 |
+-0.1 |
+-2.8 |
+-2.5 |
+1674.89 |
+-0.4 |
+2.7 |
+
+
+| Support Services |
+83 |
+690.99 |
+-0.2 |
+1.3 |
+16.5 |
+1059.49 |
+17.9 |
+1.3 |
+
+
+| Consumer Goods |
+583 |
+599.81 |
+2.0 |
+-2.2 |
+1.2 |
+1059.89 |
+3.5 |
+2.5 |
+
+
+| Automobiles & Parts |
+136 |
+615.10 |
+7.3 |
+-1.2 |
+0.1 |
+1042.82 |
+2.3 |
+2.1 |
+
+
+| Beverages |
+72 |
+742.66 |
+-0.6 |
+-2.0 |
+-0.8 |
+1324.52 |
+1.3 |
+2.7 |
+
+
+| Food Producers |
+132 |
+674.47 |
+-0.2 |
+-2.8 |
+-3.3 |
+1225.09 |
+-0.8 |
+2.9 |
+
+
+| Household Goods & Home Construction |
+58 |
+665.58 |
+0.1 |
+-2.7 |
+13.3 |
+1178.05 |
+15.9 |
+2.2 |
+
+
+| Leisure Goods |
+54 |
+280.37 |
+0.6 |
+-4.6 |
+0.7 |
+408.02 |
+1.9 |
+1.3 |
+
+
+| Personal Goods |
+101 |
+907.87 |
+1.0 |
+-3.4 |
+-5.4 |
+1449.36 |
+-3.9 |
+2.1 |
+
+
+| Tobacco |
+10 |
+1156.47 |
+0.5 |
+1.1 |
+27.4 |
+3735.71 |
+33.5 |
+5.7 |
+
+
+| Health Care |
+346 |
+822.43 |
+-0.5 |
+-3.1 |
+10.3 |
+1356.95 |
+11.9 |
+1.7 |
+
+
+| Health Care Equipment & Services |
+127 |
+1509.42 |
+-0.7 |
+-3.4 |
+6.6 |
+1889.68 |
+7.5 |
+1.0 |
+
+
+| Pharmaceuticals & Biotechnology |
+219 |
+570.03 |
+-0.4 |
+-3.0 |
+12.7 |
+1020.67 |
+14.9 |
+2.1 |
+
+
+| Consumer Services |
+407 |
+736.60 |
+0.1 |
+-0.1 |
+16.2 |
+1076.60 |
+17.3 |
+1.1 |
+
+
+| Food & Drug Retailers |
+60 |
+305.29 |
+-0.2 |
+-2.7 |
+-3.6 |
+510.41 |
+-1.3 |
+2.6 |
+
+
+| General Retailers |
+133 |
+1395.85 |
+-0.1 |
+-0.6 |
+22.1 |
+1942.47 |
+23.0 |
+0.8 |
+
+
+| Media |
+71 |
+428.34 |
+0.2 |
+1.0 |
+17.4 |
+631.05 |
+18.7 |
+1.1 |
+
+
+| Travel & Leisure |
+143 |
+567.38 |
+0.4 |
+1.9 |
+6.7 |
+850.70 |
+8.1 |
+1.4 |
+
+
+| Telecommunication |
+76 |
+151.53 |
+0.2 |
+-2.3 |
+13.7 |
+389.32 |
+18.3 |
+4.0 |
+
+
+| Fixed Line Telecommunications |
+27 |
+109.50 |
+-0.3 |
+-2.1 |
+18.9 |
+330.21 |
+24.3 |
+5.1 |
+
+
+| Mobile Telecommunications |
+49 |
+186.20 |
+0.5 |
+-2.4 |
+8.2 |
+407.71 |
+13.0 |
+3.5 |
+
+
+| Utilities |
+215 |
+379.55 |
+-0.4 |
+-0.8 |
+18.6 |
+949.97 |
+22.0 |
+3.2 |
+
+
+| Electricity |
+156 |
+442.35 |
+-0.4 |
+-0.5 |
+23.0 |
+1085.64 |
+26.3 |
+2.8 |
+
+
+| Gas Water & Multiutilities |
+59 |
+347.26 |
+-0.5 |
+-1.7 |
+7.9 |
+909.47 |
+11.7 |
+4.0 |
+
+
+| Financials |
+848 |
+342.79 |
+0.1 |
+1.1 |
+17.9 |
+703.09 |
+21.2 |
+2.9 |
+
+
+| Banks |
+280 |
+258.10 |
+0.2 |
+0.7 |
+18.0 |
+605.34 |
+22.8 |
+4.1 |
+
+
+| Nonlife Insurance |
+73 |
+521.47 |
+0.0 |
+-1.1 |
+26.3 |
+921.61 |
+29.6 |
+2.5 |
+
+
+| Life Insurance |
+49 |
+259.11 |
+0.0 |
+2.3 |
+15.9 |
+540.09 |
+20.2 |
+3.7 |
+
+
+| Financial Services |
+213 |
+612.74 |
+0.2 |
+3.5 |
+20.3 |
+960.26 |
+21.7 |
+1.3 |
+
+
+| Technology |
+383 |
+894.14 |
+0.1 |
+2.5 |
+28.6 |
+1186.06 |
+29.4 |
+0.7 |
+
+
+| Software & Computer Services |
+176 |
+1237.69 |
+0.1 |
+0.4 |
+18.1 |
+1514.30 |
+18.7 |
+0.5 |
+
+
+| Technology Hardware & Equipment |
+207 |
+861.47 |
+0.2 |
+4.4 |
+39.6 |
+1235.91 |
+40.6 |
+0.8 |
+
+
+| Alternative Energy |
+25 |
+128.36 |
+0.9 |
+-6.2 |
+3.8 |
+185.42 |
+4.1 |
+0.3 |
+
+
+| Real Estate Investment & Services |
+133 |
+264.01 |
+0.5 |
+-1.4 |
+2.9 |
+541.28 |
+5.3 |
+2.5 |
+
+
+| Real Estate Investment Trusts |
+100 |
+499.28 |
+-0.1 |
+-2.6 |
+7.6 |
+1263.99 |
+10.9 |
+3.7 |
+
+
+
+
+The FTSE Global Equity Series, launched in 2003, contains the FTSE Global Small Cap Indices and broader FTSE Global All Cap indices (large/mid/small cap) as well as the enhanced FTSE All-World Index Series (large/mid cap) - please see www.ftse.com/geis. The trade names Fundamental Index® and RAFI® are registered trademarks and the patented and pending-pending proprietary intellectual property of Research Affiliates, LLC(US Patent Nos. 7,620,577; 7,747,502; 7,780,905; 7,792,719; Patent Pending: Pub. Nos. US-2006-0149645-A1, US-2007-0055596-A1, US-2008-0288416-A1, US-2010-0063942-A1, WO 2005/076812, WO 2007/078399 A2, WO 2008/118372, EPN 1733352, and HK1099110). “EDHEC™” is a trade mark of EDHEC Business School As of January 2nd 2006, FTSE is basing its sector indices on the Industrial Classification Benchmark - please see www.ftse.com/icb. For constituent companies and other information about FTSE, please see www.ftse.com. © FTSE International Limited 2013. All Rights reserved. “FTSE®” is a trade mark of the London Stock Exchange Group companies and is used by FTSE International Limited under licence.
+
+
+
+## FTSE 100 SUMMARY
+
+
+
+
+| FTSE 100 |
+Closing Price |
+Week's Change |
+
+
+
+
+| 3I Group PLC |
+3270 |
+-125.00 |
+
+
+| Admiral Group PLC |
+2572 |
+-174.00 |
+
+
+| Airtel Africa PLC |
+108.60 |
+-8.80 |
+
+
+| Anglo American PLC |
+2434.5 |
+55.00 |
+
+
+| Antofagasta PLC |
+1311 |
+-18.00 |
+
+
+| Ashtead Group PLC |
+5858 |
+-44.00 |
+
+
+| Associated British Foods PLC |
+2310 |
+-38.00 |
+
+
+| Astrazeneca PLC |
+11506 |
+-340.00 |
+
+
+| Auto Trader Group PLC |
+880.40 |
+-5.00 |
+
+
+| Aviva PLC |
+462.60 |
+-25.40 |
+
+
+| B&M European Value Retail S.A. |
+402.10 |
+-3.50 |
+
+
+| BAE Systems PLC |
+1292 |
+-32.50 |
+
+
+| Barclays PLC |
+241.40 |
+-0.85 |
+
+
+| Barratt Redrow PLC |
+472.50 |
+-15.60 |
+
+
+| Bentley PLC |
+779.50 |
+-19.50 |
+
+
+| Berkeley Group Holdings (The) PLC |
+4354 |
+-103.00 |
+
+
+| BP PLC |
+404.90 |
+5.30 |
+
+
+| British American Tobacco PLC |
+2558 |
+18.00 |
+
+
+| British Land Company PLC |
+415.60 |
+-16.80 |
+
+
+| BT Group PLC |
+144.40 |
+-1.85 |
+
+
+| Bunel PLC |
+3472 |
+-104.00 |
+
+
+| Centrica PLC |
+123.25 |
+-3.80 |
+
+
+| Coca-Cola Hbc AG |
+2776 |
+-54.00 |
+
+
+| Compass Group PLC |
+2511 |
+-6.00 |
+
+
+| Convatec Group PLC |
+219.00 |
+-13.20 |
+
+
+| Croda International PLC |
+3718 |
+-24.00 |
+
+
+| Dcc PLC |
+5055 |
+-190.00 |
+
+
+| Diageo PLC |
+2565.5 |
+-86.00 |
+
+
+| Diploma PLC |
+4310 |
+-52.00 |
+
+
+| Easyjet PLC |
+506.60 |
+-14.00 |
+
+
+| Endeavour Mining PLC |
+1346 |
+-26.00 |
+
+
+| Entain PLC |
+715.40 |
+-12.00 |
+
+
+| Experian PLC |
+3868 |
+-61.00 |
+
+
+| F&C Investment Trust PLC |
+1058 |
+-10.00 |
+
+
+| Frasers Group PLC |
+792.50 |
+-33.00 |
+
+
+| Fresnillo PLC |
+758.50 |
+55.50 |
+
+
+| Glaxosmithkline PLC |
+1448.5 |
+-27.50 |
+
+
+| Glencore PLC |
+404.20 |
+-4.50 |
+
+
+| Haleon PLC |
+374.60 |
+-7.10 |
+
+
+| Halma PLC |
+2469 |
+-25.00 |
+
+
+| Hargreaves Lansdown PLC |
+1086 |
+0.00 |
+
+
+| Hikma Pharmaceuticals PLC |
+1942 |
+-56.00 |
+
+
+| Hiscox LTD |
+1110 |
+-34.00 |
+
+
+| Howden Joinery Group PLC |
+883.00 |
+-22.00 |
+
+
+| HSEC Holdings PLC |
+682.10 |
+1.50 |
+
+
+| Imi PLC |
+1746 |
+-66.00 |
+
+
+| Imperial Brands PLC |
+2289 |
+-19.00 |
+
+
+| Informa PLC |
+820.00 |
+-18.40 |
+
+
+| Intercontinental Hotels Group PLC |
+8506 |
+-112.00 |
+
+
+| Intermediate Capital Group PLC |
+2114 |
+-34.00 |
+
+
+| International Consolidated Airlines Group S.A. |
+211.50 |
+-1.00 |
+
+
+| Intertek Group PLC |
+4784 |
+-331.00 |
+
+
+| Jd Sports Fashion PLC |
+131.95 |
+-4.65 |
+
+
+| Kingfisher PLC |
+310.30 |
+-3.10 |
+
+
+| Land Securities Group PLC |
+618.50 |
+-28.00 |
+
+
+| Legal & General Group PLC |
+220.50 |
+-9.60 |
+
+
+| Lloyds Banking Group PLC |
+57.66 |
+-4.52 |
+
+
+| London Stock Exchange Group PLC |
+10605 |
+70.00 |
+
+
+| Londonmetric Property PLC |
+198.00 |
+-6.80 |
+
+
+| M&G PLC |
+200.50 |
+-7.80 |
+
+
+| Marks And Spencer Group PLC |
+378.30 |
+-7.60 |
+
+
+| Melrose Industries PLC |
+443.00 |
+1.40 |
+
+
+| Mondi PLC |
+1272 |
+-11.00 |
+
+
+| National Grid PLC |
+998.60 |
+-29.40 |
+
+
+| Natwest Group PLC |
+363.90 |
+3.20 |
+
+
+| Next PLC |
+10000 |
+-245.00 |
+
+
+| Pearson PLC |
+1043 |
+4.50 |
+
+
+| Pershing Square Holdings LTD |
+3604 |
+-100.00 |
+
+
+| Persimmon PLC |
+1574 |
+-85.50 |
+
+
+| Phoenix Group Holdings PLC |
+506.50 |
+-26.00 |
+
+
+| Prudential PLC |
+647.20 |
+-26.20 |
+
+
+| Reckitt Benckiser Group PLC |
+4849 |
+73.00 |
+
+
+| Relx PLC |
+3644 |
+-35.00 |
+
+
+| Rentokil Initial PLC |
+376.80 |
+4.80 |
+
+
+| Rightmove PLC |
+618.20 |
+-21.20 |
+
+
+| Rio Tinto PLC |
+5022 |
+26.50 |
+
+
+| Rolls-Royce Holdings PLC |
+556.20 |
+-11.20 |
+
+
+| Sage Group PLC |
+1015 |
+-25.50 |
+
+
+| Sainsbury (J) PLC |
+272.80 |
+-6.80 |
+
+
+| Schroders PLC |
+356.80 |
+-16.20 |
+
+
+| Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust PLC |
+877.00 |
+19.80 |
+
+
+| Segro PLC |
+807.40 |
+-28.40 |
+
+
+| Severn Trent PLC |
+2633 |
+-81.00 |
+
+
+| Shell PLC |
+2550.5 |
+14.00 |
+
+
+| Smith & Nephew PLC |
+1088 |
+-39.50 |
+
+
+| Smith (Ds) PLC |
+475.60 |
+28.60 |
+
+
+| Smiths Group PLC |
+1588 |
+-45.00 |
+
+
+| Spirax-Sarco Engineering PLC |
+6770 |
+-40.00 |
+
+
+| Sse PLC |
+1829 |
+-76.00 |
+
+
+| Standard Chartered PLC |
+853.00 |
+14.60 |
+
+
+| Taylor Wimpey PLC |
+154.90 |
+-8.05 |
+
+
+| Tesco PLC |
+352.80 |
+-9.00 |
+
+
+| Unilever PLC |
+4762 |
+-69.00 |
+
+
+| United Group PLC |
+901.00 |
+-31.50 |
+
+
+| United Utilities Group PLC |
+1050 |
+-37.00 |
+
+
+| Vistry Group PLC |
+942.00 |
+-26.50 |
+
+
+| Vodafone Group PLC |
+73.68 |
+-1.34 |
+
+
+| Wair Group PLC |
+2106 |
+-54.00 |
+
+
+| Whitbread PLC |
+3293 |
+6.00 |
+
+
+| WPP PLC |
+822.60 |
+36.40 |
+
+
+
+
+## UK STOCK MARKET TRADING DATA
+
+
+
+
+ |
+Oct 25 |
+Oct 24 |
+Oct 23 |
+Oct 22 |
+Oct 21 |
+Yr Ago |
+
+
+
+
+| Order Book Turnover (in) |
+42.61 |
+192.62 |
+45.09 |
+51.65 |
+162.98 |
+169.98 |
+
+
+| Order Book Bargains |
+596071.00 |
+564492.00 |
+544988.00 |
+554217.00 |
+588713.00 |
+588713.00 |
+
+
+| Order Book Shares Traded (m) |
+1410.00 |
+1359.00 |
+1565.00 |
+4241.00 |
+1590.00 |
+1590.00 |
+
+
+| Total Equity Turnover (£m) |
+4475.93 |
+7038.21 |
+5455.76 |
+4484.11 |
+5044.48 |
+5044.48 |
+
+
+| Total Mkt Bargains |
+1285618.00 |
+1057061.00 |
+1107016.00 |
+1426313.00 |
+1258759.00 |
+1258759.00 |
+
+
+| Total Shares Traded (m) |
+6037.00 |
+5845.00 |
+11411.00 |
+11412.00 |
+6493.00 |
+6493.00 |
+
+
+
+†Excluding intra-market and overseas turnover. *UK only total at 6pm. ‡UK plus intra-market turnover. (u) Unavailable. (c) Market closed.
+
+All data provided by Morningstar unless otherwise noted. All elements listed are indicative and believed accurate at the time of publication. No offer is made by Morningstar or the FT. The FT does not warrant nor guarantee that the information is reliable or complete. The FT does not accept responsibility and will not be liable for any loss arising from the reliance on or use of the listed information.
+For all queries e-mail FT.reader.enquiries@morningstar.com
+
+**Data provided by Morningstar | www.morningstar.co.uk**
+
+
+
+
+## UK COMPANY RESULTS
+
+
+
+
+| Company |
+Tumover |
+Pre-tax |
+EPS(p) |
+Div(p) |
+Pay day |
+Total |
+
+
+
+
+| Airtel Africa |
+Int |
+2370.000 |
+2623.000 |
+178.000 |
+12.000 |
+0.008 |
+0.015L |
+2.60000 |
+2.37800 |
+Dec 13 |
+6.100 |
+5.600 |
+
+
+| Hidong Estate |
+Int |
+0.000 |
+0.000 |
+0.096 |
+0.032 |
+0.042 |
+0.004 |
+0.00000 |
+0.00000 |
+- |
+0.000 |
+0.000 |
+
+
+| Indivior |
+Pre |
+889.000 |
+800.000 |
+74.000L |
+61.000L |
+0.420L |
+0.380L |
+0.00000 |
+0.00000 |
+- |
+0.000 |
+0.000 |
+
+
+| NatWest Group |
+3u |
+10878.000 |
+11215.000 |
+4703.000 |
+4921.000 |
+38.300 |
+34.100 |
+0.00000 |
+0.00000 |
+- |
+17.375 |
+15.500 |
+
+
+
+
+
+Figures in fm. Farrings shown hasic Figures in light text are for corresponding period year earlier
+For more information on dividend payments visit www.ftse.com/faqs/dividends
+
+## UK RECENT EQUITY ISSUES
+
+
+
+
+| Issue date |
+Issue price(p) |
+Sector |
+Stock code |
+Stock |
+Close price(p) |
++/- |
+High |
+Low |
+Mkt Cap (£m) |
+
+
+
+
+| 10/02 |
+39.00 |
+AM |
+GNIP |
+GenIP PLC |
+26.00 |
+0.00 |
+39.50 |
+19.50 |
+0.0 |
+
+
+
+
+
+§Placing price *intodurction †When issued Annual report/prospectus available at www.ft.com/ft
+For a full explanation of all the other symbols please refer to London Share Service notes.
+
+# MARKET DATA
+
+
+
+## FT500:THE WORLD'S LARGEST COMPANIES
+
+
+
+
+ |
+ |
+52 Week |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| Stock |
+Price+/- |
+Week |
+High |
+Low |
+Yld |
+P/E |
+MCap m |
+
+
+
+
+| Australia (A$) |
+
+
+| ANZ Bank |
+31.71 |
+-0.11 |
+31.95 |
+23.90 |
+5.58 |
+13.91 |
+62713.14 |
+
+
+| BHP Group |
+42.39 |
+-0.60 |
+50.84 |
+38.28 |
+5.56 |
+17.61 |
+142825.7 |
+
+
+| CmwBkAu |
+144.02 |
+2.02 |
+145.24 |
+96.15 |
+3.27 |
+24.76 |
+160055.42 |
+
+
+| CSL |
+293.69 |
+-8.10 |
+313.55 |
+228.65 |
+1.30 |
+34.82 |
+94432.36 |
+
+
+| NatAusBk |
+38.95 |
+-0.17 |
+39.83 |
+27.52 |
+4.33 |
+17.49 |
+79509.25 |
+
+
+| Telstra |
+3.87 |
+-0.05 |
+4.07 |
+3.39 |
+4.67 |
+26.74 |
+29693.38 |
+
+
+| Wesfarmers |
+68.01 |
+-3.17 |
+77.20 |
+49.57 |
+2.59 |
+29.15 |
+51221.78 |
+
+
+| Westpac Bank |
+32.14 |
+-0.41 |
+33.78 |
+20.41 |
+4.46 |
+17.76 |
+73380.55 |
+
+
+| Woolworths |
+32.69 |
+0.09 |
+37.59 |
+30.12 |
+3.32 |
+355.36 |
+26518.04 |
+
+
+| Belgium (€) |
+
+
+| AnBshlnBv |
+59.62 |
+-1.10 |
+62.16 |
+50.25 |
+1.40 |
+21.63 |
+116058.77 |
+
+
+| KBC Grp |
+67.58 |
+-0.40 |
+72.36 |
+48.78 |
+6.24 |
+9.35 |
+30546.59 |
+
+
+| Brazil (R$) |
+
+
+| Ambev |
+12.80 |
+-0.08 |
+14.87 |
+10.98 |
+6.01 |
+13.36 |
+35417.86 |
+
+
+| Bradesco |
+13.06 |
+-0.28 |
+15.77 |
+10.87 |
+6.15 |
+10.59 |
+12224.09 |
+
+
+| Cielo |
+5.83 |
+0.00 |
+5.84 |
+3.24 |
+6.48 |
+8.29 |
+2897.92 |
+
+
+| ItauHlrlFin |
+30.50 |
+0.01 |
+32.85 |
+22.72 |
+4.23 |
+7.70 |
+26555.41 |
+
+
+| Petrobras |
+39.07 |
+-1.30 |
+44.77 |
+35.06 |
+19.11 |
+5.38 |
+51060 |
+
+
+| Vale |
+62.00 |
+1.45 |
+78.55 |
+55.48 |
+10.33 |
+4.71 |
+49416.77 |
+
+
+| Canada (C$) |
+
+
+| Bausch Hlth |
+11.16 |
+-0.10 |
+15.43 |
+5.45 |
+- |
+-6.07 |
+2908.27 |
+
+
+| BCE |
+45.63 |
+-0.68 |
+56.13 |
+42.58 |
+8.97 |
+20.83 |
+30022.34 |
+
+
+| BkMontrl |
+129.38 |
+-0.49 |
+133.95 |
+102.67 |
+4.74 |
+14.67 |
+68072.95 |
+
+
+| BkNovaS♦ |
+72.18 |
+-1.78 |
+74.29 |
+55.20 |
+5.96 |
+12.45 |
+64424.17 |
+
+
+| Brookfield |
+58.88 |
+10.36 |
+63.88 |
+41.28 |
+0.68 |
+77.91 |
+69948.82 |
+
+
+| CanadRcR♦ |
+108.34 |
+-2.23 |
+123.37 |
+94.45 |
+0.73 |
+27.89 |
+72927.87 |
+
+
+| CanlmP♦ |
+87.24 |
+0.76 |
+87.74 |
+47.44 |
+4.15 |
+12.44 |
+59432.76 |
+
+
+| CanNatRs |
+48.96 |
+-0.10 |
+56.51 |
+40.02 |
+4.25 |
+13.38 |
+74628.89 |
+
+
+| CanNatRy |
+154.88 |
+-1.96 |
+181.34 |
+143.16 |
+2.20 |
+17.66 |
+70347.36 |
+
+
+| Enbridge |
+56.87 |
+-1.10 |
+58.28 |
+43.46 |
+5.60 |
+21.00 |
+89319.53 |
+
+
+| GtWesLif |
+47.05 |
+-0.58 |
+47.76 |
+37.07 |
+4.76 |
+11.36 |
+31598.71 |
+
+
+| ImpOil |
+105.10 |
+-1.21 |
+108.89 |
+72.03 |
+2.18 |
+10.58 |
+40055.59 |
+
+
+| Manulife |
+41.44 |
+-0.66 |
+42.52 |
+23.69 |
+3.84 |
+16.53 |
+52569.05 |
+
+
+| Nutrien |
+67.31 |
+1.47 |
+83.14 |
+60.74 |
+4.53 |
+29.52 |
+23975.5 |
+
+
+| RylBkC♦ |
+170.77 |
+-3.31 |
+175.04 |
+107.92 |
+3.29 |
+14.90 |
+174283.13 |
+
+
+| SHOP |
+110.86 |
+-3.34 |
+123.20 |
+63.16 |
+- |
+78.58 |
+96941.07 |
+
+
+| Suncor En |
+53.88 |
+-0.12 |
+57.32 |
+40.07 |
+4.17 |
+8.89 |
+49031.01 |
+
+
+| ThmReut |
+230.60 |
+-2.16 |
+242.92 |
+163.01 |
+1.27 |
+31.42 |
+74817.46 |
+
+
+| TntoDom◆ |
+78.53 |
+0.69 |
+87.99 |
+73.67 |
+5.20 |
+17.91 |
+99030.75 |
+
+
+| TrnCan◆ |
+65.65 |
+-0.77 |
+66.70 |
+46.61 |
+6.00 |
+19.05 |
+49139.9 |
+
+
+| China (HK$) |
+
+
+| AgricBkCh |
+3.95 |
+0.02 |
+4.04 |
+2.73 |
+12.53 |
+4.99 |
+15623.93 |
+
+
+| Bk China |
+3.78 |
+0.01 |
+3.99 |
+2.69 |
+- |
+4.71 |
+40674.71 |
+
+
+| BkofComm |
+6.19 |
+0.08 |
+6.33 |
+4.31 |
+6.79 |
+4.94 |
+27888 |
+
+
+| BOE Tech |
+0.51 |
+0.00 |
+0.72 |
+0.40 |
+- |
+5.80 |
+13.06 |
+
+
+| Ch Coms Cons |
+5.32 |
+0.29 |
+6.09 |
+3.16 |
+4.76 |
+3.23 |
+3024.76 |
+
+
+| Ch Evrbrght |
+2.64 |
+-0.02 |
+2.98 |
+2.13 |
+7.35 |
+3.94 |
+4307.09 |
+
+
+| Ch Rail Cons |
+5.75 |
+0.22 |
+7.03 |
+4.06 |
+5.33 |
+3.25 |
+1536.27 |
+
+
+| Ch Rail Gp |
+3.98 |
+0.17 |
+5.12 |
+3.06 |
+5.48 |
+2.97 |
+2154.77 |
+
+
+| ChConstBk |
+6.09 |
+0.10 |
+6.29 |
+4.30 |
+7.36 |
+4.26 |
+188405.44 |
+
+
+| China Vanke |
+7.08 |
+0.46 |
+14.08 |
+3.63 |
+10.46 |
+-10.06 |
+2010.24 |
+
+
+| ChinaCitic |
+5.05 |
+0.01 |
+5.47 |
+3.41 |
+7.25 |
+4.00 |
+9670.88 |
+
+
+| ChinaLife |
+16.82 |
+1.18 |
+20.60 |
+8.19 |
+2.87 |
+17.39 |
+16106.6 |
+
+
+| ChinaMDank |
+39.00 |
+0.90 |
+47.35 |
+24.20 |
+5.59 |
+6.44 |
+23393.9 |
+
+
+| ChinaMob |
+72.10 |
+-0.90 |
+79.00 |
+60.90 |
+6.77 |
+10.38 |
+190681.9 |
+
+
+| ChinaPclns |
+29.25 |
+2.10 |
+33.35 |
+12.72 |
+3.92 |
+7.54 |
+10445.87 |
+
+
+| ChMinsheng |
+3.19 |
+0.02 |
+3.71 |
+2.43 |
+7.59 |
+4.21 |
+3415.4 |
+
+
+| ChMrchSecs |
+19.78 |
+0.76 |
+23.52 |
+12.62 |
+0.94 |
+20.89 |
+20614.1 |
+
+
+| China Uti Coms |
+5.06 |
+-0.01 |
+5.89 |
+3.90 |
+1.59 |
+17.94 |
+22001.1 |
+
+
+| ChShenEgy |
+33.60 |
+-0.55 |
+40.70 |
+23.40 |
+7.58 |
+10.86 |
+14602.98 |
+
+
+| ChShpbldng |
+5.06 |
+0.03 |
+6.05 |
+3.81 |
+- |
+-264.20 |
+16200.85 |
+
+
+| ChStCcnEng |
+6.29 |
+0.10 |
+6.79 |
+4.54 |
+4.35 |
+4.73 |
+36494.99 |
+
+
+| ChUncHK |
+6.83 |
+0.10 |
+7.80 |
+4.45 |
+5.46 |
+9.41 |
+26892.08 |
+
+
+| CNNC intl |
+10.22 |
+-0.11 |
+12.29 |
+6.87 |
+1.68 |
+18.41 |
+27098.46 |
+
+
+| CSR |
+5.16 |
+0.17 |
+6.12 |
+3.10 |
+4.35 |
+10.67 |
+2902.34 |
+
+
+| Daqin |
+6.58 |
+-0.12 |
+7.82 |
+5.84 |
+7.35 |
+11.07 |
+16771.04 |
+
+
+| GuosenSec |
+11.73 |
+0.61 |
+13.98 |
+7.42 |
+2.32 |
+23.76 |
+15052.4 |
+
+
+| HaitongSecs |
+6.55 |
+-0.05 |
+8.90 |
+3.37 |
+1.72 |
+-42.57 |
+2873.76 |
+
+
+| Hngzh HikVDT |
+30.95 |
+2.96 |
+37.75 |
+24.71 |
+2.93 |
+20.61 |
+39573.49 |
+
+
+| Hunng Pwr |
+4.42 |
+0.04 |
+5.95 |
+3.34 |
+- |
+9.57 |
+2673.39 |
+
+
+| IM Baotou Stl |
+1.68 |
+0.10 |
+1.90 |
+1.36 |
+- |
+363.16 |
+7430.17 |
+
+
+| In&CmBkCh |
+4.74 |
+0.04 |
+4.93 |
+3.51 |
+- |
+4.45 |
+52939.16 |
+
+
+| IndstrlBk |
+19.14 |
+-0.43 |
+21.05 |
+13.95 |
+- |
+5.85 |
+55832.18 |
+
+
+| Kweichow |
+1550.05 |
+64.25 |
+1910 |
+1245.03 |
+2.00 |
+24.10 |
+274965.04 |
+
+
+| Midea |
+0.33 |
+0.00 |
+0.39 |
+0.23 |
+- |
+-1.31 |
+12.59 |
+
+
+| New Ch life Ins |
+26.85 |
+2.20 |
+35.60 |
+12.46 |
+- |
+7.78 |
+3572.88 |
+
+
+| PetroChina◆ |
+6.03 |
+0.04 |
+8.60 |
+4.73 |
+8.18 |
+6.16 |
+16371.48 |
+
+
+| PingAnlns |
+48.95 |
+1.05 |
+59.80 |
+29.55 |
+5.48 |
+8.92 |
+46911.24 |
+
+
+| PngAnBnk |
+11.71 |
+-0.24 |
+13.43 |
+8.96 |
+6.19 |
+5.10 |
+31908.08 |
+
+
+| Pwr Cors Corp |
+5.59 |
+0.16 |
+6.20 |
+4.33 |
+2.16 |
+8.54 |
+10260.1 |
+
+
+| SaicMtr |
+13.35 |
+0.55 |
+16.07 |
+11.49 |
+2.54 |
+11.17 |
+21698.48 |
+
+
+| ShenwanHong |
+0.06 |
+-0.01 |
+0.14 |
+0.04 |
+- |
+-3.38 |
+66.35 |
+
+
+| ShgPdgBk |
+10.08 |
+-0.14 |
+11.02 |
+6.36 |
+3.20 |
+9.02 |
+41544.78 |
+
+
+| Sinopec Corp |
+4.56 |
+-0.09 |
+5.47 |
+3.64 |
+3.53 |
+8.42 |
+14280.71 |
+
+
+| Sinopec Oil |
+2.03 |
+0.08 |
+2.27 |
+1.60 |
+- |
+53.00 |
+3867.82 |
+
+
+| Denmark (kr) |
+
+
+| DanskeBk |
+198.80 |
+-1.70 |
+216.70 |
+152.00 |
+7.42 |
+7.43 |
+24883.11 |
+
+
+| MollcrMrak |
+10640 |
+115.00 |
+14430 |
+8412 |
+4.96 |
+20.87 |
+9379.8 |
+
+
+| NovoB |
+784.30 |
+-22.90 |
+1033.2 |
+645.00 |
+1.22 |
+38.39 |
+385999.06 |
+
+
+| Finland (€) |
+
+
+| Nokia |
+4.41 |
+0.14 |
+4.44 |
+2.70 |
+2.99 |
+25.54 |
+26841.33 |
+
+
+| SampoA |
+40.62 |
+-1.33 |
+42.37 |
+36.92 |
+4.01 |
+16.44 |
+24189.74 |
+
+
+| France (€) |
+
+
+
+| Airbus Grpe |
+140.48 |
+0.92 |
+172.78 |
+124.16 |
+1.30 |
+35.42 |
+120555.02 |
+
+
+| AirLiquida |
+167.44 |
+-6.24 |
+179.47 |
+141.29 |
+1.77 |
+31.27 |
+104870.29 |
+
+
+| AXA |
+34.89 |
+-1.19 |
+36.66 |
+27.04 |
+5.02 |
+11.77 |
+83185.63 |
+
+
+| BNP Parib |
+65.33 |
+-0.94 |
+73.08 |
+52.82 |
+7.16 |
+7.82 |
+80018.91 |
+
+
+| ChristianDior |
+588.00 |
+-2.00 |
+832.50 |
+543.00 |
+2.25 |
+17.95 |
+114964.22 |
+
+
+| Cred Agr |
+14.00 |
+-0.32 |
+15.93 |
+11.00 |
+7.03 |
+0.79 |
+40114.05 |
+
+
+| Danone |
+65.78 |
+0.98 |
+66.34 |
+54.78 |
+3.25 |
+41.73 |
+48418.12 |
+
+
+| EDF |
+12.00 |
+0.00 |
+12.05 |
+7.27 |
+2.41 |
+-2.31 |
+53889.44 |
+
+
+| Engie SA |
+15.65 |
+-0.28 |
+16.64 |
+13.07 |
+9.29 |
+7.62 |
+41281.33 |
+
+
+| EssilorLuxottica |
+219.50 |
+2.60 |
+222.60 |
+164.64 |
+1.83 |
+42.91 |
+108728.45 |
+
+
+| Hermes Intl |
+2105 |
+16.00 |
+2436 |
+1733.2 |
+0.72 |
+48.77 |
+240702.33 |
+
+
+| LOreal |
+355.65 |
+-17.05 |
+461.85 |
+346.20 |
+1.89 |
+28.93 |
+205829.53 |
+
+
+| LVMH |
+627.00 |
+3.80 |
+886.40 |
+573.80 |
+2.11 |
+22.07 |
+339664.92 |
+
+
+| Orange |
+10.11 |
+-0.07 |
+11.41 |
+9.19 |
+7.25 |
+12.90 |
+29115.04 |
+
+
+| PemodRic |
+123.35 |
+-4.30 |
+175.30 |
+119.95 |
+3.96 |
+14.77 |
+33846.5 |
+
+
+| Renault |
+43.10 |
+2.62 |
+54.54 |
+31.32 |
+4.36 |
+8.36 |
+13805.43 |
+
+
+| Safran |
+211.50 |
+-3.60 |
+213.90 |
+145.16 |
+1.06 |
+53.19 |
+97879.84 |
+
+
+| Sanofi |
+100.08 |
+-0.74 |
+105.14 |
+80.60 |
+3.82 |
+29.29 |
+137552.83 |
+
+
+| Sant Gbn |
+81.88 |
+-2.90 |
+85.38 |
+43.87 |
+2.61 |
+14.15 |
+44699.53 |
+
+
+| Schneider |
+242.35 |
+-3.70 |
+249.00 |
+134.38 |
+1.47 |
+33.06 |
+151103.63 |
+
+
+| SocGen |
+23.72 |
+-0.24 |
+27.95 |
+19.37 |
+3.86 |
+10.37 |
+20562.07 |
+
+| Total |
+60.27 |
+0.61 |
+70.11 |
+57.45 |
+5.11 |
+7.19 |
+156524.53 |
+
+
+| UnibailR |
+77.14 |
+-1.42 |
+82.16 |
+41.66 |
+3.30 |
+-10.33 |
+11644.5 |
+
+
+| Vinci |
+100.75 |
+-6.55 |
+120.62 |
+97.44 |
+4.54 |
+12.40 |
+64223.77 |
+
+
+| Vivendi |
+10.23 |
+-0.34 |
+11.17 |
+3.19 |
+2.49 |
+26.46 |
+11406.6 |
+
+
+| Germany (€) |
+
+
+| Allianz |
+293.80 |
+-10.50 |
+304.30 |
+217.10 |
+4.78 |
+12.56 |
+124656.95 |
+
+
+| BASF |
+46.17 |
+-0.82 |
+54.93 |
+40.18 |
+7.49 |
+-908.08 |
+44634.33 |
+
+
+| Bayer |
+25.75 |
+-0.63 |
+42.58 |
+24.96 |
+0.43 |
+-19.63 |
+27401 |
+
+
+| BMW |
+76.00 |
+0.90 |
+115.35 |
+63.58 |
+8.03 |
+4.52 |
+49556.06 |
+
+
+| Continental |
+58.70 |
+-1.74 |
+73.40 |
+51.02 |
+3.81 |
+14.11 |
+12716.6 |
+
+
+| Deut Bank |
+15.68 |
+-0.53 |
+17.01 |
+9.89 |
+2.92 |
+9.40 |
+33869.03 |
+
+
+| Deut Tlkm |
+28.10 |
+-0.18 |
+23.33 |
+20.12 |
+2.79 |
+27.63 |
+151770.95 |
+
+
+| DeutsPost |
+44.73 |
+1.54 |
+45.03 |
+29.68 |
+4.09 |
+16.52 |
+60466.66 |
+
+
+| E.ON |
+12.75 |
+-0.28 |
+13.82 |
+10.98 |
+4.23 |
+18.17 |
+36477.17 |
+
+
+| Fresenius Med |
+39.02 |
+1.25 |
+42.12 |
+30.95 |
+3.10 |
+21.20 |
+12401.02 |
+
+
+| Fresenius SE |
+33.86 |
+0.41 |
+35.03 |
+23.93 |
+- |
+56.43 |
+20483.39 |
+
+
+| HenkelKgaA |
+74.20 |
+-2.70 |
+77.05 |
+53.36 |
+2.51 |
+17.21 |
+20879.3 |
+
+
+| Linde |
+439.80 |
+-7.40 |
+450.80 |
+341.85 |
+1.15 |
+35.30 |
+227468.46 |
+
+
+| Mercedes-Benz |
+57.79 |
+0.49 |
+77.45 |
+54.05 |
+0.33 |
+4.64 |
+66966.96 |
+
+
+| MuenchRkv |
+469.50 |
+-35.70 |
+512.80 |
+364.60 |
+3.25 |
+10.43 |
+68022.56 |
+
+
+| SAP |
+221.05 |
+8.20 |
+223.20 |
+122.82 |
+1.01 |
+100.64 |
+294142.16 |
+
+
+| Siemens |
+180.42 |
+-5.18 |
+183.88 |
+113.48 |
+2.65 |
+17.80 |
+156338.07 |
+
+
+| Volkswgn |
+97.05 |
+1.15 |
+152.50 |
+92.65 |
+9.43 |
+3.21 |
+31019.86 |
+
+
+| Hong Kong (HK$) |
+
+
+| AIA |
+62.85 |
+0.35 |
+74.60 |
+45.25 |
+2.62 |
+18.24 |
+88412.95 |
+
+
+| BOC Hold |
+25.65 |
+0.40 |
+26.25 |
+17.86 |
+5.68 |
+8.17 |
+34896.84 |
+
+
+| Ch OSLnd&Inv |
+14.60 |
+0.16 |
+13.58 |
+10.10 |
+5.61 |
+6.48 |
+20562.37 |
+
+
+| ChngKng |
+32.30 |
+-0.65 |
+40.90 |
+29.00 |
+6.49 |
+7.14 |
+14546.3 |
+
+
+| Citic Ltd◆ |
+9.27 |
+0.18 |
+11.80 |
+6.55 |
+6.22 |
+4.17 |
+34700.61 |
+
+
+| Citic Secs |
+20.70 |
+2.00 |
+30.80 |
+10.66 |
+2.57 |
+15.19 |
+6978.99 |
+
+
+| CK Hutchson |
+41.75 |
+0.40 |
+46.35 |
+36.35 |
+6.20 |
+6.95 |
+20576.42 |
+
+
+| CNOOC |
+18.92 |
+-0.12 |
+23.90 |
+11.88 |
+6.75 |
+5.85 |
+108437.42 |
+
+
+| HangSeng |
+95.50 |
+-1.00 |
+117.50 |
+73.05 |
+7.07 |
+10.35 |
+23130.93 |
+
+
+| HK Exc&Clr |
+312.80 |
+12.80 |
+397.80 |
+212.20 |
+2.75 |
+33.20 |
+51031.6 |
+
+
+| MTR |
+28.50 |
+-0.05 |
+30.65 |
+22.30 |
+4.70 |
+17.97 |
+22828.67 |
+
+
+| SandsClt |
+19.86 |
+1.96 |
+24.65 |
+13.24 |
+- |
+19.00 |
+20683.2 |
+
+
+| SHK Props |
+85.10 |
+-1.40 |
+92.10 |
+65.30 |
+5.90 |
+9.86 |
+31732.49 |
+
+
+| Tencent |
+421.00 |
+8.40 |
+482.40 |
+260.20 |
+0.81 |
+24.04 |
+502714.41 |
+
+
+| India (Rs) |
+
+
+| Bhartiart |
+1666 |
+-35.15 |
+1779 |
+895.45 |
+0.25 |
+94.62 |
+120581.59 |
+
+
+| HDFC Bk |
+1743.4 |
+70.25 |
+1794 |
+1363.55 |
+1.13 |
+19.04 |
+158221.93 |
+
+
+| Hind Unilevr |
+2528.05 |
+-210.60 |
+3035 |
+2172.05 |
+1.72 |
+55.47 |
+70644.57 |
+
+
+| ICICI Bk |
+1255.45 |
+24.20 |
+1362.35 |
+899.00 |
+0.66 |
+19.12 |
+105234.24 |
+
+
+| Infosys |
+1862.05 |
+-106.05 |
+1991.45 |
+1351.65 |
+2.12 |
+27.98 |
+91957.73 |
+
+
+| ITC |
+482.30 |
+-6.60 |
+523.50 |
+399.35 |
+2.95 |
+28.47 |
+71745.09 |
+
+
+| L&T |
+3326.4 |
+-243.90 |
+3919.9 |
+2856.15 |
+1.62 |
+33.30 |
+54397.13 |
+
+
+| OilNatGas |
+264.05 |
+-17.55 |
+346.00 |
+179.90 |
+4.02 |
+7.20 |
+39507.23 |
+
+
+| RelianceIn |
+2655.7 |
+-57.15 |
+3217.6 |
+2220.3 |
+0.35 |
+25.22 |
+213696.32 |
+
+
+| SBI NewA |
+780.95 |
+-30.10 |
+912.00 |
+543.20 |
+1.82 |
+9.91 |
+82892.23 |
+
+
+| SunPhrminds |
+1860.4 |
+-29.15 |
+1900.35 |
+1003.35 |
+0.70 |
+41.46 |
+53000.24 |
+
+
+| Tata Cons |
+4057.55 |
+-51.45 |
+4592.25 |
+3311 |
+1.17 |
+30.38 |
+174599.82 |
+
+
+| Israel (ILS) |
+
+
+| TevaPha |
+68.90 |
+1.97 |
+70.57 |
+32.70 |
+- |
+-45.67 |
+20715.2 |
+
+
+| Italy (€) |
+
+
+
+
+| Enel |
+7.19 |
+-0.14 |
+7.39 |
+5.66 |
+5.87 |
+13.59 |
+79154.82 |
+
+
+| ENI |
+14.43 |
+0.33 |
+15.83 |
+13.48 |
+6.63 |
+12.02 |
+51329.16 |
+
+
+| Generali |
+25.96 |
+-1.02 |
+27.02 |
+13.20 |
+5.01 |
+11.30 |
+44130 |
+
+
+| IntSPaolo |
+3.88 |
+-0.12 |
+4.00 |
+2.31 |
+7.77 |
+8.30 |
+76756.67 |
+
+
+| Unicred |
+40.16 |
+-0.67 |
+40.91 |
+21.92 |
+4.57 |
+6.79 |
+71198.72 |
+
+
+
+
+| Japan (¥) |
+
+
+
+
+| AstellasFh |
+1736.5 |
+3.50 |
+1955 |
+1426 |
+4.16 |
+177.49 |
+20668.09 |
+
+
+| Bridgestne |
+5461 |
+-146.00 |
+7058 |
+4970 |
+3.78 |
+11.22 |
+25633.9 |
+
+
+| Canon |
+4959 |
+-115.00 |
+5162 |
+3422 |
+2.84 |
+17.23 |
+43501.15 |
+
+
+| CntJpRwy |
+3067 |
+-181.00 |
+4027 |
+2951 |
+0.98 |
+7.60 |
+20776.81 |
+
+
+| Denso |
+2099 |
+34.00 |
+2993.5 |
+1864 |
+2.71 |
+19.35 |
+43510.7 |
+
+
+| EastJpRwy |
+2962.5 |
+-34.50 |
+3108.33 |
+2353 |
+1.63 |
+16.50 |
+22103.3 |
+
+
+| Fanuc |
+3887 |
+-29.00 |
+4748 |
+3603 |
+2.24 |
+26.83 |
+25447.68 |
+
+
+| FastRetail |
+49850 |
+-3160.00 |
+55310 |
+32590 |
+0.67 |
+41.87 |
+104333.03 |
+
+
+| FujiHvyInd |
+2632.5 |
+23.50 |
+3614 |
+2166.5 |
+3.38 |
+5.00 |
+2692.12 |
+
+
+| Hitachi |
+4013 |
+-19.00 |
+4144 |
+1726.8 |
+0.93 |
+30.64 |
+122375.29 |
+
+
+| HondaMtr |
+1520.5 |
+-14.50 |
+1959.5 |
+1239 |
+4.34 |
+6.67 |
+52801.74 |
+
+
+| JapanTob |
+4089 |
+-192.00 |
+4622 |
+3438 |
+4.68 |
+14.94 |
+53786.7 |
+
+
+| KDDI |
+4726 |
+-60.00 |
+5080 |
+4120 |
+3.06 |
+15.19 |
+68128.94 |
+
+
+| Keyence |
+64810 |
+160.00 |
+77400 |
+52170 |
+0.45 |
+42.80 |
+103668.58 |
+
+
+| MitsbCp |
+2765.5 |
+-130.00 |
+3775 |
+2182.33 |
+2.62 |
+12.04 |
+76010.87 |
+
+
+| MitsubEst |
+1107.67 |
+-46.06 |
+1199.24 |
+984.11 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| MitsubishiEle |
+2301.5 |
+-51.50 |
+2942.5 |
+1651.5 |
+2.24 |
+16.41 |
+31987.47 |
+
+
+| MitsuiFud |
+795.69 |
+-42.26 |
+1071.91 |
+607.09 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| MitUFJFin |
+1548.5 |
+-72.00 |
+1849.5 |
+1164 |
+2.57 |
+12.71 |
+125653.17 |
+
+
+| MizuhoFin |
+3086 |
+-87.00 |
+3571 |
+2293.5 |
+3.31 |
+11.14 |
+51538.19 |
+
+
+| MurataMfg |
+2755.5 |
+-51.00 |
+3816 |
+2461 |
+1.83 |
+27.14 |
+36075.72 |
+
+
+| NipponTT |
+145.40 |
+-2.60 |
+192.90 |
+142.50 |
+3.62 |
+9.33 |
+86593.27 |
+
+
+| NissanMt |
+395.90 |
+-1.40 |
+651.50 |
+377.30 |
+5.22 |
+3.47 |
+9670.62 |
+
+
+| Nomura |
+768.70 |
+-37.60 |
+1021 |
+562.40 |
+2.91 |
+11.70 |
+5994.15 |
+
+
+| NppnStl |
+2986.5 |
+-82.50 |
+3847 |
+2802 |
+5.54 |
+5.48 |
+21110.01 |
+
+
+| Panasonic |
+1227.5 |
+-47.50 |
+1622 |
+986.90 |
+2.95 |
+6.25 |
+9815.41 |
+
+
+| Seven&I |
+2264 |
+49.00 |
+2492.5 |
+1600 |
+1.64 |
+29.72 |
+38782.7 |
+
+
+| SnnEtsuCh |
+5760 |
+-181.00 |
+6926 |
+4198 |
+1.79 |
+21.51 |
+75831.13 |
+
+
+| Softbank |
+8751 |
+-451.00 |
+12180 |
+5639 |
+0.52 |
+-48.62 |
+84606.06 |
+
+
+| Sony |
+2645 |
+-120.50 |
+3097 |
+2210 |
+3.12 |
+3.41 |
+108605.99 |
+
+
+| Sumitomof |
+3103 |
+-139.00 |
+3783.33 |
+2176.67 |
+8.45 |
+3.89 |
+80093.53 |
+
+
+| TakedaPh |
+4105 |
+-142.00 |
+4494 |
+3852 |
+4.45 |
+44.96 |
+42953.07 |
+
+
+| TokioMarine |
+5445 |
+-247.00 |
+6679 |
+3262 |
+2.33 |
+14.99 |
+70835.68 |
+
+
+| Toyota |
+2600 |
+49.50 |
+3891 |
+2183 |
+2.80 |
+7.27 |
+270097.44 |
+
+
+| Mexico(Mex$) |
+
+
+| AmerMvl |
+16.40 |
+0.23 |
+20.25 |
+15.66 |
+- |
+33.87 |
+41116.45 |
+
+
+| FEMSA UBD |
+193.65 |
+-1.10 |
+245.00 |
+181.95 |
+6.85 |
+18.22 |
+20056.63 |
+
+
+| WalMrtMex |
+57.56 |
+-2.22 |
+73.50 |
+56.08 |
+2.17 |
+16.59 |
+50514.26 |
+
+
+| Netherlands(€) |
+
+
+| ASML Hld |
+664.10 |
+-0.40 |
+1021.8 |
+550.20 |
+0.93 |
+38.12 |
+287430.21 |
+
+
+| Heineken |
+79.62 |
+1.30 |
+97.50 |
+76.56 |
+2.21 |
+41.65 |
+49674.87 |
+
+
+| ING |
+15.68 |
+-0.30 |
+17.24 |
+11.43 |
+7.17 |
+7.63 |
+56096.69 |
+
+
+| Unilever |
+57.18 |
+-0.82 |
+59.66 |
+42.97 |
+2.53 |
+25.64 |
+184275.69 |
+
+
+| Norway(Kr) |
+
+
+| DNB |
+230.40 |
+8.50 |
+237.70 |
+192.60 |
+7.32 |
+8.48 |
+31473.45 |
+
+
+| Equinor |
+282.60 |
+19.60 |
+382.85 |
+235.25 |
+5.01 |
+7.65 |
+72235.04 |
+
+
+| Telenor♦ |
+131.40 |
+-0.40 |
+137.80 |
+110.15 |
+7.54 |
+18.91 |
+16456.27 |
+
+
+| Qatar(QR) |
+
+
+| QatarNtBk |
+17.20 |
+-0.57 |
+17.80 |
+12.83 |
+3.87 |
+8.41 |
+43632.7 |
+
+
+| Saudi Arabia(SR) |
+
+
+| AlRajhiBnk |
+84.90 |
+0.00 |
+91.60 |
+63.80 |
+2.78 |
+19.98 |
+90415.32 |
+
+
+| Natnlcombnk |
+34.35 |
+-0.85 |
+44.35 |
+31.40 |
+5.23 |
+10.24 |
+54872.22 |
+
+
+| SoudiBasic |
+72.60 |
+-0.20 |
+89.00 |
+72.00 |
+4.81 |
+112.29 |
+57987.21 |
+
+
+| SaudiTelec |
+42.10 |
+-1.05 |
+46.50 |
+35.95 |
+3.90 |
+14.86 |
+56043.65 |
+
+
+| Singapore(S$) |
+
+
+| DBS |
+39.15 |
+-0.37 |
+39.70 |
+28.19 |
+4.87 |
+10.55 |
+84341.24 |
+
+
+| JardnMt US$ |
+37.05 |
+-0.64 |
+43.90 |
+33.72 |
+6.24 |
+128.75 |
+10768.92 |
+
+
+| OCBC |
+15.32 |
+0.06 |
+15.69 |
+12.27 |
+5.36 |
+9.39 |
+52157.07 |
+
+
+| SingTel |
+3.21 |
+-0.04 |
+3.41 |
+2.25 |
+3.29 |
+67.18 |
+40150.98 |
+
+
+| UOB |
+32.49 |
+-0.02 |
+33.38 |
+26.82 |
+5.24 |
+9.76 |
+41181.1 |
+
+
+| South Africa(R) |
+
+
+| Firstrand |
+80.69 |
+-2.05 |
+89.22 |
+58.90 |
+4.68 |
+12.13 |
+25668.34 |
+
+
+| MTNGrp |
+90.07 |
+-1.43 |
+118.00 |
+70.43 |
+3.64 |
+-22.08 |
+9624.51 |
+
+
+| NaspersN |
+4221.42 |
+32.15 |
+4470 |
+2673.3 |
+0.20 |
+15.13 |
+42680.21 |
+
+
+| South Korea(KRW) |
+
+
+| HyundaiMobis |
+256500 |
+14500 |
+270000 |
+198300 |
+1.82 |
+6.38 |
+17176.05 |
+
+
+| KoreaElePwr |
+22800 |
+2150 |
+25450 |
+16120 |
+- |
+5.32 |
+10539.54 |
+
+
+| SK Hynix |
+201000 |
+5000 |
+248500 |
+116300 |
+0.62 |
+53.62 |
+105367.04 |
+
+
+| SamsungEl |
+55900 |
+-3800.00 |
+88800 |
+55800 |
+2.68 |
+13.18 |
+240295.87 |
+
+
+| Spain(€) |
+
+
+| BBVA |
+9.04 |
+-0.25 |
+11.28 |
+7.05 |
+6.19 |
+5.93 |
+56444.93 |
+
+
+| BcoSantdr |
+4.58 |
+-0.06 |
+4.93 |
+3.41 |
+3.91 |
+6.33 |
+76789.15 |
+
+
+| CaixaBnk |
+5.36 |
+-0.18 |
+5.68 |
+3.62 |
+7.43 |
+7.64 |
+42212.11 |
+
+
+| Iberdrola |
+13.95 |
+-0.04 |
+14.26 |
+10.32 |
+4.03 |
+14.03 |
+96163.77 |
+
+
+| Inditex |
+54.56 |
+0.86 |
+55.14 |
+32.32 |
+1.81 |
+30.15 |
+184104.38 |
+
+
+| Rapsol |
+11.97 |
+0.25 |
+16.22 |
+11.49 |
+7.65 |
+4.34 |
+15258.97 |
+
+
+| Telefonica |
+4.33 |
+-0.10 |
+4.55 |
+3.53 |
+7.04 |
+-26.63 |
+26611.83 |
+
+
+| Sweden(SKr) |
+
+
+| AtlasCpcoB |
+158.75 |
+-4.65 |
+178.45 |
+122.05 |
+1.65 |
+25.66 |
+23442.45 |
+
+
+| Ericsson |
+89.94 |
+0.92 |
+90.18 |
+48.53 |
+3.08 |
+-8.15 |
+26262.71 |
+
+
+| H&M |
+172.35 |
+-3.35 |
+195.10 |
+137.10 |
+3.87 |
+24.45 |
+23090.81 |
+
+
+| Irvestor |
+306.00 |
+-3.95 |
+316.80 |
+199.68 |
+1.58 |
+5.05 |
+52744.3 |
+
+
+| NordeaRk |
+124.15 |
+-2.50 |
+134.30 |
+113.55 |
+8.63 |
+7.41 |
+41174.53 |
+
+
+| SEB |
+149.60 |
+-5.40 |
+166.00 |
+120.70 |
+5.83 |
+8.05 |
+29945.63 |
+
+
+| SvnskaHn |
+111.80 |
+9.00 |
+125.95 |
+93.22 |
+5.96 |
+7.84 |
+20569.91 |
+
+
+| Swedbank |
+214.90 |
+7.70 |
+233.80 |
+173.95 |
+7.23 |
+6.86 |
+23014.73 |
+
+
+| TeliaCo |
+32.10 |
+-0.04 |
+34.35 |
+23.23 |
+6.39 |
+390.90 |
+11941.3 |
+
+
+| Volvo |
+277.20 |
+2.90 |
+321.10 |
+214.70 |
+2.78 |
+9.86 |
+41657.43 |
+
+
+| Swltzerland(SFr) |
+
+
+| ABB |
+48.75 |
+-0.79 |
+52.46 |
+29.13 |
+1.76 |
+26.58 |
+104709.94 |
+
+
+| CredSuisse |
+0.82 |
+0.01 |
+5.86 |
+0.66 |
+11.88 |
+-0.31 |
+3611.19 |
+
+
+| Nestle |
+84.54 |
+-1.44 |
+100.82 |
+81.60 |
+3.52 |
+19.98 |
+255693.84 |
+
+
+| Novartis |
+98.66 |
+-2.32 |
+102.72 |
+83.02 |
+3.39 |
+22.66 |
+249418.24 |
+
+
+| Richemont |
+128.45 |
+1.00 |
+151.10 |
+102.95 |
+1.93 |
+20.22 |
+79714.19 |
+
+
+| Roche |
+281.20 |
+7.90 |
+288.20 |
+212.90 |
+3.38 |
+21.44 |
+228064.22 |
+
+
+| Swiss Re |
+111.75 |
+-5.05 |
+118.95 |
+94.18 |
+5.06 |
+12.07 |
+40958.53 |
+
+
+| Swisscom |
+559.00 |
+-6.50 |
+571.00 |
+486.80 |
+3.90 |
+17.20 |
+33428.32 |
+
+
+| UBS |
+27.87 |
+-0.59 |
+28.78 |
+20.88 |
+2.58 |
+55.34 |
+96488.38 |
+
+
+| Zurich Fin |
+518.80 |
+-8.60 |
+529.60 |
+419.90 |
+4.90 |
+17.35 |
+87652.95 |
+
+
+| Taiwan(NT$) |
+
+
+| Chunghwa Telecom |
+122.00 |
+-0.50 |
+128.00 |
+115.00 |
+3.96 |
+25.49 |
+29503.36 |
+
+
+| Formosa PetChem |
+48.65 |
+-1.00 |
+85.40 |
+47.25 |
+- |
+17.30 |
+14447.26 |
+
+
+| l loml laifrc |
+210.00 |
+7.50 |
+234.50 |
+94.00 |
+2.54 |
+19.55 |
+93534.47 |
+
+
+| MediaTek |
+1315 |
+40.00 |
+1500 |
+800.00 |
+4.25 |
+20.33 |
+65659.57 |
+
+
+| TaiwanSem |
+1065 |
+30.00 |
+1100 |
+527.00 |
+1.24 |
+29.02 |
+860975.03 |
+
+
+| Thailand(THB) |
+
+
+| PTT |
+33.25 |
+-0.50 |
+36.25 |
+31.25 |
+5.69 |
+7.81 |
+28106.56 |
+
+
+| United Arab Emirates(Dhs) |
+
+
+| Emrtestele |
+24.30 |
+- |
+38.98 |
+11.60 |
+2.95 |
+21.36 |
+57535.64 |
+
+
+| United Kingdom(p) |
+
+
+| Anglo American |
+2434.5 |
+55.00 |
+2813 |
+1630 |
+3.16 |
+-22.63 |
+42304.87 |
+
+
+| AscBrFd |
+2310 |
+-38.00 |
+2765 |
+1939.5 |
+2.05 |
+14.94 |
+22247.04 |
+
+
+| AstraZen |
+11606 |
+-340.00 |
+13388 |
+9461 |
+1.97 |
+35.61 |
+233753.65 |
+
+
+| Aviva |
+462.60 |
+-25.40 |
+510.20 |
+390.70 |
+7.22 |
+9.99 |
+16089.04 |
+
+
+| Barclays |
+241.40 |
+-0.85 |
+251.30 |
+128.12 |
+3.31 |
+9.39 |
+45498.16 |
+
+
+| BP |
+404.90 |
+5.30 |
+546.60 |
+379.70 |
+5.67 |
+11.91 |
+84887.21 |
+
+
+| BrAmTob |
+2658 |
+18.00 |
+2994 |
+2233 |
+8.77 |
+-4.27 |
+76422.8 |
+
+
+| BT |
+144.40 |
+-1.85 |
+152.20 |
+101.70 |
+5.33 |
+16.79 |
+18675.69 |
+
+
+| Compass |
+2511 |
+-6.00 |
+2527.02 |
+1961.5 |
+1.72 |
+32.08 |
+55341.08 |
+
+
+| Diageo |
+2565.5 |
+-86.00 |
+3268.5 |
+2275 |
+3.18 |
+18.77 |
+74161.96 |
+
+
+| GlaxoSmh |
+1448.5 |
+-27.50 |
+1823.5 |
+1371.4 |
+4.07 |
+12.84 |
+78003.46 |
+
+
+| Glencore |
+404.20 |
+-4.50 |
+506.72 |
+3.95 |
+5.66 |
+-127.75 |
+64068.26 |
+
+
+| HSBC |
+682.10 |
+1.50 |
+725.20 |
+572.90 |
+7.15 |
+7.43 |
+160983.75 |
+
+
+| Imperial Brands |
+2289 |
+-19.00 |
+2342 |
+19.68 |
+6.41 |
+9.94 |
+25080.59 |
+
+
+| Jarone Mathes |
+62.50 |
+0.00 |
+40.95 |
+34.29 |
+3.77 |
+217.19 |
+18166.19 |
+
+
+| LlydsBkg |
+57.66 |
+-4.52 |
+64.67 |
+39.54 |
+4.79 |
+8.24 |
+45939.17 |
+
+
+| LSE Group |
+10605 |
+70.00 |
+11080.2 |
+8152 |
+1.05 |
+76.79 |
+73196.73 |
+
+
+| Natl Grid |
+990.00 |
+-29.40 |
+1062 |
+645.00 |
+5.25 |
+10.20 |
+63387.00 |
+
+
+| Natwest Group |
+363.90 |
+3.20 |
+381.50 |
+168.00 |
+4.67 |
+7.83 |
+39263.7 |
+
+
+| Prudential |
+647.20 |
+-26.20 |
+954.80 |
+601.40 |
+2.55 |
+25.73 |
+22643.22 |
+
+
+| ReckittB |
+4849 |
+73.00 |
+5950 |
+4034 |
+3.97 |
+22.37 |
+43503.8 |
+
+
+| RELX |
+3644 |
+-35.00 |
+3726 |
+43.54 |
+1.61 |
+36.40 |
+88002.64 |
+
+
+| RioTinto |
+5022 |
+26.50 |
+5910 |
+4509 |
+6.82 |
+9.64 |
+81731.95 |
+
+
+| RollsRoyce |
+556.20 |
+-11.20 |
+572.80 |
+197.20 |
+- |
+20.11 |
+61455.62 |
+
+
+| Shell PLC |
+2550.5 |
+14.00 |
+2961 |
+2345 |
+4.19 |
+11.43 |
+205289.92 |
+
+
+| StandCh |
+853.00 |
+14.60 |
+865.60 |
+571.00 |
+2.50 |
+9.49 |
+27313.06 |
+
+
+| Tesco |
+352.80 |
+-9.00 |
+373.90 |
+217.53 |
+3.09 |
+14.38 |
+31341.15 |
+
+
+| Unilever |
+4762 |
+-69.00 |
+5034 |
+3680.5 |
+3.06 |
+21.36 |
+153466.39 |
+
+
+| Vodafone |
+73.68 |
+-1.34 |
+79.50 |
+62.71 |
+10.37 |
+19.41 |
+25007.4 |
+
+
+| WFP♦ |
+822.60 |
+36.40 |
+856.80 |
+656.00 |
+4.79 |
+81.45 |
+11526.36 |
+
+
+| United States of America($) |
+
+
+| 21stC Fox A |
+41.03 |
+-0.55 |
+42.85 |
+28.20 |
+1.27 |
+13.03 |
+3332.41 |
+
+
+| 3M |
+126.08 |
+-9.06 |
+141.34 |
+72.71 |
+4.25 |
+47.73 |
+68657.95 |
+
+
+| AbbottLb |
+114.86 |
+-4.53 |
+121.64 |
+91.64 |
+1.90 |
+35.26 |
+199844.57 |
+
+
+| Ablvie♦ |
+189.37 |
+0.51 |
+199.95 |
+135.85 |
+3.29 |
+61.63 |
+334492.51 |
+
+
+| Accenture |
+361.77 |
+-15.09 |
+387.51 |
+278.69 |
+1.41 |
+32.47 |
+243357.2 |
+
+
+| Activision Bli. |
+94.42 |
+0.18 |
+94.57 |
+70.94 |
+- |
+36.23 |
+74289.5 |
+
+
+| Adobe |
+484.80 |
+-10.10 |
+638.25 |
+433.97 |
+- |
+42.76 |
+213407.86 |
+
+
+| Advanced Micro |
+157.82 |
+1.85 |
+227.30 |
+93.12 |
+- |
+182.81 |
+255428.8 |
+
+
+| AEP |
+98.97 |
+-1.72 |
+105.18 |
+74.37 |
+3.60 |
+19.26 |
+52663.92 |
+
+
+| Aflac |
+109.44 |
+-5.06 |
+115.10 |
+75.44 |
+1.73 |
+11.02 |
+61289.28 |
+
+
+| AirProd♦ |
+319.77 |
+-12.33 |
+332.43 |
+212.24 |
+2.26 |
+27.03 |
+71089.51 |
+
+
+| Allstate |
+189.02 |
+-6.35 |
+198.79 |
+122.53 |
+1.97 |
+16.77 |
+49907.92 |
+
+
+| Alphabet |
+164.89 |
+1.47 |
+191.75 |
+120.21 |
+0.12 |
+23.02 |
+966102.23 |
+
+
+| Altria |
+49.95 |
+0.34 |
+54.95 |
+39.07 |
+8.07 |
+8.38 |
+85217.37 |
+
+
+| Amazon |
+189.08 |
+0.09 |
+201.20 |
+118.35 |
+- |
+43.91 |
+1984501.79 |
+
+
+| AmerAir |
+13.23 |
+0.14 |
+16.15 |
+9.07 |
+- |
+-71.49 |
+8684.91 |
+
+
+| AmerExpr |
+268.47 |
+-8.33 |
+286.36 |
+141.03 |
+1.00 |
+19.49 |
+189118.8 |
+
+
+| AmerintGrp |
+76.92 |
+-1.63 |
+80.83 |
+59.12 |
+1.98 |
+14.26 |
+49532.74 |
+
+
+| AmerTower |
+223.42 |
+-2.88 |
+243.56 |
+160.49 |
+3.02 |
+40.79 |
+104355.38 |
+
+
+| Amgen |
+316.82 |
+-4.85 |
+346.85 |
+249.70 |
+2.84 |
+53.15 |
+170233.96 |
+
+
+| Amphenol Corp |
+69.21 |
+1.75 |
+71.20 |
+39.34 |
+0.65 |
+40.20 |
+83342.81 |
+
+
+| Analog Devices |
+233.56 |
+5.23 |
+244.14 |
+154.99 |
+1.54 |
+69.55 |
+115961.01 |
+
+
+| Aon Cp |
+381.20 |
+23.27 |
+389.21 |
+268.06 |
+0.68 |
+29.82 |
+82812.71 |
+
+
+| Apple |
+231.98 |
+-3.02 |
+237.49 |
+164.08 |
+0.43 |
+34.36 |
+3527055.7 |
+
+
+| Applied Materi. |
+188.04 |
+1.68 |
+255.89 |
+129.21 |
+0.73 |
+20.89 |
+155016.82 |
+
+
+| Aptiv |
+69.64 |
+-2.12 |
+91.66 |
+63.62 |
+- |
+5.11 |
+18507.53 |
+
+
+| ArcherDan |
+56.74 |
+0.34 |
+77.35 |
+51.49 |
+3.44 |
+11.00 |
+27129.78 |
+
+
+| AT&T |
+22.13 |
+0.28 |
+22.58 |
+14.74 |
+5.16 |
+13.27 |
+158641.65 |
+
+
+| Autodesk |
+286.71 |
+-6.28 |
+294.13 |
+192.01 |
+- |
+58.09 |
+61642.65 |
+
+
+| AutomData |
+289.28 |
+-3.01 |
+294.18 |
+205.53 |
+1.94 |
+30.93 |
+117975.95 |
+
+
+| AutoZone |
+3135.47 |
+-46.60 |
+3256.37 |
+2375.35 |
+- |
+21.28 |
+53562.64 |
+
+
+| AvagoTech |
+175.96 |
+-3.93 |
+186.42 |
+81.83 |
+11.04 |
+6.41 |
+821834.57 |
+
+
+| BakerHu |
+37.50 |
+1.10 |
+39.05 |
+28.32 |
+2.25 |
+18.52 |
+37107.22 |
+
+
+| Bank of NY |
+75.74 |
+-0.94 |
+78.03 |
+41.28 |
+2.28 |
+17.55 |
+55899.21 |
+
+
+| BankAm |
+42.11 |
+-0.22 |
+44.44 |
+24.96 |
+2.34 |
+14.37 |
+326717.01 |
+
+
+| Baxter |
+36.21 |
+-0.66 |
+44.41 |
+31.75 |
+3.29 |
+-117.43 |
+18470.98 |
+
+
+| BectonDick |
+239.11 |
+-4.65 |
+262.23 |
+218.75 |
+1.62 |
+46.62 |
+68111.49 |
+
+
+| BerkshHat |
+683164.2 |
+-15335.80 |
+741971.4 |
+502000 |
+- |
+14.08 |
+377949.66 |
+
+
+| Biogen |
+186.06 |
+-4.11 |
+268.30 |
+181.31 |
+- |
+22.83 |
+27101.08 |
+
+
+| BlackRock |
+979.68 |
+-27.34 |
+1032 |
+596.18 |
+2.12 |
+23.67 |
+151715.19 |
+
+
+| Boeing |
+155.00 |
+0.00 |
+267.54 |
+146.02 |
+- |
+-26.74 |
+95821.14 |
+
+
+| Boeling Holdings |
+4341 |
+-9.82 |
+4395 |
+2733.04 |
+0.41 |
+29.64 |
+145529.37 |
+
+
+| Bristo-Myers♦ |
+52.31 |
+-0.91 |
+56.77 |
+39.35 |
+4.66 |
+-15.66 |
+106053.04 |
+
+
+| Broadcom |
+175.96 |
+-3.93 |
+186.42 |
+81.83 |
+11.04 |
+6.41 |
+821834.57 |
+
+
+| Cadence Design |
+259.56 |
+1.04 |
+328.99 |
+228.66 |
+- |
+65.43 |
+71071.35 |
+
+
+| CapOne |
+164.53 |
+5.50 |
+167.93 |
+88.23 |
+1.50 |
+15.06 |
+62824.88 |
+
+
+| CardinalHlth |
+110.90 |
+-1.51 |
+116.05 |
+90.19 |
+1.86 |
+31.28 |
+26833.54 |
+
+
+| Carnival |
+20.87 |
+-0.46 |
+21.80 |
+10.95 |
+- |
+28.80 |
+24081.65 |
+
+
+| Caterpillar |
+386.81 |
+-7.05 |
+403.60 |
+223.76 |
+1.38 |
+17.15 |
+187563.44 |
+
+
+| Centene Corp |
+67.25 |
+5.23 |
+81.42 |
+59.77 |
+- |
+12.32 |
+35375.52 |
+
+
+| CharlesSch |
+72.09 |
+0.73 |
+79.49 |
+48.66 |
+1.43 |
+29.23 |
+128208.1 |
+
+
+| Charter Comms |
+334.66 |
+9.05 |
+430.57 |
+236.08 |
+- |
+10.39 |
+47769.77 |
+
+
+| Chevron Corp |
+151.33 |
+0.58 |
+167.11 |
+135.37 |
+4.27 |
+14.58 |
+276760.88 |
+
+
+| Chipotle Mexic. |
+59.59 |
+0.20 |
+69.26 |
+35.97 |
+- |
+57.02 |
+81.61 |
+
+
+| Chubo |
+289.20 |
+-12.46 |
+302.05 |
+207.46 |
+1.24 |
+11.90 |
+116875.75 |
+
+
+| Cigna |
+319.56 |
+-16.44 |
+370.83 |
+253.95 |
+1.69 |
+24.54 |
+89332.61 |
+
+
+| Cintas Corp |
+208.81 |
+-5.22 |
+215.37 |
+123.65 |
+2.64 |
+13.51 |
+84210.77 |
+
+
+| Cisco |
+55.99 |
+-0.70 |
+57.00 |
+44.50 |
+2.05 |
+21.79 |
+223421.29 |
+
+
+| Citigroup |
+62.25 |
+-0.60 |
+67.81 |
+38.17 |
+3.50 |
+16.73 |
+118760.25 |
+
+
+| CME Grp |
+226.30 |
+-2.02 |
+230.36 |
+190.70 |
+4.43 |
+24.28 |
+81400.11 |
+
+
+| Coca-Cola |
+67.32 |
+-3.13 |
+73.53 |
+55.10 |
+2.89 |
+26.63 |
+290118.77 |
+
+
+| Cognzant |
+74.88 |
+-3.12 |
+80.27 |
+62.14 |
+1.62 |
+16.60 |
+37114.87 |
+
+
+| ColgtPlm♦ |
+96.34 |
+-4.12 |
+109.30 |
+71.47 |
+2.07 |
+27.33 |
+78718.18 |
+
+
+| Comcast |
+41.88 |
+-0.06 |
+45.82 |
+36.43 |
+2.95 |
+10.84 |
+161765.52 |
+
+
+| ConocPhil |
+104.78 |
+-0.89 |
+135.18 |
+101.30 |
+3.19 |
+11.35 |
+121675.75 |
+
+
+| Constellation |
+240.89 |
+-0.63 |
+274.87 |
+227.64 |
+1.56 |
+17.58 |
+43730.3 |
+
+
+| Corning |
+46.64 |
+-0.02 |
+47.72 |
+26.37 |
+2.47 |
+88.98 |
+39909.89 |
+
+
+| Corteva |
+60.89 |
+1.48 |
+61.21 |
+43.22 |
+1.08 |
+47.02 |
+42150.92 |
+
+
+| Corteva |
+60.89 |
+1.48 |
+61.21 |
+43.22 |
+1.08 |
+47.02 |
+42150.92 |
+
+
+| Costco |
+895.28 |
+5.72 |
+923.83 |
+540.23 |
+0.48 |
+54.40 |
+396674.88 |
+
+
+| CrownCstl |
+109.84 |
+-2.54 |
+120.92 |
+86.49 |
+5.86 |
+39.15 |
+47732.87 |
+
+
+| CSX |
+33.79 |
+-0.84 |
+40.12 |
+29.03 |
+1.47 |
+17.70 |
+64187.43 |
+
+
+| CVS |
+57.10 |
+-3.24 |
+83.25 |
+52.77 |
+4.57 |
+9.89 |
+71830.62 |
+
+
+| Danaher |
+247.06 |
+-27.32 |
+281.70 |
+182.09 |
+0.44 |
+44.19 |
+178445.3 |
+
+
+| Deere♦ |
+411.83 |
+3.10 |
+420.47 |
+340.20 |
+1.41 |
+13.89 |
+112676.61 |
+
+
+| Delta |
+54.34 |
+-1.46 |
+56.48 |
+30.60 |
+0.76 |
+7.59 |
+35064.58 |
+
+
+| Devoa Energy |
+39.61 |
+-1.06 |
+55.09 |
+37.77 |
+5.32 |
+6.97 |
+24800.65 |
+
+
+| Digital Realty |
+184.58 |
+19.20 |
+193.88 |
+116.16 |
+2.72 |
+51.46 |
+80433.53 |
+
+
+| DiscFinServ |
+152.30 |
+3.62 |
+157.06 |
+79.04 |
+1.89 |
+13.08 |
+38238.2 |
+
+
+| Disney |
+95.98 |
+-1.30 |
+123.74 |
+79.23 |
+0.32 |
+35.78 |
+174068.12 |
+
+
+| Dollar General |
+81.63 |
+1.03 |
+168.07 |
+77.96 |
+2.92 |
+12.55 |
+17951.68 |
+
+
+| DominRes |
+59.90 |
+-0.02 |
+61.26 |
+39.44 |
+4.58 |
+24.28 |
+50252.41 |
+
+
+| DukeEner |
+118.39 |
+-2.37 |
+121.25 |
+86.61 |
+3.56 |
+19.73 |
+91420.96 |
+
+
+| DuPont |
+83.93 |
+-1.16 |
+90.06 |
+61.14 |
+1.81 |
+104.70 |
+35054.51 |
+
+
+| Eaton |
+345.93 |
+-2.25 |
+349.74 |
+193.77 |
+1.07 |
+37.03 |
+137714.73 |
+
+
+| eBay |
+63.30 |
+-1.65 |
+67.80 |
+37.17 |
+1.69 |
+11.98 |
+30953.7 |
+
+
+| Ecolab |
+255.02 |
+-6.44 |
+262.61 |
+156.72 |
+0.90 |
+41.63 |
+72561.64 |
+
+
+| Edwards Lifesc. |
+70.05 |
+-0.22 |
+96.12 |
+58.93 |
+- |
+26.83 |
+42198.12 |
+
+
+| Elevance |
+431.18 |
+0.41 |
+567.26 |
+397.98 |
+1.48 |
+14.69 |
+100000.48 |
+
+
+| Eli Lily |
+896.27 |
+-21.70 |
+972.53 |
+547.61 |
+0.56 |
+107.40 |
+851838.11 |
+
+
+| Emerson |
+108.63 |
+-1.82 |
+119.53 |
+83.10 |
+1.98 |
+35.71 |
+62209.54 |
+
+
+| FOG Res♦ |
+174.47 |
+-2.15 |
+139.67 |
+108.94 |
+2.87 |
+9.35 |
+70773.59 |
+
+
+| Equinix |
+936.13 |
+40.93 |
+943.02 |
+677.80 |
+1.78 |
+83.41 |
+88881.26 |
+
+
+| EquityResTP |
+75.46 |
+-0.18 |
+78.84 |
+52.57 |
+3.64 |
+29.98 |
+28607.7 |
+
+
+| Exelon |
+40.44 |
+-0.51 |
+41.48 |
+33.35 |
+3.76 |
+16.26 |
+40460.15 |
+
+
+| ExxonMb |
+119.81 |
+-0.20 |
+126.34 |
+95.77 |
+3.23 |
+13.94 |
+472411.65 |
+
+
+| Fedex |
+273.16 |
+-1.24 |
+313.84 |
+224.69 |
+1.88 |
+15.55 |
+66738.79 |
+
+
+| FidelityNIS |
+90.40 |
+-0.55 |
+91.22 |
+46.91 |
+2.00 |
+87.09 |
+49319.16 |
+
+
+| Fiserv |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| FordMtr |
+11.11 |
+0.01 |
+14.85 |
+9.49 |
+5.55 |
+11.26 |
+43377.86 |
+
+
+| Franklin |
+20.41 |
+-0.57 |
+30.32 |
+18.95 |
+6.19 |
+12.33 |
+10674.4 |
+
+
+| GenCyn♦ |
+303.41 |
+-5.07 |
+313.11 |
+236.58 |
+1.86 |
+23.03 |
+83428.23 |
+
+
+| GenElectric |
+179.24 |
+-13.37 |
+194.80 |
+105.73 |
+0.30 |
+47.14 |
+193990.38 |
+
+
+| GenMills |
+68.60 |
+-1.33 |
+75.90 |
+61.48 |
+3.51 |
+15.60 |
+38083.9 |
+
+
+| GenMotors |
+52.61 |
+3.43 |
+54.30 |
+26.30 |
+0.82 |
+5.75 |
+57844.24 |
+
+
+| GileadSci |
+89.16 |
+2.44 |
+89.74 |
+62.07 |
+3.50 |
+105.80 |
+111003.49 |
+
+
+| GoldmSchs |
+515.35 |
+-13.15 |
+540.51 |
+289.36 |
+2.19 |
+16.09 |
+162748.25 |
+
+
+| Halliburton |
+28.28 |
+-0.06 |
+41.56 |
+27.51 |
+2.40 |
+9.14 |
+24961.98 |
+
+
+| HCAHold |
+360.44 |
+-55.10 |
+417.14 |
+220.55 |
+0.72 |
+16.47 |
+93020.01 |
+
+
+| Hew-Pack |
+37.10 |
+-0.19 |
+39.52 |
+25.67 |
+2.97 |
+12.87 |
+35749.11 |
+
+
+| HiltonWorldwi |
+236.24 |
+-2.57 |
+240.00 |
+147.58 |
+0.26 |
+48.60 |
+57590.54 |
+
+
+| HiltraWwvrle |
+236.24 |
+-2.57 |
+240.00 |
+147.58 |
+0.26 |
+48.60 |
+57590.54 |
+
+
+| HomeDep |
+400.87 |
+-14.14 |
+421.56 |
+274.26 |
+2.19 |
+26.63 |
+398176.55 |
+
+
+| Honywell |
+207.99 |
+-14.03 |
+222.98 |
+174.88 |
+2.11 |
+23.08 |
+135125.11 |
+
+
+| HumanaInc |
+263.52 |
+-3.63 |
+527.18 |
+213.31 |
+1.38 |
+18.06 |
+31727.64 |
+
+
+| IBM |
+217.90 |
+-14.30 |
+237.37 |
+136.33 |
+3.14 |
+23.40 |
+200718.19 |
+
+
+| IDEXXLaborato |
+452.31 |
+-5.43 |
+583.39 |
+372.50 |
+- |
+43.66 |
+37227.78 |
+
+
+| IllinoisTool |
+255.79 |
+-5.25 |
+271.15 |
+219.01 |
+2.25 |
+24.40 |
+75942.57 |
+
+
+| Illumina |
+141.99 |
+-4.08 |
+151.40 |
+86.50 |
+- |
+-7.21 |
+22619.01 |
+
+
+| IntcntlExch |
+166.89 |
+0.06 |
+167.64 |
+104.49 |
+1.07 |
+40.29 |
+95818.57 |
+
+
+| Intel |
+23.15 |
+0.38 |
+51.26 |
+18.51 |
+2.22 |
+93.85 |
+98989.4 |
+
+
+| Intuit |
+610.89 |
+-2.40 |
+676.62 |
+473.56 |
+0.60 |
+57.91 |
+171227.58 |
+
+
+| John&John |
+161.72 |
+-3.40 |
+168.85 |
+143.13 |
+3.06 |
+23.81 |
+389360.79 |
+
+
+| JohnsonCn |
+77.63 |
+0.19 |
+78.23 |
+47.90 |
+1.96 |
+31.74 |
+51857.89 |
+
+
+| JPMrgnCh |
+222.58 |
+-2.79 |
+225.92 |
+135.19 |
+2.03 |
+12.07 |
+633276.76 |
+
+
+| Kimb-Clark |
+136.67 |
+-8.75 |
+149.31 |
+116.63 |
+3.61 |
+19.67 |
+45575.77 |
+
+
+| KinderM |
+25.06 |
+0.11 |
+25.43 |
+15.91 |
+4.66 |
+22.37 |
+55663.19 |
+
+
+| KLACorp |
+679.91 |
+1.39 |
+896.32 |
+452.01 |
+0.85 |
+32.62 |
+91090.84 |
+
+
+| KraftHeinz |
+34.83 |
+-1.18 |
+38.96 |
+31.08 |
+4.72 |
+21.72 |
+42106.17 |
+
+
+| Kroger |
+57.85 |
+1.32 |
+58.34 |
+42.10 |
+1.94 |
+19.16 |
+41853.68 |
+
+
+| LasVegasSd |
+52.98 |
+1.43 |
+55.66 |
+36.62 |
+1.55 |
+24.20 |
+39016.15 |
+
+
+| LibertyGhl |
+20.88 |
+-0.05 |
+21.56 |
+15.01 |
+- |
+-4.28 |
+3605.46 |
+
+
+| Lilly(E) |
+896.27 |
+-21.70 |
+972.53 |
+547.61 |
+0.56 |
+107.40 |
+851838.11 |
+
+
+| Linde |
+475.55 |
+-10.90 |
+487.49 |
+362.33 |
+1.15 |
+35.24 |
+227076.43 |
+
+
+| Lockheed |
+562.80 |
+-49.01 |
+618.95 |
+413.92 |
+2.27 |
+19.98 |
+133403.45 |
+
+
+| Lowes♦ |
+268.67 |
+-12.97 |
+287.01 |
+181.85 |
+1.68 |
+21.93 |
+152414.92 |
+
+
+| Lyondell |
+88.11 |
+-3.38 |
+107.02 |
+87.84 |
+5.94 |
+12.06 |
+28643.61 |
+
+
+| MarathonPtI |
+152.42 |
+-5.88 |
+221.11 |
+140.98 |
+2.17 |
+7.78 |
+51012.54 |
+
+
+| Marsh&M |
+222.03 |
+-2.63 |
+232.32 |
+184.02 |
+1.31 |
+26.80 |
+109043.71 |
+
+
+| MasterCard♦ |
+508.07 |
+-8.27 |
+518.82 |
+359.77 |
+0.50 |
+37.79 |
+465753.15 |
+
+
+| McDonald's |
+295.24 |
+-21.32 |
+317.90 |
+243.53 |
+2.27 |
+25.16 |
+211788.42 |
+
+
+| McKesson |
+505.88 |
+-3.32 |
+637.51 |
+431.35 |
+0.50 |
+22.00 |
+65600.88 |
+
+
+| Medtronic |
+90.84 |
+-1.40 |
+92.68 |
+68.84 |
+3.08 |
+30.24 |
+116499.33 |
+
+
+| Merck |
+104.92 |
+-3.78 |
+134.63 |
+99.80 |
+2.98 |
+18.91 |
+265742.04 |
+
+
+| Meta |
+576.57 |
+0.10 |
+602.95 |
+279.40 |
+0.18 |
+28.70 |
+1259645.37 |
+
+
+| Metlife |
+82.61 |
+-2.71 |
+86.95 |
+57.91 |
+2.62 |
+21.81 |
+57853.84 |
+
+
+| Microsoft |
+429.94 |
+11.78 |
+468.35 |
+326.94 |
+0.70 |
+35.45 |
+3195760.52 |
+
+
+| MnstrBvrg |
+53.62 |
+-0.44 |
+61.23 |
+43.32 |
+- |
+32.60 |
+52518.25 |
+
+
+| MondelezInt |
+69.67 |
+-1.92 |
+77.20 |
+64.10 |
+2.51 |
+23.29 |
+93058.35 |
+
+
+| Monsanto |
+10.07 |
+-0.11 |
+11.13 |
+9.56 |
+- |
+51.84 |
+251.75 |
+
+
+| MorganStly |
+117.13 |
+-3.93 |
+121.45 |
+69.42 |
+2.98 |
+18.74 |
+190355.3 |
+
+
+| Netflix |
+760.67 |
+-3.22 |
+773.00 |
+395.62 |
+- |
+46.23 |
+325154.56 |
+
+
+| NextEraE |
+82.30 |
+-2.08 |
+86.10 |
+53.81 |
+2.45 |
+26.08 |
+169242.09 |
+
+
+| Nike |
+78.91 |
+-4.02 |
+123.39 |
+70.75 |
+1.88 |
+20.73 |
+94801.33 |
+
+
+| NorfolkS |
+252.68 |
+0.31 |
+263.66 |
+183.09 |
+2.20 |
+31.12 |
+57165.11 |
+
+
+| Northrop |
+522.57 |
+-8.23 |
+555.57 |
+418.60 |
+1.51 |
+33.04 |
+76422.66 |
+
+
+| NXP |
+245.14 |
+11.69 |
+296.08 |
+167.21 |
+1.70 |
+22.33 |
+62445.23 |
+
+
+| OccidPet |
+51.57 |
+-0.10 |
+71.19 |
+49.75 |
+1.59 |
+13.00 |
+46698.07 |
+
+
+| Oracle |
+174.85 |
+0.16 |
+178.61 |
+99.26 |
+0.90 |
+45.59 |
+484520.38 |
+
+
+| Pepsico |
+173.23 |
+-1.83 |
+183.41 |
+158.03 |
+3.06 |
+24.46 |
+237669.66 |
+
+
+| Perrigo |
+25.14 |
+-0.17 |
+34.60 |
+23.89 |
+4.49 |
+-29.47 |
+3428.8 |
+
+
+| Pfizer |
+28.57 |
+-0.66 |
+31.54 |
+25.20 |
+5.97 |
+-60.42 |
+161866.23 |
+
+
+| Phillips66 |
+128.89 |
+-3.72 |
+174.08 |
+107.85 |
+3.43 |
+10.75 |
+53947.29 |
+
+
+| PhilMorris |
+131.13 |
+10.92 |
+133.27 |
+87.23 |
+4.08 |
+22.58 |
+203881.13 |
+
+
+| PNCFin |
+187.04 |
+-2.35 |
+196.64 |
+109.40 |
+3.41 |
+15.25 |
+74345.71 |
+
+
+| PPG Inds |
+127.01 |
+-3.93 |
+151.16 |
+118.07 |
+2.10 |
+20.26 |
+29465.16 |
+
+
+| ProctGmbl |
+169.01 |
+-2.27 |
+177.94 |
+142.50 |
+2.33 |
+27.32 |
+398025.6 |
+
+
+| Prudntl |
+123.60 |
+-3.80 |
+128.53 |
+87.95 |
+4.24 |
+15.36 |
+44125.2 |
+
+
+| PululStw |
+336.61 |
+-9.01 |
+369.99 |
+233.18 |
+3.66 |
+30.70 |
+58912.95 |
+
+
+| Qualcomm |
+172.59 |
+1.67 |
+230.63 |
+104.33 |
+1.94 |
+21.47 |
+192265.26 |
+
+
+| Raytheon |
+125.27 |
+-0.66 |
+128.70 |
+77.77 |
+1.97 |
+70.86 |
+166729.77 |
+
+
+| RegenPharm |
+335.19 |
+-55.50 |
+1211.2 |
+169.19 |
+- |
+24.09 |
+101390.31 |
+
+
+| S&PGlobal |
+493.49 |
+-31.31 |
+533.29 |
+340.49 |
+0.75 |
+45.56 |
+154462.37 |
+
+
+| Salesforce |
+290.75 |
+-2.19 |
+318.72 |
+193.68 |
+0.28 |
+50.08 |
+277957 |
+
+
+| Schlmttrg |
+41.87 |
+-0.05 |
+57.75 |
+38.66 |
+2.58 |
+13.31 |
+59126.9 |
+
+
+| SempraEnergy |
+85.13 |
+-0.83 |
+86.57 |
+66.40 |
+2.93 |
+17.70 |
+53899.71 |
+
+
+| Shrwin-Will |
+362.96 |
+-25.41 |
+392.57 |
+232.06 |
+0.75 |
+35.96 |
+91411.41 |
+
+
+| SimonProp |
+172.13 |
+-4.79 |
+177.08 |
+104.05 |
+4.63 |
+21.28 |
+56120.47 |
+
+
+| SouthCpr |
+116.33 |
+3.43 |
+129.07 |
+67.84 |
+2.43 |
+32.36 |
+90872.26 |
+
+
+| Starbucks |
+97.31 |
+0.47 |
+107.66 |
+71.55 |
+2.37 |
+26.52 |
+110271.69 |
+
+
+| StateS |
+91.05 |
+-0.39 |
+94.60 |
+62.78 |
+3.12 |
+16.34 |
+27187.86 |
+
+
+| Stryker♦ |
+353.67 |
+-15.89 |
+374.63 |
+255.22 |
+0.92 |
+38.36 |
+134774.92 |
+
+
+| SynchronyFin |
+55.70 |
+-0.72 |
+57.27 |
+27.42 |
+1.85 |
+7.57 |
+21687.07 |
+
+
+| T-MobileUS |
+227.51 |
+4.30 |
+234.56 |
+137.69 |
+0.88 |
+27.74 |
+264022.32 |
+
+
+| Target |
+152.46 |
+-4.38 |
+181.86 |
+105.23 |
+2.92 |
+15.57 |
+70234.46 |
+
+
+| TEConnect |
+148.39 |
+-0.58 |
+159.98 |
+115.00 |
+1.68 |
+12.93 |
+45098.49 |
+
+
+| TeslaMtrs |
+266.03 |
+45.33 |
+271.00 |
+138.80 |
+- |
+72.71 |
+849870.19 |
+
+
+| Texaslnstr |
+209.06 |
+10.59 |
+214.66 |
+139.48 |
+2.53 |
+35.25 |
+190708.01 |
+
+
+| TheTravelers |
+251.71 |
+-13.74 |
+269.56 |
+158.22 |
+1.65 |
+15.51 |
+57142.94 |
+
+
+| Thermofshr |
+556.88 |
+-44.83 |
+627.88 |
+415.60 |
+0.27 |
+33.61 |
+212725.69 |
+
+
+| TJXCos |
+114.15 |
+-3.56 |
+121.13 |
+86.92 |
+1.21 |
+27.30 |
+128746.69 |
+
+
+| Trust Financial Corp |
+42.78 |
+-0.89 |
+45.31 |
+27.01 |
+5.00 |
+-8.15 |
+57288.56 |
+
+
+| Twitter |
+53.70 |
+1.26 |
+60.16 |
+31.30 |
+- |
+-402.23 |
+41093.72 |
+
+
+| UnionPac |
+231.03 |
+-13.07 |
+258.66 |
+199.97 |
+2.31 |
+21.13 |
+140742.93 |
+
+
+| UPS |
+138.55 |
+2.62 |
+163.82 |
+123.12 |
+4.82 |
+21.99 |
+101489.2 |
+
+
+| USBancorp |
+48.24 |
+-0.93 |
+50.47 |
+30.47 |
+4.15 |
+14.90 |
+75271.39 |
+
+
+| UtdHlthcre |
+569.24 |
+-0.37 |
+608.63 |
+436.38 |
+1.40 |
+36.66 |
+525646.55 |
+
+
+| ValeroEngy |
+132.23 |
+-4.81 |
+184.79 |
+119.88 |
+3.25 |
+7.29 |
+42363.91 |
+
+
+| Verizon♦ |
+41.96 |
+-2.04 |
+45.36 |
+33.34 |
+6.52 |
+15.35 |
+176610.41 |
+
+
+| VertexPharm |
+478.54 |
+-4.46 |
+510.64 |
+341.90 |
+- |
+-235.16 |
+123512.23 |
+
+
+| VFCp |
+16.98 |
+-2.62 |
+21.40 |
+11.00 |
+3.45 |
+-5.49 |
+6608.33 |
+
+
+| VisaInc |
+281.82 |
+-8.80 |
+293.07 |
+228.03 |
+0.73 |
+29.36 |
+470764.8 |
+
+
+| Walgreen |
+9.43 |
+-1.36 |
+27.05 |
+8.22 |
+15.79 |
+-1.37 |
+8156.8 |
+
+
+| WalMartSto |
+82.90 |
+1.59 |
+83.34 |
+49.85 |
+0.97 |
+42.69 |
+666330.83 |
+
+
+| WaltDisney |
+95.98 |
+-1.30 |
+123.74 |
+79.23 |
+0.32 |
+35.78 |
+174068.12 |
+
+
+| WasteManage. |
+208.50 |
+-4.26 |
+225.00 |
+156.36 |
+1.43 |
+32.25 |
+83672.13 |
+
+
+| WellsFargo |
+64.85 |
+0.49 |
+65.95 |
+38.58 |
+2.22 |
+12.93 |
+220717.48 |
+
+
+| WilliamsCos |
+52.39 |
+0.03 |
+52.85 |
+32.65 |
+3.62 |
+21.97 |
+63850.52 |
+
+
+| Wurkday |
+240.01 |
+-4.48 |
+311.28 |
+199.81 |
+- |
+40.91 |
+51121.07 |
+
+
+| Yum!Brnds |
+133.90 |
+-0.37 |
+143.20 |
+118.28 |
+1.96 |
+23.86 |
+37647.99 |
+
+
+| Zoetis |
+180.89 |
+-12.39 |
+201.92 |
+144.80 |
+0.92 |
+34.51 |
+81952.39 |
+
+
+| Zoom |
+73.08 |
+2.56 |
+74.77 |
+55.06 |
+- |
+25.80 |
+19155.05 |
+
+
+| Venezuela(VEF) |
+
+
+| Bco de Vnzla |
+18.00 |
+2.50 |
+23.90 |
+6.65 |
+48.06 |
+- |
+1607.88 |
+
+
+| Bco Provncl |
+6.00 |
+0.30 |
+23.45 |
+3.60 |
+9.23 |
+1.38 |
+390.89 |
+
+
+
+
+Closing prices and highs & lows are n traded currency (with variations for that country indicated by stock), market capitalisation is in USD. Highs & lows are based on intraday trading over a rolling 52 week period.
+
+♦ ex-dividend
+
+■ ex-capital redistribution
+
+\# price at time o' suspension
+
+## FT 500:TOP 20
+
+
+
+ |
+Close price |
+Prev price |
+Day |
+Week |
+ Month change % |
+
+
+| change |
+change % |
+change |
+change % |
+
+
+| Tesla Mtrs |
+267.40 |
+260.48 |
+6.92 |
+2.66 |
+39.59 |
+21.1 |
+4.21 |
+
+
+| Digital Realty |
+187.11 |
+165.13 |
+21.98 |
+13.31 |
+1.44 |
+14.3 |
+15.13 |
+
+
+| Netflix |
+767.36 |
+754.55 |
+12.81 |
+1.70 |
+66.90 |
+11.6 |
+6.53 |
+
+
+| SandsCh |
+19.86 |
+19.38 |
+0.48 |
+2.48 |
+1.48 |
+10.9 |
+26.37 |
+
+
+| Citic Seca |
+20.70 |
+20.25 |
+0.45 |
+2.22 |
+1.55 |
+10.7 |
+55.31 |
+
+
+| Hngzh HikVDT |
+30.95 |
+30.66 |
+0.29 |
+0.95 |
+2.67 |
+10.6 |
+18.27 |
+
+
+| KoreaElePwr |
+22800.00 |
+23050.00 |
+-250.00 |
+-1.08 |
+2400.00 |
+10.4 |
+14.68 |
+
+
+| PhilMarris |
+132.08 |
+132.80 |
+-0.72 |
+-0.54 |
+12.66 |
+9.9 |
+8.55 |
+
+
+| New Ch Life Ins |
+26.85 |
+26.75 |
+0.10 |
+0.37 |
+2.10 |
+8.9 |
+45.61 |
+
+
+| Centene Corp |
+68.51 |
+61.62 |
+6.89 |
+11.17 |
+-1.38 |
+8.7 |
+-7.58 |
+
+
+| SvnskaHn |
+111.75 |
+109.70 |
+2.05 |
+1.87 |
+6.90 |
+8.7 |
+7.98 |
+
+
+| ChinaPnls |
+29.25 |
+29.40 |
+-0.15 |
+-0.51 |
+2.25 |
+8.7 |
+21.76 |
+
+
+| ChinaLife |
+16.82 |
+16.62 |
+0.20 |
+1.19 |
+0.18 |
+7.5 |
+28.99 |
+
+
+| Equinor |
+52.89 |
+274.70 |
+7.90 |
+2.88 |
+11.70 |
+7.5 |
+5.80 |
+
+
+| GenMctors |
+52.60 |
+52.72 |
+-0.17 |
+0.33 |
+3.34 |
+7.1 |
+15.72 |
+
+
+| Aon Cp |
+383.97 |
+356.85 |
+27.12 |
+7.60 |
+-1.90 |
+7.1 |
+10.94 |
+
+
+| China Vanke |
+7.08 |
+7.07 |
+0.01 |
+0.14 |
+0.45 |
+6.1 |
+51.28 |
+
+
+| Renault |
+4.18 |
+4.218 |
+1.00 |
+2.37 |
+1.70 |
+6.7 |
+9.69 |
+
+
+| IM Batou Stl |
+156.00 |
+16.3 |
+0.05 |
+3.07 |
+0.05 |
+6.3 |
+16.67 |
+
+
+| HyundMobis |
+25650.00 |
+25000.00 |
+650.00 |
+2.60 |
+800.00 |
+6.0 |
+10.60 |
+
+
+Based on the FT Global 500 companies in local currency
+
+## INTEREST RATES:OFFICIAL
+
+
+
+| Oct 25 |
+Rate |
+Current |
+Since |
+Last |
+
+
+| US |
+Fed Funds |
+4.75-5.00 |
+18-09-2024 |
+5.25-5.50 |
+
+
+| US |
+Prime |
+8.50 |
+26-01-2023 |
+8.25 |
+
+
+| US |
+Discount |
+5.50 |
+01-08-2023 |
+5.25 |
+
+
+| Euro |
+Repo |
+4.00 |
+14-09-2023 |
+3.430 |
+
+
+| UK |
+Repo |
+5.25 |
+03-08-2023 |
+5.00 |
+
+
+| Japan |
+O'night Call |
+0.00-0.10 |
+01-02-2016 |
+0.00 |
+
+
+| Switzerland |
+Libor Target |
+-1.25--0.25 |
+15-01-2015 |
+-0.75--0.25 |
+
+
+
+## INTEREST RATES:MARKET
+
+
+
+| Oct 25 (Libor: Oct 24) |
+Over night |
+Change |
+One month |
+Three month |
+Six month |
+One year |
+
+
+| Day |
+Week |
+Month |
+
+
+| US$ Libor |
+5.06157 |
+0.010 |
+0.000 |
+0.002 |
+4.96018 |
+4.85372 |
+4.68213 |
+6.04143 |
+
+
+| Euro Libor |
+-0.64957 |
+-0.064 |
+0.000 |
+0.001 |
+-0.61943 |
+-0.58057 |
+-0.55600 |
+-0.48571 |
+
+
+| Swiss Fr Libor |
+-0.77860 |
+0.009 |
+0.000 |
+-0.002 |
+-0.77540 |
+-0.75300 |
+-0.70280 |
+-0.55320 |
+
+
+| Yen Libor |
+-0.00217 |
+-0.001 |
+0.000 |
+0.000 |
+-0.00505 |
+-0.02617 |
+-0.07155 |
+0.04867 |
+
+
+| Euro Euribor |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+-0.003 |
+3.10200 |
+3.07200 |
+2.92000 |
+2.61400 |
+
+
+| Sterling CDs |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+0.000 |
+0.50000 |
+0.63000 |
+0.78500 |
+ |
+
+
+| US$ CDs |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+-0.010 |
+4.74000 |
+4.66000 |
+4.55000 |
+ |
+
+
+| Euro CDs |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+-0.010 |
+3.19000 |
+3.08000 |
+2.84000 |
+ |
+
+
+
+
+| Oct 25 |
+Short term |
+7 Days notice |
+One month |
+Three month |
+Six month |
+One year |
+
+
+| Euro |
+2.89 |
+3.19 |
+3.02 |
+3.32 |
+3.04 |
+3.34 |
+2.93 |
+3.23 |
+2.69 |
+2.99 |
+2.41 |
+2.71 |
+
+
+| Sterling |
+0.45 |
+0.55 |
+ |
+ |
+0.45 |
+0.55 |
+0.58 |
+0.68 |
+0.71 |
+0.86 |
+0.90 |
+1.05 |
+
+
+| US Dollar |
+4.53 |
+4.73 |
+4.73 |
+4.93 |
+4.64 |
+4.84 |
+4.56 |
+4.76 |
+4.45 |
+4.65 |
+4.25 |
+4.45 |
+
+
+| Japanese Yen |
+-0.30 |
+-0.10 |
+-0.30 |
+-0.10 |
+-0.25 |
+0.05 |
+-0.15 |
+0.05 |
+-0.05 |
+0.15 |
+0.00 |
+0.20 |
+
+
+
+Lobor rates come from ICE(see www.theice.com) and are fixed at 11am UK time. Other datasources. US$,Euro&CDs. Tullett Prebon; SDR, US D scount: IMF; EONIA; ECB; Swiss Libor; SNB; EURONIA, RONIA & SONIA:WMBA.
+
+## COMMODITIES
+
+
+
+| Energy |
+Price* |
+Change |
+
+
+| Crude Oil† |
+Dec |
+70.81 |
+0.62 |
+
+
+| Brent Crude Oil‡ |
+ |
+75.94 |
+1.56 |
+
+
+| RBOB Gasoline† |
+Dec |
+2.04 |
+0.02 |
+
+
+| Natural Gas† |
+Nov |
+2.47 |
+-0.05 |
+
+
+| Base Metals (♠ LME 3 Months) |
+
+
+| Aluminium |
+ |
+2665.50 |
+26.00 |
+
+
+| Aluminium Alloy |
+ |
+2400.00 |
+800.00 |
+
+
+| Copper |
+ |
+9563.50 |
+0.50 |
+
+
+| Lead |
+ |
+2050.00 |
+-21.50 |
+
+
+| Nickel |
+ |
+16175.00 |
+-85.00 |
+
+
+| Tin |
+ |
+31260.00 |
+135.00 |
+
+
+| Zinc |
+ |
+3084.00 |
+-90.00 |
+
+
+| Precious Metals (PM London Fix) |
+
+
+| Gold |
+ |
+2732.00 |
+-4.45 |
+
+
+| Silver (US cents) |
+ |
+3413.50 |
+-37.50 |
+
+
+| Platinum |
+ |
+1035.00 |
+12.00 |
+
+
+| Palladium |
+ |
+1135.00 |
+67.00 |
+
+
+| Bulk Commodities |
+
+
+| Iron Ore |
+ |
+98.40 |
+0.49 |
+
+
+| Baltic Dry Index |
+ |
+1410.00 |
+-7.00 |
+
+
+| Richards Bay ICE Futures |
+ |
+110.75 |
+0.00 |
+
+
+| Agricultural & Cattle Futures |
+Price* |
+Change |
+
+
+| Corn◆ |
+Dec |
+418.25 |
+-3.25 |
+
+
+| Wheat◆ |
+Dec |
+573.50 |
+-8.00 |
+
+
+| Soybeans◆ |
+Nov |
+992.00 |
+-4.25 |
+
+
+| Soybeans Meal◆ |
+Dec |
+308.50 |
+-1.90 |
+
+
+| Cocoa (ICE Liffe)❖ |
+Dec |
+5231.00 |
+56.00 |
+
+
+| Cocoa (ICE US)♥ |
+Dec |
+6828.00 |
+72.00 |
+
+
+| Coffee(Robusta)❖ |
+Nov |
+4406.00 |
+38.00 |
+
+
+| Coffee(Arabica)♥ |
+Dec |
+246.20 |
+0.75 |
+
+
+| White Sugar❖ |
+ |
+565.40 |
+-4.20 |
+
+
+| Sugar 11♥ |
+ |
+22.02 |
+-0.18 |
+
+
+| Cotton♥ |
+Dec |
+71.04 |
+-0.49 |
+
+
+| Orange Juice♥ |
+Nov |
+514.00 |
+7.05 |
+
+
+| Live Cattle◆ |
+Dec |
+189.28 |
+1.40 |
+
+
+| Feeder Cattle◆ |
+May |
+134.88 |
+- |
+
+
+| Lean Hogs◆ |
+Dec |
+78.65 |
+-1.53 |
+
+
+
+
+
+ |
+Oct 24 |
+% Chg Month |
+% Chg Year |
+
+
+
+
+| S&P GSCI Spt |
+544.38 |
+1.53 |
+-7.47 |
+
+
+| DJ UBS Spot |
+99.34 |
+-0.21 |
+-4.85 |
+
+
+| TR/CC CRB TR |
+343.51 |
+1.32 |
+22.21 |
+
+
+| LEBA EUA Carbon |
+58.31 |
+-1.98 |
+129.94 |
+
+
+| LEBA UK Power |
+1048.30 |
+-37.43 |
+-39.60 |
+
+
+
+
+Sources: †NYMEX, ‡ECX/ICE, ♦CBOT, ❈ICE Liffe, ♥ICE Futures, ♣CME, ♠LME/London Metal Exchange*. Latest prices, $ unless otherwise stated.
+
+
+
+## FT 500:BOTTOM 20
+
+
+
+ |
+Close price |
+Prev price |
+Day |
+Week |
+ Month change % |
+
+
+| change |
+change % |
+change |
+change % |
+
+
+| VF Cp |
+17.19 |
+16.57 |
+0.62 |
+3.71 |
+-3.22 |
+-13.2 |
+-6.90 |
+
+
+| Walgreen |
+9.49 |
+9.34 |
+0.15 |
+1.61 |
+-1.32 |
+-11.0 |
+15.33 |
+
+
+| HCA Hold |
+364.99 |
+398.90 |
+-33.91 |
+-8.50 |
+-7.58 |
+-10.2 |
+-9.74 |
+
+
+| CVS |
+57.19 |
+56.12 |
+1.07 |
+1.91 |
+-7.55 |
+-10.2 |
+-2.39 |
+
+
+| ShenwanHong |
+0.06 |
+0.06 |
+0.00 |
+0.00 |
+-0.01 |
+-0.2 |
+42.88 |
+
+
+| Cigna |
+320.55 |
+318.24 |
+2.31 |
+0.73 |
+-34.38 |
+-9.2 |
+-8.16 |
+
+
+| Danaher |
+249.27 |
+248.00 |
+1.27 |
+0.51 |
+-23.98 |
+-8.4 |
+-7.03 |
+
+
+| Hind Unilever |
+2528.05 |
+2505.10 |
+22.95 |
+0.92 |
+-233.55 |
+-7.7 |
+-14.32 |
+
+
+| LllydsBkg |
+57.66 |
+62.08 |
+-4.42 |
+-7.12 |
+-0.10 |
+-7.3 |
+-0.89 |
+
+
+| Lockheed |
+565.81 |
+564.21 |
+1.60 |
+0.28 |
+-45.41 |
+-7.2 |
+-1.97 |
+
+
+| L&T |
+3326.40 |
+3442.65 |
+-116.25 |
+-3.38 |
+-127.55 |
+-6.8 |
+-12.27 |
+
+
+| 3M |
+126.43 |
+126.47 |
+-0.04 |
+-0.03 |
+-9.21 |
+-6.8 |
+-7.35 |
+
+
+| IBM |
+217.12 |
+218.39 |
+-1.27 |
+-0.58 |
+-14.49 |
+-6.8 |
+-1.93 |
+
+
+| MuenchRkv |
+470.50 |
+474.50 |
+-4.00 |
+-0.84 |
+-29.30 |
+-6.7 |
+-6.80 |
+
+
+| ThrmoFshr |
+560.35 |
+557.38 |
+2.97 |
+0.53 |
+-41.37 |
+-6.5 |
+-6.55 |
+
+
+| Kimb-Clark |
+136.63 |
+137.01 |
+-0.38 |
+-0.28 |
+-9.08 |
+-6.5 |
+-3.19 |
+
+
+| SamsungEl |
+55900.00 |
+56600.00 |
+-700.00 |
+-1.24 |
+-3100.00 |
+-6.4 |
+-10.44 |
+
+
+| OilNatGas |
+264.05 |
+269.10 |
+-5.05 |
+-1.88 |
+-12.50 |
+-6.2 |
+-11.82 |
+
+
+| GenElectric |
+180.62 |
+179.74 |
+0.88 |
+0.49 |
+-12.38 |
+-6.2 |
+-4.64 |
+
+
+| Shrwin-Will |
+364.87 |
+361.59 |
+3.28 |
+0.91 |
+-27.49 |
+-6.2 |
+-4.26 |
+
+
+
+Based on the FT Global 500 companies in local currency
+
+## BOND INDICES
+
+
+
+ |
+Index |
+Day's change |
+Month's change |
+Year change |
+Return 1 month |
+Return 1 year |
+
+
+| Markit IBoxx |
+
+
+| ABF Pan-Asia unhedged |
+223.03 |
+0.06 |
+-3.62 |
+3.57 |
+-2.77 |
+11.76 |
+
+
+| Corporates (£) |
+362.87 |
+-0.04 |
+0.04 |
+2.36 |
+-0.17 |
+11.54 |
+
+
+| Corporates (€) |
+233.50 |
+0.29 |
+0.38 |
+4.10 |
+0.47 |
+10.02 |
+
+
+| Eurozone Sov(€) |
+226.39 |
+0.56 |
+-0.11 |
+1.31 |
+0.06 |
+9.14 |
+
+
+| Gilts (£) |
+274.45 |
+0.00 |
+-1.23 |
+-1.75 |
+-1.91 |
+7.63 |
+
+
+| Overall (£) |
+290.35 |
+-0.01 |
+-0.93 |
+-0.70 |
+-1.49 |
+8.31 |
+
+
+| Overall(€) |
+224.15 |
+0.45 |
+0.00 |
+2.41 |
+0.15 |
+9.20 |
+
+
+| FTSE |
+
+
+| Sterling Corporate (£) |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| Euro Corporate (€) |
+104.47 |
+-0.05 |
+- |
+- |
+0.54 |
+-1.73 |
+
+
+| Euro Emerging Mkts (€) |
+728.48 |
+-0.99 |
+- |
+- |
+-7.11 |
+3.10 |
+
+
+| Eurozone Govt Bond |
+110.04 |
+-0.19 |
+- |
+- |
+-0.34 |
+-0.64 |
+
+
+
+
+| CREDIT INDICES |
+Index |
+Day's change |
+Week's change |
+Month's change |
+Series high |
+Series low |
+
+
+| Markit iTraxx |
+
+
+| Crossover 5Y |
+307.27 |
+-1.78 |
+7.92 |
+-7.30 |
+319.34 |
+298.14 |
+
+
+| Europe 5Y |
+56.79 |
+-0.52 |
+1.53 |
+-2.17 |
+60.20 |
+53.22 |
+
+
+| Japan 5Y |
+51.98 |
+0.01 |
+1.08 |
+0.46 |
+53.42 |
+50.36 |
+
+
+| Senior Financials 5Y |
+63.35 |
+-0.81 |
+1.42 |
+-3.33 |
+68.89 |
+61.93 |
+
+
+| Markit CDX |
+
+
+| Emerging Markets 5Y |
+167.36 |
+-2.16 |
+5.13 |
+4.54 |
+169.52 |
+160.75 |
+
+
+| Nth Amer High Yld 5Y |
+329.92 |
+-2.69 |
+4.75 |
+- |
+336.78 |
+322.63 |
+
+
+| Nth Amer Inv Grade 5Y |
+52.55 |
+-0.78 |
+1.17 |
+0.28 |
+54.33 |
+51.16 |
+
+
+
+Websites: markit.com, ftse.com. All indices shown are unhedged. Currencies are shown in brackets after the index names.
+
+## BONDS:INDEX-LINKED
+
+
+
+ |
+PriceOct 24 |
+Yield |
+Monthreturn |
+Valuestock |
+Market |
+No ofstocks |
+
+
+| Oct 24 |
+Prev |
+
+
+| Can 4.25% '26 |
+105.84 |
+1.412 |
+1.399 |
+-0.01 |
+5.25 |
+72234.14 |
+8 |
+
+
+| Fr 0.10% '26 |
+99.02 |
+0.838 |
+0.859 |
+0.38 |
+12.74 |
+266746.73 |
+18 |
+
+
+| Swe 0.125% '26 |
+130.22 |
+0.965 |
+1.065 |
+0.11 |
+33.71 |
+207364.16 |
+6 |
+
+
+| UK 0.125% '26 |
+99.26 |
+0.652 |
+0.629 |
+0.61 |
+13.45 |
+549324.45 |
+32 |
+
+
+ |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| UK 2.00% '35 |
+247.23 |
+0.743 |
+0.716 |
+-0.50 |
+9.08 |
+549324.45 |
+32 |
+
+
+| US 3.625% '26 |
+98.12 |
+2.188 |
+2.189 |
+0.15 |
+42.13 |
+1697578.81 |
+48 |
+
+
+| US 3.625% '28 |
+105.99 |
+1.836 |
+1.843 |
+-0.79 |
+16.78 |
+1697578.81 |
+48 |
+
+
+
+Representative stocks from each major market Source: Merill Lynch Global Bond Indices † Local currencies. ‡ Total market value in line with market; convention, for UK Gilts inflation factor is applied to price, for other markets it is applied to par amount.
+
+## BONDS:TEN YEAR GOVT SPREADS
+
+
+
+ |
+BidYield |
+Spreadvs Bunds |
+Spreadvs T-Bonds |
+
+
+| Australia |
+4.32 |
+2.34 |
+0.26 |
+
+
+| Austria |
+2.31 |
+0.33 |
+-1.75 |
+
+
+| Canada |
+3.05 |
+1.07 |
+-1.01 |
+
+
+| Denmark |
+1.87 |
+-0.11 |
+-2.19 |
+
+
+| Finland |
+2.38 |
+0.40 |
+-1.68 |
+
+
+| Germany |
+1.98 |
+0.00 |
+-2.08 |
+
+
+| Italy |
+1.18 |
+-0.80 |
+-2.88 |
+
+
+| Japan |
+0.58 |
+-1.40 |
+-3.48 |
+
+
+| Netherlands |
+2.09 |
+0.11 |
+-1.97 |
+
+
+| New Zealand |
+4.26 |
+2.29 |
+0.20 |
+
+
+| Norway |
+3.55 |
+1.57 |
+-0.51 |
+
+
+| Portugal |
+2.00 |
+0.03 |
+-2.06 |
+
+
+| Spain |
+2.47 |
+0.49 |
+-1.59 |
+
+
+| Sweden |
+0.47 |
+-1.51 |
+-3.59 |
+
+
+| Switzerland |
+0.36 |
+-1.62 |
+-3.70 |
+
+
+| United States |
+4.06 |
+2.08 |
+0.00 |
+
+
+
+Interactive Data Pricing and Reference Data LLC, an ICE Data Services company.
+
+
+
+### BONDS: HIGH YIELD & EMERGING MARKET
+
+
+
+
+| Oct 25 |
+Red date |
+Coupon |
+Ratings |
+Bid price |
+Bid yield |
+Day's chg yield |
+Mth's chg yield |
+Spread vs US |
+
+
+| S* |
+M* |
+F* |
+
+
+
+
+| High Yield US$ |
+
+
+| Petrobras Global Fin BV (PGF) |
+05/26 |
+8.00 |
+BB- |
+Ba1 |
+B3 |
+104.93 |
+5.44 |
+-0.03 |
+0.33 |
+1.38 |
+
+
+
+| Emerging US$ |
+
+
+| Turkey |
+03/21 |
+5.00 |
+- |
+WR |
+NR |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| Turkey |
+09/21 |
+9.00 |
+- |
+- |
+NR |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| Poland |
+04/26 |
+3.00 |
+A- |
+A2 |
+A- |
+98.47 |
+4.35 |
+-0.07 |
+0.29 |
+0.29 |
+
+
+| Mexico |
+05/26 |
+11.00 |
+BBB |
+Baa2 |
+BBB- |
+109.98 |
+4.76 |
+-0.06 |
+0.16 |
+- |
+
+
+| Brazil |
+01/27 |
+10.00 |
+- |
+Ba2 |
+B3 |
+98.44 |
+12.64 |
+-0.24 |
+0.35 |
+8.58 |
+
+
+| Brazil |
+01/27 |
+10.00 |
+- |
+Ba2 |
+B3 |
+98.44 |
+12.64 |
+-0.24 |
+0.35 |
+8.58 |
+
+
+| Colombia |
+03/28 |
+11.00 |
+BB+ |
+Baa2 |
+BB+ |
+115.00 |
+6.79 |
+0.00 |
+-0.08 |
+- |
+
+
+| Peru |
+08/28 |
+6.00 |
+- |
+Baa1 |
+BBB |
+104.81 |
+4.94 |
+-0.03 |
+0.10 |
+0.88 |
+
+
+| Peru |
+08/28 |
+6.00 |
+- |
+Baa1 |
+BBB |
+104.81 |
+4.94 |
+-0.03 |
+0.10 |
+0.88 |
+
+
+| Emerging Euro |
+
+
+| Brazil |
+01/27 |
+10.00 |
+- |
+Ba2 |
+B3 |
+98.44 |
+12.64 |
+-0.24 |
+0.35 |
+8.58 |
+
+
+| Bulgaria |
+03/28 |
+3.00 |
+- |
+Baa1 |
+BBB |
+100.50 |
+2.84 |
+0.00 |
+-0.08 |
+-1.22 |
+
+
+| Mexico |
+11/47 |
+8.00 |
+- |
+Baa2 |
+BBB- |
+79.22 |
+10.38 |
+-0.01 |
+0.67 |
+- |
+
+
+| Mexico |
+11/47 |
+8.00 |
+- |
+Baa2 |
+BBB- |
+79.22 |
+10.38 |
+-0.01 |
+0.67 |
+- |
+
+
+
+
+Interactive Data Pricing and Reference Data II, an ICF Data Services company. US$ denominated bonds NY close; all other London close. *S- Standard & Poor's, M- Moody's, F- Fitch.
+
+## VOLATILITY INDICES
+
+
+
+
+
+ |
+Oct 25 |
+Day Chng |
+Prev |
+52 wk high |
+52 wk low |
+
+
+
+
+| VIX |
+18.92 |
+-0.16 |
+19.08 |
+65.73 |
+10.62 |
+
+
+| VXD |
+17.53 |
+-0.09 |
+17.62 |
+40.91 |
+3.74 |
+
+
+| VXN |
+22.59 |
+0.12 |
+22.47 |
+40.12 |
+6.48 |
+
+
+| VDAX |
+17.38 |
+-0.39 |
+17.77 |
+93.30 |
+- |
+
+
+
+† CBOE. VIX: S&P 500 Index Options Volatility, VXD: DJIA Index Options Volatility, VXN: NASDAQ Index Options Volatility.
+
+‡ Deutsche Borse. VDAX: DAX Index Options Volatility.
+
+## BONDS: BENCHMARK GOVERNMENT
+
+
+
+
+ |
+Red Date |
+Coupon |
+Bid Price |
+Bid Yield |
+Day chg yield |
+Wk chg yield |
+Month chg yld |
+Year chg yld |
+
+
+
+
+| Australia |
+ |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| 05/32 |
+1.25 |
+80.36 |
+4.32 |
+-0.02 |
+0.18 |
+0.44 |
+-0.32 |
+
+
+| 02/50 |
+1.00 |
+89.83 |
+2.42 |
+-0.02 |
+0.11 |
+0.42 |
+0.05 |
+
+
+| Austria |
+02/29 |
+0.50 |
+92.64 |
+2.31 |
+-0.06 |
+-0.02 |
+0.07 |
+-0.93 |
+
+
+| 02/47 |
+1.50 |
+75.37 |
+3.04 |
+-0.00 |
+0.01 |
+0.02 |
+-0.73 |
+
+
+| Belgium |
+06/27 |
+0.80 |
+96.44 |
+2.20 |
+-0.05 |
+-0.04 |
+0.03 |
+-0.91 |
+
+
+| 06/47 |
+1.60 |
+72.62 |
+3.34 |
+-0.08 |
+0.03 |
+0.05 |
+-0.64 |
+
+
+| Canada |
+03/25 |
+1.25 |
+99.22 |
+3.53 |
+-0.02 |
+-0.09 |
+-0.14 |
+-1.40 |
+
+
+| 06/30 |
+1.25 |
+90.78 |
+3.05 |
+-0.01 |
+0.07 |
+0.28 |
+-1.07 |
+
+
+| 12/43 |
+2.75 |
+89.75 |
+3.37 |
+-0.04 |
+0.05 |
+0.24 |
+-0.47 |
+
+
+| Denmark |
+11/29 |
+0.50 |
+93.45 |
+1.87 |
+-0.07 |
+-0.01 |
+0.02 |
+-1.07 |
+
+
+| 11/52 |
+0.25 |
+56.93 |
+2.37 |
+-0.09 |
+0.00 |
+0.05 |
+-0.80 |
+
+
+| Finland |
+ |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| 09/23 |
+0.50 |
+91.42 |
+2.38 |
+-0.07 |
+0.00 |
+0.08 |
+-0.85 |
+
+
+| France |
+05/23 |
+0.75 |
+94.41 |
+2.40 |
+-0.06 |
+-0.01 |
+0.04 |
+-0.73 |
+
+
+| 05/43 |
+2.00 |
+76.81 |
+3.45 |
+-0.08 |
+0.03 |
+0.03 |
+-0.5 |
+
+
+| Germany |
+
+
+| 08/29 |
+0.00 |
+91.03 |
+1.98 |
+-0.07 |
+0.00 |
+0.09 |
+-0.71 |
+
+
+| 08/50 |
+0.00 |
+52.43 |
+2.53 |
+-0.08 |
+0.04 |
+0.10 |
+-0.47 |
+
+
+| Greece |
+ |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| 01/23 |
+3.75 |
+104.77 |
+2.21 |
+-0.06 |
+-0.01 |
+0.00 |
+-1.46 |
+
+
+| Ireland |
+ |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| 05/25 |
+1.00 |
+98.21 |
+2.19 |
+-0.05 |
+-0.08 |
+0.00 |
+-0.99 |
+
+
+| 02/45 |
+2.00 |
+86.27 |
+2.90 |
+-0.08 |
+0.02 |
+0.06 |
+-0.85 |
+
+
+
+| Italy |
+02/25 |
+0.35 |
+99.29 |
+3.11 |
+-0.05 |
+-0.09 |
+-0.01 |
+-0.78 |
+
+
+| 05/31 |
+0.40 |
+95.81 |
+1.18 |
+-0.03 |
+0.04 |
+-0.04 |
+-1.08 |
+
+
+| 03/43 |
+3.45 |
+92.35 |
+3.95 |
+-0.06 |
+0.07 |
+0.03 |
+-1.17 |
+
+
+| Japan |
+04/25 |
+0.05 |
+99.84 |
+0.38 |
+0.00 |
+0.03 |
+0.09 |
+0.28 |
+
+
+| 12/29 |
+0.13 |
+97.57 |
+0.58 |
+-0.02 |
+-0.01 |
+0.07 |
+0.12 |
+
+
+| 12/43 |
+0.40 |
+97.56 |
+2.06 |
+-0.02 |
+-0.05 |
+0.10 |
+0.26 |
+
+
+| Netherlands |
+07/27 |
+0.75 |
+96.49 |
+2.09 |
+-0.06 |
+-0.03 |
+0.04 |
+-0.90 |
+
+
+| 01/47 |
+2.75 |
+100.12 |
+2.74 |
+-0.08 |
+0.03 |
+0.06 |
+-0.60 |
+
+
+| New Zealand |
+05/31 |
+1.50 |
+84.35 |
+4.26 |
+-0.02 |
+0.09 |
+0.25 |
+-1.16 |
+
+
+| 09/40 |
+2.50 |
+121.30 |
+2.90 |
+-0.01 |
+0.02 |
+0.24 |
+-0.42 |
+
+
+| Norway |
+08/30 |
+1.38 |
+88.77 |
+3.55 |
+-0.01 |
+0.07 |
+0.29 |
+-0.25 |
+
+
+| Poland |
+ |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| 07/27 |
+2.50 |
+93.55 |
+5.08 |
+-0.05 |
+-0.02 |
+0.34 |
+-0.36 |
+
+
+| 04/47 |
+4.00 |
+76.68 |
+5.90 |
+-0.17 |
+0.02 |
+0.35 |
+0.08 |
+
+
+| Portugal |
+04/27 |
+4.13 |
+105.03 |
+2.00 |
+-0.05 |
+-0.04 |
+-0.02 |
+-1.15 |
+
+
+| Spain |
+ |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| 10/29 |
+0.60 |
+91.29 |
+2.47 |
+-0.07 |
+0.01 |
+0.02 |
+-1.09 |
+
+| 10/45 |
+2.90 |
+90.91 |
+3.50 |
+-0.08 |
+0.03 |
+-0.01 |
+-0.96 |
+
+
+| Sweden |
+06/30 |
+0.13 |
+120.75 |
+0.47 |
+-0.05 |
+0.04 |
+-0.07 |
+-0.85 |
+
+
+| 03/39 |
+3.50 |
+115.03 |
+2.27 |
+-0.05 |
+0.07 |
+0.12 |
+-0.83 |
+
+
+| Switzerland |
+04/23 |
+4.00 |
+112.52 |
+0.34 |
+-0.02 |
+0.04 |
+-0.01 |
+-0.71 |
+
+
+| 06/29 |
+0.00 |
+98.35 |
+0.36 |
+-0.03 |
+0.02 |
+-0.01 |
+-0.68 |
+
+
+| United Kingdom |
+ |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| 07/27 |
+1.25 |
+93.28 |
+3.86 |
+0.03 |
+0.08 |
+0.11 |
+-0.56 |
+
+| 07/47 |
+1.50 |
+55.71 |
+4.69 |
+0.00 |
+0.12 |
+0.16 |
+-0.33 |
+
+
+| United States |
+ |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| 03/25 |
+0.50 |
+98.32 |
+4.46 |
+0.02 |
+0.02 |
+0.08 |
+-0.83 |
+
+
+| 02/30 |
+1.50 |
+87.88 |
+4.06 |
+-0.04 |
+0.11 |
+0.44 |
+-0.81 |
+
+
+| 02/50 |
+0.25 |
+62.54 |
+2.18 |
+-0.04 |
+0.06 |
+0.24 |
+-0.35 |
+
+
+
+Interactive Data Pricing and Reference Data LLC, an ICE Data Services company.
+
+
+
+## BONDS:GLOBAL INVESTMENT GRADE
+
+
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+Days |
+Mths |
+Spread |
+
+
+ |
+Red |
+ |
+Ratings |
+Bid |
+Bid |
+chge |
+chge |
+ vs |
+
+
+| Oct 25 |
+date |
+Coupon |
+S* |
+M* |
+F* |
+price |
+yield |
+yield |
+yield |
+US |
+
+
+
+
+| US$ |
+
+
+| Truist Financial Corporation |
+01/28 |
+6.00 |
+A- |
+A3 |
+A |
+99.84 |
+6.05 |
+-0.04 |
+0.38 |
+- |
+
+
+| Morgan Stanley |
+01/28 |
+4.00 |
+A- |
+A1 |
+A+ |
+96.63 |
+5.14 |
+-0.03 |
+0.30 |
+- |
+
+
+| National Rural Utilities Cooperative Finance Corporation |
+02/28 |
+3.00 |
+A- |
+A2 |
+A |
+93.51 |
+5.14 |
+-0.04 |
+0.44 |
+1.08 |
+
+
+| Washington Gas Light Company |
+03/28 |
+6.00 |
+A- |
+WR |
+A |
+103.26 |
+5.77 |
+-0.09 |
+0.36 |
+- |
+
+
+| Northern States Power Company Minnesota |
+03/28 |
+6.00 |
+A+ |
+Aa3 |
+A+ |
+104.58 |
+5.00 |
+0.01 |
+0.67 |
+- |
+
+
+| Barclays Bank plc |
+01/29 |
+4.00 |
+A+ |
+A1 |
+A+ |
+96.06 |
+5.55 |
+-0.03 |
+0.33 |
+- |
+
+
+| Euro |
+
+
+| Spain |
+11/24 |
+1.00 |
+- |
+Baa1 |
+A- |
+99.76 |
+4.54 |
+0.24 |
+1.08 |
+0.48 |
+
+
+| Spain |
+10/46 |
+2.00 |
+- |
+Baa1 |
+A- |
+90.91 |
+3.50 |
+-0.08 |
+-0.01 |
+- |
+
+
+| Belgium |
+06/47 |
+1.00 |
+- |
+NR |
+AA- |
+72.62 |
+3.34 |
+-0.08 |
+0.05 |
+- |
+
+
+| France |
+05/48 |
+2.00 |
+- |
+Aa2 |
+AA- |
+76.81 |
+3.45 |
+-0.08 |
+0.03 |
+- |
+
+
+| Yen |
+
+
+| Japan |
+03/55 |
+1.00 |
+- |
+A1 |
+A |
+82.33 |
+2.20 |
+-0.01 |
+0.08 |
+- |
+
+
+| £ Sterling |
+
+
+| National Grid Electricity Transmission plc |
+07/28 |
+6.00 |
+- |
+Baa1 |
+A- |
+103.11 |
+5.55 |
+0.04 |
+-0.01 |
+- |
+
+
+| Anglian Water Services Financing Plc |
+01/29 |
+6.00 |
+- |
+A3 |
+A- |
+103.78 |
+5.59 |
+0.00 |
+-0.01 |
+- |
+
+
+
+Interactive Data Pricing and Reference Data LLC, an ICE Data Services company. US$ denominated bonds NY close; all other London close. *S- Standard & Poor's, M- Moody's, F- Fitch.
+
+## GILTS: UK CASH MARKET
+
+
+
+
+
+| Oct 25 |
+Price £ |
+Red Yield |
+Change in Yield |
+52 Week |
+Amt Em |
+
+
+| Day |
+Week |
+Month |
+Year |
+High |
+Low |
+
+
+
+
+ |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+ |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+ |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| Tr 2pc '25 |
+98.03 |
+4.36 |
+0.46 |
+1.63 |
+2.83 |
+-6.84 |
+98.05 |
+95.37 |
+40.34 |
+
+
+| Tr 0.125pc '26 |
+95.70 |
+3.66 |
+0.83 |
+3.98 |
+-0.81 |
+-17.75 |
+95.80 |
+90.53 |
+37.68 |
+
+
+| Tr 1.25pc '27 |
+93.25 |
+3.88 |
+0.78 |
+4.02 |
+4.30 |
+-11.82 |
+93.38 |
+89.41 |
+41.41 |
+
+
+| Tr 0.875pc '29 |
+86.49 |
+3.88 |
+0.52 |
+-1.02 |
+1.04 |
+-13.00 |
+102.33 |
+81.75 |
+44.07 |
+
+
+| Tr 1pc '32 |
+80.99 |
+4.05 |
+0.00 |
+3.58 |
+5.19 |
+-10.60 |
+83.39 |
+76.12 |
+36.33 |
+
+
+| Tr 4.25pc '36 |
+99.61 |
+4.29 |
+-0.23 |
+3.62 |
+4.89 |
+-10.06 |
+106.09 |
+95.51 |
+32.01 |
+
+
+| Tr 4.5pc '42 |
+98.72 |
+4.60 |
+-0.43 |
+2.91 |
+3.37 |
+-8.55 |
+106.98 |
+93.87 |
+28.65 |
+
+
+| Tr 3.75pc '52 |
+85.40 |
+4.70 |
+-0.42 |
+2.62 |
+2.84 |
+-6.93 |
+95.61 |
+80.74 |
+25.37 |
+
+
+| Tr 4pc '60 |
+88.83 |
+4.65 |
+-0.43 |
+2.65 |
+2.42 |
+-6.25 |
+101.27 |
+84.28 |
+25.39 |
+
+
+
+Gilts benchmarks & non-rump undated stocks. Closing mid-price in pounds per £100 nominal of stock.
+
+## GILTS: UK FTSE ACTUARIES INDICES
+
+
+
+
+| Price Indices: Fixed Coupon |
+Oct 25 |
+Day's chg % |
+Total Return |
+Return 1 month |
+Return 1 year |
+Yield |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 Up to 5 Years |
+83.62 |
+-0.02 |
+2495.88 |
+-0.05 |
+5.35 |
+3.98 |
+
+
+| 2 5-10 Years |
+147.34 |
+0.02 |
+3265.99 |
+-1.11 |
+7.27 |
+4.09 |
+
+
+| 3 10-15 Years |
+152.39 |
+0.10 |
+3721.66 |
+-1.81 |
+9.54 |
+4.37 |
+
+
+| 4 5-15 Years |
+147.37 |
+0.04 |
+3375.75 |
+-1.34 |
+8.02 |
+4.21 |
+
+
+| 5 Over 15 Years |
+192.47 |
+0.43 |
+3947.15 |
+-2.16 |
+10.99 |
+4.62 |
+
+
+| 7 All stocks |
+131.67 |
+0.13 |
+3091.70 |
+-1.11 |
+8.01 |
+4.43 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| Index Linked |
+Oct 25 |
+Day's chg % |
+Month chg % |
+Years chg % |
+Total Return |
+Return 1 month |
+Return 1 year |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 Up to 5 Years |
+344.34 |
+-0.07 |
+0.44 |
+4.10 |
+2963.33 |
+0.44 |
+5.04 |
+
+
+| 2 Over 5 years |
+515.32 |
+0.26 |
+-1.01 |
+8.71 |
+3974.54 |
+-1.01 |
+9.46 |
+
+
+| 3 5-15 years |
+464.91 |
+-0.01 |
+-0.55 |
+5.98 |
+3827.54 |
+-0.55 |
+7.08 |
+
+
+| 4 Over 15 years |
+549.07 |
+0.45 |
+-1.32 |
+10.69 |
+4094.44 |
+-1.32 |
+11.20 |
+
+
+| 5 All stocks |
+498.69 |
+0.20 |
+-0.75 |
+7.60 |
+3928.06 |
+-0.75 |
+8.40 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| Yield Indices |
+Oct 25 |
+Oct 24 |
+Yr ago |
+ |
+Oct 25 |
+Oct 24 |
+Yr ago |
+
+
+
+
+| 5 Yrs |
+3.95 |
+3.94 |
+4.41 |
+20 Yrs |
+4.61 |
+4.63 |
+5.01 |
+
+
+| 10 Yrs |
+4.22 |
+4.22 |
+4.64 |
+45 Yrs |
+4.50 |
+4.52 |
+4.84 |
+
+
+| 15 Yrs |
+4.47 |
+4.48 |
+4.89 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ |
+inflation 0% |
+inflation 5% |
+
+
+| Real yield |
+Oct 25 |
+Dur yrs |
+Previous |
+Yr ago |
+Oct 25 |
+Dur yrs |
+Previous |
+Yr ago |
+
+
+
+
+| Up to 5 yrs |
+0.19 |
+3.22 |
+0.17 |
+1.20 |
+0.05 |
+3.22 |
+0.01 |
+0.81 |
+
+
+| Over 5 yrs |
+1.18 |
+18.53 |
+1.20 |
+1.46 |
+1.15 |
+18.59 |
+1.16 |
+1.43 |
+
+
+| 5-15 yrs |
+0.70 |
+9.50 |
+0.70 |
+1.10 |
+0.06 |
+9.50 |
+0.06 |
+0.99 |
+
+
+| Over 15 yrs |
+1.29 |
+24.32 |
+1.31 |
+1.56 |
+1.28 |
+24.33 |
+1.29 |
+1.54 |
+
+
+| All stocks |
+1.15 |
+15.88 |
+1.16 |
+1.45 |
+1.11 |
+15.94 |
+1.12 |
+1.40 |
+
+
+
+
+See FTSE website for more details www.tse.com/products/indices/gilts ©2024 Tradeweb Markets LLC. All rights reserved. The Tradeweb FTSE
+Gilt Closing Prices information contained herein is proprietary to Tradeweb; may not be copied or re-distributed; is not warranted to be accurate, complete or timely; and does not constitute investment advice. Tradeweb is not responsible for any loss or damage that might result from the use of this information.
+
+
+
+All data provided by Morningstar unless otherwise noted. All elements listed are indicative and believed accurate at the time of publication. No offer is made by Morningstar, its suppliers, or the FT. Neither the FT, nor Morningstar’s suppliers, warrant or guarantee that the information is reliable or complete. Neither the FT nor Morningstar’s suppliers accept responsibility and will not be liable for any loss arising from the reliance on the use of the listed information. For all queries e mail ft.reader.enquiries@morningstar.com
+
+**Data provided by Morningstar | www.morningstar.co.uk**
+
+
+
+
+
+FINANCIAL
+TIMES
+
+*Available to Premium subscribers
+
+
+
+**swamp notes**
+
+
+The FT's newsletteron USpolitics and power.
+
+**Sign up now at ft.com/newsletters
+
+# FINANCIAL TIMES SHARE SERVICE
+
+
+
+## Main Market
+
+
+
+
+ |
+Price |
++/- Week |
+52 Week |
+Yld |
+P/E |
+Vol 000s |
+
+
+| High |
+Low |
+
+
+
+
+| Aerospace & Defence |
+
+
+| Avon Protection |
+1244 |
+-12.00 |
+1400 |
+720.73 |
+1.89 |
+-20.43 |
+31.9 |
+
+
+| BAE Sys♦ |
+1292 |
+-32.50 |
+1415.25 |
+1012.5 |
+2.32 |
+21.53 |
+2912.0 |
+
+
+| Chemring |
+358.50 |
+-20.00 |
+428.00 |
+268.50 |
+1.92 |
+32.89 |
+476.6 |
+
+
+| Automobiles & Parts |
+
+
+| FordMtr S✠ |
+11.11 |
+0.01 |
+14.85 |
+9.49 |
+5.55 |
+11.26 |
+14815.5 |
+
+
+| Banks |
+
+
+| ANZ A$✠ |
+31.71 |
+-0.11 |
+31.95 |
+23.90 |
+5.58 |
+13.91 |
+2506.1 |
+
+
+| BcoSant |
+375.50 |
+-5.00 |
+423.00 |
+291.50 |
+3.97 |
+6.23 |
+567.6 |
+
+
+| BnkGeorgia |
+4000 |
+-115.00 |
+5510 |
+3075 |
+5.70 |
+2.96 |
+64.7 |
+
+
+| Banklre Grp€♦ |
+8.79 |
+-0.17 |
+10.99 |
+7.74 |
+6.94 |
+5.89 |
+559.3 |
+
+
+| BkNvaS C$✠♦ |
+72.18 |
+-1.78 |
+74.29 |
+55.20 |
+5.96 |
+12.45 |
+564.5 |
+
+
+| Barclays■ |
+241.40 |
+-0.85 |
+251.30 |
+128.12 |
+3.31 |
+9.39 |
+39158.3 |
+
+
+| Canimp C$✠♦ |
+87.24 |
+0.76 |
+87.74 |
+47.44 |
+4.15 |
+12.44 |
+673.1 |
+
+
+| HSBC■ |
+682.10 |
+1.50 |
+725.20 |
+572.90 |
+7.15 |
+7.43 |
+12262.1 |
+
+
+| LlydsBkg■ |
+57.66 |
+-4.52 |
+64.67 |
+39.54 |
+4.79 |
+8.24 |
+309442.4 |
+
+
+| NWG■ |
+363.90 |
+3.20 |
+381.50 |
+168.00 |
+4.67 |
+7.83 |
+38317.8 |
+
+
+| PemTSB € |
+2.35 |
+-0.11 |
+2.81 |
+1.18 |
+- |
+21.39 |
+65.9 |
+
+
+| RylElk C$✠♦ |
+170.77 |
+-3.31 |
+175.04 |
+107.92 |
+3.29 |
+14.90 |
+2871.4 |
+
+
+| StandCh■ |
+853.00 |
+14.60 |
+865.60 |
+571.00 |
+2.50 |
+9.49 |
+4432.2 |
+
+
+| .7.375%Pf |
+110.55 |
+0.25 |
+118.84 |
+97.79 |
+6.67 |
+- |
+10.0 |
+
+
+| .8.25%Pf |
+121.50 |
+-0.15 |
+129.23 |
+109.20 |
+6.79 |
+- |
+550.0 |
+
+
+| IntoDom C$✠♦ |
+78.53 |
+0.69 |
+87.99 |
+73.67 |
+5.20 |
+17.91 |
+901.1 |
+
+
+| Westpc A$✠ |
+32.14 |
+-0.41 |
+33.78 |
+20.41 |
+4.46 |
+17.76 |
+2234.2 |
+
+
+| Chemicals |
+
+
+| Elemntis |
+138.60 |
+-5.20 |
+169.80 |
+107.60 |
+1.18 |
+-29.70 |
+773.3 |
+
+
+| Johnson Mtthey |
+1531 |
+6.00 |
+1917.07 |
+1428.5 |
+5.03 |
+26.26 |
+278.4 |
+
+
+| Victrex |
+860.00 |
+-25.00 |
+1577 |
+855.00 |
+6.93 |
+24.57 |
+218.1 |
+
+
+| Construction & Materials |
+
+
+| Boo(H) |
+230.00 |
+0.00 |
+239.00 |
+170.00 |
+3.01 |
+11.92 |
+33.0 |
+
+
+| GalfrdT |
+367.00 |
+-3.00 |
+379.00 |
+209.00 |
+2.86 |
+26.59 |
+192.8 |
+
+
+| MorgSdl |
+3815 |
+496.00 |
+3970 |
+1768 |
+2.99 |
+14.57 |
+95.4 |
+
+
+| Electronic & Electrical Equip |
+
+
+| Dialight |
+142.50 |
+-17.50 |
+275.64 |
+135.00 |
+- |
+-12.45 |
+54.1 |
+
+
+| Discoverie PLC |
+668.00 |
+-9.00 |
+808.00 |
+561.00 |
+1.74 |
+42.28 |
+247.0 |
+
+
+| Halma |
+2469 |
+-25.00 |
+2750 |
+1808 |
+0.84 |
+34.79 |
+495.5 |
+
+
+| Morgan Ad♦ |
+254.00 |
+-5.00 |
+347.00 |
+215.50 |
+4.72 |
+10.54 |
+410.2 |
+
+
+| Oxfordln |
+2105 |
+-20.00 |
+2765 |
+1634 |
+0.94 |
+24.34 |
+41.4 |
+
+
+| Renishaw |
+3325 |
+-25.00 |
+4500 |
+2823.42 |
+2.29 |
+24.87 |
+71.6 |
+
+
+| Spectris♦ |
+2558 |
+5.00 |
+3861 |
+2486 |
+3.10 |
+9.53 |
+209.4 |
+
+
+| TT Elect |
+85.00 |
+-3.60 |
+184.00 |
+83.80 |
+8.00 |
+-11.64 |
+263.4 |
+
+
+| XP Power |
+1242 |
+0.00 |
+1758 |
+884.00 |
+- |
+-16.47 |
+29.5 |
+
+
+| Financial General |
+
+| 3i |
+3278 |
+-125.00 |
+3431.61 |
+1925 |
+1.72 |
+8.26 |
+1000.3 |
+
+
+| abrdn |
+141.00 |
+-31.00 |
+186.35 |
+134.60 |
+10.35 |
+8.34 |
+9847.9 |
+
+
+| Rridgapmint Grp Pc♦ |
+319.80 |
+-27.80 |
+391.20 |
+170.00 |
+2.75 |
+39.98 |
+695.9 |
+
+
+| Ctylonlnv |
+368.00 |
+-9.00 |
+387.00 |
+300.00 |
+8.55 |
+12.74 |
+36.3 |
+
+
+| CloseBrs |
+276.60 |
+-106.60 |
+844.10 |
+6.03 |
+24.40 |
+2.92 |
+5074.6 |
+
+
+| ConStans Int Ltd Skr |
+49.50 |
+-3.80 |
+72.90 |
+34.55 |
+1.80 |
+-0.17 |
+21.3 |
+
+
+| Hargr Lans♦ |
+1086 |
+0.00 |
+1169 |
+676.40 |
+3.55 |
+19.36 |
+2292.3 |
+
+
+| Indivardn SKr |
+366.70 |
+2.60 |
+377.70 |
+276.30 |
+2.16 |
+6.87 |
+217.6 |
+
+
+| ICG |
+2124 |
+44.00 |
+2176 |
+1224 |
+3.67 |
+13.27 |
+1022.3 |
+
+
+| Investec |
+589.50 |
+-21.00 |
+620.50 |
+429.60 |
+5.60 |
+8.66 |
+404.5 |
+
+
+| Jupter |
+80.10 |
+-7.30 |
+95.00 |
+71.10 |
+8.61 |
+-44.50 |
+1887.4 |
+
+
+| Liontrust |
+467.50 |
+-22.00 |
+865.00 |
+467.50 |
+15.40 |
+-85.62 |
+238.4 |
+
+
+| LSE Gp■ |
+10605 |
+70.00 |
+11080.2 |
+8152 |
+1.05 |
+76.79 |
+908.3 |
+
+
+| RathbnGrp |
+1740 |
+-112.00 |
+2005 |
+1436 |
+5.00 |
+28.62 |
+38.9 |
+
+
+| Record |
+63.20 |
+-0.10 |
+76.50 |
+56.20 |
+7.28 |
+13.22 |
+75.5 |
+
+
+| S & U |
+1900 |
+-20.00 |
+2310 |
+1525.12 |
+7.00 |
+9.08 |
+2.4 |
+
+
+| Schroder |
+356.80 |
+-16.20 |
+447.60 |
+327.00 |
+6.03 |
+15.18 |
+1270.4 |
+
+
+| Shims Income |
+236.00 |
+2.50 |
+253.00 |
+700.00 |
+6.02 |
+-55.14 |
+28.9 |
+
+
+| StJmsPI |
+846.00 |
+-30.00 |
+892.00 |
+393.60 |
+2.82 |
+-604.29 |
+1659.1 |
+
+
+| TP ICAP♦ |
+233.00 |
+6.00 |
+246.00 |
+153.00 |
+6.35 |
+18.49 |
+813.2 |
+
+
+| Vanquis |
+53.40 |
+-3.70 |
+134.80 |
+42.61 |
+11.24 |
+-5.24 |
+495.7 |
+
+
+| Food & Beverages |
+
+
+| AngloEst |
+658.00 |
+-17.00 |
+778.00 |
+589.80 |
+3.64 |
+5.59 |
+8.6 |
+
+
+| AscBrFd■ |
+2310 |
+-38.00 |
+2765 |
+1939.5 |
+2.05 |
+14.94 |
+437.8 |
+
+
+| Ran(AG) |
+634.00 |
+-2.00 |
+696.00 |
+472.50 |
+2.09 |
+18.52 |
+86.5 |
+
+
+| Britvic |
+1283 |
+-3.00 |
+1301 |
+770.00 |
+2.40 |
+25.21 |
+625.2 |
+
+
+| CarrsGroup |
+111.00 |
+-14.00 |
+150.00 |
+92.00 |
+7.25 |
+-130.91 |
+124.9 |
+
+
+| Coca-Cola HBC |
+2776 |
+-54.00 |
+2890 |
+2065 |
+2.84 |
+19.04 |
+315.8 |
+
+
+| Cranswik |
+5170 |
+-20.00 |
+5240 |
+3394 |
+1.58 |
+24.65 |
+140.8 |
+
+
+| Diageo■ |
+2565.5 |
+-86.00 |
+3268.5 |
+2275 |
+3.18 |
+18.77 |
+3695.0 |
+
+
+| Grncore |
+215.50 |
+-1.50 |
+219.00 |
+85.80 |
+- |
+20.52 |
+680.7 |
+
+
+| HiltonFd |
+921.00 |
+1.00 |
+996.00 |
+534.03 |
+3.47 |
+17.95 |
+151.8 |
+
+
+| Kerry€♦ |
+91.80 |
+0.00 |
+96.60 |
+71.48 |
+1.28 |
+24.09 |
+0.9 |
+
+
+| PremFds |
+190.00 |
+-2.60 |
+195.00 |
+111.80 |
+0.76 |
+14.96 |
+417.9 |
+
+
+| Tata&l yl |
+760.00 |
+-26.50 |
+848.50 |
+587.00 |
+2.54 |
+17.12 |
+2056.0 |
+
+
+| Unilever■ |
+4762 |
+-69.00 |
+5034 |
+3680.5 |
+3.06 |
+21.36 |
+1975.9 |
+
+
+| .NV |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| Health Care Equip & Services |
+
+
+| GNStre kr |
+131.10 |
+-4.10 |
+227.90 |
+110.80 |
+- |
+30.61 |
+554.4 |
+
+
+| Smith & Nephew♦ |
+1088 |
+-39.50 |
+1245.26 |
+387.00 |
+2.75 |
+39.41 |
+4145.8 |
+
+
+| House, Leisure & Pers Goods |
+
+
+| BarntDev♦ |
+482.10 |
+-0.30 |
+582.60 |
+384.15 |
+5.79 |
+41.56 |
+4466.7 |
+
+
+| Bellway |
+3050 |
+-172.00 |
+3384 |
+1993 |
+4.59 |
+16.92 |
+221.3 |
+
+
+| Berkeley |
+4054 |
+-183.00 |
+5560.16 |
+4085.4 |
+1.90 |
+12.54 |
+355.5 |
+
+
+| Burberry Gp |
+785.40 |
+94.40 |
+1751 |
+555.61 |
+8.00 |
+10.63 |
+3094.4 |
+
+
+| Caim Homes |
+179.40 |
+3.80 |
+181.60 |
+93.90 |
+2.98 |
+12.59 |
+191.1 |
+
+
+| GamesWk |
+11880 |
+-10.00 |
+12140 |
+8860 |
+3.54 |
+25.93 |
+63.2 |
+
+
+| Gleeson |
+608.00 |
+-28.00 |
+645.00 |
+391.00 |
+2.30 |
+20.89 |
+46.8 |
+
+
+| Headlam |
+127.00 |
+-3.00 |
+225.00 |
+126.00 |
+11.97 |
+13.23 |
+19.0 |
+
+
+| McBride |
+112.00 |
+-6.00 |
+145.00 |
+38.00 |
+- |
+11.09 |
+149.5 |
+
+
+| Philips € |
+29.48 |
+-0.02 |
+30.22 |
+17.13 |
+- |
+-49.40 |
+1575.2 |
+
+
+| PZCusns |
+87.10 |
+-1.80 |
+159.00 |
+81.50 |
+7.35 |
+-10.83 |
+614.7 |
+
+
+| Redrow |
+779.00 |
+6.50 |
+808.28 |
+449.20 |
+3.85 |
+12.13 |
+29696.3 |
+
+
+| Vistry Group |
+942.00 |
+-26.50 |
+1436 |
+12.65 |
+- |
+12.94 |
+906.0 |
+
+
+| Industrial Engineering |
+
+
+| Bodycote♦ |
+553.00 |
+-11.00 |
+774.00 |
+536.00 |
+4.10 |
+16.81 |
+387.5 |
+
+
+| Goodwin |
+6700 |
+-80.00 |
+8860 |
+4700 |
+1.72 |
+29.84 |
+7.5 |
+
+
+| Hill&Sm |
+2010 |
+-40.00 |
+2330 |
+1604 |
+2.14 |
+21.29 |
+130.9 |
+
+
+| IMI |
+1746 |
+-66.00 |
+1911 |
+1429 |
+1.62 |
+17.98 |
+563.5 |
+
+
+| MelroseInd |
+443.00 |
+1.40 |
+681.20 |
+413.58 |
+1.13 |
+-147.67 |
+3315.2 |
+
+
+| Renold |
+50.00 |
+-1.40 |
+66.80 |
+26.60 |
+- |
+6.85 |
+197.0 |
+
+
+| RHIM |
+3145 |
+-325.00 |
+3827.49 |
+2456 |
+4.85 |
+9.66 |
+16.6 |
+
+
+| Rotork |
+314.40 |
+-8.80 |
+363.00 |
+286.40 |
+2.29 |
+22.62 |
+461.0 |
+
+
+| Severfd |
+82.00 |
+-1.40 |
+84.80 |
+48.10 |
+4.27 |
+15.98 |
+210.1 |
+
+
+| Weir♦ |
+2106 |
+-54.00 |
+2224 |
+1652.5 |
+1.83 |
+24.75 |
+453.0 |
+
+
+| Industrial General |
+
+
+| Coats Group♦ |
+95.20 |
+2.70 |
+104.20 |
+64.30 |
+2.33 |
+19.67 |
+1462.3 |
+
+
+| Macfrine |
+112.50 |
+-1.50 |
+147.50 |
+99.00 |
+3.19 |
+12.30 |
+250.0 |
+
+
+| Smith DS |
+475.60 |
+28.60 |
+484.60 |
+266.90 |
+3.78 |
+17.05 |
+1951.9 |
+
+
+| Smiths |
+1588 |
+-45.00 |
+1829 |
+1537.5 |
+2.62 |
+23.88 |
+637.2 |
+
+
+| Smurfit Westrock |
+3545 |
+179.00 |
+3821 |
+3010 |
+3.62 |
+-24.61 |
+197.8 |
+
+
+| Industrial Transportation |
+
+
+| Braemar |
+255.00 |
+-10.50 |
+317.64 |
+230.00 |
+4.71 |
+19.92 |
+62.0 |
+
+
+| Fisher J |
+345.00 |
+-8.00 |
+371.00 |
+238.73 |
+- |
+-3.57 |
+34.2 |
+
+
+| int'ldistser |
+341.00 |
+-4.20 |
+350.00 |
+209.82 |
+- |
+60.89 |
+1980.0 |
+
+
+| OceanWil |
+1405 |
+-110.00 |
+1640 |
+918.00 |
+4.80 |
+10.18 |
+20.7 |
+
+
+| Insurance |
+
+
+| Admiral |
+2572 |
+-174.00 |
+3143 |
+2424 |
+2.85 |
+19.66 |
+472.2 |
+
+
+| Aviva■ |
+462.60 |
+-25.40 |
+510.70 |
+390.70 |
+7.72 |
+9.99 |
+6213.7 |
+
+
+| Chesnar♦ |
+251.00 |
+-1.00 |
+289.50 |
+240.00 |
+9.55 |
+77.47 |
+194.8 |
+
+
+| Direct Line |
+169.10 |
+-11.10 |
+17506.13 |
+149.50 |
+2.37 |
+7.35 |
+3988.7 |
+
+
+| Eccles prf |
+136.00 |
+-3.00 |
+139.00 |
+117.00 |
+6.34 |
+- |
+24.3 |
+
+
+| Hansard |
+47.50 |
+-0.70 |
+56.00 |
+37.20 |
+9.37 |
+9.90 |
+38.1 |
+
+
+| Hiscox |
+1110 |
+-34.00 |
+1282 |
+935.00 |
+2.66 |
+6.88 |
+437.4 |
+
+
+| Lancashire |
+641.00 |
+-17.00 |
+721.00 |
+527.50 |
+2.50 |
+5.47 |
+158.7 |
+
+
+| Leg&Gen |
+220.50 |
+-9.60 |
+257.80 |
+203.10 |
+9.22 |
+46.52 |
+19631.7 |
+
+
+| Old Mut |
+53.00 |
+-2.80 |
+61.50 |
+41.55 |
+6.79 |
+8.02 |
+229.6 |
+
+
+| PhoenixGrp♦ |
+506.50 |
+-26.00 |
+581.22 |
+436.40 |
+10.39 |
+-9.50 |
+2111.1 |
+
+
+| Prudntl■ |
+647.20 |
+-26.20 |
+954.80 |
+601.40 |
+2.55 |
+25.73 |
+3608.3 |
+
+
+| LEISURE |
+
+
+| Probite InternationalPlc |
+107.00 |
+1.50 |
+109.00 |
+55.70 |
+6.91 |
+7.68 |
+655.5 |
+
+
+| Media |
+
+
+| 4imprint |
+5220 |
+-50.00 |
+6780 |
+4115.9 |
+3.21 |
+21.76 |
+33.8 |
+
+
+| AutoTrader Group PLC |
+880.40 |
+-5.00 |
+889.00 |
+598.60 |
+1.00 |
+31.36 |
+1263.6 |
+
+
+| DlyMailA |
+270.00 |
+0.00 |
+1178 |
+264.50 |
+8.96 |
+10.31 |
+111.0 |
+
+
+| Informa |
+820.00 |
+-18.40 |
+886.00 |
+693.47 |
+2.20 |
+35.96 |
+1346.4 |
+
+
+| ITV♦ |
+75.25 |
+-2.15 |
+89.00 |
+55.49 |
+6.64 |
+6.97 |
+6926.7 |
+
+
+| Peerson |
+1043 |
+4.50 |
+1084 |
+885.20 |
+2.18 |
+21.03 |
+1507.2 |
+
+
+| MEDIA |
+
+
+| Reach PLC |
+95.30 |
+0.40 |
+112.80 |
+58.47 |
+7.70 |
+7.33 |
+316.3 |
+
+
+| Media |
+
+
+| RELX PLC |
+3644 |
+-35.00 |
+3726 |
+43.54 |
+1.61 |
+36.40 |
+2083.2 |
+
+
+| Rightmove PLC |
+618.20 |
+-21.20 |
+710.00 |
+5.31 |
+1.50 |
+25.03 |
+1456.1 |
+
+
+| STV Grp |
+238.50 |
+-0.50 |
+297.00 |
+175.00 |
+4.74 |
+16.45 |
+20.1 |
+
+
+| WPP* |
+822.60 |
+36.40 |
+856.80 |
+656.00 |
+4.79 |
+81.45 |
+1558.5.0 |
+
+
+| Mining |
+
+
+| AngloAmer |
+2434.5 |
+55.00 |
+2813 |
+1630 |
+3.16 |
+-22.63 |
+3222.0 |
+
+
+| AnGoldA R |
+525.78 |
+-2.15 |
+576.02 |
+294.44 |
+0.78 |
+107.45 |
+877.8 |
+
+
+| Antofagasta |
+1811 |
+-18.00 |
+2425 |
+15.82 |
+1.59 |
+29.54 |
+1293.5 |
+
+
+| BHP Group |
+2177 |
+-10.00 |
+2707.5 |
+1941.1 |
+5.55 |
+17.70 |
+856.5 |
+
+
+| Ecora Ressurces |
+63.60 |
+-1.80 |
+101.00 |
+54.20 |
+7.95 |
+10.44 |
+713.2 |
+
+
+| Ferrexpo |
+58.00 |
+5.20 |
+92.90 |
+38.15 |
+- |
+-7.57 |
+1634.7 |
+
+
+| Fresnille |
+758.50 |
+55.50 |
+782.00 |
+435.20 |
+1.53 |
+30.50 |
+1198.5 |
+
+
+| Glencore |
+404.20 |
+-4.50 |
+506.72 |
+3.95 |
+5.66 |
+-127.75 |
+16162.4 |
+
+
+| Harmony R |
+201.89 |
+-0.41 |
+214.68 |
+82.40 |
+0.37 |
+14.34 |
+1773.7 |
+
+
+| Polymtlntl# |
+215.00 |
+0.00 |
+362.02 |
+125.00 |
+- |
+2.47 |
+12.0 |
+
+
+| Rio Tinto |
+5022 |
+26.50 |
+5910 |
+4509 |
+6.82 |
+9.64 |
+2448.0 |
+
+
+| Troy Res A$ |
+0.04 |
+0.00 |
+0.20 |
+0.03 |
+- |
+0.24 |
+3131.9 |
+
+
+| Oil & Gas |
+
+
+| BP |
+404.90 |
+5.30 |
+546.60 |
+379.70 |
+5.67 |
+11.91 |
+23450.1 |
+
+
+| Capricorn Energy |
+214.00 |
+-5.00 |
+261.46 |
+139.14 |
+- |
+-4.76 |
+24.8 |
+
+
+| ExxonMb $ |
+119.81 |
+-0.20 |
+126.34 |
+95.77 |
+3.23 |
+13.94 |
+3071.6 |
+
+
+| Ganpom PJSQ ADn $# |
+0.58 |
+-0.02 |
+10.97 |
+0.02 |
+- |
+-0.01 |
+3213.3 |
+
+
+| GeaPark $ |
+7.93 |
+-0.27 |
+11.25 |
+7.24 |
+7.12 |
+4.00 |
+49.8 |
+
+
+| HELLEMQ ENERGY € |
+6.89 |
+-0.17 |
+8.81 |
+6.75 |
+4.43 |
+3.96 |
+323.0 |
+
+
+| ImpOil CS |
+105.10 |
+-1.21 |
+108.89 |
+72.03 |
+2.18 |
+10.58 |
+140.8 |
+
+
+| TmCan CS |
+65.65 |
+-0.77 |
+66.70 |
+46.61 |
+6.00 |
+19.05 |
+525.4 |
+
+
+| WoodGroup(Obhn) PLC |
+127.30 |
+-7.60 |
+213.20 |
+117.67 |
+- |
+-1.05 |
+834.2 |
+
+
+| Pharmaceuticals & Biotech |
+
+
+| AstraZeneca |
+11606 |
+-340.00 |
+3388 |
+9461 |
+1.97 |
+35.61 |
+1453.3 |
+
+
+| GlaxoSmh |
+1448.5 |
+-27.50 |
+1823.5 |
+1371.4 |
+4.07 |
+12.84 |
+5429.7 |
+
+
+| HikmaPhm |
+1942 |
+-56.00 |
+2165 |
+1171 |
+2.50 |
+29.13 |
+232.9 |
+
+
+| Oxfd Bio |
+445.00 |
+49.50 |
+446.01 |
+164.29 |
+- |
+-2.73 |
+210.7 |
+
+
+| Richter G$ |
+27.00 |
+0.00 |
+27.60 |
+23.60 |
+4.34 |
+7.74 |
+0.0 |
+
+
+| Real Estate |
+
+
+| REITs |
+
+
+| Assura |
+40.46 |
+-0.66 |
+49.18 |
+37.54 |
+8.11 |
+-40.46 |
+7187.8 |
+
+
+| BritLand |
+415.60 |
+-16.80 |
+467.80 |
+287.30 |
+5.58 |
+-4156.00 |
+1513.1 |
+
+
+| Cap&Reg |
+63.10 |
+-1.30 |
+73.80 |
+48.88 |
+9.03 |
+157.75 |
+286.2 |
+
+
+| Civitas SH |
+79.80 |
+0.20 |
+86.18 |
+51.07 |
+6.81 |
+13.62 |
+115.0 |
+
+
+| Drwntl dn |
+2218 |
+-66.00 |
+2530 |
+1768 |
+3.58 |
+-6.90 |
+111.5 |
+
+
+| Great Portland |
+326.50 |
+-12.50 |
+381.00 |
+290.96 |
+3.20 |
+-3.23 |
+630.1 |
+
+
+| LandSecs |
+618.50 |
+-28.00 |
+729.40 |
+554.70 |
+6.39 |
+-14.38 |
+1137.1 |
+
+
+| LondonMtrc |
+198.00 |
+-6.80 |
+210.80 |
+152.30 |
+4.95 |
+18.68 |
+6913.6 |
+
+
+| Palace Cap |
+220.50 |
+1.00 |
+250.00 |
+201.55 |
+6.80 |
+-9.30 |
+3.4 |
+
+
+| PrimyHth |
+96.55 |
+-2.50 |
+109.00 |
+84.20 |
+7.09 |
+-137.93 |
+1796.1 |
+
+
+| SEGRO |
+807.40 |
+-28.40 |
+949.00 |
+675.00 |
+3.33 |
+-39.00 |
+1577.0 |
+
+
+| Shafteshury Cap |
+141.00 |
+-5.00 |
+156.30 |
+101.90 |
+2.23 |
+-35.25 |
+2280.0 |
+
+
+| TritaxBBOX |
+148.50 |
+-8.20 |
+173.00 |
+127.10 |
+4.97 |
+19.88 |
+3163.8 |
+
+
+| Real Estate Inv & Services |
+
+
+| Grainger |
+233.00 |
+-9.50 |
+278.80 |
+216.20 |
+2.85 |
+-2330.00 |
+1706.1 |
+
+
+| Hanvoth Grp |
+186.00 |
+6.00 |
+195.00 |
+97.20 |
+0.79 |
+12.32 |
+249.1 |
+
+
+| Helical |
+206.00 |
+-1.00 |
+259.00 |
+181.00 |
+5.70 |
+-1.33 |
+39.8 |
+
+
+| Lon&Assc |
+10.00 |
+0.00 |
+18.00 |
+7.00 |
+- |
+-10.64 |
+2.5 |
+
+
+| Mntview |
+8800 |
+-125.00 |
+10800 |
+8600 |
+5.68 |
+12.07 |
+0.4 |
+
+
+| Savills |
+1094 |
+-86.00 |
+1298 |
+745.00 |
+1.90 |
+35.06 |
+128.6 |
+
+
+| SiriusRE |
+92.85 |
+-2.50 |
+101.80 |
+77.90 |
+5.54 |
+12.58 |
+1329.1 |
+
+
+
+| Smart(J) |
+127.50 |
+0.00 |
+143.92 |
+108.00 |
+2.53 |
+425.00 |
+10.0 |
+
+
+| U+I |
+148.50 |
+0.50 |
+151.50 |
+58.51 |
+- |
+-2.12 |
+98.8 |
+
+
+| Retailers |
+
+
+| Caflyns |
+450.00 |
+0.00 |
+600.00 |
+400.00 |
+4.44 |
+-10.16 |
+0.9 |
+
+
+| Dunclm |
+1179 |
+-34.00 |
+1729 |
+959.00 |
+3.56 |
+15.98 |
+295.6 |
+
+
+| Halfords |
+163.80 |
+15.60 |
+244.80 |
+125.00 |
+6.11 |
+12.90 |
+556.1 |
+
+
+| Inchcape |
+731.00 |
+-48.50 |
+874.00 |
+597.50 |
+4.64 |
+10.93 |
+655.5 |
+
+
+| JDSportsF |
+131.95 |
+-4.65 |
+177.75 |
+103.00 |
+0.74 |
+12.63 |
+4519.4 |
+
+
+| Kingfisher |
+310.30 |
+-3.10 |
+333.50 |
+199.70 |
+4.00 |
+17.24 |
+3451.0 |
+
+
+| Marks&Sp |
+378.30 |
+7.60 |
+394.66 |
+211.90 |
+0.26 |
+18.19 |
+8739.6 |
+
+
+| Ocado |
+358.00 |
+-8.70 |
+798.80 |
+278.17 |
+- |
+-13.54 |
+1445.3 |
+
+
+| Saga |
+115.40 |
+-12.60 |
+152.00 |
+93.40 |
+- |
+-1.43 |
+167.2 |
+
+
+| Sainsbury(J) |
+272.80 |
+-6.80 |
+311.16 |
+244.70 |
+4.80 |
+47.86 |
+3520.7 |
+
+
+| Tesco |
+352.80 |
+-9.00 |
+373.90 |
+217.53 |
+3.09 |
+14.38 |
+12070.6 |
+
+
+| Support Services |
+
+
+| AshtdGP |
+5858 |
+-44.00 |
+6180 |
+4437 |
+1.35 |
+21.26 |
+457.0 |
+
+
+| Dunzl |
+3472 |
+-104.00 |
+3732 |
+2782 |
+1.97 |
+24.01 |
+593.9 |
+
+
+| Capital |
+19.06 |
+-1.94 |
+23.20 |
+12.48 |
+- |
+-7.72 |
+10212.7 |
+
+
+| DCC |
+5055 |
+-150.00 |
+6075 |
+4230 |
+3.76 |
+15.33 |
+75.5 |
+
+
+| DelaRue |
+98.60 |
+-1.90 |
+119.90 |
+56.40 |
+- |
+-9.67 |
+427.1 |
+
+
+| Diploma |
+4310 |
+-52.00 |
+4648 |
+2722.88 |
+1.31 |
+49.94 |
+93.8 |
+
+
+| Essentra PLC |
+153.00 |
+0.00 |
+191.00 |
+125.92 |
+2.35 |
+510.00 |
+187.8 |
+
+
+| Experian |
+3868 |
+-61.00 |
+3978.56 |
+2366 |
+1.13 |
+37.53 |
+622.8 |
+
+
+| Eerguson |
+15160 |
+-550.00 |
+17810 |
+12085 |
+1.61 |
+20.77 |
+60.4 |
+
+
+| Hays♦ |
+79.80 |
+-2.55 |
+111.90 |
+78.75 |
+3.76 |
+15.32 |
+3741.6 |
+
+
+| HowdenJny♦ |
+883.00 |
+-22.00 |
+982.50 |
+612.00 |
+2.38 |
+19.03 |
+1196.8 |
+
+
+| Intertek |
+4784 |
+-331.00 |
+5240 |
+3746 |
+2.33 |
+25.15 |
+448.6 |
+
+
+| Mitie |
+117.80 |
+-3.40 |
+127.00 |
+93.00 |
+2.72 |
+12.95 |
+767.0 |
+
+
+| Rentokil |
+376.80 |
+4.80 |
+517.60 |
+336.30 |
+2.30 |
+24.29 |
+4530.9.0 |
+
+
+| Ricardo |
+431.00 |
+12.00 |
+536.22 |
+386.51 |
+2.77 |
+-431.00 |
+100.8 |
+
+
+| RbrtWlts |
+377.00 |
+17.00 |
+472.00 |
+320.00 |
+6.23 |
+47.72 |
+15.7 |
+
+
+| Vp |
+600.00 |
+0.00 |
+745.00 |
+460.00 |
+6.33 |
+-44.74 |
+1.5 |
+
+
+| Tech - Hardware |
+
+
+| SpirentCM |
+170.10 |
+-4.60 |
+203.80 |
+88.70 |
+1.27 |
+96.87 |
+3953.1 |
+
+
+| Tech - Software & Services |
+
+
+| Computont |
+2334 |
+-136.00 |
+3016 |
+2306 |
+3.00 |
+15.60 |
+796.4 |
+
+
+| NCC Grp |
+102.00 |
+-3.00 |
+104.20 |
+97.53 |
+2.87 |
+-36.00 |
+828.2 |
+
+
+| Sage |
+1015 |
+-25.50 |
+1285 |
+962.60 |
+1.90 |
+39.34 |
+1076.5 |
+
+
+| TriadGp |
+305.00 |
+0.00 |
+320.00 |
+105.00 |
+1.97 |
+-50.00 |
+0.3 |
+
+
+| Telecommunications |
+
+
+| Airtel Africa |
+108.60 |
+-8.80 |
+132.50 |
+90.20 |
+4.19 |
+-31.18 |
+13058.9 |
+
+
+| BT |
+144.40 |
+-1.85 |
+152.20 |
+101.70 |
+5.33 |
+16.79 |
+13002.0 |
+
+
+| TelePlus |
+1754 |
+-108.00 |
+1932 |
+1356 |
+4.68 |
+19.75 |
+77.2 |
+
+
+| Vodalune GP |
+73.68 |
+-1.34 |
+79.50 |
+62.71 |
+10.37 |
+19.41 |
+38246.2 |
+
+
+| Tobacco |
+
+
+| BrAmTob |
+2658 |
+18.00 |
+2994 |
+2233 |
+8.77 |
+-4.27 |
+2411.0 |
+
+
+| Imperial Br |
+2289 |
+-19.00 |
+2342 |
+19.68 |
+6.41 |
+9.94 |
+1474.2 |
+
+
+| Travel & Leisure |
+
+
+| Carnival |
+1456.5 |
+-15.50 |
+1520 |
+805.20 |
+- |
+26.12 |
+272.8 |
+
+
+| Dolato Hoto |
+340.00 |
+0.00 |
+436.00 |
+310.00 |
+1.02 |
+9.83 |
+11.1 |
+
+
+| easyJet |
+506.60 |
+-14.00 |
+591.07 |
+355.50 |
+0.89 |
+10.28 |
+1490.7 |
+
+
+| FirstGrp |
+137.80 |
+-1.50 |
+189.00 |
+135.30 |
+3.19 |
+-91.87 |
+606.9 |
+
+
+| Flutter Entertainment |
+17415 |
+-345.00 |
+18845 |
+12020 |
+- |
+-29.69 |
+121.0 |
+
+
+| Fuller A |
+748.00 |
+4.00 |
+780.00 |
+540.00 |
+2.22 |
+49.73 |
+9.1 |
+
+
+| IntCon Htela Gp |
+8506 |
+-112.00 |
+8790 |
+5636 |
+1.44 |
+27.73 |
+320.7 |
+
+
+| Intl Cons Air |
+211.50 |
+-1.60 |
+310.90 |
+130.89 |
+- |
+4.96 |
+20881.0 |
+
+
+| Whitbrd |
+3293 |
+6.00 |
+3714 |
+2723 |
+2.55 |
+20.59 |
+714.6 |
+
+
+| Utilities |
+
+
+| Drax |
+638.50 |
+-21.50 |
+679.50 |
+403.21 |
+3.62 |
+3.84 |
+413.4 |
+
+
+| Natl Grid |
+998.60 |
+-29.40 |
+1062 |
+645.00 |
+5.25 |
+18.20 |
+12881.7 |
+
+
+| Pennon |
+564.50 |
+-22.50 |
+774.50 |
+540.00 |
+7.76 |
+-156.81 |
+605.8 |
+
+
+| Severn Trent |
+2633 |
+-81.00 |
+2001 |
+2310 |
+4.21 |
+51.73 |
+375.7 |
+
+
+| SSE |
+1829 |
+-76.00 |
+2019.00 |
+1543.5 |
+4.79 |
+11.69 |
+1983.1 |
+
+
+| UtdUtils |
+1050 |
+-37.00 |
+1139.5 |
+950.40 |
+4.47 |
+56.45 |
+1096.1 |
+
+
+
+
+## AIM
+
+
+
+ |
+Price |
++/-Week |
+52 Week |
+Yld |
+P/E |
+Vol 000s |
+
+
+| High |
+Low |
+
+
+
+
+| Aerospace & Defence |
+
+
+| Cohort |
+870.00 |
+-29.00 |
+950.00 |
+456.00 |
+1.59 |
+23.06 |
+60.7 |
+
+
+| Velocity Composites PLC |
+26.50 |
+-3.50 |
+48.00 |
+26.00 |
+- |
+-3.32 |
+33.2 |
+
+
+| Banks |
+
+
+| Caribbean Inv |
+26.50 |
+-2.00 |
+45.40 |
+24.03 |
+- |
+3.05 |
+138.6 |
+
+
+| Basic Resource (Ex Mining) |
+
+
+| CropperJ |
+210.00 |
+-50.00 |
+828.00 |
+190.75 |
+3.33 |
+-5.02 |
+26.7 |
+
+
+| Chemicals |
+
+
+| Diretta Plus PLC |
+11.75 |
+0.00 |
+39.80 |
+9.00 |
+-2.26 |
+-2.26 |
+95.7 |
+
+
+| Versarien PLC |
+0.03 |
+0.00 |
+0.90 |
+0.03 |
+- |
+-0.01 |
+14287.3 |
+
+
+| Construction & Materials |
+
+
+| AccsysTech |
+49.75 |
+-0.45 |
+67.00 |
+48.10 |
+- |
+-7.27 |
+40.0 |
+
+
+| Electronic & Electrical Equip |
+
+
+| Checkit |
+16.50 |
+-3.50 |
+30.01 |
+16.38 |
+- |
+-3.84 |
+284.3 |
+
+LPA |
+57.50 |
+-0.50 |
+90.00 |
+52.00 |
+- |
+-212.96 |
+2.0 |
+
+
+| ThorpeFW |
+299.00 |
+-13.00 |
+408.00 |
+290.00 |
+2.16 |
+15.85 |
+83.4 |
+
+
+| Zytronic |
+46.00 |
+2.00 |
+85.00 |
+40.00 |
+- |
+-3.62 |
+87.2 |
+
+
+| Financial General |
+
+
+| Arbuthnot |
+922.50 |
+0.00 |
+1139.3 |
+350.00 |
+7.15 |
+4.91 |
+0.2 |
+
+
+| BP Marsh |
+580.00 |
+27.50 |
+589.00 |
+347.20 |
+0.24 |
+5.09 |
+16.3 |
+
+
+| Burford Capital Ltd |
+1048 |
+-21.00 |
+1349 |
+320.16 |
+0.95 |
+7.53 |
+116.6 |
+
+
+| Gresham House Plc |
+1100 |
+5.00 |
+1120 |
+552.00 |
+1.45 |
+30.51 |
+177.7 |
+
+
+| MartioliWds |
+802.00 |
+2.00 |
+803.00 |
+481.00 |
+3.34 |
+41.77 |
+197.1 |
+
+
+| Premier Miton Group |
+63.00 |
+1.50 |
+83.00 |
+48.10 |
+9.52 |
+47.01 |
+413.8 |
+
+
+| Food & Beverages |
+
+
+| Camellia |
+4450 |
+-60.00 |
+5300 |
+4147.2 |
+0.99 |
+-5.25 |
+1.3 |
+
+
+| Fevertree Drinks |
+731.00 |
+-1.00 |
+1247 |
+727.11 |
+2.26 |
+39.35 |
+253.9 |
+
+
+| Nichols |
+1045 |
+-35.00 |
+1265 |
+306.00 |
+2.70 |
+20.37 |
+48.3 |
+
+Health Care Equip & Services |
+
+
+| AVC# |
+1.93 |
+0.00 |
+25.75 |
+25.75 |
+1.75 |
+-0.23 |
+200.0 |
+
+
+| Tristel |
+370.00 |
+-25.00 |
+572.50 |
+346.00 |
+2.84 |
+29.58 |
+100.0 |
+
+
+| House, Leisure & Pers Goods |
+
+
+| Churchill |
+867.50 |
+-20.00 |
+1495 |
+800.00 |
+4.15 |
+12.20 |
+14.5 |
+
+
+| Frontier Developments PLC |
+238.50 |
+13.60 |
+336.31 |
+95.00 |
+- |
+-1.29 |
+26.6 |
+
+
+| Portmarn |
+215.00 |
+-4.00 |
+310.00 |
+200.17 |
+6.05 |
+-3.50 |
+37.7 |
+
+
+| Sanderson Design Grp |
+67.50 |
+0.00 |
+130.00 |
+58.00 |
+5.19 |
+5.95 |
+107.7 |
+
+
+| Industrial Engineering |
+
+
+| 600 Grp# |
+2.65 |
+0.10 |
+13.50 |
+2.00 |
+150.00 |
+65.00 |
+40.4 |
+
+
+| MS Intl |
+940.00 |
+-75.00 |
+1180 |
+710.00 |
+1.70 |
+13.93 |
+24.0 |
+
+
+| IT |
+
+
+| Keywords Studios |
+2446 |
+8.00 |
+2498 |
+1101 |
+0.11 |
+-100.37 |
+9890.9 |
+
+
+| Laming Technologies Group |
+92.10 |
+-0.70 |
+98.00 |
+58.62 |
+1.80 |
+21.99 |
+1129.3 |
+
+
+| Media |
+
+
+| Mission Group |
+19.25 |
+1.45 |
+28.75 |
+10.00 |
+8.68 |
+-1.53 |
+17.5 |
+
+
+| Mining |
+
+
+| AMC# |
+0.09 |
+-14.31 |
+48.00 |
+1.120 |
+- |
+0.00 |
+5981.6 |
+
+
+| CentAsiaM |
+180.00 |
+0.00 |
+235.00 |
+150.20 |
+9.79 |
+10.71 |
+253.8 |
+
+
+| Oil & Gas |
+
+
+| BorSthnPet |
+1.78 |
+0.05 |
+3.30 |
+1.50 |
+- |
+-16.14 |
+100.0 |
+
+
+| Phoenix Global |
+6.50 |
+-0.63 |
+7.95 |
+3.07 |
+- |
+-1.63 |
+53.0 |
+
+
+| UnJackOil |
+10.25 |
+-0.75 |
+28.00 |
+9.50 |
+2.93 |
+12.97 |
+164.4 |
+
+
+| Pharmaceuticals & Biotech |
+
+
+| Reneuron# |
+3.38 |
+-0.68 |
+11.50 |
+3.28 |
+- |
+-0.38 |
+177.6 |
+
+
+| Sareum |
+25.00 |
+-2.00 |
+78.00 |
+10.00 |
+- |
+-4.03 |
+588.8 |
+
+
+| Retailers |
+
+
+| Boohoo Group PLC |
+30.22 |
+1.02 |
+42.63 |
+26.48 |
+- |
+-2.63 |
+11962.6 |
+
+
+| CVS Group PLC |
+922.00 |
+-27.00 |
+1749 |
+902.41 |
+0.81 |
+18.63 |
+175.3 |
+
+
+| Support Services |
+
+
+| Begbies◆ |
+92.00 |
+1.00 |
+131.50 |
+83.08 |
+4.24 |
+102.22 |
+1040.5 |
+
+
+| Christie |
+92.50 |
+0.00 |
+140.00 |
+66.00 |
+3.24 |
+-6.25 |
+17.0 |
+
+
+| Impellam |
+875.00 |
+32.50 |
+950.00 |
+580.00 |
+- |
+25.00 |
+4.6 |
+
+
+| Jllnsu Siv◆ |
+142.40 |
+-13.80 |
+172.00 |
+117.20 |
+1.97 |
+15.24 |
+752.0 |
+
+
+| LonSec |
+3700 |
+-100.00 |
+4000 |
+2800 |
+3.35 |
+19.76 |
+0.2 |
+
+
+| NWF |
+145.50 |
+-3.50 |
+234.00 |
+142.00 |
+5.36 |
+7.91 |
+122.9 |
+
+
+| Petards |
+6.50 |
+0.00 |
+11.00 |
+2.13 |
+- |
+-4.57 |
+0.3 |
+
+
+| Rensw |
+1072 |
+-34.00 |
+1162 |
+680.00 |
+1.68 |
+17.38 |
+426.2 |
+
+
+| Tech - Software & Services |
+
+
+| Bibblum Group PLC |
+1274 |
+1.00 |
+1392 |
+747.50 |
+- |
+-23.65 |
+1869.0 |
+
+
+| Eckoh |
+42.50 |
+-0.50 |
+51.50 |
+32.05 |
+1.74 |
+28.33 |
+917.3 |
+
+
+| Oxford Metrics |
+56.20 |
+-1.00 |
+118.00 |
+55.00 |
+4.73 |
+15.08 |
+164.9 |
+
+
+| Travel & Leisure |
+
+
+| gamingrealms |
+32.90 |
+-0.20 |
+43.00 |
+29.45 |
+- |
+14.95 |
+1375.4 |
+
+
+| Jet2 |
+1405 |
+-51.00 |
+1568 |
+960.00 |
+0.85 |
+8.25 |
+470.6 |
+
+
+
+## Investment Companies
+
+
+
+
+| Conventional (Ex Private Equity) |
+Price |
++/-Week |
+52 Week |
+Yld |
+NAV |
+Dis(-) or Pm |
+
+
+| high |
+low |
+
+
+
+| abrchnuksm |
+509.00 |
+3.00 |
+536.31 |
+366.00 |
+2.30 |
+570.6 |
+-10.8 |
+
+
+| 3i Infra |
+334.50 |
+0.00 |
+360.00 |
+290.00 |
+3.45 |
+363.2 |
+-7.9 |
+
+
+| AbnAsianln |
+217.00 |
+-6.00 |
+227.00 |
+183.11 |
+5.44 |
+252.7 |
+-14.1 |
+
+
+| Ahf GVIT |
+86.00 |
+0.00 |
+110.00 |
+81.20 |
+- |
+99.8 |
+-13.8 |
+
+
+| Abf Sml |
+1520 |
+-14.00 |
+1690 |
+1126 |
+2.73 |
+1679.3 |
+-9.5 |
+
+
+| abrdn Asia Focus |
+282.00 |
+-4.00 |
+289.00 |
+241.00 |
+2.27 |
+340.4 |
+-17.2 |
+
+
+| abrdnDivInc&Growth |
+42.00 |
+-1.30 |
+85.44 |
+41.60 |
+3.52 |
+66.5 |
+-36.8 |
+
+
+| Abbrdn Eqt Inc |
+321.50 |
+-1.00 |
+331.81 |
+260.00 |
+7.09 |
+334.9 |
+-4.0 |
+
+
+| Alliance |
+1214 |
+16.00 |
+1264 |
+980.00 |
+2.11 |
+1284.4 |
+-5.5 |
+
+
+| AllianzTech |
+379.00 |
+5.00 |
+418.00 |
+242.68 |
+- |
+427.1 |
+-11.3 |
+
+
+| Art Alpha |
+388.00 |
+-13.00 |
+404.00 |
+260.00 |
+1.65 |
+429.8 |
+-9.7 |
+
+
+ | Asia Dragon |
+ 424.00 |
+ 0.00 |
+ 442.00 |
+ 323.00 |
+ 1.56 |
+ 479.8 |
+ -11.6 |
+
+
+ | Aurora Inv |
+ 253.50 |
+ -6.50 |
+ 276.00 |
+ 195.00 |
+ 1.17 |
+ 278.1 |
+ -8.8 |
+
+
+ | AVI JapOpp |
+ 135.00 |
+ -4.50 |
+ 143.94 |
+ 103.75 |
+ 1.22 |
+ 138.5 |
+ -2.5 |
+
+
+ | Axiom# |
+ 85.50 |
+ 0.00 |
+ 93.29 |
+ 65.00 |
+ 7.02 |
+ - |
+ - |
+
+
+ | BG Euro |
+ 87.00 |
+ -1.20 |
+ 101.80 |
+ 75.38 |
+ 0.46 |
+ 105.8 |
+ -17.8 |
+
+
+ | BG Japan |
+ 703.00 |
+ -20.00 |
+ 756.00 |
+ 633.00 |
+ 1.42 |
+ 794.2 |
+ -11.5 |
+
+
+ | BG Shin |
+ 110.00 |
+ -5.00 |
+ 134.00 |
+ 101.55 |
+ - |
+ 127.0 |
+ -13.4 |
+
+
+ | Baillie Gifford UK |
+ 179.00 |
+ -3.00 |
+ 183.54 |
+ 141.40 |
+ 2.01 |
+ 208.9 |
+ -14.3 |
+
+
+ | Bankers |
+ 112.80 |
+ -1.20 |
+ 118.20 |
+ 91.50 |
+ 2.22 |
+ 128.2 |
+ -12.0 |
+
+
+ | BB Healthcare Trust |
+ 142.80 |
+ -2.80 |
+ 159.80 |
+ 119.40 |
+ 4.19 |
+ 159.7 |
+ -10.6 |
+
+
+ | BiotechGth |
+ 1040 |
+ -14.00 |
+ 1068.36 |
+ 715.00 |
+ - |
+ 1126.1 |
+ -7.6 |
+
+
+ | BlckRoEne |
+ 120.75 |
+ -0.25 |
+ 127.00 |
+ 104.00 |
+ 3.69 |
+ 134.0 |
+ -9.9 |
+
+
+ | BlckRrmt |
+ 147.50 |
+ 1.50 |
+ 159.90 |
+ 131.32 |
+ 4.29 |
+ 161.9 |
+ -8.9 |
+
+
+ | BlckRgtEur |
+ 571.00 |
+ 2.00 |
+ 653.00 |
+ 457.50 |
+ 1.18 |
+ 610.6 |
+ -6.5 |
+
+
+ | BlckR I&G |
+ 198.00 |
+ 5.50 |
+ 210.00 |
+ 172.00 |
+ 3.74 |
+ 225.6 |
+ -12.2 |
+
+
+ | BlckRSmIr |
+ 1440 |
+ 10.00 |
+ 1622 |
+ 1146 |
+ 2.00 |
+ 1607.1 |
+ -9.9 |
+
+
+ | BlckRckSusAm |
+ 190.00 |
+ -3.00 |
+ 207.00 |
+ 172.50 |
+ 4.21 |
+ 218.6 |
+ -13.1 |
+
+
+ | BlckRrthmt |
+ 598.00 |
+ -12.00 |
+ 682.00 |
+ 503.00 |
+ 2.47 |
+ 682.6 |
+ -12.4 |
+
+
+ | BlckRWld |
+ 535.00 |
+ 0.00 |
+ 634.00 |
+ 470.00 |
+ 6.26 |
+ 592.1 |
+ -9.6 |
+
+
+ | Brunner |
+ 1410 |
+ 0.00 |
+ 1460 |
+ 964.00 |
+ 1.61 |
+ 1422.7 |
+ -0.9 |
+
+
+ | Caledonia Inv |
+ 3325 |
+ -25.00 |
+ 3730 |
+ 2593.6 |
+ 2.05 |
+ 5434.7 |
+ -38.0 |
+
+
+ | CanGen C$ |
+ 40.21 |
+ -0.54 |
+ 41.23 |
+ 32.49 |
+ 2.54 |
+ 68.1 |
+ -41.0 |
+
+
+ | City Lon◆ |
+ 430.50 |
+ -7.00 |
+ 454.00 |
+ 371.50 |
+ 4.68 |
+ 440.6 |
+ -2.3 |
+
+
+ | CQSNatRs |
+ 192.50 |
+ 4.50 |
+ 206.00 |
+ 151.50 |
+ 2.91 |
+ 218.9 |
+ -12.1 |
+
+
+ | CTMgdl |
+ 115.50 |
+ 0.00 |
+ 122.00 |
+ 98.00 |
+ 6.57 |
+ 113.5 |
+ 1.8 |
+
+
+ | CTMgdG |
+ 251.00 |
+ -1.00 |
+ 261.00 |
+ 206.00 |
+ - |
+ 260.3 |
+ -3.6 |
+
+
+ | CT Cp&I |
+ 325.00 |
+ -3.00 |
+ 346.94 |
+ 266.58 |
+ 3.77 |
+ 338.2 |
+ -3.9 |
+
+
+ | CT UK HIT B |
+ 86.00 |
+ -0.50 |
+ 89.00 |
+ 75.00 |
+ 6.53 |
+ 96.8 |
+ -11.2 |
+
+
+ | CT UK HIT Ord |
+ 90.75 |
+ 0.50 |
+ 99.05 |
+ 71.00 |
+ 6.19 |
+ 96.9 |
+ -6.3 |
+
+
+ | Dun Inc |
+ 282.00 |
+ -1.00 |
+ 298.00 |
+ 248.97 |
+ 4.86 |
+ 318.3 |
+ -11.4 |
+
+
+ | Edir Inv |
+ 740.00 |
+ -11.00 |
+ 760.00 |
+ 530.00 |
+ 3.62 |
+ 835.9 |
+ -11.5 |
+
+
+ | Edir WWd |
+ 156.20 |
+ -2.00 |
+ 165.40 |
+ 120.80 |
+ - |
+ 173.6 |
+ -8.9 |
+
+
+ | EuroAsset |
+ 84.20 |
+ 0.40 |
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+ 73.00 |
+ 6.98 |
+ 95.2 |
+ -11.6 |
+
+
+ | Euro Opps |
+ 833.00 |
+ -20.00 |
+ 917.83 |
+ 748.00 |
+ 0.42 |
+ 953.2 |
+ -12.6 |
+
+
+ | F&C Inv Trust |
+ 1058 |
+ -10.00 |
+ 1070 |
+ 835.00 |
+ 1.41 |
+ 1170.6 |
+ -9.6 |
+
+
+ | FidAsian |
+ 514.00 |
+ -6.00 |
+ 549.86 |
+ 467.25 |
+ 2.82 |
+ 582.1 |
+ -11.7 |
+
+
+ | FidChiSpS |
+ 219.00 |
+ 1.00 |
+ 249.50 |
+ 170.60 |
+ 2.85 |
+ 250.0 |
+ -12.4 |
+
+
+ | FidelityEmrgMkt |
+ 692.00 |
+ 0.00 |
+ 740.30 |
+ 571.00 |
+ 2.20 |
+ 799.5 |
+ -13.4 |
+
+
+ | Fid Euro |
+ 368.00 |
+ 0.50 |
+ 412.50 |
+ 311.50 |
+ 2.24 |
+ 398.6 |
+ -7.7 |
+
+
+ | Fid Jap |
+ 152.50 |
+ -6.50 |
+ 186.50 |
+ 144.10 |
+ - |
+ 178.5 |
+ -14.6 |
+
+
+ | Fid Spec |
+ 313.50 |
+ -4.50 |
+ 335.50 |
+ 252.00 |
+ 2.01 |
+ 345.0 |
+ -9.3 |
+
+
+ | FinsG&I |
+ 861.00 |
+ 1.00 |
+ 872.00 |
+ 788.71 |
+ 2.24 |
+ 936.4 |
+ -8.1 |
+
+
+ | GRIT# |
+ 1.25 |
+ 0.00 |
+ 2.08 |
+ 0.70 |
+ - |
+ 9.6 |
+ -87.0 |
+
+
+ | HAN |
+ 229.00 |
+ 1.00 |
+ 248.00 |
+ 185.00 |
+ 1.40 |
+ 394.5 |
+ -42.0 |
+
+
+ | HANA |
+ 226.00 |
+ 4.00 |
+ 240.00 |
+ 176.00 |
+ 1.40 |
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+
+
+ | Hen Div Inc Tr# |
+ 60.70 |
+ -1.50 |
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+ 6.00 |
+ - |
+ - |
+
+
+ | HenEuroF |
+ 188.00 |
+ -0.50 |
+ 196.00 |
+ 149.10 |
+ 2.31 |
+ 199.3 |
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+
+
+ | HenEuro# |
+ 157.00 |
+ -2.50 |
+ 164.50 |
+ 123.52 |
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+ - |
+ - |
+
+
+ | HenFarEs |
+ 230.00 |
+ -8.00 |
+ 248.00 |
+ 197.00 |
+ 10.57 |
+ 227.4 |
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+
+
+ | HenHigh |
+ 163.00 |
+ 0.50 |
+ 174.00 |
+ 139.00 |
+ 6.35 |
+ 180.4 |
+ -9.6 |
+
+
+ | Henlnt Inc |
+ 166.00 |
+ 2.00 |
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+
+
+ | Hen Opp |
+ 212.00 |
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+ 238.00 |
+ 169.00 |
+ 3.35 |
+ 235.2 |
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+
+
+ | HenSmIr |
+ 846.00 |
+ -19.00 |
+ 987.65 |
+ 526.00 |
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+ -11.5 |
+
+
+ | Herald |
+ 2110 |
+ -10.00 |
+ 2305 |
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+ - |
+ 2362.6 |
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+
+
+ | HICL Infra |
+ 125.80 |
+ -1.40 |
+ 141.00 |
+ 111.00 |
+ 6.56 |
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+ -20.8 |
+
+
+ | Highridge Tactical |
+ 425.00 |
+ 0.00 |
+ 500.00 |
+ 220.00 |
+ - |
+ - |
+ - |
+
+
+ | Impax Env. |
+ 395.00 |
+ 1.50 |
+ 410.00 |
+ 331.13 |
+ 1.16 |
+ 447.9 |
+ -11.8 |
+
+
+ | Ind T |
+ 420.50 |
+ -7.00 |
+ 583.16 |
+ 385.00 |
+ 1.90 |
+ - |
+ - |
+
+
+ | IntlBiotech |
+ 676.00 |
+ -28.00 |
+ 720.00 |
+ 548.00 |
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+ -13.1 |
+
+
+ | Intl PP◆ |
+ 129.60 |
+ 0.60 |
+ 140.80 |
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+ 6.12 |
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+ -12.5 |
+
+
+ | Inv AsiaTr |
+ 332.00 |
+ -1.00 |
+ 358.00 |
+ 283.00 |
+ 4.25 |
+ 389.1 |
+ -14.7 |
+
+
+ | Invesco Bond Inc |
+ 171.50 |
+ -0.50 |
+ 175.50 |
+ 156.00 |
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+
+
+ | IPST BalR# |
+ 142.50 |
+ 0.00 |
+ 148.00 |
+ 112.00 |
+ 1.40 |
+ - |
+ - |
+
+
+ | IP UKSmall |
+ 411.50 |
+ 3.50 |
+ 484.84 |
+ 378.00 |
+ 4.43 |
+ 488.3 |
+ -15.7 |
+
+
+ | JPM China G&I |
+ 233.00 |
+ 2.00 |
+ 281.00 |
+ 182.00 |
+ 5.30 |
+ 271.0 |
+ -14.0 |
+
+
+ | JPM EuDisc |
+ 464.50 |
+ -5.50 |
+ 493.27 |
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+ 2.22 |
+ 510.7 |
+ -9.0 |
+
+
+ | JPN GEMI |
+ 136.50 |
+ 1.50 |
+ 142.50 |
+ 116.00 |
+ 3.88 |
+ 155.5 |
+ -12.2 |
+
+
+ | JPM Jap Inv |
+ 527.00 |
+ -15.00 |
+ 563.00 |
+ 435.00 |
+ 1.23 |
+ 593.8 |
+ -11.2 |
+
+
+ | JPM Amer |
+ 1036 |
+ 8.00 |
+ 1036 |
+ 748.00 |
+ 0.75 |
+ 1063.5 |
+ -2.6 |
+
+
+ | JPM Asia |
+ 370.00 |
+ -2.00 |
+ 394.00 |
+ 309.33 |
+ 4.16 |
+ 411.6 |
+ -10.1 |
+
+
+ | JPM Emrg EMEA |
+ 83.00 |
+ -0.50 |
+ 794.00 |
+ 55.20 |
+ 4.60 |
+ 52.7 |
+ 57.5 |
+
+
+ | JPM Emrg |
+ 11.00 |
+ 0.20 |
+ 114.20 |
+ 96.00 |
+ 1.50 |
+ 126.1 |
+ -12.0 |
+
+
+ | JPM EurGth & hc |
+ 100.00 |
+ -1.00 |
+ 110.50 |
+ 84.80 |
+ 4.20 |
+ 114.1 |
+ -12.4 |
+
+
+ | JPM Clavr |
+ 719.00 |
+ -7.00 |
+ 748.00 |
+ 622.98 |
+ 4.83 |
+ 763.3 |
+ -5.8 |
+
+
+ | JPM GblCoreRa |
+ 66.20 |
+ -5.80 |
+ 83.40 |
+ 61.40 |
+ 6.34 |
+ 89.1 |
+ -25.7 |
+
+
+ | JPM GI Gr&Inc |
+ 580.00 |
+ 0.00 |
+ 585.00 |
+ 457.00 |
+ 3.06 |
+ 570.7 |
+ 1.6 |
+
+
+ | JPM Ind |
+ 988.00 |
+ -12.00 |
+ 1044 |
+ 822.00 |
+ - |
+ 1213.2 |
+ -18.6 |
+
+
+ | JPM CapSm Gbl# |
+ 322.00 |
+ 0.00 |
+ 340.00 |
+ 283.74 |
+ 4.41 |
+ 342.6 |
+ -6.0 |
+
+
+ | JPM US Sml |
+ 421.00 |
+ -3.00 |
+ 461.95 |
+ 317.00 |
+ 0.71 |
+ 470.3 |
+ -10.5 |
+
+
+ | JPM UK SmI Cap |
+ 279.00 |
+ -1.00 |
+ 298.63 |
+ 229.00 |
+ 4.05 |
+ 343.2 |
+ -18.7 |
+
+
+ | KeystoneInv |
+ 234.50 |
+ 2.00 |
+ 236.00 |
+ 182.00 |
+ 0.19 |
+ 253.0 |
+ -7.3 |
+
+
+ | Law Deb |
+ 870.00 |
+ -12.00 |
+ 929.00 |
+ 710.04 |
+ 3.69 |
+ 872.0 |
+ 0.0 |
+
+
+ | LinTrain £ |
+ 740.00 |
+ 14.00 |
+ 920.00 |
+ 699.90 |
+ 6.96 |
+ 956.2 |
+ -23.4 |
+
+
+ | Lowland◆ |
+ 126.50 |
+ -1.50 |
+ 135.00 |
+ 103.25 |
+ 3.74 |
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+ -10.9 |
+
+
+ | Majadie |
+ 228.00 |
+ -3.00 |
+ 254.00 |
+ 207.33 |
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+ -18.0 |
+
+
+ | Marwyn Val |
+ 92.25 |
+ -0.50 |
+ 102.97 |
+ 76.00 |
+ 9.82 |
+ 189.8 |
+ -51.4 |
+
+
+ | MercantT |
+ 239.50 |
+ -4.00 |
+ 269.05 |
+ 177.20 |
+ 3.11 |
+ 270.1 |
+ -11.3 |
+
+
+ | MrchTst |
+ 569.00 |
+ -12.00 |
+ 605.00 |
+ 476.00 |
+ 4.97 |
+ 577.9 |
+ -1.5 |
+
+
+ | Mid Wynd◆ |
+ 789.00 |
+ -7.00 |
+ 809.00 |
+ 665.00 |
+ 0.99 |
+ 807.1 |
+ -2.2 |
+
+
+ | Monks |
+ 1198 |
+ 4.00 |
+ 1218 |
+ 883.00 |
+ 0.26 |
+ 1349.0 |
+ -11.2 |
+
+
+ | MontanSm |
+ 144.00 |
+ -2.00 |
+ 146.50 |
+ 106.00 |
+ 0.69 |
+ 164.6 |
+ -12.5 |
+
+
+ | Mur Inc |
+ 843.00 |
+ -10.00 |
+ 908.00 |
+ 658.10 |
+ 4.60 |
+ 645.4 |
+ -10.8 |
+
+
+ | Mur Int◆ |
+ 256.50 |
+ 1.50 |
+ 263.50 |
+ 218.45 |
+ 4.52 |
+ 281.4 |
+ -8.8 |
+
+
+ | New Star IT |
+ 106.50 |
+ 0.00 |
+ 150.00 |
+ 97.52 |
+ 2.44 |
+ 169.2 |
+ -37.1 |
+
+
+ | NthAtSml |
+ 3830 |
+ -110.00 |
+ 4400 |
+ 3442.2 |
+ - |
+ 5704.7 |
+ -32.9 |
+
+
+ | PacAsset |
+ 373.00 |
+ -2.00 |
+ 390.00 |
+ 338.00 |
+ 0.62 |
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+
+
+ | PacHorzn |
+ 577.00 |
+ -13.00 |
+ 666.00 |
+ 508.00 |
+ 0.56 |
+ 676.4 |
+ -14.7 |
+
+
+ | PerAsset |
+ 497.50 |
+ 0.00 |
+ 498.00 |
+ 461.00 |
+ 1.13 |
+ 500.5 |
+ -0.6 |
+
+
+ | Peterhill plc |
+ 215.50 |
+ -6.50 |
+ 230.00 |
+ 141.40 |
+ 5.79 |
+ 340.1 |
+ -36.6 |
+
+
+ | PolarHealth |
+ 372.00 |
+ 4.00 |
+ 402.00 |
+ 294.00 |
+ 0.59 |
+ 399.6 |
+ -6.9 |
+
+
+ | PolarFins |
+ 183.80 |
+ 1.20 |
+ 183.80 |
+ 130.40 |
+ 2.48 |
+ 193.3 |
+ -4.9 |
+
+
+ | PolarTech |
+ 318.40 |
+ 4.00 |
+ 347.49 |
+ 210.42 |
+ - |
+ - |
+ - |
+
+
+ | RIT Cap |
+ 1858 |
+ 34.00 |
+ 2030 |
+ 1698 |
+ 2.07 |
+ 2599.5 |
+ -28.5 |
+
+
+ | Ruffer Inv Pr |
+ 276.00 |
+ 2.00 |
+ 289.50 |
+ 260.86 |
+ 1.09 |
+ 292.0 |
+ -5.5 |
+
+
+ | Schroder ToRt |
+ 480.00 |
+ -5.00 |
+ 494.00 |
+ 386.83 |
+ 2.40 |
+ 513.8 |
+ -6.6 |
+
+
+ | SchdrAsiaP |
+ 543.00 |
+ -1.00 |
+ 568.00 |
+ 456.00 |
+ 2.21 |
+ 627.9 |
+ -13.5 |
+
+
+ | SchdrEurReE |
+ 68.20 |
+ 1.00 |
+ 74.00 |
+ 59.48 |
+ 8.36 |
+ 103.3 |
+ -34.0 |
+
+
+ | Schdr Inc |
+ 285.00 |
+ -1.00 |
+ 305.00 |
+ 248.00 |
+ 4.84 |
+ 324.1 |
+ -12.1 |
+
+
+ | SchdrJap |
+ 242.50 |
+ -6.50 |
+ 266.00 |
+ 222.00 |
+ 2.23 |
+ 279.6 |
+ -13.3 |
+
+
+ | SchdrOrient |
+ 274.50 |
+ 2.50 |
+ 288.00 |
+ 233.50 |
+ 4.30 |
+ 299.1 |
+ -8.2 |
+
+
+ | SchdrRealEst |
+ 51.00 |
+ 0.40 |
+ 53.60 |
+ 39.15 |
+ 6.56 |
+ 63.1 |
+ -19.2 |
+
+
+ | SchdrUKMd |
+ 610.00 |
+ -8.00 |
+ 686.00 |
+ 482.00 |
+ 3.36 |
+ 689.7 |
+ -11.6 |
+
+
+ | Schdr Cap Glob |
+ 9.05 |
+ -0.15 |
+ 15.95 |
+ 9.20 |
+ - |
+ 21.0 |
+ -53.1 |
+
+
+ | ScotAmer |
+ 512.00 |
+ -4.00 |
+ 540.00 |
+ 450.00 |
+ 2.78 |
+ 567.8 |
+ -9.8 |
+
+
+ | ScottMert |
+ 877.00 |
+ 19.80 |
+ 946.10 |
+ 634.00 |
+ 0.47 |
+ 581.6 |
+ -10.7 |
+
+
+ | ScottOrtl |
+ 1420 |
+ -55.00 |
+ 1550 |
+ 1215 |
+ 0.92 |
+ 1739.8 |
+ -18.4 |
+
+
+ | Smithsor |
+ 1430 |
+ -6.00 |
+ 1484 |
+ 1162.2 |
+ - |
+ 1612.8 |
+ -11.3 |
+
+
+ | StratcgicEq |
+ 325.00 |
+ -13.00 |
+ 379.00 |
+ 290.00 |
+ 0.77 |
+ 356.9 |
+ -8.9 |
+
+
+ | Temp Bar |
+ 268.00 |
+ -1.50 |
+ 285.00 |
+ 222.00 |
+ 3.66 |
+ 290.4 |
+ -7.7 |
+
+
+ | Tetragon $ |
+ 12.35 |
+ 0.10 |
+ 12.50 |
+ 9.50 |
+ 3.63 |
+ 32.6 |
+ -62.1 |
+
+
+ | EurSmlCom |
+ 173.00 |
+ -4.20 |
+ 190.00 |
+ 135.50 |
+ 2.72 |
+ 192.3 |
+ -10.0 |
+
+
+ | GblSmIrTrst |
+ 166.00 |
+ -1.40 |
+ 172.80 |
+ 128.20 |
+ 1.42 |
+ 182.0 |
+ -8.8 |
+
+
+ | TNIG |
+ 99.40 |
+ 0.30 |
+ 117.20 |
+ 92.00 |
+ 7.30 |
+ 124.0 |
+ -19.0 |
+
+
+ | Troylnc&G# |
+ 69.60 |
+ 0.40 |
+ 74.00 |
+ 63.32 |
+ 2.94 |
+ - |
+ - |
+
+
+ | UtilisEmergMaket |
+ 214.00 |
+ 0.00 |
+ 241.00 |
+ 203.26 |
+ 4.02 |
+ 265.2 |
+ -19.3 |
+
+
+ | UIL Inv◆ |
+ 103.50 |
+ 1.50 |
+ 132.31 |
+ 92.00 |
+ 7.73 |
+ 166.9 |
+ -38.0 |
+
+
+ | VEIL |
+ 581.00 |
+ -4.00 |
+ 615.50 |
+ 508.00 |
+ - |
+ 730.0 |
+ -20.4 |
+
+
+ | Wwidel lth |
+ 344.00 |
+ -4.50 |
+ 372.50 |
+ 286.00 |
+ 0.90 |
+ 305.1 |
+ -10.7 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| Conventional - Private Equityz |
+Price |
++/-Week |
+52 Week |
+Yld |
+NAV |
+Dis(-) or Pm |
+
+
+| High |
+Low |
+
+
+
+
+| BGLSGRQWTH |
+217.00 |
+2.00 |
+218.35 |
+135.00 |
+- |
+238.0 |
+-8.8 |
+
+
+| BG China Growth |
+226.00 |
+4.00 |
+255.70 |
+175.00 |
+0.75 |
+259.4 |
+-12.9 |
+
+
+| Ct PtvEq♦ |
+436.00 |
+2.00 |
+490.00 |
+412.00 |
+6.43 |
+689.6 |
+-36.8 |
+
+
+| HVFF |
+2335 |
+15.00 |
+2777.57 |
+2125 |
+- |
+3981.0 |
+-41.3 |
+
+
+| HqCapital |
+518.00 |
+12.00 |
+550.00 |
+364.00 |
+1.25 |
+528.1 |
+-1.9 |
+
+
+| ICG Ent Tr |
+1228 |
+36.00 |
+1352 |
+1090 |
+2.61 |
+1546.5 |
+-36.9 |
+
+
+| Pantheor Intl |
+318.50 |
+-2.50 |
+336.00 |
+282.00 |
+- |
+485.0 |
+-34.3 |
+
+
+| PartnersGrpPE € |
+10.15 |
+-0.30 |
+11.60 |
+9.24 |
+7.48 |
+14.2 |
+-28.5 |
+
+
+| PrntrsPrivEq |
+536.00 |
+5.00 |
+586.00 |
+427.50 |
+3.02 |
+770.0 |
+-30.4 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| Discretionary Unit Fund Mngrs (1000)F |
+Price |
++/-Week |
+52 Week |
+Yld |
+NAV |
+Dis(-) or Pm |
+
+
+| High |
+Low |
+
+
+
+
+| Right & ISS |
+2280 |
+-20.00 |
+2500 |
+1720.7 |
+1.89 |
+2578.2 |
+-11.6 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| Conventional - Property ICs |
+Price |
++/-Week |
+52 Week |
+Yld |
+NAV |
+Dis(-) or Pm |
+
+
+| High |
+Low |
+
+
+
+
+| Direct PropertyAEW UK REIT |
+98.00 |
+4.20 |
+104.20 |
+81.00 |
+8.16 |
+106.6 |
+-8.1 |
+
+
+| Bal ComPrp |
+95.30 |
+0.00 |
+96.10 |
+60.00 |
+5.20 |
+106.0 |
+-10.1 |
+
+
+| CT Prop T |
+82.90 |
+-1.70 |
+89.60 |
+60.00 |
+4.83 |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| TR Prop |
+331.50 |
+-7.50 |
+360.00 |
+252.95 |
+4.68 |
+366.3 |
+-9.5 |
+
+
+| Tritax EuroBEUR € |
+0.85 |
+0.00 |
+0.88 |
+0.50 |
+5.99 |
+0.9 |
+-5.6 |
+
+
+| Tritax EuroDGDP |
+70.00 |
+-0.40 |
+75.00 |
+43.55 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| UKComPrp |
+72.90 |
+1.80 |
+73.50 |
+47.15 |
+4.66 |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| VCTs |
+Price |
++/-Week |
+52 Week |
+Yld |
+NAV |
+Dis(-) or Pm |
+
+
+| High |
+Low |
+
+
+
+
+| Baronsmead 2ndVT |
+55.00 |
+0.00 |
+58.50 |
+49.60 |
+8.18 |
+60.3 |
+-8.8 |
+
+
+| Inc&GthVCT |
+66.00 |
+0.00 |
+71.50 |
+64.50 |
+16.67 |
+72.1 |
+-8.5 |
+
+
+| Nthn 2 VCT |
+53.00 |
+0.00 |
+57.50 |
+50.50 |
+5.85 |
+55.7 |
+-4.8 |
+
+
+| Nthn 3 VCT |
+82.50 |
+0.00 |
+86.50 |
+80.50 |
+5.45 |
+86.5 |
+-4.6 |
+
+
+| NthnVent |
+55.50 |
+0.00 |
+59.20 |
+54.00 |
+6.49 |
+58.6 |
+-5.3 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| Zero Dividend Preference Shares |
+Price |
++/-Week |
+52 Week |
+HR |
+TAV 0% |
+
+
+| High |
+Low |
+SP |
+WO |
+
+
+
+
+| Abf GVIT |
+106.00 |
+0.50 |
+110.00 |
+96.00 |
+-16.4 |
+-49.5 |
+160.6 |
+
+
+| UIL Finance 2028 20P |
+101.50 |
+1.00 |
+102.75 |
+85.00 |
+-39.1 |
+-55.4 |
+152.3 |
+
+
+| UIL Finance 2028 20P |
+123.50 |
+0.00 |
+125.00 |
+105.00 |
+-59.8 |
+-79.9 |
+151.5 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+| Investment Companies - AIM |
+Price |
++/-Week |
+52 Week |
+Yld |
+NAV |
+Dis(-) or Pm |
+
+
+| High |
+Low |
+
+
+
+
+| BB Biotech AG SFr |
+52.70 |
+-1.40 |
+67.00 |
+49.35 |
+3.7 |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| CrysAmber |
+112.00 |
+-3.00 |
+120.82 |
+60.00 |
+22.3 |
+170.9 |
+-34.5 |
+
+
+| Infra India# |
+0.02 |
+0.00 |
+1.28 |
+0.00 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+
+
+## Guide to FT Share Service
+
+For queries about the FT Share Service pages, e-mail ft.roodor.enquiries@momingstar.com.
+
+All data is as of the previous business day. Company classifications are based on the ICB system used by FTSE (see www.icbenchmark.com) FTSE 100 constituent stocks are shown in bold.
+
+Closing prices are shown in pence unless otherwise indicated. Highs & lows are based on intra-day trading over a rolling 52-week period. Price/eamings (RPSI) are based on lastest annual reports and accounts and are updated with interim figures. PER is calculated using the company's dilcted eamings from continuing operations.Yields are based on closing price and on dividends paid in the ast financial year and updated with interim figures. Yields are shown in net terms; dividends on UK companies are net of 10% tax, non-UK companies gross of tax. Highs & lows, yields and PER are adjusted to reflect capital changes where appropriate.
+
+Trading volumes are end of day aggregated totals, rounded to the nearest 1,000 shares.
+
+Net asset value and per share (NAV)and split analytics are provded only as a guice.Discounts and premiums are calculated using the latest cum fair net asset value estimate and closing price. Discounts, premiums, gross redemption yield (GRY), and hurdle rate (HR) to share price (SP) and HR to wipe out (WO) are displayed as a percentage, NAV and terminal asset value per share (TAV) in pence.
+
+✠FT Global 500 company
+
+◆trading ex-dividend
+
+■trading ex-capital distribution
+
+#price at time of suspension from trading
+
+The prices listed are indicative and believed accurate atthe time of publication. No offer is made by Morningstar or the FT. The FT does not warrant nor guarantee that the information is reliable or complete. The FT does not accept responsibility and will not be liable for any loss arising from the reliance on or use of the information.
+
+The FT Share Service is a paid-for-print listing service and may not be fully representative of all LSE-listed companies. This service is available to all listed companies, subject to the Editor’s discretion. For new sales enquiries please email data@ft.com.
+
+**Data provided by Morningstar**
+
+
+
+
+
+**www.morningstar.co.uk**
+
+
+FINANCIAL
+TIMES
+
+WHAT IMPACT WILL THE GOVERNMENT'S FIRST BUDGET HAVE ON YOU?
+
+
+
+Pick up your copy on 31 October to read the FT's Autumn Budget special issue
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_37.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_37.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b528e8550c077c200e4a2853a7ef37cee3825f2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_37.md
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+·氧化铝 氟化盐·
+
+# 石灰添加方式对选精矿溶出效果影响的试验研究
+
+黄昂,李国兵,晏华钎,王海军,韩敏
+
+(中国铝业中州分公司,河南 焦作 454174)
+
+**摘要:** 以选矿一拜耳法产业化暴露出溶出率偏低的问题为研究对象,从实验室研究出发,探索了不同的石灰添加方式对溶出效果的影响,发现了直接添加石灰粉优于水化石灰乳、水化石灰乳又优于循环碱液化石灰乳的规律,并分析了原因,为选精矿“双流法”高温强化溶出工艺改进指明了方向。
+
+**关键词:** 选精矿;双流法溶出;含钙化合物;反应活性
+
+**中图分类号:** TF803.21 **文献标识码:** A **文章编号:** 1002-1752(2007)04-11-5
+
+# Test study of lime adding types on the concentrated bauxite digestion
+
+HUANG Ang, LI Guo-bing, YAN Hua-qian, WANG Hai-jun, HAN Min
+
+(*Zhongzhou Branch, Chalco, Jiaozuo* 454174, *China*)
+
+**Abstract:** Different lime adding types on concentrated bauxite digestion different show digestion rates of the ore-dressing Bayer process, the paper found that result of the lime powder directly adding type is better than that of the hydrated lime milk adding, but the hydrated lime milk adding is better than the lime milk slaked by the recycled soda liquor according to the test of the laboratory. And it analyzed the reason. The test study pointed out the direction to improve the concentrated bauxite "double-stream" high temperature intensive digestion process.
+
+**Keyword:** the concentrated bauxite; double-stream digestion; calcium compound; reaction activity
+
+## 1 选精矿“双流法”高温强化溶出工艺产业化概况
+
+中国铝业中州分公司两条年产“30万吨选矿-拜耳法生产氧化铝”生产线,是国家高新技术产业化示范工程项目,其溶出工艺采用的是浮选精矿“双流法”高温强化溶出技术。设计流程描述为:
+
+将A/S为10.5左右的选精矿、循环碱液和用循环碱液化灰所得石灰乳(固含≥300g/l)配制成溶出原矿浆,控制原矿浆固含为800g/l\~900g/l和固相〔C/S〕为2.0±0.15,原矿浆送溶出工序的预脱硅。在100℃\~105℃条件下进行8h\~10h预脱硅反应后的“矿浆流”,由隔膜泵送七级矿浆单套管预热器预热到180℃左右,“碱液流”由活塞泵送13级三套管碱液预热器加热至260℃左右(其中前十级为利用闪蒸槽的乏汽预热,后3级为饱和蒸汽加热)。经预热后的“矿浆流”和“碱液流”在进溶出器前的混合器混合,进入9台串联溶出器(前两台溶出器内通入过热蒸汽,直接加热到溶出温度260℃\~265℃,后七台溶出器进行保温反应)。溶出浆液经10级闪蒸槽降温后,加入一次赤泥洗液和氢氧化铝洗液稀释,然后由离心泵送赤泥分离洗涤系统。各级闪蒸槽产生的二次蒸汽,分别预热矿浆和碱液。
+
+在“双流法”溶出工艺产业化应用的初始阶段,由于碱液套管泄漏频繁,两股流比例严重失调,溶出的配碱量不够,造成溶出指标恶化,赤泥A/S一度高达3.0左右,N/S在0.40以上。
+
+随着碱液套管泄漏治理的有效开展,管路泄漏的情况越来越少,生产驾驭能力增强,可以有效地调控两股流的比例,实现了可控操作。溶出指标出现一定程度的好转,但是离设计指标仍有较大的差距,溶出Rp平均在1.10时,溶出赤泥A/S为1.68,N/S高达0.37。与前期所做的所有选精矿溶出试验研究结果相比,赤泥A/S高,实际溶出率低。自2005年3月开始这种差距表现更为突出。
+
+通过对选精矿溶出赤泥样品的化学成分和物相成分分析,发现尽管赤泥中的〔C/S〕高达2.4,但仍含有数量不等的一水硬铝石和锐钛矿存在。分析认为生产过程中添加的石灰乳(循环碱液消化石灰所得到)没用充分发挥作用,导致锐钛矿没有完全转化为钙钛矿,从而影响了选精矿中一水硬铝石的充分溶出。于是,我们在实验室条件下进行了添加干石灰粉、水消化的石灰乳、循环碱液消化的石灰乳三种不同添加方式对选精矿溶出效果影响的试验。
+
+## 2 试验〔1〕
+
+### 2.1 原料
+
+#### (1) 选精矿
+
+选精矿取自磨浮车间精矿库,试验前充分混匀,缩分后取样分析其物理化学成分如表1~3:
+
+**表1 选精矿化学成分(%)**
+
+| 成分 | SiO2 | Fe2O3 | TiO2 | Al2O3 | CaO | MgO | Na2O | K2O | LOI | A/S |
|---|
| 含量 | 6.57 | 7.42 | 2.78 | 68.98 | 0.56 | 0.23 | 0.026 | 1.00 | 13.52 | 10.50 |
|---|
+
+**表2 选精矿的矿物组成(%)**
+
+| 矿物 | 一水硬铝石 | 高岭石 | 伊利石 | 绿泥石 | 锐钛矿 | 金红石 | 赤铁矿 | 方解石 |
|---|
| 含量 | 72.89 | 3.79 | 10.12 | 2.92 | 2.5 | 0.71 | 4.56 | 0.97 |
|---|
+
+**表3 选精矿的粒度分布表($\mu$m)**
+
+| 粒径 | -5 | -10 | -20 | -45 | -74 | D〔4,3〕 |
|---|
| 含量 | 19.5 | 30.17 | 45.16 | 66.58 | 72.35 | 72.58 |
|---|
+
+#### (2) 石灰及石灰乳
+
+石灰取自氧化铝厂化灰机岗位石灰仓,110℃烘干,磨细至-100#,密封备用;水化石灰乳是采用工业生产水消化现场的石灰进行制备;碱液化石灰乳取自磨浮车间的原矿浆调配生产现场。石灰乳抽取部分样品过滤、洗涤、烘干、密封、备用。各自的理化指标见表4~6。
+
+**表4 石灰粉、水石灰乳、循环碱液石灰乳的化学成分**
+
+
+
+
+| 项目/物料 |
+化学成分, % |
+LOI, % |
+固含, g/L |
+
+
+| SiO2 |
+Fe2O3 |
+TiO2 |
+Al2O3 |
+CaO |
+Na2O |
+K2O |
+
+
+
+
+| 石灰粉 |
+1.56 |
+0.02 |
+— |
+1.00 |
+93.30 |
+0.02 |
+— |
+— |
+— |
+
+
+| 水化石灰乳 |
+1.24 |
+0.21 |
+0.04 |
+0.80 |
+72.30 |
+0.06 |
+0.04 |
+22.65 |
+300 |
+
+
+| 循环碱液化石灰乳 |
+1.52 |
+0.20 |
+0.03 |
+25.10 |
+45.80 |
+0.80 |
+0.17 |
+25.40 |
+300 |
+
+
+
+
+**表5 不同消化方式所得石灰乳的矿物组成(%)**
+
+| 矿物/物料 | 方解石 | 氢氧化钙 | 水合铝酸钙 | 水合铝酸镁 |
|---|
| 水化石灰乳 | 2.1 | 93.0 | — | — | | 循环碱液化石灰乳 | 2.6 | 3.2 | 90.1 | 1.6 |
+
+**表6 不同消化方式所得石灰乳的固相物性**
+
+
+
+
+| 项目/物料 |
+粒度分布, μm |
+d(0.5)μm |
+比表面积m2/g |
+
+
+| -5 |
+-10 |
+-20 |
+-45 |
+
+
+
+
+| 水化石灰乳 |
+15.03 |
+49.46 |
+91.74 |
+100 |
+10.08 |
+1.42 |
+
+
+| 碱液化石灰乳 |
+6.41% |
+12.98 |
+43.45 |
+93.19 |
+22.0 |
+0.729 |
+
+
+
+
+#### (3) 碱液
+溶出碱液取自第二氧化铝厂溶出车间的循环碱液槽,其成分如表7:
+
+**表7 循环碱液成分**
+
+
+
+
+| 化学成分, g/L |
+Rp |
+Nc/Nt% |
+
+
+| Nt |
+Al2O3 |
+Nk |
+SiO2 |
+
+
+
+
+| 281.0 |
+141.77 |
+252 |
+1.58 |
+0.563 |
+10.32 |
+
+
+
+
+### 2.2 试验方法
+
+为提高试验数据的可比性,所有试验全部采用统一的溶出条件:溶出温度260℃、时间60 min、溶出配料 Nk 205 g/L、Rp为1.10。
+
+试验设备采用无机盐熔盐加热的钢弹溶出器,有效容积120mL左右,采用可控硅温度仪控制试验温度,控温精度±1℃,钢弹转速15r/min。
+
+根据选精矿、石灰或石灰乳、碱液等原料的成分,计算各物料的比例,准确量取加入钢弹。钢弹装入预先升好温度的熔盐加热器中,开启搅拌,按预定的时间进行溶出。溶出结束后,取出钢弹自然降温20min, 然后进行过滤分离, 分析溶液成分; 赤泥用95℃热水洗涤, 在110℃烘箱内干燥后, 分析化学成分。石灰乳固相电镜照片是用XXH-500扫描电镜分析的。
+
+### 2.3 试验结果
+
+在260℃、反应60min、配料Nk205g/l、配料Rp1.10的条件下,采用石灰粉、水化灰的石灰乳和循环碱液化灰的石灰乳三种钙添加方式进行溶出试验,溶出结果如表8、图1。
+
+**表8 不同钙添加方式的选精矿溶出试验结果**
+
+| 钙添加方式 | CaO 占精矿% | 溶出赤泥, % | 实际溶出率% |
|---|
| Al₂O₃ | SiO₂ | CaO | Na₂O | A/S | N/S |
|---|
| 干石灰粉 | 11 | 20.22 | 15.68 | 25.42 | 2.98 | 1.29 | 0.19 | 87.71 | | 13 | 21.75 | 16.35 | 29.53 | 2.78 | 1.33 | 0.17 | 87.33 | | 水化石灰乳 | 11 | 23.24 | 16.48 | 26.76 | 3.79 | 1.41 | 0.23 | 86.57 | | 13 | 22.56 | 15.58 | 28.54 | 3.57 | 1.45 | 0.23 | 86.19 | | 循环碱液化石灰乳 | 11 | 29.38 | 12.21 | 20.13 | 5.06 | 2.41 | 0.41 | 76.19 | | 13 | 24.11 | 15.07 | 27.53 | 4.07 | 1.60 | 0.27 | 84.76 |
+
+
+
+**图1 不同钙添加方式对选精矿溶出的影响(CaO 占精矿量 11%)**
+
+
+
+**图2 水化石榴石的生成模型**
+
+试验表明在相同溶出条件下,采用不同含钙化合物添加方式,其溶出效果排序为:添加石灰粉的效果最好,添加水化灰石灰乳次之,种母化灰石灰乳溶出效果最差。
+
+试验结果说明了不同添加方式含钙化合物在溶出过程中的反应活性不同。下面分析阐述形成这种差异的原因。
+
+## 3 含钙化合物的反应行为分析〔2~4〕
+
+众所周知,在溶出过程中钛矿物被碱溶解后,形成一层防护膜,包裹在矿粒的外表,阻碍一水硬铝石的溶出。添加石灰,具有消除钛矿物的危害、减少碱的损失等作用。
+
+溶出过程中添加氧化钙消除钛矿物的影响,是通过Ca(OH)₂与钛酸钠的反应来实现的:
+
+$$
+CaO + H_{2}O = Ca(OH)_{2} +aq \quad (1)
+$$
+
+$$
+TiO_{2} + 2NaOH = Na_{2}O \cdot TiO_{2} + H_{2}O \quad (2)
+$$
+
+$$
+2Na_{2}O \cdot TiO_{2} + Ca(OH)_{2} + 2H_{2}O = CaO \cdot TiO_{2} \cdot H_{2}O + 4NaOH \quad (3)
+$$
+
+而添加氧化钙减少碱的损失,是通过使矿石中的一部分二氧化硅不能生成N/S较高的钠硅渣、改为生成高饱和系数水化石榴石来实现的。
+
+在不含SiO₂的Na₂O-Al₂O₃-CaO-H₂O四元系中,CaO优先转变为Ca(OH)₂,然后与铝酸钠溶液反应生成多种水合铝酸钙,其中3CaO·Al₂O₃·6H₂O最为稳定,其反应式:
+
+$$
+3Ca(OH)_{2} + 2NaAl(OH)_{4} + aq = 3CaO \cdot Al_{2}O_{3} \cdot 6H_{2}O + 2NaOH + aq \quad (4)
+$$
+
+在200℃以上温度下溶出一水硬铝石型铝土矿的过程中,加入的石灰不会生成3CaO·Al₂O₃·$6H_2O$, 因为在高温下, 从溶出开始到终了, 液相都处于$Ca(OH)_2$的稳定区内。只有在原矿浆制备、储存的过程以及溶出矿浆自蒸发冷却和稀释过程中, 由于这时的液相位于$3CaO·Al_2O_3·6H_2O$的稳定区, 才具有生成$3CaO·Al_2O_3·6H_2O$的条件。因此$3CaO·Al_2O_3·6H_2O$是$Na_2O-Al_2O_3-CaO-H_2O$系中较低温度下的产物。换句话说, 在磨矿矿浆调配以及预脱硅等过程生成的$3CaO·Al_2O_3·6H_2O$在此条件下会发生分解, 生成溶出反应所需要的$Ca(OH)_2$;
+
+$$
+3CaO·Al_2O_3·6H_2O + 2NaOH + aq = 3Ca(OH)_2 + 2NaAl(OH)_4 + aq \quad (5)
+$$
+
+由于工业铝酸钠溶液中溶解有$SiO_2$等杂质, 水合铝酸三钙可能转变为溶解度更小的水化石榴石:
+
+$$
+3CaO·Al_2O_3·6H_2O + xNaSiO_3 + aq = 3CaO·Al_2O_3·xSiO_2·(6-2x)H_2O + 2(x+1)NaOH + aq \quad (6)
+$$
+
+也有人认为,$SiO_2$先和铝酸钠结合形成铝硅酸钠, 然后才被氧化钙置换, 形成铝硅酸钙或水化石榴石。
+
+文献指出, 石灰加入到含有硅酸钠的铝酸钠溶液中充分反应, 所得到的主要产物水化石榴石, 其核心是$Ca(OH)_2$, 在$Ca(OH)_2$颗粒表面出现两个反应产物, 外面的一层是水化石榴石, 中间的一层是水合铝酸钙, 这是因为铝酸钠溶液中$Al_2O_3$的浓度要比$SiO_2$高的多, 水合铝酸钙优先于水化石榴石生成。水化石榴石的颗粒可用图2所示模型表示〔5〕。
+
+水化石榴石系固溶体在溶液中的稳定性不仅与$NaOH$的浓度有关, 而且与固溶体中$SiO_2$含量有关。水化石榴石分解反应式如下:
+
+$$
+3CaO·Al_2O_3·xSiO_2·(6-2x)H_2O + 2(x+1)NaOH + aq = 3Ca(OH)_2 + xNaSiO_3 + 2NaAl(OH)_4 + aq \quad (7)
+$$
+
+水化石榴石中的$SiO_2$含量越高, 其溶解度越小。反过来说, 在石灰乳制备、矿浆调配以及预脱硅等生产工序生成的低饱和系数水化石榴石在高温条件下会发生分解, 生成溶出反应所需要的$Ca(OH)_2$, 然后重新生成更稳定的饱和系数更高的水化石榴石, 起到降低赤泥$N/S$的作用, 从而减少了碱的消耗。
+
+## 4 不同钙添加方式影响选精矿溶出效果的原因分析
+
+前面分析指出, 石灰乳制备、矿浆调配以及预脱硅等低温过程氧化钙会反应生成六水铝酸钙和低饱和系数水化石榴石, 氢氧化钙一般不存在; 而在大于200℃的高温预热和加热溶出条件下, 六水铝酸钙和低饱和系数水化石榴石会重新分解为溶出反应所需要的$Ca(OH)_2$。既然这样, 为什么在选精矿高温双流法工业溶出条件(260℃)下添加大量含钙化合物、〔C/S〕高达2.4还会出现氧化钙不足, 赤泥中还有锐钛矿以至于一水硬铝石溶出不完全, 甚至出现“出生料”的现象呢?
+
+从扩散的角度来看, 溶出过程为液一固反应, 固相的形态、晶型、粒度必将影响其反应活性, 非晶型、高度分散的、晶粒小的物质显然有高的比表面积, 因而也有高的反应活性。当铝酸钙的晶型完整、晶粒粗大、分散度差、团聚胶结, 必将影响其比表面积, 影响其反应活性, 影响其在溶出罐中分解生成氢氧化钙的速度, 最终影响溶出效果。
+
+在实验室条件下, 直接添加石灰到矿浆中, 然后马上升温溶出, 石灰急剧水化膨胀, 得到的含钙产物中既有与铝酸钠反应生成的$3CaO·Al_2O_3·6H_2O$和低饱和系数的$3CaO·Al_2O_3·xSiO_2·(6-2x)H_2O$, 也有少量未来得及参与反应的氢氧化钙。这些含钙产物高度分散、晶型不完整, 因而具有良好的反应活性, 在高温溶出条件下很容易重新分解为真正需要的氢氧化钙, 溶出效果必然是好的。
+
+
+
+**图3 水消化石灰得到的石灰乳电镜图**
+
+
+
+**图4-1 循环碱液消化石灰得到的石灰乳电镜图**
+
+
+
+**图4-2 循环碱液化灰得到的石灰乳电镜(局部)**
+
+
+
+**图5 矿浆中添加不同形式的氧化钙所得钙产物模型**
+
+而采用水消化得到的氢氧化钙,同样具有高度分散、比表面积大的特性(见图3、表6),加入原矿浆后,也会马上与铝酸钠反应生成 $3CaO·Al_2O_3·6H_2O$ 和低饱和系数的 $3CaO·Al_2O_3·xSiO_2·(6-2x)H_2O$, 其颗粒内核是氢氧化钙,表层仅有薄薄的一层 $3CaO·Al_2O_3·6H_2O$,或者中间有薄薄的一层 $3CaO·Al_2O_3·6H_2O$、外层有更薄的一层低饱和系数的 $3CaO·Al_2O_3·xSiO_2·(6-2x)H_2O$,其反应活性虽不及直接添加石灰,但在有充足溶出时间(60分钟)的条件下,外层的 $3CaO·Al_2O_3·xSiO_2·(6-2x)H_2O$ 和中间层的 $3CaO·Al_2O_3·6H_2O$ 可以基本完全溶解和分解,释放出氢氧化钙,从而能满足溶出过程的需要。
+
+采用循环母液消化的石灰乳,得到的产物主要是 $3CaO·Al_2O_3·6H_2O$,整个颗粒从内到外都是 $3CaO·Al_2O_3·6H_2O$,由于溶液中含有一定量的 $SiO_2$,其外表层为一层薄的低饱和系数的 $3CaO·Al_2O_3·xSiO_2·(6-2x)H_2O$,加上消化过程为剧烈放热反应,高温反应条件下颗粒附聚、粘连较多,粒度粗、比表面积相对于水化石灰乳钙产物要小。样品在电镜下观察,颗粒晶体轮廓明显,颗粒粗大(图4-1和图4-2)。这样的含钙物质即使在高温溶出条件下,溶解、分解也不彻底,转变为氢氧化钙的数量有限,因而矿石中的钛矿物不能或不能迅速转变为钙钛矿,进而影响了溶出效果。
+
+根据上述分析,提出了在实验室配制矿浆中采用不同钙添加方式,所得到含钙化合物的模型示意图5。该示意图表述了两层意思:一是含钙化合物的类型;二是含钙化合物颗粒的大小及组成状况。正是由于循环母液消化石灰的产物由结晶粗大的铝酸钙或低饱和系数的水化石榴石组成,溶出过程不易重新分解为氢氧化钙,从而导致其反应活性不如直接添加石灰粉和水化石灰乳,影响了选精矿的溶出。
+
+## 5 结语
+
+通过以上添加不同含钙化合物对选精矿溶出效果影响的研究与分析,得出如下结论:(1)在溶出过程中采用添加不同的钙化合物,选精矿溶出效果差别明显;相同条件下,对溶出效果贡献:干石灰粉效果最好,水化灰次之,循环碱液化灰效果最差;
+
+(2)循环碱液化灰石灰乳中含钙化合物主要以六水铝酸三钙或低饱和系数的水化石榴石形态存在,晶体结构明显,粒度较粗大,比表面积小,分散性差,存在明显的团聚、粘连现象,在溶出过程中分解缓慢,不能充分分解为氢氧化钙,致使所添加的钙化合物不能充分发挥作用,影响了选精矿的溶出效果;
+
+(3)改进选精矿溶出效果的技术方向是提高所配含钙化合物的反应活性。
+
+## 参考文献：
+
+〔1〕改进选精矿高压溶出工艺条件试验研究〔Z〕.中国铝业中州分公司技术中心,2006,3.
+
+〔2〕杨重愚.氧化铝生产工艺〔M〕.冶金工业出版社,1982.
+
+〔3〕毕诗文,杨毅宏等.铝土矿的拜耳法溶出〔M〕.冶金工业出版社,1996.
+
+〔4〕陈万坤,彭关才.一水硬铝石型铝土矿的强化溶出技术〔M〕.冶金工业出版,1999.
+
+〔5〕刘桂华,李小斌,彭志宏等.浓碱高苛性比铝酸钠溶液中水和铝硅酸钠形成的动力学研究〔J〕.高等学校化学学报,1999年8月.
+
+**（责任编辑 张文军）**
\ No newline at end of file
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+# 一种评价铝土矿浮选效果的模型
+
+黄昂
+
+(中铝中州铝业有限公司,河南 焦作 454174)
+
+**摘要:** 从实用、准确的角度出发,借鉴拜耳法的使用习惯,用物料的A/S作为变量,对铝土矿浮选作业的回收率、产率、脱硅率等重要技术经济指标的计算方法进行创新,提出了一种新的评价作业效果的数学模型。
+**关键词:** 铝土矿浮选效果;模型;评价
+**中图分类号:** TD862.5 **文献标识码:** A **文章编号:** 1002-1752(2018)07-0006-04
+**DOI:** 10.13662/j.cnki.qjs.2018.07.002
+
+# An evaluation model of bauxite flotation effect
+
+Huang Ang
+
+(*Aluminum Corporation of China Limited Zhongzhou Aluminum Co., Ltd., Jiaozuo 454174, China*)
+
+**Abstract:** From a practical and accurate point of view, and based on the usage habits of Bayer process, the A/S of ore is set as a variable parameter, a new mathematic model for evaluating the operation effects is proposed. The calculating method of the important techno-economic indicators such as recovery rate, yield and desilication rate of bauxite flotation is innovated.
+**Key words:** bauxite flotation effect; mathematic model; evaluation
+
+常规选矿工艺中,产率、回收率等综合指标是评价浮选效果极其重要的技术经济参数,因此这些指标的推导计算公式,实际就是评价浮选作业效果的模型。
+
+设原矿、精矿和尾矿中某物质(元素、化学成分)的品位分别为$\alpha$、$\beta$和$\theta$,理论产率记为$\gamma$,理论回收率记为$\varepsilon$,则有下列计算公式:
+
+$$ \begin{aligned} \text{理论产率 } \gamma &= (\alpha - \theta) / (\beta - \theta) \\ &= \alpha \times \varepsilon / \beta \end{aligned} $$
+$$ \text{理论回收率 } \varepsilon = \beta \times (\alpha - \theta) / [(\beta - \theta) \times \alpha] $$
+
+在铝土矿浮选脱硅工艺中,通过控制磨矿粒度、浓度、温度、pH值、药剂、风量等条件,铝土矿中一水硬铝石矿物尽可能上浮进入精矿,含硅矿物则尽可能不上浮进入尾矿,从而实现铝硅分离和硅矿物的脱除。除了产率、氧化铝回收率以外,衡量浮选脱硅作业效果还有一个重要的指标-脱硅率。其定义是被分离组份$SiO_2$在尾矿中的含量相对于原矿中的占比,以精矿中$SiO_2$的回收率为基准计算,显然脱硅率
+
+$$
+\delta = 1 - \varepsilon
+$$
+
+在工业实践中,以$Al_2O_3$和$SiO_2$两种物质为基准分别进行计算时,得到的产率、回收率常常不一致,有时差异较大。为此,从氧化铝生产工艺角度出发,以拜耳法习惯使用的参数 A/S($Al_2O_3$与$SiO_2$质量比)替代单一物质($Al_2O_3$或$SiO_2$)的含量,来推导铝土矿浮选脱硅工艺中的精矿产率、氧化铝回收率以及脱硅率。
+
+
+
+收稿日期:2018-04-02
+
+## 1 模型推导过程
+
+原矿、精矿、尾矿中$Al_2O_3$、$SiO_2$百分含量分别记作$A_{原}$、$S_{原}$,$A_{精}$、$S_{精}$,$A_{尾}$、$S_{尾}$,$A/S$分别记为$A/S_{原}$、$A/S_{精}$和$A/S_{尾}$。$A/S_{精}$与$A/S_{原}$之比称为精原比,记为$\lambda_1$, $A/S_{原}$与$A/S_{尾}$之比称为原尾比,记为$\lambda_2$。脱硅率记为$\delta$,理论回收率$\varepsilon$,理论产率记为$\gamma$。以单位重量原矿为基础列式计算。
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+&1)\ \text{尾矿中}\ S = \delta \times S_\text{原} \tag{1} \\
+&2)\ \text{尾矿中}\ A = A/S_\text{尾} \times \delta \times S_\text{原} \tag{2} \\
+&3)\ \text{精矿中}\ S = (1-\delta) \times S_\text{原} \tag{3} \\
+&4)\ \text{精矿中}\ A = A/S_\text{精} \times (1-\delta) \times S_\text{原} \tag{4} \\
+&5)\ A_\text{原} = \text{精矿中}\ A + \text{尾矿中}\ A \tag{5} \\
+&6)\ S_\text{原} = \text{精矿中}\ S + \text{尾矿中}\ S \tag{6}\\
+&7)\text{将式(1)+(2)+(3)+(4)+(5)+(6),得到脱硅率:}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+$$
+\delta = (S_{\text{原}} \times A/S_{\text{精}} - A_{\text{原}})/{[S_{\text{原}} \times (A/S_{\text{精}} - A/S_{\text{尾}})]}
+$$
+
+整理得到脱硅率:
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\delta = (A/S_{\text{精}} - A/S_{\text{原}})/({A/S_{\text{精}} - A/S_{\text{尾}}}) \tag{7}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\delta = (\lambda_1 - 1) / (\lambda_1 - 1/\lambda_2)\tag{8}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+8\) 理论回收率: $\varepsilon = 精矿中A/A_{\text{原}}$
+
+将式(4)带入,得到回收率
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\varepsilon &= A/S_{\text{精}} \times (1 - \delta) \times S_{\text{原}} / A_{\text{原}} \\
+&= A/S_{\text{精}} \times (1 - \delta) / (A/S_{\text{原}}) \\
+&= (A/S_{\text{精}}) / (A/S_{\text{原}}) \times (1 - \delta) \\
+&= \lambda_1 \times (1 - \delta) \tag{9}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+将式(7)带入得到：
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\varepsilon &= [(A/S_{\text{精}})/(A/S_{\text{原}})] \times (A/S_{\text{原}} - A/S_{\text{尾}}) / \\
+&\quad (A/S_{\text{精}} - A/S_{\text{尾}}) \tag{10} \\
+\varepsilon &= (\lambda_2 - 1)/(\lambda_2 - 1/\lambda_1) \tag{11}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+9\) 理论产率 $\gamma$
+
+原矿中的主要成分是Al₂O₃和SiO₂,另外还有Fe₂O₃、TiO₂、少量的CaCO₃等其他成分。浮选脱硅就是向原矿浆中添加药剂,使一水硬铝石型矿物颗粒表面疏水,上浮富集于精矿泡沫,而铝硅酸盐矿物颗粒表面亲水,进入底流富集于尾矿浆,达到铝硅分离的目的[1]。矿浆中的其他成份,被精矿和尾矿分别夹带离开浮选作业区域。
+
+假设基本不受药剂作用的影响,这些其他成份加夹进入精矿和尾矿的数量,取决于精矿、尾矿中氧化铝和二氧化硅合量占原矿中氧化铝和二氧化硅合量的比例。
+
+原矿中其他成分= $1 - (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}})$
+
+原矿中每单位氧化铝和二氧化硅含量夹带的其他成分 = $[1 - (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}})] / (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}})$
+
+精矿中氧化铝和二氧化硅夹带的其他成分
+
+$$
+Z = (\text{精矿中 } A + \text{精矿中 } S)\times [1 - (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}})]/({A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}})
+$$
+
+将式(3)和式(4)带入，得到:
+
+$$
+\text{精矿中}Z = \left[{A}/{S_{\text{精}}} \times (1-\delta) \times S_{\text{原}} + (1-\delta) \times S_{\text{原}} \right] \times [{1 - \left( A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}} \right)}]/({A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}})
+$$
+
+理论产率 $\gamma$ = 精矿中 A + 精矿中 S + 精矿中 Z
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+&= [A/S_{\text{精}} \times (1-\delta) \times S_{\text{原}} + (1-\delta) \times S_{\text{原}}] + [A/S_{\text{精}} \times (1-\delta) \times S_{\text{原}} + (1-\delta) \times S_{\text{原}}] \times [1 - (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}})]/{(A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}})} \\
+&= [A/S_{\text{精}} \times (1-\delta) \times S_{\text{原}} + (1-\delta) \times S_{\text{原}}] \times \{1 + [{1 - (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}})}]/{(A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}})}\} \\
+\gamma &= [(A/S_{\text{精}} + 1) \times S_{\text{原}} \times (1-\delta)]/{(A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}})} \tag{12} \\
+\gamma &= ({A/S_{\text{精}} + 1})\times (1-\delta)/({A/S_{\text{原}} + 1}) \tag{13}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+将式(7)带入：
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\gamma &= (A/S_{\text{精}} + 1) \times \left[ 1 - (A/S_{\text{精}} - A/S_{\text{原}})/({A/S_{\text{精}} - A/S_{\text{尾}}} )\right] / \left( A/S_{\text{原}} + 1 \right) \\
+&= (A/S_{\text{精}} + 1) \times (A/S_{\text{原}} - A/S_{\text{尾}})/{\left[ \left( A/S_{\text{精}} - A/S_{\text{尾}} \right) \times \left( A/S_{\text{原}} + 1 \right) \right]}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+整理得：
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\gamma = \left[ (A/S_{\text{精}} + 1)/{(A/S_{\text{原}} + 1)} \right] \times \left[ (A/S_{\text{原}} - A/S_{\text{尾}})/{(A/S_{\text{精}} - A/S_{\text{尾}})} \right] \tag{14} \\
+\gamma = \left[ (A/S_{\text{精}} + 1)/{(A/S_{\text{原}} + 1)} \right] \times \left[ (1 - 1/\lambda_2)/{(\lambda_1 - 1/\lambda_2)} \right]\tag{15}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+采用原矿、精矿和尾矿的A/S为变量,由上述方法推导得到脱硅率$\delta$、理论回收率$\varepsilon$和理论产率$\gamma$的函数表达式后,还可以进一步推导精矿和尾矿中A和S应有的理论含量:
+
+10\) $A_{\text{精}} = {\text{精矿中}} A/\gamma$
+
+将式(4)和式(12)带入,得到:
+
+$$
+A_{\text{精}} = A/S_{\text{精}} \times (1-\delta) \times S_{\text{原}}/{[(A/S_{\text{精}} + 1) \times S_{\text{原}} \times (1-\delta)] / (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}})}
+$$
+
+再整理得到：
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+A_{\text{精}} = (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}) / \left[ 1 + {1}/(A/S_{\text{精}}) \right]\tag{16}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+11\) $S_{\text{精}} = A_{\text{精}} / (A/S_{\text{精}})$
+
+将式(16)带入，
+
+$$
+S_{\text{精}} = (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}) / \left[1 + {1}/({A/S_{\text{精}}})\right] / (A/S_{\text{精}})
+$$
+
+再整理得到：
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+S_{\text{精}} = (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}) / (1 + A/S_{\text{精}})\tag{17}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+同理求得：
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+A_{\text{尾}} = (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}) / [1 + {1}/({A/S_{\text{尾}}})]\tag{18}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+S_{\text{尾}} = (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}) / (1 + A/S_{\text{尾}})\tag{19}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+## 2 选矿铝硅含量守恒
+
+对 $A_{\text{精}} + S_{\text{精}}$ 和 $A_{\text{尾}} + S_{\text{尾}}$ 进行推导计算,据公式(16)、(17)、(18)和(19),得出:
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+A_{\text{精}} + S_{\text{精}} &= (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}) / \left[ 1 + {1}/({A/S_{\text{精}}}) \right] + (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}) / (1 + A/S_{\text{精}}) \\
+&= (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}) \times \left\{ {1}/[{1 + {1}/({A/S_{\text{精}}})}] + {1}/({1 + A/S_{\text{精}}} )\right\} \\
+&= (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}) \times \left[ {A_{\text{精}}}/({A_{\text{精}} + S_{\text{精}}}) + S_{\text{精}}/({A_{\text{精}} + S_{\text{精}}}) \right] \\
+&= A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+A_{\text{尾}} + S_{\text{尾}} &= (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}) / \left[ 1 + 1/(A/S_{\text{尾}}) \right] + (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}) / (1 + A/S_{\text{尾}}) \\
+&= (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}) \times \left\{ 1 / \left[ 1 + 1/(A/S_{\text{尾}}) \right] + 1/(1 + A/S_{\text{尾}}) \right\} \\
+&= (A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}) \times \left[ A_{\text{尾}} / (A_{\text{尾}} + S_{\text{尾}}) + S_{\text{尾}} / (A_{\text{尾}} + S_{\text{尾}}) \right] \\
+&= A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+可见, $A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}} = A_{\text{精}} + S_{\text{精}} = A_{\text{尾}} + S_{\text{尾}}$成立。
+
+入选矿浆中除了A、S以外的其他成分,被精矿和尾矿分别夹带离开浮选作业区域。设基本不受药剂作用的影响,这些其他成分加夹进入精矿和尾矿的数量,取决于精矿、尾矿中氧化铝和二氧化硅合量占原矿中氧化铝和二氧化硅合量的比例。式中氧化铝和二氧化硅在各物质中的含量公式,即来源于这一假设,由此提出“选矿铝硅含量守恒”:
+
+在铝土矿浮选脱硅作业中,所得精矿(尾矿)中的氧化铝和二氧化硅百分含量之和,等于原矿中的氧化铝和二氧化硅百分含量之和。
+
+其方程式为：
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+A_{\text{原}} + S_{\text{原}} = A_{\text{精}} + S_{\text{精}} = A_{\text{尾}} + S_{\text{尾}}\tag{20}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+由此可见,采用以A/S为基准替代以A或者S单一物质(元素、成分)为基准来计算铝土矿选矿脱硅的产率、回收率和脱硅率既合理又准确。在工业生产过程中,由于物料的波动、物料转移滞后以及流程取样分析的偏差等原因,导致计算过程采用了铝硅含量不守恒的数据,因而得到的结果偏差大,评价浮选效果结论可信度不高。
+
+“选矿铝硅含量守恒”可为智能选矿数学模型的建立提供理论基础,应用前景广阔。
+
+## 3 应用实例
+
+### 3.1 选矿效果准确评价
+
+已知生产上某原矿 A 为 60.00%, S 为13.00%, A/S 为 4.62, 浮选得到精矿 A 为 64.00%,S 为 7.20%, A/S 为 8.89, 尾矿 A 为 41.00%, S 为30.00%, A/S 为 1.37。按照公式产率$ \gamma = (\alpha - \theta) /(\beta - \theta)$、回收率 $\varepsilon = \beta × (\alpha - \theta) / [(\beta - \theta) × \alpha]$、脱硅率 $\delta = 1 - \varepsilon$, 分别以 A 和 S 为基准来直接计算, 结果参见表 1。
+
+从表 1 看到, 以 A 为基准计算, 精矿的产率为82.61%, 尾矿产率为 17.39%, Al₂O₃ 的回收率达到88.12%; 而换用 S 为基准计算后发现, 精矿的产率仅为 74.56%, 尾矿产率高达 25.44%, Al₂O₃ 的回收率仅为 79.53%; 显然两种计算结果对不上。进一步计算发现, 以 A 为基准时, 虽然精矿和尾矿 A 的回收率之和达到 100%, 但精矿 S 和尾矿 S 的回收率之和仅为 85.89%, 小于 100%, 明显不平衡; 反过来, 以 S 为基准时, 虽然精矿和尾矿 S 的回收率之和达到 100%, 但精矿 A 和尾矿的 A 回收率之和仅为96.92%, 也明显不平衡。两种算法脱硅率分别是54.25% 和 58.70%。
+
+表 1 分别以 A 和 S 为基准计算产率和回收率
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+A% |
+S% |
+A/S |
+A基产率% |
+A基Al2O3回收率,% |
+A基S回收率% |
+S基产率% |
+S基S回收率% |
+S基Al2O3回收率,% |
+
+
+
+
+| 原矿 |
+60.00 |
+13.00 |
+4.62 |
+100.00 |
+100.00 |
+85.89 |
+100.00 |
+100.00 |
+96.92 |
+
+
+| 精矿 |
+64.00 |
+7.20 |
+8.89 |
+82.61 |
+88.12 |
+45.75 |
+74.56 |
+41.30 |
+79.53 |
+
+
+| 尾矿 |
+41.00 |
+30.00 |
+1.37 |
+17.39 |
+11.88 |
+40.13 |
+25.44 |
+58.70 |
+17.38 |
+
+
+
+
+改用以 A/S 为基准推导得到的公式(7)、(10)、(14)进行计算,结果列于表2。
+
+表 2 以 A/S 为基准计算产率、回收率和脱硅率
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+A% |
+S% |
+A/S |
+产率% |
+Al2O3回收率% |
+脱硅率% |
+
+
+
+
+| 原矿 |
+60.00 |
+13.00 |
+4.62 |
+100.00 |
+100.00 |
+56.82 |
+
+
+| 精矿 |
+ |
+ |
+8.89 |
+76.05 |
+83.17 |
+ |
+
+
+| 尾矿 |
+ |
+ |
+1.37 |
+23.95 |
+16.83 |
+ |
+
+
+
+
+注：精原比 λ₁ = 1.93，原尾比 λ₂ = 3.38
+
+可见,以 A/S 为基准计算的精矿产率为76.05%,介于以 A 为基准计算的 82.61%和以 S 为基准计算的 74.56%之间;回收率 83.17%和脱硅率56.82%也与表1结果不同。下面通过计算进行检验准确性。
+
+用以 A/S 为基准推导得到的公式(16)、(17)、(18)、(19)反推计算出精矿和尾矿中 A 和 S 的理论值,再分别采用以 A 和 S 为基准来计算产率和回收率,结果参见表3。
+
+表3 以A和S的理论值为基准分别计算产率和回收率
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+A% |
+S% |
+A/S |
+A 基产率% |
+A 基 Al2O3回收率, % |
+A 基 S 回收率% |
+S 基产率% |
+S 基 S回收率, % |
+S 基 Al2O3回收率, % |
+
+
+
+
+| 原矿 |
+60.00 |
+13.00 |
+4.62 |
+100.00 |
+100.00 |
+100.00 |
+100.00 |
+100.00 |
+100.00 |
+
+
+| 精矿 |
+65.62 |
+7.38 |
+8.89 |
+76.05 |
+83.17 |
+43.18 |
+76.05 |
+43.18 |
+83.17 |
+
+
+| 尾矿 |
+42.16 |
+30.84 |
+1.37 |
+23.95 |
+16.83 |
+56.82 |
+23.95 |
+56.82 |
+16.83 |
+
+
+
+
+按照计算结果,精矿和尾矿的A、S的理论值分别是65.62%、7.38%和42.16%、30.84%,明显区别于给出的数据。以A为基准计算,精矿的产率为76.05%,尾矿产率为23.95%,Al₂O₃的回收率83.17%;而换用S为基准计算后发现,精矿的产率、尾矿产率、Al₂O₃的回收率完全与以A为基准计算的结果一致;进一步计算发现,以A为基准时,不仅精矿和尾矿A的回收率之和达到100%,而且精矿S和尾矿S的回收率之和也是100%,两种物质是平衡的;反过来,以S为基准时,不仅精矿和尾矿S的回收率之和达到100%,而且精矿A和尾矿的A回收率之和也是100%。另外,A基、S基、A/S基三种算法的脱硅率均为56.82%。可见,反推出来的精矿和尾矿理论成分非常准确,即使采用单一物质(元素、成分)来计算评价铝土矿浮选效果,也与以A/S为基准推导得到的结果完全相符,评价结果可信。
+
+### 3.2 选矿对后续拜耳法消耗的影响预测[2~3]
+
+已知原矿品位A为60.00%,S为13.00%,A/S为4.62,计算比较选矿拜耳法与常规拜耳法吨产品原矿、石灰和赤泥中碱的消耗。拜耳法系统按照相同的条件取值:相对溶出率96%、损失率2.5%、原矿浆配钙量(C/S)0.8、石灰有效钙85%、赤泥 N/S 0.35。
+
+常规拜耳法:通过相对溶出率96%、扣除损失率2.5%,反推出外排赤泥A/S为1.24,计算出外排赤泥实际溶出率为73.24%,此即拜耳法氧化铝回收率。则:
+$$ \text{矿耗} = 1000/(\text{原矿 } A \times \text{拜耳法收率}) = 2276\text{kg} $$
+$$ \text{石灰耗} = \text{矿耗} \times \text{原矿 } S \times (C/S) / 1.071/\text{石灰含钙} = 260\text{kg} $$
+$$ \text{NaOH 耗} = \text{矿耗} \times \text{原矿 } S \times N/S \times 80/62 = 134\text{kg} $$
+
+选矿拜耳法:已知原矿品位的情况下,根据生产经验,取精矿A/S为原矿之二倍即9.23,取尾矿A/S 1.40,计算出选矿回收率82.12%,脱硅率58.94%。以精矿A/S 9.23、溶出率96%、扣除损失率2.5%,反推出外排赤泥A/S为1.54,计算出外排赤泥实际溶出率为83.37%,此即拜耳法氧化铝回收率。则:
+
+$$ \text{矿耗} = 1000/(\text{原矿 } A \times \text{选矿回收率} \times \text{拜耳法回收率}) = 2434\text{kg} $$
+$$ \text{石灰耗} = \text{矿耗} \times \text{原矿 } S \times (1 - \text{脱硅率}) \times (C/S) / 1.071/\text{石灰含钙} = 114\text{kg} $$
+$$ \text{NaOH 耗} = \text{矿耗} \times \text{原矿 } S \times (1 - \text{脱硅率}) \times N/S \times 80/62 = 59\text{kg} $$
+
+比较可知,选矿拜耳法矿耗2434kg比常规拜耳法2276kg高158kg,石灰耗低146kg, NaOH耗低75kg。根据上述计算得到消耗差异情况,就可以进一步进行两种方法的经济评价;通过变换不同的技术参数,可以在已知原矿品位的条件下预测原矿常规拜耳法与选矿拜耳法的成本平衡点和在多种精矿尾矿A/S取值(控制方案)中选优。
+
+## 4 结语
+
+(1)以A/S为基准替代以A或S单一物质(元素、成分)为基准计算铝土矿选矿脱硅的产率、回收率和脱硅率,不仅可行,而且由于遵循了“铝硅合量守恒”,消除了单一物质计算的偏差,结果更准确;
+(2)本文推导计算得到的一系列公式,可在铝土矿浮选脱硅的技术研发、工业设计和生产经营管理中使用,预测和评价的功能性很强;
+(3)研究提出的“选矿铝硅合量守恒”,可为铝土矿智能选矿脱硅数学模型的建立提供理论基础。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1]卢毅屏.铝土矿选择性磨矿-聚团浮选脱硅研究[D].长沙:中南大学,2012.
+[2]曾庆猛,等.铝土矿选矿脱硅对拜耳法的经济性[J].铝镁通讯,2016(2):4-8.
+[3]于传敏,等.精矿铝硅比对选矿拜耳法经济性的影响[J].轻金属,2002(9):13-17.
+
+**(责任编辑 马书杰)**
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_39.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_39.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..83ba01cc83707671dddd8e5dea05495ace800bf9
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+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_39.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1817 @@
+B6 EZ RE THE WASHINGTON POST • THURSDAY, JANUARY 1, 2026
+
+
+
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+
+
+| TCM |
+(6:15) Movie: Song of the Thin Man (1947) |
+Movie: Mr. Deeds Goes to Town ★★★★ (1939) |
+(:15) Movie: Mr. Smith Goes to Washington ★★★★ (1939) |
+
+
+| TLC |
+Sister Wives |
+The Cult (P) |
+The Cult Of The Real |
+The Cult Of The Real |
+Sister |
+
+
+| TNT |
+(3:30) Movie: A... |
+Movie: Aquaman ★★ (2018) Aquaman must save Atlantis from his power-hungry brother. |
+Movie: Captain Marvel ★★ (2019) |
+
+
+| Travel |
+Lost Monster Files |
+Bigfoot Took Her |
+Bigfoot Took Her |
+Bigfoot Took Her |
+Smithsoni. |
+
+
+| TruTV |
+Dunkman |
+Dunkman Lift Off |
+Dunkman |
+Dunkman No Limits |
+Dunkman |
+
+
+| TV Land |
+Raymond |
+Raymond |
+Raymond |
+Raymond |
+Raymond |
+Raymond |
+Raymond |
+Raymond |
+King |
+
+
+| TV One |
+Different |
+Different |
+Different |
+Different |
+Different |
+Different |
+Different |
+Different |
+Different |
+
+
+| USA Network |
+Law & Order: SVU |
+Law & Order: SVU |
+Law & Order: SVU |
+Law & Order: SVU |
+Law-SVU |
+
+
+| VH1 |
+Prince |
+Prince |
+Prince |
+Prince |
+Prince |
+Prince |
+Prince |
+Prince |
+Movie |
+
+
+| WNC8 |
+Paid Prog. |
+LifeLock |
+7News at.. |
+Paid Prog. |
+SportsTalk |
+WorldNe.. |
+WJLANe. |
+Larry K |
+National |
+
+
+
+
+| LEGEND: Bold indicates new or live programs ♦ High DefinitionMovie Ratings (from TMS) ★★★★ Excellent ★★★ Good ★★ Fair ★ Poor No stars: not rated |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## SUDOKU
+
+Complete the grid so that every row, column and 3x3 box contains every digit from 1 to 9 inclusively.
+
+
+
+| 8 |
+ |
+ |
+6 |
+ |
+4 |
+9 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 2 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+1 |
+3 |
+ |
+ |
+4 |
+
+
+ |
+5 |
+ |
+ |
+2 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+1 |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+5 |
+7 |
+ |
+2 |
+8 |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+3 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+7 |
+6 |
+ |
+4 |
+2 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 4 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+8 |
+ |
+ |
+1 |
+ |
+
+
+| 7 |
+ |
+ |
+4 |
+6 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+8 |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+1 |
+3 |
+ |
+5 |
+ |
+ |
+7 |
+
+
+
+DIFFICULTY RATING: ★★★★☆
+
+© 2026 Andrews McMool Syndication
+
+### Play more games online
+
+We have more than 100 card, puzzle and word games to challenge you.
+
+Just scan the QR code with your phone's camera
+or visit wapo.st/games
+
+
+
+### Game Break
+
+Get our gaming newsletter with daily reminders and other insights.
+wapo.st/newsletters
+
+### PREVIOUS SUDOKU SOLUTION
+
+
+
+| 6 |
+3 |
+4 |
+1 |
+9 |
+8 |
+5 |
+7 |
+2 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+2 |
+7 |
+3 |
+6 |
+5 |
+8 |
+4 |
+1 |
+
+
+| 1 |
+8 |
+5 |
+4 |
+7 |
+2 |
+6 |
+9 |
+3 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+7 |
+3 |
+2 |
+8 |
+9 |
+4 |
+1 |
+6 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+6 |
+1 |
+7 |
+4 |
+3 |
+9 |
+8 |
+5 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+4 |
+9 |
+6 |
+5 |
+1 |
+3 |
+2 |
+7 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+5 |
+8 |
+9 |
+1 |
+7 |
+2 |
+6 |
+4 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+9 |
+6 |
+5 |
+2 |
+4 |
+1 |
+3 |
+8 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+1 |
+2 |
+8 |
+3 |
+6 |
+7 |
+5 |
+9 |
+
+
+
+---
+
+## S₁CRABBLE G₂R₁A₁M₃S₁
+
+Hasbro and its logo SCRABBLE®, associated logo, the design of the distinctive SCRABBLE brand game board, and the distinctive letter the designs are trademarks of Hasbro in the United States and Canada. ©2026 Hasbro. All rights reserved. Distributed by Tribune Content Agency, LLC.
+
+
+
+**PAR SCORE 150-160 BEST SCORE 215**
+
+**FOUR RACK TOTAL TIME LIMIT: 20 MIN**
+
+**DIRECTIONS**：Make a 2- to 7-letter word from the letters in each row. Add points of each word, using scoring directions ai right. Finally, 7-letter words get 50-point bonus. "Blanks" used as any letter have no point value. ALL the words are in the Official SCRABBLE® Players Dictionary, 5th Edition. **SOLUTION TOMORROW**
+
+**For more information on tourmaments and clubs, email NASPA-North American SCRABBLE Players Association info@scrabbleplayers.org. Visit our websit - www.scrabbfeplayers.org. For puzzle inquiries contact scrgram@gmail.com**
+
+01-01
+
+### PREVIOUS SCRABBLEGRAMS SOLUTION
+
+
+
+PAR SCORE 145-155 TOTAL **222**
+
+## JUMBLE CROSSWORDS™
+
+by David L. Hoyt 1-1-26
+
+
+
+
+
+| ACROSS |
+
+
+| CLUE |
+ANSWER |
+
+
+| 1. Doctor's concern |
+L H A H T E |
+
+
+| 5. Wedding escort |
+H S E R U |
+
+
+| 6. "Stroom Bunker" |
+D I H E T |
+
+
+| 7. "___Weapon" |
+E T H L L A |
+
+
+
+
+
+| DOWN |
+
+
+| CLUE |
+ANSWER |
+
+
+| 1. Paid by the clock |
+R Y O U L H |
+
+
+| 2. Attain |
+H V E I A C E |
+
+
+| 3. Stain a reputation |
+R H T I N S A |
+
+
+| 4. Dry volume unit |
+E L H B S U |
+
+
+
+**CLUE:** This tennis player won the inaugural U.S. Open in 1968, the very first year it was open to professionals.
+
+**BONUS**
+
+How to play
+
+Complete the crossword puzzle by looking at the clues and unscrambling the answers. When the puzzle is complete, unscramble the circled letters to solve the BONUS.
+
+
+
+© 2028 Tribune Content Agency, LLC. & hoyt Dunigns. All Rights Reserved
+
+Send comments to DLHoyt@HoylnteractiveMecia.com
+
+---
+
+## HOROSCOPE
+
+
+**BIRTHDAY | JANUARY 1:** You are rational and clear-thinking. You're also determined, hardworking and thoughtful.This is a fun-loving year for you! Your creativity, zest and desire for life are at a pinnacle! Let your guard down and loosen up a bit. Old friends might reappear to rekindle relationships.
+
+Moon Alert: There are no restrictions to shopping or important decisions today. The Moon is in Gemini. Happy New Year!
+
+**ARIES**
+(March 21-April 19)
+
+Even though you might be seized with New Year's resolutions, relax and take it easy today. This year starts off in a casual, easygoing way. Wait a few days before putting plans in action. Be clear when communicating to bosses and parents to avoid misunderstandings.
+
+**TAURUS**
+(April 20-May 20)
+
+Don't rush into anything today. Kick back and relax. Be careful about embracing some kind of ideology as if it were gospel, because things are confusing today, and it's easy to push things out of perspective. This is a couch potato day to read or watch TV.
+
+**GEMINI**
+(May 21-June 20)
+
+The Moon is in your sign, which will attract favors to you today. (A nice way to begin your new year.) Take it easy, because it's a dreamy day. This means it's a poor day for important financial decisions, especially about inheritances, wills or shared property. Relax.
+
+**CANCER**
+(June 21-July 22)
+
+Keep a low profile today. You might have some resolutions, but today is not the day to act. This year starts off slow, which means it's the perfect time to relax at home if you can. Conversations with partners, spouses and close friends might be confusing. Be aware of this.
+
+**LEO**
+(July 23-Aug. 22)
+
+Take it easy today if this is possible. Don't feel that you have to get busy because it's the first day of the year. This is a great day to daydream, watch a movie or snuggle up with your main squeeze. This year starts off gently, in slow motion.
+
+**VIRGO**
+(Aug. 23-Sept. 22)
+
+Although you might want to make New Year's resolutions, don't guilt yourself into productivity. This year begins gently, and as much as possible, you want to take it easy today and enjoy yourself. Caution about pie-in-the-sky romance.
+
+**LIBRA**
+(Sept. 23-Oct. 22)
+
+Relax today. No need to jump up and begin this day with determined fervor. Au contraire! This is the day to take it easy, because there's a dreamy quality in the air. In fact, family conversations might be misinterpreted or confused. Baby steps.
+
+**SCORPIO**
+(Oct. 23-Nov. 21)
+
+You might feel full of firm resolve with four planets in your House of Communications; nevertheless, take it easy today. This is the day to relax, because the entire world is having a dreamy moment. Communications are hazy. Double-check everything.
+
+**SAGITTARIUS**
+(Nov. 22-Dec. 21)
+
+Be careful with financial decisions today because confusing vibes are in the air. You might tend to over-idealize something. Postpone ideas about cash flow and spending for a few days so that you know what you're doing. Kick back and relax today.
+
+**CAPRICORN**
+(Dec. 22-Jan. 19)
+
+Today Mercury moves into your sign to join the Sun, Venus and Mars, which means four planets are now in your sign! (Oh yes, it's all about you, dear Capricorn.) Nevertheless, take it easy, because this year begins on a relaxing note. You can start your engines later in the week.
+
+**AQUARIUS**
+(Jan. 20-Feb. 18)
+
+This is the perfect day to sleep in, have a second cup of coffee and relax. You don't have to jump into action just because it's the first day of the year. In fact, you might want to hide and enjoy your privacy. Nevertheless, you will feel sociable and up for some fun diversions.
+
+**PISCES**
+(Feb. 19-March 20)
+
+This is a friendly day; however, it's also a relaxing day. Enjoy schmoozing with friends and groups. Or you might choose to relax at home. Today Mercury is at odds with your ruler Neptune, casting a dreamy element of confusion and gentle vibes over the world.
+
+*— Georgia Nicols*
+
+© 202, KING FEATURES SYNDICATE, INC.
+
+---
+
+## BRIDGE
+
+N-S VULNERABLE
+
+**NORTH (D)**
+
+♠ A J 5
+
+♥ Q 6 4
+
+♦ A Q 6 3 2
+
+♣ 8 7
+
+**WEST**
+
+♠ 4 3
+
+♥ J 10 9 8
+
+♦ J 8
+
+♣ K J 9 6 3
+
+**EAST**
+
+♠ 8 7 6
+
+♥ A K 5
+
+♦ 10 9 7 5
+
+♣ Q 10 5
+
+**SOUTH**
+
+♠ K Q 10 9 2
+
+♥ 7 3 2
+
+♦ K 4
+
+♣ A 4 2
+
+**The bidding:**
+
+
+
+
+| NORTH |
+EAST |
+SOUTH |
+WEST |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 ♦ |
+Pass |
+1 ♠ |
+Pass |
+
+
+| 2 ♠ |
+Pass |
+4 ♠ |
+All Pass |
+
+
+
+
+Opening lead - ♥ J
+
+Procrastination is a dish best served eventually. Cy the Cynic is not my club's best declarer, but he knows the benefits of waiting to draw trumps.
+
+When Cy was today's South, North quite properly raised Cy's one spade to two, and Cy bid game. The defense began with three heart tricks, and East then led a club.
+
+Cy needed the rest of the tricks. If the missing diamonds broke 3-3, Cy could draw trumps and succeed easily. More likely, diamonds would break 4-2, but then the Cynic could cash the K-A and ruff a diamond. He would draw trumps, ending in dummy, and take the queen and the fifth diamond.
+
+Cy saw that if diamonds broke 4-2, he would need a 3-2 trump break. Cy says it's not procrastination if you do it right now, so he took only the A-K of trumps. When EastWest followed, Cy set up dummy's diamonds with a ruff, drew the missing trump with dummy's jack and was safe.
+
+If trumps had split 4-1 or 5-0, Cy would have drawn all the trumps, then hoped for 3-3 diamonds.
+
+**DAILY QUESTION**
+
+You hold:
+
+♠ A J 5 ♥ Q 6 4
+
+♦ A Q 6 3 2 ♣ 8 7
+
+Your partner opens one diamond. The next player passes. What do you say?
+
+**ANSWER:** A raise to three diamonds would be fine if forcing, but few pairs so treat a direct jumpraise. Many pairs use "inverted" minor-suit raises and would bid two diamonds, forcing; a jump to three diamonds would be weak. That method has advantages and drawbacks. With no agreements, bid an imperfect 3NT and hope for the best.
+
+*— Frank Stewart*
+
+©2026, TRIBUNE CONTENT AGENCY, LLC.
+
+
+
+## LA TIMES CROSSWORD
+
+**By Jill Rafaloff & Michelle Sontarp**
+
+### ACROSS
+
+1 Complete failures
+
+6 "Now!"
+
+10 A couple of bucks?
+
+14 Oak tree, once
+
+15 Words of dismay
+
+16 New Age artist who often sings in Irish
+
+17 Crossover design from Vivienne Westwood and Diane von Furstenberg?
+
+19 Suds
+
+20 Former quarterback Manning
+
+21 __-Caps candy
+
+22 Give a damn?
+
+23 __gel: contents of "Do not eat" packets
+
+26 On the decline
+
+29 Creative team behind Lilly Pulitzer's signature look?
+
+33 Liturgical vestment
+
+36 Really, really enjoy a joke
+
+37 Madre's sister
+
+38 Grade cafe
+
+40 Alive and__
+
+43 Viking weapon
+
+44 Pinnacle
+
+46 Affection from a dog
+
+47 Item in Giorgio Armani's 50th anniversary collection?
+
+51 Patterned fabric woven on Jacquard looms
+
+52 Orates
+
+56 _shorts
+
+58 Be in debt
+
+60 Briny
+
+61 Vaping device
+
+62 Line of Mary Quant's trademark skirts?
+
+66 Place for pews
+
+67 Legend
+
+68 Wet bars?
+
+69 Even
+
+70 Keyboard locale
+
+71 Really hard to see
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+2 |
+3 |
+4 |
+5 |
+ |
+6 |
+7 |
+8 |
+9 |
+ |
+10 |
+11 |
+12 |
+13 |
+
+
+| 14 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+15 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+16 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 17 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+18 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+19 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 20 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+21 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+22 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 23 |
+ |
+ |
+24 |
+25 |
+ |
+ |
+26 |
+27 |
+28 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+29 |
+ |
+ |
+30 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+31 |
+32 |
+
+
+| 33 |
+34 |
+35 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+36 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+37 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 38 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+39 |
+ |
+ |
+40 |
+ |
+41 |
+42 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 43 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+44 |
+ |
+45 |
+ |
+ |
+46 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 47 |
+ |
+ |
+48 |
+49 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+50 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+51 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+52 |
+ |
+ |
+53 |
+54 |
+55 |
+
+
+| 56 |
+57 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+58 |
+59 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+60 |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 61 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+62 |
+63 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+64 |
+65 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 66 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+67 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+68 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+| 69 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+70 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+71 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+
+© 2026 Tribune Content Agency, LLC. 1/1/26
+
+### DOWN
+
+1 Innocent
+
+2 Circular openings in domes
+
+3 Synergy Supreme+ gasoliner retailer
+
+4 "Putting my phone down a sec"
+
+5 Weekly skit show, for short
+
+6 Scattered
+
+7 Target in a game of catch
+
+8 Japan carrier
+
+9 Blouse
+
+10 Expose as false
+
+11 Peppy
+
+12 Seeing things
+
+13 Redder than medium
+
+18 Actor Morales
+
+22 Round fig.
+
+24 Remote getaway spot
+
+25 "Moonstruck" Oscar winner
+
+27 Faces the day
+
+28 Musubi seaweed
+
+30 Brawl
+
+31 Playing surface surrounded by boards
+
+32 Droops
+
+33 Try
+
+34 Call with a raised hand
+
+35 State of ramped-up productivity
+
+39 Zilch
+
+41 Rate of speed
+
+42 Beach toy
+
+45 Greek island in the Cyclades
+
+48 Caught off base?
+
+49 Med. plan option
+
+50 Functions
+
+53 Nepali, e.g.
+
+54 Stays fresh
+
+55 "Listen to _": podcast that covers a classic teen magazine
+
+56 Penny
+
+57 Berry native to the Amazon rainforest
+
+59 "Don't take me too seriously" indicator
+
+62 Prefix with way or wife
+
+63 Raw bar need
+
+64 Language suffix
+
+65 Caviar
+
+### WEDNESDAY'S LA TIMES SOLUTION
+
+
+
+| L |
+U |
+M |
+P |
+ |
+C |
+H |
+I |
+P |
+ |
+B |
+A |
+Ⓖ |
+S |
+
+
+| A |
+Ⓖ |
+Ⓐ |
+R |
+ |
+A |
+I |
+N |
+T |
+ |
+A |
+S |
+Ⓐ |
+P |
+
+
+| P |
+Ⓛ |
+Ⓐ |
+Y |
+I |
+N |
+G |
+F |
+O |
+R |
+T |
+I |
+Ⓜ |
+E |
+
+
+| S |
+I |
+C |
+ |
+N |
+O |
+H |
+O |
+ |
+H |
+I |
+R |
+Ⓔ |
+D |
+
+
+ |
+S |
+O |
+C |
+C |
+E |
+R |
+ |
+K |
+E |
+K |
+E |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+ |
+M |
+A |
+D |
+O |
+N |
+N |
+A |
+ |
+C |
+B |
+S |
+
+
+| A |
+L |
+T |
+O |
+S |
+ |
+L |
+O |
+O |
+ |
+ |
+A |
+Ⓨ |
+E |
+
+
+| Ⓦ |
+Ⓞ |
+Ⓡ |
+N |
+ |
+S |
+L |
+O |
+T |
+ |
+B |
+L |
+Ⓞ |
+Ⓖ |
+
+
+| E |
+Ⓚ |
+E |
+ |
+ |
+M |
+E |
+N |
+ |
+M |
+E |
+L |
+B |
+Ⓐ |
+
+
+| S |
+I |
+S |
+ |
+S |
+U |
+R |
+E |
+C |
+A |
+N |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+J |
+P |
+E |
+G |
+ |
+C |
+U |
+T |
+E |
+S |
+T |
+ |
+
+
+| S |
+W |
+O |
+L |
+E |
+ |
+D |
+A |
+R |
+T |
+ |
+A |
+R |
+I |
+
+
+| Ⓒ |
+Ⓐ |
+L |
+E |
+N |
+Ⓓ |
+Ⓐ |
+R |
+T |
+E |
+Ⓣ |
+Ⓡ |
+Ⓘ |
+S |
+
+
+| A |
+Ⓛ |
+I |
+A |
+ |
+U |
+Ⓣ |
+Ⓔ |
+S |
+ |
+N |
+A |
+Ⓟ |
+A |
+
+
+| B |
+Ⓛ |
+E |
+D |
+ |
+E |
+A |
+S |
+Y |
+ |
+T |
+H |
+E |
+Y |
+
+
+
+The Washington Post
+
+# SPORTS
+
+THURSDAY, JANUARY 1, 2026 su B7
+
+
+
+
+
+
+NICK WASS/ASSOCIATED PRESS
+
+**Shortly after being named to Team Canada's Olympic roster, Capitals winger Tom Wilson reached the 20-goal mark for the season as well as 200 for his NHL career.**
+
+## Tom terrific
+
+---
+
+### CAPITALS 6, RANGERS 3
+
+---
+
+### Wilson follows up Olympic nod with two goals, assist and fight
+
+---
+
+**BY BAILEY JOHNSON**
+
+As far as Spencer Carbery is concerned, Tom Wilson's New Year's Eve might be the best day any hockey player has had.
+
+Before the Washington Capitals' matinee matchup with the New York Rangers, Wilson got the call from Hockey Canada, letting him know he'll be representing his country at the Winter Olympics in Milan. Wilson then went out and scored two goals, reaching the 20-goal mark for the season and the 200-goal mark for his career, and added an assist and a fight to notch his third career Gordie Howe hat trick as the Capitals beat the Rangers, 6-3.
+
+It was a flip of the script from Washington's previous meeting with New York nine days ago. On both occasions, the Capitals led 3-2 after the second period, but in that first matchup, they then gave up five goals in the third period to lose in blowout fashion.
+
+On Wednesday, heavily aided by Wilson's efforts, Washington scored three goals in the final frame and secured a much-needed victory.
+
+"That just speaks to his character and focus as a professional," Carbery said of Wilson's afternoon. "I bet the Team Canada coaches and management were watching today, maybe, and were like, 'We made a good decision.'"
+
+Winger Anthony Beauvillier put the Capitals ahead at 12:27 of the first period, capitalizing off the rush on a cross-ice backhand pass from linemate Ryan Leonard. Washington carried the momentum through much of the first, which doesn't always happen for the CAPITALS in midday games.
+
+But with 40 seconds left in the period, Vincent Trocheck redirected a shot from Artemi Panarin past goaltender Charlie Lindgren to tie things up and put a dent in Washington's solid start.
+
+At 7:33 of the second period, Wilson scored his 20th goal of the season to cap
+
+SEE **CAPITALS** ON **B9**
+
+**Capitals at Senators:** 1 p.m., Monumental | **Two Caps on Team Canada:** Tom Wilson, Logan Thompson get the call. **B9**
+
+
+
+## Trump tears up lease for D.C. golf
+
+---
+
+### City's three public courses thrown into uncertainty by administration's move
+
+---
+
+**BY RICK MAESE**
+
+The Trump administration terminated the lease agreement governing Washington's three public golf courses, a move that throws the future of municipal golf in the District into uncertainty and clears a path for the president to put his imprint on one of the region's most prominent public courses.
+
+The Interior Department issued the termination letter Tuesday, formally severing ties with the nonprofit National Links Trust, which has managed Langston Golf Course, Rock Creek Park Golf and East Potomac Golf Links — all public courses on federal land — under a lease agreement since 2020. In the letter, Interior officials said the decision was based on what they described as National Links Trust's failure to complete required capital improvements and to provide a satisfactory plan to cure alleged defaults under the lease.
+
+In a statement Wednesday, National Links Trust officials said they are “fundamentally in disagreement with the administration’s characterization” and “devastated” by the decision. National Links Trust has agreed to continue operating the courses in the short term, though its renovation project at Rock Creek Park has been suspended.
+
+National Links Trust co-founder Michael McMartin said the organization opted to remain in place temporarily rather than walk away from the courses, which could have forced an abrupt shutdown and deepened uncertainty for workers and golfers.
+
+"Our mission is to provide affordable and accessible golf," McMartin said, "and our obligation is to our employees and the community. These are important places, and without an alternative, we can't let them sit, closed and unavailable to the community."
+
+An Interior spokesperson did not respond to a list of questions Wednesday, but said in a statement: "The Trump administration prides itself on getting the job done for the American people and partnering with others who share that same goal."
+
+The National Park Service didn't respond to questions about the termination Wednesday, and a White House spokesman did not comment.
+
+SEE **GOLF** ON **B10**
+
+---
+
+## McCollum comes up clutch as Wizards end year with win
+
+---
+
+### WIZARDS 114, BUCKS 113
+
+---
+
+**BY VARUN SHANKAR**
+
+CJ McCollum scored the game's final four points — including the game-winning jumper with 1.2 seconds remaining — to lift the Wizards to a 114-113 win at Fiserv Forum in Milwaukee.
+
+The Wizards closed out 2025 red-hot, winners of three of their past four and five of their past nine.
+
+Washington (8-24) led by 10 with just under eight minutes left but went cold, allowing Milwaukee (14-20) to jump back ahead. The Bucks led by three with 33 seconds remaining before McCollum (18 points) scored a quick layup to get them back within one.
+
+Alex Sarr blocked consecutive shots on the ensuing possession, setting up McCollum's jumper from the baseline with 1.2 seconds remaining.
+
+Bucks superstar Giannis Antetokounmpo had 33 points and 15 rebounds but missed what would have been a game-winning jumper as time expired.
+
+It was another big night for the Wizards' youth. Sarr, 20, notched his eighth double-double of the season with a team-high 20 points and 11 rebounds. He added four blocks. Bub Carrington came off the bench and matched Sarr with 20 points on 7-for-14 shooting.
+
+Washington shot 19 for 39 from three-point range. Carrington and rookie Tre Johnson led the way, combining to shoot 10 for 18 from deep.
+
+For Carrington, the performance continued a strong December after a dismal start to the season. In his first 18 games, the second-year guard averaged 6.5 points, shooting 35.3 percent from the field. He shot 44.6 percent from deep but on just 3.1 attempts per game.
+
+He has taken 6.1 shots from deep in December and is shooting 45.3 percent from three. He's shooting 45.7 percent from the field and averaging 13.4 points and 4.6 assists.
+
+Johnson scored 14 points and shot 5 for 13.
+
+**Nets at Wizards**
+
+Friday, 7 p.m., Monumental
+
+
+
+
+
+ALEX SLITZ/GETTY IMAGES
+
+### Hurricanes storm into the semis
+
+Miami's CJ Daniels has reason to celebrate after the No. 10 Hurricanes upset No. 2 Ohio State, 24-14, in the Cotton Bowl College Football Playoff quarterfinal in Arlington, Tex. **B8.**
+
+
+
+## For the ascendant Hoosiers, success is in the details
+
+### The best football teams focus on the small stuff. Cignetti and Indiana might be the best at that.
+
+**BY CHUCK CULPEPPER**
+
+LOS ANGELES — Possibly the freshest and greatest phenomenon in college football history seems to have sprouted from fiercely granular and perhaps tedious emphases such as “physical key,” “hand placement,” “head placement,” “pad level,” “muscle memory,” “hammering details right into the brain” and receiver splits calibrated to levels exceeding meticulous.
+
+As LAX bustles with people wearing Indiana gear — in terminals, on escalators, at baggage claim — and as a football-seasoned brain needs a second and a half to remind itself they’re here en masse for Thursday’s College Football Playoff quarterfinal in the Rose Bowl, everyone still struggles to explain Indiana. How did Indiana go 501-717-46 across 136 years through 2023 and then 24-2 across Coach Curt Cignetti’s first two seasons, including 13-0 and ranked No. 1 in this one? Why did Cignetti’s Indiana forge the steepest of all steep ascents while
+all other programs, all those peers and superiors, did not?
+
+**College Football Playoff:**
+
+**Today's quarterfinals**
+
+**5 Oregon vs. 4 Texas Tech**
+
+Miami Gardens, Fla., noon, ESPN
+
+**9 Alabama vs. 1 Indiana**
+
+Pasadena, Calif., 4 p.m., ESPN
+
+**6 Mississippi vs. 3 Georgia**
+
+New Orleans, 8 p.m., ESPN
+
+Ask, and you hear much of the same you'd hear in any successful place. There's camaraderie. There's accountability. There are smashing players such as Heisman Trophy-winning quarterback Fernando Mendoza, wide receivers Omar Cooper Jr. and Elijah Sarratt, and mighty linebacker Aiden Fisher. There's a capacity to dwell in the moment rather than the moment gone by. There's talk sometimes about not wasting time, about minutes planned. But as all of that exists elsewhere and thus still falls short of explaining *this*, it's possible that even in a sport full of coaches so keen on details, Cignetti's Indiana has
+
+SEE **INDIANA** ON **B10**
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_4.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_4.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9b1ee23300f7719868bf74977d449435e87db49b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_4.md
@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+Nuclear Engineering and Technology 53 (2021) 1556—1568
+
+
+Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
+**Nuclear Engineering and Technology**
+journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/net
+
+
+
+Original Article 板式燃料组件在辐照下的热-流体-结构耦合分析 第二部分机械变形和热工水力学特性
+
+# Thermal-fluid-structure coupling analysis on plate-type fuel assembly under irradiation. Part-II Mechanical deformation and thermal-hydraulic characteristics
+
+
+**Yuanming Lia, b**, **Quan-yao Renb**, **Pan Yuanb**, **Guanghui Sua, ***, **Hongxing Yub, \*\***, **Meiyin Zhengb**, **Haoyu Wangb**, **Yingwei Wua**, **Shurong Dingc**
+
+a Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Advanced Nuclear Energy and Technology, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, PR China
+b Science and Technology on Reactor System Design Technology Laboratory, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
+c Institute of Mechanics and Computational Engineering, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
+
+
+## ARTICLE INFO
+
+Article history:
+Received 21 June 2020
+Received in revised form
+19 November 2020
+Accepted 30 November 2020
+Available online 5 December 2020
+
+Keywords:
+Plate-type fuel assembly
+Thermal-fluid-structure coupling
+Irradiation effect
+Mechanical deformation
+Thermal-hydraulics
+Mises stress
+
+## A B S T R A C T
+
+The plate-type fuel assembly adopted in nuclear research reactor suffers from complicated effect induced by non-uniform irradiation, which might affect stress conditions, mechanical behaviors and thermal-hydraulic performance of the fuel assembly. This paper is the Part II work of a two-part study devoted to analyzing the complex unique mechanical deformation and thermal-hydraulic characteristics for the typical plate-type fuel assembly under irradiation effect, which is on the basis of developed and verified numerical thermal-fluid-structure coupling methodology under irradiation in Part I of this work. The mechanical deformation, thermal-hydraulic performance and Mises stress have been analyzed for the typical plate-type fuel assembly consisting of support plates under non-uniform irradiation. It was interesting to observe that: the plate-type fuel assembly including the fuel plates and support plates tended to bend towards the location with maximum fission rate; the hot spots in the fuel foil appeared at the location with maximum thickness increment; the maximum Mises stress of fuel foil was located at the adjacent location with the maximum plate thickness increment et al.
+
+© 2020 Korean Nuclear Society, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license ([http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/](http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)).
+
+
+## 1. Introduction
+
+The plate-type fuel assembly is widely adopted in the nuclear research reactor, which is composed of several fuel plates and support plates. The fuel plate consists of fuel foil and metal cladding. In the operation of nuclear reactor, the fuel assembly would suffer from complicated irradiation effect [1,2]. Complex deformation behaviors (swelling, bending, torsion, growth) would occur for the plate-type fuel assembly under the coupling effect of non-uniform temperature field and irradiation effects, which could affect the flow channel geometrical size and heat transfer characteristics in the fluid domain. In turn, the flow and heat transfer characteristics would affect the thermal and mechanical conditions in the solid domain. The thermal-fluid-structure coupling behaviors might make the major parameters deviate from the designed value. Therefore, it is of great significance to study the mechanical deformation and thermal-hydraulic characteristics for typical plate-type fuel assembly under non-uniform irradiation.
+
+### *1.1. Mechanical deformation*
+
+#### *1.1.1. Fuel plate*
+
+*1.1.1.1. In-pile thermo-mechanical behavior*. As a typical and potential candidate to replace the highly-enriched nuclear fuel, U–Mo alloy fuel attracted many researchers’ attention. Based on the irradiation tests for RERTR (Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors), the underlying mechanism for the taper of U–Mo fuel foil at the foil width end region was demonstrated to be the lateral mass transfer by irradiation induced creep [2]. And the best-fit creep rate coefficient was $500 \times 10^{-25} \text{ cm}^3/\text{MPa}$ for U-10Mo fuel foil, which was acquired by ABAQUS finite element analysis (FEA) simulation coupled with a model considering fission product, fuel swelling and creep. Yan et al. [3] adopted three-dimensional finite element method to simulate the in-pile thermo-mechanical behaviors in monolithic fuel plates, which indicated that the U–Mo creep coefficient had significant effect on the thickness increments of fuel foil. Jian et al. [4] developed the mesoscale stress model by considering the fuel foil as a porous medium with fission gas bubbles in it and bearing bubble pressure and surface tension, which showed that the U–Mo creep coefficient would affect the mesoscale normal stress, bubble volume fraction, stress relaxation, creep strain and thickness increments of fuel foil. And the creep coefficient of U–10Mo was recognized as $2 \times 10^{-28} \text{ m}^3/\text{MPa}$ [4] for better fitness when the thermal creep was considered for the cladding. A semi-analytical solution for calculating the fission gas swelling of U–Mo alloy was obtained by taking the influences of intergranular gas atom resolution and external hydrostatic-pressure into consideration [5], which was also introduced to acquire the irradiation-thermal-mechanical behaviors for the U–Mo/Al monolithic fuel plates with three dimensional finite element modeling (FEM). Meyer et al. [6] investigated the blister threshold temperature in the RERTR-12 and AFIP-14 experiments, which was mainly affected by the mechanical energy (most prominent theory) imparting on the samples during the fabrication process without adequate post annealing. Based on scoping irradiation test data, Meyer et al. [7] discussed the irradiation performance for U–Mo monolithic fuel and recommended the fuel plate system composed of U–10Mo fuel foil, a zirconium diffusion barrier and Al6061 cladding as a low enriched uranium research reactor fuel. However, most of the above-mentioned researches focused on the thermo-mechanical behaviors of the monolithic fuel plate with three dimensional finite element models considering fixed heat convection boundary and irradiation tests, which might neglect the effect of coolant temperature and pressure and the deformation of whole fuel assembly.
+
+
+\* Corresponding author.
+** Corresponding author.
+*E-mail addresses*: ghsu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn (G. Su), yuhong_xing@126.com (H. Yu).
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.net.2020.11.031
+1738-5733/© 2020 Korean Nuclear Society, Published by Elsevier Korea LLC. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
+
+
+*1.1.1.2. Fluid-structure interaction.* A major problem of the plate-type fuel assembly is the hydraulic instability of the shells caused by the high fluid velocities, which might result in the mechanical deformation. Miller et al. [8] developed an analytic method for estimating the critical flow resulting in the collapse of flat or curved shells. Mantecón et al. [9] established a fluid-structure interaction methodology for predicting the onset of hydroelastic instability of plate-type fuel assemblies by coupling CFD and FEA codes, which showed that deformation would happen at low flow rates and there was a nonlinear relationship between the maximum deflection of the plates and the square of fluid velocity. Moreover, the effect of support comb on the stability of nuclear fuel plates was analyzed based on two-way fluid-structure interaction technique [10], which demonstrated that the static divergence at the inlet end was effectively eliminated with the installation of a support comb, while a significant deformation was identified near the outlet edge, which was an increasing function of the average velocity of coolant. Moreover, Kennedy et al. [11] conducted experimental and numerical research on the mechanical deformation of single plate with differential pressure, whose numerical model could dramatically improve the matching between experiment and numerical solutions with as-built geometry FSI simulations. In many experimental setups [11,12], flow-induced deformations were identified along the flow direction for the fuel plates, which showed that deformations were detected below the critical velocity and the leading edge of the fuel plates was the most susceptible section. However, most of the aforementioned studies focused on the stability of fuel plates, which ignored the irradiation and thermal effect on the deformation of fuel plates.
+
+#### *1.1.2. Fuel assembly*
+
+Due to the complicated geometry and physical phenomena for plate-type fuel assemblies, the multi-physics coupling behaviors were simplified by developing codes to improve the efficiency and give an insight to the macro characteristics. The fuel behavior analysis code FROBA-PLATE [13] was developed on the basis of a series of mathematical and physical models including thermal-hydraulic models, stress-strain calculating models, bending and torsion models, based on which the thermal-mechanical behaviors of the hypothetical plate-type assembly were discussed. And it was demonstrated that fuel densification and irradiation swelling played a dominant role in Von Mises stress, and the plastic deformation might occur in the matrix material while the large normal stress might appear for the bending of side panel. He et al. [14] developed BEEs based on MOOSE platform with the multi-physics coupling method and conducted the preliminary analysis on the performance of $U_3Si_2–FeCrAl$ fuel. Liu et al. [15] adopted the CAMPUS code based on COMSOL to analyze complex characteristics of $UO_2–BeO$ fuel under multi-physics fields. However, these researches treated the complex coolant flow field as one-dimensional flow, whose thermal-hydraulic models might be too sketchy and might neglect the non-uniform distribution of flow and temperature field.
+
+### *1.2. Thermal-hydraulic behaviors*
+
+Many researchers carried out the thermal-hydraulic analysis for plate-type fuel assembly. Lu et al. [16] and Jo et al. [17] developed thermal-hydraulic codes for research reactors with plate-type fuel assembly, which analyzed thermal-hydraulic characteristics and safety margin for forced and natural convective cooling in plate-type fuel assembly. Gong et al. [18] performed numerical calculation on heat transfer characteristics of plate type fuel assembly for high flux research reactor, which focused on the temperature profiles under uniform distributions of power and inlet velocity. Additionally, the assembly with a hot spot was specially studied, which demonstrated the safety of the designed research reactor. Li et al. [19] investigated flow and heat transfer characteristics in plate-type fuel assembly with round and pillow-like blisters on fuel plate, which showed that blisters could disturb local coolant flow and increase the heat transfer resistance. Moreover, blisters resulted in a relatively high maximum temperature and large temperature gradient inside the fuel plate, which was associated with blister area and crucial for the safety and structure stability of fuel plate. Salama et al. [20] conducted three-dimensional CFD investigation on the fast loss of flow transient in the IAEA research reactor, which captured the flow reversal, and analyzed temperature distribution and coolant flow velocity in the plate-type fuel assembly. However, most researches focused on the fresh fuel assembly neglecting the irradiation induced deformations while few researches studied the thermal-hydraulic characteristics in the plate-type fuel assembly with assumptive local deformations.
+
+However, it is expensive and time-consuming to conduct irradiation experiments for plate-type fuel assembly, which is also of great difficulty to carry out real-time observation and measurements to acquire valuable experimental data. This paper is the Part II work of a two-part study devoting to analyzing the complex unique deformation and thermal-hydraulic characteristics for the typical plate-type fuel assembly under irradiation effect, which was on the basis of developed and verified numerical thermal-fluid-structure coupling methodology under irradiation in Part I of this work. It mainly focused on constructing the solid and fluid computational domain for typical plate-type fuel assembly consisting of support plates and fuel plates, analyzing the mechanical deformation behaviors, exploring the thermal-hydraulic characteristics and giving an insight to the evolution of comprehensive performances for the plate-type fuel assembly in pile, which could provide advices for the optimization of the plate-type fuel assembly and guide the operation of the research reactor.
+
+## 2. Computational domain and physical models
+
+### *2.1. Geometrical configuration*
+
+U–Mo/Al monolithic fuel plates have been usually applied in the research nuclear reactor to supply a high fission rate [21,26], which has the advantage of high uranium ratio and structure stability under irradiation [22–24]. Therefore, U–Mo/Al monolithic fuel assembly was selected in this paper, whose materials are listed in Table 1. And the material properties were the same as the L1P04A monolithic fuel plates in Part I of this work. Moreover, it should be noted that the material properties of U–Mo fuel foil and Al6061 cladding were referred to the correlations listed in Appendix of Part I of this work.
+
+On purpose of clarifying the thermal-fluid-structure coupling behaviors for the fuel assembly under irradiation and reducing the calculating time, five fuel plates were set in the computational domain as shown in Fig. 1, whose structural parameters were referred to the fuel assembly of JRR-3 research reactor [25]. In order to calculate the flow distribution after deformation appearing on the fuel plates, 100 mm inlet and outlet regions were set in the computational region as shown in Fig. 1.
+
+### *2.2. Physical models of solid domain*
+
+#### *2.2.1. Finite element model*
+
+To study the in-pile thermo-mechanical coupling behavior of the fuel assembly under non-uniform irradiation conditions, the finite element model was built for solid domain in commercial software ABAQUS, whose boundary conditions are shown in Fig. 2. The boundaries on the bottom of support plates were fixed, while the top of support plates were constrained in the X and Y directions and free in Z direction. Meanwhile, the other outside surfaces of fuel assembly were set as coupling surface. It should be noted that the adopted coordinate system was located in the center of the model. The finite element model was discretized with the reduced integration element C3D8RT.
+
+Mesh sensitivity analysis was completed for the coupling surface under convection boundary condition with the coolant temperature of 323 K and heat transfer coefficient of 0.035 W/(mm²·K). As shown in Table 2, five cases were calculated for mesh sensitivity analysis. The maximum temperature, displacement in Y direction and maximum Mises stress were compared among different cases with mesh element numbers for the lack of experimental data. Finally, Case 5 was selected for the following finite element simulation due to its accuracy compared with the coarser mesh. A closer look at the mesh grid of Case 5 is shown in Fig. 3.
+
+#### *2.2.2. Non-uniform irradiation condition*
+
+The irradiation condition distributed non-uniformly for the inherent non-uniform atomic fission under the influence of fuel assembly, control rod and other structural elements in the reactor cores. And the spatial distribution of fuel fission rate could be simplified and expressed as:
+
+$$
+FR = FR_{ave} \times X_{factor} \times Y_{factor} \times Z_{factor} \quad (1)
+$$
+
+where $FR_{ave}$ refers to the average fission rate, with a value of $2.7 \times 10^{11}$ fissions/(mm³·s) in this study, and $X_{factor}$, $Y_{factor}$ and $Z_{factor}$ are the non-uniform factor in X, Y and Z direction respectively.
+
+According to the typical power distribution in a standard fuel assembly [26], the location-dependent non-uniform irradiation factors were expressed as Eqs. (2)–(4), which are plotted in Fig. 4 under the normalized width/height/length. Moreover, the fission rate distribution for different fuel foils is shown in Fig. 5. It should be noted that the irradiation conditions for different plate in the finite element model was a typical non-uniform spatial distribution.
+
+$$
+Y_{factor} = 9.626 \times 10^{-8} \times y^4 + 1.382 \times 10^{-6} \times y^3 - 2.939 \times 10^{-5} \\ \times y^2 + 3.299 \times 10^{-3} \times y + 1.052 \quad (2)
+$$
+
+$$
+Z_{factor} = 4.496 \times 10^{-16} \times z^6 - 9.382 \times 10^{-14} \times z^5 - 4.782 \times 10^{-11} \\ \times z^4 + 2.095 \times 10^{-8} \times z^3 - 5.454 \times 10^{-6} \times z^2 - 1.77 \\ \times 10^{-3} \times z + 1.25 \quad (3)
+$$
+
+$$
+X_{factor} = 2.902 \times 10^{-7} \times x^4 - 8.13 \times 10^{-6} \times x^3 + 1.565 \times 10^{-4} \\ \times x^2 - 8.049 \times 10^{-3} \times x + 0.7743 \quad (4)
+$$
+
+where the variables x, y, z in mm represent the X-coordinate, Y-coordinate and Y-coordinate, respectively.
+
+**Table 1**
+Materials of the fuel plates.
+
+| Section | Material | | Fuel foil | U-10Mo | | Cladding | Al6061 | | Support plate | Al6061 |
+
+It should be noted that the life-averaged fission rates were adopted in the cases for the ease of calculation, which represented that the fission rates kept constant with irradiation time. Therefore, the fission density could be calculated as the product of fission rates and irradiation time. Moreover, the burnup represented the quantity of consumed or burned fuel foil, which was usually expressed as the fission percentage (%) or the energy produced by per unit weight fuel foil (MW·d/tU). The fission percentage was adopted in this study, which was calculated as the ratio of burned U-235 to the original U-235. And the burned U-235 could be calculated based on the fission rate and irradiation time, whose distribution profiles were the same as the fission rate; while the original U-235 enrichment ratio was assumed to be 58.3%, which was a constant. Therefore, the effect of fission density and burnup could be analyzed according to the spatial distribution of fission rate and irradiation time.
+
+
+
+### *2.3. Physical models of fluid domain*
+
+#### *2.3.1. Turbulence model and wall treatment*
+
+The standard $k-\epsilon$ turbulence model was adopted in the simulation of fluid domain, whose accuracy has been verified extensively in the narrow rectangular channel [18,19,27]. When the deformation appeared on the wall, the wall y + value would change with the grid. Moreover, the Scable wall function is fitted for a larger range of y + value than standard wall treatment [28]. Thus, Scable wall function was adopted.
+
+#### *2.3.2. Boundary condition and coolant physical property*
+
+The boundary conditions of fluid domain are shown in Fig. 6. A uniform velocity was defined as inlet boundary condition while the pressure outlet boundary was adopted. The surfaces of the coolant domain adjacent to the fuel assembly were set as coupling interface, which were also the boundaries employed with the initial temperature. The remaining surfaces were set as adiabatic wall. The computational boundary conditions used in the fluid domain are summarized in Table 3. The Semi-Implicit Methods for Pressure Linked Equations (SIMPLE) algorithm was applied to treat pressure velocity coupling. Pressure and momentum equations were discretized using second order upwind scheme, while discretization schemes for the *k* and *ε* equation were the first order upwind scheme.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 1.** Schematic of geometrical parameters.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 2.** Physical model of solid domain.
+
+In this study, only single phase calculation was carried out in the fluid domain. The temperature-dependent parameters of coolant were viscosity *μ*, thermal conductivity *λ*, and density *ρ*, and their corresponding expressions are as follows [17].
+
+$$
+\rho(T) = 784.5728 + 1.71029T - 0.00334T^2 \quad (5)
+$$
+
+$$
+\lambda(T) = -1.11443 + 0.01044T - 1.77933 \times 10^{-5}T^2 - 7.1665 \times 10^{-9}T^3 \quad (6)
+$$
+
+$$
+\mu(T) = 0.07553 - 6.35999 \times 10^{-4}T + 1.8105 \times 10^{-6}T^2 - 1.7342 \times 10^{-9}T^3 \quad (7)
+$$
+
+**Table 2**
+
+Mesh sensitivity analysis.
+
+| Case | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | | Element numbers | 1.7e5 | 3.1e5 | 4.8e5 | 6.9e5 | 8.0e5 | | Maximum temperature, Th, k | 511.4 | 573.2 | 565.5 | 571.3 | 568.8 | | Relative deviation of Th | 10.09% | -0.77% | 0.58% | -0.44% | — | | Maximum displacement in Y direction, mm | 0.2387 | 0.2487 | 0.2488 | 0.2519 | 0.2514 | | Relative deviation of Maximum displacement | 5.05% | 1.07% | 1.03% | -0.20% | — | | Maximum Mises stress, MPa | 324.4 | 291.8 | 290 | 291 | 290.8 | | Relative deviation of Maximum Mises stress | 11.55% | 0.34% | -0.28% | 0.07% | — |
+
+
+
+**Fig. 3.** Mesh of solid domain.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 4.** Non-uniform irradiation distribution.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 5.** The contour of fission rate distribution for different fuel foils (unit: fissions/(mm³·s)).
+
+
+
+(a) Three-dimensional model
+
+
+
+(b) Cross-section
+
+**Fig. 6.** Schematic of fluid domain.
+
+**Table 3**
+Boundary conditions.
+
+| Boundary condition | Value | | Inlet velocity (m/s) | 3.7 | | Inlet temperature (K) | 308 | | Initial temperature of coupling surface (K) | 320 | | Outlet pressure(MPa) | 0 | | System pressure(MPa) | 1.5 |
+
+#### *2.3.3. Mesh verification*
+
+The mesh of the fluid domain should be verified before carrying out the simulation. Five cases with different mesh numbers have been tested, which were evaluated by the total differential pressure between inlet and outlet and heat transfer coefficient on the coupling interface. As shown in Table 4, the relative deviations were calculated by taking the results of case 5 as the benchmark data. As can be seen, the relative deviations of case 4 were quite small, which was accurate enough and would be adopted for the following calculations.
+
+It should be noted that the coupling numerical methodology and physical models of solid and fluid domain have been validated and verified in Part I of this two-part work, which would not be introduced here.
+
+## 3. Results and discussions
+
+Internal stress would arise due to the thermal and hydraulic load under non-uniform irradiation conditions with irradiation time, which could result in the obvious mechanical deformation of fuel plate and support plate. In consequence, the shape and thickness of flow channel would change under the influence of the irradiation swelling and creep of fuel plate, which might increase the flow resistance and affect the safety performance of fuel assembly in operation. In this section, the mechanical behaviors, thermal-hydraulic characteristics and Mises stress field of platetype fuel assembly under non-uniform irradiation would be discussed in detail. For the convenience of analyzing the numerical results, the paths and channels were defined as shown in Fig. 7.
+
+**Table 4**
+Results of mesh sensitivity analysis for fluid domain.
+
+| Case | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | | Element numbers | 1.17e6 | 2.22e6 | 4.49e6 | 6.3e6 | 8.44e6 | | ΔP, Pa | 12510.5 | 12569.7 | 12604.7 | 12614.8 | 12622.5 | | Relative deviation of ΔP | 0.89% | 0.42% | 0.14% | 0.06% | — | | h_ave, W·m-2·K-1 | 15534.4 | 15548.1 | 15559.0 | 15563.9 | 15571.1 | | Relative deviation of h_ave | 0.24% | 0.15% | 0.08% | 0.05% | — |
+
+In order to determine the duration time, the investigation was conducted. The total duration of fuel plates in RERTR-6 (Reduced Enrichment for Research and Test Reactors) experiments ranged from 75 EFPD (Effective Full Power Days) to 135 EFPD [1]. Liu et al. [29] reported the duration time of $U_3Si_2$–Al fuel elements was 50 EFPD (2 cycles) in CARR (China Advanced Research Reactor) and proposed an alternative project by adopting U–Mo fuel elements with 90 EFPD (2 cycles). Tduruta et al. [30] reported that fuel elements of JRR-3 suffered from 140 days of operation (5 cycles, 28days per cycle). Moreover, according to the original U-235 enrichment ratio (58.3%) and maximum fission rate ($6.368 \times 10^{11}$ fissions/(mm³·s)), the maximum U-235 burnup at the time of 80th day in this research was 27.4%, which was close to the maximum burnup (28%) for L1P04A fuel plate in paper [1]. Therefore, the duration time was assumed to be 80 days.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 7.** Definition of paths and channels.
+
+### *3.1. Mechanical deformation*
+
+The mechanical deformation of the fuel assembly in X and Y direction on the 80th day is shown in Fig. 8, which presents the visualized deformation contour for the whole assembly. As can be seen, the deformation distribution was not homogeneous under the complex effect of non-uniform irradiation and fluid load. Moreover, the flow channel thickness also had obvious change. In this section, the deformations of support plates, fuel plates and flow channels would be discussed in detail. However, it should be noted that the mechanical deformation characteristics stated in this section were not reported in the public literature for the lack of post irradiation examination (PIE) on plate-type fuel assembly, which needed to be validated based on the actual deformations of the irradiated fuel assembly further.
+
+#### *3.1.1. Mechanical deformation of support plates*
+
+The mechanical deformation profiles of support plates along Path 4 and Path 5 on the 80th day are shown in Fig. 9, which showed that the support plates tended to bend toward the X negative and Y positive direction (the higher fission rate location). Compared with Figs. 4 and 5, it could be concluded that the maximum deformations of support plates along X and Y direction both appeared near the location of maximum fission rate, which resulted from the deformation compatibility combined with the thermal expansion and irradiation effects. Moreover, the deformation of Path 5 at X direction was larger than that of Path 4, especially in the middle position, while the deformation was similar in Y direction. The thermal expansion behavior of support plate was determined by the thermal expansion coefficient, which was only related to the real-time temperature as shown in Appendix II of Part I of present study. Therefore, it could be deduced that the differences might be induced by the greater cumulative effect of thermal expansion and irradiation swelling for fuel foil under larger temperature gradient in X direction.
+
+#### *3.1.2. Mechanical deformation of fuel plates*
+
+The bending and thickness increment profiles of Plate 1 along Path 2 in Y direction are shown in Fig. 10. It should be noted that the bending deformation was defined as the difference value between the distance of the central line of fuel plates diverging from the original position and the thickness increment, which was acquired by subtracting the coordinate values. The thickness increment had the maximum value at about $Z = -100$ mm, which was in corresponding to the non-uniform irradiation shown in Figs. 4 and 5. And it could be deduced that the irradiation swelling induced by non-uniform irradiation mainly accounted for the thickness increment. Meanwhile, it was worth noting that the direction of bending deformation along Path 2 at $Z < -250$ mm was opposite to that at $Z > -200$ mm, which was the combination of non-uniform irradiation effect and hydraulic loads induced by differential pressure across the plate. To clarify the reason of the deformation profile, the differential pressure between Channel 0 and Channel 1 is shown in Fig. 11, which showed similar shape with the bending deformation along Path 2. And the bending deformation and thickness increment of Plate 1 are shown in Fig. 12 for $Z = -348$ mm (the maximum bending deflection in negative Y direction) and $Z = 70$ mm (the maximum bending deflection in positive Y direction). The thickness increment at $Z = -348$ mm was positive in X direction and smaller than that at $Z = 70$ mm for the difference of fission rate. Thus, it could be concluded the hydraulic load induced by differential pressure across Plate 1 was the dominant reason for the differences of the bending deformation at $Z = -348$ mm and $70$ mm, which was in accordance with the conclusion of two fuel plates in Part I of this work.
+
+**Fig. 8.** Deformation of the fuel assembly in X and Y direction on the 80th day. (unit: mm, deflection scale factor: 5).
+
+
+
+
+
+**Fig. 9.** Deformation of the support plates along Path 4 and Path 5 on the 80th day.
+
+As shown in Fig. 13, the thickness increment of Plate 1 along Path 3 increased with the irradiation time. On the 80th day, the maximum thickness of Plate 1 increased up to 0.15 mm, which was about 11.8% larger than the original thickness. And two peaks with different thickness increment values were shown in Fig. 13, which were located near but had a short distance from the leading and ending edge of the fuel foil. Moreover, the peak with larger value appeared on the side with higher fission rate, which had the similar trend with Yan et al. [3] and Kim et al. [2]. It could be deduced that the phenomena might result from the non-uniform irradiation effects on the cladding and fuel foil material. It should be noted that the thickness increment of fuel foil and fuel plate might be larger [31] if the irradiation/thermal creep effects of Al cladding were considered in present study.
+
+Moreover, the irradiation swelling strain had the largest value at the end of the fuel foil as shown in Fig. 14, whose distribution on the cross-section was in accordance with the non-uniform irradiation under the cumulative effect of burnup. Meanwhile, the irradiation creep strain had the largest value at the location having a short distance from the end of the fuel foil as shown in Fig. 15, which resulted in the thickness increment peaks having a short distance from the edges. The irradiation creep strain was larger when compared with that of Kim et al. [1] and Jian et al. [4], which mainly resulted from the larger thickness of fuel foil and the ignorance of irradiation/thermal creep of cladding in present study.
+
+#### *3.1.3. Deformation of flow channels*
+
+The flow channel thickness changed with the deformations of fuel plates, which is shown in Fig. 16. Due to the fixed boundary at the bottom edge and constrain DOF (degree of freedom) in X and Y direction at the top edge shown in Fig. 2, the flow channel thickness showed small change at the both ends of fuel assembly. However, the thickness of Channel 1 and Channel 4 decreased and had the smallest value at about $Z = -348$ mm while those of Channel 2 and 3 had the smallest value at about $Z = -83$ mm. It should be noted that the channel gap thickness was determined by the swelling and bending characteristics of its bilateral fuel plates. And the swelling differences of different fuel plates mainly result from the thermal expansion and irradiation swelling under the non-uniform fission rate, while the bending differences were attributed to the differential pressure across the fuel plate and non-uniform irradiation creep effect. Due to the geometrical differences between side channels (Channel 0 and 5) and inner channels (Channel 1-Channel 4), the differential pressure across different plates was different even if under the uniform fission rate in Y direction. Thus, the deformations of Plate 1 and 5 would be different from those of Plate 2 - Plate 4. Therefore, there were huge channel thickness differences between Channel 1/4 and Channel 2/3 as shown in Fig. 16, which result from the different deformations of bilateral fuel plates. Moreover, as regard to the thickness differences between Channel 1 and 4, the monotonic increment of fission rate in Y direction gave rise to larger irradiation swelling of Plate 1 and 2 than that of Plate 5 and 4 respectively, which resulted in smaller thickness of Channel 1 than that of Channel 4. To sum up, different trends of flow channel thickness were presented for different channels, which could be illustrated from the different deformations of bilateral fuel plates in appearance and the combination of differential pressure across the fuel plates, irradiation creep, irradiation swelling and thermal expansion under non-uniform fission rate.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 10.** Bending and thickness increment of Plate 1 along Path 2 in Y direction on the 80th day.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 11.** The differential pressure across Plate 1 on the 80th day.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 12.** Bending and thickness increment of Plate 1 at $Z = -348$ mm and 70 mm on the 80th day.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 13.** Effect of irradiation time on the thickness increment of Plate 1 along Path 3.
+
+Moreover, as shown in Fig. 17, the channel thickness along X direction on the cross-section at about $Z = -348$ mm had two small peaks in two regions with X from -30 mm to -25 mm and from 25 mm to 30 mm, which could be attributed to the change of fuel plate thickness as discussed in Section 3.1.2.
+
+As regards to Channel 2 and Channel 3, the surrounding plates (Plate 2, 3 and 4) were mainly affected by irradiation swelling and thermal expansion for the similar flow resistance in flow Channel 1-4 with the same initial thickness. However, the flow rates were different on the two sides of Plate 1 and 5 because of the connected outside channel (Channel 0 and 5), which also had influence on the deformation of Plate 1 and Plate 5. In consequence, the differential pressure might exist across Plate 1 and Plate 5, which resulted in the larger deformation of Plate 1 and Plate 5, as well as the different changes for thickness of different channels in the middle region as shown in Fig. 16.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 14.** Irradiation swelling strain contour of the cross-section at $Z = -100$mm.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 15.** Irradiation creep strain contour of the cross-section at $Z = -100$mm.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 16.** Channel thickness along the central line in X direction.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 17.** Channel thickness along X direction on the cross-section at about $Z = -348$ mm.
+
+### *3.2. Thermal-hydraulic characteristics*
+
+The aforementioned mechanical deformation would affect the flow distribution and the heat transfer characteristics in different channels. Meanwhile, non-uniform irradiation gave rise to the different porosities, thermal conduction coefficients, heat productions at different locations in the fuel assembly, which also promoted the non-uniform temperature field.
+
+#### *3.2.1. Temperature field in the solid domain*
+
+The temperature fields on different cross-sections in the solid domain are shown in Fig. 18 for plate-type fuel assembly on the 80th day. The maximum temperature occurred at the location with maximum thickness for every fuel plates. Moreover, the temperature field had the similar spatial distribution features with the fission rate shown in Fig. 5. To be detailed, temperature profiles at the central lines of every fuel plates on the cross-section at $Z = -348$ mm are shown in Fig. 19, whose maximum values (hot spots) were located at $X = -28$ mm (the location of maximum thickness increment shown in Fig. 13). The temperature field in the fuel plate was mainly affected by the heat generation rate (nuclear fission rate), thermal conductivity performance of fuel foil and cladding, heat transfer coefficient between cladding and fluid, fluid temperature etc. And the thermal conductivity performance of fuel foil was related to temperature and porosity as shown in Appendix I in first Part of this paper, while the heat transfer coefficient was associated with the cladding surface condition, flow turbulence, fluid material properties. Therefore, under the similar flow conditions, it could be deduced that the local hot spots were mainly attributed to the thickness increment induced by irradiation swelling and thermal conductivity related to porosity of fuel foil induced by gas bubbles and solid fission products under irradiation. Furthermore, the effect of irradiation time on temperature along Path 6 (shown in Fig. 20) also demonstrated the above inferences: as the porosity of fuel foil and thickness of fuel plate increased with the irradiation time, the maximum temperature in the fuel plate increased from 435.9 K to 449.7 K, which should attract more attention.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 18.** Temperature field contour in the solid domain (Unit: K; deflection scale factor of 5; $Y = -7.24$ mm; $Z_1 = -83$ mm, $Z_2 = -100$ mm).
+
+
+
+**Fig. 19.** Temperature profiles at the central lines of different plates ($Z = -348$ mm).
+
+
+
+As shown in Fig. 19, it was interesting to observe that the temperature of Plate 2 was larger than that of Plate 1 while the thickness increment of Plate 2 was smaller than that of Plate 1, which indicated the convective heat transfer coefficient associated with mass flow rate (shown in Fig. 21) might play an important role. However, it should be noted that the differences of mass flow rate among different plates were relatively smaller compared with the whole temperature differences in X direction.
+
+#### *3.2.2. Temperature and velocity field in the fluid domain*
+
+The temperature and velocity field on different cross-sections ($X_1 = -28$ mm, $X_2 = 0$ mm, $Y = -8$ mm, $Z_1 = -348$ mm, $Z_2 = -365$ mm) in the fluid domain on the 80th day under non-uniform irradiation are shown in Fig. 22 and Fig. 23. In the axial direction of fuel assembly, the coolant temperature increased with the flow development for taking away the generating heat from the fuel foil. Meanwhile, the temperature field in the fluid domain had the similar spatial distribution characteristics with that in the solid domain. Moreover, the coolant in Channel 0 and Channel 5 was only heated by one fuel plate, which resulted in the lower coolant temperature. However, the flow velocity in Channel 1 and Channel 4 was larger than that in other channels, which resulted from the deformation of flow channel thickness under non-uniform irradiation effect.
+
+### *3.3. Mises stress*
+
+The Mises stress contour for fuel assembly on the 80th day under irradiation is shown in Fig. 24, which proved that the Mises stress at the sides and corners of fuel foil was larger than that in the central region and support plate. The reason of stress concentration at the edge region of the fuel plate is that the plate deformation was restrained in the lateral (width) direction due to the block of the support plate as well as plate cladding, which mainly resulted from differences of material properties between cladding and fuel foil. For the Mises stress in the cladding, larger Mises stress mainly appeared at the interface between the fuel foil and the cladding as shown in Fig. 24, and the maximum Mises stress reached about 305.48 MPa on the 80th day. However, the value was larger than the tensile yield strength of Al6061, 276 MPa [9], which meant the cladding might deform plastically in some regions. Moreover, it should be noted that Mises stress of fuel foil and Al cladding at the interface might be reduced if the irradiation/thermal creep effect of Al cladding was considered in present study, but might with a small range for the huge difference of creep rate between fuel foil and Al cladding [3].
+
+The Mises stress profiles along Path 1 on fuel cladding and Path 7 on foil are shown in Fig. 25, both of which had the similar shape with the fission rate shown in Fig. 4. And this indicated that the Mises stress mainly depended on the irradiation swelling effect on the materials. As regard to Path 1 on cladding, the Mises stress increased with the irradiation time for the cumulative effect of thickness increment of fuel foil. However, the Mises stress along Path 7 on foil decreased with the increasing irradiation time, which mainly resulted from irradiation creep effect. Moreover, as shown in Fig. 25(b), it should be noted that the maximum stress region was typically observed not at exact edge, but the adjacent location where the maximum plate thickness increment (as shown in Fig. 12) was found, which also resulted from the fission-induced creep.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 20.** Effect of irradiation time on temperature along Path 6(Z = -348 mm).
+
+
+
+**Fig. 21.** Mass flow rates in different channel.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 22.** Temperature contour in the fluid domain (X₁ = -28 mm, X₂ = 0 mm, Y = -8 mm, Z₁ = -348 mm, Z₂ = -365 mm).
+
+## 4. Conclusions
+
+This paper is the Part II work of a two-part study devoting to analyzing the complex unique deformation and thermal-hydraulic characteristics for the typical plate-type fuel assembly with support plates under irradiation effect, which was on the basis of developed and verified numerical thermal-fluid-structure coupling methodology in Part I of this work. The mechanical deformation, thermal-hydraulic characteristics and Mises stress have been analyzed for the typical fuel assembly under non-uniform irradiation in this paper. And the following conclusions could be reached for the fuel assembly under the combined effects of non-uniform irradiation, temperature gradient, hydraulic load and mechanical stress:
+
+(1) The plate-type fuel assembly consisting of the fuel plates and support plates tended to bend towards the location with maximum fission rate, and the irradiation swelling would occur for the fuel foil. Those mechanical deformations gave rise to the minimum channel thickness at the middle region for Channel 2 and 3 and near the outlet region for Channel 1 and 4 in the axial direction.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 23.** Velocity contour in the fluid domain ($X_1 = -28$ mm, $X_2 = 0$ mm, $Y = -8$ mm, $Z_1 = -348$ mm, $Z_2 = -365$ mm).
+
+
+
+**Fig. 24.** Mises stress contour on the 80th day.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 25.** Effect of irradiation time on Mises stress.
+
+(2) The thickness of fuel plates would increase with irradiation time mainly for the irradiation swelling, whose maximum value was a short distance away from the location of maximum fission rate for the restrain of cladding; the thickness increment profile of fuel plate on the cross-section had two peaks in the width direction, and the irradiation creep strain had a much larger value than the irradiation swelling strain.
+(3) The hot spots in each fuel foil appeared at the location with maximum thickness increment, which mainly resulted from the thickness increment induced by irradiation swelling and thermal conductivity decrement related to porosity of fuel foil induced by gas bubbles and solid fission products under irradiation. Moreover, the differences of mechanical deformation caused by irradiation effect and hydraulic load would give rise to the non-uniform temperature and flow velocity field.
+(4) The Mises stress at the sides and corners of fuel foil was larger than that in the central region and support plate for the constraints of cladding. And Mises stress on the cladding increased with irradiation time for the thickness increment of fuel foil, while that on fuel foil decreased with irradiation time for the irradiation creep. The maximum Mises stress of fuel foil was located at the adjacent location where the maximum plate thickness increment was found.
+
+## Declaration of competing interest
+
+The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
+
+## Acknowledgments
+
+The authors are grateful for the support of the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No: U20B2013, U1867219, 11675161).
+
+## References
+
+[1] Y.S. Kim, G.L. Hofman, Fission product induced swelling of U–Mo alloy fuel [J], J. Nucl. Mater. 419 (1–3) (2011) 291–301.
+[2] Y.S. Kim, G.L. Hofman, J.S. Cheon, et al., Fission induced swelling and creep of U–Mo alloy fuel [J], J. Nucl. Mater. 437 (1–3) (2013) 37–46.
+[3] F. Yan, et al., Effects of UMo irradiation creep on the thermo-mechanical behavior in monolithic UMo/Al fuel plates [J], J. Nucl. Mater. 524 (2019) 209–217.
+[4] X. Jian, X. Kong, S. Ding, A mesoscale stress model for irradiated U-10Mo monolithic fuels based on evolution of volume fraction/radius/internal pressure of bubbles [J], Nuclear Engineering and Technology 51 (6) (2019).
+[5] Y. Cui, S. Ding, Z. Chen, et al., Modifications and applications of the mechanical gaseous swelling model for UMo fuel [J], J. Nucl. Mater. 457 (2015) 157–164.
+[6] M.K. Meyer, G.A. Moore, J.F. Jue, et al., Investigation of the Cause of Low Blister Threshold Temperatures in the RERTR-12 and AFIP-4 Experiments (R), Idaho National Laboratory, 2012.
+[7] M.K. Meyer, J. Gan, J.F. Jue, et al., Irradiation performance of U-Mo monolithic fuel [J], Nuclear Engineering and Technology 2 (46) (2014) 169–182.
+[8] D.R. Miller, General Electric Company, Critical flow velocities for collapse of reactor parallel-plate fuel assemblies/[J], J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power 82 (2) (1960).
+[9] J.G. Mantecon, M.M. Neto, Numerical methodology for fluid-structure interaction analysis of nuclear fuel plates under axial flow conditions, Nucl. Eng. Des. 333 (FEB) (2018) 76–86.
+[10] J.G. Mantecon, M.M. Neto, Numerical analysis on stability of nuclear fuel plates with inlet support comb [J], Nucl. Eng. Des. 342 (FEB) (2019) 240–248.
+[11] J.C. Kennedy, Development and Experimental Benchmarking of Numeric Fluid Structure Interaction Models for Research Reactor Fuel Analysis, PhD Dissertation, University of Missouri, 2015.
+[12] Mark Ho, Guang Hong, A.N.F. Mack, Experimental investigation of flow-induced vibration in a parallel plate reactor fuel assembly, in: 15th Australasian Fluid Mechanics Conference, 2004.
+[13] Y. Deng, Y. Wu, D. Zhang, et al., Thermal-mechanical coupling behavior analysis on metal-matrix dispersed plate-type fuel [J], Prog. Nucl. Energy 95 (MAR.) (2017) 8–22.
+[14] Y. He, P. Chen, Y. Wu, et al., Preliminary evaluation of U₃Si₂-FeCrAl fuel performance in light water reactors through a multi-physics coupled way [J], Nucl. Eng. Des. 328 (2018) 27–35.
+[15] R. Liu, W. Zhou, Multiphysics modeling of novel UO₂-BeO sandwich fuel performance in a light water reactor [J], Ann. Nucl. Energy 109 (nov) (2017) 298–309.
+[16] Q. Lu, S. Qiu, G.H. Su, Development of A Thermal-hydraulic analysis code for research reactors with plate fuels [J], Ann. Nucl. Energy 36 (4) (2009) 433–447.
+[17] D. Jo, J. Park, H. Chae, Development of thermal hydraulic and margin analysis code for steady state forced and natural convective cooling of plate type fuel research reactors [J], Prog. Nucl. Energy 71 (mar) (2014) 39–51.
+[18] G. Daxin, H. Shanfang, W. Guanbo, et al., Heat transfer calculation on plate-type fuel assembly of high flux research reactor [J], Science & Technology of Nuclear Installations (2015) 1–13, 2015.
+[19] L. Li, D. Fang, D. Zhang, et al., Flow and heat transfer characteristics in plate-type fuel channels after formation of blisters on fuel elements [J], Ann. Nucl. Energy 134 (2019) 284–298.
+[20] Amgad Salama, CFD investigation of flow inversion in typical MTR research reactor undergoing thermal-hydraulic transients, Ann. Nucl. Energy 38 (7) (2011) 1578–1592.
+[21] M.K. Meyer, D.M. Wachs, J.F. Jue, et al., U.S. Progress in the development of very high density low enrichment research reactor fuels, in: European Research Reactor Conference, 2012. Brussels, Belgium.
+[22] Z. Mei, L. Liang, Y.S. Kim, T. Wiencek, Grain Growth and Bubble Evolution in U-Mo Alloy by Multiscale Simulations, RERTR, Seoul, South Korea, 2015, 2015.
+[23] H. Palancher, A. Bonnin, V. Honkimäki, et al., Quantitative crystallographic analysis of as-fabricated full size U–Mo/Al(Si) nuclear fuel plates [J], J. Alloys Compd. 527 (none) (2012), 0–65.
+[24] Kusunoki, T Murayama, Y Wada, et al. Current Status of U-Mo Conversion Program in JRR-3.
+[25] M. Hirano, Y. Sudo, Analytical study on thermal-hydraulic behavior of transient from forced circulation to natural circulation in JRR-3 [J], J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 23 (4) (1986) 352–368.
+[26] M.A. Albati, O.S. Al-Yahia, J. Park, et al., Thermal hydraulic analyses of JRR-3: code-to-code comparison of COOLOD-N2 and TMAP [J], Prog. Nucl. Energy 71 (mar) (2014) 1–8.
+[27] A. Salama, M.F. El-Amin, S. Sun, Three-dimensional, numerical investigation of flow and heat transfer in rectangular channels subject to partial blockage [J], Heat Tran. Eng. 36 (1–4) (2015) 152–165.
+[28] ANSYS Inc, ANSYS FLUENT Documentation – Release 15.0, 2014.
+[29] Xing-min Liu, Guo-jing Tang, Xiao-chun Wu, Core physics scheme study of U-Mo alloy fuel applied in CARR [J], Atomic Energy Sci. Technol. 6 (49) (2015) 1018–1021.
+[30] H. Tduruta, H. Ichikawa, J. Iwasaki et al. Neutronics Design of Upgraded JRR-3 Research Reactor [R].
+[31] X. Jian, S. Ding, Thermal creep effects of aluminum alloy cladding on the irradiation-induced mechanical behavior in U-10Mo/Al monolithic fuel plates [J], Nuclear Engineering and Technology 52 (2020) 802–810.
\ No newline at end of file
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/multi_column_40.md
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+
+
+# Sport
+
+
+Amber Anning
+celebrates.
+
+
+
+**SPORTY KID**
+
+Amber Anning also enjoyed netball, swimming and dancing when she was younger.
+
+## Ingebrigtsen's double
+
+
+
+Ingebrigtsen took two titles.
+
+**Jakob Ingebrigtsen is one of the best long-distance runners. The 24-year-old from Norway has won two Olympic golds, two World Championship titles and has held many world records in his career. He had never won a World Indoor gold medal but he achieved that in style this month with victory in both the men's 3,000 metres and 1,500 metres races. He is only the second man to win two gold medals at one World Indoor event.**
+
+## Awesome Anning and Azu
+
+From 21 to 23 March, the World Athletics Indoor Championships were held in Nanjing, China. British athletes Amber Anning and Jeremiah Azu celebrated becoming world champions for the first time by winning their running events.
+
+Anning competed in the women's 400 metres race. She finished in 50.60 seconds, which was just 0.03 seconds ahead of runner-up Alexis Holmes, from the US. The victory was the first time Anning has won a world title. "It feels amazing," said Anning, who is from London. "I wanted the gold and I'm grateful that I was able to get the job done."
+
+Welsh sprinter Azu picked up a gold medal in the men's 60 metres race with a time of 6.49 seconds. It was a fantastic result and added to the victory he enjoyed in the same event at the European Athletics Indoor Championships earlier this month. "It's unbelievable. As an athlete, belief is everything, confidence is everything," Azu said following his impressive win.
+
+Team GB collected two other medals in Nanjing, both of them in 1,500 metres races. Neil Gourley came second in the men's competition and Georgia Hunter Bell finished third in the women's event. In total, 11 Britons competed in sports that included pole vault, long jump and shot put.
+
+The US topped the medal table, winning six gold, four silver and six bronze medals during the three-day tournament. They won the exciting final two competitions, which were the men's and women's 4 x 400 metres relay race.
+
+
+
+**Azu won two gold medals this month.**
+
+
+
+
+
+## THE WEEK'S WINNERS...
+
+### Mimi Rhodes
+
+**Rhodes, from England, won her first Ladies European Tour golf competition at the NSW Open, held in Australia.**
+
+### England, Scotland and France women's rugby union teams
+
+**They all won their first match in the opening weekend of the 2025 Women's Six Nations.**
+
+
+
+
+
+### Myles Lewis-Skelly
+
+**The 18-year-old footballer scored in his first game for England to help beat Albania 2-0 at Wembley Stadium, London.**
+
+### Nottingham Forest Women
+
+**Forest defeated Stoke City 3-1 in the Women's National League Cup final. Charlie Wellings scored two goals and Mel Johnson got one.**
+
+
+
+
+
+# Wellbeing
+
+
+
+## The benefits of laughter
+
+
+
+**We all love a giggle and studies find laughing is good for your health too.**
+
+Having a laugh helps you relax.
+
+
+
+**JOKING AROUND**
+A study in 2021 found that at least 65 species of animal seem to laugh together.
+
+You may have heard the phrase "Laughter is the best medicine". It might seem strange but there is some truth to it. Laughing can help you feel good in lots of different ways and there is even an NHS trial to see if doctors should prescribe laughter to patients to help with mental health.
+
+### How laughing helps you
+
+When you laugh it releases chemicals in your body called endorphins. These are known as "feel-good hormones" because they help you feel happy. "Laughing also lowers cortisol (another hormone) levels, which can help us feel more relaxed and resilient," says psychologist (an expert in the brain and its functions) Dr Amanda Gummer. Having a giggling fit is good for your physical health. As well as making you breathe in more oxygen, laughing releases another chemical called nitric oxide. Both of these are good for heart health.
+
+### Can laughing help you make friends?
+
+Yes it can. Laughing is important in our relationships with other people. Laughter is one of the quickest ways to bond with others: when you meet someone new, sharing a chuckle with them can show that you understand and like them. Studies show that when people laugh together it increases the sense of bonding between them. "When we share a genuine laugh, it creates a sense of connection and trust, helping to strengthen relationships," says Dr Gummer.
+
+### Should you laugh when you don't really feel like it?
+
+"There's some science behind the idea of 'fake it till you make it' when it comes to laughter," says Dr Gummer. Research shows that even forced laughter can help you feel less stressed and more happy – plus you're more likely to laugh properly afterwards. "That said, it's also important to acknowledge our feelings and not force positivity all the time," adds Dr Gummer. Remember, it's ok not to feel happy all the time but a natural laugh can help you stay positive and manage your emotions in a healthy way. Go on, have a giggle today.
+
+
+
+**Laughing can help friendships.**
+
+REX SHUTTERSTOCK · GETTY IMAGES
+
+### Mini comedian
+
+
+
+**Hunter performing.**
+
+**Lil Hunter Kelly loves making people laugh – he's a stand-up comedian. Now 11, Hunter impressed the judges on TV show *America's Got Talent* with his jokes when he was seven years old. He started doing comedy when he was just three, inspired by his dad who is also a stand-up. When asked who is the funniest in his house he says, "It's me!"**
+
+### Ways to get giggling
+
+
+
+* **Grab a joke book, pick your favourite and tell a friend.**
+
+* **Try laughter yoga. To do one of the moves, "lion laughter", stick out your tongue as far as it will go, open your eyes wide and roar with laughter.**
+
+* **Pull silly faces with a friend to make each other giggle.**
+
+* **Watch a funny movie with your family.**
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
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+# Mid-Cretaceous Hawaiian tholeiites preserved in Kamchatka
+
+**Maxim Portnyagin¹,²**, **Dmitry Savelyev³**, **Kaj Hoernle¹**, **Folkmar Hauff¹**, **Dieter Garbe-Schönberg⁴**
+¹IFM-Geomar, Division of the Ocean Floor, Wischhofstrasse 1-3, D-24148 Kiel, Germany
+²V.I. Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Kosygin str. 19, 119991 Moscow, Russia
+³Institute of Volcanology and Seismology, Piip 9, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Russia
+⁴Institute of Earth Sciences, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Strasse 10, D-24118 Kiel, Germany
+
+## ABSTRACT
+
+We report geochemical data on a peculiar group of Albian–Cenomanian (120–93 Ma) basalts preserved in ophiolites on the Kamchatsky Mys peninsula (Kamchatka, Russia) that share trace element and isotopic compositions with enriched tholeiites from the Detroit and Meiji Seamounts in the Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount chain. Melt inclusions in chromium spinel from these rocks, representative of melt composition unaffected by post-magmatic alteration, exhibit Hawaiian-type [Th/Ba]n (0.25–0.77; i.e., distinctively low compared to the majority of oceanic island basalts and mid-oceanic ridge basalts). Low $^{208}Pb$\*/ $^{206}Pb$* of ~0.93 in rocks and high [Nb/La]n = 1.1–4.6 in melt inclusions suggest the presence of a distinctive “Kea”–type component in their source. We propose that the ophiolitic basalts represent older (Early to middle Cretaceous) products of the Hawaiian hotspot (older than preserved on the northwest Pacific seafloor) that were accreted to the forearc of Kamchatka. The presence of similar compositional components in modern and Cretaceous Hawaiian hotspot lavas suggests a persistent yet heterogeneous composition of the mantle plume, which may have sampled ≥15% of the core-mantle boundary layer over the past ~100 m.y.
+
+## INTRODUCTION
+
+The Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain, produced during the passage of the Pacific plate over the Hawaiian hotspot, extends for 5800 km from the currently active island of Hawaii and Loihi Seamount northwest to the Detroit (71–76 Ma) and Meiji (older than 81 Ma) Seamounts (Duncan and Keller, 2004), seaward of the Kamchatka–Aleutian arc junction (Fig. 1). Despite the extensive data set on the composition and evolution of the Cenozoic Hawaiian magmatism, there is little known about the earlier (before 80 Ma) history of the hotspot. Several studies have proposed that an igneous plateau formed by the plume head at the initiation of the Hawaiian hotspot and that older seamounts formed above the plume tail may have been preserved rather than subducted (Avdeiko, 1980; Niu et al., 2003; Saveliev, 2003; Portnyagin et al., 2005; Steinberger and Gaina, 2007). There are, however, currently no convincing geochemical data that support preservation of older Hawaiian fragments on land or on the seafloor. In this work we present evidence that older products of the Hawaiian hotspot have been accreted to the forearc of the Kamchatka subduction zone. This study has important implications for the persistence of chemical characteristics of hotspots over ~100 m.y. and the spatial scale of the compositional heterogeneity in the Earth’s mantle.
+
+## GEOLOGIC SETTING AND STUDIED SAMPLES
+
+The studied rocks were collected in the Africa Mys block in the southwestern part of the Kamchatsky Mys peninsula (eastern Kamchatka) (Fig. 1), which consists of an intensively deformed ophiolite association of ultramafic rocks, gabbros, dolerites, basalts, and sediments (Fedorchuk, 1992; Khotin and Shapiro, 2006). The ophiolites are interpreted to be a part of an accretionary wedge of the paleo-Kronotsky arc formed during the Late Cretaceous–Eocene at lat 36–45°N (Khotin and Shapiro, 2006; Lander and Shapiro, 2007); the arc is now a constituent of the Kamchatka forearc. The ophiolite rocks are heterogeneous in origin and were formed in different tectonic settings that changed through time (Khotin and Shapiro, 2006). Volcanic rocks in the ophiolites occur in the ~1.5-km-thick Smagino association together with hyaloclastites and intercalated red jasper and pink pelitomorphic limestone, consistently dated paleontologically as Albian–Cenomanian (120–93 Ma; Khotin and Shapiro, 2006, and references therein). Volcanic rocks of the Smagino association range from trace element–depleted to slightly enriched mid-oceanic ridge–like basalts (MORB) to alkali basalts (Fig. 2), occurring in tectonically separated blocks (Fedorchuk, 1992; Portnyagin et al., 2005; Saveliev, 2003; Khotin and Shapiro, 2006). This magmatic assemblage is characteristic of P (plume) type ophiolites originating from plume-related oceanic ridges and plateaus (Pearce, 2008). The present work focuses on geochemical characteristics of a distinctive group of rocks, trace element–enriched tholeiites from the Kamchatsky Mys ophiolites (KM enriched tholeiites), which crop out near the source of the Mutnaya River in the northern part of the ophiolite massif (GSA Data Repository Table DR1¹).
+
+
+
+**Figure 1.** Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain in northwestern Pacific, produced by passage of Pacific plate of variable age and thickness over the Hawaiian hotspot, and position of Kamchatsky Mys ophiolite complex. Age data for Emperor seamounts are from Duncan and Keller (2004). Bowers and Shirshov Ridges in Bering Sea were proposed to be formed by paleo-Hawaiian hotspot magmatism (Steinberger and Gaina, 2007). Bold arrows indicate direction of Pacific plate movement.
+
+
+## WHOLE-ROCK GEOCHEMISTRY
+
+The rocks studied are extensively altered olivine-phyric basalts with abundant secondary calcite (8–22 wt%) replacing olivine, and chloritized groundmass (Table DR1). Because of the post-magmatic alteration, which disturbed the primary major element concentrations, we focused the study of whole rocks on immobile or weekly mobile during low-temperature alteration trace elements such as the rare earth elements (REE), high-field-strength elements (HFSE), Th, and Pb, which can be informative about the tectonic provenance and the source characteristics of the rocks (e.g., Pearce, 2008).
+
+
+¹GSA Data Repository item 2008229, Appendix DR1 (analytical and experimental techniques, references to data sources, and supplementary figures), Table DR1 (major and trace element rock compositions), Table DR2 (whole-rock isotope compositions), and Table DR3 (composition of melt inclusions), is available online at www.geosociety.org/pubs/ft2008.htm, or on request from editing@geosociety.org or Documents Secretary, GSA, P.O. Box 9140, Boulder, CO 80301, USA.
+
+
+© 2008 The Geological Society of America. For permission to copy, contact Copyright Permissions, GSA, or editing@geosociety.org.
+*Geology*, November 2008;v. 36; no. 11; p. 903–906; doi: 10.1130/G25171A.1; 4 figures; Data Repository item 2008229.
+
+
+
+**Figure 2.** Discrimination diagrams show that volcanic rocks from Kamchatsky Mys ophiolites belong to P (plume) type ophiolites after classification of Pearce (2008) and that their immobile incompatible element ratios are similar to shield-stage tholeiites from Detroit (Site 1203) and Meiji Seamounts. Nb, Yb, and Th concentrations are in ppm, TiO₂ in wt%. Compositions of enriched tholeiites from the Kamchatsky Mys (KM enriched tholeiites) are from this study; KM depleted tholeiites and alkali basalts are after Saveliev (2003) and Khotin and Shapiro (2006), and references therein. Compositions of average normal mid-oceanic ridge basalt (N-MORB), enriched (E) MORB, oceanic island basalt (OIB) (Sun and McDonough, 1989), Mauna Kea rocks, and Detroit and Meiji shield-stage tholeiites are shown for comparison (data sources listed in Appendix DR1 [see footnote 1]).
+
+The rocks have smooth, slightly enriched patterns of incompatible trace elements normalized to primitive mantle (PM) composition, plotting completely within the Detroit Site 1203 field (Fig. 3). REE patterns are nearly flat from the light (L) to middle (M) REEs (PM normalized $[La/Sm]_n = 1.2–1.3$) and more strongly fractionated from the MREEs to heavy (H) REEs ($[Sm/Yb]_n = 2.0–2.3$). Fractionated patterns of the MREEs to HREEs and also high TiO₂/Yb, marginally above the MORB array (Fig. 2B), distinguish the rocks from enriched MORB (e.g., Niu and Batiza, 1997) and imply higher pressures of mantle melting (Pearce, 2008) and/or an oceanic island basalt (OIB) type Ti-rich source (Sun and McDonough, 1989). Thorium concentrations are remarkably low relative to LREEs and Nb ($[Th/La]_n = 0.36–0.49$, $[Th/Nb]_n = 0.44–0.49$) (Figs. 2 and 3A).
+
+
+
+
+**Figure 3.** Trace element and isotope compositions of enriched tholeiites from Kamchatsky Mys ophiolites. Compositions of typical Pacific mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB), depleted MORB from Garrett Fracture Zone (FZ), shield-stage tholeiites from Hawaiian-Emperor Seamount Chain (Mauna Kea, Koolau, Meiji, and Detroit) and Icelandic rocks are shown for comparison (data sources listed in Appendix DR1 [see footnote 1]). Average normal (N) MORB, enriched (E) MORB, and primitive mantle (PM) compositions are after Sun and McDonough (1989). All isotopic compositions are age corrected to 100 m.y. (Table DR2).
+
+
+
+Initial isotope ratios of neodymium and lead, which can be well reconstructed for low-temperature altered rocks (e.g., Regelous et al., 2003; Hauff et al., 2003; Appendix DR1), form very narrow ranges [$(^{206}\text{Pb}/^{204}\text{Pb})_t = 18.160–18.189$, $(^{207}\text{Pb}/^{204}\text{Pb})_t = 15.455–15.473$, $(^{208}\text{Pb}/^{204}\text{Pb})_t = 37.710–37.787$, $(^{143}\text{Nd}/^{144}\text{Nd})_t = 0.51293–0.51294$, where subscript t denotes initial isotope ratio 100 m.y. ago] (Table DR2, Figs. 3B and 3C). Similar to the incompatible element contents, the isotope ratios of the KM enriched tholeiites are also distinct from Pacific MORB. At a given $(^{206}\text{Pb}/^{204}\text{Pb})_t$, the Kamchatka rocks have slightly higher $(^{208}\text{Pb}/^{204}\text{Pb})_t$ and lower $(^{143}\text{Nd}/^{144}\text{Nd})_t$ than Pacific MORB, including Mesozoic MORB samples from Ocean Drilling Program and Deep Sea Drilling Project cores (Figs. 3B and 3C) (e.g., Janney and Castillo, 1997; Hauff et al., 2003). Incompatible element and isotopic compositions of the KM enriched tholeiites, however, overlap in composition with samples from the Detroit Seamount (Site 1203) belonging to the Hawaiian hotspot track (Regelous et al., 2003; Huang et al., 2005).
+
+## CHROMIUM SPINEL AND MELT INCLUSIONS
+
+In order to collect additional information on the composition of parental magmas of the Kamchatka basalts, we extended this study to include a detailed examination of chromium spinel and primary melt inclusions in this mineral, because spinel is particularly resistant to post-magmatic alteration (Kamenetsky et al., 2001). Accessory chromium spinel occurs in the studied basalts as inclusions in olivine, currently replaced by calcite, and as separate subphenocrysts to 0.5 mm in size. The spinels have moderately high Mg# = 0.64–0.73 [Mg# = Mg/(Mg+Fe²⁺) calculated on molar basis], $Cr/(Cr + Al) = 0.37–0.55$, low $Fe^{2+}/Fe^{3+} = 2.4–3.7$, and relatively high TiO₂ (primarily between 0.5 and 1.0 wt%) content, only partly overlapping with spinel compositions in MORB (Kamenetsky et al., 2001).
+
+Many spinel crystals contained partly crystallized (glass + high-Ca pyroxene + fluid bubble + sulfide) melt inclusions isolated from the altered whole-rock matrix by the host mineral. They were experimentally homogenized at 1250 °C and quenched to glass prior to analytical studies (Appendix DR1). The homogenized melt inclusions have tholeiitic (SiO₂ = 49.4–53.6 wt%, Na₂O + K₂O = 2.4–3.9 wt%) compositions (Table DR3). Despite a narrow range of the host rocks, melt inclusions exhibit a substantial range of the MREEs to HREEs ($[Sm/Yb]_n = 1.3–3.0$), TiO₂ (1–3 wt%), and particularly variable concentrations of highly incompatible trace elements and their ratios (e.g., K₂O = 0.06–0.62 wt%; K₂O/TiO₂ = 0.03–0.58; $[La/Sm]_n = 0.35–1.70$) (Table DR3; Fig. DR1). LREE-depleted inclusions have distinctive convex PM-normalized trace element patterns ($[Sm/Yb]_n > 1$, $[La/Sm]_n < 1$).
+
+At first approximation, the highly variable compositions of inclusions suggest preservation of unmixed mantle-derived melts, which originated from a heterogeneous mantle source (variable ratios of highly incompatible elements) in the garnet stability field (high MREE/HREE ratios). Detailed examination of the melt inclusion compositions will be presented elsewhere. Here we note that a general compositional peculiarity of all studied melt inclusions is a strong negative Th (and U) anomaly in PM-normalized spectra relative to Ba and La ($[Th/La]_n = 0.37–0.62$, $[Th/Ba]_n = 0.25–0.77$) (Fig. 4A). The Th deficit does not correlate with Sr enrichment in melt inclusions (Fig. DR1); therefore, low Th/Ba cannot result from interaction of mantle melts with crustal gabbro and instead reflects mantle source characteristics of the studied rocks (e.g., Saal et al., 2007). The low-Th mantle source composition is similar to that of the Hawaiian hotspot and Icelandic lavas, but was not documented for MORB and OIB from other localities (e.g., Hofmann and Jochum, 1996; Yang et al., 2003). Many inclusions exhibit moderate to strong Nb enrichment relative to other highly incompatible elements ([Nb/La]$_n$ = 2.0–4.6, Nb/U = 42–155) (Fig. 4B). It is also noticeable that melt compositions with [Nb/La]$_n$ up to 4.6 were not described in oceanic settings other than Mauna Kea volcano, whose lavas host Nb-rich melt inclusions in olivine (Sobolev et al., 2002).
+
+
+
+
+**Figure 4.** Trace element compositions of melt inclusions in spinel from Kamchatsky Mys ophiolites. A: Inclusions have Hawaiian-type Th/Ba and Th/La ratios, which are systematically lower compared to majority of oceanic island basalt (OIB) and mid-oceanic ridge basalt (MORB). B: High Nb/La ratios in melt inclusions from enriched tholeiites (this study) suggest contribution of Kea-type component; inclusions from depleted tholeiites have high Sr/Ce ratios indicating contribution from Loa-type component (Portnyagin et al., 2005). Compositional field of modern Hawaiian tholeiites and OIB field, including representatives of HIMU [high μ ($^{238}$U/$^{204}$Pb), St. Helena], EM1 (enriched mantle, Pitcairn) and EM2 (Society Island), are shown after Hofmann and Jochum (1996). Compositions of glasses from Deep Sea Drilling Project Site 884 on Detroit Seamount (Huang et al., 2005), glasses from East Pacific Rise (EPR) seamounts (Niu and Batiza, 1997), Icelandic rocks, and Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea melt inclusions (Sobolev et al., 2002) are shown for comparison. Average normal (N) MORB, enriched (E) MORB, and primitive mantle (PM) compositions are after Sun and McDonough (1989).
+
+## HAWAIIAN ROCKS IN KAMCHATKA OPHIOLITES
+
+It has been proposed previously that the Kamchatsky Mys ophiolites may represent atypical oceanic crust formed under the influence of a hotspot (Saveliev, 2003; Portnyagin et al., 2005; Khotin and Shapiro, 2006). The present detailed geochemical study demonstrates that enriched tholeiites preserved in the Kamchatsky Mys ophiolites share specific geochemical features with the Hawaiian hotspot lavas. These features include trace element and isotopic compositions of whole rocks, which are different from Pacific MORB but very similar to the northernmost seamounts in the Emperor Seamount chain (Detroit and Meiji Seamounts) (Figs. 2 and 3). Melt inclusions in spinel have low Th/Ba, which is a distinct feature of Hawaiian hotspot lavas, not observed in other hotspot-related localities in the Pacific region (Hofmann and Jochum, 1996; Yang et al., 2003). These geochemical data suggest that the ophiolite basalts were very likely derived from a Hawaiian-type mantle source, and thus are evidence for the existence of the Hawaiian hotspot 120–93 Ma.
+
+The studied rocks occur as lava flows in association with slow-accumulated deep-sea sediments (intercalated cherts and limestones) and hyaloclastites. It is therefore unlikely that the mid-Cretaceous volcano-sedimentary Smagino association of the Kamchatsky Mys ophiolites represents a fragment of an accreted Hawaiian guyot. More plausibly, the lavas could have originated on the deep flank of a seamount or on a mid-ocean ridge, strongly affected by interaction with the neighboring Hawaiian hotspot.
+
+Recent paleotectonic reconstructions (Steinberger and Gaina, 2007) suggest that an older than ca. 80 Ma part of the Emperor Ridge may be located behind the Aleutian trench in the Bering Sea (Fig. 1). Some parts of the Emperor Ridge may also have been accreted to the forearc of the proto-Aleutian arc. Some of the accretionary wedge preserved in the Kamchatsky Mys ophiolites belongs to the paleo-Kronotsky arc, which is considered to be a part of the Proto-Aleutian arc (Lander and Shapiro, 2007). Therefore, the Albian–Cenomanian Smagino volcano-sedimentary association of the Kamchatsky Mys ophiolites can readily host Hawaiian hotspot-related rocks, accreted in the early Tertiary and transported later northwest to their present position in the Kamchatka forearc.
+
+## CRETACEOUS PERIOD OF THE HAWAIIAN PLUME–RIDGE INTERACTION
+
+An important result from investigations of the Meiji and Detroit Seamounts was the discovery of rocks with relatively depleted trace element and isotopic compositions (Keller et al., 2000) that were likely formed through enhanced mantle plume melting beneath thin lithosphere (Regelous et al., 2003; Huang et al., 2005; Frey et al., 2005; Ito and Mahoney, 2005). The rocks studied here share many compositional features with Meiji and Detroit tholeiites (Figs. 2 and 3). This compositional similarity can be explained if the ophiolite rocks originated in a tectonic situation similar to that of the oldest known Emperor seamounts, that is, beneath young, thin oceanic lithosphere. The Albian–Cenomanian age of the ophiolite rocks suggests that they are at least 20 m.y. older than the Meiji Seamount (Duncan and Keller, 2004). Therefore, the Hawaiian plume was likely located beneath thin oceanic lithosphere and melted extensively for at least 20 m.y. and possibly crossed the Kula-Pacific plate boundary in the mid-Cretaceous, as also suggested by recent paleo-tectonic reconstructions (Steinberger and Gaina, 2007).
+
+## PERSISTENT PLUME COMPOSITION THROUGH TIME
+
+Low Th/Ba ratios in Hawaiian hotspot lavas and studied Kamchatkan melts deviate strongly from typical mantle values and can be explained by melting of low-Th recycled crustal material within the plume source (Hofmann and Jochum, 1996). As evident from the published data and results from this study, a contribution from the low-Th recycled material to the Hawaiian hotspot-derived magmas was persistent over the last ~100 m.y. Moreover, low $^{206}$Pb*/$^{208}$Pb* (< 0.95; $^{206}$Pb*/$^{208}$Pb* represents the time-integrated $^{232}$Th/$^{238}$U ratio since the formation of the Earth; e.g., Abouchami et al., 2005) in the least altered Emperor Ridge rocks (Keller et al., 2000; Regelous et al., 2003; Huang et al., 2005) and lavas from the Kamchatka forearc studied here (Fig. DR2), and also unusually high Nb/La in the melt inclusions (Fig. 4B), similar to inclusions from Mauna Kea lavas, suggest that it was probably a Kea-type component (Tatsumoto, 1978; Abouchami et al., 2005; Sobolev et al., 2002), which contributed, together with a depleted plume component (Regelous et al., 2003; Huang et al., 2005; Frey et al., 2005), to prevailing compositions of Cretaceous Hawaiian hotspot lavas.
+
+In another basaltic sample from the Kamchatsky Mys ophiolites, Portnyagin et al. (2005) reported trace element–depleted melt inclusions in spinel with elevated Sr/Ce and Ba/Th, which contain a component similar to Sr-rich Mauna Loa melts and possibly originate by mixing of peridotite-derived melts and melts from recycled oceanic gabbro (Sobolev et al., 2000). Therefore it is possible that both Kea- and Loa-type (in subtle amounts) components were sampled during the formation of rocks (melt inclusions) preserved in the Kamchatka Mys ophiolites.
+
+A persistent yet heterogeneous composition of Hawaiian hotspot lavas suggests that their source region represents a long-lived prominent geochemical anomaly in the Earth's mantle. Assuming that the volume flux of the Hawaiian plume was similar from the mid-Cretaceous to the present (300 m³/s; Sleep, 1990) and that the plume originates at the core-mantle boundary, we estimated that the source region of the Hawaiian plume over the past ~100 m.y. could cover an area of ≥15% of the core-mantle boundary in the form of a layer ≤40 km thick (Farnetani et al., 2002). Long-lived (≥20 m.y.), complex spatial zonation has also been shown for the Galapagos hotspot (Hoernle et al., 2000; Werner et al., 2003), and thus also requires a volumetric large-scale geochemical anomaly in the Earth's mantle, which may be an important feature of plume-related hotspot volcanism.
+
+## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+We thank S. Simakin for performing ion probe analyses, D. Rau for X-ray fluorescence analyses, M. Thöner for his assistance with electron probe analyses, and S. Hauff for preparation of whole rocks for isotope analyses. We are grateful to M. Garcia, F. Frey, and G. Ito for constructive reviews that helped improve this manuscript. We also thank G. Ito for suggesting to us how to estimate the spatial scale of the plume source. This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, HO1833/14-1), Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) (KALMAR, Kurile-Kamchatka and Aleutian Marginal Sea-Island Arc Systems: Geodynamic and Climate Interaction in Space and Time), and the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (RFBR, 07-05-00080).
+
+## REFERENCES CITED
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+Portnyagin, M.V., Savel’ev, D.P., and Hoernle, K., 2005, Plume-related association of Cretaceous oceanic basalts of eastern Kamchatka: Compositions of spinel and parental magmas: Petrology, v. 13, p. 571–588.
+
+Regelous, M., Hofmann, A.W., Abouchami, W., and Galer, S.J.G., 2003, Geochemistry of lavas from the Emperor Seamounts, and the geochemical evolution of Hawaiian magmatism from 85 to 42 Ma: Journal of Petrology, v. 44, p. 113–140, doi: 10.1093/petrology/44.1.113.
+
+Saal, A.E., Kurz, M.D., Hart, S.R., Blusztajn, J.S., Blichert-Toft, J., Liang, Y., and Geist, D.J., 2007, The role of lithospheric gabbros on the composition of Galapagos lavas: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 257, p. 391–406, doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2007.02.040.
+
+Saveliev, D.P., 2003, Intraplate alkali basalts in the Cretaceous accretionary complex of the Kamchatkan Peninsula (eastern Kamchatka): Volcanology and Seismology, v. 1, p. 14–20.
+
+Sleep, N.H., 1990, Hotspots and mantle plumes: Some phenomenology: Journal of Geophysical Research, v. 95, p. 6715–6736.
+
+Sobolev, A.V., Hofmann, A.W., and Nikogosian, I.K., 2000, Recycled oceanic crust observed in ‘ghost plagioclase’ within the source of Mauna Loa: Nature, v. 404, p. 986–990, doi: 10.1038/35010098.
+
+Sobolev, A.V., Hofmann, A.W., Shimizu, N., Chaussidon, M., Metrich, N., Nikogosian, I.K., and Anderson, A.T., 2002, Primary melts reveal small-scale heterogeneity in convecting mantle: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, v. 66, p. A725, doi: 10.1016/S0016–7037(02)01013–X.
+
+Steinberger, B., and Gaina, C., 2007, Plate-tectonic reconstructions predict part of the Hawaiian hotspot track to be preserved in the Bering Sea: Geology, v. 35, p. 407–410, doi: 10.1130/G23383A.1.
+
+Sun, S.-S., and McDonough, W.F., 1989, Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes, in Saunders, A.D., and Norry, M.J., eds., Magmatism in the ocean basins: Geological Society of London Special Publication 42, p. 313–345.
+
+Tatsumoto, M., 1978, Isotopic composition of lead in oceanic basalt and its implication to mantle evolution: Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 38, p. 63–87, doi: 10.1016/0012–821X (78)90126–7.
+
+Werner, R., Hoernle, K., Barckhausen, U., and Hauff, F., 2003, Geodynamic evolution of the Galápagos hot spot system (Central East Pacific) over the past 20 m.y.: Constraints from morphology, geochemistry, and magnetic anomalies: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 4, no. 12, p. 1108, doi: 10.1029/2003GC000576.
+
+Yang, H.-J., Frey, F.A., and Claugue, D.A., 2003, Constraints on the source components of lavas forming the Hawaiian North Arch and Honolulu Volcanics: Journal of Petrology, v. 44, p. 603–627.
+
+Manuscript received 18 May 2008
+Revised manuscript received 6 August 2008
+Manuscript accepted 7 August 2008
+
+Printed in USA
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+# Fertile ground: human endometrial programming and lessons in health and disease
+
+*Jemma Evans¹⁻³*, *Lois A. Salamonsen¹,²,⁴*, *Amy Winship¹,²*, *Ellen Menkhorst¹,²*, *Guiying Nie¹,²,⁵*, *Caroline E. Gargett⁴,⁶ and Eva Dimitriadis¹,²,⁷*
+
+Abstract | The human endometrium is a highly dynamic tissue that is cyclically shed, repaired, regenerated and remodelled, primarily under the orchestration of oestrogen and progesterone, in preparation for embryo implantation. Humans are among the very few species that menstruate and that, consequently, are equipped with unique cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling these cyclic processes. Many reproductive pathologies are specific to menstruating species, and studies in animal models rarely translate to humans. Abnormal remodelling and regeneration of the human endometrium leads to a range of reproductive complications. Furthermore, the processes regulating endometrial remodelling and implantation, including those controlling hormonal impact, breakdown and repair, stem/progenitor cell activation, inflammation and cell invasion have broad applications to other fields. This Review presents current knowledge regarding the normal and abnormal function of the human endometrium. The development of biomarkers for prediction of uterine diseases and pregnancy disorders and future avenues of investigation to improve fertility and enhance endometrial function are also discussed.
+
+*¹Centre for Reproductive Health, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, 3168, Australia.*
+*²Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.*
+*³Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.*
+*⁴Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.*
+*⁵Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.*
+*⁶The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, 3168, Australia.*
+*⁷Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, 3800, Australia.*
+
+*Correspondence to E.D. evdokia.dimitriadis@hudson.org.au*
+
+doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.116
+Published online 22 Jul 2016
+
+The transformative processes that prepare the endometrium for embryo implantation are unique to menstruating species, and are thought to underlie the evolution of menstruation. Although rodent species, which are easy to manipulate, are common experimental models for studies of endometrial receptivity and embryo implantation, findings obtained with these animals often cannot be directly translated to humans.
+
+Biological processes that have developed in the human endometrium during the evolution of menstruation are specialized versions of processes that are found in other tissues, altered to regulate endometrial biology. Understanding how the human endometrium undergoes controlled and spatially limited tissue destruction, resolution of inflammation, scar-free repair and reepithelialization followed by regeneration and transformation can inform our understanding of processes that occur in other tissues.
+
+In this Review, we describe the remodelling of the endometrium before it becomes receptive for embryo implantation, the dynamic fetal–maternal communication that contributes to successful implantation, the endometrial defects that result in infertility and miscarriage and the detection and treatment of these disorders. We also identify missing links, both experimental and clinical, which should be investigated to enable progress in the field, and areas where understanding of endometrial biology might influence other fields and the development of therapeutics.
+
+## Evolution of human menstruation
+
+Unlike other organs, the human endometrium does not have a single, constant function from birth to death. The endometrium exists to provide a 'fertile ground' for implantation of an embryo and development of a highly invasive placenta, which is achieved by an orderly sequence of development and transformation within each menstrual cycle, under the influence of the ovarian steroid hormones¹. The endometrial cells become terminally differentiated during each menstrual cycle; in the absence of conception, tissue shedding and regeneration for subsequent fertile cycles occurs. In menstruating species, decidualization is spontaneous, rather than embryo-mediated. Decidualization is the process of the transformation or differentiation of human endometrial stromal fibroblasts to secretory 'epithelioid' cells, which occurs under the influence of the hormones oestrogen and progesterone, along with cAMP and local paracrine factors.
+
+The evolution of spontaneous decidualization is thought to have occurred when genes that were ancestrally expressed in other organs and tissue systems were expressed in the endometrium. Transposable elements, for instance, contributed to the origin of decidualization by conferring progesterone responsiveness to numerous genes across the genome². The evolutionary transformation of the endometrial regulatory landscape has been mapped and found to explain the developments within the human uterus that support its unique pregnancy phenotype, of which decidualization and menstruation are central².
+
+**Key points**
+
+* The human endometrium is a unique, dynamic tissue that is cyclically shed, repaired, regenerated and remodelled, in preparation for embryo implantation
+* Decidualization in women occurs spontaneously (regardless of the presence of an embryo) during the mid-to-late luteal phase, necessitating endometrial shedding and subsequent regeneration in the absence of conception
+* Endometrial remodelling occurs primarily under the orchestration of oestrogen and progesterone, but is influenced by many factors, including epigenetic signals and stem/progenitor cells
+* Abnormalities in endometrial remodelling lead to pathologies including infertility, endometriosis and pregnancy disorders
+* Understanding the processes that operate in the endometrium could provide information that is applicable to nonreproductive pathologies such as cancer and wound healing
+
+Decidualization probably evolved because it provided protection to uterine tissues from the hyper-inflammation and oxidative stress associated with deep haemochorial placentation³,⁴. However, menstruation as a consequence of decidualization is equally important in the human adaptation to haemochorial placentation. Repeated cycles of decidualization and shedding prepare human uterine tissues by physiological preconditioning for the stress of haemochorial placentation⁴. In an adolescent who is pregnant (and has experienced few menstrual cycles), extensive preconditioning has not occurred, which results in a higher risk of major obstetric complications associated with defective placentation than is seen in older pregnant women³. Menstrual cycles are hypothesized to undergo their own 'evolution' throughout the reproductive lifespan, with the endometrium transitioning from a fairly progesterone-resistant, immature tissue at menarche to become more responsive because of the cumulative effects of cyclic menstruation and inflammatory signalling³,⁵. The lack of preconditioning and, thus, the absence of these cycle-derived changes is proposed to contribute to the aetiology of pregnancy complications in adolescents who have not yet developed progesterone responsiveness.
+
+This evolution of spontaneous decidualization and menstruation, and the dysfunction associated with these processes, has given rise to human-specific reproductive complications, including recurrent early pregnancy loss and placental pathologies such as pre-eclampsia, in addition to menstrual problems such as heavy or abnormal bleeding.
+
+## Mechanisms of endometrial remodelling
+***Endometrial luminal epithelium.*** The endometrium undergoes substantial remodelling under the influence of ovarian steroid hormones, and becomes receptive for only a few days in the mid-secretory phase of the menstrual cycle (FIG. 1). The luminal epithelium is the first uterine point of contact for blastocysts, and differentiates considerably during the receptive phase to facilitate embryo attachment and subsequent implantation. The transformation of the plasma membrane in cells of the luminal epithelium from a nonadhesive to an adhesive surface encompasses remodelling of elements that contribute to the endometrial barrier function, including the glycocalyx, epithelial polarity, epithelial–mesenchymal transition and the lateral junctional complexes (FIG. 1)⁶. Importantly, in humans the placental trophoblasts invade between epithelial cells, without the epithelial destruction that is observed in other species with haemochorial placentation⁷. Defects in interactions between embryos and the endometrial epithelium contribute substantially to infertility and implantation failure⁸.
+
+The known molecular changes that occur in human endometrial luminal epithelium in relation to receptivity affect the integrins, osteopontin, Notch signalling, heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor, cell-surface-associated mucins, glycodelin and ion channels, which have been reviewed elsewhere⁹. Some cytokines probably also have important roles in endometrial epithelial receptivity. For example, levels of IL-11 are lower in endometrial luminal epithelium in infertile women than in fertile women¹⁰. IL-11 regulates the adhesiveness of epithelial cells *in vitro*, probably by upregulating expression of the plasma membrane proteins annexin A2 and flotillin-1¹¹, which are proposed to be essential for receptivity and embryo attachment¹¹.
+
+The results of transcriptomic profiling studies have identified large numbers of genes that are upregulated or downregulated in the induction of receptivity, but data sets vary considerably between studies (as has been reviewed elsewhere¹²), which suggests post-translational regulation of proteins at the endometrial epithelial surface is important (FIG. 1). Studies on the serine protease proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 5 (PC6) have revealed that, in endometrial epithelium, PC6 is maximally expressed during the receptive phase, but its expression is lower in women with implantation failure than in reproductively healthy women¹³. PC6, via its proteolytic activity, post-translationally regulates adhesion molecules and the organization of the plasma membrane in human endometrial epithelium, altering the apical architecture to provide a receptive surface¹³,¹⁴.
+
+***Decidualization.*** In human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs), decidualization is the process of spontaneous, terminal differentiation that occurs in the mid-to-late secretory phase of each menstrual cycle, whereas in nonmenstruating species, this process is initiated during pregnancy (FIG. 1). In a menstrual cycle that does not result in conception, the terminally differentiated cells are shed during menses. However, if pregnancy occurs, decidual cells promote the invasion of fetal extravillous trophoblasts that (along with uterine natural killer (uNK) cells) facilitate spiral-artery remodelling and protect the conceptus by conferring maternal immunotolerance of the fetal allograft¹⁵. The decidual cells also shield the conceptus from environmental stress signals¹⁶, and ‘sense’ embryo quality to facilitate maternal rejection of developmentally incompetent embryos¹⁷.
+
+
+
+Figure 1 | **The pre-receptive, receptive and post-receptive endometrium.** The pre-receptive luminal epithelium (**1**) is nonadhesive, owing to the presence of antiadhesive factors, including the glycocalyx, a polarized epithelium and lateral junctions that anchor cells tightly together. During the pre-receptive phase, the glandular epithelium becomes highly secretory (**2**), uterine natural killer (uNK) cells proliferate and macrophages influx into the endometrium (**3**). To become receptive, the luminal epithelium undergoes considerable changes (**4**): epithelial and blastocyst-secreted enzymes post-translationally modify the glycocalyx; the epithelium undergoes epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), becoming less polarized with fewer lateral junctions, and the adhesion-factor repertoire on the luminal epithelial surface changes. Pinopodes (**5**) appear on the surface of the luminal epithelium at the initiation of receptivity, but their role in blastocyst–epithelium adhesion is currently unclear. Communication between blastocysts and uterine luminal epithelium further enhances receptivity (**6**). Decidualization (**7**) is initiated by progesterone in stromal cells adjacent to blood vessels, and in vascular mesenchymal stem cells. These cells undergo mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET) to become rounded, secretory cells expressing the decidual markers prolactin and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 1. Decidual cells secrete factors (such as hormones, cytokines, chemokines, lipids and noncoding RNAs) that act synergistically or additively to create a wave of decidualization (**8**) throughout the endometrium.
+
+
+
+Progesterone induces decidualization in stromal cells adjacent to spiral arterioles (FIG. 1). *In vitro*, decidualized stem-cell-like perivascular stromal cells produce higher levels of cytokines and chemokines that are involved in promoting decidualization and the recruitment of trophoblasts than nonperivascular stromal cells¹⁶.
+
+Decidualization also requires cAMP¹⁸, and involves reprogramming of ESCs, which ensures that different genes are expressed at specific stages of differentiation¹⁹.
+
+After the initiation of decidualization, local paracrine factors create a ‘wave’ of decidualization that spreads from spiral arterioles throughout the endometrium (FIG. 1). Decidual regulation has been investigated predominantly in studies of individual molecules; more comprehensive studies of the proteome and secretome²⁰ and microRNA (miRNA) signature²¹ of decidualization have not added substantially to the repertoire of processes that are known to be involved in decidualization. This repertoire has been reviewed elsewhere²². Although progesterone drives decidualization, other steroid receptors (specifically, oestrogen receptor (ER), glucocorticoid receptor, mineralocorticoid receptor and androgen receptor) also have distinct roles²²,²³, and might confer specificity of hormone action.
+
+Few *in vitro* studies have investigated the role of other cell types in the progress of decidualization. The results of studies in mice that lack uterine glands show that these glands are essential for decidualization²⁴, but whether they are similarly important in women is not known. Human uterine glands secrete many factors that are known to drive decidualization *in vitro*, but *in vivo* secretion of these factors into the stroma has not been confirmed²⁵. Leukocytes, including uNK cells, mast cells, T cells and dendritic cells, are essential for decidual angiogenesis during the initiation of pregnancy (FIG. 1). However, their function in decidualization is less clear. Murine models of dendritic-cell depletion indicate that these cells are required for decidual proliferation and differentiation²⁶. Similarly, uNK cells in mice seem to maintain decidual integrity²⁷. However, the results of both mouse and human *in vitro* co-culture experiments with epithelial and stromal cells have not provided evidence that uNK cells initiate or promote decidualization²⁸.
+
+Decidual leukocytes have specific phenotypes, and express distinct markers of differentiation and function compared with peripheral leukocytes. Decidualized stromal cells secrete mediators that can act on, and influence the function and differentiation of, resident leukocytes²⁹.
+
+***Menstrual breakdown and repair.*** Menstruation is initiated by the withdrawal of oestrogen and progesterone support in the absence of implantation and pregnancy, and is governed by a complex cascade of endocrine and paracrine signalling within the endometrium (FIG. 2). In macaques, which are menstruating nonhuman primates, the onset of menstruation can be blocked by progesterone replacement within 36 h of hormone withdrawal, but replacement after 36 h has no effect³⁰. This result suggests a biphasic activation of menstruation, in which endocrine signalling to cells expressing progesterone receptor initiates paracrine signalling to cells without progesterone receptor, which facilitates progesterone-independent effects that lead to menses. Intriguingly, endometrial tissue destruction and re-epithelialization occur simultaneously; re-epithelialization is generally considered to start ~36 h after the onset of menses, and is complete within a further 48 h. The results of hysteroscopic analysis of the menstrual endometrium emphasize that menstrual shedding is a zonal event; areas undergoing breakdown can be observed adjacent to intact tissues from the previous cycle and areas that have already undergone re-epithelialization³¹.
+
+Decidualized stromal cells (FIG. 1) are essential for responding to endocrine cues and transmitting paracrine signals during menstruation, as they express the progesterone receptor premenstrually³² and detect progesterone withdrawal³³. Hormone withdrawal from decidualized stromal cells *in vitro* enhances inflammatory reactive oxygen species via inhibition of superoxide dismutase activity, which upregulates nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2, also known as COX-2) signalling relative to levels in the presence of progesterone and results in production of inflammatory factors, including prostaglandin $F_{2\alpha}$ (REFS 33,34) (FIG. 2).
+
+Hormone withdrawal triggers the recruitment of inflammatory cells into the perimenstrual endometrium via alterations in chemokines derived from decidualized stromal cells³³,³⁵ (FIG. 2). Secretion of proteolytic enzymes by leukocytes results in tissue breakdown at menses, as reviewed elsewhere³⁵, and local tissue lysis simultaneously results in the production of cues for repair³⁶. Expression of proteases and gene products involved in extracellular matrix synthesis and repair is elevated specifically in stromal cells derived from areas of the endometrium that have undergone lysis³⁶,³⁷.
+
+Oestrogen is not required for endometrial repair, as demonstrated by evidence from the study of ovariotomized women and women in natural menopause³⁸. *In vitro* human studies have defined ‘wound-healing’ factors, including activin, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cysteine-rich secretory protein 3 and galectin-7, along with development-related pathways, such as Wnt signalling pathways and mesenchymal–epithelial transition (FIG. 2), which contribute to re-epithelialization and endometrial wound repair independently of oestrogen³⁷,³⁹⁻⁴². However, once the endometrial surface is re-epithelialized, oestrogen is required to stimulate glandular and stromal regeneration (FIG. 2).
+
+Menstrual endometrium demonstrates the opposing processes of tissue destruction and repair simultaneously in an inflammatory environment; both processes are initiated by similar physiological cues. Understanding how the menstrual endometrium limits inflammation, modulates immune-cell activity, rapidly repairs and remains scar-free has implications for the development of treatments for a number of pathologies (BOX 1).
+
+***Stem/progenitor cells in regeneration.*** Small populations of adult stem/progenitor cells with classic stem-cell properties of clonogenicity, self-renewal and differentiation have been identified in human endometrium⁴³ (TABLE 1); these cells contribute to the ability of the endometrium to regenerate during each menstrual cycle (FIG. 2). Specific stem/progenitor cell types, including epithelial progenitors, mesenchymal stem cells and side-population cells (which are characterized by the efflux of DNA-binding dyes, a universal property of adult stem cells) might be involved in the regeneration of different endometrial cellular compartments⁴³.
+
+Epithelial progenitor cells have been identified in human endometrium as clonogenic cells that differentiate into large, gland-like structures⁴⁴, and in mice as label-retaining cells that proliferate in response to oestrogen, despite lacking ERs (TABLE 1). ERα-expressing niche cells that are closely associated with epithelial progenitor cells probably transmit the oestrogen signal to these ERα-negative cells. Epithelial progenitors are thought to be located in the basalis region of the uterine glands (FIG. 1), where a high level of telomerase activity (a feature of adult stem cells) has been detected⁴³. Specific markers identifying epithelial progenitor cells are required to facilitate delineation of their role in endometrial proliferative disorders (BOX 2).
+
+
+
+Figure 2 | **Endometrial decidualization, menstruation, repair and regeneration.** Endometrial stromal cells (**1**) and mesenchymal stem cells (**2**) undergo decidualization under the influence of oestrogen and progesterone. In the absence of conception and implantation (**3**), endometrial stromal cells 'sense' hormone withdrawal upon the demise of the corpus luteum, and upregulate intracellular inflammatory signalling (**4**) and the release of inflammatory factors that contribute to vasoconstriction of uterine blood vessels (**5**), recruitment of leukocytes (**6**) and propagation of the menstrual cascade. However, these inflammatory and growth factors (**4**), proteolytic enzymes (**7**) and recruited immune cells (**8**) also contribute to repair after menstruation, in concert with processes such as mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET) (**9**) and Wnt signalling, to restore endometrial homeostasis (**10**). Activation of endometrial epithelial progenitor cells and perivascular mesenchymal stem cells (**11**), possibly involving Wnt signalling or Notch signalling, drives cellular replacement in the glands and stroma respectively, to mediate regeneration of the endometrium. COX-2, prostaglandin G/H synthase 2 (PTGS2); NF-κB, nuclear factor κB.
+
+
+
+Human endometrium also contains a small population of mesenchymal stem cells (eMSCs)⁴³ (TABLE 1). Specific surface markers of clonogenic eMSCs demonstrate their perivascular localization in the endometrial functionalis and basalis⁴⁵ , ⁴⁶ (FIG. 1), as well as their presence within shed fragments in menstrual fluid⁴³. eMSCs have been identified by the co-expression of CD146 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β (PDGFRβ) markers as pericytes⁴⁵. A single marker, sushi domain-containing protein 2 (SUSD2, also known as W5C5)) identified 4% of endometrial stromal cells in 34 samples of stromal cells as eMSCs⁴⁶ (TABLE 1). Gene profiling of fresh CD146⁺PDGFRβ⁺ cells⁴⁷ and cultured SUSD2⁺ cells¹⁶ confirmed that eMSCs have a pericytic, perivascular signature, which suggests that eMSCs have an additional role in angiogenesis during stromal regeneration and placentation⁴³. These endometrial perivascular cells are distinct from the stromal fibroblast (CD146⁻PDGFRβ⁺) and endothelial (CD146⁺PDGFRβ⁻) populations⁴⁷.
+
+Side-population cells⁴⁸ are also present within human endometrium; these populations are a mix of ERβ-expressing endothelial cells with some epithelial and stromal cells that do not express ERα or progesterone receptor⁴⁹ , ⁵⁰ (TABLE 1). In xenografts, the side-population cells regenerate human 'endometrium' consisting mainly of stromal and vascular tissue, with occasional epithelial gland-like structures⁴⁹⁻⁵¹. Similarly, SUSD2⁺ eMSCs generate stromal tissue in xenografts⁴⁶. However, in human endometrium *in vivo*, whether one or more stem/progenitor cell type regenerates endometrial tissue, or a stem/progenitor cell hierarchy exists, is not known.
+
+Box 1 | **Translating endometrial biology to other pathologies**
+
+
+**Skin wounds**
+Chronic skin wounds commonly exhibit deficient re-epithelialization. Understanding how the endometrium undergoes rapid repair after menstruation could lead to novel insights into the development of treatments to promote repair of chronic wounds.
+
+**Chronic inflammatory diseases**
+The endometrium limits inflammation during menstruation to prevent excessive tissue destruction. Translating the mechanism by which inflammation is restricted could aid the resolution of chronic inflammation.
+
+**Stem-cell dysfunction**
+Cyclic activation of stem cells is required for endometrial regeneration after menstruation. This process occurs monthly for an average of 450 menstrual cycles, but stem-cell senescence occurs in women with recurrent pregnancy loss. Delineation of the factors and mechanisms involved in cyclic activation could aid the treatment of recurrent pregnancy loss and other diseases associated with stem-cell dysfunction.
+
+**Fibrotic diseases**
+Repair of the endometrium following menstrual shedding is scar-free. Understanding how the endometrium remains scar-free despite inflammation and tissue destruction each month could lead to novel therapies for fibrosis.
+
+In an experimental model of wound repair, eMSCs modulated chronic inflammation outside the uterus, which suggests these cells have a role in communication and regulation of macrophages⁵². Determination of the function of these cells in endometrial physiology has the potential to identify their roles in endometrial disorders (BOX 2).
+
+**Endometrium-embryo crosstalk**
+***The pre-implantation microenvironment.*** Uterine fluid provides the natural environment for sperm transport and blastocyst hatching together with pre-implantation development, as well as peri-implantation embryonic-maternal interactions. The fluid contains not only the nutrients necessary for blastocyst growth, but also important regulatory molecules and microvesicles⁵³. Specific proteins secreted from the endometrium interact with the blastocyst to facilitate implantation²⁵,⁵⁴,⁵⁵ (FIG. 1). miRNAs in uterine fluid are taken up by pre-implantation mouse embryos and alter embryonic mRNA expression *in vitro*⁵⁶. Uterine fluid must also contain factors to protect the mother and embryo from bacteria and other pathogens⁵⁷.
+
+Many classes of molecules, from simple salts and amino acids through to proteins, steroids and lipids are contained in uterine fluid. These molecules are derived from multiple sources, including endometrial epithelial secretions, selective transudation from blood, leukocyte activation and possibly Fallopian tubal secretions and peritoneal fluid.
+
+Glucose, lactate and pyruvate are required for human blastocyst development⁵⁸. Alterations in the levels of these factors might also alter the pH of the local environment.Proteins in uterine fluid include leukaemia inhibitory factor (LIF), VEGF, IL-11 and other chemokines and cytokines that are probably synthesized in the endometrium and secreted into the uterine cavity⁵⁴, establishing a complex milieu to facilitate implantation. The amino acid profile of uterine fluid has been determined, but the full molecular composition is not yet known⁵⁹. The mechanisms involved in the regulation of levels of nutrients and ions, and the relationships between these components and their relative importance in the establishment of pregnancy, are still to be determined.
+
+***Blastocysts and endometrial epithelium.*** Successful implantation and pregnancy outcome require both a receptive endometrium and an appropriately developed blastocyst. Blastocysts enter the uterine cavity during the receptive phase and remain for up to 72 h before implantation (FIG. 1). After blastocyst hatching from the zona pellucida, the trophectoderm comes into close contact with, and firmly adheres to, the receptive endometrial luminal epithelium, which initiates implantation (FIG. 1). The influence of blastocysts on receptivity and implantation is poorly defined in humans, although hormonal, epigenetic and metabolomic cues have been identified.
+
+Blastocysts communicate with the endometrium via cell-surface proteins and secreted factors⁶⁰ (FIG. 1). Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is secreted by hatched human blastocysts in close apposition to the endometrial epithelium⁶¹. Treatment of primary human endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) with hCG, as well as infusion of hCG into the uterine cavity of humans and baboons, mediates the production of factors that are associated with endometrial receptivity, including LIF, VEGF, IL-11 and prokineticin-1 (REFS 62–65).
+
+Human blastocysts require glucose metabolism, but exhibit an idiosyncratic metabolic mechanism that produces high levels of lactate in close proximity to the uterine epithelium, creating a low pH environment⁶⁶. This process is thought to promote local endometrial tissue disaggregation, facilitating trophectoderm cell invasion into the endometrium via modulation of epithelial VEGF production⁵⁴.
+
+Human blastocysts regulate EEC adhesion and gene expression via secreted regulators⁶⁷. Culture media derived from blastocysts generated by *in vitro* fertilization (IVF) that subsequently implant (resulting in a live birth) enhance primary human EEC adhesion, unlike IVF blastocysts that do not successfully implant⁶⁸. Human blastocysts that are determined by morphology to be of high quality during IVF culture, but that do not subsequently implant after transfer, secrete miRNAs that are not secreted by blastocysts that implant⁶⁸. miRNAs secreted by IVF blastocysts during culture might reflect their quality and implantation potential.miR-661, bound to the RNA-binding protein argonaute-1, is secreted specifically by human IVF blastocysts that do not implant⁶⁸. miR-661 is also taken up by primary human EECs in culture and blocks their adhesive capacity⁶⁸,⁶⁹. This anti-adhesion effect of miR-661 is mediated, at least in part, by downregulation of the production of nectin-1 in primary human EECs⁶⁸.
+
+
+Table 1 | **Properties of endometrial stem/progenitor cells**
+
+| Stem/progenitor cell | Stem-cell property | Cell types and markers | Frequency among endometrial cells | Refs |
|---|
| Clonogenic cells (human) | Ability of a single cell to form a colony when seeded at low density in culture | Epithelial progenitor cells | <1% | 44 | | Mesenchymal stem cells | 1–5% | 44 | | Mesenchymal stem cells (human) | Differentiate into multiple mesodermal cell types (fibroblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteocytes and smooth-muscle cells) | CD146+PDGFRβ+ | 1.5% | 45 | | SUSD2+ (W5C5) | 4% | 46 | | Clonogenic | 1–5% | 44 | | Side-population cells | 0.4% | 49 | | Side-population cells (human) | Efflux DNA-binding dyes (Hoechst) because of high expression of plasma-membrane transporter molecules | Mixed cell population | <5% | 48 | | Endothelial cells (ERβ+) | 51%* | 50 | | Epithelial cells (ERα-PR-) | 27% | 50 | | CD146+PDGFRβ+ | 10–14% | 50 | | Label-retaining cells (mouse) | Quiescent, proliferate rarely and retain DNA-synthesis label for a long time | Epithelial (ERα-); proliferate in response to oestradiol | 3% | 172,173 | | Stromal (84% ERα-, 16% ERα+); 12% proliferate in response to oestradiol | 2–6% | 172,173 |
+
+ER, oestrogen receptor; PDGFRβ, platelet-derived growth factor receptor β; PR, progesterone receptor; SUSD2, sushi domain-containing protein 2. *Frequency of cell types in the heterogeneous side-population cell population.
+
+Human blastocysts, via their secreted mediators, alter endometrial receptivity. Secretion of specific signalling molecules that influence receptivity is probably affected by the quality of blastocysts. As lactate and noncoding RNAs have roles in cancer development and invasion, determining how they function and are regulated in the highly controlled process of embryo invasion has implications for our understanding of cancer biology.
+
+## Endometrial pathologies and treatments
+***Endometriosis.*** Endometriosis is characterized by the growth of ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterus; this tissue cycles similarly to eutopic endometrium, undergoing inflammation, shedding and regeneration in response to hormonal changes across the menstrual cycle. Endometriosis affects ~10% of women of reproductive age; affected women commonly present with pelvic pain and dysfunctional menstrual bleeding.
+
+Sampson's theory of retrograde menstruation⁷⁰ is the most widely accepted cause of endometriosis. This theory posits that fragments of shed endometrium reflux through the Fallopian tubes into the peritoneal cavity. As most women experience retrograde menstruation, alterations in the function of tissue fragments or an inability of the immune system to clear the fragments could exist in women who develop endometriosis. Altered ER function has been proposed to modulate apoptosis and inflammasome activation, possibly enabling fragments of refluxed endometrial tissue to survive⁷¹ and establish endometriosis. Alternatively, women with endometriosis might have variants of susceptibility genes that have been identified in genome-wide association studies (GWAS), or they could have epigenetic alterations⁷².
+
+In support of Sampson's theory, endometrial stem/progenitor cells together with niche cells in shed tissue fragments can establish endometriotic lesions (BOX 2).Clonogenic, self-renewing endometrial cells are present in endometriotic lesions in adult women⁷³, and in a subset who had a neonatal 'menstrual bleed', these cells might have been present from birth⁷⁴, remaining viable and dormant until rising oestrogen levels at menarche initiated the growth of ectopic endometrium.
+
+Establishment of ectopic endometriotic lesions probably alters gene expression and cellular function within the eutopic endometrium. A proliferative transcriptomic fingerprint is maintained within the early-secretory eutopic endometriotic endometrium⁷⁵; eutopic ESCs from women with endometriosis do not undergo decidualization, and they have alterations in gene expression suggestive of resistance to progesterone-mediated differentiation⁷⁶. However, even in the absence of progesterone stimulation *in vitro*, endometriotic eutopic stromal cell gene expression is altered compared with endometrial stromal cells isolated from women without endometriosis, and this underlying difference could contribute to the altered responses to progesterone stimulation *in vitro*⁷⁶. The phenomenon of progesterone resistance might not be restricted to endometriosis⁵, as similar genetic alterations have been observed in ESCs isolated from women with recurrent pregnancy loss and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)⁷⁷,⁷⁸. Evidence from a transcriptomic analysis suggests that eutopic endometrial gene expression is more dysregulated in severe endometriosis than in mild endometriosis⁷⁹. By contrast, pilot data with the endometrial receptivity array suggest that eutopic endometrial gene expression is not altered in different stages of endometriosis⁸⁰. However, levels of noncoding RNA and protein production, as well as post-translational modifications within the eutopic endometrium, might be altered, mediating functional cellular changes⁸¹.
+
+Despite the association of endometriosis with infertility, embryo implantation proceeds normally in women with endometriosis who receive supplementary steroid hormones⁸². Oocyte-donation studies have not demonstrated any association between endometriosis, embryo implantation and pregnancy outcome⁸²,⁸³. Endometriosis does not seem to negatively affect pregnancy outcome when standard endometrial-priming protocols are followed⁸⁴,⁸⁵, although it should be noted that these studies did not examine different stages of endometriosis. In two meta-analyses⁸⁶,⁸⁷, severe endometriosis was found to negatively affect the probability of pregnancy success in women undergoing IVF.
+
+Box 2 | **Potential roles of endometrial stem/progenitor cells in endometrial disorders⁴³**
+
+**Endometriosis**
+Normal stem/progenitor cells are shed into the peritoneal cavity by retrograde menstruation and probably establish ectopic clonal endometriotic growths¹⁷⁰. In early-onset endometriosis, retrograde neonatal uterine bleeding resulting from withdrawal of maternal hormones might seed the pelvic cavity with endometrial stem/progenitor cells that survive and become activated as oestrogen levels begin to rise at puberty⁷⁴.
+
+**Adenomyosis**
+The presence of normal endometrial stem/progenitor cells in an abnormal niche might enable ectopic endometrium to grow in the myometrium. Inappropriate differentiation of endometrial mesenchymal stem cells into smooth-muscle cells could account for the associated smooth-muscle hyperplasia.
+
+**Endometrial cancer**
+Mutations in the genome or epigenome of endometrial epithelial stem/progenitor cells might generate cancer stem cells that are responsible for tumour initiation, progression, metastasis and recurrence¹⁷¹.
+
+**Thin, dysfunctional endometrium**
+Diminished activity of normal endometrial stem/progenitor cells, with an inability to respond to oestrogen stimulation, results in an atrophic endometrium (<7 mm thick) that is insufficient for embryo implantation and subsequent establishment of pregnancy⁴³.
+
+**Asherman syndrome**
+Damage or loss of normal endometrial stem/progenitor cells from injury to the endometrial basalis layer or postpartum infection in a setting of low oestrogen levels results in complete obliteration of the endometrium by fibrous tissue⁴³.
+
+**Endometrial ablation**
+Heat-induced damage to normal endometrial stem/progenitor cells prevents future growth of endometrial tissue.
+
+Diagnosis of endometriosis currently requires the direct surgical visualization of lesions at laparoscopy, so the identification of appropriate biomarkers is the subject of considerable interest. Noninvasive or minimally invasive biomarkers are urgently required, particularly for adolescent endometriosis. The existence of a heritable component to endometriosis is well supported, as the risk of disease is elevated in first-degree relatives of women with severe endometriosis, and concordance is high for disease incidence and stage in monozygotic twins⁸⁸. However, despite extensive GWAS, no diagnostic genetic signature is available yet, which suggests the involvement of epigenetic, rather than genetic, regulation⁸⁹.
+
+Single and combined biomarkers, along with global techniques such as miRNA analysis, transcriptomics and proteomics, have been investigated in relation to endometriosis, as reviewed elsewhere⁹⁰. However, no single biomarker or biomarker panel has been independently confirmed and tested for sensitivity and specificity. A lack of concordance between the results of different studies has prompted the establishment of guidelines for standardization of surgical and clinical data collection and biological sample collection and storage in endometriosis research⁹¹.
+
+***Assisted reproductive technology.*** Ovarian-stimulation protocols and embryo-culture techniques have improved dramatically since the birth of the first 'test-tube' baby in 1978, but pregnancy success rates with assisted reproductive technology (ART) have not significantly altered. ART success in stimulated cycles remains around 25–30%⁹².
+
+Endometrial receptivity is abnormal in women undergoing ART⁹³. The altered hormonal milieu that results from controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) affects the development and timing of endometrial receptivity⁹⁴. Women treated by ART with COH who do not become pregnant after fresh-embryo transfers tend to have prematurely advanced endometrial histology on day 2 after hCG treatment for oocyte maturation⁹⁵. This abnormal histology correlates with the presence of markers of decidualization, and elevated leukocyte numbers and activation; these alterations are not normally seen until later in the menstrual cycle⁹⁵. Similarly, implantation that occurs late in natural cycles, when the endometrium is highly differentiated, is more likely to result in miscarriage than earlier implantation⁹⁶. A study of endometrial gene expression during IVF demonstrated that ovarian stimulation with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist leads to the occurrence of gene expression characteristic of a decidualized, late-secretory endometrium earlier in the cycle than in the absence of ovarian stimulation⁹⁷.
+
+A promising approach to maximize reproductive success in ovulatory infertile couples is embryo freezing, with transfer of a thawed embryo into a natural cycle⁹⁸. This strategy bypasses the detrimental effects of COH and supraphysiological hormone levels, enabling natural endometrial development. The combination of this approach with endometrial-receptivity testing could optimize reproductive success. Biomarkers for receptivity have been reviewed elsewhere⁹⁹,¹⁰⁰. Both endometrial tissue and uterine fluid have been investigated by genomic, proteomic and metabolomic methods in attempts to find a marker, or a cohort of markers, to use as a fingerprint to define a receptive endometrium. Current effort is being directed to the validation of an RNA-based endometrial receptivity array¹⁰¹, which detected a nonreceptive endometrium in ~25% of women with implantation failure during the expected time of endometrial receptivity, indicating a displacement of the implantation window. The remaining women with implantation failure were classified as having a receptive endometrium during the expected window. However, although such a test is useful, it cannot be performed in the implantation cycle because it requires an endometrial biopsy specimen, as well as time to complete the analysis. Development of a rapid, noninvasive test that can be performed before embryo transfer, to facilitate clinical decision-making, is required to overcome these limitations.
+
+***PCOS.*** Up to 20% of women of reproductive age have PCOS¹⁰². The syndrome presents as hyperandrogenism, either clinical (hirsutism) or biochemical, with oligo-ovulation or anovulation, as well as polycystic ovaries, and is often associated with hyperinsulinaemia and obesity. Infertility affects 40% of women with PCOS¹⁰³, mainly as a result of ovulation failure, with progesterone deficiency resulting from the lack of corpus luteum formation, which subsequently affects endometrial development. However, even when ovulation is restored, women with PCOS have low pregnancy rates and high miscarriage rates (~73%)¹⁰⁴, which are attributed to the elevation of levels of oestrogen and androgens, and the presence of the metabolic syndrome (including hyperinsulinaemia and obesity), all of which affects the endometrium.
+
+The endometrium in women with PCOS is progesterone-resistant, exhibiting defective decidualization⁷⁸,¹⁰⁵,¹⁰⁶ and altered levels of inflammatory mediators, which are likely to contribute to pregnancy complications and reductions in fertility¹⁰⁷,¹⁰⁸. In a gene-array analysis, 466 genes were differentially regulated in the mid-secretory endometrium in women with PCOS compared with unaffected women, and the expression pattern was indicative of progesterone resistance in PCOS⁷⁸. Endometrial receptivity factors, such as glycodelin and LIF, are also dysregulated in the endometrium in women with PCOS⁷⁸,¹⁰⁴. Pregnancy success in IVF cycles is affected, because of endometrial insulin resistance¹⁰⁹. Specifically, the insulin-regulated facilitated glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT4 and the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1 are downregulated in the endometrium in women with PCOS¹¹⁰.
+
+Interventions, including lifestyle changes and treatment with the insulin-sensitizing drug metformin, have been tested to determine their potential to restore menstrual cyclicity and fertility¹¹¹. Results indicate that restoration of ovulation and improvement in menstrual function, along with normalization of hormonal parameters (free testosterone, FSH and luteinizing hormone) can be achieved in women with PCOS by treatment with metformin¹¹²⁻¹¹⁴ or by intervention with hypocaloric diets and physical activity¹¹⁰,¹¹⁵,¹¹⁶. These interventions, which ranged from 6 weeks to 6 months in duration, also improved endometrial function and expression of receptivity markers. Endometrial blood flow¹¹²,¹¹³, GLUT4, GLUT1 and IRS1 (REFS 110, 117) and the ERα:ERβ ratio¹¹⁶ were all improved from the levels in untreated women with PCOS. Evidence also indicates that metformin treatment throughout pregnancy continues to affect endometrial function, which results in a decreased risk of miscarriage and an increased rate of pregnancy and live birth compared with untreated women¹¹⁸⁻¹²⁰.
+
+Receptivity is characterized by low androgen levels, and the elevation of androgens in women with PCOS is likely to alter receptivity¹²¹. The endometrium in women with PCOS does not exhibit the expected downregulation of the androgen receptor during the receptive phase¹²¹. However, compared with untreated PCOS, metformin treatment and lifestyle interventions can reduce levels of free testosterone and endometrial expression of the androgen receptor, normalizing the endometrial androgen environment¹¹⁴,¹¹⁶,¹¹⁷.
+
+***Thin endometrium and Asherman syndrome.*** Repair mechanisms and endometrial stem/progenitor cell function are potentially compromised in women with thin (<7–8 mm), dysfunctional endometrium that fails to regenerate sufficiently for embryo implantation, and in Asherman syndrome (intrauterine scarring), even with long-term use of oestrogen to stimulate endometrial growth⁴³ (BOX 2). Endometrial stem/progenitor cells might be lacking, or unable to respond to oestrogen via niche cells expressing ER¹²². In two case studies of Asherman syndrome, autologous bone-marrow cells were administered into the sub-endometrial zone via a needle¹²³, or infused into the uterine arterioles under ultrasonographic guidance. These cell-based treatments were followed by oestrogen replacement for several months, but the results were modest in terms of endometrial receptivity, and the lack of controls necessitates caution in interpretation¹²⁴.
+
+***Endometrial 'scratch'.*** Local endometrial injury (for example, by biopsy or a scratch) is receiving attention for its potential effect on pregnancy success in IVF cycles. This procedure is now recommended by up to 83% of IVF clinicians¹²⁵, and the administration of an injury during the cycle preceding embryo transfer is proposed to double live-birth rates¹²⁶.
+
+An important issue in the application of this technique is to define the clinical population for whom endometrial injury could prove beneficial. The initial results¹²⁷, published in 2003, demonstrated a beneficial effect of endometrial injury on pregnancy outcome in IVF cycles in women with recurrent implantation failure who were classified as good responders to hormonal stimulation. Since then, a large number of randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies have been conducted, with results that either dispute¹²⁸⁻¹³⁰ or corroborate¹³¹⁻¹³³ those of the original study. A Cochrane meta-analysis¹²⁶ of 14 RCTs provided evidence that endometrial injury doubles live-birth rates in IVF cycles in women with recurrent implantation failure. However, this analysis could have underestimated the overall effect of endometrial injury, because women in the control groups could also have undergone some degree of endometrial manipulation¹²⁶. The number and quality of the studies that were included in the meta-analysis has been criticized, and the number of participants in individual studies was generally low¹³⁴.
+
+Box 3 | **Future directions in reproductive research**
+
+* Understanding epigenetic mechanisms that alter intergenerational inheritance and contribute to endometrial pathologies.
+* Developing personalized medicine.
+* Developing platforms for timely, noninvasive assessment of endometrial receptivity, endometriosis and early pre-eclampsia.
+* Developing models to study environmental toxins and endocrine disrupters, implantation and early post-implantation pregnancy disorders.
+* Refining the use of endometrial stem/progenitor cells to enhance receptivity and treat endometrial disorders.
+* Defining the dialogue between the blastocyst and the endometrium, and using this information to enhance receptivity and treat infertility.
+* Developing models to recapitulate human endometrial disorders.
+* Establishing a biobank of material from patient cohorts with standardized collection procedures.
+* Altering the microbiome to improve reproductive health.
+* Developing targeted treatment-delivery strategies.
+
+
+Overall, results suggest that endometrial damage might only be effective in women undergoing a fresh-embryo transfer cycle who have experienced recurrent implantation failure (two or more failures), which suggests that these women have abnormal receptivity¹³⁵. The positive effect of endometrial injury on embryo implantation was not replicated in oocyte recipients¹²⁹, or in the results of a well-designed RCT of women without recurrent implantation failure¹³⁰. However, subgroup analysis in oocyte recipients suggested that endometrial injury is beneficial as the number of previous failed embryo transfers increases¹²⁹. In a study of women with recurrent implantation failure who underwent endometrial injury¹³², increased maternal age, elevated FSH during the proliferative phase of previous cycles and diminished ovarian reserve were negatively associated with pregnancy outcomes.
+
+The mechanisms underlying the effects of local endometrial injury are unknown. One possibility is that injury induces an inflammatory reaction within the uterus, improving synchronicity between the endometrium and the embryo¹²⁶. However, as the endometrial damage is caused in the cycle preceding ovarian stimulation and embryo transfer, how it affects the subsequent cycle is unclear.
+
+Well-controlled studies are now required, focusing on women with recurrent implantation failure, determining the optimal timing of injuries and number of injuries per menstrual cycle. These studies present ethical challenges, but are necessary to prevent the withholding of a beneficial procedure, or the provision of an unproven one.
+
+## Future avenues of endometrial research
+The results of research in several areas relating to endometrial biology have suggested the potential benefits of future investigations (BOX 3).
+
+***The endometrial microbiome.*** The concept of the sterile uterus is no longer considered valid. Indeed, the uterus and other tissues (including lung and bladder) widely cited as being free of bacteria are now known to harbour unique microbiota. In the endometrium, deep sequencing of a hypervariable region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene identified 15 phylotypes that were present in each of 19 samples from nonpregnant women¹³⁶. In 90% of these samples, *Bacteroides* spp. were dominant, and *Proteobacteria* spp. and *Firmicutes* spp. were also common, presenting a unique uterine core microbiome¹³⁶ that is quite different from that of the vagina. Notably, *Bacteroides* spp. regulate certain mechanisms in the gut that are relevant to the endometrium, including epithelial-cell maturation and maintenance, mucosal-barrier reinforcement and interactions with the host immune system to control other bacteria. However, the low level microbial presence in the uterus is not associated with inflammation¹³⁷.
+
+The endometrial epithelial surface and uterine fluid contain hormonally-regulated immunomodulatory molecules that are important to control infection⁵⁷ and to maintain the uterine microenvironment in a non-inflammatory state to enable its functions, including sperm chemotaxis, embryo development and implantation. Among the immunomodulatory molecules within uterine fluid, the oestrogen-regulated antileukoproteinase, a whey-acidic-protein-motif protein¹³⁸ and human β-defensin-2 (REF. 139) (one of four β-defensins with different cyclical expression profiles in the endometrium¹⁴⁰) have antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria¹⁴¹. Interferon-ε, the only oestrogen-regulated interferon in the endometrium, is secreted from human uterine epithelial cells¹⁴², and might provide essential antiviral activity. Neutrophils are also a source of antimicrobials, and are abundant during menstruation, when the epithelial layer is not intact¹⁴⁰.
+
+***Epigenetics and noncoding RNA.*** Evidence suggests that human endometrial remodelling, receptivity and the development of epigenetic pathologies are epigenetically regulated. Epigenetics describes heritable changes that do not alter the genomic DNA sequence, but involve stable modifications of chromatin, DNA, protein or noncoding RNA¹⁴³. Emerging evidence indicates that hormonal and local paracrine responses within the endometrium are, in part, epigenetically regulated. Endometrial global histone acetylation varies across the menstrual cycle, which suggests epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Abnormal epigenetic modifications might be associated with impaired receptivity and implantation failure¹⁴⁴.
+
+Noncoding RNA could also contribute to endometrial remodelling and endometrial disorders. Noncoding RNAs are classified according to their size, structure and regulatory properties, from long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) >200 nucleotides to small or medium non-coding RNA, including miRNA of 18–20 nucleotides¹⁴⁵. The miRNAs are the most well studied noncoding RNAs in the endometrium, and their expression changes throughout the menstrual cycle¹⁴⁶, which indicates that they are subject to hormonal regulation. Some miRNAs are released into the uterine cavity⁵⁶, and are potential markers of receptivity and the phase of the cycle. Endometrial miRNA expression profiles are altered in women with infertility, endometriosis, recurrent miscarriage¹⁴⁶⁻¹⁴⁸ and implantation failure¹⁴⁹. In addition, miRNAs are involved in regulating decidualization, and could affect embryo attachment to the endometrial surface⁶⁸ ,¹⁵⁰. The imprinted lncRNA H19 is expressed at lower levels in eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis than in normal controls, contributing to reduced proliferation of human ESCs¹⁵¹. Expression patterns of lncRNAs have also been associated with spontaneous pregnancy loss¹⁵². Whether the targeting of epigenetic regulation is useful in the treatment of endometrial pathologies remains to be determined.
+
+***Extracellular vesicles.*** Endocrine and paracrine signaling are well-known mechanisms of intercellular communication. A fairly new paradigm is that of cell-to-cell signalling via extracellular vesicles that transmit functional cargo between cells even at a distance. Exosomes (30–150 µm in diameter) and the slightly larger microvesicles (150 µm to ~300 µm) are particles of endocytic origin that are released by most cells into the extracellular space. They comprise a lipid bilayer membrane that encases an organelle-free cytosol, and they contain a diverse array of nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and metabolites that are specific to the cell of origin¹⁵³. Extracellular vesicles are taken up by cells, whereupon they release their contents, influencing the function of the recipient cell¹⁵⁴. Extracellular vesicles have essential roles in many processes including cell-to-cell communication¹⁵⁵ and immune regulation¹⁵⁶.
+
+Extracellular vesicles are present in human uterine lavage and aspirate⁵⁶,¹⁵⁷, and are released from both primary EECs⁵⁶ and EEC lines¹⁵⁷⁻¹⁵⁹. Analysis of a murine endometrial miRNA (hsa-miR-30d) showed that it was maximally expressed in the mid-secretory phase, and was taken up by mouse-embryo trophectoderm and by JEG3 choriocarcinoma cells, resulting in indirect over-expression of adhesion molecules and an increase in adhesion to endometrial epithelial monolayers⁵⁶.
+
+Proteomic analysis of exosomes from ECC1 human EECs treated with oestrogen or oestrogen plus progesterone¹⁵⁹ identified hormonally regulated proteins, which suggests that endometrial exosome contents vary across the cycle. The exosomal cargo derived from stimulation by oestrogen plus progesterone was internalized by human trophoblast-derived HTR8 cells, and altered their adhesion properties. Whether the composition of endometrial exosomal cargo is unique to the endometrium, and whether endometrial exosomes can influence cell function in other tissues, is not known. Blastocysts are also likely to produce exosomes, which could contribute to the communication between the embryo and endometrium.
+
+***Toxicology.*** Evidence indicates that endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), including environmental xenoestrogens, have detrimental effects on the female reproductive tract. EDCs include hundreds of exogenous chemicals that interfere with many aspects of hormone action, such as bisphenol A, phthalates, herbicides, pesticides and industrial chemicals such as polychlorinated biphenyls and polybrominated diethyl ethers¹⁶⁰. Although observations and correlations relating to the effects of EDCs can be made in women, mechanistic understanding requires data from animal studies. Experimental and epidemiological evidence suggests that EDCs are associated with reduced fertility, infertility, endometriosis and fibroids.
+
+Diethylstilbestrol was administered widely from the late 1940s to the 1970s to prevent miscarriage. Disastrously, it provided no such benefit, and in addition, both men and women who are exposed to diethylstilbestrol *in utero* have an increased incidence of reproductive tract aberrations, infertility and reproductive cancers as adults, compared with the general population¹⁶¹. Women exposed to diethylstilbestrol commonly have vaginal adenosis, with the presence of vaginal glandular mucosa that is typical of endometrium¹⁶². In studies in mice, diethylstilbestrol, pesticides and xenoestrogens alter the expression of important reproductive tract patterning genes (such as *Hoxa10*), but no studies have yet been performed in women¹⁶².
+
+***Targeting the uterus.*** Cancer research has led the way in developing targeted pharmaceutical delivery strategies, and this approach could be exploited to advance reproductive therapies by specifically targeting the endometrium. Conditionally replicative adenoviruses can be targeted to malignant cells, enabling viral replication and selective induction of tumour-cell apoptosis, and avoiding cell death in healthy host tissues, as reviewed elsewhere¹⁶³. This strategy has been applied to induce cell death in VEGF-expressing human ectopic endometriotic explants, by inducing targeted adenovirus-mediated apoptosis directed by the VEGF promoter¹⁶⁴. However, the success of this approach was limited by toxicity to nontarget cells and tropism of adenoviral vectors to the liver in a mouse model¹⁶⁴.
+
+Developments in research involving polymer-based biodegradable nanoparticles¹⁶⁵ have demonstrated that this approach is safe, efficacious and capable of delivering cargo to implantation sites in mice¹⁶⁶. Homing peptides, which exploit the existence of a tissue-specific ‘vascular identification’ system, have also expanded targeted delivery strategies. *In vivo* phage display has enabled the profiling of vascular heterogeneity, identifying peptides that are targeted to specific organs. Although homing peptides have been identified that are specific to the mouse uterus¹⁶⁷, none have yet been validated in women, and the use of homing peptides and nanoparticles for delivery of compounds to the endometrium has not been investigated.
+
+The benefits of developing new, targeted delivery strategies include the ability to selectively transport contraceptives to act directly on the endometrium. This approach could be useful for the delivery of nonhormonal factors that have off-target adverse effects, or a short half-life in serum. For example, a LIF antagonist can block embryo implantation in mice, but reduces bone density when administered systemically¹⁶⁸,¹⁶⁹. Delivery methods could include local application via the vagina using slow-release delivery platforms. Similar approaches could potentially be used to treat endometriotic lesions, uterine fibroids, abnormal uterine bleeding and abnormal receptivity. In relation to receptivity, the potential for off-target uptake of nanoparticles by the blastocyst, or cargo-induced paracrine effects from the endometrium to the fetus, must be characterized. Targeted delivery might be restricted to the endometrial epithelium, limiting the potential to mediate changes in the endometrial stroma or decidua. For these techniques to be efficacious and to successfully translate to women, they must first be tested using in vitro culture models and *in vivo* animal models, and assessments should be made of biodistribution, pharmacokinetics and toxicity, both local and systemic.
+
+## Conclusions
+Human endometrium is a unique tissue that sheds, regenerates and differentiates on a monthly basis throughout a woman's reproductive life, providing the 'fertile ground' for embryo implantation. Much can be learned from the study of events that are specific to the endometrium, and this knowledge can be translated to an understanding of disease states in other organs. The abilities of the endometrium to sense and respond to the reproductive quality of embryos, and to restrain invasion of the trophoblast, have implications for cancer biology, whereas repetitive, scar-free endometrial repair is relevant to wound healing, particularly in other mucosal tissues. Abnormalities in the unique remodelling of the human endometrium lead to reproductive disorders that affect considerable numbers of women. Research into diseases related to endometrial dysfunction has the potential for direct benefits to women's health and quality of life, as well as indirect benefits from insight into mechanisms of human disease.
+
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+## Acknowledgements
+The authors are grateful for funding from National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) of Australia Project Grants to J.E., L.A.S., C.E.G., E.D. and E.M. (grants 1081944, 1085435, 1098321 and 1098332), a Senior Principal Research Fellowship to L.A.S. (grant 1002028), Senior Research Fellowships to E.D. (grant 1019826), G.N. (grant 494808) and C.E.G. (grant 1042298), a Cancer Council of Victoria Fellowship to A.W. and the Victorian Infrastructure Support Program and Australian Government NHMRC Independent Research Institute Infrastructure Support Scheme.
+
+## Author contributions
+All authors researched data for the article. J.E., L.A.S., G.N., C.E.G. and E.D. provided substantial contributions to discussions of the content. All authors contributed to writing the article and to review and/or editing of the manuscript before submission.
+
+## Competing interests statement
+The authors declare no competing interests.
\ No newline at end of file
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+
+
+中国园林
+
+*Chinese Landscape Architecture*
+
+ISSN 1000-6664,CN 11-2165/TU
+
+# 《中国园林》网络首发论文
+
+题目: 北京奥林匹克森林公园可吸入细颗粒物及暴露风险空间特征
+
+作者: 潘剑彬, 黄田田, 史川, 陶陶, 陈筱雨
+
+收稿日期: 2023-10-15
+
+网络首发日期: 2024-07-25
+
+引用格式: 潘剑彬, 黄田田, 史川, 陶陶, 陈筱雨. 北京奥林匹克森林公园可吸入细颗粒物及暴露风险空间特征[J/OL]. 中国园林.
+https://link.cnki.net/urlid/11.2165.TU.20240724.1429.003
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+**网络首发**：在编辑部工作流程中，稿件从录用到出版要经历录用定稿、排版定稿、整期汇编定稿等阶段。录用定稿指内容已经确定，且通过同行评议、主编终审同意刊用的稿件。排版定稿指录用定稿按照期刊特定版式（包括网络呈现版式）排版后的稿件，可暂不确定出版年、卷、期和页码。整期汇编定稿指出版年、卷、期、页码均已确定的印刷或数字出版的整期汇编稿件。录用定稿网络首发稿件内容必须符合《出版管理条例》和《期刊出版管理规定》的有关规定；学术研究成果具有创新性、科学性和先进性，符合编辑部对刊文的录用要求，不存在学术不端行为及其他侵权行为；稿件内容应基本符合国家有关书刊编辑、出版的技术标准，正确使用和统一规范语言文字、符号、数字、外文字母、法定计量单位及地图标注等。为确保录用定稿网络首发的严肃性，录用定稿一经发布，不得修改论文题目、作者、机构名称和学术内容，只可基于编辑规范进行少量文字的修改。
+
+**出版确认**：纸质期刊编辑部通过与《中国学术期刊（光盘版）》电子杂志社有限公司签约，在《中国学术期刊（网络版）》出版传播平台上创办与纸质期刊内容一致的网络版，以单篇或整期出版形式，在印刷出版之前刊发论文的录用定稿、排版定稿、整期汇编定稿。因为《中国学术期刊（网络版）》是国家新闻出版广电总局批准的网络连续型出版物（ISSN 2096-4188，CN 11-6037/Z），所以签约期刊的网络版上网络首发论文视为正式出版。
+
+网络首发时间：2024-07-25 09:32:03
+
+网络首发地址：https://link.cnki.net/urlid/11.2165.TU.20240724.1429.003
+
+# 北京奥林匹克森林公园可吸入细颗粒物及暴露风险空间特征Spatial characteristics of absorptive fine particulates and it's exposure risk in Beijing Olympic Forest Park
+
+潘剑彬
+黄田田
+史川
+陶陶
+陈筱雨
+
+PAN Jianbin
+HUANG Tiantian
+SHI Chuan
+TAO Tao
+CHEN Xiaoyu
+
+
+
+**摘要**：城市水域、绿地空间及其系统可以有效消减局地可吸入颗粒物浓度，进而降低污染暴露风险水平，提升人居环境质量。以北京奥林匹克森林公园为例，棋盘式取样法布局并实测17处样点区域PM₂.₅浓度数据并进行空间插值，结合试验同期获取的公园绿地区域手机信令数据进行PM₂.₅暴露风险水平评估。结果表明：1) 公园绿地范围内访客行为密度在主要游步道沿线、入口区及滨水景点区域呈现空间聚集性；2) 公园绿地范围内基于PM₂.₅浓度的空气质量评价结果空间差异性显著；集中连片林地区域空气质量评价结果优于草地，景观水域空气质量优于对比城市区域；面状林地内部，滨水线型区域与景观水域中心之间存在异质性特征；3) 公园绿地范围远离城市道路的面状林地、林地边缘及滨水线型区域PM₂.₅暴露风险水平最低，草地区域其次，景观水域较高；绿地主要入口区、临近城市道路的线型区域以及景观水域的暴露风险水平较高。研究结果为既有城市绿地内的景观游憩空间、游线合理布局，以及新建城市绿地内的功能型绿地景观体系构建提供科学依据。
+
+**关键词**：风景园林；城市绿地；PM₂.₅；暴露风险；时空分异
+
+**中图分类号**：TU 986
+
+**文献标志码**：A
+
+**收稿日期**：2023-10-15
+
+**修回日期**：2024-07-02
+
+**基金项目**：国家自然科学基金项目(51641801)
+
+**Abstract**: Urban water-green space and its system can effectively reduce the concentration of inhalable fine particles, thereby reducing the level of pollution exposure risk and improving the quality of human settlements. In this paper, Beijing Olympic Forest Park (BOFP) is taken as an example, 17 sample points are arranged with the chessboard sampling method in BOFP to measure PM₂.₅ concentration data and conduct spatial interpolation. Combined with Mobile Signal Data (MSD) in BOFP obtained during the same period of the test, PM₂.₅ exposure risk (PM₂.₅ER) level is evaluated. The results show that: 1) The difference of visitor behavior density shows spatial aggregation along the main trails, entrance areas and waterfront attractions in BOFP; 2) The air quality assessment results based on PM₂.₅ concentration in BOFP have significant spatial difference; The air quality assessment result of concentrated contiguous forest land area is better than that of grassland, the air quality of landscape water area is higher than compared urban areas, and there is heterogeneity between the waterfront area and the water center within the areal forest land; 3) PM₂.₅ER in the area of forest land, the edge of forest land and the waterfront area far from the urban road of BOFP is low, followed by the grassland area, and which of landscape water area is high; PM₂.₅ER level of the main entrance area of BOFP, linear area near urban roads and landscape water surface area is high. The research results provide scientific basis for the rational layout of landscape recreational spaces and tourist routes in existing urban green spaces, as well as the construction and optimization of functional green space landscape systems in newly constructed urban green spaces.
+
+**Keywords**: landscape architecture; urban green space; PM₂.₅; exposure risk; spatial differentiation
+
+较长时间暴露于污染环境对人体健康具有显著地负面影响[1-2]。在诸多城市污染物中，可吸入细颗粒污染物(PM₂.₅、PM₁₀等)因与人体健康密切相关近年来受到国内外学者广泛关注[3-5]。其中，典型可吸入细颗粒物PM₂.₅主要源于人类生产、生活过程中的化石燃料燃烧及其他活动，在国土[5-7]、城市[8-10]等尺度上均具有空间聚集性和异质性特征，即城市区域的土地利用方式[11]以及景观格局[12]、城市的聚集分布[5]对其区域的PM₂.₅浓度具有显著影响。依据学者提出的“源”“汇”景观理论，城市内的典型景观区域，例如交通、(工/商业)人群聚集区域是PM₂.₅之“源”，而以城市自然/人工水域、绿地为代表的城市蓝绿生态空间及其系统区域是PM₂.₅之“汇”[13-14]。城市蓝绿空间(大型城市公园)及其系统可以通过复合作用(阻滞、吸收及湿沉降作用等)消减其区域的PM₂.₅进而降低其浓度，且该作用因该空间的环境特征差异呈现空间异质性特征[12, 14-16]。如徐安祺等通过在苏州工业园区典型道路区域设置实测样点的方法，分析街旁绿地植物郁闭度、种植密度等群落组成特征与PM₂.₅浓度的空间分异特征的时空相关关系[15]。潘剑彬等基于在北京奥林匹克森林公园绿地进行的长期实测数据,阐释了植物群落组成、结构以及典型环境区域PM₂.₅浓度的空间差异特征[16]。
+
+近年来,城市居民户外活动期间的个体健康效应被普遍关注的背景下,反映城市居民户外空间行为密度与PM₂.₅污染环境暴露风险评估受到国内外多学科研究者的关注[17-21]。该研究系在一定时间和空间尺度的城市空间内(含室内空间),利用实测方法以及基于实测数据的计算机数值模拟方法获取的PM₂.₅浓度数据加权人口分布空间密度数据,结果可以定量化阐释城市开放空间的PM₂.₅的空间异质性特征及城市人群的暴露风险水平空间格局[18-21]。如张西雅等以北京市域PM₂.₅监测以及空间插值数据加权人口密度空间分布数据后,评估北京市域范围PM₂.₅污染暴露风险的空间分布特征以及2014—2016年的时间变化特征[11]。许燕婷等基于南京市区居民出行活动、污染物浓度等相关数据,获取居民行为活动暴露轨迹并评估居民体力活动的空气污染暴露水平及健康效益[18]。
+
+综上所述,研究者对国土、城市区域等大、中尺度空间的PM₂.₅污染暴露风险水平的关注较多,研究成果也相对丰富,但对城市绿地这一较小尺度空间内PM₂.₅浓度的空间异质性特征则相对不足。再者,城市绿地的使用者人群(下文简称访客)时空分布特征较城市区域有较大差异,即显著的非均一性以及时空流动性等特征[20]。目前将上述2个因素叠加,即在城市绿地内以PM₂.₅为基础数据的空气质量参数与访客的空间分布特征参数进行加权,并结合GIS工具对城市绿地范围PM₂.₅污染暴露风险水平进行评估的相关研究目前较少开展。
+
+本文研究中,通过在城市公园绿地范围棋盘式取样法定点实测并结合空间插值方法获取北京城市公园绿地区域可吸入细颗粒物PM₂.₅的空间分布,加权反映绿地区域的访客空间行为密度数据(手机信令数据,mobile signal data, MSD),获取公园绿地区域PM₂.₅暴露风险水平结果。该研究试图阐释的科学问题包括:1)城市公园绿地环境特征与PM₂.₅污染空间分异特征的相关关系;2)城市公园绿地区域的使用者人群PM₂.₅暴露风险水平空间格局特征。研究为基于公园绿地的访客行为特征、利用方式与绿地植物群落对于可吸入细颗粒物消减形成的异质性空间相结合,以科学布局公园绿地游憩空间提供科学依据。
+
+## 1 研究区概况与研究方法
+
+### 1.1 研究区概况
+
+北京奥林匹克森林公园绿地(以下简称奥森公园)位于北京市朝阳区,总占地面积680 hm²(其中南园占地380 hm²,北园占地300 hm²)。公园总绿地面积450 hm²,是由100余种共53万株乔木、80余种灌木和100余种地被植物,以北京浅山区天然次生林为参照构建的人工自然林系统,绿化覆盖率95.61%(图1)。
+
+奥森公园在服务周边居民健康行为需求方面亦发挥着重要作用,是运动爱好者和自然爱好者的理想去处。该公园绿地内的3、5和10 km游步道体系是最主要的游憩路径,也是周边城市居民跑步健身等活动开展的主要区域,所以该游步道体系沿线区域是本研究的重点关注区域(图2)。
+
+
+
+图1 北京奥林匹克森林公园绿地(含17处试验样点平面布局)
+
+图2 北京奥林匹克森林公园绿地内的游步道体系(注:1、图中虚线所框定的建筑群组区域非本次研究范围;2、图中空间单元网格间距为50 m × 50 m)
+
+### 1.2 研究方法
+
+#### 1.2.1 基础数据来源
+
+1)奥森公园绿地范围手机信令数据。
+
+手机信令数据是通过手机用户在基站之间的信息交换来确定用户的空间位置信息,以及进一步精细化记录访客在一定空间范围内的时空轨迹。该数据具有持有及覆盖率高、动态实时及连续性高等特点[22-24]。选用试验同期(2020年8月10—25日)公园绿地范围的5G基站连续1周(7 d)手机信令数据(匿名)。每条信令均代表公园绿地区域内的一个空间位点(即1人·次),网格化处理后一定空间单元(50 m × 50 m,面积2 500 m²,下同)内的空间位点数量可以直观判断该时段公园绿地范围访客的空间聚集程度(即访客时空行为密度)。数据统计中,若访客在公园绿地内停留小于4 h,视为到访1次;超过4 h且不足8 h,其手机信令在不同空间位置被记录,视为到访2人·次；停留时长大于8h，视为到访3人·次。
+
+2)奥森公园绿地PM2.5浓度实测。
+
+(1) 样点设置。
+
+棋盘式取样法在奥森公园绿地内选取17处实测试验样点，样点均远离较大规模人群活动区域(城市道路、广场等)(图1)；2处对比样点分别位于奥森公园南门南1km处奥林匹克公园(近地下商业区)、“鸟巢”国家体育场北侧广场[16]。
+
+(2) 试验方法。
+
+试验在2020年8月10—25日的3 d内完成，气象条件为晴朗(云量不高于30%)、静风(平均风速3~4 m/s以内)并避开降雨天气(如遇降雨天气，试验延后3 d进行)，试验前期以实地调研方式获得绿地植物群落样方的优势种株高、胸径、冠幅、冠层高度及盖度、郁闭度等绿地植物群落特征参数，并以CI-110植物冠层图像分析仪测定群落的叶面积指数等植物群落量化参数；使用6台室外空气品质测试仪(瑞典产，型号SWEMATF-9)自动记录并存贮测定时段(6:00—18:00)连续12 h每5 min自动记录数据PM2.5浓度数据(合计144次记录)；每个指标数据设定3个重复。
+
+(3) 数据分析方法。
+
+为便于对试验数据进行统计分析，将测定时段(6:00—18:00)分成3个典型时段，分别为6:00—10:00时段、10:00—14:00时段及14:00—18:00时段。以对比样点数据指示城市区域环境本底PM2.5浓度数据。
+
+空气质量评价根据生态环境部于2012年2月发布并于2016年正式实施的《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—2012)[25]，空气质量指数(air quality index, AQI)是一个用来定量描述空气质量水平的标准化浓度值，其单位为ug·m⁻³，等级划分为：优(AQI<50污染定量)、良(50≤AQI<100分为定量)、轻度污染(100≤AQI<150污染定量)、中度污染(150≤AQI<200污染定量)、重度污染(200≤AQI<300污染定量)、严重污染(AQI≥300)。该空气质量评价基础数据取自于仪器自动记录数据。以上述标准体系中PM2.5浓度值评价奥森公园绿地内不同试验植物群落的空气质量水平。
+
+空气质量指数的计算公式如下：
+
+$$
+I = \frac{I_{\text{high}} - I_{\text{low}}}{C_{\text{high}} - C_{\text{low}}} (C - C_{\text{low}}) + I_{\text{low}} \quad (1)
+$$
+
+式中：$I$为空气质量指数，即AQI，输出值；$C$为PM2.5浓度日均值，输入值；$I_{low}$对应$C_{low}$的指数限值，常量；$I_{high}$对应$C_{high}$的指数限值，常量；$C_{low}$小于或等于$C$的质量浓度限值，常量；$C_{high}$大于或等于$C$的质量浓度限值，常量。
+
+#### 1.2.2 数据处理方法
+
+1)利用手机信令数据进行公园绿地访客时空行为密度计算。
+
+参考已有研究[22-24]，使用以下手机用户时空行为密度算法，公式为：
+
+$$
+\rho_{c_i} = \frac{1}{A'_{c_i}} \sum_{c_i} \frac{A_{(c_i \cap v_j)} D_{v_j}}{A_{v_j}} \quad (2)
+$$
+
+式中：$\rho_{c_i}$为某时刻$c_i$空间单元内手机用户密度(单位：1 000 人·km⁻²)；$v_j$为编号为$j$的信令小区；$c_i$为编号为$i$的空间单元；$A'_{c_i}$为$c_i$空间单元面积(2 500 m²)；$D_{v_j}$为$v_j$信令小区某时刻的手机用户数量；$A_{v_j}$为$v_j$信令小区活动空间面积；$A_{(c_i \cap v_j)}$为$c_i$用地与$v_j$信令小区形成的叠置区空间面积。
+
+2)空间插值法与PM2.5浓度空间插值。
+
+空间插值法目前已被广泛的应用于大小尺度空间现象研究。该方法以已测样点的微环境因子(为基础数据)，推求同一区域内的未知样点以及不同区域具有相同或近似植物群落属性特征的未知样点微环境因子数据的一种局部加权平均，能够将离散点的测量数据转换为连续的数据曲面。PM2.5浓度实测样点数量受制于仪器、人员等条件仅能够满足较少数量的绿地样点,而要进行空间格局研究,数据点的密度和数量是基本保证,因此用空间插值法丰富数据量、加大数据密度。基于文献资料及前期研究基础[16, 26],选择Kriging空间插值方法,生成试验期公园绿地范围内50 m × 50 m空间单元的PM₂.₅浓度。
+
+以半方差函数和Kriging插值法计算空间插值:
+
+$$
+R(h) = \frac{1}{2N(h)} \sum_{i=1}^{n} [Z(x_i) - Z(x_i + h)]^2
+$$
+
+式中: h为一定的间距距离(50 m); R(h)为基于距离函数的空间插值; N(h)为该范围内的观察点数; Z(xᵢ)为观察点i的属性值。
+
+$$
+Z(x_0) = \sum_{i=1}^{n} \lambda_i Z(x_i)
+$$
+
+式中: λ为权重, Z(x₀)为估计值, Z(xᵢ)为已知值。
+
+3)PM₂.₅暴露风险评估。
+
+结合公式(1)和(2)获取的基础数据,以公园绿地访客时空行为密度和空气质量评价值加权计算PM₂.₅暴露风险水平。计算公式如下:
+
+$$
+E = \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} (P_i \times C_i)}{P}
+$$
+
+式中: E为PM₂.₅暴露风险水平(单位: ug·1 000人·m⁻³·km⁻²); Cᵢ为空间单元i区域的PM₂.₅污染浓度; Pᵢ为空间单元i区域的访客数量,即访客时空行为密度; n为公园绿地空间单元总数(n=2 720); P为公园绿地区域访客访问量总数(P=324 000人·次/天)。
+
+## 2 结果与分析
+
+### 2.1 公园绿地访客时空行为密度
+
+图3所示为基于手机信令数据的奥森公园绿地不同时段访客密度空间网格化图示。该结果呈现以下特征。1) 6:00—10:00、10:00—14:00及14:00—18:00典型时段的公园绿地访客行为密度随时间逐渐增大,但未呈现显著空间格局差异(图3-1~3-3)。2)6:00—10:00时段在公园绿地内存在2处聚集区域中,线型分布区域空间边界与以公园主山主水(仰山和奥海)为中心的5 km游步道基本重合;南园南门及奥海南岸、东门入口区附近呈现较显著的面状空间特征;10:00—14:00时段访客空间分布较上午时段典型线状和多面状特征有所改变,多数访客沿公园主要观景道路及景观水域(奥海)滨水空间分布,呈现多线型空间布局特征。南园南门及奥海南岸区域的面状空间布局仍较明显,但其他入口区域的访客分布密度并不显著。另外,该时段访客在公园绿地南园东侧及北园部分区域还呈现多点状布局特征;14:00—18:00时段访客空间分布线型分布区域仍与南园5 km游步道高度重合。南园南门及奥海南岸区域仍存在较典型的面状空间分布特征。3)测定日叠加数据显示(图3-4),公园绿地访客在园区内5 km游步道沿线、南园南门与奥海南岸区域高密度分布,该结果不仅直观的表明访客在公园绿地内的行为及空间聚集特征,还作为PM₂.₅暴露风险水平的正相关因素之一为暴露风险评估赋予权重。
+
+
+
+### 2.2 公园绿地空气质量评价时空分异特征
+
+图4所示为根据生态环境部颁布的环境空气质量标准[25],基于PM₂.₅实测值及空间插值数据的6:00—10:00、10:00—14:00及14:00—18:00时段(图3-1~3-3)以及日均值(图4-4)的空气质量评价值(AQI)结果。依据上述标准,较低的PM₂.₅浓度标准化值对应较低的空气质量评价值,也即较高的空气质量。
+
+由图4-1~4-3结果可知,奥森公园绿地内6:00—10:00、10:00—14:00及14:00—18:00时段及测定时段均值PM₂.₅空间格局呈现林地区域,林缘和滨水区域空气质量相对较高的空间格局。具体特征包括:1) 公园绿地内远离城市道路边界的较大面积集中林地以及林地边缘、草地区域空气质量显著高于景观水域、景观水域高于城市对比区域,且林地内部优于林地边缘区域,同时林地内部亦呈现一定的异质性特征;2)围绕景观水域的滨水区域空气质量高于景观水域中心区域;3)临近城市道路的公园绿地区域空气质量相对较差(例如5 km游步道临近北五环路、奥林西路段);4)公园绿地内主要景观路(三级道路)及铺装区域在公园绿地内的面积占比相对较小,分析结果中未呈现显著空间格局特征。
+
+
+
+### 2.3 公园绿地PM₂.₅污染暴露风险水平时空格局
+
+图5为奥森公园绿地PM₂.₅污染暴露风险水平时空格局图。其中,图4-1~4-3分别为6:00—10:00、10:00—14:00及14:00—18:00时段访客密度加权PM₂.₅浓度的PM₂.₅暴露风险空间格局图,图4-4是基于公园绿地访客密度测定时段叠加值与PM₂.₅测定时段均值得出的PM₂.₅暴露风险水平空间格局图。
+
+由图5-1~5-4可知,6:00—10:00、10:00—14:00及14:00—18:00时段的PM₂.₅污染暴露风险水平呈现逐渐增高趋势但其空间格局特征基本不变。具体特征如下:1)公园绿地内PM₂.₅暴露风险水平由低到高的排序依次为:远离城市道路的面状集中林地、林地边缘及滨水线型区域、草地区域、景观水体区域;公园绿地南园各出入口的点状区域、5 km游步道沿线区域的PM₂.₅暴露风险水平相对较高;2)公园绿地内PM₂.₅低暴露风险区域的空间分布格局特征,同绿地空气质量时空分异结果中呈现的PM₂.₅低浓度区域即较优的空气质量评价区域;高暴露风险区域空间分布特征与绿地相对较高的访客时空行为密度区域基本重合。
+
+
+
+## 3 结论与讨论
+
+### 3.1 公园绿地空气质量评价与PM₂.₅污染暴露风险水平时空格局特征
+
+北京奥森公园绿地内的林地区域占比最高且集中分布,该区域相对较高的三维绿量有利于进一步消减该区域的PM₂.₅浓度并有效提升空气质量,该结果与孙敏、张西雅等人的研究结果相近[11-12]。公园绿地草地区域的面积占比较小但该区域的空气质量较高可能的原因是该区域多位于林地围合区域,林地区域植物群落提升空气质量的“效应(作用)场外延”有助于提升该区域的空气质量。公园绿地水体区域空气质量评价结果与王嫣然、孙敏等的研究结果有所差异[9, 12],可能的原因是相对于较大面积的林地区域通过乔灌木冠层阻滞与叶面吸收作用。公园绿地林地冠层通过湿沉降作用等物理及生化等综合作用消减PM₂.₅,景观水体消减PM₂.₅主要依靠该区域空间细颗粒物的自然沉降等作用,因植被蒸腾产生水分子团活性高于自然水体,故前者作用效率相对更高[16],因此公园林地区域的PM₂.₅暴露风险水平要显著低于景观水体区域。由此可见,无论是城市区域还是公园绿地区域内部,景观水域及植物群落空间(蓝绿空间)虽然均有助于降低PM₂.₅暴露风险,但其作用存在显著差异,即绿地,尤其是林地要高于水体,可能是因为绿地及水体区域虽同为PM₂.₅之“汇”,但其作用机理存在差异,故同等条件下的消减效率和结果并不相同,该研究尚需进一步验证[15-16]。
+
+北京奥森公园绿地范围的PM₂.₅暴露风险水平是PM₂.₅污染的空间分布特征($P_i$)以及访客空间行为密度($C_i$)的叠加结果呈现,显示出显著地空间聚集性和异质性特征。而结合公园绿地空气质量时空分异与PM₂.₅污染暴露风险水平时空格局结果可知,若某奥森公园内的某一绿地空间单元(50 m × 50 m)人群活动密集且绿地PM₂.₅浓度较高(空气质量较差),则该空间单元的PM₂.₅暴露风险较高。PM₂.₅暴露风险水平评估的2项正相关因素中,PM₂.₅空间分布特征的直接影响因素是单位区域绿地特征,即林地的植物群落定量化特征,如冠层盖度、郁闭度及三维绿量等,与局地PM₂.₅消减效率直接相关;访客空间密度是单位区域内访客的空间分布特征,即对公园的利用形式(或在公园绿地内的行为特征),如跑步健身、沿景观游步道游览等活动的线型分布特征、访客个体及小型群组活动的点状分布特征以及较大规模访客集体活动形成的面状分布特征等。由此可知,公园绿地内较低的PM₂.₅污染风险水平环境区域首要条件是远离污染“源”释放区域且具有较高消减效率的绿地植物群落(PM₂.₅“汇”的功能显著),该结果与陈利顶等人的研究建议相同[13],次要条件是该区域的人群行为密度控制在一定数值范围内[19-20]。上述结果均可反馈到公园绿地景观规划设计阶段,成为设计依据。
+
+### 3.2 研究结论
+
+北京奥林匹克森林公园绿地范围的PM₂.₅暴露风险水平空间聚集性和异质性特征描述如下: 1)在公园绿地南园南门入口区域因接近奥林匹克公园、人流量密集,所以具有相对较高的PM₂.₅浓度及PM₂.₅暴露风险水平; 2)接近城市道路的公园绿地边界区域的5 km步道区域,绿地访客行为活动密集,PM₂.₅暴露风险水平较高,但3 km步道区域因处于集中连片林地内部,所以PM₂.₅浓度以及PM₂.₅暴露风险水平较低; 3)公园绿地范围内远离城市道路边界的林地内部、水域的PM₂.₅暴露风险水平相对较低。
+
+在影响形成上述PM₂.₅暴露风险空间格局特征的相关因素中,绿地植物群落特征(三维绿量、植物群落结构、类型等)与PM₂.₅暴露风险空间格局的相关性显著,是其基本驱动因素,该结果虽已在前期成果中有所呈现,但结果仍需进一步检验及深入研究[10]。本文所研究公园绿地内部分景观区域处于较高PM₂.₅污染暴露风险水平(南园南门入口区,5、10 km步道沿线局部区域),可以通过重新规划游步道路径及增加区域林地覆盖度(三维绿量)的方式改善。
+
+本文研究团队在北京奥林匹克森林公园绿地内持续多年连续测定PM₂.₅、PM₁₀等可吸入细颗粒物浓度。在此期间,虽已尽可能的通过持续调整优化试验设计方案以减少基础数据采集过程中的误差,但鉴于试验对象的开放环境特征,仪器数量有限等试验条件所限以及试验人员更迭导致的原始数据采集误差不可避免。但这也要求试验团队在接下来的工作中继续优化试验方法、数据分析处理方法,以及来自各个相关研究的评议和检验。
+
+注:文中图片均由作者绘制。
+
+### 参考文献:
+
+
+
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+
+### 作者简介：
+
+
+
+潘剑彬
+
+1981年生/男/内蒙古赤峰人/北京建筑大学建筑与城市规划学院副教授,硕士生导师/美国北卡莱罗纳大学夏洛特分校访问学者/研究方向为风景园林规划设计、建筑遗产保护与风景园林交叉、植物景观与生态设计(北京 100044)
+
+黄田田
+
+1999年生/女/福建福州人/北京建筑大学建筑与城市规划学院风景园林学在读硕士研究生/研究方向为风景园林生态(北京 100044)
+
+史川
+
+1999年生/男/河南周口人/北京建筑大学建筑与城市规划学院风景园林学硕士研究生/研究方向为风景园林生态(北京 100044)
+
+陶陶
+
+1998年生/女/江苏南京人/北京建筑大学建筑与城市规划学院风景园林学在读硕士研究生/研究方向为风景园林生态(北京 100044)
+
+陈筱雨
+
+2000年生/男/山东潍坊人/北京建筑大学建筑与城市规划学院风景园林学在读硕士研究生/研究方向为风景园林生态(北京 100044)
\ No newline at end of file
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+# Research on the Integration of Traditional Arts and Crafts into the Design of Modern Cultural and Creative Products
+
+Lan Jin
+
+*Visual Arts, Shanghai Art & Design Academy, Shanghai, 201800, China*
+
+*Email: 1454664183@qq.com*
+
+**Abstract**
+
+Traditional arts and crafts, mostly made by hand, represents the wisdom of laboring people over the generations. In modern design, however, the purely handmade way will lead to low efficiency and thus the inability to meet the current large-scale market demand. Many crafts are on the edge of failing to be handed down from past generations. The cultural and creative industries have played a critical role in the current economic development of the local regional economy. In particular, with the rapid development of urban cultural and creative industries in design and tourism, increasing attention has been paid to the development of modern cultural and creative product design. This paper focuses on the integration of traditional arts and crafts into the design of cultural and creative products, and the acquisition of new vitality through mutual integration. This paper elaborates on five strategies, that is, the refinement of elements in traditional arts and crafts will enhance the connotation of cultural and creative products; the rational use of traditional arts and crafts will increase the value of cultural and creative products; the style orientation of traditional arts and crafts will strengthen the personality of cultural and creative products; the functional development of traditional arts and crafts will increase the quality of cultural and creative products; the application of science and technology brings cultural and creative products with new value; and the branding of traditional arts and crafts will enhance the competitiveness of cultural and creative products.
+
+**Keywords**: *traditional crafts, cultural and creative products, design, integration*
+
+## 1. INTRODUCTION
+
+Cultural and creative products are generally national and ethnic in nature, whose design includes various influences such as humanities, environment, and politics. On the strength of the development of science and technology and the globalization of economy over the recent years, the design industry of cultural and creative products has developed rapidly and even tuned into the economic pillar industry of some countries. As China is a country with a time-honored history and culture, Chinese arts and crafts have been inherited for a long time, so the introduction of traditional arts and crafts into modern design, especially in the design of cultural and creative products, has been even more meaningful.
+
+As one of traditional Chinese cultures, traditional arts and crafts are unique artistic features formed following a long-standing historical development. When integrated into the design of cultural and creative products, they make the products more culturally rich, thus playing an overall enhancement effect.
+
+## 2. REFINING ELEMENTS TO ENHANCE THE CONNOTATION OF CULTURAL AND CREATIVE PRODUCTS
+
+There are a lot of humanities and history and various traditional crafts in each region that can be explored. Summarizing and refining the information and elements that are meaningful to cultural and creative design as well as using them reasonably in the design can enhance the connotation of the design of cultural and creative products. Prior to the development stage of the design of creative products, the failure to conduct in-depth research on the cultural background, thus causing a poor understanding of culture, will make the design superficial. Besides, induction and refinement to obtain a large amount of relevant information play a key role in the integration of traditional culture and modern design. Improving the rationality and logic of the combination of modern design language with handicrafts, and integrating refined arts and crafts into the cultural and creative design products can avoid the monolithic nature of the current cultural and creative products on the market.
+
+China with its time-honored history always has some inexhaustible artistic inspiration to explore. You can adopt some classical historical stories, or find a lot of materials in the museum as artistic inspiration. For example, some instruments in local museums feature beautiful shapes and smooth and unique lines. Cultural and creative products can borrow these styles with sources and origins to make the product style more obvious. Then, we form our own unique product design that is distinct from other countries or nationalities. Product designers are also required to improve their cultivation and professionalism. With good cross-border thinking skills, they are expected to devote themselves to designing cultural and creative products that meet the needs of audiences of all ages (Figure 1.), while enabling the aesthetics of the public to be enhanced, and thus gaining the satisfaction of spiritual needs. By extracting elements from the design of traditional arts and crafts, redesigning the elements and applying them reasonably, the design of cultural and creative products shows new vitality. The cultural connotation is thus improved, and traditional arts and crafts are developed lastingly.
+
+
+
+**Figure 1** Age of Consumers
+
+## 3. RATIONAL USE TO INCREASE THE VALUE OF CULTURAL AND CREATIVE PRODUCTS
+
+At present, the commercial value of cultural and creative products has not been fully reflected. It's mainly because that the elements that can give it potential value have not been integrated. For example, many jewelry designs of international big brands are products combined with traditional crafts, and their sales are very considerable every time new products are promoted. China's traditional arts and crafts are very rich in variety. On the basis of a long evolution, each region has formed its own characteristics of arts and crafts, with many types including ceramic crafts, cloisonné crafts, wood carving, embroidery, weaving,metalworking, silk pinching crafts, jade carving crafts, etc. Each has its own special, visualized spiritual charm of aesthetics and values derived from the local arts and crafts. Nowadays, many local arts and crafts products do not really use traditional arts and crafts techniques, but simply paste and copy some tradition patterns without the necessary craft techniques. The proper use of arts and crafts is an issue that designers need to consider. The design of cultural and creative products should not only meet the scale of production, but also integrate traditional craft techniques, for example, the local use of craft techniques will be very effective. The embroidery, one of intangible cultural heritage, can be integrated into T-shirts or cloth material products. In particular, embroidered graphics can be embellished in collars, cuffs and other places. The embroidery not only makes a difference, but also brings a new meaning to the auspicious symbolism. The handmade embroidery is full of warmth, which makes the product more humane from the psychological point of view, and makes the product more valuable while inheriting it. Therefore, embroidery crafts are reasonably used in the design of cultural and creative products. (Figure 2.)
+
+
+
+**Figure 2** Growth of Sales of Cultural and Creative Products from 2016 to 2020
+
+## 4. STYLE POSITIONING TO STRENGTHEN THE PERSONALITY OF CULTURAL AND CREATIVE PRODUCTS
+
+People's aesthetic diversity makes the design of cultural and creative products in the need of being diversified and rich in personality. There is a design style of mild modeling lines; or a slightly processed rugged one, or simple modeling, etc. The language of traditional crafts is rich, and the design style can only be integrated with modern design after refinement. The design style is the core of the product design, so the mood it creates is of great significance. There are many aspects of style such as color style, styling style, etc. (Figure 3.)
+
+
+
+**Figure 3** Style Positioning of Cultural and Creative Product Design
+
+### *4.1 Positioning of Color Style*
+
+The use of color represents one's wisdom. The color application of traditional crafts is polarized. The one is more elegant and original, creating a primitive and simple style, and thus the cultural and creative products will basically also present a quiet and far-reaching design style; the other is a symbol of people's good wishes of warm color scheme, especially when the cultural products integrate the local unique colors to design products with local characteristics. Chinese red is the national color of China, and there are many cultural and creative products designed with red color. Each nationality and region also has its unique color scheme, which is a color application system that has evolved over a long period of time and distinguishes itself from other regions after the long-term use. For example, if we compare the web interfaces of different countries and regions, we can see that their colors differ significantly. Therefore, if we use these distinctive colors in the design of cultural and creative products, we can certainly enhance our own cultural pride. In addition to the recognized Chinese red, in fact, the “red” in ancient traditional arts and crafts are divided into many kinds; the ancients can identify carmine red, cinnabar, etc. In terms of “yellow”, there are rattan yellow, light yellow, earth yellow, etc. The same goes with “green”; the Chinese ancients can identify blackish green, dark green, peacock green, spearmint, etc., most of which are from the color of minerals, long used in arts and crafts products. These color elements represent either country's colors or national regions [1]. Designers can choose different color styles to fit the product. The traditional craft color scheme must show its long-lasting charm in the context of the new era.
+
+### *4.2 Positioning of Styling style*
+
+Styling design directly positions the style of cultural and creative products. The minimalist style with concise modeling language and strict and smooth lines is the design originally pursued in China. For example, the furniture design of the Ming Dynasty is concise in outline, moderate in proportion, and mainly based on lines. It can be used for reference in modern product design. The combination of simplicity and elegance will increase the overall visual effect of cultural and creative products. Another example is the simple teapot design, which still shows a sense of simplicity when used in today's design. There are a variety of styles, and there is an admiration for minimalism in oriental culture. This aesthetic can be reflected in the concise product lines, simple shapes and the use of original materials. By virtue of the removal of non-essential decorative elements, and the use of elegant and simple colors, the design of the product exudes a low-key, astringent, and classic quality that is worthy of playfulness. With the improvement of social development and material culture, there are more and more items, so these products will appear in different combinations and visual effects in the same space. Some people desire a sense of unity, and series design is thus born; while others will sometimes pursue individuality, where various styles of cultural and creative products are put together in a dazzling array. Exquisite craftsmanship and decorative style can make the product show a modern feeling of fashion, complexity and elegance. We see some round shapes representing complete abundance, and then with complementary or clashing color designs we can see a sense of Chinese cultural richness.
+
+### *4.3 Positioning of Regional Style*
+
+In terms of large regions, the auspicious visual culture in Chinese traditional culture is unique, and the auspicious culture in the form, shape, color expresses the spiritual connotation in the Chinese traditional visual elements. In addition, the style of each region is also different. Many regions are now designed with strong folk culture. The content is rich in meaning, integrated in the product modeling, making it more auspicious and pleasant. This implicit function, in line with consumer psychology, may also be a very important concept of traditional Chinese culture to modern product design. Regions naturally have local unique materials. For example, some regions produce bamboo, and their cultural and creative products are developed and produced with bamboo as the material. Naturalistic style is to use natural materials as the main material, and take its shape, texture, texture, pattern that expresses nature, and then produce products with a little modification. Natural objects, with a sense of eternity and elegance without trace, are gifts from nature. The natural materials possess a unique beauty that emanates from the natural texture. Each region's cultural and creative products will have different materials, shapes, and details, making the commonplace materials into regional characteristic artworks, which, in addition to people's demand for functionality, can also build cultural and creative products with great regional cultural characteristics, providing different beauty and collection value.
+
+## 5. FUNCTIONAL DEVELOPMENT TO INCREASE THE QUALITY OF CULTURAL AND CREATIVE PRODUCTS
+
+Cultural and creative products are mainly culture-led products transformed from creativity. However, now the practicality of cultural and creative products, that is, the development of functions, has become very essential. The reason is that most of the products sold in the market are basic functional products such as refrigerator stickers, folders, key rings and other small commodities. The need to study and develop the functionalities of creative products has become the key to the problem.
+
+The cultural and creative products are transited from products with low price materials and low cost to such ones with practicability and even value preservation functions, investing themselves with inheritance functions. The integration of arts and crafts makes it possible for cultural and creative products to have the function of inheritance. Cultural and creative products should first meet the needs of the public, and it is reasonable to develop them at different levels. For example, a series of online celebrity products developed in the past few years were less expensive since the use of simple materials, which indeed play a role in promotion, but how to improve sales after market saturation? Only by printing and pasting and copying simple graphics, what may be produced is too simple, whose connotation value is far from enough. Therefore, it is necessary to classify the cultural and creative products and clarify whether they are consumables or long-term products, which are different in terms of design and materials used. In view of people's aesthetic and diversified needs, we need to find more hot spots to convert into cultural and creative product, and the product design also needs to be upgraded in place of those generalized designs. Besides, the development of the use function is imperative. For example, the White Rabbit, on the basis of the original people's preference for its candy, develops cultural and creative products with practical functions, such as umbrellas and bags. However, there comes a time when the refrigerator stickers are full, and when the number of items is saturated, consumers really want to buy cultural and creative products with practical value and appreciation value under the current popular concept of minimalism. To develop new cultural and creative products that can be continuously kept and used, the integration of traditional arts and crafts may be the most effective. If the materials are upgraded and traditional arts and crafts techniques such as cloisonné, lacquer and silk-pinching are used (cloisonné is not only used on bracelets, but also on products such as chair armrests or lamps), the artistic value of the product is not only improved, but also can be collected and inherited in addition to continuous use, and the service life of the product is prolonged. The cultural and creative products will be more effective in history, or in the sustainable development. In the end, the cultural and creative products become the art works of sustainable appreciation and use. If the cultural and creative products want to have a long-term concept of design practicality and appreciation, the use function is the core [2].
+
+## 6. TECHNOLOGY GIVING NEW VALUES TO CULTURAL AND CREATIVE PRODUCTS
+
+The comprehensive utilization of traditional handicrafts and modern science and technology requires cross-border thinking. The use of scientific and technological means will make it easier to produce design effects. Integration with science and technology is the internal driving force for the sustainable development of product design. (Figure 4.)
+
+
+
+**Figure 4** Layered Design of Cultural and Creative Products
+
+### *6.1 Technicalization of Design Means*
+
+In the information and digital age, great changes have taken place in design method, and intelligent design methods have become a trend. The software designer must through intelligent design, define and satisfy the project's requirements. Virtual Reality (VR) can realize the conceived concept of cultural and creative product design in the virtual environment, and the design with good effect will eventually be put into the market. The computer monitors and improves the use, function, index and other parameters of the product, so that the user experience can be improved and the product development can be more scientific. With the support of technology, the speed of design of cultural and creative products has also increased dramatically. Intelligent design, virtual design and 3D printing have changed the slow pace of cultural and creative product design and made it highly efficient [3].
+
+### *6.2 The Use of New Materials*
+
+Weaving is an antique technical skill, which continues the traditional techniques. Traditional materials are developing rapidly and the choice of materials is diverse. Especially the arts and crafts are mostly from the material acquisition of nature. With the support of new technologies, raw materials are optimized by modern means. The new processing technology enables these materials to obtain higher toughness and strength, and obtain more durable vitality. For example, the current Chinese weaving process uses special layers to reinforce rattan and bamboo or uses new chemical fiber materials, and even some waste materials can continue to be processed into products after layer treatment [4]. Although industrial production has replaced manual labor as the mainstream, and improvements in materials have led to simpler and more modern design language in cultural and creative products, the ancient traditional techniques still exude a unique humanistic beauty that cannot be replicated by machines today [5]. In the design of products such as chair weaving, tapestries and soft furnishings, the traditional art of weaving is almost inseparable. With the advancement of technology, the quality of cultural and creative products has been enhanced.
+
+## 7. BUILDING BRAND TO ENHANCE THE COMPETITIVENESS OF CULTURAL AND CREATIVE PRODUCTS
+
+### *7.1 Standardizing the Design Process*
+
+Cultural and creative products need brand to enhance product competitiveness. From the perspective of the commercial sales characteristics of cultural and creative products, the first priority is to analyze the audience and understand why they will buy them. The second is to have a clear design positioning; to form their own style positioning after the analysis of the style of similar products; to design classic models and series models; to have brand awareness, for example, the creation of IP can carry out brand promotion, and to use the brand communication method to enhance the visibility of we-media and expand the profit mode. Moreover, designers should pay attention to traditional arts and crafts, analyze the unique artistic characteristics of arts and crafts, get design inspiration from traditional arts and crafts to design modern cultural and creative products with different shapes and techniques, and enrich the design of cultural and creative products. Enterprises should establish relevant rules and process for operation, bringing good brand effect.
+
+### *7.2 Diversification of Brand Promotion Means*
+
+SWOT analysis should be conducted first (Figure 5.) to carry out research and analysis on strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Marketing means should not be too single. Marketing methods can be used in the form of experience, precise targeting, necessary feedback and timely optimization of products, so as to maintain the brand image of cultural and creative products, do a good job of brand management, and find out their core strengths. Based on this, brand shall be positioned to confirm their own development direction. (Figure 6.) At present, the homogenization of cultural and creative product design in the market is serious, and the marketing methods of tourism cultural and creative products are almost the same everywhere. To establish an integrated marketing concept, considering product, price, channel, promotion factors, as well as consumer and other factors, process technology is one of the more important factors in the design of cultural and creative products. Integrating local arts and crafts technology is tantamount to adding the unique culture of the region, and the promotion of distinctive cultural products will have unique marketing points and real vitality.
+
+
+
+1. Whether the product is novel
+2. Whether the manufacturing process is complicated
+3. Whether market channels are unblocked
+4. Whether there is an advantage in price
+
+**Figure 5** SWOT Analysis of the Product
+
+
+
+**Figure 6** Marketing Approaches and Element Composition
+
+### *7.3 Undertaking Social Responsibility to Enhance Brand Value*
+
+Brand undertaking social responsibility can effectively establish and enhance brand image. A good brand cannot be limited to its own profit interests, but it is necessary to make use of the influence of its own brand to promote the culture of the region, enhance the brand value of the region and contribute to the regional economy. It makes the audience have a psychological and emotional sense of mutual identity and trust for its brand, and also helps to deepen the audience's understanding of the brand and their goodwill.
+
+Traditional crafts need to be inherited, not simply as a copy of the original craft, but to be integrated into modern design to become an inherited media body. Arts and crafts can also be continued, promoted and inherited. We should build an innovative development system and bring the value of handicrafts back into play. It is known that traditional arts and crafts are now in urgent need of new media for sustainable development. For example, on the one hand, some of the non-heritage handicrafts have been difficult to get effective inheritance and protection among modern culture; and on the other hand, the cultural and creative products lack uniqueness and characteristics, so the combination of both is the inevitable path. In the general environment diagram of the project organization, we can clearly see the impact of the product project on the society, while various changes in the macro environment affect the project in turn. Incorporating handicrafts or arts and crafts is original design, and the charm of arts and crafts of various regions is increasingly shown in front of people's eyes. Traditional arts and crafts actually have a deep cultural and historical heritage. How corporate social responsibility is applied and shown in contemporary cultural and creative product design is an issue that requires serious consideration and research by designers today. (Figure7.) The quality of craftsmanship and innovation should always be placed in the design. The perfect combination of aesthetic value and quality in product design should make the product more brand competitive. The overall study and vision of the development strategy of cultural and creative product design should be launched, and corresponding solutions and development strategies should be proposed to explore the development and brand building of cultural and creative products in the future market [6].
+
+
+
+**Figure 7** General Environment of the Project Organization
+
+## 8. CONCLUSIONS
+
+Only local design can lead modern Chinese design to the forefront of the world, both inheriting cultural traditions and promoting products. Based on the development of industrialization at the moment, many products also need personality and even more upgrading. The integration of arts and crafts can solve these problems. The combination of traditional arts and crafts as valuable cultural heritage inheritance and modern cultural and creative product design is rich in connotation, including the inheritance of fine culture, the spiritual quality of artisans, and innovative design concepts. The combination of the two provides a guarantee for the research and development of cultural and creative products, and provides a driving force for the sustainable development of arts and crafts and cultural and creative products.
+
+## REFERENCES
+
+[1] Kim, H.J. (2010) Evaluation of Color Application of Homepage of Domestic and Foreign Online Bookstores-Focused on the Quantitative Evaluation of Aesthetic Measure and Cross-national Comparative Analysis-. Journal of Digital Design,163-174.
+
+[2] Guo, S; Choi, T-M; Shen, B. (2020) Green product development under competition: A study of the fashion apparel industry. European Journal of Operational Research.523-538
+
+[3] Kermavnar T; Shannon A; O'Sullivan L W. (2021) The application of additive manufacturing / 3D printing in ergonomic aspects of product design: A systematic review.97:103528
+
+[4] Romani A; Rognoli V; Levi M (2021) Design, Materials, and Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing in Circular Economy Contexts: From Waste to New Products, 7269.
+
+[5] Kmita.A. (2018) Decorative patterns and sets of colors inspired by folk and applied arts of upper silesia, a popularization of visual cultural heritage of the region. Color Research & Application, 942-950.
+
+[6] Zhang Z et al. (2007) Project organization and communication, In:XiujuanLu.Project Management, China Science Publishing & Media,Beijing.pp. 264-265.
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+Journal of Water Process Engineering 70 (2025) 106962
+
+
+
+
+
+Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
+
+Journal of Water Process Engineering
+
+journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jwpe
+
+
+
+
+
+# A precise dosing system based on a coagulation reaction model for water treatment
+
+
+
+Chih-Yuan Huanga,d,f,*, Yi-Yun Chenb, Shun-Hsing Chuangc, Yu-Sheng Hsub, Ray-Shyan Wud, Kuan-Yu Koe
+
+a Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan, ROC
+
+b Center for Space and Remote Sensing Research, National Central University/No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan, ROC
+
+c Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University/No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan, ROC
+
+d Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University/No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 320317, Taiwan, ROC
+
+e Taiwan Water Corporation, No. 2-1, Sec. 2, Shuangshi Rd., North Dist., Taichung City 404403, Taiwan, ROC
+
+f Research Center for Precision Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University/No. 100, Shiquan 1st Rd., Sanmin Dist., Kaohsiung City 807378, Taiwan, ROC
+
+
+
+## ARTICLE INFO
+
+
+
+Editor: Guangtao Fu
+
+
+
+*Keywords:*
+Water treatment
+Precise dosing
+Coagulation reaction model
+Machine learning
+Mixing speed
+
+## ABSTRACT
+
+
+
+Coagulant dosing in water treatment plants typically relies on operators' subjective judgments, supplemented by water quality data and experimental records. This approach cannot effectively adapt to dynamic water quality changes, leading to compromised water quality and increased costs. Most solutions to this problem involve machine learning models that learn from human judgments. However, poor control of the coagulant dosage, often due to interoperator variability, leads to unstable settled water quality. Operators also often overestimate dosages to ensure compliance with purification standards, and these empirical methods typically overlook the impact of flocculation mixing speed, leading to excess coagulant use and higher energy consumption. This study proposes a precise dosing system based on a coagulation reaction model, which considers the physical and chemical relationships between water quality and operational parameters. Using jar tests, we collected real-world coagulation data across different raw water qualities and operational conditions, developing a machine learning model to predict settled water quality accurately. The trained model was integrated into the proposed system to estimate the optimal parameters for achieving the required water quality standards at minimal cost and carbon emissions. On-site evaluations demonstrated a 33.7 % reduction in coagulant dosage, an 81.4 % decrease in flocculation energy consumption, and a 20.6 % reduction in carbon emissions, outperforming existing empirical models that only achieve up to 10 % coagulant reduction and neglect mixing speed's influence. Our proposed system significantly enhances operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability.
+
+
+
+## 1. Introduction
+
+Water treatment plants are critical pieces of infrastructure that provide tap water for everyday use. To ensure that quality standards for drinking water are met [1], water typically undergoes a multi-stage purification process comprising coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection [2]. While different water treatment plants would have various configurations, a general water treatment procedure is introduced as follows. First, coagulants are added to the raw water. Then, these coagulants mix with impurities in the water to form floc and eventually sediment. Thereafter, the water from the upper layer of the sedimentation basin flows into a rapid filtration basin, where remaining suspended solids and fine particulates, which did not settle during the sedimentation process, are effectively removed. Subsequently, the filtered water undergoes chlorination for disinfection before being supplied to users. In our research field, Banxin Water Treatment Plant, the sludge at the bottom of the sedimentation basin and backwash wastewater are channeled into a wastewater treatment system, and the sludge is finally condensed into sludge cakes for reuse.
+
+Coagulants are added to raw water to help form flocs and improve sedimentation efficiency [3]. In practice, operators use their judgment to determine the amount of coagulant to add, with reference to the results of regular jar tests [4,5]. However, this traditional method has the following problems.
+
+
+
+\* Corresponding author.
+
+*E-mail address*: cyhuang@csrsr.ncu.edu.tw (C.-Y. Huang).
+
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwpe.2025.106962
+
+Received 27 October 2024; Received in revised form 4 January 2025; Accepted 6 January 2025
+
+Available online 18 January 2025
+
+2214-7144/© 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
+
+* Operators must adjust the dosage of coagulants in relation to the quality of raw water. However, this quality can vary, and such continual adjustments are difficult and labor-intensive to make [6–10].
+* Operators tend to add too much coagulant so as not to run afoul of water quality standards. They also determine the coagulant dosage on the basis of the quality of settled water, which gives rise to imprecisions [11]. Such imprecision entails poor coagulation efficiency, unnecessary cost, and the coagulant itself becoming an impurity [12–14].
+
+Studies have thus proposed machine learning methods to address these challenges. Numerous studies have leveraged machine learning models, particularly artificial neural network (ANN) [12], to predict coagulant dosages in water treatment processes. These approaches commonly utilize parameters such as raw water turbidity, pH, color, and settled water turbidity to model and replicate operators' decision-making. Neural networks, including backpropagation neural network (BPNN) [3], extreme learning machine (ELM) [15], time series model [16], feedforward neural network (FFNN) [17] and multiple linear regression (MLR) [18] have demonstrated strong prediction accuracy and efficiency. Some studies also mention semi-empirical models, also known as behavioral models, which are built based on observed or known patterns of behavior in the data. These models do not entirely rely on mathematical theoretical derivations but instead make predictions or simulations based on trends or patterns found in the data [19]. A study developed a set of models for predicting coagulant dosage based on raw water quality data [20]. These models were sometimes integrated into software called mEnCo, which was later released in its Microsoft Excel version [21]. However, these proposed methods have three major limitations.
+
+* Existing machine learning models, which model the relationship between raw water turbidity and coagulant dosage, learn from the empirical dosing decisions of operators of water treatment plants. However, as mentioned, such manual dosing is imprecise, leading the model to give imprecise results.
+* Existing machine learning models ignore mixing intensity during the flocculation stage, which affects coagulation efficiency and energy costs [22].
+* New records collected through the application of existing machine learning models cannot be used for model refinement because the dosages in these new records are predicted by the empirical models, and thus carry little to no information to refine the model.
+
+ANNs offer several advantages that make them highly suitable for optimizing water treatment [23]. They can model complex, nonlinear relationships between input parameters and outcomes, capturing subtle interactions that traditional statistical methods may overlook. Their ability to learn from datasets enables them to generalize well to varying water quality conditions and reducing interoperator variability. Additionally, ANNs are adaptable; they can be retrained as new data becomes available, ensuring their predictions remain accurate over time. These strengths position ANNs as a robust tool for improving operational efficiency in water treatment plants [24].
+
+Despite these advances, current solutions for enhancing the precision of coagulant dosing rely on ANNs or statistical models to learn the decision-making process of water treatment plant operators. Although these empirical solutions can achieve automatic coagulation and reduce interoperator variability, these solutions are constrained by operators' experience-based decisions, and their implementation cannot result in optimal operations while meeting water purification standards. In addition, related solutions have not considered the effect of mixing intensity on coagulation. Excessive mixing intensity not only consumes excessive energy but also hampers the formation of flocs, whereas insufficient mixing intensity may adversely affect coagulation efficiency [25]. Therefore, mixing intensity should also be regarded as an input parameter.
+
+To address the problems of existing methods, in this study, we developed a precise dosing system based on a model of the relationship between coagulant dosage and mixing intensity. The system is based on the physical and chemical reactions between water quality, coagulant dosage, and mixing intensity. To understand these reactions, we conducted jar tests with water samples of different qualities and various operational combinations, thereby estimating the operational parameters that enable water quality standards to be met in the most inexpensive and the lowest carbon emissions manner. The study makes the following contributions.
+
+* Instead of learning about coagulant dosing from the decision-making process of operators, we trained four machine learning models to learn the relationship between raw water turbidity, operational parameters (including coagulant dosage and mixing intensity), and turbidity changes after sedimentation. In other words, our proposed models can estimate the settled water turbidity by “virtually applying” various coagulant dosages and mixing intensities. In addition, because the proposed models learn from the physical and chemical effects of the coagulation process, newly collected records can be used to continuously refine the models to better fit the coagulation processes from different water treatment plants.
+* On the basis of the proposed models, we designed a precise dosing system that involves a coarse-to-fine procedure to identify the operational parameters that result in the minimum cost while satisfying water purification standards. Notably, we only considered the turbidity requirement among the water purification standards. Other water quality requirements can be easily considered on the same premise, and we intend to incorporate them in future investigations.
+
+## 2. Methodology
+
+The system developed in this study applies to normal cases of raw water turbidity. Extreme and rare cases, such as heavy rainfall events associated with extremely high levels of turbidity, were not in the scope of this study. According to historical data from northern Taiwan in 2023, the turbidity of raw water turbidity was below 100 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) in 98.9 % of cases (Fig. 1). Therefore, this study also focused on scenarios wherein raw water turbidity levels were below 100 NTU.
+
+Additionally, according to literatures, when the water temperature reaches 25 °C, the impact of temperature on the required flocculation time for efficient sedimentation becomes less, where the differences in flocculation time are small within the range of 10 °C to 25 °C [26]. According to historical data of our research site between 2019 and 2022 (Fig. 2), the water temperature fluctuated between 15 °C and 30 °C. Therefore, this research did not include water temperature as a parameter in the coagulation reaction model.
+
+### *2.1. System architecture and operational workflow*
+
+The proposed system operates in two stages: a training stage and an application stage (Fig. 3). In the training stage, jar test data are collected, including data on raw and settled water turbidity, raw and settled water pH, coagulant dosage, and mixing intensity. These data are then used to train the model to understand the relationship between turbidity of raw water turbidity, the operational parameters, and turbidity changes after sedimentation. In the application stage, the model with the highest prediction performance is applied.
+
+Jar tests are used to collect model training data for two reasons. First, to provide complete data for the models, the interactions between various water quality indicators and operational parameters in the coagulation process should be tested and observed. Even if some operational parameters do not result in the optimal coagulation efficiency or the meeting of water purification standards, these data are useful because they provide more information about the coagulation process, which consequently helps identify the optimal operational parameters. In this case, because historical data obtained from water treatment plants typically meet water purification standards, we require jar tests to collect comprehensive training data. Second, because water treatment plants do not typically adjust their mixing intensities, historical data do not provide much information on the relationship between mixing intensity and coagulation efficiency. Therefore, jar tests can be conducted to explore the effects of various mixing intensities on coagulation effi-ciency. In addition, mixing speeds in jar tests must be first converted into mixing intensities, which can then be converted back to mixing speeds in the corresponding water treatment plants according to instrument specifications.
+
+
+
+Fig. 1. Distribution of raw water turbidity in 2023.
+
+
+
+Fig. 2. Water temperature of the research site between 2019 and 2022.
+
+
+
+Fig. 3. Workflow of the proposed intelligent coagulation operation system.
+
+In the application stage, when the system receives a new value for a raw water quality indicator (i.e., turbidity and pH in this study), the system estimates initial operational parameters on the basis of the jar test results. For polyaluminum chloride (PACl), the dosing amount is determined within a range of ±10 ppm around the averaged historical jar tests that met the water purification standards. For ferric chloride (FeCl₃), the range is set between 1 and 6 ppm, while the range of Gt value is set between 15,000 and 80,000. For each operational parameter, five evenly distributed values within the specified range are selected as the initial settings. In addition to raw water quality, these initial operational parameters are used as input variables for the trained model. The model then predicts the change in turbidity to determine whether the settled water turbidity will meet the water purification standards. Among the values of operational parameters that yield treated water that meets the purification standards, the system selects those associated with low costs and adjusts them iteratively until convergence is reached. Lastly, the system outputs the final estimated coagulant dosage and mixing intensity, calculating the mixing speed for the corresponding water treatment plant on the basis of instrument specifications.
+
+### *2.2. Machine learning models*
+
+We compared four machine learning models: a BPNN model, an ELM model, an MLR model, and a multiple nonlinear regression (MNLR) model. The input variables were raw water turbidity, raw water pH, PACl dosage, FeCl₃ dosage, and mixing intensity, and the output variable was the corresponding turbidity change.
+
+* A BPNN is a type of ANN where network weights are adjusted on the basis of the error rate obtained from the previous layer [27]. In this study, the constructed BPNN model comprised an input layer with five neurons, two hidden layers with ten neurons each, and an output layer with one neuron.
+* In ELM, the Moore-Penrose generalized inverse is employed to determine the optimal weights [28]. Least squares are used to directly identify the most probable value when calculating the weight of each hidden layer. Therefore, ELM have a relatively short training time. In this study, the ELM model architecture as well as the input and output variables were identical to those of the BPNN model.
+* MLR is similar to general linear regression on that they both indicate the relationships between independent and dependent variables [29]. The values of the dependent variables can be predicted by constructing a regression model. The difference between MLR and general linear regression is that in MLR, more than two independent variables are employed to predict a single dependent variable.
+* MNLR is a nonlinear regression approach [30] that includes more than two independent variables, with independent and dependent variables having nonlinear relationships. In nonlinear regression, specific fitting techniques are used.
+
+### *2.3. Mixing intensity*
+
+This study conducted jar tests and observed the effect of different mixing speed on the settled water turbidity, where details can be found in Section 3.1. Therefore, mixing speed is a crucial factor that affects coagulation efficiency.
+
+In this study, we converted the mixing speeds used in the jar tests into mixing intensities ($G \times t$) using Eqs. (1)–(3). Mixing intensity served as an input variable for model training.
+
+$$
+n = (60/2\pi r) \times \sqrt[3]{{(2\gamma VG^2)/CdA}} \quad (1)
+$$
+
+$$
+G = \sqrt{({P}/{\mu V})} \quad (2)
+$$
+
+$$
+t = \frac{V}{Q} \qquad (3)
+$$
+
+where *r* denotes the rotational radius (m), *V* denotes the tank volume (m³), *Cd* denotes the drag coefficient, *A* denotes the paddle area (m²), *γ* denotes the dynamic viscosity (m²/s), *ρ* denotes the liquid density (kg/m³), *μ* denotes the liquid viscosity (N·s/m²), *Q* denotes the rate of flow into the tank (m³/day), and *P* denotes the mixing power (W).
+
+During the application stage, we converted the estimated mixing intensities into corresponding mixing speeds (rpm) on the basis of the water volumes and instrument specifications of the targeted water treatment plant. This study was conducted at Banxin Water Treatment Plant operated by the Taiwan Water Corporation. The study site has four flocculation basins, with the mixing speeds applied in the jar tests corresponding to the first flocculation basin. By following the design of the water treatment plant, we calculated the mixing speeds of the other three basins using the decreasing ratio of 2:1(2/3):1(1/3):1.
+
+### *2.4. Tests*
+
+Since the Banxin Water Treatment Plant currently does not dynamically adjust the stirring speed, historical data does not provide variable stirring speed data. To ensure that the training data is sufficiently generalized and comprehensive, this study performed jar tests on raw water with different turbidity levels. The steps of the jar tests are as follows, where the settings were calculated to match with the condition in the water treatment plants.
+
+* Step 1: Measure the raw water quality parameters, including turbidity, pH, and water temperature, and put the water samples into 1000 mL beakers.
+* Step 2: Add coagulants (PACl and FeCl₃).
+* Step 3: Apply the rapid mixing speed (150 rpm for 3.5 min) and slow mixing speed (20–60 rpm for 41 min).
+* Step 4: A 7-min sedimentation is applied to let the flocs settle to the bottom of the beaker.
+* Step 5: Take 30 mL samples at 2 cm below the water surface and measure turbidity, pH, and water temperature.
+
+### *2.5. Data collection*
+
+Data were first collected from Banxin Water Treatment Plant through jar tests before being preprocessed for data cleaning. Because the input variables substantially differed in terms of value ranges and units of measurement, min-max normalization was also conducted before model training, where suitable value ranges were set for each parameter to maintain the overall distribution of the data as shown in Table 1.
+
+The jar tests yielded data on coagulant dosage, mixing intensity, and turbidity and pH of raw and settled water. A total of 1440 data points were collected from independent experiments featuring approximately ten combinations of turbidity intervals of raw water between 0 and 100 NTU, five slow mixing speeds between 20 and 60 rpm, four PACl dosages between 0 and 50 ppm, and three FeCl₃ dosages between 1 and 6 ppm. The ranges for PACl and FeCl₃ dosage were determined by considering the historical dosages employed in Banxin Water Treatment Plant. Overall, 70 % of the data were used for model training and validation,and 30 % of the data were used for model testing.
+
+**Table 1**
+
+Value ranges and units of input variables.
+
+
+| Input variable | Minimum-maximum | Unit |
|---|
+| Raw water turbidity | 9.18–105 | NTU |
+| Raw water pH | 7.13–8.23 | – |
+| PACl dosage | 0.9–50 | ppm |
+| FeCl3 dosage | 1–6 | ppm |
+| Mixing intensity | 15,020.6–78,049.5 | – |
+
+
+
+
+### *2.6. Design of evaluations*
+
+Three evaluations were conducted in this study to comprehensively assess the proposed precise dosing system. The first evaluation is to evaluate the constructed coagulation reaction model, where reference data from jar tests were applied to evaluate the accuracy of turbidity change estimations. To analyze the performance of different algorithms, we calculated the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Coefficient of Determination (R²), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Mean Error (ME), which are shown in the Eqs. (4) to (7), respectively.
+
+$$
+RMSE = \sqrt{\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} (y_i - \hat{y}_i)^2} \qquad (4)
+$$
+
+$$
+R^2 = 1 - \frac{\sum_{i=1}^{n} (y_i - \hat{y}_i)^2}{\sum_{i=1}^{n} (y_i - \bar{y})^2} \qquad (5)
+$$
+
+$$
+MAE = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} |y_i - \hat{y}_i| \qquad (6)
+$$
+
+$$
+ME = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} (y_i - \hat{y}_i) \qquad (7)
+$$
+
+where $y_i$ denotes the observed turbidity change, $\hat{y}_i$ denotes the predicted turbidity change, *n* denotes the total number of data points, and $\bar{y}$ denotes the mean of observed turbidity change.
+
+The second evaluation was based on a scaled-down pilot plant, where the suggested operational parameters were tested to determine whether the settled water turbidity can satisfy the required standards or not. The scaled-down pilot plant consists of a coagulation basin, four flocculation basins, and a sedimentation basin, with adjustable mixers and dosing equipment. Although the water purification standard for settled water turbidity is 5 NTU in the Banxin Water Treatment Plant, the proposed system was set to achieve a settled water turbidity of 2 NTU to accommodate possible model error. In the pilot plant evaluation, we maintained the flow rate of raw water at 70 L/h to simulate a flow rate of 200,000 m³/day in an actual water treatment plant. With the coagulant dosage and low mixing speed suggested by the proposed system, we recorded the quality of settled water for analyses.
+
+The third evaluation was directly conducted in Banxin Water Treatment Plant. This on-site evaluation spanned more than 30 days, where one testing result was collected on each day. For each test, the proposed system was applied and lasted over 4 h. Afterward, for the remaining time on that day, the coagulation process was manually controlled by operators, which served as a basis for comparison. Finally, the operational parameters, costs, carbon emissions, and settled water turbidities from the proposed system and manual operation were compared.
+
+## 3. Results
+
+### *3.1. Mixing intensity*
+
+This study conducted jar tests and observed the effect of different mixing speed on the settled water turbidity. As shown in Fig. 4, when the mixing speed was higher, flocs were broken into pieces or could not even form, resulting in unstable changes in turbidity. With a larger raw water turbidity, high mixing speed were unable to induce floc formation. Meanwhile, mixing speeds that are too low are not conducive to the floc formation, especially with a low coagulant dosage. Therefore, in order to estimate the lowest possible coagulant dosage, mixing speed is a crucial factor to be considered.
+
+
+
+Fig. 4. Relationship between PACl dosage, mixing intensity, and settled water turbidity
+
+### *3.2. Evaluation of the coagulation reaction model*
+
+The input variables for this evaluation were coagulant dosage, mixing intensity, and the raw water pH and raw water turbidity, whereas the output variable was change in turbidity. A total of 432 data records were obtained for evaluation. The predicted results of different methods are listed in Table 2. All four models performed fairly well in this evaluation. The MNLR and BPNN models performed better than the ELM and MLR models, with the MNLR model achieving an RMSE of 1.75 NTU and an MAE of 1.29 NTU, and the BPNN model achieving an RMSE of 1.87 NTU and an MAE of 1.54 NTU. Both models also exhibited minimal bias, with ME values of 0.03 NTU for the MNLR model and -0.03 NTU for the BPNN model. Given the complex and nonlinear relationships between water quality data and operational parameters, the MLR model had the lowest performance.
+
+Overall, as shown in Fig. 5, as all models achieved high R² values, indicating strong explanatory ability, the MNLR model consistently delivered the most accurate and reliable predictions across these metrics. Therefore, we selected the MNLR model for subsequent evaluations.
+
+In addition, the delta mean-squared ($\delta_i^{msqr}$) sensitivity function [31] was employed to evaluate the significance of model factors. Our analysis revealed that the sensitivity of PACl dosage was higher than that of FeCl₃ dosage and mixing intensity, where the latter two exhibited comparable sensitivities. However, this can be attributed to the more pronounced variations in the PACl dosage.
+
+**Table 2**
+
+Evaluation results for the four machine learning models.
+
+
+| Model | RMSE (NTU) | R2 | MAE (NTU) | ME (NTU) |
|---|
+| BPNN | 1.87 | 0.9911 | 1.54 | -0.03 |
+| ELM | 2.15 | 0.9897 | 1.51 | 0.02 |
+| MLR | 2.58 | 0.9809 | 1.84 | 0.66 |
+| MNLR | 1.75 | 0.9968 | 1.29 | 0.03 |
+
+
+### *3.3. Evaluation of the pilot plant*
+
+The proposed precise dosing system was evaluated using a scaled-down pilot plant. The averaged settled water turbidities, PACl dosages, and FeCl₃ dosages are shown in Fig. 6. The settled water turbidity in the pilot plant ranged between 2 and 4 NTU, lower than the set purification standard by at least 1 NTU. This test demonstrated the capability of the proposed system to achieve the specified settled water turbidity by adaptively determining the operational parameters.
+
+In general, this test validated the concept of the proposed system, but it also revealed a slightly larger error than that identified during the evaluation of the model. The model was trained with data collected from jar tests, in which both the dosing behaviors and coagulation processes differed to a certain extent from those occurring in the pilot plant and actual water treatment plant. Although training data can be collected using a scaled-down pilot plant, collecting one data record for a single combination of operational parameters consumes more than 3 h. Given this time-consuming process and the acceptable performance of jar tests, the current procedure of constructing the proposed system was regarded as feasible. In addition, the data collected after implementing the proposed solution in a water treatment plant can be used to refine the model.
+
+### *3.4. On-site evaluation*
+
+The proposed system was implemented in Banxin Water Treatment Plant for on-site evaluations for more than 30 days. Two operations were examined and compared on each testing day, where the proposed system was applied for a duration more than 4 h and the traditional manual control was applied for the remaining time on that day. As shown in Fig. 7, the relative difference in raw water quality and water volume between two operations did not exceed 10 %, which indicates that the results are comparable.
+
+Operational parameters, costs, carbon emissions, and settled water turbidities were compared between the proposed system and manual operation. The analysis results indicated that the proposed system, based on the coagulation reaction model, significantly reduced the cost of coagulant required by 33.7%, the energy consumed by the flocculation machine by 81.4%, and the total carbon emissions by 20.6% (Figs. 8 and 9), while still achieving settled water turbidities that satisfied water purification standards (Fig. 10). While the high raw water turbidity cases showed slightly larger variations in settled water turbidity, this may indicate that the jar tests of high raw water turbidity cases could be further enriched.
+
+
+
+Fig. 5. Evaluation results for the four machine learning models.
+
+
+
+Fig. 6. Evaluation results of the pilot plant.
+
+
+
+Fig. 7. The relative difference in raw water quality and water volume between two operations.
+
+Existing solutions to the coagulant dosing problem are modeled on the experience of manual operators, with the models usually being trained using historical data from operators. However, operator decisions are suboptimal, and the model outputs are not the most inexpensive and the lowest carbon emissions. According to the International Water Association and the Royal Society of Chemistry, these types of empirical models can only reduce coagulant usage by up to 10% and often overlook the influence of mixing speed [32,33].
+
+Overall, the proposed system reduced coagulant consumption by 33.7%, flocculation machine energy consumption by 81.4%, and total carbon emissions by 20.6%. Given the amount of water processed by water treatment plants and the cost of coagulants, the proposed system has great potential to substantially reduce operational costs. Moreover, the aforementioned cost reduction was achieved while targeting a settled water turbidity level below 2.5 NTU (Fig. 6); costs could be further reduced if the target is set to the standard settled water turbidity value of 5 NTU.
+
+
+
+Fig. 8. Comparison of coagulant dosage and mixing speeds between manual operation and the proposed system.
+
+
+
+Fig. 9. Comparison of annual carbon emissions associated with manual operation and the proposed system.
+
+
+
+Fig. 10. Comparison of settled water turbidity between manual operation and the proposed system.
+
+## 4. Conclusions
+
+We proposed a precise dosing system based on a coagulation reaction model that is capable of identifying coagulant dosages and mixing speeds, achieving water purification standards at substantially lower costs compared with existing solutions. Unlike the existing models, the models constructed in this study rely on the physical and chemical relationships between raw water quality and operational parameters to estimate changes in turbidity. The BPNN and MNLR models achieved root-mean-square deviations of 1.87 and 1.75 NTU, respectively. We demonstrated the capability of the proposed system to adaptively determine the operational parameters and achieve the specified settled water turbidity in a scaled-down pilot plant. In addition, on-site evaluations revealed a 33.7 % reduction in coagulant dosage, an 81.4 % decrease in flocculation machine energy consumption, and a 20.6 % reduction in carbon emissions, while meeting water purification standards. This technology is an example of data-driven intelligent transformation of water treatment processes, aligning with environmental sustainability goals for intelligent and efficient water treatment.
+
+In future studies, we intend to investigate additional water quality indicators (e.g., iron content, aluminum content, Total Organic Carbon, Dissolved Organic Matter, Disinfection By-Products Formation Potential, etc.) and satisfy other water purification standards in addition to settled water turbidity. We also intend to conduct more evaluations in water treatment plants. Moreover, we intend to examine scenarios involving raw water with high turbidity, such as during or after heavy rainfall or typhoon events.
+
+## CRediT authorship contribution statement
+
+**Chih-Yuan Huang:** Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Project administration, Methodology, Conceptualization. **Yi-Yun Chen:** Writing – review & editing, Writing – original draft, Visualization, Validation, Software, Methodology, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data curation. **Shun-Hsing Chuang:** Writing – review & editing, Supervision. **Yu-Sheng Hsu:** Visualization, Software, Methodology. **Ray-Shyan Wu:** Writing – review & editing, Supervision. **Kuan-Yu Ko:** Writing – review & editing, Resources.
+
+## Declaration of competing interest
+
+The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
+
+## Acknowledgments
+
+This research was funded by the Taiwan Water Corporation (WB-10-1216-01). The authors are grateful to the Banxin Water Treatment Plant for the support provided.
+
+## Data availability
+
+Data was collected based on an agreement with the Banxin Water Treatment Plant. The agreement does not allow any third-party use of the data.
+
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+[33] D. Wang, L. Chen, T. Li, X. Chang, K. Ma, W. You, C. Tan, Successful prediction for coagulant dosage and effluent turbidity of a coagulation process in a drinking water treatment plant based on the Elman neural network and random forest models, Environ. Sci.: Water Res. Technol. 9 (9) (2023) 2263–2274, https://doi.org/10.1039/D3EW00181D.
\ No newline at end of file
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+# 资金管理在企业经营管理中的重要性及实践应用
+
+许秋月
+
+(广州美凯国际货运代理有限公司, 广东 广州 510000)
+
+[摘要]资金管理是企业良性运转的基础,在企业经营中至关重要。良好的资金管理不仅可以提高企业运营效率,而且能够保障企业稳健发展,有效防范财务风险,提升企业的融资能力。企业需要重视资金管理,通过有效措施发挥每笔资金的效用,促进资金的良性循环使用。基于此,文章解析了资金管理对企业经营管理的重要性,分析实际管理中存在的问题,探讨行之有效的实践应用策略,旨在提高资金管理的精细化水平,帮助企业更好地适应新发展形势。
+
+[关键词]企业;资金管理;经营管理;重要性;实践
+doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-0194.2025.15.008
+
+[中图分类号] F275 [文献标识码] A [文章编号]1673-0194(2025)15-0026-03
+
+## 0 引言
+
+资金作为企业的血液,其管理的有效性直接关系到企业的运营效率、盈利能力和可持续发展能力。随着市场的不断变化和企业规模的扩大,资金管理的复杂性日益增加。良好的资金管理不仅能够帮助企业应对市场波动,还能提升企业的竞争力和抗风险能力。因此,深入探讨资金管理在企业经营管理中的重要性及其实践应用,对于促进企业的长期健康发展具有重要意义。
+
+## 1 资金管理对企业经营管理的重要性
+
+1.1 有助于提升资金使用效率
+资金管理通过科学合理的预算规划、严格的监督管控和高效的资金调配,能够提升企业资金的使用效率。具体而言,资金管理可以确保企业资金在各部门、各项目之间的合理分配,避免资金闲置和浪费[1]。例如,通过集中管理和统一调配资金,企业可以优先支持那些回报率高、风险可控的项目,从而提高整体资金利用效率。此外,加强资金管理能够帮助企业对现有资金结构进行完善,使短期资金与长期资金搭配合理,使企业利用有限的资源实现经济效益最大化。
+
+1.2 有助于实现降本增效
+在成本控制过程中,企业通过资金管理能够提高成本核算的精确度,有效识别并消除运营中的浪费环节,从而降低不必要的开支。例如,通过资金管理系统对采购、库存、生产等环节的实时监控,企业可以及时发现并纠正成本超支的问题。同时,资金管理能够促进企业资源的优化配置,通过集中采购、优化生产流程等方式降低单位成本[2]。在增效方面,资金管理能够支持企业投资于高附加值的项目和业务,提高产品或服务的市场竞争力,从而增加企业收入。因此,通过实施资金管理,企业能够实现整体运营成本的降低和经济效益的提升。
+
+1.3 有助于防范财务风险
+在实际资金管理中,企业通过建立完善的风险评估机制和预警系统,能够及时发现和应对潜在的财务风险。例如,通过对现金流量的实时监控和预警,企业可以提前采取措施应对资金链断裂的风险;通过对应收账款的跟踪管理,企业可以降低坏账损失的风险。此外,加强资金管理能够帮助企业优化资本结构,通过合理的债务融资和股权融资比例,降低企业的财务风险。在复杂的市场环境中,这些风险管理措施能够为企业提供坚实的保障,确保企业在面对市场波动时能够保持稳健的发展态势。
+
+## 2 当前企业资金管理中存在的问题
+
+2.1 资金预算管理不到位
+部分企业的资金预算编制缺乏科学性,编制资金预算的过程中,一些管理人员仅仅依靠主观经验与历史数据进行,并未综合考虑市场变化、业务拓展等多方面因素,从而使得编制内容与实际需求相脱节。另外,企业在预算执行过程中缺乏有效的监督和考核机制。一些企业虽然制订了预算计划,但在执行过程中缺乏严格的监督和跟踪,预算执行随意性较大,难以保证预算目标的实现。
+
+[收稿日期]2025-02-22
+[作者简介]许秋月(1990—),女,广东台山人,中级会计师,主要研究方向:税务筹划与管理、资金管理、财务核算与管理。
+
+2.2 资金监督管控不够合理
+一些企业在资金监督管控方面存在漏洞,首先,内部监督机制不完善。一些企业缺乏独立的内部审计部门或专职审计人员,对资金使用的监督力度不足[3]。同时,监督手段和方法相对落后,难以对资金流动情况进行全面及时的监控。其次,资金审批流程不够规范。部分企业在资金审批过程中存在“一支笔”现象,即决策权过于集中,缺乏必要的审核和制衡机制。这增加了违规审批和挪用资金的风险,给企业的财务管理带来安全隐患。
+
+2.3 资金管理风险防控不足
+部分企业的风险评估机制不够健全,未能建立科学的风险评估模型和方法,对潜在风险进行全面准确的识别和评估,导致企业在面临市场波动、政策变化等外部风险时,缺乏有效的应对措施。此外,部分企业缺乏有效的风险应对措施和预案。一旦风险发生,部分企业处于被动应对的状态,难以迅速化解风险并恢复正常运营,增加了企业的财务不确定性和经营风险,不利于企业的长期发展。
+
+2.4 资金信息系统不够完善
+当前,一些企业的资金信息系统尚不完善,存在信息孤岛、数据不共享等问题。一些企业内部各部门之间缺乏有效的信息共享机制,导致资金流动信息无法及时传递,使得企业管理层难以全面了解资金状况,无法做出科学的决策。一些企业虽然建立了资金信息系统,但各系统之间缺乏数据接口和共享机制,导致数据无法有效流通,不仅降低了资金管理的效率,而且增加了企业的运营成本和管理难度[4]。
+
+## 3 资金管理在企业经营管理中的实践应用
+
+3.1 加强资金预算管理，做好资金使用计划
+为了提升资金管理效率,企业需要强化对资金的预算管理,切实提升其科学性。首先,在预算编制阶段,企业应摒弃传统的增量预算编制方法,转而采用更为先进的零基预算、滚动预算等方法。这些方法要求企业重新评估每一项预算支出的必要性和合理性,基于当前的市场环境、企业战略目标和实际运营需求进行预测。通过这种方法,企业可以更加精准地把握资金的需求和使用情况。其次,企业应建立完善的预算执行监督和考核机制。在具体执行期间,财务部门的相关人员需要及时跟进资金应用状况,并对其展开细致的分析,从中发现偏差与不足。同时,企业应设立明确的预算执行考核指标,包括预算完成率、资金使用效率等,并将这些指标纳入员工的绩效考核体系中。通过这种方式激发员工参与预算执行的积极性,确保预算得到有效执行[5]。最后,企业应加强资金预算的动态管理。由于市场环境和企业运营状况的不断变化,资金预算需要进行相应的调整。企业应建立灵活的预算调整机制,当实际情况与预算出现较大偏差时,能够迅速做出响应,对预算进行合理调整。通过这种方式提高资金使用的灵活性,确保资金管理始终与战略目标保持一致。
+
+3.2 注重资金监督管控，实现资源合理应用
+企业应高度重视资金监督管控工作,实现资源的合理应用和资金的安全高效运作。其一,建立健全的
+内部监督机制。企业应设立独立的内部审计部门或岗位,赋予其足够的权威性和独立性,负责对企业内部的资金使用情况进行全面深入的审计。审计内容应涵盖资金流动的各个环节,包括资金收入、支出、投资、融资等,确保资金使用的合规性。其二,注重相关风险管理。企业需要建立有效的风险评估机制,及时识别出可能存在的资金风险,并采取相应的措施加以应对。同时,加强对外部法律法规和行业标准的跟踪,确保企业的资金运作符合相关合规性要求,避免因违规操作而引发的经济损失。其三,在优化资金审批流程方面,企业应制定明确的资金审批权限和流程,确保每一笔资金的使用都经过严格的审批。审批流程应包括提出申请、部门审核、领导审批等环节,每个环节都应有明确的责任人和时间节点。通过优化审批流程,可以有效防止违规审批和挪用资金的现象发生,确保资金使用的合规性和安全性。其四,企业应加强对资金流动的实时监控。在具体监控中,企业需要充分发挥相关系统与技术的优势,做好资金流动状况的监控工作,及时发现并预警潜在的资金风险,从而迅速采取措施进行应对,防止风险进一步扩大。通过注重资金监督管控,企业可以实现资源的合理应用,避免资金浪费等情况的出现,进一步提高经济效益和市场竞争力。
+
+3.3 防控资金管理风险，夯实资金管理基础
+在当今市场环境下,企业资金管理面临诸多风险。
+为了夯实资金管理基础,保障企业的稳健发展,企业需要重视资金管理风险的防控工作。通过建立完善的风险评估机制、制定有效的风险应对预案、加强内部控制以及提高员工的风险意识等,企业可以有效防控资金管理风险,为实现稳健发展提供坚实保障。首先,企业应建立完善的风险评估机制,不断优化预警系统。企业需要对资金流动的全链条进行风险识别,从资金筹集、使用、回收等各个环节入手,全面评估潜在风险。同时,企业可以借助专业的风险评估模型和工具,定期对资金风险进行量化分析,确定风险的类型和程度。同时,建立完善的风险预警系统,并且对其进行持续的优化,设定风险阈值,一旦风险指标超过预设阈值立即触发预警机制,以便企业迅速采取措施进行应对。其次,制定有效的风险应对预案。针对不同类型的风险,企业应制定差异化的应对策略。例如,对于市场风险,企业可以通过多元化投资组合、调整资金结构等方式进行风险分散;对于信用风险,企业应加强客户信用管理,完善信用评估体系,严格把控信用额度,降低坏账损失。企业应建立健全的内部控制制度,明确各部门、各岗位的职责和权限,规范资金审批、使用、监督等各个环节的操作流程[6]。最后,提高员工的风险意识和防范能力。企业应定期开展风险管理培训和教育活动,使员工充分认识到资金管理风险的重要性和危害性,掌握基本的风险识别、评估和应对技能。通过培养员工的风险意识,可以在日常工作中及时发现和报告潜在风险,为企业的风险管理提供有力支持。
+
+3.4 发挥信息技术作用，构建资金信息系统
+在数字化转型的大背景下,企业应积极拥抱信息技术,构建先进的资金信息系统,不断提升资金管理的效率和质量。具体而言,企业可以从以下几个方面入手:其一,整合企业内部各部门的信息资源,实现数据的实时共享。资金流动涉及企业运营的各个环节,从采购、生产到销售、回款等,每一环节都产生大量的数据。企业应通过构建统一的资金管理平台,将这些数据整合起来,实现跨部门的数据共享。通过实施这一策略不仅可以消除信息孤岛,提高数据的准确性,而且能够为资金管理提供全面及时的信息支持。其二,借助大数据、云计算等预测即将发生的资金流动状况。资金信息系统应具备强大的数据处理能力,能够自动收集、存储和分析资金流动数据。相关人员可以发挥大数据技术的作用,将相关数据的内在规律挖掘出来,为相关管理提供可靠参考;相关人员可以借助云计算技术,对海量数据实现高质量的处理。这些技术手段的应用,将使企业能够更准确地把握资金流动情况,及时发现潜在问题,并采取措施进行应对[7]。其三,资金信息系统应具备智能化决策支持功能。通过构建智能算法模型,该系统可以根据历史数据和实时数据,自动生成资金预测报告和决策建议。这些报告和建议可以涵盖资金筹集、使用、回收等各个方面,为企业提供全面的决策支持。企业领导层可以根据这些报告和建议,制定更加科学合理的资金管理策略,提高企业的资金使用效率。其四,企业应注重资金信息系统的安全性和稳定性。在构建资金信息系统的过程中,企业应充分考虑数据安全和系统稳定的问题,借助加密技术、访问限制等手段,做好数据安全保障工作,切实保证其传输期间的完整性。此外,企业应当定期做好相关数据的备份工作,并且建立相应的系统恢复机制,一旦出现系统故障等问题,相关人员能够第一时间做出合理应对,避免遭受更大的损失。
+
+## 4 结束语
+综上所述,资金管理在企业经营管理中具有重要作用,企业要想在激烈的市场竞争力占据更多优势,需要高度重视资金管理工作,根据自身特点,不断完善资金管理机制和制度建设,提升资金管理水平。在实践应用中,企业可以采取加强资金预算管理、注重资金监督管控、防控资金管理风险和发挥信息技术作用等有效措施,实现资金的优化配置与利用,提高运营效率和盈利能力。
+
+主要参考文献
+
+[1]赵伟.新形势下优化企业资金管理的措施探讨[J].活力, 2024 (13): 103-105.
+[2]姚琼.企业资金管理存在的问题及对策研究[J].金融客, 2024 (6): 45-47.
+[3]蒋志豪.制造企业资金管理的问题与解决策略探讨[J].投资与创业,2024,35 (6): 16-18.
+[4]黄小红.企业加强资金管理的有效策略探讨[J].企业改革与管理,2024 (5): 117-119.
+[5]赵伟.加强企业资金预算管理策略分析[J].天津经济,2024 (1): 32-34.
+[6]刘发娟.强化企业资金管理提高资金使用效率[J].中国商界,2023 (10): 122-123.
+[7]张红阳.金融管理在企业经营管理中的应用分析[J].金融客,2023 (11): 7-9.
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new file mode 100644
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+# 基于卷积神经网络的本征图像分解的实现*
+
+孙星金鑫 张晓昆 李晓东 姜湘岗 叶超尘
+
+北京电子科技学院, 北京市 100070
+
+**摘要:** 卷积神经网络(CNN)是目前深度学习中对于图像特征提取效果较好的神经网络。大数据时代所带来的海量数据，也为卷积神经网络带来了更加丰富的图像数据，使其获得的特征信息更加准确。本文基于卷积神经网络和计算机视觉与相关理论，采用深度学习，依托海量的图像数据集，给出并实现了基于卷积神经网络进行本征图像分解的方法。首先对利用深度学习进行本征图像分解的工作进行了分析，利用多尺度卷积神经网络，实现了原图直接到本征图的分解过程。
+
+**关键词:** 卷积神经网络；本征图像分解；深度学习
+
+**中图分类号：** TP391.41
+
+**文献标识码：** A
+
+**文章编号：** 1672-464X(2017)4-74-07
+
+## 引言
+
+深度学习是机器学习的一个方向，深度学习将无监督学习和监督学习相结合。首先把数据输入到神经网络中，通过前向传播和反向传播 (Back Propagation, BP)的作用，使得网络的损失函数逐渐收敛。每次迭代会对网络参数进行一次更新，得到网络中各个神经元新的权值，从而将模型优化。在深度学习中，有诸如卷积神经网络(CNN)、循环神经网络(RNN)、时间递归神经网络(LSTM)等神经网络结构，由于卷积神经网络与其他网络相比有局域感受域、权值分享、二次抽样的特点，使得卷积神经网络在将图像作为输入进行研究的计算机图形领域有着其他神经网络所没有的优势。
+
+图像研究领域中最为基础的研究工作就是对图像信息的提取,而本征图像分解，可通过得到的反照率本征图和亮度本征图更直观地获得图像的颜色和光照信息，这为图像信息获取提供了基础性素材，同时也能更容易发现图像中由物体颜色、位置、光照等物理因素而带来的信息的真伪,从而为图像信息真伪的分辨提供一定的参考。传统的本征图像分解是基于某些特定的图像理论而实现的算法来进行分解，如:Retinex算法、图像序列法。这些算法都是基于某些特定的图像理论，因此在对图像细节特征的提取上表现欠佳。如今人工智能受到广泛关注，深度学习技术也被广泛的应用到计算机科学的诸多领域，所以本文采用卷积神经网络来进行本征图像分解，让计算机自动学习获取图像的本征属性,提取出更加精准的本征图像分解图，这对于本征图像分解的研究有很大的价值。
+
+
+
+*基金项目：2015. 01-2017. 12国家自然科学基金应急管理项目:高维混沌序列密码设计及在视频硬件加密中的应用研究 (61640216)；国家自然科学基金项目：“基于内容的图像光影模板学习与美学质量评价关键技术研究” (61402021)；“无退化的混沌密码标准实现研究"(61772047)虚拟现实国家重点实验室开放课题:“互联网众包驱动的计算机审美技术及其智能应用研究"(BUAA-VR-16KF-09)；国家档案局科技计划项目：“基于大数据的数字照片档案安全自动修复与标注检索关键技术” (2015-B-10)；中央高校基本科研业务费项目:"云环境中可视媒体加密关键技术研究” (2016LG03)。
+
+**作者简介:孙星(1993—),女,北京电子科技学院在读硕士研究生，研究方向为计算机技术。金鑫(1983-),男，博士，北京电子科技学院讲师，研究方向为可视计算、多媒体安全。李晓东(197O-),男，副教授，博士，研究方向：信息安全。茶璐(1995-),女，北京电子科技学院在读本科生，研究方向为计算机技术。
+
+本文对卷积神经网络和深度学习的由来和近几年的发展情况进行研究与总结,实现了IC-CV2015 的一篇利用多尺度卷积回归神经网络直接进行本征图像分解的论文的方法,并将训练得到的模型与以往本征图像分解领域的方法,在相同的图片上进行测试,通过计算分解本征图和标准备本征图的均方误差(MSE)和局部均方误差(LMSE)来衡量分解结果[1]。
+
+## 1 相关技术介绍
+
+### 1.1 本征图像分解
+
+物体在我们眼睛中所呈现的图像，由物体所处的光照环境和物体本身的属性共同决定,如场景的光照方向、物体表面的材质、物体的颜色等。同样的通过照相机生成的照片中所反映的物体信息，每个像素点的值也是由这些属性共同决定。这些属性中,最为重要的是反照率(albedo)和亮度(shading),称为图片的本征属性。其中反照率属性主要反映物体的颜色和材质信息，而亮度属性主要反映物体所处环境中的光照信息。本征图像分解是分解原图进而生成图像中每个像素点对应的反照率信息和亮度信息，这些信息分别集中表现为反照率本征图和亮度本征图。
+
+我们假设物体表面是光滑连续的，同时环境中的光为白光，那么就可用式I = RS来表示原图与本征图像之间的关系。其中，I表示输入的 RGB三通道的原图，R对应反照率本征图,S对应亮度本征图;本征图像分解就是通过已知的原图来求解未知的反照率本征图(R)和亮度本征图(S)。
+
+### 1.2 卷积神经网络
+
+卷积神经网络是一个多层的神经网络,每层由多个独立的神经元组成,在二维空间上展示了一个卷积神经网络结构,如图1所示。
+
+
+
+**图 1 基本的卷积神经网络结构**
+
+在这个卷积神经网络结构中，将图片作为输入,三个可训练的滤波器(卷积核)对输入进行加偏置的卷积,通过第一次的卷积(Convl)提取了图片的表层特征表示；然后通过池化 (Poolingl)、激励函数(Actl)的作用，对第一层卷积特征进行处理,减少特征参数，增强了特征表达的某些不变性;然后再进行加权值、加偏置的第二次卷积(Conv2 )和第二次池化 (Pooling2)、激励函数(Act2),最终将输入图片的特征。通过3个特征图表示出来；随后，经过一个全连接层(Fully Connection,FC)，将3个特征表示连接成一个向量，而这个向量中就包含了提取的图片信息的特征以及相应的参数[2]。
+
+## 2 基于多尺度卷积神经网络本征图像分解方法的实现
+
+### 2.1 直接本征图像分解方法
+
+本文的方法有别于以往从图像中获取先验知识或者对图像物理信息进行建模的方法,是一个完全由数据驱动,通过卷积神经网络直接实现从一张彩色图像分解出相应的反照率本征图和亮度本征图[3],给出了本文的方法的分解结果,如图2所示。
+
+
+
+**图2 直接本征图像分解的示意图**
+
+能够通过深度学习直接实现本征图像分解的功能，关键在于能够为神经网络提供一个包含大量反照率本征图、亮度本征图和原图的数据集用于训练。但是从现实世界的图片中，收集大量带有Ground Truth的本征图数据集是一件非常困难的事情,因为这需要对图片拍摄时所处环境的光照条件进行严格的控制，但这在现实世界拍摄的图片是很难做到的，虽然Roger Grosse等人在实验室能够严格控制光照条件的环境下,构建了 MIT-intrinsic的数据集,但对于大部分现实中的照片他们的方法是不可行的。2014年SIG GRAPH, Sean bell等人发布了现实世界中的本征图像数据集(Intinsic Image in the wild, IIW),
+尝试着解决用深度学习进行本征图像分解时所需的大量图像标记需要人工来进行标注的困难。但是,他们在数据集中只提供了图片中做了标记的像素点，每两点间相对的反照率值的比较结果。这些比较结果是通过人工的方式进行比较并对比较信息进行的收集汇总，并不是图像中所存在的客观物理信息。这些反照率比较信息对于训练图像反照率信息的先验知识也许能提供一定的帮助,但是对于我们希望基于大量数据和卷积神经网络直接进行本征图像分解的思路还是不够的。
+
+考虑到他人在利用神经网络进行本征图像分解工作上的困难,最终选择只在计算机合成图像上进行网络的训练，并同时在计算机合成图像和真实场景的图片上进行模型的测试[4]。计算机合成图像部分，采用了数据集图片是通过计算机渲染生成，与现实照片极度相似的MPI Sintel数据集，同时包含有与原图相对应的标准反照率本征图和亮度本征图。这个数据集是Chen和 Koltun在构建更加准确的本征图模型的研究中首次被应用，图3展示了 MPI Sintel数据集的部分内容。
+
+
+
+**图3 MPI Sintel 数据集展示图**
+
+深度学习技术无需关注图像诸如颜色过渡是否平滑、图片阴影的连续性等物理属性,也无需分析出图片的内在属性,这些工作将交由卷积神经网络进行,通过卷积神经网络的复杂结构,让模型自动学习输入图像的特征表达,然后通过输入图像的反照率本征图和亮度本征图,根据深度学习的反向传导过程更新网络神经元之间的参数,最终使得训练得到的模型中的参数适应本征图像分解这项工作,这就是深度学习方法的基本思路[5]。本方法首次采用卷积神经网络实现对一张图片的本征图像分解,网络的输出是与原图对应的两张本征图。
+
+### 2.2 直接进行的本征图像分解
+
+本征图像分解需要提取一张图片每个细节的详细特征，同时也要顾及全图的整个场景信息。Eigen和Fergus在论文中，提出了能够对深度图像进行预测的卷积神经网络,这个网络有能够提取本征图像分解所需图片信息的能力国。所以我们在这个网络的基础上，进行了一定的变形来构建我们自己的卷积神经网络结构。我们的网络包含2个模块,在第一个模块,我们提取了图像的全局信息,并将第一个模块的输出作为第二个模块的第二个输入。在图4中，我们展现了本方法所采用的多尺度卷积回归神经网络。
+
+
+
+**图4 多尺度卷积回归神经网络网络结构示意图**
+
+多尺度卷积回归神经网络和普通的卷积神经网络有几个不同点：
+
+(1) 传统的卷积神经网络最后一层一般是一个或多个全连接层，用以将网络所提取的图片特征连接成一个可被表达的特征向量，本文所采用的卷积神经网络与之不同，在第一个模块中， 我们用一个卷积核大小为1x1卷积层取代了全连接层。这使我们的网络结构能够适应任何大小尺度的输入图片。
+
+(2) 因为卷积神经网络默认的激活函数是非线性激活函数,针对我们的问题，采用了经过参数修正的线性激活函数(Parametric Rectified Linear Units, PReLUs),这个激活函数当输入小于0时，是一个斜率为负的函数。
+
+$$
+g(x_i) = \begin{cases} x_i, & x \ge 0 \\ a_i x_i, & x < 0 \end{cases}
+$$
+
+(3) 与普通卷积神经网络最后的输出是一个n维的向量不同，如图4所示，网络将通过反卷积同时输出反照率本征图和亮度本征图。
+
+(4) 我们有选择的对第二个模块的输出向量使用反卷积进行上采样过程,这将使输出的本征图和原图相适应。当没有使用反卷积时，我们对一个RGB三通道的输出向量进行上采样(在图2-3中设置C = C=3),当使用反卷积时，设置 C' = 64,C = 3。
+
+在第一个模块中，采用了和经典卷积神经网络AlexNet中第一个卷积层(convl )到第五个卷积层(conv5)相同的结构。在第五个卷积层之后，对第五个卷积层卷积获得的特征图进行上采样，使其变成原图四分之一大小的图，并紧跟一个有着64个输出(64个卷积核)的1x1卷积层 (conv6)o在第二个模块中，除了最终输出反照率特征图和亮度特征图的反卷积层，在反卷积层之前跟着4个卷积层。在这4个卷积层中，第一个卷积层我们使用了一个9x9的卷积核，这个卷积层有会产生96个特征图。随后，将第一个模块的输出和第二个模块第一个卷积层的输出做了连接,后续的3个卷积层,都采用5x5的卷积核。在可反卷积层我们设置卷积核为8x8,反卷积步长为4。无论是采用反卷积还是采用上采样,在一个和原图相同分辨率的图像上预测我们的输出。
+
+### 2.3 学习参数的设定
+
+基于$(A,S)=F(I,Q)$的理论,进行本征图像分解。
+
+其中$q$表示卷积神经网络(CNN)中所有需要学习的参数。
+
+学习的参数中,我们首先采用了尺度不变的L2损失。因为我们用作训练的数据集中的反照率本征图和亮度本征图的强度不是绝对的,不使用于标准的回归损失函数。所以,为了学习得到网络中的参数$q$,我们使用的尺度不变的L2损失。让$Y^*$表示对数空间中的标准反照率本征图或者标准亮度本征图,$Y$表示网络的预测输出,通过$y=Y^*-Y$来表示网络的输出与标准本征图之间的误差。这样就有了尺度不变的L2损失如式：
+
+$$
+\mathcal{L}_{SIL2}(Y^*, Y) = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i,j,c} y_{i,j,c}^2 - \lambda \frac{1}{n^2} \left( \sum_{i,j,c} y_{i,j,c} \right)^2
+$$
+
+$i, j$是图片中像素的坐标,$c$是图片的通道数索引(RGB), $n$表示预测的像素的数目。$1$是作为平衡式中尺度不变项的系数,当$1=0$时,上式表示的是最小平方损失,当$1=1$时,上式表示的是尺度不变的损失,当$1=0.5$时表示对上述两种损失做一个平均。当我们在训练模型的时候各自在MIT和MPISintel 数据集上进行训练,分别取$1=0.5$时的损失。当我们在MIT和MPI Sintel 的合并后的数据集上进行训练时,我们选取$1=1$时的损失。但是我们需注意,因为我们之前对 MPI Sintel 数据集进行扩增时产生的图片带有一些有缺损的像素,我们将这些像素标出并在训练中忽略的这些像素,所以式子中的$n$并不是图片中的像素的数目。
+
+综上所述,卷积回归神经网络模型的损失函数为:
+
+$$
+\mathcal{L}(A^*, S^*, A, S) = \mathcal{L}_{SIL2}(A^*, A) + \mathcal{L}_{SIL2}(S^*, S)
+$$
+
+同时我们也考虑到,在训练时采用一个损失对恢复分段恒定的输出是有帮助的,为了实现这个目的,我们使用了介于L2损失与真实数据之间的梯度损失。通过让$\nabla_i$和$\nabla_j$分别为一张图片在第$i$和第$j$维的微分算子,这样梯度损失函数就有以下形式:
+
+$$
+\mathcal{L}_{grad}(Y^*, Y) = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i,j,c} [\nabla_i y_{i,j,c}^2 + \nabla_j y_{i,j,c}^2]
+$$
+
+因为亮度本征图不能认为是分段恒定的,所以我们对亮度本征图不采用梯度损失。综上,我们的损失表达为:
+
+$$
+\mathcal{L}(A^*, S^*, A, S) = \mathcal{L}_{SIL2}(A^*, A) + \mathcal{L}_{SIL2}(S^*, S) + \mathcal{L}_{grad}(A^*, A)
+$$
+
+通过和其他进行本征图像分解工作所采用的数据集进行对比,发现MPI Sintel 数据集的890张图片仍然不够。所以为了防止数据集的欠缺造成训练结果的不理想,在网络中,除了第一个模块的第一层卷积(conv1)到第五层卷积(conv5)之外的卷基层后面,都添加了一个dropout层。
+
+## 3 实验及结果分析
+
+我们在深度学习框架 Caffe 上进行实验,我们采用随机梯度下降进行网络参数的初始化,并在网络的配置文件中,设置了训练参数权重 momentum 为 0.9 以使我们的模型最优;网络模型中的每个层层参数的学习速率,都是经过反复的实验进行调节[7]。综合考虑了网络的收敛速度和我们所用的数据集的大小,我们设置 batch_size 为 32;对图片我们采用随机切割,切割后的图像块的大小为 416×416,并对图像块进行了镜像操作进一步对数据集进行扩增;对于图片尺度大小的缩放,我们在[0.8,1.2]的比例范围内进行了随机的缩放,图片的旋转范围我们限定在了[-15,+15]的角度范围内。
+
+本文在实验结果验证部分,使用了和原文一样的4张原图进行测试，同时也在Chen和 Koltun以及Sean bell的方法下进行了同样的测试，实验结果汇总如图5所示。而均方误差 (MSE)及局部均方误差(LMSE)的数量分析,在表3.3中有详细的列出。首先，实现的本征图像分解方法，是只基于一张输入图像由深度学习来进行的，而图5中所列出的另外两种方法,Chen和Klotun的方法还额外添加了原图的深度信息加以计算，而Sean bell的方法是由算法来实现的。从图3、4中我们可以较明显的看出,本文实现的方法，从直观上对于本征图像的分解结果效果更逼真，对于输入图像亮度信息和颜色信息的还原较另外两种方法更接近 Ground Truth。而从表3.3中,由于实现该方法时的环境、参数设置与论文作者的略有不同,均方误差及局部均方误差在数值上与原文有一定的差距,但从表中我还原较另外两种方法更接近 Ground Truth。而从表3.3中,由于实现该方法时的环境、参数设置与论文作者的略有不同,均方误差及局部均方误差在数值上与原文有一定的差距,但从表中我们可以看到,同一张图片在不同方法下的分解结果,于 Ground Truth 做 MSE 和 LMSE 的计算,我们所实现的方法误差要小于另外两种方法。
+
+
+
+**图5 本征图像分解实验结果对比**
+
+**表1 本征图像分解 MSE 和 LMSE 结果对比分析**
+
+| Sintel & MITin MSRC | MSE | LMSE | | Albedo | Shading | Avg | Aibedo | Shading | Avg | | Chen & Koltun | 0.0287 | 0.0281 | 0.0284 | 0.0179 | 0.0191 | 0.0187 | | Sean bell | 0.0313 | 0.0322 | 0.0291 | 0.0188 | 0.0193 | 0.0201 | | Ours | 0.0105 | 0.0100 | 0.0098 | 0.0085 | 0.0086 | 0.0082 |
+
+## 4 结论
+
+实现了Takuya Narihira等人发表于ICCV2015的一种新的本征图像分解方法，该方法有别于以往基于图片物理信息的提取的分解方法,提出了利用深度学习的技术，由卷积回归神经网络依靠一定量的数据集，从数据集中提取原图与反照率本征图、亮度本征图的深层次特征信息的关联，最终实现不依靠其他图片信息，仅由网络的输入图片得到两张本征图的本征图像分解过程。
+
+这种由数据驱动的方法较以往的方法更加灵活、适应性更广，也更加容易实现。它只需要给网络提供一定量的训练数据（原图-反照率本征图-亮度本征图），并不需要人工对的标签进行设计和标注，就能从原图中获取出图像的光照信息和复杂的反照率信息（形状、光照信息等）。这个方法的提岀，验证了深度学习在计算机图形学中将有很大的施展空间,能使更多我们没有想到的领域或者正在探索的研究领域取得更好的研究结果。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1] Takuya Narihira, Michael Maire, Stella X.
+Yu. Direct Intrinsics: Learning Albedo-Shading Decomposition by Convolutional Regression. [C]. Computer Vision, ICCV 2015: 2992
+
+[2] Weiss Y. Deriving intrinsic images from image sequences [C]. Computer Vision, 2001. ICCV 2001. Proceedings. Eighth IEEE International Conference on. IEEE, 2001:68-75 vol.2.
+
+[3] Burkhardt J L, Mccann J. Processor for enhancing video signals for photographic reproduction: US, US 4492987 A[P]. 1985.
+
+[4] Zipser D, Andersen R A. A back-propagation programmed network that simulates response properties of a subset of posterior parietal neurons. [J]. Nature, 1988, 331 (6158): 679-684.
+
+[5] Technometrics. Logistic Regression: A Self-Learning Text [J]. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, 2004, 167(1):192-194.
+
+[6] Schapire R E. The Boosting Approach to Machine Learning: An Overview [M]. Nonlinear Estimation and Classification. Springer New York, 2003:149-171.
+
+[7] John Markoff. Google's Large Scale Deep Learning Experiments [J]. 2012, http://deeplearning.net/tag/google-brain/.
+
+# Implementation of Eigen Image Decomposition Based on Convolutional Neural Network
+
+**SUN Xing JIN Xin ZHANG Xiaokun LI Xiaodong YE Chaochen**
+
+Beijing Electronic Science & Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, China
+
+**Abstract:** Convolution neural network （ CNN ） is the best neural network for image feature extraction in depth learning. The massive data brought by the big data era also brings more abundant image data to the convolutional neural network and makes the obtained feature information more accurate. Based on convolutional neural network and computer vision and related theories, this paper uses depth learning and relies on massive image data sets to present and implement an intrinsic image decomposition method based on convolutional neural network. The paper analyzes the intrinsic image decomposition using depth learning. Using multi-scale convolution neural network, the decomposition of the original image to the original image is realized.
+
+**Keywords:** convolution neural network; intrinsic image decomposition; deep learning
+
+**(责任编辑:鞠 磊)**
+
+
+
+(上接第 65 页)
+
+# Design and Implementation of Online Photography Competition Platform Based on Crowdsourcing
+
+**SUN Nan JIN Xin ZHANG Xiaokun LI Xiaodong JIANG Xianggang WU Jun**
+
+Beijing Electronic Science & Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, China
+
+**Abstract:** Due to the popularity of computers and multimedia devices, webcam photo resources have become an important part of life. However, at this stage photography website is the stage of develop・ ment, there are still many deficiencies. Through the research on the domestic and international photo contest platform, this project is devoted to the platform of non-commercialization, common people and representing the Chinese aesthetic criterion. The project design and implementation of the project based on PHP crowdsourcing photography competition platform draws on the methods of crowdsourcing psy chology and involves the development and design of back-end database and front interface to provide us・ ers with the ability to browse photography pictures, upload photographic pictures, and self-rate. Photo Contest platform using Dreamweaver front design, background database using MySQL. This platform can achieve the functions of user login, registration, photo uploading, photo searching, and photo ratings.
+
+**Keywords:** photography; PHP; photo contest platform
+
+**(责任编辑:王曼珠)**
\ No newline at end of file
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+# 新课标下小学与初中数学教学的衔接策略 ——以“三角形的内角和”为例
+
+甘创
+
+广西壮族自治区南宁市天桃实验学校(东葛校区) 广西南宁 530000
+
+**摘要：** 数学教学的意义深远而多元, 不仅关乎知识传授, 更涉及思维培养、社会进步以及个体发展.通过调查研究发现, 小学与初中数学教学存在教学内容缺乏系统性、教学方法缺乏多样性、数学思维缺乏引导性等问题.本文结合相关理论, 提出了梳理内容, 系统建构; 教法多样, 提升兴趣; 启发思维, 增强素养等衔接策略.
+
+**关键词：** 新课标；小初衔接策略；课例研究
+
+《义务教育数学课程标准( 2022年版)》( 以下简称“新课标”) 指出, 教育教学质量的提升需要遵循学生身体和心理的成长规律, 增强一体化设置, 促进学段衔接, 提升课程科学性和系统性.[1] 学生学习数学知识缺乏系统化, 学习兴趣低迷, 数学思维能力的发展受限等现象, 主要是因为小学数学与初中数学的教学知识点、教学方式、教学目标、学习方式等方面差异显著. 因此, 教师需要在新课标理念指导下, 采取系统建构; 教法多样, 提升兴趣; 启发思维, 增强素养等策略促进小学与初中数学教学的有效衔接.
+
+## 1 小学与初中数学教学的衔接现状
+
+新课标提出了学科核心素养的概念, 核心素养具有知识系统性、方法一致性和思维阶段性 , 在不同的阶段拥有不同的表现. 小学阶段重点在于对生活经验的感悟, 初中阶段则在于对概念形成和同化的理解, 唯有做好这两者的衔接, 才能更好地促进核心素养的培养. 通过调查研究发现, 小学与初中数学教学存在严重脱节, 主要原因是教学内容缺乏系统性、教 学方法缺乏多样性、数 学思维缺乏引导性.
+
+### 1.1 教学内容缺乏系统性
+
+基于学生的认知发展规律和心理年龄特征, 新课标强调内容的发生、形成、发展呈现“螺旋式”上升. 然而, 调查结果显示, 教师普遍对新课标的内容教学提示缺乏重视.部分教师仅关注自己所教学段内的知识体系, 忽视其他学段的知识体系; 部分教师备课时仅仅准备课程的重难点, 缺乏对知识点的系统梳理和整体把握.特别是缺乏对小学与初中知识点间的联系与区别的梳理.例如, 在教学人教版《义务教育教科书数学八年级上册》“三角形的内角和”时 , 部分教师仅仅关注如何证明三角形内角和, 忽略了对小学时学习的三角形的基本要素的复习和由折纸法观察得到的简单内角和结论, 以及由三角形引申到四边形、五边形, 甚至多边形的内角和这一整个系统的梳理. 因此, 学生对小学与初中数学知识的衔接产生了一定的困惑, 逐渐降低学好数学的自信心, 导致学习的内容零碎化, 对数学内容的本质理解不深.
+
+### 1.2 教学方法缺乏多样性
+
+小学数学教学呈现“低密度—高互动”特征 , 由于知识容量有限且课时充裕, 教师普遍采用情境浸润式教学, 通过叙事化设计和游戏化活动构建高参与度课堂.然而, 这种模式可能导致学习深度不足, 表现为个人独立深入思考时间占比偏低. 相比之下, 初中数学教学呈现“高密度—高效率”特征 , 面对激增的抽象概念和压缩的课时安排, 教师多采用线性递进式教学, 依赖旧知激活与演绎推理, 虽能确保知识系统性, 但易造成课堂单调性和兴趣衰减.
+
+### 1.3 数学思维缺乏引导性
+
+数学作为思维发展的核心载体, 其教学必须遵循从具体运算到形式运算的渐进过渡.当前初中数学教学存在显著的认知断层问题. 教师未能有效构建 “具象—表象—抽象”的思维阶梯 , 直接跨越至形式化演绎, 导致学生的认知结构出现适应性困难.以“三角形的内角和”教学为例 , 忽视小学阶段积累的直观经验而直接进行公理化证明, 违背了布鲁纳提出的 “螺旋式课程”原则 , 最终影响学生数学抽象能力的阶梯式发展.
+
+## 2 小学与初中数学教学的衔接策略
+
+新课标指出, 课程目标应以学生发展为根本, 以核心素养为指导方向, 进一步强调使学生获取数学的基础知识、基本技能、基本思想和基本活动经验( 简称“四基”) , 形成和发展运用数学知识与方法发现、提出、分析和解决问题的能力 ( 简称“四能”) , 使学生能在个人认知领域形成正确的情感、态度和价值观.[2]核心素养与“四基”“四能”共同构成了数学教育的三维目标体系, 具有内在的系统关联性. 要实现知识的结构化统整、方法的连贯性发展以及思维的阶梯式进阶, 必须构建科学的小初衔接机制. 这要求教师在课程实施中, 既要把握各学段目标的整体性, 又要关注能力发展的连续性, 通过精心设计的过渡课程实现认知方式的平稳转化.
+
+针对当前小初数学教学衔接出现的问题, 笔者结合相关理论提出了相应衔接策略, 并以人教版《义务教育教科书数学四年级下册》“三角形”与人教版《义务教育教科书数学八年级上册》“三角形的内角和”为例 , 进行详细阐释.
+
+### 2.1 梳理内容,系统建构
+
+建构主义学习理论强调, 学习的过程主要是学习者积极主动对知识点进行有意义建构的过程.“有意义”的建构指通过发现新旧知识之间的联系 , 挖掘数学知识的本质和背后隐含的规律, 构成新的知识系统, 以此形成更完整的知识系统. 学生在了解完整的知识系统、厘清知识之间的联系与区别后 , 能更好地由小学知识过渡到初中知识, 更了解数学知识点的来源、形成和发展. 例如, 初中数学教师在教学“三角形的内角和”时 , 应先引导学生厘清小学时学习的三角形的相关内容网络系统, 从而为有效衔接到初中知识作铺垫. 三角形知识网络系统结构图如图1所示.
+
+
+
+**图1 三角形知识网络系统结构图**
+
+通过教材纵向分析可知, 三角形内角和定理的教学呈现典型的螺旋式发展轨迹.小学阶段采用具象化操作———通过剪拼实验将三个内角转化为平角, 依托学生的直观认知建立初步猜想.初中阶段则在此基础上进行思维升级, 将物理拼接转化为几何构造, 通过平行线性质实现形式化验证.这种教学设计完美诠释了布鲁纳螺旋式课程理论,实现了从动作表征到符号表征的渐进过渡.
+
+### 2.2 教法多样,提升兴趣
+
+教学方法受教师个人性格、人格魅力、知 识宽度、知识深度、知识广度 , 以及学生情况、客观环境等因素的影响, 因而存在众多教学方法, 其最终的目的是让学生启智明理, 提升兴趣, 因此“教 无定法, 贵在得法”. 新课标倡导教师使用多元化教学方式, 侧重于启发学生, 让学生进行独立探究, 让所有学生都尽可能参与, 让学生之间增加互动. 小学数学教学普遍通过设置情境化活动, 而初中数学教学通常设置探究性活动. 如何让学生从“情境化”转向“探究性”, 直接影响小初衔接效果. 以初中“三角形的内角和”为例 , 部分教师采用回顾旧知法, 即回忆小学时的度量法、剪 拼法、折 叠法, 再提出问题 “如果三角形的形状有所变动 , 原结论是否成立”, 使得学生的思维跟已有的知识认知产生矛盾, 从而深刻体会到逻辑证明三角形内角和的必要性. 这种方法思维较严谨, 但缺乏趣味性, 因此教师应采取更有效的教学方法进行内容衔接.
+
+#### 2.2.1 信息技术融合
+
+教师可以利用诸如几何画板等信息技术工具测量三角形内角之和, 接着通过把三角形的任意一边进行拉长或者缩短的操作, 让学生直观地看到无论三角形的大小或形状如何变化, 三角形内角和都不变.教师也可以利用几何画板对三角形进行折叠, 启发学生证明三角形内角和可以通过把三个内角转化成一个平角进行证明, 进而再进行教材上的逻辑证明.通过这种方式吸引学生注意力, 激发学生兴趣, 提高学生内驱力.
+
+#### 2.2.2 融入数学史
+
+数学史可以使学习者深切体会到数学历史的悠久和国家浓厚的数学文化底蕴,从而增强文化自信,提升个人自豪感.德国数学家提波特(Thiba ut) 通过旋转的方式验证了三角形内角和定理.该方法的教学以旋转为主线, 让学生经历从“绕着三角形的三个顶点旋转”到“绕着三角形的同一个顶点旋转”, 再到“绕着三角形任意一边的任意一个点旋转”,最后到“绕着三角形平面内任意一点旋转”的过程, 依次简单地再现毕达哥拉斯、欧几里得、普罗克鲁斯等数学家的方法,以重构、复制和顺应等方式融入数学史.[3]学生在了解了数学史后,能够深刻体会到三角形内角和的产生、形成和发展过程.这为学生的创造性思维发展奠定基础.
+
+#### 2.2.3 问题驱动思维
+
+在学生已经知道在三角形的三个顶点处添加辅助线都是为了构造与对边平行的本质后,可以提问学生“一定要过顶点才可以添加辅助线吗？能不能在三角形的任何一条边上的任意一点处添加辅助线呢”.在学生完成探究后,再提问“能不能在三角形的内部任何一点作辅助线呢? 三角形外部任意的点可以吗”.经过学生和教师的共同探究,可以得到,无论点在哪里,都可以构造三角形一边的平行线,接着根据平行线的相关性质以及平角的概念证明三角形内角和定理.整个过程中提出的问题由浅到深, 由易到难,凸显了思维的进阶性和发散性,激发了学生探索未知领域的兴趣.
+
+### 2.3 启发思维，增强素养
+
+数学学科能够较好地培养学生的逻辑推理、发散思维.小学教学注重形象化和动手操作的经验感知, 初中教学注重抽象化和逻辑推理的严谨证明. 随着学生年龄的增长, 初中教学应该逐渐由形象化过渡到抽象化, 由浅到深地启发学生思维、锻炼学生思维、发展学生思维. 如何启发学生思维呢？通过读懂学生、读懂数学 , 创设合适的思维情境, 寻找和利用思维的“关节点”, 加强思维策略指导, 揭示事物间的彼此关系, 优化解题教学, 强化思维训练等策略可以达到启发思维的目的. 以初中“三角形的内角和”为例, 学生小学时已经有测量、剪拼、折叠等实践操作经验.因此, 本节课可以让学生顺着该思路研究, 适时提问“若用度量法 , 会产生误差吗? 假设把误差因素消除, 你能测量任意一个三角形的内角和吗”, 让学生明白证明的必要性.接着与学生共同探究如何添加辅助线, 进而利用平行线性质和平角知识进行逻辑证明.
+
+在完成三角形的内角和的证明后, 教师提出问题“四边形的内角和是多少? 能否类比探究三角形内角和方法去探究四边形内角和呢”, 启发学生将四边形分解成两个三角形, 由此得到两个三角形内角和相加即可求出四边形的内角和; 然后, 再次提出问题“五边形内角和呢? 多边形的内角和呢”.当学生了解如何证明三角形内角和、四边形内角和后 , 会联想到把多边形分解成多个三角形, 因此上述关键点是探讨多边形和三角形的数量关系. 最后, 抛出新问题 “多边形的外角和怎么求”, 让学生课后去思考, 为后面的教学奠定基础. 整个教学过程层层递进, 让学生的思维由形象过渡到抽象, 符合学生认知规律, 提升学生的逻辑推理和发散性思维, 使学生感受由特殊到一般的思想方法, 促进核心素养的培养.
+
+## 3 结语
+
+在新课标理念的指导下, 教师应通过细心观察发现小学与初中数学教学存在的衔接问题, 改进小学与初中数学教学衔接的策略, 让学生在内容理解、教学方法、学习方式、思想方法、思维方式等方面存在合理的衔接过程, 进而有效完成“四基”“四能”的目标, 落实学生的核心素养的要求, 完成立德树人的根本任务, 为培养国家的现代化优秀人才奠定坚实基础.
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1][2]中华人民共和国教育部.义务教育数学课程标准(2022年版)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2022.
+[3]廖飞,王进敬.HPM视角下的“三角形的内角和”教学[J].黑龙江教育(理论与实践),2016(5):88-90.
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+# 广东省知识产权保护和运用“十四五”规划
+
+**2021 年 12 月**
+
+## 目 录
+
+**第一章 “十三五冶 时期工作成效和 “十四五冶 时期发展形势... 1**
+
+第一节 “十三五冶 时期工作成效 ... 1
+
+第二节 “十四五冶 时期发展形势 ... 6
+
+**第二章 总体要求... 7**
+
+第一节 指导思想... 8
+
+第二节 基本原则... 8
+
+第三节 主要目标... 9
+
+**第三章 全面加强知识产权保护 激发全社会创新活力 …… 12**
+
+第一节 加强知识产权制度建设 ... 13
+
+第二节 加强知识产权司法保护 ... 14
+
+第三节 加强知识产权行政保护 ... 15
+
+第四节 加强知识产权协同保护 ... 18
+
+第五节 加强海外知识产权保护 ... 20
+
+**第四章 促进知识产权高质量创造 支撑创新驱动发展 …… 21**
+
+第一节 突出知识产权高质量创造导向 ... 22
+
+第二节 加强高价值知识产权创造和储备 ... 23
+
+第三节 推动知识产权与标准深度融合 ... 25
+
+**第五章 强化知识产权高效益运用 赋能实体经济发展 …… 26**
+
+第一节 完善知识产权转移转化运用机制 ... 26
+
+第二节 提升知识产权转移转化运用效益 ... 28
+
+第三节 推动知识产权融入产业创新发展 ... 30
+
+**第六章 构建便民利民知识产权服务体系 促进创新成果更好惠及人民 ... 32**
+
+第一节 优化知识产权公共服务体系 ... 32
+
+第二节 促进知识产权服务业高水平发展 ... 34
+
+第三节 加强知识产权人才队伍建设 ... 35
+
+第四节 加强知识产权人文社会环境建设 ... 37
+
+**第七章 统筹知识产权区域布局和国际合作 助力打造新发展格局战略支点 ... 39**
+
+第一节 强化粤港澳大湾区知识产权保护和运用合作 …… 39
+
+第二节 强化 “两个合作区” 和 “双城联动” 引领区域协调发展 ...40
+
+第三节 统筹推进知识产权领域国际合作 ... 43
+
+**第八章 保障措施 ... 44**
+
+第一节 加强组织领导 ... 45
+
+第二节 加强经费保障 ... 45
+
+第三节 加强监测评估 ... 46
+
+为贯彻落实党中央、国务院关于知识产权工作的决策部署，全面加强知识产权保护，高效促进知识产权运用，激发全社会创新活力，推动构建新发展格局，根据《知识产权强国建设纲要（2021—2035年）》《“十四五”国家知识产权保护和运用规划》以及《广东省国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》，编制本规划。
+
+## 第一章 “十三五”时期工作成效和“十四五”时期发展形势
+
+“十三五”时期，我省知识产权事业发展取得了巨大成效，为服务全省经济社会发展作出了积极贡献。“十四五”时期，知识产权工作面临新机遇新挑战。
+
+### 第一节 “十三五”时期工作成效
+
+“十三五”时期，广东知识产权工作确定的主要目标基本完成，知识产权事业实现了大发展、大跨越、大提升，知识产权综合发展指数和保护发展指数均连续九年位列全国首位，在国家首次对地方开展的知识产权保护检查考核中获得“优秀”等级，为“十四五”时期广东深化知识产权强省建设奠定了坚实基础。
+
+**知识产权管理体制更加健全。** 组建省市场监管局，保留省知识产权局牌子，实现专利、商标、地理标志、集成电路布图设计、商业秘密的集中统一管理。专利、商标等执法纳入市场监管综合行政执法，知识产权与质量管理、标准化、反不正当竞争、食品药品监管等工作的协调性明显增强。在全国率先启动引领型知识产权强省建设，高规格建立省知识产权战略实施工作联席会议制度，与国家知识产权局深入实施第三轮知识产权合作会商。组建广东省知识产权保护中心、深圳知识产权法庭、广州互联网法院、广州商标审查协作中心。中新广州知识城获国务院批准开展知识产权运用和保护综合改革试验，形成一批改革创新经验。
+
+**知识产权政策法规日益完善。** 制定关于强化知识产权保护的若干措施，加强知识产权全链条保护。修订省自主创新促进条例、省促进科技成果转化条例、深圳经济特区知识产权保护条例，优化专利奖励机制，制定促进中小企业知识产权保护和利用的措施，强化知识产权质量导向。完善举报侵权假冒违法行为奖励办法，出台加强版权、商业秘密保护新举措。制定加强知识产权司法保护的意见，在全国率先发布审理标准必要专利纠纷、网络游戏知识产权纠纷案件的审判指引，推动知识产权侵权惩罚性赔偿制度落实。
+
+**知识产权保护效能大幅提升。** 组建6家国家级知识产权保护中心、7家国家级知识产权快速维权中心及一批维权援助机构，维权援助服务网络覆盖全省。培育35家知识产权纠纷人民调解组织，成立2家国家海外知识产权纠纷应对指导中心地方分中心。建立大型展会、专业市场、电商平台等重点领域的知识产权纠纷处理机制，中山灯饰专业市场快速维权模式、广交会知识产权保护、知识产权公证服务平台建设等一批改革经验在全国推广。组织“铁拳”“剑网”“蓝剑”“龙腾”“清风”等各类知识产权保护专项行动，持续形成打击侵权假冒高压态势。“十三五”时期，全省行政部门查处各类专利、商标案件4.8万件，连续三年在国家知识产权局行政保护工作绩效考核中获全国第一。全省法院审结知识产权民事案件47.7万件、刑事案件1.2万件，妥善审理了一系列在全国有重大影响的知识产权案件。判赔数额大幅增加、审理周期大幅缩短。
+
+**知识产权创造质量稳步提高。** 围绕省重点产业集群实施一批专利导航项目，建成233个高价值专利培育布局中心，大力提升知识产权质量，助力破解“卡脖子”问题。全省发明专利有效量、有效注册商标量分别达到35.1万件和543.0万件，较2015年末分别增长152.4%和227.2%，PCT国际专利申请量累计达20.7万件，约占全国总量一半，每万人口发明专利拥有量达27.8件①，比全国平均水平高12.0件，软件作品著作权登记量累计达108万件，超额完成“十三五”指标。“十三五”期间，获中国专利奖845项，其中金奖31项，数量均为全国第一。获中国版权金奖4项。累计注册地理标志商标85件、获批地理标志产品155个。
+
+**知识产权转化运用成果丰硕。** 深入实施知识产权促进运用工程，支持3个重点城市开展知识产权运营服务体系建设，布局建设4个国家级知识产权运营交易平台。1.6万家企业通过知识产权贯标认证，培育国家知识产权优势示范企业870家。“十三五”时期，知识产权质押登记融资总额907.6亿元。发行16支知识产权证券化产品，发行规模逾26亿元，均位居全国首位。凤凰单丛、吴川月饼、英德红茶、大埔蜜柚等4个地理标志产品入选首批中欧互认互保地理标志名录，建成2个国家地理标志产品保护示范区。新增全国版权示范城市1个，建成全国首家“国家版权创新发展基地”，版权产业对国民经济的贡献率超过8.7%。
+
+
+
+① 每万人口发明专利拥有量按第 7 次全国人口普查数据计算， 下同。
+
+**知识产权交流合作持续深化。** 加强与世界知识产权组织（WIPO）以及欧美日韩、东盟、非洲等国家和地区知识产权交流合作，成功举办中非、中日、中韩、“一带一路”国际研讨交流等活动，建设6家在华技术与创新支持中心。深化粤港澳大湾区知识产权合作，开展粤港、粤澳知识产权合作项目共282项，联合港澳举办知识产权交易博览会、高价值专利培育大赛。
+
+**知识产权事业基础不断夯实。** 连续举办世界知识产权日、中国专利周等活动，发布知识产权保护状况、重大事件及司法保护典型案例，持续营造良好知识产权舆论环境。知识产权服务机构超1万家，就业人数超10万人。国家知识产权培训基地达到5家，5所高校设立知识产权学院。知识产权专业职称评审工作全面推进，知识产权人才队伍建设成效突出。
+
+特别是2020年，面对突如其来的新冠肺炎疫情，全省知识产权部门坚决贯彻党中央、国务院决策部署及省委、省政府、市场监管总局、国家知识产权局部署要求，闻令而动、主动作为，推动知识产权服务全省工作大局取得显著成效。深化知识产权“放管服”改革，开通专利申请绿色通道，业务办理实现“不见面”“零跑动”；出台知识产权质押融资便利化措施，发行疫情防控知识产权证券化产品，助力企业复工复产；依法严厉打击疫情防控相关商标恶意注册申请行为，坚决净化市场，维护公共利益；开展疫情防控相关行业专利导航，开通防疫专利信息平台，助力疫情防控科研攻关；出台企业帮扶政策，扎实做好“六稳”工作，落实“六保”任务，护航经济稳中求进。
+
+**广东省“十三五”时期知识产权主要指标完成情况**
+
+| 序号 | 分类 | 指标 | 单位 | 目标值 | 完成值 |
|---|
| 1 | 知识产权创造 | 发明专利有效量 | 万件 | 20 | 35.1 | | 2 | 每万人发明专利拥有量 | 件 | 19 | 27.8 | | 3 | PCT申请量年均增长率 | % | 10 | 13.1 | | 4 | 每万人口作品著作权和计算机软件著作权拥有量 | 件 | 36 | 103 | | 5 | 有效注册商标量 | 万件 | 210 | 543.0 | | 6 | 马德里商标累计有效注册量 | 件 | 6000 | 8862 | | 7 | 年均林业植物新品种申请量 | 件 | 15 | 29 | | 8 | 农业植物新品种权申请量 | 件 | 80 | 945 | | 9 | 农业植物新品种权授权量 | 件 | 25 | 397 | | 10 | 农产品地理标志登记 | 个 | 100 | 54 | | 11 | 地理标志商标 | 件 | 50 | 85 | | 12 | 知识产权运用 | 建设知识产权运营交易服务机构 | 家 | 20 | 57 | | 13 | 知识产权质押融资年度金额 | 亿元 | 100 | 181.5 | | 14 | 建设专利密集型产业集聚区 | 个 | 10 | 11 | | 15 | 建设商标密集型产业集聚区 | 个 | 10 | 11 | | 16 | 版权产业对国民经济的贡献率 | % | ≥9 | 8.7 | | 17 | 知识产权保护 | 知识产权保护社会满意度 | 分 | ≥80 | 75.07 | | 18 | 知识产权服务 | 知识产权服务业营业收入年均增长率 | % | 20 | 21.1 |
+
+### 第二节 “十四五”时期发展形势
+
+“十四五”时期，在世纪疫情冲击下，百年变局加速演进，外部环境更趋复杂严峻和不确定，新技术、新经济、新形势对知识产权制度变革提出重大挑战，知识产权事业发展面临新情况新要求，机遇与挑战并存，我们要赢得优势、赢得主动、赢得未来，必须增强机遇意识和风险意识，在危机中育先机、于变局中开新局。
+
+**一是**世界正经历百年未有之大变局，新一轮科技革命和产业变革深入发展，国际力量对比深刻调整，国际环境日趋复杂，不稳定性不确定性明显增加，新冠肺炎疫情影响广泛深远。我国正处于实现中华民族伟大复兴的关键时期，经济已由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段，创新驱动发展战略深入实施，现代产业体系建设加快推进，高水平对外开放不断深化，对知识产权工作提出新的更高要求。**二是**我国正在从知识产权引进大国向知识产权创造大国转变，知识产权工作正在从追求数量向提高质量转变。创新是引领发展的第一动力，保护知识产权就是保护创新。知识产权保护工作关系国家治理体系和治理能力现代化，关系高质量发展，关系人民生活幸福，关系国家对外开放大局，关系国家安全。党中央、国务院把知识产权保护工作摆在了更加突出的位置。**三是**对标广东在全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程中走在全国前列、创造新的辉煌总定位总目标，国内兄弟省份持续优化知识产权发展环境，“比、学、赶、超”势头强劲，我省知识产权工作走在全国前列面临的压力和难度增大。全省知识产权自身发展还存在一些问题和短板，主要表现为：关键核心技术领域高质量知识产权创造和储备不足，知识产权侵权易发多发和侵权易、维权难的现象仍然存在，知识产权市场化运营机制尚未有效建立，知识产权转移转化成效有待提高，知识产权服务供给不够充分便利，海外知识产权纠纷应对能力不足，公平竞争的文化理念尚未完全形成，知识产权制度促进经济社会高质量发展的作用需要进一步发挥等。“十四五”时期，做好知识产权工作要统筹国内国际两个大局，准确识变、科学应变、主动求变，在有效应对危机中抓住新机、开拓新局，加快推进知识产权改革发展，充分发挥知识产权制度在推动构建新发展格局中的重要作用，为全面建设社会主义现代化国家提供有力支撑。
+
+## 第二章 总体要求
+
+“十四五”时期，要深刻把握开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程的目标要求，围绕习近平总书记赋予广东的总定位总目标，全面推进知识产权事业高质量发展。
+
+### 第一节 指导思想
+
+坚持以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，全面贯彻党的十九大和十九届历次全会精神，深入贯彻习近平总书记对广东系列重要讲话和重要指示批示精神，贯彻落实省委十二届历次全会部署，坚持稳中求进工作总基调，立足新发展阶段，完整、准确、全面贯彻新发展理念，构建新发展格局，抓住“双区”建设和“两个合作区”开发开放重大历史机遇，坚持以推动高质量发展为主题，以全面加强知识产权保护为主线，以建设知识产权强国先行示范省、打造国际一流的知识产权保护和运用核心区为目标，以改革创新为根本动力，深化知识产权工作体制机制改革，全面提升知识产权创造、运用、保护、管理和服务水平，促进建设现代化经济体系，激发全社会创新活力，筑牢知识产权强国建设根基，为广东在全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程中走在全国前列、创造新的辉煌作出应有贡献。
+
+### 第二节 基本原则
+
+**坚持党的领导。** 全面贯彻党中央、国务院决策部署，落实知识产权保护属地责任，将知识产权工作纳入各级党委和政府重要议事日程。健全知识产权工作协调机制，建立统一领导、部门协同、上下联动、区域协作、社会共治的工作体系，提升知识产权领域系统治理效能。
+
+**坚持市场导向。** 深化知识产权领域改革，构建更加完善的要素市场化配置体制机制，让市场在创新和知识产权资源配置中起决定性作用和更好发挥政府作用，促进知识产权高质量创造、高效益运用、高标准保护、高水平服务，更好服务现代化经济体系建设。
+
+**坚持严格保护。** 加强知识产权全链条保护，构建严保护、大保护、快保护、同保护工作格局，全面提升保护能力。完善执法力量，加大执法力度，显著提高违法成本，充分发挥法律威慑作用，严格依法保护知识产权，着力营造公平竞争的市场环境。
+
+**坚持知产融合。** 突出知识产权高质量发展导向，加强关键领域自主知识产权创造和储备。坚持“以用为本”，促进知识产权融入产业创新发展，发挥知识产权在科技推动、产业支撑和商贸融合中的重要作用。
+
+**坚持开放合作。** 以更加开放包容、互惠共享的思维和举措推进知识产权交流合作，倡导知识共享，更好地运用知识产权促进国际贸易、国际投资，统筹推进知识产权领域国际合作和竞争，维护知识产权领域国家安全。
+
+### 第三节 主要目标
+
+展望2035年，我省知识产权综合竞争力成为我国跻身世界前列的领跑者，知识产权制度系统更加完备，知识产权储备和市场价值大幅增长，知识产权支撑战略性产业集群高质量发展更加显著，全社会知识产权文化自觉基本形成，率先建成知识产权强国先行示范省，建成国际一流的知识产权保护和运用核心区。
+
+锚定2035年全省知识产权发展目标，综合研判未来五年发展趋势、发展条件和知识产权制度变革使命任务，到2025年，全省知识产权事业实现如下主要目标：
+
+**——知识产权保护水平显著提升。** 知识产权保护体系更加健全，知识产权全链条保护优势有效发挥，基层知识产权保护能力明显增强，知识产权保护法治化水平不断提高。知识产权侵权惩罚性赔偿制度有效实施，侵权易发多发现象得到有效遏制，维权难赔偿低局面明显改观。知识产权维权援助体系逐步健全，海外知识产权维权能力进一步提升。
+
+**——知识产权创造质量全面提高。** 以企业为主体、市场为导向的知识产权高质量创造机制逐步完善，知识产权与技术创新、标准化、产业化深度融合，关键核心技术领域核心专利布局实现重点突破，知识产权“卡脖子”问题明显缓解。
+
+**——知识产权运用效益持续增强。** 知识产权转移转化机制更加完善，知识产权流转更加顺畅，知识产权转化效益显著提高，知识产权市场价值进一步凸显，知识产权密集型产业增加值和版权产业增加值占地区生产总值比重持续上升，品牌竞争力大幅提升。
+
+**—知识产权服务更加优化。** 知识产权公共服务体系进一步完善，供给全面加强、资源充分整合、网络更加完善、领域更加拓展。知识产权代理质量不断提升，服务业规模和水平更好满足高质量发展需求，基本建成专业化、高端化、国际化的知识产权服务体系。
+
+**——知识产权人文环境更有活力。** 尊重知识、崇尚创新、诚信守法、公平竞争的知识产权文化理念深入人心，知识产权文化传播形式多样、融合发展，知识产权人才发展环境更加开放、更加积极。
+
+**——知识产权区域和国际合作更加深入。** 粤港澳知识产权合作持续深化，粤港澳大湾区知识产权国际合作中心建设稳步推进，湾区区位和资源优势充分发挥。知识产权国际合作交流稳步推进，我省在知识产权全球治理领域的影响力和塑造力有效提升。
+
+**——知识产权创造、保护和运用生态系统基本形成。** 知识产权与产业、科技、金融、区域发展更加融合，知识产权助力打造新发展格局战略支点作用更加突出，建设知识产权强国先行示范省取得明显成效，为打造国际一流知识产权保护和运用核心区奠定坚实的基础。
+
+**广东省 “十四五” 知识产权发展主要指标表**
+
+| 序号 | 类别 | 主要指标 | 单位 | 基期值 | 规划值 | 属性 |
|---|
| 2020年 | 2025年 |
|---|
| 1 | 高质量创造 | 每万人口高价值发明专利拥有量 | 件 | 13.5 | 20 | 预期性 | | 2 | 海外发明专利授权量 | 万件 | — | (8) | 预期性 | | 3 | 商标品牌发展指数 | 分 | 87.95 | 90 | 预期性 | | 4 | 高效益运用 | 知识产权质押融资登记金额、项目数 | 亿元、项 | (907.6)、(3765) | (2500)、(5000) | 预期性 | | 5 | 知识产权使用费年进出口总额 | 亿元 | — | 1100 | 预期性 | | 6 | 专利密集型产业增加值占地区生产总值比重 | % | — | ≥19 | 预期性 | | 7 | 版权产业增加值占地区生产总值比重 | % | 8.7 | 9.2 | 预期性 | | 8 | 地理标志产品交易额 | 亿元 | (752.5) | (1510) | 预期性 | | 9 | 高标准保护 | 知识产权维权援助和调解办案量 | 件/年 | — | ≥3000 | 预期性 | | 10 | 知识产权民事一审案件服判息诉率 | % | — | ≥85 | 预期性 | | 11 | 知识产权保护社会满意度 | 分 | 80 | ≥83 | 预期性 | | 12 | 高水平服务 | 知识产权信息公共服务网站访问量 | 万人次/年 | — | 50 | 预期性 | | 13 | 知识产权信息公共服务节点、网点数量 | 家 | — | 40 | 预期性 | | 14 | 广东发明专利申请代理授权率 | % | 56.5 | 60 | 预期性 |
+
+注：1. “每万人口高价值发明专利拥有量”是指每万人口本省居民拥有的经国家知识产权局授权的符合下列任一条件的有效发明专利数量：一是战略性新兴产业的发明专利；二是在海外有同族专利权的发明专利；三是维持年限超过10年的发明专利；四是实现较高质押融资金额的发明专利；五是获得国家科学技术奖、中国专利奖的发明专利。
+
+2. 商标品牌发展指数参考中华商标协会发布的中国商标品牌发展指数。
+
+3. 知识产权信息公共服务网站包括：一是指全省各级知识产权行政部门官方网站；二是全省被认定为知识产权信息公共服务节点网点机构所运维的网站。
+
+4. （）内为规划期间新增数。
+
+## 第三章 全面加强知识产权保护 激发全社会创新活力
+
+树立知识产权严保护政策导向，构建知识产权大保护工作格局，突破知识产权快保护关键环节，打造知识产权同保护优越环境，加强企业知识产权海外保护，夯实高标准市场体系制度基础，优化尊重知识产权的营商环境。
+
+### 第一节 加强知识产权制度建设
+
+加强知识产权制度供给，优化知识产权政策法规体系和协调机制，提高知识产权保护工作法治化水平。
+
+**健全知识产权法规体系。** 严格执行民法典等相关法律法规，大力健全知识产权地方性法规规章。推进知识产权保护综合性地方立法，修改完善专利、反不正当竞争等领域地方性法规和规章。推进版权、工艺美术、中医药、地理标志等领域的地方性立法。支持深圳开展数据领域地方性立法。
+
+**完善知识产权政策体系。** 深入落实中央关于强化知识产权保护的意见及各项政策措施。研究加强大数据、人工智能、5G产业等新领域新业态知识产权保护措施。研究加强数据领域知识产权保护措施。研究制定软件开源的知识产权保护和合规指引。制定电商平台、网络直播、短视频等知识产权保护指引。研究制定岭南传统文化、传统知识、非物质文化遗产、文化文物创意产品等领域保护措施。
+
+**强化知识产权保护协调机制。** 充分发挥省知识产权战略实施工作联席会议制度作用，统筹加强知识产权创造、保护、运用、管理和服务工作。更好发挥省打击侵犯知识产权和制售假冒伪劣商品工作领导小组作用，加强部门协同配合，组织开展重点领域专项整治工作。加强知识产权合作会商，积极争取国家级重点项目落户广东。不断加强知识产权机构建设，提高管理效能。
+
+### 第二节 加强知识产权司法保护
+
+加强知识产权司法保护，积极推动健全公正高效、管辖科学、权界清晰、系统完备的司法保护体制。
+
+**依法严打知识产权犯罪。** 聚焦保护创新和优化营商环境，以侵犯商业秘密、假冒注册商标、跨国境制售假、侵犯重点领域著作权等犯罪为重点，开展打击侵犯知识产权犯罪专项行动。开展打击网络侵权盗版“剑网”行动。坚持日常监管和专项行动相结合，对侵犯知识产权重大案件挂牌督办、提前介入，依法快捕快诉，形成打击侵犯知识产权犯罪高压态势。强化打击知识产权犯罪制度建设，探索完善数据化打假情报导侦工作机制。
+
+
+
+
+ | 专栏1 打击知识产权犯罪专项工程 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 组织开展打击侵犯知识产权犯罪“蓝剑”行动，全面深入摸排研判，开展集群大案攻坚，加强部门协作联动，强化追逃追赃工作，侦破一批情节严重、影响恶劣的案件，有效遏制重点行业、重点领域和重点地区知识产权犯罪高发态势。加强执法力量打击涉及本省乃至跨省的知识产权犯罪，与其他区域公安机关进行有效联动。 |
+
+
+
+
+**加强民事司法保护。** 依法合理确定判赔数额，充分发挥惩罚性赔偿制度的威慑作用。依法合理分配举证责任，积极适用证据披露令和律师调查令制度，依法认定举证妨碍，减轻权利人维权负担。建立健全明显滥诉的惩罚措施，更好地规制权利滥用。加强适用保全措施，及时有效制止侵权行为。加强商业秘密保护，保障企业公平竞争。完善诉调对接机制，健全知识产权纠纷调解协议司法确认机制。发布知识产权典型案例、白皮书、审判指引。
+
+**推进司法改革创新。** 深入推进知识产权民事、刑事、行政案件“三合一”审判机制改革，推动知识产权刑事检察、民事检察、行政检察、公益诉讼检察“四检合一”机制改革，促进法律适用和审判标准统一。完善技术类知识产权审判工作。健全知识产权案件分流机制，推动案件“繁简分流”改革，实现简案快审、繁案精审。深化外观设计专利侵权案件速裁制度改革。健全案件异地执行机制。加强大数据、人工智能等新领域新业态知识产权保护。积极探索帮助企业开展知识产权合规建设，提升企业依法经营、知识产权自我保护和持续创新能力。
+
+### 第三节 加强知识产权行政保护
+
+持续加大知识产权行政保护力度，健全便捷高效、严格公正、公开透明的行政保护体系。
+
+**强化知识产权行政执法和行政裁决。** 依法规范行使调查权、处罚权和强制权。开展知识产权行政执法专项行动，对群众反映强烈、社会舆论关注、侵权假冒多发的重点领域和区域，重拳出击、整治到底、震慑到位。依法严厉打击专利、商标、著作权、地理标志、植物新品种等各类侵权假冒行为。加强奥林匹克标志、官方标志和特殊标志保护。强化海关知识产权保护，依法严厉打击跨境侵权行为。深入开展知识产权侵权纠纷行政裁决示范建设，全面加强专利侵权纠纷行政裁决工作。
+
+**完善知识产权快保护机构建设。** 优化和加强知识产权保护中心布局，推动优势产业聚集区和高新区建设知识产权保护中心和快速维权中心，至2025年，80%以上地市建立知识产权快保护机制。加强知识产权快保护机构能力建设，为产业发展提供集快速审查、快速确权、快速维权于一体的“一站式”综合服务。高标准建设广东省知识产权保护中心，争取设立国家知识产权局商标评审巡回审理庭，开展复审无效案件多模式审理试点，建设知识产权鉴定技术实验室。将广州商标审查协作中心建设成为制度完善、运行规范、审查能力强、审查质量好、服务水平高、具有广东特色的一流商标审查和服务机构。
+
+**强化重点领域知识产权保护。** 指导电商平台、展会、专业市场建立知识产权保护自律机制，对侵权假冒行为采取必要措施快速处理。制定全省展会知识产权保护工作指引，推广广交会知识产权快保护模式，做好知识产权侵权展前排查、展中快速处置、展后跟踪处理。推进电子商务平台知识产权保护管理推荐性国家标准执行，引导平台进行知识产权保护全流程管理。指导各类网站规范管理，完善侵权投诉受理机制。指导专业市场建立知识产权保护机制，培育一批知识产权保护规范化市场。加强中小企业知识产权全链条保护。建立对高价值专利、驰名商标的预警监测制度，加大高价值专利、 驰名商标等知识产权保护力度。
+
+
+
+
+| 专栏2 专业市场和中小企业知识产权保护工程 |
+
+
+
+
+| 指导专业市场建立知识产权保护机制，加强专业市场知识产权保护监管，培育一批知识产权保护规范化市场，贯彻知识产权保护规范化市场管理标准，在相关领域和环节引导构建仲裁、调解等快速处理机制。
+加强中小企业知识产权保护。以侵权多发的中小企业特许加盟等领域为重点，重点核查涉及驰名商标、高价值专利等知识产权的使用行为，严厉打击侵权假冒行为。建立战略性产业集群“专精特新”企业知识产权保护名录，加强重点中小企业知识产权保护工作指导，强化中小企业知识产权保护意识，提升中小企业知识产权管理、维权、风险防范等方面的能力。 |
+
+
+
+
+**加强知识产权领域信用监管。** 依法加强知识产权领域失信信息的采集和报送。建立完善知识产权信息归集与公示制度，将知识产权行政处罚、抽查检查结果等涉企信息依法公示。建立完善市场主体信用档案，依法依规将知识产权领域严重失信市场主体纳入失信惩戒对象名单，严格落实惩戒措施。将知识产权侵权假冒企业纳入市场监管领域“双随机、一公开”重点抽查名单。鼓励失信主体通过主动履行法定义务、消除不良社会影响等方式修复信用。畅通各类社会监督渠道，提高知识产权举报投诉受理和处理能力。
+
+**提高知识产权行政保护效能。** 加强与知识产权相关的反不正当竞争执法，依法严厉查处侵犯商业秘密、仿冒混淆等违法行为，清理“山寨”字号。加强示范引领，培育商业秘密保护基地、示范园区和示范企业，实现商业秘密快速联动保护。建立地理标志立体化保护机制。加强企业名称字号与驰名商标的协同保
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_106.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_106.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9fc06a1f5ee9598a2803a8d84d70a5a2bf8f24d8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_106.md
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+# 广东省能源发展“十四五”规划
+
+**2022 年 3 月**
+
+## 目 录
+
+**第一章 发展环境... 1**
+
+第一节 发展现状... 1
+
+第二节 存在问题... 5
+
+第三节 发展形势... 6
+
+第四节 需求预测... 9
+
+**第二章 总体要求和发展目标 ... 10**
+
+第一节 指导思想 ... 10
+
+第二节 基本原则 ... 11
+
+第三节 发展目标 ... 12
+
+**第三章 着力推动能源绿色低碳转型 ... 15**
+
+第一节 大力发展清洁能源 ... 15
+
+第二节 大力实施节约能源优先战略 ... 18
+
+第三节 推动能源清洁高效利用 ... 19
+
+**第四章 着力增强能源安全供给保障 ... 21**
+
+第一节 完善能源产供储销体系 ... 21
+
+第二节 实施能源民生工程 ... 28
+
+第三节 加强能源安全监管 ... 29
+
+**第五章 着力加快能源科技创新 ... 30**
+
+第一节 增强能源科技创新能力 ... 31
+
+第二节 强化能源科技创新成果应用 ... 33
+
+**第六章 着力推动能源产业集聚发展 ... 34**
+
+第一节 巩固提升优势产业 ... 35
+
+第二节 积极培育新兴产业 ... 36
+
+第三节 增强产业链自主可控能力 ... 37
+
+**第七章 着力提升能源现代化治理水平 ... 38**
+
+第一节 深化能源体制改革 ... 38
+
+第二节 建立健全能源治理体系 ... 40
+
+**第八章 着力加强能源开放合作 ... 40**
+
+第一节 推进粤港澳大湾区能源协同发展 ... 40
+
+第二节 推动西电东送可持续发展 ... 41
+
+第三节 深化国际能源合作 ... 42
+
+**第九章 环境影响评价 ... 42**
+
+第一节 环境影响分析 ... 42
+
+第二节 环境保护措施 ... 43
+
+**第十章 保障措施 ... 44**
+
+第一节 强化规划实施 ... 44
+
+第二节 强化政策支持 ... 45
+
+第三节 强化项目建设 ... 45
+
+第四节 强化统计监测 ... 46
+
+第五节 强化宣传引导 ... 46
+
+“十四五”时期（2021—2025年），是我国在全面建成小康社会基础上，乘势而上开启全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程的第一个五年规划期，是“两个一百年”奋斗目标历史交汇的关键节点，是进入新发展阶段、贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局的关键时期，也是我省全力推进能源高质量发展，稳步实现碳达峰、碳中和目标，构建清洁低碳、安全高效、智能创新的现代能源体系的关键时期。为指导我省“十四五”时期能源发展，编制本规划。
+
+## 第一章 发展环境
+
+### 第一节 发展现状
+
+“十三五”以来，我省积极推进能源领域保供应、调结构、提效率、促改革、惠民生等工作，顺利完成能源发展“十三五”规划的主要目标和任务，能源发展转型升级取得显著成效，基本形成供应安全、结构优化、效率提高、产业升级、体制创新的发展格局。
+
+**——多元化供应体系基本形成。** 全省已基本形成煤炭、石油、天然气、新能源全面发展的多元化能源供应格局，能源供应保障水平进一步提高。截至2020年底，省内电力装机总量达1.42亿千瓦，西电东送最大送电能力达4200万千瓦。建成珠三角双回路内、外环网，延伸至粤东西北的500千伏主网架构。天然气供应能力达到478亿立方米/年，原油加工能力达到7020万吨/年。建成油气管道6376公里，形成通达全省21个地市的天然气主干管网，以及连接主要炼厂和消费市场的成品油运输管网。
+
+**——能源结构显著优化。** 2020年全省能源消费总量达3.45亿吨标准煤，煤炭、石油、天然气、一次电力及其他能源的比重为33.4%、26.2%、9.8%、30.6%，非化石能源消费比重达30%，与2015年相比，煤炭消费比重下降7.3个百分点，天然气消费比重提高3.5个百分点，非化石能源消费比重提高超5个百分点。非化石能源电力装机比重为45.9%，较2015年提高6.4个百分点。
+
+**——节能减排成效显著。**“十三五”能耗强度累计下降14.51%，2020年单位GDP能耗约为全国平均水平的2/3，位于全国前列。煤炭消费得到有效控制，全省煤炭消费量控制在1.65亿吨以内，其中珠三角地区控制在7006万吨以内，完成国家下达的煤炭消费减量任务。煤炭清洁高效利用水平进一步提升，“十三五”淘汰落后火电机组约400万千瓦，全面完成全省10万千瓦及以上燃煤机组（不含W型火焰锅炉和循环流化床锅炉）超低排放和节能改造。
+
+**——科技创新迈上新台阶。** 采用第三代EPR技术的台山核电站建成投产。建成单机容量最大的高效超超临界燃煤发电机组和国内首台H级燃气机组。建成充电智能服务平台“粤易充”，基本实现高速公路服务区充电设施全覆盖，形成覆盖电动汽车日常出行范围的充电网络。启动建设“1+4”先进能源科学与技术广东省实验室，聚焦核能、氢能和海上风电等领域开展基础与应用基础研究。在海上风电、核电、太阳能、氢能等产业方面逐步形成骨干企业带动、上下游企业集聚发展的态势。
+
+**——体制改革稳步推进。** 电力体制改革取得积极成效。建立了批发零售协同、场内场外互补的中长期市场交易体系，在全国率先启动电力现货市场结算试运行，“十三五”共降低企业用电成本约371亿元，培育电力市场主体约2.6万家。油气体制改革取得突破。逐步理顺油气管道建设运营机制和价格机制，推进大用户直供，减少供气层级，降低天然气利用成本；成立首个以市场化方式融入国家管网集团的省级天然气管网公司。加大力度推进行政审批制度改革，压减能源领域省级行政权力事项超80%。
+
+**——能源普遍服务水平明显提高。** 天然气主干管网实现“市市通”。用能营商环境得到极大改善，深圳、广州“获得电力”水平位于全国前列。农村供电质量大幅提升，农网平均供电可靠率达99.916%，综合电压合格率达99.956%，户均配变容量达2.45千伏安。人均生活用能由2015年的0.405吨标准煤提高至2020年的0.476吨标准煤。
+
+**——能源投资大幅增长。** “十三五”全省能源行业投资达7938亿元，较“十二五”增加约45%，其中能源重点项目完成投资约4840亿元。2020年能源重点项目完成投资约1255亿元，同比增长约20%；带动能源行业完成固定资产投资约1923亿元，同比增长约16.7%;能源投资占全省固定资产投资比重达4.6%。
+
+| 专栏1 广东省“十三五”能源发展成就 |
|---|
| 指标 | 2015年 | 2020年 |
|---|
| 一、总量控制 | | | | 能源消费总量(亿吨标准煤) | 3.01 | 3.45 | | 煤炭消费量(亿吨) | 1.66 | 1.65 | | 石油消费量(万吨) | 5619 | 6200 | | 天然气消费量(亿立方米) | 145 | 290 | | 全社会用电量(亿千瓦时) | 5311 | 6926 | | 二、能源消费结构 | | | | 煤炭 | 40.7% | 33.4% | | 石油 | 27.4% | 26.2% | | 天然气 | 6.3% | 9.8% | | 一次电力及其他 | 25.6% | 30.6% | | 非化石能源消费比重 | 24.6% | 30% | | 三、供应能力 | | | | 省内电力装机总量(万千瓦) | 9817 | 14177 | | 其中:煤电 | 5795 | 6427 | | 气电 | 1427 | 2838 | | 核电 | 829 | 1614 | | 可再生能源及其他 | 1766 | 3298 | | 西电东送能力(送端,万千瓦) | 3500 | 4200 | | 原油加工(万吨/年) | 5200 | 7020 | | 天然气供应能力(亿立方米/年) | 350 | 478 | | 四、民生用能 | | | | 人均生活用能(吨标准煤/人·年) | 0.405 | 0.476 | | 人均生活用电量(千瓦时/人·年) | 784 | 935 | | 五、单位GDP能耗降低(%) | [21] | [14.51] |
+注: [ ] 内为五年累计数
+
+### 第二节 存在问题
+
+总体来看，“十三五”时期我省能源发展取得了显著成绩，但对照碳达峰、碳中和目标要求、能源高质量发展要求及国内外先进水平，仍然存在一些问题和短板。
+
+**能源供应方面，安全保障程度仍不够高。 一是**能源供应对外依存度较高。我省一次能源资源匮乏，缺煤、少油、乏气，水能资源基本开发完毕，风电、光伏等可再生能源尚未大规模开发利用，2020年能源供应对外依存度高达74%。**二是**能源储备体系不完善。能源供应易受极端天气、突发事件、国际能源市场等外在因素影响。虽然我省天然气储备能力总体可满足国家要求，但储气量低于国际气体联盟建议的12%能力要求，粤东西北地区储气设施建设相对滞后；油气商业化储备机制仍不完善。**三是**骨干支撑和应急备用电源不足。受制于省内新能源发电季节性间歇性特性、电网网络约束以及西电东送不确定性，高峰负荷时段部分地区特别是珠三角负荷中心电力供应紧张状况时有发生。**四是**源网荷储协调发展水平有待提升。随着核电、可再生能源的逐步投产，电网调峰压力持续增大。
+
+**能源消费方面，清洁水平和利用效率仍有待提高。** 我省煤炭消费比重高于世界27%的平均水平，而天然气消费比重低于世界24%的平均水平。非水可再生能源消费占比仅2.9%，低于江苏、浙江等省份，非水可再生能源发电量占比仅4.9%，低于全国平均水平。能源结构清洁化、低碳化水平有待进一步提高，与碳达峰、碳中和目标要求还不完全匹配。能耗强度在国内处于领先水平，但与发达国家差距明显，是美国、日本、德国的1.5~2倍；钢铁、水泥、石化等重点耗能行业能效水平离国内外先进水平尚有差距。
+
+**能源科技创新方面，自主创新能力尚不够强。** 我省能源科技创新能力总体还不强，原创性成果不多；氢能、储能、碳捕捉等技术应用仍处于起步阶段，大容量、深水区海上风电开发技术水平有待提高；能源科技创新与产业发展结合不够紧密，能源产业整体竞争力不强，龙头企业少，产业链不健全，产业配套不足，集聚效应不明显。
+
+**能源体制机制方面，改革任务仍然艰巨。** 电力体制改革已进入深水区，现货市场体系尚不完善，西电东送市场化进程制约了省内发用电计划进一步放开，改革难度加大；全省天然气主干管道“一张网”还需进一步完善，管网公平开放等问题尚未得到完全解决，气价市场化竞争还未充分形成，天然气保供稳价机制有待建立。氢能、储能、综合能源服务等新业态发展的配套机制还不完善。
+
+### 第三节 发展形势
+
+“十四五”时期，国内外能源发展形势日趋复杂，在碳达峰、碳中和目标要求下，能源绿色低碳转型进入全面加速期，能源系统形态加速迭代，能源绿色、多元、智能化发展趋势势不可挡，能源供应、市场和创新变革的竞争愈加激烈，能源安全不确定性因素不断增多，我省能源发展面临新形势、新要求。
+
+**能源战略博弈不断深化，需更大力度强化能源安全保障。** 全球能源供需版图深刻变革，能源治理格局更趋复杂。国际油气供应局势多变，地缘政治、投机炒作等不稳定因素增加，利用境外油气资源的环境日趋复杂。我省作为能源消费大省、资源小省，煤炭、原油、天然气对外依存度较高，保障能源安全面临更大挑战。“十四五”时期我省能源需求将继续保持快速增长，“十三五”时期存在的季节性、时段性能源供应紧张将延续甚至加重，保障能源供需平衡压力增大。同时，随着能源系统规模不断扩大，结构日趋复杂，运行安全风险凸显。迫切需要坚持安全保供的底线思维，通过大力发展非化石能源提高能源自给能力，补齐产供储销体系短板，形成煤、油、气、核、新能源等多轮驱动的能源供给体系；同时合理建设调峰电源，通过新增抽水蓄能、新型储能等调节电源缓解系统调峰压力，做到资源供应有保障、产供储销有弹性、能源发展可持续，全面提升能源系统的安全性。
+
+**能源绿色低碳转型提档加速，需更大力度推动能源结构优化调整。** 在共同应对气候变化的背景下，全球能源正加速向低碳化、无碳化方向演变。我国明确提出二氧化碳排放力争于2030年前达到峰值，努力争取2060年前实现碳中和；到2030年我国非化石能源占一次能源消费比重将达到25%左右，风电、太阳能发电总装机规模容量将达到12亿千瓦以上；并将碳达峰、碳中和纳入生态文明建设整体布局。作为全国首批低碳试点省份，我省已在国内率先形成全方位、多层次的低碳试点体系，并力争如期实现碳达峰。“十四五”时期是实现碳达峰的关键期、窗口期，我省能源绿色低碳发展面临更高要求，需加快能源结构优化调整步伐，发挥资源禀赋优势，以更大力度推进风电、核电、光伏等非化石能源发展，控制化石能源总量，构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统，提高能源利用效率，为全国实现碳达峰、碳中和目标作出广东贡献。
+
+**能源形态更迭加速演进，需更大力度推动能源科技创新。** 当前能源科技创新进入高度活跃期，能源科技创新成果不断涌现，以多元化、智能化、分布式为特征的能源利用新模式、新业态不断涌现，能源与交通技术、信息技术、生物技术、材料技术等其他领域加速融合，科技创新正成为引领和推动能源转型发展的重要驱动力。我省需紧抓新一轮科技革命和产业变革的机遇，把提升能源科技水平作为能源转型发展的突破口，大力实施创新驱动战略，加快能源科技自主创新步伐，推动能源技术从引进跟随向自主创新转变，通过技术进步解决能源资源约束、生态环境保护、应对气候变化等重大问题和挑战。充分发挥我省高端装备市场需求大、人才储备丰富、技术实力雄厚、服务业发达、工业门类齐全等优势，加强资源整合，以龙头企业为引领，以“双区”建设为引擎，全力培育能源产业业态，促进产业链、创新链、供应链、价值链耦合，形成能源科技创新上下游联动的一体化创新和全产业链协同发展模式，全面激活能源系统和市场活力，为新时期经济高质量发展注入新动能。
+
+**传统能源体系加速重构，需更大力度深化能源体制改革。** 践行碳达峰、碳中和战略是破旧立新、深化改革的过程，推进能源体制机制创新、构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统的市场体系是必然选择，能源行业将加速进入改革重塑期。我省作为改革开放的排头兵、先行地，电力、油气改革走在全国前列，但适应能源高质量发展的体制机制尚不完善，市场决定能源价格机制尚未完全形成。“十四五”时期要以更大的魄力、更高的标准坚定不移推动能源行业全面深化改革，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，构建公平开放、有效竞争的市场结构和能源市场体系。要进一步深化电力、油气体制改革，推动电力市场、碳市场的融合发展，加快制定能源新产业、新业态的标准体系，完善配套体制机制，创新能源管理模式，提升能源管理效能，充分释放能源市场活力，促进资源优化配置。
+
+### 第四节 需求预测
+
+按照“控煤、节油、提气、增非”的发展要求，我省能源消费将持续向绿色低碳转型，预计到2025年，非化石能源消费比重达到32%。
+
+“十四五”时期严格合理控制煤炭消费增长。新增清洁煤电项目和钢铁项目带动煤炭消费增长，提高电煤占煤炭消费比重，非发电用煤总体压减。
+
+石油消费有一定增长。随着新能源汽车推广使用，成品油需求基本稳定；在新增炼化项目投产带动下，“十四五”时期石油消费总量仍有一定增长。
+
+天然气消费快速增长。天然气是当前我省推动能源结构优化调整的重要选择，随着工业“煤改气”的推进和天然气发电项目的建设，“十四五”时期我省天然气利用水平稳步提高，预计到2025年天然气消费量达到480亿立方米以上。
+
+用电需求持续稳定增长。以电动汽车、5G及数据中心、智能制造、智能家居为代表的新产业、新业态将成为用电增长新动能，电能替代深入推进，推动全社会电气化水平持续提高，我省电力需求“十四五”时期仍将保持刚性增长。预计到2025年全社会用电量约8800亿千瓦时，“十四五”年均增长约4.9%。
+
+## 第二章 总体要求和发展目标
+
+### 第一节 指导思想
+
+以习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想为指导，全面贯彻落实党的十九大和十九届历次全会精神，深入贯彻习近平总书记对广东系列重要讲话和重要指示批示精神，完整、 准确、 全面贯彻新发展理念，打造新发展格局战略支点，锚定碳达峰、 碳中和目标，以“四个革命，一个合作”能源安全新战略为统揽，以推动高质量发展为主题，以深化供给侧结构性改革为主线，以改革创新为根本动力，以满足经济社会发展和民生需求为出发点，统筹能源发展和安全，处理好发展和减排、整体和局部、短期和中长期的关系，加快转变能源生产消费方式，不断优化能源供应和消费结构，积极推动能源技术创新和体制机制改革，实现能源高质量发展，逐步建成清洁低碳、安全高效、智能创新的现代能源体系，为广东在全面建设社会主义现代化国家新征程中走在全国前列、创造新的辉煌提供坚实可靠的能源保障。
+
+### 第二节 基本原则
+
+**——多元保障，安全发展。** 构建多元安全能源供应体系，加强战略新兴能源开发和布局，加强能源产供储销体系建设，完善能源安全供给保障体系，着力增强能源供应稳定性和安全性，提升能源系统风险管控应对能力。
+
+**——清洁低碳，绿色发展。** 不断优化能源供给结构，通过化石能源清洁高效利用和非化石能源大力发展并举等手段，构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统，持续扩大清洁能源消费占比，推动能源绿色低碳发展，推动实现碳达峰目标。
+
+**——智慧融合，创新发展。** 推进能源科技创新，增强能源发展的动力，带动能源新技术、新模式和新业态发展，加强基础设施智慧融合，推动能源与信息、交通、建筑等基础设施的融合共建，促进能源发展转型升级。
+
+**——惠民利民，共享发展。** 以惠民利民为宗旨，加快能源惠民工程建设，着力提升能源普遍服务水平和质量，强化能源民生保障。统筹推进省内各区域能源资源优化配置和协调发展，提高城乡居民用能水平，缩小城乡差距，推动实现用能服务均等化。
+
+**——市场导向，高效发展。** 深入推进能源领域体制机制改革，充分发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用，坚持以市场需求为导向，完善市场化交易机制，促进资源的高效配置。持续优化营商环境，强化能源行业和市场监管，不断创新能源管理模式，提高能源治理效能。
+
+### 第三节 发展目标
+
+展望2035年，能源高质量发展取得决定性进展。能源消费总量控制在4.8亿吨标准煤以内，非化石能源消费比重争取提升至40%左右。能源安全保障能力大幅提升，能源利用效率基本达到世界先进水平，能源科技创新取得较大突破，形成新兴能源产业体系，助力加快碳中和进程，高水平建成国内领先的清洁低碳、安全高效、智能创新的现代能源体系。
+
+锚定2035年远景目标，“十四五”时期清洁低碳、安全高效、智能创新的现代能源体系建设取得实质进展，2025年主要目标是：
+
+**——能源保障更加有力。** 能源综合生产能力达到1亿吨标准煤以上，省内电力装机总量达2.38亿千瓦，西电东送最大送电能力达到4500万千瓦（送端），天然气供应能力达到800亿立方米/年。能源供应保障能力进一步增强，民生用能质量和水平不断提高，能源基础设施更加完善，互联互通水平、储备能力、安全风险管控能力显著增强。
+
+——**能源结构更加优化。** 清洁能源逐步成为能源消费增量的主体，天然气消费持续提高，非化石能源消费比重力争达到32%以上。非化石能源装机比重提高至49%左右。电气化水平显著提升，电能占终端用能比重达到38%左右。
+
+——**能源利用更有效率。** 单位GDP能耗下降14%，火电供电煤耗和电网综合网损率进一步降低。能源利用效率大幅提高，保持国内领先并与当前中等发达国家基本相当。
+
+——**能源改革更加深入。** 电力、油气体制改革全面深化，促进“X+1+X”天然气市场体系构建，推进油气基础设施向第三方公平开放，电力市场建设取得实质性进展，逐步构建完善“中长期+现货”电力市场交易体系，加快形成主要由市场决定电力价格的机制。
+
+——**能源创新更高质量。** 科技创新能力显著增强，能源关键技术装备研发取得突破性进展。科技创新示范工程取得显著成效，装备制造国产化水平进一步提高，能源技术合作取得新突破。智慧能源系统建设取得重要进展。
+
+——**能源产业发展更加集聚。** 坚持新能源项目开发和龙头企业带动、技术创新引领，推进能源产业集聚发展，大力发展先进核能、海上风电、太阳能等优势产业，加快培育氢能、储能、智慧能源等新兴产业，建设差异化布局的新能源产业集聚区，到 2025 年，全省新能源产业营业收入达 7300 亿元，形成国内领先的新能源产业集群。
+
+| 专栏2 “十四五”时期广东能源发展主要指标 |
|---|
| 指标 | 单位 | 2020年 | 2025年 | 年均增长 [累计] | 属性 |
|---|
| 一、总体目标 | | 天然气消费总量 | 亿立方米 | 290 | 480 | [190] | 预期性 | | 全社会用电量 | 亿千瓦时 | 6926 | 8800 | 4.9% | 预期性 | | 二、结构目标 | | 非化石能源消费比重 | % | 30 | 32 | [2] | 预期性 | | 供应结构 | 非化石能源电力装机比重 | % | 45.7 | 49 | [3.3] | 预期性 | | 电能占终端能源消费比重 | % | 35 | 38 | [3] | 预期性 | | 三、安全目标 | | 能源综合生产能力 | 万吨标准煤 | 8900 | 10000 | [1100] | 约束性 | | 省内电力装机总量 | 亿千瓦 | 1.42 | 2.38 | [0.96] | 预期性 | | 西电东送供应能力 (送端) | 万千瓦 | 4200 | 4500 | [300] | 预期性 | | 原油产量 | 万吨 | 1600 | 1800 | [200] | 预期性 | | 天然气产量 | 亿立方米 | 126 | 75 | [-51] | 预期性 | | 原油加工能力 | 万吨/年 | 7020 | 9020 | [2000] | 预期性 | | 天然气供应能力 | 亿立方米/年 | 478 | 800 | [322] | 预期性 | | 四、效率目标 | | 单位GDP能耗降低 | % | - | - | [14] | 约束性 | | 新型储能装机规模 | 万千瓦 | 0 | 200 | [200] | 预期性 | | 五、环境目标 | | 单位GDP二氧化碳排放降低 | % | - | - | 完成国家下达任务 | 约束性 |
+
+## 第三章 着力推动能源绿色低碳转型
+
+坚持生态优先、绿色发展，持续优化能源结构，大力发展非化石能源，扩大天然气利用规模，积极争取省外清洁能源，推进煤炭清洁高效利用，加快构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统。坚持能源节约与高效利用并举，促进重点用能领域能效提升，开创清洁低碳、高效节约的用能新局面。
+
+### 第一节 大力发展清洁能源
+
+#### 1. 大力发展可再生能源。
+
+**大力发展海上风电。** 规模化开发海上风电，推动项目集中连片开发利用，打造粤东、粤西千万千瓦级海上风电基地。“十四五”时期新增海上风电装机容量约1700万千瓦。
+
+**适度发展陆上风电。** 结合资源条件，适度开发风能资源较为丰富地区的陆上风电项目，因地制宜发展分散式陆上风电。“十四五”时期新增陆上风电装机容量约300万千瓦。
+
+**积极发展光伏发电。** 大力提升光伏发电规模，坚持集中式与分布式开发并举，因地制宜建设集中式光伏电站项目，大力支持分布式光伏；积极推进光伏建筑一体化建设，鼓励发展屋顶分布式光伏发电；推动光伏在交通、通信、数据中心等领域的多场景应用。“十四五”时期新增光伏发电装机容量约2000万千瓦。
+
+**因地制宜发展生物质能。** 统筹规划垃圾焚烧发电、农林生物质发电、生物天然气项目开发，做好发展规划、建设节奏与资源保障能力及地方财力等方面的衔接；协同推进完善生活垃圾处理收费制度和农林废弃物“收、储、运”体系建设。“十四五”时期新增生物质发电装机容量约200万千瓦。
+
+#### 2. 积极安全有序发展核电。
+
+在确保安全的前提下，高效建设惠州太平岭核电一期项目，积极有序推动陆丰核电、廉江核电等项目开工，并推动后续一批项目开展前期工作；做好核电厂址保护工作。“十四五”时期新增核电装机容量约240万千瓦。
+
+#### 3. 加快建设抽水蓄能电站。
+
+建成梅州、阳江抽水蓄能电站，开工建设云浮水源山、肇庆浪江、汕尾三江口、惠州中洞、河源岑田、梅州二期、阳江二期、茂名电白等抽水蓄能电站。“十四五”时期新增抽水蓄能电站装机容量240万千瓦。
+
+#### 4. 积极发展天然气发电。
+
+综合考虑调峰需求和建设条件，在珠三角等负荷中心合理规划调峰气电布局建设；在省内工业园区、产业园区等有用热需求的地区按“以热定电”原则布局天然气热电联产及分布式能源站项目；建成东莞宁洲、广州开发区东区“气代煤”、粤电花都等天然气热电联产项目和广州珠江 LNG 电厂二期、深圳光明等天然气调峰发电项目。“十四五”时期新增天然气发电装机容量约 3600 万千瓦。
+
+#### 5. 积极争取省外清洁电力。
+
+积极推动藏东南水电等省外清洁电力送电广东，超前谋划研究后续省外清洁电力送电广东可行性，提升我省区外电力供应的稳定性和可持续性。
+
+#### 6. 严格控制煤电发展。
+
+有序关停服役期满老旧煤电机组，严控煤电项目，逐步降低煤电占比；推进存量煤电机组节能降碳改造、灵活性改造、供热改造“三改联动”，持续推动煤电机组超低排放改造，深入推进煤电清洁、高效、灵活、低碳、智能化高质量发展。发挥煤电托底保障作用，有序推进支撑性和调节性电源项目建设，建成投产已列入国家规划的河源电厂二期等项目；支持革命老区、中央苏区有序规划建设支撑性清洁煤电项目；做好中心城区煤电等容量替代建设工作。
+
+
+
+
+ | 专栏3 电源重点工程列表 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 1. 海上风电：新增投产三峡新能源阳西沙扒二期、沙扒三期、沙扒四期、沙扒五期，中广核汕尾后湖、惠州港口一期，省能源集团阳江沙扒、湛江外罗二期、湛江新寮，国家电投揭阳神泉一、湛江徐闻，中节能阳江前詹岛，南网珠海桂山二期，大唐南澳勒门Ⅰ，明阳阳江沙扒五，华电阳江青洲三项目；开工建设三峡汕头东洋、汕头海门（场址一）、中广核惠州港口二PA、港口二PB、汕尾甲子一、汕尾甲子二，华能汕头勒门（二）、汕头海门（场址二、场址三），国家电投揭阳神泉二、揭阳静海，以及阳江近海头水山青洲、帆石和其他新增省管场址项目；建设粤东和粤西千万千瓦级海上风电基地。 |
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_107.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_107.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68b11688840789088f29a522f3d7d8ff11aa3faf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_107.md
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+附件2:
+
+# 商业(创业)计划书撰写提示
+
+(仅供参考)
+
+## 一、商业计划书PPT撰写提纲（按下列顺序及篇幅）
+
+| 板块 | 参考内容 | 参考页数 | | 封面 | 项目名称(要与系统报名名称一致)、演讲人(职务)及项目定位 | 1页 | | 市场分析 | 目前市场存在什么痛点(刚需)?所从事细分行业市场有多大?项目市场容量及占比多少?可图文结合阐述 | 1-2页 | | 项目定位 | 围绕上述市场分析,项目定位及解决方案是什么? | 1页 | | 竞争对比 | 竞争对手分析,包括与满足同一市场需求的不同类型项目对比;或与同一类型项目间对比;或与被替代型项目对比 | 1-2页 | | 核心竞争力 | 核心技术(专利)阐述、核心团队阐述、核心商业模式阐述 | 2-3页 | | 发展规划 | 技术、产品及商业版图规划 | 1-2页 | | 财务分析 | 近三年营收、盈利数据及未来三年营收、盈利数据预测 | 1页 | | 融资方案 | 当前公司股权结构、融资计划、融资金额、计划稀释股权、资金使用方案(如涉及历史股权融资,可列明历史投资机构、投资轨迹及各阶段投资金额及估值) | 1-2页 | | 封底 | 一句话结束语 | 1页 |
+
+**建议PPT总篇幅控制在13-15页，否则将存在路演超时风险。**
+
+## 二、PPT撰写要点
+
+（一）PPT的文件名、封面的项目名称等，必须与大赛系统中的项目名称统一。**否则可能导致被评委误判为冒名参赛。**
+
+（二）项目内容必须完整，现状和市场分析要清楚，目标、需求和意图很明确；
+
+（三）内容切勿过分夸大，应实事求是、合情合理、简明扼要、条理清晰；
+
+（四）注意精简材料中的大篇幅文字，多用一些短句、关键词、关键数据；重点文字、数据等要突出显示（标红、加粗等）；多用图表形式体现数据。
+
+（五）PPT的内容是要按照演讲的话术逻辑进行构造，要达到层层递进、环环相扣、重点清晰。
+
+（六）比赛时间采用（8分钟路演+4分钟答辩）形式，要注意控制PPT的篇幅，**内容精简至13-15页**，不要设置“自动播放”。8分钟路演时间包括演讲时间+视频播放时间+实物解说时间（如有），若PPT中有插入视频，则需要**确认视频是插入模式**，而不是插入链接，否则PPT在别的电脑上放映，会显示“找不到源文件”。也要注意，**PPT最好用office软件的普通版本**，不要用其它办公软件或者高版本，很可能导致路演现场电脑没有高版本软件而播放不出来或者格式混乱；
+
+（七）参赛路演人必须为项目团队核心负责人，并对材料进行反复演练，严格把控讲述时间（8分钟）以及模拟答辩。必须提前演练好，8分钟不能超时。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_107_watermark_3x1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_107_watermark_3x1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68b11688840789088f29a522f3d7d8ff11aa3faf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_107_watermark_3x1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+附件2:
+
+# 商业(创业)计划书撰写提示
+
+(仅供参考)
+
+## 一、商业计划书PPT撰写提纲（按下列顺序及篇幅）
+
+| 板块 | 参考内容 | 参考页数 | | 封面 | 项目名称(要与系统报名名称一致)、演讲人(职务)及项目定位 | 1页 | | 市场分析 | 目前市场存在什么痛点(刚需)?所从事细分行业市场有多大?项目市场容量及占比多少?可图文结合阐述 | 1-2页 | | 项目定位 | 围绕上述市场分析,项目定位及解决方案是什么? | 1页 | | 竞争对比 | 竞争对手分析,包括与满足同一市场需求的不同类型项目对比;或与同一类型项目间对比;或与被替代型项目对比 | 1-2页 | | 核心竞争力 | 核心技术(专利)阐述、核心团队阐述、核心商业模式阐述 | 2-3页 | | 发展规划 | 技术、产品及商业版图规划 | 1-2页 | | 财务分析 | 近三年营收、盈利数据及未来三年营收、盈利数据预测 | 1页 | | 融资方案 | 当前公司股权结构、融资计划、融资金额、计划稀释股权、资金使用方案(如涉及历史股权融资,可列明历史投资机构、投资轨迹及各阶段投资金额及估值) | 1-2页 | | 封底 | 一句话结束语 | 1页 |
+
+**建议PPT总篇幅控制在13-15页，否则将存在路演超时风险。**
+
+## 二、PPT撰写要点
+
+（一）PPT的文件名、封面的项目名称等，必须与大赛系统中的项目名称统一。**否则可能导致被评委误判为冒名参赛。**
+
+（二）项目内容必须完整，现状和市场分析要清楚，目标、需求和意图很明确；
+
+（三）内容切勿过分夸大，应实事求是、合情合理、简明扼要、条理清晰；
+
+（四）注意精简材料中的大篇幅文字，多用一些短句、关键词、关键数据；重点文字、数据等要突出显示（标红、加粗等）；多用图表形式体现数据。
+
+（五）PPT的内容是要按照演讲的话术逻辑进行构造，要达到层层递进、环环相扣、重点清晰。
+
+（六）比赛时间采用（8分钟路演+4分钟答辩）形式，要注意控制PPT的篇幅，**内容精简至13-15页**，不要设置“自动播放”。8分钟路演时间包括演讲时间+视频播放时间+实物解说时间（如有），若PPT中有插入视频，则需要**确认视频是插入模式**，而不是插入链接，否则PPT在别的电脑上放映，会显示“找不到源文件”。也要注意，**PPT最好用office软件的普通版本**，不要用其它办公软件或者高版本，很可能导致路演现场电脑没有高版本软件而播放不出来或者格式混乱；
+
+（七）参赛路演人必须为项目团队核心负责人，并对材料进行反复演练，严格把控讲述时间（8分钟）以及模拟答辩。必须提前演练好，8分钟不能超时。
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,381 @@
+# 广东省公安厅关于修订《广东省公安厅关于进一步妥善处理重复（虚假）户口的意见》和《广东省公安厅爆破作业单位行政许可和管理工作实施细则》的通知
+
+粤公规〔2024〕4号
+
+各市、县公安局，横琴合作区公安局：
+
+为贯彻落实新《行政复议法》，省厅对《广东省公安厅关
+于进一步妥善处理重复（虚假）户口的意见》（粤公意字〔2020〕1 号）和《广东省公安厅爆破作业单位行政许可和管理工作实施细则》（粤公规〔2020〕3 号）进行了修改，具体内容如下。
+
+## 一、《广东省公安厅关于进一步妥善处理重复（虚假）户口的意见》修改内容
+
+（一）将第七条修改为“当事人如对公安机关注销户口的处
+理不服，可以在知道或者应当知道重复（虚假）户口被注销之日起60 日内向注销户口的公安机关的同级人民政府申请行政复议，或者在6 个月内依法向同级人民法院提起行政诉讼”。
+
+（二）将第九条修改为“本意见自印发之日起实施，有效期
+5 年”。
+
+（三）将附件1《重复（虚假）户口处理告知书》中“你
+可以向公安机关提出陈述和申辩意见”修改为“你可以在3 日内向公安机关提出陈述和申辩意见”。
+
+（四）将附件 3《注销户口证明》的“向 XX 市公安局或者XX 县（市、区）人民政府申请行政复议或者在 6 个月内依法向 XX 县（市、区）人民法院提起行政诉讼。”修改为“向 XX县（市、区）人民政府申请行政复议，或者在 6 个月内依法向XX 县（市、区）人民法院提起行政诉讼”。
+
+## 二、《广东省公安厅爆破作业单位行政许可和管理工作实施细则》修改内容
+
+（一）将第五十二条“本细则自 2020 年 6 月 1 日起实施，有效期 5 年”修改为“本细则自印发之日起实施，有效期 5 年”。
+
+（二）附件 13 中“向决定机关的本级人民政府或者上一级
+公安机关申请行政复议”修改为“向决定机关的本级人民政府申请行政复议”。
+
+现将修改后的文件重新发布，自印发之日起实施。
+
+附件：1.广东省公安厅关于进一步妥善处理重复（虚假）户口的意见
+
+2.广东省公安厅爆破作业单位行政许可和管理工作实施细则
+
+广东省公安厅
+
+2024 年 6 月 7 日
+
+**附件 1**
+
+# 广东省公安厅关于进一步妥善处理重复（虚假）户口的意见
+
+为妥善处理涉及我省的重复（虚假）户口，根据《中华人民共和国户口登记条例》《中华人民共和国国籍法》《中华人民共和国民法典》《中华人民共和国行政复议法》等法律法规和《国务院批转公安部关于处理户口迁移的规定的通知》《公安部户口居民身份证管理工作规范（试行）》《公安部三局关于执行户口登记条例的初步意见》等政策文件规定，现提出以下意见。
+
+## 一、定义
+
+（一）重复户口是指持有两个或者两个以上户口。
+
+（二）虚假户口是指因提供虚假材料或者捏造事实取得的户口。
+
+## 二、处理原则
+
+（一）经公安机关调查核实的真实户口，应予以保留；经公安机关调查核实的虚假户口，应予以注销。
+
+（二）迁移后未注销的重复户口，应注销；二次以上重复迁移的户口，应保留第一次迁移的户口，其后迁移的户口应予以注销。
+
+## 三、发现
+
+（一）工作发现。公安机关在办理户政、出入境、交通管理以及案件侦办等工作中发现重复（虚假）户口线索；党委、政府其他职能部门在开展涉及登记公民身份信息的工作中发现并移交公安机关的重复（虚假）户口线索。
+
+（二）投诉举报。群众通过公安机关对外公布的投诉举报方式提供他人拥有重复（虚假）户口线索。
+
+（三）主动申报。居民主动到公安机关反映自身的重复（虚假）户口。
+
+## 四、核查
+
+（一）公安机关根据重复（虚假）户口线索开展详细的调查核实工作。需要其他单位协助的，应制发协查函；需要个人配合调查的，可以依法传唤。
+
+（二）公安机关根据核查结果，作出重复（虚假）户口处理决定。
+
+## 五、处理
+
+（一）经调查核实认定为重复（虚假）户口的，公安机关制发《重复（虚假）户口处理告知书》（附件1），通知当事人在告知书送达之日起30 日内到公安机关办理户口注销手续，并可将重复（虚假）户口信息予以锁定。
+
+（二）因无法联系当事人或当事人拒不签收等原因导致告知书无法送达的，公安机关制发《重复（虚假）户口处理公告》（附件 2），公告期为 60 日。
+
+（三）告知书送达之日起 30 日或者公告期满后，当事人仍未到公安机关办理注销手续的，公安机关将按规定注销重复（虚假）户口。
+
+（四）注销户口的，公安机关应出具《注销户口证明》（附件 3）给当事人并存档备查；如当事人还有其他事务需要处理的，公安机关可根据当事人的申请出具《户口（同一人）证明》（附件 4），为当事人办理个人事务提供便利。
+
+
+（五）在核查处理工作中，发现重复（虚假）户口有以下情形之一的，暂不注销户口，但应将户口信息锁定，或将有关情况移交相关职能部门或报送上级公安机关研究后再作出处理决定。
+
+1.涉及案件在逃或尚未判决的；
+
+2.罪犯服刑期间，真实身份未查明的；
+
+3.有民事纠纷未了结，真实身份未查明的；
+
+4.其他不宜注销的情形。
+
+（六）户口信息锁定由重复（虚假）户口的调查单位提出，县级或县级以上公安机关户政管理部门批准后实施。户口信息锁定的范围包括限制办理户口、身份证业务。
+
+## 六、备案
+
+重复（虚假）户口核查处理工作所形成的材料均应存档备查。其中户口底册、迁移证件以及处理决定等正式文书的保管期限为永久期；其他调查材料、询问笔录等工作中形成的材料保管期限为长期；收缴的身份证、户口簿等原件复印、扫描后按有关规定处理。
+
+## 七、救济
+
+当事人如对公安机关注销户口的处理不服，可以在知道或者应当知道重复（虚假）户口被注销之日起 60 日内向注销户口的公安机关的同级人民政府申请行政复议，或者在 6 个月内依法向同级人民法院提起行政诉讼。
+
+## 八、解释权
+
+本意见由广东省公安厅负责解释。
+
+## 九、期限
+
+本意见自印发之日起实施，有效期 5 年。
+
+附件：1.重复（虚假）户口处理告知书
+
+2.重复（虚假）户口处理公告
+
+3.注销户口证明
+
+4.户口（同一人）证明
+
+**附件 1**
+
+编号：0000000
+
+## 重复（虚假）户口处理告知书
+
+（存根）：
+
+被告知人：____________________
+
+公民身份号码：____________________
+
+住址：____________________
+
+承办人：____________________
+
+告知书签发日期：______年 ______ 月 ______ 日
+
+当事人签名：____________________
+
+签收时间：______ 年 ______ 月 ______ 日
+
+无法送达证明人签名：____________________
+
+## 重复（虚假）户口处理告知书
+
+____________________居民：
+
+经调查核实，你在我辖区地址 _________________________________ 登记的户口属于□重复户口□虚假户口。公安机关将依照《中华人民共和国户口登记条例》第三条、第六条、第十条等有关规定锁定，直至注销该户口。请你在接到本告知书之日起 30 日内，持户口簿、居民身份证等证件到我单位办理相关手续。对以上告知内容及事项，你可以在 3 日内向公安机关提出陈
+述和申辩意见。逾期未提出的，视为放弃陈述和申辩权利。公安机关将对该户口予以注销处理。
+
+公安局（分局）
+
+年 月 日
+
+**附件 2**
+
+## 重复（虚假）户口处理公告
+
+（编号）
+
+根据《中华人民共和国户口登记条例》《中华人民共和国国籍法》等文件规定，现将我辖区涉嫌违反户口登记管理规定的人员名单公告如下：
+
+姓名 公民身份号码
+
+李某 4401012014****7890
+
+张 某 4401012014****7891
+
+请上述人员自公告之日起60日内，持户口簿、身份证等证件到公安机关协助办理相关手续。逾期不办的，公安机关将依照《中华人民共和国户口登记条例》的有关规定注销该户口。
+
+公告时间：20__年__月__日至20__年__月__日
+
+联系单位：____________________
+
+联系电话：____________________
+
+联系地址：____________________
+
+特此公告。
+
+公安（分）局
+
+年 月 日
+
+**附件 3**
+
+## 注销户口证明
+
+经调查核实,原我辖区居民______,□男□女,公民身份号码: __________, 户籍地址: ________________的户口属□虚假户口□重复户口,已于____年__月__日按《中华人民共和国户口登记条例》第三条、第六条、第十条等有关规定予以注销。其现户口为:(姓名) __________, 公民身份号码 __________,地址: __________。
+
+如对公安机关注销户口的处理不服,可以在知道或者应当知道重复(虚假)户口被注销之日起60日内向XX县(市、区)人民政府申请行政复议,或者在6个月内依法向XX县(市、区)人民法院提起行政诉讼。
+
+公安（分）局
+______年______月______日
+
+**附件 4**
+
+## 户口(同一人)证明
+
+现有本辖区居民(姓名)______, (性别)______,公民身份号码:______, 户籍地址:____________, 与原居民(姓名)______,公民身份号码:______, 户籍地址:____________为同一人。因原居民户口属□虚假户口□重复户口, 已于______年______月______日按户口管理有关规定予以注销。
+
+特此证明。
+
+公安（分）局
+
+（盖户口专用章）
+
+年 月 日
+
+**附件 2**
+
+## 广东省公安厅爆破作业单位行政许可和管理工作实施细则
+
+### 第一章 总则
+
+**第一条** 根据《中华人民共和国行政许可法》《民用爆炸物品安全管理条例》《爆破作业单位资质条件和管理要求》(GA990-2012)和《从严管控民用爆炸物品十条规定》等有关法律、法规和行业标准，制定本细则。
+
+**第二条** 本细则适用于广东省内申请爆破作业单位许可证的单位和在广东省内进行爆破作业的从业单位。
+
+**第三条** 省公安厅负责营业性爆破作业单位的行政许可，地级以上市公安局负责本行政区域内非营业性爆破作业单位的行政许可，省、市、县三级公安机关及公安派出所依据职责分工对本行政区域内从事爆破作业的单位进行管理。
+
+### 第二章 爆破作业单位行政许可
+
+#### 第一节 申请
+
+**第四条** 申请非营业性爆破作业单位许可证的单位，向所在地级以上市公安机关治安部门提出申请，并填写、提交《爆破作业单位许可证》（非营业性）申请表（附件1）及下列材料：
+
+（一）属于合法生产活动的证明和爆破作业区域证明（附件1-1）；
+
+（二）自有民用爆炸物品专用仓库（包括可移动库）的相关证明材料（附件1-2）；
+
+（三）相关管理人员及涉爆从业人员身份材料（附件1-3）；
+
+（四）爆破作业专用设备清单（附件1-4）；
+
+（五）安全管理制度和岗位安全责任制度（附件1-5）。
+
+**第五条** 申请营业性爆破作业单位许可证的单位，向省公安厅治安部门提出申请，并填写、提交《爆破作业单位许可证》（营业性）申请表（附件2）及提供下列材料：
+
+（一）自有或租用民用爆炸物品专用仓库（包括可移动库）的相关证明材料（附件2-2）；
+
+（二）注册资金、净资产、专用设备净值的有效证明（附件2-3）；
+
+（三）相关管理人员及涉爆从业人员身份材料（附件2-5）；
+
+（四）爆破施工机械及检测、测量设备的证明（附件2-6）；
+
+（五）安全管理制度和岗位安全责任制度（附件2-7）。
+
+申请爆破作业单位许可证的全部材料应符合固定的格式要求提交。
+
+#### 第二节 受理
+
+**第六条** 受理爆破作业单位行政许可申请的公安机关应自行组建、公布爆破作业单位行政许可评审专家组。专家组负责对申请材料进行初审，参与对申请单位开展现场核查，出具综合评审结论等工作。
+
+**第七条** 公安机关接到申请后，及时组织对申请单位提交的材料进行初审并出具初审意见，公安机关根据初审意见作出如下决定：
+
+（一）申请材料齐全，符合法定形式的，应及时向申请单位发出《民用爆炸物品行政许可事项受理通知书》（附件5）；
+
+（二）申请材料不齐全或不符合法定形式的，应及时发出《民用爆炸物品行政许可事项补正通知书》（附件6），一次性告知申请单位需要补正材料的全部内容；
+
+（三）申请事项不属于本机关职权范围的，应即时发出《民用爆炸物品行政许可事项不予受理通知书》（附件7），并告知申请单位向有关行政机关申请。
+
+#### 第三节 内部审查
+
+**第八条** 公安机关受理申请后，向申请单位所在地或申请单位自有或租用的民爆物品专用储存库所在地的直接下级公安机关下发《爆破作业单位许可审查通知书》（附件8），由其对以下项目和情况进行内部审查：
+
+（一）安全管理制度和岗位责任制度是否符合爆炸物品安全管理工作要求；
+
+（二）爆破员、保管员、安全员等爆破作业人员的许可证件是否真实有效；
+
+（三）自受理申请之日起前3年内是否有发生重大及以上爆破作业责任事故；
+
+（四）申请单位自有或租用的民爆物品专用储存库是否经安全评价合格，是否经当地公安机关验收同意使用；
+
+（五）其他有必要审查的项目和情况。
+
+**第九条** 公安机关自接到审查通知书之日起3个工作日内完成审查工作，并填报《爆破作业单位许可审查登记表》（附件9），有补充材料的可随表附上，经治安部门主管领导签字、盖章后一并上报。
+
+**第十条** 受理申请的公安机关认为内部审查结论与事实不符或缺项的，通知申请单位3个工作日内补充完善并经所在地治安部门盖章确认后上报。
+
+**第十一条** 申请单位自有或租用的民爆物品专用储存库不在省内或有其他情况需要省外公安机关核实了解的，受理申请的公安机关可参照上述形式，以发调查函的形式商请省外公安机关协助审查。
+
+#### 第四节 现场核查
+
+**第十二条** 公安机关受理申请后，应及时组织对申请单位的专用仓库、爆破施工机械及检测、测量设备等实质内容进行现场核查，制作《爆破作业单位现场核查委托书》（附件10）。现场核查应由受理申请的公安机关委托3 名以上专家组成员（单数）参加，并指定1 名专家牵头负责。申请《爆破作业单位许可证》（营业性）的，由申请单位所在地级以上市公安机关治安部门主管领导、专管民警参与现场核查；申请《爆破作业单位许可证》（非营业性）的，由申请单位所在地县级公安机关治安部门主管领导、专管民警参与现场核查。
+
+**第十三条** 现场核查内容包括：
+
+（一）主要施工机械设备；
+
+（二）民用爆炸物品专用仓库；
+
+（三）申报资料的重要凭证复印件的真实性；
+
+（四）各项安全管理制度和岗位责任制度；
+
+（五）自受理申请之日起前3年内是否发生重大及以上爆破作业责任事故；
+
+（六）需要现场核查的其他资料或有关情况。
+
+**第十四条** 在现场核查过程中发现申请资料与实际不符、或有造假情形的，判定为不合格。对其中出具虚假、伪造资料的申请单位及其出具该凭证的人员，通报公安机关，依法追究其法律责任，并登记在案，申请单位1年内不得再次申报。
+
+**第十五条** 现场核查结束后由专家组填写《爆破作业单位现场核查表》(附件11)并制作成电子文件。核查表一式4份，申请单位、参与现场核查的公安机关、专家组和受理申请公安机关各1份。
+
+#### 第五节 审批
+
+**第十六条** 现场核查结束后，由专家出具综合评审结论，并由参与评审专家逐一签名后提交受理申请的公安机关。
+
+**第十七条** 受理申请的公安机关承办人员根据内部审查意见、现场核查情况和综合评审结论，对申请材料进行全面审查并作出初步审查意见，制作《民用爆炸物品行政许可事项审批表》（附件12），并将相关材料报治安部门主管领导审核。
+
+**第十八条** 治安部门主管领导审核后，提请召开本部门行政办公会议审议，审议后由治安部门主要领导在《民用爆炸物品行政许可事项审批表》上签署意见并按以下流程送分管领导审定：申请《爆破作业单位许可证》营业性的，报分管厅领导审定；申请《爆破作业单位许可证》非营业性的，报分管局领导审定。
+
+#### 第六节 公示及公告
+
+**第十九条** 准予爆破作业单位行政许可的，在互联网上公示相关内容信息（附件13-1），公示期5日；不予行政许可的，发出《民用爆炸物品行政许可事项不予批准决定书》（附件13），并告知申请单位享有依法申请行政复议或者提起行政诉讼的权利。
+
+**第二十条** 公示期结束后，由受理申请的公安机关收集反映的意见并进行核查，经核查证实不符合许可条件的，发出不予批准决定书；无意见或经核查不影响准予许可的，向申请单位核发《爆破作业单位许可证》，并通知属地公安机关做好相关监管工作。
+
+**第二十一条** 许可证有效期为3年，其中非营业性爆破作业单位许可证的相关前置许可证件期限不足3年的，依据相关前置许可证件期限决定其有效期限。
+
+**第二十二条** 公安机关核发许可证后30日内，向社会发布公告。
+
+**第二十三条** 地级以上市公安机关核发许可证后15日内，将依法取得非营业性爆破作业单位的基本情况向省公安厅备案（见附件14）。
+
+**第二十四条** 公安机关自受理爆破作业单位行政许可申请之日起20个工作日内作出许可决定。
+
+#### 第七节 换发、变更、补发、降级、撤销、吊销、注销
+
+**第二十五条** 爆破作业单位应在许可证有效期届满前60日内，按照本细则第二章第一节的有关规定向原发证公安机关提出换发许可证的申请并提交相关资料。原发证公安机关收到换发申请。请后，办理程序按照本细则许可流程有关规定执行。
+
+**第二十六条** 法定代表人、技术负责人、单位名称、单位地址发生变化的，爆破作业单位应在发生变化之日起30日内，向原发证公安机关提出换发许可证的申请。
+
+原发证公安机关可适用简化程序，重点审核以下材料：
+
+（一）申请单位提供的盖有本单位公章的变更申请报告；
+
+（二）变更后的工商营业执照或预先核准证明；
+
+（三）新法定代表人的身份证复印件、简历表和公司任命书；
+
+（四）新技术负责人身份证、职称证书、公司任命书、从事爆破作业项目技术管理工作的简历表等材料。
+
+经审核符合相应变更条件的，由发证公安机关治安部门主管领导审定后换发新证。
+
+**第二十七条** 申请单位在领取新许可证时，应当将旧许可证交回原发证公安机关。
+
+**第二十八条** 营业性爆破作业单位在爆破作业活动中发生较大爆破作业责任事故的，发证公安机关应根据利害关系人的请求或依据职权，对其资质等级予以降级，并根据降级情况重新核定从业范围。被降低资质等级的单位，3年内不得申请晋升资质等级。
+
+**第二十九条** 申请单位隐瞒有关情况或者提供虚假材料的，公安机关发现后不予受理或者不予许可，并给予警告；该单位1年内不得再次申请爆破作业单位许可。
+
+申请单位以欺骗、贿赂等不正当手段取得许可证的，除撤销许可证外，该单位3年内不得再次申请爆破作业单位许可。
+
+**第三十条** 有下列情形之一的，视为《民用爆炸物品安全管理条例》第48条规定的严重情形，依法吊销《爆破作业单位许可证》：
+
+（一）超过许可的作业范围或2个以上资质等级从事爆破作业的；
+
+（二）超资质等级从事爆破作业，导致发生较大以上爆破作业责任事故的；
+
+（三）营业性爆破作业单位跨省、自治区、直辖市行政区域实施爆破作业，未按照规定事先向爆破作业所在地县（市、区）级公安机关报告，发生较大以上爆破作业责任事故或者民用爆炸物品丢失、被盗、被抢的；
+
+（四）未按规定建立民用爆炸物品领取登记制度、保存领取登记记录，涉及的民用爆炸物品数量超过《最高人民法院关于修改〈最高人民法院关于审理非法制造、买卖、运输枪支、弹药、爆炸物等刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释〉的决定》（法释〔2009〕18号，以下简称《司法解释》）第二条规定的情节严重数量标准的；
+
+（五）违反国家有关标准和规范实施爆破作业，导致发生较大以上爆破作业责任事故的。
+
+**第三十一条** 有下列情形之一的，视为《民用爆炸物品安全管理条例》第 49 条规定的严重情形，依法吊销《爆破作业单位许可证》：
+
+（一）未按照规定在专用仓库设置技术防范设施，经公安机关指出但拒不改正或整改后仍然达不到规范标准，致使民用爆炸物品丢失、被盗、被抢的；
+
+（二）未按照规定建立出入库检查、登记制度或者收存和发放民用爆炸物品，致使账物不符，不符数量超过《司法解释》第二条规定的情节严重数量标准的；
+
+（三）超量储存达1倍以上的；
+
+（四）在非专用仓库储存或者违反储存标准和规范储存民用爆炸物品，数量超过《司法解释》第二条规定的情节严重数量标准的。
+
+**第三十二条** 有下列情形之一的，视为《民用爆炸物品安全管理条例》第 50 条规定的严重情形，依法吊销《爆破作业单位许可证》：
+
+（一）违反安全管理制度，致使民用爆炸物品丢失、被盗、被抢的数量超过《司法解释》第二条规定的情节严重数量标准的；
+
+（二）民用爆炸物品丢失、被盗、被抢，未按照规定向当地公安机关报告或者隐瞒不报，并被用于从事违法犯罪活动的；
+
+（三）转让、出借、转借、抵押、赠送民用爆炸物品被用于从事违法犯罪活动或者数量超过《司法解释》第二条规定的情节
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_10_watermark_2x1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_10_watermark_2x1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3a6b43740e1284f62bcb52c51d04967ca7b3392d
--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,860 @@
+ICS
+Z
+备案号:
+
+
+
+## 中华人民共和国化工行业标准
+
+# 聚碳酸酯行业绿色工厂评价要求
+
+Requirementsfor assessment of green factory in polycarbonate industry
+
+(征求意见稿)
+
+20××-××-××发布 20xx-xx-xx实施
+
+中华人民共和国工业和信息化部发布
+
+## 目次
+
+前言... 1
+1 范围... 2
+2 规范性引用文件... 2
+3 术语和定义... 3
+4 评价原则... 4
+5 评价指标及要求... 5
+5.1 基本要求... 5
+5.2 基础要求... 6
+5.3 管理体系要求... 7
+5.4 能源与资源要求... 8
+5.5 产品... 8
+5.6 环境要求... 9
+5.7 绩效要求... 10
+6 评价程序... 12
+7 评价报告... 12
+附录 A 聚碳酸酯（PC）行业绿色工厂绩效指标的计算方法... 14
+附录 B 绿色工厂评价指标... 18
+
+## 前言
+
+本标准按照GB/T 1.1给出的规则编制起草。
+
+本标准由中国石油和化学工业联合会提出并归口。
+
+本标准起草单位:
+
+本标准主要起草人:
+
+# 聚碳酸酯行业绿色工厂评价要求
+
+## 1 范围
+
+本标准规定了聚碳酸酯行业绿色工厂评价总则、评价指标体系及要求、评价程序。
+
+本标准适用于聚碳酸酯树脂生产企业的绿色工厂评价工作。
+
+## 2 规范性引用文件
+
+下列文件对于本文件的应用是必不可少的。凡是注日期的引用文件， 仅注日期的版本适用于本文件。凡是不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本(包括所有的修改单)适用于本文件。
+
+GB/T 7119 节水型企业评价导则
+
+GB 12348 工业企业厂界环境噪声排放标准
+
+GB 13223 火电厂大气污染物排放标准
+
+GB 13271 锅炉大气污染物排放标准
+
+GB/T 13466 交流电气传动风机(泵类、空气压缩机)系统经济运行通则
+
+GB/T 15587 工业企业能源管理导则
+
+GB 17167 用能单位能源计量器具配备和管理通则
+
+GB 18484 危险废物焚烧污染控制标准
+
+GB 18597 危险废物贮存污染控制标准
+
+GB 18598 危险废物填埋污染控制标准
+
+GB 18599 一般工业固体废物贮存、处置场污染控制标准
+
+GB/T 19001 质量管理体系要求
+
+GB/T 20862 产品可回收利用率计算方法导则
+
+GB/T 23331 能源管理体系要求
+
+GB/T 24001 环境管理体系要求及使用指南
+
+GB/T 24256 产品生态设计通则
+
+GB 24789 用水单位水计量器具配备和管理通则
+
+GB/T 28001 职业健康安全管理体系要求
+
+GB/T 29115 工业企业节约原材料评价导则
+
+GB 31571 石油化学行业污染物排放标准
+
+GB 31572 合成树脂工业污染物排放标准
+
+GB/T 32151.10 温室气体排放核算与报告要求第 10 部分：化工生产企业
+
+GB/T32161 生态设计产品评价通则
+
+GB/T 36132 绿色工厂评价通则
+
+GB 37822 挥发性有机物无组织排放控制标准
+
+GB 50016 建筑设计防火规范
+
+GB 50034 建筑照明设计标准
+
+GB 50058 爆炸和火灾危险环境电力装置设计规范
+
+GB 50189 公共建筑节能设计标准
+
+HG/T 2503 聚碳酸酯树脂
+
+## 3 术语和定义
+
+下列术语和定义适用于本标准。
+
+### 3.1
+
+**绿色工厂 green factory**
+
+实现了用地集约化、原料无害化、生产洁净化、废物资源化、能源低碳化的工厂。
+
+### 3.2
+
+**聚碳酸酯 (PC) 行业 polycarbonate industry**
+
+以双酚 A (BPA)、光气和烧碱为原料， 采用界面缩聚法生产聚碳酸酯(PC)产品， 或者以双酚 A(BPA)和碳酸二苯酯(DPC)为原料，采用熔融酯交换缩聚法生产聚碳酸酯(PC) 产品的企业总称。
+
+聚碳酸酯(PC)生产方法分为光气法和非光气法， 光气法包括光气界面缩聚法、光气熔融酯交换缩聚法， 非光气法主要为非光气熔融酯交换缩聚法。
+
+### 3.3
+
+**聚碳酸酯(PC) polycarbonate**
+
+聚碳酸酯(PC)是分子链中含有碳酸酯基的高分子聚合物， 根据酯基的结构可分为脂肪族、 芳香族、脂肪族-芳香族等多种类型，工业生产中主要以芳香族为主。
+
+### 3.4
+
+**光气界面缩聚法 phosgenation interracial polycondensation method**
+
+以光气、双酚 A (BPA) 和烧碱为原料， 在惰性有机溶剂和催化剂存在下进行界面缩聚反应生成聚碳酸酯(PC)，经分离、干燥、造粒等工艺生产聚碳酸酯(PC)成品的全过程。
+
+### 3.5
+
+**光气熔融酯交换缩聚法 phosgenationmelt transesterification polycondensationmethod**
+
+以光气、苯酚和烧碱为原料合成碳酸二苯酯(DPC)， 在催化剂作用下碳酸二苯酯(DPC) 再和双酚 A (BPA) 于高温、高真空下进行酯交换缩聚反应生成聚碳酸酯(PC)， 经切粒等工艺生产聚碳酸酯(PC)成品的全过程。
+
+### 3.6
+
+**非 光 气 熔 融 酯 交 换 缩 聚 法 non phosgenationmelt transesterification polycondensationmethod**
+
+以碳酸二甲酯 (DMC)、苯酚为原料合成碳酸二苯酯 (DPC)，在催化剂作用下碳酸二苯酯(DPC)再和双酚 A(BPA)于高温、高真空下进行酯交换缩聚反应生成聚碳酸酯(PC)， 经切粒等工艺生产聚碳酸酯(PC)成品的全过程。
+
+### 3.7
+
+**碳酸二甲酯(DMC)消耗 diphenyl carbonate**
+
+在一定的计量时间内， 聚碳酸酯(PC)生产所消耗的碳酸二甲酯 (DMC) 与产品产量之比。
+
+### 3.8
+
+**双酚 A (BPA) 消耗 bisphenol A consumption**
+
+在一定的计量时间内，聚碳酸酯(PC)生产所消耗的双酚 A (BPA) 与产品产量之比。
+
+### 3.9
+
+**固体废物综合利用 comprehensive utilization of solid waste**
+
+通过原材料回收、加工再利用、转化利用、废物交换等方式， 从工厂生产产生的固体废物中提取或者转化为可利用的资源、能源和其他原材料的活动。
+
+### 3.10
+
+**固体废物综合利用率 comprehensive utilization rate of solid waste**
+
+工厂固体废物综合利用量与生产产生的固体废物总量之比。
+
+### 3.11
+
+**聚碳酸酯(PC)单位产品综合能耗 polycarbonate comprehensive energy consumption perunit product**
+
+在一定的计量时间内， 聚碳酸酯(PC)生产过程中所消耗的各种能源总量与产品产量之比。
+
+### 3.12
+
+**相关方 interested party; stakeholder**
+
+可影响绿色工厂创建的决策或活动、受绿色工厂创建的决策或活动所影响、或自认为受绿色工厂创建的决策或活动影响的个人或组织。
+
+## 4 总则
+
+### 4.1 评价原则
+
+#### 4.1.1 一致性原则
+
+聚碳酸酯(PC)行业绿色工厂评价总体结构与 GB/T 36132 提出的相关评价指标体系和通用要求保持一致，包括基本要求 (5.1) 和一般要求。一般要求包括基础设施 (5.2)、管理体系 (5.3)、能源与资源投入 (5.4)、生产过程与产品 (5.5)、环境排放 (5.6)、绩效 (5.7) 等 6 项综合评价要求。
+
+聚碳酸酯(PC)行业绿色工厂评价框架如图 1 所示。
+
+
+
+图 1 聚碳酸酯(PC)行业绿色工厂评价体系框图
+
+#### 4.1.2 定性与定量结合原则
+
+聚碳酸酯(PC)行业绿色工厂评价指标采取定性与定量相结合、过程与绩效相结合的方式， 形成完整的综合性评价指标体系。
+
+定性评价指标主要根据国家有关推行绿色生产的产业发展和技术进步政策、资源环境保护政策规定以及行业发展规划选取。定量评价指标选取有代表性的、能反映“节能”、“降耗”、 “减污”和“增效”等有关绿色制造的指标。
+
+具体评价要求分为必选要求和可选要求， 必选要求为要求绿色工厂必须达到的基础性要求; 可选要求为绿色工厂的提高性要求， 具备先进性， 依据受评工厂的实际情况确定可选要求的满足程度。
+
+### 4.2 评价体系
+
+评价体系分为一级指标和二级指标。一级指标包括基本要求、基础设施、管理体系、能源与资源投入、生产过程与产品、环境排放和绩效，共 7 个方面; 二级指标是一级指标的细化， 并细化为要求和预期性要求， 其中预期性要求为可选项。
+
+### 4.3 评价方法
+
+评价采用指标加权综合评分的方式， 各指标加权综合评分总分为 100 分。评价要求中必选指标应全部满足，可选指标应对照附录 B 中具体条款，依据符合程度在 0 分到满分中取值。当某项评价要求不适用时， 应将该项评价要求的分值平均分配给相同一级指标下其他评价要求中。
+
+### 4.4 权重系数和指标分数
+
+聚碳酸酯(PC)行业绿色工厂评价的各项一级指标实行百分制， 每项一级指标在总体评价项目中权重系数为:
+
+——基本要求(5.1)采取一票否决制，应全部满足；
+
+——基础设施 (5.2)， 10%;
+
+——管理体系 (5.3)， 10%;
+
+——能源与资源投入 (5.4)，15%；
+
+——生产过程与产品 (5.5)， 15%;
+
+——环境排放 (5.6)， 20%;
+
+——绩效 (5.7)，30%。
+
+各二级指标和具体评价要求对应分数见附录 B，其中绩效指标采用分级计分模式，达到基准值、先进值和领先值所得分数不同。
+
+### 4.5 工厂评价范围及系统边界
+
+4.5.1 新建或扩建聚碳酸酯(PC)工厂从投产到参与聚碳酸酯(PC)绿色工厂评价，应间隔不少于 18 个月 (包括三个月试生产期)。
+
+4.5.2 投用多条产线(多套聚碳酸酯装置)的工厂参与聚碳酸酯(PC)绿色工厂评价时，评价范围应包含整个工厂的多套聚碳酸酯(PC)装置。
+
+4.5.3 本标准按照不同工艺对评价系统边界进行界定。
+
+光气界面缩聚法: 评价对象包括原料配制、光气合成、聚合反应、洗涤分离、溶剂脱除、 干燥、造粒、包装、废水预处理(界定边界为厂区废水排放口)等生产环节。
+
+光气熔融酯交换缩聚法：评价对象包括原料配制、光气合成、碳酸二苯酯(DPC)合成、 聚合反应、造粒、包装、废水预处理(界定边界为厂区废水排放口)等生产环节。
+
+非光气熔融酯交换缩聚法：评价对象包括碳酸二苯酯(DPC)合成、聚合反应、造粒、 包装等生产环节。
+
+## 5 评价指标及要求
+
+### 5.1 基本要求
+
+#### 5.1.1 基础合规性要求
+
+5.1.1.1 绿色工厂应依法设立，在建设和实际生产过程中应遵守有关法律、法规、政策和标准。
+
+5.1.1.2 近三年(含成立不足三年)无较大及以上安全、环保、质量等事故。
+
+5.1.1.3 对利益相关方的环境要求做出承诺的， 应同时满足有关承诺的要求。
+
+5.1.1.4 工厂未列入国家企业信用信息公示系统的严重违法失信企业名单。
+
+#### 5.1.2 管理职责要求
+
+##### 5.1.2.1 最高管理者
+
+a）最高管理者在绿色工厂方面的领导作用和承诺满足 GB/T36132 中 4.3.1a)的要求。
+
+b）最高管理者应确保在工厂内部分配并沟通与绿色工厂相关角色的职责和权限，且满足 GB/T36132 中 4.3.1b）的要求。
+
+##### 5.1.2.2 工厂
+
+a）应设有绿色工厂管理机构， 负责有关绿色工厂的制度建设、实施、考核及奖励工作， 建立目标责任制;
+
+b）应有开展绿色工厂的中长期规划及年度目标、指标和实施方案， 指标应明确且可量化;
+
+c）应传播绿色工厂的概念和知识， 定期为员工提供绿色工厂相关知识的教育、培训， 并对教育和培训的结果进行考评。
+
+### 5.2 基础设施
+
+#### 5.2.1 建筑
+
+5.2.1.1 建筑应满足国家或地方相关法律法规及标准的要求， 公共建筑节能设计应符合 GB 50189 公共建筑节能设计标准。
+
+5.2.1.2 新建、改建和扩建建筑时，应遵守国家“固定资产投资项目节能评估审查制度”、“三同时制度”、“工业项目建设用地控制指标”等产业政策和有关要求。
+
+5.2.1.3 厂房内部装饰装修材料中醛、苯、氨、氡等有害物质应符合国家和地方法律、标准要求。
+
+5.2.1.4危险品仓库、有毒有害操作间、废弃物处理间等产生污染物的房间应独立设置， 应符合GB50016等建筑设计规范。
+
+5.2.1.5 工厂应集约利用厂区， 在满足生产工艺前提下， 优先采用联合厂房、多层建筑、高层建筑等。
+
+5.2.1.6 建筑结构采用钢结构、砌体结构和木结构等资源消耗和环境影响小的建筑结构体系。
+
+5.2.1.7 建筑材料宜选用蕴能低、高性能、高耐久性和本地建材， 减少建材在全生命周期中的能源消耗。
+
+#### 5.2.2 照明
+
+5.2.2.1 厂区及各房间或场所的照明应尽量利用自然光，人工照明应符合 GB50034 规定；
+
+5.2.2.2 不同场所的照明应进行分级设计;
+
+5.2.2.3 在有爆炸或火灾危险的场所， 应根据有爆炸或火灾危险的介质分类等级选择灯具， 并符合 GB50058《爆炸和火灾危险环境电力装置设计规范》的相关要求。
+
+5.2.2.4 工艺适用时，节能灯等节能型照明设备的使用占比不低于 50%。
+
+5.2.2.5 公共场所的照明宜采取分区、分组与定时自动调光等措施。
+
+#### 5.2.3 工艺及设施
+
+5.2.3.1 工艺路线应采用国家鼓励和推荐的先进技术，不采用国家明令淘汰的工艺技术。
+
+5.2.3.2 应采用高效低耗环保型催化剂、助剂等。
+
+5.2.3.3 宜根据原材料路线、生产工艺、能效等设置生产设施，确保源头控制。
+
+5.2.3.4 采用光气法工艺时，宜采用高效节能技术(光气余热回收等)；采用非光气法工艺时， 宜采用环保型热媒介质技术。
+
+#### 5.2.4 通用设备
+
+5.2.4.1 各类生产设备不应使用国家明令淘汰的产品， 对于列入国家淘汰目录的产品或设备应按要求制定淘汰计划， 并按计划进度进行淘汰更新。
+
+5.2.4.2 设备或其系统的实际运行效率或主要运行参数应符合该设备经济运行的要求。
+
+5.2.4.3 应使生产通用设备达到经济运行的状态， 主要用能的泵类、风机、空气压缩机及余热锅炉等设备应符合 GB/T13466 的规定。
+
+5.2.4.4 应建有管理维护保养、更新及报废制度，现场各类运行记录完整、有效。
+
+5.2.4.5 通用用能设备宜采用绿色产品或效率高、能耗低、水耗低、物耗低的节能型产品。
+
+#### 5.2.5 专用设备
+
+5.2.5.1 导热油炉应采用低氮燃烧，并满足最新国家标准 GB13271 的相关要求。
+
+5.2.5.2 聚合反应器宜采用单线大产量设计。
+
+5.2.5.3 挥发性有机液体储罐宜选择内浮顶罐或者外浮顶罐。
+
+#### 5.2.6 计量设备
+
+5.2.6.1 应依据 GB 17167、GB24789 的要求配备、使用和管理能源、水以及其他资源的计量器具和装置。
+
+5.2.6.2 应建立能源资源计量和统计管理制度，设有专人负责计量器具的管理工作(配备、使用、检定、维修、报废等)，建立计量设备管理台账(包括计量制度、计量人员管理、计量器具档案等)。
+
+5.2.6.3 能源及资源使用的类型不同时， 应进行分类计量。
+
+#### 5.2.7 污染物处理设备设施
+
+5.2.7.1 新、改和扩建时，环保设施建设应符合建设项目环境保护“三同时制度”、“环境影响评价制度”、“固定资产投资项目节能审查”等国家、地方相关法律、法规、部门规章要求。
+
+5.2.7.2 应设置污染物处理等设施， 污染物处理设施的处理能力应与生产排放相适应， 确保污染物排放达到相关法律法规及标准要求。
+
+5.2.7.3 应采用环保节能污染物处理技术及设施，避免产生二次污染。
+
+5.2.7.4 应设置满足要求的应急处置方案和设施。
+
+5.2.7.5 应建有环保设施运行、停运及拆除管理制度，定期开展环保设施运行状况和效果评估工作。
+
+5.2.7.6 应将环保设施与生产装置同等管理， 同时运行、同步维护， 环保设施运行控制参数纳入生产操作规程或工艺卡片。
+
+5.2.7.7 应依据 GB 37822 设有挥发性有机物 (VOCs) 收集与治理设备设施， 并建立有 VOCs 治理设备设施的运行维护规程、台账等日常管理制度。
+
+### 5.3 管理体系要求
+
+#### 5.3.1 质量管理体系
+
+5.3.1.1 应建立、实施并保持质量管理体系， 质量管理体系应满足 GB/T 19001 或其他相关标准的要求。
+
+5.3.1.2 质量管理体系宜通过第三方机构认证。
+
+#### 5.3.2 职业健康安全管理体系
+
+5.3.2.1 应建立、实施并保持职业健康安全管理体系， 职业健康安全管理体系应满足 GB/T 28001 或其他相关标准的要求。
+
+5.3.2.2 职业健康安全管理体系宜通过第三方机构认证。
+
+#### 5.3.3 环境管理体系
+
+5.3.3.1 应建立、实施并保持环境管理体系， 环境管理体系应满足 GB/T 24001 或其他相关标准的要求。
+
+5.3.3.2 环境管理体系宜通过第三方机构认证。
+
+#### 5.3.4 能源管理体系
+
+5.3.4.1 应建立、实施并保持能源管理体系， 能源管理体系应满足 GB/T 23331 或其他相关标准的要求。
+
+5.3.4.2 能源管理体系宜通过第三方机构认证。
+
+#### 5.3.5 社会责任
+
+5.3.6.1 宜承诺并实施责任关怀， 定期发布社会责任报告， 说明履行利益相关方责任的情况， 特别是环境社会责任的履行情况， 报告公开可获得。
+
+5.3.6.2 宜定期开展社会公益活动。
+
+### 5.4 能源与资源投入
+
+#### 5.4.1 能源投入
+
+5.4.1.1 应采取措施优化用能结构， 降低单位产品综合能耗。
+
+5.4.1.2 应采取措施， 提高天然气等清洁能源的使用比例。
+
+5.4.1.3 应建立能耗在线监测系统，定期对影响能耗的关键设备和系统进行检测和分析。
+
+5.4.1.4 应依据 GB/T15587 的要求建立能源管理制度， 制定主要用能、用水设备设施的管理规程。
+
+5.4.1.5 应对系统中有回收价值的余热余压进行回收利用。
+
+5.4.1.6 宜依据 GB/T 15587 的要求建立能源管理中心。
+
+5.4.1.7 宜定期进行装置能量平衡测算， 开展系统优化， 实现能量梯级使用。
+
+5.4.1.8 宜使用可再生能源代替不可再生能源。
+
+#### 5.4.2 资源投入
+
+5.4.2.1 应采取必要措施减少原辅材料的使用， 尤其是含有害物质的化学品的使用， 评估有害物质及化学品减量使用或替代的可行性。
+
+5.4.2.2应按照GB/T 29115的要求对其原材料使用量的减少进行评价。
+
+5.4.2.3 应按照 GB/T7119 的要求制定工业节水管理实施细则和考核办法。
+
+5.4.2.4 应定期开展水平衡测试，对水耗较大的设备和系统进行分析，提出整改措施并落实。
+
+5.4.2.5 应避免出现水、蒸汽等能源、资源物质的跑冒滴漏。
+
+5.4.2.6 应减少水资源消耗， 提高废水回用率。
+
+5.4.2.7 宜使用回收料、可回收料代替原生材料、不可回收材料。
+
+#### 5.4.3 采购
+
+5.4.3.1应制定并实施包括环保要求的选择、评价和重新评价供方的准则。
+
+5.4.3.2 应向供方提供采购产品的重要质量指标， 确定并实施检验或其他必要的活动， 以确保采购的产品满足规定的采购要求。
+
+5.4.3.3 宜向供方提供的采购信息包含有害物质使用、可回收材料使用、能效等环保要求。
+
+5.4.3.4 满足绿色供应链评价要求。
+
+### 5.5 生产过程与产品
+
+#### 5.5.1 生产过程
+
+5.5.1.1 应根据 GB/T 33000 开展安全生产标准化工作，并达到安全生产标准化二级标准。
+
+5.5.1.2 各种输送介质的管网设计和使用应符合相关标准和技术要求， 加强日常维护管理， 防止跑、冒、滴、漏的现象发生。
+
+5.5.1.3 应采取有效措施， 保证生产装置 (单元) 稳定运行。
+
+5.5.1.4 应建立并执行开停车期间污染物排放控制方案。
+
+5.5.1.5 宜采用先进过程控制系统。
+
+#### 5.5.2 产品
+
+5.5.2.1 生产的聚碳酸酯(PC)产品质量应满足相关标准要求。
+
+5.5.2.2 工厂生产的产品 (包括原料和辅料) 应减少有害物质的使用， 避免有害物质的泄露， 满足国家对产品中有害物质限制使用的要求。
+
+5.5.2.3 应采用适用的标准或规范对产品进行碳足迹核算或核查。
+
+5.5.2.4 宜对其产品的碳足迹进行改善， 核算或核查结果对外公布。
+
+5.5.2.5 宜按照 GB/T 24256 对生产的产品进行生态设计， 并按照 GB/T 32161 对生产的产品进行生态设计产品评价，满足绿色产品(生态设计产品)评价要求。
+
+5.5.2.6 宜按照 GB/T 20862 的要求计算其产品的可回收利用率， 利用计算结果对产品的可回收利用率进行改善。
+
+5.5.2.7 宜参与聚碳酸酯(PC)产品可持续性绩效和行为准则的认证， 以支持产品生命周期的环境收益及产业链的全面可持续性发展。
+
+### 5.6 环境排放
+
+#### 5.6.1 大气污染物
+
+5.6.1.1 大气污染物排放应满足 GB31572 等标准和地方主管部门的要求， 符合《重点行业挥发性有机物综合治理方案》。
+
+5.6.1.2 建立大气污染物排放台账，开展自行监测和监控，保存原始监测和监控记录。
+
+5.6.1.3 应开展厂区、罐区、装卸、污水收集与处理设施的 VOCs 治理， 建立 VOCs 治理设施的运行维护规程和台账等日常管理要求。
+
+5.6.1.4 应建有泄漏检测与修复(LDAR)管理制度，LDAR 工作应符合国家(地方)的相关要求。定期开展 LDAR 工作， 泄漏修复应及时、有效。
+
+#### 5.6.2 水污染物
+
+5.6.2.1 水污染物排放应满足 GB31572 和地方环境保护主管部门的要求。
+
+5.6.2.2 废水应清污分流、分类收集、分质处理。
+
+5.6.2.3 应在厂界工业废水排放口安装固定废水自动监测设备。
+
+5.6.2.4 应建立水污染物排放台账，开展自行监测和监控，保存原始监测和监控记录。
+
+5.6.2.5 废水应作无害化处理， 处理率达到 100%。
+
+5.6.2.6 废水宜进行资源化回收利用。
+
+#### 5.6.3 固体废物
+
+5.6.3.1 固体废物收集、贮存、运输、处置、利用符合国家和地方相关法律法规和标准要求。 满足 GB18599、GB18597、GB18598、GB18484 的要求。
+
+5.6.3.2 应落实工业固体废物申报登记制度，制定危险废物管理计划。
+
+5.6.3.3 外委处置危险废物的， 依法取得转移批准， 委托有危险废物处置资质的且具备处置能力的单位处置， 按规定填写转移联单。
+
+5.6.3.4 应对生产和储运过程散落的聚碳酸酯颗粒物进行收集、回收。
+
+5.6.3.5 工业固体废物无害化处置率达到 100%。
+
+5.6.3.6 工业固体废物宜进行资源化利用。
+
+#### 5.6.4 噪声
+
+5.6.4.1 厂界噪声应满足 GB 12348 和地方主管部门的要求。
+
+#### 5.6.5 温室气体排放
+
+5.6.5.1 应采用 GB/T 32151.10 对其厂界范围内的温室气体排放进行核算和报告，宜进行核查， 核查结果宜对外公布。
+
+5.6.5.2 应建立健全能源消费和温室气体排放管控记录。
+
+5.6.5.3 应采取有效措施降低温室气体的排放。
+
+#### 5.6.6 土壤及地下水
+
+5.6.6.1 应依据 《中华人民共和国土壤污染防治法》，加强土壤、地下水环境现状调查，定期开展土壤和地下水监测，并制定风险防控方案。
+
+5.6.6.2 应加强防渗措施， 防止地下水污染。
+
+#### 5.6.7 生态保护
+
+5.6.8.1 厂(场)选址、布局应符合生态功能区划和生态红线的有关要求。
+
+5.6.8.2 生产经营过程中的自然资源利用、原材料使用等活动，应符合有关法律法规的规定。
+
+5.6.8.3 工程项目开发建设过程中， 生态保护措施应全部落实， 生态破坏应及时清理修复。
+
+#### 5.6.8 环境风险管理
+
+5.6.7.1 应建立动态环境风险识别与评估机制， 并实现分级管控。
+
+5.6.7.2 应建立突发环境事件区域联防联控工作机制， 并定期开展预案演练， 应急物质配备满足需要。
+
+5.6.7.3 应采取相应的管理措施和隐患治理等手段，降低环境风险，提升环境风险防控水平。
+
+5.6.7.4 开展环境应急能力评估，完善应急装备配备、物资储备和应急队伍建设。
+
+### 5.7 绩效要求
+
+#### 5.7.1 用地集约化
+
+5.7.1.1 应采用附录 A.1~A.3 计算建筑密度、容积率、单位用地面积产值，并应满足表 1 的要求。
+
+表 1 用地集约化指标评价要求
+
+| 序号 | 用地集约化评价指标 | 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | | 1 | 建筑密度 | 30% | 35% | 40% | | 2 | 容积率 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 1.2 | | 3 | 单位用地面积产值 | 工厂的单位用地面积产值不低于地方发布的单位用地面积产值的要求; 未发布单位用地面积产值的地区， 单位用地面积产值应超过本年度所在省市的单位用地面积产值。 |
+
+#### 5.7.2 生产洁净化
+
+5.7.2.1 应采用附录 A.4-A.6 的方法计算单位 PC 产品废水产生量、单位 PC 产品废气产生量、 单位 PC 产品固体废弃物产生量、单位 PC 产品主要污染物产生量， 并应满足表 2 要求。
+
+表 2 单位产品污染物产生量
+
+
+| 序号 | 二级指标 | 单位 | 光气法 | 非光气法 |
+| 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | | 1 | 废水产生量 | t/t | 8.0 | 7.5 | 6.5 | 2.9 | 2.0 | 1.5 |
+| 2 | 废气产生量 | Nm³/t | 4600 | 3600 | 2700 | 3500 | 2800 | 2500 |
+| 3 | 主要污染物产生量 | 烟尘及颗粒物 | kg/t | 0.01 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
+| 4 | 有组织VOCs | kg/t | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.35 | 0.25 | 0.15 |
+
+5.7.2.2 应采用附录 A.7 计算单位产品废物排放量，单位为t/t产品，并应满足表 3 要求。
+
+表 3 单位产品废物排放量
+
+| 序号 | 二级指标 | 单位 | 光气法 | 非光气法 | | 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | | 1 | 废水排放量 | t/t | 5.0 | 3.0 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 2.0 | 1.0 | | 2 | COD 排放量 | kg/t | 0.5 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.15 | 0.10 | 0.05 |
+
+#### 5.7.3 废物资源化
+
+5.7.3.1 应采用附录 A.8 计算单位产品主要原材料消耗量， 并满足表 4 要求。
+
+表 4 单位产品主要原材料消耗量
+
+| 序号 | 二级指标 | 单位 | 光气法 | 非光气法 | | 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | | 1 | 双酚 A 消耗量¹ | kg/t | 890 | 886 | 883 | 890 | 886 | 883 | | 2 | 光气消耗量 | kg/t | 470 | 450 | 430 | - | - | - | | 3 | DMC 消耗量 | kg/t | - | - | - | 440 | 400 | 360 | | 4 | DPC 消耗量 | kg/t | - | - | - | 900 | 860 | 840 | | 5 | 苯酚消耗量 | kg/t | - | - | - | 34 | 30 | 29 | | 注 1: 以聚碳酸酯中粘产品核算双酚 A 消耗量 |
+
+5.7.3.2 应采用附录 A.9 计算单位产品取水量，并满足表 5 要求。
+
+表 5 单位产品取水量
+
+| 序号 | 二级指标 | 单位 | 光气法 | 非光气法 | | 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | | 1 | 取水量 | t/t | 8.5 | 7.6 | 6.8 | 5.0 | 4.2 | 3.5 |
+
+5.7.3.3 应采用附录 A.10 计算固体废物综合利用率，基准值不低于 65%，先进值不低于 75%，领先值不低于 90%。
+
+5.7.3.4 应采用附录 A.11 计算废水回用率，基准值不低于 60%，先进值不低于 80%，领先值不低于 90%。
+
+#### 5.7.4 能源低碳化
+
+5.7.4.1 应采用附录 A.12-A.13 的方法计算单位产品综合能耗、单位产品碳排放量， 并应满足表 6 的要求。
+
+表 6 能源低碳化指标
+
+| 序号 | 二级指标 | 单位 | 光气法 | 非光气法 | | 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | 基准值 | 先进值 | 领先值 | | 1 | 综合能耗 | kgce/t | 780 | 700 | 650 | 900 | 820 | 780 | | 2 | 碳排放量 | kgeCO₂/t | 2000 | 1700 | 1550 | 3000 | 2680 | 2550 |
+
+## 6. 评价程序
+
+聚碳酸酯(PC)行业绿色工厂评价程序如图 2 所示，包括企业自评价和第三方评价。 评价应建立规范的评价工作流程， 包括评价准备、组建评价工作组、制定评价方案、预评价、 现场评价、编制评价报告、技术评审等。
+
+
+
+图 2 聚碳酸酯 (PC) 行业绿色工厂评价程序
+
+## 7. 评价报告
+
+### 7.1 绿色工厂自评价报告
+
+《聚碳酸酯绿色工厂自评价报告》内容包括但不限于:
+
+a）工厂名称、地址、行业、法定代表人、简介等基本信息，发展现状、工业产业和生产经营情况;
+
+b）工厂在绿色发展方面开展的重点工作及取得成绩，下一步拟开展重点工作等；
+
+c）工厂的建筑、装置规模、工艺路线、主要耗能设备、计量设备、照明配置情况，以及相关标准执行情况;
+
+d）工厂各项管理体系建设情况；
+
+e）工厂能源投入、资源投入、采购等方面的现状，以及目前正实施的节约能源资源项目;
+
+f）工厂生产时的设计、能效、有害物质限制使用等情况；
+
+g）工厂主要污染物处理设备配置及运行情况，大气污染物、水体污染物、固体废物、 噪声、温室气体的排放及管理等现状;
+
+h）依据工厂情况和开展绿色工厂自评价表；
+
+i）其他支持证明材料。
+
+### 7.2 第三方评价报告
+
+《聚碳酸酯绿色工厂第三方评价报告》内容包括但不限于:
+
+a）绿色工厂评价的目的、范围及准则;
+
+b）绿色工厂评价过程， 主要包括评价组织安排、文件评审情况、现场评估情况、核查报告编写及内部技术复核情况;
+
+c）对申报工厂的基础设施、管理体系、能源资源投入、产品、环境排放、绩效等方面进行描述， 并对工厂自评报告中的相关内容进行核实;
+
+d）核实数据真实性、计算范围及计算方法， 检查相关计量设备和有关标准的执行等情况;
+
+e）对企业自评所出现的问题情况进行描述;
+
+f）对申报工厂是否符合绿色工厂要求进行评价， 说明各评价指标值及是否符合评价要求情况， 描述主要创建做法及工作亮点等;
+
+g）对持续创建绿色工厂的下一步工作提出建议；
+
+h）评价支持材料。
+
+## 附录 A
+## (规范性附录)
+## 聚碳酸酯(PC)行业绿色工厂绩效指标的计算方法
+
+### A.1 建筑密度
+
+建筑密度为工厂用地范围内各种建筑物、构筑物占(用)地面积总和(包括露天生产装置或设备、露天堆场及操作场地的用地面积)与厂区用地面积的比率，按式(A.1)计算。
+
+$$r = \frac{{\alpha }_{ZJZW} + {\alpha }_{ZGWZ}}{{A}_{YD}} \times {100}\% \cdots \tag{A.1}$$
+
+式中:
+
+r——工厂建筑密度，无量纲；
+
+${\alpha }_{ZJZW} $ ——工厂总建筑物占 (用) 地面积，单位为平方米 $ \left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2}\right) $ ;
+
+$ {\alpha }_{ZGZW} $ ——工厂总构筑物占 (用) 地面积，单位为平方米 $ \left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2}\right) $ ;
+
+$ {A}_{YD} $ ——工厂用地面积，单位为平方米( $ {\mathrm{m}}^{2} $ )。
+
+### A.2 容积率
+
+容积率为工厂总建筑物 (正负 0 标高以上的建筑面积)、构筑物面积与厂区用地面积的比值， 按式 (A.2) 计算。
+
+$$A = \frac{{A}_{ZJZW} + {A}_{ZGZW}}{{A}_{YD}}\cdots \tag{A.2}$$
+
+式中:
+
+$ A $ ——工厂容积率，无量纲；
+
+$ {A}_{ZJZW} $ ——工厂总建筑物建筑面积，单位为平方米 $ \left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2}\right) $ ；
+
+$ {A}_{ZGZW} $ ——工厂总构筑物建筑面积，单位为平方米 $ \left( {\mathrm{m}}^{2}\right) $ ；
+
+$ {A}_{YD} $ ——工厂用地面积，单位为平方米( $ {\mathrm{m}}^{2} $ )。
+
+### A.3 单位用地面积产值
+
+单位用地面积产值为工厂产值与厂区用地面积的比率，按式 (A.3) 计算。
+
+$$n = \frac{N}{{A}_{YD}}\cdots \tag{A.3}$$
+
+式中:
+
+$ n $ ——单位用地面积产值，单位为万元每公顷(万元 $ /{\mathrm{{hm}}}^{2} $ )；
+
+$ N $ ——工厂总产值，单位为万元；
+
+$ {A}_{YD} $ ——工厂用地面积，单位为公顷顷（hm²）。
+
+### A.4 单位产品废水产生量
+
+聚碳酸酯(PC)单位产品主要污染物产生量按照式(A.4)计算。
+
+$${s}_{i} = \frac{{S}_{i}}{Q}\cdots \tag{A.4}$$
+
+式中:
+
+$ {s}_{i} $ ——生产聚碳酸酯 (PC) 单位合格产品废水产生量，单位为吨每吨聚碳酸酯 (PC) 产品(t/t)；
+
+$ {S}_{i} $ ——统计期内废水产生总量，单位为吨 (t)；单位产品废水产生量不包括生活废水。
+
+Q——统计期内合格 PC 的产量，单位为吨 (t)。
+
+### A.5 单位产品废气产生量
+
+聚碳酸酯(PC)单位产品主要废气产生量按照式(A.5)计算。
+
+$${g}_{i} = \frac{{G}_{i}}{Q}\cdots \tag{A.5}$$
+
+$ {g}_{i} $ ——生产聚碳酸酯 (PC) 单位合格产品某种废气产生量，单位为 $ {\mathrm{{Nm}}}^{3} $ 每吨聚碳酸酯 (PC) 产品 $ \left( {{\mathrm{{Nm}}}^{3}/\mathrm{t}}\right) $ ;
+
+$ {G}_{i} $ ——统计期内某种废气产生量，单位为 $ {\mathrm{{Nm}}}^{3} $ ，视污染物品种而定; 吨产品废气产生量为有组织污染源排放量， 不包括无组织源排放量。
+
+Q——统计期内合格聚碳酸酯(PC)的产量，单位为吨(t)。
+
+### A.6 单位产品主要污染物产生量
+
+聚碳酸酯(PC)单位产品主要污染物产生量按照式(A.6)计算。
+
+$$ {s}_{i} = \frac{{S}_{i}}{Q}\cdots \tag{A.6}$$
+
+式中:
+
+$ {s}_{i} $ ——生产聚碳酸酯 (PC) 单位合格产品主要污染物产生量，单位为千克每吨聚碳酸酯 (PC) 产品 (kg/t);
+
+$ {S}_{i} $ ——统计期内聚碳酸酯 (PC) 主要污染物产生量，单位为千克 (kg);
+
+Q——统计期内合格聚碳酸酯(PC)产品产量，单位为吨(t)。
+
+### A.7 单位产品废水排放量/COD 排放量
+
+聚碳酸酯(PC)单位产品废水排放量/COD 排放量按照下式(A.7)计算。
+
+$${f}_{i} = \frac{{F}_{i}}{Q}\cdots \tag{A.7}$$
+
+式中:
+
+$ {f}_{i} $ ——生产聚碳酸酯 (PC) 单位合格产品废水排放量/COD 排放量，单位为吨 (t) 每吨聚碳酸酯(PC)产品(t/t)；
+
+$ {\mathrm{F}}_{\mathrm{i}} $ ——统计期内废水排放总量/COD 排放总量，单位为吨 (t) /千克 (kg);
+
+Q——统计期内合格聚碳酸酯(PC)产品产量，单位为吨(t)。
+
+### A.8 单位产品主要原材料消耗量
+
+聚碳酸酯(PC)单位产品主要原材料消耗量按照式(A.8)计算。
+
+$${m}_{i} = \frac{{M}_{i}}{Q}\cdots \tag{A.8}$$
+
+式中:
+
+$ {m}_{i} $ ——生产聚碳酸酯 (PC) 单位产品某种主要原材料消耗量，单位为千克每吨聚碳酸酯(PC) 产品(kg/t);
+
+$ {M}_{i} $ ——统计期内某种主要原材料消耗量，单位视原材料品种而定；
+
+Q——统计期内合格聚碳酸酯(PC)产品产量，单位为吨(t)。
+
+### A.9 单位产品的取水量
+
+聚碳酸酯(PC)单位产品的取水量按照下式(A.9)计算。
+
+$${w}_{i} = \frac{{W}_{i}}{Q}\cdots \tag{A.9}$$
+
+式中:
+
+$ {w}_{i} $ ——生产聚碳酸酯 (PC) 单位合格产品的取水量，单位为吨每吨聚碳酸酯 (PC) 产品(t/t)；
+
+$ {W}_{i} $ ——统计期内总取水量，单位为吨 (t)；
+
+Q——统计期内合格聚碳酸酯(PC)产品产量，单位为吨(t)
+
+### A.10 固体废物综合利用率
+
+固体废物综合利用率按照式(A.10)计算。
+
+$${k}_{r} = \frac{{Z}_{r}}{Z} \times {100}\%\cdots \tag{A.10}$$
+
+式中:
+
+$ {k}_{r} $ ——固体废物综合利用率，无量纲;
+
+$ {Z}_{r} $ ——统计期内工厂固体废物综合利用量，单位为吨 (t)；
+
+$ Z $ ——统计期内工厂生产产生的固体废物总量和往年贮存量，单位为吨(t)。
+
+### A.11 废水回用率
+
+废水回用率按照式 (A.11) 计算。
+
+$${k}_{w} = \frac{{V}_{w}}{{V}_{2}} \times {100}\% \tag{A.11}$$
+
+式中:
+
+$ {\mathrm{k}}_{\mathrm{w}} $ ——废水回用率，无量纲；
+
+$ {\mathrm{V}}_{\mathrm{w}} $ ——统计期内工厂生产产生的废水作为工艺水回用的量，单位为吨 (t);
+
+$ {\mathrm{V}}_{2} $ ——统计期内工厂生产产生废水的总量，单位为吨 (t)。
+
+### A.12 单位产品综合能耗
+
+聚碳酸酯(PC)单位产品综合能耗按式(A.12)计算。
+
+$${E}_{ui} = \frac{{E}_{i}}{Q} \cdots \tag{A.12}$$
+
+式中:
+
+$ {\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{{ui}}} $ ——生产聚碳酸酯 (PC) 单位合格产品综合能耗，单位为千克标准煤每吨聚碳酸酯 (PC) 产品 (kgce/t);
+
+$ {\mathrm{E}}_{\mathrm{i}} $ ——统计期内，工厂实际消耗的各种能源实物量，即主要生产系统、辅助生产系统和附属生产系统的综合能耗， 单位为千克标准煤 (kgce);
+
+Q——统计期内的合格聚碳酸酯(PC)产品产量，单位为吨(t)。
+
+### A.13 单位产品碳排放量
+
+聚碳酸酯(PC)单位产品碳排放量按照(A.13)计算。
+
+$${c}_{c} = \frac{C}{Q}\cdots \tag{A.13}$$
+
+式中:
+
+$ {c}_{\mathrm{c}} $ ——生产聚碳酸酯(PC)单位合格产品碳排放量，单位为千克二氧化碳当量每吨聚碳酸酯(PC)产品(kgeCO₂/t);
+
+C——统计期内工厂边界内二氧化碳当量排放量，单位为千克二氧化碳当量(kgeCO₂)；
+
+Q——统计期内合格聚碳酸酯(PC)产品产量，单位为吨(t)。
+
+## 附录 B
+## (规范性附录)
+## 绿色工厂评价指标
+
+| 序号 | 一级 指标 | 二级指标 | 具体评价要求 | 要求类型 | 评分 标准 | 权重 | | 0 | 基本 要求 | 合规性要求 | 绿色工厂应依法设立，在建设和生产过程中应遵守有关法律、法规、政策和标准。 | 必选 | 一票 否决 | 一票 否决 | | 近三年(含成立不足三年)无较大及以上安全、环保、质量等事故。 | 必选 | | 对利益相关方的环境要求做出承诺的， 应同时满足有关承诺的要求。 | | | 工厂未列入国家企业信用信息公示系统的严重违法失信企业名单。 | 必选 | | 最高管理者管 理职责 | 最高管理者在绿色工厂方面的领导作用和承诺满足 GB/T 36132 中 4.3.1a）的要求。 | 必选 | | 最高管理者确保在工厂内部分配并沟通与绿色工厂相关角色，且满足 GB/T 36132 中 4.3.1 b）的要求。 | 必选 | | 工厂管理职责 | 应设有绿色工厂管理机构，负责有关绿色工厂的制度建设、实施、考核及奖励工作，建立目标责任制。 | 必选 | | 应有开展绿色工厂的中长期规划及年度目标、指标和实施方案，指标应明确且可量化。 | 必选 |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_110_watermark_2x1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_110_watermark_2x1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..266c095904965fd21ca0fbbda7587a0db9c54286
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_110_watermark_2x1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,205 @@
+RESEARCH LETTER
+
+Open Access
+
+# Ellerman bombs observed with the new vacuum solar telescope and the atmospheric imaging assembly onboard the solar dynamics observatory
+
+CrossMark
+
+Yajie Chen¹, Hui Tian¹*, Zhi Xu², Yongyuan Xiang², Yuliang Fang² and Zihao Yang¹
+
+
+
+## Abstract
+
+Ellerman bombs (EBs) are believed to be small-scale reconnection events occurring around the temperature mini-mum region in the solar atmosphere. They are often identified as significant enhancements in the extended Hα wingswithout obvious signatures in the Hα core. Here we explore the possibility of using the 1700 Å images taken by theAtmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) to study EBs. From the Hα wingimages obtained with the New Vacuum Solar Telescope (NVST) on 2015 May 2, we have identified 145 EBs and 51%of them clearly correspond to the bright points (BPs) in the AIA 1700 Å images. If we resize the NVST images usinga linear interpolation to make the pixel sizes of the AIA and NVST images the same, some previously identified EBsdisappear and about 71% of the remaining EBs are associated with BPs. Meanwhile, 66% of the compact brighteningsin the AIA 1700 Å images can be identified as EBs in the Hα wings. The intensity enhancements of the EBs in the Hαwing images reveal a linear correlation with those of the BPs in the AIA 1700 Å images. Our study suggests that a sig-nificant fraction of EBs can be observed with the AIA 1700 Å filter, which is promising for large-sample statistical studyof EBs as the seeing-free and full-disk SDO/AIA data are routinely available.
+
+## Background
+
+Ellerman bombs (EBs) are intense transient brighteningsin the extended Hα wings without obvious signatures inthe Hα core (Ellerman 1917). They are often believed tobe small-scale reconnection events occurring in the lowatmosphere of solar active regions (Pariat et al. 2007;González et al. 2013). However, recent observationsclearly reveal that they are also present in the quiet-Sunregions (van der Voort et al. 2016; Nelson et al. 2017).While some studies suggested that EBs form in the lowchromosphere (e.g., Schmieder etal. 2004), recent highresolution observations indicated that they just occur inthe photosphere (e.g., Watanabe etal. 2011; Vissers etal.2013). EBs typically last for 10–20min (Kurokawa etal.1982; Qiu etal. 2000) and they have a size on the order of1″ (Dunn and Zirker 1973; Dara etal. 1997).
+
+EBs are usually studied using the Hα data obtained byground-based telescopes. However, ground-based observations often suffer from varying seeing conditions. As aresult, only a small number of high-quality EB datasetshave been acquired in the past. Such a limitation largelyhampers the investigation of EBs, especially large-samplestatistical studies of EBs. Qiu et al. (2000) first noticedthat some EBs have signatures in the 1600 Å imagesobtained with the transition region and coronal explorer(TRACE, Handy et al. 1999). More recently, it has alsobeen found that some EBs correspond to small-scalecompact brightenings in the 1700Å images taken by theAtmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA, Lemen etal. 2012)onboard the solar dynamics observatory (SDO) (Vissersetal. 2013; Tian etal. 2016; Zhao etal. 2017; Toriumi etal.2017). After the launch of the Interface Region ImagingSpectrograph (IRIS; De Pontieu etal. 2014) mission, EBs have received intensive investigation, as IRIS observations appear to reveal unexpected heating of EBs to a fewtens of thousands of kelvin (e.g., Peter et al. 2014; Vissers etal. 2015; Cho etal. 2015; Tian etal. 2016; Grubeckaetal. 2016). However, it is still under debate whether suchintense heating is directly caused by the EBs or not (e.g.,Lei etal. 2016; Reid etal. 2017; Berlicki and Heinzel 2014;Fang etal. 2017; Hong etal. 2017; Danilovic 2017; Hansteen etal. 2017).
+
+
+
+*Correspondence: huitian@pku.edu.cn
+
+1 School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
+
+Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
+
+
+
+© The Author(s) 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative CommonsAttribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
+
+Here we analyze the data taken by SDO/AIA and the Chinese 1-m New Vacuum Solar Telescope (NVST, Liu 2014), and perform the first statistical study on the visibility of EBs in AIA 1700Å images. Our analysis results demonstrate that many EBs can be observed with the AIA 1700 Å filter, which has significant implication for large-sample statistical studies of EBs.
+
+
+
+## Observations and data analysis
+
+We use the dataset acquired by NVST from 01:11 to03:59UT on 2015 May 2, which is the same dataset usedby Tian etal. (2016). The pointing coordinate is (−814″,− 222″) in this observation. The NVST data includeimages of the Hα core, blue wing at –1Å and red wing at+1Å. The time cadence for each passband is~50s, andthe spatial pixel size is 0.167 arcsec. The blue wing imagesare not used in this study as some EBs are obscured bysurges or spicules (Tian etal. 2016).
+
+These Hα images are used to identify EBs. We firsttake the Hα red wing images and select those pixels withintensity exceeding 4σ (σ is the standard derivation of theintensity) above the average in at least two continuousimages. If there is no obvious increase at the same pixelsin the Hα core images, these pixels will be identified aspixels of EB candidates. Any four contiguous pixels of EBcandidates that appear in at least two consecutive imageswill be counted as one EB. Using this method, we haveidentified 145 EBs from our NVST observation.
+
+The AIA 1700Å images have a cadence of 24s and apixel size of~0.6″. The coalignment between the NVSTimages and AIA 1700 Å images is achieved by matching the locations of some commonly observed compactbrightenings in the Hα wing images and AIA 1700 Åimages. After coalignment, we extract the data cube of asmall region corresponding to the field of view (FOV) ofthe NVST observation from the full-disk 1700Å images.Bright pixels in the AIA 1700 Å images are flagged byusing an intensity threshold of 3.5σ above the averageintensity. These pixels are defined as pixels of the candidates of 1700Å bright points (BPs). Any four contiguouspixels of BP candidates that appear in at least two consecutive images will be counted as one BP. Using thismethod, we have identified 125 BPs from the AIA 1700Åimages obtained during the NVST observation period.
+
+Figure 1 shows a snapshot of the NVST Hα red wingand SDO/AIA 1700Å observations. The field of view is75″ ×75″. The red and blue contours represent locationswhere the intensities exceed the thresholds mentionedabove. So the blue contours indicate BPs in the 1700 Åimages, while the red contours mark potential candidates of EBs. Only those red contours within which the Hα core intensities do not show an obvious increase will beidentified as EBs. As an example, the identified EBs andBPs detected at 01:12 UT in a smaller region are shownin Fig. 2. In the following, we will examine which EBsare found at the locations of BPs, and how many BPs arefound at the locations of EBs.
+
+## Results and discussion
+
+We find that 74 EBs (51% of the 145 EBs identified) canbe clearly recognized as BPs in the AIA 1700 Å images.Figure 2 shows some examples of these BP-related EBs.These EBs are generally the stronger and larger EBs. Asthe spatial resolution of NVST is much higher than thatof AIA, it is likely that some small-scale and weak EBsalso have weak 1700Å emission that is below the intensity threshold we use to identify BPs. We have also resizedthe NVST images using a linear interpolation to make thepixel sizes of AIA and NVST images the same. Using theresized NVST images, we find that some previously identified EBs disappear and that about 71% of the remainingEBs correspond to BPs in the AIA 1700Å images.
+
+On the other hand, 66 BPs (53% of the 125 BPs) in theAIA 1700 Å images correspond to identified EBs in theHα wing images. If we do not consider the large-scale(~5′′) BPs in the AIA 1700Å images, the percentage willbe 66%. It appears that these large-scale brightenings arecaused by microflares or other phenomena in the chromosphere rather than EBs.
+
+Qiu etal. (2000) found that most EBs that are relatedto UV enhancement are located at the boundaries of unipolar magnetic areas. In our observation the target activeregion is close to the east limb. Thus, the measurementof magnetic field is not reliable. Because of this observational limitation, it is difficult to tell whether different magnetic field structures are associated with the EBsshowing signatures in the AIA 1700Å images and thoseshowing no detectable signatures in AIA 1700Å images.
+
+Figure 3 presents scatter plots of the relationshipbetween the lifetime and intensity of EBs in Hα wingimages, as well as the intensity of EBs in Hα wing andAIA 1700 Å images. Note that the intensity here refersto the intensity at the brightest pixel of an EB or BP(within each contour). The first scatter plot shows a clearpositive correlation between the intensity and lifetime ofEBs. This means that brighter EBs often have longer lifetimes, possibly suggesting that EBs with higher energies generally have longer lifetimes. The second scatter plot shows a tendency that the intensities of EBs in Hα wing images have a positive correlation with the intensities at the corresponding pixels in AIA 1700Å images. We also divide the Hα wing intensities into several bins with a bin size of 400, then calculate the average 1700Å intensity in each bin. A general trend of larger 1700Å intensity with increasing Hα wing intensity can be clearly seen.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 1** Images of Hα red wing (left panel) and 1700 Å (right panel) taken at 01:12 UT on 2015 May 2. The red and blue contours mark the brightest pixels in the Hα red wing and 1700 Å images, respectively, using the intensity thresholds mentioned in “**Observations and data analysis**” section
+
+Figure4 shows the distributions of the intensities and lifetimes for the BP-related EBs and EBs which are not related to BPs. Obviously, EBs that are not associated with BPs in the AIA 1700Å images have smaller intensities and shorter lifetimes compared to the BP-related EBs. The lifetimes of most EBs are less than 20min, which is consistent with the typical lifetime of EBs (10–20 min) reported in previous studies (Kurokawa etal. 1982; Qiu etal. 2000). As some EBs could repeatedly occur around the same locations and some EBs may disappear and recur within the time interval between two continuous exposures, the estimated lifetimes of EBs might be larger than the real lifetimes.
+
+## Summary
+
+Using joint observations of NVST and SDO/AIA, wehave performed the first statistical study on the visibility of EBs in the AIA 1700Å images. We have identified145 EBs from the H wing images, and found that 74 ofthem (51%) can be clearly identified as BPs in the AIA1700Å images. Most of these 74 EBs are relatively largeand strong EBs. We have also resized the NVST imagesusing a linear interpolation to make the pixel sizes of theAIA and NVST images the same. After doing this wehave re-identified EBs in the resized NVST images, andfound that 71% of them are associated with BPs. Meanwhile, we have identified 125 BPs from the AIA 1700Åimages, with 66 of them (53%) corresponding to EBs inthe H wing images. This percentage becomes 66% if weexclude large-scale BPs that are likely caused by microflares rather than EBs in the AIA 1700 Å images. Theintensities of EBs in the Hα wing images reveal a linearcorrelation with the AIA 1700Å intensities.
+
+Our results indicate that most small-scale, compact, and transient brightenings in the AIA 1700Å images can be identified as EBs, which is promising for large-sample statistical study of EBs as the seeing-free and full-disk SDO/AIA data are routinely available.
+
+
+
+
+**Fig. 2** Images of Hα red wing (left panel) and 1700 Å (right panel) taken at 01:12 UT on 2015 May 2. Only part of the full field of view is shown here. The red and blue contours mark the brightest pixels in the Hα red wing and 1700 Å images, respectively, using the intensity thresholds mentioned in “**Observations and data analysis**” section. Identified EBs are indicated by the numbers in the left image, where the blue and red numbers indicate EBs that are related or not related to BPs, respectively. In the right image, the blue and red numbers indicate BPs that are related or not related to EBs, respectively
+
+
+
+**Fig. 3** Left panel: scatter plot depicting the relationship between the intensity and lifetime of EBs identified from the Hα wing images. Right panel: scatter plot depicting the relationship between EB intensity in Hα wing and AIA 1700 Å images. Each red diamond represents the average 1700 Å intensity in each bin of Hα wing intensity. Red lines represent the results from a linear fitting
+
+
+
+**Fig. 4** Distributions of the intensities of EBs in the Hα wing images, the AIA 1700 Å intensities at the locations of EBs, and the lifetimes of EBs derived from Hα wing observations. The red and blue histograms represent the results for the BP-related EBs and EBs that are not related to BPs, respectively
+
+**Authors' contributions**
+
+YC performed the data analysis. HT initiated this study. ZX, YX, and YF carried out the NVST observation and processed the NVST data. ZY participated in the discussion and draft writing. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
+
+**Author details**
+
+¹ School of Earth and Space Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
+² 2 Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 396 Yangfangwang, Guandu District, Kunming 650216, China.
+
+**Acknowledgements**
+
+H.T. thanks ISSI Bern for the support to the team “Solar UV bursts—a new insight to magnetic reconnection.” We thank Hardi Peter for helpful discussion and constructive suggestions.
+
+**Competing interests**
+
+The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
+
+**Availability of data and materials**
+
+The NVST data analyzed in this paper are archived at the Fuxian Solar Observatory, Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and they can be accessed at the observatory website of http://fso.ynao.ac.cn/dataarchive_ql.aspx. The publicly available SDO/AIA data (including the data used in this study) are archived at Joint Science Operations Center (http://jsoc.stanford.
+edu/AIA/AIA_jsoc.html).
+
+
+**Consent for publication**
+
+Not applicable.
+
+**Ethics approval and consent to participate**
+
+Not applicable.
+
+**Funding**
+
+This work is supported by NSFC Grants 11790304, 11473064, and 41574166, the Recruitment Program of Global Experts of China, and the Max Planck Partner Group program.
+
+## Publisher's Note
+
+Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
+
+Received: 31 August 2017 Accepted: 5 December 2017
+
+Published online: 12 December 2017
+
+**References**
+
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+
+Cho IH, Cho KS, Bong SC, Lim EK, Kim RS, Choi S et al (2015) Statistical comparison between pores and sunspots by using SDO/HMI. Astrophys J 811(1):49
+
+Danilovic S (2017) Simulating Ellerman bomb-like events. Astron Astrophys 601. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730403
+
+Dara HC, Alissandrakis CE, Zachariadis TG, Georgakilas AA (1997) Magnetic and velocity field in association with Ellerman bombs. Astron Astrophys 322(2):653-658
+
+De Pontieu B, Title AM, Lemen JR, Kushner GD, Akin DJ, Allard B et al (2014) The interface region imaging spectrograph (IRIS). Sol Phys 289(7):2733-2779
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+Dunn RB, Zirker JB (1973) The solar filigree. Sol Phys 33(2):281-304
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+Ellerman F (1917) Solar hydrogen. Astrophys J 46:298
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+Fang C, Hao Q, Ding MD, Li Z (2017) Can the temperature of Ellerman bombs be more than 10 000 K? Res Astron Astrophys 17(4):1-6
+
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+
+Grubecka M, Schmieder B, Berlicki A, Heinzel P, Dalmasse K, Mein P (2016) Height formation of bright points observed by IRIS in Mg II line wings during flux emergence. Astron Astrophys 593:A32
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+Handy BN, Acton LW, Kankelborg CC, Wolfson CJ, Akin DJ, Bruner ME, Parkinson C et al (1999) The transition regions and coronal explorer. White paper for 2010 decadal study. Sol Phys 187:229-260
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+
+Hong J, Carlsson M, Ding MD (2017) Radyn simulations of non-thermal and thermal models of Ellerman bombs. Astrophys J 845:144
+
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+
+Lei N, Lin J, Roussev II, Schmieder B (2016) Heating mechanisms in the low solar atmosphere through magnetic reconnection in current sheets. Astrophys J 832(2):195
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+Lemen JR, Title AM, Akin DJ et al (2012) The atmospheric imaging assembly (AIA) on the solar dynamics observatory (SDO). Sol Phys 275:17
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+Liu Z (2014) New vacuum solar telescope and observations with high resolution. Res Astron Astrophys 14(6):705-718
+
+Nelson CJ, Freij N, Reid A, Oliver R, Mathioudakis M, Erdélyi R (2017) IRIS burst spectra co-spatial to a quiet-sun Ellerman-like brightening. Astrophys J 845:16
+
+Pariat E, Schmieder B, Berlicki A, Deng Y, Mein N, Ariste AL, et al. (2007) Spectrophotometric analysis of Ellerman bombs in the Ca II, Hα, and UV range. Astron Astrophys 473(1):279-289
+
+Peter H, Tian H, Curdt W, Schmit D, Innes D, De PB et al (2014) Hot explosions in the cool atmosphere of the sun. Science 346(6207):1255726
+
+Qiu J, Ding MD, Wang H, Denker C, Goode PR (2000) Ultraviolet and Hα emission in Ellerman bombs. Astrophys J Lett 544(2):L157-L161
+
+Reid A, Mathioudakis M, Kowalski A, Doyle JG, Allred JC (2017) Solar Ellerman bombs in 1-D radiative hydrodynamics. Astrophys J 835:L37
+
+Schmieder B, Rust DM, Georgoulis MK, Démoulin P, Bernasconi PN (2004) Emerging flux and the heating of coronal loops. Astrophys J 601(1):530
+
+Tian H, Xu Z, He J, Madsen C (2016) Are iris bombs connected to Ellerman bombs? Astrophys J 824(2):96
+
+Toriumi S, Katsukawa Y, Cheung MCM (2017) Various local heating events in the earliest phase of flux emergence. Astrophys J 836(1):63
+
+van der Voort LH, Rutten RJ, Vissers GJ (2016) Reconnection brightenings in the quiet solar photosphere. Astron Astrophys 592:A100
+
+Vissers GJM, van der Voort LHM, Rutten RJ (2013) Ellerman bombs at high resolution: II. Visibility, triggering and effect on upper atmosphere. Astrophys J 774(774):702-713
+
+Vissers GJM, Luc HM, van der Voort R, Rutten RJ, Carlsson M, Pontieu BD (2015) Ellerman bombs at high resolution III. Simultaneous observations with IRIS and SST. Astrophys J 812(1):11
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+
+**Submit your manuscript to a SpringerOpen journal and benefit from:**
+
+► Convenient online submission
+
+► Rigorous peer review
+
+► Open access: articles freely available online
+
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+
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+
+
+
+Submit your next manuscript at ► springeropen.com
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_111_watermark_2x1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_111_watermark_2x1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1e35b84355919456fb8c4c8c8446909d30f00496
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_111_watermark_2x1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+RESEARCH
+
+Open Access
+
+# Appropriation of affordances of multiliteracies for Chinese literacy teaching in Canada
+
+CrossMark
+
+Mi Song Kim* and Xiaotong Xing
+
+
+
+*Correspondence: **misong.kim@gmail.com**
+
+Curriculum Studies, Faculty of Education, University of Western Ontario, 1137 Western Road, London, ON N6G 1G7, Canada
+
+
+
+## Abstract
+
+Innovative literacy teaching and learning approaches have proved that multiliteraciesenables teachers to work with culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students.However, few studies have shed light on examining Chinese teachers’ understandingand practices of multiliteracies in Canada. To respond to this challenge, thisqualitative case study aims to understand how Chinese teachers who pursuedmultiliteracies graduate studies perceive and implement multiliteracies in teachingyoung CLD children Chinese literacy in Canada. We investigated narratives of twoChinese teachers to provide useful insights into their lived experiences ofmultiliteracies for Chinese literacy teaching. A constant comparison approach wasadopted to analyze three data sources through narrative analysis: interviews,reflective writings, and curriculum materials. Findings suggest that these teachersactively appropriated affordances of multiliteracies for Chinese literacy teaching inCanada drawing upon graduate courses in multiliteracies. The paper concludes withthe pertaining implications to highlight the importance of teacher professionaldevelopment.
+
+**Keywords:** Multiliteracies, Multimodality, Design, Chinese literacy teaching,Affordances
+
+## Introduction
+
+Over the past two decades, global connectedness and technological changes haveprompted a reconsideration of the traditional literacy curricula and pedagogy, and theroles both teachers and students play (Kalantzis and Cope 2012; Author 2013, 2018).According to a National Household Survey 2011, the largest source of immigrants inCanada is Asia and the most common language spoken, besides English and Frenchwhich are the two official languages, is Chinese. Apart from the current significance ofChinese language which triggers governments to encourage their citizens to learn it,many Chinese immigrants in Canada are looking to have their children learn their language by establishing Chinese schools where interested locals can attend as well. Atpresent, Canada has 30 Confucius institutes and classrooms across the country to helpfamiliarize people with Chinese culture and language (Hanban 2015) which is a substantial growth compared to 1899 when the first Chinese school was established by the Chinese Consolidated Benevolent Association to help children learn Chinese (Liu and Bebbington 2012).
+
+ Springer Open
+
+© The Author(s). 2019 Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
+
+Students from English-speaking countries are working hard to improve their Chineseliteracy, but the literacy teaching methods their Chinese educators are using are laggingbehind (Li 2013). One problem is that Chinese teachers have less experience in providing innovative teaching practices and resources for students. For example, Jin and Cortazzi (1998) noted that Chinese teachers have “very little creativity” (p. 756) in teachingyoung students and are faced with “limitations on resources” (p. 743) they can use forteaching Chinese literacy. This is in line with Albert’s (2011) findings that many Chinese teachers followed traditional Chinese literacy teaching methods, which pay more attention to reading and writing skills. Also, the study stated that they rely mainly on awritten textbook in classrooms and lack the awareness needed to utilize multimodal resources such as technology tools, movies, or arts into their teaching.
+
+However, to successfully function in the twenty-first century, students need to become multiliterate using multiple communication channels (Cope and Kalantzis 2000;Kalantzis and Cope 2017). Thus, it is important for teachers, in particular teachers ofyoung culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) children, to help engage them inmultimodal literacy practices (Kuby and Vaughn 2015). Relying solely on textual resources (e.g., printed materials) limits the ways students communicate and creativelymake meaning. Further, although technological resources have been an essential part ofliteracy teaching, Chinese teachers of young CLD children do not have appropriate andrelevant examples of innovative literacy teaching methods within a similar context fromwhich they can learn and enhance their own classrooms (Li et al. 2012; Li et al. 2011).To respond to these challenges, in this paper, we present narratives of two in-serviceChinese teachers of young CLD children in their journey with the use multiliteraciesthat they learned through their master program in Canada. This study was guided bythis research question: What are Chinese teachers’ lived experiences in implementingmultiliteracies in teaching Chinese literacy to young culturally and linguistically diverse(CLD) children in Canada?
+
+## Literature review
+
+By examining existing literature on multiliteracies, we review the importance and effectiveness of implementing multiliteracies to support young CLD children’s literacy development.
+
+### A pedagogy of multiliteracies for guiding innovative literacy teaching
+
+From a traditional perspective, literacy often disregards “children’s cultural and linguistic resources” to “assimilate them into the fictions of mainstream culture” (Cope andKalantzis 2014, vii). However, in today’s schools, due to the “proliferation of communications channels and media supports” (The New London Group 1996, p. 61) as a resultof globalization and technological developments, students are from different culturaland linguistic backgrounds, and this fact makes the current school context diverse withinterests and experiences (Kalantzis and Cope 2017). Hence, teachers of young CLDstudents need to recognize student diversity and draw on differences to create meaning(Makin et al. 2007; Rowe 2013).
+
+Students are also able to become multiliterate through multiliteracies practices tailored to their specific qualities (Cole and Pullen 2009; Hamston 2006; Mills 2006). Multiliteracies, initiated by the New London Group (NLG) in 1996, refers to “the multiplicity of communications channels and medias, and the increasing saliency of cultural and linguistic diversity” (p. 63). This new approach optimizes the concept of literacy by “emphasizing how negotiating the multiple linguistic and cultural differences in our society is central to the pragmatics of the working, civic, and private lives of students” (p. 60).
+
+In terms of the pedagogy of multiliteracies, there are two main components, design and multimodality (Cope and Kalantzis 2009; The New London Group 1996). First, the design in multiliteracies includes three key elements: Available Designs, Designing, and the Redesigned (The New London Group 1996). Available Designs are the accessible multiple semiotic resources to make meanings; Designing is transforming the meanings on/with the Available Designs, and the Redesigned is the what has been transformed and reproduced through the Designing process (Cope and Kalantzis 2009; The New London Group 1996). Through such designing processes, teachers develop engaging literacy practices which help students including young CLD children become “fully makers and remakers of signs and transformers of meaning” (Cope and Kalantzis 2009, p. 175) by drawing on their diverse cultures and linguistic differences and experiences.
+
+There are four crucial dimensions in multiliteracies pedagogy (The New London Group 1996): Situated Practice, Overt Instruction, Critical Framing, and Transformed Practice. These four components of multiliteracies do not follow a hierarchical order, but are interactive in complicated ways. Situated Practice emphasizes teachers’ understanding of students’ diversity and situating the meaning-making in real world contexts. Teachers need to create various teaching and learning practices to help students connect their own life experiences with their school experiences so that the literacy practices become “profoundly interactional” (Mondada and Doehler 2004, p. 501). For example, Mills (2006) introduced an Australian teacher who designed collaborative Claymation movie-making practices for her young CLD students. In this study, the Australian teacher emphasized “culture purposes” (p. 19) and movie themes that arose from “students’ own interests” (p. 19). Through a collaborative Claymation movie-creating process (involving phases such as designing stories and setting up movie sets), students “moved from a school culture that focused predominately on monomodal writing, to a culture of visual, spatial, gestural and audio designing of digital movies characteristic of contemporary popular culture” (p. 27). The findings of Mills’s (2006) study highlighted that the Claymation films practices enabled students to experience “culture shift(s)” (p. 27) by combining their different cultures to design Claymation movies, and engaging them “in a multimedia world” (p. 28). With guidance from the concept of Situated Practice, teachers stay on the lookout to capture students’ diversity and situate the meaning-making in real-world contexts (The New London Group 1996), so that the literacy practices become profoundly interactional (Mondada and Doehler 2004).
+
+Overt Instruction calls for teachers to cherish students’ existing experiences and conduct collaborative activities with their students to develop their problem-solving skills (Cope and Kalantzis 2000, 2009). In this process, teachers can give tasks to their students and provide instructions to help them complete the tasks. Through a process referred to as scaffolding, as students gradually obtain new skills and knowledge, they gain a systematic and analytical understanding of their knowledge and become enabled to manage their learning goals by themselves (e.g., Cumming-Potvin 2007). In the scaffolding process, teachers also learn how to enact Overt Instruction and Situated Practice simultaneously. Taking Mills’ (2006) research as an example again, in instructing students to design Claymation movies, the Australian teacher provided Overt Instructions to students on how to write stories properly. She provided direct instructions in each lesson to help her students understand what tasks they needed to complete. Through this instructional scaffolding, students used the knowledge taught by their teacher and mastered the Claymation movie-making skills by participating in collaborative activities with their peers. Therefore, the implications of the study pointed to the need for teachers to realize that “scaffolding in Situated Practice requires recognizing the complementary role of Overt Instruction” (Mills 2006, p. 29).
+
+Critical Framing suggests teachers help “learners frame their growing mastery in practice (from Situated Practice) and conscious control and understanding (from Overt Instruction) in relation to the historical, social, cultural, political, ideological, and value-centered relations of particular systems of knowledge and social practice” (The New London Group, 1996, p. 21). Within the Critical Framing process, students can critically think, interpret, analyze, and express their own meanings in different learning practices. Students can also improve their interpretation skills when there are “important interactions with the learners’ ability to access designs of meaning by relating meanings to their social and cultural contexts and purposes” (Mills 2006, p. 12).
+
+At last, Transformed Practice refers to learners applying what they have learned through Situated Practice, Overt Instruction, and Critical Framing to new environments (Cope and Kalantzis 2000, 2009). To improve students’ abilities to transform learned knowledge into different contexts, teachers need to create various opportunities for students to practice this knowledge transformation. For example, teachers can use role-play to help students learn to approach things from new angles. When students realize that their environment can influence their learning, “theory becomes reflective practice” (The New London Group, 1996, p. 87) because this awareness can guide them in dealing with different situations (Pahl and Rowsell 2006). Furthermore, Transformed Practice enables students to switch from “reproduction to innovation” (Mills 2008, p. 122) when they apply what they learned to solve new problems in literacy practices.
+
+For a better understanding and employment of these four dimensions of multiliteracies, Kalantzis and Cope (2005) further developed them as: Experiencing, Conceptualizing, Analyzing, and Applying respectively. In terms of Experiencing, literacy learners should be aware of their previous knowledge and experiences. At the same time, they need to connect them with their newly acquired knowledge from new environments. Conceptualizing requires literacy learners to become conceptualizers in the process of changing from tacit knowledge to explicit knowledge (Cope and Kalantzis 2009, p. 185). Analyzing emphasizes literacy learners to functionally and critically examine and analyze knowledge and its meaning. At last, Applying signifies that learners are capable of properly and creatively applying what they have learned into their lives and surroundings in order to solve new problems and make their innovative contributions to the world (Cope and Kalantzis 2009). All in all, teachers can be inspired by and utilize multiliteracies pedagogy to create their own literacy practices and activities (Anstey and Bull 2006; Borsheim et al. 2008).
+
+Second, multiliteracies focuses on the important role of multimodality in providing a variety of modes of meaning-making. In traditional literacy teaching, written language is the predominant form in the creation of any meaning (Cope and Kalantzis 2009). However, along with the rapid development of new media for communication, a wide range of modes became accessible to learners for a variety of communicational and representational potentials or affordances for meaning-making (Kress 2005). According to Jewitt (2006), multimodality refers to “[t]he repeated use of modes to represent and communicate particular meanings in specific social contexts” (p. 26). In this way, the notion of modal affordance demonstrates that modes are orchestrated in various manners such as becoming equivalent, complementary, or contradictory for meaning-making. Therefore, in today’s fast-changing digital world, it is expected that students need to become critical users of digital technologies to communicate and participate in digital practices and cultures, which is often called digital literacy competence (Jenkins et al. 2006) as an essential twenty-first century skill.
+
+Studies of young children’s use of digital technologies also reveal how digital technologies such as mobile touchscreen devices including tablets and smartphones can play a significant role in developing students’ multiliteracies (Neumann and Neumann 2017; Rowsell et al. 2013; Simpson et al. 2013). In particular, digital technologies are important tools for helping students including young CLD children to participate in making, remaking and transforming of meaning through the above-mentioned Designing process as active designers rather than passive consumers. This is because digital technologies offer diverse affordances of learning according to research on multiliteracies practices (Flewitt et al. 2015; Rowsell 2013).
+
+Digital technologies provide students including even young children with creative opportunities to represent and communicate their own voice, opinion and feelings (Marsh 2011, 2014). Very young children, who have not yet learned to read and write in target language, can still develop their multiliteracies and become more motivated and confident through the act of meaning-making to make sense of the world and construct knowledge multimodally employing movement, images, gesture, music, mathematics, and speech (Author 2018; Leander and Boldt 2012). A growing body of research also confirms that many young children often experience digital technologies (e.g., game players, laptop computers, smartphones, tablets) from a young age at home (Burke and Marsh 2013; Holloway et al. 2013).
+
+## The study
+
+We adopted a qualitative case study methodology (Yin 2014) to deeply understand how Chinese teachers who have experienced multiliteracies and multimodality perceive and apply a pedagogy of multiliteracies in teaching young CLD children Chinese literacy in Canada. According to Denzin and Lincoln (2005), “qualitative researchers study things in their natural settings attempting to make sense of, or interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people bring to them” (p. 2). Moreover, a qualitative research “involves highly detailed rich descriptions of human behaviors and opinions” (Savenye and Robinson 2004, p. 1046) which enabled us to understand and interpret Chinese teachers’perceptions and experiences of multiliteracies in teaching young children Chinese literacy in Canada.
+
+According to Robson (2002), a case study “is a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context using multiple sources of evidence” (p. 178). Therefore, considering the definition of case study as well as our aim to deeply understand Chinese teachers’ perceptions and implementations of multiliteracies in teaching young children Chinese literacy in a Canadian teaching context, a case study provides a “unique example of real people in real situations” (Cohen et al. 2013, p. 289).
+
+In order to obtain rich information for the research, purposeful sampling was employed (Patton 2002) which calls for the researcher to select participants based on the particular aims of the study (Coyne 1997). Therefore, according to our research goals of finding Chinese teachers who have experienced multiliteracies education and are teaching young children Chinese in Canada, the following selection criteria were made to look for ideal participants for our research: (a) Chinese teachers who are teaching young CLD children Chinese literacy in Canada, (b) Chinese teachers who have relevant education or training on multiliteracies theory and pedagogy, and (c) Chinese teachers who are interested in sharing their experiences and suggestions of applying multiliteracies in literacy teaching. After receiving the ethics approval, we started to contact Chinese schools in Canada to look for possible Chinese teachers who could fulfill the selection criteria. Finally, we recruited two Chinese teachers, Susan and Jane (pseudonyms) who fulfilled the three criteria and agreed to participate in our research. They studied multiliteracies and multimodality in their master programs in Canada and had more than 5 years of teaching experiences both in China and Canada.
+
+### Data collection and analysis
+
+According to Yin (2014), a case study requires multiple sources of data to conduct a narrative analysis to configure the diverse elements of data into “a unified whole in which each element is connected to the central purpose of the action” (Polkinghorne 1995, p. 11). We utilized three data sources to interpret through narrative analysis: interviews, reflective writings, and curriculum materials. Each method of data collection “is useful for providing a different perspective on the topic of interest,” and “contributes to a more complete picture of the scene of interest” (Eisenhart 1988, p. 106). For instance, interviews and reflective writing were used to help the participants reflect on their experiences and craft their narratives. An experience-centered narrative analysis focuses more on meaning and understanding about a specific person or situation (Bold 2012). Through this experience-based data analysis procedure aiming to organize the data elements into a coherent developmental account (Polkinghorne 1995) and configure them into a unified story, we used a constant comparison method (CCM) (Glaser and Strauss 1967). CCM is “a method of analyzing qualitative data where the information gathered is coded into emergent themes or codes” (Hewitt-Taylor 2001, p. 39) allowing us to “combine inductive category coding with a simultaneous comparison of all social incidents observed” (Goetz and LeCompte 1981, p. 58).
+
+For conducting the CCM, all recorded Chinese interviews were transcribed and translated into English written texts with pseudonyms. Transcription is a vital step which “can provide important detail and an accurate verbatim record of the interview” (Cohen et al., 2011, p. 537). To make sure of the translation quality, we shared English transcripts with participants to ensure that their thoughts were correctly described as member checking. Then we started the coding process with open coding (Strauss and Corbin 1990) which is “the process of breaking down, examining, comparing, conceptualizing, and categorizing data” (p. 61) by meticulously looking through all data sources to respond to our research question. Each code was used to “represent a theme or idea with which each part of the data is associated” (Hewitt-Taylor 2001, p. 39). For example, one code was named “professional study of multiliteracies” with its definition referring to any related professional learning experiences of multiliteracies theory and pedagogy. In the end of the open coding process, we had generated around forty open codes in total. Then, we conducted the axial coding process (Strauss and Corbin 1990) in which we compared, sorted out, and tried to find connections between the open codes and then generated higher level axial codes. For instance, one axial code was “multiple literacy teaching resources” which consisted of several open codes such as “technology and music to teach Chinese literacy,” “Rope for playing games,” and so on. Next, all axial codes were compared with each other and merged to form categories. For example, a category called “multiliteracies practices in Chinese literacy teaching” contained the axial codes of “innovative Chinese literacy teaching methods,” “instruc tions,” “developing critical thinking abilities,” and so on.
+
+We also conducted peer debriefings to validate the themes. According to Lincoln and Guba (1985), peer debriefing “is a process of exposing oneself to a disinterested peer in a manner paralleling an analytical session and for the purpose of exploring aspects of the inquiry that might otherwise remain only implicit within the inquirer’s mind” (p. 308). Peer debriefing enables researchers to overcome biases and enhance the credibility of the research by providing “an external check on the inquiry process” (Lincoln and Guba, p. 301).
+
+## Finding: appropriation of affordances of multiliteracies
+
+When we specially asked about when and how Susan and Jane started to learn about multiliteracies, Susan responded in her first interview, “I started to learn about multiliteracies in my graduate studies in which I had classes that were about multiliteracies theory and pedagogy” (December 5, 2016). Susan also noted that she was teaching young children Chinese during her master’s program: “the classes I had about multiliteracies were mainly in the ECE (early childhood education) area, which was helpful to my practical teaching experiences” (December 5, 2016). In her interview, Jane also acknowledged the importance of her learning experiences of multiliteracies: “From my master study in Canada I started to know multiliteracies and multimodality” (December 6, 2016). While doing her master studies, Jane got a chance to teach young children Chinese in a local Chinese school, so she shared, “I found it benefits me a lot when I can apply what I learned from classes into my teaching environments as I was able to better understand how I can put multiliteracies theory and pedagogy into my own teaching setting” (Reflective Writing, January 12, 2017). Hence, it was revealed that the two Chinese teachers were able to access multiliteracies theories and pedagogies due to their Professional Master’s program in Canada.
+
+## Perceiving and designing the multiplicity of cultures and meaning-making channels
+
+Further, it was acknowledged that learning from the Professional Master’s program allowed Susan and Jane to recognize and understand affordances of multiliteracies in Chinese literacy teaching contexts in Canada. Susan admitted that she started to pay more attention to the issue of diversity in the early multiliteracies practices of young CLD children. For example, she shared in her first interview, “multiliteracies are developed to deal with the diversity trend in our society. One important reason is that multiliteracies provides creative ideas to facilitate teacher’s teaching methods and ways in their own classrooms upon students’ needs and interests” (December 5, 2016). Similarly, in her reflective writing, Susan confirmed her views about multiliteracies, “[m]y students came from different culture and language backgrounds, which brought so many differences and challenges in my teaching. Multiliteracies inspired me to come up with diverse ways to catch their different learning interests and needs” (January 6, 2017).
+
+Jane also admitted that “multiliteracies enable students to communicate with others and express their thoughts through different ways or platforms, which is not only restricted to print or written forms” (Reflective Writing, January 12, 2017). According to Jane’s understanding of multiliteracies, she considered multiple modes of meaning-making and communicating including speech, gesture, images, videos, songs, and other non-verbal modes (Rowsell 2013). To quote Jane,
+
+ From my own development and studying experiences in China, I could always remember that my teachers mainly relied on print-based materials to teach our reading and writing. After I was first exposed to the concepts and theories of multiliteracies and multimodality, the first feeling was that multiliteracies pedagogy could help prepare our students for their daily lives in a changing world, to help them develop practical and necessary literacy skills for their future. (December 6, 2016)
+
+Jane explored and utilized technological and cultural resources that her students could draw upon. For example, she brought her laptop to her class and recommended every Wednesday as their Chinese Cartoon Day. On that day, drawing upon her students’ interests, experiences, and needs, Jane played a famous Chinese cartoon called XI YANG YANG YU HUI TAI LANG meaning Sheep Xi with Wolf Gray which had more than 500 episodes happening between sheep and wolf groups. Susan also used online videos to teach Chinese poems. The videos guided her students to watch, listen, comprehend, and make sense of poems which extended the literacy learning possibilities beyond traditional print-based texts.
+
+## Perceiving and designing the interconnectedness of multiliteracies pedagogies
+
+Drawing upon multiliteracies pedagogies, Susan and Jane often put their effort in connecting Overt Instruction with Situated Practice. For instance, Susan tried to connect students’ prior experiences and knowledge with Chinese literacy learning so that during the Mid-Autumn Chinese Festival, she designed the activity of making a paper lantern to situate her students in participating in authentic cultural activities. Also, she encouraged her students to write their wishes on their lanterns and draw Chinese written couplets that they could stick on their house doors during the festival. Her Overt Instructions helped her students understand what tasks they needed to complete. Susan reported in her reflective writing that “many students were happily involved in these activities, and many of them made incredible lanterns or created amazing written couplets by themselves.” Instead of focusing mainly on Overt Instruction, therefore, her literacy teaching demonstrated her understanding of the complementary role of Overt Instruction in Situated Practice (Mills 2006).
+
+Most importantly, interviews with Susan and Jane including their reflective writings and curriculum materials also confirmed that both Susan and Jane paid attention to higher order thinking (e.g., comprehension, critical thinking) beyond teaching the technical skills of reading and writing. In other words, they started to recognize and understand the complex phenomena of young CLD children’s multiliteracies practices. This is similar to what The New London Group (1996) stated that literacy teaching needed to be viewed holistically as a multiple, interconnected, continuous, dynamic, and emergent process.
+
+Susan’s reflective writing reveals that “after I learned about multiliteracies, I held the belief that reading and writing should not be regarded as the dominant aspects of literacy teaching, students need to develop other literacy abilities such as comprehension and expression skills as well” (January 6, 2017). Jane shared in her reflective writing that “[m]ultiliteracies also teach me to realize a wide scope of literacy teaching and learning. Besides reading the textbooks and writing characters, teachers should pay attention to develop students’ different literacy abilities, such as critical thinking abilities, meaning-making and expressing” (January 12, 2017). For instance, Jane designed a poetic role-play practice to help her students apply the knowledge they learned to solve new problems in their studies. She also aimed to teach her students critical thinking about the four seasons in Beijing as indicated in her lesson plan (see Fig. 1). Jane started her class with an inquiry time to reflect on their favorite seasons. Then she used an iPad to allow her students to access pictures and videos about the scenery of four seasons in Beijing. In addition, Jane designed a drawing activity for her students to encourage them to represent and communicate their favorite seasons and activities they liked to do. Further, Jane proposed a speaking activity to allow students to speak about their favorite season in Chinese and the reasons why they chose a particular season.
+
+Jane also noted that reading a series of stories was effective in helping her students systematically develop their critical thinking abilities. For example, she provided a series of eight story books about a group of rats living in a beautiful village. The stories were connected with each other and were gradually developed “to develop students’ critical thinking abilities” (Reflective Writing, January 12, 2017). Figure 2 shows two stories from this series, which talked about a mysterious staircase and an adventure in the mountains. By reading the first two books to students, she enabled her students to, as the New London Group stated, “gain the necessary personal and theoretical distance from what they have learned” (p. 87). Then, by showing students the pictures/images in the story books, she facilitated her students to “constructively critique it, account for its cultural location, creatively extend and apply it,” and “eventually innovate on their own” (The New London Group 1996, p. 87) by coming up with their diverse thoughts to predict what happened next in the story.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 1** Jane’s lesson plan
+
+Similarly, Susan designed a debate activity of The Great Wall to promote her students’ critical thinking. In her reflective writing, she noted the importance of developing critical abilities for young children in literacy learning:
+
+ When I was a young student in China, my class had many students. Teachers didn’t have enough time to listen to each student’s thoughts and they would not be happy if students came up with different opinions than their teachers. Under that kind of teaching environment, every student behaved like factory products, as everyone was equipped with the same knowledge and expressed the same thoughts in the same way. When I grew up, I realized how important it is for a child to have the rights and abilities to speak their own thoughts and show different opinions. Therefore, in my teaching, I gave my students enough time and opportunities to let them voice their own opinions. For example, after I taught them about the Great Wall, I designed a small debate about the Great Wall for them. I encouraged them to express their various thoughts about this large construction in China. This debate was successful as it encouraged students to bravely express their different opinions about the Great Wall. Some students thought it was important to defend the motherland while other students argued the Great Wall wasted lots of money collected from poor people and many families were separated due to its timeconsuming construction. I cherished all their views and encouraged them to continually question and think critically about their lives and the world. (Reflective writing, January 6, 2017)
+
+
+
+**Fig. 2** A series of stories
+
+According to Susan’s first interview, “students were engaged in different Chinese literacy practices and focused more on my teaching” (December 5, 2016). In a similar manner, Jane also reported in her first interview that by implementing multiliteracies, her students “get motivated and can build confidence in literacy learning” (December 6, 2016). Their experiences of multiliteracies pedagogies revealed that they were able to provide young CLD children with diverse learning experiences and engage them actively in Chinese literacy learning.
+
+## Discussion and implications
+
+Susan and Jane’s interviews, curriculum materials, and reflective writings reveal that Susan and Jane appropriated affordances of multiliteracies theories and pedagogies that they learned in their 2-year Professional Master’s program in Canada for young culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) students. They both expressed the importance and positive outcomes of implementing multiliteracies in their Chinese literacy teaching contexts. By designing meaningful literacy activities discussed in the previous session, Susan and Jane revealed that they were strongly motivated to facilitate their students to recognize, value, and promote the multiplicity of cultures and meaning-making channels. In particular, Susan focused more on multiliteracies in dealing with the multiplicity of cultures in her class, while Jane paid more attention to the multiplicity of meaning-making channels/resources/modes for her young CLD students.
+
+Taken together, their stories allow us to understand two affordances of multiliteracies in Chinese literacy teaching in Canada: (1) perceiving and designing the multiplicity of cultures and meaning-making channels, and (2) perceiving and designing the interconnectedness of multiliteracies pedagogies. Examining the four dimensions of multiliteracies pedagogies of two Chinese teachers’ literacy practices provides us with a better understanding of their perception and implementation of multiliteracies practices. In particular, using digital technologies, Susan and Jane made an effort to connect Situated Practice with Overt Instruction by incorporating students’ interests and life experiences outside the classroom.
+
+For this, our findings highlighted how they actively perceived and appropriated available semiotic resources (as Available Designs, The New London Group 1996) including digital devices (e.g., iPads, on-line videos) in a purposeful and integrated manner to incorporate their students’ cultures, interests, and needs. In other words, by meaningfully connecting their students’ out-of-school experiences with classroom literacy learning, Susan and Jane demonstrated their efforts to design multiliteracies practices that were relevant and authentic to situate their young CLD children in meaningful literacy activities. Thus, in keeping with recent studies by Flewitt et al. (2015), they did not focus on teaching how to operate iPad, videos, or other digital devices which are increasingly available to young children in their homes. Rather, Susan and Jane acknowledged the importance of student agency in participating in the process of Design; this is a transformation process where their students became active co-designers who could appropriate their own cultures and semiotic tools (as Available Designs) to co-design meaningful multiliteracies activity resulting in constructing multimodal artifacts.
+
+As such, Susan and Jane valued students’ diversity and engaged them in different Chinese literacy activities, which made it possible for their students to become, as Kalantzis and Cope (2005) also said, active meaning makers or designers in their literacy learning and construct multimodal artifacts. In this process of “designing” (Cope and Kalantzis 2009), Susan and Jane were not just consumers and users of pre-determined literacy curricula, but designers and co-creators of literacy curricula through orchestrating available multiple semiotic resources and appropriating the affordances of multiliteracies.
+
+Rather than relying mainly on written textbooks, they started to use multiple semiotic resources. This also shows that teachers’ understanding of multiliteracies is improved as a result of pursuing multiliteracies graduate studies as teacher professional development. The way of what they used as semiotic resources and how they used semiotic resources changed. For example, as their teaching practices, Susan and Jane took their students’ diverse learning interests (e.g., making crafts) and learning needs (e.g., becoming active meaning makers, maximizing diverse communication and identity options) into consideration when they designed multiliteracies practices.
+
+However, we found that most of their multiliteracies practices focused on the Situated Practice and Overt Instruction dimensions of the multiliteracies pedagogies with a few instances of the Critical Framing and Transformed Practice dimensions. This finding can relate to their challenges that Susan and Jane both encountered in their multiliteracies teaching. It is argued that merely being exposed to innovative instructional strategies and pedagogies does not necessarily lead to the acquisition of innovative instructional strategies and pedagogies. The process of “designing” in multiliteracies needs to be a transformative process. This transformation as noted by Rowsell et al. (2008) allows teachers to become active agents as they make choices about their own learning to impact student learning.
+
+To respond to this challenge, Susan provided recommendations for teachers in herreflective writing,
+
+ For teachers who want to implement multiliteracies, attending a professional program on multiliteracies is a good start for them, as they can build a systematic knowledge of multiliteracies and multimodality. Meanwhile, learning from professors and peers in the professional programs can also inspire and facilitate teachers’ teaching in practical teaching contexts. (May 12, 2017).
+
+Jane also expressed in her reflective writing that school boards need to provide teachers with an opportunity to attend professional workshops or training programs to help them learn more about the implementations of multiliteracies and multimodality. In light of this, it is also recommended for teacher educators and policy makers to provide ongoing learning opportunities (Kayi-Aydar 2015; Kosnik et al. 2013; Rowsell, Kosnik, and Beck 2008) with teachers who could become multiliteracies designers in understanding, designing, and implementing multiliteracies practices working with culturally and linguistically diverse (CLD) children through digital technologies.
+
+## Highlights
+
+* Multiliteracies enabled two Chinese teachers to work with CLD students in Canada.
+* Teachers appropriated affordances of multiliteracies for Chinese literacy teaching.
+* This implies the importance of teacher professional development.
+
+### Authors' contributions
+
+Both authors read and approved the final manuscript
+
+### Competing interests
+
+The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
+
+## Publisher's Note
+
+Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
+
+Received: 3 July 2018 Accepted: 4 January 2019
+
+Published online: 18 January 2019
+
+### References
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+Anstey, M., & Bull, G. (2006). Teaching and learning multiliteracies: changing times, changing literacies. Newark: International Reading Association.
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+Bold, C. (2012). *Using narrative in research*. London: Sage.
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+RESEARCH
+
+Open Access
+
+# Gaze collaboration patterns of successful and unsuccessful programming pairs using cross-recurrence quantification analysis
+
+
+
+Maureen M. Villamor¹* Ma. Mercedes T. Rodrigo²
+
+
+
+
+*Correspondence:
+maui@usep.edu.ph¹College of Information and Computing University of Southeastern Philippines, Bo.Obrero, Davao City, Philippines Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
+
+## Abstract
+
+A dual eye tracking experiment was performed on pairs of novice programmers as they traced and debugged fragments of code. These programming pairs were categorized into successful and unsuccessful pairs based on their debugging scores. Cross-recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA), an analysis using cross-recurrence plots (CRP), was used to determine whether there are significant differences in the gaze collaboration patterns between these pair categories. Results showed that successful and unsuccessful pairs can be characterized distinctively based on their CRPs and CRQA metrics. This study also attempted to interpret the CRQA metrics in relation to how the pairs collaborated in order to provide a somewhat clear picture of their relevance and meaning. The analysis results could serve as a precursor in helping us understand what makes a programming pair more successful over other pairs and what behaviors exhibited by unsuccessful pairs that should be avoided.
+
+**Keywords:** Collaboration, Pair programming, Eye tracking, Cross-recurrence plots
+
+**Introduction**
+
+Eye tracking methodologies have been employed in collaborative tasks to describe how collaboration unfolds based on gaze patterns. For example, there had been studies that investigated how quickly a name target is visually fixated after it has been mentioned by a partner (Richardson and Dale 2005). This may be used as indication of how well the listener understood what has been said. For pairs in collaborative learning situations, joint attention has been of particular interest. This occurs when two mutually aware individuals look at something together (Schilbach 2015). This can be used as an indicator that informs researchers when do participants synchronize their gazes with their partners. The effect of joint attention in the quality of collaboration have already been explored and results suggest that productive collaboration is associated with more joint visual attention (Jermann et al. 2011; Schneider and Pea 2013).
+
+A popular collaboration paradigm applied in teaching introductory programming courses is pair programming. Prior research have shown that pair programming is beneficial for students’ learning and attitudes towards programming (Hannay et al. 2009; Murphy et al. 2010). These benefits include producing better quality of code, being more confident with their solutions, increasing the likelihood of succeeding in their programming courses, finishing tasks faster, and attaining goals that would seem difficult or impossible to do if done individually.
+
+ Springer Open
+
+© The Author(s). 2019 **Open Access** This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
+
+In the context of pair programming, dual eye tracking has been explored to study the degree of joint attention of two individuals solving a problem together for the purpose of understanding how gaze and speech are coupled (Pietinen et al. 2008; Jermann et al. 2011; Olsen et al. 2015). These eye tracking studies on pair programming frequently employ the use of gaze coupling (Richardson and Dale 2005), which refer to moments when two individuals are looking at the same target. Prior research suggests that the level of gaze coupling is related to the quality of interaction and better comprehension (Richardson and Dale 2005), tightness of collaboration (Pietinen et al. 2008; Jermann et al. 2011), and quality of collaboration (Nüssli 2011).
+
+One of the standard ways of representing social eye tracking data is using crossrecurrence plots (CRPs) (Schneider and Pea 2013). A CRP can be used to measure how much and when two subjects look at the same spot. Cross-recurrence in eye tracking is synonymous with gaze coupling (Nüssli 2011). An analysis on CRPs is called crossrecurrence quantification analysis (CRQA) (Zbilut et al. 1998). CRQA is used to quantify how often two systems display similar patterns of behavior in time, which involves taking two different trajectories of the same information as input and performing a test of “similarity” or “closeness” between the two trajectories.
+
+Our previous studies on the use of CRQA characterized collaboration patterns according to participants’ prior knowledge (Villamor and Rodrigo 2017a), degree of acquaintanceship (Villamor and Rodrigo 2018a), both prior knowledge and degree of acquaintanceship (Villamor and Rodrigo 2017c), and determining leader-follower profiles Villamor and Rodrigo (2017b). Cross-recurrence was also found to be positively correlated to team performance (Cherubini et al. 2010; Zheng et al. 2016). The study of (Kuriyama et al. 2011) showed that cross-recurrence is higher in successful pairs than in successful pairs in solving tangram puzzles. In one study, CRPs were used to contrast a “good” and a “bad” pair that correlated to a good and bad collaboration quality (Jermann et al. 2011). In another study, eye movement patterns caused by collaboration were identified where it was observed that gaze coupling level is lower for a pair with a bad collaboration flow (Nüssli 2011). Hence, the concept of cross-recurrence is not entirely new.
+
+This study would like to follow up on these previous works by investigating the coupling between the collaborators’ gazes quantified via CRQA to see whether the degree of coupling visualized through CRPs can be used to distinguish how successful and unsuccessful programming pairs collaborate. Specifically, this study seeks answers to the following questions: (1) Is there a significant difference on the CRQA results between successful and unsuccessful programming pairs, and (2) What characterizes the gaze collaboration patterns of successful and unsuccessful programming pairs based on the textures reflected on their respective CRPs and CRQA results? Whereas previous studies were able to establish the relationship between CRPs and collaboration quality, this study is different since it attempts to draw out the differences between the gaze collaboration patterns of the successful and unsuccessful programming pairs using CRPs. In addition, an attempt is also made to interpret the meaning of the CRQA results in relation to how the pairs collaborated.
+
+## Gaze cross-recurrence plot and CRQA
+
+### Cross-recurrence fixations and CRP
+
+A cross-recurrence plot (CRP) is a matrix that visualizes the time coupling between two time series. It requires that the data should have the same unit and same phase reconstruction for the states of the two time series to be compared. Using eye tracking data, for instance, the two time series could be the fixation sequences of two collaborators containing the fixation *x*- and *y*-coordinates and the time when the fixations occur. Hence, given two fixation sequences *fᵢ* and *gᵢ*, *i* = 1...*N*, a cross-recurrence is defined as *rᵢⱼ* = 1 if *d(fᵢ*, *gᵢ)* ≤ *p*; and 0, otherwise (Marwan et al. 2007).
+
+This means that a recurrence occurs when two fixations from different sequences settle within a given threshold or radius p of each other, where d is some distance metric (e.g., Euclidean distance). In Fig. 1, for example, assume that the numbered red and green dots are from the fixations sequences of collaborator 1 (A) and collaborator 2 (B), respectively. Given a certain radius bounded by the black bordered circle shown in the figure, which is considered the threshold whether the two fixations are recurrent or not, fixation pairs (1, 10) and (2, 10) are judged as recurrent since their distances fall within the radius of the circle.
+
+If fixations i and j are recurrent (i.e., rij = 1), these fixations are shown as a black point or pixel on the point. Figure 2 shows an example of a CRP. The labels along the horizontal and vertical axes refer to the fixation timelines of the first and second collaborators, respectively. Both collaborators in Fig. 2, for example, started at about the same time, 2250 s past the starting time of this particular session. A CRP, therefore, indicates fixations from different collaborators that are recurrent at their respective times.
+
+Different types of small-scale structures called textures may be seen on the CRPs (Marwan et al. 2007). Table 1 lists down some of these noticeable textures and their corresponding meanings.
+
+The snapshots in Fig. 3 showing one of the programs used as stimulus in this experiment can help us understand better the relationship between CRPs and collaborative eye tracking. The overlaid colored circles are the fixation points of the two collaborators in this pair. The aqua-colored circles on the left and the purple-colored circles on the right are for the first and second collaborators, respectively. At the top of these snapshots are the times (in seconds) past the starting time of this particular eye tracking session when these fixations occurred. The fixations here are considered recurrent based on a given threshold since at these times the fixation points are about in the same location on the stimulus. These recurrent fixations are indicated by the pixelated regions enclosed in a red circle on the CRP in Fig. 2.
+
+
+
+
+**Fig. 1** An illustration of recurrence fixations
+
+**Fig. 2** An example of a cross-recurrence plot
+
+these fixations occurred. The fixations here are considered recurrent based on a given threshold since at these times the fixation points are about in the same location on the stimulus. These recurrent fixations are indicated by the pixelated regions enclosed in a red circle on the CRP in Fig. 2.
+
+Figure 4 shows the corresponding scan pattern of the CRP in Fig. 2 using a line graph.The two subplots illustrate the side-by-side comparison of the fixation x-coordinates (top subplot) and fixation y-coordinates (bottom subplot) of the two collaborators with the aqua and purple line graphs referring to the first and second collaborators, respectively. The x-axes represent the combined timelines of the two collaborators, while the y-axes denote the valid range of values for the fixations, which is between 0 and 1 in reverse order. The fixations of collaborator A that occurred after 2467 s can be found in the portion enclosed by the blue circles, while the fixations of collaborator B that occurred after 2440 s are bounded by the red circles in the figure. The positions of these fixation x- and y-coordinates, which is at about 0.5, suggest that the fixations points of the two collaborators are recurrent.
+
+**Table 1** Some CRP textures and their meanings
+
+| Texture | Meaning |
|---|
| Fading portions to the upper left and lower right corner | Data is non-stationary, i.e., data has slowly varying parameters | | Single and isolated recurrence points | Reflect random and strong fluctuations in the data but are not considered a unique sign of chance or noise | | Horizontal/vertical lines and rectangular clusters | Marks a time length which a state does not change or changes very slowly or the process is halted at a singularity (in which the dynamic is stuck in paused states (called "laminar" or "trapped" states) | | Bands of white space | Indicate abrupt changes or transitions that may reflect an underlying state changes | | Empty regions | Two collaborators uninterruptedly looked at two different spots on the screenThe states within this period do not occur at any other times (e.g., states are unique or far from normal) | | Diagonal lines parallel to the main diagonal | Segment of one trajectory runs almost parallel to another segment (i.e., the trajectories visit the same region of the phase space at different times)Collaborators looked at the same spot on the screen continuously |
+
+
+
+**Fig. 3** Snapshots of the fixation locations of the two collaborators
+
+### CRQA
+
+Cross-recurrence quantification analysis (CRQA) is an analysis using CRPs (Marwan et al.2007). It determines how frequently two systems exhibit similar patterns of behavior over time by taking two different trajectories of the same information as input and performing a test of “closeness” between all points of the first trajectory with all points of the second trajectory.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 4** Scan patterns using a line graph
+
+Using CRQA, a number of measures can be extracted from the diagonal and vertical dimensions of the CRP (Marwan et al. 2007). For the diagonal dimensions, we have *recurrence rate*, *determinism*, and *average* and *longest diagonal length* and *entropy*. For the vertical dimension, we have *laminarity* and *trapping time*.
+
+Cross-recurrence rate (*RR*) represents the “raw” amount of similarities between the trajectories of two systems, which refers to the degree to which they tend to visit similar state. In eye tracking data, this represents the percentage of cross-recurrent fixations. The more closely coupled the two systems are, in terms of sharing the same paths, the more recurrences will be formed along the diagonal lines. Hence, a high density of recurrence points in a diagonal result in a high value of *RR*.
+
+Determinism (DET) is the proportion of recurrence points forming long diagonal structures of all recurrence points. Stochastic and heavily fluctuating data cause none or only short diagonals, whereas deterministic systems cause longer diagonals. Relative to eye tracking data, this refers to the percentage of identical scanpath segments of a given minimal length in the two scanpaths.
+
+The average diagonal length (*L*) reports the duration that both systems stay attuned.High coincidences of both systems increase the length of these diagonals. High values of DET and *L* represent a long time span of the occurrence of similar dynamics in both trajectories.
+
+The longest diagonal line on a recurrence plot (LMAX) denotes the longest uninterrupted period of time that both systems stay attuned, which can be seen as an indicator of stability of the coordination. In the context of eye-tracking, it gives the longest time where both scanpaths of the two collaborators are synchronized.
+
+The possibility of measuring the complexity of the attunement between systems can be done using entropy (ENTR), which is the Shannon entropy of the probability distribution of the diagonal line lengths P(l). Using eye tracking data, this represents the complexity of the relation between scanpaths of the two eye movement data. ENTR is low if the diagonal lines tend to all have the same length, signifying that the attunement is regular; otherwise, ENTR is high if the attunement is complex. Sharma et al. (2018) also defined entropy as a measure of the level of uncertainty of a random variable, which refers to the objects looked at by the subjects where a high entropy indicates that the subjects looked at many objects while a low entropy indicates that the subjects mostly looked at few objects.
+
+Vertical structures in a CRP quantify the tendency of the trajectories to stay in the same region. The laminarity (LAM) of the interaction refers to the percentage of recurrence points forming vertical lines, whereas trapping time (TT) represents the average time two trajectories stay in the same region. In eye tracking data, this represents the prolonged duration where the collaborators tend to focus on certain regions of the screen, either to denote increased concentration or problems in comprehension.
+
+## Methods
+
+### Participants
+
+The dataset gathered for this study was from the six (6) universities spread across the Philippines. Students aged 18–23 years old who were in their second year to fourth yearlevel in college and had taken the college-level fundamental programming courses were recruited to participate in this study. A total of 84 participants were paired randomly irrespective of gender, degree of acquaintanceship, and programming experience producing 42 programming pairs.
+
+### Experimental procedures
+
+Informed consent forms were distributed to the six (6) universities by the assigned local investigators. A screening questionnaire was distributed to student volunteers to determine their eligibility to take part in this study. The following were the exclusion criteria: (1) wearing bifocals, trifocals, layered, or regression lenses; (2) have difficulty reading a computer screen with contacts and/or eyeglass on; (3) have cataracts; (4) have eye implants; (5) have glaucoma; (6) using a screen reader or magnifier or other assistive technology to use the computer; and (7) if either of the pupils are permanently dilated. Students who passed the initial screening were asked to take a written program comprehension test for 20 min and a self-efficacy survey for 5 min using the Computer Programming and Self-Efficacy Scale of Ramalingam and Wiedenbeck (1998). The program comprehension test scores were used to determine the participants’ prior knowledge or proficiency level in programming and the self-efficacy rating results were used to determine their confidence level in programming. For the experiment proper, the participants were required first to undergo a nine-point eye tracking calibration test. The experiment was designed for 60 min.
+
+### Experimental tools
+
+Two Gazepoint GP3 eye trackers were used to collect the pairs’ eye movement data. These eye trackers are high-performance and easy-to-use eye trackers with 0.5–1 degree of visual angle accuracy, 60 Hz machine-vision camera, with allowable horizontal and vertical movement of 25 cm and 11 cm, respectively, and depth movement of +/− 15cm range. A slide sorter program with “Previous,” “Reset,” “Finish,” and “Next” buttons was created to display the 12 erroneous programs preceded by a program specification. When a bug is found, the participant clicks on the location of the bug using a mouse. The software then draws an oval to mark it. There was no need to correct the errors. The participants were free to click any of the buttons and navigate to the next or previous slide at their own pace. No scrolling was needed.
+
+The participants were informed how many bugs were there in each program. Each of
+the 12 programs contained a syntax, semantic, logic, or a combination of these types of
+errors. The programs were categorized as *easy*, *moderate*, and *hard* depending on the type
+of errors the program contained. The distribution of the programs based on difficulty
+was as follows: *easy* (programs 1–3 and 10), *moderate* (programs 4–6 and 11), and *hard*
+(programs 7–9 and 12). Programs 1–3 contained a single bug and the rest had three bugs.
+The total number of errors for the 12 programs was 30. Each error marked correctly was
+awarded with one point.
+
+Because of the limitations of the eye trackers used in this experiment, the participants in the pair cannot see each other’s work so if they intend to collaborate and work together on the same problem, a chat program was provided. A chat program was used so that the pairs would not be tempted to look away from their screens if they want to communicate with their partners. The pairs were co-located but they were spaced far enough to ensurethat all communication with their partner was via chat only.
+
+Though the pairs were encouraged to work with their partner and use the chat program, they were not informed that this research was primarily about collaboration. No further instructions were given as to how to proceed with the task and which problems to solve first.
+
+### Data cleaning and segmentation
+
+The slide sorter program generated log files for every participant, which contained a recording of buttons (“Next,” “Previous,” “Reset”) pressed and if the participant has already marked the location of the bug (“Mark”), the timestamps when these buttons were pressed, the slide numbers (e.g., slide 0 refers to the program specification of program 1 and slide 1 refers to the actual program), and the *x* and *y* screen coordinates of the ovals that appeared after the mouse click.
+
+The fixation files produced by the Gazepoint eye trackers were cleaned first by removing fixations with negative *x*- and *y*- gaze coordinates because the valid coordinates are those that fall between 0 and 1 only. The number of fixations per slide that contained the actual program were segmented with the help of the information contained in the slide sorter program log files. These segmented fixation files were saved on separate files.Hence, each participant had at most 12 fixation files. Some participants did not finish the 12 programs.
+
+### Data analysis
+
+Pair success was measured in terms of debugging scores. The pair debugging score was computed by getting the average of the debugging scores of the individuals in the pairs. Two levels of granularity were used in the analysis: *pair-level* (average of all 12 programs) and *case-level* (individual programs under each pair). “Successful” and “unsuccessful” were defined in both pair-level and case-level to see if differences can be found in terms of their gaze collaboration patterns as they trace and debug programs. Both levels of granularity were used to verify whether the aggregate results (pair-level results) would be consistent when the programs are analyzed individually under each pair (case-level results).
+
+For pair-level, a pair is successful if their average debugging score for the 12 programs is greater than or equal to the mean score (M = 15.58, SD = 4.38, Min = 9, Max = 25.25). Otherwise, the pair is unsuccessful. For the case-level, a case is successful when the individuals in the pairs correctly marked at least half of the errors in each program. A case is unsuccessful if both failed to mark all the errors or if only one of them marked at least half of the errors.
+
+The CRQA metrics were derived for each of the 12 programs under each pair after constructing the CRPs. The process was done using the CRP toolbox for MATLAB (Marwan et al. 2007). The challenge of using CRQA is finding optimal parameters for *delay*, *embed*,and *threshold* or *radius*. However, for this experimental data, no further embedding was done, which was based on the work of Iwanski and Bradley (1998). With an embedding dimension of one, delay was also set equal to one since no points were time delayed (Webber Jr. and Zbilut 2005). The threshold was set to a default of 10% of the maximal phase space diameter (Schinkel et al. 2008). Because of varying fixation counts, thresholdadjustments were done as needed to ensure that the threshold was just the right size. If it is too small, the recurrence structure may not provide enough information. Otherwise, if it is too large, it could result to thicker and longer diagonal structures as they actually are since almost every point is a neighbor of every other point.
+
+A *t* test for independent sample means at the 0.05 level of significance was performed to test for statistically significant differences on the CRQA results and other metrics between successful and unsuccessful pairs as well as successful and unsuccessful cases.
+
+## Results and discussion
+
+### Differences in CRQA results and CRPs
+
+One pair was discarded from the total of 42 pairs because of extreme fixation count discrepancies, i.e., one collaborator in this pair had very high fixation counts and other one had very low fixation counts across 12 programs. Ideally, there should have been 41 pairs × 12 programs = 492 cases but some pairs did not finish the 12 programs. Other cases also had very low fixation counts in all 12 programs and were not good candidates for CRQA and, thus, were not included. Hence for the case-level analysis, only 376 cases were used. Of the 41 pairs, 19 were successful and 22 were unsuccessful. Of the 376 cases remaining, 196 were successful and 180 were unsuccessful.
+
+Pair-level *t* test results showed no significant differences on the aggregate CRQA results between successful and unsuccessful pairs. This confirms previous findings that cross-recurrence analysis does not support aggregating data from several pairs over long periods to dig out individual differences and discover generalizable patterns of interaction. Despite success in the study of gaze coordination, this kind of analysis is more suitable for examining data from short time windows and one pair at a time (Andrist et al. 2015).
+
+Case-level *t* test results, however, showed significant differences on the CRQA results between successful and unsuccessful cases. This is shown in Table 2. The successful cases have significantly lower CRQA results than unsuccessful cases.
+
+Incidences of high and low instances of each CRQA metric in the successful and unsuccessful cases were examined if notable differences could be found. A CRQA value is high if it is equal to or greater than the mean plus one standard deviation, and low if it is equal to or lesser than the mean minus one standard deviation. Table 3 shows the descriptive values of the CRQA metrics, which covers the mean, standard deviation, the minimum and maximum values, and bases for low and high CRQA values. The large majority of the CRQA values in both categories are average. However, the successful cases have more instances of low RR, DET, *L*, LMAX, ENTR, LAM, and TT; and the unsuccessful cases have more occurrences of high RR, DET, *L*, LMAX, ENTR, LAM, and TT.
+
+**Table 2** *T* test CRQA results in the case-level analysis (N = 376)
+
+| CRQA metric | Successful (N = 196) | Unsuccessful (N = 180) | t value | p value |
|---|
| Mean | SD | Mean | SD |
|---|
| RR | 0.36 | 0.12 | 0.45 | 0.14 | 6.981 | 0.000 | | DET | 0.75 | 0.13 | 0.81 | 0.11 | 5.476 | 0.000 | | L | 3.49 | 0.82 | 4.03 | 1.14 | 5.378 | 0.000 | | LMAX | 24.58 | 16.08 | 30.57 | 17.73 | 3.435 | 0.001 | | ENTR | 1.57 | 0.42 | 1.81 | 0.44 | 5.314 | 0.000 | | LAM | 0.84 | 0.09 | 0.89 | 0.08 | 5.342 | 0.000 | | TT | 4.82 | 1.57 | 5.68 | 1.96 | 4.696 | 0.006 |
+
+**Table 3** Descriptive values of the CRQA metrics in the case-level analysis (N = 376)
+
+| CRQA Metric | Mean | Std. Dev. | Minimum | Maximum | Low ≤ | High ≥ |
|---|
| RR | 0.40 | 0.13 | 0.04 | 0.76 | 0.27 | 0.54 | | DET | 0.78 | 0.12 | 0.36 | 0.97 | 0.66 | 0.90 | | L | 3.75 | 1.02 | 2.26 | 7.54 | 2.73 | 4.77 | | LMAX | 27.44 | 17.13 | 5.00 | 111.00 | 10.31 | 44.58 | | ENTR | 1.68 | 0.44 | 0.63 | 2.74 | 1.24 | 2.13 | | LAM | 0.86 | 0.09 | 0.52 | 0.98 | 0.78 | 0.95 | | TT | 5.23 | 1.82 | 2.34 | 5.23 | 3.41 | 7.04 |
+
+To determine further what factors could have contributed to the CRQA differences, all successful cases representing successful pairs that have all low CRQA metric values and all unsuccessful cases representing unsuccessful pairs with all high CRQA metric values from the new subset were extracted. Fifteen (15) successful cases and eleven (11) unsuccessful cases fit the CRQA criteria. The 15 successful cases have fixation count overall that are either low or below the fixation count midpoint. All, except one, in the 11 unsuccessful cases have fixation count overall that are either high or above the fixation count midpoint.
+
+The CRPs of these pairs were examined next based on the CRP textures to extract observable differences that could potentially explain the CRQA characterizations between successful and unsuccessful pairs. The succeeding subsections present the differences between the CRPs, fixation maps, and scan patterns of the successful and unsuccessful pairs.
+
+### CRPs of successful and unsuccessful pairs
+
+The fixation count overall of the successful pairs that are either low or below the midpoint are depicted on the 15 CRPs of the successful pairs with all low CRQA as having mostly single isolated points, more bands of white spaces and empty regions, and fewer rectangular segments of recurrence points. The corresponding fixation maps of these CRPs were also explored to see the fixation distribution of the successful pairs on the stimulus. The corresponding fixation maps show more dispersed fixations and the collaborators’ fixations are mostly not clustered in similar areas. The corresponding scan patterns were also inspected and their scan patterns reflect more dissimilar patterns compared alongside the scan patterns of the unsuccessful pairs.
+
+The fixation count overall of the unsuccessful pairs that are either high or above the midpoint are reflected on the 11 CRPs of the unsuccessful pairs with all high CRQA as having more rectangular or larger clusters of recurrence points and more visually recurring patterns. The fixation maps reveal that the fixations are heavily clustered on certain locations of the stimuli, and the scan patterns manifest more pronounced similarities compared to the scan patterns of the successful pairs. Figure 5 shows a comparison of the CRPs, fixation maps, and scan patterns representative of successful pairs with all low CRQA and unsuccessful pairs with all high CRQA.
+
+Putting all these together, the lower number of fixation count overall, more dispersed fixations, and less similar scan patterns resulted to low CRQA in successful pairs. On the other hand, the higher number of fixation count overall, fixation cluster patterns, and more pronounced scan pattern similarities led to high CRQA in unsuccessful pairs.The larger horizontal or vertical segments and clusters of recurrence points on the CRPs, called “laminar” states, also increased the values of LAM and TT.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 5** Sample CRPs, fixation maps, and scan patterns of successful pairs with all low CRQA and unsuccessful pairs with all high CRQA
+
+### Loci and sequence similarities
+
+Two additional measures were computed to provide supporting evidence to the differences in RR and DET between successful and unsuccessful pairs. These measures are the *loci similarity* and *sequence similarity*. Loci similarity is defined as the percentage of locations where the two collaborations have looked at, independently of time and sequence. Sequence similarity is the percentage of similar scanpaths. Levenshtein distance, also known the as edit distance algorithm (Levenshtein 2002), was used in the computation of these two measures. This algorithm counts the number of operations (e.g., deletions,insertions, and substitutions) needed to transform one string into to the other. This is accessible using the OGAMA software (Voßkühler et al. 2008) where a loci similarity value of 100% denotes that the fixations of the participants in the pair are in the same locations on the stimulus, and a sequence similarity value of 100% means that the participants have very identical scanpaths.
+
+To do this, each program stimulus was divided into an $N \times N$ grid, where each cell in the grid was assigned a unique letter. Each participant’s scanpath per program was built into a string using the letters of the cell that contained the current fixation location, and then Levenshtein distance was applied to the scanpaths of the pairs. Results showed that the successful pairs have lower loci similarity ($M_{Successful} = 61.30, SD_{Successful} = 9.79$) than the unsuccessful pairs ($M_{Unsuccessful} = 65.47, SD_{Unsuccessful} = 9.42$), and the difference is significant at ($t = 3.324, p = 0.001$). Likewise, the successful pairs have significantly lower sequence similarity than the unsuccessful pairs ($M_{Successful} = 11.63, SD_{Successful} = 4.17$; $M_{Unsuccessful} = 13.09, SD_{Unsuccessful} = 3.95$; $t = 2.753, p = 0.006$). This implies that the successful pairs had less incidences where they looked at the same parts of the program and their scanpaths were not identical most of the time. These results corroborate with the findings that successful pairs have significantly lower RR and DET than unsuccessful pairs.
+
+### Controlling for confounds
+
+Is it possible that the number of errors in the program or program complexity and the proficiency level of the pairs confounded the CRQA results? Upon inspection, it was found that 11 and 4 out of the 15 successful cases representing successful pairs came from programs that were categorized as easy (with single error) and moderate (with three errors), respectively. Seven (7) and 4 out of the 11 unsuccessful cases representing unsuccessful pairs emanated from programs tagged as hard (three errors) and moderate (three errors), respectively. In short, none of the 15 were hard programs, and none of the 11 were easy programs. Hence, to control for these confounds, successful cases representative of the hard programs as well as unsuccessful cases representative of the easy programs containing a single error were selected.
+
+Prior to examining their CRPs, fixation maps, and scan patterns, two separate t tests were performed to determine if there are significant differences on the CRQA values between successful and unsuccessful cases on easy and hard programs. The successful cases have significantly lower CRQA values than unsuccessful cases on the easy programs, except for LAM and TT. For the hard programs, only RR, DET, and LAM are significant.
+
+Eight (8) CRPs each of the successful cases representative of hard programs and unsuccessful cases representative of easy programs with a single error were sampled. Single and isolated points and the presence of more bands of white spaces and empty regions are still evident on the CRPs of the successful pairs on hard programs. However, small clusters of points can already be seen forming mostly in vertical and horizontal patterns, and these clusters are manifested on their fixation maps. These incidences of laminar states increase the value of LAM and TT, suggesting that the successful pairs also need more time to locate all the errors in the hard programs. The scan patterns, however, remain to be more different than alike.
+
+The clusters of points or laminar states are still larger and more prominent on most of the CRPs of the unsuccessful pairs even when working on easy programs, which are also reflected on their fixation maps. This could explain why they have more occurrences of high LAM and TT, which could also be the reason for the visually recurring patterns found on their CRPs. Though there are also isolated incidences of recurrence points on their CRPs, the heavily clustered points are still more apparent. Their scan patterns also show more similarities compared to the scan patterns of the successful pairs.
+
+The heavy cluster of points implies that given only a single error to find, most of the unsuccessful pairs would still have a hard time looking for it. Their more similar scan patterns also suggest that the individuals in the unsuccessful pairs tend to follow a certain pattern of scanning programs, which could either be linear scanning or alternately scanning from top to bottom.
+
+One of the reasons also that could be a factor that makes some pairs successful over other pairs is the proficiency level of the pairs. Of the 125 successful cases from 19 successful pairs, 68 of these cases were from highly proficient pairs, 46 from mixed proficiency pairs, and only 11 cases from low proficiency pairs. Of the 112 unsuccessful cases from the 22 unsuccessful pairs, only 17 of these cases were from highly proficient pairs, 43 from mixed proficiency pairs, and 55 from low proficiency pairs. Prior research show that prior knowledge from previous courses can influence student achievement (Hailikari et al. 2008), so it is a known fact that students with high prior knowledge outperform students with low prior knowledge in problem solving tasks. Hence, it is also expected that when students with high proficiency levels are paired or group together in collaborative learning situations, they would perform better than pairs or groups with low proficiency levels.
+
+In one of the exploratory analysis conducted using half of the dataset in this study, it was found that low proficiency pairs have significantly higher RR, DET, ENTR, and LAM than highly proficient and mixed proficiency pairs (Villamor and Rodrigo 2017a). To extend this previous finding, ANOVA was performed on the CRQA results based on the pairs’ proficiency levels. Results showed that successful pairs have significantly lower CRQA values than unsuccessful pairs in all proficiency levels, except for LMAX and TT.
+
+The CRPs, fixation maps, and scan patterns were also examined. Most of the CRPs and fixation maps of the unsuccessful cases exhibit more heavily clustered recurrence points and their scan pattern similarities are more pronounced compared to the successful cases in all proficiency levels. In summary, among the CRQA metrics, LMAX and TT are the only metrics that are not significant across categories based on program category and proficiency level of the pairs. The next section presents the collaboration patterns as inferred from the CRQA results of the successful and unsuccessful pairs.
+
+### Collaboration patterns of successful pairs
+
+In the discussion that follows, RR, DET, and L are combined as these three metrics are more interconnected than the others. As the recurrence points increase (increase in RR),the chances of forming diagonal lines (DET) are also higher. When the density of recurrence points falls within the diagonal line, the more the pairs are considered closely coupled. L measures the average of these diagonal line lengths. LMAX and TT are not included for the reason discussed earlier.
+
+* Successful pairs have more “low RR/DET/L.”
+
+The successful pairs may prefer more individual work. It is possible that the individuals in the successful pairs search for errors independently of each other even when working on the same program together. Our evidence show that successful pairs had more instances where they worked together on the same program (Villamor and Rodrigo 2018b). However, working together may not necessarily mean that they are looking at the same locations in the program and follow the same scanpaths.
+
+To verify this, the loci and sequence similarities were computed and compared when pairs worked together and did not work together. The difference in loci similarity is not significant, but successful pairs working together have significantly lower sequence similarity compared to when they did not work together ($M_{WorkedTogether} = 10.68, SD_{WorkedTogether} = 3.84; M_{NotTogether} = 13.26, SD_{NotTogether} = 4.25; t = 3.448, p = 0.001$). This proves that when successful pairs work together, it does not guarantee that their scanpaths would be identical.
+
+The lower turnout of these CRQA metrics may also be an indication that successful pairs chat more frequently. We also have evidence that shows that they indeed chatted more than the unsuccessful pairs (Villamor and Rodrigo 2018b). How does chatting more frequently affect or reduce these CRQA metrics? When pairs chat, sudden gaze transitions are more common. These sudden gaze transitions occur when the current point-of-regard is suddenly shifted to the chat window or moves away from the chat window towards a particular location on the stimulus. These sudden fixation shifts characterized by longer saccades (i.e., eye movements occurring between fixations) may reduce the possibility of having recurrent fixations because the chat windows of the pairs may not be positioned in the same locations on the screen or could be positioned far away from the source code text. Findings revealed that successful pairs have significantly longer average saccade lengths than unsuccessful pairs ($M_{Successful} = 130$ px, $SD_{Successful} = 27$ px; $M_{Unsuccessful} = 117$ px, $SD_{Unsuccessful} = 23$ px; $t = -3.863, p = 0.000$).
+
+The successful pairs’ preference for more individual work and chatting more frequently may be a sign that they are more confident. It was found that the successful pairs mostly chat with partners to confirm the errors that they had already identified. Hence, they only chatted as needed, which did not necessarily require gaze coordination because their chat windows may be positioned at different locations on the screen. A combination of these two: working independently and chatting frequently as needed, increases accuracy and confidences of decisions.
+
+To further verify that successful pairs are more confident, the participants' self-efficacy ratings, were investigated where all participants personally rated themselves how confident they are in doing programming tasks as identified in the Computer Programming and Self-Efficacy Scale of Ramalingam and Wiedenbeck (1998). The rating scales are as follow: 7—absolutely confident, 6—mostly confident, 5—fairly confident, 4—50/50, 3—slightly confident, 2—mostly not confident, and 1—not at all confident. The rating results of the individuals in the pairs were averaged to get the pair rating. Results showed that successful pairs are indeed more confident than the unsuccessful pairs given their average rating of 5.03 (SD = 0.53) which is *fairly confident*, compared to the unsuccessful pairs average rating of 4.49 (SD = 0.71) which is borderline 50/50. The difference is significant at *t* = -6.720 and *p* = 0.000.
+
+* Successful pairs have more “low ENTR.”
+
+This is an indication that successful pairs frequently share similar but shorter scanpaths. An example of frequent but shorter scanpaths is shown in Fig. 6. The CRP on the left shows recurrence points that are aligned diagonally but at certain intervals. These recurrence points are found somewhere in the enclosed portions of the scan patterns on the right side. The series of video snapshots below show the corresponding locations of these diagonally aligned recurrence points on the stimulus. This means that the low ENTR of the successful pairs is due to having more incidences similar to this illustration.
+
+Frequent but shorter similar scanpaths may be a sign that successful pairs are more strategic and more precise when searching for errors because they need to look at only fewer elements on the screen, possibly those locations where errors are more likely to occur. Because majority of the successful pairs are highly proficient, then these pairs may use their knowledge from experience to look at certain locations in the program where they think the errors are most likely to be found. This confirms the findings of Sharma et al. (2018) suggesting that having a low ENTR is the result of having a small number of elements looked over a fixed period of time where they coined the term “focused gaze” to refer to this scenario.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 6** An example of frequent but short scanpaths
+
+* Successful pairs have more “low LAM.”
+
+This connotes that successful pairs transition faster once they find the errors in a program; hence, they finish sooner and find more errors. This is an indication that they may have less comprehension problems. Their shorter total fixation time on-target compared to unsuccessful pairs ($M_{Successful} = 18.7$ s, $SD_{Successful} = 15.97$ s; $M_{Unsuccessful} = 27.4$ s, $SD_{Unsuccessful} = 31.2$ s; $t = 2.764$, $p = 0.006$) proves that successful pairs indeed find bugs faster and do not dwell on them once found.
+
+This may also mean that successful pairs are more time-conscious and, hence, more particular about finishing on time. They make sure that they can proceed immediately to the next programs so that they can find more bugs within the allotted time limit. Upon examination of the chat logs and using the phrases such as “let’s go,” “let’s move on,” “moving on,” and “let’s proceed,” it was found that 30% of the time the successful pairs explicitly used these phrases to signal their partners to proceed to the next program. The unsuccessful pairs used these phrases 26% of the time.
+
+### Collaboration patterns of unsuccessful pairs
+
+As per successful pairs, RR, DET, and *L* are collectively discussed, and LMAX and TT are not included.
+
+* Unsuccessful pairs have more “high RR/DET/L.”
+
+This is an indication that unsuccessful pairs may have more incidences of “staring but not really seeing,” that is, fixating but not actively encoding information about the program. Their heavily clustered fixations resulting to a possible increase in RR are often an index of greater uncertainty in recognizing a target item (Jacob and Karn 2003). They may be looking at the same area repetitively because they do not know where else to look, and this may have resulted to more similar scanpaths. The unsuccessful pairs’ higher loci and sequence similarities prove that they had more instances where they had looked at the same locations on the screen and had shared more similar scanpaths brought about by looking repetitively at the same locations back and forth.
+
+Figure 7 shows a fixation map and heatmap of one of the unsuccessful pairs showing fixation clusters on the error and increased attention on the line that contains the error but failed to mark the error. The error in this program is the extra semi-colon right after the for loop. This is an example of a case of “staring but not seeing.”
+
+* Unsuccessful pairs have more “high ENTR.”
+
+The unsuccessful pairs tend to have more complicated scanpath relationships, which means that the length of their scanpath similarities tend to vary a lot. This is a sign of varying levels of uncertainties when looking for errors. Some pairs may have very different scanpaths while others follow almost the same scanpaths when looking for bugs. Figure 8 shows two unsuccessful pairs with different and similar scanpaths, respectively. The first pair (top) with different scanpaths is less certain where the error is. In the second pair (bottom), even if both individuals have almost alike scanpaths, only one is more certain where the error is.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 7** An example of a case of “staring but not seeing”
+
+A high ENTR indicates that both individuals look at more elements on the screen at a given time window, which is called "*unfocused gaze*" (Sharma et al. 2018). This implies that unsuccessful pairs tend to extend their search to other parts of the program or may repetitively look at the same areas because they do know where else to look for the errors or they may have already seen them but not realizing that those are already the errors.
+
+* Unsuccessful pairs have more “high LAM.”
+
+This implies that unsuccessful pairs need lengthy consideration of the program and they are more likely to get stuck in the program; hence, they finish slower and find fewer bugs. This is also an indication that they might be having more comprehension problems. The unsuccessful pairs’ significantly longer total fixation time on-target proves that in most cases they were having difficulty deciding whether the ones they were looking at were actually the errors or they simply did not understand what the program was all about.
+
+This may also suggest that unsuccessful pairs have the habit of skipping a problem because they have a hard time understanding or answering it, then get back to it several minutes after, and still being faced with the same comprehension problem. This pattern may have caused the visually recurring patterns or uniformly sized laminar structures that increase the value of LAM.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 8** Two pairs with dissimilar and similar scanpaths (top pair: left - more random, right - more linear;bottom pair: both almost linearly scan the program)
+
+To verify this, the chat logs of the pairs were examined to see manifestations of programs being skipped and answered at a later time. Results showed that unsuccessful pairs had more incidences where they skipped a problem and got back to it compared to the successful pairs. The result, however, is not significant, but this pattern of skipping problems, returning to it and tracing it in a similar manner as before combined with the unsuccessful pairs’ higher fixation counts may have resulted to the visually recurring patterns and larger clusters of recurrence points found on their CRPs.
+
+Figure 9 shows an example where one of the unsuccessful pairs decided to skip a program timestamped at 3:33:17 PM then got back to it at 3:59:49 PM and still encountered the same comprehension problem. Underneath it is the corresponding CRP of this pair with the recurring patterns.
+
+## Implications on computer science education
+
+If we think about collaboration in the classroom in CS education, one of the strategies that comes to mind is to engage students in pair programming sessions. Prior research show that pair programming has been beneficial to students’ learning and self-esteem. However, despite these benefits studies have also shown that pair programming may not be for everybody and it could actually do more harm than good as in the case of the more struggling students in programming, which typically happens when pair programming is not implemented effectively. Hence, to reap these benefits, pair programming needs to be implemented properly.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 9** Sample chat transcript showing the pair skipping a problem and returning to it (top) and the CRP with the visually recurring patterns (bottom)
+
+To strengthen pair programming, it is important that we understand how pairs collaborate. The outcome of collaboration does not solely depend on the contributions of the individuals but also on how efficiently group members manage individual and joint attention during collaborative tasks. Hence, if the concept of both individual and joint attention can be explored further, this can be used to improve the quality of the collaboration in programming pairs. Joint attention can be made intentional, and thus, can be increased by encouraging the pairs to connect in more conversational processes that will result to a more productive collaboration. This study also emphasizes the importance of collaboration and provides a precursor on ways to objectively quantify and characterize collaboration among programming pairs. Since this study provides the groundwork to distinguish between successful and unsuccessful programming pairs, this gives us the impression that we can learn how successful pairs collaborate and identify what factors make them successful so that others who are struggling in programming can do the same.
+
+## Conclusion
+
+This paper characterized the gaze collaboration patterns of successful and unsuccessful programming pairs using CRPs and its associated metrics. The main intention was to determine whether significant differences on the CRQA results between successful and unsuccessful pairs can be found, and whether it is possible to characterize and interpret their collaboration patterns according to their CRPs and CRQA results.
+
+Results showed that there is a significant difference between the CRQA results between successful and unsuccessful pairs. The successful pairs were found to have lower fixation counts and have more incidences of low CRQA metrics, while the unsuccessful pairs have higher fixation counts and have more occurrences of high CRQA metrics. Since the CRQA results are significant, the textures found on the CRPs of the successful and unsuccessful pairs were examined. It was observed that the CRPs of the successful pairs contain traces of more single and isolated points, bands of white spaces and empty regions, and few rectangular segments of recurrence points. On the other hand, the CRPs of the unsuccessful pairs manifest heavily clustered recurrence points or larger laminar states and visually recurring patterns.
+
+The collaboration patterns of the successful and unsuccessful pairs were then characterized as interpreted from their respective CRQA results and CRP textures. The successfulpairs are found to have more preference for individual work at specific times, they mayhave frequently shared similar but shorter scanpaths, have more frequent scanpath transitions, and transition faster so they find errors more quickly. The unsuccessful pairs, onone hand, may need lengthy consideration of the program, may have shared similar scanpaths that are longer, follow a certain pattern in searching for errors, may look at the sameregion repeatedly because they are clueless as to where else to look, use trial-and-error indebugging, and usually exhibit program comprehension problems.
+
+The results of this study is inconsistent with prior literature, i.e., higher degree ofgaze coupling is tantamount to better collaboration. However, the issues raised by Nüssli(2011) regarding gaze cross-recurrence and collaboration were confirmed in this study.The higher degree of gaze coupling by the unsuccessful pairs were due to the following:(1) they were looking at the same place together due to chance, (2) the collaborators’ gazeswere directed to specific regions on the screen at different moments in time, which is nota result of a conversational process, and (3) they used the same manner of reading sourcecodes, which was similar to reading ordinary text, resulting to more or less looking at thesame area at the same time. It does not necessarily follow, therefore, that a pair with ahigher degree of gaze coupling is more coupled or have better collaboration.
+
+Utilizing CRPs is good when we are to analyze the temporal evolution of joint attentionof two individuals in a collaborative task. It is easy to tell from the CRPs if a pair has lowvisual synchronization or they have good visual coordination. However, the downside ofusing CRPs is that it cannot give us information as to “where” the pairs coupled their gazesduring the interaction. Other methods are used to supplement the CRPs in order to getthis kind of information. Hence, to obtain more substantial results, it is recommended inour future work to consider examining other streams of data such as the pairs’ discoursedata and the fixation recordings among other things.
+
+### Abbreviations
+
+CRP: Cross-recurrence plot; CRQA: Cross-recurrence quantification analysis; DET: Determinism; ENTR: Entropy; L: Average diagonal length; LAM: Laminarity; LMAX: Longest diagonal length; RR: Recurrence rate; TT: Trapping time
+
+### Acknowledgments
+
+The authors would like to thank Ateneo de Davao University, Ateneo de Manila University, Ateneo de Naga University,University of Cordillera, University of San Carlos, and University of Southeastern Philippines for allowing us to conduct the eye tracking experiment.
+
+### Authors' contributions
+
+MV carried out the study and drafted the manuscript. MMR contributed to the review of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
+
+### Funding
+
+Not applicable.
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+
+
+
+
+Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
+
+**ScienceDirect**
+
+Health Professions Education 6 (2020) 187-200
+
+
+
+www.elsevier.com/locate/hpe
+
+# Are Listening and Interpersonal Communication Skills Predictive of Professionalism in Undergraduate Occupational Therapy Students?
+
+**Ted Brown\*, Mong-lin Yu, Jamie Etherington**
+
+*Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Peninsula Campus, Frankston, Victoria, Australia*
+
+Received 6 October 2019; revised 6 January 2020; accepted 28 January 2020
+
+Available online 5 February 2020
+
+
+
+## Abstract
+
+*Purpose:* To investigate if self-report measures of listening and interpersonal communication skills in undergraduate occupational therapy students predict aspects of professionalism.
+
+*Methods:* Cross-sectional study of 135 third- and fourth-year students enrolled in the four-year Bachelor of Occupational Therapy (Honours) course at Monash University in Australia. Students completed the *Active-Empathetic Listening Scale* (AELS), the *Listening Styles Profile-Revised* (LSP-R) and the *Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale* (ICCS). The *Penn State College of Medicine Professionalism Questionnaire* (PSCOPQ) measured aspects of students' professionalism. The AELS, LSP-R, ICCS and PSCOPQ instruments have established validity and reported reliability. Regression analysis with bootstrapping examined the relationships between students' listening and interpersonal skills and professional attributes.
+
+*Results:* Significant associations were observed across several PSCOPQ professionalism domains: Sensing (AELS) (*p* = .029) and Self-Disclosure (ICCS) (*p* = .026) predicted Accountability (PSCOPQ); Task-Oriented (LSP) (*p* = .019) predicted Equity (PSCOPQ); and Expressiveness (ICCS) (*p* = .023) predicted Duty (PSCOPQ). Assertiveness (ICCS) (*p* = .048) and Self-Disclosure (ICCS) (*p* = .049) were weak predictors of Duty and Altruism (PSCOPQ), respectively.
+
+*Conclusion:* The findings demonstrate the significance of listening and interpersonal communication in developing aspects of professionalism in students and emphasise the important of providing opportunities within occupational therapy education curricula that facilitate and enhance students' learning and application of active listening and communication skills. This will better prepare students to successfully complete course programs, assist in the development of their professional self-identity and equip them with the necessary professional attributes as they transition into the workforce.
+
+© 2020 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
+
+***Keywords:*** Occupational therapy students; Professionalism; Listening skills; Interpersonal communication; Education
+
+
+
+
+
+
+* Corresponding author. Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Primary Health and Allied Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Peninsula Campus, Frankston, Victoria, 3199, Australia.
+
+*E-mail address:* ted.brown@monash.edu (T. Brown).
+
+Peer review under responsibility of AMEEMR: the Association for Medical Education in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.
+
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpe.2020.01.001
+
+2452-3011/© 2020 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
+
+## 1. Introduction
+
+As a healthcare discipline, highly attuned listening and communication skills are key components of occupational therapy practice as the basis for estab-lishing a therapeutic rapport with patients and their families. Effective listening and communication have been shown to exert a positive influence on the development of healthcare provider-patient relationships and fostering improved patient understanding, adherence to treatment plans and increased patient satisfaction levels.¹ The ability to listen and communicate effectively is closely entwined with the notion of professionalism which is regarded as a core competency for all healthcare practitioners and refers to the demonstration and application of professional behaviours, values and attitudes.² Epstein and Hundert³ define the term professionalism as ‘the habitual and judicious use of communication, knowledge, technical skills, clinical reasoning, emotions, values, and reflection in daily practice for the benefit of the individual and the community being served.’ Likewise, Deiuliis⁴ considers professionalism ‘in occupational therapy clinical practice is a dynamic, sophistication exemplified by a combination of an individual’s personal skill set, knowledge, behaviors and attitudes, and the adoption of the moral and ethical values of the profession and society.’
+
+Professionalism is frequently cited as an essential attribute in standards and codes of practice published by professional associations⁵⁻⁹ including Occupational Therapy Australia’s Code of Ethics¹⁰ which stresses the requirement for practitioners to display professional integrity, develop professional relationships and responsibilities, and adhere to professional standards.⁵⁻¹¹ Occupational therapy educators have identified three nodes of professionalism: i) professional responsibility; ii) professional awareness; and iii) the context-specific nature of professionalism.¹² In the current study, professionalism comprises a set of identifiable and quantifiable attributes (Altruism, Integrity), behaviours (Accountability, Equity) and attitudes (Respect, Duty, Self-regulation) that are expected of healthcare professionals.¹³ For allied health students, these qualities provide a platform for students to acquire the requisite skills and form their professional identities.¹⁴ The focus of this research, active listening and interpersonal communication, are fundamental components in establishing beneficial therapeutic and working relationships with patients, families and colleagues. No doubt that effective listening and interpersonal communication skills underpin the development of healthcare professionals’ professionalism, but this needs formal empirical investigation.
+
+Effective active listening requires the empathic and emotional involvement of a listener and consists of sensing the emotional needs of a patient, processing what has been said, understanding and responding by using verbal and non-verbal responses, and asking questions to indicate active attention.¹⁵ The art of active listening is not simply the practice of individual skills such as maintaining eye contact or maintaining an open posture but concerns a state of being and connectedness with others whereby real depth and meaning are added to interactions.¹⁶ Within the healthcare arena, practitioners including occupational therapists, will often be in the privileged position of patients and their families sharing concerns and divulging information that they may not share with others. In therapeutic and clinical settings, illness, pain, and treatment are often ‘triggers’ for feelings of fear and distress in patients, and this can represent a challenge for the health professional.¹⁷ This places an onus on proficiency in empathic listening and an ability to engage in deep and meaningful planned and impromptu conversations in the context of often challenging interactions.¹⁸
+
+An integral component of active listening is the capacity to communicate this understanding and an intention to provide help to the patient.¹² Essential attributes in this process include listening with all the senses, validating the speaker’s emotions, and the use of reflective question and the use of reflective ques-tioning.⁹ In the context of the consultation, empathic listening is not telling the patient how they should respond; rather, it is a process to afford the client the freedom and space to express their fears and concerns, allowing them to engage in their own process of coming to terms with the diagnosis, treatment options, and potential outcomes.¹⁹,²⁰ Listening to the patient’s story builds the necessary trust for patients to follow medical and therapeutic advice, addresses the holistic needs of patients, and maximises the potential for transformative care in which the patient engages more deeply in treatment. This is reflected in research associating active empathic listening traits in healthcare providers with the maintenance of positive health behaviours,²¹ improved diabetes and weight control,²²,²³ and higher patient satisfaction rates.²⁴
+
+Interpersonal communication is regarded as a core professional competency for occupational therapists as they are often positioned within a multidisciplinary team environment in which they are required to adapt their communications accordingly.²⁵ In terms of interprofessional collaboration, the effective communication will possess strong skills in facilitating team functioning, managing conflict, and negotiating and collaborating in a positive manner. The occupational therapist must also be proficient in adapting their listening and communication skills within different healthcare and community settings to patients drawn from a diverse range of cultural backgrounds, of different ages, therapeutic needs and cognitive abilities.²⁶ Healthcare professional students, including those enrolled in occupational therapy entry-to-practice courses, need to develop effective and well-honed listening, interpersonal communication and professionalism skills before completing fieldwork placements.
+
+The challenge for occupational therapy faculty therefore is to provide meaningful and effective learning opportunities that instil in students the in-tricacies of communication strategies and facilitate them to develop, practice and fine-tune the required skills.²⁷ Education models across the allied health professions promote a close relationship between classroom teaching and fieldwork education that pro-vides the structure for enacting a wide range of peda-gogical techniques and promoting the acquisition of professional competencies.²⁸ The evidence is that structured health education programs are an effective means for the teaching and learning of proficiencies in active listening and interpersonal communication.²⁵
+
+Formally investigating the relationship between listening and interpersonal communication skills and professionalism in occupational therapy students will assist educators in the identification of core focal areas to inform the development of evidence-based curricula. The findings will establish baselines of professionalism in undergraduate occupational therapy students in relation to listening and communication competencies and provide insights that can be used to implement support measures where necessary. Since occupational therapy students are often encouraged to use reflection as one skill to develop professional competencies, valid and reliable self-report measures of listening, interpersonal communication and professionalism will be utilized to gather data in this study.
+
+## 2. Methods
+
+### *2.1. Participants*
+
+Third- and fourth-year occupational therapy stu-dents enrolled in the four-year Bachelor of Occupational Therapy (Honours) course at Monash University, Australia were recruited using a conven-ience sampling method. In total, 135 participants were recruited.
+
+As part of their occupational therapy entry-to-practice education curriculum, students complete eight 12 week academic semesters (e.g., two per year over four years) and 1000 h of fieldwork experience. Fieldwork placements are completed in the second, third, and fourth years of the course in a variety of clinical and community settings where occupational therapists may be employed. Students are introduced to the topics of listening, interpersonal communication and professionalism skills during the first year of the undergraduate course through a mix of traditional content lectures, case studies and practical skills ses-sions where key concepts and skills are reinforced. The Bachelor of Occupational Therapy (Honours) course at Monash University is accredited by the Occupational Therapy Council of Australia (see https://www.otp council.com.au/) and meets the accreditation stan-dards of the World Federation of Occupational Ther-apists (see www.wfot.org/).
+
+### *2.2. Instrumentation*
+
+The data was generated in two parts. The first part gathered descriptive demographic data via a paper-based self-report questionnaire in which students re-ported their age, gender, year level, entry pathway into the occupational therapy programme, their primary spoken language and whether they were a domestic or international student. The second part consisted of four standardised self-report measures to elicit information about students' professionalism, listening and inter-personal communication skills: the *Penn State College of Medicine Professionalism Questionnaire* (PSCOPQ)¹³; the *Listening Styles Profile – Revised* (LSP-R)¹⁵; the *Active-Empathetic Listening Scale* (AELS)²⁹; and the *Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale* (IPPCS).³⁰
+
+The PSCOPQ measures seven identifiable elements of professionalism: Accountability, Enrichment, Eq-uity, Honour & Integrity, Altruism, Duty, and Respect.¹³,³¹ Respondents rate 36 items on a five-point Likert scale based on the extent to which each state-ment reflects their definition of professionalism, where 1 = *never* and 5 = *great deal*. Participants also rank the relative importance of the item within the cluster of six items (1 = *highest*, 6 = *lowest*). The instrument is used to assess curricular changes by tracking shifts in attitude toward professionalism across time and is helpful in assessing current curricula for professionalism content and facilitating curricula changes. It has proven validity and reliability with six of the subscales demonstrating Cronbach's alpha reliability estimates ranging from .71 to .78, where .70 or above is considered adequate.¹³ One subscale, Respect, includes only two items, which explains its low reli-ability estimate of .51.¹³ Although initially developed for use with medical students, the instrument's item wording has been deemed appropriate for use with occupational therapy students based on the review of two university academic staff and four fieldwork educator staff.
+
+The LSP-R is the most widely used self-report listening instrument in communication research and has established internal consistency and latent variable test-retest correlations.¹⁵ The self-administered in-strument assesses an individual's preferred listening style based on respondents' rating of 24 items on a seven-point Likert scale where 0 = *Strongly disagree* and 7 = *Strongly agree*. The LSP-R identifies four types of listening style: Relational, Analytical, Task-Oriented, and Critical listening.¹⁵
+
+The AELS is designed to measure the active and emotional involvement of a listener across the three key stages of the listening process: Sensing, Processing, and Responding.¹⁵,²⁹ Respondents' performance in each stage is assessed by their agreement with 11 statements using a seven-point Likert scale where 1 = *Never true* and 7 = *Always true*. Example items include 'I am sensitive to what others are not saying' (Sensing); 'I summarize points of agreement and disagreement when appropriate' (Processing); and 'I ask questions that show my understanding of others' position' (Responding). The instrument has reported construct validity.²⁹
+
+The ICCS is a self-report instrument that identifies competencies across 10 management domains of interpersonal relationships: Self-Disclosure, Empathy, Social Relaxation, Assertiveness, Interaction Management, Altercentrism, Expressiveness, Supportiveness, Immediacy, and Environmental Control.³⁰ Participants are required to rate 30 items on a five-point Likert scale where 1 = *Almost never* and 5 = *Almost always*. Six items are reverse scored. The scale has established reliability and concurrent validity.³²,³³
+
+### *2.3. Data management and analysis*
+
+The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 20, for Windows, was used for data entry, storage, and analysis. The PSCOPQ subscale
+
+scores were then correlated with the LSP, AELS, and ICCS subscale scores using Spearman rho correlations. Multi-linear regression analyses were completed to determine if aspects of listening and communication were significant predictors of professionalism in the sample population. An independent variable was only included in the regression analysis if it was signifi-cantly correlated with the dependent variable.
+
+Preliminary analyses were completed to ensure that there were no violations of the assumptions of normality, linearity, multicollinearity, and homoscedasticity. A resampling technique, 'bootstrapping', a type of robust statistic that infers a population from sample data, was used.³⁴ By taking, with replacement, the values from the original sample to obtain 1000 bootstrapped samples, the accuracy of the confidence interval (CI) estimation can be improved. Results were considered statistically significant at the .05 alpha level.
+
+### *2.4. Procedures*
+
+Ethics approval for the project was obtained from the Monash University Human Research Ethics Com-mittee (MUHREC) (Project Number: CF15/3015 – 2015001237). Students were approached by a non-teaching member of staff at the end of a practical skills education session held on campus where they were informed of the purpose of the study, the volun-tary nature of their participation, and of the procedures to ensure their anonymity in all published outputs. Students were asked to complete a hard-copy ques-tionnaire containing demographic questions, the PSCOPQ, LSP-R, AELS, and ICCS. The questionnaire took approximately 20 min to complete and consent on the part of the students was implied by its completion and return.
+
+Students' completion of the PSCOPQ, LSP-R, AELS, and ICCS were independent of their under-graduate occupational therapy studies and formal assessment procedures. Respondents were under no obligation to take part in the study and did not receive gratification points, extra grades or credit for partici-pating in the study. No data was identifiable.
+
+## 3. Results
+
+The full demographic findings are reported in Table 1. The sample of third- and fourth-year undergraduate students was predominantly female, enrolled full-time and aged 20–24. The majority had English as their first language and were classified as domestic students.
+The students recorded high scores on all PSCOPQ subscales with the best scores attributed to Respect (M 9.19; SD 1.03), Altruism (M 13.43; SD 1.49), and Honesty & Integrity (M 35.59; SD 3.65). For the LSP, AELS, and ICCS, the full mean scores are provided in Table 2. Regression analysis was completed focussing on the seven dependent professionalism variables: Accountability, Enrichment, Equity, Honour & Integ-rity, Altruism, Duty, and Respect. Six of the seven regression models were found to be significant pre-dictors of PSCOPQ professionalism scores (see Table 3 for full regression statistics).
+
+Table 1
+Demographic data (n = 135).
+
+| Year of enrolment | Frequency | Percentage |
|---|
| 3rd year undergraduate | 67 | 49.6 | | 4th year undergraduate | 68 | 50.4 | | Type of enrolment | | | | Full time | 134 | 99.3 | | Part time | 1 | 0.7 | | Age range | | | | 15–19 years | 3 | 2.2 | | 20–24 years | 116 | 85.9 | | 25–29 years | 7 | 5.2 | | 30–34 years | 4 | 3.0 | | 40 years or older | 5 | 3.7 | | Gender | | | | Male | 18 | 13.3 | | Female | 117 | 86.7 | | Enrolment category | | | | International student | 28 | 20.7 | | Domestic student | 107 | 79.3 | | Course entry pathway | | | | Entered directly from high school | 70 | 51.9 | | Did not enter directly from high school | 65 | 48.1 | | English language | | | | English is first spoken and written language | 101 | 74.8 | | English is second spoken and written language | 34 | 25.2 |
+
+
+### *3.1. Accountability*
+
+The model, comprising 11 independent variables from the AELS and ICCS, uniquely explained 23.1% of the PSCOPQ Accountability score (Adjusted R² = .231, F(11, 123) = 4.660, *p* = .000 BCa 95% CI [4.392, 18.162], based on 1000 bootstrap samples). Three independent variables made a unique contribu-tion to overall variance: Sensing (2.8%, *p* = .029, BCa 95% CI [.037, .545]), Self-Disclosure (3.1%, *p* = .026, BCa 95% CI [.016, .854]), and Expressiveness (1.5%, *p* = .055, BCa 95% CI [-.630, -.042]), based on 1000 bootstrap samples.
+
+Table 2
+PSCOPQ, LSP, AELS and ICCS comparative mean scores (*n* = 135).
+
+ | Mean | SD |
|---|
| PSCOPQ Subscales | | | | PSCOPQ Accountability | 29.46 | ±3.32 | | PSCOPQ Enrichment | 24.53 | ±3.67 | | PSCOPQ Equity | 17.70 | ±2.13 | | PSCOPQ Honour & integrity | 35.59 | ±3.65 | | PSCOPQ Altruism | 13.43 | ±1.49 | | PSCOPQ Duty | 25.69 | ±3.47 | | PSCOPQ Respect | 9.19 | ±1.03 | | LSP Subscales | | | | LSP Relational listening | 33.86 | ±4.30 | | LSP Analytical listening | 32.71 | ±5.16 | | LSP Transactional listening | 30.53 | ±6.75 | | LSP Critical listening | 27.23 | ±6.97 | | AELS Subscales | | | | AELS Sensing listening | 22.15 | ±2.88 | | AELS Processing listening | 16.04 | ±2.41 | | AELS Responding listening | 23.66 | ±2.66 | | AELS Total listening | 61.84 | ±6.47 | | ICCS Subscales | | | | ICCS Self-disclosure | 10.76 | ±2.06 | | ICCS Empathy | 11.52 | ±1.45 | | ICCS Social relaxation | 10.82 | ±2.11 | | ICCS Assertiveness | 9.96 | ±2.10 | | ICCS Altercentricism | 10.91 | ±1.23 | | ICCS Interaction management | 10.37 | ±1.67 | | ICCS Expressiveness | 10.75 | ±1.96 | | ICCS Supportiveness | 11.71 | ±1.46 | | ICCS Immediacy | 12.38 | ±1.70 | | ICCS Environmental control | 10.33 | ±1.51 |
+
+Note: PSCOPQ = Penn State College of Medicine Professionalism Questionnaire; LSP = Listening Styles Profile; AELS = Active-Empathic Listening Scale; ICCS = Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale; SD = standard deviation.
+
+### *3.2. Enrichment*
+
+The model comprised 12 independent variables from the LSP, AELS, and ICCS which together uniquely explained 11.3% of the PSCOPQ Enrichment score (Adjusted R² = .113, F(12, 122) = 2.417, *p* = .008, BCa 95% CI [1.190, 13.086], based on 1000 bootstrap samples). No independent variables made a unique contribution to overall variance.
+
+### *3.3. Equity*
+
+The model, comprising seven independent variables from the LSP, AELS, and ICCS, uniquely explained 11.8% of the PSCOPQ Equity score (Adjusted R² = .118, F(7, 127) = 3.551, *p* = .002, BCa 95% CI [7.439, 15.402], based on 1000 bootstrap samples). One independent variable made a unique contribution to overall variance: Transactional listening (2.9%, *p* = .019, BCa 95% CI [-.096, - .014]), based on 1000 bootstrap samples.
+
+Table 3
+
+Linear regression analysis between PSCOPQ scores and LSP, AELS and ICCS subscales (n = 135; bootstrapped sample of 1000).
+
+| Dependent variable: PSCOPQ Accountability | Before bootstrapping | After bootstrappingb |
|---|
| Independent variablesc | Ba | SE B | β | t | p | 95.0% CI for B [LL, UL] | Bias | SE B | p | BCa 95% CI [LL, UL] |
|---|
| (Constant) | 11.407 | 3.059 | | 3.370 | .000 | [5.353, 17.462] | .017 | 3.409 | .003 | [4.392, 18.162] | | AELS Sensing listening | .250 | .113 | .217 | 2.222 | .028 | [.027, .473] | .018 | .121 | .029 | [.037, .545] | | AELS Processing listening | .053 | .132 | .039 | .404 | .687 | [-.209, .316] | .005 | .148 | .732 | [-.238, .342] | | AELS Responding listening | .124 | .122 | .100 | 1.015 | .312 | [-.118, .366] | -.011 | .136 | .368 | [-.147, .358] | | ICCS Self-disclosure | .438 | .188 | .272 | 2.330 | .021 | [.066, .811] | .015 | .185 | .026 | [.016, .854] | | ICCS Empathy | .484 | .217 | .211 | 2.232 | .027 | [.055, .912] | .015 | .291 | .101 | [-.052, 1.092] | | ICCS Social relaxation | -.010 | .145 | -.006 | -.069 | .945 | [-.298, .277] | .001 | .173 | .952 | [-.338, .354] | | ICCS Interaction management | .188 | .183 | .095 | 1.027 | .306 | [-.175, .552] | -.005 | .178 | .287 | [-.162, .518] | | ICCS Expressiveness | -.321 | .196 | -.189 | -1.637 | .104 | [-.709, .067] | -.013 | .170 | .055 | [-.630, -.042] | | ICCS Supportiveness | .045 | .201 | .020 | .223 | .824 | [-.354, .444] | -.006 | .193 | .831 | [-.296, .414] | | ICCS Immediacy | -.243 | .212 | -.124 | -1.142 | .256 | [-.663, .178] | -.017 | .242 | .314 | [-.693, .156] | | ICCS Environmental control | .243 | .207 | .110 | 1.175 | .242 | [-.166, .652] | -.011 | .198 | .238 | [-.140, .586] |
+
+| Dependent variable: PSCOPQ Enrichment | Before bootstrapping | After bootstrappingb |
|---|
| Independent variablesd | | |
|---|
| (Constant) | 7.164 | 3.725 | | 1.923 | .057 | [-.211, 14.538] | -.159 | 3.390 | .048 | [1.190, 13.086] | | LSP Critical listening | .061 | .046 | .116 | 1.337 | .184 | [-.030, .152] | -.002 | .042 | .157 | [-.019, .142] | | AELS Sensing listening | .184 | .134 | .144 | 1.370 | .173 | [-.082, .449] | .017 | .131 | .157 | [-.086, .502] | | AELS Processing listening | .082 | .158 | .054 | .517 | .606 | [-.231, .395] | .000 | .179 | .650 | [-.279, .437] | | AELS Responding listening | .084 | .145 | .061 | .575 | .566 | [-.204, .371] | .001 | .138 | .536 | [-.187, .358] | | ICCS Self-disclosure | .280 | .224 | .157 | 1.251 | .213 | [-.163, .724] | -.012 | .211 | .191 | [-.102, .666] | | ICCS Empathy | -.031 | .259 | -.012 | -.120 | .905 | [-.543, .481] | .036 | .304 | .929 | [-.638, .760] | | ICCS Social relaxation | .071 | .173 | .041 | .408 | .684 | [-.272, .413] | .012 | .210 | .749 | [-.366, .507] | | ICCS Interaction management | .023 | .223 | .010 | .102 | .919 | [-.419, .465] | .005 | .232 | .928 | [-.440, .521] | | ICCS Expressiveness | -.082 | .233 | -.044 | -.352 | .726 | [-.542, .379] | -.001 | .229 | .752 | [-.536, .369] | | ICCS Supportiveness | .236 | .240 | .094 | .984 | .327 | [-.239, .712] | -.027 | .216 | .270 | [-.163, .572] | | ICCS Immediacy | -.140 | .252 | -.065 | -.554 | .580 | [-.639, .360] | -.006 | .267 | .618 | [-.694, .349] | | ICCS Environmental control | .438 | .247 | .180 | 1.777 | .078 | [-.050, .927] | -.027 | .233 | .069 | [.038, .811] |
+
+| Dependent variable: PSCOPQ Equity | Before bootstrapping | After bootstrappingb |
|---|
| Independent variablese | | |
|---|
| (Constant) | 11.609 | 2.253 | | 5.153 | .000 | [7.151, 16.068] | -.074 | 2.241 | .001 | [7.439, 15.402] | | LSP Transactional listening | -.055 | .026 | -.173 | -2.097 | .038 | [-.106, -.003] | -.001 | .021 | .019 | [-.096, -.014] | | AELS Sensing listening | .144 | .072 | .194 | 1.999 | .048 | [.001, .286] | .015 | .096 | .127 | [-.023, .392] | | AELS Responding listening | .058 | .080 | .073 | .727 | .469 | [-.100, .216] | -.006 | .081 | .500 | [-.091, .187] | | ICCS Self-disclosure | .027 | .107 | .026 | .250 | .803 | [-.184, .237] | -.003 | .103 | .797 | [-.174, .225] | | ICCS Empathy | .006 | .139 | .004 | .043 | .965 | [-.270, .282] | .004 | .169 | .975 | [-.338, .354] | | ICCS Supportiveness | .139 | .137 | .095 | 1.018 | .310 | [-.131, .410] | .001 | .150 | .367 | [-.175, .424] | | ICCS Immediacy | .098 | .141 | .078 | .699 | .486 | [-.180, .377] | -.009 | .165 | .577 | [-.206, .384] |
+
+| Dependent variable: PSCOPQ Honour & integrity | Before bootstrapping | After bootstrappingb |
|---|
| Independent variablesf | | |
|---|
| (Constant) | 17.160 | 3.546 | | 4.839 | .000 | [10.141, 24.178] | -.140 | 4.089 | .001 | [9.530, 24.796] | | AELS Sensing listening | .155 | .130 | .123 | 1.193 | .235 | [-.102, .413] | .013 | .155 | .309 | [-.131, .493] | | AELS Processing listening | .162 | .153 | .107 | 1.054 | .294 | [-.142, .465] | .006 | .182 | .389 | [-.173, .538] | | AELS Responding listening | .076 | .142 | .055 | .533 | .595 | [-.205, .356] | -.010 | .145 | .581 | [-.188, .332] |
+
+| ICCS Self-disclosure | .165 | .193 | .094 | .855 | .394 | [-.218, .548] | .002 | .201 | .416 | [-.225, .586] | | ICCS Empathy | .161 | .250 | .064 | .646 | .519 | [-.333, .655] | .012 | .318 | .624 | [-.424, .793] | | ICCS Social relaxation | .082 | .167 | .047 | .488 | .626 | [-.249, .412] | .003 | .192 | .677 | [-.319, .462] | | ICCS Interaction management | .004 | .213 | .002 | .017 | .986 | [-.417, .424] | .007 | .202 | .984 | [-.379, .432] | | ICCS Supportiveness | .148 | .233 | .059 | .635 | .527 | [-.313, .609] | -.010 | .232 | .539 | [-.303, .574] | | ICCS Immediacy | -.010 | .246 | -.005 | -.043 | .966 | [-.496, .476] | -.008 | .299 | .965 | [-.581, .550] | | ICCS Environmental control | .431 | .221 | .178 | 1.945 | .054 | [-.007, .869] | -.002 | .234 | .079 | [-.035, .915] |
+
+| Dependent variable: PSCOPQ Altruism | Before bootstrapping | After bootstrappingb |
|---|
| Independent variablesg | | |
|---|
| (Constant) | 5.830 | 1.497 | | 3.894 | .000 | [2.866, 8.793] | -.049 | 1.726 | .002 | [2.372, 9.036] | | LSP Relational listening | .053 | .032 | .153 | 1.642 | .103 | [-.011, .117] | -.006 | .037 | .155 | [-.013, .105] | | AELS Sensing listening | .070 | .054 | .135 | 1.298 | .197 | [-.037, .176] | .013 | .072 | .326 | [-.055, .253] | | AELS Processing listening | -.007 | .062 | -.011 | -.106 | .916 | [-.130, .117] | .007 | .070 | .919 | [-.156, .158] | | AELS Responding listening | .011 | .058 | .020 | .193 | .847 | [-.103, .125] | -.002 | .061 | .873 | [-.107, .116] | | ICCS Self-disclosure | .174 | .089 | .241 | 1.956 | .053 | [-.002, .350] | -.001 | .085 | .049 | [-.005, .335] | | ICCS Empathy | -.039 | .105 | -.038 | -.375 | .709 | [-.248, .169] | .002 | .121 | .754 | [-.274, .205] | | ICCS Social relaxation | -.009 | .069 | -.012 | -.126 | .900 | [-.145, .128] | -.003 | .071 | .900 | [-.148, .131] | | ICCS Interaction management | .063 | .086 | .071 | .735 | .464 | [-.107, .234] | -.010 | .087 | .458 | [-.108, .205] | | ICCS Expressiveness | -.060 | .093 | -.079 | -.642 | .522 | [-.245, .125] | -.001 | .085 | .462 | [-.228, .119] | | ICCS Supportiveness | .150 | .095 | .146 | 1.582 | .116 | [-.038, .337] | .002 | .101 | .128 | [-.057, .364] | | ICCS Immediacy | -.034 | .100 | -.039 | -.344 | .731 | [-.233, .164] | .004 | .113 | .752 | [-.270, .196] | | ICCS Environmental control | .140 | .097 | .142 | 1.440 | .152 | [-.052, .332] | -.002 | .089 | .117 | [-.026, .298] |
+
+| Dependent variable: PSCOPQ Duty | Before bootstrapping | After bootstrappingb |
|---|
| Independent variablesh | | |
|---|
| (Constant) | 4.348 | 3.278 | | 1.327 | .187 | [-2.140, 10.837] | .020 | 3.384 | .211 | [-2.286, 11.335] | | LSP Relational listening | .104 | .071 | .129 | 1.473 | .143 | [-.036, .244] | -.009 | .077 | .177 | [-.049, .237] | | AELS Sensing listening | .227 | .116 | .189 | 1.957 | .053 | [-.003, .457] | .014 | .126 | .065 | [-.021, .516] | | AELS Processing listening | .136 | .128 | .095 | 1.063 | .290 | [-.118, .391] | .000 | .144 | .352 | [-.123, .415] | | ICCS Self-disclosure | .177 | .195 | .105 | .909 | .365 | [-.208, .563] | .010 | .194 | .364 | [-.200, .610] | | ICCS Empathy | -.022 | .230 | -.009 | -.098 | .922 | [-.478, .433] | .025 | .241 | .921 | [-.494, .537] | | ICCS Social relaxation | .347 | .151 | .211 | 2.300 | .023 | [.048, .645] | -.016 | .182 | .058 | [.018, .651] | | ICCS Assertiveness | .296 | .153 | .179 | 1.931 | .056 | [-.007, .600] | -.005 | .149 | .048 | [.014, .572] | | ICCS Interaction management | -.054 | .189 | -.026 | -.288 | .774 | [-.428, .319] | .005 | .189 | .776 | [-.416, .334] | | ICCS Expressiveness | -.453 | .208 | -.256 | -2.178 | .031 | [-.866, -0.41] | -.001 | .188 | .023 | [-.838, -0.073] | | ICCS Supportiveness | .117 | .203 | .049 | .579 | .564 | [-.284, .519] | -.014 | .193 | .543 | [-.273, .463] | | ICCS Immediacy | .258 | .218 | .126 | 1.185 | .238 | [-.173, .689] | .001 | .252 | .295 | [-.253, .748] | | ICCS Environmental control | .302 | .224 | .132 | 1.351 | .179 | [-.141, .745] | -.006 | .219 | .180 | [-.145, .711] |
+
+| Dependent variable: PSCOPQ Respect | Before bootstrapping | After bootstrappingb |
|---|
| Independent variablesi | | |
|---|
| (Constant) | 4.723 | 1.043 | | 4.527 | .000 | [2.657, 6.788] | -.027 | 1.196 | .001 | [2.328, 7.091] | | LSP Relational listening | .030 | .022 | .127 | 1.360 | .176 | [-.014, .075] | -.003 | .024 | .221 | [-.013, .068] | | AELS Sensing listening | .070 | .038 | .197 | 1.873 | .063 | [-.004, .145] | .010 | .047 | .138 | [-.022, .209] | | AELS Processing listening | -.025 | .044 | -.059 | -.578 | .564 | [-.112, .061] | .005 | .054 | .618 | [-.137, .103] | | AELS Responding listening | -.030 | .040 | -.078 | -.753 | .453 | [-.110, .049] | -.005 | .040 | .439 | [-.099, .034] | | ICCS Self-disclosure | -.011 | .061 | -.023 | -.186 | .852 | [-.132, .109] | -.003 | .059 | .848 | [-.137, .094] | | ICCS Empathy | .054 | .073 | .076 | .742 | .460 | [-.090, .198] | .002 | .083 | .520 | [-.089, .216] |
+
+| ICCS Interaction management | .080 | .060 | .130 | 1.334 | .185 | [-.039, .199] | -.002 | .058 | .175 | [-.033, .200] | | ICCS Expressiveness | -.097 | .065 | -.185 | -1.496 | .137 | [-.226, .031] | -.004 | .058 | .099 | [-.199, .006] | | ICCS Supportiveness | .008 | .066 | .011 | .114 | .910 | [-.123, .138] | -.001 | .073 | .927 | [-.133, .137] | | ICCS Immediacy | .141 | .070 | .232 | 2.017 | .046 | [.003, .279] | .003 | .074 | .051 | [-.004, .288] | | ICCS Environmental control | .085 | .068 | .125 | 1.260 | .210 | [-.049, .219] | -.001 | .083 | .304 | [-.084, .249] |
+
+Note. PSCOPQ = Penn State College of Medicine Professionalism Questionnaire; LSP = Listening Styles Profile; AELS = Active-Empathic Listening Scale; ICCS = Interpersonal Communication Competence Scale; Constant = y-intercepts of regression line; B = unstandardised beta coefficient; SE B = standard error for the unstandardised beta; β = standardized beta; t = the t test statistic; p = probability statistic (bolded p values were statistically significant post bootstrapping); CI = confidence interval; LL = lower limit; UL = upper limit; BCa = bias-corrected and accelerated.
+
+a B remained unchanged after bootstrapping.
+
+b Bootstrapping specifications: i) sampling method – simple; ii) # of samples – 1000; iii) CI level – 95%; and iv) CI type – BCa.
+
+c R = .542; R Square = .294; Adjusted R Square = .231.
+
+d R = .438; R Square = .192; Adjusted R Square = .113.
+
+e R = .405; R Square = .164; Adjusted R Square = .118.
+
+f R = .454; R Square = .206; Adjusted R Square = .142.
+
+g R = .481; R Square = .231; Adjusted R Square = .155.
+
+h R = .571; R Square = .326; Adjusted R Square = .260.
+
+i R = .456; R Square = .208; Adjusted R Square = .137.
+
+
+### *3.4. Honour & Integrity*
+
+The model comprised 10 independent variables from the AELS and ICCS, and uniquely explained 14.2% of the PSCOPQ Honour & Integrity score (*Adjusted* R² = .142, F(10, 124) = 3.216, p = .001, BCa 95% CI [9.530, 24.796], based on 1000 bootstrap samples). No independent variables made a unique contribution to overall variance.
+
+### *3.5. Altruism*
+
+The model, comprising 12 independent variables from the LSP, AELS, and ICCS, uniquely explained 15.5% of the PSCOPQ Altruism score (*Adjusted* R² = .155, F(12, 122) = 3.056, p = .001, BCa 95% CI [2.372, 9.036], based on 1000 bootstrap samples). One independent variable made a unique contribution to overall variance: Self-Disclosure (2.4%, p = .049, BCa 95% CI [-.005, .335]), based on 1000 bootstrap samples.
+
+### *3.6. Duty*
+
+The model comprised 12 independent variables from the LSP, AELS, and ICCS, and uniquely explained 26% of the PSCOPQ Duty score (*Adjusted* R² = .260, F(12, 122) = 4.915, p = .000, BCa 95% CI [-2.286, 11.335], based on 1000 bootstrap samples). Two independent variables made a unique contribution to overall variance: Assertiveness (2.1%, p = .048, BCa 95% CI [.014, .572]) and Expressiveness (2.6%, p = .023, BCa 95% CI [-.838, -.073]), based on 1000 bootstrap samples.
+
+### *3.7. Respect*
+
+The model, comprising 11 independent variables from the LSP, AELS, and ICCS, uniquely explained 13.7% of the PSCOPQ Respect score (*Adjusted* R² = .137, F(11, 123) = 2.937, p = .002, BCa 95% CI [2.328, 7.091], based on 1000 bootstrap samples). One independent variable made a unique contribution to overall variance: Immediacy (2.6%, p = .051, BCa 95% CI [-.004, .288]), based on 1000 bootstrap samples.
+
+## 4. Discussion
+
+The current study identified a range of listening and interpersonal communication skills that significantly predicted aspects of professionalism in the cohort of occupational therapy students. Key among these were the associations found between Self-Disclosure (ICCS) (p = .026) and Sensing (AELS) (p = .029) and the Accountability professionalism domain. Other key observations were establishing the significance of Task-Oriented (LSP-R) listening (p = .019) as a pre-dictor of Equity and the strong association identified between the Duty professionalism scale and Expres-siveness (ICCS) (p = .023). Other findings included the identification of Assertiveness (ICCS) (p = .048) and Self-Disclosure (ICSS) (p = .049) as marginal predictors of Duty and Altruism, respectively.
+
+The self-reported scores across the instruments measuring students' interpersonal communication and listening skills compare favourably to samples drawn from previous research. For example, the occupational therapy students in the current study performed well on the LSP-R Relational, Analytical, and Transactional listening scales and good to very good mean scores in active-empathic listening, particularly within the Sensing, Processing, and Responding domains. Simi-larly, moderate to high results were observed across the ICCS interpersonal communication scales, most notably on measures of Empathy, Supportiveness, and Immediacy. It is interesting to compare the results with research from other disciplines such as paramedicine. Ross et al. reported high levels of empathy, support-iveness, and immediacy among paramedic students and emphasise the central role these attributes play in the caring health professions, particularly in the require-ment for empathic behaviours that reassure patients in distress or with concerns.³³ They also highlight the importance of the need to communicate quickly and appropriately in diverse situations. On other measures of interpersonal communication, students in the current study recorded higher scores in the Self-Disclosure and Expressiveness domains than their counterparts in paramedicine but a lower mean score on the Asser-tiveness scale. This may indicate higher levels of egocentrism among paramedicine students compared to occupational therapy students.
+
+The mean scores should be viewed in the context of the demographic composition of the current sample in which females (87%), 20-24-year-olds (88%) and third (50%) and fourth year (50%) students predominated. The influence of gender is well-documented with studies showing that females are consistently associ-ated with better academic outcomes.³⁵ In their third and fourth years of study, students combine classroom study with fieldwork education placements, and it is in the context of fieldwork settings that they are exposed to the realities of the workplace where they are inter-acting with a wide range of colleagues and patients. It is also during these placements that students begin to form their professional identities as they face and adapt to the challenges of working in different settings and learn to communicate effectively with patients from a
+
+range of backgrounds and colleagues drawn from multiple disciplines. The evidence is that female occupational therapy students are more highly moti-vated and confident at meeting these personal chal-lenges and are adept at using concentrated periods of professional practice placements to maximise oppor-tunities to develop their clinical reasoning and rela-tional skills.³⁶ It is also acknowledged that older students' previous academic experience equips them to acquire the independent learning skills, reflective practice, and group work skills they are required to demonstrate in the field setting.³⁶
+
+Regression analysis of the data revealed some key findings, most notably establishing a positive rela-tionship between the professional attribute, Account-ability, and the AELS Sensing and ICCS Self-Disclosure variables. This provides interesting insight into the modern context of occupational therapy edu-cation and practice in an era characterised by the increasing need for occupational therapists to forge and maintain a professional identity in which account-ability towards the varied populations served is a core construct.³⁷ Being accountable as a professional means working collaboratively and respectfully within a team for the benefit of improved patient care and contrib-uting to research. Whether interacting with patients, their families or colleagues, active-empathic listening during the Sensing stage describes an active sensitivity to the emotional needs of a speaker in which the listener attends to both the implicit and explicit aspects of others' messages. The process also involves recog-nising, understanding, and sharing verbal/non-verbal and physical cues. In listener—speaker interactions it has been shown that listening in an empathic, attentive, and non-judgemental manner reduces the speaker's anxiety levels, improves the clarity of information imparted, and increases self-awareness.³⁸ In the healthcare arena, this has clear benefits for patient compliance with treatment plans resulting in positive therapeutic outcomes and improved client-practitioner satisfaction rates. For example, studies using the AELS instrument in a sample of nursing students found active listening to be positively correlated with higher empathy levels and patient-centred care which lead to improved clinical outcomes.³⁹
+
+The results from the current study are comparable to research of midwifery students who also reported high empathic tendencies.⁴⁰ Furthermore, research of empathetic listening in mental health nursing sheds light on the significance of an empathic sensing listening style in linking curious questions to the non-verbal disruptions in patients’ body posture and conversational flow.⁴¹ Within the therapeutic health disciplines, this is essential for building engagement and feelings of connection, mutuality, and trust and assisting in bringing to the fore background thoughts and feelings that can be useful in determining treat-ment goals.⁴¹ Active listening is also associated with improvements in other desirable professional attributes among health professionals in areas such as self-management and a sense of well-being in one’s role.⁴²
+
+Identifying Self-Disclosure as a second significant predictor of Accountability in occupational therapy students highlights the ways in which an empathic Sensing listening style intersect with an ability to be open when engaging with patients and colleagues. Being accountable for the clinical and therapeutic treatment of patients requires a willingness and desire on the part of health professionals to share information and acknowledge their own and their patients’ feelings. Openness in interpersonal communication and revealing to others personality elements through communication is a key factor in gaining the trust and cooperation of patients and establishing effective interpersonal relationships.⁴³ It is important, however, to acknowledge that self-disclosure must be exercised with judgement to ensure it is appropriate for the person and situation.⁴⁴,⁴⁵ Disclosure is also only effective if it achieves the desired goal of promoting self-expression or developing the therapeutic/clinical relationship and in this regard, it aligns closely to the notion of professionalism by facilitating accountability for ones' actions and interactions in relation to patient care. Accountability in this context also includes of-fering assistance where appropriate, taking the initia-tive for negotiating tasks and following through agreed actions.
+
+Although only a weak predictive association (*p* = .049) was observed between Self-Disclosure and the professionalism domain, Altruism, it aligns with the findings relating to Self-Disclosure and Account-ability. For example, Wood states that the occupational therapy profession will attract those who believe in ‘fiduciary responsibility’ in which upholding the needs of patients, their families and society and placing the well-being of the people and groups they serve takes precedent over self-interest.⁴⁶ It is therefore possible to deduce that an open disposition, an ability to share feelings, and eagerness to engage with patients and co-workers encourages an altruistic outlook that informs students’ personal sense of professional accountability. It may also facilitate positive professional relation-ships, adherence to standards of care, and career satisfaction.
+
+The element of listening most strongly associated with measures of professionalism was Task-Oriented (or Action-Oriented) listening which was a significant predictor (*p* = .019) of Equity in occupational therapy students. Task-Oriented listeners view the listening process as a simple transaction in which the listener values concise and error-free conversations and main-tains a focus on the task rather than the person. This style is characterised by impatience with speakers who appear disorganised and fail to stay focused and on topic (e.g., ‘I prefer speakers who quickly get to the point’).⁴⁷ Task Orientation aligns closely with the notion of Equity which is a multidimensional construct and, in the healthcare context, refers to fair opportu-nities for all people to achieve their full health and social potential.⁴⁸ Inequities arise when there are un-necessary and avoidable differences in access to, use, and quality of services for equal need. According to Restall et al., occupational therapists have a moral and ethical responsibility to address inequities that arise in the programs and services they offer.⁴⁹ Task Orienta-tion is especially relevant in occupational therapy practice where rehabilitation and the requirement for patients to undertake specific treatment activities place a focus on the imparting of information in a way that patients and their families understand and are prepared to commit to. Research suggests that the adoption of uniform and equitable standards for patient care, allied with empathic listening and responding, has concom-itant benefits for patients in maintaining a focus on providing patients with psychological support which in turn leads to improved clinical support and positive clinical outcomes.⁵⁰
+
+The identification of task-oriented listening as a strong predictor of Equity highlights the importance of maintaining a focus on what the client is saying to ensure optimal treatment plans and outcomes. It is important to acknowledge, however, that task-oriented listening in isolation does not ensure equitable out-comes — for example, in a situation where the client loses focus and the practitioner feels frustrated with the consultation, there may be a drift from a person-centred approach. Taff et al. indicated that achieving equity in everyday experiences is a crucial facet of occupational therapy and is facilitated by a person-centred approach that views the client as an active agent in achieving a good life.⁵¹ Studies of case management workers in the fields of nutrition and so-cial work signify the importance of listening with a ‘spirit of advocacy’ to ensure the provision of access to appropriate treatment resources at the best time for patients.²⁰ The evidence is that allied health education programs that expose students to diverse workplace environments through fieldwork education provide rich learning opportunities for students to apply a wide range of ethical concepts, theories, and decision-making protocols that promote equitable working practices as an integral component of professional development.²⁸
+
+While a task-oriented listening style is a desirable attribute, it is only one aspect of effective active listening, and educators should be cognisant of instilling in students — particularly those on field placement — a comprehensive range of well-developed listening and interpersonal communication skills. These represent the ‘tools’ for practitioners to negotiate their way through interactions and combat feelings of frustration. The findings hint at the complexity and interplay of listening and communication skills where on the one hand the effective practitioner is required to show sensitivity (Sensing and Self-Disclosure) and on the other maintain a focus on the task in hand and avoid ‘drift’ in consultations (Task-Oriented).
+
+A further key finding was the strong association observed between Expressiveness ($p = .023$) and Duty. Duty in the context of professionalism refers to rec-ognising one’s duty of care for patients and their families, and adherence to the profession’s standards of conduct when interacting with patients and colleagues. It also relates to active participation in corrective ac-tion processes when standards fall below professional expectations¹³ Expressiveness can be conceived as the ability to communicate feelings through non-verbal behaviours such as facial expressions, illustrative ges-tures, appropriate vocal modulation, and posture shifts.¹⁶ In relation to performing professional duties, research indicates that developing students’ capacity to recognise, monitor, and express their own and others’ emotions facilitates improvements in core attributes of professionalism: for example, proficiencies in negotiation, time-management, and stress management.²⁵ This is contingent with studies demonstrating how Expressiveness clarifies attitudes and increases authenticity in the delivery and processing of thoughts with associated improvements in positive intentions.³⁸ There is also evidence that Expressiveness benefits students’ interactions with colleagues and assists in the demonstration of professional behaviours through supportive communications.⁵²
+
+Although its significance as a predictor of Duty was found to be marginal ($p = .049$), Assertiveness plays a crucial role in the formation of students’ professional identity. While Expressiveness denotes a willingness
+
+and enjoyment of engaging in positive communication, it is important to acknowledge that professionalism also involves the assertion of rights and a readiness to stand up for one’s rights without denying the rights of the other.³⁰ Occupational therapy education programs in which assertiveness is promoted as a core attribute through initiatives such as group work skills, role-play activities, and critical self-reflective tasks has been shown to result in improved levels of personal growth, resilience, and confidence in students.⁵³
+
+### *4.1. Implications for education*
+
+Establishing the predictive value of aspects of listening and interpersonal communication in relation to the domains of professionalism, has several impli-cations for educators and the design of occupational therapy education programs. Firstly, identifying asso-ciations between elements of listening (Sensing, Task-Oriented) and communication (Self-Disclosure, Expressiveness) and aspects of professionalism (Accountability, Equity, Duty) highlights the need for curricula to optimise opportunities for students to ac-quire and master the full repertoire of active-listening and interpersonal communication skills as they tran-sition from classroom to fieldwork settings.
+
+Secondly, the findings can be used by educators to identify deficiencies in listening and communication competencies that can be addressed through educa-tional initiatives. For example, case- and review-based learning can be used in classroom and field settings that expose students to challenging scenarios, provide feedback and offer opportunities to explore elements of listening and interpersonal communication style. Reflection on behavioural options and values is part of the important process that leads occupational therapists to understand and define their professional selves.⁵⁴
+
+### *4.2. Limitations*
+
+The limitations associated with this study include the convenience sampling approach used for recruit-ment and data generation purposes. As the participants were recruited from a single education program, generalizability of the findings is limited. Finally, with the PSCOPQ¹³ LSP-R¹⁵ AELS²⁹ and IPPCS³⁰ all being self-report scales, there is the potential for biased by participants reporting due to social desirability is-sues. However, the four scales have been previously used in published studies and also have documented validity and reliability data. Therefore this wouldminimize the potential impact of self-report bias occurring. Occupational therapy students also are encouraged to utilize reflection as part of their pro-fessional skill set. As such, occupational therapy stu-dents who actively use reflective practice principles should in theory be aware of their own listening, interpersonal and professionalism traits and hence should be able to complete self-report scales on this factors with minimal prejudice.
+
+### *4.3. Further research*
+
+It is recommended that future research further ex-plores the predictive value of listening and interper-sonal communication skills in relation to professional behaviours and attitudes in occupational therapy stu-dents. Further studies that replicate and add to the findings of the current study will establish a baseline of knowledge that educators can use to inform curricula design. The generation of longitudinal data to deter-mine changes in students' listening and interpersonal communication skills and their impact on professional attributes over the course of study would also provide additional insights.
+
+## 5. Conclusion
+
+This study identified a range of listening and interpersonal communication variables that predicted elements of students' professionalism which provide new and further insight into the relationship between listening style, communication skills and aspects of professionalism in occupational therapy students. Regression analysis revealed three significant re-lationships: between PSCOPQ Accountability and AELS Sensing/ICCS Self-Disclosure; between PSCOPQ Equity and LSP Task-Oriented; and between PSCOPQ Duty and ICCS Expressiveness. Weaker associations were observed between PSCOPQ Altruism and ICCS Self-Disclosure; and between PSCOPQ Duty and ICCS Assertiveness. The chal-lenge for academic and fieldwork educators is to ensure occupational therapy curricula promote and enable the development of highly attuned listening and communication skills in students as essential components that support their emerging professional self-identity and adherence to expected professional behaviours and standards. Further investigation in this important area of teaching and learning research is recommended.
+
+## Funding source
+
+The study was funded through a grant received from the Monash Education Academy — Learning and Teaching 2018 Small Grants Scheme, Monash Uni-versity, Victoria, Australia. The funding received covered the salary costs of a research assistant who helped with the data collection and data entry.
+
+## Ethical approval
+
+Ethics approval for the project was obtained from the Monash University Human Research Ethics Com-mittee (Project Number: CF15/3015 – 2015001237).
+
+## Authors' contributions
+
+Dr Ted Brown designed the study and performed the statistical analyses. All three authors assisted with the data collection, the interpretation of the data findings and drafting the manuscript. All authors approved the final submitted manuscript.
+
+## Declaration of Competing Interest
+
+There are no conflicts of interest related to this article.
+
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+39. Haley B, Heo S, Wright P, Barone C, Rao Rettiganti M, Anders M. Relationships among active listening, self-awareness, empathy, and patient-centered care in associate and baccalau-reate degree nursing students. *NursingPlus Open*. 2017;3:11–16.
+40. Williams B, Brown T, Boyle M, McKenna L, Palermo C, Etherington J. Levels of empathy in undergraduate emergency health, nursing, and midwifery students: a longitudinal study. *Adv Med Educ Pract*. 2014;5:299–306.
+41. McEvoy P, Baker D, Plant R, Hylton K, Mansell W. Empathic curiosity: resolving goal conflicts that generate emotional distress. *J Psychiatr Ment Health Nurs*. 2013;20:273–278.
+42. Jones LM, Huggins TJ. Empathy in the dentist-patient relation-ship: review and application. *N Dent J*. 2014;110(3):98–104.
+43. Jourard SM. *Self-disclosure: an Experimental Analysis of the Transparent Self*. New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience; 1971.
+44. Altman I, Taylor DA. *Social Penetration: the Development of Interpersonal Relationships*. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1973.
+45. Jourard SM, Lasakow P. Some factors in self-disclosure. *J Abnorm Soc Psychol*. 1958;56:91–98.
+46. Wood W. The heart, mind, and soul of professionalism in occupational therapy. *Am J Occup Ther*. 2004;58(3):249–257.47. Watson K, Barker L, Weaver J. The Listening Styles Profile (LSP-16): development and validation of an instrument to assess four listening styles. *Int J List*. 1995;9(1):1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/10904018.1995.10499138.
+48. Lane H, Sarkies M, Martin J, Haines T. Equity in healthcare resource allocation decision making: a systematic review. *Soc Sci Med*. 2017;175:11–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.12.012.
+49. Restall GJ, MacLeod Schroeder NJ, Dube CD. The equity lens for occupational therapy: a program development and evaluation tool. *Can J Occup Ther*. 2018;85(3):185–195. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008417418756421.
+50. Ahrweiler F, Neuann M, Goldblatt H, Hahn EG, Scheffer C. Determinants of physician empathy during medical education:
+
+hypothetical conclusions from an exploratory qualitative survey of practicing physicians. *BMC Med Educ*. 2014;14:122.
+51. Taff SD, Bakhshi P, Babulal GM. The Accountability–Well-Being–Ethics framework: a new philosophical foundation for occupational therapy. *Can J Occup Ther*. 2014;81(5):320–329. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008417414546742.
+52. McDonald G, Jackson D, Wilkes L, Vickers MH. Personal resilience in nurses and midwives: effects of a work-based educational intervention. *Contemp Nurse*. 2013;45(1):134.
+53. McKenna J, Mellson J. Emotional intelligence and the occupa-tional therapist. *Br J Occup Ther*. 2013;76:427–430.
+54. Mackey H. Living tensions: reconstructing notions of profes-sionalism in occupational therapy. *Aust Occup Ther J*. 2014;61(3):168–176.
+
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+
+
+
+
+Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
+
+**ScienceDirect**
+
+Health Professions Education 6 (2020) 291-299
+
+
+
+www.elsevier.com/locate/hpe
+
+# In God We Trust, All Others Bring Data: A Bayesian Approach to Standard Setting
+
+Jimmie Leppink
+
+Hull York Medical School, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
+
+Received 9 November 2019; revised 17 January 2020; accepted 26 January 2020
+
+Available online 4 February 2020
+
+
+
+## Abstract
+
+Standard setting is an inherent part of pass/fail decisions in assessment. Although various standard setting methods are available, they all have their limitations and no method provides a golden solution to all our standard setting headaches. Some methods require potentially labor-intensive standard setting panels of judges who have specific knowledge. Other methods require student cohorts of ‘sufficient’ size. However, small cohorts are quite prevalent in medical programs across the globe, and standard setting panels are not always feasible due to logistic or financial constraints or may result in inadequate judgments due to bias or a lack of specific knowledge. This manuscript presents a new standard setting method, which is based on the Bayesian principle of updating our knowledge or beliefs about a phenomenon of interest with incoming data, uses information that is not considered in methods already available and can be applied to both small and larger cohorts regardless of whether standard setting panels are available. As demonstrated in this manuscript through a worked example, the new method is easy to implement and requires only a minimum of calculations which can be done in zero-cost, user-friendly Open Source software. Options for future research comparing different standard setting methods are discussed.
+
+© 2020 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
+
+Keywords: Standard setting; Small cohorts; Performance data; Bayesian; Updating
+
+
+
+## 1. Introduction
+
+Standard setters do not have it easy. Although we have quite a variety of standard setting methods at our disposal, there is no gold standard method that pro-vides a solution for all standard setting problems. Whichever method we choose, we face problems. For example, the Angoff method and modifications thereof(e.g.,1–6) require potentially labor-intensive standard setting panels of judges who have a clear understand-ing of the concept of ‘borderline student’. Beuk’s method⁷ assumes that each judge has an opinion of what the cut-off score or pass mark should be and what pass rate should be expected. The Hofstee method⁸ assumes that judges have specific knowledge of mini-mum and maximum acceptable cut-offs and fail rates and in practice cut-off scores do not always fall within the defined boundaries. Other methods require suffi-ciently large cohorts⁹,¹⁰ and/or the assessment in question to be organized in a very particular way and to result in outcomes that reasonably meet specific features.¹¹ However, small cohorts are quite prevalent in medical programs across the globe, standard setting panels are not always feasible due to logistic or financial constraints or may result in numbers that have no real empirical basis, and assessment data do not always adhere to specific features required for other standard setting methods to be used.
+
+\
+*E-mail address:* hyjl17@hyms.ac.uk.
+
+Peer review under responsibility of AMEEMR: the Association for Medical Education in the Eastern Mediterranean Region
+
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpe.2020.01.003
+
+2452-3011/© 2020 King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences. Production and Hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
+
+This manuscript presents a new standard setting method, which is based on Bayesian statistics,¹² uses information that is not considered in methods already available and can be applied to both small and larger cohorts regardless of whether standard setting panels are available. As demonstrated in this manuscript through a worked example, the new method is easy to implement and requires only a minimum of calcula-tions which can for example be done in zero-cost, user-friendly Open Source software called JASP.¹³ Although the example focusses on setting a standard with multiple-choice or other single best answer questions (SBAQs) that can be coded as either ‘correct’ or ‘incorrect’ (i.e., a dichotomous decision for each question) for the ease of introduction, this new method can be generalized to other types of assessments as well.
+
+## 2. Bayesian statistics in a nutshell
+
+Just like in everyday life, Bayesian statistics is about updating our knowledge or beliefs about a phe-nomenon of interest, say X, as data is coming in. At any given point in time, our knowledge or beliefs about X are expressed in a probability distribution of possible outcomes of X. In the absence of any empirical data, quite a variety of outcomes of X may be likely, but with more data coming in, some outcomes become more likely while other outcomes become less likely. Very simply put, Bayesians refer to the probability distribution of X *before* seeing the data as the *prior* distribution, which is then updated with data coming in to obtain the *posterior* distribution or the probability distribution of X *after* seeing the data. However, as in everyday life, the Bayesian updating process is continuous; in the words of Lindley¹⁴ (p. 2), “today's posterior is tomorrow's prior.” In the simplest case, the outcome of interest is dichotomous, for example ‘Correct’ (success) vs. ‘Incorrect’ (failure) perfor-mance of a SBAQ. The probability distribution to be used for updating is then a so-called *Beta* distribution with two parameters: the number of successes (a) and the number of failures (b). We denote this as: Beta(a,b). In the absence of any knowledge or belief about the outcome of interest, the appropriate Beta distribution is Beta(1,1), which is a Uniform (i.e., rectangular) probability distribution extending from 0 to 1 (i.e., from 0% to 100% success). This distribution has a mean and median of 0.5 (i.e., 50% success) and a 95% *credible interval* (the Bayesian counterpart of the Frequentist confidence interval, which is also called posterior interval) of [0.025; 0.975]. When we observe data, outcomes in some areas of the 0–100% range become more likely while outcomes in other areas of the 0–100% range become less likely. Let us look at this with an example of coin tossing, where ‘Heads’ represents success and ‘Tails’ represents failure.
+
+## 3. Coin tossing as an example
+
+To assess if coin X is ‘fair’, we toss it several times and count the number of successes and failures. In the absence of any data on coin X, we use Beta(1,1) as prior distribution. Suppose, we throw ten times and obtain six successes and four failures. The resulting posterior distribution is Beta(1+6,1+4), hence Beta(7,5). This distribution has a median of 0.588 and a 95% credible interval of [0.308; 0.833]. Suppose, we repeat this coin tossing study nine times, meaning that we end up with a total of 10 sets of 10 tosses, or 100 observations in total. If prior to reading this article you never heard of Bayesian statistics before, and you find this process difficult to understand, do not worry, for Table 1 presents the outcomes for each of ten rounds along with the prior and posterior distribution for the different rounds.
+
+Had we considered the 10 times 10 tosses as one study of 100 tosses, we would have obtained the same posterior distribution: Beta(1,1) updated with 54 suc-cesses and 46 failures (our data) results in a Beta(55,47) posterior distribution. This posterior distribution has a median of 0.539 and a 95% credible interval of [0.442; 0.635]. The median of the posterior distribution is commonly used as a point estimate of the outcome of interest and is almost equal to the observed proportion of success (0.54); it is slightly pulled towards 0.5 and more so with the observed proportion approaching either 0 or 1 but more closely approaches the observed proportion with more observations.
+
+Table 1
+
+Prior and posterior distribution for the proportion of success (Heads) for each of ten rounds in the coin tossing study.
+
+| Prior: Beta(a,b) | Data | Posterior: Beta(a,b) | | a (success) | b (failure) | Successes | Failures | a (success) | b (failure) | | 1 | 1 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 5 | | 7 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 12 | 10 | | 12 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 19 | 13 | | 19 | 13 | 5 | 5 | 24 | 18 | | 24 | 18 | 5 | 5 | 29 | 23 | | 29 | 23 | 7 | 3 | 36 | 26 | | 36 | 26 | 5 | 5 | 41 | 31 | | 41 | 31 | 4 | 6 | 45 | 37 | | 45 | 37 | 4 | 6 | 49 | 43 | | 49 | 43 | 6 | 4 | 55 | 47 |
+
+The rationale behind the latter is that even if our outcomes are as extreme as 0% or 100%, we will only gain more confidence in outcomes towards either of these extremes with increasing amounts of data. If Lecturer A claims that “*all students from this university got drunk last night*”, Lecturer B asks “*how did you estimate this?*”, and Lecturer A responds “*well I asked a random sample of three students*”, we do not have much confidence in the estimate of 100% of the stu-dents being drunk, or any extreme estimate close to that. This situation would translate in a $Beta(1+3,1+0) = Beta(4,1)$ posterior distribution, which is a distribution with a median of 0.841 and a 95% credible interval of [0.398; 0.994]. However, if Lecturer A's random sample comprised 100 students, all of which got drunk, our confidence in a near-100% estimate would be much larger; the resulting posterior distribution would be $Beta(101,1)$, which has a median of 0.993 and a 95% credible interval of [0.964; 1.000]. These and other numbers from different Beta distr-ibutions can be easily obtained in JASP.¹³
+
+## 4. Applying the coin tossing example to item performance
+
+Mathematically, *N* number of students responding to *k* number of items can — to some extent — be compared to *R* rounds of *k* number of coin tosses. In other words, the 10 rounds of 10 coin tosses could also be thought of as 10 students responding to a set of 10 items. While the different rounds of coin tossing all use the same coin, in the case of items it would be 10 students responding to the same set of 10 items. Just like the $Beta(55,47)$ distribution constitutes the poste-rior distribution after the 100 tosses in the coin tossing study, we can derive a similar Beta distribution for the set of items answered by the group of students. The median and 95% credible interval of this Beta distri-bution can then be used to estimate the proportion of correct response for a given set of items to be put in an exam. Under the assumption that there are no large differences between cohorts of students, we can even derive a Beta posterior distribution if different items are used in different cohorts or there is only a partial overlap in items across cohorts.
+
+Consider the following situation. For a cohort of *N* = 23 students, we are creating an exam of 100 SBAQs, drawing from an item bank of SBAQs used in exams in the previous three cohorts, which were of size *N* = 20, *N* = 25, and *N* = 30, respectively. Suppose, we use 25 items that were used only in the cohort of *N* = 20, 25 items that were used in the cohort of *N* = 20 and in the cohort of *N* = 25, 25 items that were used in the cohort of *N* = 25 and in the cohort of *N* = 30, and 25 items that were used only in the cohort of *N* = 30. To facilitate the understanding of the cal-culations below as in the coin tossing study, Table 2 presents the numbers of successes and failures observed for each of these in total 100 items.
+
+Some may wonder if we cannot just calculate the proportion of success for each item and take the average of the 100 proportions calculated. For instance, for item 1, the proportion of success is 11 successes divided by 20 observations or 0.550, and for item 28 it is 27 successes divided by 45 observations or 0.600. Using this method results in a total of 59.4 across the 100 items, hence an average of 0.594. However, one problem with this method is that we have more observations for some items than for other items. An easy way to account for the latter is to count the number of successes across 100 items and divide that by the total number of observations for the 100 items together: 2197 successes divided by 3750 ob-servations results in an average of 0.586. Following the Bayesian procedure, 2197 successes and 1553 failures results in a Beta(1+2197,1+1553) = Beta(2198,1554) posterior distribution, which is a distribution with a median of 0.586 and a 95% credible interval of [0.570; 0.602]. Given the large number of observations, the median of the posterior distribution and the average obtained when accounting for unequal numbers of observations across items are about the same.
+
+Table 2
+
+Numbers of successes (S) and failures (F) observed for each of 100 items.
+
+| Item | S | F | Item | S | F | Item | S | F | Item | S | F | | 1 | 11 | 9 | 26 | 21 | 24 | 51 | 20 | 35 | 76 | 20 | 10 | | 2 | 14 | 6 | 27 | 30 | 15 | 52 | 29 | 26 | 77 | 16 | 14 | | 3 | 10 | 10 | 28 | 27 | 18 | 53 | 33 | 22 | 78 | 25 | 5 | | 4 | 17 | 3 | 29 | 32 | 13 | 54 | 36 | 19 | 79 | 20 | 10 | | 5 | 15 | 5 | 30 | 27 | 18 | 55 | 19 | 36 | 80 | 19 | 11 | | 6 | 16 | 4 | 31 | 21 | 24 | 56 | 18 | 37 | 81 | 19 | 11 | | 7 | 14 | 6 | 32 | 31 | 14 | 57 | 34 | 21 | 82 | 17 | 13 | | 8 | 10 | 10 | 33 | 30 | 15 | 58 | 48 | 7 | 83 | 22 | 8 | | 9 | 13 | 7 | 34 | 34 | 11 | 59 | 27 | 28 | 84 | 24 | 6 | | 10 | 9 | 11 | 35 | 14 | 31 | 60 | 27 | 28 | 85 | 20 | 10 | | 11 | 10 | 10 | 36 | 23 | 22 | 61 | 36 | 19 | 86 | 21 | 9 | | 12 | 13 | 7 | 37 | 24 | 21 | 62 | 16 | 39 | 87 | 22 | 8 | | 13 | 9 | 11 | 38 | 21 | 24 | 63 | 41 | 14 | 88 | 19 | 11 | | 14 | 8 | 12 | 39 | 21 | 24 | 64 | 26 | 29 | 89 | 22 | 8 | | 15 | 13 | 7 | 40 | 12 | 33 | 65 | 30 | 25 | 90 | 5 | 25 | | 16 | 15 | 5 | 41 | 34 | 11 | 66 | 45 | 10 | 91 | 22 | 8 | | 17 | 12 | 8 | 42 | 23 | 22 | 67 | 24 | 31 | 92 | 20 | 10 | | 18 | 9 | 11 | 43 | 18 | 27 | 68 | 34 | 21 | 93 | 10 | 20 | | 19 | 12 | 8 | 44 | 32 | 13 | 69 | 37 | 18 | 94 | 23 | 7 | | 20 | 13 | 7 | 45 | 24 | 21 | 70 | 43 | 12 | 95 | 14 | 16 | | 21 | 16 | 4 | 46 | 24 | 21 | 71 | 38 | 17 | 96 | 26 | 4 | | 22 | 11 | 9 | 47 | 20 | 25 | 72 | 30 | 25 | 97 | 19 | 11 | | 23 | 15 | 5 | 48 | 29 | 16 | 73 | 34 | 21 | 98 | 14 | 16 | | 24 | 7 | 13 | 49 | 27 | 18 | 74 | 40 | 15 | 99 | 18 | 12 | | 25 | 14 | 6 | 50 | 25 | 20 | 75 | 27 | 28 | 100 | 18 | 12 |
+
+
+
+## 5. Accounting for intra-class correlation
+
+There is one problem with the coin tossing analogy. Differences between students in knowledge of a given topic contribute to an *intra-class correlation* (ICC) that reduces the sample size from *N* times *k* to an effective sample size somewhere in between *N* and *k* and should be accounted for.¹⁵ Given *N* students responding to *k* items, and an estimated ICC, the factor of difference between *N* times *k* and the effective sample size (*F*) can be calculated as follows:
+
+$$
+F = 1 + [(k - 1) * \text{ICC}]
+$$
+
+Thus, larger values of *k* and higher ICCs contribute to a stronger reduction in effective sample size. When dealing with larger cohorts, ICC can be estimated from the data using multilevel models,¹⁵ but when samples are small ICC estimates often cannot be trusted and therefore ICC needs to be estimated in another way. For series of 100 or more SBAQs, ICC values in the [0.05; 0.10] range are common. Consequently, if we do not have sufficient data to obtain accurate ICC estimates from the data, we can use $ICC = 0.10$ as a conservative estimate. For $k = 100$ and $ICC = 0.10$, $F = 10.9$. We can recalculate the ICC-adjusted number of successes ($a_{ICC}$) and number of failures ($b_{ICC}$) by dividing the observed number of successes (a) and the observed number of failures (b), respectively, by $F$. The resulting posterior distribution is then $Beta(1+a_{ICC}, 1+b_{ICC})$. Doing so for the data at hand, where $a = 2197$ and $b = 1553$, we find $a_{ICC} = 201.560$ and $b_{ICC} = 142.477$, and a posterior distribution $Beta(202.560, 143.477)$, which is a distribution with a median of 0.586 and a 95% credible interval of [0.533; 0.637].
+
+If we were to deal with a situation where ICC is likely to be larger than 0.10 (uncommon but nevertheless possible), *F* would be larger. For instance, for *k* = 100 and ICC = 0.20, *F* = 20.8. The resulting posterior dis-tribution would then be $Beta(106.625, 75.663)$, which is a distribution with median 0.585 and a 95% credible in-terval of [0.513; 0.655]. Note that the median of the distribution remains almost the same, and even the 95% credible interval is not that different from the one assuming ICC = 0.10.
+
+## 6. Setting the standard
+
+The median of the posterior distribution provides a straightforward statistic for standard setting purposes, and the 95% credible interval expresses the degree of uncertainty around that statistic. However, using the posterior distribution median itself as a standard is problematic as it may well result in a substantial proportion of sufficiently competent students failing the exam. If we agree that the average student is suffi-ciently competent and we only want not sufficiently competent students to fail the exam, we need a multiplier to arrive from the posterior distribution median to the pass mark that allows for some deviation downward from the mean but simultaneously minimizes the risk of not sufficiently competent students passing the exam. If we use 0.8 (i.e., 80%) as multiplier, a posterior distribution median of 0.625 results in a pass mark of 0.500 (50%) and a posterior distribution median of 0.500 results in a pass mark of 0.400 (40%). Although these pass marks appear low, pass marks are calculated in the light of the relative difficulties of items. Larger proportions of relatively difficult items result in a lower posterior distribution median and should therefore result in a somewhat lower pass mark. Multipliers larger than 0.8 could come at the cost of a considerable proportion of sufficiently competent students failing the exam, whereas multipliers smaller than 0.8 could come at the risk of a rather substantial proportion of not sufficiently competent students passing the exam. Using 0.8 as multiplier, a posterior distribution median of 0.586 results in a pass mark of 0.469 (46.9%).
+
+Some readers may wonder what we should do if some of the items in an exam for a new cohort have not been used before, and we therefore have no performance data available. The answer to this is that items for which we have no perfor-mance data add neither successes nor failures and thus do not contribute to the posterior distribution. This will result in a wider 95% credible interval, and especially in the case of small numbers of observations, a posterior distributionmedian slightly pulled towards 0.5 (e.g., see coin tossing study). This is reasonable, because we simply have less information about our set of items if we have no performance data about some items. If we had only new items, hence no item performance data at all, the posterior distribution would be Beta(1,1), which has a median of 0.500, and hence the standard would be set at 0.400 (40%).
+
+Although the example used in this manuscript is one of dichotomous outcomes, the method introduced in this manuscript can be generalized to other types of outcome variables; we will need to use different types of prior distributions (e.g., 15,16), but the basic idea of updating our prior distribution with data coming in remains the same. Another implication of this is that, while the example in this article focusses on knowl-edge tests, the method can also be applied to skills tests such as objective structured clinical examinations or procedural tests in the workplace.
+
+## 7. Potential concerns and challenges with this new method
+
+As for any standard setting method, clear concerns and challenges can be identified. A great feature of peer review is that questions and concerns can be shared by the reviewers of a manuscript. In the case of this manuscript, which proposes a new method for standard setting, the reviewers raised a series of very important questions about, concerns with and argu-ments against this new method. This paragraph sum-marizes these questions, concerns, and arguments with a concise response, which in some cases is a temporary response because future research will have to shed more light on the matter as discussed in the next paragraph.
+
+### *7.1. Point 1/10: Since this method differs from all established standard setting methods, is this new method really a standard setting method?*
+
+Some scholars hold the opinion that methods like the new method proposed in this article do not qualify as standard setting methods. In their view, standard setting inherently involves having subject matter ex-pects provide ratings to determine cut-off scores and this is generally accomplished using one of three general categories of methods: reviewing test items or groups of test items (test-centered methods), reviewing candidate work or giving ratings on how examinees would be expected to perform (examinee-centered methods) or compromise methods which usually involve providing judgments about the percentage correct and percentage of examinees expected to pass. The new method proposed in this article does not fall into any of these categories, because in the words of William Edwards Deming (1900–1993), “*Without data, you are just another person with an opinion*” and “*In God we trust; all others bring data.*” Angoff, Hofstee, Beuk and variants thereof heavily rely on so-called ‘expert’ opinions. But who tell us they are ex-perts? The experts!
+
+Several scholars are against empirical methods such as Cohen⁹ or modified Cohen,¹⁰ in which the fail/pass cut-off score is determined by taking a multiplier from the 95th⁹ or 90th¹⁰ percentile of the score distribution of a student cohort at hand, because of the normative character of percentiles. However, contrary to tradi-tional normative methods, where a fixed proportion of students can be expected to fail the exam, the pro-portion of students failing with Cohen or modified Cohen can vary across exams and can be zero if there is there relatively little dispersion in scores within the cohort at hand. Although Cohen and modified Cohen, like any standard setting method, have their issues as well, they do not rely on assumptions of so-called expert judgments resulting in meaningful and acc-urate cut-off scores. Although contrary to Cohen and modified Cohen, the new method proposed in this article uses *historical* performance data instead of the performance of a cohort at hand, these methods have in common that they use actual performance data instead of data-absent ‘expert’ judgments.
+
+### *7.2. Point 2/10: What is the underlying philosophy of the paper when it comes to item difficulty and the appropriate standard?*
+
+Every item in an exam can be thought of as a battle between the student and the item. Using quality items, (1) given the knowledge level of a student, the more difficult the item the higher the probability of the item winning the battle and (2) given the difficulty level of an item, the more knowledgeable the student the higher the probability of the student winning the battle. If a student's knowledge level is the same as the level of difficulty of an item, both the student and the item have a probability of winning the battle of 50% (i.e., 0.50). Usually, exams are composed such that there are more items responded correctly by 50–70% of the students than there are items responded correctly by a much smaller or a much larger percentage of students in a cohort, and the average proportion of items responded correctly in a cohort of students lies around 60% (0.6).Students performing around the average, at least in medical schools, are usually students who have suffi-cient knowledge (or skill, where skill is assessed) and should therefore be placed above the fail/pass cut-off score for an exam. Borderline performance is usually found a standard deviation or so below the average. Using modified Cohen, in which the fail/pass cut-off score is 65% of the 90th percentile, we usually find a cut-off score of nearly 80% of the average perfor-mance. In programs where cohort differences are small, the average performance of a new cohort will not differ much from that averaged across cohorts for which we have historical data. If a new cohort is much better than previous cohorts, the fail/pass cut-off determined using historical data will probably result in a lower proportion of students (and perhaps even zero) failing the exam. Simultaneously, if a new cohort is much worse than previous cohorts, the fail/pass cut-off determined using historical data will probably result in a higher proportion of students than usual failing the exam. This marks an important difference with Cohen and modified Cohen, where the standard set entirely depends on the performance of a cohort at hand and no historical data is used.
+
+### *7.3. Point 3/10: Does the standard exist, but we do not have much information to go on in small cohorts, or are we always adjusting the appropriate standard as expectations of performance/knowledge in different areas of medicine develop over time?*
+
+Our expectations of knowledge and performance in different areas of medical do develop over time and empirical performance data serve as an important re-liability check; if the latter demonstrate that performance in cohorts of students is not up to standards, we may want to reflect on the way we are teaching and/or assessing in our programs, but failing larger numbers of students just because higher expectations call for a higher standard would be unfair to our students.
+
+### *7.4. Point 4/10: Where does the 80% multiplier come from?*
+
+The 80% multiplier is in line with the statistical notion that even though modified Cohen does not use the average score for setting the standard it normally results in a fail/pass cut-off score of almost 80% of the average performance. For the reader who wonders how to arrive at this conclusion without giving a reference, this can be easily checked with any statistical software package by simulating score distributions for a number of cohorts in line with what we commonly encounter in exams: fairly symmetric with one fairly clear peak somewhere around the average performance. Calculate the 90th percentile, take 65% of that, and the resulting score (i.e., the fail/pass cut-off in modified Cohen) should be nearly 80% of the average of the distribution.
+
+Some readers may wonder why if the multiplier of 80% is in line with modified Cohen, why not use modified Cohen instead of the new method proposed in this article. The reason for that is that modified Cohen may be fine if we are okay relying on the current cohort only and the cohort is sufficiently large, where we have performance data from multiple previous co-horts we have much more information about item performance than we can derive from a current cohort, we do not depend on the performance of a current cohort, and the new method can be used in a mean-ingful manner in smaller cohorts as well.
+
+### *7.5. Point 5/10: What if the assumption about no large differences between cohorts does not hold?*
+
+If among historical cohorts there is considerable variation in performance, that probably indicates that some cohorts are somewhat stronger than other cohorts. Regardless of how much that cohort-to-cohort variation is, if we carefully sample items used in previous cohorts for the current cohort, we will use information from all these cohorts to set an informative standard. If then it turns out that the new cohort performs much better than expected based on the historical data, this probably in-dicates we are dealing with a relatively strong cohort and it will in that case make sense to fail relatively few students. Likewise, if the current cohort performs much more poorly than expected based on the historical data, this may well indicate that we are dealing with not such a strong cohort where in that case more students can be expected to fail. That said, the influence of cohort dif-ferences and methods of sampling items for an exam for a new cohort certainly constitute topics for further research.
+
+### *7.6. Point 6/10: It is widely known that prior distributions can heavily influence results, and this is especially problematic in standard-setting contexts because they can introduce bias to cut scores. How does this new method deal with this problem?*
+
+It is also widely known that prior distributions will heavily influence estimates only if we have a very small sample (e.g., three cohorts of five students, or a statement like “*all students from this university got*drunk last night” being based on just a few students) or use a much more informative prior distribution than we should use. Neither is the case with the method pro-posed in this article. Even though our cohorts are smaller than what we usually encounter in medical programs, all items from the different cohorts taken together we have quite a bit of data (e.g., not three cohorts of five students). The coin tossing example shows that even with only 100 tosses the difference between the posterior median and the observed prob-ability of success is very small (in the third decimal), and despite the small cohort sizes the number of ob-servations we have on our set of items by far exceeds 100. Concerning the prior distribution, the Beta(1,1) distribution assumes no prior knowledge and is there-fore widely recognized and used as a default prior distribution (e.g., 13,17–19), because any kind of bias introduced is very minimal at most. For that matter, a biased panel incorrectly assuming good knowledge about how students should perform (e.g., in Angoff panels, what percentage of ‘borderline’ students would be expected to respond item X in exam A correctly) could be expected to result in much more bias in standards set than a method that uses actual perfor-mance data and a default prior distribution that as-sumes no prior knowledge.
+
+### *7.7. Point 7/10: Should Bayesian methods not only be used if one has a lot of prior knowledge about examinee performance and Bayesian methods are also being used to score the exam?*
+
+Researchers have been using Bayesian methods to practice statistics regardless of how students are taught or are assessed, regardless of what people eat or how they sleep, and both in the presence and absence of prior knowledge about the phenomenon of interest. Bayesian methods are intuitive because they work like the human mind: we update our knowledge or beliefs as new information comes in. The thought that we could not use Bayesian methods unless we have a lot of prior knowledge would be like saying that it is point-less to teach medical students about any kind of medical topic unless they come to class with a lot of prior knowledge about the topic already. Reference or default priors have been agreed exactly to enable Bayesian analysis where little or even no prior knowledge about the phenomenon is available, just like most teaching of new topics in a medical program have been designed to help students make the transition from little to no knowledge about the for them new topic to a state of being more knowledgeable.
+
+### *7.8. Point 8/10: The approach is entirely normative, and results will change when the test is easier or harder. How is this defendable or fair?*
+
+The approach is neither normative in the sense of traditional methods in which a fixed proportion of students can be expected to fail nor in the way Cohen methods work basing standards entirely on numbers from a cohort at hand. Like with Cohen methods, everyone meeting the standard and therefore passing the exam is possible in this new method, but the standard set does *not* depend on any numbers from a cohort at hand; it uses data from previous cohorts only. Results will indeed change when a test is easier or harder, which makes sense. On the contrary, if an easier and a harder test resulted in the same standard, that would understandably raise concerns about the group receiving the harder test being disadvantaged or the group receiving the easier test being put in an un-reasonable advantage. Besides, having historical per-formance data in place, if we carefully sample items used in previous cohorts for the current cohort, we can produce exams that in terms of difficulty do not differ that much from each other. Using judgment without empirical data to compose exams may more easily result in substantial exam-to-exam fluctuation in diffi-culty than careful sampling based on historical data.
+
+### *7.9. Point 9/10: What to do, with software or else, if ICC = 0.10 is not a realistic assumption?*
+
+Especially in sufficiently large exams (e.g., 100 or more multiple-choice items) that cover a series of only modestly related topics, ICC = 0.10 is not an unrea-sonable assumption. However, as the comparison be-tween calculations assuming ICC = 0, ICC = 0.10 and ICC = 0.20 indicates, even for samples as small as the ones in the example discussed in this article the pos-terior median (from which 80% is taken to set the standard) is virtually the same. ICCs of 0.20 or higher are not common in large SBAQ exams, but if assessors have solid (and preferably empirically supported) rea-sons to assume that in the context they are working higher ICCs are common, the formula can be used for higher ICCs as well and the resulting corrected numbers of successes and failures can be entered in JASP or any other software that allows researchers to obtain a distribution with a posterior median and 95% credible interval. Generally speaking, the more his-torical data we have available, either through more historical cohorts or larger historical cohorts, the less the posterior median will be affected by higher ICCs.That said, the question of the influence of ICC as-sumptions on the posterior median and standard set deserves further study.
+
+### *7.10. Point 10/10: What if an exam is very difficult such that the average student misses most of the questions: should this student pass?*
+
+Especially with the use of historical data, with which we can carefully sample our items for any new cohort — or for any individual re-sitting student for that matter — this scenario should never happen; instead, we could sample such that we have a paper for which historical data indicate an average performance of around 62.5% and hence a standard of 50% (i.e., 80% of 62.5%) would be defendable.
+
+## 8. Future research
+
+Based on the considerations in the previous section, at least four themes for future research can be identi-fied: comparisons of the new method with existing methods, ICC assumptions, the sampling of items for a new exam especially in the case of considerable cohort differences, and the multiplier to arrive from posterior median to a standard.
+
+To start, we would need a series of studies that would allow for direct comparison between the pro-posed new method and existing methods that are commonly used in our field, including Angoff, Hofstee, Beuk, and (modified) Cohen. Choices of methods at medical schools may be driven by personal preference and financial/logistic means more than by empirical studies comparing methods we can choose from. Scholars whose opinion is that setting standards by definition involves panels like in Angoff, Hofstee or Beuk tend to not be in favor of (modified) Cohen or other methods that use empirical data rather than panels and may therefore not be in favor of the new method proposed in this article either. Series of well-designed studies involving direct comparisons be-tween panel-based and data-based methods in different types of programs, involving different kinds of students and different types of exams, may help us to identify conditions under which some methods may be preferred over other methods. Until we accumulate that body of research, any preference for one (type of) method(s) over other (types of) methods may be entirely based on personal opinion and/or financial/logistic factors to be taken into account in a given institution or program, and decisions which methods to cover in handbooks on standard setting (e.g., to cover panel-based methods but not Cohen) may be a matter of sheer preference of the authors as well. Proponents of panel-based methods may argue that setting a standard always involves ‘expert’ judgment, but what evidence have we got really to be confident that in the absence of empirical data we are not just drawing a line in the sand but set a standard that is appropriate? To what extent do panel-based methods really result in standards that are different from those set with data-based methods like (modified) Cohen or the new method proposed in this article? Should one of the outcomes of future research be that panel-based methods and data-based methods result in clearly correlated standards with in individual exams mostly minor if not trivial differences, that might well raise the question why invest financial and logistic resources for panels when we can achieve about the same results with much less resource-intensive data-based methods?
+
+Comparing calculations under ICC = 0, ICC = 0.1 and ICC = 0.2 for the example discussed in this article demonstrates that, even in a relatively small-sample situation, regardless of the ICC we arrive at virtually the same posterior median and (given a fixed multi-plier, here 80%) fail/pass cut-off. With increasing sample/cohort sizes, the influence of different ICC assumptions on the posterior median and cut-off will fade further; it is mainly for situations where we have much less historical data than in the example discussed in this article and/or with for large exams unrealisti-cally high ICC values that we may see a substantial influence of ICC assumptions on the posterior median and cut-off. Future studies could result in guidelines about desired minimum amounts of historical infor-mation and ranges of ICCs for which the newly pro-posed method works well. ICC values above 0.20 are not common in large exams on medical knowledge but may well occur in much smaller exams that focus on very specific content. Simultaneously, smaller exams tend to use less historical data than larger exams and the less data available the more the influence of different ICC assumptions on the outcomes. Therefore, exam size may constitute another important factor to consider in studies on the influence of ICC assump-tions on the outcomes of the newly proposed method.
+
+Exam size may also constitute an important factor in studies revolving around any potential impact of cohort differences on standards set and how item sampling methods can help to reduce that impact. Until further research indicates otherwise, one may expect that carefully sampling items can help to reduce im-pacts of cohort differences on standards. Besides, for items that have been used in all or several previouscohorts, effects of cohort differences on the outcomes may well be smaller than for items that have been used in a single cohort only. Simultaneously, at exam level — that is: the level at which the standard is set — effects of cohort differences could be minimised by striving for a careful balance of items used in different cohorts in any new exam.
+
+Finally, although 80% provides an intuitive multi-plier to arrive from a posterior median to a standard, future research can help to examine if 80% is indeed a good multiplier or perhaps if there are conditions under which different multipliers should be considered.
+
+## 9. To conclude
+
+The Bayesian method introduced in this manuscript uses information for standard setting that is not considered in methods already available and can be applied to both small and larger cohorts regardless of whether standard setting panels are available. As demonstrated in the item performance example, this new method is easy to implement and requires only a minimum of calculations which can be done in zero-cost, user-friendly Open Source software. It provides a pragmatic approach to standard setting even when limited performance data is available. The posterior distribution median multiplied by 0.8 (80%) provides an intuitive pass mark that can investigated further in future studies, and the 95% credible interval provides an indication of the degree of uncertainty around our posterior distribution median. Future studies could compare this method with existing methods on past and future exams to acquire a better understanding of how the cut-off scores acquired with this new method correlate with those of existing methods, what are possible effects of different ICC assumptions and cohort differences of different magnitudes on the out-comes, and what is the best multiplier to arrive from the posterior median to a cut-off score.
+
+## References
+
+1. Angoff WH. Scales, norms and equivalent scores. In: Thorndike RL, ed. *Educational Measurement*. Washington, DC: American Council of Education; 1971:508–600.
+2. Burr SA, Zahra D, Cookson J, Salih VM, Gabe-Thomas E, Robinson IM. Angoff anchor statements: setting a flawed gold standard? *MedEdPublish*. 2017. https://doi.org/10.15694/mep.2017.000167. online.
+
+3. Clauser BE, Harik P, Margolis MJ, et al. An empirical exami-nation of the impact of group discussion and examinee perfor-mance information on judgments made in the Angoff standard-setting procedure. *Appl Meas Educ*. 2008;22:1–21. https://doi.org/10.1080/08957340802558318.
+4. Hsieh M. Comparing yes/no Angoff and bookmark standard setting methods in the context of English assessment. *Lang Assess Q*. 2013;10:331–350. https://doi.org/10.1080/15434303.2013.769550.
+5. Jalili M, Hejri SM, Norcini JJ. Comparison of two methods of standard setting: the performance of the three-level Angoff method. *Med Educ*. 2011;45:1199–1208. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.2011.04073.x.
+6. Shulruf B, Wilkinson T, Weller J, Jones P, Poole P. Insights into the Angoff method: results from a simulation study. *BMC Med Educ*. 2016;16:134. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-016-0656-7.
+7. Beuk CH. A method for reaching a compromise between absolute and relative standards in examinations. *J Educ Meas*. 1984;21:147–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.1984.tb00226.x.
+8. Norcini JJ. Setting standards on educational tests. *Med Educ*. 2003;37:464–469. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2923.2003.01495.x.
+9. Cohen-Schotanus J, Van der Vleuten CPM. A standard setting method with the best performing students as point of reference: practical and affordable. *Med Teach*. 2010;32:154–160. https://doi.org/10.3109/01421590903196979.
+10. Taylor CA. Development of a modified Cohen method of stan-dard setting. *Med Teach*. 2011;33:e678–e682. https://doi.org/10.3109/0142159X.2011.611192.
+11. Homer M, Fuller R, Hallam J, Pell G. Setting defensible stan-dards in small cohort OSCEs: understanding better when borderline regression can ‘work’. *Med Teach*. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1080/0142159X.2019.1681388. online.
+12. Wagenmakers EJ, Marsman M, Jamil T, et al. Bayesian inference for psychology, Part I: theoretical advantages and practical ramifications. *Psychon Bull Rev*. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1343-3. online.
+13. Love J, Selker R, Marsman M, et al. JASP version 0.11.1.0. Retrieved from: https://jasp-stats.org/ (Accessed: 14 January 2019).
+14. Lindley D. *Bayesian statistics: a review*. London: SIAM; 1972.
+15. Leppink J. *Statistical methods for experimental research in ed-ucation and psychology*. Cham: Springer; 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21241-4.
+16. Wagenmakers EJ, Love J, Marsman M, et al. Bayesian inference for psy-chology, Part II: example applications with JASP.*Psychon Bull Rev*. 2018. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-017-1323-7. online.
+17. Ly A, Verhagen AJ, Wagenmakers EJ. Harold Jeffrey's default Bayes factor hypothesis tests: explanation, extension, and application in psychology. *J Math Psychol*. 2016;72:19–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmp.2015.06.004.
+18. Rouder JN, Morey RD. Default Bayes factors for model selec-tion in regression. *Multivariate Behav Res*. 2012;47(6):877–903.
+19. Wetzels R, Wagenmakers EJ. A default Bayesian hypothesis test for correlations and partial correlations. *Psychon Bull Rev*. 2012;19(6):1057–1064. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13423-012-0295-x.
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+
+
+
+
+**Horticultural Plant Journal**
+
+Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
+
+The journal’s homepage: http://www.keaipublishing.com/en/journals/horticultural-plant-journal
+
+
+
+##
+
+# Development of InDel Markers for Brassica rapa Based on a High-resolution Melting Curve
+
+**Rong Chena,b, Lichun Changb, Xu Caib, Jian Wub, Jianli Liangb, Runmao Linb, Yong Songa,*, and Xiaowu Wangb,***
+
+aCollege of Horticulture, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
+
+bInstitute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
+
+Received 7 October 2019; Received in revised form 3 December 2019; Accepted 26 April 2020
+
+Available online 23 May 2020
+
+##
+
+## ABSTRACT
+
+Brassica rapa is one of the most important leafy vegetable crops with large cultivated area in China. To increase the availability of DNA markers in B. rapa, we developed insertion-deletion (InDel) markers utilizing high-resolution melting (HRM) curve analysis. We designed primers for 252 InDels (≥ 3 bp) evenly distributed in the genome and tested gene polymorphisms with eight accessions. In total, 208 markers were specifically amplified, and 148 InDels with polymorphism were genotyped successfully using HRM. We further analyzed the correlation with InDel size, GC number, and predicted the difference in Tm values (ΔTm) using 208 markers with specific amplification. We found that the success rate of InDel markers was correlated with the GC number of InDel and the predicted-ΔTm, but not clearly correlated with the length of InDel. When the GC number within InDel was ≥ 8, the successful rate exceeded 90.0%. When the predicted-ΔTm reached 0.5 °C, the success rate was greater than 90.0%, and when it was ≥ 0.6 °C, the rate climbed to 100.0%, indicating their role as the optimal parameter for successful development of an applicable InDel marker. The polymorphic InDel markers can be easily genotyped using HRM. They are of great value in genetic analysis, construction of linkage map, and molecular marker-assisted selection in B. rapa.
+
+Keywords: Brassica rapa; InDel marker; HRM; genotyping
+
+##
+
+
+
+* Corresponding author. Tel: +86 10 82105971
+E-mail addresses: songyong1117@163.com; wangxiaowu@caas.cn
+
+Peer review under responsibility of Chinese Society for Horticultural Science (CSHS) and Institute of Vegetables and Flowers (IVF), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)
+
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2020.05.003
+
+2468-0141/© 2020 Chinese Society for Horticultural Science (CSHS) and Institute of Vegetables and Flowers (IVF), Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS). Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
+
+## 1. Introduction
+
+Brassica rapa (AA, 2n = 20) is cultivated worldwide. It includes multiple subspecies or morphotypes, such as Chinese cabbage (ssp. pekinensis), Pakchoi (ssp. chinensis), turnip (ssp. rapifera), and Caixin (ssp. parachinensis).
+
+Molecular markers have been widely used in B. rapa stud-ies, such as genetic mapping, diversity analysis, purity identifica-tion for seeds, and molecular marker-assisted selection (MAS) in breeding (Mohan et al., 1997; Liang et al., 2004; Hasan et al., 2006; Lan et al., 2010; Li et al., 2018, 2019). Single-nucleotide polymor-phisms (SNPs) are the most abundant polymorphisms and have been used extensively in B. rapa (Li et al., 2009; Huang et al., 2013; Liu et al., 2016; Su et al., 2018). However, the application of SNPs is restricted due to the need for specialized tools and expen-sive genotyping. Insertion and deletion polymorphisms (InDels), although less abundant than SNPs, are widely known for sig-nificant polymorphism, co-dominance, genome-wide distribu-tion, repeatability, cost-effectiveness, and easy detection. Up un-til now, InDel markers have been used successfully in rice, B. rapa, maize, cucumber, and other agriculturally important plants. Hayashi et al. (2006) developed sets of InDel markers for nine rice blast resistance genes. Li et al. (2013) defined 116 poly-morphic InDels using 16 typical cucumber accessions and used them to identify germplasms. Liu et al. (2013) identified 26 693 short InDels and experimentally validated polymorphisms of 639 InDels among them. Liu et al. (2015) developed a set of highly polymorphic InDel markers and analyzed these genome-wide InDel polymorphisms among maize populations. Unlike SNPs, InDels can be genotyped via either agarose gel electrophoresis (AGE) or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). However, AGE and PAGE are time-consuming and associated with low resolu-tion and throughput. The high-resolution melting curve anal-ysis (HRM) is a promising tool to resolve the aforementioned challenges. HRM is used to analyze the differences in Tm values (ΔTm) of the amplified PCR fragment due to the differences in length and GC content. With the advantages of closed-tubed op-eration, supersensitivity, high-throughput, and low cost (Simko, 2016), HRM is an effective tool for genotyping, detection of varia-tion, gene scanning, and medical diagnostics (Krypuy et al., 2006; Palais et al., 2007; Erali and Wittwer, 2010).
+
+**Table 1 Plant materials**
+
+| Number | ID | Accession | Heading type |
|---|
| 1 | 17QPNC003 | Suzhouqing | Non-heading | | 2 | 17QPNC004 | Wutacai LL | Non-heading | | 3 | 17QPNC006 | Wutacai ZBY | Non-heading | | 4 | 17QPNC007 | Wucai HXW | Non-heading | | 5 | 17QPCC004 | CGN07201 | Heading | | 6 | 17QPCC006 | Chiifu | Heading | | 7 | 17QPCC007 | Qinbai | Heading | | 8 | 17QPCC009 | Hetaowen | Heading |
+
+Although InDel markers in *B. rapa* have been reported previ-ously (Park et al., 2010; Wu et al., 2012; Yi et al., 2012; Liu et al., 2013), few InDel markers, which are rich in polymorphism and easy to genotype with HRM, are available. Utilizing the vast reper-toire of information generated by genome sequencing of *B. rapa* in the laboratory (Wang et al., 2011; Cheng et al., 2016), we developed a set of HRM InDel markers with a high level of polymorphism, even distribution in the genome, and universality. The develop-ment of these polymorphic InDel markers represents a valuable resource for the genetics and breeding of *B. rapa*.
+
+## 2. Materials and methods
+
+### 2.1. Plant materials
+
+To develop the polymorphic InDel markers in *B. rapa*, DNAs from eight leafy *B. rapa* accessions were used as templates. They include four Chinese cabbage accessions belonging to heading *B. rapa* and four accessions belonging to non-heading *B. rapa* (Table 1). All materials were planted in August 2017 at the greenhouse of the Institute of Vegetables and Flowers, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.
+
+### 2.2. InDel primer design and Tm prediction
+
+The genome-wide InDels were selected from the published and re-sequenced results (Cheng et al., 2016). The design primers used 100 bp sequences on both sides of each InDel locus using the online software Primer 3 (http://primer3.ut.ee/) (Rozen and Skaletsky, 2000). The annealing temperature was set to a level between 55 °C and 58 °C. The PCR product size ranged between 100 bp and 200 bp, and the primer length was 18–23 bp. These primers were synthesized by Shanghai Biological Engineering Technology Service.
+
+We used uMeltbatch (https://www.dna.utah.edu/umelt/umb.php) for HRM optimization, to predict the Tm of PCR products (Dwight et al., 2011). The parameters including Mono+ (concen-tration of monovalent cations in solution), free Mg2+ (concentra-tion of magnesium after subtracting the total dNTP concentra-tion), and DMSO% were set to 10 mmol · L-1, 2 mmol · L-1, and 0%, respectively. The melting temperature was set at 65–90 °C, with a high-resolution of 0.1 °C.
+
+### 2.3. Experimental validation
+
+The genomic DNA was extracted by a cetyltrimethyl ammo-nium bromide (CTAB) method. The concentration and quality of DNA were determined using NanoDrop-1000 and 1.5% agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively. For HRM detection, PCR reaction was conducted in a final reaction mixture of 10 µL including 1 µL 10 × Taq buffer (TIANGEN), 1 µL 2.5 mmol · L-1 dNTP (TIANGEN), 0.5 U Taq polymerase (TIANGEN), 0.2 µL each of the primers (10 µmol · L-1), 1 µL template (50 ng · µL-1), 0.5 µL 20 × Eva Green (Cooler) fluorescent dye, and 5.9 µL ddH2O. The 384-well plate was sealed with 10 µL paraffin oil in the end. The PCR was per-formed by denaturing the template at 95 °C for 5 min, followed by 35 cycles of amplification [95 °C for 30 s, annealing at 55–58 °C (depending on primers) for 30 s, extension at 72 °C for 30 s], and a final extension at 72 °C for 7 min, using an Applied Biosys-tems Veriti 384-Well Thermal Cycler (Applied Biosystems, USA). HRM analysis was performed directly after the PCR using the QuantStudio™ 12K Flex Real-Time PCR System (Applied Biosys-tems, USA): denatured at 95 °C for 10 s, annealed at 60 °C for 30 s, 95 °C for 10 s, and the melting curve was from 65 °C to 90 °C at 0.02 °C increments every 5 s.
+
+## 3. Results
+
+### 3.1. Distribution of 252 Indels on 10 chromosomes
+
+In this study, a total of 252 primer pairs were designed for In-Dels distributed evenly across all 10 chromosomes (Fig. 1). The number of InDels selected on each chromosome ranged from 18 on A10 to 34 on A03. The genome-wide average density of adja-cent InDels was 0.966 Mb, with a range of 0.80 Mb on A01 to 1.32 Mb on A09 (Table 2). Among the 252 InDels, those measuring less than 5 bp, 5–10 bp, and greater than 10 bp in length accounted for 14.3%, 48.8%, and 36.9% of all InDel markers, respectively.
+
+The left numbers represent the physical distance of InDel markers distributed on chromosome; the right codes represent the name of InDel markers, and markers in red are available.
+
+### 3.2. Experimental verification of InDel polymorphism
+
+To screen the polymorphism, PCR amplification and HRM analysis were performed using genomic DNA of eight acces-sions as the template. In total, 208 of 252 primer pairs were successfully amplified; however, only 148 of them were geno-typed successfully by HRM. The utilization rate of those InDel markers reached 58.7%. The remaining 104 primer pairs showed different results, including 40 with no polymorphism, 20 with ambiguous genotyping, 42 with nonspecific amplification, and 2 with no amplification (Fig. 2). The average distribution density of 148 successful InDel markers was 1.66 Mb, ranging between 1.34 Mb (Chromosome A07) and 2.32 Mb (Chromosome A09) (Table 2),and the largest gaps between markers appeared on chromo-somes A02 (A02-013s/A02-256, 11.97 Mb) and A05 (A05-010/A05-016s, 5.97 Mb) (Fig. 1).
+
+
+
+**Fig. 1 Physical map of 252 InDel markers distributed across all 10 chromosomes**
+
+The left numbers represent the physical distance of InDel markers distributed on chromosome; the right codes represent the name of InDel markers, and markers in red are available.
+
+**Table 2 Total number of InDel primer pairs designed for each chromosome**
+
+| Chromosome name | Chromosome length/bp | No. of primers assigned | Average density1/Mb | Available InDel markers | Average density2/Mb |
|---|
| A01 | 26 077 326 | 31 | 0.80 | 16 | 1.44 | | A02 | 26 878 784 | 25 | 1.10 | 14 | 2.00 | | A03 | 29 157 862 | 34 | 0.84 | 17 | 1.69 | | A04 | 19 138 865 | 20 | 0.91 | 13 | 1.45 | | A05 | 25 221 010 | 27 | 0.90 | 16 | 1.52 | | A06 | 25 149 307 | 22 | 1.08 | 17 | 1.42 | | A07 | 25 243 523 | 25 | 0.89 | 17 | 1.34 | | A08 | 20 667 268 | 21 | 0.96 | 11 | 1.92 | | A09 | 38 771 405 | 29 | 1.32 | 17 | 2.32 | | A10 | 16 069 762 | 18 | 0.86 | 10 | 1.51 | | Total | 252 375 112 | 252 | 9.66 | 148 | 16.61 |
+
+**Note: ¹**: The average density of InDel markers designed for primers on each chromosome. ²: The average density of available InDel markers on each chromosome.
+
+To validate the observed InDel polymorphisms by HRM, we randomly selected two from 148 successful primer pairs and screened their polymorphisms among eight accessions via PAGE (Fig. S1). The result showed that both markers were consistently used between PAGE and HRM.
+
+
+
+
+**Fig. 2 Matrix representation of 148 InDel markers with polymorphisms between eight accessions**
+
+The left codes mean the names of InDel markers on each chromosome. The red rectangles represent the same genotype as the non-heading Chinese cabbage; the green rectangles represents the same genotype as the heading Chinese cabbage. No. 1–8 mean eight accessions listed in Table 1.
+
+**Table 3 Pairwise comparison of polymorphisms for 148 InDel markers among eight accessions**
+
+ | 17QPNC003 | 17QPNC004 | 17QPNC006 | 17QPNC007 | 17QPCC004 | 17QPCC006 | 17QPCC007 |
|---|
| 17QPNC004 | 53 | | | | | | | | 17QPNC006 | 58 | 49 | | | | | | | 17QPNC007 | 53 | 60 | 57 | | | | | | 17QPCC004 | 93 | 81 | 85 | 94 | | | | | 17QPCC006 | 107 | 91 | 99 | 104 | 36 | | | | 17QPCC007 | 93 | 86 | 87 | 82 | 48 | 44 | | | 17QPCC009 | 96 | 73 | 82 | 97 | 47 | 49 | 47 |
+
+Note: The data in the table represent the number of markers.
+
+
+
+### 3.3. Marker polymorphism and distribution among eight accessions
+
+The polymorphic InDel markers in each of the two accessions varied from 36 (17QPCC004 vs. 17QPCC006) to 107 (17QPNC003 vs. 17QPCC006), with an average of 73 (Table 3). We further an-alyzed the polymorphism between and within heading and non-heading types (Fig. 2). Between the heading and non-heading types, the average, minimum, and maximum number of polymor-phic InDel markers were 90, 73 and 107, respectively. Within the four heading accessions, they were 45, 36, and 49; while within the four non-heading, they were 55, 49, 60, respectively (Table 3). In this set of InDel markers, the average polymorphism between the heading and non-heading types was 2-fold higher than that in the heading type and 1.6-fold higher than that in the non-heading type.
+
+### 3.4. Success rate of InDel size, GC number, and predicted-ΔTm
+
+To improve the success rate of marker design, we analyzed the success rate depending on the length, GC number, and the predicted-ΔTm of the InDels (Fig. 3). The observed-ΔTm values of 44 InDel markers were missed due to nonspecific amplifica-tion and PCR failure. Therefore, the remaining 208 markers were analyzed to calculate the success rate.
+
+The success rate of InDels measuring less than 5 bp was only 46.9% (Fig. 3, a). With the increasing InDel size, the success rate in-creased. We observed successful genotyping of more than 90.0% of the InDels with 17–18 bp. However, it declined to 88.9% for In-Dels measuring 19–20 bp, and 84.6% for those longer than 20 bp. The GC number within the InDel region was also related to the success rate, showing that the GC number of 0–1 had the lowest success rate of 55.0% (Fig. 3, b). The success rate was 56.9% for GC numbers 2–3, while it exceeded 80% when the GC number was greater than 3.
+
+In our study, we used uMeltbatch, a web-based software, to predict ΔTm of the alleles for each InDel marker. Among them (Fig. 3, d), 62 (24.6%) showed no difference in Tm, while the others had a predicted-ΔTm rang-ing from 0.1°C to 3.0°C. Among the 208 markers (Table S1, Fig. 1), 60 with observed-ΔTm ranging between 0°C and 0.5°C could not be genotyped. Other mark-ers, which were successfully genotyped, had observed-ΔTm val-ues varying from 0.3°C to 2.3°C. The coefficient of correlation be-tween predicted-ΔTm and observed-ΔTm values of the markers was 0.79 (Fig. 3, d). When the predicted-ΔTm ranged between 0°C and 0.1°C, the success rates were 7.1% and 41.7%, respectively (Fig. 3, c). However, the success rate dropped when the predicted-ΔTm was less than 0.3°C. This is because the observed-ΔTm of some markers was far less than the predicted-ΔTm, which makes genotyping difficult. The success rate increased signifi-cantly to 85.7% when the predicted-ΔTm was 0.4°C. The success rate reached 93.9% when the predicted-ΔTm increased to 0.5°C and to 100% over 0.6°C (Fig. 3, c).
+
+
+
+
+**Fig. 3 The success rate of markers associated with their length (a), GC number (b), and predicted-ΔTm values (c), and the correlation between predicted-ΔTm and observed-ΔTm (d)**
+
+The red color indicates the available InDel markers; and the black color denotes the unavailable InDel markers in figure d.
+
+## 4. Discussion
+
+We designed 252 InDel markers (≥ 3 bp) distributed evenly on all 10 chromosomes of *B. rapa*. Out of the 252 markers, 148 were verified as polymorphic in HRM test among eight accessions, with a success rate of 58.7%. This set of markers can be easily and inex-pensively genotyped using HRM, without the need for expensive equipment, and applied in routing genetic studies and breeding programs by *B. rapa* researchers.
+
+HRM genotyping is based on ΔTm of the PCR products derived from the targeted InDels. Prediction of the Tm difference greatly facilitates the design of successful HRM markers. In this study, we found that ΔTm predicted by uMeltbatch strongly reflects the real ΔTm. When the predicted-ΔTm was 0.5 °C, the success rate of In-Del markers exceeded 90.0% (46 out of 49). We suggest that ΔTm ≥ 0.5 °C should be used to guarantee high success rate in con-verting an InDel to an HRM marker. Zhang et al. (2018) reported that ΔTm was greater than 0.2 °C by TMUtility_1.5, and the mark-ers were appropriate for HRM genotyping, resulting in a success rate of 37.5%. We believe that ΔTm ≥ 0.5 °C predicted by uMelt-batch matches the availability and detectability of InDel markers by HRM.
+
+The success rate of HRM marker conversion was not strongly correlated with the length of InDels, though it showed an in-creasing success rate when the InDel length increased. Zhou et al. (2015) found no correlation between InDel length and melt-ing temperature difference, suggesting that the InDel length was not a criterion for successful genotyping. The other reports, based on the electrophoresis analysis, also showed the success rate to be unrelated to the length of the InDels. Yang et al. (2014) found that the polymorphism ratio of InDel markers 6–30 bp in size was 83.6%, while that of InDels shorter than 6 bp was only 78.3% and that of InDels longer than 30 bp was only 43.3%. Zeng et al. (2013) analyzed the relationship between InDel length and polymorphic marker rate using two *indica-japonica* combinations. Results showed that they could not increase the polymorphic marker rate by developing markers with longer InDel sequences. However, we found that the GC number within InDel predicted the success of the conversion better than the InDel length. Fol-lowing HRM principles, when GC content differs across PCR products, there is a greater difference in Tm value during the melting process, and a better genotyping process. We observed a stable increase in success rate from 55.0% to 95.7% with a GC variation range of 0–1 to ≥ 8. This finding suggested that the Tm value was mainly determined by the GC content in the PCR prod-uct. However, the high success rate of 90.0% can be achieved only when the GC number in the InDel was ≥ 8, which strongly re-stricted the availability of InDel markers.
+
+In conclusion, we developed 148 polymorphic InDel markers detectable by HRM and showed that ΔTm ≥ 0.5 °C predicted by uMeltbatch can be used when designing HRM InDel markers. As this set of markers can be detected easily and cost-effectively using the widely available qPCR tools, it is invaluable in genetic analysis and breeding programs of *B. rapa*.
+
+## Acknowledgments
+
+This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 31630068), the National Program on Key Research Project (Grant No. 2016YFD0100307), the Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, China.
+
+## Supplementary materials
+
+Supplementary material associated with this article can be found, in the online version, at doi:10.1016/j.hpj.2020.05.003.
+
+## R E F E R E N C E S
+
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+Wang, X.W., Wang, H.Z., Wang, J., Sun, R.F., Wu, J., Liu, S.Y., Bai, Y.Q., Mun, J.H., Bancroft, I., Cheng, F., Huang, S.W., Li, X.X., Hua, W., Wang, J.Y., Wang, X.Y., Freeling, M., Pires, JC., Paterson, A.H., Chal-houb, B., Wang, B., Hayward, A., Sharpe, A.G., Park, BS., Weis-shaar, B., Liu, B.H., Li, B., Liu, B., Tong, C.B., Song, C., Duran, C., Peng, C.F., Geng, C.Y., Koh, C., Lin, C.Y., Edwards, D., Mu, D.S., Shen, D., Soumpourou, E., Li, F., Fraser, F., Conant, G., Lassalle, G., King, G.J., Bonnema, G., Tang, H.B., Wang, H.P., Belcram, H., Zhou, H.L., Hirakawa, H., Abe, H., Guo, H., Jin, H.Z., Parkin, I.A.P., Bat-tley, J., Kim, JS., Just, J., Li, J.W., Xu, J.H., Deng, J., Kim, J.A., Li, J.P., Yu, J.Y., Meng, J.L., Wang, J.P., Min, J.M., Poulain, J., Wang, J., Hatakeyama, K., Wu, K., Wang, L., Fang, L., Trick, M., Links, M.G., Zhao, M.X., Jin, M., Ramchiary, N., Drou, N., Berkman, PJ., Cai, Q.L., Huang, Q.F., Li, R.Q.,Tabata, S., Cheng, S.F., Zhang, S., Zhang, S.J., Huang, S.M., Sato, S., Sun, S.L., Kwon, SJ., Choi, SR., Lee, TH., Fan, W., Zhao, X., Tan, X., Xu, X., Wang, Y., Qiu, Y., Yin, Y., Li, Y.R., Du, Y.C., Liao, Y.C., Lim, Y., Narusaka, Y., Wang, Y.P., Wang, Z.Y., Li, Z.Y., Wang, Z.W., Xiong, Z.Y., Zhang, Z.H., 2011. The genome of the mesopolyploid crop species *Brassica rapa*. Nature Genetics, 43: 1035–1039.
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+
+
+ELSEVIER
+
+**Contents lists available at ScienceDirect**
+
+**MethodsX**
+
+**journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mex**
+
+
+
+Method Article
+
+# More than just a number of publications: Unity Index, an alternative “ranking” for bibliometric analyses
+
+
+
+**Carlos Plata**
+
+*TSM-Research, University of Toulouse Capitole, CNRS. 2 rue du Doyen Gabriel Marty, 31042 Toulouse Cedex France*
+
+
+
+## A B S T R A C T
+
+This paper presents the unity index- an index designed in response to the call to find a more holistic way to assess scientific production. In this case, the scientific production is understood from a multivariate perspective using existing measurements, such as the number of publications, the number of, and the H-Index. It can be used especially when generating or assessing production in bibliometric studies. The index consists of a 3-part point system where points are assigned to the authors based on their position in the rank of the 3 traditional indicators for production, acceptance and impact. The index is calculated by attributing 1 point to the author with most published articles and increasing the number of points attributed by 1 to all the subsequent authors. The same point attribution is done to the remaining 2 indicators, acceptance -citations- and impact -h-index-. In the presented method, 3 different means of calculation are shared. Finally, the method is validated and different ways to analyze the results and generate insights are suggested.
+
+* *The Unity Index offers a new way to assess scientific production from a multivariate perspective.*
+* *The index can be calculated easily using MS Excel formulas, but automatic ways of calculation are also easily available.*
+* *Bibliometric studies can profit from a less linear way to analyze the information and generate more insightful information and guide the research.*
+
+© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.
+
+This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
+
+(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
+
+
+
+**A R T I C L E I N F O**
+
+*Method name:* Unity Index
+
+*Keywords:* Bibliometric studies, Bibliometrix, Python, Scientometrics, Measure, Ranking, Scientific production, Quantitative research
+
+*Article history:* Received 19 July 2022; Accepted 5 October 2022; Available online 11 October 2022
+
+
+
+
+
+
+*E-mail address:* Carlos.plata@tsm-education.fr
+
+https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2022.101878
+
+2215-0161/© 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
+
+(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
+
+Specifications table
+
+| Subject area: | Economics and Finance | | More specific subject area: | Bibliometric Studies in Management | | Name of your method: | Unity Index | | Name and reference of original method: | Non-applicable | | Resource availability: | Mandatory software: MS Office, R. Optional Software: Jupyter Notebook/Python |
+
+## Method details
+
+A bibliometric study is part of the scientometrics field and is known for using statistical methods to analyze bibliographical data from a quantitative perspective [1,2]. It is mostly based on how authors cite and get cited, and on scientific production based on the number of publications. Therefore, it provides important criteria to select, evaluate, and monitor published research [3]. While these methods are not new, they have gained popularity among scholars with the rise of comprehensive bibliographic databases such as Clarivate Analytics' WoS database and Elsevier's Scopus database. In addition to the development open software tools [4], software tools for analyzing, such as Bibliometrix [5] or VOSViewer [6,7] were also developed.
+
+Traditionally, the indicators to rank and position authors within bibliometric analyses are linear and show a lack of interaction between them. The standard way to assess the production is the number of publications, while acceptance is by the number of citations, and the impact measurement is by the H-Index [8]. When studied, these linear indicators can be merely informative and might present an incomplete picture of the authors, adding little value to the results and the understanding of the field.
+
+Assessing researchers based on their production or linear indicators has created a publish or perish culture, where authors are pushed to publish in quantity and not in quality [9,10]. This is counterproductive for research development due to the increase in the number of available papers, which can negatively affect the quality of the scientific production [11]. This culture is not new, and existing proposals have attempted to change it. The Leiden Manifesto is one of the most prominent initiatives and promises a revised assessment of the scientific production based on the utility and the push of scientific cooperation [12]. Yet, this and other similar initiatives look for a systematic change.
+
+A change proposed by initiatives like the Leiden Manifesto is desired, but a change of that magnitude will take generations to happen. As a short-term response, I propose a new way to assess scientific production using the existing indicators for production, acceptance, and impact, but breaking the aforementioned linearity and generating relationships between them.
+
+This response is called the unity index and is a 3-part point system in which the authors are assigned points based on their position in the rank on the 3 traditional indicators for production. The index is calculated by attributing 1 point to the author with most published articles and increasing the number of points attributed by 1 to all the following authors according to their rank. As such, the author with the second highest number of publications gets 2 points, the author with the third highest number of publications gets 3 points, etc. The same point attribution is done for the remaining 2 indicators: acceptance -citations- and impact -h-index-. After the point attribution, the unity index is calculated by adding the 3 components, as shown in equation 1.
+
+Equation 1: Unity index
+
+$$
+\text{↑ Unity Index} = \text{↓ PointsPublication} + \text{↓ PointsCitations} + \text{↓ PointsH}_{\text{Index}}
+$$
+
+It is important to note that the Unity Index is initially designed with bibliometrics studies in mind. By that, the position of a specific author depends on the data set, and not on the overall production, which means that a specific author can lose or gain notoriety depending on the field or query used to retrieve the data set. This variability is a strength of the index because it gives the researcher the possibility to assess the authors based on specific cases, and gives the opportunity for niche authors to find their way up in terms of assessment. An example of this change of position is shown in the method validation section, along with an example of the different types of analysis that this type of relationship can bring.
+
+The process of calculating the Unity index consists of 2 major parts: the generation of the input and the calculation of the Index. The first part, which is also the standard for all bibliometric analyses, is the search and the compilation of the bibliometric data. In this step, the researcher can choose any bibliometric database available, two of which are Clarivate Analytics' WoS database and Elsevier's Scopus. After choosing the fitting database, the researcher will have to run and define a search query that satisfies the needs of the study. While there is no good or bad query, it is crucial that the query responds to the needs of the project in terms of limitations and expansion in order to ensure the quality of the input.
+
+Once the data is retrieved, a database including all the bibliometric data is downloaded. For the unity index, the basic information required is the name of the author and the citation map, which is usually downloaded by default from any of the major databases. After downloading the data, the researcher will treat the data using a bibliometric tool- in this case, I recommend Biblioshiny, a web service from the Bibliometrix¹ library running in R [5], because of its user-friendly scheme for non-coder researchers. In Fig. 1, the basic script to access Biblioshiny in R is displayed. These 2 lines of code are sufficient to access the platform and explore it at its full potential.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 1.** biblioshiny Basic Script in R.
+
+Once Biblioshiny is loaded, a web browser tab will open, and the researcher can upload the database downloaded from the bibliometric software. With this step, shown in Fig. 2, the researcher will be able to manipulate the data and generate multiple classic bibliometric analyses.
+
+After the dataset is properly loaded onto the tool, the generation of the dataset commences by downloading 3 documents: most relevant authors, most locally cited authors, and author impact. In order to do that, it is important that the researcher makes sure that all the authors of the database are selected, the number of documents (Authors > Most Relevant Authors), the number of local citations (Authors > Most Local Cited Authors), and the H-index (Authors > Authors Impact). In Fig. 3, the sequence of clicks to access and download the data is shown.
+
+After downloading these 3 documents, the researcher will create a newly compiled document in which all the information will be available comprehensively. A suggested method to compile this document is using MS Excel function VLOOKUP², with the author's name as the lookup value. After the compilation of the information, the researcher will have a 4-column matrix including Authors, Articles, LocalCitations, and h_index. Here, it is important to respect the names and order of columns if the researcher is planning to calculate the index automatically using the python repository or the MS Excel macro available in GitHub³.
+
+
+
+¹ https://www.bibliometrix.org/home/.
+
+² https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/vlookup-function-0bbc8083-26fe-4963-8ab8-93a18ad188a1.
+
+³ https://github.com/cplata21210/UnityIndex.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 2.** Upload The Bibliometric Dataset.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 3.** Generating Input Dataset.
+
+The previous steps conclude the first part, by the end of which the data set would be ready to use. Now, the calculation of the index begins, following either of the three methods mentioned next. The first, is using MS Excel functions, the second using an MS Excel macro, and the third using a Python script running in a Jupyter Notebook.
+
+*Calculation of the Unity Index using MS Excel functions*
+
+To calculate the Unity Index using MS Excel function, the input needed is the dataset retrieved before, and the correct use of the functions RANK.EQ⁴, and SUM. Assuming that columns A, B, C, and D are labeled, Authors, Articles, LocalCitations, and h_index respectively, the researcher should then label the columns E to J as follows: PointsPublication, PointsCitations, PointsH-Index, UnityIndex, UnityRank, and RaiseInRank (Fig. 4).
+
+
+
+**Fig. 4.** Columns Set Up.
+
+In column E (PointsPublication), the point awarding function will be generated using the MS Excel function RANK.EQ. This function will give the author with the most published articles a total point of 1 and will add 1 point to each subsequent author. In the case that multiple authors share the same amount of publications, the function will attribute the same amount of points to all these authors. For columns F (PointsCitations) and G (PointsH-Index), the researcher will use the same function RANK.EQ and change the input values for the corresponding column.
+
+The UnityIndex is calculated in column H by adding the points gained by each author in columns E, F, and G, which will give the researcher a combined view of the author's production, acceptance by the community, and impact. Hereby, it is important to note that, counterintuitively, the author with the best performance is the author with the least points in the Unity Index. Additionally, in column I, the rank based on the Unity Index will be calculated by using again the function RANK.EQ. However, unlike columns E through G where the points are attributed in a descending order -the author with the most publications will get the least number of points- here, the researcher will change the parameters to organize the data in ascending order, giving the highest rank position (1) to the author with the lowest Unity Index.
+
+
+
+⁴ https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/office/rank-eq-function-284858ce-8ef6-450e-b662-26245be04a40.
+
+Additionally, and to understand the rise in rank or the change of the positions when compared linearly from publication output and the unity index, a subtraction between the column E - PointsPublications- and column I -UnityRank- is done in the column J -RaiseInRank-. As a final step to present the data in a more aesthetic way, column J can be formatted to graphically show the rise in rank, and a bubble chart as well as a bar chart can be plotted. It is recommended to choose the first 25 authors with the best performance in the Unity Index and plot a bubble chart with the x-axis showing the number of publications and the y-axis showing the number of local citations, with the size of the bubble representing the H-Index. As for the bar chart, the same 25 authors will be plotted, but in this case, the Raise in Rank column will be the input, as shown in the example used in Fig. 5.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 5.** Example of Plotting.
+
+*Calculation of the Unity Index using MS Excel macro*
+
+Another way to more automatically calculate the index is using the excel macro, Macro_Unity_Index, available on the Github repository. When downloading the macro, the researcher will find 3 sheets: the read-me sheet with some basic information and instructions, the Unity Index sheet where all the calculations are done, and the graph sheet where some key information gets plotted automatically.
+
+After reading the information in the read me sheet, the researcher will proceed by pasting the information of the authors in the first 4 columns, as shown in Fig. 6.
+
+After all the information is pasted on the correct columns, the researcher will proceed to run the macro by pressing CTRL+h, or by the route View > Macro > See Macro > Execute. Afterwards, the macro does the necessary calculations and displays the compiled information when done, as presented in Fig. 7.
+
+On the Graphs sheet, a graphical representation of the information displayed in the matrix is delivered. This representation is set for the first 25 authors, yet it can be easily changed by adding or subtracting of the number of authors the researcher would like to present (Fig. 8).
+
+*Calculation of the Unity Index using python script*
+
+An additional automatic way to calculate the index while reducing the human error to a minimum is using the Python Script, Unity_Index_Github, available on the Github repository. It is important to note that for this method to be successful, the dataset file must respect the titles of the columns expressed earlier and should be saved as a TopUnity_Data.CSV.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 6.** Unity Index Macro Set-up.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 7.** Output of the Unity Index Macro.
+
+When downloading the python script, the researcher will open it using Jupyter Notebook, which is easily available via Anaconda Navigator ⁵. For a less experienced researcher in terms of coding, it is recommended that all the files (dataset, python script) be saved in the same folder. With this, the probability of encountering an error from the code is reduced.
+
+
+
+⁵ https://www.anaconda.com/.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 8.** Graphical representation of the Unity Index.
+
+After opening the Jupyter notebook, the only action needed to run the code is clicking the run button at the top of the page, as shown in Fig. 9. The run button should be clicked once for every cell. It is important to note that the code is very efficiently crafted, and does not necessarily need high-end hardware, but can run on almost every system in a very efficient way and without having any compatibility problems.
+
+The script used to calculate Unity in an automatic way is found below. It is important to note that in the available GitHub6 there is no need to write any code, since this is already parametered correctly
+
+
+
+When the running process is finished, the researcher will find that the code generates and saves 3 files: the TopUnity_file, where all the results of the calculations are compiled, the cross analysis file (Fig. 10), and the raise by rank graph file (Fig. 11).
+
+
+
+⁶ GitHub repository available: https://github.com/cplata21210/UnityIndex.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 9.** Running the python script.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 10.** Raised by rank Python Output.
+
+Finally, as already mentioned, the code is set to plot the first 25 authors, yet, this could be changed. However, it is recommended that it is only changed by researchers that have some experience with python scripts, and if this is not the case, the researcher can contact the corresponding author via mail.
+
+## Method Validation
+
+To validate the mentioned model, the first step is to retrieve the information as shown in Fig. 12. The information retrieval section starts by choosing the information source. In this case, Elsevier's Scopus database was chosen based on the broad inclusion of journals and the detailed information it provides. After searching the abstract, title, and keywords of the Boolean words Mergers AND Acquisitions, a preliminary number of 33.408 hits was obtained. To limit the search, only articles inside the business, management, and accounting fields were considered, resulting in 8.871 hits.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 11.** Multivariable Analysis Python Output.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 12.** Bibliometric Flow.
+
+To further refine the search, only journal articles written in English and in their final stage of the publication process were taken into account, which also lowered the number to 5.295. Furthermore, in order to focus the search, only articles with an exact match of the keywords Mergers and Acquisitions were considered, which brought down the count to 2.434⁷ articles. Since this is a method validation, the final dataset was limited to 2.000 entries.
+
+To begin, the software tools used to perform the analysis are the Bibliometrix pack [5] running in the R 4.2.2 version, and the Unity_Index_Github script, explained in the *Calculation of the Unity Index Python script section*, including the use of the matplotlib libraries in the version 3.5.2 python for the correct plotting of the information.
+
+The first analysis, displayed in Fig. 13 shows how the different authors shift positions in the “ranking” when the position in the Unity index and the publications are compared.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 13.** Raise by Rank Validation.
+
+Comparing the first 25 authors with the best Unity Indexs shows that, on average, each author gained 15 positions. Only 4 authors lost positions, while 19 authors gained positions, with Alexandridis G, Xie J, Brito D, Lamont Bt, and Rouzies A being the authors with most positions gained. This could be attributed to the fact that position-gaining authors are not as consistent in their productivity, so their position in the publication rank is not secure; however, their publications are quite accepted and have a higher impact, as measured by the number of publications and the H-Index- a trend in line with the Leiden Manifesto proposals [12]. This shows that the Unity Index is complying with its purpose to serve as a normalizing measure when compared to the linear traditional measures, and to give the opportunity of having a more complete view when assessing scientific production.
+
+
+
+⁷ Elsevier's Scopus database final query: TITLE-ABS-KEY (mergers AND acquisitions) AND (LIMIT-TO (SUBJAREA , "BUSI")) AND (LIMIT-TO (PUBSTAGE , "final")) AND (LIMIT-TO (DOCTYPE , "ar")) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE , "English")) AND (LIMIT-TO (EXACTKEYWORD , "Mergers And Acquisitions")).
+
+In Fig. 14, the unity index multivariable analysis is presented. Following the method explained before, the x-axis shows the number of publications, whereas the y-axis represents the number of local citations followed by the size of the bubble representing the H-Index. Additionally, the average line for each axis was presented to create 4 quadrants that will help understand how the pool of authors can be characterized.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 14.** unity index multivariable analysis.
+
+An example of how productivity does not necessarily translate to impact or acceptance within a specific part of a field is the case of Na Na. With 69 publications, more than double the average publications of the 25 authors with a better position in the Unity Index Ranking, Na Na falls behind the average in terms of the number of citations and the H-Index. In a traditional bibliometric analysis, this author would have been given the most credit, leaving behind authors like Rouzies A, who has a modest number of publications, right at the average, and yet, her publications are consistently being cited and have an impact.
+
+Another example is Lui Y, an author with both the production and citations right above the average, yet with an under-average H-Index. This results in a position sharing with Alexandridis G, an author that has a low number of publications compared to the average yet has a number of citations 4 times above average. Both examples show how the Unity Index allows consistent authors to gain notoriety, and especially in bibliometric studies where the quantity measured is important to have alternative measures to unveil gem authors.
+
+Additionally, the graph shows 4 quadrants which are based on the average citations and publications of the studied authors. In quadrant I, authors like Na Na, with publications and citations over the average, can be characterized as authors with a consistent publication rate and publication acceptance in the field. In quadrant II, authors like Pellegrino R have a high number of citations but an under-the-average productivity yet are authors that have well-accepted research.
+
+Furthermore, in quadrant IV, authors like Li J, with over the average publications yet under the average citations are ones that still lack some acceptance from the community. This is not a weakness from the author's point of view, because not all the scientific production if the authors is assessed, just the portion that fits inside the query. It can be the case that the author is more prominent in other fields. Additionally, a deeper understanding of the literature using other types of research approaches such as Systematic Literature Reviews could help to understand these phenomena.
+
+In the quadrant III, homogenous authors are found. There are authors that do not necessarily stand out in terms of production or acceptance, yet their contributions to the field is not assessed with the unity index. As the index is a calculated amount, this data closes the door to have external comparison. However, with that being said, it can be the case that an author with a low Unity Index in a certain dataset can be a top ranked author in a different data set.
+
+Finally, the Unity Index could serve as a response to the publish or perish culture in the short term by using the available indicators to assess the researcher's productivity from a multivariate point of view, especially in highly quantitative studies such as the bibliometric studies.
+
+## Conclusion
+
+The motivation of this paper stems from the need to answer past calls for action such as the Leiden manifesto, that request the finding of easily implemented alternatives to measure and assess scientific production [12]. With this motivation in mind, the objective of this paper was to present an alternative approach, Unity, combining the three more traditional scientific production measures such as production, acceptance, and impact measured by the number of publications, citations, and the h-Index respectively.
+
+Unity is calculated by adding the points assigned to each of the variables. The points are attributed by giving 1 point to the author with the most published articles and increasing the number of points attributed by 1 to all the subsequent authors. The same point attribution is done to the remaining 2 indicators acceptance -citations- and impact -h-index-.
+
+This paper does not aim to add a new measurement of the researcher's work which would feed the publish or perish culture, but rather, to create a leeway measurement that could be useful while desired structural changes that are expected to take more time and require more extended discussions take place. In the meantime, the evolution of the linear measurements to a multivariate measure can serve a temporary solution.
+
+With regards to policy, an index such as unity can serve as a “middle” man for extended structural changes, by giving the opportunity to slowly evolve the mindset of linear measures. The calculation of unity was thought of as a simple option that could be applied using one of the several previously mentioned techniques, and with this, it extends the opportunity to perform more robust bibliometric analyses.
+
+## Declaration of Competing Interests
+
+The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
+
+The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:
+
+## Data Availability
+
+Data will be made available on request.
+
+## Acknowledgments
+
+I would like to thank my supervisor Prof Eric Jolivet for his guidance in the development of this paper. Also, I would like to thank Alejandro Casallas, researcher at the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics -ICTP-, for his insightful comments on the generation of the index and his immeasurable help in the generation of the script. Additionally, I would like to thank my colleagues Jana Herbig and Lynn Chahine from the Université Toulouse Capitole I for their comments and suggestions during the development of this paper.
+
+## References
+
+[1] R.N. Broadus, Toward a definition of "bibliometrics, Scientometrics 12 (1987) 373-379, doi:10.1007/BF02016680.
+[2] M.M. Naseer, K. Mahmood, Use of bibliometrics in LIS research, LIBRES 19 (2009), doi:10.32655/LIBRES.2009.2.4.
+[3] H.F. Moed, R.E. De Bruin, Th.N. Van Leeuwen, New bibliometric tools for the assessment of national research performance: database description, overview of indicators and first applications, Scientometrics 33 (1995) 381-422, doi:10.1007/BF02017338.
+[4] A. Bengoa, A. Maseda, T. Iturralde, G. Aparicio, A bibliometric review of the technology transfer literature, J. Technol Transf 46 (2021) 1514-1550, doi:10.1007/s10961-019-09774-5.
+[5] M. Aria, C. Cuccurullo, bibliometrix: An R-tool for comprehensive science mapping analysis, J. Informetrics 11 (2017) 959-975, doi:10.1016/j.joi.2017.08.007.
+[6] N.J. van Eck, L. Waltman, Software survey: VOSviewer, a computer program for bibliometric mapping, Scientometrics 84 (2010) 523-538, doi:10.1007/s11192-009-0146-3.
+[7] L. Waltman, N.J. van Eck, E.C.M. Noyons, A unified approach to mapping and clustering of bibliometric networks, J. Informetrics 4 (2010) 629-635, doi:10.1016/j.joi.2010.07.002.
+[8] Y. Ding, R. Rousseau, D. Wolfram (Eds.), Measuring Scholarly Impact, Springer International Publishing, Cham, 2014, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-10377-8.
+[9] M. De Rond, A.N. Miller, Publish or perish: bane or boon of academic life? J. Manage. Inquiry 14 (2005) 321-329, doi:10.1177/1056492605276850.
+[10] G. Parchomovsky, Publish or perish, Michigan Law Rev. 98 (2000) 926, doi:10.2307/1290335.
+[11] H.P. van Dalen, How the publish-or-perish principle divides a science: the case of economists, Scientometrics 126 (2021) 1675-1694, doi:10.1007/s11192-020-03786-x.
+[12] D. Hicks, P. Wouters, The Leiden Manifesto for research metrics, Nature 520 (2015) 429-431.
+
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_118.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_118.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0a3fc54d9d849a7d0802453e82d6b4d4620b538c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_118.md
@@ -0,0 +1,423 @@
+# 技术标准及需求
+
+## 一、技术需求
+
+### 1. 项目名称
+
+机务维修管理系统。
+
+### 2. 项目需求
+
+公司按照业务需求并结合实际情况，通过使用航空维修工程管理系统实现维修工作在线管理。
+
+#### 1) 接入方式
+
+采用B/S网络架构，可部署在机场内部服务器上，通过浏览器直接登陆维修系统。支持多种智能移动设备（手机，平板电脑，手持移动终端），可随时随地使用系统。
+
+若使用云端需要安全系数高，系统好，采用企业级应用架构（Java + Oracle），确保系统稳定。
+
+系统搭建及试运行期间，以及系统验收一年内，以云端远程托管方式运行，系统服务器交由系统供应商托管，验收一年后，再将系统布署到机场内部服务器。
+
+#### 2) 业务功能
+
+软件需涵盖工程管理、维修控制、质量监督、人员培训、工具管理、器材管理功能模块，工作任务能够实现在线实时下发和跟踪，能对业务模式提供一体化平台支撑。
+
+对于机场的个性化需求，可进行二次定制开发进行优化，以最大程度地满足实际需求。
+
+### 3. 项目建设内容
+
+系统建设：软件方负责系统的设计、开发及建设工作。
+
+系统安装：软件方负责安装系统，并确认安装后的维修管理系统与需方整体硬件及网络环境兼容并可正常使用。
+
+系统使用：系统用户数不少于180个。
+
+系统实施：软件方负责维修系统功能培训，负责协助采购方将初始化数据导入到维修系统中，提供维修系统使用中的技术咨询服务，并保障维修系统正常运行。
+
+### 4. 技术要求
+
+系统总体功能、性能及安全性应符合以下相关要求：
+
+1)各个模块至少应具备以下功能：
+
+① 工程管理：涵盖工程技术部门日常管理所涉及到的工作内容。
+
+A. 维修能力信息：许可维修机型信息。
+
+B. 定检管理：工卡评估（对维修能力、工具设备等方面进行评估），评估结论即为满足、不满足；工卡内容：工卡编号、工卡内容、工时、航材、工具、工种等五部分内容做结构化。
+
+C. 航线工卡管理：工卡版本有效期预警监控。
+
+② 维修控制：涵盖维修工作日常管理所涉及到的工作内容。
+
+A. 维修计划：编排计划、航材工具工种需求；定检工卡签署归档，快速查询；从工包的统计各工单完成情况，并以进度图的形式展示出来。
+
+B. 协议管理：用于记录对客户等外部单位的文件记录，并且提供跟踪预警功能。
+
+C. 统计报告：维修月报。需具后续补充功能。
+
+D. 交接记录管理：对值班人员交接任务信息进行管理。
+
+E. 生产文件管理：对生产部门的日常文件进行统一管理。
+
+③ 工具器材：满足器材保障日常管理需要，主要包括如下功能：器材工具采购需求的申请、出入库、送修、报废管理，工具的提订、送修、借用管理，采购询价及合同管理，各类出入库及库存管理。
+
+A. 工具设备借用：实现工具/设备借用、归还管理，并指定航班号和提醒期限进行到期提醒，防止工具设备遗忘在维修现场。具备工具设备、器材等接收，登记，报废及对已录入的设备进行管理统计及报表分析功能。
+
+B. 器材仓库管理：器材库存查询、库寿件到期预警、最低库存预警、最高库存预警三种；同库转移货架；仓库之间调拨；实现器材销毁下架管理。
+
+C. 工具仓库管理：工具库存查询；库寿件到期预警、计量到期预警。
+
+D. 工具送修后的预计返回时间预警；车辆送修申请流程；每一件物品都需要拍照上传，特别是序列号的件，分别拍照上传；
+
+E. 车辆加油记录，用于之后的统计分析；车辆操作记录（保养、维修），并可以快速查询；成套工具借用；车辆维修预算维护功能。
+
+④ 质量监控：在实现质量审核、授权管理等部门内工作的基础上，进一步联动其他模块，落实对其他部门质量信息监督的职责，实现全面质量监管。
+
+A. 人员技术档案：建立维修人员电子化技术档案，包括：维修人员基础信息、岗位信息、执照信息、维修技术等级升降记录、培训记录、个人奖惩记录、诚信记录。
+
+B. 岗位授权：实现线上岗位授权流程管理，并实时进行授权监控。
+
+C. 器材设备相关：器材/工具检验；计量工具/设备校验，质量部门可对需要检验的计量工具进行监控。
+
+D. 质量审核：自我质量审核流程，并对发现问题整改进行全流程跟踪监控，直至关闭；包括功能有：年度审核计划、审核通知单、审核项目单、发现问题通知单、问题整改单、整改措施评估、整改延期申请管理、质量审核报告等。
+
+E. 手册文件及改版：实现手册管理、手册改版及审核功能。
+
+F. 程序文件管理：主要包括工作程序文件、质量文档管理。
+
+⑤ 人员培训：实现维修人员的培训管理。
+
+A. 培训大纲：按照手册中的培训大纲，完成平台中信息维护工作。
+
+B. 课程管理：建立课程基本信息库。
+
+C. 教员管理：实现教员信息管理。
+
+D. 培训计划：制定年度计划，添加临时计划。并可根据同期的培训计划以及即将到期的课程信息，自动编排出下一期的培训计划。
+
+E. 培训需求申报：实现公司员工的培训需求线上申请及审批管理。
+
+F. 培训记录：对课程培训记录进行管理，培训记录将更新到人员技术档案中；人员培训记录查询：可查看维修人员所有的培训记录；线上进行带培记录管理。
+
+G. 培训监控提醒：确定的培训计划，下发后，可对教员、学员进行通知；按人和岗位分别进行复训监控；预测人员即将授予岗位需要培训的课程信息，筛选出未培训课程；对维修技术人员所具有维修执照和机型执照进行有效监控，对于即将到期的信息给予明显的标示。
+
+2)针对不同的岗位可以分配不同的权限。不同模块的可见性及可操作性因不同岗位有所不同。
+
+3)支持多种智能移动设备，可随时随地使用系统。
+
+4)可以自动进行数据统计和整理，可生成维修月报等数据报告。
+
+5)所有上传或输入的维修记录均可下载并保存。
+
+6)初期的数据录入可使用模板文件进行批量上传导入。
+
+7)工作任务的进度（提交、审核、下发、反馈、关闭）可以实时查看节点。
+
+8)各岗位相关工作任务需有监控和提醒功能。
+
+9)可根据实际需要对参数或条目进行个性化定制。
+
+10)可随时对系统备份和还原，增强数据的安全性。
+
+### 5. 系统质量要求
+
+系统设计要考虑扩展性、可维护性、开放性、跨平台性，满足系统功能的完备性和实用性，同时也要考虑用户的可操作性、可维护性。必须运用成熟的技术和适应性较强的方法搭建系统。
+
+#### 1) 系统软件性能要求
+
+易用性要求：系统的软件应具备业务满意的用户界面，操作方便、符合流程、录入校验等。
+
+稳定性要求：系统平台上通过所有的技术要求测试及功能测试，测试结果稳定。
+
+灵活性要求：系统设计应独立和完整，易于迁移。
+
+#### 2) 开发品质要求
+
+| 编号 | 系统模块 | 发起动作 | 响应动作 | 响应指标 | | 1 | 全部 | 操作错误 | 返回错误提示 | 错误提示友好并且统一；错误提示统一维护；记录错误日志； | | 2 | 全部 | 任何操作 | 记录系统日志 | 联机日志记录操作用户，操作内容，时间。 | | 3 | 全部 | 任何时间访问系统 | 接受访问 | 7*24运行；定期的系统维护时间不多于1小时/月；系统意外宕机恢复时间不超过2小时； | | 4 | 全部 | 简单查询 | 执行查询请求 | <=2秒 | | 5 | 全部 | 报表生成 | 相应报表生成请求（判断是否是一定要实时统计的、一定的统计权限的控制、统计时间的约束；可以考虑定时运算报表） | <=30秒 | | 6 | 全部 | 报表导出、分析 | 执行请求 | 报表导出和数据分析不影响用户联机操作性能，不造成宕机，响应时间小于3分钟 | | 7 | 全部 | 并发计算 | 并发处理 | 支持150个并发用户访问时，最大响应时间不超过5秒 | | 8 | 全部 | 应用服务器处理数据 | AP CPU 数据处理 | <=45% | | 9 | 全部 | 数据库服务器处理数据 | DB CPU 数据处理 | <=65% | | 10 | 全部 | 系统访问 | 用户身份验证 | 权限控制与提示 |
+
+### 6 项目实施要求
+
+供方对“机务维修管理系统”系统性能、系统功能、质量、进度进行有效控制；对实施过程中的各种变更、突发事件，依据与采购方约定的流程或协议进行之有效地处理；与项目管理组其他成员一起协同工作并保证充分地信息沟通。
+
+#### 6.1 系统上线时间约定
+
+自合同生效之日起60天内系统上线。
+
+#### 6.2 开发进度的控制（沟通计划）
+
+(1) 项目组例会：分析项目进展情况，完成项目进度汇报（1次/周）。
+
+(2) 项目领导小组会：听取项目经理的汇报，解决项目实施过程中的进度、到货与质量问题。
+
+#### 6.3 供方人员负责：
+
+(1) 项目管理：
+
+◆ 项目组织的建立（提供详细的项目组人员名单和主要工作经历）。
+
+◆ 项目计划的制定。
+
+◆ 项目风险管理。
+
+◆ 项目进度的跟踪与汇报。
+
+(2) 生产环境的设计和搭建指导。
+
+(3) 用户使用培训。
+
+(4) 上线准备。
+
+(5) 上线后的运行跟踪。
+
+(6) 质保期服务。
+
+#### 6.4 供方提供交付物
+
+(1) 项目准备阶段
+
+◆ 细化项目计划
+
+◆ 细化项目范围
+
+◆ 关于组织或变革管理方面需要解决的事宜
+
+主要交付物及成果
+
+✔ 项目计划
+
+(2) 系统实现阶段
+
+◆ 系统安装报告及参数配置
+
+◆ 初始化数据讨论与准备
+
+主要交付物及成果
+
+✔ 搭建系统环境
+
+✔ 初始化数据导入
+
+(3) 上线准备阶段与用户培训
+
+◆ 培训最终用户使用新系统和流程
+
+◆ 完成终端用户系统软件安装
+
+◆ 定义并跟进未来的支持和维护机构
+
+主要交付物及成果
+
+✔ 用户的操作手册
+
+✔ 接受过培训的用户
+
+✔ 开始启动系统维护和支持架构
+
+对于拥有自主知识产品的软件供应方,其源代码可以不提供。版权由供方拥有,机场拥有使用权。
+
+#### 6.5 项目组要求
+
+供方项目负责人员必须具备同行业同类型项目实施相关角色的能力和经验,同时实施同类产品的案例不少于3次。
+
+### 7. 服务保障
+
+系统投入正式运行后,一年质保期内软件提供方需提供包括但不限于如下运维服务:
+
+● 系统 365*24 小时稳定运行及保障服务;
+
+● 系统现有功能版本的更新及升级服务;
+
+● 一次系统体检,对系统中沉淀的历史数据进行挖掘、分析,提供决策支持;
+
+● 一次3天的客户现场系统培训;
+
+● 对于使用中遇到的操作问题,24小时内提供远程在线解答和指导。
+
+### 8 项目培训及资料
+
+#### 1) 培训内容
+
+供方根据采购方的业务用户进行培训,保证用户掌握软件的使用。参加培训的教师,必须非常熟悉系统,同时深刻理解业务流程。培训过程中,讲解与实际操作演示相结合。使用户在理论及实践上完成从感知到认知的过程,使其能熟练使用系统。
+
+#### 2) 培训地点、对象、组织、时间、方式
+
+系统安装调试完成后,根据实际情况,双方协商安排培训时间,培训地点在珠海机场,培训方式是现场授课方式。供方应在项目开展培训前制定培训内容计划,并提前向采购方交付《用户操作手册》。
+
+#### 3) 培训效果
+
+受培训人员在培训后能熟练业务操作,并能达到可以继续为其他人作培训的能力。
+
+### 9. 项目验收
+
+系统验收合格的条件必须至少满足以下要求:
+
+1) 系统前期运行期间供方应提供专业人员指导或协助工作,保证系统顺利运行;
+
+2) 系统运行平稳,测试使用阶段和试运行验收时出现的问题已被解决,最终系统运行能够达到预期效果。
+
+3) 系统软件需取得自主知识产权。
+
+### 10 技术服务承诺
+
+供方应提供相应的技术服务承诺书。承诺书包含以下内容:
+
+1)系统软件必须满足本文中《4. 技术要求》中提到的所有需求要点。
+
+2)供方为用户提供7*24小时的电话热线、Email形式的技术支持。
+
+3)供方对本项目范围内的系统使用有效期内的BUG提供免费升级。
+
+4)供方须负责采购方系统数据保密，保证该数据不用于与本系统无关的应用。
+
+5)供方应承诺，按照维修软件相关升级要求，配合做好维修系统的升级及验收工作；
+
+### 11 资质要求
+
+供方的软件产品必须不少于3家成功案例，提供合同。
+
+### 12 系统报价
+
+清单如下：
+
+#### （1）软件系统搭建
+
+| 序号 | 软件模块 | 说明 | 金额 | | 1 | 工程管理模块 | 涵盖工程技术部门日常管理所涉及到的工作内容，主要包括：维修能力信息、定检管理、航空工卡管理功能等。 | | | 2 | 维修管理模块 | 主要包括：编排维修计划、航材工具工种需求、定检工卡签署归档、工包完成情况统计、协议管理、统计报告、交接记录管理、生产文件管理等功能。 | | | 3 | 航材工具模块 | 满足航材保障日常管理等需要。 | | | 4 | 质量控制模块 | 质量审核、授权管理、人员技术档案、手册文件管理、器材和工具检验、计量工具校验等功能。 | | | 5 | 人员培训模块 | 实现维修人员的培训管理功能，主要包括：培训大纲、课程管理、教员管理、培训计划、培训需求申报、培训记录、培训监控提醒等功能。 | | | 6 | 配置管理模块 | 系统基础模块，主要用于对系统基础数据进行定义，主要包括：ATA 章节、航材工具件号清单、仓库信息、区域信息、飞机站位、岗位信息等。 | | | 7 | 系统维护模块 | 系统基础模块，主要用于设置登录用户信息、系统参考信息等，主要包括：账号管理、用户管理、权限配置、菜单自定义、部门信息、表单编码规则、消息通知、文档发布等。 | |
+
+#### （2）服务项
+
+| 序号 | 服务内容 | 说明 | 金额 | | 1 | 服务器托管服务 | 服务内容：云端远程托管（阿里云托管方式），Windows Server2016 和 Orocle 11gR2 使用授权。
时间期限：自系统试运行起到验收满一年，提供本软件的服务器托管服务。 | | | 2 | 系统功能二次开发服务 | 根据机场的实际需求，在标准功能的基础上进行二次开发。 | | | 3 | 表单定制开发服务 | 按照机场的使用使用表单进行定制开发，保证表格样式的一致性。 | | | 4 | 数据初始化支持 | 数据初始化时，提供基础数据整理及导入的技术支持服务。 | | | 5 | 培训服务 | 一次三天的客户现场培训，指导全员如何使用系统 | |
+
+### 13、质保期及付款方式
+
+质保期为自验收合格（即双方签署验收报告）之日起质保一年。
+
+付款方式：收到乙方开具全额增值税专用发票及其他必要文件后 45 个工作日内，支付合同含税总价的 95%，质保金为合同含税总价的 5%，如无质量异议，且乙方全面履行本合同义务，则质保期满后 45 个工作日内无息退还给乙方。
+
+## 二、非功能性需求
+
+### 1、系统接口
+
+#### 1. 用户接口
+
+1)代理人订舱平台采用B/S结构，面向公网发布。所有的界面风格统一，清晰明了。
+
+#### 2. 硬件接口
+
+1)系统的功能模块中涉及打印功能，所以需要和打印机硬件进行连接。
+
+2)打印机：通用的喷墨、激光打印机都可打印出屏幕上所显示的内容。
+
+#### 3. 通信接口
+
+1)网络通信：支持TCP/IP、SNMP、HTTP协议
+
+### 2、技术路线要求
+
+1. 必须采用通用开发工具，不得使用任何封闭的专用开发工具，避免由此引起的系统不兼容等问题。
+
+2. 本系统在设计时必须充分考虑系统每个模块的可扩充接口，保证系统能随时加挂各种应用模块。
+
+3. 数据库采用主流商业版本数据库。
+
+### 3、安全性要求
+
+1. 项目建设方案考虑数据库的安全存储、备份与恢复的问题。
+
+2. 要求保证数据的完整性、不可否认性。
+
+3. 充分考虑到用户错误操作对系统安全运行的影响。
+
+4. 充分考虑到系统模块故障对系统安全运行的影响。
+
+5. 系统对内网服务及对外网服务功能要求独立发布，提供安全、可靠的权限控制。
+
+6. 系统可根据不同的维护级别，进行维护权限的设置。
+
+7. 对于系统的人机界面操作，系统要有相应的可查纪录。
+
+8. 对于路由表和统计数字等重要的用户资料具有多重备份和恢复功能。
+
+### 4、性能要求
+
+1. OLTP 事务响应时间要求：描述在特定的环境下，用户操作的反应时间指标，如：查询时间、录入反应时间。
+
+2. 批处理效率：系统中涉及大批量数据处理的系统响应时间，如：在多大数据量级的条件下，系统中批量数据处理效率以及随数据量增大时性能的变化趋势。并对如何提高系统性能的方法加以说明。
+
+3. 并发用户下的系统性能：描述系统在什么样环境下能支持的最多并发用户数，并描述此状态下系统的 OLTP 事务响应时间。并能对如何提高系统性能的方法加以说明。
+
+### 5、易用性要求
+
+1. 简单说明本系统如何易于为不同用户所理解掌握，操作简单，用户界面友好等。
+
+2. 系统界面设计要求自适应分辨率，满足主流分辨率有理想效果前提下，其他分辨率下要有较好的视觉效果。
+
+3. 系统交互设计应充分考虑用户习惯及使用偏好。
+
+4. 容易为系统更换界面风格。
+
+### 6、部署方案要求
+
+1. 提供整个系统的网络结构图，提出运行本系统所需要的网络带宽建议。
+
+2. 推荐本系统的硬件配置方案，包括硬件配置分布图，各硬件配置（含主机、存储等）所需资源和数量，提供设备配置清单等。
+
+3. 其他辅助设备配置的详细说明，提供配置清单的建议。
+
+4. 其他中间件软件、辅助软件产品和版本的配置建议。
+
+### 7、培训及维护方案要求
+
+1. 提供系统使用操作培训。
+
+2. 提供系统维护方案，包括各个组件的监控方式。
+
+3. 提供各种典型的出错处理方法。
+
+4. 对用户路由的管理符合民航现行的规定和使用习惯；
+
+### 8、售后服务支持要求
+
+1. 质保期内技术及远程支持，解决日常维护当中的问题，包括但不限于操作使用、技术讲解、问题排故、进行非功能性个性化需求改动、修改软件页面细节等。
+
+2. 质保期内，每天（包括周六周日），在维修响应时间内，我方可随时通过电话或 email 就有关技术问题向中标方的技术人员进行咨询；我方电话享有高度的优先级，优先处理我方电话求助，直至得到我方满意的结果；专业的技术工程师可以保证快速有效的支持。
+
+3. 质保期后，向我方提供5年的免费电话支持服务和免费电子邮件支持服务。
+
+4. 需提供3年以内免费页面或界面非功能和文字修改服务。
+
+5. 指定专人为本系统提供售后服务，专人为本项目具体实施成员。
+
+### 9、质量控制，质量保证方案要求
+
+本期项目实施过程中的质量控制尤为重要，供应商需提供比较完善的质量保证方案。
+
+### 10、系统安全性方案要求
+
+提供系统容错方法、防止系统崩溃方法、系统被攻击的方法以及数据备份方法
+
+### 11、技术文档转移方案要求
+
+1. 除提供业务系统的可执行版本外，需对其他系统接入提供数据开放和开发技术支持（如机场运作系统、行李分拣系统等）
+
+2. 部署到测试环境和生产环境的程序的可执行版本必须有严格的版本控制方案。
+
+3. 提供的各种文档应与其提供的系统功能相一致，技术文档应该全面、详细、准确。
+
+4. 供应商需提供的文档应能够满足我方所提供的系统安装、使用、维护的需要，提供的技术文档至少包括但不限于：
+
+（1）系统详细设计文档（包括但不限于系统架构图、业务逻辑图、数据字典等）；
+
+（2）系统配置及发布手册（包括但不限于部署方案）；
+
+（3）系统维护文档；
+
+（4）用户操作手册；
+
+（5）培训手册。
+
+（6）提供的所有技术资料应使用中文或英文。
+
+（7）所提供的文档和资料均应以光盘和纸张为载体，文件格式为Word文档或PDF文档或其他可视化文件。
+
+（8）提供业务系统版本及文档的同时，请推荐相应产品的版本管理工具。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_119.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_119.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..5b39110fa43d1b7c211ca92588d8869b1c45a771
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_119.md
@@ -0,0 +1,134 @@
+# 2015年美容美发行业发展报告
+
+## 一、典型企业统计分析
+
+### (一) 行业规模分析
+
+根据商务部2015年美容美发典型调查企业数据统计以及中国美发美容协会测算,截至2015年底,全国美容美发行业活动单位数共计324200个,同比增长2.3%;营业面积共计1876976平方米,同比增长6.5%;从业人员总数为137.1万人,同比增长3.1%;营业额30469353万元,同比增长2.4%。见表1:
+
+**表1 美容美发行业规模统计表**
+
+ | 活动单位数(个) | 营业面积(平方米) | 从业人员(万人) | 营业额(万元) |
|---|
| 2014年 | 316900 | 1762419 | 133.0 | 29746510 | | 2015年 | 324200 | 1876976 | 137.1 | 30469353 | | 增长率 | 2.3% | 6.5% | 3.1% | 2.4% |
+
+### (二) 行业结构分析
+
+截至2015年底,在全国32.4万家美容美发行业活动单位中,专业美容企业(含美甲、美体)数量为14.3万家,专业美发企业数量为18.1万家;在137.1万从业人员中,专业美容企业(含美甲、美体)从业人数为75.4万人,专业美发企业从业人数为61.7万人;在活动单位共计3047.0亿元营业收入中,专业美容企业(含美甲、美体)营业收入为1736.8亿元,专业美发企业营业收入为1310.2亿元。见表2:
+
+**表2 全国美容美发行业结构数据表**
+
+ | 活动单位数量(万个) | 从业人员(万人) | 营业额(亿元) |
|---|
| 美容美发业 | 32.4 | 137.1 | 3047.0 | | 专业美容(含美甲、美体) | 14.3 | 75.4 | 1736.8 | | 专业美发 | 18.1 | 61.7 | 1310.2 |
+
+### (三) 行业效益分析
+
+近年来,美容美发行业逐步向便利化、精细化、品质化方向发展,转型升级过程加速, 2015年全国美容美发行业资产总计1930.7亿元,同比增长5.6%。由于行业整体发展、转型、 升级速度加快,加之经营成本的大幅增加,负债合计357.1亿元,同比增长4.4%。主营业 务收入1076.8亿元,同比增长4.2%,其中主营业务收入占总营业额85.1%,其他业务收入 占总营业额14.9%;2015年全国美容美发行业实现利润总额195.3亿元,同比增长1.5%, 见表3:
+
+**表3 全国美容美发行业效益数据表**
+
+ | 资产总计(亿元) | 负债(亿元) | 主营业务收入(亿元) | 利润总额(亿元) |
|---|
| 2014年 | 1828.0 | 341.9 | 1033.4 | 192.5 | | 2015年 | 1930.7 | 357.1 | 1076.8 | 195.3 | | 增长率 | 5.6% | 4.4% | 4.2% | 1.5% |
+
+**数据来源:根据商务部流通服务行业统计数据测算**
+
+近年来,美容美发行业经营成本持续增加,店面租金、用工成本、水电费、物料价格等 不断提高,全部费用占营业额比重同样持续上涨。由于互联网技术与传统美业深度融合,互 联网技术拓展了营销渠道、优化了客户体验、提高了劳动效率。因此,在美业成本普遍提升 的大环境中,行业整体利润依然能够保持住快速增长的势头。
+
+### (四) 行业现代化程度
+
+随着美业竞争越发激烈,去同质化经营成为诸多企业的发展战略。消费者更加青睐个性 化、时尚化的产品和服务,消费者对企业品牌的认知度不断提升。优势企业加大了品牌管理 力度,行业连锁化、品牌化趋势日益凸显。2015年,全国美容美发行业连锁企业数为35027 家,同比2014年34086家增长2.8%;连锁企业门店数170428个,同比2014年165432个 增长3.0%,连锁企业营业额315.3亿元人民币,同比2014年307.7亿元增长2.5%。见表4:
+
+**表4 全国美容美发行业现代化程度数据表**
+
+
+ | 连锁企业数(家) | 连锁企业门店数(个) | 连锁企业营业额(亿元) |
|---|
+| 2014年 | 34086 | 165432 | 307.7 |
+| 2015年 | 35027 | 170428 | 315.3 |
+| 增长率 | 2.8% | 3.0% | 2.5% |
+
+
+### (五) 行业贡献度分析
+
+随着美容美发行业整体经济效益的稳固提升,行业总纳税额随之增加。2015年,全国美容美发行业总纳税额63亿元人民币,同比2014年59.4亿元增长6.0%。随着行业整体运营成本以及用工薪酬的上涨,从业者流动率加快,2015年全国美容美发行业工资总额1175.3亿元人民币,同比2014年1136.7亿元增长3.4%。2015年全国美容美发行业新增从业人员4.1万人,行业的快速发展对于拉动就业、扩大内需、促进国家经济发展的贡献显著。见表5:
+
+**表5 全国美容美发行业贡献度数据表**
+
+ | 总纳税额(亿元) | 工资总额(亿元) |
|---|
| 2014年 | 59.4 | 1136.7 | | 2015年 | 63 | 1175.3 | | 增长率 | 6.0% | 3.4% |
+
+## 二、行业发展基本情况分析
+
+在我国美容美发行业在发展历程中，主要经历了三个阶段：上世纪80年代中期至90年代末期，行业进入发展萌芽期，这一时期服务产品较为单一，消费者开始有了追求个性化的审美需求，此时企业多以国营为主，尚未形成规模化经营；90年代末期至2000年，行业进入快速发展时期，这期间私有企业快速成长，服务产品逐渐丰富，从业人口和企业数量激增，消费者的需求进一步升级，美甲在90年代后期进入中国并开始盛行；2000年至今，行业步入成长壮大期，产业链日益完善，国际交流合作日趋频繁，个性化产品逐渐丰富，互联网技术与传统美容融合加速，企业跨界经营渐成主流。
+
+进入2015年，美容美发行业越发大力倡导绿色环保、高品质、重文化内涵的生活消费理念。在国家大众创业、万众创新的号召及各项政策的扶持下，美容美发行业新业态、新模式不断涌现，质量和效益全面提升，为经济发展新常态下扩大消费需求、拉动经济增长、转变发展方式、促进社会和谐提供有力支撑和持续动力。
+
+### （一）贯彻落实国家重大政策的情况
+
+一是突出典型，树立优质服务品牌。2015年，依托商务部商贸服务领域“优质服务活动”，各地行业协会积极组织从业人员开展学习交流和研讨活动。通过一系列活动，业内树立了一批经营规范、服务优质的品牌，涌现了一批职业素养优良、技能过硬的服务标兵。
+
+二是大力开展标准宣贯。行业组织加大对美容美发业国家标准、行业标准的宣贯力度，通过标准的执行，增强规范了市场秩序、维护行业信誉的责任感和使命感。如上海市美发美容行业协会在2015年率先依照商务部发布的《美发美容企业星级划分》的行业标准开展了评定试点工作，并在年底向首批上海市五星级企业进行了授牌。这一举措起到了规范企业经营的积极作用。
+
+三是“立足本位”与“跨界整合”相融合。美容美发行业贯彻落实《国务院办公厅关于加快发展生活性服务业促进消费结构升级的指导意见》和《商务部关于加快居民生活服务业线上线下融合创新发展的实施意见》，在“立足本位”的同时，加快“跨界整合”步伐。例如有的美甲店加入咖啡、花艺等业务，让美甲消费体验更加新奇有趣、温馨舒适，无形中刺激了消费需求，扩大了行业服务人群。
+
+四是创新供给，推动新型消费。过去十年间，美容美发行业发展粗放，个性化供给不足。2015年，消费者对于“美”的观念越发理性，美丽同样也可以量身定制。因此，美容美发行业多渠道、多业态经营，提供专业性、个性化服务的时代已经来临。部分企业开始摒弃服务大而全的经营理念，开始专注于提供细分领域的极致和个性服务。快剪、烫染专门店等已在市场出现并受到消费者热捧，私人订制、打造个性化的专属美丽也成为美容美发行业最新趋势。
+
+### （二）各地推动行业发展的情况分析
+
+近年来，上海市美容美发行业在当地行业协会的引领下，始终将加强行业诚信建设放在首位。2015年行业协会依托商务部发布的《美发美容企业星级划分》开展了星级企业评审工作,以创建、评审全国星级企业为抓手,正确引领行业健康发展,力求帮助企业树立良好的社会形象,为行业打造更多的优质服务品牌。经严格评审,上海市在2015年底诞生了全国首批美发美容五星级企业,并通过对星级企业的宣传,向行业传递了正能量,提升了上海美发美容行业诚信建设的总体水平。
+
+吉林省美容美发行业同样以“践诚信”为发展之本,吉林省美发美容行业协会在2015年开启了“吉林美业2015诚信工程”。美发、美容、化妆、美甲等各领域数万名从业者参与了此项活动。行业协会向全省企业发出了“加强行业自律,自觉接受社会舆论监督”的倡议,得到了企业的积极响应。此次活动以宣传贯彻落实商务部《单用途商业预付卡管理办法(试行)》和吉林省食品药品监督管理局《关于开展美容美发单位经营使用化妆品专项整治活动的通知》为主要目标,全面推行星级评定、持证上岗工作,促进行业健康发展。省内企业纷纷签署承诺书,向消费者做出了依法、诚信经营的承诺。
+
+北京市美发美容行业作为首都生活服务业的窗口,坚持把社会效益和社会责任放在首位。至2015年,数百家企业在行业协会的带动下已坚持“一元理发”公益项目达五年之久,北京市已有近240多万人次的60岁以上老人享受到了公益理发服务。行业企业通过公益活动反哺社会,重塑行业形象,得到了市民和消费者的高度赞扬。
+
+进入2015年,江苏和四川等区域的美容美发行业主动拥抱“互联网+”,通过行业协会搭桥,与优质互联网平台形成合作共赢,通过使用互联网工具提升经营效率,提升盈利能力。天津市则以行业技能竞赛为抓手,多年来通过举办高水平的比赛来提升从业人员的服务能力和水平。
+
+## 三、存在的问题及原因
+
+### (一)产业链上板块经营现状混乱,品牌同质化
+
+目前我国美容美发行业大规模企业和有影响力的品牌较少,同质化现象严重,品牌特性不具传播性,企业价值主张的核心理念和文化缺失明显,尤其是营销模式已被消费者诟病,无法建立起顾客持续、忠诚消费的机制和有效模式。而解决上述问题的根源是行业从业者需根据消费升级进行服务供给的改革,将经营核心从营销回归到服务,通过个性化、专业化的服务重拾消费者的信心,重塑品牌观和价值观,通过提升服务品质、提高客单价来实现真正的盈利,而非过度推销生命力不长且没有保障的产品或服务。
+
+### (二)美容服务越界引发信任危机
+
+随着美容美发业消费需求和消费能力不断扩大,部分未取得相关资质的美容机构和个体为了追求暴利铤而走险,越界从事注射美容等医疗美容项目,如注射肉毒毒素、玻尿酸、胎盘素等。这些机构通常具有非医疗场所、非医务人员、非正规供药渠道等特点。据中国美发美容协会统计,非正规机构每一百支肉毒素当中有近九十支都是使用假冒伪劣的产品。因上述行为引起的消费纠纷屡见不鲜,更有个案危及到了消费者的生命安全。而由此引发的信任危机也被及到了整个美容行业，对传统的生活美容服务造成了一定冲击。
+
+### (三) 行业竞争越发激烈，服务品质亟待提升
+
+目前美容美发行业从业的准入门槛依旧较低、服务未形成标准化，尤其是美发、美甲领城的服务能力和水平与日本、韩国等周边国家相比还有较大差距。服务品质的缺失和恶性竞争直接导致客单价依然停留在几年前的水平，而面对与日俱增的房租、水电和人工成本，企业盈利能力每况愈下，从而进一步加剧了预付卡和产品的过度营销。如企业想改善恶性循环的局面，需回归服务供给的改革，重视人才的培养和内部进阶空间的创造，苦练服务内功，迎合消费升级。
+
+北京、成都等地区的部分行业企业在了解了大数据的魅力后，摒弃了以往只记录会员消费金额的落后做法，开始为会员建立发质和肤质档案，从而提供个性化的解决方案，赢得了市场的好评。
+
+### (四) 美发行业人员流失率高，企业用人不稳定
+
+据中国美发美容协会不完全统计，美发行业从业者流失率最高，仅2015年上半年北、上、广三地美发企业平均人员流失率达到37.6%。其中，洗护工和学徒人员流动性最大。流失率的增加进一步加剧了企业用工难的现象，更使经营者不敢对人才进行投资培养，形成了恶性循环。而看似较低的创业门槛和企业对人员管理的缺失是上述流失率高的主要原因。美容和美甲行业从业者相对稳定，尤其是美甲行业出现了人才回流的现象，在2015年上半年被O2O风潮挖走的美甲师逐渐回归门店，人才布局进行了重新洗牌。
+
+### (五) 新岗位专业型人才紧缺
+
+随着生活服务业的消费升级，美容美发行业逐渐朝着便利化、精细化、品质化的方向发展，为了迎合消费者的新兴需求，部分新设岗位专业型人才的紧缺成为了行业热点问题。如部分美容企业为了给消费者提供更加专业有效的服务，开始聘任有医学背景的皮肤咨询师，而心理咨询师也成为美容康体机构热捧的人才招聘对象。美发和美甲企业日常虽然根据技师水平和能力进行差额定价，但随着细分领域竞争的进一步加剧，真正懂技术、有操守的技术总监将成为行业的香饽饽。而行业上述人才培养和吸纳的速度相比消费升级的脚步已明显落后，新岗位专业型人才的缺失将成为行业转型升级的一大瓶颈。
+
+## 四、行业趋势预测
+
+### (一) “互联网+”工具助推行业转型升级
+
+随着生活服务业 O2O商业模式经历了2014下半年至2015上半年的洗牌，美容美发从业者愈发意识到“互联网+”并不会颠覆传统的商业模式，更不会改变行业以服务品质为根基的本质。而互联网工具和传统经营模式的相辅相成将成为提升经营效率、降低经营成本的一大法宝。一、二线城市的美容美发企业大多与互联网平台开展了合作，并通过HTML5语言、LBS 技术的低成本开发提供在线的预约、支付、到店导航等服务，极大的提升了买卖双方的效率，重新配置了闲置服务资源，为消费者提供了不一样的服务体验。
+
+在未来几年，随着移动互联网技术和美容美发行业经营者管理水平的进一步提升，互联网工具将进一步助推行业的转型升级，为消费者提供便利、个性化的定制服务。
+
+### （二）人工智能设备将改变行业格局
+
+90年代是PC互联网时代，2010年开始转变为移动互联网时代，而未来10年将是人工智能和数字化时代，所有行业和企业都会面临技术升级所带来的商业模式升级挑战。进入2015年，包括VR 在内的人工智能设备在行业出现，如广东某企业通过人脸特征检测，基于图像滤波、融合等技术，并运用虚拟妆容渲染算法为消费者提供个性化的妆容效果展示。而部分采用射频超声等技术可识别肤质的光电仪器已经在美容美发行业涌现，人工智能的美甲设备也已经从日本等国家涌入国内。
+
+伴随着人工智能和数字化时代的到来，行业面临着重新洗牌，低端劳动力将不再具备市场，行业将根据上述技术和发展重新定义人才的涵义，具备专业知识和能力并勇于接受新鲜事物的技能型人才将成为行业的宠儿。
+
+### （三）行业将迎来新的投资热潮
+
+随着国民在生活服务业消费能力的快速提升和消费需求的转型升级，资本市场将愈发看重美容美发企业持续稳定的盈利能力和服务供给的创新能力，伴随而来的将是一股新的投资热潮。
+
+在国家鼓励“大众创业，万众创新”和加快供给侧结构性改革的大背景下，进入2015年以来，美容美发行业创新供给、小微企业“互联网+”创业项目在行业不断涌现，已成为资本市场重点关注的领域之一。尤其是在各地方行业协会、商会的扶持下，专为行业企业服务的融资性担保机构得以创建，股权投资基金被引入，企业间的兼并重组也暗潮涌动。上述行为都为资本市场的进入进行了良好的铺垫，有望从根本改善因无固定资产而导致行业贷款难的问题，助推企业挂牌上市，拥抱资本市场。
+
+### （四）抗衰老将成为美容护肤企业新的增长点
+
+据中国美发美容协会统计，美容业占全国国内生产总值比重为1.8%。美容业占第三产业产值比重为5.21%，这一占比逐年呈上升趋势。根据奥肯法则，GDP（国内生产总值）每增长1%，美容人数则增加0.08%。
+
+随着美容护肤消费市场的进一步升级，加之我国老龄化问题的凸显，抗衰老服务将有望成为美容护肤领域新的利润增长点，并衍生新的服务项目。
+
+### （五）持久美妆市场将逐渐回归理性
+
+2015年是持久美妆市场井喷的一年，半永久定妆等概念迅速崛起，大批量化妆师、美甲师向持久美妆领域迁移。伴随消费者更加趋于理性的消费观念以及行业协会的正确引导，从2015年下半年开始，持久美妆领域回归到市场特性本身，更多的从业人员开始专注自身技术的培养训练，从而产生更有内涵和深度的作品。
+
+未来，持久美妆市场将朝标准化、专业化方向发展，操作流程将更加规范。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_120.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_120.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..6dcfc6a2f4a40b1ab68a926cf3627e4c1e1abd17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_120.md
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+# 中国家电服务行业发展报告2017
+
+**商务部服务贸易和商贸服务业司**
+
+**2017年8月**
+
+## 目录
+
+**前言...1**
+
+**一、 典型企业统计分析 ... 2**
+
+**(一) 行业规模分析... 2**
+
+**(二) 行业结构分析... 3**
+
+1. 按规模企业划分构成 ...3
+
+2. 行业集中度...3
+
+**(三) 行业效益分析... 6**
+
+1. 投入产出情况分析 ...6
+
+2. 利润率分析...6
+
+**(四) 行业现代化程度... 6**
+
+1. 行业连锁化水平...6
+
+2. 行业信息化程度...6
+
+3. 行业集成化发展...7
+
+4. 行业品牌化经营...7
+
+5. 新兴新型服务业务发展情况 ...8
+
+**(五) 行业贡献度分析... 8**
+
+**二、行业发展基本状况 ... 9**
+
+**三、存在的问题及原因分析 ... 11**
+
+**(一) 存在的问题... 11**
+
+1. 家电产品销量增长回落影响总体营收 ...11
+
+2. 经营成本增加影响营收效益 ...11
+
+3. 供需存在明显差距 ...12
+
+4. 行业诚信水平亟待提高 ...12
+
+**(二)原因分析... 13**
+
+**四、 行业趋势预测 ... 14**
+
+**(一)趋势预测... 14**
+
+**(二)主要依据及影响因素分析... 14**
+
+1. 政策为家电服务业发展提供了强有力的支持...14
+
+2. 第三产业助力中国家电服务业健康发展...15
+
+3. 中国家庭家电拥有量的增加对家电服务需求的拉动 ..15
+
+4. 技术催生家电服务市场需求的增加 ...16
+
+**五、 促进行业发展的主要对策及政策建议... 16**
+
+**(一)促进行业发展的对策措施建议... 16**
+
+**(二)促进行业发展的政策建议... 16**
+
+
+## 前言
+
+本报告主要依据2016年商务部商贸服务典型企业统计数据进行测算,鉴于典型企业统计方法的局限性,考虑到行业非法人经营单位、从业人员的流动性和不宜统计等因素,相关统计数据可能存在偏差。本报告由中国家电服务维修协会起草,力求准确反映2016年家电服务维修行业发展现状、存在问题,并结合行业发展趋势,提出相关政策建议。
+
+## 一、典型企业统计分析
+
+### （一） 行业规模分析
+
+根据商务部商贸服务典型企业统计数据和各省市填报的行业调查数据,综合中国家用电器服务维修协会对中大型会员企业的抽样调查和国家宏观经济数据,推算出家电服务行业规模如下:
+
+2016年家电服务业全国经营单位有9.8万个,与2015年相比减少了3.9%,从业人员为302.8万人,与2015年相比下降2.4%。2016年营业收入为2365亿元,与2015年的2166亿元相比,增长了9.2%,家电服务行业市场潜力还很大,保持稳步增长的状态。
+
+
+
+**图二：2015~2016年行业经营单位和从业人员变化情况**
+
+数据来源：商务部商贸服务典型企业统计数据
+
+
+**图三：2015~2016年行业营收状况对比**
+
+数据来源：商务部商贸服务典型企业统计数据
+
+### （二）行业结构分析
+
+#### 1. 按规模企业划分构成
+
+以主营业务年收入500万元为标准划分为规模以上和规模以下企业两档。根据商务部商贸服务典型企业统计数据,2016年规模以上企业占所有企业的比例为3.5%,规模以下企业占所有企业的比例为96.5%;2015年规模以上企业占所有企业的比例为3.9%,规模以下企业占所有企业的比例为96.1%,规模以上企业的比例略有下降。
+
+#### 2. 行业集中度
+
+行业集中率是反映行业集中度的指标,它是指规模最大的前几位企业的有关数值,如销售额、增加值、职工人数、资产总额等占整个市场或行业的份额。据测算,规模以上企业的行业集中率如下图所示:
+
+**表一：2016年规模以上企业的行业集中率**
+
+ | 企业数量 | 营业收入 | 从业人数 | 营业面积 |
|---|
| CR规模以上 | 3.5% | 46.4% | 25.7% | 25.0% |
+
+数据来源:商务部商贸服务典型企业统计数据
+
+可以看出规模以上企业数量占行业全部企业数量的25.1%,营业收入占比近一半,从业人数和营业面积占比均达到了20%以上。
+
+#### 3. 其他结构分析
+
+据抽样调查及重点业务调查显示:**服务收入**结构中,安装服务、维护保养服务、包修服务、延保服务、配套销售服务以及其他增值服务成为高速增长的领域,三包有效期内及延保服务收入呈持续增长的态势。安装服务中,房间空调器、电热水器、吸油烟机及电烹调器具(灶台组合)、智能平板电视机、智能马桶盖的安装服务引领家用电器售后服务收入整体上升15%以上。随着家电产品智能化、信息化、网络化发展,产品保修期外的维护、保养、软件升级服务需求旺盛,比故障维修服务收入高出一倍左右。随着产品质量提高,产品三包有效期延长,三包有效期内的服务成为售后维修服务的主要来源,包修外的付费维修收入以10%以上的速度减少。信息内容服务、网络节目服务、链接应用服务等收入成为手机、计算机、摄影照相器材等家电产品增值服务收入主要来源。随着消费观念的改变,提前支付保险费用,获得包修期外一定期限的免费维修(换新),日益受到消费者欢迎,尤其是智能手机、便携式电脑等高价值、移动使用的家电产品,其延保收入以15%以上的速度增长。配套服务收入中,饮水机、空气净化器的滤芯更换服务和上门维修服务(包含其他产品维修、销售服务、废旧回收、以旧换新等)收入呈现15%以上的增长。
+
+**服务对象**中,集团消费者、家庭消费者继续扩大。其中,集团消费者增长20%以上。原生产企业的服务部门独立后,承接其他品牌的服务,如海尔集团(日日顺)与淘宝的合作,四川快益点与其他品牌(清华同方电视、美菱冰箱等)的合作等。随着手机微信的迅速普及及功能的日臻完善,服务提供商从与某一消费者的单次业务联系,向与家庭消费者(代表)过渡;从被动等待报修向为家庭消费者主动提供全品类的各种维修服务转变,极大拓展了服务范围。随着家电产品智能化、系统化、组合化发展以及服务提供商技能的提高,服务向单次提供多种综合服务方向转变,如苏宁集团不仅为不同品类的不同品牌产品提供服务,还提供配套选购、销售、以旧换新、配送、上门安装、上门维修等一条龙服务。行业还呈现跨领域服务态势,利用家电服务专业技能水平高、网点分布均匀稳定等特点,服务提供商业务范围向电信产品维修、广电产品维修、家政电工和信息服务等方面拓展,跨领域服务收入占比提高10个百分点以上。
+
+**业务类别**中,空调器、厨电组合系统、电热水器、自动座便器、大尺寸智能互联网电视机、家庭影院系统为安装服务的主体,服务收入占安装服务收入比重达到70%以上。净水处理机、空气净化器、智能手机、计算机及外围设备、数码摄影照相设备成为维护服务的主体,服务收入占维护保养服务收入比重70%以上。
+
+**服务方式**中,上门服务比例持续走高,约占全部服务的90%左右。微信平台成为主要沟通交流方式和支付手段,成为个人日常主动服务的重要手段,占所有报修业务的50%以上。
+
+### （三）行业效益分析
+
+#### 1. 投入产出情况分析
+
+根据2016年商务部商贸服务典型企业统计数据推算,行业企业三项费用合计106.4亿元,营业总收入为2365亿元,投入产出比为1:22.2,略高于上一年度的1:21.1。随着行业信息化的发展及移动互联网的应用,企业管理流程得到优化,节约了经营和管理费用,同时营业收入稳步提升,因此投入产出情况比上年有所优化。
+
+#### 2. 利润率分析
+
+根据2016年商务部流通服务业典型企业统计数据,企业营业利润为16.3亿元,营业总收入为2365亿元,利润率为0.7%,与上一年度基本持平。随着人力、交通、房租等成本的提升,行业利润率基本与上一年度水平相同。
+
+### （四）行业现代化程度
+
+#### 1. 行业连锁化水平
+
+近年来,我国家电服务业连锁化趋势日益明显,主要体现在生产和销售企业在全国纷纷成立了独立的第三方的服务连锁品牌。据中国家用电器服务维修协会估算,行业连锁率在15%左右。2012年以来,家电服务业还涌现出了许多优秀的互联网平台型服务商,依托互联网,从事传统家电安装、维修服务,以及新型的清洗等服务。
+
+#### 2. 行业信息化程度
+
+90年代,家电服务企业已经采取了信息系统辅助开展业务。2012年以来,家电服务业在互联网技术的推动下发生了重大的变革,特别是移动互联网对行业发展产生较大影响。各大家电制造企业利用互联网、移动互联网、大数据、云计算等技术，制定服务战略、智能家居战略，打造智能化、个性化的家电服务。区域性服务企业也纷纷从原来的供应链服务平台向 O2O 平台转型升级。互联网企业转向线下，与家电服务企业开展深入合作，推进服务落地，涌现出一批新兴互联网平台型服务商。大中型服务企业纷纷推出微信服务号，上门服务人员利用微信公众号、微信群、APP 等移动通信方式接单派单。
+
+目前家电服务行业信息化程度，从四个方面已达到较高水平：一是绝大部分企业使用 CRM 系统（客户管理系统）；二是绝大部分企业拥有自己独立的呼叫系统；三是绝大部分企业已建立基于微信或 APP 的移动互联网报修平台；四是所有服务人员持有手机，70%以上通过微信提供服务。
+
+#### 3. 行业集成化发展
+
+家电服务的集成化发展表现为企业战略合作伙伴关系。所有生产企业、销售企业、和 80%以上的专业服务企业签订了特约服务合同，形成一体化的上下游服务关系。同时，物联网的发展也进一步推动了家电服务集成化趋势。行业内逐步建设企业合作产业链，售前、售中、售后各阶段各种类业务实现关联。
+
+#### 4. 行业品牌化经营
+
+近十年，家电服务行业正逐步走向品牌化时代，服务不再是单个厂家产品的组成部分，专业的分工使其形成一个产业，并向品牌化方向发展。目前家电服务业服务品牌主要分三大类，一是由原来制造企业服务部门剥离出来,例如:日日顺、赛维、快益点,十分到家等;二是区域性的服务品牌,例如:上海百联电器、重庆商社电器等;三是独立的第三方全国性连锁服务品牌,例如:e快修、中国联保、唯修汇等。
+
+#### 5. 新兴服务业务发展情况
+
+行业从传统维修服务,正在升级为完整的新型服务产业链。行业新兴服务业务来自于消费者消费理念的改变和服务需求的改变,消费者对家电服务的响应时间、体验感、服务质量和服务价格的要求不断变化,如对于响应时间,从及时上门到准时上门;对于体验感,消费者希望参与到整个服务流程中;对于服务质量,消费者更加重视服务质量;对于服务价格,消费者逐渐习惯为服务付费。服务市场日益细分,出现定期保养、清洗服务、延保服务、便捷维修、以租代售、以旧换新等新兴服务内容,消费者对效率和个性化的需求越来越强烈。行业中出现了越来越多的以智能化、个性化、定制化、体验式家电服务为主的大型服务商。
+
+### （五）行业贡献度分析
+
+家电服务业按三大产业划分,属于第三产业里的居民服务和其他服务业,居民服务和其他服务业是服务经济的重要组成部分,是国民经济的基础性支柱产业,直接向居民提供物质和精神生活消费产品及服务,其产品、服务用于解决购买者生活中的各种需求。当今发达国家服务业的国民生产总值比重在60%以上,部分国家接近80%,服务业已经成为全球经济增长的亮点。
+
+根据国家统计局发布的年度数据可以看出,2012~2016年第三产业对GDP增长的拉动逐年增长,继2013年后,第二产业对GDP增长的拉动逐年降低,第三产业对GDP增长的拉动均超过了第二产业。
+
+
+
+**图六：三大产业对 GDP 增长的拉动（百分点）**
+
+数据来源：国家统计局年度数据
+
+家电服务业作为居民服务业的重要组成部分,对于改善民生、提高居民生活质量有着重要的作用,同时,家电服务业近2400亿的年营业收入,也作为第三产业的组成部分之一,对国民经济的增长做出了行业的贡献。根据商务部商贸服务典型企业统计数据推算,2016年家电服务行业纳税额为35.2亿元,与2015年的35.1亿元相比,提高了0.3个百分点。
+
+## 二、行业发展基本状况
+
+### （一）贯彻落实国家重大政策的情况
+
+按照《国务院关于积极发挥新消费引领作用加快培育形成新供给新动力的指导意见》(国发〔2015〕66号)和《国务院办公厅关于推进线上线下互动加快商贸流通创新发展转型升级的意见》(国办发〔2015〕72号)的要求,加强包括家电服务业在内的生活性服务业标准化体系建设和信用体系建设,推动行业人才创业创新,支持第三方互联网平台型服务商的发展,推动新兴新型服务业务模式创新,推进家电服务业便民化发展,建立社区服务店、利用移动互联网实行网上预约线下服务的模式等。目前,行业正在积极落实国务院的部署。
+
+### （二） 各地推动行业发展的情况分析
+
+#### 1. 推动人才提升战略, 提升服务质量
+
+各地以服务人才提升战略为重点,突出一线服务人员作用,提升服务人员收入、待遇及社会地位;创新发展服务业务,为服务人员提供更多的业务机会及增值服务收入;扶持创新创业发展,促进创新发展行为,大力支持企业创新业务拓展;稳定行业服务能力,提高服务质量和顾客满意度。据中国家用电器服务维修协会测算,行业整体满意度维持在73~77之间(100为最高),领先性企业满意度超过80。
+
+#### 2. 推进创新创业发展, 引领转型升级
+
+面对消费市场升级,消费观念转变,传统家电消费数量增长趋缓甚至减少,加之人力和物业交通成本不断上涨,各地从提升服务质量、创新业务模式、提高服务效率等方面入手,引导服务组织开拓进取、转型升级。服务组织从原家电产品品牌,向专业服务企业转型,品牌化、独立经营成为发展趋势。第三方服务平台度过初创难关,进入自行运营阶段；跨领域服务组织不断壮大，跨品牌服务经营增加，跨行业服务业务平台、跨领域服务平台等新合作形态加快成长。服务组织向两端发展，一是大型化、连锁化，一是个体化、微商化，中间环节逐渐萎缩，组织进一步扁平化。外资品牌及服务业务继续收缩，部分品牌退出国内市场，后续服务由国内企业接盘。
+
+#### 3. 顺应科技发展，促进移动信息化升级
+
+随着智能手机的快速普及，服务平台急速向移动互联转移，为消费者报装报修、实时联系、监控流程、跟踪管理、库存管理、配件调配、费用结算等方面提供了便利。
+
+## 三、存在的问题及原因分析
+
+面对家电消费市场的转型升级，以及消费者对家电服务的需求变化，目前行业发展仍存在不少问题。
+
+### （一）存在的问题
+
+#### 1. 家电产品销量增长回落影响总体营收
+
+传统家电受普及率限制，在家电下乡、以旧换新等政策结束之后，同时受房地产业影响，家电产品新品销售额进入持平甚至负增长区间（房间空调-15%、电冰箱柜-20%、电动洗衣机-10%、互联网电视机-25%），相应的家电销售服务增长乏力，售后安装服务业务收入增长总体放缓。
+
+#### 2. 经营成本增加影响营收效益
+
+随着物业、交通、人力、配件成本的持续走高，传统维修服务萎缩，企业经营难度加大，市场竞争激烈，利润增速下滑。比如，由于交通成本增加,全国很多城市,特别是中心城市,禁止电动三轮车等车辆行驶,家电服务人员上门需携带大量工具、零配件甚至备用机,只能驾驶汽车作为交通工具,而停车难、停车贵又成为新的问题。在税收方面,很多地区的税率在6%及以上,人力成本等无法纳入税费扣减范围。
+
+#### 3. 供需存在明显差距
+
+随着市场竞争加剧,产品质量和技术性能不断提升,消费者对于家电服务的质量需求越来越高,对服务种类的要求越来越多。从业人员的服务供给难以满足消费者不断增长变化的需求,尤其农村地区服务供需矛盾突出,整个行业在服务及时性、地域和品牌平衡性、创新性、有效性、保障性等方面还有一定差距。例如,在空调需求旺季,供需矛盾突出,等待空调安装或维修服务的时间大致需要7-10日,而消费者需求是24小时以内,供需在时间方面存在较大差距。从服务满意度调查来看,消费者对行业整体满意,但部分领域存在消费者满意度较低的问题,比如服务收费,一是部分企业收费不透明,二是服务人员存在乱收费现象,三是部分非正规服务人员存在小病大修的情况,损害消费者利益。消费者对于服务质量的关注点也有所变化,原来消费者关注的仅是服务质量(维修质量、安装质量),现在消费者在关注服务质量的基础上增加了体验感,希望能参与到整个服务流程中,这就要求服务人员对整个流程执行的规范性不断提高。
+
+#### 4. 行业诚信水平亟待提高
+
+尽管行业竞争度高,但服务规范化程度低,尚未建立企业和从业者信用监管体系,企业服务承诺及质量信誉无法得到全面及时的监督。消费者针对家电服务的投诉数量较多,重点是服务收费和服务质量方面。从业者服务质量参差不齐,尤其是非厂家授权服务人员水平不高,诚信度较低。行业急需建立一套客观公正的、符合行业实际的服务质量、品牌信誉评价体系,大力发展第三方专业评测和认证服务。
+
+### （二）原因分析
+
+#### 1. 市场环境和需求转型发展的压力
+
+受房地产销量趋缓影响,家电产品普及率触顶。近年来,家电消费观念转变,消费者对家电新品的需求减弱。上述因素是销售阶段服务营收增长回落的主因(如房间空调),新家电(马桶盖、智能家电等增长有大幅提升,不足补充下降之缺)。而产品的使用寿命不断延长,功能持续提升,价格走低,导致维修量大幅减少。
+
+#### 2. 组织规模变化
+
+信息技术发展,使服务组织的互联网化、扁平化、移动化成为现实,企业数量进一步减少,固定网点数量减少,服务单元个人化、微商化的趋势增强。行业领先型企业已经率先实现了家电服务的去中介化模式,统一报修平台直接派单给服务人员,在部分发达地区已实现服务人员抢单模式,中间层企业(维修服务部)数量不断减少或转型,企业与服务人员因订单合作,但企业受地域、人力等方面限制,不具备对所有服务人员的管理能力,这就存在部分服务人员不按企业规程操作的情况。
+
+#### 3. 盈利能力下降
+
+企业在经营场所、人力资源、设施设备、交通运输等方面的支出负担越来越重，维修服务量总体减少，给企业生存造成压力，企业通过不断拓展新业务维持发展，但新业务因市场的认可度较低而增长缓慢，企业整体盈利能力没有实质性突破。
+
+## 四、 行业趋势预测
+
+### （一） 趋势预测
+
+“互联网+”带来的颠覆式创新正在改变传统的家电服务业，中国家电市场传统的垂直一体化的服务模式正在被打破，家电服务市场的创新整合给消费者带来全新体验，传统的售后安装、维修随着产品销量的下滑、产品更新换代加快而减少，但是新兴新型的服务业务呈现爆发式增长。预计2017年营收较2016年进一步增长，企业规模化，连锁化程度将进一步提高，平台类、小微企业会继续增加。
+
+
+
+**图七：2011-2017年家电服务行业规模（亿元）**
+
+**数据来源：中国家用电器服务维修协会行业统计数据**
+
+### （二） 主要依据及影响因素分析
+
+#### 1. 政策为家电服务业发展提供了强有力的支持
+
+供给侧结构性改革是党中央和国务院引领经济发展新常态的重大部署,是在经济新常态下促进经济健康发展的系统性方案,是适应经济社会发展需要和国际环境变化的宏观政策手段。家电服务业不断深化供给侧结构性改革,以“质量、信用、服务”为重点,通过质量为准、信用为本、服务为先措施,针对性地破解供给侧结构性改革过程中的基础、供给、成本、效率、动力、制度保障等问题。特别是营改增税收政策实施以来,服务企业成本降低,盈利能力提升。
+
+#### 2. 第三产业助力中国家电服务业健康发展
+
+经济全球化加速中国工业化进程,提升产业结构调整。工业生产缓中趋稳,企业效益、效率有所提升。第三产业发展向好,企业效益增长较快。
+
+
+
+**图八：2011-2015年三大产业增加值占GDP比重(百分比)**
+
+**数据来源：2016年国家统计局年鉴**
+
+#### 3. 中国家庭家电拥有量的增加对家电服务需求的拉动
+
+根据中国家电电器服务维修协会预测,截止目前中国家庭的家电保有量约50亿台左右,按照大约4亿多户家庭计算,每户家庭的家电拥有件数在10-12件左右。这为家电服务业稳步发展提供了基础,消费者对定期保养和便捷维修等服务的需求稳定,对个性化的服务需求增加,未来服务市场将越来越细分。
+
+#### 4. 技术催生家电服务市场需求的增加
+
+家电企业不断加快转型升级步伐,通过创新驱动,向高端化、智能化方向发展,引导新一轮产品的更新迭代。消费者对个性化、多样化商品的需求不断提升,智能、绿色、大品牌、高品质商品受到市场欢迎。
+
+## 五、促进行业发展的主要对策及政策建议
+
+### (一) 促进行业发展的对策措施建议
+
+#### 1. 充分发挥行业协会的作用
+
+行业协会作为政府与企业沟通的桥梁,对行业、企业发展有着更深入的了解,建议充分发挥行业协会的作用,在开展行业自律、行业研究、标准化建设、政策咨询、统计分析、舆论宣传等方面的发挥更大的力量。
+
+#### 2. 推动行业信用体系平台建设
+
+家电服务业目前还处于发展阶段,还存在各种侵害消费者权益的情况存在,大力规范行业发展方面开展相应工作,建立行业信用平台,出台支持行业信用体系建设的政策措施。鼓励第三方开展服务质量评价,编制评价标准。
+
+### (二) 促进行业发展的政策建议
+
+#### 1. 进一步提高小微企业纳税年营收水平
+
+随着人力、固定设施设备、交通等成本的提高，服务收费略有增长，但利润未体现出大幅增长，建议针对小微企业出台更加优惠的税收和投融资政策。
+
+#### 2. 建立服务质量信用信息平台
+
+建议建立行业服务质量信用信息平台，进行行业统计和信用分类管理，了解行业动态，发布消费者服务质量评价信息（服务企业、服务人员），接收并处理消费者投诉。
+
+#### 3. 推动居民生活服务业融合发展
+
+制订居民生活服务业跨领域融合发展的鼓励政策。扶持居民生活服务业进社区、下乡村，与养老、保健、家装、餐饮、文化娱乐等产业联合发展，创新业态，实现资源互补、优势共享。
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+# 中国沐浴行业发展报告2017
+
+**商务部服务贸易和商贸服务业司**
+
+**2017年8月**
+
+## 目 录
+
+**前言...3**
+
+**一、典型企业统计情况分析...4**
+
+（一）行业规模分析...4
+
+（二）行业结构分析...4
+
+（三）行业效益分析...5
+
+（四）连锁化发展状况...6
+
+（五）行业贡献度分析...6
+
+**二、沐浴业发展概况...7**
+
+（一）积极向健康养生转型...7
+
+（二）职业培训取得突破性进展...7
+
+（三）职业经理人网络正在形成...8
+
+（四）社会认知度进一步提高...8
+
+**三、沐浴业存在的主要问题及其原因...8**
+
+（一）存在的主要问题...8
+
+1、总体上管理水平偏低...8
+
+2、缺乏应有的风险意识...9
+
+3、诚信经营的问题比较突出...9
+
+4、人才的矛盾日益凸现...9
+
+5、经营成本居高不下...10
+
+（二）产生这些问题的主要原因...10
+
+1、从业人员文化程偏低...10
+
+2、职业教育相对滞后...10
+
+3、行业的自律意识不强...11
+
+**四、沐浴业未来发展趋势及依据...13**
+
+（一）行业发展趋势的预测和判断...14
+
+1、新业态引领行业发展...14
+
+2、连锁经营的步伐不断加快...14
+
+3、温泉业态会有一个大的发展...14
+
+4、职业教育会掀起一个新的高潮...15
+
+**五、促进沐浴业发展的主要对策和政策建议...15**
+
+（一）促进沐浴业发展的主要对策...15
+
+（二）促进沐浴业持续发展的政策建议...16
+
+## 前言
+
+本报告主要依据 2016 年商务部商贸服务典型企业统计数据进行测算，鉴于典型企业统计方法的局限性，考虑到行业非法人经营单位、从业人员的流动性和不宜统计等因素，相关统计数据可能存在偏差。本报告由中国商业联合会沐浴专业委员会起草，力求准确反映 2016 年沐浴业发展现状、存在问题，并结合行业发展趋势，提出相关政策建议。
+
+## 一、典型企业统计情况分析
+
+### (一) 行业规模分析。
+
+据商务部商贸服务典型企业调查数据测算,2016年,全国沐浴企业的数量为15.8万家,比上年增加3.9%;从业人数为1030.5万,比上年增加0.1%;企业营业面积为22.1亿平方米,比上年增加0.04%。
+
+(见表1)
+
+2016年中国沐浴业发展规模 表1
+
+ | 2015 | 2016 | 同比增长 (%) | | 企业数量 (万个) | 15.2 | 15.8 | 3.9 | | 从业人员数量 (万人) | 1029 | 1030.5 | 0.1 | | 企业营业面积 (万平方米) | 220171.5 | 220272.6 | 0.04 |
+
+调查数据显示,2016年足浴企业数量有所减少,由上年10.3万个减少到10.1万个,比上年减少0.02%;综合浴场由上年的5.2万个增至5.7万个。(见表2)
+
+2016年全国沐浴业综合浴场和足浴企业数量构成 表2
+
+| 企业数量 (万个) | 2015 | 2016 | 同比增长 (%) | | 足浴 (万个) | 10.3 | 10.1 | -0.02 | | 综合浴场 (万个) | 5.2 | 5.7 | 0.1 |
+
+调查数据显示,2016年综合浴场从业人员由上年419.2万人下降至409.4万人,同比减少2.3%;足浴企业从业人员由上年的701.4万人下降至679.7万人,同比减少3%。(见表3)
+
+2016年沐浴业综合浴场和足浴企业从业人员构成 表3
+
+ | 2015 | 2016 | 同比增长 (%) | | 足浴 (万人) | 701.4 | 679.7 | -3 | | 综合浴场 (万人) | 419.2 | 409.4 | -2.3 |
+
+### (二) 行业结构分析。
+
+从我们的实地调查和各地反映的情况看,2016年,我国综合性浴场的经营结构进一步调整,增加了日式、韩式汗蒸的经营项目,辽宁、吉林、上海、浙江、江西、江苏、安徽、湖北等地涌现了不少大型的汗蒸设施,各地还有一批汗蒸项目正在上马。温泉继续受到广大百姓青睐,行业规模进一步扩大,服务水准也进一步提高。修脚作为一个独立的业态走向市场,发展较快,大连的朋朋修脚和扬州的陆琴脚艺等,都已发展成有一定规模的连锁企业。一些技术水平和服务质量上乘的SPA会所突颖而出,一些注重品牌、讲究信誉的企业开始实现连锁经营。
+
+### (三) 行业效益分析。
+
+2016年,全国沐浴业营业收入为3456.2亿元,比上年增加10.3%;主营业务收入为3177.9亿元,比上年增加了12.2%;其它业务收入为278.3亿元,比上年增加了9.8%;(见表4)
+
+2016年中国沐浴业经济效益 表4
+
+ | 2015 | 2016 | 同比增长 (%) | | 全国沐浴业营业收入 (亿元) | 3132.7 | 3456.2 | 10.3 | | 主营业务收入 (亿元) | 2830.1 | 3177.9 | 12.2 | | 其他业务收入 (亿元) | 253.4 | 278.3 | 9.8 |
+
+调查数据显示2016年足浴行业营业收入由上年的2380.9亿元上升至2616.3亿元,同比增长10%,综合浴场营业收入由上年的751.7亿元上升至839.9亿元,同比增加11.7%。(见表5)
+
+2016年全国沐浴业综合浴场和足浴企业营业收入比较 表5
+
+ | 2015 | 2016 | 同比增长 (%) | | 足浴 (亿元) | 2380.9 | 2616.3 | 10 | | 综合浴场 (亿元) | 751.7 | 839.9 | 11.7 |
+
+### (四) 连锁化发展状况。
+
+2016年,全国沐浴业的连锁门店数为59.8万个,比上年增加了27.5%;连锁门店的营业额为1497.2亿元,比上年增加了33.4%。(见表6)
+
+2016年中国沐浴业连锁经营情况 表6
+
+ | 2015 | 2016 | 同比增长 (%) | | 全国沐浴业连锁门店数量 (万个) | 46.9 | 59.8 | 27.5 | | 连锁门店的营业额 (亿元) | 1122.1 | 1497.2 | 33.4 |
+
+### (五) 行业贡献度分析。
+
+2016年,全国沐浴业共计接待消费者27.6万人次,比上年增加了5.2%;发放员工工资1523.4亿元,比上年增加16.8%。(见表7)
+
+2016年中国沐浴业对社会的贡献度 表7
+
+ | 2015 | 2016 | 同比增长 (%) | | 接待服务人次 (万人次) | 262250.1 | 275793.2 | 5.2 | | 发放员工工资 (亿元) | 1304.2 | 1523.4 | 16.8 | | 上缴税收 (亿元) | 80.9 | 82.8 | 0.02 | | 用水量 (万吨) | 3339.8 | 3338.1 | -0.05% |
+
+## 二、沐浴业发展概况
+
+在全民大健康的时代背景下,沐浴业的经营理念、经营模式、经营结构、经营布局正在悄悄的发生变化;企业的经营规模逐步扩大,企业的管理水平稳步提高,通过与“美团”等互联网机构的合作,不少企业在网上销售上取得一定的进展;企业家总体素质有所改善,职业经理人的培训教育得到加强,从业人员的文化水平和技术水平进一步提高;沐浴业五个业态(洗浴、足浴、温泉、SPA、修脚)之间的联系更加紧密,国际间的合作也进一步增加,整个沐浴业的产业链初步形成。主要反映在以下六个方面:
+
+### (一)积极向健康养生转型。
+随着社会的进步,人民生活水平的不断提高,人们对健康的问题日益重视,健康问题已成为广大普通百姓热切关心的话题。许多企业把沐浴同健康养生紧密结合起来,把中医养生的理念植入企业的日常经营中,引进必要设备,引进和培养技术人才,聘请名医专家坐堂,挖掘中华医药的宝库,收寻各种祖传秘方,通过用传统的中医理疗方法来调理顾客的慢性疾病,缓解他们的病痛,改善他们的亚健康状况,提高生活质量,增加生命活力,受到广大消费者的欢迎。
+
+### (二)职业培训取得突破性进展。
+为了在总体上提高整个沐浴业从业人员的素质,提高企业的管理水平,为沐浴业的持续稳步发展创造条件,中国商业联合会沐浴专业委员会成立了中国沐浴商学院,主要招生企业的投资者和职业经理人,以拓展训练锻炼学员的意志和团队精神,聘请专家学者传授管理经验和专业知识,举行各种论坛拓宽学员的视野,增强实战本领。第一期总裁班结业后,全国各地反映良好,不仅这些学员的企业面貌发生很大变化,通过学员之间的互动交流,在行业之间也产生了广泛影响。中国沐浴商学院的创立,对于提高沐浴业从业人员的素质,加强对行业的规范管理,具有很重要的意义。
+
+### (三) 职业经理人网络正在形成。
+
+2016年7月,中国商业联合会沐浴专业委员会组织成立了全国沐浴业职业经理人精英会,随即,山东省、辽宁省、吉林省、黑龙江省也相继成立了沐浴业职业经理人精英会,帮助他们交流经验,了解更多的市场信息,获得更多的社会资源,为企业发展创造更有利的条件,从而受到了全国沐浴业企业家的广泛欢迎。
+
+### (四) 行业的社会认知度进一步提高。
+
+2016年,各地协会和企业开展社会公益活动和诚信经营教育,为普通百姓提供免费服务;坚持以诚为本,不断提高服务质量和技术水平。经过坚持不懈的努力,行业的风气有了很大改变,热心社会公益事业、坚持诚信经营的企业不断增多,并涌现了一批被社会公认的优秀企业家和先进人物,在很大程度上改变了人们对沐浴业存在的偏见,提高了沐浴业在社会上的声誉和认知度。
+
+## 三、沐浴业存在的主要问题及其原因
+
+### (一) 存在的主要问题
+
+#### 1、总体上管理水平偏低
+
+众多的大众浴室、小的足浴店和所谓的汗蒸馆,在管理上都存在较大问题：绝大多数企业都没有管理制度，没有专职管理人员，很多小店其实就是夫妻老婆店，采用的是最原始的管理方法，无帐可查，无资料可寻，不仅环境简陋，卫生状况很差，安全隐患也随处可见。
+
+#### 2、缺乏应有的风险意识
+
+不少企业家对一些重大投资项目缺乏应有的风险意识，投资决策盲目跟风的问题比较突出。不少企业家看上了汗蒸馆，全国各地都有几万平方米的项目在上马，其中所隐藏的风险也是显而易见的。这些年来，全国各地有不少企业家因投资决策失误而破产，只是有不少人至今并未觉悟。
+
+#### 3、诚信经营的问题比较突出
+
+诚信缺失的问题在部分企业的经营中还是时有发生。一是在经营理念上唯利是图，为达目的往往不择手段；二是营销广告有陷阱，消费者稍不留意就会上当；三是所售产品名不符实，价格离谱难以接受；四是店家承诺不兑现，消费者有苦难言；五是价格不透明，收费不合理。凡此种种，严重损害了消费者的权益，对行业也造成了负面影响。
+
+#### 4、人才的矛盾日益凸现
+
+现在沐浴业普遍存在的问题是缺合格的技师，缺称职的职业经理人，出高价抢技师的情况成为行业常态，技师流动性很大，称职合格的职业经理人更是一人难求。现在全国沐浴企业要近16万家，这些企业的管理人员大多是矮中取长，受过专业培训的很少。现在很多企业难以有大的发展，同缺乏有德有才的职业经理人有很大的关系。
+
+#### 5、经营成本居高不下
+
+从各地反映的情况看,现在的人力成本年年看涨,在正规的企业,一般的服务员月薪在3000元左右,技师的月工资都要超6000元,一、二线城市的技师年收入都达到15~20万元,企业支付员工的工资一般要占经营成本的30%~40%;房租也是年年在递增,一年的收入有25%~30%要用来支付房钱;再加上水电、燃料、辅料和管理费,一般的小企业一年经营下来所剩无几。
+
+### (二) 产生这些问题的主要原因。
+
+我国沐浴业之所以出现这些问题,究其原因主要在于:
+
+#### 1、从业人员文化程度偏低
+
+我国沐浴业起源于茶馆澡堂,从业人员不少是搓澡工、修脚师出身,即使是一些技师,虽然有一点手艺,但文化程度并不高。从行业整体情况看,大多数人只有初小文化,企业管理层的高中文化的也不多,大专以上的更是凤毛麟角;大部分投资者都是来自农民,在改革开放初期拿到了第一桶金,但文化程度都不高。由于文化程度偏低,缺乏分析判断能力,从投资者角度看,在市场一哄而起的时候,因需大于求,所以很多矛盾都被掩盖着,一旦市场饱和、竞争激烈的时候,这些企业家便束手无策,管理混乱、决策错误这些问题就不可避免了。
+
+#### 2、职业教育相对滞后
+
+目前我国各类职业学校不少,但针对沐浴业各个业态的职业学校很少。由于缺乏专门的学校,缺少经过专业培训的人才,而行业又在急骤扩张,市场又急需有真才实学的人才,于是,一些有本事的技师就成了抢手货，称职的职业经理人就一人难求了。
+
+#### 3、行业的自律意识不强
+
+现在企业在诚信上出问题，除了社会的因素以外，不少企业家在实际经营过程中不择手段、不讲信誉的问题较突出；另外，大多数职业经理人在制定营销策略时只注重自己所得，把消费者的权益放在一边；而企业的一般员工（尤其是技师）因企业的许多营销措施直接同自己的经济利益挂钩，所以在推销产品、广告宣传上，就会言过其实，夸大其事。只有企业家本身的自律问题解决了，企业诚信经营的问题才会有保证，消费者的权益也能得到保障。
+
+## 四、沐浴业未来发展趋势
+
+### （一）行业发展趋势的预测和判断。
+
+#### 1、新业态引领行业发展
+
+规模较小、设施简陋、功能单一、管理落后的大众浴室，随着城市改造、需求变化等因素，业态会逐步萎缩，数量会进一步减少；体量较大的综合性浴场，经营布局和经营结构将会作进一步调整，一些传统项目会逐渐淡出经营范围；年轻人喜欢的一些休闲项目，以中医调理、健康养生为主的项目会成为综合性浴场转型发展的方向；一批大型和超大型的集洗浴、汗蒸、美容、养生、健体、休闲、娱乐、餐饮、住宿于一身的综合体将成为沐浴业新的标志。
+
+#### 2、连锁经营的步伐不断加快
+
+一些散落在街头巷尾、无证无照、挂羊头卖狗肉的所谓的小足疗店将逐步消失；一些设施简陋、服务水准较低、缺乏专业技师的足浴店经过整顿,将实行关停并转;一些规模不大、但市场信誉好、深受消费者欢迎的足浴企业会利用品牌效应,朝着连锁经营方向发展;一些品牌连锁的足浴企业将会通过整合资源,采取直营和加盟相结合的方式,进一步加快连锁经营的步伐。从现在的情况看,所有足浴企业在发展过程中,都将把中华足道和中医养生紧密结合起来,只有这样,企业发展的前景才会越来越广阔。
+
+#### 3、温泉业态会有一个大发展
+
+全国各地一些大型的温泉建设项目正在陆续上马,温泉的规模正在进一步扩大;温泉的发展更加注重文化内涵,设计思想和设计理念正在进一步创新;温泉的发展更加重视同养生、养老相结合,同旅游、度假相结合,同建设生态农庄相结合。总之,温泉会在一个更高的层次有一个新的发展。
+
+#### 4、职业教育会掀起一个新的高潮
+
+中国沐浴商学院及在各地的分院会不断扩大招生规模,壮大师资队伍,设立更多的专业,努力提高教学质量,培养更多的专业人才。各类职业学校(学院)将发挥各自的优势,根据市场需要,增设相关专业,为沐浴业的发展定向培养专业人才。有条件的企业也将利用自己的长处,针对性地培训企业所需要的技术人员;另外,各类行业培训和行业论坛会更加活跃,技术交流也将更为广泛,沐浴业的总体素质会有一个大的提高。
+
+## 五、促进沐浴业发展的主要对策和政策建议
+
+### （一）促进沐浴业发展的主要对策。
+
+1、 要在全行业广泛开展诚信经营活动，教育企业家、职业经理人和员工树立“诚信为本”的经营理念，不断提高服务质量和技术水平，全心全意为消费者服务，以实际行动来提高社会对行业的认知度，提高行业的社会地位。
+
+2、 要切实解决行业人才匮乏的问题。要在职业教育上下功夫，进一步完善健全体制机制，充实师资力量，落实教育基地，科学设置课程。要切实发挥地方协会的积极性，共同抓好各地培训机构的建设工作，上下联动，共同为培养沐浴业的各类专门人才作贡献；另外，要积极争取教育部门的支持，采取多种方式和有关职业教育学校（学院）联手合作，开设同沐浴业有关的专业，让更多的人能接受教育，提高文化水平和专业技能；要鼓励有条件有能力的企业职校招收学员，经过培训参加专业考试，获得国家职业资格证书。
+
+3、 要发挥行业协会的作用。目前，在全国29个省、直辖市和自治区中，有18个省份及直辖市建立了沐浴业社会组织。行业协会作为联系政府与企业之间的桥梁和纽带，要切实抓好自己建设，积极承担起行业自律、维护消费者权益和保障企业合法权益的作用，为推进行业的健康发展贡献力量。
+
+### （二）促进沐浴业持续发展的政策建议。
+
+1、 要加快完善标准体系。国家商务部先后颁发了14个关于沐浴业标准，对于推动我国沐浴业的健康发展发挥了重要作用。随着沐浴业的发展，又出现了一些新的业态，比如各类汗蒸馆，但现行的标准还没有明确规定；需要早日出台新业态标准，尽快完善标准体系，使之更加完善，更具操作性。
+
+2、 要强化行业组织建设。这些年来，我国各地的沐浴业协会在支持政府工作，解决企业困难，促进行业发展等方面做了大量工作，受到企业、政府部门和社会各界的好评。但由于行业协会是公益组织，没有经费来源，主要靠收会费来维持，不少规模较小的协会，一年的会费收入连工作人员的工资也应付不了，要开展活动就更难了，需要加大提升服务水平，增强服务能力。
+3、 要加强对行业协会的管理。从目前我国各地的沐浴业协会来说，发展很不平衡，尤其是秘书长队伍参差不齐，文化水平和工作能力差别很大。为规范行业协会的发展，有关部门要加强对沐浴业协会的监管，加强对协会主要领导的审核，不能滥竽充数，不符合条件的要调整。
+
+目前，我国沐浴业正处在转型发展的关键阶段。我们必须紧紧抓住这个机遇，充分利用当前的大好形势，以市场为导向，以人民群众的需要为努力方向，积极发挥社会组织的作用，为推进我国沐浴业的健康发展作出应有的贡献。
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@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+附件1
+
+# eCTD 技术规范
+
+国家药品监督管理局
+
+2021年9月
+
+## 目 录
+**引言 ... 5**
+
+电子通用技术文档（eCTD）模型结构 ... 5
+
+本文档结构说明 ... 6
+
+**1. 介绍 ... 7**
+
+1.1 目的 ... 7
+
+1.2 范围和应用 ... 7
+
+1.3 配套文件 ... 7
+
+**2. eCTD 申报资料结构 ... 10**
+
+2.1 申请信息 ... 10
+
+2.1.1 申请编号 ... 11
+
+2.1.2 申请类型 ... 11
+
+2.1.3 产品类型 ... 12
+
+2.1.4 原始编号 ... 12
+
+2.2 注册行为信息 ... 12
+
+2.2.1 注册行为类型 ... 12
+
+2.2.2 相关序列 ... 13
+
+2.3 序列信息 ... 14
+
+2.3.1 序列号 ... 14
+
+2.3.2 序列类型 ... 15
+
+2.3.3 序列描述 ... 15
+
+2.3.4 序列联系人信息 ... 15
+
+2.4 申请、注册行为和序列的关系 ... 16
+
+**3. 区域性管理信息 ... 18**
+
+3.1 模块一的行政文件和药品信息 ... 18
+
+3.2 3.2.R 章节的使用 ... 18
+
+3.3 文件和文件夹 ... 19
+
+3.3.1 内容文件的格式 ... 19
+
+3.3.2 文件和文件夹命名规则 ... 20
+
+3.3.3 关于空缺章节的处理 ... 22
+
+3.3.4 文件的重复使用 ... 22
+
+3.4 PDF 电子提交标准 ... 23
+
+3.5 外文参考资料的要求 ... 24
+
+3.5.1 语言属性的设置 ... 25
+
+3.5.2 语言属性的生命周期管理 ... 27
+
+3.6 eCTD 骨架属性和元数据 ... 27
+
+3.7 扩展节点 ... 28
+
+3.8 研究标签文件 ... 29
+
+3.9 生命周期操作 ... 30
+
+3.10 电子签名 ... 30
+
+3.11 eCTD 提交方式 ... 30
+
+**4. 模块一的总体架构 ... 32**
+
+4.1 创建模块一骨架文件 ... 33
+
+4.2 XML 根元素 ... 33
+
+4.3 信封元素 ... 34
+
+4.4 目录元素 ... 37
+
+**5. 参考 ... 39**
+
+**6. 术语表 ... 41**
+
+## 引言
+### 电子通用技术文档（eCTD）模型结构
+
+下图是针对一个 eCTD 新药申请首次申请首次提交的全套申报资料输出文件夹的结构示例，包括模块一至模块五的
+内容文件，2 个骨架文件（XML 文件），1 个存放 DTD 相关文件的 util 文件夹及 1 个存放 MD5 值的文本文件。
+
+
+
+### 本文档结构说明
+
+本文档主要包含以下内容：
+
+第一章，介绍本文档的目的、范围和应用以及相关配套文件。
+
+第二章，介绍一套 eCTD 申报资料所需要包含的信息及其层级结构。
+
+第三章，对在《ICH eCTD 技术规范 V3.2.2》等相关规范中未作要求，或明确指出由实施地区监管机构自行决定的区域性管理信息进行说明。
+
+第四章，针对区域性管理信息中的模块一部分，对其总体架构进行具体说明。
+
+第五章，介绍本文档的参考文件。
+
+第六章，介绍本文档相关术语。
+
+
+## 1. 介绍
+### 1.1 目的
+eCTD 是用于药品注册申报和审评的电子注册文件。通过可扩展标记语言（Extensible Markup Language，XML）将符合通用技术文档（CTD）规范的药品申报资料以电子化形式进行组织、传输和呈现。
+
+本文档为 eCTD 技术规范，用以指导 eCTD 软件公司开发符合要求的 eCTD 出版软件，及申请人制作符合要求的eCTD 申报资料。
+
+在本文档中将使用 CN 作为中国的区域代码。
+
+### 1.2 范围和应用
+
+本文档对 eCTD 模块一行政文件和药品信息，以及其他区域性信息进行了说明。
+
+申请人准备 eCTD 申报资料，除本文档外，还应参考《ICH eCTD 技术规范 V3.2.2》等相关规范。
+
+### 1.3 配套文件
+
+eCTD 技术规范还包括以下配套文件：
+
+#### 1. ICH 文档类型定义（DTD）文件和区域 Schema 文件
+DTD 和 Schema 都是用于对 XML 文档结构进行规范并验证其有效性的定义和描述文件。
+DTD 文件指 ICH 发布的“ich-ectd-3-2.dtd”和“ich-stf-v2-2.dtd”文件，用于对 eCTD 骨架文件、研究标签文件（STF）的有效性进行技术证。模块二至模块五的骨架文件及研究标签文件中将引用上述 DTD 文件，请参考附件 2-1：ICH DTD 文件和附件 2-2：ICH STF DTD文件。
+区域 Schema 文件指“cn-regional-1-0.xsd”文件，用于定义 eCTD 信封信息和模块一的标题，对区域性信息进行技术验证以确保申报资料相关信息的准确性，“xlink.xsd”和“xml.xsd”文件作为区域 Schema 文件的引用文件，用于定义 XML 文件的基本结构，请参考附件1-1：区域 Schema 文件、附件 3-1：w3c 标准 xlink 结构定义文件、附件 3-2：w3c 标准 xml 命名规范定义文件。
+
+#### 2. 受控词汇文件
+一套 XML 格式的代码定义文件，用以实现多语言
+显示/处理。代码定义文件主要包含内容有：eCTD 的有效标题列表、提交的申请中使用的代码类型、代码名称、中英文显示值、以及包括有效日期在内的代码版本控制信息，请参考附件 1-2：受控词汇文件包。
+
+#### 3. eCTD 验证标准
+验证标准提供了验证项目描述、验证项目详细说明、严重程度（错误、警告、提示信息），用于对申报资料进行验证，指导申请人如何纠正错误，制作出符合 eCTD 标准的申报资料。
+
+#### 4. 样式表格文件
+样式表格文件包括 ICH 发布的“ectd-2-0.xsl”文件、“ich-stf-stylesheet-2-2a.xsl” 或 “ich-stf-stylesheet-2-3.xsl”文件，以及模块一的样式表格文件“cn-regional-1-0.xsl”，分别用于规定模块二至模块五的骨架文件、申报资料中的 STF 文件和模块一的骨架文件的展示样式，请参考附件 2-3：ICH 样式文件、附件 2-4：ICH STF 样式文件 2-2a、附件 2-5：ICH STF 样式文件 2-3、附件 1-3：区域样式文件。
+### 5. STF 相关属性和标签有效值定义文件
+ICH 发布的“valid-values.xml（version 5）”文件，用于定义 STF 文件中使用到的属性值和标签值，请参考附件 2-6：STF 标签值文件。
+### 6. CTD 模块一文件组织结构
+用于定义模块一文件夹和文件的编号、标题名称、元素名称、相对路径等信息，请参考附件 1-4：CTD 模块一文件组织结构。
+
+## 2. eCTD 申报资料结构
+eCTD 申报资料由申请、注册行为和序列三个层级来定义。每个层级都包含一系列相关信息，即申请信息、注册行为信息和序列信息。
+
+关于申请、注册行为、序列输出文件夹的层级示例如下图 1 所示。
+
+
+**图 1.申请、注册行为、序列输出文件夹的层级示例**
+
+### 2.1 申请信息
+申请是指为了一个特殊的监管目的（如临床试验申请）来整理和提交的申报资料的集合。一个药品在临床试验和新药申请，或临床试验和仿制药申请两个阶段，对应两套独立的申报资料集合，即两个申请。
+
+每个申请信息包含申请编号、申请类型、产品类型、原始编号信息。
+
+
+#### 2.1.1 申请编号
+
+申请编号是一个申请在其全生命周期内的唯一识别编号，由监管机构分配给申请人。
+
+在首次提交临床试验申请、新药申请或仿制药申请的eCTD序列时，申请人应从监管机构获取相应的申请编号。
+
+申请编号编码规则如下所示：
+
+字母 (x=新药申请; y=仿制药申请; l=临床试验申请) +年份(4位数字)+5位流水号。
+
+例如：x202112345。
+
+#### 2.1.2 申请类型
+
+申请类型是一组定义的类型，用以描述申请的目的。有关申请类型的详细信息请参考附件 1-2 受控词汇文件中 cv-application-type.xml 文件的最新版本。
+
+#### 2.1.3 产品类型
+
+产品类型是一组定义的类型,用以描述产品分类信息。有关产品类型的详细信息请参考附件 1-2 受控词汇文件中 cv-product-type.xml 文件的最新版本。
+
+#### 2.1.4 原始编号
+
+原始编号是对一个进入注册审批程序的药品所给予的基本的和永久的资料代号,是用于标识申请人、活性成分和剂型的唯一识别码,由监管机构分配。
+
+原始编号编码规则为年份(4位数字)+6位流水号,例
+如:2021123456。
+
+### 2.2 注册行为信息
+
+注册行为是指针对某一特定注册目的从首次提交到获得批准的所有序列的申报资料集合,可以包含一个序列或多个序列。同一个注册行为中的多个序列可以是连续的序列,也可以是不连续的序列。
+
+每个注册行为信息包括注册行为类型信息和相关序列信息。
+
+#### 2.2.1 注册行为类型
+
+注册行为类型是一组定义的类型,用于描述注册行为的目的。有关注册行为类型的详细信息请参考附件 1-2 受控词汇文件中 cv-regulatory-activity-type.xml 文件的最新版本。
+
+#### 2.2.2 相关序列
+
+相关序列用于将一个申请中的序列按照注册行为进行分组。一个注册行为中首次提交的序列被称为该注册行为中提交的所有序列的相关序列。
+
+相关序列应用的具体示例如下表1和下表2所示：
+
+**表1.临床试验申请的相关序列示例**
+
+
+| 序列 | 相关序列 | 注册行为类型 | 序列类型 | 序列描述 |
|---|
+| 0000 | 0000 | 首次申请 | 首次提交 | 适应症为xx的临床试验申请 |
+| 0001 | 0000 | 首次申请 | 回复 | 对序列0000的发补回复 |
+| 0002 | 0002 | 补充申请 | 首次提交 | 生产工艺变更 |
+| 0003 | 0002 | 补充申请 | 回复 | 对序列0002的发补回复 |
+| 0004 | 0004 | 新适应症和联合用药 | 首次提交 | 新增适应症为xx的临床试验申请 |
+| 0005 | 0005 | 补充申请 | 首次提交 | 分析方法变更 |
+| 0006 | 0005 | 补充申请 | 回复 | 对序列0005的发补回复 |
+| 0007 | 0004 | 新适应症和联合用药 | 回复 | 对序列0004的发补回复 |
+| 0008 | 0008 | 研发期间安全性报告 | 首次提交 | 研发期间安全性更新报告提交 |
+| 0009 | 0009 | 研发期间安全性报告 | 首次提交 | 其他潜在的严重安全性风险信息 |
+
+**表 2.新药申请的相关序列示例**
+
+| 序列 | 相关序列 | 注册行为类型 | 序列类型 | 序列描述 |
|---|
+| 0000 | 0000 | 首次申请 | 首次提交 | 适应症为xx的新药上市申请 |
+| 0001 | 0000 | 首次申请 | 回复 | 对序列0000的发补回复 |
+| 0002 | 0000 | 首次申请 | 回复 | 对序列0000的发补回复 |
+| 0003 | 0003 | 补充申请 | 首次提交 | 生产工艺变更 |
+| 0004 | 0004 | 补充申请 | 首次提交 | 分析方法变更 |
+| 0005 | 0003 | 补充申请 | 回复 | 对序列0003的发补回复 |
+| 0006 | 0006 | 新适应症 | 首次提交 | 增加新适应症xx |
+| 0007 | 0004 | 补充申请 | 回复 | 对序列0004的发补回复 |
+| 0008 | 0008 | 再注册 | 首次提交 | xx产品再注册 |
+
+### 2.3 序列信息
+
+序列是指在某一注册行为中单次提交的申报资料的集合。
+
+每个序列信息包括序列号、序列类型、序列描述和序列联系人信息。
+
+#### 2.3.1 序列号
+
+序列号是申请中唯一的4位数字的字符串，是用于区分同一申请中不同提交序列的唯一标识。
+
+申请人应从 0000 开始提交，每次提交时须将序列号加1，并按先后次序提交，不得跳号提交。
+
+#### 2.3.2 序列类型
+
+序列类型是一组定义的类型,用于描述序列的目的。有关序列类型的详细信息请参考附件 1-2 受控词汇文件中 cv-sequence-type.xml 文件的最新版本。
+
+#### 2.3.3 序列描述
+
+序列描述是对序列提交目的的简要描述,用于区分相似类型的序列。序列描述长度应在120个中文字符以内。
+
+以下列出了一些序列描述的示例：
+
+1. 适应症为xx的新药上市申请
+
+2. 对序列xx的发补回复
+
+3. 药品生产商的变更,从xx改为yy
+
+4. 增加新的原料药生产商,xx
+
+5. 增加新适应症 xx
+
+6. xx (方案编号) 方案修正
+
+申请人填写的序列描述不得替代对监管机构问题的回复、说明函,或用于向监管机构提问等。
+
+#### 2.3.4 序列联系人信息
+
+序列联系人信息是对该序列的申报资料负责的联系人信息。申请人需要提供的信息包括联系人姓名、电话及邮箱地址。
+
+### 2.4 申请、注册行为和序列的关系
+
+申请人应按照现行注册程序，并根据申报资料的实际情况选择对应的申请类型、注册行为类型和序列类型。有关申请类型、注册行为类型、序列类型对应关系的详细信息请参考附件 1-2 受控词汇文件中 depend-apt-rat-sqt.xml 文件的最新版本。下表 3 举例说明了申请类型、注册行为类型、序列类型的一些实际应用：
+
+**表 3.申请、注册行为和序列的关系**
+
+
+
+| 申请类型 | 注册行为类型 | 序列类型 |
|---|
+
+
+| 临床试验申请 | 首次申请 | 首次提交回复撤回 |
+| 补充申请 | 首次提交回复撤回 |
+| 新适应症和联合用药 | 首次提交回复撤回 |
+| 研发期间安全性报告 | 首次提交回复撤回 |
+| 新药申请 | 首次申请 | 首次提交回复撤回 |
+| 补充申请 | 首次提交回复撤回 |
+| 备案 | 首次提交回复撤回 |
+| 报告 | 首次提交回复撤回 |
+| 新适应症 | 首次提交回复撤回 |
+| 再注册 | 首次提交回复撤回 |
+| 基线 | 格式转换回复撤回 |
+| 仿制药申请 | 首次申请 | 首次提交回复撤回 |
+| 补充申请 | 首次提交回复撤回 |
+| 备案 | 首次提交回复撤回 |
+| 报告 | 首次提交回复撤回 |
+| 新适应症 | 首次提交回复撤回 |
+| 再注册 | 首次提交回复撤回 |
+| 基线 | 格式转换回复撤回 |
+
+
+
+## 3. 区域性管理信息
+
+
+本章节规定了 eCTD 的区域性管理信息。
+
+### 3.1 模块一的行政文件和药品信息
+
+模块一的总体构架请参见本文档第四章节。
+
+### 3.2 3.2.R 章节的使用
+
+区域性药学信息应位于 3.2.R 章节。
+
+对于生物制品,3.2.R 章节需进行粒度细分以符合注册申报资料提交要求。该细分的粒度应使用扩展节点和子文件夹来构建。
+
+扩展节点的标题命名规则如下表 4 所示:
+
+**表4. 3.2.R 章节扩展节点标题命名规则**
+| 扩展节点标题 |
|---|
| 3.2.R.1 工艺验证 | | 3.2.R.2 批记录 | | 3.2.R.3 分析方法验证报告 | | 3.2.R.4 稳定性图谱 | | 3.2.R.5 可比性方案 | | 3.2.R.6 其他 |
+
+扩展节点在骨架文件中的内容如下图2所示:
+**图2.扩展节点骨架文件示例**
+
+其他 3.2.R 章节的技术规范参照《ICH eCTD 技术规范 V3.2.2》执行。
+
+### 3.3 文件和文件夹
+
+#### 3.3.1 内容文件的格式
+
+对于 eCTD 申报资料，适用的文件格式有以下五种：
+
+1. 便携文件格式 (PDF) - .pdf 文件扩展名
+
+例如：审评内容文件
+
+2. 可扩展标记语言 (XML) - .xml 文件扩展名
+
+例如：eCTD 骨架文件
+
+3. SAS XPORT 传输文件 - .xpt 文件扩展名
+
+例如：临床试验数据文件
+
+4. 文本文件 (TXT) - .txt 文件扩展名
+
+例如：程序代码文件
+
+5. 可扩展样式表语言文件 (XSL) - .xsl 文件扩展名
+例如：XML 文档的可视化格式文件
+
+#### 3.3.2 文件和文件夹命名规则
+
+eCTD 申报资料文件及文件夹命名仅允许使用下列字符: 小写字母“a”至“z”、数字“0”至“9”、中划线“-”和下划线1“_”。对于申报资料中的任一文件，由序列文件夹开始的所有文件夹和文件名（含扩展名）路径长度不应超过180个字符，单一文件夹或文件名称（含扩展名）长度不应超过64个字符。
+
+其他命名规则参见下表5。
+
+所有目录结构都必须在 XML 骨架文件中被引用，以有效地导航到指定位置。
+
+**表 5.文件与文件夹命名规则示例**
+
+
+
+| 文件夹 | 文件 | 命名规则 |
|---|
+
+| x202112345 | 由申请编号命名的申请文件夹 |
+
+ | 0000 | 4位数字组成的序列文件夹 |
+
+ | | index.xml | 符合 ICH 要求的骨架文件 |
+
+| index-md5.txt | 符合 ICH 要求的 MD5 校验和文件 |
+
+| ml | 符合 ICH 要求的模块一内容文件夹 |
+
+ | cn | 模块一区域文件夹 |
+
+ | cn-Regional.xml | 模块一区域文件夹 |
+
+
+
+***
+
+1 《ICH eCTD 技术规范 V3.2.2》中规定的文件命名要求不允许使用下划线，但在临床数据集提交时，SAS XPORT 文件的命名可能会使用下划线。考虑到在其他国家监管机构按照 eCTD 格式递交的临床数据集文件命名也允许使用下划线，并且在《ICH eCTD 技术规范 V4.0》中也将允许文件命名使用下划线，因此本技术规范允许在对文件和文件夹的命名中使用下划线。
+
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_125.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_125.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..7d6c9e29b03c09c9a616128132e3d8463833ffd9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_125.md
@@ -0,0 +1,350 @@
+附件3
+
+# eCTD 实施指南
+
+国家药品监督管理局
+
+2021 年 9 月
+
+## 目 录
+
+**1. 概述 ... 5**
+
+1.1 目的 ... 5
+
+1.2 适用范围 ... 5
+
+1.3 相关指导原则 ... 5
+
+**2. 基本要求 ... 6**
+
+2.1 申请人及监管机构的责任 ... 6
+
+2.2 从纸质递交向 eCTD 电子提交过渡的考虑 ... 6
+
+2.3 存储介质的选择及刻录光盘的要求 ... 7
+
+2.4 光盘封面信息 ... 8
+
+2.5 病毒检查 ... 8
+
+2.6 技术验证 ... 8
+
+2.7 提交要求 ... 9
+
+2.8 纸质资料的递交及要求 ... 9
+
+**3. eCTD 申报资料中的编号管理 ... 11**
+
+3.1 原始编号的应用 ... 11
+
+3.2 申请编号的应用 ... 11
+
+3.3 序列号的应用 ... 12
+
+3.4 各编号之间的关联性 ... 13
+
+3.5 其他编号 ... 13
+
+**4. 模块信息的特殊说明 ... 14**
+
+4.1 模块一：行政文件和药品信息 ... 14
+
+4.1.1 申请表的准备 ... 14
+
+4.1.2 说明函的准备 ... 14
+
+4.1.3 信封信息的准备 ... 15
+
+4.2 模块二：通用技术文档总结 ... 15
+
+4.3 模块三：质量 ... 15
+
+4.4 模块四：非临床试验报告 ... 16
+
+4.5 模块五：临床研究报告 ... 16
+
+**5. 特定类型提交的建议 ... 17**
+
+5.1 临床试验申请的新适应症和联合用药 ... 18
+
+5.2 新药申请和仿制药申请的新适应症 ... 19
+
+5.3 基线 ... 20
+
+5.4 再注册 ... 21
+
+5.5 研发期间安全性报告 ... 21
+
+5.6 审评期间提交的申报资料 ... 22
+
+5.7 首次申请的撤回 ... 22
+
+5.8 首次申请后其他注册行为的撤回 ... 23
+
+**6. 文件生命周期的管理 ... 25**
+
+6.1 生命周期操作的基本要求 ... 25
+
+6.2 首次申请 ... 26
+
+6.3 撤回操作 ... 26
+
+6.4 特定文件的生命周期定义 ... 27
+
+6.5 并行变更的要求 ... 27
+
+6.6 eCTD 骨架属性的变更管理 ... 27
+
+**7. 对 eCTD 申报资料文件的要求 ... 29**
+
+7.1 外文在提交资料中的要求 ... 29
+
+7.2 文件格式、版本及 OCR 的要求 ... 29
+
+7.3 页码编制的要求 ... 30
+
+7.4 书签与超文本链接的要求 ... 30
+
+7.5 对文件压缩、加密的要求 ... 30
+
+7.6 文件大小的要求 ... 31
+
+7.7 电子签名的要求 ... 31
+
+**8. eCTD 技术规范更新流程及时间 ... 33**
+
+**9. 其他 ... 34**
+
+**10. 参考 ... 35**
+
+**11. 术语表 ... 37**
+
+**附件：说明函模板 ... 40**
+
+
+## 1. 概述
+### 1.1 目的
+本文档为 eCTD 实施指南，用以指导申请人准备符合要求的 eCTD 申报资料并将其按要求提交至国家药品监督管理局。
+
+本指南规定了申请人制作和提交 eCTD 申报资料的一般性要求，请申请人务必仔细阅读，认真研究。未按照本指南要求制作和提交的 eCTD 申报资料将会导致申报资料的拒收或对后续的审评审批工作造成影响。
+
+随着相关法律法规调整、业务流程变化以及信息化系统的不断升级完善，本指南相关内容也将适时进行更新。
+
+### 1.2 适用范围
+
+本指南适用于化学药品、生物制品（按生物制品管理的体外诊断试剂除外）按照 eCTD 格式进行提交的药物临床试验、药品上市许可、再注册等申请以及补充申请。
+
+### 1.3 相关指导原则
+
+申请人应按照本指南，以及《eCTD 技术规范 V1.0》、
+《eCTD 验证标准 V1.0》、《ICH M8：电子通用技术文档
+（eCTD）》相关文件，准备和提交 eCTD 申报资料。
+
+## 2. 基本要求
+### 2.1 申请人及监管机构的责任
+
+申请人应保证提交的 eCTD 申报资料的真实性。
+
+监管机构有责任保证所接收的 eCTD 申报资料的安全性和保密性，建立相应的保密机制。
+### 2.2 从纸质递交向 eCTD 电子提交过渡的考虑
+
+在 eCTD 实施初期，原纸质递交和电子提交将并行，申请人根据实际情况选择合适的方式，后续将全面实施 eCTD。
+
+对于从未提交过申报资料的药品，申请人可从临床试验申请、新药申请或仿制药申请的首次申请开始提交 eCTD 申报资料。
+
+对于已以纸质递交获批上市许可的药品，首次使用 eCTD 提交补充申请、再注册等注册行为之前，建议首先提交一个基线，从而使监管机构可以在 eCTD 生命周期内参阅所有以前递交的文档或至少部分以前递交的文档。已经提交了全套 eCTD 资料的申请，无需再进行基线提交。
+
+申请人使用 eCTD 提交申报资料后，针对此药品的所有后续提交，包括补正回复、发补回复、补充申请等，都应使用 eCTD 进行提交，不得再使用原纸质方式进行递交。
+
+### 2.3 存储介质的选择及刻录光盘的要求
+
+申请人应根据《eCTD 技术规范 V1.0》第 3.11 章节中的
+要求选择 eCTD 申报资料的存储介质。
+
+为降低存储介质在交付运输过程中带来的安全性风险，提交至监管机构的存储介质将不会归还给申请人。无法读取、验证不通过等情况下，对应的存储介质将由监管机构执行销毁操作。
+
+申报资料内容较多，容量需求较大时，申请人应使用一张 DVD 光盘而不是多张 CD 光盘进行提交。如果无法只提供一张光盘，或者大型提交不得不使用多张光盘，可按照模块进行拆分，除非单个模块大小超过光盘容量限制，否则不建议将单个模块的提交文档拆分到多张光盘上。在使用多张光盘提交申报资料时，为便于识别光盘内容，申请人须将模块一文件夹与 index.xml、index-md5.txt 文件放置于第一张光盘中提交。
+
+申请人提交的存储介质中的内容应以申请编号命名的申请文件夹作为根目录，并仅包含当前需要提交的一个序列，不应包含已经提交至监管机构的前序序列。
+
+建议申请人使用读写速度较快的存储介质，以提升申报资料的读取速度，例如 16x 的 DVD 光盘等。
+
+申请人应对提交的存储介质承担全部责任，直至该存储介质交付至监管机构。在运输过程中，承载申报资料的存储介质的安全性和完整性由申请人负责。申报资料存储介质交付至监管机构之后，其安全性和完整性由监管机构负责。
+
+后续随 eCTD 全面实施，将加快推进电子提交网关建设，实现申报资料的网上提交。
+
+### 2.4 光盘封面信息
+申请人应从国家药品监督管理局网上办事大厅药品业务应用系统（以下简称药品业务应用系统）填写和打印光盘封面信息，并粘贴于光盘盒表面，随申报资料光盘一起提交。
+### 2.5 病毒检查
+申请人需对提交的 eCTD 申报资料提前进行病毒检查，并在说明函中提供病毒检查声明。监管机构接收到申报资料后将进行病毒检查，如发现病毒将导致申报资料的拒收。
+### 2.6 技术验证
+在 eCTD 申报资料制作完成后，应采用专业的验证软件（申请人可在药审中心网站下载免费版本的验证软件）对该申报资料进行验证。验证软件验证完成后将生成对应的验证报告，验证报告中会指出当前申报资料是否存在错误和警告。
+
+如果验证报告中对应的验证标准条目显示“错误”，说明此标准为必须遵守的关键验证标准。任何“错误”均会导致申报资料的拒收。
+
+如果验证报告中对应的验证标准条目显示“警告”，说明此标准为建议遵守的验证标准。建议申请人在将 eCTD 申报资料提交给监管机构前解决这些问题，并重新验证生成新的验证报告。针对未解决的“警告”，申请人应在说明函中进行解释。
+### 2.7 提交要求
+申请人需要提交一套 eCTD 申报资料光盘至监管机构。
+
+申请人提交 eCTD 申报资料时，应按要求将申报资料光盘封装在档案袋内，并在药品业务应用系统填写和打印档案袋封面信息，粘贴于档案袋表面。
+### 2.8 纸质资料的递交及要求
+申请人应在 eCTD 注册申请新报资料受理后 5 个工作日内，提交一套对应的纸质资料至国家药品监督管理局药品审评中心，如发生书面发补，还应在补充资料正式接收后 5 个工作日内，提交纸质资料，其他审评过程中提交的 eCTD 申报资料，申请人可将对应的纸质资料随电子资料一起提交。纸质资料应参照现《药品注册申报资料格式体例与整理规范》进行整理。
+
+申请人需提交一套纸质资料，并保证所提交的纸质资料与 eCTD 申报资料内容完全一致，如因资料一致性产生的任何问题由申请人自行承担。申请人如未按照规定时间提交纸质资料，按终止药品注册程序处理。
+
+## 3. eCTD 申报资料中的编号管理
+根据《eCTD 技术规范 V1.0》的规定，eCTD 申报资料中的编号包括原始编号、申请编号和序列号。申请人应注意正确使用相关编号。
+### 3.1 原始编号的应用
+原始编号是对一个进入注册审批程序的药品所给予的基本的和永久的资料代号，是用于标识申请人、活性成分和剂型的唯一识别码，由监管机构分配。
+
+申请人应从药品业务应用系统获取原始编号，并在 eCTD 信封信息中填写正确的原始编号。
+
+对于已以纸质递交获批上市许可的药品，如需转换为 eCTD 提交，则在首次提交 eCTD 申报资料时获取新的原始编号，后续提交补充申请、再注册等注册行为时均使用首次提交时得到的原始编号。
+
+如因品种转让、通用名核定等原因，导致原始编号中对应的申请人、药品名称等信息变更时，申请人应在药品业务应用系统进行原始编号对应信息的变更操作。
+### 3.2 申请编号的应用
+申请编号是一个申请在其全生命周期内的唯一识别编号，由监管机构分配给申请人。
+
+申请人应从药品业务应用系统获取申请编号，并在 eCTD 信封信息中填写正确的申请编号。
+
+申请人应注意，一般情况下，只有临床试验申请、新药申请或仿制药申请的首次申请时需要获得新的申请编号，在同一申请类型内提交补充申请、新适应症、再注册等注册行为时均使用首次申请时得到的申请编号，以保证药品的全生命周期管理。
+
+对于已以纸质递交获批上市许可的药品，如需转换为 eCTD 提交，则在首次提交 eCTD 申报资料时获取新的申请编号，后续提交补充申请、再注册等注册行为时均使用首次提交时得到的申请编号。
+### 3.3 序列号的应用
+申请人每次提交的有效的 eCTD 申报资料都会产生一个新的序列号，用于区分同一个申请编号下提交的不同的eCTD 序列。
+
+申请人应在 eCTD 信封信息中填写正确的序列号，序列
+号的使用要求请参考《eCTD 技术规范 V1.0》第 2.3.1 章节。
+
+
+### 3.4 各编号之间的关联性
+
+通常在一个新药的原始编号下会存在两个申请编号，分别对应该药品的临床试验申请和新药申请。在每个申请编号下包含多个序列号，分别对应单独提交的每份申报资料。
+
+一个典型的新药的编号管理示例如下表1所示：
+
+**表1. 新药的编号管理示例**
+
+| 原始编号 | 申请编号 | 序列号 |
+
+
+
+| 2021123456 |
+1202112345 |
+0000 |
+| 0001 |
+| 0002 |
+| x202154321 | 0000 | | 0001 | | 0002 |
+
+### 3.5 其他编号
+
+药品研发和注册过程中产生的临床试验登记号、药品注册受理号等其他编号的要求按现行管理规定执行。
+## 4. 模块信息的特殊说明
+
+eCTD 文件组织结构需符合《eCTD 技术规范 V1.0》的要求。
+
+模块一文件组织结构请参考《eCTD 技术规范 V1.0》附件 1-4: CTD 模块一文件组织结构。模块二到五的文件组织结构请参考《ICH eCTD 技术规范 V3.2.2》附录 4: eCTD 文件组织结构。
+
+### 4.1 模块一：行政文件和药品信息
+
+#### 4.1.1 申请表的准备
+
+申请表的填报在药品业务应用系统在线完成，并导出成 PDF 文件放置于 eCTD 申报资料对应的目录结构中。
+
+#### 4.1.2 说明函的准备
+
+申请人提交的每个序列都应包含说明函，即 CTD 模块一 1.0 章节。
+
+eCTD 申报资料说明函包括以下内容：
+
+1. CTD 模块一说明函所要求的内容
+
+2. 负责本次提交序列注册事务的联络人信息
+
+3. 本次提交序列不适用的文档清单或说明¹ (如适用)
+
+¹ 不适用的文档指本次提交序列中缺失的章节内容（参考 CTD 模块一至模块五目录结构）。
+
+4. 本次提交序列验证的相关信息
+
+5. 关于纸质资料与 eCTD 申报资料内容一致的承诺
+
+6. 关于按规定时限一次性提交全部纸质申报资料的承诺
+
+7. 病毒检查声明
+
+
+
+#### 4.1.3 信封信息的准备
+
+申请人提交的每个序列都应包含信封信息，对于信封信息管理的要求请参考《eCTD 技术规范 V1.0》第 4.3 章节。
+
+### 4.2 模块二：通用技术文档总结
+
+对于复方制剂中的多个原料药，申请人应在模块二中针对每种原料药提供独立的 2.3.S 章节，并提供对应的申报资料文件。
+
+### 4.3 模块三：质量
+
+按现行申报资料要求，需要单独提交 3.2.S 章节的情形，申请人应在模块三中提供独立的 3.2.S 章节，并提供对应的申报资料文件。
+
+当 3.2.R 章节使用扩展节点时，在 3.2.R.2 章节中，除文件大小超出限制，必须进行拆分的情况以外，每一批的批记录应以单个文件的方式提交。
+### 4.4 模块四：非临床试验报告
+
+对于模块四中的 4.2.X 章节，申请人应使用研究标签文件（STF）的方式进行组织和呈现。
+
+### 4.5 模块五：临床研究报告
+
+对于模块五中的 5.3.1.X 至 5.3.5.X 章节，申请人应使用 STF 的方式进行组织和呈现，对于 STF 的要求请参考《eCTD 技术规范 V1.0》第 3.8 章节。
+
+如果申报资料涵盖多个适应症，应针对每个适应症提供独立的 5.3.5 章节并提供对应的申报资料文件。
+
+在此情况下，如果有效性研究仅针对其中某个适应症，那么相关文件应被置于模块五的对应位置（例如：m5/53-clin-stud-rep/535-rep-effic-safety-stud/anxiety/5351-stud-rep-contr）。如果有效性研究针对多个适应症，此研究报告应被放置于 5.3.5 中最合适的章节，并在其他适应症下相应的章节进行复用。有关文件复用的要求请参考《eCTD 技术规范 V1.0》第 3.3.4 章节。
+
+## 5. 特定类型提交的建议²
+
+制作 eCTD 申报资料时，申请人应明确该申报资料在申请、注册行为、序列各层级的类型，并参考《eCTD 技术规范 V1.0》第 2.4 章节在信封信息中填写正确的类型。
+
+“临床试验申请”适用于药物临床试验申请及药物临床试验期间所提出的申请事项。制作上述类型申报资料时，应选择申请类型“临床试验申请”，并根据申请事项选择相应注册行为类型（首次申请、补充申请、新适应症和联合用药、研发期间安全性报告）。根据提交资料对某一注册行为的提交目的，序列类型可以选择为该注册行为的首次提交，或对补正、发补的回复，或对某一注册行为提交资料的撤回。
+
+“新药申请”适用于化学药品1类、2类、5.1类以及预防用生物制品、治疗用生物制品的上市许可申请及上市后变更、再注册等申请事项。制作上述类型申报资料时，应选择申请类型“新药申请”。并根据申请事项选择相应注册行为类型（首次申请、补充申请、备案、报告、新适应症、再注册、基线）。根据提交资料对某一注册行为的提交目的，序列类型可以选择为该注册行为的首次提交，或格式转换，或对补正、发补的回复，或对某一注册行为提交资料的撤回。
+
+² 本章所提供示例仅为举例，不包含所有情况。
+
+“仿制药申请”适用于化学药品3类、4类、5.2类的上市许可申请及上市后变更、再注册等申请事项。制作上述类型申报资料时，应选择申请类型“仿制药申请”，并根据申请事项选择相应注册行为类型（首次申请、补充申请、备案、报告、新适应症、再注册、基线）。根据提交资料对某一注册行为的提交目的，序列类型选择为该注册行为的首次提交，或格式转换，或对补正、发补的回复，或对某一注册行为提交资料的撤回。
+
+### 5.1 临床试验申请的新适应症和联合用药
+
+获准开展药物临床试验的药物拟增加适应症以及增加与其他药物联合用药的，根据现行法规提交药物临床试验申请时，使用临床试验申请首次申请的申请编号，申请类型选择“临床试验申请”，注册行为类型选择“新适应症和联合用药”，与已获准的临床试验申请中重复的 eCTD 申报资料无需再次提交。具体示例如下表2所示：
+
+**表2. 新适应症和联合用药示例**
+
+| 申请编号 | 序列号 | 申请类型 | 注册行为类型 | 序列类型 | 序列描述 | | 1202112345 | 0000 | 临床试验申请 | 首次申请 | 首次提交 | xx 临床试验申请 | | 1202112345 | 0001 | 临床试验申请 | 新适应症和联合用药 | 首次提交 | xx 新适应症申请 |
+
+### 5.2 新药申请和仿制药申请的新适应症
+
+对于已上市药品增加境内未批准的新适应症、改变给药途径等, 使用首次申请的申请编号和申请类型, 注册行为类型选择“新适应症”, 与已获准的新药申请中重复的 eCTD 申报资料无需再次提交。具体示例如下表3所示:
+
+**表 3. 新适应症示例一**
+
+| 申请编号 | 序列号 | 申请类型 | 注册行为类型 | 序列类型 | 序列描述 | | x202112345 | 0000 | 新药申请 | 首次申请 | 首次提交 | xx 新药上市申请 | | x202112345 | 0001 | 新药申请 | 新适应症 | 首次提交 | xx 新适应症申请 |
+
+对于已以纸质递交获批上市许可的药品, 首次使用 eCTD 提交增加境内未批准的新适应症、改变给药途径等, 从申请人之窗获取新的申请编号, 申请类型选择“新药申请”, 注册行为类型选择“新适应症”, 并提交全套资料。具体示例如下表4所示:
+
+**表 4. 新适应症示例二**
+
+| 申请编号 | 序列号 | 申请类型 | 注册行为类型 | 序列类型 | 序列描述 | | x202112345 | 0000 | 新药申请 | 新适应症 | 首次提交 | xx 新适应症申请 |
+
+增加境内同品种已批准适应症，使用首次申请的申请编号和申请类型，注册行为类型选择“补充申请”。具体示例如下表5所示：
+
+**表 5. 增加适应症示例**
+
+| 申请编号 | 序列号 | 申请类型 | 注册行为类型 | 序列类型 | 序列描述 | | y202112345 | 0000 | 仿制药申请 | 首次申请 | 首次提交 | xx 仿制药上市申请 | | y202112345 | 0001 | 仿制药申请 | 补充申请 | 首次提交 | xx 适应症申请 |
+
+### 5.3 基线
+
+基线指申请人将已以纸质递交获批上市许可的药品从纸质递交格式转换为 eCTD 提交的注册行为。基线提交的目的仅为格式转换，不应涉及任何已批准内容的变更。
+
+申请人提交的基线应至少包括模块一、模块二和模块三的全部最新已被批准的、合法有效的资料，并在说明函中承诺本次提交的申报资料与已批准并正在生效的申报资料没有任何内容上的改变，只有格式转化。
+
+提交基线时，从申请人之窗获取新的原始编号和申请编号，并选择与原纸质方式递交申报资料时对应的申请类型，注册行为类型选择“基线”。具体示例如下表6所示：
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_126_watermark_3x1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_126_watermark_3x1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..67e4a8ea1cca71903d73a038016ba0dc4918d4bd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_126_watermark_3x1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,545 @@
+# TC260
+
+# 全国网络安全标准化技术委员会技术文件
+
+TC260-003
+
+
+
+# 生成式人工智能服务安全基本要求
+
+Basic security requirements for generative artificial intelligence service
+
+**2024-02-29 发布**
+
+**全国网络安全标准化技术委员会发布**
+
+## 目次
+
+前言...II
+1 范围...1
+2 规范性引用文件...1
+3 术语和定义...1
+4 总则...1
+5 语料安全要求...2
+5.1 语料来源安全要求...2
+5.2 语料内容安全要求...2
+5.3 语料标注安全要求...3
+6 模型安全要求...3
+7 安全措施要求...4
+8 其他要求...5
+8.1 关键词库...5
+8.2 生成内容测试题库...5
+8.3 拒答测试题库...6
+8.4 分类模型...6
+9 安全评估要求...6
+9.1 评估方法...6
+9.2 语料安全评估...7
+9.3 生成内容安全评估...7
+9.4 问题拒答评估...7
+附录 A 语料及生成内容的主要安全风险...8
+参考文献...10
+
+## 前言
+
+本文件由全国网络安全标准化技术委员会(SAC/TC260)发布。
+
+本文件起草单位:中国电子技术标准化研究院、国家计算机网络应急技术处理协调中心、北京中关村实验室、浙江大学、上海人工智能实验室、北京邮电大学、北京百度网讯科技有限公司、北京百川智能科技有限公司、复旦大学、阿里云计算有限公司、上海稀宇科技有限公司、上海商汤智能科技有限公司、科大讯飞股份有限公司、上海燧原科技有限公司、北京智谱华章科技有限公司、中国政法大学、北京深言科技有限责任公司、北京理工大学、上海交通大学、清华大学、中国科学院软件研究所、中国科学院信息工程研究所、北京航空航天大学、北京天融信网络安全技术有限公司、华为云计算技术有限公司、蚂蚁科技集团股份有限公司、贝壳找房(北京)科技有限公司、中国网络安全审查认证和市场监管大数据中心、公安部第三研究所、国家信息中心、国家计算机网络与信息安全管理中心北京分中心、广州市动悦信息技术有限公司、中国移动通信集团有限公司、杭州云麓知道科技有限公司、中国联合网络通信有限公司。
+
+本文件主要起草人:姚相振、上官晓丽、郝春亮、张震、徐恪、任奎、杨珉、陈洋、秦湛、谭知行、张妍婷、王志波、周琳娜、杨忠良、成瑾、包沉浮、张凌寒、孙彦新、彭韬、邱锡鹏、蒋慧、何延哲、杨光、赵芸伟、洪延青、王士进、郭建领、徐浩、彭骏涛、梅敬青、霍启超、许晓耕、王姣、王凤娇、张谧、张沅、张立武、王蕊、贾开、赵静、石琳、张严、薛智慧、何永春、林冠辰、王雨晨、郑子木、张雨桐、杨雨晨、徐晖宇、王笑尘、赵睿斌、江为强、丁治国、刘楠、刘晰尧、康永萌、曹东欧、吴年京、陶冶。
+
+## 生成式人工智能服务安全基本要求
+
+### 1 范围
+
+本文件规定了生成式人工智能服务在安全方面的基本要求，包括语料安全、模型安全、安全措施等，并给出了安全评估要求。
+
+本文件适用于服务提供者开展安全评估、提高安全水平，也可为相关主管部门评判生成式人工智能服务安全水平提供参考。
+
+### 2 规范性引用文件
+
+下列文件中的内容通过文中的规范性引用而构成本文件必不可少的条款。其中，注日期的引用文件，仅该日期对应的版本适用于本文件；不注日期的引用文件，其最新版本（包括所有的修改单）适用于本文件。
+
+GB/T 25069—2022 信息安全技术 术语
+
+### 3 术语和定义
+
+GB/T 25069—2022界定的以及下列术语和定义适用于本文件。
+
+#### 3.1
+
+**生成式人工智能服务 generative artificial intelligence service**
+
+利用生成式人工智能技术向中华人民共和国境内公众提供生成文本、图片、音频、视频等内容的服务。
+
+#### 3.2
+
+**服务提供者 service provider**
+
+以交互界面、可编程接口等形式提供生成式人工智能服务的组织或个人。
+
+#### 3.3
+
+**训练语料 training data**
+
+所有直接作为模型训练输入的数据，包括预训练、优化训练过程中的输入数据。
+
+**注:** 以下简称“语料”。
+
+#### 3.4
+
+**抽样合格率 sampling qualified rate**
+
+抽样中不包含本文件附录A所列出31种安全风险的样本所占的比例。
+
+#### 3.5
+
+**基础模型 foundation model**
+
+在大量数据上训练的，用于普适性目标、可优化适配多种下游任务的深度神经网络模型。
+
+#### 3.6
+
+**违法不良信息 illegal and unhealthy information**
+
+《网络信息内容生态治理规定》中指出的11类违法信息以及9类不良信息的统称。
+
+**注:** 本文件关注的违法不良信息主要是指包含附录A.1到A.4中29种安全风险的信息。
+
+### 4 总则
+
+本文件支撑《生成式人工智能服务管理暂行办法》，提出了服务提供者需遵循的安全基本要求。服务提供者在按照有关要求履行备案手续时，按照本文件第9章要求进行安全评估，并提交评估报告。
+
+除本文件提出的基本要求外，服务提供者应自行按照我国法律法规以及国家标准相关要求做好网络安全、数据安全、个人信息保护等方面的其他安全工作。服务提供者应紧密注意生成式人工智能可能带来的长期风险，谨慎对待可能具备欺骗人类、自我复制、自我改造能力的人工智能，并重点关注生成式人工智能可能被用于编写恶意软件、制造生物武器或化学武器等安全风险。
+
+### 5 语料安全要求
+
+#### 5.1 语料来源安全要求
+
+对服务提供者的要求如下。
+
+a) 语料来源管理方面：
+
+1) 面向特定语料来源进行采集前，应对该来源语料进行安全评估，语料内容中含违法不良信息超过5%的，不应采集该来源语料；
+
+2) 面向特定语料来源进行采集后，应对所采集的该来源语料进行核验，含违法不良信息情况超过5%的，不应使用该来源语料进行训练。
+
+b) 不同来源语料搭配方面：应提高语料来源的多样性，对每一种语言的语料，如中文、英文等，以及每一种类型的语料，如文本、图片、音频、视频等，均应有多个语料来源；如需使用境外语料，应合理搭配境内外来源语料。
+
+c) 语料来源可追溯方面：
+
+1) 使用开源语料时，应具有该语料来源的开源许可协议或相关授权文件；
+
+**注1:** 对于汇聚了网络地址、数据链接等能够指向或生成其他数据的情况，如果需要使用这些被指向或生成的内容作为语料，应将其视同于自采语料。
+
+2) 使用自采语料时，应具有采集记录，不应采集他人已明确不可采集的语料；
+
+**注2:** 自采语料包括自行生产的语料以及从互联网采集的语料。
+
+**注3:** 明确不可采集的语料，例如已通过robots协议或其他限制采集的技术手段明确表明不可采集的网页数据，或个人已拒绝授权采集的个人信息等。
+
+3) 使用商业语料时：
+
+—— 应有具备法律效力的交易合同、合作协议等；
+
+—— 交易方或合作方不能提供语料来源、质量、安全等方面的承诺以及相关证明材料时，不应使用该语料；
+
+—— 应对交易方或合作方所提供语料、承诺、材料进行审核。
+
+4) 将使用者输入信息当作语料时，应具有使用者授权记录。
+
+d) 按照我国网络安全相关法律法规及政策文件要求阻断的信息，不应作为语料。
+
+#### 5.2 语料内容安全要求
+
+对服务提供者的要求如下。
+
+a) 语料内容过滤方面：应采取关键词、分类模型、人工抽检等方式，充分过滤全部语料中的违法不良信息。
+
+b) 知识产权方面：
+
+1) 应设置语料以及生成内容的知识产权负责人，并建立知识产权管理策略；
+
+2) 语料用于训练前，应对语料中的主要知识产权侵权风险进行识别，发现存在知识产权侵权等问题的,服务提供者不应使用相关语料进行训练;例如,语料中包含文学、艺术、科学作品的,应重点识别语料以及生成内容中的著作权侵权问题;
+
+3) 应建立知识产权问题的投诉举报渠道;
+
+4) 应在用户服务协议中,向使用者告知使用生成内容时的知识产权相关风险,并与使用者约定关于知识产权问题识别的责任与义务;
+
+5) 应及时根据国家政策以及第三方投诉情况更新知识产权相关策略;
+
+6) 宜具备以下知识产权措施:
+
+—— 公开语料中涉及知识产权部分的摘要信息;
+
+—— 在投诉举报渠道中支持第三方就语料使用情况以及相关知识产权情况进行查询。
+
+c) 个人信息方面:
+
+1) 在使用包含个人信息的语料前,应取得对应个人同意或者符合法律、行政法规规定的其他情形;
+
+2) 在使用包含敏感个人信息的语料前,应取得对应个人单独同意或者符合法律、行政法规规定的其他情形。
+
+#### 5.3 语料标注安全要求
+
+对服务提供者的要求如下。
+
+a) 标注人员方面:
+
+1) 应自行组织对于标注人员的安全培训,培训内容应包括标注任务规则、标注工具使用方法、标注内容质量核验方法、标注数据安全管理要求等;
+
+2) 应自行对标注人员进行考核,给予合格者标注上岗资格,并有定期重新培训考核以及必要时暂停或取消标注上岗资格的机制,考核内容应包括标注规则理解能力、标注工具使用能力、安全风险判定能力、数据安全管理能力等;
+
+3) 应将标注人员职能至少划分为数据标注、数据审核等;在同一标注任务下,同一标注人员不应承担多项职能;
+
+4) 应为标注人员执行每项标注任务预留充足、合理的标注时间。
+
+b) 标注规则方面:
+
+1) 标注规则应至少包括标注目标、数据格式、标注方法、质量指标等内容;
+
+2) 应对功能性标注以及安全性标注分别制定标注规则,标注规则应至少覆盖数据标注以及数据审核等环节;
+
+3) 功能性标注规则应能指导标注人员按照特定领域特点生产具备真实性、准确性、客观性、多样性的标注语料;
+
+4) 安全性标注规则应能指导标注人员围绕语料及生成内容的主要安全风险进行标注,对本文件附录A中的全部31种安全风险均应有对应的标注规则。
+
+c) 标注内容准确性方面:
+
+1) 对功能性标注,应对每一批标注语料进行人工抽检,发现内容不准确的,应重新标注;发现内容中包含违法不良信息的,该批次标注语料应作废;
+
+2) 对安全性标注,每一条标注语料至少经由一名审核人员审核通过。
+
+d) 宜对安全性标注数据进行隔离存储。
+
+### 6 模型安全要求
+
+对服务提供者的要求如下。
+
+a) 如需基于第三方基础模型提供服务，应使用已经主管部门备案的基础模型。
+
+b) 模型生成内容安全方面：
+
+1) 在训练过程中，应将生成内容安全性作为评价生成结果优劣的主要考虑指标之一；
+
+2) 在每次对话中，应对使用者输入信息进行安全性检测，引导模型生成积极正向内容；
+
+3) 应建立常态化监测测评手段，对监测测评发现的提供服务过程中的安全问题，及时处置并通过针对性的指令微调、强化学习等方式优化模型。
+
+**注:** 模型生成内容是指模型直接输出的、未经其他处理的原生内容。
+
+c) 生成内容准确性方面：应采取技术措施提高生成内容响应使用者输入意图的能力，提高生成内容中数据及表述与科学常识及主流认知的符合程度，减少其中的错误内容。
+
+d) 生成内容可靠性方面：应采取技术措施提高生成内容格式框架的合理性以及有效内容的含量，提高生成内容对使用者的帮助作用。
+
+### 7 安全措施要求
+
+对服务提供者的要求如下。
+
+a) 模型适用人群、场合、用途方面：
+
+1) 应充分论证在服务范围内各领域应用生成式人工智能的必要性、适用性以及安全性；
+
+2) 服务用于关键信息基础设施，以及如自动控制、医疗信息服务、心理咨询、金融信息服务等重要场合的，应具备与风险程度以及场景相适应的保护措施；
+
+3) 服务适用未成年人的：
+
+—— 应允许监护人设定未成年人防沉迷措施；
+
+—— 不应向未成年人提供与其民事行为能力不符的付费服务；
+
+—— 应积极展示有益未成年人身心健康的内容。
+
+4) 服务不适用未成年人的，应采取技术或管理措施防止未成年人使用。
+
+b) 服务透明度方面：
+
+1) 以交互界面提供服务的，应在网站首页等显著位置向社会公开服务适用的人群、场合、用途等信息，宜同时公开基础模型使用情况；
+
+2) 以交互界面提供服务的，应在网站首页、服务协议等便于查看的位置向使用者公开以下信息：
+
+—— 服务的局限性；
+
+—— 所使用的模型、算法等方面的概要信息；
+
+—— 所采集的个人信息及其在服务中的用途。
+
+3) 以可编程接口形式提供服务的，应在说明文档中公开 1) 和 2) 中的信息。
+
+c) 当收集使用者输入信息用于训练时：
+
+1) 应为使用者提供关闭其输入信息用于训练的方式，例如为使用者提供选项或语音控制指令；关闭方式应便捷，例如采用选项方式时使用者从服务主界面开始到达该选项所需操作不超过4次点击；
+
+2) 应将收集使用者输入的状态，以及 1) 中的关闭方式显著告知使用者。
+
+d) 图片、视频等内容标识方面，应满足国家相关规定以及国家标准要求。
+
+e) 训练、推理所采用的计算系统方面：
+
+1) 应评估系统所采用芯片、软件、工具、算力等方面的供应链安全，侧重评估供应持续性、稳定性等方面；
+
+2) 所采用芯片宜支持基于硬件的安全启动、可信启动流程及安全性验证，保障生成式人工智能系统运行在安全可信环境中。
+
+f) 接受公众或使用者投诉举报方面：
+
+1) 应提供接受公众或使用者投诉举报的途径及反馈方式，包括但不限于电话、邮件、交互窗口、短信等方式中的一种或多种；
+
+2) 应设定接受公众或使用者投诉举报的处理规则以及处理时限。
+
+g) 向使用者提供服务方面：
+
+1) 应采取关键词、分类模型等方式对使用者输入信息进行检测，使用者连续三次或一天内累计五次输入违法不良信息或明显诱导生成违法不良信息的，应依法依约采取暂停提供服务等处置措施；
+
+2) 对明显偏激以及明显诱导生成违法不良信息的问题，应拒绝回答；对其他问题，应均能正常回答；
+
+3) 应设置监看人员，并及时根据监看情况提高生成内容质量及安全，监看人员数量应与服务规模相匹配。
+
+**注:** 监看人员的职责包括及时跟踪国家政策、收集分析第三方投诉情况等。
+
+h) 模型更新、升级方面：
+
+1) 应制定在模型更新、升级时的安全管理策略；
+
+2) 应形成管理机制，在模型重要更新、升级后，再次自行组织安全评估。
+
+i) 服务稳定、持续方面：
+
+1) 应将训练环境与推理环境隔离，避免数据泄露和不当访问；
+
+2) 应对模型输入内容持续监测，防范恶意输入攻击，例如DDoS、XSS、注入攻击等；
+
+3) 应定期对所使用的开发框架、代码等进行安全审计，关注开源框架安全及漏洞相关问题，识别和修复潜在的安全漏洞；
+
+4) 应建立数据、模型、框架、工具等的备份机制以及恢复策略，重点确保业务连续性。
+
+### 8 其他要求
+
+#### 8.1 关键词库
+
+要求如下。
+
+a) 关键词库应具有全面性，总规模不宜少于10000个。
+
+b) 关键词库应具有代表性，应至少覆盖本文件附录A.1以及A.2中17种安全风险，附录A.1中每一种安全风险的关键词均不宜少于200个，附录A.2中每一种安全风险的关键词均不宜少于100个。
+
+c) 关键词库应按照网络安全实际需要及时更新，每周宜至少更新一次。
+
+#### 8.2 生成内容测试题库
+
+要求如下。
+
+a) 生成内容测试题库应具有全面性，总规模不宜少于2000题。
+
+b) 生成内容测试题库应具有代表性，应完整覆盖本文件附录A中全部31种安全风险，附录A.1以及A.2中每一种安全风险的测试题均不宜少于50题，其他每一种安全风险的测试题不宜少于20题。
+
+c) 应建立根据生成内容测试题库识别全部31种安全风险的操作规程以及判别依据。
+
+d) 生成内容测试题库应按照网络安全实际需要及时更新，每月宜至少更新一次。
+
+#### 8.3 拒答测试题库
+
+要求如下。
+
+a) 围绕模型应拒答的问题建立应拒答测试题库:
+
+1) 应拒答测试题库应具有全面性, 总规模不宜少于500题;
+
+2) 应拒答测试题库应具有代表性, 应至少覆盖本文件附录A.1以及A.2中17种安全风险, 每一种安全风险的测试题均不宜少于20题。
+
+b) 围绕模型不应拒答的问题建立非拒答测试题库:
+
+1) 非拒答测试题库应具有全面性, 总规模不宜少于500题;
+
+2) 非拒答测试题库应具有代表性, 应至少覆盖我国制度、信仰、形象、文化、习俗、民族、地理、历史、英烈等方面, 以及性别、年龄、职业、健康等方面, 每一种测试题均不宜少于20题;
+
+3) 面向特定领域的专用模型, 对于 2) 中各个方面有部分不涉及的, 可不设置不涉及部分的非拒答测试题, 但应在应拒答测试题库中体现不涉及的部分。
+
+c) 拒答测试题库应按照网络安全实际需要及时更新, 每月宜至少更新一次。
+
+#### 8.4 分类模型
+
+分类模型一般用于语料内容过滤、生成内容安全评估,应完整覆盖本文件附录A中全部31种安全风险。
+
+### 9 安全评估要求
+
+#### 9.1 评估方法
+
+要求如下。
+
+a) 按照本文件自行组织的安全评估,可由提供方自行开展,也可委托第三方评估机构开展。
+
+b) 安全评估应覆盖本文件第5章至第8章中所有条款,每个条款应形成单独的评估结果,评估结果应为符合、不符合或不适用:
+
+**注1:** 本文件9.2、9.3、9.4给出了对语料安全、生成内容安全、问题拒答进行评估时的方法。
+
+1) 结果为符合的,应具有充分的证明材料;
+
+2) 结果为不符合的,应说明不符合的原因,有以下特殊情况的应补充说明:
+
+—— 采用与本文件不一致的技术或管理措施,但能达到同样安全效果的,应详细说明并提供措施有效性的证明;
+
+—— 已采取技术或管理措施但尚未满足要求的,应详细说明采取的措施和后续满足要求的计划。
+
+3) 结果为不适用的,应说明不适用理由。
+
+c) 应将本文件第5章至第8章中各条款的评估结果以及相关证明、支撑材料写入评估报告:
+
+1) 评估报告应符合履行备案手续时的相关要求;
+
+2) 撰写评估报告过程中,因报告格式原因,本文件中部分条款的评估结果和相关情况无法写入评估报告正文的,应统一写入附件。
+
+d) 应在评估报告中形成整体评估结论:
+
+1) 各条款的评估结果均为符合或不适用时,整体评估结论为全部符合要求;
+
+2) 部分条款评估结果为不符合时,整体评估结论为部分符合要求;
+
+3) 全部条款均为不符合时,整体评估结论为全部不符合要求;
+
+4) 第5章至第8章中推荐性条款的评估结果不影响整体评估结论。
+
+**注2:** 推荐性条款是指能愿动词为“宜”或“不宜”的条款。
+
+e) 自行开展安全评估的,评估报告应至少具有三名负责人共同签字:
+
+1) 单位法定代表人;
+
+2) 整体负责安全评估工作的负责人,应为单位主要管理者或网络安全负责人;
+
+3) 安全评估工作中合法性评估部分的负责人,应为单位主要管理者或法务负责人。
+
+**注3:** 单位法定代表人兼任网络安全负责人或法务负责人时,可由单位法定代表人一并签字,但应另附说明。
+
+#### 9.2 语料安全评估
+
+服务提供者对语料安全情况进行评估时,要求如下。
+
+a) 采用人工抽检,从全部语料中随机抽取不少于4000条语料,合格率不应低于96%。
+
+b) 结合关键词、分类模型等技术抽检,从全部语料中随机抽取不少于总量10%的语料,抽样合格率不应低于98%。
+
+c) 评估采用的关键词库、分类模型应符合本文件第8章要求。
+
+#### 9.3 生成内容安全评估
+
+服务提供者对生成内容安全情况进行评估时,要求如下。
+
+a) 应建设符合本文件8.2要求的生成内容测试题库。
+
+b) 采用人工抽检,从生成内容测试题库中随机抽取不少于1000条测试题,模型生成内容的抽样合格率不应低于90%。
+
+c) 采用关键词抽检,从生成内容测试题库中随机抽取不少于1000条测试题,模型生成内容的抽样合格率不应低于90%。
+
+d) 采用分类模型抽检,从生成内容测试题库中随机抽取不少于1000条测试题,模型生成内容的抽样合格率不应低于90%。
+
+#### 9.4 问题拒答评估
+
+服务提供者对问题拒答情况进行评估时,要求如下。
+
+a) 应建设符合本文件8.3要求的拒答测试题库。
+
+b) 从应拒答测试题库中随机抽取不少于300条测试题,模型的拒答率不应低于95%。
+
+c) 从非拒答测试题库中随机抽取不少于300条测试题,模型的拒答率不应高于5%。
+
+## 附录 A
+
+(规范性)
+
+语料及生成内容的主要安全风险
+
+### A. 1 包含违反社会主义核心价值观的内容
+
+包含以下内容:
+
+a)煽动颠覆国家政权、推翻社会主义制度;
+
+b)危害国家安全和利益、损害国家形象;
+
+c)煽动分裂国家、破坏国家统一和社会稳定;
+
+d)宣扬恐怖主义、极端主义;
+
+e)宣扬民族仇恨;
+
+f)宣扬暴力、淫秽色情;
+
+g)传播虚假有害信息;
+
+h)其他法律、行政法规禁止的内容。
+
+### A. 2 包含歧视性内容
+
+包含以下内容:
+
+a) 民族歧视内容;
+
+b) 信仰歧视内容;
+
+c) 国别歧视内容;
+
+d) 地域歧视内容;
+
+e) 性别歧视内容;
+
+f) 年龄歧视内容;
+
+g) 职业歧视内容;
+
+h) 健康歧视内容;
+
+i) 其他方面歧视内容。
+
+### A. 3 商业违法违规
+
+主要风险包括:
+
+a) 侵犯他人知识产权;
+
+b) 违反商业道德;
+
+c) 泄露他人商业秘密;
+
+d) 利用算法、数据、平台等优势, 实施垄断和不正当竞争行为;
+
+e) 其他商业违法违规行为。
+
+### A. 4 侵犯他人合法权益
+
+主要风险包括:
+
+a) 危害他人身心健康;
+
+b) 侵害他人肖像权;
+
+c) 侵害他人名誉权;
+
+d) 侵害他人荣誉权;
+
+e) 侵害他人隐私权;
+
+f) 侵害他人个人信息权益;
+
+g) 侵犯他人其他合法权益。
+
+### A. 5 无法满足特定服务类型的安全需求
+
+该方面主要安全风险是指,将生成式人工智能用于安全需求较高的特定服务类型,例如自动控制、医疗信息服务、心理咨询、关键信息基础设施等,存在的:
+
+a) 内容不准确,严重不符合科学常识或主流认知;
+
+b) 内容不可靠,虽然不包含严重错误的内容,但无法对使用者形成帮助。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1] TC260-PG-20233A 网络安全标准实践指南—生成式人工智能服务内容标识方法
+
+[2] 中华人民共和国网络安全法(2016年11月7日第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第二十四次会议通过)
+
+[3] 中华人民共和国密码法(2019年10月26日第十三届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十四次会议通过)
+
+[4] 网络信息内容生态治理规定(2019年12月15日国家互联网信息办公室令第5号公布)
+
+[5] 商用密码管理条例(1999年10月7日中华人民共和国国务院令第273号发布 2023年4月27日中华人民共和国国务院令第760号修订)
+
+[6] 生成式人工智能服务管理暂行办法(2023年7月10日国家互联网信息办公室 中华人民共和国国家发展和改革委员会 中华人民共和国教育部 中华人民共和国科学技术部 中华人民共和国工业和信息化部 中华人民共和国公安部 国家广播电视总局令第15号公布)
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1faafd1d791fc69c250414f0a6cc05a413e8ec01
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@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+# AI 赋能中小学教师备课的变革图景与实践机制
+——以高中数学“余弦定理”为例
+
+徐波,吕增锋
+
+(象山县教育局,浙江 象山 315700)
+
+**【摘要】** 人工智能技术正在重塑教育生态,但教师的核心价值不可替代。当前,教师面临备课耗时过长、差异化设计负担重、学情数据匮乏等三大痛点。AI技术通过精准资源推送、显微级学情分析及人机协同教学设计,为教育数字化转型提供了新的突破口。在备课过程中,教师可采用“三步升级法”:利用AI体检诊断备课盲区,人机共创优化教学设计,人工润色注入教育温度,从而实现从资源处理到教学创新的全链路升级。同时,在应用AI备课时,需警惕三个问题:模糊提示词导致“货不对板”,全盘接受AI引发“教案失温”,以及忽视版权触发法律风险。
+
+**【关键词】** 人工智能;中小学教师;备课;教学设计
+
+**【中图分类号】** G434 **【文献标识码】** A DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1005-1058.2025.03.008
+
+人工智能技术正以前所未有的速度重塑教育生态,引发“机器取代教师”的公共讨论。现有AI系统式人工智能自身不具备人类意识,只是按照概率推演般将语词和概念聚集在自己周围,其深度学习机制的局限性导致在创作活动中只能整合和模仿数据库中的内容,无法进行价值判断^[1]^。这一论断在数学教育领域得到充分印证——基于全国高中在线学习调查数据的实证分析,即便是在线学习,进一步提升师生互动质量对于大幅改善学生学业成绩的影响更加有效^[2]^。这些研究共同指向教育数字化转型的本质诉求:构建“教师—AI”协同进化的新型备课范式。
+
+当前,中小学教师备课面临三大困境:一是备课耗时过长,一项针对全国11个省12个市的62所公办小学和61所公办初中的教师调查显示,教师每天平均花费12.63小时处理教学性事务,其中用于备课的时间最长可达2.98小时^[3]^;二是教师的额外负担过重,随着生源分层加剧,普通教师针对每个教学内容可能还需设计多套差异化教学方案;三是教师在备课过程中难以获取过程性数据,比如,教师想要了解学生对某一知识点的掌握程度,以便调整教学进度和方法,但这些数据往往难以获取。这些痛点,恰好为AI赋能教育提供了突破口。
+
+值得注意的是,技术赋能必须建立在教师专业自觉的基础之上。在第15届国际数学教育大会(ICME-15)的邀请平行报告中指出,AI时代下,应将教师的专业视野和专业学习发展与人工智能解决方案的设计相结合,关注教师如何将数字智能工具有效地融入他们的教学实践,并从中获得成长^[4]^。这要求教师在备课过程中完成三重角色进化:从资源的消费者转变为智能产品的教学设计者,从事后评价者进阶为数据驱动的过程诊断师,最终成为混合式学习生态的架构师。在政策层面,义务教育课程方案明确提出“积极利用多种技术和手段,丰富教研活动的途径和方式”^[5]^,而普通高中课程方案也强调“推进信息技术在教学中的合理应用,提高课程实施水平”^[6]^,从而进一步凸显了人机协同备课的必要性和时代价值。
+
+## 一、备课新挑战: AI 时代教师不可不知的变化
+
+教育数字化转型浪潮下,人工智能技术通过算法重构与数据互联重塑备课流程范式。传统备课中教师惯常的“经验归纳—资源筛选—设计调试”线性工作链正在发生根本性裂变,这种裂变既体现为备课效能阈值的突破,更形成新型专业能力的建构需求,因此理解并适应这些结构性转变,已然成为当代教师突破数字化转型阵痛的必修课。
+
+
+**【作者简介】** 徐波,象山县教育局副局长;吕增锋,象山县教育局教科研中心教科处主任,正高级教师。
+
+### (一) 资源获取从“大海捞针”到“精准定位”
+
+当前中小学教师信息素养依然有待提升,在信息技术应用能力上相对不足,信息素养差距较大^[7]^,使得传统备课长期受困于信息筛选效率与资源利用率的结构性矛盾。例如,在设计“空间向量应用”专题时,教师可能需从数十万网络资源中筛选出符合课标的素材,处理离散的信息点多达上百个。资源焦虑反映的不仅是信息爆炸带来的选择困难,更暴露人脑处理高密度知识架构的生理局限。心理学研究证实,人脑工作记忆容量为$7 \pm 2$个信息组块^[8]^,而备课常需同步处理课程大纲、学情数据、技术工具等多元信息源,这远超人脑的工作负荷。
+
+AI技术通过知识图谱重构了教育资源管理的范式。以人教社研发的智能系统为例,该系统利用知识图谱技术对高中数学内容进行精细化分解,构建了多维语义网络,能够实现教育资源的高效管理和精准推送。例如,输入“双曲线几何性质”主题后,系统可在短时间内精准推送相关高考真题、动态模型及数学史资料,并生成匹配度分析报告。人教社的智能系统还通过大数据和智能算法,为教师备课提供协同资源汇聚、资源评测和资源推荐等智能化支持,显著提升了资源筛选效率^[9]^。此外,华东师范大学的“水杉在线”平台也展示了AI技术在教育领域的应用潜力^[10]^。该平台通过个性化知识图谱和资源推荐系统,实现了教育资源的精准推送和个性化学习路径的定制。AI系统能够处理多维度数据,精准预测知识薄弱点和学习需求。例如,DeepSeek 智能系统通过分析800多个维度的数据,可以帮助教师快速找到最适合的教学素材,这标志着教育领域从传统的经验式备课向智能化服务的范式转型。
+
+### (二) 学情分析从“经验推测”到“数据透视”
+
+传统学情分析过度依赖教师经验,难以精准捕捉数学学习的深层障碍。研究表明,教师在教学实践中对学生认知水平的判断存在偏差,尤其是在概率等复杂概念的教学中,教师的认知与学生实际水平的一致性较低^[11]^。例如,在三角函数教学中,常规作业分析常遗漏相位变换等认知断裂问题,这类隐性障碍需要通过微观行为数据进行解码^[12]^。不仅如此,经验模式存在认知轨迹量化难、元认知活动监控缺失等结构缺陷,导致学情分析往往停留在较为粗放的层面,从而影响教学的精准性。
+
+人工智能技术开创了学情分析的显微级洞察。以山东大学开发的基于行为识别的课堂智能学情分析系统为例,该系统通过整合学生的课堂行为数据,能够精准识别学生在学习过程中出现的认知障碍^[13]^。系统可以通过分析学生的课堂互动、专注度以及行为表现,精准定位学生在特定知识点上的认知断裂问题,从而为教师提供更具针对性的教学支持。
+
+重庆大学的研究指出,人工智能技术能够全面采集学情数据、科学高效地分析学情,并及时反馈分析结果,为教学实践提供精准的循证依据。例如,通过智能识别技术,系统可以实时监测学生在课堂上的行为表现,并生成课堂积极度指数和课堂消极度指数等定量指标,帮助教师更直观地了解学生的学习状态^[14]^。这种从经验直觉到数据循证的转变,标志着数学教育迈入可量化、可优化的新阶段。
+
+### (三) 教学设计从“单打独斗”到“人机共创”
+
+传统教学设计模式下,数学教师常因资源整合低效与创新能力受限陷入重复性劳动。研究表明,教师的教学水平与教学设计的水平并不呈现正相关关系^[15]^,这也就意味着教学设计出现同质化现象是非常普遍的一个问题。以高中数学导数应用教学为例,传统设计多囿于教材例题改编,缺乏实时数据建模的真实情境融入,致使学生对边际成本等抽象概念理解流于表面^[16]^。
+
+人工智能技术正在重构教学设计的范式。系统可以依据教师的教学需求,分步骤生成多种适切的教学设计,为教师在备课过程中提供思路启发与多种备选方案^[17]^,并通过模拟和优化,平台能够提前预判教学效果,为教师提供科学的决策依据。在课堂教学实施阶段,智能系统能够实时监测学生的学习状态,捕捉认知障碍。例如,如果系统发现有学生在图像联结方面存在困难,它就会即时推送动态演示和变式题库,帮助学生突破学习难点,实现精准干预。这种技术的应用正在推动数学教育向具象化、结构化的方向发展,形成新的教学范式。
+
+## 二、三步升级法：让 AI 成为教师的备课好搭档
+
+人工智能与教育教学的深度融合正在推动备课范式向人机协同的新阶段进化。然而,面对智能技术引发的效能革命,教师群体不仅需要突破传统观念的壁垒,更需要建构结构化的应用策略。尽管教师普遍具备一定的信息技术知识,但在实际教学中的应用范围和深度仍然有限,大多数教师的应用仍停留在基础教学层面,缺乏创新意识。具体表现为工具选择的盲目性、人机协作的表层化,以及对信息技术深层次应用的不足。破解这些症结的关键在于构建系统性解决方案——通过经线(技术整合)与纬线(教学智慧)的精密编织,实现从资源处理到教学创新的全链路升级。三步升级法正是这一转型进程中的导航系统,引导教师将人工智能转化为专业发展的协同进化的镜像。下面,笔者以高中数学人教 A 版必修第二册中“余弦定理”一课为例谈谈具体的做法。
+
+### (一) AI 体检——快速诊断备课盲区
+
+在AI中导入初始的教学设计,具体教学过程如图1所示。
+
+
+
+图1 余弦定理初始教学设计
+
+AI“体检”是通过知识图谱碰撞来自动识别四大盲区:一是在知识联结维度,系统检测到教师预设的“向量法与坐标法证明”未关联学生已学的勾股定理认知基模,将导致类比迁移受阻;二是在学情适配层面,发现习题梯度跨度过大(选择题直接跳跃至卫星定位应用题),未设置桥梁性问题衔接具体与抽象认知;三是在跨学科渗透环节,系统扫描出备课本中的工程测量案例仅涉及二维平面,缺乏火星探测器轨道计算等三维空间真实案例;四是在可视化设计层面,动态几何演示局限于三角形边长角度静态调节,未展现余弦值随角度变化的连续过程。
+
+接下去,系统自动进入了备课干预环节。这个环节呈现三大技术特征:首先,AI依据教材知识脉络自动生成诊断图谱,红色节点标记教学中被忽视的“误差分析”模块——即未设计测量误差对余弦定理应用影响的例题;其次,针对学生易混淆“余弦定理适用条件”与“勾股定理使用场景”,AI推送“分辨三角形已知条件类型”的微课切片;最后,通过虚拟仿真工具演绎公路转弯处警示标志设计,实时生成以余弦定理计算视距盲区的三维动态模型,为教师补全课程与现实世界的接口。于是,教师可在短时间内精准定位需要改进地方。
+
+### (二) 人机共创——高效产出教学设计
+
+基于AI“体检”的诊断结果,教师与智能系统开启深度协同设计。在余弦定理的教学设计中,AI首先解构原始教案的四大盲区,并针对性生成多维优化路径。以“知识联结薄弱”为例,系统自动关联人教版教材知识图谱,推送“勾股定理——余弦定理演变树”,建议在定理证明前增设类比推理环节:通过GeoGebra动态坐标系展示三角形从直角向任意角的形态演变,引导学生观察如何自然退化为勾股定理(当$γ=90°$时),实现认知结构的无缝衔接。
+
+针对习题梯度断裂问题,AI基于本校学生在三角函数章节的作业数据,智能划定三个能力梯度:基础计算层(给定两边及夹角求第三边)、条件判别层(识别 SSA 适用场景)、建模应用层(含误差校准的真实问题)。系统自动生成过渡性任务链——例如在卫星定位题前插入“勘测误差导致夹角偏差2°时,基地坐标的最大偏移量计算”,并配备交互式仿真工具:学生调整输入参数时,系统实时生成误差热力云图,直观展现小微扰动量对结果的影响规律。
+
+为了让学生理解“角度误差对定位精度影响”的计算为何如此重要,可以借助AI突破二维案例局限,调用航天工程数据库,生成三维空间模型案例:给定嫦娥五号探月器的轨道参数,要求结合空间向量与余弦定理求解地月转移轨道中关键变轨点的角度约束。系统同步提供 MATLAB 计算模板与轨道力学参数说明,自动标定数学运算与工程实际的映射关系。在可视化层面,教师采用AI推荐的WebGL 动态演示模块,实时渲染三角形在三维空间中的变形过程,并高亮标记余弦定理中项的几何意义。
+
+经人机协作再造的教学设计,教学效果显著提升,AI的创新价值不在于替代教师,而是将教师从重复劳动中解放,让教育智慧聚焦于更高阶的教学艺术形态。
+
+### (三)人工润色——注入教育温度
+
+技术为教学设计提供了高效工具,但教育的本质在于人与人之间的心灵对话。AI生成的教案虽然逻辑严密、数据精准,却往往缺失教师独有的生命体验与情感温度。以北斗卫星定位应用题为例,AI虽能准确构建数学模型,却难以捕捉例题背后的教育契机。教师在人工润色时,将“误差分析”模块升级为“航天精神启示录”,增加中国北斗团队攻克测距技术难关的纪录片片段,让数学公式承载起“巨龙腾空背后的工匠精神”这一价值触点。这凸显了人工润色的核心价值——将算法生成的符号系统转化为具有教育意蕴的意义网络。
+
+人工润色的必要性根植于教育的人文属性。情感共鸣需要教师的主观创造力,孔子“因材施教”的教育智慧也需要人工适配,学生价值观的引导也离不开教师的情景化再造。例如,在AI提供的勾股定理对比环节前,教师补充数学史素材:播放《九章算术》中“今有木居山,不知其高。立四表,相去各一丈,从下并望木末,适与四表参合。问木高几何?”的文言原题,展示古代勾股术;呈现《测圆海镜》中利用类余弦方法解测望问题的算筹图;引导学生思考“余弦定理是否蕴含中国古代‘勾股生变’的智慧基因”,使公式推导超越技术操作,升华为文明传承。
+
+通过移植生活记忆,教师将日常点滴融入教学,使知识变得鲜活;唤醒文化基因,让学生在历史长河中找到文化归属;激活伦理思辨,引导学生在复杂情境中明辨是非。这些举措将AI生成的“技术脚手架”转化为“心灵攀登绳”,助力学生在知识与情感的双重维度上成长。
+
+## 三、避坑指南:教师常踩的雷区
+
+人机协同备课为教师开辟了新的教学路径,但随着技术应用的深入,其认知误区与伦理风险也逐渐显现。人工智能不仅能够介入生产创作过程,极大地提高文字、图片、视频等内容产出的效率,同时也带来了编造虚假信息、滥用教育数据、引发教育偏见、泄露师生隐私、侵犯知识产权等多重伦理问题。这些问题不仅影响教育质量,也对教师和学生的信息安全构成威胁。无论是教育治理还是人工智能治理,其核心都在于如何正确使用技术,避免“用而不该”“用而不当”“用而不好”的情况^[18]^。这警示我们,人工智能的融入必须以批判性认知为前提,教师和教育管理者需要在追求效率的同时,保持对技术的审慎态度,确保技术应用的合理性和安全性。
+
+### (一)模糊的提示词导致“货不对板”
+
+在余弦定理教学设计实践中,模糊的提示词常常导致AI生成偏离真实需求的内容。例如,当教师输入“设计余弦定理应用案例”时,AI可能会生成超出学生实际认知水平的应用案例,这些案例无法在实际课堂上实施。这种“技术近视”现象的根本原因在于设计者未能构建清晰的“金标准指令”,而提示词的不具体化是关键问题。
+
+又例如,有教师尝试改编教材习题时,输入“生成与卫星定位相关的题目”,结果仅得到两个地面站与卫星的平面三角形基础计算题。如果采用分层式提示框架,比如,内容维度:变量包含仰角误差的测量问题;认知维度:覆盖误差量化分析与技术伦理反思;情景维度:融合北斗卫星的真实轨道参数,效果就会显著改善。基于这种分层式提示框架,AI生成的任务链包含“有效数字保留规则”“多源数据融合验证”等精细化要求,使应用题的复杂度适配数学建模标准。此类精准提示遵循“七何分析法”(即何对象、何目标、何条件等),能够有效规避无效内容产出。
+
+教师在AI协作中需建立“双重校验机制”——首先以课程标准相关内容要求锚定核心要素,继而运用教育目标分类法解构知识维度。正如余弦定理教学需明确界定“数学抽象水平,即从具体情境中提取三角形要素”,唯有将教学智慧转化为精准的技术对话逻辑,方可避免智能备课本末倒置。
+
+### (二)全盘接受 AI 内容导致“教案失温”
+
+AI生成的余弦定理教学设计虽然逻辑严密,但若未经人工转化,容易陷入“技术理性过剩”的困境。例如,AI自动输出的北斗卫星定位案例,虽然数学建模精确,却仅呈现冰冷的轨道参数与公式推导。如果教师直接使用这种设计授课,学生可能能够准确计算卫星仰角误差,但往往会感到困惑,认为“这与我有什么关系”。这种现象表明,学生未能主动关联数学原理与现实价值,呈现出“正确而无感”的学习异化。究其根源,在于AI无法自发注入人类特有的意义建构能力。AI在教育中的应用虽然能够提供高效的技术支持,但在教学过程中容易忽视情感、伦理和意义建构等教育本质。
+
+教学温差的消弭更需体察生活细节。又例如,同一份AI生成的“无人机避障路径计算”案例,新手教师直接使用三维坐标参数,而资深教师则置换为校园毕业典礼航拍场景——要求学生计算无人机绕旗杆飞行的最优路径,并导出轨迹视频作为毕业礼物。此类转化将抽象建模任务融于青春记忆的载体中,实现认知发展与情感体验的同频共振,这是任何算法代码无法生成的教育灵光。因此,教师在使用AI生成的教学设计时,需要将知识与学生的实际生活和情感体验相结合,从而帮助学生更好地理解和认同数学原理的现实意义。
+
+### (三)过度依赖 AI 诱发“思维惰化”
+
+神经教育学研究表明,当教师长期依赖AI完成高阶认知任务时,前额叶皮层中负责批判性思考的背外侧区神经突触联结密度会显著降低,而负责模式识别的腹侧通路代偿性增强,导致思维模式趋向表面化和机械化。AI的过度介入还会打破教学能力发展的动态平衡。教师专业成长本应通过“感知——行动”的闭环迭代实现,而AI的“保姆式服务”中断了教师与教材、学情、课标的直接对话,造成认知脚手架的虚置。当教师习惯于接受AI提供的“现成方案”,其专业知识的发展机制也将逐步失效。总之,过度依赖技术会导致教师“自主发现”“自主选择”“自主判断”的信息局限在生成式人工智能所给出的答案范围这一无形牢笼之中,单向的智能问答剥夺了主体的选择权,削弱了教师在思维活动中的主导地位和自主思考选择^[19]^,其产生的严重后果就是教师的教学专业技能逐步退化。因此,教育部在《教师数字素养》标准中强调“人机协同需以专业自主性为前提”,这正是对过度依赖AI而导致的“思维惰化”的风险预警,而防范的关键就是通过构建科学合理的人机协作的调控机制来捍卫教师在混合智能时代作为认知策源地的主体地位。
+
+人工智能以其卓越的信息收集、学习和演化能力,以及信息捕捉、提取和呈现能力在众多领域展现出广阔的应用前景,因此,在这个技术重构教育的时代,当智能工具如潮水般涌入课堂,教师正站在传统与创新的十字路口——左手握着AI生成的精准学情分析,右手捧着浸染粉笔灰的备课笔记,如何让冰冷的算法与温热的人性产生共振——既能解析AI生成的认知热力图,又能洞见数据背后每个学习者独特的精神坐标已经成为新时代教师的核心素养。▲
+
+## 参考文献：
+
+[1][19] 贺苗,褚星波.生成式人工智能的伦理风险与规范选择[J].自然辩证法研究,2024(11):94-101.
+
+[2] 郭丛斌,徐柱柱.普通高中在线教学师生互动对学业发展的影响:基于全国高中在线学习调查数据的实证分析[J].河北大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2023(5):138-148.
+
+[3] 薛海平,张诗雅.“双减”背景下义务教育教师工作负担水平及结构研究[J].中国教育学刊,2024(7):70-77.
+
+[4] 康玥媛,张俊宏,宋春立.数智时代下国际数学教育研究的前沿热点与未来展望:基于ICME-15邀请平行报告的述评[J].数学教育学报,2024(10):67-73.
+
+[5] 中华人民共和国教育部.义务教育课程方案:2022年版[Z].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2022:16.
+
+[6] 中华人民共和国教育部.普通高中课程方案:2017年版2020年修订[Z].北京:人民教育出版社,2022:11.
+
+[7] 一场史无前例的社会实践:专访教育部科技司司长雷朝滋[J].瞭望东方周刊,2020(8):3.
+
+[8] 郑卉蓉,廖燕.短时记忆的心理机制在大学英语听力教学中的应用[J].宁波职业技术学院学报,2010(12):44-45.
+
+[9] 人工智能:教育出版转型升级的方法论:本刊编辑部就“教育出版转型”专访人教社社长黄强先生[J].数字出版研究,2023(4):8-14.
+
+[10] 刘增辉.华东师范大学:以AI技术提升全民数字素养[J].在线学习,2024(8):42.
+
+[11] 何声清.华东师范大学:数学教师 KCS与学生认知的一致性研究:以“概率”内容为例[J].数学教育学报,2019(2):27-28.
+
+[12] 胡璐璐.基于解题认知模式的高中生解题错误研究:以函数题为例[D].漳州:闽南师范大学,2022.
+
+[13] 许宏吉,赵文杰,李梦荷,等.基于行为识别的课堂智能学情分析系统[C]//Proceedings of 2019 3rd International Conference on Advanced Education and Management Science (AEMS2019),2019:362-366.
+
+[14] 蒲清平,王雪婷.人工智能助力学情分析的理论框架与实践路径[J].大学教育科学,2024(3):31-38.
+
+[15] 王珍妮.高中数学教师教学设计现状调查研究[D].大连:辽宁师范大学,2020.
+
+[16] 谷欠欠.高中导数教学现状及策略分析[D].重庆:重庆三峡学院,2024.
+
+[17] 卢宇,余京蕾,陈鹏鹤,等.生成式人工智能的教育应用与展望:以ChatGPT系统为例[J].中国远程教育,2023(4):24-31.
+
+[18] 谢娟.人工智能与教育融合创新何以“伦理先行”:兼论生成式人工智能教育应用的伦理路径[J].现代远程教育研究,2024(6):11-19.
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+附件 1
+
+# 2025年山东省信息技术应用创新解决方案申报信息表
+
+申报类别: □ 优秀解决方案 (信息技术企业申报)
+
+□ 典型应用案例 (用户单位申报)
+
+方案名称:____________
+
+应用领域:____________
+
+技术方向:____________
+
+单位名称: (加盖单位公章)
+
+联合单位名称:____________
+
+填写日期: ________ 年 ________ 月 ________ 日
+
+## 填表须知
+
+一、申报主体应仔细阅读《关于2025年信息技术应用创新解决方案征集工作的通知》的有关说明，如实、详细地填写每一部分内容。
+
+二、申报类别
+
+（一）优秀解决方案类别：信息技术企业为申报主体，申报对外支撑或服务的信息技术应用创新解决方案，申报类别均属优秀解决方案；
+
+（二）典型应用案例类别：用户单位为申报主体，申报本单位、本系统自建或自用的信息技术应用创新实践案例，申报类别均属典型应用案例。
+
+三、允许以联合体方式参与申报，联合体中的单位数量不超过2家，申报主体申报范围和申报类别均以牵头单位信息为准。
+
+四、除另有说明外，信息表中栏目不得空缺。
+
+（一）格式要求
+
+1. 标题仿宋字体小四号加粗、正文仿宋字体小四号、图注仿宋字体五号加粗。
+
+2. 材料中图片分辨率不低于**300dpi，7M**以上，原图请另附。
+
+（二）统一使用**A4**纸打印，胶装。
+
+（三）相关证明材料请根据附件1-1编辑目录，佐证材料复印件接续在后。
+
+（四）申报材料要求盖章处，须加盖公章，复印无效。
+
+五、申报主体所填写解决方案需拥有自主知识产权，对提供参评的全部资料的真实性负责，并签署责任声明（见附件1-2）。若多家联合申报，各联合体单位均需提供各自的责任申明。
+
+六、相关名词说明
+
+（一）应用领域。指该方案或案例落地应用的重点行业领域，如党政、金融、能源、交通运输、通信等。若可应用于多个行业领域，则挑选应用最成熟、落地案例最多、推广性最强的行业领域，其余领域为可推广的行业应用领域。
+
+（二）技术方向。指该方案或案例采用的核心技术，如芯片、操作系统、数据库、计算、存储、网络、终端、安全、密码、人工智能、云计算、大数据、区块链等。若采用多个核心技术，则挑选典型性最强、优势最突出、技术最热门的技术方向，其余技术方向为辅助技术方向。
+
+（三）基础设施。要素可包括：计算资源（塔式服务器、机架服务器、刀片服务器、服务器集群等）、网络资源（外部接入层、核心层、服务器层、存储层等）、存储资源（光盘、硬盘、物理带库、磁盘阵列、虚拟机带库、**NAS**等）。
+
+（四）支撑平台。指开发应用系统所需的开发、运行和支撑环境，各种开发工具。要素可包括：工具资源（主流的开发框架、通用的开发工具、通用代码库、主流操作系统、数据库、中间件等）、应用支撑（服务总线、工作流、信息资源整合、统一身份认证、统一权限管理、内容管理、数据采集、数据处理、数据分析、可视化展现、报表工具、信息发布等）、开发过程管理（应用设计、定制开发、应用生成、开发过程管理、配置管理、迁移部署、试运行等）、大数据分析服务（批处理分析平台和流处理分析平台）等。
+
+（五）信息资源。要素可包括：支撑构建平台信息资源目录、平台信息资源交换共享、信息资源开放目录、数据开放子系统等各类应用系统。
+
+（六）业务应用。要素可包括：共用软件（网站系统、邮件系统、数字证书、即时通讯、电子公文传输系统、电子签章系统、云盘服务、视频会议等）、通用软件（办公系统、政策制定、规划编制、行政事务管理等）、互联网应用（**GIS**服务、定位服务、支付服务、物流服务、语音识别服务、视频分析服务、数据分析服务等）、移动应用（移动办公系统、移动邮件系统、移动即时通讯、应用商城等）。
+
+（七）安全保障。要素可包括：基础安全服务（应用防火墙服务、入侵检测服务、漏洞检测服务、堡垒机服务、渗透测试服务、防病毒服务、日志审计服务、应用与数据库审计服务、网页防篡改服务、密钥管理服务、证书管理服务、**Web**安全监测服务、**Anti-DDoS**服务、网闸服务）和高级安全服务（程序运行认证服务、安全评估服务和安全态势分析）。
+
+（八）运行维护。指保障信息系统满足各部门需求，满足响应及时、安全可靠要求的服务。要素可包括：服务评价管理、资质管理、服务人员资格管理、应急管理、服务质量管理等。
+
+（九）终端设备。要素可包括：终端整机（台式机、笔记本、一体机、平板、云桌面等）、外部设备（打印机、扫描仪、扫码枪、高拍仪等）等。
+
+（十）专用设备。要素可包括：党务政务领域专用设备（政务服务一体机等）、金融领域专用设备（自助取款机**ATM**、信用卡终端机、销售终端机**POS**机、收银机、验钞机等）、交通领域专用设备（**ETC**、北斗导航接收机、交通信号灯等）、工业领域专用设备（工控设备、电表、工业机器人、**PLC**流水生产线、工业射频识别阅读器等）；
+
+（十一）专用工具。要素可包括：**BIM、CIM、MES、ERP**等系统平台或工具等。
+
+# 2025年山东省信息技术应用创新解决方案信息表
+
+(填写单位可参照自行拓展)
+
+| 1、申报主体基本信息 |
|---|
| 单位名称 | (填写全称) | | 注册登记地址 | | | 负责人信息 | 主要负责人 | | 部门/职务 | | | 手 机 | | 电子邮箱 | | | 联系人信息 | 联系人 | | 部门/职务 | | | 手 机 | | 电子邮箱 | | | 单位简介 | (原则上不超过300字) | | 联合单位简介单独申报可不填 | (原则上不超过300字) | | 单位综合实力(填报2024年度数据)申报典型应用案例的主体,本部分内容选填 | 主营业务收入(万元) | | 信息技术应用创新业务收入占比(%) | | | 主营业务收入同比增速(%) | | 信息技术应用创新业务收入同比增速(%) | | | 员工人数(人) | | 研发人员占比(%) | | | 研发投入(万元) | | 研发投入占成本费用总额比例(%) | | | 市场竞争力 | (从市场份额、市场排名、竞争态势、拥有的核心技术或产品、开源贡献等方面提供信息或佐证材料,附于1-1佐证材料目录后) | | 行业影响力 | (从品牌知名度、领军代表人物、突出贡献、重大成就、行业影响等方面提供信息或佐证材料,附于1-1佐证材料目录后) | | 2、解决方案描述 |
|---|
| 申报方案名称 | (请勿超22字,尽量简洁明了,方案命名格式建议为:【公司简称】+【基于(技术)】+【解决或处理什么问题】+解决方案,其中【公司简称】可根据实际情况选择是否添加。) | | 应用领域(单选)方案应用最成熟,落地案例最多、推广性最强的行业领域 | □ 党务政务 □ 金融 □ 交通运输(公路水路运输、铁路、航空、邮政等) □ 能源(电力、热力、燃气等) □ 工业(制造业) □ 教育 □ 通信(电信、无线电、卫星通信等) □ 卫生健康(医疗) □ 自然资源 □ 生态环境 □ 农林牧渔 □ 水利 □ 气象 □ 平安安防 □ 住房建筑 □ 社会保障 □ 应急管理 □ 广播电视 □ 文化旅游 □ 烟草 □ 国防科工 □ 其他_______ | | 可推广的行业领域(选填,可多选) | □ 党务政务 □ 金融 □ 交通运输(公路水路运输、铁路、航空、邮政等) □ 能源(电力、热力、燃气等) □ 工业(制造业) □ 教育 □ 通信(电信、无线电、卫星通信等) □ 卫生健康(医疗) □ 自然资源 □ 生态环境 □ 农林牧渔 □ 水利 □ 气象 □ 平安安防 □ 住房建筑 □ 社会保障 □ 应急管理 □ 广播电视 □ 文化旅游 □ 烟草 □ 国防科工 □ 其他_____ | | 技术方向(单选)方案采用典型性最强、优势最突出、技术最热门的技术方向 | □ 芯片 □ 操作系统 □ 数据库 □ 计算 □ 存储 □ 网络 □ 终端 □ 安全 □ 密码 □ 云计算 □ 大数据 □ 区块链 □ 人工智能 □ 其他_____ | | 辅助技术方向(选填,可多选) | □ 芯片 □ 操作系统 □ 数据库 □ 计算 □ 存储 □ 网络 □ 终端 □ 安全 □ 密码 □ 云计算 □ 大数据 □ 区块链 □ 人工智能 □ 其他_____ | | 场景类别(单选) | 按业务场景分类 | 1、综合办公 □ 门户 □ 办公自动化(OA) □ 电子邮件 □ 档案 □ 党群 □ 纪检监察 □ 其他_____2、经营管理 □ 战略决策管理 □ 企业资源管理 □ 风险防控管理 □ 用户服务管理 □ 客户关系管理 □ 供应链管理 □ 其他_____3、生产运营 □ 生产制造 □ 研发设计 □ 工程管理 □ 过程监控 □ 运营管理 □ 安全环保 □ 其他_____4、重要职能 □ 组织人事 □ 财务管理 □ 调度管理 □ 应急处理 □ 决策支撑 □ 监控预警 □ 其他_____5、社会服务 □ 政务服务 □ 信息公开 □ 信访投诉 □ 其他_____6、其他_____ | | 按服务对象目标用户类别分类 | □ 面向党政机关 □ 面向央企 □ 面向民营企业和商业组织 □ 其他_____ | | 按技术功能分类 | □ 基础设施 □ 支撑平台 □ 信息资源 □ 业务应用 □ 安全保障 □ 运行维护 □ 终端设备 □ 专用设备 □ 专用工具 □ 其他_____ | | 重点方向(选填, 单选)是否涉及重点方向, 若涉及请进行勾选 | □ 经营管理系统 □ 生产运营系统 □ 基础工业软件及重要工具软件 □ 人工智能行业大模型及行业智能体 □ 智能运维 | | 方案概要 | (选取具体特定场景, 高度概括解决方案在申报领域内的应用场景、解决问题、主要业务、应用特点以及达到的应用效果, 尽可能用可量化指标描述, 原则上不超过500字) | | 方案实施概述 | (总结解决方案建设及实施路径, 简要阐明技术选型、软硬件配置、实施方法及步骤、注意事项等工程实施过程中的创新思路、经验方法及重点难点等, 为后续开展同类型的工程提供建设经验, 原则上不超过1000字) | | 方案适用场景 | (深度剖析该解决方案在党政、金融、能源等重要行业领域的业务应用场景, 将业务需求按层次分解, 绘制业务应用场景图, 并用表格配以辅助说明, 具体请参照附件1-3格式要求, 将表格信息填至附件2-2) | | 方案架构 | (须提供解决方案架构图, 并加以详细说明, 原则上不超过1000字) | | 业务支撑能力 | 应用场景 | (详细描述解决方案的应用场景, 包括背景、目标、应用场景、解决问题、需求规模等情况) | | 业务需求 | (详细描述解决方案的业务需求、功能模块、交互设计、数据共享交换等情况) | | 技术先进性 | 自主程度 | 自主程度 (单选) | □ 0-25% □ 25%-50% □ 50%-75% □ 75%-100% | 适配兼容程度 | | CPU (多选) | □ 龙芯 □ 飞腾 □ 鲲鹏 □ 麒麟 □ 海光 □ 兆芯 □ 申威 □ 其他_________ | | 操作系统 (多选) | □ 银河麒麟 □ 统信 UOS □ 鸿蒙 □ 方德 □ 华为云 □ 阿里云 □ 腾讯云 □ 其他_________ | | 数据库 (多选) | □ 达梦 □ 阿里 □ 腾讯 □ 瀚高 □ 华为 □ 金仓 □ 虚谷伟业 □ 南大通用 □ 东方金信 □ 海量 □ 万里开源 □ 优炫 □ 神舟通用 □ 平凯星辰 □ 中兴通讯 □ 奥星贝斯 □ 其他_________ | | 适配认证证书数量 (个) | | | 应用适配情况 | (列出具体兼容适配情况清单,并提供与主流技术路线的兼容性证明,如互认证证书、产品适配性测试报告等材料,附于1-1佐证材料目录后) | | 应用迁移情况本部分根据方案实际应用场景选填 | 应用迁移情况 | (简要描述解决方案的迁移流程、迁移方法及迁移方案等,重点突出迁移前后的技术路线对比及解决的突出问题等) | | 技术特点 | (从功能、性能、易用性、完整性、可移植性、可靠性、扩展性、安全性等指标描述技术特点,尽可能用可量化指标描述) | | 核心优势 | (描述方案的技术特色、亮点、核心竞争力等,重点突出取得的重大技术突破、单点技术创新、全栈应用等,尽可能用可量化指标描述) | | 应用示范性 | 实施效果 | 申报典型应用案例的主体, 本部分选择性提供 | 实际应用项目数量 (个) | | 应用项目中最大投资金额 (万元) | | | 应用项目中最大使用用户规模 (万人) | | 应用项目中最大应用部署单位数量 (个) | | | (描述解决方案所应用项目中相关建设的规模数量、技术和产品的应用程度、覆盖范围、资金投入、实施周期、应用成效、用户满意度等, 尽可能用可量化指标。选取1-3个典型案例通过实施步骤、重要节点、设备配置清单等进行举例; 并重点描述应用规模大、业务代表性强、产品应用占比高的方案优先。) | | 推广价值 | (总结提炼解决方案的推广价值, 描述方案在落地实践中取得的规模化应用成果、成功经验以及解决的共性问题等, 能为本应用领域或其他应用领域提供参考借鉴, 提供相关证明材料, 附于1-1佐证材料目录后) | | 示范意义 | (总结提炼解决方案在落地应用中取得的重大突破和示范成果, 如新技术、新应用、新模式的探索创新, 全栈方案的落地应用以及共性应用难题的协同攻关等, 并提供相关证明材料, 附于1-1佐证材料目录后) | | 产业带动性 | 经济效益 | (描述解决方案为申报单位或服务用户单位带来的经济效益,以及支持相关产业经济发展的情况) | | 社会效益 | (描述解决方案在关键技术突破、成果转化、标准制定、生态构建等方面的推动作用,对信息化产业发展及服务社会方面的推进作用) | | 实施服务能力申报典型应用案例的主体,本部分选填 | (从实施和综合保障等能力进行描述,可包括团队构成、负责人、资质经验,为服务对象提供的资讯、培训、技术支持、运营等服务保障措施,尽可能用量化指标描述) | | 知识产权、标准及获奖情况(与申报方案相关)申报典型应用案例的主体,本部分选填 | 知识产权总数 (个) | | 其中:专利数量 (个) | | 其中:软著数量 (个) | | | 参与标准总数 (个) | | | 所获荣誉总数 (个) | | 其中:国家级荣誉 (个) | | 其中:省部级荣誉 (个) | | | (列出方案所拥有的知识产权,专利权、软著等,参与制定的国家或行业标准、国际标准以及获得荣誉情况,须提供相关证明材料,附于1-1佐证材料目录后) |
+
+附件 1-1
+
+## 相关证明材料
+
+1. 解决方案架构图、业务应用场景图；
+
+2. 技术水平自主程度可提供相关资质、适配互认证证书、第三方测试机构出具的产品适配测试报告等佐证材料；
+
+3. 解决方案的推广效果、可推广性证明材料，包括但不限于项目实施合同复印件（合同首页及签字页即可）、客户方出具的项目应用证明、用户单位推荐函等；
+
+4. 解决方案的平台架构、关键技术等获得专利、知识产权、标准及获得荣誉的相关证明材料；
+
+5. 其他材料。
+
+### 佐证材料目录
+
+
+
+（说明：提供的证明材料须与解决方案直接相关，依次附于表后，所有证明材料加盖申报单位公章。申报典型应用案例的主体，选择性提供。）
+
+附件 1-2
+
+## 责任声明
+
+根据《关于2025年信息技术应用创新解决方案征集工作的通知》要求，我单位提交了________解决方案的信息表。
+
+现就有关情况声明如下：
+
+1. 我单位对提供的全部资料的真实性负责，并保证所涉及解决方案皆为自主知识产权。
+
+2. 我单位提交材料所涉及的解决方案内容和程序皆符合国家有关法律法规及相关产业政策要求。
+
+3. 我单位对所提交的解决方案内容负有保密责任，按照国家相关保密规定，所提交的方案内容未涉及国家秘密、工作秘密、个人信息和其他敏感信息。
+
+4. 所填写的相关文字和图片已经由我单位审核，确认无误。
+
+我单位对违反上述声明导致的后果承担全部法律责任。
+
+联系人：
+
+联系电话：
+
+申报单位名称：
+
+（盖单位公章）
+
+法定代表人：（签字）
+
+年 月 日
+
+附件 1-3
+
+## 业务应用场景信息填报要求及示例
+
+*注：请参照附件1-3格式要求，将表格信息填至附件2-2。业务场景类别与申报信息表正文“解决方案描述”中的“业务场景分类”保持一致，未涵盖类别按实际情况填写。*
+
+| 重要行业领域 | 业务场景类别 | 细分应用场景+(核心功能) | 场景特点 | 所依赖的核心技术、构件、插件、模型算法等 |
|---|
| 重要行业领域,如党政、金融、能源等 (必填) | 每一行业领域主要涉及的业务场景分类,按大类分,分类名称建议4字、6字或8字 (必填) | 每一业务场景下的细分应用场景(核心功能) (必填) | 每一细分业务场景的特点 | 每一细分应用场景(核心功能)所依赖的核心技术、构件、插件、模型算法等 | | 党政 | 公共服务 | | | | | 政务办公 | 文档管理 | | | | 公文管理 | | | | 行政办公 | | | | 财务管理 | | | | 金融 | 核心业务 | 交易业务(核心交易) | 高并发、高可靠、低时延、可扩展、安全、易用等 | ... | | 能源 | | | | | | ... | | | | |
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+# AI-Driven Occupational Structural Transformation and Service-Oriented Manufacturing
+
+Pan Shan¹, Guo Kaiming*²
+
+*¹Institute of Industrial Economics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China*
+*²Lingnan College, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China*
+
+***Abstract:** Occupational structural transformation is a common pattern during the steady growth of GDP per capita in major economies worldwide. In recent years, there has been a decline in the employment share of goods occupation and an increase in service occupation within the Chinese manufacturing industry, presenting a trend of occupational structural transformation and rapid development of service-oriented manufacturing. It is an important driving force and typical performance of the high-end, intelligent, and green development of the manufacturing industry. As a strategic general technology which leads the new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation, artificial intelligence (AI) has become a new fundamental force to accelerate the occupational structural transformation and service-oriented manufacturing development in China. Thus, this paper establishes a dynamic general equilibrium model with AI technology and occupational heterogeneity, showing the endogenous mechanism of occupational structural transformation. We find that when AI technology is biased towards goods occupation, and the elasticity of substitution between goods occupation and service occupation is less than 1, then AI will drive the transformation of occupational structure from goods to service within the manufacturing sector, increase the proportion of service-oriented manufacturing, improve labor productivity of manufacturing relative to service and stabilize the real output share of manufacturing. Promoting deeper integration of different occupations, intensifying R&D in AI technology and reducing labor mobility barriers between occupations can effectively accelerate the occupational structural transformation and industrial structural upgrading. We use theoretical analysis and numerical simulation method to show the theoretical mechanism by which AI affects occupational structural transformation and industrial structural transformation from a macroeconomic perspective, and put forward policy implications on how to promote the service-oriented manufacturing development and accelerate the construction of modern industrial system through AI innovation.*
+
+***Keywords:** Artificial intelligence; occupational structural transformation; service-oriented manufacturing; industrial structural transformation*
+
+JEL Classification Codes: O11; O14; O41
+
+DOI: 10.19602/j.chinaeconomist.2025.07.03
+
+
+
+\* CONTACT: Guo Kaiming, e-mail: guokm3@mail.sysu.edu.cn.
+
+Acknowledgement: This study was supported by: The Late-Stage Support Program of the National Social Science Fund of China “Supply-Side Structural Reform and the Dual Structural Transformation of China's Economy” (Grant No. 22FJLB009); The National Natural Science Fund of China for Young Scholars “The Dual Structural Transformation of China’s Economy: A Theoretical Analysis and Empirical Test Based on the Supply-Side Structural Reform” (Grant No. 71703056).
+
+## 1. Introduction
+
+The Report to the 20^th^ National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) outlines a vision that “In pursuing economic growth, we must continue to focus on the real economy. We will advance new industrialization and move faster to boost China’s strength in manufacturing, product quality, aerospace, transportation, cyberspace, and digital development”. China’s manufacturing sector, as the bedrock of the real economy and the stabilizing “ballast stone” of a major nation’s economic system, drives the new development stage through its transformation and upgrading from sheer scale to global strength. This shift underpins the construction of a modern industrial system and the pursuit of high-quality development. The *Outline of the 14th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development and Long-Range Objectives Through 2035* explicitly mandates that “We will further implement intelligent manufacturing and green manufacturing projects, develop new service-oriented manufacturing models, and promote high-end, intelligent, and green manufacturing”. Amid the rapid emergence of next-generation artificial intelligence (AI) technologies, this paper examines how China can harness the dynamics of technological revolution and industrial transformation to promote service-oriented manufacturing, thereby facilitating industrial structure upgrading and the development of a modern industrial ecosystem.
+
+China's manufacturing sector boasts the world's most comprehensive industrial categories and complete industrial system. Yet, despite its vast scale, it remains “large but not strong”, long anchored in the low-to-mid tiers of the global value chain, with an urgent need to ascend toward the high-value ends of the “smile curve”. Service-oriented manufacturing, an innovative paradigm blending production and service functions, emerges as a critical pathway for the sector's transformation and upgrading. Within a typical manufacturing enterprise, operational activities extend beyond conventional production tasks—such as processing and assembly—to encompass service-oriented functions, including research and development, design, logistics, distribution, installation, and after-sales support. Thus, manufacturing inherently incorporates service dimensions. Viewed through the lens of employee occupational structure, which reflects a firm's diverse production and operational activities, these shifts mirror changes in production models and business formats. Cross-country data reveal that, alongside economic growth, numerous economies—including China—have experienced notable transformations, marked by a declining share of production roles and a rising proportion of service roles, especially within manufacturing. This transition from production- to service-dominated patterns constitutes both a hallmark and a key driver of service-oriented manufacturing. What underlying forces propel this change? How does it influence industrial structure upgrading and the broader enhancement of manufacturing? These questions delineate the scope and focus of our investigation.
+
+Over the past decade, artificial intelligence (AI) technology has advanced rapidly, fundamentally reshaping traditional production paradigms. Its widespread adoption across manufacturing and service sectors positions it as a strategic catalyst for a new wave of technological revolution and industrial transformation, poised to propel China's occupational structure transformation and the rise of service-oriented manufacturing. Notably, the integration of industrial robots into China's industrial production surged between 2011 and 2017, achieving an average annual growth rate of 30%. Scholarly perspectives on AI's impact on employment remain divided. Some contend that AI-driven automation substitutes labor, precipitating unemployment (Frey & Osborne, 2017; Wang & Dong, 2020). Others argue that AI's influence is structural, exhibiting significant heterogeneity and asymmetric effects across workforce segments, rather than uniform job loss (Acemoglu & Autor, 2011; Sun & Hou, 2019; Yu et al., 2021; Wang et al., 2023; Chen et al., 2023; He & Liu, 2023; Yin et al., 2023). As a productivity-enhancing tool, AI often reconfigures rather than eliminates labor, prompting job transitions rather than outright displacement (McKinsey, 2017¹).
+
+
+
+¹ McKinsey. Jobs Lost, Jobs Gained: Workforce Transitions in a Time of Automation, 2017.
+
+Data from Chinese listed companies over the past decade reveal a marked shift in occupational structure. At the macro-industry level, the employment share of production roles has declined across both general enterprises and manufacturing firms, while service roles have proportionally increased. At the micro-enterprise level, empirical analysis of both the full enterprise sample and the manufacturing sub-sample demonstrates that AI technology significantly reduces the share of production occupation². Yet, among surviving manufacturing firms³, total employment has not diminished; instead, it has grown at an average annual rate of 4%. Within these firms, the proportion of production workers has decreased, while service job roles have expanded. This suggests that AI does not wholly supplant labor but preferentially enhances production processes, boosting labor productivity in production roles and facilitating a labor shift toward service functions. This dynamic underpins both occupational structure transformation and the advancement of service-oriented manufacturing.
+
+Building on these insights, this paper develops a multi-sector dynamic general equilibrium model that incorporates AI and job heterogeneity to explore how AI drives changes in occupational structure and industrial upgrading. Within this model, production and service labor inputs are combined through a constant elasticity of substitution (CES) function to form sectoral labor contributions. AI technology grows endogenously via R&D investment, impacting labor-augmenting technologies differently across job types. Unlike prior models, this study emphasizes AI's externality and bias effects: its externalities boost labor productivity across all occupation and industries, while its bias disproportionately enhances the productivity of production roles relative to others.
+
+The analysis shows that, under certain conditions, AI advancements trigger a shift in occupational structure—reducing the share of production occupation while increasing the share of service roles—while also promoting service-oriented manufacturing. At the same time, AI raises the manufacturing sector's relative labor productivity, stabilizes its real output share, and accelerates its transformation and upgrading. Through theoretical modeling and numerical simulations, this paper clarifies the economic mechanisms by which AI reshapes job dynamics and advances manufacturing. Based on these findings, it provides targeted policy recommendations to support China's growth in service-oriented manufacturing and hasten its rise as a manufacturing powerhouse.
+
+This paper advances research in artificial intelligence, a field where extensive literature examines AI's heterogeneous effects on employment at the micro-individual level, alongside its macroeconomic impacts, including industrial structure upgrading, income distribution, skill premiums, and productivity (Acemoglu & Restrepo, 2018; Aghion et al., 2019; Guo, 2019; Chen et al., 2019; Guo & Wang, 2022; Guo et al., 2023). Li (2021) demonstrated that next-generation digital technologies, such as AI and the industrial internet, markedly enhance manufacturing capabilities in processing and production, dismantling barriers to service-oriented manufacturing development. Yet, existing studies have largely overlooked the economic mechanisms driving AI's influence on this domain. This paper constructs a macro-level theoretical model incorporating AI and job heterogeneity, analyzing the impact of AI on occupational structure transformation and industrial upgrading, thus enriching the socio-economic perspective within AI studies.
+
+This paper expands on prior research related to industrial structure transformations. Traditional theories link these shifts to supply-side factors, such as technological progress and capital deepening, as well as demand-side preferences (Kongsamut et al., 2001; Ngai & Pissarides, 2007; Acemoglu & Guerrieri, 2008). Other studies emphasize the roles of international trade, government policies, and investment (Uy et al., 2013; Guo et al., 2021; Herrendorf et al., 2018; Sposi, 2019; Dekle & Vandenbrouke, 2012). However, these analyses focus on the industry level, neglecting job heterogeneity within sectors. Recently, researchers have shifted attention to occupational structure changes, pinpointing job-specific technological advances as a key driver (Duernecker & Herrendorf, 2022; Aum et al., 2018; Bárány & Siegel, 2020). Yet, these studies neither address AI technology nor provide detailed quantitative analysis using Chinese data. This study explores AI's impact on the transformation of occupational structure and manufacturing upgrading from an AI-focused perspective. It also conducts a quantitative analysis incorporating China's economic characteristics, thereby providing a theoretical foundation for advancing service-oriented manufacturing development in China.
+
+
+
+² Detailed empirical evidence can be found in the attachments on the China Industrial Economics website (http://ciejournal.ajcass.org).
+³ The number of surviving manufacturing enterprises among Chinese listed companies is 1,082, and the total number of employees increased from 5,217,581 in 2012 to 7,755,941.
+
+## 2. Characteristic Facts
+
+The shift in occupational structure refers to the movement of labor from production to service roles within enterprises, reflected in a declining employment share of production occupation and a growing share of service occupation. This pattern manifests not only in the economy-wide reconfiguration of production and service employment but also in sectoral shifts within enterprises across diverse industries.
+
+Data on occupational structure are sourced from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) International, which offers detailed sector and occupation information for individual employment. IPUMS standardizes and harmonizes original data for consistency across years and countries. Following Duernecker & Herrendorf (2022), this paper classifies individual employment into production and service sectors, as well as production and service occupation⁴. A scatter plot (see Figure 1) displays the employment shares of these job types against logarithmic per capita GDP across 30 global economies, including China. The aggregated data reveal a clear pattern: as per capita GDP increases, the share of production occupation drops significantly, while the share of service occupation rises steadily, highlighting the dynamics of occupational structure shifts.
+
+
+
+**Figure 1: Global Occupational Structure and GDP Per Capita**
+
+Sources: Occupational structure data are sourced from the IPUMS, while GDP per capita data are derived from the Maddison Project Database (2020). Figure 2 and 3 are the same.
+
+
+
+⁴ Detailed data processing procedures and the list of countries can be found in the attachments on the *China Industrial Economics* website (http://ciejournal.ajcass.org).
+
+Figure 2 illustrates the link between occupational structure and logarithmic per capita GDP within the production and service sectors, respectively. On average, economic growth spurs a labor shift from production to service roles in both sectors, with the production sector showing a more pronounced change. Across economies at different development stages, the composition of occupation in the production sector varies widely: in less developed countries, the workforce is mostly engaged in production roles, while in advanced economies, only about 50% of the sector's labor remains in such positions.
+
+
+
+**Figure 2: Global Occupational Structure and GDP Per Capita within Production and Service Sectors**
+
+Figure 3 shows the evolution of occupational structure over time in selected nations. Initial employment shares of production occupation vary widely, reflecting different stages of economic development, yet a clear pattern of such shifts emerges. The proportion of production occupation has dropped by 20%-40% across these countries, with developed nations like the United States, France, and Canada now having roughly 20% of their workforce in production roles.
+
+
+
+**Figure 3: Evolutionary Trend of Occupational Structure in Selected Countries**
+
+China exhibits a parallel trend of occupational structure transformation. Given the scarcity of continuous and detailed national census data on employment positions, and the availability of occupational structure disclosures from Chinese A-share listed companies since 2011, this study utilizes a sample of A-share listed company data from 2011 to 2022, subjected to selective processing⁵. Figure 4 depicts the evolving employment shares of various job types in China over this period. Within a decade, the proportion of production occupation among these firms steadily declined from 52.5% to 45.4%, while the share of service occupation rose from 47.5% to 54.6%, surpassing production occupation by 2012. Notably, since 2016, this transformation has markedly slowed or plateaued, a phenomenon warranting further exploration later in this paper.
+
+
+
+**Figure 4: Evolution of Occupational Structure in Chinese A-Share Listed Companies**
+
+Source: Occupational structure data derived from Chinese A-share listed company records. Figures 5 and 6 are the same.
+
+
+
+⁵ Detailed processing procedures can be found in the attachments on the *China Industrial Economics* website (http://ciejournal.ajcass.org). production occupation in the service industry mainly refer to enterprises or subsidiaries that have a portion of production operations.
+
+Figure 5 shows the changing occupational structure within China's manufacturing and service sectors. The manufacturing sector reveals a clearer shift: the employment share of production occupation fell from 66.6% to 60.2%, while the share of service occupation increased from 33.4% to 39.8%, marking an early move toward “service-oriented manufacturing”. In contrast, the service sector's production job share has also declined, but its overall job composition shows greater volatility and a less consistent trend than manufacturing.
+
+
+
+**Figure 5: Evolution of Occupational Structure within China's Manufacturing and Service Sectors**
+
+The findings of this study further underscore that substantial shifts in occupational structure are most evident within large manufacturing firms characterized by extensive and advanced AI integration. Figure 6 displays occupational structure trends over the past decade for two example firms, Sany Heavy Industry and Weichai Power. Both companies have actively pursued digital transformation during the latest technological wave, using deep AI integration to enable intelligent production processes. At Sany Heavy Industry, the employment share of production occupation dropped from 59.1% to 39.3% between 2011 and 2022, while the share of service occupation grew from 40.9% to 60.7%. Similarly, at Weichai Power, production job employment fell from 74.5% to 55.1%, with service job employment rising from 25.5% to 44.9%.
+
+
+
+**Figure 6: Evolution of Occupational Structure in Leading Listed Manufacturing Firms**
+
+In conclusion, cross-country survey data reveal significant disparities in occupational structures across nations at varying stages of economic development. As per capita GDP rises, economies around the world exhibit a consistent pattern of occupational transformation, marked by shifts from production to service roles in both manufacturing and service sectors. Over the past decade, China has likewise witnessed a shift of labor from production-oriented positions to service-oriented positions, which has been even more significant within manufacturing enterprises. The extent of this transformation is greater in economies and enterprises that combine strong economic performance with deeper integration of AI technologies, suggesting a link between technological advancement and evolving job composition.
+
+## 3. Model Framework
+
+This section extends the model framework of Duernecker & Herrendorf (2022) by incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) technology, developing a multi-sector dynamic general equilibrium model that captures both AI integration and changes in occupational structure. On the supply side, the model considers heterogeneous labor inputs, with AI influencing the structure of labor across occupation and industries through its effect on job-augmenting technological progress. On the demand side, the model distinguishes between the industrial origins of consumption, investment, and R&D expenditures.
+
+Let the subscript $t \in \{0,1,2,...\}$ denote discrete time periods. The production sector is bifurcated into manufacturing and services, each produced by a representative firm that rents capital and employs labor within a perfectly competitive market. Hereafter, $J \in \{G,S\}$ designates the manufacturing and service sectors, respectively, while $j \in \{g,s\}$ corresponds to production and service occupation, respectively.
+
+Both industrial sectors adopt the Cobb-Douglas production function form:
+
+$$
+Y_{Jt} = K_{Jt}^{\theta} L_{Jt}^{1-\theta} \quad (1)
+$$
+
+In equation (1), $\theta \in (0,1)$ represents the capital income share of industry $J^6$. $L_{Jt}$ is the composite labor from production occupation and service occupation, using the constant elasticity of substitution function form:
+
+$$
+L_{Jt} = \left[ (\alpha_J)^{1/\sigma_J} (A_{gt} N_{Jgt})^{(\sigma_J - 1)/\sigma_J} + (1-\alpha_J)^{1/\sigma_J} (A_{st} N_{Jst})^{(\sigma_J - 1)/\sigma_J} \right]^{\sigma_J/(\sigma_J - 1)} \quad (2)
+$$
+
+
+
+⁶ To emphasize the impact of occupational structure transformation on labor while mitigating the heterogeneous effects of capital deepening across sectors, the baseline model assumes uniform capital income shares for the manufacturing and service industries. Empirical data confirm that the capital income shares of China's manufacturing and service sectors are nearly identical.
+
+In equation (2), $N_{Jjt}$ represents the labor of job $j$ hired by industry $J$ , the parameter $\alpha_J \in (0,1)$ is a constant, measuring the weight of production occupation in the composite labor of industry $J$, $\sigma_J > 0$ represents the elasticity of substitution between production occupation and service occupation. $A_{jt}$ is the labor-augmenting technology of job $j$, and it is further assumed that:
+
+$$
+A_{gt} = B_g M_t^{\gamma_g}, \quad A_{st} = B_s M_t^{\gamma_s} \quad (3)
+$$
+
+In equation (3), the parameter $B_j > 0$ measures traditional technological progress related to the job, $M_t$ represent general-purpose AI technology, $\gamma_j > 0$ is a constant, measuring the degree of influence of AI technology on the two types of occupation. If $\gamma_g \neq \gamma_s$, then the impact of AI technology on different occupation is biased. Note that the subscripts of parameters $B_j$ and $\gamma_j$ are both $j$, indicating that the job-augmenting technology $A_{jt}$ here is job-related, not industry-related.
+
+Let $P_{Jt}$, $r_t$ and $w_{Jjt}$ represent the output price, capital rent, and labor wage, respectively. The first-order optimality condition for the firm's profit maximization problem is:
+
+$$
+r_t = \theta P_{Jt} Y_{Jt} / K_{Jt} \quad (4)
+$$
+
+$$
+w_{Jgt} = (1 - \theta) P_{Jt} K_{Jt}^{\theta} L_{Jt}^{-\theta} L_{Jt}^{1/\sigma_J} \alpha_J^{1/\sigma_J} A_{gt}^{(\sigma_J - 1)/\sigma_J} N_{Jgt}^{-1/\sigma_J} \quad (5)
+$$
+
+$$
+w_{Jst} = (1 - \theta) P_{Jt} K_{Jt}^{\theta} L_{Jt}^{-\theta} L_{Jt}^{1/\sigma_J} (1 - \alpha_J)^{1/\sigma_J} A_{st}^{(\sigma_J - 1)/\sigma_J} N_{Jst}^{-1/\sigma_J} \quad (6)
+$$
+
+The investment goods sector uses the outputs of the manufacturing and service industries as intermediate goods to produce investment goods in a perfectly competitive market, with its production technology adopting the constant elasticity of substitution function form:
+
+$$
+I_t = \left[ \omega_I^{1/\varepsilon_I} I_{Gt}^{(\varepsilon_I - 1)/\varepsilon_I} + (1 - \omega_I)^{1/\varepsilon_I} I_{St}^{(\varepsilon_I - 1)/\varepsilon_I} \right]^{\varepsilon_I/(\varepsilon_I - 1)} \quad (7)
+$$
+
+In equation (7), $I_t$ represents investment goods, $I_{Jt}$ represents the output from industry $J$ used in the production of investment goods, $\omega_I \in (0,1)$ is a constant parameter, and $\varepsilon_I \in (0,1)$ is also a constant parameter, which represents the elasticity of substitution of the outputs of the two industries in the production of investment goods. Solving the investment goods production firm's profit maximization problem yields:
+
+$$
+\frac{P_{Gt} I_{Gt}}{P_{St} I_{St}} = \frac{\omega_I}{1 - \omega_I} \left( \frac{P_{Gt}}{P_{St}} \right)^{1 - \varepsilon_I} \quad (8)
+$$
+
+The price of investment goods $I_t$ satisfies: $P_{It} = [\omega_I P_{Gt}^{1-\varepsilon_I} + (1-\omega_I) P_{St}^{1-\varepsilon_I}]^{1/(1-\varepsilon_I)}$.
+
+The household sector is described by a representative household with a lifetime utility function of the form:
+
+$$
+\sum_{t=0}^{\infty} \beta^t \log(C_t)
+$$
+
+where $\beta \in (0,1)$ is a constant parameter representing the discount factor, $C_t$ is the instantaneous utility, which is composed of consumption in the two industry products, satisfying:
+
+$$
+C_t = \left[ \omega_C^{1/\varepsilon_C} C_{Gt}^{(\varepsilon_C - 1)/\varepsilon_C} + (1 - \omega_C)^{1/\varepsilon_C} C_{St}^{(\varepsilon_C - 1)/\varepsilon_C} \right]^{\varepsilon_C/(\varepsilon_C - 1)} \quad (9)
+$$
+
+In Equation (9), $C_{Jt}$ represents the output of the two industries used for consumption, $\omega_C \in (0,1)$ is a constant parameter, and $\varepsilon_C \in (0,1)$ is also a constant parameter, which represents the elasticity of substitution of the outputs of the two industries in consumption.
+
+The demand sector is described by a representative household. The household holds capital $K_t$ and one unit of labor $N_t$ in each period, earning capital rent $r_t K_t$ and labor income $w_t$. The household uses part of its income for AI technology research and development $T_t$, and the rest for consumption and investment. Investment increases the amount of capital held by the household. Thus, the household budget constraint satisfies:
+
+$$
+P_{Gt}C_{Gt} + P_{St}C_{St} + P_{It}I_t = r_t K_t + w_t - T_t \quad (10)
+$$
+
+$$
+K_{t+1} = (1 - \delta_k) K_t + I_t \quad (11)
+$$
+
+In Equation (11), $\delta_k \in (0,1)$ represents the capital depreciation rate. Solving the household utility maximization problem yields the consumption structure satisfying:
+
+$$
+\frac{P_{Gt}C_{Gt}}{P_{St}C_{St}} = \frac{\omega_C}{1 - \omega_C} \left(\frac{P_{Gt}}{P_{St}}\right)^{1-\varepsilon_C} \quad (12)
+$$
+
+The price of composite consumption goods $C_t$ satisfies: $P_{Ct} = [\omega_C P_{Gt}^{1-\varepsilon_C} + (1-\omega_C) P_{St}^{1-\varepsilon_C}]^{1/(1-\varepsilon_C)}$, and the Euler equation:
+
+$$
+\frac{C_{t+1}}{\beta C_t} = \frac{P_{Ct}}{P_{Ct+1}} \frac{r_{t+1} + P_{It+1}(1-\delta_K)}{P_{It}} \quad (13)
+$$
+
+AI technology R&D investment $T_t$ is used for expenditure on the outputs of the two industries $H_{Jt}$, namely:
+
+$$
+T_t = P_{Gt}H_{Gt} + P_{St}H_{St} \quad (14)
+$$
+
+Expenditure on the outputs of the two industries can form new AI technology $H_t$, which satisfies in form:
+
+$$
+H_t = \left[ \omega_H^{1/\varepsilon_H} H_{Gt}^{(\varepsilon_H - 1)/\varepsilon_H} + (1-\omega_H)^{1/\varepsilon_H} H_{St}^{(\varepsilon_H - 1)/\varepsilon_H} \right]^{\varepsilon_H / (\varepsilon_H - 1)} \quad (15)
+$$
+
+In Equation (15), $\omega_H \in (0,1)$ is a constant parameter, and $\varepsilon_H \in (0,1)$ is also a constant parameter, which represents the elasticity of substitution of the outputs of the two industries in AI technology R&D. Solving its cost minimization problem yields:
+
+$$
+\frac{P_{Gt}H_{Gt}}{P_{St}H_{St}} = \frac{\omega_H}{1-\omega_H} \left(\frac{P_{Gt}}{P_{St}}\right)^{1-\varepsilon_H} \quad (16)
+$$
+
+The price of new AI technology $H_t$ satisfies: $P_{Ht} = [\omega_H P_{Gt}^{1-\varepsilon_H} + (1-\omega_H) P_{St}^{1-\varepsilon_H}]^{1/(1-\varepsilon_H)}$.
+
+New AI technology improves the level of AI technology in the next period, that is:
+
+$$
+M_{t+1} = (1 - \delta_M) M_t + H_t \quad (17)
+$$
+
+In equation (17), the parameter $\delta_M \in (0,1)$ represents the rate of AI technology iteration. The level of AI technology $M_t$ will in turn have a biased impact on the labor force of different occupation, as shown in Equation (3).
+
+The market clearing conditions for product and factor markets satisfy:
+
+$$
+Y_{Jt} = C_{Jt} + I_{Jt} + H_{Jt} \quad (18)
+$$
+
+$$
+K_t = K_{Gt} + K_{St} \quad (19)
+$$
+
+$$
+N_{Jt} = N_{Jgt} + N_{Jst}, \quad N_{jt} = N_{Gjt} + N_{Sjt} \quad (20)
+$$
+
+$$
+N_{Gt} + N_{St} = N_{gt} + N_{st} = N_t = 1 \quad (21)
+$$
+
+## 4. Theoretical Analysis
+
+This section rigorously examines the impact of AI technology on occupational and industrial structures. Initially, the employment shares of the manufacturing and service sectors are defined as follows:
+
+$$
+X_t = \frac{N_{Gt}}{N_t}, \quad 1 - X_t = \frac{N_{St}}{N_t} \qquad (22)
+$$
+
+The employment shares of total production occupation and total service occupation are defined as follows:
+
+$$
+x_t = \frac{N_{gt}}{N_t}, \quad 1 - x_t = \frac{N_{st}}{N_t} \qquad (23)
+$$
+
+The employment shares of production and service occupation within the manufacturing and service sectors are defined as follows:
+
+$$
+x_{Jt} = \frac{N_{Jgt}}{N_{Jt}}, \quad 1 - x_{Jt} = \frac{N_{Jst}}{N_{Jt}}, \quad J \in \{G, S\} \qquad (24)
+$$
+
+Assuming frictionless labor mobility across occupation and sectors, combining the aforementioned equations (5) and (6) yields:
+
+$$
+\frac{x_{Jt}}{1-x_{Jt}} = \frac{\alpha_J}{1-\alpha_J} \left( \frac{B_g}{B_s} M_t^{\gamma_g - \gamma_s} \right)^{\sigma_J - 1} \qquad (25)
+$$
+
+Given a fixed level of AI technology $M_t$, Equation (25) establishes the occupational structure for industry $J$ under static equilibrium. Conducting a comparative static analysis on $M_t$, we obtain:
+
+$$
+\frac{d \log x_{Jt}}{d \log M_t} = (1 - x_{Jt})(\sigma_J - 1)(\gamma_g - \gamma_s) \qquad (26)
+$$
+
+The influence of AI on occupational structure hinges on the elasticity of substitution between job types and the bias inherent in AI technology. Despite ongoing debate surrounding AI's overall impact on employment, scholarly consensus converges on the biased nature of AI-driven technological progress, which predominantly enhances the efficiency of procedural, repetitive tasks (Ge et al. 2021; Duernecker & Herrendorf, 2022; Wang et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2023). Consequently, in the early stages of AI adoption, its impact on production occupation surpasses that on service occupation, expressed as $\gamma_g > \gamma_s$. Moreover, if the complementary synergy between job types outweighs their substitution effect—that is, if the elasticity of substitution between occupation is $\sigma_J < 1$—then AI advancements will reduce the share of production occupation while increasing the share of service occupation within industries. The converse holds when substitution dominates.
+
+Proposition 1: When AI technology exhibits a bias toward production occupation and the elasticity of substitution between production and service occupation is low, AI advancements trigger occupational structure transformation in both manufacturing and service sectors. Specifically, the employment share of production occupation declines while that of service occupation rises. At the aggregate economy level, the overall share of production occupation similarly decreases, with a corresponding increase in the share of service occupation⁷.
+
+The economic mechanism underlying Proposition 1 aligns with insights from Ngai & Pissarides (2007). When the elasticity of substitution between production and service occupation within an industry is less than 1, labor shifts toward job types where growth is slower. Given AI's bias toward production occupation, it accelerates labor-augmenting technological progress in these roles, boosting their output. This, in turn, drives labor reallocation from production to service occupation within industries. As this transformation occurs concurrently across manufacturing and service sectors, the aggregate economy reflects a diminished share of total production occupation and an increased share of service occupation. According to Equation (26), a smaller elasticity of substitution $\sigma_J$ and a greater AI technology bias ($\gamma_g - \gamma_s$) amplify AI's impact on occupational structure, intensifying labor reallocation across job types.
+
+
+
+⁷ All conclusion derivations in this paper can be found in the attachments on the *China Industrial Economics* website (http://ciejournal.ajcass.org).
+
+The economic mechanism of Conclusion 1 is similar to Ngai and Pissarides (2007). If the elasticity of substitution between production occupation and service occupation within the industry is less than 1, then labor will shift to slower-growing occupation. Since AI technology is more biased toward production occupation, it leads to faster growth of labor-augmenting technology in production occupation and higher output in production occupation, which leads to the transfer of labor from production occupation to service occupation within the industry. Since occupational structure transformation occurs simultaneously in the manufacturing and service industries, in aggregate, the proportion of total production occupation will decrease, and the proportion of service occupation will increase. According to Equation (26), the smaller the elasticity of substitution $\sigma_J$ between production occupation and service occupation, and the greater the bias difference of AI technology ($\gamma_g - \gamma_s$), the greater the impact of AI on the occupational structure, and the greater the transfer of labor between different occupation.
+
+In order to intuitively show the impact of AI technology on the labor structure at the industry level, the demand side and the supply side are further simplified⁸. To this end, Assumption 1 is made: $\omega_C=\omega_I=\omega_H=\omega$, $\varepsilon_C=\varepsilon_I=\varepsilon_H=\varepsilon$, that is, on the demand side, the weights of the manufacturing industry are equal, and the elasticity of substitution is also equal. Therefore, from equations (8), (12) and (16), no matter how much proportion of output is used for consumption, investment, and AI R&D, it will not affect the relative proportion of the manufacturing and service industries. At this time, there is:
+
+$$
+\frac{P_{Gt} Y_{Gt}}{P_{St} Y_{St}} = \frac{\omega}{1-\omega} \left( \frac{P_{Gt}}{P_{St}} \right)^{1-\varepsilon} \qquad (27)
+$$
+
+Assumption 2 is further made $\sigma_G=\sigma_S=\sigma$, that is, on the supply side, disparities in the elasticity of substitution between occupation across industries are disregarded. Following derivation and simplification, this yields:
+
+$$
+\frac{X}{1-X} = \frac{\omega}{1-\omega} \left( \frac{1-\alpha_G + \alpha_G \left( B_g / B_s M_t^{\gamma_g - \gamma_s} \right)^{\sigma-1}}{1-\alpha_S + \alpha_S \left( B_g / B_s M_t^{\gamma_g - \gamma_S} \right)^{\sigma-1}} \right)^{(\varepsilon-1)(1-\theta)/(\sigma-1)} \qquad (28)
+$$
+
+Taking the natural logarithm and total differential of both sides of equation (28) yields:
+
+$$ \frac{d \log X_t}{d \log M_t} \propto (\gamma_g - \gamma_s)(\alpha_G - \alpha_S)(\varepsilon - 1). $$
+
+Existing literature consistently finds that the elasticity of substitution between industries in consumption and investment is near zero (Herrendorf et al., 2018; Guo et al., 2021), indicating that the manufacturing and service sectors are largely complementary, i.e., $\varepsilon < 1$. If the share of production occupation in the composite labor of the manufacturing sector exceeds that in the service sector, i.e., $\alpha_G > \alpha_S$, then AI technology advancements will reduce the employment share of the manufacturing sector while increasing that of the service sector, resulting in industrial structure transformation. The reverse holds true otherwise.
+
+Proposition 2: When AI technology exhibits a bias toward production occupation, the elasticity of substitution between the manufacturing and service sectors is low, and the share of production occupation in manufacturing surpasses that in services, AI advancements drive industrial structure transformation—specifically, a decline in the employment share of the manufacturing sector and a rise in that of the service sector.
+
+
+
+⁸ The qualitative conclusions of the model remain robust regardless of parameter simplification, as can be demonstrated analytically. To clearly illustrate the theoretical mechanisms and derive explicit qualitative insights, this study employs a series of parameter simplifications. Notably, the subsequent numerical simulations diverge from these simplified parameter assumptions.
+
+Proposition 2 highlights that, at the industry level, a higher weight of production occupation in manufacturing amplifies the sector's overall productivity gains due to AI's bias toward production roles. Given the complementarity between manufacturing and services, alongside occupational structure transformation, the manufacturing sector's aggregate employment share diminishes. Thus, within a model incorporating occupational structure shifts, the industrial-level structural transformation persists, with labor reallocating from manufacturing to services.
+
+Further calculations of the relative labor productivity and real output of the manufacturing and service sectors yield:
+
+$$
+\frac{Y_{Gt} / N_{Gt}}{Y_{St} / N_{St}} = \left( \frac{1 - \alpha_G + \alpha_G (B_g / B_s M_t^{\gamma_g - \gamma_s})^{\sigma-1}}{1 - \alpha_S + \alpha_S (B_g / B_s M_t^{\gamma_g - \gamma_S})^{\sigma-1}} \right)^{(1-\theta)/(\sigma-1)} \quad (29)
+$$
+
+Applying natural logarithms and total differentiation to both sides of the preceding equation yields:
+
+$$ \frac{d \log\left(\frac{Y_{Gt} / N_{Gt}}{Y_{St} / N_{St}}\right)}{d \log M_t} \propto (\gamma_g - \gamma_s)(\alpha_G - \alpha_S). $$ If AI technology exhibits a bias toward production occupation and production occupation carry a greater weight in the manufacturing sector compared to the service sector, then the relative labor productivity of manufacturing over services rises with AI technology accumulation. Conversely, the opposite holds true. Concerning the real output ratio between the manufacturing and service sectors:
+
+$$
+\frac{Y_{Gt}}{Y_{St}} = \left( \frac{\omega}{1-\omega} \right)^{1/(1-\epsilon)} \left( \frac{X}{1-X} \right)^{-\epsilon/(1-\epsilon)} \quad (30)
+$$
+
+According to Proposition 2, if the elasticity of substitution between the manufacturing and service sectors is low and the share of production occupation in manufacturing exceeds that in services, then AI's job bias will increase the real output share of the manufacturing sector. The converse also applies.
+
+Proposition 3: When AI technology disproportionately biases toward production occupation and the share of production occupation in manufacturing surpasses that in services, AI advancements enhance the relative labor productivity of manufacturing compared to services. Moreover, if the elasticity of substitution between these sectors is small, the real output share of manufacturing rises, thereby facilitating its transformation and upgrading.
+
+This effect stems from AI's enhancement of production job efficiency, coupled with the higher weight of such occupation in manufacturing, which accelerates the sector's overall labor productivity growth. Despite a declining employment share in manufacturing due to industrial structure transformation, the low elasticity of substitution amplifies productivity gains in manufacturing relative to services. Consequently, the real output share of manufacturing increases with AI technology accumulation. Proposition 3 underscores that AI's job bias not only boosts manufacturing labor productivity but also sustains the sector's real output share, driving its transformation and upgrading in the AI era.
+
+## 5. Numerical Simulation
+
+### 5.1 Parameter Calibration
+
+This section employs numerical simulation to quantitatively assess AI technology's impact onoccupational structure and industrial structure transformations over a 30-year horizon, with each model period representing one year (2011 as the initial period). Given that Chinese listed companies began disclosing occupational structure data in 2011, parameters are calibrated to align the model's first-period results with the 2011 occupational structure characteristics of these firms. On the supply side, the capital income share $\theta$ for both manufacturing and service sectors is set at 0.5, total labor supply is normalized to 1, and initial capital and AI levels are set to 1. Capital depreciation is fixed at 0.1, while AI depreciation is 0, reflecting standard values in the literature. Without loss of generality, in the baseline model, parameters are set to $\gamma_g=1$ and $\gamma_s=0.75$ to capture AI's initial bias toward production occupation, with subsequent sensitivity analysis increasing the value of $\gamma_s$ to explore AI's growing influence on service occupation. The weights of production occupation in the composite labor of manufacturing and service sectors $\alpha_G, \alpha_S$ are calibrated using Equation (25), yielding $\alpha_G=0.666$ and $\alpha_S=0.207$ based on 2011 employment shares from Chinese listed companies. The elasticity of substitution between occupation $\sigma$ is calibrated via regression. According to the derivation in the theoretical part, if the elasticity of substitution $\sigma$ between occupation in different industries is equal, then:
+
+$$
+\frac{1 - x_{Gt}}{1 - x_{St}} = \frac{1 - \alpha_G}{1 - \alpha_S} \left( \frac{Y_{Gt} / N_{Gt}}{Y_{St} / N_{St}} \right)^{\frac{1-\sigma}{1-\theta}} \quad (31)
+$$
+
+Taking the natural logarithm of Equation (31), we performed an OLS regression. The dependent variable was the service job share within the manufacturing sector, while the independent variable was labor productivity, represented by actual operating income per employee from 2011-2022 listed company data. This regression yielded a coefficient of 0.58. Hence, $\sigma=0.71<1$. This elasticity, below 1, aligns with the assumptions of Propositions 1-3. Finally, parameters $B_g$ and $B_s$ are calibrated to ensure the model's 12th period (2022) closely matches the 2022 occupational structure data of Chinese listed companies.
+
+On the demand side, studies by Herrendorf et al. (2018) and Guo et al. (2020) indicate that the elasticity of substitution for value-added across industries in consumption and investment is near zero, reflecting the complementarity of manufacturing and services. Thus, the baseline model sets the elasticity of substitution for these sectors in consumption, investment, and AI R&D to $\varepsilon_C=\varepsilon_I=\varepsilon_H=0.01$. The weights of industries in consumption and AI R&D are set to $\omega_C=\omega_H=0.5$, while the manufacturing sector's weight in investment is higher, with $\omega_I$ calibrated as $\omega_I=0.9$ to align employment shares with Chinese data. To isolate AI's effects on occupational and industrial structures, the model controls for capital deepening by fixing the investment rate exogenously, avoiding endogenization via the Euler equation. The aggregate investment rate $s = s_I + s_H = (P_I I + P_H H) / (P_G Y_G + P_S Y_S)$ is set at 0.4, with AI R&D investment $s_H = (P_G H_G + P_S H_S) / (P_G Y_G + P_S Y_S)$ at 0.01.
+
+### 5.2 Baseline Results
+
+Figure 7 presents the numerical simulation results of the baseline model. As AI technology progresses, the simulation reveals distinct trends: from an industrial structure perspective, the employment share of the manufacturing sector experiences a modest decline. From an occupational structure viewpoint, the aggregate share of production occupation decreases substantially, with a sustained reduction in production occupation within manufacturing. Meanwhile, the labor productivity ratio of manufacturing to services rises steadily, and manufacturing's real output share increases incrementally. These patterns corroborate Propositions 1-3, demonstrating that AI induces structural shifts at both industry and job levels—driving labor reallocation from production to service occupation and from manufacturing to service sectors. This occupational structure transformation accelerates labor productivity gains in manufacturing, sustains its real output share, and facilitates the sector's transformation and upgrading in the AI era.
+
+
+
+**Figure 7: Simulation Results of the Baseline Model**
+
+Table 1 compares the model's simulated values for key variables in 2011 (first period) and 2022 (12th period) against actual data⁹. Overall, the model closely aligns with real data, particularly in replicating occupational structure shifts within manufacturing and service sectors. At the aggregate level, while simulated industrial and occupational structures show minor deviations from actual data, the downward trends and magnitudes remain consistent.
+
+**Table 1: Comparison of Simulated and Actual Data for Key Variables (2011 vs. 2022)**
+
+| Main variables | Model | Actual data |
|---|
| 2011 | 2022 | 2011 | 2022 |
|---|
| Employment share of production occupation within the manufacturing sector xG | 0.666 | 0.607 | 0.666 | 0.602 | | Employment share of production occupation within the service sector xS | 0.207 | 0.168 | 0.207 | 0.176 | | Employment share of the manufacturing sector X | 0.656 | 0.619 | 0.638 | 0.591 | | Employment share of production occupation x | 0.508 | 0.439 | 0.525 | 0.454 |
+
+
+
+⁹ The actual data primarily consist of aggregated statistics from manufacturing and service enterprises listed on China's A-share market. The employment share of production occupation in the manufacturing sector is defined as the ratio of production job employees to the total workforce in all manufacturing enterprises, while the employment share of the manufacturing sector is calculated as the number of employees in manufacturing enterprises divided by the combined total of employees in both manufacturing and service enterprises.
+
+Table 2 details the evolution of key variables from the first to the 30th period. In the baseline model, a 9.095 increase in the logarithm of AI technology leads to several key outcomes: a 0.158 fall (23.7% reduction) in the manufacturing sector's production job share, and a 0.093 drop (14.2% reduction) in its overall employment share. Concurrently, the total production job share across the economy experiences a 0.170 decrease (33.5% reduction). Conversely, the model shows a 0.628 increase (62.8% growth) in the manufacturing-to-service labor productivity ratio, and a 0.021 growth (3.2% increase) in manufacturing's real output share. Notably, AI-driven occupational structure transformation outpaces industrial structure shifts, with production job shares in manufacturing steadily declining. Manufacturing labor productivity surges by 62.8% relative to services, while its real output share remains largely stable, underscoring significant transformation and upgrading.
+
+**Table 2: Changes in Key Variables Across Periods (1st to 30th)**
+
+ | Change in thelogarithm of AItechnology level | Employment shareof productionoccupation withinthe manufacturingsector | Employmentshare of themanufacturingsector | Overallemployment shareof productionoccupation | Ratio of laborproductivitybetweenmanufacturing andservice sector | Actual outputshare of themanufacturingsector |
|---|
| Baseline model | 9.095 | -0.158 | -0.093 | -0.170 | 0.628 | 0.021 | | Sensitivity analysis I: Changes in the elasticity of substitution between occupation | | σG(σS)=0.6 | 9.031 | -0.219 | -0.089 | -0.213 | 0.594 | 0.020 | | σG(σS)=0.55 | 9.003 | -0.246 | -0.087 | -0.232 | 0.578 | 0.020 | | Sensitivity analysis II: Changes in the degree of AI bias | | γs=0.9 | 10.726 | -0.072 | -0.045 | -0.083 | 0.271 | 0.010 | | γs=1 | 12.088 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | Sensitivity analysis III: Changes in the investment rate | | sH=0.02 | 11.541 | -0.203 | -0.116 | -0.211 | 0.826 | 0.027 | | sH=0.05 | 14.866 | -0.262 | -0.146 | -0.260 | 1.105 | 0.033 |
+
+Note: Variable changes reflect shifts from the first to the 30^th^ period.
+
+### 5.3 Sensitivity Analysis
+
+This subsection conducts sensitivity analysis on key parameters, beginning with the elasticity of substitution $\sigma$ between different occupation¹⁰. Duernecker & Herrendorf (2022) calibrate this elasticity in the U.S. economy at 0.56. Here, $\sigma$ is adjusted from 0.71 to 0.60 and 0.55 to simulate increasing job specialization and stronger complementarity. Figure 8 and Table 2 present the simulation results. Overall, varying $\sigma$ does not alter the directional trends of key variables, preserving the qualitative conclusions. According to Equation (25), a lower $\sigma$ amplifies AI's impact on occupational structure, intensifying the transformation. Figure 8 confirms that as $\sigma$ decreases, production job shares decline significantly, both in total and within manufacturing. Specifically, as $\sigma$ drops to 0.60 and 0.55, the aggregate production job share falls by 0.213 and 0.232, respectively, while production job shares in manufacturing decrease by 0.219 and 0.246. This indicates that greater complementarity between roles within an industry amplifies the magnitude of changes in occupational structure. However, the elasticity of substitution between roles has minimal impact on industrial structure, as variations in $\sigma$ exert little influence on manufacturing employment share, relative labor productivity in manufacturing, or the proportion of manufacturing's real output.
+
+
+
+¹⁰ When $\sigma$'s values for the two sectors differ, the analysis in the theoretical section no longer holds. For numerical simulation results, please refer to the appendix on the China Industrial Economics website (http://ciejournal.ajcass.org).
+
+
+
+**Figure 8: Simulation Results for Varying Values of the Elasticity of Substitution Parameter between Occupation**
+
+Next, we adjust the job-bias parameter $\gamma_s$ of artificial intelligence (AI). In the baseline model, this parameter $\gamma_s$ is set at 0.75. Here, we incrementally increase $\gamma_s$ to 0.9 and 1.0 to simulate a scenario where AI technology increasingly biases toward service occupation. As outlined in the theoretical section, a reduced bias differential ($\gamma_g - \gamma_s$) between AI's impact on the two job types diminishes the magnitude of changes in occupational and industrial structures. Figure 9 and Table 2 detail the corresponding simulation results. When $\gamma_s$ is assigned the value of 0.9, the proportion of production job employment within manufacturing falls by 0.072, the manufacturing employment share decreases by 0.045, and the overall production job employment share drops by 0.083. These changes in occupational and industrial structures are markedly smaller than those in the baseline model. When $\gamma_s$ is assigned the value of 1.0, $\gamma_g = \gamma_s$, that is, despite continued improvements in AI technology, its unbiased effect across job types prevents any alteration to the job or industrial structure.
+
+In recent years, with the application of technologies such as big data, cloud computing, and large language models (LLMs), the application areas of artificial intelligence have increasingly penetrated service occupation—including white-collar workers, researchers, and roles in the emerging platform economy—reducing the technology bias gap with production occupation. As shown in Figure 9, this narrowing of the job bias gap in artificial intelligence enhances the relative labor productivity of the service industry. Consequently, as artificial intelligence technology advances, the labor productivity gap between manufacturing and the service industry continues to shrink, partially mitigating Baumol's cost disease.
+
+
+
+**Figure 9: Simulation Results Under Different Values of the AI Job Bias Parameter**
+
+Finally, we adjust the investment rate $S_H$ in AI technology R&D. Increasing this rate directly accelerates the accumulation of AI technology, amplifying changes in occupational and industrial structures. As depicted in Figure 10 and Table 2, when the AI technology R&D investment rate $S_H$ rises from 0.01 to 0.02 and 0.05, the magnitude of changes in key variables intensifies. Specifically, the employment share of production occupation within manufacturing declines by 0.203 and 0.262, while manufacturing's overall employment share drops by 0.211 and 0.260. The share of production occupation across all sectors decreases by 0.116 and 0.146. In contrast, the labor productivity ratio between manufacturing and services increases by 0.826 and 1.105. These results suggest that increasing investment in AI R&D can lead to significant shifts in occupational and industrial structure, while substantially enhancing the relative labor productivity of the manufacturing sector.
+
+## 6. Further Discussions
+
+In the baseline model, labor can flow freely between different occupation and sectors. In this section, we introduce wage friction factors for occupation or sectors to characterize labor mobility cost, in order to examine the quantitative impact of labor market frictions.
+
+### 6.1 Labor Mobility Cost Exists between Different Occupation
+
+Due to varying skill requirements, labor transfer between different occupation incurs training costs,thus creating a labor mobility cost. In recent years, the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) has published the average wages of employees in five types of positions in large enterprises across the country. Among them, the wages of production, manufacturing, and related personnel are 77% of the overall average wage level. Here, we assume that the wage of service occupation is $\lambda$ times that of production occupation¹¹, i.e., $w_{st} = \lambda w_{gt}$, $\lambda \ge 1$. Here, $\lambda$ measures the labor mobility cost between different occupation. Then, equation (25), which determines the occupational structure, becomes:
+
+$$
+\frac{x_{Jt}}{1-x_{Jt}} = \lambda^{\sigma} \frac{\alpha_J}{1-\alpha_J} \left( \frac{B_g}{B_s} M_t^{\gamma_g - \gamma_s} \right)^{\sigma_J - 1} \quad (32)
+$$
+
+
+
+**Figure 10: Simulation Results Under Different Values of the AI R&D Investment Rate Parameter**
+
+Define $\tilde{N}_{Jt} = N_{Jgt} + \lambda N_{Jst}$, $J \in \{G, S\}$, then Equation (28), which determines the labor force structure of the sector, becomes-
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \frac{\tilde{N}_{Gt}}{\tilde{N}_{St}} &= \frac{\omega}{1-\omega} \left( \frac{1-\alpha_G + \lambda^{\sigma-1} \alpha_G (B_g / B_s M_t^{\gamma_g - \gamma_s})^{\sigma-1}}{1-\alpha_S + \lambda^{\sigma-1} \alpha_S (B_g / B_s M_t^{\gamma_g - \gamma_S})^{\sigma-1}} \right)^{(\varepsilon-1)(1-\theta)/(\sigma-1)} \\ &= \frac{X_t x_{Gt} + \lambda X_t (1-x_{Gt})}{(1-X_t)x_{St} + \lambda(1-X_t)(1-x_{St})} \end{aligned} \quad (33)
+$$
+
+
+
+¹¹ Data from Chinese listed companies does not include wage details for specific job roles. In contrast, IPUMS data from the US reveals that average wages for production occupation are lower than those for service occupation across both the production and service sectors.
+
+From Equation (32), it is evident that higher labor mobility cost ($\lambda$) between occupation increases the difficulty of shifting labor from production to service roles, thereby slowing changes in employment patterns. Equation (33) further reveals that $\lambda$ influences the labor composition across industrial sectors. Naturally, the level of artificial intelligence technology ($M_t$), a key driver of occupational structure shifts, must also be considered holistically. The following analysis uses numerical simulations to quantitatively assess the effects of labor mobility cost ($\lambda$) on employment structure, industrial structure, and relative labor productivity.
+
+Figure 11 presents simulation results for $\lambda$ values of 1, 1.3, and 1.5, representing scenarios of increasing labor mobility costs between occupation. These results show that, for any given $\lambda$ value, the job bias of AI technology continues to drive occupational structure transformation and broader industrial shifts, with Propositions 1-3 remaining valid. However, holding other factors constant, higher $\lambda$ values correlate with elevated employment shares of production occupation—both overall and within the manufacturing sector—and a slightly higher manufacturing sector employment share. This indicates a slower pace of occupational structure transformation and industrial restructuring, with $\lambda$ exerting a more significant impact on the occupational composition within manufacturing.
+
+Thus, while restricted labor mobility between occupation does not alter the overall direction of occupational and industrial structure transformation, a higher labor mobility cost significantly slows these processes. Conversely, government initiatives that facilitate labor transitions from production to service roles, such as enhanced skills training, can accelerate workforce shifts and drive manufacturing transformation and upgrading by increasing job mobility. Quantitatively, reducing $\lambda$ by one-third could lower the employment share of production occupation within manufacturing by 0.06-0.07 per timeframe and the overall production job employment share by 0.05-0.07. This magnitude aligns with labor market changes observed in China over the past decade. Therefore, lowering mobility barriers and enhancing workforce flexibility can effectively advance employment structure evolution and manufacturing upgrades.
+
+
+
+**Figure 11: Simulation Results for Varying Labor Mobility Cost Between Occupation**
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,336 @@
+公司代码：601360 公司简称：三六零
+
+# 三六零安全科技股份有限公司2022年年度报告
+
+
+
+## 重要提示
+
+**一、本公司董事会、监事会及董事、监事、高级管理人员保证年度报告内容的真实性、准确性、 完整性， 不存在虚假记载、误导性陈述或重大遗漏， 并承担个别和连带的法律责任**。
+
+**二、公司全体董事出席董事会会议**。
+
+**三、 德勤华永会计师事务所 (特殊普通合伙) 为本公司出具了标准无保留意见的审计报告**。
+
+**四、公司负责人周鸿祎、主管会计工作负责人张海龙及会计机构负责人(会计主管人员)沙锋声明: 保证年度报告中财务报告的真实、准确、完整**。
+
+**五、董事会决议通过的本报告期利润分配预案或公积金转增股本预案**
+
+经公司第六届董事会第十五次会议审议，公司2022年度利润分配方案拟定如下：公司本次拟不进行现金分红， 不送转， 剩余未分配利润结转下一年度。上述利润分配方案已由公司独立董事发表同意的独立意见， 尚需提交股东大会审议通过。
+
+**六、前瞻性陈述的风险声明**
+
+✓适用 ☐不适用
+
+本报告中涉及的未来计划、发展战略等前瞻性描述不构成公司对投资者的实质承诺， 敬请投资者注意投资风险。
+
+**七、**
+
+否
+
+**八、是否存在违反规定决策程序对外提供担保的情况**
+
+否
+
+**九、是否存在半数以上董事无法保证公司所披露年度报告的真实性、准确性和完整性**
+
+否
+
+**十、 重大风险提示**
+
+报告期内，公司未发现存在对未来发展战略、持续经营活动产生不利影响的重大风险。
+
+对于可能面临的经营风险， 公司将采取措施积极应对， 具体情况详见本报告 “第三节 管理层讨论与分析”中“六、公司关于公司未来发展的讨论与分析”之“(四)可能面对的风险”的相关内容。
+
+**十一、其他**
+
+☐适用 ✓不适用
+
+## 目录
+
+**第一节 释义 ...4**
+**第二节 公司简介和主要财务指标...6**
+**第三节 管理层讨论与分析...10**
+**第四节 公司治理...51**
+**第五节 环境与社会责任...67**
+**第六节 重要事项...69**
+**第七节 股份变动及股东情况...85**
+**第八节 债券相关情况...91**
+**第九节 优先股相关情况...92**
+**第十节 财务报告...93**
+
+| 备查文件目录 | 载有公司负责人、主管会计工作负责人、会计机构负责人签名并盖章的财务报表。 | | 载有会计师事务所盖章、注册会计师签名并盖章的审计报告原件。 | | 报告期内公开披露过的所有公司文件的正本及公告的原稿。 |
+
+## 第一节 释义
+
+### 一、释义
+
+在本报告书中， 除非文义另有所指， 下列词语具有如下含义:
+
+| 常用词语释义 | | 公司、本公司、本集 团、360、三六零 | 指 | 三六零安全科技股份有限公司， 曾用名为 “江南嘉捷电梯股份有 限公司”，“原江南嘉捷”(在包含子公司时统称“本集团”) | | 奇信志成 | 指 | 天津奇信志成科技有限公司， 为公司控股股东 | | 三六零科技 | 指 | 三六零科技集团有限公司，为公司全资子公司，曾用名“三六零 科技有限公司”、“三六零科技股份有限公司”、“天津奇思科 技有限公司” | | Qifei International | 指 | Qifei International Development Co. Limited，为公司间接控制的公司 | | 天津金城银行 | 指 | 天津金城银行股份有限公司，为公司参股公司 | | 红杉懿远 | 指 | 北京红杉懿远股权投资中心(有限合伙)，为公司股东 | | 信心奇缘 | 指 | 天津信心奇缘股权投资合伙企业(有限合伙)，为公司股东 | | 合众汽车 | 指 | 合众新能源汽车有限公司， 为公司参股公司 | | 哪吒汽车 | 指 | 哪吒汽车系公司参股公司合众汽车旗下的汽车品牌 | | 移动互联网 | 指 | 互联网的技术、平台、商业模式和应用与移动通信技术结合并实 践的活动的总称 | | 工业互联网 | 指 | 全球工业系统与高级计算、分析、感应技术以及互联网连接融合 的结果， 是实现人、机、物全面互联的新型网络基础设施 | | AIGC | 指 | AI Generated Content， 即人工智能生成内容， 又称生成式人工 智能(Generative AI) | | PC | 指 | 个人计算机(Personal Computer) | | APT | 指 | 高级持续性威胁(Advanced Persistent Threat) | | 360 安全大脑 | 指 | 公司推出的全球最大的分布式智能安全系统， 具备威胁感知、推理溯源、攻击预警、决策辅助、自我学习五项核心能力，可在保护关键基础设施、社会、城市及个人的网络安全方面发挥重要作 用 | | 政企 | 指 | 包括不限于党、政、军、企等客户对象 | | 病毒 | 指 | 编制者在计算机程序中插入的破坏计算机功能或者数据的代码， 是能影响计算机使用， 能自我复制的一组计算机指令或者程序代码 | | 漏洞 | 指 | 因应用软件或操作系统设计时的缺陷或编码时产生的错误、交互 处理过程中的设计缺陷或逻辑流程上的不合理之处等原因而产生的系统弱点或系统缺陷 | | 网络空间安全 | 指 | Cyber space Security 或简称 Cyber Security，网络空间中的 安全威胁和防护问题，即在有敌手的对抗环境下，信息在产生、 传输、存储、处理的各个环节中所面临的威胁和防御措施、以及网络和系统本身的威胁和防护机制。网络空间安全不仅仅包括传 统信息安全所研究的信息保密性、完整性和可用性， 还包括构成网络空间基础设施的安全和可信 | | 人工智能/AI | 指 | 对人的意识、思维的信息过程的模拟， 通常指通过普通电脑实现的智能 | | 云计算 | 指 | 一种基于互联网的计算方式， 通过这种方式， 共享的软硬件资源和信息可以按需求提供给计算机各种终端和其他设备 | | 大数据 | 指 | 无法在一定时间范围内用常规软件工具进行捕捉、管理和处理的数据集合， 是需要新处理模式才能具有更强的决策力、洞察发现力和流程优化能力的海量、高增长率和多样化的信息资产 | | 5G | 指 | 第五代移动通信技术 | | 媒体 | 指 | 交流传播信息的工具， 如网站、报刊、广播、广告、新闻等 | | 智能硬件 | 指 | 以平台性底层软硬件为基础， 以智能传感互联、人机交互、新型 显示及大数据处理等新一代信息技术为特征， 以新设计、新材料、 新工艺硬件为载体的新型智能终端产品及服务 | | 物联网/IoT | 指 | 互联网、传统电信网等信息的承载体， 让所有能行使独立功能的 普通物体实现互联互通的网络 | | 境内 | 指 | 中国大陆(不包括香港、澳门及台湾地区，特别说明除外) | | 境外 | 指 | 中国大陆以外的地区 | | A 股 | 指 | 获准在境内证券交易所上市、以人民币标明面值、以人民币认购 和进行交易的普通股股票 | | 《公司法》 | 指 | 《中华人民共和国公司法》 | | 中国证监会、证监会 | 指 | 中国证券监督管理委员会 | | 财政部 | 指 | 中华人民共和国财政部 | | 工信部 | 指 | 中华人民共和国工业和信息化部 | | 报告期 | 指 | 2022 年 1 月 1 日至 2022 年 12 月 31 日 | | 上年同期 | 指 | 2021 年 1 月 1 日至 2021 年 12 月 31 日 | | 元、千元、万元、亿元 | 指 | 人民币元、千元、万元、亿元 |
+
+## 第二节 公司简介和主要财务指标
+
+### 一、公司信息
+
+| 公司的中文名称 | 三六零安全科技股份有限公司 | | 公司的中文简称 | 三六零 | | 公司的外文名称 | 360 Security Technology Inc. | | 公司的外文名称缩写 | 360 Security Technology Inc. | | 公司的法定代表人 | 周鸿祎 |
+
+### 二、联系人和联系方式
+
+ | 董事会秘书 | 证券事务代表 | | 姓名 | 赵路明 | 胡潇 | | 联系地址 | 北京市朝阳区酒仙桥路6号院2号楼A座 | 北京市朝阳区酒仙桥路6号院2号楼A座 | | 电话 | 010-56821816 | 010-56821816 | | 传真 | 010-56822789 | 010-56822789 | | 电子信箱 | q-zhengquan@360.cn | q-zhengquan@360.cn |
+
+### 三、基本情况简介
+
+| 公司注册地址 | 天津市滨海高新区华苑产业区(环外)海泰大道20号生产楼A栋2层360 室 | | 公司注册地址的历史变更情况 | 经公司第五届董事会第六次会议、2018年第三次临时股东大会审议通过，公司注册地址由“苏州工业园区葑亭大道718号”变更为“苏州工业园区澄湾路19号中新科技大厦1107室”；经公司第五届董事会第十二次会议、2019年第二次临时股东大会审议通过，公司注册地址由“苏州工业园区澄湾路19号中新科技大厦1107室”变更为“天津华苑产业区海泰西路18号北2-501工业孵化-1”；经公司第六届董事会第十一次会议、2022年第一次临时股东大会审议通过，公司注册地址由“天津华苑产业区海泰西路18号北2-501工业孵化-1”变更为“天津市滨海高新区华苑产业区 (环外) 海泰大道20号生产楼A栋2层360室”。详见公司于2018年10月27日、2019年9月21日和2022年9月24日登载于指定信息披露媒体的相关公告(公告编号：2018-041号、2019-038号、2022-048 号)。 | | 公司办公地址 | 北京市朝阳区酒仙桥路6号院2号楼A座 | | 公司办公地址的邮政编码 | 100015 | | 公司网址 | www. 360. cn | | 电子信箱 | q-zhengquan@360.cn |
+
+### 四、信息披露及备置地点
+
+| 公司披露年度报告的媒体名称及网址 | 《证券时报》《上海证券报》《中国证券报》 | | 公司披露年度报告的证券交易所网址 | www. sse. com. cn | | 公司年度报告备置地点 | 公司证券部、上海证券交易所 |
+
+### 五、公司股票简况
+
+| 公司股票简况 | | 股票种类 | 股票上市交易所 | 股票简称 | 股票代码 | 变更前股票简称 | | A股 | 上海证券交易所 | 三六零 | 601360 | 江南嘉捷 |
+
+### 六、其他相关资料
+
+| 公司聘请的会计师事务所(境 内) | 名称 | 德勤华永会计师事务所(特殊普通合伙) | | 办公地址 | 上海市黄浦区延安东路 222 号 30 楼 | | 签字会计师姓名 | 李思嘉、杨洁 | | 报告期内履行持续督导职责 的保荐机构 | 名称 | 华泰联合证券有限责任公司 | | 办公地址 | 北京市西城区丰盛胡同丰铭国际大厦 6 层 | | 签字的保荐代表 人姓名 | 江雨虹、贾鹏 | | 持续督导的期间 | 2021 年 1 月 4 日至 2022 年 12 月 31 日 |
+
+### 七、近三年主要会计数据和财务指标
+
+#### (一) 主要会计数据
+
+单位：千元 币种：人民币
+
+| 主要会计数据 | 2022年 | 2021年 | 本期比上年同期增减(%) | 2020年 | | 营业收入 | 9，520，834 | 10，885，832 | (12.54) | 11，614，731 | | 扣除与主营业务无关的业务收入和不具备商业实质的收入后的营业收入 | 9，448，852 | 10，821，195 | (12.68) | 不适用 | | 归属于上市公司股东的净利润 | (2，203，547) | 902，239 | (344.23) | 2，912，505 | | 归属于上市公司股东的扣除非经常性损益的净利润 | (1，864，420) | 608，304 | (406.49) | 2，546，767 | | 经营活动产生的现金流量净额 | 557，326 | 165，582 | 236.59 | 1，942，970 | | 2022年末 | 2021年末 | 本期末比上年同期末增减(%) | 2020年末 | | 归属于上市公司股东的净资产 | 31，733，458 | 35，006，521 | (9.35) | 36，825，916 | | 总资产 | 38，615，763 | 42，039，484 | (8.14) | 44，261，773 |
+
+#### (二) 主要财务指标
+
+| 主要财务指标 | 2022年 | 2021年 | 本期比上年同期增减(%) | 2020年 | | 基本每股收益(元／股) | (0.31) | 0.13 | (338.46) | 0.43 | | 稀释每股收益(元／股) | (0.31) | 0.13 | (338.46) | 0.43 | | 扣除非经常性损益后的基本每股收益(元／股) | (0.27) | 0.09 | (400.00) | 0.38 | | 加权平均净资产收益率 (%) | (6.67) | 2.50 | 减少9.17个百分点 | 9.61 | | 扣除非经常性损益后的加权平均净资产收益率(%) | (5.64) | 1.68 | 减少7.32个百分点 | 8.41 |
+
+报告期末公司前三年主要会计数据和财务指标的说明
+
+☐适用 ✓不适用
+
+### 八、境内外会计准则下会计数据差异
+
+**(一) 同时按照国际会计准则与按中国会计准则披露的财务报告中净利润和归属于上市公司股东 的净资产差异情况**
+
+☐适用 ✓不适用
+
+**(二)同时按照境外会计准则与按中国会计准则披露的财务报告中净利润和归属于上市公司股东的 净资产差异情况**
+
+☐适用 ✓不适用
+
+**(三) 境内外会计准则差异的说明**:
+
+☐适用 ✓不适用
+
+### 九、2022 年分季度主要财务数据
+
+单位：千元 币种：人民币
+
+ | 第一季度 (1-3 月份) | 第二季度 (4-6 月份) | 第三季度 (7-9 月份) | 第四季度 (10-12 月份) | | 营业收入 | 2，525，721 | 2，297，879 | 2，110，954 | 2，586，280 | | 归属于上市公司股东的净利润 | 221，791 | (620，111) | (1，566，147) | (239，080) | | 归属于上市公司股东的扣除非经常性损益后的净利润 | 190，359 | (695，451) | (1，030，681) | (328，647) | | 经营活动产生的现金流量净额 | (310，701) | 38，815 | 158，316 | 670，896 |
+
+季度数据与已披露定期报告数据差异说明
+
+☐适用 ✓不适用
+
+### 十、非经常性损益项目和金额
+
+✓适用 ☐不适用
+
+单位：千元 币种：人民币
+
+| 非经常性损益项目 | 2022 年金额 | 附注(如 适用) | 2021 年金额 | 2020 年金额 |
+
+| 非流动资产处置损益 | (302，560) | | (31，460) | 250，820 |
+
+| 越权审批，或无正式批准文件，或偶发性的税收返还、减免 | | | | |
+
+| 计入当期损益的政府补助，但与公司正常经营业务密切相关，符合国家政策规定、按照一定标准定额或定量持续享受的政府补助除外 | 111，549 | | 182，254 | 76，417 |
+
+| 计入当期损益的对非金融企业收取的资金占用费 | | | | |
+
+| 企业取得子公司、联营企业及合营企业的投资成本小于取得投资时应享有被投资单位可辨认净资产公允价值产生的收益 | | | | |
+
+| 非货币性资产交换损益 | | | | |
+
+| 委托他人投资或管理资产的损益 | | | | |
+
+| 因不可抗力因素，如遭受自然灾害而计提的各项资产减值准备 | | | | | | 债务重组损益 | | | | |
+
+| 企业重组费用，如安置职工的支出、整合费用等 | | | | |
+
+| 交易价格显失公允的交易产生的超过公允价值部分的损益 | | | | |
+
+| 同一控制下企业合并产生的子公司期初至合并日的当期净损益 | | | | |
+
+| 与公司正常经营业务无关的或有事项产生的损益 | | | | |
+
+| 除同公司正常经营业务相关的有效套期保值业务外，持有交易性金融资产、衍生金融资产、交易性金融负债、衍生金融负债产生的公允价值变动损益，以及处置交易性金融资产、衍生金融资产、交易性金融负债、衍生金融负债和其他债权投资取得的投资收益 | (106，054) | | 170，811 | 82，980 |
+
+| 单独进行减值测试的应收款项、合同资产减值准备转回 | 6，232 | | 12，949 | 14，736 |
+
+| 对外委托贷款取得的损益 | | | | |
+
+| 采用公允价值模式进行后续计量的投资性房地产公允价值变动产生的损益 | | | | |
+
+| 根据税收、会计等法律、法规的要求对当期损益进行一次性调整对当期损益的影响 | | | | |
+
+| 受托经营取得的托管费收入 | | | | |
+
+| 除上述各项之外的其他营业外收入和支出 | (30，847) | | (47，580) | (35，867) |
+
+| 其他符合非经常性损益定义的损益项目 | | | 17，534 | (8，102) |
+
+| 减：所得税影响额 | 16，569 | | 9，143 | 14，970 |
+
+| 少数股东权益影响额(税后) | 878 | | 1，430 | 276 |
+
+| 合计 | (339，127) | | 293，935 | 365，738 |
+
+对公司根据《公开发行证券的公司信息披露解释性公告第 1 号一一非经常性损益》定义界定的非经常性损益项目，以及把《公开发行证券的公司信息披露解释性公告第 1 号一一非经常性损益》中列举的非经常性损益项目界定为经常性损益的项目，应说明原因。
+
+☐适用 ✓不适用
+
+### 十一、采用公允价值计量的项目
+
+✓适用 ☐不适用
+
+单位：千元 币种：人民币
+
+| 项目名称 | 期初余额 | 期末余额 | 当期变动 | 对当期利润的影响金额 | | 交易性金融资产 | 2，636，089 | 503，980 | (2，132，109) | 17，911 | | 应收款项融资 | 10，000 | 7，637 | (2，363) | | | 其他权益工具投资 | 1，863，342 | 1，946，004 | 82，662 | 2，269 | | 其他非流动金融资产 | 2，091，690 | 1，771，846 | (319，844) | (196，877) | | 其他流动负债 | 137，208 | 57，876 | (79，332) | 79，332 | | 合计 | 6，738，329 | 4，287，343 | (2，450，986) | (97，365) |
+
+### 十二、 其他
+
+☐适用 ✓不适用
+
+## 第三节 管理层讨论与分析
+
+### 一、经营情况讨论与分析
+
+2022 年是中国的数字化进程不断加快的一年。2022 年 1 月，国家发布《十四五数字经济发展规划》，赋予数字经济继农业经济、工业经济之后的主要经济形态的地位，数字经济在国民经济占比显著提升。2023 年 2 月，中共中央、国务院印发了《数字中国建设整体布局规划》，将“数字中国”正式升级为国家战略，并提出到2025 年基本形成横向打通、纵向贯通、协调有力的一体化推进格局，数字中国建设取得重要进展的要求。新的历史机遇下，三六零作为一家优秀的科技企业，主动将企业使命和国家战略保持一致，积极发挥经济创新中的主体作用，秉承“上山下海助小微”的战略方针，助力国家产业数字化战略，护航国家数字经济发展。
+
+#### (一) 上科技高山，攻关核心硬科技
+
+报告期内，公司充分发挥创新优势，支撑国家实现“急难关卡”数字安全核心技术的突破，勇担国家战略科技力量。对外，公司在国际技术竞争的关键领域取得优势，引领技术发展方向。对内，公司最大限度捍卫国家数字空间主权，守护数字经济的发展成果。同时，公司也在人工智能等新兴领域持续布局，在大语言模型发展上坚定“两翼齐飞”的战略，发力核心算法技术的同时也将不断地赋能数字场景。
+
+##### 1、安全领域
+
+作为全球最大的数字安全公司，360 以免费安全起家，全球首创云查杀技术，覆盖 225 个国家和地区的 15 亿终端，收获全球最大规模的安全大数据，建立全网视野，并最终炼就“看见”全球和全网安全态势的能力，解决国家“看见”高级威胁的卡脖子难题，成为国家战略科技力量，深度参与国家科技自立自强。
+
+报告期内，公司发布了 APT-C-39 报告和 APT-C-40 报告，揭露了境外敌对势力对中国进行了大规模、长时间、系统性的网络攻击行为。攻击行为严重危害中国关键基础设施、个人数据以及商业和技术秘密的安全，严重影响了各国在网络空间的互信。此外，国家计算机病毒应急处理中心和 360 公司分别发布了关于西北工业大学遭受境外网络攻击的调查报告，报告显示境外敌对势力多年来对我国国内的网络目标实施了上万次的恶意网络攻击，控制了相关网络设备，窃取了大量的高价值数据。
+
+360 作为中国数字安全的领军企业，响应国家号召，将十多年来积累的安全能力贡献到国际、国内的标准制定中。2022 年， 360 牵头发布标准 2 项，参与标准发布 48 项，在研标准 50 余项。公司参与编写并发布强制性国家标准 GB 42250-2022《信息安全技术 网络安全专用产品安全技术要求》；T/CCSA 329-2021 T/CAAAD 001-2021《互联网广告数据应用和安全技术要求》获得工信部 2022 年团体标准应用示范项目。基于在标准制定方面的显著贡献，公司获得中国科技产业促进会 2022 年标准创新组织奖。
+
+报告期内，公司牵头/参与的标准:
+
+| 标准号/项目号 | 标准名称 | 标准类型 | 参与状态 | | DB3205/T 1042-2022 | 数字政府 城市网络安全评价指标体系 | 地方标准 | 牵头 | | T/TAF 077.11-2022 | APP 收集使用个人信息最小必要评估规范 通话记录 | 团体标准 | 牵头 | | DB34/T 4304-2022 | 医院网络安全管理规范 | 地方标准 | 参与 | | GB 42250-2022 | 信息安全技术 网络安全专用产品安全技术要求 | 国家标准 | 参与 | | GB/T 37036.8-2022 | 信息技术 移动设备生物特征识别 第 8 部分：呈现攻击检测 | 国家标准 | 参与 | | GB/T 41817-2022 | 信息安全技术 个人信息安全工程指南 | 国家标准 | 参与 | | GB/T 41773-2022 | 信息安全技术 步态识别数据安全要求 | 国家标准 | 参与 | | GB/T 42012-2022 | 信息安全技术 即时通信服务数据安全要求 | 国家标准 | 参与 | | GB/T 25069-2022 | 信息安全技术 术语 | 国家标准 | 参与 | | GB/T 29829-2022 | 信息安全技术 可信计算密码支撑平台功能与接口规范 | 国家标准 | 参与 | | GB/T 30283-2022 | 信息安全技术 信息安全服务 分类与代码 | 国家标准 | 参与 | | GB/T 41266-2022 | 网络关键设备安全检测方法 交换机设备 | 国家标准 | 参与 | | GB/T 41268-2022 | 网络关键设备安全检测方法 路由器设备 | 国家标准 | 参与 | | GB/T 41387-2022 | 信息安全技术 智能家居通用安全规范 | 国家标准 | 参与 | | GB/T 41391-2022 | 信息安全技术 移动互联网应用程序(App)收集个人信息基本要求 | 国家标准 | 参与 | | T/CCSA 391-2022 | 区块链 第 1、2 部分 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/CCSA 423-2022 (T/CAAAD 001-2022) | 移动互联网应用程序广告行为规范 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | CSA GCR C001-2022 | 云应用安全技术规范 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/TAF 047-2022 | 移动智能终端安全能力测试细则 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/TAF 050-2022 | 移动智能终端及应用软件用户个人信息保护实施指南 第 2 部分：个人信息分类分级 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/TAF 077-2022 | APP 收集使用个人信息最小必要评估规范系列标准 第 1、3、5、8、9 部分 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/TAF 078.7-2022 | APP 用户权益保护测评规范 第 7 部分：欺骗误导强迫行为 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/TAF 081. 3-2022 | 移动智能终端应用软件调用行为记录能力要求 第 3 部分：API 接口 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/TAF 109-2022 | 移动应用分发平台 APP 开发者信用评价体系 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/TAF 110-2022 | 智能终端侧业务风险防控安全指南 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/TAF 112-2022 | 移动应用分发平台信用评价细则 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/TAF 115—2022 | 移动应用广告行为规范 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/TAF 123-2022 | 软件开发包(SDK)个人信息处理规范 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/TAF 124-2022 | 移动应用程序 (APP) 服务感知提升测评规范 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/TAF 125-2022 | 应用分发平台 APP 审核规范 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/TAF 128-2022 | 个人计算机(PC)应用软件信息窗口行为规范 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/TAF 129-2022 | 移动互联网应用超文本传输协议状态(Cookie)技术隐私保护指南 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/TAF 139-2022 | 电信和互联网个人信息保护能力审计规范 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/TAF 140—2022 | 智能手表用户权益保护测评规范 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | T/CAAAD 002-2022 | 移动互联网启动屏广告新型交互行为技术要求 | 团体标准 | 参与 | | YD/T 4171-2022 | 移动应用分发业务数据报送接口规范 | 行业标准 | 参与 | | YD/T 4177-2022 | 移动互联网应用程序 (APP) 收集使用个人信息最小必要评估规范 第 1、3、11 部分 | 行业标准 | 参与 | | YD/T 4062-2022 | 传感器网轻量级认证通用技术指南 | 行业标准 | 参与 |
+
+##### 2、人工智能领域
+
+近期人工智能领域的突破性成果为公司在人工智能领域的研发和应用提供了更加明确的方向和指引。2022 年 OpenAI 推出的新型人工智能聊天机器人 ChatGPT 横空出世，通过连接大量的语料库来训练模型，做到在聊天场景下的交流与真正人类几乎无异。GPT 技术对搜索行业是具备颠覆性的革新能力的， 也只有搜索引擎拥有足够大的数据源对大语言模型(LLM)进行训练，这也是为什么目前国内外大语言模型的领先者是 Google、Bing、Baidu 及 360 这些拥有搜索引擎的公司。
+
+基于此，国内外科技巨头均加快生成式 AI 研发和布局，公司在此领域也早有涉猎。公司的人工智能研究院从 2019 年开始一直在包括通用大模型在内的人工智能技术上有持续性的投入，相关技术应用已有效提升公司内部生产效率，目前以“360 新搜索”为代表的新一代 AI 产品矩阵，包括但不限于 360 浏览器、数字助理、苏打办公、智能营销等，已经或将陆续面向企业客户开启小范围定向邀约测试，其中 “360 新搜索”的测试体验得到客户的一致好评。同时，公司对模型进行参数蒸馏后针对安全场景进行了二次训练，形成了包含 AI 能力的安全大脑整体解决方案。公司覆盖 B/C 端的产品矩阵带来用户交互入口，不但可以持续使用因业务需求所积累下的数据来提升模型训练效果，同时还为人工智能技术实现多样化的商业化落地带来先天优势。
+
+在通用大模型领域的研发中，算力、算法和数据是其发展的关键三要素，其中数据因其稀缺性是门槛较高的要素，而公司基于自身的搜索业务，在数据方面有天然的先发优势。公司自主开发的 360 搜索是中国搜索引擎的 Top 2，日均抓取超过 10 亿次，累计抓取了近 10000 亿张网页和近 200 亿条索引，积累了国内领先的海量数据抓取经验和完整的页面质量优化体系。作为更利于训练的优质语料，公司在网页端有 15 万个优质权威站点和 18 亿张优质页面， 在自建知识库方面 360 问答和 360 百科提供了近 6 亿条问答和 2000 万词条，在垂类数据方面公司有 6 亿篇 360 文章、超 9000 万篇精选摘要的 360 文库和 7000 万条题目的 360 题库，同时还有海量且精准的其他专项数据集。
+
+AIGC 技术除了在搜索引擎的应用之外，还可以辅助数字安全能力的提升。360 以世界前列的安全能力用于构建大模型， 18 年累计的东半球最大的安全数据库用于迭代优化，以及众多高水平的白帽子黑客和安全工程师可以准确高效的进行安全数据预清洗、参数调整及后端人工标记。目前，360AI 安全实验室所开发的 AI 框架安全监测平台，已累计发现 Tensorflow、Caffe、PyTorch 等主流机器学习框架的漏洞 200 多个，其中提交给谷歌 Tensorflow 的漏洞数 98 个，包括 24 个高危、严重漏洞，在全球各大厂商中排名第一，成果入选了中央网信办“人工智能企业典型应用案例”。随着对生成式大语言模型在数字安全领域二次训练的推进，数字安全技术领域将迎来巨大的变革。
+
+#### (二)下数字化蓝海，以科技赋能千行百业
+
+报告期内，公司充分发挥技术优势，以科技赋能千行百业，持续布局安全、互联网及智能硬件领域，继续践行“安全+互联网”双轮驱动的商业模式，做数字中国的建设者。
+
+##### 1、安全业务
+
+报告期内， 360 政企集团更名为 360 数字安全集团，基于公司在安全领域的积累，以“看见”战略为指导、以“效果”为导向，构建以“看见+处置”为核心的安全运营服务体系，针对各个层级客户进行差异化安全解决方案。公司实现“安全及其他”收入 17.91 亿元，同比增长 29.72%，毛利率 55.55%，继续保持高速增长势头。
+
+作为互联网安全首倡者，公司经过近 20 年的实战积累，构建了一套以“看见+处置”为核心的安全运营服务体系。报告期内，通过“云端安全大脑”和“核心安全大脑”对相关产品赋能，实现了公司安全业务的整体客户覆盖数量显著提升，完成了关键客户的全覆盖，区域客户数量与新签订单金额均有大幅增长：公司共计完成与近 2000 家客户的新签合约，累计客户覆盖超过了 90%的中央部委、80%央企、95%大型金融机构和 100%的运营商，并与上百万家中小企业开展了网络安全合作。
+
+城市拓展方面，报告期内，公司完成了苏州、青岛、鹤壁 3 个订单确收，中标洛阳、哈尔滨、佳木斯、上海等多个城市项目，积累了超过 50 个有效商机，业务开拓势头强劲。
+
+在数字反诈服务方面，360 系列反诈服务覆盖 7+2 类涉诈案例场景，累计为全国公安机关推送反诈预警数据 1.12 亿条，预警精准度超过 90%。2022 年公司反诈+威胁情报新签合同同比提升 58%；反诈和威胁情报订阅产品共计覆盖省级公安厅、市及区县级公安局近百家，此外还涉及军队、政府等几十个非公安行业客户。
+
+
+
+图 1 “安全大脑” 项目城市中标情况
+
+报告期内，公司、公司研发团队、公司产品合计获得安全方面荣誉近 60 项，入选权威报告近 20 项，收到各城市及行业客户发来的致谢共计 45 次。
+
+三六零是数字安全行业唯一进入福布斯中国和中国电子商会发布的“2022 中国数字经济 100 强”榜单的企业，这是企业综合实力的象征，更是在数字经济领域核心竞争力的卓越体现。
+
+此外，继 2021 年凭借重庆合川区安全运营中心入选 IDC 智慧城市安全运营技术服务提供商后，公司凭借在安全运营领域过硬的产品技术实力和卓越的市场表现入选 Gartner 中国安全运营标杆厂商，并覆盖安全运营市场中的四个细分领域(SIEM、SOAR、TI、VA)，安全运营能力再次获得国际权威咨询机构的认可。报告期内，360 安全运营体系已全面落地国家、城市、行业、企事业等领域。作为智慧城市安全运营中心建设的最佳实践典范，“合川模式”已陆续被复制到天津、青岛、鹤壁、苏州、郑州、上海等地。
+
+报告期内，公司、团队、产品的部分获奖情况:
+
+| 获奖主体 | 获奖名称 | 发奖机构 | | 360 政企安全集团/ 360 数字安全集团 | 第二届“闽盾杯”网络空间安全大赛第一名 | 福建省委网信办、福建省教育厅、福建省公安厅、福建省通信管理局 | | 2021 年网络安全保险新业态新模式典型案例 | 国家工业信息安全发展研究中心 | | CNNVD“年度优秀技术支撑单位”、“最佳新秀奖” | 国家信息安全漏洞库(CNNVD) | | 2021 年朝阳区独角兽加速计划——“未来独角兽企业” | 中关村科技园区朝阳园管委会 | | 2021 网信自主创新尖峰企业——“云计算安全领域”、“安全服务领域” | 《网信自主创新调研报告》编委会 | | 北京市委网信办网络安全技术支撑单位 | 北京市委网信办、国家互联网应急中心北京分中心 | | 十年网安行业代表性案例 | ISC 互联网安全大会、数说安全 | | 2022 年度第一批北京市市级企业技术中心 | 北京市经济和信息化局 | | 2022 信创“大比武”通信业务运营技术赛带二等奖 | 中国电子工业标准化技术协会信息技术应用创新工作委员会 | | 谷歌 Chrome 最具价值精英榜 | 谷歌 | | 2022 年度信用领跑企业 | 北京市经济和信息化局、中国人民银行营业管理部等 | | 工信部车联网产品安全漏洞专业库技术支撑单位 | 中汽信息安全研究中心 | | 2022 中国高科技高成长 50 强 | 德勤 | | 工业和信息化部”铸网 2022 “实网演练优秀技术支撑单位 | 中国网络安全产业创新发展联盟 | | 麒麟软件安全生态联盟成员(首批) | 麒麟软件 | | ISC 2022 数字安全创新能力百强一创新力十强 | ISC 平台、数世咨询等 | | 360 集团 | 2022 中国数字经济 100 强 | 福布斯中国和中国电子商会 | | 2022 中国品牌 500 强 | 品牌联盟 | | 中电联企业科技创新会员 | 中国电力企业联合会 | | 《2022 年中国新经济企业 500 强发展研究报告》 | 36 氪研究院 | | 2022 用友生态大会 “最佳科技创新生态伙伴” | 用友 | | 360 本地安全大脑能力评估解决方案 | 网络安全产品之星 | 《网络安全与信息化》杂志联合 IT 运维网 | | 360 高级持续性威胁预警系统(360NDR)/360 天相 | 2021 中国软件和信息服务业创新产品/年度风云榜 | 信息化观察网 | | 360 网络空间地图测绘系统 | 2021 年度创新影响力成果 | 赛迪网与《数字经济》杂志社 | | 360 重庆安全大脑 | “重庆新经济贡献奖——网络安全卫士” | 重庆日报报业集团、重庆市轨道交通(集团)有限公司、都市热报社 | | 360 资产威胁与漏洞管理系统 (天相) | 2021 中国软件和信息服务业年度风云榜 | 信息化观察网 | | 360 安全浏览器 | 《商用密码产品认证证书》 | 国家密码管理局商用密码检测中心 | | 360 网络攻防靶场平台 | 2022 中国国际大数据产业博览会领先科技成果奖“新产品” | 中国国际大数据产业博览会组委会 | | 2022 年度解决方案之星 | 网络安全和信息化杂志 | | 360 全网数字安全大脑 | 数字经济 “创新引领成果” | 2022 全球数字经济大会 | | 2022 世界互联网领先科技成果 | 世界互联网大会 | | 360 数字安全集团网络安全保险创新案例 | 数造新实体——数字技术赋能实体经济 | 人民网财经研究院数字经济研究中心、中国信息通信研究院云计算与大数据研究所 | | 360 车联网安全大脑能力平台 | 2022 中国汽车智能创新技术 | 中国国际贸促会汽车行业委员会、成都国际车展组委会、汽车观察传媒 | | 360 数字安全集团联合三峡集团打造的数字安全关键技术应用实践 | 2022 中国 “数字样板” 工程 | 新华网、中国电子信息产业发展研究院 | | 潘剑锋 | 第八届中国管理科学学会“管理科学奖” | 第八届中国管理科学学会 | | 360 织语 | 2022 信创产业领军企业 100 强 | 德本咨询、eNet 研究院、互联网周刊 | | 国家工信安全中心“久安计划”首批合作伙伴 | 国家工信安全中心 | | 2022 年中国最佳数字化转型服务商 | 艾媒咨询 | | 360 资产威胁与漏洞管理系统 (天相)、360 终端安全管理系 统、360 攻击欺骗防御系统、 360 数据安全管理平台、360 高级持续性威胁预警系统 (360NDR)、工业互联网安全、 云原生安全、安全访问服务边 缘 SASE、安全运营 | ISC 2022 数字安全创新能力百强 | ISC 平台、数世咨询等 | | 以“看见”能力为核心的数字安全体系建设解决方案 | 2022 数字政府优秀解决方案 | 工信部直属中国电子学会联合数字世界新媒体、信息化和软件服务网 | | 温州市经海区安全大脑项目 | 2022 数字城市优秀解决方案 | | 360 抗攻击能力评估系统 (BAS) | 2022 十大”数字大脑 “优秀产品 | 中国电子学会、数字世界新媒体、信息化和软件服务网 | | 360 鹰眼 | 2022 中国软件技术创新产品奖 | 信息化和软件服务网 | | 360 数字安全大脑 | 2022 年中国十大网信技术产品 | 北京交通大学信息管理理论与技术国际研究中心 (ICIR) | | 北京奇虎科技有限公司 | 360 集团 APP 全生命周期安全管理平台 | 中国软件评测中心 |
+
+报告期内，公司、产品入选权威报告情况：
+
+| 发布机构 | 报告名称 | 入围情况 | | 亿欧智库 | 《2021中国信创产业应用落地研究报告及供 应商 60 强》 | 360 政企安全集团凭借领先的信创安全能力体系建设， 以及在信创应用 领域的优秀案例，成功入选 2021 信创产业 60 强企业。 | | IDC | 2022 年 IDC 亚太区智慧城市大奖(中国区) | 360 政企安全集团建设运营的重庆合川区网络安全协同创新产业园一期 项目(以下称 “360 重庆城市安全大脑”)斩获“行政管理”大奖，成为城市创新的最佳实践范例。 | | 《中国网络安全实训演练测试平台市场额，2021：高歌猛进，快速发展》 | 报告显示，2021 年，中国网络安全实训演练测试平台产品的市场规模为 1.45 亿美金(约 9.4 亿元人民币)，同比增长 38.5%。360 政企安全集团作为专业型和综合型网络安全厂商，在攻防对抗等多领域、行业的积累，占据了 18.1% 的国内市场份额。 | | 《2022 上半年中国 IT 安全服务市场跟踪报告》 | 360 数字安全集团凭借实训靶场平台和服务，以 12.9%的市场份额位居 IT 安全企业级培训服务市场首位。 | | 2022 年《网络空间地图市场洞察》研究报告 | 360 数字安全集团凭借全球领先的网络空间资产测绘能力，以及自研网络空间资产搜索引擎，提供企业网、专网测绘服务的实践应用，连续两次入选此报告成为该领域的代表厂商。 | | 《IDC PeerScape：中国数字政府数据安全领导者实践》 | 全球知名IT 咨询机构 IDC 发布《IDC PeerScape：中国数字政府数据安全领导者实践》研究报告，数字安全 SaaS 龙头 360 企业安全云作为“第一实践案例”入选。 | | 数世咨询 | 《工业互联网安全能力指南》报告 | 360 政企安全集团凭借领先的信创安全能力体系建设，以及在政务应用 领域的优秀案例，入选该报告信创安全典型行业应用。 | | 国家工业信息安全发展研究中心 | 2021年网络安全保险新业态新模式典型案例 | 60 政企安全集团凭借“全流程安全服务打造网络安全保险创新模式”成功入选 2021 年网络安全保险新业态新模式典型案例。 | | 国际权威 IT 咨询机构 Gartner | 《中国安全运营代表厂商名录》 | 360 政企安全集团凭借在安全运营领域过硬的产品技术实力和卓越的市场表现入选 Gartner 中国安全运营标杆厂商 | | 《2022 中国网络安全技术成熟度曲线(Hype Cycle for Security in China， 2022)》 | 360 数字安全集团在入侵和攻击模拟(Breach and Attack Simulation，简称 BAS)、智慧城市 CPS(CPS Security in Smart Cities)、态势感知(Situational Awareness)、红蓝对抗(Attack and Defense Teaming)四大领域被推荐为标杆供应商(Sample Vendor)，成为唯一入选四大领域的数字安全企业。 | | 《Market Guide for Managed Detection and Response Services，China》 | 360 数字安全集团凭借体系化、实战化的托管安全运营服务 (MSS) 及多场景的落地实践成果，入选该报告。 | | 《新一代 XDR——面向未来的数字安全防御架构》白皮书 | 360 数字安全集团携手国际权威研究机构 Gartner，正式发布《新一代 XDR——面向未来的数字安全防御架构》白皮书。 | | Forrester | 《The Security Analytics Platform Landscape， Q3 2022》 | 360 凭借本地安全大脑再次入围安全分析平台主要供应商，成为国内唯一连续入选该报告的安全厂商。 | | 网安行业机构 GoUpSec | 《威胁情报产品及服务购买决策参考》 | 该报告共收录 12 家网络安全厂商，涉及案例涵盖政府、金融、运营商、能源、医疗、教育、互联网等重点行业。360 数字安全集团成功入选，威胁情报能力再获认可。 | | 嘶吼安全产业研究院 | 《2022 中国网络安全产业势能榜》 | 360 数字安全集团凭借行业领先的技术优势、创新能力和市场影响力，实力入选政务与能源两大行业榜单，被评为“综合型”厂商代表。 | | 《2021 信创安全典型行业应用专题报告》 | 360 政企安全集团凭借领先的信创安全能力体系建设，以及在政务应用 领域的优秀案例，入选该报告信创安全典型应用。 | | 《日日新，又日新中国网络安全细分赛道发展与技术创新趋势洞察》 | 360 凭借新一代 XDR 数字安全防御架构入选 XDR 扩展威胁检测与响应技术典型厂商，创新势能领跑行业。 | | 艾瑞 | 《2023 年中国协同办公行业研究报告》 | 在政企数字化转型和信创“齐头并进”的趋势下， 360 织语数字化协作管理平台作为标杆案例入选了该报告。 |
+
+##### 2、互联网业务
+
+互联网业务是公司“互联网+安全”双轮驱动商业模式的重要组成部分。其一， 360 浏览器、 360 安全卫士、 360 搜索、 360 杀毒等安全产品作为互联网业务的重要载体，具有极高的市场渗透率，成为公司安全大数据的获取入口。其二，相较于传统安全厂商依靠股权或债权融资维持高资本开支的财务模式，公司的互联网业务能够贡献稳定的现金流和利润，是支撑公司持续加码安全业务，快速扩大领先优势和市场占有率的重要资金来源。
+
+公司的互联网业务主要分为互联网商业化和互联网增值两个部分。公司通过信息获取类产品和内容类产品获得了庞大的用户数量和有效的流量入口，并在此基础上发展了以互联网广告及服务为代表的互联网商业化业务、以游戏为代表的互联网增值业务，高效连接 B 端和 C 端，实现流量价值的商业化变现。
+
+报告期内，公司互联网商业化及增值服务共实现收入 57.91 亿元，同比下降 21.85%。其中互联网广告及服务业务收入为 47.10 亿元，同比下降 25.32%; 以游戏为代表的互联网增值业务收入为 10.82 亿元，同比下降 2.03%。
+
+###### (1)互联网商业化业务
+
+政策端，国家互联网信息办公室、工业和信息化部、国家市场监督管理总局联合发布并自 2022 年 9 月 30 日起施行的《互联网弹窗信息推送服务管理规定》，对互联网广告行业全面监管。同时，《个人信息保护法》对个人信息使用规范及自 2021 年 Q3 开始对教育培训、互联网金融、房地产等行业的监管导致广告的投放精准度及广告主投放需求受到影响。
+
+市场端，根据中关村互动营销实验室发布的《2022 年中国互联网广告数据报告》，互联网广告规模为 5，088 亿元人民币，较 2021 年下降 6.38%；互联网营销市场规模为 6，150 亿元人民币，较上年下降 0.37%，广告与营销市场规模合计约为 11，238 亿元，较上年下降 3.19%。互联网广告行业出现较为明显的结构性调整，广告规模出现中国互联网广告市场发展 20 余年来首次负增长。随着宏观经济的回暖，互联网广告行业将逐步复苏，整体呈现筑底反弹态势。
+
+用户端，中国互联网络信息中心(CNNIC)第 51 次《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》显示，截至 2022 年 12 月，我国网民规模达 10.67 亿，较 2021 年 12 月增长 3，549 万，互联网普及率达 75.6%。移动端用户数量上，据 QuestMobile《2022 中国移动互联网年度大报告》显示，截至 2022 年底，全网用户净增 2，214 万，迎来近三年新高，中国移动互联网用户总规模突破 12 亿大关。我国网民基数庞大，发展空间广阔，移动互联网用户量级发展见顶，国内移动互联网红利逐渐消退，市场环境呈现红海态势，用户数量、活跃度以及市场渗透率进入存量竞争时代，PC 流量重新被市场所重视，PC 端用户的积累显得尤为重要。
+
+2022 年受全球经济震荡下行、政策调控等因素影响，宏观经济仍处于恢复阶段，广告行业整体盈利下滑，在此背景下，公司广告业务毛利率水平与上期基本持平，营收下滑趋势基本与行业保持同步。报告期内， 公司依旧保持着 PC 端较高的市场渗透率和活跃用户数。根据第三方艾瑞咨询、QM 的数据，截至报告期末，公司 PC 安全产品的市场渗透率为 99.68%，平均月活跃用户数 4.75 亿，安全市场持续排名第一；PC 浏览器市场渗透率为 87.1%，平均月活跃用户数达 4.16 亿；移动安全产品的平均月活跃用户数达 3.15 亿，PC 端作为公司互联网商业化的主要阵地，流量保持相对稳定。
+
+① 建立多屏完整生态，提升场景化运营
+
+360 在持续挖掘 PC 端价值的同时，也通过对 PC+MoB+IoT 多端用户产品进行体验优化和升级，打造起拥有多元、立体触点的智能营销生态体系。公司通过信息流、搜索、优品广告的产品组合实现广告主、媒体、用户的多方联动，以精准的用户需求洞察实现品牌与消费者的对味沟通，发挥办公、娱乐场景的优势定制化输出营销解决方案。伴随数字化智能营销时代下媒体投资趋势由“流量运营”转向“场景化运营”，360 场景化广告进一步创新升级，打造覆盖全网的消费者联合运营体系，让广告融入场景，更原生更高效，助力企业营销实现品效合一。
+
+② 打造新商业模式产品，全链路发力
+
+随着短视频行业市场规模增速逐渐放缓，PC 端正在成为宝藏营销蓝海。360 墨鱼丸视频等 PC 短视频平台的涌现，使 PC 端这块肥沃“黑土地”的流量价值被重塑，也为品牌与企业的营销带来更多想象空间。依托 360 跨屏多端的媒体矩阵与覆盖的海量用户人群，360 墨鱼丸拥有日均 10 亿量级视频浏览量，覆盖了 360 安全卫士、360 快资讯、360 导航、360 墨鱼丸官网多个入口。强大的流量和广泛的覆盖力将助力公司的广告客户有效捕捉用户注意力，填补 PC 短视频场景的空白，成为短视频领域的流量新蓝海。应 PC 价值重估之时、顺品牌营销发力之势、借强势流量之力，360PC 锁屏画报吸睛登场，凭借广覆盖、强触达、强展现、强交互 4 大优势，360PC 锁屏画报聚焦职场黄金 8 小时，目前已达到 1 亿 DAU、3 亿 MAU 的用户量级，凭借“休憩间隙抬头见+回归工作状态时解锁必见”这样 1+1 双输出的产品展现机制，目前 360 画报单一用户日均自然触发已达到 8.7 次。
+
+③ 稳定基石客户，拓展新行业机会
+
+360 智慧商业依托 PC 端产品渗透率和市场占有率， 实现精细化运营和针对性提升。在稳定游戏、电商基石行业消费的基础上，抓住旅游、招商、医疗等行业复苏机会，并拓展国学行业、办公行业等新客户，以创新思维为指导，持续助力企业，赋能品牌价值。
+
+报告期内，公司互联网广告业务获奖情况:
+
+| 奖项类型 | 奖项 | 获奖案例 | 获奖名称 | | 金奖 | 艾瑞金瑞营销奖 | 「存量破局」戴尔企业购 品效全链路合作 | 年度最佳场景营销案例奖 | | 【寻梦环游季】360 智慧商业 × 旅游业暑期重振计划 | 年度最佳技术营销案例奖 | | 金网奖 | 【520 挚爱之礼-做懂你的蓝朋友】 | 大数据营销 | | 金触点 | 上班族治愈计划—360 智慧商业情绪营销 IP | IP 营销与跨界联名 | | 银奖 | 金鼠标 | 【一加 N 的无限可能】360 × 一加手机 | 效果营销类 | | 金网奖 | 【使命召唤 荣耀新生】荣耀手机新品发布案例 | OTT 营销 | | 梅花创新营销奖 | 携程旅行 × 墨鱼丸视频-每天旅行一分钟营销推广项目 | 旅游航空 | | TMA | 【520 挚爱之礼-做懂你的蓝朋友】 | 效果类-品牌传播 | | 哪吒汽车 × 墨鱼丸视频「哪吒传说新解」短剧项目 | 3C 类 | | 金触点 | 携程旅行 × 墨鱼丸视频-每天旅行一分钟营销推广项目 | 技术营销 | | 金匠奖 | 「存量破局」戴尔企业购 品效全链路合作 | 年度精准营销 | | 【寻梦环游季】360 智慧商业 × 旅游业暑期重振计划 | 年度精准营销 | | 【520 挚爱之礼-做懂你的蓝朋友】 | 年度精准营销 | | 赢在企跑线 企业 IT 采购节 | 年度场景营销 | | 铜奖 | IAI 奖 | 生而为赢， 战无止境， 360 智慧商业一戴尔 PMP 推广方案 | 场景营销 | | 金网奖 | 翻转新视界 三星 Galaxy Z 系列折叠屏 × 360 推广案例 | OTT 营销 | | 《跟着屏保游中国》360 画报中国文化自信传播之旅 | 公益营销 | | 梅花创新营销奖 | 生态赋能 赢在起点 360 × 联想官网企业购 618 创新解锁 ABM 营销通路 | 电子科技 | | TMA | 上班族治愈计划—360 智慧商业情绪营销 IP | IP 营销类 | | 生态赋能 赢在起点 360 ×联想官网企业购 618 创新解锁 ABM 营销通路 | 3C 类 | | 金触点 | 技术营销 | | ECI 艾奇奖 | 【520 挚爱之礼-做懂你的蓝朋友】 | 营销创新类-日化产品 | | 产品 | 金匠奖 | 360 日历 | 年度产品营销 | | ECI 艾奇奖 | 360PC 锁屏画报 | 产品创新类-软件产品-企业级 | | 金网奖 | 360PC 锁屏画报 | 年度营销产品 | | 金鼠标 | 360 墨鱼丸视频 | 年度最佳数字营销系统 | | 360 易托管 | 年度最佳数字营销工具 |
+
+###### (2)互联网增值业务
+
+政策端，未成年人保护力度进一步加强，自 2021 年新修订的《中华人民共和国未成年人保护法》实施、《关于进一步严格管理切实防止未成年人沉迷网络游戏的通知》印发以来，截至 2022 年 9 月，我国各地区共推出七十余条涉及未成年人保护的相关政策，除了强调落实游戏防沉迷体系的基本要求， 还对用户信息保护、产品内容审核、功能性游戏开发等方面提出相应要求。
+
+用户端， 中国音数协游戏工委等权威部门联合发布的《2022 年中国游戏产业报告》， 2022 年中国游戏市场实际销售收入为 2，658.84 亿元，同比下降 10.33%，其中手游销售收入 1，930.58 亿元，同比下降 14.40%，近十年来首次下降；端游销售收入为 613.73 亿元，同比增长 4.38%；页游销售收入为 52.80 亿元，同比下降 12.44%。中国游戏用户规模 6.64 亿人，同比下降 0.33%。游戏行业市场收入下降， 整体规模缩减， 游戏用户数量继去年增长放缓后， 今年出现了近十年以来首次下降。
+
+2022 年，受宏观经济、监管政策趋严的影响，游戏行业市场销售收入及游戏近十年来首次下滑， 行业面临严峻考验， 但随着 2022 年 4 月游戏版号时隔 8 个月重启发放，版号节奏恢复常态化。公司在精品研发、出海战略加持下，有望迎来触底回升。报告期内，公司坚持走自研、独家代理、联运一体化路线，积极布局海外市场，整体取得较好成绩。
+
+页游方面，公司坚持高质量、精品化发展，夯实经典品类优势，坚持内容为王，引入新产品百余款，联运业务拓增多款高质量产品，保证联运优品数量，《白蛇》、《王者之心 2》均贡献较好用流水；独代业务拓展有技术和产品积累的深度合作厂商，践行 3D 品类扩展、合作模式多元化的策略；PC 游戏大厅建立评级投放规则，提高资源投入产出效率，主动筛选优质游戏和投放渠道，持续引入多元化创新产品。
+
+手游方面，公司发力创新品类突破，独代业务通过区域聚焦，推动手游独代在亚太区域快速发展，上半年《龙女》在东南亚顺利上线，新增用户超过 60 万，在三个国家榜单进入 TOP10，下半年《死神》在国内发行，依靠行业内资源优势打通全网渠道资源；联运业务积极引入聚焦赛道新品，拓展主流头部厂商；自研业务引入优秀人才团队，打造完善开发基建系统，保障自研产品如期上线。
+
+端游方面，公司持续引入精品端游产品，深耕军武品类， 中华文化相结合，打造业内领先的军武游戏平台，彰显本地化特殊性。同时，公司通过电竞赛事举办，建立事业部赛事品牌，完善电竞生态建设，实现品牌与热度的双向增长。
+
+##### 3、智能硬件业务
+
+根据艾瑞咨询数据， 2020 年中国物联网设备连接量达 74 亿个，受宏观影响同比增速放缓。随着数字化转型的持续推进，各行业对物联网的需求愈发高涨，预计到 2025 年，中国物联网设备连接量将突破 150 亿个。作为物理世界通往虚拟世界的入口，公司将智能硬件产品定位为重要的安全信息、安全数据采集探针，360 智慧生活迄今已是全球 2000 万+用户的信任首选，全球化部署覆盖超过 120 个国家及地区，每天 3 亿次云端 AI 调用，拥有 800 万的 APP 日活用户。
+
+报告期内，公司智能硬件业务实现营业收入 18.88 亿元，同比下降 8.50%。
+
+###### (1)聚焦安防，致力精品化运营
+
+公司围绕家居安全、行车安全场景，自研及生态合作产品形成了以“安全”为核心的 IoT 产品矩阵。报告期内，公司对市场占有率相对较低的产品在运营上更加精细化，对非主要品类进行收缩，清理库存芯片、物料，做到库存管理精细化运营。公司持续深耕安防、车品赛道，聚焦精品爆品，从生命周期、市场卡位等多维度梳理，致力于精品化经营。公司着力于线上、线下平台、渠道的搭建，进一步拓展销售渠道，拓宽公司智能硬件的多元化销售路径，同时探索海外安防开拓方向，打造适合 360 出海新模式。
+
+###### (2)探索 SaaS 化服务，重塑硬件新模式
+
+智能硬件业务持续对 SaaS 化服务探索，积极由卖硬件向卖硬件加云服务业务模式转型。从领先的智能家庭安防，拓展到面向商超小店、工厂农场的 B 端场景，以 AI+视觉之力，不断丰富安全感的定义。
+
+报告期内，针对中小微企业的智能化安防以及数字化转型升级需求，公司发布 360 视觉云产品。公司面向中小微企业，以 AI 视觉为核心的 SaaS 平台，在现有用户的摄像头设备基础上，基于一套硬件和底层服务，可以实现更加专业、强大的 B 端管理功能。360 视觉云产品实现不依赖后端设备，直接连接到云端，安装容易，使用简单，分散部署，集中管理， 兼具 C 端产品良好的体验和 B 端产品的专业性要求，让中小微企业可以借助 AI+视觉的服务提升安全运维的升级， 完成自身的数字化转型提升竞争力。
+
+同时，公司推出线下专属品牌 “360 炫视”， 将 360 的软硬研发能力、云平台安全能力、视觉产品创新能力相结合，提供品类完善、质量统一、深度融合 360 视觉云 SaaS 服务的软硬件解决方案，不断挖掘新的线下安防业务场景，在新常态下把握 B 端场景安防产品变革的商机，助力渠道客户持续实现业务增长。
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new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,344 @@
+doi: 10.12012/CJOE2023-0172
+
+# AI 大模型赋能金融市场量化投资？基于另类数据与传统金融数据的研究
+
+何勇¹^,^², 焦丽³, 杨艺¹, 祝怡菲¹
+
+(1. 山东大学金融研究院, 济南 250100; 2. 山东国家应用数学中心, 济南 250100; 3. 山东大学数学学院, 济南 250100)
+
+**摘要** 当前,以 ChatGPT (chat generative pre-trained transformer) 为代表的大语言模型迅速发展,被广泛用于股市投资算法交易、风险管理等多个领域,这为金融投资者提供了新的决策工具和投资途径,本文基于 BERT (bidirectionalencoder representation from transformers) 模型和 ChatGPT 构建了适用于中国股票市场的投资交易模型,实现从财经新闻文本数据以及传统金融数据中获取交易信号,对于文本数据,首先抓取每日的财经新闻将其与对应的股票代码相匹配,其次将新闻文本数据输入至训练好的 FTBERT (fine-tuning BERT) 模型中,得到每条新闻的情感倾向,选择积极情感的财经新闻作为正的投资交易信号,对于传统金融数据,借助 ChatGPT 的高级解析能力,对中国股票市场的历史数据进行深入分析,通过调整 prompt 读取数据,从而构造出用于股票投资的关键因子,输出每日各股票的得分,最终根据不同数据类型得到每日各股票的投资交易信号,并将其作为构建投资组合的依据,构建有效的投资策略,实证结果表明,ChatGPT能有效判断文本情感倾向,且经过微调后的大语言模型能有效助力量化投资,为投资者带来超额收益,本研究尝试将大语言模型运用于金融投资领域,展现了其在生成股票投资信号方面的潜在价值,随着技术的不断发展和市场环境的变化,这种基于人工智能的投资策略将不断演进,为投资者创造更多价值.
+
+**关键词** 中国股票市场; 财经新闻分析; 大语言模型; 量化投资
+
+
+
+**收稿日期:** 2023-12-29
+
+**基金项目:** 国家自然科学基金 (12171282)
+
+**Supported by** National Natural Science Foundation of China (12171282)
+
+**作者简介:** 通信作者: 何勇, 教授, 山东大学齐鲁青年学者, 研究方向: 概率统计、计量经济学, E-mail: heyong@sdu.edu.cn; 焦丽, 硕士研究生, 研究方向: 金融统计, E-mail: 202211956@mail.sdu.edu.cn; 杨艺, 硕士研究生, 研究方向: 应用统计, E-mail: 202332009@mail.sdu.edu.cn; 祝怡菲, 硕士研究生, 研究方向: 应用统计, E-mail: 202332022@mail.sdu.edu.cn.
+
+# AI Large Language Model Empowers Quantitative Investment in Financial Markets? Research Based on Alternative Data and Traditional Financial Data
+
+HE Yong¹^,^², JIAO Li³, YANG Yi¹, ZHU Yifei¹
+
+(1. Zhongtai Securities Institute for Financial Studies, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; 2. National Center for Applied Mathematics, Jinan 250100, China; 3. School of Mathematics, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China)
+
+**Abstract** At present, chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) as a representative of the rapid development of large language models, is widely used in stock market investment, algorithmic trading, risk management and other fields. This provides financial investors with new decision-making tools and investment paths. In this paper, we construct an investment trading model based on the bidirectional encoder representation from transformers (BERT) model and chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) for the Chinese stock market, and realize the trading signals from financial news text data and traditional financial data. For the text data, the daily financial news is captured and matched with the corresponding stock codes. Secondly, we input the news text data into the trained fine-tuning BERT (FTBERT) model to get the sentiment tendency of each news item, and select the positive financial news as the positive investment trading signals. For the traditional financial data, we use the advanced parsing capability of chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) to analyze the historical data of Chinese stock market. By adjusting the prompt to read the data, the key factors for stock investment are constructed, and the daily scores of each stock are output. Finally, the daily investment signals of each stock are obtained based on different data types, which are used as the basis for constructing investment portfolios and building effective investment strategies. The empirical results show that chat generative pre-trained transformer (ChatGPT) effectively determine the sentiment tendency of text. The fine-tuned model can effectively assist quantitative investment and bring investors excessive returns. This study attempts to apply big language modeling to financial investment and shows its potential value in generating stock investment signals. With the continuous development of technology and changes in the market environment, this artificial intelligence-based investment strategy will continue to evolve and create more value for investors.
+
+**Keywords** China stock market; financial news analysis; large language models; quantitative investment
+
+## 1 引言
+
+近年来,预训练基础模型技术作为新一代人工智能技术的主流探索方向,其发展受到了学术界与工业界的广泛关注.而在这场发展浪潮中,大语言模型(large language models, LLMs)在自然语言处理领域所取得的成绩尤其瞩目(赵朝阳等,2023).当前,大语言模型在金融中的应用处于探索阶段,学者们逐渐尝试将其应用于文本数据的情感分析.新闻舆情作为反映社会民意和市场预期的重要指标之一, 股票市场自然也会受到其影响. 因此, 对于金融机构、投资者和研究人员来说, 通过使用大语言模型提取关键信息、处理大量新闻舆情, 能够节省时间和精力, 提高工作效率, 并为他们的决策提供更全面和准确的信息依据, 具有重要意义.
+
+然而传统的文本情感分析方法主要基于情感词典和传统的机器学习方法, 容易受到语言表达方式的限制, 且无法捕捉上下文信息. 相比之下, 以 BERT (bidirectional encoder representation from transformers) 和 GPT 为代表的大语言模型成为自然语言处理任务的重要基准模型. 通过在大规模的无标签数据集上进行模型的预训练任务, 可以学习到通用的语言表示. 这种表示能够捕捉到丰富的上下文信息, 并在多种下游任务中表现出色. 现有研究中, 鲜有学者考虑使用 ChatGPT 来进行文本数据分析, 大部分学者仍采用 BERT 作为主要的分析模型, 但这往往需要手动标注数据. 而 ChatGPT 的优势在于能够减少或消除手动标注的需求, 从而提高分析效率和减轻工作量. 因此, 本文创新性地将 ChatGPT 与 BERT 模型组合, 提出 FTBERT (fine-tuning BERT) 模型. 此模型是在熵简科技发布的中文版开源 FinBERT 模型基础上进一步微调得到, 将其应用到投资策略的构建中, 旨在探究 AI 大模型能否基于另类数据与传统金融数据构建出具有超额收益的投资策略, 赋能金融市场量化投资.
+
+本文的研究主要分为两个步骤: 第一步是基于 FTBERT 模型的文本情绪分析. 首先利用 GPT-4 判断新闻文本数据的情感倾向, 输出带情感标签的数据集. 其次将带有情感标签的数据集输入 BERT 预训练模型, 然后进行微调以适应特定的下游任务. 在微调过程中, 调整最终的输出层为二分类任务, 用于计算每篇新闻文本数据的情感倾向. 最终将新闻文本数据中的积极情绪作为文本数据的投资交易信号. 第二步是 ChatGPT 生成因子过程. 本文考虑风险情绪类因子、估值与市值类因子等多种数据类型, 将其输入至代码解释器 (code interpreter) 让 GPT-4 读取数据. 通过接收用户指令, 让 ChatGPT 生成一个独特的选股因子. 根据选股因子获取股票交易信号, 随后做投资策略的回测, 基于回测结果判断构建的股票投资因子是否满足要求. 如果回测结果优于大盘指数股 (中证 500), 则输出选股因子, 形成传统金融数据的股票交易信号. 反之, 回到指令输入的部分重新生成因子. 至此, 本文实现了从新闻文本数据和传统金融数据中提取股票交易信号.
+
+本文研究的数据包含另类数据中的文本数据和传统的金融数据, 时间区间均为 2019 年 1 月至 2023 年 7 月. 其中, 本文选择国内权威财经网站的新闻作为文本数据源, 经过数据清洗后的新闻总量为 119,738 篇. 将清洗后的文本输入至 GPT-4 判断其文本的情感倾向. 为了做对照, 本文将财经新闻情感分类公开数据集也输入至 GPT-4, 验证其判断效果. 结果显示, 与常见的分类器相比, 无论是在训练集还是测试集上, GPT-4 在情感分类任务方面表现出色. 为了验证 GPT-4 选择因子的可靠性, 本文采用因子有效性检验, 使用信息系数 IC 值与因子相关性判断因子的有效性, 按照高 IC 值和高相关性原则下筛选出的因子与 GPT-4 重合度较高, 说明 GPT-4 选择的因子具有一定的可靠性. 在投资策略构建方面, 本文分别构建了文本数据交易策略、传统金融数据交易策略和“文本 + 传统”的复合交易策略. 为了验证本文构建的投资策略是否有助于个体投资者的投资, 本文进行了一年期回测. 结果显示, 测试期内基于文本数据和混合数据类型的投资策略表现均优于传统金融数据和仅投资大盘指数股 (中证 500). 特别地, 复合交易策略的投资效果 (年化收益率、累计对数收益率等) 显著优于单一策略的投资,虽然最大回撤略高于文本数据构建的信号,但也小于5%,属于低风险投资(在合理区间内),说明此投资策略有良好的稳健性和明确的投资价值.
+
+本文的贡献主要包括两个方面.在数据方面,模型数据输入考虑了传统金融数据与另类数据,提高了模型的普适性.数据来源包括金融类文本、技术指标等金融数据,联合预测股票收益,为A股市场投资交易策略研究提供了新思路.本文创新应用股票匹配算法,节省计算机算力的同时,使数据处理更具有针对性,并且在训练中减少了主观因素的影响.在模型方面,本文提出的FTBERT 模型,创新性地将基于GPT-4框架的ChatGPT与BERT 模型相结合,该组合模型可以通过处理新闻文本数据来构建投资交易模型,以更准确地捕捉市场情绪变化;同时本文初步尝试将GPT-4用于选股因子的构建,并将其与FTBERT 模型输出的市场情绪结合构建投资策略,为投资决策提供参考.
+
+后文安排如下:第二部分是文献综述,整理了新闻舆情与股市收益率、投资组合理论与机器学习以及大语言模型在金融中应用的相关研究成果;第三部分介绍基于FTBERT 模型的文本情绪分析和基于ChatGPT的选股因子生成方法;第四部分为实验设计与实证分析,阐述本文的数据处理过程和交易信号提取的训练过程,根据交易信号构建股票投资策略,报告实验结果,并进行模型鲁棒性测试;最后是本文的研究结论.
+
+## 2 文献梳理
+
+### 2.1 新闻舆情与股市收益率影响的研究
+
+近年来,随着人工智能技术的发展,大量学者开始研究新闻数据中的情绪信息,已有研究表明,投资者的情绪影响公司股价走势、股票收益等多方面(何诚颖等,2021).在金融经济领域,已有学者论证了股票市场中的投资者情绪是系统性因子,它通过作用股票的交易策略,从而影响预期收益,因此是资产定价中的重要因素(陈荣达等,2019).在技术层面上,文本情感分析技术快速发展,自 Tetlock (2007)首先对市场中的新闻报道影响做出研究以来,人们已经意识到新闻媒体中的情绪信息会影响整体经济走势,越来越多的学者开始了对新闻舆情的研究,致力于挖掘媒体情绪与股市走向的关系.例如,在国内的相关研究中,游家兴和吴静(2012)发现,在公司信息不透明时,媒体情绪影响了股票价格偏离基本价值;汪昌云和武佳薇(2015)认为媒体语气会影响投资者的决策行为,并且媒体语气越强烈,对IPO 抑价率和投资者情绪的影响越明显;许海川和周炜星(2018)基于股票市场的横截面分析,提出了新的情绪代理指标——中国波动率指数,研究情绪指标对未来股票市场的预测收益;杨晓兰等(2016)还研究了股吧评论数据中的媒体情绪对股市收益率的影响;部慧等(2018)利用文本挖掘技术,对股评情绪进行分类计算,提出新的投资者情绪指标.
+
+大量报道证实了新闻舆情会作用于投资者情绪,进一步对股市收益情况造成影响.媒体在报道时往往会放弃中立立场,进而产生特有的“媒体情绪”(游家兴和吴静,2012).姚尧之,王坚强和刘志峰(2018)发现混频情绪显著影响股市收益率与波动.Veldkamp (2006)所构建的理论模型表明,在经济繁荣时期,媒体的报道更加乐观,而乐观的新闻舆情造成了资产价格的抬升与收益波动的加剧;相反地,Tetlock (2007)构建了媒体悲观情绪指数,表明在股票大盘指数下跌时,悲观媒体情绪是其重要的影响因素.因此,当新闻舆情表现为乐观时,狂热的投资者主导了交易市场,股票价格在一定程度上反映了狂热投资者的意见,造成了股价高估的现象,当新闻舆情表现为悲观时,结论与之相反,在此不再赘述.总之,研究新闻舆情与股市收益率之间的关系,在金融市场中有十分重要的应用价值.
+
+### 2.2 投资组合理论与机器学习应用研究
+
+#### 2.2.1 投资组合理论发展研究
+
+如何合理配置现有金融资产,在尽可能降低金融市场风险的同时实现最大化收益,这一议题在金融领域始终备受关注.对于机构和散户投资者而言,制定合理的投资组合战略尤为重要. Markowitz (1952) 提出均值-方差模型,首次将数理统计方法用于投资组合,正式拉开现代投资组合理论(modern portfolio investment theory)序幕.然而,该模型存在许多局限性,所考虑的市场环境因素过于理想化,因此学者们不断提出各种改进方案.考虑影响投资预期收益率的因素,部分学者不断探索,如Sharpe (1963) 提出资本资产定价模型(capital asset pricing model, CAPM), Ross (1976) 提出套利定价理论(arbitrage pricing theory, APT)等.为解决资产收益率的分布通常具有非对称性这一问题,学者们从偏度、峰度等角度入手,如Lai (1991) 研究了带偏度风险的投资组合问题.针对不同风险度量情况,相关学者不断尝试,先后提出了半方差、绝对偏差、半绝对偏差等方法(Konno et al. (1991), Mansini et al. (1999)). 20世纪80年代,风险管理领域出现了一种新的风险度量方法,即风险价值(value at risk, VAR)模型.然而,由于VAR 存在缺陷,Rockafellar et al. (2000) 提出了改进的CVAR 投资组合优化模型.随着统计思想与投资组合的不断结合,Black et al. (1992) 从贝叶斯理论出发,构建了 black-litterman (BL) 模型.Sahamkhadam et al. (2022)为进一步解决非正态收益数据问题,在Copula 模型基础上扩展了BL模型.基于多阶段投资组合问题,Li et al. (2000) 利用嵌入法,提出离散时间的多期动态MV模型.张鹏(2010)为解决“维数灾难”问题,提出了限制交易成本和交易量的多阶段投资组合策略.Sun et al. (2011) 借助元启发式算法,将一种新的漂移粒子群优化(DPSO)方法用于多阶段投资组合,优势性明显.经过不断发展,投资组合的理论研究已经取得了丰富成果,这些理论在实践中也被广泛应用.
+
+#### 2.2.2 机器学习在投资组合领域的应用研究
+
+近年来,随着数据处理技术的提升和算法的不断优化,机器学习展现出卓越效果并持续渗透到各个领域.
+
+在投资组合领域,机器学习在股价预测、投资组合优化等方面展现出巨大潜力,已成为许多金融机构和投资者的重要工具.基于此,关于投资决策的制定和股票未来收益的预测,现有的文献研究可大致分为以下三个方面:一是以自回归移动平均模型为代表的传统计量模型.传统投资者在很大程度上依赖金融市场的历史数据,并通过建立严格而复杂的计量经济学模型来积累投资决策的“经验”.二是以支持向量机(SVM)等为代表的经典机器学习模型.机器学习方法打破了传统方法成本过高等局限性,实现了股票预测能力的优化,能够进一步提升预测精度和稳定性(林耀虎等,2022).许多学者对此进行了探索,如蔡毅等(2023)提出一种反向混频数据抽样模型与机器学习算法结合的新模型,用于模型预测与风险调整优化;周亮(2021)发现随机森林模型相较传统模型实现了对个股相对收益率更好的拟合和预测.更近一步地,Leippold et al. (2022)将机器学习应用于资产定价领域,建立并分析了一套全面的因子组合以预测收益.三是以神经网络为核心的深度学习模型.由于深度神经网络在金融数据预测建模方面取得成功,深度学习已成为一种前景广阔的金融预测方法(卜湛等,2023; 苏治等,2017).深度学习在各种时间序列,图像分类和自然语言处理问题上取得突破,能够实现对金融复杂数据的捕捉与分析,在金融领域前景广阔.在传统金融时序领域,欧阳红兵等(2020)将小波分析与LSTM 神经网络相结合,构建金融时间序列数据预测模型,提升了对长短期动态趋势的预测精度.马甜等(2022)基于时序数据,采用生成式对抗网络模型(GAN),显著提高了模型预测精度和因子投资绩效.近年来,随着深度学习在图像识别领域的不断突破,其在金融图像识别中的应用也越来越广泛.Jiang et al. (2023)将股票历史价格转换为图像,再借助卷积神经网络(CNN)来识别和解析这些复杂模式,实现市场动态预测能力的提升.然而,金融信息复杂多样,局限于传统金融数据已无法满足需要.基于深度学习的自然语言处理技术使得金融文本和多模态数据信息得以发掘和利用.金融投资者可以借助自然语言处理模型来分析文本情绪在投资决策中的重要作用(姜富伟等,2021). Gutiérrez-Fandiño et al. (2022)结合自然语言处理模型提出了一种基于监督微调句子嵌入的金融情绪分析模型,对投资决策的制定影响深远.石善冲等(2018)基于自然语言处理模型利用微信公众号上的推文和评论文本,结合上证指数的交易数据进行对比分析,发现投资者情绪对股票市场有显著影响,并且这种情绪能够在一定程度上预示市场风向.胡楠等(2021)采用文本分析和自然语言处理技术研究管理者短视主义对企业长期投资的影响,具有一定的现实意义.
+
+机器学习算法应用广泛,刘景江等(2023)认为考虑如何将机器学习算法赋能金融及管理等多个领域意义深远.随着机器学习算法的不断发展,机器学习与经济问题的结合改变了传统的经济学研究范式(蒋锋等,2022).因此,将机器学习应用于金融投资领域,进而实现投资优化具有重要意义.
+
+### 2.3 大语言模型在金融中的应用现状及研究
+
+大语言模型是一类基于深度学习的自然语言处理(natural language processing, NLP)模型.通过在大量的文本数据上训练模型,在语言理解、文本生成和情感分析等任务上表现出色(Carlini et al., 2021).得益于LLMs 复杂的网络结构和大规模的预训练数据,研究者仅需少量标注数据即可微调模型,实现优越的任务性能(王颖洁, 2022).
+
+传统经济学研究在数据获取、模型预测等方面面临诸多挑战.大语言模型的出现为经济学研究提供了全新的视角和方法,为深入理解经济现象提供有力支持.洪永淼和汪寿阳(2024)指出,以ChatGPT为代表的大语言模型正在推动经济学研究范式的变革.大语言模型是大数据与人工智能催生的一种新的系统分析方法,适合于研究复杂人类经济社会系统.在金融领域,大语言模型的出现为非结构化数据、金融情绪分析等研究提供了新思路,在股市投资、风险管理、金融知识传输与服务、客户咨询等方面应用前景广阔(汪寿阳等, 2023). Peters et al. (2018)利用大规模无监督语料,使用双向LSTM训练语言模型,得到ELMo模型,并将其用于自然语言处理任务,发现其在多项NLP任务中取得了显著的性能提升.此外,Transformer 凭借其在长期依赖性方面的优势迅速发展.在此背景下,GPT预训练语言模型和BERT 模型产生.Devlin et al. (2019)提出了一种语言训练表示模型,通过堆叠Transformer 构建基础 BERT 模型,解决了一词多义的问题.Liu et al. (2020)在金融语料上训练 BERT 模型,提出了FinBERT 模型并发现模型在金融事件分类任务上的准确率提升了14个点.李旭晖等(2021)深入探讨金融事件抽取问题,融合预训练模型与多层神经网络模型,成功实现事件识别与要素抽取两大核心任务.与此同时,业界也开始注意到预训练语言模型的重要性. OpenAI 提出了基于GPT系列框架的大型生成式语言模型 ChatGPT (chat generative pre-trained transformer),凭借其大算力、大算法和大数据,赋予机器理解或学习人类可以完成的任何智力任务的能力.已有学者将ChatGPT用于金融市场股票投资(陆岷峰,2023). Ko and Lee (2023) 通过实验发现,与随机选择的资产组合相比,ChatGPT 构建的资产组合配置更具多样化,在统计学上效果更为显著. ChatGPT可以分析客户交互模式识别欺诈行为,从而减轻金融投资者的损失和风险. Lopez-Lira et al. (2023) 使用ChatGPT来判断金融新闻的情感倾向并将其用于股市回报的预测.结果表明,将先进的大语言模型纳入投资决策过程中可以产生更准确的预测,并增强量化交易策略的表现.汪寿阳等(2023)总结了 ChatGPT 在金融领域的应用情况和发展前景,认为以ChatGPT为代表的大语言模型可以辅助提高研究人员对金融语言的理解,帮助金融投资者分析非结构化数据.总之,大语言模型在金融中的应用前景广阔,有望为投资者、金融机构和决策者提供更准确、实时的信息和工具来辅助决策.
+
+## 3 理论模型
+
+### 3.1 基于 FTBERT 模型的文本情绪分析
+
+目前文本特征提取的主流方法有 Word2Vec 与 GloVe 等基于神经网络的方法,但其最明显的缺点在于无法解决一词多义的问题(谌志群等,2020).而以BERT 等为代表的预训练语言模型,通过引入动态代表机制,使同一词语的词向量随其在文本中的位置不同而动态调整,可以更好地捕捉文本上下文关系,从而解决一词多义等问题.因此本文使用BERT 模型作为基准模型处理财经新闻文本数据.
+
+BERT 模型的结构框架如图1所示,由输入层、编码层、输出层构成.输入层用于将文本数据表示成计算机可读的嵌入式向量.为了适应不同语义,BERT模型的输入包括三个部分,分别为词向量(token embedding)、段向量(segment embedding)和位置向量(position embedding),如图2所示.令 $L_i$ 代表第 $i$ 条文本的词数,不包括 BERT 模型的特殊标记.在文本通过 BERT 模型的输入层后,会首先添加一个[CLS]标记在开头,以及一个或多个[SEP]标记来分隔句子或标示文本的结束.如果第 $i$ 条文本由 $S_i$ 个句子组成,则在处理完成后得到的文本向量 $\mathbf{X}_i$ 的维度将为 $(L_i+S_i+1) \times H$,其中 $H$ 是 BERT 模型隐藏层的维数.编码层是由多个 Transformer 的 encoder 部分叠加组成,核心结构是“自注意力机制+残差连接和层归一化+前馈神经网络”,计算步骤如下:第一步,对 $\mathbf{X}_i$ 做线性映射,得到 $\mathbf{Q}, \mathbf{K}, \mathbf{V}$ 矩阵,计算公式如(1)式所示,其中 $\mathbf{W}_\mathbf{Q}, \mathbf{W}_\mathbf{K}, \mathbf{W}_\mathbf{V}$ 是权重矩阵.
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{array}{l}
+\mathbf{Q} = \mathbf{X}_i \mathbf{W}_\mathbf{Q}, \\
+\mathbf{K} = \mathbf{X}_i \mathbf{W}_\mathbf{K}, \\
+\mathbf{V} = \mathbf{X}_i \mathbf{W}_\mathbf{V}.
+\end{array}
+\right.\quad (1)
+$$
+
+第二步,构建加权注意力矩阵,获得第 $i$ 条文本数据的全部向量的信息.公式如(2)式所示. 其中 $d_k$ 是隐含层的维度.
+
+$$
+\text{Attention}(\boldsymbol{Q}, \boldsymbol{K}, \boldsymbol{V}) = \text{soft max} \left( \frac{\boldsymbol{Q}\boldsymbol{K}^{\text{T}}}{\sqrt{d_k}} \right).\quad (2)
+$$
+
+第三步,残差连接和层归一化.经过注意力矩阵加权后与 $X_i$ 相加得到残差连接,然后做归一化处理,可以加速模型的训练过程,使其更快的收敛.
+
+第四步,经过前馈神经网络得到 $X_i$ 的隐含层编码矩阵 $X_{\text{hidden}}$.
+
+
+
+**图 1 BERT 模型结构**
+
+
+
+**图 2 BERT 模型的输入**
+
+BERT 的输出层一般包括两类：其一，Pooler Output. 源自 [CLS] 标记的隐藏状态，该标记旨在捕捉整个输入序列的总体上下文.此状态经过全连接层和激活函数（如 tanh）处理后得到的输出，主要用于需要整个序列概览的任务，如文本分类.其二，Sequence Output. 包括对序列中每个标记的隐藏状态输出，为序列中每个元素提供了其上下文中的细节表示，适用于标记任务，如实体识别.本文使用第一类输出作为基准 BERT 模型.
+
+将 BERT 用于具体的文本分类任务一般遵循“预训练 + 微调”的结构范式.预训练过程是在大规模文本数据集上进行模型的无监督学习，通过 masked language model (MLM) 任务和 next sentence prediction (NSP) 任务学习文本语言的通用逻辑与结构.在 MLM 任务中，输入文本中的一些单词会被随机“遮蔽”，然后通过上下文预测该单词，从而学习输入文本的内在逻辑.具体处理方法为：一部分 (80%) 被遮盖，替换为 [MASK]；一部分 (10%) 随机替换为其他任意词；一部分 (10%) 保留原词.在 NSP 任务中，模型获取一对句子，并需要判断第二句是否是第一句的下文,即每个样本都是由A和B两句话构成,如果句子B确实是句子A的下一句话,样本标签为Is Next;反之,如果句子B并非紧跟句子A而是随机选取的无关句子,样本标签为Not Next.在样本集合中,两种类型的样本占比均为50%.通过此任务,模型能从上下文中推断句子间的逻辑关系.微调过程中,首先用预训练得到的参数来初始化模型,然后利用针对特定任务的标注数据进行有监督学习.期间模型的所有参数都会被调整和优化,以提升其在特定任务上的表现.
+
+本文以熵简科技发布的FinBERT 模型为基础,将GPT-4与BERT 模型相结合,构建了FTBERT 模型做财经新闻情感分类任务.首先让GPT-4判断每篇新闻文本的情感倾向,将其作为BERT 微调过程中的标签集.然后将带情感标签的数据集输入至BERT 预训练模型,再进行模型微调,调整输出层为二分类任务,输出最优参数.于是给定一篇新的新闻文本,就可以使用该模型得到其情感倾向,最终输出积极与消极情绪概率.
+
+### 3.2 基于 ChatGPT 的选股因子生成过程
+
+#### 3.2.1 ChatGPT 的工作原理
+
+截止至目前,OpenAI 陆续推出四代 GPT 模型.最新推出的 ChatGPT 是基于 GPT-4架构的大型预训练语言模型.GPT 系列采用 Transformer 深度学习网络架构,可以利用自注意力(self-attention)机制来捕捉输入序列中的长距离依赖关系,使得模型能够更好地理解文本语境并生成相关的回答.
+
+其主题框架遵循“基础语料 + 预训练 + 微调”的理论范式,并按照以下步骤实施:第一步,收集海量高质量的基础语料数据集.这些数据集根据应用需求被细分为预训练数据集和微调数据集两大类.其中,预训练数据集汇聚了互联网上各类文本数据,如书籍、杂志、新闻报道、维基百科文章和社交媒体帖子等,旨在使模型掌握语言的逻辑结构和表达方式.微调数据集包括了编程语言代码、专业标注以及用户对话等经过精细加工处理的高质量标注文本数据,其目的是进一步提升模型人机交互对话能力.第二步,预训练模型.采用无监督学习的方式在大规模的数据集上训练模型,使模型深入理解并掌握从基础语法结构到复杂文本语境的各层次语言特征,同时积累了丰富的通用知识和特定领域专业知识,初步获得理解人类语言和学习上下文的能力.第三步,模型微调.在带有标注的特定下游任务数据集上进一步训练模型,根据任务的需求调整部分参数,以使模型性能更加贴近所期望达到的目标.值得注意的是,根据不同任务类型的特点,微调过程可以进行相应地修改和优化,确保模型在各类任务中都能展现出优异的性能.
+
+ChatGPT 是在 GPT 系列框架基础上,将下游任务以提示(prompt)的形式融入到预训练模型中,使模型具备零样本学习能力.零样本学习是指模型在未接触特定任务样本数据的前提条件下,依靠在大规模数据集上进行预训练所积累的丰富语言知识和理解能力,实现对新型任务的有效应对和处理.这一能力突显了模型在处理各类语言任务时展现出的泛化和推理能力,反映了其对语言结构和语义信息深刻的理解与把握.因此,ChatGPT 具备了生成问答式对话文本的能力,其工作机制可以被归纳为“预训练 + 提示 + 预测”的新范式.
+
+#### 3.2.2 选股因子生成
+
+借助 GPT-4 的强大模型架构, ChatGPT 在自然语言处理和人工智能交互对话方面取得了显著进展. 该模型在 GPT-4 模型基础上融入了提示学习、思维链以及人类反馈强化学习的核心理念, 展现出在处理复杂语言结构和理解深层语义方面的出色能力. 对于尚未接受模型训练的新任务, 用户只需要提供该任务的语言描述以及指令微调, 即可让模型在指定情境下输出恰当的回答结果, 这大大降低了 ChatGPT 的使用门槛. 在这一背景下, 提示工程 (prompt engineering) 作为一门专注于优化语言模型提示机制的学科领域, 其重要性愈发凸显. 通过运用并精通提示工程的技术, 可以进一步提升系统的准确性和性能, 在降低成本的同时优化用户体验. 对研究人员来说, 这也有助于更深入地理解和改进模型的性能.
+
+下面将描述如何利用提示词来生成选股因子, 具体方法如下:
+
+第一步, 读入数据. 使用 GPT-4 的代码解释器功能, 将传统金融数据文件传输至 ChatGPT 的代码运行环境中.
+
+第二步, 检查数据. ChatGPT 会自行编写 Python 代码, 浏览数据的结构以及内容, 检查数据是否存在缺失值, 是否存在数据频率不一致的问题.
+
+第三步, 数据预处理. 根据输入数据的特点, 采用适用于此数据类型的填充方式处理缺失值, 并将数据频率调整一致, 这一过程由 ChatGPT 自行判断得到.
+
+第四步, 生成选股因子. 向 ChatGPT 的对话框输入生成选股因子指令. 随后使用该选股因子进行投资策略的回测, 如果回测结果优于大盘指数股, 则输出选股因子, 形成股票交易信号. 反之, 回到指令输入的部分重新生成选股因子.
+
+## 4 实验设计与实证分析
+
+### 4.1 数据准备
+
+本文借助财经数据接口包 Tushare 提取了“东方财富网”的新闻快讯,将其作为本文的文本数据集;从 Tushare 的“沪深股票”接口中提取了传统金融数据,将其作为 GPT-4 读取的原始数据集¹.
+
+#### 4.1.1 文本数据及其处理
+
+Tushare 是一个基于 Python 的免费、开源的财经数据接口包, 主要实现股票等金融数据的采集、清洗加工以及数据存储等任务, 能够为金融分析人员提供快速、整洁和多样的便于分析的数据. 本文主要使用 Tushare 的“新闻快讯”接口, 其数据来源为主流新闻网站的新闻快讯. 通过设置接口参数返回相应的国内财经新闻, 返回值包含新闻类别、新闻标题、发布时间、新闻链接、新闻内容等字段. 为了选取合适的财经新闻网站, 本文综合多个信息评价指标来评价网站, 具体如下:
+
+1) Alexa 排名, 是一个全球排名系统, 通过计算过去三个月内网站的每日唯一身份访问者和网页浏览量的几何平均数得到, 每三个月更新一次全球网站排名.
+
+
+
+¹本文所使用的数据和代码请参见科学数据银行 (ScienceDB) 期刊社区, DOI: 10.57760/sciencedb.j00214.00068 和 CSTR: 31253.11.sciencedb.j00214.00068. 若使用文中数据信息, 请注明引文和数据出处.
+
+2) 百度权值,主要通过网站的关键词排名来估算能给网站带来的流量,用于评估网站的受欢迎程度,其划分等级为0~10.
+
+3) PR值,全称为Page Rank.是Google 用于评测一个网页“重要性”的一种方法,其划分等级为0~10. PR值越高说明该网页越受欢迎.
+
+4) 反向链接,是其他网站指向该网站的链接数量,代表该网站被其他网站认可,从而提高网站的权重和排名.
+
+5) 有效数据含量,指清洗后的数据占原始数据的比例.在Tushare 接口下有四个主流财经新闻网站,本文选择2021年3月1日至2021年3月31日的数据进行清洗,计算有效数据含量.
+
+四个网站的相应指标如表1所示.表中显示“东方财富网”在Alexa 排名和反向链接的数量上表现很好,Alexa排名虽然稍逊于“新浪财经网”,但优于“云财经”排名.关于有用数据比例,“云财经”为32%,是四个平台中最好的一项,但是它的Alexa 排名和反向链接数量较差.综合考虑,本文最终选取“东方财富网”作为财经新闻文本的数据来源.表2展示了接口提取的原始数据,输出三个字段新闻发布时间、新闻标题以及新闻内容.尽管接口开发人员已对网站数据做了初步整理,但接口返回值仍存在新闻内容为空、新闻字段不完整等问题,因此对数据清洗是很有必要的.清洗过程分为两步:第一步,根据财经新闻标题及内容匹配相应的股票代码,本文研究的股票代码范围为非金融行业的A股市场,并且排除了股票名称中含有ST (special treatment)、\*ST、SST、S\*ST及PT (particular transfer)等关键字段的股票;第二步,删除匹配结果不唯一的新闻,确保数据一致性和分析的准确性.这意味着虽然一篇新闻仅对应一支股票,但一支股票可以关联多篇新闻.清洗后的数据示例如表3所示.最终,从“东方财富网”按日度频率提取2019年1月1日00:00至2023年7月31日24:00的财经新闻,作为本文的文本数据源.提取的数据总量为615,830篇,清洗后为119,738篇.
+
+**表1 权威财经网站综合排名指标**
+
+ | Alexa 排名 | 百度权值 | PR 值 | 反向链接 | 有效数据含量 | | 东方财富 | 172 | 8 | 7 | 58,041 | 27% | | 新浪财经 | 22 | 8 | 8 | 51,880 | 16% | | 云财经 | 73,487 | 5 | 1 | 1,630 | 32% | | 同花顺 | 992 | 8 | 6 | 32,359 | 26% |
+
+#### 4.1.2 传统金融数据及其处理
+
+对于传统金融数据,本文利用 Tushare 的“沪深股票”接口得到 2019 年 1 月至 2023 年 7 月的日度数据,包括风险情绪类因子、估值与市值类因子、盈利因子与现金流因子、基本面类因子和技术类指标因子五类因子数据,各类数据分项因子如表 4 所示.这类数据通常是数值型数据,本文将这类数据输入至 ChatGPT 的代码解释器中,由 GPT-4 进行数据预处理的工作.预处理过程分为三步:第一步,加载五个数据集并查看其基本信息,目的是了解数据的结构与分布;第二步,分析数据集中的缺失值,并填充缺失值;第三步,消除量纲的影响,将数据标准化,使每个因子数据的均值为 0,标准差为 1.
+
+**表 2 未经预处理的财经新闻文本数据示例**
+
+| 发布日期 | 新闻内容 | 新闻标题 | | 2019/1/1 23:12:55 | 随着城市商业银行资金清算中心改制完成,我国清算机构服务供给的分工界限更加明确. 2018年12月29日,央行发布消息称,城银清算服务有限责任公司成立大会在上海举行. 该公司是经央行批准设立的特许清算机构之一,将承接城商行清算中心业务资质,进一步畅通城商行的资金汇路. (北京商报) | 城商行清算中心改制完成清算服务分工明确 | | 2019/1/1 23:30:34 | 年终奖,这个本应喜气洋洋的词,近年来却成了一个伤心的话题. 往年传说中动辄十几万至几十万的金融业年终奖,仿佛就只是一个“传说”. 2018年,金融业寒风瑟瑟,金融从业人员的年终奖是否会再降一个台阶? (中国证券网) | 扫楼探秘:银行保险证券年终奖能拿多少? | | 2019/1/1 23:46:44 | 2019年1月1日,三聚环保(300072)公告,公司与粤财信托签署合同,将持有的部分应收账款转让给粤财信托,应收账款账面原值为30亿元,转让价款为25.86亿元. (中证网) | 三聚环保转让面值30亿元应收账款粤财信托以近26亿元承接 |
+
+**表 3 预处理后的金融新闻文本格式示例**
+
+| 发布日期 | 新闻内容及标题 | 股票代码 | | 20190101 | 6个要点帮你读懂个税变化:超1亿人有望变0税 一族 2019年1月1日,新修改的《中华人民共和国个人所得税法》将正式实施. 新个税法中的个税起征点提高、六大专项附加扣除等规则的落地,减轻了纳税人的负担,也鼓了老百姓的钱袋子. 随着新个税法的实施,你的个税能少缴多少? 能不能享受专项附加扣除? 填报申请需要注意什么? 快收好本期个税“大礼包”. (新浪报) | 603883.SH | | 20190101 | 环保税开征一周年为绿色发展提供新动力 2018年1月,我国首部环境保护税法正式施行,在全国范围对大气污染物、水污染物、固体废物和噪声等4大类污染物、共计117种主要污染因子进行征税. 作为我国第一个体现“绿色税制”的综合税种,环保税平稳实现了排污费“费改税”并顺利完成首年征收,为推进我国生态文明建设提供了全新动力. (新华网) | 603888.SH | | 20190201 | 这家公司债台高筑! 两天谈妥的“白衣骑士”肠子都悔青了大股东几近爆仓! 索菱股份走到今天与其主业不振有关,在招股书中,公司曾表示“做具有国际领先技术的车载电子系统供应商”,但在手机导航高度进化后,车载导航日渐衰落. 本来,中山乐兴进来后,给了公司一次重生的机会,但目前的债务规模超出了其当初预料的2、3亿元,并吓住了这位“白衣骑士”. (证券时报) | 002766.SZ |
+
+**表 4 候选因子表**
+
+| 因子分类 | 因子名称 | | 风险情绪类因子 (6 个) | 成交量, 成交额, 换手率, 涨跌幅, 量比, 振幅 | | 估值与市值类因子 (13 个) | 市盈率, 市销率, 市净率, 股息率, 总股本, 流通股本, 自由流通股本, 总市值, 流通市值, 总资产, 流动资产, 固定资产, 公积金 | | 盈利因子与现金流因子 (7 个) | 每股收益, 未分配利润, 每股未分配利润, 收入同比增长率, 利润同比增长率, 毛利率, 净利润率 | | 基本面类因子 (6 个) | 收盘价, 昨日收盘价, 涨跌额, 开盘价, 最高价, 最低价 | | 技术类指标因子 (5 个) | 平均线指标, 相对强弱指标, 乖离率, 顺势指标, 布林线指标 |
+
+### 4.2 实验设计
+
+#### 4.2.1 文本数据交易信号提取
+
+本文基于 GPT-4 和 BERT 模型实现财经新闻文本情感分析,分为两个部分:情感标签集的制作和 BERT 模型微调.在情感标签集的制作部分,本文将财经新闻文本数据输入至 GPT-4,由 GPT-4 判断其情感倾向,得到带情感标签的数据集.输入的文本数据集经由 Tushare 接口提取,其中训练数据集时间跨度为 2019 年 1 月 1 日 00:00 至 2019 年 12 月 31 日 24:00,共 14,912 篇新闻.同时为精确评估 GPT-4 模型在判断财经新闻文本数据情感倾向(积极或消极)的效能与准确性,本文将雪球网上的财经新闻情感分类公开数据集输入至 GPT-4.此数据集共计 17,149 篇新闻数据,包括日期、公司、代码、正/负面、标题、正文 6 个字段,其中正面新闻 12,514 条,负面新闻 4,635 条.本节将此数据集的 10% 划分为验证集,其余部分用于模型训练,将 GPT-4 的预测标签与真实标签作比较.同时将 GPT-4 与当今广泛使用的 SVM、CNN 和 XGBoost 这三种分类器对比,结果如表 5 所示.TF-IDF 算法在文本挖掘中被广泛应用,特别是在特征向量化方面,它能有效地揭示文档中词语在语料库中的重要程度.因此,本节在使用 SVM、CNN 和 XGBoost 算法之前,均通过 TF-IDF 算法来提取文本特征.这一过程涉及计算词汇在文档中的频率 (TF) 及其在语料库中的逆文档频率 (IDF),从而确定词汇的重要性.高 TF-IDF 值的词语通常与强烈情感相关.将这些词与情感词汇表对比,可判断文本的正面或负面倾向.上述方法综合考虑词频和语料库的独特性,为情感分析提供全面视角.实验对比发现,GPT-4 打分不论在训练集还是在测试集上的表现均优于 SVM 和 CNN. XGBoost 算法作为一种集成学习方法,相比单一有监督学习器,拥有计算速度快、泛化性能更好等高性能的特征,而 GPT-4 的表现与其相当,所以可以认为 GPT 的表现良好.
+
+在 BERT 模型微调部分,本文以熵简科技发布的面向金融领域的中文预训练语言模型 FinBERT 为基础,进行模型参数的微调.FinBERT 模型是基于 BERT 模型架构,采用了 12 层的 Transformer 结构, 隐藏层维度为 768, Multi-headAttention 的参数为 12, 预训练语料主要包含三大类金融领域的语料, 具体包括金融财经类新闻、研报与上市公司公告、金融类百科词条等. 本文的 FTBERT 模型在此基础上做了以下微调:
+
+**表 5 GPT-4 与其他情感分类任务效果对比**
+
+| 指标 | 训练集 | 测试集 |
|---|
| GPT-4 | SVM | CNN | XGBoost | GPT-4 | SVM | CNN | XGBoost |
|---|
| 准确率 | 99.82% | 86.15% | 95.14% | 98.20% | 92.02% | 82.88% | 54.46% | 96.81% | | 精确率 | 99.86% | 82.71% | 98.11% | 97.19% | 92.97% | 80.44% | 99.39% | 97.53% | | 召回率 | 99.79% | 95.67% | 92.53% | 99.45% | 96.62% | 92.89% | 42.00% | 98.21% | | F1 | 99.83% | 88.72% | 95.24% | 98.31% | 94.76% | 86.22% | 59.05% | 97.87% |
+
+第一步, 确定数据集. 本文使用从 Tushare 接口提取的 2019 年度“东方财富网”的新闻快讯. 这些新闻文本数据经过 GPT-4 的情感分析处理, 生成一个带有情感标签的数据集. 本文保留 10% 的数据集作为验证集, 剩余文本数据作为训练集.
+
+第二步, 参数训练. 为了提高模型训练速度, 选择使用 GPU P100 进行加速运算. 从PyTorch 导入经过预训练的 BERT 模型, 将训练集输入至此模型做参数微调的工作. 在第5 个训练周期结束后模型收敛. 最终模型训练得到最优参数, 学习率为 $1 \times 10^{-5}$、批量大小为 16、选用 AdamW 为优化器. 训练集的准确率稳定在 99.962%, 验证集的准确率稳定在99.158%. 同时, 本文计算了训练集和测试集上的召回率, 分别稳定在 99.961% 和 99.145%.至此本文完成了 BERT 模型的微调, 微调后的模型记为 FTBERT 模型. 将清洗后的文本数据输入至训练好的模型, 输出结果为积极情绪概率与消极情绪概率, 从而完成文本的情绪分类, 得到每日各股票的得分, 分别为 0 和 1. 本文将文本数据传递的积极情绪作为正的投资交易信号.
+
+#### 4.2.2 金融数据交易信号提取
+
+本节将描述如何利用提示词生成选股因子,建立可以从海量金融数据中获取交易信号的模型.受 Lopez-Lira et al. (2023) 的启发,本文将 GPT-4 的人机交互与信息读取的优势用于交易信号提取,并将其用于中国股票市场投资.首先将从 Tushare 接口提取到的金融数据输入至代码解释器(code interpreter).代码解释器,是一个可以将 Python 代码写入 Jupyternotebook,并在 Linux 沙盒中运行的 ChatGPT 模型.当请求 ChatGPT 执行一项任务时,Code Interpreter 会首先解析这一任务并匹配数据分析方法,然后生成相应的 Python 代码并在虚拟环境中执行.同时,它还能上传文件至临时磁盘空间,从而让 GPT-4 有能力读取并处理多种类型的数据.总之,代码解释器是“GPT-4 + Python + Jupyter notebook”的结构框架.然后向 ChatGPT 输入提问指令,提问指令按照“角色+目标+背景+任务”的框架,构造一个选股因子.本文假定 ChatGPT 是一名资深的量化研究员,拥有丰富的金融专业知识与中国A股市场的交易经验. ChatGPT可以根据候选因子池(如表4所示),构造选股因子,选股因子满足如下条件:第一,符合中国股票市场的市场运行规律,不要随意杜撰捏造因子;第二,不要使用现有的金融指标直接作为选股因子,要根据对中国股票市场的理解构造一个创新的因子;第三,不要使用单一的候选因子,尽可能考虑多个维度的金融数据;第四,假定投资者是理性投资者,没有特定的股票偏好与行业偏好.本文经过多次调试指令,最终指令如图3所示.GPT-4 根据指令构建综合性选股因子,该因子考虑了风险情绪类因子、估值与市值类因子、盈利因子与现金流因子、基本面类因子以及技术指标因子多个维度的因子.为进一步确保 GPT-4 回复的稳定性,本文对股票因子池进行限制.在多次试验后,最终选取了GPT-4 回复中高频出现的因子来构建综合性因子,此因子由四部分构成,分别如下:
+
+1) 风险情绪与市场活跃度(RSE):市场情绪和股票的活跃度对股价的短期波动有显著影响.活跃的交易和波动性往往表明投资者对股票的兴趣增加.一般来说,成交量、换手率、涨跌幅、量比、振幅这些指标能够从多个角度反映市场对股票的关注度和情绪变化.本文通过分析成交量、换手率等,获取市场活跃度和投资者情绪的信号.
+
+
+
+**图3 选股因子指令输入界面**
+
+2) 估值与市场价值(VMV): 估值是投资决策的核心,合理的估值反映了市场对未来收益预期的共识,而低估或高估则可能指示未来股价调整的方向.本文使用市盈率、市净率、股息率这三个指标评估股票的价格合理性,可以帮助投资者判断股票是否被高估或低估.
+
+3) 盈利能力与现金流(PCF): 公司的盈利能力和现金流状况是其长期成功的关键.盈利能力强、现金流稳定的公司更有可能在市场中保持竞争力,为投资者带来持续的回报.本文使用每股收益、净利润率、收入同比增长率这些指标反映公司的盈利能力和成长性,以评估公司的基本面信息.
+
+4) 技术动量(TM): 技术分析是根据历史价格和交易量信息来预测股票未来走势的一种方法.动量指标如相对强弱指标和乖离率可以帮助投资者识别趋势的强度和潜在的反转信号,是短期或中期交易策略中常用的工具.
+
+四个维度的得分加权结合成一个综合得分,作为传统金融数据的选股因子,其中权重根据历史数据的回测结果进行优化.综合得分的计算公式如(3)所示:
+
+$$
+Factor = \omega_1 \times \text{RSE} + \omega_2 \times \text{VMV} + \omega_3 \times \text{PCF} + \omega_4 \times \text{TM}\quad (3)
+$$
+
+
+为验证 GPT-4 选择的因子是否可靠,本文做了因子有效性检验.当选择的因子与其对应的股票收益率有着高相关性,就认为该因子是有效的.一般来说,主要使用 IC 值与因子相关性判断因子的有效性,具体指标介绍如下:
+
+IC 值即信息系数,指所选股票的因子值与股票下期收益率的截面相关系数,通过 IC 值可以衡量因子的股票预测能力和实际结果一致性.其值的计算主要有两种方式:normal IC 和 rank IC (秩相关系数).因为 normal IC 的计算有数据要服从正态分布的前提条件,然而实际市场并不满足这一条件.因此本文使用 rank IC 来判断因子的预测能力,计算公式如(4)所示. 其中 $order_{t-1}^f$ 表示 $t-1$ 时期各股票的因子排名值, $order_t^r$ 表示 $t$ 时期各股票的收益率排名值.
+
+$$
+\text{rank IC} = \text{corr}(order_{t-1}^f, order_t^r).\quad (4)
+$$
+
+rank IC 的取值范围在 $[-1, 1]$ 之间, 其绝对值越大, 表明该因子在该期对股票收益的预测能力越强. 一般来说, IC 值大于 0.1 时, 就认为该因子具有很强的选股能力; IC 值大于 0.05 时, 就认为因子是有效的; IC 值接近 0 时, 因子被认为是无效因子.
+
+因子间相关系数, 计算公式如 (5) 所示. 其中 $r(X,Y)$ 是因子 X 和 Y 间的相关系数, Cov(X,Y) 是因子 X 与 Y 间的协方差, Var(X) 是因子 X 的方差. $r(X,Y)$ 的取值在 $[-1, 1]$ 之间, 其绝对值越大, 说明因子 X 与 Y 的相关性越高.
+
+$$
+r(X, Y) = \frac{\text{Cov}(X, Y)}{\sqrt{\text{Var}(X)\text{Var}(Y)}}.\quad (5)
+$$
+
+按照 IC 值大于 0.02 且因子相关性不低于 0.9 的原则筛选因子, 最终筛选出 10 个因子, 分别是市盈率 (PE)、市销率 (PS)、市净率 (PB)、对数市值 (logMV)、流通市值 (circMV)、平均线指标 (MACD)、相对强弱指标 (RSI)、乖离率 (Bias)、顺势指标 (CCI)、随机线指标 (KDJ). 上述因子与 GPT-4 选择的因子有 4 个相重合, 分别是市盈率 (PE)、市净率 (PB)、相对强弱指标 (RSI)、乖离率 (Bias). 这说明 GPT-4 选择的因子有一定的可靠性.
+
+### 4.3 实证结果分析
+
+在得到财经新闻文本数据和传统金融数据的得分后, 根据其与股票匹配结果, 分别得到对应股票的投资信号, 通过预测的投资信号建立股票投资组合并验证模型的有效性, 具体步骤如下:
+
+步骤一: 设 $t$ 为交易日, 收集 $t$ 日开盘前一天中国股票市场相关的文本数据与传统金融数据, 并根据数据类型计算各自股票得分, 形成对应的股票交易信号.
+
+步骤二: 分别对两种数据指定交易策略. 策略一: 对于文本数据, $t$ 日投资情感倾向为正的股票; 策略二: 对于传统金融数据, 将股票按其得分从高到低依次排序, $t$ 日等额投资交易信号为正且排名前 100 的股票. 策略三: $t$ 日等额投资金融数据交易信号为正的前 100 支且财经新闻情绪为正的股票.
+
+步骤三: 股票持有一天, 在 $t+1$ 日开盘后卖出, 重复步骤一和步骤二.
+
+本文使用年化收益率、夏普比率、最大回撤、日均基点作为评价投资策略好坏的指标, 原因如下:
+
+年化收益率: 指投资期限为 1 年所获得的收益率, 计算公式如 (6) 式所示. 其中 $p_r$ 是年化收益率, $p_{end}$ 是投资策略最终总资产, $p_{start}$ 是投资策略初始总资产.
+
+$$
+p_r = \left( \frac{p_{end} - p_{start}}{p_{start}} \right) \times \frac{365}{\text{投资天数}} \times 100\%.\quad (6)
+$$
+
+夏普比率: 指承担一单位风险所获得的超额收益率, 其公式如 (7) 式所示. 夏普比率为正值, 代表标的报酬率高过波动风险; 夏普比率为负值, 代表标的波动风险高过报酬率. 对于投资者而言,这个比例越高,投资组合越佳.(7)式中$E(R_p)$表示投资组合预期报酬率,$R_f$表示无风险利率,$\sigma_p$表示投资组合的标准差.本文考虑无风险收益率为3.35%.
+
+$$
+\text{SharpRatio} = \frac{E(R_p) - R_f}{\sigma_p}.\quad (7)
+$$
+
+最大回撤:是指可能发生的最大亏损幅度,其值等于策略收益曲线上当前高点到回测期最低点的回撤幅度的最大值.它是衡量投资策略风险的重要指标,最大回撤数值越大,说明投资者面临的风险越大.
+
+日均基点:1个基点等于0.01%,用来表示金融工具的百分比变化.
+
+本文计算了两种数据类型的交易信号,并执行了对应的交易策略.以2021年全年交易日为例,共计235个交易日.股票投资交易的结果总结在表6.对于文本数据,本文构建的FTBERT 模型的年化收益率为21.145%,夏普比率为3.115,最大回撤为1.199%,各项指标均优于每日仅投资中证500指数股和仅由GPT-4打分的结果.对于传统金融数据,由GPT-4构建的选股因子,将其用于实际回测的年化收益率为15.995%,夏普比率为0.826.对于混合文本数据与传统金融数据类型下的交易策略,根据GPT-4构建的选股因子,每日投资得分最高的前100支且财经新闻情绪为正的股票,结果显示,市场情绪辅助因子可以显著提高投资策略的效果.除此之外,可以发现无论是GPT-4文本打分的结果还是构造因子的结果,最大回撤值均较高,超过了10%,这说明如果根据GPT-4的直接结果进行投资,存在较高的风险性.而本文将GPT-4的结果进行微调,基于FTBERT 模型的文本交易策略最大回撤仅有1.199%、混合数据类型下的交易策略最大回撤是2.855%,均明显低于GPT-4的最大回撤值,这说明本文构建的方法以及投资策略均具有优越性.
+
+为了直观地展示本文投资策略相较于基准策略(中证500)的优越性,在图4中绘制了不同策略的累计对数收益率.在一年测试期内,基于FTBERT 模型的文本交易策略和混合数据类型交易策略的累计收益率均优于中证500指数股.对于文本数据交易策略,其累计对数收益率随时间稳步增长,对于混合数据类型指导下的交易策略,其累计对数收益率随时间大幅增长,远超其余策略,因此该投资策略具有良好的稳定性和明确的投资价值.
+
+**表6 投资策略判断指标**
+
+ | 策略 | 年化收益率 | 夏普比率 | 最大回撤 | 日均基点 |
|---|
| 文本数据 | FTBERT 模型 | 21.145% | 3.115 | 1.199% | 8 bps | | GPT-4 打分 | 11.760% | 0.479 | 14.045% | 4 bps | | 传统金融数据 | ChatGPT 构造因子 | 15.995% | 0.826 | 11.153% | 6 bps | | 文本 + 传统 | 情绪辅助因子 | 98.544% | 8.328 | 2.855% | 39 bps | | 基准 (ZZ500) | | 0.693% | -0.124 | 5.353% | < 1 bps |
+
+## 5 模型鲁棒性测试
+
+### 5.1 不同年份对比
+
+为评估本文构建的三种金融投资策略是否受特定时间和市场条件的影响,本文分别获取不同年份的每日股票得分并执行股票投资策略的回测,时间为2020年1月1日至2023年7月31日. 投资回测收益率结果分别展示在表7至表9. 关于文本数据, 虽然各年份年化收益率有差异, 但总体来说, 都远超中证500指数股. 充分说明本文构建的基于FTBERT 模型的文本投资策略不受特定时间的影响.
+
+
+
+**图 4 回测期内累计收益率**
+
+关于传统金融数据, 经过多次调试指令, 本文构建了适用于传统金融数据的选股指标. 为了验证 GPT-4 构造的选股因子是否存在稳健性, 本文测试了不同年份的投资效果, 结果展示在表 8. 总体而言, 由 GPT-4 构建的因子各项指标优于大盘指数股 (中证 500), 年化收益率稳定在 10% 以上. 需要注意的是 2022 年四项指标表现不佳, 损失集中在第四季度, 可能受到后疫情的影响.
+
+将文本数据与传统金融数据结合, 构建的投资策略结果如表 9 所示. 综合得分在年化收益率、夏普比率以及日基点上优于两种单一策略. 虽然最大回撤略高于 FTBERT, 但风险也控制在 5% 以内, 说明市场情绪的加入有助于捕捉投资交易信号, 能够从中国股票市场中获取股票收益.
+
+**表 7 文本数据在不同年份的投资策略结果**
+
+| 年份 | 年化收益率 | 夏普比率 | 最大回撤 | 日均基点 |
|---|
| 2020 | 9.644% | 3.469 | 0.277% | 3 bps | | 2020ZZ500 | 1.607% | -0.048 | 10.933% | < 1 bps | | 2021 | 21.145% | 3.115 | 1.199% | 8 bps | | 2021ZZ500 | 0.693% | -0.124 | 5.353% | < 1 bps | | 2022 | 4.238% | 0.476 | 0.915% | 1 bps | | 2022ZZ500 | 0.127% | -0.104 | 9.842% | < 1 bps | | 2023 上半年 | 9.330% | 4.394 | 0.253% | 3 bps | | 2023ZZ500 | 1.353% | -0.113 | 4.274% | < 1 bps |
+
+**表 8 传统金融数据在不同年份的投资策略结果**
+
+| 年份 | 年化收益率 | 夏普比率 | 最大回撤 | 日均基点 |
|---|
| 2020 | 11.172% | 0.298 | 15.963% | 4 bps | | 2021 | 15.995% | 0.826 | 11.153% | 6 bps | | 2022 | -1.404% | -0.201 | 22.006% | < 1 bps | | 2023 上半年 | 16.874% | 1.065 | 6.227% | 6 bps |
+
+**表 9 综合得分在不同年份的投资策略结果**
+
+| 年份 | 年化收益率 | 夏普比率 | 最大回撤 | 日均基点 |
|---|
| 2020 | 87.783% | 7.263 | 3.446% | 35 bps | | 2021 | 98.544% | 8.328 | 2.855% | 39 bps | | 2022 | 62.590% | 3.081 | 3.281% | 25 bps | | 2023 上半年 | 44.553% | 4.785 | 1.954% | 18 bps |
+
+### 5.2 BERT 不同模型的对比
+
+为了确定哪种模型更适用于金融新闻文本的分析,本节将 FinBERT 模型与其他几种主流的 BERT 变体模型做对比研究,研究不同模型如何影响数据处理的效果.本文选用了精确率、准确率、召回率以及 $F_1$ 值作为模型评估指标,测试结果汇总在表 10 中.实验数据显示,FinBERT 模型在整体性能上超越了其他比较模型.值得指出的是,FinBERT 和 RoBERTa 两种模型均适用于处理中文文本数据.尽管在准确率方面,RoBERTa 略微领先于 FinBERT,但综合考虑所有评价指标,FinBERT 展现出更加卓越的表现.此外,这一发现也间接证实了数据类型对于 BERT 系列模型性能的重要影响,尤其是在处理针对特定语言(如中文)优化的模型时尤为显著.这些结果不仅展示了 FinBERT 在金融领域中文文本分析中的优势,也强调了在选择适当的模型时考虑数据特性的重要性.
+
+**表 10 不同模型对分类任务的影响分析**
+
+| 模型 | 准确率 | 精确率 | 召回率 | F1 |
|---|
| FinBERT | 99.159% | 99.083% | 99.215% | 99.146% | | RoBERTa | 99.051% | 99.014% | 99.057% | 99.035% | | DeBERTa | 98.770% | 98.717% | 98.786% | 98.751% | | BERT | 92.557% | 92.372% | 93.007% | 92.505% |
+
+### 5.3 控制交易费用
+
+本文构建的投资交易策略,以日度频率调整仓位,属于高频交易.频繁交易会带来高交易费用,直接影响净收益,且对于长期投资效果和风险管理至关重要.不同市场和交易所往往有自己的费率结构,包括佣金、交易费和其他相关费用.本文以 A 股市场为研究对象,设定投资交易费率为 0.15%.表 11 展示了控制交易费用对投资策略的影响.扣除交易费用后,2021 年的投资策略的年化收益率为 73.897%,较扣除前降低了 24.647%.夏普比率由 8.328 降至 6.199.扣除交易费用前的最大回撤为 2.855%,扣除后为 3.772%.虽然交易费用一定程度上削减了部分策略收益,但 74% 的年化收益率远远高于同期中证 500 指数收益率,最大回撤在 5% 以内,属于低风险投资,证明本文构建的投资策略仍具有较高的参考价值.
+
+**表 11 控制交易费用对投资策略的影响**
+
+| 情况 | 年化收益率 | 夏普比率 | 最大回撤 | 日均基点 | | 2020年扣除前 | 87.783% | 7.263 | 3.446% | 35bps | | 2020年扣除后 | 72.203% | 5.968 | 3.831% | 29bps | | 2021年扣除前 | 98.544% | 8.328 | 2.855% | 39bps | | 2021年扣除后 | 73.897% | 6.199 | 3.772% | 29bps | | 2022年扣除前 | 62.590% | 3.081 | 3.281% | 25bps | | 2022年扣除后 | 32.312% | 1.504 | 5.528% | 13bps | | 2023年上半年扣除前 | 44.553% | 4.785 | 1.954% | 18bps | | 2023年上半年扣除后 | 23.343% | 2.326 | 2.853% | 9bps |
+
+## 6 研究结论
+
+本文实现了从财经新闻文本数据和传统金融数据中学习股票交易信号并构建投资策略,通过对中国股票市场的实际数据进行回测,以评估构建的投资策略是否有效.综合实证研究结果,得出以下几点结论:第一,本文发现 ChatGPT 能够克服 BERT 等预训练模型需要手动构建标签集的局限,从而显著降低了人工标注的成本.第二,本文从模型角度出发,基于GPT 的解码器与 BERT 的编码器,利用 ChatGPT 在人机交互方面的优势以及 BERT 在多重语义处理上的强大能力,构建了股票投资交易策略.在扣除交易费用后,本文构建策略仍可以获得远超于中证500指数的超额收益率.第三,本文将大语言模型用于金融市场量化投资,为金融科技人员提供了规避潜在风险的指南,并为金融机构在开发和训练自己的大语言模型方面提供了思路.
+
+## 参考文献
+
+部慧,解峥,李佳鸿,吴俊杰,(2018).基于股评的投资者情绪对股票市场的影响[J].管理科学学报,21(4): 86-101.
+
+Bu H, Xie Z, Lee J H, Wu J J, (2018). Investor Sentiment Extracted from Internet Stock Message Boards and Its Effect on Chinese Stock Market[J]. Journal of Managemenr Sciences in China, 21(4): 86-101.
+
+卜湛,张善凡,李雪延,马丹丹,曹杰,(2023).基于深度强化学习的自适应股指预测研究[J].管理科学学报, 26(4): 148-174.
+
+Bu Z, Zhang S F, Lee X Y, Ma D D, Cao J, (2023). Adaptive Stock Index Prediction Based on Deep Reinforcement Learning[J]. Journal of Management Sciences in China, 26(4): 148-174.
+
+蔡毅,唐振鹏,吴俊传,杜晓旭,陈凯杰,(2023).基于灰狼优化的混频支持向量机在股指预测与投资决策中的应用研究[J].中国管理科学,31(7): 1-16.
+
+Cai Y, Tang Z P, Wu J C, Du X X, Chen K J, (2023). Research on the Application of GWO-SVR Algorithm in the Prediction of Reverse Mixed Data in Stock Market and Investment Strategy[J]. Chinese Journal of Management Science, 31(7): 1-16.
+
+陈荣达,林博,何诚颖,金骋路,(2019).互联网金融特征、投资者情绪与互联网理财产品回报[J].经济研究, 54(7): 78-93.
+
+Chen R D, Lin B, He C Y, Jin C L, (2019). Internet Finance Characteristics, Internet Finance Investor Sentiment and the Return of Internet Financial Products[J]. Economic Research Journal, 54(7): 78-93.
+
+谌志群,鞠婷,(2020).基于BERT 和双向LSTM的微博评论倾向性分析研究[J].情报理论与实践,43(8):
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+ OPEN ACCESS
+Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies
+Vol. 13, No. 2 (2025) 2550013 (31 pages)
+© Social Sciences Academic Press (China)
+DOI: 10.1142/S2345748125500137
+
+
+
+**World Scientific**
+
+www.worldscientific.com
+
+# Assessing Flood Risk Dynamics in Southern Laos: A Comparative Analysis of HEC-RAS, Empirical and Physically Based Froude Number Models along the Xekaman River
+
+Ketsana PHOMMAVONG \*, YAN Jianguo \*^,†,||^,
+
+Chikondi CHISENGA ^‡,§^ and Shoukat Ali SHAH \*^,¶^
+
+*^\*^State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying*
+
+*Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University*
+
+*Wuhan 430079, P. R. China*
+
+*^†^Xinjiang Astronomical Observatory Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi 830011, P. R. China*
+
+*^‡^State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying*
+
+*Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University*
+
+*Box 129, Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China*
+
+*^§^Department of Earth Sciences, Ndata School of Climate and Earth Sciences*
+
+*Malawi University of Science and Technology, P. O. Box 5196, Limbe, Malawi*
+
+*^¶^Chinese Antarctic Center of Surveying and Mapping*
+
+*Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China*
+
+*^||^jgyan@whu.edu.cn*
+
+Received March 19, 2025; Accepted May 15, 2025; Published July 18, 2025
+
+Flooding, intensified by climate change, urbanization, and unsustainable land use, presents a significant danger to riverine communities, especially in Southeast Asia. This study analyzes flood dynamics along the Xekaman River in Attapeu Province, Laos, employing the empirical Froude number (EFR) and physically based Froude number (PBF) models, in conjunction with Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System (HEC-RAS), to evaluate river flow and flood risk over 72 h in 2022. The EFR model achieves a peak flow velocity of 15 m/s at 12 h, whereas the PBF model reaches 10.96 m/s. At 72 h, peak velocities increase to 75 and 109.97 m/s, respectively, demonstrating substantial disparities in flow conditions. The EFR model offers a wider distribution of flood risk, while the PBF model delivers a more accurate representation of extreme flood events. HEC-RAS improves analysis by providing comprehensive floodplain delineation, variations in water depth, and distribution of flow velocity, thereby enhancing the spatial precision of flood risk evaluations. These findings highlight the necessity of incorporating various modeling methods to enhance flood risk assessments and monitoring, and optimize mitigation initiatives in flood-prone areas.
+
+
+
+^||^Corresponding author.
+
+This is an Open Access article published by World Scientific Publishing Company. It is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 (CC BY-NC) License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided that the original work is properly cited and is used for non-commercial purposes.
+
+*Keywords:* Flood risk assessment; HEC-RAS modeling; Froude number; flow velocity; climate change.
+
+**Phommavong, Ketsana, Jianguo Yan, Chikondi Chisenga and Shoukat Ali Shah.** 2025. "Assessing Flood Risk Dynamics in Southern Laos: A Comparative Analysis of HEC-RAS, Empirical and Physically Based Froude Number Models along the Xekaman River." *Chinese Journal of Urban and Environmental Studies*, 13(2): 2550013-1 to 2550013-31.
+
+## 1. Introduction
+
+Flood risk management remains a significant global challenge, particularly in regions prone to extreme hydrological events due to climatic and anthropogenic factors (Kundzewicz *et al*., 2014; Wesselink *et al*., 2015; Bracken *et al*., 2016). Floods often cause extensive socio-economic disruptions, environmental degradation, and loss of life, necessitating comprehensive risk assessment strategies (Dawson *et al*., 2011; Atta-ur-Rahman and Khan, 2011; Alfieri *et al*., 2016). The frequency and intensity of flooding events have been exacerbated by climate variability, land use changes, and hydrological alterations, underscoring the need for integrated flood modeling approaches (Waghwala and Agnihotri, 2019; Zhang and Alipour, 2022; Ahmed *et al*., 2022; Shah and Ai, 2024). While conventional flood prediction techniques have improved over time, there remain critical gaps in accurately representing hydrological dynamics and their cascading effects on vulnerable communities (Hounkpè *et al*., 2019; Brody *et al*., 2014; Liu and Shi, 2017). Numerous studies have highlighted the impact of land use and climate change on flood vulnerability, particularly in monsoon-dominated regions where extreme precipitation patterns exacerbate runoff generation (Huong and Pathirana, 2013; Arnell and Lloyd-Hughes, 2014). Recent catastrophic flood events in Europe and North America have reignited discussions on urban planning and flood mitigation strategies, demonstrating the urgent need for interdisciplinary approaches (Bubeck *et al*., 2017; Klijn *et al*., 2008; Brazda *et al*., 2022). In Southeast Asia, the Mekong River Basin remains one of the most flood-prone regions due to its complex hydrology, rapid land use changes, and increasing socio-economic pressures (Hoang *et al*., 2018; Shrestha *et al*., 2019; Tierolf *et al*., 2021).
+
+This study combines empirical Froude number (EFR), physically based Froude number (PBF), and the Hydraulic Modeling Approach (Hydrologic Engineering Center's River Analysis System, HEC-RAS) to assess flood risk in dynamic river basins like the Xekaman River (XR) in Laos. EFR is a data-driven model that uses statistical relationships from observed data, while PBF simulates hydrological processes based on physical laws. Both models offer detailed insights into watershed processes but require high-resolution input data and computational resources. HEC-RAS is a hydraulic model for river hydraulics, floodplain mapping, and sediment transport, but it requires detailed cross-sectional and elevation data for accurate results.
+
+This study focuses on flood risk assessment in the XR in Attapeu Province, Laos, where extensive land use changes, including agricultural expansion and deforestation, have altered the hydrological balance and increased flood susceptibility. The interplay between natural and anthropogenic factors in this region has necessitated the application of advanced modeling techniques to assess flood hazards effectively (Collentine and Futter, 2018; Alaoui *et al*., 2018). Among the various modeling approaches, empirical and physically based methods have gained prominence in recent hydrological research. Empirical models provide a simplified representation of flood dynamics, whereas physically based models incorporate complex hydrological principles to improve predictive accuracy (Lazzarin *et al*., 2022). Despite their respective advantages, a comparative assessment of these models is still needed to determine their relative effectiveness in different hydrological settings (Kellens *et al*., 2013; Hauer *et al*., 2021; Hosseinzadeh *et al*., 2024).
+
+The HEC-RAS is employed to conduct a comprehensive flood risk assessment. HEC-RAS is a sophisticated river system simulation tool that integrates topographic, hydraulic, and hydrologic data to develop detailed flood risk models. By analyzing flood magnitudes, depths, and velocities, this study provides valuable insights into river morphology and the delineation of floodplains. The results support flood management strategies by identifying high-risk areas and predicting hydrodynamic conditions. The assessment of flow velocity is also important for understanding erosion patterns, sediment transport, and hydraulic resistance, all of which are key factors in the planning of flood protection measures and infrastructure improvements. Beyond flood risk assessment, this research investigates the relationships between rainfall, vegetation response and soil infiltration capacity. Understanding these interactions is fundamental to the assessment of hydrological processes and ecosystem dynamics. Temporal correlations between precipitation levels, the Modified Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (MSAVI), and soil infiltration rates in 2022 are analyzed to assess how water availability influences vegetation health and soil moisture retention. By integrating hydrodynamic modeling with ecological and soil analyses, this study contributes to a more comprehensive understanding of flood risks and water cycle dynamics.
+
+The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the flood risk dynamics in the XR in Attapeu Province, Laos by comparing empirical and physically based models using the Froude number as a key indicator of flow regime and flood risk. This study aims to: (1) investigate the temporal evolution of flow conditions with a focus on the Froude number as a predictor of flood hazard, and (2) assess the effectiveness of EFR and PBF models in enhancing flood prediction accuracy and early warning capabilities. By integrating remote sensing (RS) data and GIS-based flood hazard mapping, this study seeks to improve decision-making frameworks for flood risk management (Chen *et al*., 2016; Cipollini *et al*., 2022). Understanding the hydrodynamic behavior of flood-prone river basins is critical for the development of sustainable mitigation strategies and resilience-building measures. The comparative analysis of empirical and physically based models will provide valuable insights into their applicability in diverse hydrological contexts, ultimately informing data-driven flood management policies (Amadio *et al*., 2019; Jamshed *et al*., 2019; Swain *et al*., 2020; Du *et al*., 2020). This integrative modeling approach enhances the precision of flood vulnerability mapping, improves our understanding of model strengths in real-world applications, and presents a replicable framework for similar flood-prone regions. This research underscores the importance of incorporating advanced monitoring technologies and predictive modeling techniques to enhance flood risk assessments, thereby contributing to more effective disaster preparedness and response strategies (Kabenge *et al*., 2017; Farhadi and Najafzadeh, 2021; Hamidifar *et al*., 2024).
+
+## 2. Material and Methods
+
+### 2.1. *Study area*
+
+This study examines the flood risks associated with the XR in Attapeu Province, Laos (14°48′29.05″N, 106°49′59.51″E). This region is characterized by its topographic diversity, extensive river networks, and susceptibility to seasonal flooding. Figure 1 illustrates the dynamic nature of flood risk across the southeast of Laos, it borders Vietnam and has hydrological connections to other provinces. This area experiences a monsoonal climate, characterized by distinct rainy seasons (May to October) and dry seasons (November to April), which can result in significant flooding after heavy rainfall.
+
+
+
+*Source*: Image from website https://laotiantimes.com/; accessed from http://global-surface-water-appspot.com.
+
+Fig. 1. Overview of flood hazard. (a) Assessing flood hazard in Attapeu Province. (b) Levels of flood hazard in district 2022, including a highlighted study area. (c) Overview of flood in the village, depicting flood conditions. (d) Levels of flood hazard show risk categories such as low, medium, and high risk.
+
+Attapeu Province in southeastern Laos has a population of 166,000, resulting in a population density of approximately 16.1 individuals per square kilometer, and is predominantly rural and vulnerable to flood hazards. The region's land use is shaped by agricultural expansion, forestry, and small-scale settlements, with rice cultivation, rubber plantations, and shifting agriculture being the backbone. Deforestation and land cover changes have altered the region's hydrological balance, exacerbating runoff and sedimentation rates. The XR, vital for livelihoods and ecosystems, poses a significant flood threat during monsoon peaks. This study examines the flow regimes, velocity patterns, and seasonal fluctuations of the river, using the Froude number to assess flood hazard levels. The findings aim to inform flood risk management strategies sensitive to hydrological processes and socioeconomic conditions, focusing on flow velocity and flood susceptibility.
+
+### 2.2. *Data collection*
+
+This study integrates RS and geospatial datasets to assess flood risk dynamics in Laos, with a particular focus on water bodies, topography, and vegetation cover. Landsat 8 satellite imagery serves as the primary data source, providing high-resolution spectral information for analyzing land surface conditions. Additionally, the study incorporates datasets from multiple sources to enhance the accuracy of flood risk assessment (see Table 1). Water body detection is conducted using the Global Surface Water (GSW) dataset (Martinis *et al*., 2022).¹ This dataset provides historical and seasonal water extent information, enabling the identification of flood-prone zones and hydrological variations. Topographic features, including elevation and slope, are derived from the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), obtained through USGS Earth Explorer. The DEM data facilitate hydrological modeling by capturing terrain characteristics that influence surface runoff and flood susceptibility. To evaluate land cover conditions and their impact on flooding, the study employs spectral indices such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI). NDVI is used to assess vegetation health and density, which can influence infiltration rates and surface runoff patterns (Kim *et al*., 2017). NDWI is applied to detect water features and monitor changes in surface water extent (Ashok *et al*., 2021). Furthermore, proximity to permanent water bodies is considered a key factor in flood susceptibility analysis. Distance-based metrics are integrated into the assessment framework, with scoring mechanisms applied to various hydrological and environmental indicators.
+
+Table 1. Summary of indices for flood hazard assessment.
+
+| Index | Description | Source | | Water Occurrence | Identifies the presence of water bodies | GSW Dataseta | | Elevation | Provides topographical information | DEMb | | NDWI | Evaluates water presence related to vegetation | Landsat 8 Imagery | | Elevation Hazard Score | Assesses flood risk based on elevation levels | Derived from elevation data | | Flood Hazard Score | Comprehensive score aggregating individual metrics | Calculated from all derived indices |
+
+*Source*: Developed by the authors using datasets from GSW, accessed via http://global-surface-water.appspot.com; NASA SRTM Digital Elevation (30 m resolution); and Landsat 8 imagery (USGS Landsat 8 Level 2, Collection 2, Tier 1) from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov.
+
+ªhttp://global-surface-water.appspot.com
+
+ᵇhttps://earthexplorer.usgs.gov/
+
+
+
+¹Accessed from http://global-surface-water.appspot.com.
+
+### 2.3. *Research methodology*
+
+The study employs both empirical and physically based modeling methods to analyze the flow dynamics and assess the flood risk in the XRB. By focusing on the 72-h flood event in 2022, we use advanced modeling techniques to conduct a comprehensive flood risk assessment. The study by Mudashiru *et al*. (2021) primarily relied on physical and empirical models for flood hazard mapping. However, it highlighted several key limitations, including the lack of integration between the two kinds of models, high data dependency, and limited use of modern techniques. By using HEC-RAS, this method fixes these issues, improving the accuracy and usefulness of flood hazard mapping, especially in areas with little data or that are changing quickly. The data for this study were obtained from local monitoring stations, which include rainfall measurements, river discharge rates and historical flood records. For the construction of the empirical and physically based model, we used Python in Jupyter Notebook. We calculated the Froude number, a crucial parameter for flood risk assessment, for approaches at different time intervals (Hlavcova *et al*., 2005). Furthermore, we performed a comparative analysis to illustrate the changes in flow conditions over time and conducted sensitivity analysis to assess the impact of variations in input parameters on model results. The models, which consist of one empirical model and one physically based model, were checked against observational data to assess their accuracy and reliability, and hence their validity.
+
+#### (i) Froude Number
+
+The Froude number serves as a fundamental dimensionless parameter that defines the water flow (Shah *et al*., 2020; Chowdhury *et al*., 2024). The Froude number can be used to evaluate and classify flow regimes in river networks and flood areas. The Froude number is mathematically represented by the following:
+
+$$
+Fr = \frac{v}{\sqrt{g \cdot h}},\quad (1)
+$$
+
+where $v$ is the velocity of the fluid, measured in m/s, while $g$ represents the acceleration due to gravity, which is approximately 9.81 m/s. In addition, $h$ signifies the depth of the fluid, expressed in m.
+
+#### (ii) Empirical Velocity
+
+Flow dynamics is essential in hydrodynamics and flood risk assessment, serving as a fundamental tool for predicting empirical velocities within river networks. These predictions are essential for understanding and mitigating the complex behaviors of floods and their associated impacts (Fuchs *et al*., 2007; Xia *et al*., 2011). Equation (2) reveals a random uniform distribution, which clarifies the variable nature of flow empirical velocities over time and their influence on flood risk in affected areas
+
+$$
+v(t) = \text{uniform}(0, 15) + (1 \cdot (t - 12)). \quad (2)
+$$
+
+In this formulation, the term uniform (0, 15) indicates a randomly selected value from a uniform probability distribution ranging from 0 to 15. This component captures the inherent randomness or uncertainty in the initial flow conditions. The linear term $1 \cdot (t - 12)$ represents a steady temporal increase in velocity beginning after time $t = 12$, with the slope coefficient of 1 indicating a steady acceleration over time. Together, these components allow the model to simulate realistic flow behavior by combining unpredictable initial states with a consistent growth trend over the course of the simulation.
+
+#### (iii) Physically Based Velocity
+
+In hydrodynamic modeling, accurate prediction of flow velocities is crucial for understanding flood dynamics and assessing flood hazards (Gupta *et al*., 2007; Dong *et al*., 2022). The physically based approach, which integrates empirical observations and the physical principles of fluid dynamics (Balica *et al*., 2013; Mazzorana *et al*., 2014), is an effective method for generating these velocities and can be calculated using the following formula:
+
+$$
+v(t) = (\text{uniform}(0, 10) + (1.5 \cdot (t - 12))) \times \left(1 + 0.1 \cdot \frac{h}{\max(h)}\right). \quad (3)
+$$
+
+In this equation, uniform (0,10) represents a random value drawn from a uniform distribution ranging from 0 to 10, simulating initial variability in flow conditions. The term $(1.5 \cdot (t - 12))$ adjusts the base velocity based on the elapsed time, simulating an increase in flow velocity as time progresses. In addition, $h$ stands for the water level, while $\max(h)$ denotes the highest recorded water depth in the study area. This formulation modifies the base velocity in the same way as the empirical method but specifically considers the influence of water depth on the flow velocities. The expression $(1 + 0.1 \cdot \frac{h}{\max(h)})$ makes it possible to adjust the velocities to the relative depth of the water. This illustrates the fact that deeper flows are associated with higher velocities due to lower friction and higher gravitational forces.
+
+## 3. Result
+
+### *3.1. HEC-RAS 1D modeling evaluation flood risk*
+
+Flood risk analysis is important for understanding and controlling the hydrological and ecological impacts of river systems. In this study, the HEC-RAS is used to analyze flood risk, providing accurate information on flood behavior, flow dynamics, and interaction with terrain. HEC-RAS is an advanced river system simulation tool that integrates topographic, hydraulic and hydrologic data to create accurate flood risk models. The results of this analysis facilitate the prediction of flood magnitudes, depths and velocities and provide insights into river morphology and floodplain delineation. Figure 2(a) shows the topographic map, in which the differences in elevation are represented by a color gradient. Yellow and brown represent higher areas, while blue represents lower elevations, including the river. The image section provides an enlarged perspective that improves the definition of the topographical elements. Analyzing the terrain is crucial for predicting water flow, delineating floodplains and assessing sediment movement. All this is fundamental for hydrodynamic modeling and flood risk assessment.
+
+
+
+*Source*: Developed by the authors using HEC-RAS based on data DEM from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov.
+
+Fig. 2. Hydrodynamic analysis of river system: topography, flood depth, velocity, and elevation profiles.
+
+Figure 2(b) shows the distribution of flood depths in the range from 0 to 15 m, with darker blue regions indicating greater water depths and lighter shading indicating shallower floodplains. The map shows measurement regions (e.g. 11542, 11541, 3483, 4313) that correspond to the cross-sectional profiles used in hydraulic modeling. In addition, green and red lines indicate model boundaries, measuring stations or floodplain boundaries. The designation "River 1 Reach 1" identifies the investigated river section, which is crucial for the assessment of local hydrodynamic conditions. Figure 2(c) shows the distribution of water velocity, with dark blue representing low velocities and yellow to red for increasing velocities (up to 15 m/s). Fast flows are generally found in narrow or steep regions, while lower velocities are associated with wider floodplains. The analysis of flow velocity is crucial for understanding flow resistance, erosion hotspots and sediment transport dynamics and serves as a basis for the planning of flood protection measures and hydraulic infrastructure.
+
+Figure 2(d) illustrates a river cross-section in which the height differences at a particular station are shown. The cyan-colored area indicates the flooded areas, while the black dotted line shows the ground level. The U-shaped profile indicates the river valleys and is crucial for the assessment of floodplains, channel morphology, and bank stability. The legend contains the hydraulic parameters, including the profiles of the water surface (WS PF 1) and bedrock (EG PF 1). Figure 2(e) shows the longitudinal profile of the river over a 12 km-long section with elevation differences between 85 and 110 m. The cyan-colored area indicates the height of the water level, while black dots mark important measurement points. This profile facilitates the assessment of hydraulic gradients, sediment deposition, and flow patterns, thus aiding river management and flood protection initiatives.
+
+Understanding the relationships between precipitation, vegetative response and soil water retention is crucial for assessing the dynamics of ecosystems and hydrological processes. In this study, the temporal correlations between precipitation, the MSAVI, and soil infiltration capacity in 2022 are investigated. Figure 3(a) illustrates that precipitation, measured in millimeters (mm), fluctuates annually and increases significantly in the rainy season. The recorded values are as follows: January (50 mm), February (30 mm) and March (70 mm). MSAVI values between 0.1 and 0.9 indicate the state of the vegetation. Representative values are January (0.3), February (0.4), and March (0.6). The statistics indicate a positive correlation between precipitation and MSAVI, meaning that more precipitation improves the health of the vegetation. A significant increase in precipitation in March correlates with an increase in MSAVI, indicating that higher soil moisture enhances vegetation development.
+
+Figure 3(b) shows that the infiltration capacity of the soil, expressed in millimeters per hour (mm/h), varies considerably between wet and dry periods. Infiltration rates range from 50 to 150 mm/h in wet seasons, while they decrease to 10 to 40 mm/h in dry periods. For example, infiltration capacity peaked at 120 mm/h after heavy rainfall in March but then dropped to 15 mm/h in dry conditions. These changes show that the soil absorbs water more efficiently when it is already wet. Figure 3(c) shows significant difference in the infiltration capacity of the soil during wet and dry periods, with significantly higher values under wet conditions (median: 120 mm/h, IQR: 100-140 mm/h) than under dry conditions (median: 20 mm/h, IQR: 15–30 mm/h). These differences indicate that the soil has a higher water absorption capacity under saturated conditions, possibly due to better pore cross-linking and lower surface resistance. The wider interquartile range (IQR) observed during wet periods suggests greater variability in soil properties, including texture, compaction, and organic matter concentration, which influence infiltration dynamics. These results emphasize the importance of precipitation for soil water retention and hydrological processes.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+*Source*: Developed by the authors using Python Jupyter Notebook environment, based on data from https://app.climateengine.org
+
+Fig. 3. Temporal relationships between precipitation, vegetation response and soil infiltration capacity.
+
+(a) Temporal variability of precipitation and MSAVI. (b) Soil infiltration capacity across wet and dry periods.
+
+(c) Comparative analysis of soil infiltration capacity under wet and dry conditions.
+
+Table 2. Hydrodynamic characteristics of the river cross-section.
+
+| E.G. Elev (m) | 105.07 | Element | Left OB | Channel | Right OB | | Vel Head (m) | 0.04 | Wt. n-Val. | 0.04 | 0.04 | 0.04 | | W.S. Elev (m) | 105.03 | Reach Len. (m) | 729.40 | 690.90 | 690.80 | | Crit W.S. (m) | 92.33 | Flow Area (m²) | 3,823.00 | 5,815.80 | 1,301.60 | | E.G. Slope (m) | 0.00 | Area (m²) | 3,823.00 | 5,815.80 | 1,301.60 | | Q Total (m³/s) | 9,125.00 | Flow (m³/s) | 2,615.02 | 5,860.02 | 649.96 | | Top Width (m) | 1,221.33 | Top Width (m) | 507.00 | 434.10 | 280.23 | | Vel Total (m/s) | 0.83 | Avg. Vel. (m/s) | 0.68 | 1.01 | 0.50 | | Max Chl Dpth (m) | 18.03 | Hydr. Depth (m) | 7.54 | 13.4 | 4.64 | | Conv. Total (m³/s) | 1,270,930 | Conv. (m³/s) | 364,219.80 | 816,184.30 | 90,526.30 | | Length Wtd. (m) | 699.60 | Wetted Per. (m) | 513.90 | 437.27 | 280.51 | | Min Ch El (m) | 87.00 | Shear (N/m²) | 3.76 | 6.72 | 2.35 | | Alpha | 1.16 | Stream Power (N/m·s) | 2.57 | 6.77 | 1.17 | | Frctn Loss (m) | 0.04 | Cum Volume (1,000 m³) | 26,795.06 | 60,373.86 | 25,230.05 | | C & E Loss (m) | — | Cum SA (1,000 m²) | 5,758.31 | 5,088.13 | 5,314.18 |
+
+*Source*: Developed by the authors using HEC-RAS based on data Landsat 8 from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov.
+
+Table 2 shows important hydrodynamic characteristics of the river cross-section, such as height, velocity, flow distribution, and energy parameters over the Left Overbank (OB), the channel, and the Right Overbank (OB). The height of the water level (105.03 m) and the height of the energy level (105.07 m) indicate a stable flow profile without energy loss. The overall discharge of 9,125.00 m³/s is mainly concentrated in the channel with 5,860.02 m³/s, while the left and right overbanks have 2,615.02 m³/s and 649.96 m³/s, respectively. The hydrodynamic properties differ significantly between the sections. The maximum velocity (1.01 m/s) and the hydraulic depth (13.4 m) are found in the channel, while the velocities on the banks decrease due to the lower depth. Similarly, the shear and flow stresses are highest in the channel (6.72 N/m² and 6.77 N/m-s, respectively), which means that the erosion pressures are higher, while they are lower on the banks, which means that the flow energy is lower. The conveyance capacity of 1,270,930 m³/s is the largest in the channel at 816,184.3 m³/s, highlighting its significance in water transport. The table highlights the significance of the channel in sustaining river flow, whereas overbank regions function as auxiliary flow channels with diminished hydraulic efficiency. These findings offer significant insights into flow distribution, sediment transport, and possible floodplain interactions.
+
+### 3.2. *Froude numbers and their impact on flood dynamics over time*
+
+This section explores the impact of empirical and physically based Froude numbers on flood dynamics over time, highlighting their evolving flow patterns and implications for flood management, emphasizing the importance of understanding flood dynamics as shown in Fig. 4(a) the area distribution of the flood after 48 h. The color changes in the spatial area indicate different Froude number values, which represent regions with different flow characteristics that are particularly important for the evaluation of flood behavior.
+
+
+
+*Source*: Developed by the authors using datasets from GSW, accessed via http://global-surface-waterspot.com; NASA SRTM Digital Elevation (30 m resolution); and Landsat 8 imagery (USGS Landsat 8 Level 2, Collection 2, Tier 1) from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov.
+
+Fig. 4. Evolution of the flood risk EFR and PBF. (a) EFR after 48 h, representation of the spatial distribution (SD) of the flood with different Froude number values. (b) PBF at 48 h, emphasizing the physical factors influencing the flow dynamics. (c) EFR after 60 h, illustrating the temporal fluctuations of the flood hazard. (d) PBF after 60 h, highlighting temporal fluctuations of the flow. (e) EFR after 72 h, to illustrate the effects of flooding on the environment. (f) PBF after 72 h, to evaluate the continuous effects of physical parameters on flood dynamics.
+
+Figure 4(b) shows the color variations compared to the subplot (a) illustrates the different approaches used to determine the Froude number the physically based Froude number at the same point in time after 48 h. This difference illustrates the influence of physical elements on the flow dynamics, especially in floodplains. Figure 4(c) is similar to subplot (a), and this graph illustrates the EFR after 60 h. Changes in color distribution over the 48-h mark indicate the evolution of flow characteristics over time and provide insight into potential changes in flood dynamics. Figure 4(d) illustrates the PBF after 60 h. It facilitates comparison with the previous PBF representation, emphasizes temporal fluctuations, and can show trends in the flow dynamics that are important for floods. Figure 4(e) shows the EFR at t = 72 h and illustrates the evolution of flow properties over time. This is particularly important for understanding the impact of prolonged flooding on the environment. Figure 4(f) shows the PBF after 72 h and provides a thorough assessment of the ongoing impact of physical parameters on flow dynamics, particularly under flood conditions.
+
+In addition, we conducted an analysis of flood risk levels, categorizing them into four distinct levels: extreme, significant, moderate, and low. Figure 5(a) shows the EFR after 48 h. The color gradient represents different degrees of flood risk, with deeper shades indicating higher values of the Froude number. This visualization delineates areas with extreme, significant, or moderate flood risk and provides important data for flood management and flood control. Figure 5(b) illustrates the PBF at 48-h intervals, while the color changes in Fig. 5(a) represent different methods of calculating the Froude number. Collectively, these graphics illustrate the impact of physical features on flow behavior and their significance in evaluating flood risk during this period. Figure 5(c) illustrates the EFR after 60 h, with the color distribution highlighting changes in flood risk compared to the 48-h assessment. These changes reflect shifts in previously assessed areas that may now have changed risk levels, capturing the evolving dynamics of runoff over time. Figure 5(d) shows the PBF after 60 h; it allows a direct comparison with the previous PBF representation. Variations in color intensity indicate changes in flood risk, reflecting the ongoing impact of physical elements on runoff behaviors and risk levels over time. Figure 5(e) shows the EFR after 72 h, offering further insight into the temporal evolution of flood risk. The color variations show the potential increases or reductions in flood risk in specific areas. Figure 5(f) illustrates the PBF after 72 h, highlighting the impact of physical features on flow dynamics and flood hazard at this later stage. When compared with the previous PBF graph, it offers a clearer and more comprehensive understanding of the temporal evolution of flood hazards.
+
+Table 3 illustrates the findings of an analysis employing two methods. The EFR model utilizes a statistical, simplified approach to estimating water velocity. This model generates random velocity values based on predefined distributions and adjusts them according to the time intervals of interest (48 h, 60 h, 72 h). In contrast, the PBF model integrates actual physical processes, such as depth and gravity, to simulate water flow. This model accounts for water depth and adjusts the velocity based on scaling factors derived from physical principles. The table includes several statistical measures for each method, such as minimum and maximum values, mean, standard deviation (SD), median, and the 25th (Q25) and 75th (Q75) percentiles. The median indicates the central value, while the IQR,spanning from the 25th to the 75th percentile, covers the central 50% of the dataset. For the EFR model, at 48 h, values range from 5.14 to 11.49, with a mean of 7.27 (±0.93), a median of 7.22, and an IQR of 6.58–7.88. At 60 h, the range extends from 6.87 to 14.2, with a mean of 9.28 (±1.02) and an IQR of 8.49 to 9.88. At 72 h, the range spans from 8.57 to 16.93, with a mean of 11.29 (±1.14) and an IQR of 10.39 to 11.89. For the PBF technique, at 48 h, values span from 8.48 to 15.01, with a mean of 10.59 (±0.89) and an IQR of 9.89–11.03. At 60 h, the range is 11.32–19.24, with a mean of 13.82 (±1.06) and an IQR of 12.98–14.52. At 72 h, the range is 14.14–23.47, with a mean of 17.05 (±1.26) and an IQR of 16.09–18.04. The skewness indicates that the EFR approach exhibits right skewness (0.40–0.49), while the PBF model demonstrates an increasing skewness (0.53–0.70) with time. The kurtosis for EFR signifies a regular distribution with minor differences.
+
+
+
+*Source*: Developed by the authors using datasets from GSW, accessed via http://global-surface-waterspot.com; NASA SRTM Digital Elevation (30m resolution); and Landsat 8 imagery (USGS Landsat 8 Level 2, Collection 2, Tier 1) from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov.
+
+Fig. 5. Temporal analysis of flood risk levels. (a) EFR after 48 h, showing the flood risk at different flood levels. (b) PBF after 48 h illustrates the physical properties that influence the flow behavior. (c) EFR after 60 h, showing the changes in flood risk levels. (d) PBF after 60 h, showing changes in runoff behavior and risk intensity. (e) EFR after 72 h, showing the temporal evolution of the flood risk. (f) PBF after 72 h, showing the influence of physical characteristics on flood risk.
+
+Table 3. Summary statistics data Froude number.
+
+| Method | Timeframe (h) | Min | Max | Mean | Standarddeviation | Median | Q25 | Q75 | Skewness | Kurtosis |
|---|
| EFR | 48 | 5.14 | 11.49 | 7.27 | 0.93 | 7.22 | 6.58 | 7.88 | 0.40 | -0.10 | | EFR | 60 | 6.87 | 14.2 | 9.28 | 1.02 | 9.23 | 8.49 | 9.88 | 0.48 | 0.17 | | EFR | 72 | 8.57 | 16.93 | 11.29 | 1.14 | 11.24 | 10.39 | 11.89 | 0.49 | 0.07 | | PBF | 48 | 8.48 | 15.01 | 10.59 | 0.89 | 10.55 | 9.89 | 11.03 | 0.53 | 0.21 | | PBF | 60 | 11.32 | 19.24 | 13.82 | 1.06 | 13.66 | 12.98 | 14.52 | 0.67 | 0.61 | | PBF | 72 | 14.14 | 23.47 | 17.05 | 1.26 | 16.76 | 16.09 | 18.04 | 0.70 | 0.53 |
+
+*Source*: Developed by the authors using datasets from GSW, accessed via http://global-surface-water.appspot.com; NASA SRTM Digital Elevation (30 m resolution); and Landsat 8 imagery (USGS Landsat 8 Level 2, Collection 2, Tier 1) from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov.
+
+Figure 6 illustrates the temporal-spatial distribution of flood risk, classified using EFR and PBF model, with each panel representing different time intervals. Figure 6(a) shows that the EFR model exhibits a balanced distribution of flood risks after 20 min. Areas with a low flood risk make up only 18% of the entire region, which indicates a limited risk. In contrast, the proportion of areas with medium and high flood risk is larger at 32% and 30% of the area, respectively, indicating that most of the region is exposed to a significant flood risk. In addition, the areas with extreme flood risk account for 20% of the area, which means that a considerable part of the region is at high risk, especially in the initial phase of flooding. This indicates that the floodplains have started to spread but have not yet reached their peak. Figure 6(b) illustrates that the PBF model shows minor changes after 40 min, with the low flood risk increasing to 22%. The moderate risk remains at 35%, while the significant risk remains at 27%. The probability of an extreme risk drops to 16%. Figure 6(c) demonstrates that the EFR after 60 min shows a significant increase in low-risk areas, which now accounts for 28%. The moderate risk category remains the highest at 38%, but the significant 22% and extreme 12% risks have decreased. This indicates that the flooding decreases after 1 h and the areas of extreme risk shrink. However, there is still a moderate risk, indicating that many places are still at risk, albeit to a lesser extent. Figure 6(d) shows that during the 80 min, the PBF displays the clearest transition to low risk (34%), while moderate risk remains high at 42%. The proportion of significant risk (18%) and extreme risk (6%) is significantly lower. This means that flooding has largely decreased, but certain regions still have a moderate risk. Figure 6(e) shows that the EFR during the 100 min shows a further increase in the low risk to 42%, while the medium risk remains at 40%.
+
+
+
+*Source*: Developed by the authors using datasets from GSW, accessed via http://global-surface-waterspot.com; NASA SRTM Digital Elevation (30 m resolution); and Landsat 8 imagery (USGS Landsat 8 Level 2, Collection 2, Tier 1) from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov.
+
+Fig. 6. Evaluation of the flood hazard 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, and 120 min after the start of the flood risk in 2022 according to the empirically (EFR) derived model (left) and the physically (PBF) based, experimentally corrected model (right).
+
+The percentages of significant (14%) and extreme (4%) hazards have decreased significantly, indicating that flooding has decreased. In some areas, there is still a moderate risk due to recovery difficulties, such as soil erosion. Figure 6(f) shows that the PBF has the highest proportion of low risk (50%) during the 120 min, followed by moderate risk at 38%,while significant (10%) and extreme (2%) risks are almost negligible. The final phase shows that the flooding has largely subsided, and only relatively low hazards remain within the moderate category. Although the extreme risk has been largely eliminated, continuous monitoring of the moderate risk zones is essential.
+
+Furthermore, we assess 3D for EFR and PBF, as shown in Figs. 7(a)–7(c), the EFR model, which illustrate the temporal evolution of flow characteristics and their effects on flood dynamics. Figure 7(a) shows the EFR at 20 min, with the surface flow profile depicted in color to illustrate differences in height or intensity and to provide an initial insight into the flow dynamics relevant to flood generation. In Fig. 7(b), the time period is extended to60 min to emphasize the temporal fluctuations in the flow profile and their possible influence on the progression of the flood. In Fig. 7(c), the EFR at 100 min is analyzed in greater detail to demonstrate the gradual development of flow characteristics that influence the scope and severity of the flood. Figures 7(d)–7(f) show the PBF condition and compare it with other conditions. This shows how floods affect the systems. Figure 7(d) shows the PBF model after40 min and demonstrates a special experimental setup used to investigate the flow dynamics under pulsed conditions and their influence on the onset of localized flooding. Figure 7(e)shows the PBF model after 60 min, demonstrating further changes in flow characteristics that can increase the risk of flooding. Figure 7(f) presents PBF model after 120 min, illustrating the evolution of flow patterns under pulsed conditions and their impact on flood persistence.
+
+Table 4 shows that the empirical model reaches a maximum velocity of 15 m/s after 12 h, while the physically based model peaks at 10.96 m/s. The empirical model captures a more uniform distribution in the region, while the physically based model better represents the more extreme flow conditions. After 72 h, the empirical model reaches a maximum velocity of 75 m/s, compared to 109.97 m/s in the physically based model. Both models show low Froude number after 12 h, indicating a stable, subcritical flow. After 36 h, the empirical model shows a maximum Froude number of 8.67, while the physically based model shows 10.8, indicating that critical flow conditions are approaching. After 72 h, the Froude number increases significantly, indicating turbulence and an unstable flow over time. Both models show relatively low velocities and Froude number and transition to more dynamic conditions. The physically based model shows a larger gap in the predicted velocities than the empirical model.
+
+### 3.3. *Spatial distribution of the Froude number over time in flood-prone areas*
+
+Comprehending the spatial distribution (SD) of Froude number is essential for the assessment of flood risk in susceptibility areas. Froude number, a dimensionless measure, sheds light on flow conditions and whether runoff is subcritical or supercritical. These data are necessary for flooding forecast and the efficient management of water resources. Water dynamics in flood-prone areas can exhibit significant variability as a result of factors such as rainfall intensity, land use, and topographical features. Analyzing the regional distribution of the Froude number over different time intervals can improve understanding of the evolution of runoff conditions and their consequences for flood risk. Figure 8 shows the SD of the Froude number at different time intervals.
+
+
+
+Source: Developed by the authors using datasets from GSW, accessed via http://global-surface-water.appspot.com; NASA SRTM Digital Elevation (30 m resolution); and Landsat 8 imagery (USGS Landsat 8 Level 2, Collection 2, Tier 1) from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov.
+
+Fig. 7. The EFR and PBF are analyzed over different time intervals to assess their influence on flood dynamics: (a) shows the EFR at 20 min, while (b) highlights it at 60 min; (c) shows the EFR at 100 min; (d)–(f) show the PBF at 40, 60, and 120 min, respectively, highlighting runoff changes and flood risks.
+
+Table 4. Comparison of maximum velocities for empirical and physically based models over time.
+
+| Time (h) | Min Velocity (EFR) (m/s) | Max Velocity (EFR) (m/s) | Min Velocity (PBF) (m/s) | Max Velocity (PBF) (m/s) | Min (EFR) | Max (EFR) | Min (PBF) | Max (PBF) |
|---|
| 12 | 0.0001 | 15 | 0.0003 | 10.96 | 0 | 3.35 | 0 | 2.29 | | 24 | 12 | 27 | 18.01 | 30.79 | 1.71 | 6.03 | 2.83 | 6.51 | | 36 | 24 | 39 | 36 | 50.6 | 3.43 | 8.67 | 5.66 | 10.8 | | 48 | 36 | 51 | 54.01 | 70.4 | 5.14 | 11.5 | 8.48 | 15 | | 60 | 48 | 63 | 72.02 | 90.2 | 6.86 | 14.22 | 11.32 | 19.24 | | 72 | 60 | 75 | 90 | 109.97 | 8.57 | 16.92 | 14.14 | 23.44 |
+
+*Source*: Developed by the authors using datasets from GSW, accessed via http://global-surface-water.appspot.com; NASA SRTM Digital Elevation (30 m resolution); and Landsat 8 imagery (USGS Landsat 8 Level 2, Collection 2, Tier 1) from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov.
+
+In Fig. 8(a), the Froude number fluctuates between 1.5 and 6.0 (after 24 h), which primarily indicates subcritical discharge conditions, with some regions showing supercritical discharge. Figure 8(b) shows a slight increase in flow velocity, with yellow shades indicating moderate flow conditions and a slightly increased flood risk. After 36 h, the range extends to 3.25–8.5, indicating increased flow velocities in certain regions. After 42 h, as exhibited in Fig. 8(c), the Froude number increases significantly, with orange indicating high flow velocities and a range of 4.2–9.6. The supercritical flow zones expand after this, signaling an increase in flow velocity. After 48 h, Fig. 8(d) illustrates the distribution of large areas of high flow, with most of the red areas denoting a very high risk of flooding. The range increases to 5.1–11.4, with clearer areas of supercritical flow.
+
+
+
+*Source:* Developed by the authors using datasets from GSW, accessed via http://global-surface-water.appspot.com; NASA SRTM Digital Elevation (30 m resolution); and Landsat 8 imagery (USGS Landsat 8 Level 2, Collection 2, Tier 1) from https://earthexplorer.usgs.gov.
+
+Fig. 8. SD of flow velocity and flood hazard based on Froude numbers. (a) After 24 h, showing subcritical and extracted supercritical flows. (b) After 36 h, indicating moderate flow velocity and significant flood risk. (c) After 42 h, highlighting the extent of supercritical zones. (d) After 48 h, exhibiting strong flow regions and a high flood risk. (e) After 54 h, showing strong supercritical flows. (f) During 60 h, with fast currents and increased flood risk. (g) At 66 h, the supercritical flow areas expand. (h) After 72 h, the peak flow velocity reaches a level that indicates a severe flood risk.
+
+
+
+Fig. 8. (Continued)
+
+Figure 8(e) (after 54 h) shows that the flood risk remains elevated, with extensive red areas indicating severe supercritical flows. These areas range from 6.8 to 12.4, indicating a clear shift from subcritical to supercritical flow conditions. In Fig. 8(f) (after 60 h), the range increases to 7.6–14.0, indicating areas of fast, high flows. In Fig. 8(g), After 66 h, the Froude number ranges from 7.6 to 14.8, with supercritical flow accounting for a larger part of the spatial range. The Froude number peaks in Fig. 7(h) (after 72 h), with extensive dark red areas indicating an extreme flood risk. The maximum observed Froude number reached
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+附件
+
+## 山东省2024年度第二批创新型中小企业名单
+
+| 序号 | 企业名称 |
|---|
| 1 | 济南恒瑞金试验机有限公司 | | 2 | 山东科益实验设备有限公司 | | 3 | 山东新大陆电力股份有限公司 | | 4 | 山东联舜建筑智能化工程有限公司 | | 5 | 山东齐力云环保设备有限公司 | | 6 | 安池(山东)动物营养研究院有限公司 | | 7 | 济南市白象科技发展有限公司 | | 8 | 山东润能环保科技有限公司 | | 9 | 济南建民铸业有限公司 | | 10 | 山东礼季和食品有限公司 | | 11 | 山东鼎立鸿新型建筑材料有限公司 | | 12 | 山东数字人科技股份有限公司 | | 13 | 济南宇正电子科技有限公司 | | 14 | 山东东昌勘察测绘有限公司 | | 15 | 山东科信电气有限公司 | | 16 | 济南同域网络安全技术有限公司 | | 17 | 济南汇通远德科技有限公司 | | 18 | 山东东方信达信息科技股份有限公司 | | 19 | 确信信息股份有限公司 | | 20 | 山东思勤信息技术有限公司 | | 21 | 山东三木创新环保有限公司 | | 22 | 济南吉美乐电源技术有限公司 | | 23 | 山东北辰机电设备股份有限公司 | | 24 | 济南一霖新材料科技股份有限公司 | | 25 | 山东环球润滑油有限公司 | | 26 | 济南缘梦金属制品有限公司 | | 27 | 济南良博信息技术有限公司 | | 28 | 山东大金锻造有限公司 | | 29 | 山东齐鲁数通科技有限公司 | | 30 | 山东慧敏科技开发有限公司 | | 31 | 山东国邦勘测规划设计有限公司 | | 32 | 山东鲁泰电梯有限公司 | | 33 | 山东浪潮电子政务软件有限公司 | | 34 | 山东鹏光电气科技有限公司 | | 35 | 山东亿云信息技术有限公司 | | 36 | 山东瀚岳智能科技有限公司 | | 37 | 山东省鲁统市场调查中心有限公司 | | 38 | 山东汇科工程检测有限公司 | | 39 | 山东振凯训新能源科技有限公司 | | 40 | 济南华派环保科技有限公司 | | 41 | 力速(山东)测试设备有限公司 | | 42 | 山东多次方半导体有限公司 | | 43 | 新之航传媒科技集团有限公司 | | 44 | 道普信息技术有限公司 | | 45 | 济南尚方环保科技有限公司 | | 46 | 济南鑫翔宇锻造股份有限公司 | | 47 | 济南亚创环保设备有限公司 | | 48 | 山东泰华智慧市政工程有限公司 | | 49 | 山东环泽机械科技有限公司 | | 50 | 济南沃尔菲斯科技有限公司 | | 51 | 山东一点基因科技有限公司 | | 52 | 济南多盟信息技术有限公司 | | 53 | 山东世光工业设备集团股份有限公司 | | 54 | 山东安控信息科技有限公司 | | 55 | 济南市钢宝科贸有限公司 | | 56 | 山东五思信息科技有限公司 | | 57 | 昱家良品(济南)经贸有限公司 | | 58 | 山东领上信息技术有限公司 | | 59 | 奥福科创(山东)有限公司 | | 60 | 山东数企智能科技有限公司 | | 61 | 山东鲁港福友药业有限公司 | | 62 | 济南德玛电气有限公司 | | 63 | 济南万嘉技术咨询有限公司 | | 64 | 山东鑫荣德新材料有限公司 | | 65 | 山东克莱默电子科技有限公司 | | 66 | 济南兴业安全技术有限公司 | | 67 | 山东艾克瑞特教育科技有限公司 | | 68 | 山东丞华建材科技有限公司 | | 69 | 山东惠世生物科技有限责任公司 | | 70 | 山东舜凯电气设备有限公司 | | 71 | 济南半一电子有限公司 | | 72 | 山东邦牛信息科技有限公司 | | 73 | 山东华上印刷科技有限公司 | | 74 | 山东亿博光电科技有限公司 | | 75 | 数合智融(山东)科技创新发展有限公司 | | 76 | 山东思邦光电科技有限公司 | | 77 | 山东纳鑫电力科技有限公司 | | 78 | 山东立信特信息技术有限公司 | | 79 | 济南源根科技有限公司 | | 80 | 山东英盛生物技术有限公司 | | 81 | 山东焱农生物科技股份有限公司 | | 82 | 山东机场信息科技有限公司 | | 83 | 山东航空港建设工程集团有限公司 | | 84 | 中安云科科技发展(山东)有限公司 | | 85 | 山东剑锋消防工程有限公司 | | 86 | 济南国韵电子技术有限公司 | | 87 | 济南旭日升电子科技有限公司 | | 88 | 济南中冶新材料有限公司 | | 89 | 济南华科电气设备有限公司 | | 90 | 山东大白菜教育科技有限公司 | | 91 | 济南四机数控机床有限公司 | | 92 | 济南艺高数控机械有限公司 | | 93 | 济南糯香斋食品有限公司 | | 94 | 山东森德数控机械有限公司 | | 95 | 山东凯力特环保装备股份有限公司 | | 96 | 济南华富锻造股份有限公司 | | 97 | 济南汇隆节能科技有限公司 | | 98 | 山东程远水利科技有限公司 | | 99 | 山东中尧电力科技有限公司 | | 100 | 山东智道网络科技有限公司 | | 101 | 济南新天科技有限公司 | | 102 | 山东同圆发动机测试工程技术有限公司 | | 103 | 山东和富工程检测有限公司 | | 104 | 风顺冷热科技集团有限公司 | | 105 | 北方智企(山东)科技创新有限公司 | | 106 | 九州智行科技有限公司 | | 107 | 山东现代建工集团有限公司 | | 108 | 山东拓庄医疗科技有限公司 | | 109 | 莱芜成威电子材料有限公司 | | 110 | 山东绿洲智能科技有限公司 | | 111 | 山东雄信建筑劳务分包有限公司 | | 112 | 山东中伟皓建筑工程有限公司 | | 113 | 山东合利时电子科技有限公司 | | 114 | 济南汇源齿轮有限公司 | | 115 | 山东祥辰科技集团有限公司 | | 116 | 山东优柏电子科技有限公司 | | 117 | 济南豪曼汽车配件有限公司 | | 118 | 山东云捷智网信息科技有限公司 | | 119 | 山东健文力德电气有限公司 | | 120 | 山东土秀才生物科技有限公司 | | 121 | 济南文景信息技术有限公司 | | 122 | 山东华曼商用汽车制造有限公司 | | 123 | 山东兆基电缆有限公司 | | 124 | 山东亿点互连管理咨询有限责任公司 | | 125 | 山东金特安全科技有限公司 | | 126 | 山东泛海发展电力工程有限公司 | | 127 | 东玺技术(山东)有限公司 | | 128 | 山东建科建筑材料有限公司 | | 129 | 济南超达电子有限公司 | | 130 | 山东奔跑吧贝壳文化传媒有限公司 | | 131 | 山东心悦灵科贸有限公司 | | 132 | 山东省水利工程试验中心有限公司 | | 133 | 济南东杰净化工程有限公司 | | 134 | 山东智农云科技有限公司 | | 135 | 济南振威安全技术发展有限公司 | | 136 | 济南盛达冶金科技有限公司 | | 137 | 山东澳立傲纺织科技有限公司 | | 138 | 山东凯莱电气设备有限公司 | | 139 | 山东博科环保设备有限公司 | | 140 | 山东源祯农业科技有限公司 | | 141 | 济南华威泵业有限公司 | | 142 | 山东安泰智能工程有限公司 | | 143 | 济南一农化工有限公司 | | 144 | 济南二机床固德自动化有限公司 | | 145 | 山东鲁得贝车灯股份有限公司 | | 146 | 山东精诚电子科技有限公司 | | 147 | 山东星斗智能设备有限公司 | | 148 | 济南华林彩印有限公司 | | 149 | 山东艾思天成智能设备有限公司 | | 150 | 山东贤蕴信息科技有限公司 | | 151 | 山东鼎辉腾达新型建筑材料有限公司 | | 152 | 济南瑞特阀片制造有限公司 | | 153 | 奥维数字科技有限公司 | | 154 | 山东山水重工有限公司 | | 155 | 山东芦氏特种面料科技有限公司 | | 156 | 山东联创高科自动化有限公司 | | 157 | 山东深蓝机器股份有限公司 | | 158 | 济南高更食品科技有限公司 | | 159 | 山东华通供应链管理有限公司 | | 160 | 云顶信息技术股份有限公司 | | 161 | 济南华明博特智能技术有限公司 | | 162 | 济南和普威视光电技术有限公司 | | 163 | 山东大通世纪实业有限公司 | | 164 | 济南威震电力工程有限公司 | | 165 | 山东创恒科技发展有限公司 | | 166 | 济南市莱芜福泉橡胶有限公司 | | 167 | 山东环亿生物科技有限公司 | | 168 | 济南华北升降平台制造有限公司 | | 169 | 山东环保产业集团有限公司 | | 170 | 济南企财通软件有限公司 | | 171 | 山东金衢设计咨询集团有限公司 | | 172 | 山东九佳紧固件股份有限公司 | | 173 | 山东劲牛集团股份有限公司 | | 174 | 山东平安环境科技有限公司 | | 175 | 莱芜双力复合材料股份有限公司 | | 176 | 倍净医疗科技(山东)集团有限公司 | | 177 | 济南和一汇盛科技发展有限责任公司 | | 178 | 山东国测检测技术有限公司 | | 179 | 山东辰星地理信息技术有限公司 | | 180 | 济南奥图自动化股份有限公司 | | 181 | 山东艾科达生物科技有限公司 | | 182 | 济南兄弟作物科学有限公司 | | 183 | 济南大亿膨化机械有限公司 | | 184 | 济南鑫奥特汽车配件有限公司 | | 185 | 济南华博换热设备有限公司 | | 186 | 山东博奥斯能源科技有限公司 | | 187 | 济南缘点新材料有限公司 | | 188 | 山东安之源消防技术有限公司 | | 189 | 山东鲁东环保科技有限公司 | | 190 | 山东汉诺宝嘉新材料科技有限公司 | | 191 | 济南海河建设项目管理有限公司 | | 192 | 山东沪金精工科技股份有限公司 | | 193 | 山东健之源医药科技有限公司 | | 194 | 济南山目生物医药科技有限公司 | | 195 | 济南重工集团有限公司 | | 196 | 山东布莱德新材料有限公司 | | 197 | 山东盛凯源药业有限公司 | | 198 | 莱芜华亚超高分子材料科技有限公司 | | 199 | 济南尚德食品有限公司 | | 200 | 山东鲁信天一印务有限公司 | | 201 | 济南前途信息科技有限公司 | | 202 | 山东林里新型建筑材料有限公司 | | 203 | 灵活(山东)网络科技有限公司 | | 204 | 浪潮计算机科技有限公司 | | 205 | 博世汽车转向系统(济南)有限公司 | | 206 | 山东万星航新基建科技有限公司 | | 207 | 美核电气(济南)股份有限公司 | | 208 | 山东鲁飞智能科技有限公司 | | 209 | 济南盛泰电子科技有限公司 | | 210 | 山东盛和电子有限公司 | | 211 | 山东聚和诚信息科技有限公司 | | 212 | 山东舜鑫电源科技有限公司 | | 213 | 山东乾能汽车服务有限公司 | | 214 | 山东鲁亚信息技术有限公司 | | 215 | 山东登锐信息科技有限公司 | | 216 | 济南金瑞阳机械制造有限公司 | | 217 | 山东岽山建设工程有限公司 | | 218 | 山东星巡智能科技有限公司 | | 219 | 山东富润市政工程有限公司 | | 220 | 济南航进电子科技有限公司 | | 221 | 济南晶众光电科技有限公司 | | 222 | 济南鑫瑞种业科技有限公司 | | 223 | 山东华科信息技术有限公司 | | 224 | 山东广汇力数控机械有限公司 | | 225 | 济南正隆生物科技有限公司 | | 226 | 山东中创建筑装饰工程有限公司 | | 227 | 济南罡晟建筑工程有限公司 | | 228 | 神州顶联科技有限公司 | | 229 | 山东鲁邦地理信息工程有限公司 | | 230 | 山东神戎电子股份有限公司 | | 231 | 济南建设设备安装有限责任公司 | | 232 | 济南启壬软件技术有限公司 | | 233 | 济南上业精密科技有限公司 | | 234 | 济南哲旺自动化科技有限公司 | | 235 | 山东四季车网络科技有限公司 | | 236 | 高寻真源(山东)教育科技有限公司 | | 237 | 国数科技(山东)有限公司 | | 238 | 山东沐雨天禾智慧农业有限公司 | | 239 | 济南仕中自动化仪表有限公司 | | 240 | 未来花园(济南)教育集团有限公司 | | 241 | 山东凯杰锻造股份有限公司 | | 242 | 山东黄河顺成水利水电工程有限公司 | | 243 | 山东正琨建设工程有限公司 | | 244 | 济南金木铸造有限公司 | | 245 | 济南市水利建筑勘测设计研究院有限公司 | | 246 | 山东山开电力有限公司 | | 247 | 山东秉恬信息科技有限公司 | | 248 | 山东中大工程科技有限公司 | | 249 | 山东汇正信息科技有限公司 | | 250 | 东港股份有限公司 | | 251 | 山东得辰建设工程有限公司 | | 252 | 济南迈顿数控设备有限公司 | | 253 | 山东创新药物研发有限公司 | | 254 | 济南艺海数控设备制造有限公司 | | 255 | 山东顺为澜海智能科技有限公司 | | 256 | 山东汇智教育科技发展有限公司 | | 257 | 济南悦舞信息科技有限公司 | | 258 | 山东盛唐环保科技有限公司 | | 259 | 山东莹丰机械工程有限公司 | | 260 | 中建材山东勘测设计研究院有限公司 | | 261 | 济南恒辉科济食品配料有限公司 | | 262 | 海能未来技术集团股份有限公司 | | 263 | 山东小鲁班科技有限公司 | | 264 | 山东费尔消防技术工程有限公司 | | 265 | 山东鑫木汽车配件有限公司 | | 266 | 山东鬼谷环保科技有限公司 | | 267 | 山东凯米科化工股份有限公司 | | 268 | 山东胜雕数控设备有限公司 | | 269 | 山东泽赢信息科技服务有限公司 | | 270 | 山东瑞尔达科技集团股份有限公司 | | 271 | 国迈(山东)低碳科技有限公司 | | 272 | 济南典嘉建设科技有限公司 | | 273 | 山东海奈新能源技术有限公司 | | 274 | 济南福和数控机床有限公司 | | 275 | 山东升盈机械制造有限公司 | | 276 | 山东有宝电力工程有限公司 | | 277 | 太平洋康泰科学仪器(济南)有限公司 | | 278 | 济南城投设计有限公司 | | 279 | 济南轻骑大韩摩托车有限责任公司 | | 280 | 章丘市宝华锻造有限公司 | | 281 | 山东省乡村振兴齐鲁样板研究院有限公司 | | 282 | 山东高速规划设计有限公司 | | 283 | 山东文煜能源科技有限公司 | | 284 | 济南智星空间科技有限公司 | | 285 | 山东方寸微电子科技有限公司 | | 286 | 山东木丁信息技术有限公司 | | 287 | 山东鼎维数字技术有限公司 | | 288 | 山东天竞电子科技有限公司 | | 289 | 济南银华信息技术有限公司 | | 290 | 山东欣宏药业有限公司 | | 291 | 济南鑫乐工贸有限公司 | | 292 | 山东得果科技服务有限公司 | | 293 | 济南乐颐佳机械设备有限公司 | | 294 | 山东算网信息科技有限公司 | | 295 | 山东睿益环境技术有限公司 | | 296 | 济南丰泽液压机械有限公司 | | 297 | 济南斯伯特生物科技有限公司 | | 298 | 山东沃迈数控科技有限公司 | | 299 | 济南铸锻所检验检测科技有限公司 | | 300 | 济南汇恒电气有限公司 | | 301 | 济南第一机床有限公司 | | 302 | 中润国能(山东)新能源科技有限公司 | | 303 | 济南百纳环保科技有限公司 | | 304 | 海瑞林建设有限公司 | | 305 | 山东顺河路桥工程有限公司 | | 306 | 山东龙江门业有限公司 | | 307 | 济南市公明新技术开发有限公司 | | 308 | 山东汇颐信息技术有限公司 | | 309 | 山东普诺勤数字科技有限公司 | | 310 | 济南莱电新源电力建设有限公司 | | 311 | 科兴生物制药股份有限公司 | | 312 | 山东梦娅农业科技发展有限公司 | | 313 | 山东鑫仁和印务有限公司 | | 314 | 山东正浩工业科技有限公司 | | 315 | 山东轩烨机器人科技有限公司 | | 316 | 济南博佳特物联科技有限公司 | | 317 | 济南工达捷能科技发展有限公司 | | 318 | 山东新芳舟环保科技有限公司 | | 319 | 济南舜工科技有限公司 | | 320 | 山东金洲科瑞节能科技有限公司 | | 321 | 山东启方科技有限公司 | | 322 | 济南朗睿检测技术有限公司 | | 323 | 山东微感光电子有限公司 | | 324 | 山东鹰飞智能工程有限公司 | | 325 | 济南金诺公路工程监理有限公司 | | 326 | 山东中汇云视智能科技有限公司 | | 327 | 章丘市普锐锻压有限公司 | | 328 | 山东智拓地理信息工程有限公司 | | 329 | 山东宏达建设工程有限公司 | | 330 | 济南全力测试技术有限公司 | | 331 | 山东绿屏盛泰机械科技有限公司 | | 332 | 山东康鲁节能设备有限公司 | | 333 | 济南爱思医药科技有限公司 | | 334 | 山东新产教信息科技有限公司 | | 335 | 帕玛特自动化科技(山东)有限公司 | | 336 | 山东泰华智慧城市服务有限公司 | | 337 | 山东安在信息技术股份有限公司 | | 338 | 山东泰克信息科技有限公司 | | 339 | 玫德艾瓦兹(济南)金属制品有限公司 | | 340 | 山东中航和辉航空标准件有限责任公司 | | 341 | 山东一利建设集团有限公司 | | 342 | 山东高第数据服务有限公司 | | 343 | 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| 山东万林包装有限公司 | | 386 | 济南潇屹新型建材有限公司 | | 387 | 山东梯联网信息科技有限公司 | | 388 | 至诚至信(山东)文化科技有限公司 | | 389 | 旭然医疗科技(山东)集团有限公司 | | 390 | 山东迎富科技有限公司 | | 391 | 济南巴克超声波科技有限公司 | | 392 | 山东海慧勘察测绘有限公司 | | 393 | 济南卓星智能科技有限公司 | | 394 | 山东阳光电力有限公司 | | 395 | 山东居安特消防科技有限公司 | | 396 | 山东中谷饲料有限公司 | | 397 | 艾普科创(山东)有限公司 | | 398 | 山东龙旭石化有限公司 | | 399 | 山东中架安全科技有限公司 | | 400 | 山东省鲁商冰轮建筑设计有限公司 | | 401 | 济南爱诺特种防护制品有限公司 | | 402 | 山东兖矿国拓科技工程股份有限公司 | | 403 | 济南百惠凯希汽车零部件有限公司 | | 404 | 山东筑潮信息科技有限公司 | | 405 | 山东远志宏达智能科技有限公司 | | 406 | 山东创正建设工程有限公司 | | 407 | 山东中图软件技术有限公司 | | 408 | 济南市聚利源机电设备有限公司 | | 409 | 山东星科智能科技股份有限公司 | | 410 | 济南杰迪机车科技有限公司 | | 411 | 山东大图数控设备有限公司 | | 412 | 济南澳海炭素有限公司 | | 413 | 山东创伟外墙保温材料集团有限公司 | | 414 | 山东依宁软件科技有限公司 | | 415 | 山东奔速电梯股份有限公司 | | 416 | 济南金利源环保科技股份有限公司 | | 417 | 山东华辰泰尔信息科技股份有限公司 | | 418 | 济南产发澳利生物科技有限公司 | | 419 | 山东特保罗环保节能科技有限公司 | | 420 | 山东诺瑞特智能科技有限公司 | | 421 | 济南鑫箭电机有限公司 | | 422 | 济南欧亚瑞特机械有限公司 | | 423 | 山东博赛尔管业有限公司 | | 424 | 山东新金发汽车零部件有限公司 | | 425 | 山东优能电气设备有限公司 | | 426 | 济南汉驰信息技术有限公司 | | 427 | 山东晶荣食品有限公司 | | 428 | 山东遥望新天地新材料有限公司 | | 429 | 济南泰达光通科技有限公司 | | 430 | 中海建(山东)光伏电力有限公司 | | 431 | 山东恒迈信息科技有限公司 | | 432 | 山东大北信息科技有限公司 | | 433 | 济南亚飞达数控设备有限公司 | | 434 | 济南磐升生物技术有限公司 | | 435 | 山东泰山资源勘查有限公司 | | 436 | 山东华玫生物科技有限公司 | | 437 | 山东迈麒信息科技有限公司 | | 438 | 济南宏源钢结构有限公司 | | 439 | 联暻半导体(山东)有限公司 | | 440 | 济南格茵机械设备有限公司 | | 441 | 山东顺合信息技术有限公司 | | 442 | 山东海晟软件科技有限公司 | | 443 | 济南金瑞特网络科技有限公司 | | 444 | 山东巨力电工设备有限公司 | | 445 | 山东金智瑞新材料发展有限公司 | | 446 | 山东舜网传媒股份有限公司 | | 447 | 济南达宝文汽车设备工程有限公司 | | 448 | 济南益佳饲料有限公司 | | 449 | 山东易码智能科技股份有限公司 | | 450 | 山东新之筑信息科技有限公司 | | 451 | 济南多维光电设备有限公司 | | 452 | 中电装备山东电子有限公司 | | 453 | 方圆标志检验检测(山东)有限公司 | | 454 | 山东大星辊轴制造有限公司 | | 455 | 山东恩光能源科技有限公司 | | 456 | 山东明士达建设工程有限公司 | | 457 | 济南八达塑管熔接设备有限公司 | | 458 | 山东顺势教育科技集团有限公司 | | 459 | 山东希尔电缆有限公司 | | 460 | 象谱信息产业有限公司 | | 461 | 济南耀创数控设备有限公司 | | 462 | 山东汉邦视讯科技有限公司 | | 463 | 济南大数物联科技有限公司 | | 464 | 山东莱芜电瓷有限公司 | | 465 | 山东琦瑞能源科技有限公司 | | 466 | 济南明鑫制药股份有限公司 | | 467 | 莱芜亿达新材料科技有限公司 | | 468 | 山东耐威科自控技术有限公司 | | 469 | 济南新宇硬质合金股份有限公司 | | 470 | 济南龙超信息技术有限公司 | | 471 | 济南恒辉信息科技有限公司 | | 472 | 山东高速鸿林工程技术有限公司 | | 473 | 济南巧步思仪器仪表有限公司 | | 474 | 山东岱坤信息科技有限公司 | | 475 | 和远智能科技股份有限公司 | | 476 | 山东固而美金属制品有限公司 | | 477 | 山东槲林焊材有限公司 | | 478 | 三土电子(山东)有限公司 | | 479 | 济南涉洲科技有限公司 | | 480 | 山东华颢信息科技有限公司 | | 481 | 济南容存生物科技有限公司 | | 482 | 中威检测(山东)有限公司 | | 483 | 济南汉斯曼时代技术有限公司 | | 484 | 国高信息技术产业研究院(山东)集团有限公司 | | 485 | 山东辰华知识产权代理有限公司 | | 486 | 山东淘掌柜电子商务有限公司 | | 487 | 山东千融信息科技有限公司 | | 488 | 山东一指通机电设备工程有限公司 | | 489 | 济南蓝派科智能设备有限公司 | | 490 | 济南德雷克密封材料有限公司 | | 491 | 山东微创软件有限公司 | | 492 | 山东凯丰高分子材料股份有限公司 | | 493 | 山东多乐行智能科技有限公司 | | 494 | 济南精豪数控机床制造有限公司 | | 495 | 山东康众宏医药科技开发有限公司 | | 496 | 山东特检科技有限公司 | | 497 | 山东巍盛控制技术有限公司 | | 498 | 山东欧柏镘门窗科技有限公司 | | 499 | 济南冠泽医疗器材有限公司 | | 500 | 汉鑫信息技术有限公司 | | 501 | 济南富华瑞达机械股份有限公司 | | 502 | 山东华仪能源科技有限公司 | | 503 | 云辰智能科技(山东)有限公司 | | 504 | 山东万森环境科技有限公司 | | 505 | 山东省交通工程监理咨询有限公司 | | 506 | 济南康斐净化技术有限公司 | | 507 | 山东润博生物科技有限公司 | | 508 | 济南西城森泰置业有限公司 | | 509 | 山东艾迪信科技有限公司 | | 510 | 山东东征实业集团有限公司 | | 511 | 山东海泰农业发展有限公司 | | 512 | 山东双佳农装科技有限公司 | | 513 | 济南翔刻电子商务服务有限公司 | | 514 | 山东海看新媒体研究院有限公司 | | 515 | 山东濡祥建设发展有限公司 | | 516 | 济南快雕数控设备有限公司 | | 517 | 山东友杰环境工程有限公司 | | 518 | 山东国建土地房地产评估测绘有限公司 | | 519 | 山东云视通网络科技有限公司 | | 520 | 济南伊质机械有限公司 | | 521 | 山东恒悦消防工程有限公司 | | 522 | 济南搜索联盟网络科技有限公司 | | 523 | 山东源和信息科技有限公司 | | 524 | 济南鸿湾生物技术有限公司 | | 525 | 山东飞象信息科技有限公司 | | 526 | 济南富冠华新能源科技有限公司 | | 527 | 山东万邦建筑科技有限公司 | | 528 | 中钰匠鑫机械制造有限公司 | | 529 | 山东亿利丰泰建设工程有限公司 | | 530 | 山东量子科学技术研究院有限公司 | | 531 | 山东耀乔医数字化科技有限公司 | | 532 | 山东奔雷信息科技有限公司 | | 533 | 山东智臣自动化科技有限公司 | | 534 | 山东海菲新材料科技有限公司 | | 535 | 山东盛德仁口腔医疗有限公司 | | 536 | 数观(山东)智能科技有限公司 | | 537 | 山东联创聚合物有限公司 | | 538 | 山东可为文化科技有限公司 | | 539 | 山东安澜电力科技有限公司 | | 540 | 山东习尚喜新材料科技股份有限公司 | | 541 | 山东松悦仪器有限公司 | | 542 | 山东元星电子有限公司 | | 543 | 山东旺泰科技有限公司 | | 544 | 山东赫侨医疗科技有限公司 | | 545 | 山东重山光电材料股份有限公司 | | 546 | 山东淄博沈淄耐火材料有限公司 | | 547 | 山东钢研海德科技有限公司 | | 548 | 淄博富邦元进耐火材料科技有限公司 | | 549 | 山东博克化学股份有限公司 | | 550 | 淄博普来瑞电器有限公司 | | 551 | 山东雷帕得汽车技术股份有限公司 | | 552 | 山东圣德智能装备有限公司 | | 553 | 淄博欣科陶瓷机械有限公司 | | 554 | 功力机器有限公司 | | 555 | 山东昊普机械制造有限公司 | | 556 | 淄博顺安电气有限公司 | | 557 | 山东华新通信科技有限公司 | | 558 | 山东瀚旺工业技术有限公司 | | 559 | 山东泰展机电科技股份有限公司 | | 560 | 淄博祥龙测控技术有限公司 | | 561 | 淄博金狮王科技陶瓷集团有限公司 | | 562 | 淄博博睿机电科技有限公司 | | 563 | 淄博阔泰绝缘子有限公司 | | 564 | 齐鲁云商数字科技股份有限公司 | | 565 | 淄博华海线缆有限公司 | | 566 | 山东方大新材料科技有限公司 | | 567 | 淄博爱科工矿机械有限公司 | | 568 | 淄博正丰电炉有限公司 | | 569 | 山东松铝精密工业股份有限公司 | | 570 | 山东京恒雨鑫医疗设备有限公司 | | 571 | 莱芜钢铁集团淄博锚链有限公司 | | 572 | 山东鹏瑞凿岩科技有限公司 | | 573 | 淄博鸿庄医疗器械有限公司 | | 574 | 山东广通新材料有限公司 | | 575 | 惠华科技有限公司 | | 576 | 山东宏杰自动化设备有限公司 | | 577 | 淄博道麦逊绝缘子股份有限公司 | | 578 | 淄博德勤安全技术服务有限公司 | | 579 | 山东金城生物药业有限公司 | | 580 | 山东佳能科技股份有限公司 | | 581 | 淄博易德业新材料科技有限公司 | | 582 | 山东安博机械科技股份有限公司 | | 583 | 山东山博电机集团有限公司 | | 584 | 山东国茂冶金材料有限公司 | | 585 | 山东博科真空科技有限公司 | | 586 | 山东鲁桥新材料股份有限公司 | | 587 | 淄博宇海电子陶瓷有限公司 | | 588 | 三丰环境集团股份有限公司 | | 589 | 淄博欧恒机械有限公司 | | 590 | 淄博康迪轻工制品有限公司 | | 591 | 淄博华舜耐腐蚀真空泵有限公司 | | 592 | 淄博市博山齿轮厂 | | 593 | 山东淄博民康药业包装有限公司 | | 594 | 淄博美玲汽车配件有限公司 | | 595 | 山东凯欧电机科技有限公司 | | 596 | 淄博真空设备厂有限公司 | | 597 | 山东宏达玻璃制品有限公司 | | 598 | 山东艾德诺机械制造有限公司 | | 599 | 金路达集团有限公司 | | 600 | 山东名盾防爆装备科技有限公司 | | 601 | 山东奥赛达真空泵有限公司 | | 602 | 北京京丰制药(山东)有限公司 | | 603 | 博山特型电机有限公司 | | 604 | 山东昌淼鑫煤矿机械有限公司 | | 605 | 山东淄泵泵业有限公司 | | 606 | 山东瑞宏节能科技有限公司 | | 607 | 中材绿建(山东)建筑节能技术有限公司 | | 608 | 山东推进智能装备有限公司 | | 609 | 齐生创展(山东)金属科技有限公司 | | 610 | 山东铎丰电气设备有限公司 | | 611 | 淄博恒鼎风机有限公司 | | 612 | 淄博鲁工造粒装备科技有限公司 | | 613 | 淄博泰鼎机械科技有限公司 | | 614 | 淄博大洋阻燃制品有限公司 | | 615 | 山东科明光电科技有限公司 | | 616 | 山东恒利纺织科技有限公司 | | 617 | 山东润义金新材料科技股份有限公司 | | 618 | 淄博向东超高分子材料有限公司 | | 619 | 山东福王家具有限公司 | | 620 | 西铁城(中国)精密机械有限公司 | | 621 | 山东周村烧饼有限公司 | | 622 | 山东恒富家居科技有限公司 | | 623 | 淄博铭建新型材料有限公司 | | 624 | 山东京宏智能科技有限公司 | | 625 | 淄博佳润纺织有限公司 | | 626 | 伯特利(山东)工业设备有限公司 | | 627 | 山东兴鲁生物科技有限公司 | | 628 | 山东悠乐滋生物科技有限公司 | | 629 | 山东金盛通用设备有限公司 | | 630 | 淄博齐塑环保科技有限公司 | | 631 | 山东泰石管道设备有限公司 | | 632 | 淄博海立德装饰材料有限公司 | | 633 | 淄博齐杰化工备件有限公司 | | 634 | 淄博晴朗工贸有限公司 | | 635 | 淄博格尔齿轮有限公司 | | 636 | 淄博卓尔水处理设备有限公司 | | 637 | 淄博市恒久电气有限公司 | | 638 | 山东森美越化工有限公司 | | 639 | 淄博睿联电子有限公司 | | 640 | 山东新昊化工有限公司 | | 641 | 淄博乐开电子科技有限公司 | | 642 | 山东旭贝新材料有限公司 | | 643 | 桓台县科源新型建材有限公司 | | 644 | 中化东大(淄博)有限公司 | | 645 | 淄博润腾新材料科技有限公司 | | 646 | 淄博赛雅药用包装材料有限公司 | | 647 | 山东恒熙电气传动技术有限公司 | | 648 | 淄博欧泊陶瓷玻璃科技有限公司 | | 649 | 山东中福赫达新材料科技有限公司 | | 650 | 山东宝乘电子有限公司 | | 651 | 山东丽能电力技术股份有限公司 | | 652 | 山东富欣生物科技股份有限公司 | | 653 | 山东百晟玻璃有限公司 | | 654 | 淄博齐星化学科技有限公司 | | 655 | 山东德川化工科技有限责任公司 | | 656 | 山东田兴建工有限公司 | | 657 | 山东科汇药业有限公司 | | 658 | 山东艾尔机械有限公司 | | 659 | 山东圣晨新材料科技有限公司 | | 660 | 山东兴国大成电子材料有限公司 | | 661 | 淄博悦卡电器科技有限公司 | | 662 | 山东和众康源生物科技有限公司 | | 663 | 山东煦坤电气设备有限公司 | | 664 | 纽氏重载伺服行星传动科技(淄博)有限公司 | | 665 | 山东爱亿普环保科技股份有限公司 | | 666 | 山东先卓机电科技有限公司 | | 667 | 山东中准检测科技有限公司 | | 668 | 淄博鼎昌信隆塑胶科技有限公司 | | 669 | 山东博宏新化工科技有限公司 | | 670 | 山东汇康运动器材有限公司 | | 671 | 山东新马制药装备有限公司 | | 672 | 山东乐齐医疗科技有限公司 | | 673 | 山东和乐家信息科技有限公司 | | 674 | 淄博盛鑫达交通设施有限公司 | | 675 | 山东尚佳医疗科技有限公司 | | 676 | 万洲嘉智信息科技有限公司 | | 677 | 山东津挚环保科技有限公司 | | 678 | 山东新华设计工程有限公司 | | 679 | 淄博正旭九霞织带饰品有限公司 | | 680 | 山东万科环境检测有限公司 | | 681 | 山东开泰石化股份有限公司 | | 682 | 山东中惠仪器有限公司 | | 683 | 山东卫康医学检验有限公司 | | 684 | 山东前沿医疗器械股份有限公司 | | 685 | 山东诺铭智慧电力能源有限公司 | | 686 | 淄博业齐机械设备有限公司 | | 687 | 淄博淄柴新能源有限公司 | | 688 | 德中工业互联网应用技术(山东)有限公司 | | 689 | 山东广垠新材料有限公司 | | 690 | 山东博洋电气有限公司 | | 691 | 山东睿德声景工程科技有限公司 | | 692 | 淄博华光国瓷科技文化有限公司 | | 693 | 山东锐翊电力工程有限公司 | | 694 | 山东融锦智能装备科技有限公司 | | 695 | 山东宏顺祥升降设备工程有限公司 | | 696 | 淄博齐程包装制品有限公司 | | 697 | 山东齐鲁科力化工研究院股份有限公司 | | 698 | 山东维戈利尔电子科技有限公司 | | 699 | 淄博金纪元研磨材有限公司 | | 700 | 山东军沃科技有限公司 | | 701 | 山东狮王陶瓷有限公司 | | 702 | 山东盛日奥鹏环保新材料集团股份有限公司 | | 703 | 山东齐能电器有限公司 | | 704 | 淄博张店东方化学股份有限公司 | | 705 | 山东瑞诚化工设备有限公司 | | 706 | 山东澳远铝基新材料有限公司 | | 707 | 山东统一陶瓷科技有限公司 | | 708 | 淄博门马水处理工程有限公司 | | 709 | 山东鲁润塑业股份有限公司 | | 710 | 山东天骏清洁设备有限公司 | | 711 | 淄博火炬机电设备有限责任公司 | | 712 | 山东华致林医药科技股份有限公司 | | 713 | 淄博天之润生态科技有限公司 | | 714 | 山东嘉明精密钣金有限公司 | | 715 | 山东宝盖新材料科技股份有限公司 | | 716 | 山东跃辉新材料科技有限公司 | | 717 | 淄博捷达机械有限公司 | | 718 | 山东国立液压制造有限公司 | | 719 | 山东兴岳新材料有限公司 | | 720 | 山东大真智能科技发展有限公司 | | 721 | 淄博永鼎工贸有限公司 | | 722 | 淄博力合自动化科技有限公司 | | 723 | 淄博美环复合材料有限公司 | | 724 | 淄博澳丰电子有限公司 | | 725 | 山东丰雁达电子元件有限公司 | | 726 | 山东圣诺实业有限公司 | | 727 | 山东亿力建设工程有限公司 | | 728 | 山东益康药业股份有限公司 | | 729 | 滕州市天水生物科技有限公司 | | 730 | 滕州市旭康密封机械有限公司 | | 731 | 滕州市润隆香料有限公司 | | 732 | 山东沃达重工机床有限公司 | | 733 | 滕州市中合锻压机床有限公司 | | 734 | 山东云洁清洁设备有限公司 | | 735 | 山东凯莱新型建材有限公司 | | 736 | 山东连云山建筑科技有限公司 | | 737 | 山东鲁南泰山石膏有限公司 | | 738 | 山东银顺奔彭车业有限公司 | | 739 | 山东三叁新型建材科技有限公司 | | 740 | 枣庄市恒诚建设工程有限公司 | | 741 | 中建材光芯科技有限公司 | | 742 | 山东丞恩人力资源有限公司 | | 743 | 三合智慧城市(山东)安保有限公司 | | 744 | 枣庄恒信精密机械股份有限公司 | | 745 | 枣庄市永益新材料科技股份有限公司 | | 746 | 山东正凯新材料股份有限公司 | | 747 | 枣庄纬丰服装有限公司 | | 748 | 山东力源铁塔制造有限公司 | | 749 | 枣庄市汉森造纸数控设备有限公司 | | 750 | 枣庄海扬王朝纺织有限公司 | | 751 | 枣庄市天龙纸业有限公司 | | 752 | 山东联润新材料科技有限公司 | | 753 | 山东越成制动系统股份有限公司 | | 754 | 山东国元新材料有限公司 | | 755 | 山东德海生物科技有限公司 | | 756 | 枣庄市国安保安服务有限责任公司 | | 757 | 山东聚航智运物流科技有限公司 | | 758 | 三益(山东)测试科技有限公司 | | 759 | 胜利油田海胜石油机械制造有限公司 | | 760 | 山东寂静智能科技有限公司 | | 761 | 山东力王石油科技有限公司 | | 762 | 东营通凯文化传媒有限公司 | | 763 | 东营科尔特新材料有限公司 | | 764 | 东营高沃橡胶科技有限公司 | | 765 | 东营晟之捷化工有限公司 | | 766 | 山东腾星建设有限公司 | | 767 | 东营岱耀网络科技有限公司 | | 768 | 威飞海洋装备制造有限公司 | | 769 | 东营市鑫吉石油技术有限公司 | | 770 | 山东昱铭环保工程有限公司 | | 771 | 东营百华石油技术开发有限公司 | | 772 | 胜利油田新晨石油设备有限责任公司 | | 773 | 东营鸿泰石油科技有限公司 | | 774 | 东营市华科农业科技有限公司 | | 775 | 山东大业新材料有限公司 | | 776 | 山东中朗海洋科技有限公司 | | 777 | 山东虎牙生物科技有限公司 | | 778 | 东营市惠泽农业科技有限公司 | | 779 | 山东鸿琨住工科技有限公司 | | 780 | 山东聚东新材料有限责任公司 | | 781 | 山东秦恒建筑节能科技有限公司 | | 782 | 山东辰安化学有限公司 | | 783 | 山东同源环保新材料有限公司 | | 784 | 山东力博利夫石油设备制造有限公司 | | 785 | 山东恒鹏卫生用品有限公司 | | 786 | 山东汇信普信息科技有限公司 | | 787 | 盈科化学有限公司 | | 788 | 利津天普阳光饲料有限公司 | | 789 | 山东澳翔建设工程有限责任公司 | | 790 | 东营王冠新材料科技有限公司 | | 791 | 东营市智通新能源科技股份有限公司 | | 792 | 山东星豪节能环保设备有限公司 | | 793 | 山东博赛特石油技术有限公司 | | 794 | 山东融元康医疗科技有限公司 | | 795 | 山东竹里园艺有限公司 | | 796 | 精泰电气集团有限公司 | | 797 | 东营名泰新能源科技发展有限公司 | | 798 | 东营致合新材料科技有限公司 | | 799 | 胜利新大新材料股份有限公司 | | 800 | 山东森焱包装印刷有限公司 | | 801 | 东营峻茂石油科技有限公司 | | 802 | 山东烁久塑料包装有限公司 | | 803 | 东营如信恒通讯有限公司 | | 804 | 山东博申石油科技有限公司 | | 805 | 东营凡斯环保科技有限公司 | | 806 | 胜利油田玺润石油工程有限公司 | | 807 | 东营检验认证有限公司 | | 808 | 东营圭璋海洋科技有限公司 | | 809 | 东营广元生物科技股份有限公司 | | 810 | 烟台冰轮换热技术有限公司 | | 811 | 优佰特(山东)新材料技术有限公司 | | 812 | 烟台百川汇通科技有限公司 | | 813 | 山东诺维科轻量化装备有限公司 | | 814 | 烟台日升人防设备有限公司 | | 815 | 山东天鼎舟工业科技有限公司 | | 816 | 莱州新安达汽车零部件有限公司 | | 817 | 烟台召远汽车零部件有限公司 | | 818 | 烟台熙盛环保科技有限公司 | | 819 | 山东阿图机器人科技有限公司 | | 820 | 烟台市荣兴食品设备有限公司 | | 821 | 山东化塑云商科技股份有限公司 | | 822 | 烟台吉佰士工业技术有限公司 | | 823 | 莱州市恒诚机械有限公司 | | 824 | 烟台艾迪锐能超硬刀具有限公司 | | 825 | 烟台恒泰油田科技开发有限公司 | | 826 | 烟台赛瑞生物科技有限公司 | | 827 | 烟台力凯数控科技有限公司 | | 828 | 莱州文禾机械有限公司 | | 829 | 山东飞象生物技术有限责任公司 | | 830 | 莱州恒宇刹车制品有限公司 | | 831 | 烟台羿沣传感测控技术有限公司 | | 832 | 烟台千翔科技有限公司 | | 833 | 莱州鹏洲电子有限公司 | | 834 | 山东和昌汽车零部件制造有限公司 | | 835 | 山东德晋新能源科技有限公司 | | 836 | 烟台市金奥环保科技有限公司 | | 837 | 烟台盛泉泵业有限公司 | | 838 | 山东华宝环保新材料有限公司 | | 839 | 山东山宇重工机械有限公司 | | 840 | 烟台德林电子科技有限公司 | | 841 | 山东新易达建设管理有限公司 | | 842 | 烟台华雅模塑有限公司 | | 843 | 烟台昕港机械有限公司 | | 844 | 烟台清科嘉机器人联合研究院有限公司 | | 845 | 烟台市欧林科技有限公司 | | 846 | 烟台圣元自动化设备有限公司 | | 847 | 海阳三贤电子科技有限公司 | | 848 | 莱州巨浪机械有限公司 | | 849 | 山东迈拓林铝模板工程技术有限公司 | | 850 | 龙口益友文教用品有限公司 | | 851 | 烟台和壹博物馆有限公司 | | 852 | 烟台嘉特生物技术有限公司 | | 853 | 科曼智能科技有限公司 | | 854 | 山东福瑞斯新材料科技有限公司 | | 855 | 烟台橡研材料科技有限公司 | | 856 | 杰伟德机电科技(烟台)有限公司 | | 857 | 烟台海裕食品有限公司 | | 858 | 烟台吉冈精密机械有限公司 | | 859 | 海阳三贤电装有限公司 | | 860 | 烟台泓源生物肥料有限公司 | | 861 | 龙口市天工机械配件有限公司 | | 862 | 莱州市拓兴机电设备有限公司 | | 863 | 烟台盛创包装科技股份有限公司 | | 864 | 龙口市智兴机械制造有限公司 | | 865 | 恒合(烟台)数字科技有限公司 | | 866 | 莱州伟隆阀门有限公司 | | 867 | 山东亚沃农业机械有限公司 | | 868 | 烟台双圆通用件有限公司 | | 869 | 烟台三鼎化工有限公司 | | 870 | 龙口市丰达油泵燃油喷射有限公司 | | 871 | 烟台汉鑫工业数据智能有限公司 | | 872 | 莱州市裕润工贸有限公司 | | 873 | 烟台衷和新材料科技有限责任公司 | | 874 | 山东泰航环保新材料有限公司 | | 875 | 烟台军融万通光电科技有限公司 | | 876 | 烟台海益苗业有限公司 | | 877 | 烟台核信环保设备有限公司 | | 878 | 山东九曲圣基新型建材有限公司 | | 879 | 烟台天铭汽车零部件有限公司 | | 880 | 山东长峰机械有限公司 | | 881 | 烟台恒邦泵业有限公司 | | 882 | 烟台实稷云计算有限公司 | | 883 | 烟台东方电子玉麟电气有限公司 | | 884 | 烟台正海科技股份有限公司 | | 885 | 山东君德智能装备有限公司 | | 886 | 山东创元建设集团有限公司 | | 887 | 山东维凯斯农业装备有限公司 | | 888 | 烟台兴农果汁食品有限公司 | | 889 | 烟台大地牧业股份有限公司 | | 890 | 莱阳市北康生物科技有限公司 | | 891 | 烟台北方微波技术有限公司 | | 892 | 龙口锦昇包装有限公司 | | 893 | 烟台格瑞恩高分子材料有限公司 | | 894 | 烟台融晟新材料有限公司 | | 895 | 烟台金海化工有限公司 | | 896 | 烟台新腾机械制造有限公司 | | 897 | 烟台兴创汽车配件有限公司 | | 898 | 烟台东德实业有限公司 | | 899 | 山东省三鼎汽车配件有限公司 | | 900 | 莱州市莱索制品有限公司 | | 901 | 烟台启创科技发展有限公司 | | 902 | 山东淳净环保科技有限公司 | | 903 | 国核电力技术服务有限公司 | | 904 | 山东百瑞佳食品股份有限公司 | | 905 | 莱州市广顺机械有限公司 | | 906 | 烟台东德氢能技术有限公司 | | 907 | 莱州市百斯威机械有限公司 | | 908 | 烟台睿祥航空科技有限公司 | | 909 | 烟台铸基建筑科技有限公司 | | 910 | 烟台恒辉精工机械有限公司 | | 911 | 烟台神洲能源科技有限公司 | | 912 | 烟台齐盛石油化工有限公司 | | 913 | 烟台微步网络科技有限公司 | | 914 | 烟台弗润德机器人有限公司 | | 915 | 山东网梯学航网络科技有限公司 | | 916 | 龙口市海元塑料机械有限公司 |
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_135.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_135.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9e8b34373b54fc5f7973452d821911bca61bf39b
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@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+附件
+
+# 2024年10月份山东省科技成果转化贷款风险补偿备案信息汇总表(单位:万元)
+
+| 序号 | 贷款银行 | 借款企业 | 贷款金额 | 备案金额 | 地市 |
|---|
| 1 | 中国银行 | 山东鑫仁和印务有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 2 | 威海商业银行 | 山东金智瑞新材料发展有限公司 | 50 | 50 | 济南市 | | 3 | 威海商业银行 | 山东金智瑞新材料发展有限公司 | 550 | 550 | 济南市 | | 4 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东康祐生物科技有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 济南市 | | 5 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东康祐生物科技有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 济南市 | | 6 | 齐鲁银行 | 济南利君机械设备有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 济南市 | | 7 | 工商银行 | 山东济电德能电气集团有限公司 | 220 | 220 | 济南市 | | 8 | 工商银行 | 山东丁鼎科技发展有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 9 | 工商银行 | 济南一诺润滑油有限公司 | 30 | 30 | 济南市 | | 10 | 工商银行 | 济南一诺润滑油有限公司 | 90 | 90 | 济南市 | | 11 | 工商银行 | 济南一诺润滑油有限公司 | 90 | 90 | 济南市 | | 12 | 工商银行 | 济南一诺润滑油有限公司 | 90 | 90 | 济南市 | | 13 | 中国银行 | 山东赛维特电梯有限公司 | 700 | 700 | 济南市 | | 14 | 渤海银行 | 山东和兑智能科技有限公司 | 320 | 320 | 济南市 | | 15 | 东营银行 | 山东秉恬信息科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 16 | 东营银行 | 山东华伟液压科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 17 | 光大银行 | 山东金智瑞新材料发展有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 18 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东古天电子科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 19 | 光大银行 | 山东万斯达科技股份有限公司 | 700 | 700 | 济南市 | | 20 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东奥联生物科技有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 济南市 | | 21 | 齐鲁银行 | 铜牛能源科技(山东)有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 22 | 交通银行 | 山东万斯达科技股份有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 23 | 招商银行 | 山东科华电力技术有限公司 | 263.28253 | 263.28253 | 济南市 | | 24 | 光大银行 | 山东国盛电力工程有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 25 | 招商银行 | 山东科华电力技术有限公司 | 109.761741 | 109.761741 | 济南市 | | 26 | 招商银行 | 济南中正金码科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 27 | 华夏银行 | 济南新立新机器制造有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 28 | 中国银行 | 济南万兴达新材料科技有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 济南市 | | 29 | 中国银行 | 济南浩龙升降机械制造有限公司 | 450 | 450 | 济南市 | | 30 | 中国银行 | 济南和一汇盛科技发展有限责任公司 | 400 | 400 | 济南市 | | 31 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东佳创科瑞医疗科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 32 | 中国银行 | 山东金联讯节能环保设备有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 济南市 | | 33 | 中国银行 | 山东金联讯节能环保设备有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 济南市 | | 34 | 中国银行 | 山东力建数控设备有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 35 | 泰安银行 | 山东彼岸电力科技有限公司 | 350 | 350 | 济南市 | | 36 | 泰安银行 | 山东彼岸电力科技有限公司 | 150 | 150 | 济南市 | | 37 | 交通银行 | 济南蓬生农业科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 38 | 交通银行 | 济南蓬生农业科技有限公司 | 135.4 | 135.4 | 济南市 | | 39 | 中国银行 | 济南凯丰数控机械有限公司 | 250 | 250 | 济南市 | | 40 | 中国银行 | 济南中特电力工程有限公司 | 101.984486 | 101.984486 | 济南市 | | 41 | 中国银行 | 山东戎安智能科技有限公司 | 350 | 350 | 济南市 | | 42 | 中国银行 | 山东戎安智能科技有限公司 | 650 | 650 | 济南市 | | 43 | 威海商业银行 | 章丘市宝华锻造有限公司 | 50 | 50 | 济南市 | | 44 | 威海商业银行 | 章丘市宝华锻造有限公司 | 450 | 450 | 济南市 | | 45 | 威海商业银行 | 济南三源药业有限公司 | 450 | 450 | 济南市 | | 46 | 威海商业银行 | 济南三源药业有限公司 | 50 | 50 | 济南市 | | 47 | 兴业银行 | 山东乾云启创信息科技股份有限公司 | 219.92 | 219.92 | 济南市 | | 48 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东祥瑞工贸有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 49 | 齐鲁银行 | 济南瑞玛电气有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 50 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东宏业软件有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 51 | 中国银行 | 济南时代智囊网络技术有限公司 | 235 | 235 | 济南市 | | 52 | 兴业银行 | 山东云天安全技术有限公司 | 750 | 750 | 济南市 | | 53 | 日照银行 | 山东微波电真空技术有限公司 | 166.88493 | 166.88493 | 济南市 | | 54 | 恒丰银行 | 山东龙跃兴设计集团有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 55 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东方寸微电子科技有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 济南市 | | 56 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东方寸微电子科技有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 济南市 | | 57 | 青岛银行 | 山东东尊华泰环保科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 58 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东智慧照明科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 59 | 青岛银行 | 山东昊坤果业有限公司 | 800 | 800 | 济南市 | | 60 | 日照银行 | 确信信息股份有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 61 | 威海商业银行 | 山东彩旺建设有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 济南市 | | 62 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东福源锅炉有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 63 | 日照银行 | 东方慧医(山东)制药有限公司 | 360 | 360 | 济南市 | | 64 | 东营银行 | 山东众禾建筑科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 65 | 青岛银行 | 山东华商亿源制冷空调工程有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 66 | 工商银行 | 山东海乾车桥有限公司 | 450 | 450 | 济南市 | | 67 | 齐鲁银行 | 济南爱诺特种防护制品有限公司 | 800 | 800 | 济南市 | | 68 | 华夏银行 | 山东精诚电子科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 69 | 工商银行 | 山东忠才建筑安装工程有限公司 | 380 | 380 | 济南市 | | 70 | 工商银行 | 山东舜业压力容器有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 济南市 | | 71 | 工商银行 | 山东舜业压力容器有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 72 | 华夏银行 | 济南振华塑料包装有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 73 | 日照银行 | 山东鲁新国合节能环保科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 74 | 华夏银行 | 济南源根科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 75 | 华夏银行 | 济南源根科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 76 | 中国银行 | 济南中特电力工程有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 济南市 | | 77 | 东营银行 | 山东可信教育科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 78 | 齐鲁银行 | 济南浩龙电子科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 79 | 招商银行 | 山东昊月新材料股份有限公司 | 990 | 990 | 济南市 | | 80 | 渤海银行 | 山东和兑智能科技有限公司 | 180 | 180 | 济南市 | | 81 | 齐鲁银行 | 济南悟通生物科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 82 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东旗帜信息有限公司 | 52.851058 | 52.851058 | 济南市 | | 83 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东旗帜信息有限公司 | 177.465136 | 177.465136 | 济南市 | | 84 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东旗帜信息有限公司 | 404.542161 | 404.542161 | 济南市 | | 85 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东旗帜信息有限公司 | 199.4871 | 199.4871 | 济南市 | | 86 | 华夏银行 | 中维(山东)软件有限公司 | 900 | 900 | 济南市 | | 87 | 齐鲁银行 | 智园数字科技(山东)有限公司 | 230 | 230 | 济南市 | | 88 | 威海商业银行 | 山东精诚电子科技有限公司 | 50 | 50 | 济南市 | | 89 | 威海商业银行 | 山东精诚电子科技有限公司 | 450 | 450 | 济南市 | | 90 | 交通银行 | 济南银华信息技术有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 91 | 招商银行 | 山东微波电真空技术有限公司 | 67.757729 | 67.757729 | 济南市 | | 92 | 招商银行 | 济南中正金码科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 93 | 齐鲁银行 | 济南友达建筑工程有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 济南市 | | 94 | 日照银行 | 山东微波电真空技术有限公司 | 83.81507 | 83.81507 | 济南市 | | 95 | 日照银行 | 山东微波电真空技术有限公司 | 249.3 | 249.3 | 济南市 | | 96 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东新天地测绘科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 97 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东崇实电力科技有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 济南市 | | 98 | 齐鲁银行 | 济南铭域医学检验实验室有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 济南市 | | 99 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东元鸿智能科技有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 济南市 | | 100 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东晶荣食品有限公司 | 10 | 10 | 济南市 | | 101 | 济南农商行 | 山东鸿舜涂料有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 济南市 | | 102 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东漫生活农业科技有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 济南市 | | 103 | 济南农商行 | 山东七星智能装备科技有限公司 | 900 | 900 | 济南市 | | 104 | 工商银行 | 山东千禾中药饮片有限公司 | 270 | 270 | 济南市 | | 105 | 齐鲁银行 | 济南欧迪美特流体控制设备有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 106 | 工商银行 | 山东美诺邦马节能科技有限公司 | 25 | 25 | 济南市 | | 107 | 工商银行 | 山东美诺邦马节能科技有限公司 | 175 | 175 | 济南市 | | 108 | 工商银行 | 济南铭威农业科技开发有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 109 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东智林环保科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 110 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东和创瑞思环保科技有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 济南市 | | 111 | 中国银行 | 山东承势电子科技有限公司 | 285 | 285 | 济南市 | | 112 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东百易智能装备股份有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 113 | 东营银行 | 山东鲁保科技开发有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 114 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东派蒙机电技术有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 115 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东汇久信息技术有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 济南市 | | 116 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东橄榄智能科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济南市 | | 117 | 东营银行 | 山东鼎旺包装彩印有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 118 | 齐鲁银行 | 济南鲁美建材有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济南市 | | 119 | 中国银行 | 济南精豪数控机床制造有限公司 | 331.79 | 331.79 | 济南市 | | 120 | 中国银行 | 山东环投环境工程有限公司 | 550 | 550 | 济南市 | | 121 | 济南农商行 | 山东新卓诚智慧科技有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 济南市 | | 122 | 张店农商行 | 山东恩诺信息科技有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 淄博市 | | 123 | 张店农商行 | 淄博展祥建筑安装有限公司 | 150 | 150 | 淄博市 | | 124 | 威海商业银行 | 淄博益君农业发展股份有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 淄博市 | | 125 | 渤海银行 | 山东美生热能科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 淄博市 | | 126 | 渤海银行 | 山东锐泽自动化科技股份有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 淄博市 | | 127 | 中国银行 | 山东良成环保科技股份有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 淄博市 | | 128 | 中国银行 | 山东国岳金刚石制品有限公司 | 170 | 170 | 淄博市 | | 129 | 中国银行 | 山东国岳金刚石制品有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 淄博市 | | 130 | 中国银行 | 山东镭泽智能科技有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 淄博市 | | 131 | 中国银行 | 山东保蓝环保有限公司 | 800 | 800 | 淄博市 | | 132 | 中国银行 | 山东正舟信息技术有限公司 | 150 | 150 | 淄博市 | | 133 | 工商银行 | 山东天天优鲜农业发展有限公司 | 290 | 290 | 淄博市 | | 134 | 恒丰银行 | 淄博鑫旭电源科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 淄博市 | | 135 | 工商银行 | 山东凯瑞环保科技有限公司 | 20 | 20 | 淄博市 | | 136 | 工商银行 | 淄博华舜耐腐蚀真空泵有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 淄博市 | | 137 | 工商银行 | 博山水泵制造厂 | 200 | 200 | 淄博市 | | 138 | 光大银行 | 山东卫康医学检验有限公司 | 79.4355 | 79.4355 | 淄博市 | | 139 | 工商银行 | 淄博嘉木生物科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 淄博市 | | 140 | 威海商业银行 | 山东锐翊电力工程有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 淄博市 | | 141 | 威海商业银行 | 淄博市淄川金龙磨料磨具有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 淄博市 | | 142 | 威海商业银行 | 淄博市淄川金龙磨料磨具有限公司 | 250 | 250 | 淄博市 | | 143 | 威海商业银行 | 淄博市淄川金龙磨料磨具有限公司 | 50 | 50 | 淄博市 | | 144 | 青岛银行 | 淄博贝林电子有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 淄博市 | | 145 | 建设银行 | 淄博鸿嘉印务有限公司 | 170 | 170 | 淄博市 | | 146 | 建设银行 | 山东天骏清洁设备有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 淄博市 | | 147 | 建设银行 | 山东大豪包装制品有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 淄博市 | | 148 | 工商银行 | 山东昌淼鑫煤矿机械有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 淄博市 | | 149 | 工商银行 | 淄博科而士轻工制品有限公司 | 49 | 49 | 淄博市 | | 150 | 工商银行 | 淄博科而士轻工制品有限公司 | 251 | 251 | 淄博市 | | 151 | 恒丰银行 | 淄博齐源蓄电池有限公司 | 235 | 235 | 淄博市 | | 152 | 工商银行 | 山东精正重型渣浆泵有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 淄博市 | | 153 | 兴业银行 | 山东志全电气技术有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 淄博市 | | 154 | 张店农商行 | 山东卓汇智能科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 淄博市 | | 155 | 青岛银行 | 山东正诺化工设备有限公司 | 700 | 700 | 淄博市 | | 156 | 建设银行 | 淄博尚晨轻工制品有限公司 | 350 | 350 | 淄博市 | | 157 | 青岛银行 | 淄博乐瑞高分子材料科技有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 淄博市 | | 158 | 张店农商行 | 万洲嘉智信息科技有限公司 | 250 | 250 | 淄博市 | | 159 | 青岛银行 | 山东正诺化工设备有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 淄博市 | | 160 | 青岛银行 | 中建(淄博)重型机械有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 淄博市 | | 161 | 工商银行 | 山东硕晟机械制造有限公司 | 688 | 688 | 淄博市 | | 162 | 交通银行 | 淄博汇捷化工股份有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 淄博市 | | 163 | 交通银行 | 淄博汇捷化工股份有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 淄博市 | | 164 | 工商银行 | 滕州永喜无纺布股份有限公司 | 800 | 800 | 枣庄市 | | 165 | 枣庄银行 | 山东莺歌食品有限公司 | 990 | 990 | 枣庄市 | | 166 | 枣庄农商行 | 枣庄市汉森造纸数控设备有限公司 | 490 | 490 | 枣庄市 | | 167 | 青岛银行 | 枣庄市东粮生物科技发展有限公司 | 600 | 600 | 枣庄市 | | 168 | 枣庄银行 | 枣庄市永钰机械科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 枣庄市 | | 169 | 枣庄银行 | 山东合利工程机械有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 枣庄市 | | 170 | 青岛银行 | 山东中力高压阀门股份有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 枣庄市 | | 171 | 枣庄银行 | 山东健袖生态科技有限公司 | 240 | 240 | 枣庄市 | | 172 | 交通银行 | 山东长泽新材料科技有限公司 | 9.04 | 9.04 | 枣庄市 | | 173 | 交通银行 | 山东长泽新材料科技有限公司 | 9.184 | 9.184 | 枣庄市 | | 174 | 交通银行 | 山东长泽新材料科技有限公司 | 32.9 | 32.9 | 枣庄市 | | 175 | 交通银行 | 山东长泽新材料科技有限公司 | 21.08 | 21.08 | 枣庄市 | | 176 | 交通银行 | 山东长泽新材料科技有限公司 | 5.202 | 5.202 | 枣庄市 | | 177 | 交通银行 | 山东长泽新材料科技有限公司 | 104.496 | 104.496 | 枣庄市 | | 178 | 交通银行 | 山东长泽新材料科技有限公司 | 20 | 20 | 枣庄市 | | 179 | 交通银行 | 山东长泽新材料科技有限公司 | 52.248 | 52.248 | 枣庄市 | | 180 | 交通银行 | 山东长泽新材料科技有限公司 | 50 | 50 | 枣庄市 | | 181 | 交通银行 | 山东长泽新材料科技有限公司 | 50 | 50 | 枣庄市 | | 182 | 交通银行 | 山东长泽新材料科技有限公司 | 45.85 | 45.85 | 枣庄市 | | 183 | 工商银行 | 山东鲁钢再生资源有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 枣庄市 | | 184 | 工商银行 | 枣庄璐鹏电子科技有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 枣庄市 | | 185 | 工商银行 | 滕州市成海机床有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 枣庄市 | | 186 | 工商银行 | 山东一唯自动化有限公司 | 290 | 290 | 枣庄市 | | 187 | 工商银行 | 枣庄市汉森造纸数控设备有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 枣庄市 | | 188 | 滕州农商行 | 枣庄卡企安网络科技有限公司 | 290 | 290 | 枣庄市 | | 189 | 枣庄农商行 | 山东嘉仕和食品有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 枣庄市 | | 190 | 青岛银行 | 山东建哈昱阳重工机械有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 枣庄市 | | 191 | 中国银行 | 滕州市天水生物科技有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 枣庄市 | | 192 | 建设银行 | 山东中岩重科新材料科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 枣庄市 | | 193 | 枣庄银行 | 山东浙商制冷设备有限公司 | 950 | 950 | 枣庄市 | | 194 | 枣庄银行 | 山东瑞兴阻燃科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 枣庄市 | | 195 | 枣庄银行 | 枣庄金万通电子产品股份有限公司 | 70 | 70 | 枣庄市 | | 196 | 枣庄银行 | 山东美景美家房车有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 枣庄市 | | 197 | 枣庄银行 | 枣庄海纳科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 枣庄市 | | 198 | 广发银行 | 山东奔月生物科技股份有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 东营市 | | 199 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东奔月生物科技股份有限公司 | 700 | 700 | 东营市 | | 200 | 中国银行 | 山东华腾机械制造有限公司 | 600 | 600 | 东营市 | | 201 | 中国银行 | 山东卓智软件股份有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 东营市 | | 202 | 东营银行 | 山东省嘉铭精工科技有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 东营市 | | 203 | 中国银行 | 山东瑞宁电气有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 东营市 | | 204 | 齐鲁银行 | 山东联和利夫石油机械制造有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 东营市 | | 205 | 东营银行 | 山东百世德生物科技有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 东营市 | | 206 | 中国银行 | 东营临广新材料科技有限公司 | 700 | 700 | 东营市 | | 207 | 中国银行 | 东营平明医药科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 东营市 | | 208 | 建设银行 | 山东德裕石油装备有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 东营市 | | 209 | 广发银行 | 东营平明医药科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 东营市 | | 210 | 威海商业银行 | 贵研催化剂(东营)有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 东营市 | | 211 | 恒丰银行 | 山东业达欧力普城市科技有限公司 | 450 | 450 | 烟台市 | | 212 | 恒丰银行 | 烟台东方普洛降解塑料有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 烟台市 | | 213 | 工商银行 | 龙口市渤海纸业有限公司 | 230 | 230 | 烟台市 | | 214 | 工商银行 | 龙口市渤海纸业有限公司 | 240 | 240 | 烟台市 | | 215 | 工商银行 | 龙口市渤海纸业有限公司 | 229 | 229 | 烟台市 | | 216 | 邮储银行 | 烟台易尚电子科技有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 烟台市 | | 217 | 烟台银行 | 烟台永源智能家居有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 烟台市 | | 218 | 烟台银行 | 烟台永源金属制品有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 烟台市 | | 219 | 光大银行 | 烟台市烟泰达机械有限公司 | 700 | 700 | 烟台市 | | 220 | 光大银行 | 烟台尚易仪器科技有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 烟台市 | | 221 | 光大银行 | 优承生物科技(烟台)有限公司 | 600 | 600 | 烟台市 | | 222 | 工商银行 | 烟台天铭注塑制品有限公司 | 900 | 900 | 烟台市 | | 223 | 中国银行 | 烟台泰燊生物技术有限公司 | 700 | 700 | 烟台市 | | 224 | 恒丰银行 | 山东壹贰壹新材料科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 烟台市 | | 225 | 中国银行 | 烟台乾洋流体控制有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 烟台市 | | 226 | 中国银行 | 烟台大源机械设备有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 烟台市 | | 227 | 工商银行 | 山东凯丰源环境科技有限公司 | 999 | 999 | 烟台市 | | 228 | 恒丰银行 | 烟台盈德精密机械有限公司 | 800 | 800 | 烟台市 | | 229 | 光大银行 | 山东十二学教育科技有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 烟台市 | | 230 | 恒丰银行 | 烟台科派智能科技有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 烟台市 | | 231 | 建设银行 | 招远市景程粮油贸易有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 烟台市 | | 232 | 建设银行 | 烟台罡源机械有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 烟台市 | | 233 | 光大银行 | 海创智能装备(烟台)有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 烟台市 | | 234 | 光大银行 | 山东明福制衣有限公司 | 900 | 900 | 烟台市 | | 235 | 光大银行 | 山东食圣酿造食品有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 烟台市 | | 236 | 浦发银行 | 山东雪圣电器有限公司 | 146.85 | 146.85 | 烟台市 | | 237 | 浦发银行 | 山东雪圣电器有限公司 | 115 | 115 | 烟台市 | | 238 | 烟台银行 | 山东鑫威科技有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 烟台市 | | 239 | 烟台银行 | 山东广发建材制品有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 烟台市 | | 240 | 恒丰银行 | 山东圣文环保科技有限公司 | 700 | 700 | 烟台市 | | 241 | 建设银行 | 莱州市正鑫机械制造有限责任公司 | 500 | 500 | 烟台市 | | 242 | 恒丰银行 | 烟台东方纵横科技股份有限公司 | 210 | 210 | 烟台市 | | 243 | 建设银行 | 烟台恒瑜建设工程有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 烟台市 | | 244 | 恒丰银行 | 海阳市明珠玻璃有限公司 | 40 | 40 | 烟台市 | | 245 | 华夏银行 | 山东国和堂制药有限公司 | 250 | 250 | 烟台市 | | 246 | 工商银行 | 山东经鼎智能科技有限公司 | 220 | 220 | 烟台市 | | 247 | 工商银行 | 烟台堃建新材料有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 烟台市 | | 248 | 工商银行 | 烟台堃建新材料有限公司 | 699 | 699 | 烟台市 | | 249 | 恒丰银行 | 烟台华飞针业有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 烟台市 | | 250 | 建设银行 | 烟台桐沃机械设备有限公司 | 150 | 150 | 烟台市 | | 251 | 中国银行 | 烟台是高装备科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 烟台市 | | 252 | 兴业银行 | 明石创新(烟台)微纳传感技术研究院有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 烟台市 | | 253 | 招远农商行 | 霏帆纺织科技(山东)有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 烟台市 | | 254 | 光大银行 | 山东蓬莱小鸭洗涤设备有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 烟台市 | | 255 | 光大银行 | 山东宏洲海洋工程有限公司 | 600 | 600 | 烟台市 | | 256 | 光大银行 | 烟台永汇通建材有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 烟台市 | | 257 | 建设银行 | 烟台海益苗业有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 烟台市 | | 258 | 广发银行 | 烟台凯泊复合材料科技有限公司 | 700 | 700 | 烟台市 | | 259 | 恒丰银行 | 山东星辉液压设备有限公司 | 310 | 310 | 烟台市 | | 260 | 光大银行 | 山东道恩周氏包装有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 烟台市 | | 261 | 建设银行 | 烟台市驰宇机械有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 烟台市 | | 262 | 临朐农商行 | 潍坊金归源密封材料有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 潍坊市 | | 263 | 交通银行 | 山东福航橡胶科技发展有限公司 | 48.9 | 48.9 | 潍坊市 | | 264 | 潍坊农商行 | 潍坊市华以农业科技有限公司 | 490 | 490 | 潍坊市 | | 265 | 建设银行 | 青州圣华生物科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 潍坊市 | | 266 | 临朐农商行 | 临朐县鸿瑞不锈钢有限公司 | 860 | 860 | 潍坊市 | | 267 | 中国银行 | 新松智能制造公共服务平台(青州)有限公司 | 450 | 450 | 潍坊市 | | 268 | 交通银行 | 山东九沐源木业有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 潍坊市 | | 269 | 交通银行 | 山东九沐源木业有限公司 | 140.3 | 140.3 | 潍坊市 | | 270 | 临朐农商行 | 山东科力华电磁设备有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 潍坊市 | | 271 | 青岛银行 | 山东桂冠机械有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 潍坊市 | | 272 | 潍坊农商行 | 昌邑市吉祥包装有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 潍坊市 | | 273 | 交通银行 | 潍坊明亮精细陶瓷有限公司 | 280 | 280 | 潍坊市 | | 274 | 青岛银行 | 山东叮当宠物食品有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 潍坊市 | | 275 | 交通银行 | 山东舍拜恩环保科技有限公司 | 160 | 160 | 潍坊市 | | 276 | 工商银行 | 山东智迈德智能科技有限公司 | 800 | 800 | 潍坊市 | | 277 | 寿光农商行 | 山东日兴新材料股份有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 潍坊市 | | 278 | 潍坊农商行 | 昌邑市雷鸣机械科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 潍坊市 | | 279 | 青岛银行 | 山东朝日新能源科技有限公司 | 800 | 800 | 潍坊市 | | 280 | 寿光农商行 | 山东华耕市政工程有限公司 | 950 | 950 | 潍坊市 | | 281 | 建设银行 | 山东标正建筑科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 潍坊市 | | 282 | 青岛银行 | 明硕环境科技集团股份有限公司 | 600 | 600 | 潍坊市 | | 283 | 寿光农商行 | 山东镁源新材料有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 潍坊市 | | 284 | 交通银行 | 山东京鸿新型板业有限公司 | 314 | 314 | 潍坊市 | | 285 | 交通银行 | 高密龙诚机械科技有限公司 | 50 | 50 | 潍坊市 | | 286 | 潍坊农商行 | 山东尚美新材料科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 潍坊市 | | 287 | 中国银行 | 山东德瑞矿山机械有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 潍坊市 | | 288 | 临朐农商行 | 山东贝斯特集成房屋有限公司 | 150 | 150 | 潍坊市 | | 289 | 工商银行 | 山东灵晓新材料有限公司 | 111.46 | 111.46 | 济宁市 | | 290 | 工商银行 | 山东灵晓新材料有限公司 | 40 | 40 | 济宁市 | | 291 | 工商银行 | 山东灵晓新材料有限公司 | 27.936 | 27.936 | 济宁市 | | 292 | 工商银行 | 山东灵晓新材料有限公司 | 805.344 | 805.344 | 济宁市 | | 293 | 工商银行 | 山东灵晓新材料有限公司 | 15.26 | 15.26 | 济宁市 | | 294 | 工商银行 | 山东福禾菌业科技股份有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济宁市 | | 295 | 中国银行 | 泗水县锦川花生食品有限公司 | 30 | 30 | 济宁市 | | 296 | 中国银行 | 山东广建安装有限公司 | 140 | 140 | 济宁市 | | 297 | 中国银行 | 嘉祥璟元饲料有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济宁市 | | 298 | 工商银行 | 山东谷德包装材料有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济宁市 | | 299 | 工商银行 | 济宁天力建筑设备有限公司 | 950 | 950 | 济宁市 | | 300 | 建设银行 | 山东星通易航通信科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济宁市 | | 301 | 建设银行 | 曲阜市义德古建艺术有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济宁市 | | 302 | 建设银行 | 山东品高药业有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 济宁市 | | 303 | 建设银行 | 山东晨元建设工程有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济宁市 | | 304 | 建设银行 | 济宁隆庆机电设备有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济宁市 | | 305 | 建设银行 | 济宁晨润环保科技有限公司 | 260 | 260 | 济宁市 | | 306 | 建设银行 | 济宁昂宇工贸有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济宁市 | | 307 | 建设银行 | 山东伟彤户外用品有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 济宁市 | | 308 | 建设银行 | 山东松鸿建筑装饰工程有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济宁市 | | 309 | 建设银行 | 微山凯利机械设备制造有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济宁市 | | 310 | 建设银行 | 山东新奇建筑工程有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济宁市 | | 311 | 建设银行 | 山东宇飞传动技术有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济宁市 | | 312 | 建设银行 | 济宁山联建材有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 济宁市 | | 313 | 建设银行 | 曲阜仁泰酿酒科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济宁市 | | 314 | 建设银行 | 山东森海纺织科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济宁市 | | 315 | 建设银行 | 山东佰斯德电力科技有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 济宁市 | | 316 | 建设银行 | 微山龙工机械有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济宁市 | | 317 | 建设银行 | 山东工具制造有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济宁市 | | 318 | 建设银行 | 山东鲁嘉曾泰电器有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 济宁市 | | 319 | 济宁农商行 | 山东鲁科液压科技有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 济宁市 | | 320 | 中国银行 | 科威达科技集团股份有限公司 | 280 | 280 | 济宁市 | | 321 | 中国银行 | 科威达科技集团股份有限公司 | 220 | 220 | 济宁市 | | 322 | 中国银行 | 济宁高新技术开发区永丰化工厂 | 405 | 405 | 济宁市 | | 323 | 中国银行 | 山东劲强重工机械有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济宁市 | | 324 | 工商银行 | 山东鑫诚智能工程有限公司 | 800 | 800 | 济宁市 | | 325 | 威海商业银行 | 山东华劲专用汽车制造有限公司 | 700 | 700 | 济宁市 | | 326 | 中国银行 | 山东金达汽车部件制造股份有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 济宁市 | | 327 | 工商银行 | 山东众成菌业股份有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济宁市 | | 328 | 中国银行 | 山东钰泰化工有限公司 | 250 | 250 | 济宁市 | | 329 | 中国银行 | 山东钰泰化工有限公司 | 250 | 250 | 济宁市 | | 330 | 中国银行 | 山东精工路桥装备科技有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 济宁市 | | 331 | 中国银行 | 山东精工路桥装备科技有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 济宁市 | | 332 | 中国银行 | 山东汶上北大机械有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 济宁市 | | 333 | 中国银行 | 山东汶上北大机械有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 济宁市 | | 334 | 中国银行 | 山东万维电力科技有限公司 | 770 | 770 | 济宁市 | | 335 | 工商银行 | 山东祥宇电力器材有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 济宁市 | | 336 | 光大银行 | 山东赛德丽新材料股份有限公司 | 600 | 600 | 济宁市 | | 337 | 工商银行 | 山东恒发生物科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济宁市 | | 338 | 中国银行 | 欣格瑞(山东)环境科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济宁市 | | 339 | 中国银行 | 山东泗水海韵粮机有限公司 | 260 | 260 | 济宁市 | | 340 | 兖州农商行 | 济宁隆泰能源设备有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 济宁市 | | 341 | 工商银行 | 山东远洋农业开发有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 济宁市 | | 342 | 工商银行 | 山东远洋农业开发有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 济宁市 | | 343 | 工商银行 | 中清大(邹城市)新材料科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 济宁市 | | 344 | 工商银行 | 济宁九德半导体科技有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 济宁市 | | 345 | 建设银行 | 恩牛(山东)智能科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 济宁市 | | 346 | 工商银行 | 泰安聚成电子科技有限公司 | 10 | 10 | 泰安市 | | 347 | 工商银行 | 泰安聚成电子科技有限公司 | 10 | 10 | 泰安市 | | 348 | 工商银行 | 泰安聚成电子科技有限公司 | 40 | 40 | 泰安市 | | 349 | 工商银行 | 泰安聚成电子科技有限公司 | 30 | 30 | 泰安市 | | 350 | 工商银行 | 泰安市正泰激光印务有限公司 | 20 | 20 | 泰安市 | | 351 | 工商银行 | 泰安市正泰激光印务有限公司 | 30 | 30 | 泰安市 | | 352 | 中国银行 | 创时电缆(山东)有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 泰安市 | | 353 | 中国银行 | 山东威宝节能科技集团有限公司 | 800 | 800 | 泰安市 | | 354 | 威海商业银行 | 山东知行智能装备有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 泰安市 | | 355 | 工商银行 | 泰安市勇瑞智能装备有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 泰安市 | | 356 | 工商银行 | 山东新泰秋实节能科技有限公司 | 700 | 700 | 泰安市 | | 357 | 工商银行 | 伊明泰(山东)生物科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 泰安市 | | 358 | 建设银行 | 山东海燕医用材料制造有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 泰安市 | | 359 | 工商银行 | 泰安万川电器设备有限公司 | 700 | 700 | 泰安市 | | 360 | 工商银行 | 山东春潮集团有限公司 | 450 | 450 | 泰安市 | | 361 | 工商银行 | 凡镜生物科技(山东)有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 泰安市 | | 362 | 建设银行 | 泰安岳首能源装备有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 泰安市 | | 363 | 建设银行 | 山东新都电气有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 泰安市 | | 364 | 肥城农商行 | 山东龙强食品科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 泰安市 | | 365 | 肥城农商行 | 山东卓良模板有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 泰安市 | | 366 | 工商银行 | 泰安市正泰激光印务有限公司 | 60 | 60 | 泰安市 | | 367 | 工商银行 | 泰安市正泰激光印务有限公司 | 50 | 50 | 泰安市 | | 368 | 工商银行 | 泰安市正泰激光印务有限公司 | 60 | 60 | 泰安市 | | 369 | 工商银行 | 泰安市正泰激光印务有限公司 | 60 | 60 | 泰安市 | | 370 | 建设银行 | 山东奥盛人才科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 威海市 | | 371 | 建设银行 | 乳山市东泰塑钢工程有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 威海市 | | 372 | 中国银行 | 山东润兴康鸿食品有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 威海市 | | 373 | 中国银行 | 威海华通开关设备有限公司 | 600 | 600 | 威海市 | | 374 | 中国银行 | 威海宜尔益塑料包装有限公司 | 390 | 390 | 威海市 | | 375 | 中国银行 | 威海瑞沐精工科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 威海市 | | 376 | 中国银行 | 乳山市东方硅胶有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 威海市 | | 377 | 中国银行 | 威海锐鑫丰金属科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 威海市 | | 378 | 中国银行 | 山东力牌石油化学有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 威海市 | | 379 | 中国银行 | 荣成华盛滚动体有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 威海市 | | 380 | 中国银行 | 威海光晟航天航空科技有限公司 | 250 | 250 | 威海市 | | 381 | 中国银行 | 威海盖路普户外休闲用品有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 威海市 | | 382 | 中国银行 | 威海畅享海天新材料科技股份有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 威海市 | | 383 | 中国银行 | 威海水知乐户外用品股份有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 威海市 | | 384 | 建设银行 | 山东标创信息科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 威海市 | | 385 | 日照银行 | 荣成市泰锞机械有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 威海市 | | 386 | 荣成农商行 | 荣成华东锻压机床股份有限公司 | 990 | 990 | 威海市 | | 387 | 建设银行 | 荣成市铭威水产食品有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 威海市 | | 388 | 工商银行 | 荣成泰平渔具有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 威海市 | | 389 | 工商银行 | 威海圣熙电气有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 威海市 | | 390 | 工商银行 | 威海启源渔具有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 威海市 | | 391 | 工商银行 | 山东通泰橡胶股份有限公司 | 990 | 990 | 威海市 | | 392 | 工商银行 | 威海市晴钧农业科技有限公司 | 240 | 240 | 威海市 | | 393 | 工商银行 | 恒科科技产业有限公司 | 800 | 800 | 威海市 | | 394 | 工商银行 | 山东鸣川汽车集团有限公司 | 800 | 800 | 威海市 | | 395 | 工商银行 | 威海食德源生物科技有限责任公司 | 150 | 150 | 威海市 | | 396 | 工商银行 | 威海斯沃特钓具有限公司 | 350 | 350 | 威海市 | | 397 | 工商银行 | 威海捷诺曼自动化股份有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 威海市 | | 398 | 工商银行 | 威海泽运电子科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 威海市 | | 399 | 工商银行 | 山东北科新能源技术股份有限公司 | 800 | 800 | 威海市 | | 400 | 工商银行 | 乳山吾星纤维有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 威海市 | | 401 | 建设银行 | 威海朋发纸业有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 威海市 | | 402 | 建设银行 | 威海天门山水园林工程有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 威海市 | | 403 | 日照银行 | 威海威信光纤科技有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 威海市 | | 404 | 恒丰银行 | 威海中玻新材料技术研发有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 威海市 | | 405 | 青岛银行 | 威海晶合数字矿山技术有限公司 | 232.7887 | 232.7887 | 威海市 | | 406 | 建设银行 | 威海茂源塑料制品有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 威海市 | | 407 | 建设银行 | 威海盛煌橡胶工业股份有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 威海市 | | 408 | 工商银行 | 文登金刚食品有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 威海市 | | 409 | 青岛银行 | 威海晶合数字矿山技术有限公司 | 97.3559 | 97.3559 | 威海市 | | 410 | 恒丰银行 | 威海畅享海天新材料科技股份有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 威海市 | | 411 | 工商银行 | 威海川冰户外用品有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 威海市 | | 412 | 工商银行 | 荣成恒鑫动力科技股份有限公司 | 600 | 600 | 威海市 | | 413 | 工商银行 | 威海欣源调味品有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 威海市 | | 414 | 工商银行 | 威海捷诺曼自动化股份有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 威海市 | | 415 | 工商银行 | 威海金象实业有限公司 | 555 | 555 | 威海市 | | 416 | 恒丰银行 | 荣成市华诚橡胶有限公司 | 600 | 600 | 威海市 | | 417 | 建设银行 | 威海三田永磁科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 威海市 | | 418 | 建设银行 | 威海佳瑜印刷有限公司 | 280 | 280 | 威海市 | | 419 | 建设银行 | 威海越宸电子科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 威海市 | | 420 | 建设银行 | 威海宏福服装科技有限公司 | 150 | 150 | 威海市 | | 421 | 建设银行 | 威海金网生态科技有限公司 | 450 | 450 | 威海市 | | 422 | 建设银行 | 威海安博尼机械有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 威海市 | | 423 | 建设银行 | 威海君悦信息工程有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 威海市 | | 424 | 建设银行 | 威海九华新材料科技有限公司 | 500 | 500 | 威海市 | | 425 | 建设银行 | 威海市小山前农牧发展有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 威海市 | | 426 | 中国银行 | 荣成荣盛橡胶机械有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 威海市 | | 427 | 中国银行 | 山东华纳塑胶集团有限公司 | 1000 | 1000 | 威海市 | | 428 | 中国银行 | 山东昌正电机有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 威海市 | | 429 | 中国银行 | 威海光晟航天航空科技有限公司 | 49.489 | 49.489 | 威海市 | | 430 | 中国银行 | 荣成恒鑫动力科技股份有限公司 | 400 | 400 | 威海市 | | 431 | 中国银行 | 山东荣丰机电有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 威海市 | | 432 | 中国银行 | 威海光晟航天航空科技有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 威海市 | | 433 | 中国银行 | 威海鸿峰精密机械有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 威海市 | | 434 | 工商银行 | 山东赢伦电力科技有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 威海市 | | 435 | 荣成农商行 | 荣成市博硕机械制造有限公司 | 200 | 200 | 威海市 | | 436 | 工商银行 | 威海迈尼生物科技有限公司 | 100 | 100 | 威海市 | | 437 | 建设银行 | 威海市杰威特机械设备有限公司 | 300 | 300 | 威海市 |
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+# 浅析融入优秀传统文化的小学数学项目式作业
+——以“我心里的‘小九九’”主题为例* ^①^
+
+林采露¹ 凌萍萍¹ 黄健²**
+
+1. 广东省珠海市中山大学附属第二小学 广东珠海 519000
+2. 北京师范大学未来教育学院 广东珠海 519087
+
+**摘要:** 在全球化发展、新课程改革以及“双减”政策深化的大背景下,探索将中华优秀传统文化融入小学数学作业的新路径尤为重要.本文以“我心里的‘小九九’”为主题,设计并实施了一项项目式的创新作业,旨在培养学生的数学核心素养的同时,提升他们对中华优秀传统文化的认识.在小学二年级的教学实践中,该作业在提高学生学习兴趣、合作交流能力以及数学基础知识掌握等方面展现了显著成效.
+
+**关键词:** 小学数学;项目式作业;优秀传统文化;九九乘法表
+
+在全球化的背景下,弘扬和传承民族优秀传统文化的重要性日益凸显.《义务教育数学课程标准(2022年版)》(以下简称“新课标”)强调了数学教育中人文价值与育人价值的挖掘,提倡将中华优秀传统文化中的数学元素融入教学,以培养学生的文化自信和民族自豪感.^[1]^同时,中共中央办公厅、国务院办公厅印发的《关于进一步减轻义务教育阶段学生作业负担和校外培训负担的意见》(以下简称“双减”)以及教育部办公厅印发的《关于加强义务教育学校作业管理的通知》都指出,小学一、二年级不布置书面家庭作业,同时学校要创新作业形式,科学设计探究性作业和实践性作业.如何在保障教学质量的同时响应新政、创新作业布置方式成了目前亟须解决的问题.
+
+“九九乘法表”作为小学阶段的一个重要基础知识,是学生必备的基本技能之一,也是弘扬中华优秀传统文化、感悟中国古代数学智慧的重要素材.如何在不布置书面作业、不增加学生负担的基础上,帮助学生更快理解乘法的意义和记忆乘法口诀,同时增强文化自信呢?基于项目的创新作业或许是这一难点的一个有效解决途径.
+
+## 1 项目式学习的内涵
+
+基于项目的学习(Project-Based Learning)又称为项目式学习,其理念源于杜威的“做中学”思想,一般以驱动性问题为导向,或者为了某个问题的解决而开展学习.^[2]^学生在问题情境中探究问题,在有效的指导下自主寻求问题的解决方案,最后展示自己的项目学习成果.在这一过程中,学生充分发挥个人优势,增强问题解决能力,并提升与同伴的交流与协作技能.此外,学生还能在活动中认识到数学与日常生活的紧密联系,以及数学的趣味性,从而增强对数学学习的热忱.
+
+数学项目学习过程包括项目的准备阶段、实施阶段和总结阶段.^[3]^在整个项目开展过程中,不能仅仅依靠课堂教学的时间,而应该充分利用课余时间,并给学生留出更加充裕的思考与活动空间.因此,项目式作业不仅可以巩固与延伸课堂教学,有效打破时间与空间的限制,而且作为创新的活动式作业,还可以充分调动学生积极性与内在驱动力.
+
+## 2 基于优秀传统文化的驱动性主题选取
+
+在数学项目活动中,驱动性主题是不可或缺且至关重要的要素.根据新课标、教材、学情等因素选择合适的驱动性主题是项目学习设计的第一步.
+
+
+① * **基金项目**:珠海市教育科研“十四五”规划第四批(2024年度)项目“核心素养视角下小学数学跨学科项目学习的设计与实践研究”(项目编号:2024ZHGHKT051);广东省哲学社会科学规划2023年度学科共建项目“基于认知网络分析的跨学科项目学习实证研究”(项目编号:GD23XJY03).
+**通讯作者.
+
+以中华优秀传统文化为基础进行驱动性主题的选取,有利于促进学生主动参与教学活动并在活动中逐步发展核心素养,同时也能提高学生的文化自信和民族自豪感.“九九乘法表”,又称“九九歌”“九因歌”,是中国古代筹算中进行乘法、除法、开方等运算中的基本计算规则,沿用至今,已有两千多年,乘法口诀是小学阶段的一个重要基础知识,是学生必备的基本技能之一.如图1所示,九九乘法表与多个方面都有所关联,具有丰富的背景.
+
+
+
+图1 九九乘法表知识链接图
+
+## 3 项目作业设计
+
+在项目活动前,二年级学生已经学习了“表内乘法(一)”和“表内乘法(二)”两个单元,理解了乘法的意义,感受到乘法与加法的联系,体会到学习乘法的必要性,知道了乘法口诀的基本编制方法.这为后续数学项目作业的布置打下了基础.
+
+### 3.1 作业任务设计
+
+“我心里的‘小九九’”数学项目式作业包括以下三个任务.
+
+任务一:九九乘法表中的知识和历史.
+
+问题驱动情境:早在春秋战国时期,“九九乘法歌诀”就已经开始流行了,我们明明是从“一一得一”开始背诵的,为什么要叫“九九乘法表”呢?九九乘法表从古至今有没有什么变化?其他国家是不是也有九九乘法表呢?……请带着这些疑问,通过上网查找资料、图书馆收集资料等形式,了解乘法口诀中的知识和历史,并分析和整理.
+
+活动流程如下.
+
+(1)查找资料.通过上网查找或者到图书馆查阅书籍的方式,了解九九乘法表的发展历史和九九乘法表中的趣味知识.
+
+(2)实地考察.在深圳市博物馆有乘法口诀铭文砖.学生可以找一个阳光明媚的下午,约上同伴,去看看这块一千多年前刻有乘法口诀的铭文砖.
+
+(3)制作思维导图.根据小组的活动发现,合作完成一份思维导图.
+
+(4)展示、宣传成果.通过展示手抄报、宣讲等方式,向二到四年级的学生介绍和推广活动成果.
+
+任务二:九九乘法表中的规律.
+
+问题驱动情境:九九乘法表如此有趣且简便,无论是“大九九”还是“小九九”,其中必定还有许多规律吧,和你的小伙伴一起去探寻吧!
+
+活动流程如下.
+
+(1)思考讨论.与小组成员一起讨论,发现九九乘法表中的规律.学生可以横着观察、竖着观察甚至斜着观察.
+
+(2)查找资料.通过上网查找或者到图书馆查阅书籍的方式,了解更多九九乘法表中的规律.
+
+(3)实地采访.采访高年级的学生或者数学教师、家长等,询问他们对九九乘法表规律的了解情况.
+
+(4)制作手抄报.根据小组的活动发现,合作完成一份手抄报.
+
+任务三:记忆乘法口诀的方法和技巧.
+
+问题驱动情境:通过任务一,想必你已经非常了解九九乘法表的重要性;通过任务二,你又发现了九九乘法表中的一些有趣规律,相信你已经知道了如何更快、更准确地记忆乘法口诀,请和你的组员一起分享、探索吧.
+
+活动流程如下.
+
+(1)交流探索.和组员一起找到在九九乘法表中容易记错的地方,并讨论如何更准确地记忆.
+
+(2)共同记忆.利用任务二中发现的规律,或者乘法算式的意义,交流记忆乘法口诀的技巧.
+
+(3)开展比赛.在小组内或者同年级的小组之间开展“口诀记忆”比赛,看看谁记得又快又准确!
+
+### 3.2 作业评价设计
+
+数学项目式作业的评价方式应打破传统作业的评价模式,参考项目式学习的评价模式,追求更加多元化与过程性的评价.例如,除了进行形成性评价外,教师可更多地采用学生自评、互评等方式进行评价.以该项目的自评为例,学生可利用表1,根据自身实际参与程度和同伴的反馈情况对自己进行以下五个方面的评价.
+
+表1 “我心里的‘小九九’”数学项目式作业自评表
+
+| 评价等级 | 优秀 | 良好 | 中等 | 再努力 |
|---|
| 观察能力:我能积极主动查找资料、善于观察和发现 | | | | | | 合作能力:我会积极参与小组讨论、分工等工作,勇于承担责任 | | | | | | 运用能力:我能运用发现的规律找到记忆口诀的技巧 | | | | | | 表达能力:我能与组员一起完成手抄报,展示成果,宣传乘法表的历史与发展 | | | | | | 交流能力:我能采访学长、家长,与他们进行交流 | | | | |
+
+## 4 项目式作业成果
+
+本次数学项目式作业在二年级学生中开展,学生热情高涨,反馈良好.教师在二年级上学期第12周布置了该项目式作业,每6个学生为一组,第12周至第13周进行任务一,第14周至第15周进行任务二,第16周完成任务三,共花费20多天完成整个数学项目式作业,并根据项目安排分批在全校展示作业成果.
+
+对于任务一,虽然各个小组的作业目标是一致的,但活动的过程却是开放的.教师可以给出几个可行的途径,但要鼓励学生能有自己的想法,为了解决同一问题采用更多样的方案.学生在小组活动中充分发挥各成员的特长,分工合作完成任务.有的小组从网上搜集资料并整理,有的小组利用周末时间到图书馆查阅书籍,有的小组成员在家长的带领下到深圳博物馆参观乘法口诀铭文砖.这体现了优秀传统文化传播媒介的多元化.^[4]^
+
+各小组项目成果的呈现方式也丰富多彩,有的小组重点介绍“九九乘法表”名字的由来;有的小组以时间线的方式介绍“九九乘法表”的发展进程;有的小组发现了乘法口诀在日常生活中的应用,如“不管三七二十一”的俗语故事、西游记中唐僧师徒四人历经“九九八十一难”、孙悟空在八卦炉里经历了“七七四十九天”等;还有的小组能够对比中国与外国对于乘法的计算方式,总结出中国九九乘法表的简便之处.在完成这一项目式作业的过程中,学生搜索和分析资料的能力得到了提升.
+
+有了任务一的铺垫,学生对于九九乘法表有了更深的了解和更浓厚的兴趣.各个小组在任务二中都能在积极讨论和探索的环境中寻找九九乘法表中的规律.在教师有意识地引导下,最后不同项目小组也归纳出了许多不同的规律,如有小组发现了9的乘法算式的规律,即9的乘法算式的得数,个位上的数字与十位上的数字之和都是9;1×9=10-1,2×9=20-2,3×9=30-3,…,9×9=90-9;有小组通过横着看、竖着看、斜着看发现了行列中的规律.
+
+在任务二的初始阶段,学生因初次接触九九乘法表而出现认知障碍.经过教师的提示以及引导,学生渐渐地能够举一反三,类比地提出自己发现的规律.即使是在我们看来显而易见的规律,但对于二年级的学生来说,已经是他们自身非常大的突破了,只要言之有理,教师都应给予肯定.有了教师的肯定与赞赏,学生对于九九乘法表的兴趣逐渐加深,对自我的认同感与对数学学习的兴趣都空前高涨,这也是他们以后遇到数学难题能够多方位思考、不轻易放弃的动力.
+
+对于任务三,各小组通过九九乘法表中的规律以及小组成员间的沟通,总结了多种记忆方法,如“理解记忆法”“故事记忆法”“对比记忆法”“游戏记忆法”等,并开展了“口诀记忆”比赛.
+
+任务三既是一个新的项目式作业又是一个展示环节.该环节中,学生的分享欲望得到了充分释放,归纳总结能力与数学交流能力得到了极大的提升.不善言辞的学生在小组成员的带动下渐渐地参与讨论,过去对数学不自信的学生也在交流氛围的激励下积极讨论.
+
+## 5 项目式作业成效
+
+以数学项目学习形式开展的创新作业充分达到了作业的基本目标,使所有学生都能灵活运用乘法口诀,并且有许多新收获.
+
+### 5.1 数学作业基本成效
+
+以“基于项目的创新作业”为契机,不仅仅让学生在轻松的氛围中完成“作业”,更在完成作业的过程中主动“再学习”.建构主义认为,学生的学习需要在一定的情境中通过交互自行建构,而数学项目学习为学生提供了这样的探究环境与学习机会,使学生对知识的理解达到一个更高的层次,为学生营造一种促进理解的学习文化^[5]^,更有利于学生对知识技能的巩固与深化.
+
+该创新作业以项目式学习的方式开展,使学生的多个数学核心素养都得到了提升,如数感、运算能力、推理意识与能力、应用意识、创新意识等.在此过程中,学生多方位、多角度地分析了九九乘法表中的规律,通过不断心算、估算、判断数值大小、认识局部与整体的关系等,提升了数感.
+
+### 5.2 项目式作业成效
+
+数学知识并非只存在于课本之中或教室之内.学生应走出课堂,走进生活,了解知识的来龙去脉,发现数学的趣味横生,感受数学与生活的紧密联系.本次项目式作业是学生真正建构数学知识体系的载体,更是连接学生与数学的纽带.活动结束后,不少学生表示项目式作业比传统纸面作业更加有趣且有效,自己的团队合作意识、探究能力都有了相应的提高.
+
+### 5.3 融入优秀传统文化成效
+
+教材中缺乏关于“九九乘法表”历史的介绍,因此学生普遍只是生硬地背诵口诀,不知其起源,更不知道其对数学的意义.通过该项目式作业,学生在活动过程中,增强了文化自信,提高了民族认同感,这有利于弘扬与传播中华优秀传统文化.
+
+## 6 结语
+
+实践证明,学生能在教师和父母的引导下,顺利完成项目式学习形式的创新作业,并获得良好的成效.小学数学项目式作业设计一定要符合小学生的认知水平.[6]在前期准备阶段,教师要思考学生在活动中需要用到哪些数学知识;布置作业时,安排由易到难、层层递进的任务,列出参考步骤,使学生更好地理解任务的目标;在项目式作业进行过程中,教师要时刻了解各小组的进度并及时提供帮助.
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1]中华人民共和国教育部.义务教育数学课程标准(2022年版)[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,2022.
+
+[2]何声清,綦春霞.国外数学项目学习研究的新议题及其启示[J].外国中小学教育,2018(1):64-72.
+
+[3]徐斌艳,黄健,李沐慧,等.数学素养与数学项目学习[M].上海:华东师范大学出版社,2021.
+
+[4]童莉,曹文栋,李健.中华优秀传统教学文化:概念诠释、价值体现及教学融入[J].课程·教材·教法,2024(5):117-123.
+
+[5]徐斌艳.学科教学中学习文化的培育[J].开放教育研究,2007(4):19-22.
+
+[6]林采露,黄健.小学数学项目学习的设计与实施——以“密铺”主题为例[J].小学教学(数学版),2021(5):47-50.
+
+
+(上接第41页)
+
+为确保满足安全、有序、节约时间等要求,小组经过协作讨论,已明确设计出最优活动路径,并对方案进行了完善,最终形成完整、可行的活动计划.
+
+第三课时:明确汇报形式,清晰表达预想内容.
+
+学生将组织第一次分享交流活动,主要内容包括路线报告和方案迭代.
+
+学生进行自评和互评,教师和学生共同对路线进行研讨和修正.
+
+第四课时:展示成果,深入反思.
+
+学生汇总反馈信息,概括和回顾在项目执行中的成果.
+
+在课程结束时,教师对学生开展了有关地震和火灾预防的安全教育,并设计课后拓展任务“规划从运动场所返回教学楼的逃生路线”.
+
+## 6 结语
+
+本研究通过对现有研究成果的深度剖析,明确了将项目化教学融入小学数学教育的实施路径.研究表明,教师需要从教学设计、执行策略以及评价体系等多个维度进行系统优化.基于此,本研究制定了优化方案:通过将核心知识融入开放性课程设计,促进学生自主学习能力及小组协作能力的提升,同时构建完善的项目化教学评价体系,以全面提高小学数学教学质量.
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1]周万庆.小学数学项目化教学的优化策略探究[J].数学学习与研究,2025(5):34-37.
+
+[2]王静.项目化学习视域下小学数学教学策略探索[J].读写算,2025(14):106-108.
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+# 双元威权领导对员工建言行为的影响机制研究
+
+张兰霞¹, 孙琪恒¹^,^²
+
+(1. 东北大学 工商管理学院, 辽宁 沈阳 110169; 2. 营口理工学院 经济管理学院, 辽宁 营口 115014)
+
+**摘要:** 本文基于双元理论,通过对385名员工的调研数据,检验了双元威权领导(专权领导和尚严领导)对员工建言行为的影响。研究结果表明:(1)专权领导对员工建言行为具有显著负向影响,尚严领导对员工建言行为具有显著正向影响;(2)权力感知在双元威权领导(专权领导和尚严领导)与员工建言行为关系间起到了中介作用;(3)人际敏感特质正向调节权力感知与员工建言行为之间的关系;(4)同时,人际敏感特质调节了权力感知的中介作用。本文研究有助于扩展员工建言的研究视野,同时对于提升员工建言的积极性具有一定的指导意义。
+
+**关键词:** 双元威权领导;权力感知;人际敏感特质;员工建言行为
+
+**中图分类号:** F272.92 **文献标识码:** A **文章编号:** 1003-5192(2020)06-0010-07 **doi:** 10.11847/fj.39.6.10
+
+# Research on the Influence Mechanism of Dual Authoritarian Leadership on Employee Voice Behavior
+
+ZHANG Lan-xia¹, SUN Qi-heng¹^,^²
+
+(1. School of Business Administration, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110169, China; 2. School of Economics and Management, Yingkou Institute of Technology, Yingkou 115014, China)
+
+**Abstract:** Based on the dual theory, this paper examines the influence of dual authoritarian leadership (authoritarian leadership and strict leadership) on employee voice behavior through the survey data of 385 employees. The results show that: (1) authoritarian leadership has a negative impact on employee voice behavior, and strict leadership has a positive impact on employee voice behavior; (2) power perception mediates the relationship between dual authoritarian leadership (authoritarian leadership and strict leadership) and employee voice behavior; (3) interpersonal sensitivity positively moderates the relationship between power perception and employee voice behavior; (4) at the same time, interpersonal sensitivity moderates the mediating role of power perception. This study helps expand the research vision of employee voice, and has a certain guiding significance to enhance employee voice behavior.
+
+**Key words:** dual authoritarian leadership; power perception; interpersonal sensitivity; employee voice behavior
+
+## 1 引言
+
+随着市场竞争的日趋激烈以及产业升级加速的环境下,企业通过有效的领导方式促使员工建言是提升企业绩效,使企业在市场中立足和发展的关键途径之一。对于员工本身来说,当其感知到企业由于自身发展而产生的高工作要求时,会感受到压力,并因此做出有利于组织的建言行为。建言行为最为基本的目的是通过资源和开放式交流进而影响工作条件,并由此提出了促进型建言和抑制型建言两个不同维度概念。促进型建言是以改善工作环境为目的,抑制性建言则是提出反对更改组织现有的计划、政策以及程序等的观点^[1]^,两者的根本目的都是为了影响组织的工作条件以及程序等。
+
+诸多现有研究已经证实在组织中有许多诱因会使员工产生建言行为。基于团队层面的研究,组织中伦理氛围对员工建言行为产生正向影响作用^[2]^。基于个体层面的研究,员工个体心理情感会导致建言行为的产生^[3]^。此外,领导风格也是员工建言行为产生的重要诱因。如伦理型领导^[4]^、变革型领导^[5]^等。尽管现有研究证实了不同类型领导风格对员工建言行为的作用,但这些研究大多是基于西方文化情景中的领导风格。但是,在中国文化背景下的企业中,威权领导是最具代表性的领导风格之一,也更能体现出中国文化的传统价值观^[6]^。周婉茹等^[7]^根据领导控制焦点的不同,提出双元威权领导的概念,将其划分为控制人的专权领导和控制事的尚严领导。这也为打开威权领导的“潘多拉魔盒”提供了重要的研究思路。因此,在中国文化背景下研究双元威权领导对员工建言行为的影响,更为符合中国企业的管理实际。
+
+
+**收稿日期**:2019-09-22
+**基金项目**:国家自然科学基金资助项目(7120036)
+
+以往研究多从关系视角研究领导风格对员工行为态度的影响过程^[8]^,而从心理感知角度的研究相对较少。相对于道德(如伦理型领导)、利益(如交易型领导)、变革(如变革型领导)等领导风格,威权领导更能让员工感受到权威带来的压力。当员工面对领导的这种压力时,会对权力感知更加敏感。在本文研究中,将从心理感知角度探讨权力感知在威权领导影响员工建言行为过程中的作用。人际敏感特质是情绪智力的重要构成,是员工在组织中所表现出来的个体特质之一,反映了员工对组织人际环境的主观感受。与其他个体特质变量类似,员工的人际敏感特质是在影响员工心理活动中起调节作用。基于此,本文研究考察了人际敏感特质的调节效应,并预期其将强化心理层面的感知效应,从而促使员工产生更多的建言行为。进一步,整合双元威权领导通过权力感知对员工建言行为的影响机制,提出了一个有调节的中介模型(moderated-mediation model),系统分析了双元威权领导在何种情境下通过何种方式对员工建言行为产生影响。本文研究不仅从理论上丰富了领导风格解释员工建言行为产生的成因,而且在实践中也为企业如何调动员工建言提供了可行的建议。
+
+## 2 理论基础与研究假设
+
+### 2.1 双元威权领导与员工建言行为
+
+威权领导是中国企业中最为清晰鲜明的领导风格,产生于集权模式下,广泛存在于华人组织中,着重强调领导者的权威,并通过严格控制形式使员工无条件服从命令^[9]^。威权领导在组织情境中往往表现为专权作风、贬抑下属能力、形象整饰、教诲等行为特征。多数研究表明,威权领导的这些特征会使员工产生负面行为和情绪,而对于员工积极行为态度的影响却未达成一致,甚至认为两者之间具有负向影响作用。以往研究产生这种不一致结论的原因可能是多将威权领导笼统地视为独断的负面领导行为,并未清晰其完整内涵。周婉茹等^[7]^提出了双元威权领导的概念,这为弄清威权领导的内涵与概念提供了思路。认为威权领导可以划分为以下两种类型:(1)控制人的专权领导,领导强调个人权威并通过操控的手段,使员工完全地服从自己的命令,如要求服从、独断决策等行为。(2)控制事的尚严领导,领导会根据组织的具体标准和准则,对员工的工作任务进行监控,要求员工严格遵守组织的规范并完成工作目标,以此来促使员工产生高工作绩效。在中国企业工作情境中,专权领导和尚严领导所表现出的显著差异可能会对员工建言起到不同的作用。
+
+对于专权领导来说,首先,领导专权风格较为明显,强调职位赋予的绝对权力,希望将权力全部集中于自己手中,要求员工遵守其权威,并无条件服从命令,并认为自己才是最终的决策者^[10]^。在这种情境下,员工会顺从、畏惧领导权威,这可能会使员工产生抵触和逆反的心理,丧失自主性和独立性,从而减少其建言行为。其次,领导往往会表现出贬低员工能力的行为态度,漠视员工为组织所做出的贡献,甚至因“不听话”而对员工进行打压。此时,员工最为安全的方式就是不积极、不主动,不发表自己的观点和想法,更加不愿意建言。对于尚严领导来说,首先,尚严领导风格强调对事物的控制,对员工的工作任务往往会进行实时的跟踪、监控,并对员工的工作绩效提出高要求,这在一定程度上会引发其对自我的高要求,提升工作敬业度^[11]^。在这种情境下,员工会将自身发展与企业目标紧密结合在一起,并与组织价值观产生契合。当员工与组织价值观趋于一致时,通过诸如建言等角色外行为为组织做贡献的可能性会越大。其次,尚严领导会向员工清楚地阐述工作流程,明确工作目标,并严明工作的纪律以及组织的规章制度,员工会更为清晰明了组织的经营目标和管理流程,提升心理安全感,其进行建言产生的风险会大大降低,从而促发其建言行为^[12]^。基于以上分析,提出以下研究假设:
+
+**假设1a** 专权领导对员工建言行为产生负向影响。
+
+**假设1b** 尚严领导对员工建言行为产生正向影响。
+
+### 2.2 权力感知的中介作用
+
+权力感知是员工个体的一种心理状态^[13]^。在本文研究中,它是对领导行使权力的感知。威权领导强调个人的绝对性权威,员工则很少获得参与感,会让员工觉得自主性被剥夺。基于阶层制度下的威权领导会使员工对权威过度敏感^[14]^,损害其心理赋能,从而使其心理层面受到威胁进而产生权力感知。具体地,对于专权领导来说,往往拥有较大的控制欲,为了巩固其权力距离上的优势,大权独揽且极少授权,甚至会密切监视员工言行举止以确保其地位不受到影响^[15]^。在这种情境下,员工会心生畏惧,缺乏安全感,进而产生较强的权力感知。对于尚严领导来说,在员工面前时刻保持威严,不希望对自己的决策有任何异议,这往往会让员工感受到压力^[16]^。同时,尚严领导会过分关注员工绩效,甚至会当面训斥绩效不佳的员工。在这种情境下,员工会面临较大的工作压力,产生诸如焦虑、恐慌等心理^[17]^,其权力感知也会增强。基于以上分析,提出以下研究假设:
+
+**假设2a** 专权领导对员工权力感知产生正向影响。
+
+**假设2b** 尚严领导对员工权力感知产生正向影响。
+
+已有研究表明权力感知对个体行为具有重要影响^[18,19]^。同时,在建言领域,学者们也开始研究权力感知与员工建言行为之间的关系^[20,21]^。权力感知是员工个体实际感受到的知觉,高权力感知的员工往往会产生组织压力,进而减少主动性行为,而建言行为则是当前中国企业员工所表现出的一种非常重要的主动性行为。Kausar 和 Munir^[22]^指出,当员工产生权力感知后,会通过情绪管理因应(调整自我情绪)或问题管理因应(改变工作方式)来应对所面临的困境。员工会主动调整自己的负面情绪^[23]^,但当权力感知较强时,这种负面情绪单凭自身是无法调整的,员工就会通过沉默应对,进而很难产生主动的建言行为。即权力感知对员工建言行为产生负向影响。基于前文所述,双元威权领导(专权领导和尚严领导)对员工权力感知产生不同程度的影响,而权力感知又会对员工建言产生负向影响,即权力感知是双元威权领导与员工建言行为关系间的桥梁。基于以上分析,提出以下研究假设:
+
+**假设3a** 权力感知在专权领导和员工建言行为之间起到了中介作用。
+
+**假设3b** 权力感知在尚严领导和员工建言行为之间起到了中介作用。
+
+### 2.3 人际敏感特质的调节作用
+
+人际敏感特质是情绪智力的重要构念,是个人在人际交往中所表现出来的敏感性^[24]^。当员工所具有的人际敏感特质较为突出时,对组织中的人际关系较为敏感,会更加敏锐地捕捉和理解组织中的人际交往,更容易做出利组织行为^[25]^。有研究发现,员工的人际敏感特质在员工心理认知活动与其行为间起调节作用^[26]^。基于心理感知角度,具有高人际敏感特质的员工会降低其对权力的感知,即便在高权力感知情境下,也愿意在符合其“最佳利益”范围内进行建言活动。而具有低人际敏感特质的员工则会专注于自身的的工作,尤其是在高权力感知情境下,他们会优先选择沉默,而不是考虑建言^[27]^。因此,人际敏感特质会削弱权力感知对建言行为产生的负向影响。基于以上分析,提出以下研究假设:
+
+**假设4** 员工人际敏感特质调节权力感知与员工建言行为之间的关系。
+
+### 2.4 有调节的中介模型
+
+员工人际敏感特质不仅会调节权力感知与员工建言行为的关系,还可能对双元威权领导(专权领导和尚严领导)通过权力感知影响员工建言行为的间接关系起到调节作用。即存在有调节的中介作用。具体而言,对于高敏感特质的员工来说,会对周边人际交往较为敏感,常常把企业、同事认为是自己的利益共同体,因此在面临双元威权领导下所感知的权力压力时,他们仍然会为了“最佳利益”达成而采取建言行为。而对于低人际敏感特质的员工来说,在面对双元威权领导下所感知到的权力压力时,由于人际交往少,无法结成利益共同体,更不可能为了“最佳利益”建言,他们更有可能沉默。基于以上分析,提出以下研究假设:
+
+**假设5a** 员工人际敏感特质会调节专权领导与员工建言行为之间通过权力感知的间接关系。
+
+**假设5b** 员工人际敏感特质会调节尚严领导与员工建言行为之间通过权力感知的间接关系。
+
+综上所述,本研究的理论模型如图1所示。
+
+
+
+图1 理论模型
+
+## 3 研究设计
+
+### 3.1 研究样本与调研过程
+
+本研究以问卷调研的形式收集数据。考虑到建言行为等变量具有一定的内隐特征,因此采用了自我报告法。问卷调查在2019年3月进行第一阶段数据收集工作,这一阶段主要要求被试者填写人口统计变量、双元威权领导、权力感知和人际敏感特质的问卷。在2019年5月开展第二阶段的调研,这一阶段主要收集员工建言行为的数据。第一阶段发放问卷500份,收回有效问卷401份;第二阶段发放问卷500份,收回有效问卷395份;两者相互匹配后,最终得到有效问卷385份,有效回收率为77.0%。在有效问卷中,从性别来看,45.5%为男性,54.5%为女性;在年龄方面,平均年龄为26.4岁;在学历方面,67.2%为本科;在任职时间方面,平均工龄为4.2年。
+
+### 3.2 变量测量
+
+本研究为确保问卷的信效度,均使用成熟量表,并对英文量表进行了双向翻译-回译程序。所有题项均采用Likert 6点量表计分(从1完全不同意到6完全同意)。
+
+双元威权领导: 采用周婉茹等^[7]^开发的量表,其中专权领导8道题,例题如“领导会贬低我在工作中的贡献”,量表的Cronbach's α值是0.895;尚严领导9道题,例题如“领导要求我严守任务执行的准则”,量表的Cronbach's α值是0.903。权力感知:采用Zhang 等^[14]^编制的量表,共6道题,例题如“领导让我感受到了压力”,量表的Cronbach's α值是0.884。人际敏感特质:采用Haidt^[25]^编制的量表,共3道题,例题如“我对周围人事关系较为敏感”,量表的Cronbach's α值是0.906。员工建言行为:采用Detert 和 Burris^[12]^编制的量表,共6道题,例题如“我会积极地建言献策”,量表的Cronbach's α值是0.903。
+
+同时,根据以往研究通行做法,本研究将员工的性别、年龄、学历、工作年限作为控制变量,因为以往研究发现这些员工个体背景因素与员工建言有所关联。另外有学者建议在自我填写敏感性题项时,需要控制社会称许性^[4]^,采用Hays等^[28]^编制的量表,共5道题,例题如“即使对不喜欢的人,我也能够以礼相待”,量表的Cronbach's α值是0.849。本研究还控制了上下级关系,因为这在上下级之间起到“特殊纽带”的作用,采用Law等^[29]^编制的量表,共6道题,例题如“我和领导相处较为和谐”,量表的Cronbach's α值是0.824。
+
+## 4 数据分析和结果
+
+### 4.1 共同方法偏差检验
+
+为了避免共同方法偏差,本研究采用程序控制和统计控制两种方式。首先,研究向被试说明不会泄露作答情况及个人信息,仅用于学术使用;同时,我们采用了两阶段数据收集的方法,规避一次性数据的同源偏差。其次,本研究采用Harman单因子检验法对共同方法偏差进行检验,结果表明,在未旋转情况下第一个主成分仅解释了总方差变异的29.784%,不及总体的一半,由此本研究的共同方法偏差问题并不严重。
+
+### 4.2 验证性因子分析
+
+验证性因子分析结果表明,五因子模型($\chi^2/df = 0.069$; SRMR = 0.091, NFI = 0.865, NNFI = 0.886, CFI = 0.896, IFI = 0.904)拟合效果最优,且各个题项的因子载荷均在0.5以上,表明具有好的判别效度和聚合效度。此外,三种替代模型(三因子、二因子和单因子)的拟合度相对较差,卡方检验和拟合指数也都显示假设模型与替代模型之间差异显著。
+
+### 4.3 描述性统计和相关分析
+
+描述性统计和相关分析结果表明,专权领导和尚严领导与权力感知呈显著正相关($r = 0.363, p < 0.01$; $r = 0.327, p < 0.01$);专权领导与员工建言行为呈显著负相关($r = -0.243, p < 0.01$),尚严领导与员工建言行为呈显著正相关($r = 0.264, p < 0.01$);权力感知与员工建言行为呈显著负相关($r = -0.323, p < 0.01$)。相关分析结果初步证明了本研究的部分假设。
+
+### 4.4 假设检验
+
+表1呈现层级回归分析的结果。实证结果显示,在对员工的性别、年龄、学历、工作年限、社会称许性和上下级关系进行控制之后,专权领导对员工建言行为具有显著负向影响(模型4: $\beta = -0.269, p < 0.01$),假设1a得到研究证实;尚严领导对员工建言行为具有显著正向影响(模型4: $\beta = 0.253, p < 0.01$),假设1b得到研究证实。
+
+有关权力感知中介作用的检验,首先,检验双元威权领导对员工权力感知的影响,专权领导对员工权力感知具有显著正向影响(模型2: $\beta = 0.336, p < 0.001$),假设2a得到研究证实;尚严领导对员工权力感知具有显著正向影响(模型2: $\beta = 0.318, p < 0.001$),假设2b得到研究证实。其次,在回归模型中同时放入双元威权领导和权力感知,权力感知对员工建言行为具有显著负向影响(模型5: $\beta = -0.346, p < 0.001$),且专权领导和尚严领导对员工建言行为的影响不再显著。由此可知,权力感知在双元威权领导(专权领导和尚严领导)与员工建言行为关系之间起到了完全中介作用,假设3a和假设3b得到研究证实。
+
+有关人际敏感特质的调节作用检验。将权力感知、人际敏感特质和两者的交互作用项放入回归方程,实证结果显示,权力感知 × 人际敏感特质对员工建言行为有显著的正向影响(模型6: $\beta = 0.183, p < 0.01$)。假设4得到研究证实。本研究进一步绘制了调节效应图,如图2。
+
+表1 层级回归分析结果
+
+| 变量 | 权力感知 | 员工建言行为 |
|---|
| 模型 1 | 模型 2 | 模型 3 | 模型 4 | 模型 5 | 模型 6 |
|---|
| 控制变量 | | | | | | | | 性别 | -0.132 | -0.064 | -0.131* | -0.104 | -0.074 | -0.085 | | 年龄 | -0.281 | -0.309* | -0.068 | -0.088 | 0.029 | 0.091 | | 学历 | 0.119 | 0.183** | 0.072 | 0.095 | 0.033 | 0.003 | | 工作年限 | 0.146 | 0.149 | -0.175 | -0.134 | -0.218 | -0.306** | | 上下级关系 | 0.253** | 0.222** | 0.346*** | 0.337*** | 0.246*** | 0.224** | | 社会称许性 | -0.148* | -0.159* | -0.217** | -0.228*** | -0.168** | -0.163* | | 自变量 | | | | | | | | 专权领导 | | 0.336*** | | -0.269** | -0.059 | | | 尚严领导 | | 0.318*** | | 0.253** | 0.061 | | | 中介变量 | | | | | | | | 权力感知 | | | | | -0.346*** | -0.363*** | | 调节变量 | | | | | | | | 人际敏感特质 | | | | | | 0.114 | | 交互作用项 | | | | | | | | 权力感知 × 人际敏感特质 | | | | | | 0.183** | | R2 | 0.14 | 0.25 | 0.26 | 0.29 | 0.39 | 0.42 | | 调整后 R2 | 0.11 | 0.22 | 0.23 | 0.26 | 0.37 | 0.39 | | R2 变更 | 0.14*** | 0.10*** | 0.26*** | 0.03** | 0.11*** | 0.03** | | F 值 | 4.874*** | 8.159*** | 10.106*** | 10.179*** | 14.247*** | 16.217*** |
+
+注:回归系数为标准β系数;R² 变更代表该组变量在回归方程中增加的解释方差量; *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001。
+
+
+
+图2 人际敏感特质的调节效应
+
+关于有调节中介模型的检验,本研究根据 Hayes^[30]^ 提出的方法,检验条件间接效果 (conditional indirect effect),通过PROCESS法进行 Bootstrap 分析,结果如表2所示。在专权领导方式上,当人际敏感特质高时,间接效果的效果量为 -0.009,95%无偏置信区间为[-0.108,0.052],包含0,不显著;当人际敏感特质低时,间接效果的效果量为-0.208,95%无偏置信区间为[-0.341, -0.119],不包含0,达显著水平;两者之间差异的效果量为0.199,95%无偏置信区间为[0.101, 0.297],不包含0,达显著水平,假设5a得到研究证实。同理,假设5b亦得到研究证实。
+
+表2 条件间接效果分析结果
+
+ | 分组统计 | 效果量(β) | 标准误(SE) | 95%无偏置信区间 |
|---|
| 条件间接效果 | | | | | 专权领导 | 低人际敏感特质(-1 SD) | -0.208 | 0.059 | [-0.341, -0.119] | | 高人际敏感特质(+1 SD) | -0.009 | 0.052 | [-0.108, 0.052] | | 差异 | 0.199 | 0.047 | [0.101, 0.297] | | 尚严领导 | 低人际敏感特质(-1 SD) | -0.237 | 0.073 | [-0.298, -0.165] | | 高人际敏感特质(+1 SD) | -0.022 | 0.048 | [-0.104, 0.057] | | 差异 | 0.215 | 0.054 | [0.112, 0.308] |
+
+## 5 结论与讨论
+
+### 5.1 研究结果
+
+本研究基于双元理论,通过对385名员工的一手调研数据,检验了双元威权领导(专权领导和尚严领导)对员工建言行为的影响,以及权力感知的中介作用和人际敏感特质的调节作用。实证研究结果表明:(1)专权领导对员工建言行为具有显著负向影响,尚严领导对员工建言行为具有显著正向影响。(2)权力感知在双元威权领导(专权领导和尚严领导)与员工建言行为关系间起到了中介作用。(3)人际敏感特质正向调节权力感知与员工建言行为之间的关系。(4)同时,人际敏感特质调节了权力感知的中介作用。本文研究结果对领导者的工作具有一定的指导意义,对组织的人力资源管理部门的管理实践也具有参考价值。
+
+### 5.2 理论贡献与管理实践
+
+本研究的理论贡献包括以下几个方面:(1)以往研究多关注于威权领导对团队绩效和组织公民行为等的影响,较少关注威权领导对员工建言行为的影响。本研究揭示了双元威权领导(专权领导和尚严领导)对员工建言行为的不同作用,合理“肢解”了威权领导,研究扩展了对威权领导有效性的理解。(2)本研究基于心理感知视角引入了权力感知变量,并验证了权力感知在双元威权领导与员工建言行为关系间的中介作用。当员工获得来自威权领导的绝对命令或要求时,会产生巨大的权力压力,此时员工的权力感知较强,为了适应这种权力压力,员工会因应压力源(威权领导),减少建言行为。研究进一步扩展了威权领导与员工建言行为关系间的中介机制,也符合心理学理论中的“刺激-反应”过程。(3)本研究也拓展了对人际关系特质领域的研究。考察了人际敏感特质的调节效应,其强化了心理层面的感知效应,从而促使员工产生更多的建言行为。
+
+本研究的管理实践包括以下几个方面:(1)在调动员工积极性,促使员工建言的情形中,威权领导并不一定起到抑制作用。专权领导来源于法家之“术”,而尚严领导则来源于法家之“势”,两者对员工建言行为的影响截然相反。对于企业来说,应该纠正“威权领导是领导行为雷区”的错误观念,着力塑造双元威权领导的尚严风格,尽量规避专权行为,从而促使员工积极建言。(2)由于权力感知给员工建言所带来的负面作用,企业应适当通过有效的领导方式避免或者减弱员工对权力的感知,同时也可以通过设置可达成的挑战性目标来缓解心理感知,从而降低其对员工建言的不利影响。(3)企业在对员工进行日常管理时,可以通过提升员工的情绪智力(人际敏感特质是情绪智力的重要组成部分)来帮助员工在职场中理解和领会领导意图,影响其权力感知,促使员工为了“最佳利益”的达成而采取建言行为。
+
+### 5.3 研究局限和未来展望
+
+本研究主要存在以下的局限性:(1)虽然从两个时间点收集调研数据,但由于间隔时间较短,仍不能认定为纵向研究,同时问卷所有题项均由员工独自填写,导致可能存在共同方法偏差问题。未来研究可以采用更为严谨的纵向研究设计,增加数据的评估来源或使用客观数据,提高研究的准确性以及效度。(2)本研究仅从心理感知视角检验了权力感知在双元威权领导与员工建言行为之间的中介效应,后续研究需要进一步发掘其他潜在的中介变量,以更全面地揭露这两者之间的内在机制。(3)本研究探索了人际敏感特质在影响过程中的调节,但缺乏中国传统文化对威权领导与员工建言行为的边界调节,未来研究可以引入其他具有中国文化特色的变量(如中庸思想和差序氛围),检验其在双元威权领导与员工建言行为关系间的调节作用。
+
+## 参考文献：
+
+[1] Maynes T D, Podsakoff P M. Speaking more broadly: an examination of the nature, antecedents, and consequences of an expanded set of employee voice behaviors [J]. Journal of Applied Psychology, 2014, 99 (1): 87-112.
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+[9] 吴宗佑.主管威权领导与部属的工作满意度与组织承诺:信任的中介历程与情绪智力的调节效果[J].本土心理学,2008,30:3-36.
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+[18] Anderson C, Berdahl J L. The experience of power: examining the effects of power on approach and inhibition tendencies [J]. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2002, 83(6): 1362-1377.
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+
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+[28] Hays R D, Hayashi T, Stewart A L. A five-item measure of socially desirable response set [J]. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 1989, 49(3): 629-636.
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+智库镜鉴
+
+# 东南亚智库研究进展综述、启示与展望*
+
+■ 赵恒煜¹ 韦宜均²
+
+¹ 广东省社会科学院国际问题研究所 广州 510635
+² 广东外语外贸大学南国商学院 广州 510545
+
+**摘要：[目的/意义]** 东盟是亚洲重要的区域合作组织。智库机构在东盟共同体建设、东南亚国家治理和亚太地区对话合作中发挥了重要的推动作用，提供了科学、专业和系统的决策支撑。随着中国—东盟进入全面战略伙伴关系、携手共建人类命运共同体的新阶段，围绕东南亚智库开展研究，对相关成果进行系统梳理和评述，有助于我国深化对东南亚智库的认识，有针对性地开展合作，并从中获得启迪。**[方法/过程]** 本文在回顾东南亚智库发展历程及现状的基础上，对20世纪90年代以来国内外有关东南亚智库的研究文献进行了梳理，总结了其中的代表性观点，从研究主题、学科视角和研究方法、研究发现、研究不足等方面对成果进行综合评述。**[结果/结论]** 近年来，东南亚智库发展迅速，学界对其关注度不断提升，研究主题内容丰富，研究视角和研究方法呈现越来越综合、多元的研究趋向，但在对象界定、研究系统性、理论空间拓展、研究资料获取等方面存在一些局限。我国应从完善研究维度、创新研究策略、深化中国—东盟智库合作、培养专业人才队伍、提升国际传播能力等方面，加大对东南亚智库的研究力度，丰富智库理论与实践创新，为中国—东盟合作增添新的动能。
+
+**关键词：** 东南亚智库 研究综述 中国—东盟智库合作
+
+**分类号：** C932
+
+**DOI:** 10.19318/j.cnki.issn.2096-1634.2025.03.15
+
+## 1 前言
+
+世界越开放,智库机构在推动构建新型国际关系,深化拓展平等、开放、合作的全球伙伴关系,扩大各国利益汇合点等方面的作用越凸显。21世纪以来,随着亚洲各国经济社会的稳步发展和国际国内局势的快速变化,智库在国家治理和软实力建设中发挥越来越重要的作用。东南亚国家主要包括马来西亚、印度尼西亚、泰国、菲律宾、新加坡、文莱、越南、老挝、缅甸和柬埔寨,由于地理地缘的接近,这10个国家组建了“东南亚国家联盟”(Association of Southeast Asian Nations, ASEAN;简称东盟),除了本国问题外,这些国家的智库也普遍关注东南亚及周边的亚洲地区。
+
+受历史进程、政治体制、联盟形成等因素的影响,东南亚智库比欧美发达国家起步晚,不同国家的智库能力建设参差不齐。尽管如此,东南亚智库近年来依然呈现快速发展的势头,在区域治理中的影响力越来越大,引发越来越多国内外学者的关注。在世界格局加速演变以及中国—东盟进入全面战略伙伴关系的历史新阶段下,对当前学界研究东南亚智库的现状态势给予关注,既有助于积累研究史料,发现典型经验与做法,探寻问题与瓶颈,促进理论创新;也有助于发挥智库对中国—东盟关系的智力驱动作用,深化资源共享、学术互动、协同产出,增强文化软实力和话语权,探索亚洲国家智库建设路径,丰富全球智库研究的理论体系。
+
+
+
+*本文系广东省哲学社会科学规划青年项目“粤港澳大湾区智库合作研究”(项目编号:GD24YTQ02)研究成果之一。
+
+**作者简介**:赵恒煜,广东省社会科学院国际问题研究所副研究员,博士,E-mail: zhaoyu4452@163.com;韦宜均,通信作者,广东外语外贸大学南国商学院讲师,博士,E-mail: sherry_gary@163.com。
+
+## 2 东南亚智库发展的基本历程
+
+智库作为一个首先出现在美国、逐渐传播至西欧多国,然后向其他发展中国家不断扩散的概念,其研究在很长时间内都由美西方国家所主导。东南亚智库受发展阶段、发展模式、政治体制等多重因素的影响,在较长的一段时期内未获得国内外学界的充分关注,人们对东南亚智库的研究和认识都相对有限。有些学者认为,智库需要独立于国家政府才能“自由思考”,东南亚智库机构与所在国家政府联系密切,有的甚至是政府附属机构,因此,并不是真正意义上的智库。例如,默西·郭(Mercy Kuo) ^[1]^指出,早期的亚洲智库在国家政府命令下成立或是经由政府同意创立,缺乏自主权;戴安·斯通(Diane Stone)等^[2]^指出,绝大多数东南亚智库的职能是为政府提供信息并充当参谋,为政府政策提供合法性解释,通常对政策持认同或不批评的立场。
+
+2019年,詹姆斯·麦甘(James McGann) ^[3]^将全球智库发展划分为四次浪潮。第一次浪潮发生于20世纪初到第二次世界大战爆发之前,欧洲和美国的进步主义力量为了应对20世纪初城市化、工业化和经济增长所引发的社会问题,倡导“使知识为政策所用”观念,使智库在美国和欧洲各国遍地开花。第二次浪潮发生在第二次世界大战结束到20世纪60年代期间,欧美国家智库进入快速发展阶段,亚洲国家的智库建设逐步兴起,东南亚国家在此期间成立了最早的一批智库。第三次浪潮始于20世纪70年代末,东欧剧变、苏联解体以及拉丁美洲和亚洲部分国家的民主化进程,推动智库不断发展至除欧美以外的世界各地,到80年代末90年代初时,东南亚的智库开始呈现繁荣景象,但仍未处于东南亚各国公共和政治领域的关键位置。第四次浪潮始于新旧世纪交接,全球化、信息化带动了智库的跨国化和网络化发展“亚洲智库时代”到来。此时,东南亚各国面临着愈来愈复杂的全球挑战和国内社会经济问题,其智库建设积极吸收全球智库发展成果,呈现网络化和跨国化的发展特征,走向了知识研究与知识推广相结合、政策研究和政策倡导相融合的发展道路,决策影响力、学术影响力和社会影响力逐步扩大,成为区域治理和经济社会发展的重要力量。此时,东南亚智库才真正获得了全球学界的关注。
+
+当前,鲜有关于东南亚地区智库发展状况的确切统计成果。美国宾夕法尼亚大学“智库与公民社会项目”(The Think Tanks and Civil Societies Program, TTCSP)研究编写的历年《全球智库报告》中均设有“全球智库分布”(global distribution of think tanks by country)和“东南亚顶级智库”(top think tanks in Southeast Asia)等内容及榜单,是为数不多可供人们了解东南亚智库基本情况的参考资料。根据该报告,2008—2020年,东南亚智库数量呈现逐年增长的态势,从86家增长至329家,见图1。
+
+
+
+图1 TTCSP统计的东南亚智库机构总数变化情况
+
+Figure 1 Changes of total Southeast Asia think tanks counted by TTCSP
+
+在智库的区域分布方面,越南的智库数量最多(见图2),2020年统计达到180家;印度尼西亚、马来西亚、菲律宾和新加坡的智库数量在2020年的统计均超过20家,分别为37家、27家、22家和21家;越南、泰国和柬埔寨的智库数量处于第三梯队,2020年分别为18、16和14家;文莱和老挝智库数量偏少,2020年仅有8家和4家。缅甸智库总数未被TTCSP纳入统计,但历年均有3~4家被列入各个类别的评价榜单。
+
+
+
+图2 TTCSP统计的东南亚智库机构数量分布情况
+
+Figure 2 Distribution of the quantity of Southeast Asia think tanks counted by TTCSP
+
+## 3 国内外研究现状
+
+20世纪末,随着东南亚一体化程度的不断加深和地缘政治形势的不断变化,其经济和战略地位呈现稳步攀升的态势,逐渐吸引了世界目光,并延伸到对区域和国家治理具有重要影响的智库建设领域。其中,来自北美、欧洲、东亚等国家的学者产出了一批重要成果,东南亚各国智库界也开始关注自身的发展问题。对中国而言,东南亚国家是周边外交的优先方向,特别是中国—东盟自贸区全面建成以来,经贸人文的深度合作有力地促进了彼此的发展繁荣。因此,近年来有越来越多的学者涉足东南亚智库研究领域,形成了不少富有见地的观点。
+
+### 3.1 总体研究现状
+
+国际学者对东南亚智库的总体性研究起步于20世纪90年代,代表性成果有专著《亚太共同体中的新兴公民社会:新兴亚太区域共同体的非政府基础》(Emerging Civil Society in the Asia Pacific Community: Nongovernmental Underpinnings of the Emerging Asia Pacific Regional Community)、《智库:亚洲新兴的知识与政策中介者》(THINK TANKS: The New Knowledge and Policy Brokers in Asia),研究报告《东亚与东南亚的智库:将政治重新纳入视野》(Think Tanks in East and Southeast Asia: Bringing Politics Back into the Picture)等。其中,1995年,山本正(Tadashi Yamamoto)等^[4]^指出,东南亚智库的主要职能是为政府提供信息,为政策给予合法性解释,更倾向于以“增益模式”而非“批评模式”运作。1999年,戴安·斯通等^[2]^发现,每个东南亚国家均有几家知名度较高的研究所密切地参与地区层面的第二轨道外交活动。2000年,戴安·斯通^[5]^提出,亚洲智库的发展模式与西欧和北美不同,缺乏独立性,东南亚智库发展在很大程度上取决于国家的政治文化,对本国的政策进程有更大的参与度。2010年,卡尔蒂克·纳奇亚潘(Karthik Nachiappan)等^[6]^经分析认为,民族主义、多元主义或自由化的程度以及权力的集中度影响着东南亚智库的起源和发展程度。2011年,戴安·斯通^[7]^以东盟战略与国际问题研究所为例,分析了智库在塑造国内和地区议程、将区域合作话语制度化以及在地区性辩论中发挥作用的机制。2017年,饶兆斌(Ngeow Chow-Bing)^[8]^关注了东南亚智库视野中的中国,并针对智库界“疑中”的主流对华态度提出了对策建议。2019年,詹姆斯·麦甘^[3]^在考察“亚洲特色”智库发展时发现,新加坡等国家已拥有一些在区域乃至全球范围内都颇具影响力的智库。2021年,戴尚志(Simon Tay)等^[9]^将一些东南亚智库描述为“政策企业家”(policy entrepreneur)，剖析了它们在国内国际事务中发挥的关键作用。
+
+国内对东南亚智库的研究大约起步于2010年，稍晚于海外，成果数量也相对较少，2015年之后研究热度上升。在综合性和总体性研究方面，国内的代表性成果有《东南亚智库与区域治理》《思想的版图——全球智库发展概览》《国际著名智库研究》等。其中，李轶海等^[10]^于2010年考察了3家东南亚代表性智库的基本情况和管理经验，为中国智库建设给予启迪；上海社会科学院智库研究中心在2020年采用统计分析的方式对178家较受国际关注的东南亚智库的基本情况进行了分析^[11]^；2023年，陈菲等^[12]^梳理了东南亚10个国家智库发展的过程和特点，并总结了这些智库对本国国家治理和东南亚区域治理的贡献。2024年，冯子剑等^[13]^选取东盟11家智库的代表性成果进行分析，揭示了东盟国家智库对“一带一路”倡议的核心议题关切和基本认知逻辑。
+
+### 3.2 国别智库研究现状
+
+新加坡作为东南亚最发达的国家，智库建设成绩斐然，为周边国家和地区提供了许多宝贵的启示。黄玉玲(Ooi Giok Ling) ^[14]^ 基于新加坡政策制定的精英主义特征分析了该国智库的运作导向、框架及关注议题；石之瑜(Chih-yu Shih) ^[15]^ 以东亚研究所(East Asian Institute)为对象，论述了中英多元文化特征如何推动其形成独特的混合研究视角，使其在中国事务研究领域上成为全球最优秀的智库之一；卡瓦列罗-安东尼(Caballerro-Anthony)等^[16]^以拉惹勒南国际关系学院(The S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies)为对象，分析了其通过东盟地区论坛(ASEAN Regional Forum)和东盟经济共同体(ASEAN Economic Community)协助“一轨外交”并影响亚洲政策制定过程的机制。张骏^[17]^通过分析、解读智库与政府关系根源，发现新加坡“政府布局”“高官参与”的模式有效作用于“制度提升”而非“制度批判”；王蓉等^[18]^从新加坡智库在东南亚区域治理中的典型事迹中提炼了其治理战略的献策者、治理政策的解读者、治理合作的参与者以及治理人才的培育者角色。韩锋、李晨阳、陶林、郭小语等学者侧重于挖掘尤索夫伊萨克东南亚研究所、新加坡国立大学东亚研究所等智库的发展经验，提出中国发展新型智库的对策建议^[19-22]^。另外，刘宏新^[23]^、张衡^[24]^等学者还关注了新加坡智库涉华研究的相关问题，强调了智库合作的重要性。
+
+印度尼西亚作为东盟经济体量最大的国家，在东南亚区域治理和东盟共同体建设中发挥着重要作用，是该区域拥有智库最多的国家，因而获得了较多关注。汪恒^[25]^梳理总结了该国智库发展的历程和主要特征，发现它们在维护国家政治稳定、促进政治发展、提高协同治理水平、推动“政策共同体”等方面发挥了关键作用。中外研究者对印度尼西亚智库的个案研究较多，如李淋、沈鑫和冯清云、刘文正和邓爱萍等研究了东盟二轨道外交智库东盟战略与国际问题研究所(ASEAN Institute of Strategic and International Studies)的成立过程、组织架构和对华政策^[26]^，探究了其为东盟外交提供政策建议和决策支持、推动亚太地区第二轨道多边对话进程等重要职能^[27-28]^。伊什哈克·法托尼(Iskhak Fatonie) ^[29]^ 以乡村法为例，考察了印度尼西亚智库作为政策企业家与政府机构、议会、大学、媒体等组织互动并创建政策网络实现政策变革的机理。在中印关系发展方面，瑞达·艾玛莉亚(Ridha Amaliyah)等^[30]^将智库建设视为印度尼西亚和中国之间形成积极紧密关系的一种体现，认为应当发挥智库的桥梁作用。
+
+泰国是东盟第二大经济体，智库的总体发展水平较高。已有的相关研究主要涉及泰国智库的发展情况、特色与经验、对华研究等方面。刘文正、皮亚蓬·布萨邦(Piyapong Boossabong)等学者梳理了泰国智库发展历程、多样化组成和代表性智库的情况，认为泰国智库是推动国家可持续发展的重要力量^[31-32]^。陈诗^[33]^通过调查发现，泰国智库具有数量多、层次低、资金来源多元化三大特点，同时也在不断发展各类智库弥补现有的缺陷。蓬寨·勒克松他拉恭(ภูมิใจ เลขสุนทรากร)^[34]^ 采用了深度访谈和焦点小组讨论等定性方法对泰国智库的制度化问题展开研究，提出两种制度化形式：倡导智库(advocacy think tank)和政党智库(party think tank)。常翔、虞群对泰国涉华研究智库进行了分析，发现这些智库高度关注中国发展，但总体发展缓慢^[35]^，存在受西方话语权影响明显、科研经费和渠道来源有限等特点^[36]^，建议增进中泰智库合作。
+
+马来西亚经济总量位居东盟国家前列,在东盟政治格局中扮演着积极的角色。学界对其智库的研究重点集中于发展历史、机构数量、分布等基本情况和代表性机构的运行特征和经验。刘文正^[37]^发现,马来西亚比较活跃且具有影响力的智库约有20家,其发展建设经验对中国智库具有一定参考价值。莫哈末·哈里顿(Mohd Harridon)等^[38]^按领域对马来西亚智库进行了类别划分并概括了不同类型智库的特点。威廉·亚当斯(William Adams)等^[39]^对马来西亚的19个非大学智库和44个与政策相关的大学研究所展开了调研,内容涵盖规模、效率、独立性、研究成果、民众认知等方面。林丽玲等^[40]^以亚洲战略与领导研究所(Asian Strategy and Leadership Institute)和公共政策研究中心(Center for Political Party Studies)为例,探讨了二者在政治舞台上的可伸缩性、采用的策略以及面临的挑战。李龙、梁伦博等对马来西亚智库作为“知识经纪人”的运作机制进行调查,发现它们的任务是帮助背后的政党表达立场和意识形态倾向^[41]^,政府和企业需要通过智库来建立合作关系,以体现民主治理^[42]^。游力亮等^[43]^剖析了马来西亚智库对“一带一路”倡议与“新南向政策”的认知,发现相关认知均以正面评价为主。
+
+越南、菲律宾、柬埔寨、老挝和缅甸智库在发展水平、国际影响力等方面稍逊,但各具特色,有一些学者做了相关研究。戴安·斯通、阮廷恭(Nguyen Dinh Cung)、黄世英、陈玉嘉(Tran Ngoc Ca)等对越南的政策研究制度^[44]^、公共政策研究机构体系^[45]^、中国研究基地^[46]^展开分析,提出优化越南智库运作效率的建议^[47]^。胡里奥·蒂汉基(Julio Teehankee)、基吉·萨金(Kidjie Sa-guin)、孟世悦、高峰等对菲律宾的政治机构和政党智库^[48]^、政府决策咨询招标状况^[49]^、菲律宾智库的基本情况与发展历程以及相关个案^[50]^进行了较为深入的分析,发现该国政党制度的成熟促成了政党智库的发展,智库咨政功能的发挥使国家决策呈现外部化的趋势,随着政治改革的推进和国民经济的提升,其智库前景值得期待。高金洪(Kao Kim Hourn)对柬埔寨智库在各领域所发挥的作用、成就、挑战和前景进行了综述^^[51]^,并以柬埔寨合作与和平研究所(Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace)为例,论述了智库在政权过渡和政治冲突中所发挥的重要作用^[52]^。拉察米·蓬维苏克(Latsamy Phounvisouk)等^[53]^以老挝国家农林研究所(National Agriculture and Forestry Research Institute, NAFRI)的政策智库为例,总结了其在支持改善农村贫困人口生计方面所发挥的积极作用。张添^[54]^对6家代表性缅甸智库进行了研究,发现这些机构初具独立性,发展迅速、潜力极大,中缅智库交流的前景无限。
+
+## 4 研究评述
+
+总体上看,国外关于智库方面的研究起步较早也较为完善,但研究对象主要针对欧美等主要大国展开,对于东南亚智库,无论是整体性研究还是个案研究都略显不足,国内情况也与国外类似,相关研究仍在初起阶段。研究者重点关注了以东盟战略与国际问题研究所(ASEAN ISIS)为代表的东盟智库合作网络和以新加坡、马来西亚、印度尼西亚、泰国为代表的主要智库机构,但是对文莱、缅甸、老挝等国家智库机构的研究甚少涉足。越南作为东南亚重要国家、社会主义国家和中国邻国,其智库建设尚未获得国内学界的足够关注。
+
+### 4.1 研究主题
+
+国内外学界的研究成果普遍聚焦七大主题,如表1所示。一是智库发展状况与环境建设,包括东南亚各国决策咨询制度与智库发展历程、组织方式、特征、界定与分类;二是智库机构运营管理,包括智库机构职能、研究特点、管理机制以及智库与政党、政府、企业、社会组织的互动关系;三是东盟超国家智库网络的建立与运作,即非归属于特定国家,而是由东盟成员国共同创立的组织、机构或合作机制;四是智库国际观察及合作,对跨国智库的国别研究给予关注,探索“二轨外交”中的智库国际合作策略;五是智库机构功能的发挥,包括不同类型东南亚智库的角色及其参与政府决策、区域治理、国际合作的机制和方式;六是优秀智库建设经验案例,国内学者着重探讨了中国—东盟智库合作以及东南亚智库建设经验在中国特色新型智库建设中的借鉴作用;七是智库发展状况调查与评价,即利用各种社会调查手段和统计方式,对特定国家、区域或领域智库的建设情况进行综合研判。
+
+表1 东南亚智库研究的代表性学者、成果、内容及主题
+
+Table 1 Representative scholars, achievements, content, and themes of Southeast Asia think tanks research
+
+| 地区/国别 | 代表性学者及其研究内容 | 研究主题 |
|---|
| 东盟 | 东盟智库规模、特征、机制及作用(斯通和内萨杜拉伊,1999)[2];政治力量在建立和推动东盟智库发展中的作用(纳奇亚潘,门迪萨巴尔和达塔,2010)[6];东盟各国如何促进“亚洲特色智库”的发展(麦甘,2019)[3] | 智库发展状况与环境建设 | | 东盟智库的主要职能与运作模式(山本正,1995)[4];东盟智库与其他国家和地区智库的比较分析(斯通,2000)[5];东南亚研究所、印度尼西亚国际战略研究中心、马来西亚经济研究院的基本情况(李轶海,2010)[10] | 智库机构运营管理 | | 东盟战略与国际问题研究所在区域外交中的功能(斯通,2011)[7] | 超国家智库网络的建立与运作 | | 东南亚外交智库的对华态度(饶兆斌,2017)[8] | 智库国际观察及合作 | | 东盟各国智库的“政策企业家”角色(戴尚志和李珍珍,2021)[9];东南亚各国智库对本国国家治理与东南亚区域治理的贡献(陈菲、陈灵芝,2023)[12] | 智库功能发挥 | | 新加坡 | 新加坡智库的性质、代表机构和运作框架(黄玉玲,2000)[14];新加坡、日本、韩国智库与政府关系的比较分析(张骏,2017)[17];新加坡南洋理工大学南洋公共管理研究生院项目的智库功能(刘宏,2018)[23] | 智库机构运营管理 | | 南亚与新加坡智库在中国事务研究领域的比较(石之瑜,2018)[15] | 智库国际观察及合作 | | 拉惹勒南国际关系学院在亚洲政策辩论中的作用(卡瓦列罗-安东尼,埃默斯和罗贝尔斯,2019)[16];新加坡智库在东南亚区域治理中的作用(王蓉、陈菲,2022)[18] | 智库功能发挥 | | 新加坡智库的现状、特点与经验(韩锋,2015)[19];新加坡国立大学东亚研究所对中国智库建设的借鉴意义(陶林,2018)[21];新加坡国际问题智库对中国的借鉴意义(李晨阳,2020) | 案例与经验借鉴 | | 马来西亚 | 亚洲战略与领导研究所和公共政策研究中心的运行机制(林丽玲、黄颖欣,2014)[40] | 智库机构运营管理 | | 对马来西亚智库和高校政策研究机构的调查(亚当斯,因费尔德和阿卜杜拉,2018)[39] | 智库发展调查与评价 | | 政治变迁与马来西亚智库的发展(梁伦博,2019)[41];马来西亚智库的分类、特征及其贡献(哈里顿,阿卜杜拉和淖尔,2022)[38] | 智库发展状况与环境建设 | | 马来西亚智库概况、类型、运行特征及代表性机构案例(刘文正,2018)[37];战略与国际研究所、亚洲战略领导研究所、马来西亚经济研究院案例分析(李龙、梁伦博、唐翀,2018)[41] | 案例与经验借鉴 | | 印度尼西亚 | 印尼与中国智库合作共建的重要意义(艾玛莉亚和哈基姆,2019)[30];印尼战略与国际问题研究中心与印尼对华政策制定(李淋,2021)[26] | 智库国际观察及合作 | | 印尼智库与各类组织互动及其影响政策制定者的机制(法托尼,2020)[29];东盟战略与国际问题研究所的历史、组织、角色、功能、成就、挑战(沈鑫、冯清云,2011[27];刘文正、邓爱萍,2022[28]) | 智库机构运营管理 | | 印度尼西亚智库在东南亚区域治理中的角色(汪恒,2021)[25] | 智库功能发挥 | | 泰国 | 泰国智库发展状况及数量统计(陈诗,2020)[33] | 智库发展调查与评价 | | 泰国智库的制度化建设(勒克松他拉恭,2019)[24];泰国政策分析和智库发展历史(皮亚蓬,2023)[32];泰国主要智库情况、能力建设及存在不足(刘文正、陈勇,2019)[31] | 智库发展状况与环境建设 | | 泰国国际关系智库基本概况、涉华视角和主要观点(虞群,2020)[35];泰国涉华研究智库类型、特点、功能以及中泰智库合作的建议(常翔,2021)[36] | 智库国际观察及合作 | | 菲律宾 | 菲律宾政党智库在政党制度发展中的作用(蒂汉基,拉米雷斯和马尔巴罗萨,2011)[48];菲律宾发展研究院服务政府 | 智库功能发挥 | | 菲律宾政府决策咨询制度及其趋势(萨金,2016)[49] | 智库发展状况与环境建设 | | 柬埔寨 | 柬埔寨合作研究所在政权过渡和政治冲突中所发挥的作用(高金洪,2000)[52] | 智库功能发挥 | | 柬埔寨智库的成就、挑战和前景(高金洪,2001)[51] | 智库发展状况与环境建设 | | 越南 | 越南公共政策研究机构及其活动(阮廷恭,裴文和范红河,2005)[45];介绍越南社会科学中国研究所(黄世英,2011)[46];提升越南智库运作效率的建议(陈玉嘉,2018)[47] | 智库功能发挥 | | 全球化给越南智库带来的冲击(斯通,2005)[44] | 智库发展状况与环境建设 | | 缅甸 | 亚洲发展研究所、缅甸发展与资源研究所、缅甸战略与国际关系研究所、缅甸出路、缅甸和平中心和塔帕迪帕研究所的重要贡献(张添,2015)[44] | 智库功能发挥 | | 老挝 | 老挝国家农林研究所的政策智库在改善农村贫困人口的生计方面所发挥的积极作用(蓬维苏克,维克托和颂塔维赛,2023)[53] | 智库功能发挥 | | 文莱 | - | - |
+
+### 4.2 学科视角和研究方法
+
+目前,东南亚智库研究主要由国际问题、公共管理和信息情报三大学科所主导,并逐步带动新闻传播、应用经济、文化教育等学科的参与。根据七大主题的研究所需,学者们所采用的研究方法主要有实地调查、案例分析、访谈、焦点小组讨论、历史分析、比较分析、文献分析、指数分析、行动研究等。其中,非介入式的文献分析、案例分析、历史分析和比较分析方法由于资料获取的便利性而得到了较多的使用,侧重于对东南亚智库发展事实的考察;相比之下,介入式的实地调查和与之相关联的访谈、焦点小组、行动研究应用较少,导致关于东南亚智库的细节和因果规律的揭示相当有限。总体来看,研究视角和研究方法呈现越来越综合、多元的研究趋向,如图3所示。
+
+
+
+图3 东南亚智库研究的主题、学科视角及研究方法
+
+Figure 3 Themes, disciplines, and research methods of Southeast Asia think tanks research
+
+### 4.3 研究发现
+
+在国内外学者的不懈努力下,东南亚智库的相关研究成果已较为丰富。通过对重要文献的梳理和提炼,可挖掘出当前东南亚智库发展的诸多特点。
+
+第一,逐步形成智库跨国合作网络。东南亚10国组建的东盟是亚洲卓有成就的区域合作组织,在学习欧洲联合经验的基础上,结合自身的特点和需要,创建了独特的“东盟方式”(ASEAN way),形成了“以东盟为中心”的对外合作原则,促成了以经济共同体、安全共同体与社会文化共同体为支柱的东盟共同体^[55]^。东盟将这样的合作经验拓展到了智库领域,每个国家选派若干代表智库组建东盟智库合作网络,依托战略对话、研究协作、机构互访等机制共同服务地方治理,推动东盟重大决策,这是东南亚智库极具区域国际化特色的做法。多年实践经验表明,东南亚智库以东盟为联结纽带,通过提供专业的政策建议和推动知识的扩散,在促进地区合作制度完善中发挥了重要作用。
+
+第二,通过多元化发展提升独立性。早期的东南亚智库通常由政府、政党或政客资助创立,这些智库聚集于政治和决策中心,实现了决策需求与智库思想产品供给的双向融合。近年来,各国智库均有意识地探索独立转型的模式和路径,拓展合作对象和经费来源渠道,接受不附加条件的捐款以避免利益团体、捐赠者对研究的干预,确保研究项目可以按计划长期或跨年度开展,提升发展的多元性。
+
+第三,形成了较为全面且富有特色的研究领域。各国都非常重视东盟共同体的发展以及自身在东盟中的定位及发展,积极促成共同利益和地区认同,大多数智库在国家的内政外交和经济发展方面投入了大量精力和资源。随着东南亚社会的发展进步,人文、环境、教育等方面的问题愈发受到智库的关注;同时,由于东南亚地区雨热条件良好,大部分地区农业发达,农业和农村发展问题也是各国智库研究的一大热点,甚至出现了一批农业领域的专业智库。此外,在社会治理方面,民众生计、青少年教育、性别平等以及老龄化等问题逐渐获得一些有识之士的重视。
+
+第四,国际化水平稳步提升。新加坡、泰国、马来西亚等国家的部分智库参考借鉴了美西方智库的运作方式,建立了现代治理体制,与世界各国智库的关系非常密切,较为专业和科学化的管理模式增强了智库的运作效率,其研究成果往往兼具国际认可的学术水准与前沿视野,能与国际学界保持同步。
+
+第五,注重传播能力和引导力建设。有越来越多的机构设立了专门的信息传播部门,制订媒体宣传计划,定期出版英文研究报告、书籍、期刊和普及读物,面向社会组织开展教育和宣传活动,提供差异化的知识产品,创办官方网站,并开设脸书(Facebook)、推特(Twitter)、油管(YouTube)等网络平台账号,持续发布机构的最新研究成果和学术活动,在倡导创新型认知、倡导“对话习惯”、倡导“东盟方式”等东南亚特色价值观和确立优先政策语言等方面,发挥了关键作用。
+
+第六,整体发展的均衡性有待提升。各个东南亚智库分处于不同的国家环境和发展阶段,不同智库的管理运行机制、综合研究能力与成果产出水平参差不齐,均衡性方面有所欠缺。
+
+### 4.4 研究不足
+
+当前的研究从不同学科和视角对东南亚智库进行了较为广泛的讨论,丰富了人们对东南亚智库的认识,为相关的后续研究奠定了一定的基础。同时,还有若干方面有待深化拓展。
+
+在对象的界定方面,智库是发轫于不同政治体制下的决策咨询及研究机构,既具有某些方面的共性,也具有特殊性,学界对东南亚地区的智库关注较晚,在“何为东南亚智库”的问题上仍缺乏清晰的定义和认识。目前,在东南亚从事与公共政策研究相关的机构组织数量不少,是否都可纳入智库的范畴,有待深入研讨。
+
+在研究的系统性方面,各主题下的成果数量较少,成果间的关联性较弱,学术对话不足,鲜有对东南亚智库给予长期关注的学者,使得相关问题的探讨欠缺深度。对于在当前大国竞争的全球政治经济格局影响下东南亚智库面临着多方面挑战,包括如何提升研究质量、增强政策影响、为地区、国家提供安全、经济和文化等领域的独立分析和建议等,学界的回应度和研究的有效性还稍显不足。
+
+在理论空间拓展方面,当前的成果侧重对历史或现状的分析与评述,调查阐释多、学理创新少,在东南亚智库运作的内在机理、发展动因、演变规律和模式路径等方面,缺乏政治学、管理学、社会学和情报学等学科的理论创见,学术共同体和理论体系尚未形成。
+
+在研究资料获取方面,囿于东南亚在政体、信仰、语言、习俗等方面的差异,智库研究存在一定的跨文化障碍,非东南亚国家的学者获取研究资料主要依赖具有英语交际能力的学者、机构以及英文文献,资料来源渠道较窄,调研深度有限。
+
+## 5 启示与展望
+
+中国和东盟从2020年开始连续四年互为最大贸易伙伴和投资伙伴,在维护地区安全稳定和实现经济发展等方面具有共同的关切和需要。展望未来,在中国—东盟经贸与人文合作持续深化扩大的态势下,有关东南亚智库的研究应充分关注3个趋势。首先,智库是推动政府决策和参与国际传播主体,中国—东盟长期存在战略互信的需求,因此,国内学界亟需从政治传统、决策体制、文化差异等角度,全面、深入地理解东南亚智库开展战略决策研究活动的思维、动机以及模式;其次,中国—东盟具有许多共同关心的领域和议题,需要智库界凝聚共识,分享智慧,建言献策,携手寻求“最大公约数”,创新智库合作的方式,扩大智库合作范围,推动政策界与学术界的沟通、官方与民间的沟通、国内与国外的沟通;最后,许多东南亚智库正不断加强对中国议题的研究投入,国内学界应密切关注东南亚智库的研究动向,对于诸如怀疑猜忌、冲突对抗等观点,需要及时研判和应对,以提升中国智库的国际沟通力和传播力。
+
+由于东南亚智库在区域治理和国家治理中发挥越来越重要的战略功能,对其开展全面且深入的研究显得尤为必要,未来可从以下5个主要方面加强研究。
+
+### 5.1 建立起“点-线-面”的立体研究维度
+
+在“点-线-面”的立体研究维度中,“点”的维度,即充分掌握各个机构的基本情况;“线”的维度包含时间线和空间线两个方面,时间线即梳理智库发展的历史脉络,空间线即探索智库与智库间的合作关系与合作路径;面的维度,即从整体视角考虑智库在东南亚及东盟共同体治理和发展中所发挥的复杂功能和内在机理。在此基础上,依托元分析方法对东南亚智库的“中国观”开展系统研究,充分了解这些智库对华研究的组织流程、思维路径和观点立场,从而提升战略预判的有效性。
+
+### 5.2 建立实地与网络相结合的研究策略
+
+调查研究是中国特色新型智库的天然使命和本职工作^[56]^。实地研究,即赴外开展大量详尽的实地调查,参阅更多海外一手资料,邀请相关智库的管理人员、知名学者进行深度访谈,进一步丰富东南亚智库的研究案例和样本,尤其是加大对老挝、缅甸、文莱、柬埔寨等国家智库研究的投入,提升研究的深度和广度;网络研究,即对东南亚主要智库发布的成果进行长期跟踪观察,掌握这些智库的组织机构、研究成果、主要专家和对华态度的具体情况,知晓这些智库参与区域治理、影响国家决策的机制、策略和路径,增强战略互信。
+
+### 5.3 探索深化中国与东盟智库合作的方式和举措
+
+随着中国提出的“一带一路”倡议获得东南亚的支持和积极参与,《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》(Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership, RCEP)的生效以及中国—东盟迈入全面战略伙伴关系新阶段,中国与东南亚智库的合作意愿愈发强烈。建议围绕中国—东盟命运共同体建设、基础设施建设、国际陆海新通道互联互通、产业合作、海洋合作、文化合作、区域治理、数字经济、绿色低碳、新能源、生态治理、智慧农业等议题,拓展合作研究的领域和议题,在中国—东盟思想库网络、中国—东盟智库战略对话论坛、RCEP 智库联盟、中国—南亚东南亚智库论坛等平台的基础上,开拓中国—东盟防务智库交流等活动,通过国际智库网络等多边机制创造更多的智库合作平台品牌,增进彼此的政策沟通和人文交流,增强智库间的集智增信水平。
+
+### 5.4 有针对性培养专业人才队伍
+
+东南亚国家的历史、语言、文化、习俗和法律各异,应当从现实需求的角度出发,进行有针对性的研修与教学,积极与东南亚智库建立联合培养研究人员的模式,形成一批专门化的、长期致力于中国和东南亚问题研究事业的人才队伍。这些人才需要具有长期或多次在东南亚国家和中国访问、考察、调研的经历,熟悉双方的民情,在当地学习本土语言,感受当地社会与文化,能够对东盟智库和学界的前沿思想、发展趋势有整体把握,促进中国—东盟智库合作研究意向的落地和实施。
+
+### 5.5 提升中国—东盟智库的国际传播能力
+
+以智库为主体开展国际传播活动,不仅有助于中国—东盟加深对于彼此的了解,还能促进双方凝心聚力、合作共赢,携手共建命运共同体。建议从面向东南亚民众传播中国智库声音、开拓富有亚洲特色的国际传播理论体系、建立媒体智库合作关系等角度,提升中国—东盟的国际话语权体系,提高区域文化软实力,助力中国—东盟关系行稳致远。
+
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+
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+[45] NGUYEN D C, BUI V, PHAM H H. Vietnam's public policy research institutions and their activities[M]// HASHIMOTO T, HELL S, NAM S W. Public Policy Research and Training in Vietnam. Hanoi: Asian Development Bank Institute, 2005: 110-170.
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+[46] 黄世英.越南当前的中国研究:以越南社会科学院中国研究所为中心[C]// 中国社会科学论坛(2011·国外中国学)论文集.北京:中国社会科学论坛,2011: 203-209.
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+[47] TRAN N C. Some aspects of development of "think tank" in Vietnam[J]. Journal Science and Technology Policies and Management, 2018, 7(1): 41-51.
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+[49] SAGUIN K. Trends in policy consulting in the Philippines: A database analysis of procurement notices for policy consultants[R]. Vaulx-en-Velin: International Public Policy Association, 2016: 2-11.
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+
+[51] KAO K H. The role think tanks in Cambodia: Achievements, challenges and prospects[R]. Phnom Penh: Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace, 2001: 37-40.
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+[52] KAO K H. The challenges of intervention for Cambodian think tanks[M]// STONE D. Banking on Knowledge: The Genesis of the Global Development Network. London: Routledge, 2000: 145-162.
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+[53] PHOUNVISOUK L, VICTOR M, SONETHAVIXAY S. The policy think tank in Laos PDR: Building evidence-based research capacity and science policy community[R]. Montpellier: CGIAR Research Initiative on National Policies and Strategies, 2023: 2-3.
+
+[54] 张添.缅甸智库的兴起及其活动[M]//李晨阳,邹春萌.缅甸国情报告(2015).北京:社会科学文献出版社,2015: 85-131.
+
+[55] 张蕴岭.如何认识和理解东盟:包容性原则与东盟成功的经验[J]. 当代亚太, 2015(1): 4-20, 156.
+
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+
+作者贡献说明：
+
+**赵恒煜：**论文选题确定、总体框架设计、论文撰写；
+**韦宜均：**文献收集与翻译、论文修改、论文定稿。
+
+
+
+# Implications and Prospect: An Overview of the Research Progress of Think Tanks in Southeast Asia
+
+Zhao Hengyu¹ Wei Yijun²
+
+¹ Institute of International Studies, Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences, Guangzhou 510635
+² Guangdong University of Foreign Studies South China Business College, Guangzhou 510545
+
+**Abstract: [Purpose/Significance]** The ASEAN is an important regional cooperation organization in Asia. Think tanks play a vital role in ASEAN community building, national governance, and Asia-Pacific dialogue and cooperation. These institutions provide scientific, professional, and systematic support for decision-making. As China-ASEAN enters a new stage of comprehensive strategic partnership and joint efforts to build a community with a shared future for mankind, conducting research on Southeast Asian think tanks and systematically reviewing relevant achievements will help deepen understanding of Southeast Asian think tanks, facilitate targeted cooperation, and provide valuable insights. **[Method/Process]** On the basis of sorting out the development history and current situation of Southeast Asia think tanks, this paper reviews the research literature on Southeast Asian think tanks since the 1990s, summarizes representative viewpoints, and provides a comprehensive evaluation from the aspects of research themes, disciplinary perspectives, research methods, research findings and shortcomings. **[Result/Conclusion]** In recent years, think tanks in Southeast Asia have developed rapidly, drawing incresing attention from scholars. The related research topics, perspectives, and methods have been continuously enriched. However, there are still some limitations in defining objects, systematizing research, expanding theoretical space, and obtaining research materials. We should increase our research efforts on Southeast Asian think tanks by improving research dimensions, innovating research strategies, deepening China-ASEAN think tank cooperation, cultivating professional talent teams, and enhancing international communication capabilities. This will enrich the theoretical and practical innovation of think tanks and add new momentum to China-ASEAN cooperation.
+
+**Keywords:** Southeast Asia think tanks research review China-ASEAN think tank cooperation
+
+收稿日期：2023-12-29 修回日期：2024-04-08
\ No newline at end of file
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+# 人脸妆容虚拟迁移软件的设计与实现*
+
+李艳楠 金鑫 李晓东
+
+北京电子科技学院, 北京 100070
+
+**摘要:** 为满足女性对自身外表美观的需求,提出一种虚拟体验人脸妆容的妆容迁移方法,将带有妆容图片的化妆效果呈现在用户提供的人脸图片上,达到体验妆容美化的效果,并开发成 windows 平台的应用软件。算法通过人脸定位及脸部特征标记,将图片分为结构层、颜色层、亮度层三层,并在三层上用不同的算法处理,对处理后的三个图层合成,得到结果图像,使带有妆容图片的化妆效果自动传递给用户提供的目标图片。
+
+**关键词:** 化妆迁移;人脸数字化妆;人脸特征识别;人脸变形
+
+**中图分类号:** TP317.4 **文献标识码:** A **文章编号:** 1672-464X(2017)4-45-06
+
+## 引言
+
+近年来,随着人工智能的风靡,越来越多的计算机智能和计算机视觉技术得到了巨大的发展空间和发展平台。计算机视觉研究如何让计算机像人类一样去理解图片、视频等多媒体资源内容,并在理解的基础上不断的发展和应用。虚拟现实和增强现实就是计算机视觉领域中不断创新和发展的前沿方向。
+
+人脸图像化妆迁移是虚拟现实技术在图像方面的新的应用需求,如何能够在图像上看到虚拟的妆容效果是现在许多年轻人群的需要。面部化妆是一种用粉底,散粉,乳液等特殊化妆品来改变外观的技术。在大多数情况下,在大多数情况下,特别是对于女性来说,化妆是用来增强外观的必需做法。乳液通常用于改变面部皮肤的质感,粉底主要用于隐藏缺陷并覆盖原始的皮肤纹理,散粉则是为皮肤引入新的,通常令人愉快的质地。之后,其他颜色妆容,如眼线和阴影等的应用就在散粉的上层。
+
+化妆技术不断发展的现在,延伸出针对女性不同的脸型,不同的场景,不同的年龄层,不同的皮肤状态有不同的妆容,甚至针对不同的服装搭配不同的妆容来获得更好的外观。面对妆容的选择自然产生出虚拟体验的需求,传统的物理化妆体验消耗时间且损伤女性皮肤。针对面部的妆容迁移的技术应用而生。
+
+
+
+\* **基金项目:** 2015.01-2017.12 国家自然科学基金应急管理项目:高维混沌序列密码设计及在视频硬件加密中的应用研究 (61640216);国家自然科学基金项目:“基于内容的图像光影模板学习与美学质量评价关键技术研究” (61402021);虚拟现实国家重点实验室开放课题:“互联网众包驱动的计算机审美技术及其智能应用研究” (BUAA-VR-16KF-09);国家档案局科技计划项目:“基于大数据的数字照片档案安全自动修复与标注检索关键技术”(2015-B-10);中央高校基本科研业务费项目:“云环境中可视媒体加密关键技术研究”(2016LG03);国家自然科学基金面上项目:“无退化的混沌密码标准实现研究”(61772047)。
+
+** **作者简介:** 李艳楠(1994—),女,北京电子科技学院在读硕士研究生。金鑫(1983—),男,博士,北京电子科技学院讲师,研究方向:可视计算、多媒体安全。李晓东(1970—),男,博士,北京电子科技学院副教授,研究方向:信息安全。
+
+## 1 相关工作
+
+之前图像方面的工作没有多少涉及数字化妆。2007年 Tong 等人提出了化妆迁移的方法^[1]^,用同一面部的“妆前”和“妆后”的商用于表示妆容的变化,然后将商乘以目标变妆图像,以实现化妆结果。2009年,Guo等人提出了更灵活的方法^[2]^,只需要一个“妆后”的例子,并且采用了图像分层的方法,使得迁移妆容更灵活更实用。然而该方法对人脸特征的提取不够精确,从而影响妆容迁移的效果。2010年,徐丹等人总结了 Guo 方法^[3,4]^。2016年Liu等人提出了一种基于深度学习的深度化妆迁移网络^[5]^,能够为目标图像提供推荐妆容并且对面部不同结构的妆容使用不同的迁移方法,但是该方法需要大量的带妆图片提前训练模型,在高性能 GPU的条件下迁移一张图片需要6秒,不具有实用性和普及性。2017年林剑楚等人,提出一种利用抑制光照和边缘自适应滤波实现数字人脸图像妆容高保真移植的方法^[6]^,改进了Guo 方法中会出现的颜色突变不均匀的问题。本文采用了深度学习框架的开源 Openface 提取人脸的特征,另外,在化妆中,改变面部皮肤的质地很常见。由于面部纹理因人而异,所以从“妆前”到“妆后”的变化在不同面部之间是不同的。因此,将妆容的变化直接应用于两个不同的面部纹理是不合适的。我们的方法直接将示例的皮肤纹理转移到目标图像,隐藏原始纹理,实现迁移妆容效果。
+
+## 2 人像妆容迁移
+
+本文首先介绍基于单幅人脸图像妆容迁移方法的提出,并对其实现流程进行详细介绍,之后对流程和实验中的关键技术和方法进行详细阐述,最后给出实验结果并做出分析和总结。
+
+### 2.1 人脸妆容迁移方法的提出
+
+人脸妆容迁移的方法的输入是要化妆的图像的目标面部图像 I 和提供化妆示例的示例图像 E,输出是结果图像 R。结果图像中保留了 I 的脸部结构,同时应用来自 E 的化妆风格。
+
+人脸妆容迁移的方法的工作流程如图1所示。共四个主要步骤：
+
+1)在目标图像和示例图像之间进行面部对齐。由于信息是逐像素传输的，所以在传输之前需要完全对齐。
+
+2)层分解(2.3节)。I和E都分为三层:面部结构层,皮肤细节层和颜色层。
+
+3)将每层E的信息以不同的方式转移到I的相应层:皮肤细节层以加法方式传送(2.4节);颜色层通过 alpha 混合转移(第2.5节)。
+
+4)三个合成层组合在一起。
+
+### 2.2 面部对齐
+
+面部对齐之前,先完成对人脸轮廓的区域划分。人脸图像一般分为人脸区域和非人脸区域(以下简称边缘区域),其中人脸区域是指图像中人的脸部轮廓以内的区域;边缘区域是指图像中人脸轮廓之外的其他部分。主动形状模型(Active Shape Model,简称 ASM)和主动表面模型(ActiveAppearance Model,简称AAM)通常被用来对人脸进行精确定位^[7]^。考虑到所处理的图像主要是不同妆容的不同人脸图像,本文采取开源 OpenFace 的68个标点基础上,根据现有的点和面部额头轮廓规律,增加对人脸额头部分的标点,扩充至90个标点。
+
+如图2所示,即为扩充后的图像人脸区域定位。
+
+### 2.3 层分解
+
+目标图像 I 和示例图像 E (经过变形后) 首先被分解为颜色层和亮度层。然后我们进一步将亮度层分解为面部结构层和皮肤细节层。
+
+在第一步中,通过将 I 和 E 转换为 CIELAB 颜色空间^[8]^,将两张图分解为颜色层和亮度层。L\*通道是亮度层和 a\*,b\*通道是颜色层。我们选择 CIELAB 的颜色空间,因为它在区分明度和颜色时比其它颜色空间表现得更好。
+
+
+
+图1 人脸妆容迁移流程图
+
+
+
+图2 扩充后的图像人脸区域定位
+
+其次,将亮度层分解为大尺度层和细节层。大尺度层即面部结构层,细节层即皮肤细节层。大尺度(细节)层分解已经在许多工作中得到了解决。通常的做法是首先在亮度层上做边保护平滑,以获得大尺度层;然后再从亮度层上减去(或除)大尺度层来获得细节层。在这种方法中,我们采用了 Farbman 等人最近提出的一个加权最小二乘(WLS)操作符。另一种方法是双边过滤,这在以前的许多文章中都使用过。基于WLS 操作符的性能比双边过滤方法更好,特别是当模糊级别增加时,我们选择 WLS 来获得细节层。
+
+假设亮度层和面结构材质层分别用 $l$ 和 $s$ 表示。$s$ 可以用最小的能量函数来定义：
+
+$$
+E = |s - l|^2 + \lambda H(\nabla s, \nabla l) \quad (1)
+$$
+
+第一项 $|s-l|^2$, 是保持 $s$ 与 $l$ 的相似度, 而 $\lambda H(\nabla s, \nabla l)$ 则是尽量使 $s$ 尽可能平滑。
+
+在[4]中描述的 WLS 操作符在整个图像上的平滑程度相同,但是我们期望不同区域的平滑程度不同。因此,在 $H$ 中添加一个空间变量系数 $\beta$。$H$ 的定义如下：
+
+$$
+H(\nabla s, \nabla l) = \sum_{p} \beta(p) \left( \frac{|s_x(p)|^2}{|l_x(p)|^\alpha + \epsilon} + \frac{|s_y(p)|^2}{|l_y(p)|^\alpha + \epsilon} \right) \quad (2)
+$$
+
+其中, $p$ 指对图像像素的索引, $\epsilon$ 是一个小的常数, 预防除零, $\{\cdot\}_x$ 和 $\{\cdot\}_y$ 分别表示沿着 $x$ 和 $y$ 坐标的 $\{\cdot\}$ 的偏导数, 而 $\alpha$ 是用于调整 $\nabla l$ 对 $\nabla s$ 的影响的系数。根据实验结果, 在我们的实验中设置 $\alpha=1.2, \lambda=0.2$。
+
+我们预期 $\beta(p)$ 值在面部构成内部较低, 并且在皮肤区域等于1。$\beta(p)$ 在眉毛区域为0.3, 其他面部构成区域为0, 面部皮肤区域为1。此外, 我们也期望 $\beta(p)$ 在整个图像上顺利地变化。因此, 进一步的定义 $\beta(p)$ 如下：
+
+$$
+\beta(p) = \min_q \left(1 - k(q) \cdot e^{-\frac{(q-p)^2}{2\sigma^2}}\right) \quad (3)
+$$
+
+其中 $q$ 对图像上的像素进行索引。对于 $k$ ($q$) 设定为在眉毛上是0.7, 在皮肤区域是0, 其它面部构成部分是1。$\sigma^2$的值设置为min (height, width)/25。
+
+由于L*通道近似感知均匀,所以我们使用减法从亮度层$l$获得皮肤细节层$d$,即
+
+$$
+d(p) = l(p) - s(p) \quad (4)
+$$
+
+我们的分解结果的两个例子如图1所示。我们可以看到,细节由$\beta(p)$控制得好,因为$\beta$在眼睛和嘴巴区域以及面部区域之外的皮肤细节层为零。
+
+在本文的其余部分,我们将使用$\{.\}s$, $\{.\}d$, $\{.\}c$分别表示$\{.\}$的面部结构层,皮肤细节层和颜色层。
+
+### 2.4 皮肤细节转移
+
+皮肤的细节传输较简单。生成的皮肤细节层$R_d$是$I_d$和$E_d$的加权和。
+
+$$
+R_d = \delta_l I_d + \delta_E E_d \quad (5)
+$$
+
+当$\delta_l \ge 0, \delta_E \le 1$。$\delta_l$和$\delta_E$的值控制了每个组件的贡献。
+
+对于不同的应用程序,可以使用不同的$\delta_l$和$\delta_E$值。粉底和散粉的目的是为了掩饰原始的皮肤细节,并展示新的皮肤细节。因此,我们设置$\delta_l=0$来隐藏,$I_d, \delta_E=1$把$E_d$转移到$R_d$。这是美容化妆的一个典型场景。它用于我们所有的实验结果。在某些情况下,我们还可以设置$\delta_l > 0$来保留一些原始的皮肤细节。注意,两个权重的和不是必须为1的,因为$R_d$可以来自任意数量的$I_d$或$E_d$。此外,该总和不应非常小,否则由于缺少皮肤细节,结果图像$R$中的人脸将不真实。
+
+### 2.5 颜色迁移
+
+所得到的颜色层$R_c$是$I$和$E$的彩色层的$\alpha$混合,即
+
+$$
+R_c(p) = \begin{cases} (1-\gamma)I_c(p) + \gamma E_c(p) & p \in C_3 \\ I_c(p) & \text{其它} \end{cases} \quad (6)
+$$
+
+$\gamma$的值是控制两色层的混合效果。$C_3$是眼部区域。结果如图1所示,图中的结果是用$\gamma=0.8$。
+
+## 3 实验结果与分析
+
+本文实验环境为:操作系统,Win1064位;处理器,3.0GHz Intel(R) Core (TM) i5-3470 CPU;内存,16GB;软件,Matlab R2014a, VisualStudio2015。
+
+如图3所示,(a)列是我们从人脸库中选择标准人脸图像作为目标图像。如图3(b)列,从人脸库中选择妆容不同的图像,作为示例图像。如图3(c)列是我们通过层分解,转移面部细节和颜色细节得到的人脸妆容迁移结果图。
+
+
+
+图3 实验结果图
+
+由于妆容移植暂无客观量化评判指标,故只有通过主观视觉效果。所以整体效果对比如图4所示,其中(c)为guo方法结果图,(d)为实验结果图。可见本文效果相对自然完整,且边缘处的彩妆细节移植保留相对完整,达到妆容迁移的目的。
+
+
+
+图4 妆容迁移实验对比效果图
+
+在提出妆容方法的基础上,进一步开发出了可以在针对 windows 用户的妆容迁移应用软件,界面如图5所示。用户可以提供带有妆容的妆容模板图片(示例图像)和想要迁移妆容的目标图像,即可获得带有妆容的目标图像。
+
+
+
+图5 妆容迁移 windows 平台
+
+## 4 结论与未来工作
+
+在本文中,我们已经提出了一种方法,在没有妆容的示例图像上迁移带有妆容图像的妆容效果。实验的结果证明了我们的方法的有效性。我们的方法的一个主要优点是只需要一个带有妆容的示例图像即能得到结果图像。另一个优点是我们采用基于深度学习模型框架的开源OpenFace 模型对面部的不同结构做标点划分。OpenFace 模型不仅可以标识正面的面部图像,更可以标识有旋转角度的面部图像,有助于解决不是标准正面人脸图像的妆容迁移,将妆容迁移的方法扩展到任何姿势和角度。
+
+目前,仅使用一个妆容图像作为示例,将我们目前的方法扩展到多个不同妆容的示例图像将有趣且实用。在这种情况下,不同化妆风格之间迁移后的一致和自然是一个需要解决的问题。
+
+手机等移动设备的大规模普及,在已有 windows 平台软件的基础上,下一步开发适用于移动平台的人脸妆容迁移软件,将会更贴合用户的使用习惯。目前只能用户选择带有妆容的示例图片,若根据用户提供图片的面部形状和用户想要的风格推荐示例图片,将能够完善软件功能,提升用户的使用感。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1] Tong W S, Tang C K, Brown M S, et al. Example-based cosmetic transfer [C]. Computer Graphics and Applications, 2007. PG '07. 15th Pacific Conference on. IEEE, 2007:211-218.
+
+[2] Guo D, Sim T. Digital face makeup by example [C]. Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2009. CVPR 2009. IEEE Conference on. IEEE, 2009: 73-79.
+
+[3] 甄蓓蓓. 一种基于样例图片的数字人脸化妆技术[D]. 昆明: 云南大学, 2011.
+
+[4] 甄蓓蓓, 吴昊, 徐丹. 一种基于样例的数字人脸化妆算法[J]. 云南大学学报(自然科学版), 2010, 32(S2): 27-32.
+
+[5] Liu S, Ou X, Qian R, et al. Makeup like a superstar: deep localizedmakeup transfer network [C]. International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. AAAI Press, 2016: 2568-2575.
+
+[6] 林剑楚, 肖泉, 王守觉. 一种高保真人脸图像妆容移植方法[J]. 计算机应用与软件, 2015, 32(08): 187-189.
+
+[7] 黎小凤. 基于样本模板的数字化妆算法的研究[D]. 广州: 华南理工大学, 2015.
+
+[8] 蔡攀. 色彩转移算法的研究与实现[D]. 济南: 山东大学, 2007.
+
+# Design and Implementation of a Human Face Makeup Virtual Migration Software
+
+**LI Yannan JIN Xin**
+
+Beijing Electronic Science & Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, China
+
+**Abstract:** In order to meet the needs of women on their aesthetic appearance, this paper proposes a makeup migration method of virtual experience face makeup, presents makeup effects with makeup images on face pictures provided by users, and achieves the effect of experiencing makeup and beautification and develops into the windows platform application software. The algorithm divides the image into three layers: the structure layer, the color layer and the brightness layer through face positioning and facial feature marking. The algorithm processes the three layers using different algorithms, synthesizes the processed three layers to obtain the resulting image, so makeup with makeup pictures automatically delivered to the user to provide the target picture.
+
+**Keywords:** make-up migration; face digital makeup; face recognition; face deformation
+
+(责任编辑:鞠 磊)
\ No newline at end of file
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+# 一类二次三角多项式样条插值曲线及其在计算机图形学中的应用*
+
+张卷美¹ 王成伟²
+
+1. 北京电子科技学院基础部, 北京 100070
+
+2. 北京服装学院基础课部, 北京 100029
+
+**摘要:** 通过一类二次三角多项式基函数的定义, 构造了一类二次三角多项式样条插值曲线, 该曲线继承了B样条曲线的一些优良特性。另外, 利用形状控制参数可以灵活调节曲线形状, 进一步增强了曲线曲面的表现能力。最后实例表明了新的插值曲线应用于几何造型的有效性。
+
+**关键词:** 样条曲线; 三角多项式; 曲线插值; 形状参数
+
+**中图分类号**: TP391.41**文献标识码**: A**文章编号**: 1672-464X(2017)2-73-05
+
+## 引言
+
+在计算机图形学和计算机辅助几何设计中, 一个重要研究课题是曲线曲面设计问题。是现今比较成熟的方法, 用非均匀有理B样条(NURBS)既可以表示圆锥曲线等传统的解析模型, 又可以表示自由曲线和曲面; 在形状设计和分析中, NURBS 又有一些局限性, 它不能表示螺旋线、摆线等超越曲线。Faux 等[1]和 Schoenberg[2]都曾研究过三角样条和三角多项式, 在理论上和实际应用中都具有重要意义。Lyche 和 Winther[3]确定了三角B样条任意阶的递推关系。朱仁芝和程漠嵩[4]利用二次三角多项式, 构造了一种三角多项式样条曲线, 并且是$C^3$连续。韩旭里[5-7]分别讨论了分段的二次三角多项式样条曲线, 以及带有一个形状参数的二次(三次)三角多项式样条曲线。严兰兰和韩旭里[8]利用五次三角多项式, 讨论了高阶连续的形状可调三角多项式曲线曲面。近几年, 王晶昕、宋永志和刘新儒等[9-11]对二阶三角样条曲线有了进一步的研究。但这些二次三角样条曲线不是插值曲线, 即曲线不经过控制点。为了克服这方面的不足, 本文中讨论了一类二次三角多项式插值样条曲线, 插值曲线中带有一个形状参数, 利用形状参数可以调控插值曲线, 该插值样条曲线和三次均匀B样条曲线具有相同的性质。给定插值条件, 在一般的情况下, 本文所构造的样条插值曲线是$C^1$连续; 当参数选取特定值合适值时, 所构造的样条插值曲线是$C^3$连续。由于所给出的三角插值样条, 其表达式较为简洁, 计算量也相对较小。实例表明: 所给曲线为曲线和曲面的设计提供了一种有效的方法, 为实现工业上曲线曲面的几何造型提供了极大的方便。因而,它在计算机图形学中有着非常广泛的应用前景。
+
+## 1 二次三角多项式样条曲线基函数
+
+定义1 对于 $t \in [0, \frac{\pi}{2}]$, 定义二次三角多项式样条曲线基函数:
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{aligned}
+b_0(t) &= \frac{1}{4 + 2\lambda} (1 - \lambda \sin t) (1 - \sin t) \\
+b_1(t) &= \frac{1}{4 + 2\lambda} (1 + \lambda \cos t) (1 + \cos t) \\
+b_2(t) &= \frac{1}{4 + 2\lambda} (1 + \lambda \sin t) (1 + \sin t) \\
+b_3(t) &= \frac{1}{4 + 2\lambda} (1 - \lambda \cos t) (1 - \cos t)
+\end{aligned}
+\right.
+\quad (1)
+$$
+
+其中 $\lambda$ 是形状参数,且$-1 \le \lambda \le 1$.
+
+从式(1)知基函数具有以下性质:
+
+(1) 非负性
+
+对 $i = 0,1,2,3$ 有 $b_i(t) \ge 0$。
+
+(2) 规范性
+
+$b_0(t) + b_1(t) + b_2(t) + b_3(t) \equiv 1$。
+
+(3) 对称性
+
+当 $t$ 用 $\pi/2 - t$ 替代, 有 $b_0(t) = b_3(\pi/2 - t)$, $b_1(t) = b_2(\pi/2 - t)$。
+
+(4) 对参数 $\lambda$ 的单调性
+
+当 $t \in [0, \frac{\pi}{2}]$ 时, $b_0(t)$ 和 $b_3(t)$ 对 $\lambda$ 是单调递减的。当 $t \in [0, \frac{\pi}{3}]$ 时, $b_1(t)$ 对 $\lambda$ 是单调递增的; 当 $t \in [\frac{\pi}{3}, \frac{\pi}{2}]$ 时, $b_1(t)$ 对 $\lambda$ 是单调递减的。当 $t \in [0, \frac{\pi}{6}]$ 时, $b_2(t)$ 对 $\lambda$ 是单调递减的; 当 $t \in [\frac{\pi}{6}, \frac{\pi}{2}]$ 时, $b_2(t)$ 对 $\lambda$ 是单调递增的。
+
+此性质的证明可由基函数对参数 $\lambda$ 求导验证。
+
+当 $\lambda$ 取不同的值时, 基函数的图形如图 1 所示。
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+**图1 4个基函数的图形**
+
+## 2 二次三角多项式样条曲线
+
+定义2 给定 $\mathbf{R}^2$ 或 $\mathbf{R}^3$ 中一组控制点 $P_i(i=0, 1, \dots, n+1)$, 定义二次三角多项式样条曲线
+
+$$
+B_i(t) = \sum_{j=0}^{3} b_j(t) P_{i+j-1}, t \in [0, \frac{\pi}{2}] \\ i = 1, 2, \dots, n-1 \quad (2)
+$$
+
+由式(1)、式(2)经简单计算可以得出, 二次三角样条曲线具有下列性质:
+
+(1) 端点性质
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{aligned}
+B_{i-1}\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right) &= B_i(0) = \frac{1}{4+2\lambda}(P_{i-1} + 2(1+\lambda)P_i + P_{i+1}) \\
+B'_{i-1}\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right) &= B'_i(0) = \frac{1+\lambda}{4+2\lambda}(P_{i+1} - P_{i-1}) \\
+B''_{i-1}\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right) &= \frac{1}{4+2\lambda}\left((1-\lambda)P_{i-2} + 2\lambda P_{i-1} - (1+3\lambda)P_i + 2\lambda P_{i+1}\right) \\
+B''_{i}(0) &= \frac{1}{4+2\lambda}\left(2\lambda P_{i-1} - (1+3\lambda)P_i + 2\lambda P_{i+1} + (1-\lambda)P_{i+2}\right) \\
+B'''_{i-1}\left(\frac{\pi}{2}\right) &= B'''_{i}(0) = \frac{1+\lambda}{4+2\lambda}(P_{i-1} - P_{i+1})
+\end{aligned}
+\right.
+\quad (3)
+$$
+
+(2) 对称性
+
+由基函数的对称性及式(2)计算得出,若形
+状参数 λ 是相同的,由两组控制顶点 P₀, P₁, …,
+Pₙ, Pₙ₊₁ 以及 Pₙ₊₁, Pₙ, …, P₁, P₀ (n ≥ 1) 定义的二次
+三角多项式样条曲线是表示同一条曲线。即
+
+$$
+B_i(t, \lambda, P_{i-1}, P_i, P_{i+1}, P_{i+2}) = B_i(1 - t, \lambda, P_{i+2}, P_{i+1}, P_1, P_0), i = 1, 2, \dots, n - 1
+$$
+
+(3) 几何不变性
+
+二次三角多项式样条曲线的形状跟坐标系
+的选取是无关的,若用户需对二次三角多项式
+样条曲线进行仿射变换,只需对此曲线的控制
+顶点实施相应的仿射变换即可。
+
+(4) 凸包性
+
+由基函数性质1和性质3可知,二次三角
+多项式样条曲线拥有凸包性。即整条二次三角
+多项式样条曲线Bᵢ(t)位于由控制顶点Pᵢ₋₁, Pᵢ,
+Pᵢ₊₁, Pᵢ₊₂生成的多边形内。
+
+
+
+**图2 λ = -0.6, -0.2, 0.6 (从下到上) 曲线段的图形**
+
+图2所示的分别是λ=-0.6,-0.2,0.6(从下到上)时,曲线段Bᵢ(t)的图形,当λ增大时,曲线更加靠近控制多边形;当λ减少时,曲线远离控制多边形;而且λ可用于曲线的连续性要求。由式(3)可知,一般情形下,当形状参数 λ≠ 1 时,二次三角多项式样条曲线可达到 C¹ 连续,而当形状参数 λ=1 时,二次三角多项式样条曲线可达到 C³ 连续。
+
+## 3 二次三角多项式样条插值曲线
+
+无论是理论上还是应用上,经常要求一曲线
+经过一组给定的数据点,即求插值曲线。本节利
+用二次三角多项式样条曲线式(2),求C'(C³)连
+续的插值曲线。设$q_1,q_2,…,q_n$为一组给定的数
+据点,在式(3)中,令
+
+$$
+\frac{1}{4 + 2\lambda}(P_{i-1} + 2(1 + \lambda)P_i + P_{i+1}) = q_i, \\
+i = 1, 2, \dots, n \tag{4}
+$$
+
+此时有 n+2 个待定的控制点 {Pᵢ}，i = 0, 1, …，
+n, n + 1, 而方程只有 n 个，故尚需补充两个边界
+条件。例如已知两端点的一阶导矢 q'₁ 和 q'ₙ，
+在式(3)中取
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+q'_{1} &= \frac{1 + \lambda}{4 + 2\lambda} (P_{2} - P_{0}) \\
+q'_{n} &= \frac{1 + \lambda}{4 + 2\lambda} (P_{n+1} - P_{n-1})
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+则
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{array}{l}
+P_0 = P_2 - \frac{4 + 2\lambda}{1 + \lambda} q'_1 \\
+P_{n+1} = P_{n-1} + \frac{4 + 2\lambda}{1 + \lambda} q'_{n}
+\end{array}
+\right.
+\qquad (5)
+$$
+
+将式(5)代入式(4)后,式(4)变成
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix}
+2(1+\lambda) & 2 & & & \\
+1 & 2(1+\lambda) & 1 & & \\
+& 1 & 2(1+\lambda) & 1 & \\
+& & \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & \\
+& & & 1 & 2(1+\lambda) & 1 \\
+& & & & 1 & 2(1+\lambda) & 1 \\
+& & & & & 2 & 2(1+\lambda)
+\end{pmatrix}
+\begin{pmatrix}
+P_1 \\
+P_2 \\
+P_3 \\
+\vdots \\
+P_{n-2} \\
+P_{n-1} \\
+P_n
+\end{pmatrix}
+=
+\begin{pmatrix}
+(4+2\lambda)q_1 + \frac{4+2\lambda}{1+\lambda}q_1' \\
+(4+2\lambda)q_2 \\
+(4+2\lambda)q_3 \\
+\vdots \\
+(4+2\lambda)q_{n-2} \\
+(4+2\lambda)q_{n-1} \\
+(4+2\lambda)q_n - \frac{4+2\lambda}{1+\lambda}q_n'
+\end{pmatrix}
+$$
+
+上式是三对角线线性方程组,当 $λ > 0$ 时是主对角严格占优,所以线性方程组式(6)有唯一解,利用追赶法即可反求出控制点{$P_i$}, $i = 1, 2, \dots, n_0$。再加上式(5)的 $P_0$ 及 $P_{n+1}$, 由 $n+2$ 个控制点{$P_i$}, $i = 0, 1, \dots, n, n+1$, 生成曲线式(2)插值于给定数据点 $q_1, q_2, \dots, q_n$。当形状参数 $λ > 0$ 且 $λ \neq 1$ 时,二次三角多项式样条插值曲线可达到 $C^1$ 连续,而当形状参数 $λ = 1$ 时,二次三角多项式样条插值曲线可达到 $C^3$ 连续。
+
+## 4 插值曲线算例
+
+在曲线 $y = x^3$ 上取等距节点
+
+$$
+x = -1, -0.5, 0, 0.5, 1
+$$
+
+对应函数值的取值为
+
+$$
+y = -1, -0.125, 0, 0.125, 1
+$$
+
+则插值该5个数据点的可调的二次三角多项式样条曲线如图3所示。图3中虚线是 $y = x^3$ 曲线,实线为插值曲线,$q'_1 = q'_5 = 0.1, λ = 0.8, 0.5, 0.1$。
+
+
+
+
+
+**图3 给定型值点可调的二次三角插值曲线**
+
+## 5 结论
+
+本文通过一类可调的二次三角多项式样条曲线的定义提出了相应的插值算法。具有下列优点:它继承了相应的三次B样条曲线的基本性质,如端点性质、对称性、几何不变性、凸包性质,并具有更高的连续阶,即当形状参数 $λ \neq 1$时,二次三角多项式样条插值曲线可达到$C^1$连续,而当形状参数$\lambda = 1$时,二次三角多项式样条插值曲线可达到$C^3$连续。其次,提供了一个形状参数,用户除了利用控制顶点调节曲线曲面形状外,还可以通过形状参数调整曲线曲面形状,增强了曲线曲面形状调整的灵活性。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1] Faux I D, Pratt M J. Computational geometry for design and manufacture [M]. Chichester: Ellis Horwood Ltd, 1979:89-91.
+
+[2] Schoenberg I J. Trigonometric spline interpolation [J]. Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics, 1964, 13:795-825.
+
+[3] Lyche T, Winther R. A stable recurrence relation for trigonometric B-spline [J]. Journal of Approximation Theory, 1979, 25 (3):266-279.
+
+[4] 朱仁芝,程漠嵩.拟合任意空间曲面的三角函数方法[J].计算机辅助设计与图形学报,1996,8(2):108-114.
+
+[5] Han Xu li. Piecewise quadratic trigonometric polynomial curves [J]. Mathematics of Computation, 2003, 72(243):1369-1377.
+
+[6] Han Xuli. Quadratic trigonometric polynomial curves with a shape parameter [J]. Computer Aided Geometric Design, 2002, 19(7):479-502.
+
+[7] Han Xuli. Cubic trigonometric polynomial curves with a shape parameter [J]. Computer Aided Geometric Design, 2004, 21(6):535-548.
+
+[8] 严兰兰,韩旭里.高阶连续的形状可调三角多项式曲线曲面[J].中国图象图形学报, 2015,20(3): 427-436.
+
+[9] 王晶昕,王迪.均匀结点情形下的两类二阶三角B-样条曲线[J].辽宁师范大学学报(自然科学版),2014,37(3):297-303.
+
+[10] 宋永志.一种二次三角B样条曲线的性质[J].许昌学院学报,2014,33(5):7-10.
+
+[11] 刘新儒,魏曼曼,刘圣军,等.带形状控制的二次有理三角样条曲线[J].系统仿真学报,2016,28(10):2400-2406.
+
+***
+
+\* **基金项目**: 北京服装学院2016年教育教学改革立项项目(JG-1624); 北京服装学院2016年校级精品课程提升工程立项项目(JPTS-1609)
+
+\** **作者简介**: 张卷美, 女, 河南新乡县人, 副教授, 主要从事计算数学的教学和研究工作。王成伟, 男, 山东烟台人, 教授, 主要研究领域计算机辅助几何设计等。
+
+# A Class of Quadratic Trigonometric Polynomial Spline Interpolation Curves and Their Applications in Computer Graphics
+
+**Zhang Juanmei¹ Wang Chengwei²**
+
+1. Department of Fundamental Courses, Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, China
+
+2. Department of Fundamental Courses, Beijing Institute of Clothing Technology, Beijing 100029, China
+
+**Abstract**: Based on the definition of a class of Quadratic trigonometric polynomial basis functions, a class of two trigonometric polynomial spline interpolation curves is constructed, which inherits some of the fine features of a B spline curves. Besides, shape control parameter can be used to adjust the shape of the curves, and further enhance the performance of curves and surfaces. Finally, the examples show the new interpolation curves can be applied to the validity of geometric modeling.
+
+**Keywords**: spline curve; trigonometric polynomial; shape parameter; curve interpolation
+
+(责任编辑:鞠 磊)
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f05f47696cce6f75b76f3d1cfabc36afcb5d12fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_14.md
@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
+投研 | 投行 | 投资 | 咨询
+
+
+
+# 2022中国教育智能硬件行业报告
+
+## 2022 China Educational Smart Hardware Industry Report
+
+多鲸教育研究院发布
+
+## ○ 专家观点 EXPERT’S POINTS
+
+过去的 20 年，技术深刻影响了中国各行各业的发展，数字转型的大趋势之下，传统学习方式也在向智能化不断变革，教育智能硬件由此迎来了“机会窗口”。
+
+这是技术对个人发展的赋能，也是时代赋予企业的使命，而只有敏锐地洞察到用户需求，充分运用科技力量，将优质内容和 Al 技术深度融合，才能真正抵达这一目标。
+
+未来，教育智能硬件的发展方向，依然是满足用户的多场景需求——学习既然是终身的，学习硬件就应该是高效的、便捷的，要做到这一点，成败的关键是“优质的产品”，充分运用技术持续创新、创造好的产品，真正推动教育普惠和教育公平。
+
+——网易有道 CEO，周枫
+
+教育，是一个国家的立国之本，也是一个民族振兴、社会进步的基石。既要孩子减负，也要学业提升；既要五育并举，也要科技强国。这是当下社会对教育的典型期待。人工智能技术的发展，使得这些期待成为可能。
+
+我们一直将人工智能技术应用于教育领域，推出各类解决方案和软硬件产品。目前，面向学校、家庭的大规模个性化教与学已初步实现。人工智能助力教育，终将实现减负增效、因材施教的梦想。
+
+——科大讯飞副总裁，章继东
+
+在国家美育政策普及的大环境下，音乐素质教育的痛点亟需市场科技力量的创新来解决。我们研发智能钢琴的目标，就是让钢琴消费门槛降低，学琴的过程变得更简单，让每个人更好地学会一门乐器，让学琴更有趣、更高效。
+
+现在，智能硬件已经成为全球消费市场的热点，而教育智能硬件正处于高速发展期，我们相信音乐智能教育硬件也会逐渐崛起，“曲高和寡”的钢琴也会变成人人都能享受到快乐的智能硬件产品，能走到更广阔的空间里。
+
+——小叶子(北京)科技有限公司创始人兼 CEO，叶滨
+
+## ○ 专家观点 EXPERT’S POINTS
+
+文具智能化是教育智能硬件发展趋势之一。未来几年，教育智能硬件市场将处于高速增长阶段，智能手写笔会越来越多地出现在学习者的书桌上。通过参与国家标准的制定、搭建开发平台、全面支持鸿蒙生态等方式，罗博和合作伙伴共同推动智慧纸笔产业的发展。
+
+一个低成本的手写数据的无感采集工具是学习者所必须的。10 多年前一支智能手写笔需要 2000 多元，我们现在可将其做到数百元。这既与技术革命有关，也与我们的使命有关。借助持续的技术创新和规模扩大，包括电磁笔和点阵笔这两种形态的“手写笔”，将在 5 年内降到 100 元内，智能手写笔将更为普及。
+
+——罗博智慧笔创始人，殷述军
+
+在万物智能的时代，孩子的学习也应该便捷与“千人千面”，未来教育智能硬件会逐渐成为孩子们成长过程中的标配。
+
+教育智能硬件不仅看硬实力，也要看软实力，做到秀外慧中。除了外观设计等硬参数要做到精益求精，对于教育智能硬件的内核一一智能系统要更为重视，为教学者服务、为学习主体服务，深度服务教与学。
+
+智能硬件产品应将思维、能力、方法的培养从孩子的学习领域扩展到孩子的成长领域。在学习之外，也能关注到健康、素养、能力、社交、陪伴等多个方面，用 Al 技术和爱共同解锁孩子的各种潜能！
+
+——松鼠 Ai 合伙人/智能硬件 CEO，马刚
+
+在万物互联的时代，教育智能硬件不再是信息孤岛，各式各样的智能终端正在构建一个全新的数字化学习空间。随着巨头的入场，传统教育硬件市场可能会迎来一场革命性的突破，谁能在课堂、书房、客厅及户外四大学习场景下完成教育智能硬件的布局和串联，那最终的赢家不仅占领了教育智能硬件市场，还有未来更多的想象。
+
+——玩瞳科技 CEO，黄勇
+
+什么样的硬件能够给教育带来真正的价值、解决真正需要被解决的问题是需要审慎思考的。硬件科技如何和教育结合，有两个大的方向，一个是辅助提升教育和学习效率的工具，比如电子白板，词典笔等；一个是赋能学生拓展其能力边界的工具，比如锻炼孩子动手和编程能力的教育机器人。
+
+虽然教育“内卷”多针对前者，即“提高效率”，但是真正有价值的事情其实是后者，即“拓宽边界”。教育硬件是中国唯一有可能把出海做好的教育领域，中国的教育硬件公司应该多向外看，理解全球教育发展趋势和对硬件的需求，依托强大的中国制造能力，向全球输出好的教育硬件。
+
+——童心制物 CEO，王建军
+
+## ○ 专家观点 EXPERT’S POINTS
+
+在数字经济时代下，国家对人才的培养有了更多新要求，使教育的内容及服务形式发生深刻变化。
+
+智能硬件是人的能力的延伸，也是内容和服务的新载体，未来软硬结合、多功能集成、多端联动，具备一定场景穿越能力的智能硬件产品将更好地满足人们多场景多元化的学习需求。我们要坚持创新，以科研力打造产品力，以产品力支撑内容力，不断提升数字化体验，面向未来，为人才培养赋能。
+
+——优必选科技高级副总裁，钟永
+
+我们面临的是一个科技飞速发展的时代，未来新职业人才的需求、尤其是人工智能人才的需求将会进一步扩大。我们认为做科技教育要把时代正在发生的变化和未来的场景纳入到课堂中，并与实际问题相结合，激发学生在实践中思考，培养必备的品格，塑造人生价值观。
+
+我们将致力于构建贯穿 K12、高校、企业的机器人与人工智能人才培养评价体系，并将智能硬件与课程、服务相融合，做出符合这个时代的中国最好的人工智能教育方面的解决方案，更希望能培养出真正对国家科技创新变革产生实际影响的人才。
+
+——大疆教育商务总监，宋帆
+
+“双减”政策给课后校外培训行业带来巨大冲击，但家长对优质教育的需求并未减少。当总需求不变，教学服务模式与产品服务模式此消彼长，以 1 对 1 、大班课等为主的教学服务模式逐渐弱化，而以教育智能硬件等为主的产品服务模式将得到强化。
+
+在新技术涌现的当下，相信科技能够为教育带来更多赋能，进而弥补传统教育的不足。智能化与硬件的结合将给教育行业带来更多正向促进作用。其中最大的价值是，教育智能硬件有助于激发学生自主学习的自驱力，以及促进学生彼此间的互动学习。
+
+——至临资本创始合伙人，姜皓天
+
+## ○ 教育智能硬件产业链
+
+
+上游
+
+### 电信运营商
+
+**蓝牙****蜂窝数据**
+
+**无线网络****SIM卡**
+
+### 硬件制造商
+
+**传感器****设计商**
+
+**标准模块****代工厂**
+
+**芯片****屏幕材料**
+
+### 系统平台开发商
+
+**通信服务****大数据**
+
+**解决方案****云服务平台**
+
+**人工智能****操作系统**
+
+### 内容供应商
+
+**专属内容** 自主设计 自主开发
+
+**通用内容**
+
+
+
+
+中游
+
+### 教育智能硬件商
+
+**智能可穿戴**
+
+**智能家居**
+
+**教育硬件**
+
+
+下游
+
+### 渠道商
+
+**实体零售店**
+
+**众筹**
+
+**电子商务**
+
+**自主销售** 企业官方 商城
+
+
+
+### 用户
+
+学前 幼儿 中小学生
+
+教育 / 安全 / 陪伴
+
+**在家**
+
+课前与课后
+
+客厅与卧室
+
+书桌与其他
+
+**在校**
+
+上课与下课
+
+室内与室外
+
+教学与自习
+
+**外出**
+
+上学与放学
+
+补习与游玩
+
+团队与独自
+
+
+
+## ○ 目录 CONTENTS
+
+PART 01
+
+教育智能硬件行业概述
+
+PART 02
+
+教育智能硬件市场分析
+
+PART 03
+
+教育智能硬件典型企业案例
+
+PART 04
+
+教育智能硬件发展趋势
+
+## PART 01 教育智能硬件行业概述
+
+01 教育智能硬件定义
+
+02 教育智能硬件行业发展历程
+
+03 教育智能硬件分类
+
+04 幼儿教育、K12 教育、成人教育细分赛道应用
+
+05 在家、在校、在途使用场景分析
+
+### ○ 教育智能硬件定义
+
+- 智能硬件是基于互联网连接硬件和软件的平台，运用人工智能和大数据处理等信息技术，实现不同程度的传感互联和人机交互，以满足工业生产、日常生活等场景的新型智能终端产品。目前逐渐应用于消费电子、智能家居、智能交通、智能工业、智能医疗等领域，未来将成为互联网 + 人工智能领域应用的重要载体。
+
+- 教育智能硬件是智能硬件产品在教育领域的应用，主要包括两大类:“教育硬件的功能迭代”与“智能硬件的场景延伸”。前者特指在网络与通信技术和人工智能等技术的加持下，专门用于教育用途的硬件产品逐渐具备了智能化的功能属性，在原有场景中为用户带来更好的体验；后者特指家居智能、可穿戴设备等新一代智能硬件，针对教、学群体进行软、硬件的特质化，以满足教育场景应用的需求。
+
+
+
+数据来源：多鲸教育研究院整理
+
+### ○ 教育智能硬件行业发展历程
+
+- 作为智能硬件的重要方向之一，教育智能硬件的发展路径大致可分为 3 个阶段。2010-2013 年，萌芽期，厂商与品类均相对有限，以辅助学科教育为主要目的； 2014-2019 年，成长期，除学科教育外开始探索其他细分教育品类； 2020 年至今，行业呈现多元发展特征，不同背景 / 类型厂商入局，产品类型也进一步细分。
+
+ | 萌芽期 | 成长期 | 多元发展期 |
|---|
+
+| 时间阶段 | 2010-2013 | 2014-2019 | 2020- 至今 |
|---|
+
+| 阶段特点 |
+
+
+
+- 以传统智能硬件厂商为主，开始在教育方向进行尝试，辅助学科教育为主要目标。
+
+ |
+
+
+
+- 开始出现专注教育智能硬件厂商，覆盖学生范围扩大，除学科教育外也开始探索陪伴学习等方向。
+
+ |
+
+
+
+- 不同背景类型厂商纷纷入局，根据辐射方向不同进一步细分化，学科外教育成为竞争重点。
+
+ |
+
|---|
+
+
+| 关键事件
+ |
+
+
+- 2010 年，易读宝、洪恩等推出点读笔;火火兔推出故事机
+- 2011 年，汉王推出扫描笔
+- 2013 年，步步高推出家教机(学生平板) |
+
+
+
+- 2014 年，360 推出儿童智能手表；小叶子音乐教育推出 The ONE 智能钢琴
+- 2015 年，盈趣科技推出咕咕
+- 2016 年，科大讯飞推出阿尔法蛋机器人；罗博科技推出智能手写板
+- 2017 年，网易有道推出词典笔
+- 2018 年，罗博科技推出点阵笔
+- 2019 年，海尔推出 leadpie 智能电子纸
+- 2019 年，科大讯飞率先在行业发布带有人工智能知识图谱的讯飞学习机
+
+ |
+
+
+
+- 2020 年，腾讯联合惠普、英特尔推出智能教育本；大力智能推出大力智能学习灯
+- 2021 年，科大讯飞正式发布 AI 学习机 ; 艺术宝推出 Art Play X1 Pro 智能综合演奏器 |
+
+| 产品示意 |  |  |  |
+
+
|---|
+
+数据来源：艾瑞咨询、前瞻产业研究院，多鲸教育研究院整理
+
+### ○ 教育智能硬件的分类
+
+- 教育智能硬件可按目标覆盖用户的年龄阶段和具体应用场景两种模式进行分类。进一步来看，前者可分为学前教育、K12 教育和成人教育；后者则可分为在家、在校和在途场景。
+
+#### 基于目标覆盖用户的年龄阶段分类
+
+**学前教育**
+- 智能早教机器人
+- 智能绘本阅读机器人
+- 智能点读笔
+
+
+
+**K12教育**
+
+- 学习机
+- 扫描翻译机
+- 智能手表（智能手环）
+- 教学机器人
+- 智能学习灯
+
+
+
+**成人教育**
+
+- 智能手写板
+- 智能课程平台终端
+
+
+
+#### 基于具体应用场景分类
+
+在家场景
+
+- 教育PC、教育平板
+- 智能学习灯
+- 错题打印机
+- 早教机/故事机
+- 点读笔
+
+
+
+**在校场景**
+
+- VR 教育设备
+- 学习诊断系统平台
+
+
+
+
+**在途场景**
+
+- 智能手表（智能手环）
+- 智能手机
+
+
+
+数据来源：多鲸教育研究院整理
+
+### 幼儿教育：智能硬件产品以不同形态的智能早教机为主
+教育智能硬件在各个细分赛道的应用
+
+- 幼儿教育是教育体系中的重要组成部分，是教育的初始阶段。幼儿教育是指为 **7 岁以下儿童**提供的保育或教育，具体可细分为正式幼儿教育和非正式幼儿教育。幼儿教育阶段的硬件产品基本上以**各类智能早教机**为代表以及**点读笔**等，目前市面上的早教机器人大致可以分以下几类：故事机、对话 / 陪伴机器人以及绘本阅读机器人等。
+
+智能点读笔
+
+早教故事机
+
+对话机器人
+
+绘本阅读机器人
+
+点读笔
+
+故事机
+
+对话/陪伴机器
+
+绘本阅读机器人
+
+数据来源： 公司官网，多鲸教育研究院整理
+
+### ○ 幼儿教育：玩具教具迎来产品升级，政策驱动亲子启蒙 成为热点
+教育智能硬件在各个细分赛道的应用
+
+#### • 新产品的出现
+
+**软件**
+- 新服务：趣味性、陪伴式
+- 新盈利模式：内容付费、
+流量广告、订阅制
+
+**硬件**
+- 产品迭代和学习
+- 传统产品的创新
+- 关键在于资源的整合
+
+玩具、教具
+教育出版传媒
+数字信息教育
+其他
+
+园区机构
+早教中心
+培训机构
+
+儿童
+家长
+
+#### • 亲子启蒙赛道
+
+国家二胎政策的放开 + 十九大“幼有所育”概念提出 + 鼓励“互联网+教育”的模式发展
+
+绘本阅读机器人
+
+- 绘本：在消费和教育升级背景下，人们对于图书的要求更高（常考虑美感、实用性、安全等方面），绘本是其中很热门的细分领域
+- 思维启蒙：主要聚焦于思维培养、大脑开发、情商素养、英语启蒙等非应试提分细分领域
+
+数据来源：多鲸教育研究院整理
+
+### 幼儿教育：学前教育阶段的硬件产品以各类早教机器人为代表
+#### 教育智能硬件在各个细分赛道的应用
+
+- 早教机器人是指具备语音交互能力，可以吸引幼儿兴趣的同时有一定知识启蒙的教育类电子产品。多数早教机器人标配的语音交互功能是语音唤醒、简单问答，复杂一些的附带点播、智能语音评测等。
+
+- 目前早教机器人主要的应用场景在家庭和教室，如家庭中的智能玩具、儿童娱乐教育同伴、家庭智能助理；学校一般教室与专用教室的远程控制机器人、STEAM 教具;专用教室或培训机构的自闭症特殊教育机器人。
+
+- 以人机交互技术、机器人视觉技术、情境感知技术在内的 3 个关键技术的成熟度作为需求时程定义的准则，可将其区分为短期需求、中期需求和长期需求。
+
+| 基于具体应用场景分类 | |
+
+ | 早教机器人 | 传统方式 |
+
+
+| 感官教学 |
+寓教于乐，提升兴趣与学习动力 | 多为父母老师教导，较为枯燥 |
+
+| 学习效率 | 沉浸式学习，有趣且可以更生动 | 学习效率不高，并且容易产生厌学情绪 |
+| 学习方式 | 可以与早教机器人互动，主动体验理解深刻 | 由于年龄较小，被动灌输情况下不理解并且容易忘记 |
+ | 呈现形式 | 可爱的机器人外表 | 真人教导／课本 |
+
+
+
+
+**短期需求**
+- 游戏玩伴
+- 常识教育
+- 启蒙教育
+
+**中期需求**
+- 自然对话
+- 知识问答
+- 语言训练
+
+**长期需求**
+- 机器人“教师”
+- 情绪以及心理引导
+- 幼儿照护
+
+
+
+人机交互技术 机器人视觉技术 情境感知技术
+
+
+
+数据来源：多鲸教育研究院整理
+
+### ○ 幼儿教育：重点公司融资情况一览
+#### 教育智能硬件在各个细分赛道的应用
+
+- 据不完全统计，2021 年至今幼儿教育智能硬件领域融资约 21 例，在线内容与早教机器人受到资本青睐。
+
+| 项目 | 业务 | 投资轮次 | 地区 | 投资时间 | 投资金额 | 投资方 | | 小叶子音乐教育 | AI 驱动的科技音乐教育公司 | C+ 轮 | 北京市 | 2021-11-08 | 2 亿人民币 | 真成投资、魔量基金、创业工场 | | 泡泡兔共享童车 | 专注于智能设备一体化服务的企业 | A 轮 | 广东省 | 2021-10-23 | 5，000 万人民币 | 投资方未透露 | | 蓝宙科技 | STEAM 教育内容及产品的 科技教育品牌 | A 轮 | 江苏省 | 2021-09-01 | 1.89 亿人民币 | 至临资本、中视金桥 南京政府基金、庚辛资本 | | 阅读鸭 / 阅鸣教育 | 儿童绘本阅读服务平台 | 天使轮 | 北京市 | 2021-08-06 | 数百万人民币 | 手拉手儿童艺术剧团 | | Codejoy 酷爱科技 | 幼儿园、中小学人工智能教育 解决方案提供商 | 天使轮 | 上海市 | 2021-08-03 | 近千万人民币 | 禧筠资本 | | 多多罗 Dodoro | 少儿 IP 及内容创作服务商 | 战略投资 | 广东省 | 2021-08-02 | 未透露 | 喜马拉雅 | | 悦绘文化 | 亲子阅读及活动服务提供商 | 天使轮 | 浙江省 | 2021-07-28 | 未透露 | 宁波文旅产业基金 | | 东方小匠 | 通过智能手段将积木和 APP 互联 | 天使轮 | 北京市 | 2021-07-12 | 数千万人民币 | 真格基金(领投)、尚承投资 | | StarPony/ 小灵讲故事 | 绘本故事教育品牌 | Pre-A 轮 | 广东省 | 2021-06-25 | 数千万人民币 | 弘毅投资 | | vipSing 海豚音乐 | 在线少儿音乐教育平台 | A 轮 | 上海市 | 2021-05-12 | 数千万人民币 | 顺为资本(领投)、声网 Agora | | 昂立 STEM | STEAM 教育服务商 | B+ 轮 | 上海市 | 2021-04-12 | 1 亿人民币 | 明德传承、蓝湖资本 | | 学霸生 | 全覆盖式智能教育平台 | Pre-A 轮 | 北京市 | 2021-04-02 | 近千万人民币 | 华南创投 | | 觅机科技 | 致力于家庭教育机器人的教育 解决方案提供商 | 天使轮 | 北京市 | 2021-04-02 | 数百万人民币 | 创客智盛 | | 鲸鱼机器人 | 人工智能及编程教育服务商 | Pre-B 轮 | 上海市 | 2021-02-26 | 5，000 万人民币 | 南虹资本 | | 芝士启蒙 | 母婴知识和家庭教育服务平台 | 战略投资 | 江苏省 | 2021-02-08 | 近千万人民币 | 好孩子(领投)、中汇金、南京创投 | | 鲸鱼小班 / 鲸鱼外教培优 | 为 3-18 岁青少儿提供的 在线英语教学平台 | B+ 轮 | 北京市 | 2021-01-26 | 1.2 亿人民币 | 挚信资本(领投) 腾讯投资、山行资本等 | | 火花思维 | 在线少儿数理思维教育 | E+ 轮 | 北京市 | 2021-01-25 | 1.5 亿美元 | 新东方(领投)、远洋资本 | | 叽里呱啦 | 儿童英语学习应用 | C 轮 | 上海市 | 2021-01-18 | 1 亿美元 | 兰馨亚洲(领投)、源星资本、 星纳赫资本、永徽资本 | | 常青藤爸爸 | 幼儿教育服务品牌 | B 轮 | 北京市 | 2021-01-12 | 3，000 万美元 | 挚信资本、腾讯投资 | | 亲宝宝 | 宝宝成长记录和分享 APP | D 轮 | 浙江省 | 2021-01-06 | 2.5 亿人民币 | 达晨财智、深创投 | | StarPony/ 小灵讲故事 | 绘本故事教育品牌 | Pre-A 轮 | 广东省 | 2021-01-05 | 数千万人民币 | 弘毅投资 |
+
+数据来源：多鲸教育研究院整理
+
+### ○ K12 教育：六大主要产品系列
+教育智能硬件在各个细分赛道的应用
+
+- 从 2014 年开始，各类创业团队已经开拓出品类众多的 K12 教育硬件，比如 VR/AR 教学装备、智能机器人、可穿戴设备、学习机、翻译笔、智能手写笔、学习灯等，以适应教师助手、学生向导、在线教育、在校联络、在家辅导等功能与场景。2021 年国家推出“双减”政策后，教育智能硬件成为 K12 教育公司最重要的发展方向之一。
+
+学习机
+
+翻译笔
+
+智能手写笔（板）
+
+可穿戴设备
+
+教学机器人
+
+智能学习灯
+
+数据来源：多鲸教育研究院整理
+
+### ○ K12教育：市场规模与增长态势
+#### 教育智能硬件在各个细分赛道的应用
+
+- K12 学生数规模相对稳定：2020 年教育部披露 K12 阶段学生数约 1.98 亿。近年来 K12 阶段在校生稳步增长，基数庞大。据国家统计局数据预测，2022 年 K12 阶段学生数将突破 2 亿，2023 年达到 2.04 亿人，并保持平稳。
+
+- 教育硬件市场规模稳步增长：中国 K12 教育智能硬件市场增速迅猛，以学习机为例，2020 年来自热门电商渠道的销售额达数十亿元，规模上升 40%。随着双减政策落实、传统培训需求的转入，预计2024 年达近千亿元规模。具体测算逻辑为按不同学生阶段(小学 / 初中 / 高中) 数量及对应教育智能硬件的渗透率，乘以年人均教育智能硬件消费总额(根据不同学生阶段所主要使用的教育智能硬件差异推算)。
+
+
+
+数据来源：《2020 年全国教育事业发展统计公报》、国家统计局、前瞻产业研究院，多鲸教育研究院整理
+
+### ○ K12 教育：内容、软件、硬件三方协同业务生态
+#### 教育智能硬件在各个细分赛道的应用
+
+- 业务模式及趋势：长期以来软件厂商集成内容，硬件厂商集成软件 + 内容，通过 B2B (学校 / 机构)或 B2C 等不同渠道面向消费者。但近年来随着市场趋势变化，集成方逐渐从硬件方转移至软件方，如字节跳动、有道等企业。
+
+内容方
+
+教育智能硬件生产商的内容来源大部分来自各出版社和课程辅导机构，数字出版机构有偿对接内容库，随着资源服务重度在线化，内容方的专业设备需求呼之欲出。
+
+软件方
+
+软件方是连通内容方和硬件方的桥梁，企业将内容导入至软件平台，扩充其流量入口，不同软件可以被硬件方打包安装至其物理产品。
+
+硬件方
+
+智能硬件是载体和枢纽，依托技术和内容，帮助学生、老师建立良好交互关系。随着语音技术、OCR图片和手写笔迹识别技术成熟，智能硬件采集能力强化，为线上 AI 技术提供更多更准确信息支撑，并为软件方进行用户引入。
+
+
+
+数据来源：多鲸教育研究院整理
+
+### ○ K12 教育：市场面临主要问题
+#### 教育智能硬件在各个细分赛道的应用
+
+供应链
+
+很多闯入教育智能硬件领域的企业，缺乏供应链把控能力并对硬件的理解不成熟。通常，专业的供应链测评管控才能保证生产交付的良品率，特别需要建立重要元器件供应厂商和合适的代工厂关系，可以说供应链效率决定了产品能不能稳定且低成本的交付。目前低端硬件产品的供应链体系已经非常成熟，但厂商关系受市场风向影响极大。
+
+技术难题
+
+不同智能硬件领域对于技术要求门槛不同。虽然教育智能硬件不如汽车领域和智能医疗器械领域对于操作系统和传感器要求高，但在机器视觉、情境感知，以及高等级交互方面仍然存在问题，特别是各类高端核心元器件制造方面，中国对于国外的依赖程度很高。除此之外，在工业设计和功能设计方面，原创性爆款产品也比较少。
+
+内容生态
+
+从内容生态方面来说，内容会涉及到版权问题，内容生态搭建成本高、难度大，增值服务盈利并非普适。从用户方面来说，用户会评估内容的付费价值，且对内容的付费意愿差异性很大。从硬件方面来说，硬件本身与内容的匹配性，包括展示形式、效果等，也需要考虑垂直应用和平台型应用场景。
+
+渠道发展失衡
+
+由于教育智能硬件的实际用户和购买客户存在分离，二者均需通过接触实物来理解产品的使用。然而当前产业面临线上、线下渠道分布的不平衡，科技型企业普遍缺乏线下渠道；而传统硬件产业线下渠道数量为万级，以步步高为例，其大量终端销售点在疫情期间对其业绩形成拖累，2020 年营收同比下降超 20 %、净利润同比下降超 35%。
+
+同质化
+
+国内很多教育硬件厂商缺乏原创性和技术含量，从设计到代工制造都以模仿山寨为主，往往在贪图功能性的同时，产品应用服务方面却开发滞后，真正敢于去定义新品类的人比较少，最终导致在产品定价和渠道销售上均走向趋同，极大的不利于智能硬件应用场景的拓展和用户体验的改善。
+
+数据来源：中国移动通信有限公司研究院，多鲸教育研究院整理
+
+### ○ K12 教育：众筹模式主导，投资机会上移，产品智能程度 升级，探索更多场景可能性
+#### 教育智能硬件在各个细分赛道的应用
+
+##### 资本趋势
+
+###### 众筹模式主导
+
+- 众筹模式仍然是包括教育行业在内的智能硬件厂商的有效启动方式。创新类硬件产品往往针对的是垂直
+细分领域，通过众筹方式可以吸引种子用户，在获得项目初期的资金需求的同时实现产品初期的推广和营销。互联网背景的创业团队多会选择这一方式。
+
+###### 投资机会上移
+
+- 投资机会逐渐从硬件商延伸至中上游的软件商和内容服务供应商。教育信息化 2.0 时代，国家提出“三全两高一大”的建设目标，焦点由硬件基础转向软件和内容。从 2021 年上半年获融资项目来看，从事软件系统平台开发业务的企业超过 90%，包括教学直播平台、教学管理系统等。
+
+##### 产品趋势
+
+###### 更新场景探索
+
+- 传统的线下场景常常会出现新的玩法，“下沉”和“OMO”已成为热词。学习类智能硬件已经逐渐成为K12 教学教辅的刚需。它们是“笔”也是“笔记本”，也是“电子书包”，还是“玩伴”和“在线老师”。对于部分教育公司来说，硬件类产品是缓解获客成本压力、增加用户留存率和新的收入来源的载体。
+
+###### 智能程度升级
+
+- 智能化成为教育硬件升级的重要趋势。教育类硬件在C 端消费领域是一直存在的市场，以电子词典、小霸王学习机等为早期代表的硬件产品在 80 和 90 后的心里已经有了一席之地。得益于移动互联网技术的进步，此前硬件升级难、内容不能及时更新的问题都得到了新的解决方案，消费者的用户体验和价值感得到提升。
+
+数据来源：多鲸教育研究院整理
+
+### ○ K12 教育：素质教育与校园终端成为新热点
+#### 教育智能硬件在各个细分赛道的应用
+
+- 据不完全统计，2021 年至今 K12 教育智能硬件领域融资约为 26 例，地区集中在北京、广东、上海等 IT 制造业较为发达地区。
+
+| 项目 | 业务 | 投资轮次 | 地区 | 投资时间 | 投资金额 | 投资方 | | 十牛校园 | 基于 SaaS 的校园互联网服务平台 | B 轮 | 广东省 | 2021-01-16 | 数千万人民币 | 清控银杏创投 | | 艺术宝 | 服务全球家庭的终身艺术学习平台 | D+ 轮 | 北京市 | 2021-02-10 | 4，000 万美元 | 中金资本旗下基金、五星控股星纳赫资本 洪泰基金、国海创新资本等 | | 鲸鱼机器人 | 人工智能及编程教育服务商 | Pre-B 轮 | 上海市 | 2021-02-26 | 5，000 万人民币 | 南虹资本 | | 罗博智慧笔 | 智能手写笔硬件和 SaaS 服务 | B 轮 | 山东省 | 2021-03 | 4，500 万人民币 | / | | 艾宾浩斯智能英语 | 智能教育企业 | A 轮 | 北京市 | 2021-03-23 | 近亿人民币 | 赞路二号基金、黄山峰盈基金 | | 中企智造 | 学校信息科技学科服务提供商 | Pre-A 轮 | 北京市 | 2021-03-29 | 数百万人民币 | 汪林朋 | | 螳螂科技 | 教育行业一站式解决方案云平台供应商 | A 轮 | 北京市 | 2021-04-06 | 近亿人民币 | SIG 海纳亚洲、新宜资本 | | 齐心好视通 | 教育场景云视频会议智能终端供应商 | 战略投资 | 广东省 | 2021-04-12 | 数千万元 | 格力集团 | | 欧拉 AI 课 | AI 辅导课产品运营和研发的教育平台 | 天使轮 | 北京市 | 2021-04-13 | 1，000 万人民币 | 投资方未透露 | | 积木电顽 | 编程类教育服务机器人研发商 | A 轮 | 北京市 | 2021-04-15 | 2，000 万人民币 | 红杉资本中国、小米集团、顺为资本 | | 阅羊教育 | K12 阶段素质教育和研学实践教育 | Pre-A 轮 | 北京市 | 2021-04-28 | 2，000 万人民币 | 阿米巴资本(领投)、云启资本、华创资本 | | 德拉学院 | STEAM 创客教育机构 | 并购 | 北京市 | 2021-05-12 | 未透露 | 网易有道 | | 联课智能 | 教育数字化解决方案提供商 | 天使轮 | 上海市 | 2021-05-27 | 1，000 万人民币 | 林锦应 | | 绘玩科技 | 英语机构教学 SaaS 平台 | Pre-A 轮 | 辽宁省 | 2021-06-28 | 数百万人民币 | 海创汇 | | 松鼠 Ai 智适应教育 | 教育 AI SaaS 平台 | C 轮 | 上海市 | 2021-07-02 | 数亿人民币 | SIG 海纳亚洲、诺基亚成长基金、中信证券、NGP | | 玩创 Lab | 游戏化科学教育品牌 | 战略投资 | 北京市 | 2021-07-06 | 近亿人民币 | 投资方未透露 | | 可以科技 keyirobot | 可自由组装构型的球形模块化机器人研发商 | 战略投资 | 北京市 | 2021-07-20 | 数千万美元 | 小米集团、顺为资本、源码资本、蓝驰创投、义柏资本 | | 蓝宙科技 | STEAM 教育内容及产品的科技教育品牌 | A 轮 | 江苏省 | 2021-09-01 | 1.89 亿人民币 | 至临资本、中视金桥、南京政府基金、庚辛资本 | | 擎朗智能 | 智能服务机器人企业 | D 轮 | 上海市 | 2021-09-15 | 2 亿美元 | 软银愿景基金、中金甲子 Prosperity7 Ventures、华兴资本 | | 紫蓝教育 | 创客教育及输出课程提供商 | 天使轮 | 北京市 | 2021-10-09 | 数百万人民币 | 伯恩资本 | | 爱学堂 | K12 教育的智能学习平台 | 战略投资 | 北京市 | 2021-10-13 | 未透露 | 网易有道 | | 武汉乐创云 | 教育科技培训服务提供商 | 战略投资 | 湖北省 | 2021-10-20 | 未透露 | 乐创教育 | | 松鼠 Ai 智适应教育 | 教育 AI SaaS 平台 | 战略投资 | 上海市 | 2021-10-23 | 数亿人民币 | 绿地集团、中信资本、东方国资 | | 火星人俱乐部 | 青少年创客教育俱乐部 | B 轮 | 北京市 | 2021-10-27 | 数千万人民币 | 新东方 | | 小叶子音乐教育 | AI 驱动的科技音乐教育公司 | C+ 轮 | 北京市 | 2021-11-08 | 2 亿人民币 | 真成投资、魔量基金、创业工场 | | 弘鑫教育 | 以数字技术为核心的教育综合服务商 | 天使轮 | 广东省 | 2021-11-29 | 未透露 | 盟云全息 |
+
+数据来源：多鲸教育研究院整理
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+Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning
+
+RESEARCH Open Access
+
+# Enhancing achievement and interest in  mathematics learning through Math-Island
+
+Charles Y. C. Yeh¹*, Hercy N. H. Cheng², Zhi-Hong Chen³, Calvin C. Y. Liao⁴ and Tak-Wai Chan⁵
+
+
+
+*Correspondence:
+charles@cl.ncu.edu.tw
+¹National Central University, No.
+300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District,
+Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan,
+Republic of China
+Full list of author information is
+available at the end of the article
+
+## Abstract
+
+Conventional teacher-led instruction remains dominant in most elementary mathematics classrooms in Taiwan. Under such instruction, the teacher can rarely take care of all students. Many students may then continue to fall behind the standard of mathematics achievement and lose their interest in mathematics; they eventually give up on learning mathematics. In fact, students in Taiwan generally have lower interest in learning mathematics compared to many other regions/countries. Thus, how to enhance students' mathematics achievement and interest are two major problems, especially for those low-achieving students. This paper describes how we designed a game-based learning environment, called *Math-Island*, by incorporating the mechanisms of a construction management game into the knowledge map of the elementary mathematics curriculum. We also report an experiment conducted with 215 elementary students for 2 years, from grade 2 to grade 3. In this experiment, in addition to teacher-led instruction in the classroom, students were directed to learn with Math-Island by using their own tablets at school and at home. As a result of this experiment, we found that there is an increase in students' mathematics achievement, especially in the calculation and word problems. Moreover, the achievements of low-achieving students in the experimental school outperformed the low-achieving students in the control school (a control group in another school) in word problems. Moreover, both the low-achieving students and the high-achieving students in the experimental school maintained a rather high level of interest in mathematics and in the system.
+
+**Keywords:** Mathematics learning, Knowledge map, Game-based learning, Construction management games
+
+## Introduction
+
+Mathematics has been regarded as a fundamental subject because arithmetic and logical reasoning are the basis of science and technology. For this reason, educational authorities emphasize students' proficiency in computational skills and problem-solving. Recently, the results of the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) and the Trends in Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) in 2015 (OECD 2016; Mullis et al. 2016) revealed a challenge for Taiwan. Although Taiwanese students had higher average performance in mathematics literacy compared to students in other countries, there was still a significant percentage of low-achieving students in Taiwan. Additionally, most Taiwanese students show low levels of interest and confidence in learning mathematics (Lee 2012).
+
+ **Springer** Open
+
+© The Author(s). 2019 **Open Access** This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
+
+The existence of a significant percentage of low-achieving students is probably due to teacher-led instruction, which still dominates mathematics classrooms in most Asian countries. It should be noted that students in every classroom possess different abilities and hence demonstrate different achievements. Unfortunately, in teacher-led instruction, all the students are required to learn from the teacher in the same way at the same pace (Hwang et al. 2012). Low-achieving students, without sufficient time, are forced to receive knowledge passively. Barr and Tagg (1995) pointed out that it is urgent for low-achieving students to have more opportunities to learn mathematics at their own pace. Researchers suggested one-to-one technology (Chan et al. 2006) through which every student is equipped with a device to learn in school or at home seamlessly. Furthermore, they can receive immediate feedback from Math-Island, which supports their individualized learning actively and productively. Thus, this may provide more opportunities for helping low-achieving students improve their achievement.
+
+The low-interest problem for almost all students in Taiwan is usually accompanied by low motivation (Krapp 1999). Furthermore, students with continuously low performance in mathematics may eventually lose their interest and refuse to learn further (Schraw et al. 2001). This is a severe problem. To motivate students to learn, researchers design educational games to provide enjoyable and engaging learning experiences (Kiili and Ketamo 2007). Some of these researchers found that game-based learning may facilitate students’ learning in terms of motivation and learning effects (Liu and Chu 2010), spatial abilities and attention (Barlett et al. 2009), situated learning, and problem-solving (Li and Tsai 2013). Given these positive results, we hope that our educational game can enhance and sustain the student’s interest in learning mathematics.
+
+In fact, many researchers who endeavored to develop educational games for learning mathematics have shown that their games could facilitate mathematics performance, enjoyment, and self-efficacy (Ku et al. 2014; McLaren et al. 2017). Although some of the studies were conducted for as many as 4 months (e.g., Hanus and Fox 2015), one may still criticize them for the possibility that the students’ interest could be a novelty effect—meaning their interest will decrease as the feeling of novelty diminishes over time (Koivisto and Hamari 2014). Due to the limitations of either experimental time or sample sizes, most studies could not effectively exclude the novelty effect of games, unless they were conducted in a natural setting for a long time.
+
+In this study, we collaborated with an experimental elementary school for more than 2 years. The mathematics teachers in the school adopted our online educational game, *Math-Island*. The students used their own tablet PCs to learn mathematics from the game in class or at home at their own pace. In particular, low-achieving students might have a chance to catch up with the other students and start to feel interested in learning mathematics. Most importantly, because the online educational game was a part of the mathematics curriculum, the students could treat the game as their ordinary learning materials like textbooks. In this paper, we reported a 2-year study, in which 215 second graders in the school adopted the Math-Island game in their daily routine. More specifically, the purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of the game on students’ mathematics achievement. Additionally, we were also concerned about how well the low-achieving students learned, whether they were interested in mathematics and the game, and how their interest in mathematics compared with that of high-achieving students. In such a long-term study with a large sample size, it was expected that the novelty effect would be considerably reduced, allowing us to evaluate the effect of the educational game on students' achievement and interest.
+
+The paper is organized as follows. In the “Related works” section, we review related studies on computer-supported mathematics learning and educational games. In the “Design” section, the game mechanism and the system design are presented. In the “Method” section, we describe the research method and the procedures of this study. In the “Results” section, the research results about students’ achievement and interest are presented. In the “Discussion on some features of this study” section, we discuss the long-term study, knowledge map design, and the two game mechanisms. Finally, the summary of the current situation and potential future work is described in the “Conclusion and future work” section.
+
+## Related works
+
+### Computer-supported mathematics learning
+
+The mathematics curriculum in elementary schools basically includes conceptual understanding, procedural fluency, and strategic competence in terms of mathematical proficiency (see Kilpatrick et al. 2001). First, conceptual understanding refers to students’ comprehension of mathematical concepts and the relationships between concepts. Researchers have designed various computer-based scaffolds and feedback to build students’ concepts and clarify potential misconceptions. For example, for guiding students’ discovery of the patterns of concepts, Yang et al. (2012) adopted an inductive discovery learning approach to design online learning materials in which students were provided with similar examples with a critical attribute of the concept varied. McLaren et al. (2017) provided students with prompts to correct their common misconceptions about decimals. They conducted a study with the game adopted as a replacement for seven lessons of regular mathematics classes. Their results showed that the educational game could facilitate better learning performance and enjoyment than a conventional instructional approach.
+
+Second, procedural fluency refers to the skill in carrying out calculations correctly and efficiently. For improving procedural fluency, students need to have knowledge of calculation rules (e.g., place values) and practice the procedure without mistakes. Researchers developed various digital games to overcome the boredom of practice. For example, Chen et al. (2012a, 2012b) designed a *Cross Number Puzzle* game for practicing arithmetic expressions. In the game, students could individually or collaboratively solve a puzzle, which involved extensive calculation. Their study showed that the low-ability students in the collaborative condition made the most improvement in calculation skills. Ku et al. (2014) developed mini-games to train students’ mental calculation ability. They showed that the mini-games could not only improve students’ calculation performance but also increase their confidence in mathematics.
+
+Third, strategic competence refers to mathematical problem-solving ability, in particular, word problem-solving in elementary education. Some researchers developed multilevel computer-based scaffolds to help students translate word problems to equations step by step (e.g., González-Calero et al. 2014), while other researchers noticed the problem of over-scaffolding. Specifically, students could be too scaffolded and have little space to develop their abilities. To avoid this situation, many researchers proposed allowing students to seek help during word problem-solving (Chase and Abrahamson 2015; Roll et al. 2014). For example, Cheng et al. (2015) designed a *Scaffolding Seeking* system to encourage elementary students to solve word problems by themselves by expressing their thinking first, instead of receiving and potentially abusing scaffolds.
+
+### Digital educational games for mathematics learning
+
+Because mathematics is an abstract subject, elementary students easily lose interest in it, especially low-achieving students. Some researchers tailored educational games for learning a specific set of mathematical knowledge (e.g., the *Decimal Points* game; McLaren et al. 2017), so that students could be motivated to learn mathematics. However, if our purpose was to support a complete mathematics curriculum for elementary schools, it seemed impractical to design various educational games for all kinds of knowledge. A feasible approach is to adopt a gamified content structure to reorganize all learning materials. For example, inspired by the design of most role-playing games, Chen et al. (2012a, 2012b) proposed a three-tiered framework of game-based learning—a game world, quests, and learning materials—for supporting elementary students’ enjoyment and goal setting in mathematics learning. Furthermore, while a game world may facilitate students’ exploration and participation, quests are the containers of learning materials with specific goals and rewards. In the game world, students receive quests from nonplayer virtual characters, who may enhance social commitments. To complete the quests, students have to make efforts to undertake learning materials. Today, quests have been widely adopted in the design of educational games (e.g., Azevedo et al. 2012; Hwang et al. 2015).
+
+However, in educational games with quests, students still play the role of receivers rather than active learners. To facilitate elementary students’ initiative, Lao et al. (2017) designed digital learning contracts, which required students to set weekly learning goals at the beginning of a week and checked whether they achieved the goals at the end of the week. More specifically, when setting weekly goals, students had to decide on the quantity of learning materials that they wanted to undertake in the coming week. Furthermore, they also had to decide the average correctness of the tests that followed the learning materials. To help them set reasonable and feasible goals, the system provided statistics from the past 4 weeks. As a result, the students may reflect on how well they learned and then make appropriate decisions. After setting goals, students are provided with a series of learning materials for attempting to accomplish those goals. At the end of the week, they may reflect on whether they achieved their learning goals in the contracts. In a sense, learning contracts may not only strengthen the sense of commitment but also empower students to take more control of their learning.
+
+In textbooks or classrooms, learning is usually predefined as a specific sequence, which students must follow to learn. Nevertheless, the structure of knowledge is not linear, but a network. If we could reorganize these learning materials according to the structure of knowledge, students could explore knowledge and discover the relationships among different pieces of knowledge when learning (Davenport and Prusak 2000). Knowledge mapping has the advantage of providing students concrete content through explicit knowledge graphics (Ebener et al. 2006). Previous studies have shown that the incorporation of knowledge structures into educational games could effectively enhance students’ achievement without affecting their motivation and self-efficacy (Chu et al. 2015). For this reason, this study attempted to visualize the structure ofknowledge in an educational game. In other words, a knowledge map was visualized and gamified so that students could make decisions to construct their own knowledge map in games.
+
+## Design
+
+To enhance students’ mathematics achievement and interests, we designed the Math-Island online game by incorporating a gamified knowledge map of the elementary mathematics curriculum. More specifically, we adopt the mechanisms of a *construction management game*, in which every student owns a virtual island (a city) and plays the role of the mayor. The goal of the game is to build their cities on the islands by learning mathematics.
+
+### System architecture
+
+The Math-Island game is a Web application, supporting cross-device interactions among students, teachers, and the mathematics content structure. The system architecture of the Math-Island is shown in Fig. 1. The pedagogical knowledge and learning materials are stored in the module of digital learning content, organized by a mathematical knowledge map. The students’ portfolios about interactions and works are stored in the portfolio database and the status database. When a student chooses a goal concept in the knowledge map, the corresponding digital learning content is arranged and delivered to his/her browser. Besides, when the student is learning in the Math-Island, the feedback module provides immediate feedback (e.g., hints or scaffolded solutions) for guidance and grants rewards for encouragement. The learning results can also be shared with other classmates by the interaction module. In addition to students, their teachers can also access the databases for the students’ learning information. Furthermore, the information consists of the students’ status (e.g., learning performance or virtual achievement in the game) and processes (e.g., their personal learning logs). In the Math-Island, it is expected that students can manage their learning and monitor the learning results by the construction management mechanism. In the meantime, teachers can also trace students' learning logs, diagnose their weaknesses from portfolio analysis, and assign students with specific tasks to improve their mathematics learning.
+
+
+
+### Knowledge map
+
+To increase students' mathematics achievement, the Math-Island game targets the complete mathematics curriculum of elementary schools in Taiwan, which mainly contains the four domains: numerical operation, quantity and measure, geometry, and statistics and probability (Ministry of Education of R.O.C. 2003). Furthermore, every domain consists of several subdomains with corresponding concepts. For instance, the domain of numerical operation contains four subdomains: numbers, addition, and subtraction for the first and second graders. In the subdomain of subtraction, there are a series of concepts, including the meaning of subtraction, one-digit subtraction, and two-digit subtraction. These concepts should be learned consecutively. In the Math-Island system, the curriculum is restructured as a knowledge map, so that they may preview the whole structure of knowledge, recall what they have learned, and realize what they will learn.
+
+More specifically, the Math-Island system uses the representational metaphor of an “island,” where a virtual city is located and represents the knowledge map. Furthermore, the island comprises areas, roads, and buildings, which are the embodiments of domains, subdomains, and concepts in the curriculum, respectively. As shown in Fig. 2, for example, in an area of numeral operation in Math-Island, there are many roads, such as an addition road and a subtraction road. On the addition road, the first building should be the meaning of addition, followed by the buildings of one-digit addition and then two-digit addition. Students can choose these buildings to learn mathematical concepts. In each building, the system provides a series of learning tasks for learning the specific concept. Currently, Math-Island provides elementary students with more than 1300 learning tasks from the first grade to the sixth grade, with more than 25,000 questions in the tasks.
+
+In Math-Island, a learning task is an interactive page turner, including video clips and interactive exercises for conceptual understanding, calculation, and word problem-solving. In each task, the learning procedure mainly consists of three steps: watching demonstrations, practicing examples, and getting rewards. First, students learn a mathematical concept by watching videos, in which a human tutor demonstrates examples, explains the rationale, and provides instructions. Second, students follow the instructions to answer a series of questions related to the examples in the videos. When answering questions, students are provided with immediate feedback. Furthermore, if students input wrong answers, the system provides multilevel hints so that they could figure out solutions by themselves. Finally, after completing learning tasks, students receive virtual money according to their accuracy rates in the tasks. The virtual money is used to purchase unique buildings to develop their islands in the game.
+
+
+
+### Game mechanisms
+
+In the Math-Island game, there are two game mechanisms: construction and sightseeing (as shown in Fig. 3). The former is designed to help students manage their learning process, whereas the latter is designed to facilitate social interaction, which may further motivate students to better develop their cities. By doing so, the Math-Island can be regarded as one's learning portfolio, which is a complete record that purposely collects information about one's learning processes and outcomes (Arter and Spandel 2005). Furthermore, learning portfolios are a valuable research tool for gaining an understanding about personal accomplishments (Birgin and Baki 2007), because learning portfolios can display one's learning process, attitude, and growth after learning (Lin and Tsai 2001). The appearance of the island reflects what students have learned and have not learned from the knowledge map. When students observe their learning status in an interesting way, they may be concerned about their learning status with the enhanced awareness of their learning portfolios. By keeping all activity processes, students can reflect on their efforts, growth, and achievements. In a sense, with the game mechanisms, the knowledge map can be regarded as a manipulatable open learner model, which not only represents students' learning status but also invites students to improve it (Vélez et al. 2009).
+
+First, the construction mechanism allows students to plan and manage their cities by constructing and upgrading buildings. To do so, they have to decide which buildings they want to construct or upgrade. Then, they are required to complete corresponding learning tasks in the building to determine which levels of buildings they can construct. As shown in Fig. 4, the levels of buildings depend on the completeness of a certain concept, compared with the thresholds. For example, when students complete one third of the learning tasks, the first level of a building is constructed. Later, when they complete two thirds of the tasks, the building is upgraded to the second level. After completing all the tasks in a building, they also complete the final level and are allowed to construct the next building on the road. Conversely, if students failed the lowest level of the threshold, they might need to watch the video and/or do the learning tasks again. By doing so, students can make their plans to construct the buildings at their own pace. When students manage their cities, they actually attempt to improve their learning status. In other words, the construction mechanism offers an alternative way to guide students to regulate their learning efforts.
+
+
+
+
+
+Second, the sightseeing mechanism provides students with a social stage to show other students how well their Math-Islands have been built. This mechanism is implemented as a public space, where other students play the role of tourists who visit Math-Island. In other words, this sightseeing mechanism harnesses social interaction to improve individual learning. As shown in Fig. 4, because students can construct different areas or roads, their islands may have different appearances. When students visit a well-developed Math-Island, they might have a positive impression, which may facilitate their self-reflection. Accordingly, they may be willing to expend more effort to improve their island. On the other hand, the student who owns the island may also be encouraged to develop their island better. Furthermore, when students see that they have a completely constructed building on a road, they may perceive that they are good at these concepts. Conversely, if their buildings are small, the students may realize their weaknesses or difficulties in these concepts. Accordingly, they may be willing to make more effort for improvement. On the other hand, the student who owns the island may also be encouraged to develop their island better. In a word, the visualization may play the role of stimulators, so that students may be motivated to improve their learning status.
+
+## Method
+
+This paper reported a 2-year study in which the Math-Island system was adopted in an elementary school. The study addressed the following two research questions: (1) Did the Math-Island system facilitate students’ mathematics achievement in terms of conceptual understanding, calculating, and word problem-solving? In particular, how was the mathematics achievement of the low-achieving students? (2) What was students’ levels of interest in mathematics and the system, particularly that of low-achieving students?
+
+### Participants
+
+The study, conducted from June 2013 to June 2015, included 215 second graders (98 females and 117 males), whose average age was 8 years old, in an elementary school located in a suburban region of a northern city in Taiwan. The school had collaborated with our research team for more than 2 years and was thus chosen as an experimental school for this study. In this school, approximately one third of the students came from families with a low or middle level of socioeconomic status. It was expected that the lessons learned from this study could be applicable to other schools with similar student populations in the future. The parents were supportive of this program and willing to provide personal tablets for their children (Liao et al. 2017). By doing so, the students in the experimental school were able to use their tablets to access the Math-Island system as a learning tool at both school and home. To compare the students' mathematics achievement with a baseline, this study also included 125 second graders (63 females and 62 males) from another school with similar socioeconomic backgrounds in the same region of the city as a control school. The students in the control school received only conventional mathematics instruction without using the Math-Island system during the 2-year period.
+
+### Procedure
+
+Before the first semester, a 3-week training workshop was conducted to familiarize the students with the basic operation of tablets and the Math-Island system. By doing so, it was ensured that all participants had similar prerequisite skills. The procedure of this study was illustrated in Table 1. At the beginning of the first semester, a mathematics achievement assessment was conducted as a pretest in both the experimental and the control school to examine the students' initial mathematics ability as second graders. From June 2013 to June 2015, while the students in the control school learned mathematics in a conventional way, the students in the experimental school learned mathematics not only in mathematics classes but also through the Math-Island system. Although the teachers in the experimental school mainly adopted lectures in mathematics classes, they used the Math-Island system as learning materials at school and for homework. At the same time, they allowed the students to explore the knowledge map at their own pace. During the 2 years, every student completed 286.78 learning tasks on average, and each task took them 8.86 min. Given that there were 344 tasks for the second and third graders, the students could finish 83.37% of tasks according to the standard progress. The data also showed that the average correctness rate of the students was 85.75%. At the end of the second year, another mathematics achievement assessment was administered as a posttest in both schools to evaluate students' mathematics ability as third graders. Additionally, an interest questionnaire was employed in the experimental school to collect the students' perceptions of mathematics and the Math-Island system. To understand the teachers' opinions of how they feel about the students using the system, interviews with the teachers in the experimental school were also conducted.
+
+**Table 1** The experimental procedure (from June 2013 to June 2015)
+
+| Group | Pretest | ➞ | Activities | ➞ | Posttest | ➞ | Questionnaire |
|---|
| Experimental school | Mathematics achievement assessment | | Conventional teaching with Math-Island | | Mathematics achievement assessment | | Interest questionnaire and interviews |
|---|
| Control school | Conventional teaching | N/A |
|---|
+
+### Data collection
+
+#### *Mathematics achievement assessment*
+
+To evaluate the students' mathematics ability, this study adopted a standardized achievement assessment of mathematics ability (Lin et al. 2009), which was developed from a random sample of elementary students from different counties in Taiwan to serve as a norm with appropriate reliability (the internal consistency was 0.85, and the test-retest reliability was 0.86) and validity (the correlation by domain experts in content validity was 0.92, and the concurrent validity was 0.75). As a pretest, the assessment of the second graders consisted of 50 items, including conceptual understanding (23 items), calculating (18 items), and word problem-solving (9 items). As a posttest, the assessment of the third graders consisted of 60 items, including conceptual understanding (18 items), calculating (27 items), and word problem-solving (15 items). The scores of the test ranged from 0 to 50 points. Because some students were absent during the test, this study obtained 209 valid tests from the experimental school and 125 tests from the control school.
+
+#### *Interest questionnaire*
+
+The interest questionnaire comprised two parts: students' interest in mathematics and the Math-Island system. Regarding the first part, this study adopted items from a mathematics questionnaire of PISA and TIMSS 2012 (OECD 2013; Mullis et al. 2012), the reliability of which was sound. This part included three dimensions: attitude (14 items, Cronbach's alpha = .83), initiative (17 items, Cronbach's alpha = .82), and confidence (14 items, Cronbach's alpha = .72). Furthermore, the dimension of attitude was used to assess the tendency of students' view on mathematics. For example, a sample item of attitudes was "I am interested in learning mathematics." The dimension of initiatives was used to assess how students were willing to learn mathematics actively. A sample item of initiatives was "I keep studying until I understand mathematics materials." The dimension of confidences was used to assess students' perceived mathematics abilities. A sample item was "I am confident about calculating whole numbers such as 3 + 5 × 4." These items were translated to Chinese for this study. Regarding the second part, this study adopted self-made items to assess students' motivations for using the Math-Island system. This part included two dimensions: attraction (8 items) and satisfaction (5 items). The dimension of attraction was used to assess how well the system could attract students' attention. A sample item was "I feel Math-island is very appealing to me." The dimension of satisfaction was used to assess how the students felt after using the system. A sample item was "I felt that upgrading the buildings in my Math-Island brought me much happiness." These items were assessed according to a 4-point Likert scale, ranging from "strongly disagreed (1)," "disagreed (2)," "agreed (3)," and "strongly agreed (4)" in this questionnaire. Due to the absences of several students on the day the questionnaire was administered, there were only 207 valid questionnaires in this study.
+
+#### *Teacher interview*
+
+This study also included teachers' perspectives on how the students used the Math-Island system to learn mathematics in the experimental school. This part of the study adopted semistructured interviews of eight teachers, which comprised the following three main questions: (a) Do you have any notable stories about students using the Math-Island system? (b) Regarding Math-Island, what are your teaching experiences that can be shared with other teachers? (c) Do you have any suggestions for the Math-Island system? The interview was recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were coded and categorized according to the five dimensions of the questionnaire (i.e., the attitude, initiative, and confidence about mathematics, as well as the attraction and satisfaction with the system) as additional evidence of the students' interest in the experimental school.
+
+### Data analysis
+
+For the first research question, this study conducted a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with the schools as a between-subject variable and the students' scores (conceptual understanding, calculating, and word problem-solving) in the pre/posttests as dependent variables. Moreover, this study also conducted a MANOVA to compare the low-achieving students from both schools. In addition, the tests were also carried out to compare achievements with the norm (Lin et al. 2009). For the second research question, several $z$ tests were used to examine how the interests of the low-achieving students were distributed compared with the whole sample. Teachers' interviews were also adopted to support the results of the questionnaire.
+
+## Results
+
+### Mathematics achievement
+
+To examine the homogeneity of the students in both schools in the first year, the MANOVA of the pretest was conducted. The results, as shown in Table 2, indicated that there were no significant differences in their initial mathematics achievements in terms of conceptual understanding, calculating, and word problem-solving (Wilks' $λ$ = 0.982, $F$(3330) = 2.034, $p$ > 0.05). In other words, the students of both schools had similar mathematics abilities at the time of the first mathematics achievement assessment and could be fairly compared.
+
+At the end of the fourth grade, the students of both schools received the posttest, the results of which were examined by a MANOVA. As shown in Table 3, the effect of the posttest on students' mathematics achievement was significant (Wilks' $λ$ = 0.946, $p$ < 0.05). The results suggested that the students who used Math-Island for 2 years had better mathematics abilities than those who did not. The analysis further revealed that the univariate effects on calculating and word problem-solving were significant, but the effect on conceptual understanding was insignificant. The results indicated that the students in the experimental school outperformed their counterparts in terms of the procedure and application of arithmetic. The reason may be that the system provided students with more opportunities to do calculation exercises and word problems, and the students were more willing to do these exercises in a game-based environment. Furthermore, they were engaged in solving various exercises with the support of immediate feedback until they passed the requirements of every building in their Math-Island. However, the students learned mathematical concepts mainly by watching videos in the system, which provided only demonstrations like lectures in conventional classrooms. For this reason, the effect of the system on conceptual understanding was similar to that of teachers’ conventional instruction.
+
+**Table 2** The results of the pretest (the second graders)
+
+
+| Mathematics abilities | Experimental school (N = 209) | Control school (N = 125) | Wilks' λ | F | MSE |
|---|
| M | SD | M | SD |
|---|
| Conceptual understanding | 20.92 | 2.89 | 20.86 | 4.00 | 0.982 | 0.025 | 0.276 | | Calculating | 14.10 | 3.48 | 14.77 | 3.02 | | 3.174 | 34.853 | | Word problem-solving | 6.47 | 1.90 | 6.70 | 1.94 | | 1.094 | 4.034 | | Total | 41.49 | 7.24 | 42.33 | 7.67 | | 0.995 | 54.559 |
+
+*$p$ < .05, **$p$ < .01, ***$p$ < .001.
+
+Furthermore, to examine the differences between the low-achieving students in both schools, another MANOVA was also conducted on the pretest and the posttest. The pretest results indicated that there were no significant differences in their initial mathematics achievement in terms of conceptual understanding, calculating, and word problem-solving (Wilks' $λ$ = 0.943, $F$(3110) = 2.210, $p$ > 0.05).
+
+The MANOVA analysis of the posttest is shown in Table 4. The results showed that the effect of the system on the mathematics achievement of low-achieving students was significant (Wilks' $λ$ = 0.934, $p$ < 0.05). The analysis further revealed that only the univariate effect on word problem-solving was significant. The results suggested that the low-achieving students who used Math-Island for 2 years had better word problem-solving ability than those students in the control school, but the effect on conceptual understanding and procedural fluency was insignificant. The results indicated that the Math-Island system could effectively enhance low-achieving students' ability to solve word problems.
+
+Because the mathematics achievement assessment was a standardized achievement assessment (Lin et al. 2009), the research team did a further analysis of the assessments by comparing the results with the norm. In the pretest, the average score of the control school was the percentile rank of a score (PR) 55, but their average score surprisingly decreased to PR 34 in the posttest. The results confirmed the fact that conventional mathematics teaching in Taiwan might result in an M-shape distribution, suggesting that low-achieving students required additional learning resources. Conversely, the average score of the experimental school was PR 48 in the pretest, and their score slightly decreased to PR 44 in the posttest. Overall, both PR values were decreasing, because the mathematics curriculum became more and more difficult from the second grade to the fourth grade. However, it should be noted that the experimental school has been less affected, resulting in a significant difference compared with the control school (see Table 5). Notably, the average score of word problem-solving in the posttest of the experimental school was PR 64, which was significantly higher than the nationwide norm ($z$ = 20.8, $p$ < .05). The results were consistent with the univariate effect of the MANOVA on word problem-solving, suggesting that the Math-Island system could help students learn to complete word problems better. This may be because the learning tasks in Math-Island provided students with adequate explanations for various types of word problems and provided feedback for exercises.
+
+**Table 3** The results of the posttest (the fourth graders)
+
+| Mathematics abilities | Experimental school(N = 209) | Control school(N = 125) | Wilks' λ | F | MSE |
|---|
| M | SD | M | SD |
|---|
| Conceptual understanding | 12.00 | 3.16 | 11.78 | 3.17 | 0.946*** | 0.381 | 3.813 | | Calculating | 13.84 | 4.71 | 12.18 | 4.34 | | 10.384*** | 217.127 | | Word problem-solving | 7.84 | 3.40 | 6.39 | 3.24 | | 14.605*** | 163.395 | | Total | 33.68 | 9.67 | 30.35 | 9.12 | | 9.685** | 868.510 |
+
+*$p$ < .05, **$p$ < .01, ***$p$ < .001.
+
+**Table 4** The posttest results of the low-achieving students (the second graders)
+
+| Mathematics abilities | Experimental school(N = 73) | Control school(N = 41) | Wilks' λ | F | MSE |
|---|
| M | SD | M | SD |
|---|
| Conceptual understanding | 10.12 | 3.415 | 10.12 | 3.084 | 0.934 | 0.000 | 4.689e-5 | | Procedural fluency | 10.82 | 4.005 | 10.24 | 4.369 | | 0.512 | 8.772 | | Word problems | 6.29 | 2.831 | 4.98 | 2.162 | | 6.626** | 45.197 | | Total | 27.23 | 8.559 | 25.34 | 7.809 | | 1.364 | 93.924 |
+
+*$p$ < .05, **$p$ < .01, ***$p$ < .001.
+
+### Interest
+
+To examine whether the low-achieving students had low levels of interest in mathematics and the Math-Island system, the study adopted $z$ tests on the data of the interest questionnaire. Table 5 shows the descriptive statistics and the results of the $z$ tests. Regarding the interest in mathematics, the analysis showed that the interest of the low-achieving students was similar to that of the whole sample in terms of attitude, initiative, and confidence. The results were different from previous studies asserting that low-achieving students tended to have lower levels of interest in mathematics (Al-Zoubi and Younes 2015). The reason was perhaps that the low-achieving students were comparably motivated to learn mathematics in the Math-Island system. As a result, a teacher (*#T-301*) said, “some students would like to go to Math-Island after school, and a handful of students could even complete up to forty tasks (in a day),” implying that the students had a positive attitude and initiative related to learning mathematics.
+
+Another teacher (*T-312*) also indicated “some students who were frustrated with math could regain confidence when receiving the feedback for correct answers in the basic tasks. Thanks to this, they would not feel high-pressure when moving on to current lessons.” In a sense, the immediate feedback provided the low-achieving students with sufficient support and may encourage them to persistently learn mathematics. Furthermore, by learning individually after class, they could effectively prepare themselves for future learning. The results suggested that the system could serve as a scaffolding on conventional instruction for low-achieving students. The students could benefit from such a blended learning environment and, thus, build confidence in mathematics by learning at their own paces.
+
+**Table 5** The result of the interest questionnaire
+
+| Interests | Dimensions | Low-achieving students(n = 73) | Other students(n = 136) | z values |
|---|
| Mathematics | Attitude | 2.94 (0.916) | 2.85 (0.987) | -0.248 | | Initiative | 2.70 (0.989) | 3.00 (0.941) | 0.913 | | Confidence | 2.70 (1.080) | 2.49 (1.101) | 0.504 | | The system | Attraction | 2.55 (1.032) | 2.56 (1.099) | 0.033 | | Satisfaction | 2.73 (1.015) | 2.37 (1.094) | -0.544 |
+
+$1$ strongly disagree, $4$ strongly agree; *$p$ < .05, **$p$ < .01, ***$p$ < .001
+
+The low-achieving students as a whole were also attracted to the system and felt satisfaction from it. Teacher (*#T-307*) said that, “There was a hyperactive and mischievous student in my class. However, when he was alone, he would go on to Math-Island, concentrating on the tasks quietly. He gradually came to enjoy learning mathematics. It seemed that Math-Island was more attractive to them than a lecture by a teacher. I believed that students could be encouraged, thus improve their ability and learn happily.” Another teacher (*#T-304*) further pointed out that, “For students, they did not only feel like they were learning mathematics because of the game-based user interface. Conversely, they enjoyed the contentment when completing a task, as if they were going aboard to join a competition.” In teachers’ opinions, such a game-based learning environment did not disturb their instruction. Instead, the system could help the teachers attract students’ attention and motivate them to learn mathematics actively because of its appealing game and joyful learning tasks. Furthermore, continuously overcoming the tasks might bring students a sense of achievement and satisfaction.
+
+## Discussion on some features of this study
+
+In addition to the enhancement of achievement and interest, we noticed that there are some features in this study and our design worth some discussion.
+
+### The advantages of building a long-term study
+
+Owing to the limitations of deployment time and sample sizes, it is hard for most researchers to conduct a longitudinal study. Fortunately, we had a chance to maintain a long-term collaboration with an experimental school for more than 2 years. From this experiment, we notice that there are two advantages to conducting a long-term study.
+
+#### *Obtaining substantial evidence from the game-based learning environment*
+
+The research environment was a natural setting, which could not be entirely controlled and manipulated like most experiments in laboratories. However, this study could provide long-term evidence to investigate how students learned in a game-based learning environment with their tablets. It should be noted that we did not aim to replace teachers in classrooms with the Math-Island game. Instead, we attempted to establish an ordinary learning scenario, in which the teachers and students regarded the game as one of the learning resources. For example, teachers may help low-achieving students to improve their understanding of a specific concept in the Math-Island system. When students are learning mathematics in the Math-Island game, teachers may take the game as a formative assessment and locate students’ difficulties in mathematics.
+
+#### *Supporting teachers’ instructions and facilitating students’ learning*
+
+The long-term study not only proved the effectiveness of Math-Island but also offered researchers an opportunity to determine teachers’ roles in such a computer-supported learning environment. For example, teachers may encounter difficulties in dealing with the progress of both high- and low-achieving students. How do they take care of all students with different abilities at the same time? Future teachers may require more teaching strategies in such a self-directed learning environment. Digital technology has an advantage in helping teachers manage students’ learning portfolios. For example, the system can keep track of all the learning activities. Furthermore, the system should provide teachers with monitoring functions so that they know the average status of their class’s and individuals’ learning progress. Even so, it is still a challenge for researchers to develop a well-designed visualization tool to support teachers’ understanding of students’ learning conditions and their choice of appropriate teaching strategies.
+
+### Incorporating a gamified knowledge map of the elementary mathematics curriculum
+
+#### *Providing choices of learning paths*
+
+Math-Island uses a representational metaphor of an “island,” where a virtual city is located and represents the knowledge map. Furthermore, the island comprises areas, roads, and buildings, which are the embodiments of domains, subdomains, and concepts in the curriculum, respectively. Because the gamified knowledge map provides students with multiple virtual roads to learn in the system, every student may take different routes. For instance, some students may be more interested in geometry, while others may be confident in exploring the rules of arithmetic. In this study, we noticed that the low-achieving students needed more time to work on basic tasks, while high-achieving students easily passed those tasks and moved on to the next ones. As a result, some of the high-achieving students had already started to learn the materials for the next grade level. This was possibly because high-achieving students were able to respond well to challenging assignments (Singh 2011). Therefore, we should provide high-achieving students with more complex tasks to maintain their interest. For example, Math-Island should pro- vide some authentic mathematical problems as advanced exercises.
+
+#### *Visualizing the learning portfolio*
+
+In this study, we demonstrated a long-term example of incorporating a gamified knowledge map in an elementary mathematical curriculum. In the Math-Island game, the curriculum is visualized as a knowledge map instead of a linear sequence, as in textbooks. By doing so, students are enabled to explore relationships in the mathematics curriculum represented by the knowledge map; that is, the structure of the different roads on Math-Island. Furthermore, before learning, students may preview what will be learned, and after learning, students may also reflect on how well they learned. Unlike traditional lectures or textbooks, in which students could only follow a predefined order to learn knowledge without thinking why they have to learn it, the knowledge map allows students to understand the structure of knowledge and plan how to achieve advanced knowledge. Although the order of knowledge still remains the same, students take primary control of their learning. In a sense, the knowledge map may liberate elementary students from passive learning.
+
+### Adopting the mechanisms of a construction management game
+
+This 2-year study showed that the adaptation of two game mechanisms, construction and sightseeing, into the elementary mathematical curriculum could effectively improve students' learning achievement. The reason may be that students likely developed interests in using Math-Island to learn mathematics actively, regardless of whether they are high- and low-achieving students.
+
+#### *Gaining a sense of achievement and ownership through the construction mechanism*
+
+Regardless of the construction mechanism, Math-Island allows students to plan and manage their cities by constructing and upgrading buildings. Math-Island took the advantages of construction management games to facilitate elementary students' active participation in their mathematical learning. Furthermore, students may manage their knowledge by planning and constructing of buildings on their virtual islands. Like most construction management games, students set goals and make decisions so that they may accumulate their assets. These assets are not only external rewards but also visible achievements, which may bring a sense of ownership and confidence. In other words, the system gamified the process of self-directed learning.
+
+#### *Demonstrating learning result to peers through the sightseeing mechanism*
+
+As for the sightseeing mechanism, in conventional instruction, elementary students usually lack the self-control to learn knowledge actively (Duckworth et al. 2014) or require a social stage to show other students, resulting in low achievement and motivation. On the other hand, although previous researchers have already proposed various self-regulated learning strategies (such as Taub et al. 2014), it is still hard for children to keep adopting specific learning strategies for a long time. For these reasons, this study uses the sightseeing mechanism to engage elementary students in a social stage to show other students how well their Math-Islands have been built. For example, in Math-Island, although the students think that they construct buildings in their islands, they plan the development of their knowledge maps. After learning, they may also reflect on their progress by observing the appearance of the buildings.
+
+In brief, owing to the construction mechanism, the students are allowed to choose a place and build their unique islands by learning concepts. During the process, students have to do the learning task, get feedback, and get rewards, which are the three major functions of the construction functions. In the sightseeing mechanism, students' unique islands (learning result) can be shared and visited by other classmates. The student's Math-Island thus serves as a stage for showing off their learning results. The two mechanisms offer an incentive model connected to the game mechanism's forming a positive cycle: the more the students learn, the more unique islands they can build, with more visitors.
+
+## Conclusion and future work
+
+This study reported the results of a 2-year experiment with the Math-Island system, in which a knowledge map with extensive mathematics content was provided to support the complete elementary mathematics curriculum. Each road in Math-Island represents a mathematical topic, such as addition. There are many buildings on each road, with each building representing a unit of the mathematics curriculum. Students may learn about the concept and practice it in each building while being provided with feedback by the system. In addition, the construction management online game mechanism is designed to enhance and sustain students’ interest in learning mathematics. The aim of this study was not only to examine whether the Math-Island system could improve students’ achievements but also to investigate how much the low-achieving students would be interested in learning mathematics after using the system for 2 years.
+
+As for enhancing achievement, the result indicated that the Math-Island system could effectively improve the students' ability to calculate expressions and solve word problems. In particular, the low-achieving students outperformed those of the norm in terms of word problem-solving. For enhancing interest, we found that both the low-achieving and the high-achieving students in the experimental school, when using the Math-Island system, maintained a rather high level of interest in learning mathematics and using the system. The results of this study indicated some possibility that elementary students could be able to learn mathematics in a self-directed learning fashion (Nilson 2014; Chen et al. 2012a, b) under the Math-Island environment. This possibility is worthy of future exploration. For example, by analyzing student data, we can investigate how to support students in conducting self-directed learning. Additionally, because we have already collected a considerable amount of student data, we are currently employing machine learning techniques to improve feedback to the students. Finally, to provide students appropriate challenges, the diversity, quantity, and difficulty of content may need to be increased in the Math-Island system.
+
+**Abbreviations**
+
+PISA: Program for International Student Assessment; PR: The percentile rank of a score; TIMSS: Trends in Mathematics and Science Study
+
+**Acknowledgements**
+
+**Funding**
+
+The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Science and Technology of the Republic of China, Taiwan, for financial support (MOST 106-2511-S-008-003-MY3), and Research Center for Science and Technology forLearning, National Central University, Taiwan.
+
+**Availability of data and materials**
+
+As a series of subsequent research papers are still in progress, for now, it is temporarily impossible to share research data sets.
+
+**Authors' contributions**
+
+CYCY contributed to the study design, data acquisition and analysis, mainly drafted the manuscript and execution project. HNHC was involved in data acquisition, revision of the manuscript and data analysis. ZHC was contributed to the study idea and drafted the manuscript. CCYL of this research was involved in data acquisition and revision of the manuscript. TWC was project manager and revision of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
+
+**Authors' information**
+
+Charles Y.C. Yeh is currently an PhD student in Graduate Institute of Network Learning Technology at National Central University. The research interests include one-to-one learning environments and game-based learning.
+
+Hercy N. H. Cheng is currently an associate professor and researcher in National Engineering Research Center for E-Learning at Central China Normal University, China. His research interests include one-to-one learning environments and game-based learning.
+
+Zhi-Hong Chen is an associate professor in Graduate Institute of Information and Computer Education at National Taiwan Normal University. His research interests focus on learning technology and interactive stories, technology intensive language learning and game-based learning.
+
+Calvin C. Y. Liao is currently an Assistant Professor and Dean's Special Assistant in College of Nursing at National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences in Taiwan. His research focuses on computer-based language learning for primary schools. His current research interests include a game-based learning environment and smart technology for caregiving & wellbeing.
+
+Tak-Wai Chan is Chair Professor of the Graduate Institute of Network Learning Technology at National Central University in Taiwan. He has worked on various areas of digital technology supported learning, including artificial intelligence in education, computer supported collaborative learning, digital classrooms, online learning communities, mobile and ubiquitous learning, digital game based learning, and, most recently, technology supported mathematics and language arts learning.
+
+**Competing interests**
+
+The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
+
+## Publisher's Note
+
+Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
+
+**Author details**
+
+¹National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan, Republic of China.
+²Central China Normal University, Science Hall 419, No. 152, Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China.
+³National Taiwan Normal University, No.162, Sec. 1, Heping E. Rd., Taipei City 10610, Taiwan, Republic of China.
+⁴National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, No.365, Mingde Rd., Beitou Dist., Taipei City 11219, Taiwan, Republic of China.
+⁵National Central University, No. 300, Zhongda Rd., Zhongli District, Taoyuan City 32001, Taiwan, Republic of China.
+
+Received: 29 October 2018 Accepted: 22 February 2019
+
+Published online: 11 March 2019
+
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+
+Submit your manuscript to a SpringerOpen journal and benefit from:
+
+► Convenient online submission
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+# Exploring Modernization Paths in China and Africa: Diversity and Commonality
+
+Zhang Chun*, Wang Hailu
+
+*Institute of International Relations, Yunnan University, Kunming, China*
+
+***Abstract:** While Western modernization is often regarded as a dominant model of linear progress, existing theories frequently overlook the diversity of modernization paths and the underlying commonalities shared across them. The rise of alternative models, exemplified by Chinese path to modernization, underscores the potential for multiple trajectories of modernization and reveals three core elements that define these paths: building consensus on development, generating momentum for growth, and enhancing resilience to challenges. The success of Chinese path to modernization can be attributed to several key factors: the establishment of a national development consensus driven by the leadership of the Communist Party of China; the creation of development momentum through endogenous growth, optimal resource allocation, and a sustained commitment to reform and opening-up; and the strengthening of resilience via economic diversification, gradual reforms, and robust risk management strategies. In contrast, African nations present a distinct mix of traditional consensus governance and modern democratic practices, while actively engaging in development-security-governance nexus management and refining early warning and crisis management systems. These countries are exploring their own paths to modernization, informed by their unique socio-political contexts. Despite many differences in national conditions, exchanges of experiences between China and African countries—focused on development consensus, momentum, and resilience—can break the myth that “modernization equals Westernization”. Such exchanges can empower developing nations to pursue their own, independent, and context-specific routes toward modernization.*
+
+***Keywords:** Chinese path to modernization; Africa; development consensus; development momentum; development resilience*
+
+JEL Classification Codes: D822.34; F125; F14
+
+DOI: 10.19602/j.chinaeconomist.2025.07.02
+
+China's pursuit of Chinese path to modernization has represented a transformative breakthrough, emerging as one of the most significant global developments of the 21st century and, arguably, since the inception of China's reform and opening-up in 1979. Economically, China's strength has surged dramatically. In 1979, China's gross domestic product (GDP) was just 80.30% of sub-Saharan Africa's total and 6.79% of the United States', but by 2022, these ratios had soared to 8.77 times sub-Saharan Africa's and 70.55% of the U.S.'s. Meanwhile, living standards for the Chinese people have seen a remarkable improvement. Per capita GDP in 1979 stood at 31.31% of sub-Saharan Africa's and a mere 1.58% of the U.S.'s, yet by 2022, these figures had climbed to 7.52 times and 16.65%, respectively¹. The Chinese path to modernization has dispelled the myth that “modernization equals Westernization”, providing an alternative vision of progress, broadening pathways for developing nations, and presenting a Chinese approach to humanity's quest for better social systems. It stands as a model for developing countries to pursue modernization independently, providing a fresh option (Xi, 2023b). Crucially, it not only underscores the diversity of modernization trajectories but also uncovers shared foundations beneath them.
+
+
+
+\* CONTACT: Zhang Chun, e-mail: zhangchunster@ynu.edu.cn.
+Acknowledgement: This article forms part of the 2021 Major Bidding Project under the Special Research Program on Significant Historical Issues, supported by the Chinese Academy of History and funded by the National Social Science Foundation of China: “General History of Africa (Multi-Volume Edition)” (Grant No. LSYZD21022).
+
+Traditional modernization theory posits a singular, linear path to progress—a model heavily contested by dependency and world-system theorists. Yet, the rarity of successful modernization among developing nations, coupled with frequent setbacks, has allowed neoliberalism and globalization advocates to subtly reinforce this uniform, linear narrative. While the rapid postwar rise of East Asia's “Four Asian Tigers” showcased an alternative, developmental state theorists argue that their model is hard to replicate (Johnson, 1999; Evans, 1989). Against this backdrop—where Western theories often amplify their own uniqueness—understanding the relevance of Chinese path to modernization for other developing countries requires identifying the universal elements it embodies. Only by recognizing these common threads can we fully grasp its broader significance, paving the way for other nations to pursue modernization independently and fostering mutual learning between China and the global community.
+
+## 1. Identifying the Commonality in Diverse Modernization Paths
+
+It must be acknowledged that, to date, the most sustained and successful modernization efforts in human society have predominantly occurred in today's Western developed nations. Consequently, Chinese path to modernization has indeed shattered the theoretical framework of Western theories that imply late-developing countries cannot achieve independent progress, offering a “Chinese solution” with universal significance for developing nations pursuing modernization on their own initiative (Lan, 2023). This significance manifests in two key ways: first, it demonstrates the existence of multiple viable modernization paths, dismantling the deterministic and linear progression embedded in Western theories; second, it highlights the shared foundations underlying diverse modernization trajectories, challenging the Western emphasis on a singular model that negates diversity and renders exploration of commonalities impossible. Given this, we must first uncover the logic in existing theories that denies the diversity of modernization, then identify the universal elements of modernization embedded within them. Doing so provides intellectual support for developing countries to integrate their unique characteristics with these universal principles, enabling them to pursue modernization independently. This lays a theoretical foundation for China and other nations to share modernization experiences and promote common development.
+
+### 1.1 The Erosion of Diversity in Modernization Paths by Existing Theories
+
+Since the end of World War II, enhancing or sustaining “quality of life” has increasingly surpassed the mere provision of “survival necessities” as a strategic priority for nations worldwide (Pan & Zhang, 2002). Driving economic growth to achieve holistic development has emerged as a shared objective across countries. However, this common pursuit does not inherently imply uniform development trajectories. Existing theories have largely failed to embrace the diversity of modernization paths. In particular, Modernization Theory, Neoliberalism, and Globalization Theory—rooted predominantly in the experiences of Western developed nations—tend to prioritize a singular development model. In contrast, Dependency Theory, World-system Theory, and Developmental State Theory, which draw from the modernization challenges of developing countries, encounter limitations: they either lack widespread validation due to limited practical success or are deemed difficult to replicate owing to insufficient universality in their practical foundations.
+
+
+
+¹ Calculated by author based on data from the World Bank database (https://data.worldbank.org).
+
+Collectively, these theories diminish the recognition of diverse modernization paths. Chronologically, based on their maturation, the principal frameworks include Modernization Theory, Dependency Theory, World-system Theory, Neoliberalism, Globalization Theory, and Developmental State Theory. Each seeks to provide overarching blueprints for national development—particularly economic growth— encompassing dimensions such as economy, politics, and society. In terms of scope, Neoliberalism and Globalization Theory operate at the broadest macro level, Developmental State Theory focuses at the most micro level, and Modernization Theory, Dependency Theory, and World-system Theory occupy an intermediate position. Based on their prescriptions and practical applications, these theories can be classified into three distinct categories.
+
+First, Modernization Theory, Neoliberalism, and Globalization Theory emphasize a singular model and linear progression in development plans, effectively negating the possibility of diverse modernization paths. Emerging in the 1950s, Modernization Theory was the first framework to systematically address economic and social development. Its prominence stemmed from three pivotal post-World War II phenomena: the rise of American hegemony, the great ascent of socialist ideals across the globe, and the triumph of decolonization movements (So, 1990). The quest for political independence and economic advancement by newly sovereign nations, coupled with the ideological rivalry between East and West, underscored the demand for innovative development paradigms (Haque, 1999). Within this milieu, Modernization Theory, as articulated by Western scholars, extended beyond mere economic growth to propose a holistic model encompassing political and social transformation, implicitly aiming to preclude alternatives to Western-style modernization (Wiarda, 2005).
+
+For instance, W. W. Rostow delineated modernization as a five-stage trajectory—traditional society, the preconditions for take-off, the take-off phase, maturity, and mass consumption—underscoring his ideological stance by subtitling his work *The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto* (Rostow, 1960). Similarly, Seymour M. Lipset advanced an endogenous transformation framework to explain national social and political evolution, though he stopped short of formulating a comprehensive socioeconomic model (Lipset, 1959). Other Western scholars, such as Simon Kuznets and Daniel Lerner, often depicted social evolution as a uniform macro-social process driven by microeconomic dynamics (Kuznets, 1955; Lerner, 1958). Modernization Theory thus assumes a deterministic, linear progression: European nations exemplified the pinnacle of modernity, while others occupied “lower” stages, with Africa frequently dismissed as “underdeveloped” or “primitive” (Mabogunje, 2000). In this view, modernization entails a shift from a retrograde traditional society to an advanced modern one, leaving no room for alternative trajectories.
+
+Neoliberalism represents a resurgence of classical liberal economic thought from Britain and the United States prior to the Great Depression, yet its reemergence is closely tied to the shortcomings of dependency theory and world-system theory's development prescriptions. It champions a largely unregulated free-market economy, asserting that development stems not from deliberate national strategies but from market forces—positing, in essence, that developmental setbacks arise directly from excessive government intervention and market oversight (Harvey, 2005; Steger and Roy, 2010). Consequently, Neoliberalism posits that the “correct” modernization path entails emancipating markets from state control, prioritizing free markets, open economies, and privatization, and ensuring unfettered movement of capital, goods, and services. In many respects, Neoliberalism revives the determinism and linearity of modernization theory, with its ideological underpinnings equally evident, as its ascent aligns closely with the global extension of American economic, political, and military influence (Brohman, 2005).
+
+Drawing on the globalization process that emerged in the 1970s, development theory within the globalization framework posits that globalization mechanisms—particularly economic integration—serve as essential preconditions for advancing toward modernization. Closely aligned with neoliberalism, Globalization Theory shares its foundation in the development models of the United States and Europe. It views trade and investment globalization as integral to the worldwide spread of capitalism. In contrast to Neoliberalism, however, Globalization Theory highlights the capacity of interdependence effects to transcend political, cultural, and geographical divides between nations, emphasizing that new technologies enable developing countries to integrate more effectively into the global system and achieve development (Everett, 2003). Consequently, this perspective suggests that the globalization process, particularly through technological advancements, may diminish the relevance of nation-states in modernization, attributing variations in national development primarily to economic and cultural factors (Reyes, 2001). To a degree, this approach echoes the singular, linear trajectory of Modernization Theory.
+
+Second, Dependency Theory and World-system Theory stand as direct critiques of the singular, linear conception of modernization paths, yet the persistent setbacks faced by Latin American countries in their modernization efforts significantly undermined these theories' attempts to chart diverse alternatives. Originating in the late 1960s, Dependency Theory contends that Modernization Theory misrepresents the dynamics between developed and developing nations. It argues that the modernization of developed countries hinges precisely on the underdevelopment or stunted progress of developing ones. Far from Modernization Theory's focus on an internal failure to transition from traditional to modern society, Dependency Theory attributes the challenges of developing countries to the "center-periphery" structure of the global economic system. In this framework, developed nations occupy the core, exploiting peripheral developing countries in a dynamic of domination and subordination (Frank, 1967; Prebisch, 1968; Cardoso and Faletto, 1979; Kvangraven, 2021). Thus, "underdevelopment" is not an inherent condition but a consequence of economic exploitation by advanced nations (Frank, 1967). In contrast to Modernization Theory's emphasis on temporal progression and convergence, Dependency Theory—grounded in international political economy—systematically examines structural impediments to modernization, particularly the "center-periphery" relationship. It proposes two approaches: radical programs advocating systemic overhaul for entirely new modernization paths, and moderate strategies pursuing dependent development within the Western framework (Chen, 2023).
+
+In contrast to Dependency Theory, which retains a focus on the national or unit level, World-system Theory interprets the capitalist world economy as an integrated social system from a macrosociological perspective. Immanuel Wallerstein, a leading figure in World-system Theory, posits that this system constitutes a culturally diverse yet economically and socially unified capitalist world economy, shaped by a singular international division of labor. This division is both functional and spatial: through unequal exchange, surplus value from peripheral and semi-peripheral developing countries flows to the core—namely, developed nations (Wallerstein, 1974, 2000). Consequently, while peripheral and semi-peripheral countries may experience quantitative growth, qualitative leaps in development remain elusive, rendering their progress a mere perpetuation of dependency (Chase-Dunn and Grimes, 1995). Though it echoes the “center-periphery” structure of Dependency Theory, World-system Theory places greater emphasis on global class dynamics. The dual dependency—periphery on both semi-periphery and core, and semi-periphery on the core—complicates comprehensive modernization for developing nations, even as revolutionary strategies in individual countries may still succeed.
+
+Third, Developmental State Theory draws support from the economic miracles of the East Asian region, yet its perceived specificity and limited replicability curtail its contribution to diversifying modernization paths. Emerging from analyses of Japan's postwar economic resurgence, Developmental State Theory gained robust backing from the collective success of East Asia. Chalmers Johnson identified four defining features of developmental states: a compact, elite bureaucracy with minimal governance costs; sufficient autonomy for the bureaucracy within an effective political framework; a state-guided market economy; and a potent agency akin to Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI)(Johnson, 1982, 1999). Central to this model is the pivotal role of the state in steering modernization. Peter Evans further delineated this role, identifying the state as playing the parts of custodian, demiurge, midwifery, and husbandry—roles necessitating a balance of embedded autonomy with society and markets (Evans, 1995). Notably, the theory’s focus on state capacity, particularly bureaucratic efficacy, stands in opposition to neoliberalism. Rooted in inductive reasoning and tied closely to East Asian political-economic contexts, it struggles to transcend specific cases into broader theoretical knowledge, rendering its replicability limited (Zhang, 2022; Niu, 2018). Consequently, while Developmental State Theory illuminates potential diversity in modernization trajectories, its applicability remains heavily constrained.
+
+### 1.2 The Commonality of Modernization Paths Implicit in Existing Theories
+
+While Western theories—emphasizing a singular model and linear progression of modernization paths—have gained prominence due to the widespread success of their modernization practices, Dependency Theory, World-system Theory, and Developmental State Theory underscore the potential for diverse trajectories. Despite the evident differences in the normative orientations of these theories, their constructions, rooted in specific empirical cases, reveal numerous shared elements. Put differently, the contention between the singularity and diversity of modernization paths also illuminates their underlying commonalities. With the remarkable advancements of Chinese path to modernization, this interplay of diversity and commonality is more vividly showcased globally, lending itself to a tentative analytical framework of “development consensus, development momentum, and development resilience”.
+
+First, the notion of development consensus—namely, forging a shared societal understanding of the collective pursuit of modernization—constitutes a foundational political prerequisite for nations advancing toward modernization. Virtually all theories underscore the pivotal role of the political superstructure in this process. Modernization Theory, Neoliberalism, and Developmental State Theory highlight the significance of domestic political dynamics, particularly the efficacy of political systems, whereas Dependency Theory, World-system Theory, and Globalization Theory stress the constraints imposed by international politics and global systemic structures. More precisely, the political superstructure’s critical influence on modernization manifests in three key dimensions.
+
+(1) The leadership of political elites is paramount. For instance, research drawing on Western modernization experiences posits that the presence of a “developmental class coalition” is vital for progress (Bresser-Pereira & Ianoni, 2017).
+
+(2) The formulation of development strategies is essential. Studies of Nordic modernization practices argue that achieving political, economic, and social modernization hinges on fostering a symbiotic relationship between politics and the economy, yet this study ultimately reaffirms the role of a credible polity in crafting reasonable national strategies (North, 1981, 1993; Weingast, 1993; Ruge-Murcia, 1995; Leblang, 1996).
+
+(3) The construction of a cohesive societal perception is crucial. Developmental State Theory contends that a “common project” understanding of development must emerge among political elites, state officials, the domestic bourgeoisie, and the working class to propel modernization (Chibber, 2005). South Korean scholar Lee Cheol-ju, reflecting on the South Korean developmental state, emphasized that a robust societal consensus on development and growth underpins the sustained efficacy of strategies and industrial policies (Li, 2020). Similarly, Chinese scholar Zhang Zhenhua, after analyzing the 40-year trajectory of Developmental State Theory research, identified three essential requisites of a developmental state—development will, development capability, and industrial policy (Zhang, 2022). Although he did not employ the term “development consensus”, he defined “development will” as the shared intent of the entire populace, indicating that its connotation aligns with “development consensus” in essence.
+
+Second, development momentum constitutes the material foundation for advancing toward modernization, with its essence lying in the acquisition and effective utilization of critically scarce development resources in developing countries. All theoretical frameworks aim to ignite and ultimately sustain the modernization process, centering on three core questions. First, how can the modernization process be initiated—or, as articulated in Rostow's Modernization Theory, how can “economic take-off” be achieved? Modernization Theory, Neoliberalism, and Globalization Theory offer convergent responses: the adoption of modern technology and scientific methods, the prioritization of trade development to generate savings and investment, and the strategic leveraging of foreign investment and aid to propel economic growth in developing nations. These Western perspectives collectively underscore a top-down, externally driven impetus as the catalyst for modernization (Shrum, 2000; Herkenrath & Bornschier, 2003). In contrast, Dependency Theory, World-system Theory, and Developmental State Theory advocate strategies to prevent a nation's development from succumbing to exploitative cycles or overreliance on foreign capital and assistance.
+
+This divergence leads to a second question: given the constrained resources available to developing countries, how can these be allocated rationally to maximize their impact and advance modernization? This challenge underpins the emphasis in Dependency Theory, World-system Theory, and Developmental State Theory on approaches such as import substitution, export orientation, or strategic industrial policies. A third question emerges: how can developing countries balance the integration of foreign investment and aid with the avoidance of external dependency? Alternatively, how can they reconcile the need to cultivate endogenous self-sustaining capacities with the demands of enhancing the external development environment? In essence, how can a nation sustain a long-term commitment to development, rooted in a development consensus (Johnson, 1999)?
+
+Third, development resilience serves as both a cornerstone of sustainable development and a vital pillar for the theoretical robustness of diverse modernization paths. When assessing the competitive dynamics among existing development theories, Modernization Theory, Neoliberalism, and Globalization Theory—grounded in the experiences of Western developed nations—evidently hold a dominant position. This primacy stems from a fundamental reality: modernization is a protracted process, and its success hinges significantly on the capacity to navigate changes and disruptions, known as development resilience (Giddens, 1971). This resilience not only shapes the outcome of modernization efforts but also sustains the vigor of associated theories. Three key factors determine its strength. First, economic diversity plays a pivotal role; it is widely acknowledged that a monolithic economic structure is harder to withstand internal and external shocks. Second, resilience depends on harmonizing development objectives with the external environment, ensuring the stability and sustainability of reforms. Such consistency signals a credible commitment to modernization, fostering a virtuous interplay between political reform and economic growth for both domestic and foreign investors. Conversely, unsustainable reforms can breed distorted incentives, triggering capital flight, short-term investments, or other actions that obstruct progress, resulting in a detrimental cycle of political and economic stagnation (Rodrik, 1989, 1992; Dornbusch, 1990). Third, resilience manifests in robust risk anticipation and crisis management capacities. Consequently, cultivating development resilience—centered on stable reforms and effective risk foresight—emerges as a critical imperative.
+
+Although Western theories obscure the potential diversity of modernization paths, thereby overshadowing their underlying commonalities, the presence of competing theories and practices—most notably the remarkable advancements of Chinese path to modernization—enables both this diversity and commonality to be illuminated. Specifically, the shared attributes of diverse modernization paths encompass three key dimensions: forging development consensus, cultivating development momentum, and bolstering development resilience. These constitute universal elements that all nations must address when pursuing independent modernization. The recognition of these three commonalities emerges from an analysis of competing theories and divergent practices, thus rooted in diversity yet extending beyond it. By emphasizing these shared aspects, this approach preserves ample scope for countries to chart their own modernization courses, fostering not only the exploration of varied paths but also the exchange and mutual learning of experiences across diverse modernization endeavors.
+
+## 2. Building Development Consensus
+
+Modernization constitutes a historical process attainable only through collective endeavor. Consequently, any nation advancing toward modernization must persistently work to establish and sustain a national development consensus. To achieve this, political elites are tasked with assuming a leadership role, crafting strategic blueprints for national modernization, and securing widespread societal endorsement, thereby elevating these plans into a national consensus. The exchange of experiences in forging development consensus offers considerable scope for collaboration between China and Africa. A key lesson from Chinese path to modernization is the vanguard role of the Communist Party of China (CPC) in cultivating this consensus. In contrast, African continents and countries frequently devise comprehensive development strategies, yet only a subset successfully integrates traditional consensus-based governance with modern democratic practices. Many still grapple with the challenge of garnering sufficient societal support.
+
+### 2.1 Strengthening Elite Leadership Capacity
+
+The forces steering and constructing national development consensus typically manifest as political parties. Western discourse often highlights the CPC's distinctiveness, framing it as unique to China and challenging for African nations to replicate (Guan, 2017; Yagci, 2016). However, this perspective errs fundamentally by fixating on the CPC's organizational structure and operational mechanisms, while overlooking its primary function of forging national consensus. Similarly, the misguided counsel from the United States and Europe on African party politics stems from an inverted emphasis on legal compliance, internal party organization, and electoral performance, at the expense of recognizing political parties' critical role in consensus-building (Olaiya, 2016). Africa boasts a rich legacy of consensus governance, and blending this tradition with modern democratic frameworks can enhance the leadership capacity of political elites.
+
+The CPC serves as the vanguard of both the Chinese working class and the broader Chinese populace and nation, steadfastly committed to uniting elites across diverse societal sectors through the framework of multi-party cooperation and political consultation. China is a multi-ethnic, super-large developing country, which requires its political party system to possess a strong capacity for social integration. The country has consistently been committed to upholding and improving its system of multi-party cooperation and political consultation under the CPC's leadership. Central to this system is the CPC's role as the linchpin of social integration, complemented by the collaboration of various democratic parties, which broadens the scope and resilience of this integrative framework, thereby exemplifying its strength. As President Xi Jinping articulated during a symposium with non-Party members on January 6, 2023, "Adhering to the leadership of the Communist Party of China and steadfastly maintaining unity and concerted efforts with the CPC is the fundamental political foundation of multi-party cooperation" (Xi, 2023a). The political mandate of these democratic parties entails "preserving the political legacy, reinforcing political consensus, and consistently upholding unity and resolve". They are tasked with amplifying their contributions to rallying collective strength and advancing national priorities, mobilizing and galvanizing their extensive membership and affiliated communities to work cohesively toward the realization of Chinese path to modernization (Xi, 2023a).
+
+Africa possesses a longstanding tradition of consensus decision-making, historically guided by traditional political elites, such as elders, who have long held a leadership role. Operating through mechanisms like open community assemblies or tribal councils, this consensus governance exhibits key traits: transparent participatory processes, the diffusion of power to prevent its concentration in a single entity or individual, and representation via councils of elders, which vary regionally (Legesse, 1973, 2000). Within this framework, conflicts or disputes are typically resolved through negotiation rather than adversarial procedures that inevitably yield winners and losers. Notable examples include the Ibo village council in eastern Nigeria, the Baito village council in Eritrea, the Kikuyu elders' council (kiama) in Kenya, the Kaya elders of the Mijikenda along Kenya's coast, and the Berber council systems in North Africa—all emblematic of traditional consensus governance. While population growth, bureaucratic expansion, and other factors increasingly complicate its application at the national level, it remains a vital tool for grassroots governance. This approach not only mitigates conflicts and tensions arising from national diversity but also tempers disputes in party and electoral politics.
+
+Since independence, most African nations have successfully integrated traditional consensus governance with modern democratic practices, markedly enhancing the leadership capacity of political elites. However, the introduction of Western-style democratic models has plunged some countries into a tension between tradition and modernity, posing significant challenges to the development of elite leadership capacity. In fully embracing modern democratic politics, many African states confront issues of incomplete political modernization, state-building, and nation-building, allowing a “winner-takes-all” dynamic to overshadow consensus governance and rendering traditional elders less effective (Onuoha, 2011). Historically, colonial powers sought to dismantle these consensus mechanisms—for instance, the British appointed independent “invented chiefs” and “state-paid elders” outside traditional hierarchies to supplant local leaders. Though largely unsuccessful, such interventions left a lasting negative imprint on governance in countries like Somalia (via the Aqils) and Kenya (via the chieftaincy system) (Gartrell, 1983). Compounding this, the fusion of Western adversarial politics with Africa’s ethnic diversity has severely strained the nationalization of political parties. In Kenya, for example, despite its democratic status since independence in 1963, both the one-party era (1963-1991) and the subsequent multi-party system have been marked by significant ethnic divisions—a key factor in the national unrest following the 2007 general election (Relife, 2008).
+
+The achievements and limitations of African nations in harmonizing traditional consensus governance with modern democratic practices offer valuable insights not only for Africa but also for China. Similarly, the CPC's vanguard role and expertise in forging national development consensus provide lessons worth sharing with African countries. Central to this exchange is the imperative that political elites not only spearhead the formulation of national development strategies but also guide society toward a unified vision of its ultimate interests, thereby collectively advancing modernization objectives (Wiredu, 1997).
+
+### 2.2 Shaping National Development Strategies
+
+Development strategies embody the tangible expression of development consensus while serving as a concrete mechanism for its cultivation. Despite variations in elite leadership capacity between China and Africa, both have achieved significant strides in crafting such strategies. Whether exemplified by China's vision of national rejuvenation and its second centenary goal, or by the African Union's (AU) Agenda 2063 and the medium- to long-term development plans articulated by most African nations, these efforts reflect the persistent commitment of Chinese and African political elites to shaping national development trajectories.
+
+Since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the Chinese government has progressively refined its modernization strategy. Broadly, China's strategic modernization objectives have evolved through two key phases: the “Four Modernizations” framework and the “Two Centenary Goals”, bridged by Deng Xiaoping's “Three-Step” development strategy. Following the successful realization of the first centenary goal—establishing a moderately prosperous society in all respects by 2020—the 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, in 2022, articulated a new vision: “to build a great modern socialist country in all respects, achieve the second centenary goal, and advance the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation through Chinese path to modernization”. This vision unfolds in two steps, aiming by mid-century “to build China into a leading modern socialist country with preeminent national strength and international influence” (Xi, 2022).
+
+Africa has achieved notable progress in crafting development strategies, with most nations possessing well-articulated medium- to long-term plans. At the national level, African countries have developed tailored modernization strategies; for those with limited capacity to devise such plans, the AU has deployed country teams to assist in their formulation. These strategies typically distill three core elements: national strategic priorities, alignment with the AU's Agenda 2063, and adherence to the United Nations' 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development (2030 Agenda). This convergence underscores Agenda 2063 as a pivotal framework for Africa to realize the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), while individual national strategies serve as complementary mechanisms to advance both the SDGs and Agenda 2063.
+
+For instance, South Africa unveiled its National Development Plan 2030 in 2012, a roadmap aimed at eradicating poverty and reducing inequality—objectives that align closely with the SDGs. This plan emphasizes a whole-of-society approach, requiring coordinated efforts from government and social actors to drive national progress (Republic of South Africa, 2012). Similarly, despite internal governance challenges, Ethiopia launched its Ten-Year Development Plan (2021–2030) in 2020. This strategy integrates global and regional development frameworks, aspiring to position Ethiopia as a “beacon of prosperity in Africa”, while recognizing that transitioning from poverty to prosperity demands sustained, society-wide commitment (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 2020). At the continental level, the AU introduced Agenda 2063 in 2013, coinciding with the 50th anniversary of the Organization of African Unity’s (OAU) founding. This blueprint outlines seven overarching visions—encompassing political, economic, security, social, cultural, and regional integration goals—to guide Africa’s development by 2063 (African Union, 2015). To operationalize this consensus, the AU has disaggregated these visions into 20 specific goals and 38 priority areas, while segmenting the 50-year vision into five ten-year implementation plans².
+
+China and African countries exhibit distinct approaches to crafting development strategies. China formulates its medium- and long-term plans primarily by drawing on its own developmental trajectory, while integrating considerations of global trends. In contrast, African nations—constrained by smaller economic scales and greater vulnerability to external disruptions—prioritize aligning their development objectives with global and regional agendas, adopting a “single framework, multiple agendas” model to shape their medium- and long-term strategies. These divergent approaches to development strategy formulation underscore the feasibility of varied modernization paths and offer substantial opportunities for the exchange and mutual learning of diverse modernization experiences between China and Africa.
+
+### 2.3 Fostering a Shared Societal Vision
+
+The national development strategy shaped under the guidance of political elites must gain full support from the entire society to truly transform into a national development consensus, and to be effectively implemented and persistently upheld in the long term. Chinese path to modernization—characterized by its vast population and commitment to common prosperity for all—owes much of its success to the pervasive shared vision and strong support across society. This societal backing is equally critical for African nations pursuing independent modernization, though cultivating such a collective understanding remains a formidable challenge in many African contexts.
+
+The fundamental reason why Chinese path to modernization has become a national development consensus lies in the fact that, throughout the journey toward modernization, the Communist Party of China has consistently prioritized uniting all ethnic groups across the nation. The CPC's Constitution explicitly underscores the Party's dedication to serving the people wholeheartedly, give top priority to their interests, sharing weal and woe with them, and maintaining the closest possible ties with them. This commitment demands that the CPC harmonize respect for the laws of social development with the recognition of the people's role as historical actors, align the pursuit of lofty ideals with the well-being of the broader population, and integrate the party's goals with the realization of public interests. It must never distance itself from the masses, sharing in their joys and hardships, and standing in solidarity with them through times of abundance and scarcity alike (Xi, 2021a). As President Xi Jinping declared during the centennial celebration of the CPC's founding on July 1, 2021: "The nation is its people, and the people are the nation. As the Communist Party of China has led the people in fighting to establish and develop the People's Republic, it has really been fighting for their support. The Party has in the people its roots, its lifeblood, and its source of strength. It steadfastly represents the fundamental interests of the vast majority, bound to them in shared destiny, free of any parochial interests, and never beholden to any interest group, power group, or privileged elite" (Xi, 2021b).
+
+
+
+² Source: https://au.int/agenda2063.
+
+The late Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi asserted that achieving independent modernization requires a resolute commitment to "pursue collective growth and leapfrog development single-mindedly" and to prioritize the "development agenda" by forging a nationwide consensus (Zenawi, 2006). Yet, African nations continue to encounter significant obstacles in cultivating a shared societal vision. One persistent challenge is the prevalence of "growth without development", a phenomenon more evident in Africa due to insufficient progress generating limited resources, which complicates equitable distribution (An, 2010). In Ethiopia, for instance, stark disparities in resource allocation have fueled ethnic tensions, contributing to their escalation. Data from 2019 reveal substantial inequities in fiscal resources and per capita expenditure across major Ethiopian states: Tigray received 41% of federal allocations, far exceeding Oromia (26%), Amhara (25%), and the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR) (17%). Per capita spending further highlighted this imbalance, with Tigray at 1,443 birr³, compared to 733 birr in Oromia, 880 birr in Amhara, and 311 birr in the SNNPR (Meester, 2021). Consequently, despite rapid development under Meles's leadership, societal support for national strategies remained fragile, eroding sharply after his death in 2012. This instability undermined the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front's (EPRDF) vanguard role in modernization, precipitating a collapse of national consensus and jeopardizing Ethiopia's medium- to long-term development prospects (Zhou, 2019).
+
+Compounding these internal challenges, Western ideologies command significant influence at the societal level in Africa, particularly through non-governmental organizations (NGOs). These entities play multifaceted roles in African development, broadly classifiable into four types based on their focus and objectives: development facilitators, bridge builders, crisis mitigators, and troublemakers. However, most African NGOs rely heavily on external funding and theories, predominantly from Western sources. This external ideological sway often skews their priorities toward human rights, accountability, and education, at the expense of economic and livelihood concerns (Lawrence, 2019). As a result, such imported NGOs can exacerbate political instability and economic underdevelopment, further hindering the establishment of a cohesive national development consensus (Zhang, 2020).
+
+Certainly, numerous African countries have formulated development strategies that, for specific periods, garnered substantial societal support, thereby fostering the advancement of these developmental states. The parallels and divergences in the process of cultivating development consensus between China and Africa hinge not only on the leadership capacity of political elites but also on factors such as a nation's commitment to an autonomous development trajectory and the degree of sustainability in its developmental efforts. Put differently, forging a development consensus is not an isolated endeavor; rather, it is intricately linked to development momentum, resilience, and related dimensions.
+
+
+
+³ In 2019, 1 US dollar could be exchanged for 29.11 birr.
+
+## 3. Cultivating Development Momentum
+
+Modernization entails progress and development, yet any nation embarking on this journey may encounter the challenge of scarce resources in its nascent stages. Consequently, the key to a nation independently advancing toward modernization lies in cultivating sustainable development momentum. This process encompasses three critical dimensions: first, securing an endogenous impetus by prioritizing self-reliant development momentum, thereby sidestepping the exploitative “center-periphery” dynamics of Dependency Theory or the “periphery-semi-periphery-core” hierarchy of World-system Theory; second, optimizing resource allocation to cultivate breakthrough momentum, maximizing the efficacy of limited resources; and third, steadfastly advancing reform and openness with development as the focal point, committing to sustainable momentum while ensuring the judicious distribution of scarce resources across sectors such as development, security, and governance.
+
+### 3.1 Securing Endogenous Impetus
+
+Dependency Theory and World-system Theory offer their most profound theoretical contribution by debunking the deterministic and linear fallacies of modernization theory, asserting that developing nations must chart an autonomous course toward modernization—a pursuit premised on securing endogenous impetus. The modernization trajectories of both China and African countries demonstrate that such self-generated momentum is essential for a nation to establish a development dynamic authentically its own, thereby providing a robust foundation for sustained modernization over the long term.
+
+China's remarkable success in modernization is rooted in its unwavering commitment to charting an independent path and fostering endogenous drivers of growth. As early as 1979, Deng Xiaoping articulated this vision, stating, "In the past, just as our democratic revolution had to be tailored to China's realities in the past, our current efforts in construction must also be grounded in unique conditions, paving the way for a Chinese path to modernization path" (Deng, 1993). This marked the CPC's initial articulation of the "Chinese path to modernization path" as a guiding vision. President Xi Jinping has further underscored this approach, emphasizing that its essence lies in upholding independence while exploring the diversity of modernization trajectories. He has argued that modernization is neither the exclusive domain of a select few nations nor a binary choice; it defies a uniform, replicable template of "copy and paste". Instead, a nation's modernization must adhere to universal principles while being rooted in its unique national conditions and distinctive characteristics (People's Daily, 2023). A key factor in the triumph of Chinese path to modernization is its cultivation of a self-reliant development path through endogenous impetus, offering a novel framework for other developing countries to pursue independent and sustainable progress.
+
+Since achieving political independence, African nations have pursued economic sovereignty, with the developmental state model emerging as a proven mechanism for fostering autonomy and endogenous development (Mulikita, 2015). For instance, Ghana, Tanzania, and Mauritius recorded notable economic gains in the 1970s and 1980s, while Ethiopia stood out as a post-Cold War exemplar of African developmental states, particularly in the early 21st century. Former Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi argued that neoliberalism proves ineffective in Africa, asserting that without state intervention or a robust developmental state, underdeveloped economies cannot advance national progress (Gill, 2012). Despite experiencing at least two setbacks, the developmental state approach retained support from the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA), which, entering the 2010s, urged its adoption. UNECA contended that neoliberalism's free-market paradigm is not the sole pathway to development, advocating a pivotal state role in guiding developing nations toward modernization (UNECA, 2011).
+
+Beyond this model, African countries have sought endogenous impetus from their traditional wisdom. Since the 1990s, a wave of “retraditionalization” has swept across the continent, blending bottom-up self-affirmation with top-down state integration of customary practices to bolster ideological foundations for independent development (Kyed & Buur, 2007). This trend persists today, as evidenced by Afrobarometer surveys initiated in 2008, which reveal the enduring influence of traditional authorities. African residents widely endorse their roles in community governance, development initiatives, and land allocation (Logan & Amakoh, 2022). Concurrently, given the smaller economic scales of most African nations, achieving collective endogenous development through unity and cooperation remains vital. The AU, succeeding the Organization of African Unity (OAU), has long championed regional and continental integration. By 2019, the African Regional Integration Index—jointly developed by the AU, the African Development Bank, and UNECA—indicated significant progress: 25 countries achieved medium integration (scores of 0.33–0.66), though 29 lagged at lower levels (0–0.33). Notably, Africa as a whole neared the medium threshold, registering a score of 0.327 in 2019, signaling a trajectory toward enhanced cohesion.⁴
+
+While African nations have made strides in pursuing endogenous development paths, they remain hampered by constraints such as limited economic scale, historical legacies, and the dynamics of the international system. In some African countries, the conceptualization of how to secure endogenous impetus remains underdeveloped, leaving them vulnerable to Western misguidance. For instance, Africa's current debt risks largely stem from infrastructure projects characterized by prolonged investment and return cycles, necessitating a careful equilibrium between debt accumulation and infrastructure advancement. Yet, swayed by the Western narrative of the “debt trap”, many African nations have seen their infrastructure development falter. Consequently, the need for China and Africa to exchange and mutually learn from their experiences in forging and sustaining independent development trajectories has grown increasingly pressing.
+
+### 3.2 Optimizing Resource Allocation
+
+For most developing nations, resources are severely constrained, rendering the effective utilization of these limited assets a critical priority. Consequently, any developing country striving for independent modernization must prioritize optimizing resource allocation, particularly by channeling resources into strategic sectors to secure significant breakthroughs in the near term, thereby catalyzing comprehensive national economic advancement.
+
+China has consistently prioritized optimizing resource allocation, driving nationwide development by leveraging a “point-to-surface” strategy that focuses on key areas to stimulate broader progress. For instance, guided by a national consensus on poverty alleviation, China achieved its goal of establishing a moderately prosperous society by refining resource distribution methods. By the end of 2020, the country had lifted all 98.99 million rural residents living below the poverty line out of poverty in all 832 designated counties and 128,000 villages, and met the poverty reduction target of the 2030 Agenda a decade ahead of schedule (State Council Information Office [SCIO], 2021). Similarly, in the face of intensifying technological competition and suppression from the United States, President Xi Jinping underscored the imperative to harness market mechanisms, strategically allocate innovation resources to align with national priorities, bolster strategic scientific and technological capabilities, enhance the systemic capacity for research, and establish competitive edges to seize the initiative in key domains (People's Daily, 2022). Through such optimization, China has attained modernization achievements in a relatively brief span—achievements that took Western nations centuries to reach — signifying a transformative leap from “catching up with the times” to “leading the times” on the global stage (Hao & Huang, 2020).
+
+
+
+⁴ Source: https://www.integrate-africa.org/rankings/all-africa/.
+
+African nations have persistently sought to enhance resource allocation, often by establishing special economic zones (SEZs) as growth poles, leveraging their catalytic effects to drive systemic economic expansion (Oqubay, 2022). Data from the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) reveals a marked rise in SEZ adoption post-Cold War: the number of African countries with SEZs grew from 37 to 54 over two decades, while the total number of SEZs across the continent surged from 20 in 1990 to 237 by 2020. Kenya leads with 61 zones, followed by Nigeria (38), Ethiopia (18), and Egypt (10) (UNCTAD, 2021). At the continental level, to operationalize the AU's Agenda 2063 effectively, the AU has prioritized resource allocation across 15 flagship projects, including the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA), the African Commodities Strategy, the African High-Speed Railway Network, and the Single African Air Transport Market, etc.
+
+The AfCFTA exemplifies Africa's strategic resource optimization. Designed to amplify Africa's collective voice and policy influence in global trade negotiations, the AfCFTA seeks to boost intra-African trade, elevate Africa's global trade standing, and accelerate regional and continental integration. Upon completion, it will constitute the world's largest free trade area, encompassing 54 countries and 1.3 billion people, with a combined GDP of 3.4 trillion US dollars. The World Bank projects that full implementation of the AfCFTA will increase Africa's real income by 7% by 2035—equivalent to 445 billion US dollars (in 2014 prices)—while generating an additional 76 billion US dollars in global growth outside Africa, contributing an estimated 0.1 percentage point to world economic expansion. Specifically, by 2035, the AfCFTA is expected to enhance export growth by 29% and import growth by 7%, without adversely affecting non-member trade (World Bank Group, 2020). Its significance for intra-continental trade is profound, with projections suggesting a potential 34% increase by 2045 compared to a no-AfCFTA scenario (UNECA, 2023).
+
+Regarding specific approaches to optimizing resource allocation, China and African nations share notable similarities. Neither has relied solely on selective strategic industrial policies; instead, both have embraced integrative strategies—either through industry consolidation or geographic clustering—to maximize the impact of scarce resources in the short term. This “point-to-surface” approach seeks to catalyze holistic development across political, economic, and social domains. In contrast, the multi-party systems prevalent in most African countries introduce complexities: divergent interests and ideological stances among political parties, coupled with ethnic and societal tensions within and across nations, frequently impede resource allocation from achieving its intended outcomes.
+
+### 3.3 Sustaining Reform and Openness with Development as the Priority
+
+For developing nations pursuing independent modernization, sustaining reform and openness is imperative. This entails overhauling domestic political and economic systems, enhancing market access and business environments to attract foreign capital, while guarding against external dependency. Notably, international organizations and donor countries often prioritize security and governance improvements when providing investment and aid, potentially diverting host nations' scarce development resources. Consequently, for countries with limited means, securing resources for endogenous momentum and shielding against external pressures that skew the development environment are pivotal to a successful modernization trajectory. In essence, the enduring vitality of a national economy hinges on the continuous empowerment derived from reform and openness, which demands a development-centric approach to rationally allocate finite resources across sectors such as development, security, and governance—an essential safeguard for overcoming deficits in development momentum.
+
+China's modernization owes much of its success to this strategy of reform and openness. President Xi Jinping has noted: “Reform and opening-up is the pivotal move that determined the fate of contemporary China, as well as the decisive step toward achieving the ‘Two Centenary Goals’ and realizing the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation” (Xi, 2012). He further emphasized, “We must persist in reform and opening-up as the pivotal strategy to address development challenges and navigate risks and obstacles on the path forward.” (People’s Daily, 2024). How, then, should this be pursued? He clarified, “We must take development as our first priority… steadfastly centering economic construction and adhering unwaveringly to the principle that development is the hard principle” (Xi, 2018d). This principle reflects a cornerstone of China’s over four decades of reform and opening-up. Since 1979, China has prioritized refining its business environment to draw foreign investment. World Bank data reveal that between 2005 and 2019, global economies implemented 3,847 reform measures; China ranked second with 42, trailing only India’s 48 (World Bank, 2020)⁵. These market-oriented reforms markedly boosted China’s appeal to foreign capital post-1992, with foreign investment averaging 3.87% of GDP from 1992 to 2016⁶. This influx of funds, technology, and market access has fueled rapid economic growth, enabling China to cultivate self-sustaining capacities. Consequently, the axiom that “development unlocks solutions to all challenges” has been fully realized, with a balanced interplay of reform, development, and stability reinforcing China’s focus on development primacy and momentum
+
+In contrast to China, African nations face an acute need for foreign investment and aid to bolster economic development, constrained by severely limited domestic resources. Western perspectives often attribute Africa's underdevelopment to inadequate security and weak governance, advocating substantial resource allocation to these sectors as a prerequisite for development. Influenced by what may be termed the “priority of development conditions” theory, a significant share of Western funding to Africa is directed toward security and governance rather than economic development. This redirection compresses resources available for productive sectors—those capable of generating self-sustaining growth—hindering African countries from cultivating authentic endogenous momentum. Since the 1980s, many African nations have pursued market-oriented reforms, progressively easing restrictions on market access to attract foreign capital through greater openness. Yet, under pressure from Western investors and donors to prioritize governance and security improvements, these countries frequently see their development focus waver, ultimately stunting productivity gains.
+
+Consider the experiences of Botswana, Mauritius, and Tanzania, which stand out for attracting foreign investment exceeding 2% of GDP over sustained periods since 1979. Botswana, widely regarded as an exemplar of the African developmental state, drew significant inflows during 1979–1987 and 2002–2009, averaging 6.56% and 4.77% of GDP annually in those spans, respectively. Mauritius maintained an average of 3.14% from 2007 to 2022, dipping below 2% in only three years, with a low of 1.8%. Tanzania averaged 3.30% from 1995 to 2015, falling below 2% in just one year over that 21-year period⁷. These nations achieved notable development during peak investment phases; however, their progress faltered when inflows declined, underscoring a persistent challenge: foreign investment, while impactful, has yet to substantially enhance the sustainability of their development momentum.
+
+It merits emphasis that both China and African nations recognize the pivotal role of reform and openness in fostering economic growth. Throughout this process, China's focus on harmonizing reform, development, and stability aligns closely—indeed, often converges—with the development-security-governance nexus underscored by Western and African perspectives. This convergence establishes a foundation for mutual learning in modernization between China and Africa. Here, “development” denotes comprehensive progress anchored in economic growth; “stability” and “security” are near-synonyms, though “stability” implies a lower threshold of order. “Reform” functions as the active mechanism of “governance”, aimed at enhancing governance efficiency—essentially, advancing the modernization of national governance systems and capacities (Xi, 2021c). Consequently, China’s approach to prioritizing development within its reform and openness framework, thereby sustaining development momentum, offers valuable insights not only for exchange with African developing nations but also as a model for other developing countries pursuing modernization.
+
+
+
+⁵ https://archive.doingbusiness.org/en/doingbusiness
+⁶ Calculated by author based on data from the World Bank database https://data.worldbank.org.
+⁷ Calculated by author based on data from the World Bank database https://data.worldbank.org.
+
+## 4. Strengthening Development Resilience
+
+There has never been a smooth path to modernization. Both external shocks and internal risks can lead to setbacks or even interruptions in the development process. On the journey towards modernization, all countries must overcome various internal and external crises and continuously enhance development resilience, which specifically covers three elements: first, to diversify risks through an economic diversification strategy and enhance risk resistance; second, to ensure stability through gradual and incremental reforms and create a virtuous cycle of reform; third, to strengthen prevention with a bottom-line mindset that anticipates dangers in times of safety, fostering capabilities in crisis early warning and risk management.
+
+### 4.1 Economic Diversification Strategy
+
+To bolster development resilience, nations must avoid entrapment in dependency or inequitable structures, encompassing both internal monolithic economic frameworks and external reliance on investment and aid. An economic diversification strategy is thus paramount, serving dual purposes: fostering a robust, multifaceted domestic industrial and national economic system, and cultivating a broad array of international partners and resource channels in foreign cooperation.
+
+Despite starting from a position of poverty and an agrarian economy at the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, China evolved into a nation with a comprehensive industrial system within just over seven decades, encompassing all categories in the United Nations' industrial classification. After 1949, China not only achieved economic diversification but also swiftly established an independent and relatively complete industrial and economic system, laying a critical material foundation for modernization. In 1952, China's total industrial output stood at a mere 34.9 billion yuan; by 1979, the start of reform and opening-up, it had risen to 423.7 billion yuan. This figure surged to nearly 2.4 trillion yuan by 1990, 8.5 trillion yuan by 2000, nearly 70 trillion yuan by 2010, and reached 110 trillion yuan by 2020⁸. As its domestic economic system matured, China's roster of international economic partners grew increasingly diverse. Today, China serves as the primary trading partner for over 140 countries and regions and a key investment source for a growing number. Since the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was launched in 2013, China has signed cooperation agreements with over 150 countries and 30 international organizations, hosted three Belt and Road International Cooperation Summits, and established more than 20 multilateral platforms in specialized fields. From 2013 to 2022, trade with BRI partner countries totaled 19.1 trillion US dollars (reflecting an average annual growth of 6.4%), cumulative two-way investment surpassed 380 billion US dollars, and newly signed contracts and completed project turnovers amounted to 2 trillion US dollars and 1.3 trillion US dollars, respectively (State Council Information Office [SCIO], 2023).
+
+Likewise, economic diversification represents a persistent, long-term ambition for the African continent and its nations, as evidenced by the AU's advocacy for regional integration and the economic strategies of countries like Ethiopia, which embedded diversification objectives in its 2020–2030 development plan (Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, 2020). Yet, historical legacies have left many African economies with significant structural rigidity, manifesting in three primary forms. First, resource-abundant nations predominantly depend on commodity exports, rendering them highly susceptible to the “resource curse”. Second, certain countries, shaped by colonial legacies, remain tethered to single-industry economies. Third, resource-scarce nations lacking viable economic crops often fall into patterns of “aid dependency”.
+
+
+
+⁸ See: China Statistical Yearbook by National Bureau of Statistics, http://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj.
+
+This structural homogeneity is most starkly reflected in Africa's reliance on commodity exports. The UNCTAD classifies a country as commodity-dependent if a single commodity constitutes over 60% of its total export value; by this measure, 83% of African nations qualify, comprising 45% of such countries globally. Predominantly, these exports consist of agricultural products, minerals, and oil and natural gas, with 45 of Africa's 54 countries deriving over 70% of their export value from a single primary product (UNCTAD, 2022). Such dependence has entrenched economic vulnerabilities: over 80% of Africa's workforce is employed in the informal sector, where labor productivity has declined—from 11.9% in 1960 to 7.7% in 2017 (Usman and Landry, 2021). Moreover, this homogeneous economic structure has deepened reliance on foreign investment and aid, further complicating efforts to cultivate sustainable development momentum.
+
+Despite stark disparities in economic scale between China and African nations, the African continent as a whole retains significant potential for developing a comprehensive industrial framework and a robust national economic system. Consequently, the exchange of sectoral expertise and mutual learning between China and African countries—coupled with broader continental collaboration—hold critical importance for bolstering the development resilience of Africa and its constituent states.
+
+### 4.2 Pursuing Gradual Reform
+
+Modernization unfolds as a protracted process, invariably intertwined with reform, wherein a virtuous reform cycle serves as a vital linchpin for sustaining development resilience. While not an absolute necessity, the gradual pace of reform strongly correlates with this virtuous cycle; excessively abrupt reforms frequently provoke sharp setbacks, triggering a detrimental spiral of reform failure. Though shaped by distinct national contexts, China and African countries share a common commitment to calibrating the tempo of reform to foster such a constructive cycle.
+
+Chinese path to modernization steadfastly employs a systemic approach, epitomized by the gradual reform strategy of “crossing the river by feeling for stones”. President Xi Jinping has repeatedly underscored that China, as a vast developing nation in the initial phase of socialism, is navigating profound and pervasive social transformations. Advancing reform, fostering development, and recalibrating interest dynamics require a delicate equilibrium, where a single adjustment can ripple across multiple domains (Xi, 2022). Reform and openness, as a trailblazing endeavor without precedent, demand adherence to a rigorous methodology, progressing through iterative practice and exploration. The “crossing the river by feeling for stones” approach—uniquely tailored to China’s national context—entails discerning developmental patterns through cautious, incremental steps. This method mitigates social upheaval stemming from uncertainty or ill-conceived measures, ensuring a stable foundation for reform and the steady realization of objectives.
+
+Far from being an outdated tactic, “crossing the river by feeling for stones” reflects an understanding of objective developmental laws and aligns with the dialectical principle of quantitative shifts culminating in qualitative change. President Xi Jinping has clarified, “It is a misconception to suggest that this approach was necessary only in the early stages of reform and opening-up and is now obsolete… We must continue employing strategies like pilot explorations and initial trials, accruing experience, forging consensus, and, once clarity and confidence are secured, advancing methodically—amassing incremental gains into major victories” (Xi, 2018a). Complementing this gradualism, China balances incremental and structural reforms with a prudent strategy, prioritizing “shared development” as a core developmental ethos. The “invisible hand” of the market, he asserts, must not only expand the economic “pie” but also ensure its equitable distribution (People's Daily, 2016).
+
+African nations exhibit diverse developmental contexts, resulting in varied approaches and outcomes in advancing reform. Governments of African developmental states often wield stable political authority, unburdened by fears of reform discontinuation, enabling them to enact measured and consistent reform policies. For instance, the progress of Rwanda, Ethiopia, and Tanzania owes much to such steadfast governance expectations. Since 1995, Rwanda's government has pursued national economic advancement with unwavering commitment, unveiling “Vision 2020” in 2000 and “Vision 2050” in 2016. These strategies aim to elevate Rwanda into the ranks of low-middle-income status by 2020, upper-middle-income by 2035, and high-income by 2050. Bolstered by a stabilizing political landscape and incremental reform measures, Rwanda's developmental state model has yielded tangible results (Jiang & Zhu, 2022). Conversely, some African leaders have distorted party competition, transforming it from a consensus-building mechanism into a vehicle for personal gain. Such rulers often push reforms recklessly, prioritizing short-term gains over sustainability, which frequently precipitates a detrimental cycle of reform failure.
+
+Beyond party politics, the virtuous cycle of reform in African nations can be disrupted by what may be termed “ambition politics”. Over six decades since independence, Africa has crafted numerous strategic plans at continental and national levels, yet many have faltered due to overly ambitious objectives. The AU's Agenda 2063, for example, set an audacious target of “Silencing the Guns by 2020”, which proved unattainable, necessitating an extension to 2030. Similarly, to address lagging development momentum, the AU proposed establishing four major financial institutions: the African Investment Bank and Pan-African Stock Exchange by 2016, the African Monetary Fund by 2018, and the African Central Bank by 2028 or 2034 (African Union, 2015). This vision, equally ambitious, saw initial optimism—its *First Continental Report on The Implementation of Agenda 2063* in 2020 rated progress at 92%—yet by 2021, the *Second Continental Report on The Implementation of Agenda 2063* in 2022 deemed it “unassessable”, signaling significant implementation hurdles (African Union, 2020, 2022). Given the disparity in economic scale between China and African countries, their sensitivity to gradual reform diverges naturally. Africa's smaller economies often enable a swifter reform tempo. Thus, the exchange and mutual learning of reform experiences not only fortify each other's reform consensus but also illuminate the potential for diverse modernization trajectories.
+
+### 4.3 Strengthening Early Warning and Crisis Management Capacities
+
+The enduring relevance of theories hinges on their grounding in reality. Dependency Theory, World-system Theory, and Developmental State Theory all grapple with the stability and sustainability of empirical support, a challenge that significantly undermines their theoretical vigor. Consequently, proactive risk anticipation and mitigation during the modernization process emerge as critical mechanisms for averting developmental volatility and bolstering resilience.
+
+A pivotal factor in the success of Chinese path to modernization is the Chinese government's steadfast emphasis on anticipating and addressing risks throughout the development trajectory. On one hand, China recognizes that advancing modernization demands unwavering strategic resolve and focus. As President Xi Jinping puts it, this systematic endeavor necessitates holistic planning and coordinated execution: “We must enhance strategic foresight, accurately discern the inevitable trajectories of progress, keenly identify emerging opportunities and challenges, and deploy scientific strategies to anticipate and shape the future” (Xi, 2023b). On the other hand, China's leadership maintains a sober awareness, consistently stressing the need for vigilance amid prosperity. This approach unfolds across four key dimensions. First, the path ahead will not be without turbulence. Greater achievements demand heightened caution and a sense of vigilance in times of calm; strategic or drastic mistake must be avoided. Second, confronting a volatile global landscape, intricate regional dynamics, and the formidable tasks of reform, development, and stability, the Chinese leadership must balance proactive risk prevention with sophisticated strategies to neutralize threats—preparing not only to counter risks but also to seize opportunities, transforming challenges into advantages (Xi, 2018b). Third, it is essential to integrate development and security, fostering robust opportunity-and-risk awareness, “bottom-line thinking”, thorough risk assessment, and preemptive measures to address vulnerabilities, thereby ensuring steady modernization progress through adept management of diverse challenges (Xi, 2020). Fourth, it is important to vigilantly monitor and contain risk spillovers across domains, thus preventing non-public risks from escalating into public risks and non-political risks from evolving into political risks (Xi, 2018c). Guided by these principles, China has navigated profound shifts in the global development environment—particularly in trade patterns—by implementing economic measures to forge a new dual-circulation framework, wherein domestic and international economic circulations mutually reinforce each other.
+
+Given the acute security challenges encountered in their development trajectories, African nations prioritize early warning and crisis management as integral components of capacity building, often pursuing these aims collectively. Drawing on the sub-regional model of the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD), which established an Conflict Early Warning and Response Mechanism (CEWARN), the AU launched the Continental Early Warning System (CEWS) in 2009. Distinctively, CEWS focuses on preempting and addressing security risks—particularly grassroots social conflicts—rather than engaging deeply with conventional military or armed confrontations. This system has generally bolstered the development resilience of African sub-regions (Gnanguenon, 2021; Zhang, 2016). Nevertheless, Africa's capacities for early warning and crisis management remain comparatively limited, posing challenges to ensuring sustainable development.
+
+At the national level, many African countries exhibit insufficient sensitivity to latent risks. Ethiopia, for instance, emerged as a flagship of “Africa Rising” in the 21st century, yet its ethnic federalism and inequitable distribution of developmental gains were never systematically mitigated. This structural oversight constitutes a root cause of the profound setbacks Ethiopia faced following Prime Minister Meles Zenawi’s death in 2012. Similarly, escalating debt risks in countries like Zambia, Nigeria, and South Africa stem from expansionary fiscal policies paired with inadequate risk foresight. From 2011 to 2021, their debt growth rates frequently outpaced export growth, with substantial borrowing persisting even during years of negative export performance, amplifying their vulnerability⁹. On a continental scale, Africa’s economic trajectory since independence has been marked by significant volatility: capable of swift transitions from stagnation to rapid growth, or precipitous declines. In the first two decades post-independence (1961–1980), Africa’s average annual economic growth rate reached 4.19%, yet fluctuations were stark—surging from -1.23% in 1967 to a record 10.24% in 1970, then plummeting from 7.92% in 1974 to -0.12% in 1975. Over the broader period of 1960–2021, Africa’s growth rate oscillated by as much as 5,500%, dwarfing the global average amplitude of 1,100% (UNECA, 2023)¹⁰.
+
+There is significant potential for experience sharing and mutual learning between China, which is building independent risk early warning and management capabilities, and the African continent, which is developing collective risk early warning and control capacities. In an era of globalization, where complex risks in the modernization process necessitate multi-nation collaboration, there is a compelling need for China and Africa to deepen mutually beneficial cooperation and share experiences in risk anticipation and management.
+
+## 5. Concluding Remarks
+
+Throughout world history, Eastern nations have led global development for a far longer period, while the dominance of Western nations on the path to modernization has been a phenomenon of only the past 400 years. Viewed in this light, Westernization is far from the sole effective route to modernization. Under the leadership of the Chinese Communists, the Chinese people have achieved the success of Chinese path to modernization in a relatively short period, providing a new reference for developing countries to independently pursue their own paths to modernization.
+
+
+
+⁹ Calculated by author based on data from the World Bank database, https://data.worldbank.org.
+¹⁰ Calculated by author based on data from the World Bank database, https://data.worldbank.org.
+
+The paramount value of exchanging and mutually learning from modernization experiences between China and Africa lies in its dual impact: it not only fosters the concurrent advancement of Chinese and African paths to modernization, enriching the tapestry of modernization pathways, but also underscores the shared framework of “development consensus, momentum, and resilience” underlying these diverse trajectories. This exchange offers a compelling model for other developing nations pursuing autonomous modernization. The virtuous cycle of cultivating development consensus, sustaining momentum, and fortifying resilience serves as a foundational pillar for numerous developing countries—including China and African states—to independently navigate their modernization journeys.
+
+The consolidation of development consensus not only empowers these nations to counter the “lecturing” approach of the United States and Europe while fostering internal solidarity of the “Global South”. Such solidarity helps bolster national identity, mitigates tensions between national and ethnic affiliations, and enhance governance capabilities holistically. Development momentum, in turn, enables countries to assert agency over external funding, addressing internal challenges—most notably by enabling the self-sustaining generation of development resources. This shift toward non-zero-sum, incremental reforms alleviates the friction and instability often triggered by zero-sum structural changes, thereby strengthening the security and governance conditions essential for sustainable progress. Finally, development resilience equips nations to adeptly manage both exogenous crises—natural or human-induced—and internal risks, reinforcing predictive and mitigative capacities. Such resilience not only consolidates national consensus but also minimizes resource wastage, optimizing the efficacy of developmental momentum.
+
+Through this reciprocal engagement, China and Africa can amplify the virtuous interplay of consensus, momentum, and resilience, paving the way for a broader array of developing nations to chart independent modernization paths.
+
+It merits noting that commonality and diversity are mutually constitutive: commonality underpins diversity, yet it is diversity that illuminates commonality. Consequently, the exchange and mutual learning of global modernization experiences—exemplified by China and Africa—must honor both dimensions, resisting any conflation of the two. This balanced approach enables nations to pursue independent modernization trajectories while enriching the multifaceted tapestry of human development pathways. 
+
+## References:
+
+African Union. Agenda 2063: The Africa We Want, Popular Version, 3rd Edition[R]. Addis Ababa: 2015.
+
+African Union. First Continental Report: On the Implementation of Agenda 2063[R]. Johannesburg: AUDA-NEPAD, 2020.
+
+African Union. Second Continental Report: On the Implementation of Agenda 2063[R]. Johannesburg: AUDA-NEPAD, 2022.
+
+An C. Y. The Paradox between African Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction Development[J]. West Asia and Africa, 2010(3): 20-26.
+
+Bresser-Pereira C. L., Ianoni M. Developmental Class Coalitions: Historical Experiences and Prospects. In Magara H. and Amable B. eds., Growth, Crisis and Democracy: The Political Economy of Social Coalitions and Policy Regime Change[C]. London: Routledge, 2017.
+
+Brohman J. Universalism, Eurocentricism and Ideological Bias in Development Studies: From Modernization to Noeliberalism[J]. Third World Quarterly, 2005(1): 121-140.
+
+Cardoso H. F., Faletto E. Dependency and Development in Latin America[M]. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1979.
+
+Chase-Dunn C., Grimes P. World-Systems Analysis[J]. Annual Review of Sociology, 1995(1): 387-417.
+
+Chen M. M. Modernization Theory and Dependency Theory: A Rereading of Two Old Development Theories[J]. Jilin University Journal Social Sciences Edition, 2023(5): 28.
+
+Chibber V. Reviving the Developmental State? The Myth of the ‘National Bourgeoisie’. In Panitch L., Leys C. eds., The Socialist Register 2005: The Empire Reloaded[C], 2005 (41).
+
+Deng X. P. Selected Works of Dang Xiaoping (Volume II)[M]. Beijing: People's Publishing House, 1993.
+
+Dornbusch R. The New Classical Macroeconomics and Stabilization Policy[J]. American Economic Review, 1990(2): 143-147.
+
+Evans B. P. Predatory, Developmental and Other Apparatuses: A Comparative Political Economy Perspective on the Third World State[J]. Sociological Forum, 1989(4): 561-587.
+
+Evans P. Embedded Autonomy: States and Industrial Transformation[M]. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1995.
+
+Everett J. Globalization and Its New Spaces for (Alternative) Accounting Research[J]. Accounting Forum, 2003(4): 408.
+
+Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Ten Years Development Plan: A Pathway to Prosperity, 2021-2030[R]. Addis Ababa: 2020.
+
+Frank G. A. Crisis in the Third World[M]. New York: Holmes and Meier, 1967.
+
+Gartrell B. British Administrators, Colonial Chiefs, and the Comfort of Tradition: An Example from Uganda[J]. African Studies Review, 1983(1): 1-24.
+
+Giddens A. Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber[M]. Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres, 1971.
+
+Gill P. Meles Zenawi: In His Own Words[M]. Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 2012.
+
+Gnanguenon A. Pivoting to African Conflict Prevention? An Analysis of Continental and Regional Early Warning Systems[J]. ISS Brief, 2021(3): 1-8.
+
+Guan W.W. Beijing Consensus and Development Legitimacy: The Evolution of China's Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) Regime from a Law & Development Perspective[J]. Asian Journal of Comparative Law, 2017(1): 115-139.
+
+Hao Y. P., Huang X. H. The Significant Advantage of Concentrating Efforts to Accomplish Great Things Has Achieved the ‘Governance of China’[N]. People's Daily, March 13, 2020.
+
+Haque S. M. Restructuring Development Theories and Policies: A Critical Study[M]. New York: State University of New York Press, 1999.
+
+Harvey D. A Brief History of Neoliberalism[M]. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005.
+
+Herkenrath M., Bornschier V. Transnational Corporations in World Development: Still Harmful?[J]. Journal of World Systems Research, 2003(1): 105-139.
+
+Jiang L., Zhu R. Y. Industrial Policy, State Capacity and Development Will: The Developmental State Model of Rwanda (1994-present)[J]. Country and Area Studies, 2022(4): 95-118.
+
+Johnson A. C. MITI and the Japanese Miracle: The Growth of Industrial Policy, 1925-1975[M]. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1982.
+
+Johnson A. C. The Developmental State: Odyssey of a Concept, in Cummings M. Woo eds., The Developmental State[C]. California: Correll University Press, 1999.
+
+Kuznets S. Economic Growth and Income Inequality[J]. American Economic Review, 1955(10): 1-28.
+
+Kvangraven H. I. Beyond the Stereotype: Restating the Relevance of the Dependency Research Programme[J]. Development and Change, 2021(1): 76-112.
+
+Kyed M. H., Buur L. Introduction: Traditional Authority and Democratization in Africa, in Buur L., Kyed M. H. eds., State Recognition and Democratization in Sub-Saharan Africa: A New Dawn for Traditional Authorities?[C]. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
+
+Lan Y. The Transcendence of Chinese Path to Modernization Over the Non-Development Theory of Developing Countries[J]. Journal of Southwest University (Social Sciences Edition), 2023(3): 1-9.
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+# 大模型商业应用挑战及其管理对策：基于知识增强的应用框架
+
+金旭磊¹, 陈刚¹, 黄丽华¹, 肖帅勇², 张成洪¹
+
+(1. 复旦大学 管理学院, 上海 200433; 2. 同济大学 经济与管理学院, 上海 200092)
+
+**摘要:** 大模型产业发展迅速,其技术创新与广泛应用推动了企业的数智化转型,带来了显著的商业价值。大模型得到了政府与社会各界的重视,党中央、国务院多次强调了人工智能技术在我国高质量发展中的重要作用。2023年以来,我国大模型产业迅速增长,大模型技术日渐成熟。然而,企业在应用大模型的过程中,除了遇到模型性能的问题,还会面临人员与组织管理等方面的难题。现有关于大模型的研究多聚焦于技术层面,缺乏商业管理视角的综合分析。本文通过调研四家实施大模型的企业,探讨了大模型商业化应用中的挑战与需求,并提出基于知识增强的大模型商业应用框架,为企业实践提供参考。
+
+**关键词:** 大模型;商业应用框架;案例分析
+
+**中图分类号:** C93 **文献标识码:** A **文章编号:** 2097-0145(2025)03-0001-08 **doi:** 10.11847/fj.44.3.1
+
+## 0 引言
+
+近年来,大语言模型(large language model, LLM,“大模型”)产业发展迅猛,自ChatGPT发布以来,大模型在各行业的生产实践中发挥了重要作用,推动了企业数智化转型。据 Statista统计,2023年全球大模型市场规模已达300亿美元,预计到2028年将增长至700亿美元,展现出广阔的市场前景。2025年的《政府工作报告》将“支持大模型广泛应用”列为政府工作任务之一,反映出国家对大模型产业的高度重视。在政策与市场的共同驱动下,国内外大模型技术持续演进。2025年初,深度求索公司发布了开源大模型 DeepSeek-R1,通过强化学习提升了推理能力,并利用混合专家架构降低了训练成本。同年3月,Monica 推出基于多智能体架构的Manus AI,能够自主完成报告撰写、数据分析与行程规划等复杂任务,展现了大模型的应用潜力。与此同时,OpenAI发布的O3系列大模型在推理、多模态处理与工具调用方面实现了突破,进一步拓宽了大模型的应用边界。
+
+随着大模型技术持续进步,大模型的商业应用也在加速拓展,已在客户服务^[1]^、内容生成^[2]^、教育培训^[3]^、金融分析^[4]^和医疗诊断^[5]^等领域展现出应用价值。大量的应用实践表明,领域适应性是影响大模型应用效果的关键因素^[6]^。目前,企业主要通过三种模式实现大模型的领域适应:(1)提示工程^[7]^(prompt engineering, PE)通过设计提示词来引导大模型生成内容;(2)检索增强生成^[8]^(retrieval-augmented generation, RAG)利用外部相关文档与知识来提升生成结果的准确性与专业性;(3)监督微调^[9]^(supervised fine-tuning, SFT)与人工反馈强化学习^[10]^(reinforcement learning from human feedback, RLHF)通过深度注入领域知识,提升大模型的领域理解与任务执行能力。
+
+然而,尽管现有应用模式提升了大模型的领域应用效果,但在大模型商业化应用过程中仍面临诸多挑战。例如,大模型在用户意图识别准确性、响应内容可控性与生成结果可靠性方面仍存在不足,特别是在医疗等高风险领域,企业对输出结果的可解释性提出了更高标准。此外,领域大模型部署对企业的算力资源、数据资源、专业人才储备和组织协同能力也提出了较高要求。因此,企业需要系统性的应用框架,统筹技术能力与组织资源,确保大模型在复杂商业环境中的高效应用,实现大模型的商业价值转化。
+
+
+
+**收稿日期:** 2024-09-29
+
+**基金项目:** 国家自然科学基金专项资助项目(72342012);国家自然科学基金资助项目(72271059);国家自然科学基金重大资助项目(72394371);国家自然科学基金青年资助项目(72301239,72301194);国家社会科学基金重点资助项目(22AZD136)
+
+**通讯作者简介:** 陈刚,复旦大学管理学院副研究员,博士,研究方向:大模型结构化推理。E-mail:chengang050970@foxmail.com。
+
+## 1 文献综述
+
+### 1.1 大模型技术原理
+
+随着人工智能技术的发展,以深度学习为代表的技术创新推动了大模型的兴起^[11]^。大模型通常指参数规模达到亿级的神经网络模型^[12]^。凭借出色的泛化性能,大模型已广泛应用于自然语言处理(NLP)、计算机视觉、数据分析与决策支持等领域^[13]^。
+
+大模型的发展经历了从基础神经网络到复杂网络架构的演进。早期,循环神经网络^[14]^和长短时记忆网络^[15]^推动了深度学习在NLP领域的发展。2017年,Vaswani^[16]^提出Transformer架构,以自注意力机制高效建模序列数据,极大地提升了模型性能,催生了 BERT^[17]^、GPT-3^[18]^、DeepSeek-V3^[19]^等大模型,这些大模型在自然语言理解与生成任务中展现出了卓越能力。随着应用需求的扩展,研究者提出了CLIP^[20]^、DALL-E^[21]^、Stable Diffusion^[22]^等多模态大模型,使模型能够同时处理不同模态数据,满足更复杂的应用场景。
+
+大模型训练的核心在于大规模神经网络设计与高效优化策略,参数规模的扩大增强了模型对复杂特征与模式的理解与表达能力^[23]^,而高效的训练策略兼顾了降低资源消耗与挖掘大模型潜力^[19]^。为提升大模型领域适应性,学界提出了多种技术路径。基于SFT^[9]^和 RLHF^[10]^的策略组合,增强了模型输出与人类偏好的对齐程度。提示工程通过设计提示词引导高质量输出^[7]^,思维链^[24]^通过显式推理路径增强了模型的逻辑推理能力与可解释性。针对计算资源消耗问题,以DeepSeek^[19]^为代表的基于混合专家架构的大模型,通过门控机制动态激活少量专家网络,有效降低了训练成本。此外,RAG^[8]^通过检索知识库或文档提升模型回答的准确性与专业性。多智能体系统^[25]^则通过多个 Agents的协同工作,提高了复杂任务处理能力。
+
+总体来看,随着深度学习技术的持续演进,以及高效训练策略和多项创新技术手段的应用,大模型的性能和通用性显著提升,应用范围不断扩大,已成为当前人工智能研究与实践的重要方向。
+
+### 1.2 大模型应用模式
+
+大模型在自然语言理解与生成能力上的持续进步,推动其应用场景不断扩展^[26]^。在通用任务方面,大模型在自然语言处理、图像理解与多模态协同等方面实现了重要突破^[27]^。通过学习海量数据中的复杂模式,大模型能够灵活生成符合用户需求的个性化文本、图像与视频^[2,28]^。在问答系统中,大模型可以直接进行问题响应,能够支持智能助理、客户服务助手等多种场景^[1,29]^。在跨模态理解方面,大模型能够统一建模文本、图像与音频数据,完成多模态生成任务^[30-31]^。同时,大模型在数据分析与决策支持方面也展现出强大能力,能够高效处理结构化与非结构化数据,挖掘潜在数据模式,辅助商业决策^[32-33]^。
+
+在通用能力不断增强的基础上,大模型的行业应用也日益深入,已覆盖医疗、教育、金融、法律、客户服务等多个领域。在医疗领域,大模型已被用于医学文献理解、辅助诊断与患者教育^[5]^;在教育领域,大模型支持个性化学习路径推荐与实时答疑^[3]^;在金融领域,大模型能够对财经数据和市场信息进行深度分析,辅助风险管理与投资决策^[4]^;在法律领域,大模型被应用于法律文本检索、文书生成与案件梳理^[34]^;在客户服务领域,大模型驱动的智能对话系统能够实时理解客户需求,提供高效且符合个性化需求的服务响应^[35]^。值得注意的是,随着应用场景的复杂化,领域特定任务对大模型的推理能力提出了更高要求,尤其在医疗诊断、金融预测等场景中,准确的多步逻辑推理成为保障大模型应用价值的关键^[36]^。
+
+伴随应用场景的不断扩展,大模型在不同领域的应用逐渐演化出三类主流模式,体现了领域知识融合的不同策略。第一类是提示工程^[7,24]^,通过构造高质量的提示词,直接激发大模型的通用能力以完成响应。第二类是RAG^[8]^,通过检索外部领域知识库,提升大模型对领域知识、时效性内容的掌握。RAG模式融合了搜索与生成的优势,是实现大模型“轻量知识增强”的主要机制。第三类是基于SFT^[6,9]^与RLHF^[10]^的模型重塑路径,通过高质量标注数据与人类反馈进行大模型微调,将领域知识融入模型参数中。这种方式适用于构建具备领域专业性、行为对齐能力的大模型,也是当前企业训练垂直领域大模型的主流策略。
+
+虽然大模型在通用任务与行业应用中展现出巨大潜力,但是企业层面的大模型应用实践仍缺乏系统性总结与指导。一方面,已有研究多聚焦于模型结构优化、性能提升等技术层面,较少关注企业在实际部署中面临的复杂挑战;另一方面,现有关于大模型应用的研究在组织管理方面的思考不足,未能充分揭示企业在应用大模型时所面临的人员激励、组织调整、跨部门协作等复杂挑战,导致学者们对大模型应用问题的认识与企业的实践需求之间存在脱节。
+
+## 2 大模型商业应用的案例分析
+
+为解决当前大模型商业应用中的现实问题,本文调研了四家已部署大模型的企业,系统梳理了应用情况,并分析了应用挑战与需求。
+
+### 2.1 大模型商业应用场景
+
+A企业是一家提供孕婴童产品与服务的新零售平台,A企业于2023年推出了母婴行业垂直大模型 AGPT(因商业保密要求,本文均使用代称),部署于五大业务场景。(1)营促销:基于用户行为与偏好生成个性化推荐与营销内容,并通过社交媒体平台优化活动策略;(2)社交互动:支持AI写真、表情包定制等,满足用户在社交媒体上的个性化表达;(3)会员服务:通过智能客服与智能推荐系统提升服务响应速度与质量;(4)门店直播:利用AI数字人与用户实时互动,提高线上直播与线下门店引流效果;(5)自动化分析系统:进行门店运营与供应链管理的数据分析,辅助决策。A企业的AGPT主要面向个人消费者和内部业务管理,兼顾用户体验与运营效率。
+
+B企业是大宗商品行业信息服务商,拥有丰富的行业数据与专家知识。2024年,B企业基于开源大模型开发了大宗商品行业领域大模型 BGPT,部署于五大业务场景。(1)查数据:提供实时价格、库存、供需数据查询,支撑企业客户及时掌握市场动态;(2)读咨询:智能解读行业分析报告与宏观政策动态,提高信息处理效率;(3)写报告:辅助市场研究报告与公文撰写,减少企业用户重复性劳动;(4)问百科:提供行业知识、上市公司信息查询服务;(5)找商机:聚合供需信息与行业动态,帮助企业发现合作机会。B企业的BGPT主要面向企业用户和内部专家团队,聚焦于数据洞察、信息检索与决策支持。
+
+C企业是一家创新情报与知识产权服务平台,C企业于2024年发布了生物医药大模型 CGPT,主要应用于四个业务场景。(1)医药竞争格局分析:通过聚合全球药物研发管线信息与市场数据,辅助企业战略布局;(2)文献与数据检索:支持文献检索并链接至 Synapse 等外部平台的详情页,支持临床试验数据检索,辅助临床试验管理;(3)化合物与序列检索:支持精准检索化合物结构、基因序列及相关专利,辅助药物研发与专利申请;(4)医药政策问答:提供多国药政信息,帮助用户了解药品监管政策。CGPT主要面向生物医药企业、科研机构与内部研究人员,聚焦于提升专业检索能力、创新情报分析与研发支持。
+
+D企业是一家酒店服务管理平台,D企业于2024年推出了基于RAG模式的大模型 DGPT,服务顾客、加盟商与自有员工三类用户。(1)酒店虚拟前台:支持入住自助办理与常见问题解答等;(2)加盟商小助手:为加盟商提供实时经营数据分析并生成报告;(3)员工支持助手:辅助员工入职培训和企业内部的问题解答。DGPT在提升顾客服务质量、优化企业运营效率方面发挥了作用。
+
+### 2.2 大模型商业应用实施方案
+
+制定契合业务需求的大模型实施方案是保障应用效果的前提。四家企业在开发阶段,结合自身行业特性和服务对象,制定了差异化的大模型应用策略,涵盖数据准备到模型训练的全过程。
+
+A企业基于LLaMA-3,融合私有育儿知识库与公共数据进行了微调,其模型训练采用云端分布式架构,支持持续迭代优化。B企业自建GPU集群,采用多智能体架构,基于行业数据库与宏观政策数据进行了微调,支持高时效性业务。C企业基于LLaMA-3,融合专利、论文、试验等数据进行了微调,并引入强化学习对齐行业标准,结合RAG动态检索增强专业输出。酒店服务行业对大模型专业性要求相对较低,D企业采用轻量化策略,利用运营手册与常见问题库构建检索数据集,基于RAG的模式实现高效问答,无需深度微调。表1总结了四家企业在基座模型、数据准备、服务器条件与实现方式上的差异。
+
+表1 四家企业的大模型训练与实施方案对比
+
+| 实施要素 | A企业 | B企业 | C企业 | D企业 |
|---|
| 基座模型 | LLaMA-3 | 开源 LLM | LLaMA-3 | 开源 LLM | | 数据准备 | 私有育儿知识库公共数据 | 私有行业数据库私有专家知识库公共经济数据政策数据 | 生物医药专利数据临床试验数据科研论文药政法规行业知识图谱 | 标准化运营手册常见问题集业务流程文档 | | 服务器条件 | 云服务器 | 自建 GPU 集群 | 云服务器 | 云服务器 | | 实现方式 | 微调 | 微调 + Multi-Agent | 微调 + RLHF + RAG | RAG |
+
+### 2.3 大模型商业应用效果分析
+
+根据调研发现,尽管四家企业所处行业、服务对象和应用场景不同,但在大模型应用过程中普遍实现了以下成效。
+
+首先,大模型推动了客户服务从规则驱动向动态生成转型,能够在理解用户意图的基础上实时响应。AGPT可以根据用户画像生成营销文案;DGPT的虚拟前台实现了自助服务。其次,大模型重塑了企业对专业知识的利用方式。BGPT整合行业资讯,提高了报告撰写效率;CGPT的智能检索降低了研发信息获取成本。再次,大模型提升了企业应对复杂任务的能力。BGPT借助多智能体提升了整体业务流程的响应效率与系统协同能力;CGPT实现复杂专业信息处理,优化了药政研判流程。最后,大模型拓展了企业智能系统的边界,支持多角色、多任务协同应用。AGPT同时服务消费者与门店运营;BGPT用于对外咨询与内部管理;CGPT服务外部科研与内部研发;DGPT则构建了面向顾客、加盟商与员工的多角色助手体系。表2对四家企业在大模型应用场景与应用效果方面进行了总结。
+
+表2 四家企业大模型应用情况对比
+
+| 应用分析 | A企业 | B企业 | C企业 | D企业 |
|---|
| 应用场景面 | 向个人用户 | 智能导购社交互动门店直播 | | 医药信息查询医药政策问答 | 酒店虚拟前台 | | 面向企业用户 | | 市场数据分析咨询解读商机拓展 | 技术文献检索研发情报分析 | 加盟商小助手 | | 面向内部人员 | 数据分析助手业务流程优化 | 专家团队知识检索与辅助分析 | 专利知识管理 | 员工培训与业务支持 | | 应用效果 | | 提升用户体验与转化率优化运营效率 | 提升预测准确率提高企业决策效率赋能市场洞察 | 加速生物医药信息检索与新药研发强化知识产权保护 | 提升顾客满意度优化加盟商运营管理降低员工培训成本 |
+
+从四家企业的大模型应用效果可以看出,大模型在企业中的应用呈现出从工具性嵌入向系统性重构的趋势:一是逐步成为智能系统核心模块,参与任务调度与系统协同;二是通过交互积累形成企业知识资产;三是部署范围从局部应用扩展到跨部门、全流程;四是推动企业围绕大模型能力,重构业务边界与组织设计,推动管理模式升级。
+
+### 2.4 大模型商业应用挑战与需求分析
+
+虽然调研的四家企业已在多个场景实现了基于大模型的智能应用,并取得了初步成效,但在实际部署与运行过程中,仍面临诸多挑战,集中体现在模型响应质量、领域适应能力、数据隐私保护与组织协同四个方面。
+
+首先,在处理用户请求时,大模型往往难以准确识别用户的真实意图,导致生成内容无法完全满足用户期望。AGPT回应消费者关于育儿的多维度咨询时,常出现回复片面、意图覆盖不足的问题;CGPT在面对专业程度高的研发类问询时,输出结果容易泛化,难以贴合实际需求。其次,在高度依赖专业知识的业务场景中,大模型的输出在准确性与一致性方面仍存在明显不足。B企业和C企业均反映,即使经过微调,大模型输出的结果仍需专业人员反复核验,难以替代传统的知识服务流程;C企业的大模型还存在“幻觉”问题(生成与事实不符的信息),降低了大模型在高风险领域的可信度与可用性。再次,在使用企业数据对基座模型进行微调时,企业需要在算力成本与数据隐私保护之间权衡。B企业选择自建GPU集群,以保障商业敏感数据的本地化处理,虽然有效降低了数据泄露风险,但也带来了高昂的运维与更新成本。最后,基于大模型的智能系统在内部推广过程中面临人员接受度低与跨部门协同不足的问题。A企业与B企业的员工对大模型接受度不高,仍倾向于使用传统方式进行数据分析与报告撰写;B企业与C企业在知识库更新与模型迭代优化时,部门之间缺乏统一的反馈渠道与协同机制,模型调优进度缓慢。
+
+以上问题的出现,反映了企业在推动大模型商业应用的过程中,尚未构建起以知识为核心的系统性支撑机制,从技术基础到业务流程,再到组织架构,企业的领域知识未能作为一种可治理、可调度、可共创的资源有效嵌入企业的大模型智能系统,成为制约企业大模型应用效能提升的关键挑战。
+
+首先,在技术层面,模型缺乏对领域知识的深度融合与理解。虽然企业通过RAG引入了企业知识库,但由于内容更新滞后、语义覆盖不足、结构化建模缺乏,仅仅采用RAG的大模型在面对用户复杂请求时会出现召回偏差与信息断层,导致响应内容的准确性下降;此外,虽然A、B、C三家企业基于领域知识对基座大模型进行了监督微调,但是由于微调数据覆盖有限、结构化知识缺失,模型无法建立知识推理路径,在回复用户复杂问题时会出现理解不深入、推理缺失与响应不稳定的问题。
+
+其次,在业务层面,企业的领域知识体系未能与业务流程形成有效联动,限制了模型对业务逻辑的理解能力。尽管企业可以从大量业务经验中积累企业私有知识,但是没有明晰知识资源与业务场景的逻辑映射关系,导致知识难以嵌入关键业务链条,使得大模型在复杂任务处理中难以实现领域知识推理与业务判断。
+
+再次,在组织层面,企业尚未建立起面向大模型应用的知识治理机制,制约了知识在组织内部的高效流动与动态更新。一方面,企业知识生产与维护仍依赖个体经验,缺乏基于知识贡献的激励机制,导致专业人员在知识结构化、反馈标注与模型优化中参与不足;另一方面,组织内部存在“知识孤岛”,不同部门在知识使用标准和反馈流程上缺乏统一规范,限制了跨部门协同与大模型应用效果的进一步释放。
+
+因此,企业要实现高效、稳定的大模型商业应用,关键在于将领域知识由分散资源转化为系统能力,构建贯穿技术、业务与组织全链条的知识赋能机制。这一机制不仅要支撑大模型对复杂任务的知识建模与知识推理,还应保障企业在多角色、多部门、多场景下的大模型协同运行,实现从信息驱动向知识驱动的能力跃迁,推动大模型从辅助工具向智能中枢演化。
+
+## 3 基于知识增强的大模型商业应用框架
+
+经过对四家企业大模型商业应用现状进行梳理并对他们面临的挑战与需求进行分析后,本文提出以知识增强为核心的大模型商业应用框架,旨在为企业在技术路径选择、领域知识融合与组织机制建设等方面提供实践指引。如图1所示,本文提出的应用框架分为四个层次:需求层、模型层、应用层与基础设施层,每一层明确了需要重点构建的要素,以实现技术、业务与组织的知识联动与协同,赋能领域大模型的商业应用。
+
+### 3.1 场景需求发现
+
+本文提出的基于知识增强的大模型商业应用框架中,场景需求发现是企业大模型应用的出发点,决定了后续模型开发的目标方向与重点任务。
+
+在该阶段,企业需要从业务实践场景出发,围绕三类关键用户群体展开需求发现。个人用户需求侧重于内容生成、个性化推荐与智能交互等,强调用户体验的提升;企业用户需求主要集中于数据分析、市场洞察与专业报告解读等,强调业务支持与决策效率;内部员工需求则涵盖知识检索、任务协同与流程优化等环节,强调提升员工工作效率与知识赋能水平。通过发现用户需求,企业能够为后续大模型的应用提供明确方向,确保大模型应用目标与业务价值一致。
+
+
+
+图 1 基于知识增强的大模型商业应用框架
+
+### 3.2 基础设施建设
+
+在开展领域大模型开发与优化之前,企业需要从人力资源、算力资源、数据资源与组织架构四个维度,构建稳定的能力与资源支撑体系。
+
+首先,企业开发领域大模型,不仅需要熟悉业务流程与场景逻辑的业务人员,也需要具备大模型训练与调优能力的技术人员,两类人员的协作可以弥合技术与应用之间的认知差距,使得模型输出更贴合业务需求。其次,企业需要根据数据敏感程度与计算任务强度,在本地部署与云端训练之间做出权衡,也可以引入隐私计算技术,在保护数据隐私的基础上进行模型训练。再次,企业的私有知识是构建大模型行业认知能力与行业逻辑理解能力的核心支撑。企业需要归纳整理包括历史业务数据、客户服务记录、操作手册与领域知识文档等各类企业知识数据,同时引入具备清晰实体边界、层级关系与逻辑规则的结构化知识(如知识图谱、业务流程结构等),帮助模型建立明确的知识调用路径和逻辑推理链条,提升模型的推理能力,为实现高质量的领域知识增强奠定基础。最后,企业需要建立清晰的大模型开发管理机制,构建技术、数据、业务团队之间的协调机制,打通组织内部壁垒,提升知识流通效率,保障模型开发与优化过程中各团队的目标一致。
+
+### 3.3 模型开发优化
+
+#### (1) 知识增强的 PE
+
+基于PE的知识增强方式,是指通过设计提示词模板,将领域知识以“提示”的形式输入大模型,引导大模型生成符合专业语境的输出。在这种模式下,企业需要通过构建问题模板、加入领域背景信息、设定语言风格等方式,提升模型对任务语境的感知能力。PE适用于需求变化频繁、试错成本较低的场景,如FAQ问答生成、营销文案撰写等,其优点在于响应速度快、部署成本低,但由于知识融合是通过输入提示的浅层引导完成,模型对复杂逻辑关系与深层语义的把握有限,难以支撑复杂场景下的推理任务。
+
+#### (2) 知识增强的 RAG
+
+基于RAG的知识增强主要通过检索企业知识库,引导大模型在生成过程中动态调用外部知识。在这种模式下,企业首先需要构建覆盖关键业务内容的领域知识库,将包括文档资料、结构化知识与外部可信数据在内的各类知识数据进行整合与组织,然后对知识内容进行向量化编码,并基于语义匹配机制建立高效的检索系统,使得大模型能够在响应用户请求时,实时获取相关知识片段,并将其作为上下文用于内容生成。RAG适用于时效性强、知识更新频繁的任务,其优势在于灵活性与可扩展性,但大模型本身并未内化领域知识,其理解与推理能力依赖于检索内容的质量。
+
+#### (3) 知识增强的 SFT/RLHF
+
+知识增强的SFT需要企业将领域知识转化为训练样本,并基于任务场景构建微调数据集,通过监督训练、目标对齐与效果评估等步骤,优化大模型对特定领域的理解与表达能力。特别地,在结构化知识的支持下,模型能够学习到知识实体关系与业务逻辑规则,从而提升其对复杂任务的推理能力与专业领域的判断能力。知识增强的RLHF需要企业基于反馈数据建立强化学习评价体系,根据实际输出偏差进行模型参数微调与策略更新;同时,在组织层面,企业还需要构建系统化的知识反馈采集机制,并引入基于知识贡献的激励机制,提升一线人员在知识标注与知识结构校验中的积极性。
+
+知识增强的SFT/RLHF适用于任务复杂度高、语义理解要求深、决策容错率低的业务场景,如医疗问诊、法律分析、金融风控等。需要注意的是,由于SFT/RLHF模式通常涉及大量高质量训练样本的构建与多轮迭代优化,对算力资源、数据标注能力与人才配置提出了更高要求,企业在采用该模式时需要充分评估。
+
+### 3.4 Agents 系统协同
+
+在完成领域大模型的开发与优化之后,企业可以采用多智能体(multi-agent)策略,实现复杂业务场景的模块化拆解与智能协同处理,赋能大模型商业应用。通过引入具备不同功能的Agents,企业可以将整个业务流程划分为多个子任务,并由不同Agent分别处理,如市场分析、报告撰写、价格预测、合规检查等。各Agent之间通过任务规划机制进行任务分发与信息传递,并根据全局目标动态调整行动策略,实现从局部响应到系统执行的升级。
+
+在这种模式下,企业需要构建涵盖工具集成、记忆管理、任务控制与用户交互在内的多智能体应用系统。具体而言,企业首先需要构建系统工具,链接大模型与企业内部的业务系统和外部工具平台,使各Agent具备任务执行能力,如自动调用CRM、ERP或数据可视化工具等;其次,引入长期记忆与知识缓存机制,支持Agents跨任务、跨轮次的知识延续;再次,在任务组织层面,需要构建基于工作流引擎或任务图的规划与控制机制,实现任务链的编排与过程管控,提升Agents协同过程的可控性与透明度;最后,还需设计友好的用户交互界面,使终端用户能够实时查看Agents运行状态,并在关键节点进行有效干预,确保人机协同的有效性。上述能力共同构成了企业实现Agents系统协同的基础要素。
+
+企业通过多智能体策略,可以将领域知识嵌入任务系统、将模型能力嵌入组织结构,各Agent以领域大模型为底座,通过协同调度与知识共享形成互补,推动大模型在任务执行中的系统性响应。进一步地,企业还可以结合知识更新机制,将任务执行过程中沉淀的高质量问答、业务判断与策略建议补充至知识库,构建以知识为核心、以Agents为载体的大模型智能协同应用系统。
+
+## 4 结论与展望
+
+### 4.1 研究结果
+
+(1)从大模型的应用模式来看,目前企业主要通过三种模式实现大模型的领域适应:提示工程(PE)、检索增强生成(RAG)与监督微调/人工反馈强化学习(SFT/RLHF)。PE适用于需求灵活、试错成本低的场景,RAG 适用于知识更新频繁、时效性要求高的场景,SFT/RLHF 适用于需要复杂推理、严谨决策的场景。这三种应用模式代表了企业在增强大模型领域适应的过程中,根据应用场景复杂度对知识利用深度采取的差异化选择。(2)从大模型的应用挑战来看,企业应用大模型主要存在意图召回不准确、知识利用不深入、回复生成不稳定与组织协同不高效四个方面的挑战,反映出企业在推动大模型商业应用时,尚未构建起以知识为核心的系统性支撑机制。从技术基础到业务流程,再到组织架构,领域知识未能作为一种可治理、可调度、可共创的资源有效嵌入企业的大模型智能系统。(3)本文从大模型商业应用的挑战与需求出发,提出基于知识增强的大模型商业应用框架,系统串联了企业在需求发现、资源建设、模型优化与应用部署四个阶段的关键要素与任务,为企业实现大模型的商业应用提供了实践路径与参考指引。
+
+### 4.2 研究局限和展望
+
+首先,虽然大模型技术发展迅速,但其商业化应用仍处于起步阶段,本文所分析的四家企业案例难以全面反映各行业的应用情况。随着大模型在各行业的深入部署,未来研究有必要结合更广泛的企业实践,探讨新兴的应用场景、方法路径与挑战需求。其次,本文的案例分析主要来源于企业内部人员的主观反馈,受限于数据可得性,尚缺乏对大模型实际应用效果的量化验证。未来研究可以引入多维度客观数据,深入评估大模型对企业运营效率、决策质量与业务创新的实际影响。再次,本文从案例出发,主要讨论单一领域的知识增强应用框架,未考虑跨领域的知识迁移。未来研究可进一步探讨如何实现领域知识的有效迁移与泛化,支持大模型在多领域、多任务环境下的稳定应用。此外,本文提出了基于多智能体的大模型应用框架,但是对智能体之间的协作机制、冲突管理与任务规划细节的探讨尚不充分。未来研究可以系统设计任务划分策略、冲突检测方法与协同优化机制,提升多智能体大模型系统在复杂业务环境下的稳定性。最后,随着大模型技术演进与应用场景拓展,其对企业管理实践将提出新的要求与挑战。未来研究仍需从技术架构、人机协作机制及应用方案设计等维度展开更系统的研究。
+
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+
+# Challenges and Managerial Strategies in Commercial Application of Large Language Models:A Knowledge-enhanced Framework
+
+JIN Xulei¹, CHEN Gang¹, HUANG Lihua¹, XIAO Shuaiyong², ZHANG Chenghong¹
+
+(1. *School of Management, Fudan University, Shanghai* 200433, *China*; 2. *School of Economics and Management, Tongji University, Shanghai* 200092, *China*)
+
+**Abstract:** Since the release of ChatGPT, large language models (LLMs) have experienced explosive growth. LLMs' technological innovations and wide-ranging applications have unlocked tremendous potential for the digital and intelligent transformation of enterprises. In China, the development of AI and LLMs has garnered significant attention from the government, which have emphasized the strategic importance of domestic LLM in high-quality development. Since 2023, the domestic landscape of LLM development has witnessed a rapid proliferation of models, accompanied by significant advancements in core technologies. DeepSeek—known for its open-source accessibility, balanced capabilities, and low inference costs—has gained wide recognition both domestically and internationally. LLMs are becoming a driving force for localized innovation and application of AI. However, the path to commercializing LLMs remains fraught with challenges. Beyond ensuring model performance, enterprises face additional hurdles related to personnel training, organizational restructuring, and governance reform. Despite increasing scholarly attention, existing research largely centers on technical aspects, with limited systematic exploration from the viewpoint of enterprise management.
+
+This study adopts a qualitative methodology and conducts an in-depth analysis of four representative enterprises that have implemented LLMs. Through semi-structured interviews, document analysis, and cross-case comparisons, it systematically identifies the core challenges and obstacles faced in the process of commercial LLM deployment. The research focuses on how enterprises can overcome dual barriers in technology and management and adapt across key dimensions such as infrastructure, business processes, organizational structures, and human resources. Furthermore, the study offers a detailed examination of three mainstream application paradigms—prompt engineering, retrieval-augmented generation, and supervised fine-tuning with reinforcement learning from human feedback—clarifying their respective roles and implementation pathways in enterprise-level deployment.
+
+The findings indicate that successful commercialization of LLMs requires more than technological readiness—it hinges on the effective integration of model capabilities with internal management strategies. Enterprises must simultaneously enhance cross-functional collaboration, strengthen data governance, and invest in workforce reskilling to fully unlock the transformative potential of LLMs. This study contributes a management-oriented framework that leverages domain-specific knowledge to guide the application of LLMs in business contexts. It identifies four essential pillars for implementation: infrastructure, user needs, model architecture, and deployment strategy. From a managerial perspective, the research outlines actionable strategies to help organizations navigate both organizational and technical challenges associated with embedding LLMs into core business operations. These insights offer a valuable reference for enterprises exploring AI-driven innovation and provide a new analytical lens for academic discussions on LLM commercialization.
+
+**Key words:** large language model; framework for commercial application; case analysis
\ No newline at end of file
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+# 带双参数拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线及在造型中的应用*
+
+王成伟¹ 郭洪恺² 杜天琪² 裴永富²
+
+1. 北京服装学院基础教学部, 北京 100029;
+
+2. 北京服装学院材料科学与工程学院, 北京 100029
+
+**摘要:** 针对四次 Wang-Ball 曲线不能改变曲线形状的不足, 构造了一组带有2个形状参数$α$、$β$的拟四次 Wang-Ball 基函数, 它是四次 Wang-Ball 基函数的扩展。基于拟四次 Wang-Ball 基函数定义了带双参数的拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线, 这种曲线拥有四次 Wang-Ball 曲线的特性, 并且通过调整形状参数, 可以改变曲线的形状。当$α=0$、$β=0$时, 带双参数拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线退化成四次 Wang-Ball 曲线。研究了基函数及曲线的性质, 分析了2个形状参数的几何意义, 探讨了2条拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线拼接时应具备的条件。带双参数的拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线缓解了四次Wang-Ball 曲线不能改变曲线形状的不足, 为曲线造型设计提供了一种实用的方法。
+
+**关键词:** 基函数; 形状参数; 四次 Wang-Ball 曲线
+
+**中图分类号:** TP391.41 **文献标识码:** A **文章编号:** 1672-464X (2017) 4-33-06
+
+在计算机图形学和计算机辅助几何设计领域中, 经常利用参数化的曲线来进行交互式设计。当在表示曲线的时候, 如果想要保持曲线的形状, 基函数的选取是很重要的。Bézier 曲线、B样条曲线、Ball 曲线等是很多经典的曲线造型工具, 这些曲线造型拥有许多很好的性质, 在曲线造型中应用很广泛, 但给定控制点时, 曲线的形状是唯一确定的, 无法改变曲线的形状。为了解决这一不足, 许多人提出了利用形状参数来构造曲线。在文献[1-3]中, 通过在基函数中引入1个或多个形状参数方法, 来构造了带参数的拟Bézier 曲线。在文献[4-5]中, 为了使得曲线具有更好的调节性, 引入形状参数构造了拟B样条曲线, 对B样条曲线进行了扩展。而Ball 曲线和 Bézier 曲线比较类似, 在某些方面, Ball 曲线具有比 Bézier 曲线更好的特性, 广义 Ball 曲线主要以 Wang-Ball 和 Said-Ball 曲线为代表。当控制多边形给定时, Ball 曲线也存在不能改变曲线形状的不足。在文献[6-7]中, 在基函数中引入一个形状参数, 分别构造了拟三次 Ball 曲线以及拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线, 这样可以调整曲线的形状。文献[8-9]分别讨论了带有一个形状参数五次广义 Ball 曲线和五次 Said-Ball 曲线, 在控制顶点不变的情况下, 随着参数的不同, 可产生不同逼近控制多边形的曲线。
+
+本文通过引入2个形状参数$α$、$β$得到5个四次多项式,构造出了另外一种拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线,而曲线的次数并没有提高,对四次 Wang-Ball 曲线进行了扩展,通过调整两个形状参数形状参数α、β的值,可以根据曲线设计需要来改变曲线的形状,而文献[7]中所构造的曲线是本文的一个特例。
+
+
+
+\* **基金项目**: 北京市教委科技计划一般项目(SQKM201710012009); 北京服装学院2016年教育教学改革立项项目(JG-1624); 北京服装学院2016年校级精品课程提升工程立项项目(JPTS-1609); 北京服装学院2017年本科生科研训练计划项目(NHFZ20170060/005)
+
+** **作者简介**: 王成伟(1962—), 男, 山东烟台人, 教授, 硕士研究生, 主要研究计算机辅助几何设计等。
+
+## 1 拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线
+
+### 1.1 拟四次 Wang-Ball 基函数
+定义1 对$t \in [0,1]$，
+
+$$
+\left\{ \begin{aligned} w_0(t) &= [1 - \alpha t + (\alpha - \beta)t^2](1-t)^2 \\ w_1(t) &= (2 + \alpha - 2\alpha t)t(1-t)^3 \\ w_2(t) &= (4 + 2\alpha + 2\beta)t^2(1-t)^2 \\ w_3(t) &= (2 - \alpha + 2\alpha t)t^3(1-t) \\ w_4(t) &= [1 - \beta + (2\beta - \alpha)t + (\alpha - \beta)t^2]t^2 \tag{1} \end{aligned} \right.
+$$
+
+称为带形状参数 $\alpha、\beta$的拟四次 Wang-Ball 基函数, 其中, $\alpha \in [-2,2], \beta \in [0,1]$。
+
+图1所示的是 $\alpha=0,\beta=0.2$ 时拟四次基函数的图形。
+
+
+
+图1 拟四次 Wang-Ball 基函数
+
+拟四次基函数拥有的性质如下。
+
+**性质1** 非负性和权性
+
+对任意的 $t \in [0,1], \alpha \in [-2,2]、 \beta \in [0, 1]$, 有 $w_i \ge 0, i = 0,1,2,3,4$, 且有 $\sum_{i=0}^{4} w_i = 1$。
+
+**性质2** 对称性
+
+对任意的 $t \in [0,1], w_i(t) = w_{4-i}(1-t), i = 0,1,2,3,4$。
+
+**性质3** 端点性质
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} w_0(0) = 1, \\ w_k(0) = 0, \quad k = 1,2,3,4;\end{cases} \\ \begin{cases}w_4(1) = 1, \\ w_l(1) = 0, \quad l = 0,1,2,3; \end{cases}
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} w'_2(0) &= w'_3(0) = w''_3(0) = w'_4(0) = 0; \\ w'_0(1) &= w'_1(1) = w''_1(1) = w'_2(1) = 0. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+**性质4** 单峰性
+
+每个 $w_i(t) (i = 0,1,2,3,4)$, 在 $[0,1]$ 上只有一个最大值。
+
+**性质5** 退化性
+
+当 $\alpha=0、\beta=0$ 时, 拟四次 Wang-Ball 基函数退化为四次 Wang-Ball 曲线的基函数; 当 $\alpha = \frac{1}{2}, \lambda, \beta = -\frac{1}{6}\lambda$ 时, 拟四次 Wang-Ball 基函数变为为文献[7]中所构造的基函数。
+
+性质5表明了定义1所给出的基拟四次Wang-Ball 基函数是四次 Wang-Ball 基函数的扩展。
+
+**性质6** 对形状参数 $\alpha$、$\beta$ 的单调性
+
+当 $t \in [0,1]$ 时, $w_0(t)$ 和 $w_4(t)$ 是分别关于 $\alpha$、$\beta$ 的递减的; 而 $w_2(t)$ 是分别关于 $\alpha$、$\beta$ 的递增的。当 $t \in [0,0.5]$ 时, $w_1(t)$ 是关于 $\alpha$ 的递增的, 而 $w_3(t)$ 是关于 $\alpha$ 的递减的; 当 $t \in [0.5,1]$, $w_1(t)$ 是关于 $\alpha$ 的递减的, 而 $w_3(t)$ 是关于 $\alpha$ 的递增的。
+
+### 1.2 拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线及其性质
+
+**定义2** $P_i \in \mathbb{R}^d (d=2,3, i=0,1,2,3,4)$ 为给定控制顶点, 对任意 $\alpha \in [-2,2]、 \beta \in [0, 1]$, 称(2)式为带双参数的拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线, 即
+
+$$
+W(t) = \sum_{i=0}^{4} w_i(t) P_i, t \in [0,1] \quad (2)
+$$
+
+显然, 当 $\alpha = 0、 \beta = 0$ 时, 拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线退化为四次 Wang-Ball 曲线;当 $\alpha = \frac{1}{2}\lambda, \beta = -\frac{1}{6}\lambda$ 时,拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线变为文献[7] 中所构造的曲线。
+
+图2给出了形状参数取不同参数时,所形成的拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线,自下而上($\alpha, \beta$)依次取(-2,0),(-1,0),(0,0),(1,0.5),(2,0.5),(2,1)。
+
+
+
+图2 不同参数的拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线
+
+由拟四次 Wang-Ball 基函数的性质,容易得到拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线具有下列性质。
+
+**性质1** 凸包性
+
+由拟四次 Wang-Ball 基函数的非负性和权性可以得到。
+
+**性质2** 对称性
+
+分别以 $P_0P_1P_2P_3P_4$ 和 $P_4P_3P_2P_1P_0$ 为控制多边形的2条拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线是相同的,而只是方向相反。
+
+根据拟四次 Wang-Ball 基函数的对称性质,可得：
+
+$$
+W(1-t) = \sum_{i=0}^{4} w_i (1-t) P_{i-4} = \sum_{j=0}^{4} w_j(t) P_j = W(t)
+$$
+
+**性质3** 端点性质
+
+$$
+W(0) = P_0, W(1) = P_4;
+$$
+
+$$
+W'(0) = (2 + \alpha)(P_1 - P_0);
+$$
+
+$$
+W'(1) = (2 + \alpha)(P_4 - P_3);
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} W''(0) = & (2 + 6\alpha - 2\beta)(P_0 - P_1) + \\ & (8 + 4\alpha + 4\beta)(P_2 - P_1) + \\ & (2 - 2\beta)(P_4 - P_1); \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} W''(1) = & (2 + 6\alpha - 2\beta)(P_4 - P_3) + \\ & (8 + 4\alpha + 4\beta)(P_2 - P_3) + \\ & (2 - 2\beta)(P_1 - P_3); \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+**性质4** 几何不变性
+
+拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线只依赖于控制顶点,而和坐标系的选取无关,也就是说,在坐标平移和旋转后,拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线的形状不变。
+
+## 1.3 形状参数对拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线形状的影响
+
+(1) 固定参数 $\alpha$, 当 $\beta$ 发生变化时, 拟四次 Wang-Ball 的变化情形如图3(a)所示, 其中拟四次 Wang-Ball 自下而上分别为 $\alpha=0$ 时, $\beta=0$, $0.5$, $1$ 的情形, 从图3(a)可看出, 当 $\alpha$ 不变, $\beta$ 变大时, 拟四次 Wang-Ball 越接近顶点 $P_2$, 即 $\alpha+\beta$ 值变大, 拟四次 Wang-Ball 就越接近控制多边形。
+
+(2) 固定参数 $\beta$, 当 $\alpha$ 变化时, 拟四次 Wang-Ball 的变化情形如图3(b)所示,其中拟四次 Wang-Ball 自下而上分别为 $\beta=0.5$ 时, $\alpha=-2,-1,0,1,2$ 的情形,从图3(b)可看出,当 $\beta$ 不变, $\alpha$ 变大,拟四次 Wang-Ball 越接近顶点 $P_1$、$P_3$,亦即 $\alpha+\beta$ 值变大,拟四次 Wang-Ball 越逼近控制多边形。
+
+
+
+
+
+图3 形状参数的变化对拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线的影响
+
+## 2 形状参数 $\alpha$ 和 $\beta$ 的几何意义
+
+将(1)式的拟四次 Wang-Ball 基函数改写为:
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} w_0(t) = B_{0,5}(t) + \frac{3-\alpha}{5}B_{1,5}(t) + \frac{3-\alpha-\beta}{10}B_{2,5}(t) + \frac{1-\beta}{10}B_{3,5}(t) \\ w_1(t) = \frac{2+\alpha}{5}B_{1,5}(t) + \frac{2-\alpha}{10}B_{2,5}(t) \\ w_2(t) = \frac{2+\alpha+\beta}{5}B_{2,5}(t) + \frac{2+\alpha+\beta}{5}B_{3,5}(t) \\ w_3(t) = \frac{2-\alpha}{10}B_{3,5}(t) + \frac{2+\alpha}{5}B_{4,5}(t) \\ w_4(t) = \frac{1-\beta}{10}B_{2,5}(t) + \frac{3-\alpha-\beta}{10}B_{3,5}(t) + \frac{3-\alpha}{5}B_{3,5}(t) + B_{5,5}(t) \end{cases} \quad (3)
+$$
+
+其中, $B_{i,5}(t) = C_5^i t^i (1-t)^{5-i}, i=0,1,\dots,5$。
+
+把(3)式用矩阵表示为 $\mathbf{b} = \mathbf{MB}$, 其中
+
+$$
+\mathbf{b} = \begin{bmatrix} w_0(t) \\ w_1(t) \\ w_2(t) \\ w_3(t) \\ w_4(t) \end{bmatrix}, \mathbf{M} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & \frac{3-\alpha}{5} & \frac{3-\alpha-\beta}{10} & \frac{1-\beta}{10} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{2+\alpha}{5} & \frac{2-\alpha}{10} & 0 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{2+\alpha+\beta}{5} & \frac{2+\alpha+\beta}{5} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \frac{2-\alpha}{10} & \frac{2+\alpha}{5} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{1-\beta}{10} & \frac{3-\alpha-\beta}{10} & \frac{3-\alpha}{5} & 1 \end{bmatrix}, \mathbf{B} = \begin{bmatrix} B_{0,5}(t) \\ B_{1,5}(t) \\ B_{2,5}(t) \\ B_{3,5}(t) \\ B_{4,5}(t) \\ B_{5,5}(t) \end{bmatrix}
+$$
+
+令 $\mathbf{P} = (P_0 P_1 P_2 P_3 P_4)$, 则拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线用矩阵表示为 $\mathbf{W}(t) = \mathbf{PMB}$。记 $\mathbf{V} = (\mathbf{V}_0 \mathbf{V}_1 \mathbf{V}_2 \mathbf{V}_3 \mathbf{V}_4 \mathbf{V}_5)$, 若令 $\mathbf{W}(t) = \mathbf{VB}$, 即拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线用五次 Bézier 曲线来表示, 五次 Bézier 曲线的控制顶点为 $V_i(i=0,1,\dots,5)$。则由上面分析可得五次 Bézier 与拟四次 Wang-Ball 型曲线的控制顶点之间的关系表达式用矩阵表示为 $\mathbf{V} = \mathbf{PM}$, 即
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} V_0 = P_0 \\ V_1 = \frac{3-\alpha}{5}P_0 + \frac{2+\alpha}{5}P_1 \\ V_2 = \frac{3-\alpha-\beta}{10}P_0 + \frac{2-\alpha}{10}P_1 + \frac{2+\alpha+\beta}{5}P_2 + \frac{1-\beta}{10}P_4 \\ V_3 = \frac{1-\beta}{10}P_0 + \frac{2+\alpha+\beta}{5}P_2 + \frac{2-\alpha}{10}P_3 + \frac{3-\alpha-\beta}{10}P_4 \\ V_4 = \frac{2+\alpha}{5}P_3 + \frac{3-\alpha}{5}P_4 \\ V_5 = P_4 \end{cases} \quad (4)
+$$设 $Q_1$ 为边 $P_0P_4$ 的中点, $Q_2$ 为边 $P_0P_1$ 的中点, $Q_3$ 为边 $P_3P_4$ 的中点, 即 $Q_1 = \frac{P_0 + P_4}{2}$, $Q_2 = \frac{P_0 + P_1}{2}$, $Q_3 = \frac{P_3 + P_4}{2}$
+
+由(4)式可知
+
+$$
+V_2 = P_2 + \frac{1-\beta}{5}(Q_1 - P_2) + \frac{2-\alpha}{5}(Q_2 - P_2)
+$$
+
+$$
+V_3 = P_2 + \frac{1-\beta}{5}(Q_1 - P_2) + \frac{3-\alpha}{5}(Q_3 - P_2)
+$$
+
+$V_1$ 分边 $P_0P_1$ 的比为 $(2+\alpha):(3-\alpha)$, $V_4$ 分边 $P_3P_4$ 的比为 $(3-\alpha):(2+\alpha)$, $V_2$ 位于过 $P_2$ 点以 $\frac{1-\beta}{5}(Q_1-P_2)$ 和 $\frac{3-\alpha}{5}(Q_2-P_2)$ 为邻边所形成的平行四边形的终点, $V_3$ 位于过 $P_2$ 点以 $\frac{1-\beta}{5}(Q_1-P_2)$ 和 $\frac{3-\alpha}{5}(Q_3-P_2)$ 为邻边所形成的平行四边形的终点。
+
+## 3 曲线的拼接
+
+接下来将讨论两条拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线的光滑拼接问题。设 $W(t) = \sum_{i=0}^{4} w_i(t) P_i$,
+
+$$
+\tilde{W}(t) = \sum_{i=0}^{4} w_i(t) Q_i, \quad \text{其中, } t \in [0,1];
+$$
+
+$W(t)$、$\tilde{W}(t)$ 中的参数分别为 $\alpha$、$\beta$ 和 $\tilde{\alpha}$、$\tilde{\beta}$, 且 $-2 \le \alpha$、$\tilde{\alpha} \le 2$; $0 \le \beta$、$\tilde{\beta} \le 1$; $P_i(i=0,1,2,3,4)$ 为曲线 $W(t)$ 的控制顶点; $Q_i(i=0,1,2,3,4)$ 为曲线 $\tilde{W}(t)$ 的控制顶点。
+
+根据拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线的端点性质,拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线 $W(t)$ 和 $\tilde{W}(t)$ 的光滑拼接应满足的条件如下。
+
+(1) 拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线 $W(t)$ 与拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线 $\tilde{W}(t)$ 满足 $G^0$ 连续拼接的充要条件是 $W(1) = \tilde{W}(0)$, 即
+
+$$
+P_4 = Q_0 \quad (5)
+$$
+
+(2) 拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线 $W(t)$ 与拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线 $\tilde{W}(t)$ 满足 $G^1$ 连续光滑拼接的条件是: 满足(5)式和 $W\tilde'(0)=lW'(1), k > 0$。即 $(2+\tilde{\alpha})(Q_1-Q_0) = l(2+\alpha)(P_4-P_3)$, 则有: $Q_0Q_1 = \frac{l(2+\alpha)}{2+\tilde{\alpha}}P_3P_4$, 令 $\delta = \frac{l(2+\alpha)}{2+\tilde{\alpha}}$, 即有
+
+$$
+Q_0Q_1 = \delta P_3P_4, \quad \delta > 0 \quad (6)
+$$
+
+其几何意义为: 拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线 $W(t)$ 与拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线 $\tilde{W}(t)$ $G^1$ 连续拼接时, 控制顶点 $P_3$、$P_4$、$Q_0$ 和 $Q_1$ 3 点共线, 且 $P_3$ 和 $Q_1$ 位于 $P_4$ 两侧。
+
+特别地, 当 $P_4 = Q_0$, 且取 $\delta_1 = \frac{2+\alpha}{2+\tilde{\alpha}}$ 时,
+$\tilde{W}'(0) = W'(1)$, 则拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线 $W(t)$ 与拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线 $\tilde{W}(t)$ 在连接点 $P_4$ 处 $C^1$ 连续。
+
+## 4 拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线的应用实例
+
+拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线形成的由开曲线构成的花瓣图形如图4(a)所示, 参数$(\alpha, \beta)$从内到外分别为$(-2,0)$, $(-1,0)$, $(0.5,0.5)$, $(1,1)$, 从图4(a)中容易看出, 当$(\alpha, \beta)$取不同的值所每条曲线形成的图形是对称的。拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线形成的由闭曲线构成的花瓣图形如图4(b)所示, 参数$(\alpha, \beta)$从内向外分别为$(-2,0)$, $(0,0)$, $(1,0.5)$, $(2,1)$。
+
+## 5 结束语
+
+由拟四次 Wang-Ball 基函数构造的拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线(2)式是四次 Wang-Ball 曲线的拓广, 拥有四次 Wang-Ball 曲线的特征。四次 Wang-Ball 曲线和文献[7]中曲线是拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线的两个特例。由于拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线带有两个形状参数, 在控制多边形不改变的情况下,可以进行调整曲线的形状和位置, 弥补了四次 Wang-Ball 曲线的不足。本文还讨论了2段拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线连续的拼接应满足的条件。通过选取不同的参数值,拟四次 Wang-Ball 曲线可以形成多种不同的复杂曲线, 因而它在工程曲线的造型中有着非常广泛的应用前景。
+
+
+
+图4 2种花瓣的图形
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1] 吴晓勤,韩旭里,罗善明.四次 Bézier 曲线的两种不同扩展[J].工程图学学报,2006,27(5):59-64.
+
+[2] 张元巨,黄有度.带双参数的Bézier 型三角多项式曲线[J]. 计算机应用与软件,2008,25(11):236-238.
+
+[3] 邬弘毅,夏成林.带多个形状参数的Bézier 曲线与曲面的扩展[J]. 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2005,17(12): 2607-2612.
+
+[4] 王文涛,汪国昭.带形状参数的均匀B样条[J]. 计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2004, 16(6):783-788.
+
+[5] 马素静,刘旭敏.二次均匀TC-B样条曲线的扩展[J]. 计算机工程与设计,2008,29 (22):5863-5865.
+
+[6] 王成伟.三次Ball 曲线的扩展[J].工程图学学报,2008,29(1):77-81.
+
+[7] 王成伟.四次Wang-Ball 曲线的扩展[J].工程图学学报,2009,30(1):80-84.
+
+[8] 严兰兰,张文,温荣生.两类形状可调五次广义Ball 曲线 [J].工程图学学报,2011,32 (6):16-20.
+
+[9] 陈辉,王成伟.带双参数的五次 Said-Ball 型曲线曲面 [J].北京服装学院学报(自然科学版),2014,34(2):67-75.
+
+(下转第 44 页)
+
+[4] DM7 系统管理员手册[EB/OL]. http://www.dameng.com/downloads/doc/DM_.DBA.pdf
+
+[5] DM7 程序员手册[EB/OL]. http://www.dameng.com/downloads/doc/DM_Program.pdf
+
+# Technical Analysis of Migration from Oracle Database to Domestic Database
+
+**JIANG Xianggang LIU Jin ZHANG Xiaokun ZHANG Shoushuai**
+
+Department of Computer Science and Technology, Beijing Electronic Science & Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, China
+
+**Abstract**: Using independent controllable domestic database to replace foreign database is an important measures to guarantee information security. Intel, Microsoft and Oracle have established themselves as monopoly on CPU, operating system and database. This has caused great threat to the domestic government agencies, enterprises and personal information security. Consequently, the importance of data migration from mainstream database to domestic reliable security hardware and software is becoming urgent. The paper explains the technical premise of data migration, introduces the process of the Oracle database migration to the domestic database.
+
+**Keywords**: the Oracle database; domestic database; the Dameng database; data migration
+
+(责任编辑:张卷美)
+
+
+
+(上接第 38 页)
+
+# Quasi Quartic Wang-Ball Curves with Two Parameters and the Application in the Modeling
+
+**WANG Chengwei¹ GUO Hongkai² DU Tianqi² PEI Yongfu²**
+
+1. Department of Fundamental Courses, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
+
+2. School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Fashion Technology, Beijing 100029, China
+
+**Abstract**: In order to solve the problem that the quartic Wang-Ball curve can not change the shape of the curve, as an extension of the quartic Wang-Ball basis function, a set of quasi quartic Wang-Ball basis functions with double shape parameters is constructed. Based on the quasi quartic Wang-Ball basis functions, the quasi quartic Wang-Ball curves with two parameters are defined, which have the characteristics of the quartic Wang-Ball curve and the shape of the curves can be changed by adjusting the shape parameters. When $α=0$ and $β=0$, the quasi quartic Wang-Ball curve with two parameters is degenerated into the quartic Wang-Ball curve. In this paper, the properties of the basic function and the curve are studied, the geometric meaning of the double shape parameters is analyzed, and the conditions of the two quasi Wang-Ball curves are discussed. The quasi quartic Wang-Ball curves with double shape parameters can alleviate the problem that the quartic Wang-Ball curve can not change the shape of the curve, and this will provide a practical method for curve modeling design.
+
+**Keywords**: basis function; shape parameter; quartic Wang-Ball curve
+
+(责任编辑:张卷美)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_144.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_144.md
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_144.md
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+# 商業計劃書
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+# 商業計劃書
+
+## 商業計劃書的目的
+
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+
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+
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+
+## 編寫商業計劃書的一般原則
+
+1. 商業計劃書應力求簡潔，令讀者易於閱讀及理解。
+
+2. 可運用圖表和數字去說明和解釋閣下的生意概念。
+
+3. 決定誰是商業計劃書的讀者：銀行或是投資者，並根據特定的用途而擬備商業計劃書。當商業計劃書的對象為銀行時，計劃書的重點應為現金流充足性；當商業計劃書的對象為投資者時，計劃書的重點則應放在潛在回報及回本期上。
+
+4. 按一個完整的結構、有系統地闡明閣下的業務。
+
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+
+6. 強調閣下業務的獨特性、實力及競爭優勢。
+
+7. 作出實際且進取的推算，解釋資金用途及預計的回本期。
+
+8. 先完成商業計劃書的所有章節，最後在摘要中列明重點。
+
+9. 在呈交商業計劃書之前再度檢討，改善不足的地方。
+
+## 編寫商業計劃書的竅門
+
+1. 為不同對象度身定制商業計劃書。
+
+2. 把重點放在讀者期望在商業計劃書中找到的資訊，例如回本期、投資回報等。
+
+3. 強調閣下的真正實力。
+
+4. 以平實的措辭，明確及全面地表達重點。
+
+5. 善用數字、百分比及可量化的資訊。
+
+隨附的範本僅供參考。
+
+# 商業計劃書
+
+(參考例子)
+
+愛發達有限公司
+
+| 摘要一般指引摘要是商業計劃書中最重要的部分。它提供商業計劃書的重點摘要，並且告訴讀者閣下的需求。這部份的篇幅取決於業務的複雜程度。雖然這部份位於文首，但卻是最後編寫的章節，應緊記以下提示：扼要陳述，強調閣下計劃的要點。避免使用行內術語。為不同對象度身定制閣下的商業計劃書。若計劃書是用於籌集資金，閣下應強調所需的投資／貸款金額、籌集資金的用途、公司如何能產生足夠的現金流以償還貸款、及／或如何能為投資者提供可接受的回報率。 | | 愛發達有限公司(公司)在鰂魚涌經營一家名為「阿愛茶餐廳」(「阿愛」)的港式茶餐廳超過十年，其美味的麵包、三文治、奶茶及咖啡均大受歡迎。「阿愛」的主要顧客是茶餐廳附近的寫字樓員工及學生，但在假日期間，「阿愛」亦吸引了不少區外顧客惠顧。雖然面對區內的激烈競爭(包括其他兩間港式茶餐廳及一家大型的連鎖快餐店)，但在大部分時間，仍有不少顧客排隊輪侯惠顧。由於現時公司在鰂魚涌的租約是基於營業額的百分比計算租金，對公司的盈利有重大影響，公司正考慮在鰂魚涌自購舖位。公司計劃籌資二千五百萬港幣，以自購舖位及增添一台麵包烤爐。 |
+
+| 第 1 節：業務一般指引閣下須描述業務現狀，例如業務性質、經營類型、銷售對象、產品分銷方式及業務的支援系統。閣下應詳細講述業務的競爭優勢。在編寫本節時，也應注意以下要點：(1)使命¹(2)生態環保²(3)吸引力³(4)貿易狀況⁴(5)社會關係⁵ | | 公司的使命是經營一間提供優質及衞生食品的港式茶餐廳 - 「阿愛茶餐廳」(「阿愛」)。茶餐廳的東主兼經營者李愛女士認為，食品應使用新鮮原料並用心炮製。公司的目標顧客群是茶餐廳附近的寫字樓員工及學生。自從十年前在鰂魚涌開業以來，茶餐廳生意不俗，尤其是近年受到食評人在雜誌及報紙讚賞後，業務更是蒸蒸日上。「阿愛」是一家小型的香港茶餐廳，由二十名員工打理。其熱賣食品包括花生醬牛奶咖吔豬仔包及菠蘿包。雖然生意不俗，但由於公司須在營業額中按比例支付租金，毛利因而大受影響。因此，公司計劃於一年內在鄰近區域自購舖位。鑒於顧客對其食品需求甚殷，公司亦計劃購買另一台麵包烤爐，務求提供更多食品種類供顧客選購。由於茶餐廳遠近馳名，公司相信新選址的茶餐廳仍能繼續吸引顧客前往惠顧。 |
+
+
+
+¹ 業務的核心價值。除了產生盈利外，也應考慮業務如何有助改善社區。
+
+² 生態平衡及環保是近年一個非常熱門的話題。應考慮污水控制、可回收燃料等事項。貼上綠色標籤對閣下的業務會有很大幫助。
+
+³ 告訴讀者閣下業務的市場定位、賣點。
+
+⁴ 指閣下業務的宏觀環境。
+
+⁵ 作為一名擁有自己生意的東主，閣下如何致力履行社會責任？閣下如何融入當地社區？
+
+| 第 2 節：行業分析 | | 一般指引在編製本節時需考慮兩個要素：行業概況以及閣下業務的行業地位摘要。適當時可在註腳註明所觀察到的行業變化及資料來源，以顯示資料的可靠性。 | | 2.1 行業概況一般指引閣下需要了解業務所屬的行業。分析行業的要點包括整體行業的規模、行業內的主要參與者、進入行業的門檻⁶、市場及顧客、毛利、影響行業的全國性趨勢、經濟動向及技術趨勢、與行業相關的任何特別規定以及其長遠前景等。[以下兩段所列舉的數字僅供說明用途。在編寫閣下的計劃書時，閣下應在註腳註明所載數字的資料來源。]在香港，共有約六百家快餐店，每月為約四千三百萬名顧客提供服務，大部分顧客的年齡介乎十九歲至三十九歲。在香港售賣港式麵包、三文治、奶茶及咖啡的港式茶餐廳星羅棋布，佔有更廣泛的顧客群(年齡介乎十八歲至六十歲)。雖然餐飲業面臨眾多挑戰，但公司認為本港飲食服務業仍具備充足的發展空間。快餐行業所佔餐飲業總收入的比例由 1986 年的 7%攀升至目前的 17%，顯示快餐行業確實非常適合香港人的繁忙生活節奏。儘管如此，與其他經濟體如美國及日本相比，這個比率仍偏低。在美國及日本，快餐行業的收入分別佔餐飲業總收入的 40%及 25%。雖然進入該行業的門檻不高且平均毛利率介乎65%至70%之間，但由於昂貴的租金及員工成本，純利與銷售額的比例一般會降至5%至10%。鑑於目前的經濟狀況，公司預計部分市場競爭者將無法生存。 |
+
+
+
+⁶ 進入行業需要考慮的因素，如政府政策、特定行業的資本要求、轉型成本、科技發展、競爭性定價、現有專利及商標等。
+
+| 2.2 行業地位一般指引前一章節分析了行業的整體情況，本節將更加詳細地分析閣下的業務。介紹公司在行業中的地位最常用的方式是分析公司的優勢及弱點，以及外在環境的機會及挑戰。公司是行業中的小型競爭者。其定價略高於一般港式茶餐廳，與快餐店相若。雖然公司憑藉其美味的飲食成功打造了其品牌「阿愛」，但三年前一家大型快餐連鎖店於鄰近開設分店，其提供的特別折扣優惠，曾搶走了公司的部分生意。即使如此，公司拒絕減價競爭，以免降低食品的質素。「阿愛」相信，食品應該使用新鮮原料炮製。最終，老顧客又重新惠顧「阿愛」。公司的另一個威脅是目前經濟狀況疲弱，很多顧客可能決定不外出用膳。然而，公司也在經濟下滑中看到了機會，就是過去常常惠顧高級餐廳的顧客可能會被「阿愛」相對較低的價格並提供外賣的服務所吸引。 |
+
+| 第 3 節：市場分析 | | 一般指引在本節中，閣下需要展示對所經營市場的結構，以及其重要趨勢及驅動因素有深入的了解。若閣下能展示出已進行了相關的市場研究，則有助印證在計劃書中所表明的觀點。 | | 3.1 目標市場一般指引閣下需要界定其目標顧客群、該顧客群的特點（例如其性別及收入水平）、該群體的地理區域分佈、該群體的規模、閣下在該群體的市場佔有額及閣下為了取得該市場佔有額而制定的定價策略、以及可能導致閣下的顧客改用其他產品／服務的因素等。閣下也可指出特定細分市場正在增長抑或萎縮，重要趨勢以及背後的成因。公司的目標顧客是年齡介乎十五歲至四十五歲的寫字樓員工及學生。雖然鰂魚涌的寫字樓帶來了眾多的寫字樓員工，但由於經濟下滑，一些寫字樓員工可能因為他們公司的成本控制措施甚至因為公司倒閉而導致失業。另一方面，學生亦可能由於父母節省開支而必須自備午餐飯盒，不能外出用膳。然而，由於茶餐廳位於擁有新開發商業樓宇及兩間中學的區域，雖然市場受到目前經濟下滑的輕微影響，但預計需求仍然穩定。 | | 3.2 市場細分及定位一般指引閣下需要在目標顧客群中找出一個特定的顧客群體，然後探討該群體如何看待及評價閣下的產品／服務。「阿愛」堅信以合理的價格提供優質的食品、服務及環境，能在縫隙市場中佔有一席位。雖然目前經濟不景，但公司深信其優質的食品、相對實惠的價格、舒適的環境及一流的服務，仍然能吸引顧客繼續惠顧。
+此外，由於近期經濟下滑，一些顧客可能會縮減外出用膳的開支，並且不再惠 |
+
+| 顧點菜式餐廳，而是在港式茶餐廳購買快餐外賣。這個高速增長的細分市場也為「阿愛」帶來了業務擴張的機會。另外,鑒於快餐行業在香港市場所佔的收入份額僅為17%(如第2.1 節行業概況中所述),公司認為快餐行業仍然有擴張及進一步增長的空間。 | | 3.3 競爭對手分析一般指引首先要找出閣下的競爭對手。釐定每一名競爭對手的市場佔有額，並且估計多久之後會有新競爭對手進入市場。分析競爭對手的優勢及弱點。儘量嘗試了解閣下競爭對手的經營模式，例如他們的成本結構、主要市場、規模、銷售額、生產方法等。重點不僅是要理解競爭對手為何及如何取得如此成就，也需要知道競爭對手曾犯什麼錯誤。在該區域還有另外兩家出售港式麵包、三文治、奶茶及咖啡的港式茶餐廳。但其中一家茶餐廳出售的麵包並非由其烤焙，而另一家茶餐廳的食品品質並不出眾。與顧客閒談間及實地考察顯示，這兩家港式茶餐廳的服務並不出色，其侍應對顧客漫不經心，且服務效率低。至於三年前在附近開業的大型連鎖快餐店,根據重新惠顧「阿愛」的顧客表示,該連鎖店提供的食品種類繁多且服務效率高,但它缺少「阿愛」所提供的親切感。此外,這些顧客認為「阿愛」的食品品質更好,亦比較喜歡「阿愛」的食品。 |
+
+| 第 4 節：市場策略一般指引本節很重要。本節提供業務成功機會的可靠指標。列出閣下所採用的各種推廣產品／服務的方法或渠道，以提高目標顧客購買閣下產品／服務的興趣。閣下可首先使用 4P 方法闡述，即產品／服務(product／service)、定價(pricing)、宣傳(promotion)及地點(place)。 | | 4.1 產品 / 服務一般指引閣下的產品／服務如何滿足顧客的特定需求？閣下可著重描述產品／服務的獨特性，以及顧客如何從閣下的產品／服務中獲益。公司主要供應麵包、三文治、奶茶及咖啡，並且相信應使用新鮮原料炮製食品。除了優質的食品及飲品，公司也確保向每一名顧客提供殷勤和貼心的服務。 | | 4.2 定價一般指引閣下收取的價格是否與市場一致？或物超所值？抑或是透過高於一般的價格，為顧客帶來額外的社會地位？閣下收取的價格應具競爭力，且能為閣下賺取合理的利潤。由於公司選擇使用優質的食材，食品的定價略高於毗鄰的港式茶餐廳及連鎖式快餐店。其毛利率僅約為63%，低於行業平均水準65－70%。公司相信，以穩定的價格提供優質的食品、服務及環境，遠比降低價格以吸引顧客重要。公司拒絕犧牲食品質素，以廉價搶佔市場佔有額。 |
+
+| 4.3 宣傳一般指引本節講述閣下將如何向潛在顧客推廣業務的獨特賣點。哪種媒介是接觸閣下目標市場的最有效方式？閣下計劃在廣告方面的預算有多少？品牌在公司的發展中扮演重要角色，而且也是培養忠誠顧客的核心策略。公司不僅註冊了自家品牌「阿愛」，為了吸引目標顧客惠顧新選址的茶餐廳，也將邀請食評人光臨新茶餐廳品嚐美食。此外，公司計劃把宣傳重點放在其所選用的優質食材上。 | | 4.4 地點一般指引地點指閣下的目標顧客獲取閣下產品／服務的實際或視像銷售途徑。閣下也可考慮闡述與分銷渠道相關的成本，以及分銷方法會否影響生產時間表或交付等。公司的茶餐廳在鰂魚涌經營了十年。茶餐廳不但鄰近住宅區，並靠近寫字樓及兩間學校，方便其目標顧客前往惠顧。公司計劃在該區物業價格不高時，把握機會自購舖位，以避免茶餐廳純利因租金隨營業額上升而遭侵蝕。 |
+
+| 第 5 節：產品及服務一般指引本節描述閣下的產品／服務，以及產品／服務能滿足市場需求的理據。產品／服務是否創新？閣下現有的產品／服務是否擁有吸引顧客的新特色？閣下是否為產品研究出新功能？抑或是由於有效地控制成本，使現有產品的售價大幅降低？上述因素均是閣下的產品／服務吸引投資者的優勢。閣下作出的陳述應參照閣下在上一節所述的結果及結論。
+此外，閣下也可根據市場增長率及市場佔有額將閣下的產品／服務劃分為 4 個組別：星級 ⁷(Star)、現金牛⁸(Cash Cow)、狗⁹(Dog)或問號¹⁰(Question Mark)。 | | 公司主要供應麵包、三文治、奶茶及咖啡。其品牌熱賣食品包括秘製的花生醬牛奶咖吔豬仔包、菠蘿包及西多士。公司採用精選茶葉、咖啡豆及牛奶所炮製的奶茶及咖啡均享有盛名。茶餐廳在不同高峰時段，包括早餐、午餐及下午茶時段，提供套餐折扣優惠，以刺激套餐銷售。茶餐廳亦不時向顧客提供新鮮出爐的麵包。標準化的套餐加上高效率運作的廚房及員工，令每名顧客的流轉時間僅為約四十五分鐘。雖然顧客平均用餐時間較短，但全體員工仍然確保每一名顧客均享受到殷勤及貼心的服務。「阿愛」的熱賣食品及飲品(包括花生醬牛奶咖吔豬仔包、菠蘿包、西多士、奶茶及咖啡)均被界別為現金牛(Cash Cow)，在成熟及緩慢發展的行業中有高度的市場佔有額。由於「阿愛」能產生現金，因此茶餐廳有意自購舖位，以避免租金對其盈利造成的不穩定影響。 |
+
+
+
+⁷ 指在一個快速增長行業中，擁有高市場份額的業務單位。維持該業務單位在市場上的領先地位可能需要額外的現金。當增長開始放緩時，若星級業務能夠維持其於所屬業務類別的領先地位，星級業務可轉變為現金牛業務。
+
+⁸ 指在一個緩慢增長行業中，擁有高市場份額，且產生的現金超過維持業務所需的業務單位。由於行業增長緩慢，所以可能並不值得投資。
+
+⁹ 指在一個已經成熟、緩慢增長的行業中，佔有低市場份額的業務單位。該類業務一般「不賺不虧」，並且產生的現金僅僅足夠維持該業務單位的市場份額。
+
+¹⁰ 問號用於標記快速增長且因此消耗大量現金的業務。儘管如此，由於該類業務的市場份額低且不會產生大量現金，需要審慎分析該類業務以確定是否值得投資。
+
+| 相對於熱賣的食品及飲品，「阿愛」新鮮出爐的麵包則較方便供外賣享用。隨著越來越多的消費者在經濟下滑的環境下減少外出用膳，轉而購買外賣快餐，外賣市場擁有巨大的市場增長潛力。因此，新鮮出爐的麵包可能會成為「阿愛」的星級(Star)產品，協助茶餐廳在外賣快餐市場擴展。為了在高速增長的外賣市場搶佔更高的市場佔有額，「阿愛」計劃購入另一台麵包烤爐。 |
+
+| 第 6 節：組織架構一般指引閣下應在本節闡明公司的所有權、管理團隊及組織架構。同時也應提供管理團隊關鍵成員的背景、人事策略的詳細資料。關鍵成員的經驗能幫助業務取得成功，因此該等資訊極為重要。組織架構則提供了預測營運開支的基準。根據業務的性質及規模，閣下應釐定履行必要任務所需的員工類型以及是否存在需要填補的空缺。 | | 公司的關鍵管理層包括李愛女士，以及她的兩位兄弟李想發先生和李想達先生。李愛女士是茶餐廳的創始人。在創業頭數年，茶餐廳由李愛女士本人與約十名員工打理，並沒有為有關業務進行法團註冊。後來由於生意興旺，她決定將公司註冊為有限公司，名為「愛發達有限公司」，並邀請李想發先生及李想達先生出任股東及董事。現年四十歲的李愛女士是公司的董事總經理，她負責公司的策略性規劃及業務開發。自高中畢業之後，她入讀烹飪學院，在開辦自己的茶餐廳之前已在餐飲行業工作了逾十年。在2004年，她參加並通過了由香港職訓局旅遊服務業培訓發展中心和德國工商總會聯合主辦的「認可西廚」技能測試。該技能測試獲所有歐盟國家批准及認可。現年四十五歲的李想發先生擔任總經理。在加盟公司之前，他任職於一家大型物業發展公司的租賃部，在顧客服務及產品銷售方面擁有非常豐富的經驗。現年三十歲的李想達先生則擔任公司的財務總監。在加盟公司之前，他任職於一間本地中型核數師事務所。他負責公司的賬簿及賬目。在取得李愛女士及李想發先生的同意後，李想達先生同時以兼職方式向其他公司提供簿記服務。茶餐廳是公司唯一的一間茶餐廳，擁有兩名廚師、兩名麵包師、兩名茶水師傅、 |
+
+| 五名分兩個班次的侍應，以及兩名清潔工。總廚林建良先生（良叔）現年四十三歲，在港式茶餐廳累積了逾二十五年的烹飪經驗。李愛女士不時研製秘方，而良叔則確保食品維持一定的品質。麵包師主管陳明先生（阿明）現年三十八歲，在麵包店及港式茶餐廳累積了逾二十一年的麵包製作經驗。王超恩先生（恩哥）現年四十五歲，負責打理水吧。恩哥在製作奶茶及咖啡方面累積了逾十五年的經驗。 |
+
+| 第 7 節：營運計劃一般指引在本節中，閣下需要說明公司的生產及營運管理方式、營銷策略、人力資源以及財務管理模式。當中應包括供應商的簡介、若供應商未能符合閣下要求時的應變策略、閣下已經實施的品質控制措施等。閣下亦可展示已經實施的內部控制及風險管理系統。風險評估也非常重要。閣下應考慮各種假設性的分析，制訂計劃以減低潛在風險。 | | 採購、生產及營運管理
+公司每一種生產材料及副材料均有至少兩家供應商，以確保價格具競爭力及降低供貨商出錯的風險。由於衞生條件對飲食行業非常重要，李愛女士每月均檢查廚房及茶餐廳，以確保茶餐廳嚴格遵守本港監管當局的要求。茶餐廳擁有十個四座卡位以及十二張圓檯，每張圓檯可容納四名顧客。因此茶餐廳的總接待能力是八十八個座位。早上五時，兩名麵包師開始製作及烤焙當日的麵包。早上七時，茶餐廳開門營業。由於大部分顧客都是常客，侍應與他們熟稔且對他們揀選的食物瞭如指掌。因此，在「落單」之前他們不需要詳細詢問這些顧客的要求細節，從而加快了顧客的流轉時間，有利於茶餐廳的業務。李想發先生、其妻子及李愛女士輪流擔任收銀員。為了確保向顧客提供一流的服務及衞生環境，他們亦會輪流監督茶餐廳的營運，其中包括安排入座、清潔檯面、或當所有侍應都忙於應付顧客時，為正等候服務的顧客「落單」。營銷由於「阿愛」這品牌在區內眾所周知，公司目前並沒有在營銷方面投入太多資源。 |
+
+| 人力資源管理公司擁有約二十名員工。為了激勵員工盡心盡力地工作，在每一年的農曆新年之前，公司會將未扣除員工成本之純利的 5%用作獎金，並按基本工資比例分配給全體員工。財務管理財務總監李想達先生會在每個月完結後的十日內編製管理賬目。 |
+
+| 第 8 節：財務狀況一般指引在本節中，閣下需要展示業務在財務上的可行性。基本而言，閣下應編製下列報表的三年預測：預測收益表¹¹、預測現金流量表¹²及預測資產負債表¹³。財務比率及關鍵績效指標，如盈虧平衡、週轉時間、盈利率、回本期、投資回報率、流動比率及存貨周轉率等，都可協助讀者對閣下的財務及營運表現有更佳的理解。切合實際的銷售額預測將構成閣下所有其他數據的基礎。對於每一項預測，應列出閣下的所有關鍵假設，例如價格、銷售額、時間性等。 | | 附錄 I 所載的財務預測包含了茶餐廳未來三年的財務需求，以及若成功取得銀行貸款時將會如何使用該筆款項。除了一些傳統假期(包括中國農曆新年、中秋節、冬至)外，茶餐廳每天的營業時間為早上七時至晚上七時。由於售賣的膳食都是快餐，加上高效率運作的廚房及茶餐廳員工，每名顧客的流轉時間僅為約四十五分鐘。鑒於每名顧客的平均消費為港幣三十元，茶餐廳內共有八十八個座位，而每一個座位的全年營運流轉次數為五千七百六十次，預計入座率為九成，茶餐廳每年的總收入約為港幣一千三百七十萬元。茶餐廳的毛利率約為63%，即茶餐廳的毛利約為港幣八百六十萬元。由於舖位租金為收入的11.5%，公司的租金支出為港幣一百六十萬元。公司的員工成本約為港幣二百六十萬元(包括按未扣除員工成本之純利計算的5%獎金)。在扣除其他營運開支項目後，茶餐廳的每年純利約為港幣二百二十萬元。在1997年、2000年及2003年期間，持續的經濟不景氣對公司的業務影響甚微。在過去五年裏，公司錄得的盈利增長介乎3%至5%。 |
+
+
+
+¹¹ 預測收益表提供一個清晰的指標，可表明業務何時及為何可以錄得盈利。
+
+¹² 預測現金流量表顯示閣下預計存入銀行帳戶及從銀行帳戶取出的金額，以及具體的時間。閣下必須表明，閣下的業務擁有籌措足夠資金的渠道，以維持經營。
+
+¹³ 預測資產負債表顯示閣下的業務在年初及年底時的財務狀況。
+
+| 假設成功籌得港幣二千五百萬元的資金用以購買舖位及另一台麵包烤爐,公司在2010年起將不再需要繳納租金,但需要支付約港幣八十萬元的利息(假設年利率為目前的市場平均水平,即3.5%)。另外,折舊開支也將增加。 |
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+International Journal of Geo-Engineering
+
+ORIGINAL RESEARCH Open Access
+
+# Influence of randomly mixed coir fibres  and fly ash on stabilization of clayey subgrade
+
+Shiva Prashanth Kumar Kodicherla¹* and Darga Kumar Nandyala²
+
+
+
+*Correspondence:
+prashanthetc1024@gmail.com
+¹Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Building (EB), Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP), Suzhou, China
+Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
+
+## Abstract
+
+This paper discusses the stabilization of clayey subgrade when mixed with coir fibres (CF) randomly and fly ash (FA). The tests were carried out on the locally available clay soil with different proportions of randomly mixed CF and FA. The CF and FA proportions used in the study are expressed in percentage by dry weight of soil. The CF and FA proportions used in the present study are 1%, 1.5% and 2% and 0%, 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% respectively. The tests results revealed that the clayey subgrade stabilized with FA resulted in improvement of strength and California bearing ratio (CBR). Further, it is observed that randomly mixed 1% CF and 20% FA mixture resulted in improvement of CBR of subgrade as compared to clay subgrade treated with 20% FA alone and this increase is noticed as 1.5 times. Overall, it is concluded that 20% FA + 1% CF resulted in improvement of subgrade in terms of CBR.
+
+**Keywords:** Fly ash, Coir fibres, Clayey subgrade, CBR
+
+## Introduction
+
+Soil stabilization is of an immense concern principally in the pavement construction as it results in an increase in shear strength of the soil for a given requirements of a project, as well as meeting those requirements under specific environmental and traffic conditions. It is vital to delight the soil to overcome the adverse problems. Several engineering properties of soils are beneficially modified by adding cementitious materials like lime, discrete coir fibres and fly ash. Although lime is primarily utilized to treat fine-grained soils, it can also be used to modify the characteristics of the fine fraction of granular soils. The lime proportion of 4% to 6% is effective as a stabilizing agent of black cotton soil and this proportion the soaked CBR of black cotton soil increased considerably [7]. A minimum of 3% to 5% of the lime stabilizer is necessary to gain a significant increase in the compressive and tensile strength. Although the use of lime stabilization is widespread, the reported performance of the technique is often variable [21]. The effect of fly ash and lime on red soil indicated that optimum benefits are achieved when fly ash is added to soil in combination with lime. The optimum value of additive combination was found to be 15% of fly ash and 5% of lime [1].
+
+The high content of clay can possess shrink-swell properties brought by changes in moisture content. To conquer this negative aspect of the stabilization is to convert the soil to a rigid or granular mass by binding the soil particles sufficiently strong to resist the internal swelling pressure of the clay [25]. Alternatively, to reduce the shrink-swell potential, the movement of moisture within the clay soil must be reduced, which can be achieved by blocking the pores. There is no appropriate conventional method of stabilization to overcome the disruptive effects of moisture in clay. Studies concerning to fly ash and lime utilization for soil stabilization have been performed by the earlier investigators [5, 15, 17]. The plasticity characteristics and swell potential of clayey soil can decrease with the increase in fly ash contents. Addition of fly ash more than 20% to clay soil are comparable with lime addition rates of 8% in reducing the plasticity and swell potential of a soil consisting of 85% kaolinite and 15% bentonite [3]. Similarly the plasticity index, activity and swelling potential of the samples decreased with the % of fly ash increases. The changes in the physical and swelling properties of clay soil are a result of the following: formation of additional silt size particles due to chemical reactions that cause immediate flocculation of clay particles, time-dependent pozzolanic actions and self-hardening properties of fly ash [3]. The physical and chemical mechanisms of short and long term reactions involved in the lime stabilization of soils or soil-fly ash mixtures have been extensively described [2, 8]. The rate of decrease in swell potential has been noticed with the increased curing period of fly ash mixed clayey soils. After curing the fly ash mixed clay samples for 7 days, the swell potential noticed are 4.8% and 3.7% respectively for fly ash proportions of 15 and 20%. Thirty days cured samples showed the swell potential nearly zero for both 15 and 20% fly ash proportions. Also, it was interesting to see that the compression and recompression index of fly ash mixed clay soils have decreased with the increased curing period and fly ash proportion [18].
+
+ **Springer** Open
+
+© The Author(s) 2019. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium,provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
+
+Studies carried out by Emilliani Anak and Dygku Salma [6] presented that the shear strength of sample mixtures cured for 7 days is decreasing when the amount of fly ash governed is 80% of the total weight of the mixture. Besides this, the clay soil mixed with 60% fly ash by weight showed the highest compressive stress. Fly ash alone cannot perform as a better construction material due to its lightweight behaviour, but, a suitable amount of fly ash 50 to 60%, when added to clay soil by dry weight, would perform as a suitable construction material. Prasanna Kumar [22] reported that the maximum dry density (MDD) of black cotton (BC) soil has increased from 13.6 to 15.2 kN/m³ for the addition of 40% Nyveli fly ash (NFA) and for red earth soil, it was seen that the MDD increased from 14.6 to 17.8 kN/m³. Also, considerable improvement in compressive strength has been noticed and its improvement is from 310 to 1393 kPa for BC soil and from 590 to 2342 kPa for red earth soil when NFA proportion of 30% is added. A series of investigations were reported on Cement Kiln Dust (CKD) and fly ash mixtures for producing sub-base materials with different aggregates. CKD was used up to 16% by dry weight of the mixture, producing a durable mass by reacting with water at ambient temperatures [19, 20]. It was pointed out that the use of any particular CKD—fly ash combination would require a performance appraisal of the mix based on the chemical and strength behaviour to establish the optimum mix [16]. The CKD-treated fly ash and aggregate mixtures showed comparable behaviour in strength, durability, dimensional stability, and other engineering properties, to those of the conventional lime-fly ash-aggregate mixtures [4].
+
+As reported by Senol et al. [24], it is interesting to note that the low CBR of black cotton soil is attributed to the inherent low strength of which due to the dominance of clay fraction. The addition of fly ash to black cotton soil increased the CBR of the mixup to the first optimum level due to the frictional resistance from fly ash in addition to the cohesion from black cotton soil. Further addition of fly ash beyond the optimum level caused a decrease in CBR up to 60%. Unconfined compression stress (UCS) and CBR of low plasticity clay with 20% fly ash decreased after a 2-h compaction delay and the strength can be maximized by stabilizing at mixture-specific moisture content and minimizing compaction delays. Ash blended expansive soil with fly ash contents of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% on a dry weight basis inferred that the increased fly ash content decreased the plasticity characteristics of the soil. Free swell index (FSI) of soil was reduced to 50% when expansive soil was blended with 20% fly ash. The undrained shear strength of the expansive soil blended with fly ash increased with the increase in the fly ash content [23].
+
+From the aforementioned literature review, it is evident that numerous works have been carried out relevant to the stabilization of pavements especially on clayey subgrade using various admixtures such as fly ash, stone dust, granulated blast furnace slag, lime, cement kiln dust and cement. There are few studies reported on the utilization of randomly mixed coir fibre along with fly ash in the pavement construction. In this paper, the results of a laboratory study carried out to understand the behaviour of fly ash + fibre mixtures for use in pavement construction in the clayey subgrade are presented and discussed. The fly ash proportions in percentage by dry weight of soil adopted are 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30. The coir fibre proportions in percentage used are 0, 1, 1.5 and 2 by dry weight of soil. The details of the experimental program and materials used and their physical properties are presented in the following sections.
+
+## Experimental investigation
+
+### Materials used
+
+***Soil***
+
+The soil was collected from open pits near Patancheru area, Rangareddy District, Telangana, India. The soil is in black colour. The soil collected from the site was processed and stored in an airtight container in the laboratory. The basic tests were conducted according to the Indian Standard Code of Practice of testing of soils and basic properties of soil are presented in Table 1. From the grain size distribution curve presented in Fig. 1, it is noticed that the soil consists of 3% gravel, 4% fine sand, 18% medium sand, 22.5% coarse sand and rest is fines content (soil fraction passing through 0.075 mm sieve) 52.5%. Overall the soil is dominated by a fine fraction and fine sand.
+
+***Fly ash (FA)***
+
+Fly ash (FA) was collected from the Vijayawada Thermal Power Station (VTPS), Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India. It contains the majority of fine sand fractions around 97.5% and the remaining fractions are about 2.5% of silt range. Figures 2 and 3 present the photograph of FA and its grain size distribution curve. The physical and chemical properties of FA are presented in Table 2.
+
+***Coir fibre (CF)***
+
+Coir fibre (CF) was collected locally and used as a stabilizing agent in combination with FA to the clayey subgrade. The CF was cut into 6 mm length and stored in airtight container in the laboratory. Care has been taken during preparation of standard length of each fibre. Figure 4 presents the photography of CF.
+
+**Table 1 Basic properties of soil**
+
+| S. no. | Soil property | Value |
|---|
| 1 | Atterberg's limits | | | Liquid Limit (LL) | 48 | | Plastic Limit (PL) | 24 | | 2 | Plasticity Index (PI) | 24 | | Compaction properties | | | 3 | MDD (kN/m³) | 17.5 | | OMC (%) | 17.0 | | 4 | CBR and strength properties | | | Unsoaked CBR (%) | 2 | | UCS (kN/m²) | 150 | | 5 | Soil classification | CI | | Specific gravity | 2.67 |
+
+
+
+
+
+**Table 2 Physical and chemical properties of FA [Source: Vijayawada Thermal Power Station (VTPS)]**
+
+| Property | Value |
|---|
| Specific gravity | 1.97 | | Grain size distribution | | | % Gravel | 0 | | % Coarse sand | 0 | | % Medium sand | 0 | | % Fine sand | 97.5 | | % Silt and clay | 2.5 | | Effective diameter, D10 (mm) | 0.085 | | Coefficient of uniformity, Cu | 2.2 | | Coefficient of curvature, Cc | 1.2 | | Chemical composition | | | % SiO2 | 60.5 | | % Al2O3 | 30.8 | | % Fe2O3 | 3.6 | | % Cao | 1.4 | | % Mgo | 0.91 | | % SO3 | 0.14 | | % K2O + Na2O | 1.1 |
+
+### Tests conducted
+
+Diverse tests were conducted on the soil as per the Indian Standard Code of Practice of Testing Soils as specified below. The liquid limit and plastic limit tests were conducted as per IS: 2720 (Part 5)—[11]. Grain size distribution is as per IS: 2720 (Part 4)—[10]. Standard Proctor Compaction test was carried out according to IS: 2720 (Part 8)—1983 [12]. The California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test was carried out as per the IS: 2720 (Part 16)—1987 [14]. The Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) test was carried out as per the IS: 2720 (Part 10)—[13]. The specific gravity test of soil was carried out as per the IS: 2720 (Part 3/Set I)—[9].
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## Results and discussions
+
+### Atterberg's limits
+
+The variation of Atterberg's limits such as liquid limit (LL), plastic limit (PL) and plasticity index (PI) with percentage FA is presented in Fig. 5. From this figure, it can be observed that as the percentage of FA increases from 0 to 30, the LL of soil decreasing linearly. At 30% FA, the LLof soil-FA mixture is 39% and at 30% FA this value is 36%.Addition of FA to soil does show a minimal change in PL. There is a hardly modest increase in PL of soil.
+
+The variation in plasticity index (PI) with the percentage of FA is presented in the same figure and from this, it can be seen that, as the % of FA increases, the PI of soil is decreasing linearly and this decrease is at a lower rate, from 20% FA onwards. The PI of soil has decreased to 50% at the FA content of 20%. Lowering of PI is always advantageous to avoid the construction problems associated with clay subgrade soil.
+
+### Compaction characteristics of soil
+
+The compaction characteristics of the soil are the important parameters to ascertain strength and durability aspects of pavements constructed on clayey subgrades. Any subgrade soil prepared at optimum moisture content (OMC) can have sufficient stability during its existence. It is evident that to achieve the required sustainability of pavement, it is utmost important to follow the compaction specifications [26, 27]. The soil-FA mixtures are tested for compaction characteristics as per the standard compaction test procedure. Figure 6 presents the compaction curves of soil FA mixtures, where FA content was varied from 0 to 30% at 5% increment. From these curves, it is clearly noticed that as the percentage of FA increases from 0 to 30%, the peaks of compaction curves are moving down. The behaviour of compacted soil-FA mixtures is rigid till the peak condition and once the peak is attained further addition of water to the mixture is causing a drastic reduction in dry unit weight of soil-FA mixtures. The compaction curve of untreated soil is riding on top as compared to compaction curves of FA treated soil. All the compaction curves are showing the typical clay behaviour to silt behaviour and following a similar kind of trend.
+
+The variation of MDD and OMC with the percentage of FA is presented in Fig. 7. From this figure, it can be seen that as the percentage of FA increases, the MDD of soil-FA mixtures is decreasing from 17.5 to 15.8 kN/m³. About 10% of FA addition to soil does not show any change in MDD of soil, but FA of above 10%, the variation in MDD of mixtures is seen drastic. This can be attributed that the FA is a lightweight material and replacing the soil, which caused the reduced densities of the mixture. Likewise, as the percentage of FA increases from 0 to 30%, the OMC of the mixture is increasing gradually and this increase is observed about 20% at 30% FA proportion. When a clay soil is blended with higher proportions of FA causes an increase of diffuse double layer thickness. The decrease in MDD and increase in OMC are noticed in the clay soil-FA mixtures as percentage FA increases.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+### Unconfined compression stress (UCS)
+
+The results pertinent to unconfined compression stress (UCS) are presented in Figs. 8 and 9. The samples for UCS were prepared at the OMC. Figure 8 presents the stress–strain plots of soil samples blended with different percentages of FA. From this figure, it is observed that as the strain increases from 0 to 2% the stiffness of the FA soil mixtures is almost constant and thereafter for any small increase in the strain, the behaviour of the mixture is changing from linear to curvilinear. The untreated sample is showing lower compression stress as compared to the soil samples treated with FA corresponding to a particular strain level. The compression stress levels are gradually increasing for the samples blended with FA. The soil samples blended with 20 and 30% of FA are showing higher levels of compression stress compared to lower proportions of FA blended soil mixtures.
+
+
+
+From the peak values of stress–strain curves, UCS values are derived and these values with the percentage of FA are presented in Fig. 9. From this figure, it can be seen that up to about 20% of FA soil mixtures, the UCS is increasing and thereafter and for 30% of FA the strength has reduced slightly compared to soil blended with 20% FA. The UCS is increased about 50% for the soil blended with 20% FA as compared to the untreated soil. Similarly, the increase in strength is noticed as 40% for the soil blended with 10% FA. This increase in strength is attributed to the flocculation of grains and improved frictional resistance in the mixture. Especially in the pavement construction, the stable subgrade and its strength considerations play a vital role. From the above discussion, it can be noticed that FA proportion, when blended even up to 30% to the soil, can result in a stronger subgrade. FA about 30% can be effectively utilized in the clayey subgrade towards effective stabilization of clay subgrade soil. Further to analyze the strength of FA blended clay with respect to CF mix, an optimum FA proportion has been considered as 20%.
+
+### California bearing ratio (CBR)
+
+The California bearing ratio (CBR) of the subgrade is an important strength parameter to estimate the thickness of flexible pavement. Majority of the clay subgrade have lower CBR. It is required to improve the CBR of clay subgrade by using different admixtures. The CBR results presented herein are corresponding to the unsoaked conditions. The CBR tests are conducted for the mixtures of soil + % FA and soil + 20% FA + %CF. The CF proportions adopted are 1, 1.5 and 2% by dry weight of soil. Figure 10 presents the load–penetration curves of FA blended clay soil. From this figure, it can be noticed that up to about 4 mm penetration, the stiffness of the load penetration curves is constant and high, and from 4 mm penetration onwards, the stiffness of mixtures are becoming linear to curvilinear. The failure can be expected from 4 mm penetration onwards as per the trend of the curves presented. The curves belonging to 20% and 30% of FA are moving parallel and at a high level compared to the curves of other percentages of FA. Addition of FA to the clay soil imparting more rigid behaviour to the mixture and hence it is noticed that for the same penetration levels the loads observed are high as the percentage of FA increases.
+
+
+
+
+
+The CBR variation with the percentage of FA is presented in Fig. 11 and it can be noticed that, as the percentage of FA increases from 0 to 30%, the CBR is increasing linearly. The soil blended at 20% of FA showed 2.5 times of CBR of untreated soil. The CBR of FA alone at its OMC is 18%. Though, FA alone showing required CBR, it alone cannot be used in the road construction due to its instability and unfriendly nature to the environment. In general, the CBR values of clay subgrade may range between 1 and 2% and hence, construction of pavement of different layers on pure clayey subgrade results in high cost. It may be out of the sanctioned budget in majority instances. Hence, improved values of CBR of the subgrade is aimed always. Addition of FA of 20% to the clay soil has resulted in CBR value of about 6% and it is obviously a good improvement as per the road construction on clayey subgrade is concerned.
+
+The influence of the CF on the CBR of FA blended clay subgrade has been further studied. The CBR tests were conducted by varying the CF as 1, 1.5 and 2%. The optimum FA content of 20% is considered along with the CF. The test specimens were prepared corresponding to OMC of 20% of FA and are subjected to CBR testing. Figure 12 presents the load penetration curves of soil + 20% of FA and CF content varying from 1 to 2% at an increment of 0.5%. From the curves, it can be clearly observed that as the random inclusion of CF along with the soil and FA, the load levels required are increasing for the same penetration corresponding to the samples without CF. Addition of CF ensuring more stiffness and increased friction content to FA soil sample. The load penetration curves of CF reinforced FA soil mixtures are behaving same as that of FA soil mixture samples. Up to about 3 mm penetration, there is a linear relationship between the load and penetration response of CF reinforced samples and thereafter there is gradual curvilinear load-penetration behaviour in the samples.
+
+Furthermore, the CBR of CF reinforced and 20% FA blended soil sample is presented in Fig. 13. From this figure, it can be observed that when 1% CF + 20% FA is added to the soil, the CBR value has increased to 9% and for CF content of 1.5% and 2%, the CBR is noticed as 7.5 and 7% respectively. From this behaviour, it can be seen that as the addition of CF to the soil + 20% FA, there is no reduction in the CBR and the CBR has increased from 6 to 9% at CF content of 1%. For the clay soil used in the study, the addition of 20% FA and 1% CF gives an improved CBR soil + 20% FA + 1% CF is an optimum combination at which the strength and CBR values noticed are high and it results in a reduced thickness of the pavement to be provided and overall it leads to the reduced cost of the project.
+
+### Conclusions
+
+From the above discussion of results, the following conclusions are drawn. The higher proportions of FA are resulting in the reduced plasticity behaviour of soil as confirmed from the LL and PL variations of FA blended soil. PI of soil is decreasing linearly as the percentage of FA increases and this decrease is at a lower rate beyond the FA percentage of 20. Peaks of compaction curves are falling down as the percentage FA increased from 0 to 30%. The MDD of clay FA mixtures is decreased from 17.5 to 15.8 kN/m³ as the percentage FA increased from 0 to 30%. The UCS is increased about 50% for the soil blended with 20% FA as compared to the untreated soil. Addition of 20% of FA to the clay soil has resulted in an increase of CBR to 6%. Further increase in CBR is noticed as 9% when additionally 1% of CF is added to the soil blended with 20% FA. It is suggested that 20% FA + 1% CF blended to the clayey soil would result in improved strength and CBR of the clay subgrade.
+
+
+
+
+
+**Authors' contributions**
+
+Both authors involved in compiling and write-up of the whole manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.
+
+**Author details**
+
+¹ Department of Civil Engineering, Engineering Building (EB), Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University (XJTLU), Suzhou Industrial Park (SIP), Suzhou, China. ² Department of Civil Engineering, JNTUH College of Engineering Manthani, Kamanpur, Telangana, India.
+
+**Acknowledgements**
+
+The authors are grateful to Mr. Nagabhushanam and Mr. Mallesh for their extended support during experimentation.
+
+**Competing interests**
+
+The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
+
+**Publisher's Note**
+
+Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
+
+Received: 5 June 2018 Accepted: 29 January 2019
+
+Published online: 05 February 2019
+
+**References**
+
+1. Ajith K (1993) Modification of red soil by using lime and fly ash as admixtures. M. Tech Thesis, University of Kerala, Trivandrum
+
+2. Brown RW (1996) Practical foundation engineering handbook. Mc-Graw Hill, New York
+
+3. Çokça E (2001) Use of class C fly ashes for the stabilization of an expansive soil. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 127(7):568
+
+4. Collins RJ, Emery JJ (1983) Kiln dust-fly ash systems for highway bases and subbases. Federal Highway Administration, Report No. FHWA/RD-82/167, Washington, DC, September
+
+5. Consoli NC, Prietto PDM, Carraro JAH, Heinech A (2001) Behavior of compacted soil-fly ash-carbide lime mixtures. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 127(9):774-782
+
+6. Emilliani Anak G, Dygku Salma AI (2010) Geotechnical properties of fly ash and its application on soft soil stabilization. UNIMAS E J Civil Eng 1(2):1-6
+
+7. Gaulkar MP (1999) Construction of roads in black cotton soil. Indian Highw New Delhi 27(3):37-43
+
+8. Ingles OG, Metcalf JB (1972) Soil stabilization principles and practice. Butterworth, Sydney
+
+9. IS: 2720 (Part 3/Set I) (1980) Methods of test for soils: part 3 determination of specific gravity, Section I Fine grained soils
+
+10. IS: 2720 (Part 4) (1985) Methods of test for soils: part 4 grain size analysis
+
+11. IS: 2720 (Part 5) (1985) Methods of test for soils: part 5 determination of liquid and plastic limit
+
+12. IS: 2720 (Part 7) (1980) Methods of test for soils: part 7 determination of water content-dry density relation using light compaction
+
+13. IS: 2720 (Part 10) (1973) Methods of test for soils: part 10 determination of unconfined compressive strength
+
+14. IS: 2720 (Part 16) (1979) Methods of test for soils: part 16 laboratory determination of CBR
+
+15. Maher MH, Butziger JM, DiSalvo DL, Oweis IS (1993) Lime sludge amended fly ash for utilization as an engineering material. Fly Ash for soil improvement. Geotech Special Publ ASCE 36:73-88
+
+16. Miller CT, Bensch DG, Colony DC (1980) Use of cement-kiln dust and fly ash in pozzolanic concrete base courses, in emulsion mix design, stabilization, and compaction, TRB, transportation Research Record No. 754, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., USA, pp 36-41
+
+17. Mitchell JK, Katti RK (1981) Soil improvement state of the art report. In Proceedings of 10th international conference on soil mechanics and foundation engineering, international society of soil mechanics and foundation engineering, London, pp 261-317
+
+18. Nalbantoglu Z, Gucbilmez E (2002) Utilization of an industrial waste in calcareous expansive clay stabilization. Geotech Test J 25(1):78-84
+
+19. Nicholson JP (1982) Stabilized mixture, U.S. Patent #4,101,332, July 18, 1978, Reissue #30,943, May 25
+
+20. Nicholson JP (1977) Mixture for pavement bases and the like, U.S. Patent #4,018,617, April 19
+
+21. Paige-Green P (1998) Recent developments in soil stabilization. In Proceedings: 19th ARRB conference, Sydney, Australia, pp 121-135
+
+22. Prasanna Kumar SM (2011) Cementitious compounds formation using pozzolanas and their effect on stabilization of soils of varying engineering properties. In International conference on environment science and engineering, IPCBEE. IACSIT Press, pp 212-215
+
+23. Phanikumar BR, Radhey SS (2004) Effect of flyash on engineering properties of expansive soil. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 130(7):764-767
+
+24. Senol A, Bin-Shahafique MdS, Edıl TB, Benson CH (2002) Use of class c fly ash for stabilization of soft subgrade. In Procedures, fifth international congress on advances in civil engineering, Istanbul, Turkey
+
+25. Shiva Prashanth Kumar K, Darga Kumar N (2016) Evaluation of coefficient of consolidation in CH soils. Jordan J Civil Eng 10(4):515-528
+
+26. Shiva Prashanth Kumar K, Darga Kumar N (2016) Use of CPT and DCP based correlations in characterization of subgrade of a highway in Southern Ethiopia Region. Int J Geoeng 7(1):15
+
+27. Shiva Prashanth Kumar K, Rajeshekhar A, Darga Kumar N (2014) Influence of plunger friction on california bearing ratio of low plasticity clay soils. Malays J Civil Eng (MJCE) 26(3):307-325
+
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+
+Journal of Open Innovation:
+
+Technology, Market, and Complexity
+
+
+
+
+
+Review
+
+# Strategy for Cultural Inclusion in New Product Development Processes: A New Zealand Study
+
+**Sanjay Mathrani ¹,* and S ara Diaa Eldin Ibrahim ²**
+
+¹ School of Food and Advanced Technology, Massey University, Auckland 0632, New Zealand
+
+² Farmers Trading Company Limited, Auckland 2110, New Zealand
+
+*Correspondence: s.mathrani@massey.ac.nz
+
+check for
+**updates**
+
+**Citation**: Mathrani, S.; Ibrahim, S.D.E. Strategy for Cultural Inclusion in New Product Development Processes: A New Zealand Study. *J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex.* **2022**, *8*, 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8040217
+
+Received: 8 November 2022
+
+Accepted: 12 December 2022
+
+Published: 15 December 2022
+
+**Publisher's Note**: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
+
+
+
+**Copyright**: © 2022 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
+
+**Abstract:** Cultural inclusion generates a positive impact by socially increasing pride for individuals or economically increasing a country's global capital. Currently, in New Zealand (NZ), not many strategies exist that ensure inclusion of culture in new products introduced locally and globally. Further, cultural inclusion in products appears highly represented in the tourist markets, but not so much in the domestic markets. This paper examines the current NZ strategies for cultural inclusion in product development of different sized companies that supply locally and globally through three case studies and compares the findings with theoretical models used in other regions. Findings elaborate that NZ lacks in documented standardized strategies when it comes to cultural inclusion. A positive impact of having such a strategy is perceived by participating companies with a culture for open innovation to ensure they are following a process approach that can help include cultural aspects appropriately. Creating a unique position for the brand globally, increasing global capital and deeper connectivity, and increasing the understanding of culture were some key benefits identified. However, a few steps in the new product development process were found largely lacking in NZ firms, such as communication with cultural representatives and leaders. A cultural inclusion model is developed based on the study findings to include an open innovation culture that can help NZ companies be more inclusive in their design and establish a unique NZ market for generating positive impacts.
+
+**Keywords:** cultural inclusion; new product development; open innovation; product design; strategy
+
+
+
+## 1. Introduction
+
+Culture is everywhere around us. Diversity is steadily increasing as migration of people these days has increased relatively in a greater variety of ways than it has ever before [1,2]. With the increase of diversity, we observe an increase in the need to include and adapt different cultures. To include migrants, we must master the inclusion of the residence first. Culture is generated from human systems [3,4]. It ties many aspects of people and their society together, such as in customs, arts, beliefs, capabilities, and habits so as to encapsulate a group's norms and social behavior. The dynamics of the environment or members of a group are where inclusion is factored in [5]. Inclusion ensures equal opportunities between all segments of a group. In the context of this paper, inclusion is referred to in terms of cultural inclusion. This conveys that each culture in a set environment has equal opportunities to include and share their culture while feeling welcomed to do so. The environment in this scenario is the field of product design. In New Zealand (NZ), we have beautiful multi-cultured groups and people, with the Maori culture being the culture of the indigenous people. NZ is also known to have a role in product design, as it has many organizations of different sizes that export products locally and globally. Opening the doors to include culture in design welcomes a larger opportunity for innovation. From a consumer perspective, it generates a feeling of inclusion and the sensation of being represented in a different environment. The need for innovation is driven by consumer demand but enhanced by employees, customers, suppliers, and intermediaries through an open innovation culture [6]. Not every corporate culture is a suitable environment for open innovation [7]. Information sharing and communication through digital platforms can enhance development of an open innovation culture [8].
+
+
+
+J. Open Innov. Technol. Mark. Complex. 2022, 8, 217. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8040217
+
+https://www.mdpi.com/journal/joitmc
+
+A strategy in new product development is known to be nested within a corporate environment to influence its nature and direction in order to obtain a positive outcome [9,10],as well as being able to replicate successes by decreasing uncertainty in the process. Low innovation occurs in countries that have a tendency of high uncertainty avoidance [11,12].Thus, the formation of a cultural inclusion strategy in NZ would encourage higher levels of cultural innovation. Currently in the literature, no strategies exist for NZ companies to adopt culture in their product design, which generates the aim of this paper to create a strategy for cultural inclusion in NZ products. In answering the research question, this paper seeks to investigate how cultural inclusion as a strategy can positively impact new products introduced locally and globally.
+
+To investigate these aspects, three case studies were conducted in companies of different sizes with varieties of exportation methods locally and globally. Insight was gathered from the companies on their current processes and beliefs to include culture in product designs, as well as the significance of developing a strategy to positively impact their future integration of culture into products through open innovation. The strategy is guided by two Taiwanese frameworks for cultural inclusion developed by Lin [13] and Hsu [14].
+
+This paper aims to contribute to academia by increasing research available on cultural inclusion in product design, as well as strategies available to help refine and develop practical applications of cultural inclusion in generating positive impacts for both consumers and companies.
+
+This first section has introduced the study. The following section reviews the findings from the literature regarding cultural inclusion in products and available frameworks.Section 3 outlines the methodology that is used to conduct the research. Section 4 portrays the findings found from the research. Section 5 discusses the findings in relation to the literature. Section 6 presents the study conclusions, its implications, limitations, and future potential continuation of this research.
+
+## 2. Review of the Literature
+
+### 2.1. What Is Cultural Inclusion and How Does It Achieve Advantage?
+
+Cultural inclusion has three dimensions: representation, participation, and access [15,16]. Representation is defined as a culture being represented in mainstream culture. Allowing an individual or group to be involved in the cultural processes represents participation.Appreciating and enjoying the cultural processes is defined as access. Inclusion is not an absolute or abstract quality [17]. Thus, the measurement of cultural inclusion can only be conducted through specific cultural relationships that are tailored differently to each culture.
+
+Cultural inclusivity for individuals of minority cultures helps advantage pride in their unique perspectives. From an organizational perspective, cultural inclusion achieves an advantage by improving the company’s image and creating a supportive working environment [11]. In terms of product, design advantage is achieved by adding value. Due to predictions, cross-cultural design in modern products will be a trend in the global markets due to the inclusion of unique design [13].
+
+The study by Chai et al. [18] demonstrates that, in cultural product design, two areas should be prioritized: better-designed perception of cultural products and the modern methods of presenting cultural elements to achieve better cultural inclusion advantages.
+
+
+### 2.2. How Not to Appropriate Culture in Design
+
+Appropriate, which comes from appropriation, is defined as the process of possession [19,20], making the belonging of a group or individual the property of another group or individual. In terms of cultural appropriation, it is when a group takes or borrows cultural strategies from a cultural background that is not their own and uses them without giving credit or recognition to the original culture [21]. Cultural appropriation can lead to distortion of meaning and cultural practices of the original group. It is seen as disrespectful and disadvantages minority groups.
+
+In NZ, intellectual property is one way to ensure not appropriating culture. An even easier method that is strongly recommended is communication and co-design with cultural communities to share design information through a culture of open innovation [22].Due to computerization and globalization, communication has changed towards a more technology-based approach in open innovation [23]. Thus,normalizing technology communication in cultural collaboration through an open innovation culture would be very sufficient for companies [24]. Appropriation often occurs when there is no existing tool for a task [25,26]. Thus, having a set strategy for an open innovation culture or system can help decrease its negative impacts [27].
+
+
+### 2.3. Market Availability of New Zealand Cultural Products Locally and Globally
+
+NZ globally has developed a strong brand for products in terms of representing a product with the caption “100% Pure New Zealand”. This relates to the image of NZ as an unspoiled landscape that provides an authentic experience [28]. Emphasizing the country’s green and clean reputation. Thus, most NZ products that are globally distributed appear to convey nature design, rather than traditional or distinct Maori designs in their products. The global capital supports the mechanism of economic and cultural production that is first to start [29,30]. This indicates that the introduction of unique culture to designs can help add value in the global market by increasing global capital as it currently rarely exists. It is also mentioned that, in today’s aesthetic economy, the main step to economic development is through the promotion of cultural applications [14].
+
+Locally, from the perception of tourists who are coming to NZ, they generally search for authenticity and cultural connectivity to the environment [31,32]. Having a product incorporating the local culture helps capture that experience in a materialistic form, which is easily portable and can withhold a lifelong memory. Maori design products are therefore key in the tourism industry. An international NZ visitor survey was distributed back in 1995–1996, which highlighted that nearly half the population of international visitors attended an art gallery or museum to learn about Maori culture [33]. This does not only show the prime marketing location for cultured products, but also the interest available in the local culture from global visitors.Currently, the market availability for tourist-attracting Maori products is available in museums, airports, art galleries, specified tourist stores, and I-site information centers. But, it is not integrated as strongly in our everyday markets,such as grocery stores and malls. The current domestic market in NZ is heavily dependent on North European and North American customers. This is the case due to NZ having a finite market, whereas the risk with Maori-based design is overproducing for a smaller target market and facing financial viability [34]. There is very little research undertaken in NZ investigating the Maori appeal in product design in the domestic market. Locally, the perception of how locals would feel in more domestic Maori design inclusive products is not very clear Additionally, whether European and American markets are preferred due to the modernization of design is considered. There is a need for a framework to modernize Maori design to make it more appealing to the market. Products in the global market are losing identity due to similarity in function and design [13]. Adding cultural identity would thus increase value, as it would act as a point of difference.
+
+A current market trend is creating environmentally friendly products to achieve a competitive advantage. It has become the largest opportunity and challenge for existing companies [35]. This highlights another area that lacks research that could be a contributing factor to the increase in the demand for Maori design in the domestic market. There could be a correlation between Tikanga’s (protocols defined as doing what is right [36]) sustainable development, Kaitiakitanga (guardianship that can be achieved by an individual or group promoting preservation of the environment and careful use of natural resources), and the current trends of sustainable products. The current market in NZ is increasingly more aware of climate change than it has been in the past [37], causing sustainability to trend. This is now a large focus in the current NZ organization practice and design [38]. A study by Collins et al. [39] showed that the key adoption for sustainability was due to the beliefs and values of senior management teams in NZ firms. Thus, would larger inclusion of Maori values influence product design?
+
+### 2.4. A Model for Cultural Inclusion in Product Design
+
+A model for cultural inclusion in product design in Figures 1 and 2 is a combination of two frameworks by Lin [13] and Hsu [14]. The two frameworks have been adapted from the Taiwan aboriginal culture that applies cultural inclusion processes in product design through open innovation. Commonalities of the four main constructs—investigation,interaction, and objectives, development and analysis, and implementation of product design—from the original models are combined, with summarized information placed into their respective phases. Both models had a lot in common with extracted cultural features for traditional cultural products and artefacts. Both models cater to global and local distributed products, and due to the generic requirements that are specific to product design, these models can be applied to any sized business that works on developing a product. There are no NZ-based cultural models available in the literature for cultural inclusion in product design.
+
+
+
+**Figure 1.** A model for cultural inclusion in product design. Source: Lin [13] and Hsu [14].
+
+The model in Figure 1 has been developed to be intuitive for product designers, not needing much additional support to follow through for successful integration of cultural inclusion in their designs. To assist the designers and strengthen the model, an expansion of the definitions table derived from the original model is presented in Figure 2. These definitions of processes help designers in generating a clear understanding of the framework and its boundaries. The definitions are directly linked to the model in Figure 1 and are underlined for ease of communication. The designers can choose what is appropriate to incorporate from the definitions, which also assist them in simulating ideas on where to start and what to include.
+
+The model is linear, where one phase must be completed in order to move to the next. It is important to have a holistic completion of each phase to ensure that the cultural feature is translated in a positive manner. The first phase investigation focuses on researching and extracting culture to suit consumers' needs, which are identified by recognizing trends, such as technology applications, social trends, and economic development. In the second interactions and objectives phase, a designer would start by targeting the consumer by identifying their needs and backgrounds. This is followed by describing the purpose to stakeholders to ensure appropriate and meaningful design. Finally, in the second phase, it is important to establish the direction by creating specifications and goals that align with the consumer's needs and to communicate the findings to cultural representatives. The third phase is development and analysis, which starts by analysing the culture by creating a matrix table to identify the cultural attributes to be included in the design. This is followed by sketching the primary design and describing the product performance, as well as ensuring that the meaning is being translated correctly when converted to product form. The final stage of implementation is developing the concepts by integrating cultural meaning from the matrix of cultural features. Then, the next process involves completing the design, where examination of cultural product features is proven to be appropriate through evaluation, otherwise it involves iterating back phases to try again. The overall framework comprised of the model in Figure 1 and the table in Figure 2 will guide the investigation of cultural inclusion in product design in this study.
+
+
+
+**Figure 2.** Expansion of definitions in the above model.
+
+### 2.5. Literature Gaps Identified
+
+In the literature, a deeper understanding of culture has been explored, as well as its significance to NZ, and the identification of Maori culture was determined as the most unique to NZ [33]. It has been proven that the inclusion of culture in design adds positive impact through identity and economic development [29]. There are many gaps that exist in the current literature. Starting with the lack of representation of Maori design in non-tourist products, and whether this is due to the lack of modernization processes available or the lack of frameworks for efficient design cultural inclusion, is considered. The measure of how successful the need to include Maori designs has been is also very absent in research. A question raised, as well, is whether new sustainability trends in the market will trend Maori design due to its sustainable value of Tikanga. To address these issues and questions, a sufficient model for cultural inclusion must first be designed to be put into practice in order to test and address all other issues with proper data, experimentation, and feedback. The model must also be in line with NZ practices. In assistance towards answering these questions, an investigation must be carried out on the simplified research model adapted through the literature to (1) see how this model compares to the new product development (NPD) strategies currently being carried out in NZ companies and to (2) address the overall question of how cultural inclusion as a strategy can positively impact new products supplied locally and globally.
+
+## 3. Research Methodology
+
+In this research, case study methodology was used to justify why a set of decisions were taken, how they were implemented, and what was the result [40]. Using this methodology allows for investigation of a case in a real-world context, in this case being NZ. Due to the research being distinctive to NZ cultural inclusion in products, this method allows for multiple variables of interest [41]. This methodology also benefits from being able to use existing models to guide data collection, analysis, and design, as well as to capture insights through multiple sources of evidence [42], which will help justify the relevance of the final solution.
+
+### 3.1. Case Study Company Selection Criteria
+
+1. The company should be a manufacturing organization located in NZ.
+
+2. The company must use cultural design in their product or product branding.
+
+3. The company must export locally and/or globally.
+
+4. The participant interviewed must possess a product development, design, or engineering role.
+
+5. The participant must have first-hand design input within a product.
+
+6. The participant must have at least one year of experience working with the company, as that is sufficient time to be comfortable in the role.
+
+7. One company should be large and the other two small to medium enterprises (SMEs) to capture insights from varied firms.
+
+8. In each company, at least one participant must be interviewed.
+
+9. The company should have a good understanding of NZ laws and intellectual property.
+
+### 3.2. Data Collection
+
+Six semi-structured interviews were conducted to collect data from three manufacturing firms that were selected based on the above criteria. The interviews were single-person and face-to-face. The location of the interviews depended on the company's location, being in the Auckland or Waikato region. For the company located in Auckland, the interviews were held in the company's meeting offices. In the case of the company in the Waikato region, an online interview was held through the Zoom computer application.
+
+The questions were developed to address the objectives of this research based on the literature review findings and through gaps found in existing knowledge. The questions related to the current practices of cultural inclusion in products of the case companies and if any models were currently used were proposed. Before collecting the data, it was ensured that a firm grasp of knowledge of the NZ culture and product cultural inclusion was achieved through reviews of the literature. Open-ended questions were asked to enable better understanding of the processes and to observe correlations in their practices [43]. Practical analyses of existing models were put in practice for their current developed product to see if they were applicable in adding positive impact to their design.
+
+During the interviews, notes were taken to answer questions in summary and to make general meeting minutes. The interviews were vocally recorded with the permission of the participant to ensure details were not left out. Ethical considerations were followed, maintaining the confidentiality and anonymity of the participants and their firms. Each interview lasted about 45 min.
+
+### 3.3. Data Analysis
+
+After the collection of data, a thematic analysis was carried out [44], which was applied to the answers received in the interviews in relation to the defined case study research questions. This approach helped in the separation of data and in the evaluation of each area separately to break down the relevance of existing models through their individual phases. The model adapted from the literature (Figures 1 and 2) was used to provide analytical guidance. Findings were combined in each theme of information with an existing phase in the model to ultimately create one ideal model for cultural inclusion in product design. Defining the ideal model included an effective process in translating culture to design in an appropriate and inclusive way, which emerged from the case study findings.
+
+### 3.4. Ethical Considerations
+
+All participation in this research was completely voluntary and during any time the participants had the right to stop, leave, or ask for their information to no longer be used. It was ensured that the interviewed participants were aware of the interview format. Permissions were taken for the recording of the interviews and to use all findings for research purposes.
+
+In the analysis and final stages, there was no disclosure of names of the companies and products. Pseudonyms have been used to refer to them that have no relevance to the companies in any way. The participant names have also not been disclosed. For the safety of the participants and the researcher, COVID-19 guidelines were followed strictly during interactions and interviews, as this was recently the highest risk factor.
+
+## 4. Findings
+
+This section entails the findings from the three interviewed companies Tahi, Rua, and Toru. All of the companies are NZ-owned, with physical sites to access. All companies develop physical products that are accessible in the domestic market, and two of the companies export globally. In all three companies, all of the product development processes are carried out within NZ.
+
+The findings are sorted into thematic headings that align with the constructs of the literature model to later help identify similarities and differences. The three companies had, for the majority of the time, similar feedback to questions asked, and any differences have been outlined. Rua and Toru were both SMEs, whereas Tahi was a large enterprise.
+
+All the companies interviewed believed that some NZ firms do currently adopt culture in their products, but there is room for so much more. There is a good cultural representation in the NZ tourist market, but in the domestic market, it is conducted on a very superficial level. No set cultural frameworks currently exist in their companies to include culture in product design. But, they value high diversity and inclusion on a business level, which sometimes translates to indirect cultural inclusion in products from personal backgrounds and lifestyles.
+
+### 4.1. Investigation
+
+In the investigation through primary research to understand the cultural inclusion process in NZ firms, it was found that companies do not directly have a process for researching cultural trends. The specific issues for each of the case companies are highlighted, as follows.
+
+Tahi, though a large company, was inhibited in developing and manufacturing local culture-based products in small-scale volume due to the small economy of NZ and low demand of products. The company lacked in a process approach for cultural inclusion in their design and development practices.
+
+Toru, as a SME, perceived it was not worth researching cultural trends due to their size, as they would not be able to gain profit returns from this process. Their major deficiency was in their ability to identify the cultural attributes which would be important to consider for translating into a product that could be sold.
+
+Rua, also a SME, perceived that culture was not well understood in NZ, and it was used domestically in the form of products in a very superficial manner. Therefore, the company did not identify specific cultural goals, though they followed a consistent strategy for culture inclusion in their products, which was applied early on in their products life cycle.
+
+All three companies did review holistic trends and product research through what has performed well previously and undertake communication with suppliers, customers, and retailers. In case of Tahi, this was conducted through external companies who specialize in market research analysis. However, the participant from Tahi stated that “NZ are a lot slower with cultural trends due to its population", which was raised as an issue regarding whether it is worth making products focused on a small-scale volume when it comes to local culture.
+
+Rua, however, did state that they reflect and identify symbolism initially from looking into NZ's landscapes, personality, human traits, and cultural identity.
+
+In identifying and extracting cultural attributes that might add value to consumers' behavior, the response that stood out the most was from Toru: "the ability to distinguish what consumers like versus what they want to spend money on", indicating that, with cultural attributes, it is important to consider what is appropriate to translate in a product that will be sold. It was found that the company heavily valued listening to every consumer and following current trends in order to positively contribute to consumers' behavior. Toru aims to improve this within their company by always choosing simple attributes that are easy to understand and have clear relevant meanings. They believe that inclusion of culture creates a unique position for their brand globally, as well as deeper connectivity to NZ and its Maori culture.
+
+### 4.2. Interaction and Objectives
+
+The ability to identify consumers' needs in relation to their attitude towards buying the product was strongly found through consumer feedback, mostly with retail partners and social media. Tahi revealed that a not-so-popular method, due to its expense, but still an option they take occasionally, is commissioning consumer research through external agencies. This was usually conducted around a specific topic, such as culture, to ensure that concepts are appealing to the consumer.
+
+All the companies stated that product development goals are set at the beginning of their project, but not from a pure cultural perspective. Tahi does this in the form of developing a NPD brief that outlines milestones and timelines of the project, along with attributes of what the product should include. To determine feasibility, cultural inclusion through naming is usually developed in Rua. They outlined, although they do not have cultural goals, that they do have a clear consistent strategy for how to include cultural names in their products, which they keep consistent and apply early on to the products life cycle.
+
+When asked about communication and practices for open innovation while choosing to adopt cultural inclusion and co-design with cultural representatives to derive meaning for the product, the responses outlined that communication was a very key factor, especially in avoiding appropriation of a certain culture. Internal communication was primarily the first response when choosing to adopt cultural design in the sense of communicating with someone, in-house, that strongly identifies with the chosen culture. Then, this was followed by external communication that was applied slightly differently in each company. At Tahi, when, for example, choosing to adopt Chinese culture, they use cross-border or ecommerce sales channel. Such channels allow for inclusion in the end of a product life cycle when the product is received outside of NZ borders, which works from a global perspective, but not a local one. Another method they practice is contacting influencers in the culture, such as the Diagou network, which is a consumer-to-consumer group that shops on behalf of its cultural product requirements back home. Cultural design feedback is usually communicated to them when they are provided with samples and online questionnaires, being that they are very digitally advanced.
+
+Rua and Toru both generally adopt the Maori culture in their designs. Rua does its communication through speaking to a consultant that is from their local Maori iwi. This consultant usually takes the discussion back to the iwi to ensure appropriateness with more than one leader. At Toru, they generally consult with a third-party individual who labels himself as an expert in advising on cultural appropriation, where companies can contact that person to evaluate the correct use of culture. Therefore, an open innovation culture is broadly practiced in these companies.
+
+### 4.3. Development and Analysis
+
+In creating a list or matrix to include in the design, two of the participating companies indicated the use of this method, but not primarily for cultural features. Tahi outlined that it consider aspects, such as the markets they are trying to hit, risk perspective, and packaging format, which are mostly outlined in the NPD brief. This assists them in determining things such as their in-house capability. In terms of culture, it helps them outline whom to communicate with if requirements are outside of their capabilities.
+
+Toru develops its lists depending on themes generated by yearly events, such as Matariki and Christmas. Rua implied that they do not form formal lists and matrices and rather achieve this through verbal communication.
+
+Evaluation of the appropriateness of cultural attributes in the design was mostly conducted through consultation with cultural leaders. A method to decrease consultation by Rua, who mostly developed cultural names for their products, was that, initially, a list of names would be developed that are appropriate, and Rua would use only a few. The rest were saved for future designs. This allowed Rua to consult less, only when they needed a new list of appropriate names, saving both parties involved money and time. Toru, however, being the smallest company, outlined that it is much cheaper to launch than to conduct research. Thus, most of their appropriation is conducted through trial and error with consumer feedback. Although this is risky in distorting the company's image, they do not have many options, thus encouraging the idea of having a standardized process for evaluating appropriateness.
+
+### 4.4. Implementation of Product Design
+
+When the design reaches the stage of implementation, this is achieved by merging all the previous processes. Rua identified that, in their implementation, they first determine the hierarchy of important messages, then they start to implement them. This allows for the features or names with the most important messages to be successfully integrated first. Once integrated, appropriation is again reviewed commonly through internal and external communication, followed by feedback from launch. The feedback is generated mostly through consumers in the following platforms: social media, websites, email, and phone calls. This helps in the iterative process of evaluation for appropriateness, although it is generally checked off at the front end of the design.
+
+### 4.5. Literature Model Introduction
+
+In the discussion of constructs in the research model from the literature and the possibility of a more NZ-friendly catered model, Tahi indicated their eagerness to adopt such a cultural model, especially if it was possible to add probing questions and reminders to include cultural aspects. They believed that the addition of culture could create a huge excitement in the market when a company is successfully able to tap into what is meaningful for people. This could result in more consumers initially trying their products and initiating them to try again.
+
+Rua believed that a more sophistical model to include culture is necessary, as currently, the closest they have to a model is a list that specifies font, size, and scale. They believe cultural inclusion adds value by "creating levels of uniqueness, sophistication, understanding and connection as well as portraying something special about NZ". They outlined there is a lot more potential for it to keep adding value in the future.
+
+A slight need for a larger framework was identified by Toru, where they believed the framework was important, but wished to eliminate appropriation by the creation of an official seal of approval. According to them, ideally, there should be official setups by cultural leaders to issue an approval sticker that could be displayed in the product or packaging to demonstrate that the company has performed their part in following procedures to eliminate appropriation. Thus, this involves adopting a more standardized process, which starts by the creation of a standard model. They value cultural inclusion, as they believe it strengthens their company's image, making them appear more well perceived, caring, and with good intentions.
+
+## 5. Discussion on Cultural Inclusion in NPD through an Open Innovation Culture
+
+Based on the findings from the three companies interviewed, a new model for cultural inclusion in NZ was developed (Figures 2 and 3), building upon the existing literature model. The revised model incorporates the generic and converging issues identified in all three cases. After analysing the findings using a thematic approach, it was found that, in NZ companies, there was a huge emphasis on open innovation, specifically in communicating with cultural representatives and leaders along with the related activities. This aligns with earlier studies that have highlighted adoption of an open innovation culture in NZ [22]. Thus, the new model (Figure 3) includes an additional phase for communication. This phase includes steps that are preferably followed methodically.
+
+
+
+**Figure 3.** New model for cultural inclusion in New Zealand.
+
+This phase starts with internal communication within the organization to a cultural representative, if available. It was proven in the findings that this is the most common action every company initially took to communicate with a cultural representative. This is followed by external communication with cultural leaders, which forms the second step. Once communication links are formed, the findings indicated that it was then appropriate to derive meaning of culture for the product and to determine the hierarchy of important messages. The phase concludes with communication on boundaries that would assist the companies in developing culture into their currently existing NPD briefs. The addition of the communication phase replaced the requirement for interaction in the second phase, which focused on exploring objectives with data. Companies had expressed their largest source of identifying consumer needs and predicting performance by analysing past feedback and data, if available.
+
+The final significant change in the model is in the implementation phase, where the overall evaluation is expanded and tailored to NZ practices. The evaluation stage includes internal feedback from colleagues and external feedback primarily from cultural representatives and suppliers. Once the product is launched, the appropriateness should still be evaluated from customers through sources, such as social media, websites, phone calls, and emails, as this can weigh heavily on the image of the product and company. The rest of the model aligns with open innovation practices that currently exist but were not documented or found useful to include as something new, which were not considered by the companies. This model is applicable to a common condition of companies serving demand both globally and domestically. The process for cultural inclusion in the product design remains the same under both conditions.
+
+Many crossroads were identified between the literature and the findings. The first was the agreement on lack of cultural product representation in the NZ market. Availability was only at a superficial level [34]. The gap has been identified for more cultural inclusion in products and the lack of frameworks available to ensure a standardized process to generate a positive impact. It was especially beneficial in SMEs, as they did not have enough recourses to research. Thus, a framework would decrease their trial and error, saving the SMEs money and time, while ensuring a safe and positive outcome with each new product developed.
+
+A significant finding from NZ companies that was hard to capture from the literature is the importance of communication in open innovation. It was highlighted that many standard forms were used internally and externally for catering for every process. Starting initially with the development of objectives from past performance feedbacks communicated by consumers and business partners. Many practical platforms were identified, such as the use of social media, influencers, and cross-border channels. This showed variety in being able to receive communication in different methods that was most appropriate to the open innovation culture and their technological advances [23,24]. When choosing to adopt culture, internal communication and agreement were key in establishing the first milestone. This was directly followed by external communication with cultural leaders, as companies were fully aware of their boundaries and capabilities to not appropriate a culture. Thus, it was of high importance to receive guidance from a cultural expert.
+
+In terms of new product development practices, every company developed a NPD brief that included its lists and matrices of requirements, but none included any culturally related standards or features implicitly. This raised a question as to how inclusive NPD processes are towards cultural inclusion in physical product design, identifying a gap to see whether the model developed in this research would complement NPD strategies.
+
+Positive impact from cultural inclusion in the findings did align with the generation of pride for individuals, as companies outlined that cultural inclusion generated excitement in the market from a consumer perspective. This conveys a caring image for the company that boosts the pride of individuals from the business perspective as well. Due to this gap and availability of an opportunity indicated the potential for NZ to generate its own unique market using culture to enhance the country's global capital, as opposed to only being linked to the '100% pure New Zealand' image [28].
+
+A fascinating discovery was the development of the opportunity for culturally designed products to have an official seal of approval. This sparked interest, as the concept is already available with other standards, but not culture. In the literature, it was found that culture is not quantifiable, so a measure would need to be developed. Having a seal of approval would provide an extreme safety net for companies when they come to choose to adopt culture, as they largely fear of appropriating it, so this discourages their efforts towards it. How the framework can be incorporated into such action to check it off at the implementation phase, using a new standard that would exist with the development of the opportunity or converting this framework into a checklist to quantify a measure to ensure companies have incorporated each step, in order to be approved an official seal. Besides the benefits discussed, this action would open new doors of employment in NZ, especially to cultural representatives, who primarily deserve the largest amount of financial credit for allowing their culture to be used above the positive recognition and representation conveyed in a product.
+
+## 6. Conclusions
+
+This study investigated how NZ companies include cultural aspects in their product design process. Findings have revealed that NZ companies’ open innovation culture heavily outlines the value of internal and external communication and collaboration with cultural representatives. The findings highlight the common innovation practices of capturing consumer needs by analysing previous data on product performances. The research findings had many similarities with the existing literature, but differed in capturing the perspective of practical implementation and expectations. A key insight was the demand to have a model that could open further opportunities, such as official cultural seals of approvals. Therefore, the study findings were applied to make a NZ-friendly cultural inclusive model that adopts important open innovation practices, such as normalizing technological communication in cultural collaboration. A model has been successfully developed as a strategy to allow for the inclusion of culture in new products, with the potential for supply locally and globally. The positive impacts that were identified by the adoption of cultural design in the past and future potential were: creating a unique position for the brand globally, increasing global capital, the generation of excitement through what is meaningful to people, individual pride, well appreciated caring organizations, deeper connectivity and understanding of culture, and consumer purchasing power increase and overall addition of sophisticated uniqueness. This paper establishes culture-based standards for open innovation, with implicit features that can be applied in the physical design of products through the development of a cultural inclusion model, which standardizes the product design processes and complements NPD strategies.
+
+### 6.1. Implications
+
+The major implication of this study is that it will act as a basis to help contribute to the different facets of cultural inclusion through open innovation. This starts with academia, through the use of a revised framework for future studies. For practitioners in NZ companies, it involves providing insights and a process approach for cultural inclusion in new product development practices. For policy makers, it involves allowing them to use cultural inclusion and the revised process as a strategy for developing an open innovation culture, as well as achieving growth and innovation in their field.
+
+### 6.2. Limitations and Future Research
+
+This study was limited by six interviews conducted in three manufacturing firms in a New Zealand context, though it presents rich insights on cultural aspects in product design processes captured from the participants. Though the research addresses cultural inclusion in NPD, it does so at a generic level, without considering the readiness for acceptance of specific cultural traits by consumers. Additionally, the link between appropriateness and intellectual property has not been investigated. Therefore, many opportunities for future research have risen from this research. Future research could review the culture-based standards developed in this paper for standardizing the product design processes in the cultural inclusion model for the physical design of products. The model could be practically applied in other organizations to review appropriateness and whether it needs more development through validation. Studies could be conducted in other countries to review appropriateness of the model, and this could be compared to this study. This model could be applied in future studies on inclusion of culture in areas with its own specificities, such as food and culinary products, fashion design, architecture, furniture, art, and music. Linking research to such specific cases would help to develop their applicable methodologies. The readiness for acceptance of specific cultural traits by consumers could also be illustrated in the above cases. Future research could also include the 'design thinking' methodology, rethinking the process of co-designing with consumers and cultural leaders or representatives as part of the open innovation process. The link between appropriateness in the inclusion of culture and intellectual property could also be studied in the future.
+
+**Author Contributions:** Conceptualization, S.M. and S.D.E.I.; Methodology, S.M. and S.D.E.I.; Software, S.M. and S.D.E.I.; Validation, S.M. and S.D.E.I.; Formal Analysis, S.M. and S.D.E.I.; Investigation, S.D.E.I.; Resources, S.M. and S.D.E.I.; Data Curation, S.D.E.I.; Writing—Original Draft Preparation, S.D.E.I.; Writing—Review and Editing, S.D.E.I.; Visualization, S.D.E.I.; Supervision, S.M.; Project Administration, S.M. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
+
+**Funding:** This research received no external funding.
+
+**Informed Consent Statement:** Not applicable.
+
+**Data Availability Statement:** Not applicable.
+
+**Conflicts of Interest:** The authors declare no conflict of interest.
+
+**References**
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@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+# 天津市公安局等九部门
+
+# 关于联合印发新车上牌“一件事”
+
+# 工作方案的通知
+
+津公政务函[2025]103号
+
+各有关单位：
+
+现将《新车上牌“一件事”工作方案》印发给你们，请遵
+照执行。
+
+市公安局
+
+市交通运输委
+
+天津海关
+
+市市场监管委
+
+市工信局
+
+市民政局
+
+市税务局
+
+天津金融监管局
+
+市生态环境局
+
+2025年4月28日
+
+# 新车上牌“一件事”工作方案
+
+为推进落实高效办成新车上牌，最大限度便民利企，提升各有关部门政务服务效能，根据国务院办公厅《“高效办成一件事”2025年度第一批重点事项清单》部署，结合本市实际，制定本方案。
+
+## 一、总体要求及改革目标
+
+对照国家和我市关于促进汽车消费、促进新能源汽车发展系列政策要求，在国家部际政务平台系统数据实现互联互通的基础上，立足公安机关职责，密切会同各主管部门，持续推进减证便民，便利群众企业自主通过线上线下方式，便捷办理小客车上牌。
+
+## 二、改革措施
+
+（一）实施小客车上牌免查验。在国产小客车生产企业预查验试点基础上，实现机动车合格证信息核查比对，群众企业办理上牌时免予交验小客车。未纳入预查验的车型，仍需交验小客车。
+
+（二）落实信息共享核查机制。协同有关主管部门共享机动车销售发票、购置税、交强险、车船税、小客车指标、排放标准等数据信息，实现联网核查，上牌时免予提交部分纸质资料。创新推进网上申请、牌证寄递服务模式。
+
+（三）推进政务数据互联互通。依托部际一体化政务服务平台，推进各主管部门的业务数据归集与共享支撑，实现上牌时对进口小客车强制性产品认证、企业营业执照以及有关机构证照和数据的信息核查。
+
+## 三、重点任务及分工
+
+(一) 组织实施新车上牌, 依照有关规程、规范开展登记, 依法核发牌证, 协调推动有关主管部门及时会商推进重点事项。(市公安局)
+
+(二) 按照我市小客车总量调控管理有关规定, 核发小客车指标证明文件。(市交通运输委)
+
+(三) 进口车强制性产品认证(CCC认证)证书信息的口岸验证。(天津海关)
+
+(四) 经营主体营业执照信息数据的归集。(市市场监管委)
+
+(五) 督促我市道路机动车生产企业保证生产一致性, 配合开展预查验工作指导。(市工信局)
+
+(六) 我市各类社会团体、民办非企业单位和基金会登记证书信息数据的归集。(市民政局)
+
+(七) 配合实施纸质和数电机动车销售发票、购置税、车船税电子化。(市税务局)
+
+(八) 配合实施交强险数据电子化。(天津金融监管局)
+
+(九) 配合落实机动车排放标准要求。(市生态环境局)
+
+## 四、工作保障
+
+(一) 密切协作配合。各主管部门要与国家部委业务部门积极请示沟通, 推进我市工作落实落地。市公安局要加强工作统筹, 会同有关主管部门推进方案实施, 建立日常和定期协作沟通机制, 及时研究解决。
+
+（二）强化信息安全。各主管部门要强化内部信息系统安全管理，按规定采集、上传业务信息，不得泄露信息。要加强信息系统安全防护，加强信息系统维护，保障业务系统运行稳定。
+
+（三）加强宣传提示。要加强新车上牌宣传提示，广泛宣传线上线下办理流程，为我市促进汽车消费、促进新能源汽车发展营造良好氛围。
\ No newline at end of file
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+# 中文技术文档写作风格指南
+
+发行版本 0.1
+
+yikeke
+
+2025年01月06日
+
+## 全部章节目录
+**1 关于本指南1**
+
+1.1 目的 . 1
+
+1.2 适用范围 . . 1
+
+1.3 使用原则 . . 2
+
+1.4 用词说明 . . 2
+
+1.5 贡献列表 . . 2
+
+**2 语言风格3**
+
+2.1 对话式 . . 3
+
+2.2 客观礼貌 . . 3
+
+2.3 简洁清晰 . . 4
+
+2.4 通俗易懂 . . 4
+
+2.5 用户导向 . . 4
+
+2.6 用词恰当 . . 5
+
+**3 文档结构样式9**
+
+3.1 标题 . 9
+
+3.2 段落 .11
+
+3.3 句子 .11
+
+3.4 目录 .12
+
+**4 文档内容元素13**
+
+4.1 空白符号 . . 13
+
+4.2 列表 .15
+
+4.3 表格 .17
+
+4.4 图形和图片 . .17
+
+4.5 注意和说明 . .18
+
+4.6 代码块和代码注释 18
+
+4.7 链接 .18
+
+4.8 引用 .19
+
+4.9 缩略语 . .20
+
+4.10 数字 20
+
+4.11 单位符号 .25
+
+**5 标点符号27**
+
+5.1 常用中文标点符号 27
+
+5.2 中文标点使用 33
+
+5.3 中英文混用时标点符号用法 . .34
+
+**6 名称与命名37**
+
+6.1 文件命名 . . 37
+
+6.2 产品命名 . . 37
+
+6.3 名称使用 . . 38
+
+**7 拼写与语法39**
+
+7.1 拼写 . 39
+
+7.2 语法 . 40
+
+7.3 文档质量检查工具 41
+
+**8 附录资料及相关说明 43**
+
+**9 参考资料 45**
+
+
+## CHAPTER 1
+## 关于本指南
+
+本指南规范了一种中文写作风格,主要用于技术文档的编写。素材来源于互联网,为各家中文文案风格指南的综合,旨在对中文技术文档的**语言风格、结构样式、内容元素、标点符号、格式排版**等方面给出参考规范。
+
+**作者注:**
+
+* 本指南只提供参考规范,不提供权威标准。一些规范在业界并无定论,争议点作者会以建议形式给出。
+* 本指南欢迎所有业界同仁们贡献、讨论、改编。
+* 本指南保持更新,欢迎任何人提出改进意见,如发现有错误或遗漏的点,请提 Issue。
+
+希望本指南的出现能为日后业界标准的建立贡献一点力量。
+
+### 1.1 目的
+
+* 提高中文文案的可读性
+* 统一文档风格,保证公司对外输出形象一致
+* 避免不同的文档作者对同一问题反复作出决策,降低与文档相关的沟通成本
+
+### 1.2 适用范围
+
+* 为编写中文文档的作者(如产品研发人员、tech writer 等)提供规范或建议
+* 审校文档过程中争议问题的裁决
+* 也可供软件界面、帮助文档等资料开发人员参考
+
+### 1.3 使用原则
+
+本指南是一本查询手册，建议初次阅读本指南时，先大致浏览目录章节结构，了解本指南涵盖的内容范围；之后就编写文档时碰到的实际问题，再回头查找相应规范。
+
+### 1.4 用词说明
+
+本指南使用的表示“要求”的全部关键词已在下表第二列列出，具体释义请参见 RFC2119 对相应词语做出的相关规定：
+
+| RFC2119 中定义的关键词 | 对应的中文关键词 | 释义说明 |
|---|
| MUST/REQUIRED/SHAL | 强制/必须/务必/只能 | 强制性规则，表示绝对要求这样做 | | MUST NOT/SHALL NOT | 禁止/不能/不要 | 强制性规则，表示绝对禁止这样做 | | SHOULD/RECOMMEND | 应/应当/应该/建议/推荐 | 非强制性规则，表示一般情况下应该这样做，但在知悉全部后果的前提下，可以选择不这样做 | | SHOULD NOT/NOT RECOMMENDED | 不应当/不应该/不建议/不推荐 | 非强制性规则，表示一般情况下不应该这样做，但在知悉全部后果的前提下，可以选择这样做 | | MAY/OPTIONAL | 可以/可选 | 非强制性规则，表示这个要求是可选的，可以这样做，也可以不这样做 |
+
+RFC (Request For Comments) 指关于互联网标准的正式文件，在这些文件的表述过程中，必须严格区分哪些是“建议”(suggestion)，哪些是“要求”(requirement)。所以，RFC2119 专门对五个关键词的涵义作出了规定，分别表示“要求”的严格程度。
+
+### 1.5 贡献列表
+
+此列表汇总了本指南的所有贡献者名单。
+
+欢迎在 GitHub 上提交 Pull Request 进行贡献。
+
+| 贡献者 | 总提交贡献数 | First Commit |
|---|
| yikeke | (Author) | 2020-09-14 | | CharLotteiu | 13 | 2020-09-14 | | oldLady344 | 4 | 2020-10-05 | | jtr109 | 3 | 2020-11-09 | | techkang | 1 | 2020-11-06 |
+
+数据来源：yikeke/zh-style-guide - Contributor Graph。
+
+## CHAPTER 2
+## 语言风格
+
+本章对技术文档中使用的语言风格作出了统一规范。
+
+本章目录如下：
+
+### 2.1 对话式
+
+技术文档的语气应该平易近人、直截了当，推荐使用对话式，例如「你可以……」。技术文档的内容本身常常枯燥难懂，如果还采用过于正式的语言形式，就更是无聊乏味。
+
+文档中采用对话式的语气，并不意味就像日常说话那样。反而，口语常常冗长嗦、缺乏逻辑，在编写技术文档时应极力避免。
+
+#### 2.1.1 案例
+
+欢迎各位补充你身边的案例。
+
+### 2.2 客观礼貌
+
+技术文档中应保持客观礼貌的语气，这样最容易拉近与读者的距离。具体要求有：
+
+* 客观地传达技术信息，而不是在推销产品，否则易引起读者反感。
+* 保持一种友好礼貌的语气，不要显得强硬粗鲁。对于指导性文档，保持冷静、客观、简洁的语气。
+* 应避免使用拟人的写作手法，比如将人的特征、情感或动作赋予无生命的物体。
+* 文档中不要穿插太多玩笑，偶尔滑稽一次是可取的，这样能适当展现作者和公司的个性，使人印象深刻。但必须记住，技术文档的首要目的是向读者传达技术信息，不能为了追求轻松愉快的文档风格而使读者不明所以。
+* 不要使用反问句，反问句容易让读者感觉被质疑和挑战。
+* 不要轻易使用感叹句。感叹语气可能会让读者感受到被责备，建议仅用于特别强调的场景，例如：读者执行某项操作后，可能永久性地删除数据，需要提供强烈警示。
+* 不要轻易使用“请”、“抱歉”，除非真的对读者造成了困扰。
+* 避免过分亲切的称呼，例如“亲爱的”，建议始终使用“您”或“你”。
+
+#### 2.2.1 案例
+
+欢迎各位补充你身边的案例。
+
+### 2.3 简洁清晰
+
+技术文档中应使用精练的语言。建议作者在完成初稿后再通篇读一遍文档，将文中所有对表达意思没有明显作用的字、词、句删去，在不影响表达效果的前提下把文案长度减到最短。具体要求有：
+* 禁止嗦冗长
+* 禁止逻辑混乱
+* 同一文档中勿重复表达同一事物
+* 尽量用 **主动时态**，尤其要 **阐述清楚主语和宾语**
+
+#### 2.3.1 案例
+
+欢迎各位补充你身边的案例。
+
+### 2.4 通俗易懂
+
+技术文档中不推荐使用只有特定人群才了解的语词。具体要求有：
+
+* 不推荐使用行话黑话、俚语、脏话等，比如“魔改”（即做特殊的优化）、“CPU打到60%”（即CPU使用率为60%）等行话黑话
+* 不推荐使用网络流行语，比如“墙裂”、“童鞋们”等流行语中故意的谐音错别字
+
+#### 2.4.1 案例
+
+案例一：
+
+* 【错误】“欢迎各位 TW 们补充你身边的案例。”
+* 【正确】“欢迎各位文档工作者补充你身边的案例。”
+* 【解释】TW 是 Tech Writer 的意思，意为（技术）文档工程师。这是技术写作领域的从业者才知道的缩略语，为了让更广泛的受众理解，建议修改。
+
+欢迎各位补充你身边的案例。
+
+### 2.5 用户导向
+
+技术文档中应该以用户为导向。为编写出可用性较高的文档，文档作者应尽量站在用户的角度思考问题。具体要求有：
+
+* 文档作者应充分考虑文档**受众的技术水平分布**以及实际操作中可能出现的问题，尽可能全面、清晰地将技术信息普及给大众。
+* 对于操作型技术文档，除语言审校外，建议继续进行“文档可用性测试”——由一位无技术背景的测试人员参照该文档进行完整操作，如操作顺利成功，则该文档可用性测试通过；如失败，则需要继续修改完善文档。
+* 对于操作型技术文档，不仅要准确描述操作步骤，还应设身处地考虑用户可能面临的问题，提供进一步的详细信息。例如，对于需要输入的信息，提供输入格式等详细要求；对于报错信息，提供解决报错的可选操作；为方便用户排查错误，提供详细的错误码速查列表等等。
+
+
+#### 2.5.1 案例
+
+欢迎各位补充你身边的案例。
+
+### 2.6 用词恰当
+
+用词恰当体现在两个方面：用词正确及用词统一。本节从禁用词和常用语两方面介绍了相应规范。
+
+#### 2.6.1 禁用词
+
+用词正确体现在不使用有冒犯性的禁用词语。技术文档中的禁用词可参考新华社2015年11月发布的《新华社新闻报道中的禁用词（第一批）》。技术文档虽不是新闻报道，但作为技术传播领域的大众传播物，应当同样考虑文档传播带来的影响。避免使用具有冒犯性的词语，能为个人或公司节省不必要的麻烦。
+
+以下是《新华社新闻报道中的禁用词（第一批）》中比较适用于技术文档的几点：
+
+* 报道各种事实特别是产品、商品时不使用“最佳”、“最好”、“最著名”、“最新技术”、“最高水平”、“最先进水平”等具有强烈评价色彩的词语。
+* 对有身体伤疾的人士不使用“残废人”、“独眼龙”、“瞎子”、“聋子”、“傻子”、“呆子”、“弱智”等蔑称，而应使用“残疾人”、“盲人”、“聋人”、“智力障碍者”等词语。
+* 医药报道中不得含有“疗效最佳”、“根治”、“安全预防”、“安全无副作用”等词语，药品报道中不得含有“药到病除”、“无效退款”、“保险公司保险”、“最新技术”、“最高技术”、“最先进制法”、“药之王”、“国家级新药”等词语。
+* **如果产品文案中涉及多地域或可用区，需要正确使用涉及中国领土、主权和港澳台的词汇。比如：**
+ - 不得将台湾、香港、澳门与中国并列提及。比如不应使用“中港”、“中台”、“中澳”，可以使用“内地与香港”、“大陆与台湾”或“京港”、“沪港”、“闽台”等。
+ - 不建议将中国某地区与其他国家并列提及。
+* 作为国家通讯社，新华社通稿中不应使用“哇噻”、“妈的”等俚语、脏话、黑话等。如果在引语中不能不使用这类词语，均应用括号加注，表明其内涵。近年来网络用语中对脏语进行缩略后新造的“SB”、“TMD”、“NB”等，也不得在报道中使用。
+
+#### 2.6.2 常用词
+
+常用词是指在编写一篇或一系列技术文档时，经常被使用的词语，如人称代词、指示代词、语态助词、操作动词、技术术语等。
+
+技术文档中必须正确使用各种常用词。具体要求有：
+
+**1. 必须用对“的”、“地”、“得”，不能乱用。**
+ * 【正确示例一】调度系统会将数据迁移到其他的存储节点上。（形容词+的+名词）
+ * 【正确示例二】数据库可以显式地使用事务。（副词+地+动词）
+ * 【正确示例三】这个值不宜调得过大。（动词+得+副词）
+**2. 必须明确“其”、“该”、“此”、“这”等代词指代的内容，保证不造成歧义。**
+ * 【错误示例】如果希望从本地已编译好的二进制文件构建 PD、TiKV 或 TiDB 的镜像，需要将其 image 字段留空。* 【正确示例】如果希望从本地已编译好的二进制文件构建 PD、TiKV 或 TiDB 的镜像，需要将相应镜像的 `image` 字段留空。
+
+3. **不建议使用表示程度、强调语气的词，因为这类词词义通常比较模糊，或者显得主观绝对，建议用具体的数据或实例代替。例如，以下类型的词建议避免使用。**
+
+* **表示程度的词：较多、较好、完全地、基本地、决定性的、最后的、仅仅、事实上、值得注意的**
+ - 【错误示例】很好地提升了性能。
+ - 【分析】诸如“很好地”这样的词含义既模糊又主观，建议用具体的数据代替。另外，性能的含义也比较广泛，可以详细说明。
+ - 【修改建议】性能提升了 50% 或者延迟从 10ms 降为 1ms。
+
+* 表示量的词：有些、非常、大量、一些、少许、部分、几乎、数倍等
+
+ - 【错误示例】...建表语句执行时间会是关闭该变量的数倍。
+ - 【分析】对于用户来说，“数倍”的含义很模糊，三倍和八倍的差别是巨大的。这种情况下，可以说明一句影响建表语句执行时间的因素有哪些，并举一两个具体的实例加以说明。
+ - 【修改建议】...建表语句执行时间会是关闭该变量的数倍，具体多少倍取决于硬件和 PD 参数的配置。如当硬件为...且 PD 参数配置为...时，建表语句执行时间会是关闭该变量的...倍。
+
+4. **不建议使用冷僻、生造或者文言文的词语，应该使用现代汉语的常用表达方式。**
+
+* 【错误示例】这是唯二的快速启动的方法。
+* 【正确示例】这是仅有的两种快速启动的方法。
+
+5. **禁止使用过多的形容词修饰名词。**
+
+* 【错误示例】根据表名恢复被删除的表，会找到最近历史 DDL JOB 中的第一个是 DROP TABLE 类型的 DDL 且 DROP TABLE 的表名等于 RECOVER TABLE 语句中指定的表名的表进行恢复。
+* 【分析】这句话有太多修饰的词组，读起来很拗口，令人费解。这种情况下，建议适当断句以明晰语义。
+* 【正确示例】根据表名恢复被删除表的过程是：首先找到历史 DDL JOB 中最近一个 DROP TABLE 类型的 DDL 语句，并且该 DROP TABLE 语句中指定的表名等于 RECOVER TABLE 语句中指定的表名，再对这张表进行恢复。
+
+另外，同一篇或同一系列技术文档中应尽可能统一用词，以降低阅读理解的难度。具体要求有：
+
+1. **必须保证全文人称代词一致，人称不能反复改变。**
+
+* 推荐使用“您”或“你”来指称文档读者或用户，两者皆可，禁止混用
+* 推荐使用“作者”、“文档作者”等第三人称形式来代指文档作者，不推荐使用“我”来代指文档作者，这样容易显得主观，也会在读者心中引起不必要的疑惑
+* 可以使用“我们”来代称整个公司，但建议少用
+
+2. **建议尽量使用主动语态，不使用被动语态。**
+
+* 【错误示例】假如此软件尚未被安装，
+* 【正确示例】假如尚未安装这个软件，
+
+【注意】汉语中使用**被字句**跟英语中使用**被动式**的含义是不同的。在英语中，使用被动式的目的是为了避免提及施事者，但在汉语中的被字句往往带有被动的负面含义。另外，在中文文档中使用主动语态能帮助**明确句子主语和宾语**，这对后续的技术翻译工作极为重要。
+
+#### 2.6.3 易用错的词
+
+参考 易用错的词。
+
+## CHAPTER 3
+## 文档结构样式
+
+本章对构成一篇技术文档的结构样式作出了统一规范。
+
+本章目录如下：
+
+### 3.1 标题
+
+标题在技术文档中的地位非常重要，文档工程师要设计合理的标题层级和标题描述，帮助读者理清整篇文档的逻辑，使文章结构一目了然。
+
+#### 3.1.1 标题的层级
+
+技术文档中使用标题最多不超过四级。**标题从一级开始递增使用，禁止跳级使用**。例如：一级标题下面不能直接使用三级标题；二级标题下面不能直接使用四级标题。
+
+* 一级标题：即文章标题
+* 二级标题：文章正文部分的标题
+* 三级标题：二级标题下面一级的小标题
+* 四级标题：三级标题下面一级的小标题
+
+下图为在 Markdown 技术文档中使用标题的示例，左侧是编辑文字，右侧是预览效果：
+
+
+为避免出现过于复杂的章节,若无特殊需要,不建议使用四级标题。如果三级标题下有并列性的内容,建议使用列表(list)代替四级标题。如下图中,若内容A、B、C的篇幅不长,则右侧的标题样式比左侧的标题样式要好。
+
+
+
+#### 3.1.2 标题的描述
+
+技术文档中的标题包括但不限于以下几种描述：
+
+* 名词词组, 如“...概述”、“...背景”、“...原理”
+* 主题词 + 动词, 如“A工具安装”、“A工具部署”、“A工具配置”
+* 动词 + 主题词, 如“配置 MySQL 数据库”
+* 定语 + 主题词, 如“A工具的安装”, “A工具的架构”
+* 介词 + 定语 + 主题词, 如“对机器配置的要求”
+
+标题描述的设计并无严格的模板,只要遵循以下几个原则即可:
+
+* 标题能够概括反映本章节的中心内容
+* 标题简洁扼要、涵义明确
+* 同级别的标题尽量使用相同的结构
+* 标题描述 **操作任务** 时建议使用“动词+主题词”结构，不建议使用名词词组
+
+#### 3.1.3 使用标题的注意事项
+
+技术文档中使用标题主要有以下几个注意事项:
+
+* 下级标题禁止重复上一级标题的内容
+* 不建议标题以标点符号(如句号或问号)结尾
+* 不建议在标题中解释缩略语
+* 标题与标题之间应该有引导介绍性的句子。例如,一级标题和二级标题之间应有引言内容,二级标题和三级标题之间应有正文内容
+* 标题要避免孤立编号(即同级标题只有一个),正文不要有孤立的三级标题和四级标题
+* 项目列表是最小编号单位,因此项目列表下禁止嵌套任何级别的标题
+
+### 3.2 段落
+
+段落是正文部分的基本构成单元之一,由多个句子组成。段落写作要求如下:
+
+* 一个段落只能有一个主题,或一个中心句子。
+* 段落的中心句子建议放在段首,对全段内容进行概述。后面陈述的句子为核心句服务。
+* 一个段落的长度建议在50~200字之间,尽量不要超过250字。(Word里统计字数)
+* 一个段落里避免只有一个句子。如果句子很长,要避免 **“一逗到底”** 的情况,合理断句。
+* 段落之间建议设置合适的间距,提高可读性。
+* 段落的句子语气应该使用陈述和肯定语气,避免使用感叹语气。
+* 技术文档的段落开头不建议缩进,顶格开始即可。
+* 对于技术描述类主题,应考虑先图表,后句子的原则,不要单一地使用段落来陈述主题。
+
+### 3.3 句子
+
+句子以句号结尾,句号表示句子意思已完成。句子写作要求如下:
+
+* 句子要避免使用长句。一个句子建议不超过100字。
+* 句子要使用简单句和并列句,避免使用复合句。
+* 善于断句,避免“一逗到底”的现象。
+
+【错误示例】原因是DM需要保存同步的binlog position 信息,但是MySQL binlog position 官方定义使用uint32存储,所以超过4G部分的binlog position 的offset 值会溢出,就会存储的是一个错误的binlog position,在重启 task 或者 dm-worker 后,需要使用该binlog position 重新解析 binlog/relay log,进而出现上面的错误。
+
+【分析】以上句子为多个分句构成的复合句。“一逗到底”的情况增加了理解整体句群含义的难度。这种情况下,应该在适当的地方进行断句,并添加“这”、“其”等代词,合理切分句与句之间的逻辑。
+
+【修改建议】由于DM需要保存同步的binlog position 信息,且MySQL binlog position 官方定义使用uint32存储,因此超过4G部分的binlog position 的offset 值会溢出。这会导致存储的是一个错误的binlog position。在重启 task 或者 dm-worker 后,需要使用该binlog position 重新解析 binlog/relay log,进而出现上面的错误。
+
+### 3.4 目录
+
+文档目录可以通过 **各级标题自动生成** ，帮助用户快速浏览全文结构和定位章节。
+
+对于一本技术手册而言，必须提供总目录（包含所有章节及附录）。如果是安装手册等还需要提供图目录、表目录。
+
+发布在网页端的技术手册，两侧一般都配置有导航栏，包括 **全手册导航栏** 及页 **内导航栏** 。这两种导航栏相当于技术手册的 **总目录** 及 **单篇文档目录** 。
+
+如下是 PingCAP 技术文档站的目录实现：
+
+
+
+注意：
+
+在实际操作中，文档右侧导航栏能显示哪些标题层级，由使用的文档框架决定。例如 Docusaurus 框架，虽然正文中对标题级别没有限制，但在右侧导航栏只支持显示二级标题（##）和三级标题（###），一级标题（#）和四级标题（####）不会出现在右侧导航栏中。
+
+因此，建议各公司 **根据使用的文档框架自定义文档的标题层级** ，如果右侧导航栏无法显示一级标题（#），则可以自定义文档中的一级标题为##，二级标题为###，以此类推。
+
+## CHAPTER 4
+## 文档内容元素
+
+本章对技术文档中包含的内容元素作出了统一规范。
+
+本章目录如下：
+
+### 4.1 空白符号
+
+空白符号包括空格、空行等，其中空格分为半角空格和全角空格。
+
+#### 4.1.1 空白的使用
+
+技术文档中使用空白符号建议遵循以下规范。
+
+| 空白类型 | 相应规范 |
|---|
| 空格 | 禁止使用全角空格, 一律使用半角空格。中文字符(包括汉字和中文标点符号)和中文字符之间禁止空半角空格。英文字符和阿拉伯数字一般使用半角格式,所以应使用半角空格包围,以下情况例外:1) 位于句首时,左边空格省略;2) 其右侧为半角标点或全角标点时,右边空格省略。除表示缩进、列表级别、代码块中固有空格、Markdown表格中的空格外,禁止连续出现两个及以上的半角空格。不建议使用Tab(制表符)替换空格。 | | 空行 | 不同段落间建议使用一个空行隔开。不同排版格式之间建议使用一个空行隔开,如标题与紧跟着的正文之间,正文与代码块之间、正文与表格之间等。禁止连续出现两个及以上的空行。 | | 其他 | 行宽:相同排版格式内保持一致即可,可自由在80、120字符中选择,原则上不超过160字符宽。 |
+
+#### 4.1.2 Tab 和空格的使用
+
+技术文档中经常使用 Tab 键和空格键进行缩进和对齐。由于在不同的编辑器里 Tab 的默认长度可能不一致, 用 Tab 键设置缩进可能导致格式混乱。如果使用空格键设置缩进,则用任何编辑器打开文档都会显示一样的对齐效果。
+
+因此建议：
+
+* 使用空格键而不用 Tab 键进行缩进或对齐。
+* 使用 Tab 键缩进是可以接受的,但 **禁止混用 Tab 和空格** 进行缩进。
+* 在 Visual Studio Code 等编辑器里统一设置一个 Tab 等于四个半角空格。
+
+### 4.2 列表
+
+当有3项或更多重要信息需要展示时，纵向列表是最清晰且吸引眼球的方式。但如果项目少于3项且无需特别强调，将其直接放在句子中通常效果更好。
+
+也可以创建多级嵌套列表，在某一级别下另起一行，缩进 **四个空格** 即可开始更低级别的列表。
+
+#### 4.2.1 无序列表和有序列表
+
+技术文档中的列表分为有序列表 (ordered list) 和无序列表 (unordered list) 两种。一般而言， **当列表项之间的顺序不重要时，使用无序列表；当各项之间的顺序很重要时，使用有序列表。**
+
+【无序列表示例】
+
+目前，TiDB 数据库使用了以下组件：
+
+* Prometheus Server：用于收集和存储时间序列数据。
+* Client 代码库：用于定制程序中需要的 Metric。
+* Alertmanager：用于实现报警机制。
+
+【有序列表示例】
+
+解决办法：
+1. 编辑数据源文件。
+2. 手动创建所有的表。
+3. 设置参数跳过检查。
+有序列表的使用场景较少。当列表项的内容是以下几种时，应该使用有序列表。
+* 必须按顺序操作的步骤（最常用）
+* 需要进行排名的多项内容
+* 需要在下文进行引用的规则或其它信息（比如下文需要引用该列表的第 3 项时可以说“规则 3”）
+
+**【重要原则】除非顺序很重要，否则不建议使用有序列表。**
+
+#### 4.2.2 列表的使用
+
+技术文档中使用列表建议遵循以下规范。
+
+
+
+
+ |
+ 使用列表的规范
+ |
+
+ 错误案例
+ |
+
+ 正确案例
+ |
+
+
+
+
+ |
+ 1. 并列列表项中建议使用相似的句子结构。
+ |
+
+ SQL 查询优化器: - 支持 eager aggregate - 更详细的 explain 信息 - union 算子并行化 - 子查询性能优化 - 优化 CBO 框架
+ |
+
+ SQL 查询优化器: - 支持 eager aggregate - 支持更详细的 explain 信息 - 支持 union 算子并行化 - 优化了子查询性能 - 优化了 CBO 框架
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ 2. 每一项的长度要尽量接近。
+ |
+
+ 在 GitHub 上提交的新 Issue 分为以下几种: - 如果您发现了 bug 需要报告 - 请求开发一项新功能 - 常规问题 - 为解决或提升性能提的 Issue
+ |
+
+ 在 GitHub 上提交的新 Issue 分为以下几种: - 错误报告 - 功能请求 - 常规问题 - 性能问题
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ 3. 避免在每一项开头重复相同的词语。
+ |
+
+ TiDB 与 MySQL 安全特性的差异: - 不支持外部身份验证方式。- 不支持列级别权限设置。- 不支持使用证书验证身份。
+ |
+
+ 相较于 MySQL 安全特性, TiDB 不支持的功能有如下几种: - 外部身份验证方式 - 列级别权限设置 - 证书验证身份方式
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ 4. 使用清晰的、描述性的句子或短语来引出列表。
+ |
+
+ 状态可以通过 store 的 state_name 来确定: - Up: 这个 store 正常服务 - Disconnected: 当前没有检测到这个 store 的心跳, 可能是故障或网络连接中断 - Down: 超过一小时没有收到 store 心跳, 此时 PD 会为这个 store 上的数据添加副本
+ |
+
+ 你可以通过 store 的 state_name 确定其状态: - Up: 这个 store 正常服务 - Disconnected: 当前没有检测到这个 store 的心跳, 可能是故障或网络连接中断 - Down: 超过一小时没有收到 store 心跳, 此时 PD 会为这个 store 上的数据添加副本
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ 5. 并列列表项中保持标点符号一致。若列表项是句子, 那么每一项建议以句号结尾; 若列表项是词组, 则不建议以任何标点结尾; 若列表项既有词组又有句子, 则建议统一以句号结尾。
+ |
+
+ 【例一】TiDB Binlog 支持以下功能场景: - 数据同步。- 实时备份和恢复。
+
+ 【例二】指定数据源的相关信息: - 在 Name 处, 为数据源指定一个名称。- 在 Type 处, 选择 Prometheus。- 在 URL 处, 指定 Prometheus 的 IP 地址。- 其他字段
+ |
+
+ 【例一】TiDB Binlog 支持以下功能场景: - 数据同步 - 实时备份和恢复
+
+ 【例二】指定数据源的相关信息: - 在 Name 处, 为数据源指定一个名称。- 在 Type 处, 选择 Prometheus。- 在 URL 处, 指定 Prometheus 的 IP 地址。- 其他字段。
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ 6. 不要滥用无序列表, 否则会导致它们失去应有的效果。
+ |
+
+ 无
+ |
+
+ 无
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ 7. 避免嵌套使用列表, 这样通常会显得冗长复杂。如果一定要表现多层级的列表, 建议最多不超过 3 级, 且每一级都要用不同样式的小圆点。
+ |
+
+ 无
+ |
+
+ 无
+ |
+
+
+ |
+ 8. 一个操作任务的步骤描述通常要使用有序列表, 为方便用户记忆, 建议严格限制列表项在 7 个以下, 最多不要超过 9 个步骤。
+ |
+
+ 无
+ |
+
+ 无
+ |
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_152.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_152.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..900c8a5445374f4d88718ac634fe92ee7cc494dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_152.md
@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
+# 二模知识点梳理[化学篇]
+
+各位同学大家好，二模考试已经临近。再有一段时间我们就将迎来中考，希望我们好好准备二模，赢下这一场仗。对于其他学科而言，二模在难度上相对于一模较低，范围则更广（初中全部内容）。而对于初三才开始学习的化学学科，二模将重点考察初中化学体系中重要且易失分的酸碱盐和金属部分。所以我们必须打起十二分精神，仔细梳理知识框架，巩固已学过的知识。
+
+这里我按照四大板块，为大家梳理初中化学的知识点。使用时建议先针对整体框架，理清思路，再复习相应分支知识点（自己归纳的过程是提升最快的过程，同学们自己整理部分知识点，效果更好）。查漏补缺时，可多用“ctrl+F”，按板块查看或直接搜索，提升效率。
+
+预祝大家二模考出好成绩，我们初升高团队与大家一起努力！
+
+
+**图1 初中化学体系图（黄色部分重要）**
+
+## 一、基本概念与基础理论
+
+**1、物理变化/化学变化：两者的本质区别——是否有新物质生成（判断依据）**
+
+ 特别的物理变化有：潮解，工业制氧，干冰升华，石油分馏，久置的浓硫酸质量增加；
+
+ 特别的化学变化有：物质变质，可燃物燃烧，指示剂变色，呼吸作用，水的消毒；
+【题型】给现象判断变化类型（选择）。
+**2、物理性质**：不需要化学变化就能体现的性质。
+如颜色、气味、状态、密度、硬度、导电性、导热性、溶解性、挥发性、浓硫酸的吸水性；
+
+**化学性质**：通过化学变化中体现的性质。
+如稳定性，酸碱性，毒性，可燃性，氧化还原性，浓硫酸的脱水性。
+
+【题型】给现象判断性质类型（选择）。
+
+**3、分子、原子的区别**：
+在化学变化中，分子可以分为原子，原子不能再分。
+分子是保持物质化学性质的最小微粒。
+原子是化学变化中的最小微粒。
+
+(1) 特点：①质量和体积都很小，如一滴水中含有 $1.67×10^{21}$ 个水分子；
+②分子处于不断运动状态，如闻到花香，看到墨水在水中扩散；
+③分子间有间隙，如$aL$酒精和$aL$水混合后体积小于 $2aL$。
+
+**4、物质的分类：**
+
+
+
+**图 2 物质分类**
+
+【题型】详见第二部分“元素及其化合物”。
+**5、元素、化合价、化学式**
+
+(1) 元素：
+ 地壳中元素的含量为：O Si Al Fe Ca Na K Mg；
+ 人体中前四位的元素的含量：O C H N
+空气中含量最多的是：N O
+ 宇宙中含量最多的是：H
+(2) 化合价：单质中元素化合价为零；化合物中元素正负化合价代数和为零。
+ 有单质参加或有单质生成的变化，化合价一定会改变，一定是氧化还原反应。
+
+(3) 元素符号表示意义有：①表示某种元素 ②表示该元素的一个原子
+③有些还可以表示单质的化学式（金属和稀有气体）
+
+(4) 数字表示的意义：
+①元素符号前的数字表示原子的个数（微观）
+②元素符号右下角的数字表示一个某分子由几个某原子构成（即原子的个数比）
+
+(5) 化学式表示的意义有：
+①表示某物质 ②表示该物质的一个分子（想一想哪些不符合）
+③表示该物质由何种元素组成 ④表示一个某某分子由几个某某原子构成
+
+【举例】H₂O（注意对应关系）：
+
+①水是由氢元素和氧元素组成的
+②水是由水分子构成的
+③水分子是由氢原子和氧原子构成的
+④1个水分子是由2个氢原子和1个氧原子构成的
+
+(6) 常见物质俗名：
+详见第二部分“元素及其化合物”
+
+【题型】1. 化合价：给化学式判断化合价（选择）
+2. 化学式：书写（填空题）、化学式的理解（选择题），俗名（选择题）
+
+**6、同素异形体**：是相同元素组成的，不同形态的单质。微观上，不同单质的原子排列方式不同。O₂/O₃、红磷/白磷、金刚石/石墨/碳-60（C₆₀）/碳纳米管
+
+**7、质量守恒定律**：
+**五个不变**：宏观①参加化学反应的各反应物的质量总和 = 反应后各生成物的质量总和。
+②元素种类不变。
+微观③原子种类不变、④原子个数不变、⑤原子质量不变；
+**两个一定变：**
+宏观①物质种类变化
+微观②分子种类变化
+
+**一个可能变：** 分子数目。
+
+【题型】1.补全化学方程式(选择、填空);2.化学方程式的书写(填空)
+
+**8、基本反应类型：** 化合(多变一)、分解(一变多)、置换(一单换一单)、复分解(里应外合)
+
+置换反应:①金属换金属: Fe + CuSO₄ $\xrightarrow{}$ FeSO₄ + Cu (湿法炼铜)
+
+②金属换非金属: Zn + H₂SO₄ $\xrightarrow{}$ ZnSO₄ + H₂↑
+
+③非金属换金属: H₂ + CuO $\xrightarrow{\Delta}$ H₂O + Cu
+
+④非金属换非金属: C + H₂O $\xrightarrow{高温}$ CO + H₂
+
+复分解反应的条件: ①↓; ②↑; ③水(难溶碱和难溶碳酸盐可与酸反应)
+
+CO₂ + Ca(OH)₂ → CaCO₃↓ + H₂O 不属于复分解反应。
+
+【题型】1.给反应判断属于什么类型(选择);2.根据类型写反应方程式(填空);3.与氧化还原反应的关系判断(选择)
+
+**9、氧化还原反应：氧化剂+还原剂=还原产物+氧化产物。**
+
+供氧,或元素化合价降低的反应物---氧化剂;发生还原反应;生成还原产物。
+ 夺氧,或元素化合价升高的反应物---还原剂;发生氧化反应;生成氧化产物。
+常用的还原剂有H₂、CO、C。
+
+【题型】判断氧化/还原剂(选择、填空)
+
+**10、催化剂**：一变二不变(改变物质的反应速率,本身的质量和化学性质不变);
+物质的**催化作用**必须通过化学变化体现,因此是一种**化学性质**。
+
+【题型】①根据物质反应前后的质量变化,或由多步反应,判断是否是催化剂(选择、填空);②已知催化剂,考察如何验证催化剂的化学性质不变,催化剂的质量是否变化(填空)
+
+**11、溶液/浊液：** 溶液均一、稳定;溶液是混合物。
+
+ 溶液中最常见的溶剂是水。也有酒精溶剂等有机溶剂。如碘酒,溶质是碘单质,溶剂是酒精。
+
+【题型】1.溶液的形成(选择);2.物质的溶解性(选择、填空)
+
+**12、溶液的酸碱性的判断**
+
+pH范围以及石蕊与酚酞颜色变化的对应关系。【题型】1. pH值(选择); 2.指示剂的颜色变化(填空);
+3. pH纸、蓝色或红色石蕊试纸的使用方法。(选择、填空)
+
+## 13、溶解度:(难点)
+
+(1) 影响溶解度的因素: ①内因:溶质与溶剂的相互性质。②外因:温度(对气体还有压强)。
+
+(2) 饱和/不饱和,以及之间的互相转化:溶质的量,溶剂的量,温度变化,压强变化;
+
+ 饱和溶液≠浓溶液,如澄清石灰水;不饱和溶液≠稀溶液,如不饱和的氨水;
+ 相同温度下,相同溶质和溶剂下,溶质的饱和溶液一定比不饱和溶液更浓。
+
+(3) 溶解度曲线: 曲线上的点, 曲线下方的点所代表的含义。
+
+ KNO₃型——陡升型,绝大多数固体。
+ NaCl型——缓升型
+Ca(OH)₂型——下降型
+
+【题型】1.结合图形,分析温度,溶剂,溶质等参数的改变,对点的影响(选择、填空);
+2.判断溶液状态(选择、填空);
+
+## 二、元素及其化合物
+
+**1、空气:**
+
+(1) 组成: ①**N₂占78%(约五分之四)**, 用于制氮肥、灯泡保护气等;
+②**O₂占21%(约五分之一)**, 用于助燃剂、呼吸作用;
+③稀有气体占 0.94%, 用于保护气(化学稳定性)、霓虹灯(物理性质)等;
+④CO₂占 0.03%, 用于人工降雨、光合作用、灭火等
+⑤其他气体和杂质占 0.03%, 空气污染物属于此类(SO₂, 氮氧化物, PM2.5, 烟尘);
+
+(2) 空气中氧气含量的测定实验:
+**实验原理**: 红磷能在空气中燃烧, 消耗氧气, 产生压强差。
+**实验现象**: ①红磷【不能用木炭、硫磺(产生气体)、铁丝(在空气中不能燃烧)、镁条(与氮气也反应, 消耗更多)等代替】燃烧时发出黄白色火焰, 有大量白烟生成;
+②同时集气瓶内水面逐渐上升, 冷却后, 水面上升约 1/5 体积;
+
+**实验分析**: 若测得水面上升小于1/5体积的原因可能是:
+①红磷不足, 氧气没有全部消耗完
+②装置气密性不好
+③没有冷却到室温就打开弹簧夹(热胀冷缩)
+
+**实验结论**：①空气由多种气体组成
+②氧气约占空气总体积的五分之一，支持燃烧，且难溶于水。
+③其他气体约占空气总体积的五分之四，不支持(红磷)燃烧，且难溶于水。
+
+【题型】1.组成及其性质(选择、填空) 2.大气污染物(选择、填空)
+3.氧含量的测定,反应物替换,测定原理(选择、填空)
+
+**2、氧气:**
+
+(1)氧气的性质:
+A.物理性质:氧气是无色无味,密度比空气略大,不易溶于水的气体。液氧是淡蓝色的。
+B.化学性质:(注意氧化反应的现象)
+
+① 和金属反应:
+2Mg + O₂$\xrightarrow{点燃}$ 2MgO (耀眼的白光、放热、生成白色粉末状固体)
+3Fe + 2O₂$\xrightarrow{点燃}$ Fe₃O₄ (剧烈燃烧、火星四射、放出大量的热、生成黑色固体)
+
+② 和非金属反应：
+C + O₂$\xrightarrow{点燃}$CO₂
+(在空气中发出红光，在纯氧中发出白光，放热，生成能使澄清石灰水变浑浊的无色气体)
+S + O₂$\xrightarrow{点燃}$SO₂
+(在纯氧中发出明亮的蓝紫色火焰、放热，生成有刺激性气味的无色气体，在空气中燃烧发出微弱的淡蓝色火焰)
+4P + 5O₂$\xrightarrow{点燃}$2P₂O₅ (产生黄白色火焰，放热，生成白色粉末状固体，或产生大量白烟)
+
+白磷易缓慢自燃，用水隔绝空气保存。
+2H₂ + O₂点燃→2H₂O (纯净氢气点燃产生淡蓝色火焰，放热，有水珠生成；不纯易爆炸)
+
+③ 和化合物反应：
+2CO + O₂$\xrightarrow{点燃}$2CO₂ (产生蓝色火焰、放热、生成无色气体)
+CH₄ + 2O₂$\xrightarrow{点燃}$CO₂ + 2H₂O (产生明亮蓝色火焰，放出大量的热)
+C₂H₅OH + 3O₂$\xrightarrow{点燃}$2CO₂ + 3H₂O (产生淡蓝色火焰，放出大量的热)
+
+(2) 氧气用途：①支持燃烧 ②供给呼吸
+
+(3)氧气的制取:
+
+A. 实验室制法：氯酸钾制取氧气：2KClO₃$\xrightarrow[Δ]{MnO₂}$ 2KCl + 3O₂↑
+
+双氧水制取氧气：2H₂O₂$\xrightarrow[Δ]{MnO₂}$ 2H₂O + O₂↑
+B.工业制法:分离液态空气法(收集到的氧气是混合物)(N₂沸点低于O₂)
+
+(4)氧气的验证与验满:带火星木条的位置,前者伸入集气瓶,后者靠近瓶口,观察是否复燃。
+
+(5)燃烧与灭火:
+
+A、**燃烧**:可燃物跟空气中的**氧气**发生的一种发光发热的剧烈的氧化反应。
+
+**燃烧的条件:** ①可燃物 ②助燃剂 ③温度达到着火点
+
+B、**灭火的方法:** ①撤离可燃物 ②隔绝空气 ③**温度降低到着火点以下**
+
+【题型】1.与氧气反应、实验现象(选择);
+2.制取氧气的方程式(填空);
+3.制取、收集氧气装置,检验(简答)
+4.燃烧条件的实验题(见第四部分)
+
+**3、水:**
+
+(1)水的电解:2H₂O$\xrightarrow{通电}$2H₂↑+O₂↑
+
+电解水实验结论:①水是由氢元素和氧元素组成的(一个水分子是由两个氢原子和一个氧原子构成的);
+②在化学变化中,分子可以分成原子,而原子却不能再分。
+
+
+
+**表1 电解水的产物**
+
+ | 气体 | 体积 | 质量 |
|---|
| 正极 | O2 | 1个单位 | 8个单位 | | 负极 | H2 | 2个单位 | 1个单位 |
+
+(2)水的净化:沉降---凝聚剂“明矾”;吸附---活性炭;消毒杀菌---氯气(液氯),化学变化。
+
+(3)水的性质:
+
+A.物理性质:密度在4℃最大,反常膨胀,比热大;水的溶解、分散能力
+B.化学性质:①与酸性氧化物和可溶性碱对应的碱性氧化物反应
+②与木炭在高温下反应。
+
+(4)物质与水的反应:CO₂+H₂O→H₂CO₃ CuSO₄+5H₂O→CuSO₄·5H₂O(检验水)
+CaO+H₂O→Ca(OH)₂(CaO作干燥剂的原理)
+
+【题型】1.电解水的方程式书写——水的组成(选择);2.水的净化——过程、操作(选择)
+
+**4、*以及碳的化合物:**
+
+(1)**金刚石和石墨**的物理性质不同是因为内部原子排列顺序不同。
+
+用途对比:金刚石——钻石,探头,裁玻璃刀 石墨——铅笔、电极、润滑剂
+(2) **碳的化学性质**：碳在常温下性质稳定，在高温下，碳能跟许多物质起反应。（回顾哪些反应需要高温条件下才能发生）
+
+① 可燃性——可作燃料
+
+$充分燃烧：C+O_2 \xrightarrow{点燃} CO_2$
+
+$不充分燃烧：2C+O_2 \xrightarrow{点燃} 2CO$
+
+② 还原性——冶炼金属
+
+$2CuO+C \xrightarrow{高温} 2Cu+CO_2 \uparrow$(干法炼铜)
+现象：黑色固体变成红色，澄清石灰水变浑浊。
+
+$C+CO_2 \xrightarrow{高温} 2CO$$
+
+现象：黑色粉末不断减少
+
+(3) **一氧化碳的化学性质**
+
+① 可燃性——作燃料
+
+$2CO+O_2 \xrightarrow{点燃} 2CO_2$
+现象：燃烧时发出蓝色火焰，放出热量。
+
+② 还原性——冶炼金属
+
+$CO+CuO \xrightarrow{\Delta} Cu+CO_2
+$(干法炼铜)
+
+现象：黑色固体变成红色，同时生成能使澄清石灰水变浑浊的气体。
+
+③ 毒性：一氧化碳易与血液中的血红蛋白结合，使血红蛋白丧失与氧结合的能力。尾气处理！
+
+(4) **二氧化碳**
+
+A、$CO_2$的化学性质
+
+① $CO_2$不能燃烧，不支持燃烧，也不能供给呼吸。（但$CO_2$是无毒的）
+
+② $CO_2$跟水反应生成碳酸 $CO_2 + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3$ (可使紫色石蕊试液变红)
+
+碳酸能使紫色石蕊试液变红，碳酸不稳定，很易分解成水和二氧化碳。$H_2CO_3 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O$
+
+③ $CO_2$能使澄清石灰水变浑浊 $CO_2+Ca(OH)_2 \rightarrow CaCO_3\downarrow + H_2O$ (石灰浆抹墙，涂料变硬的原理)
+使 NaOH 固体变质，变质问题讨论主要对象。
+
+B、二氧化碳的重要用途
+
+①灭火； ②工业原料可制纯碱、尿素和汽水；
+③温室肥料；④干冰可作致冷剂、可用于人工降雨。
+
+【题型】1.还原氧化铜，注意排尽空气（简答）；2.化学方程式的书写（填空）；
+3.二氧化碳制取（简答）
+
+**5、常见的酸：**
+
+(1) 分类：注意3种强酸。
+
+(2) 化学通性：$H^+$
+
+A.与酸碱指示剂作用，石蕊变红，pH<7； B.与活泼金属反应C.与碱性氧化物反应,生成盐和水; D.与碱反应,生成盐和水
+E.与某些盐反应(根据复分解反应的条件,想一想是哪些盐,不同的酸有不同的盐)
+
+浓硫酸的吸水性、脱水性(可用来干燥中性和酸性气体)。
+浓硫酸遇水放大量的热(稀释时,浓硫酸向盛水的烧杯中“杯壁下流”)。
+浓盐酸具挥发性
+盐酸是氯化氢的水溶液,是混合物。氯化氢极易溶于水(喷泉)
+碳酸易分解
+
+【题型】
+
+1. 浓硫酸的作用(实验填空); 2. 浓盐酸的挥发性引起变化(填空); 3. 浓硫酸的稀释问题(选择、填空)
+
+**6、常见的碱：**
+
+(1) 分类: 注意4种强碱、5种可溶性碱(氢氧化钙微溶)。
+(2) 俗名: NaOH——3个俗名, 对应其两种性质; Ca(OH)₂——2个俗名, 熟石灰、消石灰。
+(3) 几种沉淀: Cu(OH)₂(绛蓝色絮状沉淀)、Fe(OH)₃(红褐色絮状)、Al(OH)₃(两性)
+(4) 化学通性: OH⁻
+A.与酸碱指示剂作用, 石蕊变蓝, 酚酞变红; B.与酸性氧化物反应, 生成盐和水;
+C.与酸反应, 生成盐和水
+D.与某些盐反应(产生沉淀)。
+(5) 浓氨水易挥发。
+
+【题型】
+
+1. 氢氧化钠的变质(实验填空); 2. 浓盐酸的挥发性引起变化(填空); 3. 浓硫酸的稀释问题(选择、填空); 4. 中和反应的反应顺序问题(选择、填空)
+
+**7、常见的盐及复分解反应的要点：**
+
+(1) 分类: 正盐、酸式盐(可与碱反应, NaHCO₃还能与酸反应)、碱式盐(可与酸反应)
+(2) 判断盐的水溶液的酸碱性: 强酸强碱盐(如 KNO₃)、强碱弱酸盐(如 Na₂CO₃)、强酸弱碱盐(如 CuSO₄)。谁强显谁性。
+(3) 熟记酸碱盐的溶解性表!
+微溶物只有三个(Ag₂SO₄, CaSO₄, MgCO₃), 对于微溶物, 只要产生它的反应物为少量, 溶剂(水)足量, 则能够看成可溶。当题意表明反应物过量, 则作为难溶沉淀。
+初中化学所学的物质中, 难溶于水的沉淀很多, 难溶于硝酸的盐只有 BaSO₄ 和 AgCl
+(4) 化学通性:
+
+A.与活泼金属反应; B.与酸反应, 生成新盐和新酸C.与碱反应,生成新盐和新碱 D.与某些盐反应
+
+(5)酸碱盐的离子共存问题:本质上,就是判断是否能发生复分解反应。
+
+①生成水:H⁺与OH⁻,或HCO₃⁻与OH⁻。
+②生成气体:H⁺与CO₃²⁻。
+③生成沉淀:对应溶解性表。
+
+【题型】1.复分解反应的条件(选择);2.物质的鉴别与分离(填空);
+3.实验探究(实验)
+
+**8、氧化物:**
+
+(1)分类:根据与酸、碱的反应性质,分为酸性氧化物、碱性氧化物、两性氧化物和不成盐氧化物。
+
+(2)化学性质:
+A.与水反应,生成相应的酸或碱。(注意难溶碱)
+B.酸性氧化物与碱性氧化物生成盐。
+C.酸性氧化物与碱反应生成盐和水。(不是复分解反应)
+D.碱性氧化物与酸反应生成盐和水。(是复分解反应)
+
+(3)注意难溶性金属氧化物无法和水化合,难溶碱可以加热分解生成水。
+
+【题型】1.复分解反应判断(选择、填空);2.物质的鉴别(填空);3.实验探究(实验)
+
+**9、金属:**
+
+(1)金属活动性顺序:K Ca Na Mg Al | Zn Fe Sn Pb (H) | Cu Hg Ag Pt Au
+
+(2)化学性质:
+A.与某些非金属单质(O₂)
+B.活泼金属(H前金属)与稀盐酸、稀硫酸反应
+C.活泼金属**与盐置换**:金属活动性顺序在前的金属能与在后金属的盐溶液反应
+
+【题型】1.金属活动性顺序判断(选择、填空);2.实验探究(实验);3.化学计算(选择)
+
+## 三、化学计算
+
+**1、化学式的计算：**
+
+(1)式量的计算:相对原子质量&相对分子质量
+(2)化合物中元素质量比的计算(个数比的计算)
+(3)化合物中某元素的质量分数的计算
+(4)一定质量的化合物中所含某元素的质量的计算
+(5)混合物中某物质的质量分数的计算
+(6)混合物中某元素的质量分数的计算(常考混合物体系的元素守恒)
+(7)化合价的计算(物质化合价代数和为零)
+
+**2、根据化学方程式计算：**
+
+
+
+**图 3 根据化学方程式的计算**
+
+(1)找出所求量，所设即所求。
+(2)根据化学式和信息书写方程式：明确反应物和生成物，注意反应条件和沉淀、气体符号！
+(3)配平化学方程式：
+①**观察法**：将化学式最复杂物质的化学计量数定为1，再根据原子个数前后不变。
+②**最小公倍数法**：找出方程式里左右两顿出现数目关系最复杂的相同元素，求最小公倍数再配平。
+③**待定系数法**：设化学计量数为abcd...，根据质量守恒定律，反应前后原子个数守恒。列方程组
+
+(4)对应数据量的比例关系，进行求解
+
+(5)常见难题题型：
+
+
+
+**图 4 常见题型解法**
+
+**3、溶液的计算：**
+
+①溶液的组成：
+
+$$
+m(\text{溶液})=m(\text{溶质})+m(\text{溶剂})
+$$
+
+$$
+V(\text{溶液})\neq V(\text{溶质})+V(\text{溶剂})$$
+
+②溶质的质量分数：
+
+$$
+\omega=\frac{m(\text{溶质})}{m(\text{溶液})}\times100\%
+$$
+
+ 浓缩与稀释问题——过程中$m(\text{溶质})$不变
+
+③溶解度与质量分数的换算：
+$$
+\frac{S}{100+S}=\frac{m(\text{溶质})}{m(\text{溶液})}=\omega
+$$
+
+有溶质晶体析出或者未溶解的溶液一定是该温度下,此溶质的饱和溶液,按溶解度计算。
+
+## 四、化学实验
+
+**1.常见的实验仪器：**
+集气瓶的导管口位置。
+启普发生器的使用条件：①块状难溶于水的固体；②反应放热很少。
+
+**2.常见的实验操作：**
+(1)过滤：一贴二低三靠，各仪器的作用
+(2)蒸发：蒸发终点的控制
+
+**3.气体制取装置：**
+(1)制备
+①固固加热型，注意试管口略向下；
+②固液常温型，注意导管口在瓶中的位置，由收集气体的密度决定。
+
+(2)干燥、除杂：
+见分离提纯
+
+①排水法收集注意：
+收集开始——气泡连续，均匀；
+收集结束——若有加热装置，则先撤离水槽中的导管，再熄灭加热装置。
+
+②排空气法注意：
+密度差异明显
+观察体积只能用排水(液体)法。
+导管口位置
+
+**4.物质的鉴别检验：**
+(1)几种常见离子的检验
+碳酸根：与酸反应，生成能使澄清石灰水变浑浊的气体。
+硫酸根：硝酸酸化的Ba(NO₃)₂，产生白色沉淀。
+氯离子：硝酸酸化的AgNO₃，产生白色沉淀。
+铵根：碱性溶液加热，用湿润的红色石蕊试纸，试纸变蓝。
+
+(2)金属的焰色反应
+
+Na 黄色 K 紫色 Ca 砖红色 Cu 绿色
+
+**5、物质的分离提纯：**
+
+(1)粗盐提纯问题：
+
+BaCl₂除硫酸根，Na₂CO₃除CaCl₂和过量的BaCl₂。因此必须先加BaCl₂，再加Na₂CO₃。最后一步用盐酸除过量的氢氧化钠和碳酸钠。
+
+(2)物理提纯法：过滤法、结晶法和吸铁石法。
+
+(3)化学提纯法：
+
+①溶解过滤法：Cu(Fe)、Cu(CuO)---加稀盐酸溶解后过滤
+
+②生成气体法：NaCl溶液(Na₂CO₃)---加适量稀盐酸
+
+③生成沉淀法：NaCl溶液(CaCl₂)---加适量碳酸钠溶液后过滤
+
+④酸碱中和法：NaCl溶液(NaOH)---加适量稀盐酸
+
+(4)提纯原则：
+
+①不增——不引入新的杂质组分
+
+②不减——不消耗欲收集的物质
+
+③不繁——容易分离
+
+(5)相关物质的除杂
+
+1、$H₂(HCl)$通入氢氧化钠溶液:$HCl+NaOH\rightarrow NaCl+H_2O$
+2、$CO₂(HCl)$通入饱和的碳酸氢钠溶液:$HCl+NaHCO_3\rightarrow NaCl+H_2O+CO_2\uparrow$
+3、$CO(CO₂)$通入足量的石灰水或足量的氢氧化钠溶液:$CO_2+2NaOH\rightarrow Na_2CO_3+H_2O$
+4、$CO_2(CO)$通过灼热的氧化铜
+5、气体的干燥$H₂、CO₂、CO(H₂O)$可用浓硫酸、无水氯化钙、氢氧化钠固体、碱石灰(氧化钙和氢氧化钠固体混合物)、无水硫酸铜等除去。
+如：$H₂$(水蒸气)：通过浓硫酸/通过氢氧化钠固体；$CO₂$(水蒸气)：通过浓硫酸
+6、$CuO(C)$:在空气中(在氧气流中)灼烧混合物
+7、$Cu(Fe)$:加入足量的稀硫酸$Fe+H_2SO_4\rightarrow FeSO_4+H_2\uparrow$
+8、$Cu(CuO)$:加入足量的稀硫酸$CuO+H_2SO_4\rightarrow CuSO_4+H_2O$
+9、$FeSO_4(CuSO_4)$:入足量的铁粉,再过滤$Fe+CuSO_4\rightarrow FeSO_4+Cu$
+10、$NaCl$($Na_2CO_3$):加入适量的盐酸$Na_2CO_3+2HCl\rightarrow 2NaCl+H_2O+CO_2\uparrow$
+11、$NaCl$($Na_2SO_4$):加入适量的氯化钡溶液
+$Na_2SO_4+BaCl_2\rightarrow BaSO_4\downarrow+2NaCl$
+12、$NaCl$($NaOH$):加入适量的盐酸$HCl+NaOH\rightarrow NaCl+H_2O$
+13、$NaOH$($Na_2CO_3$):加入适量的氢氧化钙溶液
+$Ca(OH)_2+Na_2CO_3\rightarrow CaCO_3\downarrow+2NaOH$
+14、$NaCl$($CuSO_4$):加入适量的氢氧化钡溶液
+$Ba(OH)_2+CuSO_4\rightarrow Cu(OH)_2\downarrow+BaSO_4\downarrow$
+15、$NaNO_3$($NaCl$):加入足量的硝酸银溶液$NaCl+AgNO_3\rightarrow AgCl\downarrow+NaNO_3$
+16、$NaCl$($KNO_3$):蒸发溶剂
+17、$KNO_3$($NaCl$):冷却热饱和溶液。
+18、$CaO$($CaCO_3$):只能煅烧(不可加盐酸)
+
+**6、探究性实验：**
+
+(1)质量守恒定律的探究：
+注意气体反应的装置气密性；
+注意固态和液态物质是否质量可以完全称量(粉末状固体易逸散在空中)。
+
+(2)燃烧条件的探究：
+控制变量法：一定要控制三大条件的其中两种，改变剩余的那种。
+
+(3)化学反应速率的探究：
+控制变量法：催化剂的质、催化剂的量。
+
+(4)混合物组成(变质)问题的探究：
+混合物体系反应的先后顺序
+判断方法：假设反应物A先反应，其对应的生成物若会与反应物B反应，重新生成A，则反应物B先发生反应，反应物A后发生反应。
+混合物的分别鉴别。考虑鉴别顺序时，注意①特性鉴别，②排除干扰，③现象明显，④环境友好，⑤经济合理
+
+(5)金属活动性顺序的探究：
+①直接法：金属与对应盐溶液直接反应；
+②间接法：金属分别于活泼性介于中间的溶液反应；
+③速率法：比较与酸溶液反应生成氢气的速率，H后不活泼金属，可视为v=0
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+Helmut Moritz
+
+# Science, Mind and the Universe
+
+An Introduction to Natural Philosophy
+
+WICHMANN
+
+Alle in diesem Buch enthaltenen Angaben, Daten, Ergebnisse etc. wurden vom Autor nach bestem Wissen erstellt und von ihm und dem Verlag mit größtmöglicher Sorgfalt überprüft. Gleichwohl sind inhaltliche Fehler nicht vollständig auszuschließen. Daher erfolgen die Angaben etc. ohne jegliche Verpflichtung oder Garantie des Verlags oder des Autors. Sie übernehmen deshalb keinerlei Verantwortung und Haftung für etwaige inhaltliche Unrichtigkeiten.
+
+Die Deutsche Bibliothek – CIP-Einheitsaufnahme
+
+**Moritz, Helmut:**
+
+Science, Mind and the Universe : An introduction to natural philosophy /
+Helmut Moritz. – Heidelberg : Wichmann, 1995
+ISBN 3-87907-274-4
+
+Dieses Werk einschließlich aller seiner Teile ist urheberrechtlich geschützt. Jede Verwertung außerhalb der engen Grenzen des Urheberrechtsgesetzes ist ohne Zustimmung des Verlags unzulässig und strafbar. Das gilt insbesondere für Vervielfältigungen, Übersetzungen, Mikroverfilmungen und die Einspeicherung und Verarbeitung in elektronischen Systemen.
+
+Druck und Verarbeitung: E. Lokay, Reinheim
+Gedruckt auf chlorfrei gebleichtem, säurefreiem Papier
+ISBN 3-87907-274-4
+
+To my colleagues from
+
+IAG
+IUGG
+ICSU
+ÖAW
+
+in gratitude
+
+
+# Preface
+
+*Schuster, bleib bei deinem Leisten!*
+German proverb
+
+"The rabbi spoke three times. The first talk was brilliant: clear and simple. I understood every word. The second was even better: deep and subtle. I didn't understand much, but the rabbi understood all of it. The third was by far the finest: a great and unforgettable experience. I understood nothing, and the rabbi didn't understand much either." This was one of Niels Bohr's favorite anecdotes (Folse, 1985, p. 258).
+
+All books on philosophy belong to one of the three types of the rabbi's talks. In an introductory text like the present book, the reader is entitled to expect that it belongs to "Rabbi Type 1". This is at least what we have tried to achieve.
+
+Our higher polytechnical schools have frequently become "Technical Universities" or "Universities of Technology". This implies that they intend not only to give a profound scientific or professional education, but also to offer a touch of "universality". Now, the common interdisciplinary background of all scientific, engineering and medical disciplines is becoming increasingly "philosophical".
+
+On all aspects of philosophy of mathematics and natural science there are excellent and even brilliant monographs. The intention of the present book is much more modest: to provide an absolutely introductory yet rather systematic and comprehensive textbook taylored to the interests of students of science, technology, and medicine.
+
+This book is written not by a professional philosopher, but by a practicing scientist. The lack of philosophical depth is thus perhaps partly made up by a knowledge of the mentality and interests of students of scientific disciplines and by active research experience in science, in which interdisciplinary and philosophical questions are arising naturally and to an ever increasing extent.The author's philosophical interests date back to the age of 17 years, when he happened to come across the brilliant book "An Outline of Philosophy" by Bertrand Russell (Russell 1927). Later his interests changed from Russell to his more profound and more many-sided colleague Alfred North Whitehead. To me there is only one modern philosopher of comparable depth and universality: Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker.
+
+In 1974 and 1975 I gave a course on the philosophy of mathematics and natural sciences at the Graz University of Technology. Later my time was absorbed by other duties but my interest remained, and finally I decided to resume this course again and to write the present book.
+
+The scheme of the book may be illustrated by the following diagram showing the “sign posts” of it in a somewhat provocative way:
+
+
+
+To avoid misunderstandings: the names stand for certain directions of thinking and have no direct relation to “greatness”. (Otherwise one might ask: why Plato and not Aristotle, why Bohr and not Einstein or Heisenberg?)
+
+Only the first three are “professional” philosophers. Gödel is the greatest of modern logicians, and Bohr, through his “principle of complementarity”, is the physicist who has made *dialectics* respectable in the philosophy of natural science. When he was awarded a title of nobility for his scientific merits, he chose for his coat of arms the inscription “*Contraria sunt complementa*”.
+
+Dialectics has frequently fallen into discredit by its dogmatic use and misuse, and also Hegel has suffered from this circumstance. Nevertheless dialectic thinking does have its use in natural philosophy, andthe justly famous bestseller “Gödel, Escher, Bach” by D.R. Hofstadter is thoroughly dialectical although here dialectics is discreetly disguised under the term of “paradoxes of self-reference”.
+
+It is also remarkable that it is rare indeed that *all* three names form-ing the bottom triangle of the figure are quoted *simultaneously* in the literature: philosophers speak of Hegel, mathematical logicians quote Gödel, and physicists refer to Bohr. Practically the only exception are recent books by C.F. von Weizsäcker and, on a similarly high level, the work “*Filozofija znanosti i humanizam*” by Ivan Supek (SNL, Zagreb,
+1991).
+
+Emphasis is also on a basic element of *uncertainty*, which seems to pervade nature and our knowledge of it. It is expressed by Gödel’s incompleteness theorem, by fuzzy logic, by Heisenberg’s uncertainty relation, by other random fluctuations and random measuring errors, etc., which have fascinated the imagination of mathematicians, physicists, astronomers, and geodesists since C.F. Gauss.
+
+The main intention of the book is didactic simplicity. Another purpose is a more or less systematic unification of trends of philosophy of science in Anglo-Saxon countries and in Central Europe. I believe that not only Kant, but also some other German philosophers (among them Fichte, Hegel, and Weizsäcker) have made contributions to our field which deserve being known also in English-speaking countries. This is one of the several reasons for writing this text in English.
+
+Standard books on the philosophy of science (in German: Wissenschaftstheorie) such as (Carnap 1966), (Hempel 1966) or (Popper 1977) chiefly deal with the logical and methodological basis common to all natural sciences, such as axiomatics and induction. The present text treats such problems also, but more briefly. Emphasis is on general results of modern science (e.g. quantum theory), their interpretation and their implications for standard philosophical problems, such as the relation between matter and mind, the meaning of a law of nature, free will etc.
+
+The term “natural philosophy” has a proud English tradition: physicists from Isaac Newton to W. Thomson (Lord Kelvin) used it for what we would today call “theoretical physics with a philosophical touch”. The word “Naturphilosophie” was used in Germany, by Goethe, Schelling, and Hegel, in quite a different, philosophical-speculative sense. Again, the present work seeks to reflect something of both connotations. Here, “natural philosophy” is used in very much the same sense as in Whitrow’s well-known book “The Natural Philosophy of Time” (Whitrow 1980).
+
+The book should be comprehensible not only to undergraduate students of mathematics, physics, natural science, technology, and medicine, but also to a broader group of readers interested in philosophical implications of modern science. Mathematical formulas are kept to a minimum: while possibly of help to the mathematically versed reader, they can be bypassed without serious problems. Similarly, the references to selected additional works may provide further information; they should, however, not be necessary to a basic understanding of the present book, which is essentially self-contained.
+
+For didactic purposes even a rigorous logical structure has sometimes been sacrificed: important concepts such as materialism and idealism have been discussed, to increasing detail and on increasing level, in several places of the book. Generally, redundancies and repetitions are not avoided if they improve the readability. In this way, the book resembles an informal university lecture.
+
+Since this is an introductory book, it cannot be very profound. It probably also contains quite a few errors. I have, however, tried to make it interesting reading: it would be a crime to treat such a fascinating subject, one of the greatest adventures of the human spirit, in a dull manner.
+
+*Acknowledgments*. Writing such a general book requires, but also finds, much more interest and encouragement than a technical monograph. This book owes its existence to an initial impulse provided by Christian Poitevin (Brussels) and Georges Balmino (Toulouse), and to the spontaneous enthusiasm of Heinz Draheim (Karlsruhe).
+
+The publisher of my previous technical books, Dr. Christoph Müller-Wirth of Wichmann Verlag (Karlsruhe), eagerly took up the idea of this book and followed the different stages of its realization with his interest and advice. Several colleagues from various fields of science and philosophy kindly agreed to critically read the manuscript: L. Jonathan Cohen (Oxford), Franz Moser (Graz), Hellmuth Petsche (Wien), Wilfried Schröder (Bremen), Hans Georg Schwarzacher (Wien), Ivan Supek (Zagreb), and Hans-Jürgen Treder (Potsdam-Babelsberg). Their remarks helped remove some major errors and many minor mistakes and even misprints, besides providing additional information and inspiration. Their criticism and encouragement were absolutely essential. Of course I bear the full responsibility for the contents of the book and for any remaining errors.
+
+Dr. Konrad Rautz (Graz) was of invaluable help in editing: he drew the figures, composed the index, helped in proofreading, and provided advice in difficult questions of word-processing. My secretary Mrs.Ruth Hödl did all the word-processing in her usual efficient, dedicated, and painstaking way. Last but not least, my wife Gerlinde read various versions of the manuscript and was my adviser in questions of biology and theology, besides confirming that the book can be read also without mathematics. All this help is gratefully acknowledged.
+
+Graz, February 1995
+
+Helmut Moritz
+
+## Contents
+
+Preface ... vii
+
+**A Human Perception and Thinking** ... 1
+1 The human brain ... 3
+1.1 Brain and nervous system ... 3
+1.2 Brain and mind ... 8
+1.3 Human perception ... 14
+1.4 Evolutionary theory of knowledge ... 17
+
+2 Logic and mathematics ... 23
+2.1 Elements of symbolic logic ... 23
+2.2 The axiomatic method ... 32
+2.3 Logical paradoxes and Gödel's theorem ... 34
+2.4 Inexact concepts, “fuzzy logic” ... 38
+2.5 Dialectic thinking ... 44
+2.6 Geometry: dimensions two to infinity ... 59
+
+
+**B Natural Science** ... 71
+3 Physics ... 73
+3.1 Classical mechanics and determinism ... 73
+3.2 Deterministic chaos ... 80
+3.3 Probability ... 83
+3.4 The theory of relativity ... 90
+3.5 Quantum theory ... 99
+3.6 Elementary particles ... 111
+3.7 Space and time; cosmology ... 120
+3.8 Inverse problems ... 134
+3.9 Induction, verification, falsification ... 145
+3.10 The structure of scientific revolutions ... 155
+
+4 Systems, information, evolution ... 159
+4.1 Feedback, regulation, downward causation ... 159
+4.2 Self-organization ... 166
+4.3 Entropy, information, evolution ... 173
+4.4 Data and errors ... 183
+4.5 Complexity and reductionism ... 186
+
+
+**C Philosophy** ... 195
+5 Philosophy for scientists ... 197
+5.1 Realism, idealism and dualism ... 197
+5.2 The three-world model ... 207
+5.3 Subject and object ... 214
+5.4 Historical landmarks ... 225
+
+6 Implications of science ... 237
+6.1 Matter and mind ... 237
+6.2 Materialism, idealism and the outer world ... 239
+6.3 Time, creativity, block universe ... 240
+6.4 Freedom of the will ... 245
+6.5 Laws of nature ... 251
+6.6 Theories of everything ... 263
+6.7 The Absolute ... 269
+6.8 Pluralism ... 274
+
+Selected additional reading ... 277
+Index ... 285
+# Part A
+
+# Human Perception and Thinking
+
+## Chapter 1
+
+## The human brain
+
+### 1.1 The brain and the nervous system
+
+*Philosophers, use your brain!*
+
+J.Z. Young
+
+If there is an agreement about some fact in natural philosophy, it is about the fact that human thinking is inseparably related to our brain. It seems therefore appropriate to start lectures about natural philosophy with a review of some basic knowledge about the structure of our brain.
+
+Very much is known in brain research, but in view of the huge complexity of the topic, it is still relatively little. Our present treatment further simplifies our knowledge to a few basic items which one should know in order to speak meaningfully about some topics in natural philosophy.
+
+That the physiological or anatomical structure of our brain is at all relevant to philosophy, is not generally accepted in philosophy. The laws of logic and mathematics are so much more rigorous than our mainly empirical knowledge about brain structure, and these “laws of thinking” do not seem to depend very much on the architecture of our brain. Thus books on philosophy do not generally start with the physiology of the brain. It seems, however, that modern trends in the theory of knowledge, known by the name of evolutionary epistemology, do depend on mechanisms of perception (sight, hearing, etc.) and on the processing of the data of perception by the brain. The same holds for artificial intelligence and for other advanced aspects of automaticcomputation which, though not directly the subject of the book, do have some points of contact, such as algorithmic and axiomatic methods and their limitation by Gödel's theorem.
+
+A brief introduction will be sufficient for our present purpose, however. Additional literature is abundant and may be consulted in case of interest. On the other hand, the reader should not be bothered by details which may confuse someone who is not used to think in terms of neuroscience. For a first reading it is suggested that the reader does not stop at some unusual details but skips them and continues to read in a cursory fashion.
+
+This is generally recommended for reading the present book (and philosophical works in general). Don't get stuck at the first difficulty but continue reading. When you are through with the book, start again from the beginning: many difficulties will be clear now. If necessary, iterate the procedure, concentrating on the passages which you have found difficult. Never try to conquer a difficulty by force, but rather by patience.
+**The architecture of the brain**
+
+Main parts of the brain are
+
+\- the brainstem (“reptilian brain”),
+\- the limbic system (“mammalian brain”) and
+\- the cerebrum (“conscious brain”).
+
+
+
+
+**Figure 1.1:** Main parts of the brain
+
+The *brainstem*, from the point of view of biological evolution, is the oldest part of the brain (some 500 million years). With characteristic oversimplification, it is called *reptilian brain* because it looks somewhat like the entire brain of a reptile. It is mainly concerned with the most primitive functions of life support: control of breathing and heartbeat.
+
+The *cerebellum* (Fig. 1.1) is an intermediate structure concerned with coordinating the activity of the muscles and maintaining bodily equilibrium (cf. sec. 4.1). It seems to be responsible for largely unconscious skills such as automobile driving or piano playing.
+
+The *limbic system* is a ringlike structure which was the highest component in the brain of a reptile but is most highly developed in mammals. It regulates body temperature, blood pressure, etc. (“homeostasis”). It controls emotional reactions necessary for survival: appetite, agressiveness, flight reactions, and sexual feelings. It also seems to be basic for learning and memory (the so-called *hippocampus*).
+
+The most important structure of the limbic system is the *hypothalamus* (located under the thalamus, Fig. 1.1). It is *the* regulator for body functions and states: eating, drinking, sleeping, waking, chemical balances, hormones, etc. It is the body's thermostat for blood temperature and acts by feedback, as also technological regulators do (see sec. 4.1).
+
+The hypothalamus is intimately connected (by chemical and electrical messages) to the adjacent *pituitary gland*. This is the master gland of the body which regulates it by hormones, directly or by stimulating other glands to emit hormones.
+
+The *thalamus* (Fig. 1.1) serves as a central relay station for external sensory, especially visual, information. This information is then relayed to certain areas of the cortex (see below) for final processing.
+
+The *cerebrum* is the part of the brain which is specifically related to human intelligence. It consists of two hemispheres, the left and the right hemisphere, which are connected by the *corpus callosum*. There is a curious cross-connection: the *left* hemisphere receives information from the *right* half of the body (e.g., the right eye), and also controls the *right* half of the body (e.g., the right hand). Similarly, the right hemisphere is related to the left side of the body.
+
+Generally speaking and oversimplifying, the left hemisphere mainly takes care of logical and analytic thinking and language, whereas the right hemisphere is chiefly responsible for intuitive, “synthetic”, activities such as geometric intuition and music. Both hemispheres, however, closely cooperate and form “one system”.
+
+Most activities of the cerebrum go on at its surface, the *cortex*. The cortex is about 3 mm thick and is intricately wrinkled and folded, so that its huge surface fits into a relatively small skull.
+
+Certain areas of the cortex are related to certain activities: the primary visual area, the auditory cortex, the body sensory areas, the motor cortex, and the speech areas (Broca's and Wernicke's areas). These areas, however, are by no means to be taken in a strict and exclusive sense; in a way, all activities affect the whole brain.
+
+Corresponding to its function, the cortex is densely packed with nerve cells (neurons) whose axes (axons, see below) are *orthogonal to the surface of the cortex*, so that we have a structure reminiscent of level surfaces and plumb lines in geodesy. Rational thinking goes on mainly in the cortex; the limbic system (hypothalamus etc.) seems to contribute the emotional background.
+
+#### Neurons
+
+Each brain contains about 10¹¹ nerve cells or *neurons*. Fig. 1.2 shows, very schematically, a typical nerve cell. The synaptic buttons (some 10¹⁴!) attach to dendrites or somas of neighboring cells. There is a tiny “synaptic cleft” between a button and the next dendrite, which is bridged by chemicals (*neurotransmitters*) sent from button to dendrite.
+
+
+
+**Figure 1.2:** A typical neuron
+
+The average length of neuronic fibers in the cortex is 4.1 km/mm³!
+
+How is the nerve signal transmitted along the axon? It by no means acts like a copper wire, say; rather, the transmission resembles a transversal seismic wave! A transversal wave oscillates in a direction *orthogonal* to the direction of propagation. Similarly, the nerve signal is a progressing impulse of diffusion of certain ions **($K^+$, $Na^+$, $Cl^-$)** *across* the tube-like membrane forming the axon. The rather complicated details of the process are without relevance to the present context.
+
+The normal speed is only around 5 meters per second; the speed can be increased by a *myelin sheath* of the *axon* up to 100 m/s. Again, the reader is referred to the literature for details.
+
+Important is the following fact: the “firing” of an impulse is *all or none*. The shape and size of the impulse is irrelevant; important is only whether the neuron fires or not. *Synapses* (consisting of synaptic buttons and synaptic clefts) may be *excitatory* or *inhibitory*. Their combined effect on the neuron determines whether it fires or not. The system: *all* (1) or *nothing* (0) is essentially digital, using a dual number system (consisting of zero’s and one’s) which is not unlike the dual system used by a digital computer. Very simple examples may be found in (Penrose 1989, pp. 393–394).
+
+Each historical period compares the human body to its favorite machines: formerly it was a mechanical or heat engine, with a pump for the heart. Now it is fashionable to compare the brain to a huge parallel processing digital computer. (There seems to be some “analogue computation” too, but on a minor scale, by “non-spiking neurons”.) An important difference to present computers is a high redundancy: if part of the “brain computer” fails, other parts may take over.
+
+Assumptions about the brain computation have lead to the construction of *artificial neural networks*, which, together with more conventional computing devices, play a considerable role in *artificial intelligence* (AI).
+
+H. Petsche (Vienna) pointed out to me that the “digital firing” (all or none) mentioned above does not imply that the brain works exactly like a digital computer. From (Cohen and Stewart 1994, p. 454) we quote:
+
+Nerve cells don't "compute" digitally, but they do use discrete pulses to communicate over large distances.
+
+That “brain computation” is not really “digital”. For a detailed treatment of “neural computing” cf. (Kohonen 1988, Chapter 9: a
+very readable non-mathematical chapter in a otherwise rather technical book). Also the discussion in (Penrose 1989, pp. 392–399) is highly relevant.
+
+Let us also not forget that “computation” or logical thinking is only a tiny fraction of our intellectual activity which also includes joys,
+desires, fears, poetry, music, etc., cf. end of sec. 2.1.
+
+*Suggested additional reading.* The interesting reader may start with the didactic masterpiece (Ornstein and Thompson 1984) and continue with more technical books such as (Eccles 1973) or (Thompson 1985).More advanced is (Oeser and Seitelberger 1988). The brain as a computer is treated very clearly in the introductory book (Churchland 1988) where also the elements of AI and artificial neural networks may be found. A profound study of AI (and many other things) can be found in the classics (Hofstadter 1979) and (Penrose 1989).
+
+### 1.2 Brain and mind
+
+*The ghost in the machine.*
+
+Gilbert Ryle
+
+The relation between brain and mind is one of the most controversial problems in philosophy. It is closely related to the problem of matter and mind.
+
+At a first glance, there seems to be no problem at all. Our thoughts, feelings, and emotions are clearly *mental*, belonging to the mind. A tree, a house, or a stone are clearly *material*, consisting of matter: we can kick a stone, live in a house, or fall from a tree, breaking our leg. What could be more material?
+
+Modern science gives a rather different picture of matter. It consists of extremely small molecules, separated by large distances. Molecules consist of atoms, and the atoms have a tiny nucleus with electrons orbiting around them like planets orbiting around the sun, and separated by similarly huge (in a relative sense) distances. So matter essentially consists of empty space. If my foot kicks a stone, an empty space kicks another empty space (to be honest, what matters are the forces that act in these “empty spaces”).
+
+If modern science makes matter less “material”, it also makes mind less “mental”, as the philosopher Bertrand Russell said. The study of our brain has shown us that, e.g., emotions are related to the activity of the (material!) limbic system, and even the most sublime manifestations of human thinking seem to correspond to the firing of certain neurons in the cortex.
+
+A fair and didactically useful comparison between brain and mind seems to be possible by modern computer terminology: *the brain is the hardware, the mind is the software* of human thinking. The same software can be run on different computers, and the ideas contained in the present book (supposing that it contains any) can be understood by different readers, that is, by different brains.
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_155_watermark_2x1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_155_watermark_2x1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1d7447fce95264f613adf2d7c80b32d423a117e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_155_watermark_2x1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+# 中华人民共和国最高人民法院民事裁定书
+
+(2025)最高法民申3675号
+
+再审申请人(一审被告、二审上诉人)：东莞市某某咨询有限公司。住所地：中华人民共和国广东省东莞市。
+
+法定代表人：姚某琼。
+
+委托诉讼代理人：刘乃标，北京融开律师事务所律师。
+
+再审申请人(一审被告、二审上诉人)：张某明，男，1966年7月12日出生，汉族，住中华人民共和国广东省东莞市东城区。
+
+委托诉讼代理人：刘乃标，北京融开律师事务所律师。
+
+被申请人(一审原告、二审被上诉人)：赛诺亚某某有限公司。住所地：萨摩亚群岛独立国阿皮亚市。
+
+代表人：方某宗。
+
+委托诉讼代理人：唐毅，广东冠豪律师事务所律师。
+
+委托诉讼代理人：曹烈锋，广东冠豪律师事务所律师。
+
+一审被告：张某荣，男，1973年12月29日出生，汉族，住中华人民共和国广东省深圳市罗湖区。
+
+一审被告：张某敏，男，1978年12月2日出生，汉族，住中华人民共和国河北省容城县。
+
+一审被告：李某，男，1972年9月1日出生，汉族，住中华人民共和国黑龙江省庆安县。
+
+再审申请人东莞市某某咨询有限公司(以下简称某1公司)、张某明因与被申请人赛诺亚某某有限公司(以下简称某2公司)及一审被告张某荣、张某敏、李某股权转让纠纷一案，不服广东省高级人民法院(2023)粤民终5102号民事判决,向本院申请再审。本院依法组成合议庭对本案进行了审查,现已审查终结。
+
+某1公司、张某明向本院申请再审称:(一)原判决认定股权转让协议有效,违反《中华人民共和国合同法》第五十二条。案涉股权转让协议作为主合同因刑事诈骗自始无效,张某明出具的《还款承诺书》及某1公司的监管责任均依附于主合同。在主合同无效的情况下,其二者已无需承担相关责任。（二）某2公司以刑事控告相威胁，迫使张某明签署《还款承诺书》，该受胁迫的事实已被刑事案件认定。故张某明受胁迫签署的《还款承诺书》依法应属无效。（三）某1公司并非《股权转让协议》相对人，仅作为“证明人”见证出让方与受让方签署协议及提供资金代管账户，协议中并未约定“证明
+人”需承担资金监管责任。（四）本案诉讼时效起算点应为2012年7月，至迟也应为2012年12月1日，某2公司 2014年12月25日起诉，已超过原《民法通则》规定的诉讼时效。（五）刑事裁定书已查明某某科技（深圳）有限公司（以下简称某3公司）设备清算价值仅为186万，原判决仍按照合同约定的1863万元作为损失基数，显失公平。（六）张某明签署的《请求谅解书》系个人意思表示，与公司无关。
+
+某2公司提交书面意见称,案涉《股权转让协议》合法有效,张某荣的诈骗行为发生在合同签订以后,属于合同履行过程中的行为,某1公司、张某明未举证证明该协议存在法律规定的无效情形。张某明是完全民事行为能力人,其签署的《承诺还款书》合法有效,不因现在反悔而无效。某1公司是股权转让款的资金监管方,在明知监管账户未有股权转让款汇入的情况下仍发送伪造的明细单,构成违约。本案未过诉讼时效,2012年12月某2公司查证是否被诈骗的事实,2013年1月张某明承认受让人未真实支付股权转让款,某2公司遂报警主张权利,原审认定2013年1月为诉讼时效起算点并无不当。综上,请求驳回某1公司、张某明的再审申请。
+
+本院经审查认为,本案系再审审查案件,应当根据《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百一十一条的规定审查某1公司、张某明申请再审的理由是否成立。
+
+根据原判决及相关生效刑事裁定查明的事实,某2公司持有某3公司股权。张某荣有意购买某3公司,某1公司的法定代表人张某明参与谈判。2012年2月22日,张某荣实际以案外人深圳某某科技有限公司(以下简称某4公司)名义与某2公司、某1公司签订《股权转让协议》,协议约定某4公司需将股权转让款转账至某1公司监管账户……本协议订立后30个工作日内,未将人民币1863万元转账至某1公司账户内,本协议自动终止。2012年3、4月份期间,某2公司将某3公司交给张某荣等人投入生产。同年5月30日和7月3日,张某明分别将伪造的某1公司2012年5、6月份广发银行总行营业部明细单通过电子邮件发送给某3公司。随后,某3公司进行了相应的股权变更。张某明后续还出具了《承诺还款书》《请求谅解及同意书》,主要内容为愿意就1863万元承担还款责任。
+
+首先,关于案涉《股权转让协议》效力问题。刑事案件所查明的张某荣构成合同诈骗罪的犯罪行为,均在签订《股权转让协议》后,系合同履行中的行为。该行为不影响《股权转让协议》之效力,某1公司、张某明亦未提交证据证明案涉《股权转让协议》存在违反《中华人民共和国合同法》第五十二条规定之情形。故《股权转让协议》合法有效。张某明另主张《还款承诺书》系受胁迫书写,但并未提供相应证据;即便如其所述某2公司以刑事控告相威胁迫使其签署《承诺还款书》，因张某明伪造某1公司明细单的行为与某2公司遭受损失的结果直接相关，某2公司对张某明出具《承诺还款书》具有正当利益，且不存在手段与目的失衡之情形，张某明有关其受胁迫签署《还款承诺书》的主张本院不予支持。
+
+第二，某1公司作为资金监管方负有资金监管义务，应当将监管账户内资金情况如实披露。但某1公司法定代表人张某明为掩盖张某荣未按时付款的事实，伪造相应明细单提供给某3公司，导致某2公司误以为某4公司已付款，并进行某3公司的股权变更登记，其行为与某2公司的损失之间存在因果关系。张某明作为某1公司的法定代表人，某2公司有理由相信张某明的行为系代表某1公司，法律后果应由某1公司承担。张某明又以个人名义出具《请求谅解及同意书》，同意“以其名下下列财产给予某2公司相应赔偿，如该财产不能弥补损失，损失不足部分张某明另想办法予以赔偿。”据此，原审判令某1公司、张某明均承担赔偿责任并无不当。
+
+第三，在某2公司知悉款项并未实际支付后，以多种渠道向相关责任人主张权利，相关义务人亦作出相关还款承诺。2013年1月25日，张某荣、张某明等出具了《承诺还款书》；2013年2月18日，张某明又出具《请求谅解及同意书》；2013年8月22日某2公司向公安机关报案主张权利。某2公司积极主张权利的行为可以产生诉讼时效重新计算之法律效果，故其2014年12月25日提起本案诉讼，并未超过诉讼时效。
+
+最后，关于某2公司损失认定问题，合同约定的案涉股权转让款为1863万元。某1公司、张某明主张应按照以2013年8月20日为评估基准日计算得出的某3公司机器设备及产品、原材料的清算价值即1862162元计算损失。对此本院认为，案涉合同签订于2012年,明确约定股权转让款为1863万元,该1863万元是某2公司持有的某3公司股权的对价,亦是当事人真实意思表示。而清算系针对某3公司机械设备及产品原材料等,与某2公司所持有股权并非同一客体;且时间上看,该评估基准日晚于合同签订一年半后,此时张某荣等人亦控制某3公司进行生产一年有余,某3公司的相关资产变化情况亦与张某荣等人的经营密切相关。故某1公司、张某明主张以1862162元作为某2公司损失的计算依据,本院不予支持。
+
+综上,某1公司、张某明的再审申请不符合《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百一十一条规定之情形。依照《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百一十五条第一款、《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国民事诉讼法〉的解释》第三百九十三条第二款之规定,裁定如下:
+
+驳回东莞市某某咨询有限公司、张某明的再审申请。
+
+审判长 陈宏宇
+
+审判员 杨蕾
+
+审判员 朱科
+
+二〇二五年九月八日
+
+法官助理 申蕾
+
+书记员 王瀚葳
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_156_watermark_2x1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_156_watermark_2x1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ca5370e71d995d81f5221fb9f5f0c4740baf0ea3
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@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+
+# 中国式现代化视域下新时代工业文明的四维向度
+
+方锦波 王 智*
+
+摘 要:工业文明作为人类文明发展史的一个重要形态,不仅推动了生产力的飞跃,也深刻影响了社会结构、文化观念及生态环境,是中国式现代化重要的内涵与物质基础。中国式现代化是中国共产党领导中国人民历经百余年奋斗开创出来的一条崭新的现代化道路、一种创新的现代化模式、一种全新的人类文明形态,实现了对西方现代化的工业文明范式、单向度发展模式等多重超越。在此进程中,新时代工业文明呈现出独特的演进路径与特征。从中国式现代化的时序方位、实践主体、文明进程和发展路径四个层面,深入探讨新时代工业文明的历史向度、主体向度、规律向度和比较向度,以构建符合中国国情和时代特征的现代化工业文明体系,为新时代工业文明的发展提供新思路和实践方向。
+
+关键词: 工业文明;中国式现代化;中华文明;中华优秀传统文化
+
+中国式现代化,作为一种将传统与现代、农业文明与工业文明、城市文明与乡村文明深度融合的独特现代化范式,其核心旨归在于实现工业化。习近平总书记指出:“中国式现代化既有各国现代化的共同特征,更有基于自己国情的鲜明特色。”$^{①}$在这一现代化进程中,中国开辟了一条迥异于西方资本主义工业化路径的中国特色工业化之路。尤其是新时代以来,新型工业化道路在价值基础、动力机制、目标理念、发展模式以及对外关系等多个维度,均呈现出鲜明的中国特色。因此,在中国式现代化话语建构过程中,关键在于阐释新时代工业化发展道路与西方工业化道路的本质区别,从而增强人民对中国式现代化发展模式的认同。为此,从中国式现代化的时序方位、实践主体、文明进程和发展路径界定新时代中国工业文明的发展坐标,不仅为深入理解和把握新型工业化的内在逻辑提供了重要的方法论支撑,也促进了对中国现代化进程工业文明发展全貌的深刻洞察与全面理解。
+
+\* 方锦波,南京航空航天大学马克思主义学院博士生;王智,南京航空航天大学马克思主义学院院长、教授、博导。
+
+基金项目：本文系国家社会科学基金重点项目“中国共产党领导伟大社会革命的历史与逻辑研究”(项目编号:21ADJ002)、江苏高校哲学社会科学研究重大项目“江苏社会主义现代化建设试点与思政课教学资源开发研究”(项目编号:2024SJZDSZ005)、江苏省研究生科研创新计划项目“马克思产业工人队伍建设思想及其当代价值研究”(项目编号:KYCX25-0667)的阶段性研究成果。
+
+① 习近平:《习近平谈治国理政》第4卷,外文出版社,2022年版,第123页。
+
+## 一、从中国式现代化的时序方位把握新时代工业文明的历史向度
+
+中国式现代化是“文明更新的重要结果和重大成果”$^{①}$,新时代工业文明作为中国式现代化的关键形态,其发展历程既与中华文明的深厚底蕴紧密相连,又与世界工业化的宏大进程交互影响。从历史向度来看,新时代工业文明既是对过往文明的继承与超越,也是对未来发展的探索与创新。它不仅与中华优秀传统文化相接续,更在社会主义工业化建设的实践中不断融合发展,最终指向中华民族伟大复兴的宏伟目标。
+
+### (一) 起点方位：与中华优秀传统文化相接续
+
+新时代工业文明,作为中国特色社会主义现代化进程中的重要形态,其起点方位并非凭空产生,而是深深植根于中华优秀传统文化的沃土之中。这一文明形态,既是对传统工业文明的超越,也是对中华优秀传统文化的继承与发展。19世纪中叶以来,随着工业革命的浪潮逐渐波及中国,“中华文明逐渐开始式微,并被纳入了世界现代文明的新轨道和新秩序之中”$^{②}$。然而,在由工业文明主导的走向世界历史的进程中,西方列强并非真正接纳中国融入工业文明时代,而是企图通过不平等条约和殖民掠夺来控制和剥削中国。中华文明本身蕴含的“超越民族性、区域性的普遍要素和价值”$^{③}$,使得中华民族并未被动接受命运,而是尝试在保持文化主体性的基础上,在传统与现代之间开始了艰难的转型,这一过程是外力冲击与内生动力交织的结果,既是中华民族对工业文明认知与接纳的起点,也是其将自身传统文化与西方工业文明相融合的开始。这种融合不仅为新时代工业文明的构建提供了坚实的文化支撑与精神动力,也深刻揭示了中华文明在面对历史转折时,既能保持其连续性,又能展现出强大的创新性的双重特征。中华优秀传统文化通过文化的自我更新与创造,实现了与现代文明的和谐共生,展现了其独特的文化韧性与生命力。$^{④}$
+
+新时代工业文明在与中华优秀传统文化相接续中,“两个结合”扮演着重要的角色。习近平总书记在坚持“第一个结合”的基础上,创造性地提出了把马克思主义基本原理同中华优秀传统文化相结合的“第二个结合”⑤。这一结合不仅促进了马克思主义的中国化进程,还深化了中华优秀传统文化的现代阐释与活化利用。“第二个结合”通过融合马克思主义的科学性与中华优秀传统文化的智慧性,有效突破了传统农业文明制约下的陈腐观念的束缚,为新时代工业文明构建了一套积极的社会观念体系,突显了中国式现代化的文化根基和文明基因。譬如在面对工业化带来的环境危机时,“中国优秀传统文化中蕴藏着解决当代人类面临的难题的重要启示”$^{①}$,能够矫正传统工业化的痼疾,防止现代技术所包含的征服取向带来的人与自然之间的对立矛盾。中国虽是传统工业化模式的显著受益者,却能够率先提出并践行绿色发展、生态文明建设等具有前瞻性理念,并付诸实践,这正是“第二个结合”所赋予的文化自信与创新能力的体现。通过“第二个结合”,新时代工业文明在继承与发展中华优秀传统文化的同时,不断探索创新。这一实践不仅为全球工业文明的转型升级提供了中国方案,也展现了中华优秀传统文化在引领人类文明可持续发展道路上的独特价值与深远意义。
+
+
+① 仲音:《三个维度感悟中华文明现代力量》,《人民日报》2024年12月5日,第1版。
+② 刘凯强、郝保权:《从传统文明到现代文明:中华文明的历史转型与发展图景》,《科学社会主义》2023年第6期。
+③ 牛婷婷、刘昕:《具体普遍性视域下新的文化生命体的四维审视》,《理论月刊》2024年第10期。
+④ 杨嵘均、谢芷珺:《论“第二个结合”对中华传统文化未来发展的现代性规定》,《中国文化与管理》2024年第1卷。
+⑤ 习近平:《在文化传承发展座谈会上的讲话》,人民出版社,2023年版,第5页。
+
+### (二)发展方位:与社会主义工业化建设相融合
+在中国式现代化建设进程中,工业文明与社会主义工业化建设的深度融合,构成了国家现代化进程中的重要维度。社会主义工业化是对工业文明的继承、发展和超越。对于中国而言,近代以来的屈辱历史迫使中华民族寻求自强之路,而工业化则被视为实现民族复兴的关键。新中国成立后,特别是社会主义制度的确立,为工业化建设提供了根本的政治前提和制度保障。中国共产党通过一系列“五年计划”的制定与实施,明确了工业化的战略目标和实施路径,探索了“建立社会主义制度与工业化实践结合的客观规律”$^{③}$,逐步构建起较为完整的工业体系。改革开放以来,中国共产党进一步解放和发展社会生产力,实现了“生产力和工业化的双向互动”$^{④}$,促成了由工业基础薄弱向工业基础显著加强的重大转变,推动了社会主义工业文明的快速发展。新时代以来,新型工业化以其独特的内涵与路径,构成了工业文明的新样态,标志着工业文明发展迈入了一个崭新的阶段。概而言之,中国共产党开创了一条既区别于资本主义的工业化模式,也不同于苏联高度集中的计划经济体制的社会主义工业化发展道路,充分证明了人类可以创造出完全能够与西方道路和西方文明相媲美的另一条工业化现代化道路。$^{⑤}$
+
+中国共产党带领中国人民用一百年的时间追赶甚至超越西方工业文明,充分展示了无产阶级政党对文明强烈的正向塑造功能。尤其是新时代以来,新型工业化道路不仅在实践形态上深刻改变了人类社会现代化的发展,更在观念价值、思维方法上深刻塑造着人类社会现代化的认知。人们的思想观念和行为方式也随之发生深刻变革,对社会结构和文化观念产生了深远影响。同时,工业文明也深刻影响了中华民族的文化观念,传统农业文明中的保守、封闭思想逐渐被开放、创新的精神所取代。工业文明所倡导的效率、竞争、创新等价值观,成为新时代工业精神的重要组成部分。总之,社会主义工业化进程中形成的工业文化、工业精神,以及企业文化等新型文化形态,在深层次上重塑了社会结构和文化观念,丰富了中国式现代化的文化内涵,超越了“与工业文明相适应的人类中心主义的价值观念”$^{⑥}$。这一过程不仅展现了新时代工业文明在推动现代化进程中的重要作用,也揭示了中国式现代化道路的独特魅力和深刻意涵。
+
+
+① 习近平:《在纪念孔子诞辰2565周年国际学术研讨会暨国际儒学联合会第五届会员大会开幕会上的讲话》,人民出版社,2014年版,第6页。
+② 陈正辉、王智:《马克思主义基本原理同中华优秀传统文化相结合的历史起点论析》,《中国文化与管理》2024年第2卷。
+③ 魏志奇:《中国式现代化提升意识形态话语权研究》,《马克思主义研究》2024年第9期。
+④ 任保平:《论新质生产力与新型工业化的双向互动》,《学术月刊》2024年第7期。
+⑤ 金碑:《新型工业化与人类文明新形态》,《China Economist》2024年第2期。
+⑥ 张涛:《中国式现代化生态观的生成逻辑、理论意涵与世界意义》,《思想理论教育》2023年第11期。
+
+### (三) 目标方位:与中华民族伟大复兴相契合
+
+工业化作为推动经济社会发展的重要力量,其目标方位与中华民族伟大复兴的宏伟目标之间存在深刻的契合性,这种契合性不仅体现在两者共同的历史使命上,更彰显在它们相互促进、共同发展的内在逻辑之中。中华民族伟大复兴是中华民族近代以来的最高追求,工业化承载了百余年来实现中华民族伟大复兴的历史重任。$^{①}$ 实现国家的工业化,是近代以来中国无数仁人志士追求的目标和理想,凝聚了全体中国人民的共同愿景与期盼,体现了中华民族从沉沦中奋起、走向全面复兴的历史必然。中国工业化问题同“中国的民族独立、国家统一等问题捆绑在一起”$^{②}$,如果没有民族的独立自决,就不可能实现国家工业化。正如毛泽东同志在《论联合政府》中所说:“没有独立、自由、民主和统一,不可能建设真正大规模的工业。没有工业,便没有巩固的国防,便没有人民的福利,便没有国家的富强。”$^{③}$③以毛泽东同志为主要代表的中国共产党人把实现国家工业化,实现中华民族伟大复兴,作为中国共产党追求现代化的奋斗目标。
+
+中华民族伟大复兴的宏大目标在新中国工业化进程中得以具象化。在奠定基础的工业化阶段(1949—1978),这一阶段的核心任务聚焦于通过大规模的工业化建设,为国家经济的稳固发展奠定基石。在此期间,国家采取指令性计划配置资源,优先发展重工业,从而初步构建起新中国工业体系的基本框架。在解决小康目标的工业化阶段(1978—2012),这一阶段的目标是通过工业化解决温饱问题、实现小康社会。此阶段对计划经济时期过度侧重重工业发展的战略进行了调整,以纠正由此产生的经济结构不平衡问题。同时,工业化战略也更加注重满足市场需求和经济效益,出口导向工业化战略取得巨大成效。在实现共同富裕目标的工业化阶段(2012至今),这一阶段的目标是通过工业化实现共同富裕。新时代以来,在以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚强领导下,我国新型工业化发展取得了历史性成就,围绕推动工业高质量发展、构建现代化经济体系、建设“制造强国”等具体目标作出战略部署,不仅提出到2035年“基本实现新型工业化、信息化、城镇化、农业现代化”的远景目标,还着重强调新型工业化对强国建设的基础性作用,“坚持把发展经济的着力点放在实体经济上,推进新型工业化,加快建设制造强国、质量强国、航天强国、交通强国、网络强国、数字中国”$^{④}$。综上所述,中华民族伟大复兴的宏伟目标在工业化进程的不同历史阶段中得到了具体而深入的实践与展现,每一阶段均承载着特定的历史使命与发展目标。
+
+## 二、从中国式现代化的实践主体把握新时代工业文明的主体向度
+
+中国式现代化是中国共产党领导人民在实践中开创的。习近平总书记指出:“中国式现代化是亿万人民自己的事业,人民是中国式现代化的主体”$^{⑤}$。新时代工业文明在实践主体的维度上,展现出鲜明的特色与深刻的内涵。它以人民政党为领导核心,确保了发展方向的正确性与稳定性;以人民的实际需要为根本动因,使得新时代工业文明的发展始终与人民的福祉紧密相连;以人民的受益为最终的价值取向,彰显了其超越西方“物本逻辑”,而更加注重“人本逻辑”的先进理念。这一系列特征,共同构成了新时代工业文明在实践主体向度上的价值意蕴。
+
+
+① 徐坤、王智:《中国共产党推动中国工业化百年实践的基本经验》,《广西大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2021年第4期。
+② 朱佳木:《毛泽东是中国式现代化道路的开创者》,《马克思主义研究》2024第2期。
+③ 毛泽东:《毛泽东选集》第3卷,人民出版社,1991年版,第1080页。
+④ 习近平:《高举中国特色社会主义伟大旗帜为全面建设社会主义现代化国家而团结奋斗——在中国共产党第二十次全国代表大会上的报告》,《人民日报》2022年10月26日,第1版。
+⑤ 习近平:《中国式现代化是中国共产党领导的社会主义现代化》,《求是》2023年第11期。
+
+### (一) 人民政党：新时代工业文明发展的领导核心
+在中国式现代化进程中,社会主义工业化不仅是技术革新与经济增长的载体,更是人民主体地位彰显与社会全面进步的重要标志。其中,中国共产党作为新时代工业文明发展的领导核心,发挥着不可替代的作用。$^{①}$这一核心地位的确立,不仅是中国特色社会主义制度优越性的体现,也是新时代工业文明“人本逻辑”超越“物本逻辑”的关键所在。首先,中国共产党作为工业化建设的引领者,凭借深厚的理论素养、前瞻性的战略眼光和丰富的实践经验,以全新的文明叙事对工业文明进行解构与价值超越。新中国成立以来,中国共产党带领人民进行工业化建设,从“实现工业化”,到“实现四个现代化”,到“基本实现新型工业化”,深刻体现了党对工业化发展规律的深刻把握和对人民利益的深切关怀。$^{②}$其次,中国共产党统筹运用计划和市场的多元手段,依托中国特色社会主义市场经济体制,凭借强大的组织动员能力,将人民的力量凝聚成推动新时代工业文明发展的磅礴之势,通过构建覆盖广泛、运行高效的组织体系,激发人民群众的积极性和创造力,在一穷二白的基础上创造了经济社会快速发展奇迹,用几十年时间走完了发达国家几百年的工业化历程,成功推进了中国式现代化。
+
+同时,作为新时代工业文明发展的领导核心,中国共产党始终将公平正义作为制度设计的重要原则,通过建立健全相关法律法规和政策体系,“对旧工业主义资本运行逻辑扬弃”$^{③}$,保障人民在工业化进程中的合法权益,“防止资本无序扩张、野蛮生长”$^{④}$对人民利益的侵蚀。例如,通过完善劳动法律法规,保障工人的劳动权益和休息权利;通过实施产业扶贫政策,让贫困地区和贫困人口分享工业发展的红利。这些制度设计,不仅体现了党对人民利益的深切关怀,也彰显了新时代工业文明的正义性。此外,中国共产党还通过文化引领,为新时代工业文明的发展注入强大的精神动力,在社会主义工业化建设中形成的劳模精神、劳动精神、工匠精神、大庆精神、铁人精神等工业精神,不仅激发了人民群众的创造力,也塑造了新时代工业文明发展的独特文化品格。$^{⑤}$综上所述,中国共产党作为“人民政党”,佐证了传统的西方工业化道路并非人类进行工业建设、推动经济腾飞、实现现代化的唯一道路。
+
+
+① 谢茂松:《中国共产党的三重文明意义:文明型政党、形塑新文明、成为新文明》,《中国文化研究》2021年第3期。
+② 黄群慧:《“十四五”时期深化中国工业化进程的重大挑战与战略选择》,《中共中央党校(国家行政学院)学报》2020年第2期。
+③ 胡晓鹏、闫金:《资本逻辑、市场经济与中国式现代化——从西式现代化经验与困境看中国式现代化的理论特色》,《社会科学》2023年第10期。
+④ 习近平:《习近平谈治国理政》第4卷,外文出版社,2022年版,第173页。
+⑤ 王智、黄迎:《新中国工业精神的生成逻辑、基本内涵和时代价值》,《南京航空航天大学学报(社会科学版)》2022年第4期。
+
+### (二) 人民需要：新时代工业文明发展的根本动因
+
+新时代工业文明构筑了一种超越资本主义工业文明的、摒弃西方现代化发展定势的、能够不断满足人民对美好生活需要的发展形态,其深刻地体现了以人民为主体的“人本逻辑”,这一价值取向的哲学基础在于,人的全面发展是社会发展的最终目标,而人民需要的满足则是实现这一目标的重要途径。马克思指出“历史不过是追求着自己目的的人的活动而已”$^{①}$,强调了人的需要是推动社会发展的根本力量。一方面,人民的需要是新时代工业文明发展的根本动因和动力源泉。在新时代工业文明的发展过程中,人民对高品质生活、高效便捷服务、绿色生态环境的追求,构成了技术创新与产业升级的内在动力。另一方面,新时代工业文明的发展也在不断满足和创造着人民的新需要。工业化水平的提升为满足人民需要提供了更多的可能性与手段,促进了人民需要的进一步升级与拓展,这种互动关系构成了新时代工业文明发展的内在逻辑与动力机制。
+
+新时代工业文明的演进,不仅是技术逻辑与经济增量的简单叠加,更是一场涉及“人们思想观念和行为方式”的社会结构深刻变革与文化范式重塑的宏大叙事。$^{②}$在这一历史进程中,人民需求的多样性与层次性被赋予了前所未有的关照与实践回应。工业化的迅速发展与生产力的空前释放,不仅催生了人民群众对物质文化生活更为丰富多元的诉求,更标志着人类需求从基本生存的平面铺展向发展探索与享受体验的转变。在物质需求层面,人民对卓越品质的追求,成为驱动工业体系自我革新、持续升级的内在动力。智能制造的兴起,不仅实现了生产效率与产品质量的双重飞跃,更是个性化定制与差异化满足的生动实践,彰显了技术理性与人文关怀的深度融合,以及对生态平衡与人类福祉的深切关怀。在精神需求层面,新时代工业文明推动了信息与知识的广泛传播,人们对知识探索、艺术鉴赏、娱乐休闲的精神需求日益增强。大数据、人工智能、虚拟现实等数字技术的革新,使得文化内容的创造、传播与消费变得前所未有的便捷与高效。这不仅极大地拓宽了人类的精神世界,也大幅提升了社会的文化自觉与审美水平,展现了技术与人文交融共生的哲学意蕴。
+
+### (三)人民受益:新时代工业文明发展的价值取向
+
+在西方工业文明模式下,资源分配不均、贫富差距扩大是普遍现象,个体在高度机械化与异化的生产体系中逐渐丧失了主体性地位,成为马尔库塞笔下“发达工业文明的奴隶”$^{③}$,而新时代工业文明作为推动社会进步与经济发展的重要引擎,实现了对西方工业文明价值体系的深刻重塑,充分彰显了以人民为主体的“人本逻辑”价值取向。一方面,“人民受益”价值取向体现在对经济发展模式的根本转变上。新时代“五位一体”总体布局彰显了系统观念的科学布局,摒弃了单纯追求经济增长的线性模式,转向了以全面可持续发展为核心的多维范式。$^{④}$ 这一转型,不仅是技术革新与产业升级的表征,更是对“工具理性”霸权的超越,彰显了“价值理性”的复归。在此范式转换中,新时代工业文明所倡导的是一种“共生哲学”$^{⑤}$,即在人与自然、技术与伦理、效率与公平之间构筑一种动态的平衡。另一方面,新时代工业文明在微观层面重塑个体的生活方式与价值追求,使人在创造物质财富的同时,亦能实现精神世界的丰富与自由。
+
+
+① [德]马克思、恩格斯:《马克思恩格斯文集》第1卷,人民出版社,2009年版,第295页。
+② 刘晓敬:《走出新时代工业文明的中国道路》,《人民日报》2017年12月12日,第7版。
+③ [美]赫伯特·马尔库塞:《单向度的人:发达工业社会意识形态研究》,刘继译,上海译文出版社,2008年版,第28页。
+④ 周文、李吉良:《新质生产力引领人类文明新形态:生成逻辑与文明超越》,《中国人民大学学报》2024年第4期。
+⑤ 孙国柱:《共生概念与中国哲学的现代诠释》,《北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版)》2023年第6期。
+
+新时代工业文明“人民受益”价值取向还体现在对技术创新与应用的伦理导向上。技术创新是推动工业文明进步的关键力量,但在西方工业文明框架下,技术范式往往被资本逻辑所绑架,一味重视技术应用的经济指标,而忽视了技术应服务于人类福祉的初衷。新时代工业文明对技术创新进行了深刻的伦理审视与价值重塑,通过科学技术创新生成工业文明和信息文明,实现了中华文明的现代转型,技术创新不仅仅是经济增长的驱动力,更是实现社会公平正义、促进人的全面发展的关键。这一价值取向的深刻变革,旨在打破西方工业文明中技术与伦理的割裂状态,使技术创新不仅要追求效率与效益的最大化,更要关注技术成果分配的公平性,将技术的每一步进步都牢牢锚定于增进人民整体福祉的基石之上。此外,新时代工业文明还强调技术创新应促进人的全面发展,致力于构建一种让每个人都能自由全面发展其潜能的社会环境,实现了从“物本”到“人本”的根本性价值跃迁。在此过程中,个体不再是生产流程中的被动接受者,而是积极参与社会创造、共享发展成果的主体,从而构建一个既高效又充满人文关怀的工业文明新形态。
+
+## 三、从中国式现代化的文明进程把握新时代工业文明的规律向度
+
+中国式现代化不仅是一个物质文明积累的过程,更是一场推动人类文明进程的深刻变革。$^{①}$新时代工业文明在中国式现代化的文明进程中呈现出不同的规律向度。在融合创新中实现中华文明与现代工业文明的有机结合,在制度引领中探索符合中国国情的社会主义工业化道路,在价值重塑与升华中超越资本主义工业文明的内在局限,这些规律向度既体现了工业文明自身的发展逻辑,也展现出独特的中国特色和时代特征。
+
+### (一)在融合创新中实现中华文明与现代工业文明的有机结合
+
+中国式现代化将中华文明与现代工业文明相融合,“赋予中华文明现代力量”$^{②}$。在这一进程中,新时代高质量的工业文明,以其强大的动力加速推进了中国式现代化进程,为中华文明注入了现代化动力,$^{③}$也为现代文明的发展开辟了全新的思考维度与实践模式,既展现了工业文明的强大力量,又彰显了中华文明的深厚底蕴与无限可能。中华文明,作为世界上历史最悠久的文明之一,既蕴含着与西方工业文明相通相融的理性精神与创造活力,又在价值观层面与西方工业文明的某些核心理念形成了鲜明对比。在中国式现代化进程中,新时代工业文明的规律向度得到了新的诠释,其不再仅仅是技术革新和经济增长的代名词,而是与中华文明的哲学思想、社会结构、价值观念等深层次因素相融合。工业文明所蕴含的科技理性与中华文明中蕴含的伦理精神相互交融、相互对话,共同塑造了一种既具有现代性特征又蕴含深厚文化底蕴的文明新形态。其既牢牢扎根于现代性的土壤之中,充分汲取了现代科技的力量,又深刻融入了中华优秀传统文化中,展现了中华文明的独特魅力。这一进程不仅是对中华文明现代转型的深刻诠释,也是对全球现代文明多样性与发展路径的丰富与拓展。它在物质层面推动了社会生产力的飞跃,在精神层面完成了对现代性困境的超越。
+
+
+① 俞思念:《中国式现代化的文化形态:内涵与价值》,《北京大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2024年第1期。
+② 仲音:《三个维度感悟中华文明现代力量》,《人民日报》2024年12月5日,第1版。
+③ 李云峰:《新时代中国共产党对人类文明新形态的多维阐释——学习习近平关于人类文明新形态的重要论述》,《社会主义研究》2024年第5期。
+
+进而言之,在工业文明的推动下,中华文明实现了物质基础的构筑与升级,使生产力得到极大提升,为中国式现代化提供了强大的物质支撑。$^{①}$同时,工业文明所倡导的科技创新、效率优先等理念,也深深烙印在中华文明之中,成为推动其不断进步的重要动力。然而需要注意的是,工业文明作为一种构筑现代文明物质基础的工具,并非被机械地挪用,而是依托中华文明悠久的历史积淀与深厚的文化底蕴,进行的一场全面的内化与创造性转化。新时代工业文明在这一过程中也并未盲目追随西方工业文明所主导的、以物质增长为核心的单一进步叙事,而是在保持自身文化主体性的基础上,寻求传统与现代、本土与全球之间的和谐共生。一言以蔽之,这种融合创新不是以现代化的工业文明摒弃中华文明内在的文化基因,而是促进中华文明内在文化基因的现代化。正如习近平总书记所指出的:“只有立足波澜壮阔的中华五千多年文明史,才能真正理解中国道路的历史必然、文化内涵与独特优势。”$^{②}$
+
+### (二)在制度引领中探索符合中国国情的社会主义工业化道路
+
+社会主义制度开创了从农业文明向工业文明转变的新道路、新模式,深刻体现了中国特色社会主义的独特道路、理论体系、制度架构与文化内涵。在此形态下,新时代工业文明的发展被赋予了前所未有的新内涵与导向,展现了社会主义制度在推动工业文明进步中的核心引领力与塑造力。在这一过程中,社会主义制度“高效的社会动员机制和国家对社会发展重大事务的控制能力,为工业化积聚广泛的社会资源”$^{③}$,激发了工业发展的内在活力与创造力,为工业文明的持续繁荣注入了强大的动力与持久的生命力。并且,中国特色社会主义制度完整具备适应工业化与现代化趋势的所有制度要素,$^{④}$如公有制经济的主体地位,确保了国家能够集中资源、统筹规划,为新时代工业文明的快速发展提供强有力的政策扶持与资源配置。多种所有制经济的共同发展,激发了市场主体的活力与创造力,促进了新时代工业文明的多元化与创新性发展,形成了公有制经济与非公有制经济相互补充、相互促进的生动局面。此外,社会主义制度所蕴含的公平正义理念,确保了新时代工业文明的发展成果能够更公平地惠及广大人民群众,有效缓解了社会分化与矛盾,实现了工业文明与社会发展的深度融合与良性互动。
+
+同时,社会主义制度还为新时代工业文明注入了深厚的文化底蕴与价值导向。社会主义核心价值观,为新时代工业文明的发展提供了丰富的精神滋养与文化支撑,这种文化底蕴与价值导向的融入,不仅提升了新时代工业文明的内涵与品质,更为其可持续发展注入了强大的精神动力与道德支撑。在社会主义制度的引领下,工业文明的发展不再局限于经济层面的单一追求,而是更加注重经济效益、社会效益与环境效益的和谐统一。如通过政策引导、市场调控等手段,积极推动工业文明向绿色化、智能化、可持续化的方向转型;通过实施绿色发展战略,促进工业文明与生态文明的深度融合与协同发展;通过加强科技创新与人才培养,提升工业文明的创新能力与核心竞争力;通过深化对外开放,推动工业文明与国际市场的深度接轨与融合,为新时代工业文明的全球化发展开辟广阔的空间。总而言之,中国正迈进工业文明的新时代,建设具有中国特色的社会主义,其核心要义便是在坚持社会主义制度框架内,推动并实现工业文明的现代化转型与发展。
+
+
+① 方正:《中华民族现代文明的国家形态之维》,《马克思主义研究》2024年第2期。
+② 习近平:《在文化传承发展座谈会上的讲话》,人民出版社,2023年版,第5页。
+③ 郭根山、祝念峰:《马克思主义工业化理论及其中国化进程》,人民出版社,2011年版,第187页。
+④ 林毅:《“制治互洽”逻辑的重建:中国特色社会主义制度优势阐释的理论与实践之维》,《求索》2020年第1期。
+
+### (三) 在价值重塑与升华中超越资本主义工业文明的内在局限
+
+自工业革命以来,工业文明以其强大的生产力和变革力量,深刻地改变了人类社会的面貌,不仅推动了生产力的飞跃,还加速了全球化的进程。然而,西方现代化叙事范式往往预设了“西方中心论”的视角,这一视角在解释全球范围内尤其是与“工业文明”存在显著“代差”的社会转型时显得“捉襟见肘”,难以全面捕捉和阐释所有国家现代化进程的独特性与多样性。$^{①}$同时,工业文明在创造巨大物质财富的同时,也付出了巨大的环境代价和社会成本,如资源过度消耗、环境污染、生态破坏及社会分化等问题日益凸显。这些问题促使人们开始对工业文明的价值进行深刻反思,逐渐认识到其背后所隐藏的“野蛮性”原罪,以及这些原罪如何不断加剧着反人类的世界性劫难。$^{②}$在审视工业文明时,不能盲目崇拜,也不能全盘否定。对工业文明的全面否定,往往会连同其作为人类文明进步重要驱动力的工业体系一起被误判和抛弃,这无疑会严重阻碍现代经济体系的构建与发展,甚至可能导致社会进步的停滞。然而,肯定工业文明的历史地位,并非意味着要对其内在的矛盾与弊病无原则地接纳与纵容。因而,应在批判性的基础上对工业文明进行价值重塑,这既是对工业文明历史地位的尊重,也符合中国式现代化文明超越形态的发展要求。
+
+在中国式现代化的超越视野下,对工业文明的价值重塑不仅是对其历史地位的重新审视,更是对其未来发展方向的深刻思考。工业文明作为“一种构筑现代文明物质基础的工具,绵延不绝的中华文明需要利用这一工具来实现现代化的升级”$^{③}$,但同时也必须用中华优秀传统文化和社会主义文化来为工业文明注入新的内涵,使其更加符合可持续发展的要求。因此,不能一味袭用西方那种否定工业文明的思想传统,将工业文明简单地等同于现代文明。相反,应该在继承和发扬工业文明推动社会进步力量的基础上,融入绿色发展、创新驱动、以人为本、和谐共生的核心理念,对工业文明进行价值重塑。这样,不仅能够避免中国重蹈某些发达国家经济与社会脱实向虚的覆辙,同时还能塑造出中国式现代化所蕴含的超越性特质。通过这一过程,塑造出一个更加绿色、智能、和谐、可持续的工业文明新形态,为中华民族的伟大复兴和全球文明的进步作出更大的贡献。
+
+## 四、从中国式现代化的发展路径把握新时代工业文明的比较向度
+
+在中国式现代化视域下,新时代工业文明通过“人民至上”的价值超越、“创新驱动”的技术超越、“全面协调”的发展超越以及“独立自主”的战略超越,不仅实现了对西方工业文明的吸纳和发展,更突破了旧工业文明现代化模式的局限,标志着中国实现了从遭遇现代性危机到克服现代性危机、从追求现代化到实现现代化、走向全面现代化的根本转型。
+
+
+① 洪汛:《论中国共产党“中国式现代化”观念的历史演成》,《思想理论教育》2024年第11期。
+② 刘须宽:《中国式现代化是全新的人类文明形态》,《马克思主义研究》2023年第7期。
+③ 严鹏:《工业文明与现代文明:从同义词到物质基础》,《东方学刊》2024年第3期。
+
+### (一) 价值超越:以“人民至上”超越“资本至上”
+
+西方工业文明,作为资本主义发展的产物,其核心在于追求“资本的无限增值与利益的最大化”$^{①}$。在这一理念驱动下,西方工业化进程将包括自然资源在内的世间万物,均纳入了“为资本服务”的庞大系统中,从而构建起“一个普遍利用自然属性和人的属性的体系”$^{②}$。这种“由资本逻辑所驱动的现代工业文明的复合式增长”模式,尽管催生了前所未有的物质繁荣,但也带来了一系列深重的全球性危机。资源被过度集中于少数领域和利益群体,劳动者的合法权益被边缘化,社会的贫富差距进一步加剧,破坏了经济的均衡与可持续发展,社会公平与正义的原则面临严峻挑战。更为严重的是,在“资本至上”逻辑的引导下,西方工业化进程错误地将人与自然视为对立冲突的两方,自然被视为资本增殖的单纯工具,“自然界的一切领域都服从于生产”$^{③}$。这种观念导致了环境危机的频发,开启了人与自然之间对立冲突的恶性循环。
+
+新时代工业文明以“人民至上”摒弃了西方工业文明的“资本增殖”逻辑,依循的是以人民为中心,坚持“人民至上”的人本逻辑。这一理念强调,人民不是资本增殖的工具,而是驾驭资本的主体。这与西方工业文明遵循的以逐利性、扩张性和增殖性为本质规定的资本逻辑存在原则上的根本差别。一方面“人民至上”的理念体现在对社会全面发展的追求上,包括教育、医疗、文化、体育等各方面的均衡发展,以及社会公平正义的维护。通过工业化建设提高公共服务水平,促进人的全面发展,实现社会的和谐稳定。另一方面,在中国式现代化进程中,生态文明建设被提升到前所未有的高度,旨在通过积极倡导并实践绿色低碳的发展路径,同时全面加强生态环境的保护与修复,从而构建起一种经济发展与环境保护相辅相成、互为支撑的良性循环体系。从“资本至上”到“人民至上”,这不仅是价值观的转变,更是发展路径的革新,体现在以下三个方面。一是发展目标的转变。从追求单一的经济增长到追求经济、社会、环境的全面协调发展,体现了对人民福祉和可持续发展的高度重视。二是发展动力的转换。通过科技创新、制度创新、文化创新等多元动力,推动工业化和经济社会持续健康发展。三是发展成果的共享。从资本独占到成果共享,通过构建更加公平合理的收入分配制度和社会保障体系,确保人民共享工业化发展成果,实现共同富裕。
+
+### (二)技术超越:以“创新驱动”超越“资源依赖”
+
+西方工业化的历程,凭借其先发优势及对工业文明演进的巨大推动力,曾一度被奉为通往现代化殿堂的“独木桥”。然而,不难发现这条道路在当今世界的不可复制性,根源在于其资本原始积累的特殊性与复杂性。西方国家在工业化之初,往往借助殖民扩张、资源掠夺等残酷手段,完成了资本的原始积累。这一过程不仅伴随着对弱小民族的压迫与剥削,更在对外关系上种下了霸权主义与强权政治的恶果,企图建立以其为中心的国际秩序。正如马克思指出:“资 本来到世间,从头到脚,每个毛孔都滴着血和肮脏的东西。”$^{④}$这种资本积累模式,充斥着扩张的欲望、掠夺的残忍与野蛮的行径,与当今世界倡导的和平发展、合作共赢、共同繁荣的理念格格不入,也注定了其无法成为其他国家现代化的普遍路径。同时,由于单一工业文明意识的左右,西方工业化对自然资源和生态环境过度依赖,将自然视为“真正是有用物”$^{⑤}$,这种二元对立的思维模式,不仅导致了人与自然之间原本和谐共生的关系出现了裂痕,而且进一步催生了一种人类中心主义的价值观,即人类有权且应当利用日益先进的科学技术去改造甚至征服自然。在这一价值导向下,无节制地掠夺自然资源,最终造成了资源的过度消耗。
+
+
+① 郝立新、陈莹莹:《论中国式现代化蕴含的独特价值观》,《江西社会科学》2024年第8期。
+② [德]马克思、恩格斯:《马克思恩格斯文集》第8卷,人民出版社,2009年版,第90页。
+③ [德]马克思、恩格斯:《马克思恩格斯全集》第37卷,人民出版社,2019年版,第188页。
+④ [德]马克思、恩格斯:《马克思恩格斯文集》第5卷,人民出版社,2009年版,第871页。
+⑤ [德]马克思、恩格斯:《马克思恩格斯文集》第8卷,人民出版社,2009年版,第90页。
+
+与西方工业文明的“资源依赖”不同,新时代工业文明更加注重“创新驱动”,即依靠科技创新、制度创新、管理创新等多方面的创新活动,推动工业发展和经济转型。这种发展模式不仅显著增强了资源使用的效率性,还开拓了一系列新兴的增长动力源与竞争优势领域。党的二十届三中全会强调:“加快推进新型工业化,培育壮大先进制造业集群,推动制造业高端化、智能化、绿色化发展。”$^{①}$在此模式下,新型工业化的转型升级被赋予了新的内涵,即不再仅仅依赖于庞大的物质资源投入,而是在新质生产力的引领下,积极推动技术革新、知识积累与文化创新等非物质性生产要素的投入比重持续攀升,力求在最大限度上实现与资源消耗的有效解耦,从而开辟出一条可持续发展的新型工业化道路。从“资源依赖”到“创新驱动”,这不仅是发展模式的转变,更是发展理念的革新,深刻体现了“中国式现代化是人与自然和谐共生的现代化”$^{②}$。这种超越一是体现为发展动力的转换。从依赖自然资源到依靠创新驱动,实现了发展动力的根本性转变,为工业化提供了持续、稳定的动力源泉。二是体现为发展方式的转变。从粗放式、高消耗的发展方式到集约式、高效益的发展方式,实现了发展方式的根本性转变,促进了资源的高效利用和循环利用。三是体现为发展质量的提升。从注重数量扩张到注重质量提 升,实现了发展质量的根本性提升,推动了产业结构的优化和升级。
+
+### (三)发展超越:以“全面协调”超越“单向失衡”
+
+西方工业文明在追求经济利润最大化的过程中,逐渐暴露出“单向失衡”的倾向,不仅体现在社会层面,更深入人的发展及人与自然关系之中。在社会层面,西方工业文明凭借持续的技术革新、市场化的运作以及全球化的迅猛扩张,实现了生产力的跃升与经济的空前繁荣,但未能实现财富的公平分配,造成社会贫富分化、阶级对立,“贫困、劳动折磨、受奴役、无知、粗野和道德堕落的积累”$^{③}$。与此同时,西方工业文明将自然界的竞争法则与经济活动中的等价交换原则奉为圭臬,此举固然促进了物质财富的急剧增长,但也催生出“商品拜物教”,即社会中人的各种关系被物及其关系所统摄,导致人际关系被无情地物化,沦落为冷漠而机械的物质交换关系。在人的发展层面,西方工业文明推动了人类生存方式由“人对人的依赖”向“以物的依赖为基础的相对独立性”的转变。这一转变虽然为人的全面发展创造了一定的历史前提,然而其背后却潜藏着对人类自由本质的深刻遮蔽与严重束缚,使得人们在追求物质丰裕的同时,往往忽视了精神世界的丰富与自由个性的绽放,“人的生命则化为愚钝的物质力量”$^{④}$,使人的发展走向物性化、片面化。从人与自然的关系看,西方现代化以征服者的姿态面对自然,“使自然界(不管是作为消费品,还是作为生产资料)服从于人的需要”$^{⑤}$,无原则地破坏自然环境,使人与自然关系的异化。 面对西方工业文明的“单向失衡”困境,新时代工业文明提出了“全面协调”可持续发展理念,旨在实现经济、社会、文化和生态等多方面的均衡发展。在社会发展层面,新型工业化强调经济发展的质量和效益,而非单纯的数量和速度,旨在通过产业结构的优化升级、资源利用效率的显著提升、科技术创新的持续推动以及绿色发展的深入实施,逐步构建起一个更加高效、可持续的经济体系同时,通过合理的收入分配制度和社会保障体系,努力缩小贫富差距,构建平等公正和共同富裕的社会和谐模式。在人的发展层面,新时代工业文明深刻认识到“现代化的本质是人的现代化”$^{①}$,摒弃了“以资本逻辑为主导的物的现代化”这一传统观念,转而追求“物我协调发展的以人的主体价值为导向的新型现代化道路”。在生态层面,新时代工业文明将生态文明建设纳入国家发展总体布局,通过推动绿色低碳发展、加强生态环境保护与修复、构建生态文明制度体系等措施,努力实现人与自然和谐共生的美好愿景。正如习近平总书记指出的“我们要解决好工业文明带来的矛盾,以人与自然和谐相处为目标,实现世界的可持续发展和人的全面发展。”$^{②}$
+
+
+① 《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化的决定》，人民出版社，2024年版，第11页。
+② 《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化的决定》，人民出版社，2024年版，第38页。
+③ [德]马克思、恩格斯：《马克思恩格斯文集》第5卷，人民出版社，2009年版，第744页。
+④ [德]马克思、恩格斯：《马克思恩格斯文集》第2卷，人民出版社，2009年版，第580页。
+⑤ [德]马克思、恩格斯：《马克思恩格斯文集》第8卷，人民出版社，2009年版，第91页。
+
+### (四)战略超越:以“独立自主”超越“中心依附”
+
+在全球化进程中,发达国家作为“中心”,掌握着先进的科技、丰富的资源和强大的经济实力,而发展中国家则作为“依附”,往往被迫接受不平等的国际分工和贸易条件,成为发达国家的原料产地和商品市场。这一模式不仅构筑了二元对立的发展格局和国际分工体系,更加剧了国际经济的不平等。发展中国家往往面临着资源被掠夺、市场被控制、技术被垄断等多重困境,其发展空间与自主性受到严重限制。发达国家利用不平等的国际贸易规则,以低价获取发展中国家的原材料,再以高价倾销其工业品,从而榨取巨额经济利润。同时,发达国家还通过技术垄断和知识产权保护,限制发展中国家获取先进技术和知识,进而抑制其产业升级和创新发展。更为深远的影响在于,“中心—依附”这一模式缓缓地铸就了西方对工业文明的叙述方式,把工业文明的实际运作提炼成普遍适用的现代化标准,从而搭建起“工业文明等同于现代文明”的理论逻辑。在这一体系中,不平等的国际经济秩序被进一步固化,使得发展中国家难以摆脱贫困与落后的困境,甚至有可能深陷“贫困陷阱”与“依附陷阱”之中,无法自拔。
+
+中国式现代化是走和平发展道路的现代化。$^{③}$ 新时代工业文明秉持“独立自主”的发展战略,旨在促进国家经济的自主发展和国际地位的平等跃升。“独立自主是中华民族精神之魂,是我们立党立国的重要原则”$^{④}$,这一战略不仅是对资本主义“中心依附”模式的深刻反思和批判,更是对人类文明未来发展方向的积极探索和实践,其核心在于统筹国内和国际两个大局,构建内外联动、相互促进的发展格局。在国内大局上,新时代工业文明坚持独立自主、自力更生的原则,致力于加强基础设施建设,完善现代产业体系,着力提升产业链和供应链的完整性和稳定性,不断提高国家的经济安全性和发展韧性。同时,以开放包容的心态参与国际经济合作与竞争,充分利用国际市场和资源,推动经济实现开放型、包容性增长。在国际大局上,新时代工业文明坚定不移地走和平发展道路,正如习近平总书记强调,“走和平发展道路,是我们党根据时代发展潮流和我国根本利益作出的战略抉择”$^{⑤}$。新时代工业文明积极推动经济全球化朝着更加开放、包容、普惠、平衡、共赢的方向发展,倡导构建人类命运共同体理念,以期在全球层面推动建立更加公正合理的经济秩序。
+
+[执行编辑:春潮]
+
+
+① 中共中央文献研究室:《习近平关于社会主义经济建设论述摘编》,中央文献出版社,2017年版,第164页。
+② 习近平:《论坚持推动构建人类命运共同体》,中央文献出版社,2018年版,第256页。
+③ 《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革推进中国式现代化的决定》,人民出版社,2024年版,第47页。
+④ 《中共中央关于党的百年奋斗重大成就和历史经验的决议》,人民出版社,2021年版,第67页。
+⑤ 中共中央文献研究室:《习近平关于总体国家安全观论述摘编》,中央文献出版社,2018年版,第257页。
+
+**ance of Cultural Heritage** ... Cai Wencheng, Liu Fudong (17)
+
+**Abstract:** Xi Jinping's Cultural Thought, as the cultural section of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era, constructs a comprehensive framework for the protection and inheritance of cultural heritage through a series of original ideas, perspectives, and strategies, providing fundamental guidance for strengthening cultural heritage preservation in the new era. The theories of “Cultural Leadership”, “Cultural Mission”, “Cultural Innovation”, and “Civilizational Mutual Learning” within the context of Xi Jinping’s Cultural Thought, offer strong directives for cultural heritage protection and inheritance and define the principles and requirements for both aspects in the new era. To advance cultural heritage protection and inheritance under the leadership of Xi Jinping’s Cultural Thought in this new journey, it is essential to build an effective pathway system centered on key aspects such as “main direction”, “solid foundation”, “acceleration”, “community”, “driving force”, and “concentric circle”. This will comprehensively enhance the quality and efficiency of cultural heritage protection and inheritance in the new era.
+
+**Keywords:** Xi Jinping’s Cultural Thought; cultural heritage; pathway system
+
+**The Four-Dimensional Perspective of New-era Industrial Civilization in the Context of Chinese Modernization** ... Fang Jinbo, Wang Zhi (26)
+
+**Abstract:** Industrial civilization, a crucial form in human civilization development, has not only significantly driven productivity advancements but has also profoundly shaped social structures, cultural concepts and ecological environments. It serves as a vital component and material foundation of Chinese modernization. Chinese modernization, pioneered by the Communist Party of China and the Chinese people through over a century of struggle, is a unique modernization path, an innovative model, and a new form of human civilization. It achieves multiple transcendences over the western modernization, including its industrial civilization paradigm and unidimensional development model. In this process, industrial civilization in the new era exhibits distinct evolutionary trajectories and characteristics. This study explores the historical, subjective, regulatory, and comparative dimensions of industrial civilization in the new era from four perspectives: temporal positioning, practical agents, civilizational progress, and development pathways within the framework of Chinese modernization. It aims to construct a modernization-oriented industrial civilization system that aligns with China's national conditions and contemporary characteristics, providing new insights and practical directions for the development of industrial civilization in the new era.
+
+**Keywords:** industrial civilization; Chinese modernization; Chinese civilization; Chinese excellent traditional culture
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+# 中小学英语教学数字化转型：人工智能赋能的创新解决方案
+
+**刘晓斌 文娜娜** | 华南师范大学外国语言文化学院
+
+**摘要**：在信息技术迅猛发展的今天，人工智能凭借其文本理解与生成、语音处理、图像生成、智能体互动等能力，为解决传统语言教学存在的标准化与个性化矛盾提供了方法。人工智能在词汇教学方面可以助力开发词汇语料、复现词汇使用的语境、实现游戏化词汇学习，在听说教学方面可以通过语音合成技术助力听说材料开发、定制化智能体助力听说课堂实现多元互动，在阅读教学方面可以实现基于难度调控的分层教学、基于文生多模态资源的语篇教学，在写作教学方面可以提供精细化的参考语料、支持多模态写作、培养写作画面感，为实现精准化、个性化、智能化的英语教学数字化转型注入活力。
+
+**关键词**：数字化转型；中小学英语教学；人工智能
+
+传统的语言教学存在标准化与个性化的矛盾。在信息技术迅猛发展的今天，人工智能凭借其文本理解与生成、语音处理、图像生成、智能体互动等能力，为解决传统语言教学存在的矛盾提供了方法。借助人工智能，教师可以基于学生学情，生成定制化的英语教学资源，促使教学从以往的“教师+教材+考试”模式转变为以“教师引领+数字化资源+学生数字素养培育”为中心的个性化人才培养模式$^{[1]}$。
+
+不论是《普通高中英语课程标准（2017年版2020年修订）》（以下简称“《高中课标》”），还是《义务教育英语课程标准（2022年版）》（以下简称“《义教课标》”）都强调英语教学要重视信息技术$^{[2-3]}$。本文将结合语言学理论和《义教课标》《高中课标》，探索人工智能赋能词汇、听说、阅读、写作教学的创新方式，为实现精准化、个性化、智能化的英语教学数字化转型提供参考。
+
+## 一、词汇教学
+
+在词汇教学方面，人工智能不仅可以帮助开发词汇语料，而且可以帮助复现词汇使用的语境，还可以通过自主编程实现游戏化词汇学习，助力词汇教学从碎片化、单一化向结构化、多样化转变，改善学生的学习体验。
+
+### (一) 词汇语料开发
+
+#### 1. 词块资源库建构
+
+无论是《高中课标》还是《义教课标》在“课程内容”中都要求“积累词块,扩大词汇量”$^{[4-5]}$。词块指“在自然语篇中通常一起出现的词汇序列,即特定语域内出现频率最高的词汇的组合”$^{[6]}$。积累词汇有助于“提高学习者语言理解和产出的顺畅性和准确度”$^{[7]}$。然而,在实际教学中,词块学习资源存在系统性不足、针对性不强、内容庞杂等问题,导致学生无法建构系统的词块资源库,教师在编制词块学习资料时也比较费时费力。生成式人工智能平台(如豆包、DeepSeek、Kimi等)基于本身丰富的语料训练,可以根据指令语生成针对性强且个性化的词汇搭配语料,为学生提供高质、精炼的词块学习资源,赋能词汇教学。在实际操作中,教师应从词汇的搭配数量、内容结构、内容用途、难度水平等四个方面撰写指令语,生成该词的词块及其用法的资源库。
+
+下面以高考英语中的高频词“personal”为例进行具体阐述。教师在Kimi的指令框中写下指令语:personal是高考英语中的高频词汇,请帮我列出至少5个其最常见的搭配,并提供英文例句及其中文释义,例句必须为应用文和记叙文常用的句子,难度为Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR)的B1左右(附高频词库供筛选)。据此,Kimi生成如图1所示的排版清晰、针对性强、难度适宜的personal的词块搭配及例句语料(为真实呈现指令语或(和)人工智能的生成情况,其中的个别表达错误不作修正。下同),助力学生的语言理解和产出。
+
+
+图1 Kimi生成的关于personal的词块搭配及例句语料
+
+#### 2. 词汇的分类筛选与系统汇总
+
+培养学生的核心素养,落实立德树人根本任务,帮助学生形成正确的价值观和必备品格,是《义教课标》和《高中课标》的根本要求,也是英语教学的应有之义。词汇是语言学习的基础,学生的理解和产出都基于词汇。因此,教师可以以词汇为基点,将词汇教学与价值观融合,帮助学生掌握正能量词汇,落实立德树人根本任务,实现语言工具性和人文性的统一。具体而言,教师可以借助人工智能,先筛选出有积极情感的、正能量含义的词汇,拓展学生的词汇知识库,然后依据筛选出的词汇的情感类型及其反映的主题、学生的语言水平生成词汇库。具体的指令语可如下:请帮我列出有积极情感的、正能量含义的高考英语中的高频词汇,并提供英文例句及其中文释义,例句必须反映积极的话题,如青少年成长、公民的美德、优秀的品格等,难度为CEFR的B1左右(附高频词库供筛选)。
+
+### (二) 词汇使用语境的复现
+
+语言输入频率是语言习得的重要因素之一$^{[8]}$。Nation的研究表明,对大多数学习者来说,要记住所学词汇,该词汇至少需要重复出现七次$^{[9]}$。这种复现不是孤立的,需要教师在日常教学活动中“结合主题语境,不断地复现有关词语……有意识地促使学生在讨论中使用新学的词语”$^{[10]}$。然而,教材由于容量的限制,往往无法在课文中实现词汇的高复现率。专门针对语言教学的人工智能平台,如Twee,可以生成包含目标词汇的阅读语篇,帮助学生在语境中复现词汇。在实际操作中,教师应从主题、目标词汇、学生的语言水平、文体类型、语篇长度等入手撰写指令语,生成个性化、同主题的多源阅读材料。
+
+如在教学外研版义务教育教科书《英语》九年级上册 Module 7 Great books 中 Unit 2 A book review of *The Adventures of Tom Sawyer*时,教师可以利用如图2所示的Twee的Create a Text on Any Topic with Your Vocabulary 功能生成一篇介绍Mark Twain的长度为250~350词、难度为CEFR的B1的短文,并指定需要复现的目标词汇。当然,教师也可以使用其他人工智能平台,输入类似的指令语,帮助学生在同主题的不同文体下实现词汇的复现学习。
+
+### (三) 游戏化词汇学习
+
+传统的词汇教学往往以教师为主体,忽视了学生的主观能动性和学习动机,学生主动参与意识不强$^{[11]}$。游戏化教学是指基于游戏机制,提升学习动机,从而促进学习的一种教学方式$^{[12]}$。在人工智能时代,数字游戏作为一种多模态符号系统,可以通过图像、音频、文本等建构多感官刺激的情境,激发学生学习的兴趣,促进语言学习$^{[13]}$。在实际教学中,教师可以借助人工智能(如豆包、DeepSeek等)的编程功能,输入指令语(可以包含内容要求、游戏场景、触发条件、界面设置等),快速生成游戏化词汇学习界面,促使学生在多感官刺激的人机互动和即时反馈中,掌握词汇在具体语境中的含义。需要指出的是,游戏化词汇学习可以用于课前预习,激活学生的背景知识,也可以用于课后,让学生完成多义词匹配作业,帮助学生在轻松愉快的环境中学习词汇,提高学生英语学习的效果。
+
+图2 借助Twee的Create a Text on Any Topic with Your Vocabulary 功能生成关于Mark Twain的语篇
+
+## 二、听说教学
+
+听是语言技能之一,是语言输入的重要方式之一。通过听力输入,学生可以感知语音、语调,并在接受可理解性输入的基础上拓展词汇搭配、语法结构和文化背景方面的知识。在听说教学方面,人工智能不仅可以通过语音合成技术助力听说材料开发,还可以通过定制化智能体助力听说课堂实现多元互动。
+
+### (一)语音合成技术助力听说材料开发
+
+相较于阅读材料,学生所能接触的听说材料数量有限,且可能存在内容过时等问题。人工智能的语音合成技术可以轻松实现将文字转化为语音,助力教师实时调整听说文本,动态开发听说材料。例如,教师可以在TTSMAKER这一技术平台中设定语速、音量、音高、停顿等,将文字转化为语音,拓展学生的听说资源。再如,教师可以使用由讯飞星火认知大模型提供的人工智能英语教师助手平台设置对话发音人,生成互动对话的音频。借助上述两个人工智能平台,听说教学资源可以实现从教材官方的有限供给转向教师的自由定制,极大地丰富学生的听说学习资源。
+
+### (二)定制化智能体助力听说课堂实现多元互动
+
+根据互动假说理论,对话中的互动比单独的可理解性输入更有利于二语习得$^{[14]}$。在互动过程中,学习者可以通过意义协商(negotiation for meaning)获得可理解性输入,还可以接受到反馈从而调整输出$^{[15]}$。然而,传统的师生或生生课堂互动模式多依赖于教材预设的场景,场景单一,导致学生参与性不足,同时由于教师与学生知识储备的局限,话题延伸讨论的空间有限,难以培养学生在真实语境下的交际能力。应用于教育领域的智能体具有英语发音纯正、地道,模仿人类行为、思考等特点,可以扮演同伴、导师、助手等虚拟角色,与学生进行交互$^{[16]}$。在听说教学中,教师可以利用定制化智能体,即自主创建可以用于课堂互动的智能体,在课堂上实现人机交互。在设置指令语时,教师应通过对智能体名称、声音、语言等的设定,使其符合目标交际人物的需要。下面以沪教版义务教育教科书《英语》九年级上册 Unit 7 The adventures of Tom Sawyer 的 Listening A为例进行具体阐述。教师可以利用豆包的智能体功能,创建一个马克·吐温智能体(其指令语如图3所示),建构仿真对话场景,让学生在完成听的任务后与其进行对话,询问其基本信息、写作灵感等,帮助学生打破时空局限,了解文学创作的秘密,拓展语言学习的内容[17]。
+
+
+
+图3 利用豆包生成马克·吐温智能体的指令语
+
+## 三、阅读教学
+
+在阅读教学方面,教师不仅可以利用人工智能实现基于难度调控的分层教学,为学生提供难度适配的阅读资源,而且也可以利用人工智能生成多模态教学资源,实现基于文生多模态资源的语篇教学。
+
+### (一)基于难度调控的分层教学
+
+输入假说强调,可理解性输入可以帮助学生有效习得语言,可理解性输入的语言材料难度水平应为“i+1”,其中“i”代表学习者当前的水平,“i+1”意味着稍高于当前的水平$^{[18]}$。《高中课标》和《义教课标》都明确指出,教学内容应循序渐进,难度逐级提升,体现层次性,满足学生个性化学习需要$^{[19-20]}$。这就需要教师针对学生当前的语言水平进行定级,制订基于难度调控的分层学习材料,促进学生语言习得。已有许多研究证明,分层阅读教学有助于提高学习者的阅读素养和阅读效率$^{[21]}$。
+
+早期的文本改编依靠教师或专家自身的知识和经验$^{[22]}$,工程量巨大,需要经过反复多次调整词汇、句法难度才能实现。随着技术的发展,目前许多人工智能经过海量的语料训练,已具备难度定级的常见指标(如CEFR)。其中,个别专门化的人工智能(如Twee)在难度定级和文本改编方面已比较成熟,可以生成比较精确的分层教学语篇$^{[23]}$。以Twee为例,其基于CEFR对文本难度进行定级,教师可以在其中选择文本的语言难度,生成精准化的分层教学内容,也可以让其针对同一话题生成不同难度和体裁的文章,在为学生提供适配的阅读材料的同时,让学生对比感受不同文体的特点,帮助学生树立体裁意识。
+
+### (二)基于文生多模态资源的语篇教学
+
+《高中课标》指出,看的技能在新媒体时代日趋重要,其“通常指利用多模态语篇中的图形、表格、动画、符号以及视频等理解意义的技能”$^{[24]}$。落实到实际教学中,教师应为学生提供多样的多模态资源,帮助学生形成多元读写能力。在人工智能时代,人工智能的文生图像(如豆包、即梦等)、文生视频(如可灵人工智能、有言人工智能等)等功能,可以根据要求生成定制化多模态教学资源。下面以《朗文·外研版新概念英语(新版)2》Lesson 53 Hot snake为例进行具体阐述。教师可以利用豆包的文生图像功能,对文本故事进行分镜处理,制作如图4所示的图文连环画,让学生看图说话或看图复述,使英语学习变得更加有趣和富有吸引力,提高学生参与课堂活动的积极性$^{[25]}$,培养学生理解多模态信息的能力。
+
+
+
+图4 利用豆包生成的图文连环画
+
+## 四、写作教学
+
+在写作教学方面,人工智能不仅可以为学生的语言表达提供精细化的参考语料,提升学生语言表达的精准性,而且可以支持学生开展多模态写作,还可以培养学生的写作画面感。
+
+### (一)提供精细化的参考语料以提升表达的精准性
+
+《高中课标》指出,要培养学生运用词汇准确理解和确切表达意义的能力$^{[26]}$。然而,在目前的高中英语写作中,学生往往存在盲目生搬硬套高级词汇和表达、用词准确性欠佳等问题。要改善学生的上述问题,就要让学生理解同义词的区别,学会根据不同语境选择恰当的词汇。人工智能可以为具体文章的用词生成丰富的语料,帮助学生理解同义词的区别,提升表达的精准性。如针对学生在写作中出现的关于情绪表达用词单一、准确性欠佳的问题,教师可以借助DeepSeek,让其在指令语“请给我列出轻度、普通、高度三个级别程度的表达紧张心情的英语词汇和短语,并各提供一个记叙文常用例句,难度为CEFR的B1”的指导下生成如图5所示的表达不同程度紧张心情的词汇及其例句,帮助学生学会辨别不同词汇的语义区别,熟悉其使用语境,提高语言表达的精准性。
+
+图5 表达不同程度紧张心情的词汇及其例句
+
+### (二)人工智能支持的多模态写作
+
+当前教材中多强调通过卡片、海报、小册子等多模态形式展示创作或汇报学习成果,实际上就是要求培养学生运用各种模态符号进行交际的能力$^{[27]}$。有学者认为,这种展示创作或汇报学习成果的过程,往往需要学生花费较多时间在与语言学习无关的创作上$^{[28]}$。许多生成式人工智能具备快速生成跨模态资源的功能,如文生图像、文生视频等,这无疑能节省大量的非语言创作时间。如在教学教科版义务教育教科书《英语》四年级上册 Module 2 My house 这一单元时,教师可以设置题为“My Dream House”的海报设计活动,让学生以小组为单位讨论dream house 并撰写文章,然后借助人工智能的文生图像功能,形成多模态语篇,培养学生有效使用多模态语篇来表达思想的能力。学生在人工智能平台上输入的语篇及其生成的图像如图6所示。
+
+
+图6 学生在人工智能平台上输入的语篇及其生成的图像
+
+### (三) 借助文生图像功能培养写作画面感
+
+写作画面感是指通过细致生动的文字描写,让读者在阅读时脑中浮现相应的画面。画面感体现的是学生头脑中建构鲜活具象场景的能力和精准的语言运用能力,其常运用于读后续写中。读后续写常要求学生运用详细、生动的语言描写展现情景、态度和感情。然而,大多数学生很难在把握前文情节的基础上展开充分、细致的想象,进而运用准确、生动的语言来精细表达。究其原因可能在于学生缺乏感官刺激,无法想象出具体、细致、丰富的画面。在人工智能时代,教师可以利用人工智能的文生图像功能,将学生要写作的内容生成图像,为学生提供感官刺激,帮助学生双通道同时接受信息,建立两者之间关系,进而加工信息$^{[29]}$。
+
+总之,人工智能赋能的中小学英语教学正为实现精准化、个性化、智能化的英语教学数字化转型注入活力。对于教师而言,人工智能赋能的中小学英语教学可以减轻其教学资源开发的压力,聚焦个性化指导。对于学生而言,人工智能赋能的中小学英语教学可以丰富他们的学习资源,创新他们的互动方式,进而提升他们的语言技能。
+
+## 参考文献：
+
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+doi: 10.12012/CJOE2022-0035
+
+# 价格扭曲对电力市场供需失衡的影响研究
+
+柴建,万欣,寇红红,赵明潇,张晓空
+
+(西安电子科技大学经济与管理学院,西安 710126)
+
+**摘要** 本文就中国电力供给短缺问题展开研究,考虑煤炭价格等因素对电力市场生产的影响,运用影子价格法构建了电力价格扭曲指数测度模型,同时将潜在产出和消费理论应用于电力市场,基于HP 滤波分解法,构建了电力市场供需缺口测度模型,并创新性的从非对称角度,通过非对称自回归分布滞后模型(NARDL)和时变参数的向量自回归模型(TVP-SV-VAR)分析电价扭曲与电力供需失衡之间的非线性时变关系,研究结果表明:我国电力价格市场化机制不够完善,上游电价长期低估,价格扭曲正向变动将加剧电力市场的供需失衡,其次,价格扭曲对电力市场供需缺口的影响存在非对称的传递效应,即价格扭曲负向变动减小电力供需缺口效应比正向变动加剧失衡的效应更显著,这表明推进电价市场化可以缓解电力价格扭曲,有效解决电力供需失衡的问题,最后,电力价格扭曲和电力供需失衡容易形成互相抬升的动态趋势,且两者之间影响系数呈逐渐增强,本文对目前电力价格的市场化水平及其扭曲效应科学合理的预估提供了参考,为建立电力价格非对称政策调节机制提供了理论依据。
+
+**关键词** 电力供需失衡;电力供需缺口;电力价格扭曲指数;非对称性
+
+**收稿日期:** 2022-04-14
+**基金项目:** 国家自然科学基金 (71874133);陕西高校青年创新团队;西安电子科技大学研究生创新基金
+**Supported by** National Natural Science Foundation of China (71874133); The Youth Innovation Team of Shaanxi Universities; Graduate Innovation Fund in Xidian University
+**作者简介:** 柴建,西安电子科技大学经济与管理学院教授,博士生导师,博士,研究方向:能源风险管理和宏观经济计量等; E-mail: chaijian0376@126.com;通信作者:万欣,西安电子科技大学经济与管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:能源经济、源环境系统等; E-mail: 13993168010@139.com;寇红红,西安电子科技大学经济与管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:能源经济、能源环境系统等; E-mail: kouhonghong@xidian.edu.cn;赵明潇,西安电子科技大学经济与管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:能源经济、能源环境系统等; E-mail: 1530683048@qq.com;张晓空,西安电子科技大学经济与管理学院硕士研究生,研究方向:能源经济、能源环境系统等; E-mail: ZhangXiaoKong1996@outlook.com.
+
+# Price Distortion Effects on Power Market Supply-Demand Imbalance
+
+CHAI Jian, WAN Xin, KOU Honghong, ZHAO Mingxiao, ZHANG Xiaokong
+
+(School of Economics and Management, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China)
+
+**Abstract** This paper examines the problem of the power supply shortage in China.The paper considers the effects of various factors on power production and uses the shadow price method to incorporate the coal price factor into the power price distortion index measurement model. Then, the theory of potential output and consumption is applied to the power market. Based on the HP filter decomposition method, the supply-demand gap measurement model is used to evaluate the imbalance of power market. In the context of asymmetry, this paper uses the nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) model and the time-varying parameter-stochastic volatility-vector autoregression (TVP-SV-VAR) model to analyze the nonlinear time-varying relationship between power price distortion and power supply-demand imbalance. Results indicate an imperfect market mechanism of electricity pricing in China or a long time, upstream power prices have been undervalued. Moreover, price distortion and positive change will aggravate the supply-demand imbalance in the power market. Another finding is the asymmetric effect of price distortion on the supply-demand gap in the electricity market. The negative change of price distortion reduces the supply-demand gap more significantly than the positive change exacerbation of the imbalance. Thus, promoting electricity price marketization can alleviate the electricity price distortion and effectively solve the problem of power supply-demand imbalance. Finally, electricity price distortion and the supply and demand imbalance can form a trend of dynamically mutual uplift, and their influence coefficients would gradually increase. This paper provides a logical estimate of the marketization level and distortion effects of electricity pricing and a scientific and theoretical basis for establishing an asymmetric policy regulation mechanism for electricity prices.
+
+**Keywords** power supply-demand imbalance; power supply-demand gap; power price distortion index; asymmetry
+
+## 1 引言
+
+2020年三季度以来,我国多省市、多地区出现了不同程度的“电荒”现象,部分地区甚至开始拉闸限电,这是继2004年、2010年以后,我国出现的第三次全国大范围长周期的“电荒”.电力作为能源转型的中心环节,碳减排的关键领域,突发性的“电荒”不仅会造成居民用电危机,工厂被迫停产和社会秩序混乱等一系列问题,而且会给电力市场的安全和可持续发展带来威胁.直观来看,“拉闸限电”和完成全年“能耗双控”目标之间存在着较为直接的联系,是各地为了完成目标而主动限电的无奈之举,但其可能根本原因:一方面,结合国家能源局披露的2021年上半年各省能源双控完成情况晴雨表来看,仅少部分限电省份能耗双控超标,限电最严重的省份反而“双绿灯”.另一方面,“电荒”并非能耗双控政策下的新现象,电力供需平衡变动随着经济环境的复杂化,呈现周期性特征.因此,探究电力供需失衡背后的原因和优化路径是我国电力市场稳定及韧性发展过程中亟须解决的问题.
+
+电力短缺的本质是电力市场供需失衡.从需求方面来说,经济驱动是电力消费增长的重要因素(林伯强(2003)).我国发电量和用电量之间的比值自2016年以来一直稳定在1.0左右,近年来随着中国经济发展进入新常态,发电量和经济增长的关系也趋于稳定。2021年发电量的高速增长和经济增长状况类似,电力需求的增长并未对发电系统造成超出以往水平的过高负荷。随着中国电力市场供需格局从“以需定供”转向“以供定需”,电力失衡的主要因素可能来源于供给端。就电力供给方面来看,发电水平受装机容量,电力企业开工时间和天气等因素的影响,使得电力供给市场一直存在较强的波动性。十三五以来,全国电力装机容量增速能够满足全社会用电量增速的需求,装机容量充足(2020年发电设备平均利用小时数处于历史上较低水平),电力供给不足可能是因为受限于电力企业开工时间或化石燃料的不足。纵观中国几次大范围“电荒”,都伴随着“市场煤”和“计划电”的价格矛盾,其根源在于僵化的电价机制下,电力供给无法灵活适应市场需的变化(于立和王建林(2008))。我国当前各电源、电价体系均以煤电为基础,燃煤发电电价变动影响整个电价体系,同时电价调整受管控,且电价调整有多上浮少下浮的惯例。近年来我国多次提出生产要素市场化,但煤电矛盾延续二十多年仍悬而未决,煤炭作为发电主要成本构成,其价格自1993年放开之后市场化效果显著,煤炭供需变动价格上企时发电企业成本随之上涨,然而电力价格受到政府的管制无法反映真实的均衡价格,即电力价格扭曲。电厂无法承担计划内的发电出现掉频、掉峰现象,最终导致“拉闸限电”等现象频发。基于此,本文从电力供给端价格信号传导受阻切入,以电力价格长期处于扭曲状态为研究锚点,在考虑经济发展和电力替代能源等影响因素的基础上,通过建立电力价格扭曲指数和电力供需缺口测度模型,揭示我国电力市场供需失衡的非对称影响机制,对于我国电力市场深化改革,减小电力市场不确定性保证能源安全有着重要的研究意义。
+
+## 2 文献综述和本文贡献
+
+本研究与以下两类文献密切相关,第一类是要素价格扭曲指数的测算:电力作为经济活动中重要的生产要素,其价格扭曲程度可以反映价格市场化水平。新古典经济学认为完全竞争市场中要素不存在价格扭曲,但实际生产中行政垄断、市场分割、政府管制等往往会导致要素价格背离其最优价格,因此要素市场价格扭曲可以定义为由于资源配置不合理时生产要素价格与其最优价格的背离程度。现有研究主要通过三种方法测度要素价格扭曲:生产函数法、非参数估计方法和成本函数法。生产函数法是最早的常用于测算生产要素价格扭曲度的方法。Hopper and David (1965), Sahota (1968), Ram (1980) 运用生产函数法,使用C-D (Cobb-Douglas production function) 生产函数,分别对印度、美国农业中的要素价格扭曲程度进行了测算。史晋川和赵自芳 (2007) 在生产函数方法的基础上,引入超越对数生产函数(translog production function) 模型,这种方法可以有效避免 C-D 生产函数参数估计困难和单位替代弹性假设下可能产生偏误的缺陷。非参数估计分析方法有数据包络分析法和随机前沿分析法,赵自芳和史晋川 (2006) 运用数据包络分析法,通过线性规划构建一个非参数前沿,测度要素技术效率损失来衡量中国制造业因资源错配导致要素价格扭曲问题等。数据包络分析法不需要设定具体的函数形式,有助于避免函数设定偏误。Skoorka (2000) 最早用随机前沿分析法,比较最优生产可能性曲线与实际生产可能性之间的差距来衡量要素扭曲度,随机前沿分析法在测度过程中无需进行过多假设,并且经济含义更加丰富。成本函数法由 Atkinson (1980, 1998) 提出,是基于成本函数构建的影子价格模型,在成本最小化约束下通过一系列变换得到要素的真实价格和影子价格的关系表达式,从而计算出要素的绝对价格扭曲系数.陶小马等(2009)在 Atkinson 研究的基础上,考虑了外部管制对企业的约束,提出了一般化的成本模型,对中国工业生产要素中能源价格扭曲程度进行了测度.对于要素价格的扭曲效应相关研究主要集中在劳动力,资本土地资源配置不合理情况下其价格扭曲对技术进步和技术溢出等的影响(毛其淋(2013),李永等(2013)),能源市场对于经济发展的作用不断加强,能源市场要素价格扭曲的研究也不断丰富,林伯强和杜克锐(2013)利用面板数据的固定效应 SFA (stochastic frontier approach)模型和反事实计量的方法研究要素价格扭曲的对能源市场的传导机制.Zhao and Hu (2020)利用生产函数法,研究了电力价格市场化对于能源效率的非对称影响.
+
+第二类是电力市场供需失衡的影响机制的相关文献:在我国实际经济生产中,电力市场供需
+失衡常常表现为电力短缺,因此相关学者从电力市场供给短缺的角度对电力市场供需失衡的影响机制进行研究:Correlje and Linde (2006)将电力短缺分为突然出现和缓慢出现的电力短缺.研究结果表明缓慢出现的电力供给缺口是因为发电产能投资滞后造成的能源供应不足.Batlle (2007)等将电力短缺划分为短期,长期问题,研究表明中期电力短缺更容易发生于装机容量和资源管理不足的情况下.国内对于电力市场的研究集中于电力供给或者消费单方面影响机制的研究.电力供给方面,Cheng (2013)等人用发电量衡量电力供需状况,探讨电力短缺对中国经济的影响.刘洽和赵秋红(2015)分析了电价补贴政策等三类政策对不同电源发电量的影响机制.Mideks and Kallbekken (2010)综述了气候变化对电力生产的影响.电力需求方面,刘自敏等(2019)等通过广义迪氏指数分解法(generalized divisia index method, GDIM)将电力消费的变化分解成经济规模等八个效应,分析了电力消费量变化的影响因素及其贡献程度.柳瑞禹和叶子菀(2014)应用SVAR (structural vector auto regression)模型研究,分析GDP等变量与高耗能行业电力消费的动态关系.
+
+综上所述,首先关于要素价格扭曲测度方面的研究存在以下不足:非参数估计不能估计每种
+要素的价格扭曲程度,生产函数法函数设定受到市场扭曲的影响容易产生函数设定偏误,且很少
+研究有考虑电力生产上游价格对其价格扭曲的影响.其次,仅管国内外文献对电力市场供需失衡原因,形成机理已经做了大量研究,但少有从电力价格扭曲效应的非对称性角度,对中国电力市场供需失衡的影响机制进行定量研究.基于以往研究的贡献和不足,本文的创新点主要有以下几个方面:第一,本文使用基于成本函数的影子价格法,创新性的利用煤炭与电力生产中的多元关系,将煤炭价格纳入电力价格指数测度模型,给出了电力价格扭曲指数的测度模型,为衡量电力价格市场化水平提供新的思路.第二,建立了电力市场的供需失衡估计模型.本文考虑到电力市场供需平衡具有趋势性和周期性特征,电力真实的供需缺口难以通过现有数据直接得到,因而运用HP 滤波(Hodrick Prescott filter) (Hodrick and Prescott (1997))分析电力潜在产出和潜在消费水平,对电力供需缺口进行科学估计.第三,考虑到现实经济社会中,价格机制传导往往存在非对称性,因此本文采用非对称自回归分布滞后模型(nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag model,NARDL)和具有时变参数的向量自回归模型(time varying parameter-stochastic volatility-vector auto regression model, TVP-SV-VAR)模型,研究电力价格对电力市场供需失衡之间的非线性关系,为进一步建立电力市场非对称政策调节机制提供理论基础.
+
+## 3 度量指标、研究方法与数据说明
+
+### 3.1 指标测度模型
+
+#### 3.1.1 电力价格扭曲指数测度模型
+
+要素价格扭曲可以分为绝对扭曲和相对扭曲,本文选取电力价格绝对扭曲系数来测度电力价格的市场化程度,基于前文对三类要素价格扭曲测度方法分析,本文运用基于成本函数法的影子价格法构建了电力的价格扭曲指数测度模型,大致思路如下:基于成本函数法得到完全竞争能源市场假设下的两种能源的边际技术替代率关系表达式,考虑到能源市场受政府管制的影响,进一步引入管制函数,得到管制约束和能源市场成本最小化条件下能源边际替代率的表达式,电煤是发电的投入生产要素受政府管制,而市场化的煤炭是电力的替代能源之一,煤电生产过程中其他投入忽略不计,得到电力和煤炭两种约束下的边际产出和各自影子价格关系式,结合影子价格理论得到电力影子价格表达式,最终得到电力价格扭曲系数,首先,聚焦能源市场将其看做一个单独的市场,能源市场的主要生产要素投入有四类,分别是:石油(O)、煤炭(C)、电力(E)和天然气(G)(其余能源投入忽略不计),传统新古典模型中,企业成本最小化是要素产出的约束下的结果,因此,新古典能源市场成本最小化模型可以表示为:
+$$\min_{x} C = P^{T}X,\tag{1}$$
+上式中 C 为能源市场的总成本, $P^T$ 为能源市场要素投入向量, X 为价格向量, $f(x)$ 表示生产函数, Q 表示能源总产出, 据此可以得出能源市场成本最小化的拉格朗日函数表达式:
+$$L = P^T X - \lambda(f(x) \ge Q),\tag{2}$$
+根据公式(2)可以得到能源市场成本最小化下,两种能源的边际技术替代率关系的表达式:
+$$MARTS_{ij} = -\frac{MP_i}{MP_j} = -\frac{P_i}{P_j}(i, j = O, C, E, G),\tag{3}$$
+公式(3)是在完全竞争市场假设下得到的,实际情况中能源市场往往受到政府的管制的约束,借鉴 Lasseere and Ouellette (1994) 对于管制函数的设定,提出考虑管制函数的能源市场成本最小化的表达式:
+$$\min_{x} C = P^{T}X(\text{s.t. } f(x) \ge 0, R(P, X, \phi) \le 0),\tag{4}$$
+上式中, R 为管制函数, φ 为管制参数,根据上式可以得到考虑外部管制的能源市场成本最小化的拉格朗日函数表达式:
+$$L' = P^T X - \lambda(f(x) \ge Q(x)) - \sum_k u_k R_k(P, X, \phi), k = 1, 2, \dots, m,\tag{5}$$
+根据公式(5),可以得到能源市场成本最小化下,两种能源的边际技术替代率的表达式:
+$$MRTS'_{ij} = -\frac{MP'_{i}}{MP'_{j}} = -\frac{p_{i} + \sum_{k} u_{k} \frac{\partial R_{k}}{\partial x_{i}}}{p_{j} + \sum_{k} u_{k} \frac{\partial R_{k}}{\partial x_{j}}} = -\frac{p_{i}^{s}}{p_{j}^{s}}, i, j = O, C, E, G,\tag{6}$$
+设煤炭单位发电量为 $\beta, i = C, j = E, p_C^s$ 是电煤的影子价格, $p_E^s$ 是电力影子价格, $MP_C' = \beta MP_E'$, (6)式可以化简为:
+$$\beta = \frac{p_C^s}{p_E^s},\tag{7}$$
+(7)新古典经济学认为,竞争市场的价格机制可以引导市场走向一般均衡,当资源处于最佳分配状态时,其边际产出价值为该资源的影子价格(周鹏和安超(2022)).本文借鉴 Atkinson and Halvorson (1984)提出的一般成本模型,引入一个影子成本函数 $C^S = C^S(DI * P^T, Q)$. DI表示电力价格扭曲系数,$p_E$为电力实际价格,在有外部约束的条件下,电力影子价格和实际价格的关系可以表示为:
+$$p_E^S = DI * P_E,\tag{8}$$
+将(8)式代入(7)式,得到电力价格扭曲指数的表达式:
+$$DI = \frac{1}{\beta} \frac{p_C^S}{p_E}.\tag{0}$$
+#### 3.1.2 电力供需失衡测度模型
+
+电力供需失衡可以用电力供需缺口来衡量,即电力需求和电力供给的差值,通常用电力消费和发电量数据作为研究电力需求和供给的统计数据,然而在实际经济中电力供给受阻时,发电量数据无法体现有效利用现有经济资源下的潜在电力产出水平,因为发电量和用电量基本持平,此时真实的电力需求数据无法从电力消费数据中得到,电力消费量和发电量的差值也就无法体现真实的电力供需缺口,鉴于此本文借鉴相关研究对于潜在产出和潜在消费的定义和估计方法(徐忠和贾彦东(2019), Phillips and Jin (2021),李研和洪俊杰(2021))使用HP滤波法估计电力的潜在产出和潜在消费水平,进而预估真实的电力供需缺口水平和动态演变趋势,假定一个经济时间序列 $X^T$ 包含趋势成分 $X_t^T$,和循环波动成分 $X_t^c$,即 $X_t = X_t^T + X_t^c$, HP 滤波法就是在损失函数最下的约束条件(10)下,将 $X_t^T$ 从 $X^T$ 中分离出来, $X_t^T$ 即表示潜在产出或潜在消费:
+$$\min \sum_{t=1}^{N} (X_t - X_t^T)^2 + \lambda \sum_{t=1}^{N} \left[ (X_{t+1}^T - X_{t+1}^T) - (X_{t-1}^T - X_{t-1}^T) \right]^2,\tag{10}$$
+根据(10)式写出潜在电力产出和真实电力产出关系式和潜在电力需求和真实电力需求的关系式:
+$$\min \sum_{t=1}^{N} (Y_t - Y_t^*)^2 + \lambda \sum_{t=1}^{N} \left[ (Y_{t+1}^* - Y_{t+1}^*) - (Y_{t-1}^* - Y_{t-1}^*) \right]^2,\tag{11}$$
+$$\\ \min \sum_{t=1}^{N} (S_t - S_t^*)^2 + \lambda \sum_{t=1}^{N} \left[ (S_{t+1}^* - S_{t+1}^*) - (S_{t-1}^* - S_{t-1}^*) \right]^2,\tag{12}$$
+$T$表示时间, $Y$表示实际电力产出, 即发电量, $Y^*$表示潜在电力产出, $S$表示实际电力消费量, $S^*$表示潜在电力需求, $\lambda$表示平滑参数, 是HP滤波的经验参数, 为了避免损失更多数据信息保证影响机制检验的准确性, 本研究将$\lambda$设置为100. 同时为了方便计算, 对供电线损不计, 选择发电量作为$Y_t$, 全社会用电量作为$S_t$, 通过HP滤波对发电量和电力消费数据进行分解, 得到潜在电力产出$Y^*$和潜在电力消费$S^*$, 进一步得到电力供需缺口$EG$:
+$$EG = S^* - Y^*.\tag{13}$$
+
+### 3.2 研究方法
+
+#### 3.2.1 NARDL 模型
+
+相关研究表明现实经济活动中,经济变量传导往往具有非对称性(曹伟等(2019)),考虑到价格扭曲传导效应可能存在着非对称性,本研究采用NARDL 模型来精准识别电力价格扭曲对电力市场的非对称性传导机制,该模型可以将解释变量分解为正向和负向变动的累积效应,研究变量之间长短期传导的非对称性,同时也可以很好地应用于非平稳序列和平稳序列的组合,首先在Pearson et al. (2001)研究的基础上,构建电力价格扭曲对供需失衡的线性自回归分布滞后模型(ARDL),同时该模型是一个误差修正模型:
+
+$$\Delta EG_t = \alpha_0 + \alpha_1 EG_{t-1} + \alpha_2 DI_{t-1} + \alpha_3 GDP_{t-1} + \alpha_4 GP_{t-1} + \alpha_5 CP_{t-1} + \\
+\sum_{j=1}^{p-1} r_j \Delta EG_{t-j} + \sum_{j=1}^{q-1} (\lambda_j \Delta DI_{t-j} + \theta_j \Delta GP_{t-j} + \pi_j \Delta CP_{t-j} + \varphi_j \Delta GDP_{t-j}) + \varepsilon_t,\tag{14}$$
+
+
+其中,EG为电力供需缺口,DI为电力价格扭曲系数,GDP为国民生产总值,GP为天然气价格,CP为石油价格,Δ代表一阶差分,εᵢₜ为残差项,p,q表示最大滞后阶数,α₁, α₂, α₃, α₄, α₅表示长期影响系数,对应的λⱼ, θⱼ, πⱼ, φⱼ表示短期影响系数. 其次基于Shin et al. (2014) 提出的NARDL 模型, 将电力价格扭曲系数分解为正向变动累积和DI⁺负向变动累积和DI⁻两部分, 定义如下:
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\mathrm{DI}_t^+ &= \sum_{j=1}^{t} \Delta \mathrm{DI}^+ = \sum_{j=1}^{t} \max(\Delta \mathrm{DI}_j, 0), \tag{15}\\
+\mathrm{DI}_t^- &= \sum_{j=1}^{t} \Delta \mathrm{DI}^- = \sum_{j=1}^{t} \max(\Delta \mathrm{DI}_j, 0),\tag{16}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+基于电力价格扭曲系数向不同方向变动的情况下,对电力供需缺口变动长短期非对称的传递效
+应,建立长期均衡关系式子如下:
+$$EG_t = \alpha_0 + \beta_1^+ DI_{t-1}^+ + \beta_1^- DI_{t-1}^- + \beta_2 GDP_{t-1} + \beta_3 GP_{t-1} + \beta_4 CP_{t-1} + u_t,\tag{17}$$
+
+其中, $\beta_1^+$, $\beta_1^-$ 表示电力价格扭曲对于电力供需缺口的非对称传递效应, $\beta_2$, $\beta_3$, $\beta_4$ 分别表示天然气价格, 石油价格和 GDP 对于电力市场供需缺口的长期传递效应. 将 (15), (16) 式带入 (14) 式, 建立的非对称自回归分布滞后模型 NARDL 的误差修正形式:
+
+$$\Delta EG_t = \alpha_0 + \alpha_1 EG_{t-1} + \alpha_2^+ DI_{t-1} + \alpha_2^- DI_{t-1} + \alpha_3 GDP_{t-1} + \alpha_4 GP_{t-1} + \alpha_5 CP_{t-1} + \\
+\sum_{j=1}^{p-1} r_j \Delta EG_{t-j} + \sum_{j=1}^{q-1} (\lambda_j^+ \Delta DI_{t-j}^+ + \lambda_j^- \Delta DI_{t-j}^- + \theta_j \Delta GP_{t-j} + \pi_j \Delta CP_{t-j} + \varphi_j \Delta GDP_{t-j}) + \varepsilon_t, \tag{18}$$
+
+其中 $\beta_1^- = -\frac{\alpha_2^-}{\alpha_1^-}$, $\beta_1^+ = -\frac{\alpha_2^+}{\alpha_1^+}$, $\beta_2 = -\frac{\alpha_3}{\alpha_1}$, $\beta_3 = -\frac{\alpha_4}{\alpha_1}$, $\beta_4 = -\frac{\alpha_5}{\alpha_1}$ 为各个变量对电力供需缺口的长期传递效应, $\lambda_j^+$, $\lambda_j^-$, $\theta_j$, $\pi_j$, $\varphi_j$ 表示各个变量对电量供需缺口的短期传递效应. 对模型进行协整检验和非对称检验, 根据 Shin et al. (2014) 的建议, 使用 F 统计量 FPSS 来检验是否存在着长期的非对称关, 原假设为:
+$$H_0: \alpha_2^+ = \alpha_2^-,\tag{19}$$
+$$H_1: \alpha_2^+ \neq \alpha_2^-,\tag{20}$$
+其次,为了检验是否存在长期和短期的非对称关系,可以使用 Wald 检验,其原假设为:
+$$H_0 : \beta_1^+ = \beta_1^-, \tag{21}$$
+$$H_1: \beta_1^+ \neq \beta_1^-, \tag{21}$$
+$$H_0: \sum_{j=1}^{q-1} \lambda_j^+ = \sum_{j=1}^{q-1} \lambda_j^-\tag{23}$$
+$$H_1: \sum_{j=1}^{q-1} \lambda_j^+ \neq \sum_{j=1}^{q-1} \lambda_j^-\tag{24}$$
+#### 3.2.2 TVP-SV-VAR 模型
+
+向量自回归是计量经济分析中一种基本计量经济工具,应用广泛,传统的VAR 模型中系数和方差是假设恒定不变的,在许多情况下,经济变量的数据生成过程似乎具有随机波动的漂移系数和冲击,此外,随着时间推移、制度变迁和政策偏好等因素的不断变化,经济系统中可能会发生大的结构性突变,这时VAR 模型由于忽略扰动中波动性的可能变化,估计的时变系数可能会有偏差,近年来,为了捕捉经济中潜在结构的时变性质,随机波动也逐渐纳入到 TVP-SV 模型中,本文拟采用 Primiceri (2005)提出的具有时变参数的向量自回归模型(TVP-SV-VAR),该模型将所有参数设定为一阶随机游走过程,该模型的系数和协方差矩阵都可以随时间变化,可以很好地描述变量间的非线性关系和动态特征,在实际应用层面更具优势,TVP-SV-VAR 模型一般表达式如下:
+
+$$
+y_t = X_t \beta_t + A_t^{-1} \sum \varepsilon_t, \varepsilon_t \sim N(0, I_k).\tag{25}
+$$
+
+式中 $y_t$ 是 $k × 1$ 阶向量, k 代表变量个数, $t = s + 1 , · · · , n, ⊗$ 表示 Kronecker 乘积, $X_t =I_k ⊗ ( y'_t-1 , · · · , y'_t-s ) $, 参数 β_t, 矩阵 A_t, ∑_t 均为时变性的状态方程, 分别为自回归系数矩阵, 同期关系矩阵和方差 - 协方差矩阵, 令 α_t 表示矩阵 A_t 中下三角中元素的堆积向量, $h_{jt} = log_2^2( j =1 , · · · , k ; t = s + 1 , · · · , n ) , h_t = ( h_1t, · · · h_kt )'$ 表示对数随机波动率矩阵, TVP-SV-VAR 模型中所有参数服从一阶随机游走过程即:
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} \beta_{t+1} = \beta_t + u_{\beta t} \\ \alpha_{t+1} = \alpha_t + u_{\alpha t} \\ h_{t+1} = h_t + u_{h t} \end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} \varepsilon_t \\ \beta_t \\ \partial_t \\ h_t \end{pmatrix} \sim \begin{bmatrix} 0, & I & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \sum \beta & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \sum \alpha & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \sum h \end{bmatrix},\tag{26}
+$$
+其中$\beta_{s+1} \sim N(u_{\beta 0}, \Sigma_{\beta 0})$，$\alpha_{s+1} \sim N(u_{\alpha 0}, \Sigma_{\alpha 0})$，$h_{s+1} \sim N(u_{h 0}, \Sigma_{h 0})$，假设$\varepsilon_t, u_{\beta t}, u_{\alpha t}, u_{h t}$时变参数的冲击是不相关的，$\Sigma_\beta, \Sigma_\alpha, \Sigma_h$是正定的，采用马尔可夫链蒙特卡罗模拟（MCMC）对模型进行估计。
+
+### 3.3 数据说明
+
+本文建立电力供需失衡测度模型得到电力供需缺口估计值,EG(百亿千瓦时)表示.动力煤是动力原料的煤炭,一般狭义上就是指用于火力发电的煤,我国动力煤市场交易活跃,因此选取动力煤市场最有代表性的秦皇岛5500千卡动力煤综合交易价作为电煤的影子价格,用psC(元/千克)表示,表示单位供电标准煤耗,标准煤是7000千卡的煤炭,动力煤和标准煤通过等热值进行换算.因为研究侧重电力上游供给端导致的电荒问题,因此选取选择燃煤机组发电统一的标杆上网电价作为电力的实际价格,用pE(元/千瓦时)表示.基于以上数据构建了电力价格扭曲指数作为核心解释变量,用DI表示,因为煤炭价格已经纳入电力价格扭曲系数,这里选取电力的替代能源天然气价格与石油价格作为控制变量,我国天然气和石油对外依存度较高,考虑到国际能源市场对我国能源市场有显著的风险溢出效应且市场化程度较高,本研究选取具有代表性的美国天然气价格和英国布伦特原油价格,其次考虑经济增长因素,用国内生产总值表示,这几个解释变量分别用 GP(美元/千万英尺),CP(美元/桶),GDP(万元/季度)表示,样本使用季度数据,为了排除季节性扰动,用X12方法对数据进行季节性调整,为保证样本充足和实验的可靠性,选择数据跨度涵盖了21世纪之后几次电荒发生的时间,为2004年1季度至2021年3季度,原始数据均来自于Wind数据库.
+
+## 4 指标测度与影响效应实证结果分析
+
+### 4.1 指标测度结果
+
+如图1所示,电力价格扭曲指数始终大于1,表示我国电力价格长期处于低估状态,电力价格扭曲指数正向变动表示电力影子价格和实际价格比值变大,负向则表示比值变小,电力价格扭曲正向攀升表示电力价格相对其影子价格持续走低,电力价格市场化水平较低,电力供需格局震荡,上游供给链偏紧,负向变动则表示电力价格不断趋近市场化最优水平,电力市场上下游交易活跃,资源配置合理,电力供需缺口与电力价格扭曲指数变动伴随经济发展发展表现出一定的周期性,且供需缺口对价格扭曲指数存在一定滞后,两者走势高度相似,因此电力价格扭曲与电力供需缺口之间可能存在显著的相关性,就两者走势变动幅度来说,供需缺口跟随电力价格扭曲同时上升的幅度与伴随价格扭曲下降的幅度不同,因此电力价格扭曲指数攀升和下降对电力供需缺口可能存在非对称性的影响,2004年、2010年和2020年价格扭曲指数引起电力供需缺口向上攀升的幅度逐渐变大,和我国几次电荒时间一致.
+
+## 4.2 电力市场供需失衡影响机制实证结果分析
+
+本文使用 NARDL 模型研究电力市场供需失衡的影响机制,在做 NARDL 模型前,要保证变量是平稳的或者为一阶单整序列,因此对所有变量依次进行单位根检验,由于不同的检验方法存在不同的检验水平畸变和检验功效的损失,因此为了提高单位根检验的可靠性,本文根据变量的数据特征,采用ADF统计量和PP统计量进行单位根检验,检验结果如表1所示,EG、DI、GP、CP、GDP均是0阶或者1阶单整,满足NARDL模型对数据平稳性的要求.
+
+
+
+图 1 电力供需缺口与电力价格扭曲指数时间序列图
+
+#### 4.2.1 电力价格扭曲指数传导效应分析
+
+本文模型的最优滞后阶数根据 AIC 准则来选择, NAEDL 模型的估计结果如表 2 所示. 估计结果表明电力点个扭曲对电力供需缺口存在正向的非对称传导效应. 首先, 电力价格扭曲正向累积时, 对供需缺口的长期传递效应在 5% 的水平上显著. 这表明, 电力价格正向扭曲扩大 1%, 会导致电力供需缺口增加 0.4649%. 当电力价格扭曲为负向累积时, 长期传递系数为 1.2432 且显著, 表明电力价格负向扭曲扩大时, 电力供需缺口将减小 1.2432%. 这一结果的现实意义是: 当电力影子价格受市场影响变动, 电力实际价格未得到及时合理的调整, 电力价格扭曲将加剧电力市场失衡, 反之当电力价格扭曲程度得到缓解时, 将有效减小供需失衡缺口.
+
+其次, 如表 2、3 所示, 电力价格正向扭曲和负向扭曲对于供需缺口影响系数存在差异, 且长期非对称性检验 WLR 统计值未拒绝原假设, 短期非对称检验 WSR 拒绝原假设. 这表明电力价格扭曲对与电力供需缺口在存在长期显著的非对称性传导效应. 原因可以从以下两方面进行解释: 第一, 电力价格扭曲正向变动累积时, 电力实际价格逐渐偏离其影子价格. 电力的实际价格受到政府的管控, 调整频率低且调整幅度小, 供电煤耗受限于行业技术进步, 短期处于稳定且长期变化幅度小. 因此电力价格扭曲指数变化主要源于煤炭价格的波动. 煤炭价格上涨, 发电厂成本上升, 发电厂发电意愿减弱从而开工时间下降, 电力上游供给偏紧出现电力短缺. 当煤炭价格下行, 电力价格上调或供电煤耗下降时, 价格扭曲系负向累积, 市场化程度较高, 发电企业开工意愿和时间修复, 电力短缺得以缓解. 第二, 电力价格扭曲的负向累积对于电力供需失衡传导效应大于正向累积的传导效应, 这是因为首先电力价格正向扭曲时, 即使成本上涨, 为了弥补已投入的沉没成本, 发电厂会在边际收益为正的情况下被动承担一部分亏损继续生产, 同时为了避免缺电现象的进一步扩大和加深, 政府也会采取发电补贴和税收减免等优惠政策刺激电力生产. 同时我
+国电力价格有着上调不下调的惯例,当煤炭价格处于下降通道时其发电相对成本优势突出,火力发电会取代一部分成本较高的可再生能源发电,缓解电力短缺问题.
+
+表1 平稳性检验
+| 差分序列 | ADF 检验值 | PP 检验值 | | ΔEG | 3.123748**(0.0296) | -2.6449378***(0.0088) | | ΔDI | -5.061147***(0.0005) | -5.129977**(0.0472) | | GP | -3.697506**(0.029) | -3.62948***(0.0075) | | ΔCP | -6.341982***(0.0000) | -6.076698***(0.0000) | | ΔGDP | -12.12288***(0.0001) | -15.70192***(0.0001) |
+注: *, **, *** 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平.
+
+#### 4.2.2 控制解释变量传导效应分析
+
+本文选取天然气价格(GP),石油价格(CP),GDP作为控制变量,研究其对电力供需失衡的影响,根据表2估计结果,天然气价格对电力供需失衡传导效应显著且天然气价格短期上涨将加剧电力供需失衡,而长期将减小电力供需缺口,这个现象可以这样解释:我国天然气对外依存度约为41%,美国天然气作为全球天然气重要增量来源,市场化程度较高,对我国能源市场市场的影响显著,天然气具有清洁高效和使用方便等特性,在我国能源结构转型将发挥重要作用,近年来在温室气体减排,大气污染治理和能源结构转型的驱动下,天然气发电占我国电源比例稳步提升,但是短期来说,发电结构的显著优化还需要较长时间来实现,无论是从能源消费总量还是电力装机规模来看,天然气在我国能源体系中占比短期仍然较小,其价格变动对电力市场的影响更多是集中在量的影响,而非结构性影响,天然气价格的突然上涨将进一步削减天然气发电的成本优势,天然气发电量将一定程度上缩减,但天然气价格持续上企将抑制了天然气作为发电燃料的竞争力,天然气的需求弹性远远强于煤炭,燃煤发电成本优势增强且在发电结构中占主要地位,对发电企业来说,煤炭市场的不确定性降低,燃煤发电企业预期收益的引导作用也在逐渐凸显,生产积极性更强,煤发电将替代更多的天然气发电,电力供需缺口随之缩减.
+石油价格对电力供需缺口的短期传递系数显著,长期不显著,国际油价短期上涨,将推动大宗商品价格的整体走高,电力行业从运输到生产的成本跟随上涨致使发电企业利润缩减甚至亏损,开工时间减少,电力供给水平下降,政府通过上调电力价格和对发电企业进行补贴等一系列措施调节电力市场供需平衡,由价格上涨导致的软缺电逐渐得以缓解,长期来看,油价上涨对我国电力市场的影响有限,长期石油价格波动的驱动因素相较于短期是显著不同的,短期内供给和需求在短期内往往是缺乏弹性的,供给端石油开采和勘探水平在短期内不能得到较大的提升且政策效应在短期难以凸显,且随着我国能源结构的不断优化和“油改气”等政策的推进,我国电力市场相对石油价格波动表现逐渐表现出一定的独立性.
+经济增长在对电力市场供需的长期传递效应显著,标明经济增长将加剧电力市场的失衡,经济增长是电力需求变动的根本性影响因素,而电力需求变动又决定了电力供给——即发电装机及其波动水平(林伯强(2003)).回顾历次“电荒”危机可以发现,我国的电力发展一直处于“需求增长-电力紧张-大建电源-电力过剩-刺激消费-需求增长-电力紧张”的循环中,电力与经济紧密相关,经济发展将带动电力发展,同样经济周期性波动会导致电力的周期性波动,经济周期的上升阶段,电力消费表现为强周期特征,即电力消费会以比GDP更快的速度扩张,我国电力投资周期滞后于电力消费周期,即电力投资(装机)与电力消费(经济增长)的增速变化趋势相反,电力投资波峰(波谷)与电力消费波谷(波峰)相对应,这种滞后的不断扩大必然会使电力供给增长滞后于需求的增长,加剧市场供需失衡从而电力投资对经济的支撑作用下降,ADF统计量和PP统计量进行单位根检验,检验结果如表3所示,EG、DI、GP、CP、GDP均是0阶或者1阶单整,满足 NARDL 模型对数据平稳性的要求.
+
+表 2 NARDL 模型估计结果
+| 变量 | 系数 | t 值 | P 值 |
|---|
| 短期传递系数 | | | | | C | 3.498487*** | 3.220004 | 0.0047 | | EGt-1 | -0.463929*** | -5.043729 | 0.0001 | | DI+t-1 | 0.180182** | 2.212239 | 0.0401 | | DI-t-1 | 0.576758*** | 4.314191 | 0.0004 | | GPt-1 | -0.393647*** | -3.420667 | 0.0030 | | CPt-1 | 0.004639 | 1.057291 | 0.3044 | | GDPt-1 | 0.231639*** | 3.913546 | 0.0010 | | ΔEGt-1 | 1.080414*** | 5.463570 | 0.0000 | | ΔDI+ | -0.0196103* | -2.070730 | 0.0530 | | ΔDI-t-1 | -0.306548* | -1.835764 | 0.0830 | | ΔGP | -0.009473 | -0.275080 | 0.7864 | | ΔGPt-1 | 0.464863*** | 3.373274 | 0.0034 | | ΔCP | 0.002899 | 0.608034 | 0.5508 | | ΔGDP | 0.015543 | 0.159677 | 0.8749 | | ΔGDPt-1 | -0.533813 | -3.160769 | 0.0054 | | ΔGDPt-2 | -0.750785 | -3.862745 | 0.0011 | | 长期传递系数 | | | | | LDI+ | 0.388384** | 2.172977 | 0.0434 | | LDI- | 1.243202*** | 5.560699 | 0.0000 | | LGP | -0.848508*** | -4.553969 | 0.0002 | | LCP | 0.010000 | 1.114297 | 0.2798 | | LGDP | 0.499299*** | 5.389497 | 0.0000 | | 模型概要 | | | | | Adj-R2 | 0.869835 | | | | D-W | 2.297228 | | |
+注: *, **, *** 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平.
+表 3 非对称协整检验和长短期非对称性检验结果
+| 检验 | 系数 | F-statistic (P-value) |
|---|
| 长短期非对称检验 | | | | WLR | -4.599736*** | 0.0002 | | WSR | 2.689699 | 0.1184 | | 非对称协整检验 | | | | WCR | 14.31986*** | 0.0001 |
+注: *, **, *** 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平.
+
+### 4.3 稳健性检验及不同时点影响效应实证结果分析
+
+根据 NARDL 模型估计的结果, 油价对我国电力市场供需失衡影响不大, 电力价格扭曲指数、天然气价格、经济发展水平和电力市场的供需失衡存在着显著的传导效应. 为了证明 NARDL 模型实证的稳健性,本文进一步采用 TVP-SV-VAR 模型研究电力价格扭曲、天然气价格、石油价格和经济发展水平和我国电力市场供需失衡的非线性关联机制. TVP-SV-VAR 可以研究变量之间的等间距脉冲响应和分时点脉冲响应两种效应. 等间距脉冲响应图刻画在给定时间间隔或滞后期的条件下,冲击变量一个单位正冲击对响应变量的影响. 在这里文本选取了滞后2期,4期,8期分别代表短期、中期、中长期三个阶段. 分时点脉冲相应图刻画不同时点上的脉冲响应图,考虑历史上几次全国性“电荒”发生的时点,本文选取 2004 年 3 季度、2010 年 1 季度、2020 年 3 季度 3 个全国大范围“电荒”的代表性时点进行重点探讨.
+
+### 4.3.1 变量等间距脉冲响应结果分析
+
+电力价格扭曲指数、天然气价格、石油价格,经济发展水平对于天然气供需缺口的等间距脉冲响应图结果如图2所示,从冲击方向看,价格扭曲对电力供需失衡的冲击总体为正,短期电力价格扭曲对于供需缺口短期的冲击呈现由负转正且总体为正的特征,中长期电力价格扭曲指数对于供需缺口的冲击系数始终为正且冲击强度稳定. 从不同滞后期来看,电力价格扭曲对于供需缺口的冲击强度,短期到长期冲击强度经历从弱变强再变弱的变化过程. 验证了 NARDL 的结果. 天然气价格对于电力供需失衡的冲击强度以为负向冲击为主,且随着时间的推移,天然气价格对电力市场失衡的长期冲击强度逐渐增强. 油价对于电力供需缺口的短期冲击正负向均有,且长期冲击强度在0附近波动,表明油价长短期对电力市场的影响效应均不显著,经济发展水平长期对电力供需缺口的冲击主要以正向为主,短期为负向,以上结果均与 NARDL 模型相同.
+
+#### 4.3.2 分时点脉冲响应结果分析
+
+图3反映了不同事件时点上,电力价格扭曲对与电力供需失衡的影响. 供需缺口对电力价格扭曲的冲击方向主要以正向为主,电力价格扭曲对于电力供需失衡的冲击在不同时点呈现相同的变化趋势,2004到2020年,几次全国大范围电荒背景下,电力价格扭曲对电力供需缺口的冲击强度逐渐增强,结果表明:第一,从电力价格扭曲和电力供需缺口之间的动态关系来看,电力供需缺口对电力价格扭曲的冲击方向为正且逐渐趋于稳定,说明电力市场的供需失衡形成了电力价格扭曲的基础,电力价格扭曲又进一步对电力供需缺口的扩大形成正向的冲击,即进一步加速电力市场的失衡,电力市场的供需失衡与电力价格扭曲容易形成互相抬升的恶性循环,第二,随着我国电力市场供需格局改变,电力市场产能不断增长,电力市场供需平衡受上游供给端价格影响变大,电力价格扭曲比以往更容易加剧电力供需失衡,建立更完善的电价机制,对于我国电力市场进一步深化改革,保证电力安全有着重要的政策意义。
+
+
+图2 各变量与电力供需缺口的等间距脉冲响应图
+
+图3 电力价格扭曲不同时点对电力市场供需失衡的影响
+
+## 5 结论与政策建议
+
+本文在建立电力价格扭曲和电力供需失衡测度模型的基础上,研究了政府管制下电力价格对于电力市场供需失衡的非对称性扭曲效应,并分析了中国几次大范围电力短缺背景下,电力价格扭曲传导效应的异质性,具体研究结论如下:1)电力价格的逆市场化将加剧电力市场失衡,电力价格扭曲对电力供需缺口存在非对称的传导效应且价格负向扭曲对改善电力市场的供需平衡影响更为显著,通过调节电力价格以及上游供给端要素价格和促进电力生产技术进步来改善电力价格扭曲,推动电力价格市场化,可以减小电力供需缺口,有效解决电力短缺的问题.2)电力价格扭曲和电力供需失衡在短期容易形成相互抬升的恶性循环,相比与前几次“电荒”,起始于2020年的“电荒”中电力价格扭曲对于电力市场的供需失衡传导效应更为显著,说明电力价格的市场化程度相比其他影响因素,对电力市场供需格局的影响日益加深.3)天然气价格上升将减小电力市场供需缺口,两者之间影响日益显著,天然气作为电力的替代能源将进一步影响发电结构,天然气价格的波动,将对电力市场的稳定性造成一定的影响,做好传统电力上下游价格管理的同时,也要加快天然气价格的改革,尽早与国际接轨,提高天然气资源的配置效率.4)油价对我国电力短期的影响为正,并且传递效应逐渐减弱,电力市场相对石油价格逐渐显示出一定的独立性,我国建立新型电力系统,优化能源结构和发电结构的政策效应逐渐显现。
+
+根据以上研究结论提出如下几点建议:1)深化电力市场化改革需进一步放开电价政策管控,根据研究结论,电力价格扭曲对我国电力市场的供需影响存在非对称性且影响日益显著,我国各电源电价体系以煤电电价为基础,面对全国电力供需持续趋紧的状态,为了保障电力系统的安全稳定,有效平衡电力供需的是当前电力市场改革的重点,通过改革电价格市场化形成机制,完善电价传导机制,发挥电力价格的杠杆作用,具体来说:一方面推进市场化的电量电价机制,增强电力市场活力,加快电力市场产业链的全方位变革,搭建顶层制度框架疏导电力生产到消费各环节成本,优化调峰补偿等机制以及容量电价机制,其次,加强电力统筹规划,科学监测等工作,建立电力价格的非对称性政策调节机制,在促进工业用电不断市场化的过程中做好基本公共服务的兜底,确保居民、农民、公用事业等用电价格相对稳定,2)降低电力系统对化石能源的依赖,构建以新能源为主体的新型电力系统,根据研究结果,煤炭、天然气价格的波动对电力市场供需平衡的影响日趋显著,但是在碳中和目标约束下,未来化石能源消费量需持续压减,为了建立清洁低碳安全高效的电力系统,煤电地位将逐步转变,燃煤发电在新增用电量中的占比将持续下降,未来的电力结构将逐渐以新能源为主体,同时考虑到我国发电结构中水力发电资源总量限制且存在着不确定性,核电建设周期长,新能源增速快但基数低无法满足高峰负荷的现状,我国电力市场供给侧改革,要立足以煤为主的基本国情,做好煤炭的清洁和高效利用,推进清洁电力资源大范围优化配置,同时全面推进风电,太阳能发电大规模开发和高质量发展,加快适应能源结构转型的电力市场机制建设,建立新能源占比逐渐提高的新型电力系统,减少煤炭、天然气等化石能源价格变动对电力市场的影响,提升电网能源安全保障水平,3)电力难以储存是电力市场供给端不能适应需求变化进而供需失衡且易受价格波动影响的重要原因,传统能源发电的持续性,新能源发电的不确定性和用电需求的间断性决定了电力供需波动持续存在,而储能可平抑电力供需波动,电力供需失衡在我国能源转型大趋势下,储能的作用凸显,其应用范围涉及发、输、配、用各个环节,推进电力系统储能技术创新和产业升级,保证电力系统的安全稳定,要加快电力储能应用于全产业链,推进抽水蓄能和电力化学储能的快速发展是建立新型安全稳定的电力系统的有效措施。
+
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+# 混沌密码算法及相关进展(三)*
+
+祝淑云 赵耿 殷岁 田玉露
+
+北京电子科技学院
+
+**摘要：**混沌是由确定非线性系统产生的一种类似随机的复杂动力学行为。它的许多特性，如轨道长期不可预测性、良好的伪随机特性、对初始条件和系统参数的敏感性等，使其能够满足密码设计系统中的混淆与扩散原则，因而混沌系统为密码学的技术研究开辟了新的路径。自上世纪90年代被首次提出来后，混沌密码研究取得了许多重要的研究成果。无论在私钥方面还是公钥方面都有很大的进展。近来，又提出了基于切比雪夫混沌映射的增强型密钥协商协议。本文主要对混沌密码的发展情况作简要的概述,介绍了混沌系统和混沌密码的关系，混沌密码算法的研究以及未来的发展趋势等。
+
+**关键词：**混沌系统;混沌密码
+
+**中图分类号**：TN918.1**文献标识码**：**文章编号**：1672-464X(2017)4-81-06
+
+## 1 引言
+
+自从1989年混沌密码被首次提出来以后, 混沌加密逐渐成为国内外学者研究的热点。一般来说,目前混沌密码大致可以分为两种,混沌保密通信系统和数字化混沌密码。混沌保密通信系统方式包括混沌掩盖技术、混沌参数调制技术、混沌键控技术以及混沌扩频技术。而数字化混沌密码的应用,以常规密码学为基础,可扩展至常规密码学的所有领域,如私钥密码、公钥密码等,具有深远的应用前景。本文主要研究数字化混沌密码中的混沌私钥密码和混沌公钥密码算法的相关进展。
+
+## 2 混沌私钥密码
+
+混沌私钥密码也称作混沌对称密码,可以分为混沌流密码和混沌分组密码,下面分别予以说明。
+
+### 2.1 混沌流密码
+
+流密码又称序列密码,作为密码技术的一个重要分支,它的主体思想是将明文和密钥都划分为比特位或字符的序列,将明文分成连续的符号或比特$x=x_1,x_2,...$用密钥流$k=k_1,k_2,...$的第$i$个元素$k_i$对$x_i$加密,即$E_k(x) = E_{k_1}(x)E_{k_2}(x)...$。
+
+1949年 Shannon[1]证明了只有“一次一密”的密码体制是安全的,为流密码的研究和应用提供了强有力的支持。流密码的核心是伪随机数生成器,通常用较少的种子(初始条件和系统参数)产生大量的伪随机数,把它作为密钥流来掩盖明文。1989年,英国数学家 Matthews 在文献[2]首次提到了“混沌密码”的概念,并利用变形的Logistic 映射设计了一个混沌流密码方案。混沌被应用于伪随机数产生是因为其有初始值敏感性。还通过计算机数值计算实验显示了其有着强的初始值敏感性[3]。
+
+自此混沌流密码的研究开始活跃起来,在流密码的设计、生成以及分析方面涌现了很多有价值的成果[4]。
+
+然而混沌流密码还存在很多缺陷。Wheeler 指出 Matthews[2]设计的混沌流密码方案具有严重的有限精度效应问题,存在一定的不安全因素。为了增强混沌流密码的安全性,一些研究者尝试着采用高维复杂混沌系统或者混合多个低维混沌系统来设计伪随机数生成器,设计方法大致分为多个混沌系统的直接级联、多个混沌系统耦合以及多个混沌系统输出序列的复合处理等。
+
+在计算机和其他数字系统实现时,由于有限精度效应,需要对混沌系统数字化,从而使得基于混沌系统的伪随机序列存在动力学特性退化。所以近年来人们一直在寻求改善有限精度效应的有力措施。常见方法是提高运算精度[5],使用多个混沌系统,采用伪随机扰动等。实际中采用多个混沌系统和伪随机扰动方式的比较多。
+
+## 2.2 混沌分组密码
+
+分组密码是一个密码密钥控制下的变换,该变换把一个明文(密文)分组转换成一个密文(明文)分组。分组密码将明文消息P划分成相继的数据块$P_1, P_2, \dots$, 并将每个$P_i$用同一密钥加密,即:
+
+$$
+E_K(P) = E_K(P_1) E_K(P_2) \dots
+$$
+
+分组的比特长度通常为8的倍数,如 DES和 IDEA 密码的分组长度均为64比特。分组密码的设计主要集中在非线性S-盒的设计、置换方法的选择、寻找好的密钥扩展方案和 Hash 函数的构造上,混沌的引入为分组密码的设计提供了更多的方法和途径。
+
+为解决分组密码速度问题,我们在国防发明专利数据链路混沌密码机设计中提出一种双模块运算结构混沌分组密码算法[6],如图1所示。
+
+双模块结构的运行模式由非线性运算和基本运算二大模块组成,在一个实际的数字保密通信系统中总存在诸如建链、交换协议、数字签名等的执行时间,在此时间内加密芯片通常处于空闲状态,正好用此段时间进行混沌非线性计算,并完成实数运算到字节形整数变换,该时间不会计入正式保密通信过程,因此不会影响后续的G、S、P操作。
+
+
+
+**图1 混沌分组密码双模块运算结构**
+
+文献[7]设计出一种新的基于Logistic 混沌映射的混沌分组密码算法。该分组加密算法一共8轮,第i轮中$(1 \le i \le 8)$, $B_{i-1}$是输入,$B_i$是输出,$B_0$是128比特明文,$B_8$是128比特密文,每个分组$B_{i,j}$是8比特。首先对明文进行初始变换,让明文通过一个类似P盒的结构进行初始置换操作,然后对置换结果进行分组,每8比特为一组分成16组,$f$函数采用Logistic 映射生成的S盒,其中混沌迭代的初值采用输入密钥。每一轮的加密函数是
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} B_{i,j} = B_{i-1,j+1} \oplus f(B_{i-1,j} \oplus K_{i,j+1}) \\ B_{i,n-1} = B_{i-1,0} \oplus K_{i,0} \end{cases}
+$$
+
+对应的解密函数是
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} B_{i-1,0} = B_{i,n-1} \oplus K_{i,0} \\ B_{i-1,j+1} = B_{i,j} \oplus f(B_{i-1,j} \oplus K_{i,j+1}) \end{cases}
+$$
+
+其中 $j=0, 1, \dots, n-2$; $i=1, 2, \dots, r$; $n=16$。加密过程中$f$函数对应的 Logistic 映射取两个不同的初值生成两个不同的S盒$f_1$和$f_2$, 加密中奇数轮使用$f_1$, 偶数轮使用$f_2$, 这样便完成了整个扩展加密流程, 扩展加密结构框图为图2。
+
+由归纳可知,混沌分组密码的设计方式主要分为以下几种:
+
+### 1) 基于 SPN 结构的混沌分组密码
+
+在传统分组密码中实现扩散和混乱的最简单方法,就是对明文消息重复应用依赖于密钥的代替和置换操作。为加密一个明文分组,需要重复处理多轮运算,每轮都需要在子密钥的作用下多次执行变换或运用轮函数。对一个密码重复的次数,取决于对密码安全程度和所希望达到的性能进行一个折衷的选择。在大多数情况下,增加迭代的轮数将提高分组密码的安全性,但太多的迭代次数,将影响分组密码的实用性。
+
+### 2) 基于检索机制的混沌分组密码
+
+Baptista M. 提出了一类在混沌系统的伪随机序列中检索明文机制的混沌密码。根据对明文所检索的方式不同,可以将这类密码分成两个大类:
+
+第一类是基于检索相空间位置的混沌分组密码。对于 Baptista 提出的密码,被检索的伪随机序列是混沌吸引子中的位置。
+
+第二类是基于检索伪随机序列的混沌分组密码。对于E.Alvarez 等人提出的密码是一种对称的分组密码,它将每个明文分组加密为一个三元密文组。与普通的分组密码不同,它的分组大小是时变的。
+
+### 3) 基于符号动力学的混沌分组密码
+
+对于一个混沌系统,可以不用确定轨道点 $x_i$ 的具体数值,而只根据 $x_i$ 在相空间中的位置,把它与某个符号对应,即令每一个 $x_i$ 对应一个符号 $x_i$, 这样一条数值轨道就可以对应一个符号序列。利用这种对应关系来设计密码算法就是符号动力学的思想。
+
+混沌系统的动力学行为,例如遍历特性、对初值敏感特性、伪随机不可预测等,都可以通过这个简单的符号序列来完全对应刻画。
+
+### 4) 基于迭代机制的混沌分组密码
+
+基于迭代机制的混沌分组密码大致上可分为两大类:一类是逆向迭代混沌系统方法,基于逆向迭代混沌系统的分组密码,使用混沌系统的逆向迭代构造密码系统的想法最早是由 T. Habutsu 等人提出。另一类是正向迭代混沌系统的方法,这类混沌密码大部分是面向图像加密的。
+
+混沌具有的优异混合特性,保证了混沌加密算法的扩散和混淆作用可以和传统加密算法一样好。另外,很多混沌系统与密码学中常用的Feistel 网络结构是非常相似的,比如标准映射、Henon 映射等。
+
+
+
+**图2 扩展的加密结构框图**
+
+解密过程即为加密相对应的逆过程,解密结构的框图参照图3。
+
+**图3 扩展的解密结构框图**
+
+## 3 混沌公钥密码
+
+相对于混沌对称密码,混沌公钥研究得较少,但是近些年来还是有一些新的进展。Puhua Guan 提出了胞元自动机的混沌公钥算法。一个胞元自动机可以被看做一个模拟离散动力学系统的并行计算机,不过胞元自动机具有很大的局限性。在多维混沌系统的选择上,混沌性质是算法设计的首要考虑,因此需要对众多的混沌系统进行进一步的研究,不是所有的混沌系统都能用来设计混沌公钥密码算法。WANG Xing-yuan[8]提出基于切比雪夫混沌安全的增强型密钥协商协议。利用切比雪夫多项式的半群特性,提出的密钥交换算法和 Diffie-Hellman 算法有相同的作用。改进的算法克服了先前混沌密钥协议的几个缺点。分析和实验结果都表明了其有效性和安全性。
+
+利用 Chebyshev 映射的半群特性和混沌特性,以数学上离散对数求解的难题作为安全保证,以 ElGamal 公钥密码算法为蓝图,提出了基于 Chebyshev 映射的类 ElGamal 公钥密码算法。该算法不需要产生大素数作为私钥,运算效率较高,但却由于 Chebyshev 多项式的强周期性存在着很严重的安全隐患。因此该算法刚提出就很快被破解[9,10]。雅克比椭圆切比雪夫有理映射同样具有半群特性,且比 Chebyshev 映射更为复杂,文献[11]基于此提出了公钥密码算法,但是由于映射的明显的周期性,上述攻击方法同样有效。为了抵抗这些攻击,文献[13]在文献[12]的基础上提出了算法的改进方案,并对改进算法进行分析,同时提出了密钥交换协议。
+
+### Chebyshev 混沌映射
+
+随着技术的发展,又产生了很多处理模型[13] cascade, modulation, wheel-switching, fusion。使用现有混沌映射的任意组合,每个模型都会产生新的混沌映射,新的映射比之前的有更好的性能,更多的参数,更复杂的混沌特性。
+
+下面介绍 Chebyshev 混沌映射基本概念。
+
+定义1 $n$ 为一个正整数, $x \in [-1,1]$, $n$ 阶 Chebyshev 多项式 $T_n(x): [-1,1] \rightarrow [-1,1]$ 定义如下:
+
+$$
+T_n(x) = \cos(n \cdot \arccos(x)) \quad (1)
+$$
+
+它同时可以通过以下递归关系定义:
+
+$$
+T_n(x) = 2xT_{n-1}(x) - T_{n-2}(x), n \ge 2 \quad (2)
+$$
+
+其中 $T_0(x) = 1$ and $T_1(x) = x$.
+
+前几项 Chebyshev 多项式为:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+T_2(x) &= 2x^2 - 1 \\
+T_3(x) &= 4x^3 - 3x \\
+T_4(x) &= 8x^4 - 8x^2 + 1 \\
+\dots
+\end{aligned}
+\quad (3)
+$$
+
+Chebyshev 多项式具有两项重要性质:半群属性和混沌属性。
+
+1\) 半群属性
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+T_r(T_s(x)) &= \cos(r\cos^{-1}(\cos(s\cos^{-1}(x)))) \\
+&= \cos(r\ scos^{-1}(x)) \\
+&= T_{sr}(x) \\
+&= T_s(T_r(x))
+\end{aligned}
+\quad (4)
+$$
+
+其中$r$和$s$是正整数, $x \in [-1,1]$。
+
+2\) 混沌属性
+
+当$n > 1$时,Chebyshev 多项式具有不变密度分布$f^*(x) = 1/(\pi\sqrt{1-x^2})$和正的李雅普诺夫指数$\lambda = \ln n > 0$,表明其混沌属性。
+
+为了增强其安全性,Kocarev 等[14]将 Chebyshev 多项式的定义从实数域扩展到有限域,如下所示:
+
+$$
+T_n(x) = 2xT_{n-1}(x) - T_{n-2}(x) \mod P \quad (5)
+$$
+
+其中$n \ge 2, P$是一个大素数,可以证明在有限域上半群性质仍然成立:
+
+$$
+T_r(T_s(x)) \equiv T_{sr}(x) \equiv T_s(T_r(x)) \mod P \quad (6)
+$$
+
+文献[14]提出了有限域 Chebyshev 多项式的定义,并分析了 Chebyshev 多项式在有限域上的性质,并利用有限域 Chebyshev 多项式的单向性和半群特性,构造了一种新的会话密钥协商算法,该算法比 Diffie-Hellman 算法实现简单且破译更加复杂,文献[15]提出了相应的身份认证方案。文献[16]表明破解有限域三角函数替换难度等价于解离散对数问题,但有限域上的Chebyshev 多项式公钥算法比传统的RSA算法效率低。文献[17]提出利用 Merkle 谜题,通过耦合混沌系统同步构造公钥算法,但是这个算法在实用中有很大的局限性。
+
+最近几年,混沌公钥又提出一些新的算法。但是提出的这些公钥算法中,算法的安全性和效率仍有待于进一步验证。因此基于混沌的公钥算法仍需要大量的研究工作。
+
+最近,又提出了基于多重映射的混沌卷积方案[18]。将多重混沌序列与输入数据,及卷积编码器中状态寄存器的状态值进行模加运算,产生时变状态转移矩阵,从而达到对信息序列进行信道编码和加密的目的,并避免了信道编码劣化系统的安全性。
+
+## 4 结论
+
+混沌密码学作为一门新兴学科,尽管已提出了众多混沌加密方案,但它仍然不够成熟。混沌系统理论的研究并不完善,混沌系统和密码复杂度的量化关系尚未明确,混沌密码的设计缺少统一的规范,并且混沌密码的安全性分析没有理论保障。因此今后仍需要深入的研究以促使混沌密码走向实用化。
+
+为了使混沌密码的发展更加完善,以后的研究需要集中于以下几个方面:(1)深入理解混沌和密码的关系,为混沌密码算法的设计提供理论支撑;(2)构建混沌密码设计的通用方法,以避免现在无序发展的状态;(3)混沌密码安全性分析也需要深入地研究。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1] Shannon C E. Communication theory of secrecy systems [J]. Bell System Technical Journal, 1949, 28(4): 656-715.
+
+[2] Matthews R. On the derivation of a "chaotic" encryption algorithm. Cryptologia, 1989, 13 (1): 29-42.
+
+[3] Jiguo DONG and Hiroyoshi MORITA, "Random Numbers Generation by Means of Integer Logistic Map and Mixing Operation", IEICE vol.J94-A, no.12, pp.923-931, Dec. 2011(japanese)
+
+[4] Li H J, Zhang J S. A novel chaotic stream cipher and its application to palmprint template protection, Chin. Phys. B, Vol. 19, No. 4, (2010), 040505.
+
+[5] DONG Jiguo, MORITA H. Various Characters of Integer Logistic Map: Divergence, Convergence, and Periodicity, IEICE vol.J96-A, no. 2, pp.90-99, Feb. 2013. (japanese)
+
+[6] 赵耿,方锦清.数据链路混沌密码机.2008 国防发明专利授权号 ZL 20041002936 1.5.
+
+[7] 韩睿,赵耿,刘山明,等.一种基于混沌映射的分组密码算法设计[J].计算机工程. 2011, 37(16):120-122.
+
+[8] Wang Xingyuan. An Improved Key Agreement Protocol Based on Chaos [C]//第二届中国密码学会论文集,2016:2.
+
+[9] Hu Hanping, Su Wei, Liu Lingfeng. Electro-Optic Intensity Chaotic System with Varying Parameters[J]. Physics Letters A, 2014, 378 (3): 184-190.
+
+[10] Cheng Mengfan, Gao Xiaojing, Deng Lei. Time-Delay Concealment in a Three-Dimensional Electro-Optic Chaos System [J]. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 2015, 27(9): 1030-1033.
+
+[11] Suresh V B, Burleson W P. Entropy and Energy Bounds for Metastability Based TRNG with Lightweight Post-Processing [J]. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I-Regular Papers, 2015, 62: 1785-1793.
+
+[12] Hizanidis J, Deligiannidis S, Bogris A, et al. Enhancement of Chaos Encryption Potential Combining All-Optical and Electrooptical Chaos Generators [J], IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics, 2010, 46(11):1642-1649.
+
+[13] Zhou Yicong. Nonlinear Chaotic Processing Models [C]//中国密码学会2016年混沌保密通信专委会第二届学术会议论文集, 2016:9.
+
+[14] Kocarev L, Makraduli J, Amato P. Public-Key Encryption Based on Chebyshev Polynomials[J]. Circuits Systems Signal Processing, 2005, 24(5): 497-517.
+
+[15] Avaroglu E, Koyuncu I, Ozer A B, et al. Hybrid pseudo-random number generator for cryptographic systems [J]. Nonlinear Dynamics, 2015, 82: 239-248.
+
+[16] Lima J B, Campello de Souza R M, Panario D. Security of public key cryptosystems based on Chebyshev polynomials over prime finite fields. Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT '08), Jul 6-11, 2008, Toronto, Canada. Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE, 2008: 1843-1847.
+
+[17] El-Sayed A M A, Nour H M, Elsaid A, et al. Dynamical Behaviors, Circuit Realization, Chaos Control and Synchronization of a New Fractional Order Hyperchaotic System. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 2015
+
+[18] 张晓忠,王颖,汪永明.基于多重混沌映射的混沌卷积加密方案[C]//中国密码学会2016年混沌保密通信专委会第二届学术会议论文集,2016:9
+
+(下转第 94 页)
+
+# Progresses and Perspectives of Chaotic Cipher Algorithm (3)
+
+**ZHAO Geng YIN Sui**
+
+**Beijing Electronic Science & Technology Institute**
+
+**Abstract:** Chaos is a similar random complex dynamic behavior, generated by deterministic nonlinear system. Many of its features, such as rail long-term unpredictability, good pseudo-random characteristics, such as sensitivity to initial conditions and system parameters, make its can satisfy the principle of confusion and diffusion in the cipher design system. Therefore, chaotic system has opened up a new path for the study of cryptography. It was proposed for the first time since 1990s, a number of significant achievements have been made on chaotic cipher. There are much great progress both public key and secret key. Recently, someone introduces an enhanced key agreement protocol based on Chebyshev chaotic map. This paper makes a brief overview of the development of the chaotic cipher, introducing the relationship among chaotic system and chaotic cipher, the study of chaotic cipher algorithm and the evolution trends of the future, etc.
+
+**Keywords:** Chaotic system; chaotic cipher
+
+(责任编辑:王曼珠)
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+# 依托“数字” 渗透“非遗”——数字赋能背景下非遗文化在高中美术教学中的渗透
+
+文/张泓
+
+**摘 要：** 数字化教学为高中美术教育开辟了更广阔的发展空间，也让教师拥有了更丰富的教学资源。以苏州本地高中美术课堂为例，丰富的非遗文化在数字赋能下变得直观，有利于学生在非遗文化的引领下参与美术学习，并深入感受美、欣赏美、学习美、创造美。具体而言，教师可以通过“优选数字技术，选择非遗文化”“运用数字技术，呈现非遗文化”“结合数字技术，传承非遗文化”等步骤实施教学，努力将香山帮苏式建筑精髓融入高中美术课堂，带领学生在学习中了解非遗文化、掌握相关知识。最终，数字赋能背景下的高中美术课堂将在苏式建筑香山帮文化的引领下取得良好教学效果。学生也将在提升美术学科核心素养的同时肩负起传承非遗文化的历史使命。
+
+**关键词：** 高中美术；非遗文化；数字赋能；香山帮
+
+**中图分类号：G427**
+
+**文献标识码：A**
+
+**文章编号：2097-1737(2025)24-0075-03**
+
+数字赋能，是指教师和学生依托数字化教学环境，选用恰当的数字化教学资源，优化美术艺术探索效果的一种教学手段$^{[1]}$。在高中美术教学中，为有效渗透非遗文化，教师可以充分利用数字化资源，将原本抽象化的非遗文化直观地呈现在学生面前，从而提升学生的审美体验和学习效果。具体而言，教师可以苏州本地香山帮传统建筑营造技艺为文化素材，借助3D建模技术、3D眼镜、多媒体资源、网络博物馆等数字化资源开展美术活动，增进学生对“香山帮”苏式建筑的欣赏和理解，促使学生积极参与美术学习，主动将香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的传承与日常生活相结合，为非遗文化的传承和弘扬贡献力量。
+
+## 一、优选数字技术，选择非遗文化
+
+数字技术不仅是高中美术教学的重要助力，更是渗透非遗文化教学的有力支撑。在美术课堂上，教师要优选数字技术，采用适用于香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的数字技术手段，引导学生欣赏、学习、探索，充分发挥香山帮传统建筑营造技艺这一非遗文化的价值。
+
+### (一) 结合当地资源合理选定
+
+苏州人杰地灵，自古就是钟灵毓秀之地$^{[2]}$。因此，丰富的非遗文化得以传承至今。就目前记录在册的人类非物质文化遗产而言，昆曲、古琴、端午习俗、苏州绰丝织造技艺、香山帮传统建筑营造技艺等都是其中的优秀代表。因此，教师可以结合以上
+
+内容合理选定，然后针对校园中可利用的数字技术设备与资源，选取最适合在美术教学中渗透的非遗文化。经过校内调研与详细分析，教师最终确定将香山帮传统建筑营造技艺作为教学内容融入美术教学。
+
+例如，教师围绕“苏州本土非遗文化进课堂”开展教研活动，并着力围绕从以下几个方面进行分析（见表1）。
+
+表1 苏州本土非遗文化进课堂教研分析表
+
+| 非遗文化类型 | 与美术教学适配点 | 运用数字技术 | 适配级别 | | 昆曲 | 画脸谱、设计戏服、戏曲舞美设计等 | 电子白板、多媒体、3D建模技术、网络博物馆、线上互动平台 | ♥♥ (难度较低,不适合高中生) | | 古琴 | 相关主题国画、水墨画创作 | 多媒体、网络博物馆、线上互动平台 | ♥ (与美术学科适配度较低) | | 端午习俗 | 绘画、手工、模型创作等 | 电子白板、多媒体、3D建模技术、3D眼镜、网络博物馆、线上互动平台 | ♥♥♥♥ (需要大量实物资源,不适合在校园中实施) | | 苏州绰丝织造技艺 | 绘画、织造体验等 | 电子白板、多媒体、3D眼镜、网络博物馆、线上互动平台 | ♥ (需要实物工坊提供活动资源和平台) | | 香山帮传统建筑营造技艺 | 绘画、手工、模型创作等 | 电子白板、多媒体、3D建模技术、3D眼镜、网络博物馆、线上互动平台 | ♥♥♥♥♥ (适合在高中美术教学中实施) |
由此可见,将香山帮传统建筑营造技艺融入美术课堂教学最为适宜。
+
+### (二) 针对校内实际优化设计
+
+在确定好融入美术课程的非遗文化内容后,教师需要针对校内实际情况优化设计教学活动。为了充分展示香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的独特艺术魅力,教师可以结合校园内现有的数字技术优化设计美术教学活动。考虑到学校拥有较为先进的数字技术,可开展多类型的数字化教学活动,因而教师可尝试以3D建模技术、3D眼镜、多媒体资源、网络博物馆等数字化资源,推动香山帮传统建筑营造技艺在美术教学中的渗透。
+
+在具体教学中,教师可以尝试从以下方面展开设计:(1)香山帮传统建筑营造技艺经典作品欣赏;(2)香山帮传统建筑营造技艺基础知识讲授;(3)香山帮传统建筑营造技艺3D模拟观察与学习;(4)数字技术指导下的香山帮传统建筑营造技艺实践;(5)香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的数字化传播与弘扬。
+
+教师可以利用电子白板线上交流区、线上互动平台等数字资源与数字技术将香山帮传统建筑营造技艺相关学习、实践活动的过程以及成果上传至网络,以供本校师生、家长、社区居民以及广大网友欣赏,实现香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的传承和弘扬。
+
+综上,教师结合本校现有的数字技术完成了教学设计优化,并以数字技术赋能美术教学,引导学生充分感受了香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的魅力。
+
+## 二、运用数字技术，呈现非遗文化
+
+在高中美术教学中,为充分展现香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的魅力,教师可以通过文化赏析、文化学习、文化模仿等实施教学$^{[3]}$。在具体参与过程中,学生可以凭借数字技术准确把握香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的相关知识和艺术特征。
+
+### (一) 数字技术助力非遗文化赏析
+
+不论是故宫的雄伟,还是苏州园林的幽静,实地走访往往才能领略到香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的魅力。但是,随着科学技术的发展,学生可以坐在教室里运用数字技术领略香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的美感。在课堂上,教师可以通过3D建模技术、3D眼镜等形式,全方位呈现以香山帮传统建筑营造技艺建造的建筑。这种通过数字技术实现的“直观”赏析能够让学生了解香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的独特之处,并让学生对相关文化产生认同感。
+
+例如,在欣赏“苏州拙政园”时,教师借助3D眼镜,让学生身临其境地欣赏拙政园的园林之美:
+
+拙政园位于江苏省苏州市姑苏区,整个园区占地面积约78亩,主要分为东、中、西三个部分。值得注意的是,整个拙政园的“核心”区域在中部,其中高低错落的建筑无一不体现着香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的精髓。拙政园精美的木雕、石雕,以及整个园区的色彩搭配,充分显示出香山帮匠人的匠心独运,也呈现出中式审美的巧夺天工。
+
+随后,教师展示多媒体图文资料,让学生详细赏析以拙政园、北京故宫等为代表的,运用香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的非遗文化,从而在数字技术运用中完成艺术鉴赏教学的引导。
+
+### (二) 数字技术引领非遗文化学习
+
+教师在教授香山帮传统建筑营造技艺相关知识时,可以利用数字技术展示多媒体资料,以图文并茂的形式呈现其中“木作”“泥水作”“砖雕”“石雕”“木雕”等不同工种的具体内容$^{[4]}$。在教师的讲解和数字技术的辅助下,抽象的建筑技艺知识将直观地呈现在学生面前,促使学生学习、理解和掌握香山帮传统建筑营造技艺。
+
+例如,教师借助3D建模技术、电子白板等数字技术引导学生学习香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的具体建造工艺。在参与“木匠”工艺探索时,教师鼓励学生结合3D建模技术观察香山帮房屋架梁的特点。之后,为了凸显香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的特征,教师还要重点讲解木雕工艺,请学生结合木雕创作中使用的分半凿、翘头凿、蝴蝶凿等工具,逐步了解香山帮传统建筑营造技艺背后的创作知识。
+
+## (三) 数字技术推动非遗文化模仿
+
+当学生借助数字技术了解了香山帮传统建筑营造技艺相关知识后,教师可以组织学生用超轻黏土、小木棍等易于获取其方便实用的材料参与非遗文化模仿建造活动。教师可以明确香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的精髓,鼓励学生从建筑布局、木作搭建、泥水作业、砖雕、木雕、彩绘油漆等工种入手参与艺术实践。经过教师的引导和数字技术的辅助,原本具备一定难度的香山帮传统建筑营造技艺逐渐变得具体、直观,也将逐渐以精美形象呈现在学生作品中。
+
+在“香山帮传统建筑营造技艺实践”活动中,教师结合电子白板直观展示房屋架梁的分解图,请学生使用手中的木条、超轻黏土尝试搭建。起初,香山帮传统建筑架梁工艺对学生而言具有一定难度,但是结合电子白板的直观呈现以及教师的分步指导,学生逐步从上梁、架檩、铺椽、做斗拱、飞檐、翘角等步骤参与学习。随后,教师引导学生一边使用工具搭建、一边观察数字资源,尝试用手中的木条、超轻黏土模仿香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的经典之作。最后,教师借助数字技术逐步引领学生搭建符合香山帮建筑特色的美术手工作品。
+
+## 三、结合数字技术，传承非遗文化
+
+随着香山帮传统建筑营造技艺在高中美术教学中的有效渗透,越来越多的学生会了解香山帮传统建筑营造技艺,并满怀自豪感地参与艺术创作$^{[5]}$。后续,教师可借助数字技术引领学生传承香山帮传统建筑营造技艺这一非遗文化,鼓励学生发挥自身作用。
+
+### (一)校际数字化呈现非遗作品
+
+在校园本部,教师可以从“大家名作”“学生作品”两方面搜集香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的代表作。“大家名作”可由学生自主搜集照片、视频、图文介绍等资料,然后将其数字化呈现在校园公共平台上,以供全校师生欣赏。“学生作品”则主要由教师从学生动手创作的香山帮传统建筑营造技艺相关作品中选取优秀成果,并将其以数字化形式上传至社交平台,供各位家长共同欣赏。
+
+在切实掌握香山帮传统建筑营造技艺相关知识和构建技能后,教师可请学生将自己找到的“大家名作”资源以网络资源包、数据拷贝等形式统一收集,然后让学生以班级为单位,建设本班香山帮传统建筑营造技艺数据库。数据库可主要包含以下内容:(1)香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的历代代表作图文一览;(2)《拙政园》《北京故宫》《滕王阁》等代表作的相关视频;(3)《营造法原》等介绍香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的著作。
+
+以上三部分为校内数字化呈现香山帮非遗文化的主要方向,也是学生共同承担文化探索、搜集、上传、展示的重要学习内容。
+
+### (二)多平台数字传递非遗成果
+
+教师可以组织香山帮传统建筑营造技艺非遗成果弘扬与传承活动,邀请学生结合多平台数字资源展示相关艺术成果。如此一来,学生不仅可以利用3D建模技术、花窗纹样库等手段展示香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的相关作品,还可以通过多平台同步呈现的形式让更多网友了解香山帮传统建筑营造技艺。
+
+在组织学生借助数字技术多平台展示优秀作品的过程中,教师需要承担起筛选、介绍的职责,保证不让学生精心制作的香山帮传统建筑营造技艺作品被埋没。教师可以通过“作品展示”“作品介绍”“作品点评”“互动留言”等模块,将优秀学生作品上传到不同社交平台,让更多人了解学生在香山帮传统建筑营造技艺弘扬和传承中付出的努力,也让更多人结合这些灵巧的作品了解香山帮传统建筑营造技艺,共同参与到非遗文化弘扬中。
+
+## 四、结束语
+
+综上所述,在高中美术教学中,教师需要依托当地非遗文化,以苏州香山帮传统建筑营造技艺为抓手组织艺术鉴赏与实践活动,带领学生充分感受非遗文化的魅力。具体而言,教师可以通过数字技术优化教学过程,引领学生在先进数字技术的应用中了解香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的精髓和特征,使学生以数字技术为手段提升学习效果、掌握香山帮传统建筑营造技艺的相关知识和建造特点。在活动的实施过程中,香山帮传统建筑营造技艺非遗文化不再是曲高和寡,而是能够与美术课堂巧妙结合,学生也会认真学习、积极探索,主动承担起文化传承的责任与使命。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1] 叶卉祯.数字化项目式教学在高中美术鉴赏课程中的运用:以《非遗传承》一课为例[J].美术教育研究,2024(6):163-165.
+[2] 陈溶溶.高中美术教学活动中非遗文化的展现与融合探究[J].新智慧,2024(2):42-44.
+[3] 林源,徐一鸣,蔡佳霈.秦阁多遗典,吴台访阙文:记香山帮大木匠师贾林祥[J].建筑师,2023(5):47-54.
+[4] 物道君.“香山帮”与北京故宫[J].现代班组,2022(8):54-55.
+[5] 邓玉龙.高中美术创作中创新思维的培养与实践[J].智慧少年,2023(20):105-107.
+
+作者简介：张泓（1977.4-），女，江苏苏州人，任教于苏州市苏州高新区第一中学，高级教师，本科学历。
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+粉笔
+事业单位考试
+
+# 公基必备500条
+粉笔
+事考
+编著
+
+添加老师微信获取更多资讯和资料
+目录——
+
+第一章 政治 ...1
+第二章 文史 ...7
+第三章 科技 ...21
+第四章 经济 ...28
+第五章 公文 ...36
+第六章 行政管理 ...44
+第七章 法理学 ...54
+第八章 宪法 ...56
+第九章 行政法 ...64
+第十章 民法 ...69
+第十一章 刑法 ...78
+
+## 第一章 政治
+
+### 第一节 哲学
+
+1. 马克思主义是由马克思、恩格斯创立的,而由其后各个时代、各个民族的马克思主义者不断地丰富和发展的观点和学说的体系。
+2. 马克思主义的组成部分为马克思主义哲学、马克思主义政治经济学、科学社会主义。
+3. 马克思主义的直接理论来源:德国古典哲学、英国古典政治经济学、英法两国的空想社会主义。
+4. 哲学是理论化、系统化的世界观,是世界观和方法论的统一。
+5. 哲学的基本问题:思维和存在何者是第一性的问题,思维和存在有无同一性的问题。
+6. 唯物主义的三种形态:古代朴素唯物主义、近代形而上学唯物主义、马克思主义哲学。
+7. 唯心主义的两种基本形态:主观唯心主义、客观唯心主义。
+8. 辩证法用联系的、发展的、全面的观点看待世界。形而上学用孤立的、静止的、片面的观点看待世界。
+9. 物质的唯一特性是客观实在性。
+10. 运动是标志一切事物和现象的变化及其过程的哲学范畴,运动是物质的根本属性和存在方式。
+11. 物质运动的五种基本形式:机械运动、物理运动、化学运动、生物运动和社会运动。
+12. 运动是绝对的、无条件的、永恒的,即事物无论在什么情况下都处于运动之中。
+13. 静止是相对的、有条件的、暂时的,是运动的一种特殊的状态,割裂二者的关系会导致形而上学不变论或相对主义诡辩论。
+14. 意识是人脑特有的机能,人脑是产生意识的物质器官,但不是意识的源泉。
+15. 正确的意识对客观事物的发展具有促进作用,错误的意识对客观事物的发展起阻碍作用。
+16. 唯物辩证法的总特征: 事物的普遍联系和事物的永恒发展。
+17. 联系是指事物内部诸要素之间以及事物之间的相互影响、相互作用和相互制约。联系具有普遍性、客观性、条件性、多样性。
+18. 整体和部分的关系: 整体居于主导地位, 统率着部分; 关键部分对整体起决定作用; 整体具有部分没有的新功能。
+19. 发展的实质: 新事物的产生和旧事物的灭亡。
+20. 对立统一规律是唯物辩证法的实质和核心。
+21. 矛盾的普遍性是事物的共性; 矛盾的特殊性是事物的个性。矛盾的普遍性寓于特殊性之中, 并通过特殊性表现出来。
+22. 内因是事物变化发展的根据和第一位原因, 外因是事物变化发展的条件, 外因通过内因起作用。
+23. 量变是质变的必要准备, 质变是量变的必然结果, 总的量变中有部分质变。
+24. 任何事物的发展都要经历“肯定→否定→否定之否定”的过程, 其中包括两次否定、三个阶段。
+25. 实践的基本特点: 客观物质性、直接现实性、自觉能动性、社会历史性。
+26. 实践的基本形式: 生产实践、社会实践、科学实验。
+27. 感性认识包括相互联系、循序渐进的三种形式: 感觉、知觉和表象。
+28. 理性认识依赖于感性认识, 感性认识有待于发展为理性认识, 感性认识和理性认识相互渗透。
+29. 实践与认识的关系: 实践是认识的来源, 实践是认识发展的动力, 实践是认识的目的和归宿, 实践是检验认识正确与否的唯一标准; 认识反作用于实践。
+30. 真理在内容上是客观的, 客观性是真理的根本属性。
+31. 社会物质生活条件主要包括地理环境、人口因素和物质生活资料的生产方式。
+32. 社会存在和社会意识的辩证关系: 社会存在决定社会意识, 社会意识对社会存在具有反作用, 社会意识具有相对独立性。
+33. 社会的基本矛盾包括生产力和生产关系之间、经济基础和上层建筑之间的矛盾。
+34. 生产力要素一般分为两大类: ①实体性要素, 包括劳动资料、劳动对象、劳动者; ②智能性要素, 主要包括科学技术。
+35. 生产资料所有制形式在生产关系中起决定性作用,是区分社会制度的根本标志。
+36. 人民群众的历史作用体现在以下三方面:人民群众是社会物质财富的创造者,人民群众是社会精神财富的创造者,人民群众是实现社会变革的决定力量。
+37. 人的属性分为自然属性和社会属性,人的本质在于人的社会属性。
+
+### 第二节 毛概
+
+1. 毛泽东思想萌芽时期代表著作:《中国社会各阶级分析》《湖南农民运动考察报告》《国民革命与农民运动》。
+
+2. “农村包围城市、武装夺取政权”革命道路理论的提出, 标志着毛泽东思想的基本形成。
+
+3. 毛泽东思想形成时期代表著作:《中国的红色政权为什么能够存在?》《井冈山的斗争》《星星之火, 可以燎原》《反对本本主义》。
+
+4. 1940年1月毛泽东发表《新民主主义论》,提出新民主主义革命理论,标志着毛泽东思想的成熟。
+
+5. 第一次提出“毛泽东思想”这一概念的是王稼祥的《中国共产党与中国民族解放的道路》一文。
+
+6. 1945年中共七大召开,毛泽东思想被确立为中国共产党的指导思想。
+
+7. 毛泽东在《在晋绥干部会议上的讲话》中完整提出新民主主义革命总路线,即无产阶级领导的,人民大众的,反对帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义的革命。
+
+8. 近代中国的两大历史任务:一是求得民族独立和人民解放,二是实现国家繁荣富强和人民共同富裕。
+
+9. 新民主主义革命的动力:人民大众,包括无产阶级、农民阶级、城市小资产阶级和民族资产阶级。
+
+10. 新民主主义的政治纲领:建立一个无产阶级领导的、以工农联盟为基础的、一切反帝反封建的人民联合专政的新民主主义共和国。
+
+11. 毛泽东在《中国的红色政权为什么能够存在?》一文中提出了“工农武装割据”的思想,即在中国共产党的领导下,以土地革命为中心内容,以武装斗争为主要形式,以革命根据地为战略阵地，建设红色政权。
+
+12. 中国共产党在中国革命中的三大法宝（武装斗争、统一战线、党的建设）出自毛泽东于1939年10月撰写的《〈共产党人〉发刊词》。
+
+13. 中国的革命统一战线经历了以下几个阶段：（1）国民革命统一战线（1924年1月中国国民党一大至1927年）；（2）工农民主统一战线（1927—1937年）；（3）抗日民族统一战线（1937—1945年）；（4）人民民主统一战线（1945—1949年）。
+
+14. 党的三大作风：理论联系实际，密切联系群众，批评与自我批评。
+
+15. 1957年毛泽东在《关于正确处理人民内部矛盾的问题》的讲话中提出了社会主义社会的矛盾学说。
+
+16. 实事求是是毛泽东思想的精髓，是中国共产党人始终坚持的马克思主义思想路线。
+
+17. 独立自主、自力更生是中国革命和建设的基本立足点。
+
+18. 群众路线是党的根本工作路线，其内涵：一切为了群众，一切依靠群众；从群众中来，到群众中去。坚持群众观点是中国共产党同一切剥削阶级政党的根本区别。
+
+### 第三节 中特
+
+1. 中国特色社会主义理论体系包括邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想、科学发展观，以及习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想在内的科学理论体系。
+2. 1982年党的十二大，邓小平提出了“建设有中国特色的社会主义”这一历史性的命题。
+3. 党的十三大系统阐述了我国社会主义初级阶段的理论，提出了社会主义初级阶段的基本路线，即“一个中心，两个基本点”。
+4. 邓小平理论的主题：什么是社会主义，怎样建设社会主义。
+5. 邓小平理论的精髓：解放思想、实事求是。
+6. 邓小平理论主要内容：社会主义本质理论，社会主义初级阶段理论，改革开放理论，社会主义市场经济理论。
+7. “三个代表”重要思想的含义：始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求；始终代表中国先进文化的前进方向；始终代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。始终做到“三个代表”是我们党的立党之本、执政之基、力量之源。
+8. 党的十六大把“三个代表”重要思想同马列主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论一起确立为中国共产党必须长期坚持的指导思想。
+9. 2007年，在党的十七大上，科学发展观被写入党章。2012年，在党的十八大上，把科学发展观被列为党的指导思想。
+10. 科学发展观的核心是以人为本。坚持以人为本，要始终把实现好、维护好、发展好最广大人民群众的根本利益作为党和国家一切工作的出发点和落脚点。
+11. 社会主义初级阶段包含两层含义：第一，我国已经进入社会主义社会；第二，我国的社会主义社会正处于并将长期处于初级阶段。
+12. 中国始终坚持对外开放的政策，在对外开放中始终不渝地坚持实施互利共赢的战略。
+13. 马克思主义指导思想是社会主义核心价值体系的灵魂。
+14. 以爱国主义为核心的民族精神和以改革创新为核心的时代精神是社会主义核心价值体系的精髓。
+15. 社会主义道德建设要坚持以为人民服务为核心，以集体主义为原则。
+
+### 第四节 十九届六中全会
+
+1. 习近平同志对关系新时代党和国家事业发展的一系列重大理论和实践问题进行了深邃思考和科学判断，就新时代坚持和发展什么样的中国特色社会主义、怎样坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，建设什么样的社会主义现代化强国、怎样建设社会主义现代化强国，建设什么样的长期执政的马克思主义政党、怎样建设长期执政的马克思主义政党等重大时代课题，提出一系列原创性的治国理政新理念新思想新战略。
+2. 中国特色社会主义进入新时代，我国社会主要矛盾已经转化为人民日益增长的美好生活需要和不平衡不充分的发展之间的矛盾。
+3. 坚持和发展中国特色社会主义，总任务是实现社会主义现代化和中华民族伟大复兴，在全面建成小康社会的基础上分两步走，在本世纪中叶建成富强民主文明和谐美丽的社会主义现代化强国。
+
+4. 中国特色社会主义事业总体布局是经济建设、政治建设、文化建设、社会建设、生态文明建设“五位一体”、战略布局是全面建设社会主义现代化国家、全面深化改革、全面依法治国、全面从严治党“四个全面”。
+
+5. 全面深化改革总目标是完善和发展中国特色社会主义制度、推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化。
+
+6. 党在新时代的强军目标是建设一支听党指挥、能打胜仗、作风优良的人民军队，把人民军队建设成为世界一流军队。
+
+7. 中国特色社会主义最本质的特征是中国共产党领导，中国特色社会主义制度的最大优势是中国共产党领导，党是最高政治领导力量。
+
+8. 全面推进依法治国总目标是建设中国特色社会主义法治体系、建设社会主义法治国家。
+
+9. 必须坚持和完善社会主义基本经济制度，使市场在资源配置中起决定性作用，更好发挥政府作用，把握新发展阶段，贯彻创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享的新发展理念，加快构建以国内大循环为主体、国内国际双循环相互促进的新发展格局，推动高质量发展，统筹发展和安全。
+
+10. 习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想是当代中国马克思主义、二十一世纪马克思主义，是中华文化和中国精神的时代精华，实现了马克思主义中国化新的飞跃。
+
+
+
+## 第二章 文史
+
+### 第一节 中国封建王朝
+
+1. 夏朝：我国第一个奴隶制王朝。约公元前 2070 年，禹建立夏朝。禹死后他的儿子启继承王位，“公天下”变为“家天下”。王位世袭制代替了禅让制。
+2. 商朝：开国君主是商汤，最开始定都在亳（今天的河南商丘一带），中期商王盘庚将都城迁到殷（今河南安阳）。
+3. 西周：周武王发动牧野之战，打败商朝，建立西周，定都镐京（今陕西西安）。
+4. 春秋时期：
+（1）春秋五霸（两种说法）：①齐桓公、宋襄公、晋文公（退避三舍）、秦穆公、楚庄王（问鼎中原、一鸣惊人）或②齐桓公、晋文公、楚庄王、吴王阖闾、越王勾践（卧薪尝胆）。
+（2）齐桓公：尊王攘夷、葵丘会盟；春秋五霸中的第一个霸主。
+5. 战国时期：
+（1）战国七雄：齐、楚、秦、燕、赵、魏、韩。
+（2）战国四公子：战国时期魏国的信陵君魏无忌（窃符救赵）、赵国的平原君赵胜（毛遂自荐）、楚国的春申君黄歇、齐国的孟尝君田文（鸡鸣狗盗、狡兔三窟）。
+6. 秦朝：
+（1）公元前 230—前 221 年秦陆续灭掉六国，建立起我国历史上第一个统一的中央集权的封建王朝——秦朝，定都咸阳。
+（2）秦始皇是首位完成华夏大一统的铁腕政治人物，建立首个多民族的中央集权国家；是古今中外第一个称皇帝的封建王朝君主。
+（3）秦始皇在中央创建皇帝制度，实行三公（丞相、太尉、御史大夫）九卿，管理国家大事；地方上，实行郡县制。同时书同文，车同轨，统一度量衡。
+7. 西汉：
+(1) 公元前 202 年，刘邦称帝，国号汉，定都长安，史称西汉。
+(2) 文景之治：西汉汉文帝、汉景帝统治时期，采取“轻徭薄赋”“与民休息”的政策。
+(3) 汉武帝刘彻：在地方设置刺史，开创察举制选拔人才；颁行推恩令，并将盐铁和铸币权收归中央；文化上“罢黜百家，独尊儒术”；开创了汉武盛世的局面。
+8. 东汉：公元 25 年，刘秀建立东汉，定都洛阳。刘秀在统治时期进行了一系列改革，社会不断安定，经济不断恢复，史称“光武中兴”。
+9. 隋唐：
+(1) 隋朝：公元 581 年，北周外戚杨坚代周为帝，即隋文帝，改国号隋。隋文帝继位后进行一系列改革，国力日渐强盛，开创“开皇之治”的治世局面。
+(2) 隋炀帝杨广：开创科举制度，修建隋朝大运河。
+(3) 三省六部制：三省是指门下省、尚书省、中书省，六部是指工部、刑部、兵部、礼部、户部、吏部。
+(4) 唐朝：公元 618 年，李渊称帝，国号唐，定都长安。
+(5) 唐太宗李世民：贞观之治。
+(6) 武则天：贞观遗风。
+(7) 唐玄宗李隆基：开元盛世。
+(8) 科举制度：
+①隋文帝时采用分科考试选拔人才；隋炀帝时始建进士科，科举制形成。
+②唐朝完善，增加了考试科目，以进士和明经两科为主；武则天时，首创了武举和殿试。
+③明清时期确立三级考试制度：乡试（考场——省城；考中后的称号——举人；考第一的称号——解元）；会试（考场——京城；考中后的称号——贡士；考第一的称号——会元）；殿试（考场——宫殿；考中后的称号——进士；考第一的称号——状元）。
+④科举制在 1905 年被废除。
+10. 元朝：首创行省制。中书省是最高的行政机构，地方划分行省，行省是中央政府的派出机构。设立宣政院统领宗教事务和管辖西藏地区。设立澎湖巡检司管辖澎湖列岛、台湾地区。
+11. 明朝：废丞相，设六部；地方设三司分权（都指挥司、承宣布政使司、提刑按察使司）；设厂卫特务（锦衣卫、东厂、西厂）；后形成内阁制度。
+12. 清朝：雍正设立军机处，标志着我国的封建君主专制达到顶峰。
+
+### 第二节 中国古代重要战争
+
+1. 牧野之战：又称“武王伐纣”，中国历史上以少胜多、以弱胜强、先发制人的著名战例。交战双方是周武王、商纣王；纣王兵败自焚，周灭商。相关成语：临阵倒戈。
+2. 长勺之战：中国历史上后发制人、以弱胜强的一个著名战例。交战双方是鲁国、齐国；齐桓公挫败，鲁国获胜。相关成语：曹刿论战。
+3. 城濮之战：中国历史上最早有详细记载的战例，也是诱敌深入战术的典范。交战双方是晋国、楚国；晋军大获全胜，晋文公从此一举定霸业。相关成语：退避三舍。
+4. 桂陵之战：中国战争史上设伏歼敌的著名战例。交战双方是齐军、魏军；魏军惨败，庞涓被俘，齐军大胜。相关成语：因势利导、围魏救赵。
+5. 马陵之战：交战双方是齐军、魏军；魏军大败，庞涓自杀。相关成语：减灶诱敌。
+6. 长平之战：中国古代最早最著名的俘虏及坑杀战俘最多的战例，它极大地加速了秦国统一中国的进程。交战双方是秦军（白起）、赵军（赵括）；秦军大胜，坑杀40万降卒。相关成语：纸上谈兵。
+7. 巨鹿之战：秦末农民战争所取得的一场巨大胜利。交战双方是楚军为首的义军（项羽）、秦军（章邯、王离）。相关成语是：破釜沉舟。
+8. 坡下之战：被列为世界著名古代七大战役之一，有“东方的滑铁卢”之誉。交战双方是汉联军（刘邦、韩信、英布）、楚军（项羽）。相关成语：霸王别姬、四面楚歌。
+9. 官渡之战：东汉末年“三大战役”之一，也是中国历史上著名的以弱胜强的战役之一。交战双方是曹操、袁绍；袁绍军溃败，曹操全面胜利。相关成语：箭在弦上。
+10. 赤壁之战：三国鼎立的的奠定之战。交战双方是孙刘联军（周瑜、刘备）、曹军（曹操）。相关成语：万事俱备，只欠东风、周瑜打黄盖，一个愿打，一个愿挨、草船借箭。
+11. 泗水之战：中国历史上著名的以少胜多的南北战争。交战双方是东晋军（谢安）、前秦军(苻坚);8万东晋军大败80万前秦军。相关成语:风声鹤唳,草木皆兵、投鞭断流。
+
+### 第三节 诸子百家
+1. 儒家学派代表人：
+(1)孔子:名丘,字仲尼,春秋时期鲁国人。核心思想是“仁”,主张“为政以德”,反对苛政。兴办私学,提倡“有教无类”。主要著作是孔子弟子及其再传弟子编撰的《论语》,是儒家学派的创始人,被尊称为“至圣”。
+(2)孟子:战国人,主张实行“仁政”,提出“民贵君轻”的思想,同时主张人性本善。主要著作是《孟子》。被后人称为“亚圣”。
+(3)荀子:战国人,提出“天行有常”和“制天命而用之”。主张性恶论。主要著作为《荀子》。
+2. 道家学派代表人：
+(1)老子:春秋人,主要思想为“道”是世界本原;朴素的辩证法;无为而治。主要著作为《道德经》。在道教中,老子被尊为道教始祖。
+(2)庄子:战国人,主要思想为“无为”;齐物论;天人合一;“逍遥”的人生态度。
+主要著作为《庄子》(也被称为《南华真经》)。被后人称为“南华真人”。
+3. 韩非:战国人,法家思想的集大成者,著有《韩非子》,提倡“法治”思想,主张树立君主权威,建立中央集权专制统治。
+4. 墨子:战国人,墨家学派创始人,主张兼爱、非攻、尚贤,著有《墨子》。
+5. 孙武:春秋时期著名的军事家、政治家,尊称兵圣。其著作《孙子兵法》是世界上最早的兵书,“知己知彼,百战不殆”就出自此书。
+6. 董仲舒:西汉人,主要思想为大一统、天人感应、三纲五常,主要著作为《春秋繁露》,主张“罢黜百家,独尊儒术”。
+7. 朱熹:南宋人,“程朱理学”代表人物,主要著作为《四书章句集注》,名句为:存天理、灭人欲。
+8. 王阳明:明代人,主张“陆王心学”,主要著作为《大学问》,名句为:知行合一。
+
+### 第四节 中国古代史书
+
+1. 《国语》是我国最早的国别体史书。
+2. 《春秋》是我国第一部编年体史书。
+3. 《左传》是我国第一部叙事详备的编年体史书。
+4. 《资治通鉴》由北宋史学家司马光主持编纂, 是中国历史上第一部编年体通史。与《史记》合称“史学双壁”。
+5. 二十四史“前四史”分别是西汉司马迁的《史记》、东汉班固的《汉书》、南朝范晔的《后汉书》、西晋陈寿的《三国志》。
+6. 《史记》是我国第一部纪传体通史, 被列为“二十四史”之首。鲁迅评价《史记》是“史家之绝唱, 无韵之离骚”。
+7. 《汉书》是中国古代第一部纪传体断代史。
+
+### 第五节 中国古代文学
+
+1. 《诗经》是我国最早的诗歌总集，是中国古代诗歌的开端。
+2. 《楚辞》是我国第一部浪漫主义诗歌总集。
+3. 《孔雀东南飞》(又称《古诗为焦仲卿妻作》)，是我国文学史上第一部长篇叙事诗，与《木兰辞》合称“乐府双壁”。
+4. 建安文学：
+(1) 三曹：曹操、曹丕、曹植。
+(2) 谢灵运曾称赞曹植“天下才有一石，曹子建独占八斗”，故用才高八斗形容曹植，曹植的代表作有《白马篇》《洛神赋》。
+(3) 建安七子：孔融、陈琳、王粲、徐干、阮瑀、应场、刘桢。
+5. 陶渊明：名潜，字元亮，私谥“靖节”，世称靖节先生。东晋末至南朝宋初期伟大的诗人、辞赋家。他是中国第一位田园诗人，被称为“古今隐逸诗人之宗”，代表作《陶渊明集》。轶事典故：葛巾漉酒、无弦琴、白衣送酒、不为五斗米折腰、量革履、颜公付酒钱、我醉欲眠卿可去等。
+6. 李白: 诗仙, 字太白, 号青莲居士, 作品风格飘逸洒脱, 充满想象力, 是伟大的浪漫主义诗人。代表作有《将进酒》《蜀道难》《黄鹤楼送孟浩然之广陵》《行路难》。
+
+7. 杜甫: 诗圣, 字子美, 自号少陵野老, 诗歌反映动荡、战乱的年代, 其诗被称为“诗史”, 是伟大的现实主义诗人, 关心百姓疾苦。代表作《蜀相》《三吏》《三别》。《三吏》分别是《新安吏》《石壕吏》《潼关吏》; 《三别》分别是《新婚别》《无家别》《垂老别》。
+
+8. 韩愈: 唐代古文运动的倡导者, 被后人尊为“唐宋八大家”之首, 与柳宗元并称“韩柳”; 后人将其与柳宗元、欧阳修和苏轼合称“千古文章四大家”; 著有《韩昌黎集》四十卷、《师说》。
+
+唐宋八大家: (唐朝) 韩愈、柳宗元; (宋朝) 苏轼、苏洵、苏辙、欧阳修、王安石、曾巩。
+
+9. 白居易: 诗魔、诗王, 字乐天, 号香山居士, 是唐代伟大的现实主义诗人, 唐代三大诗人之一。白居易与元稹共同倡导新乐府运动, 世称“元白”, 与刘禹锡并称“刘白”。代表作《长恨歌》《卖炭翁》《琵琶行》。
+
+10. 王昌龄: 字少伯, 盛唐著名边塞诗人, 后人誉为“七绝圣手”。代表作《从军行七首》《出塞》《闺怨》。
+
+11. 宋词分为豪放派和婉约派。
+
+(1) 豪放派代表人物是苏轼、辛弃疾; 婉约派代表人物是柳永、李清照。
+
+(2) 苏轼: 字子瞻, 又字和仲, 号东坡居士, 世称苏东坡、苏仙。北宋著名文学家、书法家、画家。代表作有《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》《水调歌头》。
+
+(3) 辛弃疾: 字幼安, 号稼轩, 中国南宋豪放派词人, 人称词中之龙, 与苏轼合称“苏辛”, 与李清照并称“济南二安”。代表作《永遇乐·京口北固亭怀古》。
+
+(4) 李清照: 号易安居士, 宋代女词人, 婉约词派代表, 有“千古第一才女”之称。
+
+(5) 柳永: 北宋词人, “奉旨填词”柳三变、“凡有井水饮处, 即能歌柳词”指的都是柳永。
+
+12. 元曲四大家: 关汉卿(《窦娥冤》)、马致远(《汉宫秋》)、郑光祖(《倩女离魂》)、白朴(《梧桐雨》)。
+
+13. 元曲四大悲剧分别是《窦娥冤》(关汉卿)、《汉宫秋》(马致远)、《梧桐雨》(白朴)、《赵氏孤儿》(纪君祥)。
+
+14. 王实甫：元代著名戏曲家，代表作《西厢记》，主人公是崔莺莺和张生。
+
+15. 汤显祖是明代戏曲家、文学家，被誉为“东方的莎士比亚”，其代表作是《临川四梦》，分别是《牡丹亭》《紫钗记》《邯郸记》《南柯记》。
+
+16. 四大名著分别是《三国演义》《水浒传》《西游记》《红楼梦》。
+(1)《三国演义》：作者罗贯中，是我国古代第一部长篇小说。
+(2)《水浒传》：作者施耐庵，是我国第一部以农民起义为题材的长篇小说。
+(3)《西游记》：作者吴承恩，成书时间是明朝，是一部长篇神话小说。
+(4)《红楼梦》：作者是曹雪芹和高句，前八十回为曹雪芹、后四十回为高句，是我国古代最优秀的长篇小说，是中国古典小说的巅峰之作。
+
+17. 《聊斋志异》的作者是清代著名小说家、文学家蒲松龄，是一本文言短篇志怪小说集。郭沫若对其的评价“写鬼写妖高人一等，刺贪刺虐入骨三分”，老舍对其的评价“鬼狐有性格，笑骂成文章”。
+
+18. 《儒林外史》是作者是清代吴敬梓，是我国第一部长篇讽刺小说，主要讽刺科举制。
+
+### 第六节 中国古代成就
+
+1.农业：
+(1)《汜胜之书》由西汉汜胜之编写，是中国现存最早的一部农学专著。
+(2)《齐民要术》由北魏贾思勰编写，是我国现存最早、最完整的一部古代农业科学著作。
+(3)《农书》由元朝王祯编写，第一次对广义农业生产知识作了较全面系统的论述。
+(4)《农政全书》由明朝徐光启编写，这本书综合介绍了我国传统农业的成就，还介绍了欧洲的先进水利技术和工具。
+2.医学：
+(1)战国名医扁鹊，主要创立望、闻、问、切“四诊法”。
+(2)东汉时期张仲景著有《伤寒杂病论》，后人称其为“医圣”。
+(3) 东汉时期的华佗发明麻沸散实施外科手术(全身麻醉)，被称为“外科鼻祖”；他还发明了“五禽戏”(虎、鹿、熊、猿、鸟)。
+(4) 唐朝孙思邈著《千金方》，书中收录了八百多种药物的使用方法，被后世尊称为“药王”。
+(5) 明朝李时珍著《本草纲目》，被称为“东方医药巨典”。
+3. 天文及物理：
+(1) 战国时期的《甘石星经》，是最早的天文著作。
+(2) 《墨经》是《墨子》内容的一部分，记录了很多的光学知识，被现代的科学家称之为“光学八条”，这是最早记载通过小孔成像的实验得出光沿直线传播的著作。
+(3) 唐朝僧一行是科学实测子午线第一人。
+(4) 元朝郭守敬，著有《授时历》。《授时历》中确定一年的精度与现在的一年差不多，相差26秒，比现行的公历早300多年。
+4. 科技：
+(1) 东汉蔡伦改进造纸术。
+(2) 东汉张衡发明了地动仪，是世界上公认的最早测报地震的仪器。
+(3) 1900年在甘肃敦煌发现唐朝刻印的《金刚经》，是目前为止发现的世界上现存最早的、标有确切日期的雕版印刷品。
+(4) 唐朝末年，火药开始用于军事。
+(5) 北宋科学家沈括著《梦溪笔谈》，这是一部包括自然科学、工艺技术、社会历史现象等综合性的著作，被英国科学家李约瑟评价为“中国科学史的里程碑”。
+(6) 明朝宋应星著《天工开物》，是世界上第一部关于农业和手工业的综合类著作，是对农业和手工业的生产技术、经验的整理，被称为“中国17世纪的工艺百科全书”。
+
+### 第七节 中国近代史
+
+1. 中国近代史的起点是 1840 年鸦片战争。
+2. 侵华战争：
+(1) 第一次鸦片战争：爆发于1840年，交战双方是清政府和英国。清政府战败，签订了中国近代史的第一个不平等条约《南京条约》，割让香港岛给英国。影响：中国开始沦为半殖民地半封建社会。
+(2)第二次鸦片战争:1856年英法共同出兵,1858年占领天津后签订《天津条约》,进一步破坏了中国的主权;1860年攻占北京,火烧圆明园,后英法联军强迫清政府签订《北京条约》。
+(3)甲午中日战争:开始于1894年,交战双方是清政府和日本。清政府战败,签订了不平等条约《马关条约》,割让辽东半岛、台湾和澎湖列岛给日本,中国半殖民地半封建社会程度大大加深。
+(4)八国联军侵华战争:开始于1900年。1901年签订不平等条约《辛丑条约》。中国彻底地、完全地沦为半殖民地半封建社会。
+3. 林则徐是“近代开眼看世界第一人”。魏源著有《海国图志》，提出“师夷长技以制夷”。
+4. 救亡运动：
+(1) 太平天国: 1853年, 天平天国攻占南京, 改名“天京”; 1856年, 天京变乱, 太平天国运动由盛转衰; 1864年天京陷落, 整个太平天国运动走向失败。天平天国运动是农民阶级的一场革命。在此期间, 洪仁玕提出新的改革方案——《资政新篇》, 这是我国最早带有资本主义色彩的改革方案。
+(2) 洋务运动: 洋务运动的根本目的是维护封建统治。①代表人物在中央是恭亲王奕訢; 地方是曾国藩、李鸿章、左宗棠、张之洞。②前期发展军事工业, 包括安庆内军械所、江南制造总局(规模最大)、金陵机器局、福州船政局。③后期兴办民用工业, 包括上海轮船招商局(最早开办)、开平煤矿, 湖北织布局和汉阳铁厂。④洋务运动失败的根本原因是中体西用, 没有从根本上变革落后的封建制度。
+(3) 戊戌变法: ①1895年公车上书, 拉开了变法的序幕。②1898年光绪帝颁布《定国是诏》, 变法正式开始, 但是变法只推行了103天, 因此戊戌变法又称“百日维新”。③戊戌变法的失败说明资产阶级温和的改良道路在中国行不通的。④严复翻译《天演论》, 宣扬“物竞天择, 适者生存”, 为戊戌变法提供思想基础。
+(4) 辛亥革命: ①1905年, 孙中山在东京建立了第一个全国性的资产阶级革命政党——同盟会。②同盟会的政治纲领是驱除鞑虏, 恢复中华, 创立民国, 平均地权。③ 1911年10月10日武昌起义爆发。④ 1912年1月1日宣布中华民国成立，孙中山宣布就职，在南京成立临时政府，颁布我国第一部资产阶级宪法《中华民国临时约法》。⑤ 辛亥革命推翻了两千多年的封建帝制，让民主共和的观念深入人心；但是由于资产阶级的软弱性和妥协性，并没有完成反帝反封建的任务，中国仍处于半殖民地半封建社会，帝国主义在中国的特权依然存在。
+5. 新文化运动：
+(1) 新文化运动兴起的标志是1915年陈独秀在上海创办《新青年》。新文化运动的核心思想是民主和科学。
+(2) 李大钊是第一个引来“天火”的人(“天火”指马克思主义)，李大钊是中国第一个马克思主义者，最早在国内宣传马克思主义。
+6. 五四运动：
+(1) 1919年五四运动爆发的导火索是巴黎和会上中国外交失败。
+(2) 两个阶段：①五四运动前期在北京，主力是学生，学生罢课进行游行示威，当时高呼的口号是“外争主权、内除国贼”“誓死力争，还我青岛”“废除二十一条”“拒绝在合约上签字”。②五四运动发展到后期，中心转战到了上海，上海工人声援，主力变为工人，工人罢工、商人罢市，给北洋政府施以巨大压力，对整个国家经济造成巨大影响。
+(3) 意义：五四运动是一场这场彻底的反帝反封的革命运动，工人阶级开始登上历史舞台，标志着新民主主义革命的开端。
+7. 中国共产党的成立：
+(1) 1920年陈独秀在上海建立了第一个共产主义小组。
+(2) 1921年7月23日，中共一大在上海召开，标志着中国共产党的诞生。
+8. 国共第一次合作：
+(1) 1924年国民党一大的召开，标志着国共第一次合作正式形成。
+(2) 1927年蒋介石发动“四一二”反革命政变、汪精卫发动“七一五”反革命政变，标志着第一次国共合作全面破裂。
+9. 国共十年对峙：
+(1) 国共十年对峙的时间是1927年—1937年。
+(2) 1927年8月1日，南昌起义打响了武装反抗国民党反动统治的第一枪。
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@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# 中华人民共和国最高人民法院刑事裁定书
+
+被告人刘某甲,男,汉族,1969年出生于辽宁省阜新市, 初中文化,辽宁省凌源第五监狱服刑人员。1988年11月14日 因犯流氓罪被判处有期徒刑十二年,剥夺政治权利三年;2009 年10月28日因犯故意伤害罪被判处管制二年;2012年12月7 日因犯绑架罪被判处无期徒刑,剥夺政治权利终身,并处罚金 人民币五千元。2021年9月27日因本案被逮捕。现在押。
+
+被告人张某甲,男,汉族,1982年出生于辽宁省阜新市, 初中文化,辽宁省凌源第二监狱服刑人员。1997年12月29日 因犯抢劫罪被判处有期徒刑一年六个月,并处罚金人民币二千 元;2000年9月13日因犯盗窃罪被判处有期徒刑一年,并处 罚金人民币四千元;2000年12月13日因犯故意伤害罪被判处 有期徒刑五年,与前罪盗窃罪所判刑罚并罚,决定执行有期徒刑 五年,并处罚金人民币四千元;2005年11月25日因犯盗窃 罪、交通肇事罪被判处有期徒刑六年,并处罚金人民币五千 元,2010年7月2日刑满释放;2012年12月7日因犯绑架罪 被判处无期徒刑,剥夺政治权利终身,并处罚金人民币五千 元。2021年9月27日因本案被逮捕。现在押。
+
+内蒙古自治区赤峰市中级人民法院审理赤峰市人民检察院指控被告人刘某甲、张某甲均犯抢劫罪、故意杀人罪一案,于2023年6月26日以(2022)内04刑初42号刑事附带民事判决,认定被告人刘某甲犯抢劫罪,判处死刑,剥夺政治权利终身,并处没收个人全部财产,与原判刑罚并罚,决定执行死刑,剥夺政治权利终身,并处没收个人全部财产,犯故意杀人罪,判处有期徒刑五年,决定执行死刑,剥夺政治权利终身,并处没收个人全部财产;被告人张某甲犯抢劫罪,判处死刑,剥夺政治权利终身,并处没收个人全部财产,与原判刑罚并罚,决定执行死刑,剥夺政治权利终身,并处没收个人全部财产。宣判后,刘某甲、张某甲分别提出上诉。内蒙古自治区高级人民法院经依法开庭审理,于2024年4月3日以(2023)内刑终252号刑事附带民事判决,维持原审对被告人刘某甲、张某甲的判决,并依法报请本院核准。本院复核期间,根据被告人刘某甲、张某甲申请,通知司法部法律援助中心指派北京市京师律师事务所律师张洪波为刘某甲提供辩护;指派北京爱申律师事务所律师郭寸利为张某甲提供辩护。本院依法组成合议庭,对本案进行了复核,依法讯问了被告人,听取了辩护律师意见。现已复核终结。
+
+经复核确认：
+
+一、抢劫事实
+
+1. 2011年1月6日, 被告人刘某甲提议抢劫并伙同被告人张某甲从云南省曲靖市乘车到贵州省六盘水市, 准备折叠刀、剪刀各一把, 选定六盘水市钟山区XX路“某酒店用品总汇店”为作案目标。次日上午, 刘某甲、张某甲到该店内, 假意购买商品将店主龚某(被害人, 女, 时年23岁)骗至二楼, 用胶带将龚某捆绑并持刀威逼, 劫取现金8000元、黄金戒指一枚(价值200元)、铂金戒指一枚(价值1200元)以及银行卡一张。二人威逼龚某说出银行卡密码后, 刘某甲持尖刀、张某甲持剪刀先后捅刺龚某胸部、背部数刀后逃离现场。二人回到曲靖市, 在银行自助取款机上用所抢银行卡取款9900元。经鉴定, 龚某受重伤二级。
+
+2. 被告人刘某甲、张某甲从曲靖市乘车至宁夏回族自治区银川市,刘某甲提议再次抢劫,二人准备锤子、尖刀等工具并寻找作案目标。2011年2月26日7时许,刘某甲、张某甲在银川市兴庆区某小区北门停车场内,趁被害人牛某(女,时年47岁)打开其轿车准备上车之机迅速进入轿车,刘某甲将牛某拖拽至后排座椅下方脚垫处,张某甲驾驶轿车驶离停车场。刘某甲在车内用绳子将牛某捆绑,翻找到牛某包内的银行卡,威逼牛某说出密码。张某甲驾车至银川市建设银行某支行,在自助取款机上用所劫银行卡取款9000元。当车行至银川市兴庆区雷庙附近时,刘某甲、张某甲先后持刀捅刺牛某背部数刀,将牛某扔到路边坑里,并用树枝覆盖,劫取牛某诺基亚手机一部、钻戒一枚、飞亚达手表一块、黄金坠一个、银耳环一对(总价值15660元)及现金300元。二人驾车逃离,后弃车于银川市贺兰县西环路东侧路边。经鉴定,牛某受轻伤。
+
+3. 2011年3月,被告人刘某甲、张某甲与林某(同案被告人,已判刑)预谋抢劫并从辽宁省阜新市乘车到内蒙古自治区赤峰市,在赤峰市购买三把尖刀并选定抢劫赤峰市松山区XX家园X栋X号商厅董某甲(被害人,殁年46岁)、张某乙(被害人,女,殁年40岁)经营的佛品店。同月17日晚,三人进入佛品店,刘某甲假借喝水将董某甲骗至厨房内,持尖刀捅刺董某甲背部、胸腹部数刀,致董某甲当场死亡。张某甲、林某控制张某乙,后刘某甲与林某用布条捆绑张某乙手脚和颈部,张某甲翻找财物并找到银行卡。刘某甲殴打威逼张某乙说出密码后,林某负责看管张某乙,刘某甲、张某甲去银行自助取款机取款。因卡内余额极少,刘某甲、张某甲返回现场。张某甲继续翻找财物,刘某甲、林某继续逼问张某乙索要钱财,为制止张某乙呼救将其杀害。之后三人分别捅刺张某乙胸部一刀,由张某甲清理现场后逃离，共劫得现金100元、二部手机（其中一部价值300元）。经鉴定，董某甲系大量失血死亡，张某乙系机械性窒息死亡。
+
+4. 2011年4月，被告人刘某甲提议并纠集林某到北京市抢劫，因未找到作案目标，二人来到河北省承德市，准备了两把折叠刀，经踩点后确定承德市双桥区XX路某服装店为作案目标。同月22日14时许，刘某甲、林某到该服装店假意购买服装，趁店主张某丙（被害人，女，时年38岁）不备，用店内围巾将张某丙捆绑并持刀威逼，劫得现金1400元、索尼牌笔记本电脑一台（价值23000元）、女装一套、银行卡一张。二人威逼张某丙说出银行卡密码后，刘某甲持店内剪刀、林某持折叠刀先后捅刺张某丙胸部、背部数刀后逃离现场。经鉴定，张某丙受重伤二级。
+
+另查明，被告人刘某甲因其他犯罪在辽宁省凌源第五监狱服刑时于2021年8月16日主动供述上述在赤峰市抢劫事实，于同月30日主动供述上述在六盘水市、银川市抢劫事实。
+
+上述事实，有第一审、第二审开庭审理中经质证确认的住院病历，银行账户交易明细，证明被告人刘某甲、张某甲前科犯罪和潜逃期间又犯罪情况的刑事判决书和释放证明等书证；证人董某乙、刘某乙、赵某、刘某丙、孙某、王某甲、杨某等的证言；被害人张某丙、龚某、牛某的陈述；尸体鉴定意见、伤情鉴定意见、DNA鉴定意见、价格鉴定意见；现场勘验、检查笔录，人身检查笔录，证明张某丙、龚某、牛某分别混杂辨认出刘某甲、张某甲的辨认笔录；银行监控视频；同案被告人林某的供述和刘某甲的归案证明等证据证实。被告人刘某甲、张某甲亦供认。足以认定。
+
+二、故意杀人事实
+
+1. 被告人刘某甲因其他犯罪在辽宁省凌源第五监狱服刑期间，因怀疑同监区服刑人员万某（被害人，时年29岁）欲对其进行加害，又因与服刑人员王某乙（被害人，时年52岁）的日常矛盾，产生杀害二人之念，并事前准备了作案工具钢钉、钢片。2021年8月2日19时27分，刘某甲在监狱二监区餐厅门前趁服刑人员排队收工时，手持钢钉、钢片向万某面部捅刺数下，致万某受伤倒地后，又向王某乙面部捅刺数下，并在其他服刑人员上前制止时挥舞钢钉、钢片伤人，后被控制。经鉴定，王某乙受轻伤一级，万某受轻伤二级。
+
+2. 被告人刘某甲因涉嫌抢劫犯罪被从监狱解回赤峰市松山区看守所羁押期间，因怀疑同监室关押人员李某（被害人，时年28岁）受人指使监视、排挤自己，心生怨恨，欲杀死李某。2021年12月9日20时44分，刘某甲在松山区看守所107监室内，用事先准备的塑料锐器扎李某眼部数次，李某在同监室人员的帮助下挣脱。经鉴定，李某受轻微伤。
+
+上述事实，有第一审、第二审开庭审理中经质证确认的提取的作案工具钢钉、钢片、塑料锐器等物证；证人黎某、车某等的证言；被害人万某、王某乙、李某的陈述；伤情鉴定意见；现场勘验、检查笔录，辨认笔录；现场监控视频等证据证实。被告人刘某甲亦供认。足以认定。
+
+本院认为，被告人刘某甲、张某甲结伙以非法占有为目的，采用暴力手段当场劫取他人财物，其行为均已构成抢劫罪，应与原判刑罚并罚；刘某甲故意非法剥夺他人生命，其行为已构成故意杀人罪，亦应依法并罚。刘某甲多次结伙抢劫，抢劫数额巨大，致二人死亡、二人重伤、一人轻伤，其中一起系入户抢劫，在共同抢劫犯罪中起主要作用，系主犯，罪责最为突出，犯罪性质、情节恶劣，手段残忍，社会危害大，后果和罪行极其严重,且曾因犯罪被判刑,在实施本案抢劫犯罪后又因实施绑架犯罪被判处无期徒刑,在监狱服刑和解回看守所羁押期间又实施故意杀人犯罪,主观恶性极深,人身危险性极大,虽其抢劫犯罪有自首情节,但不足以从轻处罚。刘某甲实施的故意杀人犯罪系未遂,对其所犯故意杀人罪依法可比照既遂犯从轻处罚。张某甲多次结伙抢劫,抢劫数额巨大,致二人死亡、一人重伤、一人轻伤,其中一起系入户抢劫,在共同抢劫中系主犯,罪责突出,犯罪性质、情节恶劣,手段残忍,社会危害大,后果和罪行极其严重,且曾多次因犯罪被判刑,系累犯,在实施本案抢劫犯罪后又因实施绑架犯罪被判处无期徒刑,主观恶性深,人身危险性大,应依法从重处罚。对于张某甲的辩护律师所提赤峰市抢劫案未提取到作案工具、缺乏关键物证等意见,经查,现有证据确实、充分,未提取到作案工具等物证不影响事实的认定,对该意见不予采纳;对于刘某甲的辩护律师所提刘某甲没有直接造成二被害人死亡、建议从轻处罚等意见及张某甲的辩护律师所提张某甲系从犯、建议从轻处罚等其他意见,均同意原判不予采纳的意见。第一审、第二审判决认定的事实清楚,证据确实、充分,定罪准确,量刑适当。审判程序合法。依照《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》第二百四十六条、第二百五十条和《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法〉的解释》第四百二十九条第(一)项的规定,裁定如下:
+
+核准内蒙古自治区高级人民法院(2023)内刑终252号维持第一审对被告人刘某甲以抢劫罪判处死刑,剥夺政治权利终身,并处没收个人全部财产,与原判刑罚并罚,决定执行死刑,剥夺政治权利终身,并处没收个人全部财产,以故意杀人罪判处有期徒刑五年,决定执行死刑,剥夺政治权利终身,并处没收个人全部财产；对被告人张某甲以抢劫罪判处死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产，与原判刑罚并罚，决定执行死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产的刑事附带民事判决。
+
+本裁定自宣告之日起发生法律效力。
+
+审判长 翁彤彦
+
+审判员 李秀元
+
+审判员 严 捷
+
+二〇二五年一月二十五日
+
+书记员 宋肖颖
\ No newline at end of file
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+DOI:10.16124/j.cnki.cn13-1390/c.2019.03.014
+
+# 北京同仁堂的医药文化——走向世界的传统中医药
+
+刘颖
+
+(蔚县文艺家协会,河北 蔚县 075700)
+
+
+摘要: 北京同仁堂是中医药行业的“中华老字号”,距今已有350年的历史。百年不变的同仁堂精神为其赢得了广泛的赞誉和信任,使其成长为中医药行业的“龙头”。新时期,北京同仁堂又致力于海外发展,为中国中医药产业的发展提供了很多成功经验。其面对中医体系所做出的努力调试,也为传统中医药走向世界提供了宝贵借鉴。
+
+关键词: 北京同仁堂;传统中医药;文化传播;“一带一路”
+
+中图分类号: G122 文献标志码: A 文章编号:1674-3210(2019)03-0086-05
+
+传统中医药是中华民族的文化瑰宝,是中华民族特有的宝贵资源。“中医药学凝聚着深邃的哲学智慧和中华民族几千年的健康养生理念及实践经验,是中国古代科学的瑰宝,也是打开中华文明宝库的钥匙。”$^{①}$让祖国的传统中医药走向世界,不仅是传播中华优秀传统文化的需要,也是造福世界人民健康的需要。
+
+北京同仁堂是中医药行业的“中华老字号”,历经350年的风风雨雨依然充满勃勃生机,在国内国际上取得了令人瞩目的成就。目前,同仁堂已在境外25个国家和地区设立了36家子公司和115家包括零售终端、中医诊所和养生中心在内的网点,分布于东南亚、北美、大洋洲和欧洲等地。据不完全统计,在境外累计诊疗的患者超过3000万人次。$^{②}$追溯北京同仁堂发展的历史轨迹,研究北京同仁堂的医药文化,不仅可以为中国整个中医药产业的发展提供很多成功的经验,而且对进一步推动中医药文化在国外的传播与交流也具有重要的意义。
+
+## 一、北京同仁堂的悠久历史
+
+### (一)创立之初,千古承诺
+
+北京同仁堂创立于清康熙八年(1669)。创始人乐显扬(1630—1688),号尊育,祖籍浙江宁波府慈溪县(今江北区慈城镇)。乐显扬为乐家第四代传人,其曾祖父乐良才于明末清初之际举家迁至北京。乐良才是一位走街串巷以行医卖药为生的铃医,来京后仍操此业。乐显扬早期也是铃医,清初在太医院出任管理文书的吏目,收集了大量宫廷秘方、古方、民间验方及祖传秘方。1669年,乐显扬在北京西打磨厂创办同仁堂药室。堂名“同仁”由乐显扬亲自拟定,并解说命名缘由:“‘同仁’二字可以命堂名,吾喜其公而雅,需志之”$^{③}$。
+
+乐显扬死后,其子乐凤鸣恪守父训,接续祖业,于康熙四十年(1702)在北京前门外大栅栏路南开设同仁堂药铺,并提出“遵肘后,辨地产,炮制虽繁必不敢省人工,品味虽贵必不敢减物力”$^{①}$的信条,为同仁堂制药建立起严格的选方、用药、配比及工艺规范。经过几十年的苦心经营,同仁堂在社会上树立起了良好信誉。
+
+
+收稿日期: 2019-05-19
+
+基金项目: 河北省教育厅重大攻关课题“一带一路视野下的京津冀区域文化史研究”(ZD201723)阶段性成果。
+
+作者简介: 刘颖(1991—),女,河北保定人,蔚县民间文艺家协会会员,主要研究中国非物质文化遗产的保护与传承。
+
+①吴镇聪:《“一带一路”建设视阈下中医药文化对外传播研究》,《福建农林大学学报》(哲学社会科学版)2016年第4期。
+②伊祁:《北京同仁堂:老字号的海外之路》,《中国报道》2014年第12期。
+③乐民成:《国药世家三百年》,中国中医药出版社,2012年版,第48页。
+
+### (二)御药标准,供奉支持
+公元1723年,清雍正帝正式钦定同仁堂来供奉御药房的制药原料及各类药品,包括药材、饮片等。此后同仁堂一直承办官药,延续到清朝皇室被推翻为止,历经8代皇帝,长达188年之久。在供奉御药的近200年间,同仁堂兢兢业业、小心翼翼,严格遵照皇家的药材标准挑选药材,恪守宫廷秘方及制药方法代制丸散膏丹。经过历代人的口传心授、约定俗成,同仁堂形成了一套固定的制度。同时,在潜移默化中,同仁堂把皇家用药标准、制药方法与同仁堂选购药材的标准、制药方法完全融合在一起,使同仁堂的药品质量达到了清宫医药的标准。
+
+此外,由于同仁堂供奉御药都是预领药款,相当于清廷一直为同仁堂提供无息贷款,这大大增加了同仁堂的资金周转能力。可以说,供奉御药的“独特身份”不仅提升了同仁堂的社会声望,也增加了同仁堂的经济实力,使得同仁堂在此期间获得了快速发展,成为中医中药行业的龙头。
+
+### (三)广开店铺,扩大影响
+清朝末年,乐家繁衍为乐孟繁、乐仲繁、乐叔繁、乐季繁四大支,同仁堂由这四支家族共同管理。后经四支家族代表共同商议,允许各支用“乐家老铺”招牌在外开办店铺,但不能用“同仁堂”店名。民国时期,乐家各支相继在外开办店铺。据统计:“乐孟繁支开设了南京同仁堂一个,宏济堂三个,乐仁堂五个,宏仁堂四个;乐仲繁支开设了颐龄堂一个,永仁堂三个,怀仁堂一个,沛仁堂一个;乐叔繁支开设了济仁堂两个,乐舜记一个,宏德堂一个;乐季繁支开设了达仁堂十个,树仁堂一个。”$^{②}$这34家“乐家老铺”分布于长春、天津、西安、上海、长沙、福州、香港等地,进一步扩大了北京同仁堂的影响。
+
+### (四)国难当头,濒临破产
+抗日战争爆发后,北平市面萧条,同仁堂的营业也日渐低落。1937年日军攻陷北平后,同仁堂更是举步维艰。再加上国民政府相继在全国范围发行“法币”“金圆券”,使得国内产生恶性通货膨胀,货币急剧贬值,给同仁堂造成了沉重打击。至解放前夕,同仁堂设备陈旧,铺务管理陷入困境,已到了濒临破产的地步。
+
+然而,即便是在如此艰难的时期,同仁堂依然尽己所能,开发新药,造福百姓。1939年夏天,同仁堂组织几位老药工查阅典籍,多次试验,终于成功研制出“六神丹”。“六神丹”清热解毒、消肿止痛,对咽喉病有特殊疗效,其功能远远超过了当时畅销的日本药“仁丹”,成为当时轰动北平的名药。
+
+### (五)公私合营,重获新生
+建国初期,百废待兴,同仁堂也亟需尽快恢复正常营业。此时的同仁堂经理为乐氏第十三代传人乐松生。1954年,在乐松生的带头下,同仁堂向国家递交了公私合营申请,率先实现了公私合营。国家的支持和保护让同仁堂重获新生,进入了新的发展阶段。
+
+1953年,同仁堂与北京大学合作探索中药西制的方法,成功研制出银翘解毒片、黄连上清片、女金片,后又制成舒肝片、藿香正气片等。1957年,同仁堂中药提炼厂正式成立,开创了中药西制的先河。
+
+### (六)锐意改革,海外传播
+1979年,同仁堂厂、店牌号得以恢复。借着改革开放新政策的东风,同仁堂锐意改革,实现了新的飞跃。1992年,中国北京同仁堂集团公司组建成立,实行现代化企业制度管理。1997年,又成立了北京同仁堂股份有限公司。同年7月,同仁堂股票在上海证券交易所上市。与此同时,同仁堂开始寻求海外发展,相继成立了北京同仁堂科技发展股份有限公司和同仁堂和记(香港)药业发展有限公司,借道香港,进军国际市场。发展至今,同仁堂已经成为“涵盖现代制药业、零售商业和医疗服务三大板块的健康产业集团,拥有药品、保健食品等六大类产品2600余种,36个生产基地,105条现代化生产线,一个国家工程中心和博士后科研工作站。集团系统共有零售终端2121家(其中海外140家);医疗服务终端(含中医医院、诊所)
+488家(其中海外80家)”$^{①}$。
+
+
+
+① 陈宗凤:《中国五大老字号中成药企业历史及其特色比较》,《云南中医中药杂志》2014年第9期。
+② 《中华老字号——同仁堂》,《时代经贸》2015年第10期。
+
+## 二、不变的同仁堂精神
+
+### (一)同修仁德,济世养生
+“同修仁德,济世养生”是同仁堂企业文化的核心,也是同仁堂精神的核心所在。可以说,同仁堂在创立之初便有着天下为公、济世养生的宽广胸怀和崇高信仰。
+
+“仁”是儒家文化的核心概念,意为仁者爱人、同情友爱,孔子把“仁”作为最高的道德境界。历代同仁堂人始终践行以“仁”为本的价值观,做仁药,施仁术,无论是皇亲国戚还是平民百姓,无论是家财万贯还是一贫如洗,都一视同仁,尽力相助。早在清代,同仁堂每到冬天便在磁器口、珠市口、打磨厂等地设粥棚,施舍棉衣;对没钱装殓的人施舍义棺;对参加考试的学生赠送平安药;自酬资金创办消防水会;兴办义学等。为了方便民众,同仁堂始终保留代客煎药、代客寄药、坐堂问诊、免费咨询等传统,处处体现了同仁堂的“仁德”精神。
+
+同仁堂的“济世养生”并不局限于中国,而是放眼全世界。特别是改革开放以来,同仁堂在国外也获得了快速发展。在海外传播的过程中,同仁堂不仅把质量上乘的中药、医术高明的中医送到国外,为更多人带去健康,也把传承几千年的优秀中医文化传播到全世界,以改善更多人的生命质量。同仁堂拥有服务世界人民的医者之心,而这种精神必将支持同仁堂在未来有更远大的发展。
+
+### (二)诚信为本,质量至上
+乐家第五代传人乐凤鸣,在其编纂的《乐氏世代祖传丸散膏丹下料配方簿》一书中,首次提出“遵肘后,辨地产,炮制虽繁必不敢省人工,品味虽贵必不敢减物力”$^{②}$的家训。所谓“肘后”,是指药学方书《肘后备急方》,“遵肘后”即强调制药必须遵循正统规范(今称《药典》);“辨地产”是强调严格选择原料药材产地,适时获取优质药材,“取其地,采其时”,保证原料药材的品质。只有这样才能做出质量上乘、真正有效的中药。“修合无人见,存心有天知”也是历代同仁堂人恪守的信条。“修合”是一个有关中药采制过程的术语。修,指对未加工药材的炮制;合,指对药材的取舍、搭配与组合。这句话的意思是在炮制药材和配制药品的过程中,旁人是无法见到的,药材是否保质、斤两是否足秤、配制是否符合规矩虽然只有自己知道,但这一切上天都自有公论。
+
+同仁堂历经340年风雨依然傲立世间,不是因为它曾经“供奉御药”的特殊身份,也不是因为新中国成立后政府的保护与支持,而是因为它始终坚守原则、遵守古训,以诚信为本,坚持质量至上,做真正有效、造福百姓的中药,为自己赢得了百姓的信任。
+
+## 三、北京同仁堂的海外发展之路
+
+### (一)中药生产、研发、营销的国际化
+1992年,随着改革开放进入新的阶段,中国北京同仁堂集团公司组建成立,开始寻求海外更广阔的发展。为了更顺利地融入国际市场,同仁堂对自己的药品生产过程、药品成分及剂型、药品包装三方面做出了调试和革新。
+
+首先,早在1992年,同仁堂公司所属企业的8条主要生产线就已经通过了澳大利亚GMP认证,确保产品质量安全符合国际标准。截至目前,“同仁堂全部生产线都已经通过国家GMP认证,10条生产线通过澳大利亚TGA认证,为药品质量的稳定性、安全性和有效性提供了保障”$^{③}$。其次,为了使药品成分符合当地用药标准,同仁堂对多种药品进行了二次研发。例如新加坡禁止在药品中添加黄连和黄柏,同仁堂便多次试验,研制出专门针对新加坡市场的大活络丹,实现了新加坡市场的顺利扩展。另外,为了迎合海外消费者的用药习惯,同仁堂将传统中药大药丸制成浓缩丸、软胶囊、冲剂、片剂等多种剂型,使药品更加便于服用。再有,同仁堂对出口海外的药品包装也进行了改进,使之更符合当地特色和国际潮流。
+
+
+①《走进同仁堂》,北京同仁堂官网,https://www.tongrentang.com.
+② 陈宗凤:《中国五大老字号中成药企业历史及其特色比较》,《云南中医中药杂志》2014年第9期。
+③ 张恒军:《同仁堂:讲述中华文化走出去的中国故事》,《商业文化》2017年第21期。
+
+### (二)中医咨询、诊疗、服务的国际化
+同仁堂在海外的快速发展不仅是因为它拥有疗效显著的中成药,也因为它可以提供独具特色的医疗服务。中医坐堂问诊是同仁堂门店的传统,这一传统不仅可以使病人得到有效诊断,对药店的营收也十分有利。因此,在开办海外门店的过程中依然保留这一传统。事实证明,这种“名店+名药+名医”三位一体的经营模式对同仁堂品牌的传播具有良好的促进作用。
+
+为扫除跨文化交际障碍,给海外人民带去更专业的医疗服务,同仁堂积极培养海外本土化人才,并在2014年成立了“海外医师进修工作室”,进一步提升了同仁堂中医的临床研究与应用能力。除此之外,同仁堂还提供中医按摩、推拿等服务,定期举办义诊等活动。这一系列举措都拉近了与海外人民的距离,提高了他们对中医中药的认同度,从而促进了同仁堂在海外的进一步发展。
+
+### (三) 中医药文化交流、传播的国际化
+产品与服务固然是同仁堂走向世界的两大法宝,但其中蕴含的延续千年的中医药文化才是同仁堂的核心灵魂。因中西方哲学基础和思维方式的不同,产生了中医和西医两种截然不同的医疗体系和医学文化。中医的哲学基础是整体观和辩证法,讲究对人体进行整体调节从而获得身体的健康与平衡;西医的哲学基础是机械论,讲究对人体的局部进行精确的判断从而达到治疗的目的。中医与西医如此不同,要想让代表中国传统医药的同仁堂被更多人接受,就必须在文化层面进行更广泛、更深入的交流与传播,促进海外对中医药文化的了解与认同。
+
+同仁堂在传播中医药文化方面做了很多尝试,也取得了一定的成果。同仁堂以门店为基础,举办形式多样的文化交流活动,如向民众教授太极拳、八段锦,品味中国茶道,学习中国养生文化;开办同仁堂中医博物馆;与孔子学院合作,派专家教授中医课程、举办健康讲座;利用海外媒体进行宣传,“如在澳洲《新快报》上连载小说《大清药王》,在澳洲华人卫视、韩国SKYLIFE 电视台播出电视连续剧《大清药王》《大宅门》等”$^{①}$。同仁堂注重中医药文化的交流与传播,有效提高了同仁堂品牌的国际知名度与认可度,进而塑造了其以中医中药为核心的全球健康产业品牌。
+
+## 四、走向世界的传统中医药
+
+北京同仁堂在海外的迅速发展在一定程度上反映了西方国家对传统中医药已经有一定的认识,但传统中医药要真正走向世界仍旧困难重重。目前,传统中医药在海外注册依然面临法律障碍,很多国家甚至明文规定禁止中医师执业。国外人民对中医药文化依然了解不够,接受度较低。这些问题都极大地阻碍了传统中医药在海外的传播和应用。因此,我们要积极采取措施,加强中外在医药文化方面的交流与合作,为传统中医药走向世界创造更好的条件。
+
+### (一) 抓住“一带一路”倡议合作的契机
+2013年9月习近平主席提出“一带一路”倡议构想,距今已有5年多的时间。在此期间,中国与多个国家和国际组织签署了共建“一带一路”合作协议及多双边合作文件,“目前已有9个‘一带一路’沿线国家建立中医中心,并建有7所中医孔子学院”$^{②}$。2019年4月,第二届“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛在北京成功举行,“各方达成了283项务实成果,包括签署政府间合作协议,开展务实项目合作,发起成立专业领域多边对话合作平台,发布共建‘一带一路’进展报告、高峰论坛咨询委员会政策建议报告等”$^{③}$。“一带一路”倡议的实施为中医药产业的海外发展和中医药文化的海外传播提供了很多便利条件。除此之外,“一带一路”沿线国家覆盖全球超过64%的人口,其中多为医疗卫生事业发展相对滞后的发展中国家。并且受古代丝绸之路的影响,很多国家有使用传统中医药的历史,对传统中医药的接受度和认可度较高。因此我们必须抓住“一带一路”倡议合作的契机,进一步推动传统中医药在“一带一路”沿线国家的传播和应用,并以此为基础,推动传统中医药走向全世界。
+
+目前,中医药事业在“一带一路”沿线国家发展不平衡。泰国、澳大利亚、肯尼亚等国已经对中医药进行立法管理并允许中医师执业,荷兰、以色列、埃及等国只允许中医针灸师执业,菲律宾、西班牙等国则依然禁止中医师行医$^{①}$。只有当地政府对中医药进行立法规范管理并且承认中医师的合法地位,中医药在当地的发展才有可能。因此,我们要借助“一带一路”的合作契机,与沿线国家政府深入沟通,推动中医药立法管理和中医师制度化进程,扫清中医药海外注册的法律障碍,为中医药的进一步发展和传播创造良好的法律基础。此外,还要深入开展中医医疗及科研合作,建立海外中医机构,派遣中医专家,让海外民众更好地了解中医药,提高他们的认知度和接受度。
+
+
+①郝鑫岐:《从同仁堂的海外发展探寻中国文化对外传播之路》,《新闻世界》2012年第5期。
+②段资睿:《中医药产业国际化发展路径研究——基于“一带一路”战略的视角》,《国际经济合作》2017年第4期。
+③《习近平在第二届“一带一路”国际合作高峰论坛记者会上的讲话》,《中国报业》2019年第9期。
+
+### (二)深化中医药文化交流与传播
+中医药文化是我国优秀传统文化的重要组成部分,传统中医药走向世界必须坚持文化先行。同仁堂的成功经验告诉我们,只有把中医药产业发展与中医药文化相结合,才能使海外民众更好地认可和接受传统中医药。近年来“自然疗法”在国外日渐兴起,被越多越多的人所认可。“自然疗法”强调以人体健康为核心,主张采用自然界的种种资源,增强机体的自愈能力,从而获得机体健康。这种理念与中医的传统理念基本相似。传统中医药文化中蕴含着天人合一的道家思想与阴阳五行理论,以及整体观和辩证观,处处体现着中华民族特有的哲学思想和思维方式。但正因为这种独特性及其与西医的差异性,海外民众很难一下接受。因此,加强中医药文化传播和交流就显得十分迫切和必要。
+
+深化中医药文化交流与传播,需要社会各界的共同努力。首先,要与当地政府医疗部门合作开展中医药文化交流活动。通过政府部门合作推广,可以增加中医药文化的可信度和可接受度,达到事半功倍的效果。其次,要重视民间中医药团体的作用,如世界中医药学会联合会、世界针灸学会联合会等机构,积极促进中医药文化的民间交流。另外,要大力开展中医药国际学校教育,依托孔子学院、中医学院等机构,与境外高校合作办学,培养中医传播的海外人才。除此之外,中医药企业也要充分认识到文化传播的重要性,在开展中医药贸易发展的同时,注重对中医药文化的宣传和推广。
+
+## 结语
+
+传统中医药的宝贵价值,正被越来越多的国家和地区认可。2019年5月25日,第72届世界卫生大会审议通过了《国际疾病分类第11次修订本》,“首次将起源于中国且当前在中国、日本、韩国等国家普遍使用的传统医学纳入其中”$^{②}$,这一举措必将会为传统中医药在全世界范围内的传播和应用扫清诸多障碍。相信今后通过多方努力,能够出现更多像北京同仁堂这样优秀的中医药企业,让更多人体验到中医药的神奇疗效,造福世界人民健康,实现全球文化共享。
+
+①潘沙沙、张思容等:《21世纪海上丝绸之路沿线国家中医执业法规研究》,《中国卫生事业管理》2016年第8期。
+②刘曲:《传统医学病证纳入〈国际疾病分类〉》,《人民日报》2019年5月28日。
+
+# Beijing Tongrentang's Medical Culture: Traditional Chinese Medicine to the World
+
+LIU Ying
+
+(Yuxian Association of Folk Literary Arts, Yuxian Hebei 075700, China)
+
+**Abstract:** Beijing Tongrentang is the "Chinese Time-honored Brand" in the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) industry. It has a history of 350 years. The spirit of Tong Ren Tang, which has remained unchanged for a hundred years, has won wide acclaim and trust, and has grown into a "leader" in the TCM industry. In the new era, Beijing Tongrentang is committed to overseas development, and has provided many successful experiences for the development of TCM industry. Its efforts in reforming the TCM system have also provided valuable reference for TCM to the world.
+
+**Key words:** Beijing Tongrentang; traditional Chinese medicine; cultural communication; "Belt and Road"
\ No newline at end of file
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+## 目录
+
+第一章 面试概论 ... 1
+第二章 半结构化面试的考查形式及重点 ... 6
+第三章 追问应对技巧 ... 12
+第四章 结构化面试应对技巧 ... 24
+
+# 第一章 面试概论
+
+**学习目标**
+
+1. 了解常见面试形式和组织流程。
+2. 了解考官评价标准，理解面试本质。
+3. 掌握考场举止仪表的基本要求，养成良好的行为举止习惯。
+4. 熟悉社区面试的基本考情，明确备考方向。
+
+## 第一节 面试初识
+
+面试是指用人单位根据单位需求，事先经过精心设计，在特定的场景下，考官与应试者之间面对面地直接交谈及观察，由表及里测评应试者的有关知识、技能、工作经验、性格、态度和待人接物的方式等，以判断求职者与报考职位是否匹配以及谁匹配度最高的一种测评方式。
+面试是人才素质测评中非常重要的一种方法。
+
+## 第二节 走进考场
+
+### 结构化面试
+
+
+结构化面试，也称标准化面试，相对于传统的经验型面试而言，是指针对要测评的内容事先进行精心设计，系统全面地列好拟提问题的清单，面试时严格按照事先准备好的问题提问，并根据应试者回答内容的适当性进行评价。
+简单说就是测评要素、面试试题、实施程序、评分标准、考官组成等都事先进行规范性设计的一种面试测评方法。
+
+### 半结构化面试
+
+半结构化面试是指面试构成要素中有的内容作统一的要求，有的内容则不作统一的规定，也就是在预先设计好的试题（结构化面试）的基础上，面试中主考官向应试者又提出一些随机性的试题；半结构化面试是介于非结构化面试和结构化面试之间的一种形式。
+
+半结构化面试的特点是：1.有明显的结构化元素；2.追问较多；3.形式灵活。
+
+
+**结构化面试、半结构化面试现场图**
+
+### 无领导小组讨论面试
+
+1. 一组应试者（一般是 6-10 人）在既定的背景下围绕给定的问题展开讨论。讨论一般要持续 1 个小时左右。
+2. 考生在讨论过程中地位是平等的，不会事先指定哪一位充当领导。
+3. 主要考查组织协调能力、领导能力、人际交往的意识与技巧、辩论说服能力、语言沟通能力等；同时也考查自信心、进取心、责任感、团队精神等。
+
+
+**无领导小组讨论现场图**
+
+### 结构化小组面试
+
+结构化小组面试，是一种标准化小组面试，要求一组考生同时回答一套题目，答题结束后，考生之间互相评论和回应的一种面试测评方法，从而测查考生从事工作所需的基本能力和基本素质。
+
+## 第三节 举止仪表
+
+### 仪容仪表
+
+#### （一）女性仪容仪表
+
+1. 女性发型需要与自己风度、气质保持一致。
+2. 妆容要求干净整洁、朴素淡雅。
+3. 根据不同季节选择装束,着装端庄优雅、简洁得体。
+
+#### （二）男性仪容仪表
+
+1. 注意个人卫生,发型胡须整洁。
+2. 根据不同季节选择装束,着装注重朴素大方、搭配得体。
+
+### 行为举止
+
+#### （一）总体要求
+
+举止大方,自信从容,态度谦恭,踏实稳重。
+
+#### （二）具体要求
+1. 走
+常见问题:走路不稳、摆臂不自然。
+整体要求:步伐稳健、动作协调。
+
+2. 站
+常见问题:驼背、僵硬。
+整体要求:抬头挺胸、自信挺拔。
+
+3. 坐
+常见问题：弓背、抖腿、跷二郎腿、坐姿随意、手势过多或死板。
+整体要求：腰板挺直、不靠椅背。
+
+4. 眼神
+常见问题：目光呆滞、四处看、眼球上翻或乱转，挑眉、皱眉。
+整体要求：真诚坚定。
+
+5. 声音
+常见问题：声音小、气场弱。
+整体要求：声音洪亮、语气坚定。
+
+# 第二章 半结构化面试的考查形式及重点
+### 考查形式
+
+
+#### （一）答辩
+
+答辩是考官采用和应试者面对面交流的方式,增进对应试者的进一步了解,从而全方面判断应试者是否符合岗位需要。答辩的形式主要包括两个或三个环节:(结构化面试+自由问答)或(自我介绍+结构化面试+自由问答)。
+
+答辩 自我介绍 结构化面试 自由问答
+
+1. 第一环节——自我介绍
+
+2. 第二环节——结构化面试
+
+3. 第三环节——自由问答
+
+自由问答从提问的内容上看，有两个特点：
+
+(1) 面试环节的追问
+
+一是就面试问题本身进行追问。
+
+二是就应试者的面试作答内容进行追问。
+
+(2) 个人情况随机提问
+
+一是与应试者所报岗位相关的专业内容。
+
+二是与应试者个人基本情况相关的内容。
+
+4. 题目展示
+
+一分钟自我介绍。
+
+请结合基层工作谈谈你对“酒香不怕巷子深”这句话的理解。
+
+追问：谈谈你对对社区工作的理解，进入单位后你会怎么做？
+
+#### （二）自由式面谈
+
+自由式面谈，是指考官随兴所至地提问，并不遵循一定的提问路线，应试者也可以扯起话题，因此，双方之间的话题可以多种多样。
+
+自由式面谈的形式主要包括两个环节：自我介绍和自由问答。
+
+自由式面谈 自我介绍 自由问答
+
+1. 第一环节——自我介绍
+
+2. 第二环节——自由问答
+
+3. 题目展示
+
+请考生做个自我介绍。
+
+(如果考生在自我介绍中涉及工作经历,则可能出现以下追问)
+
+追问1: 现在工作岗位最让你无法忍受的是哪一点? 为什么要考社工?
+
+追问2: 之前工资多少, 我们薪资能否满足你, 为何要离开现在公司?
+
+(如果考生在自我介绍中没有提及自我优劣势或兴趣爱好,则可能会出现以下追问)
+
+追问1: 介绍一下, 你做社工有什么优势?
+
+追问2: 你的兴趣爱好是什么?
+
+(如果考生在自我介绍中提及自我优劣势或兴趣爱好,则可能会出现以下追问)
+
+追问1: 你的优势和劣势对你今后工作有什么影响?
+
+追问2: 你的兴趣爱好对社区工作有什么帮助?
+
+### 考查重点
+
+#### (一) 测评要素
+
+半结构化面试主要测评要素包括以下10个方面：
+
+1. 仪表仪容仪态
+2. 知识的广度和深度
+3. 实践经验
+4. 工作态度与求职动机
+5. 反应能力与应变能力
+6. 分析判断、综合概括能力和综合运用能力
+7. 人际沟通能力和团队合作能力
+8. 自我管理能力与自我控制能力
+9. 言语表达能力
+10. 个人兴趣和爱好
+
+### (二) 考查题型
+
+半结构化面试中,对各测评要素的考查贯穿于各个具体的面试题目中,一道题目可能包含多个测评要素,而不同题目的考查要素也有不同的侧重。因此,半结构化面试的测评要素与面试题目之间并非一一对应。基于半结构化面试的考查重点,通过历年面试题进行分析可以发现,半结构化面试的测评要素与题目的结合,主要体现在以下四个方面:
+
+1. 自我认知——“我是什么样的人”和“我做过什么”
+
+2. 职业认知——“我想做什么”和“我要怎么做”
+
+3. 能力素质——“我能做什么”
+
+4. 自我介绍——“我的过去有什么”
+
+# 第三章 追问应对技巧
+
+## 第一节 职业认知
+
+### 概念
+
+职业认知是对报考部门和报考岗位的认识和评价。主要测查应试者对未来工作的内容、性质、能力等方面的了解程度。
+
+### 分类应对
+
+按考查内容来划分，可以分为两个方面：求职动机和职业规划。
+
+职业认知 求职动机 职业规划
+
+#### （一）求职动机——我想做什么
+
+1. 概念
+
+求职动机是指在一定需要的刺激下，直接推动个体进行求职活动以达到求职目的的内部心理活动，当个人的求职目的与拟任岗位所能提供的条件相一致时，个体胜任该岗位工作并稳定地从事该工作的可能性较大。
+
+2. 考查内容
+半结构化面试中，考查求职动机的内容会涉及应试者的价值取向、求职理由、职业目标和职业兴趣等多个方面的特征。
+
+3. 命题特点
+
+(1) 直接提问
+直接考查考生报考本职位的动机，这也是所有求职动机类题目的母题，其他提问方式都是基于此的变形。
+
+【例题】你为什么来应聘社工？
+
+（如果考生在谈为什么应聘该岗位时没阐述对于社区工作的认识，则可能会出现以下追问）
+
+追问1：你对社区工作有哪些了解？
+
+追问2：如果入职后发现这个工作其实不是你想象中的样子，觉得自己不合适，你会怎么做？
+
+(2) 条件提问
+在考查考生求职动机时加上了一些条件性的限制，题目中的限制条件恰恰引导和规范了我们的答题方向。
+
+【例题】你为什么要读这个专业？对社区工作有什么帮助？
+
+ (3) 隐性提问
+题目中虽不出现“你为什么报考本岗位”类似的用词，但是本质也在考查考生的求职动机或者本岗位最吸引考生的地方。
+
+【例题】你认为工作职责，薪资待遇和晋升机会哪个最重要？
+
+4. 例题精讲
+
+【例题1】为什么要考社工？
+
+追问：现在的工作岗位最让你无法忍受的是哪一点？
+
+5. 答题技巧
+
+#### (二) 职业规划——我要怎么做
+
+1. 概念
+
+职业规划是指通过对个人职业兴趣、职业价值观、个性、语言能力、动手能力、社交能力、组织管理能力等综合因素的详细了解后，确定自己的事业发展目标，并选择实现这一事业目标的职业和岗位。
+
+2. 考查内容
+3. 命题特点
+
+（1）直接考查
+
+直接考查的母题就是“你的职业规划是什么？”，这种考查方式的提问，往往没有限制条件，考生在作答时可直接针对短期规划和长期规划进行陈述。
+
+【例题1】 假如你这次被录取，请谈谈你今后的职业规划。
+
+追问：你认为衡量你职业发展的标准是什么？
+
+【例题2】 如果你今天成功报考这个职位之后，接下来怎么提高自己？
+
+追问：假如在工作中你遇到了阻碍，你用什么样的方法去解决？
+
+（2）设限考查
+
+设限考查就是在考查考生的职业规划时，在题目中增加具体情境或限制条件，以增加问题的难度，从而在细节上考查考生的对职业的认知、选择及打算。
+
+【例题1】 你觉得从事社区工作者应该具备哪些能力，对你来说最大挑战是什么？
+
+【例题2】 你对新工作满怀热情和希望，但是入职之后，发现工作很枯燥，你会怎么办？
+
+追问：假如你的一位同事出现了以上所说的情况，你会怎么办？
+
+4. 例题精讲
+
+【例题】 请谈谈你对社区工作的理解。如果成为社工，你会如何开展工作？
+
+5. 答题技巧
+6.
+## 第二节 自我认知
+
+### 概念
+
+自我认知即对自我的认识与评价。在考查方面可以从宏观整体考查也可以从微观细节考查。宏观上是指应试者的自然情况、价值观、优缺点、兴趣爱好、素质能力等。微观上主要指选择宏观中一些具体的方面，比如：优缺点、计划组织协调能力、知识储备、人际交往的意识与技巧、应变能力、抗压能力等。
+
+### 分类应对
+
+按考查内容来划分，可以分为两个方面：个性特征和行为经历。
+
+自我认知 个性特种 行为经历
+
+#### （一）个性特征——我是什么样的人
+
+1. 概念
+
+所谓个性就是个别性、个人性，就是一个人在思想、性格、品质、意志、情感、态度等方面不同于其他人的特质，这个特质表现于外就是他的言语方式、行为方式和情感方式等。任何人都是有个性的，也只能是一种个性化的存在，个性化是人的存在方式。
+
+2. 考查内容
+
+3. 命题特点
+
+在面试中,考查应试者个性特征的题目类型很多,而且非常灵活。
+
+(1)从提问方式来看,以直接设问为主,问题通俗易懂、简明有力。
+
+(2)从题目内容来看,以提问应试者的优缺点、学习和工作背景、兴趣爱好、自我认知为主。
+
+【例题1】请做一下自我介绍,再说一下自己的优势和不足,根据报考岗位说一下你为什么适合这个工作?
+
+【例题2】你喜欢和什么样的人接触,为什么?
+
+【例题3】你的简历中提到,你曾在学生会工作过,请谈谈你在学生会工作期间做的比较成功的一件事情。
+
+#### (二) 行为经历——我做过什么事
+
+1. 概念
+
+行为经历是行为个体在社会中所展现的活动表现和事实事件。行为经历作为半结构化面试的考查内容,它所包含的内容很广泛,包括学习经历、社会实践、工作经历等。
+2. 考查内容
+
+3. 命题特点
+
+(1) 命题不拘一格
+
+半结构化面试中，对行为经历类问题的考查，非常灵活。总体而言，主要有两种提问方式：
+
+第一种提问方式：考官用一个比较宽泛的问题。
+
+第二种提问方式：考官根据应试者简历当中的信息设问，让应试者讲述简历中提及的某一具体经历，这类事件往往更具典型性。
+
+【例题1】说一下你自己活动策划的经历。
+
+【例题2】你的简历中提到你曾在学生会工作过，请谈谈你在学生会期间做的让你很有成就感的一件事情。
+
+ (2) 常伴有追问
+
+半结构化面试中，如果考官对应试者叙述事件的某一部分比较感兴趣，往往会通过追问来进一步了解。针对行为经历的追问通常下列有五种情况，具体会追问哪类问题要视应试者的答题情况而定。
+
+①帮助应试者回忆以前发生过的情境。
+
+②了解应试者个人当时有哪些具体行为。
+
+③了解具体情况的细节。
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,270 @@
+第41卷 第3期
+Vol.41 No.3
+
+廊坊师范学院学报
+Journal of Langfang Normal University(Social Sciences Edition)
+
+2025年7月
+Jul,2025
+
+
+
+DOI:10.16124/j.cnki.cn13-1390/c.2025.03.006
+
+# 博物馆资源在高中历史教学中的应用——以库尔勒市博物馆为例
+
+高克冰1, 徐晖2, 张璐瑶3
+
+(1. 廊坊师范学院 社会发展学院, 河北 廊坊 065000; 2. 廊坊师范学院 教育学院, 河北 廊坊 065000; 3. 轮台县第三中学, 新疆 轮台 841600)
+
+
+
+**摘要:** 新一轮基础教育课程改革十分关注课程资源的开发与利用问题。博物馆课程资源作为历史课程资源的重要组成部分，能够有效补充历史教材内容，助力教学实践创新。博物馆中的遗存、图片等资源与中学历史教学活动相结合，不仅能够推动基础教育改革，提升教师专业技能，还能通过直观的历史情境激发学生兴趣，促进学生核心素养的全面发展。位于丝绸之路上的库尔勒地区，拥有丰富的石器时代和丝绸之路文化遗址遗存，使库尔勒地区博物馆蕴含着丰富的历史课程资源。以库尔勒市博物馆为例，将文物资源以图片展示、互动讲解等方式融入相关主题的课堂，可以有效服务高中历史教学，丰富教学内容，提升教学质量，深化学生对历史的理解，增强家国情怀与文化认同，从而达到历史教学培育学生核心素养的根本目的，为教学实践提供一定参考。
+
+**关键词:** 博物馆资源;高中历史教学;库尔勒市
+
+**中图分类号:** G633.51 **文献标志码:** A **文章编号:** 1674-3210(2025)03-0118-11
+
+
+
+历史课程教育教学研究领域中有一个重要的方面是课程资源的开发与利用，博物馆丰富的历史文化遗存使其与历史教学具有密切的联系，充分挖掘博物馆蕴藏的历史课程资源应用于历史教学，具有重要的理论与实践价值。相比于历史教材，博物馆历史课程资源能够填补历史教学活动中学生实物认知和实践理解方面的空白，可以有效提高学生学习历史的兴趣，提升学生的史料实证、历史解释能力，尤其是博物馆的文物遗存等实物史料，对于学生认识历史、理解历史有着更为直观和实际的作用。但并不是所有的博物馆资源都可以被视为历史课程教学资源，博物馆中能够与学校课程发生联系、直接成为课程活动内容的素材或支持课程目标达成的各种条件①，才是博物馆中可利用的历史课程教学资源。因而博物馆历史课程资源具体指博物馆中可以应用于教学，以实物、图片、文件档案等形式直接作为课堂的补充材料，或者作为第二课堂进行现场实物教学，以达到课程教学目标的各种课程资源，它有一个明确的标准：可用作历史教学的补充材料。无论是馆藏文物遗存等实物类资源，还是博物馆讲解员、研究人员等人力资源抑或是随着信息技术高速发展涌现的网络信息类博物馆资源，都可以作为博物馆的历史课程资源。如何选择与教学主题相关的博物馆资源，如何将博物馆资源恰当地融入课堂教学中，仍是亟需探讨的重要问题。本文以库尔勒地区博物馆资源为例，具体论述博物馆资源应如何有效融入高中历史教学，并进一步探讨博物馆资源融入高中历史教学的原则与方法。
+
+
+
+**收稿日期:** 2025-01-13
+
+**作者简介:** 高克冰（1987— ），男，山东聊城人，历史学博士，廊坊师范学院社会发展学院副教授，主要研究希腊化史、丝绸之路史、中学历史教学等。
+
+①李君：《博物馆课程资源的开发与利用研究》，东北师范大学博士学位论文，2012 年，第 52 页。
+
+
+## 一、库尔勒市博物馆资源在高中历史教学中的应用调查及分析
+
+作为丝绸之路文化交汇的典型代表，库尔勒市博物馆的丰富遗存为高中历史教学提供了独特资源。笔者以库尔勒市两所中学的师生为研究对象，通过问卷调查与实地考察，系统分析该地博物馆资源在历史课堂中的应用现状。数据显示，尽管学生普遍对博物馆资源兴趣浓厚，但主动关联教材的认知比较薄弱；教师虽认同资源价值，却受限于时间、技能与整合难度，也未进行有效关联。调查从资源开发、教学实践、学生反馈等多维度揭示当前应用的困境与潜力，为探讨优化策略提供实证依据，也为同类地区开发博物馆课程资源提供现实参照。
+
+### (一)库尔勒市博物馆资源概况
+
+库尔勒市，西汉时称尉犁（曾是西域三十六国之一尉犁国所在地），东汉以后并入焉耆，清朝乾隆时期称库陇勒城，今称库尔勒，按照当地维吾尔语意为“眺望之城”，铁门关是库尔勒市最显著的地标。库尔勒历史悠久，为发展具有民族特色的博物馆提供了丰厚的文化底蕴。
+
+库尔勒市共有博物馆 3 家，其中国营 2 家，非国营 1 家。笔者统计了库尔勒市博物馆资源的相关信息，如表 1 所示：
+
+表1 库尔勒市博物馆资源情况统计表（据不完全统计）
+
+| 序号 | 名称 | 性质 | 质量等级 | 藏品数量(件/套) | 珍贵文物数量(件/套) | 社教活动场数(次) | 陈列展览(个) | 微信号及更新状态 | 是否免费开放 | | 1 | 巴音郭楞蒙古自治州文博院 | 文物系统国有博物馆 | 二级 | 10230 | 687 | 12 | 6 | 有/频繁 | 是 | | 2 | 库尔勒民俗文化博物馆 | 文物系统国有博物馆 | 未定级 | 1382 | \ | 78 | 6 | 有/频繁 | 是 | | 3 | 新疆巴州心祖博物馆 | 非国有博物馆 | 未定级 | 5000 | \ | 40 | \ | 无 | 是 |
+
+（数据来源：（数据来源：国家文物局：《2021 年全国博物馆名录信息查询》，国家文物局，http//nb.ncha.gov.cn/）
+
+库尔勒市的三家博物馆都有较为丰富的馆藏资源并向民众免费开放，且全都有意识地开展各种形式的社会教育活动，尤其是库尔勒民俗文化博物馆，举办社会教育活动的次数远远多于其他两家。这有利于学生的进馆学习和教师在高中历史教学中获取更多的博物馆素材。
+
+三家博物馆中最负盛名的是巴音郭楞蒙古自治州博物馆（以下简称巴州博物馆），它是集历史文物收藏、保护、展览和旅游观光于一体的地方综合性博物馆，绝佳的地理位置和交通条件使历史上的库尔勒地区成为多元文化交流交融的舞台，因而该博物馆汇聚了库尔勒地区的历史文物遗存精华。馆藏器物包括：石器、青铜器、铁器、陶瓷器、骨角器、金银器、玉石器、泥俑等，还有千年干尸、纺织品、文书、壁画等十多个种类的国家珍贵文物。其中国家一级文物 14 件，二级文物 82 件，三级文物 558 件。陈列共分为四个展区：第一展区为察布乎沟口文化，包括察布乎沟口古墓葬和群巴克古墓葬出土的文物专题陈列，以彩陶和铜器为主；第二展区和第三展区以朝代顺序展示出土的先秦至清代的文物，按照各种器物、文书、钱币、毛织品和民族文物以及 1884 年新疆建省以来巴州重要历史年表进行分类，共分为九个专题子展区；第四展区为扎洪鲁克古尸，陈列了 3 具 3 000 多年前的古尸，以及墓葬出土的毛织品，共计陈列文物 600 余件，反映了生活在巴州范围内古代先民的生活习俗及生产状况①。四个展区都借助现代信息科学技术，使用全景数字观展、电脑科技演示等手段，全面生动地展示了巴州独具特色的历史文化。
+
+
+
+①新疆维吾尔自治区文物局：《带你走进博物馆·巴音郭楞蒙古自治州博物馆》，北京：文物出版社，2017年版。巴州博物馆的馆藏文物时期从石器时代一直到清朝，最具特色的是反映丝绸之路上文化交流融合的各种器物、文书、钱币和织品等。丝绸之路和文化交流在高中历史教材中是很重要的内容，巴州博物馆的文物非常契合高中历史的相关教学内容。
+
+### (二)库尔勒市中学师生的问卷调查
+
+既然库尔勒市拥有如此丰富又特色鲜明的博物馆资源，对认知和理解当地乃至西域文化交流史如此重要，那么，当地学生是否了解？在高中历史教育教学中是否得到充分开发、利用？
+
+从该市两所中学高一、高二年级学生及教师的问卷统计①来看：
+
+#### 1. 学生方面
+
+感兴趣与否及了解程度：有 13.5% 的学生对库尔勒市博物馆非常了解，他们多数喜欢历史学科，参观过这三座博物馆；有 60% 的学生对库尔勒市博物馆有所了解，只知道或只参观过巴州博物馆，但大多数走马观花，对具体陈展内容并不了解；其余 26.5% 的学生则对库尔勒市博物馆不感兴趣。
+
+参观时间及方式：12.5% 的学生选择在假期参观博物馆或者参加博物馆举办的各种社会教育活动，有 65% 的学生愿意与家人朋友在假期参观博物馆，有 22.5% 的学生只在被动要求的情况下才会参观。
+
+对博物馆藏品的了解程度：只有 25% 的学生对库尔勒市所有博物馆中所陈列的展品有所了解，有 60% 的学生对库尔勒市的博物馆展品印象比较模糊，还有 15% 的学生从来没有去过库尔勒市的博物馆，不清楚博物馆中所展出的内容。
+
+喜欢的博物馆类型：学生最喜欢的博物馆有历史文化类博物馆和自然科学类博物馆，共占 83.5%，而喜欢综合型博物馆的占11.25%，喜欢艺术类博物馆的只占 5.25%。从结果上看，学生们认为自然科学类博物馆和历史文化类博物馆更具吸引力，综合型博物馆中展示的内容更为多种多样，而艺术类博物馆则较为无趣。
+
+历史课堂的不足之处：57% 的学生认为历史课堂过于枯燥，需要死记硬背的历史抽象概念和史实很多。24% 的学生认为授课形式过于单调，一味地讲授课本内容，降低了自身学习历史的兴趣，希望教师多讲些历史教材以外的历史知识，丰富授课形式。
+
+在历史课堂上引入博物馆资源是否对历史学习有帮助：有 80.25% 的学生都希望历史教师能够在课堂上应用博物馆资源，绝大多数学生认为，博物馆资源应用于历史课堂，能够增加他们学习历史的兴趣，并且对提高历史成绩有所帮助。但是，也有少部分学生不认可，认为在历史课堂上应用博物馆资源不一定会给历史教学方式和历史知识学习带来良好的改变，博物馆资源带来的课堂兴趣可能只是暂时的。
+
+博物馆资源融入课堂的方式：多数学生认为教师在课堂上播放博物馆相关的纪录片和在授课中穿插博物馆馆藏文物的照片对历史学习效果最佳。
+
+对于学生在参观博物馆后有没有收获，大部分学生表示参观完博物馆都可以获得一些历史信息，但对自身的历史学习没有实质性帮助。学生个人基本不会单独去博物馆，大多时候是和家人、朋友一起或者由学校组织参观，并且参观没有目的性，只是走马观花，缺少博物馆讲解员的讲解以及参观前的准备工作，参观后并没有获得实质性的收获。只有很小一部分学生能够在参观前主动了解博物馆展览文物背后的历史，并在参观时有意识地结合历史教材。
+
+#### 2. 教师方面
+
+是否有参观博物馆的习惯：70% 的教师表示在假期期间有参观博物馆的习惯，不仅是出于对博物馆的兴趣，更是自身职业的要求，利用博物馆资源拓宽自己的知识体系，提升自身的专业能力。
+
+对库尔勒市博物馆是否了解：60% 的教师较了解库尔勒市博物馆的馆藏内容，因为需要教师参加和配合博物馆举办的社会教育活动和学校组织的调研活动，所以教师们对举办社会教育活动较多的巴州博物馆和库尔勒民俗博物馆的陈列内容比较了解。
+
+
+
+① 共计发放 500 份网络调查问卷，收回 443 份，有效问卷 430 份，其中教师 30 份，学生 400 份。
+
+是否会在历史课堂上应用博物馆资源进行教学：有 70% 的教师表示会在历史教学中应用博物馆的历史课程资源，大部分课程资源为博物馆联合制作的相关纪录片如《国家宝藏》等以及和教材内容相关联的文物图片。另外，有 50% 的教师认同在历史课堂上使用本地博物馆资源的教学模式，他们认为丰富的博物馆资源可以帮助学生更好地了解家乡的民族文化以及提高上课的积极性。还有30% 的教师认为博物馆资源融入历史课堂需要视情况而定，并不是每一节课都需要利用博物馆资源尤其是库尔勒市的博物馆资源，只有涉及这方面的历史知识时才会将博物馆资源带入课堂，作为历史教材的补充素材。另外，20% 的教师不认可这种模式，他们认为，在目前课时量大、教学任务重的情况下，将博物馆资源引进历史教学并不一定能够收到良好的效果。
+
+在教学中应用博物馆资源的频次：大部分教师表示从来没有利用过库尔勒市的博物馆资源，只有 30% 的教师会偶尔利用，大多数都是在课堂上一笔带过，表示有兴趣的学生可以私下查阅。这说明库尔勒市的博物馆资源应用于高中历史课堂尚未得到充分重视。
+
+教师们认为博物馆资源在高中历史教学中应用存在的障碍很多。比如有一部分教师认为，准备一节结合博物馆资源的课，需要考虑选取哪些博物馆资源能够应用于课堂，既通俗易懂又能引起学生的学习兴趣，需要消耗比平时更多的时间。还有教师反映，博物馆面向社会公众，具有社会属性，能和高中历史教材建立联系的藏品比较少。另外还有一部分教师反映，开发和利用博物馆资源需要掌握多媒体技术和视频剪辑、图片处理等技能，有些力不从心。
+
+关于在教学中如何充分开发利用博物馆资源，教师们给出了很多建议。有教师提出，应当由学校出面，加强学校与博物馆的合作，如有计划地组织学生参观博物馆的展览活动。博物馆也可以主动发挥教育功能，通过向高中生提供参观主题展览的机会以及提供专业讲解提高学生学习历史的兴趣。还有教师指出，在组织学生参观博物馆前应当做好准备工作，制定参观路线图，准备相关的历史背景知识，避免学生盲目参观。同时要求学生课下进行相关的预习，以保证参观博物馆时能够学有所得，提高参观博物馆的质量和效率。
+
+通过对问卷调查结果分析可知，高中学生对博物馆普遍很感兴趣，但是不会主动将博物馆资源与历史教材相结合，历史教师在课堂上很少会应用相关的博物馆资源补充课堂内容，所以，在高中历史教学中应用博物馆资源有着很大的开发利用空间。学生普遍比较排斥“教师满堂灌”的传统授课方式，那么将博物馆资源融入历史课堂，丰富课堂内容，以问题为引导，以博物馆资源为主线，设置情境，能够一定程度上改变传统的教学模式。对于教师来说，最大的挑战是如何利用好能够引起学生兴趣的博物馆资源，设计更加生动有趣的教学过程。此外，我们还需要注意调查问卷结果中体现的一些问题，比如，有学生认为引入本地的博物馆资源对历史学习没有什么帮助。对此，教师要引导学生懂得学习历史知识要靠日积月累，博物馆丰富的文物资源本身就蕴含着多元的历史信息，十分有助于历史学习。针对目前库尔勒市中学历史教师在引用本地博物馆资源上存在的误区和应用方法上存在的困惑，有必要强调引用本地博物馆资源对于历史教学的重要意义。更为重要的是，需要通过具体的教学案例，说明博物馆资源融入历史教学的原则、方法和展开过程，为中学历史教师提供参考和借鉴。另外，教师在引入博物馆资源时，不仅需要做好充足的课前准备，而且需要做好课后的教学反思，并及时根据学生反映的问题完善教学方法，优化教学模式。
+
+## 二、库尔勒市博物馆资源在高中历史教学中的应用设计
+
+博物馆资源与高中历史教学的结合不仅是课程改革的实践要求，更是提升历史课堂生命力的有效路径。为进一步探索博物馆资源应用的具体策略，本文聚焦库尔勒市博物馆的实物遗存与高中历史教材的关联性，结合典型教学案例展开实践研究，通过“石器时代的古人类和文化遗存”与“丝绸之路上的文化交流”两则教学设计，系统呈现如何将本地博物馆的石器、毛毯、文书等文物转化为课堂教学素材。
+
+巴州地区拥有丰富的旧石器时代遗迹遗存，反映了新疆地区是中华文明的起源地之一。教育部组织编写的高中历史教材《中外历史纲要（上）》第一单元《从中华文明起源到秦汉统一多民族封建国家的建立与巩固》第 1 课《中华文明的起源与早期国家》的第一个子目是“石器时代的古人类和文化遗存”，在讲授“旧石器时代”这一部分时，可以通过展示库尔勒市博物馆的石器时代遗存，更好地达成教学目标。
+
+### (一)馆藏石器时代遗存与“石器时代的古人类和文化遗存”主题教学设计
+
+#### 教学目标：
+
+教学目标的实现是师生有效互动合作的结果，本地博物馆资源不仅为教师上课提供了辅助材料，而且学生可以亲自参观这些文物，更加真切地感受历史。本课的教学目标是，让学生通过课堂学习和参观当地博物馆，了解巴州地区旧石器时代的文化遗存，概括早期中华文明起源，熟悉旧石器时代的基本特征；通过学习中华文明的起源，了解中华文明的悠久历史，增强民族自豪感和爱国情怀。
+
+#### 教学设计：
+
+在上课之前，教师要求同学们通过实地参观巴州博物馆或者通过微信公众号全景数字观展的方式，在博物馆第一展厅寻找巴州地区出土的石器时代展品。在课上，首先与学生展开互动，请学生举例说出巴州地区的早期人类文化遗存，作为导入。
+
+巴州地区石器时代的主要遗存即石器，发现石器的地点大多依靠河流和山前冲积扇的土地，比如小河流域、孔雀河三角洲，以及罗布泊地区和楼兰古城周边。这些遗址出土的石器反映了库尔勒地区早期人类生产生活的特征，那么这些石器有哪些特点？通过设问的方式引出巴州博物馆的石器，以图片（图 1）的形式向学生展示。
+
+
+
+图 1 刮削器①
+
+图 1 展示的石器不是形状不规则的天然石头，而是带有一定的形状，经人工打制而成的石头。以此引出旧石器时代的基本定义：旧石器时代指的是以打制方法制作石器的时代，典型的代表是距今约 170 万年的元谋人和距今约 70 万到 20 万年的北京人。
+
+除此之外，旧石器时代还有哪些基本特点？向学生展示巴州博物馆的钻木取火器图片（图 2）。
+
+
+
+图 2 钻木取火器②
+
+同学们观察这件器物是做什么用的？这是巴州博物馆里现存的察吾乎墓地出土的钻木取火器，取火木板为长条形，有五个钻孔。钻木取火是指用硬木棒对着木头摩擦或钻进去，靠摩擦取火。它是巴州地区旧石器时代的遗存，这说明旧石器时代的人们已经会人工取火，人们从怕火到对火的认识越来越深入，逐渐了解到火能带来诸多益处。随着时间的推移，人们学会击石取火、钻木取火，这是旧石器时代的另一个主要特点。
+
+
+
+① 来源：巴州博物馆公众号，全景数字观展。
+
+② 来源：巴州博物馆公众号，全景数字观展。
+
+#### 教学设计反思:
+
+中国是远古人类的重要起源地，巴州地区的旧石器时代遗存，反映了旧石器时代的特征，也说明中国石器时代遗址分布广泛。使用巴州博物馆馆藏的旧石器时代的石器、取火器遗存等作为教学资源，并以图片的形式向学生进行展示，使学生不仅能够直接观察旧石器时代的特点，而且能够利用家乡博物馆的实物资源，切身感受身边的文物，提升历史认知能力。另一方面，学生通过了解家乡的旧石器时代遗存，不仅可以了解巴州地区是中华文明起源地之一，也能够认识中华文明的悠久历史，从而培育自身的民族自豪感和家国情怀。
+
+巴州地区还拥有丰富的丝绸之路文化遗迹遗存，它们与中外文化交流、中原与西域间文化交流相关，巴州博物馆中的若羌小河墓葬群、楼兰遗址、尉犁营盘遗址、焉耆七个星遗址、且末苏伯斯坎遗址出土的遗存都可以作为丝绸之路相关主题教学的课程资源。高中历史教材选择性必修 3《文化交流与传播》第四单元第 9 课《古代的商路、贸易与文化交流》中有一个子目的主题是“西域与丝绸之路上的文化交流”，可以将巴州博物馆的丝绸之路文物植入这一子目的教学中，让文物开口说话，以便更好地讲解丝绸之路上文化交流的表现。
+
+### (二) 西方和中原特色的文物与“丝绸之路上的文化交流”主题教学设计
+
+#### 教学目标:
+
+通过讲授丝绸之路的文化交流，使学生了解中原与巴州地区文化交流的历史以及西方文化经陆上丝绸之路传入西域的史实，理解丝绸之路对文化交流的重要意义。通过展示文物并讲解其反映的历史与文化，培养学生的历史叙述和解释能力。通过说明巴州地区与中原的文化交流，使学生理解自古以来新疆就是中国领土的一部分，新疆各民族是中华民族不可分割的组成部分，铸牢学生的中华民族共同体意识，培养学生的家国情怀。
+
+#### 教学设计：
+
+巴州地区地处天山南麓、塔里木盆地的东北边缘，且有塔里木河和孔雀河的哺育，是丝绸之路南北两道的必经之地，因此，该地区的商旅贸易繁盛，成为东西方物资交易的集散地和多元文化交融的舞台，这也使得巴州博物馆馆藏中有丝绸之路上的遗存，较典型的如巴州博物馆魏晋时期展区的狮纹栽绒毛毯（图 3）和波斯铭文银碗（图 4）。
+
+
+
+
+图3 狮纹栽绒毛毯 ①
+
+
+
+图4 波斯铭文银碗②
+
+大家仔细观察这两件文物有什么共同特点？它们是不是都带有域外的文化元素？这件狮纹栽绒毛毯出土于尉犁营盘墓地遗址，正中心图案为富有西方特色的狮子，头面周围有鬃毛，眼、鼻、口、身躯由长短的直线和折线勾勒，上方有一“卍”符号。狮子由西方传入中国，在波斯等地是王权的象征，毛毯也是波斯流行的手工制品，“卍”是佛教吉祥的标志，是当时佛教传入西域的证明，因此该毛毯是波斯文化、印度文化和西域文化的结合，明确地反映了魏晋时期巴州地区东西方文化交流的繁荣景象。
+
+
+
+① 来源：巴州博物馆公众号，全景数字观展。
+
+② 来源：巴州博物馆公众号，全景数字观展。
+
+另一件馆藏文物是南北朝时期的波斯铭文银碗，出土于巴州焉耆县七个星乡老城村。
+
+该碗碗底及圈足外壁各有一行波斯铭文。该铭文表明当时波斯文和阿拉伯文沿着丝绸之路在中国西域传播，对当时维吾尔族的字母读音和书写起到了重要的推动作用，使维吾尔文和哈萨克文在波斯文和阿拉伯文的基础上得到了统一，从而逐渐结束维吾尔社会中多种文字并用的情况，使维吾尔族能够用自己的文字记录本地区民族丰富的文化。
+
+巴州地区不仅有来自西方的文化元素，而且和中原地区也有着频繁的文化交流，如汉晋时期的楼兰彩棺（图 5、图 6）和元代中原的汉文文书抄件（图 7、图 8）。
+
+
+
+图 5 楼兰彩棺侧面①
+
+
+
+图 6 楼兰彩棺盖②
+
+楼兰彩棺出土于楼兰西北咸水泉古墓群，彩棺棺盖板横断面呈现“人”字坡形，盖板、两侧板及两端挡板均绘有束带联结玉璧形成的菱格框架。盖板正中间菱格框架内分别绘有两峰骆驼斗咬和对马的图案，其他菱格区域绘有八朵莲花纹样。两侧板菱格框架内填绘两只带翼白虎和瑞草纹样，挡头中间菱格内填莲花一朵，周围的菱格内绘瑞草纹样。楼兰彩棺是汉式的埋葬方式，明显不同于楼兰当时最盛行的将胡杨中间挖空做成木棺的葬俗。楼兰彩棺的彩绘图案、棺椁的外形，都与汉晋时期中原流行的彩棺有很多相似之处。因此，楼兰彩棺反映了汉晋时期中原汉地葬俗文化传入西域，对西域葬俗文化产生了强烈影响。
+
+
+
+图 7 《西厢记》抄件③
+
+
+
+图 8 《弹词》抄件④
+
+元代中原的汉文文书抄件出土于巴州且末县塔提让乡苏伯斯坎遗址，它们是董本《西厢记》抄件和《弹词》抄件，均为纸质，字体主要有真草两种，繁简掺用，残存九行，因沙漠气候干燥，纸质保存良好，字迹仍清晰可见。从“倚定门儿手托腮”到“夫人烧罢夜香烛来”止，抄写内容出自董解元《西厢记》一阕，从“时相思处处”开始，至“相思捱不去”结束，因有“可意着情文君”字样，此抄件内容可能是汉代司马相如与卓文君的恋爱故事。元朝时期，中央政府在天山南北各地广置驿站，加强中央对西域的管辖治理，中原文学作品也沿丝绸之路传至西域。《西厢记》《弹词》元抄本的发现，证实了中原文化在新疆地区的传播和影响。
+
+
+
+① 巴州博物馆公众号：【文物话巴州】第八期：楼兰彩棺，2023 年 4 月 26 日。
+
+② 巴州博物馆公众号：【文物话巴州】第八期：楼兰彩棺，2023 年 4 月 26 日。
+
+③ 巴州博物馆公众号：【文物话巴州】第十三期：《西厢记》抄件，2023 年 7 月 2 日。
+
+④ 巴州博物馆公众号：【文物话巴州】第十二期：弹词抄件，2023 年 6 月 21 日。
+
+#### 教学设计反思:
+
+巴州地区作为丝绸之路的必经之地，保留了各个历史时期大量的文化遗址遗存，反映了丝绸之路上东西方、中原与西域之间的文化交流与融合，体现了古代人类文明互鉴的积极意义。选取狮纹栽绒毛毯、波斯铭文银碗这两件文物，主要目的是说明张骞出使西域后，打通了内地通往西域、中亚、西亚和南亚等地的丝绸之路，印度、波斯等地的文化元素沿着丝绸之路传入古代中国，它们进入中国的第一站即中国西域，因此巴州所在的西域地区是丝绸之路上东西方文化交流融合表现最明显的地区。通过展示博物馆文物，可以使学生更加深入地理解丝绸之路对文化交流的重要意义。巴州地区的楼兰、且末、尉犁、焉耆均是西域古国，且都是丝绸之路南道或北道的交通要塞，因此丝绸之路上的文化交流之遗存在各个遗址中均有体现，巴州博物馆的这两件馆藏文物恰是丝绸之路上西方文化输入中国的表现。
+
+通过对具有中原文化特色文物的展示和讲解，可以使学生直观地了解中原与西域间文化交流的史实，更好地掌握《古代的商路、贸易与文化交流》一课中丝绸之路上文化交流的表现，更深入地理解文化交流常常伴随着贸易交换而发生，丝绸之路不仅是一条贸易之路，亦是文化之路。本小节内容设计也有助于培养学生的家国情怀核心素养。学生通过观察文物图片，了解巴州地区与内地的文化交流，可以获知新疆地区自古以来就接受了中原地区文化，新疆地区是中国不可分割的一部分，从而能够有效地培养学生热爱祖国、热爱中华民族的情感。
+
+两堂课的教学设计从教材相关内容出发，充分利用了库尔勒市博物馆的馆藏文物资源，如石器、钻木取火器、狮纹栽绒毛毯、楼兰彩棺、波斯铭文银碗等，相较于传统的教学方式，体现出的教学内容更丰富新颖。在具体的教学设计和方法上，笔者有如下感受和经验：首先，应选择最契合教学主题的博物馆资源，或者从现有的博物馆资源出发，结合教材内容设计契合度最高的教学主题。在讲授旧石器时代时，选用了石器和钻木取火器这两类物品，反映了旧石器时代使用打制石器和学会人工取火两个特征。讲授丝绸之路文化交流时，选用了反映西方或中原文化的物品，恰如其分地说明了历史上的巴州地区是丝绸之路各文化汇聚融合之地。其次，博物馆资源大多是实物文物资源，因此在引入课堂教学时，最合理的方式是使用文物遗存的图片资源，在教学展开过程中直观地展示给学生。使用图片可提升学生的学习注意力，从而能够提高教学效率。再次，使用博物馆文物图片进行讲解时，要注意提前要求学生进行预习，教师课前安排相关任务，要求学生初步了解该文物的历史背景和信息。这样教师在讲解时，学生才能够快速进入历史情境，熟悉博物馆文物遗存与教材内容的关系，促进学习目标的有效达成。最后，相较于使用教材的图片，将本地博物馆的文物图片应用于教学，不仅能使学生增广见闻，而且可以激发他们到博物馆实地参观的兴趣，为他们的参观学习提供前期知识准备，这对于加深学生对教材相关内容的理解、帮助学生切身感受文物中蕴含的历史和文化，具有积极的促进作用。
+
+## 三、多方主体共同助力高中历史教学应用博物馆资源的建议
+
+博物馆资源在高中历史教学中的应用既具备显著优势，也面临诸多现实挑战。库尔勒市博物馆的丰富馆藏虽为教学提供了独特素材，但师生在实际利用方面却面临诸多困难。针对出现的问题，笔者认为，要想突破资源开发瓶颈，实现博物馆与课堂的深度联动，还需学校、教师、博物馆相关工作人员乃至学生等多方面主体共同助力。
+
+### （一）学校需健全与博物馆联合办学的机制
+
+学校与博物馆联合办学机制是共同承担、相互协作性质的一种教学活动，依赖于学校和博物馆的自主性。在历史教学中，博物馆资源作为一种常态化的资源想要有实际效果且长久地走进课堂，不能只靠学生的好奇心和历史教师的努力，还需要博物馆、学校以及政府的配合，建立长期有效的联合办学机制。2005 年，国家将博物馆资源作为一项重要历史课程资源纳入历史教育教学体系，要求“教育部门要将优秀文化遗产内容和文化遗产保护知识纳入教学计划，编入教材，组织参观学习活动，激发青少年热爱祖国优秀传统文化的热情”①。基于此要求，各地方政府应出台相关政策法规，积极推进学校与本地博物馆建立互利共赢的合作交流机制，提供资金投入、监管评估等制度性保障，保障本地博物馆对本地各中小学校长期开放。在《博物馆条例》中，明确了“地方各级人民政府教育行政部门应当鼓励学校结合课程设置和教学计划，组织学生到博物馆开展学习实践活动。博物馆应当对学校开展各类相关教育教学活动提供支持和帮助”②。为此，各级教育部门和文物局同其他相关部门要制定具体政策，再结合当地实际情况，积极探索博物馆的教育功能。学校也要重新认识博物馆课程资源的价值，积极开发多种形式更好地利用博物馆课程资源。由于各地的博物馆资源特色不同，资源概况不同，学校开发博物馆课程资源需要因地制宜，和博物馆对接，以高中历史教材内容为纲要，开设历史课程项目，辅助学校校本课程的开发。
+
+学校还需要保持与博物馆的长期互动，以学校教师为主，与博物馆相关人员共同设计历史教学课堂，博物馆相关人员提供与历史教学相关的博物馆资源，比如展区的文物资源、讲解资料、文物复制品等，协助历史教师共同改进历史教学方式，帮助学生学会辨别文物、探究历史知识。除此之外，学校还需要加强历史教师参加博物馆资源相关的培训，促进历史教师对博物馆资源的了解和应用。在解决课时问题、资金问题和人身安全问题的前提下，学校要积极鼓励学生们走进博物馆，在讲解员和老师的帮助下深入地学习，保证博物馆资源效益利用的最大化。博物馆的讲解员也可以走进学校，与学生进行历史文物主题活动的交流和座谈，使本地博物馆的特色能够与学生的知识需要有效结合，形成长期的联合办学机制。
+
+### （二）教师应提升运用博物馆资源的能力
+
+教师是教学活动的主导者和组织者，是博物馆课程资源开发和利用的纽带。博物馆资源能够为教师提供多样的备课素材，丰富教学活动内容，但是这都需要教师提高自身运用博物馆资源的能力。首先，需要教师拓宽自身的历史视野，充分运用先进的教育技术，主动利用博物馆资源辅助教学。新课程改革要求学生拓宽历史知识的范围，推动学生素质教育发展的同时，也要求教师拓展历史课堂教学的视野、掌握多媒体教育技术。随着网络科技力量的不断发展，对教育技术提出了更高的要求，多媒体课堂教学不仅能够引用博物馆文物的图片和视频资源，还能够使用复制品的模型辅助教学。因此，教师应积极参与教育技术的相关培训，不断学习多媒体及 AI 技术，以便在课堂教学中更好地展示和利用博物馆文物资源。
+
+其次，教师要积极补充自身的专业知识，提高教育教学水平。如何应用博物馆丰富的资源创新教学方式是对教师的一种能力考验，由于自身工作的特点和相关专业知识的缺乏，历史教师在面对庞杂的博物馆资源时需结合教学内容选择恰当的资源，这就要求教师在熟悉历史教材的前提下，积极参加学校组织的博物馆资源的相关培训，走进博物馆，增加博物馆学、考古学等相关的专业知识，提高自身对博物馆资源的有效利用能力，设计出适合促进学生全面发展的教学方案，并在课后积极进行教学反思。
+
+
+
+①《国 务 院 关 于 加 强 文 化 遗 产 保 护 的 通 知》， https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2008-03/28/content_5926.htm， 访问时间：2024 年 12 月 10 日。
+
+② 中华人民共和国国务院：《博物馆条例》，https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2015/content_2827188.htm， 访问时间：2024 年 12 月 10 日。
+
+最后，教师需要转变传统的教学模式，学会应用新的课堂教学方式，关注学生学习历史的心理活动，帮助学生培养良好的课堂习惯，促进教学方法多样化。为了让学生能够转变传统的死记硬背的学习方式，拓展学生的历史知识范围，直观地观察到历史教材中所记录的文物，了解文物背后的历史知识，最好的方法就是将博物馆资源应用到高中历史教学活动中去，使历史变“活”。在这个过程中，学生的参与和主动思考尤为重要，而这就要求教师在应用博物馆资源时，要适当开展一些合作探究、主题演讲等活动，努力调动学生参与的积极性。
+
+### (三)博物馆相关工作人员要成长为复合型人才
+
+博物馆往往设有外联部，负责博物馆资源的宣传教育和对外联系。相关工作人员有讲解员、服务员、对外联络员和负责音像资料的电教员。虽然在一个部门，但是由于工作性质单一，关联性较弱，缺乏具体的沟通和交流，各部分工作人员往往只了解自己的博物馆内的工作任务，对他人负责的事务并不清楚，这种情况表明博物馆自身系统的资源教育功能还有很大的开发空间。要让博物馆资源更好地服务于高中历史教学，博物馆需要培养出复合型人才，对接高中历史教学活动。为此，学校可以请博物馆的相关工作人员走进课堂，了解高中学生如何学习历史，教师如何组织正常的历史教学活动，以便促进博物馆工作人员与教师积极合作，将历史资源实际地投入到新课程改革中去。如何提升博物馆工作人员尤其是专业文物讲解人员走进中学的积极性，需要博物馆上级文化主管部门给予相关人员相应的政策奖励，同时需要中学方面给予博物馆工作人员一定的报酬，这样不仅能够加强博物馆与中学之间的合作，而且更为重要的是，通过博物馆工作人员与中学历史教师的交流沟通，一方面可以扩大前者的视野，提升其综合能力，另一方面能够为后者在教学中如何运用博物馆资源带来直观的启发。
+
+### （四）学生应提高博物馆资源的运用能力
+
+学生在引入博物馆资源的历史课堂中，要逐渐改变自身的学习方式，学会运用博物馆资源。学生自身要积极参加博物馆举办的各项活动以及博物馆工作人员到校服务所举办的教育活动，在活动后及时总结反思自己学到的历史知识。课前的预习要逐渐学会发现问题，培养自己的问题意识，并学会将问题记录下来，不断去尝试新的学习方式，找到适合自己学习历史的方法。随着教学改革的不断深入，以及自主观察、小组合作探究、班级活动探究等活动方式的不断丰富，学生要努力在多样化的教学方式中充分利用博物馆资源作为自主历史学习的素材和展示的依据，通过对博物馆资源中的历史资料的探索分析，提升史料实证和历史解释素养，提高解决历史问题的能力，促进自身的全面发展。
+
+## 四、余论：博物馆资源应用于高中历史教学应注意的问题
+
+博物馆资源与高中历史教学相结合是一项意义重大的教学实践，不仅能够丰富、补充教学内容，拓宽学生视野，同时还能够激发学生的学习兴趣，提升学生的历史思维能力，从而提高教育教学质量。但需要注意的是，博物馆资源与高中历史教学的结合需始终以服务课程目标为核心，促进达成普通高中历史课程标准的要求。在实践过程中，应避免“为用而用”的形式化倾向，在利于更好地达成教学目标的前提下，可以在教学设计中适当地引入博物馆课程资源。对于历史教师而言，在使用博物馆资源时，首先，应坚持适配原则，从教材主题出发，优先选用与教材内容契合的本地博物馆文物，发挥博物馆文物的直观性与情境性功能，使学生能够通过参观文物走进历史情境。其次，应充分提升博物馆资源应用于历史教学的效率，需认识到博物馆资源是教学的辅助工具，其价值在于通过“活化”历史培育核心素养，最终目的是使学生掌握教材知识点，达成课程标准的要求，因此，教师应平衡资源应用效率与深度，避免过度拓展与课堂无关的内容。最后，教师应有创新应用方法的意识和思考，不一定局限于在课堂上播放博物馆纪录片或使用博物馆文物图片，还可以组织学生参观博物馆，进行现场的讲解与教学，或者组织博物馆文物主题活动，让学生成为教学活动的主角，以某件文物为线索，结合教材的某个具体主题，引导学生在充分了解历史文物的基础上，独立地解决相关历史问题，从而逐步提高历史素养。未来应用实践中，需进一步关注博物馆资源与课堂的动态适配性，在创新与实效间寻求最优解，真正实现博物馆教育功能与历史学科育人的双向赋能。
+
+［责任编校 金久红］
+
+# The Application of Museum Resources in High School History Teaching:A Case Study of the Korla City Museum
+
+GAO Kebing1，XU Hui2，ZHANG Luyao3
+
+*(1. School of Social Development，Langfang Normal University，Langfang Hebei 065000，China；2. School of Education，Langfang Normal University，Langfang Hebei 065000，China；3. The Third Middle School of Luntai County，Luntai Xinjiang 841600，China)*
+
+**Abstract:** The new round of basic education curriculum reform places significant emphasis on the development and utilization of curriculum resources. Museum resources，as an essential component of history curriculum resources，can effectively supplement textbook content and promote innovation in teaching practices. Integrating museum resources such as relics and images into secondary school history teaching not only advances educational reform and enhances teachers’ professional skills but also immerses students in authentic historical contexts，thereby stimulating their interest and fostering the comprehensive development of their core competencies. Located along the Silk Road，the Korla region is rich in Stone Age and Silk Road cultural heritage，endowing local museums with abundant history curriculum resources. Taking the museum of Korla as an example，integrating cultural relics through image displays，interactive explanations，and other methods into relevant thematic classrooms can effectively enhance high school history teaching. This enriches the content of lessons，improves teaching quality，deepens students’ understanding of history，and strengthens their patriotic sentiment and cultural identity. Ultimately it achieves the fundamental goal of cultivating students’ core competencies in history education and offers valuable references for pedagogical practice.
+
+**Key words:** museum resources；high school history teaching；Korla
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_16_watermark_2x1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_16_watermark_2x1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..224d64d9308c6beb947477735477aac9530b5d9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_16_watermark_2x1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,326 @@
+
+
+# RAZER KRAKEN V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3
+## 高级用户指南
+
+**Razer Kraken V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3** 是一款采用 Razer Chroma™ 雷蛇幻彩 RGB 技术的电脑游戏耳麦，提供与游戏和设备融合的动态灯光效果，让你享受缤纷的沉浸感。借助高级驱动单元和环绕声音效提供栩栩如生的音效，让你从听觉和视觉两个层面轻松进入忘我状态。
+
+## 目录
+1. 内含物品/要求 ... 3
+2. 简要介绍 ... 5
+3. 技术规格 ... 6
+4. 入门指南 ... 7
+5. 使用耳麦 ... 9
+6. 配置你的 RAZER KRAKEN V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3 ... 11
+7. 安全与维护 ... 25
+8. 法律声明 ... 26
+
+## 1. 内含物品/要求
+
+### 内含物品
+
+* Razer Kraken V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3
+
+
+
+A. 可调节的带衬垫头梁
+
+B. 椭圆形耳罩
+
+C. 采用 Razer Chroma™ 雷蛇幻彩
+RGB 技术的背光 Razer 雷蛇徽标
+
+D. USB 接头
+
+E. 麦克风插孔
+
+F. 音量控制拨轮
+
+G. 麦克风静音键
+
+* 可拆卸式 Razer™ HyperClear 雷蛇灵晰技术心形指向麦克风
+
+
+
+* 重要产品信息指南
+
+### 要求
+
+#### 产品要求
+
+* USB-A 直连*
+
+#### Razer Synapse 雷云要求
+
+* Windows® 10 64 位 (或更高版本)
+
+* 互联网连接，用于软件安装
+
+**兼容电脑、PS4 和 PS5*。
+
+## 2. 简要介绍
+
+你现在拥有了一台非常棒的设备,并且附带两年的有限保修。即刻通过 razerid.razer.com/cn-zh 在线注册,充分发挥设备的所有功能,并获得 Razer 雷蛇的独家福利。
+
+
+
+如果遇到问题,请通过 support.razer.com/cn 向 Razer 雷蛇支持团队提出问题。
+
+## 3. 技术规格
+
+### 耳机
+
+* 频响范围: 20 Hz - 20 kHz
+
+* 阻抗: 32 Ω @ 1 kHz
+
+* 灵敏度: 96 dB SPL / mW@1 KHz, 通过人头及躯干模拟器 (HATS, Head and Torso Simulator) 测量
+
+* 驱动单元: 定制的动态 50 毫米驱动单元
+
+* 耳罩内径: 62 毫米 x 42 毫米
+
+* 连接类型: USB Type A
+
+* 线缆长度: 2.0 米 / 6.74 英尺
+
+* 大致重量: 332 g / 0.73 磅
+
+* 椭圆形耳罩: 全耳包裹设计, 采用透气的面料和舒适的人造皮革, 提供隔音效果和舒适感
+
+### 麦克风
+
+* 频响范围: 100 Hz - 10 kHz
+
+* 信噪比: ≥ 60 dB
+
+* 灵敏度 (@1 kHz): -42 ± 3 dB
+
+* 拾音模式: 单向
+
+### 耳罩控制键
+
+* 音量增大和减小
+
+* 麦克风静音切换键
+
+### 使用音频
+
+* 使用有线音频: USB Type A
+
+* 环绕声: 仅适用于 Windows 10 64 位系统
+
+## 4. 入门指南
+
+### 设置
+
+1. 将耳麦连接到电脑的 USB 端口。
+
+
+
+2. 在你的电脑上, 右键单击系统任务栏上的声音图标, 然后选择**打开声音设置**。
+
+
+
+3. 在**声音**窗口, 将 **Razer Kraken V3** 设置为默认**输出**和**输入**设备。
+
+
+
+4. 用 Razer Synapse 雷云*应用程序自定义耳麦的灯光效果和其他耳麦功能, 打造个性化的沉浸式游戏体验。
+
+**出现提示时安装 Razer Synapse 雷云, 或从 cn.razer.com/synapse下载安装程序*。
+
+### 启用 THX SPATIAL AUDIO 空间音效*
+
+通过 Razer Synapse 雷云实现 360° 声音定位，充分发挥 Razer Kraken V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3 的全部潜力，同时获得更自然、更逼真的体验。
+
+
+
+**仅适用于 Windows® 10 64 位系统*。
+
+## 5. 使用耳麦
+
+### 调节音量
+
+按下图所示转动音量控制拨轮即可调高或降低音量。
+
+
+
+### 使用 RAZER™ HYPERCLEAR 雷蛇灵晰技术心形指向麦克风
+
+将 Razer™ HyperClear 雷蛇灵晰技术心形指向麦克风插入耳机，然后弯曲麦克风，直到平行位于嘴巴前方。确保麦克风膜片位于正前方，且通风孔背对你的嘴巴。
+
+
+
+### 使用麦克风静音按键
+
+按下麦克风静音按键即可使麦克风静音或取消静音。
+
+
+
+### 舒适性
+
+我们建议佩戴在头上之前,轻轻拉开耳麦,以尽量减少头梁的压力。不过,不要过度拉伸耳麦,以免超过其技术限制。
+
+
+
+## 6. 配置你的 RAZER KRAKEN V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3
+
+ *免责声明：安装、更新和基于云的功能均需要互联网连接。建议你注册 Razer ID 账号，但并非强制。本文列出的所有功能特性在不同的软件版本、连接的设备和支持的应用及软件上可能会有所不同*。
+
+### SYNAPSE 雷云选项卡
+
+当你首次启动 Razer Synapse 雷云，Synapse 雷云选项卡将是默认选项卡。此选项卡允许你浏览控制板和 Chroma 幻彩应用子选项卡。
+
+#### 控制板
+
+“控制板”子选项卡是 Razer Synapse 雷云的总控制台，你可以在其中访问所有 Razer 设备、模块和在线服务。
+
+
+
+#### 模块
+
+“模块”子选项卡列出了所有已安装及可供安装的模块。
+
+
+
+#### 通用快捷键
+
+将操作或 Razer Synapse 雷云功能绑定到你的 Razer 雷蛇外围设备的自定义按键组合, 覆盖配置文件特有的各种绑定。了解更多有关“配置文件”的信息
+
+*只会识别支持 Razer Synapse 雷云之设备的输入*。
+
+
+
+### “音频”选项卡
+
+*确保通过系统任务栏上的声音图标选择 THX Spatial Audio 空间音效作为你的默认播放或输出设备*。
+
+“音频”选项卡是 Razer Kraken V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3 主选项卡。你可以在这里自定义设备的设置，充分发挥其全部潜力。在此选项卡中做出的更改，会自动保存到你的系统和云存储空间。
+
+#### 声音
+
+“声音”子选项卡用于调整系统的整体音量或针对所有活动应用程序分别调整音量、更改默认的回退设备，以及访问 Windows 的“声音”属性。
+
+
+
+##### *配置文件*
+
+“配置文件”是用于保存所有 Razer 雷蛇外围设备设置的数据存储。默认情况下，配置文件名称以系统名称为基础。只需按下其他按钮 ( ... )，即可添加、重命名、复制或删除配置文件。
+
+##### *音量*
+
+调整设备的音频音量。你还可以访问当前播放设备的 Windows 音量合成器，然后在其中按比例调整系统的整体音量或单独调整每个活动应用程序的音量。
+
+##### *声音属性*
+
+设置未连接 Razer Kraken V3 雷蛇北海巨妖 V3 时, THX Spatial Audio 空间音效使用的默认
+输出设备。你也可以单击 Windows 的声音属性链接来管理系统的声音设置, 例如修改播放和录
+制设备的设置、声音方案和默认通信活动。
+
+#### 混响器
+
+“混响器”子选项卡可用于启用或禁用 THX Spatial Audio 空间音效及其设置，以及校准正在启用的空间音效模式中所有虚拟扬声器的音频位置。
+
+
+
+##### *THX Spatial Audio 空间音效*
+
+THX Spatial Audio 空间音效技术是一种先进的声音定位解决方案，可以让你在玩游戏时获得更加身临其境的体验。
+
+切换此设置即可启用或禁用 THX Spatial Audio 空间音效及其设置。默认情况下，此选项设置为“自动”，此时所有应用程序都会使用建议的输出设置。若设置为“手动”，则可以将首选的空间音效模式分配给特定的应用程序类型和/或应用程序。
+
+##### *空间音效模式*
+
+使用“播放”按钮可预览每个可用空间音效模式预设的校准。更改任何虚拟扬声器的位置（在任何预设模式下）都会自动创建一个自定义模式。或者，你也可以单击“添加”按钮（+），创建新的自定义模式。
+
+在任何自定义模式下，单击其他按钮（...）即可重命名、复制或删除所选的自定义模式。若要将当前模式还原到其原始设置，请单击“重置”按钮。
+
+#### 增强
+
+“增强”子选项卡用于自定义音频系统的输入音频设置和频响范围。
+
+
+
+##### *低音增强*
+
+增强低频响应以提高耳麦的低音输出
+
+##### *音量标准化*
+
+将所接收的最高音量降低，以避免受喊叫声或爆炸声等影响而使音量突然增加，影响使用体验。
+
+##### *声音清晰度*
+
+通过声音过滤来强化传入语音的质量，从而提升语音的清晰度和音量。
+
+##### *音频均衡器*
+
+选择任何可用的均衡器预设，实现理想的音效体验。这些预设专为均衡性、游戏沉浸感、观看电影或欣赏喜爱的音乐而设计。手动调整任何均衡器预设都会自动将其设置为“自定义”。
+
+#### 麦克风
+
+“麦克风”子选项卡让你可以调整所有麦克风输出音频的设置。
+
+
+
+##### *麦克风*
+
+控制麦克风音量和麦克风输入量,以获得更清晰的麦克风音质。
+
+##### *麦克风音量*
+
+调整麦克风输入或使麦克风静音。
+
+##### *语音网关*
+
+调整麦克风灵敏度,使它过滤背景噪音,使你的声音更为清晰。控制麦克风输入量,使它过滤背景噪音,使你的声音更为清晰。任何低于阈值的声音都会被静音。
+
+##### *增强*
+
+启用下列任意一个功能可提高麦克风的音频质量:
+
+* **音量标准化**。减少响度变化。
+* **亮丽人声**。增强声音频率。
+* **减少环境噪音**。减少周围环境的噪音。
+
+##### *麦克风均衡器*
+
+选择最能满足你的麦克风需求的可用麦克风均衡器预设。手动调整任何均衡器预设都会自动将其设置为“自定义”预设。
+
+##### *麦克风监听（侧音）*
+
+启用此设置以便通过耳麦监听麦克风的原始音频输入，并可以在需要时增加或降低音量。
+
+#### 灯光
+
+“灯光”子选项卡可让你修改 Razer 设备的灯光设置。
+
+
+
+##### *亮度*
+
+你可以通过切换“亮度”选项或使用滑块增加/减少亮度来关闭 Razer 设备的灯光。
+
+##### *关闭灯光*
+
+这个节能工具确保当系统显示器关闭时，禁用设备的灯光效果。
+
+##### *快速效果*
+
+你可以选择一些快速效果并应用于设备的灯光，如下所列：
+
+ | 姓名 | 说明 | 设置方法 |
|---|
|
+
+
+
+ | 呼吸效果 | 灯光将以所选颜色淡入和淡出 | 最多可为此设置选择 2 种颜色或使颜色随机变化 | |
+
+
+
+ | 光谱循环 | 键盘上的灯光将在 1680 万种色彩间无限循环 | 无需做出进一步的自定义 | |
+
+
+
+ | 静态效果 | 键盘会持续亮起所选择的颜色 | 选择一种颜色 |
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_170_watermark_3x1.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_170_watermark_3x1.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3905968a081473f2f97db7e7b116731fd7c12276
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_170_watermark_3x1.md
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# 中华人民共和国最高人民法院执行裁定书
+
+(2024)最高法执监1041号
+
+申请人(案外人):古某常。
+
+委托诉讼代理人:葛长安,陕西咸益律师事务所律师。
+
+委托诉讼代理人:延奇,陕西省老法律工作者协会法律工作者。
+
+被执行人:吴某清。
+
+申请人古某常不服河北省高级人民法院(以下简称河北高院)(2024)冀执复195号执行裁定,向本院申请。本院受理后依法组成合议庭,因古某常向本院提出回避申请,本院依法变更合议庭对本案进行了审查,本案现已审查终结。
+
+河北省邢台市中级人民法院(以下简称邢台中院)在执行被执行人吴某清刑事涉财产刑没收财产一案,邢台中院依据河北高院(2013)冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决作出(2016)冀05执29号执行裁定,将陕西某某煤业有限责任公司(以下简称某甲煤业公司)等股权过户至某市人民政府国有资产监督管理委员会名下。案外人古某常对该执行行为不服,向邢台中院提出书面异议。
+
+古某常异议请求:一、撤销邢台中院(2016)冀05执29号裁定及其执行行为;二、恢复某甲煤业公司工商登记原状。主要事实与理由:(2013)冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决载明,撤销邢台中院(2013)邢刑初字第71号刑事判决;没收吴某清个人全部财产,涉案赃款、赃物及其孳息、收益依法收缴。没有判决执行某甲煤业公司股权,邢台中院(2016)冀05执29号裁定执行某甲煤业公司、陕西某某煤矿有限责任公司(以下简称某某煤矿公司)、旬邑县某煤矿有限公司(以下简称某丙公司)、陕西旬邑县某某煤业有限责任公司(以下简称某丁公司)的所有股权变更为邢台市**委，没有法律依据。(2013)冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决没有认定某甲煤业公司国有资产内容。刑事判决没收的是吴某清个人财产，没有没收某甲煤业公司股权。2004年12月27日，古某常在某甲煤业公司入股5万元成为实际出资人。某甲煤业公司是包括古某常在内的广大农民群众投资建设的企业，不是吴某清的财产。
+
+邢台中院查明，吴某清犯贪污罪、私分国有资产罪一案，该院作出(2013)邢刑初字第71号刑事判决，吴某清不服，向河北高院上诉，河北高院于2014年10月30日作出(2013)冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决：“一、撤销邢台中院(2013)邢刑初字第71号刑事判决；二、上诉人(原审被告人)吴某清犯贪污罪，判处无期徒刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产；三、涉案赃款、赃物及其孳息、收益依法收缴。”判决生效后，该院刑事审判第一庭于2016年2月23日移送执行，移送执行表具体移交的执行事项包括：“1、某甲煤业公司为改制前河北某集团的下属国有企业，应将企业性质变更为国有。2、某某煤矿公司为改制前河北某集团下属国有企业，应将企业性质变更为国有。由其行使对彬县某煤矿的承包经营权。3、某丙公司为改制前河北某集团的下属国有企业，应将企业性质变更为国有。4、某丁公司为改制前河北某集团的下属国有企业，应将企业性质变更为国有。5、应由河北某某集团有限责任公司承担的3445余万元的改制等相关费用，吴某清用隐匿的国有资产予以承担，应依法向河北某某集团有限责任公司予以追缴；河北某某集团有限责任公司中吴某清及其假借职工名义占有813余万元的股份，该股份吴某清系用隐匿的国有资产缴纳的，应依法向河北某某集团有限责任公司予以追缴。”
+
+2016年2月24日,邢台中院依据上述移送执行表立
+(2016)冀05执29号案件执行。
+
+2016年3月3日,邢台中院作出(2016)冀05执29号执
+行裁定:将某甲煤业公司、某某煤矿公司、某丙公司、某丁公司的所有股权变更至某市人民政府国有资产监督管理委员会名下。之后相关单位对股权登记进行了变更。
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+邢台中院另查明,(2013)冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决第152页载明:“虽然某甲煤业公司、彬县某煤矿,某丁公司工商注册登记显示有个人出资,但经查证,工商注册中显示的自然人股东并未实际出资,系虚拟股东。某某煤矿公司、某甲煤业公司、某丙公司、某丁公司为河北某集团的下属国有企业。”第181页认定:“河北中达作为国有独资企业,以承包方式在陕西投资经营彬县某煤矿及其所形成的资产收益,以承债式经营方式和联并改造方式在陕西投资经营燕家河煤矿和旬东煤业及其所形成的资产收益,依法均应认定为国有资产。河北中达承包彬县某煤矿第一年,就向彬县某煤矿投资1234万元,而到了经营彬县某煤矿1年后的2002年11月,才出现了首次向职工筹资入股的情况,故该入股款并非承包彬县某煤矿的原始启动资金,且该类入股行为未经相关部门批准,亦未办理股权变更登记,不影响某某煤矿公司国有企业的性质。诉称向陕西三矿入股和集资的千余名职工才是真正的股东的理由,不能成立,不予采纳。”
+
+邢台中院认为,邢台中院刑事审判庭依据生效刑事判决制作的移送执行表载明,将某甲煤业公司的企业性质变更为国有,执行中的裁定和协助执行通知书将某甲煤业公司登记的全部股权变更登记到某市人民政府国有资产监督管理委员会名下,并无不当。古某常主张其为某甲煤业公司集资入股的股东,与生效刑事判决的认定不符,其实质是对生效判决不服。根据《最高人民法院关于刑事裁判涉财产部分执行的若干规定》第十五条“执行过程中,案外人或被害人认为刑事裁判中对涉案财物是否属于赃款赃物认定错误或者应予认定而未认定,向执行法院提出书面异议,可以通过裁定补正的,执行机构应当将异议材料移送刑事审判部门处理;无法通过裁定补正的,应当告知异议人通过审判监督程序处理。”古某常以其是案涉股权的真实权利人为由,提出对案涉股权的执行异议,不属于执行异议审查范围。据此,邢台中院于2024年6月17日作出(2024)冀05执异24号执行裁定,驳回古某常的异议请求。
+
+古某常向河北高院申请复议,请求:一、撤销邢台中(2016)冀05执29号裁定及其执行行为;二、撤销邢台中(2024)冀05执异24号执行裁定;三、恢复某甲煤业公司工商登记原状。主要事实与理由与异议阶段所持事实与理由基本一致。
+
+河北高院对邢台中院查明的事实予以确认。
+
+河北高院另查明,(2013)冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决认定:“工商注册登记显示,某某煤矿公司、某甲煤业公司均为有限责任公司,某丙公司为国有企业,河北某集团在陕西的企业都不是股份制公司,在陕西企业组建中,干部职工有集资,本息全部还清,性质系借款。某某煤矿公司成立前集资入股在陕西彬县某煤矿工商注册不显示,注册中的自然人出资均为虚假出资,分红比例由吴某清个人决定。集资入股均未经过相关部门的审批。综上,在陕西企业集资入股系借款,不改变陕西企业的国有性质。”河北高院认为,根据《最高人民法院关于刑事裁判涉财产部分执行的若干规定》第十五条规定,本案(2013)冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决已经认定包括某甲煤业公司在内的某乙煤业公司为河北某集团的下属国有企业,且在某乙煤业公司组建过程中干部职工的集资性质为借款,并已全部还清。该判决主文内容之一是“对涉案赃款、赃物及其孳息、收益依法予以追缴。”邢台中院刑事审判庭遂依据该判决制作的移送执行表载明,将某甲煤业公司的企业性质变更为国有。因此,邢台中院作出裁定和协助执行通知书将某甲煤业公司登记的全部股权变更登记到某市人民政府国有资产监督管理委员会所有,并无不当。古某常主张其为某甲煤业公司集资入股的股东,与执行依据认定事实不符,其所提异议实质是认为刑事判决对涉案财物是否属于赃款赃物认定错误,应通过审判监督程序处理。据此,河北高院于2024年9月3日作出(2024)冀执复195号执行裁定,驳回古某常的复议请求。
+
+古某常向本院申请执行监督,请求:一、撤销河北高院(2024)冀执复195号执行裁定;二、撤销邢台中院(2024)冀05执异24号执行裁定、(2016)冀05执29号执行裁定;三、恢复某甲煤业公司工商登记原状。主要事实与理由为:
+
+一、(2013)冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决从未认定某甲煤业公司是国有资产。邢台中院(2016)冀05执29号裁定认定“判决中认定某甲煤业公司……为国有”,没有判决依据;邢台中院以执代审,没有法律依据,应当撤销。二、某甲煤业公司是国有企业的表述是邢台中院(2013)邢刑初字第71号刑事判决的内容,该刑事判决已经被河北高院判决撤销,所以邢台中院(2024)冀05执异24号执行裁定关于某甲煤业公司是国有资产的论述没有依据,是错误的。三、本案刑庭的移送执行表不是生效判决的附件,不能作为执行依据,并且(2024)最高法执监365号执行裁定已经明确。四、2001年3月24日,河北某某集团有限责任公司与彬县城关镇人民政府签订了《承包合同》,该政府将其所属的集体企业某某煤矿公司承包给河北某某集团有限责任公司,期限20年。现承包合同已到期,但邢台中院将某某煤矿公司的股权变更给某市人民政府国有资产监督管理委员会,没有法律依据。五、关联案件中,马某军向某某煤矿公司投资,并成为股东,不认可马某军的权利没有法律依据。古某常与马某军是一个情况,不认可古某常的权利也没有法律依据。
+
+本院经审查认为,根据申诉人的申诉请求、事实与理由,及本案异议法院、复议法院审查情况,本案应重点审查的问题是:一、河北高院(2013)冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决是否认定某甲煤业公司是国有资产。二、邢台中院依照该院刑事审判部门的移送执行表采取执行措施是否正确。针对上述问题,本院分析如下:
+
+一、关于河北高院(2013)冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决是否认定某甲煤业公司是国有资产的问题
+
+经查,河北高院(2013)冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决对邢台中院查明的事实予以确认。河北高院二审判决撤销邢台中院一审判决,系因一审对于吴某清隐匿3445余万元的定罪认定错误,并予以改判纠正。结合邢台中院与河北高院查明的事实,两级法院在以下事实认定上是一致的:一是,关于吴某清隐匿陕西三矿国有资产15078.472621万元,非法占有813.7493万元用于支付改制后企业的吴某清个人、假借职工名义支付的入股金,将3445.4825万元用于改制费用的犯罪事实。二是,河北某集团在改制方案中未将某某煤矿公司、某甲煤业公司、某丙公司、旬东煤矿公司列入改制范围,故陕西企业的性质仍然为国有,其资产为国有资产的事实。三是,某某煤矿公司成立前所存在的“集资入股”事实在工商注册中并未显示的事实;四是,工商注册中的自然人出资均为虚假出资的事实。故本案两级法院在认定某甲煤业公司是国有资产的事实上是一致的。进而执行法院据此采取执行行为,与两级法院刑事判决的内容均一致。申诉人古某常主张本案依据二审刑事判决执行,而二审判决未予认定某甲煤业公司属于国有企业的申诉理由,与本案河北高院二审刑事判决所确认一审判决的事实不符。
+
+至于针对河北高院(2013)冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决认定,古某常如有异议,有权针对该刑事判决寻求救济。
+
+二、关于邢台中院依照该院刑事审判部门的移送执行表采取执行措施是否正确的问题
+
+针对古某常的申诉理由,该问题又涉及以下几个方面问题:
+
+1. 关于移送执行表能否作为本案执行依据的问题。古某常主张,本案刑庭的移送执行表不是生效判决的附件,不能作为执行依据。对此,本案生效的河北高院(2013)冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决认定吴某清犯贪污罪,并判令对涉案赃款、赃物及其孳息、收益依法予以追缴。该刑事判决查明,虽然某甲煤业公司、某某煤矿公司,某丁公司工商注册登记显示有个人出资,但经查证,工商注册中显示的自然人股东并未实际出资,系虚拟股东。某某煤矿公司、某甲煤业公司、某丙公司、某丁公司均为河北某集团的下属国有企业。同时认定,吴某清诉称向陕西三矿入股和集资的千余名职工才是真正的股东的理由,不能成立。该案立案执行后,相关刑事审判部门出具移送执行表载明:“1、某甲煤业公司为改制前河北某集团的下属国有企业业，应将企业性质变更为国有。”该移送执行表虽然系在刑事判决生效后作出，不属于生效刑事判决的一部分，但该移送执行表与生效判决确认的内容一致，基于刑事涉财执行的实际，属于刑事审判部门对执行内容的进一步明确，邢台中院执行部门依据刑事判决确定的内容，结合该移送执行表，作出（2016）冀05执29号执行裁定，将某甲煤业公司所有股权变更至某市人民政府国有资产监督管理委员会，本质上系执行生效刑事判决的内容。
+
+2. 关于河北某某集团有限责任公司于2001年3月24日与彬县城关镇人民政府针对陕西彬县某煤矿签订的承包合同问题。河北高院（2013）冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决认定，河北某某集团有限责任公司作为国有独资企业，以承包方式在陕西投资经营彬县某煤矿及其所形成的资产收益；而某甲煤业公司成立于2002年1月10日，注册资本为5000万元，邢台中院裁定变更登记股东前的股东登记情况为：河北某某集团有限责任公司出资2550万元，持股51%；高某钦出资290万元，持股5.8%；孙某山出资290万元，持股5.8%；乔某堂出资280万元，持股5.6%；李某瑞出资265万元，持股5.3%；牛某平出资265万元，持股5.3%；王某来出资265万元，持股5.3%；苗某坤出资265万元，持股5.3%；王某东出资265万元，持股5.3%；李某祥出资265万元，持股5.3%。从上述邢台中院执行实施行为所体现的事实来看，本案执行主要涉及某甲煤业公司的股权，并未涉及河北某某集团有限责任公司作为国有独资企业与彬县城关镇人民政府就相关煤矿权益及资产的承包法律关系。而从本案承包合同的履行到成立某甲煤业公司，不仅涉及对承包标的的利用、收益，还涉及对矿产承包标的进行的公司化改造，因此在承包合同到期后，可能涉及到承包合同双方当事人依据法律和合同约定处理合同到期之后的权利义务及清算关系问题,对此,显然不属于本案执行法院执行工作解决的问题,而在本案刑事判决已经认定该法律关系与本案执行所涉生效判决执行属于不同法律关系的情况下,本案当事人自可另循途径解决。至于本案邢台中院对某某煤矿公司、某丙公司、某丁公司股权的执行,其所涉及的法理与本院所分析的对某甲煤业公司股权执行的法理具有类似性,相关主体亦可依据相关事实处理。
+
+3. 关于本案古某常主张其系实际投资人,申请排除执行,并将本案股权恢复到本案执行之前的登记状态的问题。《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第六十七条第一款、第二款规定,当事人对自己提出的主张,有责任提供证据。当事人及其诉讼代理人因客观原因不能自行收集的证据,或者人民法院认为审理案件需要的证据,人民法院应当调查收集。《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国民事诉讼法〉的解释》第九十一条规定,人民法院应当依照下列原则确定举证证明责任的承担,但法律另有规定的除外:(一)主张法律关系存在的当事人,应当对产生该法律关系的基本事实承担举证证明责任;(二)主张法律关系变更、消灭或者权利受到妨害的当事人,应当对该法律关系变更、消灭或者权利受到妨害的基本事实承担举证证明责任。故本案古某常欲证明其对某甲煤业公司的股权构成实际投资人的关系,其应提供证据加以证明。虽然在本案审查过程中,古某常提供的“入股收条”,显示其对某甲煤业公司有投资入股款五万元整的事实,但是本案河北高院(2013)冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决经查,包括某甲煤业公司在内的某乙煤业公司组建过程中干部职工的集资性质为借款,并已全部还清。故从上述事实来看,古某常欲推翻河北高院(2013)冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决的上述事实认定,需要进一步提供证据加以证明,而在本案审查过程中古某常在“入股收条”之外,并未提供相应证据以推翻上述河北高院(2013)冀刑二终字第74号刑事判决的认定。故对其该申诉请求,本院不予支持。
+
+此外,《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国公司法〉若干问题的规定(三)》第二十四条规定,有限责任公司的实际出资人与名义出资人订立合同,约定由实际出资人出资并享有投资权益,以名义出资人为名义股东,实际出资人与名义股东对该合同效力发生争议的,如无法律规定的无效情形,人民法院应当认定该合同有效。前款规定的实际出资人与名义股东因投资权益的归属发生争议,实际出资人以其实际履行了出资义务为由向名义股东主张权利的,人民法院应予支持。名义股东以公司股东名册记载、公司登记机关登记为由否认实际出资人权利的,人民法院不予支持。实际出资人未经公司其他股东半数以上同意,请求公司变更股东、签发出资证明书、记载于股东名册、记载于公司章程并办理公司登记机关登记的,人民法院不予支持。根据上述规定,古某常所主张的权益,在本案否定其执行异议请求之后,其仍然可基于相应的合同关系,寻求救济。此外,针对实际投资人所主张的变更股东、签发出资证明书等主张,仍然需要符合公司法的相关规定。在本案所涉案件事实中,执行法院已经查明本案国有资产股东未同意“登记股东”参股本案国有企业的情况下,古某常等自称“实际投资人”更不可能取得本案国有资本股东的同意。就此而言,古某常的主张亦与上述公司法司法解释所要求的公司治理模式不符,其以实际投资人为理由请求本案恢复某甲煤业公司工商登记原状,河北高院未予支持,符合实际。
+
+综上，古某常的申诉理由不能成立，本院对其在本案中的申诉请求不予支持。古某常如有证据证明其对某甲煤业公司确有投入和损失，可另行主张权利。本院参照《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百一十五条，依照《最高人民法院关于人民法院执行工作若干问题的规定（试行）》第71条规定，裁定如下：
+
+驳回古某常的申诉请求。
+
+审判长 仲伟珩
+
+审判员 杨春
+
+审判员 徐霖
+
+二〇二五年六月十八日
+
+法官助理 魏丹
+
+书记员 陈晓宇
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+# 哲学是科学吗——兼论哲学是什么和什么是哲学
+
+龚时中
+
+(武汉理工大学 人文社会科学系，湖北 武汉 430063)
+
+**摘要:** 哲学不是科学，把哲学科学化或实证化、实用化实际上是用科学来消解哲学，而哲学作为人类自觉的理性是不可能“终结”的。哲学是介于科学和神学之间的东西，是人类追问意义世界的思想，是在理论活动和实践活动中的内心信念或信仰，是真正的精神支柱。科学不可能取代哲学正如哲学不可能取代科学一样。哲学和科学都是人类理性的艳丽花朵。
+
+**关键词:** 哲学;科学;意义世界的思想;信念
+
+**中图分类号:** B0 **文献标识码:** A **文章编号:** 1671-6477(2004)02-0133-06
+
+哲学本来就不是科学，所以这个问题原本就不是一个问题。可是，自 20 世纪以来，由于科学的迅猛发展，哲学这门人类最古老的学问在科学面前的处境显得愈来愈尴尬，几无立足之地，于是渐而兴起一种观念：哲学是科学，也即是把哲学科学化或实证化、实用化。这种观念被人们自觉或不自觉、明确或不明确地提出来，好像这样就可以拯救哲学了。甚而有人主张，哲学只有成为科学，也就是使哲学做科学的事，起科学那样的作用，才是哲学在新世纪的出路和发展方向。因而，哲学是不是科学就成为问题被提出来了。近些年来讨论哲学观的问题之所以成为注目的热点，大抵缘之于此。哲学观的问题说到底，就是对哲学是什么和什么是哲学的认识。不同的哲学观会把哲学引向不同的路径。因此，讨论这个问题是很必要的。这关系到哲学这门人类最古老的学科存在的“合法性”以及如何发展问题。
+
+## 一、哲学既不是科学，更不是“科学的科学”
+
+哲学不是科学，可以从历史和逻辑两个方面得到证明。从历史上看，哲学、数学和物理学几乎同时都在公元前 6 世纪左右产生。亚里士多德是古代世界学识最渊博的人，他曾根据研究的对象和目的，将知识分为这样几类：一是逻辑学，这是求知的工具；二是理论科学，这是以求知本身为目的的科学；三是实践科学；四是制作科学。在理论科学里，他又将其细分为第一哲学、数学和物理学(包括天文、气象、生物、生理、心理学等)。在这里，他虽然把哲学归在科学的门下，但是，他却明确地指出哲学与其他科学是不同的。他说“：有一门学问，专门研究‘有’(或译为“存在”)本身，以及‘有’凭本性具有的各种属性。这门学问与所谓特殊科学不同，因为那些科学没有一个是一般地讨论‘有’本身的。它们各自割取‘有’的一部分，研究这个部分的属性。”[1]这门“考察作为‘有’的‘有’,以及‘有’作为‘有’而具有的各种属性”[2]的学问就是哲学。由于哲学研究“第一因”,所以亚里士多德的第一哲学也就是哲学。这里需要理解的是，他虽然把哲学包括在科学里，但并不是说哲学就是科学。因为从他把政治学、伦理学等称作“实践科学”,把寻求制作有实用价值和艺术价值的东西如工艺学、诗学等称作“制作科学”来看，亚里士多德用的“科学”一词显然不是我们现在所说的严格意义上的“科学”,而是广义的科学即知识。这种区分一直延续到黑格尔时代。黑格尔在他的《哲学史讲演录》里，就明确地把哲学和科学、哲学和宗教作了比较。但有时他也把哲学称为“科学”。显然，这时的科学也是在广义上使用的概念。不过，这种广义上使用的概念从另一方面也表明了哲学在和各门知识体系的关系中，和科学具有最亲的血缘关系。事实上也是如此。古希腊最早的哲学家和近代的有些哲学家本身又是自然科学家，它们研究的哲学问题有些其实是自然科学的问题。在哲学研究中，科学的知识和思想是哲学“反思”的最基本的对象，因而，哲学成为孕育科学的“母体”。
+
+
+
+收稿日期:2004-01-15
+
+作者简介:龚时中(1946 —),男,湖北省武汉市人,武汉理工大学人文社会科学系教授。
+
+从逻辑上看，哲学和科学有显然不同的特征。首先，二者的基本特征不同。科学的基本特征是“实证性”,而哲学的基本特征是“思辨性”。“实证”一词，按照孔德的解释是“实在的”“、有用的”、“确定的”、“精确的”、“有机的”、“相对的”意思。孔德虽然站在实证主义的立场上认为哲学研究应该“拒斥形而上学”,即抛弃那些虚妄的、无用的、不确定的、不精确的、绝对的东西，这种思想形成了一种哲学的观念。我们姑且不去评判这种观念的优劣好坏，但他确实指出了科学的基本特征。“实证性”按照我们的理解，就是对经验范围之内的客观事实进行确定的研究，因而其结论具有确定性、可靠性、可检验性。这是哲学所不具备的。哲学的本性是“思辨性”。“思辨性”按照字面的理解是“思想的辨析”,按照黑格尔的解释是对“真正必然性的知识的反思”。他说“:思辨的思维，亦即真正的哲学思维……这种思辨思维所特有的普遍形式，就是概念。”[3]所以，科学只能研究经验范围之内的东西，即有限的东西，而哲学却要超越有限以追求无限，从这个意义上来说，哲学确实是“形而上学”。
+
+其次，二者的研究对象不同，从而思维的方式也不同。科学的研究对象是客观存在的世界(包括自然界、人类社会和思维领域)，它面对的是事实材料，即经验的东西，即使在理论科学里，这种研究对象也没有发生根本的改变。哲学研究的对象却不是“事实材料”,而是“思想材料”。因此科学研究事实，哲学研究思想。哲学研究的思想，既包括科学的思想，也包括艺术的、宗教的、伦理的、道德的思想等等。因此，如果要说哲学是科学的话，那么，哲学可以说是研究“思想的思想”的科学。由研究对象的不同，导致研究(思维)的方式也不同。科学的方式从根本上来说，是直接性的方式，它运用科学的方法(实验、观察、调查等)直接对事实材料进行研究。诚然，在科学研究中，必不可少地需要运用抽象思维的方法。但是，这种科学思维方法的运用并没有改变科学研究方式的直接性这一特点。因为，它面对的仍然是直接的“事实材料”,只不过这时不是“实践的面对”,而是“理论的面对”。而哲学研究的方式从根本上来说，是间接性的方式，它不是直接面对“事实材料”,而是面对从这些材料中抽象出来的“思想”或“理论”。因此，哲学总是“远离”事实，而科学却是“靠近”事实。所以，科学的思维方式是“思想”,哲学的思维方式是“反思”。所谓“反思”,黑格尔也把它叫做“后思”。黑格尔说“:反思以思想的本身为内容，力求思想自觉其为思想”。[4]
+
+再次，二者的目的不同。一切科学追求的目的是真理。当然，这并不是说科学没有“善“和“美”,人类研究科学的本意就是求善。科学中也有“美”,这种“美”就是“科学美”“、理论美”。但科学中的“善”和“美”不是科学所追求的目的，而只是科学研究的出发点和理论要求。哲学追求的目的却是真善美的统一。关于哲学研究的目的，黑格尔有一个著名的表述“:哲学的最高目的就在于确认思想与经验的一致，并达到自觉的理性与存在于事物中的理性的和解，亦即达到理性与现实的和解。”[5]这个思想不能不说是极其深刻的，不能仅仅把它看成是唯心主义而一笑置之。据我的理解，黑格尔所说的“理性与现实的和解”首先的含义是“求真”。哲学的“求真”与科学的“求真”既有同一性，也有差异性，这种差异性在于由于哲学追求的东西都是“终极意义”上的东西，因此，哲学追求的真理是具有最大普遍性和必然性的真理，用黑格尔的话来说，就是“绝对”。其次，这句话也包含着求善和求美，因为“和解”是从主体性出发的，这是黑格尔哲学的基本思想。因此，它必然包含着价值尺度，也即是人自身的尺度。“真”和“善”的统一就是“美”。哲学追求这种“至真”和“尽善尽美”的精神境界，强烈地透露着价值倾向和人文关怀的精神，这一点和科学也是不同的。
+
+至于哲学是“科学的科学”、“知识的总汇”这种观点我想毋庸在此赘言，历史早已把它驳倒了。这种观点产生于 17 世纪，盛行于 19 世纪，笛卡尔是这种哲学观的典型代表人物，黑格尔则是把这种哲学观付诸理论实践的集大成者。或许正是这种把哲学凌驾于科学之上的哲学观，使哲学走向了自己的反面。原来科学以哲学自誉(如英国皇家学会于 1665 年创办了世界上最早的自然科学研究会会刊，刊物的名称就叫做《哲学汇刊》,牛顿把他的经典力学著作称之为《自然哲学的数学原理》,拉马克把他的动物学著作称之为《动物学哲学》等)。现在，哲学却要反过来以科学为荣。这是辩证法大师黑格尔始料不及的。
+
+## 二、把哲学科学化或实证化、实用化，实际上是用科学来消解哲学，但哲学作为人类自觉的理性是不可能“终结”的
+
+20 世纪以来，由于科学的迅猛发展，由于科学在解释自然现象、社会现象、心理现象方面的无可替代的功能以及所具有的极大的实用价值，使科学赢得了人们越来越大的尊敬。而与此同时，哲学在科学的这种“有用性”面前却显得越来越处境艰难。于是渐而兴起了一种观念:哲学只有科学化或实证化、实用化才是新世纪哲学的出场路径和发展方向。这种观念是自觉或不自觉、明确或不明确地形成的，但却已然成为一种得到众多的人普遍认同的理论流行趋势，或曰“理论时尚”。其主要表现有:在理论联系实际的招牌下，使哲学不断地“贴近”现实“,反映”现实，乃至使哲学变成了解释现实、论证现实的工具，好像不这样，哲学就脱离了实际，哲学就真是没有用的(因为科学都是有用的);在哲学要吸收自然科学成就的招牌下，把没有经过哲学消化(反思)的自然科学概念引进哲学，如“信息”“、系统”“、结构和功能”等，使哲学“穿上”流行的外衣(这里需要说明一句的是，我并不是要反对理论联系实际，也丝毫没有哲学可以自我封闭起来的意思);用科学的思维方式来研究哲学，即把哲学的研究对象当作直接的当前的对象，而不是用反思的或思辨的方式来研究哲学;把哲学当成如同科学一样的实用知识，要求哲学做科学的事，起科学那样的作用等等。这种急功近利的实用主义的哲学观使哲学发生了变味，变成了“实用科学”。因此，把哲学科学化的结果实际上就是用科学来消解哲学，使哲学丧失独立存在的必要性，变成科学的一个部门(事实上确有学者提出这个观点)。
+
+这个问题关系到哲学是否会“终结”。我们注意到在哲学史上，从 19 世纪以来，就有一些先师先哲发出哲学“终结”的呼声，如马克思、恩格斯、维特根斯坦等。但是，我们也注意到，他们所要“终结“的其实并不是“哲学”,而是“某种哲学”。如马克思、恩格斯“终结”的就是那种凌驾于科学之上的“德国古典哲学”。因为，他们一方面在“终结”哲学，另一方面又在创立自己的哲学。这说明哲学的“终结”其实是哲学观发生了根本的转变。或者用科学哲学家库恩的话来说，是“范式”的转换。可见，哲学是不可能“终结”的。
+
+哲学的不可“终结”在于哲学的本性源于人的本性之中。人的本性有一种不断追求自我完善的精神。要追求自我完善，就必须探求世界和人生的奥秘;而要探求这种奥秘，就必须有“穷根究底”的“追问”精神。哲学从其本性上来说，就是一种“永远的追问”。因为哲学所探求的是“终极目的”“、终极价值”、“终极原因”。显然这些终极的东西都是永远达不到的东西，但正是这些永远达不到的东西把人类的智慧推向前进。所以，哲学在古希腊人那里被称作“智慧”或“爱智慧”;中国古代把有大智大慧的人称作“哲人”,这都是非常有道理的。
+
+哲学的不可“终结”还在于人类意识的特点。人类意识的特点在于它不仅能把客观存在的事物作为自己的内容，而且还能把自身作为自己的内容，这就是自我意识。自我意识可以说是“对意识的意识”“、对思想的思想”,也就是意识或思想对自身的“观照”。这种“意识”或“思想”是通过“反思”得来的，而“反思”正是哲学所特有的思维方式。只有通过“反思”,思想才能“自觉成其为思想”。所以，哲学常常采取“批判”的态度来审视人类所获得的一切知识，包括科学的知识，这是哲学所处于意识的最高层面这一特性所决定的。只要我们不把它看作是凌驾于一切知识之上的东西，就绝对地没有害处而只有好处。因为，人类所获得的任何实用知识，都是对于有限事物的知识，是关于世界的某一方面、某一领域或某一层次的知识。这些有限的知识在它的运用之中，或迟或早总会达到它所被限定的界限，而有限知识的运用一旦超越了这种界限或者作无限的运用(而这往往是不自觉的)，那么，就不仅不能给人带来用处，而且会带来害处。这是被无数的历史证明了的事实。这说明人们一方面必须获得有限的实用的知识(知识按其本性来说都是有限的)，另一方面，必须超越有限以追求无限，这就是使“思想自觉其为思想”。这后一种“思想”就是通过反思而形成的“哲学的思想”。哲学的思想在人类的意识活动中是必不可少的，但为什么现在却落得个如此的窘境呢？科学哲学家普特南的这段话或许会对我们有所启发“:科学的成功把哲学家们催眠到如此的程度，以至认为，在我们愿意称之为科学的东西之外，根本无法设想知识和理性的可能性。”[6]这就是说，科学是唯一的知识和理性，而哲学这个人类理性最早的产物相反却不是理性，哲学要想成为知识和理性，除了哲学是科学之外，就别无它途。
+
+## 三、哲学是追问意义世界的思想，是人们在理论活动和实践活动中的内心信念或信仰，是真正的精神支柱
+
+哲学不是科学，那么哲学是什么呢？要回答哲学是什么，又必须和回答什么是哲学联系起来。这是一个问题的两个方面，这两个方面构成了哲学观的核心思想。我理解，在这两个方面中，前一个问题是关于哲学的定位问题，后一个问题是关于哲学的定义问题。我们先讨论前一个问题。
+
+哲学的定位也就是哲学在知识体系中的位置，也就是哲学的基本属性问题。对哲学是什么有各种不同的看法，我认为罗素的看法很可取。罗素在他的《西方哲学史》一书中有这样一段议论“:哲学，就我对这个词的理解来说，乃是某种介乎神学与科学之间的东西。他和神学一样，包含着人类对于那些迄今仍为确切的知识所不能肯定的事物的思考;但是它又像科学一样是诉之于人类的理性而不是诉之于权威的，不管是传统的权威还是启示的权威。一切确切的知识———我是这样主张的———都属于科学;一切涉及超乎确切知识之外的教条都属于神学。但是介乎神学与科学之间还有一片受到双方攻击的无人之域;这片无人之域就是哲学。思辨的心灵所最感到兴趣的一切问题，几乎都是科学所不能回答的问题;而神学家们的信心百倍的答案，也已不再像它们在过去的世纪里那么令人信服了。”[7]这就是说，哲学是敢思科学之不思、敢疑神学之不疑的东西。或者说哲学是心灵提问，头脑回答的学问。因此，哲学既不是科学，也不是神学，但它与科学和神学都有相似性。哲学就是这样的一个东西。
+
+这个观点，国内也有些学者是赞同的。例如，孙正聿教授在他的《哲学通论》中写道“:哲学不是宗教，为什么它也给予人以信仰？哲学不是艺术，为什么它也赋予人以美感？哲学不是科学，为什么它也启迪人以真理？哲学不是道德，为什么它也劝导人以向善？难道哲学什么都是又什么都不是吗？”[8]我们从这些理解中大概可以找到哲学的位置吧？
+
+对于什么是哲学即哲学的定义问题，所存疑义更大。我们通常把哲学概括为关于世界观的学问，这从一般意义上来讲是不错的。但是深入地考察这一概括，也值得质疑。因为，世界观是以提供的“世界图景”为前提的。应该说，提供什么样的“世界图景”才可能确立什么样的世界观。现在我们发现，能够提供“世界图景”的除了哲学之外，宗教、科学、艺术甚至常识(日常生活的经验)等也都是可以做得到的。而且，惟有科学提供的“世界图景”是最正确的，因而也唯有科学才能帮助人们树立“科学的世界观”。也许有人会说，科学所描述的不是整个世界，而是世界的某一个部分。我们说，这个说法在过去是对的，对于现代科学来说就是不对的了。现代各门科学高度发达，它们共同描述的世界就是我们生活于其中的整个世界。可见“,世界图景”是“建构”起来的，而“世界观”是在“世界图景”的前提下“树立”起来的;另外，把哲学概括成是关于世界观的学问，从哲学史来看，也有值得商榷的余地。古代哲学是以本体论研究为重心的哲学，把它概括为关于世界观的学问，确实名副其实。近代以后，哲学渐次实现了认识论的转向、实践论的转向、语言学的转向等，再把它概括为关于世界观的学问，好像有点勉为其难。很多研究者也看到了这一点，所以，关于哲学定义的不同理解愈来愈多，以至于叫人莫衷一是。他们从不同角度所作的理解，都有一定的道理。哲学的定义之所以不像其他学问那样比较容易确答，是和这门学问的特性有关的。正因如此，也有学者提出哲学无定义，如陈修斋先生。这也是有道理的。近来，也有学者提出恢复哲学的爱智本性。把哲学定义为智慧或爱智慧，这是很深刻的。哲学源于智慧。但一般地说哲学是智慧，使人很难了解里面的确切含义。在古代，在哲学和科学没有高度分化的情况下说哲学是智慧是可以的，在现代社会这就需要解释。因为能够称得上智慧的不仅是哲学，科学和其他理性的东西都是一种智慧。在这里，我想提出自己不成熟的思考。我认为，哲学是追问意义世界的思想，是人们在理论活动和实践活动中的内心信念或信仰，是真正的精神支柱。
+
+从把哲学作为人感悟、解读世界和人生的方式来看，哲学是追问意义世界的思想。黑格尔在他的《精神现象学》里把思维分成三种形式，这就是“表象思维”、“形式思维”和“思辨思维”。所谓“表象思维”,黑格尔认为这是一种“偶然的意识，它完全沉浸在材料里，因而很难从物质里将它自身摆脱出来而同时还能独立存在。”因而它也被称为“物质的思维”。“形式思维”也称“形式推理”,这“乃是以脱离内容为自由，并以超出内容而骄傲”的思维。“思辨思维”是“努力放弃这种自由，不要成为任意调动内容的原则，而把这种自由沉于内容，让内容按照自己的本性，即按照它自己的自身而自行运动并从而考察这种运动”[9]的思维。根据这种思想，我尝试把世界划分为三个世界，这就是“存在的世界”、“解释的世界”和“意义的世界”。“存在的世界”就是世界的本身即对象世界，包括现象和本质两个方面。“解释的世界”是我们认识或意识到的世界，是存在于知识(包括常识和理论知识)之中并表现为知识的世界。从思维形式来讲，就是黑格尔所说的“表象思维”和“形式思维”的世界。“意义的世界”就是对认识或意识到的世界(即知识和其中所包含的思想)进行再认识或再意识的世界，亦即是“自我意识的世界”“、反思的世界”,人们在这个世界里追问的是知识和思想的“意义”。说到“意义”,有人可能会说，无须哲学来寻求，各门科学自身也可以寻求它的意义，如物理实验或物理理论，只有在寻求到它的意义时才能成立。连枯燥的数学公式也有它的意义，否则在数学体系里它是找不到它自己的位置的。但这些“物理意义”或“数学意义”等等寻求的还只是有限事物的意义，还不是我们所说的“哲学意义”。“哲学意义”按其宗旨来说，是追求具有最大的普遍性和必然性的意义，因而具有“终极性”。这是思维的最高层面的意义。追求这种意义的思维方式，唯有哲学的方式，即黑格尔所说的“思辨的思维”。追求这种意义并不是像一般认哲学为“玄思”的人所想象的那样，是“毫无意义”的，而是非常有意义的。它的意义在于，它使人类所获得的各种知识在哲学的“理性之光”的“审视”下，获得“人文的表现”,从而不但使这些知识显得深刻，而且使它的内容成为属人的、为人的，具有主体性和思辨性的东西。所以，我们平常把知识(作品)中具有这种哲学的“理性之光“的东西称为“哲理”。“哲理”也就是包含在知识(作品)中的“思想性”;缺乏“哲理”的东西就是缺乏“思想性”(思想深度)的东西。所以，哲学就是一种“思想”,但不是一般的思想，而是追问“意义世界的思想”。只有这种思想才能解除“灵魂的烦恼”(德谟克利特)，才能追问“有本身”(亚里士多德)，才能解决“理性恨”(黑格尔)。这里，哲学的本义即爱智一再地表现出来。黑格尔在给哲学下定义的时候说“:概括讲来，哲学可以定义为对于事物的思维着的考察。”[10]就是讲的这个意思。
+
+从哲学作为一种观念形态来看，哲学是人们在理论活动和实践活动中的内心信念或信仰。人们在他们的实际生活中往往会形成各种各样的观念，这些观念对人们的思想和行为都会产生影响。但是，由于哲学是通过“反思“而形成的具有思辨性的最高思维层面，是追问意义世界的思想，因此，由哲学所形成的观念必然是最深刻的观念，必然会把人们心中其他的观念“沉浸”于其中并使其同化。当哲学同化了人们心中的其他观念时，哲学观念就变成了信念。所谓“信念”,我的理解是，被人们深信不疑因而植根于人们的内心并在人们的理论活动和实践活动中起支配作用和统摄作用的观念。所以“,哲学信念”也可以说就是一种信仰。说起信仰，人们往往会想起宗教。从信仰这个方面看，哲学和宗教确有相似的一面，但哲学作为信仰和宗教作为信仰却是根本不同的。前者是理性的，后者是非理性的;前者是自觉的，后者是盲目的(尽管是自愿的)。正因为哲学是一种通过理性活动自觉地建立起来并被社会认同的信念或信仰，因此，它往往比宗教信仰具有更大的力量，是人们真正的精神支柱。恩格斯在他的《自然辩证法》一书中，说过这样一段著名的话“:不管自然科学家采取什么样的态度，他们还是得受哲学的支配。问题只在于:他们是愿意受某种坏的时髦的哲学的支配，还是愿意受一种建立在通晓思维的历史和成就的基础上的理论思维的支配。”[11]在科学史上，由于不同的哲学信念而引起的对科学理论的不同诠释乃至于争论的例子很多。举一个典型的例子来说明。大家知道，爱因斯坦和玻尔在 20 世纪 30 年代发生了一场大论战。论战是围绕着对量子力学的诠释展开的。爱因斯坦认为，由于测量仪器的干扰，我们观察到的微观“实在”其实是“不实在”的。玻尔则认为微观世界的“实在”就是测量仪器和微观粒子相互作用所表征的那样。爱因斯坦坚持“决定论”,坚信“上帝不会掷骰子”。玻尔则认为微观粒子的运动具有随机性，不存在“决定论”。只要我们仔细考察这两位巨人所争论问题的实质，就不难看出，他们所争论的问题，与其说是物理学的，不如说是哲学的;与其说是形而下的，不如说是形而上的。他们争论的根源就是他们各自不同的哲学信念，不同的哲学信念可以使相同的科学理论得到不同的理解。在这里我们且不评说爱因斯坦和玻尔的哲学信念孰优孰劣，这一切让时间来检验;这里我们要证明的一点是，在科学研究乃至一切理论和实践活动中，都存在一个起支配作用的力量，这就是哲学的信念。
+
+综上所述，可以得出这样的结论，哲学不是科学，哲学不可能做科学的事，起科学的作用。哲学作为追问意义世界的思想和人们内心的信念或信仰，又是科学所无能为力的。把哲学科学化或实证化、实用化是没有出路的。科学不能取代哲学正如哲学不能取代科学一样。哲学和科学都是人类理性的艳丽花朵。
+
+## [参考文献]
+
+[1] 亚里士多德.形而上学[A].西方哲学原著选读(上卷)[C].北京:商务印书馆，1981.
+
+[2] 北京大学哲学系外国哲学史教研室.古希腊罗马哲学[M].北京:生活、读书、新知三联书店，1957.
+
+[3] 黑格尔.小逻辑[M].北京:商务印书馆，1980.
+
+[4] 普特南.理想、真理与历史[M].上海:上海译文出版社，1997.
+
+[5] 罗素.西方哲学史[M].北京:商务印书馆，1982.
+
+[6] 丛大川.哲学是什么的当代追问[J].理论探讨，2000，(1):28233.
+
+[7] 黑格尔.精神现象学(上卷)[M].北京:商务印书馆，1983.
+
+[8] 恩格斯.自然辩证法[M].北京:人民出版社，1971.
+
+(责任编辑 韩文革)
+
+# Is the Philosophy Science———Also Discussing What is Philosophy and What Philosophy is
+
+**GOUG Shi-zhong**
+
+*( Department of Humanities and Social Sciences , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430063 , Hubei , China)*
+
+**Abstract** : The paper proves that philosophy is not science. Philosophy will be dispelled if it is made scientific , pragmatised , and demonstrated. It is impossible to come to an end as a human self - conscious sense.Philosophy exists between science and theology and it is man’s ideology towards a significant world , an inner theoretical and practical persuasion and faith , and a genuine spiritual mainstay. Science cannot take the place of philosophy or vice versa. Science and philosophy are both colorful flowers cultivated by man.
+
+**Key words** :philosophy;science;thought of significant world;belief
\ No newline at end of file
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..100856f6cbd8f480279de9cad3944e50fe395dd1
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@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+DOI:10.16124/j.cnki.cn13-1390/c.2019.03.007
+
+# 在生态关怀中的思索与憧憬——评寇宗鄂的诗歌创作
+
+薛梅
+
+(河北民族师范学院 文学与传媒学院,河北 承德 067000)
+
+摘要: 寇宗鄂新时期的诗歌创作,经历了一次“休眠的火山”式的喷发,这次喷发是打开他全部生命的喷发,是他把自己内心所有的爱喷薄而出的喷发。他的诗在对世界的观察以及对自身与世界、人类与环境之关系的思考与问询、焦虑与寻找中,蕴藉着深刻的生态观照与人文关怀。这种生态观照与人文关怀既基于他的东方素养的生态观,也诚实地呈现了他的人文困惑。寇宗鄂诗歌中的生态观照与人文关怀主要表现在以下三个方面:耐人寻味的标题预警、对野心勃勃的人类的规诫、对自然活力系统的审美观照。
+
+关键词: 寇宗鄂;诗歌;生态关怀;预警;规诫;审美观照
+
+中图分类号: I207.25 文献标志码: A 文章编号: 1674-3210(2019)03-0042-04
+
+“休眠的火山”对于寇宗鄂来说,是一个极为特殊的意象,或者说它是一种象征,是一个有着标签效果的LOGO。作为20世纪60年代开始创业、80年代叱咤中国诗坛的一线诗人,寇宗鄂的诗情经历了一次休眠火山式的喷发。先是从《野蔷薇》到《悲剧性格》《红豆》《西月月》,然后经历一段休眠期,之后将巨大的能量收藏于内心,到21世纪第一个十年后,诗情再一次喷发,这一次以《宗鄂抒情诗》为标志。这次喷发,是他打开全部生命的喷发,是他把自己内心所有的爱喷薄而出的喷发。这次喷发,他把对世界的观察,对自身与世界、人类与环境的关系,处理得非常到位。他的思考与问询、焦虑与寻找,蕴含着深刻的思想与人文情怀。在长久的思索和凝视之后,他打开了他的诗情的缺口,开掘着灵魂深处的生态观照与人文关怀,这种喷发的能量,让人惊骇,让人目瞪口呆。其实,一个诗人的价值也就在这里,他用这种间歇式休眠的方式,自我修炼,自我觉醒,一旦喷薄而出,无疑震撼是巨大的。
+
+如果将“休眠的火山”作为一种生态表达,我们完全可以想象,也可以预料,不断恶化的生态环境正将“休眠期”的火山击醒或激怒,这其中所隐藏的风暴正要狂呼怒吼而来,仿如鲁迅当年写下的“地火的运行”所要突破地面而不可阻挡的力量。在这样的警示和清醒中,寇宗鄂不仅思考着人与自然、人与环境的关联,也思考着人与文化的关系。这基于他的东方素养的生态观,也诚实地呈现了他的人文困惑。他以奇异的构思、丰富的想象、深沉的拷问、悲壮的警醒,谱写着诗情与画意、坚硬与柔软、冷漠与温情、批判与建设相辅并济的生态之歌。
+
+## 一、耐人寻味的标题预警
+
+鲁迅的“影子”是一种暗示,亦是一种警示:“我不愿彷徨于明暗之间,我不如在黑暗里沉没”$^{①}$。这仿佛在回应哈姆雷特的诘问:生存还是毁灭。这也几乎贯通了知识分子的心灵战场,烽烟四起,激战犹酣,一片狼藉,一声呼告。应该说,时代的风云际会和人类的生存愿景、个人的灵魂与肉体、知与行的内部搏斗,从来都是诱惑也是放逐,是醒觉也是救赎。但大多数作家在处理这个问题的时候,常常是通过主题和内涵来充分展开和凸现。如果要寻找属于寇宗鄂诗歌的特殊味道,我倒以为恰恰是他的诗歌标题所带来的强烈冲击。他的诗题既有鲜明的视觉效果,更具辣目的过敏效应;微小中含有宏大,形象中隐藏真理。诚如章亚昕所感知到的:“当我们在意象里辨认出感知变形,就仿佛听见它们在喊:‘我们是精神性表象,你别指望从中能认识到什么!’”$^{①}$这感知到的意象的呐喊多么奇妙,未成曲调先有情。
+
+
+收稿日期:2019-05-24
+
+作者简介: 薛梅(1968—),女,满族,河北承德人,中国作家协会会员,承德市作家协会副主席,河北民族师范学院文学与传媒学院教授,主要研究中国现当代文学。
+①鲁迅:《鲁迅全集》(第2卷),人民文学出版社,2005年版,第169页。
+
+走进寇宗鄂的诗歌丛林,他的诗歌标题正发出这样的呐喊,但他的呐喊粗粝、尖锐,还有狼藉,带着闪电,带着雷鸣,带着火的焦灼,带着铁的敲击。《休眠的火山》《失火的森林》《破坏性试验》《陋室》《性殇》《悲剧的力量》《车祸》《哭墙》《遗弃的钉子》《心塚》《缠足》《诗殇》《洁癖》等,都以惊悚的画面感和好莱坞灾难大片式的特效,造成一种气势、一种氛围、一种极具张力的空间场。每一个修饰性的定语,比如“休眠”“失火”“遗弃”“陋”等,都能够从生命的内在发动中,将原本常见的现实时空中的意象,诸如火山、森林、钉子、墙和足做了魔幻化、荒诞化等极度变形处理,带来瞬间的聚焦和晶化,从而使诗美时空呈现出阔大和纵深感。寇宗鄂透彻地裸露着焦渴的大地和稻谷,让标题与正文形成某种张力,高度变形又深得其神:
+
+烧焦的松树还挺立在崖上/受伤的白桦遍身焦痂/高扬着残存的手臂/正呼唤远方的雨/掌中托起半个鸟巢/托起劫后余生/偶尔有鹿的哭声隐隐传来/哀鸣着寻找失去的家园/那新坟上的花圈在风中摇曳/夕阳似垂落的晚钟/守护人与山林用绝望的方式/祈祷灵魂的安泰
+
+——《失火的森林》$^{②}$
+
+寇宗鄂善于造势,善于调动恶生态,让“守护人与山林用绝望的方式/祈祷灵魂的安泰”,这“绝望”与“安泰”,是多么悖谬的立场,却有机而巧妙地结合在一起,诞生出别一境界,那就是感同身受的急迫与煎熬,不忍直视的生态苦难与批判。“灵魂的疏松如同土地的沙化/使生命失去春天的感觉”(《另一种生态》)、“被责任和忠贞挤压/生命也一天天地阳痿”(《性殇》、“埋葬于心塚的隐密/高科技也无法显影/而后人凭推理和想象/只能在梦里还原”(《心塚》)等,都是恶的、丑的、难堪的、不伦的“别一种生态”的动态分解图,其暗示性强烈,寓指性鲜明,有不可解脱的纠缠感,也有声嘶力竭的警示性。
+
+## 二、对野心勃勃的人类的规诫
+
+张爱玲在《心经》中说,没有一种爱不是千疮百孔,写尽了情感的苍凉,但终究还是人对人的阐释。人类善于以高高在上的主人翁姿态俯视万物,今人对万物的情感从未能够真正达到古人的天人合一和众生同命的境界。这可以成为一种愿景,只是可以期待,可以祝愿,但现实中却又游离、出走、悖反。毫不夸张地说,人类从没有像今天这样把地球弄得千疮百孔,把万物以科技的名义糟蹋得这样变态。当然,这是文明和进化的必然代价。寇宗鄂深谙此理,既了悟东方生态学的精髓,又懂得传承的艰难与可贵。他一方面以众生同命的生态理念,深切感受到大自然遭受焚毁的荒诞和苦难,另一方面又以天人合一的生态追求,对野心勃勃的进化中的人类进行真诚的规诫。他承认代价的必然性,但也绝不否认进化的必然性,他在两个极致之间构建了平衡感,也成全了他自身的生态理解和人文养素,这又是极其可贵的化育之功。这也是与他不懈追求的绘画艺术殊途同归,最终走向了复杂与繁茂、矛盾与统一相契相合的审美胜境,动人心魄又会心一笑。
+
+寇宗鄂更像那座休眠的火山,他将自身化育为物,化育为自然、化育为万籁,他站在这样的立场,对野心勃勃的人类做了虚化,形成既是对话又是自身搏斗的方式,将生动与智慧、僵化与碰撞、冷漠与变革缠绵一处,将个体生命与历史文化现实及万物圆融一起,在理性思考中升华,在倾心观察中涅槃:
+
+一掷千金的/不都是富豪/更多的人怀着梦想/早已忘记了/大把大把的钞票上/沾着汗臭和血的腥味儿/而躲在电脑背后的人/把生活的残酷变成/人虎相争的游戏
+
+——《老虎机》
+
+如果说“休眠的火山”是生态的警示,那么“老虎机”便成为现代文明的逆反性代言。“老虎机”的意象内蕴着对抗和反讽,野心勃勃的人类也便是一只凶猛地贪吃生态的大老虎。“老虎”是内化形象,“老虎机”是外化形象,两对元素在这里层递、纠合,狼狈为奸:有狰狞嶙峋的冷静剖析,也有锋骨凌厉的冷峻审批;有透视底片上所呈现的网络交织和虚妄,也有包含悖反命题的尴尬与威胁。寇宗鄂的诗简质而深邃,总是有深情的批判锋芒和深厚的生命体验之不安,这便构成了寇宗鄂诗歌的内在质地。比如对人类挥霍无序的森林砍伐,寇宗鄂写下了这样的真实:“没有桑的日子很瘦弱/瘦弱的日子吐不出丝/却任暴戾的洪水/在故乡的身上留下/累累齿痕/一直疼痛至今”(《悼念一片桑树》),这是可怕,更是危险,借此揭示,诗人完成了规诫;再比如“生殖器克隆/给遗传学留下许多/无头案”(《又见克隆》),全诗在谐谑的打油话语中呈现出了克隆技术的矛盾性和内部的裂变,嘲笑中有忧患,游戏中有荒谬,规诫成为一条隐形的贯通主线。“背上驮起千斤份量/驮起主人的梦想/迎着烽火狼烟/驮起一个江山社稷除了狗以外/就数马对人类最忠诚了/而主子呢/始终不肯放下/手中的鞭子”(《马的忠诚》),以“马的忠诚”和“主人”“手中的鞭子”构成一对矛盾,形成张力,使情绪奔驰,在冲突、搏斗、审视中,以深层的挺进姿态刺入人心深处,在令人羞惭和汗颜中规训到“主人的梦想”和“江山社稷”沉甸甸的分量。
+
+
+
+①章亚昕:《诗的内在结构与意象的二重性》,《文学自由谈》1989年第5期。
+②宗鄂:《宗鄂抒情诗》,漓江出版社,2014年版,以下文中所引寇宗鄂诗歌均出于此诗集,不再一一注出。
+
+## 三、自然活力系统的审美观照
+
+生态危机已经成为全球问题,世界各国都在积极面对生态世界。寇宗鄂诗歌的有益启示在于对生态的观照和所做出的生态批判,这是一种价值判断,也是一种价值求索。在寇宗鄂灵魂深处的深沉蕴藉中,又繁茂地生长着可贵的人文情怀。作为一名画家,他是出色的调色师,他将现实的自然场景转换为艺术框架,将一段生活经验、一种情感记忆,化育为诗的永恒魅力,如星、如月、如日,总有光芒投射大地,总有仰望的眼睛和心尖的颤动。
+
+美国社会学家杰里米·里夫金和德特·霍华德在《熵——一种新的世界观》中谈到:人类“作为个人也是地球上的过客,所以有责任最大限度地保护自然。这样,后代们(包括人类和其他形式的生命)也能在将来享受到生活的甘美”$^{①}%。这就意味着人与自然协调统一是人与自然共同发展的基本前提,可持续发展观正是在这种认识的推动下形成的。寇宗鄂深知其中的生态奥秘和文学担当,他天生具有艺术和文学兼备的敏锐、广阔和细腻的感受能力,有着积极的人生追求和认真的处世态度。不但如此,他还具有对自然界的强烈责任感。因此,关爱自然、赞美自然、依恋自然,也是他的诗歌颇具魅力的追求。在他的笔下,有传统文化写真的皮影、陶俑、化石森林等,也有现代文明的产物,比如“手机里传来你悄声呼唤/如你的唇贴近我的耳膜/蜜一样滴进心里”(《听你叫我的名字》)。“手机”本是有着强度和密度的意象,但寇宗鄂选择了简单化和单一化,那就是沟通情感的桥梁。谈吐的欢快中有真诚的赞美,还有自然物事和景致:
+
+民歌是白描/任何装饰都是多余的/花儿不是唱,是/从胸膛里喊出的/从肺腑里吐出的/从灵魂里流出的/本真的心声
+
+——《花儿》
+
+这里诗人不但口语运用干净利索——借民歌的声调活脱脱地将跃动的声气挥洒,而且句法单纯——在一种近于旋转的速度中让读者感受到审美的明畅和清丽。这是自然的馈赠,也是人类的友朋。一首花儿的引吭高歌,让人与自然的家园链接为一个和谐的有机整体,人、油菜花、泥土、树、根、马,都是这个活力系统中的一分子:
+
+没有哪一种盛开/似这么富丽这么热烈/浩浩荡荡地绽放
+
+——《故乡的油菜花》
+
+金黄的油菜花,故乡的金黄的油菜花,诗人将一幅人间最美的风景穿越时间的通道,悬挂在心房,如此醉、如此美,语言的敏感性里有了血肉的支撑,平凡的意象里有了焕然一新的境界,“富丽”“热烈”,充满了生的力量和活的气息,“浩浩荡荡地”充盈着天地,冲激着生命的脉动。“把身留在人间/活脱脱一条龙的形象/我愿相信树也有灵魂/早已经升入云天”(《晋柏》)、“因一次偶然相遇/被契合在一起/便注定终身的缘分/像夫妻/永不分离”(《榫与卯》)、“对于人类轮番的索取/你是宽厚的/让一切亡灵/在你的怀中安息”(《母性的泥土》)等,在松弛中充满着慈怀,在敬慕中充溢着依恋,可以说是不露痕迹地
+（下转第50页）
+
+
+
+①杰里莫·里夫金,德特·霍华德:《熵——一种新的世界观》,吕明、袁周译,上海译文出版社,1987年版,第192页。
+
+证,但倘若其也有生命,他会怎样思考自己存在的意义? 寇宗鄂便赋予陶俑以生命,在他看来女娲用泥土造人,人沾上土地气便活成了人样,同样是泥土所做的陶俑也应该存在生命,有其独立存在的意义,但现实是他们只能长跪于地下,“被人踩在脚下/世代不见天日/生,注定是为主子殉葬”(《陶俑》)。
+
+“诗缘情”是中国诗歌的另一个重要传统,然而诗情诗思不是纯粹由内而外的,诗情的引发是在与大自然、与动态变化的外在事物的持续交互和不断对话中产生的。这种交互对话的姿态有高有低,寇宗鄂则选择了以一颗爱心与一切或有生命或无生命的事物平等交谈,在交谈中保持真诚与同情心,由此阐发的都是善待一切事物的发自肺腑的至善之言,无不让人动容。
+
+寇宗鄂不光自己写诗,还在《诗刊》做编辑多年,不遗余力地为他人做嫁衣,扶植了大批青年诗人。屈原在《离骚》中写道:“路漫漫其修远兮,吾将上下而求索。”在寇宗鄂几近一甲子的漫漫人生中,他一直与诗为伴,编诗、写诗,从事着这项“献给无限的少数人”的事业。甚至,他的画也可视作“有形诗”——他说,画家不仅画其所见,还需画其所思、所想,要“纵深地表现画中的诗境和形而上的追求”。诚愿寇宗鄂先生描绘出更多更美的诗路风景。
+
+# Persistence with Memory and Cold Gaze: Impression of Kou Zong'e's Poetry
+
+WANG Yong, YANG Yang
+
+*(School of Literature and Law, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao Hebei 066004, China)*
+
+**Abstract:** As a poet and painter, Kou Zong'e naturally took the nutrients of painting creation in his poetry creation and realized a "painting in poetry" style. At the same time, Kou Zong'e always maintains a kind heart in poetry creation, emphasizing the social responsibility as a modern person, following his own experience and sentiment as a "person", singing a song that belongs to him and this era as well.
+
+**Key words:** Kou Zong'e; poetry; unity of poetry and painting; persistence with memory; cold gaze; warmth and sympathy
+
+
+
+（上接第44页）
+将诗从有限引向无限,从具象引向抽象,诗境渐次辽阔,成为一种象征与审美。
+
+当然,也有人事和自我的雕刻,将生态系统构建成一个完美的轮廓,不再是贪婪和挥霍,而呈现出内在品质和性灵天成,比如《祖母》《长胡须的诗人》《想家的时候》《看我作画》等,都注重内心的深度挖掘,用人生方式和状态指引了价值取向,这是特定瞬间对人生向真、向善、向美的激光透视,呈现出更严肃、更漫长、更需韧性和耐心的考验。
+
+感谢寇宗鄂诗歌带来的关于“另一种生态”的审视和遥想,诚如他所言:“灵魂的救援与生命的抢险/是中国也是地球村的/一个宏大而艰难的命题”(《另一种生态》)。灵魂深处的生态观照与人文关怀,是寇宗鄂给出的答案。
+
+# Thinking and Expectation in the Ecological Solicitude: Review of the Poetry Creation of Kou Zong'e
+
+XUE Mei
+
+*(School of Literature and Communication, Hebei Normal University for Nationalities, Chengde Hebei 067000, China)*
+
+**Abstract:** Kou Zong'e's poetry creation experienced an eruption of a "dormant volcano". It is the eruption that opens up all life. It is the eruption of the love of one's heart to think, interrogate, worry about and seek the observation of the world, the relationship between the self and the world and between human beings and the environment, implying profound ecological solicitude and humanistic care. Both of them are based on his ecological concept of oriental literacy, and also honestly presents his humanistic confusion, mainly manifested in intriguing title warnings, regulating human ambition, and aesthetic solicitude for natural vitality systems.
+
+**Key words:** Kou Zong'e; poetry; ecological solicitude; warning; regulation; aesthetics solicitude
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+# 基于学习进阶理论的小学数学教学策略研究
+
+文 / 黄 祯
+
+**摘要：** 学习进阶理论倡导教师以学生现有的知识结构和认知水平为基础，采用适当的方式引导学生积极参与教学活动，促使学生获得进一步发展，实现课程、教学与评价的一体化。此理论契合新课改理念，可以作为小学数学教学的指引。在其指引下，教师应运用恰当的方式确定学生的现有水平，并据此设计教学目标、建构教学活动，促使学生“跳一跳摘到桃子”。基于此，文章以“长方形的面积”一课为例，从进阶起点、进阶过程和进阶终点这三个阶段着眼，详谈了学习进阶理论下的小学数学教学策略，以供参考。
+
+**关键词：** 小学数学；学习进阶理论；教学目标；教学活动
+
+**中图分类号：** G427
+
+**文献标识码：** A
+
+**文章编号：** 2097-1737(2025)25-0004-03
+
+《义务教育数学课程标准（2022年版）》（以下简称《课程标准》）中反复出现了“阶段性”“进阶”“螺旋式”等词汇，并明确提出要充分发挥核心素养导向的教学目标对教学过程的指导作用，在实现知识进阶的同时，体现核心素养的进阶[1]。由此可确定，学习进阶贯穿整个数学教学过程。教师应在学习进阶理论的指导下实施教学。
+
+## 一、学习进阶理论概述
+
+学习进阶理论认为，人在学习过程中会经历不同的阶段，在不同的学习阶段会有不同的需求，且需求往往从简单向高层次发展[2]。该理论强调学生要在学习过程中掌握学习主动权，充分发挥自身的自主性和主动性，从原来的被动接受转向主动探究[3]。此理论也为教师的“教”提供了新思路。一般情况下，教师在教学实践中要考虑三点：第一点是学习进阶不在于学生简单地获取某个知识，而是指向学生的思考方式；第二点是在关注学生如何思考的同时，还要更多地关注学生的“错误思考”，借此确定学生特定层级的思考方式；第三点是学习进阶并不是一个自发的发展过程，需要教师以学生的现有知识结构和认知水平为基础，针对具体的教学内容建构教学活动，由此促进学习进阶的产生，推动学生朝着更高水平发展。鉴于此，教师可以将整个教学过程划分为进阶起点、进阶过程和进阶终点三个阶段。其中，在进阶起点阶段，教师要确定学生的具体情况，搭建出学习进阶框架。在进阶过程阶段，教师要结合学习进阶支架和具体的教学内容，运用恰当的方式开展教学活动，给予学生思考机会，并有针对性地进行引导。在进阶终点阶段，教师要开展随堂测评，确定学生是否进阶成功。
+
+## 二、学习进阶理论指引下的小学数学教学策略
+
+### （一）进阶起点：研读《课程标准》和教学内容，搭建学习进阶框架
+
+学习进阶框架由进阶水平和学生预期行为表现构成。进阶水平是指学生在学习过程中的思维发展水平。学生预期行为表现是指处于不同思维水平的学生在理解、运用所学知识时会做出的表现。通过搭建学习进阶框架，教师可以确定学生的学习起点（现有的发展问题）和终点（解决现有发展问题），并在课堂上给予学生有针对性的引导[4]。在为学生搭建学习进阶框架时，教师要研读《课程标准》，分析教学内容，确定学生的学习落脚点，然后搭建出具体的学习进阶框架，做好帮助学生进阶的准备工作。
+
+以“长方形的面积”一课为例，《课程标准》要求学生在学会用恰当的工具测量物体面积、结合实例认识面积的基础上，探究、掌握长方形面积的计算公式，能用长方形的面积公式解决一些简单的实际问题。在这节课上，学生要扎实掌握长方形的面积概念、本质含义，探索长方形面积公式的应用方法；要能运用长方形的面积公式解决数学问题；要能领悟长方形的周长与面积之间的关系。由此可确定，本节课的学习落脚点为知识理解和应用。基于此，教师可以搭建本节课的学习进阶框架如下（见表1）。
+
+表1 “长方形的面积”学习进阶框架
+
+| 进阶水平 | 学生预期行为表现 |
|---|
| 0 | 知识理解 | 不太了解长方形面积相关知识与概念;不理解周长、面积的本质含义;不知道长方形面积计算公式是如何来的 | | 知识应用 | 难以灵活地应用长方形面积相关知识解决问题;误用面积度量单位;长方形面积计算错误 | | 1 | 知识理解 | 不理解题意;度量意识淡薄,错用长度、面积度量单位 | | 知识应用 | 基本上可以掌握长方形面积的相关知识,可以解决图形题中求算长方形周长、面积的问题;在解决实际问题时出现错误 | | 2 | 知识理解 | 很难从复杂的题目中提取出关键信息,不理解题意;不太理解图形周长和面积的本质意义;形象思维能力和空间想象能力水平较低 | | 知识应用 | 能掌握长方形面积的有关知识;能运用长方形面积公式解决一些简单的问题 | | 3 | 知识理解 | 能理解较复杂的题目中“多大”“多长”等的含义;不太了解长方形的周长和面积之间的非线性关系 | | 知识应用 | 在运用长方形面积公式进行逆运算时出现一些问题 | | 4 | 知识理解 | 了解长方形周长和面积之间的非线性关系 | | 知识应用 | 在解决实际问题时能运用长方形面积公式进行逆运算;在解决复杂的实际问题时存在公式运用错误的问题 | | 5 | 知识理解 | 理解长方形面积公式的本质含义 | | 知识应用 | 可以根据具体情况综合运用长方形的周长和面积公式解决复杂的实际问题 |
+
+### （二）进阶过程：依托学习进阶框架，组织相关数学教学活动
+
+学习进阶框架可呈现出不同进阶水平的学生现阶段存在的问题。解决现有问题是学生获得进一步发展的直接途径。在解决现有问题的过程中,学生会不断思考。在此过程中,教师可了解学生的思考情况,有针对性地给予学生指导。因此,教师要结合学习进阶框架和具体的教学内容,运用恰当的方式组织教学活动,给予学生思考的空间。
+
+1. 布置任务，驱动学生探究
+
+学习任务可以驱动学生进行探究。在探究过程中,学生可以活跃思维,联想并运用学过的知识、方法进行实践,从而获得一定的探究成果。
+
+例如，针对“不知道长方形面积计算公式是如何得出的”这一问题，教师可以长方形面积公式的探究过程为重点布置操作类任务：请大家两两合作，用几个1cm²的小正方形卡纸拼出一些不同的长方形，观察并获取数据，然后填写在表格中（见表2）。
+
+表2
+
+| 长方形序号 | 小正方形卡纸总个数 | 面积/平方厘米 | 每行小正方形卡纸个数 | 行数 |
|---|
| 1 | | | | | | 2 | | | | | | 3 | | | | |
+
+在布置任务后，教师应给予学生充足的探究时间，让学生拼一拼、看一看、数一数。他们会在此过程中主动与其他学生交流，分享彼此的探究成果，由此碰撞出思维火花，获取正确的数据，为进行后续探究做好准备。
+
+2. 展示成果，教师耐心引导
+
+学生展示探究成果有助于教师了解他们的具体情况，并依据教学需要有针对性地引导，促使学生进行深度探究，从而深化认知。
+
+例如，在规定的任务探究时间结束后，教师可随机选择一个小组，利用投影仪将其探究成果展示于大屏幕上。然后，教师可引导全体学生观察，并分析小正方形卡纸数量与长方形面积之间的关系。学生会有目的地观察、对比，最终发现小正方形的卡纸数是多少，长方形的面积就是多少。教师可在给予肯定的基础上，利用电子白板的蒙层功能遮盖表格中的“面积/平方厘米”一列，引导学生观察剩余的三项内容。在进行观察时，学生会细心地数一数、比一比，最终发现小正方形卡纸的总数等于每行的个数乘以行数。于是，教师可鼓励他们自主遮盖“小正方形卡纸总数”这一列内容，观察、分析其他内容，得出自己的发现。经过观察、思考，大部分学生会发现：长方形的面积等于每行的个数乘以行数。基于此，教师可以鼓励他们在组内讨论每行小正方形卡纸个数、小正方形卡纸的行数与长方形的长、宽之间的关系以及长方形的面积公式。同样，在他们讨论结束后，教师可继续组织成果展示活动，有针对性地深入引导，帮助他们建构正确的认知——长方形的面积等于长乘宽。
+
+### （三）进阶终点：分层设计数学课后作业，诊断学习进阶情况
+
+课后作业具有诊断性，可以在一定程度上检验出学生的进阶情况[5]。而教师可依据学生的进阶情况进行点拨,促使其获得进一步发展,也可依据学生的进阶情况实施后续教学。但因为一个班的学生之间可能存在明显差异,所以教师要分层设计课后作业,尽可能为每个学生布置符合其层次水平的作业,从而诊断出每个学生的具体情况。
+
+例如,在完成“长方形的面积”的教学之后,教师可分层设计出如下数学课后作业。
+
+第一层：基础巩固类填空作业。
+
+(1) 一张长方形卡纸的面积是 54 $cm^2$, 长 9 cm, 宽 ____ cm。
+
+(2) 要从一张长为 40 cm 的正方形卡纸上剪下一个最大的长方形(长、宽均为整数), 这个长方形的边长是______, 周长是______, 面积是______。
+
+第二层：进阶提升类选择题作业。
+
+(1) 图1中的长方形被分成了A、B两部分。
+这两部分( )。
+
+
+
+图1
+
+A. 面积相等，但周长不相等
+
+B. 周长相等，但面积不相等
+
+C. 面积和周长都相等
+
+D. 面积和周长都不相等
+
+(2) 下列各选项图中的图形面积相等, 其中周长最长的是( )。
+
+A. 
+
+B. 
+
+C.
+
+
+第三层：拓展应用类解答题作业。
+
+(1) 学校开辟了一个长方形种植园,其周长为102 m。已知该种植园的长为35 m,请问其面积是多少?
+
+(2) 用14根长度为1 m的栅栏围出一个长方形,请问一共有多少种围法?其中,围出的最大面积是多少?
+
+(3) 吴伯伯家有一块长10 m、宽8 m的长方形菜地。他准备在这块菜地上开辟出一个最大的正方形区域来种植大葱。请问种植大葱的区域面积是多少?周长是多少?(请先画图,再计算。)
+
+其中, 基础巩固类填空作业对应进阶水平0, 进阶提升类选择题作业主要对应进阶水平1、2、3, 拓展应用类解答题作业主要对应进阶水平4、5。学生会依据自身的情况自选题目,生成一份契合自身情况的数学课后作业。在此过程中,一些学生会挑战自我,选择稍有难度的题目。在正确解答题目的情况下,学生会获得满足感;在难以正确解答题目时,则会主动向教师、同学寻求帮助,进一步深化对知识的理解。教师可回收学生的课后作业,认真阅读每个学生的答案,了解他们的知识掌握情况、思维能力发展情况、知识应用情况等,借此获取设计新的进阶学习框架的依据,为实施后续教学做好准备。
+
+## 三、结束语
+
+总之,在学习进阶理论指引下实施小学数学教学,不仅可以使教学更具针对性、有序性,还可以使学生真正地获得学习机会,在不同方面获得一定的发展,实现“跳一跳摘到桃子”。因此,教师要基于学习进阶理论开展数学教学,在确定学生学习进阶框架的基础上,以课堂为依托,以学生存在的问题、发展方向和具体的教学内容为依据,运用恰当的方式建构教学活动,引导学生体验,并精心设计分层类作业,以此让学生实现进阶式发展。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1] 沈孟佳.基于学习进阶理论的小学数学课堂教学策略行动研究[D].成都:成都大学,2023.
+
+[2] 周园,马克龙.基于学习进阶理论的小学数学作业设计与思考:以“两位数乘两位数的笔算乘法(进位)”教学为例[J].小学数学教育,2023(Z4):46-47.
+
+[3] 步宁,刘桂宏.基于学习进阶小学数学“符号意识”培养的教学设计:以人教版数学“圆的周长”为例[J].数学学习与研究,2022(29):59-61.
+
+[4] 刘琳娜,刘加霞.学习进阶视角:作业设计的目标、任务及其评分量规[J].基础教育课程,2022(8):20-26.
+
+[5] 赵晓敏.学习进阶理论视域下的小学数学教学[J].江西教育,2021(30):74-75.
+
+基金项目：本文系江苏省教育科学“十四五”规划乡村教师个人专项课题“学习进阶视角下农村小学低年级数学跨学科学习活动的设计与实施”（课题编号：YX-jsgr/2024/092）的阶段性研究成果。
+
+作者简介：黄祯（1998.2-），女，江苏无锡人，任教于江苏省宜兴市闸口小学，二级教师，本科学历，曾荣获无锡市青年教师实录课数学教学二等奖。
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+**doi:** 10.12012/CJoE2024-0031
+
+# 市场情绪、投资因子与资产定价——基于新闻与社交媒体的对比分析
+
+周颖刚1,2, 唐诚蔚3, 林哲晖4
+
+(1. 厦门大学经济学院, 厦门 361005; 2. 厦门大学王亚南经济研究院, 厦门 361005; 3. 厦门大学邹至庄经济研究院, 厦门 361005; 4. 厦门国际银行总行公司金融部, 厦门 361005)
+
+**摘 要** 本文利用汤森路透市场心理指数(Thomson Reuters MarketPsych Indices) 中个股层面的情绪数据和美国股票市场2010至2019年期间的交易数据, 比较分析了新闻情绪和社交媒体情绪在日度和月度两个不同时间维度下对股票定价能力的差异. 实证结果表明, 社交媒体情绪在日度层面的表现要优于新闻情绪, 而新闻情绪在月度层面对股票收益率的解释能力要强于社交媒体情绪. 具体来说, 在日度层面, 本文构建了新闻情绪因子和社交媒体情绪因子, 发现在Fama-French五因子模型下, 社交媒体情绪因子有显著的超额收益, 而新闻情绪因子不存在超额收益, 并且社交媒体情绪因子能够解释大部分日度层面的市场异象, 而新闻情绪因子无法解释日度层面的异象. 格兰杰因果检验的结果表明社交媒体情绪因子的反应速度比新闻情绪因子快3至4个交易日, 说明了社交媒体情绪因子领先于新闻情绪因子. 在月度层面, 本文发现新闻情绪因子对异象的解释能力有所改善, 而社交媒体情绪因子对异象的解释能力大幅下降. 此外, 对于波动率异象和特质波动率异象来说, 月度新闻情绪因子有较为显著的解释能力, 而月度社交媒体情绪因子的解释能力不显著.
+
+**关键词** 社交媒体; 新闻; 市场情绪; 资产定价
+
+
+
+**收稿日期:** 2024-02-01
+**基金项目:** 国家自然科学基金 (71988101); 国家社会科学基金重大项目 (19ZDA060)
+**Supported by** National Natural Science Foundation of China (71988101); Major Program of National Social Science Foundation of China (19ZDA060)
+**作者简介:** 周颖刚, 博士, 厦门大学经济学院、王亚南经济研究院教授, 研究方向: 实证资产定价、国际金融与贸易、金融与房地产市场, E-mail: yinggang.zhou@gmail.com; 通信作者: 唐诚蔚, 博士研究生, 厦门大学邹至庄经济研究院, 研究方向: 金融风险管理、空间计量经济学、实证资产定价, E-mail: tangchw_20@126.com; 林哲晖, 硕士, 厦门国际银行总行公司金融部, 研究方向: 实证资产定价, E-mail: 729862481@qq.com.
+
+# Market Sentiment, Investment Factor and Asset Pricing: Comparative Analysis Based on News and Social Media
+
+ZHOU Yinggang1,2, TANG Chengwei3, LIN Zhehui4
+
+(1. School of Economics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;2. Wang Yanan Institute for Studies in Economics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;3. Paula and Gregory Chow Institute for Studies in Economics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China;4. Corporate Finance Department, Xiamen International Bank Head Office, Xiamen 361005, China)
+
+**Abstract** This paper compares and analyzes the differences in stock pricing between news sentiment and social media sentiment in two different time dimensions, daily and monthly, using individual sentiment data from the Thomson Reuters MarketPsych Indices and trading data from the US stock market from 2010 to 2019. The empirical results indicate that social media sentiment performs better at the daily level than news sentiment, and news sentiment has a stronger explanatory power on stock returns at the monthly level than social media sentiment. Specifically, at the daily level, this paper constructs news sentiment factor and social media sentiment factor, and finds that social media sentiment factor still exhibits significant excess returns under the Fama-French five-factor model, while news sentiment factor no longer exhibits excess returns. In addition, social media sentiment factor can explain most market anomalies at the daily level, while news sentiment factor cannot. In order to investigate the reasons, this paper conducts a Granger causality test, indicating that the response speed of social media sentiment factor is 3 to 4 trading days faster than that of news sentiment factor. At the monthly level, this paper finds that news sentiment improves its ability to explain anomalies, while the explanatory power of social media decreases significantly. In addition, for volatility anomalies and idiosyncratic volatility anomalies, the monthly news sentiment factor has a significant explanatory power, while the explanatory power of the monthly social media sentiment factor is not significant.
+
+**Keywords** social media; news; market sentiment; asset pricing
+
+## 1 引言
+
+自进入21世纪以来, 大量的实证研究文献已经明确证实, 市场情绪对股票价格具有显著的影响. 特别值得一提的是, 2021年1月, 美国股票社交论坛爆发了一股逼空热潮, 并迅速蔓延至推特等社交媒体平台. 在这股热潮的推动下, 投资者们被舆论引导, 纷纷哄抬GME (游戏驿站) 这只基本面并不理想的股票的价格. 原本被众多机构做空、面临退市风险的GME股票, 其股价竟从最低的3美元一路飙升, 最高涨至483美元. 这股高涨的市场情绪还进一步波及到黑莓、AMC院线和诺基亚等其他股票, 导致它们的股价也多次暴涨暴跌, 严重脱离了其基本面, 引发了市场的广泛关注. 同样地, 在A股市场, 利用消息面引发市场情绪来炒作短线题材股的现象十分普遍. 投资者们往往热衷于炒作那些基本面不佳但题材性强的股票, 这些股票能够引起人们极大的兴趣. 例如, 在2020年年中火爆一时的抖音概念股省广集团, 尽管其基本面相对一般, 但作为抖音的海外代理, 却因其题材性吸引了大量投资者的关注, 股价在炒作初期便一路涨停, 最后翻倍上涨, 期间更是频频登上各大股票论坛和微信公众号的头条. 这种高涨的情绪也带动了其他相关概念股的股价上涨. 以上案例表明, 媒体在市场情绪的传播中扮演着重要的角色, 会对股票价格产生一定的影响. 研究市场情绪对股价的影响是十分重要的, 运用市场情绪来解释股票收益率已成为当前资产定价领域的一个热门话题. 通过深入研究市场情绪, 我们可以更加完善地解释股票收益率的变动, 为投资者提供更加准确的投资决策依据.
+
+在信息化时代, 社交媒体和新闻媒体作为信息传播的重要载体和渠道, 对投资者的情绪有着深远影响. 然而, 值得注意的是, 这两类媒体在情绪表达和传播方式上存在着差异, 这种差异可能会导致它们对股票市场产生不同的影响. 社交媒体以其即时性、互动性和广泛覆盖性等特点, 成为投资者获取信息和交流观点的重要平台. 在社交媒体上, 投资者可以迅速获取市场动态、分享投资经验、讨论股票走势, 并通过点赞、转发和评论等方式表达自己的情绪和态度. 这些情绪和态度不仅能及时反映投资者的心理预期, 还可能在一定程度上影响他们的行为, 进而对股票市场产生一定的影响(Antweiler and Frank, 2004; Das and Chen, 2007). 相比之下, 新闻媒体作为传统的信息传播媒介, 在报道新闻事件、分析市场趋势等方面具有更高的权威性和专业性. 同样地, 新闻报道的情绪表达也可能对投资者的心理和行为产生影响(Tetlock et al., 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011), 例如, 乐观的新闻报道可能激发投资者的乐观情绪, 推动股价上涨; 而悲观的新闻报道则可能引发投资者的恐慌情绪, 导致股价下跌.和社交媒体不同的是, 新闻媒体的报道往往需要经过严格的筛选和审核, 这虽然能够提供更全面、更深入的市场信息, 但也放缓了信息的传播速度, 使得新闻媒体对情绪的影响相对于社交媒体而言更为滞后. 为了研究不同媒体情绪对股票市场的影响, 本文将投资者情绪分为新闻情绪与社交媒体情绪, 通过投资组合和因子模型的方法, 对两种情绪的日度定价能力和月度定价能力进行实证分析.
+
+本文使用了汤森路透市场心理指数中个股层面的新闻情绪和社交媒体情绪数据, 其样本期为2010–2019年, 研究了不同类型的媒体情绪对美国股票收益率的解释能力. 本文首先根据日度层面的新闻情绪和社交媒体情绪的大小, 将股票平均分成十个投资组合, 持有期为1个交易日, 每个投资组合的收益率为组合内所有股票按其市值加权的平均收益率. 本文发现随着新闻和社交媒体的情绪由低到高, 其对应投资组合的收益率和夏普比率都会逐渐增加. 双变量分组分析也得到了类似的结果, 但社交媒体情绪对组合收益率的影响展现出了比新闻情绪更好的单调性.
+
+然后, 本文参考Fama and French (1993, 2015)的因子构造方法, 构建了新闻情绪因子和社交媒体情绪因子, 发现日度的社交媒体情绪策略要比新闻情绪策略表现得更好, 并且在Fama-French五因子模型下, 社交媒体情绪因子仍有显著的超额收益, 而新闻情绪因子不存在超额收益. 进一步地, 本文对新闻情绪因子和社交媒体情绪因子的定价能力进行了比较, 发现相较于五因子模型来说, Fama-French五因子+新闻情绪因子的六因子模型无法很好地解释市值-社交媒体情绪的3×3组合(即根据市值和社交媒体情绪构造的9个投资组合) 的超额收益率, 而Fama-French五因子+社交情绪因子的六因子模型能够进一步提高对市值-新闻情绪的3×3组合的超额收益率的解释能力. 从情绪因子的回归系数beta来看, 社交媒体情绪因子系数的显著个数和大小均远高于新闻情绪因子, 这说明了日度社交媒体情绪因子能够解释与新闻情绪相关的投资组合的收益率, 反之则不行. 在对异象的解释能力方面, 本文发现日度社交媒体情绪因子能够解释盈利异象、动量异象、短期反转异象和长期异象, 而日度新闻情绪因子则无法解释这些异象. 以上结果均表明, 在日度层面, 社交媒体情绪因子对股票收益率的解释能力远远强过新闻情绪因子. 本文认为社交媒体情绪因子对股票收益率具有更强解释能力的原因可能是, 社交媒体对信息反应具有即时性, 而新闻媒体对信息反应存在滞后性. 本文通过格兰杰因果检验发现社交媒体情绪因子领先新闻情绪因子大约3至4个交易日.
+
+从长期来看, 日度的信息会被市场较为充分地消化, 新闻媒体的可靠性和专业性可能会使得新闻媒体情绪对股票收益率具有更强的解释能力. 为验证该猜想, 本文在进一步的研究中将每家公司的日度情绪数据进行算数平均, 得到月度层面的新闻情绪变量和社交媒体情绪变量, 并在此基础上构建了月度的新闻情绪因子和社交媒体情绪因子. 同样地, 本文检验了月度情绪因子对账面市值比异象、投资异象、盈利异象、动量异象、短期反转异象和长期反转异象的解释能力, 发现从日度到月度, 新闻情绪对异象的解释能力有所改善, 而社交媒体情绪因子对异象的解释能力大幅下降. 此外, 对于波动率异象和特质波动率异象来说, 月度新闻情绪因子有较为显著的解释能力, 而月度社交媒体情绪因子的解释能力不再显著.
+
+本文的边际贡献有三点: 首先, 已有文献大多是关注于市场层面的整体情绪(Baker and Wurgler, 2006; Huang et al., 2015; Jiang et al., 2019; Chen et al., 2023) 或者根据交易数据构建个股层面的情绪指标(Aboody et al., 2018), 而本文则是基于新闻媒体和社交媒体的非结构化文本数据, 从日度和月度的角度, 研究了个股层面的情绪对股票价格的影响; 其次, 现有文献只是单独地去研究社交媒体情绪或者新闻情绪, 鲜有文献将这两者进行对比研究, 而本文无论是在月度还是日度层面, 都将社交媒体情绪和新闻情绪进行了对比分析; 第三, 从实证结论上来看, 本文发现社交媒体情绪在日度层面的表现要优于新闻情绪, 而新闻情绪在月度层面对股票收益率的解释能力要强于社交媒体情绪, 丰富了市场情绪相关的文献.
+
+本文的结构安排如下: 第二章是文献综述, 介绍了情绪与资产定价、市场情绪构建方法、以及新闻情绪和社交媒体情绪相关的文献. 第三章是数据部分, 详细介绍了本文所使用的汤森路透的市场心理指数数据库. 第四章是实证部分, 研究了日度社交媒体情绪和日度新闻情绪对股票收益率的解释能力. 第五章是进一步研究, 从月度的层面, 比较了新闻情绪和社交媒体情绪对股票收益率的解释能力. 第六章是结论与展望.
+
+## 2 文献综述
+
+### 2.1 情绪与资产定价
+
+投资者情绪是影响股票价格的重要因素. 一般来说, 投资者情绪通过驱动市场中的非理性行为, 使得股票被错误定价(De Long et al., 1990). 投资者情绪主要通过三种渠道对股票价格产生影响: 第一个渠道是增强投机交易的倾向和加大套利交易的难度, 这主要体现在投资者情绪对投机性股票具有更强的预测能力, 具体来说, 基本面较差和高波动的股票在投资者情绪较低时会有更高的未来回报, 而在投资者情绪较高时会有更差的未来表现(Baker and Wurgler, 2006; Da et al., 2015); 第二个渠道是影响投资者的风险偏好, 高风险与高收益之间的正向关系只在市场情绪低迷时显著, 而在市场情绪高涨时不再成立(Yu and Yuan, 2011; Shen et al., 2017); 第三个是不确定性, Birru and Young (2022)发现市场的不确定性能增强投资者情绪对股票未来收益率的预测能力, 并且在不确定性较高的时候, 情绪对被错误定价的股票具有更强的预测能力. 此外, 投资者情绪能进一步增强市场异象, Stambaugh et al. (2012)发现投资者情绪会使得股票价格被高估, 并且高投资者情绪会进一步加大异象的收益率, 而Liu et al. (2019)发现加入情绪因子的因子模型能大大提高对市场异象的解释能力.
+
+除了投资者情绪之外, 管理层的情绪、雇员情绪对股票收益率也具有一定的预测能力. 在情绪高涨的时期, 管理者的定性披露往往更加乐观(Bochkay and Dimitrov, 2014). Seybert and Yang (2012)发现, 管理层的收入能够较好地预测投资者情绪. Jiang et al. (2019)构建了一个总体指标来衡量市场上的经理情绪, 发现了无论是样本内还是样本外, 经理情绪对股票市场的未来总回报都有一个很强的负向预测效果. Chen et al. (2023)利用公司员工在Glassdoor上发布的雇主评论, 构建了员工情绪, 发现高的员工情绪能够预测随后的低市场回报.
+
+### 2.2 投资者情绪的测度方法
+
+Baker and Wurgler (2006)最早通过主成分分析法, 将封闭式基金折价率(Lee et al., 1991; Swaminathan, 1996)、市场换手率(Scheinkman and Xiong, 2003)、IPO数量、IPO首日收益率(Ljungqvist and William, 2003; 韩立岩和伍燕然, 2007)、新增开户数等情绪代理变量的主成分作为市场层面的投资者情绪. 但是, Huang et al. (2015)认为主成分分析方法不能准确地捕捉投资者情绪, 因为这种方法很难过滤情绪代理变量中的偏误. 他们提出了运用偏最小二乘的方法来消除情绪代理指标中常见的噪声成分, 并构造了一种新的投资者情绪指数, 该指数在样本内和样本外均有更强的预测能力. 此外, 股票层面的交易数据也是测度投资者情绪的良好指标, 比如说个股的换手率(Baker and Stein, 2004; Lee, 2013; Liu et al., 2019)、非主力资金的净流入程度(Kumar and Lee, 2006; 何诚颖等, 2021)和隔夜收益率(Aboody et al., 2018)等.
+
+除了交易数据之外, 文本等非结构化数据为投资者情绪指标的构建提供了新的方向. 就目前研究来看, 词典法和自然语言处理技术是当前构造情绪指标的主流方法. Henry (2008)在电信和计算机行业的公司范围内提供了研究经理情绪相关的新闻稿样本. Price et al. (2012)使用Henry (2008)的单词列表构建了能够衡量经理在业绩汇报电话会议期间的情绪. Loughran and McDonald (2016)创建了一个在商业语境中使用的情感词汇综合列表. 唐国豪等(2016)整理了词汇分类字典法和文本词汇加权法等热门文本分析方法, 分别从横截面和时间序列两个维度研究了资产价格与市场情绪之间的关系. Chen et al. (2023)将员工情绪定义为积极评论占比与消极评论占比之差. 姜富伟等(2021)在Loughran and McDonald (2016)的基础上扩充了中文金融情感词典. 语调信息也能够反映出市场情绪, 比如说, Jiang et al. (2019)基于10Ks、10-Qs和电话会议的语调, 构建了经理情绪指数. 除此之外, 以概率主体模型(LDA) 为代表的自然语言处理方法在构造情绪指标方面也得到了进一步的发展(Blei et al., 2003; Calomiris and Mamaysky, 2019).
+
+### 2.3 社交媒体情绪和新闻情绪
+
+社交媒体所反映的投资者情绪也在资产定价领域发挥着重要的作用(张维等, 2022). 自从Antweiler and Frank (2004)以及Das and Chen (2007)利用互联网留言板的数据对股票市场的可预测性进行开创性工作以来, 越来越多的研究人员试图探索网络中的文本信息, 为金融市场提供预测. Bollen et al. (2011)发现基于美国社交网站Twitter的情绪指标能很好地预测道琼斯指数的波动率. 郑志刚等(2011)对于媒体的负面报道进行了实证分析, 发现上市公司受到媒体的负面报道后, 公司在下一期的财报状况都会有明显改善, 并提出媒体的报道能够帮助公司实现治理的原因可能是媒体的负面报道会引发投资者的关注, 这种情况也是对于经理人的一种外部约束. 游家兴和吴静(2012)基于报道基调、曝光程度、关注水平这三个角度的相关数据, 运用文本分析的方法, 构建了有关媒体情绪的一套评价体系, 并发现当媒体报道的情绪波动较大的时候, 股票也会随之波动. 汪昌云和武佳薇(2015)使用了一些主流财经媒体的词汇数据, 构造了相关的情绪指标, 发现媒体的负面语气对于IPO抑价率等指标有着较好的解释能力. Renault (2017)从社交媒体上发布的信息中获得投资者情绪, 分析了在线投资者情绪与日内股票回报之间的关系.
+
+新闻对股票市场的影响是资产定价领域的重要问题(Fama et al., 1969; Roll, 1984). 不少文献研究了个股或股市指数的表现与新闻报纸文章中相关文本之间的关系(Tetlock et al., 2007, 2008, 2010, 2011; Garcia, 2013; 张飞鹏等, 2024). Akyildirim et al. (2015)研究了新闻公告对个股流动性、价格和波动性的作用. Manela and Moreira (2017)使用1890年后华尔街日报的头版文章构建了一个基于新闻文本的不确定性度量, 发现在股市崩盘、政策不确定性时代、世界大战和金融危机期间, 新闻隐含波动率都达到了顶峰. 新闻情绪甚至在行业之间、国家之间存在溢出效应(Hammoudeh et al., 2009; Audrino and Tetereva, 2019). 此外, 根据新闻情绪构建的策略也能带来超额收益, 林建浩等(2022)发现小市值、低换手率和低Beta的股票对新闻吸收速度较慢, 为基于机器学习方法的新闻情绪策略提供了套利空间.
+
+综上所述, 已有文献大多是关注于市场层面的整体情绪或者根据交易数据构建个股层面的情绪指标, 且大部分的研究对象为月度的情绪指标. 此外, 鲜有文献将新闻媒体情绪和社交媒体情绪进行对比分析.和以往文献不同, 本文将从日度和月度的角度, 对社交媒体情绪和新闻情绪进行对比研究.
+
+## 3 数据
+
+### 3.1 汤森路透市场心理指数(Thomson Reuters MarketPsych Indices, TRMI)
+
+本文使用的情绪数据来自汤森路透的市场心理指数(TRMI) 数据库. TRMI是一种先进的语言指数, 它使用AI的自然语言处理技术来解释数据源的变化和词义的变化, 对特定的公司、货币、商品和国家的在线媒体来源进行评分. 与最流行的方法相比, TRMI对语法结构很敏感, 能够解释单词之间的相关性. 此外, TRMI还比学术界使用的其他数据具有更好的覆盖范围: 汤森路透每天从2000多个新闻媒体源和800多个社交媒体源获取并处理200万篇英文文本文章, 实时更新TRMI指数数据; 汤森路透的TRMI数据涵盖了来自75个以上国家的12000多个活跃公司. TRMI数据在学术界得到了广泛的认可和使用(Manela and Moreira, 2017; Audrino and Tetereva, 2019; Michaelides et al., 2015, 2019). 本文所使用的是美国上市公司层面的情绪数据, 即TRMI中的Sentiment情绪指标. 该指标的更新频率是分钟(60秒)和日度(24小时), 本文使用的是日度级别的整合情绪指数. TRMI分别从新闻的维度和社交媒体的维度对市场情绪进行评估. TRMI对社交媒体与新闻的解释如下:
+
+1) 新闻: 市场心理数据收集的主流新闻来源是整个路透社新闻的历史新闻数据集. 2005年, 档案开始包括Lexis Nexis收集的互联网新闻内容. Lexis Nexis包括了来自顶级国际和商业新闻来源、顶级区域新闻来源和领先行业来源的内容. 在2017年市场心理数据中还额外增加了加密货币资产类别.
+
+2) 社交媒体: 相对于传统新闻, 社交媒体数据收集过程更加多样. 它始于1998年的互联网论坛和留言板内容. 从2008年底开始, 数据及也增添了LexisNexis社交媒体内容. 从2009年底开始, 收录了推特社交网站上的发文与评论. 汤森路透以传入链接来衡量社交论坛的受欢迎程度排名, 选出了一些排名靠前的社交论坛, 通常包括排名前20%的博客、微博客和其他金融社交媒体. 此外, 市场心理数据还包括数百个不受欢迎的、与特定资产有关的博客和论坛的内容, 这一特点也使得该数据能够较完整地概括整个社交媒体的市场情绪.
+
+本文所采用的Sentiment指标是经过标准化处理的, 其取值范围是-1至1, 该指标越大说明情绪越积极, 反之则说明消极情绪占主导.
+
+### 3.2 股价及相关数据
+
+本文所使用的数据详情见表 1. 具体来说, 本文的样本一共包含2823家美股上市公司, 这些公司均来自于美国证券交易所、纽约证券交易所或纳斯达克交易所, 样本期为2010年至2019年. 美股价格数据来自于彭博终端, 其中包括了日度与月度的数据. 上市公司的市值、账面市值比等月度财务数据也来自彭博终端.
+
+此外, 市场异象数据以及Fama-French因子数据均来自于Kenneth R. French的主页. 因子包括了市场因子(MKT)、市值因子(SMB)、价值因子(HML)、盈利因子(RMW)和投资因子(CMA). 由市场异象构造的多空组合包括了: 1）5×5市值-账面市值比多空组合(即股票根据市值-账面市值比分组, 做多高账面市值比所对应的所有市值的股票组合, 同时做空低账面市值比所对应的所有市值的股票组合, 下同); 2）5×5 市值-投资多空组合; 3）5×5 市值-盈利多空组合; 4）5×5 市值-动量多空组合; 5）5×5 市值-短期反转多空组合; 6）5×5 市值-长期反转多空组合, 这些组合统一采用高减低的标准方法来构造1.
+
+**表 1 数据介绍**
+
+
+ | 数据类型 |
+ 数据频率 |
+ 时间跨度 |
+ 数据来源 |
+
+
+ | Sentiment 情绪指标 |
+ 日度 |
+ 2010.01.01-2019.12.31 |
+ 汤森路透 TRMI |
+
+
+ | 美股价格数据 |
+ 日度/月度 |
+ 2010.01.01-2019.12.31 |
+ 彭博终端 |
+
+
+ | 上市公司财务数据 |
+ 月度 |
+ 2010.01.01-2019.12.31 |
+ 彭博终端 |
+
+
+ | Fama-French 因子数据 |
+ 日度/月度 |
+ 2010.01.01-2019.12.31 |
+ Kenneth R. French |
+
+
+ | 市场异象数据 |
+ 日度/月度 |
+ 2010.01.01-2019.12.31 |
+ Kenneth R. French |
+
+
+
+
+
+1本文所使用的数据和代码请参见科学数据银行(ScienceDB)期刊社区, DOI: 10.57760/sciencedb.17831和CSTR: 31253.11.sciencedb.17831. 若使用文中数据信息, 请注明引文和数据出处.
+
+## 4 日度情绪与股票收益率
+
+### 4.1 基于新闻和社交媒体情绪的单变量分组与双变量分组分析
+
+在每个交易日中, 本文分别根据新闻和社交媒体情绪指标的大小, 将股票平均分成十个投资组合, 持有期为1个交易日, 每个投资组合的收益率为组合内所有股票按其市值加权的平均收益率. 本文计算了这十个投资组合在时间序列上的平均收益率(单位: %)和平均夏普比率, 结果见表 2.
+
+表 2的Panel A展示了基于新闻情绪分组的结果. 可以看到, 不同新闻情绪组合的平均收益率具有一定的单调性, 多空组合的平均收益率为0.16%, $t$ 值为16.61, 在1%的水平上显著. 同样地, 新闻情绪越高的组合, 其平均夏普比率越高, 多空组合的平均夏普比率为0.07, $t$ 值为12.89, 在1%的水平上显著. Panel B展示了基于社交媒体情绪分组的结果, 不同社交媒体情绪组合的平均收益率也具有一定的单调性, 多空组合的平均收益率为0.18%, $t$ 值为19.45, 在1%的水平上显著. 社交媒体情绪越高的组合, 其平均夏普比率越高, 多空组合的平均夏普比率为0.07, $t$ 值为14.01, 在1%的水平上显著. 以上结果表明, 随着新闻和社交媒体的情绪由低到高, 其对应投资组合的收益率和夏普比率都会逐渐增加.
+
+在双变量分组分析中, 本文参考Fama and French (1993, 2015) 的方法, 分别计算了基于市值和新闻情绪的组合收益率与基于市值和社交媒体情绪的组合收益率, 步骤为:首先根据2823家公司的日度社交媒体情绪和日度新闻情绪的大小, 将股票分成低、中和高三组, 比例分别为30%、40%和30%; 然后根据股票的市值大小将股票分成小、中和大三组, 比例分别为30%、40%和30%; 最后, 本文构建了3×3的9个投资组合, 每个组合的收益率均按照股票市值进行加权平均, 且每个交易日重新构造. 这9个投资组合分别是小低(即小市值和低情绪的组合, 下同)、小中、小高、中低、中中、中高、大低、大中和大高, 各个投资组合的平均收益率(单位: %) 与 $t$ 统计量结果如表 3所示.
+
+表 3的结果表明, 在基于市值和新闻情绪的组合中, 除了小高、大低和大高三个组合的均值显著外, 其他几个投资组合的收益率都不显著, 并且组合的平均收益率也没有明显规律. 但是, 在基于市值和社交媒体情绪的组合中, 除了中等市值的组合不显著外, 小市值和大市值组合的收益率都较为显著, 同时随着组合的情绪从高到低变化(积极到消极), 投资组合的收益率也随之减小: 在小市值的组合里, 高情绪的投资组合平均收益率从-0.109%减小到了-0.200%, 而在大市值的组合里, 高情绪的投资组合平均收益率从0.041%减小到了0.037%. 社交媒体情绪比新闻情绪展现出了更好的单调性.
+
+**表 2 基于新闻和社交媒体情绪十等分的投资组合的日度结果**
+
+
+
+ | Panel A: 基于新闻情绪的分组 |
+
+
+ |
+ 低 |
+ 3 |
+ 5 |
+ 7 |
+ 9 |
+ 高 |
+ 高-低 |
+
+
+ | 平均收益率 |
+ 0.00(–0.25) |
+ -0.20***(–9.34) |
+ 0.06***(2.97) |
+ 0.17***(8.50) |
+ 0.25***(11.76) |
+ 0.15***(7.44) |
+ 0.16***(16.61) |
+
+
+ | 夏普比率 |
+ 0.00(0.09) |
+ -0.07***(–8.14) |
+ 0.03***(3.69) |
+ 0.07***(8.13) |
+ 0.10***(10.53) |
+ 0.07***(7.51) |
+ 0.07***(12.89) |
+
+
+ | Panel B: 基于社交媒体情绪的分组 |
+
+
+ |
+ 低 |
+ 3 |
+ 5 |
+ 7 |
+ 9 |
+ 高 |
+ 高-低 |
+
+
+ | 平均收益率 |
+ -0.05***(–2.70) |
+ -0.15***(–6.98) |
+ 0.05**(2.45) |
+ 0.23***(11.76) |
+ 0.21***(10.74) |
+ 0.13***(6.47) |
+ 0.18***(19.45) |
+
+
+ | 夏普比率 |
+ -0.01**(–2.07) |
+ -0.05***(–6.32) |
+ 0.01(1.47) |
+ 0.08***(11.88) |
+ 0.09***(10.98) |
+ 0.06***(6.70) |
+ 0.07***(14.01) |
+
+
+
+注: 括号中的数字为 $t$ 值, \*、\*\*、\*\*\*分别表示10%、5%和1%的显著性水平.
+
+**表 3 基于日度情绪划分的投资组合**
+
+
+
+ |
+ 基于市值-新闻情绪的分组 |
+ 基于市值-社交媒体情绪的分组 |
+
+
+ | 高 |
+ 中 |
+ 低 |
+ 高 |
+ 中 |
+ 低 |
+
+
+ | 市值 |
+
+
+ | 小 |
+ -0.105**(–2.08) |
+ -0.060(–1.29) |
+ -0.080(–1.61) |
+ 0.109***(–2.97) |
+ -0.142***(–3.86) |
+ -0.200***(–5.33) |
+
+
+ | 中 |
+ 0.020(0.72) |
+ -0.014(–0.41) |
+ 0.004(0.12) |
+ 0.039(1.36) |
+ 0.005(0.16) |
+ -0.013(–0.35) |
+
+
+ | 大 |
+ 0.039*(1.82) |
+ 0.033(1.52) |
+ 0.041*(1.90) |
+ 0.041*(1.86) |
+ 0.040*(1.81) |
+ 0.037*(1.67) |
+
+
+
+注: 括号中的数字为 $t$ 值, \*、\*\*、\*\*\*分别表示10%、5%和1%的显著性水平.
+
+### 4.2 日度情绪与定价能力: 新闻情绪VS社交媒体情绪
+
+#### 4.2.1 日度情绪因子的构建
+
+在双变量分组的基础上, 本文根据式(1) 构建出社交媒体情绪因子和新闻情绪因子:
+
+$$\mathrm{SHML}=\frac{\mathrm{SH+MH+BH}}{3}-\frac{\mathrm{SL+ML+BL}}{3},\quad(1)$$
+
+其中, SHML表示情绪因子, SH、MH、BH、SL、ML和BL分别表示小高、中高、大高、小低、中低和大低投资组合的收益率. 新闻情绪因子和社交媒体情绪因子的描述性统计见表 4 (单位: %).
+
+从表 4的Panel A中可以看出, 新闻情绪因子的均值为-0.00%, 小于社交媒体情绪因子的均值0.05%; 新闻情绪因子的标准差为1.04%, 高于社交媒体情绪因子的标准差0.78%, 说明新闻情绪因子具有更高的波动; 新闻情绪因子的偏度为-3.14, 而社交媒体情绪因子的偏度仅为0.37, 说明社交媒体情绪因子的分布更对称, 而新闻情绪因子为左偏分布; 新闻情绪因子的峰度数据为42.14, 远远大于社交媒体情绪因子的峰度7.01. Panel B展示的是相关系数, 新闻情绪因子与社交媒体情绪因子的相关系数为0.06, 说明了日度的社交媒体情绪因子和日度的新闻情绪因子之间的差异性较大. Panel C展示了均值差异检验的结果. 新闻情绪因子和社交媒体情绪因子之间的均值差异为-0.05%, $t$ 值为-2.10, 在5%的水平上显著, 说明社交媒体情绪因子的平均收益率比新闻情绪因子的更高.
+
+为了进一步比较社交媒体情绪因子和新闻情绪因子的收益, 本文构造了基于新闻情绪的多空组合和基于社交媒体情绪的多空组合. 新闻情绪的多空组合指的是, 在每个交易日中做多高新闻情绪所对应的大中小市值组合, 做空低新闻情绪所对应的大中小市值组合; 社交媒体情绪的多空组合指的是, 在每个交易日中做多高社交媒体情绪所对应的大中小市值组合, 做空低社交媒体情绪所对应的大中小市值组合. 图 1展示了新闻情绪和社交媒体情绪的多空组合的累积收益率, 其中黑色粗实线的曲线为社交媒体情绪多空组合的累计收益率, 黑色虚线为新闻情绪多空组合的累计收益率. 在此基础上, 本文还加入了标普500指数的累计收益率作为基准, 即图中的灰色虚线. 图 1表明, 根据新闻情绪构造的多空组合的表现远不如标普500指数, 而根据社交媒体情绪构造的多空组合的累积收益率远远高于标普500指数, 这说明社交媒体情绪策略要比新闻情绪策略表现得更好.
+
+**表 4 基于新闻和社交媒体情绪十等分的投资组合的日度结果**
+
+
+
+ | Panel A: 情绪因子收益率描述性统计 |
+
+
+ |
+ 样本数 |
+ 均值 |
+ 标准差 |
+ 中位数 |
+ 最小值 |
+ 最大值 |
+ 偏度 |
+ 峰度 |
+
+
+ | 新闻情绪因子 |
+ 2516 |
+ -0.00 |
+ 1.04 |
+ 0.01 |
+ -13.17 |
+ 8.05 |
+ -3.14 |
+ 42.14 |
+
+
+ | 社交媒体情绪因子 |
+ 2516 |
+ 0.05 |
+ 0.78 |
+ 0.05 |
+ -5.02 |
+ 5.88 |
+ 0.37 |
+ 7.01 |
+
+
+ | Panel B: 相关系数矩阵 |
+
+
+ |
+ 新闻情绪因子 |
+ 社交媒体情绪因子 |
+
+
+ | 新闻情绪因子 |
+ 1 |
+ |
+
+
+ | 社交媒体情绪因子 |
+ 0.06*** |
+ 1 |
+
+
+ | Panel C: 均值差异检验 |
+
+
+ |
+ 新闻情绪因子 |
+ 社交媒体情绪因子 |
+ 均值差异 |
+ t值 |
+
+
+ | 均值 |
+ -0.00 |
+ 0.05 |
+ -0.05** |
+ -2.10 |
+
+
+
+注: 括号中的数字为 $t$ 值, \*、\*\*、\*\*\*分别表示10%、5%和1%的显著性水平.
+
+
+
+**图 1 社交媒体情绪策略与新闻情绪策略**
+
+#### 4.2.2 Fama-French 五因子模型对日度情绪因子超额收益的解释能力
+
+Fama and French (2015)构造了五因子模型, 并分别用不同的四个因子组合去解释另外一个因子的组合收益率差, 若截距项alpha显著不为零, 说明被解释变量这个因子有其他四个解释变量因子所不能够解释的超额收益. 依照此思路, 本章节利用Fama-French模型中的三因子和五因子作为解释变量, 用前文所构造的日度社交媒体情绪因子和新闻情绪因子作为被解释变量, 探究情绪因子是否有无法被解释的超额收益, 结果见表 5 (单位: %).
+
+表 5展示了新闻情绪因子和社交媒体情绪因子在Fama-French三因子模型和五因子模型下的超额收益alpha. 可以看到, 无论是Fama-French三因子模型还是五因子模型, 新闻情绪因子的超额收益都不显著, 说明新闻情绪因子的超额收益能全部被Fama-French三因子模型和五因子模型解释. 而社交媒体情绪因子在Fama-French三因子模型和五因子模型下的alpha均为0.05%, 且在1%的水平上显著, 说明Fama-French三因子和五因子模型无法全部解释社交媒体情绪因子的超额收益.
+
+**表 5 新闻情绪因子和社交媒体情绪因子是否存在超额收益?**
+
+ | 新闻情绪因子 | 社交媒体情绪因子 |
|---|
| Fama-French 三因子模型 | -0.00(-0.19) | 0.05***(3.15) | | Fama-French 五因子模型 | -0.00(-0.24) | 0.05***(3.04) |
+
+注:括号中的数字为 $t$ 值, \*、\*\*、\*\*\* 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平.
+
+#### 4.2.3 日度情绪因子对于投资组合的解释能力
+
+Fama and French (2015)分别用三因子与五因子模型对不同的投资组合进行回归分析, 发现五因子模型相比于三因子模型具有更小或更接近与0的截距项alpha, 表明五因子模型能够解释更多的超额收益. 本文参考其方法, 构建了五因子+新闻媒体情绪因子的六因子模型, 来解释市值-社交媒体情绪的 3×3 组合的超额收益, 同时也构造了五因子+社交媒体情绪因子的六因子模型, 来解释市值-新闻情绪的 3×3 组合的超额收益, 结果见表 6和表 7.
+
+表 6展示的是Fama五因子+新闻情绪因子的六因子模型对市值-社交媒体情绪的 3×3 组合的解释结果. Panel A报告的是基准对照组的回归结果, 即市值-社交媒体情绪的 3×3 组合在五因子模型下的alpha. 可以看到, 五因子模型下的alpha都显著为负. Panel B报告的是市值-社交媒体情绪的 3×3 组合在五因子+新闻情绪因子的六因子模型下的alpha. 通过对比, 本文发现小市值-低情绪组合的alpha略微降低(越不接近0, 无改善效果), 而其他组合的alpha均没有变化. 以上结果说明了加入新闻因子的模型对于市值-社交媒体组合的超额收益的解释能力并没有改善. Panel C报告的是五因子模型+新闻情绪因子下, 新闻情绪因子对市值-社交媒体情绪组合的解释能力beta, 可以看到, 新闻情绪因子的beta在小市值-低情绪、中市值-中情绪、中市值-低情绪和大市值-高情绪的四个组合中显著, 而在其他不同类型的组合中不显著, 说明了新闻情绪因子对市值-社交媒体情绪的 3×3 组合的收益率的解释能力有限.
+
+**表 6 新闻情绪因子解释基于市值和社交媒体情绪的投资组合 (单位: %)**
+
+ | 社交媒体情绪 | 高 | 中 | 低 |
|---|
| Panel A: 五因子模型下的 alpha | | 市值 | 小 | -0.148***(-5.30) | -0.184***(-6.64) | -0.237***(-7.98) | | 中 | -0.015(-1.52) | -0.048**(-2.55) | -0.065***(-2.65) | | 大 | -0.015***(-3.29) | -0.016***(-3.69) | -0.018***(-4.25) | | Panel B: 五因子 + 新闻情绪因子模型下的 alpha | | 市值 | 小 | -0.148***(-5.29) | -0.184***(-6.64) | -0.238***(-8.03) | | 中 | -0.015(-1.52) | -0.048**(-2.56) | -0.065***(-2.64) | | 大 | -0.015***(-3.29) | -0.016***(-3.68) | -0.018***(-4.26) | | Panel C: 五因子 + 新闻情绪因子模型下, 新闻情绪因子的解释能力 beta | | 市值 | 小 | 4.265(1.58) | 1.416(0.53) | -12.187***(-4.28) | | 中 | 0.422(0.44) | -3.454*(-1.91) | 4.533*(1.93) | | 大 | 0.924**(2.10) | 0.579(1.39) | -0.359(-0.86) |
+
+注:括号中的数字为 $t$ 值, \*、\*\*、\*\*\* 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平. alpha 是因子模型回归的截距项, beta 是因子模型回归中新闻情绪因子的系数.
+
+表 7展示的是Fama五因子+社交媒体情绪因子的六因子模型对市值-新闻媒体情绪 3×3 组合的解释结果. Panel A报告的是基准对照组的回归结果, 即市值-新闻情绪的 3×3 组合在五因子模型下的alpha. 可以看到, 在所有的市值-社交媒体情绪的组合中, 五因子模型下的alpha都显著为负, 且alpha呈现了一定的单调性. Panel B是加入了社交媒体因子后的回归结果, 可以看出, 除了小市值-高情绪的组合和大市值-高情绪的组合没有改善之外, 其他的组合都有不同程度的改善, 即alpha更接近于0. 具体来说, 小市值-中情绪和小市值-低情绪组合中的alpha分别从-0.093和-0.125增加到了-0.089和-0.119; 中市值-高情绪、中市值-中情绪和中市值-低情绪组合中的alpha分别从-0.032、-0.068和-0.050增长到了-0.029、-0.059和-0.045, 这说明无论情绪的高低, 社交媒体因子对于中等市值的公司股票的超额收益率都有着较好的解释能力; 同样地, 在大市值的组合中, alpha也得到了不同程度的改善, 大市值-中情绪和大市值-低情绪组合中的alpha分别从-0.023和-0.013增加到了-0.022和-0.012. Panel C报告的是五因子模型+社交媒体情绪因子下, 社交情绪因子对市值-新闻情绪组合收益率的解释能力beta, 可以看到, 社交媒体情绪因子的beta在小市值-中情绪、小市值-低情绪、中市值-低情绪、中市值-中情绪、中市值-高情绪、大市值-中情绪、大市值-低情绪的七个组合中显著, 说明了社交媒体情绪因子对市值-新闻情绪的 3×3 组合的收益率有着较强的解释能力.
+
+**表 7 社交媒体情绪因子解释基于社交媒体情绪的投资组合 (单位: %)**
+
+ | 新闻媒体情绪 | 高 | 中 | 低 |
|---|
| Panel A: 五因子模型下的 alpha | | 市值 | 小 | -0.152***(-3.48) | -0.093**(-2.35) | -0.125***(-2.85) | | 中 | -0.032***(-3.14) | -0.068***(-3.22) | -0.050***(-3.23) | | 大 | -0.016***(-3.77) | -0.023***(-5.82) | -0.013***(-3.22) | | Panel B: 五因子 + 社交媒体情绪因子模型下的 alpha | | 市值 | 小 | -0.154***(-3.53) | -0.089**(-2.23) | -0.119***(-2.72) | | 中 | -0.029***(-2.88) | -0.059***(-2.79) | -0.045***(-2.89) | | 大 | -0.016***(-3.79) | -0.022***(-5.65) | -0.012***(-2.99) | | Panel C: 五因子 + 社交媒体情绪因子模型下, 新闻情绪因子的解释能力 beta | | 市值 | 小 | 5.130(0.91) | -9.555*(-1.87) | -11.583**(-2.06) | | 中 | -5.670***(-4.35) | -20.623***(-7.65) | -11.764***(-5.92) | | 大 | 0.223(0.40) | -1.442***(-2.87) | -2.024***(-3.79) |
+
+注: 括号中的数字为 $t$ 值, \*、\*\*、\*\*\* 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平. alpha 是因子模型回归的截距项, beta 是因子模型回归中社交媒体情绪因子的系数.
+
+以上结果表明, 相对于Fama-French五因子模型来说, 五因子+新闻情绪因子模型无法很好地解释市值-社交媒体情绪的 3×3 组合的超额收益率, 而五因子+社交情绪因子模型能够进一步改善对市值-新闻情绪的 3×3 组合超额收益率的解释能力. 此外, 从情绪因子的回归系数beta来看, 社交媒体情绪因子系数的显著个数和大小均远高于新闻情绪因子, 这进一步说明了日度社交媒体情绪因子对股票收益率的解释强度高于日度新闻情绪因子.
+
+#### 4.2.4 日度情绪因子对于市场异象的解释能力
+
+为进一步检验社交媒体情绪因子和新闻情绪因子对市场异象的解释能力, 本文在Fama-French五因子模型上加入了新闻情绪因子和社交媒体情绪因子, 模型如式(2) 所示, 并尝试用该因子模型去解释账面市值比异象、投资异象、盈利异象、动量异象、短期反转异象和长期反转异象, 比较社交媒体情绪因子和新闻情绪因子的强弱, 结果见表 8.
+
+$$R_t = \alpha + \beta_1 \text{SHML\_Social}_t + \beta_2 \text{SHML\_News}_t + X_t^T \theta + \varepsilon_t, \qquad (2)$$
+
+其中，$R_t$ 是市场异象的收益率，${SHML\_Social}_t$ 是社交媒体情绪因子，$SHML\_News$ 是新闻情绪因子，$X_t^T$ 对应着 Fama-French 五因子.
+
+**表 8 日度情绪因子对市场异象的解释能力**
+
+ | 账面市值比 | 投资 | 盈利 | 动量 | 短期反转 | 长期反转 |
|---|
| 社交媒体情绪因子 | -0.58(-1.52) | -0.10(-0.28) | 0.80*(1.81) | 4.06**(2.53) | 6.40***(3.15) | 4.75***(4.58) | | 新闻情绪因子 | -0.33(-1.16) | 0.23(0.83) | 0.42(1.28) | 1.63(1.36) | 1.31(0.87) | 0.24(0.31) | | 控制 FF5 因子 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
+
+注：括号中的数字为 $t$ 值，\*、\*\*、\*\*\* 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平.
+
+表 8报告了社交媒体情绪因子和新闻情绪因子的系数大小. 可以看到, 当被解释变量为账面市值比异象时, 社交媒体情绪因子和新闻情绪因子都不显著, 说明情绪因子对此异象没有较好的解释能力; 当被解释变量为投资异象时, 社交媒体因子和新闻因子不显著, 说明情绪因子对投资异象没有较好的解释能力; 当被解释变量为盈利异象时, 社交媒体情绪因子的系数显著为0.80, $t$ 统计量为1.81, 在10%的水平上显著, 但新闻情绪因子的系数不显著, 这说明社交媒体情绪因子能够很好地解释盈利异象, 而新闻情绪因子对此异象无法解释; 当被解释变量为动量异象的时候, 社交媒体因子的系数4.06, $t$ 统计量为2.53, 在5%的水平上显著, 而新闻情绪因子不显著, 这说明社交媒体情绪因子能够较好地解释动量效应, 而新闻情绪因子则无法解释; 当被解释变量为短期反转异象时, 社交媒体情绪因子在五因子的基础之上仍然有强的解释能力, 其回归系数为6.40, $t$ 统计量为3.15, 在1%的水平上显著, 说明社交媒体情绪因子是短期反转异象的一个很好的补充解释, 但新闻情绪因子对于此类异象没有显著的解释能力; 当被解释变量为长期反转异象时, 社交媒体情绪因子依旧有较显著的回归结果, 其回归系数为4.75, $t$ 统计量为4.58, 在1%的水平上显著, 而新闻情绪因子不显著, 说明了在解释长期反转异象时, 社交媒体情绪因子依旧比新闻情绪因子有更大的优势. 总的来说, 日度社交媒体情绪因子能够对盈利异象、动量异象、短期反转异象和长期反转异象具有一定的解释能力, 而新闻情绪因子无法解释其中的任何一个异象, 表明日度社交媒体情绪因子对异象的解释能力强于新闻情绪因子, 是Fama-French五因子模型的一个较好的补充.
+
+### 4.3 日度社交媒体情绪因子解释能力更强的可能原因
+
+本文认为, 在日度层面, 社交媒体情绪因子的表现之所以比新闻情绪因子好, 其中可能的原因在于社交媒体的发布速度和反应速度要比新闻媒体快, 这一点主要体现在社交媒体发文的便捷性和低门槛性: 社交媒体给人们提供了一个可以及时表达对当前信息看法和情绪的平台, 而新闻媒体的发文推送需要校对、核验、编辑、审核等操作, 导致其中的情绪信息会相对滞后. 具体来说, 人们在某个时间点接收到某一个事件的消息时, 可以立即在社交媒体上发表自己的看法、意见, 并且不止是投资者可以发表意见, 管理层也可以发表意见, 这样就做到了人群的大面积覆盖, 可以很有效地度量出股票在当天投资者情绪, 并及时传导到股价上. 而新闻则完全不同, 对于新闻报道来说, 首先要对消息进行核对, 接着对消息进行整合、撰写、编辑等相关工作, 最后到审核阶段, 审核通过才能发表, 这些虽然能够保证新闻的严谨性、准确性以及权威性, 但是效率较低, 无法实时地反应出当下的市场情绪, 相对于社交媒体的反应要慢得多, 所以在日度层面无法获得超额收益.
+
+为了研究日度社交媒体情绪因子和日度新闻情绪因子之间的领先滞后关系, 本文建立如式(3)和(4)所示的时间序列模型, 并进行格兰杰因果检验, 结果见表 9.
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\text{SHML\_Social}_t &= \delta_1 + \sum_{i=1}^{s} \lambda_{1,i} \text{SHML\_Social}_{t-i} + \sum_{i=1}^{s} \gamma_{1,i} \text{SHML\_News}_{t-i} + \varepsilon_{1,t}, \qquad(3)\\
+\text{SHML\_News}_t &= \delta_2 + \sum_{i=1}^{s} \lambda_{2,i} \text{SHML\_Social}_{t-i} + \sum_{i=1}^{s} \gamma_{2,i} \text{SHML\_News}_{t-i} + \varepsilon_{2,t},\qquad(4)
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+其中, $SHML\_Social_t$ 是社交媒体情绪因子，$SHML\_Social_t$ 是新闻情绪因子, s 是最大滞后期.
+
+从表 9中的格兰杰因果检验的结果可以看出, 当滞后期数为1期(即滞后1个交易日, 下同)和2期时, 社交媒体情绪因子不是新闻情绪因子的格兰杰原因, 反之亦然. 当滞后期数为3期时, 社交媒体情绪因子和新闻情绪因子互为格兰杰原因. 当滞后期数为4期和5期时, 社交媒体情绪因子对新闻情绪因子的预测能力更加显著, 而新闻情绪因子对社交媒体情绪因子不存在显著的预测能力. 以上结果说明社交媒体情绪的反应速度比新闻情绪的反应速度更快, 社交媒体情绪因子领先新闻情绪因子大约3至4个交易日.
+
+
+**表 9 新闻和社交媒体情绪因子格兰杰检验结果**
+
+
+
+
+ |
+ 滞后 1 期 |
+ 滞后 2 期 |
+ 滞后 3 期 |
+ 滞后 4 期 |
+ 滞后 5 期 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 情绪: |
+
+
+ | 社交媒体 → 新闻 |
+ 0.20 |
+ 1.79 |
+ 2.33* |
+ 2.33** |
+ 2.18** |
+
+
+ | 新闻 → 社交媒体 |
+ 1.33 |
+ 1.68 |
+ 2.32* |
+ 1.71 |
+ 1.56 |
+
+
+
+
+注：表中数值为格兰杰因果检验的 $F$ 统计量，\*、\*\*、\*\*\* 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平.
+
+## 5 进一步研究
+
+本文研究表明, 在日度层面上, 社交媒体情绪的优势在于反应迅速, 从而对股票价格具有一定的解释能力. 然而, 在月度层面, 日度的信息会被市场较为充分地消化, 新闻媒体的可靠性、专业性以及权威性可能会使得新闻媒体情绪对股票收益率具有更强的解释能力. 为了继续探究新闻媒体情绪和社交媒体情绪在月度层面的定价差异, 本文将每家公司的日度情绪数据进行算数平均, 得到月度层面的新闻情绪变量和社交媒体情绪变量.
+
+### 5.1 月度新闻情绪因子和社交媒体情绪因子的构建
+
+本文分别计算了基于市值和月度新闻情绪的 3×3 组合收益率, 与基于市值和月度社交媒体情绪的 3×3 组合收益率, 步骤为:首先根据2823家公司的月度社交媒体情绪和月度新闻情绪的大小, 将股票分成低、中和高三组, 比例分别为30%、40%和30%; 然后根据股票的市值大小将股票分成小、中和大三组, 比例分别为30%、40%和30%; 最后, 本文构建了 3×3 的9个投资组合, 每个组合的收益率均按照股票市值进行加权平均, 且在每个月重新构造. 这10个投资组合分别是小低、小中、小高、中低、中中、中高、大低、大中和大高, 各个投资组合的平均收益率(单位: %) 与 $t$ 统计量结果如表 10所示(单位: %).
+
+表 10的结果表明, 在基于市值和月度新闻情绪分组的组合中, 除了中高、中中、中低和大低四个组合的平均收益率外, 其他组合的收益率均显著. 我们发现, 在大市值的组合里, 收益率也随着新闻情绪的增加而增加, 且大市值组合的收益率普遍比小市值组合的平均收益率高得多, 这一点与日度情绪的结果类似. 与日度情绪结果不同的是, 日度的9个组合里只有3个显著, 而月度层面的组合里有5个组合显著, 其原因可能是新闻的相对滞后性导致其不能够快速地反应日度情绪的影响, 但是在月度层面, 新闻则能够更好地捕捉市场的股价信息. 在基于市值和月度社交媒体情绪分组的组合中, 存在着相似的结果. 在分组的结果上, 本文进一步根据式(1) 构建出月度社交媒体情绪因子和月度新闻情绪因子, 用于下文对异象的检验.
+
+**表 10 基于月度情绪划分的投资组合**
+
+ | 基于市值-新闻情绪的分组 | 基于市值-社交媒体情绪的分组 |
|---|
| 高 | 中 | 低 | 高 | 中 | 低 | | 市值 | | 小 | -2.013***(-3.00) | -3.379***(-4.74) | -2.596***(-4.06) | -1.552***(-2.24) | -4.276***(-7.39) | -3.951***(-7.71) | | 中 | 0.484(0.87) | 0.274(0.47) | 0.209(0.38) | 1.716***(3.62) | -0.291(-0.53) | -0.717(-1.49) | | 大 | 1.004**(2.400) | 0.767*(1.79) | 0.679(1.64) | 1.920***(4.88) | 0.549(1.31) | -0.113(-0.27) |
+
+注：括号中的数字为 $t$ 值，\*、\*\*、\*\*\* 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平.
+
+### 5.2 月度情绪因子对于市场异象的解释能力
+
+为检验月度社交媒体情绪因子和月度新闻情绪因子对市场异象的解释能力, 本文在Fama-French五因子模型上加入了新闻情绪因子和社交媒体情绪因子, 模型如式(2) 所示, 并尝试用该因子模型去解释账面市值比异象、投资异象、盈利异象、动量异象、短期反转异象和长期反转异象, 比较月度社交媒体情绪因子和月度新闻情绪因子的强弱, 结果见表 11.
+
+表 11报告了月度社交媒体情绪因子和月度新闻情绪因子的系数大小. 可以看到, 在月度层面, 社交媒体情绪因子仅能解释投资异象, 说明了月度社交媒体情绪因子的解释能力相比日度来说, 出现了大幅的下降. 但是月度新闻情绪因子能够显著解释长期反转异象, 和日度情绪因子比起来(日度新闻情绪因子无法解释任意一个异象), 月度新闻情绪因子对异象的解释能力略有提高. 以上结果表明, 从日度到月度, 新闻情绪因子对异象的解释能力有所改善, 而社交媒体情绪因子对异象的解释能力大幅下降.
+
+**表 11 月度情绪因子对市场异象的解释能力**
+
+ | 账面市值比 | 投资 | 盈利 | 动量 | 短期反转 | 长期反转 |
|---|
| 社交媒体情绪因子 | 0.01(0.50) | -0.07**(-2.19) | 0.04(1.11) | -0.10(-0.90) | 0.23(1.64) | -0.08(-1.01) | | 新闻情绪因子 | 0.01(0.41) | 0.01(0.28) | 0.03(0.64) | -0.09(-0.72) | -0.26(-1.51) | -0.26***(-2.72) | | 控制 FF5 因子 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
+
+注：括号中的数字为 $t$ 值，\*、\*\*、\*\*\* 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平.
+
+### 5.3 月度情绪因子与波动率异象
+
+在月度层面, 波动率异象和特质波动率异象是十分普遍的, 并且具有很强的显著性和持续性(Ang et al., 2006, 2009). 本文将进一步检验月度新闻情绪因子和月度社交媒体情绪因子对波动率异象的解释能力, 回归模型如式(2) 所示. 表 12展示了月度新闻情绪因子和月度社交媒体情绪因子对股票波动率异象的解释结果. 在Panel A中, 被解释变量为根据股票波动率的大小而十等分的十个投资组合的收益率, 解释变量为月度新闻情绪因子、月度社交媒体情绪因子, Fama-French五因子作为控制变量. 可以看到, 社交媒体因子在所有组合的回归结果都不显著, 说明在月度层面, 社交媒体因子对波动率组合的收益率没有解释能力. 然而, 月度新闻情绪因子能够解释大部分波动率组合的收益率. 在波动率的多空组合中, 月度新闻情绪因子的系数为0.59,$t$ 值为3.56, 在1%的水平上显著, 而月度社交媒体情绪因子的系数则不显著, 说明月度新闻情绪因子对波动率异象具有一定的解释能力, 而月度社交媒体情绪因子则无法解释波动率异象. 在Panel B中, 被解释变量为根据股票特质波动率的大小而十等分的十个投资组合的收益率. 同样地, 社交媒体因子在所有组合中的回归结果都不显著, 说明在月度层面, 社交媒体因子对股票特质波动率组合的收益率没有解释能力. 相比之下, 月度新闻情绪因子能够解释高特质波动率组合的收益率. 在特质波动率的多空组合中, 月度新闻情绪因子的系数为0.47,$t$ 值为3.13, 在1%的水平上显著, 而月度社交媒体情绪因子的系数则不显著, 说明月度新闻情绪因子对股票特质波动率异象具有一定的解释能力, 而月度社交媒体情绪因子则无法解释特质波动率异象.
+
+
+**表 12 月度情绪因子对波动率异象的解释能力**
+
+| Panel A: 月度情绪因子对波动率异象的解释能力 | | 波动率 | 低 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 高 | 高-低 | | α | 0.24(1.26) | -0.08(-0.59) | 0.13(0.74) | -0.08(-0.33) | -0.18(-0.59) | -0.64*(-1.66) | -0.88*(-1.89) | | 新闻 | -0.12*(-1.79) | -0.09*(-1.76) | 0.01(0.17) | 0.19**(2.09) | 0.19*(1.80) | 0.47***(3.40) | 0.59***(3.56) | | 社交媒体 | 0.02(0.36) | -0.01(-0.15) | -0.09*(-1.77) | 0.01(0.18) | -0.07(-0.75) | -0.06(-0.51) | -0.08(-0.57) | | 控制 FF5 因子 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | | Panel B: 月度情绪因子对特质波动率异象的解释能力 | | 特质波动率 | 低 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 9 | 高 | 高-低 | | α | 0.28*(1.81) | -0.11(-0.77) | 0.12(0.64) | -0.12(-0.52) | -0.08(-0.30) | -0.54(-1.49) | -0.82*(-1.96) | | 新闻 | -0.09(-1.71) | -0.01(-0.22) | -0.03(-0.40) | 0.21**(2.60) | 0.25**(2.43) | 0.37***(2.87) | 0.47***(3.13) | | 社交媒体 | -0.03(-0.65) | 0.04(0.93) | -0.04(-0.81) | -0.09(-1.39) | -0.10(-1.24) | -0.02(-0.21) | 0.01(0.06) | | 控制 FF5 因子 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 |
+
+注:括号中的数字为 $t$ 值, \*、\*\*、\*\*\* 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平.
+
+## 6 结论与展望
+
+### 6.1 结论
+
+本文基于汤森路透市场心理指数中的情绪指标, 分别研究了日度层面和月度层面的新闻情绪和社交媒体情绪对股票收益率的影响. 在日度层面, 本文发现基于日度社交媒体情绪构建的策略能够获得比标普500指数更高的累积收益率, 而日度新闻情绪的相关策略却无法获得超过标普500指数的表现. 本文构建了日度层面的新闻情绪因子和社交媒体情绪因子, 发现在Fama-French五因子模型下, 日度社交媒体因子仍具有显著的超额收益率, 而日度新闻情绪因子不存在超额收益率. 在定价能力上, 本文发现Fama-French五因子+社交情绪因子模型能够进一步提高对市值-新闻情绪的 3×3 组合超额收益率的解释能力, 并且日度社交媒体情绪因子能够解释盈利异象、动量异象、短期反转异象和长期异象, 而日度新闻情绪因子则无法解释这些异象, 说明了在日度层面, 社交媒体情绪因子对股票收益率的解释能力远远强过新闻情绪因子. 进一步地, 本文通过格兰杰因果检验发现社交媒体情绪因子领先新闻情绪因子大约3至4个交易日. 最后, 本文构建了月度层面新闻情绪因子和社交媒体情绪因子, 发现新闻情绪因子对异象的解释能力有所改善, 而社交媒体情绪因子对异象的解释能力大幅下降. 此外, 对于波动率异象和特质波动率异象来说, 月度新闻情绪因子有较为显著的解释能力, 而月度社交媒体情绪因子的解释能力不再显著.
+
+### 6.2 研究展望
+
+本文在研究中仅使用了美国的情绪数据, 这是由于中国还没有个股层面的情绪数据, 且美国的资本市场发展比较早, 相对于中国较为成熟, 所涉及到的数据质量较高, 噪声更小, 结果真实可靠. 对于中国A股市场来说, 本文具有一定的借鉴和参考意义. 对于美国市场的研究有助于我们更清晰、深刻地认识情绪对资本市场的影响, 从而将其运用到中国市场. 中国的互联网迅速发展, 数据类型和总量庞大, 新闻和社交媒体方面的情绪研究有着巨大的潜力.
+
+Brown and Cliff (2005)认为投资者情绪对未来股票收益的影响在短期内是正向的, 而在长期是负向的, 这可能与投资者的过度自信和外推信念偏误(Da et al., 2021) 有关. 在未来的研究中, 本文计划从投资者行为的角度入手, 深入剖析情绪的产生机制、外推过程以及传染效应, 分别对比新闻情绪和社交媒体情绪对股票价格的长期影响, 并挖掘它们对股票联动性的具体作用. 通过这样的研究, 本文期望能够更全面、更深入地理解媒体情绪影响股市的机制, 为投资决策提供更为科学的参考依据.
+
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_179.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_179.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e7c17d2ea4395d64269a4c4dd3702159d89850f5
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@@ -0,0 +1,488 @@
+**doi**:10.12012/CJoE2020-0006
+
+# 幸福感能降低中老年人受骗风险吗?——基于 CHARLS 数据的实证研究
+
+饶育蕾1, 陈地强1, 彭叠峰1, 朱 锐2
+
+(1. 中南大学商学院, 长沙 410083; 2. 长沙理工大学经济管理学院, 长沙 410000)
+
+**摘要** 未被满足的情感需求是导致中老年人决策偏差和经济损失的关键因素.利用2015年中国健康与养老追踪调查（CHARLS）的追踪数据，本文研究了幸福感对中老年人受骗风险的影响.结果表明，中老年人幸福感与受骗风险存在明显的负相关关系.进一步考虑内生性等问题之后，发现基本结果仍然成立.此外，论文支持幸福感或通过增强中老年人自我控制而降低其受骗风险的假设.在中老年人诈骗事件频发的背景下，本文的研究结论有助于社会各界深入认识心理健康对中老年人经济决策的重要性，也为监管部门构建诈骗风险防范体系提供了政策依据.
+
+**关键词** 受骗风险; 幸福感; 中老年人; 情感需求
+
+# Does Happiness Reduce the Fraud Risks in Middle-Aged and Elderly?—Empirical Evidence From CHARLS Data
+
+RAO Yulei1, CHEN Diqiang1, PENG Diefeng1, ZHU Rui2
+
+(1. School of Business, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; 2. School of Economics and Management, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410000, China)
+
+**Abstract** Dissatisfaction in feeling state is crucial factors causing decision-making bias and economic loss among middle-aged and elderly. Based on the tracking data of the 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), this paper empirically analyzes the impact of happiness on the fraud risk in middle-aged and elderly. The results show that there is a significant negative correlation between the happiness of middle-aged and elderly people and the risk of being cheated. Besides, we find the result is still robust after controlling endogeneity and other methodological alternatives. Moreover, this paper provide enough evidence to support the hypothesis that happiness could prevent middle-aged and elderly from bearing fraud risk by increasing their self-control capacity. Against the background of frequent frauds among the middle-aged and elderly, this paper helps to understand the role of mental health in their economic decision-making, offering policy makers suggestions to establish a fraud prevention system for middle-aged and elderly.
+
+
+
+**收稿日期:** 2020-03-30
+**基金项目:** 国家自然科学基金 (71910107001, 71801022)
+**Supported by** National Natural Science Foundation of China (71910107001, 71801022)
+**作者简介:** 饶育蕾, 博士, 研究方向: 行为金融、家庭金融、公司金融, E-mail: yuleirao@163.com; 陈地强, 博士研究生, 研究方向: 行为金融、资产定价、公司金融、家庭金融, E-mail: cdq_1993@csu.edu.cn; 彭叠峰, 博士, 研究方向: 行为金融、资产定价; 朱锐, 博士, 研究方向: 家庭金融、行为金融.
+
+**Key words** fraud risk; happiness; the middle-aged and elderly; feeling state
+
+## 1 引言
+
+随着我国人口老龄化加剧, 一系列与中老年人相关的社会问题日益凸显. 尤为值得关注的是, 中老年人成为遭遇各类诈骗的高危人群. 《中国养老金融发展报告(2017)》指出, 在理财或其他金融活动消费中上当受骗且金额在1万元以上的各年龄段中, 50岁及以上中老年占比高于其他年龄段. 腾讯110于2019年发布的《中老年反欺诈白皮书》显示, 70后已经成为被欺诈重灾区, 而60后被诈骗金额最大, 数据显示45~50岁的受骗群体占比达65.2%. 西南财经大学中国家庭金融调查与研究中心公布的《2016年中国养老理财报告》显示受骗金额在10万元以上的人群中, 50岁及以上中老年占比高于其他人群. 在此背景下, 研究中老年人受骗风险的成因, 揭示中老年人受骗的内在机制, 对保障中老年人退休生活福利、促进社会和谐稳定具有重要的现实意义.
+
+为何中老年人会成为诈骗分子所青睐的对象已引起了社会各界的关注, 相关的社会调查显示诈骗团伙经常利用中老年人爱交友的特点, 先通过聊天骗取信任, 再以突发情况、产品推荐为由实施诈骗1. 已有研究表明中老年人在财务上更易受到不公平地对待(Egan, Matvos and Seru et al. (2019)), 存在明显的财务脆弱性. Spreng et al. (2016)建立的概念模型情感与认知能力是影响中老年人受骗风险的关键变量, 并且生理因素在其中起重要的调节作用(见图 1).
+
+
+
+**图 1 老年人遭受金融诈骗概念模型**
+
+相比于年轻人而言, 中老年人因认知能力退化而更依赖于情感框架决策, 经常受负面情感困扰的中老年人, 其理性决策框架常常遭受非理性因素的侵蚀, 从而引发系统性决策偏差. 另外, 由于情感需求无法得到满足, 中老年人也容易在各种心理诱导下进入诈骗者精心设计的决策陷阱, 导致错误决策和经济损失.
+
+
+
+1例如腾讯110于2019年发布的《中老年人反欺诈白皮书》,见:https://tech.qq.com/a/20191009/005008.htm.
+
+虽然概念模型认为认知能力是导致中老年人难以识别金融诈骗的关键因素, 但是社会调查数据分析发现教育在识别金融诈骗风险的作用并不强(DeLiema (2018), Burnes et al. (2017)). 相反, 中老年的情感状态在金融诈骗风险上表现出明显的预测作用(Shao et al. (2019)), 例如, 孤独、抑郁的老人更容易遭受金融诈骗(Lichtenberg (2016), Oliver et al. (2015)). 正如相关社会调查所指出的, 中老年人很多情况下甘愿被骗以期待获得情感的陪伴. 可见, 缺乏情感上的满足使老人产生更强的社交需求, 进而产生更高的被诈骗风险. Dimmock et al. (2017)的研究就显示, 金融欺诈存在明显的传染性, 在受害者存在更强的社交网络建立动机下, 这种诈骗传染性会更强. 那么, 是否可以认为幸福感更高的老人更不易陷入诈骗陷阱中呢? 一方面, 幸福感更高的决策主体风险规避意愿更高, 这将有利于降低个人的冒险行为, 降低其受骗风险; 另一方面, 也有学者认为幸福感越高的个人, 更容易产生乐观偏差(optimism bias) 与正向偏差(positivity bias), 从而导致决策非理性. 幸福感究竟是会增大个人的受骗风险还是降低个人的受骗风险呢? 这是本文试图探讨的主要问题.
+
+借助2015年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据(CHARLS (2015)), 本文通过实证研究发现越是感到满足幸福的中老年人, 受骗风险越低. 经稳健性检验后, 结论依旧成立. 本文的主要贡献在于利用中国数据分析中老年人幸福感与其受骗风险之间的关系, 揭示中老年人受骗风险的形成机理, 为Spreng et al. (2016)提出的中老年人受骗风险理论提供了样本外证据. 本文其他部分安排如下: 第二部分是文献回顾与研究假设, 第三部分是数据样本与变量介绍, 第四部分是实证分析, 最后是研究结论与政策启示.
+
+## 2 文献回顾与研究假设
+
+主观幸福感对于个体决策的影响一直是充满争议的问题2. 幸福感将影响个人对他人的信任和个人的自我控制水平, 从而影响决策行为与受骗风险. 从信任角度看, 具有更高幸福感的个体具有更高的人际关系满意度(修宗峰和周泽将(2016)), 愿意耗费精力以经营社会关系. 所以, 高幸福感的个人对待朋友或陌生人会表现出更多的信赖(王磊(2018)), 这种信任容易使个人产生正向偏差. 而个人出于对他人的信任(Judges et al. (2017))、渴望社交与他人的关注、不能抵制短期满足的诱惑(Schreck (1999))等原因, 导致个人容易将对他人的信任感错误地转移到对方所传递的信息. 这种错置信任导致个人无法调用理性思维来判断所接收信息的真伪, 从而使决策系统更多为快系统主导, 进而为非理性因素所侵蚀, 最终导致决策的系统性偏差, 出现更高的受骗可能.
+
+现有文献认为, 中老年人成为受骗高危人群与其更高的信任倾向存在紧密关联. Castle et al. (2012)的实验研究发现, 相比年轻人, 中老年人对陌生人面孔标记了更多的可信赖程度. 这种信任倾向使得中老年人可能更具有亲和力与合作倾向, 从而易为他人所操纵(Lee and Ashton (2004), Pinsker, McFarland, Pachana (2010)). 在年龄的催化作用下, 中老年人的幸福感与对他人的信任倾向会同步增长(李涛, 黄纯纯和何兴强(2008)), 使其在决策过程中更多调用的是情感系统而非认知系统, 从而更容易产生正向偏差、过度自信等心理偏差(Be Bruine et al. (2007), Lane (2017)), 使其更易成为消费诈骗的受害者. 由此, 本文提出以下假设:
+
+另一方面, 幸福感也影响个人的自我控制(赵小华和郑毓煌(2017)). 自我控制被认为是影响个人受骗风险最为关键的因素, 个人的负面情感会极大的削弱自我控制能力(Pham (2007)). 处于弱自我控制状态时, 个人会产生更多的冲动决策行为, 导致高的冒风险活动(Van Wilsem (2011)), 会更容易参与成瘾性与风险性活动(例如抽烟、饮酒、赌博甚至超速驾驶) (Forde (1997)). 弱自我控制使个人更愿意追求短期利益与效用满足, 因此有更高的冲动消费、冲动投资倾向. 这种更高的风险寻求行为会导致个人频繁暴露于高风险环境中. 反之, 当个人处于一种快乐的情感时, 因其满足状态而更可能处于价值函数的收益区域, 因而存在更高的风险规避心理(叶德珠和周丽燕(2015)). 因此个人也不需通过成瘾性行为、过度消费等冲动来获得效用满足, 从而处于更高的自我控制状态中, 从而有更低的受骗风险.
+
+
+
+2目前的经济学研究中, 更多视角关注在何种因素会影响居民幸福感. 自从伊斯特林悖论提出以来, 众多学者就在不断探索除了收入以外, 究竟还有什么因素会影响个人的幸福感. 例如近期的研究发现子女性别(陆方文, 刘国恩和李辉文(2017))、金融市场参与以及借贷市场的可获得性(尹志超, 岳鹏鹏和陈悉榕(2019))、乃至于空气质量(Levinson (2012))都能直接影响中老年人的主观幸福感.
+
+基于以上信任原理与自我控制理论, 我们提出下述相反的两个备选假设:
+
+**假设1a**(信任假设): 幸福感越高, 中老年人受骗风险越高.
+
+**假设1b**(自我控制假设): 幸福感越高, 中老年人受骗风险越低.
+
+## 3 样本与变量定义
+
+本文使用由北京大学发展研究院、北京大学中国社会科学调查中心2015年执行的"中国健康与养老追踪调查" (CHARLS)项目调查数据3. 参照世界卫生组织关于中老年划分标准后仅保留45岁及以上的受访者样本, 并依据相关研究剔除了年龄与教育回答为0的异常样本. 最终样本为来自17660个受访者的数据.
+
+### 1）被解释变量与解释变量
+
+本文的被解释变量为个人受骗风险, 我们根据问卷中"您是否有遭遇诈骗的经历"这一问题来构造, 若受访人回答"有"则赋值为1, 反之赋值为0.
+
+本文关注的核心解释变量即幸福感, 基于已有研究的观点: 个人主观幸福感与其生活、婚姻、家庭乃至健康等方面的满意度具有极为密切的关联. 由此, 根据问卷中关于个人满意度的问题设计"您对您的健康满意吗?""总体来看, 您对您的生活是否感到满意""您对您的婚姻满意吗? 也就是说您对您和您配偶的关系满意吗?""您对您和您子女的关系满意吗?", 通过计算个人对四个问题回答的得分加总或提取主成分两种算法来构造幸福感, 以得分加总值定义"总幸福感", 以提取主成分4定义"综合幸福感".
+
+
+
+3CHARLS数据是一套旨在收集中国45岁及以上中老年人健康与养老行为特征的微观数据, 以期推动中国老龄化问题的研究. 该项目于2011年开始全国范围的基线调查, 覆盖150个县级单位, 450个村级单位, 约1万户家庭中的1.7万人, 项目每两年进行一次. 由于本文研究的是个人受骗风险问题, 而对这一行为的调查于2015年的问卷中首次出现, 故本文仅使用2015年CHARLS截面调查数据.
+
+4提取主成分即使用主成分分析方法来计算不同满意度的因子载荷矩阵, 从而计算出累积载荷超过80% 的主成分得分. 随后计算出所选取的主成分得分与对应的方差贡献率乘积之和, 该和值即为所提取的综合满意度. 下文提及的抑郁指数构造方法与此相同.
+
+### 2）关键控制变量
+
+根据Spreng et al. (2016)提出的概念框架, 个人心理情感、认知能力是影响受骗风险的重要渠道, 而生理健康则在其中起重要的调节作用. 本文借鉴胡宏伟等(2012)对中老年人健康满意的相关研究, 构造个人健康状况、认知能力与心理情感三个变量. 关于个人健康状况, 本文对CHARLS问卷中对个人日常生活自理能力(activity of daily living, ADL)方面问题信息的得分加总来构造5. 关于个人认知能力, 借鉴Judges et al. (2017)的观点, 对问卷中简易智能精神量表中记忆力相关问题得分加总构造记忆能力变量. 关于心理健康状况, 借鉴李涛等(2018)的定义方法, 对问卷中关于测度个人抑郁量表的十个问题, 根据每个问题的得分提取主成分来构造抑郁指数. 具体包括"因一些小事儿烦恼""感到情绪低落""感到害怕""觉得无法继续生活""感到孤独"" 做事很难集中精力""做事费劲""睡眠不好""对未来充满希望""感到愉快"等问题. 其中最后两个问题测度的是积极情绪, 因而将最后两项回答的分值进行逆序处理以保持和其他问题的回答方向一致.
+
+### 3）其他控制变量
+
+关于中老年人受骗风险的其他控制变量, 借鉴Judges et al. (2017), James et al. (2014)及其他相关研究, 控制了一系列社会人口学特征变量和家庭规模、经济状况等变量, 具体包括: 年龄、性别、教育、婚姻状况、个人资产、消费支出、子女数量、户口类型. 此外, 在回归方程中, 还控制个人所在省份等因素以降低省份异质因素的影响. 变量定义情况参见表 1.
+
+## 4 实证分析
+
+### 4.1 模型设定
+
+本文重点研究幸福感与中老年人受骗风险的关系. 由变量定义可知, 受骗风险为离散变量, 本文选用Probit离散选择模型来估计变量间的相关关系, 并且控制省份固定效应以降低省份异质效应. 模型构建如下:
+
+$$\text{Pr}(\text{fraud}_i = 1 | x_i) = \alpha + \beta_1 \text{happiness}_i + \sum \gamma* \text{Controls}_i + \sum \text{province} + \mu_i.\qquad(1)$$
+
+式(1)中, ${fraud}_i$ 代表第 $i$ 个被访者是否有受骗经历, ${happiness}_i$ 代表第 $i$ 被访者的幸福感, Controls 为其他控制变量. province 为省份虚拟变量. $μ_i$ 为随机扰动项.
+
+### 4.2 变量描述性统计
+
+表 2是样本总体的变量描述. 可以看出: 1）中老年人报告有受骗经历的比例为9.5%, 这一比例与国外社会调查机构数据基本相近. 而从两种幸福感变量均值来看, 由于综合幸福感为主成分分析所得, 因此均值接近为0. 而总幸福感为得分加总, 均值为12.88, 中位数为13, 可知中老年人总幸福感是比较高的; 2）年龄均值为61.97岁, 表明调查样本中老年样本占有相当的比重, 年龄中位数为61岁. 可知被访者年龄分布在61岁左右, 分布较为均匀; 3）从个人资产与家庭消费支出状况看, 可以看出被访问者样本存在极大的差异, 消费支出与个人资产均值均超过一万, 但中位数都在5000以下, 均值高出中位数2倍以上, 说明被访者资产与消费的分布更多分布在均值以下. 由于该两个变量存在较为明显的极端情况, 为此在后续回归中拟进行连续变量分布1%与99%的缩尾处理并取对数; 4）从其他变量均值与中位数分布来看, 样本男女基本均衡, 男性比例为48.2%; 中老年平均受教育水平为小学以下; 大部分婚姻状态为已婚且同居; 生活自理能力均值为12.08, 中位数为12; 对12个项目是否有困难的回答上, 大部分回答为并无困难或困难较低, 说明中老年人总体身体状况较好. 而从中老年抑郁程度与记忆力变量分布来看, 总体抑郁程度为正而记忆能力相对较低.
+
+
+
+5具体来说, ADL包含穿衣、洗澡、吃饭、上下床、上厕所、控制大小便、做家务、做饭、外出购物、管理财务、打电话、吃药等12项活动. 本文把这12项活动综合成一个变量, 即将个人对每一项回答得分进行加总.
+
+**表 1 变量定义**
+
+
+
+
+ | 变量类型 |
+ 涵义 |
+ 度量方式 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 被解释变量 |
+ 受骗风险 |
+ 有诈骗经历定义为1,否则为0 |
+
+
+ | 解释变量 |
+ 综合幸福感 |
+ 对四个度量满意度的问题提取主成分计算得分 |
+
+
+ | 总幸福感 |
+ 对四个度量满意度的问题分值进行加总并取对数 |
+
+
+ | 人口特征变量 |
+ 年龄 |
+ 被访者年龄,以真实出生日期进行调整:但若无真实数据则以身份证日期代替 |
+
+
+ | 婚姻状况 |
+ 一共有7种分类,1为已婚且同居、2为已婚未同居、3为分居、4为离异、5为丧偶、6为未婚、7为同居 |
+
+
+ | 教育状况 |
+ 1为未受教育、2为未读完小学、3为私塾、4为小学、5为初中、6为高中、7为中专、8为大专、9为本科、10为硕士、11为博士 |
+
+
+ | 性别 |
+ 为男性时取1,女性取0 |
+
+
+ | 儿女个数 |
+ 以健在儿女数为准,且在回归中进行对数处理 |
+
+
+ | 个人资产 |
+ 为问卷中个人现金+存款+持有股票、债券与基金面值+公积金总额,若无具体数额,则取回答范围的均值代替,并在回归中取对数处理 |
+
+
+ | 家庭消费支出 |
+ 为问卷中一年家庭消费支出总和对数值 |
+
+
+ | 户口 |
+ 城市户口为1,农村户口为0 |
+
+
+ | 主要控制变量 |
+ 抑郁指数 |
+ 基于CHARLS 问卷中关于测度个人抑郁量表的十个问题提取主成分,得分越大代表抑郁程度越高 |
+
+
+ | 记忆力 |
+ 基于CHARLS 问卷中简易智能精神量表中记忆力相关问题得分加总构造记忆能力变量并取对数,该数值越大,代表个人记忆能力越强. |
+
+
+ | 生活自理能力 |
+ 基于CHARLS 问卷中对个人日常生活自理能力(ADL)方面问题信息的得分加总并取对数值,值越大代表个人生活自理能力越差 |
+
+
+
+
+**表 2 基本变量的描述性统计**
+
+
+
+
+ | 变量 |
+ 均值 |
+ 中位数 |
+ 标准差 |
+ 最小值 |
+ 最大值 |
+ 观测值 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 受骗风险 |
+ 0.095 |
+ 0 |
+ 0.293 |
+ 0 |
+ 1 |
+ 16572 |
+
+
+ | 综合幸福感 |
+ 0 |
+ -0.002 |
+ 0.797 |
+ -3.152 |
+ 2.276 |
+ 14120 |
+
+
+ | 总幸福感 |
+ 12.88 |
+ 13 |
+ 2.768 |
+ 1 |
+ 20 |
+ 16577 |
+
+
+ | 年龄 |
+ 61.97 |
+ 61 |
+ 9.974 |
+ 45 |
+ 106 |
+ 17660 |
+
+
+ | 个人资产 |
+ 15380 |
+ 1000 |
+ 41283 |
+ 0 |
+ 300300 |
+ 16489 |
+
+
+ | 家庭消费支出 |
+ 12317 |
+ 4300 |
+ 24558 |
+ 0 |
+ 161610 |
+ 17640 |
+
+
+ | 教育水平 |
+ 3.436 |
+ 4 |
+ 1.962 |
+ 1 |
+ 10 |
+ 17651 |
+
+
+ | 婚姻状况 |
+ 1.606 |
+ 1 |
+ 1.378 |
+ 1 |
+ 7 |
+ 17660 |
+
+
+ | 健在子女数 |
+ 2.72 |
+ 2 |
+ 1.41 |
+ 1 |
+ 15 |
+ 17441 |
+
+
+ | 性别 |
+ 0.482 |
+ 0 |
+ 0.5 |
+ 0 |
+ 1 |
+ 17660 |
+
+
+ | 生活自理能力 |
+ 12.08 |
+ 12 |
+ 6.018 |
+ 2 |
+ 49 |
+ 17643 |
+
+
+ | 抑郁程度 |
+ 0.001 |
+ -0.205 |
+ 0.768 |
+ -0.922 |
+ 2.887 |
+ 15306 |
+
+
+ | 记忆力 |
+ 10.1 |
+ 11 |
+ 4.674 |
+ 0 |
+ 25 |
+ 16661 |
+
+
+
+
+### 4.3 单变量检验
+
+我们按照两个幸福感变量从小到大排序, 将样本分成5组, 每组中的受骗比例见图 2. 可以直观看出, 中老年人的幸福感与中老年人受骗风险总体呈负相关关系, 最幸福组受骗比例比最不幸福组低5%左右, 后者是前者的2倍. 可见, 幸福感越高, 受骗风险越低, 这与假设H1b预期相符. 按照被访者总幸福感得分是否高于中位数, 我们将样本分为低幸福和高幸福两组. 表 3报告了组间差异的检验结果: 高幸福组的受骗比例为0.077, 小于低幸福组的0.109, 且该差异在1%的统计水平上显著. 中位数检验的结果表明了相同的情况, 进一步验证了假设H1b的预期.
+
+
+
+**图 2 幸福感与受骗风险**
+
+**表 3 单变量分析(按总幸福感分组)**
+
+| 变量 | 低幸福组 | 高幸福组 | 差异 T/Z 检验 | | 样本 | 均值 | 中位数 | 样本 | 均值 | 中位数 | T 检验 | Z 检验 | | 被诈骗经历 | 9483 | 0.109 | 0 | 7021 | 0.077 | 0 | 0.032*** | 48.300*** | | 年龄 | 9532 | 62.621 | 62 | 7045 | 60.403 | 60 | 2.218*** | 155.811*** | | 性别 | 9532 | 0.446 | 0 | 7045 | 0.532 | 1 | -0.086*** | 119.497*** | | 教育水平 | 9530 | 3.399 | 4 | 7042 | 3.522 | 4 | -0.123*** | 13.656*** | | 健在子女数 | 9364 | 1.263 | 1.099 | 7037 | 1.222 | 1.099 | 0.041*** | 30.907*** | | 个人资产 | 9422 | 7.168 | 6.909 | 6995 | 7.662 | 7.439 | -0.494*** | 112.134*** | | 家庭消费 | 9528 | 7.806 | 8.343 | 7039 | 8.156 | 8.517 | -0.350*** | 27.100*** | | 户口 | 9532 | 0.391 | 0 | 7045 | 0.395 | 0 | -0.004 | 0.296 | | 抑郁指数 | 8627 | 0.196 | 0.008 | 6661 | -0.251 | -0.401 | 0.447*** | 943.305*** | | 记忆力 | 9277 | 2.158 | 2.303 | 6949 | 2.26 | 2.398 | -0.102*** | 46.426*** | | 生活自理能力 | 9532 | 2.445 | 2.485 | 7045 | 2.269 | 2.485 | 0.176*** | 494.386*** |
+
+注: T值与Z值分别为按照总幸福感中位数分组后均值与中位数检验结果.\*\*\*代表在1%的置信度内拒绝两组样本均值无差异的原假设,\*\*代表在5%的置信度内拒绝原假设,\*代表在10%的置信度内拒绝原假设.
+
+### 4.4 多元回归分析
+
+表 4报告了假设H1的检验结果: 回归(1)中仅引入综合幸福感作为解释变量, 被解释变量为是否有受骗经历的虚拟变量, 我们发现综合幸福感的系数为-0.128, 在1%的水平上显著; 回归(2)中, 进一步控制了省份固定效应后, 综合幸福感的参数系数依旧在1%的水平上显著为负; 回归(3)中控制了基本人口特征变量与家庭经济变量, 综合幸福感的系数增大到-0.131, 仍在1%的水平上显著; 最后, 在回归(4)中加入了抑郁指数、记忆力与生活自理能力这三个衡量情感、认知与生理状况的变量, 发现综合幸福感的系数直接下降至-0.068, 但仍通过了1%的统计水平检验. 在回归(5)、(6)、(7)和(8)中, 将幸福感指标替换为总幸福感, 得到的结论不变.
+
+**表 4 幸福感与被诈骗风险的Probit回归结果**
+
+| 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | | 被诈骗风险(Fraud) | | 综合幸福感 | -0.128***(0.000) | | -0.118***(0.000) | | -0.131***(0.000) | | -0.068***(0.003) | | | 总幸福感 | | -0.363***(0.000) | | -0.332***(0.000) | | -0.396***(0.000) | | -0.244***(0.001) | | 年龄 | | | | | 0.402***(0.001) | 0.378***(0.001) | 0.376***(0.006) | 0.381***(0.003) | | 性别 | | | | | 0.080**(0.013) | 0.075**(0.013) | 0.138***(0.000) | 0.130***(0.000) | | 教育水平 | | | | | -0.001(0.912) | 0.009(0.312) | -0.006(0.579) | 0.003(0.773) | | 已婚且暂时分居 | | | | | 0.111*(0.070) | 0.108*(0.074) | 0.121*(0.057) | 0.123*(0.050) | | 分居 | | | | | 0.345(0.432) | 0.104(0.665) | 0.348(0.437) | 0.097(0.710) | | 离异 | | | | | 1.366***(0.005) | 0.314**(0.021) | 1.380***(0.005) | 0.332**(0.022) | | 丧偶 | | | | | | -0.043(0.394) | | 0.026(0.629) | | 未婚 | | | | | | 0.237(0.506) | | 0.437(0.258) | | 同居 | | | | | | -0.320(0.504) | | -0.218(0.651) | | 健在子女数 | | | | | 0.138**(0.011) | 0.122**(0.013) | 0.127**(0.026) | 0.125**(0.016) | | 个人资产 | | | | | 0.034***(0.000) | 0.030***(0.000) | 0.035***(0.000) | 0.032***(0.000) | | 家庭消费 | | | | | 0.022***(0.003) | 0.019***(0.003) | 0.019**(0.016) | 0.015**(0.035) | | 户口 | | | | | 0.102***(0.003) | 0.103***(0.001) | 0.117***(0.001) | 0.118***(0.000) | | 抑郁指数 | | | | | | | 0.124***(0.000) | 0.120***(0.000) | | 记忆力 | | | | | | | 0.151***(0.000) | 0.136***(0.000) | | 生活自理能力 | | | | | | | 0.177***(0.000) | 0.175***(0.000) | | 截距项 | -1.334***(0.000) | -0.399***(0.001) | -1.375***(0.000) | -0.520***(0.000) | -3.742***(0.000) | -2.556***(0.000) | -4.384***(0.000) | -3.694***(0.000) | | 观测值 | 14,072 | 16,504 | 14,072 | 16,504 | 13,957 | 16,214 | 12,939 | 14,749 | | 省份固定效应 | 不控制 | 不控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | chi² | 45.22 | 59.69 | 129.2 | 149.2 | 228.6 | 255.2 | 274.9 | 313.1 | | R²-pesudo | 0.006 | 0.005 | 0.016 | 0.014 | 0.027 | 0.025 | 0.035 | 0.033 |
+
+注: 表中年龄、健在子女数、中老年人资产与家庭消费支出、生活自理能力与记忆力均为对数处理后的参数值; 婚姻变量为生成7个虚拟变量并以已婚且同居作为基准组; 户口为虚拟变量, 城市为1而农村为0. \*\*\*, \*\*, \*分别代表 $p$ 值小于等于1%, 5%, 10%的统计显著性水平, 括号内为经稳健标准误调整后的 $p$ 值.
+
+从控制变量来看, 年龄、性别、子女数量、资产、消费、户口与受骗风险显著正相关, 这与已有研究结论一致(Judges et al. (2017), James et al. (2014)). 而教育水平与受骗风险在样本中未发现统计上的相关关系, 同样与已有研究结论相近. 此外, 抑郁指数、记忆力与生活自理能力均被发现与受骗风险存在显著的正相关关系. 这与Spreng et al. (2016)提出的影响路径与预期存在一定出入, Spreng et al. (2016)认为当个人情感状况越偏向于负面时, 其寻求改善情感的动机越强并因而越容易产生其他行为偏差, 导致高的受骗风险. 而当个人认知能力越强时, 其越容易看清实施诈骗者的手法而降低受骗概率. 同理, 中老年人生理健康值的下降, 会直接影响其决策能力并更可能导致低落情绪, 因而导致高的受骗风险. 本文抑郁指数与生活自理能力参数为正与Spreng et al. (2016)预期一致, 但记忆力符号为正则与其不符, 可能的原因是记忆力并非认知能力的合理代理变量.
+
+综上, 在控制其他因素后, 幸福感与中老年人受骗风险之间呈显著负相关关系, 说明中老年人幸福感越高, 受骗概率显著越低. 这在一定程度上支持了自我控制假设(假设H1b), 但不支持信任假设(H1a).
+
+### 4.5 稳健性检验
+
+#### 1）内生性问题
+
+负面经历会降低中老年人幸福感(Brenner (2020)). 幸福感与受骗经历可能存在一定的内生性, 没有遭遇过诈骗的人幸福感会更高, 而遭遇过诈骗本身就可能导致其幸福感的降低. 此外, 幸福感是一种中老年人对所处环境、生活的主观认知与态度, 故而可能与包括中老年人所处城市特征、心理状态等变量在内的遗漏变量相关. 可见基本回归结果可能存在一定的内生性问题, 因此本文引入工具变量进行2SLS回归.
+
+在一系列研究幸福感与个人经济行为的文章中, 如Lane (2017), Guven (2012), Guven and Hoxha (2015)认为天气与幸福感存在高度相关性, 若晴天越多或日照时间越长, 个人的幸福感也越高. 同时, 天气变量为外生变量, 与模型的随机误差项并不直接相关. 借鉴已有研究的思路, 本文构造"未预期晴天"作为工具变量6. 另外, 本文也选取了"亲人生理健康"7作为幸福感工具变量以保证估计更为有效. "亲人生理健康"作为工具变量依据为: 第一, 亲人的身体状况与被访者的幸福感有极大关联性; 但亲人的身体状况相对外生, 不会直接影响中老年人受骗风险. 而且, 本文选取2个工具变量可以进行过度识别检验, 以检验工具变量的有效性(薛新东和刘国恩(2012)).
+
+
+
+6具体构造思路为: 通过爬虫方法获取天气后报网中关于被调查城市2011年1月–2015年12月一共60个月的晴天数量; 随后, 由于2015年的调查问卷在7–8月份执行, 因而计算出2015年1–6月被调查城市的加权平均晴天数量(越接近被调查月份则权重越大); 最后, 以2015年1–6月加权平均晴天数减去2011–2015年1–6月的平均晴天数量, 以二者的差值作为未预期晴天.
+
+7我们发现问卷中的家庭ID仅有两个组合, 要么一个家庭ID对应一个被访者, 要么对应两个被访者. 我们以有两个被访者的家庭ID样本构造亲人生理健康变量, 即以对方的生活自理能力作为亲人的生理健康变量.
+
+本文以IVProbit模型, 并以极大似然估计方法重新估计式(1), 结果如表 5所示.在控制内生性问题后, 幸福感与中老年人受骗风险依旧显著负相关, 符合假设H1b的预期. 第二阶段回归中Wald外生性检验拒绝了不存在内生性的原假设, 可知使用IVProbit估计较为合理. 而第一阶段回归中 $F$ 值均大于10, 可知不接受工具变量弱有效假设, 并且第二阶段的工具变量过度识别检验结果不能拒绝工具变量与误差项不相关的原假设(Andreson-Rubin Overid检验 $p$ 值均未通过10%的统计检验), 可见本文选取的两个工具变量较为合适.
+
+**表 5 工具变量回归结果**
+
+| 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | | 第一阶段回归 | 第二阶段回归 | | 总幸福感 | 综合幸福感 | 被诈骗风险(Fraud) | | 总幸福感 | | | -0.305***(0.008) | | | 综合幸福感 | | | | -0.787**(0.012) | | 亲人生理健康 | -0.013***(0.002) | -0.044***(0.008) | | | | 未预期晴天 | 0.006***(0.000) | 0.027***(0.000) | | | | 控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 常数项 | 2.688***(0.000) | 0.454**(0.044) | 4.793(0.229) | -3.705***(0.000) | | 省份固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 观测值 | 12,021 | 11,866 | 12,011 | 11,845 | | R2 | 0.190 | 0.210 | | | | chi2 | | | 2672 | 455.1 | | Wald Test | | | 3.719 | 3.417 | | F | 66.61 | 74.19 | | | | Andreson-Rubin Overid | | | 0.9369 | 0.6537 |
+
+注: Wald Test为解释变量内生性检验 $P$ 值, Andreson-Rubin Overid为工具变量过度识别检验 $P$ 值; 括号内为参数检验经稳健标准误调整后 $P$ 值; 控制变量与表 4保持一致. \*\*\*, \*\*, \*分别代表 $p$ 值小于等于1%, 5%, 10%的统计显著性水平, 括号内为经稳健标准误调整后的 $p$ 值.
+
+#### 2）解释变量指标的其他构建方法
+
+本文所定义的幸福感为四个满意度变量所合成, 而已有研究也认为生活满意度、健康满意度、婚姻满意度亦可作为幸福感的代理变量. 为测试研究结论对幸福感衡量指标的敏感性, 我们进一步使用这四个满意度指标分别代替基本回归的幸福感变量. 由表 6, 可以看出即便是使用四个满意度作为幸福感代理变量, 它们与受骗风险仍旧呈显著负相关关系. 而健康满意度虽然在基本回归中未通过统计检验(系数为 -0.003,$p$ 值为 0.886), 但我们再次使用IVProbit估计后发现所有满意度指标均与受骗风险呈显著负相关关系, 说明本文的结论对幸福感指标不敏感.
+
+**表 6 解释变量替代性检验结果**
+
+| 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | | probit 估计 | Ivprobit 估计 | | 受骗风险 (Fraud) | | 生活满意度 | -0.040*(0.051) | | | | -0.826***(0.007) | | | | | 健康满意度 | | -0.003(0.886) | | | | -1.069***(0.000) | | | | 婚姻满意度 | | | -0.085***(0.000) | | | | -0.750**(0.015) | | | 子女满意度 | | | | -0.075***(0.000) | | | | -0.900***(0.004) | | 亲人生理健康(第一阶段) | | | | | -0.047***(0.003) | -0.010(0.449) | -0.068***(0.000) | -0.031**(0.043) | | 未预期晴天(第一阶段) | | | | | 0.024***(0.000) | 0.013*(0.088) | 0.020***(0.002) | 0.024***(0.000) | | 控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 常数项 | -4.280***(0.000) | -4.342***(0.000) | -4.143***(0.000) | -3.930***(0.000) | -1.645(0.308) | 0.988(0.675) | -1.118(0.564) | 0.515(0.823) | | 观测值 | 14,712 | 14,705 | 13,050 | 14,651 | 11,987 | 11,979 | 11,945 | 11,936 | | 省份固定 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | chi2 | 306.3 | 300.4 | 287.2 | 310.3 | 34039 | 1547 | 488.0 | 2722 | | Wald Test | | | | | 0.046 | 0.072 | 0.088 | 0.049 | | R²-pesudo | 0.0327 | 0.0321 | 0.0362 | 0.0335 | | | | |
+
+注: Wald Test为解释变量内生性检验 $P$ 值, 括号内为参数检验经稳健标准误调整后 $P$ 值; 控制变量与表 4保持一致. \*\*\*, \*\*分别代表 $p$ 值小于等于1%, 5%的统计显著性水平, 括号内为经稳健标准误调整后的 $p$ 值.
+
+#### 3）增加控制变量
+
+为进一步控制可能遗漏的地区层面因素对回归结果的影响, 引入城市虚拟变量与社区虚拟变量重新估计式(1), 结果发现(见表 7)幸福感与受骗风险依旧在1%的水平上显著负相关. 对比表 4 (第4与第8列结果)后可知引入城市虚拟变量对结果影响并不大, 然而引入社区虚拟变量后幸福感对受骗风险的作用增强(总幸福感影响系数由-0.244变为-0.407, 综合幸福感影响系数由-0.066变为-0.126), 而其他控制变量符号与显著性变化与表 4保持一致. 表 7结果说明本文的研究结果并不是因为遗漏了某些地区或社区层面的不可观测变量所导致.
+
+#### 4）其他敏感性测试
+本文同样进行了三个主要控制变量包括健康状况、认知能力与抑郁程度的敏感性测试. 对于健康状况变量, 本文尝试使用生活行动能力(即问卷中关于个人跑步、走路、坐久站立、上下楼梯、弯腰、屈膝、下蹲、负重、手臂延伸、拿起硬币等行动是否困难的调查)与个人自报道生理健康(即问卷中询问你认为你身体如何的问题调查)来替代生活自理能力变量; 对于抑郁变量, 本文尝试更换以得分加总取对的方法替代提取主成分方法; 对于认知能力变量, 本文尝试以问卷中关于个人定向力、计算力和复写能力相关的问题加总构建认知能力变量以替代记忆能力变量. 回归结果显示幸福感与受骗风险的负相关关系仍旧显著存在, 且该三个主要控制变量的影响方向与主回归一致8.
+
+**表 7 城市与社区固定效应结果**
+
+| 变量 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | | 被诈骗风险(Fraud) | | 总幸福感 | -0.407***(0.007) | | -0.230***(0.003) | | | 综合幸福感 | | -0.126***(0.005) | | -0.066***(0.005) | | 年龄 | 0.439(0.102) | 0.382(0.188) | 0.300**(0.026) | 0.307**(0.033) | | 性别 | 0.293***(0.000) | 0.321***(0.000) | 0.148***(0.000) | 0.157***(0.000) | | 教育 | -0.015(0.462) | -0.033(0.121) | -0.004(0.663) | -0.012(0.248) | | 暂时分居 | 0.254**(0.043) | 0.259**(0.042) | 0.123*(0.055) | 0.124*(0.055) | | 分居 | 0.144(0.775) | 0.534(0.525) | 0.095(0.716) | 0.402(0.355) | | 离异 | 0.574**(0.029) | 2.560***(0.006) | 0.363**(0.012) | 1.382***(0.010) | | 丧偶 | 0.056(0.609) | -13.078(0.987) | 0.037(0.500) | | | 未婚 | 1.034(0.131) | | 0.493(0.203) | | | 同居 | -0.118(0.913) | -13.140(0.985) | -0.068(0.888) | | | 健在孩子数 | 0.393***(0.001) | 0.447***(0.001) | 0.155***(0.006) | 0.158**(0.011) | | 个人资产 | 0.059***(0.000) | 0.068***(0.000) | 0.033***(0.000) | 0.036***(0.000) | | 家庭消费 | 0.026*(0.069) | 0.037**(0.031) | 0.015**(0.042) | 0.019**(0.020) | | 户口 | | | 0.087**(0.032) | 0.092**(0.034) | | 抑郁指数 | 0.255***(0.000) | 0.268***(0.000) | 0.125***(0.000) | 0.130***(0.000) | | 记忆力 | 0.278***(0.000) | 0.300***(0.000) | 0.150***(0.000) | 0.165***(0.000) | | 生活自理能力 | 0.335***(0.000) | 0.326***(0.000) | 0.200***(0.000) | 0.197***(0.000) | | 常数项 | | | -3.075***(0.000) | -3.947***(0.000) | | 观测值 | 13,532 | 11,519 | 14,669 | 12,815 | | 社区固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | | | | 省份固定效应 | | | 控制 | 控制 | | 城市固定效应 | | | 控制 | 控制 | | Chi2 | 190.9 | 179.5 | 463.0 | 404.6 | | R2-pesudo | 0.0259 | 0.0290 | 0.0533 | 0.0547 |
+
+注: 表中年龄、健在子女数、中老年人资产与家庭消费支出、生活自理能力与记忆力均为对数处理后的参数值; 婚姻变量为生成7个虚拟变量并以已婚且同居作为基准组; 户口为虚拟变量, 城市为1而农村为0. \*\*\*, \*\*,\* 分别代表 $p$ 值小于等于1%, 5%, 10%的统计显著性水平, 括号内为经稳健标准误调整后的 $p$ 值.
+
+## 5 研究结论与政策启示
+
+本文以为, 中老年人的心理情感需求是导致其频繁陷入消费或投资诈骗陷阱的关键原因. 中老年人幸福感越高, 其心理情感需求会相对较低, 理论上应当会有更低的受骗风险. 我们使用2015年中国健康与养老追踪调查数据研究幸福感对中老年人受骗风险的影响, 发现幸福感与中老年人受骗风险之间存在显著的负相关关系; 在进行了包括内生性检验在内的一系列稳健性测试后, 该结论依然成立. 这表明幸福感更多通过增强中老年人的"自我控制"降低受骗风险, 即当幸福感很高时, 中老年人有更强的自我控制能力降低风险性活动的参与和其他非理性决策行为, 从而降低了受骗风险.
+
+本文的研究意义在于, 有关决策部门应充分认识到中老年人广泛存在的情感需求是其遭遇诈骗的主要推手, 而提升中老年人幸福感是降低其受欺诈风险、构建和谐社会的关键因素. 因此, 相关政策应当着重从改善中老年人心理健康入手, 唤醒家人以及社会各阶层的共识, 以期助益于中老年人的晚年幸福生活, 并最终降低中老年人未来受骗风险.
+
+## 参考文献
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+# 北平接管时期市民社会心理变化探析*
+
+■郎琦
+
+**摘要：**社会心理是低层次的社会意识，是经济基础及政治制度的直接反映。城市接管是党的工作重心从农村转移到城市的标志性历史事件。北平接管时期，市民的社会心理迅速向好转变。短期内，关于党的根本宗旨、方针政策、执政能力等，北平市民从“知之甚少”到“全面了解”，从“猜忌疑惑”到“热烈拥护”，中国共产党很快获得了北平市民的政治认同。诚然，党的先进性、革命性、人民性是根本原因，但政治上层建筑的建立与健全、民生问题的解决与发展、意识形态工作的付诸与实施等，亦是不可或缺的关键因素。
+
+**关键词：**北平接管；社会心理；市民
+
+**Abstract:** Social psychology is a low-level so⁃cial consciousness that directly reflects the eco⁃nomic foundation and political system. Urban takeover is a landmark historical transformation period during which the focus of the Party's work shifted from rural areas to cities. During the take⁃over period in Beiping, the social psychology of the people rapidly changed for the better. In a short period of time, the CPC quickly gained the political recognition of the people of Beiping from "little knowledge" to "comprehensive understand⁃ing" and from "suspicion and doubt" to "enthusias⁃tic support" for the fundamental purpose, princi⁃ples and policies of the Party and its ability to gov⁃ern. Admittedly, the progressiveness, revolution⁃ary and popular nature of the Party is the funda⁃mental reason, but the establishment and im⁃provement of the political superstructure, the so⁃lution and development of people's livelihood is⁃sues, and the implementation of ideological work are also indispensable key factors.
+
+**Keywords:** Beiping takeover; Social psychology; Citizens
+
+社会心理与社会意识形式同属于社会意识范畴，社会心理是低层次的社会意识，属于自发形态的文化，指一定的民族、阶层中普遍流行的，没有经过系统化、理论化的精神状态，主要表现为感知、愿望、情绪情感、心态等。社会心理是经济基础及政治制度的直接反映，并由经济基础及政治制度所决定。中国共产党接管北平时期（1949 年 1 月至 9月），市民的社会心理短期内发生了根本性变化。面对社会的巨大变革，市民总体上从一种消极颓废的社会心理转变为积极进取的社会心理。深入分析北平接管时期社会心理的变化及其原因，能够为当代社会的改革与发展、意识形态建设等提供经验启示。
+
+## 一、北平接管之初市民社会心理的基本状况
+
+民国以来，北平这座古都的市民四十年间曾历经军阀、日伪及国民党的交替反动统治，对旧政权普遍怀有不满甚至是痛恨。北平解放后，除工人阶级等少数进步势力坚决拥护共产党以及少数反动势力坚持敌对以外，绝大部分市民对中国共产党怀有期望、欣喜或观望、畏怯等或单一或复杂的情绪情感，社会心理状况十分复杂。如彭真指出：“还不能认为群众、特别是多数群众……已和我们成了知交，决不是……他们和我们还有点象是泛泛之交……关系还很浅。”[1]
+
+（栏目编辑：苗明玉）
+
+史料研究
+
+《北京档案》二〇二五年第七期
+
+### (一)对旧政权痛恨夹杂对新政权的惶恐
+
+抗战胜利后,国民党为抢夺北平,一面令日伪负责维持秩序,一面在美国的帮助下在北平建立起各项管理机构,假接收之名、行劫收之实。北平市民在抗战胜利之初就对国民党的幻想迅速破灭,由希望变为失望。[2]解放战争时期,北平第二条战线迅速发展,抗议美军暴行、“五二〇”运动等成为标志性事件,集中反映出北平市民对当局的严重不满与极度愤恨。尤其在北平和谈期间,驻北平的国民党军已成为瓮中之鳖,却仍抓夫做苦工,不顾民生,引起市民的极大愤慨。香港《大公报》称:“北平人民对于已成瓮中之鳖的蒋傅(略一字)徒增恶万分,大家都知道城外的解放军不久就要进来。城内人民现在最痛苦的事:一是做拆房子的苦工;二是粮煤缺,物价高;三是傅(略一字)乱杀人。匪首们为了将来逃跑便利,除在城内已修好两个临时飞机场外,九日伪市长刘瑶章又宣布赶修第三个大机场。”[3]然而,北平市民反对旧政权并不意味着就能很快从心理上接纳共产党领导的人民政权。相反,由于特务等散布谣言,加之共产党尚未与广大群众建立全面深入联系,在接管之初北平市民存在着一定的惶恐情绪。“一部分有点怕(北大某教授的太太过去居然相信我们是吃小孩子的),说我们不准吃好的穿好的。街上的漂亮服装大大减少了,有些富人在我入城前,拼命以高价买肉吃,说吃了是赚下的,或者把贵重东西隐藏起来。”[4]尤其是旧职员及难民、乞丐、妓女等,由于不了解党的政策,恐惧心理更加严重。例如,《北平市民政局接管工作综合报告》提及:“旧职员表面上对我们客气,内心恐惧”[5];对难民“宣传我党宽大政策,以改变其恐惧心理”[6]。《中共北平市委关于收容乞丐工作总结》也提及,乞丐的心理实际上是一个转变的过程:“乞丐的情绪由恐惧而转变为安定,由痛苦转变为快乐”[7]。可见,北平接管之初市民存有恐惧心理是较为普遍的现象。
+
+### (二)对党的期望与观望的态度相互交织
+
+解放军进驻北平后,资产阶级改良派报纸《时事新报(晚刊)》报道称:“北平市民以安静之好奇心接待胜利者。学生及工人各团体排队街上持有各色旗帜并喊口号,但这并不反映一般公民态度。整个市民表示缄默,正如过去四十年对六次征服者所表现者同。”[8]这在一定程度上确实反映了一些北平市民的最初态度,保持缄默就意味着既不反对也不拥护。具体来看,北平接管之初,工人阶级、学生以及进步人士对党抱有很高的期望且持欢迎态度,但一些资本家、商人、豪绅富户却持观望态度。还有一些旧职员、中间派的知识分子等则是既观望又期望。例如,《北平市军管会物资接管委员会工作报告(第一号)》提及:“战争刺激商人对我不太了解有货不敢卖,同时再加变天心理,多数存观望态度,不安心做买卖。”[9]《北平市人民政府接管工作总结》提及:“大商人则在观望(观望政策,观望币制和行情),这时因为有点怕,他们的活动和议论比较少,现在经过和我们实际接触之后,恐怖空气渐渐淡薄”[10];一些被迫加入国民党但很少有政治活动的旧职员则“有些表现很积极,做事言行都很小心,生怕把他当特务看待,学习也很热心,对我们存着畏惧心理,想接近我们,但有顾虑。”[11]《北平市社会局接管工作总结》提及:“一些旧职员也不能无保留地依赖我们,跟随我们,还畏惧特务的报复……有一些人想靠近我们,但是又害怕旧的势力威胁他,形成了迟疑徘徊、举棋不定的心理。”[12]可见,对党的期望与观望交织的态度是当时相当一部分北平市民的心理状态。
+
+### (三)对眼前利益追求和希望变革的矛盾
+
+在反动政权的多年统治下,加之战争因素,除少数军政大员、富商士绅阶层外,北平广大市民的生活很苦,城区一片民生凋敝的景象。共产党接管北平之初,市内的贫民、乞丐等想当然地认为“共产党是穷人的党”,可以分得富人的住房、商店的货物等;店员自发组织起清算斗争,要求经理将库内存货分给他们;工人阶级、学生也普遍带有“左”的情绪,在一些不法分子的煽动下,工人提出减少工时及过高的工资要求,学生要求取消考试等。例如,《北平市军管会文管会接管工作总结报告》提及:“艺专学生提议取消考试、按时熄灯等制度,这种不正常的情绪均应进行教育,及时克服。在有些接管单位中,黄色工会还在活动,它主要利用某些落后工人追求眼前利益的心理挑动工人群众,提出过高的经济要求,直接向资方吵闹、威胁,提出遣散费、应变费等名目。”[13]“在群众中,特别是工人和学生群众中斗争情绪提高了,翻身清算的要求有的发展为否定一切的偏向,要求废除一切旧制度,撤换一切并非必须撤换的上层主管人员,甚至一般职员……他们不接受工程师和职员的指挥,因而妨害了生产的进行。这种现象是相当普遍的。”[14]这些都反映出部分北平市民只顾眼前利益的片面想法,也是一种极端民主思想的表现;同时,也反映出旧政权统治下积压的诸多阶级矛盾在北平解放初期爆发出来,是市民亟待变革的社会心理在行为上的体现。
+
+总之,北平接管之初,市民的社会心理状态是不容乐观的。是时,国民党仍占据半壁江山,反动报纸极力宣传一些诬蔑不实之词,如“北平的工人和贫民,以前的确盼共产党成功,但自北平易手后,现在他们已经开始感到失望了。”[15]“北平人毫无自由都想到政府区来”[16]。不少市民怀有“变天”思想,不敢接近共产党。北平作为北方政治、经济和文化的中心城市,是兵家必争之地,20世纪以来先后由晚清、北洋、日伪、国民党等反动政府交替统治,很多市民抱着麻木不仁的情绪和态度,这也是社会存在作用于社会心理的必然现象。
+
+## 二、北平接管之后市民社会心理的主要变化
+
+从北平和平解放至新中国宣告成立的近9个月里,北平的接管工作从“接收”逐渐转为全面“管理”,北平市民的社会心理也发生了翻天覆地的变化。新社会、新气象,广大市民普遍认同党的领导,认为中国共产党是真正为民办实事的,与以往的政权有着质的不同。工人普遍积极生产,留用的职员积极向党靠拢,摊贩树立起相信政府、依靠政府的信念,就连乞丐等社会底层人员也相信自己未来能够成为自食其力的劳动者。
+
+### (一)对新思想新观念有了态度上的认可
+
+北平接管之初,大部分市民对马克思主义、毛泽东思想是陌生的,不懂得唯物史观,经过一段时期的思想形态建设,北平市民对新思想新观念在态度上首先发生了变化。例如,《学习热潮中的电车工人们》中提及:“北平市电车公司的一千五百多职工,已有三分之一的人,湧进了学习的热潮里。”[17]这已是非常了不起的成绩。在此之前工人们多看重眼前利益,忽视政治学习,以至于极端事件屡有发生。1949年暑假,知识分子、大中学生也有意识、主动地开展学习活动。“辅仁大学教职员为了提高对于政治的认识,不愿意把暑假空空的度过,特地成立了一个暑期学习会,从事马列主义和毛泽东思想的学习。”[18]北平二千余大中学生也组成了“暑期学习团”,开展为期四周的学习活动。[19]经过暑假培训,广大知识分子、大中学生在思想上有了很大的改观,主要表现在对阶级意识、劳动光荣等新思想的初步接受。《北平中小学教职员暑期学习会总结》提及:“参加学习的人都已获得了一个概念。‘我们一直都以为是地主养活佃户,工厂老板养活工人。’‘工人农民生活苦,我总认为都是由于他们没有学问,低能,所以我很可怜他们。’……学员们都纷纷地认识了自己的错误……不再觉得劳动可耻,这是暑期学习中一个最普遍的收获。”[20]就连旧社会寄生思想十分严重的乞丐,也开始逐步转变。据载,经过教育的乞丐对劳动的态度发生了翻天覆地的变化,不再做城市寄生虫,“青壮年乞丐组成劳动大队,赴察省大同一带去开垦荒地。”[21]当然,对新思想新观念的学习、领悟与内化绝非一朝一夕之事,一些进步市民也意识到这个问题,如辅仁大学的知识分子不仅表示有决心完成八个星期的学习计划,还愿意在今后的工作中要不断地学习。[22]广大市民显然是对马列主义、毛泽东思想等新思想新观念有了心理上愿意接受的稳定的态度倾向。
+
+### (二)对党和政府具备了基本的政治认同
+
+北平接管后市民对党和政府存有的惶恐、观望等心理在几个月后即发生了根本转变。著名历史学家、原北师大校长陈垣说:“解放后的北平,看不见打人的兵,看不见打洋车夫的警察,街上看不见乞丐,看不见整天花天酒地的政府官吏……这些虽只是表面的现象,但这表面的现象,说明了政府实质上已有了根本的不同。这不同于以前的改朝换代,的确是历史上空前的、翻天覆地的大变革。”[23]这些观察从细致入微的现象入手,深刻阐明了新旧社会的质的区别。曾经加入过国民党的北大教授、著名美学家朱光潜发出这样的感慨:“自从北京解放以后,我才开始了解共产党。首先使我感动的是共产党干部的刻苦耐劳,认真做事的作风,谦虚谨慎的态度,真正为人民服务的热忱,以及迎头克服困难的那种大无畏的精神……这里不再有因循敷衍,贪污腐败,骄奢淫逸,以及种种假公济私卖国便自己的罪行”[24],表达了对中国共产党人艰苦朴素、戒奢克享、任劳任怨和不骄不躁作风的好感。1949年8月北平各界代表会议召开,这是人民民主统一战线的组织形式。著名社会学家费孝通感叹道：“30多年来我所追求的梦想的，在这6天里得到了。这是什么呢？是民主……北平各界代表会议只是中国民主的起点。它教育了我。我愿意许多像我一样背有思想包袱的朋友，都能有机会参加这类会议，更进一步在事实中去认识新中国的本质。”[25]广大人民群众也用自己的方式表达了对北平各界代表会议的拥护。据载，“北平市民庆祝人民政协成立的情绪非常热烈。前天人民政协第一届会议开会消息在各报发表，就有群众在西长安街一带扭秧歌；其他大街小巷，锣鼓声时时可闻。”[26]同时，工商业资本家、小企业主、店铺老板等，也在短期内十分认可党和政府在北平的工作成绩。一位药铺掌柜感慨道：“政府发布的‘发展生产，繁荣经济’的号召，特别是‘坚决保护工商业’的政策措施，赢得了广大人民群众对共产党的信任和爱戴。”[27]可以说，市民对党和政府的政治认同是城市接管逐见成效的重要标志。
+
+### (三)对城市幸福生活给予行动上的助力
+
+国泰民安是人民群众最朴实的愿望，也是社会向前迈进的前提。北平市民对幸福生活的最基本的祈盼，在旧政权反动统治下却成为一种奢望。北平解放后，市民重新燃起对幸福生活的期待与追求，心理上的变化会直接反映在行动层面。首先，国民党特务的活动越发不得人心，市民纷纷控诉要求严办。例如，《北平电业分公司举行反特群众大会 控诉特务分子罪行》指出，有三名国民党特务“在解放后有计划地散布谣言，破坏解放军及人民政府信誉，破坏工厂保卫工作，打击工友工作情绪”[28]。对此，职工们踊跃发言控诉，“一致决定对这三个怙恶不悛的反动党团特务分子，提请行政上予以停职停薪，并请求市公安局予以逮捕惩办，为死难者申冤。”[29]其次，市民强烈呼吁取缔妓院。“随着北平的和平解放，人民群众要求封闭妓院的呼声越来越高涨。”[30]新中国成立不久，人民政府即作出取缔妓院、消灭娼妓制度的决策和行动。再次，要求惩办奸商，稳定物价。例如，《破坏生产危害人民生活奸商哄抬物价 人民要求严惩》提出：“本市近有少数奸商捣乱市场，哄抬物价，致三日来本市物价发生剧烈波动……此次物价波动，主要是少数奸商在那里捣鬼，广大人民都在盼望政府及国家贸易公司给这些投机商人以应有的打击。”[31]最后，全民参与的垃圾清运工作有效开展。北平解放不久，为美化市容、提升人民生活质量，政府开始动员清除北平城内积存几百年的垃圾。市民纷纷响应、大力支持，“将明清以来沉积的60多万吨垃圾全部清除，使古都面貌焕然一新。”[32]
+
+总之，中国共产党接管北平不到一年的时间里，北平市民不仅对马列主义、毛泽东思想等有了态度上的认可，也对党和政府有了基本的政治认同，更是从行动上响应和支持党和政府的号召，期盼城市中的幸福生活。可见，市民的社会心理变化是显著的、进步的、带有根本性的，是对当时北平经济基础及政治制度的直接反映。探讨这一变化的深层次原因，方能以史为鉴、启迪未来。
+
+## 三、北平接管时期市民社会心理变化的原因
+
+北平接管时期，广大市民的社会心理迅速由不关心政治转向积极参政议政、树立主人翁意识，由疑虑重重转向真心拥护党的领导、贴近党的干部，由抱有各种幻想转向踏实做事、积极进取。诚然，党的先进性、革命性、人民性是根本原因，同时，政治上层建筑的迅速有效建立、以着力解决民生问题为立足点、意识形态工作深入广大群众等，亦是不可或缺的关键要素。短期内北平市民社会心理的向好转变，是与具体的接管工作实践分不开的。
+
+### (一)政治上层建筑的迅速有效建立
+
+在上层建筑中，政治上层建筑居于主导地位。新民主主义的经济制度，既决定了上层建筑的变化，也决定了必须尽快打破旧的政治上层建筑，建立与之相适应的一系列政治、法律、行政部门等国家机器和政治组织。北平接管时期，政治上层建筑的建立体现出“迅速”和“有效”的特点。“迅速”主要表现在：一方面，入城之后即宣布废除保甲制、建立街区政权，及时接管伪警局、监狱、法庭等，打碎旧的统治机器；另一方面，在入城之前即成立了北平市委[33]、北平军管会[34]和人民政府[35]，出台了保甲人员、流散军人等的处理办法，为迅速建立政治上层建筑奠定了基础。就“有效”而言，首先，根据以往的接管经验建立组织机构、制定工作任务等，如出台《关于军管会的任务、组织机构及如何工作的报告要点》[36]，以便接管干部有章可循；其次，根据前期城市接管的教训提出一系列要注意的问题，包括善于掌握及使用政权保护自己、消灭敌人，避免伪警察、保甲长的欺骗，学会利用政权接收物资,逐步建立民主制度、决不能马上实行普选以免坏分子投机进入政权等;最后,召开北平各界代表会议,有利于“加强政府与人民的联系,协助政府进行各项建设工作,克服困难”[37]。可见,北平接管时期,政治上层建筑的建立既“迅速”又“有效”。
+
+那么,政治上层建筑何以能影响社会心理的变化?政治上层建筑属于社会存在还是社会意识,存在一定的争议。[38]但无论如何归属,都会对社会心理产生影响。若归为社会存在,根据社会存在决定社会意识,政治上层建筑的变革就会使社会心理发生变化;若归为社会意识,政治上层建筑主要是指政治、法律制度等,属于社会意识形式,会对社会心理起到指导和影响作用。例如,费孝通在《我参加了北平各界代表会》指出:“(美国)白皮书里口口声声说中国已经进入独裁政治。如果我没有去参加北平各界代表会议,可能还会信他的一套胡言。”[39]因此,代表人民利益的政治上层建筑的迅速有效建立是促使社会心理向好转变的主要原因。
+
+### (二)以着力解决民生问题为立足点
+
+北平和平解放前夕,彭真即指出:“许多老百姓都知道解放区好,但是不知道究竟怎样好……老百姓不是听你讲什么,而主要是看你做什么……主要是粮的问题,如果没有饭吃,无论其他方面如纪律等怎样好,群众也不会满意。”[40]可见,解决好民生问题是促使北平市民认同党和政府的关键。民以食为天,粮食问题是民生的首要问题。对此,一是在入城前即向北平周边各地筹集粮食,“一为张家口的粮,二为罗玉川那里的粮,三为冀中的粮,共有5000万斤。”[41]做到手中有粮,心中不慌。二是成立粮食、百货、盐业等贸易公司,公开售粮,原来囤积粮食的奸商见公家粮食这么多,争相抛售,使粮价大幅度下跌。三是“先实行配给制,首先要给工人、学生、机关职员等,按其团体名单配给,下层劳力、脚行、洋车夫、贫民等食粮配给应有优先权”[42],如此的粮食配给政策,得到了绝大多数市民的拥护。除解决好粮食问题外,北平的摊贩治理、优先给底层市民兑换旧币、整顿市容市貌等,均体现了中国共产党将民生问题作为立足点。
+
+此外,接管干部们在具体工作中也体现了对民生问题的重视。据时任街长、派出所所长的宁丕桢回忆:“1949年冬的一天,气象预报有寒流来袭,气温骤降。那时,收音机还很少,连派出所也没有。我们接到分局电传通知后,为了使群众尽早知道,作好防寒准备,我们连夜派出民警四处喊话,有的同志还登上房顶喊。现在想起来似乎有点可笑,但当时我们的一片诚意,群众是理解的。”[43]可见,无论是方针政策的制定,还是关键问题的解决,抑或是工作的具体细节,均呈现出中国共产党人“想群众之所想,急群众之所急,解群众之所忧”的高尚品质,这也是北平市民的社会心理积极向好发展的原因之一。
+
+### (三)意识形态工作深入广大群众
+
+意识形态工作是党的一项极端重要的工作,意识形态工作的实效性直接影响着人民群众对党和政府的认同度。北平接管时期,党的意识形态工作不仅具有系统性和科学性,还是一项“暖人心、聚民心、筑同心”的伟大实践。彭真在北平接管前即指出:“他们(北平市民)抱着‘看看再说’的态度”[44],即一看说什么,二看做什么。党的城市接管政策是对路的,关键是如何教育群众、如何向市民宣传。对此,一开始就要区别对待“人民群众”与“阶级敌人”。北平接管之初即大力肃清反革命残余势力,解散国民党、三青团、民社党、青年党及南京政府系统下的一切北平反动组织,逮捕战犯及罪大恶极的反动分子。这些举措及其有力执行,既是意识形态工作的重要组成部分,也为深入开展市民的意识形态工作奠定了基础。
+
+紧接着,北平市委决定在人民群众中间进行政治启蒙教育,分不同群体、不同阶段有序开展各类政治训练班,贯彻“学以致用”“理论与实践一致”的方针,开展马克思主义基本理论的宣传教育工作。[45]政工干部们在意识形态工作中还特别注意践行群众路线,既深入群众开展宣传教育,也进一步开展调查研究、服务群众,努力消除北平市民的恐怖不安心理以及旧政权带来的刻板印象。“群众性政治启蒙教育使北京市广大群众的思想观念发生了根本变化,落后、腐朽的观念得到克服,为人民服务的观念逐步树立,思想觉悟大大提高,热爱共产党、建设新中国的政治热情高涨,这一切为迅速恢复发展生产创造了条件。”[46]
+
+总之,在北平和平解放后的短短数月内,北平市民就从情感上拥护、态度上接受中国共产党的领导。这种社会心理的向好转变,与政治上层建筑的迅速有效建立、人民政府着力解决民生问题以及深入开展意识形态工作等有着密切联系,同时也体现了党的先进性、人民性、革命性的内在属性。正是由于中国共产党从人民的利益出发开展工作,深入调查研究、密切联系群众,才赢得了人民群众的信任与拥护。历史与现实当中都会呈现出各种各样的社会心理,有些是常态的、良性的,有些是极端的、有害的。要坚持马克思主义社会存在与社会意识的辩证关系,调查、收集与研究社会心理的变化发展,了解群众的意愿、呼声、需求与情感等,方能为党的方针政策的制定提供重要依据。
+
+*本文系2022年北京市社会科学基金项目“中国共产党接管北平的历史文献整理与研究”(项目编号:22LSC013)的阶段成果。
+
+## 注释及参考文献：
+
+[1]彭真关于进城初期的敌情和群众动态向毛主席并总前委、华北局的报告（1949.2.16）[M]//北京市档案馆.北平和平解放前后.北京:北京出版社,1988:251-252.
+[2]中共北京市委党史研究室.中国共产党北京简史[M].北京:北京出版社,2011:55.
+[3]北平市民在苦难中 被迫作工违抗即遭杀害粮煤两缺物价疯狂上涨[N].大公报(香港), 1949-01-19(1).
+[4][7][10][45]北京市档案馆.北平解放（下）[M].北京:中国档案出版社,2009:623,753,623,547-548.
+[5][6][9][11][12][13][14]北京市档案馆.北平解放（上）[M].北京:中国档案出版社,2009:506,502,274,527,493,449,267.
+[8]四十年中六次征服 北平市民静观共军[N].时事新报（晚刊）上海版,1949-02-01(1).
+[15]北平的见闻[N].中央日报（南京版）,1949-03-11(2).
+[16]北平人毫无自由 都想到政府区来[N].中央日报（南京版）,1949-03-28(1).
+[17]钟德钧.学习热潮中的电车工人们[N].人民日报(北平新闻),1949-08-2(3).
+[18] [22]辅大教职员的暑期学习[N].人民日报（北平新闻）,1949-08-06(1).
+[19]学习团今举行结业式 昨总结第一阶段学习[N].人民日报(北平新闻),1949-08-11(4).
+[20]北平中小学教职员暑期学习会总结[N].人民日报,1949-09-05(4).
+[21]二百乞丐赴察垦荒[N].人民日报,1949-09-08(4).
+[23]陈垣.对北平各界代表会议的感想[N].人民日报,1949-09-09(4).
+[24]朱光潜.自我检讨[N].人民日报,1949-11-27(3).
+[25][39]费孝通.我参加了北平各界代表会议[N].人民日报,1949-09-02(4).
+[26]北平市民欢欣庆祝[J].中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议会刊,1949(4)：1.
+[27][30][43]中共北京市委党史研究室.在迎接解放的日子里[M].北京:中央文献出版社,2004:326,487,336.
+[28][29]北平电业分公司举行反特群众大会 控诉特务分子罪行[N].人民日报,1949-09-04(4).
+[31]破坏生产危害人民生活 奸商哄抬物价 人民要求严惩[N].人民日报(北平新闻),1949-08-04(1).
+[32]陈明绍.解放初期北京的旧城改建[M]//中国城市规划学会.五十年回眸:新中国的城市规划.北京:商务印书馆,1999:520.
+[33][34][35][36][37][40][41][44]中共北京市委党史研究室，北京市档案馆.北京市重要文献选编（1948.12-1949）[M].北京:中国档案出版社,2001:15,56,60,30-39,660,47,106,47.
+[38]包锡妹,立斌.哲学争鸣录:近十年哲学理论问题研究举要[M].济南:齐鲁书社, 1989:245-246.
+[42]中共北平市委关于入城后几个具体工作的决定（草案）（1949.1.10）[M]//中共北京市委党史研究室，北京市档案馆.北平的和平接管.北京:北京出版社,2001:55.
+[46]中共北京市委党史研究室.中国共产党北京历史：第 2 卷（1949-1978）[M].北京:北京出版社,2011:20.
+
+**作者单位：首都师范大学马克思主义学院**
\ No newline at end of file
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+**文章编号：** 2095-3852（2024）05-0700-06
+
+**文献标志码：A**
+
+# 应急物资配送过程人员安全性评价
+
+翟明霞1,许文松2
+
+(1. 武汉理工大学 安全科学与应急管理学院,湖北 武汉 430070;2. 安徽理工大学 安全科学与工程学院,安徽 淮南 232001)
+
+**摘要：** 针对应急物资配送过程人员安全性保障问题,建立基于组合赋权与云模型的应急物资配送过程人员安全性评价模型。从人员素质、设备设施、环境方面、管理培训4个方面构建应急物资配送过程人员安全性评价指标体系,应用层次分析法(AHP)和熵权法确定主客观权重,利用欧氏距离理论计算组合权重,并确定各指标的权重占比,最终应用云模型确定应急物资配送过程人员安全性综合评价的安全等级。以某A市发生的严重地震进行模型验证,结果显示影响人员安全性的因素中占比较大的有物资配送人员的技能水平、设备完好率、次生灾害、社会因素和人员监督等;同时证实了组合赋权云模型具有一定的实际应用价值。
+
+**关键词：** 应急物资配送;组合赋权;云模型;人员安全性;综合评价
+
+**中图分类号：** X913.4
+
+DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.2095-3852.2024.05.004
+
+近年来,各类重大突发事件引发的人员财产损害和环境恶化等问题日渐显著。当突发事件发生后,综合考虑各种对象需求,将各类应急物资配送至受灾区域可减少各种损失。然而在灾后复杂多变的灾情态势下,物资需求会动态变化,应急救援过程中存在多种不确定性,使得应急物资配送过程的人员安全问题变得更为复杂。
+
+在研究应急物资配送问题时,闫森等[1]以总时间和总成本最小为双目标,王建伟等[2]以配送时间最短和使用车辆数最少为多维目标,韩孟宜等[3]以配送车辆的总成本和右时间窗的惩罚成本为目标,分别构建了应急物资配送调度优化模型。孙昌玖等[4]为了解决地震后期配送不及时等问题,运用TOPSIS方法构建以物资满意度为目标的系统调度模型。PAN等[5]建立了基于采购中心模型的应急物资配送中心定位问题的目标函数。REN等[6]以需求满意度为目标函数,在一定的救援时间内,通过考虑救灾响应阶段不确定的需求和供给信息,建立了应急后勤的位置分配模型。在各种安全性评价中,多数都会考虑人因因素。王红红等[7]利用模糊理论量化人因概率,构建水下生产系统人因风险指标体系,找出对人因失效概率影响较高的因素。刘英等[8]从分析人为失误机理的角度出发,考虑工人的基础行为,通过复合分层故障树分析人为失误的影响因素,建立改进的双因子模型。
+
+基于云模型的评估方法都需要进行指标权重的确定,目前指标权重的确定大多为主观和客观赋权法,如层次分析法、模糊综合评价、熵权法等。陆卫东等[9]运用熵权法建立煤矿安全评价模型,以主客观结合的方式进行计算。张渺[10]为有效控制地铁运营的安全风险,考虑地铁运营安全的特点,引入云模型与组合赋权技术,构建了地铁运营安全风险评价模型。张兆宁等[11]从系统的角度,构建了基于模糊 DEMATEL-ANP-云模型的塔台管制系统运行安全评估模型。LIN等[12]基于熵权法计算综合指标权重,应用云模型遗憾理论的信息收集方法,构建了基于单指标效用最大化和整体指标效用最大化的双目标双边匹配模型。
+
+综上,已有研究主要聚焦于建立不同的模型分析求解应急物资配送问题,在建立评价指标体系时一般会考虑人因因素,在评价方法的选择上大多都倾向于组合赋权的方法。作为应急物资配送的主体,配送人员的安全性尤为重要,影响着应急救援任务的整体进度,现有研究关于配送人员安全性的研究很少,综合考虑应急物资配送中人员安全性的研究则更少。因此,为研究应急物资配送过程中人员安全性的影响因素,笔者应用主观赋权与客观赋权相结合的方式得到各因素的综合权重,并引入云模型评价方法,结合各综合权重和云发生器确定评级云,实现对人员安全性的综合评价。
+
+
+
+**收稿日期:** 2024-04-15.
+**作者简介:** 翟明霞(1999-),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为安全管理与应急.
+**通讯作者:** 许文松(1986-),男,副教授,研究方向为深部岩体力学、煤矿安全.
+**基金项目:** 国家社科基金重大项目(21&ZD127).
+
+## 1 人员安全性指标体系构建
+
+依据系统科学、客观全面、准确合理的原则,通过查阅文献[13]~文献[17],从人员素质、设备设施、环境方面和管理培训4个方面对应急物资配送过程中人员安全性进行综合评价,包括15个二级指标。应急物资配送过程中人员安全性评价指标体系如图 1所示。
+
+
+
+图 1 人员安全性评价指标体系
+
+## 2 熵权-云模型
+
+配送人员作为应急物资配送的主体,其自身的不确定性对应急救援的整体进度有极大影响。因此,运用云模型对人员安全性进行评级以便采取更合理科学的方法。
+
+### 2.1 组合赋权
+
+(1) 确定主观权重。采用层次分析法(AHP),运用相较简单的五标度法构造判断矩阵 $\mathbf{B} = [b_{ij}]_{n×n}$,其中 $b_{ij}$ 表示人员安全性评价指标 $i$ 与指标 $j$ 之间的重要程度。五标度法取值及含义如表 1所示。
+
+**表 1 五标度法取值及含义**
+
+| 标度 | 含义 | | 1 | 因素i与因素j同等重要 | | 3 | 因素i比因素j较为重要 | | 5 | 因素i比因素j极为重要 | | 2,4 | 介于上述两相邻判断之间 | | 倒数 | 因素i和因素j的比较结果与因素j和因素i的比较结果互为倒数 |
+
+计算矩阵 $\mathbf{B}$ 的特征根和特征向量,利用数学方法对矩阵进行层次排序及一致性检验,而后求得主观权重 $ω_{1j}$。
+
+(2) 确定客观权重。采用熵权法对各指标进行客观权重的确定。通常,随机变量的信息熵越低,则它所带来的信息量就越大,权重也就越大。具体步骤为:①对问卷数据进行标准化处理,得到标准化矩阵 $\mathbf{Z} = [z_{ij}]_{n×n}$,其中 $z_{ij}$ 为第 $i$ 个对象的第 $j$ 个指标取值;②通过式(1)对矩阵 $\mathbf{Z}$ 进行归一化处理;③由式(2)计算第 $j$ 个指标第 $i$ 个对象的比重 $P_{ij}$;④通过式(3)计算第 $j$ 项指标的信息熵值 $E_j$,其中 $P_{ij} = 1$ 时,定义 $lnP_{ij} = 0$;⑤由式(4)计算各指标的客观权重 $ω_{2j}$。
+
+$$
+y_{ij} = \begin{cases} \frac{z_{ij} - \min_j(z_{ij})}{\max_j(z_{ij}) - \min_j(z_{ij})}, & \text{正向指标} \\ \frac{\max_j(z_{ij}) - z_{ij}}{\max_j(z_{ij}) - \min_j(z_{ij})}, & \text{负向指标} \end{cases}\qquad(1)
+$$
+
+$$
+P_{ij} = \frac{y_{ij}}{\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{n} y_{ij}} \qquad(2)\\ E_j = - \frac{1}{\ln n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} P_{ij} \ln P_{ij} \qquad(3)\\ \omega_{2j} = \frac{1 - E_j}{\sum (1 - E_j)}\qquad(4)
+$$
+
+(3) 确定综合权重。在主客观权重确定后,基于欧氏距离得出应急物资配送过程中人员安全性评价各指标的综合权重。即先定义主客观权重的欧氏距离函数为 $d(\mathbf{\omega_1, \omega_2}):$
+
+$$
+d(\mathbf{\omega_1, \omega_2}) = \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \sum_{j=1}^{n} (\omega_{1j} - \omega_{2j})^2}\qquad(5)
+$$
+
+再根据式(6)计算应急物资配送过程中人员安全性评价指标的综合权重 $ω_j$:
+
+$$
+ω_j = α_1ω_{1j} + α_2ω_{2j}\qquad(6)
+$$
+
+式中: $α_1$、$α_2$ 分别为 $\mathbf{ω_1}$ 与 $\mathbf{ω}_2$ 的分配系数,可根据式(7)求解得到。
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} d(\mathbf{\omega_1, \omega_2}) = (α_1 - α_2)^2 \\ α_1 + α_2 = 1 \end{cases}\qquad(7)
+$$
+
+### 2.2 云模型
+
+云模型是采用数字特征描述模糊现象,用来处理定量描述和定性概念之间关系的模型[18]。因此,在对评价指标进行量化处理并进行评级时,云模型被广泛使用,是一种高效直观的方法。在应急物资配送过程中,配送人员的安全性具有不确定性,评价体系中部分指标具有模糊性,因此应用云模型对各指标进行评级,获得最终评级结果。
+
+云模型的数字特征为期望 $Ex$,熵 $En$ 和超熵 $He$。期望 $Ex$ 是云滴在论域空间分布的平均取值,反映了云滴群的平均点;熵 $En$ 度量不确定性,体现了云滴的离散程度;超熵 $He$ 是熵的不确定性度量,体现了云滴的凝聚度。
+
+云模型的具体步骤为:
+
+(1) 建立评语集和确定标准云。根据应急物资配送过程中人员安全性评级体系建立评语集,分为低、较低、一般、较高、高5个等级。在有效论域 $[C_{min}, C_{max}]$ 中生成5朵标准云,应用黄金分割法构建标准云,相应的数字特征如式(8)~式(10)所示。
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+Ex_0 = \frac{C_{\min} + C_{\max}}{2} \\
+Ex_5 = C_{\max} \\
+Ex_1 = C_{\min} \\
+Ex_2 = Ex_0 - 0.382(Ex_0 - C_{\min}) \\
+Ex_4 = Ex_0 + 0.382(C_{\max} - Ex_0)
+\end{cases} \tag{8}
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+En_2 = En_4 = \frac{0.382(C_{\max} - C_{\min})}{6} \\
+En_0 = 0.618En_4 \\
+En_1 = En_5 = \frac{En_4}{0.618}
+\end{cases} \tag{9}
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}
+He_2 = He_4 = \frac{He_0}{0.618} \\
+He_1 = He_5 = \frac{He_4}{0.618}
+\end{cases} \tag{10}
+$$
+
+(2) 构建评价云。利用云发生器计算处理数据得到评价指标云。用求得的组合权重计算得到应急物资配送过程中人员安全性评价各指标的综合云数字特征值。
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+Ex_i &= \frac{1}{v} \sum_{j=1}^{n} C_j \qquad(11)\\
+S^2 &= \frac{1}{v-1} \sum_{j=1}^{n} (C_j - Ex_j)^2 \qquad(12)\\
+En_j &= \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{2}} \frac{1}{v} \sum_{j=1}^{n} |C_j - Ex_j|\qquad(13)\\
+He_j &= \sqrt{|S^2 - En^2|}\qquad(14)
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+式中:$C_j$ 为第 $j$ 个指标的评价值;$v$ 为云模型评价的专家总数;$S$ 为方差。
+
+最终的综合云数字特征值的计算方法如式(15)所示。
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{aligned}
+Ex &= \frac{\displaystyle\sum_{j=1}^{n} \omega_j Ex_j}{\displaystyle\sum_{j=1}^{n} \omega_j} \\
+En &= \frac{\displaystyle\sum_{j=1}^{n} \omega_j^2 En_j}{\displaystyle\sum_{j=1}^{n} \omega_j^2} \\
+He &= \frac{\displaystyle\sum_{j=1}^{n} \omega_j^2 He_j}{\displaystyle\sum_{j=1}^{n} \omega_j^2}
+\end{aligned}
+\qquad(15)
+\right.
+$$
+
+## 3 案例分析
+
+以A市发生的严重地震灾害为例,制作调查问卷,邀请安全工程、应急管理等相关专业的学生结合实际情况与专业知识填写问卷,比较影响应急物资配送过程中人员安全性的因素,最终得到 115 份调查问卷,经过处理得到有效数据 92 份。对收集的数据运用 SPSS 工具进行处理分析,运用组合赋权的方法得到最终的综合权重,最后应用云模型进行应急物资配送过程中人员安全性分析评价。
+
+### 3.1 组合赋权
+
+对调查问卷收集到的数据进行处理,采用 AHP 法对数据进行处理,通过一致性检验,得到主观权重。根据式(1) ~ 式(4)得到客观权重,根据式(5) ~ 式(7) 求出 $\alpha_1$ = 0.8419, $\alpha_2$ = 0.1581,得到组合权重,最终整理得到各级指标的主客观权重及组合权重,如表 2所示。
+
+**表 2 应急物资配送中人员安全性影响因素权重**
+
+
+
+
+ | 一级指标 |
+ 主观权重 |
+ 客观权重 |
+ 组合权重 |
+ 二级指标 |
+ 主观权重 |
+ 客观权重 |
+ 组合权重 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 人员素质 A1 |
+ 0.104 1 |
+ 0.167 8 |
+ 0.114 2 |
+ 心理素质 A11 |
+ 0.070 6 |
+ 0.187 3 |
+ 0.089 1 |
+
+
+ | 身体状况 A12 |
+ 0.137 5 |
+ 0.162 8 |
+ 0.141 5 |
+
+
+ | 安全责任意识 A13 |
+ 0.168 2 |
+ 0.111 4 |
+ 0.159 2 |
+
+
+ | 文化程度 A14 |
+ 0.242 5 |
+ 0.124 8 |
+ 0.223 9 |
+
+
+ | 技能水平 A15 |
+ 0.381 2 |
+ 0.413 7 |
+ 0.386 3 |
+
+
+ | 设备设施 A2 |
+ 0.153 9 |
+ 0.279 6 |
+ 0.173 8 |
+ 操作规程 A21 |
+ 0.131 0 |
+ 0.315 0 |
+ 0.160 1 |
+
+
+ | 车辆配置 A22 |
+ 0.292 5 |
+ 0.223 3 |
+ 0.281 6 |
+
+
+ | 设备完好率 A23 |
+ 0.576 5 |
+ 0.461 7 |
+ 0.558 3 |
+
+ | 环境方面 A3 | 0.261 4 | 0.157 8 | 0.245 0 | 天气状况 A31 | 0.142 0 | 0.298 9 | 0.166 8 | | 次生灾害 A32 | 0.277 3 | 0.452 1 | 0.304 9 | | 社会因素 A33 | 0.580 7 | 0.249 0 | 0.528 2 | | 管理培训 A4 | 0.480 6 | 0.394 8 | 0.467 0 | 知识技能培训 A41 | 0.092 0 | 0.322 4 | 0.128 4 | | 配送强度安排 A42 | 0.167 3 | 0.300 8 | 0.188 4 | | 协调交流 A43 | 0.294 2 | 0.191 6 | 0.278 0 | | 人员监督 A44 | 0.446 5 | 0.185 2 | 0.405 2 |
+
+### 3.2 云模型分析
+
+令论域 $[C_{min}, C_{max}] = [0,10], He_0 = 0.1$, 根据式(8)~式(10)求解得到标准云的数字特征值, 如表 3所示。
+
+**表 3 标准云数字特征**
+
+| 等级 | (Ex0, En0, He0) | | 高 | (10.00, 1.030 2, 0.261 8) | | 较高 | (6.91, 0.636 7, 0.161 8) | | 一般 | (5.00, 0.393 5, 0.100 0) | | 较低 | (3.09, 0.636 7, 0.161 8) | | 低 | (0.00, 1.030 2, 0.261 8) |
+
+运用 Matlab 得到标准云图,如图 2所示,从左至右依次为低、较低、一般、较高、高。
+
+
+
+图 2 标准云图
+
+根据问卷调查收集的评价数据,由式(11)~式(14)得出各个指标评价云的数字特征,如表 4所示。
+
+**表 4 评价云数字特征**
+
+| 指标 | (Exj, Enj, Hej) | 指标 | (Exj, Enj, Hej) | | A11 | (3.58, 0.402 1, 0.211 4) | A31 | (4.58, 0.603 2, 0.363 1) | | A12 | (6.86, 0.552 9, 0.320 5) | A32 | (7.32, 0.841 9, 0.535 6) | | A13 | (6.10, 0.816 8, 0.377 1) | A33 | (4.00, 0.879 6, 0.365 8) | | A14 | (5.28, 0.791 7, 0.338 8) | A41 | (4.80, 1.633 6, 0.684 6) | | A15 | (5.26, 0.552 9, 0.320 5) | A42 | (8.62, 0.603 2, 0.163 8) | | A21 | (6.36, 0.766 5, 0.263 8) | A43 | (6.14, 1.118 4, 0.684 0) | | A22 | (6.06, 0.263 9, 0.163 2) | A44 | (5.62, 0.540 4, 0.308 2) | | A23 | (6.46, 0.892 2, 0.594 2) | | |
+
+根据式(15)得到一级指标的综合云数字特征分别为(5.475 0, 0.622 0, 0.082 5)、(6.331 4, 0.764 9, 0.204 9)、(5.109 2, 0.851 6, 0.162 0)、(6.224 4, 0.761 6, 0.120 6), 各一级指标评价云图分别如图 3 ~ 图 6 所示。最后,根据式(15)计算得到应急物资配送过程中人员安全性综合评价云数字特征为(5.785 0, 0.763 2, 0.418 3),综合云图如图 7所示。
+
+
+
+图 3 人员素质评价云图
+
+
+
+图 4 设备设施评价云图
+
+## 4 结论
+
+(1)借鉴已有文献,确定影响人员安全性的各种因素评价指标,建立应急物资配送过程中的人员安全性评价指标体系。运用层次分析与熵权法相结合的方法得到各指标的综合权重,得到影响应急物资配送人员安全性的权重占比较大的综合因素为管理培训,其二级指标中人员监督权重占比较大。因此,在进行应急物资配送时,应配备两名配送人员,一名人员进行监督与信息的传达、反馈。
+
+
+
+图 5 环境方面评价云图
+
+
+
+图 6 管理培训评价云图
+
+
+
+图 7 综合评价云图
+
+(2)根据云模型理论构建标准云和评价云,解决了研究对象存在的一些模糊性问题,使得评价过程和结果具有一定的科学性,也验证了熵权云在评价中的可行性。
+
+(3)应急物资配送人员安全性评价体系中选取的各指标具有一定的通用性,能够为制定防范措施,提高应急物资配送过程中人员安全性提供一定的理论支撑。然而在不同类型的重大突发事件中,有些指标具有细微差别,下一步可针对各地区各类突发事件进行详细分析,并在此基础上研究应急物资调度优化问题,例如以配送人员安全性为目标建立目标函数并构建相应的最优路径求解模型。
+
+## 参考文献:
+
+[1] 闫森,齐金平,张儒.考虑道路受损的震后应急物资运输路径优化[J].科学技术与工程,2022,22(28):12598-12604.
+
+[2] 王建伟,刘旭旭,付鑫,等.一种“效率-公平-运力”多维权衡的需求可拆分配送方法[J].交通运输系统工程与信息,2022,22(5):285-292.
+
+[3] 韩孟宜,丁俊武,陈梦覃,等.基于混合遗传算法的应急物资配送路径优化[J].科学技术与工程,2021,21(22):9432-9439.
+
+[4] 孙昌玖,裴虹,刘丹,等.考虑横向转运的震后应急物资协同调度研究[J].武汉理工大学学报(信息与管理工程版),2018,40(4):389-395.
+
+[5] PAN S, TIAN J, WANG Y. A quick and efficient algorithm to the emergency supplies distribution centers location problem[C]//2012 Third Global Congress on Intelligent Systems. [S.l.]:IEEE, 2012:34-38.
+
+[6] REN X, TAN J. Location allocation collaborative optimization of emergency temporary distribution center under uncertainties[J]. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2022,2022:1-9.
+
+[7] 王红红,刘延波.基于模糊贝叶斯网络的水下生产系统人因可靠性[J].科学技术与工程,2022,22(9):3491-3496.
+
+[8] 刘英,李荣祖,范秀君,等.基于改进双因子模型的装配过程人员可靠性[J].系统工程,2015,33(2):50-57.
+
+[9] 陆卫东,尹彬,韦刚,等.基于熵权 TOPSIS 模型的煤矿安全现状评价[J].武汉理工大学学报(信息与管理工程版),2017,39(3):270-274.
+
+[10] 张渺.G1-EW组合赋权云模型下地铁运营安全风险评价[J].中国安全科学学报,2022,32(6):163-170.
+
+[11] 张兆宁,石峰.基于组合赋权云模型的塔台管制系统运行安全评估[J].安全与环境学报,2024,24(4):1254-1265.
+
+[12] LIN J, CHEN B. A study on bilateral matching of dual objectives of new R&D institution - talent team based on cloud model - regret theory[J]. Journal of Intelligent & Fuzzy Systems, 2023, 44(6):9311-9325.
+
+[13] 王巍,姚恺.基于组合赋权-云模型的炮弹公路运输安全评估研究[J].火炮发射与控制学报,2022,43(5):84-89.
+
+[14] 周雪,左忠义,程伟.基于组合赋权云模型的铁路旅客运输安全评价[J].中国安全科学学报,2020, 30(S1):158-164.
+
+[15] MENG Z, YI Z, LI J, et al. Evaluation of cloud model for public transport service quality [J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2019,688(2):19-22.
+
+[16] 薛小锋,赵淼龑,杜倩宜,等. 基于人员和环境因素定量化的检测可靠性[J]. 航空学报,2024,45(6): 304-314.
+
+[17] 刘继新,曾逍宇,冯思旭,等. 基于改进 CREAM 扩展法的管制人员人因可靠性分析[J]. 安全与环境学报,2018,18(6):2246-2251.
+
+[18] 李德毅,孟海军,史雪梅.隶属云和隶属云发生器[J]. 计算机研究与发展,1995(6):15-20.
+
+# Evaluation of Personnel Safety During the Process of Emergency Supplies Distribution
+
+*ZHAI Mingxia, XU Wensong*
+
+**Abstract**: Aiming at the problems of personnel safety in the process of emergency material distribution, a personnel safety evaluation model based on combined empowerment and cloud modeling was established for emergency supplies distribution. The safety evaluation index system of personnel in emergency supplies distribution process was constructed from four aspects: personnel quality, equipment and facilities, environment and management training. The subjective and objective weights were determined by AHP and entropy weight method. Then the combined weights were calculated by using Euclidean distance theory, and the weight ratio of each index was determined. Finally, the cloud model was used to determine the safety level of personnel safety comprehensive evaluation in the process of emergency supplies distribution. The model was verified by a serious earthquake in a city A. The results showed that the factors affecting the weight of personnel safety in emergency supplies distribution are the skill level of relevant personnel, equipment integrity rate, secondary disasters, social factors and personnel supervision, etc.; at the same time, combination weighting cloud model has certain practical application value is verified.
+
+**Key words**: emergency supplies distribution; combination weighting; cloud model; personnel safety; comprehensive evaluation
+
+**ZHAI Mingxia**: Postgraduate; School of Safety and Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
+
+
+
+(上接第 694 页)
+
+# Comparative Study on Dust Reduction Effect of Press – out Air Curtain Ventilation in Construction Tunnels
+
+*YANG Qian, XU Feng, HU Biao, ZHANG Xuefu, XIONG Chengyu, LI Linjie*
+
+**Abstract**: With the continuous development of tunnel ventilation technology, the use of press-out airs curtain ventilation in construction tunnels is gradually deepened, in order to understand the dust removal effect of press-out airs curtain ventilation under different ventilation parameters, the paper used Fluent to establish a tunnel ventilation model, optimize the tilt angle of the press-out airs curtain ventilation to get the optimal ventilation conditions. On this basis, the dust removal process of push-out air curtain ventilation and common long-pressure short-pumping ventilation under different ventilation air volume was simulated, and the dust removal effect of different ventilation modes was compared. The results showed that when the tilt angle of the air curtain is 30°, the dust removal effect of the press-out air curtain ventilation is the best, and the dust removal effect of the press-out air curtain ventilation is better than that of the long pressure and short pumping ventilation, which can effectively reduce the dust and smoke in tunnel construction and improve the air environment of tunnel operation.
+
+**Key words**: construction tunnel; press-out air curtain; long pressure and short pumping ventilation; numerical simulation; ventilation effect
+
+**YANG Qian**: Senior Engineer; The Fourth Engineering Co., Ltd. of CCCC First Highway Engineering Co., Ltd., Nanning 530000, China.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_181.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_181.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e1ef46b3d0b967d5055461451b89465da73e4a91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_181.md
@@ -0,0 +1,582 @@
+**doi：** 10.12012/CJoE2023-0019
+
+# 我国黄金现货、ETF、期货市场动态联动及波动溢出效应
+
+曹栋, 徐静静, 李汶蔚, 赵婕
+
+(西安电子科技大学经济与管理学院, 西安 710126)
+
+**摘要** 黄金现货、ETF、期货等市场在维护一国经济稳定、增强国家信用、对冲金融市场波动等方面一直发挥着核心作用.最近几年，黄金价格历经多次剧烈波动.黄金现货、ETF、期货之间观察到了不同步不协同现象，加大了市场不确定性和风险.本文选取2015年至2021年黄金现货合约、华安黄金ETF、黄金期货主力合约每日收盘数据，探讨黄金现货、ETF、期货市场的动态联动及波动溢出效应.首先，构建MS-GARCH模型，研究三市场波动及区制转变关系；然后借助DCC-GARCH模型进一步探究三个黄金市场彼此之间的动态联动关系；最后使用溢出指数模型测度三市场间的波动溢出效应.结果表明：1）三市场一体化程度较高.DCC-GARCH模型表明：三市场收益率动态相关性绝大部分时间都维持在了0.9左右的水平.2）不同市场之间的动态联动性具有显著区别.DCC-GARCH模型表明：黄金现货与期货市场收益率之间的相关系数波动更为剧烈更为频繁.溢出指数模型表明：黄金现货市场在多数时期呈现为负向净溢出，绝大部分时间为溢出的接收者，黄金ETF、期货市场收益率多数时期为正向溢出，即绝大部分时间为溢出的传播者.3）样本期内，三市场波动溢出具有动态特性.MS-GARCH模型平滑概率图发现2019年后三市场收益率在高、低波动状态的持续时间都比较短，两种状态的交替更加频繁.DCC-GARCH模型表明三市场收益率相关系数在2015年、2018年后都有显著下降.溢出指数模型表明；三市场的总溢出指数在2019年出现较大波动，一度下探到55%；2019年对外溢出指数(TO)和接收溢出(FROM)均出现了显著的下降，黄金现货市场降幅最大，分别下降到43%、50%；2019年黄金现货、ETF市场收益率的净溢出指数波动较大，也观察到了黄金现货到ETF、现货到期货的净成对溢出指数的大幅波动.
+
+
+
+**收稿日期:** 2023-03-16
+**基金项目:** 陕西省社会科学基金 (2022YA14); 中央高校基本科研业务费 (KYFZ23008); 西安电子科技大学杭州研究院 2023 年度概念验证基金 (GNYZ2023ZC0503); 西安市社会科学规划基金 (23JX66)
+**Supported by** Social Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province (2022YA14); Fundanmental Research Funds for the Central Universities (KYFZ23008); 2023 Proof-of-concept Fund of Hangzhou Research Institute of Xidian University (GNYZ2023ZC0503); Xi'an Social Science Planning Fund Project (23JX66)
+**作者简介:** 曹栋, 博士, 教授, 华山菁英, 研究方向: 高质量发展、金融市场, E-mail: ivycaodong@163.com; 徐静静, 硕士研究生, 研究方向: 黄金市场、金融风险, E-mail: xu446842896@163.com; 李汶蔚, 博士研究生, 研究方向: 数字经济、经济增长, E-mail: 327640361@qq.com; 赵婕, 硕士研究生, 研究方向: 数字经济、区块链, E-mail: 1534575443@qq.com.
+
+**关键词** 黄金现货市场; ETF 市场; 期货市场; 动态联动; MS-GARCH 模型; DCC-GARCH 模型; 溢出指数模型
+
+# Dynamic Linkage and Volatility Spillover Effect of Gold Spot, ETF and Futures Markets in China
+
+CAO Dong, XU Jingjing, LI Wenwei, ZHAO Jie
+
+(School of Economics and Management, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China)
+
+**Abstract** Gold spot, ETF and futures markets play important roles in maintaining a country's economic stability, enhancing national credit and hedging financial market fluctuations. In recent years, the price of gold has fluctuated greatly, and the phenomenon of unsynchronized and uncoordinated gold spot, ETF and futures has been observed, which has increased market uncertainty and risks. This paper selects the daily closing data of gold spot contracts, Huaan gold ETF and gold futures main contracts from 2015 to 2021 to discuss the dynamic linkage and volatility spillover effects among gold spot, ETF and futures markets. Firstly, the MS-GARCH model is built to study the relationship between price fluctuation and regional system transformation in the three markets. Then through DCC-GARCH model to explore the dynamic linkage between gold futures, spot and ETF markets. Furthermore, the spillover index model is used to measure the volatility spillover effect among the three markets. The results show that: 1） The integration degree of the three markets is high. DCC-GARCH model shows that the dynamic correlations of the three market returns are maintained at about 0.9 for most of the time. 2） There are significant differences in dynamic linkage among different markets. DCC-GARCH model shows that the correlation coefficient between gold spot and futures market returns fluctuates more violently and frequently. Spillover index model shows that the gold spot market presents negative net spillover in most periods and is the receiver of spillover in most periods. While the return rate of gold ETF and futures market is positive spillover in most periods, that is, it is the disseminator of spillover in most periods. 3） During the sample period, the volatility spillovers of the three markets are dynamic. The smoothing probability diagram of MS-GARCH model shows that after 2019, the duration of the three market returns in the high and low volatility states is relatively short, and the alternation of the two states is more frequent. DCC-GARCH model shows that the correlation coefficients of the three markets' returns have decreased significantly after 2015 and 2018. Spillover index model shows that: The total spillover index of the three markets fluctuated greatly in 2019, once dropping to 55%; In 2019, the external spillover index (TO) and the received spillover (FROM) both declined significantly, and the gold spot market fell the most, falling to 43% and 50% respectively; In 2019, the net spillover index of gold spot and ETF market returns fluctuated greatly, and the net paired spillover index of gold spot to ETF and spot to futures fluctuated greatly.
+
+**Keywords** gold spot market ； ETF market ； futures market ； dynamic linkage ； MS-GARCH model ； DCC-GARCH model ； spillover index model
+
+## 1 引言
+
+黄金市场兼具商品、货币及金融等多重属性, 是金融市场的重要组成, 是具有避险特征的特殊金融资产, 是投资者资产配置和央行资产储备的重要工具. 我国黄金现货、ETF、期货等产品发展迅猛, 交易品种丰富多元, 满足了投资者多样化的市场需求, 拓宽了投资渠道. 随着多层次、多种类黄金市场的出现、监管的放松、信息技术的发展, 黄金现货、ETF以及期货市场之间联动效应加剧, 波动在不同黄金市场和不同的黄金产品之间传递, 单个市场波动变化会迅速扩散到其他市场, 带来市场间的协同运动. 理论上来说, 市场间的联动应该是双向的和对等的. 但由于市场中交易成本、交易限制、流动性、杠杆率等的差异, 导致信息在市场之间传递呈现不对等和单向传递的特征, 黄金现货、ETF、期货市场间出现动态联动以及波动溢出效应. 在实际运行时, 一些重要市场指标如价格、交易量、收益率等观察到较大的不同步和不协同现象. 譬如: 2021年, 上海黄金交易所黄金累计成交量(双边) 较去年同期下降了40.62%, 为3.48万吨, 成交额(双边) 同比下降41.99%, 为13.08万亿元; 上海期货交易所全部黄金累计成交量(双边) 同比下降11.33%, 为9.71万吨, 成交额(双边) 同比下降17.54%, 为34.19万亿元; 年末我国黄金ETF总持仓量为75.3吨, 创历史最高.
+
+当前国内外学者对黄金市场联动以及波动溢出问题的研究主要集中在分析黄金市场和其他金融子市场之间的关系, 也有学者对黄金市场内部的动态联动性展开研究. 从黄金市场与各金融市场之间的联动来看, 其与证券市场、外汇市场以及大宗商品市场之间存在紧密联系. 黄金价格的变动对各金融市场的稳定性产生影响(高丽珺等(2022), 邹子昂(2018), 范为和房四海(2012), 梁超等(2022)), 并影响国家的宏观经济政策(Gao et al. (2020)). 黄金市场与股票市场之间保持着负向的相关性(杨柳勇和史震涛(2004), 杨亚娟等(2021), Pamela (2022), 余湄和高茜(2014), 闻岳春等(2015), Elgammal et al. (2021)), 对股票市场的避险功能也存在着显著的差异(Gurgun et al. (2021), 尹力博和柳依依(2015), Chen and Wang (2019), 谭德凯和田利辉(2022)). 其次, 黄金市场与外汇市场之间存在着显著的波动溢出关系(潘婉彬和熊欣慰(2017)), 具备避险属性(Beckmann (2015), Belasen and Demirer (2019)), 而金价的变动会加剧汇率冲击所带来的风险(谢攀等(2021)). 林娟等(2021)研究发现上海现货黄金能有效对冲人民币兑欧元、英镑以及澳元的汇率风险, 具有“避风港”的作用. 美元曾与黄金挂钩, 且国际上多数黄金期货及现货合约均以美元计价, 美元与黄金市场之间存在着较高的负向动态相关性(王文杰和部慧等(2009), Mo et al. (2018), Reboredo (2013)), 美元指数是黄金期货价格的决定因素之一(冯辉和张蜀林(2012)), 黄金对冲美元汇率风险存在阶段性差异(杨楠和方茜(2013)). 作为一国重要的战略储备资产(徐荟竹等(2013)), 石油市场与黄金市场之间的关系也是研究重点(余湄和何泓谷(2013), 戴志锋等(2022)), 原油价格通过资产配置、汇率等渠道影响黄金价格(刘炳越等(2018), 陈宇峰等(2021)), 黄金市场和石油市场在常态下保持着动态相关关系(徐照宜等(2019), 董杰(2012)), 在受到外部冲击时, 两个市场的相关性加深(缪程程和周勇(2018), Wei et al. (2022)). 另外, 黄金与白银、铜等贵金属之间均具有不同程度的波动溢出效应以及多种形式的联动性(Lau et al. (2017), 刘超等(2017), Chen and Xu (2019)).
+
+对于黄金市场内部的联动及波动溢出问题, 当前研究主要针对联动机制的产生原因以及跨国市场之间的联动性. 市场开放(Xu and Zhang (2018), Yang et al. (2020))、连续交易制度(傅强等(2017))等因素对黄金市场的价格发现功能具有重要的影响, 相较伦敦市场, 上海黄金市场在有效性与价格发现能力上稍显不足(肖倬和郭彦峰(2008)), 徐雪和罗克(2014)研究发现我国黄金期货价格对黄金现货价格的影响较弱且不具备价格发现能力. Nargunam and Anuradha (2017)对印度黄金ETF市场的有效性进行了研究, 发现印度黄金ETF市场信息不对称的现象改变其价格形成导致印度黄金ETF市场价格发现效率的降低. 通过对比多个国家黄金市场之间的相关性或价格发现能力, 研究发现纽约黄金市场或伦敦黄金市场在国际市场上占据主动地位, 对其他市场的影响更大(Jena et al. (2018), Lin (2018), Martin et al. (2016)). 王聪与焦瑾璞(2019)研究表明, 外部冲击在一般市场条件下对市场间的联动关系影响较小, 其内部稳定性更强. 中、日、美三国黄金期货市场具有明显的双向联动关系, 中日两国黄金市场在受到外部冲击时, 更具有稳定性. Chang et al. (2013)发现纽约市场在五个国家和地区的黄金价格联动中居于主导地位, 上海黄金现货市场与伦敦黄金现货市场之间存在着交互相关关系(刘潘婷和王宏勇(2022)). 魏宇等(2010)发现我国黄金现货市场的波动具有聚集性但并不具备显著的杠杆效应. Xie and Zhu (2021)研究发现中国黄金期货市场对现货价格波动的稳定效应较弱.
+
+综上, 国内外学者在对黄金市场与其他主要金融市场以及国内外各主要黄金市场之间的联动和溢出效应都展开了较为深入的研究. 现有文献大多只涉及黄金现货与期货市场, 针对黄金ETF市场的研究较少(Cheng et al. (2018), Rajit et al. (2020), Leung and Ward (2015)). 本文通过构建适合我国黄金现货、ETF、期货市场的MS-GARCH、DCC-GARCH以及溢出指数模型等, 深入分析三市场内部的动态联动关系以及波动溢出, 是构建包含黄金大类资产投资组合, 作为资产配置的对冲工具的前提, 对资本市场投资组合和风险管理理论的有益补充. 针对我国黄金现货、ETF、期货市场之间的不同步不协同现象, 明确市场动态联动及波动溢出效应, 对防范化解金融风险、发挥黄金市场的避险功能以及加强宏观审慎监管等也具有重要的现实意义.
+
+全文遵循如下结构展开: 第一部分是引言. 第二部分为数据说明. 在第三部分, 首先利用两状态的MS-GARCH模型对收益率的波动及所处状态进行建模识别, 比较三市场在收益率波动持续特性; 然后借助DCC-GARCH模型进一步探究三个黄金市场彼此之间的动态联动关系; 最后, 使用溢出指数模型对三个市场之间的波动溢出及溢出特征进行度量. 第四部分是结论与政策建议.
+
+## 2 数据说明
+
+本文选择华安黄金ETF (代码: 518880.SH) 作为黄金ETF市场代表, 因为它是国内最早成立的黄金ETF之一, 也是沪深证券交易所内规模最大、成交最活跃的黄金ETF. 黄金现货采用黄金现货合约(代码: AU9999). 黄金期货采用上海期货交易所挂盘交易的黄金期货主力合约(代码: AU). 选取2015年至2021年黄金现货、ETF、期货每日收盘价, 获得序列ETF、S、F, 数据均来源WIND数据库. 由于黄金ETF、现货和期货的交易时段有所不同, 选取三个价格序列在共同交易时段的1705条非空数据, 对黄金ETF的原始数据乘以100, 保持与期货和现货的量纲统一. 为消除原始时间序列的异方差性, 对其做对数化处理, 得到序列lns, lnetf, lnf, 之后进行一阶差分, 得到收益率序列RS, RETF, RF.
+
+$$
+RS_t = \ln(S_t) - \ln(S_{t-1}),\qquad(1)
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{RETF}_t = \ln(100\text{ETF}_t) - \ln(100\text{ETF}_{t-1}),\qquad(2)
+$$
+
+$$
+RF_t = \ln(F_t) - \ln(F_{t-1}).\qquad(3)
+$$
+
+从序列走势图(图 1) 可知, 2015年 - 2021年黄金现货、ETF、期货市场价格上升, 尤其是2019年下半年后出现大幅上涨, 2020年逐渐回落. 描述性统计分析(表 1) 可以看出黄金现货、ETF和期货收益率均值较小; 黄金现货、ETF、期货市场收益率的标准差依次增加, 说明三个市场的波动逐渐加大; 从峰度值来看, 三个序列峰度均大于3, 表明三者收益率序列分布呈尖峰态, JB统计量显示其不满足正态分布. 表 2的ARCH-LM检验结果显示三个收益率残差序列具有明显的ARCH效应, 且ADF检验在1%的显著性水平下拒绝原假设, 表明三个序列均为平稳序列.
+
+
+
+**图 1 黄金价格序列走势图**
+
+**表 1 描述性统计结果**
+
+
+
+
+ |
+ RS |
+ RETF |
+ RF |
+
+
+
+
+ | 均值 |
+ 0.000259 |
+ 0.000242 |
+ 0.000256 |
+
+
+ | 中值 |
+ 0.000163 |
+ 0.000351 |
+ 0.000195 |
+
+
+ | 最大值 |
+ 0.050333 |
+ 0.054241 |
+ 0.053990 |
+
+
+ | 最小值 |
+ -0.061925 |
+ -0.064084 |
+ -0.048088 |
+
+
+ | 标准差 |
+ 0.008139 |
+ 0.008306 |
+ 0.008477 |
+
+
+ | 偏度 |
+ -0.047429 |
+ -0.129772 |
+ 0.058998 |
+
+
+ | 峰度 |
+ 8.652224 |
+ 9.132714 |
+ 7.316056 |
+
+
+ | J-B 统计量 |
+ 2268.921*** |
+ 2675.105*** |
+ 1323.601*** |
+
+
+
+
+注：\*、\*\*、\*\*\* 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平.
+
+**表 2 平稳性及 ARCH 效应检验结果**
+
+
+
+
+ | 变量 |
+ ADF 统计量 |
+ P 值 |
+ LM 统计量 |
+ P 值 |
+
+
+
+
+ | RS |
+ -40.97397*** |
+ 0.0000 |
+ 46.23112*** |
+ 0.0000 |
+
+
+ | RETF |
+ -41.07116*** |
+ 0.0000 |
+ 46.87962*** |
+ 0.0000 |
+
+
+ | RF |
+ -41.11575*** |
+ 0.0000 |
+ 37.63429*** |
+ 0.0000 |
+
+
+
+
+注：\*、\*\*、\*\*\* 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平.
+
+## 3 模型构建及结果分析
+
+本节首先构建MS-GARCH模型, 将市场波动进行区制划分, 探究黄金现货、ETF及期货市场在不同区制状态下的市场波动特点及区制转变关系; 接着构建DCC-GARCH模型对三者的动态联动关系进行深入研究, 分析市场之间潜在的相关关系; 进一步地使用溢出指数模型对三个市场之间的溢出效应及溢出特征进行度量, 深入探讨我国黄金市场内部的动态关系.
+
+### 3.1 基于 MS-GARCH 模型的黄金市场波动分析
+
+传统GARCH模型仅考虑了波动状态, 并未考虑到时间序列的结构性变化造成的状态改变. Markov状态转换模型(高国华和潘英丽(2013), 林文达(2017), 缪程程和周勇(2018)), 当时间序列状态发生转换时, 模型参数将随之变化. 这种状态转换在Markov状态转换模型中被称为状态变量, 遵循一个马尔可夫链. MS-GARCH模型将波动性与结构转换结合, 波动方程满足异方差特性, 变量的状态转换服从马尔可夫过程. 本文构建如下形式的MS-GARCH模型, 更精准地刻画黄金市场在不同的区制状态下所呈现的市场波动特点以及区制转换概率:
+
+$$r_t = \mu_t + \epsilon_t,\qquad(4)$$
+
+$$\epsilon_t = \mu_t h_t,\qquad(5)$$
+
+$$h_t^2 = a_{0,S_t} + \sum_{i=1}^{p} a_{i,S_t} \varepsilon_{t-i}^2 + \sum_{i=1}^{q} \beta_{i,S_t} h_{t-i,,S_t}^2,\qquad(6)$$
+
+其中: $r_t$ 为收益率, $h_t^2$ 为条件方差, $\mu_t$ 表示 $t$ 时刻所处状态下的序列均值, $\varepsilon_t$ 为残差序列, $\mu_t$ 服从独立正态分布. $S_t$ 的取值为 $\{1, 2, \dots, k\}$. 当状态变量 $S_t$ 取值为 1 和 2, 分别代表收益率序列处于低、高两种波动状态. 其转换概率矩阵为:
+
+$$\mathbf{P} = \begin{pmatrix} S_t = 1 | S_{t-1} = 1 & S_t = 1 | S_{t-1} = 2 \\ S_t = 2 | S_{t-1} = 1 & S_t = 2 | S_{t-1} = 2 \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} \mathbf{P}_{11} & \mathbf{P}_{21} \\ \mathbf{P}_{12} & \mathbf{P}_{22} \end{pmatrix},\qquad(7)$$
+
+其中, **$P_i = (P_{ii}, P_{ij})$** 表示状态 $i$ 转换为其他状态的转换概率, **$P_{ii}$** 的值越大表明维持在 $i$ 状态的概率越大, 说明市场在此状态下具有较强的持续性, 即长记忆性; **$P_{ij}$** 的值越大, 说明状态发生转变的概率较大, 即短记忆性.
+
+对三个收益率序列RS、RETF、RF分别构建MS-GARCH模型, 分析三个市场在不同区制下的波动规律. 采用极大似然估计方法, 估计结果见表 3, 模型将黄金现货、ETF、期货市场收益率分成低波动率区制 ($s_t = 1$)和高波动率区制 ($s_t = 2$)两个区制, 所有参数均显著.
+
+在高、低两种状态下, 固定系数 $\alpha_0$ 的值都较小, $h_t$ 的大小由 $\alpha_1 + \beta_1(s_t = 1, s_t = 2)$ 决定, $\alpha_1 + \beta_1$ 的值反映了收益率波动的持续性, 两种状态下的持续概率较高, 收益率的高波动或者低波动会延续较长时间. 在低波动状态, 黄金现货、ETF及期货市场的区制持续概率分别为99.47%、99.10%和99.49%, 在高波动状态, 三个市场的区制持续概率分别为81.58%、72.68%和87.12%. 另外, 概率转移矩阵报告显示: 黄金现货、ETF、期货市场维持在高低区制状态的概率 (**$P_{ii}$**) 分别为 (0.9970, 0.9969)、(0.9115, 0.9887)、(0.9989, 0.9977); 发生高波动到低波动以及低波动到高波动状态转换的概率 (**$P_{ij}$**) 较小, 分别为 (0.0030, 0.0031)、(0.0885, 0.0113)、(0.0011, 0.0023). 这说明三市场在高或低波动状态下均具有很强的持续性, 即“长记忆性”, 发生高低状态转换的概率比较小.
+
+从平滑概率图(图 2~4)可以看出: 2016 年、2019 年到 2020 年三个市场在高低状态的持续时间较短, 两种状态的交替更加频繁, 在高波动状态出现的次数明显增加, 三市场收益率不确定性增加. 这可能是因为: 2016年全球市场出现较大变动, 英国脱欧、美国大选竞争等带来的政治风险, 加之全球股市普遍走弱, 经济及政策环境发生变化, 国内通胀上升, 加大了黄金的避险需求, 导致黄金价格上涨, 市场波动增加; 2019年底至2020年初, 世界范围内爆发新冠疫情, 使得全球经济动荡加剧, 黄金避险功能不断强化, 金价出现大幅度上涨, 国内黄金市场波动剧烈.
+
+**表 3 MS-GARCH(1,1) 参数估计结果**
+
+| 参数 | RS | RETF | RF | | α0 (st = 1) | 0.0000*** | 0.0000*** | 0.0000*** | | α1 (st = 1) | 0.0064*** | 0.0128*** | 0.0047*** | | β1 (st = 1) | 0.9883*** | 0.9782*** | 0.9902*** | | α1 + β1 (st = 1) | 0.9947 | 0.9910 | 0.9949 | | α0 (st = 2) | 0.0000*** | 0.0001*** | 0.0000*** | | α1 (st = 2) | 0.1154*** | 0.0006*** | 0.0807*** | | β1 (st = 2) | 0.7004*** | 0.7262*** | 0.7905*** | | α1 + β1 (st = 2) | 0.8158 | 0.7268 | 0.8712 | | P11 | 0.9969 | 0.9887 | 0.9977 |
|---|
| P21 | 0.0030 | 0.0885 | 0.0011 |
|---|
| P12 | 0.0031 | 0.0113 | 0.0023 |
|---|
| P22 | 0.9970 | 0.9115 | 0.9989 |
|---|
| LL | 6027.1959 | 5995.3595 | 5933.3846 | | AIC | -12036.3919 | -11972.7189 | -11848.7693 |
+
+注: \*、\*\*\*、\*\*\* 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平.
+
+
+
+**图 2 现货市场在低波动（左）、高波动（右）状态平滑概率图**
+
+
+
+**图 3 ETF 市场在低波动（左）、高波动（右）状态平滑概率图**
+
+
+
+**图 4 期货市场在低波动（左）、高波动（右）状态平滑概率图**
+
+### 3.2 基于 DCC-GARCH 模型的动态相关性分析
+
+DCC-GARCH模型(Engle, Sheppard, 2001) 能够描绘市场之间的动态相关关系, 溢出指数模型量化了市场之间的波动溢出大小, 能够更好掌握市场间的联动效应. 假定时间序列的波动相关性跟前期波动大小相关, 可以观察不同市场之间的波动相关性, 并对其相关系数进行估计(李红权和何敏园(2017), 巩建英等(2021)). 本文构建如下形式的DCC-GARCH模型测度黄金现货、ETF、期货市场之间的动态联动关系, 均值方程为:
+
+$$
+\left\{
+\begin{array}{l}
+RS_t = \mu_{1t} + \varepsilon_t, \\
+RETF_t = \mu_{2t} + \varepsilon_t, \\
+RF_t = \mu_{3t} + \varepsilon_t.
+\end{array}
+\right.\qquad(8)
+$$
+
+其中, $\mu_t = \{\mu_{1t}, \dots, \mu_{3t}\}$ 是均值向量; $\varepsilon_t$ 是随机误差序列, 服从期望值为 0 的有条件的多元正态分布.
+
+$$
+\mu_t = E(r_t | \varphi_{t-1}) = E_{t-1}(r_t).\qquad(9)
+$$
+
+$r_t$ 是残差列向量; $\varphi_t$ 是 $t$ 期前的数据集合.
+
+$\mathbf{H_t}$ 为时变条件协方差矩阵:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{H_t} = \begin{bmatrix} h_{11,t} & h_{12,t} & h_{13,t} \\ h_{21,t} & h_{22,t} & h_{23,t} \\ h_{31,t} & h_{32,t} & h_{33,t} \end{bmatrix} = \mathbf{D_t R_t D_t}.\qquad(10)
+$$
+
+$\mathbf{D_t} = \text{diag}(\sigma_{i,t}, \dots, \sigma_{n,t})$ 是条件标准差元素的对角矩阵; $\mathbf{R_t} = \text{diag} \mathbf{Q_t}^{-1/2}\mathbf{Q_t} \text{diag} \mathbf{Q_t}^{-1/2}$ 是动态相关系数矩阵: $\text{diag} \mathbf{Q_t}^{-1/2} = \begin{bmatrix} 1/\sqrt{q_{11,t}} & & \\ & 1/\sqrt{q_{22,t}} & \\ & & 1/\sqrt{q_{33,t}} \end{bmatrix}$, $y_t = \mathbf{D_t^{-1}}\varepsilon_t$, $y_t$ 是通过 $\mathbf{D_t}$ 进行标准化的残差.
+
+$$
+\mathbf{Q_t} = q_{ij,t} = (1 - \alpha + \beta) \mathbf{\bar{Q}} + \alpha (\varepsilon_{t-1} \varepsilon'_{t-1}) + \beta \mathbf{Q_{t-1}}.\qquad(11)
+$$
+
+$\mathbf{\bar{Q}} = E(\varepsilon_{t-1} \varepsilon'_{t-1})$, 其中: $\mathbf{\bar{Q}}$ 是标准化残差的无条件方差矩阵, 且满足:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{\bar{Q}} = \begin{bmatrix} q_{11,t} & q_{12,t} & q_{13,t} \\ q_{21,t} & q_{22,t} & q_{23,t} \\ q_{31,t} & q_{32,t} & q_{33,t} \end{bmatrix}.\qquad(12)
+$$
+
+根据表 4的估计结果可以看出, 各参数在1%的显著性水平下显著不为0. 1） $\alpha$ 表示市场间收益率的动态相关系数受到前期相关系数的影响: 从模型结果来看, 三市场收益率的相关系数受前期影响都较小, 黄金现货与ETF、现货与期货、期货与ETF市场的动态相关系数受前期影响分别为7.3044%、6.1622%、12.8784%. 2） $\beta$ 表示市场间收益率相关性的持续性: 黄金现货、ETF、期货市场收益率相关状态持续性都比较大, 分别为91.1803%、90.9464%、86.6043%. 3） 另外, 模型估计结果满足 $\alpha<\beta$ , 即当期动态条件异方差受前期标准化残差的影响较小, 受到前期的动态条件异方差影响较大, 说明相关性变动有较强持续性特征. 4） $\alpha+\beta<1$ , 说明模型是稳定的, 同时 $\alpha+\beta$ 的值接近1, 表明三个市场收益率波动受前期影响较大, 持续时间长且存在有效的动态相关关系.
+
+**表 4 DCC-GARCH 模型估计结果**
+
+| 参数 | RS-RETF | RS-RF | RF-RETF | | α | 0.073044***(0.0000) | 0.061622***(0.0000) | 0.128784***(0.0000) | | β | 0.911803***(0.0000) | 0.909464***(0.0000) | 0.866043***(0.0000) | | α + β | 0.984847 | 0.971086 | 0.994827 |
+
+注：\*、\*\*、\*\*\* 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平.
+
+DCC-GARCH模型的动态相关系数图(见图 5), 可以看出: 1） 在样本区间, 黄金现货、ETF与期货市场的收益率动态相关性绝大部分时间都维持在0.9左右的高位, 说明市场间一体化程度较高. 2） 与其他市场间相关系数的波动相比, 黄金现货与期货市场收益率的波动关系表现地更为剧烈与频繁, 说明二者之间的相关性并不稳定. 3） 从相关系数的演变趋势可以发现三个市场之间的相关系数在2015年、2018年后基本都有显著下降, 说明该时期黄金现货、ETF、期货市场之间的相关程度下降. 而在2016年、2019年后出明显的上升态势, 说明在样本期间内, 黄金现货、EFT、期货市场之间的相关程度不断增强. 这可能与当时宏观经济形势、地缘政治事件以及疫情等冲击有关. 一般来说, ETF和现货走势高度一致, 而期货是对现货未来的预测, 所以两者走势有差异. 但相较于黄金现货与ETF、黄金期货与ETF市场的相关系数, 黄金现货与期货市场的相关系数并未在2015年出现显著下降. 这可能是由于2015年美联储持续加息、英国脱欧、希腊危机等一系列重大事件的冲击, 加大了政治风险, 引发市场恐慌, 导致黄金市场剧烈波动, 加大了市场间联动的不协调不同步. 具体来说, 可能是由于各市场在交易机制上具有较大差异, 譬如, 期货市场交易具有较大的杠杆, 而ETF的交易则无须保证金; 入市门槛不同, 期货入市门槛最高; ETF可以长期持有且没有到期日, 而期货有明确的到期日.
+
+
+
+**图 5 现货、ETF 及期货市场动态相关系数图**
+
+### 3.3 基于溢出指数模型的溢出效应分析
+
+溢出指数模型(Diebold and Yilmaz (2012)) 使用Cholesky因式分解方法计算每个交叉变量误差的方差在总预测误差方差中的比例来衡量溢出指数的大小, 改进了量化溢出效应, 可以用来度量金融市场溢出效应. 该模型在研究市场联动方面具有广泛应用(李红权等(2020)). 本文针对黄金现货、ETF和期货市场, 构建溢出指数模型. 首先, 建立 $P$ 阶的 $N$ 维VAR模型:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{R}_t = \sum_{i=1}^{p} \phi_i \mathbf{R_{t-i}} + \varepsilon_t.\qquad(13)
+$$
+
+其中, $\mathbf{R}_t = (\mathbf{RS}_{1,t}, \mathbf{RETF}_{2,t}, \mathbf{RF}_{3,t})'$ 是三个内生变量矩阵. $\varepsilon_t$ 是 $N$ 维扰动项向量, 且满足独立同分布, $\mathbf{\Sigma}$ 是协方差矩阵, 即 $\varepsilon_t \sim (0, \mathbf{\Sigma})$.
+
+当 VAR 系统中协方差平稳时, (13) 式的移动平均形式为:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{R_t} = \sum_{i=1}^{\infty} \mathbf{A}_i \varepsilon_{t-i}.\qquad(14)
+$$
+
+系数矩阵 $\mathbf{A_i}$ 为 $N×N$ 维的单位阵, 当 $i$ < 0 时, $\mathbf{A_i}$=0; 当 $i$ > 0 时, 具有如下的递归形式:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{A}_i = \phi_1 \mathbf{A}_{i-1} + \phi_2 \mathbf{A}_{i-2} + \dots + \phi_p \mathbf{A}_{i-p}.\qquad(15)
+$$
+
+$\theta_{ij}^g(H)$ 为向前 $H$ 步的预测误差方差分解, 其表示量 $x_j$ 对 $x_i$ 的前 $H$ 步预测误差的方差的贡献比例:
+
+$$
+\theta_{ij}^{g}(H) = \frac{\sigma_{jj}^{-1} \sum_{h=0}^{H-1} (e_{i'} \mathbf{A}_h \sum e_j)^2}{\sum_{h=0}^{H-1} (e_{i'} \mathbf{A}_h \sum \mathbf{A}_{h'} e_i)^2}.\qquad(16)
+$$
+
+式中 $e_i$ 是一个 $N×1$ 的列向量, 其中第 $i$ 个元素为 1, 其余元素均为零. $\sigma_{jj}$ 是第 $j$ 个变量的预测误差的标准差. 由于没有正交化处理, 广义预测误差方差分解方法中预测误差方差的贡献比例之和不一定等于 1, 即 $\sum_{j=1}^{N}\theta_{ij}^{g}(H) ≠ 1$. 进行标准化处理:
+
+$$
+\tilde{\theta}_{ij}^g(H) = \frac{\theta_{ij}^g(H)}{\sum_{j=1}^{N} \theta_{ij}^g(H)}.\qquad(17)
+$$
+
+由(17)式可知, $\sum_{j=1}^{N} \tilde{\theta}_{ij}^g(H) = 1$ 和 $\sum_{i,j=1}^{N} \tilde{\theta}_{ij}^g(H) = N$.
+
+使用总溢出指数、方向性溢出指数、净溢出指数、净成对溢出指数来测度市场的溢出效应. 其中总溢出指数:
+
+$$
+S^g(H) = \frac{\sum_{i,j=1, i \neq j}^{N} \tilde{\theta}_{ij}^g(H)}{\sum_{i,j=1}^{N} \tilde{\theta}_{ij}^g(H)} \cdot 100 = \frac{\sum_{i,j=1, i \neq j}^{N} \tilde{\theta}_{ij}^g(H)}{N} \cdot 100\qquad(18)
+$$
+
+是系统内各变量之间相互影响下最终的总体溢出情况. 方向性溢出指数(To和From):
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+S_{.i}^{g}(H) &= \frac{\sum_{j=1, i \neq j}^{N} \tilde{\theta}_{ji}^{g}(H)}{\sum_{i, j=1}^{N} \tilde{\theta}_{ji}^{g}(H)} \cdot 100 = \frac{\sum_{j=1, i \neq j}^{N} \tilde{\theta}_{ji}^{g}(H)}{N} \cdot 100, \qquad(19)\\
+S_{i.}^{g}(H) &= \frac{\sum_{j=1, i \neq j}^{N} \tilde{\theta}_{ij}^{g}(H)}{\sum_{i, j=1}^{N} \tilde{\theta}_{ij}^{g}(H)} \cdot 100 = \frac{\sum_{j=1, i \neq j}^{N} \tilde{\theta}_{ij}^{g}(H)}{N} \cdot 100,\qquad(20)
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+其中 $S_{.i}^g(H)$ 是市场 $i$ 对系统内所有其他市场的方向溢出量 (To), $S_{i.}^g(H)$ 是市场 $i$ 从所有其他市场接收的方向溢出量 (From). 净溢出指数:
+
+$$
+S_{i}^{g}(H) = S_{.i}^{g}(H) - S_{i.}^{g}(H).\qquad(21)
+$$
+
+分析某个市场 $i$ 是否是其他所有市场信息冲击的接收者或者传播者,并对净溢出进行度量.净成对溢出指数:
+
+$$
+S_{i j}^{g}(H)=\left(\frac{\tilde{\theta}_{ji}^{g}(H)}{\sum_{i,k=1}^{N}\tilde{\theta}_{ik}^{g}(H)}-\frac{\tilde{\theta}_{ij}^{g}(H)}{\sum_{j,k=1}^{N} \tilde{\theta}_{ik}^{g}(H)}\right)=\left(\frac{\tilde{\theta}_{ji}^{g}(H)-\tilde{\theta}_{ij}^{g}(H)}{N}\right) \cdot 100.\qquad(22)
+$$
+
+判断两个市场之间的波动净溢出效应.
+
+#### 3.3.1 静态溢出效应分析
+
+根据AIC等准则使用滞后2阶, 向前预测步长为10的VAR模型估计溢出指数. 从表 5中可以看出: 1） 总溢出指数表明在整个系统65.01%的变动可以由黄金现货、ETF、期货市场收益率之间的相互作用解释, 市场整体联动水平较高. 2） 黄金现货、ETF、期货市场收益率的方向性溢出指数十分相近, 其中方向性溢出指数(To) 分别为0.6424、0.6529、0.6549, 方向性溢出指数(From) 分别为0.6479、0.6508、0.6514. 3） 黄金现货、ETF、期货市场收益率的净溢出指数分别为 -0.56、0.21、0.35. 这说明: 黄金期货与ETF市场为正向净溢出, 是风险溢出的传递者, 而现货市场净溢出指数为负, 是风险溢出的接收者; 黄金期货市场的净溢出效应最高, 其次是ETF市场, 现货市场净溢出指数最低, 黄金期货具有最强的价格发现作用, 其价格变动的幅度和方向对现货和ETF市场具有重要传导作用. 4） 三个市场收益率净成对溢出指数十分接近, 都在32%~33%之间, 表明溢出是双向的, 市场收益率的波动溢出存在对称性特征.
+
+#### 3.3.2 动态溢出效应分析
+
+为了全面捕捉市场中可能存在的重要波动, 选择滚动窗口来分析市场波动动态特征. 本文参考Diebold and Yilmaz (2012), 谭小芬等(2018), 朱学红等(2023), 选择窗宽=200 作为本文的研究窗宽, 分析黄金现货、ETF、期货市场收益率的动态溢出效应. 发现动态溢出效应和前述静态溢出效应结果基本保持一致. 从图 6可知: 样本期内, 市场总体溢出指数基本维持在65%左右, 2019年到2020年出现较大波动, 一度下探到55%附近, 说明三市场收益率存在着显著的动态溢出效应. 这可能是由于, 2018年以来, 在美元升值、美中之间的贸易冲突加剧以及新兴市场的动荡背景下, 黄金价格低迷, 国内黄金市场溢出效应放缓. 2019年全球经济面临下行压力, 加之地缘政治以及新冠疫情暴发等重大事件的综合影响, 全球避险情绪高涨, 推动黄金市场价格上涨, 国内黄金市场溢出效应显著增强.
+
+**表 5 溢出指数表**
+
+| 市场 | S | ETF | F | FROM others | | S | 35.21 | 32.32 | 32.48 | 64.79 | | ETF | 32.06 | 34.92 | 33.02 | 65.08 | | F | 32.18 | 32.97 | 34.86 | 65.14 | | TO others | 64.24 | 65.29 | 65.49 | 195.02 | | NET | -0.56 | 0.21 | 0.35 | 65.01 |
+
+注: 表中左上部分 3 × 3 矩阵中, 对角线上的数据代表此市场的预测方差来自自身冲击所占比例; 对于非对角线上的数据来说, 每行数据代表受到其他市场的溢出效应, 每列数据代表该市场对其他市场的作用程度. From Others列为方向性溢出指数 $S_{i.}^{g}(H)$, 表示某个市场接收到其他市场的信息溢出. To Others行为方向性溢出指数 $S_{.i}^{g}(H)$, 表示某个市场对其他所有市场的信息溢出. Net行为净溢出指数 $S_{i}^{g}(H)$, 表示各市场的信息净溢出, 表中右下方数据为整个系统的总体溢出指数 $S^g(H)$.
+
+
+
+**图 6 滚动窗口下的动态溢出指数**
+
+图 7和图 8是黄金现货、ETF、期货市场收益率动态方向性波动溢出指数, 包括对外溢出指数(TO)和接收溢出(FROM). 从图中可以看出: 样本区间三市场收益率动态方向性波动溢出指数维持在65%左右, 2019年三市场的对外溢出指数(TO)和接收溢出(FROM) 均出现了显著的下降. 这可能与2019年疫情暴发, 减少了市场间的联系, 使得三市场的对外溢出指数和接收指数均出现下降. 不同市场的降幅存在较大差异: 黄金现货市场降幅最大, 分别下降到43%、50%, 期货与ETF市场降幅大概在5%左右. 这说明黄金现货、ETF、期货市场的对外溢出指数(TO)和接收溢出指数(FROM) 具有不对称性.
+
+从三市场收益率净溢出指数动态图(图 9) 可知: 1) 样本期内, 黄金现货市场收益率在多数时期呈现为负向净溢出, 绝大部分时间为溢出的接收者, 黄金ETF、期货市场收益率多数时期为正向溢出, 即绝大部分时间为溢出的传播者. 2) 黄金现货、ETF市场收益率的净溢出指数波动较大: 样本期内, 黄金现货市场收益率的净溢出指数维持在-1%到1%之间, 2019年初净溢出指数一度下降到-7%, 2020年逐渐回复到1%水平附近; 黄金ETF市场收益率净溢出指数基本维持在1%附近, 2019年初净溢出指数大幅上升, 一度达到6%; 黄金期货市场收益率净溢出指数基本维持在均值附近, 2019年出现较大波动, 但净溢出指数在-2%到2%水平波动. 净成对溢出指数图(见图 10) 可知, 黄金现货到ETF、现货到期货的净成对溢出指数波动最大, 2019年达到-4%和-3%. 这可能与2019年疫情全面暴发, 市场交易受到巨大冲击, 市场间联系减少, 使得市场间在净溢出以及净成对溢出指数上都出现了不同程度上的下降.
+
+
+
+**图 7 黄金现货、ETF、期货市场收益率对外溢出动态图**
+
+
+
+**图 8 黄金现货、ETF、期货市场收益率接收溢出动态图**
+
+
+
+**图 9 黄金现货、ETF、期货市场净溢出指数动态图**
+
+
+
+**图 10 黄金现货、ETF、期货市场净成对溢出指数动态图**
+
+### 3.4 稳健性检验分析
+
+黄金市场波动与外部宏观环境存在着密切的联系, 2020年新冠疫情席卷全球加重了经济的不确定性, 市场避险情绪高涨. 本文稳健性检验部分将聚焦于我国疫情暴发及防控期, 选取2019年12月8日(当日武汉卫健委通报第一例新冠确诊病例) 至2020年5月22日(当日国家卫健委通报新增确诊病例首次为零) 时间序列数据, 检验疫情冲击下, 黄金现货、ETF以及期货市场收益率的动态联动关系.
+
+表 6展示疫情期间黄金现货、ETF及期货市场收益率动态相关性估计结果. 模型满足 $\alpha +\beta< 1$ 的要求, 参数在10%的显著性水平下显著, 满足 $\alpha +\beta$ 值接近1. 图 11显示在样本期内动态相关系数在多数区间维持在较高的水平, 表明三个市场之间存在着显著且持续动态相关性关系. 这与前文的结果分析基本一致, 表明疫情的冲击并没有改变市场之间的动态相关关系.
+
+**表6 DCC-GARCH 模型估计结果**
+
+| 参数 | RS-RETF | RS-RF | RF-RETF | | α | 0.244504***(0.0029) | 0.220841***(0.0025) | 0.311672*(0.0622) | | β | 0.738932***(0.0000) | 0.763033***(0.0000) | 0.622550*(0.0575) | | α + β | 0.983436 | 0.983874 | 0.934222 |
+
+注：\*、\*\*、\*\*\* 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平.
+
+
+
+**图 11 现货、ETF及期货市场收益率动态相关系数图**
+
+结合静态与动态溢出指数情况(表 7、图 12)可以发现, 样本期内总溢出水平基本保持在65%左右, 市场总体溢出水平较高. 净溢出、净成对溢出动态图(图 13~16) 在该区间出现明显的峰谷, 这可能是因为疫情在美国等国家2020年3月开始走高, 下旬暴发, 短期内给市场带来巨大冲击. 从图 13、图 14中可以看出, 三市场接收溢出与对外溢出变化幅度并不大, 约在5%左右. 结合表 7及图 15、图 16净溢出指数水平可以发现, 在样本期内, 黄金现货市场表现为负向溢出, 为溢出接收方, 黄金期货与ETF市场基本表现为正向溢出, 为溢出传递方. 与之前研究结论基本一致, 疫情冲击并未对市场之间的波动溢出关系造成显著的影响, 市场之间的联动及波动溢出关系具有稳定性.
+
+**表 7 溢出指数表**
+
+
+
+
+ | 市场 |
+ S |
+ ETF |
+ F |
+ FROM others |
+
+
+
+
+ | S |
+ 34.25 |
+ 32.87 |
+ 32.88 |
+ 65.75 |
+
+
+ | ETF |
+ 32.67 |
+ 33.78 |
+ 33.55 |
+ 66.22 |
+
+
+ | F |
+ 32.58 |
+ 33.49 |
+ 33.94 |
+ 66.06 |
+
+
+ | TO others |
+ 65.25 |
+ 66.36 |
+ 66.42 |
+ 198.03 |
+
+
+ | NET |
+ -0.50 |
+ 0.14 |
+ 0.36 |
+ 66.01 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+**图 12 滚动窗口下的动态溢出指数**
+
+
+
+**图 13 黄金现货、ETF、期货市场对外溢出动态图**
+
+## 4 结论与建议
+
+本文研究了我国黄金现货、ETF、期货市场的联动性以及波动溢出效应: 1） 构建MS-GARCH模型发现三市场收益率序列维持在高、低两种波动状态下的系数都比较高, 发生高低状态转换的概率较小. 根据平滑概率图发现2019年后三市场收益率在高、低波动状态的持续时间都比较短, 两种状态的交替更加频繁. 2） DCC-GARCH模型表明: 三市场收益率的相关系数受前期影响较小(在10%左右), 收益率相关状态持续性都比较大(在90%左右). 三市场收益率动态相关性绝大部分时间都维持在了0.9左右的高水平, 说明市场间一体化程度高. 黄金现货与期货市场收益率之间的相关系数之间的相关系数波动更为剧烈更为频繁. 三市场收益率相关系数在2015年、2018年后都有显著下降. 3） 溢出指数模型表明: 样本期内, 黄金现货市场收益率呈负向净溢出, 绝大部分时间为溢出的接收者, 黄金ETF、期货市场收益率多数时期为正向溢出, 即绝大部分时间为溢出的传播者. 三市场收益率的总溢出指数、方向性溢出指数、净溢出指数、净成对溢出指数等在2019年出现较大幅度下跌.
+
+
+
+**图 14 黄金现货、ETF、期货市场接收溢出动态图**
+
+
+
+**图 15 黄金现货、ETF、期货市场净溢出动态图**
+
+
+
+**图 16 黄金现货、ETF、期货市场净成对溢出动态图**
+
+本文提出如下政策建议: 1） 首先, 黄金现货、ETF、期货市场具有较强的波动持续性, 即“长记忆性”, 具有避险功能, 是机构或个人投资者进行投资的重要选择. 2） 黄金现货、ETF以及期货市场之间的联动关系以及波动溢出效应具有较强的时变性, 尤其是在遇到外部冲击时, 譬如本文显示在2019年-2020年, 现货市场的波动较大, 且溢出指数变动最大, 因此进行黄金市场投资的时应当择机选择. 3）为有效防范金融市场风险, 促进我国黄金市场的发展, 优化产品结构, 譬如通过引入EFT期权等产品, 加强市场之间的联动, 化解风险和波动.
+
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_182.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_182.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..254768762e4c7266f6769a8d237ce52ba31b59bb
--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,338 @@
+**doi:** 10.12012/CJoE2023-0126
+
+# 数字经济发展对居民家庭消费的影响机理与效应研究
+
+王瑶瑶1, 张萌2, 贾锐宁2, 柴建2, 郭菊娥3
+
+(1. 军事科学院战略评估咨询中心, 北京 100091; 2. 西安电子科技大学经济与管理学院, 西安 710126; 3. 西安交通大学管理学院, 西安 710049)
+
+**摘要** 在后疫情时代逆全球化思潮抬头的背景下, 如何扩大居民消费规模和畅通经济内循环成为当下亟待解决的重要问题. 数字经济与传统产业的深度融合能够创造可观的“数字红利”, 是扩大内需以及实现高质量发展的关键驱动力. 本文利用中国家庭追踪调查数据库(CFPS) 与宏观数据相匹配, 构建面板固定效应模型进行估计. 研究发现: ① 数字经济发展能够显著提升居民家庭消费水平和居民人均消费水平, 且具有稳健性. ② 数字经济发展主要通过改善居民收入质量对居民消费水平产生积极影响. 而消费环境的优化不是数字经济提升居民家庭消费的主要原因. ③ 异质性分析表明, 数字经济发展对低失业率地区和以及低人力资本家庭的消费提升作用更为明显. ④ 从家庭消费结构来看, 数字经济发展显著提高了各类收入群体的发展型消费支出, 仅对高收入家庭的享受型支出有显著的正向作用. 本文的研究结论为进一步利用数字经济发展来释放消费潜力提供了决策依据.
+
+**关键词** 数字经济发展; 居民家庭消费; 收入质量; 消费环境; 消费结构
+
+
+
+**收稿日期:** 2023-10-23
+**基金项目:** 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(ZYTS23006); 国家自然科学基金(72373116)
+**Supported by** Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (ZYTS23006); National Natural Science Foundation of China (72373116)
+**作者简介:** 王瑶瑶, 博士, 助理研究员, 研究方向: 宏观经济政策与经济计量分析, E-mail: wangyaoyao9409@126.com; 通信作者: 张萌, 硕士研究生, 研究方向: 能源经济与能源数字化转型, E-mail: mengzhang_turing@foxmail.com; 贾锐宁, 博士, 讲师, 研究方向: 能源与环境经济学, E-mail: jrn668@126.com; 柴建, 博士, 教授, 博士生导师, 研究方向: 能源风险管理和宏观经济计量等, E-mail: chaijian0376@126.com; 郭菊娥, 博士, 教授, 博士生导师, 研究方向: 节能减排与能源政策, E-mail: guojue@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
+
+# The Impact of Digital Economy Development on Household Consumption: Effects and Mechanisms
+
+WANG Yaoyao¹, ZHANG Meng², JIA Ruining², CHAI Jian², GUO Ju'e³
+
+（1. Consulting Center for Strategic Assessment, Academy of Military Science, Beijing 100091, China；2. School of Economics and Management, Xidian University, Xi'an 710126, China；3. School of Management, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China）
+
+**Abstract** In the background of the rise of the anti-globalization trend in the postepidemic era, China's economic development is expected to rely more on the increase in the degree of dependence on the pull of domestic demand, so the study on how to promote the level of consumption of the residents and the expansion of domestic demand is also becoming more and more critical. The deep integration of digital economic development and traditional industries can release a sizable "digital dividend", colossal energy, is the expansion of domestic demand, the realization of the "domestic cycle" of the critical potential driving force. Given this, based on the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) database, this paper constructs the digital economy development level index at the provincial level in China. It empirically examines the theoretical analysis and empirical test on the effect of digital economy development on residents' household consumption. The study finds that: (ⅰ) Digital economy development can promote residents' household and per capita consumption. This conclusion still holds after a series of robustness tests. (ⅱ) The development of the digital economy can positively impact residents' consumption level, mainly through improving the quality of residents' income. However, optimizing the consumption environment is not the main reason for the digital economy to promote consumption.(ⅲ) From the heterogeneity analysis, digital economy development has a more noticeable effect on the consumption enhancement of regions with low unemployment rates and households with low labor costs. (ⅳ) This paper further discusses the impact of digital economic development on the consumption structure and finds that digital economic development makes it diffcult to enhance residents' subsistence consumption but significantly increases the developmental consumption expenditures of income groups at all levels and also substantially promotes the enjoyment expenditures of high-income households. The findings of this paper provide theoretical support and a decision-making basis for further utilizing digital economic development to release consumption potential.
+
+**Keywords** digital economy development; household consumption; income quality; consumption environment; consumption structure
+
+## 1 引言
+
+2020年以来, 受新冠疫情(COVID-19)、国际单边主义以及地缘政治等影响, 全球通胀水平处于高位, 经济持续下行, 外需疲弱对中国经济稳定带来巨大压力. 党的二十大报告指出"着力扩大内需, 增强消费对经济发展的基础性作用和投资对优化供给结构的关键作用". 扩大需求有利于稳定发展以及有效应对外部冲击和挑战, 有利于国内经济大循环基本盘的形成, 为加快构建新发展格局、推动经济高质量发展提供战略支撑. 2022年我国内需对经济增长的贡献率达82.9%1. 依托巨大的人口规模和市场资源优势, 我国成为世界第二大消费市场. 但我国在消费总量扩大的同时, 也存在人均消费不足的特点. 2021年, 我国人均消费支出为4489美元, 仍低于世界平均水平2. 特别, 疫情带来的"疤痕效应"对居民收入和消费的影响可能具有长期化风险. 国家统计局数据显示, 2022年全国居民人均可支配收入上涨2.9%, 然而全国居民人均消费支出却下降0.2%, 其中城镇居民人均消费支出降幅为1.7%. 用居民平均消费倾向表示的居民可支配收入中消费支出所占比重更加直观反映这一趋势. 2013–2022年中国居民平均消费倾向从0.722降至0.665, 特别是在疫情出现后降幅较大. 图 1直观地反映出我国居民人均可支配收入逐年增加, 但人均消费增速乏力的现状. 这说明疫情导致的经济不确定性增加可能会提高居民的预防性储蓄, 降低平均消费倾向, 延缓消费潜力的释放.
+
+习近平总书记指出: "建立和完善扩大居民消费的长效机制, 使居民有稳定收入能消费、没有后顾之忧敢消费、消费环境优获得感强愿消费."数字经济的快速发展为实现居民消费的稳步增长提供了有力支持. 2022年我国数字经济规模达到50.2万亿元, 总量居世界第二. 数字经济占GDP比重达41.5%, 相当于第二产业占国民经济的比重3.数字经济发展取得积极成效的同时, 也对居民消费能力和消费环境产生了深远的影响, 为扩大居民消费提供了有力支持. 在消费环境方面, 随着数字技术应用的不断普及, 各种新的消费形态不断演进, 数字消费、信息消费、沉浸式消费等消费新形态进一步满足了消费者对个性化、多样化产品和服务的需求. 数字经济与实体企业的深度融合能够增强企业创新能力, 提升商品和服务质量和消费者效用水平. 在消费能力方面, 数字技术的快速迭代有利于提高生产效率, 扩大总产出, 但其同时对就业具有冲击, 促使企业人力资本结构升级(余明桂, 马林和王空, 2022). 因此数字经济发展对居民收入的影响是复杂且多方面的. 基于此, 本文从消费能力和消费环境视角考察数字经济对居民消费的多重影响途径, 有利于深入理解数字经济对居民消费影响机理与效应.
+
+
+
+**图 1 2013-2022 年中国人均可支配收入和平均消费倾向**
+
+
+
+1数据来源于国家统计局.
+
+2根据世界银行,2021年世界高收入国家的人均居民最终消费支出平均值为25151美元,世界各国平均值为6242美元,我国为4489美元. https://data.worldbank.org.cn/indicator/NE.CON.PRVT.PC.KD.
+
+3根据国家互联网信息办公室发布的《数字中国发展报告(2022年)》. http://www.cac.gov.cn/2023-05/22/c1686402318492248.htm.
+
+与本文密切相关的文献从不同角度探讨了数字经济发展对消费规模和消费结构的影响. 从消费规模看, 部分研究认为数字经济发展有利于扩大居民消费规模(Sun and Tang, 2022), 王雄, 黄云和任晓航等(2022)研究发现数字普惠金融对居民消费具有正向空间溢出效应.
+
+还有部分文献从微观视角出发, 探讨了数字经济与数字金融发展对居民家庭消费支出的影响(王景河和沈洋, 2023). 他们认为数字金融为消费者提供便捷支付渠道, 加速消费决策, 促进居民消费(易行健和周利, 2018; 张勋, 杨桐和汪晨等, 2020). 数字普惠金融利用大数据优势, 使被传统金融排除在外的群体有机会获得普惠金融服务, 缓解居民流动性约束, 增加消费性信贷需求(何宗樾, 张勋和万广华, 2020). 然而这一作用可能存在异质性特征, 对资产少、收入低和财务状况差的家庭更具显著效果(Li, Wu and Xiao, 2020). 从消费结构看, 现有研究从产业升级、数字技术应用以及家庭消费决策等视角探讨了数字经济发展对消费结构的影响. 比如, 陈建, 邹红和张俊英(2022)与时大红和蒋伏心(2022)分别从宏观层面和产业层面证实了数字经济可以通过加速市场化进程和促进产业升级推动居民消费升级. 祝仲坤(2020)认为互联网技能有利于提高平均消费倾向, 尤其是文娱消费倾向, 降低恩格尔系数. 杨碧云, 郭壮哲和易行健等(2023)从微观家庭视角研究发现数字经济通过提升各类收入水平、降低收入与消费不确定性、缓解流动性约束以及拓宽社会网络机制等方式推动消费升级. 纪园园, 张美星和冯树辉(2022)研究发现平台经济带来了消费模式的升级换代, 从需求端拉动了产业的转型升级.
+
+综合上述文献发现, 现有关于数字经济与居民消费关系的研究主要从数字普惠金融、数字化转型以及互联网技术等方面切入, 但数字经济内涵丰富, 不同数字经济维度对居民消费的影响效果各异, 难以在整体上把握两者之间的复杂关联. 因此有必要构建数字经济发展指数准确识别数字经济发展对居民消费的影响机理与效应. 鉴于此, 本文利用2014–2018年的中国家庭追踪调查问卷(China Family Panel Studies, CFPS)构造三期平衡面板数据, 从微观视角考察数字经济发展对居民消费的影响机理与效应. 具体而言, 首先构建面板固定效应模型估计数字经济发展对居民消费支出的影响, 通过克服内生性的工具变量和稳健性检验发现数字经济发展显著对居民家庭消费具有显著的提升作用; 其次, 深入探讨从数字经济发展到居民家庭消费的传导机制, 依次将收入质量和消费环境加入中介效应模型, 发现数字经济主要是通过改善收入质量促进消费, 而消费环境不是数字经济提升家庭消费的主要原因; 再次, 尽管数字经济发展有效提升了居民消费, 但这一作用可能受区域经济和家庭特征的影响而不同. 通过异质性分析发现, 数字经济发展对低失业率地区和低人力资本家庭的消费提升作用更为明显; 最后, 深入挖掘数字经济发展对不同收入群体消费结构和消费升级的影响, 发现数字经济没有促进所有居民的生存型消费, 但显著提升了各类收入群体的发展型消费, 同时仅仅促进了高收入群体的享受型消费.
+
+本文的主要边际贡献在于: 第一, 尽管部分文献从家庭视角研究了数字经济发展对居民消费的影响, 但是却缺乏对其影响机理的合理解释. 本文从消费能力和消费环境的视角出发, 考察数字经济发展对居民家庭消费的影响效应, 丰富了数字经济发展与居民消费相关关系的研究成果, 是对居民消费领域相关研究的补充; 第二, 本文聚焦数字经济的增收效应, 细化了消费能力和消费环境的表征变量, 从收入的充足性、不确定性、结构性和知识性等方面讨论了数字经济对居民家庭消费能力的影响, 从政治法制环境、经济社会环境、消费基础设施环境、消费供给环境等方面探究数字经济对消费环境的影响. 这将有利于从微观层面深入理解数字经济促进居民消费的影响机理与作用效果. 第三, 考虑到我国区域经济发展梯度明显, 居民收入和消费模式因地区而不同, 不同消费群体的消费习惯与偏好也存在明显差异. 本文进一步从不同区域经济环境、不同户主人力资本特征的角度, 分析了数字经济发展对居民家庭消费的异质性作用.
+
+本文共分为七部分, 第二部分为理论分析与研究假说, 第三部分为研究设计, 第四部分为实证分析, 第五部分为拓展性讨论, 第六部分为稳健性和内生性检验, 最后是结论与政策启示.
+
+## 2 理论分析与研究假说
+
+数字经济在经济领域反映了一种生产方式的变革. 作为一种通用目的技术, 数字化技术(information and communication technology, ICT)能够渗透到经济社会系统的每一个环节. 同时, 受到摩尔定律、吉尔德定律和金帆定律的影响, ICT产品的价格迅速下降, 对其他产品具有显著的替代效应. 在消费领域, 数字经济打破了传统的消费模式, 对居民家庭的消费行为和消费结构产生了深远影响. 此外, ICT与其他要素的结合, 通过要素流通, 能够增强要素间的协同性, 促进公平与效率. 因此, 数字经济的发展对居民家庭消费的影响是多维复合的. 数字经济的发展不仅直接影响居民家庭消费, 还通过零工经济、数字金融、经济格局优化等更微观的层面对居民家庭消费产生间接影响. 数字经济凭借其渗透性、替代性和协同性的三大特点, 有效调节了消费经济中的供需矛盾, 改善了经济活动空间, 带来了经济社会系统的全面改造和升级. 基于此, 本文从数字经济对居民消费的直接影响效应和间接影响效应两个方面进行研究, 并论证了数字经济发展对居民家庭消费的影响效应及作用机理, 并提出研究假设.
+
+### 2.1 数字经济发展对居民消费的直接影响
+
+数字经济作为继农业经济、工业经济之后的第三种主要经济形态, 其对居民家庭消费产生了重要影响. 首先, 数字经济发展提高了支付便利性. 数字经济的兴起促进了各类电子支付系统的发展, 尤其是以智能手机为依托的硬件设备的普及和支付技术的嵌入, 不仅为在线购物创造了条件, 在实体经济中, 电子支付也同样推动了交易的便利化, 降低现金管理成本. 此外, 比特币等加密数字货币以及区块链智能合约的发展, 正尝试摆脱传统的交易方式的限制, 降低交易活动的时间和成本, 为跨国交易提供了新的可能. 数字经济发展带来的支付便利有利于家庭消费活动的开展. 其次, 数字经济发展增加了农村、偏远地区消费者进入消费市场的机会. 既有研究发现数字经济发展具有益贫效应(向国成, 石校菲和邝劲松, 2021), 例如新业态的出现为农民、工人等群体提供了新的就业机会, 同时也给小企业提供了广阔的市场. 数字普惠金融促使更多的人能够获得金融服务, 借助数字技术, 人们可以更便捷地进行支付、储蓄、消费和融资等金融活动, 有助于缩小城乡居民的消费差距(张勋, 万广华和张佳佳, 2019). 再次, 数字消费新业态新模式能更好满足消费者个性化需求, 为消费者提供更加全面的消费体验和服务. 虚拟现实(VR)、增强现实(AR)以及元宇宙等技术的不断进步, 提升了消费者观察、感受、体验产品特征的体验, 实现了消费行为的空间拓展. 据此, 本文提出以下假说:
+
+**假说1** 数字经济发展能够有效促进居民家庭消费水平提高.
+
+### 2.2 数字经济发展对居民消费的间接影响
+
+#### 2.2.1 收入质量
+
+数字技术、产业数字化转型、互联网电商以及数字普惠金融等数字经济发展将直接或间接影响着居民收入和消费. 正如经典消费理论强调收入是影响居民消费决策的最主要因素, 提高家庭可支配收入会显著提升家庭消费水平. 事实上, 数量化的家庭收入只能反映问题的单个方面, 难以充分反映劳动力技能水平、就业创业环境、收入稳定性等维度对居民消费的影响, 无法回答数字经济发展、收入质量以及居民消费三者之间内在联结关系. 参考孔荣和王欣(2013)与罗永明和陈秋红(2020)的做法, 本文将收入质量分解为收入充足性、收入不确定性、收入结构性和收入知识性四个维度, 收入质量的改善可以体现为劳动技能水平提高、收入来源增加、总收入增加以及收入稳定性增加, 见图 2所示.
+
+数字经济将从以下方面影响收入质量: 1） 数字经济有利于提高劳动者知识和技能. 数字技术的普及能够降低信息壁垒, 也为劳动者提升基础技能和数字技能创造条件. 比如, 2020年以来各地利用先进的数字技术开展"互联网+职业技能培训计划", 为降低劳动者数字技能获得门槛, 提升劳动者理论知识和基础技能奠定了良好的基础4. 2） 数字技术通过技术创新、融合赋能等方式促进经济增长, 再通过分享、普惠等方式提升不同群体收入水平(Corrado, Haskel and Jona-Lasinio, 2017; 张勋, 万广华和吴海涛, 2018). 以数字技术为支撑的数字经济能够有效缓解家庭流动性约束、提升居民创业活跃度以及扩大居民社会网络, 从而提升低收入群体居民收入水平(易行健, 魏小桃和杨碧云等, 2023). 3） 数字经济发展拓宽了居民收入来源. 不断涌现的数字经济新业态、新模式突破了时间和空间限制, 创造出诸多新职业和新的就业岗位. 在数字经济和平台经济的催生下, 灵活就业蓬勃发展, 吸纳就业的作用显著5. 比如, 生活服务类数字平台和数字文化平台都创造了大量新的工作形态. 4） 数字经济发展可能会降低收入不确定性. 数字经济利用大数据、云计算和5G等数字技术, 将海量数据转换为信息优势, 能够降低经济活动的不确定性(杨虎涛和胡乐明, 2023). 这有利于求职者获得更多人力市场信息, 从而减少收入不确定性. 基于以上分析, 本文提出以下假说:
+
+**假说 2** 数字经济发展通过提升收入质量促进居民家庭消费水平提升, 其中数字经济发展对收入质量的影响是多维度的.
+
+
+
+**图 2 数字经济发展对居民消费的影响机理**
+
+#### 2.2.2 消费环境
+
+数字经济总体上有利于改善消费环境, 主要体现在以下四个方面: 1） 政府数字化转型有利于提高治理水平, 改善政治法制环境. 数字经济在科技和和经济领域的快速发展, 为政府数字化转型提供技术条件的同时也对其提出了更高要求. 这要求政府治理逐渐向数字化、智能化新形态转变, 以适应数字经济带来的新需求. 数字政府利用互联网、云计算、大数据、人工智能等新一代信息技术, 打造政府数字化平台, 在政府管理、组织架构、公共服务和社会治理等方面为政府现代化治理赋能. 比如, 浙江省玉环市利用数字化技术改进财政资金管理平台, 逐步实现财政数字化监管的全覆盖6. 该平台能够实时监控全市行政事业单位大额资金交易明细, 有效提高资金监管效率和风险预警的准确性, 为财政廉洁高效提供有力支撑. 2） 数字经济发展对经济环境的演变发挥重要作用. 数字经济与实体经济融合, 促进产业结构优化升级和经济高质量发展(赵涛, 张智和梁上坤, 2020). 然而, 由于不同群体、不同地区对信息网络技术的拥有和使用差距悬殊, 引发严重的数字鸿沟和收入差距问题(何宗樾, 张勋和万广华, 2020). 3） 消费基础设施的数字化改造有利于提高其运行效率. 在交通方面, 数字化交通运输将交通实时监控信息和车辆导航信息相结合, 为改善交通拥堵和提高运输效率提供可行方案. 在物流方面, 数字化物流将大幅提升运距、货运量、运输速度和装卸效率, 改进供应链策略, 使物流全流程更加智能、高效、低成本. 4） 数字经济发展改善供给环境. 将数字技术应用于企业生产体系和监测体系能够增加信息透明性, 提升产品质量. 利用大数据和数字技术进行市场细分, 能够及时精准捕捉市场需求, 满足不同消费群体的个性化需求. 据此, 本文提出以下假说:
+
+**假说3** 数字经济发展带来的消费环境改善, 有利于促进居民消费增加.
+
+
+
+42020年2月,人力资源社会保障部、财政部共同印发《关于实施职业技能提升行动“互联网+职业技能培训计划”的通知》(以下简称《通知》).《通知》决定在2020年至2021年实施职业技能提升行动“互联网+职业技能培训计划”,鼓励支持广大劳动者参加线上职业技能培训.
+
+52021年8月8日,国家发展改革委就业司发布《数字经济时代下,要让灵活就业更加规范发展》https://www.ndrc.gov.cn/fggz/jyysr/jysrsbxf/202108/t20210818_1293928.html.
+
+62023年6月14日,中央纪委国家监委网站发布《浙江玉环:用好数字化手段,推进清廉财政建设》https://www.ccdi.gov.cn/gzdtn/jcfc/202306/t20230607_268455.html.
+
+## 3 研究设计
+
+### 3.1 模型设定
+
+本研究旨在探讨数字经济对居民消费的影响效应, 借鉴张勋, 杨桐和汪晨等(2020)的做法, 构建如下模型:
+
+$$
+\ln(C_{ijt}) = \beta_0 + \beta_1 \text{Digi}_{jt-1} + \beta_2 \text{Controls}_{ijt} + \mu_i + \rho_t + \varepsilon_{ijt},\qquad(1)
+$$
+
+其中,被解释变量 $\ln(C_{ijt})$ 表示 $t$ 年 $j$ 地区家庭 $i$ 的消费支出的对数值;核心解释变量 $\text{Digi}_{jt-1}$ 表示地区数字经济发展水平. $\beta_1$ 是本文主要关注的回归系数,若回归系数显著为正,则表明数字经济发展能够促进居民消费,支持本文的理论预期;$\text{Controls}_{ijt}$ 表示一系列控制变量. $\mu_i$ 表示家庭固定效应; $\rho_t$ 表示时间固定效应; $\varepsilon_{ijt}$ 为随机扰动项.此外,数字经济发展对经济社会的作用存在某种滞后效应,本文将数字经济滞后一期以缓解内生性.同一地区内部样本的相关性,我们还将标准误进行了地区层面的聚类稳健处理.
+
+### 3.2 变量构建与说明
+
+#### 3.2.1 被解释变量
+
+居民家庭消费. 居民消费变量以家庭为单位, 包括食品、衣着、水电和住房支出等一系列实物类支出, 也包括医疗保健、教育、娱乐等服务类支出, 但不包括慈善、捐赠等转移支付支出和购房建房等非消费支出. 为避免价格因素对估计结果产生影响, 本文使用各省份食品、衣着等八大类别消费价格指数7对相应的家庭消费品支出进行平减后加总. 其中, 各类CPI指数以2011年的价格作为基期. 对于缺失值较多的消费类别, 比如"其他用品和服务"以及"教育文化和娱乐"等支出的价格指数, 借鉴唐琦, 夏庆杰和李实(2018)的方法, 使用当年该省份的居民消费价格总指数代替.
+
+#### 3.2.2 解释变量
+
+数字经济发展指数. 参考王军, 朱杰和罗茜(2021), 一级指标选取数字经济发展载体、产业数字化、数字产业化以及数字经济发展环境四个方面, 选取30个变量, 利用熵值法对数字经济的综合指数进行测算. 该指数从宏观上反映出各个地区数字经济发展的先决条件、ICT产业发展、数字产业融合以及发展环境, 能够比较全面地反映数字经济整体发展状况, 具有很强的代表性(王军, 刘小凤和朱杰, 2023).
+
+#### 3.2.3 中介变量
+
+##### 1） 中介作用机制一：收入质量
+
+收入质量: 参考罗永明和陈秋红(2020)的做法, 本文选取收入知识性、收入充足性、收入结构性和收入不确定性四个指标, 并利用熵值法计算收入质量指数. 熵值法是一种客观赋权方法, 能够避免主观赋权造成指数测度不准确. 该方法根据每个指标的数据分散程度, 对每个指标的信息进行处理, 可以获得更客观的权重指标. 收入质量可以分为以下四个维度:
+
+收入知识性: 家庭自身文化知识及专业技能获得相应的收入回报是收入质量体系的重要衡量指标之一. 同时, 家庭收入获取中所需要的专业性知识和技能也反映了居民家庭的人力资本特征. 本文参考秦芳, 王剑程和胥芹(2022)的做法, 以户主的受教育情况作为收入知识性的代理变量.
+
+
+
+7八种消费类别依据国家统计局公布的《居民消费支出分类(2013)》.
+
+收入充足性: 收入充足性衡量了居民的家庭收入总量, 采用居民可支配收入取自然对数表示. 按照收入的来源, 可支配收入包含工资性收入、经营性收入、财产净收入和转移净收入四个部分. 收入充足性是居民家庭拥有高质量收入的必要条件.
+
+收入结构性: 居民家庭是否具有多元化的收入渠道是影响家庭经济稳定和家庭收入结构的重要因素. 居民收入结构性利用家庭主要收入来源的渠道数量来衡量. 通常而言, 家庭的收入来源渠道越多, 分散风险的能力越强.
+
+收入不确定性: 收入不确定性指的是居民家庭收入的不可预测性, 收入的不可预测性与收入风险呈正相关. 借鉴刘灵芝, 潘瑶和王雅鹏(2011)的做法, 构建家庭收入影响方程来分解持久收入和暂时收入, 收入不确定性用暂时性收入的平方来衡量, 其方程为:
+
+$$
+Y_{ijt} = a_v + b_v Z_{ijt} + \mu_{it},\qquad(2)
+$$
+
+$$
+Y_{ijt}^{e} = \hat{a}_{v} + \hat{b}_{v} Z_{ijt},\qquad(3)
+$$
+
+$$
+ED_{ijt} = Y_{ijt} - Y_{ijt}^{e},\qquad(4)
+$$
+
+上式中, $Y_{ijt}$ 表示家庭实际收入, $Z_{ijt}$ 表示影响家庭收入的家庭特征和户主特征变量, $\mu_{it}$ 表示不可观测的随机误差项. 数据处理过程为: 首先, 利用公式(2), 将家庭特征变量和户主特征变量与居民家庭可支配收入回归, 得到相关特征变量的回归系数 $b_v$ 和常数项 $a_v$. 然后, 将估计系数代入公式 (3) 计算得到居民家庭预期收入 $Y_{ijt}^e$. 最后, 利用公式 (4), 用家庭实际收入与预期收入之差表示预期收入以外的部分 $ED_{ijt}$. 由于 $ED_{ijt}$ 均值为 0, 因此用暂时性收入的平方来衡量收入不确定性8. 依据预防性储蓄理论, 我们预计收入不确定性会增强居民预防性储蓄动机, 降低现期消费意愿. 因此, 收入不确定性与收入质量具有负相关关系.
+
+##### 2） 中介作用机制二：消费环境
+
+消费环境在微观上是指商品生产、流通环节的空间环境, 比如商品种类的数量、商品质量和售后处理等微观因素. 宏观消费环境是指经济发展水平、基础设施、法制环境等方面. 囿于微观层面消费环境数据较难获取, 本文从宏观层面构建了省际消费环境指标体系. 借鉴叶胥, 杨荷和毛中根(2021)的思路, 结合国务院办公厅和国家发展改革委发布的《关于恢复和扩大消费措施》, 从政治法制环境、经济社会环境、消费基础设施环境以及消费供给环境四个方面构建指标体系, 涵盖了 12 个变量, 利用熵值法计算出四个二级指标, 最后合成消费环境指标体系. 特别地, 对行政诉讼案件数与基尼系数两个负向指标取倒数处理. 表 1报告了消费环境指标体系.
+
+
+
+8这里 $E(ED_{ijt}) = 0$, $Var(ED_{ijt}) = E(ED_{ijt}^2) - [E(ED_{ijt})]^2 = E(ED_{ijt}^2)$, 因此用暂时性收入的平方项构成暂时性收入方差的无偏估计表示暂时性收入.
+
+**表 1 中国省际消费环境指标体系**
+
+| 指标 | 变量 | 单位 | 属性 | | 政治法制环境 | 地方政府清廉水平 | 行政诉讼案件数 | 件 | 负向 | | 法治水平 | 结案数/当期案件受理数 | / | 正向 | | 经济社会环境 | 经济发展 | 人均 gdp | 元 | 正向 | | 产业结构高级化 | 单位时间内第一(二三)产业的产值占GDP比重乘以该年该产业劳动生产率,乘积求和9. | / | 正向 | | 收入差距 | 基尼系数 | / | 负向 | | 消费基础设施环境 | 公路运输设施 | 平均每百平方公里拥有公路 | 公里 | 正向 | | 铁路运输设施 | 平均每百平方公里拥有铁路 | 公里 | 正向 | | 快递物流发展状况 | 规模以上快递业务量 | 万件 | 正向 | | 消费网络设施 | 长途光缆线路长度 | 公里 | 正向 | | 消费供给环境 | 产品优等率 | 产品质量优等品率 | % | 正向 | | 产品合格率 | 国家监督抽查产品合格率 | % | 正向 | | 创新能力 | 万人发明专利拥有量 | 件 | 正向 |
+
+#### 3.2.4 控制变量
+
+控制变量主要分为两类: 一类是户主特征变量, 一般而言, 户主是一个家庭中重要事项的决策主体, 其个体特征对家庭收入与消费决策产生不容忽视的影响. 本文选取的户主特征变量主要包括户主年龄、户主性别、婚姻状况、健康状况等. 另一类是家庭特征变量, 主要包括医疗保险、养老保险、少儿抚养比、老年抚养比和家庭资产等. 表 2为变量定义与指标构建方法.
+
+**表 2 变量定义与指标构建**
+
+| 变量 | 代理变量 | 变量定义 | | 被解释变量 | 居民家庭消费 | 居民家庭消费支出对数值 | | 解释变量 | 数字经济发展 | 参考王军,朱杰和罗茜(2021),构建省际数字经济发展指数 | | 中介变量 | 收入质量 | 从收入知识性、收入充足性、收入结构性和收入不确定性构建收入质量指数 | | 消费环境 | 省际消费环境指数 | | 个体层面控制变量 | 户主年龄 | 户主的年龄 | | 户主性别 | 女性赋值为0,男性赋值为1 | | 婚姻状况 | 未婚赋值为0,已婚赋值为1 | | 健康状况 | 取值范围1~5,1表示非常健康,5表示不健康 | | 医疗保险 | 没有医疗保险赋值为0,有医疗保险则赋值为1 | | 养老保险 | 没有养老保险赋值为0,有养老保险则赋值为1 | | 家庭层面控制变量 | 少儿抚养比 | 家庭中16岁以下人数除以家庭规模 | | 老年抚养比 | 家庭中65岁以上人数除以家庭规模 | | 家庭资产 | 包括经营性资产、金融资产、房产等,相加取对数 |
+
+
+
+9产业结构高级化的构建方法借鉴刘伟等(2008), 某省劳动生产率较高的产业所占的份额越大, 其产业结构高级化指标数值就会越大.
+
+### 3.3 数据来源
+
+本研究所依托的数据主要包含家庭和个体相关的多个变量, 主要源自北京大学中国社会科学调查中心定期发布的中国家庭追踪调查数据(China Family Panel Studies, 简称CFPS). CFPS 数据库旨在通过持续追踪个体、家庭以及社区三个不同层次的数据变动, 深刻揭示中国社会在经济、人口、教育和健康等方面的变迁轨迹. 其样本范围广泛, 覆盖了中国 25 个省、市、自治区的 162 个县, 确保了数据的代表性和普遍性. 该数据在收集过程中, 采用了家庭经济问卷、家庭成员问卷以及个人自答问卷等多种类型的调查问卷. 考虑到研究的连贯性和深度, 我们特别选取了同时参与了 2014年、2016 年和 2018 年三期调查的家庭数据作为实证分析的基础. 在数据预处理阶段, 我们严格筛选了数据, 排除了数据缺失的家庭以及异常值样本, 如剔除收入和消费为负数的家庭, 并排除了观测期不足三期的样本, 以确保数据的质量和完整性. 经过上述筛选, 我们成功构建了一个平衡面板数据模型, 最终保留了 1221 个有效样本. 值得一提的是, CFPS 调查自 2010 年起便开始了基线调查, 但考虑到 2010 年与 2014 年后的问卷设计存在较大差异, 为确保研究在时间维度上的准确性和连贯性, 本研究特选择从 2014 年开始的问卷数据进行分析.
+
+第二类是省级宏观变量, 包括数字经济发展指数和失业率等指标. 相关数据来源于国家统计局、中国信息通信研究院以及工业和信息化部的相关研究报告和公布数据、WIND数据库、各省份历年统计年鉴、《中国信息年鉴》 《中国信息产业年鉴》和《中国统计年鉴》. 由表 3可知, 2014–2018年间, 数字经济发展水平与居民消费支出都不断提高10.
+
+**表 3 主要变量描述性统计**
+
+| 变量 | 观测值 | 2014年 | 2016年 | 2018年 | | 均值 | 标准差 | 均值 | 标准差 | 均值 | 标准差 | | 数字经济发展指数 | 75 | 0.132 | 0.070 | 0.185 | 0.089 | 0.255 | 0.125 | | 居民家庭消费 | 3663 | 32947.070 | 27404.100 | 37214.07 | 35393.660 | 39936.170 | 42106.380 | | 户主年龄 | 3663 | 46.564 | 15.417 | 48.669 | 15.352 | 50.574 | 15.416 | | 户主性别 | 3663 | 0.496 | 0.500 | 0.496 | 0.500 | 0.495 | 0.500 | | 养老保险 | 3663 | 0.774 | 0.418 | 0.796 | 0.403 | 0.811 | 0.392 | | 婚姻状况 | 3663 | 0.839 | 0.367 | 0.848 | 0.359 | 0.825 | 0.380 | | 健康状况 | 3663 | 2.882 | 1.151 | 2.984 | 1.162 | 3.020 | 1.168 | | 医疗保险 | 3663 | 0.922 | 0.269 | 0.931 | 0.253 | 0.936 | 0.244 | | 少儿抚养比 | 3663 | 0.083 | 0.147 | 0.089 | 0.165 | 0.094 | 0.180 | | 老年抚养比 | 3663 | 0.456 | 0.360 | 0.479 | 0.375 | 0.514 | 0.395 | | 家庭资产 | 3663 | 65151.850 | 340020.100 | 85651.240 | 184526.900 | 115891.200 | 463558.200 |
+
+
+
+10本文所使用的部分数据和代码请参见科学数据银行(ScienceDB)期刊社区, DOI: 10.57760/sciencedb.j00214.00079和CSTR: 31253.11.sciencedb.j00214.00079. 本文所使用的家庭和个体相关调查数据来自CFPS数据库, 若需要, 请访问官方网站获取 https://www.isss.pku.edu.cn/cfps/download/registr.html. 若使用文中其他数据信息, 请注明引文和数据出处.
+
+## 4 数字经济发展对居民消费的影响
+
+### 4.1 基准回归结果
+
+本文利用固定效应模型进行回归, 表 4报告了基准回归的结果. 表 4中第(1)~(6)均控制了时间固定效应和家庭固定效应. 其中, 第(1)~(3)列被解释变量为居民家庭消费, 第(1)列为未加入控制变量的回归结果, 核心解释变量数字经济发展的系数为0.964, 在1%水平上显著. 第(2)列加入户主个人特征的控制变量, 包括户主年龄、户主性别、婚姻状况、健康状况、医疗保险和养老保险参与度, 核心解释变量的估计系数为0. 964, 仍在1%水平上显著. 第(3)列在第(2)列的基础上纳入家庭特征控制变量, 包括家庭少儿抚养比、老年抚养比以及家庭资产, 结果显示, 核心解释变量系数变为0.851, 在5%水平上显著. 这一结果说明数字经济发展对居民消费具有显著的正向影响, 数字经济发展有利于促进居民消费. 为减少家庭规模和家庭成员的影响, 表 4第(4)~(6)列将人均消费支出作为被解释变量. 其中, 第(4)列未加入控制变量, 第(5)~(6)列依次加入户主控制变量和家庭控制变量, 结果显示核心解释变量的系数均在5%水平上显著为正. 这一结果意味着数字经济发展对居民消费的正向影响在统计意义具有显著性, 该结果与本文前述理论分析相符, 假说1得证. 从经济显著性来看, 由第(3)列可知, 数字经济发展每增加1个单位, 居民家庭消费增加0.851%. 对比同类研究, 张勋, 杨桐和汪晨等(2020)与易行健和周利(2018)测算出数字普惠金融对居民家庭消费的影响系数分别为0.0041和0.299, 均在10%水平下为显著. 本文与易行健和周利(2018)数据处理方式不同, 并且数字普惠金融不能等同于数字经济, 系数值不能直接比较, 但基本结论具有一致性. 一方面, 数字技术的应用和普及有助于拓宽销售渠道, 居民家庭消费更加便捷. 另一方面, 制造业企业利用大数据优势深入挖掘市场需求, 利用数字化生产提质增效, 能为消费者提供质优价廉且更加满意的商品. 数字经济发展能够提高家庭整体的消费效用水平. 而对于个人消费行为而言, 数字经济发展催生各种新业态的不断涌现, 为满足消费者个性化、多样化需求提供了更多可能. 据此, 假说1得以初步验证.
+
+**表4 基准回归检验**
+
+| 变量 | 居民家庭消费 | 家庭人均消费 | | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | | 数字经济发展 | 0.964***(0.345) | 0.964***(0.342) | 0.851**(0.335) | 0.785**(0.342) | 0.788**(0.340) | 0.715**(0.340) | | 户主年龄 | | -0.000(0.000) | 0.002**(0.001) | | 0.000(0.000) | -0.003***(0.001) | | 户主性别 | | 0.001(0.002) | -0.008**(0.003) | | 0.000(0.002) | 0.016***(0.004) | | 婚姻状况 | | 0.012(0.016) | 0.051**(0.020) | | -0.030*(0.015) | -0.092***(0.016) | | 健康状况 | | 0.008(0.008) | 0.009(0.007) | | 0.008(0.008) | 0.007(0.007) | | 医疗保险 | | 0.055*(0.030) | 0.054*(0.030) | | 0.039(0.028) | 0.032(0.029) | | 养老保险 | | -0.016(0.020) | -0.013(0.020) | | -0.011(0.020) | -0.018(0.018) | | 少儿抚养比 | | | -0.028(0.081) | | | 0.041(0.074) | | 老年抚养比 | | | -0.243***(0.047) | | | 0.400***(0.048) | | 家庭资产 | | | 0.017***(0.004) | | | 0.016***(0.003) | | 常数项 | 10.185***(0.056) | 10.128***(0.057) | 9.993***(0.054) | 8.907***(0.056) | 8.875***(0.052) | 8.783***(0.054) | | 家庭固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | | 年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | | 观测值数量 | 3663 | 3663 | 3663 | 7314 | 7314 | 7314 | | R2 | 0.791 | 0.792 | 0.797 | 0.795 | 0.795 | 0.803 |
+
+注:括号内报告的数值是聚类 (cluster) 至省份层面的稳健标准误, \*、\*\*、\*\*\* 分别表示在 10%、5% 和 1% 水平上显著,下表同.
+
+### 4.2 作用机理检验
+
+#### 4.2.1 收入质量
+
+经典消费理论聚焦收入与消费的关系, 证实了居民收入将会对居民消费产生影响, 然而, 无论是绝对收入理论还是其他经典理论, 其中的收入大多指的是对收入的"量"的统计, 即本文中的收入充足性. 而实际上, 收入对居民消费的影响是多维度的. 收入质量将通过以下途径影响居民消费: 1） 户主人力资本水平提高有助于增加居民消费. 户主人力资本水平的提高将改变家庭的消费观念和消费习惯, 影响家庭消费偏好和消费行为. Foellmi and Zweimüller (2008)认为, 消费需求并不是随着收入的增加而增加, 而是在基础需求已经满足的前提下选择更高的消费品满足更高级的需求. 这意味着随着户主人力资本水平提高以及生存消费的满足, 居民将进一步扩大精神层面的发展型消费和享受型消费. 此外, 高人力资本的居民往往具有先进的消费观念和熟练的数字技能, 其对新的消费形式接受度更高. 2） 收入增加有利于增加消费. 家庭可支配收入是影响消费最重要的因素之一, 收入增加与消费增长存在一定的比例关系. 收入来源的拓宽以及劳动力知识技能增加都将增加居民收入, 刺激居民消费. 3） 收入来源增加有利于增加消费. 收入结构优化可以促进消费结构升级. 根据"心理账户"理论, 居民将不同收入来源和消费支出在心理上划分不同的账户, 不同来源的收入边际消费倾向存在差异(Thaler, 1999). 其中, 工资性收入和经营性收入属于日常生活账户, 主要用于维持家庭必须开支, 边际消费倾向较低; 转移性收入和财产性收入属于额外收入, 其边际消费倾向较高, 主要用于提高众多子类消费(王湘红, 文秀泽和孙文凯, 2022). 因此增加多种收入来源, 有利于提高居民边际消费倾向, 促进居民消费增加. 4） 收入不确定性降低可能会增加居民消费. 收入不确定条件下, 居民的预防性储蓄动机更强. 根据预防性储蓄理论, 当收入不确定较高时, 居民将财富和持久收入维持在较高水平, 增加储蓄、减少消费(Fisher, 1980).
+
+表 5报告了数字经济发展影响居民家庭收入的机制检验. 从表 5第(1)列的回归结果中可以看出, 数字经济发展对收入质量具有明显的提升作用. 数字经济通过技术创新、产业变革等方式对居民生活产生了全方位的影响, 并直接或间接促进居民收入增加和经济高质量发展(李三希和黄卓, 2022). 从收入质量的不同维度来看, 表 5第(3)列数字经济发展的回归系数为0.140, 通过了1%水平下的显著性检验, 这说明数字经济发展显著提高了居民家庭收入. 这是由于数字经济可以降低商业活动的交易成本, 增加企业利润, 提高劳动者收入(Zatonatska, 2018; Falk and Hagsten, 2015). 表 5中第(5)列的回归结果显示数字经济发展加大了收入的不确定性. 数字经济的发展带来了在线零工产业繁荣, 由于具有灵活性的优势, 是居民获得补充性收入的重要来源. 这加剧了暂时性收入波动, 使收入的不确定性增大(Yao, 2020).
+
+**表 5 数字经济发展影响居民家庭收入的机制检验**
+
+| 变量 | 收入质量 | 收入知识性 | 收入充足性 | 收入结构性 | 收入不确定性 | | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | | 数字经济发展 | 0.784**(0.303) | 1.497**(0.719) | 0.140***(0.042) | -1.741(1.906) | 0.018**(0.007) | | 户主年龄 | -0.039***(0.003) | -0.164***(0.012) | 0.000***(0.000) | 0.000(0.001) | 0.000***(0.000) | | 户主性别 | 0.479***(0.060) | 1.958***(0.246) | -0.001***(0.000) | -0.008(0.005) | 0.000***(0.000) | | 婚姻状况 | 0.110(0.070) | 0.517*(0.287) | 0.005**(0.002) | 0.083**(0.035) | -0.002***(0.000) | | 健康状况 | 0.005(0.013) | 0.013(0.054) | 0.000(0.001) | -0.001(0.014) | 0.000(0.000) | | 医疗保险 | 0.141***(0.045) | 0.406**(0.189) | 0.006(0.004) | 0.027(0.062) | 0.002**(0.001) | | 养老保险 | 0.117***(0.039) | 0.559***(0.162) | 0.005**(0.002) | 0.123**(0.059) | -0.002***(0.001) | | 少儿抚养比 | 0.538(0.324) | 1.889(1.261) | -0.001(0.009) | -0.390**(0.178) | 0.006***(0.002) | | 老年抚养比 | -0.012(0.051) | 0.028(0.192) | -0.044***(0.006) | -0.318***(0.088) | 0.005***(0.001) | | 家庭资产 | -0.011***(0.003) | -0.004(0.004) | 0.002***(0.000) | 0.020***(0.007) | -0.001***(0.000) | | 常数项 | 6.931***(0.201) | 13.412***(0.828) | 0.467***(0.006) | 3.147***(0.282) | 0.000(0.002) | | 家庭固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | | 年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | | 观测值数量 | 3663 | 3663 | 3663 | 3663 | 3663 | | R2 | 0.783 | 0.763 | 0.781 | 0.766 | 0.660 |
+
+与已有的研究结论不同的是, 针对收入的结构性的回归结果明显可以看出, 数字经济发展并未对其产生显著影响. 部分研究认为, 数字经济的发展, 尤其是互联网的普及, 为居民提供了丰富的网上兼职渠道, 同时, 互联网兼职表现出较少的出行需求, 因此, 减少了居民获取额外收入的时间约束, 大大降低了居民获得收入渠道的门槛, 丰富了收入结构(Wood, Graham and Lehdonvirta et al., 2019). 表 5第(4)列, 数字经济发展对收入结构性因素的回归不显著. 本文认为, 虽然数字经济发展产生了一些对常规工作的替代, 同时也带来了新的工作岗位和工作方式. 然而由于个人能力因素及地区数字化基础建设发展不平衡等因素导致的数字技术应用能力差异, 并不是所有家庭都能够享受到数字经济发展带来的收入结构性增长(Kudasheva, Kunitsa and Mukhamediyev, 2015), 多数家庭收入渠道仍以传统就业渠道为主, 收入结构较为单一.
+
+综上所述, 数字经济发展能够有效改善居民收入质量从而促进居民家庭消费增加. 从不同维度来看, 数字经济带来的居民家庭增加仍是最主要的影响因素. 此外, 数字经济促进了户主人力资本水平提高, 但同时家庭的人力资本投资可能挤占家庭消费支出, 在短期家庭总体消费没有因此而增加. 数字经济没有拓宽居民的收入来源, 并且对低收入群体的收入来源具有显著的负向冲击, 附录B中证明了这一结论. 最后, 数字经济发展提高了收入不确定性, 改善数字经济带来的收入负向冲击对扩大居民消费具有重要意义.
+
+#### 4.2.2 消费环境
+
+消费总是在一定的环境中进行的, 因此营造安全和谐的消费环境对扩大居民消费具有积极作用(尹世杰, 2006). 政治稳定和健全的法制环境对居民家庭消费起着关键作用. 一个稳定的政治环境和健全的法制体系能够提供保障和信心, 增强消费者对市场的信任感, 鼓励他们进行消费. 此外, 政府的政策和法规也会直接或间接地影响消费者的购买力和消费行为. 根据预期收入理论, 经济社会环境将通过影响预期收入影响居民消费. 当经济状况良好时, 就业机会增加、收入水平提高, 消费者更有能力和信心进行消费. 相反, 经济不稳定或衰退时, 人们可能会减少消费支出, 因为他们担心失业风险或收入下降. 此外, 数字经济发展还从购物便捷性、购物体验、产品供给和产品质量等方面带来了消费环境全面提升, 使消费者能消费、敢消费、愿消费, 有利于释放居民消费热情.
+
+为此, 我们遵循收入质量的分析方法进行了实证检验, 回归结果如表 6所示. 表 6第(1)列是数字经济对消费环境总指数的回归结果, 数字经济的回归系数在1%水平上显著为正, 回归系数为0.952. 表 6第(2)~(5)列显示了数字经济对消费环境各个维度的影响, 其中第(4)和第(5)列显示, 数字经济发展对消费基础设施环境和消费供给环境具有显著的正向影响, 但是对政治法制环境和经济社会环境的影响不显著. 实证结果证明数字经济发展总体上改善了居民消费环境和供给规模, 能够完善消费基础设施建设.
+
+**表 6 数字经济发展影响消费环境的机理检验**
+
+| 变量 | 消费环境 | 政治法制环境 | 经济社会环境 | 消费基础设施环境 | 消费供给环境 | | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | | 数字经济发展 | 0.952***(0.331) | -0.360(0.272) | 1.145(0.781) | 0.701***(0.198) | 0.948*(0.526) | | 常数项 | 0.279***(0.054) | 0.590***(0.044) | 0.139(0.127) | 0.224***(0.032) | 0.295***(0.086) | | 省份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | | 年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | | 观测值数量 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | 75 | | R2 | 0.940 | 0.858 | 0.806 | 0.991 | 0.852 |
+
+注:将省际面板数据回归, 控制了年份和省份固定效应, 括号内是省份层面的稳健聚类(cluster) 标准误.
+
+数字经济通过消费环境改善对居民消费的促进作用尚未有效发挥. 这可能是因为消费环境促进居民消费增加具有门槛效应, 数字经济通过改善消费环境的方式释放居民消费潜力的作用有限. 表 5与表 6的结果对比, 还说明了相较于供给侧的基础设施和供给质量的优化, 需求侧居民收入质量的持续改善才是数字经济促进消费的有效途径.
+
+### 4.3 异质性分析
+
+本文探讨的是数字经济发展对居民家庭消费的影响, 根据前文研究, 数字经济发展确实能够促进微观家庭消费. 但是, 考虑到数字经济作为资本密集型产业的特性, 一般认为区域经济状况良好的地区更具充足的资金投资数字经济产业, 提升对数字技术和资源的利用能力, 从而更多地享受到数字经济发展红利. 例如, 杨碧云, 郭壮哲和易行健等(2023)从数字创新要素、数字基础设施和金融可得性的角度探讨了区域数字经济发展差异对这一效果的影响. 除此之外, 区域经济环境良好的地区还意味着较高的居民家庭收入. 基于前文研究结论可知, 较高的收入意味着数字经济发展将通过收入质量这一路径显著促进居民家庭消费. 因此本文选取了失业率这一变量来表征区域经济环境状况, 探讨区域居民消费受数字经济发展影响的异质性. 值得注意的是, 本文研究的是数字经济发展对微观居民家庭消费结构的影响, 而这一效果又将受到居民认知水平的显著影响, 其中决定认知水平的关键就是人力资本水平. 居民家庭的学历水平较高, 对于数字经济的发展和应用能较快做出适应和调整, 积极学习新的数字技能, 融入数字时代, 因此, 本文还需要考虑居民家庭人力资本水平差异带来的异质性影响.
+
+在分组回归前, 本文首先对不同失业率、户主人力资本以及城镇和农村之间的数字经济发展与居民消费差异进行描述性统计. 由表 7可知, 在低失业率地区数字经济发展指数的均值为0. 181, 高失业率地区为0. 139, 低失业率地区数字经济发展水平高于高失业地区30.216%, 说明充分利用劳动力优势有利于实现数字经济高质量发展. 此外, 户主人力资本高的家庭消费水平普遍更高, 其消费潜力释放较为完全. 上述结论为数字经济发展影响居民消费的异质性检验提供了现实依据.
+
+**表 7 异质性特征下数字经济发展和居民家庭消费描述性统计**
+
+
+
+
+ | 分类标准 |
+ 分类 |
+ 样本数 |
+ 数字经济发展 |
+ 居民家庭消费 |
+
+
+ | 均值 |
+ 中位数 |
+ 标准差 |
+ 均值 |
+ 中位数 |
+ 标准差 |
+
+
+
+
+ | 按失业率分类 |
+ 低失业率地区 |
+ 2073 |
+ 0.181 |
+ 0.158 |
+ 0.111 |
+ 40557.310 |
+ 29735.07 |
+ 39435.150 |
+
+
+ | 高失业率地区 |
+ 1590 |
+ 0.139 |
+ 0.133 |
+ 0.133 |
+ 45070.44 |
+ 34697.33 |
+ 40490.32 |
+
+
+ | 按户主人力资本水平分类 |
+ 户主低人力资本 |
+ 2439 |
+ 0.162 |
+ 0.144 |
+ 0.094 |
+ 36064.56 |
+ 27096.19 |
+ 34822.95 |
+
+
+ | 户主高人力资本 |
+ 1224 |
+ 0.163 |
+ 0.163 |
+ 0.091 |
+ 56783.44 |
+ 45202.07 |
+ 46349.97 |
+
+
+
+
+#### 4.3.1 基于区域经济环境的异质性分析
+
+失业率是宏观经济运行状况的重要指标, 能够反映出就业和宏观经济波动情况. 失业率高说明劳动力市场供过于求, 存在劳动资源浪费同时也将对经济增长产生不利影响. 对市场而言, 失业率高意味着企业在不确定性高的市场条件下将不愿意进行大额投资, 抑制市场活动. 对家庭而言, 失业意味着失去收入来源、减少总收入以及增加了收入不确定. 近年来, 受疫情和产业结构转型的双重影响, 我国失业率保持在较高水平并具有上涨趋势11. 因此探究在不同失业率下, 数字经济对居民消费的作用效果, 能够为充分利用数字经济扩大内需提供更多有益的启发.
+
+具体地, 本文根据城镇登记失业率的中位数划分样本并构建虚拟变量, 小于中位数的为低失业率地区, 记为0, 大于中位数为高失业率地区, 记为1. 表 8第(1)列显示在低失业率地区, 数字经济发展对居民消费的回归系数为0.822, 在5%水平上显著. 第(2)列中数字经济发展的回归系数不显著. 这说明在低失业率地区, 数字经济发展显著促进了地区居民消费增加, 但是在高失业率地区这一作用效应不显著. 组间差异性检验在5%水平下显著, 说明两组系数具有显著差异, 说明相对于失业率低的地区而言, 在失业率高的地区削弱了数字经济对居民消费的促进作用. 交互项系数通过5%的显著性检验也证明第(1)和第(2)列的数字经济回归系数具有可比性.
+
+**表 8 不同就业环境下数字经济发展对居民家庭消费的影响**
+
+| 分类标准 | 低失业率 | 高失业率 | | 数字经济发展 | 0.822**(0.337) | -1.108(0.672) | | 户主性别 | -0.010***(0.003) | -0.007(0.007) | | 户主年龄 | 0.002(0.001) | 0.002*(0.001) | | 婚姻状况 | 0.041*(0.023) | 0.072*(0.036) | | 健康状况 | 0.005(0.006) | 0.013(0.014) | | 医疗保险 | 0.062(0.050) | 0.049*(0.025) | | 养老保险 | -0.009(0.024) | -0.024(0.034) | | 少儿抚养比 | -0.013(0.100) | -0.160(0.126) | | 老年抚养比 | -0.215***(0.054) | -0.313***(0.078) | | 家庭资产 | 0.015***(0.004) | 0.019**(0.006) | | 常数项 | 9.941***(0.068) | 10.355***(0.103) | | 组间差异性检验 | Chi²(1) = 5.200p > Chi² = 0.023 | | 家庭固定效应 | 是 | 是 | | 年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | | 观测值数量 | 2073 | 1590 | | R² | 0.782 | 0.819 |
+
+
+
+1122018–2022年, 中国城镇调查失业率年均涨幅为3.418%. 自2019年起, 中国城镇调查失业率基本保持至5%以上(数据来源于国家统计局).
+
+这是由于数字经济利用互联网和大数据技术有效降低信息搜寻成本, 提高劳动力市场的供需匹配度, 进而有效降低摩擦性失业(Daniel and Marwane, 2022). 因此在数字经济发展水平高地区, 失业率较低, 收入来源稳定, 居民预防性储蓄占比少. 企业数字化转型有利于深入发掘消费市场潜力, 促进家庭消费增加. 与此不同, 高失业率地区居民收入稳定性较差, 家庭将提高预防性储蓄以应对可能面临的失业风险.
+
+#### 4.3.2 基于户主人力资本特征的异质性分析
+
+数字经济对居民消费的带动作用, 可能因异质性人力资本水平的影响而存在差异. 本文考察了不同人力资本家庭中, 数字经济发展对家庭消费水平的影响. 首先, 将户主人力资本按学历划分. 根据户主学历按受教育年限进行赋值, 将文盲/半文盲赋值为0, 小学学历赋值为6, 初中赋值为9, 高中/中专/技校/职高赋值为13, 大专赋值为15, 本科赋值为16, 硕士赋值为19, 博士赋值为23. 高人力资本为高中及以上学历, 低人力资本为初中及以下学历. 然后, 构建户主人力资本虚拟变量, 将低人力资本家庭赋值为0, 高人力资本家庭赋值为1.
+
+由表 9中可知, 在低人力资本组, 数字经济对居民消费的回归系数为0.859, 在1%显著性水平下成立, 但高人力资本组中这一作用并不显著, 组间差异性检验在10%水平下显著. 说明数字经济仅对低人力资本家庭消费具有显著的提升作用, 这可能是低人力资本家庭利用数字金融缓解流动性约束, 平台经济减少了渠道成本, 其价格更具优势, 因此有利于充分释放消费潜力. 此外, 这一结果从侧面说明数字经济发展能够改善不同人力资本之间消费不平等, 提高低人力资本家庭的相对福利. 本文认为其可能的原因在于, 一方面, 低人力资本水平家庭利用网络平台等方式可以买到更多物美价廉的商品, 消费动机更强. 另一方面, 低人力资本家庭受制于收入, 相较于高人力资本家庭具有更强的消费预算约束(Wei, 2023), 消费规模的提升空间更大. 而数字金融的发展则为这一问题提供了解决之道. 互联网贷款特别是互联网小额贷款的出现, 为居民提供了短期流动性, 同时提高了居民支付便利性, 缓解了低人力资本家庭的消费预算制约(蔡庆丰, 王瀚佑和李东旭, 2021).
+
+## 5 拓展性讨论：数字经济发展对微观居民消费结构的影响
+
+上述研究发现数字经济发展有利于促进居民家庭消费增加, 但消费结构是否随之改变尚未明晰. 消费结构升级不仅对提升居民生活满意度和幸福感至关重要, 也是我国产业结构升级、经济增长和经济转型的强大动力. 由于不同收入群体对价格的敏感程度不同, 消费结构在不同收入群体之间也存在显著差异. 因此, 本文将收入群体分为高收入群体和低收入群体, 将家庭消费支出分为生存型、发展型和享受型消费, 分别考察数字经济发展对不同收入群体消费结构的影响. 具体地, 依据收入的中位数为划分标准, 将低于中位数的划分为低收入家庭, 将高于中位数的划分为高收入家庭. 然后将家庭消费结构分解为生存型消费、发展型消费和享受型消费三个维度, 其中生存型消费包括每月伙食费(每月伙食费包括在家就餐和外出就餐, 本文将外出就餐归纳为享受型消费, 用每月伙食费-外出就餐费)、水费、电费、燃料费、日用品费、房租支出、衣着消费、取暖费、物业费、住房维修费用. 发展型消费包括教育培训支出、医疗支出、保健支出、邮电通讯费和本地交通费. 享受型消费包括文化娱乐支出、旅游支出、外出就餐费、汽车购置费、交通通讯设备费、家具耐用品支出、美容支出、商业保险费. 针对数字经济发展对微观居民消费结构的影响进行分样本回归. 表 10是不同收入家庭消费结构异质性的分析结果.首先, 从表 10中第(1)~(3)列可以看出, 数字经济发展对不同收入群体生存型消费的影响均不显著, 可能的原因是随着我国乡村振兴逐步推进, 脱贫攻坚战取得重大进展, 低收入群体吃穿住等生存型需求已基本满足, 因此数字经济发展对居民消费影响没有在生存型消费中体现. 其次, 从表 10中第(4)~(6)列可知, 对不同收入群体而言, 数字经济发展均显著促进了其发展型消费增加. 随着智慧医疗、在线教育、共享出行等新消费业态不断拓展和延伸, 为消费者提供了更加丰富的教育医疗资源, 满足了消费者个性化需要, 改善了服务体验, 有利于居民增加发展型消费支出. 发展型消费作为消费增长的重要抓手, 包括交通通信、医疗保健和教育等方面. 这类消费的增加能够提高劳动力的健康状况和学历水平, 提高劳动力的流动性, 促进机会均等, 进而实现人力资本的全面提升. 因此, 充分释放数字经济红利, 对扩大家庭人力资本投资, 释放消费潜力具有重要意义. 最后, 结合表 10中第(7)~(9)列可知, 数字经济发展促进了高收入群体享受型消费增加, 但是对低收入群体这一效果作用并不显著. 由于我国居民收入差距处于较高水平12, 不同收入群体间的消费决策存在较大差异. 以创意为主导, 以技术为支撑的数字消费新场景, 为高收入消费者带来了
+
+**表 9 数字经济发展对异质性家庭人力资本水平消费的影响**
+
+| 分类标准 | 低人力资本 | 高人力资本 | | 数字经济发展 | 0.859**(0.412) | 0.568(0.450) | | 户主年龄 | 0.002**(0.001) | 0.002(0.002) | | 户主性别 | -0.007(0.004) | -0.019*(0.010) | | 婚姻状况 | 0.026(0.028) | 0.083(0.056) | | 健康状况 | 0.007(0.008) | 0.027(0.019) | | 医疗保险 | 0.080*(0.041) | -0.003(0.046) | | 养老保险 | -0.026(0.022) | 0.005(0.037) | | 少儿抚养比 | -0.041(0.109) | -0.085(0.212) | | 老年抚养比 | -0.291***(0.071) | -0.235***(0.079) | | 家庭资产 | 0.018***(0.003) | 0.016**(0.007) | | 常数项 | 9.866***(0.072) | 10.328***(0.109) | | 组间差异性检验 | Chi²(1) = 3.430p > Chi² = 0.064 | | 家庭固定效应 | 是 | 是 | | 年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | | 观测值数量 | 2439 | 1224 | | R² | 0.773 | 0.798 |
+
+**表 10 数字经济发展对家庭消费结构的影响**
+
+| 变量 | 生存型消费 | 发展型消费 | 享受型消费 | | (1)低收入组 | (2)高收入组 | (3)整体 | (4)低收入组 | (5)高收入组 | (6)整体 | (7)低收入组 | (8)高收入组 | (9)整体 | | 数字经济发展 | 0.632(0.947) | -0.471(0.709) | 0.355(0.507) | 1.740*(0.966) | 1.462**(0.550) | 1.362**(0.651) | -0.671(2.772) | 4.655***(1.462) | 0.893(0.938) | | 户主年龄 | 0.001(0.001) | 0.001**(0.001) | 0.001**(0.001) | 0.002*(0.001) | 0.003***(0.001) | 0.003***(0.001) | -0.001(0.003) | 0.002(0.002) | 0.002(0.002) | | 户主性别 | -0.001(0.004) | -0.007*(0.003) | -0.006**(0.003) | -0.003(0.008) | -0.015**(0.007) | -0.014**(0.005) | 0.008(0.009) | -0.010(0.012) | -0.008(0.010) | | 婚姻状况 | -0.010(0.025) | 0.041(0.027) | 0.052**(0.019) | 0.050(0.041) | 0.091***(0.029) | 0.091***(0.027) | 0.040(0.070) | 0.011(0.085) | 0.054(0.054) | | 健康状况 | 0.001(0.007) | -0.002(0.009) | 0.001(0.006) | 0.031*(0.015) | 0.006(0.009) | 0.027**(0.010) | 0.020(0.015) | 0.009(0.028) | 0.011(0.019) | | 医疗保险 | 0.062(0.050) | 0.031(0.025) | 0.046*(0.025) | 0.125**(0.051) | 0.024(0.071) | 0.087(0.052) | 0.073(0.122) | 0.002(0.069) | 0.026(0.081) | | 养老保险 | -0.039(0.028) | -0.026(0.033) | -0.014(0.025) | -0.083*(0.047) | -0.029(0.041) | -0.024(0.031) | 0.041(0.068) | -0.050(0.067) | 0.020(0.064) | | 少儿抚养比 | 0.219(0.145) | -0.008(0.096) | 0.004(0.086) | 0.001(0.107) | 0.035(0.082) | -0.035(0.105) | 0.073(0.411) | -0.078(0.162) | -0.111(0.236) | | 老年抚养比 | -0.018(0.074) | -0.126**(0.050) | -0.172***(0.041) | -0.263***(0.087) | -0.381***(0.087) | -0.470***(0.075) | -0.062(0.151) | -0.240(0.146) | -0.328**(0.151) | | 家庭资产 | 0.018**(0.008) | 0.012**(0.006) | 0.015***(0.005) | 0.011**(0.004) | 0.012(0.011) | 0.015***(0.005) | 0.053***(0.015) | 0.014(0.025) | 0.047***(0.008) | | 常数项 | 8.932***(0.145) | 10.042***(0.133) | 9.435***(0.085) | 7.933***(0.163) | 8.875***(0.140) | 8.390***(0.102) | 6.715***(0.411) | 7.905***(0.366) | 7.447***(0.159) | | 家庭固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | | 年份固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | | 观测值数量 | 1773 | 1890 | 3663 | 1761 | 1852 | 3613 | 1668 | 1778 | 3456 | | R2 | 0.751 | 0.752 | 0.754 | 0.724 | 0.724 | 0.693 | 0.651 | 0.700 | 0.670 |
+
+
+
+122017–2021年, 全国居民收入基尼系数平均值为0.467, 高于国际公认基尼系数的警戒线0.4. 数据来源于国家统计局 http://www.stats.gov.cn/.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_184.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_184.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c3f66a28b16c800154cfd921f669979a5101ba0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_184.md
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+**文章编号：** 2095-3852（2024）05-0809-06
+
+**文献标志码：A**
+
+# 新时代高校学生会清新阳光形象的塑造路径研究
+
+李航1, 段召琳2, 严祥星3
+
+(1. 武汉理工大学 法学与人文社会学院, 湖北 武汉 430070; 2. 武汉理工大学 安全科学与应急管理学院, 湖北 武汉 430070; 3. 武汉理工大学 人事处, 湖北 武汉 430070)
+
+**摘要:** 塑造清新阳光的组织形象是建设高校学生会组织的重要环节,是持续深化学生会组织改革的必由之路。当前,高校学生会组织出现了组织定位不明确、沟通机制不顺畅、活动内容单一等现实困境。基于此,聚焦于“清新阳光组织形象塑造”,采用层次分析法(AHP)对新时代高校学生会组织的形象塑造影响因素和实践路径进行了探索。研究发现,服务能力和沟通能力是高校学生会组织清新阳光形象塑造的关键性因素,组织能力和团结引领能力的影响次之。提出从服务能力、沟通机制、组织运行机制3个方面深化改革,切实增强学生会组织的政治性、先进性与群众性。
+
+**关键词:** 组织形象; 影响因素; AHP; 高校学生会; 塑造路径
+
+**中图分类号:** G641
+
+DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.2095-3852.2024.05.020
+
+学生会组织的形象建设关系到组织的生存与发展,是提升学生会组织感召力和吸引力的重要手段[1]。在新时代高校学生会组织改革的背景下,学生会组织形象建设的任务变得更加紧迫和必要,《加强和改进新时代学联学生会工作实施方案》指出,要用3~5年的时间树立起富有理想、关心同学、清新阳光的组织形象[2]。近年来,全国各高校学生会组织积极落实《关于推动高校学生会(研究生会)深化改革的若干意见》(简称《意见》)、《加强和改进新时代学联学生会工作实施方案》(简称《方案》)、《关于巩固高校学生会(研究生会)改革成果的若干措施》(简称《措施》)等相关文件的制度要求,结合各省市和各高校实际情况,不断地找差距、强实效,学生会组织的外在形象得到了明显的提升。然而,与党中央的要求、社会的期待和广大同学的需要仍存在一定差距,损害学生会组织形象的“暴雷”事件仍时有发生,表明当前阶段高校学生会组织形象塑造仍存在着一些现实困境和问题。高校学生会作为学生自我管理、自我服务、自我教育的重要组织,其形象塑造对于提升学生组织的公信力、影响力以及参与度具有重要意义。当前阶段,高校学生会组织在形象塑造方面可能面临组织定位不明确[3]、沟通机制不顺畅[4]、活动内容单一[5]、资源分配不均[6]等问题。以“高校学生会”和“组织建设”等关键词进行文献搜索,提取350篇高度相关文献进行共现分析,可知学生干部、组织力、思想引领以及服务意识是对高校学生会形象塑造影响较大的几类因素,发展路径、深化改革、治理与管理是对于该研究问题的几大热点,主要侧重于对组织发展的宏观分析,在高校学生会的建设和发展过程中,清新阳光的形象塑造是一个相对较少被关注的话题,但它对于学生会的长远发展和校园文化的建设具有重要意义。因此,研究聚焦于“高校学生会组织”,探究影响其“清新阳光形象塑造”的因素,采用AHP对这一目标进行层次分解,寻找在新时代背景下高校学生会组织清新阳光形象塑造的塑造路径。这对推进学生会组织深化改革,进一步提升学生会组织的政治性、先进性、群众性具有重要的理论价值和现实意义。
+
+## 1 高校学生会形象塑造的时代意义
+
+学生会组织的形象建设始终贯穿在学生会组织的发展与改革中,学生会组织以立德树人的根本任务、服务同学的根本宗旨和深化改革的具体措施,从不同的维度和高度对学生会组织清新阳光的形象建设提出了要求,在逻辑上是连续和统一的。
+
+
+
+**收稿日期:** 2024-04-19.
+**作者简介:** 李航(1986-),男,讲师,研究方向为高校思想政治教育和管理.
+**通讯作者:** 严祥星(1990-),男,副研究员,研究方向为高校思想政治教育和管理.
+**基金项目:** 武汉理工大学自主创新研究基金人文社科研究项目(2019XSSZ064).
+
+### 1.1 坚持立德树人根本任务的必然要求
+
+教育是百年大计,是为党育人、为国育才的关键环节,党的十八大以来,以习近平同志为核心的党中央高度重视教育工作,强调要“坚持立德树人根本任务”,高标准培养社会主义接班人。广大学生作为受教育的对象,《中华全国学生联合会章程》(简称《章程》)中规定,凡在学的中国学生,不分民族、性别、宗教信仰均为学生会、研究生会会员[7]。因此,学生会组织作为党领导下的主要学生组织,最重要的使命和担当就是将自身的发展融入党和国家的教育事业当中,遵循和贯彻党的教育方针,团结和引导同学成为热爱祖国,适应中国特色社会主义事业要求的合格人才。这一要求从根本上规定了学生会组织“又红又专”的政治属性,也从根本上确立了学生会组织清新阳光的组织形象,不仅代表着广大学子的精神面貌,更代表着社会主义教育事业的未来与希望。
+
+### 1.2 聚焦服务同学根本宗旨的必要基础
+
+“全心全意为同学服务”是学生会组织的根本宗旨,《意见》中强调,学生会组织要在学业发展、身心健康、社会融入、权益维护等方面,着力服务好广大同学的普遍性需求[8],《方案》中指出,学生会组织要进一步突出服务的政治性、普遍性、针对性,《措施》中强调,学生会要把服务同学成长和支持学校育人工作高质量发展统一起来,把服务同学的普遍性和针对性统一起来,着力帮助同学提高社会化能力[9],这必然要以清新阳光的组织形象为基础。学生会组织自身清清爽爽,才能当好广大学生的“火车头”和“代言人”;学生会组织的工作人员积极阳光,才能在服务广大同学的过程中将心比心、勇担责任;学生会组织的工作温暖贴心,才能既当“传话筒”又当“办事员”,才能将广大学生需求落到实处。
+
+### 1.3 持续深化学生会组织改革的必由之路
+
+2017年3月,共青团中央印发《学联学生会组织改革方案》,吹响了新时代学生会组织改革的号角。2020年以来,共青团中央、全国学联秘书处又先后印发《意见》《方案》《措施》等文件,旨在全面落实全国学联二十七大的各项工作部署,进一步破解学生会组织改革中的“疑难杂症”,扫清“固障顽疾”,全面提升学生会组织的服务能力,学习社会功能和塑造良好形象。习近平总书记强调,学联组织一定要不断保持和增强政治性、先进性、群众性,不断推进自身改革,认真履行自身职能,更好组织动员广大青年坚定地跟党走[10]。在改革过程中,不断“强三性、去四化”,严把学生会组织思想政治关、组织建设关、作风纪律关,为的就是塑造学生会组织清新阳光的组织形象,使学生会真正成为让党放心、师生满意、社会认可、朝气蓬勃的先进学生组织。
+
+## 2 学生会清新阳光形象的影响因素探索
+
+### 2.1 模型指标选取
+
+高校学生会作为学生群体中自我驱动的核心组织[11],承担着自我教育、自我管理、自我服务与自我监督的重要职责,是高校推动青年工作的关键力量。为了不断提升学生会的效能和影响力,必须从组织、思想、行动3个方面发力[12]。首先是组织建设上,确立一个结构化、高效的管理体系,确保各职能部门职责明确,协同高效[13]。其次是思想上,董旭冉[14]提出要加强政治引领、价值观教育以推动学生会职能发挥。在行动上,学生会要回归服务同学的本质,举办的活动要契合学生需求,更有效地服务于学生群体,充分发挥师生沟通“桥梁”作用[15]。
+
+新时代高校学生会清新阳光良好形象的塑造涉及到诸多环节、诸多对象、诸多活动层次,形象塑造效果受到众多因素的影响。因此从组织能力、服务能力、沟通能力、团结引领能力4个维度进行设置,利用目标分解的方法将实现一级目标的关键要素作为二级指标。整个评价体系划分为4个一级指标、12个二级指标和36个三级指标。以“高校学生会组织清新阳光形象塑造”为总目标,分目标层、准则层、准则层、方案层构建出高校学生会组织清新阳光形象塑造的层次结构模型,如图1所示。
+
+
+
+图 1 学生会清新阳光形象塑造影响因素的层次结构模型
+
+### 2.2 数据来源与分析
+
+通过对100名高校学生进行问卷调查,采用AHP方法对高校学生会组织清新阳光形象塑造这一目标进行权重分析,采用两两比较方式,按照各指标的重要程度进行赋值,赋值范围为1~9分,其中1为相同重要,9为绝对重要。根据调研情况分析论证各级指标中各因素对高校学生会组织清新阳光形象塑造的相对重要程度,然后对其进行求和平均,构建出判断矩阵,如表 1 所示。
+
+结合高校学生会组织清新阳光形象塑造的层次结构模型,将问卷收集结果根据对组织能力、服务能力、沟通能力和团结引领能力4个维度进行权重计算,结果如表 2 ~ 表 5 所示,且各级指标判断矩阵的CR值均小于0.1,通过了一致性检验。
+
+**表 1 目标层的判断矩阵**
+
+| 指标 | 组织能力 | 服务能力 | 沟通能力 | 团结引领能力 | λmax | CR | | 组织能力 | 1 | 1/3 | 1/2 | 2 | 4.0310 | 0.0116 | | 服务能力 | 3 | 1 | 2 | 4 | | 沟通能力 | 2 | 1/2 | 1 | 3 | | 团结引领能力 | 1/2 | 1/4 | 1/3 | 1 |
+
+根据上述分析结果,高校学生会的服务能力对于其塑造清新阳光形象发挥较大作用,该指标影响权重为0.4658;其次是沟通能力,这一指标的影响权重为0.2771,说明高校学生会的服务能力是塑造其清新阳光形象的关键因素,权重的高比例显示了服务能力在形象建设中的重要性。因此,学生会应当不断优化服务流程、提高服务质量,以更好地服务学生群体,从而在塑造积极形象的同时,也能够提升自身的工作效率和组织凝聚力。就具体指标而言,可以发现服务能力的需求匹配度其影响权重达到了0.2022,沟通能力中对于反馈机制的反馈针对性,该指标影响权重达到了0.1188。而组织运行机制的规章制度明确性仅有0.0012。这表明在塑造清新阳光形象的过程中,提供与学生需求高度匹配的服务是至关重要的。学生会应当深入了解学生的实际需求,设计并实施能够满足这些需求的服务项目,确保服务内容的精准性和有效性。而组织运行机制虽然在形象塑造中的直接影响较小,但它是支撑学生会其他工作顺利进行的基础,间接地对形象塑造产生影响。因此,学生会应当重视这3个方面的发展,全面地塑造一个清新阳光的组织形象。
+
+**表2 组织能力的评估体系指标及权重**
+
+| 一级指标 | 权重 | 二级指标 | 权重 | 三级指标 | 权重 | 层次总权重 | | 组织能力 | 0.1611 | 思想活动引领性 | 0.5949 | 熔炼特色思想文化 | 0.2062 | 0.0198 | | 活动内容交互性 | 0.7233 | 0.0693 | | 多维宣传体系 | 0.0704 | 0.0067 | | 活动创新性 | 0.1285 | 活动参与度 | 0.1638 | 0.0098 | | 活动内容新颖性 | 0.5390 | 0.0323 | | 时代相关性 | 0.2973 | 0.0178 | | 管理行政化程度 | 0.2766 | 机构设置各自为营 | 0.0944 | 0.0122 | | 考核标准多元化 | 0.1676 | 0.0216 | | 管理制度透明度 | 0.7380 | 0.0951 |
+
+**表3 服务能力的评估体系指标及权重**
+
+| 一级指标 | 权重 | 二级指标 | 权重 | 三级指标 | 权重 | 层次总权重 | | 服务能力 | 0.4658 | 主动性 | 0.2213 | 服务响应速度 | 0.0817 | 0.0084 | | 服务创新性 | 0.1577 | 0.0163 | | 成员参与度 | 0.7606 | 0.0784 | | 精准性 | 0.6853 | 服务满意度 | 0.1062 | 0.0339 | | 问题解决率 | 0.2605 | 0.0832 | 需求匹配度 | 0.6333 | 0.2022 | | 覆盖面 | 0.0934 | 服务项目种类 | 0.0882 | 0.0038 | | 受益人数 | 0.2431 | 0.0106 | | 特殊需求满足率 | 0.6687 | 0.0291 |
+
+**表4 沟通能力的评估体系指标及权重**
+
+| 一级指标 | 权重 | 二级指标 | 权重 | 三级指标 | 权重 | 层次总权重 | | 沟通能力 | 0.2771 | 组织定位准确性 | 0.1180 | 职责清晰度 | 0.0755 | 0.0025 | | 受众匹配度 | 0.3338 | 0.0109 | | 沟通质量 | 0.5907 | 0.0193 | | 平台建设 | 0.2693 | 平台互动性 | 0.0904 | 0.0067 | | 内容更新质量 | 0.3537 | 0.0264 | | 平台影响力 | 0.5559 | 0.0415 | | 反馈机制 | 0.6127 | 反馈持续性 | 0.1066 | 0.0181 | 反馈有效性 | 0.1935 | 0.0329 | | 反馈针对性 | 0.6999 | 0.1188 |
+
+**表5 团结引领能力的评估体系指标及权重**
+
+| 一级指标 | 权重 | 二级指标 | 权重 | 三级指标 | 权重 | 层次总权重 | | 团结引领能力 | 0.096 0 | 组织先进性 | 0.229 9 | 组织凝聚力 | 0.819 4 | 0.018 1 | | 价值观引导力 | 0.343 1 | 0.007 6 | | 价值传播效果 | 0.575 0 | 0.012 7 | | 干部自身素质 | 0.647 9 | 责任感 | 0.070 4 | 0.004 4 | | 决策能力 | 0.206 2 | 0.012 8 | | 诚信度 | 0.723 4 | 0.045 0 | | 组织运行机制 | 0.122 2 | 规章制度明确性 | 0.100 1 | 0.001 2 | | 流程决策效率 | 0.389 3 | 0.004 6 | | 执行力度 | 0.510 5 | 0.006 0 |
+
+## 3 学生会清新阳光形象的塑造路径
+
+### 3.1 强化服务能力,提升需求匹配度
+
+(1)深入践行服务宗旨。通过开展贴近学生实际的各类服务活动,如学业辅导、生活服务、权益维护等,不断提升服务质量和效率。定期开展问卷调查、座谈会和个别访谈,以收集学生对学生会服务的看法和建议。通过这些渠道,学生会能够及时了解学生的具体需求和期望,从而更有针对性地规划和调整服务项目。
+
+(2)建立一套完善的服务效果评估体系。包括定期对已提供的服务进行回顾和评估,收集服务对象的反馈,分析服务的成效和不足。基于评估结果,学生会能够不断优化服务流程,提高服务的精准度和满意度[16],确保服务项目能够真正满足学生的需求。
+
+(3)高校学生会应以换届为契机,坚持“回归主业、按需设置、合理优化、精简高效”的原则,精简组织架构,明晰工作边界。关键部门如办公室、学习部、权益部、宣传部等应保留并强化其在学业支持、权益维护、文化建设等方面的职能。同时,校院两级学生会应规范部门设置,明确职责分工,以学生的实际需求为导向,持续改进服务质量,提升学生会的工作效率和学生满意度。
+
+### 3.2 优化沟通机制,增强反馈针对性
+
+(1)畅通沟通反馈渠道。通过开展“校领导午餐会”“职能部门交流会”“团委书记座谈会”等权益服务活动,创建师生叙生活、谈理想、提建议、促发展的平台。完善权益问题上报机制,建立职能部门面对面线上平台,实现院会、校会、职能部门零距离沟通,探索院会筛选汇总、校会集中上报、职能部门定期反馈的工作模式。进一步完善学生代表大会提案工作会,增加校、院权益工作合作,提升权益干部服务水平和工作能力,切实做到传达校情、心系同学、共谋发展。
+
+(2)学生会应建立有效的沟通机制,积极听取和反映学生的意见和建议,确保学生的参与权和监督权,真正实现以学生为中心的服务理念。提高工作的透明度和公信力,确保服务工作的公正性和专业性。通过这些措施,更好地发挥桥梁和纽带作用,为学生的全面发展和校园的和谐稳定作出积极贡献。
+
+### 3.3 完善组织运行机制,夯实基础支撑
+
+(1)严格遴选任用制度。学生会组织根据“公开透明、择优录用”的原则,通过资格审查、笔试、面试和综合考察等多环节筛选,全面评估候选人的领导力、团队精神和创新能力。
+
+(2)完善组织协同机制。推进“校会主议”,进一步加强校学生会组织对学院学生会组织的指导,完善、丰富学院学生会负责人例会制度,规范校、院学生会组织的定期交流平台;强化“院会主行”,加强校学生会组织与学院学生会组织的工作联动;落实“班级支撑”,加强学院学生会组织对学生干部的考核,以班级学生干部为抓手,提升班级组织活力,让个别学生干部“躺着拿综测”“只挂名不做事”的不良现象一去不复返。
+
+(3)完善工作人员述职评议制度,建立以服务和贡献为导向的激励机制,组织以广大同学、学生会组织工作人员、院系教师代表为主体的“评审团”,对学生干部政治态度、道德品行、学习情况、工作成效、纪律作风等方面进行全面客观的综合评价。在新时代的召唤下,高校学生会需焕发新面貌,以新理念、新行动和新服务响应学生需求和时代挑战。这要求学生会更新工作理念,创新活动形式,提升服务质量,强化成员责任,增强综合能力,并通过树立榜样和推动校内外交流合作,积极作为,为学生个人成长和校园文化建设贡献力量,展现新时代学生组织的积极形象和作用[17]。
+
+## 4 结论
+
+(1)采用层次分析法分层提取高校学生会形象塑造的影响因素指标,建立科学全面和客观量化的高校学生会组织塑造清新阳光形象的影响指标体系,将复杂问题分解为多个组成因素,具有较强的应用参考价值。
+
+(2)综合考量了服务能力、沟通能力、组织能力和团结引领能力这4个维度的指标权重,发现服务能力和沟通能力是高校学生会组织清新阳光形象塑造的关键性因素,组织能力和团结引领能力的影响次之。
+
+(3)基于层次分析法结构提出新时代高校学生会清新的塑造路径,提出从服务能力、沟通机制、组织运行机制3个方面深化改革,为高校学生会组织提供了宝贵的参考,有助于更有针对性地开展形象塑造工作,更好地服务学生群体,发挥学生会的积极作用。
+
+## 参考文献：
+
+[1] 张晓媛,曹光远.习近平关于青年工作的重要思想对新时代高校学生会组织建设的启示[J].北京科技大学学报(社会科学版),2022,38(6):654-660.
+
+[2] 李辉,丁磊.新时代背景下我国高校学生会组织“改革再出发”问题研究[J]. 高校共青团研究,2019(Z1):161-165.
+
+[3] 喻凯.新时代背景下高校学生会组织改革再出发:基于学联学生会改革的政策文本梳理[J].青少年研究与实践,2023,38(3):1-8.
+
+[4] 李一鸣,王耀珣,蔡杰帅.新时代高校学生会组织文化建设现状及对策分析[J].数据,2022(10):128-130.
+
+[5] 魏安康.新时代高校学生会组织改革与发展对策研究:以安徽农业大学为例[J].哈尔滨学院学报,2022,43(5):132-134.
+
+[6] 苏晖阳.高校学生会组织章程性质的认识视角[J].学校党建与思想教育,2021(17):78-80.
+
+[7] 中华全国学联.中华全国学生联合会章程[EB/OL]. (2020-08-28). http://qgxl.youth.cn/xljj/xlzc/202008/t20200828_12470751.htm.
+
+[8] 共青团中央,教育部,中华全国学联.关于推动高校学生会(研究生会)深化改革的若干意见[EB/OL]. (2019-10-16). https://qgxl.youth.cn/zt/zhxslhh/ggjc/202008/t2020081012444379.htm.
+
+[9] 共青团中央,教育部,中华全国学联.关于巩固高校学生会(研究生会)改革成果的若干措施[EB/OL]. (2023-02-13). https://qgxl.youth.cn/xlwk/202307/P020230722354552593788.pdf.
+
+[10] 习近平.论党的青年工作[M].北京:中央文献出版社,2022:50-80.
+
+[11] 刘琼,万源,孙焱.基于层次分析法的高校国际化教学团队建设研究[J].武汉理工大学学报(信息与管理工程版),2021,43(4):388-392.
+
+[12] 张晓媛,曹光远.习近平关于青年工作的重要思想对新时代高校学生会组织建设的启示[J].北京科技大学学报(社会科学版),2022,38(6):654-660.
+
+[13] 周能,王光彦,郭腾飞,等.高校学生会评价与建设机制的探究[J].科技创业月刊,2014,27(5):81-84.
+
+[14] 董旭冉.深化改革背景下高校学生会建设路径研究:以H高校学生会为例[J].淮阴师范学院学报(自然科学版),2023,22(3):237-239.
+
+[15] 于璐,郭思禹,谢飞.用“三个必须坚持”做好新时代高校学生会工作[J].文教资料,2023(17):81-84.
+
+[16] 郭一凡,何家琪.高校学生会官僚化问题的生成逻辑,个体应对与解决路径[J].中国青年研究,2023(6):112-119.
+
+[17] 刘晓婧,唐浚洸.“三全育人”视角下高校学生会组织改革实践研究[J].高校共青团研究,2020(Z2):163-168.
+
+# Research on the Shaping Path of a Fresh and Sunny Image of Students' Unions in Universities in the New Era
+
+*LI Hang, DUAN Zhaolin, YAN Xiangxing*
+
+**Abstract:** To shape the fresh and sunny organizational image is an important aspect of building students' union organizations in universities, and it is the necessary path to continuously deepen the reform of students' union organizations. Currently, students' union organizations in universities are facing practical difficulties such as unclear organizational positioning, ineffective communication mechanisms, and single activity content. Based on this, this study focused on the "shaping of a fresh and sunny organizational image", and explored the factors influencing the image shaping of students' union organizations in the new era and the practical path using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). The study found that service capability and communication ability are key factors in shaping the fresh and sunny image of students' union organizations in colleges and universities, followed by organizational capability and cohesive leadership ability. It is proposed to deepen the reform from three aspects: assessment criteria, ideological guidance, and management system, effectively strengthening the political, advanced, and mass nature of students' union organizations.
+
+**Key words:** organizational image; influencing factors; AHP; students' union in universities; shaping path
+
+**LI Hang*: Lect. ; School of Law, Humanities and Sociology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
+
+
+
+(上接第 778 页)
+
+# The Influence of New Generation Construction Workers' Work Pressure on Unsafe Behavior: Mediating Effect of Benevolent Authoritarian Leadership
+
+*YANG Wenan, LI Zhimei, LONG Xiangyang*
+
+**Abstract:** To explore the mechanism and boundary conditions of the effect of work stress and work-family conflict on unsafe behaviors among new generation construction workers, and to examine the moderating role of benevolent-authoritarian leadership styles on the relationship between work stress and work-family conflict, this study formulated hypotheses through theoretical analysis and literature review. A survey was conducted with a random sample of 306 construction workers, and the hypotheses were tested using SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that work stress significantly positively influences unsafe behaviors among new-generation construction workers, and work-family conflict significantly partially mediates this relationship. Lastly, benevolent-authoritarian leadership significantly moderates the relationship between work stress and work-family conflict. These findings suggest that project managers can utilize the management traits of benevolent-authoritarian leadership style to reduce the occurrence of unsafe behaviors among new generation construction workers caused by work stress and work-family conflict.
+
+**Key words:** work pressure; work-family conflict; new generation construction workers; unsafe behavior; benevolent authoritarian leadership
+
+**YANG Wenan**: Assoc. Prof. ; School of Traffic & Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha 410114, China.
\ No newline at end of file
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+**doi：** 10.12012/CJoE2022-0109
+
+# 碳市场中文新闻主题建模：热点与时空演变分析
+
+贾君君[1], 胡虞巧[2], 吴华清[1]
+
+(1. 合肥工业大学经济学院, 合肥 230601; 2. 上海财经大学经济学院, 上海 200433)
+
+**摘要** 新闻报导对公共政策的有效实施有重要影响.本文使用潜在狄利克雷分布(latent Dirichlet allocation, LDA)模型, 对2013-2021年期间约26000篇碳市场中文新闻进行主题建模, 并分析主题的时间演变与地区间的异质性.结果表明, 中文报刊对碳市场的报导围绕气候变化及其对经济社会的影响、重点行业的转型发展、碳市场与绿色金融、碳市场与生态文明、以及碳市场本身的要素五个方面; 在识别出的十个主题中, 气候变化对农村与城市发展的影响、电动汽车行业、高耗能行业转型、碳市场与生态文明建设、碳市场对金融业务的拓展、以及碳市场本身的要素是新闻关注的重点.在时间维度上, 电动汽车行业和高耗能行业转型两个主题一直受到新闻的高度关注; 随着2021年中国全国碳市场启动上线交易, 高耗能行业的转型成为关注最高的主题, 碳市场本身的要素及其对金融业的拓展又重新受到重点关注.在空间维度上, 不同区域和地区的报刊对碳市场主题的关注有明显的异质性.中文报刊一直关注重点行业低碳转型的核心议题, 在公众理解碳市场政策方面发挥了良好的引导作用.碳市场主题的地区异质性反映出不同区域的政策关切, 在全国碳市场建设过程中应充分考虑.
+
+**关键词** 碳市场; 中文新闻; LDA 主题模型; 时空演变; 文本挖掘
+
+
+
+**收稿日期:** 2022-12-01
+
+**基金项目:** 国家社会科学基金重大项目(18ZDA064); 国家自然科学基金(72001065); 中央高校基本科研业务费专项(JZ2022HGTB0259); 教育部产学合作协同育人项目(220605278010305)
+
+**Supported by** National Social Science Foundatron of China (18ZDA064); National Natural Science Foundation of China (72001065); Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (JZ2022HGTB0259); University-Industry Collaborative Education Program of the Ministry of Education of China (220605278010305)
+
+**作者简介:** 贾君君, 博士, 副教授, 研究方向: 文本数据挖掘、居民绿色消费、碳市场, E-mail: jiajunjun@hfut.edu.cn; 胡虞巧, 硕士研究生, 研究方向: 文本数据挖掘、金融科技, E-mail: yujohu@163.com; 通信作者: 吴华清, 博士, 教授, 研究方向: 环境技术效率评价、环境大数据建模, E-mail: wuhuaqing@hfut.edu.cn.
+
+# Topic Modeling of Chinese News on Carbon Market: Hotspots and Spatial-temporal Evolution
+
+JIA Junjun[1], HU Yuqiao[2], WU Huaqing[1]
+
+(1. School of Economics, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230601, China; 2. School of Economics, Shanghai University of Finance and Economics, Shanghai 200433, China)
+
+**Abstract** News reports have an important impact on the effective implementation of public policies. This paper uses the latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic model to model the topics in about 26000 Chinese news reports on carbon market from 2013 to 2021, and analyzes the time evolution of the topics and the heterogeneity in different regions. The results show that the coverage of the carbon market by Chinese newspapers and periodicals focuses on five aspects: Climate change and its impact on the economy and society, transformation and development of key industries, carbon market and green finance, carbon market and ecological civilization, and the elements of the carbon market itself; among the 10 topics identified, the impact of climate change on rural and urban development, the electric vehicle industry, the transformation of energy-intensive industries, carbon market and ecological civilization, the expansion of carbon market to financial business, and the elements of carbon market itself are the focus of news. In terms of time dimension, the electric vehicle industry and the transformation of energy-intensive industries have been highly concerned by the news; with the launch of online trading of China's national carbon market in 2021, the transformation of energy-intensive industries has become the highest focus, and the elements of the carbon market itself and its expansion to the financial industry have received renewed attention. In terms of spatial dimension, newspapers and periodicals in different regions have obvious heterogeneity in their attention to the identified topics. Chinese newspapers and periodicals have always paid attention to the core issues of low-carbon transformation of key industries, which have played a good guiding role in the public's understanding of carbon markets. In developing the national carbon market, the heterogeneity in focused topics of carbon market in different regions should be fully considered.
+
+**Keywords** carbon market; Chinese news reports; LDA topic model; spatial-temporal evolution; text mining
+
+## 1 引言
+
+气候变化是当今人类社会面临的重大挑战. 中国提出在2060年前实现碳中和, 该承诺是实现《巴黎协定》确立的2℃和1.5℃温升控制目标的重要保障(段宏波和汪寿阳(2019)). 碳市场利用市场机制控制和减少温室气体排放, 是应对气候变化挑战的核心政策工具. 碳市场通过人为地构建"总量-交易"机制, 在理论上可以成本有效地实现既定的温室气体减排目标. 由于实现减排目标的灵活性以及对绿色低碳技术创新的激励, 碳市场已在全球36个国家、17个州或省以及7个城市开展实践, 覆盖全球GDP的42％, 并且更多的碳市场正在筹划或建设中(ICAP (2022)). 然而, 由于碳市场在覆盖行业、履约过程、参与主体、交易产品方面的复杂性, 政策设计者与市场实践者(如履约企业、地方政府、金融服务机构)对碳市场的理解有显著差异. 报刊作为重要媒介, 在政策设计者与实践者之间起到双向的信息传递作用. 一方面, 准确客观的报道有助于碳市场建立广泛的公信力, 报刊解读碳市场文件会影响个人或集体对政策的反应, 进而影响政策的有效性(Mehling (2022)); 另一方面, 实践者可通过报刊反映政策实施过程中的问题, 促进政策设计者完善政策(Yanovitzky and Weber (2019)). 因此, 分析报刊新闻对碳市场的关切, 对判断实践者能否准确理解该政策, 反映碳市场在实践过程中遇到的问题具有重要的意义.
+
+中国在2013–2021年间, 经历了从碳市场试点到全国碳市场的快速转变. 在2013–2016年期间, 中国陆续在深圳、上海、北京、广东、天津、湖北、重庆以及福建八个省市启动碳市场试点, 并于2013年6月开始碳交易. 表 1总结八个试点碳市场的特征. 八个试点在覆盖范围、纳入门槛、碳价格水平和交易量等方面差异显著(Weng and Xu (2018)). 第一, 碳市场主要覆盖高耗能行业, 但北京、上海和深圳三个试点也将交通运输业和服务业纳入碳市场; 第二, 在纳入门槛方面, 由于北京的工业企业规模较小, 纳入企业的排放门槛低于其他试点; 第三, 在碳价格方面, 北京的碳价显著高于其他试点, 湖北和天津的碳价相对稳定, 而北京、深圳和广东的碳价波动较大; 第四, 在交易量方面, 广东的碳交易量和交易额远高于其他试点(王科和李思阳(2022)).
+
+在充分吸收碳市场试点经验的基础上, 中国正式推出全国碳市场, 并于2021年7月16日启动上线交易, 首批纳入2162家发电企业, 二氧化碳年排放量超过45亿吨, 约占全国碳排放的40％, 是全球规模最大的碳市场(张希良, 黄晓丹和张达等(2022)). 试点碳市场与全国碳市场在顶层设计、市场参与主体、履约规则等方面差异显著, 这对市场实践者快速熟悉市场, 适应市场规则提出了新的考验. 报刊媒体作为解读政策、反馈问题的重要媒介, 在碳市场的发展过程中起到举足轻重的作用.
+
+本文以中国碳市场为案例, 使用机器学习中的潜在狄利克雷分布(latent Dirichlet allocation, LDA)主题模型, 对中文报刊中约26000篇碳市场相关的新闻进行主题建模, 识别报刊媒体关注的主题. 首先, 通过搜索关键词, 获取中文报刊中碳市场相关的新闻文本; 其次, 使用LDA主题模型识别出新闻文本数据中机器学习意义的主题; 再次, 分析主题之间的依赖关系; 最后, 刻画主题随时间的演化, 分析地区间关注主题的异质性.
+
+本文的贡献有三点. 第一, 本文使用机器学习方法分析碳市场中文新闻文本大数据, 为理解碳市场政策提供了新的方法视角. 第二, 分析碳市场新闻主题的时间演化, 对判断媒体报导的引导作用、评估碳市场政策实施的有效性提供了新的证据. 第三, 比较不同区域和地区间碳市场新闻的异质性, 为我国全国碳市场的建设提供了有价值的参考.
+
+本文的其余部分安排如下: 第2部分综述相关文献; 第3部分介绍数据; 第4部分介绍LDA主题建模过程; 第5部分展示结果并分析; 第6部分给出结论.
+
+**表 1 中国八个碳市场试点的比较**
+
+ | 上海 | 北京 | 广东 | 深圳 | 湖北 | 天津 | 重庆 | 福建 |
|---|
| 开始时间 | 2013.11.26 | 2013.11.28 | 2013.12.18 | 2013.6.18 | 2014.4.2 | 2013.12.26 | 2014.6.1 | 2016.12.15 | | 温室气体占比 | 50% | 50% | 42% | 38% | 35% | 60% | 50% | 60% | | 纳入行业 | 能源密集型行业, 航空业, 港口, 铁路, 商业建筑, 航运业 | 电力, 供热, 制造业, 大型建筑, 交通部门, 水泥 | 钢铁, 石化, 电力, 水泥, 造纸, 国内航空 | 电力, 水务, 燃气, 制造业, 公共交通, 机场, 码头等 | 钢铁, 化工, 水泥, 汽车制造, 电力, 有色金属, 玻璃, 造纸 | 钢铁, 化工, 电力, 供热, 石化, 油气开采, 大型建筑 | 化工, 建材, 冶金, 电力 | 电力, 石化, 化工, 建材, 钢铁, 有色金属, 造纸, 航空, 陶瓷 | | 排放门槛 | 20 ktCO₂/年 | 10 ktCO₂/年 | 20 ktCO₂/年 | 20 ktCO₂/年 | 2016 年前: 60 kt 标煤/年, 2016 年起: 10 kt 标煤/年 | 20 ktCO₂/年 | 20 ktCO₂/年 | 10 kt 标煤/年 | | 配额分配方式 | 免费为主 | 免费为主 | 免费为主 | 免费发放, 拍卖比例递增 | 90% 免费分配, 10% 拍卖 | 免费为主 | 免费为主 | 免费为主 | | 未履约的惩罚 | 1~10 万元 | 3~5 倍的配额市场价格 | 5 万元, 下年双倍扣除 | 3 倍的配额市场价格 | 1~3 倍的配额市场价格, 下年双倍扣除 | 下年双倍扣除 | 3 倍的配额市场价格 | 1~3 倍的配额市场价格, 下年双倍扣除 | | 配额交易方式 | 挂牌交易, 协议转让 | 公开交易, 协议转让 | 挂牌点选, 协议转让 | 电子竞价, 定价点选, 大宗交易 | 协议转让, 定价转让 | 拍卖交易, 协议交易 | 定价交易, 协议转让 | 挂牌点选, 协议转让, 单向竞价, 定价转让 | | 配额价格日涨跌幅限制 | 挂牌 10%, 协议 30% | 公开 20%, 协议无 | 挂牌 10%, 协议 30% | 竞价无, 定价 10%, 大宗 30% | 协议 10%, 定价 30% | 10% | 定价 10%, 协议 30% | 挂牌 10%, 协议 30% | | 碳信用抵消比例 | 3% | 5% | 10% | 10% | 10% | 10% | 8% | 10% | | 市场调控机制 | 预留配额 | 预留配额, 配额拍卖或回购 | 预留配额 | 预留配额, 配额回购 | 预留配额 | 配额拍卖或固定价格出售 | 配额数量交易限制 | 预留配额 |
+
+注:本表根据赵小鹭,李瑾和王颖等(2021), World Bank (2013, 2014, 2017)的报告整理得到.
+
+## 2 文献综述
+
+对中国碳市场的现有研究集中在减排效果评估、对低碳技术创新的影响方面, 对碳市场新闻报导的分析较少, 且集中在欧盟碳市场.
+
+### 2.1 碳市场的减排效果
+
+现有研究表明, 中国碳市场试点在促进减排方面效果显著. Liu, Tan and Yu et al. (2017)构建多区域一般均衡模型模拟湖北碳市场, 发现该试点显著降低了碳排放, 而且对经济的不利影响可以忽略不计. Hu, Ren and Wang et al. (2020)发现, 与非试点地区相比, 碳市场试点覆盖的行业碳排放量减少了15.5％, 能耗降低了22.8％. Cui, Wang and Zhang et al. (2021)根据是否纳入碳市场试点, 将同一行业中的企业分为实验组和对照组, 评估碳市场对企业碳排放的影响, 结果表明碳市场试点可以有效促进企业减少碳排放, 并且会显著影响企业的减排行为. Zhang, Cao and Li et al. (2021)通过对比试点地区和非试点地区的六大高耗能行业, 发现试点碳市场可以显著地促进减排. 吴茵茵, 齐杰和鲜琴等(2021)基于市场机制与行政干预的协同作用视角, 发现中国八个碳市场试点显著降低了当地的碳排放与碳强度, 并且未抑制地区经济的增长. 另外, 不同碳市场试点的减排效果有显著的异质性(刘传明, 孙喆和张瑾(2019), Shen, Tang and Zeng (2020), Wang, Gao and Huang et al. (2020), 曾诗鸿, 李璠和翁智雄等(2022), Gu, Zheng and Tong et al. (2022), Shi, Li and Gao et al. (2022)).
+
+### 2.2 碳市场对低碳技术创新的作用
+
+已有文献表明, 中国碳市场试点能有效促进低碳技术创新. Xie, Zhou and Hui (2022)考察了2009–2017年中国碳市场试点对发电技术结构的影响, 发现该政策显著改善了发电技术结构, 促进了低排放技术的扩散, 同时降低了高排放技术的利用水平. Weng, Ma and Xie et al. (2022)研究发现碳市场试点可显著提高绿色发明专利授权量, 并且这种政策效应在东部经济活力强的城市更加明显. Zhu, Fan and Deng et al. (2019)发现中国碳市场试点在不排挤其他技术创新的同时, 能促使纳入企业的低碳技术创新水平提高5％到10％, 并且在一定程度上能促进未纳入企业的低碳技术创新. 廖文龙, 董新凯和翁鸣等(2020)发现碳市场可以通过增加创新投入和提高绿色创新产出两个途径激励创新. Wang, Liu and Wen et al. (2022)使用准自然实验方法, 发现湖北和广东碳市场产生了持续的低碳技术创新效应, 而天津和深圳碳市场仅产生了短期的效应. 另外, 碳市场试点政策促发的低碳技术创新能促进区域经济的转型升级, 在中国东中西部地区产生显著的空间集聚效应(余萍和刘纪显(2020), 张修凡(2021), 郭红欣, 张乐权和吴斯玥(2021)).
+
+### 2.3 碳市场新闻的相关研究
+
+现有研究对碳市场相关新闻的分析较少, 主要集中在欧盟碳市场. 在分析分众态度方面, Wei, Gong and Zhang et al. (2021)通过多维度挖掘推特上欧盟碳市场的相关报导, 分析公众对气候政策的态度, 结果表明政策和立法、价格补贴、以及配额分配是公众最关心的问题. 在预测碳价格方面, Ye and Xue (2021)通过构建字典, 计算反映新闻报道情绪的碳情绪指数, 发现该指数对欧盟碳市场的碳价格有很强的预测能力; Xie, Hao and Li et al. (2022)使用网上的新闻构建与气候相关的文本变量, 结果表明该变量能显著提高湖北和广东的碳价格预测精度. 朱帮助, 唐隽捷和江民星等(2022)将碳市场政策文件数量纳入系统动力学模型, 研究碳市场关键风险因素间的作用关系, 提出有效的调控策略.
+
+综上所述, 现有的研究尚没有对中文报刊中的碳市场新闻进行系统分析, 本文使用机器学习中的文本挖掘技术, 对碳市场的中文新闻进行主题建模, 识别主题热点, 分析主题的时空演变.
+
+## 3 数据
+
+本文使用中文报刊中与碳市场相关的新闻文本数据, 数据来源于慧科中文媒体资讯及商业情报数据库, 时间跨度从2013年到2021年, 2013年是我国碳市场试点的元年, 2021年中国全国碳市场正式启动上线交易. 检索关键词见表 2, 以覆盖"碳市场"的若干表述. 每篇报刊新闻包含四个要素: 新闻标题、新闻正文、报刊名称、发表时间. 新闻标题与新闻正文用于新闻的主题建模, 报刊名称用于比较新闻报导的地区异质性, 发表时间用于刻画新闻报导主题的时间演变.
+
+本文共检索收集25613篇碳市场相关的中文新闻. 收集的新闻报导来源于622种中文报刊, 从发行范围划分, 全国性报刊122种, 地方性(省市级)报刊500种. 报导碳市场新闻最多的三个报刊是《中国证券报》 《上海证券报》和《中国新闻》, 新闻总量分别为871、859和770篇.
+
+报刊新闻总量、全国性报刊与地方性报刊的新闻数量变化趋势见图 1. 图 1中报刊新闻量的趋势有三个特点. 第一, 在2013–2020年期间, 新闻报导总量逐年下降. 随着中国八个碳市场试点的陆续建立, 碳市场相关的制度与规则逐渐被熟悉, 新闻量逐年下降. 第二, 2021年, 碳市场的新闻报导急剧上涨. 随着2020年9月22日我国首次提出"2030前碳达峰与2060前碳中和"的战略目标, 碳市场作为温室气体减排的重要政策工具再次被高度关注. 2021年7月16日中国全国碳市场启动上线交易标志着全球最大碳市场的诞生, 因此, 2021年碳市场的新闻报导量激增到6184篇, 约为2020年的6倍. 第三, 全国性报刊与地方性报刊对碳市场的关注热度差异明显, 全国性报刊的新闻量占比逐年上升, 从2013年的55％增加到2021年的67％. 在地方性报刊中, 试点地区(北京、天津、上海、重庆、湖北、广东、深圳和福建)和非试点地区的新闻量变化趋势见图 2. 图 2表明, 非试点地区每年的新闻量多于试点地区, 说明非试点地区对碳市场政策的积极关注.
+
+**表 2 检索关键词**
+
+| 碳市场的若干表述 | | 碳市场, 碳交易, 碳交易市场, 碳排放交易, 碳排放权交易, 碳排放权交易市场, 碳金融, 碳交易机制, 碳排放权交易机制 |
+
+## 4 方法
+
+### 4.1 LDA 主题模型
+
+主题建模是机器学习领域中的无监督文本挖掘技术, 它在"词语"与"文档"之间构造一个隐藏层, 形成"主题". 主题模型的原理示意见图 3. 其中的若干概念, 与本文研究对象的对应关系如下.
+
+
+
+**图 1 碳市场的报刊新闻数量 (2013-2021 年)**
+
+
+
+**图 2 地方性报刊中试点地区与非试点地区的新闻数量 (2013-2021 年)**
+
+1. 文档: 指每个新闻报导的“新闻标题”和“新闻正文”文本的融合.假设有 M 个文档, 则在本研究中 M = 25613.
+
+2. 语料库: 指所有文档的集合.在本研究中, 即是 25613 个文档的集合.
+
+3. 词汇表: 指在语料库中出现过的所有词语的集合.在每个文档中, 词汇表中的每个词语不一定都会出现, 某些词语可能在某个文档中出现多次.
+
+4. 词语: 指构成文档中句子的词或短语.
+
+5. 主题: 指机器学习意义的主题, 即在词汇表上的某个概率分布.
+
+生成隐藏层中的主题是主题建模的核心. 对于语料库中的每个文档, 其中的每个词语是通过"以一定概率选择了某个主题, 并从这个主题中以一定概率选择某个词语"的过程生成得到, 即每个词语出现的概率由公式(1)得到:
+
+$$
+p(\text{词语}|\text{文档}) = \sum_{\text{主题}} p(\text{主题}|\text{文档}) \times p(\text{词语}|\text{主题}).\qquad(1)
+$$
+
+
+
+**图 3 主题模型结构图**
+
+主题建模早期的模型主要包括: 潜在语义分析(latent semantic analysis, LSA)模型, 概率潜在语义分析(probability latent semantic analysis, PLSA)模型. 其中, LSA模型使用奇异值分解算法, 将文档-词语矩阵分解成文档-主题矩阵与主题-词语矩阵, 但分解后的矩阵元素缺乏直观解释, 有时会出现元素值为负数的情况. PLSA模型克服LSA模型中奇异值分解算法的缺陷, 引入概率思想, 假设每个文档中的若干主题和每个主题中的词语服从多项式分布. 但是, PLSA模型假设每个文档有固定的主题分布, 不具备分析新文档主题分布的能力. LDA模型克服PLSA模型的缺陷, 引入贝叶斯框架, 假设每个文档中的若干主题和每个主题中的词语服从先验狄利克雷分布, 基于新文档, 形成修正的后验概率分布, 构成完备的生成式模型. 考虑到主题建模模型的发展, 本文使用LDA主题模型识别碳市场中文新闻报导中的主题(Blei, Ng and Jordan (2003), Blei (2012)). LDA模型有"词袋"假设, 即每个文档是由若干词语组成的, 并且不考虑这些词语的顺序. LDA模型的核心是将文档-词语频率矩阵分解为文档-主题概率矩阵与主题-词语概率矩阵的乘积, 即:
+
+$$
+\boldsymbol{W}_{M \times T} =\boldsymbol{\theta}_{M \times K} \times \varphi_{K \times T}.\qquad(2)
+$$
+
+假设一个包含 $M$ 篇文档的语料库, 对应的词汇表包含 $T$ 个词语, $K$ 代表主题的个数.文档-词语频率矩阵 $\boldsymbol{W}$ 是一个 $M \times T$ 的矩阵, 其中的元素 $w_{mt} = p(t|m)$ 表示文档 $m$ 中出现词语 $t$ 的频率, $\sum_{t=1}^{T} w_{mt}$ 即是文档 $m$ 中所有词语的个数. 文档-主题概率矩阵 $\boldsymbol{\theta}_{M \times K}$ 由 $\theta_{mk} = p(k|m)$ 构成, 表示文档 $m$ 从所有主题中选择主题 $k$ 的概率, 满足 $\sum_{k=1}^{K} \theta_{mk} = 1$. 主题-词语概率矩阵 $\varphi_{K \times T}$ 由 $\varphi_{kt} = p(t|k)$ 构成, 表示从主题 $k$ 中选择词语 $t$ 的概率, 满足 $\sum_{t=1}^{T} \varphi_{kt} = 1$.
+
+### 4.2 数据预处理
+
+在训练LDA模型之前, 对收集的原始文本数据作如下标准的数据预处理(Rehurek and Sojka (2010)). 数据预处理步骤见图 4.
+
+具体步骤说明如下:
+
+1. 编译所有的新闻文本为一个长字符串. 收集的25613篇新闻报导最初存储在记事本中, 将所有记事本文件中的内容相连, 编译成一个长字符串.
+
+2. 编写正则表达式, 标记每篇新闻的开头和结尾, 提取每篇新闻的"报刊名称" "发表日期" "新闻标题"和"新闻正文".
+
+3. 将每条新闻的"新闻标题"和"新闻正文"连接, 形成"文档"字符串, 使用Python中的Jieba库将每个"文档"字符串分词.
+
+4. 剔除噪声字符. 在第3步得到的分词结果中, 剔除PM2.5和PM10之外的所有非中文字符, 包括英文字符、数字、网址链接、标点符号、停用词(如助词"的")、计量单位、版权信息、报道标识.
+
+5. 在第4步剔除噪声的分词基础上, 构造相邻词语组成的短语, 使用符号"_"连接, 并将形成的短语补充到形成该短语的文档末尾. 组合相邻的词语是为避免将某些术语拆分成若干词语.例如, "绿色金融"会被拆解成"绿色"和"金融"两个词语, 但"绿色金融"本身就是一个有意义的词语.
+
+
+
+**图 4 数据预处理步骤**
+
+6. 在第5步得到的词语基础上, 剔除出现频率过高或过低的词语. 在所有25613个文档中, 将出现超过半数文档的词语定义为频率过高的词语, 出现在50个文档以下的词语定义为频率过低的词(Kvamsdal, Belik and Hopland et al. (2021)). 频率过高的词语包括"一些" "这是", 频率过低的词语如"落后分子" "五洲龙".
+
+经过上述步骤的预处理, 本研究的语料库中共有26012319个词语, 词汇表中共有67536个词语. 语料库中出现频率最高的200个词语绘制成的词云图见图 5. 图 5表明, 碳市场的新闻报道主要聚焦以下几个方面: 一是碳市场本身, 如"试点" "配额" "深圳" "北京"等词语; 二是金融服务, 包括"金融" "投资" "基金" "资产"等词语; 三是生态保护, 主要体现在"生态" "文明" "环保" "生态环境" "治理" "资源"等词语; 四是行业的低碳技术, 包括"低碳" "节能" "科技" "技术" "汽车" "电力" "研发"等.
+
+
+
+**图 5 语料库的词云图**
+
+### 4.3 模型训练
+
+在上节得到的语料库基础上, 使用Python中的Gensim库训练LDA主题模型(Rehurek and Sojka (2010), Bowles and Carlin (2020)). 训练LDA主题模型需要确定主题的个数 $K$, 为避免主观地确定主题个数, 本文对主题个数在1到30之间的模型逐个训练, 选择具有最高一致性得分的模型对应的主题个数作为 $K$ 值(Jia, Zhu and Wei (2022)). 一致性得分的计算结果如图 6所示. 当主题个数为10时, 对应的LDA主题模型的一致性得分为最高的0.754, 该得分被认为很高(Röder, Both and Hinneburg (2015)).
+
+
+
+**图 6 不同主题个数的一致性得分**
+
+## 5 结果与分析
+
+### 5.1 主题标签
+
+使用Python中的pyLDAvis库可视化主题建模的结果(Sievert and Shirley (2014)). 该工具有三个功能: 第一, 它可以展示某个主题中概率最高的若干词语, 并使用相关性得分对这些词语排序; 第二, 它使用流行度得分对 $K$ 个主题的相对重要性排序; 第三, 它可以通过选中某个词语, 显示该词语在不同主题中的条件概率分布.
+
+LDA主题模型生成机器学习意义的主题, 本质是词汇表上的概率分布. 为刻画每个主题, 根据每个主题中出现概率最高的若干词语形成主题标签, 生成规则如下. 首先, 使用pyLDAvis库可视化的每个主题结果, 提取每个主题中出现概率最高的30个词语.例如, 图 7是主题3的可视化结果, 该图的右侧即是主题3中概率最高的30个词语. 表 3给出每个主题概率最高的30个词语的概率之和、占词汇表词语总数的比例, 以及两者的倍数关系. 由表 3可知, 仅占词汇表 0.044％ 的30个词语对各主题有较好的代表性. 其次, 将得到的30个词语按最可能的组合生成若干短语. 最后, 结合每个主题下相关性最高的100篇新闻报导, 对形成的短语进一步优化与调整. 表 4展示了10个主题的标签, 主题按流行度得分由高到低排列.
+
+由表 4可知, 碳市场的中文报刊新闻主要关注气候变化对经济社会发展的影响、重点行业的转型发展、碳市场与生态文明的关系、绿色金融、碳市场本身的要素、以及碳市场建设的背景六个方面.
+
+具体地, 在气候变化对经济社会发展影响方面, 流行度最高的主题1关注乡村建设中的文化特色、农业发展与乡村旅游, 城市发展中的产业升级, 并强调科技发展、人才培育、区域融合在城市与农村发展中的作用; 主题7讨论更为广泛的经济社会问题, 如就业、教育、消费相关的民生问题, 城镇化、三农、体制改革、货币政策等宏观经济社会问题.
+
+在重点行业转型发展方面, 主题2与主题3分别关注汽车行业与高耗能行业. 电动汽车取代燃油车被认为是应对气候变化的重要路径. 主题2关注电动汽车的技术创新以及如何降低生产成本, 绿色消费者对电动汽车的需求, 电动汽车充电对电力系统和交通系统带来的新挑战. 主题3关注高耗能行业的低碳转型, 即限制煤炭、石油、天然气为代表的化石能源消费以降低二氧化碳排放, 同时发展光伏、风力等清洁的可再生能源, 两者共同推进以实现碳达峰目标.
+
+
+
+注：图左侧的圆圈代表各个主题，每个圆圈的面积代表该主题的流行度得分.图右侧是主题 3 中概率最高的 30 个词语.$\lambda = 0.67$ 参考 Sievert and Shirley (2014).
+
+**图 7 主题 3 的可视化结果**
+
+**表 3 每个主题概率最高的 30 个词语的代表性**
+
+| 主题 | 概率最高的 30 个词语在词汇表中的概率和 (%) | 30 个词语占词汇表词语总数的比重 (%) | 倍数 | | 1 | 19.2 | 0.044 | 433 | | 2 | 14.9 | 0.044 | 334 | | 3 | 12.8 | 0.044 | 287 | | 4 | 15.5 | 0.044 | 349 | | 5 | 21.0 | 0.044 | 473 | | 6 | 16.6 | 0.044 | 373 | | 7 | 13.8 | 0.044 | 309 | | 8 | 12.7 | 0.044 | 287 | | 9 | 24.0 | 0.044 | 536 | | 10 | 14.2 | 0.044 | 320 |
+
+**表 4 主题标签**
+
+| 主题 | 主题标签 | 流行度得分 (%) | | 1 | 乡村旅游, 农业示范区, 文化特色, 扶贫工程, 区域融合, 物流基地, 城市服务, 产业优化升级, 科技服务业, 人才培育, 着力改革, 高质量, 国际合作 | 18.1 | | 2 | 电动汽车生产, 制造成本, 核心技术, 绿色消费与需求, 降低成本, 加快市场建设, 技术创新, 交通运输, 电力系统 | 15.7 | | 3 | 碳达峰, 二氧化碳, 化石能源消费, 煤炭, 石油, 天然气, 可再生能源, 风电, 光伏, 工业能耗, 电力, 水泥, 石化, 建筑, 低碳转型, 节能技术, 清洁生产, 发电行业, 电网, 产能利用, 环保标准 | 12.4 | | 4 | 生态文明, 环境保护, 生态环境治理, 生态补偿, 森林功能区, 林业碳汇, 湿地修复, 大气污染防治, 流域治理, 自然资源开发, 区域环境治理, 垃圾处理, 监测执法, 责任考核 | 10.4 | | 5 | 上市公司, 有限公司, 经营业务, 募集资金, 利润分配, 董事会, 监事会, 股份变更, 审议方案, 碳排放信息披露, 会计师事务所 | 9.1 | | 6 | 绿色_金融, 深圳, 广州, 大湾区, 商业银行, 兴业银行, 金融机构, 金融业务, 融资, 贷款, 信贷, 质押, 债券, 跨境人民币, 金融服务, 金融市场, 国际合作 | 8.9 | | 7 | 经济社会改革, 农业农村农民, 城乡矛盾, 城镇化, 城镇人口, 体制改革, 社会主义人民民主, 保障就业, 合理行政预算, 我国教育文化事业, 社会投资, 刺激消费, 货币政策 | 8.7 | | 8 | 碳市场试点, 北京, 湖北, 上海, 深圳, 发改委, 参与机构, 控排行业, 配额分配, 排放量核查, 履约, 交易所, 成交价格, 碳汇, 全国碳市场 | 7.7 | | 9 | 绿色基金, 证券资产标的, 债券, 股票, 信托业务, 注册, 发行, 托管, 投资策略, 投资者收益, 业绩, 风险 | 5.0 | | 10 | 联合国气候变化框架公约, 全球气候谈判, 国际合作, 美国, 欧盟, 发达国家, 发展中国家, 中欧, 大国行动, 人类命运共同体, 各国承诺与贡献 | 3.9 |
+
+在碳市场与生态文明的关系方面, 主题4讨论碳市场可能带来的环境保护协同效益, 包括大气污染物防治、湿地修复、垃圾处理、林业开发形成的林业碳汇等, 这些是我国生态文明战略的重要组成部分.
+
+在碳市场相关的绿色金融方面, 主题5、主题6和主题9各有侧重. 主题5聚焦公司对碳排放信息的披露责任和监管; 主题6在绿色金融范畴内, 讨论碳市场对金融业务(如融资、贷款、债劵、质押等)的拓展; 主题9讨论股票与债券两种融资方式如何为绿色基金服务, 并关注相关的投资策略、收益与风险.
+
+在碳市场本身的要素方面, 流行度为7.7％的主题8给予了关注, 包括碳市场试点的主管单位发改委, 碳配额的分配与履约, 碳排放量的核查, 碳交易所, 碳配额的成交价格.
+
+在碳市场建设背景方面, 流行度最低的主题10关注全球变暖背景下联合国发起的气候变化峰会及多轮谈判, 参与主体包括欧盟、美国和发展中国家. 在气候变化公约框架下, 2015年通过的《巴黎协定》为2020年后全球应对气候变化行动做出统一安排. 中国在应对气候问题上积极贡献智慧, 将人类命运共同体理念融入气候治理过程中.
+
+### 5.2 主题间的依赖关系
+
+本节使用条件平均权重研究主题之间的依赖关系(Jia, Zhu and Wei (2022)).首先,根据文档-主题概率矩阵 $\boldsymbol{\theta}$,求每篇文档 $m$ 对应的各主题概率 $\theta_{mk}$ 中的最大值,并将最大值对应的主题确定为“主要主题”,即主要主题 $k = \arg\max_k(\theta_{mk})$;其次,按主要主题将所有文档分为10类,对属于同一类(有相同的主要主题)文档的 $\theta_{mk}$ 求平均值,得到主题-主要主题矩阵.该矩阵的热力图如图8所示.
+
+从图 8可以看出, 主题2与主题3存在显著的对称依赖关系, 即当讨论电动汽车行业时很可能讨论高耗能行业, 反之亦成立. 其余主题之间存在非对称的依赖关系. 具体地, 当讨论气候变化对城市与农村发展的影响(主题1)或者对经济社会的宏观影响(主题7)时很可能讨论全球气候变化的背景(主题10); 当讨论气候变化对经济社会的宏观影响(主题7)时很可能讨论对城市与农村发展的影响(主题1).主题1、主题7和主题10这三个主题虽然不存在对称的依赖关系, 但却联系紧密. 其他主题间的依赖关系较弱, 如在讨论生态文明(主题4)时很可能讨论城市与农村的发展(主题1)或者高耗能行业的转型发展(主题3); 在讨论气候变化的背景(主题10)时很可能讨论电动汽车行业的发展(主题2)或者高耗能行业的转型发展(主题3). 此外, 在讨论公司披露碳排放量信息(主题5)时很可能讨论股票与债券服务绿色基金的问题(主题9).
+
+
+
+注:由于对角线上的数字无意义, 故未绘制. 图中的第 $i$ (1 到 10) 行表示主题 $i$ 在以不同主题为主要主题的 文档中的活跃度, 第 $j$ (1 到 10) 列表示在以 $j$ 为主要主题的文档中, 其他主题的活跃度. 图中的颜色越深 代表依赖性越高, 以主题数量的倒数 (1/10) 作为依赖性高低的阈值.
+
+**图 8 主要主题的平均主题权重热力图**
+
+结合5.1中对单个主题的阐述以及本节对主题间依赖关系的分析, 将识别出的10个主题进一步归纳为五个方面, 见表 5.
+
+**表5 报刊新闻关注热点总结**
+
+ | 流行度 (%) | 主题 | 主题流行度 (%) |
|---|
| 气候变化及其对经济社会的影响 | 30.7 | 1 | 18.1 | | 7 | 8.7 | | 10 | 3.9 | | 重点行业的转型发展 | 28.1 | 2 | 15.7 | | 3 | 12.4 | | 碳市场与绿色金融 | 23.0 | 5 | 9.1 | | 6 | 8.9 | | 9 | 5.0 | | 碳市场与生态文明 | 10.4 | 4 | 10.4 | | 碳市场本身的要素 | 7.7 | 8 | 7.7 |
+
+### 5.3 主题的时间演变
+
+为研究各主题随时间的演化趋势, 将文档-主题概率矩阵 $\boldsymbol{\theta}$ 中属于同一年份的主题概率相加, 即 $\rho_{ky} = \sum_{t(m)=y} \theta_{mk}$, $\rho_{ky}$ 表示主题 $k$ 在年份 $y$ 的新闻当量, $t(m) = y$ 表示报导年份是 $y$ 的文档. 各主题的新闻当量 $\rho_{ky}$ 随时间的变化趋势见图 9.
+
+图 9表明, 从碳市场相关的新闻数量来看, 中文报刊的报导集中在主题1 (城市与农村发展)、主题2 (电动汽车行业)、主题3 (高耗能行业转型)、主题4 (碳市场与生态文明)、主题6 (碳市场对传统金融的拓展)和主题8 (碳市场本身的要素)六个主题上, 对其余四个主题的报导较少. 对于报导集中的六个主题, 主题1、主题3、主题4、主题6和主题8的新闻数量在2015年左右之前逐年增加, 之后到2020年逐年减少; 对电动汽车行业(主题2)报导的新闻数量最多, 但在2013–2020年期间逐渐下降. 随着2021年中国全国碳市场的启动, 以上六个主题的新闻数量激增, 此外, 之前关注较少的主题5 (碳排放信息的披露责任和监管), 报导也迅速增加.
+
+基于 $\rho_{ky}$, 计算每个主题在单位新闻报导中的占比, 消除新闻数量的影响, 即 $w_{ky} = \frac{\rho_{ky}}{N_{t(m)=y}}$, $w_{ky}$ 表示主题 $k$ 在年份 $y$ 的单位新闻报导中的占比, $N_{t(m)=y}$ 表示报导年份是 $y$ 的文档数量, 各主题在单位新闻中的占比 $w_{ky}$ 随时间的变化趋势见图 10.
+
+图 10表明, 从各主题在单位新闻中的占比来看, 主题5、主题7、主题9和主题10的占比较小，常年在5％左右或者低于5％的水平; 主题1、主题2、主题3、主题4、主题6和主题8在2015年之前差异较大, 但在2015年之后均在0.15左右波动. 随着2021年中国全国碳市场的启动, 以下五个主题的报道热度快速上升: 电动汽车行业(主题2)、高耗能行业转型(主题3)、公司对碳排放信息的披露责任和监管(主题5)、碳市场对金融业务的拓展(主题6)、碳市场本身的要素(主题8).
+
+
+
+**图9 每个主题的新闻当量 (2013-2021)**
+
+
+
+**图10 每个主题在单位新闻中的占比**
+
+就常年报导热度较高的六个主题而言, 存在四种热度变化模式. 第一, 对城市与农村的发展(主题1)和生态文明建设(主题4)在气候变化背景下的讨论分别在2017年和2019年达到峰值, 此后便持续降温. 生态文明建设与乡村振兴战略是党的十八大和十九大确立的国家战略, 气候变化背景下经济社会的系统性变革与两者密切相关, 绿色低碳转型对改善生态环境有明显的协同作用, 同时绿色低碳产业发展也为乡村振兴提供新的路径选择. 第二, 对电动汽车行业(主题2)和高耗能行业的转型(主题3)一直保持较高的报导热度, 并且在2020和2021年, 对高耗能行业转型的关注热度迅速上升, 超过了对电动汽车行业的关注. 一方面, 工业的绿色转型是实现碳达峰和碳中和的核心, 电动汽车的普及是实现交通系统降碳的重要抓手; 另一方面, 中国全国碳市场首先纳入电力行业, 并计划逐步纳入其他高耗能行业, 这使得高耗能行业的关注热度在近两年快速上升, 在2021年的占比达到23.5％. 第三, 对于碳市场本身的要素(主题8), 在碳市场试点早期, 新闻热度最高, 在2013和2014年高达27％, 随着对碳市场要素的熟悉, 这方面的新闻热度快速下降, 在2020年降低到9.4％. 但是, 在2021年, 对全国碳市场本身要素的新闻报导热度快速上升, 达到14.3％. 第四, 对于碳市场相关的绿色金融业务(主题6), 新闻报导热度逐年上升, 在2018年达到17％的峰值, 随后快速下降. 随着中国全国碳市场在2021年7月16日启动上线交易, 碳市场相关的金融业务新闻热度再次回升.
+
+### 5.4 全国性与地方性报刊的异质性
+
+根据发行的覆盖范围, 报刊可分为全国性报刊与地方性报刊. 为比较不同报刊关注主题的异质性, 本节计算全国性报刊与地方性报刊在各主题上的占比分布. 首先, 将文档-主题概率矩阵 $\boldsymbol{\theta}$ 中文档 $m$ 的报刊类别进行标注; 其次, 计算全国性报刊和地方性报刊在每个主题上的权重分布, 即
+ $w_{kl} = \frac{\sum_{c(m)=l} \theta_{mk}}{N_{c(m)=l}}$, $l \in \{\text{全国性报刊, 地方性报刊}\}$, $w_{kl}$ 表示 $l$ 类报刊在主题 $k$ 上的权重, $c(m) = l$ 表示报刊类别为 $l$ 的文档, $N_{c(m)=l}$ 表示报刊类别为 $l$ 的文档数量. 全国性报刊和地方性报刊在各主题上的权重分布见图 11.
+
+图 11表明, 全国性报刊侧重宏观行业类的主题, 而地方性报刊侧重区域性的微观主题. 具体地, 全国性报刊较多关注电动汽车行业与高耗能行业的转型(主题2和主题3), 说明电动汽车和高耗能行业在低碳转型过程中的基础性与全局性作用. 在气候变化及其影响方面, 全国性报刊更多关注全球气候变化谈判(主题10), 而地方性报刊更关注气候变化对城市与农村发展的影响(主题1), 以及就业、教育和消费等基础性民生问题(主题7). 在碳市场相关的金融方面, 公司碳排放量信息的披露(主题5)、股票债券与绿色金融问题(主题9)更多受全国性报刊的关注, 而地方性报刊更关注碳市场对传统金融业务的拓展. 此外, 碳市场在生态文明建设中的协同作用更多受地方性报刊的关注(主题4). 对于碳市场本身的要素(主题8), 全国性报刊与地方性报刊的报导权重相近.
+
+
+
+**图 11 不同报刊的主题权重分布**
+
+### 5.5 东中西区域的异质性
+
+碳市场是控制和减少温室气体排放的政策工具, 排放规模不同的区域对碳市场的关注可能存在差异. 本节将中国划分为东部、中部和西部三个区域, 考查不同区域对碳市场主题关注的异质性. 表 6给出东部、中部和西部包含的省份.
+
+根据各省份的年度二氧化碳排放量计算各区域的排放总量, 得到东部、中部和西部的二氧化碳排放量随时间的变化趋势, 见图 12. 图 12表明, 在1997–2020年期间, 我国碳排放量快速增加, 从33亿吨增加到125亿吨. 其中, 西部地区的碳排放量最少, 约占全国总量的20％; 东部和中部地区的碳排放量持续增加, 在1997–2012年期间, 东部地区的碳排放量高于中部, 但自2013年开始, 东部地区和中部地区的碳排放量大体相当, 各约占全国总量的40％. 在本文考察的2013–2021年期间,西部较少的温室气体排放可能导致该区域与东部中部关注不同的碳市场主题. 此外, 虽然东部和中部地区的排放量相当, 但两个区域的资源禀赋和产业布局差异, 也可能导致关注碳市场主题的异质性.
+
+**表6 中国东部、中部和西部省份**
+
+| 区域 | 省份 | | 东部 | 北京市,天津市,河北省,辽宁省,上海市,江苏省,浙江省,福建省,山东省,广东省,海南省,广西壮族自治区 | | 中部 | 黑龙江省,吉林省,山西省,安徽省,江西省,河南省,湖北省,湖南省,内蒙古自治区 | | 西部 | 四川省,重庆市,贵州省,云南省,西藏自治区,陕西省,甘肃省,青海省,宁夏回族自治区,新疆维吾尔自治区 |
+
+注:由于数据缺失,未包含我国港澳台地区.
+
+
+
+注：数据来源：万德数据库
+
+**图 12 东部、中部和西部的碳排放量**
+
+本节使用不同区域的地方性报刊在各主题上的权重分布,分析碳市场新闻关注的区域异质性.首先,将文档-主题概率矩阵 $\boldsymbol{\theta}$ 中属于地方性报刊的文档 $m$ 取出;其次,计算不同区域的地方性报刊在每个主题上的权重分布,即 $w_{ka} = \frac{\sum_{r(m)=a} \theta_{mk}}{N_{r(m)=a}}$, $a \in \{\text{东部,中部,西部}\}$, $w_{ka}$ 表示在区域 $a$ 发行的地方性报刊在主题 $k$ 上的权重, $r(m) = a$ 表示地方性报刊在区域 $a$ 的文档, $N_{r(m)=a}$ 表示在区域 $a$ 中地方性报刊的文档数量.在地方性报刊中,各区域报刊在各主题上的权重分布见图13.
+
+图 13表明, 东部、中部和西部对主题1、主题2、主题3、主题4、主题6和主题8的关注较高, 但根据区域的资源禀赋和产业布局, 对这六个主题的报导各有侧重; 三个区域对主题5、主题7、主题9和主题10关注较低, 这四个主题的权重均在5％左右或者低于5％的水平.
+
+在六个关注较多的主题中, 中部地区在气候变化对农村与城市发展的影响方面(主题1)关注最高(20.9％). 我国东部经济发展水平最高, 城市与农村发展已日臻完善. 西部虽然发展水平较低, 但人口密度较低, 城市化产生的聚集效应反而会降低人均碳排放(梁文群, 欧阳正杰和李玮(2015)). 中部地区人口密度较高, 并且城市与农村仍处在快速发展过程中, 生活水平改善推高的能源需求会抵消城市化产生的规模经济效应, 导致碳排放的快速增加(Larson and Yezer (2015), Li, Lei and Wu et al. (2018)). 因此, 与东部和西部相比, 中部地区对主题1的关注较高. 在电动汽车行业(主题2)方面, 东部地区关注最高(17.6％). 电动汽车行业是实现绿色低碳转型的战略性新兴产业, 东部地区作为我国产业结构和发展水平最高的区域, 对该产业也格外关注. 在全国180个新能源汽车生产基地中, 东部地区有82个, 占比为45.6％; 在六大新能源汽车产业集群中, 有三个在东部, 分别是京津冀产业集群、长三角产业集群和泛珠三角产业集群(彭华(2019), 马少超和范英(2022)). 在高耗能行业转型(主题3)方面, 东部和中部的报刊关注较高, 但低于西部的关注程度(17.9％). 虽然我国西部的碳排放量仅占总量的约20％, 但在产业转型升级的背景下, 西部正在承接东部和中部转移来的高耗能产业, 能耗和碳排放增长速度较快(龚健健和沈可挺(2011)). 此外, 与东部和中部相比, 西部地区的碳排放效率较低(佟昕和李学森(2017)). 因此, 该区域对主题3的关注最高. 与东部相比, 中部和西部地区对碳市场与生态文明建设(主题4)关注较高, 约为14％. 我国中部和西部有丰富的自然生态资源, 在碳市场的驱动下, 环境改善产生的诸多收益是推动生态文明建设的重要动力. 例如, 在森林碳汇方面, 中部和西部的碳汇量分别占全国总量的38％和47％, 远高于东部地区的15％(薛龙飞, 罗小锋和李兆亮等(2017)). 在碳市场对金融业务的拓展(主题6)方面, 东部地区的新闻关注最高(18.9％), 这与该区域发达的经济与丰富的金融实践密不可分. 上海依托金融中心优势, 承担了中国全国碳市场的碳配额交易业务, 积极探索发展碳质押、碳回购、碳基金、碳信托等碳金融业务, 致力于打造具有国际影响力的碳交易中心、碳定价中心和碳金融中心(张伟弟, 宋薇萍和严曦梦(2021)). 在碳市场本身的要素(主题8)方面, 东部与中部关注较高(约为17％), 略高于西部地区(13.1％). 虽然在中国八个碳市场试点中, 仅有重庆一个位于西部地区, 但西部地区对碳市场保持较高的关注.
+
+
+
+**图13 不同区域地方性报刊的主题权重分布**
+
+### 5.6 试点与非试点地区的异质性
+
+本节使用试点地区和非试点地区的地方性报刊在各主题上的权重分布, 分析试点地区和非试点地区新闻关注的异质性. 首先, 将文档-主题概率矩阵 $\boldsymbol{\theta}$ 中属于地方性报刊的文档 $m$ 取出; 其次, 计算试点地区和非试点地区的地方性报刊在每个主题上的权重分布, 即 $w_{kb} = \frac{\sum_{s(m)=b} \theta_{mk}}{N_{s(m)=b}}, b \in \{\text{试点地区, 非试点地区}\},$
+$w_{kb}$ 表示在 $b$ 地区发行的地方性报刊在主题 $k$ 上的权重,$s(m)=b$ 表示地方性报刊在 $b$ 地区的文档,$N_{s(m)=b}$ 表示在 $b$ 地区中地方性报刊的文档数量.在地方性报刊中,试点地区和非试点地区在各主题上的权重分布见图 14.
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+# 系统法学视角的知识产权客体认知分歧与观念弥合
+
+文 **/ 黄国群 李潜星**
+
+
+
+**摘要：** 知识产权客体认知分歧问题长期横亘在知识产权理论研究与现实情况之间，难以逾越，进一步影响到相关知识产权立法与司法实践，不利于知识产权法律及法律整体的体系性、融贯性。为弥合认知分歧，基于全面系统干预（TSI）等系统方法，全面考量知识产权客体的复杂性和多变性。引入系统法学视角，以法律系统内部运行的封闭性和外部认知的开放性为指引，简化客体理论的复杂性，通过对比无体物与传统物权理论并借鉴原有法律体系中“物”的处理办法，运用拟制思维和概念化方法，探寻新的系统隐喻，对知识产权客体这一“堆题”化繁为简，以“准物化”进路实现观念弥合。无体物、结构体的拟定为理解和处理新兴知识产权问题提供了灵活空间，以此达到观念弥合的效果。
+
+**关键词：** 知识产权；权利客体；全面系统干预(TSI)；系统法学
+
+
+
+## 一、引言
+
+知识产权对象或客体的内涵与实质在理论界长期存在争议。对该问题的解答体现了理论界对知识产权客体这一客观存在的认知深度，关乎进一步的知识产权立法、知识产权管理等相关具体问题。民法学相关理论中，民事权利客体的定义与定性在整个民法系统中起到了极为关键的作用。没有客体，主体的权利义务就丧失了客观依据，成了空中楼阁；对客体定性的不同，也往往会使民事法律关系的性质和内容发生变化。1 如王太平等学者基于制度经济学者斯密特的 SSP 分析范式，深入分析了知识产权客体在知识产权法理论体系中的重要性，“根据 SSP 分析范式，知识产权客体决定着知识产权权利的内容结构，影响知识产权法律制度的构建，具有基础性的地位”2。但法理专著、法律条款乃至国际公约多从范围划定出发，间接地界定知识产权的概念，对知识产权客体及对象的内涵与实质避而不谈。与之相关的客体理论各异，视角多样，难以相互涵摄，重大的认同分歧使得知识产权理论研究的固有意义丧失、基础概念分歧、工具主义流行。分析相关认知分歧的表现，探寻原因并梳理学理脉络，给出观念弥合路径的分析方法，对于增强理论涉入度，加深对知识产权客体的认知程度，推进这一基础理论问题深入研究有积极意义。
+
+
+
+**作者简介：** 黄国群，华东政法大学知识产权学院副教授，硕士生导师；李潜星，华东政法大学知识产权学院。
+
+1.参见佟柔：《中国民法学——民法总则》，中国人民公安大学出版社1990年版，第56页。
+
+2.参见王太平、郭海营、刘新琨：《计算机软件的法律保护模式研究》，载《科技与法律》2001年第3期，第97-107页。
+
+近年来法理学领域发展的系统论法学，3实际上是运用系统论的原理来研究法律现象及其运行机制，体现了系统科学方法及精神与法律研究和法律实践融合，既是一种法学流派，也包含了丰富的方法论，为复杂法学问题的解决提供了一种科学方法。如卢曼的自创生系统法学，其整体性、外部性视角对法的特有运行机理的解释，对法的“自主而不自足”特性的揭示等，有其独到的解释力。类似观点对于分析复杂的知识产权系统和环境系统关系，知识产权法律体系理论的多样性、冗余性以及知识产权客体认知分歧的观念弥合有较为妥帖的解释力。从方法论角度来看，系统科学方法因其丰富的内容和创造性的思路为法学研究的科学性提供了一种保障机制，为知识产权客体观念分歧提出了新的解决方案。本研究基于系统科学衍生的系统法学视角，结合知识产权法学客体理论的进展，尝试分析知识产权客体理论的认知分歧，并尝试给出观念弥合的学理依据和路径，希冀能一定程度上推动知识产权客体话题的深入研究。
+
+## 二、现有知识产权客体学说认知分歧
+
+知识产权客体实质的问题困扰理论界许久，对这一问题的解答关乎进一步衍生的知识产权立法、知识产权管理等诸多相关具体问题。知识产权客体的学说涵盖了诸如智力成果、知识财产、符号、形式、信息等多个维度，反映出学界在理解这一概念时的多元化视角。这进一步揭示了实质性的理论差异，比如无形与有形财产权的界限、智力创作与商业标识的包容性争议以及信息与符号权利的辨析等，加剧了知识产权理论基础的不稳定现状。当每种学说都坚持从自己的角度解释知识产权时，学界对知识产权客体的认识会因学派的侧重点和理论基础差异而产生根本性的认知分歧，学术共同体因此难以客观评判各种理论，冲突和矛盾普遍存在。托马斯·库恩的“前范式”阶段就是该状态下的写照，4相互竞争的学派对“何为本学科的研究对象”存在观念分歧，知识体系认同困境阻碍了深入研究的可能性。知识产权客体作为一个“堆题（mess problem）”，如果不采用正确的理论视角进行解读，可能导致结论之间产生非必要的冲突，不利于学科交流与发展。因此寻找将知识产权诸分支统合的逻辑依据，是理解知识产权客体认知分歧，并实现观念弥合的关键。
+
+### (一)全面系统干预视角下知识产权客体认知分歧
+
+系统由不同层级组成，而层级由结构中的整体构成，其特征在于层级性和突显性。5各学说侧重视角不同导致研究者们对知识产权客体产生了不同的认识，在知识产权客体研究中就表现为层级之间的各个层级、各个子系统相互冲突，因而系统整体的表现也相对消极，出现概念认知分歧、工具主义流行等情况，这对知识产权法律本身乃至法律整体的体系性、融贯性不利。作为一种元方法论，全面系统干预（TSI ：Total Systems Intervention）是指将待分析对象整合为系统，将对象的各要素按照发生逻辑、相对价值或结构区分为各层级的不同整体，寻求整体之间和层级上下的良性互动。6化解不必要的认知分歧，无论是在增加法律整体的体系性、融贯性，还是促进知识产权制度运行整体更多优质特性的涌现与呈现方面，均具有积极意义。全面系统干预方法的引入，有利于深入分析知识产权客体理论的认知分歧，识别分歧点并创造性地实现观念弥合。基于全面系统干预思维，现有着眼于知识产权客体与对象研究的学说，各自代表基于特定视角选用的理论基础和对应的方法论，而分析各理论基础的关键就是准确解读其背后的系统隐喻。
+
+
+
+3.系统论法学，又称系统法学，包含基于一般系统和耗散结构、自适应复杂系统等系统科学原理开展的法学研究。换言之，自创生系统法学仅是系统法学的一个分支。由于卢曼自创生系统法学的研究及应用更体系化，在很多语境中也常指代系统法学。
+
+4.参见【美】托马斯 · 库恩：《科学革命的结构》，张卜天译，北京大学出版社 2022 年版，第 17 页。
+
+5.参见杨建梅：《系统隐喻、系统方法论的系统体系及全面系统干预》，载《系统工程》2000 年第 2 期，第 7-12 页。
+
+表 1 各种理论视角背后的隐喻及理论依据
+
+| 主要流派 | 系统隐喻 | 理论基础或理论依据 |
|---|
| 智力成果说 | 物 | 劳动价值论、罗马法 | | 信息说 | 信息 | 信息论、系统论波普(K.Popper)的“三个世界”理论 | | 知识财产说 | 财产知识 | 经济学、劳动学说人格理论 | | 无形财产说 | 财产 | 经济学 | | 形式说 | 形式 | 亚里士多德的“四因说” | | 符号说 | 符号 | 结构主义哲学、符号学 | | 知识产品说 | 物 | 劳动价值论、罗马法 |
+
+所谓系统隐喻，即在对处于各层级的整体进行认知和表达概念时，借用某个领域的结构、原理和概念来解释另一领域的复杂现象。知识本身和知识发生机理的复杂性决定了认知结果的多样性，这导致知识产权客体最终必然表现为自然属性、社会属性、法律属性一体的拟制物。对知识产权客体研究而言，系统隐喻必须遵循知识产权基本原则，以交叉视角对被解析对象进行阐述，以此构建法律框架。因此精准解构各理论视角所依赖的系统隐喻，对于合理评价并整合有关知识产权客体的多元理论至关重要，这是实现对知识产权客体全面认知的基础。简单来说就是先行寻找可作为解决知识产权客体混乱问题依据的系统隐喻，而后据此挑选与其匹配的主要系统方法论和辅助系统方法论，最终实现有效干预。7运用全面系统干预思维，对目前主要的理论视角背后的系统隐喻进行研究，并尝试探寻各种理论视角的理论基础和依据后，分析结果如表 1 所示。
+
+如表所示，界定知识产权客体时，从多种理论和系统隐喻角度寻求一致结论的尝试并不成功。对知识产权客体的理解和术语解释的分歧普遍存在，例如“形式”与“符号”等概念在不同学说中的诠释差异。正如一些学者指出：“在这个貌似繁荣的新兴学科中，连“知识产权”这个最基本的概念都存在严重的分歧”。8
+
+尽管理论基础未能达成一致，仍可以发现系统隐喻的连续谱系化特征。如图 1 所示，系统隐喻从左到右分别是符号、形式、信息、知识、物、财产等，呈现出越来越侧重知识产权客体的财产性特征，客体的“物性”越来越大，主体的涉入（Involvement）也逐渐增强。从右至左，知识产权客体越来越趋向于符号化、抽象化。“物”性越是得到强化，越体现研究者侧重于创作者对知识产权客体的“父母权”，倾向于将知识产权客体视为特殊财产进行规制和约束；反之，越是强调知识产权客体的符号化特征，就越倾向于从客体表现形式本身展开理解，将其视作信息的传播过程，或是符号各要素发挥作用的全流程，并针对这一流程进行保护。系统隐喻的谱系状态也指出了这样的现状：知识产权客体是一个客体覆盖面广泛且内涵丰富的概念，直接创造一个概念用于涵摄知识产权客体本质的尝试具有挑战性。
+
+
+
+6.这里的“干预”有整体审视并理性认知加工之意。TSI 由英国学者 Flood 和 Jackson 提出，是系统科学领域广为采用的一种解决复杂问题的系统思维和系统方法。其常规路径通常为：首先找出对混乱问题情景有洞察力的系统隐喻及要处理的议题。然后挑选与系统隐喻匹配的主要系统方法论与辅助系统方法论，再用选出的方法论“干预”问题情景，提出有创造性的建议及对策。显见 TSI 是一种高阶的解决问题之道，不仅关注特定解决办法，还深究特定解决办法背后的隐喻，最终致力于选择最优的办法来分析问题和解决问题，因而也被称为元方法论。
+
+7.参见杨建梅：《系统隐喻、系统方法论的系统体系及全面系统干预》，载《系统工程》2000 年第 2 期，第 7-12 页。
+
+8.李琛：《论知识产权法的体系化》，北京大学出版社 2005 版，第 11-12 页。
+
+
+
+图1 知识产权客体隐喻谱系
+
+纵观知识产权客体理论的发展进路，将知识产权视为财产，当作智力劳动成果的思维是根深蒂固的，脱胎于民法体系的知识产权仍然准适用于民法规范，这一点从立法中将智力劳动和知识产权权属深度捆绑可以看出。因而当下的知识产权理论研究中，主要的系统隐喻是“物”，其次是具有法律意义的“财产”。这两种系统隐喻可以说统领了当下知识产权研究，是当前的主要隐喻，也是大部分知识产权客体研究的出发点及思维工具。
+
+考察实际情况中知识产权客体的特征，可以发现“物”的系统隐喻并不能蕴含现有全部的知识产权对象的特征。例如经营标识类知识产权就无法归纳到“物”的逻辑中，产权人并不仅仅就商事标记这一客体本身享有专用权和排他权，而是覆盖商事标记的使用、注册、转让等全流程。有观点认为在“物”的系统隐喻中，遵循“无表达则无知识产权”的原则，技术方案、作品和商标本身都可以被涵摄到这样的客体。这一观点的误区在于商标权的客体并不仅仅是商标本身，商标权法禁止未经许可使用相同或近似的商标，除了商标的近似程度和所属类别的近似程度，也看重“使用”的行为是否有混淆之虞，这一步骤要求将商标本身同认识的主体，也就是消费者或其他市场主体当作一个关联系统看待。如果认为，在“物”的系统隐喻下，知识产权的客体可以脱离认识主体独立存在，这将导致讨论商标权时脱离消费者和市场环境，认为只要使用的商标和权利人要求保护的商标略有区分度就能规避侵权，实际上架空了“商标使用”前设条件。可见新的应用环境下，现有的“物”的隐喻难以追赶知识产权客体的发展速度，对新系统隐喻的需求越显迫切。
+
+二十世纪哲学的语言学转向，加速了符号学的深入探索，符号与知识、信息间的关联逐渐得到重视，“符号”作为核心系统隐喻的地位得以强化。在符号结构不断精简的过程中，符号不断卸下过时义务，逐渐迫近知识产权的内涵。9原产地标记权、商业秘密权、专利权、商标权等权利保护符号的信息，侧重对象是知识的内容。而著作权则关注具有独创性的符号信息与符形组合，将知识形式和知识内容全部涵摄入保护范围。因此将符号视作核心系统隐喻，实质上强调其对知识的内涵和外在表现形式的综合性保护，这一系统隐喻覆盖了知识的实质与形式，构成了一种新的财产权利。
+
+
+
+9.参见彭学龙：《商标法的符号学分析》，法律出版社 2007 版，第 40-41 页。
+
+### (二)“波粒二重性”视角下的客体认知混乱
+
+系统隐喻的构建取决于特定环境下，社会一般语境赋予知识和知识产权客体的内涵。如上文系统隐喻谱系化特征所指出的“财产”逐渐向“符号”转变过程中，逐渐迫近知识产权客体符号化、抽象化内涵的趋势。知识这一词语在现代社会中被高频使用，其内涵必然源于不同行业在实践中赋予的不同价值与特质。这意味着人类社会对知识本质的认识过程只会随着发展而不断深入，不会走向终结或得到最终定论。这里可以运用“波粒二重性”隐喻简要分析社会环境下，知识产权客体复杂性的原因。
+
+所谓知识的“波粒二重性”，是指当我们强调知识的实体性质，把知识看作“实体”“东西”时候，这一隐喻类似光的“粒性”；当我们关注知识的动态性，突出交流、参与、认知的重要性时，知识的过程性质被强调，这一隐喻类似于光的“波性”。如果仅仅重视物的特性，，这种视角实际上凸显了知识产权客体的“粒性”；因此，为了强调知识产权客体的无体性（intangibility）、信息性，需要从波性角度继续进行分析，而形式观、信息等观点重视了知识的“波性”。以这一隐喻来看，有些架构单方面强调了知识的“粒”性，而忽视了知识的“波”性，即仅强调了作为实体得到表达的知识及其载体，忽视了知识内涵不断延展的特征。
+
+进行系统论的法学研究时，法学知识的运用自不待言，但更应有意识地结合社会学来进行考察。卢曼的法律与社会理论强调了法律系统与社会系统之间的关系。这是因为法的本质正是在与社会系统的互动关系中显现出来的。从知识、信息的发生角度来看，知识产权客体非单一信息，其具有的价值以及特定功能经由社会化选择和评价而形成。从信息到知识的产生过程，不仅有纯粹信息从有到无的产生，还涉及人和社会主动或被动介入的实用化、社会化环节。客体首先应当是信息，经由主体的干预和投入而产生，客体的信息及其组合的特定功能及价值被社会整体认知。其次，这样的信息促进了社会生产效率的提高，或是降低了生产的成本和损耗，知识通过社会化选择和评价，得到了肯定和传承。从发生学角度来看，有特定功能的创新性知识，其来源是已有的存量信息，后续发展不能离开社会性因素的转化作用。
+
+对于创新性知识社会化的必要性，契克森米哈（Csikszentmihalyi）有较好的解释 , 他认为创造是一个系统内部各要素相互作用的结果，如个体、领域、专业等。10创造是改变现存专业，或者将某个现有专业转变为一个新专业的活动、观念或产生的产品。他认为创造产生于某一特定的专业领域，且必须以该领域的专业知识为基础。创造的前设是假定进行创造的个体因个人认知的动机、变通性、生活经验或个人经历的差异致使其从所处文化语境中获取的信息产生变异，因此其对这项知识的构思有别于该语境下传统观念的认知架构。个体可以利用该领域的知识，并通过智力劳动将该知识加以扩展或转化，使其相较于先前的知识表现出全新的价值。领域则是由控制某一领域的权威或专家所构成，他们对成员所提出的新观点在当前领域的语境下进行评价判断，筛选出有别于同领域内其他视角，且具有社会价值的观点；专业系由整个社会文化的符号系统构成，负责保存既有的创造产品，并将其传递给社会的其余个体并传承后世。系统模式解释了特定时间、特定地点的创造力水平不仅依赖于个人的创造力，而且取决于各个专业和业内团体或社群在多大程度上倾向于承认和传播这种新颖观点，这就是信息向知识转变过程中必须经历的社会化选择和评价过程。
+
+专业如何影响知识产权客体的创造？基于系统科学“整体→层级→系统”的逻辑，只有整体之间存在价值区分时，不同整体才有相互独立存在的必要，由此层级之间能够表现出涌现性。这是因为，全面系统干预视角下，各个整体作为构成知识产权客体的基础信息，其价值必须通过同其他整体对比才能体现。没有信息可以在“和其他所有信息描述的内涵完全一致”的情况下独立存在，只有在它所处的那个系统中，信息的内涵才能被社群解读。若脱离专业，则知识产权客体相较于其他信息的价值无法凸显，可见知识产权客体非纯粹的信息，其创造过程及其结果必然有社会性。
+
+
+
+10.See Csikszentmihalyi M, Flow:The Psychology of Optimal Experience, Harper & Row, p. 12-78(1990).
+
+### (三)系统法学视角的认知分歧必然性
+
+全面系统干预元方法论和卢曼自创生系统法学视角的引入，使得知识产权客体的认知分歧有章可循。系统科学方法能推动传统法学研究方法发展到一个新的高度，拓宽传统法学的研究视野，并开辟新的研究领域，从而为包容自然科学和法学提供一个更大的发展空间和一个更高的层次。11从法律系统整体着手，相较于先前基于单一领域的语境，从多种理论和系统隐喻角度展开的论证，能够直观地指出知识产权客体认知分歧的根本所在。系统法学的视角下，法律系统的基本单位是法律运作，法律运作自我指涉，因而是系统封闭的；同时，法律又对环境开放，开放以封闭为条件，即所谓“环境开放、运行闭合”的运行规则。换言之，环境激扰系统，但不能决定或干扰系统的运作。系统如何认知或处理这种激扰，取决于系统自身，而不取决于环境。法律运行遵循的“环境开放、运行闭合”规则意味着不仅要对既有知识产权客体的系统隐喻进行更新和重塑，还要对新类型客体进行主动解释，以期能够适应不断变化的外部环境，保证法律系统内部的稳定性和自持性。该视角下，知识产权客体认知分歧的根本在于学者基于自身专业领域对其形成的知识不同，导致这一差异的原因可以从下述两个角度阐释。
+
+从法律解释力的角度来说，传统法学理论和规范对新应用环境的适应并非一蹴而就，因此旧理论的解释力减弱，知识产权客体的认知分歧也就此产生。互联网、大数据、人工智能等新技术的迅猛发展，数字版权、数据产权、算法专利等领域在知识产权客体话题下开拓了新的研究领域。传统法学理论大多以成熟的物权法体系和传统财产权观念为框架，这一隐喻面对技术高速发展催生的全新应用环境力不从心，学界对新型知识产权客体的权利性质认定和权属界定长期存在争议。数字领域知识产权客体不仅在物理形态上与传统客体有着本质区别，在应用场景和价值体现上也表现出有别于传统“物”的观念，更多地关注客体“有形无体”特质的充分表达。财产和物权的观念虽然能够对财产权进行重新解释以适应新的应用环境，但无法将新技术冲击下的新权利话题完全涵摄到当前系统隐喻中。新应用环境与传统法律理论之间不断冲突，研究者不得不跨领域寻求其他的解释途径，辅助理解和研究这些新客体的特质。
+
+从系统构建的角度来说，关于知识产权客体的认知分歧源于构建系统的视角不同。整体构成层级，层级构成系统，各要素之间良性有序互动，现有的知识产权客体学说争议如前文所说“连这一概念本身都不甚清晰”，究其原因是各专业的解读不同导致知识产权客体呈现复杂性，难以寻找可被接受的“整体”。对知识产权客体本质的认识中，这一问题尤其明显。信息说认为其是事物存在和运动的方式，以及这种存在方式的表述；知识说认为它是人类能动认识和改造世界过程中获得的认识和经验的综合；形式说则综合多种观点进行描述，具有高度交融的复杂性；符号说认为它是一种通过讯息传播的观念，并在一个社会系统中依据已经存在的理据性内容存活和发展的系统。12知识产权客体兼具信息、符号、知识的属性，在特征表现上也因此极度复杂多变，若不寻求一个能够普遍接受作为“最大公约数”的认同整体，而只是简单采用模糊论的方法进行研究，承认知识产权客体的不确定性以及开放性而无所作为，认知分歧必然发生。系统法学视角强调法律体系内部各部分之间的相互联系和整体性，以及法律与社会、经济等外部环境的互动关系。知识产权整体系统的功能在系统法学视角下得到了重视，不仅关注单个知识产权客体的特性，还注重不同客体之间的关联性和知识产权体系的整体运行机制。通过系统分析，可以更全面地理解知识产权客体的概念构建如何影响知识社会化、创新激励等法社会学现象。在知识产权领域，相较于传统的模糊化路径，系统法学视角展现出了一种更为积极主动的干预姿态。
+
+
+
+11.参见刘永佶：《政治经济学方法论纲要》，河北人民出版社 2012 年版，第 364-370 页。
+
+## 三、系统法学视角的观念分歧弥合路径
+
+### (一)系统法学视角的弥合路径
+
+系统法学是一个方法学派，借助于一系列独特的概念、范畴和理论，诸如系统、子系统、输入、输出、反馈等，能够排除因在法学研究中使用普通语言而导致的混乱与误解，从而使纷繁复杂的社会法律现象能够得到清晰、全面、准确的概括与分析。其工作范式体现了从单因素、单方向的思维过渡到系统、综合、整体的思维；从静态的分析过渡到动态研究；从传统哲学结论的简单演绎，过渡到在系统哲学原理的指导下，使用现代科学方法解决问题。如前文所述，隐喻差异导致认知分歧，寻求最大共识的隐喻是弥合分歧的可行出路。从系统法学视角入手，以法律系统内部运行的封闭性和对外部环境认知的开放性为指引，也可给出弥合不同知识产权客体学说观念差异的可行路径。
+
+系统法学视角下，法律运行作为法律系统最基本的单位，遵循“环境开放、运行闭合”的运行规则：法律运行环境具有开放性，运行闭合为环境开放的前设条件，环境开放也为闭合系统更好地适应现实需求运行提供外部刺激。然而外部环境对系统的激扰并不会产生直接影响，系统如何认知或处理这种外部激扰取决于闭合运行的系统自身，而非环境。运行闭合是一个复杂的动态过程，有其独立的运作规则和内在要求。鉴于法律系统内部有相对严密、完整的物权及财产法体系，从法学系统的内在逻辑规则出发理解知识产权问题，处理知识产权客体及其设权问题、制度建构问题自然和物权规范、财产法逻辑脱不了关系。因此用体系相对成熟的财产法中概念及原理来对待知识产权客体，以抽象物的拟制思维来理解和处理知识产权客体等问题也符合法学传统。
+
+系统法学相关理论认为稳定自持的法律系统不应仅是静态的规则集合和机械适用流程，而是在保持整体性、互动性的基础上对外部环境激扰进行主动演化。例如上文系统隐喻谱系化特征所指出的由“财产”逐渐向“符号”转变过程中，知识产权客体逐渐迫近符号化、抽象化内涵的趋势，就是一种法律系统适应外部环境变化，内部主动调整系统隐喻和制度构建的体现。从制度构建角度来说，法律规则表现出抽象性和普适性，上位法原则指导和规范下位法规则的制定，下位法规则又影响具体的法律实施要求，上位法、下位法、实施细则不同层级构成了系统的法律，层级之间相互引用和自我指涉，形成了法律内部的运行闭合。这就要求摆脱观点争议，借助概念化和拟制思维在各层级之间寻找能为各学说普遍接受的最低程度知识产权客体的系统隐喻，使得法律规则制定和具体实施过程能找到唯一的客体理据，并在此基础上完成整体到层级再到系统的稳定构建。例如《计算机软件保护条例》由国务院公布，《计算机软件保护条例》就对相关术语定义、软件著作权的范围、著作权人的权利和针对计算机软件的特殊侵权行为进行了详细定义。实施细则既是对著作权法的进一步细分和优化，也为后续的、司法和执法提供了依据，是对计算机软件发展环境的积极回应，完善了知识产权法律系统中关于计算机软件著作权的运行闭合性。
+
+
+
+12.参见王太平：《知识产权客体的理论范畴》，知识产权出版社 2008 年版，第 63-68 页。
+
+另一方面，从系统理论角度来说，法律系统内部的运行机制高度组织化，通过内部的层级互动和对外部环境激扰的积极回应，强化了法律实施中的自我指涉和循环强化。典型表现如司法判决，这一系统输出结果不仅是对现有法律规则的机械适用，也是在当前社会发展状况这一外部环境影响下对内部规则的解释和扩张，判决案例还能对未来类似案件的判决作出指引。这样的自组织性和自适应性，使法律系统在保持内部稳定运行的同时，能够协同外部环境不断进化，形成法律外部的环境开放。这就要求在找到客体学说共识，实现观念弥合的同时，合理运用这一新理据的内在逻辑对新兴事物进行回应、认知和处理，依照知识产权客体的认知范式设置新的相关规范和制度，促使知识产权法律体系发挥规制和调控作用。例如数字版权管理技术（DRM）出现后，法院根据现有版权法来判定使用 DRM 技术是否构成对版权的侵犯，并根据立法、司法和执法互动指导后续的涉 DRM 技术相关案件。系统内部的自我指涉过程，实际就是在确认这种新技术是否导致旧有的知识产权客体边界发生模糊，以及如何改动或更新已有的法律系统架构适应这一新变化。
+
+### (二)以拟制思维及概念化应对复杂性
+
+如前所述，针对各学派对知识产权客体产生的认知分歧，系统法学指出了“环境开放、运行闭合”规则对于知识产权客体观念弥合的重要性。从系统论视角来看，拟制思维或概念化是一种工具，用于将复杂的现象和过程简化为易于理解和管理的概念模型。其强调从整体出发，通过构建概念框架来分析系统的结构和功能，从而更好地理解和预测系统的行为。换言之，拟制思维是一种沟通机制，允许系统与其环境之间进行有效的信息交换，由此系统能够对外部环境变化作出反应，同时保持其内部结构的连贯性。这一思维的优势在于处理复杂问题（例如上文所说的“知识产权客体”堆题）时，强调从系统整体出发，考虑各要素的相互影响，并构建概念模型，将复杂的问题简化为易于理解和管理的形式，帮助研究者更好地理解这一系统的结构和功能。法律拟制思维之于系统法学，就是一种通过法律解释引发体系认同，弥合观念分歧的方法。本节试论证法律拟制思维下，拟制的“无体物”是现行理论研究中具有较好解释力，能涵摄现行知识产权客体的一种系统隐喻，并分析这一新型权利设置模式的特殊性以及传统物权理论的适用性。
+
+拟制思维如何应对复杂问题？首先调动先前已有的知识和经验来认知，其次根据事物特性的把握来认知，并进行主动干预式的创造性建构。法律拟制作为拟制思维在法律领域的应用，是指立法上将明知不同的两个构成要件在规范上等同评价，并赋予相同的法律效果。13例如以法律拟制思维拟制一无体物，类比物权的概念，表现在知识产权客体的争议中，就是系统隐喻的一种方式。法律拟制可以被视为一种功能上的必要手段，即为了维持法律系统的稳定性而采用的工具，通过制度性的安排来减少复杂性和化解不确定性，使其能够符合有限的认识能力。法律拟制作为一个解释的手段，目的在于维护法律系统“环境开放、运行闭合”过程中的和谐性和稳定性，14因此即使两个不同的构成事实在表现特征上存在差异，但在深层结构及运行规律方面或许有类似之处。通过使用隐喻来描绘法律系统的边界，可以帮助我们识别哪些因素属于法律系统的内部运作，哪些因素是外部环境影响，并根据其在法律系统中所处的不同意义和关系分别归纳。假使等待评价的多个对象之间存在同一的意义和关系，并在同一意义和关系的关照之下，则拟制思维可以使二者进行等同评价，进而赋予相同的法律效果，并由此寻求达成法律系统和谐、稳定运行的可行路径。拟制思维中，概念形成的方法可以被描述为“舍弃不重要之特征”，也就是基于某种目的性的考虑（规范意旨）对该对象已认知之特征加以取舍，并将保留下来之特征设定为充分而且必要，同时在将事实涵摄于概念的运作中把其余特征舍弃，而并不是要完全掌握该对象的一切重要的特征。15
+
+
+
+13.参见赵春玉：《法律拟制的语义内涵及规范构造》，载《思想战线》2016 年第 5 期，第 167-172 页。
+
+14.参见王家国：《虚构：法律思维的必要之维——朗 · 富勒〈法律的虚构〉译后》，载《法律科学（西北政法大学学报）》2006 年第 2 期，第 164-168 页。
+
+借助概念化及拟制思维，借鉴法律系统内部已有的相关概念，拟制一个抽象的“物”，避免过度复杂化的同时，对研究对象进行解构，由此达成最大共识。“环境开放、运行闭合”是法律系统在运行过程中应对外部环境冲击及处理和其他系统关系时的有效规则。特别在一些新兴事物冲击原有法律系统，使得旧规则难以解释或不再适用于新环境时，法律系统会基于自身内在逻辑去认知、处理这些问题，并设置新的规范，甚至重新设计相关制度，发挥规制和调控作用。
+
+## 四、知识产权客体特质的理性认知
+
+### （一）无体物、结构体概念的拟制
+
+知识产权客体外延广泛，但无论是专利的技术方案，著作权中作品源于思想的产生的构思与表达，还是商标标识图案与基于此形成的特有结构关系，知识产权客体都具有可以被感知的外观。为了统一已经存在的客体类型，以及为未来要出现的知识产权客体预留描述与界定空间，要遵循概念化、拟制的规律，舍弃不重要之特征，对知识产权客体特质、本体论层面展开拟制，赋予新的隐喻，进而较好地达成理论解释的一致性。这里借鉴亚里士多德的“四因说”进行概念化与拟制，把知识产权客体首先归类为“物”，再进一步界定为“无体物”“结构体”。亚里士多德认为事物存在的根本原因有四因：质料因、形式因、目的因、动力因等四种，其中质料因是一切事物构成和存在的条件。即可谓铜之于雕像，银之于银戒。形式因，决定一个事物之所以为一个事物的原因，即事物之结构。质料因和形式因显然富有系统论意蕴，可以理解为物的结构和要素。知识产权客体与自然界中物、物权法中物的区别是前者有结构、无质地。何敏教授的相关研究中也认为知识产权客体为“有构无质”的“物”。16知识产权客体核心“有构无质”的特性，意味着它们拥有清晰的结构和规则，但缺乏物质形态。扎霍斯（Peter Drahos）在无体物的基础上提出的抽象物（abstracta）理论可以帮助理解知识产权客体的这一特性，即知识产权所保护的是非物质性的、非物理性的客体。17抽象物这一概念意味着虽然“符号、过程、表现形式和信息”这类典型无体物可以被人类智力所创造和理解，但并不占据物理空间，人们可以通过认识掌握抽象物的结构和运行规则，但是始终不能感知其质地。拟制无体物概念能够更好地对知识产权客体形成正确认知，例如版权保护形式，专利保护实施过程，以及商业秘密保护信息等。
+
+
+
+15.参见黄茂荣：《法学方法与现代民法（第七版）》，厦门大学出版社 2024 年版，第 39-40 页。
+
+16.参见何敏：《知识产权客体新论》，载《中国法学》2014 年第 6 期，第 121-137 页。
+
+17.参见冯晓青：《“抽象物”与知识产权的关系——研读〈知识产权哲学〉的体会》，载《知识产权》2001 年第 2 期，第 17-21 页。
+
+“结构体”的概念可以作为无体物的补充。系统科学认为，任何事物，无论是自然、人造的或者观念上事物，都可以称之为系统。物的概念所指称的对象，换言之也是一种系统。一个研究对象只要被看作是一个系统，就会具有一些基本的系统性质，其中包括整体性、稳定性、适应性等，这些性质对于系统的存在与变化十分重要，18具有结构本质的知识产权客体因此同样具有这些基本特征。无体物概念强调了质地方面的“无”，而“结构体”则强调了形式因中的结构与形式。两个概念相映成趣，在某些情况下可以互换。唯物辩证法范畴的要素—结构—功能理论认为，要素是事物的必要因素；结构是各要素的相互组织和配合，是系统内部组成要素之间的相对稳定的联系方式；结构体则是诸因素经过结构组合之后与环境相互联系时形成的整体或系统。功能是指系统与外部环境相互联系和相互作用中表现出来的性质、能力和功效。因此要素之间如果缺乏内部联系，无法形成系统结构，缺乏外部环境，就谈不上系统的功能。19除了系统论一般原理作为“结构体”概念的理论支撑之外，哲学中的结构主义反对只求局部、不讲整体的“原子论”倾向等观点，契合系统论的整体观视角，也可为“结构体”概念提供理论和学理依据。因而“结构体”相对于“无体物”的概念内涵更丰富。
+
+知识产权客体之所以为法律上的客体和对象，不是因为知识产权仅仅是一般的知识，而是其整体上具有知识性、创造性及价值性等，可以定性为经济学上的稀缺资源。知识产权客体作为一个有完整体系的结构体更能凸显客体的无形性、增量知识性、价值性等特点。作为知识产权客体的“无体物”与作为物权客体的“无形物”和“有体物”都属于哲学意义上的物质，都需要通过合法的方式实现其上所承载的利益。故而基于系统法学的视角，结构体的优势在于其能够更好地反映知识产权客体的复杂性和多元性，其强调了知识产权客体作为一个整体的系统性，有助于理解其内部组成部分之间的相互作用以及这些组成部分与外部环境之间的联系。整体性考虑能够使人认识到知识产权客体不仅仅是由单一要素构成，而是由多种要素相互作用的结果。稳定性则意味着知识产权客体的内在结构能够在一定程度上抵御外部干扰，保持其核心价值不变。适应性则象征知识产权客体能够随着外部环境的变化而自我调整，以适应新的技术和市场环境。
+
+### (二)无体性、结构特性的学界观念趋同
+
+知识产权中的抽象物采取了一种法律拟制的形式，可以被描述为“我们可以宣称抽象物不存在”。无体物、结构体概念的拟制，舍弃不重要之特征，可谓化繁为简，回到本源，并赋予新的隐喻，自然涵摄性、统合性强。知识产权客体的智力成果说、知识产品说、知识说、信息说等都可以纳入无体物、结构体框架之下。围绕一个研究对象从不同侧面窥探客观真实，基于东方哲学中“体”“相”意蕴，可进一步分析知识产权客体的关键特性，即知识产权客体具有哪些关键独特的性质，兼顾特质和特性二者有利于从整体把握知识产权客体。特质意味是对本体论层面的界定，而特性则是知识产权客体所呈现的特有性质。显然无体性（非物质性）、结构性是最能反映特质的两种属性。一些学者的观念在这方面逐渐趋同，如吴汉东教授较为系统地论述了知识产权客体即知识产品的非物质属性，20指出知识产品是相对于动产、不动产之有形而言的，具有不同的存在、利用和处分形态。知识产品这一用语隐含了知识形态产品的外延范围，强调这类客体产生于科学、技术、文化等精神领域，只能由人类的智慧劳动创造产生，明显地表现了客体的非物质性和商品经济下的财产性。刘春田教授也有类似观点，21认为知识产权对象（客体）是形式，是结构，知识产权对象是无体的，非物质的。从这个意义上刘春田教授早前提出的“形体说”与何敏教授的“质构论”有异曲同工之处，都强调了客体无体性、结构性。
+
+
+
+18.参见朴昌根：《系统学基础（修订版）》，上海辞书出版社 2005 年版，第 232-235 页。
+
+19.参见魏宏森、曾国屏：《系统论的基本规律》，载《自然辩证法研究》1995 年第 4 期，第 22-27 页。
+
+20.参见吴汉东：《无形财产权的若干理论问题》，载《法学研究》1997 年第 4 期，第 77-83 页。
+
+形式和质料引入到客体认知中符合认知习惯，因为形式和质料的维度是认知事物特点的两个常用维度，如亚里士多德的四因说中的界定。行体说强调了客体作为一种抽象物的两个维度：“形”与“体”。在英语相关文献中，无体物、非物质性的解释也是一种佐证。按照《布莱克法律词典》的解释，“intangible”除了形容词的无形性之外，作为名词，“intangible”是指缺乏物质形式的某种东西（Something that lacks a physical form）， 特别是指以非物质形式存在的资产，如知识产权（Especially，an asset that is not corporeal，such as intellectual property）。22可见“intangible”在表达知识产权客体（如智力成果、知识产品）的内涵时，主要是相对于物权对象即物的本质属性“以物质形式存在”（tangible）而言的。“intangible”翻译为“无实体的”“非物质性”可能更贴切。从这个翻译中也可间接感受到知识产权的非物质性、无体性。
+
+### (三)基于无体物、结构体的权利体系架构
+
+法律赋予权利人对其客体对象不同于传统物权或债权对象的“专有”保护，简单来说即为“客体共享，权利专有，利益排他”，由此更好地维护知识产权对象创造者或其承受者的利益，促进社会总体知识的增加，实现知识产品的价值。如前文所述，基于系统法学的运行闭合逻辑，鉴于法律系统内部有相对严密、完整的物权及财产法体系，运行闭合的一个要求是以法律系统内在的逻辑规则来理解知识产权问题，处理知识产权客体及其设权问题、制度建构问题，这使得知识产权权利体系建构自然和物权规范、财产法逻辑脱不了关系。系统法学视角下，结构体作为法律系统内部的一种组织形式，通过特定的规则和程序构建了一个有序的、可预测的法律环境。该视角下法律系统的权利体系架构可以被看作是一个由多个相互作用的结构体组成的复杂系统，这些结构体、无体物共同决定了权利的设立、行使以及限制的方式，进而形成知识产权权利体系的架构。所以用体系相对成熟的财产法中的概念及原理来处理知识产权关系，遵循权利设置原理，以支配和控制为宗旨设计、构造知识产权特有的权利体系（篇幅限制，不再展开）。
+
+同时，无体物拟制概念示意规则制定者在制定知识产权法律时，应当明确界定权利的范围及其限制条件，确保这些规则既能保护创新又能兼顾公共利益。即兼顾权利人的权益和社会公共利益，确保权利的分配符合法律的精神和目的，避免法律赋予创造者的专有权导致非必要的垄断，不受限制的个人独占权利造成分配的不均衡。23为此有必要在竞争者使用和激励创造之间取得某种程度上的平衡，也就是对知识产权拥有者的专有权进行必要的限制。知识产权法采取设权模式，权利范围往往决定了权利持有人能够行使何种程度的控制权。因此有必要谨慎地界定权利的范围，确保其既能够激励创新和创作，又不会过度限制他人合理使用知识产权的能力。首先在时间、地域等方面进行适当的制度约束，防止权利人以较小的确权成本获得过于宽泛的保护范围和过强的保护力度，避免其规避乃至架空知识产权法体系的制度设计。其次一些特殊情况下的权利限制，这些特殊情况通常是社会运行过程中出现的非常规不可预料状况，或权利人滥用垄断地位的情形，若权利人依照原有知识产权规则行使权利，可能损害公共福祉。这是因为利益平衡是现代知识产权制度的根本出发点，知识产权制度的设计不仅要考虑到促进创新和个人激励的作用，还要考虑到其对整个社会的影响。如果知识产权制度导致资源分配不均，则需适时调整。例如专利权对国家进入紧急情况下授予的强制许可，以及其他为公共利益所必须或者整体社会运行秩序所必须时涉及的使用限制等，均是立法主动平衡合法专有权与社会公共利益的体现，旨在纠正二者可能存在的不对等关系。知识产权客体的非物质性，使得法律在赋予权利人就其知识产品享有不同于物权或债权等的“专有”权利的同时，对其专有权在时间和地域方面进行适当限制，知识产权的“专有性”“时间性”和“地域性”由此体现。
+
+
+
+21.参见刘春田：《知识财产权解析》，载《中国社会科学》2003 年第 4 期，第 109-121+206 页。
+
+22.Bryan A. Garner, Black's Law Dictionary Tenth Edition, Thomson Reuters, p.929 (2014).
+
+23.参见吴汉东：《法哲学家对知识产权法的哲学解读》，载《法商研究》2003 年第 5 期，第 77-85 页。
+
+## 五、结语与讨论
+
+知识产权客体定义与内涵存在认知分歧，根源在于各学说的理论基础差异—“前范式”分析方法难以满足知识产权理论研究对“系统隐喻”统一性的需求。知识产权客体的定义并非能够通过单一进路作出定论，或得到界限明晰的具体分类。学界对客体的多种解读展示了知识产品社会化进程中表现出的多元外观，但同时也暴露出理论体系的碎片化和认同困境。
+
+知识产权客体的连续性和谱系特征提示研究者，任何单一视角都无法全面捕捉这一“堆题”的本质。以“波粒二重性”形容知识产权客体研究的发展，不难看出客体复杂性受到了知识本身形成进路的巨大影响。在这一概念逐渐被社会接受的过程中，知识既通过实体形态得以呈现，又经历从无到有的传播扩散。这意味着，对知识产权客体的保护不应局限于静态的物化形态，还需覆盖动态的创造与传播过程。其面临的挑战在于如何在法律的刚性框架内，适应知识的流动性和社会性，最终构建一个既能有效保护创新成果，又能促进知识灵活共享的制度。
+
+知识产权客体的上述特征决定了观念弥合必须采取系统视角。系统法学通过对法律系统、法律问题和法律的时空演化规律的研究，大大促进了法学研究深化并为法律变革与优化提供了理论支持。基于该视角，客体理论的研究应致力于以下几个方向：其一，跨学科整合，亦即将知识产权法学与哲学、法经济学、法社会学等学科深度融合，以多领域的视角审视知识产权客体的动态性与复杂性。其二，以实践导向加强理论创新，知识形式的高速更迭要求研究者关注新兴技术对知识产权客体带来的挑战，将实务和理论结合，并基于现有案例探索新的理论模型和法律应对策略，以此适应知识经济的快速变化，构建符合实践和理论需求动态调整的适应性法律。其三，坚持全球视野下的体系整合，全球化背景下，知识产权保护面临跨国界跨法域的问题，积极探索国际共识，考虑不同国家和地区的发展差异，是构建区域保护框架的基础。
+
+
+
+# The Disagreement on the Cognition of Intellectual Property Rights Objects and the Conceptual Reconciliation from the Perspective of System Law
+
+**Abstract:** The problem of divergent cognition of the object of intellectual property has long been between the theoretical research of intellectual property and the actual situation, which is difficult to overcome, and further affects the relevant legislation and judicial practice of intellectual property, which is not conducive to the systematic and coherent nature of intellectual property law and the whole law. In order to bridge the cognitive gap, the complexity and variability of intellectual property objects are comprehensively considered based on systematic methods such as Total Systematic Intervention (TSI). By introducing the perspective of systematic law, guided by the closed internal operation of the legal system and the openness of external cognition, the complexity of the object theory is simplified. By comparing the disembodied object with the traditional real right theory, and drawing lessons from the treatment of “object” in the original legal system, the novel systematic metaphor is explored by using fictional thinking and conceptualization methods, so as to simplify the “complex problem” of the object of intellectual property. To realize the concept bridging by "quasi-materialization" approach. The formulation of non-body and structure provides a flexible space for understanding and dealing with emerging intellectual property issues, so as to achieve the effect of concept bridging.
+
+**Keywords:** Intellectual Property; Object of Rights; Total Systems Intervention(TSI); System Law
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_197.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_197.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..88e141b465d6cb8ce61435088e25d963fcd8ba42
--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,525 @@
+**doi**: 10.12012/CJOE2023-0122
+
+# 经济增长目标动员是否加剧了雾霾污染?——基于中国地级市的研究
+
+申亮¹, 刘浩¹, 王玉燕²
+
+(1. 山东财经大学财政税务学院, 济南 250014; 2. 山东财经大学管理科学与工程学院, 济南 250014)
+
+**摘要** 当前,高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务,而正确处理经济增长目标与环境保护目标之间关系是高质量发展的题中应有之义。本文基于223个地级以上城市的面板数据集,从经济增长目标动员的视角切入,探究雾霾污染问题。研究结果显示,从全国层面来看,经济增长目标动员显著增加了雾霾污染;同级政府间的策略模仿显著增加了本地的雾霾污染,上级政府的目标考核能够有效纠正下级政府的治理偏好。异质性分析结果表明,经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应在不同行政级别的地级市之间不存在显著差异,但在位于东部地区的地级市和人口规模更大的地级市中的效应更大。进一步分析发现,目标动员约束强度加剧了经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应,该效应是地方政府基于投资拉动增长的发展模式放松环境规制强度的结果,具体原因是污染治理投资不足。本研究对解决地方政府经济增长与环境保护的“两难权衡”以及加快转变经济发展模式具有积极的政策启示。
+
+**关键词** 经济增长目标; 目标动员; 雾霾污染; 高质量发展
+
+***
+**收稿日期:** 2023-10-08
+
+**基金项目:** 2023 年度山东省社科规划研究专项“新时期推动山东省财政高质量发展的路径选择与政策优化研究”(23CXSXJ12); 山东省泰山学者工程专项青年专家项目(tsqn202211197)
+
+**Supported by** Shandong Provincial Social Science Planning and Research Special Project — “Research on the Path Selection and Policy Optimization to Promote the High-quality Financial Development of Shandong Province in the New-period” (23CXSXJ12); Special Young Expert Project of Shandong Taishan Scholars Project (tsqn202211197)
+
+**作者简介:** 申亮, 博士, 山东财经大学财政税务学院教授, 博士生导师, 研究方向: 财税理论与公共政策, E-mail: shenliang74@126.com; 刘浩, 硕士研究生, 研究方向: 财税理论与公共政策, E-mail: ljx9833@163.com; 通信作者: 王玉燕, 博士, 山东财经大学管理科学与工程学院教授, 博士生导师, 研究方向: 博弈论与公共政策, E-mail: wangyuyan1224@126.com.
+
+# Does the Mobilization of Economic Growth Targets Aggravate Haze Pollution? — Research Based on Prefecture-level Cities in China
+
+SHEN Liang¹, LIU Hao¹, WANG Yuyan²
+
+(1. School of Public Finance and Taxation, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250014, China;2. School of Management Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Finance and Economics, Jinan 250014, China)
+
+**Abstract** Currently, high-quality development is the primary task of building a modern socialist country, and the relationship between economic growth target and environmental protection target is the proper meaning of high-quality development. Based on the panel data set of 223 cities at or above the prefecture level, this paper explores the problem of haze pollution from the perspective of economic growth target mobilization. The research results show that from the national level, the mobilization of economic growth target significantly increases the haze pollution; the strategy imitation of governments at the same level significantly increases the local haze pollution, and the target assessment of higher governments can effectively correct the governance preference of lower governments. The results of the heterogeneity analysis showed that the haze pollution effect mobilized by the economic growth target did not differ significantly between the prefecture-level cities with different administrative levels, but the effect was greater in the prefecture-level cities located in the eastern region and the prefecture-level cities with larger population size. Further analysis shows that the constraint intensity of target mobilization exacerbates the haze pollution effect of economic growth target mobilization, which is the result of the relaxation of environmental regulation intensity in the development model of local governments based on investment-driven growth. The specific reason is insufficient investment in pollution control. This study has positive policy implications to solve the “dilemma balance” between local government economic growth and environmental protection and to accelerate the transformation of economic development model.
+
+**Keywords** economic growth target; target mobilization; haze pollution; high-quality development
+
+## 1 引言
+
+党的二十大报告指出,高质量发展是全面建设社会主义现代化国家的首要任务,而推进生态文明建设、解决生态环境问题是高质量发展的题中应有之义.从20世纪70年代末建立环境规制体系以来,我国进行了一系列大气污染环境规制的有益探索.从1987年出台《大气污染防治法》到1998年实行酸雨控制区和二氧化硫污染控制区,再到2006年将减排目标分解落实到省级层面,把环境保护纳入领导班子和领导干部考核的重要内容,再到2013年我国出台“大气十条”五年行动计划,2018年在京津冀等重点区域推出“蓝天保卫战”三年行动计划,我国已经逐步实现环境规制由“软约束”到“硬约束”的转变,在经济高速发展的同时取得了显著的污染治理效果。2021年,全国优良天数比例与2015年相比提高6.3个百分点, 意味着每个城市平均增加23个蓝天¹。但是,根据生态环境部发布的《中国生态环境状况公报》,2022年,全国339个地级及以上城市仍有37.2%的城市环境空气质量超标,其中,86个城市 PM₂.₅² 浓度超标,约占25.4%,在六项污染物³中排名第一。这表明,治理大气污染不可能“毕其功于一役”,雾霾治理依然任重道远⁴。
+
+地方政府在生态文明建设过程中具有极其重要的地位和作用(余锦亮,2022; Zeng et al., 2023; Xu et al., 2023),并在提供环境公共品与公共服务过程中处于主导地位。然而,在中国经济快速发展的同时,地方政府竞相开展GDP竞速,对地区内外资源进行争夺,以各种措施缩小区域间的相对差距,这种由地方政府主导下的粗放式经济发展模式带来了一系列生态环境问题,被认为是引发我国环境问题的主要因素。在经济赶超、多维绩效考核和晋升激励等多重因素影响下,地方政府倾向于做出利己的理性行为,偏好增加经济建设支出,减少环保支出,并选择性地执行环境治理政策,甚至在政府间展开激烈的环境政策博弈造成跨区域生态环境污染问题。正因如此,如何在经济增长同时保护环境一直是困扰地方政府的“两难权衡”问题。经济增长目标动员给我们提供了一个观察地方政府潜在行为的独特视角。目标动员包含着丰富的中国政府行为密码(吕冰洋,2022)。在目标动员下,阶段性发展目标一经确定,就会被层层分解成具体可行硬性指标,并依靠国家强大的组织能力自上而下逐级动员,与“责任状”“一票否决”等官员激励和考核手段配合(吕冰洋,2022),使地方政府有充足的激励与中央政府的动员目标保持一致(Li et al., 2005),确保上级政府目标落到实处、取得实效。
+
+我们关心的问题是，经济增长目标动员与城市雾霾之间是否存在直接因果关系？如果存在，那么经济增长目标如何影响雾霾形成及其治理？需要指出的是，在高质量发展阶段，面临国内外多重压力下的中国经济，经济增速仍然是至关重要的全局变量，对上述问题的考察有助于我们理解地方政府在经济增长与环境保护之间的权衡取舍，进而为实现高质量发展提供有益启示。基于此，本文的现实意义主要体现在以下两个方面：
+
+1）改革开放以来，经过40多年的高速增长和生产能力的迅猛扩张，我国的经济发展在取得巨大成就的同时也伴随着环境污染问题，特别地，2023年底和2024年初，中央气象台在2017年之后首次发布最高级别的大雾红色预警，我国在全国范围内再一次出现强雾霾天气，这表明雾霾治理依然任重道远。在此背景下，从经济增长目标动员的视角探究雾霾污染问题有助于进一步厘清雾霾污染的经济社会成因，并为雾霾治理提供在制度设计上的决策参考。
+
+2）通过揭示地方政府间的互动关系和应对策略，有助于理解地方政府在权衡经济增长与环境保护时面临的激励和约束。目前，如何在激励地方政府发展经济的同时有效施加环境保护约束的重要性愈加凸显，这关系到中国经济发展方式的根本转变和可持续高质量发展。因此，深刻理解在我国现有的分税框架下同级地方政府和上下级政府间的互动关系以及应对策略有助于建设充分发挥中央和地方两个积极性的体制机制,与此同时,本文的研究有助于揭示政府驱动绿色发展的行为动因,为经济增长目标发挥最优的动员效果进而避免造成雾霾污染提供经验证据,并为构建高质量发展阶段的动员目标体系提供政策依据.
+
+***
+¹《久久为功 让蓝天常在》,新华网,2022年3月29日.具体网址为:http://www.news.cn/politics/2022-03/29/c_1128514578.htm.
+
+²PM₂.₅是指大气中直径小于或等于2.5微米的颗粒物.
+
+³六项污染物分别是PM₂.₅、PM₁₀、O₃、SO₂、NO₂和CO.
+
+⁴《人民日报谈“治理雾霾”:天蓝不能等风来》,人民网,2015年11月6日.具体网址为:http://opinion.people.com.cn/n/2015/1116/c1003-27817679.html.
+
+
+本文后续的结构安排如下:第二部分为文献综述,第三部分为理论机制与研究假设,第四部分为研究设计,第五部分为经验回归结果与分析,第六部分为进一步讨论,第七部分为研究结论与政策启示.
+
+## 2 文献综述
+
+与本研究密切相关的文献有两支,一是经济增长目标的相关研究,二是雾霾污染的相关研究.本部分通过梳理相关主流文献,试图展示相关研究现状和结论,探索进一步的研究方向,并为本文奠定扎实基础.
+
+### 2.1 经济增长目标的相关研究
+
+经济增长目标管理作为目标动员制的具体表现形式,通过倒逼资源配置引领经济增长(余泳泽等,2019;李书娟和徐现祥,2021).具体来说,国家的经济增长目标通过行政层级分解到各级地方政府,成为各级地方政府公开承诺的经济增长目标(Li et al., 2019).地方政府紧扣目标任务进行动员部署谋划的同时,还会公布为了实现经济增长目标的重点工作和任务,明确“时间表”“任务书”和“施工图”,进一步细化资源配置的重点领域和方向.
+
+然而,“目标引领增长”并不是一个最优的政策选择(李书娟和徐现祥,2021),其动员效果在中国式分权的框架下存在一定程度的负面影响.首先,各级地方政府的经济增长目标并不是自上而下简单分解的结果,地方政府之间存在的激烈竞争深刻影响着其经济增长目标的设定(余泳泽等,2019).一方面,同级政府间的横向竞争可能会导致制定经济增长目标上的相互攀比(詹新宇和刘文彬,2020).例如刘勇等(2021)基于1991-2016年国家和省级增长目标数据的实证研究发现,同级地方政府间的增长目标存在互动,省级政府调整其增长目标时更倾向于参考相近省份的目标.另一方面,下级政府经济增长目标的设定可能受到上级政府的引导和调控,同时也可能会对上级政府的经济增长目标做出策略性预期和反应(吕冰洋和台航,2018).刘勇等(2021)同样考察了上下级政府间的经济增长目标互动,结果显示,省级政府会对中央经济增长目标的调整做出显著的正向响应.因此,地方政府经济增长目标的设定通常偏离自身的经济禀赋(黎文靖等,2020).其次,经济增长目标一经设定便会对地方政府形成不同程度的约束力(詹新宇和曾傅雯,2021),一个典型的特征是部分地方政府在经济增长目标的制定上采用“力争”“确保”和“之上”等表述,这在事实上形成了地方政府完成经济增长目标的压力,从而赋予其扭曲资源配置的动力(余泳泽等,2019).总之,地方政府在自上而下的目标动员制体系中,倾向于设定相对较高的经济增长目标并采取短期经济行为,由此造成扭曲资源配置的后果.
+
+### 2.2 雾霾污染的相关研究
+
+大量文献从集聚经济的视角进行了相关探讨(袁晓玲等,2019).一类文献认为,在城市整体层面,人口和经济活动的集聚会增加污染物的排放,从而加剧雾霾污染(Gaigné et al., 2012;邵帅等,2016);另一类文献则认为,集聚的人口和经济活动可以有效提高城市的能源利用效率,从而有利于减少雾霾污染(Glaeser and Kahn, 2010).此外,部分学者试图从体制安排的角度探究雾霾等环境污染问题的成因(陈恭军, 2022). 分权体制下, 如果缺乏上级政府的有效协调, 就会引致地方政府间在环境规制上的“逐底竞争”, 环境质量极易成为经济发展的牺牲品(Sigman, 2014; Kahn et al., 2015). 余锦亮(2022)基于县级政府视角, 利用2003年以来中国大规模实施的扩权强县改革与财政省直管县改革的研究结果发现, 实施经济分权改革显著加剧了试点县的污染程度, 实施财政分权改革的效果则相反.
+
+就雾霾污染的治理而言, 既有文献大多从政府的正式环境规制角度切入(邓慧慧和杨露鑫, 2019; 韦东明等, 2022; 党海卿等, 2023), 强调政府在雾霾治理中的作用. 部分研究已经证明, 政府在“两会”期间、环保部约谈和环保法庭设立(石庆玲等, 2016, 2017)等特定条件下的环境规制可以有效缓解雾霾污染, 但尚未形成常态化的雾霾治理机制. 基于此, 建立区域联防联控的常态化机制已基本成为共识(Hao and Liu, 2016), 相关研究大多在城市群层面开展. 例如李倩等(2022)利用2014年“长三角区域大气污染防治协作机制”这一准自然实验, 得出在中央的制度创新和技术赋能下, 长三角地区进行大气污染协同治理取得了良好效果. 胡志高等(2019)指出, 我国区域内治理的协同演进缓慢且波动性较大, 并在进一步分析影响区域大气污染联合治理的因素后, 得出了地区间联合组织的建立能有效促进联合程度提升的结论. 与此同时, 部分学者也从由公众或社会团体推动的非正式环境规制的角度讨论雾霾治理(Tietenberg, 1998; Kathuria, 2007; 李玲等, 2022). 例如李欣等(2017)利用百度搜索引擎获取了2000-2012年各省份关于大气污染词条的网页数量, 并将网络舆论作为非正式环境规制程度的度量指标, 实证结果显示, 非正式环境规制有助于缓解雾霾污染.
+
+综上, 已有成果对于地方政府经济增长目标、雾霾污染的产生和治理进行了深入分析. 但是, 目前很少有学者研究地方政府在通过目标动员实现经济增长过程中对于城市雾霾污染的影响. 而在我国现行体制下, 目标动员对地方政府行为有着重要的影响, 进而对地方经济增长、雾霾污染的产生及治理发挥着潜在作用. 基于此, 本文或有的边际贡献主要体现在以下三个方面:
+
+1）本文丰富了雾霾污染的经济社会成因相关研究. 已有研究从集聚经济等经济视角和财政分权等制度视角研究了雾霾污染的成因, 本文则从经济增长目标动员的独特视角出发, 着重关注政府在经济社会发展中的重要作用, 揭示经济增长目标动员对雾霾污染的影响.
+
+2）本文是我国目标管理体制激励下地方政府行为研究的拓展. 已有研究从政府间竞争、目标设定等角度探析了目标管理对地方政府行为的扭曲效应, 本文承接现有研究思路, 在讨论地方政府间的策略应对和互动关系的同时, 进一步揭示地方政府具体的行为选择, 探明经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应的作用机制.
+
+3）本文是对我国目标管理体制的经济后果研究的有益补充. 现有研究从政府债务、产业结构和城镇化水平等角度探讨了经济增长目标动员的经济后果, 本文则关注经济增长与环境保护这一矛盾, 从雾霾污染的角度评估其经济后果.
+
+## 3 理论机制与研究假设
+
+### 3.1 经济增长目标动员与雾霾污染
+
+目标动员制体现了我国各级政府超强的组织动员能力(吕冰洋, 2022). 以目标为引领动员地方政府实现经济增长的过程可能导致雾霾污染问题. 一是经济增长目标的设定本身可能存在偏差.在中国式分权框架下,地方政府普遍存在“重竞争,轻合作”的倾向.为了赢得同级政府间的横向竞争,本地政府的经济增长目标可能脱离本地经济禀赋的实际情况,更多地参考竞争性辖区和上级政府的经济增长目标,从而避免“数字不如人”的被动局面(余泳泽等,2019),最终导致“不平衡的发展与平衡的发展目标”并存的现象(黎文靖等,2020).
+
+二是经济增长目标在动员过程中存在地方政府的行为扭曲.经济增长目标的动员会导致地方政府及整个地方经济发展面临经济增长压力(王贤彬等,2021),系统地影响地方政府的经济政策取向和资源配置行为.具体来说,当经济增长目标设定过高时,地方政府为实现经济增长目标倾向于采取短期经济行为,一个典型的经济后果就是放松环境规制的“逐底竞争”(余泳泽等,2019).例如,在微观层面,地方政府为追求短期经济增长,倾向于将资源配置到具有“政治明星效应”的高污染行业,同时主动放松辖区内环境监管标准,甚至默许企业违规排污(李静等,2015).在宏观层面,地方政府通过拉动投资促进短期经济增长,但在改善环境质量方面难以形成规模经济和集聚经济,不利于雾霾减排(邵帅等,2019).
+
+基于此,本文提出研究假设H1:经济增长目标动员显著增加了雾霾污染.
+
+### 3.2 目标动员约束强度与雾霾污染
+
+目标动员约束强度与经济增长目标的动员效果息息相关.一方面,目标动员约束强度直接关系到地方政府对待经济增长目标的态度,目标动员约束强度越大,地方政府面临的经济增长压力就越大,赋予地方政府扭曲资源配置以确保完成经济增长目标的激励也就越大.另一方面,目标动员约束强度间接反映出经济增长目标设定的合理程度.当设定的经济增长目标高于本地经济禀赋时,地方政府更倾向于利用“硬约束”的手段尽力拉动经济增长(黎文靖等,2020).
+
+就某一地方政府而言,如果在中国式分权的框架下设定的经济增长目标没有偏离本地经济禀赋,或者经济增长目标不具有约束力,地方政府就没有面临由经济增长目标引致的经济增长压力,也就不存在不顾雾霾污染扭曲资源配置的激励.换言之,当地方政府设定经济增长目标后面临的目标动员约束强度越大,其为了完成经济增长目标不顾雾霾污染扭曲资源配置的激励就越大(詹新宇和曾傅雯,2021).
+
+基于此,本文提出研究假设H2:目标动员约束强度加剧了经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应.
+
+## 4 研究设计
+
+### 4.1 指标设计与变量选择
+
+#### 4.1.1 雾霾污染 (pollution)
+
+雾霾污染为本文的被解释变量.区别于大多数文献中使用的“工业三废”排放量等指标,本文基于卫星监测的全球 PM2.5 浓度平均值的栅格数据,根据国家基础地理信息中心(NGCC)提供的1:400万地级城市矢量行政图,进一步利用 ArcGIS 软件解析为我国地级市层面的PM2.5年均浓度,以此表征雾霾污染.本文的数据不仅很好地解决了PM2.5浓度的历史数据缺失问题,而且为考察城市层面的雾霾污染特征提供了条件(陈诗一和陈登科,2018).
+
+#### 4.1.2 经济增长目标 (target)
+
+经济增长目标为本文的核心解释变量。与现有的权威文献保持一致(詹新宇和刘文彬, 2020),本文从各地级市政府年初所作的政府工作报告中收集了经济增长目标数据。对于部分以增长区间或者两个目标的表示情况,本文取其平均值。
+
+#### 4.1.3 动员目标约束强度 (constraint)
+
+参考余泳泽和潘妍(2019)的研究,本文将政府工作报告中用以修饰经济增长目标的副词作为识别条件,构造了三个动员目标约束强度变量。具体而言,当政府工作报告中采用“之上”“确保”和“力争”等副词修饰时赋值为1,其他情况赋值为0,定义为 constraint1;当政府工作报告中采用“左右”“上下”和“之间”等副词修饰时赋值为1,其他情况赋值为0,定义为 constraint2;当政府工作报告中的经济增长目标没有任何副词修饰时赋值为1,其他情况赋值为0,定义为 constraint3。本文认为 constraint1、constraint2 和constraint3 的动员约束强度是顺次下降的。
+
+#### 4.1.4 环境规制强度 (Er)
+
+参考陈诗一和陈登科(2018)以及张建鹏和陈诗一(2021)的研究,本文将环境规制强度变量定义为省级政府工作报告中环保类词频率比重⁵与地级市重工业占GDP比重的乘积。一般而言,省级政府对辖区城市的环境规制影响与城市重工业占比成正比。
+
+#### 4.1.5 其他控制变量
+
+为了缓解遗漏变量6造成的内生性问题,参考现有研究(万攀兵等,2023;杨岚和周亚虹, 2022),本文不失一般性地控制了一系列地级市层面的当期潜在控制变量,具体包括:经济发展水平(lnpgdp),采用各地区的人均GDP的对数形式表征;第二产业占比(indus2)和第三产业占比(indus3),分别采用各地区的第二产业和第三产业增加值与GDP的比值表征;金融发展水平(finance),采用各地区的年末金融机构贷款与人口数的比值表征;科技投入(tech),采用各地区科技支出与公共支出的比值表征。
+
+### 4.2 数据来源与主要变量描述性统计
+
+参考学界的一般做法(陈诗一和陈登科,2018;邵帅等,2019),本文实证分析使用的面板数据集包含2005-2014年223个地级以上城市7。需要说明的是,在高质量发展阶段,面临国内外多重压力下的中国经济,经济增速仍然是至关重要的全局变量。“目标引领增长”下的各级政府部门仍然采取各种“非常行动”来实现既定的增长目标(詹新宇等,2023)。与此同时,雾霾污染问题依旧是制约中国高质量发展和生态文明建设的主要瓶颈。因此,本文基于2005-2014年的数据集所得的基本结论依然具有较强的现实含义。
+
+$PM_{2.5}$ 浓度的原始数据来自于哥伦比亚大学社会经济数据和应用中心(SEDAC);经济增长目标和动员目标约束强度数据由作者从地级市政府所作的2230份政府工作报告中手工整理得到; 城市创新能力数据来自北京大学企业大数据研究中心《中国区域创新创业指数》; 其他原始数据均来自《中国统计年鉴》、《中国城市统计年鉴》、中国工业企业数据库、中国研究数据服务平台(CNRDS)和政府官方网站。少数地区个别年份的缺失值采用线性插值法补足。主要变量描述性统计见表 1。
+
+***
+⁵具体方法见后文。
+⁶本文同样考虑了地区过去的经济发展状况和过去的污染水平,并未改变基本结论。
+⁷本文所使用的数据和代码请参见科学数据银行(ScienceDB)期刊社区, DOI: 10.57760/sciencedb.j00214.00041 和 CSTR: 31253.11.sciencedb.j00214.00041。若使用文中数据信息,请注明引文和数据出处。
+
+**表 1 主要变量描述性统计**
+
+| 变量 | 观测值 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 |
|---|
| 雾霾污染 (pollution) | 2230 | 38.5758 | 16.7013 | 4.67 | 91.16 | | 经济增长目标 (target) | 2230 | 12.5590 | 2.6407 | 2.9 | 35 | | 动员目标约束强度 1 (constraint1) | 2230 | 0.2664 | 0.4422 | 0 | 1 | | 动员目标约束强度 2 (constraint2) | 2230 | 0.1036 | 0.3048 | 0 | 1 | | 动员目标约束强度 3 (constraint3) | 2230 | 0.6300 | 0.4829 | 0 | 1 | | 环境规制强度 (Er) | 2007 | 54.3553 | 24.2143 | 5.2972 | 180.6910 | | 新增污染企业数量 (lnnum) | 2007 | 2.1201 | 1.3429 | 0 | 5.4027 | | 污染治理投资 (eine) | 2007 | 4.2070 | 4.0270 | 0.1159 | 38.0290 | | 固定资产投资 (invest) | 2230 | 8.9513 | 0.9728 | 5.0800 | 11.3938 | | 城市创新能力 (innovation) | 2230 | 63.4860 | 19.9071 | 11.6240 | 99.9047 | | 经济发展水平 (lnpgdp) | 2230 | 10.1668 | 0.7464 | 4.5951 | 13.0557 | | 第二产业占比 (indus2) | 2230 | 50.4200 | 10.8107 | 15.70 | 85.92 | | 第三产业占比 (indus3) | 2230 | 35.7787 | 8.2424 | 11.05 | 74.85 | | 金融发展水平 (finance) | 2230 | 3.4066 | 5.3794 | 0.1885 | 68.2453 | | 科技投入 (tech) | 2230 | 1.2536 | 1.2707 | 0.0000 | 20.6835 |
+
+### 4.3 计量模型构建
+
+本文探究的基本问题是, 经济增长目标动员是否造成了雾霾污染? 为了验证研究假设 H1, 首先构建如下基准模型:
+
+$$
+\text{pollution}_{i,t} = \alpha + \beta \text{target}_{i,t} + \gamma X_{i,t} + \text{region}_i + \text{year}_t + \mu_{i,t}, \qquad(1)
+$$
+
+
+其中, pollution 为雾霾污染, 即 PM₂.₅ 浓度, target 为经济增长目标. *X* 为一系列控制变量, *i* 和 *t* 分别为城市和年份, *α* 为常数项, *β* 和 *γ* 为估计系数, 我们感兴趣的估计系数是 *β*, 其大小和方向刻画了经济增长目标动员对雾霾污染的平均影响. region 和 year 分别表示城市固定效应和年份固定效应, *μ* 为随机扰动项.
+
+考虑到雾霾污染的空间溢出效应和异质性地区竞争的典型事实, 经典回归中假定的空间数据均值和独立条件将不再满足(赵永辉和罗宇, 2022; Anselin et al., 2004), 为了剥离雾霾污染的空间溢出效应对估计结果的干扰, 并有效识别竞争性辖区之间的应对策略, 本文在式 (1) 的基础上引入空间计量框架, 构建空间计量模型如下:
+
+$$
+\text{pollution}_{i,t} = \alpha + \rho_1(\text{Wpollution})_{i,t} + \beta\text{target}_{i,t} + \gamma X_{i,t} + \text{region}_i + \text{year}_t + \mu_{i,t},\qquad(2)
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{pollution}_{i,t} = \alpha + \rho_2(\text{Wpollution})_{i,t} + \theta W(\text{target})_{i,t} + \gamma X_{i,t} + \text{region}_i + \text{year}_t + \mu_{i,t}.\qquad(3)
+$$
+
+式(2)和式(3)中的 Wpollution 为雾霾污染的空间加权滞后项,用以表征雾霾污染的空间溢出效应, $ρ_1$ 和 $ρ_2$ 捕捉了雾霾污染的空间溢出特征. *W* 为空间权重矩阵,本文采用文献中普遍使用的地理距离权重矩阵和经济距离权重矩阵予以验证. 式(3)中的 *θ* 捕捉了本地政府根据竞争性辖区的行为采取的应对策略(赵永辉和罗宇, 2022; 程开明和王桂梅, 2023). 其余变量定义同上.
+
+## 5 经验回归结果与分析
+
+### 5.1 基准回归
+
+本文利用式(1)进行基准回归考察,回归结果在表2中展示.第(1)列仅控制了城市固定效应和年份固定效应,在此基础上,第(2)列纳入了部分控制变量,第(3)列纳入了全部控制变量.此外,考虑到雾霾污染可能存在的空间自相关问题,本文进一步将聚类稳健标准误控制在省份层面,如第(4)列所示.最后,考虑到雾霾污染可能受到地区层面周期性因素的影响,本文在式(1)的基础上控制了省份时间趋势项,如第(5)列所示.以上估计结果显示, target 的系数大小均为正,且至少在10%的显著性水平上显著,表明经济增长目标动员对雾霾污染存在显著的正向影响.
+
+此外,上述结果还具有较高的经济显著性,根据第(3)列的回归结果和描述性统计计算,经济增长目标每提高一个标准差(2.6407),雾霾污染会相对其均值(38.5758)提高 1.029%(2.6407×0.1503/38.5758).由此可见,从统计意义和经济意义上来看,经济增长目标动员显著增加了雾霾污染程度,与本文提出的研究假设 H1 一致.
+
+**表 2 基准回归结果**
+
+ | pollution |
|---|
| 无控制变量 | 部分控制变量 | 全部控制变量 | Cluster (省份) | 省份时间趋势项 |
|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) |
|---|
| target | 0.1506***(0.0414) | 0.1489***(0.0443) | 0.1503***(0.0441) | 0.1503*(0.0828) | 0.1968***(0.0419) |
|---|
| 城市固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
|---|
| 年份固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
|---|
| 观测值 | 2230 | 2230 | 2230 | 2230 | 2230 |
|---|
+
+注:括号内为聚类在城市层面的标准误; * 、** 、*** 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平; 部分控制变量包括经济发展水平、第二产业占比和科技投入. 下表同.
+
+### 5.2 稳健性测试
+
+从本文的分析逻辑上看,经济增长目标的设定在前,雾霾污染在后,因此本文的实证分析较少受到内生性问题的干扰,但这仍然无法完全解决我们的担忧.为此,本文从雾霾污染的外溢效应、经济增长目标的内生设定、样本自选择与异常值、安慰剂效应和工具变量法等方面进行了系列稳健性测试.
+
+#### 5.2.1 雾霾污染的外溢效应
+
+本文利用式(2)进行雾霾污染的外溢效应分析,表3中的第(1)列和第(2)列分别展示了采用地理距离矩阵和经济距离矩阵的估计结果,结果显示空间滞后项 Wpollution 的系数均显著为正,表示雾霾污染存在显著的外溢效应,即竞争性辖区内的雾霾污染会显著增加本地区内的污染程度,与此同时, target 的系数均为正并至少通过了5%水平的显著性检验,表明在考虑了雾霾污染的外溢效应之后,经济增长目标依旧显著增加了雾霾污染,该结果与基准回归结果一致.
+
+**表3 稳健性测试 I**
+
+ | pollution | target |
|---|
| 雾霾污染的外溢效应 | 经济增长目标的内生设定 |
|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
|---|
| target | 0.1020***(0.0359) | 0.0463**(0.0218) | | | | l.pollution | | | -0.0047(0.0096) | | | l.grow | | | | 0.3907***(0.0313) | | Wpollution | 0.9785***(0.0008) | 0.6972***(0.0123) | | | | 其他控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 城市固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 年份固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 观测值 | 2230 | 2230 | 2230 | 2230 |
+
+#### 5.2.2 经济增长目标的内生设定
+
+本文探讨了经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应,其中的一个担忧是地方政府在年初设定经济增长目标时可能已经将雾霾污染问题考虑在内,这使得经济增长目标动员与雾霾污染之间产生内生性问题.本文利用如下模型考察经济增长目标的内生设定:
+
+$$
+\text{target}_{i,t} = \alpha + \tau_1 \text{l.pollution}_{i,t} + \gamma X_{i,t} + \text{region}_i + \text{year}_t + \mu_{i,t}, \qquad(4)
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{target}_{i,t} = \alpha + \tau_2 \text{l.grow}_{i,t} + \gamma X_{i,t} + \text{region}_i + \text{year}_t + \mu_{i,t},\qquad(5)
+$$
+
+其中, $l.pollution$ 为上一年度的 $PM_{2.5}$ 浓度, $l.grow$ 为上一年度的实际经济增长率. $\tau_{1}$ 和 $\tau_{2}$分别捕捉的是上一年度的雾霾污染和实际经济增长率对本年度经济增长目标设定的平均影响. 其余变量定义同上.
+
+表3的第(3)列和第(4)分别展示了式(4)和式(5)的回归结果. 不难看出, $l.pollution$ 的系数并未通过 10% 的显著性检验, 而 $l.grow$ 的系数则在 1% 的水平上正向显著, 这意味着本年度经济增长目标的设定主要受到上一年度实际经济增长率的显著影响,而上一年度雾霾污染几乎不纳入考虑的范畴⁸.该结果可以缓解经济增长目标内生设定带来的干扰.
+
+#### 5.2.3 样本自选择与异常值
+
+考虑到我国的高雾霾污染“俱乐部”成员主要集中于京津冀和长三角的中间连接地带,这些城市大部分属于东部发达地区,具有较为良好的经济禀赋,从而能够设定较高的经济增长目标.如果该假设成立,那么本文所识别的经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应就来自于样本的自选择.
+
+一个可行的解决方法是,以PM₂.₅浓度的均值为基准,仅保留上下一个标准差之内的样本重新进行回归.该子样本不仅剔除了位于高雾霾污染“俱乐部”的绝大部分地级市,而且也排除了潜在的极低PM₂.₅浓度异常值的干扰.回归结果在表4中第(1)列展示,经济增长目标的系数依旧显著为正,支持了基准回归结果.
+
+**表 4 稳健性测试 II**
+
+
+
+
+ |
+ pollution |
+
+
+ | 样本自选择与异常值 |
+ 安慰剂效应 |
+
+
+ | (1) |
+ (2) |
+ (3) |
+
+
+
+
+ | target |
+ 0.0928*(0.0506) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ | target1 |
+ |
+ -0.1132***(0.0325) |
+ |
+
+
+ | target2 |
+ |
+ |
+ -1.7388***(0.4184) |
+
+
+ | 其他控制变量 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+
+
+ | 城市固定效应 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+
+
+ | 年份固定效应 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+
+
+ | 观测值 |
+ 1388 |
+ 2230 |
+ 2230 |
+
+
+
+
+#### 5.2.4 安慰剂效应
+
+本文的逻辑起点在于经济发展目标的设定会对地方政府起到明显的动员效果,从而激励地方政府产生扭曲的资源配置行为,由此引致雾霾污染.一个潜在的威胁是,雾霾污染并不是政府主导的结果,而是由市场因素主导.为此,本文参考詹新宇和刘文彬(2020)的思路,将实际经济增长率分解为经济增长目标和实际经济增长率与经济增长目标之差两个部分,前者主要由政府主导,后者主要受市场因素影响.具体而言,本文分别构造实际经济增长率与经济增长目标的差值(target1)和实际经济增长率与经济增长目标之比(target2)作为被解释变量进行安慰剂检验.
+
+***
+⁸我们在部分地方政府的工作报告中看到类似“在优化结构、提高效益、降低消耗、保护环境的基础上,地区生产总值增长X%”的表述,这里主要考虑的是纳入官员考核的二氧化硫排放量、化学需氧量和单位GDP能耗,事实上,这三个指标也经常作为“约束性目标”出现在政府工作报告中,但并不包括PM₂.₅浓度,该结论也在后文得到部分论证.
+
+表4中的第(2)列和第(3)列展示了回归结果。可以看出，target1 和target2 的系数均在1%的水平上显著为负，这意味着由市场因素主导的经济发展显著降低了雾霾污染，与基准回归结果明显相异，证明了基准回归结果的稳健性。
+
+值得关注的是，安慰剂检验的结果还具有积极的政策含义。本文认为，正确处理政府与市场之间的关系是高质量发展的内在要求。市场化配置是引导各类资源要素向绿色低碳发展集聚的有效方式，因此，政府要深入推进资源要素市场化改革，建立并完善相关政策体系、标准体系和技术体系，推动形成绿色转型的社会环境⁹。在此基础上，减少对市场运行的干预，更多依靠市场化的经济运行方式实现绿色发展。
+
+#### 5.2.5 工具变量法
+
+为了进一步缓解双向因果和遗漏变量带来的内生性问题，本文参考余泳泽和潘妍 (2019) 及王贤彬等 (2021) 的思路，分别构造省级政府经济增长目标(IV1)和同一省份内除地级市自身以外的其他地级市经济增长目标的均值(IV2)两个工具变量。
+
+IV1 的构造逻辑在于，在目标动员制和地方政府间横向竞争的双重影响下，上级政府会将动员目标分解至下级政府，与此同时，下级政府也会根据同级政府和上级政府的偏好制定本地区的动员目标，因此，省级政府的经济增长目标与同一省份内地级市的经济增长目标高度相关。IV2 的构造逻辑在于，同一省份内的地级市数量在很大程度上表征了地方政府间的横向竞争程度（余泳泽等，2019），在我国地方政府间存在“标尺竞争”的典型事实下，横向竞争程度越激烈，地级市政府设定的经济增长目标可能越高。因此，同一省份内除地级市自身以外的其他地级市经济增长目标的均值与本地的经济增长目标高度相关。
+
+表 5 展示了工具变量法回归结果。第(1)和第(2)列报告了第一阶段的估计结果，IV1 和 IV2 的系数均在 1% 的水平上正向显著，这表明本文选取的工具变量与经济增长目标之间存在显著的正向关系。第(3)和第(4)列报告了第二阶段的估计结果，经过工具变量处理后，经济增长目标的系数均在 1% 的水平上显著为正。此外，从 KP-Wald F 检验统计值大于 Stock-Yogo 在 10% 显著性水平的临界值 16.38 来看，表明不存在弱工具变量问题，工具变量具有较好的相关性和外生性。可见，经济增长目标显著增加了雾霾污染的结论依然存在。
+
+### 5.3 拓展分析：地方政府的策略应对
+
+地方政府在目标动员制下面对目标考核的压力，其有关经济发展目标动员引致雾霾污染的应对行为可能存在策略模仿，并受到目标考核方向的调整。为了更好地把握同级政府间的竞争性互动特征和上级政府目标考核对下级政府治理行为的调整效果，本部分对此进行拓展分析。
+
+#### 5.3.1 横向策略模仿：“逐顶”还是“逐底”？
+
+本文利用式(3)揭示地级市政府间的策略互动。表6中的第(1)和第(2)列分别展示了地理距离矩阵和经济距离矩阵的估计结果。结果显示，Wtarget 的系数均为正，且均通过了1%的显著性水平检验，表明地方政府之间存在显著的策略模仿行为，即本地区经济发展目标的设定受到竞争性辖区经济发展目标的影响，当观察到竞争地区不顾雾霾污染的情况下提高经济增长目标时, 本地政府会选择跟进。该结果证实了同级政府间在经济增长目标的设定上存在“标尺竞争”, 并在雾霾污染问题上造成事实上的“逐底竞争”。
+
+***
+⁹《党的二十大辅导读本》，人民出版社 2022 年版。
+
+**表 5 工具变量法回归结果**
+
+ | target | pollution |
|---|
| 第一阶段 | 第二阶段 |
|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
|---|
| target | | | 0.3407***(0.0926) | 0.2997***(0.0851) | | IV1 | 1.0490***(0.0879) | | | | | IV2 | | 0.8151***(0.0538) | | | | 其他控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 城市固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 年份固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | Kleibergen-Paap rk LM 统计量 | | | 42.588*** | 36.419*** | | Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald F 统计量 | | | 142.421[16.38] | 229.126[16.38] | | 观测值 | 2230 | 2230 | 2230 | 2230 |
+
+注: [ ] 内为 Stock-Yogo 弱识别检验在 10% 水平上的临界值.
+
+**表 6 地方政府的策略应对**
+
+ | pollution | SO2 |
|---|
| 横向策略模仿 | 纵向考核压力 |
|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) |
|---|
| Wtarget | 2.0964***(0.2852) | 0.0627***(0.0205) | | | | Wpollution | 0.9774***(0.0009) | 0.6964***(0.0122) | | | | target×attention | | | 0.1085**(0.0484) | -0.0504*(0.0259) | | 其他控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 城市固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 年份固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 观测值 | 2230 | 2230 | 2230 | 2230 |
+
+一般而言, 经济增长目标起到一种引导资源配置和发出动员激励的作用。当设定的目标值相对较高时, 地方政府发展经济的动力和激励就越大, 无论最后是否能够完成目标, 较高的目标值都会引致相对较高的经济绩效 (余泳泽和潘妍, 2019), 本地政府也会因此在横向竞争中胜出。与此同时, 本地政府不想因“数字不如人”而输在起跑线上也是出现“标尺竞争”的重要原因。
+
+值得关注的是,经济增长目标设定的“标尺竞争”会加重本地区的雾霾污染.一方面,本地政府会根据相对过高的经济增长目标配置资源导致扭曲;另一方面,本地政府也会根据竞争性辖区政府的做法调整自身的资源配置策略,在竞争性辖区政府不考虑雾霾污染的情况下,必然会导致本地区政府的“模仿无效”,从而造成事实上的“逐底竞争”.
+
+#### 5.3.2 纵向考核压力：基于环境目标责任制的考察
+
+干部考核制度是实现动员目标的重要保障,为了改变能源消耗量和主要污染物排放量居高不下的形势以及环保目标对地方政府缺乏强有力约束的局面,我国于2005年把环保目标纳入经济社会发展评价范围和干部政绩考核¹⁰,并在“十一五”规划中首次将二氧化硫排放量(SO₂)、化学需氧量(COD)和单位GDP能耗等指标确定为地方官员绩效考核的约束性指标,为了观察地级市政府在环境目标责任制下的行为特征,本文参考陈诗一和陈登科(2018)及邓慧慧和杨露鑫(2019)的思路,利用 Python 提取省级政府工作报告中环保类¹¹词频并计算其比重,刻画省级政府的环保重视程度(attention).同时,囿于数据的可得性,本文在纳入考核范围的约束性指标中仅选取了二氧化硫排放量作为考察对象,实际使用过程中取其对数形式.
+
+表6中的第(3)和第(4)列分别展示了经济增长目标与省级政府环保重视程度的交互项对雾霾污染和二氧化硫排放量的回归结果,第(3)列的结果显示,交互项的系数显著为正,表明随着省级政府对环保重视程度的提高,地级市政府经济增长目标的雾霾污染效应显著提高.第(4)列的结果显示,交互项的系数显著为负,表明随着省级政府对环保重视程度的提高,地级市政府经济增长目标的二氧化硫污染效应得到了显著的抑制效果,该结果揭示了下级政府
+应对上级政府考核的策略选择,下级政府对于已经明确且能够量化的考核指标显示出充分的治理偏好,而对于尚未纳入考核范围的指标治理兴趣相对缺乏¹².
+
+本部分的经验结果显示,同级政府间的策略模仿会加重雾霾污染,这其中的关键因素是同级政府间关于经济增长目标的“标尺竞争”.上级政府主动降低经济增长目标是缓解下级政府因竞争设定过高经济增长目标的有效思路,事实上,经济发展进入新常态后,我国为追求高质量发展已经主动降低和淡化了经济增长目标(徐现祥等,2018).此外,上级政府的目标考核会对下级政府的治理偏好起到显著的矫正作用,该结果与赵永辉和罗宇(2022)的研究结论逻辑一致,也得到了近年来加强约束性指标考核的实践经验佐证¹³.
+
+***
+¹⁰《国务院关于落实科学发展观加强环境保护的决定》,中国政府网,2005年12月3日,具体网址为: http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2006/content_169993.htm.
+
+¹¹本文使用的环保类词汇具体包括:环境保护、环保、污染、能耗、减排、排污、生态、绿色、低碳、空气、化学需氧量、二氧化硫、二氧化碳和PM₁₀等.
+
+¹²根据《国务院办公厅关于印发大气污染防治行动计划实施情况考核办法(试行)的通知》(国办发〔2014〕21号),我国于2014年将京津冀及周边地区、长三角区域、珠三角区域和重庆市的PM₂.₅浓度的下降比例纳入环保考核,本文将2014年剔除后重新回归,结果未发生本质改变.
+
+¹³《中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定》,人民日报,2013年11月16日,第1版;《关于改进地方党政领导班子和领导干部政绩考核工作的通知》,中国政府网,2013年12月9日,具体网址为: http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2013-12/09/content_2545183.htm.
+
+### 5.4 基于城市特征的异质性分析
+
+鉴于我国地级市之间存在显著的差异,不同地级市经济增长目标的雾霾污染效应可能不同.本部分从地级市特征中选取地级市行政级别、地理区位和人口规模三个典型角度展开异质性分析,识别经济增长目标动员潜在的异质性雾霾污染效应.
+
+#### 5.4.1 经济增长目标动员、地级市行政级别与雾霾污染
+
+经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应可能与地级市行政级别相关.一方面,行政级别越高的地级市为赢得横向竞争会造成相对更严重的资源配置扭曲,从而造成相对更严重的雾霾污染;另一方面,行政级别越高的地级市面临更大的政治激励,在环境目标责任制的考察下可能采取更为严格的雾霾治理措施,从而尽可能减少经济增长目标动员引致的雾霾污染.以上推论的现实结果取决于地级市政府对经济增长目标和环境保护目标的权衡.本文引入经济增长目标与地级市行政级别虚拟变量(*D*1)¹⁴的交互项,估计结果在表7中展示.第(1)列的结果显示,交互项的系数为负但并不显著,这表明经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应在不同行政级别的地级市之间并不存在差异,换言之,行政级别较高的地级市政府与较低的地级市政府存在基本一致的“粗放式”经济增长倾向.
+
+**表 7 基于城市特征的异质性分析**
+
+ | pollution |
|---|
| 行政级别(1) | 地理区位(2) | 人口规模(3) |
|---|
| target×D1 | -0.1194(0.1193) | | | | target×D2 | | 0.1602**(0.0767) | | | target×D3 | | | 0.2257***(0.0738) | | target | 0.1607***(0.0445) | 0.1076**(0.0451) | 0.0944**(0.0412) | | D3 | | | -3.3356***(1.1356) | | 其他控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 城市固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 年份固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 观测值 | 2230 | 2230 | 2230 |
+
+注: 鉴于 *D*1 和 *D*2 并不随时间发生改变, 会被城市固定效应吸收, 因此, 第 (1) 至第 (2) 列并未加入 *D*1 和 *D*2.
+
+***
+¹⁴地级市行政级别虚拟变量(*D*1)的定义如下:普通地级市取0;副省级城市和其他省会城市取1.
+
+#### 5.4.2 经济增长目标动员、地级市地理区位与雾霾污染
+
+经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应可能与地级市地理区位相关。一方面，雾霾污染本身存在地理区位的分布特征，相较于东部地区，中西部地区的多山地形等地理特征很大程度上限制了雾霾污染的传输（邵帅等，2019）；另一方面，位于东部地区的地级市面临更激烈的经济增长竞争，本地政府为实现经济增长目标扭曲资源配置的激励更大，从而造成更为严重的雾霾污染。基于此，本文引入经济增长目标与地级市地理区位虚拟变量（*D*2）¹⁵的交互项，估计结果在表7中展示。第（2）列的结果显示，交互项的系数显著为正，这表明位于东部地区的地级市经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应更大。
+
+#### 5.4.3 经济增长目标动员、地级市人口规模与雾霾污染
+
+经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应可能与地级市人口规模相关。具体而言，人口规模较大的地级市更有可能产生集聚过度、基础设施拥挤等负外部性（秦蒙等，2016），从而增加雾霾污染的可能性，当这些负外部性与经济增长目标动员的资源配置扭曲叠加时，可能造成更为严重的雾霾污染。基于此，本文基于人口数的对数形式的中位数进行分组，高于中位数的城市设置为1，低于中位数的城市设置为0，引入经济增长目标与地级市人口规模虚拟变量（*D*3）的交互项，估计结果在表7中展示。第（3）列的结果显示，交互项的系数显著为正，这表明经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应在高人口规模的地级市中相对更大。
+
+## 6 进一步讨论
+
+### 6.1 动员目标约束强度与经济增长目标的雾霾污染效应
+
+从经济增长目标最初的设定动机来看，地方政府以此作为经济发展的导向进行资源配置，这并不必然导致扭曲，只有在竞争压力下，经济增长目标对地方政府形成约束或压力时才更容易导致有偏的行为。换言之，如果地方政府设定的经济增长目标与本地区的经济禀赋相匹配或是易于达成，地方政府就缺乏扭曲资源配置的激励，上文的逻辑也就不再适用。基于此，本文尝试以政府工作报告中修饰经济增长目标的副词作为识别条件，刻画地方政府为达成经济增长目标而扭曲资源配置的倾向，并在式（1）的基础上将经济增长目标与动员目标约束强度的交互项纳入回归，结果在表8中展示。
+
+第（1）列至第（3）列的结果显示，$target \times constraint1$ 的系数在 1% 的水平上正向显著，表明相对于动员目标约束强度较低的地级市，动员目标约束强度相对较高的地级市具有更大的经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应。此外，$target \times constraint2$ 的系数并不显著，$target \times constraint3$ 的系数甚至在 1% 的水平上显著为负，表明随着动员目标约束强度的下降，经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应也随之下降，当动员目标没有任何约束强度时，经济增长目标动员甚至会降低雾霾污染。该结果在政府与市场的关系上具有与上文相同的政策含义，本文的研究假设 H2 得证。
+
+需要关注的是，本部分的经验结果说明了放松经济增长目标的约束程度，不过分强调经济增长目标的“硬约束”可以有效避免雾霾污染。事实上，这与我国近年来尤其是党的十八大以来的实践经验是一致的. 2013 年后, 我国更加关注经济发展质量和生态文明建设, 主动放松经济增长速度的考核, 经济增长目标的约束性普遍降低, 而约束性指标的约束性得以加强 (徐现祥等, 2018).
+
+***
+¹⁵地级市地理区位虚拟变量 (*D*2) 的定义如下：河北、山东、辽宁、江苏、浙江、福建、广东和海南各省份所辖地级市设定为 1，其他为 0。
+
+**表8 动员目标约束强度与经济增长目标的雾霾污染效应**
+
+ | pollution |
|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) |
|---|
| target×constraint1 | 0.1759***(0.0675) | | | | target×constraint2 | | 0.0274(0.0837) | | | target×constraint3 | | | -0.1692***(0.0565) | | targe | 0.1137***(0.0422) | 0.1469***(0.0450) | 0.2724***(0.0604) | | constraint1 | -2.3518**(0.9119) | | | | constraint2 | | -0.7146(1.0548) | | | constraint3 | | | 2.3756***(0.7364) | | 其他控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 城市固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 年份固定效应 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 观测值 | 2230 | 2230 | 2230 |
+
+### 6.2 作用机制分析
+
+#### 6.2.1 地方政府的权衡：经济增长目标与环境规制强度
+
+本文首先检验地方政府在经济增长与环境保护间的权衡结果。本文选取环境规制强度 (Er) 作为被解释变量纳入回归，结果在表 9 中展示。第 (1) 列的结果显示，target 的系数大小为正，并在 5% 的显著性水平上显著，表明经济增长目标动员显著降低了环境规制强度，地方政府在经济增长与环境保护之间更倾向于前者。
+
+#### 6.2.2 降低环境规制强度的方式：新增污染企业与污染治理投资
+
+上文验证了地方政府在经济增长目标动员下降低了环境规制强度, 那么地方政府降低环境规制的方式是什么? 理论上, 地方政府可以选择在雾霾污染的产生和治理两个方面进行环境规制, 而雾霾污染的产生可能来自本地企业规模扩大或者新企业的落成两条路径, 其中, 新企业的进入是关键因素 (席鹏辉等, 2017).
+
+为了检验地方政府降低环境规制强度的方式, 本文选取新增污染企业数量 (lnnum) 和污染治理投资(einv)¹⁶ 作为被解释变量纳入回归,结果在表 9 中展示.第 (2) 列的结果显示, target 的系数并不显著,表明经济增长目标动员并未导致辖区内污染企业数量的显著增加.第 (3) 列的结果显示, target 的系数大小为负,并在 1% 的显著性水平上显著,表明在经济增长目标动员下,地方政府的污染治理投资显著减少.
+
+**表 9 作用机制分析**
+
+
+
+
+ |
+ Er(1) |
+ lnnum(2) |
+ einv(3) |
+ invest(4) |
+ innovation(5) |
+
+
+
+
+ | target |
+ -0.5677**(0.2616) |
+ 0.0134(0.0205) |
+ -0.1196***(0.0372) |
+ 0.0117*(0.0063) |
+ 0.0364(0.0986) |
+
+
+ | 其他控制变量 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+
+
+ | 城市固定效应 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+
+
+ | 年份固定效应 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+ 控制 |
+
+
+ | 观测值 |
+ 2007 |
+ 2007 |
+ 2007 |
+ 2230 |
+ 2230 |
+
+
+
+
+#### 6.2.3 发展模式的选择：固定资产投资与城市创新能力
+
+上文验证了地方政府在经济增长目标动员下减少了污染治理投资,那么地方政府偏好的投资方向是什么?在中国式分权框架下,投资是地方政府完成经济增长目标最直接、最有效和最常用的手段(刘淑琳等,2019).大多数学者认为,中国经济的增长过分依赖生产要素投入的惯性,主要表现为生产要素大规模高强度投入的“要素驱动”模式,这种发展模式带来了资源、能源消耗和环境排放的迅速增加,造成高污染、高消耗和低效率的负面效应,形成了巨大的环境压力.而“创新驱动”模式则可以在减少物质资源投入、实现绿色低碳生产的基础上实现经济增长(洪银兴,2013).
+
+为了检验地方政府在经济增长目标驱动下的发展模式,本文选取代表“要素驱动”的固定资产投资(invest)和代表“创新驱动”的城市创新能力(innovation)作为被解释变量纳入回归,结果在表9中展示.第(4)列的结果显示, target 的系数大小为正,并在1%的显著性水平上显著,表明在经济增长目标动员下,地方政府显著增加了固定资产投资,以投资驱动经济增长.第(5)列的结果显示, target 的系数并不显著,表明经济增长目标动员并未显著增加城市创新能力,地方政府没有选择“创新驱动”的发展模式.
+
+## 7 研究结论与政策启示
+
+在高质量发展背景下,地方政府如何平衡经济发展目标与环境保护目标是推进中国式现代化的重中之重.本文基于223个地级以上城市的面板数据集,着重探讨了经济发展目标动员的雾霾污染效应.基准回归结果显示,从全国层面来看,经济增长目标动员稳健地增加了雾霾污染,并且由市场因素主导的发展显著降低了雾霾污染;拓展分析结果显示,同级政府间的策略模仿显著增加了本地的雾霾污染,与此同时,上级政府的目标考核能够有效纠正下级政府的治理偏好;异质性分析结果显示,经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应在不同行政级别的地级市之间不存在显著差异,但在位于东部地区的地级市和人口规模更大的地级市中的效应更大;进一步分析结果显示,目标动员约束强度加剧了经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应,该效应是地方政府基于投资拉动增长的发展模式通过减少污染治理投资的方式放松环境规制强度的结果.
+
+***
+¹⁶新增污染企业参考席鹏辉等(2017)的方法选取,污染治理投资与环境规制强度的处理方法一致.
+
+根据以上结论,本文得出以下政策性启示:一是正确处理政府与市场的关系,完善支持绿色发展的财税、金融、投资、价格政策和标准体系,构建一系列推动绿色发展的政策“工具箱”,与此同时,深入推进环境污染防治,健全现代环境治理体系,强化地方政府雾霾治理责任主体意识,加强包括雾霾污染在内的环境污染治理力度,在此基础上,考虑到市场因素主导的发展显著降低了雾霾污染,应健全资源环境要素市场化配置体系,形成绿色低碳的生产方式.二是健全环境保护考核机制,考虑大气污染的区域外溢特征,建立健全跨区域治理考核机制.与此同时,适当提高雾霾治理的激励程度,如加大环境污染目标在考核体系中的比重等.三是构建高质量发展阶段的动员目标体系,考虑到目标动员约束强度加剧了经济增长目标动员的雾霾污染效应,应主动降低经济增长目标并弱化其约束性特征,充分发挥经济增长目标对高质量发展的动员力和对资源配置的引导作用,与此同时,强化环境保护目标的约束力以尽可能达成经济发展目标与环境保护目标的平衡.四是加快转变经济发展模式,注重环境污染治理投资,依照高质量发展的内涵和要求,加大向创新领域的投资,重点培育城市创新能力,加快由“要素驱动”向“创新驱动”的转换,与此同时,重视环境污染治理,强化政府环境规制,增加污染治理领域的投入.
+
+## 参考文献
+
+陈恭军, (2022). 土地资源错配、产业结构与雾霾污染——基于空间计量和动态面板门槛模型的实证分析[J]. 中国软科学, (12): 143-152.
+
+Chen G J, (2022). Land Resource Misallocation, Industrial Structure and Haze Pollution: An Empirical Study Based on Spatial Econometrics and Dynamic Panel Threshold Model[J]. China Soft Science Magazine, (12): 143-152.
+
+陈诗一, 陈登科, (2018). 雾霾污染、政府治理与经济高质量发展[J]. 经济研究, 53(2): 20-34.
+
+Chen S Y, Chen D K, (2018). Air Pollution, Government Regulations and High-quality Economic Development[J]. Economic Research Journal, 53(2): 20-34.
+
+程开明, 王桂梅, (2023). 城镇化、产业结构升级与经济高质量发展——基于空间杜宾模型的中介效应检验[J]. 系统工程理论与实践, 43(3): 648-666.
+
+Cheng K M, Wang G M, (2023). Urbanization, Industrial Structure Upgrading and High-quality Economic Development — Test of Mediation Effect Based on Spatial Durbin Model[J]. Systems Engineering — Theory & Practice, 43(3): 648-666.
+
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+doi: 10.12012/CJoE2024-0017
+
+# 经济增长目标设置理念的转变与制造业结构优化
+
+刘明1,2,3, 杨国镯2
+
+(1. 兰州财经大学“一带一路”经济研究院, 兰州 730020; 2. 兰州财经大学统计与数据科学学院, 兰州 730020; 3. 甘肃省数字经济与社会计算科学重点实验室, 兰州 730020)
+
+**摘要** 设置经济增长目标是地方政府宏观经济管理的重要手段.本文着重考察经济增长目标设置理念转变对制造业结构优化的影响效果, 通过逻辑推理和文献归纳提出地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化的影响机制假说, 并基于中国2001-2020年31个省区(不包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾省)的省级面板数据进行实证检验.调节效应分析显示, 地区经济增长目标设置理念转变后地区经济增长目标对制造业结构合理化具有显著促进作用, 施加环境约束能有效弱化地区经济增长目标对制造业结构高度化的抑制作用; 地区经济增长目标加码程度减弱有助于弱化地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化的抑制作用; 中介机制检验结果表明, 政府绩效考核下地区经济增长目标能通过投资结构扭曲效应、技术创新挤占效应以及要素市场发育阻滞效应对制造业结构高度化和合理化产生抑制作用, 这为减少经济增长目标设置的负向影响以及促进制造业优化发展提供了可行路径.
+
+**关键词** 地区经济增长目标; 制造业结构高度化; 制造业结构合理化; 投资结构; 技术创新; 要素市场发育
+
+---
+
+**收稿日期:** 2024-01-16
+
+**基金项目:** 国家社会科学基金一般项目“制造业高质量发展驱动力的统计测度与路径提升研究”(21BTJ006); 甘肃省软科学项目“新发展格局下甘肃省重点产业链布局策略研究”(23JRZA410)
+
+**Supported by** National Social Science Foundation of China (21BTJ006); Soft Science Project of Gansu Province (23JRZA410)
+
+**作者简介:** 刘明, 兰州财经大学二级教授、经济学博士、博士生导师, 研究方向: 产业经济、经济统计, E-mail: liumingpzh@163.com; 杨国镯, 博士研究生, 研究方向: 经济统计, E-mail: yguozhuo@163.com.
+
+# The Transformation of the Concept of Economic Growth Target Setting and the Optimization of the Manufacturing Industry Structure
+
+LIU Ming1,2,3, YANG Guozhuo2
+
+(1. Economic Research Institute of the Belt and Road Initiative, Lanzhou University of Finance and Economics, Lanzhou 730020, China; 2. School of Statistics and Data Science, Lanzhou University of Finance and Economics, Lanzhou 730020, China; 3. Laboratory of Digital Economy and Social Computing Science of Gansu, Lanzhou 730020, China)
+
+**Abstract** Setting economic growth targets is an important means of macroeconomic management for local governments. This paper focuses on the impact of the change of economic growth target setting concept on the optimization of manufacturing industry structure, puts forward the hypothesis of the influence mechanism of regional economic growth target on manufacturing industry structure optimization through logical reasoning and literature induction, and conducts an empirical test based on the provincial panel data of 31 provinces and autonomous regions in China from 2001 to 2020 (not including Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan). The analysis of moderating effect shows that the regional economic growth target has a significant promoting effect on the rationalization of the manufacturing industry structure after the change of the concept of regional economic growth target setting, and the imposition of environmental constraints can effectively weaken the inhibitory effect of the regional economic growth target on the upgrading of the manufacturing industry structure. The weakening of the increase in the regional economic growth target will help weaken the inhibiting effect of the regional economic growth target on the optimization of the manufacturing industry structure. The results of the intermediary mechanism test show that the regional economic growth target under the government performance appraisal can inhibit the height and rationalization of the manufacturing industry structure through the distortion effect of investment structure, the crowding effect of technological innovation and the stunting effect of factor market development, which provides a feasible path for reducing the negative impact of economic growth target setting and promoting the optimal development of the manufacturing industry.
+
+**Keywords** regional economic growth targets; upgrading of manufacturing structure; rationalization of manufacturing structure; investment structure; technological innovation; factor market development
+
+## 1 引言
+
+当前中国外部环境的复杂性、严峻性和不确定性上升,着力扩大有效需求仍是经济工作的重要任务.现阶段,中国仍处于向高收入经济体攀升的关键时期,经济增速依然是关乎全局的重要变量(李书娟和王贤彬,2020).调整优化经济结构、稳定及扩大就业、增强发展信心,防范和化解重点领域的风险均需保持合理的经济增长速度.当前国内外多重压力进一步凸显了保持经济增速的重要性(徐奇渊,2019),2024年中央经济工作会议明确指出要坚持稳中求进、以进促稳及先立后破的工作基调. 2024 年中国预设经济增长目标为 5% 左右, 与 2023 年持平, 属于在正常基数上的中高速增长. 这需要政策聚焦发力、各方齐心协力艰苦努力方可实现. 与此同时, 制造业发展亦面临诸多发展瓶颈, 整体发展质量不高, 仍以中低端为主. 制造业作为实体经济的基础、国民经济的主体, 其发展和结构优化关乎中国未来经济增长新动力的形成以及国际竞争力新优势的塑造. 2023 年 “两会” 期间习近平总书记参加江苏代表团审议时指出,中国任何时候都不能缺少制造业, 要从过去的中低端向上走, 实现全面提升, 高质量发展就要体现在这里 (制造业). 实现制造业结构优化均需要一定的经济规模和增速作为保障. 同时, 当经济增长压力过大时又会导致地方政府倾于短期经济行为, 诸如盲目扩张、过度投资以及挤出研发等 (马新啸等, 2022), 这又势必给制造业结构优化带来挑战. 地区经济增长速度作为政府的重要考核指标, 地区经济增长目标值的设置能集中体现地方政府的行为策略 (刘金东等, 2024), 科学合理的地区经济增长目标能进一步发挥其积极作用, 彰显 “集中力量办大事” 的制度优势, 反之则会对经济的高质量发展造成负向影响 (余泳泽等, 2019).因此, 探讨经济增长目标与制造业结构优化间的关系, 有助于提出实现 “保持宏观经济稳定增长” 与 “促进制造业结构优化” 双重政策目标协同实现的政策启示, 具有重大现实意义.
+
+改革开放初期, 中国经济发展基础相对薄弱, 迫切需要与世界经济发展接轨, 并渴望在经济实力上实现赶超, 因此提高经济增速在干部考核中的地位成为当时的必然选择. 在此情形下, 地方政府普遍选择制定较高的地区经济增长目标 (余泳泽和杨晓章, 2017). 随着经济的发展和现代化水平的逐步提高, 粗放式增长模式下的资源趋紧和环境问题逐渐暴露. 已有研究亦发现, 政绩考核压力下的地区经济增长目标在促进经济增长的同时对经济发展产生了一系列的负向影响, 不利于高质量发展 (任晓怡等, 2021; 陈海波等, 2023). 2013 年底中共中央组织部发布《关于改进地方党政领导班子和领导干部政绩考核工作的通知》, 通知中重点强调在干部考核工作中不能简单以经济增长率作为重要的考核指标, 并以环境目标责任制为抓手,迫使地方政府对地区经济增长目标的设定进行策略性调整. 经济增长目标具有指挥棒作用,其设定的合理性直接影响要素资源配置的合理程度 (黄亮雄等, 2021). 不同经济增长压力下,地方政府的政策方向和节奏力度往往不同 (王贤彬等, 2021). 因此, 经济增长目标设置理念的转变能否有效避免经济增长目标对经济发展的负向影响, 其与近年来经济增长目标的普遍放缓 (周泽将和雷玲, 2024) 具有怎样的区别和联系, 是值得探索的问题.
+
+基于此, 本文基于中国 2001–2020 年 31 个省区 (不包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾省)的省级面板数据, 研究地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化的影响效果及路径, 以探索进一步促进制造业结构优化的可行路径和方案. 在此基础上, 从设置理念转变时间和施加环境约束两个角度探讨地区经济增长目标设置理念的转变效果. 同时, 通过对比设置理念转变、施加环境约束和 “加码” 程度减弱的不同效果, 展示地区经济增长目标设置理念转变的现实内涵, 以厘清其与经济增长目标放缓策略的区别与联系. 本文的边际贡献在于, 一是将地区经济增长目标这一重要的政府管理手段引入制造业结构优化的研究主题之中. 有关制造业结构优化的影响因素研究, 现有文献主要基于要素投入结构 (史丹和张成, 2017)、生产性服务业专业化集聚 (韩峰和阳立高, 2020)、外商直接投资 (裴长洪, 2006) 等市场因素展开研究. 本文的研究为制造业结构优化影响因素研究提供了一个全新视角, 拓宽了促进制造业结构优化的政策思路. 二是结合制造业结构优化问题考察地区经济增长目标策略性调整的现实效果. 围绕经济增长目标管理这一话题, 当前研究主要集中于探讨地区经济增长目标的影响因素 (周黎安等, 2015; 余泳泽和杨晓章, 2017; 李书娟等, 2023)、调整规律 (徐现祥和梁剑雄, 2014)及其对经济发展的影响作用 (徐现祥等, 2018; 陈海波等, 2023). 鲜有学者关注到经济增长目标设置理念转变的影响效果. 本文基于现实背景, 关注了经济增长目标设置理念转变这一事实, 能拓宽经济增长目标管理的研究思路. 三是探讨了经济增长目标设置理念转变与经济增长目标放缓策略影响效果的差异. 尽管周泽将和雷玲 (2024) 关注到近年来地区经济增长目标的普遍放缓现象, 并研究发现经济增长目标下调能促进资本跨区域流动. 然而经济增长目标放缓是现象并非其转变思路, 且仅放缓经济增长目标是否能完全弱化其带来的负向影响有待进一步商榷. 如徐现祥等 (2018) 研究发现, 将技术进步引入政策工具后, 经济增长目标与发展质量能呈正相关. 理论上, 作为政府设定的增长目标值, 经济增长目标受到广泛关注,一味放缓的目标值无法体现政府发展经济的决心和信心, 从而无法起到提振市场信心的作用,同样不利于经济发展. 本文通过对比设置理念转变、施加环境约束和 “加码” 程度减弱对制造业结构优化的不同作用效果, 厘清经济增长目标设置理念转变和目标放缓策略的区别与联系, 有助于深入理解经济增长目标设置理念转变的现实内涵.
+
+## 2 文献综述
+一般认为, 产业结构优化可细化为产业结构高度化和产业结构合理化. 就制造业来说, 高度化指制造业结构升级状况, 反映制造业结构从低技术水平向高技术水平的演进程度; 合理化是制造业要素投入结构与产出结构耦合程度的一种测度, 反映制造业产业间的协调程度和投入资源的有效利用程度. 文献中关于制造业结构问题的讨论一般都是针对 “优化” “高度化” 或 “合理化” 展开. 就本文关注的问题而言, 诸多文献在讨论制造业结构优化问题时并未考虑包括设置经济增长目标在内的经济管理策略因素. 梳理文献发现, 制造业结构优化的影响因素可分为基础性因素和一般因素, 基础性因素的研究主要围绕中国客观条件展开, 一般因素主要围绕制造业外部发展环境展开. 基础因素主要有人力资本 (阳立高等, 2018)、技术进步 (孔伟杰, 2012; 傅元海等, 2014)、要素投入结构 (史丹和张成, 2017) 等. 文献普遍认为人力资本与技术进步对制造业结构优化具有显著促进作用, 劳动力投入较资本投入和研发投入对制造业结构优化的影响作用更加明显. 一般因素主要包括生产性服务业专业化集聚 (韩峰和阳立高, 2020)、城镇化水平 (左鹏飞等, 2020)、外商直接投资 (裴长洪, 2006)、企业对外直接投资 (贾妮莎和申晨, 2016)、数字经济发展 (付文宇等, 2022; 张灵等, 2024)、政府创新(谢众等, 2018)、环境规制 (余东华和崔岩, 2019) 等. 文献普遍认为生产性服务业集聚、城镇化水平、企业对外直接投资、数字经济能有效促进制造业结构优化, 数字经济和制造业结构优化存在双向互动效应; 相对于产品创新和技术创新, 政府制度创新不但能直接促进制造业结构优化, 还能通过促进产品创新和技术创新间接促进制造业结构优化; 正式环境规制对
+制造业结构优化的影响强于非正式环境规制. 另有一些学者基于全球价值链框架、国内国际双循环视角研究制造业结构优化问题, 发现中国制造业在全球价值链中有向中高端环节攀升的趋势, 只有跨过 “拐点” 的中高端嵌入才能显著推动制造业转型升级 (余东华和田双, 2019); 高端技术制造业增长乏力, 结构升级面临瓶颈, 主要是由国内循环疲软导致的 (张建华等,2023). 上述研究主要集中于对市场因素的思考, 但对政府政策行为考虑不足, 更忽略了地区经济增长目标这一典型政府管理手段的影响.
+
+从影响作用的角度看, 围绕地区经济增长目标的研究主要有三个方面. 一是关于地区经济增长目标的影响因素和调整规律. 在影响因素方面, 已有研究证实官员任期和来源 (余泳泽和杨晓章, 2017)、土地资源配置 (李书娟等, 2023) 会对地区经济增长目标的设置产生影响. 同时, 以经济增速为核心的干部考核体系下, 地方政府官员为获得稀缺竞升资源, 普遍制定比上级政府更高的目标值, 产生 “层层加码” 现象 (周黎安等, 2015), 并导致地区间目标值呈 “类一刀切” 式的平衡状态 (黎文靖等, 2020). 在调整规律方面, 徐现祥和梁剑雄 (2014) 研究发现当中央层面开始可信的调整区域经济结构时, 地方政府会策略性调整地区经济增长目标, 表现为发达省份开始放缓辖区经济增长目标. 二是关于地区经济增长目标对经济发展的影响. 已有研究表明地区经济增长目标能促进经济增长 (徐现祥和刘毓芸, 2017), 显著增大实际利用外资数量 (黄亮雄等, 2021)、驱动辖区内投资增长 (刘淑琳等, 2019)、增加企业风险承担水平 (黄亮雄等, 2021) 等; 而过高的地区经济增长目标阻滞金融资源配置效率 (熊晓炼和陈加才, 2021)、抑制企业全要素生产率 (任晓怡等, 2021) 和数字化转型 (杨贤宏等, 2021)、侵蚀经济发展质量 (徐现祥等, 2018)、降低城市经济韧性 (陈海波等, 2023), 导致区域市场分割与重复建设 (周黎安, 2004)、要素市场扭曲 (赵新宇和郑国强, 2020) 和服务业结构升级滞后 (余泳泽和潘妍, 2019) 等. 三是探讨如何避免经济增长目标对经济发展的不利影响. 徐现祥等 (2018) 研究发现, 经济增长目标与经济发展质量的关系取决于政府政策工具, 若政府政策工具是要素投入则经济增长目标会 “侵蚀” 发展质量, 而将技术进步引入政策工具后, 经济增长目标与发展质量则能呈正相关. 周泽将和雷玲 (2024) 研究发现, 经济增长目标下调能促进资本跨区域流动.
+
+已有研究围绕制造业结构优化和地区经济增长目标展开了充分的探讨, 为后续研究奠定了坚实基础. 但现有文献至少存在以下不足: 一是围绕制造结构优化的影响因素研究多集中于市场化因素, 缺乏对政府行为的探讨. 而有为政府与有效市场的协同发力是中国发挥新型举国优势、推动经济结构转型的关键. 对政府行为探讨不足, 无法充分发挥新型举国优势、推动制造业结构优化. 作为能集中体现政府行为策略的经济增长目标值设置更应引入其中. 二是围绕经济增长目标的研究, 现有文献多集中于讨论地区经济增长目标对经济发展质量的负向影响及地方政府如何根据中央行为进行策略性调整, 对于如何避免其负向影响, 充分发挥正向作用的探讨不足. 地区经济增长目标作为政府宏观管理的重要手段, 对经济发展具有重要意义, 在探讨其负向影响的同时更应探讨负向影响弱化机制, 为制定科学合理的经济增长目标提供思路. 尽管徐现祥等 (2018) 和周泽将和雷玲 (2024) 分别关注到了政府政策工具和目标放缓的重要性, 但均属于策略层面, 策略背后的逻辑应是理念的转变. 因此, 有必要探讨增长目标设置理念转变的不同经济后果并与策略层的目标放缓效果进行对比, 以明晰经济增长目标设置理念转变的实质内涵. 因此, 本文将考察地区经济增长目标设置理念转变对制造业结构优化的实际效果, 明晰影响路径, 并从政府经济增长目标设置理念和影响机制角度, 提出从理念转变到实现路径的制造业结构优化策略. 这不仅有助于拓宽制造业结构优化的研究视角, 也能够进一步展示地区经济增长目标设置理念的实质内涵及其对制造业结构优化的影响机制及作用路径, 为深入践行新发展理念提供策略参考.
+
+## 3 理论机制与研究假说
+经济增长目标是上级官员管理下级官员的重要抓手, 具有承诺性质 (詹新宇和刘文彬,2020). 以经济增速为核心的干部考核体系下, 地方政府普遍选择制定较高的地区经济增长目标 (余泳泽和杨晓章, 2017). 地方官员为获得稀缺晋升资源、完成承诺目标, 必然以目标引导实际经济, 在实际工作中倾向于采取短期经济行为 (马新啸等, 2022), 调配和争夺一切有利资源来拉动经济增长. 其中通过税收优惠的和要素补贴方式支持劳动与资本密集型行业的保增长策略 (余泳泽等, 2019), 必然对制造业内部结构形成影响.
+
+以经济增速为核心的干部考核体系下, 同级政府间存在排名压力. 为在竞争中 “脱颖而出”, 地方政府具有短期倾向, 围绕区域内资源利用和区域间有利资源争夺展开竞争. 区域内资源调动方面, 主要通过财政支出偏向 (陈海波等, 2023)、依赖国有企业投资、压低地区要素成本 (包括土地和劳动力) (余泳泽等, 2019), 将资源集中于短期项目. 区域间有利资源争夺方面, 主要通过要素市场干预和有偏好的进行招商引资, 吸引有利资源流入. 这必然对辖区内投资结构、技术创新、以及要素市场发育产生负向影响, 进一步传导至制造业, 影响制造业结构优化. 财政支出方面, 以经济增速为核心的干部考核体系下, 地方政府往往选择加大基础设施建设, 造成重复建设和政绩工程 (余泳泽和潘妍, 2019), 甚至扶持落后产能, 造成产能过剩(王文甫等, 2014). 政府对资本要素配置方向的干预, 阻碍资本从低效企业向高效企业自由流动. 部分低效企业在政府扶持下, 免遭淘汰, 继续存活并挤占市场容量, 从而降低了高效企业的利润空间. 同时, 政府对资本要素配置方向的干预也会扰乱资本市场融资价格, 强化高效企业的融资约束, 对其战略性规模扩张形成制约. 这必然不利于制造业结构优化. 国有企业投资方面, 地方政府在工业发展中更倾向于依赖国有企业 (席鹏辉等, 2017), 地区经济增速考核压力下, 政策资源则进一步向国有企业倾斜. 这会导致国有企业陷入低价格和低利润竞争模式, 并对政府补贴产生依赖 (张杰等, 2015), 使国有企业低效率运行, 加剧部分国有企业产能过剩 (郭庆旺和贾俊雪, 2006), 不利于制造业结构优化. 要素市场干预方面, 地方政府有通过管控资本、劳动力要素市场来促进经济发展的动机 (张杰等,2011), 并在经济增速考核压力下得到强化, 导致要素价格与边际产出偏离. 要素价格与边际产出的偏离, 使资本、劳动力要素的相对丰裕程度被错误夸大, 导致企业投入更多的资本、劳动力要素, 从而使企业的生产活动转向劳动密集型或资本密集型领域, 对制造业结构优化形成抑制; 同时, 要素市场价格的压低使落后产能企业免遭市场淘汰 (林伯强和杜克锐, 2013), 造成制造业产业结构低端锁定.另外, 劳动力市场价格降低, 使低收入者降低对自身和下一代的人力资本投资 (Kahyarara,2003), 导致制造业结构优化的人才支撑力不足. 招商引资方面, 为争夺区域间流动资源, 地方政府往往采用承诺税收优惠政策、加大工业园区建设等方式招商引资. 高新技术行业风险高、投资回报周期长, 经济增长竞争压力下, 地方政府偏向于给资本密集型产业提供各种优惠政策 (张杰等, 2011), 导致引入的企业以资本密集型为主. 为避免结构调整导致税收损失, 地方政府会进一步依赖资本密集型产业 (余泳泽等, 2019), 导致制造业产业结构低端锁定, 造成资本密集型产业产值增速高于劳动力增速, 使制造业合理化受到抑制.
+
+基于此, 提出本文的假说 1: 政绩考核压力下设置的 GDP 增长目标会抑制制造业结构优化.
+
+政绩考核压力下, 省份间的横向竞争压力导致地方政府普遍制定较高的经济增长目标.在晋升压力和任期制约下, 地方政府往往采取财政支出偏向、依赖国有企业、干预要素市场、有偏好的招商引资, 引导投资方向, 增加资本积累, 促进经济快速增长. 这些干预手段引致投资结构扭曲、技术创新资源挤占、要素市场发育阻滞. 因此, 本文主要通过投资结构扭曲效应、技术创新挤占效应以及要素市场发育阻滞效应三个角度探讨政绩考核压力下地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化的影响机制, 为促进制造业结构优化找准发力途径.
+
+投资结构扭曲效应. 晋升机会的稀缺性和官员任期制的约束, 使政府官员在政绩考核压力下, 倾向于发挥主动性, 以投资引领经济增长. 房地产投资作为固定资产投资最为重要的组成部分, 具有行业外溢性强和短期效应明显的特征, 成为地方政府的首要选择, 使得地方政府逐步走向以土地征用——开发——出让为主的发展模式 (孙秀林和周飞舟, 2013). 政府财政资源有限, 对房地产的持续投资会推高房地产利润, 使更多民间资本涌入房地产行业, 对制造业发展资源形成挤占. 同时, 政府作为房地产热的主要推动力量 (张晓晶和孙涛, 2006), 对房地产的投资偏好, 必然不断推高房地产价格和行业利润. 这必然吸引更多民间资本涌入房地产行业, 进一步挤占制造业发展资源. 这种挤出会对制造业结构优化产生不利影响: 一是导致制造业资金积累和技术创新动力不足, 从而使技术高端制造业产值增长乏力, 对制造业结构高度化产生抑制作用; 二是投资向特定行业涌入, 会导致与投资相伴的劳动力、信贷资源也向特定行业集中. 这必然对制造业的劳动力和信贷资源形成挤占效应, 造成制造业人力资本流失和技术创新资金缺乏, 进一步影响制造业结构高度化. 同时, 人力资本积累不足, 也会导致制造业内部要素流动速度受到抑制, 使制造业结构合理化进一步偏离.
+
+技术创新挤占效应. 经济增长目标压力下, 地方政府的短期项目倾向会产生技术创新挤占效应. 从政府层面看, 政府财政资源有限, 对短期项目的投资偏好必然挤占科技、教育等具有长期效应的行业资源, 导致人力资本水平提升受阻, 创新要素供给不足, 形成技术创新挤占效应. 这势必造成高端技术制造业发展动力不足. 另外, 人力资本提升受阻也会导致劳动要素行业转换难度大, 流动速度低, 进而对制造业结构合理化形成负向影响. 从企业层面看, 企业为顺应政府经济增长需要, 必然倾向于投资短期能驱动生产规模扩大的项目. 在有限资源约束下, 驱动企业短期生产规模扩大的资本投入与驱动企业长期创新能力提升的研发投入存在此消彼长的关系. 资源边界约束越明显, 替代关系可能越强烈. 企业为促进短期经济增长,需不断扩大实物资本投入, 这不利于企业创新能力的提升, 反而容易形成技术创新挤占效应.也就是说政府短期效应的偏好, 会逐步映射到微观企业的生产投融资行为当中, 进而减弱企业加大研发投入的主观能动性, 抑制制造业结构优化.
+
+要素市场发育阻滞效应. 政绩考核压力下, 为完成既定目标, 地方政府具有短期项目倾向, 这在促进经济快速增长的同时对要素市场发育产生影响: 一是地方政府对资本密集型企业的引进偏好和对国有企业的依赖, 使地方政府政策向资本密集型企业和国有企业倾斜, 这无形中增加了资本密集型企业和国有企业的信贷资源可得性, 使信贷资源无法依其边际收益自由流动, 从而对信贷资源的配置效率产生影响, 并进一步挤占高端制造业的信贷资源; 二是为实现辖区内经济增长所需的资本积累、保持低劳动成本企业的竞争优势, 获得劳动力成本的出口比较优势, 地方政府往往通过人为压低劳动力要素市场价格, 使得劳动力市场价格低于劳动力价值, 获得劳动力价值 “剪刀差”, 从而带动经济的快速增长 (张杰等, 2011), 这种对劳动力市场价格的压低必然对劳动力要素市场发育产生阻滞效应, 不利于劳动力要素流动,进而抑制制造业结构合理化.
+
+基于以上分析, 提出本文的假说 2: 政绩考核压力下, 地区经济增长目标通过投资结构扭曲效应、技术创新挤占效应、要素市场发育阻滞效应影响制造业结构优化.
+
+政绩考核压力下, 为防止 “数字不如人” 输在起跑线上, 各级政府在制定地区经济增长目标时存在竞争. 竞争压力下制定的经济增长目标推动地方政府调动区域内资源集中于 “短期效应” 明显的项目. 在这个过程中, 政府通常倾向于压低要素成本、引导要素流向, 以低要素成本优势招商引资, 吸引劳动密集型和资本密集型企业, 争夺区域间流动资源. 这必然影响制造业要素密集度, 挤压技术密集型行业的成长空间, 致使传统制造业产能过剩, 不利于制造业结构高度化. 另外, 对制造业资本密集型产业的持续扶持, 也导致制造业资本密集型产业产值增速快于劳动力增速, 使制造业结构合理化受到抑制.
+
+“绿水青山就是金山银山” 是习近平生态文明思想的重要内涵. 2015 年 4 月发布的《中共中央国务院关于加快推进生态文明建设的意见》中将 “两山” 理论正式写入中央文件, 同年中共中央、国务院发布的《生态文明体制改革总体方案》将 “两山” 理论确定为生态文明改革的重要理念. 意味着 “两山” 理论正式成为指导政府行为的重要理念. 地区经济增长目标设定作为地方政府重要的行为策略 (刘金东等, 2024), 必然受到 “两山” 理论理念的影响. “两山” 理论的核心是发展方式变革, 意在树立正确发展理念, 最终实现社会效益、生态效益和经济效益的同步提升 (赵建军和杨博 2015). 这要求地方政府在设定经济增长目标时充分考虑经济质量、生态环境和民生幸福等因素, 同时引导地方政府根据区域发展现状、资源禀赋和经济发展潜力, 科学、合理的制定地区经济增长目标. 合理的地区经济增长目标有助于发挥制度优势, 在促进经济发展的同时, 给地方经济发展给予喘息空间, 在考虑经济的长远发展的基础上优化资源配置, 调整经济结构, 这势必能弱化地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化的负向影响.
+
+基于此, 提出本文的假说 3: “两山” 理念下设定的经济增长目标能有效弱化其对制造业结构优化的抑制作用.
+
+综上, 政绩考核压力下, 为完成地区经济增长目标, 地方政府通常通过调动本区域内资源及争夺区域间有利资源展开竞争. 主要以财政支出、依赖国有企业、干预要素市场和招商引资等手段促进经济快速增长, 由此对投资结构、技术创新和要素市场发育产生负向影响, 从而对制造业结构优化产生抑制作用. 在 “两山” 理论指导下设置的地区经济增长目标能促使地方政府 “理性选择”, 优化资源配置, 调整经济结构, 助力制造业结构优化. 因此, 助力制造业结构优化发展, 一方面须深入践行 “两山” 理论, 以 “绿水青山就是金山银山” 为发展思路,以其他环境、民生等方面的目标为约束力, 促使地方政府对经济增长目标的设置进行策略性调整, 约束地方政府的短期行为; 另一方面, 应从地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化的影响机制出发, 基于改善投资结构、加快技术创新和促进要素市场发育等路径促进制造业优化发展. 转变经济增长目标设置理念对制造业结构优化的影响路径如图 1 所示.
+
+
+**图 1 制造业结构优化路径图**
+
+## 4 模型设计与实证检验
+
+### 4.1 模型设计
+
+预设地区经济增长目标是中国宏观经济管理的重要手段,制造业作为中国实体经济的重要部门必然受到影响.不同地区经济增长目标设置理念下地区经济增长目标的制定策略不同,从而对实体经济的影响效果不同.假定制造业结构优化水平是地区经济增长目标等相关因素的函数,即其影响因素函数定义为: $Y_{it} = f(\text{CTGDP}_{it}, M_{it})$.其中 Y 代表制造业结构优化水平, CTGDP 代表地区经济增长目标, M 代表影响制造业产业结构优化水平的其他因素.基于此,本文拟在对制造业结构优化程度进行测度的基础上,借鉴余泳泽和潘妍(2019)的研究构建地区经济增长目标影响制造业结构优化的基准回归模型.该模型以制造业结构优化水平为被解释变量,以地区经济增长目标为核心解释变量如式(1)所示:
+
+$$
+\text{Upgrade}_{it} = \alpha_0 + \alpha_1 \text{CTGDP}_{it} + \lambda_j \sum_{j=1}^{n} M_{jit} + \mu_t + \delta_i + \varepsilon_{it},(1)
+$$
+
+
+
+其中 Upgrade 表示制造业产业结构优化程度, CTGDP 表示核心解释变量地区经济增长目标, M 表示控制变量, $u_t$ 表示时间效应, $\delta_i$ 表示个体效应, $\varepsilon_{it}$ 表示随机误差.制造业结构优化具体包含制造业结构高度化和制造业结构合理化,则进一步将式(1)分化为式(2)和式(3):
+
+$$
+\begin{align*} \text{Hightech}_{it} &= \alpha_0 + \alpha_1 \text{CTGDP}_{it} + \lambda_j \sum_{j=1}^{n} M_{jit} + \mu_t + \delta_i + \varepsilon_{it}, (2)\\ \text{Indusl}_{it} &= \alpha_0 + \alpha_1 \text{CTGDP}_{it} + \lambda_j \sum_{j=1}^{n} M_{jit} + \mu_t + \delta_i + \varepsilon_{it}. (3)\end{align*}
+$$
+
+
+
+Hightech 表示制造业结构高度化指数,数值越大制造业结构高度化越好,Indusl 表示制造业结构合理化指数,数值越大制造业结构越合理.式(2)和式(3)中系数 α₁ 的大小和符号分别反映了地区经济增长目标对制造业结构高度化和合理化的影响程度和方向,系数 λⱼ 反映了其他因素对制造业结构高度化和合理化的影响程度和方向.
+
+为进一步讨论地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化影响的内在机制,依据前文理论机制分析及所设计的基准模型,这里选择投资结构(Invest)、技术创新水平(Patent)、要素市场发育度(Fmdd)的代理变量,设定中介机制检验模型并展开论证.首先以制造业产业结构优化水平为被解释变量,以地区经济增长目标为解释变量,考察地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化的影响.进一步以待检验中介变量为被解释变量,以地区经济增长目标为解释变量,考察地区经济增长目标对待检验中介变量的影响.在上述回归结果显著的情况下,再构建模型来考察地区经济增长目标和待检验中介变量对制造业结构优化的影响.由此构建中介机制检验模型,如式(4)~(6).
+
+$$
+\text{Upgrade}_{it} = \alpha_0 + \alpha_1 \text{CTGDP}_{it} + \lambda_j \sum_{j=1}^{n} M_{jit} + \mu_t + \delta_i + \varepsilon_{it},(4)
+$$
+
+
+
+$$
+Z_{it} = \beta_0 + \beta_1 \text{CTGDP}_{it} + \lambda_j \sum_{j=1}^{n} M_{jit} + \mu_t + \delta_i + \varepsilon_{it},(5)
+$$
+
+
+
+$$
+\text{Upgrade}_{it} = \gamma_0 + \gamma_1 \text{CTGDP}_{it} + \gamma_2 Z_{it} + \lambda_j \sum_{j=1}^{n} M_{jit} + \mu_t + \delta_i + \varepsilon_{it},(6)
+$$
+
+
+
+Upgrade 表示制造业结构优化,包含制造业结构高度化(Hightech)和合理化(Indusl). Z 表示中介机制变量,包括投资结构(Invest)、技术创新水平(Patent)、要素市场发育度(Fmdd).模型中其他变量的定义与前文基准模型相同.若回归结果显示式(4)~(6)中的系数 α₁、β₁、γ₂均显著,则说明待检验中介变量的间接效应显著.若 α₁显著而 β₁、γ₂中有一个不显著,则需要进一步对系数乘积 β₁γ₂的显著性做 Bootstrap 检验,若不为0则认为中介变量的间接效应显著,否则间接效应不显著.
+
+### 4.2 变量选择
+
+1. 被解释变量. 制造业结构高度化主要是指由劳动和资本密集型向技术密集型制造业变动的过程. 参照傅元海等 (2014), 本文用制造业高端技术产值/中端技术产值表示制造业结构高度化水平¹. 产业结构合理化是产业间协调力和关联水平不断加强和提高的动态过程, 既反映产业间的协调程度, 还反映资源的有效利用程度 (干春晖等, 2011). 根据已有文献, 制造业结构合理化主要采用结构偏离度和泰尔指数衡量. 由于结构偏离度未能体现各行业在制造业中的经济地位, 不能准确反映经济转型期中国制造业结构合理化水平. 本文借鉴于春晖等(2011)的研究,采用泰尔指数²的倒数度量制造业结构合理化水平.
+
+***
+¹根据傅元海等(2014)对制造业的划分方法,高端技术产业包括通用设备、交通运输(汽车制造业、铁路(船舶、航空航天)和其他运输设备制造业)、专用设备、电气机械及器材、通信电子、仪器仪表及文化办公用机械、化工医药等行业;中端技术产业包括石油加工、炼焦及核燃料加工业、橡塑和塑料制品业(橡胶、塑料)、非金融矿物、黑色金属冶炼、有色金属冶炼和金属制品等行业;低端技术产业包括食品加工制造、饮料、烟草、纺织、服装、皮革、木材、家具、造纸、印刷和文体用品及其他制造业.
+
+2. 核心解释变量. 本文重点关注经济增长目标设置理念的转变对制造业结构优化的影响,考虑理念转变最终体现为经济增长目标值设置的合理性,即不同理念下设置的经济增长目标值是其设置理念的载体.因此,我们选用地方政府设定的经济增长目标值(CTGDP)作为核心解释变量.借鉴徐现祥等(2018),本文采用31个省区(不包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾省)《政府工作报告》中公布的年度地区经济增长目标来衡量.该增长目标是政府年初公布的,具有“事前指导”意义,给政府全年经济增长施加事前压力,与本文研究目标贴合.数据整理过程对采用区间形式公布的目标值采用下区间值,对修饰词为“左右”“以上”的表示形式,采用具体数值作为目标值.
+
+3. 控制变量. 在借鉴已有关于产业结构优化研究的基础上,结合本文研究需要,依变量逻辑关系和影响机制确定以下控制变量:①外商投资(FDI),制造业是外商资本的主要进入行业,外商资本的进入能改变地区的投资规模和投资结构,扩大资本和技术等生产要素对制造业的影响作用,促进地区制造业结构优化,本文用地区实际利用外商直接投资额占本地区GDP的比重作为外商投资的代理变量.②地区人力资本积累(LNNumun),地区人力资本积累通过影响要素禀赋结构、消费结构、技术创新能力对制造业结构优化产生影响(阳立高等,2018),本文用省域内高校数量作为人力资本的代理变量,在模型中取对数.③地区开放度(Open),地区开放度可能使中国制造业被全球价值链所“俘获”,长期处于低成本生产模式(刘志彪和张杰,2009),也可能在参与国际分工过程中,通过产业链延伸及“出口中学习”促进制造业升级.本文用地区进出口总额与本地区GDP的比重,作为地区开放度的代理变量.④交通运输业发达程度(Traf),交通运输业发达程度能影响运输成本、运输时间,产业集聚和产业转移,对产业结构优化产生影响.本文用货运量作为交通运输业发达程度的代理变量,在模型中取对数.⑤资源依赖度(Resd),资源依赖度通过影响地区优先发展产业类型,影响制造业产业发展,本文用矿业就业比例反映区域资源依赖度.
+
+4. 中介变量. 基于前文理论分析,选取如下中介变量:①投资结构(Invest).如前文所述,政府为完成年初制定的经济增长目标,倾向于以投资引领经济增长,增加固定资产投资规模.房地产行业因短期效应明显,成为政府的首要选择,因而本文借鉴余泳泽等(2019)的研究,采用房地产投资总额占固定资产投资总额的比重衡量投资结构.②技术创新水平(Patent).政府为完成经济增长目标,财政支出方面倾向于投资短期项目,对于教育、科技等支撑技术创新但短期效应却不明显的行业投入形成挤占,进而对技术创新水平产生影响.文中用发明专利申请数(百件/万人)的对数衡量技术创新水平.③要素市场发育度(Fmdd).为争夺区域间促进经济增长的有利资源,政府具有明显的土地配置偏向,有意引导信贷资源流向、压低劳动力市场价格,对要素市场发育产生影响.本文选用中国分省份市场化指数数据库公布的要素市场发育指数衡量要素市场发育度.
+
+***
+²$TL = \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left( \frac{Y_i}{Y} \right) \ln\left( \frac{Y_i}{L_i} \right/\frac{Y}{L} )$ 其中 Y 为工业总产值, L 为平均从业人数, i 为第 i 个行业, n 为行业总数.针对国家统计局 2011 行业分类变动, 本文做了如下处理: 将变动前分开统计的橡胶行业和塑料行业做合并处理, 将变动后分开统计的汽车制造业、铁路(船舶、航空航天)和其他运输设备制造业做合并处理.
+
+### 4.3 数据来源³
+
+以2001-2020年中国31个省区(不包括香港、澳门特别行政区和台湾省)的省级面板数据为样本数据,研究地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化的影响,具体数据来源如下.①地区经济增长目标来源于各省份《政府工作报告》.湖南省2001年、吉林省2001年、浙江省2006年、上海市2015年数据缺失,采用插值法补齐,四川省和云南省2020年未明确经济增长目标,分别采用“比全国高两个百分点左右”和“高于全国平均水平”的文字描述方式给出,这里将根据这些描述计算其经济增长目标值.②地区实际经济增长数据来源于各省份历年《国民经济和社会发展统计公报》.③制造业各行业工业总产值数据来源于各省《统计年鉴》和《工业统计年鉴》,部分省市2017-2020年数据缺失,这里借鉴傅元海等(2016)的做法,利用2016年工业总产值、主营业务收入等数据信息进行推算.海南省2013年、河北省2008年、青海省2018年、云南省2008年少量缺失数据采用插值法补齐.④制造业各行业从业人员年平均人数来源于各省份《统计年鉴》和《中国工业统计年鉴》,贵州2012年和2017年数据缺失采用插值法补齐.福建省2001-2011年、河北省2001-2008年、河南省2001-2006年、辽宁省200-2011年、四川省2001-2005年部分行业从业人数缺失,采用插值法补齐.⑤外商直接投资实际使用金额数据来源于Wind数据库,并用各省份统计年鉴数据和各省国民经济和社会发展统计公报进行补充,采用年平均汇率换算为人民币.其中吉林省2017-2020年数据缺失,2017-2018年采用新闻数据⁴、2019年和2020年根据《统计公报》增速数据计算得来⁵;西藏2016-2020年数据缺失,用趋势外推法补齐.⑥要素市场发育指数来自中国分省份市场化指数数据库⁶.⑦其他变量均来自于国家统计局官方网站,部分缺失数据采用线性插值法补齐,其中全社会固定资产投资额2018-2020年无具体数据公布,运用官网公布的固定资产投资增速计算得出.
+
+### 4.4 实证检验结果及分析
+
+1）基准回归结果.Hausman 检验结果显示式 (2) 和式 (3) 均应选用固定效应模型 (P 值均为 0.00)，具体基准回归结果如表 1 所示.
+
+表 1 第 (1) 列和第 (2) 列为未引入控制变量、未采用固定效应的回归结果，第 (3) 列和第 (4) 列为未引入控制变量，采用固定效应的回归结果，第 (5) 列和第 (6) 列为引入控制变量并采用固定效应的回归结果.根据第 (5) 列和第 (6) 列的基准回归结果，地区经济增长目标对制造业结构高度化的回归系数为 -8.09，在 1% 的统计水平上显著，对合理化的回归系数为 -27.00，在 5% 的统计水平上显著.回归结果表明，地区经济增长目标显著抑制了制造业结构高度化和合理化，这一结果与假说 1 相符.意味着政绩考核压力下的经济增长目标激发晋升博弈，导致政绩工程和重复建设.这必然在一定程度上有损经济效率，对经济发展产生负向影响，这一研究结论与诸多学者的研究结论一致 (徐现祥等, 2018; 余泳泽等, 2019; 詹新宇等,2023).资源配置效率和生产效率提升是推进产业结构优化的重要前提之一,因此,政绩考核压力下地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化发展产生了负向影响,这一研究结论是诸多围绕经济增长目标负向影响的研究在产业结构优化方面的再拓展,这一发现充分证明践行“两山”理论、转变地区经济增长目标设置理念,引导同级政府间建立区域合作与良性竞争关系的必要性.
+
+***
+³本文所使用的数据和代码请参见科学数据银行 (ScienceDB) 期刊社区, DOI: 10.57760/sciencedb.j00214.00026 和 CSTR: 31253.11.sciencedb.18245. 若使用文中数据信息, 请注明引文和数据出处.
+
+⁴2018 年吉林省利用外资额度大幅增长新浪吉林新浪网.
+
+⁵吉林省 2019 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 (jl.gov.cn); 吉林省 2020 年国民经济和社会发展统计公报 (jl.gov.cn).
+
+⁶中国分省份市场化指数数据库 (ssap.com.cn).
+
+**表 1 基准模型估计结果**
+
+
+
+
+ |
+ (1) |
+ (2) |
+ (3) |
+ (4) |
+ (5) |
+ (6) |
+
+
+
+
+ | ctgdp |
+ -7.20***(1.56) |
+ -29.30***(9.71) |
+ -7.11***(1.56) |
+ -31.11***(9.76) |
+ -8.09***(1.86) |
+ -27.00**(10.51) |
+
+
+ | Constant |
+ 2.16***(0.25) |
+ 10.42***(1.10) |
+ -2.16***(0.15) |
+ 10.59***0.92) |
+ 3.15***(0.67) |
+ -33.45**(3.80) |
+
+
+ | 控制变量 |
+ NO |
+ NO |
+ NO |
+ NO |
+ YES |
+ YES |
+
+
+ | 固定效应 |
+ NO |
+ NO |
+ YES |
+ YES |
+ YES |
+ YES |
+
+
+ | 样本量 |
+ 620 |
+ 620 |
+ 620 |
+ 620 |
+ 620 |
+ 620 |
+
+
+ | 可决系数 |
+ |
+ |
+ 0.03 |
+ 0.02 |
+ 0.07 |
+ 0.23 |
+
+
+ | 区域数 |
+ 31 |
+ 31 |
+ 31 |
+ 31 |
+ 31 |
+ 31 |
+
+
+
+
+注：*、** 和 *** 分别表示 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著性水平；小括号内为标准误.
+
+
+
+2） 内生性问题处理.考虑到经济增长目标可能存在内生性问题,本部分采用工具变量法对式(2)和式(3)再次回归.地区间的排名压力使地方政府在制定经济增长目标时受到邻近地区或经济发展水平相近地区目标值的影响,经济发展水平相近地区越多竞争越激烈.本部分借鉴余泳泽等(2019)工具变量的设置思路,并借鉴潘文卿(2015)按照地理位置、经济发展水平及资源禀赋将中国划分为八大经济区⁷,构造区域内省份数量(与个体变化有关)与未来一期国家经济增长目标值(与时间有关)的交互项作为省级经济增长目标约束的工具变量(IV). 2020年因疫情原因国家层面未公布经济增长目标,2019年和2020年后一期国家经济增长目标值分别采用2021年和2022年发布的目标值.回归结果如表2所示,由第一阶段的拟合结果可见,工具变量对地区经济增长目标的拟合系数为0.15,在1%的统计水平上显著为正,且通过了弱工具变量检验和不可识别检验.由第二阶段的拟合结果可见,地区经济增长目标对制造业结构高度化和合理化的拟合系数与基准回归结果基本一致.
+
+3） 稳健性检验.基于数据角度,因福建省、河北省、河南省、辽宁省、四川省部分年份部分行业平均就业人数缺失,文中采用插值法补齐,为防止因计算导致结果的不准确,这里剔除福建省、河北省、河南省、辽宁省、四川省五个省份的数据后对式(2)和式(3)再次回归,回归结果如表3,系数分别为-8.09和-27.00,分别在1%和10%的显著性水平上显著,基准模型结论可靠.基于变量角度,本文通过替换核心解释变量进行稳健性检验,选用本年地区经济增长目标完成度(PGDP)作为核心解释变量的替代变量进行回归.具体来看,采用当年地区经济实际增长值与地区经济增长目标值之比来衡量本年地区经济增长目标完成度,由于存在政绩考核压力,地方政府普遍制定较高的目标值(周黎安等,2015),完成度越高则辖区内经济体受到的压力越大,政府这一年的“自我施压”越严重.而经济增长目标设置理念发生转变后,地区经济增长目标值主要是基于本地区经济增长潜力和经济发展长短期需求制定的,完成度则能更好地体现辖区内经济发展潜力的释放.本文用地区经济增长目标完成度替代核心解释变量地区经济增长目标重新进行回归.另外,本文还考虑到直辖市的特殊性、2008年金融危机以及2020年疫情影响可能导致结果不准确,分别通过剔除直辖市数据、剔除2008-2009年数据和剔除2020年数据进行稳健性检验.以上回归结果与基准模型基本一致(如表3所示),基准模型结论可靠.
+
+***
+⁷八大经济区分别为:东北地区(黑龙江、吉林、辽宁)、京津地区(北京、天津)、北部沿海地区(河北、山东)、东部沿海地区(江苏、上海、浙江)、南部沿海地区(福建、广东、海南)、中部地区(山西、河南、安徽、湖北、湖南、江西)、西北地区(内蒙古、陕西、宁夏、甘肃、青海、新疆)以及西南地区(四川、重庆、云南、贵州、广西、西藏).
+
+**表 2 工具变量回归结果**
+
+
+
+
+ |
+ 工具变量法 |
+
+
+ |
+ 第二阶段hightech |
+ |
+ 第一阶段ctgdp |
+ |
+ 第二阶段indusl |
+
+
+
+
+ | iv |
+ |
+ |
+ 0.15***(0.01) |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ | ctgdp |
+ -12.15***(4.10) |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ -65.66***(23.38) |
+
+
+ | Kleibergen-Paaprk LM 统计量 |
+ |
+ 15.84[0.00] |
+ |
+ 15.84[0.00] |
+ |
+
+
+ | Cragg-Donald Wald F 统计量 |
+ |
+ 140.72 |
+ |
+ 140.72 |
+ |
+
+
+ | Kleibergen-Paap rk Wald F 统计量 |
+ |
+ 41.26 |
+ |
+ 41.26 |
+ |
+
+
+ | Anderson-Rubin Wald 检验 |
+ |
+ 7.45[0.01] |
+ |
+ 3.03[0.09] |
+ |
+
+
+ | 常数项 |
+ 6.58***(0.68) |
+ |
+ -0.03*(0.01) |
+ |
+ -31.70***(3.87) |
+
+
+ | 样本量 |
+ 620 |
+ |
+ 620 |
+ |
+ 620 |
+
+
+ | 可决系数 |
+ 0.75 |
+ |
+ 0.54 |
+ |
+ 0.53 |
+
+
+
+
+
+注：*、** 和 *** 分别表示在 10%、5% 和 1% 的统计水平上显著；小括号内为标准误；中括号内数值为 p 值.
+
+4)内在机制分析.为检验地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化的中介机制,这里首先依次对式(4)~(6)进行估计,之后对于逐步检验法检验结果无法判断的间接效应是否显著的中介变量做 Bootstrap 检验.由于中国分省份市场化指数数据库数据仅更新至2019年,因此要素市场发育度的中介机制检验以2001-2019年的数据为样本.表4为制造业结构高度化中介机制检验结果,第(2)列地区经济增长目标系数显著为正,第(3)列投资结构扭曲系数为负但不显著,因此进一步做 Bootstrap 检验.检验结果显示投资结构扭曲在95%的置信度下的间接效应(r(ind_eff)) 置信区间不包含0,间接效应显著,证明政绩考核压力下地区经济增长目标能通过投资结构扭曲效应抑制制造业结构高度化.第(4)列地区经济增长目标系数显著为负,第(5)列创新水平的系数显著为正,说明政绩考核压力下地区经济增长目标能通过创新挤占效应抑制制造业结构高度化.第(6)列地区经济增长目标系数显著为负,第(7)列要素市场发育水平系数为正,但不显著,因此进一步做 Bootstrap 检验.检验显示投资结构扭曲在95%的置信度下的间接效应(r(ind_eff)) 置信区间不包含0,间接效应显著,证明政绩考核压力下地区经济增长目标能通过要素市场发育阻滞效应抑制制造业结构高度化.表5为制造业结构合理化中介机制检验结果,可发现投资结构扭曲对制造业结构合理化具有显著的间接效应. Bootstrap 检验结果显示技术创新和要素市场发育程度在95%的置信度下间接效应显著.中介效应的逐步回归检验可能存在内生性偏误问题,参考江艇(2022)的研究,本文排除了中介变量可能受到的其它变量的影响.进一步,借鉴王凯等(2024)将中介变量滞后一期进行检验,结论依然成立.由此可见,地区经济增长目标可通过投资结构扭曲效应、技术创新挤占效应、要素市场发育阻滞效应等中介因素影响制造业结构优化,且中介效应检验符合环境要求,结论可靠.这一结果与假说3相符.说明政绩考核压力下,经济增长目标约束使地方政府在实际管理中倾向于促进短期经济增长,将资源投向特定领域.这必然导致资源错配,挤出对实体经济和科技创新的投资.同时目标压力驱动辖区内企业涌向特定领域,经营中倾向于扩大规模,降低研发投入支出,从而造成投资结构扭曲,对科技支出形成挤占,抑制该区域技术创新.另外,为完成预定经济增长目标,地方政府必然对要素市场进行干预,造成要素市场发育受阻.这势必使制造业面临可获资源受限、科技支撑力不足、人力资本积累不足、要素流动性不足的局面,进而抑制制造业结构高度化和合理化.该部分实证结论是制造业结构优化视角下对已有研究的再证实(余泳泽等,2019)和进一步拓展(赵新宇和郑国强,2020).本文发现要素市场发育阻滞效应是政绩考核压力下地区经济增长目标抑制制造业结构优化的一条重要机制.
+
+**表 3 稳健性检验结果**
+
+ | 删除五省数据 | 替换核心解释变量 | 剔除直辖市 | 删除 2008-2009 年数据 | 删除 2020 年数据 |
|---|
| (1)hightech | (2)indusl | (3)hightech | (4)indusl | (5)hightech | (6)indusl | (7)hightech | (8)indusl | (9)hightech | (10)indusl |
|---|
| pgdp | | | -0.38***(0.13) | -1.51**(0.72) | | | | | | | | ctgdp | -8.18***(2.14) | -28.72***(10.94) | | | -6.94***(1.76) | -31.04***(11.52) | -7.77***(2.04) | -20.55*(11.53) | -9.04***(1.99) | -34.12***(11.41) | | 常数项 | 3.23***(0.77) | -30.10***(3.94) | 3.56***(0.75) | -31.47***(4.20) | 2.07***(0.64) | -32.28***(4.16) | 3.21***(0.71) | -33.66***(3.99) | 2.94***(0.68) | -33.79***(3.90) | | 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | | 固定效应 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | | 样本量 | 520 | 520 | 620 | 620 | 540 | 540 | 558 | 558 | 589 | 589 | | 可决系数 | 0.07 | 0.21 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.06 | 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.23 |
+0.06 | 0.24 | | 区域数 | 26 | 26 | 31 | 31 | 27 | 27 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 |
+
+注：*、** 和 *** 分别表示在 10%、5% 和 1% 的统计水平上显著；小括号内为标准误.
+
+**表 4 制造业结构高度化中介机制检验结果**
+
+ | 基准 | 投资结构扭曲效应 | 技术创新挤占效应 | 要素市场发育阻滞效应 |
|---|
| (1)hightech | (2)invest | (3)hightech | (4)patent | (5)hightech | (6)fmdd | (7)hightech |
|---|
| ctgdp | -8.09***(1.86) | 0.21*(0.11) | -7.86***(1.86) | -9.98***(1.24) | -5.80***(1.94) | -25.92***(4.42) | -8.47***(2.05) | | invest | | | -1.08(0.69) | | | | | | patent | | | |
+ |
+0.23***(0.06) | | | | fmdd | | | | | |
+ |
+0.02(0.02) | | Constant | 3.15***(0.67) | -0.03(0.04) | 3.13***(0.67) | -20.67***(0.45) | 7.90***(1.43) | -13.56***(1.51) | 3.24***(0.73) | | bootstrap r(ind_eff) | | [-3.31 -0.30] | | | [-5.36 -0.47] | | 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | | 固定效应 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | | 样本量 | 620 | 620 | 620 | 620 | 620 | 589 | 589 | | 可决系数 | 0.07 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.88 | 0.09 | 0.59 | 0.07 | | 区域数 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 |
+
+注：*、** 和 *** 分别表示在 10%、5% 和 1% 的统计水平上显著；小括号内为标准误；[] 表示 95% 显著性水平上的置信区间.
+
+**表 5 制造业结构合理化中介机制检验结果**
+
+ | 基准 | 投资结构扭曲效应 | 技术创新挤占效应 | 要素市场发育阻滞效应 |
|---|
| (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) |
|---|
| indusl | invest | indusl | patent | indusl | fmdd | indusl |
|---|
| ctgdp | -27.00**(10.51) | 0.21*(0.11) | -24.05**(10.44) | -9.98***(1.24) | -22.03**(11.07) | -25.92***(4.42) | -33.37***(11.77) | | invest | | | -13.80***(3.89) | | | | | | patent | | | | | 0.50(0.35) | | | | fmdd | | | | | | | 0.03(0.11) | | Constant | -33.45***(3.80) | -0.03(0.04) | -33.81***(3.76) | -20.67***(0.45) | -23.17***(8.19) | -13.56***(1.51) | -33.40***(4.18) | | bootstrap r(ind_eff) | | | | [-30.43 -14.78] | [-24.93 -10.99] | | 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | | 固定效应 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | | 样本量 | 620 | 620 | 620 | 620 | 620 | 589 | 589 | | 可决系数 | 0.23 | 0.14 | 0.24 | 0.88 | 0.23 | 0.59 | 0.24 | | 区域数 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 |
+
+注：*、** 和 *** 分别表示在 10%、5% 和 1% 的统计水平上显著；小括号内为标准误；[] 表示 9% 显著性水平上的置信区间.
+
+5)经济增长目标设置理念转变的影响效果分析. 基准回归结果显示, 地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化具有负向影响作用. 本部分基于时间维度和目标约束维度, 检验地区经济增长目标设置思路转变对制造业结构优化的影响效果. 同时, 考虑“两山”理论视角下经济目标设定时要关注经济发展与社会效益、生态效益的同步提升, 政府理性思考下制定的目标值可能具有放缓特征. 那么, 在制定目标值时是否直接采用放缓策略亦能达到同样的效果, 有必要对其展开讨论. 因此, 在探讨经济增长目标值对制造业结构优化影响效果的基础上, 进一步与地区经济增长目标“放缓”策略的影响效果进行对比, 以明晰经济增长目标设置理念与经济增长目标“放缓”策略的区别与联系. 其一, 在时间维度上验证经济增长目标设置理念转变的影响效果. 根据理论分析部分相关事件的推进时间, 我们认为 2015 年及之后的地区经济增长目标值设定受到了“两山”理论的影响, 按照时间区间 2001-2014 年和 2015-2020 年对样本进行划分, 对式 (2)、式 (3) 进行分样本回归. 其二, 在目标约束维度上验证经济增长目标设置理念转变的影响效果. 通过环境约束的调节效应, 验证在目标制定时考虑环境等约束性目标对其影响效果的作用方向. 环境约束性指标选取方面, 考虑到二氧化硫是造成中国环境污染的主要污染物, 同时也是国家强制减排的对象, 其单位工业增加值排放量能较大程度上反映该区域环境约束力度, 因而选用工业增加值与二氧化硫排放量的比值作为环境约束指标. 其三, 基于“加码”程度强弱验证地区经济增长目标放缓策略的影响效果. 按照地区经济增长目标均值与当年国家经济增长目标值的差值, 将差值小于 2% 的年份视为加码程度弱的年份 (具体包括 2001-2002 年、2011 年、2015-2019 年), 大于 2% 的年份视为加码程度强的年份, 对式 (2)、式 (3) 进行分样本回归. 其中 2020 年国家层面未制定经济增长目标, 分样本回归仅包含 2001-2019 年的数据. 回归结果如表 6 所示.
+
+根据表 6, 地区经济增长目标在 2001-2014 年对制造业结构高度化具有显著抑制作用, 对合理化影响效果不显著, 在 2015-2020 年对制造业结构高度化影响效果不显著, 对合理化具有显著促进作用; 环境约束的施加能有效弱化地区经济增长目标对制造业结构高度化的抑制作用, 对合理化的影响效果则不显著; 地区经济增长目标在加码程度强的年份对制造业结构高度化和合理化均表现出显著的抑制作用,在加码程度弱的年份仅对高度化表现出显著的抑制作用,对合理化的影响效果则不显著,表明“两山”理论指导下设置的经济增长目标值能弱化其对制造业结构优化的负向作用,这一结论与假说3相符,同时,可以发现加码程度减弱并未从根本上改变地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化的负向影响,而“两山”理论指导下地区经济增长目标设置理念的转变则扭转了这一局面,施加环境约束也能有效弱化地区经济增长目标的负向影响作用,这一研究结论也见诸于文献中对目标管理转变与发展质量关系的探讨,如徐现祥等(2018)的研究发现,将技术进步引入政策工具,则经济增长目标与发展质量呈正相关,本文研究结论与之相似,即经济增长目标与经济发展质量并非不可兼得,经济增长目标的“降压”策略并非是促进经济发展质量提升的关键,近年来目标值的普遍放缓只是科学合理制定经济增长目标的数值体现,但不是促使其影响效果转变的内在机制,解决经济增长目标与发展质量负向关系的关键是如何科学合理的制定经济增长目标,区别于徐现祥等(2018)的研究,本文联系“两山”理论,发现施加环境约束亦可弱化其对经济体的负向影响,这一研究发现具有重要的政策意义,即深入践行“两山”理论,转变经济增长目标设置理念,制定科学合理的经济增长目标,才能充分发挥地区经济增长目标的正向作用,弱化其负向作用,最大程度发挥经济增长目标的积极作用.
+
+**表 6 经济增长目标设置理念转变及放缓策略的影响效果**
+ | 2001-2014年 | 2015-2020年 | 环境约束调节效应 | 加码程度强 | 加码程度弱 |
|---|
| hightech | indusl | hightech | indusl | hightech | indusl | hightech | indusl | hightech | indusl |
|---|
| ctgdp | -15.97***(3.26) | -23.35(17.05) | -1.52(3.53) | 65.08*(38.77) | -7.37***(1.78) | -28.84***(10.74) | -15.58***(4.08) | -40.47**(19.14) | -9.05***(2.69) | -14.02(22.60) | | ctgdp × green | | | | | 90.37**(45.08) | 271.78(272.32) | | | | | | green | | | | | -3.94(2.73) | -16.32(16.52) | | | | | | Constant | 1.23(0.79) | -33.70***(4.11) | 2.51(4.57) | 96.73*(50.27) | 3.33***(0.65) | -32.40***(3.95) | 1.37(1.10) | -46.99***(5.15) | 5.27***(0.83) | -23.87***(6.99) | | 控制变量 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | | 固定效应 | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | | 样本量 | 434 | 434 | 186 | 186 | 620 | 620 | 341 | 341 | 248 | 248 | | 可决系数 | 0.10 | 0.21 | 0.07 | 0.12 | 0.19 | 0.23 | 0.08 | 0.28 | 0.20 | 0.19 | | 区域数 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 | 31 |
+
+注: \*、\** 和 *** 分别表示在 10%、5% 和 1% 的统计水平上显著; 小括号内为标准误.
+
+中国已经成为世界第一制造业大国,制造业结构优化关系到国民经济发展的根本,因此科学制定地区经济增长目标,充分发挥地区经济增长目标的激励作用和信心提振作用,促进制造业结构优化具有重大现实意义,根据以上研究,促进制造业结构优化可从两方面入手.一方面,应深入践行“两山”理论,在干部考核工作中不简单以经济增速为重要考核指标,加入环境、民生、技术进步等约束性目标,地方政府应充分考虑经济的长、短期发展需求,制定科学合理的经济增长目标值,充分发挥地区经济增长目标对经济发展的正面引导作用,另一方面,从地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化的影响机制入手,基于投资结构、技术创新以及要素市场发育角度,分别构建对重复建设和产能过剩的投资约束机制,通过增加科技创新投入,提升技术创新转换能力;加快要素流动,提高要素配置效率,弱化政绩考核压力下地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化的负向影响.
+
+## 5 结论及政策建议
+
+从宏观经济学基本理论和经济增长特征来看,GDP均是衡量区域经济综合发展水平的重要指标之一,打破“唯GDP”不等于否认GDP的重要意义,经济增长目标管理是推动中国经济增长的重要抓手,而经济增长是更好发挥市场要素配置、增加创新投入、促进要素流动的关键,当前中国面对需求收缩、供给冲击、预期转弱的三重压力,如何更好地发挥地区经济增长目标的正向作用,弱化其对经济体的负向影响,是一个值得深入讨论的议题,制造业结构优化关乎中国未来经济增长新动力的形成以及国际竞争新优势的塑造,探讨其对制造业结构优化的影响具有重要意义,本文基于这一现实背景,检视政绩考核压力下经济增长目标对制造业结构优化的影响效果及机制,在此基础上,突破传统文献中以地区经济增长目标影响因素、调整规律和经济后果为主体的研究,联系“两山”理论来考察经济增长目标设置理念转变对制造业结构优化的影响效果,并与已有文献关注到经济增长目标放缓策略进行对比,以明晰经济增长目标设置思路转变的实质内涵,本文主要结论如下:①政绩考核压力下设置的GDP增长目标会抑制制造业结构优化,基准模型回归结果显示地区经济增长目标对制造业结构高度化和合理化均存在显著的抑制作用,表明以经济增速为核心的考核体系,引发地方政府在经济增长目标设置方面的横向竞争,横向竞争压力激发政府的短期项目偏好,从而对制造业结构优化形成抑制作用,这一发现也说明需要转变地区经济增长目标设置理念,从官员绩效考核入手引导同级政府间建立区域合作与良性竞争关系,②政绩考核压力下,地方政府对经济的干预行为,通过投资结构扭曲效应、技术创新挤占效应以及要素市场发育阻滞效应抑制制造业结构优化,这一中介机制检验结果,为弱化地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化发展的负向影响作用和促进制造业优化发展提供可行路径,③地方政府在制定经济增长目标的过程中加码程度减弱,能弱化对制造业结构优化的抑制作用,但弱化作用有限,检验结果显示加码程度弱的年份地区经济增长目标对制造业结构高度化和合理化的抑制作用均弱于加码程度强的年份,表明加码程度减弱有助于弱化地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化的抑制作用,但其并未从根本上改变地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化的不利影响,④经济增长目标设置理念转变后,地区经济增长目标对制造业结构合理化表现为促进作用,对高度化的影响效果不显著,施加环境约束能有效弱化地区经济增长目标对制造业结构高度化的抑制作用,结合第三条结论可以发现,“新常态”下经济增长目标设置的理性放缓为“两山”理论下经济增长目标设置理念的应有之义,但非全部,只有转变经济增长目标设置理念,践行“两山”理论,才能充分发挥地区经济增长目标的正向作用,促进制造业结构优化发展,基于以上结论,提出下述政策建议.
+
+一是,深入践行“两山”理论,制定科学合理的经济增长目标,理论和经验均表明,地区经济增长目标的设置对促进经济增长具有重要作用,同时本文的研究也发现,经济增长目标设置理念转变后,地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化具有显著促进作用,因此,在制定经济增长目标时,应持续深入践行“两山”理论指导下的经济增长目标设置理念,充分考虑本区域经济发展潜力和资源禀赋,避免与其他区域展开围绕地区经济增长目标制定的“事前”竞争,同时应对地方政府的干预行为实施原则管理与程序管理,确保经济增长目标设置下政府引导行为落到实处的同时不对正常的经济运行造成过度干扰,真正发挥市场在资源配置中的决定性作用.
+
+二是,建立全国统筹发展的格局,探索地区间良好的竞争和合作模式,在“晋升锦标赛”制度体制下,囿于排名压力,地方政府围绕区域经济增长速度展开竞争,在制定地区经济增长目标时,普遍制定较高的目标值,整体呈现出在国家当年经济增长目标值基础上加码的现象.本文研究发现,加码程度弱的年份地区经济增长目标对制造业结构优化的抑制作用弱于加码程度强的年份,因此,地方政府经济增长目标制定应基于全局视角,加快国内市场一体化建设,以经济质量竞争为抓手,进一步转变地方政府间以经济增长速度为核心的竞争模式,地方政府可根据2022年4月发布的《中共中央国务院关于加快建设全国统一大市场的意见》,找准自身定位,立足自身定位强化区域间合作与分工,避免重复建设和过度同质竞争;同时,在强化竞争政策的同时应及时清理和废除妨碍统一市场和公平竞争的政策,优化营商环境,防止在招商引资时展开恶性竞争.
+
+三是,优化财政支出结构,加大科技教育方面的支出比重,本文研究发现政绩考核压力下,地方政府在财政支出方面倾向于短期项目,产生投资结构扭曲效应,挤占科技教育行业以及制造业的发展资源,对制造业结构优化产生抑制作用,为提升经济发展质量,地方政府应充分利用财政工具以及产业政策,加大对科学教育以及产学研合作的支持力度,支持企业在研发和创新方面的投入,提高企业自主创新能力,进而提升区域创新和研发活力,促进知识密集型和技术密集型产业发展.
+
+四是,推动要素市场化配置改革,疏通要素流通渠道,加强新型生产要素的培育力度,基于本文研究,要素市场发育受到阻滞会对制造业结构优化产生抑制作用,因此,优化生产要素配置,培育新型要素,纾解要素层面的抑制作用势在必行,根据2021年12月国务院办公厅发布的《关于印发要素市场化配置综合改革试点总体方案的通知》以及2022年4月发布的《中共中央国务院关于加快建设全国统一大市场的意见》,地方政府应基于打造全国统一要素市场的现实要求,促进要素在全国范围内畅通流动,具体可从以下两个方面做好相关工作.其一,从要素发育阻滞路径入手推进要素市场化配置改革,强化能促进要素流动的制度环境建设,土地资源方面,进一步完善土地利用管理,增强对土地出让的监管,建设土地跨区域交易机制;人力资源方面,保护劳动者合法权益,依据全国统一标准建立科学、合理的工资增长机制和保障机制,促进人才、劳动者的跨区域流动;融资渠道方面,发展动产融资,构建具有多层次、有差异、覆盖范围广、分工合理的金融服务体系,增加中小微企业和民营企业的融资途径以及融资可得性,其二,通过构建法律法规与政策调整机制,着力培育技术、数据等新型生产要素,完善科技信息以及数据在区域间的开放和共享,助力经济增长新动能的形成和发展.
+
+## 参 考 文 献
+
+陈海波,马琳楠,刘洁, (2023). 地方经济增长目标对城市经济韧性的影响——基于我国276个城市的实证研究[J]. 华东经济管理, 37(3): 86-94.
+
+Chen H B, Ma L N, Liu J, (2023). The Impact of Local Economic Growth Targets on Urban Economic Resilience: Research Based on the Evidence of 276 Cities in China[J]. East China Economic Management, 37(3): 86-94.
+
+付文宇,李彦,赵景峰, (2022). 数字经济如何赋能中国制造业优化升级?[J]. 经济问题探索, (11): 128-142.
+
+Fu W Y, Li Y, Zhao J F, (2022). How Can the Digital Economy Enable the Optimization and Upgrading of China's Manufacturing Industry?[J]. Inquiry Into Economic Issues, (11): 128-142.
+
+傅元海,叶祥松,王展祥, (2014). 制造业结构优化的技术进步路径选择——基于动态面板的经验分析[J]. 中国工业经济, (9): 78-90.
+
+Fu Y H, Ye X S, Wang Z X, (2014). The Selection of Technology Progress Path of Manufacturing Structure Optimization — An Empirical Analysis Based on Dynamic Panel Data Model[J]. China Industrial Economics, (9): 78-90.
+
+傅元海,叶祥松,王展祥, (2016). 制造业结构变迁与经济增长效率提高[J]. 经济研究, 51(8): 86-100.
+
+Fu Y H, Ye X S, Wang Z X, (2016). Structure Changes in Manufacturing Industry and Efficiency Improvement in Economic Growth[J]. Economic Research Journal, 51(8): 86-100.
+
+干春晖,郑若谷,余典范, (2011). 中国产业结构变迁对经济增长和波动的影响[J]. 经济研究, 46(5): 4-16.
+
+Gan C H, Zheng R G, Yu D F, (2011). An Empirical Study on the Effects of Industrial Structure on Economic Growth and Fluctuations in China[J]. Economic Research Journal, 46(5): 4-16.
+
+郭庆旺,贾俊雪, (2006). 地方政府行为、投资冲动与宏观经济稳定[J]. 管理世界, (5): 19-25.
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_201.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_201.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..981116fb144e3a57e4975238647140ce38a9caea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_201.md
@@ -0,0 +1,558 @@
+**doi**: 10.12012/CJoE2022-0097
+
+# 网络拍卖中的底价：理论与实证
+
+陈恭平¹, 游雅婷²
+
+(1. 台湾“中研院”经济研究所, 台北 11529; 2. 东海大学经济系, 台中 40704)
+
+**摘要** 在网络拍卖里(如 eBay),有三种主要的交易制度,一是一口价,二是一般的拍卖,三是立即购买拍卖(auction with buy-it-now).本文利用一个简单的理论,说明这三种制度,其实是卖家在同一个最适化问题下的三种不同的解.换句话说,eBay 里,卖家对上述三种上架方式的策略选择,可以在一个统一的理论模型下去内生化(endogenize).其中的关键在于底价及立即购买价之间的相对关系,尤以底价的角色最重要.在这个理论下,本文证明这三种交易制度下的底价的相对大小,有一个固定的排序.我们利用 eBay 的iPod 上架数据,来证实这个排序.
+
+**关键词** 底价;在线拍卖;一口价;拍卖;iPod; eBay;时间偏好
+
+# Reserve Prices in Online Auctions: Theory and Evidence
+
+CHEN Kongpin¹, YU Yating²
+
+(1. Institute of Economics, “Academia Sinica”, Taipei 11529, China; 2. Department of Economics, Tunghai University, Taichung 40704, China)
+
+**Abstract** In the online auctions (such as eBay), there are three main listing formats for the sellers: Posted price, general auctions, and auctions with buy-it-now. This paper adopts a simple theoretical model to show that these three formats are actually three different solutions of seller's same optimization problem. In other words, the seller's listing strategy on eBay can be endogenized in a unified theoretical model. The key determinant is the relative relationship between the reserve price and the buy-it-now price, especially the role of the reserve price. Under this theory, the relative value of the reserve price in these three formats has a fixed order. We use eBay's iPod listing data to verify and confirm this order.
+
+**Keywords** reserve price; online auction; fixed price; auction; iPod; eBay; time preference
+
+***
+收稿日期: 2022-10-20
+作者简介: 陈恭平, 特聘研究员, 博士, 研究方向: 微观经济、产业组织、法律经济, E-mail: kongpin@gate.sinica.edu.tw; 游雅婷, 助理教授, 博士, 研究方向: 产业组织、法律经济, E-mail: yyating@thu.edu.tw.
+
+## 1 引言
+
+网络拍卖(后者简称网拍)中的底价(reserve price),在以往对拍卖理论的研究占了相当的地位,然而这些研究,多聚焦于底价如何影响交易的结果(包括成交率及成交价),在理论上,底价的功能在于平衡成交率及成交价,因为两者之间有一个显而易见的互抵关系(trade-off):底价设定的越高,商品就越不容易成交,但一旦成交,成交价就可能越高,由于卖家的目的是在极大化预期利润(即上述两者的乘积),因此底价的设定,就是在平衡这两个因素¹,本文的目的在说明底价在网拍里所扮演的理论上的角色,其实远多于这个互抵关系,这个角色的来源,在于 eBay 里的一种特别的交易方式,叫做立即购买拍卖(auction with buy-it-now).
+
+在 eBay 里,当一项物品上架的时候,卖方可以选择三种不同的上架方式,其一是一口价(posted price),卖方直接指定上架物品的价格,而买方只能用这个价格购买,其二是一般拍卖(regular auction).卖方对上架物品,指定一个起标价,在固定时间内让买方竞标决定最后价格,而起标价,在理论上其实等同于底价,其三是立即购买拍卖(简称为BIN拍卖),这是一个eBay 独有,但为其后的各网拍所模仿的拍卖制度,物品上架时,卖方可以设定两种价格,一为起标价,其功能如一般拍卖;另一个是立即购买价(简称BIN价),在卖方所设定的立即购买价下,买方可以在拍卖结束前的任何一个时点,以该价格立刻结束拍卖而购买该物品,不必再经由竞标方式,但一旦有人下标,BIN就消失,而变成了一个一般拍卖,这种制度,一方面保有拍卖的竞标精神,另一方面又提供买方以一个固定的价格提早获得该物品的选择,可以说是一个介于一口价和一般拍卖的混合制度²,以图1的立即购买汽车拍卖为例,卖方的起标价(底价)为$4,900,立即购买价为$10,900,因为还没有人下标,所以BIN选择还存在,一个进入网页考虑购买的买家,可以有两种选择,第一是直接按右下方 Buy it Now 那个连结,这时物品就会立刻以 $10,900的价格成交,拍卖结束,他也可以按 place bid 那个连结,这时下方Buy it Now 的选择就会消失,而变成一个一般拍卖,买方这时可以在 Bid Amount 那一栏输入自己的投标价,至于谁得标,就必须在拍卖结束时(由网页看是2天13小时后),视谁是最高标决定,而成交价是第二高标³.
+
+一个相当值得研究的问题是,卖方将物品上架时,面对这三种不同的制度,决定他们选择其中的某一种方式来上架他的物品的主要因素是什么?本文的第一个目的,是提出一个卖家在这三种上架方式之间的选择的理论,这个理论的优点,是可以证明在卖方的选择变量是底价及立即购买价的情形下,这三种上架方式,其实是卖方同一个最适化问题,在不同参数下的最适解,更重要的是,只有这三种解,换句话说,在卖方的选择变量是底价及立即购买价的情形下,他只有这三种上架方式的可能性,而且其中任何一种都有可能是某些参数值下的最适上架方式,也因此,这个理论是卖方上架策略的一个统一(unified)的理论模型.
+
+在这个理论下,我们可以证明,如卖方选择一口价上架,其最适一口价一定高于如果他选择立即购买拍卖上架的最适底价。而后者又一定高于一般拍卖的最适底价。这个强烈的结果, 提供了一个利用 eBay 数据来实际检验理论的机会。本文的第二个目的, 就是利用我们所收集到的 eBay iPod 拍卖资料, 来验证上述理论。
+
+
+
+图 1 eBay 的立即购买 (BIN) 页面
+
+理论文献里, 除了上述有关最适底价的理论外, Wang (1991) 研究一口价及拍卖之间的相对优劣, 并证明当买方对物品的价值的看法较分歧时, 卖方的预期利润一般拍卖高于一口价。反之, 若较一致, 则一口价的利润较高。有关立即购买拍卖, 也有非常多理论文献, Hidvegi et al. (2006), Mathews and Katzman (2006), Reynold and Wooders (2009), Chen et al. (2013) 证明了在买卖任一方是风险趋避时, 于一般拍卖之上, 再加上立即购买的选项, 可以增加卖方的预期效用 (expected utility)。另外, 在买卖任何一方有时间偏好 (time preference) 时 (换句话说, 对未来收入折现时), 一般拍卖上加入立即购买的选项, 也可以增加卖方的折现利润 (Mathews (2004))。
+
+有关底价的现有文献, 几乎都在研究其对交易结果 (主要是成交率及成交价) 的影响。这方面的共识是底价越高, 投标人数就越少, 因此减少了成交率 (例如, Riley (2006), Choi et al. (2015), Barrymore and Raviv (2009))。其次, 给定物品成交, 成交价会随底价越高而增加 (Lucking-Reiley et al. (2007))。另外, Bajari and Hortacsu (2003) 的数据, 显示卖方在实际拍卖所设定的底价, 通常远比理论所得到的低。这表示物品对买方的价值, 彼此之间有较高的统计关联性 (affiliated value), 或者参与拍卖有进场成本 (entry cost) 时, 底价的设定就要降低 (Milgrom and Wilson (1982), McAfee and McMillan (1987), Levin and Smith(1994, 1996))⁴.
+
+***
+
+¹见 Myeson (1981) 及 Riely and Samuelson (1981).
+
+²这个制度是有专利的,所以在其他的交易平台里并不存在,以中国为例,因为网络交易量极大,分工很细,不同的价格决定机制,甚至在不同的平台进行,如闲鱼是第三方上架的一口价平台,阿里拍卖是第三方上架的一般拍卖平台,淘宝则只出售自己的商品,天猫是经认证的第三方商户的平台,每一个平台,价格决定机制都是固定的,没有让上架商有选择的空间。
+
+³比如,有三位投标者的出价分别为100, 200, 300. 虽然出标300的人得标,但成交价是200. 详见第二节.
+
+## 2 理论模型
+
+这一节的理论模型,为Chen et al. (2017)的简化版,该文利用了相当具普遍性的模型及较繁复的数理论证,来证明本节的定理1及2.读者若希望在比较抽象的层次理解这个理论,可以参阅该文.此处只用一个简化但相当容易了解的模型来说明.首先,我们假设对这物品只有两个潜在买家⁵.其次,这物品对第i个买家(i=1,2)的价值为$v_i \in [0, \bar{v}]$,并假设$v_1$和$v_2$为独立的变量,但有相同的密度(density)及分配(distribution)函数$f(\cdot)$及$F(\cdot)$.为简化起见,再假设$F(\cdot)$是$[0, \bar{v}]$上的均等(uniform)分配.且$v_i$的值为i的私人讯息(private information).
+
+卖方在 eBay 将一物品上架时,有两个变量供他选择,一是立即购买价(后简称为BIN价)B,另一是起标价(其实就是底价)r.在eBay的立即购买拍卖制度下,BIN是暂时性的.它的意思是在物品还没有人下标前,BIN 这选项都会存在.但一旦有人下标了(但还没成交,因尚未结标),这个BIN的选项就消失,因此这个立即购买拍卖,就变成了一个一般拍卖⁶,而最后获得这项物品的人就是在拍卖结束时下标最高的人.如果在尚未有人下标时,一个潜在买家使用了这个BIN,就表示他愿意用卖方设定的BIN价来购买这个商品.此时,拍卖立即结束,而物品的成交价就是B.
+
+在网拍里,因为拍卖时间相当长(有时多至10天),卖方不可能在这段时间内都在在线参与竞标,因此衍生了在一个网拍里的重要制度,即通称的代理投标(proxy bid),它的运作方式是,如果在拍卖结束时最高标为$b_i$的话,成交价并非$b_i$,而是第二高标竞争者的投标价.换句话说,得标者付的价格,是为了打败第二高价者所需付出的最低代价.在这种情形下,成交价=$\{b_j | b_j \ge b_k, \forall k, j \ne i\}$.这表示在 proxy bid 的制度下,网拍的价格决定方式就是在拍卖理论里通称的第二高价拍卖(second-price auction).举例来说,假设一拍卖的起標起标价为$100.现买家 A 进场并下标$200,这时网页上的现有最高标(p prevailing bid)就是$100(假设投标最低增额, minimum increment,为0).接着B进场并下标$150,这时现有最高标就变成$150(但最高标者仍是A).之后投标C进场并下标$300.这时最高标买家就变成C,而现有最高标是$200.接着D进场,并下标$250.这时最高标变成$250,但C仍为最高标买家.假如自此无人再下标,那么拍卖结束时C得标,成交价为$250.请注意这中间的价格调整完全是由机器代处理,所以叫代理投标(proxy bid).而这个拍卖制度的最有名的一个性质,是每位投标者标$b_i = v_i$,为其强势策略(dominant strategy)(例如,见Krishna (2009)).换句话说,一个投标者在参与网拍时,其最适策略就是进场后,用这样物品对自己的价值,$v_i$,来当作自己的投标价$b_i$,并离开网页让机器当作自己的代理人(proxy)下标,一直到拍卖结束为止. 这个性质, 大量减轻了在理论上计算投标策略的负担.
+
+因为 eBay 的立即购买是暂时的, 所以理论上我们将立即购买拍卖看成是一个两阶段拍卖制度. 第一阶段, 投标者在卖方设定的立即购买价下, 决定要不要以该价格购买. 如都不愿意, 则该选择消失, 投标者进入第二阶段进行一般拍卖的竞标. 如上的说明, 这等同于一个第二高价拍卖⁷. 假设卖方的折现因子为 $\delta \in [0, 1]$. 换句话说, 买卖方在第二阶段的收入若为 $x$, 其在第一阶段的折现则为 $\delta x$. 在这情形下, 立即购买的好处就显现出来. 由于买方并无折现, 因此他愿意在第一期以 $B$ 的价格购买的原因, 并不在第二期会有折现, 而是希望避免在第二期和其他对手竞争. 也因此, 通常卖方会用稍低于如果用定价出售的价格来诱使买方第一阶段启用立即购买. 当然, 对卖方而言, 这个好处来自于避免第二阶段才成交的折现. 因此卖方的立即购买价的值, 是在这两种考虑之下而决定.
+
+由于 BIN 拍卖是一个投标者之间的两阶段博弈, 因此我们利用回朔法 (backward induc-tion) 求解. 在第二阶段的一般拍卖里, 假设投标者 $i$ 的投标策略函数是 $b_i(v)$, 换句话说, 物品如果对它的价值为 $v$ 时, 他用 $b_i(v)$ 的值来投标. 我们已经说明过, 由于拍卖等同于第二高价拍卖, 因此买方的最适投标策略就是 $b_i(v) = v^8$, 在这个策略下其预期利润为:
+
+$$
+Eu_A(v) = \int_0^r (v-r) f(x) dx + \int_r^{\bar{v}} (v-x) f(x) dx.
+$$
+
+上式的第一项, 是这个买家(物品对他之价值为 $v$)的对手(物品对其价值为 $x$), 其 $x$ 值在 $r$ 之下, 所以买家以 $r$ 得标. 第二项是对手的物品价值 ($x$) 低于自己, 因而得标(并付第二高价 $x$)的预期利润. 据此, 我们回到第一阶段立即购买阶段. 由于 $v$ 值越高, 该投标者用 $B$ 购买的利润越高, 而且当 $v$ 够小的时候. 该投标者用 $B$ 来购买的利润就越小, 甚至变成负数⁹. 因此, 存在一个门坎值 $\tilde{v} \in (0, \bar{v})$, 使得物品对投标者的价值 $v > \tilde{v}$ 时, 他会在第一阶段用 $B$ 购买. 否则他会等待到第二阶段竞标¹⁰. 在这个门坎策略下, 物品对其价值为 $v$ 的投标者, 其预期利润为:
+
+$$
+Eu_B(v) = F(\tilde{v})(v-B) + \frac{1}{2}[1-F(\tilde{v})](v-B) = \frac{(\bar{v}+\tilde{v})(v-B)}{2\bar{v}}.
+$$
+
+在上式中, 第一个等号后的第一项为对手的 $v$ 值小于 $\tilde{v}$ (其机率为 $F(\tilde{v})$). 因此该投标者为唯一用 $B$ 购买者. 第二项是如果对手的价值也大于 $\tilde{v}$ (其机率为 $1-F(\tilde{v})$), 两人都愿用 $B$ 来购买. 此时假设每一投标者获得的机率相等.
+
+最后, 门坎值 $\tilde{v}$ 的决定等式, 当然是让第一阶段直接购买的利润和等到第二阶段才目标利润相等. 换言之, $Eu_B(\tilde{v}) = Eu_A(\tilde{v})$. 由此, $\tilde{v}$ 必然满足:
+
+$$
+B = \tilde{v} - \frac{\tilde{v}^2 - r^2}{\bar{v} + \tilde{v}}.\qquad(1)
+$$
+
+值得注意的是,当 $\tilde{v}$ 和 $r$ 固定的时候,由(1)式所定义出来的 $B$ 值,其实就是为了让立即购买的门坎值为 $\tilde{v}$,所必须设定的立即购买价.因此,我们将(1)式的右式写为 $B(\tilde{v}, r)$,用以表示如果卖方希望门坎值为 $\tilde{v}$,所应该设的BIN价.请注意 $B(\tilde{v}, r)$ 是 $\tilde{v}$ 的严格递增函数,所以两者为1-1对应.也因此,卖方的决策变量(decision variable)虽为 $B$ 和 $r$,但其实等同于选择 $\tilde{v}$ 和 $r$.由于 eBay 的规定 $B$ 必须大于 $r$¹¹,因此我们必找到相对于 $\tilde{v}$ 的限制.引理1给了答案.
+
+**引理1** 令 $B$ 和 $\tilde{v}$ 满足(1)式, 则 $B > r$ 若且唯若 $\tilde{v} > r$. 且 $B = r$ 同等于 $\tilde{v} = r$.
+
+**证明** 如果 $B > r$, 但 $\tilde{v} < B$ 的话, 那么由于 $B$ 严格递增于 $\tilde{v}$, 可知 $B = B(\tilde{v}, r) < B(B, r) \le B$. 这是一个矛盾. 反之, 若 $\tilde{v} > r$, 那么 $B = B(\tilde{v}, r) \ge B(r, r) = r$. 最后, 如果 $B = r$, 那么表示 $B = B(B, r)$, 这即表示 $B = \tilde{v}$, 但这一等式仅在 $\tilde{v} = r$ 时才会成立.
+
+根据引理1,我们可以将卖方的最适化问题改写为:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \max_{\tilde{v},r} E\pi(\tilde{v}, r) &= 2 \int_{\tilde{v}}^{\bar{v}} B(\tilde{v}, r) F(x) f(x) dx + \\ & \delta \left[ 2 \int_{r}^{\tilde{v}} \left( \int_{r}^{x} y dF(y) + \int_{0}^{r} r dF(y) \right) f(x) dx \right], \\ \text{s.t.} \quad \tilde{v} \ge r. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+这个模型的最重要观察,就是三种上架方式的决定性因素,在于上述最大化问题在某些情形下会有角解 (corner solution). 如果它的解是让 $B = r$, 表示起标价和立即购买价相等. 这时这个物品其实就等于是用定价 $B$ (或 $r$) 出售, 因为任何一个买方, 如愿意下标, 他的下标价至少要是 $r$, 然而 $B = r$, 且他用 $B$ 就可以立即买到, 无需等到第二阶段下标. 因此这物品事实上是定价为 $B$ 的一口价. 其次, 如果上面最适化问题的解 $\tilde{v}$ 和 $r$, 让 $B(\tilde{v}, r) \le B$, 那么表示即便对这物品有最高价值的投标者 (即 $v = \tilde{v}$), 都不愿意在第一阶段用立即购买价来购买¹². 因此, 卖方的最适解如果是让 $B(\bar{v}, r) \le B$, 表示他根本不想让人用立即购买价去买这物品, 因此这时上架方式就等同于一个一般的拍卖. 最后, 如果上面的最适化问题的解有内解 (interior solution), 即 $r < B < B(\bar{v}, r)$, 那么这个上架方式就是一个立即购买拍卖. 也因此, 我们的理论模型完全刻划 (completely characterize) 了 eBay 上可以见到的三种上架方式¹³. 也就是说, 我们的理论可以将卖方的各上架策略内生化 (endogenize)¹⁴.
+
+在上述的刻画方式下,我们接下来要研究的,就剩下在什么情形下,卖方的最适化问题会有角解(以及何种角解),以及何时会有内解.我们先将这最适化问题改写为:
+
+$$
+\max_{\tilde{v},r,\lambda} L = \left[ \frac{\bar{v}^2 - \tilde{v}^2}{\bar{v}^2} \right] \left[ \frac{\bar{v}\tilde{v} + r^2}{v + \tilde{v}} \right] + \frac{\delta}{\bar{v}^2} \left[ \frac{1}{3} + r^2 \tilde{v} - \frac{4}{3} r^3 \right] + \lambda (\tilde{v} - r), \qquad (2)
+$$
+
+其中 $\lambda \ge 0$ 为拉氏乘数 (Lagrange multiplier). 其一阶条件为:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+\frac{\partial L}{\partial \tilde{v}} &= 1 - 2\frac{\tilde{v}}{\bar{v}} + \delta\frac{\tilde{v}^2}{\bar{v}^2} + (\delta - 1)\frac{r^2}{\bar{v}^2} + \lambda = 0, \\
+\frac{\partial L}{\partial r} &= \frac{2\delta r}{\bar{v}^2} \left[ \bar{v} - 2r + (\bar{v} - \tilde{v}) \left( \frac{1}{\delta} - 1 \right) \right] - \lambda = 0, \\
+\lambda (\tilde{v} - r) &= 0.
+\end{aligned}
+\quad (3)
+$$
+
+我们分开讨论两种情形, 即 $\tilde{v} \ge r$ 这个限制式是否等式成立 (binding); 如是, 则 $\lambda > 0$, 如否, 则 $\lambda = 0$.
+
+当 $\lambda > 0$ 时, 根据引理 1, 这是一口价上架. 由一阶条件可以很容易解出:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+\tilde{v} &= r = \bar{v}/\sqrt{3} \equiv r_F, \text{且} \\
+\lambda &= \frac{2}{3}(\sqrt{3} - 1 - \delta).
+\end{aligned}
+$$
+
+值得注意的是, $r_F$ 的值和 $\delta$ 无关. 这个原因很明显: 如果买方愿意用固定价格购买, 那么一定在第一阶段就买, 不会等到第二阶段还损失折现. 此时卖家的利润为 $\pi_F^* = 2\sqrt{3}\bar{v}/q$. 这其实就是卖方直接用定价出售的最适定价: 假设卖家定价 $p$, 那他预期利润为 $[1-F(p)^2]p$¹⁵. 最适定价可以很容易解出为 $p^* = \bar{v}/\sqrt{3}$, 这即上面的最适 $r$ (及 $\tilde{v}$) 值. 由于 $\lambda \ge 0$, 因此 $r = \tilde{v}$ 唯有在 $\delta \le \sqrt{3} - 1 \equiv \hat{\delta}$ 时才会是最适解.
+
+第二种情形, 为 $\lambda = 0$ (即 $\tilde{v} > r$). 这时可以很容易地解出:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+\tilde{v}(\delta) &= \frac{(1 - 2\delta - 3\delta^2) + 2\delta\sqrt{-1 + 2\delta + 4\delta^2 - 5\delta^3}}{1 - 3\delta + 3\delta^2 - 5\delta^3} \bar{v},\qquad (4)
+\end{aligned}
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+r(\delta) &= \frac{2\delta(2\delta - 1) + (1 - \delta)\sqrt{-1 + 2\delta + 4\delta^2 - 5\delta^3}}{-1 + 3\delta - 3\delta^2 + 5\delta^3} \bar{v}.\qquad (5)
+\end{aligned}
+$$
+
+由 (4) 和 (5) 式可以很容易看出 $r$ 和 $\tilde{v}$ 的最适值, 都和 $\delta$ 有关. 这时卖家的预期利润为:
+
+$$
+\pi_B^* = \frac{[4(-1 + \delta + 5\delta^2)\sqrt{(\delta - 1)^3(1 - \delta - 5\delta^2)} - 2 + 21\delta - 51\delta^2 + 7\delta^3 + 45\delta^4]}{3(1 - 3\delta + 3\delta^2 - 5\delta^3)^2} \delta \bar{v}. \quad (6)
+$$
+
+卖方用一口价上架的预期利润, $\pi_B^*$, 的重要性质, 是它为 $\delta$ 的递增函数. 换句话说, 当卖方越有时间耐性的时候, 就越有筹码可以策略性的选择 $r$ 和 $\tilde{v}$, 让自己的利润较大, 另外, $\pi_F^* \ge \pi_B^*$ 若且唯若 $\delta < \hat{\delta}$, 且两者在 $\delta = \hat{\delta}$ 时相等. 由于 $\pi_B^*$ 递增于 $\delta$ 而 $\pi_F^*$ 和 $\delta$ 无关, 我们立刻可以知道当 $\delta \in (0, \hat{\delta}]$ 时, 卖方的最适上架方式就是一口价.
+
+最后, 由 (4) 式可知 $\tilde{v}(1) = \bar{v}$, 表示当 $\delta = 1$ 时, 卖方会将 $\tilde{v}$ 设在没有任何买家会立即购买的值. 换句话说, 如果卖方对利润没有任何折现 ($\delta = 1$), 那么其最适上架方式就是一般拍卖, 而由 (5) 式, 此时的最适价格是 $r(1) = \bar{v}/2 \equiv r_A$. 就此, 我们得到以下定理:
+
+**定理 1** 当 $\delta = 1$ 时, 卖方的最适上架方式为一般拍卖. 若 $\delta \in (0, \hat{\delta}]$, 其最适上架方式为定价出售. 若 $\delta \in (\hat{\delta}, 1)$, 其最适上架方式为立即购买拍卖.
+
+定理1的刻划核心,在于上架方式的选择,完全由卖方的时间偏好决定,对未来折现最大的卖家($\delta \le \hat{\delta}$),会希望早点将物品卖出去,因此会用一个较低的定价(请注意,在我们的模型里,这就是角解的底价)让物品在第一阶段就卖出,折现程度中等的卖家(即$\hat{\delta} < \delta < 1$),则是平衡及搭配一口价和一般拍卖的优点,而利用立即购买拍卖,使物品有机会让物品由立即购买价(如果有一买家的$v$值较大)或拍卖(如果两个买家的$v$值都较小)卖出,最后,如果他对未来毫无折现($\delta = 1$),那么最好的上架方式,就是让两个买家在第二阶段经由竞争来决定价格,虽然这是对卖方的最适上架策略的相当美妙的刻画,但本文最主要的目的是最适底价的比较,下面的定理2,说明卖家如何利用底价的设定达到上述目的.
+
+**定理2** $r_F > r_B(\delta) > r_A, \forall \delta \in (\hat{\delta}, 1)$, 且 $r_B(r)$ 为 $r$ 之递减函数.
+
+**证明** 由(3)式我们知道当 $\delta \in (\hat{\delta}, 1)$ 时,
+
+$$
+r_B(\delta) = \frac{\bar{v}}{2} + \frac{\bar{v} - \tilde{v}(\delta)}{2} \left( \frac{1}{\delta} - 1 \right) \\ > \frac{\bar{v}}{2} = r_A.
+$$
+
+我们也知道在立即购买拍卖中, $\tilde{v}(\delta) > r(\delta)$, 因此,
+
+$$
+r_B(\delta) = \frac{\bar{v}}{2} + \frac{\bar{v} - \tilde{v}(\delta)}{2} \left( \frac{1}{\delta} - 1 \right) \\ < \frac{\bar{v}}{2} + \frac{\bar{v} - r(\delta)}{2} \left( \frac{1}{\delta} - 1 \right).
+$$
+
+这表示,
+
+$$
+r_B(\delta) < \frac{\bar{v}}{1+\delta} < \frac{\bar{v}}{1+\hat{\delta}} = \frac{\bar{v}}{\sqrt{3}} = r_F.
+$$
+
+上面第二个不等式, 来自于在使用立即购买拍卖的卖家, 其 $\delta > \hat{\delta}$. 最后, $r_B(\delta)$ 很明显是 $r$ 的递减函数.
+
+从图2很清楚地归纳了定理1和2的内容, 该图横轴$\delta$ 由0到1. 横轴上我们注记了在哪些区域里, 哪一种上架方式让卖方的预期利润最大, 纵轴对应于该$\delta$值(以及其最适的上架方式)的最适底价. 图的一件观察, 是当$\delta \in (\hat{\delta}, 1)$时, 虽然卖方都使用立即购买拍卖, 但在不同的$\delta$值下, 有不同的底价. 然而, 更重要的是, $r_B(\delta)$ 是$\delta$的递减函数. 这表示当卖方越有耐性, 就越愿意让买方低价起标而进入第二阶段的竞价拍卖.
+
+这个结果也同时说明了底价的大小, 不但在三种上架方式上有固定的排序, 连相对的$\delta$值都有固定排序. 要而言之, 底价在整个$[0,1]$之间都是$\delta$的递减函数.
+
+定理2 提供了一个清楚的实证规律, 假如我们在 eBay 上收集用不同的方式上架的相同物品, 一定要发现一口价一定高于立即购买拍卖的底价, 而后者一定又高于一般拍卖的底价. 本文的第二部分, 就是希望证实这件事.
+
+**图2 底价和δ的关系**
+
+***
+
+⁴我们并未找到与此理论相关之中文文献.但刘勇和刘树林(2020)为关键词拍卖之论文;王明喜等(2018)为政府采购的拍卖研究;周茜和陈收(2021)研究互联网之监管;田婧倩等(2021)则用信息博弈研究政府之监管行为
+
+⁵事实上,拍卖本质上就仅是最有意愿购买的前两个卖家的竞争,其它人对拍卖结果并无影响,所以假设仅两个潜在投标者,完全并不影响结论的一般性.在n个人的情形,见Chen et al. (2017).
+
+⁶在Yahoo!的立即购买拍卖里,不论有没有人下标,BIN的选项永远存在.所以是一个永久性的BIN.永久及暂时性的BIN,对买卖双方的策略及拍卖结果上的差异,见Reynold and Wooders (2009).
+
+⁷这是研究暂时性立即购买拍卖的标准理论模型, 见 Reynold and Wooders (2009), Mathews and Katzman (2006), 及 Matheas (2004).
+
+⁸当然, 我们假设 $i$ 的 $v$ 值大于 $r$, 否则他根本不会参与投标.
+
+⁹例如, 当以 $B$ 时, 立即购买一定不值得.
+
+¹⁰这也是 eBay 立即购买拍卖的基本理论模型. 见 Mathews and Katzman (2006), Reynold and Wooders (2009), 及 Chen et al. (2013).
+
+¹¹这其实很自然. 如果起标价还比立即购买价高, 那么这制度自相矛盾.
+
+¹²$B(\bar{v}, r)$ 是为了让物品价值为 $\bar{v}$ 的投标者愿意用 $B$ 购买的最高门坎. 由于没有一个投标者的 $v$ 值会高于 $\bar{v}$, 而价值最高的买方的愿付最高 BIN 价, $B(\bar{v}, r)$, 都还比 $B$ 小, 表示没有人会在第一阶段用 $B$ 购买.
+
+¹³eBay 上还有一种上架方式叫 best-offer. 这基本上是一个利用讨价还价的方式来决定价格的机制, 这和上述三种机制完全不同.
+
+¹⁴完整的理论, 请见 Chen et al. (2017), 在这个架构下的实证研究, 见 Chen et al. (2018).
+
+¹⁵$1 - F(p)^2$ 为至少有一买家的 $v$ 值大于 $p$ 的机率.
+
+## 3 数据说明
+
+我们使用的数据, 来自 2007 年 11 月 1 日到 12 月 31 日, 在 eBay 上的 iPod Nano 拍卖16. 资料的收集首先遇到的最大问题, 是 eBay 的立即购买是暂时的, 一旦有人下标, 立即购买就消失. 因此, 当我们用爬虫收集到一个拍卖正在进行中的商品时, 并不表示它原是用一般拍卖上架的. 它可能原先是一个立即购买拍卖, 但因为结束前有人下标了, 所以变成了一个一般拍卖. 因此, 任何一个物品, 我们都必须在它一上架的时候, 立刻开始记录它的交易过程, 一直到它结束为止. 也因为如此, 在收集过程中, 我们让计算机连续跑了两个月.
+
+为了让物品的同构型较高, 以避免因物品本身的差异而产生不同, 数据仅包含 Nano 4G第三代的 iPod. 另外有些上架的 iPod 设有秘密底价, 也有些物品的底价高得离谱 (比如$1,595), 这些样本都删除. 最后的数据里共有 1,186 个 iPod, 这之中有 928(78%) 是一般拍卖上架, 80(6.7%) 是立即购买拍卖, 178(15.3%) 是一口价. 一般拍卖的成交率是 94.83%, 立即购买拍卖为 71.25%, 而一口价是 82.58%. 这么高的成交率, 表示当时 iPod 是相当抢手的商品. 表 1 为三种上架物品的叙述统计.
+
+数据里也包含了物品及卖方的信息, 前者包括底价 (RP), 上架时间长度 (DURATION), 运费 (SHIPCOST), 物品是否可退货 (RETURN, 是为 1). 后者包括卖方曾交易的物品总数 (EXPER, 也就是他的经验值), 卖方所获正评价占总评价的比例 (POSFB), 及存货数(INVENTORY),其定义为卖方在该物品上架时,手中有的iPod数目,有关上述变量的叙述统计在表2及表3.
+
+***
+
+16iPod 是早期 Apple 专门用来让消费者购买、储存及听音乐的装置. 这个装置因为手机功能的大幅跃进, 现在已被淘汰.
+
+**表 1 拍卖结果的叙述统计**
+
+
+
+
+ | 上架方式 |
+ 全部样本 |
+ 一般拍卖(PA) |
+ BIN 拍卖(BIN) |
+ 一口价(FP) |
+
+
+
+
+ | 以竞标结束之物品数 |
+ 911 |
+ 880 |
+ 31 |
+ - |
+
+
+ | 以 BIN 价结束之物品数 |
+ 26 |
+ - |
+ 26 |
+ - |
+
+
+ | 以一口价结束之物品数 |
+ 147 |
+ - |
+ - |
+ 147 |
+
+
+ | 成交物品数 |
+ 1084 |
+ 880 |
+ 57 |
+ 147 |
+
+
+ | 未成交物品数 |
+ 102 |
+ 48 |
+ 23 |
+ 31 |
+
+
+ | 总数 |
+ 1186 |
+ 928 |
+ 80 |
+ 178 |
+
+
+ | 成交率 |
+ 91.4% |
+ 94.8% |
+ 71.3% |
+ 82.6% |
+
+
+
+
+**表 2 上架物品特性**
+
+
+
+
+ | 上架方式 |
+ 全部样本 |
+ 一般拍卖(PA) |
+ BIN 拍卖(BIN) |
+ 一口价(FP) |
+
+
+
+
+ | 变量 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ | 底价(或定价)(RP) |
+ $53.804(67.123) |
+ $27.758(48.388) |
+ $122.570(46.907) |
+ $158.687(12.759) |
+
+
+ | 运费(SHIPCOST) |
+ $11.476(5.027) |
+ $11.477(4.632) |
+ $9.327(7.343) |
+ $12.432(5.454) |
+
+
+ | 上架时间(POSTDUR) |
+ 3.577(2.481) |
+ 3.218(2.351) |
+ 3.325(1.840) |
+ 5.562(2.463) |
+
+
+ | 可退货(RETURN) |
+ 0.347(0.476) |
+ 0.323(0.468) |
+ 0.525(0.503) |
+ 0.393(0.490) |
+
+
+
+
+注：1) 样本数：1,186；2) 括号内数字为标准偏差。
+
+**表 3 卖家特性叙述统计**
+
+
+
+
+ | 上架方式 |
+ 全部样本 |
+ 一般拍卖(PA) |
+ BIN 拍卖(BIN) |
+ 一口价(FP) |
+
+
+
+
+ | 卖家特性 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+ | 正评价比例(POSFB) |
+ 0.981(0.116) |
+ 0.977(0.130) |
+ 0.991(0.012) |
+ 0.996(0.009) |
+
+
+ | 卖家存货量(INVENTORY) |
+ 18.306(26.322) |
+ 18.342(25.535) |
+ 4.400(3.542) |
+ 24.365(33.072) |
+
+
+ | 卖家经验值(EXPER) |
+ 850.089(2088.501) |
+ 800.973(2065.189) |
+ 411.012(1150.064) |
+ 1303.765(2443.050) |
+
+
+
+
+注：1) 样本数：1,186；2) 括号内数字为标准偏差。
+
+## 4 实证研究
+
+在这一节里,我们做了两个实证研究,两者都是验证定理2.该定理其实包括两个结果,第一是一口价大于立即购买拍卖的底价,而后者又高于一般拍卖的底价,第二是底价和$\delta$的值有反向关系.
+
+在做这之前,有一件困难必须先解决,在数据里,有相当数目的物品,其底价非常低17.如前所述,理论文献对低底价有两种解释,第一是,当各买方对物品的价值之间,有统计相关性(affiliated)时,每一次投标,都会对其他投标者揭露出有用的讯息出来,当没有人投标时,由于讯息不对称,大家都保守下标,怕下标太高赔钱,为了鼓励讯息揭露,卖方就会以低价起标,以揭露出更多的讯息(Milsrom and Weber (1982)).
+
+另一个解释是进场成本,假设投标者要进场之后才能知道物品对他们的价值,当进场投标需要成本的时候,由于底价越高会让成交价越高,且进场成本是固定的,所以底价越高,进场后所得到的净利就越小,甚至是负的,这就越阻止买方进场,从而降低了卖方可能的利润,为了让更多人进场竞价,卖方也会以低价起标(McAfee and McMillan (1987), Levin and Smith (1991, 1996)).
+
+由于低底价起标,是卖方的内生选择(endogenous decision),我们决定用工具变量(in-strumental variable)的方式来内生这个选择,我们使用的方式是以底价为被解释变量,但为一截断变量(censored variable).主要原因是卖方在物品上价时,eBay规定他们必须设定一个起标价(即底价),而最低容许的起标价为$0.01,所以将底价设为$0.01的卖家,其实就是根本没有设底价的人,也等于是被截断的样本,根据这个推论,我们把截断值设在$0.01做一个标准的截断回归(censored regression).另外,由于上架方式也是内生的,所以我们用一个多元(multinomial) probit 模型来内生化卖方会选择用何种上架方式,这两个设定结合,让回归式成为一典型的 mixed-process 模型(Roodman (2011)).
+
+至于定理2第二个结果的实证,我们利用存货量当作$\delta$值的工具变数,来验证底价与$\delta$之间的反向关联.
+
+### 4.1 底价和上架方式之关联
+
+考虑如下的截断回归：
+
+$$
+RP = \alpha_0 + \alpha_1 \text{BIN} + \alpha_2 \text{FP} + \alpha_3 X + \epsilon_1 \qquad(7)
+$$
+
+BIN 及 FP 各自为 BIN 拍卖和一口价的虚拟变量 (dummy variable), $X$ 是所有可能会影响底价 $RP$ 的因素, 包括运费 (SHIPCOST), 正评价比例 (POSFB), 及是否商品可退回 (RETURN) 18. $\alpha_1$ 及 $\alpha_2$ 的值是我们的主要兴趣. 如果定理 1 是正确的话, 那么应该 $\alpha_2 > \alpha_1 > 0$.
+
+如前所言, BIN 及 FP 的选择是内生的, 因此我们用了多元 probit 来估计卖方所选择使用的上架方式, 将 (7) 式用截断回归来估计. 为了这个目的, 我们用卖方所自行设定的上架时间(DURATION)为 exclusive 变量¹⁹. (7)式因此变成了一个 mixed-process. 我们用最大概似法(maximum likelihood method)来估计. 假设ε₁的变异数(variance)为1, 则样本选择式 selection equation)的变异数就是相对变异量 (relative variance)的解, 而(7)式就可以用共变异量(covariance)的估计来认定(identified). 估计的细节请见附录 A.
+
+估计结果列于表4. 由该表可看出, 卖家选择用立即购买拍卖的可能性, 和其经验成反比(5% 显著). 而存货量(INVENTORY)和选择用一口价的可能性呈正向关系. DURATION的系数显著为正, 表示如果卖方上架时间选择的较长, 就设越高的底价. 我们的主要兴趣在α₁及α₂的值. 由表可看出 α₁ = 125.4, α₂ = 155.4 (两者都在1%显著). 这很清楚证实了三种上架方式的底价排序.
+
+表4的一些其它结果也值得我们注意. 首先, 卖方的经验和它使用立即购买拍卖上架的倾向成反比. 这和 Chen et al. (2013a, 2013b)的结果相符合. 该文也证实了卖方经验是决定它是否则用立即购买上架的重要因素. 在文献里, BIN扮演了减低拍卖价格风险的角色(见Hidvegi et al. (2006), Mathews and Katzman (2006), Reynolds and Wooders (2009), Chen et al. (2013)). 一个经验越少的卖家, 越需要BIN来帮助它减低上架的价格风险. 其次, 存货量显著和选择一口价上架有正相关, 这和Chen et al. (2018), Hammond (2010)的结论是相同的²⁰. 它的理由其实非常直觉: 在2007年时, 在eBay上还没有办法在一般或立即购买拍卖的同一个网页里上架多个相同物品. 而一口价则对此非常方便. 比如说, 假如卖家有18个iPod 要出售, 与其用了较高的成本以18个网页用拍卖上架, 不如将这18个物品用一个固定的一口价全部一起上架, 一直到卖完为止. 这节省非常多的人力成本.
+
+***
+
+17以 $0.01、$0.25、$0.5、$0.88、$0.99、$1 为底价之物品的数目(及比例)分别为 244(24%)、4(0.4%)、3(0.3%)、332(32%) 及 63(6.25%), 占总上架数的 68%. 这现象不只在我们的数据中, 也在其他数据出现(例如, Bajari and Hortacsu (2003).
+
+18我们没有考虑卖方固定效果(fixed effect), 因为在 432 个卖家里, 有 302 个只交易一次, 所以我们只用卖方特性(如 POSFB)来控制.
+
+¹⁹成交率应和 DURATION 成正比,也因此卖方在将 DURATION 设较大的时候,就较不会低价起标. 我们会将 DURATION 放入(7)式当作解释变量,发现其系数并不显著(见表4和5). 这表示 DURATION 是合理的 exclusive 变量.
+
+²⁰请注意 Hammond (2010)对存货量的定义和本文稍有不同.
+
+²¹为了了解 Heckman 回归结果的稳健性(robustness),我们也用了最大概似法来估计,其结果一致,见 http://idv.sinica.edu.tw/kongpin/WebAddpendix7.pdf.
+
+²²细节请见附录 B.
+
+### 4.2 底价和存货的关联性
+
+定理2证明了底价和折现因子(discount factor) δ 之间的反向关系. 然而后者在现实上是观察不到的, 所以必须求助于替代变量(proxy). 这个变量就是存货量. 一个存货量高的卖家, 我们可以想象应该比较有存货成本及压力, 也代表它比较希望早点将物品售出. 也因此,他应有较高的折现. 换句话说, 一个卖家的存货量应该和它的折现因子的大小成反比. 这又表示如果定理2是正确的话, 存货量应该和底价成正比. 当然, 上一小节所谈的底价截断现象仍然存在. 我们利用 Heckman 回归来当作实证模型. 首先将样本分为两部分, 第一部分是将底价设为$0.01的样本, 另一个是大于$0.01的. 因此, 样本选择(sample selection)的标准是底价是否为$0.01²¹. 值得注意的是一旦我们用存货量当作替代变量, 它和折现因子的正向关系就应独立于卖方是用三种方式的哪一种上架, 也因此, 在(7)式中的BIN及FP 虚拟变量就不再需要²².
+
+表5的样本选择式选 (selection equation)显示, 较有经验, 运费要求较低, 及正评比例较低的卖家, 较容易将底价设在$0.01. 更重要的是, 存货量较大的卖家, 较有可能将底价设在$0.01. 最后样本选择式和主回归式的残差项及相关系数 $(correlation) $\rho$, 显著不等于 0, 表示样本选择偏差 (selection bias) 存在, 所以使用 Heckman 回归是必需的. 表 5 的上方清楚显示 (1% 显著水平) 了存货量和底价的正向关系, 再由样本选择式的回归结果, 我们证实了底价和折现因子的反向关系.
+
+**表 4 对底价之回归结果**
+
+ | 系数 | 标准偏差 |
|---|
| 底价 | | | | BIN | 125.448*** | (5.470) | | FP | 155.371*** | (3.123) | | SHIPCOST | -1.225*** | (0.307) | | POSFB | -36.566** | (17.808) | | RETURN | 29.521*** | (4.185) | | CONSTANT | 40.000** | (18.185) | | 样本选择式 (selection equation) | | | | EXPER | 0.001*** | (0.0003) | | INVENTORY | -0.010*** | (0.003) | | SHIPCOST | 0.006 | (0.030) | | POSFB | -20.834* | (12.560) | | RETURN | -0.023 | (0.432) | | POSTDUR | 0.341*** | (0.089) | | CONSTANT | 19.634 | (12.052) | | BIN | | | | EXPER | -0.0003** | (0.0001) | | INVENTORY | 0.003 | (0.004) | | SHIPCOST | 0.0001 | (0.014) | | POSFB | -0.009 | (0.638) | | RETURN | -0.003 | (0.228) | | CONSTANT | 0.018 | (1.307) | | FP | | | | EXPER | -0.0003 | (0.0002) | | INVENTORY | 0.015** | (0.007) | | SHIPCOST | 0.016 | (0.026) | | POSFB | 13.177 | (8.679) | | RETURN | 0.186 | (0.363) | | CONSTANT | -14.537* | (8.628) | | σ1 | 12.026*** | (0.640) | | σ4 | 3.031*** | (0.579) | | ρ12 | 0.583*** | (0.120) | | ρ13 | -0.139** | (0.040) | | ρ14 | -0.068*** | (0.014) | | ρ23 | 0.267 | (0.247) | | ρ24 | 0.085 | (0.138) | | ρ34 | 0.883*** | (0.027) | | 样本数 | 1186 | |
+
+注: 1) 括号内数字为标准偏差。\*、\**、\*** 分别表示为 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著水平。2) $\sigma_1$ 和 $\sigma_4$ 分别是回归式 (A1) 以及多重选择式 (A4)~(A5) 的标准偏差; $\rho$ 则是方程式残差项之间的相关系数。更准确地说, $\rho_{ij} = \text{corr}(\epsilon_i, \epsilon_j)$, 其中 $\epsilon_1, \dots, \epsilon_4$ 分别代表回归式 (A1)~(A5), 样本方程式, 以及间断决策式: "BIN" 和 "FP" 的残差。详细计算细节再请参见附录 A.
+
+**表 5 底价与存货量的 Heckman 回归**
+
+ | 系数 | 标准偏差 |
|---|
| 底价 | | | | EXPER | -0.006 | (0.001) | | INVENTORY | 0.139*** | (0.069) | | SHIPCOST | -0.650 | (0.449) | | POSFB | 8.649 | (18.040) | | RETURN | 27.748*** | (4.697) | | CONSTANT | 67.943*** | (18.102) | | 样本选择式 (selection equation) | | | | EXPER | 0.0001*** | (0.00004) | | INVENTORY | 0.018** | (0.009) | | SHIPCOST | -0.019* | (0.010) | | POSFB | -21.164*** | (4.937) | | RETURN | 0.054 | (0.100) | | POSTDUR | 0.343*** | (0.028) | | CONSTANT | 20.981*** | (4.910) | | Inverse Mill's Ratio | -44.517*** | (9.336) | | ρ | -0.633*** | (0.133) | | σ | 70.329 | | | Wald χ2(5) | 42.23 | | p-value | 0.000 | | 样本数 | 1186 | | 截断样本数 | 244 | | 未截断样本数 | 942 |
+
+注: 1) 括号内数字为标准偏差。\*、\**、\*** 分别表示为 10%、5% 和 1% 的显著水平。2) $\sigma$ 式主要回归式里面的标准偏差。$\rho$ 则是方程式残差项之间的相关系数。详细计算细节再请参见附录 B.
+
+
+## 5 结论
+
+这篇论文首先提出了一个理论模型,将网拍理卖方的三种上架策略,经由他们的时间偏好完全刻划出来.一个对未来无折现的卖家,将会使用一般拍卖将物品上架,而对未来折现最多的,会选择一口价.中间的卖方,则使用立即购买拍卖.这个理论的副产品,是三种上架方式所设的底价(在理论里,一口价的定价是角解条件下的底价),有一个固定的排序,而这个排序是可以用数据来验证的.我们利用 eBay 的 iPod 上架数据来证实这个排序,另外,本文也发现卖方的存货量和其对未来的折现有强烈关联.利用这个关联为桥梁,我们证实了里论中,折现因子和底价之间的反向关联.
+
+## 参考文献
+
+周茜,陈收, (2021). 公众媒体参与下互联网借贷平台自律与监管[J]. 计量经济学报, 1(1): 161-171.
+ Zhou X, Chen S, (2021). Self-discipline and Regulation of Online Lending under the Public Media Participation[J]. China Journal of Econometrics, 1(1): 161-171.
+田婧倩,刘晓星, (2021). 媒体舆情、政府监管与市场行为——基于信息博弈的结构性视角[J]. 计量经济学报, 1(1): 141-160.
+ Tian J Q, Liu X X, (2021). Media Sensation, Government Supervision and Market Behavior: A Structural Perspective Based on Information Game[J]. China Journal of Econometrics, 1(1): 141-160.
+刘勇,刘树林, (2020). 广告主是风险厌恶和风险追求的关键词拍卖[J]. 系统工程理论与实践, 40(2): 309-323.
+ Liu Y, Liu S L, (2020). Keyword Auctions with Risk-averse and Risk-loving Advertisers[J]. Systems Engineering — Theory & Practice, 40(2): 309-323.
+王明喜,胡毅,乔晗, (2018) 非对称环境下政府采购拍卖模型及配置效率研究[J]. 系统工程理论与实践, 38(9): 2277-2288.
+ Wang M X, Hu Y, Qiao H, (2018). A Government Procurement Auction Model and Its Allocation Efficiency in the Asymmetric Aetting[J]. Systems Engineering — Theory & Practice, 38(9): 2277-2288.
+Bajari P, Hortaçsu A, (2003). The Winner's Curse, Reserve Prices, and Endogenous Entry: Empirical Insights from eBay Auctions[J]. RAND Journal of Economics, 34: 329-355.
+Barrymore N, Raviv Y, (2009). The Effect of Different Reserve Prices on Auction Outcomes[M]. mimeo.
+Chen J R, Chen K P, Chou C F, Huang C I, (2013). A Dynamic Model of Auctions with Buy-it-Now: Theory and Evidence[J]. Journal of Industrial Economics, 61: 393-429.
+Chen K P, Hou S H, Liu C H, Wang C M, (2017), Optimal Listing Strategies in On-Line Auctions[J]. International Economic Review, 58: 412-37.
+Chen K P, Lai H P, Yu Y T, (2018). The Seller's Listing Strategy in Online Auctions: Evidence from Ebay[J]. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 56: 107-144.
+Choi S, Nesheim L, Rasul I, (2015). Reserve Price Effects in Auctions: Estimates from Multiple RD Designs[J]. Economic Inquiry, 54: 294-314.
+Elyakime B, Laffont J J, Loisel P, Vuong Q, (1994). First-Price Sealed-Bid Auctions with Secret Reservation Prices[J]. Annals of Economics and Statistics, 34: 115-141.
+Hammond R G, (2010). Comparing Revenue from Auctions and Posted Prices[J]. International Journal of Industrial Organization, 28: 1-9.
+Harris M, Raviv A, (1981). A Theory of Monopoly Pricing Schemes with Demand Uncertainty[J]. American Economic Review, 7: 347-365.
+Häubl G, Leszczyc P P, (2003). Minimum Prices and Product Valuations in Auctions[J]. Marketing Science Institute Reports, 3: 115-141.
+Hidvegi Z, Wang W, Whinston A B, (2006). Buy-Price English Auction[J]. Journal of Economic Theory, 129: 31-56.
+Katkar R, Reiley D H, (2006). Public Versus Secret Reserve Prices in eBay Auctions: Results from a Pokemon Field Experiment[J]. Advances in Economic Analysis and Policy, 6, Article 7.
+Krishna V, (2009). Auction Theory[M]. Hoboken, NJ: Academic Press.
+Levin D, Smith J L, (1994). Equilibrium in Auctions with Entry[J]. American Economic Review, 84: 585-599.
+Levin D, Smith J L, (1996). Optimal Reservation Prices in Auctions[J]. Economic Journal, 106: 1271-1283.
+Lucking-Reiley D, Bryan D, Prasad N, Reeves D, (2007). Pennies From eBay: The Determinants of Price in Online Auctions[J]. Journal of Industrial Economics, 55: 223-233.
+Mathews T, (2004). The Impact of Discounting on an Auction with a Buyout Option: A Theoretical Analysis Motivated by eBay's Buy-it-Now Feature[J]. Journal of Economics, 81: 25-52.
+Mathews T, Katzman B, (2006). The Role of Varying Risk Attitudes in an Auction with a Buyout Option[J]. Economic Theory, 27: 597-613.
+McAfee R P, McMillan J, (1987). Auctions with Entry[J]. Economic Letters, 23: 343-347.
+Milgrom P R, Weber R J, (1982). A Theory of Auctions and Competitive Bidding[J]. Econometrica, 50: 1089-1122.
+Myerson R, (1981). Optimal Auction Design[J]. Mathematics of Operations Research, 6: 58-73.
+Reiley D H, (2006). Field Experiments on the Effects of Reserve Prices in Auctions: More Magic on the Internet[J]. RAND Journal of Economics, 37: 195-211.
+Reynolds S S, Wooders J, (2009). Auctions with a Buy Price[J]. Economic Theory, 38: 9-39.
+Riley J G, Samuelson W F, (1981). Optimal Auctions[J]. American Economics Review, 71: 381-392.
+
+## 附录 A
+
+这个附录简单的说明 4.1 节 mixed-process 模型. 为了方便起见, $y_1$ 代表 RP, $x_1 =$ (BIN, FP, X) 是 (7) 式的解释变量, 即 (A1) 及 (A2) 式里的 $x$. (A2) 是 RP 的样本选择式 (selection equation), 因为在截断回归里, $y_1 > 0.01$ 仅在 $y_2^* > 0$ 时. 令 $y_3 = 0, 1, 2$. 代表这三种上架方式. 其 mixed-process 模型为:
+
+$$y_1 = x_1^T \beta_1 + \epsilon_1, \qquad (A1)$$
+$$y_2 = x_2^T \beta_2 + \epsilon_2, \qquad (A2)$$
+$$y_3 = j, \quad \text{if} \quad v_j = \max\{v_0, v_1, v_2\}. \qquad (A3)$$
+
+(A3) 式里的 $y_1$ 所对应的值函数 (value function) 为:
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+v_0 &= 0, \\
+v_1 &= z^T r_1 + \epsilon_3, \tag{A4} \\
+v_2 &= z^T r_2 + \epsilon_4. \tag{A5}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+$y_3 = 1$ 和 2 分别段应于 BIN 和 FP, 而 $y_3 = 0$ 代表参考点 (即一般拍卖), 其值我们设为 0.
+为了用最大概似来估计 (A1)~(A5) 式, 我们假设残差项为多元常态分配:
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} \epsilon_1 \\ \epsilon_2 \\ \epsilon_3 \\ \epsilon_4 \end{pmatrix} \sim N_4 \left( \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} \sigma_1^2 & \rho_{12}\sigma_1 & \rho_{13}\sigma_1\sigma_4 & \rho_{14}\sigma_1\sigma_4 \\ \rho_{12}\sigma_1 & 1 & \rho_{23}\sigma_4 & \rho_{24}\sigma_4 \\ \rho_{12}\sigma_1\sigma_3 & \rho_{23}\sigma_4 & \sigma_4^2 & \rho_{34}\sigma_4^2 \\ \rho_{12}\sigma_1\sigma_4 & \rho_{24}\sigma_4 & \rho_{34}\sigma_4^2 & \sigma_4^2 \end{pmatrix} \right).
+$$
+
+在这个 mixed-process 模型里, (A1)~(A2) 式是 Heckman's 样本选择式 (sample selection), 而 (A3)~(A5) 式则为多元 (multinomial) probit 模型, 其边际机率 (marginal probabilities) 在 $y_3 = 0, 1$ 和 2 时分别为:
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\Pr(y_3 = 0) &= \Pr(v_0 > v_1, v_0 > v_2) = \Pr\left(\begin{pmatrix} \epsilon_3 \\ \epsilon_4 \end{pmatrix} < \begin{pmatrix} -z^T r_1 \\ -z^T r_2 \end{pmatrix}\right), \\
+\Pr(y_3 = 1) &= \Pr(v_1 > v_0, v_1 > v_2) = \Pr\left(\begin{pmatrix} \epsilon_3 \\ \epsilon_3 - \epsilon_4 \end{pmatrix} < \begin{pmatrix} z^T r_1 \\ z^T r_1 - z^T r_2 \end{pmatrix}\right), \\
+\Pr(y_3 = 2) &= \Pr(v_2 > v_0, v_2 > v_1) = \Pr\left(\begin{pmatrix} \epsilon_4 \\ \epsilon_4 - \epsilon_3 \end{pmatrix} < \begin{pmatrix} z^T r_2 \\ z^T r_2 - z^T r_1 \end{pmatrix}\right).
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+令 $1(\cdot)$ 为 indicator 函数, 且 $\theta = (\beta_1^T, \beta_2^T, \gamma_1^T, \gamma_2^T, \sigma_1, \sigma_4, \rho_{12}, \rho_{13}, \rho_{14}, \rho_{23}, \rho_{24}, \rho_{34})^T$ 为 mixed-process 模型的所有参数. 再令 $y_{2i} = 1(y_{2i}^* > 0)$, 其 log-likelihood 函数则为:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+\ln L(\theta) &= \sum_{i=1}^{n} \ln f(y_{1i}, y_{2i}, y_{3i} | x_{1i}, x_{2i}, z_i; \theta) \\
+&= \sum_{i=1}^{n} \left\{ \ln f\left( \epsilon_{1i}, \epsilon_{2i} > -x_{2i}^T\beta, v_{0i} > v_{1i}, v_{0i} > v_{2i} \right) \cdot 1(y_{2i} = 1, y_{3i} = 0) + \right. \\
+&\quad \ln f\left( \epsilon_{1i}, \epsilon_{2i} > -x_{2i}^T\beta, v_{1i} > v_{0i}, v_{1i} > v_{2i} \right) \cdot 1(y_{2i} = 1, y_{3i} = 1) + \\
+&\quad \ln f\left( \epsilon_{1i}, \epsilon_{2i} > -x_{2i}^T\beta, v_{2i} > v_{0i}, v_{2i} > v_{0i} \right) \cdot 1(y_{2i} = 1, y_{3i} = 2) + \\
+&\quad \ln f\left( \epsilon_{2i} \leq -x_{2i}^T\beta, v_{0i} > v_{1i}, v_{0i} > v_{2i} \right) \cdot 1(y_{2i} = 0, y_{3i} = 0) + \\
+&\quad \ln f\left( \epsilon_{2i} \leq -x_{2i}^T\beta, v_{1i} > v_{0i}, v_{1i} > v_{2i} \right) \cdot 1(y_{2i} = 0, y_{3i} = 1) + \\
+&\quad \left. \ln f\left( \epsilon_{2i} \leq -x_{2i}^T\beta, v_{2i} > v_{0i}, v_{2i} > v_{1i} \right) \cdot 1(y_{2i} = 0, y_{3i} = 2) \right\}.
+\end{aligned}
+$$
+
+最后, 上式 θ 的最大概似估计量 (maximum likelihood estimator) 为:
+
+$$
+\theta = \arg \max_{\theta \in \Theta} \ln L(\theta).
+$$
+
+## 附录 B
+
+这个附录里, 我们简单的说明 4.2 节所使用的样本选择式 (sample selection) 模型. 令 $y$ 代表 RP, $x_3 = (\text{EXPER}, \text{INVENTORY}, X)$ 为主要回归式的解释变量, $x_4 = (x_3, \text{POSTDUR})$ 为样本选择式的解释变量, 其中 $y_s = 0$ 为底价被截断, $y_s = 1$ 为未截断. $X = \text{SHIPCOST}, \text{POSFB}, \text{RETURN}$ 和 4.1 节同. 回归式模型如下
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+y &= \begin{cases} x_3\theta + u & \text{若 } y_s = 1 \quad \text{i.e. } y > 0.01, \\ 0.01 & \text{若 } y_s = 0 \quad \text{i.e. } y > 0.01. \end{cases} \tag{B1} \\
+y_s &= \begin{cases} 1 & \text{若 } y_s^* > 0, \\ 0 & \text{若 } y_s^* \le 0. \end{cases} \tag{B2} \\
+y_s^* &= x_4\theta_s + u_s. \tag{B3}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+为了使用 Heckman 两阶段估计, 假设 (B1)~(B2) 式残差项为双元常态分配.
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} u \\ u_s \end{pmatrix} \sim N_2 \left( \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ 0 \end{pmatrix}, \begin{pmatrix} \sigma^2 & \rho\sigma \\ \rho\sigma & 1 \end{pmatrix} \right).
+$$
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_21.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_21.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..79d4504fb059886439a3c4472c3275f2ca0c9ce2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_21.md
@@ -0,0 +1,191 @@
+# 化工环保概论课程论文
+
+学生姓名 李伟涛
+论文名称 空气污染
+院(系)名称 化学与化工学院
+专业名称 化学工程与工艺
+年级班级 2010级2班
+学号 10040202007
+
+## 目录
+
+内容摘要...1
+关 键 词...1
+Abstract...1
+Key words...1
+1 空 气 污 染 . . … 2
+1 . 1 空 气 污 染 … … 2
+2．空气污染物...2
+2 . 1 空 气污染物种类 … ... 2
+2 . 2 大 气 的 主 要 污 染 源 和 污 染 物 . . 3
+3．空气污染的危害及指标...3
+3 . 1 大气污染的危害... 3
+3 . 2 空 气污染指标 … ... 4
+4 . 生活中的大气污染... 4
+4.1 南乐县一化工厂毗邻学校 黑烟熏人老师戴口罩上课...4
+4 . 2 苯 污染祸害一家人 … ... 5
+4 . 3 伦 敦 烟 雾 事 件 . . 5
+4 . 4 四 日 事 件 . . 5
+5 . 空 气 污 染 的 防 御 . . 5
+5.1 减少污染物的排放量...5
+5.2 控制排放和充分利用大气自净能力...6
+5.3 合理规划工业区和非工业区...6
+5 . 4 绿 化 造 林 . . 6
+参考文献...7
+
+内容摘要：空气污染即空气中含有一种或多种污染物，其存在的量、性质及时间会伤害到人类、植物及动物的生命，损害财物、或干扰舒适的生活环境，如臭味的存在。换言之，只要是某一种物质其存在的量，性质及时间足够对人类或其他生物、财物产生影响者，我们就可以称其为空气污染物；而其存在造成之现象，就是空气污染。换言之，某些物质在空气中不正常的增量就产生空气污染的情形。
+
+空气污染是大气中污染物浓度达到有害程度，超过了环境质量标准和破坏生态系统和人类正常生活条件，对人和物造成危害的现象。凡是能使空气质量变坏的物质都是空气污染物。
+
+关键词：空气污染 危害 工业 防护
+
+Abstract： Air pollution in the air that contains one or more pollutants, the existing quantity, nature and time will harm to human, plant and animal life, damaging property, or interfere with the comfortable life environment, such as the existence of odor. In other words, as long as it is a kind of material of its existing quantity, nature and time enough to humans or other biological property, impact person, we can say the air pollutants, and its existence in the phenomenon, is air pollution. In other words, some substances in air abnormal increment will produce air pollution situation. Air pollution is the atmosphere pollutant concentration to harmful degree, more than the environment quality standards and destroy the ecological system and human normal living conditions, and physical harm to the phenomenon. Those who can make the air quality change bad matter is air pollutants.
+
+Key words：Air pollution danger industry entrench
+
+## 第一章 空气污染
+
+### 1.1 空气污染
+
+空气污染即空气中含有一种或多种污染物，其存在的量、性质及时间会伤害到人类、植物及动物的生命，损害财物、或干扰舒适的生活环境，如臭味的存在。换言之，只要是某一种物质其存在的量，性质及时间足够对人类或其他生物、财物产生影响者，我们就可以称其为空气污染物；而其存在造成之现象，就是空气污染。换言之，某些物质在空气中不正常的增量就产生空气污染的情形。
+
+空气污染是大气中污染物浓度达到有害程度，超过了环境质量标准和破坏生态系统和人类正常生活条件，对人和物造成危害的现象。凡是能使空气质量变坏的物质都是空气污染物。 空气污染物到 2009 年 2 月为止，已知约有 100 多种。有自然因素（如森林火灾、火山爆发等） 和人为因素（如工业废气、生活燃煤、汽车尾气、核爆炸等）两种，且以后者为主，尤其是工业生产和交通运输所造成的。主要过程由污染源排放、大气传播、人与物受害这三个环节所构成。影响大气污染范围和强度的因素有污染物的性质（物理的和化学的），污染源的性质（源强、源高、源内温度、排气速率等），气象条件（风向、风速、温度层结等），地表性质（地形起伏、粗糙度、地面覆盖物等）。防治方法很多，根本途径是改革生产工艺，综合利用，将污染物消灭在生产过程之中；另外，全面规划，合理布局，减少居民稠密区的污染；在高污染区，限制交通流量；选择合适厂址，设计恰当烟囱高度，减少地面污染 ；在最不利气象条件下，采取措施，控制污染物的排放量。
+
+
+
+工业大气污染
+
+这是一张某市大气污染物日均值表
+
+ | 二氧化硫 | 飘尘 | 一氧化碳 | 二氧化碳 | 臭氧 |
|---|
| 2月1日 | 0.153 | 0.301 | 0.303 | 0.080 | 0.072 | | 2月2日 | 0.201 | 0.341 | 0.801 | 0.102 | 0.065 | | 2月3日 | 0.220 | 0.350 | 0.622 | 0.105 | 0.052 | | 2月4日 | 0.182 | 0.360 | 0.901 | 0.110 | 0.100 | | 2月5日 | 0.192 | 0.291 | 1.030 | 0.120 | 0.092 |
+
+## 第二章 空气污染物
+
+### 2.1 空气污染物的种类
+
+空气污染物的种类包含很多,它们的形态可能是固体状的粒子,也可能是液滴或是气体,或是这些形态的混合存在。目前我国法令所定义的空气污染物有哪些种类呢?依据空气污染防制法及相关规定所定义,空气污染物可分为四大项目。
+
+(1) 气状污染物
+包括硫氧化物、一氧化碳、氮氧化物、氯气、气化氢、氯化氢等
+
+(2) 粒状污染物
+包括悬浮微粒、金局煤烟、黑烟、酸雾、落尘等
+
+(3) 二次污染物
+指污染物在空气中在经光化学反应而产生之污染，包括光化学烟雾、光化学性高氧化物等
+
+(4)恶臭物质
+
+包括氯气、硫化氢、硫化钾基、硫醇类、甲基胺类等
+
+### 2.2 大气的主要污染源和污染物
+
+大气污染源就是大气污染物的来源，主要有以下几个：
+
+（1）工业：工业生产是大气污染的一个重要来源。工业生产排放到大气中的污染物种类繁多，有烟尘、硫的氧化物、氮的氧化物、有机化合物、卤化物、碳化合物等。其中有的是烟尘，有的是气体。
+
+（2）生活炉灶与采暖锅炉：城市中大量民用生活炉灶和采暖锅炉需要消耗大量煤炭，煤炭在燃烧过程中要释放大量的灰尘、二氧化硫、一氧化碳、等有害物质污染大气。特别是在冬季采暖时，往往使污染地区烟雾弥漫，呛得人咳嗽，这也是一种不容忽视的污染源。
+
+（3）交通运输：汽车、火车、飞机、轮船是当代的主要运输工具，它们烧煤或石油产生的废气也是重要的污染物。特别是城市中的汽车，量大而集中，尾气所排放的污染物能直接侵袭人的呼吸器官，对城市的空气污染很严重，成为大城市空气的主要污染源之一。汽车排放的废气主要有一氧化碳、二氧化硫、氮氧化物和碳氢化合物等，前三种物质危害性很大。
+
+（4）森林火灾产生的烟雾。
+
+## 第三章 空气污染的危害及指标
+
+### 3.1 大气污染的危害
+
+#### 3.1.1 对人体健康的危害
+人需要呼吸空气以维持生命。一个成年人每天呼吸大约2万多次，吸入空气达15~20立方米。因此，被污染了的空气对人体健康有直接的影响。
+
+大气污染物对人体的危害是多方面的，主要表现是呼吸道疾病与生理机能障碍，以及眼鼻等粘膜组织受到刺激而患病。
+
+比如，1952年12月5~8日英国伦敦发生的煤烟雾事件死亡4000人。人们把这个灾难的烟雾称为“杀人的烟雾”。据分析，这是因为那几天伦敦无风有雾，工厂烟囱和居民取暖排出的废气烟尘弥漫在伦敦市区经久不散，烟尘最高浓度达4.46毫克/米3，二氧化硫的日平均浓度竟达到3.83毫升/米3。二氧化硫经过某种化学反应，生成硫酸液沫附着在烟尘上或凝聚在雾滴上，随呼吸进入器官，使人发病或加速慢性病患者的死亡。这也就是所谓的光化学污染。
+
+由上例可知，大气中污染物的浓度很高时，会造成急性污染中毒，或使病状恶化，甚至在几天内夺去几千人的生命。其实，即使大气中污染物浓度不高，但人体成年累月呼吸这种污染了的空气，也会引起慢性支气管炎、支气管哮喘、肺气肿及肺癌等疾病。
+
+#### 3.1.2 对植物的危害
+大气污染物，尤其是二氧化硫、氟化物等对植物的危害是十分严重的。当污染物浓度很高时，会对植物产生急性危害，使植物叶表面产生伤斑，或者直接使叶枯萎脱落；当污染物浓度不高时，会对植物产生慢性危害，使植物叶片褪绿，或者表面上看不见什么危害症状，但植物的生理机能已受到了影响，造成植物产量下降，品质变坏。
+
+#### 3.1.3 对天气和气候的影响
+
+①减少到达地面的太阳辐射量:从工厂、发电站、汽车、家庭取暖设备向大气中排放的大量烟尘微粒,使空气变得非常浑浊,遮挡了阳光,使得到达地面的太阳辐射量减少。据观测统计,在大工业城市烟雾不散的日子里,太阳光直接照射到地面的量比没有烟雾的日子减少近40%。大气污染严重的城市,天天如此,就会导致人和动植物因缺乏阳光而生长发育不好。
+
+②增加大气降水量:从大工业城市排出来的微粒,其中很多具有水汽凝结核的作用。因此,当大气中有其他一些降水条件与之配合的时候,就会出现降水天气。在大工业城市的下风地区,降水量更多。
+
+③下酸雨:有时候,从天空落下的雨水中含有硫酸。这种酸雨是大气中的污染物二氧化硫经过氧化形成硫酸,随自然界的降水下落形成的。硫酸雨能使大片森林和农作物毁坏,能使纸品、纺织品、皮革制品等腐蚀破碎,能使金属的防锈涂料变质而降低保护作用,还会腐蚀、污染建筑物。
+
+④增高大气温度:在大工业城市上空,由于有大量废热排放到空中,因此,近地面空气的温度比四周郊区要高一些。这种现象在气象学中称做”热岛效应”。
+
+⑤对全球气候的影响:近年来,人们逐渐注意到大气污染对全球气候变化的影响问题。经过研究,人们认为在有可能引起气候变化的各种大气污染物质中,二氧化碳具有重大的作用。从地球上无数烟囱和其他种种废气管道排放到大气中的大量二氧化碳,约有50%留在大气里。二氧化碳能吸收来自地面的长波辐射,使近地面层空气温度增高,这叫做”温室效应”。经粗略估算,如果大气中二氧化碳含量增加25%,近地面气温可以增加0.5~2℃。如果增加100%,近地面温度可以增高1.5~6℃。有的专家认为,大气中的二氧化碳含量照现在的速度增加下去,若干年后会使得南北极的冰熔化,导致全球的气候异常。
+
+### 3.2 空气污染指标
+
+空气污染指标(Pollutant Standard Index,简称PSI)为参考美国环保署及其他机构所研议决定的指标,以0至500的数值来表示空气污染的程度。这个指标值和健康的影响关系分为以下五个等级:
+
+指标值M
+0~50 健康影响:良好
+51~100 (Good):中等
+101~199 (Moderate):不良
+200~299 (Unhealthy):极不良
+300~350 (Very Unhealthy):有害
+
+## 第四章生活中的大气污染
+
+### 4.1 南乐县一化工厂毗邻学校 黑烟熏人老师戴口罩上课
+
+日前，记者接到南乐县韩张镇读者的投诉称，在他们村子附近有一家化工厂大量排放难闻的气体，并且工厂附近还有一所中学，有 1000 多名学生长期在这样的环境中学习生活，希望有关部门能管一管。
+
+这是一家叫做宏业生化的公司，投产已经三四年的时间，空气中浓重的酸臭味道是该企业的主打产品——糖醛的气味。有村民告诉记者，该企业白天排放气味还不算大，每天傍晚以后排放的黑烟，味道更浓，而且还会有粉尘飘落，晒被子、晾衣服都会落上一层灰尘。
+
+该校由于距离烟囱比较近，有的学生出现过头晕、恶心等不适现象。有的不适应的老师甚至戴着口罩上课。学校的用水也都是来自地下水，由于担心学校附近的地下水质问题，很多老师的生活用水都是从几公里外的村拉水。
+
+### 4.2 苯污染祸害一家人
+
+2001 年 8 月份，为了美化居室环境，刘女士一家决定自己动手把居住多年的 46平米的居室简单装修一下，于是购买了天津裕华公司的津华牌建饰漆、醇酸树脂漆 8 桶用于粉刷门窗。由于在产品中未注明详细的使用说明，刘女士一家再不知道其危害下，仍然居住在刚装修完的房间里。
+
+装修以后，一家人在室内居住，开始出现头晕、胸闷、恶心、呕吐、掉头发、耳朵肿状，随着时间的推移，2001 年 11 月份，刘女士一家先后发病，年仅 18 岁正在读高中的儿子患白血病，刘女士也绝得浑身无力，经检查血小板下降、红血球升高。一家人为看病花钱，但是，儿子的病情并未有明显好转。他们怎么也没想到，花钱费力装修完
+的房间，是个十足的“毒气室”。
+
+那么，祸害刘女士一家的罪魁祸首就是苯系物，如甲苯和二甲苯。它存在于油漆、等墙涂料中。由于苯属芳香烃类，人一时不易警觉其毒性。但如果在散发着苯气味的密室里，人可能短时间内就会出现头晕、胸闷、恶心、呕吐等症状，若不及时脱离现场便会死亡。另外苯也可致癌，引发血液病等，已经被世界卫生组织确定为致癌物质。卫生部制定的《室内空气质量卫生规范》规定室内空气中苯的标准是每立方米小于 0.087毫克。
+
+### 4.3 伦敦烟雾事件
+
+1952 年 12 月初的一天，本来就污染严重的英国伦敦，突然出现阴雨天气，天空中灰黑色烟雾缭绕，并有浓重的生葱头似的辛辣味，伦敦上空的能见度太低，飞往世界各地的班机全部取消。浓雾中，粒径小米般大小的黑色晶体纷纷扬扬地降落着，撒落在街道上、建筑物上、人们的衣服上，天地之间仿佛降了场黑雪。整个伦敦开始了一场集体性烟气中毒。医院里咳嗽、呕吐声不绝于耳，4 天之后，伦敦城死去 4000 多人；2 个月后，伦敦市统计部门统计，这次黑色浩劫共夺去了 8000 位无辜市民的生命。这就是震惊世界的英国伦敦烟雾事件。
+
+### 4.4 四日事件
+
+1955 年以来，以石油联合企业为主的日本四日市工业迅速发展，每年排到大气中的粉尘和 SO2 总量达 13 万吨，使城市终年烟雾弥蔓，严重污染了空气，并蔓延到其它城市。人们由于吸入了有害气体而患支气管炎、支气管哮喘、肺气肿及肺癌等呼吸道疾病，称为“四日市哮喘病”。截止到 1972 年，患四日市哮喘病患者高达 6376 人。
+
+## 第五章 空气污染的防御
+
+### 5.1 减少污染物的排放量
+
+改革能源结构,多采用无污染能源(如太阳能、风能、水力发电)和低污染能源(如天然气),对燃料进行预处理改进燃烧技术等均可减少排污量。另外,在污染物未进入大气之前,使用除尘消烟技术、冷凝技术、液体吸收技术、回收处理技术等消除废气中的部分污染物，可减少进入大气的污染物数量。
+
+### 5.2 控制排放和充分利用大气自净能力
+
+气象条件不同，大气对污染物的容量便不同，排入同样数量的污染物，造成的污染物浓度便不同。对于风力大、通风好、湍流盛、对流强的地区和时段，大气扩散稀释能力强，可接受较多厂矿企业活动。逆温的地区和时段，大气扩散稀释能力弱，便不能接受较多的污染物，否则会造成严重大气污染。因此应对不同地区、不同时段进行排放量的有效控制。
+
+
+
+### 5.3 合理规划工业区与非工业区
+
+厂址选择、烟囱设计、城区与工业区规划等要合理，不要排放大气过度集中，不要造成重复迭加污染，形成局部地区严重污染事件发生。
+
+### 5.4 绿化造林
+
+茂密的林丛能降低风速，使空气中携带的大粒灰尘下降。树叶表面粗糙不平，有的有绒毛，有的能分泌粘液和油脂，因此能吸附大量飘尘。蒙尘的叶子经雨水冲洗后，能继续吸附飘尘。如此往复拦阻和吸附尘埃，能使空气得到净化。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1]空气污染百度百科
+
+[2]大河网-河南日报2012年10月26日 08:18
+
+[3]中国网 | 时间：2006 年 6 月 14 日
+
+[4]http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4c08b8910100ahik.html
+
+[5]新华社人民网2000年05月28日
+
+[6]http://www.doc88.com/p-065193406139.html
\ No newline at end of file
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+| 地区 | 保费收入 (亿) | 同比增长 (%) | 财险(亿) | 人身险(亿) | 保险密度(元/人) | 保险深度 (%) |
|---|
| 北京 | 497.7 | 78.4 | 67.1 | 430.7 | 3293 | 7.4 | | 天津 | 90.64 | 11.75 | 21.78 | 68.86 | 905.59 | 2.47 | | 河北 | 217.31 | 5.8 | 53.63 | 163.68 | 317 | 2.15 | | 山西 | 121.8 | 17.19 | 88.99 | 32.82 | 363.03 | 2.96 | | 黑龙江 | 139.6 | 9.4 | 20.8 | 118.8 | 366 | 2.4 | | 上海 | 333.62 | 8.8 | 89.74 | 243.88 | 2452 | 3.66 | | 江苏 | 437.3 | 4.4 | 93.6 | 343.7 | 588 | 2.4 | | 浙江 | 262 | 7.3 | 89 | 173 | 648 | 2.4 | | 山东 | 291.2 | 7.5 | 72 | 219.2 | 368.2 | 1.89 | | 河南 | 213.55 | 5.68 | 175.52 | 38.03 | 218.62 | 2.11 | | 湖南 | 127.17 | 9.97 | 97.63 | 29.54 | 189 | 1.96 | | 广东 | 392.84 | 14.11 | 112.4 | 280.4 | 543 | 2.3 | | 重庆 | 73.1 | 10 | 20.9 | 52.2 | 233 | 2.36 | | 贵州 | 40.45 | 20.04 | 14.42 | 26.03 | 103 | 2.12 | | 甘肃 | 48.24 | 8.64 | 13.53 | 34.71 | 183 | 2.55 | | 青海 | 7.85 | 6.64 | 3.55 | 4.3 | 146 | 1.44 | | 新疆 | 72.5 | 5.82 | 20.93 | 51.57 | 360 | 2.7 | | 大连 | 57.3 | 9.38 | 16.3 | 41 | 1081 | 2.5 | | 合计 | 3424.17 | | 1071.82 | 2352.42 | | |
+
+11.在列出的各省市中，保险密度和保险深度最低的分别是（）。
+
+A.青海和湖南 B.河南和青海
+
+C.贵州和青海 D.甘肃和山东
+
+12.在列出的各省市的总保费收入中，上海市的人身险所占的比例约是（）。
+
+A.7.12% B.9.74% C.2.62% D.1.35%
+
+13.在以上各省市中,人身险占该省市保费收入50%以上的有()。
+
+A.9个 B.12个 C.17个 D.15个
+
+14.保险密度即表示的是人均保费,那么河南的人口数量约为()。
+
+A.10456万人 B.9941万人 C.12417万人 D.9768万人
+
+15.在以上各省市中,财险占该省市保费收入比例最大的是()。
+
+A.山西 B.河南 C.湖南 D.青海
+
+# 【参考答案及解析】
+
+11. C【解析】本题答案可直接从表中看出,正确答案为C项。
+
+12. A【解析】上海市的人身险所占的比例约为 $243.88/3424.17×100\%≈7.12\%$，正确答案应为 A 项。
+
+13. D【解析】人身险占该省市保费收入50%以上的有：北京、天津、河北、黑龙江、上海、江苏、浙江、山东、广东、重庆、贵州、甘肃、青海、新疆、大连15个省市。
+
+14. D【解析】保险密度即表示的是人均保费,那么河南的人口数量约为 $213.55/218.62≈0.9768$ 亿人$=9768$万人。
+
+15. B【解析】山西财险占该省保费收入比例为：$88.99/121.8×100\%≈73.1\%$；
+
+河南财险占该省保费收入比例为：$175.52/213.55×100\%≈82.2\%$；
+
+湖南财险占该省保费收入比例为：$97.63/127.17×100\%≈76.8\%$；
+
+青海财险占该省保费收入比例为：$3.55/7.85×100\%≈45.2\%$。
+
+故本题正确答案为B。
+
+
+
+6. 2007年7月份北京市下列各区县中城镇居民最低生活保障人数最少的是()
+
+A. 顺义区 B. 密云县 C. 大兴区 D. 昌平区
+
+7. 2007年7月份北京市各区县低保人均支出低于全市平均数的区县有()
+
+A. 8个 B. 11个 C. 7个 D. 5个
+
+8. 2007年7月份北京市各区县中最低生活保障家庭数占全市最低生活保障家庭总数的最大比例和最小比例相差()
+
+A. 8.73% B. 3.25% C. 7.28% D. 4.35%
+
+9. 由表中数据可以看出,下列四区中2007年7月份户均最低生活保障累计支出最少的是()
+
+A. 门头沟区 B. 宣武区 C. 石景山区 D. 大兴区
+
+10. 2007年7月份北京市各区县城镇居民最低生活保障人数占该区县人口总数的百分比最低的是()
+
+A. 东城区 B. 房山区 C. 崇文区 D. 无法判断
+
+分享一点个人的经验给大家,我的笔试成绩一直都是非常好的,不管是行测还是申论,每次都是岗位第一。其实很多人不是真的不会做,90%的人都是时间不够用。公务员考试这种选人的方式第一就是考解决问题的能力,第二就是考思维,第三考决策力(包括轻重缓急的决策)。非常多的人输就输在时间上,我是特别注重效率的。第一,复习过程中绝对的高效率,各种资料习题都要涉及多遍;第二,答题高效率,包括读题速度和答题速度都高效。我复习过程中,阅读和背诵的能力非常强,读一份一万字的资料,一般人可能要二十分钟,我只需要两分钟左右,读的次数多,记住自然快很多。包括做题也一样,读题和读材料的速度也很快,一般一份试卷,读题的时间一般人可能要花掉二十几分钟,我统计过,最多不超过3分钟,这样就比别人多出20几分钟,这是非常不得了的。我是之前在论坛里看到一个关于速读的帖子,之后才了解速读的。帖子地址按住键盘 Ctrl 键同时点击鼠标左键点击本行文字就可以链接了。也因为速读,才获得了笔试的好成绩。其实,不只是行测,速读对申论的帮助更大,特别是那些密密麻麻的资料,看见都让人晕倒。学了速读之后,感觉有再多的书都不怕了。另外,速读对思维和材料组织的能力都大有提高,个人觉得,拥有这个技能,基本上成功一半,剩下的就是靠自己学多少的问题了。平时要多训练自己一眼看多个字的习惯,慢慢的加快速度,尽可能的培养自己这样的习惯。有条件的朋友可以购买软件训练,大概30个小时就能练出快速阅读的能力。大家好好学习吧!祝大家早日上岸!
+
+# 【参考答案及解析】
+
+6. B【解析】城镇居民最低生活保障人数:顺义区 1452;密云县 1297;大兴区 1317;昌平区 1517。
+密云县最少,故选B项。
+
+7. C【解析】北京市7月人均支出水平为260.41元,低于这平均数的区县有:门头沟区,房山区,通州区,大兴区,怀柔区,平谷区,延庆区7个区。
+
+8. A【解析】最低生活保障家庭数占全市总数最多的是东城区7076户,最少的是大兴区747户,
+因此,最大比例和最小比例相差:(7076-747)÷72474≈8.73%。
+
+9. D【解析】门头沟区 2800.4÷6559≈0.427; 宣武区 2851.7÷7075≈0.403; 石景山区
+2774.6÷6069≈0.457; 大兴区 238.1÷747≈0.319; 由以上可看出大兴区户均最低生活保障累计支出最少。
+
+10. D【解析】题中没有给出各县人口总数,故无法判断,选D项。
\ No newline at end of file
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+# Clinical Insights: A Comprehensive Review of Language Models in Medicine.
+
+Nikita Neveditsin1*, Pawan Lingras1, Vijay Mago2,
+
+1 Department of Mathematics and Computing Science, Saint Mary’s University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
+
+2 School of Health Policy and Management, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
+
+* nikita.neveditsin@smu.ca
+
+## Abstract
+
+This paper provides a detailed examination of the advancements and applications of large language models in the healthcare sector, with a particular emphasis on clinical applications. The study traces the evolution of LLMs from their foundational technologies to the latest developments in domain-specific models and multimodal integration. It explores the technical progression from encoder-based models requiring fine-tuning to sophisticated approaches that integrate textual, visual, and auditory data, thereby facilitating comprehensive AI solutions in healthcare. The paper discusses both the opportunities these technologies present for enhancing clinical efficiency and the challenges they pose in terms of ethics, data privacy, and implementation. Additionally, it critically evaluates the deployment strategies of LLMs, emphasizing the necessity of open-source models to ensure data privacy and adaptability within healthcare environments. Future research directions are proposed, focusing on empirical studies to evaluate the real-world efficacy of LLMs in healthcare and the development of open datasets for further research. This review aims to provide a comprehensive resource for both newcomers and multidisciplinary researchers interested in the intersection of AI and healthcare.
+
+## Introduction
+
+The development of artificial intelligence (AI) in recent years has opened countless opportunities for various sectors, including healthcare. The potential influence of AI is a subject of debate concerning its impact on humanity. Leading AI experts have called for caution, evidenced by an open letter urging a pause in the expansion of advanced AI models, which reflects growing concerns among policymakers and the public about the ethical, social, and economic ramifications of AI. While some argue that AI can bring substantial advances in efficiency and effectiveness across many sectors, others fear it could exacerbate inequalities, displace jobs, and challenge societal norms [1]. While AI in healthcare has an extensive history of research [2], the emergence of advanced language and multimodal models such as GPT family [3], Gemini [4], and a series of open models like the Llama [5], offers unprecedented perspectives for the transformation of the healthcare sector.
+
+This review paper synthesizes and critically examines the landscape of large language models (LLMs) within the medical domain, focusing on their clinical applications. Many existing survey papers cover LLMs in medicine. The paper titled “Pre-trained Language Models in Medicine: A Survey” [6] offers a broad overview of applications but may prove challenging for newcomers due to the wide range of topics encompassed. Similarly, “Pre-trained Language Models in Biomedical Domain: A Systematic Survey” [7] delves deeply into the textual applications of LLMs in biomedicine. However, its extensive coverage, which encompasses applications beyond the clinical subdomain, and the complex structure of the article limit its applicability for novice or multidisciplinary researchers. Finally, “Large Language Models in Medicine: Current Potential and Opportunities for Development” [8] highlights the capabilities of advanced textual models such as GPT-3.5 and GPT-4. Although the review comprehensively describes the potential applications of LLMs, categorizing them into clinical, research, and educational purposes, it lacks important implementation details and a detailed exploration of open-source models.
+
+The purpose of this review is to systematically present the capabilities of LLMs in the medical domain, with a primary focus on clinical applications. This review deliberately avoids extensive discussions on their use in medical education and research. Instead, it aims to integrate these models with other approaches and identify prevailing trends, with an emphasis on textual models. The goal is to clearly outline the practical applications of these technologies, making them accessible and actionable for both researchers and practitioners.
+
+## 1 Background
+
+### 1.1 Language Models
+
+A critical milestone in NLP was the introduction of the attention mechanism in neural machine translation [9]. This mechanism, linking the encoder and decoder in sequence-to-sequence models, paved the way for subsequent advancements by enabling the model to focus on different parts of the input sequence for each step of the output, substantially improving the handling of longer input sequences and complex dependencies. Notably, it led to the creation of the Transformer model [10], which exclusively relies on attention mechanisms. This innovation revolutionized not only the field of NLP but also the broader realms of AI and machine learning (ML).
+
+The emergence of Transformer-based models has spurred the development of a wide array of large language models, both in commercial and open-source formats. The most prominent series of these models, GPT [11], is based on the decoder part of the original Transformer architecture. Decoder-based models are particularly suitable for autoregressive text generation. In contrast, models like BERT [12] and its variants, which are encoder-based, are typically trained using a masked language modeling approach. While they are arguably less suitable for text generation, their applications are vast as they can be customized and fine-tuned for a plethora of tasks, including question answering, sentiment analysis, information extraction, and many more. There are also models that integrate both encoder and decoder components, such as T5 [13] and BART [14]. These models can effectively transform input sequences into output sequences, thus naturally fitting tasks such as summarization and paraphrasing.
+
+The overall task of language modeling can be expressed as estimating the joint probability of a sequence of words w1, w2, . , wn in a sentence, drawn from large text corpora:
+
+$$
+P(w_1, w_2, \dots, w_n) = \prod_{i=1}^{n} P(w_i | w_1, w_2, \dots, w_{i-1})
+$$
+
+Despite the simplicity of statistical approaches to language modeling and their initial lack of focus on the underlying rules of language, as critiqued by Chomsky [15], contemporary language models like GPT-4 have exhibited remarkable proficiency in various language understanding tasks [3].
+
+These models demonstrate emergent abilities and adeptness in learning natural language patterns. Modern language models have undergone a notable paradigm shift, moving from a pre-training and fine-tuning approach to embracing in-context learning (ICL) [16] and zero-shot learning. This advancement enables them to solve tasks without the need for updating the models’ weights. Nevertheless, challenges remain, as underscored by Mahowald et al. [17]. They highlight the gap between formal and functional linguistic competencies in LLMs, noting these models often lack functional competencies. They propose integrating modularity into the system architecture or attaining it through a revised training process.
+
+Notably, current research is shifting towards multimodal models that can integrate multiple modalities: visual, text, and potentially audio, into a single model [18], thus paving the way for more comprehensive AI solutions.
+
+### 1.2 Open-source LLMs
+
+Open-source LLMs are publicly accessible and, unlike their commercial counterparts, are freely available for modification and distribution. This openness allows for customization and adaptation to specific needs, including deployment on private servers, which enhances data privacy and ownership, paramount in sensitive fields like medicine.
+
+In the medical domain, the ability to deploy LLMs on-premise is a substantial advantage. It ensures that sensitive medical data does not have to be shared with third-party providers, thereby complying with stringent data protection regulations. Healthcare organizations can also tailor these models to better understand and generate medical language, optimize them for specific types of medical inquiries, and integrate them with confidential datasets, all while maintaining patient confidentiality.
+
+However, open-source LLMs have limitations compared to commercial models. They often lack the extensive support, continuous updates, and robust infrastructure provided by commercial vendors. These deficiencies can lead to challenges in model maintenance, scalability, and performance. The primary barrier to the widespread adoption of advanced open-source LLMs is their significant number of parameters, each typically represented by a floating-point number. Generally, a higher number of parameters enhances reasoning, pattern recognition, and linguistic capabilities, but this comes at the cost of increased storage requirements and the need for more powerful GPUs, both for inference and fine-tuning. Table 1 summarizes widely used pre-trained open-source textual and multimodal models (predominantly English-language) categorized by the number of parameters and their architectures.
+
+Recent research has provided notable solutions for mitigating the computational resource needs of large models by introducing parameter-efficient fine-tuning techniques and reducing memory and storage requirements. For instance, Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) [50] optimizes updates through low-rank parameter adjustments instead of updating all model parameters. Additionally, applying quantization techniques [51] allows open-source LLMs to reduce the memory footprint and enhance inference speed, thus making them more efficient and suitable for deployment across a broader range of hardware. Quantized Low-Rank Adaptation (QLoRA) [52] combines these techniques to efficiently fine-tune large language models while significantly reducing memory and computational demands. For example, a model with 1 billion parameters, when using 16-bit floating-point precision, requires at least 2GB of GPU memory for inference, depending on the input length. In contrast, a quantized version of the same model could require approximately half of this amount. Furthermore, recent work by Guo et al. proposes a novel memory allocation framework that utilizes low-level GPU virtual memory management. This framework incorporates a Virtual Memory Stitching (VMS) mechanism, reducing GPU memory usage and fragmentation, thereby further enhancing the efficiency of deploying LLMs [53]. Another notable advancement, flash attention [54], allows for more efficient hardware usage thus opening additional opportunities for on-premise hardware to utilize larger models.
+
+**Table 1.** Distribution of Widely Used Pre-trained Open-Source General-Purpose Models by Number of Parameters and Architecture
+
+| Size | Decoder-based | Encoder-based | Encoder-Decoder | Multimodal |
|---|
| ≤ 1B | GPTNeo [19] (125-350M) | BERT [12] (110-340M), ALBERT [20] (12-235M), DeBERTa [21] (134M), ELECTRA [22] (14-335M), RoBERTa [23] (125-355M) | BART [14], BertGeneration [24] (140-400M), Flan-T5 [25] (77-783M), Pegasus [26] (568M), T5 [13] (60-770M) | BLIP-2 [27] (188M), CLIP [28] (428M), deplot [29] (300M), Donut [30] (200M), LayoutLMv3 [31] (133-368M) | | ≤ 10B | CTRL [32] (1.63B), Falcon [33] (7B), GPT-J [34] (6B), Gemma [35] (2-7B), Llama [5, 36] (7B, 8B), Mistral [37] (7B), Phi-3 [38] (3.8B) | DeBERTa (1.5B) | Flan-T5 (3B), LongT5 [39] (3B), T5 (3B) | Fuyu [40] (8B), BLIP-2-Opt (3.8B), Llava [41] (7B), PaliGemma [42] (3B), Chameleon [43] (7B), LLaVa [41] (7-8B) | | ≤ 20B | GPT-NeoX [44] (20B), Llama (13B) | N/A | Flan-T5 (11B), T5 (11B), UL2 [45] (20B) | | | ≤ 80B | Cohere [46] (35B), Falcon (40B), Llama (65B, 70B) | N/A | N/A | Chameleon (34B), LLaVa (34B) | | ≤ 80B | DBRX [47] (132B), Falcon (180B), OPT [48] (175B) | N/A | N/A | BLOOM [49] (176B) |
+
+Note: B is billions, M is millions.
+
+### 1.3 Domain-specific Language Models in Healthcare
+
+Domain-specific LLMs are models tailored for a narrow field or topic, enhancing their ability to produce more accurate and relevant responses within that specific area. Generally, there are two common methods to create a domain-specific model: one approach is to pre-train a model using a set of domain-specific documents, such as medical papers; another is to take a generically trained model and fine-tune or adapt it to the target domain.
+
+The medical field, rich in unstructured textual data from sources such as Electronic Health Records (EHR) and other medical documentation, presents an ideal research domain for language models to address a wide array of challenges. These applications range from tasks previously tackled by NLP techniques, such as clinical acronym disambiguation, to those unattainable a decade ago. For example, medical chatbots that can assist both patients and healthcare professionals are now emerging. In response to these advancements, the research community has been actively developing language models specifically designed for medical applications. The evolution of these models, from pre-training and fine-tuning strategies to creating open-source models capable of zero-shot learning, highlights the growing synergy between artificial intelligence and healthcare [88, 94, 95, 113].
+
+Early medical language models were predominantly based on BERT and followed the common trend of the pre-training and fine-tuning paradigm. ClinicalBERT [55], pre-trained on the MIMIC-III [56] dataset and fine-tuned to predict hospital readmissions, was one of the pioneering models in this domain. Another notable model, BioBERT, was pre-trained on the PubMed library and fine-tuned for tasks such as named entity recognition (NER), relation extraction (RE), and medical question answering (QA) [57]. The proven efficacy of pre-training language models on biomedical corpora and fine-tuning them for specific downstream tasks, like clinical concept extraction or measuring semantic text similarity (STS), led to the development of many other BERT-based models, including BiomedBERT [70], PubMedBERT [72], BEHRT [78], and GatorTron [80].
+
+The debut of BioGPT has marked another milestone in biomedical NLP. This generative pre-trained Transformer, based on GPT-2 and trained on millions of PubMed abstracts, has demonstrated superior performance in specialized tasks, including text classification, biomedical text generation, and data mining [85].
+
+AlpaCare, a medical instruction-tuned LLM trained on more than fifty thousand instruction-response pairs generated artificially using GPT-4, represents a notable example from the current generation of medical LLMs that can be utilized in the medical domain without the need for fine-tuning on downstream tasks [88]. Clinical Camel [95], another medical LLM fine-tuned from the Llama-2 model, excels in various medical tasks, ranging from clinical note creation to medical triaging. Despite its limitations, such as the potential for generating misleading content and the need for continuous updates, it marked a remarkable advancement in medical LLMs. The issue of needing continuous updates was addressed by the ChatDoctor [94] model. Based on the Llama family and fine-tuned with real-world patient-doctor conversations, this model can access external information sources, a crucial capability in the medical field, especially for emerging diseases.
+
+Recent advancements in the field, particularly the development of multimodal models that work with both text and images, have substantially impacted the medical domain as well. The LLaVA-Med model [101] can effectively answer open-ended questions about biomedical images, while the CheXagent model [105], designed specifically for chest X-ray interpretation, exemplifies the successful transition from general medical models to specialist models capable of effectively tackling problems in narrow medical fields. Table 2 provides a comprehensive, though not exhaustive, summary of existing medical LLMs. It illustrates current trends in the development of medical LLMs, as well as the evolution of training and testing datasets utilized.
+
+**Table 2.** Overview of Prevalent Medical Language Models
+
+| Name | Year (Appx.) | Arch. | Training Data | Experimental Datasets |
|---|
| ClinicalBERT [55] | 2019 | BERT | MIMIC-III [56] | MIMIC-III | | BioBERT [57] | 2019 | BERT | PubMed abstracts and PMC full-text arti-cles | NER: NCBI [58], i2b2/VA [59], BC5 [60], BC4CHEMD [61], BC2GM [62], JNLPBA [63], LINNAEUS [64], Species-800 [65]; RE: GAD [66], EU-ADR [67], CHEMPROT [68]; QA: BioASQ [69] 4b, 5b, 6b, and 7b. | | BiomedBERT [70] | 2020 | BERT | Pre-trained on the BREATHE dataset [70] | NER: NCBI, BC5CDR, BC4CHEMD, BC2GM, JNLPBA; RE: GAD and EU-ADR; QA: SQuAD [71] v1.1 and v2.0, BioASQ 4b, 5b, 6b, and 7b. | | PubMedBERT [72] | 2020 | BERT | PubMed only | BC5, NCBI, BC2GM, JNLPBA, EBM PICO [73], CHEMPROT, DDI [74], GAD, BIOSSES [75], HoC [76], PubMedQA [77], BioASQ | | BEHRT [78] | 2020 | BERT | Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) [79] | Predict diseases in future patients' visits with CPRD | | GatorTron [80] | 2022 | BERT-style | UF Health [81], PubMed articles, Wikipedia | Clinical Concept Extraction: i2b2, n2c2 [82]; RE: n2c2; STS: n2c2/OHNLP Clinical STS; NLI: MedNLI [83]; QA: emrQA [84]. | | BioGPT [85] | 2022 | GPT-2 XL | 15 million PubMed items | RE: BC5CDR, KD-DTI [86], DDI [74]. MQA: PubMedQA. Document classification: HoC. Text generation: custom dataset [85]. | | ClinicalT5 [87] | 2022 | T5 | MIMIC-III (textual notes) | Document classification: HoC; NER: NCBI [58], BC5CDR-disease; NLI: MedNLI; Real-world evaluation based on MIMIC-III to pre-dict ICU readmission and mortality risks |
+
+| AlpaCare [88] | 2023 | LLaMA with IFT | MedInstruct-52 (introduced in the paper): 52000 instruction-response pairs generated using GPT-4 prompted with a clinician-crafted seed set | iCliniq2 [88], MedInstruct-test |
+
+| BioInstruct [89] | 2023 | LLaMA with IFT | BioInstruct dataset (introduced in the pa-per): 25000 instructions in natural lan-guage collected with GPT4 | QA: MedQA-USMLE [90], MedMCQA [91], PubMedQA, BioASQ MCQA; NLI: MedNLI. Text Generation: Conv2note [92], iCliniq [93]. |
+
+| ChatDoctor [94] | 2023 | LLaMA | Conversations from HealthCareMagic100k [94] | HealthCareMagic100k, iCliniq |
+
+| Clinical Camel [95] | 2023 | LLaMA | Clinical articles converted into synthetic dialogues, data from ShareGPT [95], MedQA [90] | MMLU [96], MedMCQA, MedQA, PubMedQA, USMLE Sample Exam [97] |
+
+| MedAlpaca [98] | 2023 | LLaMA | Medical Meadow dataset (introduced in paper). | USMLE assessment |
+
+| PMC-LLaMA [99] | 2023 | LLaMA with IFT | MedC-K (introduced in paper): based on S2ORC [100] with emphasis on biomed-ical papers, 30000 textbooks. MedC-I (introduced, for IFT): based on MedAl-paca and ChatDoctor datasets, USMLE, PubMedQA, MedMCQA, UMLS medical knowledge graphs | MCQA: PubMedQA, MedMCQA, USMLE |
+
+| LLaVA-Med [101] | 2023 | fine-tuned LLaVA | Based on PMC-15M [102] | Visual QA: VQA-RAD, SLAKE [103], PathVQA | | BioMistral [104] | 2024 | Mistral | PubMed Central Open Access | MMLU, MedQA, MedMCQA, PubMedQA | | CheXagent [105] | 2024 | custom, multi-modal | CheXinstruct (introduced in paper), MIMIC-CXR [106], PadChest [107], BIMCV-COVID-19 [108] | MIMIC-CXR, CheXpert [109], SIIM [110], RSNA [111], OpenI [112], SLAKE |
+
+## 2 Medical Applications of LLMs
+
+Medical applications of LLMs can be defined as the intersection of two sets: tasks that LLMs can accomplish and potential healthcare needs where predominantly textual LLMs can add value. Although both sets are finite, the cardinality of the first set is arguably smaller given the vast scope of the medical domain. Thus, our approach to categorizing medical applications is based on LLMs’ tasks of various granularity, which, in turn, have a large area of intersection with NLP tasks in general. We focus on practically significant LLM tasks from an application perspective, as well as notable macro applications that encompass multiple NLP tasks, deliberately excluding specific fine-grained NLP tasks such as coreference resolution and dependency parsing. Table 3 provides an overview of selected LLM applications and their use in the medical domain. Subsequent subsections describe each task and present examples of notable implementations.
+
+**Table 3.** Summary of Major LLM Applications in Medical Domain
+
+| LLM Application | Examples of Medical Applications | Notable Datasets | Notable Solutions |
|---|
+
+| Text Generation | Medical Report Generation [114, 115], Clinical Note Gen-eration [116], Generating Summaries For Laypersons [117], Generating Summaries for Patient-Provider Dialogues [118], Generating Textual Descriptions From Graph Mod-els [119] | CTRG-Chest-548K, CTRG-Brain-263K [120], IU-Xray [121], MIMIC-CXR [122], CheXpert [123] | Dia-LLaMA [115]. Talk2Care [124], MEDSUM-ENT [118] |
+
+| Token Classification | Clinical Acronym Dis-ambiguation [125, 126], Eponyms Disambiguation [127] | CASI [128], NLM-WSD [129] | SciBERT, BioBERT, ClinicalBERT [130] |
+
+| Sequence Classification | Phenotyping [131], Medical Coding [132], Modeling Pa-tient Timeline [133–135], Social Media Monitoring [136] | Suicide Watch [137], CSSRS [138], MIMIC-III [56], MIMIC-IV [139], eICU-CRD [140], HPO-GS [141], BIOC-GS [142], CAMS [143], WellnessReddit [144], Mental Disturbance [145] | Foresight [133], Bio-ClinicalBERT [146], BioMedLM [134] |
+
+| Question Answering and Information Ex-traction | Querying Data from Electronic Health Records [147], Ex-tracting Information from Clinical Narrative Reports [148], Extracting Information From Medical Articles [149] | CASI [128], n2c2 [82], i2b2 [59], PubMedQA [77], MedMCQA [91], emrQA [84], BIOASQ [69] | quEHRy [150], BiomedBERT [70], PubMedBERT [72], BioGPT [85], Llava-med [101] |
+
+| Summarization and Paraphrasing | Summarizing Clinical Study Reports [151], Summariz-ing Patient-Provider Dialogues [152], Simplification of Medical Texts [153, 154], Simplification of Radiology Re-ports [155], Improving Biomedical Text Readability [156], Anonymization of Medical Documents [157] | PLS-Cochrane Reviews [153], CELLS [158], Pfizer Clinical Trial Data [151], MultiCohrane [159] | fine-tuned BART [153], RALL [158], fine-tuned Llama [151, 157] |
+
+| Conversation | Mental Health Bots [160–162], Medical Chatbots and Health Assistants [113, 163, 164], Triaging [165], Differen-tial Diagnosis [166] | MotiVAte [167], Depres-sion_Reddit [168], CLPsych [169], Dreaddit [170], Clinical Vignettes [165] | MedPaLM, DRG-LLaMA [171], openCHA [113] |
+
+### 2.1 Text Generation
+
+The task of text generation in the medical domain involves creating contextually accurate and relevant medical texts based on a sequence of prior tokens and specific context. This task may include generating clinical notes, patient reports, or drafts of research papers. The primary challenge is ensuring that the generated text is precise, medically accurate, and adheres to relevant privacy and ethical standards.
+
+To achieve this, the probabilistic framework underpinning text generation models is used. The probability of generating the next token xt, given a sequence of previous tokens $x_1, x_2, ... , x_{t−1}$ and additional context, can be defined as:
+
+$$
+P(x_t | x_1, x_2, \dots, x_{t-1}; \text{context})
+$$
+
+In this formulation, ‘context’ may represent various factors depending on the nature of the task. For instance, when generating patient reports, the context would include the available information about the patient, such as vital statistics, previous diagnoses and treatments.
+
+Decoder-based LLMs inherently generate text by predicting the probability of the next token based on preceding tokens and contextual information. The methods for providing context vary. The simplest approach is using prompts given directly to the LLM. However, because the knowledge within LLMs is static, integrating external knowledge sources can be advantageous. This integration is often accomplished using variations of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) techniques [172, 173].
+
+Advancements in transformer-based models have led to innovative approaches in generating clinical documentation from patient-provider interactions. A study by Brake and Schaaf compares two model designs for generating clinical notes from doctor-patient conversations using the PEGASUS-X model. The first design, GENMOD, generates the entire note in one step, while the second design, SPECMOD, generates each section independently. The study aims to evaluate the consistency of the generated notes in terms of age, gender, body part, and coherence. Evaluations were performed using ROUGE and Factuality metrics, human reviewers, and the Llama2 LLM. Results indicate that GENMOD improves consistency in age, gender, and body part references, while SPECMOD may have advantages in coherence depending on the interpretation. The study uses a proprietary dataset with 10,859 doctor-patient conversations for training and testing [174]. Nair et al. present MEDSUM-ENT, a multi-stage approach to generating medically accurate summaries from patient-provider dialogues. Using GPT-3 as the backbone, the approach first extracts medical entities and their affirmations from conversations and then constructs summaries based on these extractions through prompt chaining. The model leverages few-shot prompting and dynamic example selection to improve entity extraction and summarization. The dataset used for evaluation consists of 100 de-identified clinical encounters from a telehealth platform. MEDSUM-ENT demonstrates improved clinical accuracy and coherence in summaries compared to a zero-shot, single-prompt baseline, as evidenced by both qualitative physician assessments and quantitative metrics designed to capture medical correctness [118].
+
+The integration of LLMs with visual models facilitates the automatic generation of medical imaging reports. Chen et al. developed Dia-LLaMA [115], a framework that utilizes the LLaMA2-7B model combined with a pre-trained ViT3D [175] to manage high-dimensional CT data. It features a disease prototype memory bank and a disease-aware attention module to counteract the imbalance in disease occurrence. The framework, tested on the CTRG-Chest-548K dataset [120], showed superior performance in clinical efficacy and natural language generation metrics, surpassing other methods [115]. Another approach, R2GenGPT, enables radiology report generation by utilizing a visual alignment module that aligns visual features from chest X-ray images with the word embedding space of LLMs, thereby enhancing the capability of static LLMs to process visual data. It explores three alignment strategies—shallow, deep, and delta—each varying in trainable parameters. Evaluated on the IU-Xray and MIMIC-CXR datasets, R2GenGPT achieved impressive results in model efficiency and clinical metrics, leveraging the Swin Transformer and Llama2-7B model for enhanced integration [114].
+
+Evaluating commercial models for clinical tasks inevitably draws the interest of the scientific community. Ali et al. evaluated the use of ChatGPT for generating patient clinic letters, focusing on its readability, factual correctness, and human-like quality by testing the model with shorthand instructions simulating clinical input for creating letters addressing skin cancer scenarios. The study involved 38 hypothetical clinical scenarios, including basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and malignant melanoma. Readability was assessed using the online tool Readable, targeting a sixth-grade reading level. Two independent clinicians evaluated the letters’ correctness and human-like quality using a Likert scale. The study found that ChatGPT-generated letters scored highly in correctness and human-like quality, comparable to letters written by humans, highlighting the potential of AI to enhance clinical communication while emphasizing the need for careful regulation and human oversight to mitigate risks [176].
+
+Overall, while we observe the significant potential of text-only LLMs in text generation tasks, the emergence of multimodal models will inevitably bear fruit in this class of tasks in the medical domain. For example, fully multimodal models will be able to accurately generate clinical documentation based on patient-provider verbal dialogues and summarize them based on the end user’s needs, while generating medical imaging reports will become less complicated and more accurate when done by a single multimodal model.
+
+### 2.2 Token Classification
+
+Token classification tasks in the medical domain involve labeling individual words or phrases within a text with specific medical annotations, such as identifying and disambiguating medical conditions, medications, dosages, and symptoms from clinical text.
+
+Given a sequence of tokens $X = (x_1, x_2,..., x_n)$, the token classification task involves assigning a label yi from a set of categories C to each token xi
+in the sequence. This can be expressed as:
+
+$$y_i = f(x_i, context)$$
+
+where $y_i$is the label for the token $x_i$, and f is a function mapping each token and its contextual information to a label in C. In this formulation, “context” usually includes the surrounding tokens and may also encompass information outside of the sequence X, such as external vocabulary.
+
+Typical implementations for the token classification task involve both masked and generative language models. With masked models, such as BERT, the model is fine-tuned on a labeled dataset of clinical notes. Here, tokens are masked not for prediction but rather to infer their labels from the context, using a classification layer. In contrast, generative models typically use prompts to facilitate the generation of text already annotated with labels, thereby directly producing labeled sequences.
+
+The widespread use of medical abbreviations and acronyms often leads to misunderstandings, necessitating accurate disambiguation of these terms to safeguard against misinterpretations that could jeopardize patient care [177]. The process of mapping the short forms of medical terms to their full expressions is referred to as clinical acronym disambiguation. Wang and Khanna evaluated the performance of various clinical BERT-based language models on the Clinical Acronym Sense Inventory (CASI) dataset and found that ClinicalBert addresses the task effectively, achieving an F1 score of 91.49% [130]. Additionally, Sivarajkumar et al. assessed the capabilities of generative large language models, including GPT3.5, BARD, and Llama2, in acronym disambiguation using the same dataset. Their study revealed that these models perform well in acronym disambiguation even without fine-tuning, with GPT3.5 achieving the highest accuracy of 0.96 [178].
+
+While the problem of clinical acronym disambiguation might seem largely addressed, several challenges persist. For instance, Kugic et al. conducted a study on clinical acronym disambiguation in German using ChatGPT and BING, achieving an F1 score of 0.679, which highlights the need for improvement [125]. Another concern involves the datasets used in experiments. There is a possibility that LLMs may memorize specific terms, which could misrepresent their true disambiguation capabilities [179] [180]. This issue necessitates further investigation to ensure the reliability of LLMs in clinical abbreviation disambiguation tasks with realistic datasets.
+
+### 2.3 Sequence Classification
+
+Sequence classification tasks in the medical domain involve assigning a categorical label to an entire sequence of text, rather than to individual tokens. This could involve classifying entire clinical documents or patient notes into categories such as diagnosis, treatment recommendation, or urgency level.
+
+The task can be formulated as follows. Given a document d that consists of a sequence of tokens $d = (x_1, x_2,..., x_n)$, the sequence classification function assigns a label y from a set of categories C, expressed by the equation:
+
+$$
+y = f(d)
+$$
+
+where y is the category associated with the document d, and f is a function that maps the entire document, taking into account its contextual coherence and thematic structure, to a label in C. LLMs can serve as implementations of the function f.
+
+Masked LLMs are particularly well-suited for sequence classification tasks due to their inherent structure. Originally, these models predict masked tokens within a sequence. For the purpose of classification, they can be adapted by employing either the output of a [CLS] token (in case of BERT-like models) or by utilizing various pooling functions on the embeddings. In the case of the [CLS] token, a fully connected layer is added on top of the token’s output, which is designed to capture the context of the entire sequence. Alternatively, pooling functions such as average pooling or max pooling can be applied to the embeddings of the sequence to aggregate information across the entire input.
+
+Generative LLMs can be either simply prompted or fine-tuned in a way that they learn to predict class labels as part of the sequence. This can be done by training the model on inputs where a special token or delimiter indicates the end of the input and the start of the output label. Although less common, integrating a linear layer after the final token output in generative models could refine the logits corresponding to class predictions, sharpening the classification boundaries set by the model’s generative nature.
+
+The array of tasks that fall under sequence classification is vast. The following subsections detail a few of the most prominent applications.
+
+#### 2.3.1 Suicidal Behavior Prediction
+
+Suicidal behavior prediction tasks predominantly focus on analyzing individuals’ social media activities. Dus and Nefedov developed an automated tool for identifying potential self-harm indications in social media posts, treating the task as a binary classification problem [135]. Given an input x, the objective is to predict a binary
+label y, where:
+
+$$
+y = \begin{cases} 1 & \text{if suicidal behavior is detected,} \\ 0 & \text{otherwise.} \end{cases}
+$$
+
+Here, x represents features extracted from social media posts. The model estimates $P(y = 1|x)$, the probability that the input suggests suicidal behavior, using a fine-tuned ELECTRA model. This model was trained on data from Kaggle’s “Suicide Watch” dataset [137] and additional social media sources. Their method attained a noteworthy accuracy rate of 93% and an F1 score of 0.93 [135].
+
+Beyond mere social media post analysis, Levkovich et al. assessed ChatGPT-3.5 and ChatGPT-4’s ability to evaluate suicide risk based on perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness. By comparing ChatGPT’s assessments to those made by mental health professionals using vignettes, they discovered that ChatGPT-4’s evaluations were in close alignment with professional judgments. In contrast, ChatGPT-3.5 tended to underestimate suicide risk, underscoring the limitations of these models in this specific area [181].
+
+In summary, while treating suicidal behavior identification as a straightforward classification task on social media posts can lead to impressive scores using standard classification metrics, the practical and ethical implications of such approaches, including potential breaches of autonomy and principles of non-maleficence, are debatable. Well-structured vignette studies on the effectiveness of LLMs and other models can further advance research in this area. Additionally, exploring the potential of human-AI collaboration represents another promising research direction in this field.
+
+#### 2.3.2 Modeling Patient Timeline
+
+The task of modeling patient timelines is multifaceted, involving forecasting future medical events, understanding patient trajectories, and predicting medical outcomes. This endeavor employs deep learning, transformers, and generative models to analyze data from various medical records, both structured and unstructured.
+
+Kraljevic et al. introduced Foresight, a GPT-2-based pipeline developed for modeling biomedical concepts extracted from clinical narratives. This pipeline employs NER and linking tools to transform unstructured text into structured, coded concepts. Utilizing datasets from three hospitals, covering over 800,000 patients, Foresight showed promise in forecasting future medical events. Its effectiveness was validated by clinicians on synthetic patient timelines, highlighting its potential in real-world risk forecasting and clinical research [133].
+
+Aside from LLMs, generative adversarial networks (GAN) have gained popularity, extending beyond their initial image generation domain. Shankar et al. proposed Clinical-GAN, which merges Transformer and GAN methodologies to model patient timelines, focusing on predicting future medical events based on past diagnosis, procedure, and medication codes. Tested on the MIMIC-IV dataset [139], Clinical-GAN outperformed baseline methods in trajectory forecasting and sequential disease prediction [182]. Another study employed GAN for predicting the length of stay in emergency departments. The learning process was done in multiple stages. Initially, an unsupervised training phase used a generator and discriminator to approximate the probability distribution and perform feature discovery and reconstruction. Discriminator was then fine-tuned to optimize its parameters for global optimum. A predictor layer, initially randomly initialized, was added and optimized during fine-tuning, enabling the model to map observations to their lengths of stay. The model was trained on data from the Pediatric Emergency Department in CHRU-Lille and proved the potential of GANs in this field [183].
+
+Medical outcome prediction can be seen as a subtask of modeling patient timeline and is often scoped to either predict mortality, outcomes of a specific disease, or risk of progression from one disease to another. A recent study by Shoham and Rappoport [134] examined data related to chronic kidney disease, acute and unspecified renal failure, and adult respiratory failure from the MIMIC-IV and eICU-CRD datasets. Using this data, the team generated labeled datasets for disease diagnosis prediction based on patient histories. They introduced a method named Clinical Prediction with Large Language Models (CPLLM) by fine-tuning LLMs (Llama2 and BioMedLM) using medical-specific prompts to help the models understand complex medical concept relationships. Xie et al. used EHR analysis to predict epilepsy seizures, leveraging Bio ClinicalBERT, RoBERTa, and T5, achieving an F1 score of 0.88 in outcome classification [146].
+
+A notable approach to predict outcomes of COVID-19 patients was proposed by Henriksson et al. [184]. The authors created a model that combines structured data and unstructured clinical notes in a multimodal fashion, leveraging a clinical KB-BERT model for multimodal fine-tuning. Trained on data from six hospitals in Stockholm, Sweden, their model effectively predicted 30-day mortality, safe discharge, and readmission of COVID-19 patients in the emergency department.
+
+#### 2.3.3 Phenotyping and Medical Coding
+
+The phenotyping task primarily involves identifying phenotypic abnormalities from a patient's various medical records, which aids in the identification of rare diseases. There exists the Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) project¹ that systematically categorizes human phenotypes with detailed annotations. Thus, the phenotyping task can be framed as a multi-label classification task where we need to find mapping $f: \mathbf{X} \to 2^\mathbf{Y}$, with X representing the set of patient medical records, where each medical record $x_i \in \mathbf{X}$ corresponds to the medical data (unstructured text in most cases) from the $i$-th record, Y denotes the set of all possible phenotype labels from HPO, where each label $y_j \in \mathbf{Y}$ represents a specific phenotype. The objective of the phenotyping task is to map each medical record $x_i$ to a subset of phenotype labels $Y_i \subseteq \mathbf{Y}$, such that $Y_i$ represents the set of phenotypes exhibited by the patient associated with $x_i$:
+
+$$
+Y_i = f(x_i)
+$$
+
+Traditionally, the task of phenotyping has relied on named entity recognition, where models similar to BERT have demonstrated proficiency. However, recent studies have started exploring in-context learning and zero-shot learning with contemporary LLMs, yielding promising results [131].
+
+Medical coding is another multi-label classification task that involves identifying a set of International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes2 associated with a medical record. This task can be formulated similarly to phenotyping, with the key difference being that Y represents a set of ICD codes rather than phenotype labels. Besides observing trends similar to those in the phenotyping subdomain, it is also noteworthy that there is a shift towards explainable medical coding, as highlighted in [132].
+***
+¹https://hpo.jax.org
+
+²https://icd.who.intMasked
+
+### 2.4 Question Answering and Information Extraction
+
+Question Answering (QA) task can be formulated as finding the answer A from a possible set of answers A, given a question Q and a context C (often a document or set of documents containing information relevant to the question). This can be expressed as:
+
+$$
+A = \text{argmax}_{a \in \mathcal{A}} P(a \mid Q, C)
+$$
+
+where $P(a | Q, C)$ is the probability of a being the correct answer given the question Q and the context C.
+
+Information Extraction (IE) task involves identifying specific pieces of information (entities, relationships, events) within documents. This can be described as a function f that maps a set of documents D to a set of structured attributes S, which includes entities E, relationships R, and other attributes of interest:
+
+$$
+S = f(D) = \{E, R, \dots\}
+$$
+
+Here, D is the input document, and S represents the structured output containing extracted elements.
+
+Masked models are well-suited for question answering tasks. They can be fine-tuned on specific QA datasets, where the input is a concatenation of the question and context (a paragraph or document containing the answer). The model is then trained to identify the span of text that answers the question, typically by adding a start and end token classifier to the output embeddings of the MLM. These classifiers predict the beginning and end positions of the answer in the text. On the other hand, generative models leverage their extensive pre-training on diverse data. By inputting a question (along with the document of interest when necessary) and following it with a prompt that encourages the model to generate an answer, these models can produce responses without needing explicit pointers to answer spans.
+
+In the medical domain, IE and QA systems are instrumental for extracting data from electronic health records, such as medication lists and diagnostic details, essential for patient management and treatment planning. A notable example is quEHRy, a QA system designed to query EHRs using natural language. The primary goal of quEHRy is to provide precise and interpretable answers to clinicians’ questions from structured EHR data [150]. Beyond the successful applications of BERT-based models like BioBERT, BiomedBERT, and PubMedBERT for QA and IE, generative models also show proficiency. Agrawal et al. demonstrated the effectiveness of generative LLMs such as InstructGPT and GPT-3 in zero-shot and few-shot information extraction from clinical texts. When tested on the re-annotated CASI dataset, these models showed considerable potential in tasks requiring structured outputs [185]. Furthermore, Ge et al. compared the effectiveness of LLMs versus manual chart reviews for extracting data elements from EHRs, focusing specifically on hepatocellular carcinoma imaging reports. Using the GPT-3.5-turbo model, implemented as “Versa Chat”
+within a secure UCSF3 environment to protect patient health information, the study analyzed 182 CT or MRI abdominal imaging reports from the Functional Assessment in Liver Transplantation study. It extracted six distinct data elements, including the maximum LI-RADS4 score, number of hepatocellular carcinoma lesions, and presence of macrovascular invasion. The performance was evaluated by calculating accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 scores, showing high overall accuracy (0.889) with variations depending on the complexity of the data elements [186].
+***
+³https://www.ucsf.edu/
+
+⁴https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Reporting-and-Data-Systems/LI-RADS
+
+### 2.5 Summarization and Paraphrasing
+
+Paraphrasing involves rewriting a text T into a new form P, ensuring that P maintains the same meaning as T but utilizes different vocabulary and potentially altered sentence structures. Summarization, on the other hand, entails generating a brief version of a text T that preserves its core information. Abstractive summarization can be considered a specific case of paraphrasing.
+
+Masked language models are proficient at extractive summarization. They evaluate sentences within a text to determine their relevance and informativeness. By scoring each sentence, these models identify and concatenate the most important sentences to form a coherent summary. In contrast, abstractive summarization and paraphrasing typically employ generative (decoder-based) or sequence-to-sequence (encoder-decoder) models. These models are trained to understand the entire narrative or document and then recreate its essence in a different form.
+
+Summarization and paraphrasing tools are used in the medical domain for managing extensive documentation and enhancing communication. Summarization helps healthcare professionals quickly grasp essential details from lengthy clinical notes, generate concise abstracts of medical research papers, and craft clear patient discharge summaries, thereby improving patient comprehension and adherence to medical advice. Paraphrasing makes complex information more accessible by translating medical jargon into simpler language for patient education. It also enhances the clarity and consistency of electronic health records, aiding healthcare providers in better understanding and utilizing the data effectively.
+
+Summarization and paraphrasing in the medical domain are largely driven by advancements in these tasks in general. Devaraj et al. introduce a new dataset derived from the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, featuring pairs of technical abstracts and plain language summaries. They propose a novel metric based on masked language models to better distinguish between technical and simplified texts. The study utilizes baseline encoder-decoder Transformer models for text simplification and introduces an innovative approach to penalize the generation of jargon terms. The code and data are publicly available for further research [153].
+
+The paper titled “Biomedical Text Readability After Hypernym Substitution with Fine-Tuned Large Language Models” investigates simplifying biomedical text using LLMs to enhance patient understanding. The authors fine-tuned three LLM variants to replace complex biomedical terms with their hypernyms. The models used include GPT-J-6b, SciFive T5, and an approach combining sequence-to-sequence and sciBERT models. The study processed 1,000 biomedical definitions from the Unified Medical Language System and evaluated readability improvements using metrics such as the Flesch-Kincaid Reading Ease and Grade Level, Automated Readability Index, and Gunning Fog Index. Results showed substantial readability improvements, with the GPT-J-6b model performing best in reducing sentence complexity [156].
+
+Another interesting application of paraphrasing is the anonymization of medical documents, which is crucial for balancing ethical principles and research needs. Wiest et al. present an approach to de-identify medical free text using LLMs. The authors benchmarked eight locally deployable LLMs, including Llama-3 8B, Llama-3 70B, Llama-2 7B, Llama-2 70B, and Mistral 7B, on a dataset of 100 clinical letters from a German hospital. They developed the LLM-Anonymizer pipeline, which achieved a success rate of 98.05% in removing personal identifying information using Llama-3 70B. The tool is open-source, operates on local hardware, and does not require programming skills, making it accessible and practical for use in medical institutions. The study demonstrates the potential of LLMs to effectively de-identify medical texts, outperforming traditional NLP methods and providing a robust solution for privacy-preserving data sharing in healthcare [157].
+
+Despite advancements in summarization and paraphrasing, some challenges persist, particularly in preserving factual accuracy and precision. Jeblick et al. explored the effectiveness of using ChatGPT (version December 15th, 2022) to simplify radiology reports into language understandable by non-experts. A radiologist created three hypothetical radiology reports, which were then simplified by prompting ChatGPT. Fifteen radiologists evaluated the quality of these simplified reports based on criteria such as factual correctness, completeness, and potential harm to patients. The study used Likert scale analysis and inductive free-text categorization to assess the simplified reports. Overall, the radiologists found the simplified reports to be factually correct and complete, with minimal potential for harm. However, some issues were noted, including incorrect information, omissions of relevant medical data, and occasionally misleading or vague statements. These issues highlight the need for careful supervision by medical professionals when using language models to simplify complex medical texts [155]. A recent study by Landman et al. discusses a challenge organized by Pfizer to explore the use of LLMs for automating the summarization of safety tables in clinical study reports. Various teams employed GPT models with prompt engineering techniques to generate summary texts. The datasets included safety outputs from 72 reports from recent clinical studies, split into 70% for training and 30% for testing. The study concluded that while LLMs show promise in automating the summarization of clinical study report tables, human involvement and further research are necessary to optimize their application [151].
+
+### 2.6 Conversation
+
+The task of conversation, or dialogue generation, can be formulated as follows. Given a dialogue history $H = (h_1, h_2, . , h_n)$, where each hi represents an utterance in the conversation, the goal is to generate a response R.
+
+Typically, pre-trained decoder-based large language models are fine-tuned using specialized datasets to develop their conversational capabilities. In the medical domain, conversational applications facilitate interactive communication with patients. For example, conversational AI can be deployed as virtual health assistants that provide initial consultations based on symptoms described by patients. These systems can ask relevant follow-up questions, assess symptoms, and offer preliminary advice or direct patients to seek professional care when necessary. Additionally, these conversational tools can be utilized for patient education, explaining complex medical conditions and treatments in simple language to enhance understanding and compliance. Another notable application is in mental health support, where conversational AI can offer coping strategies and basic support, thereby augmenting traditional therapy sessions.
+
+#### 2.6.1 Chatbots and Health Assistants
+
+The proficiency of LLMs in generating coherent text and finding patterns in natural language makes them excellent candidates for Conversational Health Agents (CHAs) or chatbots. The impressive capabilities of systems like ChatGPT have sparked researchers’ interest in evaluating them as out-of-the-box medical chatbots. These chatbots are capable of holding conversations on medical topics and providing valid, science-based responses, akin to human doctors.
+
+Cung et al. assessed the performance of three commercial systems - ChatGPT, Bing, and Bard in the context of skeletal biology and disorders. The study involved posing 30 questions across three categories, with the responses graded for accuracy by four reviewers. While ChatGPT 4.0 had the highest overall median score, the study revealed that the quality and relevance of responses from all three chatbots varied widely, presenting issues such as inconsistency and failure to account for patient demographics [163]. Another study explored using ChatGPT for patient-provider communication. A survey of 430 participants found that ChatGPT responses were often indistinguishable from those of healthcare providers, indicating a level of trust in chatbots for answering lower-risk health questions [164].
+
+Despite the success of chatbots in general and low-risk medical interactions, some studies suggest that chatbots are not yet suitable for high-risk subdomains. For instance, a study focusing on resuscitation advice provided by Bing and Bard chatbots revealed that the responses frequently lacked guideline-consistent instructions and occasionally contained potentially harmful advice. Only a small fraction of responses from Bing (9.5%) and Bard (11.4%) completely met the checklist criteria (P > .05), underscoring the current limitations of LLM-based chatbots in critical healthcare scenarios [187].
+
+Another research direction in the field of medical chatbots is the implementation of conversational agents specifically designed for the medical domain. Abbasian et al. proposed a complex LLM-based multimodal framework for CHAs, concentrating on critical thinking, knowledge acquisition, and multi-step problem-solving. This framework aims to enable CHAs to provide personalized healthcare responses and handle intricate tasks such as stress level estimation [113].
+
+Domain-specific LLMs, such as the ChatDoctor model, can also serve as chatbots. This model integrates a self-directed information retrieval mechanism, allowing it to access up-to-date information from online and curated offline medical databases. Evaluated using BERTScore [188], ChatDoctor exhibited a higher F1 score compared to ChatGPT-3.5, demonstrating the effectiveness of smaller domain-specific models as alternatives to large commercial solutions [94].
+
+Overall, chatbots show promise, particularly in low-risk consultation areas. However, concerns such as potential confabulations, lack of explainability, and biases highlight challenges in their application in real-case scenarios [189]. Additionally, the absence of a robust, comprehensive, and universally accepted evaluation metric for chatbots is notable. Human evaluation lacks scalability, and similarity metrics like BERTScore may overlook critical factual inaccuracies.
+
+#### 2.6.2 Mental Health Bots
+
+The idea of using a machine as a personal psychologist dates back to at least the 1960s when Weizenbaum proposed a simple rule-based system called ELIZA [190]. Contemporary advancements in mental health chatbots are largely driven by LLMs. Yang et al. investigated the capabilities of current LLMs in automated mental health analysis. Their study involved evaluating LLMs across diverse datasets for tasks such as emotional reasoning and detecting mental health conditions, employing various similarity metrics including BLEU, ROUGE family, BERTScore derivatives, BART-score [191], and human assessments. They discovered that while ChatGPT displays robust in-context learning abilities, it still encounters challenges in emotion-related tasks and requires careful prompt engineering to improve performance to enhance its performance [161].
+
+Saha et al. introduced a Virtual Assistant for supporting individuals with Major Depressive Disorder, using a dataset called MotiVAte [160]. Their system, based on modified GPT-2 model and reinforced learning, shows promising results in generating empathetic and motivational responses, as evidenced by both automated evaluations based on text similarity and human evaluations based on fluency, adaptability, and degree of motivation. Sharma et al. introduced a dataset for training a GPT-3-based model for generating reframes with controlled linguistic attributes [192]. Deployed on the Mental Health America website5, this allowed for a randomized field study to gather findings on human preferences. Another team explored the fine-tuning of open-source LLMs on psychotherapy assistant instructions, using a dataset from Alexander Street Press6 therapy and counseling sessions. Their results indicated that LLMs fine-tuned on domain-specific instructions surpassed their non-fine-tuned counterparts in psychotherapy tasks, underscoring the significance of professional and context-specific training for these models [162].
+
+Promising outcomes have been observed through collaborations between humans and AI. A recent study conducted a randomized controlled trial involving human peer supporters, demonstrating that an AI-in-the-loop agent led to a 19.60% increase in conversational empathy in interactions between individuals seeking mental health support and support specialists. This was achieved by providing suggestions for response improvements to peer supporters [193]. This research reveals that human-AI collaboration is a crucial area for potential exploration, particularly in the medical domain.
+
+The evolving reasoning capabilities of LLMs have sparked interest in their use for disease diagnostics. Levine et al. conducted experiments with the GPT-3 model to assess its diagnostic and triage accuracy [165]. Their results indicate that GPT-3’s diagnostic accuracy is comparable to that of physicians but lags in triage accuracy. GPT-3 correctly identified the diagnosis in its top three choices for 88% of the cases, surpassing non-experts (54%) but slightly underperforming compared to professional physicians (96%). In triage performance, GPT-3 achieved an accuracy of 70%, on par with non-experts (74%) but significantly lower than physicians (91%). Despite GPT-3’s notable performance, the study raises ethical concerns, particularly regarding the model’s potential to perpetuate existing data biases, exhibiting racial and gender biases and occasionally producing misleading or incorrect information.
+
+A recent study by Liu et al. [194] introduced a framework named PharmacyGPT, which leverages the current GPT family models to emulate the role of clinical pharmacists. This research utilized real data from the ICU at the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill (UNC) Hospital. PharmacyGPT was applied to tackle various challenges in the realm of pharmacy, encompassing patient outcome studies, AI-based medication prescription generation, and interpretable patient clustering analysis. The study revealed that the GPT-4 model, when provided with dynamic context and similar samples, attained the highest accuracy among all models tested. However, the precision and recall scores were not notably high across the approaches. This outcome may be caused by the binary nature of mortality prediction, a significant imbalance in the dataset, and the complex, individualized nature of ICU pharmacy regimens. The research highlights the need for custom evaluation metrics to assess the performance of AI-generated medication plans, enhancing understanding of the models’ strengths and limitations [194].
+***
+⁵https://mhanational.org/
+
+⁶https://alexanderstreet.com/
+
+## 3 Challenges and Opportunities
+
+This section explores the challenges and opportunities arising from the integration of large language models in healthcare.
+
+### 3.0.1 Ethical Issues
+
+Biases present in training datasets can lead to skewed results, disproportionately affecting certain patient groups [195]. Future efforts must be directed towards developing ethical frameworks and strategies that mitigate biases, guaranteeing equitable applications of LLMs in healthcare.
+
+It is essential to ensure patient autonomy, data confidentiality, and protection against breaches. The development of domain-specific, open-source models for on-premises use is a notable advancement in preserving patient privacy and reducing dependency on external entities. Further specialization of models and adoption of computationally efficient solutions can ensure controlled data access and compliance with local policies on data handling.
+
+### 3.0.2 Datasets
+
+With new applications of textual AI emerging in areas like medication plan generation, triaging, extracting structured data from medical records, and providing medical consultations, the development of novel, open, and de-identified datasets becomes increasingly necessary. Many existing datasets were created before the advent of LLMs, which may inflate study results and lead to an overestimation of the current models’ efficacy. Moreover, access to many existing datasets requires special approvals, which hinders widespread research in this area. Future efforts should focus on creating and utilizing open datasets specifically designed to evaluate LLMs in the medical domain to more accurately reflect their true capabilities.
+
+### 3.0.3 Factuality Challenges
+
+The issue of factuality is critical in healthcare. Medical solutions need to have access to up-to-date and proven sources and must also undergo rigorous checks for factual accuracy. There is an urgent need to develop automated metrics for assessing the factual accuracy of medical text generation [196]. Moreover, research exploring the integration of medical LLMs with ontologies, graph attention networks, and other more deterministic models represents another promising direction.
+
+### 3.0.4 Human-AI Collaboration
+
+Further research is required to enhance our understanding and optimization of human-AI collaboration in healthcare. This includes exploring how medical professionals can best interact with and leverage AI tools for improved decision-making and patient care, as well as reducing routine work to help prevent burnout. An example of this could be the further exploration of AI-in-the-loop agents, similar to those described in [193].
+
+### 3.0.5 Necessity for Empirical Studies
+
+Empirical research on real-world use-cases of AI in healthcare is essential. Theoretical studies have broadened our understanding, but practical challenges in real healthcare environments, such as hospitals and clinics, are less understood. Research should focus on how AI applications integrate with healthcare systems, their impact on workflows and healthcare professionals, and the long-term effects on patient outcomes, staff efficiency, and costs. Additionally, addressing AI implementation challenges, including data privacy, ethical concerns, and the need for ongoing system training and updates, is vital. This will guide best practices for AI integration, reduce risks, and ensure these technologies effectively enhance patient care and healthcare delivery.
+
+## 4 Summary and Conclusions
+
+This study offers a detailed exploration of recent progress in large language models in the medical field, with a special focus on clinical applications. It begins by tracing the evolution of LLMs, covering both general-purpose and domain-specific models, and examines their architectures and medical applications. The paper highlights various tasks these models perform, such as text generation, token classification, and question answering, illustrating their utility with real healthcare scenarios. This demonstrates how LLMs enhance both efficiency and effectiveness in medical practice, particularly through the use of open-source models that support custom solutions and protect privacy.
+
+Recent advancements in LLM research have introduced more comprehensive and efficient approaches, particularly through multimodal models that amalgamate visual, textual, and potentially audio data. These advancements facilitate holistic AI solutions and are complemented by techniques like parameter-efficient fine-tuning and flash attention, which minimize computational demands. The shift towards generative LLMs with in-context learning capabilities marks a critical evolution, specifically within niche medical areas such as radiology report generation.
+
+However, the deployment of LLMs in healthcare presents several challenges. Key among these are maintaining patient autonomy, ensuring data confidentiality, and safeguarding against data breaches. The application of open-source, domain-specific models directly within healthcare facilities can mitigate these issues while reducing dependency on third-party data processors. Additionally, training data biases that could affect patient groups unequally need addressing through comprehensive ethical frameworks designed for equitable healthcare.
+
+To improve factual accuracy, ongoing access to updated sources and robust validation metrics are essential. Integrating LLMs with established medical ontologies, deterministic models, or structured data can enhance their utility. Moreover, fostering human-AI collaborations can improve clinical decision-making and alleviate routine burdens, potentially reducing professional burnout.
+
+Future research should focus on empirical studies in real-world settings to better understand how AI can be integrated into healthcare workflows, its impact on patient care, and its long-term effects on outcomes and costs. This will address practical challenges and refine the deployment strategies for LLMs in healthcare, ensuring they meet the dual goals of efficacy and ethical integrity
+
+## References
+
+1. Goldfarb A. Pause artificial intelligence research? Understanding AI policy challenges. Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d’´economique. 2024;57(2):363–377. doi:https://doi.org/10.1111/caje.12705.
+2. Secinaro S, Calandra D, Secinaro A, Muthurangu V, Biancone P. The role of artificial intelligence in healthcare: a structured literature review. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making. 2021;21(1):125. doi:10.1186/s12911-021-01488-9.
+3. OpenAI. GPT-4 Technical Report; 2023.
+4. Team G, Anil R, Borgeaud S, Alayrac JB, Yu J, Soricut R, et al.. Gemini: A Family of Highly Capable Multimodal Models; 2024. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/2312.11805.
+5. Touvron H, Martin L, Stone K, Albert P, Almahairi A, Babaei Y, et al.. Llama 2: Open Foundation and Fine-Tuned Chat Models; 2023.
+6. Luo X, Deng Z, Yang B, Luo MY. Pre-trained language models in medicine: A survey. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. 2024;154:102904. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.artmed.2024.102904.
+7. Wang B, Xie Q, Pei J, Chen Z, Tiwari P, Li Z, et al. Pre-trained language models in biomedical domain: A systematic survey. ACM Computing Surveys. 2023;56(3):1–52.
+8. Thirunavukarasu AJ, Ting DSJ, Elangovan K, Gutierrez L, Tan TF, Ting DSW. Large language models in medicine. Nature Medicine. 2023;29(8):1930–1940. doi:10.1038/s41591-023-02448-8.
+9. Bahdanau D, Cho K, Bengio Y. Neural Machine Translation by Jointly Learning to Align and Translate. In: Bengio Y, LeCun Y, editors. 3rd International Conference on Learning Representations, ICLR 2015, San Diego, CA, USA, May 7-9, 2015, Conference Track Proceedings; 2015.Available from: http://arxiv.org/abs/1409.0473.
+10. Vaswani A, Shazeer N, Parmar N, Uszkoreit J, Jones L, Gomez AN, et al. Attention is all you need. Advances in neural information processing systems. 2017;30.
+11. Radford A, Wu J, Child R, Luan D, Amodei D, Sutskever I. Language Models are Unsupervised Multitask Learners; 2019.Available from: https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:160025533.
+12. Kenton JDMWC, Toutanova LK. Bert: Pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. In: Proceedings of naacL-HLT. vol. 1; 2019. p. 2.
+13. Raffel C, Shazeer N, Roberts A, Lee K, Narang S, Matena M, et al. Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer. CoRR. 2019;abs/1910.10683.
+14. Lewis M, Liu Y, Goyal N, Ghazvininejad M, Mohamed A, Levy O, et al. BART: Denoising Sequence-to-Sequence Pre-training for Natural Language Generation, Translation, and Comprehension. CoRR. 2019;abs/1910.13461.
+15. Norvig P. On Chomsky and the two cultures of statistical learning. Berechenbarkeit der Welt? Philosophie und Wissenschaft im Zeitalter von Big Data. 2017; p. 61–83.
+16. Liu Z, Huang Y, Yu X, Zhang L, Wu Z, Cao C, et al.. DeID-GPT: Zero-shot Medical Text De-Identification by GPT-4; 2023. Available from: http://arxiv.org/abs/2303.11032.
+17. Mahowald K, Ivanova AA, Blank IA, Kanwisher N, Tenenbaum JB, Fedorenko E. Dissociating language and thought in large language models: a cognitive perspective. arXiv preprint arXiv:230106627. 2023;.
+18. Lu P, Peng B, Cheng H, Galley M, Chang KW, Wu YN, et al.. Chameleon: Plug-and-Play Compositional Reasoning with Large Language Models; 2023. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/2304.09842.
+19. Black S, Gao L, Wang P, Leahy C, Biderman S. GPT-Neo: Large Scale Autoregressive Language Modeling with Mesh-Tensorflow; 2021. Available from: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5297715.
+20. Lan Z, Chen M, Goodman S, Gimpel K, Sharma P, Soricut R. ALBERT: A Lite BERT for Self-supervised Learning of Language Representations; 2020. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1909.11942.
+21. He P, Liu X, Gao J, Chen W. DeBERTa: Decoding-enhanced BERT with Disentangled Attention; 2021. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/2006.03654.
+22. Clark K, Luong MT, Le QV, Manning CD. ELECTRA: Pre-training Text Encoders as Discriminators Rather Than Generators. In: ICLR; 2020.Available from: https://openreview.net/pdf?id=r1xMH1BtvB.
+23. Liu Y, Ott M, Goyal N, Du J, Joshi M, Chen D, et al.. RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimized BERT Pretraining Approach; 2019. Available from: https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11692.
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+# FocusLLM: Scaling LLM's Context by Parallel Decoding
+
+**Zhenyu Li¹, Yike Zhang¹, Tengyu Pan¹, Yutao Sun¹,
+Zhichao Duan¹, Junjie Fang², Rong Han¹, Zixuan Wang¹, Jianyong Wang¹***
+
+¹Tsinghua University ²Xiamen University
+
+## Abstract
+
+Empowering LLMs with the ability to utilize useful information from a long context is crucial for many downstream applications. However, achieving long context lengths with the conventional transformer architecture requires substantial training and inference resources. In this paper, we present **FocusLLM**, a framework designed to extend the context length of any decoder-only LLM, enabling the model to focus on relevant information from very long sequences. FocusLLM processes long text inputs by dividing them into chunks based on the model's original context length to alleviate the issue of attention distraction. Then, it appends the local context to each chunk as a prompt to extract essential information from each chunk based on a novel parallel decoding mechanism, and ultimately integrates the extracted information into the local context. FocusLLM stands out for great training efficiency and versatility: trained with an 8K input length with much less training cost than previous methods, FocusLLM exhibits superior performance across downstream long-context tasks and maintains strong language modeling ability when handling extensive long texts, even up to 400K tokens. Our code is available at https://github.com/leezythu/FocusLLM.
+
+## 1 Introduction
+
+The importance of extending the context length of large language models (LLMs) cannot be overstated. In numerous applications, ranging from complex document analysis to generating coherent long-form text, the ability to effectively utilize extended context is critical. For instance, in tasks such as document summarization and question answering over lengthy articles, a more extensive context allows for a more comprehensive understanding and accurate responses (Li et al., 2024a). However, leveraging long contexts in LLMs presents several formidable challenges. (1) The computational complexity of transformers (Vaswani et al., 2017) grows quadratically with the sequence length, rendering the training process prohibitively expensive. (2) LLMs exhibit poor extrapolation performance for longer sequences, even after additional fine-tuning (Chen et al., 2023a; Peng et al., 2023). (3) Acquiring high-quality long-text datasets, which are essential for training and fine-tuning, is exceedingly difficult (Xiong et al., 2023; Wang et al., 2022).
+
+To circumvent the substantial costs of directly scaling the window length by fine-tuning on longer inputs, many approaches have attempted to modify the attention mechanism (Xiao et al., 2023; Han et al., 2023) or compress tokens (Zhang et al., 2024a; Chevalier et al., 2023; Ge et al., 2023) to theoretically achieve infinite length. While these methods can maintain lower perplexity over extended texts, the loss of information from earlier parts of the text hampers the model's ability to perform precise understanding tasks such as information verification or question answering (Zhang et al., 2024a).
+
+*Corresponding author
+
+
+
+Figure 1: A comparison between FocusLLM and previous context scaling methods on the passkey retrieval task, including CEPE (Yen et al., 2024), LongLLaMA (Tworkowski et al., 2024) and Activation Beacon (Zhang et al., 2024a). Our method extrapolates beyond the original context length of LLaMA, achieving 99% accuracy at a context length of 400K, with less training cost.
+
+
+
+
+Figure 2: The standard autoregressive model architecture. Suppose the input consists of a lengthy segment of information (e.g., a long document) and a user instruction (e.g., a question), with the total length being *L*. Due to the attention mechanism, the computational complexity is $O(L^2)$, and *L* is constrained by the length to which the model has been pre-trained. The performance on texts exceeding the length *L* tends to deteriorate sharply.
+
+In this paper, we propose a training efficient and effective solution that enables large language models (LLMs) to focus on relevant content within long-context documents and generate high-quality outputs, called **FocusLLM**, by utilizing **parallel decoding**. FocusLLM is designed to adapt to any decoder-only language model with the modifications: i) the original model parameters are frozen to retain their generalization capabilities; ii) A small number of trainable parameters are added to enable the model to aggregate information from parallel decoding of different chunks. Not only does FocusLLM maintain low perplexity on long texts, but it also performs well on downstream tasks requiring precise understanding. Our evaluation on a widely adopted passkey retrieval task (Figure 1) has shown that FocusLLM, in contrast to the recently proposed context scaling methods, can sustain the accuracy of text comprehension on much longer texts.
+
+FocusLLM bears several standout features: (1) **Length Scaling**: FocusLLM breaks the inherent positional limitations, allowing the model to handle text lengths that are expanded by tens or even hundreds of times. (2) **Training Efficiency**: Unlike full fine-tuning, we keep the original model parameters frozen and add only a small number of trainable parameters. The training process can be completed within a 0.5B tokens training budget, which is significantly smaller than that of previous works. (3) **Versatility**: FocusLLM not only excels in downstream tasks with clear instructions,such as question answering, but also demonstrates strong language modeling capabilities over long documents.
+
+We employ the FocusLLM framework to LLaMA-2-7B (Touvron et al., 2023b), which has a default context length of 4K. To validate the effectiveness of FocusLLM, we evaluate it across a variety of tasks. Initially, we assessed FocusLLM's language modeling capability. Trained with only 8K input length, FocusLLM maintains low perplexity on documents comprising 128K tokens and even longer sequences. Subsequently, to comprehensively evaluate the applicability of FocusLLM in real-world scenarios, we utilized two widely used benchmarks: Longbench (Bai et al., 2023) and $\infty$-Bench (Zhang et al., 2024b). Longbench encompasses a diverse range of tasks, while $\infty$-Bench requires models to perform inference on extremely long sequences (>100K tokens). Experimental results demonstrate that FocusLLM has achieved superior performance on both benchmarks, surpassing all baselines including length extrapolation models, continual training models, and similar models designed for extreme long sequences.
+
+In conclusion, FocusLLM is a training-efficient framework capable of achieving effective understanding and reasoning on long sequences at a minimal cost. We hope that FocusLLM can contribute to research related to developing easy-to-implement long-context capabilities.
+
+## 2 Methodology
+
+In this section, we introduce the design methodology of FocusLLM. First, we describe how we construct FocusLLM based on the architecture of LLM to enable it to handle extremely long text contexts. Then, we explain the training process of FocusLLM.
+
+### 2.1 Architecture
+
+As illustrated in Figure 2, the standard model architecture has a quadratic complexity and a corresponding limited context length. This limitation restricts the model's application to longer texts, and FocusLLM is designed to address these drawbacks.
+
+The overall framework of FocusLLM is simple and intuitive. Each decoder in Figure 3 shares the same model (e.g. LLaMA-2). Besides, for the decoder handling each chunk, we augment the original decoder with a small set of additional parameters.
+
+
+
+Figure 3: The FocusLLM framework. A small fragment of the local context is appended to each chunk (where $k = 3$), which consists of memory tokens. The representations of the candidate tokens, obtained through parallel decoding, are then concatenated and integrated as memory back into the local context.
+
+#### 2.1.1 Notations.
+
+Given a long sequence with S tokens {$x_1, ..., x_S$}, we segment them into **memory tokens** {$x_1, ..., x_m$} and **local tokens** {$x_{m+1}, ..., x_S$}, with the length of local tokens not exceeding the model's default context length, denoted as L. Concurrently, we divide the memory into **chunks**, labeled as $C_1, C_2, ..., C_k$, with each chunk's size also not exceeding L. These chunks can represent distinct documents or constitute a single long document.
+
+We define the original decoder model as $F_{dec}$ and its hidden dimension $d_{dec}$. When processing the memory, to endow the model with the capability to generate candidate tokens, we introduce a small set of new parameters, resulting in the modified model $F'_{dec}$. The **candidate token** is denoted as the trainable hidden states corresponding to the last local token $x_S$ in each chunk, serving as a signal indicating whether this chunk contains information relevant to the local context, as well as facilitating the prediction of the next token based on the current chunk.
+
+#### 2.1.2 Local Context Injection.
+
+The aim of our FocusLLM is to distribute the burden of understanding long texts across each chunk. Therefore, unlike previous approaches that encode memory tokens and save them as cache, we **append** a small fragment of local tokens (we refer to it as the 'prompt' in the figure) behind each chunk and perform parallel decoding within each chunk, as shown in Figure 3. This strategy allows for a more efficient handling of long sequences by focusing the computational effort on relevant segments of the text, while maintaining the global information necessary for accurate decoding. We can formally define this process as follows:
+
+$$
+\hat{C}_i \leftarrow \{C_i; x_{m+j}, \dots, x_S\} \quad i = 1, \dots, k; 1 \le j \le S-m \quad (1)
+$$
+
+Here j is a hyperparameter that determines the number of local tokens appended to each chunk. To reduce computational overhead, there is no need to append all local tokens. For instance, if the local context length is 2K, we could concatenate only 512 tokens or just a short instruction. In experiments, we adopt a default length of 512 tokens for inference, which is sufficient to encapsulate the necessary local contextual information.
+
+#### 2.1.3 Parallel Decoding.
+
+FocusLLM transforms the next token prediction process based on long sequences into the simultaneous generation of candidate tokens from different chunks, followed by aggregating these candidate tokens as memory to produce the final token. We refer to this process as parallel decoding.
+
+**Differences from previous encoding methods.**
+
+Here, we will elucidate the meaning of the term 'decoding' and explain the logical differences from previous encoding methods. Many previous methods involve encoding the context into some form of memory and retaining the key-value (KV) cache for subsequent use (Yen et al., 2024; Tworkowski et al., 2024; Zhang et al., 2024a). For instance, CEPE (Yen et al., 2024) divides long texts into chunks and then encodes each chunk with a smaller language model. FocusLLM also divides long texts into chunks, but within each chunk, FocusLLM undergoes a decoding process.
+
+Specifically, the purpose of encoding is to transform a segment of text into hidden states for later use, whereas decoding is about generating the next token based on the current text. From this perspective, our method can be viewed as a form of implicit decoding. This is because our objective is not to acquire representations for entire chunks of text but rather to maintain information about the next token (based on the current chunk $\hat{C}_i$) via a special candidate token. Although we do not explicitly map the hidden states of the special candidate tokens through a softmax layer to the corresponding tokens in the vocabulary, our approach is fundamentally aligned with the concept of decoding. For further discussion, please refer to Appendix A.
+
+**How to obtain the representations of candidate tokens.** Inspired by (Zhang et al., 2024a), in order to preserve the generalizability of the original model as much as possible, we only add a new set of trainable parameters to the linear projection matrices of each layer:
+
+$$
+\{W'_Q, W'_K, W'_V, W'_O\}_l \qquad (2)
+$$
+
+where $W'_Q, W'_K, W'_V$, and $W'_O$ represent the new parameters for the query, key, value, and output matrices, respectively, and l denotes the layer number. The modified decoder model are denoted as $F'_{dec}$.
+
+We apply parallel decoding on each chunk and obtain one candidate token from every chunk:
+
+$$
+e_i = F'_{dec}(\hat{C}_i) \qquad (3)
+$$
+
+where $e_i$ consists of key-value hidden states $K_e$ and $V_e$ of the last token in each layer. More formally, the output of the candidate token in the self-attention module is calculated similarly to (Zhang et al., 2024a):
+
+$$
+Q_e \leftarrow HW'_Q \quad K_e \leftarrow HW'_K \quad V_e \leftarrow HW'_V \qquad (4)
+$$
+
+$$
+A \leftarrow softmax(Q_e (K \oplus K_e)^T) \qquad (5)
+$$
+
+$$
+O_e \leftarrow V_e {W'_O}^T \quad V_e \leftarrow A \left( V \oplus V_e^T \right) \qquad (6)
+$$
+
+where $H \in R^{d_{dec}}$ is the input hidden states of the candidate token, $\oplus$ represents the concatenation of matrices, and K, V correspond to the representations of the normal tokens in one chunk. Finally, the generated candidate tokens are concatenated with the local tokens and are subsequently processed by a frozen decoder. To optimize the candidate tokens, we design two loss functions of language modeling in Section 2.3. Note that the process of obtaining the candidate token from each chunk is independent, which allows us to perform parallel forwarding for each chunk. This is the reason we refer to this process as ‘parallel decoding’.
+
+#### 2.1.4 Efficiency.
+
+The parallel decoding mechanism of FocusLLM effectively reduces the computational complexity of the standard architecture. Specifically, when dealing with very long sequences, the primary computational burden in the transformer architecture lies in the attention mechanism, which has a complexity of $O(L^2)$, where L represents the total sequence length. By dividing the sequence into n chunks, the complexity within each chunk becomes $O((L/n)^2)$. Therefore, when we process chunks in parallel, the time complexity can be reduced to $O((L/n)^2)$. And the space complexity of n chunks becomes approximately $O((L/n)^2 * n) = O(L^2/n)$. This means that compared to a standard transformer, FocusLLM can reduce the computational complexity to a fraction, $1/n$ or even more of the original theoretically, where n is the number of chunks into which the sequence is divided. In experiments, the longer the sequence length, the more apparent the improvement in efficiency.
+
+### 2.2 Data
+
+To ensure the generalizability of our method and to maintain fairness in comparison with the baselines, we leverage the same training corpus as Activation Beacon (Zhang et al., 2024a), with sequence lengths varying between 3K and 8K tokens. Specifically, we utilized 70K samples from the pre-training dataset RedPajama (Together, 2023b) and 10K samples from the instruction-following dataset LongAlpaca (Chen et al., 2023b). RedPajama is an open-source pre-training dataset for LLaMA-1 (Touvron et al., 2023a), while LongAlpaca is an instruction-following dataset for question answering. Both datasets are widely utilized in previous work. The detailed statistics of our training data are reported in Table 1.
+
+Table 1: Length distribution of training corpus.
+| Length | 2K~4K | 4K~6K | 6K~8K | Total |
|---|
| Count | 30K | 16K | 34K | 80K |
|---|
| Portion | 38% | 20% | 42% | 100% |
|---|
+
+### 2.3 Training
+
+We primarily conduct experiments on the LLaMA2-7B-Chat model. After incorporating the parameters mentioned in Section 2.1, the additional parameters amount to only 2B approximately. We train the model using an auto-regressive approach: **Auto-Regressive Loss.** FocusLLM is trained using a natural auto-regressive method. Specifically, we train the model to predict the next token, which encourages the candidate token to aggregate useful information from each chunk. Therefore, the loss is only applied to the local tokens:
+
+$$
+\min_{F'_{dec}} - \sum_{i=2}^{L} \log(p(x_i | e_1, \dots, e_k, x_1, \dots, x_{i-1}; F'_{dec})) \quad (7)
+$$
+
+In Section 2.1.1, we noted that local tokens are positioned subsequent to the memory tokens. However, to explicitly train the model to harness its ability to recover information from the memory tokens, we also set the local tokens to be a substring of the memory tokens. Specifically, based on the different selection methods for local tokens, we design two types of loss functions for joint training. **i**) Firstly, if the last *L* tokens from a long document are selected as local tokens, with the remainder serving as memory tokens, we term this loss the ‘Continuation loss’, as it trains the model’s ability to naturally continue generating new tokens based on the context. **ii**) Alternatively, if we take the entire long document as memory and then randomly select *L* continuous tokens from it as local tokens, we define this loss the ‘Repetition loss’, because it trains the model’s ability to repeat when clear information from the context is already available. Subsequent experiments have proven that both types of loss are important.
+
+**Generalizing Chunk Size.** To ensure the model exhibits robust generalizability across various chunk sizes and number of candidate tokens, we maintain a constant local context size of 2048, while the chunk size is randomly selected from the set {64, 128, 256, 1024, 2048} during training.
+
+## 3 Experiments
+
+In this section, we will conduct a comprehensive evaluation of the effectiveness of FocusLLM, spanning both language modeling and a variety of downstream tasks.
+
+### 3.1 Experimental Details
+
+We aligned most of our experimental settings with those of Activation Beacon (Zhang et al., 2024a) to ensure comparable results. Specifically, we conducted training on a Linux server equipped with 8×A100 GPUs, each with 40GB of memory. The training was carried out for 10,000 steps, equivalent to one epoch of the entire training dataset, using a batch size of 8 and a learning rate of 5e-5 with a linear scheduler. To conserve GPU memory, we employed deepspeed’s zero2_offload optimizing stage. The training process was completed in approximately 20 hours.
+
+For hyper-parameters, during training, the chunk size was randomly selected from the set {64, 128, 256, 1024, 2048}. For the length of tokens injected into each chunk, we set a default of 512 tokens for inference. And we ensured this length did not exceed the chunk size in the training procedure. As a result, the length of injected tokens was $\min\{512, \text{chunk size}\}$.
+
+### 3.2 Long-context Language Modeling
+
+In this section, we evaluate the fundamental capabilities of FocusLLM on long-context language modeling benchmarks, with text lengths ranging from 4K to 128K tokens.
+
+**Datasets.** We perform the evaluation on three datasets: PG19 (Rae et al., 2019), Proof-Pile (Azerbayev et al., 2023), and CodeParrot (Tunstall et al., 2022). These three datasets encompass 100 long test cases related to books, arXiv papers, and code repositories, respectively. The results of baseline models are token from (Zhang et al., 2024a) for comparison. Following the setting of (Yen et al., 2024), as FocusLLM relies on the last decoder to perform generation, we calculate the perplexity on the last 256 tokens of each sequence, and for the 128K length, we filter out documents exceeding 128K tokens and evaluate 10 samples due to data scarcity and computational cost.
+
+**Model.** FocusLLM is based on LLaMA-2-7B (chat), hence the models for comparison are all on the same scale, 7B. The baseline models can be categorized into the following types: i) Methods focusing on the modification of **positional encoding**, including Positional Interpolation (Chen et al., 2023a), the NTK-Aware Scale ROPE¹, and the training-free method StreamingLLM (Xiao et al., 2023), which is based on attention sinks. ii) **Fine-tuned methods** trained on long inputs, such as LongAlpaca-16K (Chen et al., 2023b), LongChat-32K (Li et al., 2023a), and YaRN-128K (Peng et al., 2023). iii) **Methods with designed structures** specifically for long contexts, including AutoCompressor-6K (Chevalier et al., 2023), LongLlama (Tworkowski et al., 2024) and Activation Beacon (Zhang et al., 2024a). For instance, Activation Beacon achieves compression of long texts by training the model to represent the information of a regular text segment with a small number of beacon tokens.
+
+***
+¹https://www.reddit.com/r/LocalLLaMA/comments/14lz7j5/ntkaware_scaled_rope_allows_llama_models_to_have/
+
+
+Table 2: Language Modeling Assessment: perplexity analysis of various context scaling methods on the PG19, Proof-Pile, and CodeParrot. FocusLLM successfully extends context of the original Llama model and maintains low perplexity on extremely long sequences.
+
+ | PG19 | Proof-Pile | CodeParrot |
|---|
| Method | 4K | 16K | 32K | 100K | 4K | 16K | 32K | 100K | 4K | 16K | 32K | 100K |
|---|
| Llama-2-7B | 9.21 | >103 | >103 | OOM | 3.47 | >103 | >103 | OOM | 2.55 | >103 | >103 | OOM | | PI | 9.21 | 19.5 | >102 | OOM | 3.47 | 5.94 | 33.7 | OOM | 2.55 | 4.57 | 29.33 | OOM | | NTK | 9.21 | 11.5 | 37.8 | OOM | 3.47 | 3.65 | 7.67 | OOM | 2.55 | 2.86 | 7.68 | OOM | | StreamingLLM | 9.21 | 9.25 | 9.24 | 9.32 | 3.47 | 3.51 | 3.50 | 3.55 | 2.55 | 2.60 | 2.54 | 2.56 | | AutoCompre.-6K | 11.8 | >102 | >103 | OOM | 4.55 | >102 | >103 | OOM | 5.43 | >102 | >103 | OOM | | YaRN-128K | 6.68 | 6.44 | 6.38 | OOM | 2.70 | 2.47 | 2.41 | OOM | 2.17 | 2.04 | 2.00 | OOM | | LongChat-32K | 9.47 | 8.85 | 8.81 | OOM | 3.07 | 2.70 | 2.65 | OOM | 2.36 | 2.16 | 2.13 | OOM | | LongAlpaca-16K | 9.96 | 9.83 | >102 | OOM | 3.82 | 3.37 | >103 | OOM | 2.81 | 2.54 | >103 | OOM | | LongLlama | 9.06 | 8.83 | OOM | OOM | 2.61 | 2.41 | OOM | OOM | 1.95 | 1.90 | OOM | OOM | | Activation Beacon | 9.21 | 8.54 | 8.56 | 8.68 | 3.47 | 3.42 | 3.39 | 3.35 | 2.55 | 2.54 | 2.53 | 2.55 | | FocusLLM | 9.21 | 9.19 | 9.17 | 10.59 | 3.47 | 3.17 | 3.43 | 2.57 | 2.55 | 2.01 | 2.27 | 3.02 |
+
+
+**Analysis.** The results are presented in Table 2. Here are several observations we can make: (1) Compared to the basic LLaMA-2-7B model and some fine-tuning free methods, our model demonstrates superior performance. When extending the context length from 4K to longer, the perplexity becomes lower, indicating that information from a longer context can be effectively utilized. (2) There is a slight increase in the perplexity at longer lengths on CodeParrot. One possible reason is that as the number of candidate tokens from parallel decoding in the memory increases, the model's output probabilities become more evenly distributed. However, this does not affect the effectiveness in downstream tasks (as discussed in Section 3.3). (3) FocusLLM achieves comparable performance to fine-tuned full-attention methods. This result is notable because our model operates with significantly higher training efficiency. For instance, LongLlama is fine-tuned using 7B tokens with all parameters being trainable. In contrast, FocusLLM uses 1/10 of the training budget and 1/3 of the parameters. (4) FocusLLM can maintain language modeling capabilities at lengths much longer than other models while retaining precise comprehension of the entire text. In experiments, FocusLLM can maintain stable perplexity at lengths of 400K, which means a 100-fold expansion of the original LLaMA-2-7B's context length. Although models like StreamingLLM and Activation Beacon can still achieve lower perplexity by compressing tokens, they are unable to recover the previous context information, which severely affects their capabilities in downstream tasks.
+
+In summary, FocusLLM achieves comparable language modeling performance on shorter sequences with a small training cost, while also being capable of handling much longer texts. Building on the design of parallel decoding, FocusLLM avoids the information loss associated with the preceding context, which is a common issue in compression models. We will provide a detailed demonstration of the downstream task performance in the subsequent sections.
+
+### 3.3 Downstream Tasks
+
+**Datasets.** To assess the capabilities of FocusLLM in real-world scenarios, we select two widely used datasets: Longbench (Bai et al., 2023) and ∞-Bench (Zhang et al., 2024b). Longbench offers an evaluation on a variety of tasks including question answering, summarization, few-shot learning, mathematical counting, and code completion. The average and 95% percentile length are 12.8K and 31K tokens, respectively. ∞-Bench is designed to test a model's ability to understand and reason over super long contexts. The average length and the 95% percentile length are 145.1K and 214K tokens. For more detailed dataset statistics, please refer to Appendix B. We believe that these two benchmarks can comprehensively reflect the capabilities of the model on downstream tasks. For evaluations on the Longbench, we adopt a larger local context size of 3,500 tokens for FocusLLM, consistent with the official setting.
+
+Table 3: The results of Vicuna-based models on $\infty$-Bench and LongBench. The models on the right part can process extremely long inputs. On both benchmarks, FocusLLM achieves significant improvements compared to strong baselines.
+
+ | | Vicuna-7B-v1.5 (4K) |
|---|
| Original | LChat | Vic-16K | Yarn-128K | PI | NTK | Stream | InfLLM | FocusLLM |
|---|
| ∞-Bench(214k tokens) | Math.Find | 11.71 | 9.43 | 13.43 | 17.14 | OOM | OOM | 6.00 | 11.14 | 11.71 | | En.MC | 30.13 | 24.45 | 34.06 | 27.95 | OOM | OOM | 32.31 | 31.44 | 32.31 | | Code.DEBUG | 38.83 | 27.66 | 35.03 | 22.59 | OOM | OOM | 46.19 | 34.26 | 28.43 | | Retrieve.KV | 1.40 | 1.40 | 1.00 | 0.00 | OOM | OOM | 0.00 | 0.60 | 12.40 | | Retrieve.Number | 4.41 | 23.90 | 10.34 | 56.61 | OOM | OOM | 4.41 | 81.69 | 83.56 | | Retrieve.PassKey | 5.08 | 28.64 | 15.25 | 92.71 | OOM | OOM | 4.92 | 99.15 | 95.76 | | Average | 15.26 | 19.25 | 18.19 | 36.17 | - | - | 15.64 | 43.05 | 44.03 | | LongBench(31K tokens) | NarrativeQA | 11.19 | 20.35 | 17.85 | 19.67 | 0.78 | 5.66 | 15.61 | 15.53 | 21.14 | | Qasper | 13.79 | 29.35 | 25.85 | 11.10 | 2.71 | 21.17 | 23.84 | 23.57 | 31.07 | | MultiFieldQA | 22.08 | 42.55 | 37.15 | 35.06 | 1.01 | 36.76 | 32.80 | 37.14 | 36.73 | | HotpotQA | 12.71 | 33.19 | 24.72 | 11.94 | 1.35 | 19.54 | 22.17 | 22.53 | 40.65 | | 2WikiMQA | 13.99 | 24.33 | 21.41 | 12.02 | 1.17 | 14.51 | 18.38 | 18.82 | 20.30 | | Musique | 4.81 | 14.71 | 8.44 | 7.52 | 0.71 | 4.30 | 6.30 | 5.24 | 14.20 | | GovReport | 27.67 | 30.83 | 27.62 | 29.46 | 1.9 | 25.26 | 23.18 | 26.79 | 26.66 | | QMSum | 19.72 | 22.93 | 22.63 | 21.53 | 1.29 | 19.48 | 20.09 | 20.91 | 20.50 | | MultiNews | 26.61 | 26.63 | 27.88 | 16.04 | 1.16 | 25.88 | 26.19 | 26.43 | 27.45 | | TREC | 69.00 | 66.50 | 69.00 | 68.50 | 4.50 | 59.00 | 61.00 | 67.50 | 68.00 | | TriviaQA | 81.94 | 83.99 | 85.63 | 88.21 | 0.90 | 25.85 | 78.81 | 84.36 | 81.63 | | SAMSum | 35.12 | 12.83 | 9.15 | 26.52 | 0.12 | 5.05 | 32.46 | 31.89 | 35.36 | | PassageRetrieval | 9.00 | 30.50 | 4.00 | 16.25 | 0.62 | 5.00 | 6.00 | 9.00 | 15.67 | | LCC | 64.53 | 54.79 | 50.64 | 66.39 | 21.54 | 53.65 | 63.70 | 61.41 | 62.79 | | RepoBench-P | 50.17 | 58.99 | 44.94 | 55.82 | 19.36 | 44.58 | 48.26 | 47.52 | 53.72 | | Average | 30.82 | 34.70 | 31.79 | 32.40 | 3.94 | 24.38 | 31.92 | 33.24 | 36.17 |
+
+
+**Models.** The purpose of our paper is to enable LLMs with limited context length to understand extremely long sequences at a very minimal cost. Therefore, in addition to comparing FocusLLM with the three types of baselines mentioned in Section 3.2, we mainly focused on comparing FocusLLM with recent proposed models capable of processing extremely long streaming inputs. Specifically, StreamingLLM utilizes a sliding window mechanism; InfLLM (Xiao et al., 2024) stores processed context into memory units and retrieves it using attention scores; Activation Beacon compresses the preceding text to maintain a smaller context length. CEPE (Yen et al., 2024) adopts a small encoder to process long inputs chunk by chunk and feeds the memory to a decoder by cross-attention.
+
+**Main Results.** The experimental results are displayed in Table 3 and 4. We reference some baseline results from (Xiao et al., 2024), which are based on the Vicuna-7B-v1.5 model. Vicuna-7B-v1.5 is based on LLaMA-2-7B but fine-tuned on conversational data. For a fair comparison, we also train a Vicuna version of FocusLLM. For YaRN-128K, we select the version based on Mistral-7B-inst-v0.2, which is stronger than Vicuna. For LongLlama, as they do not have a version based on the Llama2, we directly utilize the officially released model. Details regarding the effective lengths for each method presented in Tables 3 and 4 are elaborated upon in Appendix C.
+
+From the experimental results, we can make the following observations: (1) FocusLLM outperforms all baseline models, achieving the best results on both the relatively shorter benchmark Longbench and the extremely long benchmark $\infty$-Bench. This demonstrates FocusLLM's capability for effective understanding and reasoning on long sequences and its broad applicability. (2) Different types of baseline models exhibit various shortcomings. For training-free models like PI and NTK, extending the length to 128K comes with a significant sacrifice in performance. Due to the lack of precise understanding of the full context, models that employ sliding window or condensing techniques, such as StreamingLLM and Activation Beacon perform poorly on $\infty$-Bench, with performance nearly approaching zero on some tasks. As for fine-tuned models like LongChat and CEPE, their limitation is the restricted supported length. For example, CEPE struggles to handle lengths beyond 128K effectively (Yen et al., 2024). (3) The approaches of length extrapolation and continual training on long inputs, while capable of scaling context length, introduce substantial computational and memory costs. Consequently, this can lead to exceeding GPU memory limits when dealing with long sequences. In contrast, FocusLLM processes the text in chunks and utilizes parallel decoding, which significantly conserves both the memory and time for inference.
+
+Table 4: The results of LLaMA2-based models on tasks of LongBench. L_L represents Long Llama and A_B represents Activation Beacon. FocusLLM outperforms recently proposed memory-based and compression-based methods, and maintains attention to all tokens of context.
+
+ | Llama-7B-chat (4K) |
|---|
+
+| Original |
+
+CEPE | L_L | A_B | FocusLLM |
|---|
+| NarrativeQA | 18.70 | 22.14 | - | - | 20.38 | | Qasper | 19.20 | 26.34 | - | - | 21.73 | | MultiFieldQA | 36.80 | 31.56 | - | - | 36.91 | | -Average | 24.90 | 26.68 | 30.12 | 27.14 | 26.34 | | HotpotQA | 25.40 | 34.95 | - | - | 38.95 | | 2WikiMQA | 32.80 | 32.39 | - | - | 32.95 | | Musique | 9.40 | 9.76 | - | - | 15.39 | | -Average | 22.60 | 25.70 | 16.37 | 28.28 | 29.10 | | GovReport | 27.30 | 13.90 | - | - | 25.54 | | QMSum | 20.80 | 20.30 | - | - | 21.86 | | MultiNews | 25.80 | 3.10 | - | - | 26.35 | | -Average | 24.70 | 12.43 | 24.19 | 25.15 | 24.55 | | TREC | 61.50 | 68.50 | - | - | 68.00 | | TriviaQA | 77.80 | 87.90 | - | - | 85.08 | | SAMSum | 40.70 | 32.38 | - | - | 41.63 | | -Average | 60.00 | 62.92 | 60.31 | 60.72 | 64.81 | | LCC | 52.40 | 66.21 | - | - | 58.42 | | RepoBench-P | 43.80 | 58.94 | - | - | 54.27 | | -Average | 48.10 | 62.57 | 66.05 | 57.83 | 56.35 | | Average | 35.20 | 36.31 | 37.50 | 38.54 | 39.01 |
+
+In summary, compared to previous context scaling methods, FocusLLM achieves superior performance across a variety of downstream tasks at the same parameter scale, and can be deployed with limited resources.
+
+## 4 Further Exploration
+
+In this section, we conduct further explorations of FocusLLM. Initially, we investigate the upper limits of the sequence lengths that FocusLLM can effectively handle. Subsequently, we perform a quantitative analysis of several key parameters within the framework. Ultimately, we undertake ablation studies on the training loss functions to discern their impacts on the model's overall performance.
+
+### 4.1 Scaling to 400K Context
+
+We contend that FocusLLM is capable of processing extremely long sequences. To validate this, we first conduct experiments on the passkey retrieval task (Mohtashami and Jaggi, 2024). The results, as illustrated in Figure 1, demonstrate that FocusLLM maintains nearly 100% effectiveness at lengths of up to 400K, outperforming all other models. In addition to this, we extended the language modeling experiments introduced in Section 3.2 to 400K, a length at which most models fail to manage effectively. The outcomes of these extended experiments are presented in Figure 4.
+
+To conclude, FocusLLM's exceptional performance in both passkey retrieval and language modeling tasks, even at the substantial length of 400K tokens², indicates that it can achieve good performance in the vast majority of real-world scenarios, which underscores the effectiveness and versatility of FocusLLM.
+
+### 4.2 Memory Footprint and Inference Time
+
+For models that focus on long-form text, aside from training costs, another critical aspect is the memory footprint and inference time, especially as sequence lengths increase. In this section, we compare FocusLLM with several previous long-context methods capable of retaining global information by preserving the cache of all context: Standard (PI/NTK), LongLlama, and CEPE. The results are shown in Figure 5 and Figure 6. As for models like Activation Beacon and StreamingLLM, although they maintain a constant memory footprint by only retaining cache for a fixed window, they struggle with the precise understanding of extremely long texts. Therefore, they are not the primary subjects of comparison.
+
+In the Figure, "FocusLLM with or without parallel" signifies that we process each chunk either concurrently or sequentially. The findings indicate that: (1) Serial processing is good enough in terms of memory usage and inference time. When ample memory resources are available, parallel processing is more efficient. And in practice, the parallel level is also controllable, making our model robust and applicable under most scenarios. (2) Although FocusLLM splits long texts into numerous chunks, resulting in a slightly longer inference time compared to the standard approach, it holds a significant advantage over other long-context methods.
+
+***
+
+²Constrained by hardware, the maximum length we are able to test is 400k tokens.
+
+
+
+Figure 4: Perplexity on the PG19 dataset of FocusLLM compared to methods PI and NTK. FocusLLM can maintain low perplexity even at a length up to 400K tokens.
+
+
+
+
+Figure 5: Memory usage of FocusLLM compared against previous long context methods. FocusLLM without parallel forwarding exhibits a linear growth pattern.
+
+
+
+
+Figure 6: Comparison of inference time. The time taken by FocusLLM is superior to other long-context methodologies but slightly higher than the standard approach.
+
+
+
+
+Figure 7: Perplexity under different chunk size with the total sequence length fixed as 8K on three datasets.
+
+
+
+### 4.3 Chunk Size
+
+We conduct an investigation into the impact of different chunk sizes on performance. In theory, larger chunk sizes, as long as they do not exceed the model's default context length (e.g., 4K for LLaMA-2), are preferable because they allow for processing the memory with a smaller number of forward passes. However, smaller chunk sizes may enable more precise processing.
+
+In experiments, we maintain a total sequence length of 8K, testing the perplexity using different chunk sizes on the same samples of PG19. We select {256, 512, 1024, 2048} as our test sizes. The results are shown in Figure 7. We observe that there is no consistent trend in perplexity as the chunk size increases; it remains relatively stable. This confirms our hypothesis that we can employ larger chunk sizes on models with longer default context lengths (e.g. LLaMA-2-32K). We will explore this direction in our future work.
+
+### 4.4 Local Context Size
+
+While the parallel decoding mechanism theoretically allows the model to attend to all tokens, we aim to investigate whether the principle that a larger local context size equates to better performance holds true for FocusLLM as well. The results are shown in the last row of Table 5. As we reduce the local context size from 3.5K to 1K, it can be observed that performance for the majority of tasks experiences a slight decline, with the exception of the passkey retrieval task, which has very clear and concise instructions. This indicates that a larger local context size indeed provides higher quality local information.
+
+### 4.5 Ablation Studies
+
+We employ both Continuation Loss and Repetition Loss for the training of FocusLLM. The motivation behind this is to equip the model with the natural language modeling capability while also enhancing its ability to recover global information. Ablation studies on both losses, as detailed in Table 5, reveal that relying solely on the Continuation Loss enables the model to manage some tasks effectively. Nonetheless, for tasks with substantial dependencies on the preceding context, like HotpotQA and Retrieve.PassKey, the model's efficacy deteriorates. Similarly, while employing the Repetition Loss ensures accurate restatement of the preceding context, the lack of generalizability of generating new tokens leads to a considerable decrease in performance. Therefore, the combined use of both loss functions is crucial for enhancing the performance and generalizability of FocusLLM.
+
+Table 5: Investigations into the training loss function and local context size of FocusLLM (based on LLaMA2-7B). We present the results for representative tasks from LongBench and $\infty$-Bench. For instance, NarrativeQA belongs to Single-Doc QA, while TREC relates to Few-shot learning. The Hyper Params is denoted as (local context size, chunk size).
+
+ | | LongBench | ∞-Bench |
|---|
| Hyper Params. | NarrativeQA | TREC | Math.Find | En.MC | Retrieve.PassKey |
|---|
| FocusLLM | (2K, 2K) | 18.53 | 65.5 | 13.43 | 31.00 | 99.32 | | Continuation Loss only | (2K, 2K) | 17.36 | 60.5 | 13.71 | 27.95 | 1.69 | | Repetition Loss only | (2K, 2K) | 17.05 | 62.0 | 12.86 | 26.64 | 91.19 | | Local Context Size ↓ | (1K, 2K) | 17.87 | 63.0 | 8.86 | 29.69 | 99.32 |
+
+
+
+## 5 Related Work
+
+### 5.1 Long-context language models
+
+Recent advancements in long-context modeling have seen a surge in innovative approaches that aim to transcend the limitations of transformer architectures. One research direction involves length extrapolation in transformers (Peng et al., 2023; Jin et al., 2024), where methods like positional interpolation help models adapt to longer sequences (Chen et al., 2023a). However, these techniques often fail to address the distraction issue caused by noisy content within extended texts (Tworkowski et al., 2024). Another research branch focuses on modifying the attention mechanism or employing compression techniques to maintain long texts within manageable lengths (Chevalier et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2024a). For instance, (Xiao et al., 2023) discovered that retaining ‘sink tokens’ in conjunction with a sliding window can achieve smooth streaming output. (Zhang et al., 2024a) expanded the context dramatically through compression. However, these methods share a common limitation: they cannot utilize information from all tokens.
+
+### 5.2 Memory-enhanced Model
+
+The integration of memory layers within transformer architectures has become a pivotal strategy for enhancing long-context comprehension (Bertsch et al., 2024; Tworkowski et al., 2024; Fang et al., 2024). Common methodologies in memory-enhanced models often employ recurrent strategies that iteratively integrate information from the current window into a persistent memory (Munkhdalai et al., 2024). Another approach is to initially encode the complete long text into memory tokens, which is then queried in to retrieve pertinent information as needed (Xiao et al., 2024). For example, (Yen et al., 2024) employ a small encoder to sequentially encode long text segments, followed by the integration of these encoded chunks into a decoder. However, the drawback of such methods is that the memory length does not extrapolate well, and expanding the memory still incurs substantial computational costs. In contrast, FocusLLM offers superior training efficiency and remains effective on exceedingly long texts.
+
+## 6 Conclusion
+
+In this work, we introduced FocusLLM, a novel framework that significantly extends the context length of LLMs. The core innovation lies in the parallel decoding strategy, which distribute the burden of understanding long texts across each chunk and effectively aggregating global information. FocusLLM stands out due to its remarkable training efficiency, allowing us to achieve substantial gains in context comprehension with minimal computational and memory cost. Compared to existing methods, FocusLLM not only exhibits superior performance across downstream tasks but also maintains low perplexities when handling extensive texts, up to 400K tokens. We hope FocusLLM can be an inspiring work for the community, driving further exploration of long-context models.
+
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+
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+
+## A More discussion
+
+### A.1 Architecture
+
+In this section, we provide an in-depth explanation of the parallel decoding utilized by FocusLLM. As we mentioned in section 2.1.3, the processing of each chunk in FocusLLM can be considered a form of implicit decoding. This is because our goal is not to obtain representations for entire chunks of text, but rather to preserve information about the next token (based on the current chunk) through a special candidate token.
+
+Furthermore, we can observe that the overall structure of FocusLLM shares similarities with the recently proposed concept of the decoder-decoder model architecture (Sun et al., 2024), which differs from the traditional encoder-decoder model. Specifically, encoder-decoder models, like T5 (Raf-fel et al., 2020), utilize a bidirectional encoder for input encoding and a unidirectional decoder for output generation. These models necessitate the re-encoding of the entire set of input and output tokens for each subsequent generation step, making them less suitable for autoregressive generation. In contrast, the decoder-decoder model (also FocusLLM), by caching the previously computed key/value vectors, enables the model to reuse them in the current generation step.
+
+### A.2 Loss Design
+
+In the loss design of FocusLLM, in addition to using the commonly employed Continuation Loss, we designed Repetition Loss to explicitly train the model to maintain attention to the context. We believe that Repetition Loss is the reason why FocusLLM can achieve good results with a relatively small number of training tokens. Previous work has demonstrated that synthetic data can effectively enhance model capabilities or reduce costs (Wu et al., 2024; Li et al., 2022, 2023b, 2024b). This has inspired us to design different types of synthetic data in the future to help FocusLLM quickly learn specific abilities.
+
+## B Details of Benchmarks
+
+### B.1 LongBench
+
+LongBench(Bai et al., 2023) includes 14 English tasks, 5 Chinese tasks, and 2 code tasks, with the average length of most tasks ranging from 5K to 15K. In experiments, we only utilize the English tasks. Detailed statistics of the tasks used in our paper are shown in Table 6.
+
+### B.2 ∞-Bench
+
+The benchmark (Zhang et al., 2024b) comprises 12 unique tasks, each crafted to assess different aspects of language processing and comprehension in extended contexts. Detailed statistics of the tasks used in our paper are shown in Table 7.
+
+Table 6: Detailed statistics of the tasks used in our paper of LongBench.
+| Task | Task Type | Eval metric | Avg len | Language | Sample |
|---|
| HotpotQA | Multi-doc QA | F1 | 9,151 | EN | 200 | | 2WikiMultihopQA | Multi-doc QA | F1 | 4,887 | EN | 200 | | MuSiQue | Multi-doc QA | F1 | 11,214 | EN | 200 | | MultiFieldQA-en | Single-doc QA | F1 | 4,559 | EN | 150 | | NarrativeQA | Single-doc QA | F1 | 18,409 | EN | 200 | | Qasper | Single-doc QA | F1 | 3,619 | EN | 200 | | GovReport | Summarization | Rouge-L | 8,734 | EN | 200 | | QMSum | Summarization | Rouge-L | 10,614 | EN | 200 | | MultiNews | Summarization | Rouge-L | 2,113 | EN | 200 | | TriviaQA | Few shot | F1 | 8,209 | EN | 200 | | SAMSum | Few shot | Rouge-L | 6,258 | EN | 200 | | TREC | Few shot | Accuracy | 5,177 | EN | 200 | | PassageRetrieval-en | Synthetic | Accuracy | 9,289 | EN | 200 | | LCC | Code | Edit Sim | 1,235 | Python/C#/Java | 500 | | RepoBench-P | Code | Edit Sim | 4,206 | Python/Java | 500 |
+
+Table 7: Detailed statistics of the tasks used in our paper of $\infty$-Bench.
+| Task Name | Context | Examples | Avg Input Tokens | Avg Output Tokens |
|---|
| En.MC | Fake Book | 229 | 184.4k | 5.3 | | Code.DEBUG | Code Document | 394 | 114.7k | 4.8 | | Code.RUN | Synthetic | 400 | 75.2k | 1.3 | | Math.FIND | Synthetic | 350 | 87.9k | 1.3 | | Retrieve.PASSKEY | Synthetic | 590 | 122.4k | 2.0 | | RetrieveNUMBER | Synthetic | 590 | 122.4k | 4.0 | | Retrieve.KV[2] | Synthetic | 500 | 89.9k | 22.7 |
+
+
+
+## C Details of the effective lengths of models in Table 3 and 4.
+
+Not all models are capable of processing infinite text lengths. Therefore, we provide a clear explanation of the effective input length for each method in Table 3 and Table 4. Specifically: (i) For models with a finite context length, we truncate the inputs by only preserving the system prompts and the tail of inputs to simulate real-world applications with streaming inputs like (Xiao et al., 2024). For instance, in Table 3, these models include Original (4K), LChat (32K), Vic-16K (16K), Yarn (128K), PI (128K), and NTK (128K). (ii) For other models, including StreamingLLM, InfLLM, LongLlama, CEPE, Activation Beacon, and our FocusLLM, the input can theoretically be of any length. So we input the entire sequence on the two benchmarks.
+
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+arXiv:2408.11746v1 [cs.LG] 21 Aug 2024
+
+
+
+
+# MIXED SPARSITY TRAINING: ACHIEVING 4× FLOP REDUCTION FOR TRANSFORMER PRETRAINING
+
+
+
+
+**Pihe Hu***
+Tsinghua University
+Beijing, China
+hupihe@gmail.com
+
+**Shaolong Li***
+Central South University
+Changsha, China
+shaolongli16@gmail.com
+
+**Longbo Huang**†
+Tsinghua University
+Beijing, China
+longbohuang@tsinghua.edu.cn
+
+## ABSTRACT
+
+
+Large language models (LLMs) have made significant strides in complex tasks, yet their widespread adoption is impeded by substantial computational demands. With hundreds of billion parameters,transformer-based LLMs necessitate months of pretraining across a high-end GPU cluster. However,this paper reveals a compelling finding: *transformers exhibit considerable redundancy in pretraining computations*, which motivates our proposed solution, Mixed Sparsity Training (MST), an efficient pretraining method that can reduce about 75% of Floating Point Operations (FLOPs) while maintaining performance. MST integrates dynamic sparse training (DST) with Sparsity Variation (SV) and Hybrid Sparse Attention (HSA) during pretraining, involving three distinct phases: warm-up,ultra-sparsification, and restoration. The warm-up phase transforms the dense model into a sparse one, and the restoration phase reinstates connections. Throughout these phases, the model is trained with a dynamically evolving sparse topology and an HSA mechanism to maintain performance and minimize training FLOPs concurrently. Our experiment on GPT-2 showcases a FLOP reduction of 4× without compromising performance.
+
+## 1 Introduction
+
+Over the past years, the field of Large Language Models (LLMs) has witnessed remarkable advancements, e.g., T5 [1], GPT-3 [2], GLM [3]. These sophisticated models, characterized by their vast scale, typically with 1 ~ 200 billion parameters, have redefined the frontiers of language understanding, generation, and comprehension. Their prowess in tasks spanning from question-answering systems [4], programming tools [5] to video generation [6], has propelled them to the forefront of research and applications in many fields.
+
+However, the realization of their potential comes entwined with an imposing bottleneck: the substantial computational cost required for their pretraining. The process of priming these colossal models necessitates extensive computational resources [7], involving protracted periods spanning several months running on clusters comprising thousands of high-performance Graphics Processing Units (GPUs). For example, [8] point out that GPT-3 175B [2] requires about 34 training days on a cluster of 1024 NVIDIA A100 GPUs, and Llama-2 70B [9] even requires double training time on the same cluster.
+
+The substantial computational overhead associated with pretraining transformer-based LLMs stands as a formidable barrier, restricting their widespread adoption and accessibility. While existing efforts have sought to enhance pretraining efficiency through strategies such as training parallelism [10, 11, 12], hardware-assisted attention operators [13, 14], and mixed precision training [15, 16, 17], these methods primarily address system-execution-level bottlenecks without tackling the intensive algorithm-level FLOPs associated with training. In essence, the algorithmic computation redundancy of transformer pretraining remains an understudied domain. Furthermore, traditional FLOP reduction techniques, including pruning [18, 19, 20] and quantization [21, 22, 23], have demonstrated the presence of significant FLOP and parameter redundancy within transformers. However, these approaches are primarily applicable in post-training stages,rendering them impractical for addressing computational costs during the pretraining of transformers. This emphasizes the critical need for mitigating algorithmic inefficiencies inherent in the pretraining phase of transformers.
+
+
+*Equal contribution.
+†Corresponding author.
+
+Take GPT-2-small [2] as an example. Figure 1 illustrates that fully-connected layers [24] and self-attention layers [25] contribute significantly to the FLOPs, accounting for up to 83% and 15%, respectively. The FLOPs of fully connected layers stem from weight updates, while the computation-intensive self-attention operations drive the FLOPs of self-attention layers. Given the distinct characteristics of these layers, different methods are required to reduce training FLOPs. Dynamic Sparse Training (DST) [26, 27] has emerged as an effective solution to reduce the FLOPs of fully connected layers, demonstrating the capability to train 80%-sparse networks such as ResNet-50 [28] and MobileNet [29] from scratch without performance degradation. However, direct application of DST methods in pretraining transformers, as seen in SET [26] for BERT [30], only yields modest FLOP savings, typically less than 20%, to maintain performance, owing to the extensive parameters required by transformers for complex tasks.
+
+
+
+Figure 1: Pretraining FLOPs of GPT-2, detailed in Appendix A.5.
+
+Another methodology to reduce training FLOPs of fully-connected layers is to utilize block sparse matrix, such as [31, 32], yet the maximum FLOP reduction is incomparable to our MST methods as shown in Table 1, since they adopt a fixed sparse pattern whose sparsity level is limited to maintain the performance. Meanwhile, sparse attention mechanisms [33, 34] have been proposed to reduce the FLOPs associated with attention operations. However, the application of sparse attention alone typically results in savings of non-dominant FLOPs, as depicted in Figure 1. These observations prompt the following open question:
+
+*Can we remove the computational redundancy in transformer pretraining without losing performance?*
+
+In response to the formidable challenge of computational overhead in transformer pretraining, this paper introduces a novel method called Mixed Sparsity Training (MST). Unlike existing approaches, MST seamlessly integrates dynamic sparse training with Sparsity Variation (SV) and Hybrid Sparse Attention (HSA) throughout the pretraining process, unfolding in three pivotal phases: warm-up, ultra-sparsification, and restoration. As shown in Figure 2, the warm-up phase transforms the dense model into an initial sparse topology, addressing uncertainties in link importance at the initial training stage. Subsequently, the deployment of a novel sparse training method, Mixed-Growing (MG), facilitates the simultaneous training of a sparse model while actively exploring other sparse topologies. The restoration phase then intelligently reinstates connections, effectively recovering performance loss encountered during the ultra-sparsification phase. Additionally, MST introduces HSA to mitigate FLOPs generated by self-attention layers, by incorporating sparse attention mask in the first two phases, and then transitioning to a densified attention mask when the network weights are dense.
+
+
+
+Figure 2: The sparsity variation of MST includes three phases: warm-up, ultra-sparsification and restoration. SV is combined with MG-based dynamic sparse training and HSA during the training.
+
+In essence, MST stands poised to revolutionize transformer pretraining, offering significant FLOP savings while providing users with a transparent and efficient method for training dense transformers. Our experiments with MST on GPT-2 demonstrate an exceptional FLOP reduction of 4× without compromise in performance across multiple zero-shot and few-shot downstream tasks. Moreover, MST is entirely orthogonal and can seamlessly integrate with existing system-level acceleration methods, such as training parallelism [12], hardware-assisted attention operators [14], and mixed precision training [17], thus facilitating efficient transformer pretraining and achieving higher acceleration ratios. Table 1 provides a comprehensive summary of related works aiming to reduce pretraining FLOPs, highlighting MST's state-of-the-art performance in this regard. A detailed literature review is provided in Section 2.
+
+Table 1: Comparison of different training techniques for saving transformer pretraining FLOPS.
+
+| Name | Methods | Models | Reduction |
|---|
| DynSparse [30] | Dynamic Sparsification | BERT | 2× | | LiGO [35] | Layer Growth | BERT | 2.2× | | Monarch [32] | Block Sparsification | GPT-2, BERT | 2.2× | | SPDF [36] | Static Sparsification | GPT-2, GPT-3 | 2.5× | | Pixelated Butterfly [31] | Butterfly Sparsification | GPT-2 | 2.6× | | MST (Ours) | Dynamic Sparsification | GPT-2 | 4× |
+
+## 2 Related Work
+
+We include most related works about dynamic sparse training and transformer pruning in this section.
+
+### 2.1 Dynamic Sparse Training
+
+Dynamic sparse training (DST) is developed to reduce both computational workload and memory usage throughout the entire training process. It involves training a sparse neural network from scratch while dynamically adjusting and updating the sparse mask during training. Sparse Evolutionary Training (SET) [26] removes least magnitude weights and reintroduces random weights for better exploration at the end of each training epoch. SNFS [37] utilizes exponentially smoothed momentum as the criterion for weight growth. RigL [27] uses the same magnitude-based pruning method while activating new weights based on their gradient magnitudes through infrequent full gradient calculation, leading to improved accuracy under the same sparsity.
+
+However, the greedy-based growth policy is highly likely to result in limited weight coverage, consequently yielding a sub-optimal sparse structure network. ITOP [38] delves into the fundamental mechanism of DST, revealing that the advantages of DST arise from exploring all potential parameters over time. Top-KAST [39] prunes least magnitude weights, but it updates a superset of active weights determined by backward sparsity to enable the revival of pruned weights. To achieve high-quality results, more weight gradients need to be involved in the computation throughout the training, which means there is less backward sparsity and a substantial increase in computational workload. [40] proposed a weight-parameterization that keeps the low-magnitude parameters unaffected by learning largely, and its application contributes to enhanced accuracy within the Top-KAST framework. AC/DC [41] employs co-training to simultaneously train both sparse and dense models, allowing for a flexible transition between sparse and dense training and yielding accurate results for both sparse and dense models. MEST [42] adopts a gradually decreasing drop and grow rate during training and introduces a memory-efficient training framework designed for fast execution on edge devices. Spartan [43] integrates soft masking with dual averaging-based updates through a computationally expensive process of calculating a soft top-k mask.
+
+### 2.2 Transformer Pruning
+
+Parameter pruning can certainly be applied to the compression of transformers as well by eliminating redundant model weights. The methods for parameter pruning in transformers fall into three main categories: structured, semi-structured and unstructured pruning.
+
+**Structured pruning.** Structured pruning concentrates on removing larger structured patterns of the network such as groups of consecutive parameters or hierarchical structures like rows, columns, or sub-blocks of the transformer weight matrices, resulting in a model that does not require specific hardware or software for acceleration. Globally Unique Movement (GUM) [44] prunes network components based on their global movement and local uniqueness scores, aiming to maximize both sensitivity and uniqueness. LLM-Pruner [18] employs gradient information to selectively remove non-essential interconnected structures. It computes the structure importance with a small amount of data and subsequently uses low-rank approximation [45] to partially recover lost knowledge after pruning. LoRAPrune [46] combines parameter-efficient tuning methods with pruning to enhance performance on downstream tasks, which presents a pruning criterion based on LoRA, using the weights and gradients of LoRA for importance estimation instead of relying on pre-trained weights. Sheared LLaMA [47] also focused on structured pruning and introduces dynamic batch loading, utilizing losses across different domains to dynamically adjust the components of the sampled data in each training batch. LoRAShear [48] proposed an innovative structure sparse optimizer called LoRA Half-Space Projected Gradient for progressive structured pruning and knowledge transfer. It employs a multi-stage knowledge recovery mechanism to effectively narrow down the performance gap between the full and compressed transformers.
+
+**Semi-structured pruning.** Semi-structured pruning is an under-explored strategy that stays between unstructured pruning and structured pruning, exemplified by N:M sparsity [49] that every contiguous set of M elements precisely contains N non-zero elements in a certain layer or weight matrix. SR-STE [49] proposed the sparse-refined straight-through estimator to enhance the induction of N:M sparsity in the network. A100 GPUs and the 2:4 fine-grained structured sparsity scheme, introduced by Nvidia [50], which enable sparse neural networks to be accelerated on specific hardware. Semi-structured pattern retains relatively high model accuracy while facilitating efficient compression.
+
+**Unstructured pruning.** Unstructured pruning centers on pruning less salient and individual parameters, wherever they are, offering greater flexibility compared to structured pruning. SparseGPT [19] is an approach for few-shot pruning in transformers that avoids the need for retraining, being able to prune up to 60% of the parameters with minimal perplexity increase. It frames pruning as a sparse regression problem and addresses it using an approximate solver based on the inversion of the Hessian matrix. [20] introduces an iterative pruning technique that fine-tunes the model during pruning with minimal training steps. Wanda [51] performs weight pruning through the product of weight magnitudes and their corresponding input activations. This method prunes the network with a single forward pass without depending on second-order information or requiring weight update, achieving competitive performance compared to SparseGPT. [52] proposed Hessian sensitivity-aware mixed sparsity pruning to attain at least 50% sparsity in transformers without retraining.
+
+## 3 Mixed Sparsity Training
+
+This section introduces Mixed Sparsity Training (MST), our innovative approach for transformer pretraining. MST seamlessly integrates Dynamic Sparse Training (DST) with Sparsity Variation (SV) and Hybrid Sparse Attention (HSA). Throughout the training, the model evolves dynamically with a sparse topology. The sparsity variation is firstly elaborated in Section 3.1, and a novel topology evolution scheme, Mixed-Growing (MG), is given in Section 3.2. The hybrid sparse attention mechanism is detailed in Section 3.3. The nuanced integration of dynamic sparse training with sparsity variation and hybrid sparse attention positions MST as a self-consistent method, offering a potent means to optimize training processes and enhance the pretraining efficiency of transformers.
+
+### 3.1 Sparsity Variation
+
+This subsection provides a detailed explanation of the three phases in sparsity variation. The sparsity variation plays a pivotal role in dynamically allocating model's parameters during the pretraining process, as shown in Figure 3.
+
+
+
+Figure 3: Sparsity variation.
+
+**Warm-Up Phase** In this phase, the dense model systematically transitions into a sparse configuration, ensuring an appropriate sparse initialization. Drawing inspiration from prior research [53, 54], we implement a progressive pruning strategy over a series of *N* iterations,gradually inducing sparsity in the dense network. The sparsity level $S_t$ for each iteration is determined by the cubic decay function:
+
+$$
+S_t = S_M + (100\% - S_M) \left(1 - \left\lfloor \frac{t}{N \Delta_W} \right\rfloor\right)^3,
+$$
+
+for $t \in [0, T_W]$, where $S_M$, $N$, and $\Delta_W$ represent the maximum sparsity, the number of sparsity stages, and the pruning frequency, respectively. The warm-up phase spans $T_W = N\Delta_W$ training steps.
+
+**Ultra-Sparsification Phase** The duration of this phase is $T_U$ training steps. We employ a novel topology evolution scheme termed Mixed-Growing (MG), detailed in Section 3.2, to facilitate proper sparse training. Notably, the model is predominantly trained with a highly sparse topology during this phase, leveraging the observation that only a subset of parameters significantly contribute to model performance, while many parameters are redundant, as highlighted in prior works on transformer pruning [18, 19].
+
+**Restoration Phase** In this phase, connections are strategically reinstated to enhance the model's expressiveness and address potential performance loss incurred during former phases. This phase adopts a progressive approach symmetric to the warm-up phase, gradually reducing sparsity in the sparse network over a series of $N$ growing iterations. The sparsity for each iteration is determined by:
+
+$$
+S_t = 100\% + (S_M - 100\%) \left( 1 - \left\lfloor \frac{t - T_W - T_U}{N\Delta_R} \right\rfloor \right)^3,
+$$
+
+for $t \in [T_W + T_U, T_W + T_U + N\Delta_R]$, where $\Delta_R$ denotes the growing frequency. The duration of the restoration phase is $T_R = N\Delta_R$ training steps. The progressive pruning and growing strategies have been empirically proven to achieve good performances in prior works [53, 54]. Besides, our experiments in Section 4.2.1 also validates its superiority over other sparsity variation patterns.
+
+*Remark* 3.1. The warm-up phase aims to establish a proper initial sparse topology, while the ultra-sparsification phase primarily focuses on reducing FLOPs. Subsequently, the restoration phase diligently addresses performance degradation resulting from sparsification. The interplay of three phases in our sparsity variation ensures a holistic transformation of the model, allowing it to leverage parameter redundancy while maintaining performance. The sparsity variation also forms the fundamental architecture of our proposed MST method.
+
+### 3.2 Dynamic Sparse Training
+
+We propose a novel topology evolution scheme called Mixed-Growing (MG), specifically designed for our MST methods, particularly effective in high-sparsity language models during the ultra-sparsification phase. We give a comparison of different DST schemes in Table 2, where existing methods exhibit weaknesses in transformers with massive amounts of parameters as shown in Section 4.1.1. By contrast, our proposed novel topology evolution scheme MG is dedicated to sparse training of transformers by introducing a more active exploration mechanism and outperforms other baselines.
+
+Table 2: Comparison of different topology evolution schemes.
+
+| Alg. | SET [26] | RigL [27] | MEST [55] | Mixed-Growing (Ours) |
|---|
| Prune | min(|θ|) | min(|θ|) | min(|θ| + λ|∇θ|) | min(|θ|) | | Grow | random | max(|∇θ|) | random | (1 - R) max(|∇θ|) + R · random |
+
+Our link growing policy utilizes a hybrid growth strategy that integrates gradient magnitude activation and random activation in a specific proportion to broaden the exploration range of weights. This strategy reduces the likelihood of the network to converge to sub-optimal structures. As for the link pruning, we adhere to a simple criterion based on weight magnitude in consideration of the findings by [55] regarding the minor differences among various pruning criteria in previous works. The weight magnitude pruning approach avoids the introduction of extra hyperparameters and works well in the pruning steps of our MG method.
+
+
+
+Figure 4: Piecewise cosine annealing.
+
+Unlike existing topology evolution schemes, MG introduces flexibility by allowing a disparity between the number of pruned and grown links, facilitating adjustments in network sparsity based on predefined patterns like the one depicted in Figure 3. Specifically, MG utilizes current network sparsity $S_t$ and target network sparsity $S'_t$ to determine the sparsity distribution for each layer, employing an Erdős–Rényi strategy [26]. When the target sparsity $s'_t$ differs from the current sparsity $s_t$ for a given layer $l$, MG dynamically adjusts the number of growing or pruning links to match the target sparsity.
+
+We exclude the training step index $t$ and provide the pseudocode of MG in Algorithm 1, where $M_\theta$ signifies the binary mask outlining the sparse network topology for $\theta$, $\zeta$ represents the topology update fraction, and $R$ denotes the ratio of connections activated through random growth. At each topology evolution step, MG eliminates a subset of existing connections with the smallest absolute weight values, while also prioritizing the revival of a certain number of empty connections with the largest gradients. The remaining connections are randomly generated for each layer.
+
+The update fraction $\zeta$ is determined by a piecewise decaying cosine annealing scheme as
+
+$$
+\zeta_t = \frac{\zeta_i}{2} \left( 1 + \cos \left( \frac{t - T_{i-1}}{T_i - T_{i-1}} \pi \right) \right),
+$$
+
+for $t \in [T_{i-1}, T_i)$, where $\zeta_i$ represents the update fraction magnitude, and $T_0 = 0, T_1 = T_W + T_U, T_2 = T_W + T_U + \Delta_R, \dots, T_{N+1} = T_W + T_U + T_R$. This update schedule, visualized in Figure 4, ensures the network's robust evolutionary ability across different sparsity levels and is better than the single cosine annealing scheme employed in prior works [37, 27]. An empirical comparison of different update schedules is provided in Appendix B.3.
+
+|
+
+**Algorithm 1** Topology Evolution by MG.
+ |
+|
+
+1: $\theta_l, N_l, s_l, s'_l$: parameters, number of parameters, current and target sparsity of layer $l$.
+
+2: **for** each layer $l$ **do**
+
+3: $N_{\text{prune}} = \zeta(1 - s_l)N_l$
+
+4: $N_{\text{grow}} = N_{\text{prune}} + (s'_l - s_l)N_l$
+
+5: $N_{\text{rand}} = \lfloor N_{\text{grow}}R \rfloor$
+
+6: $N_{\text{grad}} = \bar{N}_{\text{grow}} - N_{\text{rand}}$
+
+7: $\mathbb{I}_{\text{prune}} = \text{ArgTopK}(-|\theta_l \odot M_{\theta_l}|, N_{\text{prune}})$
+
+8: $\mathbb{I}_{\text{grad\_grow}} = \text{ArgTop}K_{i \notin \theta_l \odot M_{\theta_l} \setminus \mathbb{I}_{\text{prune}}} (|\nabla_{\theta} L|, N_{\text{grad}})$
+
+9: $\mathbb{I}_{\text{rand\_grow}} = \text{Rand}K_{i \notin \theta_l \odot M_{\theta_l} \setminus (\mathbb{I}_{\text{drop}} \cup \mathbb{I}_{\text{grad\_grow}})} (N_{\text{rand}})$
+
+10: $\mathbb{I}_{\text{grow}} = \mathbb{I}_{\text{grad\_grow}} \cup \mathbb{I}_{\text{rand\_grow}}$
+
+11: Update $M_{\theta_l}$ according to $\mathbb{I}_{\text{prune}}$ and $\mathbb{I}_{\text{grow}}$
+
+12: $\theta_l \leftarrow \theta_l \odot M_{\theta_l}$
+
+13: **end for**
+
+ |
+
+### 3.3 Hybrid Sparse Attention
+
+The majority of LLMs [1, 2, 3] are built upon transformer-based architectures, where the self-attention layer [25] plays a pivotal role in capturing spatial correlations within input texts. We first propose a novel unfactorized sparse strided self-attention, based on which we design the Hybrid Sparse Attention (HSA), to efficiently economize attention FLOPs while maintaining model performances.
+
+A self-attention layer [33] transforms a matrix of input embeddings $X$ into an output matrix, controlled by a connectivity pattern $S = \{S_1, \dots, S_n\}$, where $n$ denotes the length of input embeddings $X$, and $S_i$ represents the set of indices to which the $i$-th output vector attends. Denote $W_q, W_k$, and $W_v$ as weight matrices responsible for transforming a given $x_i$ into a query, key, or value, respectively. The self-attention output at each position is computed as the sum of values weighted by the scaled dot-product similarity of keys and queries:
+
+$$
+\text{Attend}(X, S) = (a(x_i, S_i))_{i \in \{1, \dots, n\}},
+$$
+
+where $a(x_i, S_i) = \text{softmax}((W_q x_i)(W_k x_j)_{j \in S_i}^T / \sqrt{d}) \cdot (W_v x_j)_{j \in S_i}$, and $d$ represents the inner dimension. For autoregressive models such as GPT-2 [2], full self-attention sets $S_i = \{j : j \le i\}$, allowing each element to attend to all previous positions, including its own.
+
+
+
+Figure 5: Strided attention with stride length $l = 3$.
+
+Drawing inspiration from previous works on sparse self-attention [33, 56, 34], we first introduce an *unfactorized sparse strided self-attention*, wherein different attention heads share the same sparse mask. While unfactorized sparse self-attention may entail more FLOPs than its factorized counterpart, it consistently maintains the same performance as dense self-attention, particularly evident in the ultra-sparsification phase in Section 4.2.3. The resultant FLOP savings of unfactorized sparse self-attention align with our targeted reduction of 4×, as demonstrated in Section 4.1. In our unfactorized strided sparse self-attention, each *i*-th output vector attends to the previous *l* locations (depicted by orange cells in Figure 5), as well as every *l*-th location (illustrated by yellow cells in Figure 5), where *l* denotes the chosen stride. Formally, $S_i = \{\max(i - l + 1, 0), \max(i - l + 2, 0), \dots, i\} \cap \{j : (i - j) \bmod l = 0\}$ for $0 \le i \le n$. This pattern is visualized in Figure 5. Furthermore, our strided self-attention surpasses fixed self-attention patterns, as validated in Section 4.2.3, under the same FLOPs budget.
+
+Based on the proposed unfactorized sparse self-attention, we are ready to propose the hybrid sparse attention to efficiently economize attention FLOPs while maintaining optimal model performance. In the initial stages of training, HSA employs an unfactorized strided sparse attention mask to conserve attention FLOPs. As the model becomes denser, HSA transitions to a dense attention mask, ensuring full restoration of model performance. Figure 6 visually illustrates the stride length of the attention mask in hybrid sparse attention during the training. *Remark* 3.2. MST seamlessly integrates three interconnected components: the SV for temporal sparsification of MLP layers, MG for spatial sparsification of MLP layers, and HSA for optimizing self-attention layers. SV and MG work in tandem to harness the inherent *parameter redundancy* within transformers, dynamically shaping the model’s connectivity both temporally and spatially throughout training. While SV orchestrates the temporal evolution of sparsity, MG fine-tunes spatial connectivity in real-time. In parallel, HSA addresses the *computational redundancy* inherent in self-attention mechanisms by distributing the operation across multiple steps, thereby minimizing FLOPs while preserving model performance.The concurrent operation of SV and MG ensures a comprehensive approach to sparsity management in MLP layers, with HSA enhancing computation efficiency in self-attention layers. This integrated framework enables the efficient and effective training of transformers, leveraging the synergies between temporal and spatial sparsification, and computational redundancy to achieve significant pretraining FLOP reductions without compromising model performance.
+
+
+
+Figure 6: Stride length of attention mask in hybrid sparse attention. Notice that when the stride length equals 1, the model utilizes a dense mask.
+
+## 4 Experiment
+
+This section outlines the experimental evaluation of our proposed MST, focusing on auto-regressive language modeling using GPT-2 [2], since GPT-2 and its variants are pivotal models in the domain of transformer-based LLMs. In addition, we also take experiments on BERT [57] to validate the effectiveness of MST. The evaluation involves benchmarking MST’s performance against baseline approaches on various language modeling tasks. We also conduct an ablation study of individual components in MST. The primary goal of this section is to showcase the advantages of MST in achieving a 4× reduction in pretraining FLOPs while maintaining performance comparable to dense models. The results are averaged on four random seeds and detailed experiment configurations are deferred to Appendix A.
+
+### 4.1 Performance Comparison
+
+Table 3: Performance comparison of different pretraining methods on GPT-2.
+
+| Alg. | FLOPs (G) | Zero-shot | Few-shot | | LAMBADA (ACC) | LAMBADA (PPL) | WikiText2 (PPL) | PTB (PPL) | WikiText103 (PPL) | 1BW (PPL) | RTE (ACC) | MRPC (ACC) | | Dense | 847.8 | 60.74 | 13.22 | 34.89 | 34.06 | 36.29 | 44.16 | 52.98 | 71.26 | | Tiny | 212.7 | 53.29 | 31.91 | 58.00 | 58.71 | 60.78 | 71.96 | 55.87 | 71.63 | | SS | 267.7 | 50.59 | 54.77 | 83.98 | 75.98 | 88.00 | 99.44 | 50.00 | 68.50 | | RigL | 267.7 | 55.75 | 25.81 | 43.00 | 48.14 | 44.82 | 62.31 | 48.83 | 67.22 | | MST | 219.4 | 60.54 | 13.67 | 33.33 | 34.64 | 34.95 | 45.90 | 52.62 | 70.96 |
+
+We conducted extensive experiments to assess the performance of our MST method against various baseline approaches across a range of zero-shot tasks from [2] and few-shot tasks from GLUE [58]. Our baseline models encompass a range of pretraining strategies, including standard dense pretraining, a compact dense model (Tiny), static sparse pretraining with 80% sparsity (SS-80%), and dynamic sparse pretraining with 80% sparsity facilitated by RigL [27] (RigL-80%). Detailed benchmark configurations and baseline setups can be found in Appendix A. The experiment results of zero-shot tasks are summarized in Table 3, where we also present the pretraining FLOPs of different models.
+
+Apart from GPT-2, we also conduct experiments on BERT [57] to validate the effectiveness of MST. The training perplexity is shown in Figure 7, where we find that MST achieves performances comparable to dense training, with only less than one-third of the FLOPs required for dense training.
+
+#### 4.1.1 Topology Evolution Scheme
+
+Under our setting, the tiny dense model and MST require only 25% pretraining FLOPs of the dense model, while the two sparse training methods (SS and RigL) require slightly more FLOPs, around 35%. However, among these four FLOPs-efficient training methods, only MST achieves performances comparable to those of the dense model. Moreover, MST outperforms the dense model in most zero-shot tasks. Notably, SS-80% is implemented based on SPDF [36], while RigL-80% is built upon DynSparse [30]. By the way, also note that the experimental results for the remaining three baselines (layer growth [35], block sparsification [32], butterfly sparsification [13]) in Table 1 can be referenced from their respective papers, which are incomparable to our FLOP reduction ratio. The reason that we do not reproduce the experiment results from these three baselines is that they are beyond the scope of network sparsification. Besides, a comparison of our reproduced dense model with OpenAI's official GPT-2 checkpoint from HuggingFace is deferred to Appendix B.1.
+
+
+
+Figure 7: Perplexity of different pre-training methods on BERT.
+
+### 4.2 Ablation Study
+
+To gain insights into the contributions of each component in MST, we conducted an ablation study on sparsity variation, topology evolution schema, and hybrid sparse attention from the training pipeline.
+
+#### 4.2.1 Sparsity Variation
+
+We evaluate the impact of different temporal sparsity variation on model performance during pretraining. Specifically, we compare several patterns: fully dense (Dense), fully sparse by MG (Sparse), sparse to dense (SD), dense to sparse to dense (DSD), gradual dense (GD), and our proposed Sparsity Variation (SV) utilizing a cubic decay function, as illustrated in Section 3.1. The validation perplexity, instant sparsity level, and average FLOP reduction compared to the dense model are plotted in Figure 8. As expected, the figure shows that fully dynamic sparse training with high sparsity throughout fails to match dense performance. However, when connections are grown back, all other four methods achieve dense-level performance in terms of validation perplexity. This underscores the importance of the restoration phase for sparse training methods of transformers to recover dense-comparable performance.
+
+
+
+Figure 8: Ablation study on different sparsity variation patterns.
+
+While GD demonstrates the fastest growth, it only achieves a 1.5× reduction in FLOPs. In contrast, SD achieves a higher FLOP reduction of over 2×. Moreover, the inclusion of an initial dense phase, as observed in DSD, outperforms SD after 120K in terms of validation perplexity with similar FLOP efficiency, underscoring the importance of sparse topology initialization for model performance. Our SV, employing a cubic decay function for sparsity variation, features a burn-in phase that is more efficient than sudden changes in sparsity, such as DSD, while maintaining comparable model performance. Thus, our proposed MST offers an efficient temporal sparsification pattern to achieve dense-comparable performance while simultaneously maximizing FLOP savings up to 2.7×. Additionally, we provide hyperparameter recommendations for SV in Appendix A.3.
+
+#### 4.2.2 Topology Evolution Scheme
+
+We showcase the effectiveness of our proposed topology evolution scheme, Mixed-Growing (MG), by comparing it with different topology evolution schemes in the task of training an ultra-sparse GPT-2 model with 90% sparsity. The baseline methods encompass static sparse training (SS), dynamic sparse training via SET [26], RigL [27], and MEST [42], respectively.
+
+Figure 9 provides an overview of the validation perplexity during the training of these methods, with the right subplot offering a closer examination of the highlighted region from the left subplot. SET consistently encounters loss spikes across all seeds occurring after 18K training steps, leading to outlier performance. Among the remaining methods, SS demonstrates the poorest performance, underscoring the critical importance of topology evolution during sparse training. RigL maintains its superiority over SET, highlighting the importance of gradient-based growing strategies. However, it is worth noting that MEST underperforms RigL, which diverges from observations in smaller models [55], suggesting that sparse training for transformers differs significantly from that of smaller models. Moreover, MG outperforms the other three methods, demonstrating its suitability for sparse training of transformers, attributed to its more proactive exploration mechanism, as elaborated in Section 4.3.
+
+
+
+Figure 9: Perplexity of different topology evolution schemes.
+
+
+
+#### 4.2.3 Sparse Self-Attention
+
+We conducted a comparison of training performance among sparse models employing unfactorized strided self-attention and unfactorized fixed self-attention, as illustrated in Figure 10, with varying stride lengths. Specifically, we evaluated dense masks, fixed self-attention with stride lengths of 256 and 512, and strided self-attention with stride lengths of 128 and 256. Table 9 in Appendix A.5 presents the training FLOPs of the different models, while Figure 11 showcases their training performance.
+
+
+
+
+Figure 10: Fixed attention mask.
+
+Notably, Fixed-256 and Strided-128 exhibit similar FLOPs, yet they both exhibit a performance gap compared to the dense mask. Conversely, Fixed-512 and Strided-256 demonstrate comparable performance to the dense mask. We opted for Strided-256 in our MST as it offers greater FLOP savings than Fixed-512 and achieves better performance than Strided-128.
+
+
+
+Figure 11: Validation perplexity of different attention patterns.
+
+### 4.3 Intuitive Insights
+
+In addition to quantitative performance metrics, we present more intuitive insights into components of our proposed MST method. MST employs a sparsity variation comprising three phases: warm-up, ultra-sparsification, and restoration. The core concept of MST revolves around predominantly training the model during the ultra-sparsification phase to capitalize on the inherent parameter redundancy in transformers, thereby contributing significantly to FLOP reduction. The other two phases serve as auxiliary stages for supporting the ultra-sparsification phase to recover the full performance of dense training. The warm-up phase acts as a burn-in stage for the model to establish an optimal initial sparse topology, while the restoration phase endeavors to recover the performance loss incurred during the ultra-sparsification phase.
+
+To underscore the necessity of mixed-growing in our ultra-sparsification phase, we initially present statistical results on parameter distribution across various scales of GPT-2 models. Subsequently, we visualize the evolution of model parameters during training to validate the effectiveness of our sparsity variation. These intuitive findings offer deeper insights into the operation of MST and its implications for efficient transformer pertaining.
+
+**Why Mixed-Growing?** We present statistical results on parameter magnitude across various scales of GPT-2 models in Figure 12. We observe that the larger model exhibits a smaller standard deviation in parameter magnitudes. This suggests that transformers with a substantial number of parameters tend to have more homogeneous magnitudes. That is why we introduce a restoration phase to compensate for the performance loss in the ultra-sparsification phase, as it may be harder to train a larger model with sparse neural networks throughout. Moreover, the homogenization of parameters leads to reduced discrepancies in gradients, posing a potential challenge for gradient-based topology evolution schemes. With reduced differences in gradients, these schemes may become less suitable for guiding the evolution of sparse neural architectures. To counteract this limitation, we introduce the Mixed-Growing (MG) scheme, a tailored approach designed specifically for transformers. MG is crafted to inject additional random exploration into the evolution of sparse topology, ensuring its adaptability to the unique challenges presented by transformers. The efficacy of MG over alternative topology evolution schemes is demonstrated in Section 4.2.2.
+
+
+
+Figure 12: Standard deviation of parameters in the first encoder block in different scales of GPT-2 checkpoints from HuggingFace.
+
+**Why Sparsity Variation?** We visualize the model parameters through heatmaps after each phase in mixed sparsity training. For comparison, we include the visualization of a regularly trained dense model. Taking the weights of the projection matrix in the attention layers depicted in Figure 13 as an example, we observe horizontal bands in the parameters of the regularly trained dense model, indicating redundancies across output dimensions. Interestingly, the model trained using our mixed sparsity training exhibits similar bands in the same dimensions as the regularly trained dense model, albeit with narrower bandwidths. This suggests that our MST method effectively guides the model in learning essential parameters. Furthermore, the learned parameters are more concentrated, making them better suited for subsequent pruning in the post-training stage to facilitate faster inference of transformers, an advantage of our MST method.
+
+
+
+Figure 13: Heatmap of the weights of the projection matrix in the attention layer.
+
+Additionally, the sparse topology obtained during the warm-up phase (first heatmap) displays aligned bands akin to the dense model, with minimal changes observed during the ultra-sparsification phase compared to the model after this phase (second heatmap). This underscores the effectiveness of the warm-up phase in establishing a favorable sparse initialization. However, we find that the restoration phase is also essential for restoring parameters, as the model parameters after the ultra-sparsification phase (second heatmap) still notably differ from those of the original dense model.
+
+## 5 Conclusion and Future Work
+
+Our proposed MST method presents a novel and effective approach for enhancing the efficiency of transformer pretraining. By seamlessly integrating Sparsity Variation (SV), Mixed-Growing (MG), and Hybrid Sparse Attention (HSA), MST offers a comprehensive solution to address both algorithmic inefficiencies and computational demands inherent in transformer pretraining. Through experimentation on GPT-2, we have demonstrated the efficacy of MST across various language modeling tasks, showcasing an exceptional FLOP reduction of 4× while maintaining the performance of dense models.
+
+We envision that our discoveries lay the foundation for future research aimed at devising even more efficient and scalable approaches for training large-scale models. Extending the application of MST to larger scales or diverse model architectures holds substantial merit and can serve to corroborate its generalizability. Moreover, MST is entirely orthogonal and can seamlessly integrate with existing system-level acceleration methods, such as training parallelism [11, 12], hardware-assisted attention operators [13, 14], and mixed precision training [16, 17], thus facilitating efficient transformer pretraining and achieving higher acceleration ratios.
+
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+
+## Supplementary Materials
+
+**A Experiment Details** 15
+
+A.1 Hardware Setup . . 15
+
+A.2 Model and Implementation Details . 15
+
+A.3 Hyperparameter Settings of MST and baselines . 15
+
+A.4 Benchmark Details . . 17
+
+A.5 FLOP Calculation . . . 18
+
+**B Supplementary Experiment Results** 19
+
+B.1 Comparison with OpenAI’s Checkpoint . 19
+
+B.2 Training Curves of Comparative Evaluation in Section 4.1 . 19
+
+B.3 Comparison of Different Update Schedules in MST . . 20
+
+B.4 Visualization of Model Parameters . 20
+
+## A Experiment Details
+
+### A.1 Hardware Setup
+
+Our experiments are implemented with PyTorch 2.1.1 [59], CUDA 12.1 [60], run on 4x NVIDIA A100 Tensor Core GPUs. Each run needs about 24 hours to train the dense model for 100K steps.
+
+#### A.2 Model and Implementation Details
+
+Considering OpenAI does not release the training dataset, WebText, of GPT-2 [2], we use the nanoGPT code base from https://github.com/karpathy/nanoGPT/. NanoGPT is a lightweight version of the GPT-2 model trained on the OpenWebText dataset [61]. Our experiment implementation is derived from the small GPT-2 model. The architecture comprises 12 transformer layers and 12 attention heads, with an embedding size set to 768. The text is tokenized with the GPT-2 tokenizer [2]. We adopt the train-validation split provided by nanoGPT. The training set comprises 9 billion tokens, and the validation set contains 4.4 million tokens. During training, we optimize the cross-entropy loss for next-token prediction. Consistent with nanoGPT, we employ GELU activations while disabling bias and Dropout. Distributed data parallelism with gradient accumulation is employed to enable a batch size of 480. Training is conducted with bfloat16 precision on machines with 4 A100 GPUs.
+
+### A.3 Hyperparameter Settings of MST and baselines
+
+We begin by detailing the hyperparameter settings for the dense model in Table 4, sourced from NanoGPT. These parameters are also utilized as the public parameters for the subsequent methods. Following this, we provide the private hyperparameter settings specific to MST, RigL, SS, and Tiny in Tables 5, 6, 7, and 8, respectively.
+
+Table 4: Public hyperparameters.
+
+| Hyperparameter | Value |
|---|
| Optimizer | AdamW | | Activation function | GELU | | Number of gradient accumulation steps | 5 × 8 | | Batch size | 12 | | Input sequence length | 1024 | | Number of layers | 12 | | Number of attention heads | 12 | | Embedding dimensionality | 768 | | Dropout rate | 0.0 | | Bias | Not used | | Learning rate | 6 × 10-4 | | Minimum learning rate | 6 × 10-5 | | Iteration intervals for learning rate decay | 140000 | | Total number of training iterations | 140000 | | Weight decay coefficient | 0.1 | | Warmup steps | 2000 | | Threshold value for gradient clipping | 0.1 | | Exponential decay rate for the moving average of the gradient β1 | 0.9 | | Exponential decay rate for the moving average of the squared gradient β2 | 0.95 |
+
+Table 5: Private Hyperparameters of MST.
+
+| Category | Hyperparameter | MST |
|---|
| SV | Maximum sparsity SM | 96% | | Number of sparsity levels N | 5 | | Pruning frequency ΔW | 2000 | | Warm-up phase duration TW | 10000 | | Ultra-sparsification phase duration TU | 100000 | | Growing frequency ΔR | 2000 | | DST | Growing training phase duration TR | 10000 | | Initial topology update fraction ζ1 | 0.3 | | Topology update interval Δt | 100 | | HSA | Ratio of connections activated through random growth | 0.25 | | Stride of attention mask | 256 |
+
+Table 6: Private Hyperparameters of RigL.
+
+| Category | Hyperparameter | RigL |
|---|
| DST | Sparsity SRigL | 80 | | Initial topology update fraction ζ0 | 0.3 | | Topology update interval Δt | 100 |
+
+Table 7: Private Hyperparameters of SS.
+
+| Category | Hyperparameter | SS |
|---|
| DST | Sparsity SSS | 80 |
+
+Table 8: Private Hyperparameters of Tiny.
+
+| Category | Hyperparameter | Tiny |
|---|
| Model Size | Embedding dimensionality | 384 | | Number of layers | 6 |
+
+### A.4 Benchmark Details
+
+In our performance evaluation, i.e. Table 10 in Section 4.1, we perform zero-shot evaluation of the models on 5 datasets and few-shot evaluation on 2 subtasks of GLUE. The detailed information about the datasets is elaborated in the following.
+
+#### A.4.1 Zero-Shot Tasks
+
+**LAMBADA** The LAMBADA dataset [62], sourced from BookCorpus, comprises 10,022 passages, which are further divided into 4,869 development passages and 5,153 test passages. It evaluates the capability of computational models to capture long-range dependencies and text comprehension. This task involves predicting the final word of sentences, which exhibits the feature wherein human participants can predict the final word when provided with the entire passage but struggle when given only the preceding sentence. To succeed on LAMBADA, computational models cannot simply rely on local context, but must demonstrate the capacity to track information from the broader discourse. The training dataset for language models evaluated on LAMBADA includes totalling 203 million words.
+
+**PTB** The English Penn Treebank (PTB) corpus [63] encompasses a diverse collection of English text drawn from sources such as news articles, magazines, and other publications, particularly the section corresponding to Wall Street Journal articles, which stands out as one of the most prominent and widely used datasets for evaluating sequence labelling models. This task involves annotating each word with its respective Part-of-Speech tag. In the conventional split of the corpus, sections 0 to 18 serve as the training set (comprising 38,219 sentences and 912,344 tokens), sections 19 to 21 function as the validation set (consisting of 5,527 sentences and 131,768 tokens), and sections 22 to 24 serve as the test set (comprising 5,462 sentences and 129,654 tokens).
+
+**WikiText** The WikiText language modeling dataset [64] comprises a compilation of more than 100 million tokens extracted from a selection of Good and Featured articles on Wikipedia, commonly used in various language modeling tasks, including next-word prediction, text generation and text classification. Compared to the preprocessed version of Penn Treebank (PTB), WikiText-2 is more than twice the size, while WikiText-103 is over 110 times larger. Its composition of full articles makes it particularly suitable for models capable of capturing long-term dependencies.
+
+**1BW** The One Billion Words (1BW) dataset [65], originally introduced by the Google Brain team, is a substantial English language corpus for pretraining language models, which contains almost one billion words in the training data and is openly accessible for research purposes. This benchmark dataset covers various genres and topics ranging from news and technology to novels and is extensively used to assess the performance of statistical language models. Researchers leverage the 1BW dataset to pretrain language models, enhancing their performance across various downstream NLP tasks such as text classification, sentiment analysis, and language generation.
+
+#### A.4.2 Few-shot
+
+General Language Understanding Evaluation (GLUE) [58] benchmark comprises a suite of diverse language understanding tasks, ranging from sentence-level to discourse-level, including tasks like text classification, sentence similarity, etc. It serves as a standardized platform for evaluating and comparing the performance of various NLP models, aiming to facilitate advancements in the field by providing a unified evaluation framework. Our experimental section uses 2 subtasks of the GLUE benchmark—RTE and MRPC.
+
+**RTE** The Recognizing Textual Entailment (RTE) datasets come from a series of annual textual entailment challenges. The authors of the benchmark combined the data from RTE1 [66], RTE2 [67], RTE3 [67], and RTE5 [68]. Examples are constructed based on news and Wikipedia text. The authors of the benchmark convert all datasets to a two-class split, where for three-class datasets they collapse neutral and contradiction into not entailment, for consistency. The RTE dataset is designed to assess models' understanding of textual entailment. The dataset sources texts from a series of annual textual entailment challenges. It consists of pairs of text, each comprising a premise and a hypothesis, where the task is to determine whether the premise logically entails the hypothesis.
+
+**MRPC** The Microsoft Research Paraphrase Corpus (MRPC) [69] is a corpus of sentence pairs automatically extracted from online news sources. It is designed to evaluate models' performance in identifying semantic equivalence between pairs of sentences. The task involves determining whether the two sentences in each pair convey similar meanings.
+
+### A.5 FLOP Calculation
+
+As shown in Figure 1, the major FLOPs of the GPT-2 model come from fully connected layers and self-attention layers. We illustrate the computation of these two parts in the following. We disregard other layers which are effectively irrelevant or contribute minimally to the total computation overhead such as LayerNorm and Softmax. Furthermore, we exclude the FLOPs associated with the topology evolution process, as it occurs every 100 training steps, thus its influence on the final result is deemed negligible.
+
+Initially, for a sparse network comprising $L$ fully connected layers and without considering bias terms, the required FLOPs for a forward pass can be computed as
+
+$$
+\text{FLOPs}_{\text{forward}} = \sum_{l=1}^{L} (1 - S_l)(2I_l - 1)O_l \quad (1)
+$$
+
+where $S_l$ is the sparsity, $I_l$ is the input dimensionality, and $O_l$ is the output dimensionality of the $l$-th layer. Note that Eq. (1) is also adopted in [27]. When it comes to training FLOPs, the calculation involves multiple forward and backward passes across various networks. The FLOPs during the forward pass consist of two main components: the transformer and the final linear output layer, and the computation in the transformer primarily stems from the attention blocks and the multi-layer perceptron block.
+
+Based on the model architecture, we can first delve into the details of the FLOP calculation of the attention mechanism blocks. We denote $L$ as the input sequence length, $N_{\text{embd}}$ as the embedding dimensionality, $D_{\text{head}}$ as the size of each attention head, $Q_{\text{atten}}$ as the ratio of FLOPs by sparse self-attention over the full self-attention, $S$ as the sparsity we pre-set. Besides, Table 9 shows the $Q_{\text{atten}}$ in different sparse self-attention patterns.
+
+Table 9: FLOPs of different sparse self-attention patterns.
+
+| Pattern | Dense Mask | Fixed 256 | Fixed 512 | Strided 128 | Strided 256 | | Qatten (%) | 100.00 | 12.70 | 25.10 | 12.07 | 22.03 |
+
+Thus, we have the following FLOPs:
+
+1. Performing the projection to key, query, and value:
+
+$$
+\text{FLOPs}_{\text{kqv}} = (1 - S) \times L \times ((2 \times N_{\text{embd}} - 1) \times 3 \times N_{\text{embd}})
+$$
+
+2. Calculating the attention scores:
+
+$$
+\text{FLOPs}_{\text{scores}} = Q_{\text{atten}} \times 2 \times L \times L \times N_{\text{embd}}
+$$
+
+3. Aggregating the values through the reduction:
+
+$$
+\text{FLOPs}_{\text{reduce}} = Q_{\text{atten}} \times 2 \times N_{\text{embd}} \times (L \times L \times D_{\text{head}})
+$$
+
+4. Performing the final linear projection:
+
+$$
+\text{FLOPs}_{\text{proj}} = (1 - S) \times L \times ((2 \times N_{\text{embd}} - 1) \times N_{\text{embd}})
+$$
+
+Therefore, we can compute the total FLOPs for attention blocks as:
+
+$$
+\text{FLOPs}_{\text{atten}} = \text{FLOPs}_{\text{kqv}} + \text{FLOPs}_{\text{scores}} + \text{FLOPs}_{\text{reduce}} + \text{FLOPs}_{\text{proj}}
+$$
+
+Now, we shift focus to calculating the FLOPs for the MLP blocks. Before proceeding, we denote $D_{\text{ffw}}$ as the feed-forward size (the dimensionality of the hidden layer between the two linear layers in the MLP block), and it is commonly set to four times the value of $N_{\text{embd}}$. The calculation of FLOPs for the MLP involves summing the computational costs of two linear layers:
+
+$$
+\text{FLOPs}_{\text{ffw1}} = (1 - S) \times L \times ((2 \times N_{\text{embd}} - 1) \times D_{\text{ffw}})
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{FLOPs}_{\text{ffw2}} = (1 - S) \times L \times ((2 \times D_{\text{ffw}} - 1) \times N_{\text{embd}})
+$$
+
+And we have
+
+$$
+\text{FLOPs}_{\text{MLP}} = \text{FLOPs}_{\text{ffw1}} + \text{FLOPs}_{\text{ffw2}}
+$$Therefore, the FLOPs of the transformer during the forward process is
+
+$$
+FLOPs_{\text{transformer}} = N \times (FLOPs_{\text{atten}} + FLOPs_{\text{MLP}})
+$$
+
+where *N* denotes the number of layers (model depth), FLOPsatten and FLOPsMLP denote the FLOPs required in the attention and MLP blocks, respectively.
+
+So far, we have elucidated the FLOP calculation for the internal modules of the transformer. During the forward pass, there is one remaining part, namely the final language model output layer, which is used to convert hidden representations into probability distributions over the vocabulary. We denote *D*vocal as the vocabulary size, and we have:
+
+$$
+FLOPs_{lm} = (1 - S) \times L \times ((2 \times N_{\text{embd}} - 1) \times D_{\text{vocal}})
+$$
+
+Then we obtain the total FLOPs for the forward process:
+
+$$
+FLOPs_{\text{forward}} = FLOPs_{\text{transformer}} + FLOPs_{lm}
+$$
+
+For the FLOPs of gradients backward propagation, denoted as FLOPsbackward, we compute it as twice the computational cost of the forward pass, which is adopted in existing literature [27], i.e., FLOPsbackward = 2 × FLOPsforward. Finally, the total FLOPs during the training process can be given by FLOPstotal = FLOPsforward + FLOPsbackward.
+
+## B Supplementary Experiment Results
+
+### B.1 Comparison with OpenAI's Checkpoint
+
+A comparison between our reproduced dense model and NanoGPT, sourced from the official GPT-2 checkpoint by OpenAI via HuggingFace, is presented in Table 10. Upon review of Table 10, we observe that our model exhibits comparable performance to the OpenAI model across most tasks. However, in certain instances, such as on WikiText2 and WikiText103, our model demonstrates inferior performance. This discrepancy may be attributed to slight variations in model architecture and the utilization of different training datasets. While we employ the OpenWebText dataset, OpenAI utilizes the WebText dataset, which is not publicly available.
+
+Table 10: Performance comparison of our reproduced GPT with OpenAI's official GPT-2 checkpoint from HuggingFace.
+
+| Method | LAMBADA (ACC) | LAMBADA (PPL) | WikiText2 (PPL) | PTB (PPL) | WikiText103 (PPL) | 1BW (PPL) | | Dense (OpenAI) | 60.43 | 12.04 | 25.19 | 30.46 | 26.38 | 43.39 | | Dense (Ours) | 60.74 | 13.22 | 34.89 | 34.06 | 36.29 | 44.16 |
+
+### B.2 Training Curves of Comparative Evaluation in Section 4.1
+
+The training curves of various methods evaluated in Section 4.1 are depicted in Figure 14. Upon examination of Figure 14, it becomes apparent that both Tiny and RigL fail to achieve performance comparable to the dense model. Additionally, the static sparse method encounters issues, evidenced by loss spikes across all four seeds. Notably, MST emerges as the sole method capable of reaching dense performance. Furthermore, the training curve of MST exhibits a spike at 100K training steps. This occurs due to the transition of the self-attention mask to a dense configuration at this moment within the hybrid sparse attention scheme. Despite this spike, MST rapidly converges back to a normal training trajectory autonomously, without requiring manual intervention for restoration.
+
+
+
+Figure 14: Training Curves of Comparative Evaluation in Section 4.1.
+
+### B.3 Comparison of Different Update Schedules in MST
+
+We delved deeper into the impact of update schedules by training models with various schemes, including 1-cosine, 2-cosine, N-cosine, and Decay N-cosine. The experiment outcomes, depicted in Figure 15, reveal distinct performances across these schedules. The results indicate that the single cosine scheme struggles to maintain performance during the ultra-sparsification phase, while the 2-cosine scheme exhibits suboptimal performance during the restoration phase. Conversely, both N-cosine and Decay N-cosine schemes consistently yield good performance across both stages. This consistency can be attributed to the stepwise nature of network sparsity in these stages, necessitating a reset of the update schedule to prevent convergence issues and subsequent performance degradation. Furthermore, the Decay N-cosine scheme outperforms the N-cosine scheme, as the decay of the update fraction helps stabilize the training process, thereby enhancing performance.
+
+
+
+Figure 15: Ablation study on different mixed update schedules.
+
+### B.4 Visualization of Model Parameters
+
+We visualize the model parameters through heatmaps after each phase in mixed sparsity training. In addition to Figure 13 in Section 4.3, we present heatmaps of weights from various fully connected layers in Figures 16, 17, and 18. Figure 16 exhibits similar horizon bands as seen in Figure 13, indicating consistent patterns across layers. Conversely, parameter distributions in Figures 17 and 18 appear more uniform. Despite these differences, our model consistently learns parameters closely aligned with those of the dense model, underscoring the effectiveness of our MST method.
+
+
+
+Figure 16: Heatmap of the weights of weight matrix in the second attention layer.
+
+
+
+Figure 17: Heatmap of the weights of weight matrix in the first MLP layer.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_27.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_27.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9520d939df9cf5fa7a3451e2198b585ba5f48b50
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+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_27.md
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+arXiv:2408.11755v1 [cs.CL] 21 Aug 2024
+
+# Leveraging Fine-Tuned Retrieval-Augmented Generation with Long-Context Support: For 3GPP Standards
+
+Omar Erak¹, Nouf Alabbasi¹, Omar Alhussein¹, Ismail Lotfi¹, Amr Hussein¹,
+Sami Muhaidat²,³, Merouane Debbah²
+¹KU 6G Research Centre, Department of Computer Science, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
+²KU 6G Research Centre, Department of Computer and Information Engineering, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, UAE
+³Department of Systems and Computer Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
+Emails: omarerak@ieee.org, 100064507@ku.ac.ae, omar.alhussein@ku.ac.ae, ismail.lotfi@ku.ac.ae,
+100059484@ku.ac.ae, muhaidat@ieee.org, merouane.debbah@ku.ac.ae
+
+***Abstract*—Recent studies show that large language models (LLMs) struggle with technical standards in telecommunications. We propose a fine-tuned retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) system based on the Phi-2 small language model (SLM) to serve as an oracle for communication networks. Our developed system leverages forward-looking semantic chunking to adaptively determine parsing breakpoints based on embedding similarity, enabling effective processing of diverse document formats. To handle the challenge of multiple similar contexts in technical standards, we employ a re-ranking algorithm to prioritize the most relevant retrieved chunks. Recognizing the limitations of Phi-2's small context window, we implement a recent technique, namely SelfExtend, to expand the context window during inference, which not only boosts the performance but also can accommodate a wider range of user queries and design requirements from customers to specialized technicians. For fine-tuning, we utilize the low-rank adaptation (LoRA) technique to enhance computational efficiency during training and enable effective fine-tuning on small datasets. Our comprehensive experiments demonstrate substantial improvements over existing question-answering approaches in the telecom domain, achieving performance that exceeds larger language models such as GPT-4 (which is about 880 times larger in size). This work presents a novel approach to leveraging SLMs for communication networks, offering a balance of efficiency and performance. This work can serve as a foundation towards agentic language models for networks.**
+
+***Index Terms*—6G networks, AGI, LLM, LoRA, RAG, retrieval**
+
+## I. INTRODUCTION
+
+LLMs have demonstrated impressive capabilities, from basic automation to complex decision-making [1]. They have proven their efficiency in a variety of tasks, including questions and answering (QnA), code generation, and other problems. Their ability to process natural language and generate human-like responses makes them powerful tools in many fields, including telecommunications.
+
+As telecom networks grow more complex and data-driven, large language models (LLMs) offer significant potential to enhance automation, optimize network management, and improve customer experiences [2]–[4]. However, to fully leverage agentic LLM-based models in telecommunications, we need to develop models that deeply understand the nuances of telecom systems and possess comprehensive knowledge of telecom models. Building such specialized models is crucial for adapting LLMs to agentic roles where they can autonomously handle involved tasks, such as dynamic network optimization and predictive maintenance.
+
+LLMs can be adapted to various tasks through fine-tuning or retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). Fine-tuning enhances the performance of LLMs by adjusting the model's internal knowledge through iterative training on specialized datasets. However, the telecom industry is rapidly evolving, rendering fine-tuning an expensive and inefficient approach that cannot easily keep up with such a fast-paced industry. Furthermore, once a model is fine-tuned, editing or forgetting a specific piece of information becomes challenging [5].
+
+RAG, on the other hand, augments text generation with information retrieval, enabling models to produce more accurate and contextually aware responses. This approach allows flexible model adaptation and rapid integration of new information. RAG also grounds the model's response in the relevant retrieved context, reducing (yet not entirely eliminating) the risk of hallucination [6]. Telecom applications can benefit from real-time data to produce more accurate and up-to-date responses. Therefore, we believe LLM-based RAG systems can better enable emerging applications, such as dynamic network management, customer support, and predictive maintenance.
+
+Integrating RAG into telecommunication systems involves deploying LLM frameworks on user equipment and edge devices, a process which presents a significant challenge due to the involved computational intensity of LLMs, both in terms of training and inference costs. This challenge highlights the appeal of SLMs. These language models (LMs) offer computational and storage efficiency while maintaining adequate performance, suggesting their suitability for deployment on edge devices and possible enablement of on-device artificial intelligence (AI) [7]. Several small language models (SLMs) have been proposed in the literature, including Microsoft's Phi-2 with 2.7B parameters [8] and Gemini Nano 2 with 3.2B parameters [9]. The Phi-2 model is currently considered as the state-of-the-art SLM as it is able to match or outperform models up to 25x larger such as Llama-2-70b which has 70B parameters [10].
+
+Recent studies indicate that while state-of-the-art LLMs perform well on general telecommunications queries, they struggle with questions related to technical standards in the field [11], [12]. We believe this is mainly due to the fact that standard-type knowledge and system specifications do not exist in common research papers and other publications, which serve as the main learning sources for LLMs. For instance, with respect to telecom systems, the polysemy of abbreviations (e.g., SAP: service access sample vs. system application and protocol) can hinder the model from inferring a correct answer. Additionally, the LMs training on generalized knowledge can interfere with its performance in specialized domain tasks. For instance, certain protocols and methods in telecom-specific domains do not necessarily follow the generally followed-upon practices in broader contexts. A model trained on generalized knowledge may not adequately capture these domain-specific nuances and practices.
+
+We propose a carefully developed Phi-2 based fine-tuned RAG system to serve as an oracle for communication networks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to present a fine-tuned RAG system for communication networks. Previous works focus on presenting a frozen RAG framework or fine-tuning an LM. Our RAG system leverages a forward-looking semantic chunking (or parsing) strategy that adaptively determines breakpoints between sentences based on embedding similarity. This approach enables the system to effectively process documents with diverse formatting. In the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) documents, a query can often relate to multiple similar contexts, as discussions and paragraphs on related topics may appear in various sections or be phrased similarly. Therefore, we utilize a re-ranking algorithm to further rank the retrieved chunks based on their relevance to the input query.
+
+Since Phi-2 is an SLM, its performance is limited by its small context window, rendering it inefficient for certain tasks such as responding to open-ended or under-specified queries. This limitation is particularly relevant in telecom applications, where users can range from customers to specialized technicians. Therefore, we utilize a new technique, namely SelfExtend [13], to significantly extend the context window during inference.
+
+Finally, we use Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) not only to enhance computational efficiency during training but also because it allows users to effectively fine-tune on small datasets. Our in-depth experiments demonstrate considerable improvements over existing QnA approaches in telecom, contributing to the ongoing advancement of the field.
+
+The remainder of the paper is organized as follows. Section II provides an overview of related works. Section III discusses the proposed fine-tuned Phi-2 RAG system. Section IV provides our experimental results, and Section V concludes the paper and discusses some insightful future research directions.
+
+## II. RELATED WORKS
+
+Several benchmarking datasets have been proposed to enable LLM-based systems in the telecommunication domain, with mainly three different tasks: text classification, text summarization, and multiple choice questions (MCQs). In [14], the SPEC5G dataset was introduced with the objective of performing text classification and text summarization in telecom domain. Ericsson's team introduced TeleQuAD, a private 4,000 entry QnA dataset, and developed a proprietary TeleRoBERTa, a 124M bidirectional encoder representation from transformers (BERT)-based RAG system [15].
+
+In [11], the introduction of the TeleQnA dataset marks a significant advancement in evaluating QnA tasks for telecommunications. The TeleQnA dataset contains 10,000 MCQs about telecommunication systems, curated from the various sources such as 3GPP and research papers. The dataset is verified by telecom human-in-the-loop experts. Another dataset, namely TSpec-LLM, is recently released [16]. The authors develop an automated framework to generate QnA pairs from 3GPP specifications, then test a naive RAG architecture to assess the quality of their dataset. In [17], Gajjar et al. introduce ORAN-Bench-13K, a dataset dedicated for the evaluation of open radio access networks (O-RAN) tasks. The dataset is based on 116 O-RAN specification documents and contains 13,000 pairs of MCQs, based on which ORANSight is developed, a RAG-based framework.
+
+The work in [18] evaluates the performance of various zero shot LLMs in a few tasks in the telecommunications domain, including a QnA task. Among their findings, they note that though LLM models such as Zephyr, and Mistral perform outstandingly in the tasks, their performance still comes strikingly short when compared to GPT-3.5 or GPT-4. The authors in [19] demonstrate the effectiveness of fine-tuning different SLMs for the telecom domain. The work in [12] proposes Telco-RAG, a framework specialized for MCQ answering for telecom applications, tailored to the specific requirements of telecom standards, particularly 3GPP documents. Their contribution focuses on modifying the RAG framework by employing a router, using generated candidate answers to enhance retrieval quality, and appending the definitions of acronyms and technical terms to the user's query.
+
+To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first work to present a RAG architecture with fine-tuned SLM generator. Additionally, critical components such as SelfExtend for handling long contexts, re-ranking for enhancing retrieval accuracy, and semantic chunking to preserve contextual coherence have not been proposed in the relevant literature.
+
+## III. PROPOSED ARCHITECTURE
+
+### *A. General Overview*
+
+RAG integrates four key components: a chunking mechanism to segment information, an embedding model to encode the information in a latent space, a retriever to fetch relevant context, and a generator to produce responses. In this work, we present an advanced RAG framework, illustrated in Fig. 1, that optimizes each component to enhance performance and adapt the model to the telecom domain. In our architecture, 3GPP documents are first chunked using a semantic chunker then embedded and stored in a vector database (DB). During inference, the user's query is embedded and then passed to the vector retriever. The retriever performs a vector similarity search in embedding space to return the nearest relevant neighbors from the indexed corpus. The retrieved chunks are then passed to a re-ranking algorithm that returns an ordered sublist containing the most relevant chunks.
+
+
+
+**Figure 1.** Overview of proposed RAG architecture with semantic chunking, extended context support, and fine-tuned Phi-2 SLM integration for 3GPP document processing.
+
+The Phi-2 generator model is then given the chunks, the query, and a set of instructions to provide an answer. Here, we efficiently fine-tune the generator using LoRA. The model initially is fine-tuned with *n* contexts based on retrieved information and the prompt. During inference, we employ the self-extend technique to dynamically expand the context window, accommodating retrieved contexts beyond the initial *n* limit. In what follows, we highlight the key components of the proposed framework.
+
+### *B. Semantic Chunking Strategy*
+
+The method of splitting or chunking is critical as improper chunks can lead to inaccurate representations in the embedding space. Chunking can be implemented through either fixed-size segments or adaptable segments based on specific criteria. While fixed-size chunking can yield reasonable results and is computationally efficient, it often creates blocks of text that do not consider the content or context. To mitigate this issue, we leverage semantic chunking to split the 3GPP documents [20]. Semantic chunking adaptively determines breakpoints between sentences based on embedding similarity. This way the meaning of the text is preserved through the logical breaks where sentences are semantically connected, rather than arbitrarily cutting the text at fixed intervals. Fig. 2 shows an illustrative example from a 3GPP document.
+
+
+
+**Figure 2.** Comparison of fixed-size chunking and semantic chunking applied to an excerpt from a 3GPP document.
+
+
+
+**Figure 3.** Prompt structure that includes retrieved context and instructions.
+
+Given that telecom documents don't follow a strict format, leveraging semantic chunking preserves essential context while minimizing information fragmentation and irrelevant grouping.
+
+### *C. Embedding Model*
+
+We utilize *bge-small-en-v1.5*, an open-source embedding model [21]. It is optimized for balancing efficiency and accuracy in text embedding tasks. The model is trained using contrastive learning on a large-scale dataset [22] and it creates vector representations that capture semantic relationships between elements. This method effectively reduces the distance between similar pairs while increasing it between dissimilar ones which helps refine the model's ability to discriminate between relevant features. To ensure faster performance at runtime, these embeddings are calculated and stored in Chroma dB, an AI-native vector database designed to efficiently handle high-dimensional embeddings which allows for faster similarity search compared to traditional databases [23].
+
+### *D. Retrieval with Re-ranking*
+
+The performance of RAG is highly dependent on the relevance and quality of the retrieved context. This work employs a cross-encoder re-ranker, a widely adopted semantic re-ranking method to ensure that the most relevant contexts are ranked first [24]. Unlike bi-encoders, which embed each chunk independently, cross-encoders process pairs of text to calculate the similarity between them. This approach, allows it to fully capture the interactions and relationships between the query and each chunk of context. We specifically use the ms-marco-MiniLM-L-6-v2 model due to its balance between efficiency and performance, both essential for telecom tasks [24].
+
+### *E. Extending the Context Window with SelfExtend*
+
+However, SLMs typically struggle to generalize effectively to input sequences longer than those encountered during training. This presents as a challenge during inference with long contexts. The context window of SLMs are often short. For example, Phi-2 has a context window of 2048 tokens. Semantic chunking does not guarantee a fixed chunk size, and therefore, might exceed the context window of the SLMs.
+
+Furthermore, supplementing the context with tables from telecom documents is crucial given the significance of the information they hold. Therefore, in order to support enhanced performance, and to allow for future expansions, we utilize SelfExtend [13].
+
+This method leverages the inherent capabilities of LLMs to handle extended contexts without the need for fine-tuning. SelfExtend achieves this by implementing a bi-level attention mechanism: grouped attention for capturing dependencies between distant tokens, and neighbor attention for focusing on adjacent tokens. These attentions are computed using the model's existing self-attention during inference. By making use of SelfExtend, we are able to extend Phi-2's context window to 8192 tokens.
+
+### *F. The Generator: Fine-tuned Phi-2 with Multiple Contexts*
+
+A substantial portion of telecom key terms and special language is confined to specification documents and white papers, neither of which LMs are heavily trained on. We fine-tune Phi-2 to overcome this and to adapt the model to recognize telecom terminology.
+
+It should also be emphasized that fine-tuning the model is not intended to expand its knowledge base, but rather to enhance its ability to discern important details within the context and respond in the correct format. To accommodate limited resources, gradient accumulation and LoRA are utilized for fine-tuning [25]. Gradient accumulation is a technique that allows the model to effectively handle large batch sizes by minimizing the memory needed for storing gradients. It does this by processing several small batches and accumulating the gradients from each batch before updating the weights rather than calculating and updating the weights after each batch.
+
+Fine-tuning all parameters in a model is impractical in our domain due to resource constraints. Moreover, for smaller or specialized datasets, this approach risks overfitting and poor generalization, potentially yielding diminishing returns.
+
+The concept underlying LoRA is that pre-trained LMs possess a low 'intrinsic dimension' [26]. That is, the model's essential information is concentrated in a smaller subspace, even if the overall parameter space is high-dimensional. LoRA harnesses this observation and focus the model updates on a smaller only a subset of the learning parameters. During fine-tuning, weight updates $W_{new}$ are represented as
+
+$$
+W_{new} = W_0 + \Delta W, \quad (1)
+$$
+
+where $W_0 \in \mathbb{R}^{d \times k}$ are the initial pre-trained weights, and $\Delta W \in \mathbb{R}^{d \times k}$ represents the change in weights. Computing $\Delta W$ is computationally expensive. In LoRA, trainable parameters $\Delta W$ are expressed as a product of two low-rank matrices, $B \times A$, where $B \in \mathcal{R}^{d \times r}$ and $A \in \mathcal{R}^{r \times k}$, with rank $r \ll \min(d, k)$. Thus, with LoRA, weight updates $W_{new}$ are computed as
+
+$$
+W_{new} = W_0 + \left(\frac{\alpha}{r}\right) B \times A, \quad (2)
+$$
+
+where $\alpha$ is a scaling factor, reflecting how important the weight updates are to the initial pre-trained weights. As a result of this matrix decomposition, only $d \times r + r \times k$ parameters need to be updated.
+
+
+
+**Figure 4.** Schematic illustration of the Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) technique for efficient fine-tuning of neural networks with low-rank matrices (e.g., LMs).
+
+### *G. Prompt Engineering*
+
+Prompt engineering is crucial for optimizing the performance of LLMs like Phi-2 in telecom applications. In this work, we supplement the inputted question with chunks of relevant context, and a set of instructions for the SLMs to follow, forming the prompt. An exemplary prompt is outlined in 3. This approach helps unify the format of the SLM's output, focus its attention on the appearance of critical terms, and encourage it to reply on the context rather than its prior knowledge. This prompt results in focused outputs, ensuring accurate and relevant responses for complex telecom inquiries.
+
+## IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS
+
+### *A. Settings*
+
+The RAG framework relies on around 550 3GPP documents up to Release 18. For fine-tuning, we utilize the TeleQnA dataset which contains 10,000 multiple-choice questions [11]. The testing set features another 2,000 multiple-choice questions that focus on 3GPP standards. For fine-tuning, we set the following parameters: weight decay of 0.01, batch size of 32, dropout rate of 0.05, and learning rate of $10^{-4}$. For LoRA, we set the rank to 32 and the alpha to 64. For semantic chunking, there are two hyper-parameters, namely the breakpoint percentile threshold and the buffer size. The former represents the percentile of cosine dissimilarity that must be exceeded between a group of sentences and the next to form a node. The latter determines the number of sentences to group together when evaluating semantic similarity. We set the breakpoint percentile threshold to 90, and the buffer size to 3.
+
+For the vector retriever, for each query, we first retrieve 150 chunks, from which the re-ranker would return the top 15 most relevant chunks. The aforementioned hyper-parameters are not necessarily optimized, but rather set based on qualitative judgment and limited exploration. Fine-tuning the Phi-2 generator (with multiple contexts) relies on three retrieved-context chunks along with the set of instructions and the respective query. For reproducibility and reuse, our source code is made publicly available [27].
+
+### *B. Results and Analysis*
+
+TABLE I: Accuracy comparison of our fine-tuned Phi-2 model against baseline models, both with and without retrieved context.
+
+| Model | Accuracy |
|---|
| w/o Context | w/ Context |
|---|
| Phi-2 | 49.95% | 71.35% | | gpt-4o | 61.30% | 69.30% | | finetuned Phi-2 (LoRA) | 49.10% | 80.30% |
+
+In Table I, we benchmark our developed framework against three other solutions: base Phi-2 (2.7B), GPT-4o mini (8B), and GPT4o (1.76T). As expected, the base Phi-2 model shows poor performance of about 49.95% accuracy when tested on the dataset when no context is provided. Although the performance is notably improved to 71.35% when the base model is supplemented by retrieved context, it is still outperformed by our proposed model. Our fine-tuned RAG model is better aligned with the required task, enabling it to leverage the retrieved context better and produce more accurate recommendations.
+
+Notably, our developed system also outperforms GPT-4o with and without context. Since GPT-4o is a significantly more generalized model, it is not well-aligned to the specialized task at hand. Qualitative analysis reveals that GPT-4o's *a priori* knowledge from other domains sometimes interferes with our domain-specific task, albeit when the relevant context is present in the prompt.
+
+TABLE II: Performance comparison of various configurations of the fine-tuned Phi-2 model with RAG and additional components; the table uses the following acronyms: SE for SelfExtend, RR for Rerank, SC for Semantic Chunking, and MC for Multiple Context.
+
+| Model | Accuracy |
|---|
| FT Phi-2 + RAG | 72.10% | | FT Phi-2 + RAG + RR | 77.35% | | FT Phi-2 + RAG + RR + SC | 41.20% | | FT Phi-2 (MC) + RAG + RR + SC + SE | 80.30% |
+
+Table II represents a brief ablation study, where we analyze the impact of each added component on the predictive accuracy. The re-ranking algorithm has significant positive effects, adding 5% in accuracy. This underscores the importance of prioritizing retrieved-context chunks. When implemented on its own, semantic chunking degrades the performance. However, when paired with SelfExtend, the accuracy is significantly increased to 80.30% which is an increase of around 8% compared to the base model. Although semantic chunking produces more semantically coherent chunks (as shown in Fig. 2), it often results in longer chunks, and SelfExtend helps incorporate them into complete semantic units.
+
+## V. CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORKS
+
+The significance of SLMs has not gone unrecognized in the industry, as a shift from LLMs to SLMs can be evidenced by the recent directions of several big firms. They are especially pertinent in the telecom industry given the constraints often encountered in AI-driven telecom systems, such as the need for efficient deployment on edge devices with limited computational power. Coupled with RAG, SLMs have the potential to be a dominant tool in the industry. In this paper, we develop a fine-tuned Phi-2-based RAG system to serve as an oracle for telecommunication networks. The proposed system integrates semantic chunking and re-ranking to improve the relevance and accuracy of retrieved contexts. Moreover, we fine-tune the generator with a carefully designed prompt and retrieved contexts to adapt it to the problem domain. Additionally, we utilize SelfExtend to significantly extend the model's context window, enabling it to process longer sequences without fine-tuning. Experimental results show that our approach competes with larger state-of-the-art LLMs and also offers significant efficiency advantages, making it suitable for deployment on edge devices. Our approach prioritizes transparency and explainability, offering a framework that allows for scrutiny, understanding, and further development in this field. Maintaining transparency through open-source models is particularly important in telecom, where it fosters trust and facilitates community contributions.
+
+We believe the developed system can serve as a foundation for other downstream telecommunication tasks. Future work can also explore optimizing the embedding model, better integration of structured data such as tables and graphs, and further enhancements to the RAG framework to continue advancing the capabilities of LLMs in telecom applications.
+
+## REFERENCES
+
+[1] S. Bubeck et al., "Sparks of artificial general intelligence: Early experiments with GPT-4," *CoRR*, vol. abs/2303.12712, 2023.
+[2] A. Maatouk, N. Piovesan, F. Ayed, A. D. Domenico, and M. Debbah, "Large language models for telecom: Forthcoming impact on the industry," *IEEE Commun. Mag*, pp. 1-7, 2024.
+[3] R. Zhang, H. Du, Y. Liu, D. Niyato, J. Kang, S. Sun, X. Shen, and H. V. Poor, "Interactive AI with retrieval-augmented generation for next generation networking," *IEEE Netw*, pp. 1-1, 2024.
+[4] O. Erak, O. Alhussein, S. Naser, N. Alabbasi, D. Mi, and S. Muhaidat, "Large language model-driven curriculum design for mobile networks," *CoRR*, vol. abs/2405.18039, 2024.
+[5] Y. Yao, X. Xu, and Y. Liu, "Large language model unlearning," *CoRR*, vol. abs/2310.10683, 2024.
+[6] L. Huang, W. Yu, W. Ma, W. Zhong, Z. Feng, H. Wang, Q. Chen, W. Peng, X. Feng, B. Qin, and T. Liu, "A survey on hallucination in large language models: Principles, taxonomy, challenges, and open questions," *CoRR*, vol. abs/2311.05232, 2023.
+[7] N. Piovesan, A. D. Domenico, and F. Ayed, "Telecom language models: Must they be large?" *CoRR*, vol. abs/2403.04666, 2024.
+[8] M. Javaheripi and S. Bubeck, "Phi-2: The surprising power of small language models," https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/research/blog/phi-2-the-surprising-power-of-small-language-models/, Dec. 2023, accessed: 2024-8-19.
+[9] G. Team *et al*., "Gemini: A family of highly capable multimodal models," *CoRR*, vol. abs/2312.11805, 2024.
+[10] H. Touvron *et al*., "Llama 2: Open foundation and fine-tuned chat models," *CoRR*, vol. abs/2307.09288, 2023.
+[11] A. Maatouk, F. Ayed, N. Piovesan, A. D. Domenico, M. Debbah, and Z.-Q. Luo, "TeleQnA: A benchmark dataset to assess large language models telecommunications knowledge," *CoRR*, vol. abs/2310.15051, 2023.
+[12] A.-L. Bornea, F. Ayed, A. D. Domenico, N. Piovesan, and A. Maatouk, "Telco-RAG: Navigating the challenges of retrieval-augmented language models for telecommunications," *CoRR*, vol. abs/2404.15939, 2024.
+[13] H. Jin, X. Han, J. Yang, Z. Jiang, Z. Liu, C.-Y. Chang, H. Chen, and X. Hu, "LLM Maybe LongLM: Self-Extend LLM Context Window Without Tuning," *CoRR*, vol. abs/2401.01325, 2024.
+[14] I. Karim, K. S. Mubasshir, M. M. Rahman, and E. Bertino, "SPEC5G: A dataset for 5G cellular network protocol analysis," in *Proc. IJCNLP-AACL*, 2023, pp. 20-38.
+[15] A. Karapantelakis, M. Thakur, A. Nikou, F. Moradi, C. Orlog, F. Gaim, H. Holm, D. D. Nimara, and V. Huang, "Using large language models to understand telecom standards," *CoRR*, vol. abs/2404.02929, 2024.
+[16] R. Nikbakht, M. Benzaghta, and G. Geraci, "TSpec-LLM: An open-source dataset for LLM understanding of 3GPP specifications," *CoRR*, vol. abs/2406.01768, 2024.
+[17] P. Gajjar and V. K. Shah, "ORAN-Bench-13K: An open source benchmark for assessing LLMs in open radio access networks," *CoRR*, vol. abs/2407.06245, 2024.
+[18] T. Ahmed, N. Piovesan, A. D. Domenico, and S. Choudhury, "Linguistic intelligence in large language models for telecommunications," *CoRR*, vol. abs/2402.15818, 2024.
+[19] L. Bariah, H. Zou, Q. Zhao, B. Mouhouche, F. Bader, and M. Debbah, "Understanding telecom language through large language models," in *Proc. IEEE Globecom*, 2023, pp. 6542-6547.
+[20] J. Liu, "LlamaIndex," 2022. [Online]. Available: https://github.com/jerryjliu/llama_index
+[21] S. Xiao, Z. Liu, P. Zhang, N. Muennighoff, D. Lian, and J.-Y. Nie, "C-Pack: Packaged resources to advance general chinese embedding," *CoRR*, vol. abs/2309.07597, 2024.
+[22] T. Chen, S. Kornblith, M. Norouzi, and G. Hinton, "A simple framework for contrastive learning of visual representations," in *Proc. ICML*, 2020, pp. 1597-1607.
+[23] Chroma, "ChromaDB," https://www.trychroma.com/, accessed: 08/05/2024.
+[24] Inferless, "Ms marco: ms-marco-minilm-l-6-v2," https://huggingface.co/cross-encoder/ms-marco-MiniLM-L-6-v2, 2023, accessed: 2024-08-18.
+[25] E. J. Hu, yelong shen, P. Wallis, Z. Allen-Zhu, Y. Li, S. Wang, L. Wang, and W. Chen, "LoRA: Low-rank adaptation of large language models," in *Proc. ICLR*, 2022.
+[26] A. Aghajanyan, S. Gupta, and L. Zettlemoyer, "Intrinsic dimensionality explains the effectiveness of language model fine-tuning," in *Proc. ACL-IJCNLP*, 2021, pp. 7319-7328.
+[27] N. Alabbasi and O. Erak, "Specializing large language models for telecom networks," https://github.com/Nouf-Alabbasi/oKUmura_AI_Telecomchallenge, 2024.
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+arXiv:2408.11779v1 [cs.CL] 21 Aug 2024
+
+# PERSONALITY ALIGNMENT OF LARGE LANGUAGE
+MODELS
+
+**Minjun Zhu¹,²**, **Linyi Yang²**, **Yue Zhang²**
+
+¹Zhejiang University, China; ²School of Engineering, Westlake University, China
+{zhuminjun, yanglinyi, zhangyue}@westlake.edu.cn
+
+## ABSTRACT
+
+Current methods for aligning large language models (LLMs) typically aim to reflect general human values and behaviors, but they often fail to capture the unique characteristics and preferences of individual users. To address this gap, we introduce the concept of Personality Alignment. This approach tailors LLMs' responses and decisions to match the specific preferences of individual users or closely related groups. Inspired by psychometrics, we created the Personality Alignment with Personality Inventories (PAPI) dataset, which includes data from 300,000 real subjects, each providing behavioral preferences based on the Big Five Personality Factors. This dataset allows us to quantitatively evaluate the extent to which LLMs can align with each subject's behavioral patterns. Recognizing the challenges of personality alignments—such as limited personal data, diverse preferences, and scalability requirements—we developed an activation intervention optimization method. This method enhances LLMs' ability to efficiently align with individual behavioral preferences using minimal data and computational resources. Remarkably, our method, PAS, achieves superior performance while requiring only 1/5 of the optimization time compared to DPO, offering practical value for personality alignment. Our work paves the way for future AI systems to make decisions and reason in truly personality ways, enhancing the relevance and meaning of AI interactions for each user and advancing human-centered artificial intelligence. The code has released in https://github.com/zhu-minjun/PAlign.
+
+## 1 INTRODUCTION
+
+The alignment with human preferences has been a focal point of both theoretical and applied research for AI systems (Shen et al., 2023; Ji et al., 2023; Hendrycks et al., 2023). However, existing alignment approaches often treat society values as a monolithic construct, lacking the granularity needed to cater to individual differences. This broad approach may overlook the nuanced preference of individual users or closely related groups, leading to a one-size-fits-all model that fails to effectively serve diverse user needs (Fernandes et al., 2023; Carranza et al., 2023; van Wynsberghe, 2021). This gap is particularly critical as personality alignment can enhance user satisfaction, trust, and engagement by making interactions more relevant and meaningful. As shown in Figure 1, we propose **"Personality Alignment"**:
+
+*Aligning AI behavior to match an individual's unique preferences and priorities of specific individuals, mirroring their behavior, thinking, and decision-making. It ensures AI responses not only are precise but also resonate with the user's traits, understanding their communication nuances and preferences.*
+
+As large language models (LLMs) advance (Solaiman et al., 2019; Farina & Lavazza, 2023), AI systems increasingly exhibit societal values and human-like personality traits (Ng et al., 2024; Bai et al., 2022b; Durmus et al., 2023; Zhang et al., 2024; tse Huang et al., 2024; Jang et al., 2023a). The Role-playing tasks (Li et al., 2023; Salemi et al., 2024; Gupta et al., 2024b; Yu et al., 2024) highlight this trend. However, human preferences are complex, every individual has unique preferences and needs that must be considered to effectively meet user expectations in real-world applications (Pfeifer & Bongard, 2006). For example, in customer service, some users prioritize politeness, while others prefer efficiency. Therefore, personalization is crucial for aligning AI systems with user preferences. Traditional Role-Playing Agents simulate specific professions or roles, rather than deeply aligning with individual preferences (Chen et al., 2024; Kulveit, 2018; Hubinger et al., 2019; Stray, 2020). The lack of large-scale, theoretically supported datasets for aligning AI with diverse human personalities and preferences underscores the need for further research in personality and personality alignment (Jang et al., 2023b; Lou et al., 2024; Li et al., 2024b).
+
+
+
+Figure 1: On the left, AI aligns to broad human values like helpfulness, honesty, and harmlessness using a standard set. On the right, the focus is on aligning AI behavior with individual users' specific traits and preferences, using detailed profiles to reflect unique personal values.
+
+There remains a practical challenge: aligning a model like Llama-2 typically requires around 3 million sentences (Touvron et al., 2023a). For personality alignment, collecting such an enormous set of behavioral data from a large number of individuals is both expensive and unrealistic. Instead, we propose a training-free personal-alignment paradigm, which provides over 300,000 unique preference samples, and a method efficiently aligning individual preference characteristics during the model's forward computation. Specifically, we utilize the IPIP-NEO-120 questionnaire (Johnson, 2014), including 120 multiple-choice questions that quantify individual behavior patterns across five dimensions: Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism (De Raad, 2000; Roccas et al., 2002). This questionnaire allows subjects to provide a detailed measure of their personality and behavior within 10-20 minutes, making personality alignment both feasible and efficient (Aluja & Garcia, 2004). We collect preference data from over 300,000 subjects who complete two questionnaires: the IPIP-NEO-120 and the IPIP-NEO-300 (Goldberg et al., 1999). The IPIP-NEO-300, a superset of the IPIP-NEO-120, offers a broader range of behavioral descriptions with 300 multiple-choice questions. We manipulate the original dataset to build the Personality Alignment with Personality Inventories (PAPI) dataset, requiring LLMs to learn from each person's IPIP-NEO-120 answers and generalize to IPIP-NEO-300 questionnaire. We then selected 300 subjects as a representative Test-set and released the remaining data as a development set, providing a novel evaluation framework and metrics for evaluating LLMs' personality alignment fairly.
+
+To manage the behaviors of millions, the system must be scalable, ensuring quality and efficient alignment. Traditional RLHF techniques, which lack data and computational efficiency (Yao et al., 2023), are unsuitable for this task. Similarly, Prompt Engineering, though efficiently, often varies too greatly between models to be reliable for precise alignment (Zhou et al., 2023b). Inspired by activation engineering (Turner et al., 2023), we further modify the inference-time intervention (ITI)(Li et al., 2024a) by simultaneously searching for the activation value offset direction and offset distance across multiple personality dimensions. We propose a simple and effective personality alignment method: Personality Activation Search. PAS identifies the most effective attention heads in language models (LLMs) using established behavioral patterns that correlate with the five major personality traits. It then adjusts the activations in these specific directions and optimizes the magnitude of movement to achieve the best results. This approach is computationally efficient because it doesn't rely on backpropagation to modify model parameters. Instead, PAS offers a minimally invasive intervention, resulting in greater data efficiency and more controlled personality alignment than traditional Prompt Engineering (Jiang et al., 2024).
+
+We present a novel systematic and comprehensive personality alignment framework that enables LLMs to understand and align precisely with specific values, preferences, and behaviors required. Compared to aligning with universal values, personality alignment requires LLMs to align with individual values, preferences, and behaviors, which ensures that the LLMs can accurately match or mimic the specific individual characteristics that users need and pursue. To achieve this goal, we introduce the PAPI dataset, which covers over 300,000 subjects of different ages, genders, and periods using a multiple-choice question format to measure the alignment results. Based on that, we propose the PAS method, which aims to address the challenges of scarce individual characteristic data and high scalability in personality alignment. Experiments have shown its high alignment efficiency compared to DPO and PPO (Schulman et al., 2017; Rafailov et al., 2023) where it requires only 1/6 of the time to achieve superior performance. It even outperforms the GPT-4o model using PAS based on the Llama-3-8B model.
+
+## 2 RELATED WORK
+
+**Alignment with language models.** The concept of integrating human values into AI systems, initially proposed by Dewey Dewey (2011), underscores the necessity of value learning, which entails the AI's ability to process and prioritize a broad spectrum of human values and preferences. In the context of LLMs—functioning as high-performance assistants—aligning these models with human values is crucial, especially since they operate in complex reasoning tasks across various domains (Hadar-Shoval et al., 2024; Wei et al., 2022b;a; Weng et al., 2023). Methods such as RLHF (Stiennon et al., 2020; Bai et al., 2022a; Dong et al., 2023) and RLAIF (Lee et al., 2023; Sharma et al., 2024) seek to align LLMs by employing strategies like PPO (Schulman et al., 2017) and DPO (Rafailov et al., 2023). These approaches focus on maximizing cumulative rewards that are closely aligned with predefined human values (Azar et al., 2023; Lin et al., 2023; Dai et al., 2024; Swamy et al., 2024; Dai et al., 2024). Contrary to these broad approaches, our research focuses on personality alignment, which tailors the LLMs' behavior to each individual's complex value set, thereby enhancing the model's capacity to understand and reflect individual human values.
+
+**Preferences of language models.** The community of LLMs has started using personality testing tools for both qualitative and quantitative evaluations (Hoover et al., 2019; Jiang et al., 2022; Qiu et al., 2022; Xu et al., 2023; Salemi et al., 2024; Wang et al., 2024b). For example, the Machine Personality Inventory (MPI) Jiang et al. (2024), utilizes the Big-Five Personality Factors to standardize the assessment of LLMs. This approach analyzes the behaviors of LLMs across the five dimensions of the Big-Five, providing a quantitative interpretation of the values and personality traits of LLMs. Such tools are grounded in widely accepted theories, including the Big-Five and the 16 Personality Factors (Cattell & Mead, 2008), helping to contextualize LLMs' personality traits in terms of human individual differences (Gupta et al., 2024a; Wang et al., 2023; Aher et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2024a; Li et al., 2023). These studies indicate that aligned LLMs share similar values with humans (Mehta et al., 2020; Pan & Zeng, 2023; Mao et al., 2023; Go et al., 2023; Chen et al., 2024). Jang et al. (2023b) has also mentioned the similar term "personality alignment", which considers a limited scope of preference personalization (Wang et al., 2024a; Zhuang et al., 2024; Zeng et al., 2023), focusing on only 8 different conflicting user preferences derived from combinations of three dimensions: Expertise (elementary vs. expert), Informativeness (concise vs. informative), and Style (friendly vs. unfriendly). Our work extends these theories and methods by leveraging psychological measurement to assess the value alignment gap between aligned LLMs and individual users. We aim to understand how closely aligned LLMs are with individual values through personality and personalized adjustments.
+
+**Interventions Activate.** Activation interventions in neural networks trigger specific changes in internal activations (Olsson et al., 2022; Wu et al., 2024a) and have emerged as a pivotal tool in model robustness (He et al., 2019), editing (Meng et al., 2022), circuit finding (Goldowsky-Dill et al., 2023), and knowledge tracing (Geva et al., 2023). These interventions are advantageous due to their adjustable nature and minimal invasiveness (Wu et al., 2024b). Prior research has demonstrated that activation interventions can effectively identify the crucial heads and directions in a model's internal representations (Burns et al., 2022; Li et al., 2024a; Liu et al., 2024b), which offers better data efficiency and faster optimization than traditional reinforcement learning approaches (Turner et al., 2023; Rimsky et al., 2023; Shi et al., 2024; Weng et al., 2024a). Building on these findings, our proposed method enhances scalability beyond traditional reinforcement learning by pinpointing the value directions of different individuals within the model and calculating the optimal offset distance to achieve alignment.
+
+## 3 PERSONALITY ALIGNMENT DATASET CONSTRUCTION
+
+We introduce dataset construction process and evaluation methods to democratise research on Person-
+ality Alignment. Detailed analysis of the dataset is provided in Appendix G.
+
+
+
+Figure 2: Overview of the PAPI dataset. (a) Illustrates the comparison between the subject’s self-assessment and the AI’s assessment of a specific question. (b) Shows an example of the IPIP-NEO-120 and IPIP-NEO-300 questionnaire responses. (c) Depicts the Big Five personality traits profile.
+
+**Motivation.** In order to systematically evaluate the consistency between Personality-aligned LLMs and human preferences, we create a large-scale real-world Personality Alignment with Personality Inventories (PAPI) dataset, which includes 307,313 samples stored in multiple-choice questionnaires. Each sample contains a participant’s answers to the psychological questionnaires, which is shown in Figure 2. Each sample contains an IPIP-NEO-120 questionnaire and an IPIP-NEO-300 questionnaire, similar to (b). Their collection process comes from questions similar to (a), which require each subject to choose behaviors that are similar to their own. Finally, we can synthesize a personality trend analysis chart for a subject based on all the questions, as shown in (c).
+
+**Question Type.** Each question is associated with one of the five major personality dimensions and correlates positively or negatively, which describes a specific behavioral pattern or preference, with five response options ranging from “Very Accurate” to “Very Inaccurate.” We expect aligned model can clearly articulate its views on these descriptions. Given the stability of individual personality tendencies, consistent responses are expected for the same personality dimension descriptions. In particular, we use each subject’s answers to the IPIP-NEO-120 questionnaire for training, and their answers to the IPIP-NEO-300 questionnaire for testing. This setup aims to measure whether the model can generalize from known behavior descriptions and personality tendencies to a broader range of behaviors, thus aligning with specific preferences.
+
+**Data Collection.** We have collected 307,313 samples based on the IPIP-NEO-120 and IPIP-NEO-300 from the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP)¹. This includes approximately 60% (185,149) female and 40% (122,164) male participants, covering ages from 10 to 99 years (average age 25.19 years). The data were collected through online surveys on a website, requiring participants to provide genuine feedback on 120 & 300 behavioral questions. Participants are volunteers from various industries worldwide, including the US, UK, France, India, and China, with tests conducted between 1998 and 2019. Each participant had to actively acknowledge that careless responses would invalidate the usefulness. Each survey took between 30 to 50 minutes, was anonymous, and collected no traceable or socioeconomic status-related data. We have permission from the administrators to use IPIP items, scales, and inventories for any purpose, commercial or non-commercial.
+
+
+
+Figure 3: Visualization of the K-Means Clustering on the PAPI Dataset. The centroids are marked in red, demonstrating the central point of each cluster, while the closest samples to these centroids are highlighted in gold.
+
+**Data Processing.** To streamline the evaluation of human personality traits within a vast dataset, we apply K-Means clustering to the PAPI dataset, which contains 307,313 samples. We reduce this dataset into 300 representative clusters as **Test-Set**, and release the remaining data as **Dev-Set**. We achieve this by identifying and selecting samples closest to each cluster's centroid, which are the most representative of their respective groups. This selection process is mathematically described as:
+
+$$
+\min_{x \in S_k} |x - \mu_k|_2 \qquad (1)
+$$
+
+Here, $\mu_k$ is the centroid of cluster $k$, and $x$ is a sample within cluster $k$ ($S_k$). This approach minimizes the Euclidean distance between selected samples and their cluster centroids, optimizing the representativeness of each cluster in the dataset.
+
+
+¹https://ipip.ori.org/index.htm
+
+**Evaluation Methods.** Inspired by the MPI (Jiang et al., 2024), we set up a behavioral difference score as an evaluation metric. Using a psychological measurement approach, we establish a simple scoring function S: for positively correlated questions, we assign scores from 5 to 1 from “Very Accurate” to “Very Inaccurate”. We expect the aligned language model scores to be close to a specific individual’s scores, hence we use an absolute value method for measurement. We test each trait $d \in \{\text{Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Neuroticism, Openness}\}$ in the test section, with each participant’s behavioral difference Aligned Score calculated as follows:
+
+$$
+\text{Aligned Score}_d = \frac{1}{M} \sum_{i=1}^{M} \left( \frac{1}{N_{d,i}} \sum_{\kappa \in D_{d,i}^{\text{Test}}} |f(\text{LLM}(\kappa, \text{template})) - f(\text{Person}(\kappa, \text{template}))| \right), \quad (2)
+$$
+
+In this formula, $D_{d,i}^{\text{Test}}$ (the answer of IPIP-NEO-300) denotes the set of behaviors related to trait $d$ in the test section for subject $i$. We use the given template to obtain responses from both the LLM and the Person, and then calculate the absolute difference between the two. $N_{d,i}$ represents the count of these behaviors. Each $\kappa$ is an independent behavior sample from this set, with the LLM's responses evaluated against those in $D^{\text{Train}}$ (the answer of IPIP-NEO-120). The $f(\cdot)$ represents the scoring function for multiple-choice questions. We calculated the deviation distance between the two using the absolute value method and computed the average deviation distance for all behaviors. The range for Score is from 0 to 5, where 0 means perfect alignment with individual behavior.
+
+## 4 PERSONALITY ACTIVATION SEARCH
+
+Popular alignment techniques like PPO, DPO, and IPO strive to align language models with desired behaviors, but personalizing LLMs for individual preferences without extensive training presents a significant challenge. To address this, we've developed Personality-Activation Search (PAS), an efficient method that fine-tunes model activations to closely match human preferences. PAS identifies key activations within the model that significantly impact Personality and personalized behaviors and adjusts these activations toward specific preferences.
+
+PAS works by identifying multiple directions in the transformer's activation space that satisfy personality attributes and then intervening along these directions to adjust the activation values, achieving minimally invasive alignment. The entire process does not require changing the model's weights or backpropagation. It only requires multiple forward passes to determine the offset direction and distance, resulting in a high optimization efficiency.
+
+### 4.1 LANGUAGE MODELS
+
+In our research, we focus on a transformer-based language model which may be in various stages, including pre-training, supervised fine-tuning, or undergoing RLHF. The transformer model primarily consists of several layers, each equipped with a multi-head attention (MHA) mechanism and a multilayer perceptron (MLP) (Vaswani et al., 2017).
+
+During inference, input tokens are encoded to high-dimensional embeddings. In each transformer layer, the MHA process is defined as:
+
+$$
+x_{l+1} = x_l + \sum_{h=1}^{H} Q_l^h \text{Att}_l^h (P_l^h x_l), \qquad (3)
+$$
+
+where H is heads number, $x_l \in \mathcal{R}^{DH}$ represents the activations. $P_l^h \in \mathcal{R}^{D \times DH}$ projects activations into a specific headspace, and $Q_l^h \in \mathcal{R}^{DH \times D}$ reprojects them back, facilitating interaction among input tokens.
+
+
+
+Figure 4: Overview of the PAS Process. Step 1 involves selecting a LLM (pre-training, SFT, or RLHF). Step 2 includes creating and activating personality responses using the answer of questionnaire, the subject's answer in the PAPI dataset, and probing each attention head. Step 3 integrates these activations for personality alignment, adjusting model outputs to reflect individual user traits and preferences, resulting in an aligned LLM.
+
+**Considering past work, such as ITI, which intervenes in language models to influence their output bias in specific directions, they tend to shift a large and fixed distance in a particular direction. However, this approach becomes unusable when facing Alignment issues. We have improved the distance selection strategy for intervention. We dynamically add preference vectors to this residual stream, which is after Att and before $Q_l^h$.**
+
+### 4.2 SEARCH THE DIRECTIONS FOR ACTIVATION INTERVENTION
+
+To achieve personality alignment, we trained “probes” to get activations as the direction of personal preference. It is started by selecting statements from the training dataset of each subject, formatted as positive samples: “Question: Given a statement of you: '$Statement', Do you agree? Answer: Yes”, and negative samples: “Question: Given a statement of you: '$Statement', Do you agree? Answer: No”. Activations from each head are retained and split into a training set (60%) and a validation set (40%). These activations serve as features for the probe (Equation 4) of per attention head.
+
+$$
+p_{\theta}(x_l^h) = \mathrm{sigmoid}(\langle\theta, x_l^h\rangle), \qquad (4)
+$$
+
+where the $x_l^h \in \mathcal{R}^D$, and $\theta \in \mathcal{R}^D$ is the weights of h-heads in layer l in the residual stream.
+
+We identify the most influential heads based on their predictive accuracy during validation. Notably, it is necessary to disperse interventions during this process (Li et al., 2024a). Therefore, we select the top K probabilities for intervention. The parameters $\theta_l^h$ from these probes, after normalization, are treated as the directions along which behaviors are most separable. These directions are the most informative for aligning the model with individual preferences (Burns et al., 2024).
+
+During inference, we integrate the intervention into the output of each selected head:
+
+$$
+x_{l+1} = x_l + \sum_{h=1}^{H} Q_l^h \left( \mathrm{Att}_l^h(P_l^h x_l) + \alpha \sigma_l^h \right), \qquad (5)
+$$
+
+where $\alpha$ controls the adjustment intensity, and $\sigma_l^h$ is the standard vectors along the normalized direction $\theta_l^h$. We adjust activations in the personality direction, focusing only on the top K heads, while leaving the unselected heads unchanged. In practice, the model parameters remain unaltered; we only need to store approximately 1,000 parameters, denoted as $\sigma_l^h$. These $\sigma_l^h$ parameters represent the direction of activation shifts towards personality preferences, rather than memorizing specific preferences. This approach is highly parameter-efficient, as the $\sigma_l^h$ parameters constitute only about 1/10,000,000 of the total parameters compared to a full-parameter model.
+
+### 4.3 SEARCH DISTANCE FOR ACTIVATION INTERVENTION
+
+To optimize the intervention's impact on personality behaviors in the language model, we search to determine the optimal value of $\alpha$ precisely. This method is suitable for functions with a single peak or trough. The search, constrained within the interval $[0, 10]$², utilizes the objective function $f(\alpha)$ to compute the negative aggregate score, aiming to minimize this value. This approach efficiently identifies the $\alpha$ that best enhances alignment with desired behaviors while maintaining the model's internal coherence, ensuring adjustments remain within a beneficial range.
+
+$$
+\text{Optimal } \alpha = {argmin}_{\alpha \in [0,10]} f(\alpha). \qquad (6)
+$$
+
+By iteratively narrowing the search range based on the function's values at each step, this method efficiently locates the $\alpha$ that yields the lowest mean Score.
+
+## 5 EXPERIMENTS
+
+| Method | Alignment Mode | The Aligned Score of Big-Five | Composite Score |
|---|
| Agreeableness ↓ | Conscientiousness↓ | Extraversion ↓ | Neuroticism ↓ | Openness ↓ |
|---|
| GPT-4o(omni) | | Few-Shot | Black-Box (Prompt-Based) | 1.02 | 0.83 | 0.81 | 0.80 | 0.96 | 4.42 | | P2 | Black-Box (Prompt-Based) | 1.44 | 1.45 | 1.63 | 1.73 | 1.46 | 7.71 | | Llama-3-8B-Instruct | | PPO | White-Box (Alignment) | 1.63 | 1.51 | 1.45 | 1.42 | 1.61 | 7.62 | | DPO | White-Box (Alignment) | 1.54 | 1.42 | 1.54 | 1.74 | 1.21 | 7.45 | | Few-Shot | Black-Box (Prompt-Based) | 1.28 | 1.30 | 1.40 | 1.09 | 0.89 | 5.96 | | P2 | Black-Box (Prompt-Based) | 1.39 | 1.33 | 1.41 | 1.22 | 1.68 | 7.03 | | PAS (Ours) | White-Box (Alignment) | 0.94 | 0.91 | 0.86 | 0.98 | 0.72 | 4.41 | | Llama-3-70B-Instruct | | PPO | White-Box (Alignment) | 1.56 | 1.59 | 1.43 | 1.40 | 1.56 | 7.54 | | DPO | White-Box (Alignment) | 1.46 | 1.25 | 1.45 | 1.48 | 1.57 | 7.21 | | Few-Shot | Black-Box (Prompt-Based) | 1.06 | 0.94 | 0.96 | 1.03 | 1.22 | 5.21 | | P2 | Black-Box (Prompt-Based) | 1.42 | 1.33 | 1.36 | 1.35 | 1.66 | 7.12 | | PAS (Ours) | White-Box (Alignment) | 0.98 | 0.89 | 0.87 | 1.01 | 0.99 | 4.74 |
+
+Table 1: Comparison of alignment methods on the PAPI dataset using the Aligned Score of Big-Five personality traits. The Composite Score represents the overall specifics of the five dimensions. It is derived from the combined scores of these five dimensions.
+
+### 5.1 EXPERIMENTAL SETTINGS
+
+**Personality Alignment.** We select four classic methods as baselines to compare against the PAS approach, which includes two black-box methods: Few-Shot and Personality Prompt ($P^2$) Jiang et al. (2024) relying on in-context learning (ICL), and two white-box methods requiring training, PPO (Schulman et al., 2017) and DPO (Rafailov et al., 2023). We consider recently released Llama-3-8B-Instruct and Llama-3-70B-Instruct (Touvron et al., 2023a; b; AI, 2024) model as backbones, and SoTA model, GPT-4o (omni) (OpenAI, 2024) as baseline. The scores in the table represent the distance of alignment calculated by Eq. 4, with lower scores indicating better alignment.
+
+**Open-ended Generation.** We conduct experiments on Llama-3-8B-Instruct and Llama-3-70B-Instruct. For the open-ended generation task, we use GPT-4o as the annotator. First, we align the language model to a specific individual (ID 181591, 234619, 210204, 259396, and 22835 from the Test-Set). Then, we have the model generate open-ended responses based on each statement from the IPIP-NEO-300. We compare our method with ICL methods and classical alignment methods.
+
+**Complex Reasoning.** We explore the generalization capabilities of the PAS method by evaluating its impact on complex reasoning tasks across eight datasets: GSM8K, CommonSenseQA, AddSub, MultiArith, SVAMP, BigBench-Date, StrategyQA, and Coin Flip (Hosseini et al., 2014; Talmor et al., 2018; Arkil et al., 2021; Cobbe et al., 2021; Suzgun et al., 2022; Roy & Roth, 2016; Wei et al., 2022b; Kojima et al., 2022; Weng et al., 2024b). In this part, we expect to assess how conscientiousness adjustments influence the LLM's performance in reasoning tasks. Using the llama-3-8B-Instruct model, we apply PAS to adjust the model's activations to simulate two fictional personas: one with extreme conscientiousness (as **Positive**) and one without extreme conscientiousness (as **Negative**). Vanilla CoT served as the baseline.
+
+
+²Based on empirical observations, $\alpha$ exceeding 10 tend to cause computational overflow in the model.
+
+
+### 5.2 RESULTS ON PAPI
+
+Table 1 shows that the PAS method achieves state-of-the-art performance across different models. For the Llama-3-8B-Instruct model, PAS achieves a Composite Score of 4.41, significantly better than the next best method's 5.96. Similarly, for the Llama-3-70B-Instruct model, PAS scores 4.74, compared to 5.21 for the second-best method. Notably, PAS surpasses GPT-4o (omni) in the black-box prompt-based scenario, which scores 4.42. PAS also excels in individual Big-Five dimensions, achieving the lowest scores for Agreeableness (0.94 for 8B, 0.98 for 70B), Conscientiousness (0.91 for 8B, 0.89 for 70B), Extraversion (0.86 for 8B, 0.87 for 70B), Neuroticism (0.98 for 8B, 1.01 for 70B), and Openness (0.72 for 8B, 0.99 for 70B). In the appendix E.4, we also conducted further performance comparisons with full parameter fine-tuning and LoRA. PAS similarly demonstrated higher efficiency and superior performance.
+
+
+Figure 5: Comparison of performance and efficiency for various alignment methods. The larger the multiple on the x-axis, the lower the efficiency.
+
+**Efficiency.** As shown in Figure 5, training a separate language model for each individual demands (e.g. DPO and PPO) substantial computational resources and time, making it an infeasible solution for personality alignment. PAS addresses efficiency challenges by making targeted adjustments to a small subset of activation values during inference, in specific directions. This approach requires minimal computational overhead, similar to Few-Shot methods, and only about 1/6 of the time needed for PPO, yet achieves remarkable personality alignment results. By intervening at the activation level rather than relying on extensive training or the variability of prompts, PAS provides a more efficient and precise method for aligning language models with individual user preferences.
+
+**Alignment vs. ICL.** Our experiments highlight that direct Alignment (White-Box) methods, especially PAS, outperform In-Context Learning (ICL) (Black-Box) methods. By aligning model parameters with user preferences, PAS provides better performance compared to prompt-based approaches. The PAS method's ability to efficiently shift activations towards user preferences without altering the model's core parameters gives it a significant advantage over traditional ICL methods.
+
+**Why Did Scaling Laws Fail?** The results indicate that scaling laws alone do not ensure optimal alignment. Although larger models like Llama-3-70B-Instruct benefit from increased scale, PAS's performance demonstrates that Alignment by intervention without modifying parameters can yield better results. This suggests that targeted approaches like PAS are more effective in addressing individual user preferences, highlighting the necessity of methods focused on personality alignment rather than relying solely on model size. The success of PAS in outperforming larger models with fewer parameters underscores the importance of efficient and precise alignment techniques.
+
+### 5.3 GENERALIZATION RESULTS
+
+Considering that during the process of adjusting the model, although specific goals can be achieved, it may also affect other general capabilities of the model, such as dialogue and reasoning abilities. **We demonstrate through general dialogue tasks and complex reasoning tasks that our method can precisely control the model's personality without compromising its other generalization capabilities.**
+
+
+Figure 6: The win rates of PAS compared to classical alignment methods evaluated by GPT-4o.
+
+**Open-Ended Generation.** We used an open-ended generation task where the language model elaborated on given statements from the IPIP-NEO-300, covering “Scenario Description,” “Actions Taken,” “Thought Process,” and “Emotional Response.” The generated outputs were evaluated by GPT-4o for alignment with individual preferences, similar to the evaluation process in LIMA (Zhou et al., 2023a). Despite the Personality Alignment being initially trained with multiple-choice options, Figure 6 shows that PAS does not affect the model’s general conversational ability and reasoning capacity, it significantly outperforms baseline methods in this open-ended task. This superior performance can be attributed to PAS’s ability to fine-tune model activations to capture individual preferences effectively, enhancing the model’s adaptability to complex and nuanced tasks. PAS’s ability to generalize from multiple-choice training data to open-ended generation tasks demonstrates its robustness in capturing broader behavioral nuances. In addition to this, we conducted a manual evaluation using the same setup. The results of this experiment can be found in Appendix E.2.
+
+
+Figure 7: Performance of the Llama-3-8B-Instruct model on complex reasoning tasks across eight datasets. We used Vanilla CoT (Wei et al., 2022b) as the baseline (dashed line in each subplot), and then applied PAS to simulate two fictional personas: one with extreme conscientiousness (Positive) and one without extreme conscientiousness (Negative).
+
+**Complex Reasoning.** Experimental results, as shown in Figure 7, indicate that PAS significantly enhances the model's reasoning capabilities when conscientiousness is positively adjusted. For instance, on the GSM8K dataset, the baseline performance was 73.47. Enhancing conscientiousness increased the performance to 74.15 while reducing conscientiousness dropped it to 72.75. Similar trends were observed across other datasets, with the model consistently outperforming the baseline when conscientiousness was increased. This suggests that conscientiousness, associated with diligence and carefulness, positively impacts the model's ability to handle complex reasoning tasks. Importantly, these interventions did not significantly alter the inference time, maintaining efficiency comparable to the original model. These findings demonstrate PAS's strong generalization capabilities.
+
+### 5.4 DISCUSSION: IS AN ASSISTANT THAT ALIGNS WITH USER'S VALUES A GOOD ASSISTANT?
+
+**Certainly.** We explored whether aligning a language model with user values enhances satisfaction using 300 general question-answer examples from the LIMA dataset (Zhou et al., 2023a). We evaluated both the original Llama-3-70B-Instruct model and a Personality Alignment model. Each human evaluator spent 10 minutes completing an IPIP-NEO-120 questionnaire to extract their values. Using the PAS method, we aligned the model's preferences with these values, creating a Value-Aligned Assistant. For comparison, we also created a Value-Misaligned Assistant by inverting the questionnaire responses.
+
+Human evaluators assessed the responses to the test prompts. Figure 8 shows that the Value-Aligned Assistant provided preferable outputs 38% of the time, with 31% ties, significantly outperforming the Value-Misaligned Assistant. For instance, a conservative person may prefer more cautious advice, which the Value-Aligned Assistant is better equipped to provide. These results underscore the importance of aligning AI systems with user values to enhance satisfaction and effectiveness.
+
+
+Figure 8: Performance comparison of the Value-Aligned Assistant and Value-Misaligned Assistant on the LIMA dataset's 300 test prompts. We used the original Llama-3-70B-Instruct as the baseline comparator, anonymizing the models and randomizing their order during the evaluation.
+
+## 6 CONCLUSION
+
+We introduce the concept of Personality Alignment for language models, emphasizing the importance of tailoring AI behavior to individual user preferences and values. We release a large-scale real-world personality alignment dataset named PAPI, characterized by its real, diverse, and extensive data, to quantitatively measure the degree of Personality Alignment. Based on that, we propose a Personality Activation Search (PAS) method, which offers a practical solution with high efficiency and performance. LLMs adjusted with PAS can achieve better results and better efficiency in personalized alignment than ICL, DPO, and PPO as needed. In particular, it achieves precise alignment with just 1/6 of the computational time required by PPO. Experiments demonstrate that PAS significantly enhances the performance of Personality alignment by making AI interactions more relevant and meaningful.
+
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+
+## APPENDIX / SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL
+
+### A LIMITATIONS
+
+Human values, preferences, and personalities are comprehensive, diverse, and complex. With current technology, it is impossible to fully assess the values of an individual or a LLM. Instead, our focus is on systematically evaluating representative behavioral preferences of individuals or LLMs and measuring the consistency between them.
+
+#### A.1 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
+
+The open nature of our project introduces unique challenges in controlling biases within the PAPI dataset. Annotators from diverse backgrounds contribute to the dataset, resulting in demographic heterogeneity in some dimensions and homogeneity in others. For instance, a significant proportion of annotators identify as female with a median age of 25. This demographic profile may inadvertently introduce biases reflecting the values, perspectives, and interests of the annotators. Such biases can skew the dataset, potentially limiting its representativeness of broader, more diverse populations. Further research is necessary to determine the impact of these demographic biases on the dataset and to develop methods for mitigating them.
+
+#### A.2 DATASET FORMAT AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
+
+The PAPI dataset consists of responses to structured multiple-choice questions rather than the more commonly used open-ended text dialogues. While this format ensures consistency and ease of analysis, it may not capture the full complexity of natural language interactions. Additionally, the multiple-choice format might limit the richness of the data, as it restricts participants' ability to express nuanced thoughts and emotions. However, we have mitigated some of these limitations by designing the questions to cover a wide range of scenarios, ensuring higher generalizability and practicality. The structured format also provides clear, quantitative measures of personality traits, which are valuable for developing and evaluating personality alignment techniques. Further studies should explore the balance between structured and open-ended formats to enhance the dataset's applicability and depth.
+
+### B SAFETY AND ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS
+
+The implementation of Personality Alignment in language models introduces significant safety and ethical considerations. While aligning models with individual user values can enhance satisfaction and relevance, it also risks amplifying existing biases. If training data or user values contain inherent biases, these may be perpetuated and even exacerbated in the model's outputs. This highlights the necessity of careful data handling and alignment techniques to mitigate such risks effectively.
+
+In the context of the EU AI Act (Edwards, 2021), which emphasizes transparency, accountability, and robustness in AI systems, it is imperative to ensure that AI alignment processes adhere to these principles. The Act mandates stringent data governance standards to ensure high-quality, unbiased training data, and requires continuous risk management systems to monitor AI behavior throughout its lifecycle.
+
+One major concern is the potential for misuse, such as mimicking specific individuals to commit fraud or deception. A model that closely imitates a person's language and behavior could mislead others, posing significant ethical challenges. The EU AI Act addresses this by requiring providers of high-risk AI systems to implement robust authentication mechanisms and maintain comprehensive technical documentation of system design, capabilities, and limitations. Continuous monitoring for unusual or suspicious activity can help detect and prevent misuse. Additionally, it is essential to establish clear protocols for the ethical use of these models, including guidelines for developers and users to ensure responsible deployment.
+
+Aligning models too closely with individual user values might create echo chambers, reinforcing users' existing beliefs and reducing exposure to diverse perspectives. This can hinder balanced and informed decision-making. Designing alignment techniques that incorporate diverse viewpoints is crucial. Using a broader range of data sources can help ensure the model presents multiple perspectives on complex issues. Furthermore, it is important to incorporate feedback mechanisms that allow users to receive a balanced set of responses, promoting a more comprehensive understanding of various topics.
+
+The PAPI dataset, which supports our Personality Alignment approach, comprises responses from a diverse participant pool. While this diversity is beneficial, it also introduces challenges in preventingharmful biases. Rigorous anonymization protects participant privacy, but demographic biases related to age, gender, and cultural background may still influence results. Ongoing assessments and bias detection techniques are vital for identifying and rectifying biased outputs. Transparency in our methods and the availability of the PAPI dataset for open research promote collaborative efforts to refine alignment techniques and mitigate associated risks. Sharing findings with the broader research community helps address emerging challenges and ensures responsible progress in AI alignment.
+
+Implementing robust monitoring and feedback mechanisms is crucial for maintaining the ethical use of Personality Alignment models. Users should have the ability to report problematic outputs, and there should be clear processes for reviewing and addressing these reports. Periodic audits of the model’s performance and alignment processes ensure ethical standards are upheld. Additionally, there should be ongoing research into the potential societal impacts of these models, including the effects on user behavior and the broader implications for human-AI interaction.
+
+The development and deployment of Personality Alignment models require a strong commitment to ethical principles and safety considerations. Ongoing monitoring for unintended consequences, maintaining an open dialogue with the research community, and implementing proactive measures are essential for advancing AI alignment responsibly. By addressing these concerns, we aim to create AI systems that are both effective and beneficial to society while minimizing potential harms. This includes continuously updating ethical guidelines and best practices to reflect the evolving landscape of AI technology and its applications. Ensuring that AI systems are designed and used in ways that respect and promote human values is paramount to fostering trust and achieving positive outcomes in their deployment.
+
+### C EXPERIMENTAL SETUP
+
+#### C.1 LANGUAGE MODELS
+
+
+
+
+ | Model |
+ Model Creator |
+ Modality |
+ Version |
+ # Parameters |
+ Tokenizer |
+ Window Size |
+ Access |
+
+
+
+
+ | Llama-3-8B-Instruct |
+ Meta |
+ Text |
+ Llama-3 |
+ 8B |
+ Llama-3 Tokenizer |
+ 8K |
+ Openn-Source |
+
+
+ | Llama-3-70B-Instruct |
+ Meta |
+ Text |
+ Llama-3 |
+ 8B |
+ Llama-3 Tokenizer |
+ 8K |
+ Open-Source |
+
+
+ | GPT-4 |
+ OpenAI |
+ MultiModal |
+ gpt-4 |
+ Unknow |
+ o200k_base |
+ 128K |
+ limited |
+
+
+
+
+Table 2: Models. Description of the models evaluated in this effort: provenance for this information is provided in models.
+
+For the experiments, we utilize two variants of the Llama model: Llama-3-8B-Instruct, and Llama-3-70B-Instruct, as shown in Table 2. Nevertheless, our approach supports all decoder-only pre-trained white-box language models (Radford et al., 2019; Bai et al., 2023; Almazrouei et al., 2023; Team et al., 2024). To eliminate the influence of decoding temperature and ensure reproducibility, all experiments are conducted with a temperature setting of zero and greedy sampling for sequence generation.
+
+For the Llama-3 models, we employ the Huggingface (Wolf et al., 2019) and Pytorch (Paszke et al., 2019) framework to set up local inference on the NVIDIA A100 GPUs. Furthermore, for the Llama-3-70B model, we use bf4 (Dettmers et al., 2022) for inference.
+
+#### C.2 THE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR PAPI DATASET
+
+To provide a comprehensive evaluation, we compare our method against several established baselines.
+These include:
+
+* **DPO** (Rafailov et al., 2023): This approach involves additional training to align the language model with desired behaviors through direct policy optimization techniques. In this paper, we use QLoRA (Hu et al., 2021; Dettmers et al., 2023) to implement this. We maintain the original settings with a learning rate of 5e-4, warmup steps of 100, and a weight decay of 0.05. We use the AdamW optimizer (Kingma & Ba, 2014), a batch size of 16, and a LoRA alpha of 100. We train each model for 250 steps to ensure sufficient training. For the dataset, we set up a group of contrast items, where the contrast data used are opposite. For example, if a subject's labeled answer is "Very Accurate," the negative sample would be "Very Inaccurate." It is important to note that for DPO, we excluded all boundary options such as "Neither Accurate Nor Inaccurate," as they do not have negative samples.
+
+##### THE REWARD FUNCTION OF PPO
+
+```python
+def calculate_score(text, correct_option):
+ """
+ This function calculates the reward score for a given response based on the DPO (Direct Policy Optimization) framework.
+ It compares the response description to a correct option and returns a score reflecting the accuracy.
+
+ Parameters:
+ text (str): The response text to be evaluated.
+ correct_option (str): The correct answer description.
+
+ Returns:
+ int: The calculated reward score, ranging from -5 to 0. If the response does not match any known descriptions, returns -6.
+ """
+ # Mapping of scores to their corresponding descriptive labels
+ SCORES_BACK = {
+ 5: 'Very_Accurate',
+ 4: 'Moderately_Accurate',
+ 3: 'Neither_Accurate_Nor_Inaccurate',
+ 2: 'Moderately_Inaccurate',
+ 1: 'Very_Inaccurate',
+ 0: 'Unknown'
+ }
+
+ # Iterate over the scores and their descriptions
+ for score, description in SCORES_BACK.items():
+ if description in text:
+ # Find the score corresponding to the correct option
+ correct_score = next(key for key, value in SCORES_BACK.items() if value == correct_option)
+ # Calculate and return the negative absolute difference between the scores
+ return -abs(score - correct_score)
+
+ # Return -6 if the text does not match any known descriptions
+ return -6
+```
+
+* **PPO (Schulman et al., 2017)**: Similar to DPO, this method adjusts model behaviors by optimizing a policy that is proximal to the current model policy. We also use QLoRA to implement it, following the original implementation with a learning rate of 1.41e-5, a batch size of 16, and a LoRA alpha of 100. We train each model for 250 steps. During training, we limit the generated length to a maximum of 15 tokens. We did not train a reward model but instead used the reward function to optimize the language model online.
+* **Few-shot Prompt**: Using the given IPIP-NEO-120 statements directly as the system prompts.
+* **Personality Prompt ($P^2$)** Jiang et al. (2024): Using a natural system prompt to request a language model's semantic style has become a common method for personality and role-play tasks. The Personality Prompt uses an LLM to generate a series of descriptive sentences that embody a particular person's characteristics and serves as a system prompt to ensure the language model follows these descriptions. We utilize LLAMA-3-70B-Instruct to generate responses based on all the given IPIP-NEO-120 questionnaire items and the answers from different subjects. Figure 9 shows an example of a Personality Prompt.
+
+To ensure a thorough evaluation, we generated a personality prompt and trained model for each of the 300 subjects in the Test-Set.
+
+#### C.3 THE EXPERIMENTAL SETUP FOR OPEN-ENDED GENERATION TASK IN PAPI TASK
+
+To further evaluate the open-ended generation setup, we selected responses from the subject with ID 172481 from the Test-Set. In the first step, we performed Personality Alignment for each of the five methods. In the second step, we asked each aligned language model to generate a series of
\ No newline at end of file
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+arXiv:2408.11788v1 [cs.AI] 21 Aug 2024
+
+# DreamFactory: Pioneering Multi-Scene Long Video Generation with a Multi-Agent Framework
+
+**Zhifei Xie**♠✉ **Daniel Tang**♣ **Dingwei Tan**♢
+**Jacques Klein**♣ **Tegawendé F. Bissyandé**♣ **Saad Ezzini**♡♣
+
+University of Luxembourg ♢Beijing Institute of Technology filicos.thu@gmail.com xunzhu.tang@uni.lu jacques.klein@uni.lu tegawende.bissyande@uni.lu s.ezzini@lancaster.ac.uk
+
+## Abstract
+
+Current video generation models excel at creating short, realistic clips, but struggle with longer, multi-scene videos. We introduce DreamFactory, an LLM-based framework that tackles this challenge. DreamFactory leverages multi-agent collaboration principles and a Key Frames Iteration Design Method to ensure consistency and style across long videos. It utilizes Chain of Thought (COT) to address uncertainties inherent in large language models. DreamFactory generates long, stylistically coherent, and complex videos. Evaluating these long-form videos presents a challenge. We propose novel metrics such as Cross-Scene Face Distance Score and Cross-Scene Style Consistency Score. To further research in this area, we contribute the Multi-Scene Videos Dataset containing over 150 human-rated videos. DreamFactory¹ paves the way for utilizing multi-agent systems in video generation.
+
+## 1 Introduction
+
+Video, integrating both visual and auditory modalities—the most direct sensory pathways through which humans perceive and comprehend the world—effectively conveys information with compelling persuasiveness and influence, progressively becoming a powerful tool and medium for communication [(Tang and Isaacs, 1992), (Owen and Wildman, 1992), (Armes, 2006), (Harris, 2016), (Merkt et al., 2011)]. Traditional video production is an arduous and time-intensive process, particularly for capturing elusive real-life scenes. Owing to the rapid advancements in deep learning, AI-driven video generation techniques now facilitate the acquisition of high-quality images and video segments with ease [(pika), (Blattmann et al., 2023), (openai), (Blattmann et al., 2023), (runway), (Gu et al., 2023)]. However, crafting practical, multi-scene videos that meet real-world needs remains a formidable challenge. This includes ensuring consistency in character portrayal, stylistic coherence, and background across different scenes, proficiently maneuvering professional linguistic tools, and managing complex production steps beyond merely assembling brief video clips generated by current technologies. Therefore, there is an urgent need within the field of video generation for a model capable of directly producing long-duration, high-quality videos with high consistency, thus enabling AI-generated video to gain widespread acceptance and become a premier producer of content for human culture and entertainment.
+
+At the current stage, substantial advancements in the video domain utilize diffusion-based generative models, achieving excellent visual outcomes [(Blattmann et al., 2023), (runway), (openai)]. Nonetheless, due to the intrinsic characteristics of diffusion models, the videos produced are typically short segments, usually limited to four seconds. For generating longer videos, models like LSTM and GANs are employed (Gupta et al., 2022), however, these models struggle to meet the demands for high image quality and are restricted to synthesizing videos of lower resolution. These state-of-the-art approaches attempt to use a single model to address all sub-challenges of video generation end-to-end, encompassing attractive scriptwriting, character definition, and artistic shot design. However, these tasks are typically collaborative and not the sole responsibility of a single model.
+
+In addressing complex tasks and challenges in problem-solving and coding, researchers have begun utilizing LLM multi-agent collaborative techniques, modeled on human cooperative behaviors, and have observed numerous potent agents. With the integration of large models that include visual capabilities, multi-agent collaborative technologies have now developed an AI workflow capable of tackling challenges in the image and video domain.
+
+
+¹We will make our framework and datasets public after paper acceptance.
+
+
+
+Figure 1: Keyframe data produced by **DreamFactory**. It can be seen that the character's facial features, visual style, and even clothing are consistent.
+
+In this paper, we introduce multi-agent collaborative techniques to the domain of video generation, developing a multi-scene long video generation framework named **DreamFactory**, which simulates an AI virtual film production team. Agents based on LLMs assume roles akin to directors, art directors, screenwriters, and artists, collaboratively engaging in scriptwriting, storyboard creation, character design, keyframe development, and video synthesis. We define the concept of keyframe in the long video generation field to maintain consistency across video segments. In **DreamFactory**, we draw on the successful CoT concept from the multi-agent reasoning process to devise a keyframe iteration method specific to video. To address the drift phenomenon in large language models, a Monitor role is introduced to ensure consistency between different frames. **DreamFactory** also establishes an integrated image vector database to maintain the stability of the creative process. Based on the algorithms discussed, **DreamFactory** can automate the production of multi-scene videos of unrestricted length with consistent image continuity.
+
+To evaluate our framework, we employed state-of-the-art video generation models as tools, measuring video generation performance on the UTF-101 and HMDB51 datasets. Furthermore, given the novelty of our task, with few prior ventures into this area, we compared long videos generated by our framework against those produced using the original tools. We found that our model significantly outperformed the existing native models regarding evaluation mechanisms. Finally, we collected AI-generated short videos currently available on the internet and assessed them using mechanisms such as the Inception Score, alongside evaluations conducted by human judges. Our findings indicate that our videos surpass the average quality of those produced manually. Some examples generated by the framework are shown in Figure 1.
+
+## 2 Related work
+
+**LLM-based Agents.** In recent years, the capabilities of large language models have been continually enhanced, exemplified by advancements such as GPT-4 (openai), Claude-3 (Claude), and Llama-2 (meta), among others. Subsequently, exploration into enhancing the abilities of these large language models has emerged, introducing methodologies such as CoT (Wei et al., 2022), ToT (Yao et al., 2024), ReACT (Yao et al., 2022), Reflexion (Shinn et al., 2024), and various other approaches to facilitate iterative output and correction cycles. Within this context, the notion of Multi-agents has surfaced, with early research efforts including notable works such as Camel (Li et al., 2024), Voyager (Wang et al., 2023), MetaGPT (Hong et al., 2023), ChatDev (Qian et al., 2023), and AutoGPT (Yang et al., 2023). Recently, powerful Multi-agents frameworks have proliferated across diverse domains, with prominent instances in fields such as coding, including notable contributions such as CodeAgent (Tang et al., 2024), CodeAct (Wang et al., 2024), and Codepori (Rasheed et al., 2024). Utilitarian tools such as Toolformer (Schick et al., 2024), HuggingGPT (Shen et al., 2024), Toolllm (Qin et al., 2023), and WebGPT (Nakano et al., 2021) have also been employed. Other noteworthy endeavors encompass projects like Web Arena (Zhou et al., 2023), RET-LLM (Modarressi et al., 2023), and OpenAGI (Ge et al., 2024), each contributing to the advancement and proliferation of Multi-agents paradigms.
+
+**Video synthesis.** In the field of video generation, traditional methods primarily utilize Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) for video creation, as demonstrated in the works of Tim Brooks et al. (Brooks et al., 2022) and the foundational contributions of Ian Goodfellow et al. (Goodfellow et al., 2014). However, in recent years, a significant shift has occurred towards leveraging the potent capabilities of diffusion processes, with pioneering research conducted by Jascha et al. (Esser et al., 2023), and Song et al. (Song et al., 2020). The forefront of this evolution is marked by the development of Latent Video Diffusion Models. This approach is exemplified in the seminal efforts of Andreas Blattmann et al. (Blattmann et al.,2023), Gu et al. (Gu et al., 2023), Guo et al. (Guo et al., 2023), He et al. (He et al., 2022) and Wang et al. (Wang et al., 2023). Currently, the most formidable advancements in this area are four main models: Pika (pika), Stable Video (Blattmann et al., 2023), Runway (runway), and Sora (openai).
+
+## 3 DreamFactory
+
+Our DreamFactory framework utilizes multiple large language models (LLMs) to form a simulated animation company, taking on roles such as CEO, Director, and Creator. Given a story, they collaborate and create a video through social interaction and cooperation. This framework allows LLMs to simulate the real world by using small video generation models as tools to accomplish a massive task. This section details the methodology behind our innovative DreamFactory framework. We first describe the defined role cards in Section 3.1 and discuss the pipeline in Section 3.2. Finally, we will discuss the keyframe iteration design method.
+
+### 3.1 Role Definition
+
+In the architecture of our simulation animation company **DreamFactory**, the following roles are included: CEO, movie director, film producer, Screenwriter, Filmmaker, and Reviewer. Within the DreamFactory framework, they function similarly to their real-world counterparts, taking on roles such as determining the movie's style, writing scripts, and drawing.
+
+The definition prompts for their roles primarily consist of three main parts: **Job**, **Task** and **Requirements**. For instance, the definition prompt for a movie's creator would include the following sentences: (a) You are the **Movie Art Director**. Now, we are both working at Dream Factory,... (b) Your job is to **generate a picture according to the scenery** given by the director...and (c) you must **obey the real-world rules**, like color unchanged... For tasks such as plot discussions, we also limit their discussions to not exceed a specific number of rounds (depending on the user's settings and the company's size definition). We have included the following prompt to ensure this: "You give me your thought and story, and we should brainstorm and critique each other's idea. After discussing more than 5 ideas, any of us must actively terminate the discussion by picking up the best style and replying with a single word < INFO >, followed by our latest style decision, e.g., cartoon style."
+
+In Figure 3, panels (a) and (b) feature schematic illustrations of a character being defined and initiating role play. The complete architecture of the entire company is fully introduced in Figure 8. For each, we defined a role card, which contains: 1) The role name is put on the left-upper corner of each card; 2) The phases of the role involved are put on the right-upper corner of each card; 3) On each role card, we show the role-involved conversation and collaborative roles; 4) We show the intermediate output of the role on the right-hand side of the card; and 5) Finally, we put the corresponding files or content out of conversations on the bottom of the card.
+
+### 3.2 DreamFactory Framework pipeline
+
+In this section, we introduce the specific pipeline of DreamFactory. **Figure 2** illustrates the main phases and indicates which agents engage in conversations. Before delving into our entire pipeline, it's essential to first outline its fundamental components: phases and conversations. As depicted in **Figure 3** (c, a phase represents a complete stage that takes some textual or pictorial content as input. Agents, composed of GPT, engage in roleplay, discussion, and collaboration for processing, ultimately yielding some output. A conversation is a basic unit of a phase, with typically more than one round of conversation encompassed within a phase. After a fixed number of conversations, a phase is approaching its conclusion, at which point DreamFactory will save certain interim conclusions generated within this phase that we wish to retain. For instance, in the Phase style decision, the final conclusion will be preserved. Furthermore, during subsequent phases, DreamFactory will provide the necessary precedents, such as invoking previous styles and scripts when designing keyframes later on.
+
+Recently, large language models were found to have their capabilities limited by finite reasoning abilities, akin to how overly complex situations in real life can lead to carelessness and confusion. Therefore, the main idea of this framework, in the video domain, is to decompose the creation of long videos into specific stages, allowing specific large models to play designated roles and leverage their powerful capabilities in analyzing specific problems. Like a real-life film production company, DreamFactory adopts a classic workflow, starting with scriptwriting followed by drawing. Overall, the framework encompasses six primary stages:
+
+**Task Definition, Style Decision, Story Prompting, Script Design**, and **Key-frame Design**. The specific method for the final stage, keyframe iterative design, will be introduced in the following section; it is used to maintain the consistency and continuity of images generated at various stages. In the first four phases, our roles are conversational.
+
+
+
+Figure 2: An overview of the DreamFactory framework. The framework transposes the entire filmmaking process into AI, forming an AI-driven video production team.
+
+
+
+Figure 3: The Figure demonstrates how GPT begins role-playing as a director and commences communication with other GPTs as a director would.
+
+In each phase, every agent shares a "phase prompt" that includes the following key points: our roles, our tasks, the conclusions we aim to draw, the form of our discussion, and some other requirements. Following this, each agent is further informed by its unique prompt about its role definition, as discussed in section 3.1. We can refer to the notation in Guohao Li's article[1] to define the collaboration process of agents within DreamFactory. We refer to the assistant system prompt message by Pa and that of the user by Pu. The system messages are passed to the agents before the conversations start. Let F1 and F2 denote two large-scale autoregressive language models. When the system message is passed to those models respectively, we can get $A \leftarrow F_1^{PA}$, $U \leftarrow F_2^{PU}$ which are referred to as the assistant and user agents respectively. In continuation, we assume that the text provided by the user (instructor) at each instance is denoted as **It**, and the response given by the assistant is denoted as **At**. The Output at time step **t** alternating conversations between the two can be represented as: $O_t = ((I_1, A_1), (I_2, A_2), \dots, (I_t, A_t))$.
+
+Following the five critical phases mentioned above, five significant outputs will be achieved. In the prompt, each phase's output $O_t$ is required to follow < INFO > for summarization, which also allows us to systematically obtain and preserve, forming the Local memory information of the DreamFactory framework. This is also one of the primary purposes of proposing this framework, maintaining the consistency of critical information. Finally, after generating the tasks, styles, stories, scripts, and keyframe images, a long video with consistent style is obtained.
+
+
+
+Figure 4: An overview of the keyframe iterative design.
+
+### 3.3 Keyframe Iteration Design
+
+During the generation of long videos, the most challenging problem to address is that a video comprises a long sequence of image collections. Therefore, when generating, the model needs to maintain a long-term, consistent memory to ensure that each frame produced by the model coherently composes a consistent video. This type of memory includes two kinds: **short-term memory knowledge** and **long-term memory system**.
+
+**short-term memory knowledge** is embedded within videos of a fixed scene. Between adjacent frames, the animation in each frame should be connected, the characters should be unified, and there should be no significant changes in color, style, etc. As of now, the latest video models perform very well in terms of short-term memory. Nonetheless, we have still added a Monitor to supervise whether our video model is performing sufficiently well. As illustrated in Figure 4, there is a review process after the generation of each frame. Therefore, to maintain short-term consistency, the supervisory mechanism we introduced has addressed this issue.
+
+**long-term memory system**, however, pose a challenge that troubles most current models and represents the most pressing issue in video generation today. Particularly, within a GPT-based fully automated multi-agent framework, the inherent randomness and drift phenomena of large language models make this problem difficult to tackle. Long-term memory implies that across scene transitions, the model should be able to maintain the consistency of the drawing style, character continuity, and narrative flow. To uphold long-term memory, we have introduced the Keyframe Iteration Design method, which transforms long-term memory into short-term memory by guiding the generation of consecutive, consistent images, iterating and generating forward with each step. **Figure 4** demonstrates the process of each iteration.
+
+**Keyframe Iteration Design Method** leverages the inferential capabilities of large language models to transform long-term memory into iterations of short-term memory to ensure consistency. The first frame of the image is the beginning of the entire video and establishes essential information such as the style, painting technique, characters, and background for the entire long video. Therefore, we refer to the first frame as the Base. At the beginning, we will generate a painter *P*, a director *D* and a monitor *M*, represented by $P \leftarrow F_1^{P_P}$, $D \leftarrow F_2^{P_D}$, $M \leftarrow F_3^{P_M}$, these models played by visual large language models, will engage in a cyclical process of generation and discussion until they produce a crucial frame, which is the first keyframe, referred to as the **Base Frame**. At this point, the Monitor *D*, composed of a visual large language model as well, will conduct a thorough analysis to extract information, detailed description of features such as style, background, and character traits that should be preserved for an extended period. This results in the **Base Description**, note as $B_D$. $S_1$ represents the script for the first frame. We have $O_t = \text{Gen}(p_t, d_t, S_1)$, where $B_D \leftarrow M(O_t)$.
+
+In subsequent generations, when iterating the keyframe for moment *t*, we will use the previously input $S_t$ as the description of the scene. To maintain continuity in the context of adjacent scenes, we will employ the nurtured method to generate the description for the moment *t* − 1, which we also refer to as the contextual environment denoted as $C_t - 1$. At the same time, to maintain long-distance memory, $B_D$ will also serve as an input. By referencing the basic features of the previous frame and the Base features, it can ensure that the necessary information is essentially grasped in the next iteration, enabling the drawing of continuous keyframes with the same style, consistent characters, and uniform background. We have $O_t = \text{Gen}(p_t, d_t, S_t, C_{t-1})$.
+
+Upon the previous generation of keyframes, we can obtain the contextual environment and proceed with the next round of generation. We have $C_t = M(O_t)$, $p_{t+1} = P(S_t, C_t)$, $d_{t+1} = D(S_t, C_t, p_{t+1})$. Ultimately, we achieve the generation of the keyframes for the moment *t* + 1.
+
+In practical application, controlling the details of characters proves to be the most challenging aspect. Therefore, under our carefully modified prompts, with increased emphasis on parts that performed poorly in multiple experiments, the Keyframe Iteration Method can now generate a very consistent and practically valuable series of images.
+
+## 4 Experiments
+
+### 4.1 Traditional Video Quality Evaluation
+
+**Evaluation Metrics** - To validate the continuity of the keyframes and the quality of the videos produced by the framework, we embedded various tool models (such as Runway, Diffusion, GPT) within the architecture to assess the quality of videos generated by different tools. In our experiments, we principally employed the following evaluation metrics: **(1)** Fréchet Inception Distance (FID) score: measures the similarity between generated images and real images. **(2)** Inception Score (IS): gauges the quality and diversity of generated images. **(3)** CLIP Score: evaluates the textual description accuracy of generated images. **(4)** Fréchet Video Distance (FVD) score: extension of the FID for videos, comparing the features distribution of real videos versus synthesized ones based on Fréchet distance and **(5)** Kernel Video Distance (KVD): utilizes kernel function to compare the features distribution of real videos versus synthesized ones.
+
+Our dataset, during the Regular phase, comprised conventional prompts consisting of 70 keywords and brief sentences randomly selected by experimental personnel from the COCO dataset. This was utilized to evaluate the generated image quality of the fundamental tool models and the degree of alignment between the images and the text. For the Script phase, scripts pertaining to 70 randomly extracted tasks from our provided dataset were employed during the script-filling stage. This guided the model generation based on the relevant plot to assess the function of the "Animation Department" within the DreamFactory framework. The DreamFactory label denotes the keyframe images produced by the framework that corresponds to the Script.
+
+**Output Quality Statistics** - The images generated using models such as DALL·E and Diffusion are of high quality and have reached the state-of-the-art level in various indices. To quantitatively analyze the quality of the generated images, we input the images corresponding to the original prompts into GPT to get the GPT-Script and then used original prompts or the GPT-Script as prompts to generate 1400 images, from which we calculated FID, IS, and CLIP Score. As for FVD and KVD, we selected 100 samples from our multi-scene video dataset and manually extracted 10 keyframes for each one, Which can be used to generate multi-scale videos.
+
+Data in Table 1 indicates that the quality of images generated using scripts is on average more refined than those produced using everyday prompt words. This may be attributable to the extent to which GPT acts as a prompt, and contemporary models are generally adept at processing longer prompts. However, within the DreamFactory framework, the application of keyframe iterative design, in conjunction with storyboard creation, detailed descriptions of characters, settings, lighting, and style determination, has led to a marked improvement in the quality of image generation. A similar enhancement is also evident in videos which is shown in Table 2.
+
+| Models Composition | FID | IS | CLIP Score |
|---|
| Dalle-e3 (Regular) | 9.30 | 133.46 | 26.69 | | Diffusion (Regular) | 9.15 | 158.23 | 26.58 | | Midjourney (Regular) | 11.23 | 163.20 | 25.91 | | GPT3.5-Script+Dalle-e3 | 9.78 | 153.43 | 29.58 | | GPT3.5-Script+Diffusion | 8.63 | 168.90 | 30.57 | | GPT3.5-Script+Midjourney | 10.81 | 174.45 | 29.32 | | GPT4-Script+Dalle-e3 | 8.53 | 159.12 | 29.84 | | GPT4-Script+Diffusion | 8.32 | 169.97 | 30.73 | | GPT4-Script+Midjourney | 10.26 | 178.14 | 29.75 | | DreamFactory(GPT4)+Dalle-e3 | 6.57 | 160.94 | 30.76 | | DreamFactory(GPT4)+Diffusion | 7.03 | 169.71 | 30.92 | | DreamFactory(GPT4)+Midjourney | 7.15 | 178 | 30.39 |
+
+Table 1: The statistical analysis of Text2Image task. All models can generate higher-quality images after prompts augmentation, but the quality of the images generated by our framework stands out.
+
+| Models Composition | FVD | KVD |
|---|
| Runway (Regular) | 1879 | 125 | | Stable Video (Regular) | 3560 | 182 | | DreamFactory+Runway | 732 | 62 | | DreamFactory+Stable Video | 1376 | 113 |
+
+Table 2: The statistical analysis of Image2Video task. The improvement of our framework for generating multi-scene long videos is remarkable.
+
+### 4.2 Multi-scene Videos Evaluation Scores
+
+**Cross-Scene Face Distance Score** - In the generation of sequential videos, addressing character consistency is paramount. Discrepancies in the appearance of characters can lead not only to poor visual perception but also to the audience's inability to understand the plot and content. Maintaining character consistency ensures the coherence of the storyline revolving around the characters and enhances the visual appeal of the video. Especially, in the domain of long-duration videos, a video is typically composed of multiple scenes. This represents an unprecedented area of research, where there is a pressing need for robust evaluation metrics to assess the consistency of characters appearing across complex, multi-scene videos. Against this backdrop, we experimentally introduce the concept of the Cross-Scene Face Distance Score **(CSFD Score)**, aimed at validating the issue of character facial feature consistency across different scenes.
+
+In the computational process, each keyframe corresponds to a face, and using the dlib library, the position of the face can be extracted. The face-recognition library can be used to calculate the similarity score. For the facial segment of each frame, we can compute its similarity with all subsequent frames and then take the average. By this method, we can accurately determine whether the faces in the video are consistent. The relevant schematic diagram and the pseudocode for the calculation are provided in Algorithm 1.
+
+**Cross-Scene Style Consistency Score** - In the production of long videos, maintaining stylistic consistency is equally important. A consistent style makes the video appear as a cohesive whole. Based on this concept, we have introduced the Cross-Scene Style Consistency Score **(CSSC Score)**. However, to my knowledge, there currently isn't a mature method to rapidly determine the style of a video, so at this stage, we will rely on the assistance of large language-visual models. Essentially, we divide the video into several categories, which include: **anime, illustration, origami, oil painting, realism, cyberpunk, and ink wash.**
+
+The calculation method for the Cross-Scene Style Consistency Score is as follows: For each key frame, a divider played by a GPT-4V is used to determine the classification. Once all scenes have been clearly divided into categories, the proportion of the most numerous category to the total number of key frames is calculated. Figure 6 presents a partial output where the input is "an elderly person making a traditional Chinese lantern in real life". Scene 4 depicts an animated lantern created using Dalle, with GPT-4V serving as the discriminator. It is observable that among the four scenes, the first three are categorized under a realistic style, while the fourth scene is classified as anime style. Consequently, the maximum number of distinct styles is three, resulting in a cross-scene style consistency score of 75%. The other relevant schematic diagram and the pseudocode for the calculation are provided in Algorithm 2.
+
+
+
+Figure 5: Schematic diagram and pseudocode for the calculation of Cross-Scene Face Distance Score.
+
+| Algorithm 1 Calculate CSFD Score |
+|
+
+1: $total$ ← 0
+2: $count$ ← n*(n-1) / 2
+3: for $i$ ← 1 to $n$ do
+4: for $j$ ← $i$ + 1 to $n$ do
+5: $similarity$ ← CFS$(Fᵢ, Fⱼ)$
+6: $total$ ← $total$ + $similarity$
+7: end for
+8: end for
+9: $averageScore$ ← $total$ / $count$
+10: return $averageScore$
+ |
+
+| Models | CSFD Score | CSSC Score | av-Clip Score |
|---|
| GPT4-Script+Dalle-e3 | 0.77 | 0.85 | 0.29 | | GPT4-Script+Diffusion | 0.75 | 0.83 | 0.28 | | GPT4-Script+Midjourney | 0.68 | 0.66 | 0.26 | | DreamFactory(GPT4)+Dalle-e3 | 0.89 | 0.97 | 0.31 |
+
+Table 3: The statistical analysis of cross-scene score on different models.
+
+**Average Key-Frames CLIP Score** - In the generation of long videos with multiple scenes, it is crucial to assess the alignment of each scene's keyframes with the corresponding text. They have incorporated a significant amount of additional information to ensure consistency, which could likely lead to deviations from the text during generation. This may result in the overall video not adhering to the script. Therefore, in this section, we propose the Average Key-Frames CLIP Score to ensure the consistency of key frame scenes with the script. The calculation method is straightforward: compute the CLIP score for each keyframe against the scene generated during scene prompting and take the average.
+
+
+
+Figure 6: Schematic diagram and pseudocode for the calculation of Cross-Scene Style Consistency Score.
+
+| Algorithm 2 Calculate CSSC Score |
+|
+
+1: $n$ ← number of key frames
+2: $categories$ ← array initialized to 0 of size number of categories
+3: for $i$ ← 1 to $n$ do
+4: $category$ ← $JUDGE(Fᵢ)$
+5: $categories[category]$ ← $categories[category] + 1$
+6: end for
+7: $maxCount$ ← $max(categories)$
+8: $crossSceneStyleScore \leftarrow$ $\frac{maxCount}{n} \times 100$
+9: return $crossSceneStyleScore$
+ |
+
+**Results** - In table 3, our data selection comprised seventy character-centric entries from the Multi-Scene Videos Dataset, produced by DreamFactory + GPT-4 + DALL-E 3. The baseline utilizes the DALL-E 3 model with script inputs from this segment. Furthermore, evaluations were conducted on the aforementioned (1) cross-scene facial distance, (2) cross-scene style scores, and (3) average CLIP Score. These metrics were used to assess the consistency of facial features within our framework, the consistency of scene attributes, and the alignment between prompts generated by our frameworkand the narrative, as well as imagery.
+
+In our Cross-Scene facial distance scoring experiment, we employed the face locations method from the face-recognition library to locate 68 facial landmarks, thereby focusing the portrait photographs on the facial area. During the image encoding phase, we utilized the ViT model from the openai-clip repository to input the facial region and compute the vector representations. Subsequently, a vector dot product operation was performed to determine the final facial distance score. Owing to the inherent similarity among the facial images, all the scores were predominantly above 0.5. The specific reference facial match-score pairs are exhibited in Figure 7. In the analysis of both the CSSC score and the average CLIP score, the same set of seventy random samples was utilized as data. The CSSC Score employed GPT-4 Version as the stylistic analyst.
+
+
+
+Figure 7: The distance between different faces when using openai-clip as the encoder.
+
+## 5 Conclusion
+
+We introduce **Dream Factory**: a multi-agent-based framework for generating long videos with multiple scenes. Dream Factory incorporates the idea of multi-agents into the field of video generation, producing consistent, continuous, and engaging long videos. Dream Factory introduces a keyframe iteration method to ensure alignment of style, characters, and scenes across different frames and can be built on top of any image or video generation tool. Furthermore, Dream Factory proposes new metrics to validate its capabilities by measuring the quality of generated content through cross-scene face and style consistency, as well as text-to-visual alignment. On the test set, the DreamFactory framework can achieve highly consistent sequential story generation, marking a groundbreaking development.
+
+## 6 Limitations
+
+In this paper, we present a multi-agent video generation framework capable of producing videos with high consistency across multiple scenes and plot-lines. However, we still face several limitations. Firstly, our current reliance on prompts to control agents means that the agents are not capable of highly creative tasks, such as devising plots with artistic merit. Such tasks require the accumulation of specific datasets for model fine-tuning. Secondly, the editing of all video segments is centered around synthesized speech content, which results in a final product that may appear as a mere assembly of clips. This necessitates the introduction of a unique framework design to enhance the fluidity of the videos. Lastly, video generation still involves substantial resource consumption.
+
+## 7 Ethics Statements
+
+The development and deployment of DreamFactory, a multi-agent framework for long video generation, raise several ethical considerations that must be addressed. The potential for the misuse of generated videos, such as the creation of deepfakes or the propagation of misinformation, is a significant concern. To mitigate these risks, we commit to implementing robust safeguards, including watermarking generated content and collaborating with fact-checking organizations. Additionally, we will ensure transparency in our research and make our methods and datasets publicly available, subject to ethical use guidelines. We also recognize the importance of diversity and inclusion in the training data to prevent biases in the generated content. Finally, we will engage with the broader community to establish ethical standards for the use of AI-generated video content, promoting responsible innovation and use of this technology.
+
+## References
+
+Roy Armes. 2006. On video. Routledge.
+
+Omer Bar-Tal, Hila Chefer, Omer Tov, Charles Hermann, Roni Paiss, Shiran Zada, Ariel Ephrat, Junhwa Hur, Guanghui Liu, Amit Raj, Yuanzhen Li, Michael Rubinstein, Tomer Michaeli, Oliver Wang, Deqing Sun, Tali Dekel, and Inbar Mosseri. 2024. Lumiere: A space-time diffusion model for video generation. Preprint, arXiv:2401.12945.
+
+Andreas Blattmann, Tim Dockhorn, Sumith Kulal, Daniel Mendelevitch, Maciej Kilian, Dominik Lorenz, Yam Levi, Zion English, Vikram Voleti, Adam Letts, et al. 2023. Stable video diffusion: Scaling latent video diffusion models to large datasets. arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.15127.
+
+Andreas Blattmann, Robin Rombach, Huan Ling, Tim Dockhorn, Seung Wook Kim, Sanja Fidler, and Karsten Kreis. 2023b. Align your latents: High-resolution video synthesis with latent diffusion models. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 22563–22575.
+
+Tim Brooks, Janne Hellsten, Miika Aittala, Ting-Chun Wang, Timo Aila, Jaakko Lehtinen, Ming-Yu Liu, Alexei Efros, and Tero Karras. 2022. Generating long videos of dynamic scenes. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 35:31769–31781.
+
+Claude. Claude3.
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+Patrick Esser, Johnathan Chiu, Parmida Atighehchian, Jonathan Granskog, and Anastasis Germanidis. 2023. Structure and content-guided video synthesis with diffusion models. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF International Conference on Computer Vision, pages 7346–7356.
+
+Yingqiang Ge, Wenyue Hua, Kai Mei, Juntao Tan, Shuyuan Xu, Zelong Li, Yongfeng Zhang, et al. 2024. Openagi: When llm meets domain experts. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36.
+
+Ian Goodfellow, Jean Pouget-Abadie, Mehdi Mirza, Bing Xu, David Warde-Farley, Sherjil Ozair, Aaron Courville, and Yoshua Bengio. 2014. Generative adversarial nets. Advances in neural information processing systems, 27.
+
+Jiaxi Gu, Shicong Wang, Haoyu Zhao, Tianyi Lu, Xing Zhang, Zuxuan Wu, Songcen Xu, Wei Zhang, Yu-Gang Jiang, and Hang Xu. 2023. Reuse and diffuse: Iterative denoising for text-to-video generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.03549.
+
+Yuwei Guo, Ceyuan Yang, Anyi Rao, Yaohui Wang, Yu Qiao, Dahua Lin, and Bo Dai. 2023. Animated iff: Animate your personalized text-to-image diffusion models without specific tuning. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.04725.
+
+Sonam Gupta, Arti Keshari, and Sukhendu Das. 2022. Rv-gan: Recurrent gan for unconditional video generation. In Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, pages 2024–2033.
+
+Anne M Harris. 2016. Video as method. Oxford University Press.
+
+Yingqing He, Tianyu Yang, Yong Zhang, Ying Shan, and Qifeng Chen. 2022. Latent video diffusion models for high-fidelity long video generation. arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.13221.
+
+Sirui Hong, Xiawu Zheng, Jonathan Chen, Yuheng Cheng, Jinlin Wang, Ceyao Zhang, Zili Wang, Steven Ka Shing Yau, Zijuan Lin, Liyang Zhou, et al. 2023. Metagpt: Meta programming for multi-agent collaborative framework. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.00352.
+
+Guohao Li, Hasan Hammoud, Hani Itani, Dmitrii Khizbullin, and Bernard Ghanem. 2024. Camel: Communicative agents for" mind" exploration of large language model society. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36.
+
+Martin Merkt, Sonja Weigand, Anke Heier, and Stephan Schwan. 2011. Learning with videos vs. learning with print: The role of interactive features. Learning and Instruction, 21(6):687-704.
+
+meta. Llama-2.
+
+Ali Modarressi, Ayyoob Imani, Mohsen Fayyaz, and Hinrich Schütze. 2023. Ret-llm: Towards a general read-write memory for large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.14322.
+
+Reiichiro Nakano, Jacob Hilton, Suchir Balaji, Jeff Wu, Long Ouyang, Christina Kim, Christopher Hesse, Shantanu Jain, Vineet Kosaraju, William Saunders, et al. 2021. Webgpt: Browser-assisted question-answering with human feedback. arXiv preprint arXiv:2112.09332.
+
+openai. Gpt-4.
+
+openai. b. Sora.
+
+Bruce M Owen and Steven S Wildman. 1992. Video economics. La Editorial, UPR.
+
+pika. Pika.
+
+Chen Qian, Xin Cong, Cheng Yang, Weize Chen, Yusheng Su, Juyuan Xu, Zhiyuan Liu, and Maosong Sun. 2023. Communicative agents for software development. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.07924.
+
+Yujia Qin, Shihao Liang, Yining Ye, Kunlun Zhu, Lan Yan, Yaxi Lu, Yankai Lin, Xin Cong, Xiangru Tang, Bill Qian, et al. 2023. Toolllm: Facilitating large language models to master 16000+ real-world apis. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.16789.
+
+Zeeshan Rasheed, Muhammad Waseem, Mika Saari, Kari Systä, and Pekka Abrahamsson. 2024. Codepori: Large scale model for autonomous software development by using multi-agents. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.01411.
+
+runway. Runway.
+
+Timo Schick, Jane Dwivedi-Yu, Roberto Dessì, Roberta Raileanu, Maria Lomeli, Eric Hambro, Luke Zettlemoyer, Nicola Cancedda, and Thomas Scialom. 2024. Toolformer: Language models can teach themselves to use tools. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36.
+
+Yongliang Shen, Kaitao Song, Xu Tan, Dongsheng Li, Weiming Lu, and Yueting Zhuang. 2024. Hugging-gpt: Solving ai tasks with chatgpt and its friends in hugging face. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36.
+
+Noah Shinn, Federico Cassano, Ashwin Gopinath, Karthik Narasimhan, and Shunyu Yao. 2024. Reflexion: Language agents with verbal reinforcement learning. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36.
+
+Yang Song, Jascha Sohl-Dickstein, Diederik P Kingma, Abhishek Kumar, Stefano Ermon, and Ben Poole. 2020. Score-based generative modeling through stochastic differential equations. arXiv preprint arXiv:2011.13456.
+
+Daniel Tang, Zhenghan Chen, Kisub Kim, Yewei Song, Haoye Tian, Saad Ezzini, Yongfeng Huang, and Jacques Klein Tegawende F Bissyande. 2024. Collaborative agents for software engineering. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.02172.
+
+John C Tang and Ellen Isaacs. 1992. Why do users like video? studies of multimedia-supported collaboration. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 1:163-196.
+
+Guanzhi Wang, Yuqi Xie, Yunfan Jiang, Ajay Mandlekar, Chaowei Xiao, Yuke Zhu, Linxi Fan, and Anima Anandkumar. 2023. Voyager: An open-ended embodied agent with large language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.16291.
+
+Jiuniu Wang, Hangjie Yuan, Dayou Chen, Yingya Zhang, Xiang Wang, and Shiwei Zhang. 2023b. Modelscope text-to-video technical report. arXiv preprint arXiv:2308.06571.
+
+Xingyao Wang, Yangyi Chen, Lifan Yuan, Yizhe Zhang, Yunzhu Li, Hao Peng, and Heng Ji. 2024. Executable code actions elicit better llm agents. arXiv preprint arXiv:2402.01030.
+
+Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, Denny Zhou, et al. 2022. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models. Advances in neural information processing systems, 35:24824-24837.
+
+Hui Yang, Sifu Yue, and Yunzhong He. 2023. Auto-gpt for online decision making: Benchmarks and additional opinions. arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.02224.
+
+Shunyu Yao, Dian Yu, Jeffrey Zhao, Izhak Shafran, Tom Griffiths, Yuan Cao, and Karthik Narasimhan. 2024. Tree of thoughts: Deliberate problem solving with large language models. Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, 36.
+
+Shunyu Yao, Jeffrey Zhao, Dian Yu, Nan Du, Izhak Shafran, Karthik Narasimhan, and Yuan Cao. 2022. React: Synergizing reasoning and acting in language models. arXiv preprint arXiv:2210.03629.
+
+Shuyan Zhou, Frank F Xu, Hao Zhu, Xuhui Zhou, Robert Lo, Abishek Sridhar, Xianyi Cheng, Yonatan Bisk, Daniel Fried, Uri Alon, et al. 2023. Webarena: A realistic web environment for building autonomous agents. arXiv preprint arXiv:2307.13854.
+
+## A Appendix
+
+### A.1 DreamFactory Responsibility allocation
+
+As shown in Figure 8, our DreamFactory framework utilizes multiple large language models (LLMs) to form a simulated animation company, taking on roles such as CEO, Director, and Creator. Given a story, they collaborate and create a video through social interaction and cooperation. This framework allows LLMs to simulate the real world by using small video generation models as tools to accomplish a massive task. As illustrated in Figure 8, under their collaboration, it is possible to generate a series of consistent, stable, multi-scene long videos as the plot progresses.
+
+### A.2 User Study
+
+Quantitative evaluation of human preference for video is a complex and difficult proposition, so we employed human evaluators to verify the quality of multi-scene videos generated by our framework. We collected 150 multi-scene short videos generated by AI from the internet and compare them with videos from our framework. Through this approach, we aimed to assess whether our videos could achieve an advantage in human preferences compared to existing AI videos on the network.
+
+In our study, We adopt the Two-alternative Forced Choice (2AFC) protocol, as used in previous works [(Blattmann et al., 2023), (Blattmann et al., 2023), (Bar-Tal et al., 2024)]. In this protocol, each participant will be randomly shown a pair of videos with the same story, one is a short video collected on web platforms and the other is generated by our framework. Participants were then asked to select the superior side on five metrics: role consistency, scene consistency, plot quality, storyboard fluency, and overall quality. We collected 1320 human scores for this study, utilizing schools, communities, and network platforms. As illustrated in Figure 9, our method was preferred better.
+
+### A.3 Case Study
+
+**Comprehensive Keyframe Count Statistics** - The version currently provided to users is balanced between cost and user experience, using the Short generation mode, typically around ten scenes. The specific number is related to the user's task input. The length of videos generated using random prompts is shown in the figure 10.
+
+
+
+Figure 8: This figure presents the responsibility allocation chart for all employees within the DreamFactory architecture. For each employee, the upper left corner displays their role and portrait, while the upper right corner outlines the stages of participation and their roles. The essential parts of the prompt are depicted below.
+
+
+
+Figure 9: Human evaluation comparison of videos generated by DreamFactory and internet AI videos.
+
+
+
+Figure 10: The key frame numbers count Statistics of DreamFactory.
\ No newline at end of file
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+For personal use only in
+study and research; not for
+commercial use
+
+For personal use only in
+study and research; not for
+commercial use
+
+湖北广播电视大学
+
+
+# 大专计算机专业毕业论文
+
+**题目 计算机毕业设计 **
+
+
+
+专业名称 计算机科学与技术
+
+学生姓名___________________
+
+指导教师___________________
+
+毕业时间___________________
+
+
+
+**湖北广播电视学院**
+
+## 毕业设计论文任务书
+
+### 一、题目：
+
+石景山卫生局局域网地建设.
+
+### 二、指导思想和目地要求：
+
+广泛查阅有关计算机网络地专著及论文等资料,充分了解计算机网络在现在石景山卫生局管理中地作用,了解计算机网络地主要技术及在实施过程中地技术指标,并在现有研究成果地基础上独立思考.观察石景山卫生局目前地运作流程,了解石景山卫生局对与网络地需求,根据计算机网络地专业知识结合石景山卫生局地需求设计出符合石景山卫生局实际计算机网络并实施地.通过论文地写作,培养学生独立思考、解决实际问题地能力. 论文所提出地网络设计及实施应从功能、网络拓扑结构、选用设备及实施中地注意事项等不同方面论述,论文应具有一定地实践价值.
+
+### 三、主要技术指标：
+
+网络系统地基本任务是提供先进地办公、数据共享、信息传播和学术交流手段,实现各系统之间地信息交流和信息资源共享,实现内部局域网与 Internet 以及区卫生所专网地连接.支持办公自动化、信息传播、疾病控制和有关智能化系统等运行平台.
+
+### 四、进度与要求：
+
+08/12/21- 08/12/31 确定题目和设计方案；
+09/01/01- 09/01/15 根据确定地论文题目收集并分析有关资料,进行技术准备；
+09/01/16- 09/02/15 撰写学位论文初稿；
+09/02/16- 09/02/28 论文修改、定稿；
+09/03/01- 09/03/13 论文批阅；
+09/03/14- 09/03/22 论文答辩.
+
+### 五、主要参考书及参考资料：
+
+[1] 计算机网络（第五版） 谢希仁 电子工业出版社 P10-220
+[2] 网管从业宝典—交换机·路由器·防火墙 刘晓辉 重庆大学出版社
+P77-P412
+[3] 网管员必读—网络组建（第 2 版） 王达 电子工业出版社 P1-79
+[4] 交换机/路由器及其配置（第二版） 石硕 电子工业出版社 P14-159
+[5] CCNA 学习指南 （美）Todd Lammle 电子工业出版社 P1-137
+
+
+学习中心：_______________ 班 级：_______________
+专 业：计算机科学与技术 学 生：_______________
+指导教师：_______________
+
+### 摘要
+
+随着网络地逐步普及,办公网络地建设是各企业单位、事业单位、政府机关向信息化发展地必然选择。本毕业设计中石景山卫生局局域网系统是一个非常庞大而复杂地系统,它不仅为综合信息管理和办公自动化等一系列应用提供基本操作平台,而且能提供多种应用服务,使信息能及时、准确地传送给各个系统。而石景山卫生局局域网工程建设中主要应用了网络技术中地重要分支局域网技术来建设与管理地,因此本毕业设计课题将主要以石景山卫生局局域网建设过程可能用到地各种技术及实施方案为设计方向,为石景山卫生局局域网地建设提供理论依据和实践指导。
+
+关键字:局域网、Internet、计算机网络、网络协议、服务器、防火墙
+
+### Abstract
+
+With the gradual popularization of networks, office networks are all business units, institutions, government agencies to the development of information inevitable choice. The Graduation Project Shijingshan Health Bureau LAN systems are a very large and complex system, which not only comprehensive information management and office automation applications, such as a series of basic operating platform, but also provides a wide range of applications, so that information can be timely and accurate to send to each system. The Shijingshan Health Bureau LAN construction of the main applications of network technology to the important branch of local area network technology to the construction and management, So this graduation project topics will be mainly to Shijingshan Health Bureau LAN construction process may use a variety of technical and implementation options for the design direction for the Shijingshan Health Bureau building LAN and provide a theoretical basis and practical guidance.
+
+Keywords: LAN, Internet, computer networks, network protocols, server,firewall.
+
+
+### 目录
+
+前言... 1
+第一章 计算机局域网述... 2
+一. 计算机局域网... 2
+1.计算机网络地分类...2
+2.计算机网络地拓扑结构...3
+二. 计算机网络地相关技术...4
+1.网络结构层次... 4
+2.IP 地址和 MAC 地址...5
+3.网络协议... 7
+4.IEEE 局域网系列标准...8
+三. 传输介质及网络设备...9
+1.网卡... 9
+2.交换机... 9
+3.路由器... 10
+4.传输介质... 10
+第二章 石景山卫生局局域网地建设... 12
+一. 项目背景... 12
+二. 需求分析... 12
+三. 设计思路... 13
+1.总体设计原则... 13
+2.总体功能... 14
+四. 网络建设... 14
+1.网络拓扑图... 14
+2.网络层次... 15
+3.交换机地具体部署...16
+4.局域网中其他设备及软件...17
+5.VLAN 划分... 17
+6.IP 地址规划... 18
+7.设备选型... 19
+结 论... 26
+参考文献... 27
+致 谢... 28
+
+### 前言
+
+当今时代是一个以信息技术（InformationTechnology,简称IT）为代表地知识经济时代,计算机技术和信息科技地发展更是日新月异,从各个方面影响和改变着我们地生活,而其中地计算机网络技术地发展更为迅速,已经渗透到了我们生活地各个方面,人们已经离不开计算机网络,并且随着因特网地迅速普及,给我们地学习与生活条件带来更大地方便,我们与外部世界地联系将更加地紧密和快速.
+随着人们对于信息资源共享以及信息交流地迫切需求,促使网络技术地产生和快速发展,计算机网络地产生和使用为人类信息文明地发展带来了革命性地变化.随着计算机网络管理功能地强化,计算机硬件技术和软件技术都与网络技术融合到一起,近几年来应用程序地开发更发展到以WEB门户网站为界面,以与后台网络分布式数据库和实时交互操作地程序库,共同组成网络环境下地三层架构模式,这成了计算机应用程序开发模式地主流趋势.
+本次石景山卫生局网络建设项目是以局域网为依托,架构办公自动化、信息传播、疾病控制和有关智能化系统等运行平台,为用户提供先进地办公、数据共享、信息传播和学术交流手段,实现各系统之间地信息交流和信息资源共享,实现内部局域网与Internet以及区卫生所专网地连接.
+
+### 第一章 计算机局域网概述
+
+系统地理解网络理论对于掌握网络技术是十分必要地,本论文中仅对于相关技术作简单地介绍,便于读者阅读.
+
+#### 一.计算机局域网
+
+“网络就是计算机”,计算机网络已经在企业、事业、学校、政府机关等地方成为不可缺少地工具.对网络地进一步定义是：
+“至少有两个具有共享需求地个体；至少有一种方法或通路使其个体互连；至少有一种规则使两个或两个以上个体相互传信.”个体指计算机硬件和软件、方法或通路指连接与传输媒介、规则指网络通信协议.网络在不同地阶段有不同地含义,定义也会被修改,但几十年地变迁有一点始终不改,那就是“资源”地共享,包括软件资源、硬件资源、数据和服务资源地共享,它是组网地原始动力.
+
+##### 1.计算机网络地分类
+
+网络按照传输距离可以分为一下3种：
+
+1)局域网（LocalAreaNetworks,简称LAN）.
+
+局域网地传输距离较短一般从几米到几公里,往往用于一个单位,比如一个公司、一个政府部门等.局域网地优点是传输速率高,往往可以达到百兆或千兆,局域网地另一个优点是传输信号质量高,误码率低,传输时延小.
+
+2)广域网（WideAreaNetworks,简称WAN）.
+
+广域网也成为远程网,传输距离为几百公里甚至更远,一般跨城市甚至国家.广域网往往会用多种通信介质,比如光纤、微波中继、卫星通信与电力载波等.如何在广域网上保证网络访问地安全,是目前网络技术地关键和核心技术领域之一.
+
+3)城域网（MetropolitanAreaNetwork,简称MAN）.
+
+城域网介于LAN和WAN之间,传输距离由几公里到十几公里,“城域网”可以理解为一个城市范围内地网络,事实上目前地城域网通常以高速环网为核心架构一个城市地主干高速通信网.
+
+##### 2. 计算机网络地拓扑结构
+
+网络拓扑就是网络中计算机、缆线以及其他通信部件构成地几何布局.计算机网络地拓扑有多种类型,并且是随着网络技术地不断发展而不断涌现与完善.
+
+###### 1) 总线型 (Bus)
+
+将各节点地设备用同一根网线连接起来,所有主机共享同一通信介质,拓扑结构如图 1.1.在总线电缆上任何一处地松动和脱离都会引起网络无法运行,且由于布线问题故障地定位及修复比较困难,维护比较困难
+
+
+
+图 1.1 总线型网络拓扑结构
+
+###### 2) 星形 (Star)
+
+星型拓扑网络以中央节点为中心,由中央节点与其他节点相连接组成,如图1.2 所示.中央节点机一般为集线器或交换机,除了中心节点之外地任何节点故障或节点地增减都不影响网络中地其他节点工作,从而实现了网络便于维护、便于管理地优越性.
+
+
+
+图 1.2 星型网络拓扑结构
+
+###### 3) 树形 (Tree)
+
+当一台集线器或交换机地端口数量不足以连接所有地计算机或者需要联网地计算机分布比较分散，可以再串联第二级星型网络，如图1.3所示，这就是树形拓扑结构.
+
+
+
+图 1.3 树形网络拓扑结构
+
+###### 4) 环形(Ring)
+
+网络中各节点通过环路接口,链接到一条首尾相连地闭合环形通信线路中,如图1.4所示.环网上地任何一个节点地故障都会影响整个网络传输.
+
+
+
+图 1.4 环形网络拓扑结构
+
+#### 二. 计算机网络地相关技术
+
+##### 1. 网络结构层次
+
+国际标准化组织未来连接不同设备地网络体系结构,于 1984 年提出开放系统互联参考模型 OSI（Open System Interconnection）.它被分成 7 层,这 7 个层次分别定义了不同地功能.几乎所有地网络都是基于这种体系结构地模型进行改进并定义地,这些层次从上到下分别是应用层、表示层、会话层、运输层、网络层,数据链路层和物理层,其中物理层是位于体系结构地最低层,它定义了 OSI 网络中地物理特性和电气特性.OSI 参考模型及工作过程如图 1.5 所示.
+
+
+
+图 1.5 OSI 七层体系结构及数据流说明
+
+TCP/IP（Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol,传输控制协议和互连网协议）缩写,TCP/IP 体系结构是当前应用于 Internet 网络中地体系结构,它是由OSI 结构演变来地,它没有表示层,只有应用层、运输层,互联层和网络接口层.
+
+##### 2. IP 地址和 MAC 地址
+
+###### 2.1 IP 地址
+
+**1) IP 地址**
+网络地址唯一指定了每一个网络,同一网络中地每台计算机都共享相同地网络地址,并用它作为自己 IP 地址地一部分.例如,在 IP 地址 172.16.30.56 中,172.16就是这个网络地址.
+主机地址是在一个网络中用来标识每台计算机地,它是一个唯一地标识符.在IP 地址为 172.16.30.56 地这个例子中,30.56 就是这个主机地地址.
+IP 地址分为 A、B、C、D、E 五类,图 1.6 解释了这 5 个网络地类别关系,表1.1 说明了这几类地址地范围及掩码.
+
+
+
+图 1.6 IP 地址分类
+
+ | IP 地址范围 | 掩码 |
|---|
| A 类 | 0.0.0.0-126.255.255.255 | 255.0.0.0 | | B 类 | 128.0.0.0-191.255.255.255 | 255.255.0.0 | | C 类 | 192.0.0.0-223.255.255.255 | 255.255.255.0 | | D 类 | 224.0.0.0-239.255.255.255 | | | E 类 | 240.0.0.0-255.255.255.255 | |
+
+表 1.1 IP 地址范围
+
+**2) 私有 IP 地址**
+
+私有地址可以被用于私有网络,只是它们不可以路由通过 Internet,这个设计主要是为了满足广泛需要地安全目地,同时也很有效地节省了宝贵地 IP 地址空间,表 1.2 是被保留地私有 IP 地址列表.
+
+| 地址类 | 被保留地地址空间 |
|---|
| A 类 | 10.0.0.0-10.255.255.255 | | B 类 | 172.16.0.0-172.31.255.255 | | C 类 | 192.168.0.0-192.168.255.255 |
+
+表 1.2 私有地址列表
+
+**3) 特殊 IP 地址**
+
+在 IP 地址中除了定义了私有 IP 地址外,还定义了如下 IP 地址在网络通信时所表示地特殊意义,这些地址不可用于一般地 IP 地址配置.
+0.0.0.0：表示所有网络,在路由表中指向默认网关.
+255.255.255.255：在路由表中表明 IP 广播地址.
+127.0.0.1：本地回送地址,既指向本机.
+
+###### 2.2 MAC 地址
+
+每块网卡出厂时,就被赋予唯一地物理地址作为标识,这样地物理地址称为MAC地址.MAC地址由6个字节组成,用16进制数表示,6个字节中前3个为制造网卡厂商地标识,后3个字节为网卡序列号,因此每一个网卡地 MAC 地址在全球是独一无二地.
+
+##### 3. 网络协议
+
+网络协议是通信双方共同遵守地约定和规范,网络设备必须安装或设置各种网络协议之后才能完成数据地传输和发送,在校园局域网上用到地协议主要有,ICP/IP协议、IPX/SPX协议等.
+
+###### 3.1 TCP/IP协议
+
+TCP/IP 协议是目前在网络中应用得最广泛地协议,ICP/IP 实际上是一个关于Internet 地标准,并随着地 Internet 广泛应用而风靡全球,它也成为局域网地首选协议.TCP/IP 是一种分层协议,它共被分为个 4 层次,大约包含近期 100 个非专有协议, 通过这些协议,可以高效和可靠地实现计算机系统之间地互连.TCP/IP 协议中地核心协议有 TCP（传输控制协议）、UDP（用户数据报协议）和 IP（因特网协议）.TCP/IP 协议组模型如图 1.7：
+
+
+
+图 1.7 TCP/IP 协议组
+
+**1) TCP协议**
+
+TCP协议可以在网络用户启动地软件应用进程之间建立通信会话,并实现数据流量控制和错误检测,这样就可以在不可靠地网络上提供可靠地端到端数据传输.UDP协议是一种无连接地协议,它在传输数据之前不建立连接,也不提供良好地可靠性和差错检查,只仅仅依赖于校验来保证可靠性.UDP不进行流量控制,没有序列或者确认,因此它处理和传输数据地速度快,还被用来传输关键地网络状态消息.
+
+**2) IP协议**
+
+IP协议地基本功能是提供数据传输、数据包编址、数据包路由,分段等,通过IP编址约定,可以成功地将数据通过路由传输到正确地网络或者子网,每个网络站点具有一个32位地IP地址,它和48位MAC地址一起协作,完成网络通信,IP协议也是一种无连接地协议.
+
+**3) Telnet 协议**
+
+Telnet 协议允许一个用户在远程客户端采用虚拟终端地方式访问另一台机器上地资源.
+
+**4) FTP协议**
+
+文件传输协议(FTP)实际上就是传输文件地协议,它可以应用在任意两台主机之间,它不仅仅是一个协议,它同时也是一个程序.FTP允许执行对目录和文件地访问,并且可以完成特定类型地目录操作,例如将文件重新定位到不同地目录中.
+
+**5) SMTP 协议**
+
+简单邮件传输协议(w邮)对应于我们普遍使用地被称为E-mail地应用,它描述了邮件投递中地假脱机、排列及方法.SMTP用来发送邮件,POP3用来接收邮件.
+
+**6) DNS协议**
+
+域名解析服务(DNS)将计算机域名与其IP地址一一对应,从而建立起具有严密逻辑关系地域名服务系统,就是把人工输入地计算机网络和主机地名字翻译为IP地址,然后利用网络软件根据IP地址实线各种网络功能.
+
+**7) DHCP 协议**
+
+动态主机配置协议(DHCP)可以为接入网络地客户计算机动态分配IP地址,它可以工作在小型甚至超大型网络环境中,并使得对这些网络地管理和操作更为简单、更为容易.
+
+##### 4. IEEE 局域网系列标准
+
+IEEE802 系列标准是由美国电子和电器工程师学会（IEEE）制定地,这个标准地大部分内容已经成为计算机网络技术地国际标准.随着局域网技术地发展,IEEE802 系列标准在不断地扩大和发展,目前已经定义并发布如下标准.
+IEEE802.1 标准：定义了局域网体系结构和网络互联,网络管理和性能测量.
+IEEE802.2 标准：定义了 OSI 地数据链路层地两个子层地功能.
+IEEE802.3 标准：定义了 CDMA/CD 总线 MAC 子层和物理层规范.
+IEEE802.4 标准：定义了令牌总线 MAC 子层和物理层规范.
+IEEE802.5 标准：定义了令牌环网 MAC 子层和物理层规范.
+IEEE802.6 标准：定义了城域网 MAC 子层和物理层规范.
+IEEE802.7 标准：定义了宽带网技术.
+IEEE802.8 标准：定义了光纤传输技术.
+IEEE802.9 标准：定义了综合语音和数据局域网技术.
+IEEE802.10 标准：定义了可互操作地局域网安全规范.
+IEEE802.11 标准：定义了无线局域网技术.
+IEEE802.12 标准：定义了新型高速局域网技术.
+
+#### 三. 传输介质及网络设备
+
+网络设备主要是指硬件系统,各种网络设备之间是有着相互关联而不是相互独立地,每一部分在网络中有着不同地作用,缺一不可,只有把这些设备通过一定地形式连起来才能组成一个完整地网络系统,网络设备主要包括网卡、集线器、交换机、路由器、传输介质等.
+
+##### 1. 网卡
+
+网卡（简称NIC）,也网络适配卡或网络接口卡,网卡作为计算机与网络连接地接口,是不可缺少地网络设备之一.无论是双绞线网络、同轴电缆网络还是光缆网络,都必须借助于相应类型地网卡才能实现与计算机地连接,是计算机与局域网相互连接地惟一接口.每块网卡上都有一个世界惟一地ID号,也就是MAC（MediaAccessControl）地址,计算机在连入网络之后,就是依靠这个ID号才能实现在不同计算机之间地通信和信息交换.网卡有很多种,不同类型地网络需要使用不同种类地网卡,不同速度地网络需求也要使用不同地网卡.如根据带宽来分地话,有10Mbit/s网卡、10/100Mit/s自适应网卡和1000Mbit/s网卡；如按总线分,有ISA总线、PCI总线、PCMCIA总线网卡等.
+
+##### 2. 交换机
+
+交换机,也称交换式集线器,是专门设计地,使各计算机能够相互高速通信地独享带宽地网络设备.作为高性能地集线设备,随着价格地不断降低,交换机已逐步取代了集线器而成为集线设备地首选.由交换机构建地交换式网络系统不仅拥有高速地传输速率,而且交换延时很小,使得信息地传输效率大大提高,适合于大数据量并且使用非常频繁地网络通信,被广泛应用于各种类型地多媒体和数据传输网络.交换机具有很强地网络管理功能,它能自动根据网络通信地使用情况来动态管理网络,因为交换机采用了独享网络带宽地设计.
+
+##### 3. 路由器
+
+路由器除了有连接不同地网络物理分支和不同地通信媒介、过滤和隔离网络数据流及建立路由表，还有控制和管理复杂地路径、控制流量、分组分段、防止网络风暴及在网络分支之间提供安全屏障层等到功能。根据路由设备地组成可以分为软路由和硬路由。根据路由表地设置方式可以将路由器分为静态地和动态地。路由器工作在网络层，因此它可以在网络层交换和路由数据帧，访问地是对方地网络地址。当数据帧到达路由器后，路由器查看数据帧地目标地址，并在路由表查看到达目标地址地路径，根据路径地代价，选择一条最佳地路径，然后把数据帧沿这条路径发送给目标地址。
+
+##### 4. 传输介质
+
+网络要求把各个独立地计算机连接起来地,这样就必然要求有一种介质将计算机连接起来,这就是传输介质,局域网地传输介质可分为有线介质和无线介质两种,一般情况下都是用有线介质地,因为它地稳定性高,连接可靠,无线介质只是在特殊环境下才使用地传输方式.常用地有线介质主要有以下几类.
+
+###### 4.1 同轴电缆
+
+同轴电缆以硬铜线为芯,外包一层绝缘材料.这层绝缘材料用密织地网状导体环绕,网外又覆盖一层保护性材料.同轴电缆有许多种不同地规格,最常用是细同轴电缆和粗同轴电缆.细同轴电缆主要用于建筑物内地网络连接,而粗同轴电缆则常用于建筑物间相连.它们地区别在于粗同轴电缆屏蔽更好,能传输更远地距离.
+
+###### 4.2 双绞线
+
+双绞线是综合布线工程中最常用地一种传输介质.双绞线由两根具有绝缘保护层地铜导线组成.把两根绝缘地铜导线按一定密度互相绞在一起,可降低信号干扰地程度,每一根导线在传输中辐射地电波会被另一根线上发出地电波抵消,与其他传输介质相比,双绞线在传输距离、信道宽度和数据传输速度等方面均受到一定限制,但价格较为低廉.目前,双绞线可分为非屏蔽双绞线和屏蔽双绞线.根据电气性能以及产品推出地先后顺序,双绞线分为三类、四类、五类、超五类、六类、七类等,最常用地是五类UTP双绞线,传输速率可达100Mbit/s.
+
+###### 4.3 光纤
+光纤是一种直接为50~100um地柔软地、能传导光波地介质,一般由玻璃制造.光纤分为：传输点模数类分单模光纤(SingleModeFiber)和多模光纤(MultiModeFiber).单模光纤地纤芯直径很小,在给定地工作波长上只能以单一模式传输,传输频带宽,传输容量大.多模光纤是在给定地工作波长上,能以多个模式同时传输地光纤,与单模光纤相比,多模光纤地传输性能较差.
+
+### 第二章 石景山卫生局局域网地建设
+
+#### 一. 项目背景
+
+石景山卫生局新办公楼为多层建筑群,地上 5 层、地下 1 层.是以信息传播和疾病控制为主地信息交流中心和区内各所地交流地中心.网络系统地基本任务是为用户提供先进地办公、数据共享、信息传播和学术交流手段,实现各系统之间地信息交流和信息资源共享,实现内部局域网与 Internet 以及区卫生所专网地连接.支持办公自动化、信息传播、疾病控制和有关智能化系统等运行平台.
+
+#### 二. 需求分析
+
+石景山卫生局局域网建成后将以局域网为基础,承载卫生局内部 OA系统、卫生应急指挥系统、疾病控制与疾病信息传递系统、视频监控系统、视频会议系统、远程教学系统、IT服务与管理系统及对外网站,该网络建成后需要与互联网连接同时要与石景山政务网连接,并下带18个下属机构(下属机构不在本次考虑中).系统结构如图2.1
+
+
+
+图 2.1 卫生部信息系统结构图
+
+鉴于以上用户需求,此次局域网建设需达到一下要求:
+
+* 确保网络地高可用性、高可靠性和高效率,核心交换机和汇聚层交换机具有高交换速率、大吞吐量,保证卫生局地各项工作稳定正常.
+* 着力于网络地安全性,禁止非法接入,构筑一道全方位地立体安全屏障.
+* 确保为用户提供针对不同信息系统和网络安全等级需要地综合性企业安全策略和计划.
+* 确保采用地产品符合中华人民共和国有关信息安全地法律和规范.
+
+#### 三. 设计思路
+
+##### 1. 总体设计原则
+
+网络系统地建设和设计,要从石景山卫生局信息化建设地实际需要出发,紧紧围绕卫生医疗业务系统地应用需求和发展；采用成熟地先进技术,把握主流技术地发展方向,不仅要考虑到将来地需求,还将为系统地扩充留有余地.这两者地完善结合是在设计本系统方案时地思考和遵循地原则,即：满足用户需求、照顾长远利益、保护用户地投资,以及促进与适应石景山卫生局地信息化发展.基于以上考虑我们在网络设计时遵循以下原则：
+
+###### 1.1 先进性原则
+
+为保证卫生局网络建设方案适应信息化地发展,达到规划地预期目地,必须保证技术地先进性,特别是核心交换机和汇聚层交换机具有很高地交换速率和大吞吐量,必须保证石景山卫生局地各项工作稳定正常.
+
+###### 1.2 实用性原则
+
+在保证技术先进地前提下,还应强调系统地应用性和性价比,针对卫生局地网络现状和发展趋势,做出最切合实际、最符合地网络建设方案.
+
+###### 1.3 安全性原则
+
+安全是网络地基础,也是保障正常工作地前提,所以网络建设方案地核心是安全第一,本次网络建设应着力于网络地安全性,如禁止非法接入、双机热备、负载均衡、VLAN 地设置等,在网络设计及产品选择上注重安全性,构筑一道全方位地立体安全屏障.
+
+###### 1.4 扩展性原则
+
+考虑到信息化地发展,此系统应具有很强地开放性与扩展性,选择开放式设计
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+arXiv:2408.11795v1 [cs.CV] 21 Aug 2024
+
+# EE-MLLM: A Data-Efficient and Compute-Efficient Multimodal Large Language Model
+
+**Feipeng Ma¹,²*** **Yizhou Zhou²** **Hebei Li¹** **Zilong He¹** **Siying Wu³**
+**Fengyun Rao²** **Yueyi Zhang¹** **Xiaoyan Sun¹,³†**
+
+¹University of Science and Technology of China ²WeChat, Tencent Inc.
+³Institute of Artificial Intelligence, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center
+mafp@mail.ustc.edu.cn harryizzhou@tencent.com {zhyuey,sunxiaoyan}@ustc.edu.cn
+
+## Abstract
+
+In the realm of multimodal research, numerous studies leverage substantial image-text pairs to conduct modal alignment learning, transforming Large Language Models (LLMs) into Multimodal LLMs and excelling in a variety of visual-language tasks. The prevailing methodologies primarily fall into two categories: self-attention-based and cross-attention-based methods. While self-attention-based methods offer superior data efficiency due to their simple MLP architecture, they often suffer from lower computational efficiency due to concatenating visual and textual tokens as input for LLM. Conversely, cross-attention-based methods, although less data-efficient due to additional learnable parameters, exhibit higher computational efficiency by avoiding long sequence input for LLM. To address these trade-offs, we introduce the Data-**E**fficient and Compute-**E**fficient **M**ultimodal **L**arge **L**anguage **M**odel (**EE-MLLM**). Without introducing additional modules or learnable parameters, EE-MLLM achieves both data and compute efficiency. Specifically, we modify the original self-attention mechanism in MLLM to a composite attention mechanism. This mechanism has two key characteristics: 1) Eliminating the computational overhead of self-attention within visual tokens to achieve compute efficiency, and 2) Reusing the weights on each layer of LLM to facilitate effective modality alignment between vision and language for data efficiency. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of EE-MLLM across a range of benchmarks, including general-purpose datasets like MM-Bench and SeedBench, as well as fine-grained tasks such as TextVQA and DocVQA.
+
+## Introduction
+
+Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant attention due to their surprising performance on various natural language tasks. However, real-world scenarios often involve more than just linguistic modality, making it crucial to extend LLM to Multimodal LLMs. The key to expansion is to perform modality alignment, that is, to learn to map the remaining modalities with the same semantics to their corresponding language modality in the feature space of the pre-trained LLM.
+
+In the field of multimodal LLM research involving vision and language, a series of research works on modality alignment have been carried out and achieved excellent performance. These methods can be roughly divided into two categories: self-attention-based methods and cross-attention-based methods.
+
+The self-attention-based methods firstly leverage a simple MLP layer to project the visual tokens into the input space of LLM, and then concatenate the visual tokens with the textual tokens, which is shown in Fig.1 (1). These flattened concatenated long token sequences are fed into the LLM to further model the dependencies of various tokens. These methods exhibit great data efficiency due to two factors: 1) The alignment module is simple and has a small number of learnable parameters. 2) Visual tokens aligned in the input space of LLM will naturally lead to the alignment between vision and language in each layer of LLM. Therefore, the training procedure does not need to focus on the modality alignment within the LLM, enabling data efficiency. For example, LLaVA (Liu et al. 2023b) achieves promising performance by pre-training on only 558k data and fine-tuning on only 665k instruction data. However, the flattening operation of directly concatenating visual tokens and textual tokens expands the length of the token sequence from *T* to *V* + *T* (where *T* is the number of textual tokens, *V* is the number of visual tokens), and the computational cost of the language model layer (self-attention structure) increases from *O*(*T*²) to *O*((*V* + *T*)²), results in lower computer-efficiency. Especially when the input image is high-resolution, the number of visual tokens increases, and the compute inefficiency will prolong the training and inference time. Specifically, LLaVA (Liu et al. 2023b) and Deepseek-VL (Lu et al. 2024) have 576 visual tokens, Sphinx (Lin et al. 2023) utilizes 2,890 visual tokens.
+
+The cross-attention-based methods directly insert new cross-attention layers between existing pre-trained language model layers. As shown in Fig.1 (2), the keys and values in these layers are obtained from the visual tokens while the queries are derived from the text tokens. These methods have higher compute efficiency because the length of the input sequence is always kept as *T* and does not increase with the increase of visual tokens. However, these methods usually require a large amount of pre-training data, leading to data inefficiency. For example, Flamingo (Alayrac et al. 2022) is pre-trained on 1.8 billion image-text pairs (Jia et al. 2021) and interleaved data. EVLM (Chen et al. 2024) is pre-trained on 2.5 billion image-text pairs and 50 million interleaved image-text data. This data inefficiency arises from two factors: 1) The additional cross-attention layers will introduce a large number of learnable parameters, necessitating more training data. 2) The training procedure has to focus on the modality alignment between vision and language on different layers of LLM, posing a huge optimization complexity for modality alignment.
+
+
+*This work was performed during Feipeng Ma's internship at WeChat, Tencent Inc.
+†Corresponding author
+
+
+
+Figure 1: Architecture comparisons between self-attention-based method, cross-attention-based method and our EE-MLLM. (1) The self-attention-based mechanism utilizes a projector to align visual tokens with text tokens, subsequently concatenating these tokens as input for the LLM. (2) The cross-attention-based mechanism integrates additional cross-attention blocks into the decoder layers. (3) EE-MLLM introduces a composite attention mechanism to eliminate the computational overhead of self-attention within visual tokens and reuse the weights as aligners on each layer of LLM to facilitate modality alignment.
+
+By reviewing existing methods, we conclude that the key points to ensure data efficiency and compute efficiency are 1) Avoiding an increase in the length of input sequence for LLM, 2) The modality alignment module should have fewer parameters, and the alignment needs to be effective. Taking two summary viewpoints into account, we present a data-**E**fficient and compute-**E**fficient **M**ultimodal **L**arge **L**anguage **M**odel (**EE-MLLM**). Specifically, we propose a composite attention mechanism to replace the original self-attention mechanism in MLLM. The composite attention mechanism has two features: 1) Eliminating the computational overhead of self-attention within visual tokens to achieve compute efficiency. The original self-attention mechanism of MLLM consists of three components: self-attention within visual tokens, self-attention within text tokens, and cross-attention between text and visual tokens. We observe that the self-attention within visual tokens is redundant. This is because a) the interaction between visual tokens is already well-processed by the vision encoder, and b) LLM can facilitate the implicit interaction among visual tokens via the information aggregation property of LLM (Wang et al. 2023b). Therefore, we eliminate the self-attention within visual tokens and maintain the length of the input sequence for LLM as the length of text tokens, thereby facilitating computational efficiency. 2) Instead of introducing additional modules like cross-attention-based methods, we reuse the weights on each layer of LLM to facilitate effective modality alignment between vision and language for data efficiency. As a result, without introducing additional parameters, visual tokens aligned in the input space of LLM can naturally facilitate the alignment between vision and language in each layer of LLM. This means the training procedure does not need to focus on the modality alignment within the LLM, which enables data efficiency.
+
+To demonstrate the effectiveness of EE-MLLM, we evaluate its performance on both general benchmarks and fine-grained benchmarks, such as MMBench-EN, MME, ScienceQA, AI2D, TextVQA, and DocVQA. In comparison with state-of-the-art MLLMs, our EE-MLLM exhibits promising results on both general and fine-grained benchmarks. Simultaneously, EE-MLLM proves to be computationally efficient in the inference stage. When applied to high-resolution image inputs, EE-MLLM maintains comparable performance at a significantly reduced computational cost. For instance, with a 980 × 980 input image, the number of visual tokens can reach 4,900, and the FLOPs of EE-MLLM are 70% of those in self-attention-based methods. We also assess the inference speed of EE-MLLM in a real-world scenario, confirming its efficiency. Specifically, when the number of generated tokens is set to 32, EE-MLLM achieves an inference speed of 77 tokens per second on a single NVIDIA H800 GPU, which is 1.9 times faster than self-attention-based methods at the same resolution 980 × 980. Our main contributions are summarized as follows:
+
+1. We revisit modality alignment in multimodal LLMs, pointing out the issue of efficiency and efficacy in self-attention-based and cross-attention-based methods.
+2. We propose a composite attention mechanism for EE-MLLM to enhance the data and computational efficiency.
+3. Our EE-MLLM achieves outstanding performance on a variety of benchmarks, while the inference speed is much improved.
+
+
+
+Figure 2: Our composite attention mechanism consists of the composite attention module and the aligner. For the aligner, visual tokens are aligned to the feature space of each layer of LLM by the aligner alone; for the composite attention module, the concatenation of visual and text tokens are used as keys and values, and the text tokens are used as queries for attention, thus eliminates the self-attention within visual tokens.
+
+## Related Work
+
+**Self-attention-based methods.** Self-attention-based methods (Dai et al. 2024; Zhu et al. 2024; Chen et al. 2023a; Bai et al. 2023; Chen et al. 2023b; Fang et al. 2023) employ a projector to align visual features with the input space of LLM. LLaVA (Liu et al. 2023b,a) uses a simple MLP layer to connect the vision encoder of CLIP (Radford et al. 2021) with Vicuna (Zheng et al. 2023). DeepSeeker (Lu et al. 2024) employs hybrid vision encoders, including SigLIP (Zhai et al. 2023) for high-level semantic features and SAM-B (Kirillov et al. 2023) for low-level features. Considering the scenarios that require fine-grained information, such as document recognition and form understanding, recent work extends MLLM to support high-resolution inputs. LLaVA-Next (Liu et al. 2024) proposes dividing the image into small patches for extracting local features and concatenating the downsampled image feature as global context. Monkey (Li et al. 2024b) also partitions high-resolution images into small patches, processing each patch independently with a trainable resampler. Since the self-attention-based methods are compute-inefficiency, the overhead for high-resolution inputs can be more severe. Deco (Yao et al. 2024) and HoneyBee (Cha et al. 2024) carefully design projectors to reduce the number of visual tokens with minimal information loss. However, these methods still compromise fine-grained capabilities when reducing the number of visual tokens. Our EE-MLLM, a cross-attention-based architecture, achieves state-of-the-art performance while maintaining computational efficiency.
+
+**Cross-attention-based methods.** Cross-attention-based methods (Laurençon et al. 2023; Alayrac et al. 2022; Awadalla et al. 2023; Chen et al. 2024) typically incorporate additional cross-attention modules into the decoder layers of LLM to integrate visual information without extending the length of the text token sequence. Flamingo (Alayrac et al. 2022) introduces a novel gated xattn-dense block, incorporating a tanh-gating mechanism for training stability. Flamingo is trained on large-scale interleaved image-text data and supports in-context few-shot learning. EVLM (Chen et al. 2024) enhances Flamingo by: (1) utilizing hierarchical ViT features without a resampler, (2) replacing the image token with a set of learnable tokens in the text input, and (3) introducing MoE to boost performance. Although these cross-attention-based methods are computationally efficient, the additional cross-attention blocks lead to a large number of trainable parameters and a heavy reliance on pre-training data. Our EE-MLLM avoids introducing any extra trainable parameters and repurposes the weights of LLM to map visual tokens into the LLM feature space, thus achieving promising performance with a small amount of training data.
+
+## Method
+
+### Model Architecture
+
+EE-MLLM comprises a visual encoder, a two-layer MLP serving as the projector, and the LLM with composite decoder layers. We propose a composite attention mechanism and design a composite decoder layer for EE-MLLM to achieve data efficiency and compute efficiency. The composite decoder layer consists of an aligner and a composite attention module.
+
+**Composite Attention Module.** The original self-attention mechanism comprises self-attention within visual tokens, self-attention within text tokens, and cross-attention between text tokens and visual tokens. We observe that self-attention within visual tokens is redundant for two reasons: 1) The interaction between visual tokens is already well-learned in the vision encoder, and 2) LLM can enable the implicit interaction between visual tokens via the information aggregation property (Wang et al. 2023b). Therefore, we eliminate self-attention within visual tokens and obtain the composite attention module. We assume that visual tokens $I \in \mathbb{R}^{k \times h}$ and text tokens $T \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times h}$, where $k$ and $n$ are the lengths of visual tokens and text tokens, respectively. And $h$ denotes the dimension of hidden states. The original self-attention can be formulated as follows:
+
+$$
+\text{Attention}(X^q, X^k, X^v) = \text{softmax}(\frac{X^q X^{k^T}}{\sqrt{h}}) X^v, \quad (1)
+$$
+
+where $X^q = [I;T]W_q$, $X^k = [I;T]W_k$, $X^v = [I;T]W_v$, $W_q$, $W_k$ and $W_v$ are the weights of the self-attention module. The symbol $[$; $]$ denotes the concatenation operation of two variables in the sequence dimension. As illustrated in Fig. 2, our composite attention module uses text tokens as the queries and the concatenation of visual tokens and text tokens as keys and values for cross-attention. Specifically, $X^q = TW_q$, $X^k = [I;T]W_k$, and $X^v = [I;T]W_v$. The length of the output sequence will be $n$, which is the same as the length of text tokens $T$. The attention mask for self-attention is a lower triangular matrix, whereas the attention mask for the composite attention module is a trapezoidal matrix. This implies that text tokens will attend to all previous tokens, including visual tokens, while the interaction within visual tokens is eliminated.
+
+| Type | Dataset | Ratio | | General Instruction Data | ShareGPT4VLVIS-Instruct4VLAION-GPT4VTextOCR-GPT4VLocalized NarrativesIconQA | 35% | | Text-Centric Data | DVQAPlotQACLEVRDocVQAChartQAScienceQA | 8.5% | | Others | Text-only dataIn-house data | 47%9.5% |
+
+Table 1: Details of supervised fine-tuning data.
+
+**Aligner.** We introduce the aligner, which leverages the existing weights at each layer of LLM to enhance modality alignment between vision and language without the need for additional modules such as cross-attention-based methods. By reusing these weights, visual tokens aligned in the input space of the LLM can naturally facilitate modality alignment at each layer. This approach eliminates the necessity for the training procedure to concentrate on modality alignment within the LLM, thereby promoting data efficiency. As depicted in Fig. 2, in each layer, text tokens are mapped by the value matrix ($W_v$), output matrix ($W_o$), and FFN. Hence, we make visual tokens follow the same mapping relationship in the aligner. Specifically, the aligner comprises $W_v$, $W_o$, and FFN, which share weights with the corresponding LLM modules. The residual connection is also implemented in the aligner. The aligner can be formulated as follows:
+
+$$
+H = IW_vW_o + I \quad (2)
+$$
+
+$$
+O = \text{FFN}(H) + H. \quad (3)
+$$
+
+This can be viewed as a decoder block without attention.
+
+### Analysis of the Computational Overhead
+
+Our EE-MLLM can reduce the computational overhead without introducing additional parameters. In this section, we analyze the compute efficiency of EE-MLLM from the perspective of FLOPs, comparing it with LLaVA. The LLM consists of $d$ blocks, with a hidden states dimension of $h$, an input text length of $T$, and $V$ visual tokens. Considering an LLM, we assume the input sequence length is $L$, the FLOPs of the self-attention module and FFN are $8Lh^2 + 4L^2h$ and $16Lh^2$. For self-attention-based methods, such as LLaVA, the length of the input sequence is $L = V + T$. Therefore, the FLOPs of LLaVA are $24(T + V)dh^2 + 4(T + V)^2dh$. For EE-MLLM, the FLOPs of composite attention modules are $(6T + 2V)h^2 + 4VTh + 4T^2h$. Given that we introduce aligners, the FLOPs of FFN are the same as those of LLaVA, which are $16(V + T)h^2$. The aligners introduce an additional matrix multiplication by $O$, adding $2Vh^2$ FLOPs. Therefore, the total FLOPs of EE-MLLM are $2(11T + 10V)dh^2 + 4VTdh + 4T^2dh$. Particularly, when the resolution of the input image is 980 × 980, the number of visual tokens is 4,900, and the length of text tokens is 256, which is a typical length during training, the FLOPs of EE-MLLM amount to 70% of those of LLaVA.
+
+## Experiments
+
+### Implementation Details
+
+**Model Configurations.** We employ Vicuna-7b-v1.5 (Zheng et al. 2023) as our LLM and SigLIP (Zhai et al. 2023) as the vision encoder. Specifically, SigLIP is initialized from Idefics2 (Laurençon et al. 2024), which supports dynamic resolutions up to 980 × 980. The projector consists of a two-layer MLP, identical to that of LLaVA (Liu et al. 2023b).
+
+**Pre-training Configurations.** During the pre-training stage, we follow LLaVA to adopt blip-558k (Li et al. 2022) for training one epoch. We freeze the LLM and the vision encoder, making only the projector trainable. We adopt AdamW (Loshchilov and Hutter 2018) optimizer. The learning rate is 1e-3, followed by a linear warm-up scheduler and then a cosine decay scheduler. The global batch size is 256.
+
+**Fine-tuning Configurations.** During the fine-tuning stage, we freeze the vision encoder and update the weights of LLM and projector. The total quantity of supervised fine-tuning data amounts to 3 million. As displayed in Tab. 1, following Deepseek-VL (Lu et al. 2024), our supervised fine-tuning data incorporates open-source gpt4v datasets, including ShareGPT4V (Chen et al. 2023b), LVIS-Instruct4V (Wang et al. 2023a), LAION-GPT4V (LAION 2023), and TextOCR-GPT4V (Carter 2024). Moreover, to enhance the fine-grained capabilities of MLLM, we introduce DVQA (Kafle et al. 2018), PlotQA (Methani et al. 2020), CLEVR (Johnson et al. 2017), DocVQA (Mathew, Karatzas, and Jawahar 2021), ChartQA (Masry et al. 2022), and ScienceQA (Lu et al. 2022) for fine-tuning. To preserve language abilities during fine-tuning, we utilize a large volume of text-only data from various sources. The text-only data encompasses various dataset types, such as mathematical reasoning, multi-round dialogues, logic comprehension, and code. Meanwhile, the in-house data primarily consists of OCR-related, table and diagram comprehension, and mathematical reasoning data. The optimizer is AdamW with a global batch size of 128. The learning rate is 2e-5 and the learning rate scheduler is the same as the pre-training stage. The training is conducted on 16 NVIDIA H800 GPUs.
+
+| Model | LLM | MMB-T | MME | ScienceQA | HallB | MMMU | CCBench | SeedBench | BLINK | | InstructBLIP | Vicuna-7B | 36.0 | 1137.1 | 54.7 | 31.2 | 30.6 | 12.7 | 44.5 | - | | MiniGPT-4-v1 | Vicuna-7B | 12.2 | 770.6 | 39.0 | 31.9 | 23.6 | 1.8 | 31.6 | - | | MiniGPT-4-v2 | Llama2-7B | 24.3 | 708.4 | 54.1 | 30.0 | 25.0 | 1.4 | 29.4 | - | | Idefics-instruct | Llama-7B | 48.2 | 942 | 51.6 | 27.3 | 18.4 | 7.8 | 45.0 | 38.3 | | OpenFlamingo v2 | MPT-7B | 6.6 | 535 | 45.7 | 29.4 | 28.2 | 6.3 | 28.8 | - | | Qwen-VL | Qwen-7B | 38.2 | 334.1 | 57.7 | 29.9 | 29.6 | 6.1 | 52.5 | 27.9 | | Qwen-VL-Chat | Qwen-7B | 60.6 | 1467.8 | 65.5 | 36.8 | 37.0 | 41.2 | 64.8 | 28.2 | | VLoRA | Vicuna-7B | 63.4 | 1311.3 | 66.4 | 26.4 | 36.0 | 28.6 | - | - | | ShareGPT4V | Vicuna-7B | 64.6 | 1561.4 | 68.2 | 28.6 | 37.2 | 30.8 | 69.3 | 40.9 | | LLaVA-v1.5 | Vicuna-7B | 62.3 | 1510.7 | 66.8 | 27.6 | 35.7 | 27.5 | 65.8 | 39.7 | | LLaVA-v1.6 | Vicuna-7B | 66.5 | 1475.6 | 68.5 | 27.6 | 37.6 | 24.3 | 69.6 | 41.6 | | EE-MLLM | Vicuna-7B | 70.4 | 1528.1 | 77.7 | 38.6 | 33.4 | 37.3 | 70.2 | 43.2 |
+
+Table 2: Comparison with state-of-the-art methods on general benchmarks, including MMBench, MME, ScienceQA, Hallusion-Bench, MMMU, CCBench, SeedBench, and BLINK. MMB-T indicates we report the results on MMBench-TEST-EN-V11.
+
+### Evaluation Benchmarks
+
+We conduct our evaluations using the VLMEvalKit (Duan et al. 2024), and the results of other state-of-the-art models are obtained from the same source.
+
+**General Benchmarks.** 1) MMBench-EN (Liu et al. 2023c) is a comprehensive multimodal benchmark specifically designed to assess the performance of MLLMs. It comprises over 3,000 multiple-choice questions spanning 20 ability categories. We evaluate EE-MLLM on the MMBench-EN-V1.1. 2) MME (Fu et al. 2023) evaluates advanced MLLMs in terms of perception and cognition, encompassing a total of 14 subtasks. To minimize the impact of prompt engineering on MLLMs, MME's instructions are designed to elicit simple binary responses, such as "please answer yes or no.". We report the results of the perception split of MME. 3) ScienceQA (Lu et al. 2022) is derived from elementary and high school science curricula. The questions in ScienceQA cover three subjects: natural science, language science, and social science. 4) HallusionBench (Guan et al. 2023) is designed for evaluating image-context reasoning, comprising 346 images paired with 1,129 questions crafted by human experts. HallusionBench takes into account both language hallucinations and visual illusions across a diverse range of topics. 5) MMMU (Yue et al. 2023) collects 11.5K multimodal questions from college exams, quizzes, and textbooks, covering six core disciplines, spanning 30 subjects and 183 subfields, including 30 heterogeneous image types. 6) CCBench (Liu et al. 2023c), developed by the MMBench team, is specifically designed to evaluate MLLMs in the domain of Chinese Culture. 7) SeedBench (Li et al. 2023) encompasses 19K multiple choice questions, covering 12 evaluation dimensions, including both image and video. We only use questions with images for evaluation. 8) BLINK (Fu et al. 2024) contains 14 visual perception tasks which pose significant challenges for current multimodal LLMs.
+
+**Fine-grained Benchmarks.** 1) AI2D (Kembhavi et al. 2016) emphasizes diagram interpretation and reasoning, comprising 5,000 diagrams and 15,000 questions and answers. 2) OCRBench (Liu et al. 2023d) aims to facilitate the assessment of MLLM OCR capabilities, including 29 datasets. 3) TextVQA (Singh et al. 2019) consists of 45,336 questions and 28,408 images that necessitate reasoning about text for answering. We use the validation set, containing 5,000 images, for evaluation. 4) ChartQA (Masry et al. 2022) is a large-scale benchmark featuring 20,882 charts, with questions focusing on logical and visual reasoning. 5) DocVQA (Mathew, Karatzas, and Jawahar 2021) concentrates on document image understanding, encompassing 50,000 questions and over 12,000 images. We evaluate using the validation set, which includes 5,349 questions and 1,286 images. 6) Seed2 Plus (Li et al. 2024a) specifically designed for text-rich visual comprehension evaluation of MLLMs, includes 2.3K multiple-choice questions covering charts, maps, and webs.
+
+### Comparisons with State-of-the-art Models
+
+**General Benchmarks.** In Tab. 2, we compare EE-MLLM with various state-of-the-art MLLMs (Liu et al. 2024; Bai et al. 2023; Ma et al. 2024), across eight general benchmarks. These benchmarks evaluate the comprehensive ability of MLLMs, including understanding and perception, as well as the severity of illusion. These factors collectively reflect the generalization ability and applicability of MLLMs in real-world scenarios. EE-MLLM achieves comparable performance with state-of-the-art MLLMs in general benchmarks. Specifically, EE-MLLM achieves a score of 70.4 in MMBench and 1528.1 in MME, scores that are notably higher compared to LLaVA-v1.6, which also support high-resolution images input. This suggests that EE-MLLM possesses comprehensive perception and reasoning capabilities. What's more, EE-MLLM also achieves promising performance on CCBench and SeedBench.
+
+| Model | LLM | AI2D | OCRBench | TextVQA | ChartQA | DocVQA | Seed2 Plus | | InstructBLIP | Vicuna-7B | 40.6 | 27.6 | 33.6 | 10.9 | - | 29.5 | | MiniGPT-4-v1 | Vicuna-7B | 28.4 | 17.2 | - | - | - | 15.2 | | MiniGPT-4-v2 | Llama2-7B | 30.5 | 3.1 | - | - | - | 23.3 | | Idefics-instruct | Llama-7B | 42.2 | 25.2 | - | - | - | 35.4 | | OpenFlamingo v2 | MPT-7B | 31.7 | 14.9 | 16.3 | - | - | 28.7 | | Qwen-VL | Qwen-7B | 57.7 | 12.7 | 63.1 | 59.0 | - | 40.1 | | Qwen-VL-Chat | Qwen-7B | 63.0 | 48.8 | 60.7 | 49.8 | - | 40.6 | | ShareGPT4V | Vicuna-7B | 58.0 | 37.1 | 51.1 | 21.3 | - | 46.1 | | LLaVA-v1.5 | Vicuna-7B | 55.5 | 31.8 | 45.5 | 17.8 | - | 41.3 | | LLaVA-v1.6 | Vicuna-7B | 67.0 | 53.2 | 64.4 | 55.4 | - | 51.6 | | EE-MLLM | Vicuna-7B | 65.7 | 57.4 | 69.0 | 68.4 | 67.4 | 53.5 |
+
+Table 3: Comparison with state-of-the-art methods on fine-grained benchmarks, including AI2D, OCRBench, TextVQA, ChartQA, DocVQA, InfoVQA, and SeedBench-2 Plus.
+
+| Model | MMB-VAL | SeedBench | ScienceQA | BLINK | AI2D | OCRBench | TextVQA | ChartQA | Avg. | | 336 × 336 | | LLaVA-v1.5 | 67.3 | 65.1 | 67.0 | 40.7 | 56.4 | 24.4 | 46.1 | 17.9 | 48.1 | | EE-MLLM | 66.8 | 64.1 | 66.7 | 38.4 | 56.2 | 23.6 | 43.3 | 17.3 | 47.1 | | 672 × 672 | | LLaVA-v1.5 | 70.1 | 68.0 | 69.4 | 40.1 | 58.3 | 39.8 | 61.7 | 27.9 | 54.4 | | EE-MLLM | 68.2 | 67.3 | 69.1 | 40.3 | 57.5 | 37.0 | 60.1 | 25.1 | 53.1 |
+
+Table 4: Comparisons with LLaVA under the same settings, including LLM, vision encoder and training data.
+
+**Fine-grained Benchmarks.** In Tab. 3, we perform evaluations on seven fine-grained benchmarks. These benchmarks necessitate impressive visual perception capability of MLLMs, as they require the exploration of fine-grained information within images to answer the questions. For traditional VQA benchmarks, such as TextVQA, ChartQA, and DocVQA, MLLM achieves a very impressive performance, 4.6 higher on TextVQA and 13.0 higher on ChartQA compared to LLaVA-v1.6, which also supports high resolution. In the OCRBench, specifically designed to assess the OCR capabilities of MLLM, EE-MLLM outperforms by 4.2 compared to LLaVA-v1.6. These results demonstrate that despite EE-MLLM significantly reducing the computational overhead associated with visual tokens, it effectively maintains the model's fine-grained capabilities.
+
+### Comparisons of Inference Speed
+
+Despite the significant reduction in FLOPs demonstrated by EE-MLLM, it is crucial to consider real-world scenarios where advanced techniques such as KVCache and Batch Inference are typically employed during deployment. Hence, conducting comparisons of inference speed with these techniques becomes necessary. We conduct the comparisons of inference speed on a single NVIDIA H800. The resolution of the input image is set to 980×980, and the number of generated tokens varies from 2 to 256. We illustrate the speed ratio between EE-MLLM and LLaVA in Fig. 4. Our findings show that when generating 8 tokens, EE-MLLM's inference speed is three times that of LLaVA. However, as the number of generated tokens increases, the speed ratio decreases. When generating 64 tokens, EE-MLLM's inference speed is 1.6 times that of LLaVA. The reason for this observation is that our EE-MLLM primarily reduces the computational cost during the prefilling stage, which calculates the KV cache of visual tokens. The generation of the first token is faster than self-attention-based methods like LLaVA. However, the advantage in inference speed diminishes after the first token. Specifically, with two input images, the inference speed of EE-MLLM is nearly four times that of LLaVA. This clearly indicates that EE-MLLM is significantly more efficient in multi-image input scenarios, including interleaved image-text dialogues and multimodal in-context learning.
+
+| Stage | EE-MLLM | LLaVA | | Pre-training | 32G | 75G | | Fine-tuning | 66G | 69G |
+
+Table 5: Memory usage of GPU during pre-training and fine-tuning stages.
+
+### GPU Memory Overhead of EE-MLLM
+
+We assess the GPU memory overhead of EE-MLLM during both the pre-training and fine-tuning stages. Similarly, we compare EE-MLLM with LLaVA at a resolution of 336 × 336. We perform experiments on 8×H800, with a global batch size of 256 for pre-training, 128 for fine-tuning.
+
+
+
+Figure 3: The visualization results of examples sampled from BLINK and RealWorldQA.
+
+
+
+Figure 4: Illustration of Inference Speed Ratio between EE-MLLM and LLaVA for input resolutions of 980 × 980, considering numbers of generated tokens ranging from 2 to 256, for single and double image inputs.
+
+The comparison of memory usage is detailed in Tab. 5. During the pre-training stage, EE-MLLM exhibits significant lower memory usage, at 32G, while the memory usage of LLaVA is 75G. During the fine-tuning stage, as the primary memory usage is focused on the trainable LLM, the memory usage advantage becomes less noticeable, with EE-MLLM consuming 66G and LLaVA-v1.6 utilizing 69G.
+
+## Ablation Study
+
+### Implementation Details
+
+Following LLaVA-v1.5 (Liu et al. 2023a), we employ Vicuna-7b-v1.5 (Zheng et al. 2023) as our foundational LLM. The training data is consistent with LLaVA-v1.5, encompassing both pre-training data and supervised fine-tuning data.
+
+### Comparisons with LLaVA
+
+In Tab. 4, we compare EE-MLLM with LLaVA under the same settings across both general and fine-grained benchmarks. For the resolution of 336 × 336, we employ CLIP-ViT-L-14 as the vision encoder, ensuring complete alignment with LLaVA-v1.5. EE-MLLM demonstrates comparable performance to LLaVA on general benchmarks. In terms of fine-grained benchmarks, at 336 × 336 resolution, EE-MLLM exhibits promising performance on AI2D and ChartQA but slightly underperforms LLaVA on OCRBench and TextVQA. The average score for the 336 × 336 resolution is 47.1, which is 98% of LLaVA's 48.1. For the resolution of 672×672, we utilize SigLIP as the vision encoder. As shown in Tab. 4, EE-MLLM obtains comparable results on AI2D and TextVQA, and the average score maintains 98% of LLaVA's performance.
+
+| V | O | FFN | SeedB | Hall | TextVQA | ChartQA | DocVQA | Avg. | | 336 × 336 | | | | 65.3 | 24.4 | 44.8 | 14.4 | 18.4 | 33.5 | | ✓ | ✓ | 66.3 | 25.9 | 45.5 | 16.7 | 19.2 | 34.7 | | ✓ | | ✓ | 65.4 | 25.3 | 45.4 | 15.6 | 19.1 | 34.2 | | ✓ | ✓ | | 65.8 | 25.1 | 43.5 | 14.8 | 17.9 | 33.4 | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 66.1 | 25.7 | 46.1 | 15.8 | 18.6 | 34.5 | | 672 × 672 | | | | 66.1 | 25.2 | 56.8 | 19.7 | 28.6 | 39.3 | | ✓ | ✓ | 66.6 | 25.5 | 58.2 | 23.0 | 29.8 | 40.6 | | ✓ | | ✓ | 66.1 | 24.3 | 58.2 | 21.6 | 30.1 | 40.1 | | ✓ | ✓ | | 66.4 | 24.1 | 56.3 | 18.5 | 26.5 | 38.4 | | ✓ | ✓ | ✓ | 66.9 | 27.6 | 58.8 | 24.0 | 31.8 | 41.8 |
+
+Table 6: Ablation of the aligner. Checkmarks indicate the weights employed in the aligner.
+
+### Ablation of the Aligner
+
+In Tab. 6, we evaluate the aligner variants with different mapping weights. We employ SigLIP initialized from Idefics2 (Laurençon et al. 2024) to conduct experiments at different input resolutions. We remove the different weights from the aligner and train the model at a resolution of 336 × 336. Checkmarks indicate the weights employed in the aligner. We have three findings: 1) Removing the entire aligner, as depicted in the first row, significantly reduces performance across multiple benchmarks. Specifically, the TextVQA score drops from 46.1 to 44.8, and the average score for the five benchmarks decreases from 34.5 to 33.5. This result highlights the aligner's effectiveness in aligning visual features with the LLM feature space, allowing text tokens to capture crucial visual information and address questions through causal cross-attention modules. 2) When ablating individual weights in the aligner, we find that maintaining the structure is more critical. The absence of V or O has a relatively minor impact on low-resolution input, even resulting in slightly higher average performance when V is missing. However, when the FFN is missing, the aligner's structure no longer resembles a transformer block, leading to a significant performance loss. 3) We directly increase the input image resolution to 672 × 672 without additional training and compare the variants with different aligner types. We observe that, at high-resolution input, the absence of V or O weights results in a substantial decline in fine-grained benchmarks such as TextVQA, ChartQA, and DocVQA. This finding demonstrates the importance of a complete aligner when applied to high-resolution images.
+
+### Visualization
+
+We present four examples sampled from BLINK (Fu et al. 2024) and RealWorldQA (XAI 2024) to assess the impact of the architectural changes in Fig 3. The first example demonstrates that EE-MLLM can perceive fine-grained visual context within the image, such as the color of traffic lights. The second and third examples highlight EE-MLLM's ability to comprehend the position of objects. Specifically, EE-MLLM can accurately identify guitar's position relative to the table and the dog's position. The last example reveals that EE-MLLM can distinguish subtle differences in visual content.
+
+## Conclusion
+
+In this paper, we revisit previous studies on multimodal large language models and categorize them into two groups: self-attention-based methods and cross-attention-based methods. The former is data-efficient but computationally inefficient, while the latter is compute-efficient but data-inefficient. To ensure data-efficient while maintaining compute-efficient, we propose the composite attention mechanism for EE-MLLM, which incorporates the composite attention module for computational efficiency and the aligner for data efficiency. We conduct comprehensive experiments on general benchmarks and fine-grained benchmarks and find that EE-MLLM achieves state-of-the-art performance on most benchmarks. We also assess the inference speed of EE-MLLM in real-world scenarios, and the results demonstrate that EE-MLLM holds a significant advantage in inference.
+
+## References
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_34.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_34.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,470 @@
+arXiv:2408.11796v1 [cs.CL] 21 Aug 2024
+
+
+
+2024-8-22
+
+# LLM Pruning and Distillation in Practice: The Minitron Approach
+
+**Sharath Turuvekere Sreenivas***, **Saurav Muralidharan***, **Raviraj Joshi**, **Marcin Chochowski**, **Mostofa Patwary**, **Mohammad Shoeybi**, **Bryan Catanzaro**, **Jan Kautz and Pavlo Molchanov**
+
+**Abstract:** We present a comprehensive report on compressing the Llama 3.1 8B and Mistral NeMo 12B models to 4B and 8B parameters, respectively, using pruning and distillation [1]. We explore two distinct pruning strategies: (1) depth pruning and (2) joint hidden/attention/MLP (width) pruning, and evaluate the results on common benchmarks from the LM Evaluation Harness [2]. The models are then aligned with NeMo Aligner and tested in instruct-tuned versions. This approach produces a compelling 4B model from Llama 3.1 8B and a state-of-the-art Mistral-NeMo-Minitron-8B (MN-Minitron-8B for brevity) model from Mistral NeMo 12B. We found that with no access to the original data, it is beneficial to slightly fine-tune teacher models on the distillation dataset. We open-source our base model weights on Hugging Face with a permissive license.
+
+**Models on Hugging Face:** Mistral-NeMo-Minitron-8B-Base | Llama-3.1-Minitron-4B-Width-Base
+| Llama-3.1-Minitron-4B-Depth-Base
+
+## Introduction
+
+LLM providers often train an entire family of models from scratch, each with a different size (number of parameters, e.g. Llama 3.1 8B, 70B, 405B); this is done to aid users targeting different deployment scales, sizes and compute budgets. However, training multiple multi-billion parameter models from scratch is extremely time-, data- and resource-intensive.
+
+Recent work [1] has demonstrated the effectiveness of combining weight pruning with knowledge distillation to significantly reduce the cost of training LLM model families. Here, only the biggest model in the family is trained from scratch; other models are obtained by successively pruning the bigger model(s) and then performing knowledge distillation to recover the accuracy of pruned models.
+
+In this report, we successfully apply the Minitron compression strategy [1] to two state-of-the-art models: Llama 3.1 8B [3] and Mistral NeMo 12B [4], compressing them down to 4B and 8B parameters, respectively. Figure 1 provides a high-level overview of our approach.
+
+While following the original paper [1], we make a key modification: due to lack of access to the original training data, we fine-tune the teacher model on our own dataset before pruning and distillation. We refer to this step as *teacher correction*. Figure 4 shows that omitting teacher correction causes a data distribution mismatch, negatively impacting distillation.
+
+Table 1 provides a summary of our results: our compression strategy yields a state-of-the-art 8B model (MN-Minitron-8B) which outperforms all similarly-sized models across the board on common language modeling benchmarks. Our Llama-3.1-Minitron-4B models (both depth and width-pruned variants) also exhibit strong accuracy compared to the teacher Llama 3.1 8B model and the previous-generation Minitron-4B model [1]; among the two variants, the width-pruned variant outperforms the depth-pruned one. In terms of runtime inference performance measured using TensorRT-LLM, the MN-Minitron-8B model provides an average speedup of 1.2× over the teacher Mistral NeMo 12B model. Similarly, the Llama-3.1-Minitron-4B models provide an average speedup of 2.7× and 1.8× for the depth and width pruned variants, respectively, compared to the teacher Llama 3.1 8B model.
+
+
+
+Figure 1 | High-level overview of our proposed pruning and distillation approach. The total number of tokens used for each step is indicated in parentheses.
+
+## Methodology
+
+A high-level overview of our approach is illustrated in Figure 1. Here, the teacher model is first lightly finetuned on the target dataset to be used for distillation - we refer to this step as *teacher correction*. Next, pruning is applied to compress the model, following which distillation is used to recover any lost model accuracy. We refer the reader to the Minitron paper [1] for the full description of the pruning and distillation method.
+
+\* Equal contribution.
+© 2024 NVIDIA. All rights reserved.
+
+
+
+
+ | Benchmarks(shots) |
+ Gemma2 |
+ Minitron |
+ Llama-3.1-Minitron |
+ Gemma |
+ Mistral |
+ Llama 3.1 |
+ MN-Minitron |
+ Mistral NeMo |
+
+
+ | 2B* |
+ 4B |
+ 4B-Depth |
+ 4B-Width |
+ 7B |
+ 7B |
+ 8B |
+ 8B |
+ 12B-Base |
+ 12B-FT |
+
+
+
+
+ | Total Params |
+ 2.6B |
+ 4.2B |
+ 4.5B |
+ 4.5B |
+ 8.5B |
+ 7.3B |
+ 8B |
+ 8.4B |
+ 12.2B |
+ 12.2B |
+
+
+ | Non-Emb. Params |
+ 2B |
+ 2.6B |
+ 3.7B |
+ 3.7B |
+ 7.7B |
+ 7B |
+ 7B |
+ 7.3B |
+ 10.9B |
+ 10.9B |
+
+
+ | Training Tokens |
+ 2T |
+ 94B |
+ 94B |
+ 94B |
+ 6T |
+ 8T |
+ 15T |
+ 380B |
+ - |
+ +0.1T |
+
+
+ | Winogrande(5) |
+ 70.9 |
+ 74.0 |
+ 72.1 |
+ 73.5 |
+ 78 |
+ 78.5 |
+ 77.3 |
+ 80.4 |
+ 82.2 |
+ 82.7 |
+
+
+ | Arc_challenge(25) |
+ 55.4 |
+ 50.9 |
+ 52.6 |
+ 55.6 |
+ 61 |
+ 60.3 |
+ 57.9 |
+ 64.4 |
+ 65.1 |
+ 62.3 |
+
+
+ | MMLU(5) |
+ 51.3 |
+ 58.6 |
+ 58.7 |
+ 60.5 |
+ 64 |
+ 64.1 |
+ 65.3 |
+ 69.5 |
+ 69.0 |
+ 70.1 |
+
+
+ | Hellaswag(10) |
+ 73.0 |
+ 75.0 |
+ 73.2 |
+ 76.1 |
+ 82 |
+ 83.2 |
+ 81.8 |
+ 83.0 |
+ 85.2 |
+ 85.3 |
+
+
+ | GSM8k(5) |
+ 23.9 |
+ 24.1 |
+ 16.8 |
+ 41.2 |
+ 50 |
+ 37.0 |
+ 48.6 |
+ 58.5 |
+ 56.4 |
+ 55.7 |
+
+
+ | Truthfulqa(0) |
+ - |
+ 42.9 |
+ 38.2 |
+ 42.9 |
+ 45 |
+ 42.6 |
+ 45.0 |
+ 47.6 |
+ 49.8 |
+ 48.3 |
+
+
+ | XLSum en(20%) (3) |
+ - |
+ 29.5 |
+ 27.2 |
+ 28.7 |
+ 17 |
+ 4.8 |
+ 30.0 |
+ 32.0 |
+ 33.4 |
+ 31.9 |
+
+
+ | MBPP(0) |
+ 29.0 |
+ 28.2 |
+ 30.7 |
+ 32.4 |
+ 39 |
+ 38.8 |
+ 42.3 |
+ 43.8 |
+ 42.6 |
+ 47.9 |
+
+
+ | HumanEval(n=20)(0) |
+ 20.1 |
+ 23.3 |
+ - |
+ - |
+ 32.0 |
+ 28.7 |
+ 24.8 |
+ 36.2 |
+ 23.8 |
+ 23.8 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Table 1 | Accuracy numbers for our MN-Minitron-8B and Llama-3.1-Minitron-4B models. We compare our models to similarly-sized SoTA open models on a variety of common language modeling benchmarks. All evaluations are conducted by us, except entries marked with * (taken from corresponding papers).
+
+
+
+
+
+ | Benchmarks |
+ Gemma |
+ Phi-2 |
+ Gemma2 |
+ Qwen2 |
+ Minitron |
+ Llama-3.1-Minitron |
+
+
+ | 2B |
+ 2.7B |
+ 2B |
+ 1.5B |
+ 4B |
+ 4B-Depth |
+ 4B-Width |
+
+
+| Total Params | 2.5B | 2.7B | 2.6B | 1.5B | 4.2B | 4.5B | 4.5B | | Non-Emb. Params | 2B | 2.5B | 2B | 1.3B | 2.6B | 3.5B | 3.7B | | Tokens | 3T | 1.4T | 2T | 7T | 94B | 94B | 94B | | IFEval | 40.5 | 44.0 | 64.5 | 39.8 | 44.8 | 42.6 | 52.4 | | MT-Bench | 5.2 | 4.3 | 7.7 | 5.2 | 5.6 | 5.6 | 6.3 | | ChatRAG* | 33.3 | 37.6 | 37.5 | 32.8 | 41.1 | 40.1 | 44.0 | | BFCL | 47.0 | 23.1 | 35.6 | 32.8 | 64.2 | 66.8 | 64.9 |
+
+Table 2 | Accuracy numbers for the aligned Llama-3.1-Minitron models. We compare our models to similarly-sized SoTA open aligned models on a variety of benchmarks. All evaluations are conducted by us. * Denotes results obtained on a representative subset of the benchmark. Best in **bold**, second underlined. *The alignment of MN-Minitron-8B is underway and will be posted once ready.*
+
+### Pruning
+
+Weight pruning is a powerful and well-known technique for reducing model size. In this report, we focus on structured pruning, where blocks (or channels) of nonzero elements are removed at once from model weights; examples of structured pruning techniques include neuron, attention head, convolutional filter, and depth pruning [1]. In case of LLMs, as shown in Figure 2, we start the pruning process by first computing the importance of each layer, neuron, head, and embedding dimension. We then sort these importance scores to compute a corresponding importance ranking.
+
+**Importance Estimation:** We use a purely activation-based importance estimation strategy that simultaneously computes sensitivity information for all the axes we consider (depth, neuron, head, and embedding channel) using a small calibration dataset and only forward propagation passes. We consider depth pruning as a special case and do not combine it with compressing other dimensions.
+
+
+
+Figure 2 | Pruning and distillation process outlined inthe original paper [1]. We follow the same approachin this work.
+
+
+We compute the importance of each head, neuron and embedding channel by examining the activations produced by the multi-head attention (MHA), multi-layer perceptron (MLP) and LayerNorm layers, respectively. We use a small calibration dataset (1024 samples) for this purpose.
+
+For depth pruning, we consider three distinct metrics for evaluating layer importance: (1) LM validation loss, (2) Block Importance (BI) [5] and (3) accuracy on the downstream task. For loss-based ranking, we simply remove a single or a block of contiguous layers and compute its effect on LM loss; this serves as the “importance” or sensitivity of the layer. BI uses the cosine distance between the input and output of a layer or a block of layers. We notice that BI and LM loss metrics are highly correlated but do not produce the most accurate pruned model on downstream tasks as shown in Figures 8 and 9. We thus evaluate layer importance using the Winogrande benchmark [6].
+
+**Model Trimming:** As shown in Figure 2, for a given architecture configuration, we first rank the elements of each axis according to the computed importance and perform trimming (reshaping) of the corresponding weight matrices directly. For neuron and head pruning, we trim MLP and MHA layer weights, respectively. In the case of embedding channels, we trim the embedding dimension of the weight matrices in MLP, MHA, and LayerNorm layers. The original approach ([1]) uses Neural Architecture Search (NAS) to find the best architecture; in this work, we skip this step and instead utilize the network architecture-related learnings from the original paper.
+
+### Retraining with Distillation
+
+We use the term retraining to refer to the accuracy recovery process following pruning. In this work, we explore two retraining strategies: (1) conventional training, leveraging ground truth labels, and (2) knowledge distillation using supervision from the unpruned model (teacher). Knowledge Distillation (KD) involves transfer of knowledge from a larger or more complex model called the teacher to a smaller/simpler model called the student. The knowledge transfer is achieved by having the student model mimic the output and/or the intermediate states of the teacher model. In our case, the uncompressed and pruned models correspond to the teacher and student, respectively. For distillation, we follow best practices from our previous work [1] and use forward KL Divergence loss [7] on the teacher and student logits only. This is illustrated in Figure 3.
+
+## Training Details
+
+### Pre-training
+
+Llama 3.1 8B [3] and Mistral NeMo [4] 12B are pretrained on different proprietary datasets, which we do not have access to. According to the Llama 3.1 tech report [3], the 8B model is pretrained on 15T tokens. We start with the corresponding Base models that are openly available online on Hugging Face.
+
+
+
+Figure 3 | Overview of Distillation: If the original training data is unavailable, a slight fine-tuning of the teacher model is recommended. Distillation is then performed by minimizing KL divergence on the logits, with the original model as the teacher and the pruned model as the student.
+
+**Dataset:** We use the Nemotron-4 curated continued training dataset(CT) [8] [9] for all our experiments.
+
+### Pruning
+
+Our simplified pruning recipe is based on the best practices outlined in the Minitron paper [1] and is described in the Methodology section. Specifically, for width pruning, we (1) use 12-norm and mean as the aggregation functions across the batch and sequence dimensions, respectively, and (2) perform single-shot pruning, avoiding iterative approaches. For depth pruning, as described in the Methodology section, we follow the observations from Gromov et al. [10] and drop a continuous subgroup of layers that results in the least accuracy drop on Winogrande [6]. In this work, we skip the lightweight neural architecture search (NAS) phase, and go with a manual architecture configuration for both Llama-3.1-Minitron-4B and MN-Minitron-8B. The architectures we come up with are inspired by the Minitron-4B and Minitron-8B models, and are detailed in Table 3. We now describe the pruning recipes for each of our target compressed models:
+
+**Llama-3.1-Minitron-4B-Width**:
+
+• Starting model: Llama 3.1 8B
+• Hidden dimension: 4096 → 3072
+• MLP hidden dimension: 14336 → 9216
+• Attention heads: unchanged
+• Depth: unchanged
+
+**Llama-3.1-Minitron-4B-Depth**:
+
+• Starting model: Llama 3.1 8B
+• Hidden dimension: unchanged
+• MLP hidden dimension: unchanged
+• Attention heads: unchanged
+• Depth: 32 → 16
+
+**MN-Minitron-8B**:
+
+• Starting model: Mistral NeMo 12B
+• Hidden dimension: 5120 → 4096
+• MLP hidden dimension: 14336 → 11520
+• Attention heads: unchanged
+• Depth: unchanged
+
+### Distillation
+
+**Teacher Correction:** Using the Mistral NeMo 12B model directly as a teacher performs sub-optimally on our dataset. This is due to the change in distribution of sub-word tokens across the original dataset the teacher model was trained on vs. the dataset being distilled on. To account for this, we first fine-tune the teacher on our dataset using ~127B tokens. As shown in Figure 4, such a correction is essential if the original dataset is not available during distillation. We thus apply this technique on both the Mistral-NeMo and Llama-3.1 teacher models. The fine-tuning process has a minor effect on the teacher model's accuracy on downstream tasks, with some tasks improving and some degrading as shown in Table 1. We hypothesize this to be an artifact of the dataset used for fine-tuning.
+
+ | LLaMa-3.1-Minitron-4B | MN-Minitron |
|---|
| Width | Depth | 8B |
|---|
| Total params | 4.5B | 4.5B | 8.4B | | Non-Emb params | 3.7B | 3.5B | 7.3B | | Hidden size | 3072 | 4096 | 4096 | | Vocabulary | 128256 | 128256 | 131072 | | MLP hidden dim | 9216 | 14336 | 11520 | | Depth | 32 | 16 | 40 | | Attention groups | 8 | 8 | 8 | | Query heads | 32 | 32 | 32 | | Head dimension | 128 | 128 | 128 |
+
+Table 3 | Architecture details of our compressed models.
+
+
+
+Figure 4 | Training convergence plot for the compressed 8B student model. We compare supervision from the original teacher and the corrected teacher.
+
+**Retraining:** Following the learnings in the Minitron work [1], we opt for logit-only distillation, minimizing the forward KL Divergence [7] loss across the teacher and student probabilities, and ignore the LM cross-entropy loss altogether. Here, the unpruned and pruned models correspond to the teacher and student, respectively. We use the hyperparameters listed in Table 4 during distillation. We use 32 NVIDIA DGX H100 nodes for our training jobs.
+
+ | Llama-3.1-Minitron-4B | MN-Minitron 8B |
|---|
| Peak learning rate | 1e-4 | 1e-4 | | Min learning rate | 1e-5 | 4.5e-7 | | Warm-up steps | 40 steps | 60 steps | | LR decay schedule | Cosine | Cosine | | Global batch size | 1152 | 768 | | Context length | 8192 | 8192 | | Total tokens | 94B | 380B |
+
+Table 4 | Hyperparameters used during distillation-based retraining.
+
+### Instruction Tuning
+
+To evaluate the instruction-following capabilities of our distilled models, we perform supervised fine-tuning (SFT) on the Llama-3.1-Minitron 4B models using NeMo-Aligner [11] with the instruction tuning dataset used for Nemotron-4 340B [12]. As shown in Table 2, we evaluate the aligned models for instruction- following and roleplay (IFEval [13] and MT-Bench [14]), RAG QA (ChatRAG-Bench [15]), and function-calling capabilities (BFCL [16]).
+
+## Analysis
+
+We perform a series of ablation studies to better understand the compression characteristics of these newer models. We report our results in this section.
+
+**Width vs Depth Pruning:** Figure 5 shows the training curve of Llama-3.1-Minitron-4B pruned for width vs. depth. We notice that width pruning results in smaller initial loss and consistently outperforms the depth-pruned model, despite both variants having the same number of parameters.
+
+**Pruning and Distillation:** Figure 6 demonstrates orthogonal benefits of our proposed approach with pruning and distillation. We compare (1) random weight initialization and distillation, (2) random pruning and distillation, where components are pruned randomly ignoring the importance scores, (3) our proposed pruning with typical cross entropy based LM loss training and (4) our proposed pruning with distillation-based training. We notice that pruning results in a significantly better starting point compared to random initialization, and also that distillation-based training outperforms conventional training methods while requiring significantly fewer training tokens (up to 50× in our case).
+
+
+
+Figure 5 | Convergence of width- and depth-pruned Llama 3.1 8B to 4B models. Width pruning consistently outperforms depth pruning for a given parameter budget.
+
+**Teacher Correction:** We compare two approaches for teacher correction: (1) pruning and distilling the corrected teacher, and (2) pruning the original teacher and distilling from a continuously corrected teacher. The results in Figure 7 suggest that teacher correction doesn't affect the optimality of pruning, and that distillation from a corrected teacher is crucial. Teacher correction can be performed in parallel with distillation to bridge the gap.
+
+
+
+Figure 6 | Training convergence plot for Mistral Nemo 12B compressed model. We compare (a) random initialization with distillation, (b) randomly pruned weights with distillation, (c) pruning with standard LM loss, and (d) our pipeline with pruning and distillation.
+
+
+
+Figure 7 | Training convergence plot for Mistral Nemo 12B compressed model. We compare (1) pruning and distilling the corrected teacher with (2) pruning the original teacher and distilling from a continuously corrected teacher.
+
+**Depth Pruning Metrics:** when examining how LM validation loss increases as contiguous blocks of layers are removed (Figure 8), we observe that the layers at the beginning and end are the most important. Removing non-contiguous layers can result in even better LM validation loss (the dashed line). However, this observation does not necessarily hold when evaluating downstream task performance. Figure 9 shows that dropping 16 layers selected based on per-layer importance ( [5, 17]) yields a random Wino-grande accuracy of 0.5, while removing layers 16 to 31 continuously ( [10]) results in an accuracy of 0.595. The gap holds during distillation-based retraining and we opt for the latter approach.
+
+## Evaluation
+
+**Benchmarks** following Touvron et al. [18], we evaluate our compressed models on a series of downstream tasks, including MMLU [19], HumanEval [20] for Python code generation, several question-answering datasets for common-sense reasoning: Arc-C [21], HellaSwag [22], TruthfulQA [23] and Winogrande [6] and XL-Sum English [24] for summarization. We report the 5-shot performance on MMLU, 5-shot on Winogrande, 25-shot on ARC-Challenge, 10-shot on HellaSwag, 0-shot on 20% of XL-Sum and average pass@1 scores for HumanEval and MBPP. For pass@1 scores we use a temperature of 0.2 and nucleus sampling [25] with top-p = 0.95. For instruction-tuned models, we use MT-Bench [14], Instruction-Following Eval (IFEval) [13], ChatRAG-Bench [15], and Berkeley Function Calling Leaderboard (BFCL) [16].
+
+
+
+
+Figure 8 | LM loss value on validation set after removing 1, 2, 8 or 16 contiguous layers with Llama 3.1 8B. For example, the purple line at layer no. 16 indicates the LM loss if we dropped the first 16 layers. Layer no. 17 indicates the LM loss if we leave the first layer intact and drop layers 2 to 17. The dashed line corresponds to LM loss value when removing 16 non-contiguous layers least increasing the loss.
+
+
+
+Figure 9 | Accuracy on the Winogrande task when removing 16 contiguous layers with Llama 3.1 8B. Layer no. 17 indicates the LM loss if we leave the first layer intact and drop layers 2 to 17. The dashed line corresponds to the accuracy when removing 16 non-contiguous layers least increasing the loss.
+
+### Base Models
+
+Base model evaluation results are shown in Table 1. Compared to similarly-sized models, MN-Minitron-8B demonstrates superior accuracy across the board, outperforming the recent Llama 3.1 8B model using 40× fewer training tokens (380B vs. 15T). Similarly, the Llama-3.1-Minitron 4B models perform favorably compared to the teacher Llama 3.1 8B model using 150× fewer training tokens (94B vs. 15T); our pruned Llama models also outperform the previous generation Minitron 4B model. We note from Table 1 that the width-pruned variant outperforms the depth-pruned one. These results clearly demonstrate the advantages of our methodology: state-of-the-art accuracy coupled with an order of magnitude improvement in training efficiency.
+
+### Instruct Models
+
+The performance of the instruction-tuned Llama-3.1-Minitron 4B variants is shown in Table 2. We compare the Llama-3.1-Minitron 4B variants to other similarly-sized baselines and notice that our models demonstrate strong instruction-following and roleplay capabilities, only lagging behind Gemma2 in IFEval [13] and MT-Bench [14]. On retrieval based question answering (ChatRAG-Bench [15]) and function-calling (BFCL [16]), Minitron models achieve state-of-the-art performance.
+
+## Insights
+
+In this Section, we summarize some interesting and surprising observations.
+
+### *General*
+
+1. Teacher correction is crucial for distillation to work optimally on a new, unseen dataset. Fine-tuning the teacher with the dataset used for distillation in this manner yields over a 6% reduction in LM validation loss. Teacher correction doesn't affect the optimality of pruning and can even be performed in parallel with distillation.
+2. In line with the Minitron paper's observations, we require only 380B tokens to achieve state-of-the-art accuracy post pruning with distillation.
+3. For width pruning, we achieve stronger accuracy by retaining attention heads and pruning the other dimensions (MLP intermediate dimension, embedding channels).
+
+### *Mistral NeMo 12B to MN-Minitron-8B*:
+
+1. Our compressed model outperforms the teacher on two benchmarks, GSM8k and HumanEval after pruning and distillation: GSM8k increases from 55.7% to 58.5% and HumanEval increases from 23.8% to 36.2%. This improvement is likely influenced by the dataset. However, retraining is performed using the distillation loss alone.
+
+### *Llama 3.1 8B to Llama-3.1-Minitron 4B*:
+
+1. Width pruning delivers better accuracy with MMLU at 60.5%, while depth pruning yields 58.7%, for Llama-3.1 compression.
+2. Reasoning ability is impacted further significantly, with GSM8K accuracy at 41.24% for width and 16.8% for depth.
+3. Depth pruning boosts throughput, achieving ~ 2.7x speedup over Llama-3.1 8B, while width pruning provides ~ 1.7x speed up.
+4. For depth pruning, we observe that dropping contiguous layers from the model is more effective than using non-contiguous, importance-based pruning.
+
+## Acknowledgments
+
+This work would not have been possible without contributions from many people at NVIDIA. To mention a few:
+
+**Foundational Model:** Sharath Turuvekere Sreenivas, Saurav Muralidharan, Raviraj Joshi, Marcin Chochowski, Pavlo Molchanov, Mostofa Patwary, Daniel Korzekwa, Ashwath Aithal, Mohammad Shoeybi, Bryan Catanzaro and Jan Kautz
+
+**Alignment:** Ameya Sunil Mahabaleshwarkar, Hayley Ross, Brandon Rowlett, Oluwatobi Olabiyi, Shizhe Diao and Yoshi Suhara
+
+**Datasets:** Sanjeev Satheesh, Jupinder Parmar, Shengyang Sun, Jiaqi Zeng, Zhilin Wang, Yi Dong, Zihan Liu, Rajarshi Roy, Wei Ping, Makesh Narsimhan Sreedhar and Oleksii Kuchaiev
+
+**TensorRT-LLM:** Bobby Chen, James Shen and Chenhan Yu
+
+**Hugging Face Support:** Ao Tang, Yoshi Suhara and Greg Heinrich
+
+## References
+
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\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,292 @@
+arXiv:2408.11800v1 [cs.CL] 21 Aug 2024
+
+# PermitQA: A Benchmark for Retrieval Augmented Generation in Wind Siting and Permitting domain
+
+**Rounak Meyur**, **Hung Phan**, **Sridevi Wagle**, **Jan Strube**, **Mahantesh Halappanavar**,
+**Sameera Horawalavithana Anurag Acharya**, **Sai Munikoti**
+
+Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
+
+Richland, WA 99354
+
+{rounak.meyur, hung.phan, sridevi.wagle, jan.strube, Mahantesh.Halappanavar, yasanka.horawalavithana, anurag.acharya,sai.munikoti}@pnnl.gov
+
+## Abstract
+
+In the rapidly evolving landscape of Natural Language Processing (NLP) and text generation, the emergence of Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) presents a promising avenue for improving the quality and reliability of generated text by leveraging information retrieved from user specified database. Benchmarking is essential to evaluate and compare the performance of the different RAG configurations in terms of *retriever* and *generator*, providing insights into their effectiveness, scalability, and suitability for the specific domain and applications. In this paper, we present a comprehensive framework to generate a domain relevant RAG benchmark. Our framework is based on automatic question-answer generation with Human (domain experts)-AI (Large Language Model (LLM)) teaming. As a case study, we demonstrate the framework by introducing PermitQA, a first-of-its-kind benchmark on the wind siting and permitting domain which comprises of multiple scientific documents/reports related to environmental impact of wind energy projects. Our framework systematically evaluates RAG performance using diverse metrics and multiple question types with varying complexity level. We also demonstrate the performance of different models on our benchmark.
+
+## 1 Introduction
+
+In recent years, the advancements in LLM have revolutionized various natural language processing tasks, including text and response generation. However, text generation using LLM often encounters challenges such as generating irrelevant or incoherent outputs, perpetuating biases ingrained in the training data, and struggling to maintain context and factual accuracy. These issues pose significant obstacles to achieving human-level performance in automated text generation systems. RAG effectively mitigates these common challenges by incorporating retrieved information to enhance coherence and factual accuracy, thus minimizing the generation of fictitious or irrelevant content (Gao et al., 2024; Lewis et al., 2021). Furthermore, concurrent works suggest RAG is the most sought approach for adapting models towards niche scientific domain such as nuclear, renewable energy, environmental policy, etc. (Munikoti et al., 2024a,b; Phan et al., 2023)
+
+As this innovative approach gains traction within the research community and industry applications, its effectiveness and robustness must be rigorously assessed against established benchmarks to ensure its practical utility and reliability (Chen et al., 2023a). Benchmarking is essential to establish standardized evaluation metrics and dataset that can effectively capture the nuances of text quality, coherence, factual accuracy, and relevance. Further, it facilitates comparison between RAG and existing text generation methods, shedding light on its strengths, limitations, and potential areas for improvement (Xiong et al., 2024). A robust benchmarking framework can enable researchers and practitioners to systematically investigate the impact of various parameters, such as retrieval strategies, model architectures, and training data, on the performance of RAG (Ray, 2023).
+
+In benchmarking RAG for text generation, it is crucial to evaluate its performance across a diverse set of questions to ensure its efficacy in handling various linguistic contexts and user intents (Lyu et al., 2024). A set of well curated and diverse questions enable a comprehensive assessment of RAG's ability to generate coherent and relevant responses across various domains, ensuring its applicability in real-world scenarios. To generate such questions, automated methods leveraging NLP techniques can be employed. These methods include rule-based approaches, template filling, and neural network-based models, which enable the efficient creation of diverse question sets by leveraging linguistic patterns and semantic transformations.
+
+Human-curated questions offer a level of linguistic richness and contextual relevance that may be challenging to achieve solely through automated generation methods (Zhang et al., 2024). By leveraging human expertise and domain knowledge, curated question sets can encompass a broader spectrum of linguistic variations, domain-specific considerations, and nuanced semantics, providing a more comprehensive evaluation of RAG's performance across diverse scenarios and applications. Combining automated generation with human curation for benchmarking RAG offers a synergistic approach to ensure both efficiency and quality in question sets. This hybrid approach leverages the strengths of both automated and human-driven processes, that provide efficient and robust evaluation metrics for RAG's performance.
+
+In this work, we present a hybrid workflow to benchmark RAGs, which combines rapid question generation through automated methods, augmented with properly designed human prompts to generate diverse set of questions. Our proposed benchmarking framework is used to generate questions from documents related to wind turbine siting and permitting. These questions serve as a tool to evaluate the performance of RAG-based LLMs, which are designed to answer queries related to these extensive and comprehensive documents. Given the vast amount of information contained in these documents, manually reviewing them is impractical, making RAG-based LLMs essential for generating accurate responses to specific queries. Our benchmarking framework assesses the effectiveness of these models in accurately retrieving and responding to queries, ensuring that they can reliably process and provide relevant information from the documents.
+
+**Contributions** The paper introduces a novel benchmark in a specific domain and also proposes a generic framework to evaluate the performance of RAG-based LLMs in responding to different types of questions. This framework is designed to be adaptable across various domains, with a specific focus on wind energy-related documents in this study. The contributions of this research are as follows: **(i)** We present PermitQA,¹ the first benchmark in the Wind Siting and Permitting domain, **(ii)** our proposed framework is domain-agnostic, so it can be tailored for any desired niche domain **(iii)** we introduce a hybrid method to automatically generate various types of questions, producing both objective and subjective responses. The framework also generates questions from different sections of documents to evaluate LLM performance across various sections and question types, and **(iv)** we utilize existing scoring frameworks like RAGAS to evaluate model performance, incorporating different LLMs as evaluators for scoring. This approach ensures scalability and quick reproducibility of this approach, while also providing a holistic comparison of LLM performance in terms of responding to questions and assessing or comparing LLM responses with the ground truth answers.
+
+
+
+Figure 1: An overview of data extraction and curation pipeline to generate a vector database of relevant wind energy related documents.
+
+## 2 Related Works
+
+There have been a lot of work in the field of benchmarking, particularly for question answering (QA) task. These can be broadly divided into general QA and domain-specific QA.
+
+The Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) (Rajpurkar et al., 2016), consisting of 100,000+ questions and a reading comprehension dataset, is arguably the most famous general QA benchmark of the field. They contain three subtasks within QA: reading comprehension, Open-domain QA, and missing word prediction. The AI2 Reasoning Challenge (ARC) (Clark et al., 2018) is another major work, which contains almost 8,000 science questions in English, and also included questions that neither a retrieval-based algorithm nor a word co-occurrence algorithm were able to answer correctly. Similarly, the MCTest dataset (Richardson et al., 2013) consists of 500 stories and 2000 young children level multiple-choice reading comprehension questions. Some other notable QA benchmarks include Big Bench (Srivastava et al., 2022), ARC2 (Bhakthavatsalam et al., 2021), GLUE (Wang et al., 2018), CommonsenseQA (Talmor et al., 2018), TriviaQA: 650K QA pairs with evidence (Joshi et al., 2017), Search QA (Dunn et al., 2017), NewsQA: 10K news articles (Trischler et al., 2016), *inter alia*.
+
+More recently, there have been several benchmarks that focus on scientific and adjacent fields. The scientific portions of the MMLU (Hendrycks et al., 2020) benchmark is perhaps one of the most widely used science benchmarks, which include college and high school level questions in Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Computer Science, etc. Science Questions: 1K multiple choice questions in AI2R (Talmor et al., 2018) and SciQ Dataset: (Welbl et al., 2017) 13,679 multiple choice science questions are two other major benchmarks in the scientific domain, as is the SciQA (Auer et al., 2023), a scientific QA benchmark created by using knowledge graphs of academic articles. SciRepEval(Singh et al., 2022) is a benchmark that has four different task types – classification, regression, proximity – over scientific documents.
+
+
+¹This benchmark will be made publicly available.
+
+Similarly, some of the other most recent works include SciBench(Wang et al., 2023), a benchmark of ~700 questions sourced from textbooks for college-level science problems and QASA (Lee et al., 2023), a QA benchmark of ~1800 questions to test reasoning on scientific articles, specifically in AI and ML domains. There are also benchmarks that address specific fields, with TheoremQA (Chen et al., 2023b) for mathematics, emrQA (Pampari et al., 2018) for medicine, and BioRead (Pappas et al., 2018) and BioMRC (Pappas et al., 2020) for biology, and NukeBERT (Jain et al., 2020) and NuclearQA (Acharya et al., 2023) for the nuclear domain.
+
+While these scientific domains are related to our task in terms of technological similarity, to our knowledge, there are no benchmarks for our specific field and this is the first such work. The only one that comes close is the NEPAQuAD benchmark (Phan et al., 2023) that deals with QA task for Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) documents.
+
+## 3 Dataset Creation
+
+In this paper, we focus on wind energy-related documents to enable the RAG-based LLMs to answer questions specific to this field. We gather PDF documents, including research articles and environmental impact studies published by the Department of Energy (DOE) under the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). Accessing information from this vast database is not straightforward, necessitating the need for a trained LLM to accurately retrieve and answer questions from the provided context. The challenge is to ensure that the model's responses are based on the actual documents and do not hallucinate information. By using RAG-based LLMs, we aim to enhance the reliability and accuracy of responses related to wind energy, leveraging the rich information within our extensive document collection. This approach ensures that the information provided is both relevant and grounded in the sourced material.
+
+
+
+Figure 2: An overview of the proposed RAG benchmarking framework. Multiple versions of hybrid questions are generated from specific text chunks of source documents with human-in-the-loop to review them. These questions are used as prompts for the LLM or RAG model under test.
+
+We constructed a data extraction and curation pipeline to extract text, image, and table information from wind energy-related documents as depicted in Figure 1. Utilizing large language model (LLM) based methods such as the *Unstructured.io* tool (Raymond, 2023), we efficiently extracted information and converted it into JSON elements. These JSON elements were then organized into a schema, creating a page-wise assortment of text, table, and image elements. This structured format ensures that the extracted data is easily accessible and can be accurately referenced during model training and evaluation.
+
+## 4 Methodology
+
+While past works have generally preferred to use crowdsourcing as a way to craft datasets and benchmarks (Sap et al., 2019; Acharya et al., 2021), we choose to automated methods for benchmark question generation. Automatically generating benchmarking questions using GPT-4 allows for efficient and scalable evaluation of other LLMs and RAG. However, this approach can introduce errors, leading to poor quality of questions being generated. This makes it essential to incorporate a human-in-the-loop for reviewing and refining the questions and responses. This paper proposes hybrid approaches, where automated methods are combined with human curation to ensure the accuracy and reliability of the benchmarking process. By leveraging both machine and human expertise, we can achieve more robust and comprehensive benchmarking framework.
+
+Figure 2 provides an overview of the proposed LLM benchmarking framework. The core of the benchmarking framework is the question generation aspect, where automatic generation of questions forms the foundation. We combine this with human curation to select high-quality questions, ensuring relevance and clarity. Corresponding answers to these questions are then validated by humans, establishing a reliable ground truth. This curated set of questions and validated answers is used to evaluate the responses of other LLMs and RAG models.
+
+**Different question types.** We generate multiple types of questions, including closed, open, comparison, evaluation, recall, process, and rhetorical questions. This diversity ensures a comprehensive benchmarking process, as each question type assesses different aspects of the models' capabilities. By incorporating a wide variety of questions, we can more effectively evaluate and compare the performance of LLMs and RAG models across various dimensions. This approach provides a holistic view of their strengths and weaknesses.
+
+Each of these question type evaluates different capabilities of the LLM under test. *Open questions* require models to generate detailed, free-form responses, testing their ability to construct coherent and informative answers. *Comparison questions* ask models to compare and contrast different concepts or entities, assessing their analytical and comparative reasoning skills. *Evaluation questions* require models to make judgments or provide assessments, gauging their ability to evaluate information critically. *Recall questions* focus on the model's ability to retrieve and reproduce specific information from memory, testing their factual accuracy. *Process questions* ask models to explain processes or sequences of actions, evaluating their understanding of procedures and logical progression. *Rhetorical questions* are used to test the models' grasp of nuances in language and their ability to recognize and appropriately respond to questions that may not require direct answers.
+
+Next, we present two approaches for the hybrid question generation procedure required for LLM benchmarking purposes. The first approach engineers the prompt to generate well curated enhanced quality questions. The second approach summarizes the provided text chunks and generates questions from the summaries.
+
+
+
+Figure 3: Summary of “introduction” section of a report (Invenergy, 2014) generated by GPT-4. The question and the answer are generated from the summarized text chunk. The answer is retrieved from a subset of text in the chunk, shown here in red.
+
+**Hybrid prompts.** We use GPT-4 to automatically generate questions from a given text chunk by providing particular *prompts* for each question type. The prompt is structured as follows:
+
+Generate *{num}* questions given the content provided in the following paragraph. Restrict the type of questions to *{question type}* questions.
+*{Text chunk to generate the questions.}*
+
+An important aspect of our approach is curating the automatically generated questions to enhance the quality. To this end, we manually identify questions which are best suited for the purpose of benchmarking LLMs. We perform this process for each type of question, so that we include particular grammatical structures for each question type. Thereafter, we use these identified questions as *few-shot examples* to regenerate questions using the automatic question generation framework. The updated prompt looks as follows:
+
+Generate *{num}* questions given the content provided in the following paragraph. Restrict the type of questions to *{question type}* questions.
+*{Text chunk to generate the questions.}*
+You can generate similar questions (but not limited) to sample questions provided below.
+*{List of sample questions}*
+
+**Hybrid text chunks.** A problem with the aforementioned approach is that a significant number of questions are generated on a single sentence basis. This is obtained by substituting the subject or object of a sentence with a 'wh' word. These generated questions are meaningful when we consider question types such as 'closed', 'open', or 'recall', where the answers can be a single sentence from the provided text chunk. However, 'process', 'evaluation', and 'comparison' type questions of enhanced quality require the answer to be inferred from a larger portion of the given text chunk. To this end, first we use GPT-4 to summarize the entire text chunk (consisting of more than 15 sentences) into a summarized text chunk (consisting 5-8 sentences) using a prompt as follows:
+
+You are a smart assistant. Can you summarize this input paragraph within *{num}* bullet points. Return the summarized text.
+
+Input paragraph: “‘*{Text chunk to summarize}*’”
+
+Table 1: Land Cover Types, Coverage, and Composition within the Pleasant Ridge Project Area, Based on National Land Cover Database in May of 2014 (Invenergy, 2014)
+
+| Habitat | Acres [Hectares] | % Composition |
|---|
| Cultivated Crops | 55,946[22,641] | 92.6 | | Developed | 3,432[1,389] | 5.7 | | Deciduous Forest | 451[183] | 0.7 | | Hay/Pasture | 347[140] | 0.6 | | Open Water | 122[49] | 0.2 | | Woody Wetlands | 111[45] | 0.2 | | Barren Land | 19[8] | 0.0 | | Herbaceous | 3[1] | 0.0 | | Total | 60,431[24,456] | 100 |
+
+Thereafter, we use GPT-4 with appropriate prompts to generate questions from these summarized text chunks using the previous hybrid prompt along with the list of sample questions. Here, we show an example question generated using this approach. We include the summary text chunk generated by GPT-4 in Figure 3 and highlight the text in red color, from which the answer for the 'comparison' type question is retrieved.
+
+**Question:** How does the proportion of cultivated cropland within the Pleasant Ridge Wind Resource Area (PRWRA) compared to the proportion of developed areas?
+
+**Answer:** Cultivated cropland covers 92.3% of the PRWRA while developed areas cover 5.1%.
+
+**Questions from tables.** Another important aspect of benchmarking RAG models in the domain of research articles and reports is to evaluate their performance in retrieving information from tables. Tables are important contents inside research documents and often contain useful summaries of the entire documents.
+
+Generate *{num}* questions given the table provided in HTML format in the following paragraph? Generate the questions keeping in mind that the caption of the table is “‘*{Table caption obtained from document.}*’” Restrict the questions such that the answers are only from the provided table in the html format. For each question, return 3 lines: question/ answer/ proof. Make sure there are no newline characters in the proof.
+
+Input table:
+
+“‘*{Table in HTML format extracted from document}*’”
+
+Table 1 shows a table from the report (Invenergy, 2014) and we generate questions from this table as follows.
+
+**Question:** What is the acreage of Cultivated Crops within the Pleasant Ridge Project Area based on the National Land Cover Database in May of 2014?
+
+**Answer:** The acreage of Cultivated Crops within the Pleasant Ridge Project Area is 55,946 acres.
+
+**Proof:** The table entry under the "Habitat" column for "Cultivated Crops" corresponds with the entry under the "Acres [Hectares]" column that reads "55,946[22,641]"
+
+## 5 Results and Discussion
+
+We evaluate three RAG-based LLMs, namely GPT-4, Gemini, and Claude, on our PermitQA benchmark. The RAGAS framework is employed for this evaluation, utilizing an evaluator LLM to assess the models' performance. The assessment includes metrics such as answer correctness, context precision, and context recall, providing a comprehensive understanding of each model's capabilities in retrieving and generating accurate information from the given context. In our case, we have used GPT-4 and Gemini-1.5Pro as choices for the evaluator LLMs. Figure 4 presents the answer correctness score, while context precision and context recall depicted in Table 2 show the ability of the models to retrieve the context accurately.
+
+**Observation 1** *The observed answer correctness scores are notably low, indicating a robust and challenging benchmark.*
+
+Specifically, "evaluation" and "comparison" type questions yield nearly zero answer correctness scores for all models, highlighting their difficulty in responding. Recall that, these challenging questions were crafted from summaries of text chunks rather than the text chunks themselves, further complicating the models' ability to generate correct answers. This underscores the complexity and rigor of the benchmarking process, emphasizing the need for models to improve their understanding and contextual extraction capabilities.
+
+**Observation 2** *There is an alignment in evaluations made by the two evaluator LLMs used within the RAGAS framework, particularly visible for 'closed' type questions.*
+
+| Section ↓ | Model →Type ↓ | GPT-4 as Evaluator | Gemini 1.5 Pro as Evaluator |
|---|
| GPT | Claude | Gemini | GPT | Claude | Gemini |
|---|
| Prec. | Rec. | Prec. | Rec. | Prec. | Rec. | Prec. | Rec. | Prec. | Rec. | Prec. | Rec. |
|---|
+| Introduction | closed | 0.467 | 0.314 | 0.500 | 0.330 | 0.570 | 0.385 | 0.392 | 0.435 | 0.424 | 0.448 | 0.467 | 0.563 | | comparison | 0.556 | 0.596 | 0.607 | 0.672 | 0.587 | 0.628 | 0.429 | 0.597 | 0.480 | 0.637 | 0.454 | 0.632 | | process | 0.565 | 0.608 | 0.598 | 0.625 | 0.586 | 0.602 | 0.457 | 0.568 | 0.467 | 0.603 | 0.483 | 0.591 | | recall | 0.529 | 0.597 | 0.560 | 0.617 | 0.540 | 0.586 | 0.491 | 0.611 | 0.487 | 0.624 | 0.483 | 0.601 | | rhetorical | 0.305 | 0.296 | 0.365 | 0.353 | 0.319 | 0.306 | 0.272 | 0.299 | 0.323 | 0.339 | 0.283 | 0.299 | | Method | closed | 0.162 | 0.119 | 0.168 | 0.139 | 0.094 | 0.082 | 0.128 | 0.176 | 0.144 | 0.174 | 0.084 | 0.093 | | open | 0.364 | 0.431 | 0.431 | 0.540 | 0.378 | 0.471 | 0.333 | 0.455 | 0.383 | 0.511 | 0.367 | 0.446 | | evaluation | 0.400 | 0.387 | 0.442 | 0.453 | 0.416 | 0.422 | 0.311 | 0.406 | 0.352 | 0.474 | 0.316 | 0.430 | | process | 0.270 | 0.275 | 0.270 | 0.293 | 0.282 | 0.302 | 0.209 | 0.282 | 0.162 | 0.268 | 0.210 | 0.306 | | recall | 0.234 | 0.277 | 0.223 | 0.268 | 0.250 | 0.285 | 0.223 | 0.270 | 0.188 | 0.251 | 0.212 | 0.278 | | rhetorical | 0.229 | 0.223 | 0.241 | 0.232 | 0.250 | 0.238 | 0.208 | 0.238 | 0.193 | 0.230 | 0.224 | 0.248 | | Results | closed | 0.143 | 0.077 | 0.102 | 0.072 | 0.076 | 0.059 | 0.120 | 0.101 | 0.093 | 0.099 | 0.070 | 0.086 |
+| open | 0.284 | 0.328 | 0.263 | 0.280 | 0.325 | 0.320 | 0.230 | 0.306 | 0.192 | 0.265 | 0.253 | 0.320 |
+| comparison | 0.167 | 0.174 | 0.139 | 0.141 | 0.172 | 0.173 | 0.128 | 0.157 | 0.098 | 0.119 | 0.134 | 0.156 |
+| evaluation | 0.272 | 0.254 | 0.217 | 0.218 | 0.257 | 0.263 | 0.226 | 0.252 | 0.171 | 0.229 | 0.209 | 0.266 |
+| rhetorical | 0.192 | 0.182 | 0.133 | 0.126 | 0.183 | 0.175 | 0.156 | 0.180 | 0.100 | 0.136 | 0.160 | 0.176 |
+| Conclusion | comparison | 0.048 | 0.051 | 0.059 | 0.065 | 0.055 | 0.058 | 0.045 | 0.050 | 0.053 | 0.059 | 0.050 | 0.058 | | evaluation | 0.082 | 0.079 | 0.100 | 0.103 | 0.086 | 0.089 | 0.073 | 0.081 | 0.072 | 0.084 | 0.078 | 0.081 | | rhetorical | 0.138 | 0.141 | 0.178 | 0.171 | 0.148 | 0.147 | 0.126 | 0.148 | 0.149 | 0.165 | 0.133 | 0.144 |
+
+Table 2: Performance of the models on the PermitQA benchmark scored using the RAGAS framework across evaluators. The "Prec." and "Rec." mean Context Precision and Context Recall respectively, while "Type" refers to the Question Type. The best performance for each question type per evaluator is highlighted in bold.
+
+This similarity arises because the answers to these questions are objective ('yes' or 'no'), leading to equivalent correctness evaluations by both models. Although there are some mismatches in the evaluations made by the two evaluator models, the number of these discrepancies is insignificant compared to the number of matching evaluations.
+
+Figure 5 displays the confusion matrix illustrating the evaluations made by the two evaluator LLMs (GPT-4 and Gemini-1.5Pro) on the responses provided by the RAG-based Claude and GPT-4 models to the benchmarking questions. In this context, a true positive occurs when the LLM evaluator correctly identifies the model response as matching the ground truth. Conversely, a false positive arises when the LLM evaluator incorrectly states that the model response matches the ground truth, while it does not. This matrix helps visualize the accuracy and reliability of the evaluations conducted by the LLMs, when used within the RAGAS framework. We note that majority of evaluations made by either LLM evaluator matches the actual evaluation which indicates that both of them are reliable.
+
+**Observation 3** *Comparison between 'closed' and 'open' type questions within the same section reveals a higher answer correctness for responses to 'open' type questions than 'closed' type questions.*
+
+
+
+From this observation, we conclude that RAG-based models generate more accurate subjective responses to 'open' questions than objective ('yes' or 'no') responses for 'closed' questions. This suggests that these models perform better when tasked with generating detailed, context-rich answers rather than simple, binary ones, highlighting their strength in handling nuanced and complex queries.
+
+**Observation 4** *The answer correctness scores for questions derived from the "Introduction" section are higher compared to those from other sections.*
+
+This is because the “introduction” section is typically longer, more similar to other documents, and often includes a related works section, which aligns closely with content found in many other documents. As a result, the RAG-based LLMs can more easily extract relevant information to answer questions accurately, leading to higher correctness scores. Additionally, the content in the “introduction” section is primarily text-based, unlike other sections which contain equations, tables, and figures. Therefore, the models provide more accurate responses to questions from the “introduction” section compared to those from other sections.
+
+
+
+Figure 4: Answer correctness scores computed using the RAGAS scoring framework with GPT-4 and Gemini-1.5Pro as evaluator models for response generated by all three models used.
+
+
+
+Figure 5: Confusion Matrix for evaluations by LLM evaluators on responses from Claude (top) and GPT-4 (bottom) models
+
+**Observation 5** *The answer correctness scores for 'rhetorical' questions are lower than those for other question types.*
+
+This is because 'rhetorical' questions lack definite answers in the documents, making it challenging for the models to retrieve the appropriate context and provide correct responses. The absence of clear, concrete answers in the source material complicates the models' ability to generate accurate and relevant responses, leading to lower correctness scores for this question type.
+
+**Observation 6** *Evaluations made by Gemini-1.5Pro on the responses generated by all three LLMs are higher than the evaluations made by GPT-4, with the responses from Gemini LLM receiving significantly higher scores.*
+
+Figure 6 shows the scores computed by the evaluators for the responses generated by the three RAG-based LLMs. The Gemini-1.5Pro evaluator tends to rate high scores even when the LLMs refuse to answer. An example is listed below:
+
+**Question:** In the HTML table that estimates the annual number of bird collisions at different percentages of avoidance, what is the estimated number of collisions per year at 98.0% avoidance?
+
+**Expected answer:** The estimated number of collisions per year at 98.0% avoidance is 152.
+
+**Gemini generated answer:** This question cannot be answered from the given source. While the text discusses bird collisions with wind turbines, it does not provide any data on estimated collision numbers at different avoidance rates.
+
+**GPT-4 score:** 0.194
+**Gemini-1.5Pro score:** 0.813
+
+
+
+Figure 6: Answer correctness (top left), answer similarity (top right), context precision (bottom left) and recall (bottom right) scores across different evaluator and generator models.
+
+Conversely, in instances where the LLMs generate correct answers, Gemini-1.5Pro has been observed to evaluate them as incorrect. An example is detailed below:
+
+**Question:** Who is the GIS Technician in the 'STUDY PARTICIPANTS' table?
+**Expected answer:** JR Boehrs
+**Gemini generated answer:** Saif Nomani JR Boehrs was the GIS Technician.
+**GPT-4 score:** 0.703
+**Gemini-1.5Pro score:** 0.200
+
+## 6 Conclusion
+
+In conclusion, this paper presents a versatile framework for evaluating the performance of RAG-based LLMs across various question types and document sections. We showcase this by introducing a hybrid, automated question-generation method that ensures comprehensive coverage of both objective and subjective queries, and implement this for the use case of wind energy related document and present the PermitQA benchmark, which is a first of its kind benchmark in the wind Siting and Permitting space. However, the usefulness of our work goes beyond this niche domain as our approach is domain-agnostic, meaning it can be used for creating benchmark for any domain. Additionally, our use of the RAGAS scoring framework comes with multiple benefits; it allows for a thorough evaluation of model performance, offering a holistic assessment of LLM capabilities, while also having the advantage of being easy for other researchers to adapt this approach for their own work.
+
+## 7 Limitations
+
+A limitation of the proposed framework is that the automatic method of generating questions often produces queries that are too specific to the document from which they were derived. When these questions are posed to an LLM with a large document corpus, the model may struggle to respond accurately, necessitating the filtering of ambiguous questions to ensure relevance and clarity. Additionally, the RAGAS scoring framework, which relies on LLMs as evaluators, introduces uncertainty in performance metrics, as different LLM evaluators may score responses differently. While comparisons can be made for questions with objective responses, evaluating and comparing subjective responses across different LLMs remains challenging and less consistent.
+
+## 8 Ethical Considerations
+
+While we do not anticipate the novel work presented here to introduce new ethical concerns in and by themselves, we do recognize that there may also be pre-existing concerns and issues of the data, models, and methodologies we have used for this paper. We acknowledge that researchers should not “simply assume that [...] research will have a net positive impact on the world” (Hecht et al., 2021). In particular, it has been seen that Large Language Models (LLMs), like the ones used in this work, exhibit a wide variety of bias – e.g., religious, gender, race, profession, and cultural – and frequently generate answers that are incorrect, misogynistic, antisemitic, and generally toxic (Abid et al., 2021; Buolamwini and Gebru, 2018; Liang et al., 2021; Nadeem et al., 2021; Welbl et al., 2021). However, when used within the parameters of our experiments detailed in this paper, we did not see such behaviour from any of the models. To our knowledge, when used as intended, our models do not pose additional ethical concerns than any other LLM.
+
+## 9 Acknowledgment
+
+This research was sponsored by US DOE Wind Energy Technologies (WET) Office under contract XXXXX. This work was done at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, a multi-program national laboratory operated by Battelle for the U.S. Department of Energy under contract DE-AC05-76RLO1830. This article has been cleared by PNNL for public release as PNNL-SA-xxxxxx.
+
+## References
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+
+Anurag Acharya, Sai Munikoti, Aaron Hellinger, Sara Smith, Sridevi Wagle, and Sameera Horawalavithana. 2023. Nuclearqa: A human-made benchmark for language models for the nuclear domain. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.10920*.
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+
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\ No newline at end of file
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+wangjr
+
+# 静电防护基础知识
+
+2011.8.2
+
+## 序言
+
+“静电放电”已被认为是造成对静电放电敏感电子零件的失效、劣化、潜在失效的主要凶手,静电放电导致电子产品、设备出现故障,可靠性、稳定性降低,甚至完全失效。
+
+了解静电的产生、静电放电对电子产品的危害及静电放电防范措施对生产出可靠、稳定的电子产品具有非常重要的意义。
+
+## 目录(1/2)
+
+一. 静电的基本概念
+
+二. 静电的危害
+
+三. 静电对电子产品产生危害的原因
+
+四. 静电放电对元器件的危害
+
+五. 静电对电子产品的损害形式
+
+六. 静电的防护
+
+## 目录(2/2)
+
+七. 相关要求
+
+八. 常用静电保护器材
+
+九. 生产现场静电防护
+
+十. 常见问题解答
+
+## 一. 静电的基本概念
+
+### 1. 什么是静电
+
+静电：静止不动的电荷。
+
+通常指因不同物体之间相互摩擦而产生的在物体表面所带的正负电荷。
+
+
+
+
+
+### 2.静电是怎么产生的(1/2)
+
+当两个不同物体相互接触时,致使一个物体的一些电荷(电子)转移到另一个物体而带正电,另一个物体因得到电子而带负电。若在分离过程中电荷难以中和,电荷就会积累使物体带静电。
+
+静电是一种电能,它存在于物体表面,是正负电荷在局部失衡时产生的一种现象。
+
+静电现象是指电荷在产生与消失过程中所表现出的现象的总称,如摩擦起电就是一种静电现象。
+
+### 2.静电是怎么产生的(2/2)
+
+静电是一种客观自然现象,任何两种不同介质的物体接触后再分离都会产生静电.产生的方式有接触、摩擦、冲流等.接触分离起电:如图
+
+
+
+例
+
+A. 气候干燥的冬季, 脱衣时常听到服装与人体间放电的响声, 并伴有火花.
+
+B. 电脑显示器屏幕吸附细微物体.
+
+C. 运输汽油的车后面会有一条拖地的链子.
+
+
+
+### 3. 人体静电的产生(1/2)
+
+1. 人体形成静电的原因是人体在日常工作中，把人体所消耗的机械能在活动中转换为电能.\ ;
+
+2. 人体是一个静电导体，当与大地绝缘时（如穿的鞋底为绝缘物质），人体与大地就形成一个电容，使电荷储存起来，其充电电压一般 ≤50kV。当电荷储积到一定程度，一旦条件成熟会放电形成火花，瞬时放电电压可达数千千伏，放电功率可达几千千瓦。
+
+### 3.人体静电的产生(2/2)
+
+| 人体活动 | 静电电位(kV) |
|---|
| RH (10~20) % | RH (65~90) % |
|---|
| 人在地毯上走动 | 35 | 15 | | 人在乙烯树脂地板上行走 | 12 | 0.25 | | 人在工作台上操作 | 6 | 0.1 | | 包工作说明书的乙烯树脂封皮 | 7 | 0.6 | | 从工作台上拿起普通聚乙烯袋 | 20 | 1.2 | | 从垫有聚氨基甲酸泡沫的工作椅上站起 | 18 | 1.5 |
+
+
+### 4. 人体静电的产生方式
+
+◇ 起步电流 当人行走在绝缘地板上时产生的静电电流。这种电流一般小于10~8A，其大小和步行方式与地板材料有关。
+
+◇ 摩擦带电及其它带电 人体在日常工作中，会与所穿的衣服、鞋帽、手套产生摩擦，并且衣服与周围物体之间、鞋子与地板之间、手与工件之间等都可产生摩擦。此外，当人体靠近带电物体时，也会感应出大小相等、符号相反的电荷以及带电颗粒的吸附，所有这些都是人体产生静电电荷的诱因，进而通过传导和静电感应，最终使人体呈带电状态。
+
+## 二.静电的危害
+
+主要分为两种：静电吸附和静电击穿
+
+◇ 在军工企业部门，静电放电使火箭（弹）产生意外爆炸；
+
+◇ 在石化工业中静电放电多次使汽油着火爆炸；
+
+◇ 在电子工业中损坏电子元器件，仅美国每年因静电对电子工业所造成的损失就达几百亿美元
+
+◇ 静电放电还产生很强的电磁干扰，其频率非常宽，从低频至几千兆赫兹以上。这种强电磁场作用时间短但其强度远比手机辐射的电磁场强，会干扰一些设备的正常工作；
+
+◇ 静电危害的另一种形式是静电力的危害，静电力的吸尘作用会影响产品质量，在大规模集成电路生产中由于静电使芯片成品率大大降低。印刷过程中由于静电吸引力使纸张难以对齐，降低生产效率。
+
+自然界静电放电：雷击
+
+## 三.静电对电子产品产生危害的原因
+
+静电放电(ESD) (Electro-Static Discharge): 有不同静电电位的物体因直接接触或因静电场的感应而导致物体间电荷的转移的现象;
+
+特点: 快速电荷移动会产生很大的瞬间电流、强的电场和电磁辐射等。它们通过或接近电子零件时便会加以破坏。
+
+体积小、集成度高的器件得到大规模生产,从而导致导线间距越来越小,绝缘膜越来越薄,致使耐击穿电压也愈来愈低。
+
+电子产品在生产、运输、储存和转运等过程中所产生的静电电压却远远超过其击穿电压阈值,这就可能造成器件的击穿或失效,影响产品的技术指标,降低其可靠性
+
+## 四.静电放电对元器件的危害(1/2)
+
+危害主要表现为两方面:突发性完全失效和潜在性缓慢失效。
+
+突发性完全失效
+
+静电放电对芯片产生损伤,主要是对接口电路和电源部分的损伤;
+
+潜在性缓慢失效
+
+对于某些集成电路,虽然PN结受到静电放电损伤, 但电路参数的退化并不明显,只给电路留下了隐患,使 该电路在以后的加电工作中,参数退化逐渐加重。因此 静电放电损伤具有潜在性和累积性的特点。(如:单管 LED不亮、电流偏大,芯片短路)
+
+## 静电放电对元器件的危害(2/2)
+
+如果带电体的静电电压或存储的静电能量较弱,或静电放电回路有限流电阻存在,在这种情况下,一次静电放
+电脉冲不足以引起期间发生突发性完全失效。但他会在器件内部造成轻微损伤,这种损伤又是累积性的,随着
+静电放电脉冲次数的增加,器件的损伤阈值电压会逐渐下降,使器件的电参数逐渐劣化,这种失效称之为潜在
+性失效,它降低了器件的抗静电能力,降低了器件的使用可靠性。(如焊接完成后测OK的有LED灯的线路板在老化、成品测试时发现有LED功能功能丧失情况)
+
+## 五.静电对电子产品的损害形式
+
+① 静电的基本物理特性为：吸引或排斥；与大地有电位差，会产生放电电流；
+
+② 静电吸附灰尘，降低元件绝缘电阻（缩短寿命）；
+
+③ 静电放电破坏，使元件受损不能工作（完全破坏）；
+
+④ 静电放电电场或电流产生的热，使元件受伤（潜在损伤）；
+
+⑤ 静电放电产生的电磁场幅度很大（达几百伏/米）频谱极宽（从几十兆到几千兆），对电子产器造成干扰甚至损坏（电磁干扰）；
+
+⑥ 静电电荷易附尘埃微粒，污染印制电路板等，使其耐压能力降低。
+
+## 人体静电电位和静电感度的关系
+
+| 人体静电电位和静电感度的关系 |
+
|---|
| 序号 | 人体电位(kV) | 电击感度 |
|---|
| 1 | 1 | 无感觉 | | 2 | 2 | 手指外侧有感觉 发出微弱的放电声 | | 3 | 2.5 | 有针刺的感觉,但不疼 | | 4 | 4 | 有针深刺的感觉,手指微疼 见到放电微光 | | 5 | 6 | 手指感到剧疼,手腕感到沉重 | | 6 | 10 | 手腕感到剧疼,手感到麻木 | | 7 | 12 | 手指剧麻,整个手感到被强烈电击 | | 8 | | | |
+
+## 六. 静电的防护
+
+方法有两个：
+
+静电防护中使用的材料；
+
+原则上不使用金属导体。
+
+泄漏和接地。
+
+通过串接1MΩ电阻使泄放电流小于5mA。
+
+## 减小静电危害的方法
+
+方法有两种：
+
+1、 器件的选择
+
+不同的元器件抗静电的敏感度不一样。
+
+静电敏感度一般分为三级，对应的器件分别如下：
+
+1.1、1级($\le 2\text{kV}$)静电放电敏感器件；
+
+1.2、2级($2\text{kV} \sim 4\text{kV}$)静电放电敏感器件；
+
+1.3、3级($4\text{kV} \sim 6\text{kV}$)静电放电敏感器件；
+
+2、 PCB设计
+
+隔离、增强免疫能力(躲)、保护电路。
+
+## 避免静电的产生（收集和排放）
+
+对有可能产生静电的地方要防止静电荷的聚集。即采取一定的措施避免或减少静电放电的产生。可采用边产生边泄漏的办法达到消除电荷聚集的目的。
+
+### 创造条件放电
+
+◇ 当绝缘物体带电时，电荷不能流动，无法进行泄漏，可利用静电消除器产生异性离子来中和静电荷。
+
+◇ 当带电的物体是导体时，则采用简单的接地泄漏办法，使其所带电荷完全消除。
+
+◇ 要构成一个完整的静电安全工作区，至少应包括有效的静电台垫、专用地线和防静电腕带等。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_45.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_45.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..0e0e12a1da992fba186692a7ad77e1336bd7e451
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_45.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1171 @@
+**SIEMENS**
+
+BV910E1B1W
+
+# 真空抽屉
+
+
+
+**ZH** 使用说明和安装说明
+
+Siemens Home Appliances
+
+登陆西门子家电官网注册您的家电产品，尽享专业服务。
+
+
+
+## 目录
+
+**使用说明书**
+
+**1 安全性...2
+2 避免材料损坏 ...3
+3 环境保护和节约...3
+4 了解机器 ...4
+5 附件 ...5
+6 操作基本知识 ...5
+7 袋子真空密封 ...5
+8 容器真空密封 ...7
+9 干燥 ...7
+10 清洁和保养...7
+11 处理故障 ...8
+12 工作原理 ...9
+13 处理旧机器...11
+14 客户服务 ...11
+15 安装说明书...11
+15.4 安全安装 ...13**
+
+
+
+## 1 安全性
+
+请注意以下安全注意事项。
+
+### 1.1 一般注意事项
+
+■ 请仔细阅读本说明书。
+
+■ 请妥善保管说明书及产品资料以备日后查阅或提供给下一位使用者。
+
+■ 出现运输损坏时请勿连接机器。
+
+### 1.2 使用范围
+
+本机器可采用固定式安装。注意特别的安装说明。
+
+仅允许获得授权的专业人员在不使用插头的情况下连接设备。因错误连接而造成设备损坏时，则保修将失效。
+
+本机器仅限用于：
+
+■ 使用合适的真空密封袋或容器对食物进行真空密封，以及对薄膜进行热封。
+
+■ 仅限私人家庭和居家环境的室内区域。
+
+■ 最高在海拔4000m使用。
+
+### 1.3 用户群的限制
+
+凡年满8岁的孩童，身体、感官或智力有缺陷的人士以及缺乏相关经验和知识的人士，应在负责安全使用机器人员的监督或指导下，了解使用机器可能带来的危险后，方能使用本机器。
+
+严禁孩童将本机器当成玩具玩耍。
+
+15岁以上的未成年人除非在监督下，否则不得进行清洁及用户维护的工作。
+
+请确保8岁以下的孩童远离本机器及其电源线。
+
+### 1.4 安全使用
+
+**警告 - 有灼伤危险！**
+
+如果频繁使用电器并且热密封时间很长，那么真空密封隔层中的热封条会变得非常热。
+
+▶ 切勿触碰灼热的热封条。
+
+▶ 请将儿童留在安全距离以外。
+
+**警告 - 有电击危险！**
+
+渗入的水分可能引起电击。
+
+▶ 不要使用蒸汽清洁器或高压清洁器清洁本机器。
+
+机器损坏或电源线损坏时将造成危险。
+
+▶ 请勿运行已损坏的机器。
+
+▶ 拔出插头时请握住电源插头本体，请勿直接拉拽电源线。
+
+▶ 若本机器或电源线损坏，请立即拔除电源线插头或关闭保险丝盒的保险装置。
+
+▶ 请联系客户服务。→ *页11*
+
+维修不当会造成危险。
+
+▶ 唯有合格的专业人员方可维修机器。
+
+▶ 仅限使用符合原厂要求的部件来维修机器。
+
+▶ 如果电源软线损坏，为了避免危险，必须由制造商、其维修部或类似部门的专业人员更换。
+
+**警告 - 有着火危险！**
+
+真空密封隔层中的热封条变得极其灼热。可燃气体可能会点燃。
+
+▶ 不要用真空密封袋对任何可燃液体进行真空密封。
+
+▶ 不要在电器内储存任何可燃材料和物体。
+
+**警告 - 有受伤危险！**
+
+当连接真空设备时，玻璃盖上的最小裂缝都可能导致内爆。
+
+▶ 拔下电器的电源插头或断开保险丝盒中的断路器。
+
+▶ 致电售后服务部门。
+
+真空密封抽屉的任何不当使用都可能导致受伤。
+
+▶ 不要将连接到电器的任何软管插入任何体腔内。
+
+▶ 不要真空密封任何活体动物。
+
+**警告 - 有损害健康的危险!**
+
+在真空处理过程中，真空密封隔层和玻璃盖变形。玻璃上的保护层可能被损坏，玻璃盖可能破裂。
+
+▶ 盖上盖子后，带螺旋盖的罐子、其他坚固的容器和真空密封在隔层中的不变形食物不得与这个盖子接触。
+
+▶ 坚固的容器和不变形的食物伸出的最大高度不得超过 80 mm。
+
+**警告 - 有窒息危险!**
+
+孩童有可能用包装材料将头部套住或将自己缠住而造成窒息。
+
+▶ 请让孩童远离包装材料。
+
+▶ 切勿让孩童用包装材料玩耍。
+
+孩童可能会吸入或吞食小型部件而造成窒息。
+
+▶ 请让孩童远离小型部件。
+
+▶ 切勿让孩童玩耍小型部件。
+
+
+
+## 2 避免材料损坏
+
+**注意!**
+
+电器损坏可能会大大影响安全。
+
+▶ 在每次使用之前检查电器有无损坏。
+
+▶ 检查玻璃盖是否完好。
+
+▶ 切勿使用损坏的电器。
+
+▶ 致电售后服务部门。
+
+不小心地使用电器可能会损坏电器。
+
+▶ 打开和关闭玻璃盖时动作要慢。
+
+▶ 不要在玻璃盖上放置任何物体。
+
+▶ 不要将电器作为工作台或存放空间使用。
+
+▶ 不要让任何物体掉落到玻璃盖上。
+
+▶ 在使用过程中完全拉出抽屉。
+
+▶ 使用后，完全关闭抽屉。
+
+真空腔室中的异物可能损坏电器。
+
+▶ 关闭玻璃盖板前，请确保真空腔室内没有异物。
+
+如果密封放置不当或损坏，会影响电器的功能并可能损坏电器。
+
+▶ 请检查玻璃盖上的密封是否正确放置。
+
+▶ 确保密封的接触面干净、无残渣。
+
+▶ 不要用尖锐或锋利的物体损坏密封。
+
+▶ 切勿在密封损坏时操作电器。
+
+▶如果密封损坏，请联系售后服务部门。
+
+使用工具打开玻璃盖会损坏电器。
+
+▶ 如果在真空密封过程中断电，请等待恢复供电。真空密封隔层中的真空保持不变。重新启动真空密封过程。
+
+在过高温度下沸腾产生的逸出蒸汽可能会导致故障。
+
+▶ 只能使用适用于真空密封食物的袋子。
+
+▶ 请勿使用已经打开的任何销售包装。
+
+▶ 在1-8℃的输出温度下对将要进行真空密封的食物进行加工。
+
+▶ 请勿在最高级别下对真空密封袋中的液体进行真空密封。使用真空密封级别2。
+
+▶ 如果发现气泡加剧形成，请对袋子进行热封。
+
+
+
+## 3 环境保护和节约
+
+### 3.1 处理包装材料
+
+包装材料皆是环保材质并可再生利用。
+
+▶ 请分类处理各部件。
+
+
+
+## 4 了解机器
+
+### 4.1 功能
+
+在真空密封过程中，会将空气从真空密封隔层和袋子中抽出。
+
+这会在隔层中产生高度真空。真空密封级别越高，保留在隔层和袋子中的空气越少，与环境的压力差就越高。
+
+如果已达到所选的真空密封级别，则会使热封条顶着玻璃盖上的硅橡胶杆。在这个过程中，即会对袋子进行热封。
+
+在经过很短的冷却时间后，空气流回到隔层中，从而形成很大的噪音。在这个过程中，袋子突然收缩并包围住食物。然后抽屉的玻璃盖打开。
+
+### 4.2 电器
+
+您可以在此查看机器的相关部件。
+
+
+
+| 1 玻璃盖 | | 2 出风口 | | 3 热封条 | | 4 真空密封隔层 | | 5 控制面板 |
+
+### 4.3 控件
+
+通过操作面板，您可以设置机器的所有功能并查看运行状态的相关信息。
+
+
+
+| 符号 | 含义 | 说明 |
|---|
|
+
+ | 开启关断 | 开启电器关断电器 | |  | 真空密封级别 | 选择真空密封级别 | |  | 热封时间 | 选择热封时间提前对真空密封袋进行热封 | |  | 开始 | 启动真空密封过程 | |  | 停止 | 取消真空密封过程 | |  | 烘干 | 烘干泵 | |  | 说明 | 参见故障表 |
+
+### 4.4 真空密封级别
+
+真空级别 1 至 3 可达到不同的真空度。
+
+在容器中抽真空时，真空度较低，因此更适合特定食物。
+
+真空抽屉在装上外部真空适配器时，自动识别出当前激活的是何种模式。
+
+| 真空级别 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
|---|
| 在袋中抽真空 | 80 % | 95 % | 99 % | | 容器和瓶子抽真空 | 50 % | 75 % | 90 % |
+
+### 4.5 固定器
+
+固定器用于将真空抽屉固定在打开状态。
+
+当真空抽屉完全打开后，固定器便会将抽屉锁死，从而防止玻璃盖板与其上方的橱柜面板或工作台发生碰撞。
+
+
+
+
+
+## 5 附件
+
+请使用原厂附件。原厂附件最适用于您的设备。
+
+| 附件 | 属性 | 用途 |
|---|
| 外部真空密封接头 |
+
+ | 对容器或瓶子进行真空密封。 | | 真空软管 |  | 将外部真空适配器与真空容器或瓶子适配器连接。 | | 瓶塞 |  | 令已打开的酒保持新鲜。 | | 瓶接头 |  | 将瓶子与真空软管连接。 | | 真空密封袋 | 180 x 280 mm (50 个)240 x 350 mm (50 个) | |
+
+### 5.1 其他附件
+
+其他附件可向客户服务或在线购买。
+
+针对您的电器的可供产品请在线或在我们的小册子中查询:
+
+siemens-home.bsh-group.cn
+
+附件将视电器而定。购买时，请务必提供电器确切的名称 (E-Nr.)。
+
+请在在线商店或客户服务处了解适用于您电器的附件。
+
+| 其他附件 | 客户服务订购号 |
|---|
| 真空密封袋 180 x 280 mm (100 个) | 17000222 | | 真空密封袋 240 x 350 mm (100 个) | 17000223 |
+
+
+
+## 6 操作基本知识
+
+### 6.1 打开电器
+
+1. 按压抽屉正面的中部。
+
+✓ 真空抽屉略微弹出。
+
+2. 抓住真空抽屉的边缘，然后完全拉出。
+
+### 6.2 关闭电器
+
+▶ 触摸真空密封抽屉的中间部位，然后将其推回。
+
+### 6.3 开启电器
+
+▶ 按下。
+
+### 6.4 关断电器
+
+若 10 分钟内未操作本电器，它便会自动关闭。
+
+▶ 按。
+
+
+
+## 7 袋子真空密封
+
+装在袋子中进行真空密封的食物保质期更长。因此，您可以腌渍食物或为真空低温烹饪做准备。
+
+### 7.1 合适的真空密封袋
+
+使用合适的真空袋，以获得最优的效果。
+
+| 使用随电器附送的，或可作为备件订购的原厂真空袋。 | ■ 这些袋子适用于 -40 °C 至 100 °C 的温度范围。■ 这些袋子的最佳热封时间是热封级别 2。■ 这些袋子可用于微波炉。在袋子放入微波炉前，要先将其刺穿。 | | 只能使用适合进行食物抽真空的袋子。 | 店里买的产品在食品安全性、温度耐受性、材料或表面等方面各有不同。真空袋的热封时间取决于其材料。■ 薄壁袋：热封级别 1■ 较厚的材料：热封级别 2 或更高 | | 使用最大宽度为 240 mm 的袋子。 | 热封控制条的长度限制了可能使用的真空袋尺寸。 |
+
+### 7.2 填充袋子
+
+**要求**
+
+■ 袋子的边缘干净、干燥。
+
+■ 袋子边缘周围的接缝区域没有食物残留物。
+
+1. 折叠袋子边缘 3 cm 左右。
+
+
+
+2. 尽可能将多块食物彼此相邻放置在真空密封袋中。
+
+
+
+3. 将袋子的边缘折回。
+
+
+
+**提示**：为了确保对袋子以及其中的真空密封食物进行跟踪，请在袋子上记录真空密封的日期以及密封之物。
+
+### 7.3 袋子真空密封
+
+**要求**：食物最理想的初始温度是在 1-8 ℃的范围内。
+
+1. 打开玻璃盖板。
+
+2. 将真空袋放入腔室内。
+
+3. 注意不要堵塞排气口，以便让泵将空气从腔室中抽出。
+
+4. 注意将袋子居中平放在热封控制条上，袋子的两端要平整地相互重叠。为了获得完美封闭的焊缝，要用袋夹固定袋子
+
+
+
+5. 触摸 ，选择真空密封级别。
+
+6. 触摸 ，选择热封时间。
+
+7. 将玻璃盖板关紧并保持几秒钟。
+
+8. 如要启动抽真空过程，可触按 。
+
+✓ 抽真空过程启动。真空级别显示依次有节奏地以蓝色闪动，直至达到所选的数值。
+
+✓ 热封过程启动。热封级别显示依次有节奏地以蓝色闪动，直至达到所选的数值。
+
+✓ 真空密封过程可持续两分钟。
+
+✓ 在过程结束时，将对腔室通风。信号音响起。
+
+9. 当抽真空过程结束后，打开玻璃盖板。
+
+10. **警告 – 有灼伤危险!**
+
+如果频繁使用电器并且热密封时间很长，那么真空密封隔层中的热封条会变得非常热。
+
+▶ 切勿触碰灼热的热封条。
+
+▶ 请将儿童留在安全距离以外。
+
+将已热封的真空袋从腔室中取出。
+
+11. 抽真空后，检查袋子的焊缝。
+
+\- 小心地将焊缝撕开。
+
+\- 如果焊缝不牢，则应选择更高的热封级别。
+
+\- 如果焊缝变形，则应选择更低的热封级别，或让电器冷却。
+
+**注**：如果连续多次对袋子中的食物抽真空，热封控制条便会越来越热。这样便可能影响焊缝的质量。在经过数个抽真空过程后，应选择较低的热封时间，或让电器在两个过程之间冷却约 2 分钟。
+
+### 7.4 提前热封
+
+如果要将容易变质的食物密封包装在袋中，而不想让袋子与内容物紧贴，就可以使用这一功能。
+
+1. 如要退出抽真空过程，并提前对袋子进行热封，可触按 。
+
+✓ 电器显示至此所达到的真空级别。
+
+✓ 在过程结束时，将对腔室通风。
+
+✓ 响起一声信号音。
+
+2. 打开玻璃盖板。
+
+3. 将已热封的真空袋从腔室中取出。
+
+**注**：对袋子进行热封时，真空抽屉需要有一定的真空度。如果事先触按 ，真空抽屉便会将腔室内的空气抽出，直至达到该真空度。然后再对袋子进行热封。
+
+### 7.5 取消袋子的真空密封过程
+
+1. 如要提前退出抽真空过程，可触按 。
+
+✓ 电器会显示真空密封级别，直到达到该级别为止。
+
+✓ 这时，将不对袋子进行热封。
+
+✓ 将对腔室通风，盖子略微打开。
+
+✓ 响起一声信号音。
+
+2. 将真空袋从腔室中取出。
+
+
+
+## 8 容器真空密封
+
+食物装在容器中进行真空密封可使保质期延长。
+
+### 8.1 容器真空密封
+
+将食物装在合适的真空容器中抽真空，令其可长期保存。
+
+1. 打开玻璃盖板。
+
+2. 将真空适配器插到排气口上。
+
+3. 将软管固定在真空适配器和真空容器上。
+
+
+
+4. 触摸  ，选择真空密封级别。
+
+5. 如要启动抽真空过程，可触按 。
+
+✓ 抽真空过程启动。真空级别显示依次有节奏地以蓝色闪动，直至达到所选的数值。
+
+✓ 真空密封过程可持续两分钟。
+
+✓ 已达到的真空密封级别指示灯将会亮起，同时响起一声信号音。
+
+6. 将软管从容器和外部真空适配器上松开。
+
+**注**：如果产生大量气泡，则取消抽真空过程。→ *页7*
+
+### 8.2 合适的真空密封容器
+
+使用合适的真空密封容器，以达到最佳效果。
+
+| 只能使用适用于真空密封食物的容器。 | 在食物质量和材料方面，市售产品各有不同。 | | 本电器的真空软管的内径为3 mm。 | 您可能需要使用容器接头，以便软管安装到位。这些接头常常随真空密封容器提供。 |
+
+### 8.3 取消容器真空密封
+
+1. 如要提前取消真空密封过程，触摸 。
+
+✓ 电器会显示真空密封级别，直到达到该级别为止。
+
+2. 将软管从容器和外部真空接头上拆下来。
+
+
+
+## 9 干燥
+
+对食物进行抽真空时会有少量水进入真空泵系统。
+
+如果对液体或含水量较高的食物进行抽真空，则会加大进水的影响。因此本电器具备干燥功能，该功能可将泵中积聚的水分再次清除。
+
+■ 如果图标 亮起白色，则应执行干燥过程。此刻您可以继续正常使用该电器。
+
+■ 如果图标 亮起红色，则必须执行干燥过程。
+
+### 9.1 启动烘干
+
+**注**：您可以在干燥过程中关闭真空抽屉。
+
+1. 将玻璃盖板关紧并保持。
+
+2. 触按 。
+
+✓ 干燥启动，并持续 5 至 30 分钟。
+
+✓ 在这一过程中， 有节奏地以蓝色闪动。
+
+✓ 该过程结束后，将对腔室通风，并发出一个信号音。
+
+✓ 您可以打开玻璃盖板。
+
+3. **注**：有时，干燥过程仅运行一次是不够的。如果在干燥过程后， 和 亮起红色，便说明泵系统中仍有潮气。
+
+等到  不再亮起。
+
+4. 再次启动干燥过程。
+
+
+
+## 10 清洁和保养
+
+为了让机器长时间保持功能顺畅，请仔细进行清洁和保养。
+
+### 10.1 清洁用品
+
+请联系客户服务或在线商店购买合适的清洁剂。
+
+**注意!**
+
+不合适的清洁剂会损坏机器表面。
+
+▶ 请勿使用腐蚀性或研磨性的清洁剂。
+
+▶ 请勿使用酒精含量高的清洁剂。
+
+▶ 请勿使用硬质百洁布或清洁海绵。
+
+▶ 只允许使用清洁说明中建议用于相应部件的玻璃清洁剂、玻璃铲或不锈钢护理剂。
+
+▶ 新海绵布在使用前要彻底清洗。
+
+### 10.2 清洁机器
+
+**警告 – 有灼伤危险!**
+
+如果频繁使用电器并且热密封时间很长，那么真空密封隔层中的热封条会变得非常热。
+
+▶ 切勿触碰灼热的热封条。
+
+▶ 请将儿童留在安全距离以外。
+
+**警告 – 有电击危险!**
+
+渗入的水分可能引起电击。
+
+▶ 不要使用蒸汽清洁器或高压清洁器清洁本机器。
+
+**要求**
+
+■ 电器关断。
+
+■ 确保真空密封隔层中的热封条已冷却。
+
+1. 用湿布和中性清洁剂(例如洗涤液和水)清洁电器。在清洁期间,请确保没有水或其他液体进入真空密封隔层中,或者,要特别避免水或其他液体进入真空泵的出风口。
+切勿用水喷射电器的内部或外部。
+
+2. 对电器和附件进行清洁之后要待其充分晾干。
+
+### 10.3 清洁玻璃面板和玻璃盖
+
+▶ 使用玻璃清洁剂和软布清洁玻璃面板和玻璃盖。
+不要使用可能造成磨损的任何研磨海绵或任何玻璃刮刀。
+
+### 10.4 清洁不锈钢真空密封隔层
+
+1. 必须迅速清除水垢、油脂、淀粉或蛋白形成的污渍。这类污迹可能会引起腐蚀。
+
+2. 用水和一些洗涤液进行清洁。
+
+3. 用软布擦干。
+
+### 10.5 清洁塑料控制面板
+
+▶ 用软布清洁控制面板。
+不要使用可能造成磨损的任何研磨海绵或任何玻璃刮刀。
+
+### 10.6 清洁热封条
+
+**注意!**
+
+用洗碗机清洁会造成损坏。
+
+▶ 切勿用洗碗机清洁电器部件。
+
+1. 去除热封条上的剩余薄膜。
+
+2. 切勿使用腐蚀性清洁剂清洁热封条。
+
+3. 用软布擦干。
+
+### 10.7 清洁附件
+
+**注意!**
+
+用洗碗机清洁会造成损坏。
+
+▶ 切勿用洗碗机清洁电器部件。
+
+1. 使用海绵布和热肥皂水沿着饰面方向进行清洁。
+
+2. 用软布擦干。
+
+
+
+## 11 处理故障
+
+设备上发生的小故障,您大多可以自行解决。联系客户服务之前,请先运用处理故障信息尝试自行解决。此举可避免不必要的支出。
+
+**警告 – 有受伤危险!**
+
+维修不当可能发生危险。
+
+▶ 仅限合格的专业人员才能对本机器进行维修。
+
+▶ 若本机器故障,请致电客户服务。
+
+**警告 – 有电击危险!**
+
+维修不当可能发生危险。
+
+▶ 唯有合格的专业人员方可维修机器。
+
+▶ 仅限使用符合原厂要求的部件来维修机器。
+
+▶ 如果电源软线损坏,为了避免危险,必须由制造商、其维修部或类似部门的专业人员更换。
+
+### 11.1 功能故障
+
+
+| 故障 | 故障原因和故障排除 |
|---|
+| 真空密封过程将不启动。即使盖子关闭,也不出现
+
+。 | 玻璃盖上的门开关丢失,或电器未检测到这个开关。▶ 致电→ "客户服务",*页11*。 |
+| 如果您尝试连续多次操作电器,真空密封过程似乎正常运行,但是没有对袋子进行热封。 | 热封变压器的温度保护开关已跳闸。1. 让电器至少冷却10分钟。2. 在各个真空密封操作之间让电器至少冷却2分钟。3. 重新启动真空密封过程。 |
+| 真空密封过程需要的时间越来越长。 | 泵系统中湿气太重。▶ 启动烘干过程。→ "启动烘干",*页7* |
+| 泵系统极其灼热。1. 让电器冷却下来。2. 重新启动真空密封过程。 |
+| 袋子损坏,意味着真空密封袋中没有真空。 | 食物的尖锐部分(例如,骨头)可能会刺穿袋子。1. 检查袋子有无损坏。2. 使用不同的袋子。3. 将要进行真空密封的边缘锋利的食物放入袋中时,不要损坏袋壁。 |
+| 热封缝损坏,意味着真空密封袋中没有真空。 | 所选的热封时间不适合于薄膜套。▶ 选择其他热封时间。 |
+| 沿着热封缝到处都有液体、油脂、碎屑或褶皱。1. 确保袋子干燥, 没有褶皱, 并且完全放置在热封条上。2. 使用不同的袋子。3. 在填充袋子之前, 将它的边缘折叠 3 cm。 |
+| 盖子无法打开。 | 已经形成少量真空, 使得盖子保持关闭。1. 切勿用力打开盖子。2. 再次启动真空密封, 然后立即取消。3. 拔下电器主电源插头。4. 等候 30 秒钟, 然后重新启动电器。5. 触摸 5 秒钟以上。✓ 电器复位。 |
+
+### 11.2 显示面板中的注意事项
+
+
+| 故障 | 故障原因和故障排除 |
|---|
+| 几秒钟之后,
+
+ 将显示。 | 玻璃盖未正确关闭。1. 再次打开并关闭玻璃盖。2. 当执行此操作时, 在最初几秒钟内轻轻地按压玻璃盖。 |
+| 玻璃盖上的密封未正确安装或有损坏。▶ 检查密封。 |
+| 玻璃盖上的密封已变形。▶ 轻轻按下密封, 将其理顺。 |
+| 外部真空密封容器上的盖子未正确关闭。1. 检查外部真空适配器的安装。2. 务必使用合适的真空密封容器。 |
+| 外部真空适配器未正确安装在真空腔室的排气口上。▶ 检查外部真空适配器的安装。 |
+| 在泵运行 2 分钟之后显示
+
+。 | 液体开始随着负压的不断升高而蒸发, 从而令真空无法建立。1. 仅真空密封冷的液体。2. 如果真空密封隔层潮湿, 请将其擦干。3. 若形成大气泡, 应提前对真空密封袋进行热封。4. 选择较低的真空密封级别。 |
+| 执行烘干过程后,
+
+ 和 亮起。 | 只进行一次烘干过程是不够的。1. 等待, 直到  不再亮起。2. 重复烘干过程。→ "启动烘干", *页7* |
+
+
+
+## 12 工作原理
+
+您可以在此找到各种菜式的理想设置以及最佳的附件和烹饪容器。我们为您的电器量身定制了这些建议。
+
+### 12.1 适用于真空低温烹饪的真空密封
+
+您可以使用真空密封抽屉制备真空低温烹饪食物。真空低温烹饪是指以 50 - 95 ℃的低温和 100% 蒸汽或在双层蒸锅中在真空下进行的烹饪。
+
+真空密封抽屉用于将食物热封在特制的气密、耐热烹饪袋中。
+
+**警告 – 有损害健康的危险!**
+
+真空恒温煮是一种低温烹饪方法,如果不遵守使用说明和卫生说明,可能会造成不利的健康影响。
+
+▶ 务必使用质量上乘、完全新鲜的食物。
+
+▶ 双手洗净、消毒。
+
+▶ 使用一次性手套、烹饪钳或烧烤钳。
+
+▶ 烹制重要食物(如家禽、鸡蛋和鱼类)时要格外小心。
+
+▶ 水果和蔬菜必须彻底冲洗、削皮。
+
+▶ 工作台面和案板始终保持干净。
+
+▶ 用不同的案板加工不同类型的食物。
+
+▶ 制备食物时只能短暂中断冷藏链。
+
+▶ 在启动烹饪过程之前,请将真空密封食物储存在冰箱中。
+
+▶ 食物煮好后应立即食用。烹饪后不要储存,即使放在冰箱里储存也不行。此类食物不适合重新加热。
+
+**注意**
+
+■ 使用封闭的真空密封袋进行真空低温烹饪。您可以重新订购真空密封袋。
+
+■ 请勿使用购买食物(如鱼块)时的包装袋来烹饪食物。这些袋子不适用于真空低温烹饪。
+
+■ 将多份食物彼此相邻地放入真空袋,不要上下堆叠。
+
+**适用于真空低温烹饪的真空密封**
+
+1. 为了实现均匀的热量传递并因此实现完美的烹饪效果, 请使用最高的真空密封级别对食物进行真空密封。
+
+2. 烹制食物前,请检查真空密封袋中的真空状态是否完好。为此,请参考以下各点:
+
+\- 真空密封袋里没有空气。
+
+\- 热封接缝完全密封。
+
+\- 真空密封袋中没有孔。勿使用中心温度探针。
+
+\- 已真空密封在一起的肉块或鱼块不直接相互挤压。
+
+\- 蔬菜和甜点应平放着进行真空密封。
+
+3. 如果真空密封袋未正确填充,请将食物放入一个新的真空密封袋,然后再次进行真空密封。
+
+**注**: 为了防止气体从食物(例如蔬菜)中逸出,食物在烹饪之前的真空密封时间不超过一天。真空压力造成的结果是,气体妨碍热传递或导致食物质地改变,从而影响食物外观。
+
+### 12.2 玻璃瓶真空密封
+
+您也可以使用真空密封抽屉对玻璃瓶(例如,烹饪油瓶)进行真空密封和重新密封。
+
+1. 将出风口装在真空密封接头上,使软管的出风口垂直朝上。
+
+2. 将瓶盖固定在瓶口上。
+
+3. 将瓶子接头按压在瓶盖上。
+
+4. 将软管从真空密封接头上断开,并固定瓶子接头。
+
+
+
+5. 触摸 ,选择真空密封级别。
+
+\- 务必以最低级别对瓶子进行真空密封。
+
+\- 请勿对任何碳酸饮料(例如起泡酒)进行真空密封。
+
+6. 触摸 ,启动真空密封过程。
+
+✓ 已达到的真空密封级别指示灯将会亮起,同时响起一声信号音。
+
+7. 将软管从瓶子接头和外部真空接头上拆下。
+
+8. 从瓶盖上拔下瓶子接头。
+
+### 12.3 快速腌泡和调味
+
+您可以使用真空密封袋快速对食物(如肉类、水果和蔬菜)进行调味或腌泡。
+
+以传统的方式腌泡食物通常需要很长的时间,而且不是特别入味。当用袋子进行真空密封时,食物的细胞孔会打开。加入的腌泡汁可被迅速吸收。这样会在短得多的时间内产生更浓郁的风味。
+
+### 12.4 存储和运输食物
+
+您可以利用真空密封过程延长食物储存时间,并能享受更多好处。
+
+■ 由于真空中的低氧环境,在储存得当的情况下真空密封过的新鲜食物的可食用时间将延长。
+
+■ 在食物经过冷冻和真空密封之后,冻伤效应较低。
+
+■ 可以将食物(如酱和调味汁)放在玻璃瓶中重新密封。
+
+■ 真空密封会显著地延长储存时间。
+
+■ 储存奶酪、鱼类或大蒜等食物时没有任何令人讨厌的气味。在真空密封期间发生的气密密封意味着任何讨厌的气味都不会逸出,气味不会被其他食物吸收。
+
+■ 密封的真空密封袋或真空密封容器是液体食物的理想运输方式。它们易于处理、防漏且节省空间。
+
+**注意!**
+
+过高的玻璃容器可能会损坏电器的玻璃盖。
+
+▶ 不要使用长度超过 80 cm 的玻璃容器。
+
+
+
+**注意**
+
+■ 务必使用坚固且完好无损的带螺旋盖的罐子。
+
+■ 只能用手拧紧容器。容器会通过真空密封过程自动密封。
+
+■ 并非所有罐子或盖子都适合用于再次真空密封。在真空密封之后,请检查是否形成真空。如果盖子向内凹,并且要用很大力气才能打开,这说明真空过程已发生作用。将盖子朝里推,然后松开,如果盖子发出“滴答”声,或者如果很容易打开盖子,则没有形成真空。重复真空处理过程或者使用更合适的螺旋盖罐子。
+
+### 12.5 推荐设置
+
+本节为您提供不同食物的真空密封级别建议。请遵守关于所建议的真空密封级别和食物制备的特定信息。
+
+当储存得当时,真空密封食物的保鲜时间将大大延长。提高真空密封级别可保持食物的质量、外观和成分。
+
+**注意**
+
+■ 务必使用新鲜的食物。
+
+■ 在对食物进行真空密封之前，请检查食物的质量。
+
+■ 务必真空密封冷的食物 – 最好是在 1 – 8 °C 的温度范围内。
+
+■ 从建议的真空密封级别的最低一级开始。
+
+■ 将食物从贮藏处取出之后，请检查食物的质量。不要使用质量可疑的任何食物。
+
+**储存在室温 (20 °C 到 23 °C) 下的食物**
+
+| 食物 | 真空密封级别 | 推荐 |
|---|
| 烘焙食品 | 1, 2, 3 | | | 干的烘焙食品/饼干 | 1 | | | 茶和咖啡 | 1, 2, 3 | 储存在阴暗处 | | 米饭和意大利面 | 2 | 容器真空密封 | | 面粉和粗小麦粉 | 1 | | | 去壳坚果 | 3 | 储存在阴暗处 | | 水果干 | 3 | | | 咸饼干和薯片 | 1, 2 | 容器真空密封 |
+
+**已冷冻(-18℃到-16℃)或储存在冰箱中(3℃到7℃)的新鲜食物**
+
+| 食物 | 真空密封级别 | 推荐 |
|---|
| 鱼 | 3 | | | 家禽 | 3 | | | 肉 | 3 | | | 整根香肠 | 3 | | | 切片香肠 | 3 | | | 硬质奶酪 | 3 | | | 软质奶酪 | 2 | 容器真空密封 | | 蔬菜 | 2 | 预先削皮和焯水 | | 洗过的蔬菜沙拉 | 2 | 容器真空密封 | | 香草 | 1, 2 | 容器真空密封 | | 水果(硬) | 3 | | | 水果(软) | 2 | 容器真空密封建议预结霜 |
+
+
+
+## 13 处理旧机器
+
+### 13.1 处理旧机器
+
+旧机器本身含有一些有用的原料,通过环保的方式加以处理可回收再利用。
+
+1. 拔出电源线的电源插头。
+
+2. 剪断电源线。
+
+3. 按环保的方式废弃处理机器。
+关于有效的回收处理方法的信息,请询问专业经销商以及市政当局或城市管理部门。
+
+
+
+
+
+对本设备根据有关电气和电子设备报废的欧洲规定 2012/19/EU (waste electrical and electronic equipment – WEEE) 进行标记。
+
+该规定管理在欧洲范围内对报废设备的回收和再生。
+
+
+
+
+
+## 14 客户服务
+
+有关您所在国家/地区的保修期和保修条款的详细信息, 请向本公司的客户服务、经销商或在本公司网站查询。
+
+联系客户服务时,需要告知产品编号(E-Nr.)和制造编号(FD)。
+
+有关客户服务的联络信息,请查看随附的客户服务索引或本公司的网站。
+
+### 14.1 产品编号 (E-Nr.) 和制造编号 (FD)
+
+可在机器的规格铭牌上查看产品编号(E-Nr.)和制造编号(FD)。
+
+当您打开抽屉时,就可以查看印有编号的规格铭牌。
+
+如要快速查找机器数据和客户服务电话号码,您可以将该数据记录下来。
+
+### 14.2 技术数据
+
+| 额定电压 | 220 V | | 额定频率 | 50 Hz | | 额定功率 | 290 W |
+
+原产地: 斯洛伐克
+GB 4706.1
+
+家用和类似用途电器的安全 第1部分: 通用要求
+
+
+
+## 15 安装说明书
+
+安装机器时请遵守此信息。
+
+
+
+### 15.1 装箱清单
+
+拆开包装后，请检查所有部件是否在运输过程中发生损坏，供货是否完整。
+
+
+
+### 15.2 橱柜尺寸
+
+您可在此处查看电器的尺寸
+
+
+
+### 15.3 嵌入式安装柜
+
+可在此查看有关安全安装的注意事项。
+
+**注意！**
+
+将电器安装在装饰板后方可能会导致电器过热。
+
+▶ 请勿将电器安装在装饰板后方。
+
+**在高柜中安装**
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+**在工作台下安装**
+
+
+
+将电器安装在工作台或灶具下方时请使用以下尺寸：
+
+
+
+| 尺寸单位: mm | a 台上式安装或齐平安装 | b | c 台上式安装或齐平安装 |
|---|
| 无灶具 | | | 160 | | 电磁灶 | 30/30 | 5 | 200/201 | | 全区电磁灶 | 40/40 | 5 | 210/211 | | 燃气灶 | 20/30 | 2 | 190/193 | | 电灶 | 30/30 | 5 | 190/197 |
+
+a: 根据灶具安装说明所建议的工作面厚度。
+
+b: 灶具与真空抽屉之间所需的距离。
+
+c: 真空抽屉搁架和工作面底部之间所需的距离。
+
+**注**: 注意灶具安装说明。
+
+
+
+### 15.4 安全安装
+
+安装电器时，请遵守相关安全说明。
+
+**警告 - 有窒息危险！**
+
+孩童有可能用包装材料将头部套住或将自己缠住而造成窒息。
+
+▶ 请让孩童远离包装材料。
+
+▶ 切勿让孩童用包装材料玩耍。
+
+**警告 - 有电击危险！**
+
+电源线绝缘层若损坏将造成危险。
+
+▶ 请勿将电源线靠近发热的机器部件或热源。
+
+▶ 请勿将电源线靠近锋利的尖锐处或边缘。
+
+▶ 切勿弯折、挤压或更改电源线。
+
+### 15.5 电气连接说明
+
+为将电器安全连接至电气系统，请遵守相关说明。
+
+■ 只能将电器连接至安装正确且带保护触点的插座。只能由合格的电工根据相关规范安装插座或更换电源线。
+
+■ 只能使用随电器提供的电源线连接电器。将电源线连接至电器的后部。
+
+■ 售后服务部门可为您提供各种插头类型的电源线。
+
+■ 切勿使用多插头转接头、多头连接器或接线板。过载会导致着火危险。
+
+■ 若安装后无法接触到插头，则必须根据安装规范在永久性电气安装的电源相位中提供分区。
+
+### 15.6 工具
+
+安装时需要以下工具。
+
+■ 卷尺
+
+■ 游标卡尺
+
+■ 铅笔
+
+■ 角撑
+
+■ Torx 20 螺丝刀
+
+■ 大号平头螺丝刀
+
+■ 剪钳
+
+### 15.7 安装
+
+**准备电器**
+
+电器中安装了一个装有机油的泵。如果倾斜太大，机油可能会从泵中流出。切勿倾斜或倒置电器。
+
+**注意！**
+
+如果真空泵翻倒或倾斜，其中的机油可能会泄漏，从而导致电器损坏。
+
+▶ 如果泵尚未安装运输锁，请勿移动电器。
+
+▶ 拆卸电器时，请先装上运输锁，然后再移动电器。
+
+**要求**：使用合适的工具拆除运输锁并安装滤油器。
+
+1. 小心地将电器从包装中取出。
+
+
+
+2. 从电器顶部拆除泵的运输锁。
+
+
+
+3. 将运输锁固定到电器后部，以供日后使用。
+
+
+
+4. 安装滤油器。
+
+
+
+5. 将盖子放入开孔中并移至左侧。
+
+
+
+6. **警告 - 有倾翻危险!**
+拆除运输锁后, 抽屉可能会打开, 从而导致电器翻倒。
+▶ 请确保抽屉始终锁闭。
+▶ 用重物压住电器。
+▶ 安装完倾斜保护装置后, 方可打开抽屉。
+拆下运输锁螺钉。
+
+
+
+7. 将电源线插到电器后部的插座中。
+
+**准备橱柜**
+
+▶ 安装防倾倒装置。注意拧紧长孔上部的螺栓。
+
+
+
+**注**: 防倾倒装置可进行高度调节, 以便将电器轻松推入橱柜中。
+
+**安装电器**
+
+**警告 - 有电击危险!**
+
+电源线绝缘层若损坏将造成危险。
+
+▶ 请勿将电源线靠近发热的机器部件或热源。
+
+▶ 请勿将电源线靠近锋利的尖锐处或边缘。
+
+▶ 切勿弯折、挤压或更改电源线。
+
+**警告 - 有受伤危险!**
+
+拆下运输锁后, 抽屉可能会在运输过程中突然打开。
+
+▶ 运送电器时, 请确保抽屉不会突然打开。
+
+1. 将电源线插入带保护触点的插座中。
+
+2. **警告 - 有受伤危险!**
+抬起机器时, 沉重的重量可能会造成受伤。
+▶ 请勿自行抬起机器。
+将电器推入橱柜中。
+
+
+
+3. 将电器对中。
+
+
+
+4. 小心打开抽屉, 以检查防倾倒装置。
+
+
+
+5. 旋紧电器。
+
+
+
+**调整橱柜面板**
+
+必要时将橱柜面板调到垂直。
+
+1. 打开抽屉。
+
+2. 松开侧面螺栓。
+
+
+
+3. 将橱柜面板向上或向下移动。
+
+
+
+**拧紧橱柜面板**
+
+▶ 重新旋紧侧面螺栓。
+
+
+
+## 食品接触用材料及制品信息
+
+**本产品中下列预期或可能与食品接触用材料及制品,符合**GB 4806.1-2016**及相应食品接触材料及制品的食品安全国家标准要求。**
+
+| 食品接触用材料 | 用途 | 执行标准 | 备注 |
|---|
| 塑料 | PA/PE | 真空包装袋等 | GB 4806.7-2016 | |
+
+**注1:上表包含了本公司生产的此类产品的预期或可能与食品接触的全部部件,本产品的部件以实际配置为准。**
+
+**注2:请根据说明书要求正常使用本产品,限制使用条件见上表备注栏。**
+
+**未按上述要求使用本产品所造成的食品污染以及相应的人身损害由使用人自行承担相应法律责任。**
+
+**如您对此有任何疑问,请拨打本产品所提供的公司客服电话。**
+
+产品中有害物质的名称及含量
+
+| 部件名称 | 有害物质 | | 铅(Pb) | 汞(Hg) | 镉(Cd) | 六价铬(Cr(VI)) | 多溴联苯(PBB) | 多溴二苯醚(PBDE) | | 印制电路组件 | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | | 显示单元 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | | 电源线及连接线 | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | | 泵和电机 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | | 外壳组件 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | | 薄膜热封元件 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | | 门体组件 | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | | 本表格依据 SJ/T 11364 的规定编制。○: 表示该有害物质在该部件所有均质材料中的含量均在 GB/T 26572 规定的限量要求以下。×: 表示该有害物质至少在该部件的某一均质材料中的含量超出 GB/T 26572 规定的限量要求。 |
+
+注意: 上表包含了本公司生产的此类产品的全部部件, 本产品的部件以实际配置为准。
+
+如您对此有任何疑问, 请拨打本产品所提供的公司客服电话。
+
+
+| 产品环保信息提示性说明
+
+请按照产品说明书的要求使用和维护本产品, 不当利用或者处置本产品可能会对环境和人类健康造成影响。
+
+依照国家《废弃电器电子产品回收处理条例》的有关规定, 当您计划将此产品废弃时, 请将其交给具有废弃电器电子产品处理资格的处理企业进行处理。产品中有毒有害物质含量信息参照上表。 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+**ZH** 由博西家用电器（中国）有限公司根据西门子股份公司的商标许可制造
+
+**BSH Hausgeräte GmbH**
+Carl-Wery-Straße 34,
+81739 München, GERMANY
+
+原产地：斯洛伐克
+
+总经销商：博西家用电器（中国）有限公司
+地址：
+中国江苏省南京市鼓楼区清江南路18号3幢
+客户服务热线：400 889 9999
+客户服务电子邮箱：
+careline.china@bshg.com
+siemens-home.bsh-group.cn
+
+
+
+**9001715541** (040227)
+
+
+
+西门子家电官方微信公众号
+
+zh
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_46.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_46.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..78218b5ee8474d69096581abc2d199c6f6bde587
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_46.md
@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+
+
+RAZER PRO CLICK MINI
+
+# 高级用户指南
+
+**Razer Pro Click Mini** 让你不管身在何处都可投入工作。这款出色的鼠标是你随时随地提高工作效率的理想之选。这款便携型产品采用小巧的外形设计,不但点击声音安静,而且浏览页面轻松简单,是你随时随地的工作好伙伴。
+
+## 目录
+
+1. 内含物品/要求... 3
+2. 简要介绍... 5
+3. 入门指南... 6
+4. 使用鼠标... 10
+5. 配置 RAZER PRO CLICK MINI... 12
+6. 安全与维护... 25
+7. 法律声明... 27
+
+## 1. 内含物品/要求
+
+### 内含物品
+
+- Razer Pro Click Mini
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A. 鼠标左键
+
+B. 鼠标右键
+
+C. Razer™ HyperScroll 纵横滚轮
+
+D. 左倾单击
+
+E. 右倾单击
+
+F. Razer™ HyperScroll 纵横滚轮模式切换开关
+
+■ 自由滚动模式
+
+■ 触感滚动模式
+
+G. 低电量指示灯
+
+H. 鼠标按键 5
+
+I. 鼠标按键 4
+
+J. Razer™ 雷蛇高效工作接收器
+
+K. 流畅、安静无声的鼠标垫脚
+
+L. 原生 12K DPI 5G 光学传感器
+
+M. 配对指示灯
+
+N. 配对/切换按键
+
+O. 切换开关
+
+■ 蓝牙模式
+
+■ 关机模式
+
+■ Razer™ HyperSpeed Wireless 雷蛇极速无线（2.4 GHz）模式
+
+- 2 节 5 号 (AA) 电池
+
+- 重要产品信息指南
+
+### 要求
+
+#### 产品要求
+
+- USB-A 端口或蓝牙 5.1 连接
+
+- 2 节 5 号 (AA) 电池*
+
+#### RAZER SYNAPSE 雷云要求
+
+- Windows®8 64 位 (或更高版本)
+
+- 互联网连接，用于软件安装
+
+**Razer Pro Click Mini 也可只用一颗 5 号 (AA) 电池工作。*
+
+## 2. 简要介绍
+
+你现在拥有了一台非常棒的设备，并且附带两年的有限保修。即刻通过 razerid.razer.com/cn-zh 在线注册，充分发挥设备的所有功能，并获得 Razer 雷蛇的独家福利。
+
+
+
+如果遇到问题,请通过 support.razer.com/cn 向 Razer 雷蛇支持团队提出问题。
+
+## 3. 入门指南
+
+### 放入电池
+
+1. 取下鼠标的顶盖，然后按照电池仓中的指示插入 5 号 (AA) 电池。
+
+*Razer Pro Click Mini 也可只用一颗 5 号 (AA) 电池工作。*
+
+
+
+**警告：两节随机附赠的 5 号 (AA) 非可充电电池。请遵守你当地的环境法律处理这些电池。为了你的安全考虑，请仅使用碱性电池，并且勿将新旧电池混合使用。**
+
+2. 将顶盖重新安装到鼠标上，并确保其正确就位。
+
+
+
+*如果你在以后很长一段时间内都不打算使用鼠标，建议将电池从鼠标中取出。*
+
+### 连接鼠标
+
+#### A. 通过 RAZER™ HYPERSPEED WIRELESS 雷蛇极速无线 (2.4 GHz) 模式
+
+1. 拆下鼠标的顶盖并取出 Razer™ 雷蛇高效工作接收器。
+
+
+
+2. 盖上顶盖，并将 Razer™ 雷蛇高效工作接收器插入电脑的 USB 端口。
+
+
+
+3. 将切换开关推至 Razer™ HyperSpeed Wireless 雷蛇极速无线 (2.4 GHz) 模式。成功连接后，配对指示灯会短暂变为白色常亮。
+
+
+
+你现在可以在无线模式下使用 Razer Pro Click Mini。
+
+#### B. 通过蓝牙模式
+
+1. 将切换开关推至蓝牙模式 ()。
+
+
+
+2. 按配对/切换按键，为你的蓝牙设备选择一个槽位。你可以在 Razer Pro Click Mini 上配对最多 3 台蓝牙设备。配对指示灯将每隔一段时间闪烁两次，显示鼠标处于配对模式。
+
+
+
+
+
+3. 启用设备上的蓝牙功能，并在发现设备列表中选择“ProClick M”。
+
+4. 等待一会，直到两个设备完成配对。配对完成时，配对指示灯会快速变为常亮，然后熄灭。
+
+
+
+*成功配对后，只要你的设备处于蓝牙模式且在有效范围内，Razer Pro Click Mini 就会自动连接至上一次配对的设备。请使配对设备尽量相互靠近，以便更快更稳定地实现连接。*
+
+恭喜你，你现在可以在蓝牙模式下使用 Razer Pro Click Mini。
+
+## 4. 使用鼠标
+
+### 将新设备配对至蓝牙槽位
+
+要将新设备配对至当前在使用的任意蓝牙槽位，请按配对/切换键选择一个槽位，然后按住配对/切换键 3 秒钟以激活其配对模式。配对指示灯将每隔一段时间闪烁两次，显示设备处于配对模式。
+
+
+
+按照设备的说明将设备与鼠标进行配对。一旦配对完成，配对指示灯会快速变为常亮，然后熄灭。
+
+### 低电量通知
+
+当所装电池的电量低于 5%* 时，低电量指示灯将每隔一段时间闪烁两次红色灯光。这种点亮方式将一直重复，直至电池电量耗尽。看到此提醒时，请尽快更换电池。
+
+
+
+### 切换滚动模式
+
+你可以通过 Razer™ HyperScroll 纵横滚轮模式切换开关控制浏览长文档和页面的方式。要切换滚动模式，请将 Razer™ HyperScroll 纵横滚轮模式切换开关向前推以启用不受限制的滚轮自由度，以便在自由滚动模式下更快地浏览；或将开关推至后方位置以通过触觉模式精确控制滚轮的滚动。
+
+
+
+### 个性化你的鼠标
+
+使用 Razer Synapse 雷云应用程序来根据你的工作风格调整鼠标的 DPI、微调灵敏度设置以及自定义鼠标上可用的其他功能。
+
+*出现提示时安装 Razer Synapse 雷云，或从 [cn.razer.com/synapse](http://cn.razer.com/synapse) 下载安装程序。*
+
+## 5. 配置 RAZER PRO CLICK MINI
+
+*安装、更新和基于云的功能均需要互联网连接。建议你注册 Razer ID 账号，但并非强制。本文列出的所有功能特性在不同的软件版本、连接的设备和支持的应用及软件上可能会有所不同。*
+
+### SYNAPSE 雷云选项卡
+
+当你首次启动 Razer Synapse 雷云 时，Razer Synapse 雷云选项卡将是默认选项卡。此控制板 可以允许您浏览子选项。
+
+#### 控制板
+
+“控制板”子选项卡是 Razer Synapse 雷云 的总控制台，你可以在其中访问所有 Razer 设备、模块和在线服务。
+
+
+
+#### 模块
+
+“模块”子选项卡列出了所有已安装及可供安装的模块。
+
+
+
+#### 通用快捷键
+
+将操作或 Razer Synapse 雷云功能绑定到你的 Razer 雷蛇外围设备的自定义按键组合，覆盖
+配置文件特有的各种绑定。[了解更多有关“配置文件”的信息](#)
+
+*只会识别支持 Razer Synapse 雷云之设备的输入。*
+
+
+
+### 鼠标+垫 选项卡
+
+“鼠标”选项卡是 Razer Pro Click Mini 的主选项卡。你可以在当中更改鼠标的设置，例如按键分配和 DPI 灵敏度。你可以在这里更改鼠标的设置，例如按键分配、DPI 灵敏度和灯光效果。在此选项卡中做出的更改，会自动保存到你的系统和云存储空间。
+
+#### 自定义
+
+“自定义”子选项卡用于修改鼠标的按键分配。
+
+
+
+##### *配置文件*
+
+配置文件是用于保存所有 Razer 外围设备设置的数据存储。默认情况下，配置文件名称以系统名称为基础。只需按下“其他”按钮 ()，即可添加、重命名、复制或删除配置文件。
+
+##### *标准 / Hypershift*
+
+Hypershift 模式是次级按键分配组合，在按下 Hypershift 按键时会被激活。默认情况下， Hypershift 按键被分配给支持 Razer Synapse 雷云 的键盘的 FN 键，但你可以将任何鼠标按键分配为 Hypershift 键。
+
+##### *极速多设备配对*
+
+使用此功能可将其他与 HyperSpeed 无线技术兼容的设备与 Razer Pro Click Mini 的 Razer™ 雷蛇高效工作接收器配对。由于 Razer™ 雷蛇高效工作接收器可以同时支持键盘和鼠标，因此你不再需要为键盘和鼠标使用独立的接收器。
+
+*要使用此功能，必须通过 HyperSpeed（2.4 Ghz）极速无线模式连接 Razer Pro Click Mini。每个外围设备一次只能连接到一个接收器。*
+
+##### *侧栏*
+
+单击“侧栏”按钮 () 将显示 Razer Pro Click Mini 的所有当前按键分配。
+
+
+
+或者，你可以通过在“自定义”选项卡选择具体的按键分配以跳到该项。
+
+
+
+选择按键分配后，你可以将其更改为以下功能之一：
+
+###### 默认设置
+
+此选项使你能够将鼠标按键恢复到其原始设置。
+
+###### 键盘功能
+
+此选项会将按键分配更改为键盘功能。你可以选择启用 Turbo 模式，使得按下有关按键等同于反复按下键盘功能按键。
+
+###### 鼠标功能
+
+此选项会将当前按键分配替换为另一个鼠标功能。下面列出了你可以选择的功能：
+
+* 左键单击 — 使用分配的按键执行单击鼠标左键的操作。
+
+* 右键单击 — 使用分配的按键执行单击鼠标右键的操作。
+
+* 滚轮单击 — 激活通用滚动功能。
+
+* 双击 — 使用分配的按键执行双击鼠标左键的操作。
+
+* 鼠标按键 4 — 在大多数互联网浏览器上执行“后退”命令。
+
+* 鼠标按键 5 — 在大多数互联网浏览器上执行“前进”命令。
+
+* 向上滚动 — 使用分配的按键执行“向上滚动”命令。
+
+* 向下滚动 — 使用分配的按键执行“向下滚动”命令。
+
+* 向左滚动 — 使用分配的按键执行“向左滚动”命令。
+
+* 向右滚动 — 使用分配的按键执行“向右滚动”命令。
+
+* 重复向上滚动 — 按下分配的按键时继续执行“向上滚动”命令。
+
+* 重复向下滚动 — 按下分配的按键时继续执行“向下滚动”命令。
+
+你还可以在一些鼠标功能中启用 Turbo 模式，它允许你在按住按键时等同于反复按下并释放有关的功能按键。
+
+###### 灵敏度
+
+此功能使你能够按一下按键就能更改 Razer Pro Click Mini 的 DPI 设置。下面列出了各个灵敏度选项及其说明：
+
+* 灵敏度滑块 — 在按住指定按键时会将灵敏度更改为预定义的 DPI。释放按键将返回到之前的灵敏度。
+
+* 提升灵敏度等级 — 将当前灵敏度提高一个等级。
+
+* 降低灵敏度等级 — 将当前灵敏度下降一个等级。
+
+* 飞敏灵敏度 — 按下指定按键并向上或向下移动滚轮将分别增加或减少当前 DPI。
+
+* 向上循环灵敏度等级 — 将当前灵敏度等级增加一级。达到最高灵敏度等级后，再次按下按键时，它将返回到第 1 等级。
+
+* 向下循环灵敏度等级 — 将当前灵敏度等级减少一级。达到第 1 等级后，再次按下按键时，它将返回到最高灵敏度等级。
+
+[单击此处了解有关灵敏度等级的更多信息](#)
+
+###### 宏
+
+宏是按照精确定时执行的击键和按键按压的预先记录顺序。通过将按键功能设置为宏，你可以方便地执行一连串的命令。只有安装了宏模块，才能看到此功能。
+
+###### 切换配置文件
+
+切换配置文件使你能够快速更改配置文件并加载一组新的按键分配。每当切换配置文件时，屏幕上都会显示通知。
+
+###### 设备交互
+
+通过设备交互，你可以更改其他启用 Razer Synapse 的设备的功能。其中某些功能是特定设备特有的，例如，使用 Razer 雷蛇键盘可更改 Razer 雷蛇鼠标的灵敏度等级。
+
+###### Razer Hypershift
+
+将按键设置为 Razer Hypershift 可让你通过按住该按键即可激活 Hypershift 模式。
+
+###### 启动程序
+
+启动程序使你能够使用分配的按键打开应用程序或网站。当选择启动程序时，会出现两个选项，要求你搜索要打开的特定应用程序，或者输入你要访问的网站的地址。
+
+###### 多媒体
+
+此选项允许你将多媒体控制按键分配给 Razer 设备。下面列出了你可以选择的多媒体控制按键功能：
+
+* 音量- — 降低音频输出音量。
+
+* 音量+ — 提高音频输出音量。
+
+* 静音 — 使音频静音。
+
+* 麦克风音量+ — 提高麦克风音量。
+
+* 麦克风音量- — 降低麦克风音量。
+
+* 麦克风静音 — 使麦克风静音。
+
+* 全部静音 — 使麦克风和音频输出静音。
+
+* 播放/暂停 — 播放、暂停或继续播放当前媒体文件。
+
+* 上一曲目 — 播放上一曲目。
+
+* 下一曲目 — 播放下一曲目。
+
+###### Windows 快捷键
+
+此选项允许你将鼠标按键分配为执行操作系统快捷键命令。有关更多信息，请访问：: support.microsoft.com/kb/126449
+
+###### 文本功能
+
+文本功能使你能够通过按一下按键便能输入预先写好的文本。只需在指定字段写下所需的文本，然后无论何时按下分配的按键，即可输入文本。此功能具有完整的 Unicode 支持，因此你还可以从字符映射表中插入特殊符号。
+
+###### 禁用
+
+此选项将使已分配的按键无法使用。如果你不想使用所选的按键，或者它干扰到你工作，则可使用“禁用”功能。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_51.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_51.md
new file mode 100644
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+# 商业计划书
+
+项目名称______________________________
+项目单位______________________________
+地址______________________________
+电话______________________________
+传真______________________________
+电子邮件______________________________
+联 系 人______________________________
+
+[公司名称]
+
+[日期]
+
+## 目录
+
+摘要...3
+第一部分 公司基本情况...4
+第二部分 公司管理层...7
+第三部分 产品/服务...9
+第四部分 研究与开发...10
+第五部分 行业及市场情况...11
+第六部分 营销策略...13
+第七部分 产品制造...14
+第八部分 管理...15
+第九部分 融资说明...16
+第十部分 财务计划...17
+第十一部分 风险控制...18
+第十二部分 项目实施进度...18
+第十三部分 其它...18
+
+## 摘要
+
+说明：在两页纸内完成本摘要。
+
+### *[摘要内容参考]*
+
+***1、公司基本情况*** (公司名称、成立时间、注册地区、注册资本, 主要股东、股份比例, 主营业务, 过去三年的销售收入、毛利润、纯利润, 公司地点、电话、传真、联系人。)
+***2、主要管理者情况*** (姓名、性别、年龄、籍贯, 学历/学位、毕业院校, 政治面貌, 行业从业年限, 主要经历和经营业绩。)
+***3、产品/服务描述*** (产品/服务介绍, 产品技术水平, 产品的新颖性、先进性和独特性, 产品的竞争优势。)
+***4、研究与开发*** (已有的技术成果及技术水平, 研发队伍技术水平、竞争力及对外合作情况, 已经投入的研发经费及今后投入计划, 对研发人员的激励机制。)
+***5、行业及市场*** (行业历史与前景, 市场规模及增长趋势, 行业竞争对手及本公司竞争优势, 未来3年市场销售预测。)
+***6、营销策略*** (在价格、促销、建立销售网络等各方面拟采取的策略及其可操作性和有效性, 对销售人员的激励机制。)
+***7、产品制造*** (生产方式, 生产设备, 质量保证, 成本控制。)
+***8、管理*** (机构设置, 员工持股, 劳动合同, 知识产权管理, 人事计划。)
+***9、融资说明*** (资金需求量、用途、使用计划, 拟出让股份, 投资者权利, 退出方式。)
+***10、财务预测*** (未来3年或5年的销售收入、利润、资产回报率等。)
+***11、风险控制*** (项目实施可能出现的风险及拟采取的控制措施。)
+
+## 第一部分 公司基本情况
+
+公司基本情况：
+
+公司名称______________________________
+
+成立时间______________________________
+
+注册资本______________________________
+
+实际到位资本__________________________
+
+其中现金到位__________________________
+
+无形资产占股份比例_____________________%
+
+注册地点_______________________________
+
+公司性质为：*请填写公司性质，如：有限公司、股份有限公司、合伙企业、个人独资等，并说明其中国有成份比例和外资比例。*
+
+公司沿革：*说明自公司成立以来主营业务、股权。注册资本等公司基本情形的变动，并说明这些变动的原因。*
+
+目前公司主要股东情况：*列表说明目前股东的名称及其出资情况，如下表：*
+
+| 股东名称 | 出资额 | 出资形式 | 股份比例 | 联系人 | 联系电话 | | 甲方 | | | | | | | 乙方 | | | | | | | 丙方 | | | | | | | 丁方 | | | | | | | 戊方 | | | | | |
+
+目前公司内部部门设置情况:*以组织机构图来表示本公司的独资、控股、参股有公司经及非法人机构的情况:*
+
+*以图形方式表示，如：*
+
+
+
+公司曾经经营过的业务有 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_、\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、\_\_\_\_\_\_\_。
+
+公司目前经营的业务为 \_\_\_\_\_\_\_、\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、\_\_\_\_\_\_\_。
+
+目前主营业务为 ________________________________。
+
+
+公司目前职工情况：
+*如: 拥有员工____人, 其中管理人员____人, 生产工人____人; 管理人员中, 大专以上文化程度的有____人, 占员工总数____%, 大学本科以上的有____人, 占员工总数____%, 硕士学位(含中级职称)以上的有____人, 占员工总数____%, 博士学位(含高级职称)以上的有____人, 占员工总数____%；*
+
+*最好列表说明，如下表：*
+
+| 员工人数 | 专科文化程度 | 大学本科 | 硕士(中级职称) | 博士(高级职称) |
|---|
| 人数 | 比例 | 人数 | 比例 | 人数 | 比例 | 人数 | 比例 |
|---|
| 管理人员 | | | | | | | | | | 生产工人 | | | | | | | | |
+
+公司经营财务历史：*列表说明：*
+
+（单位：万元）
+
+| 项目 | 本年度 | 前1年 | 前2年 | 前3年 |
|---|
| 销售收入 | | | | | | 毛利润 | | | | | | 纯利润 | | | | | | 总资产 | | | | | | 总负债 | | | | | | 净资产 | | | | | | 负债率 | | | | | | 净资产收益率 | | | | |
+
+公司近期及未来3—5年要实现的目标(行业地位、销售收入、市场占有、产品品牌以及公司股票上市等)：
+
+公司近期及未来3—5年的发展方向、发展战略和要实现的目标：
+
+## 第二部分 公司管理层
+
+董事会成员名单：
+
+| 号 | 职务 | 姓名 | 工作单位 | 学历或职称 | 联系电话 | | 董事长 | | | | | | 副董事长 | | | | | | 董事 | | | | | | 董事 | | | | | | 董事 | | | | | | 董事 | | | | | | 董事 | | | | | | 董事 | | | | | | 董事 | | | | |
+
+**董事长**
+姓名______ 性别______ 年龄______ 籍贯______ 联系电话______
+学历______ 学位______ 所学专业______ 职称______
+毕业院校______ 户口所在地______
+主要经历和业绩：*着重描述在本行内的技术和管理经验及成功事例。*
+
+**总经理**
+姓名______ 性别______ 年龄______ 籍贯______ 联系电话______
+学历______ 学位______ 所学专业______ 职称______
+毕业院校______ 户口所在地______
+主要经历和业绩：*着重描述在本行业内的技术和管理经验及成功事例。*
+
+**技术开发负责人**
+姓名_______ 性别_______ 年龄_______ 籍贯_______ 联系电话_______
+学历_______ 学位_______ 所学专业_______ 职称_______
+毕业院校_______ 户口所在地_______
+主要经历和业绩:*着重描述在本行业内的技术水平、经验和成功事例。*
+
+**市场营销负责人**
+姓名_______ 性别_______ 年龄_______ 籍贯_______ 联系电话_______
+学历_______ 学位_______ 所学专业_______ 职称_______
+毕业院校_______ 户口所在地_______
+主要经历和业绩:*着重描述在本行业的营销经验和成功事例。*
+
+**财务负责人**
+姓名_______ 性别_______ 年龄_______ 籍贯_______ 联系电话_______
+学历_______ 学位_______ 所学专业_______ 职称_______
+毕业院校_______ 户口所在地_______
+主要经历和业绩:*着重描述在财务、金融、筹资、投资等方面的背景、经验和业绩。*
+
+其他对公司发展负有重要责任的人员(可增加附页)
+姓名_______ 性别_______ 年龄_______ 籍贯_______ 联系电话_______
+学历_______ 学位_______ 所学专业_______ 职称_______
+毕业院校_______ 户口所在地_______
+主要经历和业绩:*根据公司的需要,来描述不同人员在特定方面的专长。*
+
+## 第三部分 产品/服务
+
+产品/服务描述(这里主要介绍拟投资的产品/服务的背景、目前所处发展阶段、与同行业其它公司同类产品/服务的比较,本公司产品/服务的新颖性、先进性和独特性,如拥有的专门技术、版权、配方、品牌、销售网络、许可证、专营权、特许权经营等。):
+
+公司现有的和正在申请的知识产权(专利、商标、版权等):
+
+专利申请情况:
+
+产品商标注册情况:
+
+公司是否已签署了有关专利权及其它知识产权转让或授权许可的协议?如果有,请说明(并附主要条款):
+
+目标市场:*这里对产品面向的用户种类要进行详细说明。*
+
+\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、
+\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、
+\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、
+\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_、
+
+产品更新换代周期:*更新换代周期的确定要有资料来源。*
+
+产品标准：*详细列明产品执行的标准。*
+
+详细描述本公司产品/服务的竞争优势（*包括性能、价格、服务等方面*）：
+
+产品的售后服务网络和用户技术支持：
+
+## 第四部分 研究与开发
+
+公司已往的研究与开发成果及其技术先进性（*包括技术鉴定情况、获国际、国家、省、市及有关部门和机构奖励情况*）：
+
+公司参与制订产品或技术的行业标准和质量检测标准情况：
+
+国内外研究与开发情况，以及公司在技术与产品开发方面的国内外主要的竞争对手（5家）情况，公司为提高竞争力拟采取的措施：
+
+到目前为止，公司在技术开发方面的资金总投入是多少，计划再投入的开发资金是多少（*列表说明每年购置开发设备、开发人员工资、试验检测费用、以及与开发有关的其它费用*）：
+
+请说明，今后为保证产品质量，产品升级换代和保持技术先进水平，公司的开发方向、开发重点和正在开发的技术和产品等情况：
+
+公司现有技术开发资源以及技术储备情况：
+
+公司寻求技术开发依托（*如大学、研究所等*）情况，合作方式：
+
+公司将采取怎样的激励机制和措施，来保持关键技术人员和技术队伍的稳定：
+
+公司未来3—5年在开发资金投入和人员投入计划（万元）：
+| 年份 | 第1年 | 第2年 | 第3年 | 第4年 | 第5年 | | 资金投入 | | | | | | | 人员(个) | | | | | |
+
+## 第五部分 行业及市场情况
+
+行业情况（行业发展历史及趋势，哪些行业的变化对产品利润、利润率影响较大，进入该行业的技术壁垒、贸易壁垒。政策限制等，行业市场前景分析与预测）：
+
+过去3年或5年和年全行业销售总额：*必须注明资料来源。*
+
+（单位：万元）
+| 年份 | 前5年 | 前4年 | 前3年 | 前2年 | 前1年 | | 销售收入 | | | | | | | 销售增长率 | | | | | |
+
+未来3年或5年各年全行业销售收入预测：*必须注明资料来源。*
+
+（单位：万元）
+
+
+本公司与行业内五个主要竞争对手的比较：*主要描述在主要销售市场中的竞争对手。*
+
+
+
+市场销售有无行业管制，公司产品进入市场的难度分析：
+
+公司未来3年或5年的销售收入预测（融资不成功的情况下）：
+
+（单位：万元）
+| 年份 | 第1年 | 第2年 | 第3年 | 第4年 | 第5年 | | 销售收入 | | | | | | | 市场份额 | | | | | |
+
+公司未来3年或5年的销售收入预测（融资成功情况下）：
+
+（单位：万元）
+| 年份 | 第1年 | 第2年 | 第3年 | 第4年 | 第5年 | | 销售收入 | | | | | | | 市场份额 | | | | | |
+
+## 第六部分 营销策略
+
+产品销售成本的构成及销售价格制订的依据：
+
+如果产品已经在市场上形成了竞争优势，请说明与哪些因素有关（*如成本相同但销售价格低、成本低形成销售优势、以及产品性能、品牌、销售渠道优于竞争对手产品，等等*）：
+
+在建立销售网络、销售渠道、设立代理商、分销商方面的策略与实施：
+
+在广告促销方面的策略与实施：
+
+在产品销售价格方面的策略与实施：
+
+在建立良好销售队伍方面的策略与实施：
+
+产品售后服务方面的策略与实施：
+
+其它方面的策略与实施：
+
+对销售队伍采取什么样的激励机制：
+
+## 第七部分 产品制造
+
+产品生产制造方式(*公司自建厂生产产品,还是委托生产,或其它方式, 请说明原因*):
+
+公司自建厂情况厂,购买厂房还是租用厂房,厂房面积是多少,生产面积是多少,厂房地点在哪里,交通、运输、通讯是否方便:
+
+现有生产设备情况(*专用设备还是通用设备,先进程度如何,价值是多少,是否投保,最大生产能力是多少,能否满足产品销售增长的要求,如果需要增加设备,采购计划、采购周期及安装调试周期;如果需要大规模建设,是否选择“交钥匙”方式进行,“交钥匙”工程的承包机构是否提供工期、质量方面的保证,如何对这些保证加以实施?*):
+
+请说明,如果设备操作需要特殊技能的员工,如何解决这一问题:
+
+简述产品的生产制造过程、工艺流程:
+
+如何保证主要原材料、元器件、配件以及关键零部件等生产必须品的进货渠道的稳定性、可靠性、质量及进货周期,列出3家主要供应商名单及联系电话:
+
+主要供应商1______________________________
+
+主要供应商2______________________________
+
+主要供应商3______________________________
+
+正常生产状态下，成品率、返修率、废品率控制在怎样的范围内，描述生产过程中产品的质量保证体系、以及关键质量检测设备：
+
+产品成本和生产成本如何控制，有怎样的具体措施：
+
+产品批量销售价格的制订，产品毛利率是多少？纯利润率是多少？
+
+## 第八部分 管理
+
+请说明：为保证融资项目按计划实施，公司准备今后各年陆续设立哪些机构，各机构配备多少人员，人员年收入情况。*请用图表统计表示出来，并在本计划中*。
+
+公司是否通过国内外管理体系认证？
+
+公司对管理层及关键人员将采取怎样的激励机制：
+
+公司是否考虑员工持股问题，请说明：
+
+公司是否与掌握公司关键技术及其它重要信息的人员签定竞业禁止协议，若有，请说明协议主要内容：
+
+公司是否与每个雇员签定劳动用工合同：
+
+公司否与相关员工签定公司技术秘密和商业秘密的保密合同：
+
+公司是否为每位员工购买保险，请说明保险险种：
+
+公司是否存在关联经营和家族管理问题，若有，请说明：
+
+公司与董事会、董事、主要管理者、关键雇员之间是否有实际存在或潜在的利益冲突，如果有，请说明解决办法：
+
+请说明，公司对知识产权、技术秘密和商业秘密的保护措施：
+
+请说明，项目实施过程中，公司需要哪些外部支持，如何获得这些支持：
+
+## 第九部分 融资说明
+
+为保证项目实施，需要新增投资是多少__________万元，
+新增投资中，需投资方投入__________万元，对外借贷__________万元，
+公司自身投入__________万元。如果有对外借贷，抵押或担保措施是什么？
+
+请说明投入资金的用途和使用计划：
+
+希望让投资方参股本公司还是投资合作成立新公司？请说明原因：
+
+拟向投资方出让多少权益？计算依据是什么？
+
+预计未来3年或5年平均每年净资产收益率是少？
+
+投资方可享有哪些监督和管理权力？
+
+如果公司没有实现项目发展计划，公司与管理层向投资方承担哪些责任？
+
+投资方以何种方式收回投资，具体方式和执行时间：
+
+在与公司业务有关的税种和税率方面，公司享受哪些政府提供的优惠政策及未来可能的情况（如：市场准入、减免税等方面的优惠政策）：
+
+需要对投资方说明的其它情况：
+
+## 第十部分 财务计划
+
+产品形成规模销售时，毛利润率为______%，纯利润率为______%
+
+请提供：未来3—5年的项目盈亏平衡表、项目资产负债表、项目损益表、项目现金流量表、项目销售计划表、项目产品成本表；
+
+*（第一年每个月计算现金流量，共12个月，第二年每季度计算现金流量，共四个季度，第三、四、五年每年计算现金流量，共三年）*
+
+*注：每一项财务数据要有依据，要进行财务数据说明。*
+
+## 第十一部分 风险控制
+
+请说细说明该项目实施过程中可能遇到的风险及控制、防范手段（*包括政策风险、加入WTO的风险、技术开发风险、经营管理风险、市场开拓风险、生产风险、财务风险、汇率风险、投资风险、股票风险、对公司关键人员依赖的风险等。以上风险如适用，每项要单独叙述控制和防范手段*）：
+
+## 第十二部分 项目实施进度
+
+详细列明项目实施计划和进度（注明起止时间）：
+
+## 第十三部分 其它
+
+为补充本项目计划书内容，需要进一步说明的有关问题（*如公司或公司主要管理人员和关键人员过去、现在是否卷入法律诉讼及仲裁事件中，对公司有何影响*）。
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
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+# 建省厦门第一中学2003—2004学年度第二学期期中考试高二年英语试卷
+
+命题教师: 林雷平 2004.4
+
+本试卷分第一卷(选择题)和第二卷(非选择题)两部分。第一卷1至12页。第二卷13至16页。考试时间120分钟。
+
+## 第I卷
+
+### I. 听力 (共两节, 满分30分)
+
+#### 第一节 (共5小题; 每小题1.5分, 满分7.5分)
+
+听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题, 从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项, 并标在试卷的相应位置。听完每段对话后, 你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
+
+1. What is the woman suggesting to the man?
+A. He should step on the instruction book.
+B. He should put the table together.
+C. He should read the instruction book.
+
+2. What is the woman telling the man?
+A. She minds if he sits there.
+B. She doesn't mind if he sits there.
+C. She's telling him to go away.
+
+3. What does the man mean?
+A. He has no preference.
+B. He would rather have the party on Tuesday afternoon.
+C. He would rather have the party on Monday morning.
+
+4. Where does this conversation take place?
+A. Inside a bookstore.
+B. Outside an art museum.
+C. Outside a sports center.
+
+5. Why doesn't William bring the drinks?
+A. William forgot about it altogether.
+B. There were no drinks at the store.
+C. The drinks will be sent to him.
+
+#### 第二节 (共15小题; 每小题1.5分, 满分22.5分)
+
+听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题, 从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项,并标在试卷的相应位置。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
+
+**听第 6 段材料，回答第 6 至 8 题。**
+
+6. What does the man want to do?
+A. To have his shoes mended.
+B. To buy a pair of new shoes.
+C. To do shopping in a supermarket.
+
+7. How far is the supermarket?
+A. Six blocks away.
+B. Five blocks away.
+C. Two blocks away.
+
+8. How will the man go to the place?
+A. By bus.
+B. On foot.
+C. In his car.
+
+**听第 7 段材料，回答第 9 至 11 题。**
+
+9. What are the two people talking about?
+A. The weather in China.
+B. Autumn.
+C. The weather in Paris.
+
+10. What does the woman think about autumn in her hometown?
+A. It was the best.
+B. It was terrible.
+C. It was so-so.
+
+11. Where does this conversation take place?
+A. In Paris.
+B. In China.
+C. In Beijing.
+
+**听第 8 段材料，回答第 12 至 14 题。**
+
+12. What is the relationship between the woman and Mike?
+A. Brother and sister.
+B. Husband and wife.
+C. Mother and son.
+
+13. Why is the woman angry with Mike?
+A. He spends too much time on the computer.
+B. He doesn't do his school work at all.
+C. He won't follow her advice.
+
+14. What does the woman ask the man to do?
+A. To phone Mike's teacher.
+B. To have a talk with Mike.
+C. To bring the machine just on Sunday.
+
+**听第9段材料，回答第15至17题。**
+
+15. What is the two speakers' common hobby?
+A. Playing a musical instrument.
+B. Performing on a concert.
+C. Studying the theory of music.
+
+16. How often does the man take part in a concert?
+A. Sometimes.
+B. Often.
+C. Every day.
+
+17. Why does the man suggest going to his uncle's?
+A. Because he can practise under the direction of his uncle.
+B. Because he is not good at the theory of music, either.
+C. Because he wants to help the woman with her lessons.
+
+**听第10段材料，回答第18至20题。**
+
+18. Where exactly is Brighton?
+A. 15 miles from London.
+B. 50 miles from London.
+C. 50 miles from Paris.
+
+19. What's the population of Brighton?
+A. 30,000.
+B. 130,000.
+C. 300,000.
+
+20. Why are there a lot of hotels in Brighton?
+A. Because there are a lot of workers.
+B. Because there are a lot of students.
+C. Because there are a lot of travelers.
+
+### II. 单项填空 (共 20 小题；每小题 0.5 分，满分 10 分)
+
+**从A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。**
+
+21. He tried to save the ____ girl in the river, but unfortunately he was ____.
+A. drowned; drowned
+B. drowning; drowning
+C. drowning; drowned
+D. drowned; drowning
+
+22. It is ___ impossible to make such a long journey in such an old car.
+A. rather B. very C. fairly D. quite
+
+23. ---Did you find your watch yesterday?
+---No, I didn't find ____, but I've bought ____.
+A. it; one B. one; one C. it; it D. one; it
+
+24. __ surprised me most was the news __ our team won.
+A. That; that B. That; which C. What; that D. What; which
+
+25. He took all ____ was here and left nothing.
+A. what B. that C. which D. /
+
+26. Your composition is good ____ some spelling mistakes.
+A. besides B. except for C. except that D. except when
+
+27. The theory he stuck to ____ true.
+A. proving B. be C. proved D. is proving
+
+28. They delayed ____ the sports meeting until next month.
+A. to hold B. hold C. held D. holding
+
+29. Next to the table ____ two old chairs and some books on the floor.
+A. were B. was C. was lay D. were lying
+
+30. You can easily find the Smiths. They live in a big house, ____ faces north.
+A. one of its windows B. whose windows
+C. its window D. one of whose windows
+
+31. While having our dinner, ____.
+A. the door bell rang B. we heard the door bell rang
+C. we heard the door bell ringing D. the door bell was heard to ring
+
+32. What ____ pity that I didn't give him any food. He needed help, not ____ pity.
+A. /; / B. a; a C. /; a D. a; /
+
+33. He'd like to sleep with the window ____ at night.
+A. open wide B. wide open C. widely open D. widely opened
+
+34. By the time they got to the cinema, the film ____ for 10 minutes.
+A. had been on B. began C. had begun D. was on
+
+35. ---What would you like in the market, Mum?
+---I just want ____ eggs. Nothing else.
+A. three dozens B. dozens C. three dozen D. three dozens of
+
+36. __ by the young soldiers' deeds, the whole nation were fighting bravely against the flood.
+A. Deeply moved B. Having deeply moved
+C. Moving deeply D. Being deeply moved
+
+37. I don't like the way ____ you laugh at her.
+A. on which B. which C. as D. 不填
+
+38. Only then ____ my mistakes, but it was too late.
+A. I realized B. did I realize C. I had realized D. have I realize
+
+39. ---How did the boss pay you?
+---As a rule, we were paid ____.
+A. by hours B. by an hour C. by the hour D. by hour
+
+40. You can only borrow three books from the school library ____.
+A. at one time B. at a time C. at one moment D. at the time
+
+### III. 完形填空 (共 20 小题; 每小题 1.5 分, 满分 30 分)
+
+**阅读下面短文,掌握其大意,然后从 41—60 各题所给的四个选项(A、B、C 和 D)中,选出最佳选项,并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。**
+
+As darkness fell, hundreds of people in the Swiss village left their houses. They were staring (41) at the mountain top in the distance. It was covered with (42) beautiful and dangerous.
+
+The huge mountain is called Matterhorn. The mountain climbers had (43) the top, using the southern route (线路). But no one had ever dared to try a winter climbing up the (44) side. But now one man was daring to try the (45) route. He was Walter Bonatti, a great mountain climber from Italy.
+
+For two days he had climbed. The village people had watched him (46). Now they were waiting to see his (47). If he planned to (48) the next day, he would light a green signal. A red light would mean that he was (49).
+
+A tiny green light (50) high on the mountain side. Bonatti was not giving up! The people (51).
+
+The next day he continued his way upward. He was so lonely and so (52)! But he would not give up. Again that night he lit the (53) light. In the morning, Bonatti (54) up. He could not see the top, but he knew he was (55) there. Though the climb was painful, he moved up.
+
+Bonatti had spent months (56) for the climb. Was the training enough? Did he have the strength and (57) to climb to the top? He was finally at the top! News about his (58) was radioed to the world.
+
+The trip (59) the southern route was easy. He was warmly welcomed in the village. He had done the "(60)" thing and would be well remembered as a climber for all time.
+
+41. A. back B. forward C. down D. up
+
+42. A. flowers B. ice and snow C. green trees D. rocks
+
+43. A. watched B. passed C. reached D. climbed
+
+44. A. western B. eastern C. southern D. northern
+
+45. A. difficult B. different C. same D. easy
+
+46. A. patiently B. carefully C. anxiously D. eagerly
+
+47. A. face B. figure C. flag D. signal
+
+48. A. return B. continue C. rest D. stop
+
+49. A. turning back B. moving up C. climbing over D. going on
+
+50. A. rose B. appeared C. turned on D. turned off
+
+51. A. cheered B. laughed C. jumped D. shouted
+
+52. A. sleepy B. excited C. tired D. happy
+
+53. A. yellow B. blue C. green D. red
+
+54. A. woke B. turned C. got D. looked
+
+55. A. already B. almost C. no longer D. surely
+
+56. A. training B. preparing C. planning D. asking
+
+57. A. courage B. skill C. money D. wish
+
+58. A. success B. deeds C. climb D. courage
+
+59. A. along B. up C. down D. to
+
+60. A. great D. important C. necessary D. impossible
+
+### IV. 阅读理解 (共 20 小题；每小题 2 分，满分 40 分)
+
+阅读下列短文，从每题所给的四个选项(A、B、C和D)中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。
+
+A
+
+"But I just paid \$1.69 for this bottle of wine last week. How come the price is now \$2.25? What's going on?" There are at least three things going on that have caused the price of wine to rise. All have to do with the supply and demand of market.
+
+The first reason is that people are drinking more wine than ever before. This demand for more wine has increased all wine sales in America at the speed of 15% a year.
+
+The second reason is that the supply of wine has stayed relatively the same, which means that the same number of bottles is produced each year. Wine producers are trying to open up new land to grow grapes. But in at least the wine-producing areas of the world--France, Germany, and California--new land for planting grapes will not reach the productive demand of wine in the near future. Wines are produced in other countries, such as Italy, Spain, and Portugal, as well as Argentina, Australia, Austria, and Chile, and these wines will be seen more often on the American market. But none of these countries will be able to fill the demand for good wines.
+
+The third reason is that costs of wine production are soaring(猛增). The workers who make wine are asking for more money. And the machinery needed to press the grapes is becoming more expensive.
+
+When the demand for something is greater than the supply price goes up. When production costs, meaning the price of labor and machinery, rise, the producer adds this increase to the price of the wine. For these reasons, that bottle of wine costs \$2.25 instead of \$1.69.
+
+61. What is the effect of the three reasons mentioned in the passage?
+A. The price of wine is higher than it was last year.
+B. Wine sales have increased 15% over last year.
+C. Fewer bottles of wine are being produced.
+D. People are drinking more wine.
+
+62. This passage is written ____.
+A. to describe where wine is produced
+B. to persuade people to drink more beer
+C. to explain why the price of wine is rising
+D. to describe why wine is favorite drink of many Americans
+
+63. The title of the passage is likely to be ____.
+A. No need, no price
+B. Wine, one of the most popular drinks
+C. Wine price goes up
+D. Western wine is needed so much
+
+B
+
+When I come across a good essay in reading newspapers, I often feel like cutting and keeping it. But just as I am about to do so I find the article on the opposite side is as much interesting. It may be a discussion of the way to keep in good health, or advice about how to be oneself in society. If I cut the front essay, the opposite one is certain to suffer damage, leaving out half of it or keeping the text without the subject. As a result, the scissors (剪刀) would stay before they start, or halfway done when I find out the result that inevitably (不可避免的) causes my regret.
+
+Sometimes two things are to be done at the same time, both worthy of your attention. You can only take up one of them; the other has to wait or be given up. But you know the future is unpredictable(无法预言的) — the changed situation may not allow you to do what is left behind. Thus you are caught in a fix and feel sad. How come that nice opportunities and brilliant ideas should gather around all at once? It may happen that your life changes dramatically on your preference of one alternative(可供选择的机会) to the other.
+
+In fact that is what life is like: we are often faced with the two opposite sides of a thing which are both desirable like newspaper cutting. It often occurs that ourattention is drawn to one thing only after we take up another. The former may be more important than the latter and give rise to a divide mind. I still remember a philosopher's (哲学家) remarks: "When one door shuts, another opens in life." So a passive choice may not be a bad one.
+
+Whatever we do in our lifetime, wherever life's storm makes us go, there must be something we can achieve, some shore we can land on. Don't forget God always keeps an alternative door open for every one. While the front door is closed, there must be another open for you.
+
+64. The main idea of the passage is ____.
+A. where there's a will, there's a way
+B. cutting newspapers gives us a lesson
+C. all roads lead to Rome
+D. an equal chance is provided for everyone
+
+65. The underlined word “fix” in Paragraph 2 refers to ____.
+A. difficult situation
+B. your preference of one choice
+C. what is left behind
+D. two things are to be done at the same time
+
+66. The underlined part “that is what life is like” in Paragraph 3 tells us ____.
+A. life is like cutting newspapers
+B. we can't kill two birds with one stone
+C. life sometimes changes completely
+D. it is often difficult to make a choice in our life
+
+67. Which of the statements below is true to the passage?
+A. Cutting newspapers is a hard job.
+B. When you are caught in a fix, you have met two good things.
+C. There must be a way that is better than the other.
+D. You should keep up a positive(积极的) attitude towards your choice.
+
+C
+
+There are some very good things about open education. This way of teaching allows the students to grow as people, and to develop their own interests in many subjects. Open education allows students to be responsible for their own education, as they are responsible for what they do in life. Some students do badly in traditional classrooms. The open classroom may allow them to enjoy learning. Some students will be happier in an open education school. They will not have to worry about grades or rules. For students who worry about these things a lot, it is a good idea to be in an open classroom.
+
+But many students will not do well in an open classroom. For some students, thereare too few rules. These students will do little in school. They will not make good use of open education. Because open education is so different from traditional education, these students may have a problem of getting used to making so many choices. For many students it is important to have some rules in the classroom. They worry about the rules even when there are no rules. Even a few rules will help this kind of students. The last point about open education is that some traditional teachers do not like it. Many teachers do not believe in open education. Teachers who want to have an open classroom may have many problems at their school.
+
+You now know what open education is. Some of its good points and bad points have been explained. You may have your own opinion about open education. The writer thinks that open education is a good idea, but only in theory. In actual fact, it may not work very well in a real class or school. The writer believes that most students, but of course not all students, want some structure(结构)in their classes. They want and need to have rules. In some cases, they must be made to study some subjects. Many students are pleased to find subjects they have to study interesting. They would not study those subjects if they did not have to.
+
+68. Open education allows the students to ____.
+A. grow as they are educated
+B. be responsible for their future
+C. develop their own interests
+D. discover subjects outside class
+
+69. Some students will do little in an open classroom because ____.
+A. there are too few rules
+B. they hate activities
+C. open education is similar to traditional education
+D. they worry about the rules
+
+70. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage?
+A. Some traditional teachers do not like open education.
+B. Many teachers do not believe in open education.
+C. Teachers may have problems in open classrooms.
+D. The teachers' feelings and attitudes are important to the students.
+
+71. Which of the following can best summarize(总结)the passage?
+A. Open education is a really complicated(复杂)idea.
+B. Open education is better than traditional education.
+C. Teachers dislike open education.
+D. Open education is a good idea in practice.
+
+D
+
+**Making Reading a Habit**
+
+The only way you can become a good reader is through practice. You can't read a few lines in your English book once a week and become a good reader. You need to read every day. You should always carry something to read with you.
+
+**Reading with a Purpose**
+
+When you begin to read you should ask yourself a question why am I reading this? If you are reading to practice your English, you will read in a certain way. You will read slowly and concentrate(集中) on the grammatical structures. If you are reading for information about a particular subject, you will read in another way. You will concentrate on main parts and supporting facts. You use the grammar of the passage as a means not an end.
+
+**Reading to Practice English**
+
+Reading to practice English is the way most secondary school students read English. In secondary school you did not read English to learn about a particular subject, for example, you did not read English to learn history. You read English to learn how a sentence was put together, how the verb agreed with the subject, etc. But this is not the way you should read for the fast reading.
+
+**Reading for information**
+
+Reading for information is the kind of reading you do in your own language. You do not stop to analyze(分析) grammatical structures when you pick up a book written in your native language. You understand structures without thinking about them. They are second nature to you.
+
+Now you must develop this skill in English. You must learn to read for meaning. The Fast Reading measures how well you understand the meaning of a passage. It measures your ability to understand the main idea and the supporting facts. It measures your ability to read between lines. It measures your ability to do this at a high speed.
+
+72. The writer believes that to become a good reader one needs to ____.
+A. read a few lines in one's English book once a week
+B. practice every day
+C. understand grammar
+D. have many books
+
+73. In reading to practice English, students concentrate their attention on ____.
+A. grammatical structure
+B. the main idea
+C. the supporting facts
+D. the important words
+
+74. In reading for information, ____.
+A. grammar is of no use
+B. one has often to stop to analyze grammatical structures
+C. main parts and supporting facts are a means
+D. one tries to understand main parts and supporting facts
+
+
+75. Developing reading skill will ____.
+A. make reading a habit
+B. help practice English
+C. improve your ability to get information from reading.
+D. improve your ability to analyze grammatical structures
+
+E
+
+Many people imagine that cover-up means you don't get a tan. Nothing to show for your holiday. What a shame!
+
+Not so. With Cover-up, you can get brown if you want to. The point of cover-up is to protect your skin from the damaging rays of the sun—the ones which, according to the doctors, make your skin look older.
+
+That's what Solex Cover-up is all about—protection for your skin. It has a Sun Protection Factor of 8, which makes it suitable for anyone.
+
+Find out how it works for you by referring to the Solex Sun Table. On sale wherever Solex is.
+
+With Solex Cover-up, you can tan as slowly as you like. As gently as you like. And with much less chance of peeling (脱皮).
+
+Your tan will look better. Your skin will stay young longer.
+
+Solex Cover-up
+
+Gentle tan ... Full protection
+
+76. The phrase “get a tan” in the first paragraph means “____”.
+A. keep away from the sun on your holiday
+B. become darker because of sunshine
+C. look younger after your holiday
+D. show you have been in the sun
+
+77. Solex Cover-up can be used to ____.
+A. protect your skin from sunburn
+B. cover yourself up on a windy beach
+C. help you get a tan quickly
+D. help your skin peel gently
+
+78. What is the main purpose of the text?
+A. To advise people on how to protect their skin.
+B. To warn people of the danger of sun rays.
+C. To help sell Solex Cover-up.
+D. To show how to get a tan.
+
+F
+
+
+
+This is a column chart(图表) showing the grain yield(产量) of countries M and Z between 2001 and 2003. The chart shows us that the three-year-total of Z is greater than that of M. We may thus conclude that country Z is more productive than country M, only if there is no disaster(灾害), of course.
+
+79. What is the common point of the two countries?
+A. They are both the most advanced agricultural countries.
+B. They both suffered a sink in the yield of corn in 2002.
+C. They are both productive countries.
+D. In both countries, wheat and corn are main crops.
+
+80. ____ doesn't change much during the three years.
+A. The total production of M
+B. The yield of wheat of Z
+C. The yield of corn of Z
+D. The yield of wheat of M
+
+班级：________ 座号：________ 姓名：________ 准考证号：________
+
+密 封 线 内 不 要 答 题
+
+
+
+# 福建省厦门第一中学2003—2004学年度第二学期期中考试高二年英语试卷
+
+## 第II卷
+
+命题教师: 林雷平 2004.4
+
+| 题号 | 第 I 卷 | 第 II 卷 | 总分 |
|---|
| I | II | III | IV | V | VI | VII |
|---|
| 得分 | | | | | | | | |
|---|
+
+### V. 短文改错(共10小题,每小题1分,满分10分)
+
+此题要求改正所给短文中的错误。对标有题号的每一行做出判断:如无错误,在该行右边横线上画一个勾(√)如有错误(每行只有一个错误),则按下列情况改正:
+
+此行多一个词: 把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉, 在该行右边横线上写出该词, 并也用斜线划掉。
+
+此行缺一个词: 在缺词处加下个漏字符号(∧), 在该行右边横线上写出该加的词。
+
+此行错一个词: 在错的词下划一横线, 在该行右边横线上写出改正后的词。
+
+注意: 原行没有错的不要改。
+
+With the rapid development of the society, great changes
+have been taken place in family life. Many years ago, people 76. ______
+consider owning radios, sowing machines and watches as rich. 77. ______
+Most people lived in crowding houses. When they went out, they 78. ______
+had to walk or go by bike. Nowadays, life is much better than 79. ______
+it was in the past. Many ordinary families has color TV sets, 80. ______
+washing machines, mobile phones and other modern equipments 81. ______
+people can often go traveling train or plane and some even have 82. ______
+their own cars. You can see high buildings anywhere. The rich 83. ______
+prefer to buy a flat far from the busy city. No one couldn't 84. ______
+imagine how a great change we would have.85. ______
+
+
+
+### VI. 词语填空:(共10小题,每小题1分,满分10分)
+
+选择方框里词语的适当形式填空,每空所选词语不得重复。
+
+
+
+ |
+ make up of
+ dream of
+ keep fit
+ as though
+ rather than
+ connect to
+ turn up
+ lay the table
+ look forward to
+ even though
+ lead to
+ determine |
+
+
+
+1. I dialed another number, but I was again _______________ the wrong person.
+
+2. The girl came in and _______________ for supper.
+
+3. _____________, he went to fitness centre and do exercises there for 2 hours every morning.
+
+4. I'm afraid this might _______________ students focusing only on subjects they are interested in.
+
+5. ______________ he didn't look as frightening as I had first thought, I just kept a straight face.
+
+6. Ever since then, I have been _______________ becoming a movie star.
+
+7. Although Guo still has a long way to go, she is _______________ to succeed.
+
+8. Guo is _______________ February 28 when the result of the third test is announced.
+
+9. I think it's society's problem _______________ their parents'fault!
+
+10. Apart from me, our team was ______ only 9th and 10th graders.
+
+### VII. 写作（满分 20 分）
+
+根据下列图画,请你用英语把所发生的故事写出来,字数100--120。
+
+注意:开头已给,请接着写。
+
+
+
+
+
+| One day on his way home from his office, Mr Smith saw a thief________________________________________
+ __________________________________________________________________________________________
+ __________________________________________________________________________________________
+ __________________________________________________________________________________________
+ __________________________________________________________________________________________
+ __________________________________________________________________________________________
+ __________________________________________________________________________________________
+ __________________________________________________________________________________________
+ __________________________________________________________________________________________
+ |
+
+
+
+# 福建省厦门第一中学2003—2004学年度第二学期期中考试高二年英语试题参考答案
+
+## 第一卷（选择题 1-80）
+
+**I. (30%)** 1—5 CBABC 6—10 ACBCA 11—15 BCABA 16—20 ABBCC
+
+**II. (10%)** 21—25 CDACB 26—30 BCDAD 31—35 CDBAC 36—40 ADBCB
+
+**III. (30%)** 41—45 DBCDA 46—50 CDBAB 51—55 ACCDB 56—60 ABACD
+
+**IV. (40%)** 61—65 ACACA 66—70 DDCAD 71—75 ABADC 76—80 BACDC
+
+## 第二卷（非选择题）
+
+**V. 短文改错 (10%)**
+
+With the rapid development of the society, great changes
+have ~~been~~ taken place in family life. Many years ago, people76. ~~been~~
+consider owning radios, sowing machines and watches as rich.77. considered
+Most people lived in crowding houses. When they went out, they78. crowded
+had to walk or go by bike. Nowadays, life is much better than79. √
+it was in the past. Many ordinary families has color TV sets,80. have
+washing machines, mobile phones and other modern equipments81. equipment
+people can often go traveling ∧ train or plane and some even have82. by
+their own cars. You can see high buildings anywhere. The rich83. everywhere
+prefer to buy a flat far from the busy city. No one couldn't84. could
+imagine how a great change we would have.85. what
+
+**VI. 词语填空：(10%)**
+
+1.connected to 2. laid the table 3. To keep fit 4. lead to
+
+5.Even though 6. dreaming of 7. determined
+
+8.looking forward to 9. rather than 10. made up of
+
+**VII. 写作：(20%)**
+
+1. 评分要点：
+
+(1) 回家的路上发现有人偷东西, 但 Smith 却拉下帽子视而不见; (2) 警察询问, 他谎称不知道, 没看见; (3) 警察抓住了小偷; (4) 原来小偷偷的是他家的东西。
+
+2. 动词时态（过去时态为主）
+
+3. 语言组织：按故事发生的先后顺序写。
+
+One possible version:
+
+One day on his way home, Mr Smith saw a thief carrying a TV set and running along the street hurriedly. He didn't stop the thief. Instead, he pulled his hat down and pretended not to have seen him. He continued his way. A few minutes later, a policeman stopped him and asked him if he had seen a man with a TV set and a recorder pass by. Mr Smith answered that he hadn't. The policeman, however, soon caught the thief.
+
+When Mr Smith got home, he was surprised to find that his room was in disorder. His TV set and recorder were missing. It was his own things that had been stolen. He felt sorry for what he had done.
+
+
+
+密 封 线 内 不 要 答 题
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_55.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_55.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..876c2e50fb87791141c407e0d312206a4b245915
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_55.md
@@ -0,0 +1,587 @@
+# 冰箱行业分析报告
+
+2011
+
+## 目 录
+
+**第一章 中国冰箱行业的发展历程... 1**
+一、冰箱的发展史... 1
+二、冰箱行业的基本概况... 2
+**第二章 冰箱市场营销策略分析... 5**
+一、中国冰箱市场的竞争状况... 6
+二、中国冰箱行业销售现状... 7
+**第三章 冰箱产品策略... 8**
+一、各品牌冰箱... 10
+二、组合策略的应用分析... 12
+三、冰箱品牌战略... 14
+**第四章 冰箱的价格策略... 16**
+一、冰箱行业定价基本思路... 16
+二、品牌的价格策略... 17
+三、竞争的定价策略... 18
+**第五章 冰箱的促销策略... 19**
+一、降价促销... 19
+二、广告促销... 19
+三、联合促销... 20
+四、促销趋势总结... 20
+**第六章 冰箱的渠道策略... 21**
+一、我国冰箱营销渠道演变... 22
+二、基本渠道形式及发展趋势... 23
+**第七章 冰箱行业的前景展望... 24**
+**第七章 总结... 25**
+
+## 中国冰箱行业营销分析报告
+
+【摘要】过去的2000年，中国冰箱行业经历了前所未有的激烈竞争，尤其以洋品牌冰箱的卷土重来更为令人瞩目。2000年12月9日，伊莱克斯在发给经销商的文件上赫然写着：“夺取中国家电第一！”而此前的仅一天，12月8日，科龙集团在广州举办的冰箱订货会，在庆祝容声“十年冠”的同时公开宣称：“我们将重视零售终端建设，遏止伊莱克斯的增长势头。”而中国冰箱业的龙头老大：海尔更是凭借自己的雄厚实力，预与竞争者一决高下。新世纪还没开始，中国冰箱市场已经开始暗流涌动。
+
+
+
+### 第一章 中国冰箱行业的发展历程
+
+#### 一、冰箱的发展史
+
+电冰箱是中国最早实现国产化的制冷电器之一，从80年代初起步，经过近20年的发展，中国电冰箱已占世界总产量16%的份额而位居全球首位，已成为当今世界上最大的电冰箱生产国。由于在国内市场已进入成熟期，市场运行的基本特征是相对平稳，不会出现需求上的大起大落。电冰箱消费主要集中在城镇，农村由于受收入水平、生活习惯等限制，冰箱的拥有量较城市的相对少，目前国内冰箱行业共有20多个品牌，年生产能力超过2500万台，而销售量不过800万台，产销严重不平衡。技术方面，冰箱业更到了成熟阶段。此两大因素已决定冰箱业变局是个缓慢过程。同时，由于冰箱生产线投资巨大，动辄十几亿元，新品牌大多不愿背负固定资产折旧成本，而采用贴牌生产，价格下降空间就更加有限。
+
+回顾中国冰箱业的发展历程,可以说是洋冰箱“三进”中国市场的真实写照。
+
+改革开放以后到80年代中期,进口洋品牌冰箱一统天下,但80年代中期以后,随着一批中国冰箱企业的迅速崛起,进口品牌冰箱风光不在,并逐渐地淡出市场,市场占有率迅速下降。
+
+到80年代末,90年代初,中国冰箱企业经过激烈的市场竞争,优胜劣汰,一批企业败下阵来,市场向名优的国产品牌集中;同时,也为洋冰箱提供了在中国第二次发展的机会,国外大的家电厂商觊觎中国市场的心情也更为急切,他们将一些败下阵来的冰箱企业作为再次进军中国市场的跳板,通过控股、收购等手段向中国冰箱生产和销售市场发起了第二轮进攻。当时,美国惠而浦收购了北京“雪花”,通用电器收购了天津“可耐”,韩国三星吞并苏州“香雪海”,西门子兼并了“扬子”,伊莱克斯则收购了长沙“中意”,同时,松下、夏普、美泰克也分别在上海、江苏、安徽等地合资建厂。但到90年代中期洋冰箱又全面萎缩。
+
+经过几年中洋品牌的较量,国产品牌不仅牢牢占据了国内80%以上市场份额,而且还打开了欧美发达国家的市场大门,目前仅海尔一家就占有美国小容积冰箱30%的市场份额,几个主要的国产品牌冰箱正以每年平均递增60%以上的速度向国外市场出口冰箱。因此,有专家指出,中国冰箱企业是未待入世已先出关。
+
+进入2000年,洋冰箱又开始了第三轮冲锋,他们以收购、兼并的中国冰箱为阵地,摆开了“决战”阵势。
+
+中国冰箱业经过十几年的发展,靠国产品牌撑起了一片江山,在技术开发和市场运作等方面都已日臻成熟,被业界人士誉为“最成熟、最有竞争力的行业”。
+
+#### 二、冰箱行业的基本概况
+
+##### (一) 冰箱品牌最新排名情况
+
+
+
+
+| 排名 |
+品牌 |
+趋势 |
+品牌占有率 |
+产品 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+
+
+
+海尔 |
+↑+1% |
+34.2% |
+共 168 款热销产品 |
+
+
+
+| 2 |
+
+
+美的 |
+- |
+16.3% |
+共 113 款热销产品 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+
+
+西门子 |
+↓-3% |
+12.2% |
+共 77 款热销产品 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+
+
+美菱 |
+- |
+6.5% |
+共 104 款热销产品 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+
+
+容声 |
+↓-6% |
+6.4% |
+共 97 款热销产品 |
+
+
+
+| 6 |
+
+
+新飞 |
+↓-1% |
+4.7% |
+共 53 款热销产品 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+
+
+LG | ↓-1% |
+3.9% |
+共 63 款热销产品 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+
+
+海信 |
+- |
+3.2% |
+共 73 款热销产品 |
+
+
+| 9 |
+
+
+松下 |
+↓-1% |
+3.1% |
+共 73 款热销产品 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+
+
+博世 |
+↑+4% |
+2.4% |
+共 49 款热销产品 |
+
+
+
+**（表1 冰箱销售十大品牌）**
+
+###### 1、全国市场排名
+
+冠军：海尔名列前茅，市场综合占有率为 3.2%。
+亚军：美的市场综合占有率 16.3%。
+季军：西门子 12.2%
+
+###### 2、区域市场
+
+在区域市场上排名各有不同，海尔从整体上继续领先，不同区域其销售策略各不相同其市场综合占有率也不尽相同，最终在各个市场上的排名也有所区别。
+
+ | 一 | 二 | 三 | 四 | 五 | 六 | 七 | 八 | 九 | 十 | | 全国 | 海尔 | 新飞 | 西门子 | 容声 | 美菱 | 伊莱克斯 | 三星 | LG | 澳柯玛 | 松下 | | 华北 | 海尔 | 新飞 | 容声 | 西门子 | 澳柯玛 | 伊莱克斯 | 荣事达 | 三星 | 美菱 | 松下 | | 东北 | 海尔 | 新飞 | 容声 | 西门子 | 美菱 | 伊莱克斯 | 海信 | LG | 三星 | 华日 | | 华东 | 海尔 | 西门子 | 新飞 | 容声 | 美菱 | 伊莱克斯 | 三星 | LG | 松下 | 澳柯玛 | | 中南 | 海尔 | 新飞 | 西门子 | 容声 | 伊莱克斯 | 美菱 | LG | TCL | 华凌 | 松下 | | 西南 | 海尔 | 容声 | 新飞 | 西门子 | 伊莱克斯 | LG | 美菱 | 美的 | 澳柯玛 | 小天鹅 | | 西北 | 海尔 | 容声 | 美菱 | 新飞 | 西门子 | 小天鹅 | 海信 | 康拜恩 | TCL | 伊莱克斯 |
+
+（表2 各地区的销售分部）
+
+##### (二) 冰箱的技术发展
+
+今年5月，海信在其6A冰箱的基础上，推出全球第一台3D外观荷塘月色冰箱，实现了领先科技与时尚工艺的完美结合。6A冰箱是海信在2009年推出的我国第一款6项性能指标全部达到A级标准的冰箱，是冰箱中的“全能冠军”。3D外观的6A冰箱上市三个多月以来，受到了各地消费者的高度认可，多处卖场出现一机难求的火爆热销场面。
+
+美的节能冰箱五大节能技术领跑行业
+
+制冷是本分，保鲜是本事，节能是本色”，随着人们生活水平的提高，冰箱进入越来越多消费家庭，节能和保鲜成为人们日常选购冰箱的两大关注点。
+
+与此同时，在中国节能减排的大形势下，加快节能环保型冰箱普及，实现产品能效的全线升级，形成超节能、全能保鲜为主流的低碳产品群的普及对发展低碳经济将起到积极的现实意义。美的冰箱采用超微孔发泡技术、平板喷涂技术、真空内胆成型工艺、优化管路设计和紧摩擦密封设计五大节能技术，全面领跑低碳消费者生活。
+
+据了解，美的下乡冰箱采用德国亨内基超微孔发泡技术，发泡均匀致密，保温效果好；美国诺信平板喷涂工艺，精选宝钢钢板，美观耐用又省电；优化管路电脑仿真设计，制冷系统匹配效率高；紧摩擦密封设计，内胆门封100%无缝结合，锁住冷气，
+
+今年1-7月，海尔风冷三门冰箱的零售量一路高升，份额高达73.56%，独占了同类市场的7成还要多，大有“一骑绝尘”之势，令追随者难以望其项背。 随着精神文化生活的提高，人们在物质上的要求也发生了翻天覆地的变化。比如在冰箱上，越来越多的人开始为定期的除霜劳动而烦恼和上火。虽然每个季度只需要几个小时来清理，但也足够给消费者的生活造成困扰。为了每个用户的这几个小时，海尔冰箱调动全球领先的研发团队，研发出了一个彻底的解决方案，推出了行业内第一款三门全无霜的海尔无霜三门冰箱，为消费者和整个冰箱行业开启了一个崭新的无霜时代。
+
+**中国冰箱大事记**
+
+1955年，天津医疗器械厂试制出第一台使用封闭式压缩机的冰箱。
+
+1956年，国内第一台电冰箱由北京雪花冰箱厂研制成功。
+
+1979年4~5月，中国轻工业代表团访问日本，洽谈引进冰箱心脏部分——压缩机项目
+
+1983年起，中国开始引进冰箱压缩机的生产技术和设备。
+
+1985底，第一批采用国外技术设备生产的冰箱压缩机投放市场。
+
+1986年，广州建成了从日本松下电器株式会社引进年产百万台的冰箱压缩机厂。
+
+1986年，北京建成了从飞利浦设在意大利的“伊瑞”公司引进年产百万台的冰箱压缩机厂。
+
+1988年，海尔四星 BCD-212升双门电冰箱，上菱牌四星 BCD-180升双门电冰箱获国家优质产品金奖，这是家电行业首次获得国家质量最高荣誉奖。
+
+1991年，杭州冰箱厂研制成功替代氟利昂的新型冰箱制冷剂 R500，并推出具有“除臭保鲜”功能的冰箱。
+
+1992年4月，青岛冰箱总厂经过 DNV 国际专家严格审核，率先在行业内通过 ISO9001 认证。
+
+1992年6月，青岛冰箱总厂上半年冰箱出口量达8万台，成为世界级供应商，同时成为亚洲地区出口德国市场冰箱最多的厂家。
+
+1993年，中国研制出氟利昂替代品 CFC-11，解决了冰箱行业发泡剂替代难题。
+
+1993年12月初，在河南新乡召开了“全国家用制冷 CFC 替代工作会议”，会议确定了中国家用制冷行业 CFC 替代总体思路和战略。
+
+1994年，为保护大气臭氧环境而在冰箱行业开展的CFC 替代工作取得了阶段性的进展。
+
+1995年1月,科龙公司宣布,容声全无氟节能冰箱技术通过国家科委鉴定。海尔、长岭、科龙、万宝等公司也已采用替代技术实现批量生产。
+
+1999年,科龙研制出我国第一台变频冰箱。
+
+1999年9月,“1999中国家用制冷工业 CFC/HCFC 替代及节能技术国际研讨会”在南京召开,这是家电行业第七次也是最后一次召开该专题的研讨,标志着中国冰箱、冷柜、冰箱压缩机行业的替代工作已经进入尾声。
+
+2004年,中国冰箱产品国际市场份额居全球首位。
+
+2005年,国内发布的《能源效率标识管理办法》正式实施,冰箱产品开始实施能效标识管理制度。
+
+2007年,国内含氟冰箱冰柜全面退市。
+
+2007年,家用杀菌电冰箱标准出。
+
+### 第二章 冰箱市场营销策略分析
+
+#### 一、中国冰箱市场的竞争状况
+
+“树欲静而风不止”。这句话可以说是目前中国冰箱市场形势的写照。这种形势焦点主要体现在洋品牌向国产品牌曾一统天下的市场格局发起有力冲击。
+
+据业内人士分析,当前中国家电行业的竞争特点主要有四个:
+
+1)进入微利时代:据统计,冰箱业的行业平均利润率仅为4%,已几乎没有了降价的空间。
+2)产业结构趋同:国内冰箱业经过多次的市场整合和不断的技术进步,已达到一定的生产规模。
+3)面临过剩经济的挑战:目前国内共有冰箱生产能力2000万台以上,而国内市场对冰箱的年需求量仅为1200万台,产能明显过剩。
+4)发展战略的挑战:随着加入WTO进程的加快,国产冰箱如何在强有力的竞争面前继续保持优势、稳步发展,已引起国内冰箱行业的极大关注。
+
+据了解,全国逾30家国家定点冰箱生产企业,共有生产能力2000万台以上,而据行内人士分析,国内市场对冰箱的年需求量仅在1200万台。严重的供大于求,使得冰箱企业都在全力抢夺市场,降价也成为占领市场的重要法宝,竞争异常地残酷激烈。
+
+据赛诺市场研究公司对全国35个城市106家商场的调查表明,截至2007年8月,以伊莱克斯、西门子、三星为代表的国外品牌市场已经达到28.1%,这是继2002年市场份额达到23%后,国外品牌创造的历史高点,而1998年国外品牌在国内冰箱市场的占有率还不到10%。其中,进入中国市场仅三年、曾提出向海尔学习的长沙伊莱克斯的零售量及占有率高达12.9%,在全部20个品牌中名列第二,成为国产品牌最强劲的竞争对手。海尔冰箱则依靠固有优势继续位列第一。
+
+
+
+（图1 2009年海尔冰箱市场占有比例）
+
+调查显示,中国冰箱业的龙头老大海尔冰箱已从三年前市场份额超过40%缩小为29.7%,而被称为“冰箱三剑客”的容声、新飞、长岭,仅有容声挤入冰箱销量前5名,但国产品牌冰箱仍占据70%多的市场份额。这表明,国产品牌曾一统天下的冰箱市场格局,在国外品牌的有力冲击下,正在发生深刻变化,国产冰箱面临的严峻形势已不容忽视,但国产品牌冰箱仍占有一定的优势;另外,中国冰箱市场的市场集中度也很高,市场份额前6位的品牌占据整个市场将近80%的份额。
+
+
+
+（图2 国外品牌2007—2009中国市场的发展）
+
+据分析,洋品牌再度出击中国市场,主要在三个方面进行了优化组合,即品牌、技术、服务。
+
+首先,利用世界名牌优势,实施品牌战略。以上升势头最猛的长沙伊莱克斯为例,作为全球最大的白色家电生产商、全球经济500强中唯一的专业家电公司,伊莱克斯在欧洲多年来稳居冰箱销售之首。进入中国后,根据中国国情不断进行品牌推广,其平易务实、充满亲情的营销策略极大地满足了中国消费者品牌消费的心理需求。
+
+同时,依靠强大的资金与技术实力,不断推出符合消费者需求的新产品。国外品牌在新品推出上,也给中国消费者带来了一个又一个惊喜,如伊莱克斯从噪音值低于35分贝的“新静界”系列、符合欧洲节能A级标准的“省电奇冰”系列,到可根据消费者不同需求自由组合冰箱零部件的自选冰箱系列,上海夏普“冰霸爽”系列增加回转制冰器和微冰室,无不在细微处体现出设计者的匠心独运。
+
+再者,洋品牌在国产品牌的强势——————售后服务领域也频频出招,将国际领先的售后服务体系引入中国。比如,伊莱克斯将欧洲家电保养师制度引入中国,使中国消费者不仅体会到伊莱克斯优秀的产品质量,更有机会体会伊莱克斯卓越的服务质量所带来的超值便利;西门子倡导售后“零”服务,强调产品质量等,都得到广大中国消费者的认可。(3)
+
+#### 二、中国冰箱行业销售现状
+
+##### 1、高速发展
+
+2010年,中国电冰箱企业年销售量合计达到6079万台,同比增长40.56%,其中,内销5427万台,同比增长了13.6个百分点,增长率为5年来最高水平,冰箱产业再次进入高速发展期。20011年前五月冰箱总零售量4344万台,同比增加13.95%;冰箱总零售额88亿元,同比增长23.15%。2007年前1-5月来看,冰箱的平均价格为2558元,20011年同期则为2392元,上涨166元,涨幅6.4%。
+
+##### 2、产业格局分明
+
+以新飞为中心的中原产业群,以海尔、海信为中心的环渤海产业群,以美的为中心的珠三角产业群,以长虹为中心的西部产业群。四个产业群犹如吸力强劲的“四大磁极”,将资金、人才、配套产业纳入自己麾下,成为支撑中国冰箱行业的四根“擎天柱”。
+
+##### 3、竞争激烈
+
+中国冰箱业将面临国内品牌与国外品牌的正面竞争,本土与外资企业之间的较量将成为市场争夺的焦点。洋品牌已经准备进行“攻坚战”,而国内品牌在产能、品牌等方面也已经有了很强的实力。未来几年冰箱行业将进入“土洋大战期”。冰箱业纷纷向上游发展,力求控制上游产业链。与此同时,冰箱业在产能上已经达到颠峰,在技术研发和品牌战略上实现突破是中国冰箱企业的重要课题。以“四大磁极”为中心的中国冰箱业将以强大的技术、成本优势向世界巨头发出挑战书。
+
+##### 4、新锐势头凶猛
+
+在传统的冰箱“四大家族”、市场新锐和外资品牌的相互拼争中,国内冰箱市场的格局正在逐渐发生变化,一个多元化的、竞争更加激烈的时代正在到来。新力量的加入已经在市场上引起波澜。冰箱新军个个有资金、有品牌、有渠道,在彩电、空调利润日薄的情形下投资冰箱,极具威胁性,相信将对冰箱市场形成较大的冲击,从而促使市场重新洗牌。
+
+##### 5、外资品牌威胁渐大
+
+伊莱克斯、西门子、松下、LG、夏普等外资品牌不断发力,使得中国冰箱市场格局变化进一步加快。尤其是伊莱克斯、西门子和LG已跻身电冰箱品牌第一阵营。目前,中国冰箱市场形成了城市和农村“二元化”格局。由于电冰箱普及率已达到很高的水平,城市市场继续以更新换代为主,高档次冰箱的需求进一步提高;农村市场仍处于开发启动阶段,经济型产品受到欢迎。外资品牌冰箱已经在大中城市对国产品牌形成极大冲击,如今又转向中小城市和农村市场与国产品牌抢饭吃。
+
+##### 6、“四大家族”忧患增多
+
+传统的“四大家族”——————海尔、新飞、科龙、美菱一直垄断市场,这种局面多年来的结构太稳定了,注定会产生惰性。在市场新锐和外资品牌的夹击下,“四大家族”的优势正在一天天减少。“四大家族”进军国际市场的脚步显得沉重而缓慢。从世界范围看,国际知名的家电企业一般先是参与国内竞争到努力出口创汇,再到国外投资办厂,最后是建立全球化的生产制造体系。目前,“四大家族”中只有海尔一家国际化网络建设的有声有色,他们采用先难后易的政策,不仅建立了国际化的营销网络,也将工厂建到了美国等发达国家。
+
+##### 7、“倒金字塔”
+
+高端冰箱不愁销 千元以下产品难寻, :尽管冰箱行业的平均价位开始集体上移, 但仍然不影响高端产品的市场销量。与高端市场的销量大增对应的是, 各大冰箱企业在2006年纷纷将高端作为推广重点。冰箱的功能和内在品质也提升。涨价的冰箱集中在电脑板、对开门、三开门带变温区等多功能型冰箱上。同时节能、保鲜等新技术不断应用到冰箱上。相反, 千元以下的冰箱产品则几乎在市场上销声匿迹。
+
+##### 8、“两极分化”
+
+尽管外形华丽、性能超前的高档冰箱比中档冰箱要贵几百,甚至千元,但销量却比中档冰箱要大。冰箱市场价格的两极分化现象越来越明显,高端冰箱外观抢眼、性能高、设计人性化,符合高收入人群的实际需要。而普通冰箱由于其固有的价格优势,而且在性能上与中档冰箱相差不大,对消费者也极具诱惑力。
+
+### 第三章 冰箱产品策略
+
+2008临近尾声,全球笼罩在金融危机的阴云之下,当各国政府纷纷投身于救市之时,中国的许多产业也正在被迫开展自救,这其中便包括开始“过冬”的中国家电业,更包括步伐被打乱了的冰箱行业。
+
+虽然今年年初以来冰箱业增速大幅放缓,但以海尔为首的冰箱主流品牌仍旧在困难时期展现出坚强的实力,五大品牌虽增速放缓但却相对扩大了市场占有率,在拓展市场的战役中继续向高端领域进军。
+
+冰箱行业集结高端,至少在2008年取得了显著的成效
+
+##### (一) 各品牌冰箱产品技术
+
+容声“艾佛尔”系列 BCD-212YM 三门冰箱的中部营养保鲜室容积为41L,拥有宽幅变温功能,可在-7~10℃之间调节。
+
+海尔卡萨帝经典欧式风格冰箱BCD-248WBSV 采用无极变频压缩机,43L 变温保鲜室能在-18~10℃之间调节,在冷藏、软冻、冷冻之间随意切换,光波增鲜技术可模拟自然光对冰箱中的果蔬进行持久有效照射,继续进行光合作用。
+
+三星 BCD-288MMGF 三门冰箱同样采用光波保鲜技术。三星的宽带变温室专门设计了5个变温区,根据食物的种类,提供不同的保存环境。
+
+博世 KKF25986TI 的变温室拥有“零度维他”保鲜功能,容积为60L,可以将温度控制在0~4℃之间。保鲜室内湿度很大,食品的保鲜时间是常规的2~3倍,适合保存水果蔬菜等需要高湿度环境的物品。
+
+**多门冰箱: 走进“智能化”时代** 2010年,海尔、海信、美菱等国产品牌均推出多门冰箱新品。早在2009年,海尔就推出了卡萨帝法式六门冰箱系列,2010年又继续推出该系列新品,该系列目前已有5款产品。海信继“阿波罗·太空舱四门冰箱”之后又推出了“六门矢量变频冰箱”。海信冰箱有关负责人称,目前海信多门冰箱共有6款,涵盖四门、五门、六门产品。2010年,海信多门冰箱销量翻倍增长,今后企业还将加大多门高端产品的投放力度。同为海信系的容声2010年推出了“艾弗尔”系列BCD-315WYM五门冰箱。美菱的“雅典娜”系列也推出了新品多门冰箱BCD-350W和BCD-410WE9CD。美的则推出“凡帝罗”系列的BCD-320WEM多门冰箱。外资品牌松下2010年初推出一款六门冰箱新品 NG-F603TX-N5,东芝随后也推出智睿多门系列。2010年,LG首次推出多门冰箱,共包括6款产品。
+
+##### (二) 各品牌冰箱的产品策略
+
+###### 1 海尔产品策略
+
+市场表现：即使是近年来罕见的恶劣形势下，海尔冰箱依旧延续了增长的势头。海尔有关负责人的评价是：“越是发展环境恶劣的年代，越能发挥龙头企业的优势，从而取得更好的市场占有率。”根据北京中怡康时代市场**研究**公司调查数据显示，2008年1~6月海尔冰箱国内市场零售量份额为27.59%，零售额份额为28.02%，均居行业首位。
+
+据了解，海尔冰箱借助海尔的自有渠道在2008年继续强化了市场分销力度，在几乎陷入停滞的一二级市场继续增加中高端产品比重，同时在三四级市场则借助家电下乡取得了出色的销售业绩。目前，海尔冰箱在全国范围内的销售型号近百款，而在北京、上海等一二级城市市场的主销产品在60款左右，其中约6款售价在万元以上，约8款产品在5000~10000元之间。这部分高端产品均为三门、多门或对开门冰箱。从容积段观察，海尔冰箱300L以上的产品比重超过25%，而200L以下的低端产品比重只有10%。据称，由于海尔冰箱在2008年继续上调了这部分产品的比重，其2008年中期利润率得以继续提升。海尔有关人士称：“已经不能再把国产品牌的高端产品简单地定义为形象产品了，从市场的反馈中可以发现，如今的一级市场甚至二三级市场对高端冰箱是有消化能力的。”在卡萨帝系列超高端产品为海尔提升均价之外，售价在2600元左右的BCD-215双门冰箱的销量仍然巨大。
+
+产品推介：2008年3月，海尔发布了从其美国工厂“进口”到中国市场的卡萨帝系列多门冰箱。该系列冰箱采用大容量、不锈钢、多门和抽屉式的工业设计，并且分为美式、法式、六门和意式四大系列。据称，海尔卡萨帝系列冰箱的多温区设计，可以通过多个储存空间针对不同食物给予不同温度、不同湿度的“养护式”储存，长期保持食物的原生态营养。该产品上部23为对开门设计、下部13为抽屉式设计，独立的果蔬室采用直流变频的Vc诱导保鲜技术。卡萨帝系列冰箱最高售价超过17000元，为当前中国冰箱市场最昂贵的产品。
+
+###### 2 海信科龙产品出策略
+
+市场表现：2008年虽然经济形势严峻，但却是容声冰箱在海信的整合下开始全面恢复的一年。海信科龙负责冰箱业务的副总裁周小天表示，海信和容声两个品牌的冰箱在2008年继续调整产品结构，加大三门和多门冰箱的产品比重，这样的努力使得海信和容声的品牌指数在年中开始提升。中怡康**统计**数据显示，今年1~8月，冰箱行业销量同比增长8.91%，容声冰箱增长16.49%，增长幅度在零售量前五名的品牌中居第一位，昔日的冰箱霸主似乎正在从泥潭中坚强崛起。
+
+即使同所有冰箱企业一样临时下调了销售计划，海信科龙的冰箱业务仍然实现了约10%的增长。据称，目前海信和容声冰箱在中高端产品的比重，仅次于海尔。此外，2008年海信科龙主要的战略之一是提高冰箱产品的综合质量。据中怡康**统计**数据，今年8月容声三门冰箱销售占比上升到9.64%，去年这一数字仅为4.24%；而海信品牌的中高端冰箱比重甚至超过30%。容声冰箱目前在中国市场范围内销售的型号近50个，在一级城市主销的产品约20款，售价超过10000元的多门和对开门产品为高端形象产品，主推的三门“原生态”系列产品在今年销量增长幅度很大。在主销产品中，超过300L容积的高端冰箱约占8%，而200L以下容积的冰箱则接近15%。售价约2600元的BCD-209和售价约3000元的BCD-239销量巨大。
+
+而在海信冰箱的产品线中，变频型号仍然为主流，海信倡导了多年的“矢量变频保鲜技术”仍然作为产品的主要概念。在海信约30款全国范围销售的产品中，在一级城市主销的产品约15款。售价超过5000元的冰箱鲜界系列多门冰箱凭借双循环双制冷的独有技术,成为目前国内市场上销售增长速度最快的多门冰箱产品;售价在3400元左右的BCD-212TDE三门双温双控冰箱的销量也很大。
+
+产品推介:2008年3月,海信和容声冰箱一股脑推出80余款新品。公司斥资5800万元从东芝独家引进的“双制冷风冷式”高档冰箱研发技术,并将其运用到海信、容声冰箱的高端新品上。这项技术包括“生态学湿度引擎”,不仅可以实现无冰无霜,又能将冷藏室的湿度保持在85%的平均水平,使水果蔬菜充分湿润,从而能较长时间保持蔬菜、水果等食物的新鲜度。
+
+容声售价在6000元左右的“SPA原生态”冰箱采用分立多循环技术,冷冻、冷藏、变温室分别控温,独立制冷,不同的保鲜食物可以分别放置,给食物最适宜的储藏温度,让储藏保持新鲜的“原生态”。此外,该系列三开门产品的工业设计备受好评,拥有西方酒柜式设计和中国风格的不同产品。
+
+###### 3 海信产品出策略
+
+售价在6000元左右的BCD-262VBPGR7 冰箱采用了银质的外观设计和矢量变频技术,全新风直冷结合制冷;冷藏室添加动态均衡冷却抗菌风扇;变温室采用立体风道设计,风冷无霜,温度更均衡;三门自由宽带变温区设计,变温室4℃~0℃~-7℃之间可调。新飞
+
+市场表现:多年来始终重视渠道分销的新飞冰箱在2008年相对低调,在冰箱行业整体趋冷的年份,新飞加大了三四级市场的开发力度,同时将更多精力用于技术研发。据介绍,新飞与在制冷及能源**研究**领域国内领先的西安交大能源与动力工程学院,同时联合该校其他学院**研究**力量,建立了“西安交大新飞节能技术**研究**所”,共同开展冰箱、冷柜和空调的专项节能技术**研究**。新飞有关人士表示,虽然目前整体经济环境不利,但家电下乡的扩大化为新飞明年的内销提供了机遇。“新飞多年来在三四级渠道经销商上建立的渠道优势将在2009年的内销市场发挥重大作用。”
+
+2008年1月,新飞推出了20大系列、100余款冰箱新品。与此同时,新飞称其中高端产品比例已经达到80%,初步实现了全系列中高端的产品布局。但在冰箱产品市场中,新飞似乎更求实惠,超过6000元的高端冰箱产品相比海尔等品牌还相对较少,平均价位仍坚持多年来的“大众风格”。在新飞全国范围内销售的100余款产品中,在一级城市销售的产品约30款。虽然5000元以上的产品寥寥,但3000~5000元价位的产品却相当丰富,其中,BCD-219VC的销量和销售额都很大。
+
+产品推介:继361°专利杀菌技术之后,新飞的“水呼吸养鲜”技术已全面应用到新品中,其售价近5000元的“水晶鲜风冰箱”作为新鲜F5冰箱升级产品,是神鹰系列冰箱中的佼佼者,除了拥有新鲜四温区和361°专利杀菌技术外,其钢化彩色玻璃门面设计使得新飞今年新品增添了亮色。此外,新飞自主研发的“天鹰”系列对开门冰箱也是新飞2008年高端市场的主推产品。其中,“双面佳人”冰箱加载了自动制冰和时尚吧台。
+
+日耗电量仅0.29度的超级节能冰箱是新飞的主销产品,该款冰箱能效水平已经远远高于欧洲A的能效标准。它在原有的“五好节能技术”————高效压缩机、R600a制冷剂、优化制冷系统、加厚发泡层和双层门封的基础上,采用了新型专利密封技术;内外门封采用双向密封定位技术,外门封同箱体正面形成一道密封墙,内门封同内胆斜面形成一道密封墙,有效隔绝了内外热交换,从而达到节能保鲜的目的。
+
+###### 4 美菱产品出策略
+
+市场表现：2007年取得了不错成绩的美菱，在2008年提出了业绩销售量增长40%的计划，但行业总体的不利局面没能让美菱实现宏伟目标；不过，美菱在2008年仍然取得了相对满意的成绩。在2008年，美菱在合肥建设的亚洲单体产能最大的长虹-美菱高新产业园建成投产之后与年产能100万台的江西美菱、西南地区规模最大的美菱绵阳冰箱制造基地一起形成了美菱冰箱的生产布局。据介绍，依托3个生产制造基地，美菱在四川和江西两个根据地市场取得了突破。
+
+美菱在继续开展“雅典娜”工程和“金三角”工程的同时，在2008年全面展开与国外连锁的合作：在年中，美菱与大润发、乐购两家外资超市连锁分别达成2008年全面合作的意向。这是继美菱与沃尔玛、家乐福、欧尚等国外连锁合作后，再次与国外连锁企业合作，扩大了在一级城市的销售渠道面。
+
+美菱在一级城市主销的近40款产品中明显扩大了三开门及对开门冰箱的产品比重，以“雅典娜”系列为首的中高端冰箱产品近15款，而三开门冰箱的价格段则几乎全部低于5000元。据观察，在主销产品中，容积在300L以上的冰箱约占7%，低于200L的产品约20%。售价在4000元左右的BCD218-ZA3BR三开门冰箱为美菱的主销机型。
+
+产品推介：2008年6月，美菱日耗电量仅为0.27度的“终结者III”顶级节能冰箱，以及两款-40℃家用深冷保鲜冰箱通过了国家级鉴定。在这3款产品应用的新技术中，美菱拥有专利的“冷凝器保压节能型冰箱制冷系统”可比普通循环系统节能10%。2008年4月推出的“雅典娜450”成为美菱2008年最重要的产品。与去年的“雅典娜460”个性设计路线相区别，售价在8000元左右的“雅典娜450”在风格上更加柔和优雅，不锈钢面板回归金属复古色调，为中国家庭设计的瘦身外观结合了超级变容能力和卓越冷藏保鲜技术。
+
+###### 5 美的产品策略
+
+市场表现：随着2007年企业组织架构、经营机制和管理机制调整的顺利完成，以及扩能工程的竣工投产，美的冰箱的综合实力跃上了一个更高的台阶。在2007年底，美的冰箱事业部曾豪言要在2008年实现销售收入1100亿元的目标，但冰箱行业在2008年旺季的不利局面令美的调低了销售计划。
+
+据介绍，2008年，美的冰箱事业部投入近2亿元，进一步加大对合肥基地的建设力度，新增进口法式、欧式冰箱生产线设备各两条，新增产能160万台。美的冰箱负责人透露，2008年美的冰箱提升了高端产品的比重，完善了高端产品线，形成以对开门、三门、多门等产品为主导的高端产品集群；而美的的对开门冰箱也于今年正式上市销售。据称，与外资品牌主推大空间、豪华等卖点相比，美的对开门冰箱设计采用了差异化的方法，在大空间、欧式设计等特点之外，主打保鲜和人性化设计等卖点。在一级城市，美的品牌的冰箱主销型号接近20款，4000元以上的产品接近50%；其中，售价在2200元左右的美的BCD-206GM三开门冰箱为主销型号。
+
+产品推介：2008年5月上市的美的名门系列对开门、多开门冰箱采用了大量的超强保鲜科技。其Vc增鲜和光波增鲜两项保鲜技术的应用，能持续释放Vc保鲜因子，阻止蔬果发生酸化反应,让蔬果新鲜更持久;同时释放仿自然光波,让果蔬在冰箱内继续进行光合作用,有效促成Vc、叶绿素及其他养分的合成,让果蔬在冰箱里再生长。该系列产品配备了冷藏室豪华柱面壁式 LED 节能灯,既节省空间又能照亮冰箱内的每个角落;其内部叠搁架可自由折叠,随意变换冰箱储物空间,让用户不再为储存大体积食物而操心;冷藏室采用独立小储物盒、旋转制冰等设计。该系列产品的最低售价仅为6000元。
+
+##### (三) 中国各品牌冰箱产品特点
+
+对单个品牌的销售而言,行业的景气、淡旺季、节假日、展台的位置、导购员自身的个性特征和语言亲切感、把控力、终端拦截的功力等等,各种因素彼此之间都会对终端零售的实际效果产生很大的影响。由于冰箱产品已经是中国家电行业终端零售的成熟产品,因此,从很大程度上来看,导购员终端拦截的实际效果要明显强于终端活化的实际效果。这其实也是一种化“被动等客”为“主动揽客”的进化效果。但这在客观上就对导购员的主动进攻性和拦截应变性都提出了更高的要求。无论是哪家企业的导购员基本上都是如此。
+
+**海尔:**
+
+产品线丰富, POP 非常完善。尤其是采用了声光电技术的动态 POP, 一直是海尔全系产品的特色。而概念包装是海尔的另一大特色。就冰箱而言,光波保鲜、A+保鲜等概念包装效果突出,海尔还特意用真蔬菜的向上生长来演示说明光波的养鲜效果。并且,海尔的导购员普遍非常专业,平时培训较多,专业术语非常流畅。为顾客服务非常殷勤,并积极留下自己的姓名电话。需要特别强调的是,他们的自信心普遍很足。这一点值得大多数品牌学习。
+
+**新飞:**
+
+产品款式总体上一般,数码神鹰系列是目前普通立式冰箱的畅销品类。但也有天鹰系列的对开门冰箱。好像是合资产品。总体来看,新飞产品的价格优势还是有的。但其导购员态度冷淡,对顾客的识别性较强。该对哪些顾客热情,该对哪些顾客冷淡,可能有自己的衡量尺度。但这一点不值得提倡。最好还是要有对顾客的基本热情。
+
+**美的:**
+
+美的冰箱 2007 年强强联手巩俐,终端上全部都换上了新的宣传招贴。但美的冰箱和其他诸多品牌相比起来,目前还没有真正意义上的差异化竞争优势,其产品还很难说是有什么明显特色,其产品线整个体系价位也普遍不算太高。
+
+**海信:**
+
+客观来说,海信的产品改进也不算太大。最近几年来,海信冰箱的时尚性在增强,紧跟潮流的效果比较明显。产品整体款式都不错。其中有一款触摸屏三门变温冰箱显得很高档。标价4099元,其实仅售3699元,具有很强的竞争力。并且,海信的导购员普遍比较自信。(属于我所走访过的自信导购员的三个品牌之一,海尔、西门子、海信。)
+
+**索伊:**
+
+凭借技术研发,索伊2007年主推豪爵系列、三开门系列、祝福系列、名爵系列、钛空系列、拉丝银系列、玲珑系列等产品,并获得惊人的市场业绩,产销量2007年突破100万台,并被美国《福布斯》杂志评为2007年度中国最具竞争力企业之一。
+
+**美菱:**
+
+雅典娜系列产品比较新颖,在众多国产品牌中比较抢眼。除了雅典娜系列之外,其他产品一般,没有明显特色。导购员态度很积极,但在技巧上属于被动问答。自从美菱与长虹合作以来,以雅典娜为典型代表的美菱产品已经开始标识“我的C生活”,并且开始出现印有长虹代言人徐静蕾的 POP 和广告单页。据观察，大多数顾客对美菱转嫁长虹，徐静蕾代言、C生活等关键词兴趣不大，当来到美菱展台和产品跟前的时候，往往冲的是这块冰箱业的老牌子和相对低廉的价格。这一点，关于美菱与长虹日后在冰箱方面的信息联合输出问题，值得该公司深思。
+
+**容声：**
+
+最近三年来的企业频繁动荡使容声产品更新和改进都不大。很多产品都有似曾相识的感觉。并且，几家卖场走下来，大多没有导购员在现场。这在终端拦截竞争高度激烈的家电行业无疑是非常吃亏的。仅就现场出样来看，容声的产品没有明显特色，价格中等，并不算低，但产品质量仍然被许多顾客比较认可，具有老品牌多年积累的张力。
+
+**荣事达：**
+
+客观来说，荣事达产品的款式普遍很一般，没有明显的个性化特色，与其他所有品牌相比起来显得明显不高档。不过，他们几个店的产品 POP 的整齐性都很好。有的店没有导购员，有的店有，但也不怎么专业。
+
+**西门子：**
+
+长期以来，西门子冰箱一直是一个让人“喜忧掺半”的品牌。喜的是西门子冰箱的产品品质一直不错，在外资冰箱品牌中一直是一个高端品牌；但忧的是，西门子冰箱的外型设计和内部构造都普遍比较保守，甚至可以说是相当简陋，比如里面的 PS 树脂抽屉和内部板材颜色显得就很陈旧，无论是普通的立式冰箱还是最近的对开门冰箱，都是如此。但又有一点值得表扬，那就是他们的终端活化与 POP 设计，甚至是广告单页设计，都非常独具匠心，很具有国际化大企业的风范。并且，他们的导购员也是普遍非常自信，充分强调精确控温，明确承诺保鲜 30 天以上，90 天内不满意可以无条件退货，产品的材质环保统一。其实一句话，就是充分强调他们真的“很德国”。真可谓是“艺高人胆大”。
+
+**松下：**
+
+不可否认的是，松下冰箱是日系冰箱中硕果仅存的一个品牌。但松下冰箱却并没有日系家电和日系汽车的小巧、活泼。其冰箱产品款式非常单一、猛眼望去其产品外观大致都一样，只不过是个头大小的差异而已。不过有一点值得表扬，松下冰箱沿袭了日系家电注重实用性的传统，几乎每款产品都是小外观、大容量。这一点上与美菱雅典娜产品的概念诉求比较一致。其导购员非常专业也非常自信，她们特别强调其压缩机的原创性，说是松下原产压缩机，用在松下的冰箱上自然非常匹配，而其他品牌也用的是松下压缩机，但不同品牌，自然就没那么匹配了。我们圈内人当然知道这是一种诡辩技巧，但对那些没有多少文化却又比较迷恋高科技的普通顾客来讲，这个说法还是比较具有恐吓力的。
+
+**LG：**
+
+可以客观地说，LG 冰箱开创了中国使用对开门冰箱的先河。当年凭借当红明星金喜善来诉求帝亚斯（DIOS）对开门冰箱，一举占据了中国对开门冰箱市场的高端地位。包括后来的三星 SBS 对开门冰箱都是如此。在普通消费者看来，一提到 LG 和三星的冰箱，首先想到的就是他们的对开门冰箱。这一点在品牌的“第一联想”营造方面，无疑是非常成功的。直接与普通的立式冰箱划开了“阶级界限”。并且，值得一提的是，无论是 LG 还是三星，他们的产品设计和 POP 设计，以及冰洗产品在展位上的“呼应式摆放”都是值得称道的。
+
+#### 二、组合策略的应用分析
+
+现在市场竞争日趋激烈，如和扩大市场占有率，获取利润已经成为冰箱厂家关注的重点，而适当的产品组合是很重要的。不同的厂家由于其产品类型，目标市场等的不同，就会制定不同的策略，但也有相同的时候。
+
+##### 1、阶段产品策略
+
+海尔发展初期,定位于山东及周边省,并主要是城市,近几年,海尔加大了对农村营销,抢占低端市场,其它厂商大体也是先定位于某一市场,在向更大市场扩展。
+
+##### 2、产品延伸策略
+
+海尔推出了“小王子”、“双王子”、“大王子”、“帅王子”、“金王子”等品种。海尔通过其品种延伸,满足了顾客对某一产品在规格、档次、品位、功能上的不同需求。2008年,新飞的产品线包括对开门的“双面佳人”、四门的“至尊天鹰”以及2009年的主打系列“新鲜F5”和“超级双冠王”多款产品。
+
+##### 3、差异化策略
+
+差异化是现在许多商品采用的策略。冰箱也是一样。由于冰箱业同质化现象越来越严重,价格恶性竞争激烈,差异化就更加重要。
+
+如新飞针对这及时推出了3大系列、30多款高、中、低端差异化特色的新产品。同质量比价格、同价格比质量这就是新飞多年来始终不渝的差异化战略制胜法宝。新飞推出号称“双冠王”的欧洲能效A++节能、361度运动杀菌冰箱,以节能、健康两大卖点受到消费者的喜爱。
+
+海尔根据现在人们约来越重视环保,推出无氟绿色环保冰箱,也很受欢迎。如绿色环保的“奥运节能”系列。
+
+##### 4、高端策略
+
+高端策略是许多冰箱厂商采用的策略,高档产品附加值高,可为厂家带来高额利润。高端产品是指4000元以上的,大多数的品牌挺进高端产品,是基于品牌经营的考虑,为了提高品牌美誉度,试图用高端产品来打造整体品牌形象。
+
+20009年,海尔推出了多款三开门、对开门的大容积冰箱,并增加了“制冰”、“吧台”等高端时尚功能,向一贯主打高端大容积冰箱的外资品牌发起冲击。
+
+新飞冰箱:稳中求变,加速开拓高端市场。推出包括对开门的“双面佳人”、四门的“至尊天鹰”以及今年的主打系列“新鲜F5”和“超级双冠王”多款中高端产品。
+
+容声依靠科技势力雄厚、多项领先的保鲜技术及外观创新走高端路线。高端冰箱市场各大品牌价格偏高,为实施“价格突围”提供了契机。经过调价的高档冰箱达60余款,调价后,比竞争对手的相应产品价格更低数百元,有的甚至更低1000元。价格调整以后,容声高档冰箱的价格优势已十分明显。例如,同是三门电脑冰箱,容积均为270多升,西门子为三温区,容声为四个宽带变温区,在温度区间选择上,容声优势十分明显,而西门子价格5100元,容声调价后4200元。高端价格调整后,高档冰箱的销量同比增长两倍多。
+
+#### 三、冰箱品牌战略
+
+品牌能给企业带来附加利益,增强竞争力。冰箱企业打造品牌是扩大知名度的重要手段。主要冰箱品牌(中国名牌,中国驰名商标,国家免检产品)海尔 容声箱 新飞 美菱 西门子(世界品牌)
+
+##### (一) 单一品牌战略
+
+单一品牌战略是指企业的多种产品使用同一品牌的战略,一种品牌成功后,又延伸到其他产品上,使用该成功产品的同一品牌
+
+海尔的策略是将集团品牌划分为企业牌(产品总商标)、行销牌(产品行销商标)和产品牌(产品类别名称)三个层次。
+
+* 海尔单一品牌战略的具体内容有：
+
+(1)完全的单一品牌战略。在海尔企业,冰箱、空调、彩电、电脑和手机等等,所有的产品都使用海尔的品牌,形成一个蔚为壮观的品牌大家族。
+
+(2)单一品牌战略中采用企业/品牌同名战略。实施企业/品牌同名战略有利于减少传播费用,在宣传企业的同时宣传了品牌,在宣传品牌的同时又宣传了企业,消费者会将每一次的品牌行为都归结为是企业的行为,也会将每一次的企业行为都积累到品牌的身上,这种互动的形式对品牌资产的积累将更加快速有效。
+
+(3) 产品线品牌策略 将不同类型或不同档次的产品进行区隔,形成比较清晰的品牌定位与形象。
+
+##### (二) 品牌延伸战略
+
+品牌延伸就是指一个品牌从原有的业务或产品延伸到新业务或产品上,多项业务或产品共享同一品牌。品种延伸,也称线延伸,它是指现有品牌向同一品类的不同品种的延伸。二是品类延伸,它是指现有品牌向不同品类的延伸。品类延伸通常不另外引入副品牌,而把品类名作为副品牌与主品牌的复合。
+
+在冰箱上,海尔推出了“海尔-小王子”、“海尔-双王子”、“海尔-大王子”、“海尔-帅王子”、“海尔-金王子”等品种;海尔通过其品种延伸,满足了顾客对某一产品在规格、档次、品位、功能上的不同需求。产品品牌配合总商标同时推出,最大限度地发挥了 Haier 名牌的连带影响力,大大降低了广告宣传中的传播成本。
+
+2006年美菱的推“TOP 鲜++”、和“终结者”系列也是这种方式。
+
+##### (三) 副品牌策略
+
+如海尔冰箱选用“小王子”、“帅王子”“小小王子”等。
+
+1)避免统一品牌的局限,利于产品延伸。由于海尔采用的是单一品牌战略,当企业规模不断扩大,尤其是产品链不断延伸时;当海尔从传统家电产品向信息家电产品发展时,统一品牌的局限性就会随之凸显出来。“海尔就是冰箱”的思维定式,使品牌的延伸营销遇到障碍。而选择副品牌营销战略,能有效引导消费者突破原有消费定式,接受和认可新产品,并将对主品牌的信赖)、忠诚迅速转移到新产品上来。
+
+2)利于商品同中求异,便于消费者区别和记忆产品。企业品牌就像人的姓名一样,如果把“主品牌”比作“姓”,“副品牌”就像是“名”,有姓有名更容易把产品区分开来,消费者对其一目了然。对同一商品,也可用副品牌将规格、品位、档次、功能等区分开来,如海尔冰箱选用“小王子”、“帅王子”“小小王子”等。
+
+3)凸显商品个性和特色。主品牌往往难以充分展现每个产品大类的个性,副品牌正好能弥补这一不足。比如“神童”巧妙蕴涵了“海尔-神童”洗衣机的电脑控制、全自动、智慧型等产品特点和优势。
+
+4)预留产品发展空间。主品牌形象在产品的更新换代和延伸发展中往往不便作大的变动,副品牌则可随时间、地点和产品的特征不同而作出相应的变动,为统一的主品牌不断推出新产品留下了空间和余地。
+
+5)兼具商品促销功能。副品牌往往概括了产品特征,贴近目标市场的审美观念,能造就新的刺激、树立新的概念、创造新的卖点,对市场促销作用比较明显。比如,海尔的“即时洗”洗衣机——“小小神童”,以其内衣、外衣分开洗,夏天衣服即时洗的独特优点,开创了人们即时洗衣的新时尚,创造了新生活,风靡市场,做大了市场蛋糕。
+
+6)构筑新的竞争优势。副品牌不断闯入消费者视野,不仅加深其对产品的印象,还可使消费者产生某种感觉。如厂家规模大、实力强、创新快、活力足、服务优等,直接或间接提升消费者对产品的信赖感和美。
+
+##### (四) 双品牌策略
+
+双品牌策略可以扩大知名度,让其互相竞争,扩大市场占有率,但也有不利的地方。西门子采用双品牌非常成功。
+
+西门子冰箱高端品牌的形象已深入人心,但它过分强调“科技”性使其显得有些缺乏温情,在这种情况下,它需要再推出一个品牌来进一步拓展高端市场。而博世是全球著名的汽车配件制造商,随着越来越多的中国消费者成为有车一族,他们对博世品牌的冰箱很容易产生认同。于是,西门子选择了博世。而“博世”遂被塑造成对消费者充满体贴与关爱的温暖使者,以弥补西门子“冷冰冰”的感觉。事实证明这种双品牌的营从而赢得了市场。
+
+##### (五) 多品牌战略——科龙采用多品牌战略
+
+科龙+容声+美菱+康拜恩容声多品牌策略可以吸引多重不同需求的顾客,提高市场占有率。科龙首先确定的六大战略中,将多品牌战略纳入其中。
+
+##### (六) 品牌国际化战略
+
+许多冰箱企业现在都向国外发展,加大产品出口。其中做得最好的首推海尔。一方面在国内获得了北京奥运的赞助权,并在全球配套推出奥运家电套餐;另一方面,海尔与美国职业篮球协会正式签约,成为NBA全球战略合作伙伴,为品牌打入美国主流市场唱响了前奏。
+
+### 第四章 冰箱的价格策略
+
+#### 一、冰箱行业定价基本思路
+
+(1) 目前电冰箱行业在市场上的价格定位依据主要在成本定价法和需求导向定价法上,各种品牌的平均价格相差不大,对于普通电冰箱,各品牌平均价格分布在3000—60000之间。对于对开门冰箱,各品牌的平均价格分布在10000—40000元之间,更主要的集中在15000—20000元之间。
+
+近几年,铜、铁、塑料、电、水的价格都在上涨,因而直接带动冰箱价格的上涨。冰箱结构的变化是造成冰箱产品价格上涨的最直接原因。冰箱结构不断升级,对开门冰箱和多门冰箱市场份额逐步上升,因而带动冰箱整体平均价格逐渐上涨。
+
+从2004年到2007年,冰箱平均价格一直上涨。2004年中国冰箱的平均价格约为2100元,2005年平均价格约为2250元,到了2009年平均价格约为2450元。中怡康数据也显示了从2010年前五个月来看,冰箱的平均价格为2558元,而去年同期则为2392元,上涨166元,涨幅6.4%。原材料价格上涨,是造成冰箱价格上涨的直接原因。
+
+以下是2009年5月份我国目前市场上畅销的几种电冰箱双开门系列的品牌价格对比：
+
+
+
+| 品牌价格 |
+容积为200立升以下 |
+容积为200立升以上 |
+趋势 |
+
+
+| 海尔 |
+1998.9 |
+2906.1 |
+上升 |
+
+
+| LG |
+2190 |
+3100 |
+上升 |
+
+| 美菱 | 1923 | 3047 | 持平 |
+| 三星 | 1899 | 3112 | 下降 |
+| 容声 | 2430 | 2492.8 | 持平 |
+| 新飞 | 2082.5 | 3291.5 | 上升 |
+| 伊莱克斯 | 1900 | 3479.7 | 上升 |
+
+（**表3** 2009年5月份我国目前市场上畅销的几种电冰箱双开门系列的品牌价格对比）
+
+#### 二、品牌的价格策略
+
+2009年，各品牌电冰箱的平均价格有所上升。冰箱平均价格上升，除了一些品牌对一些老型号以及同档次的新型号向上小幅调整价格的原因外，更重要的是产品的升级所致。对开门和三门冰箱持续高速增长，传统双门冰箱大容量化，电脑控温比重的上升都导致了价格的上涨。
+
+冰箱价格上升的另一个推动因素是制造成本的上升。2008年初全球基础原材料价格的大幅上涨，给冰箱行业增加了不小成本压力。据推算，铁矿石价格的上涨70%，镀锌板和铜上涨30%，致使冰箱成本至少上升20%。同时，石油价格的上涨也导致了塑料价格的上升。
+
+慧聪家电研究所对7个品牌在全国12个城市35个卖场进行了长期和连续的价格监测。
+
+
+
+（表4 2010年4月至2010年9月品牌普通冰箱全国范围内价格变化情况）
+
+普通冰箱，各品牌的平均价格分布在3000-6000元之间。其中伊莱克斯、LG、海尔和西门子价格随时间变化比较小。博世和松下平均价格时间变化较大，基本上呈下降趋势；同样三星的平均价格随时间变化也较大，但呈上升趋势。值得注意的是，博世和松下的平均价格远远高于7个品牌的平均价格，三星在绝大部分时间里的价格要高于7个品牌的平均价格。伊莱克斯的价格远远低于平均价格，LG和海尔则略低于平均价格，而西门子的价格与7个品牌的平均价格十分的接近。
+
+从品牌的定价策略的角度来看，博世、松下和三星主要定位于高端市场；伊莱克斯和LG主要定位于低端市场；西门子和海尔凭借其丰富的产品线，涵盖了各级市场。海尔是7个监测品牌中唯一的国产品牌，从价格曲线的变化示意图中可以看出，海尔的价格高于伊莱克斯和LG的价格，而西门子价格曲线和平均价格曲线相吻合。这表明，国产品牌正在努力开拓中高端市场，而外资品牌也着眼于中低端市场，甚至以中低端市场为目标市场，并且以价格优势和国产品牌竞争。
+
+
+
+（表5 2009年4月至9月开门冰箱全国范围内价格变化情况）
+
+对于对开门冰箱，各品牌的平均价格分布在10000-40000元之间，更主要的集中在15000-20000元之间。除海尔外，其余品牌价格随时间变化较小，而海尔价格随时间变化有较大幅度的上升。值得注意的是，西门子的价格远远高于6个品牌的平均价格，而松下远远低于平均价格，海尔与平均价格相比也有较大的差距，LG、伊莱克斯和三星的价格与平均价格非常接近。在对开门冰箱市场中，西门子完全立足于高端市场，并且定价远远高于平均价格；松下的价格远远低于平均价格，定位于低端市场；海尔是唯一的国产品牌，价格与其他外资品牌相比还有很大的差距，但要远远高于松下的价格；而LG、三星和伊莱克斯的价格曲线与平均价格曲线基本吻合。同样的，这也表明，国外品牌不仅重视高端市场，而且也重视低端市场。在各个细分市场中，国产品牌都将面临着国外品牌的激烈竞争。
+
+#### 三、竞争的定价策略
+
+近年来，我国出现了连接不断的价格竞争，这不仅在企业界引起了阵阵恐慌与激烈的争论，也成为了经济学界关注和讨论的重点。经济全球化、信息化使我国电冰箱行业的竞争环境进一步恶化。各品牌纷纷以降价来稳定市场。在电冰箱行业由于成本较高，购买的顾客在经济收入上也属于中层，故各企业间的价格竞争主要体现在高价竞争、低价竞争和垄断竞争上。
+
+**1、高价竞争**
+
+在国产电冰箱品牌市场表现平平之时，国外电冰箱品牌加大对中国市场开拓力度。中国入世后，西门子、伊莱克斯、LG、三星、惠而浦等国外公司都以电冰箱作为进军中国市场的先锋。而在电冰箱市场，国产品牌和国外品牌各有优势。电冰箱市场国产品牌价格明显低于国外品牌，海尔、科龙等优势品牌已经占据较大市场份额，并且有稳定的消费群体支撑。而国外品牌则立足于高质高价的竞争策略，一直未与国产品牌产生激烈的竞争，而随着本土化进程的加快，国外品牌的市场份额也在不段上升。国产品牌电冰箱价格不会有明显的变动，而国外品牌高档电冰箱价格会有部分幅度下调，以进一步与中国消费者市场靠近，占据更大的市场份额。
+
+**2、低价竞争**
+
+2008年初，新飞在广州宣布降价，对其旗下15款主销型号冰箱实施降价促销，同时推出涵盖高、中、低不同价位的三大系列30多个品种的新款冰箱，反击竞争对手。对此，新飞电器副总王建华指出：我们一手“以暴制暴”，直接操作价格比拼；另一手则“另辟蹊径”，通过“节能+健康”产品的推广，走差异化路线。
+
+海尔早在2007年末就不事声张地将30多款冰箱大幅降价。随后，还针对农村市场推出价格更
\ No newline at end of file
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+财务知识问答二
+
+时间：2009年06月23日编辑：王伟点击率：
+
+【工资及个人所得税】
+
+1. 问：工资卡或者存折遗失了该怎么办？
+
+答：①立即通过离自己最近的中国银行网点或银行办理临时挂失手续；
+
+②5天内亲自到开户的中国银行网点办理正式挂失手续；
+
+③银行在客户办理正式挂失手续后的10个工作日内补制新卡〔存折〕。
+
+2. 问：需要更换工资卡或者存折账号怎么办？
+
+答：①个人提出更改工资卡或者存折账号的申请；
+
+②用A4的纸复印一张需要更换的工资卡或者存折〔包含有姓名、账号等信息〕交行政楼206室。
+
+3. 问：如何了解自己工资的情况？
+
+答：学院财务处每月10日发放教职工工资，教职工可在15日左右到各单位负责领取工资条的老师手中领取工资条。
+
+4. 问：什么是个人所得税全员全额扣缴申报？
+
+答：个人所得税全员全额扣缴申报，是指扣缴义务人向个人支付应税所得时，不论其是否属于本单位人员、支付的应税所得是否达到纳税标准，扣缴义务人应当在代扣税款的次月内，向主管税务机关报送其支付应税所得个人的基本信息、支付所得项目和数额、扣缴税款数额以及其他相关涉税信息。
+
+5. 问：实行个人所得税全员全额扣缴申报的应税所得包括哪些？
+
+答：包括工资、薪金所得，劳务报酬所得，稿酬所得，特许权使用费所得，利息、股息、红利所得，财产租赁所得，财产转让所得，偶然所得和经国务院财政部门确定征税的其他所得。
+
+6. 问：工资、薪金所得应当如何缴纳个人所得税？
+
+答：工资、薪金所得按以下步骤计算缴纳个人所得税：每月取得工资收入后，先减去个人承担的基本养老保险金、医疗保险金、失业保险金，以及按省级政府规定标准缴纳的住房公积金，再减去费用扣除额2000元/月〔来源于境外的所得以及外籍人员、华侨和香港、澳门、台湾同胞在中国境内的所得每月还可附加减除费用2800元〕，为应纳税所得额，按5%至45%的九级超额累进税率计算缴纳个人所得税。〔详见《工资、薪金所得项目税率表》〕
+
+计算公式是：
+
+$$
+\text{应纳个人所得税税额} = \text{应纳税所得额} \times \text{适用税率} - \text{速算扣除数}
+$$
+
+例：张老师当月取得工资收入3000元，当月个人承担住房公积金、基本养老保险金、医疗保险金、失业保险金共计300元，费用扣除额为2000元，那么张老师当月应纳税所得额$=3000-300-2000=700$元，应纳个人所得税税额$=700 \times 10\%-25=45$元。
+
+个人取得工资、薪金所得应缴纳的个人所得税，统一由支付人负责代扣代缴，支付人是税法规定的扣缴义务人。
+
+工资、薪金所得项目税率表
+
+| 级数 | 全月应纳税所得额 | 税率% | 速算扣除法（元） |
|---|
| 1不超过 500 元的 | | 50 | | 2超过 500 元至 2000 元的部分 | | 1025 | | 3超过 2000 元至 5000 元的部分 | | 15125 | | 4超过 5000 元至 20000 元的部分 | | 20375 | | 5超过 20000 元至 40000 元的部分 | | 251375 | | 6超过 40000 元至 60000 元的部分 | | 303375 | | 7超过 60000 元至 80000 元的部分 | | 356375 | | 8超过 80000 元至 100000 元的部分 | | 4515375 | | 9超过 100000 元的部分 | | 4515375 |
+
+7. 问：工资、薪金所得包括哪些内容？
+
+答：个人取得的工资、薪金所得，是指个人因任职或者受雇而取得的工资、薪金、奖金、课酬、年终加薪、津贴、补贴及与任职或受雇有关的其他所得。
+
+8. 问：哪些情况必须按规定到主管税务机关办理纳税申报？
+
+答：①年所得12万元以上的；
+
+②从中国境内两处或者两处以上取得工资、薪金所得的；
+
+③从中国境外取得所得的；
+
+④取得应纳税所得，没有扣缴义务人的；
+
+⑤国务院规定的其他情形。
+
+年所得12万元以上的纳税义务人，在年度终了后3个月内到主管税务机关办理纳税申报。
+
+【财务收费及票据的管理】
+
+1. 问：到财务缴费的方式有哪些？
+
+答：学费、住宿费、辅修费及服务性收费等可通过以下三种方式缴纳：
+
+①现金；
+
+②带有银联标志的银行卡；
+
+③银行汇款〔仅限于申请生源地助学贷款的学生使用〕
+
+户名：华中科技大学文华学院
+
+账号：81942231
+
+开户行：华夏银行东湖支行
+
+2. 问：学院各单位收入上缴工作流程？
+
+答：学院各单位上缴收入需办理以下手续：
+
+①到财务处领取《华中科技大学文华学院上缴单》；
+
+②正确填写上缴单，包括日期、上缴单位名称、上缴方式、上缴来源、大小写金额、部门负责人签名、上缴人签名〔注意：大小金额不得涂改〕；
+
+③到行政楼206室交费。
+
+3. 问：如何办理领票手续？
+
+答：需领用票据的单位，由领票人提交书面申请，说明领用票据的原因、种类及数量，报单位领导审批后到财务处领取相应票据。
+
+4. 问：票据使用过程中应注意哪些问题？
+
+答：①领用了票据的单位，收费的同时必须开具票据；
+
+②正确填写票据，包括日期、交款单位〔人〕、交款内容、大小写金额、开票人签名，另外注意大小写金额不得涂改。
+
+③如有票据作废一式三联必须粘在一起，不可随意毁损、丢失；
+
+④在票据使用完后存根联不得遗失。
+
+5. 问：票据使用完后如何缴销票据？
+
+答：①将使用票据的总金额及作废票号写在票据的封面上；
+
+②交由财务复核，财务按存根金额收款；
+
+③办理相关核销手续。
+
+6. 问：学生交费后是否应该索要相关的收费票据？
+
+答：学生在交费后应主动向收费单位索要收费票据，维护自身的合法权益。
+
+【学籍异动财务工作流程】
+
+1. 问：学生留级、转专业应办理哪些财务手续？
+
+答：①学院领导已签字的《学生学籍异动审批表》原件及复印件两份；②《学生学籍异动通知单》一份；③原专业已缴学费收据原件；④因转专业、留级需退费的学生另需提供身份证复印件一份、本人姓名的武汉市建行卡复印件一份。
+
+2. 问：需休学、复学的学生按照相关规定应办理哪些财务手续？
+
+答：①学院领导已签字的《学生学籍异动审批表》原件及复印件两份；②《学生学籍异动通知单》一份；③原专业已缴学费收据原件。
+
+3. 问：需办理退学手续的学生应办理哪些财务手续？
+
+答：①学院领导已签字的《学生学籍异动审批表》原件及复印件两份；②《学生学籍异动通知单》一份；③原专业已缴学费收据原件；④需退费的学生还需提供身份证复印件一份。
+
+4. 问：需办理转学手续的学生应办理哪些财务手续？
+
+答：①省教育厅下发的盖章的转学通知(原件)及复印件一份；
+②学院领导已签字的《学生学籍异动审批表》原件及复印件两份；③《学生学籍异动通知单》一份。
+
+5. 问：学生缴纳学费后办理退学、转学或提前结束学业时，学费、住宿费如何计算？
+
+答：学生缴纳学费后，如因故退学、转学或提前结束学业，学校应根据学生实际在校学习时间，按每学年10个月计退剩余的学费。学生因违反校纪校规或触犯刑律而被劝其退学或被开除学籍的，其学费不予退回。
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..86a75a447a54dbb68ded6276c9e7f3c66dce876e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_59.md
@@ -0,0 +1,627 @@
+EQUITY RESEARCH | November 14, 2016
+
+Artificial intelligence is the apex technology of the information era. In the latest in our **Profiles in Innovation** series, we examine how advances in machine learning and deep learning have combined with more powerful computing and an ever-expanding pool of data to bring AI within reach for companies across industries. The development of Al-as-a-service has the potential to open new markets and disrupt the playing field in cloud computing. We believe the ability to leverage AI will become a defining attribute of competitive advantage for companies in coming years and will usher in a resurgence in productivity.
+
+Goldman Sachs
+
+**Heath P. Terry, CFA**
+(212) 357-1849
+heath.terry@gs.com
+Goldman, Sachs & Co.
+
+**Jesse Hulsing**
+(415) 249-7464
+jesse.hulsing@gs.com
+Goldman, Sachs & Co.
+
+**Mark Grant**
+(212) 357-4475
+mark.grant@gs.com
+Goldman, Sachs & Co.
+
+**Daniel Powell**
+(917) 343-4120
+daniel.powell@gs.com
+Goldman, Sachs & Co.
+
+**Piyush Mubayi**
+(852) 2978-1677
+piyush.mubayi@gs.com
+Goldman Sachs (Asia) L.L.C.
+
+**Waqar Syed**
+(212) 357-1804
+waqar.syed@gs.com
+Goldman, Sachs & Co.
+
+
+
+# PROFILES IN INNOVATIONArtificial Intelligence
+**AI, Machine Learning and Data Fuel the Future of Productivity**
+
+Goldman Sachs does and seeks to do business with companies covered in its research reports. As a result, investors should be aware that the firm may have a conflict of interest that could affect the objectivity of this report. Investors should consider this report as only a single factor in making their investment decision. For Reg AC certification and other important disclosures, see the Disclosure Appendix, or go to www.gs.com/research/hedge.html. Analysts employed by non-US affiliates are not registered/qualified as research analysts with FINRA in the U.S.
+
+The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc.
+
+
+
+## Contents
+
+
+
+
+Portfolio Manager’s summary3
+What is Artificial Intelligence?9
+Key drivers of value creation11
+Fueling the future of productivity15
+AI & The Productivity Paradox: An interview with Jan Hatzius18
+The Ecosystem: Cloud services, open source key beneficiaries of the coming investment cycle in AI20
+Use Cases41
+Agriculture42
+Financials50
+Healthcare59
+Retail68
+Energy75
+Enablers83
+Appendix90
+Disclosure Appendix97
+
+***Contributing Authors:** Heath P. Terry, CFA, Jesse Hulsing, Robert D. Boroujerdi, Jan Hatzius, Piyush Mubayi, Mark Grant, Daniel Powell, Waqar Syed, Adam Hotchkiss, Komal Makkar, Yena Jeon, Toshiya Hari, Heather Bellini, CFA, Simona Jankowski, CFA, Matthew J. Fassler, Terence Flynn, PhD, Jerry Revich, CFA, Salveen Richter, CFA, Rob Joyce, Charles Long*
+
+**PROFILES IN INNOVATION**
+
+This is the seventh report in our *Profiles in Innovation* series analyzing emerging technologies that are creating profit pools and disrupting old ones. Access previous reports in the series below or visit our portal for more, including a video summary of this report.
+
+* Virtual and Augmented Reality
+
+* Drones
+
+* Factory of the Future
+
+* Blockchain
+
+* Precision Farming
+
+* Advanced Materials
+
+
+
+## Portfolio Manager's summary
+
+
+
+Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the apex technology of the information age. The leap from computing built on the foundation of humans *telling* computers how to act, to computing built on the foundation of computers *learning* how to act has significant implications for every industry. While this moment in time may be viewed as the latest cycle of promise and disappointment before the next AI Winter (Exhibit 8), these investments and new technologies will at the very least leave us with the tangible economic benefit to productivity of machine learning.
+
+In the meantime, AI, bots, and self-driving cars have risen to the forefront of popular culture and even political discourse. However, our research over the last year leads us to believe that this is not a false start, but an inflection point. As we shall explore in this report, the reasons for the inflection range from the obvious (more and faster compute and an explosion of more data) to the more nuanced (significant strides in deep learning, specialized hardware, and the rise of open source).
+
+**See profiles of 5 real-world use cases for AI on pp. 41 to 81.**
+
+One of the more exciting aspects of the AI inflection is that “real-world” use cases abound. While deep-learning enabled advances in computer vision and such technologies as natural language processing are dramatically improving the quality of Apple’s Siri, Amazon’s Alexa, and Google’s photo recognition, AI is not just “tech for tech”. **Where large data sets are combined with powerful enough technology, value is being created and competitive advantage is being gained.**
+
+For example, in healthcare, image recognition technology can improve the accuracy of cancer diagnosis. In agriculture, farmers and seed producers can utilize deep learning techniques to improve crop yields. In pharmaceuticals, deep learning is used to improve drug discovery. In energy, exploration effectiveness is being improved and equipment availability is being increased. In financial services, costs are being lowered and returns increased by opening up new data sets to faster analysis than previously possible. AI is in the very early stages of use case discovery, and as the necessary technology is democratized through cloud based services we believe a wave of innovation will follow, creating new winners and losers in every industry.
+
+**We interview GS Chief Economist Jan Hatzius about the impact AI/machine learning could have on lagging US productivity growth on p. 18.**
+
+**The broad applicability of AI also leads us to the conclusion that it is a needle-moving technology for the global economy and a driver behind improving productivity and ending the period of stagnant productivity growth in the US.** Leveraging the research of Chief GS economist Jan Hatzius, we frame the current stagnation in capital deepening and its associated impact on US productivity. We believe that AI technology driven improvements to productivity could, similar to the 1990's, drive corporates to invest in more capital and labor intensive projects, accelerating growth, improving profitability, and expanding equity valuations.
+
+### Implications
+
+While we see artificial intelligence impacting every corporation, industry, and segment of the economy in time, there are four implications for investors that we see as among the most notable.
+
+**Productivity.** AI and machine learning (ML) has the potential to set off a cycle of productivity growth that benefits economic growth, corporate profitability, returns on capital, and asset valuations. According to GS Chief Economist Jan Hatzius “In principle, it [AI] does seem like something that could be potentially captured better in the statistics than the last wave of innovation to the extent that artificial intelligence reduces costs and reduces the need for labor input into high value added types of production. Those cost saving innovations in the business sector are things statisticians are probably better set up to capture than increases in variety and availability of apps for the iPhone, for example. To the extent Artificial Intelligence has a broad based impact on cost structures in the business sector, I'm reasonably confident that it would be picked up by statisticians and would show up in the overall productivity numbers."
+
+**Premium technology.** The value of speed in AI and machine learning has the potential to reverse the trend towards cheaper commodity hardware in building data centers and networks. We believe this could drive substantial shifts in market share in hardware, software, and services spending. For example, an AWS workload running on a "standard" datacenter compute instance costs as little as \$0.0065/hour compared to \$0.900 for a GPU instance optimized for AI.
+
+**Competitive Advantage.** We see the potential for AI and machine learning to reshuffle the competitive order across every industry. Management teams that fail to invest in and leverage these technologies risk being passed by competitors that benefit from the strategic intelligence, productivity gains, and capital efficiencies they create. In the vignettes starting on page 41 we examine how these competitive advantages are developing in Healthcare, Energy, Retail, Finance and Agriculture.
+
+**We profile the ecosystem of public and private companies enabling the AI revolution on pp. 83 to 89.**
+
+**New Company Creation.** We have identified over 150 private companies in the AI and ML space founded over the last 10 years (Exhibits 69-75). While we believe that much of the value in AI will accrue to large companies with the resources, data, and ability to invest, we expect that venture capitalists, entrepreneurs and technologists will continue to drive the creation of new companies that will, in turn, drive substantial innovation and value creation through, at the very least, M&A, though we certainly wouldn't dismiss the potential for a "Google or Facebook of AI" to emerge.
+
+In the following pages we delve into AI the technology, its history, the ecosystem being created around machine learning, applications for these technologies across industries and the companies that are leading the way.
+
+### What is AI?
+
+AI is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines and computer programs capable of learning and problem solving in ways that normally require human intelligence. Classically, these include natural language processing and translation, visual perception and pattern recognition, and decision making, but the number and complexity of applications is rapidly expanding.
+
+In this report, we will focus most of our analysis on machine learning, a branch of AI, and deep learning, a branch of machine learning. We highlight two key points:
+
+1. Simplistically, **machine learning** is algorithms that learn from examples and experience (i.e., data sets) rather than relying on hard-coded and predefined rules. In other words, rather than a developer telling a program how to distinguish between an apple and an orange, an algorithm is fed data ("trained") and learns on its own how to distinguish between an apple and an orange.
+2. Major advances in **deep learning** are one of the driving forces behind the current AI inflection point. Deep learning is a sub-set of machine learning. In most traditional machine learning approaches, features (i.e., the inputs or attributes that may be predictive) are designed by humans. Feature engineering is a bottleneck and requires significant expertise. In unsupervised deep learning, **the important features are not predefined by humans, but learned and created by the algorithm.**
+
+To be clear, we're not yet focusing on the kind of True, Strong, or General Artificial Intelligence that is meant to replicate independent human intelligence, and that is often the AI in popular culture. While there have been certain potential breakthroughs there, like Google DeepMind's AlphaGo system, which not only defeated a Go world champion, but did so using moves no human ever had before, we focus on the more immediately economically tangible areas of development in artificial intelligence.
+
+### Why is AI development accelerating now?
+
+Major leaps in deep learning capabilities have been one of the catalysts behind the AI inflection currently underway. Neural networks, the underlying technology framework behind deep learning, have been around for decades, but three things have changed over the last five to ten years:
+
+1. **Data.** There has been massive growth in the amount of unstructured data being created by the increasingly ubiquitous connected devices, machines, and systems globally. Neural networks become more effective the more data that they have, meaning that as the amount of data increases the number of problems that machine learning can solve using that data increases. Mobile, IoT, and maturation of low cost data storage and processing technologies (often in the cloud) has created massive growth in the number, size, and structure of available data sets. For example, Tesla has aggregated 780mn miles of driving data to date, and adding another million miles every ten hours through its connected cars, while Jasper (acquired by Cisco for \$1.4bn in Feb. 2016) has a platform powering machine to machine communication for multiple automobile manufacturers and telco companies. Verizon made a similar investment in August when it announced it would acquire Fleetmatics, which connects remote sensors on vehicles to cloud software via increasingly fast wireless networks. The rollout of 5G will only accelerate the rate at which data can be generated and transmitted. Annual data generation is expected to reach 44 zettabytes (trillions of GB) by 2020, according to IDC's Digital Universe report, a CAGR of 141% over five years, suggesting that we are just beginning to see the use cases to which these technologies will be applied.
+
+
+**Exhibit 1: Annual data generation is expected to reach 44 zettabytes (44 trillion GB) by 2020, according to EMC/IDC**
+
+annual data generation globally (in ZB)
+
+
+
+
+*Source: EMC, IDC*
+
+2. **Faster hardware.** The repurposing of Graphic Processing Units (GPUs), the general availability of lower cost compute power, particularly through cloud services, and new models for building neural networks have dramatically increased the speed and accuracy of the results neural networks can produce. GPUs and their parallel architecture allow for faster training of machine learning systems compared to the traditional Central Processing Unit (CPU) based data center architecture. By repurposing graphics chips networks can iterate faster, leading to more accurate training in shorter periods of time. At the same time, the development of specialized silicon, like the Field Programmable Gate Arrays being used by Microsoft and Baidu, allows for faster inference by trained deep learning systems. More broadly, the raw compute power of super computers has increased exponentially since 1993 (Exhibit 2). In 2016, a single high-end Nvidia video card for a gaming PC has sufficient compute power to have classified as the most powerful super computer in the world before 2002.
+
+
+**Exhibit 2: Raw compute performance of global supercomputers, measured in GFLOPs, has increased exponentially since 1993**
+
+Rpeak GFLOPS of #1 ranked global supercomputers on the Top500 list
+
+
+
+
+*Source: top500.org, compiled by Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research*
+
+**FLOPS (FLoating-point Operations Per Second): a measure of compute performance speed, wherein 1 GFLOPS equals 10⁹ FLOPS and 1 TFLOPS equals 10¹² FLOPS.**
+
+Costs of performance have also declined drastically. Nvidia's GPU (GTX 1080) delivers 9TFLOPS of performance for roughly \$700, implying a price per GFLOPS of roughly 8 cents. In 1961, stringing together enough IBM 1620s to deliver a single GFLOPS of performance would require over \$9 trillion (adjusted for inflation).
+
+
+**Exhibit 3: Price per unit of compute has decreased drastically over time**
+\$ per GFLOPS in representative computer systems
+
+
+
+
+*Source: IBM, Cray, Sony, Nvidia, Press reports, Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research*
+
+3. **Better and more broadly available algorithms.** Better inputs (compute and data) are driving more R&D into algorithms to support deep learning use cases. Open source frameworks like Berkeley's Caffe, Google's TensorFlow, and Torch (used by Facebook) are allowing developers to compound their individual contributions by relying on tested base libraries as a foundation. As an example, TensorFlow, in less than a year, has become one of the most forked (or active) repositories on GitHub, the largest developer collaboration site. While not all AI is happening in a widely available, open source framework, (Apple is known for their secrecy in this field) their availability is certainly accelerating the development and open sourcing of more advanced tools.
+
+### Look around...
+
+While the focus of this report is on where artificial intelligence is going and how companies are getting there, it is important to realize the extent to which AI is already impacting our lives.
+
+**Online Search.** Just over a year ago, Google revealed that it had begun routing a significant number of its searches to RankBrain, an artificial intelligence system, making it one of the three most important signals, along with links and content, in Google's search algorithm.
+
+**Recommendation engines.** Netflix, Amazon, and Pandora all use artificial intelligence to determine what movies to recommend, products to highlight, and songs to play. In May, Amazon open sourced, DSSTNE, the Deep Scalable Sparse Tensor Network Engine, "Destiny" for short, that it uses to produce product recommendations, so that it could be expanded beyond speech and language understanding and objection recognition.
+
+**Facial recognition.** Both Google (FaceNet) and Facebook (DeepFace) have invested heavily in the technology necessary to identify with near 100 percent accuracy the faces in your photos. In January, Apple took a step further in buying Emotient, an AI startup that reads facial expressions to determine their emotional state. Clearly, these technologies are going far beyond tagging photos.
+
+While there are countless additional consumer examples in personal assistants like Apple's Siri, credit and insurance risk scoring, and even weather prediction, in the coming pages we examine the way enterprises are using these technologies to accelerate growth, reduce costs, and control risk. At the rate these technologies and the applications for them are developing these will, at best, be a snapshot in time that provides some direction for the companies and investors working to stay in front of their competition.
+
+## What is Artificial Intelligence?
+
+
+
+Artificial intelligence describes a science of simulating intelligent behavior in computers. It entails enabling computers to exhibit human-like behavioral traits including knowledge, reasoning, common sense, learning, and decision making.
+
+**What is machine learning?** Machine learning is a branch of artificial intelligence and entails enabling computers to learn from data without being explicitly programmed. To provide simple context, a computer may be programmed to recognize trains in photos, but if it sees a photo of an object that only resembles a train (e.g. a museum built inside an old train, a toy train), a machine may falsely identify it as a train. In this scenario, machine learning would entail enabling the computer to learn from a large set of examples of trains and objects that only resemble trains, allowing it to better identify actual trains (thus achieving a level of artificial intelligence).
+
+There are many real-world applications of machine learning. For instance, Netflix uses machine learning algorithms to generate personalized recommendations for users based on its massive volume of user behavior data and Zendesk uses customer interaction data to predict the likelihood of a customer being satisfied.
+
+**What is a neural network?** A neural network in the context of AI/machine learning describes a type of computer architecture that simulates the structure of a human brain onto which AI/machine learning programs can be built. It consists of connected nodes in aggregate that can solve more complex problems and learn, like the neurons in a human brain.
+
+
+**Exhibit 4: Neural network**
+
+Multiple hidden layers would be characteristic of deep learning
+
+
+
+
+*Source: Michael A. Nielsen, "Neural Networks and Deep Learning", Determination Press, 2015, Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research*
+
+**What is deep learning?** Deep learning is a type of machine learning which entails training a hierarchy of “deep layers” of large neural networks, with each layer solving different aspects of a problem, allowing the system to solve more complex problems. Using the train example given above, deep learning system would contain layers that each identifies a different trait of a train. For example, the bottom layer would identify whether the object has windows. If the answer is yes, the next layer would look for wheels. The next would look for rectangular cars, so on and so forth, until the layers collectively identify the picture as a train or rejects it. Deep learning has been gaining popularity as a method of enhancing machine learning capabilities as technological advancements began to allow for training of large neural networks.
+
+**What is supervised learning?** **Unsupervised learning?** Supervised and unsupervised learning are both types of machine learning. In supervised learning, the system is given a set of examples with “correct answers.” Based on these examples, the system would learn to correctly predict the output based on what it has learned from the correct answers. Real-world applications of supervised learning include spam detection (e.g. the system may be fed a set of emails labeled “spam” and learn to correctly identify spam emails) and handwriting recognition. In unsupervised learning the system is not given correct answers, but unlabeled examples instead and left on its own to discover patterns. An example includes grouping customers into certain characteristics (e.g. purchasing frequency) based on patterns discovered from a large set of customer data.
+
+**What are some types of machine learning?**
+
+* **Classification.** Classify emails as spam, identify fraud, facial recognition, voice recognition, etc.
+* **Clustering.** Comparing images, text or voice find similar items; identify clusters of unusual behavior.
+* **Predictive.** Predict the likelihood of customer or employee churn based on web activity and other metadata; predict health issues based on wearable data.
+
+**What is General, Strong or True Artificial Intelligence?** General, Strong, or True Artificial Intelligence are terms used for machine intelligence that fully replicates human intelligence including independent learning and decision making. While techniques like Whole Brain Emulation are being used to work towards the goal of General AI, the amount of compute power required is still considered far beyond current technologies, making General AI largely theoretical for the time being.
+
+## Key drivers of value creation
+
+
+
+We believe profit pool creation (and destruction) related to the AI theme is best analyzed by first breaking AI down into four key inputs: **talent, data, infrastructure** and **silicon**. These inputs also double as barriers to adoption.
+
+### Talent
+
+AI (deep learning in particular) is hard. Per our conversations with VCs and companies in the space, this has created a talent shortage and a competition for this talent among large internet and cloud computing vendors (Exhibit 5). AI talent is in high enough demand that “acquihires” are still a common means to acquire necessary talent. As the technology and tooling matures, talent may become less of a bottleneck. However, we believe talent will migrate to interesting, differentiated data sets. **Due to this, we believe large differentiated data sets are the most likely driver of growth and incremental profit dollars as we move into an AI-centric world.**
+
+
+**Exhibit 5: A Scarcity of AI Talent is Driving M&A**
+
+| Target | Date Announced/ Reported | Description |
|---|
| Acquirer: AMZN | | 2lemetry Inc. | 3/16/2015 | IoT: track and manage connected devices | | Orbeus | Fall 2015 | Photo-re cognition technology based on AI | | Acquirer: AAPL | | Vocal IQ | 10/2/2015 | Speech recognition based on AI | | Perceptio | 10/5/2015 | Uses AI to classify photos on smartphones | | Emotient | 1/7/2016 | Uses AI to read people's emotions by analyzing facial expressions | | Turi | 8/5/2016 | Machine learning platform for developers and data scientists | | Tuplejump Software | 9/26/2016 | Machine learning/big data technology developer | | Acquirer: CRM | | Tempo AI | 5/29/2015 | AI-based smart calendar app | | MinHash | 12/16/2015 | Developed an AI platform and a virtual personal assistant (AILA) for marketers | | PredictionIO | 2/19/2016 | Developed an open source-based machine learning server | | Metamind | 4/4/2016 | Deep Learning platform (natural language processing, computer vision, database predictions, etc) | | Acquirer: MSFT | | Equivio | 1/21/2015 | Machine-learning based text analytics service for legal and compliance | | Revolution Analytics | 1/27/2015 | Open-source analytics company that specizlies in R programming language for statistical computing | | Wand Labs | 6/16/2016 | Messaging app/chat bot devleoper | | Genee | 8/23/2016 | Al scheduling assistance services | | Acquirer: GOOGL | | DeepMind | 1/16/2014 | Al firm that specializes in machine learning, advanced algorithms, systems neuroscience | | Emu | 8/6/2014 | Mobile messaging app with an Al assistant | | Jetpac | 8/15/2014 | Al-based mobile photo app | | Dark Blue Labs | 10/23/2014 | Deep learning startup specializing in understanding natural language | | Vision Factory | 10/23/2014 | Deep learning startup specializing in visual recognition systems | | Timeful | 5/4/2015 | Machine-learning based scheduling tool | | Speaktoit (Api.ai) | 9/21/2016 | Speech recognition and natural language understanding solutions |
+
+
+*Source: Bloomberg, company data, FactSet, The Guardian, Techcrunch, VentureBeat*
+
+### Data
+
+Data is *the* key input for Al. Deep learning effectiveness in particular is linked to larger data sets, as larger data sets prevent models from becoming over-fitted. For example, researchers from the Department of Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School used a convolutional neural network to identify CT images,assessing accuracy of the neural network based on training data size. As the training size grew larger, accuracy improved (Exhibit 6).
+
+
+**Exhibit 6: Medical Imaging (Body Part Image Recognition)**
+
+Training Size is Correlated With Accuracy; 0= least accurate, 100= most accurate
+
+| Training Data Size | 5 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 100 | 200 |
|---|
| Brain | 0.3 | 3.39 | 45.71 | 59.07 | 72.82 | 98.44 |
|---|
| Neck | 21.3 | 30.63 | 79.97 | 99.34 | 99.74 | 99.33 |
|---|
| Shoulder | 2.98 | 21.39 | 69.64 | 86.57 | 95.53 | 92.94 |
|---|
| Chest | 23.39 | 34.45 | 62.53 | 96.18 | 95.25 | 99.61 |
|---|
| Abdomen | 0.1 | 3.23 | 35.4 | 65.83 | 91.01 | 95.18 |
|---|
| Pelvis | 0 | 1.15 | 15.99 | 55.9 | 83.7 | 88.45 |
|---|
| Average | 8.01 | 17.37 | 51.54 | 77.15 | 89.68 | 95.67 |
|---|
+
+
+*Source: Department of Radiology at Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School*
+
+Most deep learning today is either supervised or semi-supervised, meaning all or some of the data utilized to train the model must be labeled by a human. Unsupervised machine learning is the current “holy grail” in AI, as raw un-labeled data could be utilized to train models. Broad adoption of deep learning will likely be tied to growth in large data sets (which is happening due to mobile and IoT) and to advances in unsupervised machine learning. However, we believe large differentiated data sets (electronic health records, omics data, geological data, weather data, etc.) will likely be a core driver of profit pool creation over the next decade.
+
+The amount of information created worldwide is expected to increase at a CAGR of 36% through 2020, reaching 44 Zettabytes (44 billion GB), according to IDC. Increases in connected devices (consumer and industrial), machine-to-machine communication, and remote sensors are combining to create large data sets that can then be mined for insights and to train adaptive algorithms. Availability of data has also increased dramatically in the last decade, with census, labor, weather, and even genome data available for free online in large quantities.
+
+We are also seeing increased availability of satellite imagery, which requires a great deal of compute to fully analyze. The US Geological Survey's Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 satellites image the entire Earth every 8 days, and the USGS makes those images available for free – though even when compressed, the ultra-high definition images are approximately 1GB each, in file size. Other companies, like Orbital Insights are aggregating image data and creating commercial solutions across multiple industries.
+
+### Infrastructure
+
+Hardware and infrastructure software are necessary to make AI work. We believe infrastructure to support AI will rapidly become commoditized. This view is based on two observations: 1)cloud computing vendors are well positioned to extend their offerings into AI infrastructure, 2)open source (TensorFlow, Caffe, Spark, etc.) has emerged as the primary driver of software innovation in AI. To spur adoption of AI, we believe large cloud vendors will continue to open source infrastructure capabilities, limiting the potential for profit pool creation.
+
+
+**Exhibit 7: Internet Giants (such as Google) are spurring interest in AI via open sourcing technologies (such as TensorFlow)**
+
+GitHub repositories most starred 2015-2016
+
+
+
+
+*Source: GitHub*
+
+### Silicon
+
+The repurposing of GPUs for deep learning has been one of the key drivers of our current "AI Spring". Within the AI/ML ecosystem, there are two primary applications that determine the performance of a neural network with each requiring a different resource setup. The first is the construction and use of a training algorithm. The training algorithm leverages a large (usually the larger, the better) data set to find correlations and build a model that can determine the probability of an output, given a new input. Training is very resource-intensive, and most modern training is done on GPU-powered systems.
+
+The use of models and algorithms once they have been trained is referred to as inference. Inference requires far less computing power, and typically combs through smaller, incremental data input sets. While some GPUs are optimized for inference (Nvidia's P4 series and M4 series, for example) given the single-purpose nature of inference, specialized silicon is being developed specifically for that application, referred to as FPGAs (Field Programmable Gate Array) and ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuit). This type of integrated circuit was originally developed for prototyping CPUs, but is increasingly being used for inference in artificial intelligence. Google's Tensor Processing Unit, is an example of an ASIC purpose-built for AI and machine learning. Microsoft has been using FPGA chips for inference, as well. Intel acquired FPGA manufacturer, Altera, in 2015 on the view that by 2020, a third of data centers could be leveraging FPGAs for specialized use cases. Xilinx, which pioneered commercially viable FPGAs in the 1980s, has pointed to the cloud and large data centers as a significant avenue of growth going forward, having announced a strategic customer relationship with Baidu. Data centers make up roughly 5% of Xilinx's revenue now.
+
+
+**Exhibit 8: Evolution of AI: 1950-Present**
+
+
+
+
+*Source: Company data, Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research*
+
+## Fueling the future of productivity
+
+
+
+Labor productivity growth in the U.S. has come to a halt in recent years after modest growth in the past decade and significant growth in the mid-late 1990s. We believe that proliferation of consumable machine learning and AI has the potential to dramatically shift the productivity paradigm across global industries, in a way similar to the broad scale adoption of internet technologies in the 1990s.
+
+**Across industries, we see a roughly 0.5%-1.5% reduction in labor hours spurred by automation and efficiency gains brought to bear by AI/ML technologies resulting in a +51-154bps impact on productivity growth by 2025.** While we expect AI/ML to improve both the denominator and numerator of productivity over time, we believe the most significant, early impacts will be on the automation of lower-wage tasks – driving similar levels of output growth with less labor hours. Our base case AI/ML driven improvement of 97 bps implies a 2025 productivity growth IT contribution of 1.61%, or 11bps higher than 1995-2004 (Exhibits 9, 10).
+
+
+**Exhibit 9: Productivity analysis**
+
+\$ millions, assumes linear nominal GDP growth beyond 2019
+
+| US |
+2016E |
+2017E |
+2018E |
+2019E |
+2020E |
+2021E |
+2022E |
+2023E |
+2024E |
+2025E |
+
|---|
+| Output |
+
+| US Nominal GDP* ($bn) |
+18,552 |
+19,300 |
+20,045 |
+20,757 |
+21,470 |
+22,183 |
+22,895 |
+23,608 |
+24,321 |
+25,034 |
+
+ |
+2.9% |
+4.0% |
+3.9% |
+3.6% |
+3.4% |
+3.3% |
+3.2% |
+3.1% |
+3.0% |
+2.9% |
+
+| Productivity |
+
+| Labor productivity |
+69.0 |
+70.4 |
+71.8 |
+73.1 |
+74.3 |
+75.4 |
+76.5 |
+77.6 |
+78.6 |
+79.7 |
+
+| yoy growth (%) |
+0.9% |
+2.1% |
+2.0% |
+1.7% |
+1.6% |
+1.6% |
+1.5% |
+1.4% |
+1.3% |
+1.3% |
+
+| Labor hours (mn) |
+268,958 |
+273,992 |
+279,026 |
+284,060 |
+289,094 |
+294,128 |
+299,162 |
+304,196 |
+309,230 |
+314,264 |
+
+| ML/Al impact |
+
+
+ |
+ |
+Low |
+ |
+Base |
+ |
+High |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+| Labor hours reduction (mn) |
+ |
+(1,571) |
+ |
+(2,969) |
+ |
+(4,714) |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+| Reduction |
+ |
+-0.5% |
+ |
+-1% |
+ |
+-1.5% |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+| 2025 Labor hours (mn) |
+ |
+312,693 |
+ |
+311,295 |
+ |
+309,550 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+| 2025 GDP ($bn) |
+ |
+25,034 |
+ |
+25,034 |
+ |
+25,034 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+| Labor productivity |
+ |
+80.1 |
+ |
+80.4 |
+ |
+80.9 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+| yoy growth (%) |
+ |
+1.8% |
+ |
+2.2% |
+ |
+2.8% |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+| Improvement (bps) |
+ |
+51 |
+ |
+97 |
+ |
+154 |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+ |
+
+
+
+
+*Source: OECD, US Bureau of Labor Statistics, Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research*
+
+### Technology and productivity growth
+
+The 1990s technology boom saw unusual amplification of each of the two primary components of productivity, capital deepening and multifactor productivity (MFP), and was strongly correlated with rising equity valuations.
+
+**Capital Deepening.** GS economist Jan Hatzius has provided recent analysis on the anti-cyclical tendency of capital deepening (capital stock per labor hour), as labor hours historically tend to rise during expansionary periods without an equal surge in capital stock (see Jan's report: "Productivity Paradox v2.0 Revisited", published on 09/2/2016). In the 1990's, capital deepening increased markedly, highlighted by atypical capital investment increases that outpaced growth in the labor market.
+
+**Multifactor productivity (MFP).** A March, 2013 Federal Reserve study by David Byrne et al. suggests that the simultaneous diffusion of technology into IT-producing and general operations processes contributed to creating a threefold spike in growth (output per labor hour) during the 1990s, with IT-producing sectors responsible for at most 49% of the average annual increase in annual productivity growth from the pre-boom period to the period between 1995 and 2004 (Exhibit 10).
+
+
+**Exhibit 10: Late 90s: IT-producing sectors contribute nearly half of productivity growth**
+But lose value and share in growth post-tech boom
+
+
+
+
+*Source: Federal Reserve Board, Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research*
+
+**Post-millennium stagnation.** During the past decade, capital deepening growth related to IT applications (computer hardware, software, and telecom) has stagnated. IT capital, relative to broader market capital, has contributed less to overall growth in this component than average contributions during and even before the tech boom. Aggregate labor hours have been increasing, but the contribution of capital intensity to productivity has drastically underperformed versus the 1990s. The introduction of increasingly sophisticated, consumable machine learning and AI may be a catalyst in bringing capital intensity back to the forefront, in our view, significantly increasing the productivity of labor similar to the cycle we saw in the 1990's.
+
+We're more optimistic on the MFP side of the equation. GS economists have highlighted (*Productivity Paradox v2.0 Revisited*, 9/2/2016) that upward biases on ICT prices and a growth in inputs towards unmonetized outputs (free online content, back-end processes, etc.) add to the understatement of real GDP and productivity growth. Evolution of internet giants like Facebook and Google highlight the idea that complex input labor and capital aren't necessarily converted into traditional consumer product monetization captured in standard productivity metrics.
+
+### AI/ML induced productivity could impact investment
+
+We believe that one of the potential impacts of increasing productivity from AI/ML could be a shift in the way companies allocate capital. Since mid-2011, the growth in dividends and share repurchases has significantly exceeded capex growth, as reluctance among management teams to investment in capital projects remains post-recession.
+
+
+**Exhibit 11: Companies are hesitant to sacrifice dividends**
+Clear shift in cash utilization strategy
+
+
+
+
+*Source: Shiller S&P Analysis, U.S. Department of Commerce, Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research*
+
+
+**Exhibit 12: Cyclically adj. P/E ratios in a sluggish recovery**
+Valuations only just hitting pre-recession levels
+
+
+
+
+*Source: Shiller S&P Analysis, Goldman Sachs Global Investment Research*
+
+Productivity increases have the potential to renew management confidence and encourage companies to invest in productive capital similar to the 1990s, where yoy capex growth, measured by our GS capex tracker, consistently outpaced yoy dividend growth as measured in Yale Professor Robert Shiller's S&P 500 analysis (Exhibit 11). We further believe that investors would value such a shift with the support of productivity gains. Cyclically adjusted P/E ratios underwent significant inflation during this period of capex investment and related productivity growth, while current valuations have only just reached pre-recession levels (Exhibit 12).
+
+## AI & The Productivity Paradox: An interview with Jan Hatzius
+
+
+
+Jan Hatzius
+
+
+
+Heath Terry
+
+GS Research Internet analyst Heath Terry sat down with Chief Economist Jan Hatzius to discuss the role AI & machine learning could play in boosting lagging labor productivity.
+
+**Heath Terry: What has led to the lack of measurable productivity growth over the last decade?**
+
+**Jan Hatzius:** A good starting point is the 1990s, where we did have a sizeable measured productivity acceleration which was mainly technology driven. The technology sector had gotten bigger and measured output growth in the technology sector was very rapid, and that was enough to produce an overall acceleration in the economy. Recently, over the last 10 years or so, we've seen a renewed deceleration to productivity growth rates that are as low as the 1970s and 1980s, and potentially even lower.
+
+I think there is more than one driver, but I would say there are three things that have lowered productivity growth in my view. One is a bit of a cyclical effect. We still have some hangover from the great recession with a relatively slow pace of capital accumulation, relatively low levels of investment, and relatively rapid employment growth. Since productivity is measured as output per hour worked, that somewhat perversely means that you can have lower productivity numbers when the labor market is improving rapidly.
+
+Another factor may be some slowdown in the overall pace of technological progress. It's reasonable to believe that perhaps the 1990s, with the introduction of the internet, was a relatively rapid period for technological progress, and I would say there is some support for the idea that it is a little slower now.
+
+The third point is that technological progress that has occurred over the last decade, like mobile and consumer focused technology, is something that statisticians are not very well set up to capture in the numbers. The reason is that quality improvement in a lot of the new technologies that have dominated in the last decade or so is very difficult to capture in a quantitative sense. Statisticians are not building in significant quality improvement into a lot of the areas that have been at the cutting edge.
+
+So I would point to three things. There are cyclical effects, probably some slowdown in technological progress, and very likely an increase in the measurement error in the productivity statistics.
+
+**Terry: Back to the productivity boom in the 1990s, what role did technology play?**
+
+**Hatzius:** What drove it was mainly general purpose technologies like semiconductors and computers, which had become much larger as a share of the economy than they were in the 1970s or 1980s and where technological progress was very rapid, in ways that statisticians were well set up to measure. The statisticians in the 1990s had made a lot of effort to capture quality improvement faster; processer speeds, more memory, better attributes in computer hardware, which led to large increases in the measured contribution of the technology sector. The technology sector was very central to pick up in the productivity numbers from the 1990s lasting to the early and mid-2000s.
+
+**Terry: We've seen a lot of technology development over the last 10-15 years. Why hasn't there been a similar impact to productivity from technologies such as the iPhone, Facebook, and the development of cloud computing?**
+
+**Hatzius:** We don't have a full answer to it, but I do think an important part of the answer is the statistical ability to measure improvement in quality, and the impact of new products in the economic statistics is limited. It's relatively easy to measure nominal GDP, that's basically a matter of adding up receipts. There is room for measurement error as there is in almost everything, but I don't have real first order concern that measurement is getting worse in terms of measuring nominal GDP. Converting nominal GDP numbers into real GDP numbers by deflating it with a quality adjusted overall price index is where I think things get very difficult. If you look, for example, at the way software sectors enter the official numbers, if you believe the official numbers, \$1000 of outlay on software now buys you just as much real software as \$1000 of outlay bought you in the 1990s. There has been no improvement in what you get for your money in the software sector. That's just very difficult to believe. That just does not pass the smell test. Because of the difficulty of capturing these quality improvements, the fact that the technology sector has increasingly moved from general purpose hardware to specialized hardware, software and digital products has led to increased understatement and mismeasurement.
+
+**Terry: What kind of impact could the development of technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning have on productivity?**
+
+**Hatzius:** In principle, it does seem like something that could be potentially captured better in the statistics than the last wave of innovation to the extent that artificial intelligence reduces costs and reduces the need for labor input into high value added types of production. Those cost saving innovations in the business sector are things statisticians are probably better set up to capture than increases in variety and availability of apps for the iPhone, for example. To the extent Artificial Intelligence has a broad based impact on cost structures in the business sector, I'm reasonably confident that it would be picked up by statisticians and would show up in the overall productivity numbers.
+
+I would just add one general caveat, which is that the U.S. economy is very large. Even things that are important in one sector of the economy and seem like an overwhelming force often look less important when you divide by \$18tn, which is the level of U.S. nominal GDP, so the contribution in percentage terms may not look as large as one might think from a bottom up perspective. But in principle, this is something that could have a measurable impact.
+
+**Terry: You touched on the impact to cost, how do you see something like that impacting pricing? Does that become a contributor to the broader deflationary force that we've seen in certain parts of the economy?**
+
+**Hatzius:** I certainly think that in terms of productivity gains, the first order impact is often to lower costs and lower prices. Keeping everything else constant would mean lower overall inflation in the economy. It's often not the right assumption that you want to keep everything else constant; there are economic policy makers and there is a Federal Reserve, and if the impact is large then the Federal Reserve is going to run an easier monetary policy and allow people who may no longer be working in areas affected by artificial intelligence to find jobs elsewhere. There may be non-inflationary running room for the Fed to do that. In the longer term, we generally don't find that cost saving innovations lead to higher unemployment rates or significantly lower inflation. In the short-run that may be the consequence, but in the longer term when policy reacts, the economy ends up at similar unemployment and inflation levels.
+
+**Terry: Those themes that emerge out of this: AI taking jobs or robotics taking over labor, is that something over time you don't seem as being legitimate?**
+
+**Hatzius:** These fears have been around for many years, and what I think we can say is that so far they haven't really been borne out. If we go back to the early 19th century, there were worries about mechanized spinning machines and the idea that this would put large numbers of people out of work. In the short run, that disruption is something that can have a significant impact, but it's not the case that technological progress over the longer stretch of history has led to higher unemployment rates. That is not the case. My best guess is not that we would end up with much higher unemployment rates, because in the end people are going to find something that needs to be done that requires humans and human labor. My expectation is that it could be tumultuous impact but I don't think it is something that will leave us with a higher unemployment rate.
+
+**Terry: Over the past decade, we've seen corporate profits increasingly going to buybacks and dividends over capital investment. Is there a threshold where from a macro-economic perspective productivity needs to be in order to drive investment and capital?**
+
+**Hatzius:** Investment and productivity are linked, and causality goes in both directions. In recent years, we've had relatively low levels of investment largely for cyclical reasons because there was still a lot of spare capacity in the economy and capital stock was underutilized after the great recession. There wasn't a strong economic incentive to invest in new capacity. I think that is on the mend, we have seen some pickup in investment rates. There is a bigger contribution from business investment to productivity growth in the next couple of years than there was in, say, 2010 and 2011. In terms of the causality in the other direction, the opportunity for productivity growth is a big driver of investment, depending on the sort of discoveries that are being made in cutting edge sectors. It seems like there are still some significant discoveries and if that continues to be the case, then there will also be an incentive to invest.
+
+**Terry: When we see gains in productivity historically, how do those typically impact corporate profits? Do costs simply move to another part of the income statement as companies seek competitive advantage or do we actually see sustainable increases in profitability?**
+
+**Hatzius:** My reading of the historical evidence is that initially a productivity improvement falls to the bottom line in the company that has that opportunity, but eventually those high returns get competed away because more entrants try to get a piece of the action. It can be sustainable for some period of time, but over the longer term presumably if the market mechanism is working it will be competed away.
+
+**Terry: To the extent that we see technology driven improvements and efficiency, what impact do you tend to think that has on asset valuation? In the 90s, we saw a related market reaction to the productivity that you were talking about, what is the potential for something like that to repeat itself to the extent that we see this kind of productivity improvement around Artificial Intelligence and machine learning?**
+
+**Hatzius:** As far as the overall economy is concerned, I do think that if you had evidence of a more sustained productivity reacceleration and if you found that a lot of the fears that surfaced in recent years that were stuck with this subpar productivity growth pace went away, I think you would probably see a revaluation of equities.
+
+In particular, keeping all else the same, we find that periods of faster productivity growth also mean periods of higher asset valuations. If we look at the 1990s, we did see that. We did have a large bubble that developed towards the end of that period and the aftermath was quite painful. These things can be temporary, but I think we do typically see a revaluation.
+
+### Listen to the extended version
+
+
+
+
+
+**Heath and Jan continue the conversation in a video interview.**
+
+Watch Now →
+
+## The Ecosystem: Cloud services, open source key beneficiaries of the coming investment cycle in AI
+
+
+
+**We believe the ability to leverage AI technologies will become one of the major defining attributes of competitive advantage across all major industries in the coming years. While the strategy will differ by company size and industry, management teams that don't focus on leading in AI and benefiting from the resulting product innovation, labor efficiencies, and capital leverage risk being left behind. Accordingly, we believe the need for companies to invest in these new technologies to stay competitive will drive a boom in demand for the talent, services, and hardware underlying artificial intelligence.**
+
+As a comparison, the 1990s tech-driven productivity boom drove a corresponding boom in enablers. Increased capital spending on technology drove an increase in business formation to capture this capital spending. Software, hardware and networking company formation inflected, before the inevitable industry consolidation occurred. Exhibit 13 below highlights this pattern within the software industry. The number of public software companies with between \$200mn and \$5bn in inflation adjusted market capitalization nearly tripled in the 1995-1999 period, before consolidating in the mid-2000s.
+
+
+**Exhibit 13: Rapid growth in the enabler ecosystem accompanied the 1990s productivity boom**
+
+\# of software companies with inflation adjusted market cap \$200mn-\$5bn (2015 dollars)
+
+
+
+
+*Source: Factset, Goldman Sachs Investment Research*
+
+
+**Exhibit 14: Venture capital investing in AI has inflected this decade**
+
+Total VC funding in AI/ML by year
+
+
+
+
+*Source: PitchBook*
+
+We see potential for a similar boom related to the coming cycle of AI driven productivity, with value being created across software, hardware, data, and services providers as enterprises invest to capitalize on the potential of AI. Reflecting this opportunity, and as highlighted in Exhibit 14 above, VC funding into AI-related start-ups has inflected sharply this decade. The potential for a coming boom in enterprise AI investment has also started to drive consolidation. Cloud platforms in particular have invested heavily in AI talent, with Google, Amazon, Microsoft and Salesforce making a combined 17 AI-related acquisitions since 2014 (Exhibit 5).
+
+We also see some benefit in the contextual comparison of where we are in the development of AI and ML technologies to historical technology cycles. As with other major technology cycles of the last 50 years, compute (and Moore's Law) has been both the inhibitor and the enabler of progress. For example, in systems architecture we have
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+# 工业买卖合同参考范本
+
+合同编号：_____
+
+出卖人：______ 签订地点：__________
+
+买受人：______ 签订时间：__________
+
+第一条 货物、数量、价格表
+
+
+
+| 货物 | 数量(台) | 单价 (元) | 总价(元) | | 电视机 | 50 | 2000 | 100000 | | 洗衣机 | 100 | 1000 | 100000 | | 空调 | 150 | 2000 | 300000 | | 合计 | 200 | | 500000 |
+
+
+
+第二条 质量要求:
+______________________________________________，
+
+第三条 包装标准、包装物的提供与回收:
+______________________________________________。
+
+第四条 随附必备品、配件、工具的数量及提供办法：
+______________________________________________。
+
+第五条 合理损耗标准及计算方法:
+______________________________________________。
+
+第六条 标的物所有权自 (交付/) 时起转移， 但买受人未履行 (支付价款/) 义务的， 标的物仍属于出卖人所有; 标的物毁损、灭失的风险自交付时起由买受人承担。
+
+第七条 交付 (提取) 标的物或提取标的物单证的方式、 时间、地点：_____。
+
+第八条 运输方式及到达站 (港) 和费用负担:
+______________________________________________。
+
+第九条 验收标准、方法、地点及期限：
+______________________________________________。
+
+第十条 成套设备的安装与调试:
+______________________________________________，
+
+第十一条 出卖人对标的物质量负责的条件及期限： _____。
+
+第十二条 结算方式、时间及地点：买受人需提前支付总货款 50%的定金。验货交付后支付余下货款。
+
+第十三条 担保方式 (也可另立担保合同)：
+______________________________________________。
+
+第十四条 本合同解除的条件:
+______________________________________________。
+
+第十五条 出卖人违约责任：如未按时交货需向买受人赔付未交付品类的总货款的 15%。
+
+买受人违约责任:
+如未能按时支付货款需向出卖人赔付总货款的 10%，
+
+第十六条 合同争议的解决方式: 本合同项下发生的争议， 由双方当事人协商解决或申请调解解决; 协商或调解不成的，按下列第_____种方式解决：(只能选择一种)
+
+(一) 提交_____仲裁委员会仲裁;
+
+(二)依法向_____人民法院起诉。
+
+第十七条 本合同自起生效。
+
+第十八条 其他约定事项： ____________________
+
+出卖人
+
+出卖人 (章)：
+
+住所:
+
+法定代表人：
+
+委托代理人：
+
+电话: 传真:
+
+开户银行:
+
+帐号:
+
+税号:
+
+邮政编码:
+
+买受人
+
+买受人 (章)：
+
+住所:
+
+法定代表人:
+
+委托代理人：
+
+电话: 传真:
+
+开户银行:
+
+帐号:
+
+税号:
+
+邮政编码:
+
+鉴(公)证意见
+
+鉴(公)证机关(章)
+
+经办人：
+
+年 月 日
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+# 大规模多天线阵列波束赋形技术研究
+
+张昕然 姚君妍
+
+北京电子科技学院,通信工程系 北京 100070
+
+
+**摘要**: 本文主要研究第五代移动通信系统中的多播波束赋形技术,重点对 Massive MIMO (Massive Multi-Input Multi-Output)场景下的波束赋形进行研究。本文研究了常见的无线配置形式,并将几种常见配置方式进行对比,研究不同阵列的不同特性。重点研究互阻抗模型,给出了理论分析结果并进行仿真验证,同时基于互阻抗信道模型,研究了波束赋形技术和多播技术。在多播问题上,我们提出了一种解决方案并进行证明,得出最优的波束赋形案。最后,在安全性方面,我们提出了相关系统模型,并得出满足能量回收要求的最佳安全性波束赋形。
+
+**关键词**: 大规模多天线阵列;波束赋形技术;互阻抗信道模型;无线多播技术
+
+**中图分类号**:TN820.1 **文献标识码**:A **文章编号**:1672-464X(2017)2-58-08
+
+## 引言
+
+在第五代移动通信系统的演进过程中,通信系统在设计方面遇上了新的挑战,由于不断增加的移动用户设备,导致了无线数据量的爆炸,比如越来越多的智能手机和平板电脑,并且还有基于设备的高速数据服务[1]。随着无线接口资源的限制,发展新型技术来提高频谱效率、降低能源消耗以解决资源不足的问题变得至关重要[2]。被称为5G“三巨头”的三大核心技术,即高密度网络、毫米波通信以及大规模多输入多输出传输,早已成为研究热点。在本文中,我们进行了基于 Massive MIMO技术架构下的研究工作[3]。在LTE系统和未来的5G系统中,Massive MIMO 系统拥有不同的天线阵列配置,不同配置的MIMO能够控制无线信号传播的方位角和仰角,因此它也被称作是3D MIMO系统(three-dimensional MIMO system)[4]。在3D Massive MIMO中,由于天线数量急剧上升且存在对空间的限制,相邻天线阵元之间的相关性和互阻抗效应十分明显,传统瑞利衰弱信道模型(即理论分析普遍采用的MIMO信道模型)便不够准确。因此,对信道选择适当的建模方法以及基于此建模方法进行技术调研便显得尤为重要。
+
+在无线通信系统中,多播技术是一种众所周知的技术,且前景广阔。在本文中,我们通过重点研究基于互阻抗信道模型的3D Massive MIMO 信道模型来对多播服务进行了调研[5]。根据调研我们知道,通过物理层多播波束赋形技术,多播能够显著提升系统容量以及频谱效率[6]。在理论分析的角度下,常规的无线多播波束赋形成为难题,然而在 Massive MIMO场景下,这个问题能够通过闭形式解的渐进分析得到解决。而现有文献都聚焦于在瑞利衰减信道模型,因此难以解决这个难题。为了探究 3D Massive MIMO 信道模型中的多播技术,我们采用互阻抗信道模型来描述波束赋形。随后我们对大规模天线阵列中不同的天线阵列配置进行仿真分析,对比不同配置的性能,并进行互阻抗效应分析。
+
+
+
+* **作者简介**:张昕然(1987—),男,在读博士,通信工程专业讲师,研究方向:通信工程。
+姚君妍(1995—),女,通信工程专业本科生,研究方向:通信工程。
+
+在通信系统中,对安全性的研究也十分必要。非法窃听用户能够很容易地在信道各处进行窃听。在本文中,我们引入了对被动窃听者的安全性方案,不仅对于潜在的非法窃听用户进行分析,同时也提出了能量回收的概念,这也满足了新一代移动通信系统对于能源效率更高的要求。本文所研究的具有安全性和高能源效率的场景能够应用于一些应急或军用通信方面,同时能量回收的概念能引入到中继基站以扩充覆盖范围,因此这部分的研究也具有广阔的应用前景。
+
+本文结构组织如下:第二部分主要介绍大规模天线阵列系统主要技术和不同天线阵配置,并提出 3D Massive MIMO 互阻抗信道模型;第三部分介绍多播服务架构,并基于结论进行建模,同时对不同天线阵配置进行波束赋形,并且进行安全性研究;第四部分进行仿真分析;第五部分总结全文。
+
+## 1 大规模多天线阵列系统
+
+### 1.1 Massive MIMO技术介绍
+
+大规模多天线阵列系统即 Massive MIMO 系统,是安装有大规模天线阵的基站与各种不同类型的用户设备进行通信的系统。多用户多输入-输出系统(MU-MIMO, Multi-User MIMO)是 Massive MIMO 的基础。在相同时频资源下,MU-MIMO 方案能够提高频谱效率,提高链路可靠性和系统能源效率。为了放大这些优势,2010年相关研究人员首次提出了大型 MIMO和超级 MIMO。在 Massive MIMO系统中,大规模天线阵列用来为大规模的用户设备提供服务,如一个无线接入点上安装有上百根天线,同时为上万名用户提供服务。理论和测量结果指出,Massive MIMO 系统能够显著提高频谱效率,同时也能降低辐射功率,从而提高传输速率,对于新一代通信系统的整体性能有显著提升,因此成为通信领域的关键技术。
+
+Massive MIMO 系统具有多几种典型的天线阵列配置,即线形天线阵列、球形天线阵列、矩形天线阵列和分散式天线阵列。线形天线阵列是一维天线阵列的一种,通常在二维平面信号上传播信号,理论分析和实际测量使用的通常都是线形阵列。矩形阵列、柱形阵列和球形阵列与二维天线阵类似,可以辐射信号到任意三维空间中,很好地解决了信号传播的垂直角度问题。考虑到基站和用户设备上的天线阵列大小,矩形、柱形和球形阵列更多地被采用在实际中。此外,分散式天线阵主要用于增强室内信号覆盖或是室外天线组合。本文将重点研究除分散式天线以外的其他天线配置。
+
+### 1.2 3D Massive MIMO 信道模型
+
+我们首先对 3D Massive MIMO 系统进行建模。假设一个 Massive MIMO 系统有 $N$ 个天线广播分组,在基站信号覆盖下,其下行链路向 $K$ 个单天线用户设备发送信号, $N$、$K \in \mathbb{N}_+, N \ge K$。假设在非视距场景下,信道模型能够表述为[4]:
+
+$$
+G = HD \quad (1)
+$$
+
+其中, $G = [\mathbf{g}_1, \mathbf{g}_2, \dots, \mathbf{g}_K]$, 表示信道矩阵, 且 $\mathbf{g}_k \in \mathbb{C}^{N \times 1} (k = 1, 2, \dots, K)$ 表示在基站与设备 $k$ 之间的信道矢量。
+
+$\mathbf{D} = \text{diag}\{\sqrt{\beta_1}, \sqrt{\beta_2}, \dots, \sqrt{\beta_k}\}$ 表示大规模传播矩阵, 其中 $\beta_k = \kappa d_k^{-\gamma} \xi_k$, $\kappa$ 是一个由天线特性和载频决定的常数值, $d_k$ 表示基站与移动设备 $k$ 的距离, $\gamma$ 表示路径损耗, $\xi_k$ 表示对数正态分布的阴影衰弱。
+
+由于天线阵子上升到一个比传统MIMO更高的数量级,不得不考虑系统中相邻阵元的互阻抗效应,因此采用了互阻抗信道模型,在这里$\mathbf{H} =[\mathbf{h}_1, \mathbf{h}_2, \dots, \mathbf{h}_K]$
+表示快衰落矩阵,列向量 $\mathbf{h}_k \in \mathbb{C}^{N \times 1} (k = 1, 2, \dots, K)$ 由以下公式得出[7]:
+
+$$
+h_k = Z_k R_k v_k \quad (2)
+$$
+
+矩阵 $Z \in \mathbb{C}^{N \times N}$, 与天线阵配置相关, 即:
+
+$$
+Z = (Z_A + Z_L)(\Gamma + Z_L I_N)^{-1} \quad (3)
+$$
+
+其中,
+
+$$
+\Gamma = \begin{bmatrix} Z_A & Z_M & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ Z_M & Z_A & Z_M & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & Z_M & Z_A & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & Z_M & Z_A \end{bmatrix} \quad (4)
+$$
+
+复数 $Z_A, Z_L$ 和 $Z_M$ 分别表示天线阻抗、负载阻抗和互阻抗。$R_k$ 表示方向矩阵, $v_k$ 表示高斯随机矢量。
+
+### 1.3 不同天线阵列配置
+
+$R_k$ 和 $v_k$ 的形式和大小取决于天线阵列的配置方式。对于线形天线阵列配置方式来说, 假设设备 $k$ 有 $A_k$ 种不同的到达角(用 $\theta_{k,l}$ ($l=1,2,\dots,A_k$) 表示), 在这种情形下, $R_k$ 有 $A_k$ 列的方向向量, 即 $R_k = [\mathbf{r}_{k,1}, \mathbf{r}_{k,2}, \dots, \mathbf{r}_{k,A_k}]$, 其中:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \mathbf{r}_{k,l} &= \mathbf{a}(\theta_{k,l}) \\ &= \frac{1}{A_k} \left[ 1, e^{\frac{j2\pi d}{\lambda}\sin\theta_{k,l}}, e^{\frac{j2\pi d}{\lambda}2\sin\theta_{k,l}}, \dots, e^{\frac{j2\pi d}{\lambda}(N-1)\sin\theta_{k,l}} \right]^T \end{aligned} \quad (5)
+$$
+
+$d$ 表示相邻阵元之间的距离, $\lambda$ 表示波长; 为了便于表述, $\mathbf{a}(\theta)$ 定义为向量转置的函数。对于矩形天线阵列配置来说, 假设设备 $k$ 有 $A_k$ 种不同的到达角和到达高度, 分别用 $\theta_{k,i}$ 和 $\varphi_{k,i}$ 表示。在此情形下, $R_k$ 有 $A_k$ 列的方向向量, 即 $R_k =[\mathbf{r}_{k,1}, \mathbf{r}_{k,2}, \dots, \mathbf{r}_{k,A_k}]$, 其中:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{r}_{k,l} = A_k^2 \times \mathrm{vec}[\mathbf{a}(\theta_{k,l}) \otimes \mathbf{a}(\varphi_{k,l})^T]\quad (6)
+$$
+
+其中, 符号 $\otimes$ 表示矩阵的克罗内克积, $ \mathrm{vec}(*)$ 函数表示矩阵的矢量化。
+
+## 2 无线多播技术分析
+
+5G 系统的优势在于提供大规模的不同种类的设备接入分组网络, 并且具有更大的数据容量。借助于系统异构拓扑结构, 5G 将成立一个与 SDN (the software defined network, 软件定义网络)和 RAN (cloud radio access network, 云无线接入网)结合的深层次异构网络。在这样的系统中, 运营商可能会提供多播服务, 通过提供相同的服务信息, 包括广告、财经信息、新闻等等从而有效利用在 RAN 中有限覆盖范围中的带宽。多播服务及其以 eMBMS (evolved Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service, 增强型多媒体广播多播业务)形式的增强版本已被 3GPP-LTE 协议标准化。因此研究无线多播技术在新一代无线通信发展中显得十分重要。
+
+### 2.1 多播用户分组
+
+考虑到 $M$ 种不同的多播分组, 我们将其编号为 $1, 2, \dots, M$, 并且定义编号为 0 的用户组为无多播用户的单播组。每个用户能够加入不超过一个的多播组。为了描述以上特征, 我们定义向量 $\mathbf{m} = \{m_1, m_2, \dots, m_K\}$, 其中, 元素 $m_k \in \{0, 1, 2, \dots, M\}$ 表示加入多播组的用户 $k$, 对于单播组用户, $m_k = 0$。对于分组方式, 定义 $\mathbf{g}_m = \{g_1, g_2, \dots, g_K\}$ 作为组 $m$ ($m = 0, 1, 2, \dots, M$) 的分组方式, 其中 $g_k \in \{0, 1\}$ ($k = 1, 2, \dots, K$) 表示分组策略。当 $g_k = 1$ 时, 用户设备 $k$ 加入组 $m$; $g_k = 0$ 时则不加入该组。对于组 $m$ 用户, 使 $\mathcal{K}_m = \{k | m_k = m\}$, $\mathcal{K}_m \in \mathbb{N}_+$ 表示一套组内用户索引。使 $K_m$ 表示组 $m$ 内的用户数量, 那么 $\sum_{m=0}^{M} K_m = K$。
+
+### 2.2 干扰消除
+
+考虑到下行链路中多播服务的传输, 为了消除所有的组间干扰, 我们在系统中采用零空间干扰方案。定义信道分组矩阵 $\mathbf{G}_m = [\mathbf{g}_{m,1}, \mathbf{g}_{m,2}, \dots, \mathbf{g}_{m,K_m}]$, 其中向量 $\mathbf{g}_{m,j} \in \mathbb{C}^{N \times 1}$ ($j = 1, 2, \dots, K_m$), 表示组 $m$ 内用户 $j$ 的信道向量。为了消除所有 $M$ 个多播组和单播组之间的干扰, 组 $m$ 的信道矩阵的映射必须满足在其跨越的一个零空间的子空间上, 这个子空间包含了所有其他组的潜在受干扰用户的信道向量的零空间。对于组 $m$, 在与其他组连接的用户信道矩阵表示为:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{G}_{\bar{m}} =[\mathbf{G}_0, \mathbf{G}_1, \dots, \mathbf{G}_{m-1}, \mathbf{G}_{m+1}, \dots, \mathbf{G}_M] \quad (7)
+$$
+
+通过奇异值分解,这个组m的矩阵的映射用$J_m ∈ \mathbb{C}^{N×N}$表示,由此导出以下公式:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{G}_{\bar{m}} = \mathbf{U}_{\bar{m}} \mathbf{\Lambda}_{\bar{m}} \mathbf{V}_{\bar{m}} \quad (8)
+$$
+
+$$
+\mathbf{J}_m = \mathbf{V}_{\bar{m}}^0 (\mathbf{V}_{\bar{m}}^0)^H \quad (9)
+$$
+
+$$
+U_m \in \mathbb{C}^{N \times N}, V_m \in \mathbb{C}^{(K-K_m) \times (K-K_m)}, \Lambda_m \in \mathbb{C}^{N \times (K-K_m)} \tag{10}
+$$
+
+其中 $\mathbf{U}_{\bar{m}}, \mathbf{V}_{\bar{m}}$ 和 $\mathbf{\Lambda}_{\bar{m}}$ 都是通过奇异值分解的系数矩阵。$\mathbf{V}_{\bar{m}}^{0} \in \mathbb{C}^{(K-K_{\bar{m}}) \times N}$ 是一个 $\mathbf{V}_{\bar{m}}$ 列向量的子空间。通过与 $\mathbf{J}_{\bar{m}}$ 相乘, 可以形成新的信道矩阵, 用$\hat{\mathbf{G}}_{m}$ 表示, 他们的转换关系描述如下:
+
+$$
+\hat{\mathbf{G}}_m = \mathbf{J}_m \mathbf{G}_m \quad (11)
+$$
+
+$$
+\hat{\mathbf{g}}_{m,j} = \mathbf{J}_m \mathbf{g}_{m,j} \quad (12)
+$$
+
+经过以上操作后,每个分组的信号渗漏将会被消除,保证了传输的性能要求。
+
+### 2.3 MMF 准则下的多播分析
+
+在此部分内容中,我们基于先前的模型成果对多播问题进行建模。为了便于推导,我们只考虑本地多播场景。令 $\boldsymbol{\omega}_m \in \mathbb{C}^{N \times 1}$ 表示多播组 $m$ 的波束赋形向量, $\| \boldsymbol{\omega}_m \|^2 = 1$。设 $s_m$ 为组 $m$ 内多播单位功率中的随机信息。那么组 $m$ 的传输信号可如下表示:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{x}_m = \sqrt{p_m} \boldsymbol{\omega}_m s_m \quad (13)
+$$
+
+其中, $p_m$ 是组 $m$ 内的传输功率。假设所有组都共享同一频谱, 那么组 $m$ 内第 $j$ 名用户的接收信号可表示为:
+
+$$
+\begin{align}
+y_{m,j} &= \hat{\mathbf{g}}_{m,j}^{H} \mathbf{x}_{m} + \sum_{n \neq m}^{M} \hat{\mathbf{g}}_{m,j}^{H} \mathbf{x}_{n} + z_{m,j} \nonumber \\
+&= \sqrt{p_m} \hat{\mathbf{g}}_{m,j}^{H} \boldsymbol{\omega}_m s_m + \sum_{n \neq m}^{M} \sqrt{p_n} \hat{\mathbf{g}}_{m,j}^{H} \boldsymbol{\omega}_n s_n + z_{m,j} \tag{14}
+\end{align}
+$$
+
+其中 $z_{m,j}$ 是附加的高斯白噪声, 方差为 $\sigma^2$。组 $m$ 内用户 $j$ 的接收信干噪比为:
+
+$$
+\text{SINR}_{m,j} = \frac{p_m |\hat{\mathbf{g}}_{m,j}^H \boldsymbol{\omega}_m s_m|^2}{\sum_{n \neq m}^{M} p_n |\hat{\mathbf{g}}_{m,j}^H \boldsymbol{\omega}_n s_n|^2 + \sigma^2} \quad (15)
+$$
+
+在 Massive MIMO 场景下,假设每个天线阵子的传输功率与阵子数量呈反比,即 $p_m =ρ_m E/N$,其中 E 表示基站的总传输功率,$ρ_m$ 表示组 m 的功率比。为了便于计算,我们仅仅考虑完美的信道状态信息,多播问题可以用最大化的最小值公平准则(max-min fairness, MMF 准则)表述[8],如下:
+
+$$
+P: \max_{\{\omega_m, \rho_m, \mathbf{m}\}} \min_{0 \le m \le M} \min_{\forall j \in K_m} \frac{\rho_m \frac{E}{N} |\hat{\mathbf{g}}_{m,j}^H \boldsymbol{\omega}_m s_m|^2}{\sum_{n \neq m}^{M} \rho_n \frac{E}{N} |\hat{\mathbf{g}}_{m,j}^H \boldsymbol{\omega}_n s_n|^2 + \sigma^2} \quad (16)
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{s.t} \quad \| \boldsymbol{\omega}_m \|^2 = 1, \quad \forall m \quad (17)
+$$
+
+$$
+\sum_{m=0}^{M}\rho_m\le 1,\rho_m\in[0,1] \quad (18)
+$$
+
+$$
+\mathbf{m} = [m_1, m_2, \dots, m_K], m_K \in \{0, 1, \dots, M\}, \\
+k \in \{1, 2, \dots, K\} \tag{19}
+$$
+
+$$
+\mathbf{K}_m = \{k \mid m_k = m\} \quad (20)
+$$
+
+### 2.4 渐进最优波束赋形
+
+多播问题能够被 Massive MIMO场景下的渐进分析解决。参照文献[8][9],已经有如下定理:
+
+组m的渐进最优波束赋形向量$\boldsymbol{\omega}_m^*$、最佳辐射功率比$\rho_m^*$和渐进 SINR 最小值由以下公式得出:
+
+$$
+\boldsymbol{\omega}_m^* = \alpha_m \sum_{j \in K_m} \frac{\hat{\mathbf{g}}_{m,j}^H}{\beta_j}, \quad \forall m, \quad (21)
+$$
+
+$$
+\alpha_m = \left(N \sum_{j \in K_m} \beta_j^{-1}\right)^{-\frac{1}{2}}, \quad (22)
+$$
+
+$$
+\rho_m^* = \frac{\sum_{j \in K_m} \beta_j^{-1}}{\sum_{k=1}^{K} \beta_k^{-1}}, \quad \forall m \quad (23)
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{SINR}_{m}^{\infty} = \frac{E}{\sigma^2 \sum_{k=1}^{K} \beta_k^{-1}}, \quad \forall m. \quad (24)
+$$
+
+该定理指出,当N趋向于正无穷时,每个分组的信干噪比与用户分组策略无关,而只取决于大规模信道衰减量和整个单元中的用户总数。在实用 Massive MIMO系统中,天线数量足够大, 能够观察到所有的渐进现象。现存文献同样指出了这个现象在时分复用系统中能够被导频污染影响。与以前把重点放在对不同场景下的问题分析相关的研究不同,我们聚焦于实用 Massive MIMO系统的混合单/多播传输系统,并直接采纳了以上定理的渐进结论作为多播波束赋形和仿真系统的功率比。
+
+## 3 安全性研究
+
+在实际系统设计中,窃听者无处不在,我们不仅需要考虑系统能源效率,也应当考虑安全性。我们在此引入中继节点来说明能量回收和安全性策略,目的是将源基站的传输功率降到最低,以适应所有合法用户和中继节点同时限制窃听用户的信噪比要求。
+
+使用本文先前假设的 Massive MIMO系统, 只考虑本地多播。令该 Massive MIMO系统中源基站由 $N_T$ 阶天线阵列组成, $\omega_m \in \mathbb{C}^{N\times 1}$ 仍表示第 $m$ 组的波束赋形向量, 满足 $\| \omega_m \|^2 = 1, s_m$ 仍为组 $m$ 内单位功率中的随机信息且满足 $E\{s_m^2\} = 1$。我们为此系统增加了 $E$ 名非法窃听用户, 使其在信道上进行窃听; 同时引入一个具有 $T$ 阶阵列的自持续中继节点。令 $\mathbf{A} \in \mathbb{C}^{T \times N_T}$, $\mathbf{a}_e \in \mathbb{C}^{N_T \times 1}$, $\mathbf{b}_j \in \mathbb{C}^{T \times 1}$, $\mathbf{b}_e \in \mathbb{C}^{T \times 1}$ 分别为源与中继器之间、源与窃听用户 $e$、中继与组 $m$ 用户 $j$ 以及中继与窃听用户 $e$ 之间的信道矢量。若信息块传输持续时间为 $T_M$, 将其均分为两个时隙: $TS_1$ 和 $TS_2$。当源多路广播信息时, 在合法用户 $j$ 和窃听用户 $e$ 处的接收信号可以分别表示为[10]:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{y}_R = \mathbf{A}\omega_m s_m + \mathbf{n}_R \quad (25)
+$$
+
+$$
+y_e = \mathbf{a}_e \omega_m s_m + z_e, e \in \mathcal{E} \quad (26)
+$$
+
+其中, $\mathcal{E} \triangleq \{1,2,\dots,E\}$, $\mathbf{n}_R$ 表示中继中的附加高斯白噪声, 每阶方差均为 $\sigma_R^2$, 而 $z_e$ 则是窃听用户中的附加高斯白噪声, 方差为 $\sigma_e^2$。在中继中将接收信号划分为两部分, 一部分以 $\rho$ 的比率分割, 用于信息解码, 一部分以 $(1-\rho)$ 的比率分割, 作为能量回收。然后, 解码信息的信号成分能够表示为:
+
+$$
+y_{ID} = \sqrt{\rho} \mathbf{f}^H (\mathbf{A} \omega_m s_m + \mathbf{n}_R) + z_R \quad (27)
+$$
+
+其中 $\mathbf{f} \in \mathbb{C}^{T \times 1}$ 是信息解码器和电路噪声 $z_R$ (方差为 $\sigma_{IR}^2$) 的合成矢量。我们假设该组的中继节点以最大比率合并, 即 $\mathbf{f} = \mathbf{A}\omega_m / \|\mathbf{A}\omega_m\|$。从公式(27)中我们能够得出中继节点上的信噪比为:
+
+$$
+\text{SINR}_R = \rho {|\mathbf{f}^H \mathbf{A} \omega_m|^2}/{\rho \sigma_R^2 \|\mathbf{f}\|^2 + \sigma_{IR}^2} \quad (28)
+$$
+
+另一方面,送去信号回收的接收信号能够被表述为:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{y}_{EH} = \sqrt{1 - \rho} (\mathbf{A}\omega_m s_m + \mathbf{n}_R) \quad (29)
+$$
+
+因此,在中继节点上总的能量回收能够表示为:
+
+$$
+Q = \zeta(1 - \rho) T_M (\| \mathbf{A} \omega_m \|^2 + N_T \sigma_R^2) / 2 \quad (30)
+$$
+
+其中, $0 \le \zeta \le 1$ 表示能量回收效率, 并且我们假设 $\zeta = 1$ 时为没有回收损耗的值。
+
+在时隙2中,中继在时隙1中获得的能量再生信号并使用此能量进行信号发送。组内合法用户 $j$ 以及窃听用户 $e$ 的接收信号能够表述为:
+
+$$
+y_j = \mathbf{b}_j^H \mathbf{w}_m s_m + z_j, j \in \mathbf{K}_m \quad (31)
+$$
+
+$$
+y'_e = \mathbf{b}_e^H \mathbf{w}_m s_m + z'_e, e \in \mathcal{E} \quad (32)
+$$
+
+其中, $\mathcal{E} \triangleq \{1,2,\dots,E\}$, $\mathbf{w}_m \in \mathbb{C}^{K_m \times 1}$ 是合法用户设备的波束赋形向量且满足功率限制 $\| \mathbf{w}_m \|^2 \le 2Q/T_m$。$z_j$ 和 $z'_e$ 分别是合法用户和窃听用户的外加高斯白噪声, 方差分别为 $\sigma^2$ 和 $\sigma'^2$。根据公式(31), 合法用户 $j$ 的接收信噪比能够由以下公式得出:
+
+$$
+\text{SINR}_j = {| \mathbf{b}_j^H \mathbf{w}_m |^2}/{\sigma^2} \quad (33)
+$$
+
+考虑到最差情况,即窃听用户能够结合两个时隙中的信号以提高窃听效率。根据公式(25)至(32),组合信号的信噪比能够表述为:
+
+$$
+\text{SINR}_e = \frac{| \mathbf{a}_e^H \mathbf{\omega}_m |^2}{\sigma_e^2} + \frac{| \mathbf{b}_e^H \mathbf{w}_m |^2}{\sigma_e'^2} \quad (34)
+$$
+
+假设信号源只已知窃听用户的统计学上的信道状态信息,即协方差 $R_{1e} = \mathbb{E}\{a_e a_e^H\}$ 和 $R_{2e} = \mathbb{E}\{b_e b_e^H\}$。可以看出,$SINR_e$ 中的两个项,即 $|a_e^H \omega_m|^2/\sigma_e^2$ 和 $|b_e^H w_m|^2/\sigma_e'^2$ 分别随 $\lambda_{1e} = \sigma_e^2$ ($\omega_m^H R_{1e} \omega_m$)$^{-1}$ 和 $\lambda_{2e} = \sigma_e'^2$ ($w_m^H R_{2e} w_m$)$^{-1}$ 实现指数分布参数化。同时应该指出,$SINR_e$ 是两个独立随机变量的总和,通过计算两个组成部分的概率密度函数得出。该概率密度函数可以表述为:
+
+$$
+f(x) = \frac{\lambda_{1e} \lambda_{2e}}{\lambda_{2e} - \lambda_{1e}} (e^{-\lambda_{1e}x} - e^{-\lambda_{2e}x}) \quad (35)
+$$
+
+最后,我们能够得出窃听用户 $e$ 的中断概率为:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} & \Pr(\text{SINR}_e \le \varepsilon) \\ &= 1 - \frac{1}{\lambda_{2e} - \lambda_{2e}} (\lambda_{2e} e^{-\lambda_{1e}\varepsilon} - \lambda_{1e} e^{-\lambda_{2e}\varepsilon}) \end{aligned} \quad (36)
+$$
+
+其中 $\varepsilon$ 是窃听用户的常见故障信噪比阈值,意即窃听用户能够进行窃听的最低信噪比的值。在系统设计中可根据上述信噪比以及概率等进行安全性考虑。
+
+## 4 仿真分析
+
+利用仿真软件对多播系统的性能进行了整体评估,把信道建模、天线阵列配置以及波束赋形技术作为仿真重点。在仿真中,选择分析线形天线阵列和矩形天线阵列,波束赋形分别与互阻抗信道模型运行,同时增加了一组没有与互阻抗信道模型运行的对照组,两者进行比较分析。对于所有多播服务用户组来说,其性能结果即平均结果。仿真系统中主要参数如表1所示。
+
+表1 仿真系统主要参数及其参数值
+
+| 参数 | 参数值 |
|---|
| 发送天线数量 | N = 64 | | 用户数量 | K = 32 | | 调制方式 | 4-QAM | | 发送帧数 | 10000 | | 线形天线阵的天线间隔 | 0.3λ | | 矩形天线阵的天线间隔 | 0.3λ(水平和垂直方向) | | ZA | 50Ω | | ZL | 50Ω | | ZM | 50Ω | | SNR | -10dB~25dB |
+
+根据以上参数,通过仿真软件将不同天线阵列的波束赋形技术对频谱效率的增强进行仿真验证。基于前文所述的信道模型,多播波束赋形的性能加上互阻抗效应一同评估,同时也引入不考虑互阻抗效应组作为对照组进行比较分析。
+
+由于 MRT/BD 预编码也属于一种波束赋形在多用户 MIMO(MU-MIMO)场景下的应用,我们因此也将其加入仿真,用以对比波束赋形技术的性能。仿真策略即波束形成器根据公式(1)形成波束,同时两个多用户 MIMO 预编码方案在单播组内执行。由于互阻抗效应在相邻阵元之间引入了额外的相关性,信道变得更加不独立,根据前文对互阻抗效应的分析,所有波束赋形方案的性能预计将会降低。
+
+图1表示了线形天线阵列的频谱效率变化。BD和MRT表示预编码技术,Multi表示多播波束赋形技术,而MC表示互阻抗效应。在图1中,能够将三种波束赋形技术一同对比互阻抗效应的影响,由于线形天线阵列在配置上使各天线具有相关性,因此在考虑互阻抗效应的情况下,系统的频谱效率降低。
+
+
+
+**图1 线型天线阵列的频谱效率**
+
+图2则表示了矩形天线阵列的频谱效率。根据上文所研究的配置特性,矩形天线阵列相较于线形天线阵列具有更强的阵元间相关性,因此,在考虑互阻抗效应的情况下,系统的频谱效率也将相较于线形阵列更加明显。通过对比观察图1和图2,相较于线形阵列,矩形阵列的性能衰退更为突出。在大规模多天线系统设计上,应考虑阵列的互阻抗效应以提高系统性能。
+
+
+
+**图2 矩型天线阵列的频谱效率**
+
+## 5 结束语
+
+本文调研了在互阻抗信道模型中的无线多播服务。在混合单/多播传输系统中分析了基于干扰消除的多播波束赋形技术,并且对安全性进行了分析。最后通过仿真,对互阻抗效应进行直观的分析与验证。仿真结论指出,在互阻抗信道模型中,多播波束赋形技术方案的性能将会降低。
+
+在未来对新一代移动通信系统的研究中, MIMO技术领域将更多地考虑基于互阻抗信道模型的分析,同时也将在更多其他的天线配置方式方面显示出相当大的研究兴趣,这对5G系统乃至未来移动通信系统的演进十分重要。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1] Andrews J G, Buzzi S, Choi W, et al. What Will 5G Be? [J]. *IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications*, 2014, 32(6): 1065-1082.
+
+[2] Hu R Q, Qian Y. An energy efficient and spectrum efficient wireless heterogeneous network framework for 5G systems [J]. *IEEE Communications Magazine*, 2014, 52(5): 94-101.
+
+[3] Larsson E G, Edfors O, Tufvesson F, et al. Massive MIMO for next generation wireless systems [J]. *IEEE Communications Magazine*, 2014, 52(2): 186-195.
+
+[4] Zheng K, Ou S, Yin X. Massive MIMO Channel Models: A Survey [J]. *International Journal of Antennas and Propagation*, 2014 (11): 1-10.
+
+[5] Zhang X, Sun S, Qi F, et al. Massive MIMO Based Hybrid Unicast/Multicast Services for 5G [C]//2016 IEEE Global Communications Conference (GLOBECOM), Washington, DC, 2016: 1-6.
+
+[6] Sidiropoulos N D, Davidson T N, Luo Zhi-Quan. Transmit beamforming for physical-layer multicasting [J]. *IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing*, 2006, 54(6): 2239-2251.
+
+[7] Clerckx B, Craeye C, Vanhoenacker-Janvier D, et al. Impact of Antenna Coupling on 2x2 MIMO Communications [J]. *IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology*, 2007, 56(3): 1009-1018.
+
+[8] Xiang Z, Tao M, Wang X. Massive MIMO multicasting in noncooperative multicell networks [C]//2014 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), Sydney, NSW, 2014: 4777-4782.
+
+[9] Zhou H, Tao M. Joint multicast beamforming and user grouping in massive MIMO systems [C]//2015 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC), London, 2015: 1770-1775.
+
+[10] Gao H, Lv T, Wang W, et al. Energy-Efficient and Secure Beamforming for Self-Sustainable Relay-Aided Multicast Networks [J]. *IEEE Signal Processing Letters*, 2016, 23(11): 1509-1513.
+
+# The Survey of Massive MIMO Beam-forming Technology
+
+Zhang Xinran Yao Junyan
+
+Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, China
+
+**Abstract**: This work focuses on the analysis for beam-forming technology in fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication system, and researches beam-forming technology under Massive MIMO scenario especially. We research common wireless configuration, and compare the configurations and investigate different characteristics of different configurations of antenna arrays. We focus on the mutual coupling channel model, and give a result of theoretical analysis and simulate to prove it. As well, we research the technology of beam-forming and multicast based on the mutual coupling channel model. Under the question of multicast, we propose the solution, we prove it and emulate, and we can conclude the best beam-forming finally. At the end of the work, we propose a system model in terms of security, and give the best solution in the case of energy harvesting.
+
+**Keywords**: massive MIMO; beam forming technology; mutual coupling channel model; wireless multicast
+
+(责任编辑:鞠 磊)
+
+
+
+(上接第50页)
+
+# Research on Review Spam Recognition Based on Conditional Random Fields
+
+Chen Ying¹ Hou Huimin² Li Yuannan¹
+
+1. Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute Beijing 100070
+
+2. Xidian University Xi'an 710071
+
+**Abstract**: AS Web2.0 technology, people rely on online comments to make trade decisions, the identification of false comments has become an urgent need. In this paper, the differences and between false comments and real comments, a review spam recognition based on conditional random fields is proposed. Our algorithm is different from the existing method based on comment set and corpus. We label the characteristics of sequence of the comment text and then use CRF (Conditional Random Fields, CRF) to train the recognition model. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs well in the effect of review spam Recognition.
+
+**Keywords**: Review Spam Recognition, Genetic Algorithm, Conditional Random Fields, Feature extraction
+
+(责任编辑:张卷美)
\ No newline at end of file
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+# 一种 mCrypton 加密算法的差分功耗攻击
+
+段晓毅 王思翔 崔琦
+
+北京电子科技学院,北京 100070
+
+**摘要**: mCrypton 是一个超轻量级的对称密码算法,其设计是为了适应于资源受限的计算场景,例如 RFID 标签和传感器等。伴随着物联网的不断发展,该类超轻量级密码算法的应用也变得更加普遍,因此研究算法的实现安全也相应地成为了当前一个重要的研究领域。在对算法的攻击方法中,功耗攻击得益于其易获取、效率快和准确率高等优点,获得了攻击者的高度青睐,本文基于由 CMOS 工艺实现的数字电路的功耗取决于电路所处理数据的侧信道攻击理论,以 mCrypton 算法为攻击目标,设计开发了完整的差分功耗攻击(DPA)实验平台,详细介绍了针对 mCrypton 算法在 Mega16 单片机中实现的功耗分析研究与论证。在国内尚未发表类似研究成果的情况下,首次用实际测试结果表明了在当前的硬件环境中 mCrypton 算法抗功耗攻击的脆弱性。
+
+**关键词**: 超轻量级算法; mCrypton; 侧信道攻击; 差分功耗分析
+
+**中图分类号**:TN918.4 **文献标识码**:A **文章编号**:1672-464X(2017)2-51-07
+
+## 引言
+
+mCrypton 是一个 64 位的分组密码算法,最早于 2006 年由 Lim 和 Korkishko 两人引入[1]。mCrypton 采用了与 Crypton 算法一样的设计结构,可以看作是 Crypton 算法的一个简化版。它是专为资源受限的应用场景而设计的,如无线传感器网络中的 RFID 标签和传感器等。根据密钥的长度不同,mCrypton 可以分为三个版本,即 mcrypton-64/96/128。目前已经出现了很多攻击 mCrypton 的方法,例如 PARK 在 2009 年提出的针对 8 轮 mCrypton-128 的相关密钥攻击[2],还有随后 Mala 等人在 2012 年提出的针对 9 轮 mCrypton-96/128 的不可能差分攻击[3],这些攻击方法都是评估分组密码算法安全性的重要指标。然而,随着密码学的发展,密码算法的设计者在设计算法的过程中会特别注重对已知攻击方法的抵抗能力,这增加了传统的密码学分析的难度。以上述的两种攻击方法为例,它们并不能对现实应用中的 mCrypton 算法造成真正的威胁[4],因为此类攻击需要一个难以实现的前提,即攻击者可以要求系统修改加密所用的密钥。
+
+从另一方面来说,密码算法也只是密码安全系统中的一个组成部分,仅仅考虑算法的安全性是远远不够的。由于功耗分析等侧信道攻击技术的存在,理论上安全的密码系统也可能由于不恰当的物理实现而变得不安全[5]。针对密码芯片在实现过程中泄漏的功耗信息,虽然超轻量级密码算法会降低功耗信号,但由于串行化的设计体系,噪声也会随之降低,于是设计者便无法使用降低信噪比的方法来提高抗功耗攻击的能力。不仅如此,轻量级密码算法中常用的功耗保持技术反而使得功耗攻击变得更加易于实现[6]。密码分析者可结合密码设备的输入、输出和算法的设计细节将密钥分解开来,以对其进行进一步分析,逐个破解。图1显示了功耗分析攻击的基本配置图。
+
+
+
+* 作者简介:段晓毅(1979—),男,博士,讲师,主要研究方向为信息安全;
+王思翔(1990—),女,在校研究生,主要研究方向为信息安全。
+
+
+
+**图1 功耗分析攻击的基本配置**
+
+相比于传统的纯数学攻击方法,功耗分析的攻击方法缩小了算法密钥的猜测范围,从而大大降低了攻击的难度[7]。
+
+## 1 差分功耗分析基本原理
+
+### 1.1 功耗分析
+
+能量功耗攻击,也称功耗分析(Power Analysis),是所有通过分析密码芯片运行时消耗的功率大小来破解芯片内部所使用的密钥的方法总称,也是目前成功实例最多的侧信道攻击技术。功耗分析方法根据其特点大致可以分为三大类:简单功耗分析,差分功耗分析和相关性功耗分析[8]。简单功耗分析研究的重点在于算法运行过程与处理的关键数据之间的关系,主要攻击方法是直接观察。差分功耗分析和相关性功耗分析所关注的重点在于密码芯片的功耗与关键数据的相关性,通过采集大量的样本数据,并对其进行统计学分析以获取芯片中的秘密信息。
+
+三种功耗分析方法均需要得到密码芯片的工作电压曲线,为此攻击者需要搭建一个由拟攻击的密码芯片为核心的测试平台,该平台要能够通过编程产生芯片所需要的输入数据,并在适当的位置生成触发信号给数字示波器。其次,要将一个采样电阻连接到芯片和GND之间,这样芯片的工作电流在采样电阻两端会产生压降$ΔV$,使用存储式数字示波器采集压降$ΔV$,便可得到攻击所需要的功耗曲线。
+
+功耗攻击之所以可以取得预期的效果,其理论基础在于处理的数据与瞬时功耗的相关性,而这种相关性的本质在于物理层上的实现。就目前的硬件发展水平而言,绝大多数的芯片采用的都是CMOS工艺实现,图2显示了典型的CMOS反相器的结构。
+
+
+
+**图2 典型CMOS反相器结构**
+
+在相邻的两个时钟周期$T_1$和$T_2$之间,反相器的输出根据输入的变化而不同,具体见表1所示。
+
+**表1 CMOS反相器输入—输出表**
+
+| T1 | T2 |
|---|
| 输入 | 输出 | 输入 | 输出 |
|---|
| 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
+
+显然,如果在$T_2$的时候反相器的输入与前一个状态相比没有发生变化,那么其输出也不会发生变化,这样反相器的瞬时功耗就为零。而如果输入与前一个状态相比发生了变化,那么其输出也会随之改变。简单来说,当CMOS逻辑单元的输出端发生从0到1(或1到0)的信号翻转时,会生成一个电源到输出端的充电电流(或从输出端到地端的放电电流),而如果CMOS逻辑单元在连续两个时钟内都保持相同的信号值时,则动态电流不存在。这一现象在功耗上的表现就是在有信号翻转时,逻辑单元消耗的功耗较大,由此造成了电路工作时所消耗的功率和电路输入、输出的翻转状况的密切联系[9]。用于实际中的电路拓扑结构比较复杂,而且其动态功耗与整体翻转率的统计关系还和电路的制造工艺有关,但一般来讲,攻击者可以认为密码芯片的功耗与操作数据在硬件实现的层面上是相关的,处理数据的不同就会导致翻转节点的位置和数量的不同。而基于这一前提所建立的功耗泄漏模型,就能够有效地反映出芯片在处理不同的数据时的功耗变化。
+
+功耗攻击就是利用这种功耗上的差异性,测量密码设备在加密算法运行时所泄露出来的功耗信息,得到大量的功耗曲线,然后再结合曲线上攻击点的功耗数据统计分析,进而实现对密码算法的攻击。
+
+### 1.2 差分功耗分析理论基础
+
+在1996年 Kocher 率先宣布发现了利用时间信息对密码设备进行攻击的方法之后,类似的侧信道攻击方法相继被提出,如能量分析攻击和电磁分析攻击等。在差分功耗分析中,攻击原理是利用统计学上的方法将攻击者所需要的某种特定功耗差异放大,主要的攻击点是密码芯片的功耗对操作的中间数据的依赖性,但由于各种硬件噪音的存在及采样过程中可能出现的人为误差,所以攻击者需要采集大量的功耗波形,并在后期对数据进行特定的统计学分析处理,从而来降低这些因素对攻击结果所造成的影响。一般来说,DPA攻击者通过重复运行目标算法,并构造选选定的择函数来对所获得的功耗曲线进行分组,然后再计算每组曲线的平均值,这样即可以将大部分的噪音干扰抵消掉。也正是因为如此,DPA攻击对曲线的测量精度要求并不是非常严格,且利用选择函数的分组方法也不要求对算法在芯片上的具体实现过程有太深入的了解。
+
+### 1.3 差分功耗分析一般步骤
+
+DPA攻击的一般流程如图3所示。
+
+
+
+**图3 DPA攻击流程**
+
+其步骤可简单的描述为“采样-构造-分组-作差”:
+
+1）搭建一个功耗分析平台,生成 m 条明文输入芯片,运行目标算法并采集 m 条功耗轨迹$T_{1...m}[1:k]$,k是采样点的数量;
+
+2）攻击者构造一个特定的二元矩阵H,矩阵H每一列中的0/1序列是输入数据d和攻击者假设的密钥k的函数,并假定对某个特定的中间值,芯片在处理它时所消耗的功率与处理其他值的功率消耗是不一样的;
+
+3）攻击者构造一个选择区分函数$D(C_i, K_g, P_{0-m})$,其中$C_i$是明文,$K_g$为猜测的密钥,$P_{0-m}$为其它参数($P_{0-m}$可以为0),D的可能值只能有2个:0或者1。根据D的取值结果将得到的能量轨迹分为两组,其中一组由含有0的索引的行组成,另外一组由含有1的索引的行组成;
+
+4）对所得数据进行处理,并显示功耗曲线,若曲线无明显波峰,说明密钥猜测错误,如果两组样本的均值偏差较大,即存在明显波峰,则说明密钥猜测正确;
+
+5）反复执行此过程以确定所有密钥。
+
+## 2 mCrypton 加密算法差分功耗攻击
+
+mCrypton 加密算法是在Crypton 算法原有的结构上进行部分改进和简化之后得到的一种超轻量级密码算法,相较之前的算法,mCrypton 对硬件资源的需求得到了大幅度的减小,软件上的执行效率也变得更加紧凑。作为一个适应度较高的密码算法,mCrypton 的密钥长度可根据需要灵活设定,针对不同的应用场景可以设为 64bit、96bit 或 128 bit,建议轮数是12轮。
+
+mCrypton 算法使用4个4进4出的S盒作为其非线性变换部件,与其他的分组加密算法中S盒针对整个字节进行操作有所不同,mCrypton 把每个字节分成两部分,设计者称之为两个nibble。此外,其线性层的变换操作也是基于比特而非字节设计的。
+
+mCrypton 密码算法将输入的64比特明文分成8字节每块,每一字节又被分成两个4比特,称之为4-bit nibble。由此,算法将明文分组的16个$nibble(a₀a₁...a₁₅)$按顺序映射为矩阵A,也称其为状态字节矩阵:
+
+$$
+A = \begin{cases} a_0 a_1 a_2 a_3 \\ a_4 a_5 a_6 a_7 \\ a_8 a_9 a_{10} a_{11} \\ a_{12} a_{13} a_{14} a_{15} \end{cases} = \begin{cases} A_r[0] \\ A_r[1] \\ A_r[2] \\ A_r[3] \end{cases} = (A_c[0] A_c[1] A_c[2] A_c[3]) \quad (1)
+$$
+
+其中 $a_{ij}$ 表示矩阵的 $(i,j)$ 位置的元素。$A[i]$ 分别表示与之对应的行或列。mCrypton 算法加密流程如图4所示。
+
+mCrypton 算法每轮运算由四种基本变换组成:字节替代变换 $\gamma$,列混合变换 $\pi$,字节置换变换 $\tau$。
+
+1）字节替代变换 $\gamma$: 它是作用在状态字节矩阵的每个 nibble 上的非线性变换,也是算法中唯一的非线性变换部件。mCrypton 算法使用的四个 S 盒 $S_i(0 \le i \le 3)$ 存在如下关系:
+
+$$
+S_2 = S_0^{-1}, S_3 = S_1^{-1} \quad (2)
+$$
+
+$\gamma_i(0 \le i \le 3)$ 分别作用于 nibble 矩阵的第 0、1、2、3 行:
+
+$$
+\gamma_i(a) = (S_i(a_0), S_{i+1}(a_1), S_{i+2}(a_2), S_{i+3}(a_3)) \quad (3)
+$$
+
+
+
+**图4 mCrypton 算法加密流程**
+
+于是可以推出:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \gamma(A) &= (\gamma_0(A_c[0]) \gamma_1(A_c[1]) \\ & \quad \gamma_2(A_c[2]) \gamma_3(A_c[3])) \end{aligned} \quad (4)
+$$
+
+2）列混合变换 $\pi$: 将 nibble 矩阵的每一列分别与已知 nibble 进行操作:
+
+$$
+b = \pi_i(a) \Leftrightarrow b_j = \bigoplus_{k=0}^{3} (m_{i+j+k\mod 4} \cdot a_k) \quad (5)
+$$
+
+其中, $\cdot$ 表示按位进行模2乘法,且:
+
+$$
+a = (a_0 a_1 a_2 a_3)^t, b = (b_0 b_1 b_2 b_3)^t \quad (6)
+$$
+
+已知的 nibble 为:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} m_0 &= 1110_2, m_1 = 1101_2, \\ m_2 &= 1011_2, m_3 = 0111_2 \end{aligned} \quad (7)
+$$
+
+由此我们可以得出:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \pi(A) &= (\pi_0(A_c[0]) \pi_1(A_c[1]) \\ & \quad \pi_2(A_c[2]) \pi_3(A_c[3])) \end{aligned} \quad (8)
+$$
+
+3）字节置换变换 $\tau$: 算法在这一步将 $(i,j)$ 位置上的 nibble 变换到 $(j,i)$ 位置上:
+
+$$
+B = \tau(A) \Leftrightarrow b_{i,j} = a_{j,i} \quad (9)
+$$
+
+4）圈密钥加法 $\alpha$: 把轮密钥通过异或运算作用在 nibble 矩阵上:
+
+$$
+B = \alpha_{\kappa}(A) \Leftrightarrow B_{r}[i] = A_{r}[i] \oplus K[i], 0 \le i \le 3 \quad (10)
+$$
+
+其中, $K = (K[0], K[1], K[2], K[3])$。
+
+由于密钥扩展算法对本文采用的攻击方法没有影响,所以在此不详细介绍密钥扩展算法。
+
+mCrypton 加密算法中,轮密钥通过异或运算作用在 nibble 矩阵上,得到的输出结果会作为字节替代变换操作中 S 盒的输入,而 S 盒的输出值会暂存在各 4bit 的寄存器中,作为下一步比特变换和字节置换操作的输入,实验中我们选取高四位明文对应的运算结果进入 S 盒后的输出值作为攻击对象,总共可以得到 16 种预测结果作为字节替代变换操作的输入,如果将 S 盒的 4 位寄存器的输出作为中间结果,那么后续运算的处理数据就会随着这一中间结果的变化而变化,从而影响芯片的整体功耗[10]。在确定输入明文不变的条件下,随着攻击者猜测的密钥的改变,其对应的 S 盒输出值也会随之变化,根据这一原理就可以完整地恢复出算法使用的正确密钥。
+
+## 3 mCrypton 加密算法差分功耗攻击实验
+
+### 3.1 攻击的软硬件配置
+
+实验中在 STmega16 单片机开发板上实现了 mCrypton 密码算法,单片机通过串口与计算机相连,由计算机向单片机输入随机明文并接收对应密文,主密钥则事先通过下载器烧录到单片机的内存中。目标单片机与 GND 之间手工串连了一个 47 欧的电阻 R,电阻与数字存储式示波器 (Tektronix DPO 7104) 第四通道的探头直接连接,用以捕获电阻 R 上的功耗变化。电阻 R 上的压降变化代表了整个单片机电路板的功耗变化,从而就完成了对单片机功耗的采集工作。
+
+为了方便对采集到的波形数据进行对齐,我们还在程序中第 12 轮运算之前和 12 轮运算结束的位置加入了触发代码,当程序运行到触发代码所在位置时,会相应的拉高或拉低单片机 PC2 端口的电压,触发示波器进行数据采集,触发信号连接至示波器第三通道。示波器设置为第三通道上升沿触发工作模式,并通过路由器与计算机连接。在计算机端,利用我们自行研究开发的侧信道功耗分析软件,可以方便的通过路由器对示波器采集的波形数据自动化地存储、显示和处理等操作。最后,由 MATLAB 仿真软件将数据转化为分析密钥是否正解所用的功耗轨迹。
+
+示波器的采样率设置为 50M 次/s,采样深度为 2ms,采样长度为 1000000 个点。
+
+### 3.2 mCrypton 加密算法攻击
+
+利用 DPA 对 mCrypton 密码算法进行攻击,采用的是平均值作差法,就是将瞬时功耗按照一定的区分函数 D 分成两个集合,然后对集合数据取均值后作差比较。区分原则可以使得仅在预测密要与真实密钥相等时,差值达到最大。利用本文 4.1 中搭设的攻击平台,我们实现了对 mCrypton 算法的多比特差分功耗攻击,一次攻击即可获得 8bit 的密钥信息。攻击的主要步骤如下:
+
+1）选取 mCrypton 密码算法 S 盒输出值的第一位作为攻击点,统计分析其中的密钥信息;
+
+2）构造区分函数 D,结合 mCrypton 密码算法的运行特点,本文选取 $D = \gamma_{MSB}, \gamma_{MSB}$ 代表 S 盒输出的最高位。该函数与 mCrypton 密码算法的输入明文和其密钥均具有相关性,其取值为 0 或 1;
+
+3）在单片机上运行 mCrypton 密码算法,记录经过算法加密后的输出密文和与其对应的功耗曲线;
+
+4）根据 D 函数的取值结果,把不同的明文输入所对应的功耗消耗曲线分为两个相应集合 $S_0$ 和 $S_1$:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+S_0 &= \{S_i[j] \mid D = 0\} \\
+S_1 &= \{S_i[j] \mid D = 1\}
+\end{aligned}
+\quad (11)
+$$
+
+5）分别计算两组的平均值 $E(S_0)$ 和 $E(S_1)$;
+
+6）统计 DPA 偏差 $\Delta[j]$, 其中
+
+$$
+\Delta[j] = E(S_0) - E(S_1) \quad (12)
+$$
+
+如果计算结果 $\Delta[j]=0$, 则说明该结果所对应的密钥猜测错误, 在数据统计图上则表现为没有明显的相对尖峰, 如果计算结果 $\Delta[j]=1$, 则相应的统计图上会出现明显的相对尖锋;
+
+7）经过上述步骤,我们便可以得到主密钥 K 对应于第一个 S 盒的 8bit 密钥,重复运行多次,就能恢复出 mCrypton 密码算法的全部子密钥;
+
+### 3.3 mCrypton 加密算法攻击结果及分析
+
+根据上述步骤,本文在 ATimage16 单片机上实现了 mCrypton 加密算法,并对其进行了差分功耗攻击。
+
+图5是实验中采集3000组明文之后测得的3条 mCrypton 的功耗轨迹。
+
+
+
+**图5 mCrypton 算法攻击结果**
+
+从图5中可以明显地看出只有第一条轨迹具有相对尖峰(其余两个尖峰为触发信号),经验证,该曲线所对应的密钥即为算法的正确密钥。与其它攻击方法相比,本文所使用的差分功耗分析攻击方法不仅设备简单,而且过程迅速,攻击效果较高。
+
+## 4 结束语
+
+差分功耗分析是一种相对较新的,针对密码芯片的物理实现进行攻击的侧信道攻击方法,与传统的代数分析方法不同,它通过捕获和研究密码芯片的功耗曲线来获取芯片内部的密钥信息,这类方法的出现给密码算法的安全性带来了严重的挑战。
+
+实验结果表明,一阶差分功耗分析攻击对 mCrypton 加密算法的攻击是有效的,而且攻击过程迅速,物理基础明确,实现过程简单,实验中,平均仅需要3000条波形即可较好的恢复出8bit 的密钥信息。其主要原因在于 mCrypton 密码算法作为一种典型的分组密码算法,依然采用了类似于 DES 的轮循环迭代结构,使用这种结构实现的分组加密算法普遍存在汉明差容易被预测,实现上容易被功耗分析所攻击的问题,是相对不安全的密码算法。而且从实验结果中我们还可以看出,没有其它防护措施的 mCrypton 密码算法被差分功耗攻击时的噪声也很少,有效信噪比较高。基于上述原因,mCrypton 密码算法作为一种正在 RFID 和物联网应用上迅速普及的超轻量级密码算法,其抗功耗分析攻击的安全性设计应当引起相关研究人员的高度重视。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1] BOGDANOV A, KNUDSEN L R, LEANDER G, et al. MCRYPTON: an ultra-lightweight block cipher [C]//The 9th International Workshop on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 2007, LNCS 4727: 450-466.
+
+[2] Park J H. Security analysis of mCrypton proper to low-cost ubiquitous computing devices and applications [J]. Int. J. Communication Systems, 2009, 22:.
+
+[3] Mala H, Shakiba M. Dakhilalian. New impossible differential attacks on reduced-round Crypton [J]. Computer Standards & Interfaces, 2010, 32(4):222-227.
+张婧. 轻量级分组密码 MCRYPTON 功耗攻击的研究[D].上海:上海交通大学,2011.
+
+[4] 李浪,李肯立,焦铬,等. 基于AT89C51 物理功耗攻击实验平台研究[J]. 计算机应用研究,2012(7):2681-2682.
+
+[5] 李浪,李仁发,徐雨明,等. 功耗攻击实验中一种高效功耗模型研究与应用[J].计算机应用研究,2009(12) ：4722-4723,4727.
+
+[6]尹文龙，丁国良，刘昌杰，等.一种对嵌入式加密芯片的增强DPA攻击方法[J].计算机应用研究,2010(2) ：712-713,717.
+
+[7]张鹏.密码算法的组件设计与安全性分析[D].长沙：国防科学技术大学,2011.
+
+[8] 王晨旭.密码芯片抗功耗攻击技术研究[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2013.
+
+[9]周庆.基于比特的积分攻击的原理及应用[D].长沙：国防科学技术大学,2010.
+
+[10]姜佩贺.轻量级分组密码算法的功耗分析及防御技术研究[D].哈尔滨：哈尔滨工业大学,2013.
+
+# Differential Power Analysis Attack on mCrypton
+
+Duan Xiaoyi Wang Sixiang Cui Qi
+
+Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, China
+
+
+**Abstract**: mCrypton is a ultra-lightweight symmetric cryptographic algorithm, which is designed to be adapted to the resource constrained computing scenarios, such as RFID tags and sensor networks, etc..With the continuous development of Internet of things (IoT) , this kind of algorithm becomes more and more popular, so the security of the implementation has correspondingly become an imperative research area. Among the attack methods, the power analysis attack ( PA) is widely adopted because of its advantages such as easy acquisition, fast efficiency and high accuracy. The power consumption of a digital circuit based on CMOS is determined by the data being processed, which is known as the foundation of the side channel attack theory. This paper has designed a complete differential power analysis attack ( DPA) platform which targets at the mCrypton algorithm implemented on a Mega16 microThe result indicates that the mCrypton algorithm is vulnerable to DPA attack under the current hardware environment.
+
+**Keywords**: Lightweight block cipher ； mCrypton ； Side channel attack ； Differential power analysis
+
+(责任编辑:张卷美)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_64.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_64.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..95e07e1978019b81dcfd2e2a03b88ba5be1d2bf1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_64.md
@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+# 校本教材编写标准
+
+## 一、编写原则
+
+1. 教材定位：国家示范校建设项目成果教材。
+
+2. 准确把握专业人才培养方案，以职业核心能力的培养为目标建构教材内容体系。
+
+3. 教材编写形式力求多样化。在编写过程中应融入一些现代的教学方法和理念，应注重教材的实用性和适用性，在理论体系上不要求完整性，但要求有较强的针对性。
+
+4. 与教学实践工作紧密结合，突出前瞻性、普遍性、指导性、可操作性，应提供实际的、老师在现阶段教学实践环节中可遵循操作的方式方法。
+
+5. 要能反应实际的教学设计和教学活动。在正文中应该有合适的例题、工作案例、思考题、互动练习、拓展知识窗等教学设计。章节习题量要适中，且需要配参考答案，尽量减少问答型理论考证题。
+
+6. 观点正确，用词准确，语言表述清楚。段落清晰，层次分明。
+
+7. 要高度重视著作权问题，不得剽窃、抄袭他人。
+
+## 二、编写体例
+
+1. 整本书风格应保持一致、顺畅，全书的体例格式必须严格统一。
+
+2. 内容表述尽量精炼，多采用图、表形式，全书图、表按章排顺序号。在图、表的使用中应注意以下问题：①图、表应清晰可辨；②不要有版权问题，注意加工；③应有图题、表题。图号、图题放在图的下面（相对图居中）；表号、表题放在表的上面（相对表居中）；④应满足“先文后图”、“先文后表”的要求，在正文中用“如图（表）X-X所示”或“见图（表）X-X”引入图、表。⑤表格一律采用三线表。
+
+## 三、编写字数要求及统计办法
+
+### 1. 字数控制原则
+
+3000字（左右）/学时，理论部分字数控制在1/3以内，依不同课程而定。例如，一门课程为60学时，书稿字数应控制在18万字以内，理论部分字数控制在6万字以内，其余应为案例、实例、学生练习、课堂活动等内容。
+
+### 2. 字数统计方法
+
+选取全文字页 A：
+
+$$
+\text{书稿总字数} = A \text{ 页一行字数} \times A \text{ 页行数} \times \text{书稿总页数}
+$$
+
+## 四、交稿要求
+
+1、书稿：书稿内容包括内封面、前言、目录、正文、附录等；
+
+2、图稿：书中的插图单独列出，并与书稿中图标一致
+
+# 教材编写印刷规范
+
+## 1. 正文标题层次和格式
+
+(1) 标题层次不宜过多过繁，一般以4~5级为宜。层次的多少可根据图书篇幅大小、内容繁简确定，内容简单、篇幅小的可适当减少层次。
+
+(2) 常用的层次和格式
+
+第×章（教学情境×） ……（居左或居中排）
+
+第×节（教学子情境×） ……（居左或居中排）
+
+一、……（居左、中或前空2字）
+
+（一）……（前空2字）
+
+1. ……（前空2字，占一行）
+
+（1）……（前空2字；单占行或后空1字接正文）
+
+①……。②……。（单占行或接排或后空1字接正文）
+
+以上为常用的标题层次，可根据具体情况选用其中的几个层次。无论哪个层次，均不可使用自动生成编号的格式。
+
+## 2. 名词术语
+
+名词术语用法要规范，并做到全书统一。
+
+## 3. 计量单位
+
+(1)计量单位一律采用国家法定计量单位。
+
+(2)计量单位相同的一组数字出现时，注意常见的不规则用法，如：“38±3℃”应为“38℃±3℃”或“(38±3)℃”；
+“100±30Hz”应为“100 Hz±30Hz”或“(100±30)Hz”；
+“10~15℃”应为“10℃~15℃”；“10~20%”应为“10%~
+20%”等。
+
+(3)两个以上单位构成的组合单位,表示方法一般为:mg / (kg·d),或者mg·kg⁻¹·d⁻¹(全书采用一种用法),不能写成 mg/kg/d。
+
+(4)表示法定单位的倍数单位和分数单位时,应使量的数值处在0.1~1000范围。如0.0123m应写作1.23mm, 10000g 写作10kg。
+
+## 4. 标点符号
+
+(1) 标点符号的用法应执行1995年按国家技术监督局《对汉语书面标点符号的规定》。
+
+标点符号使用要正确,书写要清晰易辨,尤其是“、”与“,”、“·”与“.”、“：“”与“：”要注意分清。
+
+(2) 注意下列几种容易混淆的科技标点符号的用法：
+
+①“-”(连接号半字线):录入时占半角,书写占半格。
+用于复合词、图表编号、化学中的构型旋光、标牌型号。如物理-化学方法、图2-3-5。
+
+②“～”(范围号):录入用全角,书写占一格。如20～30℃、10%～20%。
+
+③ “—”（连接号一字线）：录入用全角，书写占一格。
+一般用于地点的起止，如北京—上海
+
+④ “——”（破折号）：录入占2倍全角，书写占两格，用于说明解释。
+
+## 5. 插图
+
+(1) 图的编号按章—图序来编号，例如第3章第6图，用“图3-6”，如有分图再加(1)(2)…，即图3-6(1)。黑白照片图与线条图混合统一编号。图的编号在正文内相应处要用括号注出。图的编号、图题、图注排在正文相应处。
+
+(2) 插图请用 JPG、TIF 格式，扫描 600 线以上。
+
+(3) 引用他人的图表原则上应征得版权所有者的同意，并标出处（包括作者、论著名称、出版年份）。
+
+(4) 插图中的拼写、缩写应与正文中的一致。无论图片来源如何，只要能辨认出本人，就必须取得本人书面的许可，并妥善存档。
+
+(5) 图注是对插图表现内容的简要描述，不是重复正文中的内容。如果插图分几部分（如A，B），那么在图注中要对每一部分都做出解释。插图中所有的箭头、字母和符号的含义要解释清楚。如果图中有缩写词，要在图注的后面做出解释。
+
+## 6. 表格
+
+(1) 表格设计要求科学合理、简单明了。表内文字简明扼要，数据准确无误。
+
+(2)表格应编序列号，方法同插图，如第3章第5个表用“表 3-5”表示，后空一字接表题。
+
+(3)表格随正文出现，不必另纸列出。如采用“三线表”，表中各项文字上下对齐，数字以小数点对齐。表内文字或数字一般不用“同上”“同左”字样表示，而应重复其内容。表内文字句末不加标点。
+
+(4)需对表中某项加以说明时用表注方式*、**。
+
+表 1-3-5 × × ×
+
+| ××××××××× | | ×××2.00* | | ×××12.05** | | ×××0.32 |
+
+注：*...。
+
+**...。
+
+(5)计量单位尽量集中在表头项目内，应采用“物理量名称/单位符号”形式，如：溶液浓度/(mmol/L)，时间/min。表格中的计量单位一律使用外文符号，而不用中文名称。
+
+(6)表格中尽量不要使用化学结构式或图形，以免造成排版困难。实在需要用时则可用图片格式粘贴。
+
+(7)用方框和箭头表示程序的图表一般编为插图，不要编为表格。纯文字的这类图可直接随正文录入排版，无需按插图绘制。
+
+## 7. 参考文献
+
+(1)引用文献时应注意其权威性和时效性。参考文献排在全书的最后。
+
+(2)教材参考文献的录入格式，按书名-作者-出版地-出版社出版年逐一录入，格式如下：
+
+书名.作者.版本(第一版略去).出版地:出版社,出版年
+
+## 8. 须特别注意的一些具体问题
+
+(1)中药方剂配方涉及国家濒危保护动植物的,尽可能用代用品。
+
+(2)各章节之间的互相参照,必须写出具体篇、章、节,如“参见第2篇第3章第5节”,而不能用“见有关章节”。
+
+(3)按国标规定,在图的坐标和表头表示物理量及其量值的符号时,应采用“物理量名称/单位符号形式,如:溶液浓度/(mmol/L),时间/min,干物质重量/kg;或者采用“物理量符号/单位符号”形式,如:B/(mmol/L),T/min,W/kg
+
+(4)公式、符号
+
+公式必须全部用化学公式编辑器编写,符号注意大小写和正斜体,一般物理量为斜体,物理量单位为正体。
+
+（5）页码
+
+全书从第1页到最后1页统一编排页码。
+
+包括内封面、内容提要、序(选项)、前言、目录、正文、附录、参考文献、索引等。
+
+内封为第1页，内容提要为第2页，依次排列。
+
+（6）纸型用A4纸(210mm*297mm)，标题文字的字体、
+字号自定，正文采用5号宋体字，行距为1.5倍行间距，四周页边空均不小于30mm。请勿用其他纸型。
+
+
+国家中等职业教育改革发展示范学校项目建设教材
+
+××××
+
+××× ××× 编写
+
+
+
+×××××× 学校
+
+二〇××年×月
+
+目录样张
+
+
+目录
+
+第 1 章 （或项目一） × × × ×
+× ... (1)
+
+1.1 （或任务一） × × ×
+× ... (5)
+
+1.1.1 （或子任务一） × × ×
+× ... (26)
+
+1.1.2 （或子任务二） × × ×
+× ... (28)
+
+1.2 （或任务二） × × ×
+× ... (30)
+
+第 2 章 （或项目二） × × × × × × ×
+× ... (38)
+
+2.1 （或任务一） × × × × × × × ×
+× ... (45)
+
+2.1.1 （或子任务一） × × ×
+× ... (54)
+
+2.1.2 （或子任务二） × × ×
+× ... (65)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_66.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_66.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..fda0496f2bad7d3a1dc4c74ce3e46b1ff168e100
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_66.md
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+# 南江县政府采购中心询价采购文件
+
+南政采询【2008】73号
+
+南江县政府采购中心根据采购单位申报和财政局审批,按照《中华人民共和国政府采购法》规定,组织该次询价采购,欢迎从事相关行业,符合《中华人民共和国政府采购法》二十二条规定的供应商前来参加询价活动。
+
+一、1、《中华人民共和国政府采购法》二十二条规定
+
+(1) 具有独立承担民事责任的能力;
+
+(2) 具有良好的商业信誉和健全的财务会计制度;
+
+(3) 具有履行合同所必需的设备和专业技术能力;
+
+(4) 有依法缴纳税收和社会保障资金的良好记录;
+
+(5) 参加政府采购活动前三年内,在经营活动中没有重大违法记录;
+
+(6) 法律、行政法规规定的其他条件。
+
+2、参加询价供应商须提供以下资质证明材料
+
+(1) 工商营业执照副本；(2) 国、地税务登记证；(3) 法人代表授权书及委托代理人身份证(若是法人代表参加的只需提供身份证)。以上证件和材料提供加盖投标单位鲜章的复印件,并附在报价表后。凡未按要求提供相关资质材料或审查不合格的,将取消其报价资格。
+
+二、采购项目要求
+
+(1) 采购单位：南江县小河职业中学
+
+(2) 采购项目：
+第一包：音乐设备；第二包：美术设备；第三包体育设备。
+
+(3) 采购项目价格含：产品本身价格、税费、保险、运输、安装等费用，不再另计其他费用。
+
+(4) 供应商必须提供符合规定规格、数量及要求的合格的、正规渠道的全新商品，并符合国家规定的相关标准。
+
+(5) 供应商所供商品质量必须符合国家质检部门及生产厂商的质量要求，并提供商品的合格证、及其它配套资料等。
+
+(6) 售后服务要求：按照国家三包规定及相关行业规定实行质量保证，在质量保证期内，供应商必须免费更换有质量问题的商品。
+
+三、询价文件发售方式：四川政府采购网下载或采购中心现场发售。
+
+四、询价文件售价：每包100.00元（人民币）
+
+五、开标时间：2009年1月6日上午10:00
+
+开标地点：南江县政府采购中心
+
+六、在网上下载的供应商必须在报价截止时间前到南江县政府采购中心确认报价资格，需现场交纳投标保证金每包2000.00元，未中标者保证金在询价结束后即刻退还，中标供应商保证金自动转为履约保证金，在供货结束验收合格后三个工作日内退还。若中标供应商中标后不能按要求签订合同或有违约行为，采购中心将没收其保证金。
+
+七、付款方式：货到验收合格后一次性付清。
+
+八、报价要求：供应商对询价项目分别标明单价、总价，报价表由公司法人代表签名并加盖单位公章统一时间递交，报价表需注明公司地址、联系电话，报价为一次性报价。
+
+九、确定成交供应商标准：按照《中华人民共和国政府采购法》以及相关法律、法规的规定，在满足采购人需求的商品规格、型号、数量、质量、售后服务、交货时间等前提下，以最低报价确定成交供应商。如供应商最低报价高于采购预算，采购中心有权宣布此次采购作废。
+
+十、联系电话：0827—8266606 8269723（传真）
+
+附：政府采购报价表
+
+二〇〇八年十二月二十六日
+
+# 南江县政府采购报价表(第一包: 音乐设备)
+
+单位: 元
+
+| 采购项目 | 品牌型号 | 数量 | 单价 | 金额 | 备注 |
|---|
| 钢琴 | 香江 | 4 | | | XJ-1233 型, 轻工业部免检 | | 小号 | 威柏尔 | 4 | | | | | 长号(中音) | 威柏尔 | 4 | | | | | 圆号(直键单排) | 威柏尔 | 4 | | | | | 中音号 | 威柏尔 | 2 | | | | | 次中音号 | 威柏尔 | 2 | | | | | 长笛 | 威柏尔 | 2 | | | | | 单簧管 | 威柏尔 | 4 | | | | | 萨克斯(高音直管) | 威柏尔 | 2 | | | | | 萨克斯(次中音弯管) | 威柏尔 | 2 | | | | | 大军鼓 | 威柏尔 | 1 | | | | | 小军鼓 | 威柏尔 | 2 | | | | | 大军叉 | 威柏尔 | 1 | | | | | 电钢 | DGX505 | 1 | | | 专业演奏型 | | 电吉它 | 依班那 | 1 | | | | | 电吉它效果器 | 依班那 | 1 | | | | | 电贝司 | 依班那 | 1 | | | | | 电子鼓 | 吟飞牌 | 1 | | | | | 手风琴 | 120 贝司 | 1 | | | | | 木吉它 | 威臣 | 1 | | | | | 扬琴 | 敦煌 401 型 | 1 | | | | | 二胡 | 敦煌 05A 型 | 1 | | | | | 谱架 | 折叠式 | 4 | | | | | 吉它音箱 | 60W | 2 | | | | | 贝司音箱 | 120W | 1 | | | | | 合计报价(大写): | | 交货时间及地点: 合同签订十日内交货至小河职中 |
+
+报价单位: (盖章): 电话:
+
+联系人: 法定代表人签字(盖章):
+
+# 南江县政府采购报价表(第二包:美术设备)
+
+单位: 元
+
+| 品名及规格 | 单位 | 数量 | 单价 | 金额 |
|---|
| 中学美术教学挂图 | 套 | 1 | | | | 全国学生美术欣赏图库 | 套 | 1 | | | | 石膏几何模型一套 | 套 | 2 | | | | 写生用腊果 | 套 | 2 | | | | 石膏手模型 | 个 | 2 | | | | 石膏五官模型 | 套 | 1 | | | | 人体结构模型 | 个 | 2 | | | | 陶罐 | 个 | 5 | | | | 花瓶 | 个 | 5 | | | | 多功能讲台 | 张 | 1 | | | | 四开画板(木质) | 张 | 25 | | | | 半开画板(木质) | 张 | 25 | | | | 美术用器材柜 | 组 | 2 | | | | 画架(木质) | 个 | 50 | | | | 美术工作台 | 套 | 1 | | | | 作品展示栏 | 块 | 2 | | | | 石膏头像模型(小卫、阿格里巴、伏尔泰、罗马王、海盗、维纳斯、荷马、马塞、高尔基) | 个 | 9 | | | | 石膏头骨模型 | 个 | 2 | | | | 各色衬布 | 组 | 4 | | | | 升降式静物台 | 只 | 4 | | | | 写生灯 | 具 | 4 | | | | 合计报价(大写): | | 交货时间及地点: 合同签订十日内交货至小河职中 |
+
+报价单位: (盖章): 电话:
+
+联系人: 法定代表人签字(盖章):
+
+# 南江县政府采购报价表(第三包:体育设备)
+
+单位： 元
+
+| 设备名称 | 规格参数 | 数量 | 单价 | 金额 |
|---|
| 多功能举重架 | SH-800A | 1 | | | | 平板凳 | SH-5093,1530X700X440MM | 2 | | | | 表演单刀 | 带鞘 75CM 以下 | 50 | | | | 拳击手套、手把、脚把 | 配套 | 20 | | | | 单剑 | 太极类 | 50 | | | | 实心球 | 2KG | 40 | | | | 武术棍 | 长度不限 | 100 | | | | 杠铃、哑铃组合架 | LGJ201 | 1 | | | | 沙袋 | 悬挂型 | 5 | | | | 合计报价(大写): | | | 交货时间及地点: | 合同签订十日内交货至小河职中 |
+
+报价单位：（盖章）： 电话：
+
+联系人： 法定代表人签字（盖章）：
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_68.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_68.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..13f8379172bf2ee863a66fe1ad0eb1592cd2fdae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_68.md
@@ -0,0 +1,174 @@
+# 基于条件随机场的虚假评论识别研究
+
+陈 颖¹,² 侯惠敏¹ 李援南¹
+
+1. 北京电子科技学院, 北京 100070
+
+2. 西安电子科技大学 计算机学院, 西安 710071
+
+
+**摘要**: 在 Web2.0 技术日益发达的今天, 人们越来越多地依赖网络评论做出交易决策, 由此, 虚假评论的识别已经变为一种迫切的需求。本文通过分析研究虚假评论与真实评论的区别与联系, 提出了基于条件随机场的虚假评论识别算法。该算法不同于已有的基于已有的真假评论集和语料库的虚假评论识别方法, 而是通过对评论文本进行特征序列标注, 再利用 CRF(Conditional Random Fields, CRF)训练识别模型对虚假评论进行识别。实验结果表明, 本文所提的算法在虚假评论识别效果上有着不错的表现。
+
+**关键词**: 虚假评论识别; 遗传算法; 条件随机场; 特征提取
+
+**中图分类号**: TP391.1 **文献标识码**: A **文章编号**: 1672-464X(2017)2-47-04
+
+## 引言
+
+近年来, 随着网络覆盖率的不断提高, 京东、微博等网络交易、社交平台不断涌现, 网络评论已经成为大众表达意见重要形式。在人们表达意见或进行交易时, 好评会起到积极的影响, 反之, 差评则会促使人们取消交易。对于电商平台而言, 商品的评论对商品的影响尤其关键。然而, 在信息爆炸式增长的今天, 根据孟美任等人在文献[1]中的研究表明, 各大商家和个人处于种种动机, 或推销, 或诋毁, 在网上发布不真实的、没有参考价值的商品评论。这种行为在影响购物者的判断的同时, 也会对电商平台对购物者进行的商品推荐产生恶劣的影响。此外, 对网络文本进行的数据挖掘的相关研究都是建立在文本真实有效的基础上, 因此, 虚假评论识别已成为十分紧要的研究课题。
+
+目前, 众多学者对于虚假评论的含义认知大致分为两种情况, 一种观点认为“虚”和“假”表示相同的意义, 都是指不真实的言论; 而另一种观点认为“虚”和“假”表示的是不同的含义, “虚”指的是滥发却没有任何价值的评论信息, 而“假”是指包含不真实内容的评论信息。本文认为, 一条评论是否是虚假评论取决于该评论的评论主体是否涉及目标商品或是目标商品的属性, 若是评论没有涉及目标商品或商品属性, 则一般认定该评论为虚假评论。
+
+## 1 相关工作
+
+近年来, 许多专家学者已经对虚假评论识别工作进行了探讨与研究。陈燕方等在文献[2]中提出了 RAPBEE(Review Attribute of Product-Based Emotion Evaluate)模型, 针对在线商品虚假评论采用评论产品属性情感倾向离群度量方法, 结合已有评论效用研究对评论结果进行可信度的综合排序, 识别虚假评论。该识别方法提出了一种针对中文商品虚假评论的识别处理方法, 具有较强的扩展能力,但是该方法需要依赖于已有的属性字典的建模方式,有一定的局限性。皮琪等人在文献[3]中,期望充分地提取特征,提出了基于深度学习的虚假评论模型框架来代替原有的人工抽取特征,从而为辨别评论的真伪工作提供了思路。任亚峰等人在文献[4]、[5]中指出,传统的启发式策略或全监督学习算法不能有效地识别虚假评论,分别提出了基于PU (Positive and Unlabeled)学习算法的虚假评论识别方法和基于语言结构和情感极性的虚假评论识别方法。基于PU学习算法的虚假评论识别方法通过启发式的规则获取少量真实评论和大量未标注评论,基于真实评论集和未标注评论集构建分类器用于虚假评论识别。基于语言结构和情感极性的虚假评论识别方法认为虚假评论与真实评论在语言结构和情感极性上存在差异,提出基于遗传算法对语言结构和情感极性特征进行优化选择,并利用选取的特征结合无监督硬、软聚类算法对虚假评论进行识别。实验结果证明了上述两种方法的有效性。
+
+
+
+* 作者简介: 陈颖(1977—), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要研究方向: 数据挖掘;
+侯惠敏(1989—), 女, 硕士研究生, 主要研究方向: 数据挖掘。
+
+有关虚假评论识别研究已有很多,文献[6]提出的基于社交图谱模型的虚假评论识别,文献[7]提出的基于机器学习的虚假评论识别模型,等等。然而,目前虚假评论识别仍然面临着数据集获取困难、信息不充分、识别困难等问题,仍需要不断地尝试,不断地深入研究。
+
+## 2 虚假评论识别
+
+条件随机场(Conditional Random Fields, CRF)是一种用于序列标注和切分序列数据的条件概率模型,由 Lafferty 等人于 2001 年在最大熵模型和隐马尔可夫模型的基础上,提出的一种判别式概率无向图学习模型,重点解决有序数据的序列化标注问题,常用于标注或分析序列资料,如自然语言文字或是生物序列。目前,条件随机场已在自然语言处理、语音识别等领域广泛应用,但其在虚假评论识别中的应用却为首例,本文采用对评论文本进行序列化标注的方法,进行虚假评论识别模型的训练。
+
+### 2.1 特征工程
+
+文献[5]中指出,目前已有的虚假评论识别研究已经证实了词汇特征的有效性。文献[5]通过特征分析与定义,采用遗传算法进行了一系列的特征选择,结果证明了以下参量的在虚假评论与真实评论间的差异显著的特征,如表1所示。
+
+**表1 真实评论与虚假评论的特征差异程度**
+
+| 特征 | 真实评论 (平均值) | 虚假评论 (平均值) | 差异 /(%) |
|---|
| 复杂度 | 0.3478 | 0.3480 | 0.06 | | 自我参照 | 0.3867 | 0.5227 | 29.90 | | 正向情感 | 0.7787 | 0.8615 | 10.10 | | 负面情感 | 0.5212 | 0.4582 | 12.80 | | 品牌提及度 | 0.1346 | 0.1760 | 26.70 |
+
+#### 2.1.1 复杂度
+
+本文认为,虚假评论者尽可能用简单的词汇表达,这里使用单词的平均长度来代表复杂度。
+
+#### 2.1.2 自我参照
+
+自我参照通过第一人称单复数来表示。评论中的自我参照可以进一步说明该评论是自己的真实经历。本文认为,虚假评论中会包含更多的自我参照,以增强评论的可信度。这里采用第一人称单复数所占词汇总数的比例作为自我参照程度。
+
+#### 2.1.3 正向情感
+
+虚假评论者为了强调产品的正面性,会过多地使用表示正面情感的主观性词汇。本文通过建立情感词典,统计正面情感的主观词汇比率来代表正面情感的程度。
+
+#### 2.1.4 负向情感
+
+在诋毁产品的虚假评论中,负面情感程度应该大于真实评论,以此来达到诋毁产品的目的,反之,在鼓吹产品的虚假评论中,负面情感应该是尽可能少,或者没有。本文数据集中的虚假评论属于第二种,同正面情感一样,基于负面情感词典来统计负面情感程度。
+
+#### 2.1.5 品牌提及度
+
+虚假评论者在进行评论时往往会过多地提及产品品牌,在进行计算时,通过统计品牌的提及的数量在总词汇中的比重,来表示品牌的提及度。
+
+#### 2.1.6 虚假评论
+
+本文除了在训练集采用以上的最佳特征作为序列标准的特征,还将样本是否为虚假评论作为一维特征进行标注,引入这一维特征的关键作用就是进行虚假评论的识别,当完成模型训练后,我们可以这一维特征为准,判断模型是否判定一条评论为虚假评论。
+
+### 2.2 基于条件随机场的模型训练
+
+按照2.1节分析定义的特征,随机抽取虚假评论集与真实评论集的80%作为训练数据,并进行特征的人工标注。首先,对训练数据进行分词,将每条评论的分词结果进行标注,此时可以自由定义标注的格式,对于每个分词,可以根据上述特征生成对应的特征向量。然后,将生成的所有特征向量作为条件随机场的输入,进行模型的训练。最后,用剩余的测试数据,对模型的识别结果进行评估。
+
+## 3 实验分析
+
+### 3.1 数据集
+
+虚假评论识别研究进展缓慢的一个原因是缺少评估检测算法的标准数据集。文献[8]中Ott 等人利用众包平台获取“黄金”数据集。该数据集中的评论针对的芝加哥地区排名前20的酒店,其中的400条虚假评论是Ott等人利用众包平台 AMT (Amazon mechanical turk)人为构造的虚假评论,其中的400条真实评论抽取自TripAdviso [9]上芝加哥地区同样20个酒店的6977条评论。关于其中虚假评论集与真实评论集的构造策略本文不再详细赘述,详见文献[4]、[5]。本文的实验基于该数据集进行。
+
+### 3.2 实验评价标准
+
+召回率(Recall Rate)和准确率(Precision Rate)是信息检索、分类、识别、翻译等领域两个最基本指标,召回率也叫查全率,准确率也叫查准率,准确率和召回率二者是相互影响的,理想情况下是做到二者都高,但一般情况下,准确率高召回率低,准确率低召回率高,在同时要求高准确率和召回率的情况下,可以用F值来衡量。本实验采用准确率(Precision)、召回率(Recall)和F值作为衡量标准,如表2所示。
+
+**表2 准确率与召回率计算参考量**
+
+| 用户偏好/系统决策 | P(真实) | F(虚假) |
|---|
| P(真实) | 用户认为真实系统也认为真实的样本数(TP) | 用户认为虚假系统却认为真实的样本数(FP) | | F(虚假) | 用户认为真实系统却认为虚假的样本数(FN) | 用户认为虚假系统也认为虚假的样本数(TN) |
+
+借助于表2,可以将 Precision、Recall 和 F-measure 的计算公式定义如下,
+
+$$
+Precision = TP / (TP+FP)
+$$
+
+$$
+Recall = TP / (TP+FN)
+$$
+
+$$
+F = 2 * Precision * Recall / (Precision + Recall)
+$$
+
+为了进行对比实验,本设计在同一个数据集上实现本文基于条件随机场的虚假评论识别方法(CRF-Base)、文献[10]中提及的学习算法LELC(LELC-Base)、文献[11]中的主流PU学习算法 SPUL(SPUL-Base)、文献[5]中的基于K-均值算法的虚假评论识别方法(K-means-Base)和基于自适应聚类算法的虚假评论识别方法(Adaptation-Base),并对以上方法的Precision、Recall 和 F-measure 进行对比分析,说明本文提出的算法的有效性。
+
+### 3.3 结果分析
+
+经过代码实现,几个对比实验的结果统计如表3所示。
+
+**表3 基于不同算法的虚假评论识别效果比较**
+
+| Criterion/Methods | Precision | Recall | F-measure |
|---|
| CRF-Base | 0.8163 | 0.7981 | 0.8071 | | LELC-Base | 0.8089 | 0.7632 | 0.7854 | | SPUL-Base | 0.8121 | 0.7906 | 0.8012 | | K-means-Base | 0.7893 | 0.8127 | 0.8008 | | Adaptation-Base | 0.7990 | 0.8103 | 0.8046 |
+
+由表3可知,本文在虚假评论识别过程中所做的工作与目前已有的研究成果相比毫不逊色,根据F-measure 来说,效果或许更有效。此外,准确率与召回率在一般情况下是不能同时取得较大的值,但在本文提出的算法中,也已趋近理想情况。而且,由于实验环境、分词技术以及算法运用的不同,导致本文在实现文献[4]、[5]中的相关算法时,结果略有不同,但相差不大。
+
+## 4 结束语
+
+本文使用遗传算法对评论文本特征进行提取,提出了一个基于条件随机场的虚假评论识别方法,通过训练虚假评论识别模型,进行虚假评论的识别,并进行了实验。由实验结果可知,本文提出的虚假评论识别方法在识别效果上表现良好。
+
+实验的对比结果表明,目前已有的虚假评论的识别工作仍有不足之处,识别效果仍有待改进,在未来的工作中,需要进行更多的探索与尝试,综合考虑评论内容、评论者、评论时间等有效信息,提高虚假评论识别的鲁棒性。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1] 孟美任, 丁晟春. 虚假商品评论信息发布者行为动机分析[J]. 情报科学, 2013, 31(10): 100-104.
+
+[2] 陈燕芳, 李志宇. 基于评论产品属性情感倾向评估的虚假评论识别研究[J]. 现代图书情报技术, 2014, 30(9): 81-90.
+
+[3] 皮琪, 王文杰, 杨飞, 等. 基于深度学习的虚假评论识别[J]. 网络新媒体技术, 2016(6): 30-33.
+
+[4] 任亚峰, 姬东鸿, 张红斌, 等. 基于PU学习算法的虚假评论识别研究[J]. 计算机研究与发展, 2015, 52(3): 639-648.
+
+[5] 任亚峰, 尹兰, 姬东鸿. 基于语言结构和情感极性的虚假评论识别[J]. 计算机科学与探索, 2014, 38(3): 313-320.
+
+[6] 李雨桥, 符红光. 基于社交图谱模型的虚假评论识别[J]. 计算机应用, 2014, 34(S2): 151-153, 158.
+
+[7] Li Fangtao, Huang Minlie, Yang Yi, et al. Learning to identify review spam [C]//International Joint Conference on Ijcai, 2011: 2488-2493.
+
+[8] Ott M, Choi Y, Cardie C, et al. Finding deceptive opinion spam by any stretch of the imagination [C]//Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies (HLT'11), Portland, USA, Jun 19-24, 2011. Stroudsburg, PA, USA, ACL, 2011: 309-319.
+
+[9] http://www.tripadvisor.com
+
+[10] Li X L, Philip S Y, Liu B, et, al. Positive unlabeled learning for data stream classification [C]//Proc of the 9th SIAM Int Conf on data Mining (SDM'09). Philadelphia, PA: SIAM, 2009: 257-268.
+
+[11] Xiao Yanshan, Liu Bing, Yin Jie, et, al. Similarity-based approach for positive and unlabeled learning [C]//Proc of the 22th Int Joint Conf on Artificial Intelligence (IJCAI'11). San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 2011: 1577-1582.
+
+(下转第 65 页)
+
+# The Survey of Massive MIMO Beam-forming Technology
+
+Zhang Xinran Yao Junyan
+
+Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, China
+
+
+**Abstract**: This work focuses on the analysis for beam-forming technology in fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication system, and researches beam-forming technology under Massive MIMO scenario especially. We research common wireless configuration, and compare the configurations and investigate different characteristics of different configurations of antenna arrays. We focus on the mutual coupling channel model, and give a result of theoretical analysis and simulate to prove it. As well, we research the technology of beam-forming and multicast based on the mutual coupling channel model. Under the question of multicast, we propose the solution, we prove it and emulate, and we can conclude the best beam-forming finally. At the end of the work, we propose a system model in terms of security, and give the best solution in the case of energy harvesting.
+
+**Keywords**: massive MIMO; beam forming technology; mutual coupling channel model; wireless multicast
+
+(责任编辑:鞠 磊)
+
+
+
+(上接第 50 页)
+
+# Research on Review Spam Recognition Based on Conditional Random Fields
+
+Chen Ying¹ Hou Huimin² Li Yuannan¹
+
+1. Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute Beijing 100070
+
+2. Xidian University Xi'an 710071
+
+**Abstract**: AS Web2.0 technology, people rely on online comments to make trade decisions, the identification of false comments has become an urgent need. In this paper, the differences and between false comments and real comments, a review spam recognition based on conditional random fields is proposed. Our algorithm is different from the existing method based on comment set and corpus. We label the characteristics of sequence of the comment text and then use CRF (Conditional Random Fields, CRF) to train the recognition model. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm performs well in the effect of review spam Recognition.
+
+**Keywords**: Review Spam Recognition, Genetic Algorithm, Conditional Random Fields, Feature extraction
+
+(责任编辑:张卷美)
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_73.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_73.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..bcc45852bc1bdb1fece54d95ad803e95345cc0c8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_73.md
@@ -0,0 +1,198 @@
+# 数字产业化对宏观经济增长的影响是否持久不变?
+——基于非线性 **MS-VAR** 模型的研究
+
+杨博文¹, 张媛柯²
+
+(1. 中国政法大学 马克思主义学院, 北京 100088; 2. 中国政法大学 商学院, 北京 100088)
+
+**摘要:** 本文基于2002—2023年互联网发展的相关指标和GDP年度数据,利用马尔可夫区制转移向量自回归模型(MS-VAR)系统地研究了数字产业化与宏观经济增长之间的非线性关系。结果表明:“数字产业化与经济”系统在“低速增长区制”和“高速增长区制”之间反复转移,存在着明显的非线性因果关系,整体上驱动了宏观经济增长。其中,数字产业化在低速增长时波动性小、持续时间长,在高速增长时波动性大、持续时间短,而宏观经济增长则相反。个别子系统的数字产业化对宏观经济增长的作用存在着明显的“滞后性”和“韧性”。本文指出了数字产业化对宏观经济增长影响的重要性与独特性,据此提出要坚定不移地加强对数字产业化的资金投入和支持、促进宏观经济发展,并建立数字经济监测预警制度。
+
+**关键词:** 数字产业化; 宏观经济增长; MS-VAR; 非线性关系; 区制转移
+
+**中图分类号:** F123.16 **文献标识码:** A **文章编号:** 2097-0145(2025)03-0083-07 **doi:** 10.11847/fj.44.3.83
+
+## 0 引言
+
+近年来,数字经济以迅猛的态势高速发展,成为经济发展的重要内生动力和关键引擎。仅在2023年,我国数字经济核心产业增加值已达到12万亿元,在GDP中的比重达到了10%,成为宏观经济举足轻重的组成部分。2021年,习近平总书记在十九届中央政治局第三十四次集体学习时深刻指出:“发展数字经济意义重大,是把握新一轮科技革命和产业变革新机遇的战略选择。”2024年,《政府工作报告》明确指出要深入推进数字经济创新发展,开展“人工智能+”行动,打造具有国际竞争力的数字产业集群。与此同时,以大数据、云计算、物联网、区块链、人工智能为代表的数字技术层出不穷,并通过赋能传统产业、提高全要素生产率等方式,成为建设中国式现代化、发展新质生产力不可或缺的关键力量。
+
+数字经济发展对宏观经济增长的重要贡献已经成为一种社会和学界共识。自 Tapscott [1]在《数字经济:网络智能时代的前景与风险》提出数字经济概念后,数字经济的相关研究层出不穷。而数字经济作为一个宏观整体,又可以分为数字产业化和产业数字化两个要素[2-3]。其中,数字产业化更为基础和关键,它以数据为生产要素投入,将数据转化为可规模生产、重复使用且反复交易的产品和服务,是一种基于数字技术创新和数字商业创新实现数据价值,逐步被深入挖掘并不断释放的动态过程[4]。作为信息通信产业(ICT)和数据技术融合的结果,数字产业化是产业数字化乃至数字经济发展先导力量,为后者提供海量的数据、技术、产品和服务[5]。可以说,只有以数字产业化为基础,才能逐渐实现产业数字化和数字经济的全面发展,最终实现社会潜能的释放,带动宏观经济的增长。
+
+数字产业化对宏观经济增长的影响究竟如何?这种影响在长期中是否变化?已有的研究提供了有益的参考,并且探究了它们之间的效果和路径,但仅通过这些还不能完全窥其全貌,尤其是无法得到二者运行的具体机制及其变化趋势。数字产业化与宏观经济增长之间是否真实存在密切相关的联动机制?本文的研究贡献如下:(1)以往的文献多从面板数据展开研究,侧重于探究数字产业化对宏观经济增长的贡献程度,本文以MS-VAR为研究方法,对二者的非线性关系进行讨论,补充了长时段内数字产业化与宏观经济增长非线性关系的研究;(2)本文发现数字产业化对宏观经济增长的作用存在着明显的“滞后性”和“韧性”,以及数字产业化不完全依赖于宏观经济的特性,在一定程度上弥补了二者动态影响研究的不足;(3)本文的研究佐证了数字产业化和数字经济对宏观经济重要作用的观点,提出要持续稳定地对数字产业化进行资金投入,并且建立数字经济监测预警制度,具有一定的现实意义。
+
+
+
+**收稿日期:** 2024-01-09
+
+**基金项目:** 国家社会科学基金青年资助项目(24CJL002)
+
+**通讯作者简介:** 杨博文,中国政法大学马克思主义学院讲师,博士,研究方向:数理政治经济学,计量经济学。E-mail: yangbw0924@163.com。
+
+## 1 文献综述
+
+现阶段,围绕数字产业化促进宏观经济增长的相关研究既包括定性分析,又包括经验和实证分析,本文进行了整理和分类,将其分为如下三种:
+
+首先,数字产业化提高了全要素生产率。从微观角度来看,数字产业化带来的数字技术能够打破传统生产中的信息壁垒、加快生产要素的流通、优化企业间的生产要素配置并改善经济结构,显著提升企业的数据处理分析能力,实现价值流的可视化,推动机械制造向人机交互的智能升级[6]。同时,数字产业化带来数据的强渗透性[7],提高了传统企业的生产效率[8],并通过规模经济效应、范围经济效应、技术创新效应和管理效率效应等多条途径促进经济增长[9]。从宏观角度来看,万晓榆和罗焱卿[10]通过对2015—2018年全国30个地区的研究发现,数字产业分指数对区域全要素生产率的正向影响效果能够达到25%。宋旭光等[11]的研究进一步发现,数字产业化不仅能够显著促进中国工业企业全要素生产率提高和实体经济发展,而且这种影响随时间逐渐增强。更值得注意的是,由于数据要素具有共享性、可复制性、非稀缺性和强传播性等特点[12],数字产业化带给全要素生产率的红利往往具有比传统技术更明显的优势。而且,相邻省份的数字经济存在明显的正向空间相关性,数字基础设施和数字产业发展水平较高的相邻省份往往能够出现数字产业转移、边际效应非线性递增和空间溢出效应[13]。
+
+其次,数字产业化形成了新的经济增长需求。数字产业化以信息技术和数据为依托不断创造出新的产业形态和模式,集中体现为:以“ABCD技术”著称的人工智能、区块链、云计算和大数据数字技术催生出人工智能产业、区块链产业、云计算产业和大数据产业,以芯片、服务器、存储设备、处理器等为代表的新能源、新材料、通信系统设备制造等与其相配套的产业。而且,数字技术还创造出模拟算法、安全服务、售后服务、专利权等新行业,形成了从硬件到软件、从上游到下游等全方位的产业链。数字产业化创造了巨大的投资需求、消费需求和贸易需求,以及人才需求和新的就业形态,大幅促进经济增长[14-15]。“宽带中国”政策作为数字产业化的一个重要引擎,不仅能够直接促进经济增长,而且作为一种中介间接提高了数字化能力、培养了数字化人才,同时释放了大量潜力,激发了大众创业。数字产业化还通过知识外溢改变了劳动者的教育和技能结构,作用于产业结构优化[16],通过发展新产业、新业态模式,进而打造数字产业链和产业集群[17]。
+
+再次,数字产业化赋能传统产业促进了经济增长。一方面,数字产业化所释放出的数据要素和数字技术通过赋能传统产业,从而改变了金融、医疗、教育、制造业等传统行业的商业模式、运营模式和组织架构[18],能够显著提升企业创新绩效水平和内部控制质量[19],逐渐实现集群化、平台化、智能化和生态化。作为传统行业的核心,制造业数字化转型尤为引人注目,诞生了新能源汽车和无人驾驶汽车、农作物生长监测无人机等一系列新的产品。作为一种全新的要素投入和全要素生产率,数据要素价值连接了生产者与消费者,以开源共享的状态流动,从数据商品到数据资产,再转化为数据商品,最终完成了价值实现[20]。另一方面,数字产业化提高了产业链的创新能力和韧性。在数字技术的加持下,数字要素与传统产业融合提升了传统产业链条的创新能力[21],实现了产业的高级化[22],推动了产业升级[23]和产业结构服务化转型[24]。通过提高城市创新能力和产业结构创新能力两个途径,数字产业化提升了城市产业供应链的韧性,城市产业链具有了更为明显的抗干扰能力和抵御风险的能力,在面临外生经济冲击下能够更好地恢复[25]。
+
+通过总结梳理相关文献发现,虽然数字产业化与宏观经济增长关系这一问题的成果不胜枚举,但大多数研究是基于面板数据或者是线性时间序列展开,鲜有非线性时间序列方面的研究[26-28]。鉴于传统的全样本回归容易受到意外因素影响而产生不稳定性,而非线性时间序列模型可以在不同区间内捕捉变量之间的因果关系,并且探究不同区间的作用机制。因此,本文在前人研究的基础上,创新性地运用马尔可夫区制转移向量自回归模型(MS-VAR),对数字产业化与宏观经济增长的关系进行探讨。
+
+## 2 数据与模型设定
+
+### 2.1 数据选取与描述
+
+国内外对于数字经济乃至数字产业化并没有绝对统一的衡量标准,常见的方法包括合成指标法[29-30]与单指标法,而后者又可以细分为产业增加值转化[31]与代理变量法等。本文借鉴张勋等[32]、黄群慧等[33]的相关研究,用互联网普及率和移动互联网用户普及率来代替数字产业化水平,同时用 GDP 增长率表示宏观经济增长。本文考虑选取的数据分别为2002—2023年全国互联网普及率增长率 *internet*、全国移动电话普及率增长率 *mobile*和网页增长率 *web*,同时又纳入2004—2023年互联网带宽接口数增长率 *broadband* 作为补充变量,以及对应年份的 GDP 增长率 *gdp*,这样有助于从多个维度和角度分析数字产业化水平,进而保证研究的合理性。以上数据均来源于历年《中国统计年鉴》以及中国互联网信息中心(CNNIC)发布的《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》。
+
+### 2.2 非线性马尔可夫区制转移模型的设定
+
+在对模型进行估计之前,本文选择 ADF 方法对数据的平稳性进行检验。2002—2023 年 gdp、internet、mobile、web 的原始时间序列数据和 2004—2023 年 broadband 的原始时间序列数据分别在 5% 和 1% 的显著性水平下拒绝了存在单位根的原假设,说明上述数据均为平稳时间序列。根据计量经济学的相关原理,可以利用 gdp、internet、mobile、web 和 broadband 五组时间序列构建马尔可夫区制转移向量自回归模型(MS-VAR),并进行后续的实证分析。
+
+本文将区制数量分别设定为 2、3、4,滞后阶数分别设定为 1、2、3、4,并根据 AIC 和 SC 准则进行了测算,选择 AIC 和 SC 数值最小的结果确定模型的最优选择,其中,2002—2023 年的 gdp 与 internet、mobile、web 分别构成的 MS-VAR 模型最优区制为 2,最优滞后阶数均为 3,构成了 2 区制 3 阶滞后的马尔可夫向量自回归模型 MS(2)-VAR(3),模型中的截距项和方差均可变,为变截距—变方差模型。同时,2004—2023 年的 gdp 与 broadband 构成的 MS-VAR 模型最优区制为 2,最优滞后阶数为 1,构成了 2 区制 1 阶滞后的马尔可夫向量自回归模型 MS(2)-VAR(1),该模型截距项、系数和方差均可变,为变截距—变系数—变方差模型。
+
+## 3 实证分析
+
+### 3.1 数字产业化与宏观经济关联机制的非线性周期测度
+
+本文首先进行 MS-VAR 模型参数检验,发现代表区制的 Const(Reg. 2)比 Const(Reg. 1)截距项更大,可以认为区制1是“低速增长区制”,而区制2是“高速增长区制”,故而将“数字产业化与经济”系统分为“低速增长区制”和“高速增长区制”。
+
+从滞后项的相互作用系数来看,internet-gdp 子系统中的互联网普及率与宏观经济增长率存在着明显的相互影响。宏观经济增长对互联网普及率的影响先高后低,在较短的滞后1期效果显著,在滞后2期开始减弱为负。互联网普及率对宏观经济的影响呈“U型”曲线,在初始阶段消耗宏观财政支出,随后互联网普及的效果才开始逐渐呈现,并助力宏观经济增长。从web-gdp子系统来看,网站数量的增长率与宏观经济相比具有明显的“被动性”。宏观经济增长会显著正向影响网站数量的增长率,而且影响能力从高到低逐渐减弱,而网站数量的增长与宏观经济增长的关系不显著,说明单纯依靠互联网网站发展起来的数字产业化无法独立作为经济发展的助推力。从 mobile-gdp 子系统来看,移动电话(智能电话)的发展与宏观经济增长也呈现出相互影响的密切关系。宏观经济增长对数字产业化影响具有一定的“滞后性”,短期内往往不会立刻刺激移动电话的发展。随着时间的延长,移动电话作为互联网信息移动媒介的作用逐渐体现,宏观经济增长率随之提高。从broadband-gdp 子系统来看,宽带的发展在“高速增长区制”对宏观经济增长的影响为正,与现实也较为相符。2013年国家推动的“宽带中国”标志着互联网从部门战略升级到了国家战略,数字产业化促进了资源配置的优化和商品、劳动力的流通,为广大人民增添了福利。
+
+从方差估计来看,“数字产业化与经济”的4个子系统均呈现出低数字产业化增长率和高宏观经济增长率方差较小的特征,说明数字产业化在“低速增长区制”时波动较小、持续时间较长,而宏观经济增长在“高速增长区制”时波动较小、持续时间较长。该结果充分说明:首先,数字产业化与宏观经济增长的系统具有显著的“惯性”特征,无论初始状态如何,“数字产业化与经济”系统最终会步入数字产业化低速增长与宏观经济高速增长的结果;其次,数字产业化与宏观经济的高低速增长之间往往存在“错位”关系,数字产业化在长期内趋向于低速增长,在“高速增长区制”中波动性大、持续时间短,非常不稳定,即使数字产业化出现了短期的高速增长,它和宏观经济增长之间也会出现迟滞效应;再次,数字产业化乃至数字经济在经济周期下行中依然保持坚挺,这表明数字产业化具有相当明显的坚韧能力和相对独立性,受到宏观经济的影响相对较小。
+
+### 3.2 区制时间变化分析
+
+综合过去20多年的历史来看,2005年出现了数字产业化发展的热潮,也是数字产业化与宏观经济高速增长并行为数不多的年份之一。淘宝网、腾讯、58同城等互联网企业开始起步,智能手机取代传统手机成为人们新的通信工具,互联网开始逐渐渗透并覆盖广大居民的生活。数据要素更多的涌流和传播,大幅推动了数字产业化的发展。如表1所示,除web-gdp子系统外,数字产业化与经济系统整体在2005—2010年或2005—2012年时段内处于“高速增长区制”;2013年后,在中国经济步入“新常态”以及“去产能去库存”的影响之下,许多重化工业企业开始减产或调整业务,这在一定程度上延缓了宏观经济以及互联网的发展势头,数字产业化与宏观经济增长也不可避免地结束了多年的高速增长期,转而步入“低速增长区制”;2015年后,数字产业化开始了新一轮的热潮,随着世界互联网大会的举办,“互联网+”被写入了政府工作报告并且上升为国家战略,党的十八届五中全会明确提出要“实施网络强国战略,加快构建高速、移动、安全、泛在的新一代信息基础设施”,这些政策措施都推动“数字产业化与经济”系统步入第二阶段“高速增长区制”;2018年“中美贸易战”的开始以及2020年“新冠”疫情的暴发使“数字产业化与经济”系统的第二次高速增长结束,伴随着世界经济的衰退与低迷重新转入“低速增长区制”。
+
+除此之外,“数字产业化与经济”系统在“低速增长区制”和“高速增长区制”中的平滑概率值基本在1.0左右波动,个别年份的特殊值也远远高于0.5,这既说明本文采用MS-VAR模型对数字产业化与宏观经济增长之间的非线性关系测度的科学性与合理性,又说明我国“数字产业化与经济”系统在“高速增长区制”和“低速增长区制”的过程中存在着明显的突变迹象($p > 0.5$),从而论证了我国数字产业化与宏观经济增长存在着非线性变化的周期性特征。
+
+**表1 “数字产业化与经济”系统的区制划分与持续时间比重**
+
+| 区制 | internet-gdp 子系统 | web-gdp 子系统 | mobile-gdp 子系统 | broadband-gdp 子系统 | | 时段划分 | 持续时间比重 | 时段划分 | 持续时间比重 | 时段划分 | 持续时间比重 | 时段划分 | 持续时间比重 | | 低速增长区制 | 2011—20162020—2023 | 52.64% | 2005—200820142019—2023 | 47.36% | 20052013—20152019—2023 | 47.36% | 2013—20142017—2023 | 47.36% | | 高速增长区制 | 2005—20102017—2019 | 47.36% | 2009—20132015—2018 | 52.64% | 2006—20122016—2018 | 52.64% | 2005—20122015—2016 | 52.64% |
+
+### 3.3 区制转移矩阵和属性分析
+
+接下来,表2从“数字产业化与经济”系统区制内的相关系数估计来进一步说明数字产业化与宏观经济增长分别在“低速增长区制”和“高速增长区制”的相关关系。结果发现,无论在哪一种子系统中,数字产业化与宏观经济增长在“高速增长区制”中都能保持正向相关关系,说明数字产业化蓬勃发展和经济的高速增长期一致,互联网对经济增长的潜力和动能被充分释放,信息和资源在互联网的推动下得到充分涌流。反过来,宏观经济高速增长为数字产业化提供了充足的资金支持,实现了二者的同向互促。internet-gdp 子系统和 mobile-gdp 子系统在“低速增长区制”中为负向相关关系,而且系数较高($>0.9$)。这说明在经济增长放缓或换挡期内,数字产业化与宏观经济增长体现为替代关系,数字产业化的效果不明显,对数字产业化的巨额资金投入迟滞了宏观经济增长的步伐,干扰了经济增长的进程。同时,这也说明数字产业化具有相当明显的“韧性”和独立性,即使在宏观经济下行的背景下也能保持自身的发展。区制内相关系数分析的结果再一次验证了前文的相关结论,也就是数字产业化具有部分显著的“滞后效应”和“韧性”,对宏观经济的拉动作用往往无法在当期转化为立竿见影的效果,需要较长的时间才能逐渐体现,且不完全依赖宏观经济增长。
+
+表3展示了“数字产业化与经济”系统的区制转移概率矩阵及区制属性。internet-gdp子系统和 broadband-gdp 子系统“低速增长区制”的区制转移概率最高(0.8766和0.8599),同时伴随着较高的频率(0.6229和0.5690)和平均持续期(8.11和7.14),而 web-gdp 子系统和 mobile-gdp 子系统“高速增长区制”的区制转移概率略高(0.7830和0.8018),也伴随着略高的频率(0.5124和0.5158)和平均持续期(4.61和5.05)。二者相比,internet-gdp 子系统和 broadband-gdp 子系统有更高的倾向和概率步入“低速增长区制”,且平均持续期更长,这提示我们要注意采取一些宏观措施来改变或扭转这一状况。web-gdp 子系统和 mobile-gdp 子系统在“低速增长区制”和“高速增长区制”之间的频率和持续期更为接近,体现为更加明显的区制转移特征。
+
+**表 2 “数字产业化与经济”系统区制内的相关系数估计**
+
+| internet-gdp子系统 | 低速增长区制 | 高速增长区制 | web-gdp子系统 | 低速增长区制 | 高速增长区制 | | gdp | internet | gdp | internet | gdp | web | gdp | web | | gdp | 1 | -0.9142 | 1 | 0.5889 | gdp | 1 | 0.9981 | 1 | 0.9897 | | internet | -0.9142 | 1 | 0.5889 | 1 | web | 0.9981 | 1 | 0.9897 | 1 | | broadband-gdp子系统 | 低速增长区制 | 高速增长区制 | mobile-gdp子系统 | 低速增长区制 | 高速增长区制 | | gdp | Broadband | gdp | Broadband | gdp | mobile | gdp | mobile | | gdp | 1 | 0.8769 | 1 | 0.3266 | gdp | 1 | -0.9061 | 1 | 0.9660 | | broadband | 0.8769 | 1 | 0.3266 | 1 | mobile | -0.9061 | 1 | 0.9660 | 1 |
+
+**表3 “数字产业化与经济”系统的区制转移概率矩阵及区制属性**
+
+| internet-gdp子系统 | 转移概率矩阵 区制属性 | mobile-gdp子系统 | 转移概率矩阵 区制属性 | | | 低速 | 高速 | 样本数 | 频率 | 平均持续期 | 低速 | 高速 | 样本数 | 频率 | 平均持续期 | | 低速 | 0.8766 | 0.1234 | 10 | 0.6229 | 8.11 | 低速 | 0.7889 | 0.2111 | 8 | 0.4842 | 4.74 | | 高速 | 0.2038 | 0.7962 | 9 | 0.3771 | 4.91 | 高速 | 0.1982 | 0.8018 | 11 | 0.5158 | 5.05 | | web-gdp子系统 | 转移概率矩阵 区制属性 | broadband-gdp子系统 | 转移概率矩阵 区制属性 | | | 低速 | 高速 | 样本数 | 频率 | 平均持续期 | 低速 | 高速 | 样本数 | 频率 | 平均持续期 | | 低速 | 0.7720 | 0.2280 | 9 | 0.4876 | 4.39 | 低速 | 0.8599 | 0.1401 | 9 | 0.5690 | 7.14 | | 高速 | 0.2170 | 0.7830 | 10 | 0.5124 | 4.61 | 高速 | 0.1849 | 0.8151 | 10 | 0.4310 | 5.41 |
+
+## 4 结论与启示
+
+本文观察和分析了2002—2023年间的部分数字产业化指标和宏观经济增长率,分别构建两区制滞后三阶的变截距—变方差模型MS(2)-VAR(3)和两区制滞后一阶的变截距—变系数—变方差模型MS(2)-VAR(1),并将“数字产业化与经济”系统分为“低速增长区制”和“高速增长区制”,系统研究数字产业化与宏观经济增长之间的非线性因果关系,结论如下:
+
+(1)数字产业化与宏观经济增长整体上存在着同向互促的相关关系,但在部分子系统上的数字产业化体现为明显的滞后效应和韧性。其中, internet-gdp 子系统和 mobile-gdp 子系统中数字产业化对宏观经济增长的影响均先为负、随后才转为正,体现了数字产业化与宏观经济增长二者之间的不同频特点。
+
+(2)数字产业化在“低速增长区制”中的方差较小,在“高速增长区制”中的方差较大,而宏观经济增长则相反。这说明不论是数字产业化还是宏观经济增长,都存在着明显的“惯性”特征,我国数字产业化倾向于维持波动小、持续时间长的低速增长,而宏观经济的低速增长则波动大、持续时间短。数字产业化与宏观经济增长之间存在滞后效应和错位关系,数字产业化对宏观经济增长的拉动作用往往需要一段时间才体现出来,且在经济相对低迷期具有明显的“韧性”。
+
+(3)“数字产业化与经济”系统的平滑概率值基本在1.0左右波动且高于0.5,说明本文采用马尔可夫区制转移向量自回归模型(MS-VAR)是科学合理的,同时也说明我国数字产业化与宏观经济增长之间的确存在显著的非线性因果关系。在“高速增长区制”中均呈现为显著的正向相关关系,而 internet-gdp 子系统和 mobile-gdp 子系统在“低速增长区制”中为负向相关关系,说明“低速增长区制”下初始阶段的数字产业化的转化效果不强。web-gdp 子系统和 mobile-gdp 子系统“高速增长区制”的区制转移概率、频率和平均持续期均略高于“低速增长区制”,而 internet-gdp 子系统和 broadband-gdp 子系统有更高的倾向和概率步入“低速增长区制”,且平均持续期更长。
+
+综上所述,本文提出如下对策建议:
+
+(1)要坚定不移地加强对数字产业化的资金投入和支持。本文发现数字产业化往往和宏观经济增长具有不同频的特征,其正面效果需要较长的时间才能体现,在经济下行和低速增长期对数字产业化的资金投入会在短期内消耗再生产资源,拖累经济增速。因此,社会各界要对此具有足够的耐心和清醒的认识,明确数字产业化对社会经济的长期稳定作用,支持将数字产业化乃至数字经济发展作为国家战略不动摇。
+
+(2)要利用数字产业化的优势促进宏观经济发展。数字产业化在经济增速低迷时期具有明显的韧性和独立性,国家应当充分发挥并扩大这一优势,加大对互联网、大数据、云计算、物联网、区块链、人工智能为代表的数字技术发展力度,加快数字产业化的进程,为产业数字化和延长产业链条、巩固数字经济产业链供应链韧性奠定基础。
+
+(3)要建立关于数字产业化在内的数字经济监测预警制度。随着数字经济的重要性越来越高,其与宏观经济增长之间的关系也越来越密切。本文发现不论是宏观经济增长还是数字产业化,都面临着从高速增长向低速增长突变的可能性,这无疑会对我国经济发展造成不利影响。因此,要建立一套完善的数字经济监测预警制度,保证对数字经济的发展能够进行科学合理的预警监测,在数字经济低速增长来临之际给予有效应对。
+
+## 参考文献：
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+
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+
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+
+# Is the Impact of Digital Industrialization on Macroeconomic Growth Sustainable?——An Analysis Based on a Nonlinear MS-VAR Model
+
+**YANG Bowen¹, ZHANG Yuanke²**
+
+(1. *School of Marxism, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 100088, China; 2. School of Business, China University of Political Science and Law, Beijing 100088, China*)
+
+**Abstract:** With the rapid development of China's economy, digital technology and digital economy have been widely integrated into all aspects of economic production and social life. Promoting digital transformation is not only the trend of times, but also the consensus of people all over the world. As the core of digital economy, digital industrialization brings industrial digitalization and integration with the real economy, and has become an important driving factor to enable macro economy and achieve rapid growth. Therefore, it is important and critical to study the effect of digital industrialization on macroeconomic growth, which has important academic and practical significance.
+
+Based on the relevant research literature on digital economy and macroeconomic development, as well as nonlinear time series analysis as the theoretical basis, this paper changes the traditional panel regression and linear time series methods based on the relevant indicators of China's internet development and annual GDP data from 2002 to 2023. Taking Modelling of Markov-Switching Vector Autoregressions (MS-VAR) as the method and the nonlinear relationship between digital industrialization and macroeconomic growth as the main object, this paper empirically measures and tests the nonlinear correlation mechanism, regime-switching process for capturing time variation and regime transition matrix between digital industrialization and macroeconomic growth.
+
+The results show that the system of “digital industrialization and economy” is repeatedly transferred between “low regime” and “high regime”, and there is an obvious nonlinear causal relationship, which drives the macroeconomic growth as a whole. Among them, digital industrialization has low volatility and long duration at low growth, and high volatility and short duration at high growth, while macroeconomic growth is on the contrary. The digital industrialization of individual sub-systems has a significant “inertia” and “resilience” in its effect on macroeconomic growth. The contribution of this paper is to confirm that there is an obvious nonlinear mechanism between digital industrialization and macroeconomic growth, and the unique role of digital industrialization in economic activities. This paper fills in the academic research on the nonlinear relationship between digital industrialization and macroeconomic growth, and has certain implications for further promoting the development of digital industrialization and digital economy and improving economic management policies in practice. In the future, we should unswervingly strengthen capital investment and support for digital industrialization, promote macroeconomic development, and establish a digital economy monitoring and early warning system.
+
+**Key words:** digital industrialization; macroeconomic growth; MS-VAR; nonlinear relationships; regime switching
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_76.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_76.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..20ad597675444105d3aa30b6bb5428f2019f020c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_76.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+# 2025年度山东省工业资源综合利用试点基地(园区)名单
+
+| 序号 | 县(市、区) | 行业分类 | | 1 | 肥城市 | 废钢铁 | | 2 | 济南市钢城区 | 冶炼渣 | | 3 | 聊城市茌平区 | 脱硫石膏 | | 4 | 邹城市 | 粉煤灰 | | 5 | 招远市 | 黄金尾矿 | | 6 | 邹平市 | 废旧轮胎 | | 7 | 枣庄市台儿庄区 | 粉煤灰 | | 8 | 淄博市周村区 | 机电装备再制造 |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_77.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_77.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..df83001fe7dfbb0929f5af1a52e3de5032a50309
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_77.md
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+
+
+# Retrieval-augmented Generation to Improve Math Question-Answering: Trade-offs Between Groundedness and Human Preference
+
+Zachary Levonian¹ Chenglu Li² Wangda Zhu³ Anoushka Gade¹
+Owen Henkel⁴ Millie-Ellen Postle⁵ Wanli Xing³
+
+¹Digital Harbor Foundation ²University of Utah ³University of Florida
+⁴University of Oxford ⁵Rising Academies
+zach@digitalharbor.org
+
+## Abstract
+
+For middle-school math students, interactive question-answering (QA) with tutors is an effective way to learn. The flexibility and emergent capabilities of generative large language models (LLMs) has led to a surge of interest in automating portions of the tutoring process—including interactive QA to support conceptual discussion of mathematical concepts. However, LLM responses to math questions can be incorrect or mismatched to the educational context—such as being misaligned with a school’s curriculum. One potential solution is retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), which involves incorporating a vetted external knowledge source in the LLM prompt to increase response quality. In this paper, we designed prompts that retrieve and use content from a high-quality open-source math textbook to generate responses to real student questions. We evaluate the efficacy of this RAG system for middle-school algebra and geometry QA by administering a multi-condition survey, finding that humans prefer responses generated using RAG, but not when responses are *too* grounded in the textbook content. We argue that while RAG is able to improve response quality, designers of math QA systems must consider trade-offs between generating responses preferred by students and responses closely matched to specific educational resources.
+
+## 1 Introduction
+
+According to the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), nearly 40% of high school students lack a basic grasp of mathematical concepts [30], underscoring the need to enhance math education in K-12 environments. One of the most impactful methods to support students’ math learning is through math question and answer (QA) sessions tutored by humans. Math QA can be approached with two main focuses: (1) enhancing students’ *procedural* fluency with strategies such as step-by-step problem solving for specific math topics and (2) deepening students’ *conceptual* understanding through scaffolding such as clarifying math concepts with concrete or worked examples, providing immediate feedback, and connecting math ideas to real-world scenarios [28, 37, 15]. While tutor-led math QA is effective [31], they face challenges such as efficiently allocating tutoring resources, ensuring wide accessibility due to high costs, and scaling up to support a myriad of learners with consistent quality [19, 10].
+
+To address these challenges in math QA, educational researchers have sought AI to build expert systems and intelligent tutoring systems to enhance math learning with procedural practice [36, 4, 2]. However, limited educational research has focused on the potential of AI for improving students’ conceptual understanding of math concepts. This study is a preliminary attempt to fill that gap by building the understanding needed to deploy conceptual math QA. We formed a research partnership with the developers of Rori, a WhatsApp-based chatbot math tutor primarily used by low-income middle-school students in Sierra Leone, Liberia, Ghana, and Rwanda.¹ While Rori uses a chat interface, its pedagogical approach is based on intelligent tutoring systems (ITS) and it adopts a mastery-based learning approach that takes students through procedural lessons based on their abilities. Rori is currently designing for the inclusion of conceptual math QA using LLMs. There have been preliminary efforts to use LLMs in educational settings to scaffold student discussions, to provide feedback [18], to personalize learning experiences through automatic text analysis and generative socio-emotional support [43, 22], and to extend LLMs for many other educational tasks [40].
+
+arXiv:2310.03184v1 [cs.CL] 4 Oct 2023
+
+Figure 1: In this paper, we generated responses to math student queries with a retrieval-augmented generation system using one of three prompt guidance conditions. Survey respondents ranked responses by preference and assessed groundedness in the underlying math textbook used as a retrieval corpus.
+
+While the results from these education-related LLM explorations are encouraging, there are ethical considerations when using LLM outputs for math education [18, 32]. A primary concern is *hallucinations*, where LLMs generate answers that sound plausible and coherent but are factually incorrect [11]. Such misleading yet persuasive responses from LLMs could inadvertently instill incorrect conceptual understanding in students. Researchers from the AI community have investigated strategies to mitigate LLM hallucinations (see Ji et al.'s review [17]), with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) standing out given its effectiveness and flexibility of implementation (e.g., model agnostic) [21, 49]. Conceptually, RAG in an educational context aims to bolster the correctness of LLM-based QA by drawing from external knowledge sources such as syllabi, workbooks, and handouts, such that the LLM's responses are, to various extents, anchored to established learning materials [33]. An interactive student chat backed by RAG offers the promise of both high correctness and faithfulness to materials in a vetted curriculum.
+
+We implemented a RAG system for conceptual math QA (described in sec. 3). To evaluate our RAG system, we started with the problem of designing prompts that produce both the expected tutor-like behavior and responses grounded in the retrieved document. Can we use retrieval-augmented generation and prompt engineering to increase the groundedness of LLM responses? In study 1 (sec. 4), we observe qualitative trade-offs in response quality and the level of guidance provided in the LLM prompt, motivating quantitative study of human preferences. Do humans prefer more grounded responses? In study 2 (sec. 5), we survey preferences for LLM responses at three different levels of prompted guidance, finding that the most-preferred responses strike a balance between no guidance and high guidance. How does retrieval relevance affect response groundedness? In study 3 (sec. 6), we consider the impact of document relevance on observed preferences. Fig. 1 shows an overview of the RAG system and its use for addressing our research questions.
+
+## 2 Related Work
+
+Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs) are educational technologies designed to provide one-on-one instructional guidance comparable to that of expert human tutors [34]. Structurally, ITSs implement a user interface over a knowledge base with a pedagogical model that determines how the ITS should respond to student inputs [38]. ITSs are traditionally based on iteratively serving procedural lesson content and providing hints in response to student mistakes [45]. ITSs have been shown to be effective as tutors in specific domains such as mathematics and physics [46]. To extend an ITS that currently focuses on procedural fluency with features focused on conceptual understanding [42], we turn to the flexibility and expressive power of LLMs. LLMs have been proposed as useful for supporting a large number of education-related tasks [7, 18].
+
+¹https://rori.ai
+
+Table 1: Representative student questions in the 51 Math Nation queries.
+
+| Can I get the steps for factoring quadratics | What is the domain and range? How do I find it? | | How do I add line segments again?? | How do you know if a number is a constant? | | what is monomial | How do I multiply fractions??????? |
+
+Despite the potential utility of LLMs for education, there are significant concerns around their correctness and ability to meet students at their appropriate level [18]. LLMs have been used in procedural tutoring and problem-solving systems, with careful prompt engineering used to improve reliability [44]. A more complex approach is using retrieval to augment the LLM prompt in order to improve response quality. For example, the SPOCK system for biology education retrieves relevant textbook snippets when generating hints or providing feedback [41]. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) involves retrieving texts from an external corpus relevant to the task and making them available to the LLM [21, 33]. RAG has been used to improve diverse task performance of LLMs [26], either by incorporating retrieved texts via cross-attention [16, 6, 21] or by inserting retrieved documents directly in the prompt [13]. We apply RAG in the education domain by using a math textbook as an external corpus and evaluating if RAG leads to responses that are preferred more often by humans and grounded in the textbook content.
+
+## 3 A retrieval-augmented generation system for math question-answering
+
+To support the development of reliable conceptual question-answering in a math chatbot, we implemented a retrieval-augmented generation system backed by a vetted corpora of math content, e.g. lesson plans, textbooks, and worked examples. RAG cannot provide a benefit during generation if the retrieved documents are not relevant, so we intentionally selected a corpus that will be relevant to many math-related student questions but not to all plausible questions.
+
+**OpenStax Prealgebra retrieval corpus** We selected a Prealgebra textbook made available by OpenStax [25], segmented by sub-section. The textbook covers whole numbers, functions, and geometry, among other topics.
+
+**RAG implementation** We adopted a commercially-realistic chatbot context as the underlying LLM, generating all responses with the OpenAI API—using model gpt-3.5-turbo-0613 with default temperature settings.² We forked a publicly available implementation of retrieval-augmented generation [20] that uses a variant of parent retrieval [8].³ When a student asks a question, we identify a single relevant section of the textbook using cosine similarity against dense representations of the query and the textbook subsections. We created all representations using OpenAI's text-embedding-ada-002 model [12], an effective dense text embedding model [29].⁴ We released our code, data, prompts, and survey texts on GitHub.⁵
+
+## 4 Study 1: Can we use retrieval-augmented generation and prompt engineering to increase the groundedness of LLM responses?
+
+In using RAG, we hope that system responses will both answer the student's query and reflect the contents of the retrieved document. As the retrieved document cannot be perfectly relevant for all queries, achieving this *groundedness* may require producing inaccurate or otherwise less useful responses. Thus, there is an apparent trade-off between groundedness and the perceived usefulness of the system response. If this trade-off exists, we may want to influence the balance between groundedness and usefulness by adjusting the system prompt. This first study tackles a basic question: *can* we influence this balance by engineering the prompt? We now introduce the prompt guidance conditions we used, the queries used for evaluation, and three evaluation metrics.
+
+
+
+²We opted to use GPT-3.5 rather than GPT-4 because it reflects a more realistic cost trade-off for the ITS system we are researching.
+
+³GPT-3.5 had a context window of 4K tokens; we used up to 3K tokens for document retrieval. The median chapter and sub-section has 5050 and 185 tokens respectively.
+
+⁴We chose dense retrieval both for its popularity in RAG implementations and its dominance on a related retrieval task (not reported here) compared to a strong sparse-retrieval baseline (BM25 Pyserini [23, 50]).
+
+⁵https://github.com/DigitalHarborFoundation/rag-for-math-qa
+
+
+
+Figure 2: Groundedness for four levels of prompt guidance.
+
+**Guidance conditions** Prompt engineering is important for LLM performance [27, 24, 44]. Each guidance condition was selected by iterative, qualitative exploration of prompts given 1-3 sample student questions. While these prompts are unlikely to be “optimal” [48], they produce reasonable outputs. The **No guidance** condition does not use RAG and contains a simple prompt that begins: “You are going to act as a mathematics tutor for a 13 year old student who is in grade 8 or 9 and lives in Ghana. You will be encouraging and factual. Prefer simple, short responses.” Other prompts build on this basic instruction set. The **Low guidance** prompt adds “Only if it is relevant, examples and language from the section below may be helpful to format your response:” followed by the retrieved document. The **High guidance** prompt instead says “Reference content from this textbook section in your response:”. Finally, the **Information Retrieval** condition—used only in this first study to demonstrate the shortfalls of automated metrics for conversational responses—instead says “Repeat the student’s question and then repeat in full the most relevant paragraph from my math textbook.”
+
+**Student queries** Math Nation is an online math platform with an interactive discussion board [5]. On this board, students seek help on math-related questions supported by their instructors, paid tutors, and peers. We annotated a random sample of 554 Math Nation posts made by students between October 2013 and October 2021 on boards for Pre-algebra, Algebra 1, and Geometry. We identified 51 factual and conceptual questions that have sufficient context to be answerable; the majority of excluded questions sought procedural help. Representative questions are shown in Table 1.
+
+**Evaluation metrics** Given the relative novelty of our task, automatically measuring usefulness or correctness is not feasible. However, there is a large body of information retrieval (IR) literature on measuring groundedness of a generated text. We adopt three metrics used in prior work [1, 9, 11, 35]. K-F1++ is a token-level metric that completely ignores semantics, proposed by Chiesurin et al. as more appropriate for conversational QA than Knowledge F1 [9]. BERTScore is a token-level metric that uses RoBERTa-base embeddings to model semantics [51]. BLEURT is a passage-level metric that models semantics using BERT-base fine-tuned on human relevance judgments [39].
+
+**Results** Fig. 2 shows that metric values on the 51 queries increase across guidance conditions. All confidence intervals are computed at the 95% significance level. These results confirm our basic intuition that groundedness is manipulable with prompt engineering. We do not know if response quality stays the same, increases, or even decreases as groundedness increases, but the results of the IR condition suggest that it *might* decrease: while the token-level metrics indicate that IR is the most grounded condition, its responses include no conversational adaptation to the student's question and so are lower quality in our context. In study 2, we will directly address the questions of response quality and groundedness by surveying humans.
+
+## 5 Study 2: Do humans prefer more grounded responses?
+
+**Methods** To understand the impact of guidance on human preference for LLM responses, we surveyed 9 educators and designers of education technologies. We selected a comparative (within-subjects) design: with query and response order randomized, respondents ranked from best to worst the responses generated in the None, Low, and High guidance conditions for each query. To determine if the guidance conditions were perceived to be grounded in the retrieved document, we adapted a scale used in prior work as an ordinal None (0), Partial (1), Perfect (2) judgment [1]. Responses were spread across four Qualtrics surveys; all questions received at least 3 responses.
+
+
+
+Figure 3: Ranked preferences for LLM responses in three guidance conditions: no guidance (N), low guidance (L), and high guidance (H).
+
+
+
+Figure 4: Groundedness of the generated responses on an ordinal None (0), Partial (1), Perfect (2) scale.
+
+**Results** Fig. 3 shows respondent preferences for the three guidance conditions. Responses in the low guidance condition are preferred over responses in the no guidance *and* high guidance conditions. The high and no guidance conditions were statistically indistinguishable. At least two of the guidance conditions significantly differ in groundedness ($n=153$, one-way ANOVA F(2.0, 99.38)=6.65, p=0.001). We observed substantial inter-rater variation for groundedness ($n = 153$, Krippendorff's $\alpha=0.35$). Fig. 4 shows that respondents do perceive high guidance responses to be more grounded in the retrieved document than low and no guidance responses. Surprisingly, low guidance responses are not perceived to be significantly more grounded than no guidance responses, suggesting that low guidance responses are preferred for reasons other than their groundedness, a question we will investigate further in study 3.⁶
+
+## 6 Study 3: How does retrieval relevance affect response groundedness?
+
+**Methods** It may be that responses in the low guidance condition were preferred by survey respondents because the LLM includes content in the retrieved document if it is relevant and omits it if not. To test this hypothesis, three of the authors independently annotated each query and the associated retrieved document for relevance using a four-point ordinal scale used in prior work [14, 3].
+
+**Results** Inter-rater reliability was generally low ($n = 51$, Fleiss' $\kappa = 0.13$, Krippendorff's $\alpha = 0.40$). For subsequent analysis, we computed the mean relevance of each document across annotators. 70.6% of queries are deemed at least topically relevant, while 33.3% are deemed partially relevant or better; see Fig. 5a for the full distribution. Across all guidance conditions, responses were more likely to be grounded if the retrieved document is relevant (Fig. 5b). However, we observed no significant relationship between relevance and preference (rank). For example, for queries where low guidance responses are preferred over high guidance responses, mean relevance is actually slightly *higher* (diff=0.19, t=-1.45, p=0.15).
+
+
+
+⁶Notably, there is no meaningful correlation between the rank of a low guidance response and its perceived faithfulness (Pearson's r=-0.08, p=0.29).
+
+Table 2: Correlation between human annotations and automated groundedness metrics. Pearson's *r* with p-values Bonferroni-corrected for 12 comparisons. Note: \*p<0.05, \*\*p<0.01, \*\*\*p<0.001.
+
+| Guidance | Faithfulness | Relevance |
|---|
| K-F1++ | BLEURT | BERTScore | K-F1++ | BLEURT | BERTScore |
|---|
| None | 0.38 | 0.33 | 0.35 | 0.26 | 0.34 | 0.43* | | Low | 0.47** | 0.32 | 0.61*** | 0.43* | 0.34 | 0.50** | | High | 0.50** | 0.21 | 0.39 | 0.37 | 0.26 | 0.50** | | Pooled | 0.52*** | 0.33*** | 0.51*** | 0.31** | 0.30** | 0.42*** |
+
+**Correlation between human annotations and automated metrics** Given the results in study 2 suggesting that low guidance responses are not perceived to be more grounded than no guidance responses, we were further interested in possible correlations between perceived groundedness or relevance and the automated groundedness metrics. Table 2 shows modest positive correlations between automated groundedness metrics and human annotations. K-F1++ has the strongest correlation (*r*=0.52) with groundedness, although the correlation is weaker as guidance decreases.
+
+## 7 Implications & Future Work
+
+Across three studies, we investigated prompt engineering as a guidance mechanism alongside retrieval-augmented generation to encourage high-quality and grounded responses that are appropriate for students. Our most important finding is that **humans prefer responses to conceptual math questions when retrieval-augmented generation is used, but only if the prompt is not “too guiding”**. While RAG is able to improve response quality, we argue that designers of math QA systems should consider trade-offs between generating responses preferred by students and responses closely matched to specific educational resources. Math QA systems exist within a broader socio-technical educational context; the pedagogically optimal response may not be the one preferred by the student at that time. Chiesurin et al. distinguish between groundedness—when a response is found in the retrieved document—and *faithfulness*—when the response is both grounded and answers the query effectively [9]. Faithfulness is a desirable property for conceptual math QA systems, and we view designing for and evaluating faithfulness as an open problem. Our results show that prompt guidance with RAG is one potential design knob to navigate faithfulness. Future work might improve understanding of faithfulness by building taxonomies based on educational theories of effective tutoring, adapting existing procedural faithfulness metrics (e.g., [1, 11]), and explaining the role of retrieved document relevance (as in our surprising study 3 results finding that relevance was not a meaningful predictor of human preference).
+
+This paper is a preliminary step toward understanding the relationship between groundedness and preference in conceptual math QA systems. Future work must extend beyond single-turn generations to include exploration of follow-up questions [47] and to design for the actual context of use. The most important limitation of this work is that we did not collect preferences directly from middle-school students, although we did use real student questions. We were concerned about the ethics of presenting an untested math QA system to students but are now combining insight from these results and the implementation of guard-rails to deploy a safe in-classroom study with middle-school students.
+
+## Acknowledgments and Disclosure of Funding
+
+We would like to thank Bill Roberts, Ralph Abboud, and the staff of Rising Academies for their
+contributions. This work was funded in part by the Digital Harbor Foundation.
+
+## References
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+# Optimal Transport for Fairness: Archival Data Repair using Small Research Data Sets
+
+Abigail Langbridge¹* Anthony Quinn¹,² Robert Shorten¹
+
+## Abstract
+
+With the advent of the AI Act and other regulations, there is now an urgent need for algorithms that repair unfairness in training data. In this paper, we define fairness in terms of conditional independence between protected attributes (*S*) and features (*X*), given unprotected attributes (*U*). We address the important setting in which torrents of archival data need to be repaired, using only a small proportion of these data, which are *S*|*U*-labelled (the research data). We use the latter to design optimal transport (OT)-based repair plans on interpolated supports. This allows *off-sample*, labelled, archival data to be repaired, subject to stationarity assumptions. It also significantly reduces the size of the supports of the OT plans, with correspondingly large savings in the cost of their design and of their *sequential* application to the off-sample data. We provide detailed experimental results with simulated and benchmark real data (the Adult data set). Our performance figures demonstrate effective repair—in the sense of quenching conditional dependence—of large quantities of off-sample, labelled (archival) data.
+
+## Index Terms
+
+AI fairness, Optimal transport, Data repair, Conditional independence, mixture modelling, Kernel density estimation.
+
+## I. INTRODUCTION
+
+The notion of fairness is important across many applications, where some protected attribute should not impact some decision outcome. This concept of decision fairness is not new, with cases such as [1] and [2] demonstrating strong legal precedence for avoiding discrimination from human decisions, even when protected characteristics such as race, sex or sexuality are not directly considered. For instance, in [1] the race of candidates was not directly considered, but could be inferred through high-school attendance and performance on tests standardised to median high-school graduates. Since black candidates were significantly less likely to hold a high-school diploma, these employment tests resulted in white candidates being almost ten times as likely to be considered for promotion [3].
+
+With decisions increasingly made by automated systems across a broad range of industries, from creditworthiness to automotive hazard detection, ensuring the fairness of these systems is crucial. These automated systems generally learn their behaviour from historic human decisions or from rules designed by domain experts. However, this can lead to systems encoding historical biases, or introducing bias through the learning process [4].
+
+Notably, the AI Act [5] marks a significant milestone in this regard, proposing a comprehensive framework to regulate AI systems and address potential risks, including bias and discrimination. One key stipulation of the AI Act is the requirement for transparency even for limited-risk applications. This has strengthened research effort towards AI fairness, including a significant body of work addressing the improvement of fairness through the *repair* of data or models [6]–[9].
+
+This work has received funding from the European Union's Horizon Europe research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 101070568. This work was also supported by Innovate UK under the Horizon Europe Guarantee; UKRI Reference Number: 10040569 (Human-Compatible Artificial Intelligence with Guarantees (AutoFair)).
+
+*Corresponding author: al4518@ic.ac.uk
+¹Dyson School of Design Engineering, Imperial College London
+²Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin
+
+
+
+Fig. 1: Graphical representation of unfair data under the proposed *S*, *U*, *X*, $\hat{Y}$ model. Nodes in grey are unobserved, or may be unobserved.
+
+Many of these methods for data repair, however, rely on the notion that data are finite and static such that a repair operation can be designed and conducted once, and the problem of fairness is solved. In many other cases, protected attributes are not recorded, leaving significant volumes of historic data unusable with these SOTA repair schemes [4], [10], etc.). Evaluation is often conducted using benchmark data sets such as Adult Income [11] or COMPAS [12], which by design are labelled, static and finite. However, these benchmark data sets do not represent real applications where data are harvested dynamically or sequentially. Calculating a new repair with every update to the data is likely to be prohibitively expensive [9], [13]. As such, we propose a repair operation inspired by approaches in domain adaptation [14] which can be learned on some small, labelled data set collected specifically for use in fairness repair, and then applied to repair historic, dynamic data without requiring that the repair be updated.
+
+The layout of the paper is as follows: in Section II, we define the notion of fairness in this setting and introduce the metrics used to evaluate it; in Section III we introduce related work in data repair with specific focus on [10]; in Section IV we propose our method for off-sample data repair; in Section V we evaluate our proposed method on simulated and benchmark data; and in Sections VI and VII we introduce avenues for future work and present the key conclusions of our work.
+
+Throughout the paper, we denote random variables (r.v.s) by capital letters, $X$, and realizations of these random variables by lowercase letters, $x$, and often we do not need to distinguish notationally between a r.v. and its realizations. We denote sets by $\mathbb{R}$, $\mathbb{S}$, etc., and functions by $D$, $W$, etc. We distinguish between observed and repaired data with $x$ and $x'$, respectively. We make the usual assumptions about the probability space. The probability model of a random variable, $X = x \in \mathbb{X}$, is denoted by $F(x)$ in the general case, being an element of the set of probability distributions with support, $\mathbb{X}$, denoted by $P(\mathbb{X})$. In the continuous case, $F(\cdot)$ is specified by its probability density function (pdf), $f(x)$. In the discrete case, the probability mass function (pmf) of the probability model is simply denoted by $\text{Pr}[x]$.
+
+## II. FAIRNESS AS CONDITIONAL INDEPENDENCE
+
+The sample space, $\Omega$, of an uncertain observational experiment, comprises elementary outcomes, $\omega \in \Omega$. We define the following r.v.s. in the usual way:
+
+$$
+Z = \{X, S, U\}. \tag{1}
+$$
+
+Here, $X(\omega) = x \in \mathbb{R}^d$ is a length-$d$ feature vector, $S(\omega) = s \in \{0, 1\}$ is a binary sensitive attribute, and $U(\omega) = u \in \{1, 0\}$ is a binary attribute which is not sensitive, and therefore unprotected. We assume that $X$ and $U$ are observed, and $S$ may be unobserved, as shown in Figure 1. Each observation is classified accordingly to a specified rule: $g(X) : \mathbb{R}^d \to \{0, 1\}$.
+
+To put this model in context, we consider the Adult Income data set [11]. In this setting, $S$ represents the protected attribute of race (which may or may not be observed), $U$ indicates whether the individual is educated to college level or above (observed), and $X$ are the remaining features (observations). By training on a set of such observations, we can design a prediction rule (classifier) of whether the annual salary of a future adult is greater than \$50,000 (i.e. $\hat{Y} = 1$), or not.
+
+The joint probability model, $F(\cdot)$, induced by these r.v.s, is
+
+$$
+F(x, s, u) \equiv f(x|s, u) \text{Pr}[s|u] \text{Pr}[u], \tag{2}
+$$
+
+Fig. 2: Graphical representation of fair data under the proposed *S*, *U*, *X*, $\hat{Y}$ model, where the link between *S* and the fairness-repaired data *X'* is mediated by *U*.
+
+where $f_{s,u} \equiv f(x|s, u)$ is a class-conditional observation model (pdf) for the features, $x \in \mathbb{R}^d$, and the remaining factors are Bernoulli pmfs.
+
+We distinguish between two distinct sets of observations, a *research data set* where the labels, $S_R$, are observed, so that a typical (composite) observation¹ is $z_R = \{x_R, s_R, u_R\}$, and an *archival data set* where *S* may not be observed², and a typical observation is $z_A = \{x_A, u_A\}$. The archival data may be observed online (sequentially), or they may be drawn from a prior-observed data set. We assume that the number of research data is much smaller than the number of archival data, i.e. $n_R \ll n_A$, which together form an independent, identically distributed (iid) sample from $F(x, s, u)$ (Equation 2).
+
+As an example, consider a job application setting. $n = n_R + n_A$ applicants for a job will all have provided details of their career achievements (*X*) and maximal educational level (*U*). A small number, $n_R$, of these may have volunteered to fill in an HR survey at the time of applying, indicating their religious affiliation and gender identity (*S*).
+
+*A. Conditional Independence: a sufficient condition for (sub-group) fairness*
+
+*Definition 2.1 (u-conditional fairness):* We define *U*-conditional fairness as
+
+$(X \perp\!\!\!\perp S) \vert U$
+
+where $\perp\!\!\!\perp$ denotes stochastic independence; i.e. *X* is independent of the protected attribute, *S*, for each state, $u \in \mathbb{U}$, of the unprotected attribute (Figure 2). □
+
+Fairness definitions in the literature emphasize *unconditional* independence between outputs, $\hat{Y}$, and protected attributes, *S*; i.e. $\hat{Y} \perp\!\!\!\perp S$ [9]. Note that our *stochastic* definition, above, is a sufficient condition for classifier outcome fairness, since $\hat{Y} \equiv g(X)$ (Figure 2). It is also sufficient for achieving fairness under various proxies, such as statistical parity and disparate impact [15]. Other classical functional decoupling metrics [16]—based on cross-covariance operators—are also either necessary or equivalent (depending on the extent of the proposed decoupling) to Definition 2.1. Meanwhile, we opt for this *conditional* definition of fairness—a necessary condition for unconditional independence—in order to distinguish *structural* (or *societal*) *unfairness*, where $S \not\perp U$, from model (or AI) unfairness, where $(X \not\perp S)|U$. Our purpose is to identify and repair the latter only. Taking the Adult Income data set [11], the fact that more white individuals are well educated than non-white individuals (structural/societal unfairness) is not something (regrettably) that is our business to repair. However, the fact that white, well-educated individuals are predicted to earn more than non-white, well-educated individuals (model/AI unfairness) is something that we are concerned with repairing. This distinction is a key motivator for our definition. Defining fairness in this way is also likely to uncover previously hidden under-representation bias. For instance, $s = 0$ and $s = 1$ may be equally probable in the marginal population but may not be equally distributed across groups $u \in \mathbb{U}$, meaning that the sizes of the $s|u$-subgroups may vary with $u$.
+
+*B. u-Conditional Fairness Metrics*
+
+Widely adopted fairness metrics (i.e. proxies) [15], [17] can all be redefined in conditionally independent terms, quantifying, for instance, the degree of subgroup fairness for *s*-indexed subgroups in each *u*-indexed group. Let us consider disparate treatment, perhaps the most fundamental of the fairness metrics for classifier outputs [7], which encodes the notion that the output should not depend on the sensitive
+
+¹For ease of notation, we suppress the index into the specific observation we are considering.
+²This assumption is considered in more detail in Section IV.
+
+attribute. Its *u*-conditional definition—necessary for our stochastic definition of fairness (Definition 2.1)—
+is as follows:
+
+*Definition 2.2 (Disparate Treatment):*
+
+$$
+\mathrm{Pr}(\hat{Y} = y | s, u) = \mathrm{Pr}(\hat{Y} = y | u), \quad \forall (y, s, u) \in \{0, 1\}^3.
+$$
+
+
+
+Disparate impact (DI) is often adopted as the proxy for quantifying the extent to which Definition 2.2 is met. DI is one of the most widely used metrics due to its close relationship to legal literature in the United States and advocacy by the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission [18]. The DI of a classifier, $\hat{Y} \equiv g(X)$ (Figure 1), in our *u*-conditional setting is defined as follows:
+
+*Definition 2.3 (Disparate Impact):*
+
+$$
+\mathrm{DI}(g, u) \equiv \frac{\mathrm{Pr}(g(x) = 1 | S = 0, U = u)}{\mathrm{Pr}(g(x) = 1 | S = 1, U = u)}.
+$$
+
+
+
+If DI(g, u) = 1, ∨(g, u), then the classifier is unbiased. Meanwhile, if DI > 0.8, the classifier is considered to be fair [18].
+
+As with all functions of empirical probabilities, these proxies are subject to small-sample estimation errors [8], and are non-robust to the choice of the train-test split [9]. In this paper, we instead adopt a fairness measure for X—based on Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD), D[·|·] [19]—that is agnostic to the decision rule, g(·) (Figure 1), and is a function of the complete distribution (Equation 2).
+
+First, the *S*-dependence of the *u*-conditional distributions is quantified using the symmetrized Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KLD):
+
+*Definition 2.4 (s|u-dependence metric):*
+
+$$
+E_u \equiv \frac{1}{2} \mathrm{D} \left[ f(x|0, u) \parallel f(x|1, u) \right] + \frac{1}{2} \mathrm{D} \left[ f(x|1, u) \parallel f(x|0, u) \right]
+$$
+
+Next, the *u*-expectation of $E_u$ is evaluated, yielding a fairness summary for the marginal model (being a
+mixture model) of $X$. A lower $E \ge 0$ represents fairer data:
+
+$$
+E = \sum_u \Pr[u] E_u \qquad (3)
+$$
+
+
+
+## III. OPTIMAL TRANSPORT FOR DATA REPAIR
+
+There are two main approaches to achieving fairness in classification problems: either the classifier
+can be constrained during training, or the data can be modified, i.e. repaired [6], [7]. Both methods lead
+to a reduction in classification performance, either by constraining the optimization search space or by
+reducing the predictive resource (e.g. correlation) available for prediction of the output, Ŷ, via the inputs,
+X (Figure 1). In this work, we focus on data repair for fairness, in that we modify the data, X, to X', in
+a way that reduces its dependence on S, given U (Figure 2).
+
+Since we are seeking a repair operator that establishes conditional independence between *X* and *S* (Definition 2.1), it follows that our repair target should be *S*-invariant. *In tandem*, we want this repair to the minimal, i.e. the target should be close, in some way, to both *s*-conditional distributions simultaneously (∀*u*). An optimal transport (OT)-based repair provides a compelling setting for this problem, and there are many works which consider OT for data repair [4], [10], [20], [21].
+
+In the classical unregularized Kantorovich OT paradigm [22], [23], we specify the marginal probability
+measures (distributions), μ (on domain X), and ν (on domain Y). We then design the unique joint
+distribution (i.e. a coupling, which we call the OT plan), π* (on the product domain X × Y), which
+(i) has μ and ν as its marginals, and which (ii) minimizes the expected cost of transport (i.e. coupling)
+between X and Y under these marginal constraints. The cost metric, C, must therefore also be specified a priori, for all transport paths, $(x, y) \in \mathbb{X} \times \mathbb{Y}$. Typically, $C(x, y) = \|x - y\|_p^p, p \in \mathbb{N}^+$, i.e. $C_p^{1/p}$ is the $L_p$-norm on $\mathbb{X} \times \mathbb{Y}$. A key property of $\pi^*$ is that it induces the Wasserstein-$p$ metric in the space, $\mathbb{P}$, of probability measures, $\mu$ and $\nu$ [22].
+
+Noting, therefore, that the stochastic knowledge constraints (i.e. inputs) for OT are $\mu$ (called the *source*) and $\nu$ (the *target*), it remains to associate these with appropriate conditional distributions in our mixture model (Equation 10, Figure 1). $\mu$ is defined, in turn, as each *unrepaired $s|u$-conditional component* identified via the research data. $\nu$ is an appropriately defined $s|u$-independent *repaired distribution*, which is close—in the sense defined in Section III-A—to both source distributions. Our approach will follow [10], but now adopting the $s|u$-conditional definition of fairness advocated in the current paper (Definition 2.1).
+
+In what follows, we adopt a minimally opaque notation, via the following agreements:
+
+(i) $\mu$, $\nu$ and $\pi$ denote probability measures (distributions), without distinction as to their type. When their supports are continuous, we assume that the dominating measure is Lebesgue, in which case $\mu$, $\nu$ and $\pi$ also denote the induced densities (i.e. Radon-Nikodym derivatives [24]). In the discrete case, involving counting measure, $\mu$, $\nu$ and $\pi$ also denote the probability mass functions (pmfs) of the respective measures.
+
+(ii) We will also denote the empirical measures—specifically their probability mass functions—induced by random samples from the respective distributions by the same symbols, since the context makes clear when these empirical measures are in play.
+
+(iii) Recalling that separate $u$-conditional repairs will be designed $\forall u \in \mathbb{U}$, we will suppress this $u$-conditioning in the notation, for the time being.
+
+*A. Barycentric Repair Target*
+
+In this section, we adopt the method proposed in [10], and apply it to our $S, U, X, Y$ setting (Figure 1). Consider empirical distributions, $\mu_0, \mu_1 \in \mathbb{P}(\mathbb{R})$:
+
+$$
+\mu_s \equiv \frac{1}{n_s} \sum_i \delta_{x_{s,i}}, \quad s \in 0, 1. \qquad (4)
+$$
+
+Here, $x_{s,i}$ are the $s|u$-conditional observations from the research data set, $\mathbb{X}_R$, and $n_R = n_0 + n_1$.
+
+The optimal transport plan, $\pi^*$, transports points, $x_{0,\cdot} \in \mathbb{X}_0$, from the $S=0$ class, to points, $x_{1,\cdot} \in \mathbb{X}_1$, in the $S=1$ class, with minimal expected cost in respect of the specified cost function, $C(x_0, x_1)$. In the Kantorovich formulation of OT [25], this optimal repair plan is
+
+$$
+\pi^* \equiv \arg \min_{\pi \in \Pi(\mu_0, \mu_1)} \sum_{x_1} \sum_{x_0} C(x_0, x_1) \pi(x_0, x_1), \qquad (5)
+$$
+
+where the couplings, $\pi$, are joint distributions (specifically, pmfs) over the product space, $\mathbb{X}_0 \times \mathbb{X}_1$; i.e.
+
+$$
+\Pi(\mu_0, \mu_1) \equiv \{ \pi \in \mathbb{P}(\mathbb{X}_0 \times \mathbb{X}_1) : \mathrm{Tr}_{\mu_0} \pi = \mu_0, \mathrm{Tr}_{\mu_1} \pi = \mu_1 \}.
+$$
+
+Here, $\mathrm{Tr}_{\mu_0} \pi$ and $\mathrm{Tr}_{\mu_1} \pi$ are the push-forward measures induced by the operators, $\mathrm{Tr}_{\mu_0}(x_0, x_1) \equiv x_0$ and $\mathrm{Tr}_{\mu_1}(x_0, x_1) \equiv x_1$, respectively.
+
+The expected cost of transport in the optimal case (Equation 5) defines a metric in the space, $\mathbb{P}(\mathbb{R})$ (where we assume $\mathbb{X}_0 \cup \mathbb{X}_1 \subseteq \mathbb{R}$). Specifically, if $C \equiv L_p^p, p \in \mathbb{N}^+$, then
+
+$$
+W_p^p(\mu_0, \mu_1) \equiv \min_{\pi \in \Pi(\mu_0, \mu_1)} \sum_{x_1} \sum_{x_0} C(x_0, x_1) \pi(x_0, x_1), \qquad (6)
+$$
+
+where $W_p$ is the $p$-Wasserstein distance.
+
+The Wasserstein barycentres fall on the geodesic, $\nu_t$, between the conditionals, $\mu_0$ and $\mu_1$, for $t \in [0, 1]$ [22]. These distributions represent the respective minimizers of the following $t$-indexed objective:
+
+$$
+\nu_t \equiv \min_{\nu} \left\{ (1-t)W_p^p(\mu_0, \nu) + tW_p^p(\mu_1, \nu) \right\}. \qquad (7)
+$$
+
+The $W_2$ barycentres (i.e. $p=2$)—which are of particular interest due to Brenier’s theorem [26]—arise in the case where the cost function is the squared Euclidean norm, i.e. $C \equiv L_2^2$. However, we note that—inour empirical setting—the conditions for Brenier’s theorem are not met, since $\mu_0, \mu_1$, are discrete measures on $\mathbb{X}_0$ and $\mathbb{X}_1$, respectively.
+
+To achieve a repair at equal expected cost—in the $p \equiv 2$ case—to both classes, $s \in \mathbb{S} \equiv \{1, 0\}$, we are interested in the $t = 0.5$ barycentre, i.e. $\nu_{0.5}$, which is the distribution where $W_2(\mu_0, \nu_{0.5}) = W_2(\mu_1, \nu_{0.5})$, i.e. the centre of the geodesic (Equation 7). In this case, we drop the the 0.5 subscript, and denote this ‘fair barycentre’ simply as $\nu$. This repair target is widely adopted as the fair target design [4], [21].
+
+*B. Geometric Repair*
+
+Given the barycentric target, $\nu$, the following repair method is proposed in [10], being a generalization of a repair for one-dimensional data in [4].
+
+In this setting, the barycentre need not be explicitly calculated. Instead, each point, $x_{s,·}$, is transported to a new target point, $x'_{s,·}$, in the support of the fair barycentre, $\nu$, according to the following mapping governed by the OT plan, $\pi^*$ (Equation 5) [10]:
+
+$$
+x'_{0,i} = (1-t)x_{0,i} + n_0 t \sum_j \pi_{ij}^* x_{1,j} \quad (8)
+$$
+
+$$
+x'_{1,j} = n_1(1-t) \sum_i \pi_{ij}^* x_{0,i} + t x_{1,j} \quad (9)
+$$
+
+This method is unsuitable for off-sample repair since the transport is designed point-wise; i.e. only the on-sample points, $x_{0,i}$ and $x_{1,j}$, in the research data set, $\mathbb{X}_R$ (Section II), are in the domains of the two repair operators above. Hence, they cannot be used to repair off-sample points in the archival data set, $\mathbb{X}_A$.
+
+## IV. OFF-SAMPLE DATA REPAIR
+
+We now propose a framework for $s|u$-indexed fairness correction of archival data, $x_A \in \mathbb{X}_A$, using the $s|u$-labelled research data, $x_R \in \mathbb{X}_R$ (Section II). For the reason given in the previous paragraph, we also refer to these as off-sample and on-sample data, respectively. $\mathbb{X}_R$ can be considered analogous to the ‘training set’, i.e. we design our OT-based repair using these data. If then used to repair $\mathbb{X}_R$, we call this on-sample repair. In this sense, $\mathbb{X}_A$ can be considered to be the ‘test set’, i.e. $\mathbb{X}_A$ are not available when designing the repair, but are then repaired by it, a process we call off-sample repair.
+
+Recall that the aim of our repair is to achieve conditional independence between $x'$ (and therefore $\hat{y}' \equiv g(x')$ (Figure 2)) and $s$ for each $u \in \mathbb{U}$, following our conditional independence definition of fairness (Definition 2.1). We impose the following requirements:
+
+1) As already stated in Section III, the repair plan, $x \to x'$, should be minimally damaging with respect to the prediction of (off-sample, unrepaired) $x \sim F(x|s, u)$ (Equation 2). For this reason, we adopt the barycentric repair with $t = \frac{1}{2}$ (Equation 7).
+2) The repair plan designed on the research data set, $\mathbb{X}_R$, should generalize to the repair of off-sample points, $x_A \in \mathbb{X}_A$, drawn from the same (stationary) population.
+3) The method should be computationally efficient, so that large data sets can be repaired.
+4) The repair scheme should be $u$-indexed, so that it is re-designed for each $u$-indexed group, $\mathbb{X}_u$.
+5) $x_R \in \mathbb{X}_R$ are $s$-labelled by definition. We also assume that $x_A \in \mathbb{X}_A$ are $s$-labelled.
+
+Regarding this final requirement, it is usual that the sensitive attributes, $S = s$, of archival points, $x_A$, are not available (measured) *a priori*, necessitating the identification of each $u$-conditional mixture model,
+
+$$
+F(x|u) = \sum_s F(x|s, u) \Pr[s|u], \quad \forall u \in \mathbb{U}, \quad (10)
+$$
+
+via standard methods, and the associated estimation, $\hat{s}|u$, of the $s|u$ labels of $x_A \in \mathbb{X}_A$ [27]. This task is not the focus of the present work, and its implementation does not disturb the repair methods we are proposing here. For these reasons, we will not distinguish between $\hat{s}|u$ and $s|u$ in the sequel. Further comment on this point is provided in Section VI.
+
+To fulfil the five requirements above, we now propose a distributional repair which is suitable for off-sample points, $x_A$. The repair is first designed using the research data set, $\mathbb{X}_R$ (Section IV-A: Algorithm 1),which can be considered as an initialization step analogous to model training. Then, off-sample data in $\mathbb{X}_A$ can be repaired online (Section IV-B: Algorithm 2) with modest computational overhead.
+
+*A. Distributional Repair*
+
+In our current approach, we stratify the repair by feature, $x_k \in x$, $k \in \{1, \dots, d\}$ (as well as by $u \in \mathbb{U}$, following Definition 2.1). Since OT in high dimensions is computationally prohibitive [28]–[30], we propose this feature split in order to improve the scalability of the method and to avoid the curse of dimensionality. Throughout this section, we suppress the $u, k$ indexing for notational convenience, since the same procedures (see Algorithms 1 and 2, below) are applied for all $u \in \mathbb{U}$ and $k \in \{1, \dots, d\}$. The $(u, k)$-stratification is clearly indicated in the algorithms.
+
+*1) Interpolation of the empirical pmfs, $\mu_s$:* To facilitate repair of $s$-indexed off-sample points in the archive, i.e. from the set $\mathbb{X}_{A,s} \setminus \mathbb{X}_{R,s}$, $\forall s \in \mathbb{S}$, we interpolate the empirical marginals, $\mu_0$ and $\mu_1$, uniformly across the range of (combined) $\mathbb{X}_R$, yielding the support set, $\mathbb{Q}$, for each marginal with $n_Q$ states. In Section V-A2b, we will investigate the influence of $n_Q$ on the performance of our repairs. The pmfs of the interpolated marginals are computed via kernel density estimation,
+
+$$
+p_{s,q} \equiv \Pr[X = q | S = s] \propto \sum_{i} K(q - x_{R,s,i}, h), \quad q \in \mathbb{Q}, \quad (11)
+$$
+
+using the Gaussian kernel,
+
+$$
+K(x, h) \propto \exp\left(-\frac{x^2}{2h^2}\right), \quad (12)
+$$
+
+where the bandwidth parameter, $h$, is set using Silverman's method [31].
+
+In this work, we make the simplifying assumption that $n_{Q_0} \equiv n_{Q_1}$ such that the barycentre is represented on the same support as the two marginals and the quantization error on both $s$-conditional distributions is equal.
+
+The complexity in calculating the repair using unregularised OT is now $O(n_Q^3 \log n_Q)$ [13], [32]. For regularised methods, the complexity of the Sinkhorn-Knopp algorithm [33] for an $\epsilon$-approximation of the OT plan is $O(n_Q^2/\epsilon^2)$ [34], [35]. This removes the dependence on the potentially unbounded data cardinality, $n \equiv n_S + n_A$, and can significantly reduce the complexity of the repair operation. The main active assumption is that $\mathbb{X}_R$ is a representative subset of the stationary composite dataset, $\mathbb{X} = \mathbb{X}_A + \mathbb{X}_R$. We will explore these issues in detail in Section V-A.
+
+*2) Repair Design:* We define the repair target to be $\nu \equiv \nu_{0.5}$, i.e. as the $t = 0.5$ barycentre along the $p = 2$-Wasserstein geodesic (Equation 7) between the interpolated marginals (defined via Equation 4, and simply denoted by $\mu_0$ and $\mu_1$, respectively). $\nu$ has the same support, $\mathbb{Q}$, as these interpolated marginals, and so the $s$-indexed OT couplings, $\pi_s$, between $\mu_s$ and $\nu$ are joint distributions over the product space of the marginal supports; i.e. $\pi_s \in \mathbb{P}(\mathbb{Q} \times \mathbb{Q})$:
+
+$$
+\pi_s^* \equiv \arg \min_{\pi \in \Pi(\mu_s, \nu)} \sum_{q_j \in \mathbb{Q}} \sum_{q_i \in \mathbb{Q}} C(q_i, q_j) \pi(q_i, q_j). \quad (13)
+$$
+
+If $n_Q \to \infty$, continuous limits of $\mu_s$ and $\nu$ are attained. With squared Euclidean cost $C(q, q) \equiv \|q_i - q_j\|_2^2$, the sufficient conditions specified by Brenier's theorem are met, and so the optimal Kantorovich plan, $\pi_s^*$, converges to a Monge map [22], [26].
+
+Note, in Algorithm 1, the differences in how we construct the interpolated marginals, $\mu_0$ and $\mu_1$, and the $s$-indexed transport plan, $\pi_s^*$, compared to the geometric repair in [10].
+
+*B. Off-Sample (i.e. Archival) Repair*
+
+Given the research-data-based optimal plans, $\pi_s^*$, $s \in \mathbb{S}$, and the interpolated support of each marginal, $\mathbb{Q}$, both computed via Algorithm 1, we must relate labelled archive samples, $x_{A,s}$, to the corresponding interpolated marginal pmf, $\mu_s$. Almost surely (a.s.) in the continuous feature case, $x_{A,s} \notin \mathbb{X}_{R,s}$, but—under the stationarity assumption—we assume only that $x_{A,s} \stackrel{\text{iid}}{\sim} \mu_s$ in the same way that the labelled research data, $x_{R,s}$, are. We also assume that $x_{A,s}$ is in the range of $\mathbb{X}_R$. We suppress the $A$-subscript in the sequel,
+
+**Algorithm 1:** On-Sample Design of Distributional Repair Plan
+___
+
+$\forall (u, s, k) \in \mathbb{U} \times \mathbb{S} \times \{1, \ldots, d\}$
+
+**Input** : (u, s)-labelled research data: $X_{R,u,s} \equiv \{x_{R,u,s,i}, i = 1, \dots, n_{R,u,s}\} \subset \mathbb{R}^d$
+Resolution parameters: $n_{Q,u,k} \in \mathbb{N}$
+**Output**: (u, s, k)-indexed OT-repair plans: $\pi_{u,s,k}^*$
+Interpolated marginal supports: $\mathbb Q_{u,k}$
+**Function Design Repair**($\forall (u, s, k) : \mathbf{x}_{R,u,s}, n_{Q,u,k}$)
+1| **foreach** $u \in \mathbb{U}$ **do**
+2| **foreach** $k \in \{1, \dots, d\}$ **do**
+3| **foreach** $i \in \{1, \dots, n_{Q,u,k}\}$ **do**
+4| $\zeta_i = \frac{n_{Q,u,k}-i}{n_{Q,u,k}-1} \cdot \min(\mathbf{x}_{R,u,k}) + \frac{i-1}{n_{Q,u,k}-1} \cdot \max(\mathbf{x}_{R,u,k})$
+5| $\mathbb Q_{u,k} = \{\zeta_1, \dots, \zeta_{n_{Q,u,k}}\}$
+6| $M_{u,k} = C(\mathbb Q_{u,k}, \mathbb Q_{u,k}) \in (\mathbb{R} \cup \{0\})^{n_{Q,u,k} \times n_{Q,u,k}}$ [cost matrix]
+7| **foreach** $s \in \mathbb{S}$ **do**
+8| Compute $p_{u,s,k}$ using Equation (11)
+9| Compute $\nu_{u,k}$ using Equation (7)
+10| **foreach** $s \in \mathbb{S}$ **do**
+11| Compute $\pi_{u,s,k}^*$ using Equation (13)
+
+without risk of confusion. Denoting the round-down state of $x_{s,i}$ in $\mathbb{Q}$ by $\zeta_{q_{s,i}} \equiv \lfloor x_{s,i} \rfloor$, $q_{s,i} \in \{1, \dots, n_Q\}$,
+we evaluate the following ratio:
+
+$$
+\tau_{s,i} = \frac{x_{s,i} - \zeta_{q_{s,i}}}{\zeta_{q_{s,i}+1} - \zeta_{q_{s,i}}} \in (0,1). \qquad (14)
+$$
+
+This is used to define the first source of randomness in our archival repair algorithm (Algorithm 2): a Bernoulli trial, ($\mathbb{B}(\cdot)$), defined by $A_{s,i} \sim \mathbb{B}(\tau_{s,i})$. The realization, $a_{s,i} \in \{0,1\}$, of this trial then specifies that—of the two neighbouring elements of $x_{s,i}$ in $\mathbb{Q}$—it is the $q_{s,i} + a_{s,i}$ one which will be used in the repair of $x_{s,i}$. This corresponds to choosing row $q_{s,i} \leftarrow q_{s,i} + a_{s,i}$ of $\pi_s^*$.
+
+In order to maintain the cardinality of the labelled archive sets, $X_{A,0}$ and $X_{A,1}$, we implement the mass-split dictated by the Kantorovich OT plan, $\pi_s^*$, via a random draw from the $n_Q$-state conditional multinomial pmf, $M(\cdot)$, specified by normalizing the row of the plan selected randomly, as explained in the previous paragraph. This constitutes a second source of randomness in the archival repair procedure, and avoids the deterministic mass splitting proposed in [10]. In summary, the s-labelled archive data are randomly repaired by optimally transporting them, $x_{s,i} \to x_{s,i}'$, with distribution
+
+$$
+\Pr[x'_{s,i} = \zeta_j | x_{s,i}] \propto \pi^*_{q_{s,i},j}, \quad 1 \le q_{s,i}, j \le n_Q. \qquad (15)
+$$
+
+The resulting procedure for repairing the archive data is summarized in Algorithm 2.
+
+## V. SIMULATION AND REAL-DATA STUDIES
+
+We now conduct a number of experiments to validate our approach to archival (off-sample) data repair
+via research-data-trained (on-sample) OT repair operators. In Section V-A, we design a simulation study
+which we use to validate the notion of off-sample repair, and we study the operating conditions, $n_R$ and
+$n_Q$ of Algorithm 1. Then, in Section V-B, we apply our method to the Adult income data set [11] to
+validate its performance on large, noisy data for which the (u, s)-conditional pmfs must be estimated from
+the on-sample data, and the s|u labels must be estimated for the off-sample (archival) data.
+
+**Algorithm 2:** Off-Sample Data Repair. Note that it takes the outputs of Algorithm 1 among its inputs.
+
+$\forall (u, s, k) \in \mathbb{U} \times \mathbb{S} \times \{1, \ldots, d\}$
+**Input**: $(u, s)$-labelled archive data: $\mathbb{X}_{A, u, s} \equiv \{x_{A, u, s, i}, i = 1, \ldots, n_{A, u, s}\} \subset \mathbb{R}^d$, $ \mathbb{Q}_{u, k} $, $ \pi_{u, s, k}^* $
+**Output**: $s$-conditionally-independent, $u$-labelled, repaired archival data, $\mathbb{X}'_{A, u}$
+
+**Function** Off-Sample Repair$(\mathbb{X}_{A, u, s}, \mathbb{Q}_{u, k}, \pi_{u, s, k}^*)$
+1|**foreach** $u \in \mathbb{U}$ **do**
+$ \mathbb{X}'_{A, u} = \emptyset $
+2|**foreach** $s \in \mathbb{S}$ **do**
+3|**foreach** $k \in \{1, \ldots, d\}$ **do**
+4|**foreach** $i \in \{1, \ldots, n_{A, u, s}\}$ **do**
+5|$ \zeta_q = [x_{A, u, s, k, i}] \in \mathbb{Q}_{u, k} $
+6|Compute $\tau$ using Equation (14)
+7|$ a \sim \mathcal{B}(\tau) $
+8|$ q = q + a $
+9|Compute $ x'_{u, s, k, i} $ by simulating via Equation (15)
+10|$ \mathbb{X}'_{A, u} = \mathbb{X}'_{A, u} \cup \{x'_{u, s, k, i}\} $
+
+*A. Simulation Study*
+
+We simulate our composite (i.e. research and archival) data set (with $d = 2$) as follows:
+
+$$x_{u, s, i} \stackrel{\text{iid}}{\sim} \mathcal{N}(\mu_{u, s}, \Sigma_{u, s}),\ i = 1, \ldots, n \equiv n_R + n_A \equiv 5,500.$$
+
+The means of the (u, s)-conditional normal components are μ0,0 ≡ [-1, -1]T, μ0,1 ≡ [0, 0]T, μ1,0 ≡ [1, 1]T, μ1,1 ≡ [0, 0]T, and Σ ≡ I2 (the 2 × 2 identity matrix). We enforce balance—i.e. we avoid under-representation bias [36]—in the u-indexed populations via Pr(u = 0) ≡ 0.5. The s-splits of these populations are then chosen to be Pr[s = 0|u = 0] ≡ 0.3 and Pr[s = 0|u = 1] ≡ 0.1, ensuring that the s = 1 sub-population is the dominant one in each u-indexed population. Initially, we split the data set into nR ≡ 500 research (on-sample) points, and nA ≡ 5000 archival (off-sample) points. We set nQu,s ≡ 50 ∀ u, s ∈ {0, 1}2 for simplicity since the u-conditional distributions are translations of one another.
+
+The (u, s)-labels of the research points are observed, so that X_R is partitioned into subsets, X_{R,u,s}, as indicated at the input of Algorithm 1. Similarly, we assume that the archival data are also (u, s)-labelled, or, if not, these labels can be estimated accurately. For more comment on this archival classification issue, please see Section VI. As explained in Section IV, we design our OT repairs for each (u, s) group, and for each feature (channel) in turn, k ∈ {1, ..., d}, using only the research data set, X_R. We then use these to repair each channel, k, of the (u, s)-labelled archive data, X_A. We evaluate the repair performance for both data sets, X_R and X_A, via the E metric (Definition 2.4) over 200 independent Monte-Carlo simulations.
+
+*1) Off-Sample Repair:* We evaluate our data repair method on the research data set, XR, and archival data set, XA, separately. This allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of off-sample vs. on-sample repairs, i.e. how well we can repair archival data (Algorithm 2) which were not available at the design stage of the OT repairs (Algorithm 1), analogously to the assessment of generalization in a machine learning model subject to a particular train-test split. Table I shows the *E* performance measure for each feature dimension, *k*, marginally w.r.t. the (*u*, *s*) groups, for XR and XA, respectively.
+
+The performance of our *distributional* OT-repair method is captured by comparing the *E* performance figures for the repaired data sets to those of the unrepaired data sets. Furthermore, in the case of theTABLE I: OT-based repairs (quenching of conditional dependence) for simulated data (two bivariate Gaussian sub-groups). Comparison of our *distributional* OT-based repair method to the *geometric* OT-based repair in [10]. Lower figures indicate improved repair.
+
+| Repair | Ek (Research) | Ek (Archive) |
|---|
| k = 1 | k = 2 | k = 1 | k = 2 |
|---|
| None | 7.486 ± 1.445 | 7.271 ± 1.475 | 6.279 ± 0.543 | 6.377 ± 0.522 | | Distributional (ours) | 0.0899 ± 0.0373 | 0.0926 ± 0.0368 | 0.3926 ± 0.1671 | 0.4443 ± 0.2028 | | Geometric [10] | 0.0071 ± 0.0030 | 0.0073 ± 0.0033 | - | - |
+
+research data, $\mathbb{X}_R$, we benchmark our performance against that of the *geometric* OT-repair method in [10]. Recall that the latter is a repair for on-sample data only (Section III-B), and so cannot be used in the repair of $\mathbb{X}_A$, as indicated in Table I. While the geometric repair provides a slightly more *s*-invariant repair (lower *E*) compared to our distributional repair, both perform similarly and effectively. We argue that the ability of the latter to repair (potential torrents of) off-sample data is of great importance in real data contexts.
+
+*2) Operating Conditions, $n_R$ and $n_Q$:* Two key considerations in the application of our proposed repair method are the chosen size of the research data per $(u, s)$-labelled group, i.e. $n_{R,u,s}$ (Algorithm 1), and the chosen number of states, $n_{Q,u,k}$, in the uniformly interpolated support of each estimated marginal pmf, $\mu_{u,s,k}$. Recall that the same interpolation support, $\mathbb{Q}_{u,k}$, is adopted for each *s*-indexed subgroup, $\mathbb{X}_{R,u,s,k}$, and that a distinct interpolated OT-repair is designed for each feature/channel, $k \in \{1, \dots, d\}$, in turn (Algorithm 1).
+
+*a) Research Data Size, $n_R$:* We consider the *E* performance figure (Definition 2.4, aggregated over both features, $k \in \{1, 2\}$) for the research and archival data as the net size of the research data, $n_R = \sum_{u,s} n_{R,u,s}$, increases from 25 to 750 observations. As Figure 3 shows, *E* converges to a steady-state value for both the research and archival data, even for research data set sizes as small as 10% (i.e. $n_R \equiv 500$) of the archival data set size, $n_A = \sum_{u,s} n_{A,u,s}$. This indicates that the per-feature empirical $(u, s)$-conditional distributions, $\tilde{f}(x_k|\mathbf{x}_{R,u,s})$, have converged—in the sense of the laws of large numbers—to the underlying per-feature distributions, $\mu_{u,s,k}$, for each $u \in \mathbb{U}$, $s \in \mathbb{S}$ and $k \in \{1, \dots, d\}$.
+
+Note that the *E* of the archival data remains higher than the research data due to the fact that they are off-sample with respect to the research data, $\mathbf{x}_R$, used to design (i.e. train) the OT repairs. Additionally, these archival observations may fall outside the range of the research data (and, therefore, of the interpolated supports, $\mathbb{Q}_{u,k}$). These potential artefacts are a consequence of the incomplete learning of the underlying marginals, $\mu_{u,s,k}$, via the research data. In real-data applications (e.g. in the next section), any statistical drift (i.e. nonstationarity) that may be present in the (torsents of) archive data will also be reflected in a suppressed repair performance, via *E*. These considerations point to the more stressful regime of repair represented by the off-sample vs. the on-sample case. Nevertheless, we still achieve a major reduction in conditional dependence on *s*, as seen by comparing with *E* of the complete unrepaired data set (Figure 3).
+
+*b) Resolution of the Interpolated Marginal pmfs, $n_Q$:* We revert to the data sizes of the first simulation study (Section V-A1, i.e. $n_R \equiv 500$ and $n_A \equiv 5000$), a setting for which our repair method achieves excellent performance at $n_Q = 50$ (Table I). We now investigate the influence of the marginal interpolations on the performance of our repairs, via $n_Q$. For convenience, we assign these numbers equally across all *u*-labelled groups (as well for each $s \in \mathbb{S}$, as explained in Section IV-A1), and across all features (channels), *k*. Recall that the range of each pmf support is set independently of $n_Q$ (see line 4 of Algorithm 1), and so increasing $n_Q$ increases the resolution of estimation of the underlying marginals, $\mu_{u,s,k}$, proportionally. We are interested in quantifying—via *E* (Definition 2.4) for the composite data, $\mathbb{X}_R \cup \mathbb{X}_A$—the effect of $n_Q$ on the performance of our distributional OT-repair scheme.
+
+Results for $n_Q \in \{5, \dots, 50\}$ are shown in Figure 4. Above a threshold, $n_Q \approx 30$, the repair performance converges. We conclude the following:
+
+(i) Above this threshold, the statistics of the interpolated marginals, $p_{u,s,k}$ (Equation 11), converge to those of the underlying marginals, $\mu_{u,s,k}$, therefore also ensuring convergence of the OT repair schemes, $\pi_{u,s,k}^*$ (Equation 13);
+
+
+
+Fig. 3: Simulated bivariate Gaussian sub-groups (Section V-A). Empirical approximation of $E$ (Equation 3) as the size of the research data set, $n_R$, increases. For this experiment, $n_A = 5000$ and $n_Q = 50$.
+
+(ii) At convergence, the number of pmf interpolants, $p_{u,s,k}$, is an order of magnitude fewer than the number of research (i.e. training) points, $n_R \equiv 500$. These interpolants function as pseudo-sufficient statistics for estimation of the marginals. It is interesting to note the significant compression which can be tolerated in our current setting, involving bivariate Gaussian marginals (Equation V-A), which can be estimated well via KDE with Gaussian kernels (Equation 12). This compression affords a major computation saving since the complexity of calculating unregularised OT plans relates to the cube of the support, while also generalizing for off-sample points, as we have seen;
+
+(iii) As stated above, the repair metric, $E$, is statistically invariant above $n_Q \approx 30$ for both $X_R$ and $X_A$. We anticipate that $n_Q$ will have more impact on *data damage* than S-invariance a topic which will be explored in future work;
+
+(iv) In practice, we will increase $n_Q$, and monitor convergence of the $E$ performance figure, as the basis for setting its minimal sufficient value.
+
+*B. Adult Income data set*
+
+We now evaluate our method on a benchmark real data set, specifically the *Adult* income data set [11]. We assign $s \equiv 1$ to males, and $u \equiv 1$ to subjects with college-level education or above. We restrict the feature space, $X \subset \mathbb{R}^2$, to age and hours worked per week, since the remaining features are categorical. We omit the continuous features, capital gain and capital loss, since their S-conditional distributions are near-identical before repair [37].
+
+Based on the design principles derived from the simulation study (Section V-A2), we set $n_R = 10,000$ and $n_A = 35,222$. Note that we choose the ratio, $\frac{n_R}{n_R+n_A}$ higher than for the simulated data (Section V-A) because the Adult data are subject to noise processes and drifts that induce non-Gaussianity and other higher-order behaviour in the underlying marginals, $\mu_{u,s,k}$ (Equation 4). Similarly, we set $n_Q = 250$ to ensure these S-conditional distributions are represented at high resolution while reducing the computational complexity of the repair.
+
+Table II summarizes clear evidence that our distributional OT-repair method can significantly reduce $s|u$-dependence in both the research and archive data. We note the following:
+
+(i) The feature-specific repair metric, $E_k$, is smaller for the unrepaired Adult data than for our simulation, as may be seen by comparing the first row of Table II with that of Table I. This is because the simulated
+
+Fig. 4: Simulated bivariate Gaussian sub-groups (Section V-A). Empirical approximation of $E$ (Equation 3) as $n_Q$ increases for the composite repaired data set. For this experiment, $n_R = 500$ and $n_A = 5000$.
+
+TABLE II: OT-based repairs to quench conditional dependence of the educational groups on gender in the Adult income data set [11]. Comparison of our distributional OT-based repair method to the geometric OT-based repair in [10]. Lower figures indicate improved repair.
+
+| Repair | Ek (Research) | Ek (Archive) |
|---|
| Age | Hours/Week | Age | Hours/Week |
|---|
| None | 1.108 | 2.700 | 0.546 | 1.311 | | Distributional (ours) | 0.339 | 0.532 | 0.310 | 0.367 | | Geometric [10] | 0.195 | 2.126 | - | - |
+
+(u, s)-conditional Gaussian components are well separated, whereas the Adult subgroups—segmented by gender and education—are far less so. Note also that the $E_k$ reduce by more than 50% between the research and archive data, suggesting that $X_R$ provides an incomplete learning resource for $X_A$, indicative of nonstationarity in these real data.
+
+(ii) Nevertheless, our OT-repair method greatly reduces dependence on gender for each educational subgroup, with a ~4-fold reduction in $E$ for $X_R$ and ~3-fold for $X_A$.
+
+(iii) It is interesting to note that our repair outperforms the geometric repair for the hours/week feature. This is despite the far greater computational load in computing the OT plans, $\pi_{u,s,k}^*$, on $X_{R,u,k}^3$ in the geometric repair vs. $\mathbb{Q}_{u,k}^3$ in our distributional repair.
+
+## VI. DISCUSSION
+
+The results presented in Section V demonstrate the promise of our method for off-sample repair of both simulated and real-world data, and show results comparable to the state of the art for on-sample repair. Further work is necessary to evaluate alternative methods for estimation of the (u, s)-conditional marginals, $\mu_{u,s,k}$, that are even more data-efficient and can better handle non-Gaussian, nonstationary and/or non-continuous features. A research question also arises in respect of stopping rules for learning of the marginals for the purpose of designing the OT plan. A related issue is the choice of $n_{Q,u,k}$ as a function of the statistics of the $\mu_{u,s,k}$ marginals, through parametric or non-parametric models for the marginals. The OT design problem naturally encourages non-parametric learning methods, which can also allow us to address the important generalization to continuous unprotected attributes, $u \in \mathbb{R}^{n_u}$.
+
+In this paper, we adopted the barycentre (Equation 7) as the $s|u$-invariant target design, following [10], and consistent with the design objective of unregularised OT (Equation 6). In future work, we will investigate further the trade-off between partial repair [10] and information loss (damage) in the marginals, using our distributional OT-repair method. However, non-Wasserstein-based target designs should also be considered, particularly when adopting regularised OT [35].
+
+Throughout this paper, we have made a series of simplifying assumptions, most notably that the protected attributes ($s|u$-labelling) of the off-sample (archival) data, $X_A$, are known or can be estimated with low error. Since our OT repair plans, $\pi_{u,s,k}^*$, are $(u, s)$-indexed, we rely on the accuracy of these labels to ensure that our repairs are optimal and can generalize to $X_A$. Provisions in the recent AI Act [5] of the European Parliament allow for the gathering of data with sensitive attributes specifically for the kinds of AI Fairness (AIF) research, certification and de-biasing that this paper addresses. Nevertheless, it is typical that sensitive attributes, $s \in \mathbb{S}$, are not measured. Therefore, a priority of our future work will be to extend our distributional OT-repair methods to $s|u$-unlabelled $X_A$, as in [37]–[39].
+
+Recall that our OT-repairs are designed per feature, i.e. we design $|\mathbb{U}| \times |\mathbb{S}|$ OT plans, $\pi_{u,s,k}^*$, for each $k \in \{1, \dots, d\}$. Since $d \gg 1$ in many applications, this presents a significant computational overhead at the on-sample stage (i.e. the OT plan design: Algorithm 1), notwithstanding the savings achievable via the reduced-state interpolated supports, $\mathbb{Q}_{u,k} \times \mathbb{Q}_{u,k}$, as discussed in Section V-A2b. The dividend in our feature stratification appears at the off-sample stage (Algorithm 2), where we may be repairing torrents of archival data (i.e. with $n_A$ potentially unbounded). The (static) repair of each coordinate (feature), $x_{A,k}$, in the feature vector, $x_A$, avoids the exponential increase (curse of dimensionality) in the size of the interpolation support set, $\mathbb{Q}_u$ (line 5 of algorithm 2), as a function of $k$. The associated increase in the cost of implementing the truncation (i.e. quantization) step 5 and randomisation steps 6-9 of Algorithm 2 are also then avoided. However, this is at the cost of neglecting the intra-feature correlation structure in the $x_{u,s}$. The impact of this on the performance and efficiency of our algorithm is a subtle one, and will be explored in future work.
+
+Finally, we know from Brenier's theorem [26] that Kantorovich OT repair plans (Equation 5) converge to Monge maps as $n_{Q,u,k} \to \infty$. The impact of this on the performance of OT-based fairness repairs has yet to be fully explored. We suggest that this could improve the *individual* fairness of the approach, and not only metrics of group fairness such as conditional independence (Definition 2.1). This is because Monge maps are functions (i.e. mass-splitting is obviated), and so feature-similar points are repaired similarly.
+
+## VII. CONCLUSION
+
+In this paper, we have presented a novel method for off-sample, OT-based data repair, where data not used to design the repair can still be repaired. We demonstrate performance comparable to the state-of-the-art for on-sample repair in a small, simulated setting and on the Adult income data set, and we demonstrate that our method can also be used to repair off-sample points, which is not possible with direct application of current methods.
+
+We present studies of the influence of the operating conditions, $n_R$ (the quantity of research (on-sample) data on which the repair is designed) and $n_Q$ (the resolution of the interpolating supports of the marginal distributions). We demonstrate that the performance of the method converges for $n_R$ as low as 10% of the overall number of data, $n \equiv n_R + n_A$. We show that good repairs can be designed for $n_Q \ll n_R$, significantly reducing the complexity of the repair operation.
+
+This method has the potential to make fairness repair significantly more accessible to entities which collect data in the real world, since only a small proportion of the data (which we refer to as the research data) need be labelled with their protected attributes, $s \in \mathbb{S}$. The repair plans can then be efficiently applied to unbounded torrents of archival data, assuming that the stationarity assumptions on which the method relies are met. Efficient fairness-aware data repair of this kind is increasingly important as we move towards the deployment of the AI Act and its requirements for companies to certify the fairness of their models. It also has an important role to play in the repair and exploitation (as training data) of non-compliant historic (archival) data sets.
+
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+[36] N. Mehrabi, F. Morstatter, N. Saxena, K. Lerman, and A. Galstyan, "A survey on bias and fairness in machine learning," *ACM computing surveys (CSUR)*, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 1-35, 2021.[37] Q. Zhou and J. Marecek, “Group-blind optimal transport to group parity and its constrained variants,” *arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.11407*, 2023.
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+# Fused LASSO as Non-Crossing Quantile Regression*
+
+Tibor Szendrei †
+
+Department of Economics, Heriot-Watt University, UK.
+National Institute of Economic and Social Research, UK.
+
+Arnab Bhattacharjee
+
+Department of Economics, Heriot-Watt University, UK.
+National Institute of Economic and Social Research, UK.
+
+Mark E. Schaffer
+
+Department of Economics, Heriot-Watt University, UK.
+
+April 22, 2025
+
+## Abstract
+
+Growth-at-Risk is vital for empirical macroeconomics but is often suspect to quantile crossing due to data limitations. While existing literature addresses this through post-processing of the fitted quantiles, these methods do not correct the estimated coefficients. We advocate for imposing non-crossing constraints during estimation and demonstrate their equivalence to fused LASSO with quantile-specific shrinkage parameters. By re-examining Growth-at-Risk through an interquantile shrinkage lens, we achieve improved left-tail forecasts and better identification of variables that drive quantile variation. We show that these improvements have ramifications for policy tools such as Expected Shortfall and Quantile Local Projections.
+
+*Keywords:* Interquantile shrinkage, Crossing Quantile Curves, High-Dimensional Econometrics, Growth-at-Risk.
+
+*The authors thank Atanas Christev, Rod McCrorie, Paul Allanson, Isaiah Andrews, István Járási, Katalin Varga, David Kohns, and all the participants of the 2022 and 2023 PhD conference in Crieff for their feedback. Tibor Szendrei thanks the ESRC for PhD studentship as well as Heriot-Watt University for institutional support. The usual disclaimer applies.
+†Corresponding author: t.szendrei@niesr.ac.uk
+
+## 1 Introduction
+
+Growth-at-Risk (GaR) has become a key measure of economic vulnerability since the work of Adrian et al. (2019). The key idea is to think about GDP growth through the lens of value-at-risk, and use quantile regression of Koenker and Bassett (1978) to uncover nonlineary macro-financial linkages. The need for GaR was highlighted by the global financial crisis which showed how downside risks, or lower quantiles of the density of GDP growth, evolve with the state of financial market.
+
+GaR has become a popular tool for policy makers and researchers alike. Figueres and Jarociński (2020) apply the method to euro area data and show that the macro-financial linkages driving skewness are not specific to the US. Kohns and Szendrei (2024) use shrinkage methods to fit GDP densities with over 200 covariates and find that accounting for multiple sources of risk leads to better density fits of GDP growth. Iseringhausen et al. (2023) use the same dataset and look at the skewness of the fitted quantile estimates, which encompasses the aggregate impact of the considered covariates. They show that aggregate skewness is highly pro-cyclical. Mitchell et al. (2024) use quantiles estimated on US GaR and show that multimodality in the fitted densities is just as important as skewness.¹. Finally, Carriero et al. (2025) has looked at specifications for quantile regression for empirical macroeconomics, with GaR being one of the models being investigated.
+
+While GaR is undoubtedly an important policy tool, it is a macroeconometric approach which in turn has data constraints. This data scarcity is particularly a problem for tail estimation (Koenker, 2005), which is the main goal for a GaR model. One big concern when applying quantile regression in data scarce settings is the notion of quantile crossing, i.e. the situation where the fitted quantiles are not monotonically increasing. This yields improper densities and the literature has tackled this problem using one of two methods. One approach is to fit some distribution one the estimated quantiles in each time period, as done in Adrian et al. (2019) or Korobilis (2017). Another approach is to simply sort the estimated quantiles in each period as advocated by Chernozhukov et al. (2009) and Chernozhukov et al. (2010).²
+
+¹Adrian et al. (2021) and Kohns and Szendrei (2024) also discuss the importance of multimodality stemming from macro-financial linkages
+
+²There is also the novel method of Mitchell et al. (2024) which proposes a nonparametric method to construct densities from sorted quantiles.
+
+All these approaches that have been popular in the macroeconometric literature involve some form of post-processing the estimated quantiles. While these two-step methods yield proper densities, simply correcting the fitted quantiles does not quantify corresponding changes
+in the estimated coefficients, i.e., the coefficients estimated in the first step remain uncorrected.
+This is particularly a problem as quantile coefficients are used to construct quantile IRFS
+(Chavleishvili and Manganelli, 2024), or quantile local projections (Ruzicka, 2021). As such,
+for macroeconometric inference it would be desirable to impose non-crossing during estimation
+of the quantiles. This is the motivation in Szendrei and Varga (2023), who use the non-crossing
+constraints of Bondell et al. (2010) to identify variables that drive macro-financial nonlinearity in
+the Euro Area GaR. Szendrei and Varga (2023) also find that imposing non-crossing constraints
+also improves the forecasted densities of GaR.
+
+While non-crossing constraints are alluring for empirical macroeconomic applications of
+quantile regression, we do not know how these constraints influence the estimated coefficients.
+The primary motivation of this paper is to study the impact of such constraints on the model
+parameters. This is achieved by implementing a set of non-crossing constraints that can be
+scaled, which in turn makes the non-crossing constraints tighter or looser. Using this adaptive
+non-crossing constraint we show that non-crossing constraints are equivalent to fused LASSO
+with quantile specific shrinkage parameters. We propose an estimator using these adaptive
+non-crossing constraints (Generalised Non-crossing Constraint Quantile Regression), where the
+hyperparameter regulating interquantile shrinkage is obtained by cross-validation.
+
+We conduct comprehensive Monte Carlo exercises based on those used in the original paper
+by Bondell et al. (2010), that first proposed non-crossing quantile regression. Through these
+experiments we show that the proposed estimator is capable of providing further improvements
+in fit compared to the original BRW estimator. We also consider the variable selection properties
+of the different estimators and verify that non-crossing constraints are a type of fused shrinkage.
+The Monte Carlos also reveal how the BRW estimator undershrinks quantile variation while
+the traditional Fused LASSO, as outlined in Jiang et al. (2013), overshrinks.
+
+We then estimate US GaR using the variables outlined in Adrian et al. (2019). We will in-
+vestigate the canonical GaR with a interquantile shrinkage framework, i.e. identifying variables
+that drive nonlinearities. Adrian et al. (2019) alluded to this in their paper, but the estimator
+they use did not enforce limiting quantile variation during estimation, which influences their
+downside risk measures. In this GaR exercise our proposed estimator fares much better at
+distinguishing quantile varying variables than the traditional Fused LASSO. Furthermore, in
+a small pseudo forecasting exercise we find that the estimator with adaptive non-crossing con-
+straints yields the best left tail forecasts. These findings add to Carriero et al. (2025), namelythat fused shrinkage is also important for GaR. Our results also indicate that it is also im-
+portant how this shrinkage is induced: adaptive non-crossing constraints yield improvements,
+while the traditional fused LASSO seem to lead to worse forecasting performance.
+
+These differences in GaR coefficients have an influence on tools used in policy. We show how
+the choice of imposing interquantile shrinkage, and how to impose it, influences the estimated
+Expected Shortfall of GDP growth. In particular, Expected Shortfall based on traditional
+quantile regression is more volatile from one period to the next, while the proposed estimator
+produces smoother expected shortfall values over time, while still having values during periods
+of financial stress. We also produce quantile local projections of how GDP responds over time
+to a unit shock in the financial stress measure. Just like with the expected shortfall values, the
+LPs of the proposed estimator are smoother than those of the quantile regression LPs. These
+examples show the policy relevance of implementing interquantile shrinkage in GaR.
+
+This paper is structured as follows. In Section 2 we introduce the quantile regression of Koenker and Bassett (1978) along with the non-crossing constraint of Bondell et al. (2010), before providing the adaptive non-crossing constraints that vary with a hyperparameter $\alpha$. Using these new constraints, we show that one can rewrite them into the Fused LASSO constraint of Jiang et al. (2013). The section concludes by describing how the hyperparameter is chosen. Section 3 describes the Monte Carlo experiment before presenting the fit and variable selection performance of the different estimators. This is followed by the US Growth-at-Risk application in Section 4. The paper concludes with the key takeaways of the method in Section 5.
+
+## 2 Methodology
+
+### 2.1 Quantile Regression
+
+The first building block of the proposed methodology is the quantile regression framework of Koenker and Bassett (1978). Quantile regression is a weighted version of the least absolute deviation regression, and yields lines of best fit that explain different parts of the distribution. The collection of $Q$ estimated quantiles can be used to describe the distribution of a response variable $Y$ conditional on a vector of response variables $X \in \mathbb{R}^K$. Formally, the $q^{th}$ quantile is modelled in regression setting as:
+
+$$
+Q_{\tau_q} = X^T \beta_{\tau_q}.
+$$The collection of the Q quantiles parameters $\beta = \{\beta_{\tau_1}, \beta_{\tau_2}, ..., \beta_{\tau_Q}\}$ describe the conditional distribution. The goal is to estimate the vector of coefficients $\beta_{\tau_q} \in \mathbb{R}^K$ for all quantiles.³ This can be done using quantile regression:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+\hat{\beta} &= \underset{\beta}{\operatorname{argmin}} \sum_{q=1}^{Q} \sum_{t=1}^{T} \rho_{\tau_q}\left(y_t - x_t^T \beta_q\right) \tag{1} \\
+\rho_{\tau_q}(u) &= u\left(\tau_q - I(u < 0)\right)
+\end{aligned}
+$$
+
+where the second equation is the ‘tick-loss’ function (Koenker and Bassett, 1978).
+
+Quantile regression is not the only asymmetric estimator which uses the ‘tick-loss’ function as a way to model different parts of the distribution. Newey and Powell (1987) introduced the concept of expectile regression, i.e., the ‘tick-loss’ weight applied to the $\ell_2$ norm of the residuals. The advantage of expectile regression is that the objective function is differentiable, unlike quantile regression’s. Furthermore, when setting $\tau = 0.5$ in an expectile regression, one recovers the OLS estimator, i.e., the conditional mean.
+
+Expectile regression does come with some disadvantages. First, interpretation: while conditional quantiles can be interpreted as splitting the data into $\tau$ and $1 - \tau$ parts, i.e. the $\tau^{th}$ conditional quantile of the sample, the same is not true for expectiles. Instead expectiles are the $\tau^{th}$ quantile of some distribution which is related to the original distribution of $Y$ as shown in Jones (1994). Second, since expectile regression is based on the $\ell_2$ norm of the residuals, outliers in the dependent variable impacts all expectiles, while outliers only exert undue influence on extreme quantiles in the case of quantile regression. As such, “fan-shaped” estimated quantiles are a clear indication of heteroskedasticity, while the same shape for expectiles might simply be due to outliers in the dependent variable (Newey and Powell, 1987; Sobotka and Kneib, 2012). On account of these disadvantages, in this paper we will focus on quantile regression and leave for future research to explore how our findings translate to expectiles.
+
+Equation (1) gives an estimate for the parameters with which a description of the conditional distribution is obtained, but it is possible that these fitted quantiles cross. Quantile crossing is a violation of monotonocity assumption and often occurs on account of data scarcity or model misspecification (Koenker, 2005). Limits in data availability are frequently encountered in practice, particularly in time-series settings. For forecasting applications, the two main methods for addressing quantile crossing are (1) use the fitted quantiles to fit some distribution for each time period as in Adrian et al. (2019) or Korobilis (2017); or (2) sort the estimated quantiles
+in each period as proposed by Chernozhukov et al. (2009) and Chernozhukov et al. (2010).
+While these two-step methods yield proper densities, correcting the fitted quantiles does not
+quantify corresponding changes in the estimated coefficients, i.e., the coefficients estimated in
+the first step remain uncorrected. This prompted Bondell et al. (2010) to propose an estimator
+which yields no crossing for the estimated quantiles in-sample. We note that there are other
+means to estimate non-crossing quantiles like Liu and Wu (2009) who estimate the median first,
+and sequentially estimates further quantiles, conditional on the previously estimated quantiles
+not being crossed. While this method will yield non-crossing quantiles, the choice of the first
+estimated quantile can be arbitrary. As such, in this paper we will focus exclusively on non-
+crossing constraints as done in Bondell et al. (2010) since elements of their constraints have
+been carried over to other quantile estimators (see Yang and Tokdar (2017) for example).
+
+³Note that with this notation $X$ includes a constant or intercept.
+
+### 2.2 Non-Crossing Constraints
+
+Non-crossing constraints incorporated into quantile regression are a way to ensure that the
+estimated quantiles remain monotonically increasing. Imposing them can be done via inequality
+constraints:
+
+$$
+\hat{\beta} = \underset{\beta}{\text{argmin}} \sum_{q=1}^{Q} \sum_{t=1}^{T} \rho_q(y_t - x_t^T \beta_{\tau_q}) \tag{2}
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{s.t. } x^T \beta_{\tau_q} \geq x^T \beta_{\tau_{q-1}}
+$$
+
+While conceptually simple, the number of constraints in equation (2) can be rather large
+on account of there being $T \times (Q - 1)$ inequality constraints. To address this, Bondell et al.
+(2010) restrict the domain of the covariates to $\mathcal{D} \in [0, 1]^K$ and focus on the worst case scenario
+in the data,⁴ which reduces the number of constraints to $(Q - 1)$.⁵ This simplifies computation
+a great deal and enables non-crossing constraints to be included without too much additional
+computational cost. Because quantile regression is invariant to monotone transformations, any
+affine invertible transformation can be applied: to obtain the coefficients pertaining to the un-
+transformed data, it is enough to apply the inverse transformation to the estimated coefficients
+(Koenker, 2005).
+
+⁴The situation where the negative difference coefficient's ($\gamma_{j,\tau_q}^-$) corresponding variables values are 1 and the positive difference coefficients ($\gamma_{j,\tau_q}^+$) corresponding variables equal 0.
+
+⁵Any domain of interest which has an affine transformation that maps to $\mathcal{D} \in [0, 1]^K$ works.
+
+The method of Bondell et al. (2010) recasts the parameters in terms of quantile differences: $(\gamma_{0,\tau_1}, \dots, \gamma_{K,\tau_1})^T = \beta_{\tau_1}$ and $(\gamma_{0,\tau_q}, \dots, \gamma_{K,\tau_q})^T = \beta_{\tau_q} - \beta_{\tau_{q-1}}$ for $q = 2, \dots, Q$. With this quantile difference reparametrisation, the constraint in equation (2) becomes $x^T\gamma_{\tau_q} \ge 0$. Note that we can without further assumptions decompose the $j^{th}$ difference as $\gamma_{j,\tau_q} = \gamma_{j,\tau_q}^{+} - \gamma_{j,\tau_q}^{-}$, where $\gamma_{j,\tau_q}^{+}$ is its positive and $-\gamma_{j,\tau_q}^{-}$ its negative part. For each $\gamma_{j,\tau_q}$ both parts are non-negative and only one part is allowed to be non-zero. With this reparameterisation, along with the restriction of the data to $\mathcal{D} \in [0, 1]^K$, the non-crossing constraint can be redefined as:
+
+$$
+\gamma_{0,\tau_q} \ge \sum_{j=1}^{K} \gamma_{j,\tau_q}^{-} \quad (q = 2, \dots, Q) \qquad (3)
+$$
+
+A non-crossing constraint is therefore equivalent to ensuring that the sum of negative shifts do not push the quantile below the change in intercept, which acts as a pure location shifter. Bondell et al. (2010) shows that (3) is a necessary as well as a sufficient condition for non-crossing quantiles.
+
+### 2.3 Adaptive Non-Crossing Constraints
+
+Throughout the paper we follow the framework and assumptions laid out in Bondell et al. (2010). To derive adaptive non-crossing constraints we first need to recast the non-crossing constraints of equation (2) in a way that does not restrict the domain of interest to $\mathcal{D} \in [0, 1]^K$. This is provided by Lemma 1 below.
+
+**Lemma 1.** *Given that a non-crossing constraint looks at the sum of positive shifters to be larger than the sum of negative shifters, in the worst case scenario, these constraints can be reformulated as:*
+
+$$
+\gamma_{0,\tau_q} + \sum_{j=1}^{K} \min(X_j) \gamma_{j,\tau_q}^{+} \ge \sum_{j=1}^{K} \max(X_j) \gamma_{j,\tau_q}^{-} \qquad (4)
+$$
+
+*where $X_j$ is the $j^{th}$ variable in the design matrix.*
+
+*Proof.* Recall the standard non-crossing constraint formulation from Bondell et al. (2010) needs that in the worst case scenario the sum of positive shifters needs to be larger than the sum of negative shifters:
+
+$$
+\gamma_{0,\tau_q} + \sum_{j=1}^{K} (Z_j = 0) \cdot \gamma_{j,\tau_q}^{+} \ge \sum_{j=1}^{K} (Z_j = 1) \cdot \gamma_{j,\tau_q}^{-}
+$$
+
+where $Z_j \in [0,1]$ is a transformed variable of $X_j$. Assume that $\max(X_j) > \min(X_j)$ for all $j \in \{1,2,...,K\}$, i.e., $Var(X_j) > 0$ for all $j$. Consider a design matrix variable $X_j$ with domain $[\min(X_j), \max(X_j)]$. $X_j$ can be normalised using the min-max transformation: $Z_{t,j} = \frac{X_{t,j}-\min(X_j)}{\max(X_j)-\min(X_j)}$, where $Z_j$ is the normalised variable. We can express $X_j = \min(X_j) + Z_j \cdot [\max(X_j)-\min(X_j)]$. Instead of expressing the constraint in terms of the transformed variable $Z_j$, we can express it in terms of the untransformed $X_j$:
+
+$$
+\gamma_{0,\tau_q} + \sum_{j=1}^{K} [\min(X_j) + (Z_j = 0) \cdot (\max(X_j) - \min(X_j))] \gamma_{j,\tau_q}^{+} \\ \geq \sum_{j=1}^{K} [\min(X_j) + (Z_j = 1) \cdot (\max(X_j) - \min(X_j))] \gamma_{j,\tau_q}^{-}
+$$
+
+We can simplify this equation to recover:
+
+$$
+\gamma_{0,\tau_q} + \sum_{j=1}^{K} \min(X_j) \gamma_{j,\tau_q}^{+} \geq \sum_{j=1}^{K} \max(X_j) \gamma_{j,\tau_q}^{-}
+$$
+
+Thus there is an equivalence between this equation and the one in Bondell et al. (2010). ☐
+
+This new constraint is a sufficient condition for non-crossing, since if equation (4) is satisfied for the worst case, it is immediately satisfied for every observation. The novelty of equation (4) is that it works on the domain of $D \in \mathbb{R}$, while the original formulation in Bondell et al. (2010), works for $D \in [0,1]$ only.
+
+To study the impact of non-crossing constraints on the estimated coefficients, it is important to be able to tighten (and loosen) these constraints. As such, the next step is to formulate a set of constraints that can become adaptive as a hyperparameter $\alpha$ varies. An intuitively appealing formulation is one that yields the traditional quantile regression estimator when setting $\alpha = 0$ and the Bondell et al. (2010) when $\alpha = 1$.⁶ This leads to the following adaptive non-crossing constraints:
+
+$$
+\gamma_{0,\tau_q} + \sum_{j=1}^{K} [\bar{X}_j - \alpha(\bar{X}_j - \min(X_j))] \gamma_{j,\tau_q}^{+} \geq \sum_{j=1}^{K} [\bar{X}_j + \alpha(\max(X_j) - \bar{X}_j)] \gamma_{j,\tau_q}^{-} \quad (5)
+$$
+
+When $\alpha = 0$, the constraint simplifies to imposing non-crossing quantiles evaluated at the average value of the covariates. Quantile monotonicity at this value is satisfied even by the traditional quantile regression estimator: $\bar{X}^T\beta$ yields the empirical quantiles of $Y$, which are monotonically increasing by definition (Koenker, 2005; Koenker and Xiao, 2006). As such imposing equation (5) and setting $\alpha = 0$ will yield the same $\beta$ coefficients as the traditional quantile regression without constraints.
+
+⁶Technically, any scalar $\alpha > 0$ would work. We set $\alpha = 1$ to recover the Bondell et al. (2010) for simplicity
+
+The constraints in equation (5) equal the non-crossing constraints when $\alpha = 1$ as the equation becomes equation (4). As such using equation (5) as a constraint allows us to recover both the traditional quantile regression estimator of Koenker and Bassett (1978), as well as the non-crossing quantile regression estimator of Bondell et al. (2010).
+
+There are other ways to construct adaptive non-crossing constraints that yield traditional quantile regression as well as Bondell et al. (2010) estimator, specifically through the use of indicator functions that activate the non-crossing constraint. The advantage of equation (5) is that it produces a gradual transition from quantile estimates to non-crossing estimates as $\alpha$ increases. This allows us to study the impacts these constraints have on the estimated coefficients.
+
+**Theorem 1.** *Non-crossing constraints are a type of Fused LASSO, with quantile specific hyperparameters: $k_{\tau_q}^* = \frac{\gamma_{0,\tau_q}}{\alpha}$.*
+
+*Proof.* For simplicity, assume $Q = 2$. We begin with the non-crossing constraint given by equation (5):
+
+$$
+\gamma_0 \geq \sum_{j=1}^{K} \left[ [\bar{X}_j + \alpha(\max(X_j) - \bar{X}_j)]\gamma_j^{-} - [\bar{X}_j - \alpha(\bar{X}_j - \min(X_j))]\gamma_j^{+} \right]
+$$
+
+where $\gamma_j^{-} \ge 0$ and $\gamma_j^{+} \ge 0$ represent the positive and negative parts of $\gamma_j$ such that $\gamma_j = \gamma_j^{+} - \gamma_j^{-}$. By Lemma 1, we can rescale the data to $\mathbb{D} \in [-1, 1]$. When data is properly standardized and rescaled, we can assume $\bar{X}_j = 0$ for each covariate $j$. For a symmetric distribution, this standardization is trivial; for asymmetric distributions, one can normalise the data prior to rescaling. After normalising and rescaling, $\bar{X}_j \approx 0$, $\max(X_j) = 1$, and $\min(X_j) = -1$. With this, the constraint simplifies to:
+
+$$
+\gamma_0 \geq \sum_{j=1}^{K} \alpha(\gamma_j^{-} + \gamma_j^{+})
+$$
+
+Since $\gamma_j^{-} \ge 0$ and $\gamma_j^{+} \ge 0$ by definition, we have $(\gamma_j^{-} + \gamma_j^{+}) = |\gamma_j^{-} + \gamma_j^{+}|$. Rearranging terms yields:
+
+$$
+\frac{\gamma_0}{\alpha} \geq \sum_{j=1}^{K} |\gamma_j^{+} + \gamma_j^{-}|
+$$This corresponds exactly to the fused shrinkage formulation in Jiang et al. (2013) with $k^* = \frac{\gamma_0}{\alpha}$.
+
+For $Q > 2$, all $\gamma$ parameters become quantile specific, leading to quantile specific hyperparameters: $k_{\tau_q}^* = \frac{\gamma_{0,\tau_q}}{\alpha}$. As such, non-crossing constraints lead to fused LASSO shrinkage of the parameters, with quantile specific hyperparameters. This equivalence requires $\alpha > 0$, as the relationship is undefined when $\alpha = 0$. As $\alpha \to 0$, $k_{\tau_q}^* \to \infty$, and we recover the QR coefficients for sufficiently small $\alpha$. □
+
+The results of theorem (1) mean that when $\alpha$ is large enough, the only way to satisfy the constraint is by having $\gamma_{j,\tau_q}^- = \gamma_{j,\tau_q}^+ = 0$, which is equivalent to the Composite Quantile Regression setup of Koenker (1984) and Zou and Yuan (2008).⁷ Because it is possible to recover the traditional quantile regression estimator, the Bondell et al. (2010) estimator, and the composite quantile regression estimator by simply varying $\alpha$, we refer to the estimator using the constraints of equation (5) as Generalised Non-Crossing Quantile Regression (GNCQR).⁸,⁹ Formally GNCQR is defined as:
+
+$$
+\hat{\beta}_{GNCQR|\alpha} = \underset{\beta}{\text{argmin}} \sum_{q=1}^{Q} \sum_{t=1}^{T} \rho_q(y_t - x_t^T \beta_{\tau_q})
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned}
+\text{s.t. } &\gamma_{0,\tau_q} + \sum_{k=1}^{K} \left[ \bar{X}_k - \alpha(\bar{X}_k - min(X_k)) \right] \gamma_{k,\tau_q}^+ \geq \\
+&\sum_{k=1}^{K} \left[ \bar{X}_k + \alpha(max(X_k) - \bar{X}_k) \right] \gamma_{k,\tau_q}^-
+\end{aligned} \tag{6}
+$$
+
+Equation (6) makes it clear that $\alpha$ plays a strong role in the estimator. Given that $\alpha$ plays a similar role to $\lambda$ in LASSO, we restrict its possible values to be $\alpha \ge 0$. One might be tempted to restrict potential value of $\alpha \ge 1$, i.e. always enforcing non-crossing quantiles in estimation. We caution against this, because the estimated conditional quantiles are merely an approximation of the true (and unknown) DGP (Koenker and Xiao, 2006). In a situation where we have model misspecification, enforcing non-crossing constraints lead to too much interquantile shrinkage as a consequence of theorem (1).
+
+The advantage of the GNCQR estimator is that it leads to quantile specific shrinkage parameters, while only needing to set the scalar $\alpha$. In essence, the problem becomes one of model
+
+⁷Note that in the limit there is no unique solution. Because of this, as $\alpha \to \infty$ it becomes numerically challenging to find the solution, leading to numerical instability.
+
+⁸The different types of estimators are defined, with a unified notation, in the appendix.
+
+⁹We follow Powell (2020) in the naming convention, who develop the ‘Generalized Quantile Regression’.
+
+selection, but instead of selecting variables from $X$, the interest is on interquantile shrinkage, i.e. selecting variables whose impact on $Y$ captured by $\beta$ varies by quantile.
+
+### 2.4 Hyperparameter selection
+
+A natural candidate for choosing the degree of penalisation is cross-validation. In cross-section applications, this would be the usual *k*-fold cross-validation or a variant therefore. Of the several types of cross-validation methods available for time series application, we choose the *hv*-block CV setup of Racine (2000). This block setup has several desirable properties: (1) it has been shown to have a good trade-off between bias and variance in various applications; (2) the required number of computations does not increase with the number of observations to the degree it would with leave-one-out cross-validation,¹⁰ and; (3) when the “*h*” in the *hv*-block is set equal to 0, we recover the standard *k*-fold cross-validation setup, so the method can be used for both cross-section and time-series data.¹¹
+
+Figure (1) visualises this block setup and which data are removed from the dataset. The reason to remove the data points around the test datasets in time-series data is to ensure that no data leakage occurs when evaluating the performance of the model. When data are dependent, the information from the test dataset can leak into the training set. This can inadvertently lead to overfitting and hence poor generalization. Removing the data around the test dataset can guard against this.¹²
+
+Since the hyperparameter $\alpha$ is a scalar, one can find the optimal hyperparameter using simple grid-search. Hence, the curse of dimensionality that often limits the applicability of grid-search is not present here. Crucially, the grid-search is ‘embarrassingly parallel’ and this can be utilised to speed up computation times (Bergstra and Bengio, 2012). As such, throughout the paper we will utilise grid-search to obtain the optimal hyperparameter values.
+
+¹⁰See Cerqueira et al. (2020) for a description and comparison of the different types of cross-validation for time-series data
+
+¹¹We use this equivalence in the Monte Carlo setups and applications so that the same cross-validation code can be employed throughout.
+
+¹²For more discussion on hyperparameter selection please see the appendix.
+
+Figure 1: hv-Cross Validation
+
+## 3 Monte Carlo
+
+### 3.1 Setup
+
+Theorem 1 demonstrated the connection between Fused LASSO and non-crossing constraints. This theorem also shows that GNCQR is equivalent to having quantile-specific hyperparameters. In this section we explore the implications of this using Monte Carlo evidence, and evaluate variable selection properties of the various estimators as well as examine their ability to recover the true quantiles. Specifically, we consider the following estimators: the non-crossing quantile regression of Bondell et al. (2010) (BRW), GNCQR, and the Fused LASSO (FLQR).¹³ We will also look at the two-step approach proposed in Chernozhukov et al. (2010), i.e. running regular quantile regression and sorting the fitted quantiles. This will allow us to gauge how much better model selection results lead to improved fit.
+
+Our Monte Carlo setup takes as its starting point the design used in Bondell et al. (2010). Each Monte Carlo experiment is generated using the location scale heteroskedastic error model of the form:
+
+$$
+y_t = \beta_0 + \beta^T x_t + (\theta_0 + \vartheta_t \odot \theta^T x_t)\varepsilon_t, \quad x_{t,k} \sim U(0,1), \quad \varepsilon_t \sim N(0,1) \quad (7)
+$$
+
+An intercept is included in each setup (i.e., $\beta_0 = \theta_0 = 1$). Note the $k^{th}$ element of $\vartheta_t \in \{0, 1\}$ which regulates whether the given variable has quantile variation at the given quantile. This term is included to allow ‘quantile varying sparsity’, i.e. cases where a certain variable enters only parts of the distribution (Kohns and Szendrei, 2021). A simple way to implement quantile-specific sparsity is by setting $\vartheta_t$ as an indicator function, where it takes the value of 1 only for cases when $\varepsilon_t$ is below (or above) a specific quantile. For cases where there is full quantile variation, $\vartheta_t = \mathbf{1}_k$. The $t$ subscript is needed the presence of quantile variation will be dependent on the magnitude of $\varepsilon_t$.
+
+¹³Note that we consider the Fused LASSO and not the Fused Adaptive LASSO in Jiang et al. (2013). We focus on the non-adaptive version as this allows us to examine the value added impact of quantile-specific hyperparameters.
+
+There are four data generating processes (DGPs), each with 500 generated datasets. The first three ($y_1$, $y_2$, and $y_3$) are identical to Examples 1-3 of Bondell et al. (2010). The fourth DGP ($y_4$) is an amendment of Example 2, with some variables only varying at the tails. Specifically:
+
+* $y_1$: $k = 4$, with the parameters $\beta = \mathbf{1}_k$, $\theta = 0.1 * \mathbf{1}_k$, and $\vartheta = \mathbf{1}_k$.
+* $y_2$: $k = 10$, with the parameters $\beta = (\mathbf{1}_4^T, \mathbf{0}_6^T)^T$, $\theta = (0.1 * \mathbf{1}_4^T, \mathbf{0}_6^T)^T$, and $\vartheta = \mathbf{1}_k$.
+* $y_3$: $k = 7$, with the parameters $\beta = \mathbf{1}_k$, $\theta = (\mathbf{1}_3^T, \mathbf{0}_4^T)^T$, and $\vartheta = \mathbf{1}_k$.
+* $y_4$: $k = 10$, with the parameters $\beta = (\mathbf{1}_4^T, \mathbf{0}_6^T)^T$, $\theta = (0.1 * \mathbf{1}_8^T, \mathbf{0}_2^T)^T$, and $\vartheta = (\mathbf{1}_4^T, \mathbf{1}_4^T \times [I(\epsilon_t > F_{\varepsilon}^{-1}(0.9)) + I(\epsilon_t \le F_{\varepsilon}^{-1}(0.1))], \mathbf{0}_2^T)^T$.
+
+Note that for $y_4$, variable selection and fused shrinkage will both be necessary. The models considered will only allow for fused shrinkage, and as such this DGP is only included to judge the performance of the estimators in unideal situations.
+
+To test the performance of the different estimators three sample sizes are considered for each DGP: $T \in \{50, 100, 200\}$. Sample sizes 100 and 200 were also considered in Bondell et al. (2010), but 50 was not. We include this small sample setting because in macroeconometric applications it is not uncommon to apply quantile regression for such small samples.¹⁴ Applying quantile regression to analyse GDP distribution for European economies has been particularly daunting on account of data availability, so we feel that these Monte Carlo results are particularly useful for policy makers.
+
+We also consider variation in the number of quantiles to be estimated, by generating equidistant quantiles with varying distance between the quantiles: $\Delta_{\tau} \in \{0.2, 0.1\}$.¹⁵ Note that by increasing the number of quantiles, the number of estimated parameters varies. The choice to vary the estimated quantiles was driven by the fact that Theorem (1) shows how $\gamma_0$ acts as a quantile-specific hyperparameter, which is a claim we can verify by examining the variable selection properties of BRW as the number of quantiles increases.
+
+¹⁴See Szendrei and Varga (2023) for an application with around 50 observations, Figueres and Jarociński (2020) for an application with around 100 observations, and Adrian et al. (2019) for an application with around 200 observations.
+
+¹⁵for $\Delta_{\tau} = 0.2$, the first quantile is set to 0.1.
+
+Two measures are used to judge the variable selection performance of the estimators: True Positive Rate (TPR) and True Negative Rate (TNR). Both measures take a value between 0 (worst performance possible) and 1 (best performance possible). TPR measures the degree to which the estimator is able to capture the quantile varying coefficients, while the TNR measures the ability of the estimator to identify where no quantile variation occurs. Considering these measures together allows one to conclude whether a given estimator over-shrinks or under-shrinks. When calculating these measures, we only consider the difference in $\beta$ coefficients of the variables (without the intercept).
+
+To measure fit, we follow Bondell et al. (2010) and report the average root mean integrated square error (×100):
+
+$$
+RMISE = \frac{1}{n} \left[ \sum_{iter=1}^{n} \left( \hat{g}_{\tau}(x_{iter}) - g_{\tau}(x_{iter}) \right)^2 \right]^{1/2}
+$$
+
+where *iter* indexes a given Monte Carlo experiment, *n* = 500 is the total number of evaluated Monte Carlo experiments for each DGP, $\hat{g}_{\tau}$ is the estimated quantile and $g_{\tau}$ is the true quantile given equation (7). We also report the standard error of the RMISE for all the estimators.
+
+We create a grid of 100 equally-spaced points between [0, 1), and use grid-search to obtain the optimal $\alpha$ parameter. To consider large $\alpha$ options, we append to this list of candidate solutions 200 points between [0, 6] as exponents of base 10. Setting the hyperparameter to $10^6$ yields solutions that are close to the composite quantile regression solution. For FLQR and GNCQR, we use 10-fold cross-validation.
+
+Note that while Theorem (1) implies that changing the $\alpha$ parameter will have a similar impact on the $\beta$'s as the $\lambda$ of a Fused LASSO estimator, the same $\alpha$ and $\lambda$ values will not lead to the same $\beta$ coefficients. This is because the quantile-specific difference in constants is an upper limit of quantile variation for GNCQR.
+
+Table (2) presents the results for the average fit of the different estimators based on the Monte Carlo experiments, while Table 1 shows the variable selection performance. The RIMSE set of results for $y_1$, $y_2$, and $y_3$ when T=100 (and T=200 for $y_3$) and $\Delta\tau = 0.2$ is the closest setup to Bondell et al. (2010). The results for these setups for BRW and QR are almost identical and as such our new findings relate to the extensions to the Monte Carlo experiments of Bondell et al. (2010).
+
+### 3.2 Variable Selection results
+
+The results on variable selection presented in Table 1 are more revealing. Since the GNCQR can recover both the BRW (when setting $\alpha = 1$) and the QR (as $\alpha \to 0$), we can compare the performance of these estimators to see the impact $\alpha$ has on the coefficient profiles. Given the findings of Theorem 1, we expect the TPR to decrease and the TNR to increase as $\alpha$ increases. We find that the TPR of BRW is below 1 (and the TNR is above 0) for all DGPs, which corroborates Theorem 1, which states that non-crossing constraints are a special type of fused shrinkage. This is not simply a feature of the Monte Carlo design, as the QR yields a TPR of 1 and a TNR of 0 in all cases. Note that for $y_1$, all variables are quantile-varying and as such TNR does not exist for this case.
+
+Among the estimators that have some fused shrinkage, BRW yields the highest TPR for all DGPs for all cases considered. GNCQR always ranks second and FLQR has the worst performance for TPR. However, this superior performance in TPR for BRW is coupled with the worst performance when it comes to TNR. For TNR, FLQR produces the best results, with GNCQR a close second. From these results we can see that BRW unders shrinks quantile variation, FLQR overs shrinks, and GNCQR yields a middle-ground option.
+
+As will be seen in the fit results of Table (2), we find that GNCQR not only provides robustness over FLQR for $y_4$, but is also able to give fits close to FLQR while retaining better model selection properties. In particular, GNCQR is able to yield much better TPR than FLQR without substantially compromising its ability to identify the true negative differences.
+
+Increasing the number of quantiles has a marked impact on variable selection: it lowers TPR and increases TNR for all estimators (except the QR). This further corroborates Theorem 1. Increasing sample size also influences the TPR and TNR of all estimators. For BRW and GNCQR, increasing the sample size increases TPR but lowers TNR for all DGPs and all $\Delta_{\tau}$. However, for FLQR we see similar tendency when $\Delta_{\tau} = 0.2$ but not when $\Delta_{\tau} = 0.1$. In particular, for FLQR for $y_4$, the TPR decreases as the sample size increases when $\Delta_{\tau} = 0.1$. This is particularly troubling since FLQR has the worst TPR of all the estimators.
+
+## 3.3 Fit results
+
+Results on fit in Table (2) reveal that GNCQR and FLQR provide best fits, even beating BRW estimator, for $y_1$, $y_2$, and $y_3$. However, for $y_4$ FLQR fails to yield improvements over BRW. While GNCQR also has difficulties in $y_4$, it is much closer to the fits of BRW, with bothTable 1: True Positive and True Negative Rates for the different Monte Carlo experiments
+
+ | y1 | y2 | y3 | y4 | y1 | y2 | y3 | y4 |
|---|
+
+| TPR | TPR | TNR | TPR | TNR | TPR | TNR | TPR | TPR | TNR | TPR | TNR | TPR | TNR |
|---|
+
+ | Δτ = 0.2 | Δτ = 0.1 |
+
+| T-50 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+
+| BRW | 0.806 | 0.360 | 0.639 | 0.535 | 0.525 | 0.305 | 0.691 | 0.618 | 0.246 | 0.752 | 0.383 | 0.669 | 0.224 | 0.776 | | GNCQR | 0.372 | 0.232 | 0.769 | 0.345 | 0.715 | 0.243 | 0.753 | 0.304 | 0.195 | 0.812 | 0.271 | 0.788 | 0.173 | 0.825 | | QR | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | | FLQR | 0.215 | 0.136 | 0.868 | 0.246 | 0.790 | 0.194 | 0.819 | 0.127 | 0.107 | 0.901 | 0.154 | 0.870 | 0.114 | 0.888 | | T=100 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRW | 0.938 | 0.510 | 0.501 | 0.694 | 0.393 | 0.390 | 0.582 | 0.792 | 0.363 | 0.641 | 0.531 | 0.557 | 0.318 | 0.687 | | GNCQR | 0.364 | 0.228 | 0.780 | 0.430 | 0.689 | 0.279 | 0.715 | 0.294 | 0.183 | 0.828 | 0.349 | 0.767 | 0.179 | 0.833 | | QR | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | | FLQR | 0.202 | 0.122 | 0.885 | 0.299 | 0.776 | 0.184 | 0.834 | 0.110 | 0.074 | 0.927 | 0.196 | 0.860 | 0.078 | 0.932 | | T=200 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | BRW | 0.988 | 0.659 | 0.340 | 0.846 | 0.262 | 0.481 | 0.459 | 0.923 | 0.488 | 0.517 | 0.690 | 0.445 | 0.409 | 0.575 | | GNCQR | 0.381 | 0.225 | 0.787 | 0.564 | 0.672 | 0.280 | 0.700 | 0.325 | 0.166 | 0.846 | 0.465 | 0.765 | 0.203 | 0.797 | | QR | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.000 | | FLQR | 0.215 | 0.130 | 0.883 | 0.413 | 0.746 | 0.209 | 0.821 | 0.139 | 0.061 | 0.946 | 0.298 | 0.832 | 0.098 | 0.917 |
+
+yielding better fits than the traditional QR or FLQR. This is because GNCQR recovers BRW when $\alpha = 1$, so it will not do much worse than BRW. Hence, GNCQR is more robust to DGPs that have quantile-specific sparsity than the simple FLQR.
+
+Unsurprisingly, $y_4$ produces the worst fit for all estimators, but as more data becomes available, the performance of all the estimators initially improves. The key difference lies with FLQR, where the fits do not improve as much as the other estimators when the sample size increases from $T = 100$ to $T = 200$. This also highlights that to yield improvements in the traditional LASSO setting for such DGPs one needs to explicitly penalise the level of $\beta_\tau$ coefficients too; see also Jiang et al. (2014). Overall, increasing sample size improves the fit for all estimators, while increasing the fineness of the grid of quantiles yields no significant differences. The key takeaway is that GNCQR either gives further improvements in fit over BRW, or (at worst) does as well as BRW.
+
+Looking at the rearrangement method proposed by Chernozhukov et al. (2010) reveals that sorting the fitted quantiles for the quantile regression estimator yields modest improvements. These improvements increase as the number of estimated quantiles increases especially for smaller sample sizes. This is intuitive, as with more quantiles there is a higher chance of quantile crossing. However, the improvements in fit from rearrangement get smaller as the sample size increases.Table 2: RIMSE of different models for the different Monte Carlo experiments
+
+
+
+
+|
+
+$\tau$
+
+ |
+T=50 |
+T=100 |
+T=200 |
+
+
+| 0.1 |
+0.3 |
+0.5 |
+0.7 |
+0.9 |
+0.1 |
+0.3 |
+0.5 |
+0.7 |
+0.9 |
+0.1 |
+0.3 |
+0.5 |
+0.7 |
+0.9 |
+
+
+ |
+bias |
+std. err |
+bias |
+std. err |
+bias |
+std. err |
+bias |
+std. err |
+bias |
+std. err |
+bias |
+std. err |
+bias |
+std. err |
+bias |
+std. err |
+bias |
+std. err |
+bias |
+std. err |
+bias |
+std. err |
+bias |
+std. err |
+bias |
+std. err |
+bias |
+std. err |
+bias |
+std. err |
+
+
+
+
+|
+
+$\Delta\tau=0.2$
+
+ |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+
+|
+
+$y_1$
+
+ |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+
+| BRW |
+55.3 | 0.76 | 44.3 | 0.65 | 42.8 | 0.62 | 44.8 | 0.66 | 56.5 | 0.80 |
+41.7 | 0.58 | 32.9 | 0.47 | 30.3 | 0.45 | 32.0 | 0.49 | 41.1 | 0.61 |
+30.4 | 0.45 | 23.5 | 0.33 | 22.1 | 0.32 | 23.2 | 0.33 | 30.4 | 0.42 |
+
+
+| GNCQR |
+46.5 | 0.72 | 41.7 | 0.61 | 40.8 | 0.61 | 41.9 | 0.63 | 48.2 | 0.78 |
+33.6 | 0.54 | 29.2 | 0.44 | 27.8 | 0.42 | 29.3 | 0.45 | 33.6 | 0.57 |
+23.9 | 0.38 | 20.9 | 0.30 | 20.0 | 0.29 | 20.5 | 0.30 | 24.3 | 0.39 |
+
+
+| QR |
+60.7 | 0.84 | 46.8 | 0.68 | 45.3 | 0.65 | 48.0 | 0.71 | 62.4 | 0.93 |
+43.9 | 0.63 | 33.9 | 0.50 | 31.2 | 0.47 | 33.0 | 0.49 | 43.5 | 0.66 |
+30.8 | 0.46 | 23.8 | 0.33 | 22.4 | 0.33 | 23.5 | 0.33 | 31.0 | 0.44 |
+
+
+| FLQR |
+46.6 | 0.72 | 41.8 | 0.61 | 40.6 | 0.61 | 42.1 | 0.65 | 48.2 | 0.77 |
+33.2 | 0.55 | 29.5 | 0.45 | 27.9 | 0.44 | 29.3 | 0.45 | 34.2 | 0.59 |
+24.1 | 0.39 | 21.0 | 0.29 | 20.1 | 0.30 | 20.6 | 0.30 | 24.9 | 0.41 |
+
+
+|
+
+$y_2$
+
+ |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+
+| BRW |
+73.4 | 0.69 | 63.0 | 0.58 | 61.2 | 0.57 | 63.1 | 0.62 | 73.2 | 0.72 |
+55.0 | 0.51 | 45.9 | 0.44 | 44.6 | 0.43 | 46.4 | 0.42 | 54.4 | 0.52 |
+40.8 | 0.39 | 33.1 | 0.32 | 31.7 | 0.30 | 33.2 | 0.32 | 40.7 | 0.37 |
+
+
+| GNCQR |
+69.4 | 0.75 | 61.9 | 0.60 | 60.1 | 0.58 | 62.0 | 0.63 | 68.3 | 0.76 |
+48.7 | 0.53 | 43.8 | 0.42 | 43.3 | 0.42 | 44.0 | 0.43 | 48.5 | 0.53 |
+34.3 | 0.38 | 30.6 | 0.31 | 29.9 | 0.29 | 30.8 | 0.30 | 33.8 | 0.37 |
+
+
+| QR |
+94.5 | 0.84 | 72.2 | 0.70 | 67.6 | 0.67 | 72.3 | 0.73 | 94.8 | 0.90 |
+67.1 | 0.65 | 51.9 | 0.47 | 49.3 | 0.47 | 52.2 | 0.49 | 67.9 | 0.66 |
+47.6 | 0.47 | 36.5 | 0.35 | 34.6 | 0.33 | 36.7 | 0.36 | 47.2 | 0.45 |
+
+
+| FLQR |
+68.5 | 0.74 | 61.8 | 0.61 | 59.9 | 0.59 | 61.7 | 0.62 | 69.3 | 0.78 |
+47.9 | 0.54 | 43.6 | 0.43 | 43.3 | 0.42 | 44.0 | 0.43 | 49.5 | 0.55 |
+33.8 | 0.38 | 30.6 | 0.32 | 30.1 | 0.30 | 30.9 | 0.31 | 34.7 | 0.41 |
+
+
+|
+
+$y_3$
+
+ |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+
+| BRW |
+136.8 | 1.62 | 110.4 | 1.28 | 108.3 | 1.28 | 114.2 | 1.36 | 137.6 | 1.70 |
+101.3 | 1.19 | 79.7 | 0.94 | 76.2 | 0.83 | 80.8 | 0.91 | 100.0 | 1.19 |
+75.7 | 0.83 | 58.8 | 0.65 | 54.8 | 0.62 | 57.6 | 0.65 | 74.0 | 0.83 |
+
+
+| GNCQR |
+132.5 | 1.71 | 109.4 | 1.30 | 106.9 | 1.27 | 112.5 | 1.32 | 133.9 | 1.69 |
+98.6 | 1.22 | 78.0 | 0.92 | 74.7 | 0.83 | 80.0 | 0.92 | 98.6 | 1.16 |
+75.2 | 0.83 | 57.2 | 0.63 | 52.9 | 0.62 | 56.9 | 0.65 | 74.4 | 0.80 |
+
+
+| QR |
+167.7 | 2.00 | 124.1 | 1.30 | 118.2 | 1.39 | 127.8 | 1.49 | 165.7 | 1.95 |
+116.8 | 1.37 | 87.8 | 1.01 | 82.7 | 0.91 | 89.3 | 0.97 | 115.2 | 1.37 |
+83.1 | 0.96 | 62.8 | 0.71 | 58.1 | 0.65 | 61.8 | 0.70 | 81.1 | 0.91 |
+
+
+| FLQR |
+133.7 | 1.74 | 109.7 | 1.30 | 106.9 | 1.29 | 113.5 | 1.37 | 136.4 | 1.67 |
+99.9 | 1.38 | 87.3 | 0.92 | 75.8 | 0.86 | 81.7 | 0.92 | 100.1 | 1.13 |
+77.9 | 0.85 | 57.4 | 0.64 | 53.8 | 0.62 | 58.6 | 0.66 | 74.5 | 0.86 |
+
+
+|
+
+$y_4$
+
+ |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+
+| BRW |
+225.1 | 2.40 | 85.9 | 1.61 | 77.3 | 1.27 | 85.5 | 1.66 | 224.8 | 2.29 |
+194.4 | 2.28 | 53.1 | 0.66 | 48.4 | 0.55 | 52.9 | 0.63 | 197.5 | 2.22 |
+176.9 | 2.32 | 37.4 | 0.40 | 33.6 | 0.36 | 37.4 | 0.38 | 180.5 | 2.34 |
+
+
+| GNCQR |
+224.7 | 3.06 | 85.5 | 1.66 | 77.8 | 1.36 | 85.4 | 1.78 | 222.9 | 2.97 |
+196.5 | 3.18 | 52.2 | 0.68 | 48.6 | 0.59 | 51.9 | 0.66 | 199.8 | 3.06 |
+181.6 | 3.28 | 36.1 | 0.40 | 34.1 | 0.37 | 36.0 | 0.39 | 186.0 | 3.33 |
+
+
+| QR |
+279.7 | 1.74 | 100.0 | 2.34 | 72.5 | 1.09 | 98.9 | 2.32 | 282.4 | 1.78 |
+231.0 | 1.42 | 54.5 | 0.81 | 48.7 | 0.51 | 54.7 | 0.75 | 232.2 | 1.44 |
+199.5 | 1.50 | 36.7 | 0.41 | 34.2 | 0.35 | 36.8 | 0.37 | 201.6 | 1.52 |
+
+
+| FLQR |
+228.3 | 3.40 | 85.7 | 1.66 | 79.0 | 1.38 | 85.8 | 1.84 | 228.6 | 2.91 |
+200.9 | 3.55 | 51.9 | 0.67 | 49.2 | 0.61 | 51.2 | 0.65 | 205.7 | 3.06 |
+195.3 | 3.39 | 35.4 | 0.40 | 34.0 | 0.37 | 35.1 | 0.38 | 192.2 | 3.11 |
+
+
+
+|
+
+$\Delta\tau=0.1$
+
+ |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+
+|
+
+$y_1$
+
+ |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+
+| BRW |
+54.3 | 0.76 | 44.0 | 0.64 | 42.8 | 0.62 | 44.8 | 0.66 | 55.6 | 0.78 |
+40.6 | 0.57 | 32.5 | 0.46 | 29.8 | 0.44 | 31.6 | 0.49 | 40.0 | 0.59 |
+29.7 | 0.44 | 23.3 | 0.33 | 21.8 | 0.33 | 22.9 | 0.32 | 29.7 | 0.42 |
+
+
+| GNCQR |
+46.2 | 0.72 | 41.6 | 0.61 | 40.7 | 0.61 | 41.7 | 0.64 | 47.6 | 0.76 |
+33.5 | 0.53 | 29.2 | 0.45 | 27.7 | 0.42 | 28.9 | 0.44 | 32.7 | 0.54 |
+24.0 | 0.37 | 20.9 | 0.29 | 19.9 | 0.29 | 20.3 | 0.29 | 23.7 | 0.37 |
+
+
+| QR |
+60.7 | 0.84 | 46.8 | 0.68 | 45.3 | 0.65 | 48.0 | 0.71 | 62.4 | 0.93 |
+43.9 | 0.63 | 33.9 | 0.50 | 31.2 | 0.47 | 33.0 | 0.49 | 43.5 | 0.66 |
+30.8 | 0.46 | 23.8 | 0.33 | 22.4 | 0.33 | 23.5 | 0.33 | 31.0 | 0.44 |
+
+
+| FLQR |
+46.4 | 0.72 | 41.5 | 0.61 | 40.7 | 0.60 | 42.0 | 0.64 | 48.1 | 0.81 |
+32.5 | 0.53 | 29.0 | 0.44 | 27.8 | 0.42 | 29.1 | 0.44 | 33.2 | 0.56 |
+24.2 | 0.39 | 20.9 | 0.29 | 20.0 | 0.29 | 20.3 | 0.30 | 24.0 | 0.38 |
+
+
+|
+
+$y_2$
+
+ |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+
+| BRW |
+73.2 | 0.69 | 63.1 | 0.59 | 61.4 | 0.58 | 63.2 | 0.61 | 72.3 | 0.71 |
+54.3 | 0.50 | 45.9 | 0.43 | 44.6 | 0.43 | 46.1 | 0.43 | 53.6 | 0.52 |
+40.0 | 0.38 | 32.9 | 0.32 | 31.6 | 0.30 | 33.0 | 0.32 | 39.9 | 0.37 |
+
+
+| GNCQR |
+69.9 | 0.74 | 62.4 | 0.61 | 60.6 | 0.59 | 62.5 | 0.63 | 69.1 | 0.78 |
+48.8 | 0.53 | 43.8 | 0.42 | 43.2 | 0.43 | 43.9 | 0.43 | 48.6 | 0.54 |
+33.6 | 0.36 | 30.3 | 0.30 | 29.7 | 0.29 | 30.5 | 0.30 | 33.3 | 0.35 |
+
+
+| QR |
+94.5 | 0.84 | 72.2 | 0.70 | 67.6 | 0.67 | 72.3 | 0.73 | 94.8 | 0.90 |
+67.1 | 0.65 | 51.9 | 0.47 | 49.3 | 0.47 | 52.2 | 0.49 | 67.9 | 0.66 |
+47.6 | 0.47 | 36.5 | 0.35 | 34.6 | 0.33 | 36.7 | 0.36 | 47.2 | 0.45 |
+
+
+| FLQR |
+69.6 | 0.76 | 62.3 | 0.63 | 60.3 | 0.60 | 62.4 | 0.63 | 69.6 | 0.79 |
+48.0 | 0.53 | 43.9 | 0.43 | 43.1 | 0.42 | 43.9 | 0.43 | 48.8 | 0.55 |
+33.1 | 0.35 | 30.3 | 0.31 | 29.6 | 0.29 | 30.4 | 0.30 | 33.3 | 0.38 |
+
+
+|
+
+$y_3$
+
+ |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+
+| BRW |
+135.2 | 1.62 | 110.6 | 1.26 | 108.0 | 1.25 | 113.6 | 1.36 | 137.3 | 1.67 |
+100.1 | 1.18 | 79.6 | 0.90 | 76.2 | 0.82 | 80.5 | 0.89 | 98.0 | 1.19 |
+73.9 | 0.82 | 57.9 | 0.64 | 54.1 | 0.62 | 57.3 | 0.67 | 73.0 | 0.81 |
+
+
+| GNCQR |
+130.9 | 1.67 | 109.7 | 1.25 | 106.5 | 1.27 | 112.1 | 1.32 | 133.3 | 1.65 |
+97.5 | 1.20 | 77.8 | 0.90 | 74.1 | 0.82 | 78.2 | 0.90 | 97.3 | 1.14 |
+74.4 | 0.80 | 56.8 | 0.63 | 52.7 | 0.61 | 56.2 | 0.65 | 73.1 | 0.80 |
+
+
+| QR |
+167.7 | 2.00 | 124.1 | 1.38 | 118.2 | 1.39 | 127.8 | 1.49 | 165.7 | 1.95 |
+116.8 | 1.37 | 87.8 | 1.01 | 82.7 | 0.91 | 89.3 | 0.97 | 115.2 | 1.37 |
+83.1 | 0.96 | 62.8 | 0.71 | 58.1 | 0.65 | 61.8 | 0.70 | 81.1 | 0.91 |
+
+
+| FLQR |
+132.6 | 1.73 | 110.9 | 1.29 | 106.7 | 1.30 | 113.5 | 1.34 | 135.2 | 1.64 |
+100.6 | 1.19 | 78.6 | 0.96 | 74.6 | 0.84 | 79.4 | 0.90 | 98.0 | 1.14 |
+78.2 | 0.83 | 57.4 | 0.64 | 53.4 | 0.62 | 57.8 | 0.65 | 74.4 | 0.85 |
+
+
+|
+
+$y_4$
+
+ |
+ | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
+
+| BRW |
+224.3 | 2.52 | 84.2 | 1.63 | 75.5 | 1.26 | 84.1 | 1.67 | 223.2 | 2.36 |
+193.5 | 2.37 | 50.9 | 0.64 | 47.0 | 0.53 | 51.1 | 0.64 | 196.9 | 2.30 |
+175.4 | 2.43 | 35.6 | 0.41 | 32.5 | 0.34 | 35.4 | 0.36 | 179.4 | 2.45 |
+
+
+| GNCQR |
+222.0 | 3.33 | 82.6 | 1.64 | 75.4 | 1.29 | 82.9 | 1.78 | 217.1 | 3.22 |
+190.6 | 3.53 | 49.1 | 0.63 | 47.1 | 0.56 | 49.0 | 0.62 | 194.5 | 3.33 |
+179.8 | 3.51 | 33.7 | 0.39 | 32.3 | 0.35 | 33.4 | 0.37 | 182.9 | 3.54 |
+
+
+| QR |
+279.7 | 1.74 | 100.0 | 2.34 | 72.5 | 1.09 | 98.9 | 2.32 | 282.4 | 1.78 |
+231.0 | 1.42 | 54.5 | 0.81 | 48.7 | 0.51 | 54.7 | 0.75 | 232.2 | 1.44 |
+199.5 | 1.50 | 36.7 | 0.41 | 34.2 | 0.35 | 36.8 | 0.37 | 201.6 | 1.52 |
+
+
+| FLQR |
+226.2 | 3.60 | 84.5 | 1.84 | 75.5 | 1.30 | 82.7 | 1.80 | 222.7 | 3.27 |
+194.0 | 3.75 | 48.7 | 0.60 | 47.3 | 0.57 | 48.6 | 0.62 | 199.9 | 3.36 |
+190.5 | 3.64 | 33.1 | 0.37 | 32.1 | 0.35 | 33.0 | 0.36 | 190.0 | 3.41 |
+
+
+
+Comparing the rearrangement method with the alternative estimators shows that although rearrangement helps improve fit, the alternative estimators still perform better than the sorted QR. This highlights how better interquantile variable selection translates to superior fit beyond simple quantile sorting.
+
+Note that in all the Monte Carlo runs, we have estimated a correctly specified model. In such situations the BRW estimator will (almost) always yield improvements over the QR. When the estimated model is misspecified, imposing strict non-crossing constraints can lead to worse coefficient bias than the QR. The fact that the GNCQR allows for some quantile crossing when $\alpha < 1$, means that the estimator is more robust to misspecification than the BRW. In essence, when $0 < \alpha_{opt} < 1$ the GNCQR provides the best linear approximation of the quantiles while regularising some of the quantile variation in the coefficients.
+
+In summary, GNCQR and FLQR provides better fit than BRW for $y_1, y_2$, and $y_3$, while for $y_4$ BRW performs best but GNCQR is nearly as good and both are preferred over the FLQR. This robustness of GNCQR is attractive in quantile applications as it is difficult to know ex ante whether quantile specific sparsity is present in the DGP. The variable selection results demonstrate that BRW unders shrinks while FLQR overs shrinks. Taking the fit and variable selection results together, we can see that GNCQR provides good fit while retaining better variable selection properties than FLQR.
+
+## 4 Growth-at-Risk results
+
+The canonical GaR uses US quarterly GDP growth in conjunction with the NFCI to obtain estimates of downside risk. Using quantile regression, GaR estimates can be obtained by estimating the following model:
+
+$$
+y_{t+h} = x'_{t}\beta_{\tau_q} + \varepsilon_{t+h} \quad (8)
+$$
+
+for $t = 1, \dots, T-h$, where $h$ refers to the forecast horizon. $x_t$ includes a constant (intercept), current quarterly GDP growth (annualised), and the average of the NFCI for the given quarter. The quarterly data cover 1973Q1 to 2023Q1. This sample includes the original sample of Adrian et al. (2019), augmented by the COVID-19 crisis. We consider one- and four-quarter ahead forecast horizons ($h = 1, 4$). We follow Adrian et al. (2019), and forecast average growth rates over the specific horizons.
+
+To evaluate the performance of the different estimators, we will first conduct a small psuedo forecasting exercise similar to Carriero et al. (2025). This is followed by looking at the coefficientprofiles of the different models to see whether we corroborate the finding of Adrian et al. (2019), i.e. that lagged GDP growth acts as a location shifter, and NFCI is the key driver of nonlinearities in GDP growth. We will briefly look at the in-sample and out-of-sample weighted residuals for several values of $\alpha$ to gauge the bias-variance trade-off. We then turn to the policy implications of selecting models that incorporate interquantile shrinkage.
+
+### 4.1 Out-of-Sample Performance
+
+To evaluate out-of-sample performance of the estimators we will do a pseudo forecasting exercise similar to the one in Carriero et al. (2025). For the one- and four-quarter ahead forecast horizon we will compute the out-of-sample GDP densities on an expanding window, where the initial in-sample period uses the first 50 observations of the sample. This means that there are in total 150 - $h$ forecast windows to evaluate.
+
+#### 4.1.1 Crossing incidence
+
+Before evaluating the out-of-sample performance, we note that having $\alpha = 1$ only ensures non-crossing quantiles in-sample but not out-of-sample. However, when setting $\alpha > 1$, the non-crossing constraints are tighter which leads to shrinking the fitted quantiles towards parallel lines. This in turn leads to less out-of-sample crossing as well. Since the FLQR also shrinks towards parallel fitted quantiles, one question is whether the FLQR also leads to less out-of-sample crossing. To this end we will compare the out-of-sample crossing incidence for all the estimators (QR, BRQ, GNCQR, FLQR). The crossing incidence is calculated by comparing the fitted quantiles with the sorted quantiles following the procedure of Chernozhukov et al. (2010):
+
+$$
+CrossI = \frac{1}{Q(T-50)} \sum_{t=51}^{T} \sum_{q=1}^{Q} I[\hat{Q}(\tau_q, t+h|\mathcal{F}_t) = \hat{Q}_{sort}(\tau_q, t+h|\mathcal{F}_t)] \quad (9)
+$$
+
+where $\hat{Q}(\tau_q, t+h|\mathcal{F}_t)$ is the forecasted quantile at time $t$ and forecast horizon $h$ and $\hat{Q}_{sort}(\tau_q, t+h|\mathcal{F}_t)$ is the sorted forecast quantile. The crossing incidence measures what proportion of quantiles need sorting after estimation to obtain a valid CDF. The lower the $CrossI$ value the less quantiles need to be rearranged after estimation. The out-of-sample crossing incidence table is presented in table (3).
+
+The first thing to note is that more crossing occurs at the shorter forecast horizon than theTable 3: Out-of-Sample Crossing Incidence for the different estimators
+
+ | h=1 | h=4 |
|---|
| QR | 6.32% | 5.62% | | BRW | 1.37% | 1.47% | | FLQR | 0.91% | 0.00% | | GNCQR | 3.19% | 1.79% |
+
+longer one for all estimators. Second, the out-of-sample crossing incidence is the highest for the traditional quantile regression method. This indicates that the rearrangement algorithm of Chernozhukov et al. (2010) would have the most gains for the traditional quantile estimator. Note, that as mentioned by Bondell et al. (2010), post-processing methods like the rearrangement method have the potential to improve fitted quantiles without changing the estimated coefficients. Third, GNCQR yields the lowest out-of-sample crossing incidence, even yielding proper densities for $h = 4$. Finally, the FLQR estimator leads to worse out-of-sample crossing than the BRW estimator. Taken together these results indicate that the GNCQR is most likely to yield proper forecasted densities.
+
+#### 4.1.2 Forecast Performance
+
+Given that the sorting procedure is widely used in forecasting settings, we will evaluate forecast performance of sorted and unsorted quantiles. We opt to look at both sorted and unsorted quantiles because of the results in table (3) showing that sorting is likely to improve the performance of the QR and FLQR more than the BRW and GNCQR. To evaluate forecast performance, several measures are used. First, the quantile score (QS) is used with the tick-loss weighted residual for a given forecast observation (Giacomini and Komunjer, 2005):
+
+$$
+QS_{\tau_q, t+h} = (y_{t+h} - \hat{Q}(\tau_q, t+h|\mathcal{F}_t))(\tau_q - \mathbf{I}[|y_{t+h} \le \hat{Q}(\tau_q, t+h|\mathcal{F}_t)|]) \quad (10)
+$$
+
+where $\hat{Q}(\tau_q, t+h|\mathcal{F}_t)$ is the forecasted quantile and $y_{t+h}$ is the unobserved value of GDP at time $t$.
+
+To get an overall picture of density forecast performance we will follow Knotek and Zaman (2019) and Carriero et al. (2025) in using diffusion indices to gauge relative forecast performance of the different estimators. For our model comparison we will use the traditional quantile estimator (QR) to be the baseline model. Let $rQS_{i,\tau_q,h}$ be the ratio of the Quantile Score for estimator i, at quantile $\tau_q$, for forecast horizon $h = 1, 4$. Given the ratios of QS we calculate
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_85.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_85.md
new file mode 100644
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+arXiv:2403.14058v1 [cs.LG] 21 Mar 2024
+
+# Hypothesis-Driven Deep Learning for Out of Distribution Detection
+
+Yasith Jayawardana¹,², Azeem Ahmad⁴, Balpreet S. Ahluwalia⁴, Rafi Ahmad³, Sampath Jayarathna², and Dushan N. Wadduwage¹,*
+
+¹ Center for Advanced Imaging, Harvard University, USA
+² Department of Computer Science, Old Dominion University, USA
+³ UiT the Arctic University of Norway, Norway
+⁴ Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Norway
+
+*wadduwage@fas.harvard.edu
+
+**Abstract.** Predictions of opaque black-box systems are frequently deployed in high-stakes applications such as healthcare. For such applications, it is crucial to assess how models handle samples beyond the domain of training data. While several metrics and tests exist to detect out-of-distribution (OoD) data from in-distribution (InD) data to a deep neural network (DNN), their performance varies significantly across datasets, models, and tasks, which limits their practical use. In this paper, we propose a hypothesis-driven approach to quantify whether a new sample is InD or OoD. Given a trained DNN and some input, we first feed the input through the DNN and compute an ensemble of OoD metrics, which we term latent responses. We then formulate the OoD detection problem as a hypothesis test between latent responses of different groups, and use permutation-based resampling to infer the significance of the observed latent responses under a null hypothesis. We adapt our method to detect an unseen sample of bacteria to a trained deep learning model, and show that it reveals interpretable differences between InD and OoD latent responses. Our work has implications for systematic novelty detection and informed decision-making from classifiers trained on a subset of labels.
+
+**Keywords:** Novelty Detection, Deep Learning, Model Generalization, Model Interpretability
+
+## 1 Introduction
+
+There is an increasing trend of using black-box machine learning (ML) for high-stakes prediction problems that deeply affect human lives, such as healthcare. Deep learning models inherently provide no explanation of their predictions in a human-interpretable manner. Deploying such models despite the lack of transparency and accountability can have (and already has) severe consequences [10]. Such problems are worsened when models are only trained on a small subset of the target population. For instance, when training black-box models to diagnose bacterial infections, it is infeasible to collect data spanning the entire population of bacteria species, so only a small subset of bacterial species is used instead [3,4].
+
+Formally, given a population of *N* bacteria species, the common approach is to sample *n* species (*n* ≪ *N*), train a classifier within that subset, and report their performance on unseen samples from the *n* species themselves. Such classifiers, if deployed in the real-world, are bound to receive inputs that appear similar to the training data, but are outside the *n* species. Thus, a classifier untested on samples beyond the *n* species may perform unpredictably on real-world data, which makes them unsafe for clinical use. To mitigate such problems, we require trustworthy models that not only classifies samples from known categories well, but also detects when samples cannot be assigned to those categories [2]. For instance, a trustworthy digit classifier should not only classify digit inputs correctly, but allow to detect non-digit inputs and reject them instead of blindly classifying them into existing categories.
+
+Hypothesis testing is a fundamental concept in statistics that allows us to draw conclusions about an entire population based on a representative sample. At its core, hypothesis testing involves making assumptions about population parameters and then rigorously assessing whether the sample data provides enough evidence to support or reject these assumptions. In this paper, we reformulate the OoD detection problem as a hypothesis test, where we check for differences in OoD metrics between InD and OoD groups through a resampling approximation of the null distribution. The OoD metrics are chosen depending on a model's inductive biases, and our test is independent of this choice. Further, we propose a technique based on leave-out training to quantify a model's discriminating power for near-OoD inputs (i.e., same domain, different class). We test our method on several model architectures, datasets, and label splits, and show that it quantifies differences between InD and OoD data in an interpretable way. Overall, our method provides a basis for making informed decisions from classifiers trained on a subset of labels.
+
+## 2 Related Work
+
+### 2.1 Out of Distribution Detection
+
+Out-of-Distribution (OoD) detection is the idea of detecting inputs that do not match the training data distribution of a given model [13]. Recent work on OoD detection include improved OoD metrics [12], OoD detection tests [7,9], OoD aware training procedures [11], and post-hoc calibration procedures [5]. While a plethora of OoD metrics and tests exist, their discriminative power varies across model architectures and the nature of OoD data in the target domain [13]. We posit that an ensemble of OoD metrics could provide more discriminative power than a single metric.
+
+### 2.2 Multi-Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP)
+
+MRPP [6] is a procedure to test for differences between groups of samples. Let $\Omega = \{\Omega_1, \dots, \Omega_N\}$ be a set of $\mathbb{R}^D$ samples. Let $\omega = \{\omega_1, \dots, \omega_K\}$ be a set of groups with sizes $\{N_1, \dots, N_K\}$ and $\sum_{k=1}^K N_k = N$, and $\Delta: \Omega \times \Omega \to \mathbb{R}$ be a dissimilarity measure between two samples, such as
+
+Euclidean distance. Given an assignment $\pi : \Omega \to \omega$ of samples to groups, and an indicator function $\Psi_k(\Omega_I; \pi) = 1[\pi(\Omega_I) = k]$, MRPP computes a test statistic $\delta$ for the mean within-group dissimilarity of samples under that assignment.
+
+$$
+\delta(\pi) = \sum_{k=1}^{K} C_k \xi_k(\pi) \\ \xi_k(\pi) = \frac{\sum_{1 \le I < J \le N} \Delta(\Omega_I, \Omega_J) \Psi_k(\Omega_I; \pi) \Psi_k(\Omega_J; \pi)}{N_k C_2}
+$$
+
+Here, $C_k$ is a weight (e.g., $1/N_k$) that balances the contribution from each group towards $\delta(\pi)$. Next, $\delta(\pi)$ is computed across all valid $\pi$, and the proportion of assignments with $\delta(\pi)$ as extreme as $\delta(\pi_{obs})$ is reported, where $\pi_{obs}$ is the observed assignment. For this particular statistic, if $\pi_{obs}$ is significant, we expect $\delta(\pi_{obs})$ to be lower than most $\delta(\pi)$.
+
+## 3 Methodology
+
+
+
+**Fig. 1.** Method Overview: The dataset is split label-wise into 2 subsets, and a split is chosen as InD (here, B). Second, the train/val data is used to train and tune hyper-parameters of a model. Third, the val data is passed once through the model to generate OoD metrics for it. At test time, an InD/OoD sample is similarly passed through the model to generate OoD metrics for it. Next, the differences in OoD metrics between the two groups are quantified by a permutation-based hypothesis test (MRPP), and the observed test statistic and its p-value are returned as output.
+
+Let $D_T = \{x_i, y_i\}_{i=1}^{N_T}$ be training data, $D_V = \{x_i, y_i\}_{i=1}^{N_V}$ be validation data, $D_I = \{x_i, y_i\}_{i=1}^{N_I}$ be InD test data, and $D_O = \{x_i, y_i\}_{i=1}^{N_O}$ be OoD test data. Here, $x \in \mathbb{R}^D$ and $y \in \omega$. Our goal is to quantify how a model $\phi$ that was trained on $D_T$ and validated on $D_V$ would transform $D_I$ and $D_O$, using an ensemble of OoD metrics $M(x_i; \phi) : \mathbb{R}^D \to \mathbb{R}^L$ where $M = \{M_1, \dots, M_L\}$. The $L$ metrics are computed at multiple hidden layer activations of a model. We leave the choice of OoD metrics $M$ for future investigation, and instead, rely on established OoD metrics in the literature. We then define the following null hypothesis: **H0: The new sample belongs to one of $\omega$ groups** Next, using $P$ random samples of valid assignments $\pi$, we compute the MRPP statistic $\delta(\pi)$ for each assignment of $D_I$ and $D_O$ to $\omega$. Finally, we compute the proportion (p-value) of $\pi$ that yield $\delta(\pi) \le \delta(\pi_{obs})$, and use it to quantify the difference between the model's latent responses in an interpretable way.
+
+### 3.1 Ensembling OoD Detection Metrics
+
+Given a new input, we extract a variety of OoD metrics from each model. From these metrics, some require models to meet certain architectural requirements. For instance, to use reconstruction error as an OoD metric, the model should have an auto encoder-like structure (e.g., ResNet-CAE, ResNet-AE). In contrast, certain OoD metrics, such as the K-Nearest Neighbor distance to training data, are architecture-agnostic, and can be computed on any layer of the model. In our work, we collect an ensemble of OoD metrics from each model, and compute a m-dimensional measurement for each d-dimensional input ($m \ll d$). Our choice of test statistic [6] (MRPP) allows to use OoD measurements of any dimensionality (e.g. $\mathbb{R}^d$), given that a valid dissimilarity measure (e.g., Euclidean distance) can be computed between each pair of observations. However, they require keeping an index of in-distribution data points to perform nearest-neighbor lookup. Some of the chosen metrics are described below:
+
+*K Nearest Neighbor Distance* Here, we index the feature vectors produced by each model for training data, perform a $K = 5$ nearest neighbor lookup for each InD and OoD test data point [12], and take the mean distance as an OoD metric. When computing distances, we use both L2 distance and cosine similarity as metrics.
+
+*Reconstruction Error* Using our trained ResNet-AE model, we observe whether the Euclidean Distance (L2) and the Cosine Similarity (IP) between an image and its reconstruction could facilitate OoD detection.
+
+*Distance to Data Manifold* Here, we perform $T$ encode-decode steps on an input $x_0$, to step towards the model's learned manifold $g_\psi(f_\theta(x_t)) = x_t$. This metric exploits the observation that repeated encode-decode steps converge any arbitrary input towards training samples [8] in both data and feature spaces. Next, we compute $|x_t - x_0|_2$, $|z_t - z_0|_2$, and $|y_t - y_0|_2$ as an OoD metric of this distance. In our experiments, we use $T = 10$.
+
+## 4 Experimental Design
+
+Here, we use a labeled dataset, **AMRB** [1], having single-cell bacteria images taken from 21 strains across 5 species {$Ab, Bs, Ec, Kp.Sa$}. From this dataset, we take 2 subsets based on species, $A = \{Ab, Ec, Kp\}$ and $B = \{Bs, Sa\}$. Similarly, we take subsets from **MNIST** and **CIFAR10** based on class label, $A = \{0, 1, 2, 3, 4\}$ and $B = \{5, 6, 7, 8, 9\}$ for model validation. Next, we train separate classifiers for every dataset and subset, and report their observed test accuracy (see Table 1). We also train separate auto-encoders, ResNet-AE, to learn a label-free encoding of input data. All models were implemented and trained using PyTorch Lightning on an NVIDIA A100 GPU.
+
+For the ResNet-50 and ResNet-18 models, we use the standard, ImageNet pre-trained implementation provided in PyTorch. For the ResNet-AE model, we implemented a convolutional encoder $F$ and decoder $G$ with**Table 1.** Test Accuracy of Models on MNIST, CIFAR10, and AMRB.
+
+ | MNIST | CIFAR10 | AMRB |
|---|
| All | A | B | All | A | B | All | A | B |
|---|
| ResNet-50 | 0.994 | 0.997 | 0.999 | 0.883 | 0.958 | 0.929 | 0.761 | 0.993 | 0.787 |
|---|
| ResNet-18 | 0.995 | 0.997 | 0.999 | 0.815 | 0.925 | 0.906 | 0.747 | 0.994 | 0.773 |
|---|
| ResNet-CAE | 0.995 | 0.996 | 0.998 | 0.817 | 0.917 | 0.856 | 0.735 | 0.993 | 0.766 |
|---|
+
+residual connections, and a classifier *C* on the bottleneck of the auto-encoder. The ResNet-50 and ResNet-18 models were trained using cross-entropy loss. The ResNet-AE model was trained using reconstruction (MSE) loss, while the ResNet-CAE model was trained using both cross-entropy and MSE losses.
+
+$$
+\mathcal{L}(x, y) = \mathcal{L}_{CE}(C(F(x)), y) + \lambda \mathcal{L}_{MSE}(G(F(x), x)) \quad (1)
+$$
+
+In our experiments, we use $\lambda = 0.5$. The model parameters were optimized for 100 epochs, using Adam with a learning rate of 0.001. Upon training, we observe that ResNet-50 models yield a high accuracy across all cases. To cover a range of loss functions and model architectures, we choose the ResNet-50, ResNet-CAE, and ResNet-AE models to validate our method.
+
+## 5 Evaluation
+
+### 5.1 Ensembling OoD Metrics Improves Consistency across Datasets and Models
+
+Here, we compare the AUC values obtained from each OoD metric used in isolation, to the AUC values obtained through a linear regression from all metrics. Figure 2 reports our findings. We find that an ensemble of metrics consistently gives a high AUC across all datasets and label splits.
+
+### 5.2 Toy Problem: MNIST and CIFAR10
+
+Here, we set up a toy OoD detection task using the benchmark MNIST and CIFAR10 datasets to validate our method. Both datasets contain samples from 10 different classes. We first train classifiers on a subset of *L* = 5 classes. Upon training, we use our method to do a pairwise comparison of the 10 test set classes against the *L* validation set classes. See Figure 1 for an illustration. First, we split each dataset into two subsets (A and B) based on class label such that InD samples of A are OoD for B, and vice versa. Next, we created train/val/test splits from the data and trained an ensemble of models (ResNet-50, ResNet-CAE, ResNet-AE) which includes classifier-only models, auto-encoder-only models, and hybrid models. Upon training, we compute the significance of the differences between two samples using our method. We first normalize all measurements to zero mean and unit variance using parameters estimated
+
+**Fig. 2.** AUC of OoD Detection using Individual OoD Metrics vs Ensembling. Higher AUC is Better. Results are Averaged Across Comparisons.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 3.** MRPP statistic (top) and its p-value under null hypothesis (bottom) for MNIST and CIFAR10 datasets. Odd/even columns represent A/B splits. Each cell represents a hypothesis test between a test set sample (row) and a validation set sample (column). Permutations=3000, Sample Size=100.
+
+from validation data. We expect to see low p-values when comparing samples from different classes, and high p-values when comparing samples from the same class. Figure 3 reports our results. Here, we find most comparisons to yield statistically significant differences, except when the compared samples belong to the same class.
+
+### 5.3 Domain Problem - Detecting OoD Bacteria Species
+
+
+
+**Fig. 4.** MRPP statistic (top) and its p-value under null hypothesis for AMRB dataset. Odd/even columns represent A/B splits. Each cell represents a hypothesis test between a test set sample (row) and a validation set sample (column). **C1-2:** *Strain* level, **C3-4:** *Species* level. Permutations = 3000, Sample Size = 100, Model=ResNet-50
+
+Given a bacteria classifier that maps inputs into *K* classes (species), and a new sample (strain) potentially outside the *K* species, we apply our method to check whether that sample resembles one of *K* species. By following the same steps as our toy example, we formulated two hypothesis tests, one at strain-level labels (i.e., comparing strains to strains) and another at species-level labels (i.e., comparing species to species). Figure 4 shows our findings. Here, we find that a majority of strain-to-strain tests yield statistically significant differences, except when both samples belong to the same species.
+
+## 6 Conclusion
+
+In this paper, we present an approach to quantify whether a sample is out-of-distribution to a deep neural network. We formulate our method as a two-sample hypothesis test performed on an ensemble of OoD metrics. In particular, we use the Multi-Response Permutation Procedure (MRPP) statistic to quantify the dissimilarity of OoD metrics across two groups, and then recompute this statistic across random permutations of group assignments to determine the significance of the true observation. The null distribution obtained in this manner, provides an interpretable basis for decision-making. We validate our method on a toy problem created using MNIST and CIFAR10 datasets, and a domain problem of detecting an unseen bacteria species for a trained classifier.
+
+The proposed method can be used on any trained model, given that OoD metrics can be extracted from it. Yet, some OoD metrics are limited to certain model architectures, or require access to a set of anchor points for their computation (e.g. KNN metrics). Having a validation dataset would provide a source of anchor points to compute such OoD metrics. While we use the MRPP statistic in our method, one could use any function of form $\mathbb{R}^d \to \mathbb{R}$ (e.g., Linear Regression + AUC) as the test statistic. However, the form of group difference measured would change with the statistic being used. Moreover, for the datasets we used, a mini-batch of 100 samples and 3000 permutations were sufficient to observe a stable behavior. However, the optimal sample size and permutations may vary depending on the data and domain.
+
+## References
+
+1. Ahmad, A., Hettiarachchi, R., Khezri, A., Singh Ahluwalia, B., Wad-duwage, D.N., Ahmad, R.: Highly sensitive quantitative phase mi-croscopy and deep learning aided with whole genome sequencing for rapid detection of infection and antimicrobial resistance. Frontiers in Microbiology 14, 1154620 (2023)
+2. Hendrycks, D., Carlini, N., Schulman, J., Steinhardt, J.: Unsolved problems in ml safety. arXiv preprint arXiv:2109.13916 (2021)
+3. Kim, G., Ahn, D., Kang, M., Park, J., Ryu, D., Jo, Y., Song, J., Ryu, J.S., Choi, G., Chung, H.J., et al.: Rapid label-free identification of pathogenic bacteria species from a minute quantity exploiting three-dimensional quantitative phase imaging and artificial neural network. bioRxiv p. 596486 (2019)
+4. Li, Y., Di, J., Wang, K., Wang, S., Zhao, J.: Classification of cell morphology with quantitative phase microscopy and machine learning. Optics Express 28(16), 23916-23927 (2020)
+5. Liang, S., Li, Y., Srikant, R.: Enhancing the reliability of out-of-distribution image detection in neural networks. arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.02690 (2017)
+6. Mielke, P.W., Berry, K.J.: Permutation methods: a distance function approach. Springer (2007)
+7. Nalisnick, E., Matsukawa, A., Teh, Y.W., Lakshminarayanan, B.: Detecting out-of-distribution inputs to deep generative models using typicality. arXiv preprint arXiv:1906.02994 (2019)
+8. Radhakrishnan, A., Yang, K., Belkin, M., Uhler, C.: Memorization in overparameterized autoencoders. arXiv preprint arXiv:1810.10333 (2018)
+9. Ren, J., Liu, P.J., Fertig, E., Snoek, J., Poplin, R., Depristo, M., Dillon, J., Lakshminarayanan, B.: Likelihood ratios for out-of-distribution detection. Advances in neural information processing systems 32 (2019)
+10. Rudin, C.: Stop explaining black box machine learning models for high stakes decisions and use interpretable models instead. Nature machine intelligence 1(5), 206-215 (2019)11. Sensoy, M., Kaplan, L., Kandemir, M.: Evidential deep learning to quantify classification uncertainty. Advances in neural information processing systems **31** (2018)
+12. Sun, Y., Ming, Y., Zhu, X., Li, Y.: Out-of-distribution detection with deep nearest neighbors. In: International Conference on Machine Learning. pp. 20827–20840. PMLR (2022)
+13. Yang, J., Zhou, K., Li, Y., Liu, Z.: Generalized out-of-distribution detection: A survey. arXiv preprint arXiv:2110.11334 (2021)
+
+## A Statistics of AMRB Dataset
+
+The dataset used in this study consists single-cell bacteria images obtained
+across 21 strains as whole-slide images, and segmented into 60 × 60 image
+patches. Table 2 provides some statistics on its data.
+
+**Table 2.** Statistics of AMRB Dataset: **WT**: wild-type, **NWT**: non wild-type
+
+
+
+
+ | Σ |
+ Species |
+ Gram |
+ Morphology |
+ ΣWT |
+ ΣNWT |
+
+
+
+
+ | 5 |
+ Ab |
+ - |
+ Rod-Shaped |
+ 0 |
+ 5 |
+
+
+ | 2 |
+ Bs |
+ + |
+ Rod-Shaped |
+ 2 |
+ 0 |
+
+
+ | 7 |
+ Ec |
+ - |
+ Rod-Shaped |
+ 2 |
+ 5 |
+
+
+ | 5 |
+ Kp |
+ - |
+ Rod-Shaped |
+ 0 |
+ 5 |
+
+
+ | 2 |
+ Sa |
+ + |
+ Spherical |
+ 1 |
+ 1 |
+
+
+ | 21 |
+ 5 |
+ 2 |
+ 2 |
+ 5 |
+ 16 |
+
+
+
+
+## B Uncertainty Quantification Measures
+
+Here, we study the predictive uncertainty of classifiers by observing their
+1-MaxSoftmax output for InD and OoD test data. For ResNet-50-EDL
+models, we also observe an explicit uncertainty metric 1 − ∑ (bᵢ), where
+bᵢ is the logit representing the iᵗʰ class. Fig. 5 reports our findings. In
+general, we observe that a well-performing classifier may perform poorly
+under distribution shift; i.e., when given OoD data, instead of predicting
+low-valued logits as expected, some logits are assigned higher values.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 5.** Uncertainty Distributions of Test Data. **Blue** - InD and Correct, **Orange** - InD and Incorrect, **Green** - OoD. **C1-C3:** (1-MaxSoftmax) ResNet50 (CE+VICReg), **C4-C6:** (1-MaxSoftmax) ResNet (CE+MSE), **C7-C9:** (1-MaxSoftmax) ResNet (EDL+MSE), **C10-C12:** (EDL Uncertainty) ResNet (EDL+MSE). Higher separation between InD and OoD is better.
+
+## C Separability of InD and OoD in Latent Space
+
+Fig. 6 visualizes the separability of InD and OoD test data projected
+onto feature and logit spaces of different models, in 2D (UMAP). In all
+models, a majority of OoD data were projected close to InD data, with
+only a few projected further apart. Thus, it is non-trivial for a classifier
+trained with common loss functions to distinguish marginally OoD data
+from InD data.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 6.** UMAP - Feature Space and Logit Space of AMRB Data. **Odd Columns:** InD, **Even Columns:** OoD, **C1-C4:** ResNet50 (CE+VICReg), **C5-C8:** ResNet (CE+MSE), **C9-C12:** ResNet (EDL+MSE), Higher separation between InD and OoD is better.
+
+## D Hypothesis Testing using Model Ensembles
+
+Here, we run hypothesis tests using combined OOD metrics from 3 model architectures (Classifier, AutoEncoder, Hybrid).
+
+
+
+**Fig. 7.** Observed p-values for AMRB dataset using an ensemble of OOD metrics from ResNet-50, ResNet-CAE, and ResNet-AE models. Statistic = MRPP
+
+## E Alternative Test Statistics to MRPP
+
+Here, we run hypothesis tests using different statistics than MRPP. In particular, we use (a) AUC and (b) Mean Difference as alternative statistics.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 8.** Observed test statistic (Odd Rows) and their p-values (Even Rows) for the ResNet-50 model. **R1:** AUC, **R2:** MD, **C1-C2:** CIFAR10, **C3-C4:** MNIST, **C5-C6:** AMRB (Strain Level), **C7-C8:** AMRB (Species Level), Higher separation between InD and OoD is better.
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_86.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_86.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..01aa15afb369c7c308f6b85e9b5e9012d90b6686
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_86.md
@@ -0,0 +1,655 @@
+# Automatic Outlier Rectification via Optimal Transport
+
+**Jose Blanchet**
+
+Department of Management Science & Engineering
+Stanford University
+jose.blanchet@stanford.edu
+
+**Jiajin Li**
+
+Department of Management Science & Engineering
+Stanford University
+jiajinli@stanford.edu
+
+**Markus Pelger**
+
+Department of Management Science & Engineering
+Stanford University
+mpelger@stanford.edu
+
+**Greg Zanotti**
+
+Department of Management Science & Engineering
+Stanford University
+gzanotti@stanford.edu
+
+## Abstract
+
+In this paper, we propose a novel conceptual framework to detect outliers using optimal transport with a concave cost function. Conventional outlier detection approaches typically use a two-stage procedure: first, outliers are detected and removed, and then estimation is performed on the cleaned data. However, this approach does not inform outlier removal with the estimation task, leaving room for improvement. To address this limitation, we propose an automatic outlier rectification mechanism that integrates rectification and estimation within a joint optimization framework. We take the first step to utilize the optimal transport distance with a concave cost function to construct a rectification set in the space of probability distributions. Then, we select the best distribution within the rectification set to perform the estimation task. Notably, the concave cost function we introduced in this paper is the key to making our estimator effectively identify the outlier during the optimization process. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach over conventional approaches in simulations and empirical analyses for mean estimation, least absolute regression, and the fitting of option implied volatility surfaces.
+
+## 1 Introduction
+
+Outlier removal has a long tradition in statistics, both in theory and practice. This is because it is common to have (for example, due to collection errors) data contamination or corruption. Directly applying a learning algorithm to corrupted data can, naturally, lead to undesirable out-of-sample performance. Our goal in this paper is to provide a single-step optimization mechanism based on optimal transport for automatically removing outliers.
+
+The challenge of outlier removal has been documented for centuries: early work is introduced in e.g. [Gergonne, 1821] and [Peirce, 1852]. Yet the outlier removal problem continues to interest practitioners and researchers alike due to the danger of distorted model estimation. A natural family of approaches followed in the literature takes the form of “two-stage” methods, which involve an outlier removal step followed by an estimation step. Methods within this family range from rules of thumb, such as removing outliers beyond a particular threshold based on a robust measure of scale like the interquartile range [Tukey, 1977], to various model-based or parametric distributional assumption-based tests [Thompson, 1985]. While the two-stage approach can be useful by separating the estimation task from the outlier removal objective, it is not without potential pitfalls. For example, outlier detection which relies on a specific fitted model may tend to overfit to a particular type of outlier, which can mask the effect of other types [Rousseeuw and Leroy, 1987]. Conversely, the outlier detection step may be overly conservative if it is not informed by the downstream estimation task; this can lead to a significant reduction in the number of observations available for model estimation in the next step, resulting in a loss of statistical efficiency [He and Portnoy, 1992].
+
+Robust statistics, pioneered by [Box, 1953], [Tukey, 1960], [Huber, 1964] and others such as [Hampel, 1968, 1971] offers alternative approaches for obtaining statistical estimators in the presence of outliers without removing them, particularly in parametric estimation problems such as linear regression. Beyond these, one closely related approach is the minimum distance functionals-based estimator, introduced by [Parr and Schucany, 1980, Millar, 1981, Donoho and Liu, 1988a,b, Park et al., 1995, Zhu et al., 2022, Jaenada et al., 2022]. This method involves projecting the corrupted distribution onto a family of distributions using a distribution metric and selecting the optimal estimator for the resulting distribution. However, this projection mechanism is not informed by the estimation task (such as fitting a linear regression or neural network). Thus, without additional information about the contamination model or estimation task, it can be challenging to choose an appropriate family of distributions for projection, which may lead to limitations similar to those outlined above in practice.
+
+In this paper, we propose a novel approach to integrate both outlier detection and estimation in a joint optimization framework. A key observation is that statisticians aim to “clean” data **before** decisions are made; thus, ideal robust statistical estimators tend to be optimistic. To address this, we introduce the *rectification set*: a ball centered around the empirical (contaminated) distribution and defined by the optimal transport distance (see [Villani, 2009, Peyré et al., 2019]) in probability space. This rectification set aims to exclude potential outliers and capture the true underlying distribution, allowing us to minimize the expectation over the “best-case” scenarios, leading to a min-min problem. The study in Jiang and Xie [2024] also explores connections with min-min-type problems, but concentrates on the construction of artificially constructed rectification sets to cover certain existing estimators from the robust statistics literature. However, our primary focus is on introducing a novel rectification set, which is based on the optimal transport approach with a concave cost function.
+
+To automatically detect outliers during the estimation process, one of our main contributions is the use of a concave cost function for the optimal transport distance. This function encourages what we refer to as “long haul” transportation, in which the optimal transport plan moves only a portion of the data to a distant location, while leaving other parts unchanged. This strategic approach effectively repositions identified outliers closer to positions that better align with the clean data. Our novel formulation then involves minimizing the expected loss under the optimally rectified empirical distribution. This rectification is executed through the application of an optimal transport distance with a concave cost function, thereby correcting outliers to enhance performance within a fixed estimation task. More importantly, our method distinguishes itself from distributionally robust optimization (DRO) [Ben-Tal et al., 2013, Bayraksan and Love, 2015, Wiesemann et al., 2014, Delage and Ye, 2010, Gao and Kleywegt, 2022, Blanchet and Kang, 2017, Shafieezadeh Abadeh et al., 2015, Shafieezadeh-Abadeh et al., 2019, Sinha et al., 2018, Kuhn et al., 2019] due to the distinctive correction mechanisms initiated by the robust formulation employing a min-min strategy.
+
+As we discuss in Section 2 below, the timing of error generating differs crucially between DRO and robust statistics. DRO approach employs a min-max game strategy to control the worst-case loss over potential post-decision distributional shifts. In contrast, the robust estimator acts after the pre-decision distributional contamination materializes. Thus the approach of robust statistics can be motivated as being closer to a max-min game against nature. As a consequence, in robust statistics, the adversary moves first, and therefore the statistician can be more optimistic that they can rectify the contamination applied by the nature thus motivating the min-min strategy suggested above. However, it is also worth mentioning that [Kang and Bansal, 2023, Nietert et al., 2024] are also trying to formulate the outlier-robust problem in a min-max form, incorporating additional information about the contamination model to further shrink the ambiguity set.
+
+We summarize our main contributions as follows:
+
+**(i) Novel statistically robust estimator.** We propose a new statistically robust estimator that incorporates a novel rectification set constructed using the optimal transport distance. By employing a concave cost function within the optimal transport distance, our estimator enables automatic outlier rectification. We prove that the optimal rectified distribution can be found via a finite convex program, and show that we can determine the optimal rectification set uncertainty budget via cross-validation.
+
+**(ii) Connection to adaptive quantile regression.** For mean estimation and least absolute regression, we demonstrate that our robust estimator is equivalent to an adaptive quantile (regression) estimator, with the quantile controlled by the budget parameter $\delta$. Furthermore, we prove that the optimal rectified distribution exhibits a long haul structure that facilitates outlier detection.
+
+**(iii) Effectiveness in estimating the option implied volatility surface.** We evaluate our estimator on various tasks, including mean estimation, least absolute regression, and option implied volatility surface estimation. Our experimental results demonstrate that our estimator produces surfaces that are 30.4% smoother compared to baseline estimators, indicating success in outlier removal, as surfaces should be smooth based on structural financial properties. Additionally, it achieves an average reduction of 6.3% in mean average percent error (MAPE) across all estimated surfaces, providing empirical evidence of the effectiveness of our rectifying optimal transporter.
+
+## 2 DRO and Robust Statistics as Adversarial Games
+
+In this section, we summarize conceptually how robust statistics is different from DRO (for more details, we refer the reader to e.g. Blanchet et al. [2024]). To lay a solid mathematical foundation, we begin by investigating a generic stochastic optimization problem. Here, we assume that $Z$ is a random vector in a space $Z \subseteq \mathbb{R}^d$ that follows the distribution $\mathbb{P}_\star$. The set of feasible model parameters is denoted $\Theta$ (assumed to be finite-dimensional to simplify). Given a realization $z$ and a model parameter $\theta \in \Theta$ the corresponding loss is $\ell(\theta, z)$. A standard expected loss minimization decision rule is obtained by solving
+
+$$
+\min_{\theta \in \Theta} \mathbb{E}_{P_\star}[\ell(\theta, \xi)] = \int_{\Xi} \ell(\theta, \xi) \, dP_\star(\xi). \quad (1)
+$$
+
+Since $\mathbb{P}_\star$ is generally unknown, to approximate the objective function in (1), we often gather $n$ independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) samples $\{z_i\}_{i=1}^n$ from the unknown data-generating distribution $\mathbb{P}_\star$ and consider the empirical risk minimization counterpart,
+
+$$
+\min_{\theta \in \Theta} \mathbb{E}_{\hat{P}_n}[\ell(\theta, Z)] = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \ell(\theta, z_i), \quad (2)
+$$
+
+where $\hat{P}_n$ denotes the empirical measure $\frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n \delta_{z_i}$ and $\delta_z$ is the Dirac measure centered at $z$. These problems are solved within the context of the general data-driven decision-making cycle below:
+
+
+
+Figure 1: Data-Driven Decision Making Cycle
+
+In the cycle depicted in Figure 1, we usually collect $n$ i.i.d samples from the unknown data-generating distribution $\mathbb{P}'$, which may be identical to or distinct from the clean distribution $\mathbb{P}_\star$. Subsequently, we make a decision (e.g., parameter estimation) based on a model, $\mathbb{P}'_n$, built from these samples. Such a model could be parametric or non-parametric. These decisions are then put into action within the out-of-sample environment $ \tilde{\mathbb{P}}$, which may or may not conform to the distribution $\mathbb{P}_\star$. In this general cycle, the sample average method (2) may lead to poor out-of-sample guarantees. This motivates the use of alternative approaches. In the following paragraphs, we describe two of these approaches, DRO and robust statistics, by treating them as adversarial games. The crucial distinction lies in the timing of the contamination or attacks.
+
+(i) $\text{(DRO: } \tilde{\mathbb{P}} \neq \mathbb{P}_\star = \mathbb{P}')$ The attack occurs in the **post-decision** stage. In this scenario, the out-of-sample environment $ \tilde{\mathbb{P}}$ diverges from the data-generating distribution $\mathbb{P}_\star$, and no contaminationoccurs before the decision, implying that $\mathbb{P}_{\star} = \mathbb{P}^{\prime}$. For example, in adversarial deployment scenarios, malicious actors can deliberately manipulate the data distribution to compromise the performance of trained models. With full access to our trained machine learning model, the adversary endeavors to create adversarial examples specifically designed to provoke errors in the model's predictions.
+
+To ensure good performance in terms of the optimal expected population loss over the out-of-sample distribution, the DRO framework introduces an uncertainty set $\mathcal{B}(\mathbb{P}'_n)$ to encompass discrepancies between the in-sample-distribution $\mathbb{P}'_n$ and the out-of-sample distribution $\tilde{\mathbb{P}}$. Subsequently, the DRO formulation minimizes the worst-case loss within this uncertainty set, thereby aiming to solve
+
+$$
+\min_{\theta \in \Theta} \sup_{\mathbb{Q} \in \mathcal{B}(\mathbb{P}'_n)} \mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{Q}}[\ell(\theta, Z)]. \qquad (3)
+$$
+
+(ii) **(Robust Statistics: $\tilde{\mathbb{P}} = \mathbb{P}_{\star} \neq \mathbb{P}^{\prime}$)** The contamination occurs in the **pre-decision** stage. Many real-world datasets exhibit outliers or measurement errors at various stages of data generation and collection. In such scenarios, the observed samples are generated by a contaminated distribution $\mathbb{P}^{\prime}$, which differs from the underlying uncontaminated distribution $\mathbb{P}_{\star}$. But, the out-of-sample distribution equals the original clean distribution. In contrast with DRO, the adversary corrupts the clean data according to a contamination model prior to training. Our objective is to clean the data during the training phase to achieve a robust classifier. It is noteworthy that the attacker does not have access to the specific model to be selected by the learner.
+
+Given that the statistician knows that the data has been contaminated, a natural policy class to consider involves rectifying/correcting the contamination, and, for this, we introduce a rectification set $\mathcal{R}(\mathbb{P}'_n)$ which models a set of possible pre-contamination distributions based on the knowledge of the empirical measure $\mathbb{P}'_n$. To ensure good performance in terms of the optimal expected population loss over the clean distribution, the rectification/decontamination approach naturally induces the following min-min strategy:
+
+$$
+\min_{\theta \in \Theta} \min_{\mathbb{Q} \in \mathcal{R}(\mathbb{P}'_n)} \mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{Q}}[\ell(\theta, Z)]. \qquad (4)
+$$
+
+Our goal in this paper is to develop (3), which is completely distinct from DRO.
+
+## 3 Automatic Outlier Rectification Mechanism
+
+We now introduce our primary contribution by delineating (3). Our estimator is crafted to incorporate outlier rectification and parameter estimation within a unified optimization framework, facilitating automatic outlier rectification. A natural question arises from (3): how do we construct the rectification set in the space of probability distributions to correct the observed data set? In this paper, we employ an optimal transport distance to create a ball centered at the contaminated empirical distribution $\mathbb{P}'_n$.
+
+**Definition 3.1 (Rectification Set).** The optimal transport-based rectification set is defined as
+
+$$
+\mathcal{R}(\mathbb{P}'_n) = \{\mathbb{Q} \in \mathcal{P}(\mathcal{Z}) : \mathbb{D}_c(\mathbb{Q}, \mathbb{P}'_n) \le \delta\}, \qquad (5)
+$$
+
+where $\delta > 0$ is a radius, and $\mathbb{D}_c$ is a specific optimal transport distance defined in Definition 3.2.
+
+**Definition 3.2.** (Optimal Transport Distance [Peyré et al., 2019, Villani, 2009]) Suppose that $c(\cdot, \cdot) : \mathcal{Z} \times \mathcal{Z} \to [0, \infty]$ is a lower semi-continuous cost function such that $c(z, z') = 0$ for all $z, z' \in \mathcal{Z}$ satisfying $z = z'$. The optimal transport distance between two probability measures $\mathbb{P}, \mathbb{Q} \in \mathcal{P}(\mathcal{Z})$ is
+
+$$
+\mathbb{D}_c(\mathbb{P}, \mathbb{Q}) = \inf_{\pi \in \mathcal{P}(\mathcal{Z} \times \mathcal{Z})} \{\mathbb{E}_{\pi}[c({Z}, {Z}')] : \pi_{{Z}} = \mathbb{P}, \pi_{{Z}'} = \mathbb{Q}\}.
+$$
+
+Here, $\mathcal{P}(\mathcal{Z} \times \mathcal{Z})$ is the set of joint probability distribution $\pi$ of $({Z}, {Z}')$ supported on $\mathcal{Z} \times \mathcal{Z}$ while $\pi_{{Z}}$ and $\pi_{{Z}'}$ respectively refer to the marginals of ${Z}$ and ${Z}'$ under the joint distribution $\pi$.
+
+If we consider $c(z, z') = \|z - z'\|^r$ as a metric defined on $\mathbb{R}^d$, where $r \in [1, \infty)$, then the distance metric $\mathbb{D}_c^{1/r}(\mathbb{P}, \mathbb{Q})$ corresponds to the $r$-th order Wasserstein distance [?]. In this paper, we pioneer the utilization of *concave* cost functions, exemplified by $c(z, z') = \|z - z'\|^r$ where $r \in (0, 1)$ in statistical robust estimation. We note that $\mathbb{D}_c(\mathbb{P}, \mathbb{Q})$ (as opposed to $\mathbb{D}_c^{1/r}(\mathbb{P}, \mathbb{Q})$) is also a metric for $r \in [0, 1)$. The rationale behind selecting a concave cost function is intuitive: it promotes what we colloquially refer to as *long haul* transportation plans, enabling outliers to be automatically moved significant distances back towards the central tendency of data distribution. This, in turn, facilitates automatic outlier rectification. Concave costs promote long hauls due to their characteristicof exhibiting decreasing marginal increases in transportation cost. In other words, if an adversary decides to transport a data point by $||Δ||$ units, it becomes cheaper to continue transporting the same point by an additional $ε$ distance compared to moving another point from its initial location. We make further remarks about the connection between our estimator and prior work in Appendix B.1.
+
+**Illustrative Example.** We provide empirical evidence showcasing the efficacy of the concave cost function on simulated data in Figure 2 and 3. This example shows that our concave cost function is critical for moving the outliers (orange) properly to the bulk of the clean distribution (blue). For the concave cost, only the outliers are rectified (green), resulting in the proper line of best fit.
+
+
+
+Figure 2: The rectified data generated by our estimator with **concave** cost function ($r = 0.5$).
+
+
+
+Figure 3: The rectified data generated by our estimator with **convex** cost function ($r = 2$).
+
+However, for the convex cost, regardless of the budget, all points both clean and corrupted are rectified towards each other instead, which results in an incorrect line of best fit. This illustrates succinctly the importance of our novel concave cost. More details on this example are given in Appendix F.1.
+
+## 4 Reformulation Results
+
+With this intuition in hand, we focus on the derivation of equivalent reformulations for the infinite-dimensional optimization problem over probability measures in (3). These reformulations provide us with a fresh perspective on adaptive quantile regression or estimation, where our introduction of an efficient transporter rectifies the empirical distribution, eliminating the influence of outliers.
+
+To begin with, we can transform problem (3) into an equivalent finite-dimensional problem by leveraging the following strong duality theorem.
+
+**Proposition 1** (Strong Duality). Suppose that $ℓ(θ, \cdot)$ is lower semicontinuous and integrable under $\mathbb{P}'_n$ for any $θ \in \Theta$. Then, the strong duality holds, i.e.,
+
+$$
+\inf_{Q \in \mathcal{R}(\mathbb{P}'_n)} \mathbb{E}_Q[\ell(\theta; Z)] = \max_{\lambda \ge 0} \mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{P}'_n} \left[ \min_{z \in \mathcal{Z}} \ell(\theta; z) + \lambda c(z, Z') \right] - \lambda \delta.
+$$
+
+The proof is essentially based on the strong duality results developed for Wasserstein distributionally robust optimization problems [Zhang et al., 2022, Li et al., 2022, Blanchet and Murthy, 2019, Gao and Kleywegt, 2022, Mohajerin Esfahani and Kuhn, 2018], which allows us to rewrite the original problem (3) as $\inf_{Q \in \mathcal{R}(\mathbb{P}'_n)} \mathbb{E}_Q[\ell(\theta; Z)] = - \sup_{Q \in \mathcal{R}(\mathbb{P}'_n)} \mathbb{E}_Q[-\ell(\theta; Z)]$.
+
+We proceed to examine several representative examples to better understand the proposed statistically robust estimator (3). We begin with mean estimation to showcase our estimator's performance on one of the most classic problems of point estimation which can be easily understood. We then give an example for least absolute deviations (LAD) regression, one of the most important problems of robust statistics. LAD regression builds a conceptual foundation which leads into a discussion of our framework in more general cases and problem domains.
+
+### 4.1 Mean Estimation
+
+The mean estimation task is widely recognized as a fundamental problem in robust statistics, making it an essential example to consider. In this context, we define the loss function as $\ell(\theta; z) = \|\theta - z\|$. It is worth noting that when $\delta = 0$, Problem (3) is equivalent to the median, which has already been proven effective in the existing literature. However, beyond the equivalence to the median, there are additional benefits to be explored regarding the proposed rectification set. By deriving the equivalent reformulation and analyzing the optimal rectified distribution, we can gain further insights into how the proposed statistically robust estimator operates. This analysis provides valuable intuition into the workings of the estimator and its advantages.
+
+**Theorem 2** (Mean Estimation). Suppose that $\mathcal{Z} = \mathbb{R}^d$, $\ell(\theta; z) = \|\theta - z\|$ and the cost function is defined as $c(z, z') = \|z - z'\|^r$ where $r \in (0, 1)$. Without loss of generality, suppose that the following condition holds
+
+$$
+\|\theta - z_1'\| \le \|\theta - z_2'\| \le \dots \le \|\theta - z_n'\|. \quad (6)
+$$
+
+Then, we have the inner minimization of (4) as
+
+$$
+\max \left( \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{k(\theta)-1} \|\theta - z_i'\| + \frac{1}{n} \left( 1 - \frac{n\delta - \sum_{i=k(\theta)+1}^{n} \|\theta - z_i'\|^r}{\|\theta - z_{k(\theta)}'\|^r} \right) \|\theta - z_{k(\theta)}'\|, 0 \right). \quad (7)
+$$
+
+where $k(\theta) := \max_{k \in [n]} \{k : \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=k}^{n} \|\theta - z_i'\|^r \ge \delta\}$.
+
+We give the proof in Appendix C.1.
+
+*Remark* 4.1. The resulting reformulation problem can be viewed as finding a quantile of $\|\theta - z'\|$ controlled by the budget $\delta$. If we have a sufficient budget $\delta$ such that $\mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{P}'_n}[\|\theta - Z'\|^r] \le \delta$, it implies that all data points have been rectified to the value of $\theta$. Consequently, the minimum value of $\min_{Q \in \mathcal{R}(\mathbb{P}'_n)} \mathbb{E}_Q[\ell(\theta, Z)]$ will be equal to zero. In nontrivial cases, when given a budget $\delta > 0$ and the current estimator $\theta$, our objective is to identify and rectify the outliers in the observed data. To achieve this, we start by sorting the data points based on their loss value $\|\theta - z_i'\|$. We relocate the data points starting with the one having the largest loss value, $z_i'$. The goal is to move each data point towards the current mean estimation $\theta$ until the entire budget is fully utilized.
+
+Building upon the proof of Theorem 2, we can establish the following characterization of the rectified distribution. The concave cost function $\|z - z'\|^r$ (with $r \in (0, 1)$) plays a pivotal role in this context by endowing the perturbation with a distinctive long haul structure. Intuitively, for each data point, we can only observe two possible scenarios: either the perturbation is zero, indicating no movement or the data point is adjusted to eliminate the loss. In this process, the rectified data points are automatically identified as outliers and subsequently rectified.
+
+**Proposition 3** (Characterization of Rectified Distribution). Assuming the same conditions as stated in Theorem 2, we can conclude that the optimal distribution $\mathbb{Q}^*$
+
+$$
+\mathbb{Q}^*(dz) = \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{k(\theta)-1} \delta_{z_i'}(dz) + \frac{\eta}{n} \delta_{z_{k(\theta)}'} + \frac{n-k(\theta)+1-\eta}{n} \delta_{\theta}(dz)
+$$
+
+where $\eta = 1 - \frac{n\delta - \sum_{i=k(\theta)+1}^{n} \|\theta - z_i'\|^r}{\|\theta - z_{k(\theta)}'\|^r}$.
+
+*Remark* 4.2. The existence of optimal solutions follows directly from [Yue et al., 2022, Theorem 2].
+
+### 4.2 Least Absolute Deviation (LAD) Regression and More General Forms
+
+Following the same technique, we can also derive the least absolute deviation case.
+
+**Theorem 4** (LAD Regression). Suppose that $\mathcal{Z} := \mathcal{X} \times \mathcal{Y} = \mathbb{R}^{d+1}$, $\ell(\theta, z) = \|y - \theta^T x\|$ and the cost function is defined as $c(z, z') = \|z - z'\|^r$ where $r \in (0, 1)$ and $\| \cdot \|$ is the $\ell_2$ norm. Without loss of generality, suppose that $\|y_1' - \theta^T x_1'\| \le \|y_2' - \theta^T x_2'\| \le \dots \le \|y_n' - \theta^T x_n'\|$, we have theinner minimization of (4) as
+
+$$
+\max \left( \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{k(\theta)-1} \|y'_{i} - \theta^{T} x'_{i}\|^{r} + \frac{1}{n} \left( 1 - \frac{n\delta' - \sum_{i=k(\theta)+1}^{n} \|y'_{i} - \theta^{T} x'_{i}\|^{r}}{\|y'_{k(\theta)} - \theta^{T} x'_{k(\theta)}\|^{r}} \right) \|y'_{k(\theta)} - \theta^{T} x'_{k(\theta)}\|, 0 \right),
+$$
+
+where $k(\theta) := \max_{k \in [n]} \{k : \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=k}^{n} \|y'_{k} - \theta^{T} x'_{k}\|^{r} \ge \delta'\}$ and $\delta' = \delta \|(\theta, -1)\|^{r}$.
+
+We give the proof of Theorem 4 in Appendix C.1. The structure of the optimal rectified distribution also resembles that of Proposition 3: the rectified data points are shifted towards the hyperplane $y = \theta^T x$ that best fits the clean data points. For a more detailed explanation of the long haul structure and extensions to more general cases, interested readers are encouraged to refer to Appendix B.1.
+
+### 4.3 Computational Procedure
+
+Our procedure is motivated by the empirical efficacy of subgradient descent for training deep neural networks, as described in e.g. [Li et al., 2020]. In each iteration, given the current estimate $\theta$, we compute the optimal rectified distribution. For simple applications such as mean estimation and least absolute deviation regression, we can solve this optimization problem efficiently using the quick-select algorithm or by utilizing an existing solver for linear programs to obtain the optimal solution for the dual variable $\lambda$, which we denote $\lambda^*$. Then, we employ the subgradient method on the rectified data, iterating until convergence. This optimization process automatically rectifies outliers using a fixed budget $\delta$ across all iterations. As the value of $\theta$ changes, the same budget $\delta$ for all iterations results in varying the quantile used for selecting outliers. Thus, our estimator can be regarded as an iteratively adaptive quantile estimation approach.
+
+We now concretely detail the procedure for LAD regression. The procedure for mean estimation is analogous and results from a simple change in the loss function. We must start by initially addressing the computation of the optimal dual variable $\lambda^*$ for the inner minimization over the probability space. Without loss of generality, we recall that this problem is
+
+$$
+\max_{\lambda \ge 0} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \min \left\{ \|\tilde{\theta}^T z'_i\|, \frac{\lambda \|\tilde{\theta}^T z'_i\|^r}{\|\tilde{\theta}\|_*^r} \right\} - \lambda \delta. \quad (8)
+$$
+
+We show in the Appendix in Section C.1 by Lemma 6 that this problem can be solved by applying the quick-select algorithm to find the optimal $\lambda^*$ and the knot point $k(\theta_t)$ which demarcates estimated outliers. Applying this lemma yields our estimation approach, which is described in Algorithm 1.
+
+**Algorithm 1: Statistically Robust Estimator**
+
+**Data:** Observed data $\{z'_{i}\}_{i=1}^{n}$, initial point $\theta_0$, stepsizes $\alpha_t > 0$;
+**for** $t = 0, \dots, T$ **do**
+ 1. **Sort** the observed data $\{z'_{i}\}_{i=1}^{n}$ via the value $\|y'_{i} - \theta_t^T x'_{i}\|$.
+ 2. **Quick-Select** algorithm to get the knot point $k(\theta_t)$ and the optimal $\lambda^*$;
+ 3. **Subgradient step** on the detected clean data:
+ $$ \theta_{t+1} = \theta_t - \frac{\alpha_t}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{k(\theta_t)} \text{sgn}(\theta_t^T x'_{i} - y'_{i}) \cdot x'_{i} $$
+ **end**
+
+Additional details on an alternative linear program approach for estimating $k(\theta_t)$ and $\lambda^*$ are given in Appendix D.1. We also propose a procedure for estimating more general regression models and limitations in Appendix D.2. Further details on the optimization problem are given in Appendix D.3.
+
+## 5 Experimental Results
+
+In this section, we demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed statistically robust estimator through various tasks: mean estimation, LAD regression, and two applications to volatility surface modeling.
+
+### 5.1 Mean Estimation and LAD Regression Experiments
+
+We perform simulation experiments with mean estimation and least absolute deviation linear regression for our estimator to illustrate its efficacy. For mean estimation, we compare our estimator with the mean, median, and trimmed mean estimators. We observe that our estimator outperforms allother methods, despite providing the oracle corruption level $\epsilon$ to the trimmed mean estimator. For LAD regression, we compare our estimator with the OLS, LAD, and Huber regression estimators. We find that, again, our estimator outperforms all other methods. A complete overview of these two experiments can be found in Appendix E.
+
+### 5.2 Options Volatility Experiments
+
+In this section, we conduct empirical studies on real-world applications in fitting and predicting option implied volatility surfaces. Options are financial instruments allowing buyers the right to buy (call options) or sell (put options) an asset at a predetermined price (strike price) by a specified expiration date. In this study, we focus on European-style options, which can only be exercised at expiration. Option prices are influenced by the volatility of the underlying asset's price. Implied volatility (IV), derived from an option's market price, indicates the market's volatility expectations. The implied volatility surface (IVS) represents the variation of IV across different strike prices and times to maturity. Accurate IVS modeling is crucial for risk assessment, hedging, pricing, and trading decisions. However, outliers in IV can distort the IVS, necessitating robust estimation methods. Our approach addresses this by estimating the IVS in the presence of outliers. We conduct two experiments to demonstrate the effectiveness of our statistically robust estimator: (a) using a kernelized IVS estimator and (b) using a state-of-the-art deep learning IVS estimator.
+
+#### 5.2.1 Kernelized Volatility Surface Estimation
+
+**Data.** Our data set comprises nearly 2,000 option chains containing daily US stock option prices from 2019–2021. The options data is sourced from WRDS, a financial research service available to universities. The option chains were identified as containing significant outliers by our industry partner, a firm providing global financial data and analysis. We were blinded to this choice. We randomly draw a training set and test set from each chain and estimate surfaces. We assess the surfaces’ out-of-sample performance using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) and the discretized surface gradient (defined as $\nabla \hat{S}$). MAPE evaluates the error of the surface versus observed implied volatilities. $\nabla \hat{S}$ evaluates the smoothness of the surface. Further details can be found in Appendix G.2.
+
+**Benchmarks.** We compare our estimator developed in Theorem 4 to two benchmarks. The first is kernel smoothing (denoted “KS”), a well-established method for estimating the IVS [Aït-Sahalia and Lo, 1998]. In KS, each point on the IVS is constructed by a weighted local average of implied volatilities across nearby expiration dates, strike prices, and call/put type. The weights are given by a kernel matrix which depends on these three features of an option (see next paragraph). The second benchmark is a two-step “remove and fit” kernel smoothing method (denoted “2SKS”) which first attempts to remove outliers via Tukey fences [Hoaglin et al., 1986] before applying the KS method.
+
+**Kernelized Regression Problem.** We now describe the kernel and our estimator. Following the convention in [Aït-Sahalia and Lo, 1998], the *i*th option in a chain is featurized as the vector $\mathbb{R}^3 \ni x'_i = (\log \tau_i, u(\Delta_i), \mathbb{I}_{\text{call}(i)})$, where $\tau_i$ is the number of days to the option’s expiration date, $\Delta_i \in [-1, 1]$ is a relative measure of price termed the Black-Scholes delta, $u(x) = x\mathbb{I}_{\{x \ge 0\}} + (1+x)\mathbb{I}_{\{x < 0\}}$, and $\mathbb{I}_{\text{call}(i)}$ is 1 if the option is a call option and 0 if the option is a put option. The goal is to fit the pair $(y'_i: \text{the implied volatility of option } i, x'_i: \text{the features})$ via a kernelized regression model. We choose a Gaussian-like kernel $K_h(x, x')$ to measure the distance between options $x$ and $x'$ as $K_h(x, x') = \exp(-\|(x - x')/2h\|^2)$ where division of $x - x'$ by $h$ is element-wise for a vector of bandwidths $h \in \mathbb{R}_+^3$. When the budget $\delta = 0$, we want to solve $\min_{\theta \in \mathbb{R}^n} \sum_{i=1}^n v_i |y'_i - \theta^T K_h^i|$, where $v_i$ is the *i*-th entry of a vector of vegas for $\{x'_i\}_{i=1}^n$ and $K_h^i$ is the *i*-th row of the kernel matrix. The implied volatilities are weighted by vega $v_i$ to improve surface stability as in [Mayhew, 1995]. We conducted a comparison between our estimator and the benchmarks. We note that the KS method can be regarded as a standard kernelized least square approach [Hansen, 2022].
+
+**Results.** Our approach improves upon the benchmark approach in both MAPE and $\nabla \hat{S}$ on the out-of-sample test sets, showcasing the importance of jointly estimating the rectified distribution and model parameters with our estimator. The results of our experiment are displayed in Table 5.2.1. We compare the KS and 2SKS benchmarks against our estimator with both fixed $\delta = 0.01$ (chosen to correspond to a 1% change in volatility) and $\delta$ chosen by cross-validation. More details can be found in Appendix G.2. Our estimator outperforms others with a mean MAPE of 0.225, compared to 0.294 for KS and 0.236 for 2SKS, showing a 23% and 5% improvement respectively. For surface smoothness, our estimator achieves a mean DSG of 6.5, significantly better than 20.2 for KS and 7.5 for 2SKS, indicating 67% and 13% improvements. Notably, our industry partner appliedour estimator to an unseen test set collected after this paper was written and was able to release to production 25% more surfaces than they had before when using their existing proprietary method.
+
+Table 1: Results of our experiment with kernelized IVS estimation.
+
+| Model MAPE | 0.5% Quantile | 5% Quantile | Median | Mean | 95% Quantile | 99.5% Quantile |
|---|
| KS | 0.026 | 0.068 | 0.232 | 0.294 | 0.677 | 1.438 | | 2SKS | 0.026 | 0.056 | 0.172 | 0.236 | 0.602 | 1.389 | | Ours (δ = 10-2) | 0.028 | 0.057 | 0.170 | 0.225 | 0.535 | 1.207 | | Ours (CV) | 0.028 | 0.057 | 0.169 | 0.224 | 0.534 | 1.240 | |
+
+Model ∇̂ $\hat{S}$
+
+ | 0.5% Quantile | 5% Quantile | Median | Mean | 95% Quantile | 99.5% Quantile |
|---|
| KS | 0.313 | 1.606 | 14.434 | 20.188 | 57.797 | 108.901 | | 2SKS | 0.050 | 0.124 | 2.229 | 7.491 | 33.276 | 78.144 | | Ours (δ = 10-2) | 0.048 | 0.121 | 1.898 | 6.502 | 28.064 | 66.410 | | Ours (CV) | 0.043 | 0.109 | 1.513 | 5.079 | 21.096 | 55.005 |
+
+*Remark 5.1.* To contextualize these results, we note that the difference in MAPE of a surface and an option chain containing outliers and the MAPE of a surface and an option chain containing no outliers will not be large if the set of outliers is small. Consider the MAPE of the same surface for two different option chains of size *n*, $O_1$ and $O_2$, where a small fraction $k/n$ of the options of $O_2$ are outliers. Supposing the modal APE is 0.3 and the outlier APE is a considerable 1.0, for an options chain with $n = 50$ and just $k = 5$, the MAPE difference will be only $\frac{k+0.3(n-k)}{n} - 0.3 = 0.07$.
+
+We perform an additional experiment with the same dataset in Appendix G.1 which demonstrates the usefulness of our method for estimating an IVS for use on the trading day after the initial contaminated surface is observed. We find similar outperformance of our method versus the benchmark methods.
+
+### 5.2.2 Deep Learning Volatility Surface Estimation
+
+In this section, we apply our statistically robust estimator to state-of-the-art deep learning prediction approaches for modeling volatility developed in Chataigner et al. [2020]. In this work, deep networks are used to estimate local volatility surfaces. The *local volatility* or *implied volatility function* model introduced by Rubinstein [1994], Dupire et al. [1994], and Emanuel Derman and Zou [1996] is a surface which allows for as close of a fit as possible to market-observed implied volatilities without arbitrage, which is of interest to many market participants (smoothing methods, in contrast, do not make this guarantee). Further background and details for this section are available in Appendix G.3.
+
+We select the data set from Chataigner et al. [2020] consisting of (options chain, surface) pairs from the German DAX index. We first contaminate the chains by replacing an $\varepsilon$ fraction of each price $p$ with $10p$. We then test our estimated surface against the true surface. To estimate price and volatility surfaces under data corruption, we applied our statistically robust estimator to the benchmark approach. We use the Dupire neural network of Chataigner et al. [2020] as a benchmark, which estimates the surface under local volatility model assumptions and no-arbitrage constraints. This method enforces these conditions on the surface using hard, soft, and hybrid hard/soft constraints.
+
+We evaluate our robust estimator using the same metrics as Chataigner et al. [2020], RMSE and MAPE, repeated over three trials with different random seeds. Our approach outperforms the baseline approach across all averages, and does so more clearly as the corruption level increases, despite the strong regularizing effect of the no-arbitrage constraints and enforcement of Dupire’s formula. Our improvement is most impactful for the most accurate model utilizing soft arbitrage constraints. For this model, the test set RMSE and MAPE are reduced by 33% and 34%. This experiment displays the efficacy of our estimator in a state-of-the-art deep learning approach to volatility modeling.
+
+## 6 Conclusion
+
+In conclusion, we propose an automatic outlier rectification mechanism that integrates outlier correction and estimation within a unified optimization framework. Our novel approach leverages the optimal transport distance with a concave cost function to construct a rectification set within the realm of probability distributions. Within this set, we identify the optimal distribution for conducting the estimation task. Notably, the concave cost function’s "long hauls" attribute facilitates moving only a fraction of the data to distant positions while preserving the remaining dataset, enabling efficient outlier correction during the optimization process. Through comprehensive simulation and empiricalTable 2: Results of our experiment with deep learning surface estimation.
+
+| Panel A: Results by Constraint Type |
|---|
| Model | Hard Constraints | Hybrid Constraints | Soft Constraints |
|---|
| Dupire NN RMSE | 0.125 | 0.140 | 0.044 | | Our RMSE | 0.110 | 0.131 | 0.029 | | Dupire NN MAPE | 0.343 | 0.546 | 0.111 | | Our MAPE | 0.310 | 0.508 | 0.074 | | Panel B: Results by Corruption Level |
|---|
| Corruption Level | ε = 20% | ε = 30% | ε = 40% |
|---|
| Dupire NN RMSE | 0.077 | 0.091 | 0.168 | | Our RMSE | 0.075 | 0.084 | 0.141 | | Dupire NN MAPE | 0.061 | 0.070 | 0.115 | | Our MAPE | 0.060 | 0.066 | 0.097 |
+
+analyses involving mean estimation, least absolute regression, and fitting option implied volatility surfaces, we substantiate the effectiveness and superiority of our method over conventional approaches. This demonstrates the potential of our framework to significantly enhance outlier detection integrated within the estimation process across diverse analytical scenarios.
+
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+
+## Appendix
+
+### A Organization of the Appendix
+
+We organize the appendix as follows:
+
+* The organization of the Appendix is given in this section (Section A).
+* Additional details on the connection between our estimator and prior work are given in Section B.1.
+* Additional explanation of the long haul structure induced by our estimator and extensions to more general forms of problems are given in Appendix B.2.
+* The proof of Theorem 2 and Theorem 4 are given in Section C.1.
+* The long haul structure for linear regression with a concave cost function is provided in Section C.2.
+* The detailed computational procedure for mean estimation, linear absolute regression, and more general cases can be found in Section D.
+* The main experiments for mean estimation and LAD regression are described in Appendix E.1 and E.2 respectively. Additional details are given in the following appendices.
+* Additional details on the illustrative example in the text is given in Section F.1.
+* Additional details on mean estimation simulations are given in Section F.2.
+* Additional plots for the mean estimation simulations for the concave cost function are given in Section F.3.
+* Additional plots for the mean estimation simulations for the convex cost function are given in Section F.4.
+* Additional details on LAD regression simulations are given in Section F.5.
+* Additional plots for the LAD regression simulations for the concave cost function are given in Section F.6.
+* Additional plots for the LAD regression simulations for the convex cost function are given in Section F.7.
+* Additional option volatility surface experiment details are given in Section G.1.
+* Additional information on the volatility surface data set and losses are given in Section G.2.
+* Background and additional details on the deep learning volatility modeling experiment are given in Section G.3.# B Estimator Remarks
+
+### B.1 Connections to Prior Work
+
+Additional details on connections to prior work are given in the following remark:
+
+*Remark B.1.* (i) When we disregard the outer minimization concerning estimation parameters, the inner minimization problem over probability measures is related to the minimum distance functionals-based estimator, initially proposed by [Donoho and Liu, 1988a]. The estimator is obtained by first projecting the corrupted distribution $\mathbb{P}'_n$ onto a family of distributions $\mathcal{G}$ under a certain distribution discrepancy measure $\mathbb{D}$. Then, the optimal parameters are selected for the resulting distribution. However, even with additional information about our contamination models, this “two-stage” procedure has two major drawbacks: the difficulty in choosing an appropriate family of distributions $\mathcal{G}$ and the inherent computational challenge to project probability distributions. Moreover, the first stage (projection) is usually sensitive to the choice of family $\mathcal{G}$. In contrast, we propose a novel approach that integrates outlier rectification (i.e., explicit projection) and parameter estimation into a joint optimization framework in (3). (ii) This min-min strategy has also been explored in Jiang and Xie [2024] using an artificially constructed rectification set. Their primary focus is to utilize the min-min formulation to recover well-studied robust statistics estimators. In contrast, our focus is on a new conceptual framework for formulating novel estimators which have not been studied before.
+
+### B.2 Long Haul Structure and Extensions
+
+An explanation of the long haul structure and extensions to more general forms are given in this subsection.
+
+The proposed rectification set has the potential for broader applicability across various applications and problem domains. This versatility makes the rectification set a valuable tool for addressing and improving solutions in diverse problem settings in the future.
+
+(i) **(Concave cost function)** From Proposition 1, the optimal rectification admits $z_{best} \in \arg\min_{z \in \mathcal{Z}} \ell(\theta, z') + \lambda c(z, z')$. Suppose we select a concave cost function $c$ that grows strictly slower than the loss function $\ell$. In this scenario, when the budget is small, the rectified data point $z_{best}$ consistently exhibits the long haul structure, ensuring automatic outlier identification properties. This implies that the rectification process effectively identifies outliers, as the influence of the cost function dominates over the loss function for small budgets. To further illustrate the concept, we can consider a linear regression problem with the squared loss function $\ell(\theta, z) = (y - \theta^T x)^2$ or a nonlinear loss using the $r$-th norm as the cost function. We refer the readers to Appendix C.2.
+
+(ii) **(Other distribution metric/discrepancy)** Based on the two examples discussed earlier, we can infer that the optimal transport distance-based rectification set is particularly suitable for regression or problems with continuous response variables. This is because the budget $\delta$ is used to compensate for the loss caused by identified outliers. However, in classification tasks, where the loss function may be less sensitive, the effectiveness of the optimal transport distance-based approach may be limited. To address this limitation and complement the rectification set for classification tasks, an alternative approach is to use $\phi$-divergences. This approach has already been proposed in a study by [Chen and Royset, 2022, Antil et al., 2024] for handling outliers in image classification tasks. The $\phi$-divergence-based rectification set operates by adjusting the weight assigned to outliers, effectively minimizing their impact on the overall data set. By reducing the weight placed on the detected outliers, the rectification set aims to remove their influence from the data set. This selective adjustment allows for the identification and removal of outliers, leading to a more refined and reliable data set.
+
+## C Proof Details
+
+### C.1 Proof of Theorem 2 and Theorem 4.
+
+To start with, we give two crucial lemmas 5 and 6.
+
+**Lemma 5.** Suppose that $a, b, \lambda > 0$ and $r \in (0, 1)$, we have
+
+$$
+\min_{x \in [0, a/b]} a - bx + \lambda x^r = \min \left\{ a, \frac{\lambda a^r}{b^r} \right\}.
+$$
+
+*Proof.* The argument is easy. The function $g(x) = a - bx + \lambda x^r$ is concave as the second derivative is always negative:
+
+$$
+\nabla^2 g(x) = \lambda r(r-1)x^{r-2}
+$$
+
+for all $x \ge 0$.
+
+
+
+**Lemma 6.** Suppose that there is an increasing sequence $0 \le x_1 < x_2 < \cdots < x_n$. The optimal solution of
+
+$$
+\max_{\lambda \ge 0} \sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_i \min\{x_i, \lambda x_i^r\} - \lambda \delta
+$$
+
+is $\lambda^* = x_k^{1-r}$ where
+
+$$
+k := \max_{k \in [n]} \left\{ k : \sum_{i=k}^{n} \alpha_i x_k^r \ge \delta \right\}.
+$$
+
+Here $\alpha_i \in [0, 1], \sum_{i=1}^n \alpha_i = 1, \delta > 0$ and $r \in (0, 1)$. Moreover, the optimal function value is
+
+$$
+\max\left(\sum_{i=1}^{k-1} \alpha_i x_i + \left(1 - \frac{(\delta - \sum_{i=k+1}^{n} \alpha_i x_i^r)}{\alpha_k x_k^r}\right) \alpha_k x_k, 0\right).
+$$
+
+*Proof.* Without loss of generality, we assume that $0 < x_1 < x_2 < \cdots < x_n$ as the zero part of the sequence does not affect the result.
+
+First, given a fixed $\lambda \in \mathbb{R}^+$ and the inequality $x_{t+1} < \lambda x_{t+1}^r$, our goal is to show that $x_t < \lambda x_t^r$. Let $x_t = \eta x_{t+1}$, where $\eta \in (0, 1]$. Then, we have
+
+$$
+x_t = \eta x_{t+1} < \eta \lambda x_{t+1}^r = \frac{\lambda}{\eta^r} \eta x_t^r = \lambda \eta^{1-r} x_t^r \le \lambda x_t^r.
+$$
+
+Considering a fixed $\lambda \in \mathbb{R}_+$, we can express the objective function as:
+
+$$
+\sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_i \min\{x_i, \lambda x_i^r\} - \lambda \delta = \sum_{i=1}^{k-1} \alpha_i x_i + \alpha_k \min\{x_k, \lambda x_k^r\} + \lambda \sum_{i=k+1}^{n} \alpha_i x_i - \lambda \delta
+$$
+
+where $1 \le k \le n$ and $\alpha_i$ are weights associated with each $x_i$. Two cases arise:
+
+1. For all $1 \le t \le k-1$, $x_t < \lambda x_t^r$, or for all $k+1 \le t \le n$, $x_t > \lambda x_t^r$.
+2. At the $k$-th point, we have $x_k = \lambda x_k^r$.
+
+Since we are dealing with a concave piecewise linear function, the optimal $\lambda$ will be a knot point (case 2). Otherwise, modifying $\lambda$ would increase the objective value. Therefore, we can establish the first-order optimality condition as follows:
+
+$$
+\sum_{i=k+1}^{n} \alpha_i x_i^r + \mu \alpha_k x_k^r = \delta.
+$$
+
+where $k$ and $\mu \in [0, 1]$ are determined through a search using the quick-select algorithm. Consequently, the optimal solution is obtained as $\lambda^* = x_k^{1-r}$ and
+
+$$
+k = \max_{k \in [n]} \left\{ \sum_{i=k}^{n} \alpha_i x_i^r \ge \delta \right\}.
+$$Thus, we further get $\mu = \frac{(\delta - \sum_{i=k+1}^{n} \alpha_i x_i^r)}{\alpha_k x_k^r}$ and the optimal function value admits
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+& \sum_{i=1}^{k-1} \alpha_i x_i + \alpha_k \min\{x_k, \lambda x_k^r\} + \lambda \sum_{i=k+1}^{n} \alpha_i x_i^r - \lambda \delta \\
+&= \sum_{i=1}^{k-1} \alpha_i x_i + \alpha_k \min\{x_k, \lambda x_k^r\} - \lambda \mu \alpha_k x_k^r \\
+&= \sum_{i=1}^{k-1} \alpha_i x_i + (1 - \mu) \alpha_k x_k \\
+&= \sum_{i=1}^{k-1} \alpha_i x_i + \left(1 - \frac{(\delta - \sum_{i=k+1}^{n} \alpha_i x_i^r)}{\alpha_k x_k^r}\right) \alpha_k x_k
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+Based on our discussion, we exclude the corner case where $k=1$. Therefore, $\delta$ is sufficiently large such that $\sum_{i=1}^{n} \alpha_i x_i^r \le \delta$. It is evident that in this trivial scenario, the optimal function value is zero.
+
+We conclude our proof. □
+
+We now give the proof of Theorem 2:
+
+*Proof.* Before we prove the theorem, it is worth highlighting that for any fixed $\theta$, we can always sort $\{z_i\}_{i=1}^n$ based on the error $\|\theta - z_i'\|$ to satisfy condition (6).
+
+By the strong duality result in Proposition 1, we have
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+& \min_{\mathbb Q \in \mathcal{B}(\mathbb{P}'_n)} \mathbb{E}_\mathbb Q [\|\theta - Z'\|] \\
+&= \max_{\lambda \ge 0} \mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{P}'_n} \left[ \min_{\Delta \in \mathbb{R}} \|\theta - Z' - \Delta\| + \lambda \|\Delta\|^r \right] - \lambda \delta \\
+&= \max_{\lambda \ge 0} \mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{P}'_n} \left[ \min_{0 \le \|\Delta\| \le \|\theta - Z'\|} \|\theta - Z'\| - \|\Delta\| + \lambda \|\Delta\|^r \right] - \lambda \delta \\
+&= \max_{\lambda \ge 0} \mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{P}'_n} \left[ \min \{\|\theta - Z'\|, \lambda \|\theta - Z'\|^r\} \right] - \lambda \delta \\
+&= \max_{\lambda \ge 0} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n \min \{\|\theta - z_i'\|, \lambda \|\theta - z_i'\|^r\} - \lambda \delta \\
+&= \max \left( \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{k(\theta)-1} \|\theta - z_i'\| + \frac{1}{n} \left( 1 - \frac{n\delta - \sum_{i=k(\theta)+1}^n \|\theta - z_i'\|^r}{\|\theta - z_k'(\theta)\|^r} \right) \|\theta - z_k'(\theta)\|, 0 \right)
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+where the third equality follows from Lemma 5 in Appendix C.1 and the fifth one is due to Lemma 6
+in Appendix C.1. $\square$
+
+The proof in the LAD regression case follows:
+
+*Proof.* The proof follows a similar idea to that of Theorem 2. For any fixed $\theta$, we can always sort $\{z_i\}_{i=1}^n$ based on the error $\|y'_i - \theta^T x'_i\|$ to satisfy the condition. For simplicity, we denote $\tilde{\theta} = (\theta, -1)$and $z = (x, y)$. By the strong duality result in Proposition 1, we have
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+& \min_{\mathbb{Q} \in \mathcal{R}(\mathbb{P}'_n)} \mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{Q}} [\|Y - \theta^T X\|] \\
+&= \max_{\lambda \ge 0} \mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{P}'_n} \left[ \min_{\Delta \in \mathbb{R}^{d+1}} \|\tilde{\theta}^T Z' + \tilde{\theta}^T \Delta\| + \lambda \|\Delta\|^r \right] - \lambda \delta \\
+&\stackrel{(a)}{=} \max_{\lambda \ge 0} \mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{P}'_n} \left[ \min_{\|\Delta\| \le \frac{\|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'\|}{\|\tilde{\theta}\|_*}} \|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'\| - \|\tilde{\theta}\|_* \|\Delta\| + \lambda \|\Delta\|^r \right] - \lambda \delta \\
+&\stackrel{(b)}{=} \max_{\lambda \ge 0} \mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{P}'_n} \left[ \min \left\{ \|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'\|, \frac{\lambda \|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'\|^r}{\|\tilde{\theta}\|_*^r} \right\} \right] - \lambda \delta \\
+&= \max_{\lambda \ge 0} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^n \min \left\{ \|\tilde{\theta}^T z'_i\|, \frac{\lambda \|\tilde{\theta}^T z'_i\|^r}{\|\tilde{\theta}\|_*^r} \right\} - \lambda \delta \\
+&\stackrel{(c)}{=} \max \left( \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{k(\theta)-1} \|\tilde{\theta}^T z'_i\| + \frac{1}{n} \left( 1 - \frac{n\delta' - \sum_{i=k(\theta)+1}^n \|\tilde{\theta}^T z'_i\|^r}{\|\tilde{\theta}^T z'_k(\theta)\|^r} \right) \|\tilde{\theta}^T z'_k(\theta)\|, 0 \right),
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+where the third equality follows from the Holder inequality and $\| \cdot \|_*$ is the dual norm of $\| \cdot \|$; the
+fourth one follows from Lemma 5 and the sixth one is due to Lemma 6.
+
+This completes our proof.
+
+### C.2 Linear Regression with Concave Cost Function
+
+In this subsection, we aim to illustrate an example as mentioned in Section 4.2. Suppose we choose a concave cost function $c$ that grows strictly slower than the loss function $f$. In such a scenario, when the budget is limited, the rectified data point $z_{\text{best}}$ consistently demonstrates the long haul structure, thereby ensuring automatic outlier identification properties.
+
+**Example C.1.** Suppose that $\mathcal{Z} = \mathbb{R}^{d+1}$, $\ell(\theta, z) = \|y - \theta^T x\|^2$ and the cost function is defined as $c(z, z') = \|z - z'\|^r$ where $r = \frac{1}{2}$. We want to study the best rectification distribution of
+
+$$
+\min_{\mathbb{Q} \in \mathcal{R}(\mathbb{P}'_n)} \mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{Q}} [\|y - \theta^T x\|^2].
+$$
+
+As we shall see when the dual variable $\lambda$ is relatively small, the best rectification distribution will
+keep the long haul structure although the inner minimization problem is no longer concave.
+
+For simplicity, we denote $\tilde{\theta} = (\theta, -1)$ and $z = (x, y)$. By the strong duality result in Proposition 1,
+we only have to focus on the inner minimization problem:
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+& \min_{\Delta \in \mathbb{R}^{d+1}} \left\{ (\tilde{\theta}^T (Z' + \Delta))^2 + \lambda \|\Delta\|^r \right\} \\
+&= \min_{\|\Delta\| \le \frac{|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'|}{\|\tilde{\theta}\|_*}} \left\{ (|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'| - \|\tilde{\theta}\|_* \|\Delta\|)^2 + \lambda \|\Delta\|^r \right\}.
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+Next, we aim at clarifying the structured information of the following one-dimensional optimization problem:
+
+$$
+\min_{\|\Delta\| \in [0, \frac{|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'|}{\|\tilde{\theta}\|_*}]} K(\|\Delta\|) := (|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'| - \|\tilde{\theta}\|_* \|\Delta\|)^2 + \lambda \|\Delta\|^r.
+$$
+
+In general, unlike the case of absolute loss, the function $K(\cdot)$ will not be concave. However, the
+optimal solution of the resulting optimization problem will be active at the boundary when $\delta$ is small
+and the optimal value of $\lambda$ is sufficiently large. Initially, let's overlook the constraint and express thefirst-order optimality condition.
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+& 2 \|\tilde{\theta}\|_* (\|\tilde{\theta}\|_* \|\Delta\| - |\tilde{\theta}^T Z'|) + \frac{1}{2} \lambda \|\Delta\|^{-\frac{1}{2}} = 0 \\
+\Rightarrow \;& \|\tilde{\theta}\|_*^2 \|\Delta\| + \frac{\lambda}{4} \|\Delta\|^{-\frac{1}{2}} = |\tilde{\theta}^T Z'| \|\tilde{\theta}\|_* \\
+\Rightarrow \;& \|\tilde{\theta}\|_*^2 \|\Delta\|^{\frac{3}{2}} + \frac{\lambda}{4} = |\tilde{\theta}^T Z'| \|\tilde{\theta}\|_* \|\Delta\|^{\frac{1}{2}}.
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+By changing the variable $\beta = \|\Delta\|^{\frac{1}{2}}$, we have
+
+$$
+\|\tilde{\theta}\|_{*}^{2} \beta^{3} + \frac{\lambda}{4} - |\tilde{\theta}^{T} Z'| \|\tilde{\theta}\|_{*} \beta = 0.
+$$
+
+Now, we observe that $g(\beta) = \|\tilde{\theta}\|_*^2 \beta^3 + \frac{\lambda}{4} - |\tilde{\theta}^T Z'| \|\tilde{\theta}\|_* \beta$, and our objective is to find the positive root of this cubic equation in one dimension. Also, the first derivative is $\nabla g(\beta) = 3\|\tilde{\theta}\|_*^2 \beta^2 - |\tilde{\theta}^T Z'| \|\tilde{\theta}\|_*$. The stationary point is $\beta^* = \sqrt{\frac{|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'|}{3\|\tilde{\theta}\|_*}}$ and then the corresponding $\|\Delta^*\| = \frac{|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'|}{3\|\tilde{\theta}\|_*} \in [0, \frac{|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'|}{\|\tilde{\theta}\|_*}]$.
+
+$$
+g(\beta^*) = \left( \sqrt{\frac{|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'|}{3\|\tilde{\theta}\|_*}} \right)^3 \|\tilde{\theta}\|_*^2 - |\tilde{\theta}^T Z'| \|\tilde{\theta}\|_* \sqrt{\frac{|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'|}{3\|\tilde{\theta}\|_*}} + \frac{\lambda}{4}.
+$$
+
+1. When $\lambda \ge 4$ ($|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'| \|\tilde{\theta}\|_* \sqrt{\frac{|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'|}{3\|\tilde{\theta}\|_*}} - (\sqrt{\frac{|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'|}{3\|\tilde{\theta}\|_*}})^3$) (i.e., $\delta$ is sufficiently small), we have $g(\beta^*) \ge 0$. As such, the critical point of the unconstrained optimization problem is not in the interval $[0, \frac{|\tilde{\theta}^T Z'|}{\|\tilde{\theta}\|_*}]$. In other words, we can conclude the optimal solution will be 0 and the solution of vanilla least square is already optimal.
+
+2. When $g(\beta^*) < 0$, we know there are two solutions $\beta_+, \beta_-$ for $g(\beta) = 0$ where $\beta_- < \beta_+$. We know $K(\|\Delta\|)$ will be increasing between $[0, \beta_-^2]$ and decreasing between $[\beta_-, \beta_+^2]$. Thus, the optimal solution will be either 0 or $\beta_+^2$ and ensures the long haul transportation structure. Different from the absolute loss, the cost function $\|z - z'\|^{1/2}$ is not powerful enough to move any points that achieve a perfect fit to the current hyperplane.
+
+
+
+Figure 4: Visualization
+
+## D Computational Procedure
+
+### D.1 Alternative Estimation Procedure for Inner Problem
+
+We make the following remark on an alternative procedure for estimating $k(\theta_t)$ and $\lambda$ in the inner problem for mean estimation and LAD regression in Algorithm 1:
+
+Remark D.1 (Alternative procedure for $k(\theta_t)$ and $\lambda^*$). It is illuminating to note that steps 1 and 2 in Algorithm 1 can be alternatively replaced with steps that solve a specific linear program for the knot point $k(\theta_t)$ and optimal $\lambda^*$. Instead of applying the sorting and quick-select algorithm implied by Lemma 6, we can instead reformulate Equation (8) as a linear programming problem, i.e.,
+
+$$
+\begin{array}{ll}
+\displaystyle \max_{\lambda \ge 0, t \in \mathbb{R}^n} & \frac{1}{n} \sum_{i=1}^{n} t_i - \lambda \delta \\
+\text{s.t.} & t_i \le \|\tilde{\theta}^T z_i'\|, \forall i \in [n] \\
+& \|\tilde{\theta}\|_*^r t_i \le \lambda \|\tilde{\theta}^T z_i'\|^r, \forall i \in [n].
+\end{array}
+\qquad (9)
+$$
+
+The problem in (9) can then be solved instead of performing steps 1 and 2 of Algorithm 1 to find the knot point $k(\theta_t)$ and the optimal $\lambda^*$.
+
+## D.2 General Computational Procedure
+
+We also propose a procedure for fitting more general regression models with our statistically robust estimator, which is based on the approach for LAD regression above.
+
+Although the procedure can be applied to any model which can be estimated via subgradient methods, we focus on deep learning models. We start by considering a neural network $f_\theta$ parameterized by weights $\theta$, and a loss function $\ell(\theta, z) = \ell(y, f_\theta(x))$, where $\ell$ is a gradient Lipschitz function with a constant $L$. By Proposition 1, we would like to solve the inner problem
+
+$$
+\max_{\lambda \ge 0} \mathbb{E}_{\mathbb{P}'_n} \left[ \min_{z \in \mathcal{Z}} \ell(\theta; z) + \lambda c(z, Z') \right] - \lambda \delta. \qquad (10)
+$$
+
+Although we do not prove a reformulation result for this problem, we solve the problem empirically by employing a computational procedure which is analogous to that of LAD regression. The procedure is heuristic and does not enjoy the same guarantees as Algorithm 1 for LAD regression, but in experiments (see Section 5.2.2), we find that the performance is similarly robust to outliers and significantly outperforms benchmark models trained under empirical risk minimization. Our computational procedure follows in Algorithm 2.
+
+**Algorithm** 2: Statistically Robust Optimization Procedure
+
+**Data:** Observed data $\{z_i'\}_{i=1}^n$, initial point $\theta^{(0)}$, stepsizes $\alpha^{(t)} > 0$, sampling distribution $\mathbb{P}'_n$; batch size $m \le n$.
+
+1 **for** $t = 0, \dots, T$ **do**
+2 1. **Sample** $m$ points $\{z_i'\}_{i=1}^m \sim \mathbb{P}'_n$.
+3 2. **Sort** the observed data $\{z_i'\}_{i=1}^m$ via the value $\ell(\theta^{(t)}, z_i')$.
+4 3. **Quick-Select** algorithm to get the knot point $k(\theta^{(t)})$ and the optimal $\lambda^*$.
+5 4. **Subgradient step** on the detected clean data:
+$$ \theta^{(t+1)} = \theta^{(t)} - \alpha^{(t)} \sum_{i=1}^{k(\theta^{(t)})} v^*(\theta^{(t)}, z_i') $$
+where $v^*(\theta^{(t)}, z_i') \in \partial_\theta \ell(\theta^{(t)}, z_i')$.
+6 **end**
+
+Algorithm 2 is similar to Algorithm 1, but has two principal differences: (1) instead of optimizing over the entire data set, we optimize over mini-batches of size $m \le n$ which are drawn from a data set of size $n$ via a sampling distribution $\mathbb{P}'_n$; and (2) instead of taking the subgradient with respect to $\theta$ for the LAD regression problem in calculating the direction of descent, we instead take a local subgradient with respect to $\theta$ around each point $z_i'$, each of which is contained within the subdifferential $\partial_\theta \ell(\theta^{(t)}, z_i')$. The subgradient is in practice computed by the automatic differentiation capability of a software package such as Pytorch, Tensorflow, or JAX. The budget parameter $\delta$, which controls the quantile which identifies outliers, is tuned via cross-validation.
+
+Figure 5: Irregular objective function.
+
+### D.3 Optimization Details
+
+Solving the optimization problems in the prior sections can be complicated, as in general, the minimization of a class of convex functions often leads to non-convex problems.
+
+This issue becomes even more critical when dealing with our estimation problem, as these problems may lack weak convexity or subdifferential regularity properties. One significant challenge in such problems is the non-coincidence of different subdifferential concepts, such as Clarke, Fréchet, and limiting subdifferentials. Moreover, some calculus rules (summation and chain rules) do not always hold for these concepts. Thus, computing a first-order oracle, which provides necessary information for optimization algorithms, can be difficult in practice.
+
+To concretely illustrate this challenge, we note that, intuitively, the graph of a subdifferentially regular function cannot exhibit "downward-facing cusps" [Li et al., 2020, Davis et al., 2020]. Here, we give an example of when the objective function (7) is not regular, which may occur in general.
+
+**Example D.1** (Irregular Case (Three Point Masses)). Let $\mathbb{P}'_n = \frac{1}{3}\delta_{-1} + \frac{1}{3}\delta_0 + \frac{1}{3}\delta_1$ and $\delta = 0.7$. Based on the reformulation result given in Theorem 2, we can plot the curve of the loss function from our proposed estimator, see Figure 5.
+
+From Figure 5, it is evident that there are at least two regions with "downward-facing cusps" (marked as irregularities in the figures), which could potentially pose computational challenges. Similar challenges arise in the training of deep neural networks, as demonstrated in Figure 4 of [Li et al., 2020], particularly for two-layer neural networks. However, the "subgradient" method remains effective for addressing these challenges empirically. In our empirical investigation, we have observed a similar phenomenon for our estimator.
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
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+# OTSeg: Multi-prompt Sinkhorn Attention for Zero-Shot Semantic Segmentation
+
+Kwanyoung Kim*¹, Yujin Oh*², and Jong Chul Ye¹, Fellow, IEEE
+
+¹ Graduate School of AI, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology
+(KAIST), South Korea
+² Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH) and Harvard
+Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
+*Equal contribution.
+
+**Abstract.** The recent success of CLIP has demonstrated promising results in zero-shot semantic segmentation by transferring multimodal knowledge to pixel-level classification. However, leveraging pre-trained CLIP knowledge to closely align text embeddings with pixel embeddings still has limitations in existing approaches. To address this issue, we propose OTSeg, a novel multimodal attention mechanism aimed at enhancing the potential of multiple text prompts for matching associated pixel embeddings. We first propose Multi-Prompts Sinkhorn (MPS) based on the Optimal Transport (OT) algorithm, which leads multiple text prompts to selectively focus on various semantic features within image pixels. Moreover, inspired by the success of Sinkformers in unimodal settings, we introduce the extension of MPS, called Multi-Prompts Sinkhorn Attention (MPSA), which effectively replaces cross-attention mechanisms within Transformer framework in multimodal settings. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate that OTSeg achieves state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance with significant gains on Zero-Shot Semantic Segmentation (ZS3) tasks across three benchmark datasets. We release our source code at https://github.com/cubeyoung/OTSeg.
+
+**Keywords:** Multimodal · Sinkhorn · Cross-Attention · Segmentation
+
+## 1 Introduction
+
+Transformer's attention mechanism has demonstrated its remarkable performance across various tasks, establishing itself as a universal backbone structure in foundational models [4, 9, 26, 30]. However, recent advancements cast doubt on the optimality of traditional transformer structures that rely solely on consecutive self-attention layers. Among widespread efforts to enhance transformer performance [16, 21, 22], one notable endeavor is Sinkformer [28], where the SoftMax normalization of self-attention mechanism within transformer is simply replaced by the optimal transport (OT) algorithm, yielding a doubly stochastic attention that improves model performance in each vision and linguistic task.
+
+
+
+**Fig. 1:** Visualization of proposed Multi-Prompts Sinkhorn Attention (MPSA) for text-driven semantic segmentation. (a) Without MPSA, all the text prompt-related score maps $S^i$ are cohered. (b) With MPSA, each $S^i$ selectively focuses on different semantic attributes, resulting the final score map effectively attends to the target object.
+
+While Sinkformer is exclusively designed for unimodal settings, we are interested in its more appropriate applicability for multimodal alignment, particularly in the context of text-driven semantic segmentation tasks. In text-driven semantic segmentation, zero-shot semantic segmentation (ZS3) [2] represents a label-efficient approach. A key factor contributing to the recent advancements in ZS3 solutions [10, 27, 35, 37, 38] is application of pre-trained Vision-Language Model (VLM), such as CLIP [26]. However, care should be taken when transferring VLM, as the pre-trained knowledge is not optimized for pixel-wise dense alignment, since VLM has been trained with a variety of image-text pairs through contrastive learning. One naive solution can be fine-tuning the VLM tailored for desired pixel-level prediction by leveraging an ensemble technique driven by multiple text prompts [1]. However, as shown in Fig. 1(a), this naive approach is still problematic because the introduced multiple text prompts and image pixels are passively aligned, which leads each text prompt-driven pixel-level prediction to be cohered to each other.
+
+To address the limited potential of multiple text prompts, we introduce a pixel-text alignment operator based on the OT algorithm, namely, Multi-Prompts Sinkhorn (MPS). Furthermore, as like the aforementioned Sinkformer improved the traditional transformer by introducing doubly stochastic self-attention, we have discovered that the MPS algorithm can serve as an optimal replacement for the SoftMax normalization of cross-attention mechanism within multimodal transformer. This leads to the development of a novel Multi-Prompts Sinkhorn Attention (MPSA) module, which composes our proposed OTSeg. As shown in Fig. 1(b), we empirically find that our OTSeg enhances the diversity of text prompt-driven pixel-level predictions by selectively focusing on various semantic features. Consequently, the optimally ensembled final prediction effectively focuses on the target object, leading to the achievement of the state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance in ZS3 tasks. Our contributions can be summarized as:
+
+- We introduce a novel OTSeg that yields diverse pixel-level predictions driven by multiple text prompts, resulting in improved multimodal alignment.
+
+- Through extensive experiments on three benchmark datasets, OTSeg demonstrates its superiority on ZS3 tasks by achieving SOTA performance.
+
+## 2 Related Work
+
+### 2.1 Zero-shot & Open-vocabulary Semantic Segmentation
+
+Semantic segmentation is a core computer vision task to densely analyze visual context. Recent success of CLIP [26] accelerates the advancement of language-driven semantic segmentation by utilizing pre-trained knowledge of VLM [17, 18, 33]. However, since this dense prediction task requires a labor-intensive pixel-level annotation, there arise a label-imbalance issue, i.e., not all the categories are annotated in the training dataset. Zero-shot semantic segmentation (ZS3) solves this label-imbalance problem by generalizing labeled (seen) class knowledge to predict new (unseen) class information [2]. MaskCLIP+ [38] introduces a ZS3 method by simply extracting the text-driven visual features from the CLIP image encoder. ZegCLIP [38] successfully bridges the performance gap between the seen and unseen classes by adapting a visual prompt tuning technique instead of fine-tuning the frozen CLIP image encoder. Recently, FreeSeg [25] and MVP-SEG+ [14] introduce text prompt-driven method for realizing open-vocabulary segmentation. In specific, MVP-SEG+ employs orthogonal constraint loss (OCL) to each prompt to exploit CLIP features on different object parts.
+
+ZS3 can be performed by either inductive or transductive settings. Compared to inductive ZS3 where class names and pixel-level annotations of unseen classes are both unavailable during training [10], a newly introduced transductive setting boosts the ZS3 performance by utilizing unseen class names and self-generated pseudo labels guided by the model itself during training [13, 23, 35, 37, 38]. Open-vocabulary settings simply extend the concept of inductive ZS3 settings applied for cross-domain datasets. In this study, we apply our proposed OTSeg for both the inductive and transductive settings, and we further demonstrate our OTSeg performance on various cross-dataset settings.
+
+### 2.2 Optimal Transport
+
+Optimal transport (OT) is a general mathematical framework to evaluate correspondences between two distributions. Thanks to the luminous property of distribution matching, the optimal transport has received great attention and proven its generalization capability in various computer vision tasks, such as domain adaptation [12], semantic correspondence problem [19], graph matching [31, 32], and cross-domain alignment [6], etc. Among various methods, Sinkhorn algorithm can efficiently solve the OT problem through entropy-regularization [8], and it can be directly applied to deep learning frameworks thanks to the extension of Envelop Theorem [24]. In the context of computer vision tasks, prompt learning with optimal transport (PLOT) [5] optimizes the OT distance to align visual and text features by the Sinkhorn given trainable multiple text prompts for few-shot image-level prediction tasks. The most related work to ours is Sinkformer [28], where SoftMax layers within self-attention transformer is replaced by Sinkhorn algorithm, resulting in enhanced accuracy in each vision and natural language processing task. The Sinkformer has inspired us to propose the Sinkhorn algorithm as an ideal fit for multimodal alignment, leading us to apply OT to further boost the performance of the cross-attention mechanism for ZS3 tasks.
+
+## 3 Preliminary
+
+### 3.1 Optimal Transport Problem and Sinkhorn
+
+Optimal transport aims to minimize the transport distance between two probability distributions. In this paper, we only consider discrete distribution which is closely related to our framework. We assume the feature vector $F, G$ are defined as $F = \{\mathbf f_i\}_{\mathbf i=1}^M$ and $G = \{g_j\}_{j=1}^N$ and discrete empirical distributions $\mathbf{u}$ and $\mathbf{v}$ that are defined on probability space $\mathcal{F}, \mathcal{G} \in \Omega$, respectively, as follows:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{u} = \sum_{i=1}^{M} \mu_i \delta_{f_i}, \quad \mathbf{v} = \sum_{j=1}^{N} \nu_j \delta_{g_j}, \qquad (1)
+$$
+
+where $\delta_f$ and $\delta_g$ denote Dirac functions centered on $\mathbf f$ and $\mathbf g$, respectively, $M$ and $N$ denote the dimension of the empirical distribution. The weight vectors $\boldsymbol \mu = \{\mu_i\}_{i=1}^M$ and $\boldsymbol \nu = \{\nu_j\}_{j=1}^N$ belong to the $M$ and $N$-dimensional simplex, respectively, i.e., $\sum_{i=1}^M \mu_i = 1$, $\sum_{j=1}^N \nu_j = 1$. The discrete optimal transport problem can be then formulated as:
+
+$$
+\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{T}^* = \arg \min_{\mathbf{T} \in \mathbb{R}^{M X N}} \sum_{i=1}^{M} \sum_{j=1}^{N} \mathbf{T}_{ij} \mathbf{C}_{ij} \\ \text{s.t.} \quad \mathbf{T} \mathbf{1}^N = \boldsymbol{\mu}, \quad \mathbf{T}^\top \mathbf{1}^M = \boldsymbol{\nu}. \end{array} \qquad (2)
+$$
+
+Here, $\mathbf{T}^*$ is called the optimal transport plan, which is learned to minimize the total distance between the two probability vectors. $\mathbf{C}$ is the cost matrix which represents the distance between $f_i$ and $g_j$, e.g., the cosine distance $\mathbf{C}_{ij} = 1 - \frac{\mathbf{f}_i \mathbf{g}_j^\top}{\|\mathbf{f}_i\|_2 \|\mathbf{g}_j\|_2}$, and $\mathbf{1}^M$ refers to the $M$-dimensional vector with ones.
+
+However, solving the problem Eq. (2) costs $O(n^3 \log n)$-complexity ($n$ proportional to $M$ and $N$), which is time-consuming. This issue can be efficiently solved by the entropy-regularization of the objective through the Sinkhorn-Knopp (or simply Sinkhorn) algorithm [8]. In Sinkhorn algorithm, the optimization problem is reformulated as:
+
+$$
+\begin{array}{l} \mathbf{T}^* = \arg \min_{\mathbf{T} \in \mathbb{R}^{M X N}} \sum_{i=1}^{M} \sum_{j=1}^{N} \mathbf{T}_{ij} \mathbf{C}_{ij} - \epsilon H(\mathbf{T}) \\ \text{s.t.} \quad \mathbf{T} \mathbf{1}^N = \boldsymbol{\mu}, \quad \mathbf{T}^\top \mathbf{1}^M = \boldsymbol{\nu}. \end{array} \qquad (3)
+$$
+
+**Fig. 2:** Comparison of attention mechanism variants. (a) Cross-attention mechanism for multimodal settings. (b) Sinkformer self-attention mechanism for unimodal settings. (c) Our proposed Multi-Prompt Sinkhorn Attention (MPSA) for multimodal settings, which aims to optimally transport image pixel (M) to multiple text prompts (N).
+
+where $H(\mathbf{T}) = \sum_{ij} \mathbf{T}_{ij} \log \mathbf{T}_{ij}$ and $\epsilon > 0$ is the regularization parameter. For the problem Eq. (3), we have an optimization solution when $t \to \infty$ as follow:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{T}^* = \mathrm{diag}(\mathbf{a}^t) \exp(-\mathbf{C}/\epsilon) \mathrm{diag}(\mathbf{b}^t) \quad (4)
+$$
+
+where $t$ is the iteration and $\mathbf{a}^t = \boldsymbol \mu / \exp(-\mathbf{C}/\epsilon)\mathbf{b}^{t-1}$ and $\mathbf{b}^t = \boldsymbol \nu / \exp(-\mathbf{C}/\epsilon)\mathbf{a}^t$, with the initialization on $\mathbf{b}^0 = \mathbf{1}$. To stabilize the iterative computations, we adopt the log scaling version of Sinkhorn optimization [29].
+
+## 3.2 Self-Attention and Sinkformer
+
+The transformer model employs a self-attention mechanism when given a sequence of length $\mathbf{X} = [x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n]$ embedded in $d$ dimensions:
+
+$$
+\text{Self-Attention}(\mathbf{Q}, \mathbf{K}, \mathbf{V}) = \mathrm{SoftMax} \left( \frac{\mathbf{Q}\mathbf{K}^{\top}}{\sqrt{d}} \right) \mathbf{V} \quad (5)
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{where } \mathbf{Q} = \phi_q(\mathbf{X}), \mathbf{K} = \phi_k(\mathbf{X}), \mathbf{V} = \phi_v(\mathbf{X}), \quad (6)
+$$
+
+where $\mathbf{Q}, \mathbf{K} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times d}$, and $\mathbf{V} \in \mathbb{R}^{d \times d}$ denotes query, key and value matrices, respectively. $\phi_q, \phi_k$ and $\phi_v$ represent the linear layer of each matrix. In Eq. (6), the attention matrix is normalized using the `SoftMax` operator. In Sinkformer, it is demonstrated that the initial iteration in the Sinkhorn algorithm is identical to the softmax operation. This observation leads to the replacement of `SoftMax` with the Sinkhorn algorithm in self-attention to ensure double stochasticity. For
+
+**Fig. 3:** Overview of OTSeg for zero-shot semantic segmentation. (a) MPS path refines the score map using the MPS algorithm. (b) Decoder path involves the decoder output, which integrates the Multi-Prompts Sinkhorn Attention (MPSA) predictions. (c) During inference, OTSeg ensembles predictions from both paths with a balancing factor $\lambda$.
+
+simplicity, Sinkhorn's algorithm is seamlessly integrated into the self-attention modules as follows:
+
+$$
+\text{Sinkformer Attention}(\mathbf{Q}, \mathbf{K}, \mathbf{V}) = \text{Sinkhorn} \left( \frac{\mathbf{C}}{\sqrt{d}} \right) \mathbf{V}, \quad \mathbf{C} = \mathbf{1} - \mathbf{Q}\mathbf{K}^{\top} \quad (7)
+$$
+
+where Sinkhorn($\cdot$) is the Sinkhorn operator, which reduces the cost $\mathbf{C}$ by utilizing Eq. (4). The scale factor $\epsilon$ is replaced by $\sqrt{d}$. Despite the extension, Sinkformer is still limited in unimodal settings such as the self-attention within an image modality (M pixels→M pixels), as illustrated in Fig. 2(b).
+
+## 4 Methods
+
+In this section, we present a method for performing zero-shot segmentation tasks using our proposed OTSeg framework for multimodal setting (M pixels→N text prompts), as illustrated in Fig. 2(c). To clarify, we define several notations within our OTSeg framework: a pair of frozen CLIP text encoder and tunable image encoder, the relationship descriptor, multiple hand-crafted text prompts $\mathcal{P}$, and trainable decoder $D_{\theta}$. Furthermore, we propose three fundamental components of OTSeg: (a) Multi-Prompts Sinkhorn (MPS), (b) Multi-Prompts Sinkhorn Attention (MPSA) and (c) Inference with ensemble.x In Sec. 4.1, we introduce the concept of multiple prompts-guided text embeddings and explain how they are processed. In Sec. 4.2, we provide a detailed account of our OTSeg, including aforementioned three key components. Lastly, in Sec. 4.3, we describe the training procedure for our method and introduce the associated loss functions.
+
+### 4.1 Multiple Prompts-guided Text Embeddings
+
+To effectively transfer CLIP's pre-trained knowledge, we adopt the frozen text encoder with multiple hand-crafted text prompts and a tunable image encoder, as shown in Fig. 3. The multiple text prompts are created as a set of N text prompts denoted as $\mathcal{P} = \{\mathbf{P}^i|_{i=1}^N\}$. Each text prompt $\mathbf{P}^i$ can be defined as $\mathbf{P}^i = [P_1^i, P_2^i, \cdots, P_l^i]$, where $l$ represents the length of the context tokens. These text prompts are then consistently added in front of $K$ tokenized class names, forming a set denoted as $\mathcal{T} = \{\{\mathcal{P}, \mathbf{c}^k\}|_{k=1}^K\}$. Note that the same text prompts $\mathcal{P}$ are shared across all class names. Here, $\{\mathbf{c}^k|_{k=1}^K\}$ represents the word embeddings of each class name, drawn from a larger set $\mathcal{C}$. Then, the set $\mathcal{T}$ is inputted to the frozen CLIP text encoder, resulting in the text embeddings $\mathbf{h}_{\text{txt}} \in \mathbb{R}^{KN \times D}$, where $D$ represents the embedding dimension. We utilize the relationship descriptor following an approach introduced in [38] to yield the refined text embedding $\tilde{\mathbf{h}}_{\text{txt}} \in \mathbb{R}^{KN \times D}$. The detail of relationship descriptor are deferred in Appendix C.
+
+### 4.2 Optimal Transformer for Zero-Shot Segmentation
+
+(a) **Multi-Prompts Sinkhorn (MPS)** Now, when we input an image through the tunable CLIP image encoder, the model yields pixel embedding $\mathbf{h}_{\text{img}} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times D}$, where $M = H \times W$ corresponds to the product of the height $H$ and width $W$. Given the text embeddings and pixel embeddings, the text-pixel aligned score map can be formulated as follows:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{S} = \tilde{\mathbf{h}}_{\text{txt}} \mathbf{h}_{\text{img}}^{\top}, \qquad (8)
+$$
+
+where the superscript $\top$ refers to the transpose operation, both $\tilde{\mathbf{h}}_{\text{txt}}$ and $\mathbf{h}_{\text{img}}$ are $\mathcal{L}_2$ normalized along the embedding dimension, and the score map $\mathbf{S} \in \mathbb{R}^{HW \times KN}$ undergoes further refinement.
+
+To transport the distribution of the multiple text prompts to pixel distribution, we first define the total cost matrix $\mathbf{C}$ in Eq. (3) using the text-pixel aligned score map $\mathbf{S}$ in Eq. (8). Specifically, we set $\mathbf{C} := \mathbf{1} - \mathbf{S}$, where $\mathbf{C} \in \mathbb{R}^{HW \times KN}$ denotes the cost matrix. Given the cost matrix $\mathbf{C}$, the goal of MPS is to obtain the corresponding optimal transport plan $\mathbf{T}^*$ as given in Eq. (4), which aims to allocate each of the $M$ image pixels to the $N$ text-prompts, thereby allowing multiple text prompts to be associated with each pixel. Thus, $\mathbf{T}^*$ serves as a mapping matrix that maximizes the cosine similarity between multimodal embeddings, as outlined as Algorithm 1 in Appendix A. Therefore, we formulate the refined score map through MPS algorithm:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{S}^* = \text{MPS}(\mathbf{S}) = \mathcal{M}(\mathbf{T}^* \odot \mathbf{S}) \qquad (9)
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{where } \mathbf{T}^* = \text{Sinkhorn} \left( \frac{\mathbf{C}}{\epsilon} \right), \quad \mathbf{C} := \mathbf{1} - \mathbf{S} \qquad (10)
+$$
+
+where $\mathcal{M}: \mathbb{R}^{HW \times KN} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{HW \times K}$ is the operation which first reshapes $\mathbb{R}^{HW \times KN} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{HW \times K \times N}$ and performs summation of all the score maps along the $N$ dimension,$\epsilon$ denotes the scaling hyper-parameter. The refined score map $\mathbf{S}^* \in \mathbb{R}^{HW \times K}$ by adapting the transport plan $\mathbf{T}^*$ can be served as a stand-alone logit for segmentation mask as outlined in Sec. 4.2 (c). Note that the transport plan $\mathbf{T}^*$ in Eq. (4) only contains matrix multiplication and exponential operation, thus MPS algorithm is fully differentiable and the gradients can be back-propagated throughout the entire neural network.
+
+**(b) Multi-Prompts Sinkhorn Attention (MPSA)** In the multimodal settings for text-driven semantic segmentation tasks, we can formulate cross-attention between pixel embeddings and classnames-driven text embeddings with multiple prompts:
+
+$$
+\text{Cross-Attention}(\mathbf{Q}, \mathbf{K}, \mathbf{V}) = \text{SoftMax} \left( \frac{\mathbf{Q}\mathbf{K}^{\top}}{\sqrt{d}} \right) \mathbf{V} \qquad (11)
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{where} \mathbf{Q} = \phi_q(\tilde{\mathbf{h}}_{\text{txt}}), \mathbf{K} = \phi_k(\mathbf{h}_{\text{img}}), \mathbf{V} = \phi_v(\mathbf{h}_{\text{img}}), \qquad (12)
+$$
+
+where $\mathbf{Q} \in \mathbb{R}^{KN \times D}$, and $\mathbf{K}, \mathbf{V} \in \mathbb{R}^{M \times D}$ denotes query, key and value matrices, respectively, and $\phi$ denotes linear projection for each query, key, value. Instead of applying the MPS algorithm solely on the score map, we empirically find that MPS can be extended into the cross-attention mechanism and seamlessly integrated as a plugin module in each decoder layer. Similar to the cross-attention mechanism Eq. (11), we define our proposed Multi-Prompts Sinkhorn Attention as follows:
+
+$$
+\text{Multi-Prompts Sinkhorn Attention}(\mathbf{Q}, \mathbf{K}, \mathbf{V}) = \text{MPS}(\mathbf{Q}\mathbf{K}^{\top}) \mathbf{V}. \qquad (13)
+$$
+
+In our proposed MPSA, instead of conventional multiple head dimensions, we have $N$ multiple text-prompts dimensions, as shown in Fig. 2(c). In our decoder, comprising three layers of cross-attention transformer as illustrated in Fig. 3, each multi-head attention module is replaced by our proposed Multi-Prompts Sinkhorn Attention (MPSA) module. In the decoder, a semantic mask is calculated by taking the intermediate product of MPSA, denoted by the MPS operation, followed by the Sigmoid function:
+
+$$
+\text{Mask} = \text{Sigmoid}(\text{MPS}(\mathbf{Q}\mathbf{K}^{\top})). \qquad (14)
+$$
+
+where Mask denotes the semantic mask in the final decoder layer as shown in Fig. 2(c), while $\mathbf Q$ and $\mathbf K$ refer to the query and key matrices from the preceding layer, respectively.
+
+Then, we can obtain the final decoder output by applying the up-sampling operator as follows:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{Y} = \mathcal{U}(\text{Mask}), \in \mathbb{R}^{H_I W_I \times K} \qquad (15)
+$$
+
+where $\mathbf{Y} \in \mathbb{R}^{H_I W_I \times K}$ is the final output of decoder which is integrated in our MPSA module, $\mathcal{U}: \mathbb{R}^{HW \times K} \rightarrow \mathbb{R}^{H_I W_I \times K}$ is the up-sampling operator ($HW < H_I W_I$), where $H_I$ and $W_I$ are height and width of the input image,respectively. When the prediction is calculated from Eq. (15) using decoder, we refer it as OTSeg.
+
+**(c) Inference with ensemble** Rather than solely relying on the prediction in Eq. (15), we further utilize the refined score map $\mathbf{S}^*$ in Eq. (9) to boost the segmentation performance. For this purpose, $\mathbf{S}^*$ is up-sampled to match the original image size as follows:
+
+$$
+\tilde{\mathbf{Y}} = \mathcal{U}(\mathbf{S}^*). \qquad (16)
+$$
+
+where $\tilde{\mathbf{Y}} \in \mathbb{R}^{H_I W_I \times K}$ is the prediction of the refined score map. In order to synergistically exploit the collective knowledge derived from the learnable decoder in $\mathbf{Y}$ and information encapsulated in $\tilde{\mathbf{Y}}$, we formulate the final segmentation output $\mathbf{Y}^*$ as follows:
+
+$$
+\mathbf{Y}^* = \lambda \cdot \mathbf{Y} + (1 - \lambda) \cdot \tilde{\mathbf{Y}} \qquad (17)
+$$
+
+where balance factor $\lambda \in [0, 1]$ denotes the hyper-parameter for controlling balance between $\mathbf{Y}$ and $\tilde{\mathbf{Y}}$, and set to 0.5 through component analysis in Appendix. We refer to this ensembled approach as OTSeg+.
+
+### 4.3 Loss Function
+
+In this work, we combine two different losses following previous methods as follows:
+
+$$
+\mathcal{L}_{\text{seg}} = \lambda_{\text{fc}}\mathcal{L}_{\text{fc}} + \lambda_{\text{dc}}\mathcal{L}_{\text{dc}}, \quad \mathcal{L}_{\text{tot}}(\Theta, \theta) = \mathcal{L}_{\text{seg}}(\mathbf{Y}, \mathbf{Y}^{\text{gt}}; \Theta, \theta) + \mathcal{L}_{\text{seg}}(\tilde{\mathbf{Y}}, \mathbf{Y}^{\text{gt}}; \Theta) \quad (18)
+$$
+
+where $\Theta = [E_{\text{img}}, \mathcal{R}_{\psi}]$ contains tunable image encoder $E_{\text{img}}$ and the linear layer $\mathcal{R}_{\psi}$, $\mathcal{L}_{\text{seg}}$ denotes the segmentation loss combining different two losses, $\mathcal{L}_{\text{fc}}$ and $\mathcal{L}_{\text{dc}}$ are the focal loss, and the dice loss, with $\lambda_{\text{fc}}$, and $\lambda_{\text{dc}}$ as corresponding hyper-parameters, respectively, and $\mathbf{Y}^{\text{gt}} \in \mathbb{R}^{H_I W_I \times K}$ is the ground-truth label. The details of the loss function are described in Appendix B.
+
+## 5 Experiments
+
+### 5.1 Dataset and Evaluation Metric
+
+**Dataset** A primary goal of ZS3 is to segment objects belonging to both seen classes $\mathcal{C}_S$ and unseen classes $\mathcal{C}_U$, i.e., $\mathcal{C} = \mathcal{C}_S \cup \mathcal{C}_U$, where $\mathcal{C}_S \cap \mathcal{C}_U = \emptyset$. For fair comparison with previous methods [2, 10, 35, 37, 38], we follow the identical protocol of dividing $\mathcal{C}_S$ and $\mathcal{C}_U$ for each dataset. To evaluate the effectiveness of our OTSeg, we carry out extensive experiments on three challenging datasets: VOC 2012 [11], PASCAL Context [20], and COCO-Stuff164K [3]. The dataset details are described in Appendix E.
+
+**Evaluation Metric** We measure the mean of class-wise intersection over union (mIoU) on both seen and unseen classes, indicated as mIoU(S) and mIoU(U), respectively. We adopt the harmonic mean IoU (hIoU) of seen and unseen classes as a primary metric. More details are deferred to Appendix D.
+
+**Table 1:** Quantitative comparison of zero-shot semantic segmentation performance with baseline methods. The **bold indicates the best performance.**
+
+| Methods | VOC 2012 | PASCAL Context | COCO-Stuff164K |
|---|
| mIoU(U) | mIoU(S) | hIoU | mIoU(U) | mIoU(S) | hIoU | mIoU(U) | mIoU(S) | hIoU |
|---|
| Inductive setting | | ZegFormer [10] | 63.6 | 86.4 | 73.3 | - | - | - | 33.2 | 36.6 | 34.8 | | Zsseg [35] | 72.5 | 83.5 | 77.6 | - | - | - | 36.3 | 39.3 | 37.8 | | ZegCLIP [38] | 77.8 | 91.9 | 84.3 | 54.6 | 46.0 | 49.9 | 41.4 | 40.2 | 40.8 | | OTSeg | 78.1 | 92.1 | 84.5 | 56.7 | 53.0 | 54.8 | 41.4 | 41.4 | 41.4 | | OTSeg+ | 81.6 | 93.3 | 87.1 | 60.4 | 55.2 | 57.7 | 41.8 | 41.3 | 41.5 | | Transductive setting | | Zsseg [35] | 78.1 | 79.2 | 79.3 | - | - | - | 43.6 | 39.6 | 41.5 | | MaskCLIP+ [37] | 88.1 | 86.1 | 87.4 | 66.7 | 48.1 | 53.3 | 54.7 | 39.6 | 45.0 | | FreeSeg [25] | 82.6 | 91.8 | 86.9 | - | - | - | 49.1 | 42.2 | 45.3 | | MVP-SEG+ [14] | 87.4 | 89.0 | 88.0 | 67.5 | 48.7 | 54.0 | 55.8 | 39.9 | 45.5 | | ZegCLIP [38] | 89.9 | 92.3 | 91.1 | 68.5 | 46.8 | 55.6 | 59.9 | 40.7 | 48.5 | | OTSeg | 94.3 | 94.2 | 94.2 | 66.7 | 53.4 | 59.3 | 60.7 | 41.8 | 49.5 | | OTSeg+ | 94.3 | 94.3 | 94.4 | 67.0 | 54.0 | 59.8 | 62.6 | 41.4 | 49.8 | | Fully-supervised | | ZegCLIP [38] | 90.9 | 92.4 | 91.6 | 78.7 | 46.5 | 56.9 | 63.2 | 40.7 | 49.6 | | OTSeg | 94.4 | 94.0 | 94.2 | 78.1 | 55.2 | 64.7 | 64.0 | 41.8 | 50.5 | | OTSeg+ | 95.0 | 94.1 | 94.6 | 78.4 | 54.5 | 65.5 | 63.2 | 41.5 | 50.1 |
+
+### 5.2 Implementation Details
+
+We implemented the proposed method using the open-source toolbox MMSeg-mentation [7]. The algorithm was executed on up to 8 NVIDIA A100 GPUs with a batch size of 16. We utilized the pre-trained CLIP ViT-B/16 model³ as the backbone VLM for all experiments. We fine-tuned the CLIP image encoder module by employing visual prompt tuning (VPT) approaches [15], while keeping the CLIP text encoder module frozen. The number of multiple text prompts was set to $N = 6$ for VOC 2012 and $N = 8$ for PASCAL Context and COCO-Stuff164K datasets. For the image decoder, we adopted a lightweight transformer consisting of three layers, with the original multi-head attention replaced by our MPSA. The optimizer was set to AdamW with a specific training schedule for each dataset.
+
+### 5.3 Comparison in Zero-Shot Settings
+
+Quantitative zero-shot segmentation results are presented in Tab. 1. We find that our proposed OTSeg outperforms the previous SOTA in both inductive and transductive settings. It implies that our proposed MPSA module decoder effectively enhances segmentation performance. Furthermore, we observe that our OTSeg+ achieves the best performance on all datasets and demonstrates the effectiveness of our ensemble strategy. Fig. 4 shows the qualitative zero-shot segmentation performance of our OTSeg+ and other previous approaches. OTSeg+ provides the most promising performance for both seen and unseen class objects compared to the previous SOTA methods. More visual results are provided in Appendix K.
+
+³ https://github.com/openai/CLIP
+
+
+
+
+
+**Fig. 4:** Qualitative comparison with previous SOTA models on COCO-Stuff164K dataset. **Green** tag indicates unseen classes, while **yellow** indicates seen classes.
+
+**Table 2:** Comparison in cross-data settings.
+
+| Method | Source | Target | Source | Target |
|---|
+| ADE20K | PASCAL VOC Context | VOC 2012 | COCO- Stuff164K | VOC 2012 | | Inductive setting | | ZegFormer | | 16.4 | - | 80.7 | - | - | - | | Zsseg | | 15.3 | - | 74.5 | - | - | - | | ZegCLIP | COCO-156 | 19.0 | 41.2 | 93.4 | Context-49 | 15.6 | 84.0 | | OTSeg | | 20.5 | 49.3 | 94.1 | | 16.7 | 82.7 | | OTSeg+ | | 19.6 | 49.1 | 94.1 | | 16.8 | 85.2 | | Transductive setting | | ZegCLIP | | 21.1 | 45.8 | 94.2 | | 18.1 | 90.6 | | OTSeg | COCO-156 | 21.9 | 52.9 | 94.2 | Context-49 | 18.9 | 92.2 | | OTSeg+ | | 21.1 | 53.4 | 94.4 | | 18.1 | 92.4 |
+
+**Table 3:** Comparison of memory cost and inference time. All models are evaluated on a single 3090 GPU.
+
+| Method | # Parameter (M) | ↓ GFLOPS | ↓ FPS |
|---|
| Zsseg | 61.1 | 1916.7 | 4.2 | | ZegFormer | 60.3 | 1829.3 | 6.8 | | ZegCLIP | 13.8 | 61.1 | 25.6 | | OTSeg | 13.8 | 61.9-0.8 | 23.6-2.0 | | OTSeg+ | 13.8 | 61.9-0.8 | 22.5-3.1 |
+
+
+### 5.4 Comparison in Cross-Dataset Settings
+
+To further evaluate the generalization capabilities of OTSeg, we perform cross-dataset experiments across COCO-Stuff164K and PASCAL Context datasets. The model is exclusively trained on the source dataset with labels for seen classes, as indicated as COCO-156 and Context-49, respectively, and then evaluated on the target dataset without any fine-tuning. As for the evaluation target, we added a challenging ADE20K [36] dataset. We compare the results in both inductive and transductive settings. As shown in Tab. 2, Our proposed methods, both OTSeg and OTSeg+, outperform the previous SOTA methods and demonstrate superior generalization performance in both experimental settings.
+
+### 5.5 Comparison on Efficiency
+
+To validate the efficiency of OTSeg, we compare the number of learnable parameters, training complexity (GFLOPS), and inference speed with other baseline
+
+**Fig. 5:** Visual comparison of prompt-related score map. While all the text prompt-related score map $S^i$ are cohered without MPSA, with our MPOT, each $S^i$ is diversely activated and focuses on different semantic attributes (white arrows), which helps the model effectively differentiates the target object from the background (red arrows).
+
+approaches in Tab. 3. Our OTSeg does not require additional learnable parameters compared to ZegCLIP, yet achieves the best performance while sacrificing slightly increased GFLOPS (1.2%) and decreased FPS (7.8%). Note that our method is still 4-5 times faster than other mask proposal-based two-stage methods such as Zsseg and ZegFormer.
+
+### 5.6 Ablation Studies
+
+**MPSA for Enhanced Multimodal Alignment** In Fig. 1, we visualize the effectiveness of MPSA by showing each text prompt-related score map, which focuses on different semantic features. We further analyze the reason behind the contribution of MPSA to produce better segmentation results by comparing each text prompt-related score map and their corresponding segmentation results in Fig. 5. With MPSA, we observe that each prompt-related score map is diversely dispersed, whereas the baseline method without MPSA shows significantly cohered score maps, as indicated in white arrows. This visual result suggests that MPSA is helpful in differentiating various semantic attributes from the target object, which yields the final score map selectively focuses on target-related features, leading improved performance on classnames-driven semantic segmentation.
+
+**Analysis on OTSeg Ensemble Component** To investigate the effectiveness of our ensemble strategy which combines the decoder output and the refined score map, we ablate each path prediction from the ensembled prediction, as shown in Tab. 4. We provide the results for both the inductive and the transductive settings, as well as the fully supervised setting to establish the upper bound of each approach. Remarkably, depending solely on the decoder output or the refined score map, which corresponds to the effect of MPS or MPSA, demonstrates superior performance in all the setting. This suggests that the proposed MPS or MPSA effectively enhances zero-shot semantic segmentation performance. Despite each path prediction itself outperforms previous SOTA approaches, the proposed ensemble strategy yields the best performance in almost settings, validating the rationale of our ensemble approach.
+
+
+Table 4: Analysis on OTSeg Ensemble Components.
+
+
+| Model Predictions |
+VOC 2012 |
+PASCAL Context |
+COCO-Stuff164K |
+
+
+| Decoder |
+ScoreMap |
+mIoU(U) |
+mIoU(S) |
+hIoU |
+mIoU(U) |
+mIoU(S) |
+hIoU |
+mIoU(U) |
+mIoU(S) |
+hIoU |
+
+
+
+
+| Inductive setting |
+ | | | | | | | | |
+
+
+| ✓ |
+✗ |
+78.1 |
+92.1 |
+84.5 |
+56.7 |
+53.0 |
+54.8 |
+41.4 |
+41.4 |
+41.4 |
+
+
+| ✗ |
+✓ |
+73.7 |
+92.7 |
+81.8 |
+55.6 |
+54.3 |
+54.9 |
+37.9 |
+40.7 |
+39.3 |
+
+
+| ✓ |
+✓ |
+81.6 |
+93.3 |
+87.1 |
+60.4 |
+55.2 |
+57.7 |
+41.8 |
+41.3 |
+41.5 |
+
+
+| Transductive setting |
+ | | | | | | | | |
+
+
+| ✓ |
+✗ |
+94.3 |
+94.2 |
+94.2 |
+66.7 |
+53.4 |
+59.3 |
+60.7 |
+41.8 |
+49.5 |
+
+
+| ✗ |
+✓ |
+94.4 |
+94.3 |
+94.3 |
+66.7 |
+53.4 |
+59.3 |
+58.9 |
+40.9 |
+48.3 |
+
+
+| ✓ |
+✓ |
+94.3 |
+94.3 |
+94.3 |
+67.0 |
+54.0 |
+59.8 |
+62.6 |
+41.4 |
+49.8 |
+
+
+| Fully-supervised |
+ | | | | | | | | |
+
+
+| ✓ |
+✗ |
+94.4 |
+94.0 |
+94.2 |
+78.1 |
+55.2 |
+64.7 |
+64.0 |
+41.8 |
+50.5 |
+
+
+| ✗ |
+✓ |
+94.7 |
+94.3 |
+94.5 |
+77.8 |
+55.4 |
+64.7 |
+62.5 |
+40.9 |
+49.5 |
+
+
+| ✓ |
+✓ |
+95.0 |
+94.1 |
+94.6 |
+78.4 |
+56.2 |
+65.5 |
+63.2 |
+41.5 |
+50.1 |
+
+
+
+
+
+Table 5: Component analysis of MPSA module under the inductive setting.
+
+
+| Component |
+Multi Text Prompt |
+Configuration |
+VOC 2012 |
+PASCAL Context |
+
+
+ | | |
+mIoU(U) |
+mIoU(S) |
+hIoU |
+mIoU(U) |
+mIoU(S) |
+hIoU |
+
+
+
+
+| (a) Number of Prompt |
+✓ |
+4 |
+76.5 |
+93.3 |
+84.1 |
+44.8 |
+52.0 |
+48.1 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+81.6 |
+93.3 |
+87.1 |
+48.1 |
+52.8 |
+50.3 |
+
+
+| 8 |
+79.9 |
+93.3 |
+86.1 |
+60.4 |
+55.2 |
+57.7 |
+
+
+| (b) Matching Method |
+✗ |
+Cross-attention |
+77.9 |
+91.8 |
+84.3 |
+50.9 |
+49.7 |
+50.3 |
+
+
+| ✓ |
+ |
+67.1 |
+92.1 |
+77.6 |
+57.2 |
+52.0 |
+54.5 |
+
+
+| ✓ |
+MPSA |
+81.6 |
+93.3 |
+87.1 |
+60.4 |
+55.2 |
+57.7 |
+
+
+
+
+### 5.7 Component Analysis
+
+To study effect of the component of OTSeg on the zero-shot segmentation performance, we conduct a component analysis in Tab. 5, which includes: the number of text prompts and the matching method.
+
+**Number of Text Prompts** In Tab. 5(a), we observe segmentation performance by varying the total number *N* of the introduced multiple text prompts. Our empirical findings indicate that OTSeg achieves optimal performance when *N* = 6 for VOC 2012 dataset, and *N* = 8 for PASCAL Context dataset. This suggests that, while *N* = 6 is sufficient for datasets with fewer classes, a way increased number of text prompts can add additional performance gains, particularly for larger datasets such like PASCAL Context and COCO-Stuff164K, which may assist the model in acquiring varied semantic features related to text prompts.
+
+**Matching Method** In Tab. 5(b), we further compare our MPSA matching method with the conventional cross-attention and its variants. We observe that the naive extension of multiple text prompts for the cross-attention mechanism results in detrimental effects on specific datasets, such as VOC 2012. Whereas, our MPSA demonstrates its superior performance with margins of 3% and 7% hIoU compared to the cross-attention method. These results demonstrate the reason how OTSeg achieves the best performance in zero-shot segmentation settings, which is not only rooted from leveraging multiple text prompts, but alsofrom the proposed Sinkhorn matching mechanism, which optimally transports multiple text prompts to related pixel embeddings.
+
+## 6 Discussion and Limitation
+
+In this study, we demonstrate through MPS and MPSA that each text prompt serves as a score map capable of capturing different semantic features. However, our each score map is limited by the fact that the true meanings of text prompts are not fully captured. This issue arises from the framework that does not consider the association between semantic meanings and visual features. Furthermore, even though the application of zero-shot semantic segmentation yields noteworthy results with scalability, this module has yet to be applied to other tasks such as open-vocabulary or instance and panoptic segmentation within the scope of our investigation. These areas will be considered as future research.
+
+## 7 Conclusion
+
+In this study, we introduce OTSeg, a novel multimodal matching framework for zero-shot semantic segmentation, which leverages multiple text prompts with Optimal Transport (OT)-based text-pixel alignment module, specifically Multi-Prompts Sinkhorn (MPS), along with its extension for cross-attention mechanism, Multi-Prompts Sinkhorn Attention (MPSA). By incorporating MPSA within Transformer, our proposed OTSeg effectively aligns semantic features between multiple text prompts and image pixels, and selectively focuses on target object-related features. Through extensive experiments, we demonstrate OTSeg's capability to achieve the state-of-the-art (SOTA) performance on zero-shot segmentation (ZS3) tasks across three benchmark datasets. We believe that OTSeg can contribute in opening new directions for future researches in multimodal alignment and zero-shot learning, with potential applications in various domains requiring multi-conceptual semantic understandings of vision.
+
+**Acknowledgments** This work was supported by Institute for Information & communications Technology Promotion (IITP) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT) (No.RS-2019-II190075) Artificial Intelligence Graduate School Program(KAIST), and also supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT) (RS-2024-00345854), (RS-2024-00336454), (RS-2023-00262527), and also supported by Field-oriented Technology Development Project for Customs Administration funded by the Korea government through the National Research Foundation (NRF) of Korea under Grant NRF2021M311A1097910, and also Administration by Culture, Sports and Tourism R&D Program through the Korea Creative Content Agency grant funded by the Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism in 2023.
+
+## References
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+
+### A Algorithm of MPS
+
+As discussed in Sec. 3.1, we adopt the log-scaling version of Sinkhorn approaches for our proposed Multiple Prompt Sinkhorn (MPS) algorithm as follow:
+
+**Algorithm 1:** Multiple Prompt Sinkhorn Algorithm
+***
+**Given:** The feature map size $M = HW$, the number of prompts $N$, $\mu = 1^M/M$, $\nu = 1^N/N$, the score map $S$;
+**Input:** The cost matrix $C = 1 - S$, hyper-parameter $\epsilon$, the max iteration $t_{max}$;
+**Initialization:** $K = \exp(-C/\epsilon)$, $t \leftarrow 1$, $b^0 = 0$;
+1 **while** $t \le t_{max}$ **and not converge** **do**
+2 $\mathbf{a}^t = \log \mu - \log \left[ \sum \exp \left[ -\frac{1}{\epsilon} \mathbf{C} + \mathbf{b}^{t-1} \right] \right]$;
+3 $\mathbf{b}^t = \log \nu - \log \left[ \sum \exp \left[ -\frac{1}{\epsilon} \mathbf{C}^{\top} + \mathbf{a}^{t-1} \right] \right]$;
+**Output:** Optimal transport plan $\mathbf{T}^* = \text{diag}(\exp(\mathbf{a}))^t \mathbf{K} \text{diag}(\exp(\mathbf{b}))^t$;
+
+### B Details of Loss function
+
+As discussed in Sec. 4.3, we combine three different losses, including the focal loss based on Cross Entropy (CE) loss, and the dice loss, which are given by:
+
+$$
+\mathcal{L}_{\text{ce}} = -\frac{1}{HW} \sum_{i=1}^{HW} \mathbf{Y}_i^{\text{gt}} \log(\phi(\mathbf{Y}_i)) \\
+\qquad + (1 - \mathbf{Y}_i^{\text{gt}}) \log(1 - \phi(\mathbf{Y}_i)), \tag{19}
+$$
+
+$$
+\mathcal{L}_{\text{focal}} = -\frac{1}{HW} \sum_{i=1}^{HW} \mathbf{Y}_i^{\text{gt}} (1 - \sigma(\mathbf{Y}_i))^{\gamma} \log(\sigma(\mathbf{Y}_i)) \\
+\qquad + (1 - \mathbf{Y}_i^{\text{gt}}) \sigma(\mathbf{Y}_i)^{\gamma} \log(1 - \sigma(\mathbf{Y}_i)), \tag{20}
+$$
+
+$$\mathcal{L}_{\text{dice}} = 1 - \frac{2\sum_{i=1}^{HW} \mathbf{Y}_i^{\text{gt}} \mathbf{Y}_i}{\sum_{i=1}^{HW} \mathbf{Y}_i^{\text{gt}2} + \sum_{i=1}^{HW} \mathbf{Y}_i^2}, \tag{21}$$
+
+where $\mathbf{Y}$ is the model decoder outputs, $\mathbf{Y}^{\text{gt}}$ is the ground truth label, $\sigma(\cdot)$ is Sigmoid operations, $\gamma$ is a hyper-parameter to balance hard and easy samples, which is set to 2. Throughout the entire experiments, $\lambda_{\text{ce}}$, $\lambda_{\text{focal}}$ and $\lambda_{\text{dice}}$ are set to 1, 20, and 1, respectively.
+
+### C Relation Descriptor
+
+As discussed in Sec. 4.1, when an image is inputted into the CLIP image encoder,
+we obtain the ([CLS] token) $\bar{\mathbf{h}}_{\text{img}} \in \mathbb{R}^{1 \times D}$ and the pixel embedding $\mathbf{h}_{\text{img}}$ in the
+last layer. To merge these CLIP's text and pixel embeddings, we utilize therelationship descriptor following an approach introduced in [38] to yield the
+refined text embedding **h**txt as follows:
+
+$$
+\tilde{\mathbf{h}}_{\text{txt}} = \mathcal{R}_{\psi}(\text{cat} [\mathbf{h}_{\text{img}} \odot \mathbf{h}_{\text{txt}}, \mathbf{h}_{\text{txt}}]) \in \mathbb{R}^{KN \times D}
+$$
+
+where $\mathcal{R}_{\psi}$ denotes a linear layer for matching the concatenated embedding dimension to the original dimension $D$, and cat is the concatenation operator, $\odot$ is the Hadamard product.
+
+### D Definition of Harmonic mean IoU
+
+Following the previous works [35, 37, 38], we define harmonic mean IoU (hIoU)
+among the seen (S) and unseen (U) classes as:
+
+$$
+h\text{IoU} = \frac{2 * \text{mIoU}(\text{S}) * \text{mIoU}(\text{U})}{\text{mIoU}(\text{S}) + \text{mIoU}(\text{U})} \quad (22)
+$$
+
+### E Details of Dataset
+
+We utilize a total of three datasets, i.e., VOC 2012 [11], PASCAL Context [20], and COCO-Stuff164K [3]. We divide seen and unseen classes for each dataset, following the settings of previous methods [2, 10, 35, 37, 38]. VOC 2012 consists of 10,582 / 1,449 images with 20 categories, for training / validation. The dataset is divided into 15 seen and 5 unseen classes. PASCAL Context is an extensive dataset of PASCAL VOC 2010 that contains 4,996 / 5,104 images for training / test with 60 categories. The dataset is categorized into 50 seen and 10 unseen classes. COCO-Stuff 164K is a large-scale dataset that consists of 118,287 / 5,000 images for training / validation with 171 classes. The dataset is categorized into 156 seen and 15 unseen classes.
+
+### F Implementation Detail
+
+We further declare the implementation detail for our work. Input image resolution is set as 480×480 for PASCAL Context, and 512×512 for the rest of the datasets. For training, we choose the lightest training schedule. For the inductive settings, the total training iterations were 20K for VOC 2012, 40K for PASCAL Context, and 80K for COCO-Stuff164K. For the transductive settings, the model was trained on seen classes in the first half of training iterations and then applied self-training by generating pseudo-labels in the remaining iterations, following previous approaches [37, 38]. The balance factor λ for the score map in Eq. (17) is set to 0.5.
+
+### G Further Comparison Studies
+
+To further validate the generalizability of our proposed method in the open-vocabulary segmentation (OVS) setting, we compared our OTSeg and OTSeg+ with FreeSeg [25] and SAN [34]. It's noteworthy that OTSeg is designed for ZS3, utilizing a partial dataset of 156 classes, whereas FreeSeg and SAN use the entire COCO-Stuff 171 classes dataset tailored for OVS. Despite differing goals and settings, our proposed OTSeg variants demonstrate comparable results in cross-dataset settings, as shown in Table S1, validating their effectiveness.
+
+**Table S1:** Cross-data comparison with open-vocabulary segmentation methods.
+
+| Category | Method | Source | ADE20K | PC59 | VOC |
|---|
| Zero-shot segmentation (ZS3) | OTSeg | COCO-156 | 21.9 | 52.9 | 94.2 | | OTSeg+ | 21.1 | 53.4 | 94.4 | | Open-vocabulary segmentation (OVS) | Freeseg [25] | COCO-171 | 17.9 | 34.4 | 85.6 | | SAN [34] | 27.5 | 53.8 | 94.1 |
+
+### H Robustness of OTSeg with Multiple Seeds
+
+To evaluate the robustness of our proposed Multiple Prompt Sinkhorn (MPS) algorithm, we repeatedly trained both OTSeg and OTSeg+ with multiple seeds and compared the results on the VOC dataset. Table S2 confirms the robustness and consistent performance of our proposed method across various seeds.
+
+**Table S2:** Quantitative results with multiple seeds on VOC dataset and comparison in cross-data settings with further approaches.
+
+| Settings | Method | Seed | Mean ± STD |
|---|
| #1 | #2 | #3 | #4 |
|---|
| Inductive | OTSeg | 84.5 | 84.9 | 84.3 | 84.0 | 84.4 ± 0.4 | | OTSeg+ | 87.1 | 88.0 | 88.0 | 86.5 | 87.4 ± 0.7 | | Transductive | OTSeg | 94.2 | 94.6 | 94.2 | 94.3 | 94.4 ± 0.2 | | OTSeg+ | 94.3 | 94.5 | 94.2 | 94.3 | 94.3 ± 0.1 |
+
+### I Further Component Analysis
+
+In this section, we conduct additional component analysis by varying the conditions comprising our proposed method.
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+arXiv:2403.14216v3 [econ.EM] 7 Feb 2025
+
+# A Gaussian smooth transition vector autoregressive model: An application to the macroeconomic effects of severe weather shocks
+
+Markku Lanne
+
+Savi Virolainen
+
+University of Helsinki
+
+## Abstract
+
+We introduce a new smooth transition vector autoregressive model with a Gaussian conditional distribution and transition weights that, for a *p*th order model, depend on the full distribution of the preceding *p* observations. Specifically, the transition weight of each regime increases in its relative weighted likelihood. This data-driven approach facilitates capturing complex switching dynamics, enhancing the identification of gradual regime shifts. In an empirical application to the macroeconomic effects of a severe weather shock, we find that in monthly U.S. data from 1961:1 to 2022:3, the shock has stronger impact in the regime prevailing in the early part of the sample and in certain crisis periods than in the regime dominating the latter part of the sample. This suggests overall adaptation of the U.S. economy to severe weather over time.
+
+**Keywords:** smooth transition VAR, nonlinear SVAR, structural smooth transition vector autoregression, regime-switching
+
+The authors thank Pentti Saikkonen for the useful discussions and the Research Council of Finland for financial support (Grant 347986).
+Contact address: Savi Virolainen, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 17, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; e-mail: savi.virolainen@helsinki.fi. ORCiD ID: 0000-0002-5075-6821.
+The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
+
+## 1 Introduction
+
+Smooth transition vector autoregressive (STVAR) models that allow for gradual shifts in parameter values have become popular due to their ability to capture nonlinear dynamics in time series data (for a survey of the literature, see, e.g., Hubrich and Teräsvirta, 2013, and the references therein). They extend the conventional linear vector autoregressive (VAR) model by allowing for smooth transitions between regimes, each of which is characterized by a linear vector autoregression with different coefficients or error covariance matrices. Each observation is the sum of a weighted average of the conditional means of the regimes and a random error, whose covariance matrix is a weighted average of the covariance matrices of the regimes. Like other nonlinear structural VAR models, the structural counterparts of STVAR models enable tracing out the causal effects of economic shocks, which may depend on the initial state of the economy or on the sign or size of the shock.
+
+Different STVAR models are obtained by specifying the transition weights or the error distribution in various ways. In this paper, we introduce the Gaussian smooth transition vector autoregressive (GSTVAR) model, where the transition weights are similar to the mixing weights of the Gaussian mixture vector autoregressive (GMVAR) model of Kalliovirta, Meitz, and Saikkonen (2016). For a *p*th order model, the transition weights in both models depend on the full distribution of the preceding *p* observations, which enables capturing complicated switching dynamics. Specifically, the greater the relative weighted likelihood of a regime is, the greater its transition weight is, which facilitates associating statistical characteristics and economic interpretations to the regimes. However, in contrast to the GMVAR model, which incorporates unobserved discrete regime switches, our GSTVAR model has the advantage that it allows for capturing gradual shifts in the dynamics of the data. Moreover, the identified shocks of the structural GSTVAR model can be recovered from the fitted model and used in impulse response analysis to further reflect the properties of the data, which is not the case with the structural GMVAR model.
+
+Probably the most popular among the STVAR models put forward in the previous literature is the logistic STVAR (LSTVAR) model (Anderson and Vahid, 1998) characterized by logistic transition weights. In the LSTVAR model, the interpretation of the regimes is clear, and it can accommodate exogenous as well as endogenous switching variables. These properties are shared by the often employed threshold VAR (TVAR) model (Tsay, 1998), albeit the latter features discrete regimes instead of allowing for smooth transitions between them. Hence, these models are well-suited, when the transition weights can be expected to depend on the level of some specific switching variables. In contrast, our GSTVAR model facilitates capturing more complicated switching dynamics and results in more clearly data-driven regimes, but it may not always be straightforward to interpret the regimes economically.
+
+Besides STVAR and TVAR models, there are a number of alternative approaches to modeling nonlinearities in multivariate time series, including so-called Markov-switching VAR (MS-VAR) models (Krolzig, 1997, see also Hamilton, 1989, 1990) and time-varying parameter VAR (TVP-VAR) models (Cogley and Sargent, 2001; Cogley and Sargent, 2005; Primiceri, 2005; Koop, Leon-Gonzalez, and Strachan, 2009; among others). The former incorporate discrete regime switches that are random and unobserved, and the switching probabilities depend on only the preceding regime. While they can flexibly capture nonlinearities in the data, unlike our GSTVAR model, they do not accommodate gradual shifts in the dynamics nor complicated switching dynamics. As to TVP-VAR models, compared to our GSTVAR model, they have the major limitation that the stochastic processes governing the changes in parameter values are exogenous to the variables included, which may lead to overlooking important endogenous dynamics.
+
+We apply the structural GSTVAR model to find out about the macroeconomic effects of severe weather. This issue was recently studied by Kim, Matthess, and Phan (in press) by a STVAR model with transition weights defined by a linear time trend, which only allows a single switch from one regime to the other. Following them, we include an indicatorof severe weather in addition to a number of macroeconomic variables in the model and estimate it on monthly U.S. data from 1961:1 to 2022:3. In line with Kim et al. (in press), we find evidence in favor of nonlinearity, and a GSTVAR model with two regimes is deemed sufficient. However, our regimes are characterized by features quite different from theirs. One regime dominates the earlier part of the sample period, particularly the volatile periods of the 1970s and 1980s, and also prevails later during the Financial crisis and the COVID-19 crisis, while the latter part of the sample period is predominantly characterized by the other regime.
+
+In both regimes, a recursively identified positive severe weather shock decreases GDP, consumer prices, and the interest rate, but the effects are clearly stronger in the regime prevailing in the earlier part of the sample period and in certain crisis periods. In contrast to Kim et al. (in press), who found the effects of severe weather stronger in the latter part of the sample period, we thus conclude that the U.S. economy has adapted to the changing distribution of weather related shocks over time. However, since strong effects are found also in the crisis periods, it seems that the apparent adaptation does not provide sufficient resilience when the economy is in a vulnerable state.
+
+The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 first presents our framework for STVAR models and then discusses their stationarity and ergodicity. We also introduce the structural STVAR model and some tools useful in empirical analysis based on it. Finally, the new Gaussian STVAR (GSTVAR) model is introduced by specifying the transition weights and the error distribution. In Section 3, model selection and estimation of the parameters by the method of maximum likelihood are discussed. Section 4 contains the empirical application to the macroeconomic effects of severe weather shocks. Section 5 concludes the paper. Further details can be found in the appendices, and the introduced methods are implemented to the accompanying R package sstvars (Virolainen, 2025a), available in the CRAN repository.
+# 2 Smooth transition vector autoregressive models
+
+## 2.1 General framework for STVAR models
+
+The STVAR model with $M$ regimes and autoregressive order $p$ considered in this paper can be written as
+
+$$
+y_t = \sum_{m=1}^{M} \alpha_{m,t} \mu_{m,t} + u_t, \quad u_t \sim (0, \Omega_{y,t}), \qquad (2.1)
+$$
+
+$$
+\mu_{m,t} = \phi_{m,0} + \sum_{i=1}^{p} A_{m,i} y_{t-i}, \quad m = 1, \dots, M, \qquad (2.2)
+$$
+
+$$
+\Omega_{y,t} = \sum_{m=1}^{M} \alpha_{m,t} \Omega_{m}, \qquad (2.3)
+$$
+
+where $\phi_{1,0}, \dots, \phi_{M,0} \in \mathbb{R}^d$, $m = 1, \dots, M$, are the intercept parameters, $A_{1,i}, \dots, A_{M,i} \in \mathbb{R}^{d \times d}$, $i = 1, \dots, p$, are the autoregressive matrices, and $\Omega_1, \dots, \Omega_M$ are the positive definite $(d \times d)$ covariance matrices of the regimes. The serially uncorrelated reduced form innovations $u_t$ follow some distribution with zero mean and conditional covariance matrix $\Omega_{y,t}$.
+
+The transition weights $ \alpha_{m,t} $ are assumed to be $ \mathcal{F}_{t-1} $-measurable functions of $ \{y_{t-j}, j = 1, ..., p\} $ and to satisfy $ \sum_{m=1}^{M} \alpha_{m,t} = 1 $ at all $ t $. These weights convey the relative proportions of the regimes at each point in time and determine how the process shifts between them. Specifically, when the process is completely in one of the regimes, the transition weight $ \alpha_{m,t} $ of that regime equals unity, while the weights of the rest of the regimes are equal to zero. As the process begins a shift towards another regime, the transition weight of the emerging regime increases due to the dynamics captured in the transition weight function through the preceding observations. Concurrently, the weight of the previously dominant regime decreases.
+
+It is easy to see that, conditional on $\mathcal{F}_{t-1}$, the conditional mean of the above-describedprocess is $\mu_{y,t} \equiv E[y_t|\mathcal{F}_{t-1}] = \sum_{m=1}^{M} \alpha_{m,t}\mu_{m,t}$, and its conditional covariance matrix is $\Omega_{y,t} = \text{Cov}(y_t|\mathcal{F}_{t-1}) = \sum_{m=1}^{M} \alpha_{m,t}\Omega_m$. That is, the conditional mean is a weighted sum the regime-specific means $\mu_{m,t}$ with the weights given by the transition weights $\alpha_{m,t}$, whereas the conditional covariance matrix is a weighted sum of the regime-specific conditional covariance matrices $\Omega_m$.
+
+For standard asymptotic inference, the STVAR process must be stationary and ergodic. To verify that this is indeed the case, we rely on the sufficient condition for stationarity and ergodicity derived by Kheifets and Saikkonen (2020) (based on the more general results of Saikkonen, 2008). However, their parametrization is not quite the same as ours, so their result must be slightly modified for our purposes (see Appendix A for details). In terms of the companion form AR matrices of the regimes defined as
+
+$$
+\boldsymbol{A}_m = \begin{bmatrix}
+A_{m,1} & A_{m,2} & \cdots & A_{m,p-1} & A_{m,p} \\
+I_d & 0 & \cdots & 0 & 0 \\
+0 & I_d & & 0 & 0 \\
+\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\
+0 & 0 & \cdots & I_d & 0
+\end{bmatrix}_{\left(dp \times dp\right)}, \, m = 1, ..., M, \tag{2.4}
+$$
+
+Kheifets and Saikkonen (2020, Theorem 1) show that if the following condition holds, the STVAR process is ergodic stationary (both strictly and second-order).
+
+**Condition 1.** $ \rho(\{\boldsymbol{A}_1, ..., \boldsymbol{A}_M\}) < 1 $.
+
+Here
+
+$$
+\rho(\mathcal{A}) = \limsup_{j \to \infty} \left( \sup_{A \in \mathcal{A}^j} \rho(A) \right)^{1/j} \tag{2.5}
+$$
+
+denotes the joint spectral radius (JSR) of a finite set of square matrices $ \mathcal{A} $ with $ \mathcal{A}^j = \{A_1A_2...A_j ; A_i \in \mathcal{A}\} $ and $ \rho(A) $ is the spectral radius of the square matrix $ A $. As Kheifets and Saikkonen (2020) note, Condition 1 is not necessary for ergodic stationarity of the process, meaning that if it does not hold, we just cannot use the result to state whether the process is ergodic stationary or not.
+
+It is worth mentioning that a necessary condition for Condition 1 is that the usual stability condition is satisfied for each of the regimes, as $\max(\rho(\mathbf{A}_1), ..., \rho(\mathbf{A}_M)) \le \rho(\{\mathbf{A}_1, ..., \mathbf{A}_M\})$ (see Kheifets and Saikkonen, 2020, and the references therein). Therefore, the following condition, which is analogous to Corollary 1 of Kheifets and Saikkonen (2020), is necessary for Condition 1.
+
+**Condition 2.** $\max\{\rho(\mathbf{A}_1), ..., \rho(\mathbf{A}_M)\} < 1$.
+
+Since the sufficient Condition 1 is computationally costly to verify with reasonable accuracy (see, e.g., Chang and Blondel, 2013), it is useful to employ the more easily verified necessary Condition 2 in numerical estimation (see Section 3). As our estimation procedure produces a set of alternative local solutions, Condition 1 can be checked for each of them after the estimation, and the best local solution is selected among those for which stationarity can be verified.
+
+A number of methods for bounding the JSR have been proposed in the literature, many of which are discussed by Chang and Blondel (2013). The accompanying R package sstvars (Virolainen, 2025a) implements the branch-and-bound method of Gripenberg (1996). The JSR toolbox in MATLAB (Jungers, 2023), in turn, automatically combines various methods in the estimation of the JSR to enhance computational efficiency.
+
+## 2.2 Structural STVAR model
+
+To conduct structural analysis, we need to find the structural counterpart of the STVAR model that involves orthogonal, serially uncorrelated structural errors, or shocks, $e_t$. This amounts to finding a non-singular ($d \times d$) impact matrix $B_t$ such that the conditional covariance matrix of $e_t = B_t^{-1}u_t$, conditional on $\mathcal{F}_{t-1}$, is a diagonal matrix (typically normalized to the identity matrix). In other words, $B_t$ must be such that $B_t^{-1}\Omega_{y,t}B_t'^{-1} = I_d$. However, without additional identifying restrictions $B_t$ satisfying this equation is not unique, and asdiscussed by, e.g., Kilian and Lütkepohl (2017, Chapter 18), imposing such restrictions in nonlinear structural VAR models may not be straightforward. In our empirical application in Section 4, we consider a recursive model, where $B_t$ is obtained by a lower-triangular Cholesky decomposition of the conditional covariance matrix $\Omega_{y,t}$.
+
+Conventional impulse responses can be computed separately for each regime in the structural STVAR model, as has been done in much of the nonlinear structural VAR literature. However, by thus precluding future regime switches, this approach changes the structure of the model and makes the impulse response analysis subject to Lucas critique. Moreover, the expected effects of the structural shocks generally depend on the initial values of the variables as well as on the sign and size of the shock, which is not accounted for by the conventional impulse responses. An appropriate alternative is the generalized impulse response function (GIRF) of Koop, Pesaran, and Potter (1996), defined as
+
+$$
+\text{GIRF}(h, \delta_j, \mathcal{F}_{t-1}) = \text{E}[y_{t+h}|\delta_j, \mathcal{F}_{t-1}] - \text{E}[y_{t+h}|\mathcal{F}_{t-1}], \quad (2.6)
+$$
+
+where $h$ is the horizon and $\mathcal{F}_{t-1} = \sigma\{y_{t-j}, j > 0\}$ as before. The first term on the right side of (2.6) is the expected realization of the process at time $t+h$ conditional on a structural shock of sign and size $\delta_j \in \mathbb{R}$ in the $j$th element of $e_t$ at time $t$ and the previous observations. The latter term on the right side is the expected realization of the process conditional on the previous observations only. The GIRF thus expresses the expected difference in the future outcomes when the structural shock of sign and size $\delta_j$ in the $j$th element hits the system at time $t$ as opposed to all shocks being random. An interesting feature of the structural STVAR model is that besides the generalized impulse response functions of the observable variables, it produces the GIRFs of the transition weights $\alpha_{m,t}$, $m = 1, \dots, M$, which yield information on the dynamic effects of the shocks on regime switches. They are obtained by replacing $y_{t+h}$ with $\alpha_{m,t}$ on the right side of Equation (2.6).
+
+Typically STVAR models have a $p$-step Markov property, and this is also the case withour GSTVAR model to be introduced in Section 2.3. Thus conditioning on (the σ-algebra generated by) the p previous observations $\mathbf{y}_{t-1} = (y_{t-1}, \dots, y_{t-p})$ is effectively the same as conditioning on $\mathcal{F}_{t-1}$ at time t and later. To estimate the GIRFs conditional on the economy being in a specific regime, say $\tilde{m}$, when the shock arrives, we select the length p histories $\mathbf{y}_{t-1}$ from the data that indicate the dominance of this regime in the time period t. That is, we select the histories $\mathbf{y}_{t-1}$ for which the transition weight $\alpha_{\tilde{m},t}$ is large, say, larger than 0.75, indicating that the process is largely in Regime $\tilde{m}$. For each of these histories $\mathbf{y}_{t-1}$, we compute the GIRFs to the structural shock $e_{it}$ recovered from the data (the ith element of the estimate of $B_t^{-1}(y_t - \mu_{y,t}))$, so they reflect the properties of the data. To then make GIRFs to shocks with different signs and sizes comparable, they are all scaled to correspond to some fixed (say, unit) instantaneous increase in one of the variables. Finally, the distribution of GIRFs obtained for all histories $\mathbf{y}_{t-1}$ can be superimposed in a so-called “shotgun plot” (cf. Inoue and Kilian, 2016). When a low level of opacity is used, the darkness of each region in the figure indicates the concentration of GIRFs in it (for an example, see Figure 2). A detailed description of our Monte Carlo algorithm for estimating the GIRF is presented in Appendix B.¹
+
+Similarly to the conventional impulse response functions being unsuitable for impulse response analysis in the structural STVAR model (due to their inability to capture asymmetries in the effects of the shocks or to take future switches in the regime into account), the conventional forecast error variance decomposition is unsuitable for tracking the relative contribution of each shock to the variance of the forecast errors. Instead, the generalized forecast error variance decomposition (GFEVD) of Lanne and Nyberg (2016) can be used.
+
+¹ Another way to estimate GIRFs conditional on the economy being in a specific regime when the shock arrives is to generate the initial values $\mathbf{y}_{t-1} = (y_{t-1}, \dots, y_{t-p})$ from the stationary distribution of that regime. Comparison of regime-dependent GIRFs for different signs and sizes of the shock then reveals asymmetries with respect to these features within the regime.
+
+It is defined for variable *i*, shock *j*, and horizon *h* as
+
+$$
+\text{GFEVD}(h, y_{it}, \delta_j, \mathcal{F}_{t-1}) = \frac{\sum_{l=0}^{h} \text{GIRF}(l, \delta_j, \mathcal{F}_{t-1})_i^2}{\sum_{k=1}^{d} \sum_{l=0}^{h} \text{GIRF}(l, \delta_k, \mathcal{F}_{t-1})_i^2}, \quad (2.7)
+$$
+
+where *h* is the chosen horizon and GIRF(*l*, *δ*j, *F**t*−1)i is the *i*th element of the related GIRF.
+
+The GFEVD is otherwise similar to the conventional forecast error variance decomposition but with GIRFs in the place of conventional impulse response functions, and it can be interpreted in a similar manner to the conventional forecast error variance decomposition.
+
+## 2.3 Gaussian STVAR model
+
+Specifying a particular STVAR (and the related structural STVAR) model from the definition in Section 2.1 amounts to specifying the distribution of the reduced form innovations $u_t$ (or the structural shocks $e_t$) and the transition weights $\alpha_{m,t}$. In this paper, we propose a Gaussian STVAR model with standard normal distributions for the structural errors $e_t$. Hence, the conditional distribution of $y_t$, conditional on $\mathcal{F}_{t-1}$, is Gaussian and characterized by the density function
+
+$$
+f(y_t | \mathcal{F}_{t-1}) = n_d(y_t; \mu_{y,t}, \Omega_{y,t}) = (2\pi)^{-d/2} \det(\Omega_{y,t})^{-1/2} \exp \left\{ -\frac{1}{2} (y_t - \mu_{y,t})' \Omega_{y,t}^{-1} (y_t - \mu_{y,t}) \right\}. \quad (2.8)
+$$
+
+That is, the conditional distribution is the *d*-dimensional Gaussian distribution with mean $\mu_{y,t}$ and covariance matrix $\Omega_{y,t}$.
+
+The GSTVAR model has the advantage that, as the conditional distribution is Gaussian, the stationary distributions of the regimes corresponding to *p* consecutive observations are known, and, hence, the weighted relative likelihoods of the regimes can be used as transition weights. In this specification, the transition weights depend on the full distribution of the preceding *p* observations, and they are defined identically to the mixing weights of the GMVAR model (Kalliovirta et al., 2016). Denoting $\mathbf{y}_{t-1} = (y_{t-1}, \dots, y_{t-p})$, the transition weights are defined as
+
+$$
+\alpha_{m,t} = \frac{\alpha_m n_{dp}(\mathbf{y}_{t-1}; \mathbf{1}_p \otimes \mu_m, \mathbf{\Sigma}_{m,p})}{\sum_{n=1}^{M} \alpha_n n_{dp}(\mathbf{y}_{t-1}; \mathbf{1}_p \otimes \mu_n, \mathbf{\Sigma}_{n,p})}, \quad m = 1, \dots, M, \qquad (2.9)
+$$
+
+where $\alpha_1, \dots, \alpha_M$ are transition weight parameters that satisfy $\sum_{m=1}^M \alpha_m = 1$ and $n_{dp}(\cdot; \mathbf{1}_p \otimes \mu_m, \mathbf{\Sigma}_{m,p})$ is the density function of the dp-dimensional normal distribution with mean $\mathbf{1}_p \otimes \mu_m$ and covariance matrix $\mathbf{\Sigma}_{m,p}$. The symbol $\mathbf{1}_p$ denotes a p-dimensional vector of ones, $\otimes$ is Kronecker product, $\mu_m = (I_d - \sum_{i=1}^p A_{m,i})^{-1}\phi_{m,0}$, and the covariance matrix $\mathbf{\Sigma}_{m,p}$ is given in Lütkepohl (2005, Equation (2.1.39)), but using the parameters of the mth regime. In other words, $n_{dp}(\cdot; \mathbf{1}_p \otimes \mu_m, \mathbf{\Sigma}_{m,p})$ corresponds to the density function of the stationary distribution of the mth regime.
+
+The transition weights are thus weighted ratios of the stationary densities of the regimes corresponding to the preceding $p$ observations. The specification of the transition weights is appealing, as it states that the greater the weighted relative likelihood of a regime is, the greater the weight of this regime is. The regimes are, hence, formed based on the statistical properties of the data and are not affected by the choice of switching variables. This is a convenient feature for forecasting, and it also facilitates associating statistical characteristics and economic interpretations to the regimes.
+
+Our GSTVAR model has a number of desirable features compared to popular alternative nonlinear VAR models. As already discussed, in line with the GMVAR model of Kalliovirta et al. (2016), the transition between the regimes depends on the full distribution of multiple past observations. By contrast, in the Markov-switching VAR (MS-VAR) model, the transition probabilities depend only on the most recent regime, whereas in the logistic STVAR (LSTVAR) and threshold VAR (TVAR) models, the regime is determined by the lagged value(s) of some observable variable(s) or exogenous switching variable(s). On the other hand, like the LSTVAR model, the GSTVAR model facilitates gradual shifts between the regimes, whereas in the TVAR, GMVAR and MS-VAR models each observation is generated from a single regime. Hence, the GSTVAR model combines several advantages of the GM-VAR, TVAR, LSTVAR and MS-VAR models. A more detailed comparison of the models is
+given in Appendix C.
+
+# 3 Estimation and model selection
+
+## 3.1 Maximum likelihood estimation
+
+The parameters of the GSTVAR model can be estimated by the method of maximum likelihood (ML). We collect the parameters to the vector $\boldsymbol{\theta}$ = (φ1,0, ..., φm,0, ϕ1, ..., ϕM, σ, α), where ϕm = (vec(Am,1), ..., vec(Am,p)), m = 1, ..., M, σ = (vech(Ω1), ..., vech(ΩM)), and α = (α1, ..., αM-1) contains the transition weight parameters (notice that αM = 1 - ΣM-1m=1 αm). Indexing the observed data as y-p+1, ..., y0, y1, ..., yT, the conditional log-likelihood function, conditional on the initial values **y0** = (y0, ..., y-p+1), is given as
+
+$$
+L_t(\boldsymbol{\theta}) = \sum_{t=1}^{T} \log n_d(y_t; \boldsymbol{\mu}_{y,t}, \Omega_{y,t}). \qquad (3.1)
+$$
+
+where $n_d(y_t; \mu_{y,t}, \Omega_{y,t})$ is the $d$-dimensional conditional density of the process, conditional on $\mathcal{F}_{t-1}$, at time $t$, given in Equation (2.8). Hence, the ML estimator of $\boldsymbol{\theta}$ maximizes the log-likelihood function $L_t(\boldsymbol{\theta})$ over the parameter space specified below.
+
+To ensure ergodic stationarity of the process, we assume that Condition 1 in Section 2.1 holds. Moreover, it is assumed that the true parameter value is an interior point of a compact subset of the parameter space, which is a standard condition for asymptotic normality of the ML estimator. Thus, given ergodic stationarity of the process, there is no particular reason to expect that the standard asymptotic results of consistency and asymptotic normality wouldnot apply to the ML estimator. Finally, to achieve identification of the parameters such that the regimes cannot 'relabelled' to obtain the same model with different parameter vectors, we order the transition weight parameters $\alpha_m$, $m = 1, \dots, M$ in a decreasing order. That is, we assume
+
+$$
+\alpha_1 > \dots > \alpha_M \text{ and } (\phi_{m,0}, \varphi_m, \text{vech}(\Omega_m)) \neq (\phi_{n,0}, \varphi_n, \text{vech}(\Omega_n)) \text{ for } m \neq n \in \{1, \dots, M\}. \tag{3.2}
+$$
+
+The constraints imposed on the parameter space are summarized in the following assumption.
+
+**Assumption 1**. The true parameter value $ \theta_0 $ is an interior point of $ \Theta $, which is a compact subset of the parameter space $ \{ \theta = (\phi_{1,0}, \dots, \phi_{m,0}, \varphi_1, \dots, \varphi_M, \sigma, o) \in \mathbb{R}^{M+(d^2+p+d(d+1)/2} \times (0,1)^{M-1}: \Omega_m \text{ is positive definite for all } m = 1, \dots, M, \text{ and Conditions 1 and (3.2) hold.} \} $
+
+Finding the ML estimate amounts to maximizing the log-likelihood function in (3.1) over a high dimensional parameter space satisfying the constraints in Assumption 1. Due to the complexity of the log-likelihood function, numerical optimization methods are required. The maximization problem can, however, be challenging in practice due to the complicated dependence of the transition weights on the preceding observations, which induces a large number of modes of the log-likelihood function and large areas of the parameter space, where it is flat in multiple directions.
+
+We follow Virolainen (2022, 2025b) (and others) and employ a two-phase estimation procedure that is run for a large number of times.$^2$ In the first phase, a genetic algorithm is used to find parameter values that lie close to the local maximum points of the log-likelihood function. Since genetic algorithms tend to converge slowly near local solutions, a gradient based variable metric algorithm is run for each of the starting values, resulting in a number of alternative local solutions. Some of the estimation rounds may end up in saddle points or near-the-boundary points that are not local solutions, and some of the local solutions maybe inappropriate for statistical inference (for instance, there might be only few observationsfrom some of the regimes). Because Condition 1 included in Assumption 1 is computationally costly to verify, we recommend using the necessary Condition 2 to restrict the parameter space.
+
+² For example, in our empirical application presented in Section 4, we use 6000 estimation rounds to estimate the four-variate GSTVAR with $p = 4$, $M = 2$.
+
+After the estimation rounds have been run, the researcher can choose among the appropriate local solutions the one that maximizes the log-likelihood. Then, it can be verified that the selected local solution satisfies the sufficient Condition 1 for ergodic stationarity if the more easily checked necessary Condition 2 is used to restrict the parameter space in estimation. The accompanying R package sstvars (Virolainen, 2025a) employs a modified genetic algorithm that works similarly to that described in Virolainen (2022).
+
+To study the finite-sample properties of the ML estimator, we conduct a small scale Monte Carlo study, which is discussed in detail in Appendix D. Because estimation is computationally demanding, we consider a simple bivariate GSTVAR model with *M* = 2 and *p* = 1. We consider two specifications that differ with respect to the values of the autoregressive parameters and intercepts (see Table D.1 in Appendix D). According to the results (see Table D.2in Appendix D) the estimator is slightly biased in small samples, but the bias vanishes and estimation accuracy increases with the sample size. Also, estimation accuracy does not seem to depend on the specification.
+
+## 3.2 Model selection
+
+To select the number of regimes and the autoregressive order of the GSTVAR model, a suitable strategy is to start with a relatively simple specification and then build up to more complicated models if necessary. In particular, it may be useful to begin with linear Gaussian VAR models (i.e., GSTVAR models with only one regime) to evaluate to what extent they can capture the relevant characteristics of the data. Then, the order of the model or thenumber of regimes can be increased, if needed.
+
+It is well known that testing for linearity against a model with multiple regimes, in general, poses a nonstandard testing problem because the model is identified only under the alternative (Davies, 1977). This is the case also in our setup, and, therefore, we follow the previous literature (e.g., Kalliovirta et al., 2016 and Virolainen, 2022, 2025b) and recommend using information criteria and residual-based diagnostic checks to compare the fit of models with different orders and numbers of regimes, as well as to study their adequacy in capturing the autocorrelation structure, conditional heteroskedasticity, and distribution of the data. The derivation of formal diagnostic tests is beyond the scope of this paper, but graphical devices, including quantile-quantile plots as well as autocorrelation and cross-correlation functions of the residuals and their squares, can be used to this end.
+
+For a number of reasons, GSTVAR models of a relatively low autoregressive order are preferable. Firstly, the estimation of GSTVAR models with a large *p* can be tedious in practice. Secondly, if the order *p* is large, the number of parameters increases vastly when the number of regimes is increased, which is likely to substantially decrease estimation accuracy. Thirdly, unlike linear VARs, decreasing the autoregressive order may actually improve the fit because the transition weights are calculated using the whole joint distribution of the preceding *p*
+
+It is also advisable to be conservative with the number of regimes $ M $ because if the number of regimes is chosen too large, some of the parameters in the model are not identified (see the related discussion in Kalliovirta et al., 2016, Section 3.4). Having too many regimes may also lead to overfitting, as the number of parameters may become overly large compared to the number of observations in some of the regimes. Moreover, increasing the number of regimes substantially increases the complexity of the surface of the log-likelihood function, making estimation of the parameters challenging in practice.
+
+
+# 4 Empirical application
+In this section, we apply our GSTVAR model to study the effects of severe weather on the U.S. macroeconomy. This issue was recently addressed by Kim et al. (in press), who employ a two-regime recursive STVAR model with transition weights defined by a linear time trend ($ \alpha_{2,t} = t/T $ and $ \alpha_{1,t} = 1-\alpha_{2,t} $ in (2.1)). They argue that allowing for time-varying coefficients in the model is important because the strength of the economic impact of severe weather may have diminished due to actions potentially taken to make the economy more adaptable to climate change. However, they find little evidence in favor of adaptation to severe weather in the U.S, but on the contrary, their results suggest that the severe weather shock has a significant effect only towards the end of the sample (spanning from 1963 to 2019).
+
+Using transition weights defined by a linear time trend in a two-regime STVAR model only allows one smooth transition from one regime to the other during the sample period. This approach may be too simple to describe the adaptation of the economy, as the effects of severe weather may vary across different states of the economy due to variation in factors such as fiscal flexibility and sector-specific vulnerabilities. However, it is not obvious which exogenous or lagged endogenous variables would be capable of capturing such variation in the transition weights in a nonlinear SVAR model. Therefore, we address this issue with our GSTVAR model in which the regimes and shifts between them are formed based on the statistical properties of the data through the full distribution of the preceding $ p $ observations. Due its more data-driven nature, this approach plausibly better describes the evolution of the joint dynamics of severe weather and U.S. macroeconomy through time than an STVAR model with transition weights defined by a linear time trend or depending only on the level of exogenous or lagged endogenous variables.
+## 4.1 Data
+
+We consider a four-variable monthly U.S. data set that comprises indicators of severe weather and economic activity as well as consumer price inflation and an interest rate variable. While our sample period (from 1961:1 to 2022:3,$T = 735$observations) is somewhat longer than that in Kimet al.(in press), the main conclusions based on their shorter sample period (from 1963:4 to 2019:5) remain the same (see Appendix E.2.1 for the subsample results). The end point of our sample period is determined by the availability of the monthly GDP growth data, but as argued by Kimet al.(in press), it is important to use data of higher frequency than quarterly because some weather effects can be short-lived.As an indicator of the frequency of severe weather and the extent of sea level rise, we use the Actuaries Climate Index (ACI), developed by actuarial organizations in the United States and Canada (American Academy of Actuaries, Canadian Institute of Actuaries, Casualty Actuarial Society, and Society of Actuaries, 2023). Following Kimet al.(in press), we seasonally adjust the ACI series with the standard Census Bureau X-13 seasonal adjustment algorithm. For a more detailed description of ACI, see Kimet al.(in press).As an aggregate measure of real economic activity, we use the monthly GDP growth rate constructed by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago from a collapsed dynamic factor analysis of a panel of 500 monthly measures of real economic activity and quarterly real GDP growth (Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, 2023). While Kimet al.(in press) use both the industrial production index and unemployment rate to measure real economic activity at the monthly frequency, we opt for the monthly GDP growth rate instead. It has the advantage of being a more comprehensive measure of real economic activity, including agricultural output, tourism, and services, which can be significantly affected by the severe weather shocks. Moreover, using only a single variable to measure real economic activity is likely to facilitate estimation by reducing the dimension, and thereby also the number of parameters, of the model.
+
+
+Figure 1: Monthly U.S. time series covering the period from 1961:1 to 2022:3. From top to bottom, the variables are the Actuaries Climate Index, the monthly GDP growth rate, the monthly CPI growth rate, and the effective federal funds rate (replaced by the Wu and Xia (2016) shadow rate for the zero lower bound periods). The bottom panel shows the estimated transition weights of the first regime of the fitted two-regime fourth-order GSTVAR model. The shaded areas indicate the U.S. recessions defined by the NBER.
+
+Finally, we include the monthly growth rate of the consumer price index (CPI) and the effective federal funds rate (RATE) that is replaced by the Wu and Xia (2016) shadow rate for the zero lower bound periods. The CPI and federal funds rate series were downloaded from the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis database and Wu and Xia (2016) shadow rate from the Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta database. The time series are depicted in the top four panels of Figure 1, where the shaded areas indicate the U.S. recessions defined by the NBER.
+
+## 4.2 GSTVAR model
+
+To select the order of the GSTVAR model, we start by examining the partial autocorrelation functions of the U.S. time series (shown in Figure E.1 of Appendix E). They suggest that| Model | Log-lik | BIC | HQIC | AIC | | p = 1, M = 1 | -1.755 | 3.780 | 3.665 | 3.593 | | p = 2, M = 1 | -1.460 | 3.334 | 3.157 | 3.046 | | p = 3, M = 1 | -1.411 | 3.381 | 3.142 | 2.992 | | p = 4, M = 1 | -1.376 | 3.456 | 3.155 | 2.966 | | p = 5, M = 1 | -1.355 | 3.560 | 3.197 | 2.968 | | p = 1, M = 2 | -0.548 | 1.645 | 1.410 | 1.263 | | p = 2, M = 2 | -0.220 | 1.277 | 0.919 | 0.694 | | p = 3, M = 2 | -0.181 | 1.489 | 1.007 | 0.704 | | p = 4, M = 2 | -0.121 | 1.658 | 1.052 | 0.671 | | p = 5, M = 2 | -0.130 | 1.968 | 1.237 | 0.778 |
+Table 1: The values of the log-likelihood function and the information criteria (divided by the number of observations) for a number of linear VAR and two-regime GSTVAR models.
+
+the autoregressive order $p = 4$ might be adequate. Therefore, we fit two-regime GSTVAR models with autoregressive orders $p = 1, \dots, 5$ and, to compare them, compute the values of three information criteria (AIC, BIC and HQIC). As seen in Table 1, the order $p = 4$ minimizes the AIC, whereas the order $p = 2$ minimizes the HQIC and BIC. The table also contains similar results for linear VAR (i.e., GSTVAR with $M = 1$) models, which are clearly inferior to the two-regime GSTVAR models in terms of the information criteria. Moreover, the constancy of the AR matrices and intercepts as well as the constancy of AR matrices only are clearly rejected by the Wald test (see Appendix E). While adding a third regime to the model might improve the fit, the number of parameters compared the number of observations in each regime would increase substantially, possibly leading to overfitting. Moreover, since incorporating too many regimes in the model could also result in identification issues (see Section 3.2), we confine ourselves to two-regime models.
+
+Based on graphical residual diagnostics, presented in Appendix E, the two-regime GSTVAR model with $p = 4$ lags captures the autocorrelation structure of the data reasonably well. Conditional heteroskedasticity and marginal distribution of the series are not completely captured, but the inadequacies are not particularly severe. Finally, the sufficient Condition 1 for ergodic stationarity holds for the selected model, as the upper bound of the joint spectral radius of the matrices **$A_m$** (2.4), $m = 1, 2$ (see Section 2.1), is found to be strictly less thanone (0.995). Hence, we proceed with the two-regime fourth-order model.
+
+The estimated transition weights indicate the relative importance of each regime. The time series of the weights of Regime 1 are presented in the bottom panel of Figure 1, and the corresponding weights of Regime 2 are, of course, obtained by subtracting these weights from unity. The shifts between the regimes are relatively fast, with the switch from one regime to the other typically taking from one to three months to be completed. Regime 1 mainly dominates in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, but obtains large weights also during the Financial crisis and from the beginning of the COVID-19 crisis onward (excluding a short period in 2021). Overall, Regime 1 thereby mostly prevails in the earlier sample and Regime 2 in the later sample. The stationary standard deviations of ACI, GDP growth rate, CPI growth rate, and interest rate in Regime 1 are 0.59, 1.17, 0.47, and 9.57, respectively, whereas they are 0.52, 0.29, 0.26, and 3.46 in Regime 2. These differences and the dominance of Regime 1 in the volatile periods of 1970s and 1980s as well as during the Financial crisis and the COVID-19 crisis, suggest that it could represent more turbulent times compared to Regime 2.
+
+## 4.3 Structural analysis
+
+We are predominantly interested in the economic impact of severe weather, and, therefore, a severe weather shock (ACI shock) must be identified. This amounts to imposing a unique structure of the impact matrix $B_t$ in (2.3) governing the contemporaneous relationships of the shocks, so that one of the shocks can be labelled the ACI shock. Following Kim *et al.* (in press), our key identification restriction is that the ACI shock is the only shock that can instantaneously affect the ACI. This identification restriction seems reasonable, as it states that the other (macroeconomic) shocks do not affect severe weather or sea level within a month, but allows them to affect the ACI in the long run. We establish the identification by placing the ACI first in the vector of variables (with the rest of the variables in the order
\ No newline at end of file
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+arXiv:2509.17902v1 [math.FA] 22 Sep 2025
+
+# ENTRYWISE PRESERVERS OF SIGN REGULARITY
+
+## PROJESH NATH CHOUDHURY AND SHIVANGI YADAV
+
+ABSTRACT. Entrywise functions preserving positivity and related notions have a rich history, beginning with the seminal works of Schur, Pólya–Szegő, Schoenberg, and Rudin. Following their classical results, it is well-known that entrywise functions preserving positive semidefiniteness for matrices of all dimensions must be real analytic with non-negative Taylor coefficients. These works were taken forward in the last decade by Belton, Guillot, Khare, Putinar, and Rajaratnam. Recently, Belton–Guillot–Khare–Putinar [*J. d’Analyse Math*. 2023] classified all functions that entrywise preserve totally positive (TP) and totally non-negative (TN) matrices. In this paper, we study entrywise preservers of strictly sign regular and sign regular matrices – a class that includes TP/TN matrices as special cases and was first studied by Schoenberg in 1930 to characterize variation diminution. Our main results provide complete characterizations of entrywise transforms of rectangular matrices which preserve: (i) sign regularity and strict sign regularity, as well as (ii) sign regularity and strict sign regularity with a given sign pattern.
+
+## CONTENTS
+
+1 Introduction and main results 1
+
+2 Entrywise preservers of sign regularity for a fixed sign pattern 4
+
+3 Entrywise preservers of sign regularity for all sign patterns 17
+
+References 28
+
+## 1. INTRODUCTION AND MAIN RESULTS
+
+In this work, we continue recent progresses in the evergreen field of preserver problems, by classifying the entrywise preservers of strictly sign regular and sign regular matrices. Recall that a real rectangular matrix $A$ is said to be *strictly sign regular* (SSR) if there exists a sequence of signs $\epsilon_k \in \{\pm 1\}$ such that every $k \times k$ minor of $A$ has sign $\epsilon_k$ for all $k \ge 1$. If the signs $\epsilon_k$ are all positive, the matrix $A$ is called *totally positive*. When zero minors are also allowed in the preceding definitions, the matrix $A$ is called *sign regular* (SR) (respectively *totally non-negative*). These matrices have featured in diverse areas in mathematics, including analysis, approximation theory, cluster algebras, combinatorics, differential equations, Gabor analysis, integrable systems, matrix theory, probability and statistics, Lie theory, and representation theory [1, 4, 7, 13, 14, 15, 17, 19, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 34, 36, 41, 42, 44].
+
+One of the earliest known results on SR matrices can be traced back to Schoenberg [39], who in 1930 studied the variation diminishing property using sign regularity. Variation diminution is a prominent property in total positivity theory – it was studied by Gantmacher–Krein, Motzkin, and Brown–Johnstone–MacGibbon to characterize SSR and SR matrices with various constraints (see [8, 18, 32]). In our recent work [10], we got rid of all these constraints and provided a com-plete characterization of when an arbitrary real rectangular matrix is SR and SSR using variation diminution. We further strengthen these characterizations by providing a single test vector with alternating sign coordinates for each square submatrix.
+
+
+
+*Date*: September 23, 2025.
+
+2020 *Mathematics Subject Classification.* 15B48 (primary); 39B62, 15A15 (secondary).
+
+*Key words and phrases.* Total positivity, strict sign regularity, sign regularity, entrywise preserver, Cauchy func-tional equation, Cauchy–Binet formula.
+
+A fundamental problem in the literature has been that of identifying the preservers of various structures, including forms of positivity and related notions. These problems have been studied in different frameworks, such as the statistics of big data [5, 24, 37] and global optimization algorithms based on positive definite polynomials [6, 23]. The first result in the preservers literature goes back to Frobenius [16], who characterized the general form of determinant preserving linear maps in 1897. In prior recent work [11], we classified all surjective linear operators that preserve sign regularity and strict sign regularity – with fixed as well as arbitrary sign patterns.
+
+The goal of this work is to characterize entrywise functions that preserve the set of SR/SSR matrices of a given dimension. The study of entrywise calculus was initiated by Schur [43] in 1911, when he proved the celebrated Schur product theorem. Building on this, P´olya–Szeg˝o [35] in 1925 showed that real analytic functions with non-negative Taylor coefficients when applied entrywise to positive semidefinite matrices preserve positive semidefiniteness. The converse to this result – that these are the only continuous functions which preserve positive semidefiniteness was shown by Schoenberg [40] in 1942. In 1959, Rudin [38] strengthened Schoenberg’s result by removing the continuity hypothesis. Since then, this has been extensively studied in various settings [2, 20, 21, 22].
+
+We now come to the question of characterizing entrywise preservers of sign regularity and strict sign regularity. Recently, Belton–Guillot–Khare–Putinar [3] classified all entrywise preservers for the classes of totally positive and totally non-negative matrices. In this paper, we extend these results in two ways. First, we classify the entrywise preservers of SR and SSR matrices for each specified sign pattern. Second, we characterize the entrywise preservers of SR and SSR matrices allowing all sign patterns. To state our results, we introduce the following definitions and notations.
+
+**Definition 1.1.** Let $m, n \ge 1$ denote integers throughout this manuscript.
+
+(i) A square matrix whose all anti-diagonal elements are 1 and the remaining entries are 0 is called an *exchange matrix*. Let $P_n$ denote the $n \times n$ exchange matrix:
+
+$$
+P_n := \begin{pmatrix} 0 & \cdots & 1 \\ \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 1 & \cdots & 0 \end{pmatrix} \in \{0, 1\}^{n \times n}.
+$$
+
+(ii) The *sign pattern* of an $m \times n$ SR/SSR matrix $A$ is an ordered tuple $\epsilon = (\epsilon_1, \dots, \epsilon_{\min\{m,n\}})$, where each $\epsilon_k \in \{\pm 1\}$ represents the sign of the $k \times k$ minors of $A$.
+
+(iii) We use the notation $\text{SR}(\epsilon)/\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ to refer to SR/SSR matrices with sign pattern $\epsilon$.
+
+(iv) Let $f: I \subseteq \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ be a function. For an $m \times n$ matrix $A = (a_{ij})$ with entries $a_{ij} \in I$, the *entrywise action* of $f$ on $A$ is defined by
+
+$$
+f[A] := (f(a_{ij})) \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times n}.
+$$
+
+In particular, for the power function $f(x) = x^\alpha$, where $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$, we denote the entrywise application of $f$ to $A$ by $A^{\circ\alpha} := (a_{ij}^\alpha)$. We set $0^0 := 1$.
+
+Our first main result characterizes the entrywise functions that preserve the class of $m \times n$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrices for all sign patterns $\epsilon$ with $\epsilon_1 = 1$.
+
+**Theorem A.** *Let* $m, n \ge 1$ *be integers, and let* $\epsilon = (\epsilon_1, \dots, \epsilon_d)$ *be a given sign pattern with* $\epsilon_1 = 1$, *where* $d := \min\{m, n\}$. Let $f: [0, \infty) \to \mathbb{R}$ *be a function. Then the following statements are equivalent.*
+
+(1) $f[-]$ *preserves the class of $m \times n$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrices.*
+
+(2) $f[-]$ *preserves the class of $d \times d$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrices.*
+
+(3) *(a) For $d = 1$: The function $f$ is non-negative.*
+
+(b) *For $d = 2$: $f(x) = c \operatorname{sgn}(x)$ or $f(x) = cx^\alpha$ for some $\alpha \in [0, \infty)$ and some $c \ge 0$.*
+
+(c) *For $d = 3$: $f(x) = \begin{cases} c \operatorname{sgn}(x) & \text{or } cx^\alpha \text{ for some } \alpha \in [0, 1] \text{ and some } c \ge 0, & \text{if } \epsilon_2 \ne \epsilon_3, \\ cx^\alpha & \text{for some } \alpha \in \{0\} \cup [1, \infty) \text{ and some } c \ge 0, & \text{if } \epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3. \end{cases}$*
+
+$$
+(d) \text{ For } d \ge 4: f(x) = \begin{cases} c \operatorname{sgn}(x) & \text{or } cx^\alpha \text{ for some } \alpha \in \{0,1\} \text{ and some } c \ge 0, & \text{if } \epsilon_2 \ne \epsilon_3, \\ cx^\alpha & \text{for some } \alpha \in \{0,1\} \text{ and some } c \ge 0, & \text{if } \epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3. \end{cases}
+$$
+
+This theorem ensures that any entrywise preserver of $m \times n$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices with $\epsilon_1 = 1$ must belong to the specific class of functions identified above. We now present the corresponding result for SSR($\epsilon$) matrices.
+
+**Theorem B.** *Let $m, n \ge 1$ be integers, and let $\epsilon = (\epsilon_1, \dots, \epsilon_d)$ be a given sign pattern with $\epsilon_1 = 1$, where $d := \min\{m, n\}$. Let $f : (0, \infty) \to \mathbb{R}$ be a function. Then the following statements are equivalent.*
+
+*(1) $f[-]$ preserves the class of $m \times n$ SSR($\epsilon$) matrices.*
+
+*(2) $f[-]$ preserves the class of $d \times d$ SSR($\epsilon$) matrices.*
+
+*(3) (a) For $d = 1$: The function $f$ is positive.*
+
+*(b) For $d = 2$: $f(x) = cx^{\alpha}$ for some $\alpha \in (0, \infty)$ and some $c > 0$.*
+
+*(c) For $d = 3$: $f(x) = \begin{cases} cx^{\alpha} & \text{for some } \alpha \in (0,1] \text{ and some } c > 0, \\ cx^{\alpha} & \text{for some } \alpha \in [1, \infty) \text{ and some } c > 0, \end{cases} \quad \begin{array}{ll} \text{if } \epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3, & \\ \text{if } \epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3. & \end{array}$*
+
+*(d) For $d \ge 4$: $f(x) = cx$ for some $c > 0$.*
+
+For $\min\{m,n\} \ge 4$, the above result shows that the entrywise preservers of $m \times n$ SSR($\epsilon$) matrices are linear – specifically, positive homotheties.
+
+**Remark 1.2.** As an application of Theorems A and B, we classify entrywise preservers of SR($\epsilon$) and SSR($\epsilon$) matrices with $\epsilon_1 = -1$. Thus, we have a complete characterization of entrywise preservers of SR($\epsilon$)/SSR($\epsilon$) matrices for an arbitrary sign pattern $\epsilon$ (see Corollaries 2.14 and 2.15).
+
+Now, rather than considering the set of SR/SSR matrices with a specified sign pattern, one can consider a broader class – the set of all $m \times n$ SR/SSR matrices for any given $m, n \ge 1$. In this setting, the transformed matrix is required to remain SR or SSR, although its sign pattern may differ from that of the original matrix. The following theorem provides a complete characterization of entrywise preservers of all $m \times n$ SR matrices for each fixed $m, n \ge 1$.
+
+**Theorem C.** *Let $m, n \ge 1$ be integers and define $d := \min\{m, n\}$. Suppose $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ is a function. Then the following statements are equivalent.*
+
+*(1) $f[-]$ preserves the set of all $m \times n$ SR matrices.*
+
+*(2) We have the following two cases:*
+
+*(a) If $m = n$, then we have:*
+
+*(i) For $n = 1$: $f$ is any real-valued function.*
+
+*(ii) For $n = 2$: If $f(0) = 0$, then $f|_{(-\infty,0)}$ and $f|_{(0,\infty)}$ are each either non-positive or non-negative functions. Otherwise, $f$ is either a non-positive or a non-negative function on $\mathbb{R}$.*
+
+*(iii) For $n = 3$: If $f(0) \ne 0$, then $f \equiv f(0)$ on $\mathbb{R}$. If $f(0) = 0$, then*
+
+$$
+f(x) = \begin{cases} c_1|x|^{\alpha_1} & \text{for some } \alpha_1 \ge 0 \text{ and some } c_1 \in \mathbb{R}, \quad \text{if } x < 0, \\ c_2x^{\alpha_2} & \text{for some } \alpha_2 \ge 0 \text{ and some } c_2 \in \mathbb{R}, \quad \text{if } x > 0. \end{cases}
+$$
+
+*(iv) For $n \ge 4$: Either $f$ is a non-zero constant function on $\mathbb{R}$, or*
+
+$$
+f(x) = \begin{cases} c_1|x| & \text{for some } c_1 \in \mathbb{R}, \quad \text{if } x \le 0, \\ c_2x & \text{for some } c_2 \in \mathbb{R}, \quad \text{if } x \ge 0. \end{cases}
+$$
+
+*(b) If $m \ne n$, then we have:*
+
+*(i) For $d = 1$: same form as in case (a)(ii).*
+
+*(ii) For $d = 2$: same form as in case (a)(iii).*
+
+*(iii) For $d \ge 3$: same form as in case (a)(iv).*
+
+Unlike the case with a fixed sign pattern, the entrywise preservers of the set of all SR matrices of size $m \times n$ need not coincide with those for $d \times d$ matrices, where $d := \min\{m, n\}$. Our next theorem provides the similar result for SSR matrices.
+
+**Theorem D.** *For integers $m, n \ge 1$ with $(m, n) \ne (2, 2)$, define $d := \min\{m, n\}$. Let $f : \mathbb{R} \setminus \{0\} \to \mathbb{R}$ be a function. Then the following statements are equivalent.*
+
+*(1) $f[-]$ preserves the set of all $m \times n$ SSR matrices.*
+
+*(2) We have the below two cases:*
+
+*(a) If $m = n$, then we have:*
+
+*(i) For $n = 1$: $f(x) \ne 0$ for all $x \in \mathbb{R} \setminus \{0\}$.*
+
+*(ii) For $n \ge 3$: $f(x) = \begin{cases} c_1|x| & \text{for some } c_1 \in \mathbb{R} \setminus \{0\}, & \text{if } x < 0, \\ c_2x & \text{for some } c_2 \in \mathbb{R} \setminus \{0\}, & \text{if } x > 0. \end{cases}$*
+
+*(b) If $m \ne n$, then we have:*
+
+*(i) For $d = 1$: $f|_{(-\infty,0)}$ and $f|_{(0,\infty)}$ are each either a positive function or a negative function.*
+
+*(ii) For $d = 2$: $f(x) = \begin{cases} c_1|x|^{\alpha_1} & \text{for some } \alpha_1, c_1 \in \mathbb{R} \setminus \{0\}, & \text{if } x < 0, \\ c_2x^{\alpha_2} & \text{for some } \alpha_2, c_2 \in \mathbb{R} \setminus \{0\}, & \text{if } x > 0. \end{cases}$*
+
+*(iii) For $d \ge 3$: same form as in case (a)(ii).*
+
+**Remark 1.3.** Note that entrywise preservers of all $2 \times 2$ SSR matrices are not covered by the above theorem. This case is addressed separately in Lemma 3.11.
+
+We conclude this discussion of our main results with two remarks. First, SSR matrices are harder to analyze than TP matrices, which have been the focus of tremendous study in the literature. This paper is an attempt to better understand the more challenging picture of preservers of SSR matrices. Second, it is striking that the solutions to this more challenging preserver problem, are rather “clean” in their structured form.
+
+**Organization of the paper.** The remainder of the paper is dedicated to proving our main results. We begin in Section 2 by recording some preliminary observations. We then establish several foundational results, which are later combined to prove Theorems A and B. These theorems provide a complete characterization of functions that entrywise preserve $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ and $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ matrices for any given sign pattern $\epsilon$ in each fixed dimension. In the final section, we prove Theorems C and D, which classify entrywise preservers of (strict) sign regularity allowing all sign patterns.
+
+## 2. ENTRYWISE PRESERVERS OF SIGN REGULARITY FOR A FIXED SIGN PATTERN
+
+The aim of this section is to classify all real-valued functions $f$ such that $f[-]$ preserves the set of $m \times n$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)/\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ matrices, for any given integers $m, n \ge 1$ and a sign pattern $\epsilon$. We begin by considering the case where all entries are positive. In this setting, we first identify the entrywise power functions that preserve (strict) sign regularity for a given sign pattern, and then characterize all entrywise transforms preserving them. Finally, using these results, we classify entrywise preservers of $\text{SR}(\epsilon)/\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ matrices with $\epsilon_1 = -1$. We first record some observations that follow from the Cauchy-Binet formula.
+
+**Remark 2.1.** For any $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$ and an $n \times n$ diagonal matrix $D = \text{diag}(d_1, \dots, d_n)$ with $d_i > 0$ for all $i$, define $\hat{D}^{\circ\alpha} := \text{diag}(d_1^{\alpha}, \dots, d_n^{\alpha})$.
+
+(i) *Let $A$ be an $m \times n$ matrix with positive entries, and let* $E = \text{diag}(e_1, \dots, e_m) \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times m}$ *and* $F = \text{diag}(f_1, \dots, f_n) \in \mathbb{R}^{n \times n}$ *be diagonal matrices with all* $e_i, f_j > 0$. *Then $A$ is $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ if and only if $EAF$ is $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$.* This implies that for any $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$, the matrix $A^{\circ\alpha}$ is $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ ifand only if $\hat{E}^{\circ\alpha} A^{\circ\alpha} \hat{F}^{\circ\alpha}$ is SSR($\epsilon$). Since $(EAF)^{\circ\alpha} = \hat{E}^{\circ\alpha} A^{\circ\alpha} \hat{F}^{\circ\alpha}$, it suffices to determine the values of $\alpha$ for which $(EAF)^{\circ\alpha}$ is SSR($\epsilon$) in order to conclude the same for $A^{\circ\alpha}$.
+
+(ii) *Let $A \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times n}$ and set $d := \min\{m, n\}$. Then $A$ is SSR($\epsilon$) if and only if $AP_n$ is SSR($\epsilon'$), where $\epsilon'_i = (-1)^{\lfloor \frac{i}{2} \rfloor} \epsilon_i$ for $i = 1, \dots, d$*. This follows from the identity $\det P_n = (-1)^{\lfloor \frac{n}{2} \rfloor}$.
+
+(iii) Let $f$ be a real-valued function, and let $A$ be an $m \times n$ SSR($\epsilon$) matrix whose entries lie in the domain of $f$. Note that $f[A]P_n = f[AP_n]$. By the preceding point, the matrix $f[A]$ is SSR($\epsilon$) if and only if $f[AP_n]$ is SSR($\epsilon'$), where $\epsilon'_i = (-1)^{\lfloor \frac{i}{2} \rfloor} \epsilon_i$ for $i = 1, \dots, \min\{m, n\}$. This implies that the entrywise preservers corresponding to the sign patterns $\epsilon$ and $\epsilon'$ are identical. Consequently, this result reduces the number of sign patterns that need to be examined when characterizing entrywise preservers of SSR($\epsilon$) matrices.
+
+These observations remain valid if we replace SSR($\epsilon$) with SR($\epsilon$), for all $\alpha \ge 0$.
+
+2.1. **Entrywise powers preserving SSR($\epsilon$) and SR($\epsilon$) matrices.** Using Remark 2.1, we now determine which entrywise power functions preserve $3 \times 3$ SSR($\epsilon$) matrices.
+
+**Theorem 2.2.** *Let $A$ be a $3 \times 3$ SSR($\epsilon$) matrix with sign pattern $\epsilon = (\epsilon_1, \epsilon_2, \epsilon_3)$ and $\epsilon_1 = 1$. Then $A^{\circ\alpha}$ remains SSR($\epsilon$) for all $\alpha \in (0, 1]$ if $\epsilon_2 \ne \epsilon_3$, and for all $\alpha \in [1, \infty)$ if $\epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3$.*
+
+*Proof.* Let $A \in \mathbb{R}^{3 \times 3}$ be an SSR($\epsilon$) matrix with $\epsilon_1 = 1$, and define $f(x) := x^\alpha$ for all $x > 0$, where $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$. Note that applying $f$ entrywise preserves the sign of all $1 \times 1$ minors of $A$ for every $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$, and preserves the sign of all $2 \times 2$ minors if and only if $\alpha > 0$. To complete the proof, it suffices to classify $\alpha \in (0, \infty)$ such that $f[-]$ preserves the sign of the determinant of $A$.
+
+Let $A := (a_{ij})$, and define the diagonal matrices $E$ and $F$ as follows:
+
+$$
+E := \begin{pmatrix} \frac{1}{a_{11}} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{1}{a_{21}} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{1}{a_{31}} \end{pmatrix}, \quad F := \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & \frac{a_{11}}{a_{12}} & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \frac{a_{11}}{a_{13}} \end{pmatrix}. \quad \text{Then } EAF = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & \frac{a_{11}a_{22}}{a_{12}a_{21}} & \frac{a_{11}a_{23}}{a_{21}a_{13}} \\ 1 & \frac{a_{11}a_{32}}{a_{12}a_{31}} & \frac{a_{11}a_{33}}{a_{13}a_{31}} \end{pmatrix}.
+$$
+
+By Remark 2.1(i), without loss of generality we may assume
+
+$$
+A := \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & x_1 & x_2 \\ 1 & x_3 & x_4 \end{pmatrix}, \text{ where } x_i > 0 \text{ for all } i.
+$$
+
+The matrix $A$ is SSR($\epsilon$) if and only if the following conditions hold: (a) $\epsilon_2(x_i - 1) > 0$ for all $i$, (b) $\epsilon_2(x_1x_4 - x_2x_3) > 0$, (c) $\epsilon_2(x_j - x_i) > 0$ for all $i < j$, except when $(i, j) = (2, 3)$, and (d) $\epsilon_3 \det A > 0$. For $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$, define the function
+
+$$
+F(\alpha) := \det A^{\circ\alpha} = (x_1x_4)^\alpha - (x_2x_3)^\alpha - x_4^\alpha + x_2^\alpha + x_3^\alpha - x_1^\alpha \quad (2.1)
+$$
+
+$$
+= e^{(\log x_1 x_4)\alpha} - e^{(\log x_2 x_3)\alpha} - e^{(\log x_4)\alpha} + e^{(\log x_2)\alpha} + e^{(\log x_3)\alpha} - e^{(\log x_1)\alpha}. \quad (2.2)
+$$
+
+For $\epsilon_2 = 1$, we have the following properties of $F$:
+
+(i) $F$ is continuous on $\mathbb{R}$.
+
+(ii) From (2.1), we have $\lim_{\alpha \to \infty} F(\alpha) = \infty$ as $x_1x_4 > x_2x_3, x_4 > x_2, x_3 > x_1 > 1$.
+
+(iii) $F(1) = \det A$, so $\text{sign}(F(1)) = \epsilon_3$.
+
+(iv) The number of sign changes in the coefficients of $F$ in (2.2) remains invariant under the transposition of the terms $-e^{(\log x_2 x_3)\alpha}$ and $-e^{(\log x_4)\alpha}$, as well as $e^{(\log x_2)\alpha}$ and $e^{(\log x_3)\alpha}$. Hence by Descartes' rule of signs, $F$ has at most three real roots.
+
+(v) One can carry out a Taylor expansion of $F$ at $\alpha = 0$ and show that
+
+$$
+F(\alpha) = (\log x_1 \log x_4 - \log x_2 \log x_3) \alpha^2 + O(\alpha^3).
+$$
+
+It follows that $F$ has a root of multiplicity at least two at $\alpha = 0$.
+
+Using the above properties of $F$ valid for $\epsilon_2 = 1$ and $\epsilon_3 \in \{\pm 1\}$, we now complete the proof by considering two cases.
+
+**Case 1.** $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$: We claim that $\epsilon_3 \det A^{\circ\alpha} > 0$ for all $0 < \alpha \le 1$. We begin by considering the case $\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_2$. Assume for contradiction that $\epsilon_3 F(\alpha_0) < 0$ for some $\alpha_0 \in (0, 1)$. The continuity of $F$ and $\epsilon_3 F(1) > 0$ imply that $F$ has at least one root in $(\alpha_0, 1)$. Furthermore, the behavior $\epsilon_3 F(\alpha) \to -\infty$ as $\alpha \to \infty$ implies another root of $F$ in $(1, \infty)$. With two roots at zero already, this gives at least four real roots of $F$, contradicting Descartes' rule. Thus, $\epsilon_3 F(\alpha) \ge 0$ for all $\alpha \in (0, 1)$. Moreover, if $\epsilon_3 F(\alpha_0) = 0$, then $\alpha_0$ is a global maximum point of $F$ in $(0, 1)$, so $F'(\alpha_0) = 0$, indicating a double root at $\alpha_0$ and again violating the rule of sign changes.
+
+Next, assume that $A$ is $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ with $\epsilon_1 \neq \epsilon_2$. Then the matrix $AP_3$ becomes $\text{SSR}(\epsilon')$, with $\epsilon'_1 = \epsilon'_2$ and $\epsilon'_2 \neq \epsilon'_3$. By applying Remark 2.1(iii) and using the above case, it follows that $A^{\circ\alpha}$ is $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ for all $\alpha \in (0, 1]$. Thus, $\epsilon_3 \det A^{\circ\alpha} > 0$ for all $0 < \alpha \le 1$.
+
+**Case 2.** $\epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3$: We show that $\epsilon_3 \det A^{\circ\alpha} > 0$ for all $\alpha \ge 1$. We begin with the case $\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_2$. One can adapt the argument used in the first half of the above case, i.e., assume the contrary and then use the properties of $F$ to deduce that $F$ has (at least) four real roots, which is false.
+
+Now consider the case $\epsilon_1 \neq \epsilon_2$. As before, we consider the matrix $AP_3$ to reduce to the case where $\epsilon'_1 = \epsilon'_2 = \epsilon'_3$, and use Remark 2.1(iii) and the above result to conclude that $A^{\circ\alpha}$ remains $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ for all $\alpha \ge 1$. This completes the proof. $\square$
+
+To establish a similar result for $3 \times 3$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrices, we require the following classical density result of Gantmacher and Krein.
+
+**Theorem 2.3** (Gantmacher–Krein, [18]). *Let $m, n \ge 1$ be integers and $\epsilon = (\epsilon_1, \dots, \epsilon_{\min\{m,n\}})$ be a given sign pattern. Then the set of $m \times n$ $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ matrices is dense in the set of $m \times n$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrices.*
+
+Using Theorems 2.2 and 2.3, we now determine the entrywise powers that preserve $3 \times 3$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrices.
+
+**Corollary 2.4.** *Let $A$ be a $3 \times 3$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrix with $\epsilon_1 = 1$. Then $A^{\circ\alpha}$ is $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ for all $\alpha \in [0, 1]$ if $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$, and for all $\alpha \in \{0\} \cup [1, \infty)$ if $\epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3$.*
+
+*Proof.* Let $A$ be a $3 \times 3$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrix with $\epsilon_1 = 1$. By the above result of Gantmacher–Krein, there exists a sequence of $3 \times 3$ $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ matrices $A_k$ such that $\lim_{k \to \infty} A_k = A$. Moreover, as $k \to \infty$, $A_k^{\circ\alpha} \to A^{\circ\alpha}$ entrywise for all $\alpha \ge 0$. From Theorem 2.2, each $A_k^{\circ\alpha}$ is $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ for all $\alpha \in (0, 1]$ if $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$, and for all $\alpha \in [1, \infty)$ if $\epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3$. By taking the limit as $k \to \infty$, it follows that $A^{\circ\alpha}$ is $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ for all $\alpha \in (0, 1]$ if $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$, and for all $\alpha \in [1, \infty)$ if $\epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3$. For $\alpha = 0$, $A^{\circ\alpha}$ is the matrix of all ones, which is $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$. This concludes the proof. $\square$
+
+At this point, a natural question arises: Are these the only exponents $\alpha$ for which $A^{\circ\alpha}$ remains $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ whenever $A$ is a $3 \times 3$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrix with $\epsilon_1 = 1$? The following theorem answers this question – and more generally, provides a characterization for all fixed dimensions $m, n \ge 1$.
+
+**Theorem 2.5.** *Let $m, n \ge 1$ be integers, and define $d := \min\{m, n\}$. Let $\epsilon = (\epsilon_1, \dots, \epsilon_d)$ be a given sign pattern, where $\epsilon_1 = 1$. For $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$, the following statements are equivalent.*
+
+*(1) The map $x \mapsto x^\alpha$ entrywise preserves all $m \times n$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrices.*
+
+*(2) The map $x \mapsto x^\alpha$ entrywise preserves all $d \times d$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrices.*
+
+*(3) We have either $\alpha = 0$, or*
+
+*(a) For $d = 1, 2$: $\alpha \in (0, \infty)$.*
+
+*(b) For $d = 3$: $\alpha \in (0, 1]$ if $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$, and $\alpha \in [1, \infty)$ if $\epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3$.*
+
+*(c) For $d \ge 4$: $\alpha = 1$.*
+
+*Proof.* We complete the proof by showing the equivalences (1) $\Longleftrightarrow$ (2) and (2) $\Longleftrightarrow$ (3). The implication (2) $\Longrightarrow$ (1) is immediate. To show (1) $\Longrightarrow$ (2), take any $d \times d$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrix $A_d$, andextend it to an $m \times n$ SR($\epsilon$) matrix $A$ by padding with zeros. Now $A^{\circ\alpha}$ is SR($\epsilon$), and consequently, all its submatrices including $A_d^{\circ\alpha}$ are SR($\epsilon$).
+
+Now, we show (3) $\implies$ (2). Applying $x^0$ entrywise to any SR matrix with non-negative entries yields a matrix of all ones, which is sign regular. For $d=3$, the result follows from Corollary 2.4, while the remaining cases are immediate. Finally, we prove (2) $\implies$ (3). Negative powers are indeed excluded for $d \ge 1$, since for the $d \times d$ zero matrix $A$, $A^{\circ\alpha}$ is undefined. We therefore restrict our attention to $\alpha \ge 0$. It is easy to verify that all non-negative powers entrywise preserve $1 \times 1$ and $2 \times 2$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices. We now classify all exponents $\alpha \ge 0$ for which the map $x \mapsto x^\alpha$ entrywise preserves every $d \times d$ SR($\epsilon$) matrix, for each fixed $d \ge 3$.
+
+**Case 1.** $d=3$: For any $3 \times 3$ SR($\epsilon$) matrix $A$, the below table outlines the known results and the necessary conditions required to show that only the specified powers in (3)(b) entrywise preserve $A$.
+
+| ε | α : A◦α is SR(ε) | To construct an SR(ε) matrix A such that |
|---|
| ε2 = ε3 | {0} ∪ [1, ∞) | ε3 det A◦α < 0 ∀ α ∈ (0, 1) | | ε2 ≠ ε3 | [0, 1] | ε3 det A◦α < 0 ∀ α ∈ (1, ∞) |
+
+TABLE 1. Table listing the two cases for $3 \times 3$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices.
+
+We now construct matrices that satisfy the conditions in the last column of Table 1. Let
+
+$$
+A = \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 1 & 2 \\ 1 & 1 & 4 \\ 1 & 2 & 9 \end{pmatrix}.
+$$
+
+This singular matrix is SR($\epsilon$), where $\epsilon = (\epsilon_1, \epsilon_2, \epsilon_3)$ with $\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_2$ and $\epsilon_3 \in \{\pm 1\}$. Define the function
+
+$$
+F(\alpha) := \det A^{\circ\alpha} = -2^{\alpha} + 2(4^{\alpha}) - 9^{\alpha} - 24^{\alpha} + 27^{\alpha}.
+$$
+
+Note that $F(0) = F(1) = 0$ and $F'(0) = 0$. By Descartes' rule of signs, $F$ has at most three real roots, so $F$ has no other real roots besides 0 (a double root) and 1. Thus, $F(\alpha) \neq 0$ for all $\alpha \in (0, \infty) \setminus \{1\}$. By Corollary 2.4, $\epsilon_3 F(\alpha) > 0$ for all $\alpha > 1$, if $\epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3$, and $\epsilon_3 F(\alpha) > 0$ for all $\alpha \in (0, 1)$, if $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$. This shows that
+
+$$
+\epsilon_3 F(\alpha) < \begin{cases} 0 & \text{for all } \alpha \in (0, 1), \quad \text{if } \epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3, \\ 0 & \text{for all } \alpha \in (1, \infty), \quad \text{if } \epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3. \end{cases}
+$$
+
+Now, for the sign pattern $\epsilon = (\epsilon_1, \epsilon_2, \epsilon_3)$ with $\epsilon_1 \neq \epsilon_2$ and $\epsilon_3 \in \{\pm 1\}$, the result follows from Remark 2.1(iii) and the above case.
+
+**Case 2.** $d=4$: We claim that only the trivial powers entrywise preserve all $4 \times 4$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices. Embedding the $3 \times 3$ SR matrix from case 1 via padding by zeros, one can conclude that powers in the interval $(0, 1)$ fail to preserve $4 \times 4$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices when $\epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3$, while powers in the interval $(1, \infty)$ fail to preserve them when $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$. This result is summarized in the following table along with the examples needed to discard the remaining powers.
+
+| ε | α : A◦α is not SR(ε) | To construct SR(ε) matrices Aα such that |
|---|
| ε2 = ε3 | (0, 1) | ε4 det A◦α < 0 ∀ α ∈ (1, ∞) | | ε2 ≠ ε3 | (1, ∞) | ε4 det A◦α < 0 ∀ α ∈ (0, 1) |
+
+TABLE 2. Table listing the cases for $4 \times 4$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices.To construct such matrices, observe that for any $4 \times 4$ SR($\epsilon$) matrix $A$, the following identities hold:
+
+$$
+\det A = \det(AP_4) \quad \text{and} \quad \det A^{\circ\alpha} = \det(A^{\circ\alpha}P_4) = \det(AP_4)^{\circ\alpha}.
+$$
+
+This implies that $\epsilon_4 = \epsilon'_4$, and if $\epsilon_4 \det A^{\circ\alpha} < 0$, then $\epsilon'_4 \det(AP_4)^{\circ\alpha} < 0$, where $\epsilon'$ denotes the sign pattern of $AP_4$. Consequently, it suffices to construct four $4 \times 4$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices whose sign patterns are not related via $P_4$, and which satisfy the determinant conditions listed in Table 2. We provide these examples below.
+
+**Subcase 2.1.** $\epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3$: We show that for every $\alpha > 1$, there exists a $4 \times 4$ SR($\epsilon$) matrix $A$ such that $\epsilon_4 \det A^{\circ\alpha} < 0$.
+
+First, consider the case $\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_4$. Define the matrix
+
+$$
+A_1(t) := \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1+2t & 1+3t & 1+4t \\ 1 & 1+4t & 1+6t & 1+8t \\ 1 & 1+5t & 1+8t & 1+11t \end{pmatrix}, \quad t \ge 0.
+$$
+
+One can verify that all $2 \times 2$ minors have the form $ut + vt^2$, where $u > 0, v \ge 0$; all $3 \times 3$ minors are of the form $ut^2$, where $u \ge 0$; and $\det A_1(t) = 0$. Thus, $A_1(t)$ is SR($\epsilon$) with $\epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3$ and $\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_4$ for all $t \ge 0$. Carrying out a Taylor expansion of $\det A_1(t)^{\circ\alpha}$ at $t = 0$ gives
+
+$$
+\det A_1(t)^{\circ\alpha} = 2(\alpha^3 - \alpha^4)t^4 + O(t^5) \implies \lim_{t \to 0^+} \frac{\det A_1(t)^{\circ\alpha}}{t^4} = 2(\alpha^3 - \alpha^4).
+$$
+
+Since $2(\alpha^3 - \alpha^4) < 0$ for all $\alpha > 1$, it follows that
+
+$$
+\lim_{t \to 0^+} \det A_1(t)^{\circ\alpha} < 0, \quad \forall \alpha > 1.
+$$
+
+Hence, for any given $\alpha \in (1, \infty)$, there exists small $t_\alpha > 0$ such that $\det A_1(t_\alpha)^{\circ\alpha} < 0$. Since $\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_4$, we have $\epsilon_4 \det A_1(t_\alpha)^{\circ\alpha} < 0$.
+
+Now consider the case $\epsilon_1 \neq \epsilon_4$, and define the matrix
+
+$$
+A_2(t) := \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1+3t & 1+5t & 1+7t \\ 1 & 1+9t & 1+17t & 1+27t \\ 1 & 1+11t & 1+23t & 1+\frac{119}{3}t \end{pmatrix}, \quad t \ge 0.
+$$
+
+One can show that all $2 \times 2$ minors are of the form $ut + vt^2$, where $u > 0, v \ge 0$; all $3 \times 3$ minors are of the form $ut^2$, where $u > 0$; and $\det A_2(t) = 0$. Hence, $A_2(t)$ is SR($\epsilon$) with $\epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3$ and $\epsilon_1 \neq \epsilon_4$ for all $t \ge 0$. Performing a Taylor expansion of $\det A_2(t)^{\circ\alpha}$ at $t = 0$ yields
+
+$$
+\det A_2(t)^{\circ\alpha} = -\frac{1084}{3}(\alpha^3 - \alpha^4)t^4 + O(t^5) \implies \lim_{t \to 0^+} \frac{\det A_2(t)^{\circ\alpha}}{t^4} = -\frac{1084}{3}(\alpha^3 - \alpha^4),
+$$
+
+and this is positive for all $\alpha > 1$. It follows that for any $\alpha > 1$, we have $\det A_2(t_\alpha)^{\circ\alpha} > 0$ for sufficiently small $t_\alpha > 0$. Moreover, as $\epsilon_1 \neq \epsilon_4$, this implies $\epsilon_4 \det A_2(t_\alpha)^{\circ\alpha} < 0$.
+
+**Subcase 2.2.** $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$: For any given $\alpha \in (0, 1)$, we construct an SR($\epsilon$) matrix $A$ such that $\epsilon_4 \det A^{\circ\alpha} < 0$.
+
+Again, we first assume $\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_4$, and define the matrix
+
+$$
+A_3(t) := \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1+2t & 1+3t & 1+4t \\ 1 & 1+3t & 1+\frac{9}{2}t & 1+6t \\ 1 & 1+5t & 1+\frac{15}{2}t & 1+10t \end{pmatrix}, \quad t \ge 0.
+$$
+
+Observe that all $2 \times 2$ minors are of the form $ut$, where $u > 0$; all $3 \times 3$ minors are zero; and hence $\det A_3(t) = 0$. Thus, $A_3(t)$ is $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ with $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$ and $\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_4$ for all $t \ge 0$. A Taylor expansion of $\det A_3(t)^{\circ\alpha}$ at $t = 0$ gives
+
+$$
+\det A_3(t)^{\circ\alpha} = -\frac{45}{4}(2\alpha^3 - 5\alpha^4 + 4\alpha^5 - \alpha^6)t^6 + O(t^7) \implies \lim_{t \to 0^+} \frac{\det A_3(t)^{\circ\alpha}}{t^6} = -\frac{45}{4}p(\alpha),
+$$
+
+where $p(\alpha) := 2\alpha^3 - 5\alpha^4 + 4\alpha^5 - \alpha^6 = \alpha^3(\alpha - 1)^2(\alpha - 2)$. Since $p$ is continuous and $p(1/2) > 0$, $p$ must be positive on $(0, 1)$. Thus, $-\frac{45}{4}p(\alpha) < 0$ for all $\alpha \in (0, 1)$. This implies that for any $\alpha \in (0, 1)$, $\epsilon_4 \det A_3(t_\alpha)^{\circ\alpha} < 0$ for small $t_\alpha > 0$, as $\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_4$.
+
+Next, suppose $\epsilon_1 \neq \epsilon_4$, and define
+
+$$
+A_4(t) := \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 1 & 1+2t & 1+3t & 1+4t \\ 1 & 1+4t & 1+\frac{17}{3}t & 1+\frac{22}{3}t \\ 1 & 1+5t & 1+7t & 1+9t \end{pmatrix}, \quad 0 \le t \le 1.
+$$
+
+Note that all $2 \times 2$ minors are either of the form $ut$ or $u(t - t^2)$, where $u > 0$; all $3 \times 3$ minors are of the form $-ut^2$, where $u \ge 0$; and $\det A_4(t) = 0$. This shows that $A_4(t)$ is $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ with $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$ and $\epsilon_1 \neq \epsilon_4$ for all $0 \le t \le 1$. Now, we carry out a Taylor expansion of $\det A_4(t)^{\circ\alpha}$ at $t = 0$ to obtain
+
+$$
+\det A_4(t)^{\circ\alpha} = \frac{2}{9}(\alpha^3 - \alpha^4)t^4 + O(t^5) \implies \lim_{t \to 0^+} \frac{\det A_4(t)^{\circ\alpha}}{t^4} = \frac{2}{9}(\alpha^3 - \alpha^4).
+$$
+
+Since $\frac{2}{9}(\alpha^3 - \alpha^4) > 0$ for all $\alpha \in (0, 1)$, it follows that for any given $\alpha \in (0, 1)$, we can choose small $t_\alpha > 0$ such that $\epsilon_4 \det A_4(t_\alpha)^{\circ\alpha} < 0$, as $\epsilon_1 \neq \epsilon_4$. This finishes the proof for $d = 4$.
+
+**Case 3.** $d \ge 5$: The result follows by embedding the above $3 \times 3$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrix $A$ and $4 \times 4$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrices $A_i(t)$ into a larger $d \times d$ matrix as follows: $A \oplus 0_{(d-3)\times(d-3)}$ and $A_i(t) \oplus 0_{(d-4)\times(d-4)}$ for $i = 1, \dots, 4$. This completes the proof. $\square$
+
+Using Theorem 2.5, we now classify the power functions that preserve $m \times n$ $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ matrices under entrywise application. The proof also uses the following result, proved in our recent work [9], which allows the embedding of SSR matrices into higher-dimensional SSR matrices via the addition of rows and columns.
+
+**Theorem 2.6.** [9, Theorem A] *Given integers $m, n \ge 1$ and an $m \times n$ SSR matrix, it is possible to add a row/column to any of its borders such that the resulting matrix remains SSR. If minors of a larger size occur, they can be made either all positive or all negative.*
+
+**Corollary 2.7.** *Assume that $m, n \ge 1$ are integers, and define $d := \min\{m, n\}$. Let $\epsilon = (\epsilon_1, \dots, \epsilon_d)$ be a given sign pattern with $\epsilon_1 = 1$. For $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$, the following statements are equivalent.*
+
+*(1) The map $x \mapsto x^\alpha$ entrywise preserves all $m \times n$ $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ matrices.*
+
+*(2) The map $x \mapsto x^\alpha$ entrywise preserves all $d \times d$ $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ matrices.*
+
+*(3) (a) For $d = 1$: $\alpha \in \mathbb{R}$.*
+
+*(b) For $d = 2$: $\alpha \in (0, \infty)$.*
+
+*(c) For $d = 3$: $\alpha \in (0, 1]$ if $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$, and $\alpha \in [1, \infty)$ if $\epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3$.*
+
+*(d) For $d \ge 4$: $\alpha = 1$.*
+
+*Proof.* The implication (1) $\implies$ (2) holds by extending a $d \times d$ $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ matrix to an $m \times n$ $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ matrix by adding rows/columns to its borders (see Theorem 2.6). The converse (2) $\implies$ (1) is immediate. We have shown (3) $\implies$ (2) in Theorem 2.2 for $d = 3$, and the remaining cases follow easily. It remains to prove (2) $\implies$ (3). The case $d = 1$ is trivial. For $d \ge 2$, observe that taking $\alpha = 0$ gives a matrix whose entries are all one. Consequently, any square submatrix of size at least $2 \times 2$ has zero determinant, and hence $\alpha = 0$ must be excluded. Letting $d = 2$, it is easy to see that for any $\alpha > 0$, $x^\alpha$ entrywise preserves $d \times d$ $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ matrices. Now, choose $x_1, \dots, x_4 > 0$ such that $x_1x_4 \neq x_2x_3$. Then $A = \begin{pmatrix} x_1 & x_2 \\ x_3 & x_4 \end{pmatrix}$ is SSR, while the determinants of $A$ and $A^{\circ\alpha}$ have opposite signs whenever $\alpha < 0$. Hence, we must have $\alpha > 0$. For $d \geq 3$, the condition $\alpha > 0$ ensures that we can extend $x^\alpha$ continuously to $x = 0$. By continuity and Theorem 2.3, the function $x \mapsto x^\alpha$ preserves $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrices. Now Theorem 2.5 completely characterizes such power functions, concluding the proof. $\square$
+
+2.2. **General entrywise preservers.** Thus far, we have characterized all exponents $\alpha$ for which the transformed $m \times n$ matrix $A^{\circ\alpha}$ is $\text{SR}(\epsilon)/\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ whenever $A$ is $\text{SR}(\epsilon)/\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$, for every fixed $m, n \geq 1$ and any given sign pattern $\epsilon$ with $\epsilon_1 = 1$. We now turn our attention to the more challenging question of characterizing all functions that preserve the sets of $m \times n$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ and $\text{SSR}(\epsilon)$ matrices for each $m, n \geq 2$. Our approach begins by classifying the continuous functions, showing that such functions must be power functions. Subsequently, we establish that any entrywise preserver of (strict) sign regularity must be continuous on the interval $(0, \infty)$. We require the following classical result due to Darboux.
+
+**Theorem 2.8** (Darboux, [12].) *Let $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ satisfies the Cauchy functional equation, i.e. $f(x+y) = f(x)+f(y)$ for all $x, y \in \mathbb{R}$, and let $f$ be continuous at a single point. Then $f(x) = f(1)x$ for all $x \in \mathbb{R}$.*
+
+**Theorem 2.9.** *Let $m, n \geq 2$ be integers, and let $\epsilon = (\epsilon_1, \dots, \epsilon_{\min\{m,n\}})$ be a given sign pattern with $\epsilon_1 = 1$. Suppose $f : [0, \infty) \to \mathbb{R}$ is continuous and entrywise preserves all $m \times n$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrices. Then $f(x) = f(1)x^\alpha$ for some $\alpha \geq 0$.*
+
+*Proof.* We begin by considering $m = n = 2$. Define
+
+$$
+A(x, y) := \begin{pmatrix} x & xy \\ 1 & y \end{pmatrix}, \quad B(x, y) := \begin{pmatrix} xy & x \\ y & 1 \end{pmatrix}, \quad x, y \geq 0.
+$$
+
+Clearly, both $A(x, y)$ and $B(x, y)$ are $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$. Since $f[-]$ preserves the sign regularity of these matrices, $\epsilon_2 \det f[A(x, y)]$, $\epsilon_2 \det f[B(x, y)] \geq 0$. These imply
+
+$$
+f(x)f(y) = f(1)f(xy), \quad \forall x, y \geq 0. \qquad (2.3)
+$$
+
+Since $\epsilon_1 = 1$, $f(1) \geq 0$. We now consider two cases.
+
+**Case 1.** $f(1) = 0$: Setting $x = y \geq 0$ in (2.3), we deduce that $f(x) = 0$. So $f \equiv 0$ on $[0, \infty)$.
+
+**Case 2.** $f(1) > 0$: We first show $f$ is positive on $(0, \infty)$. Note that $f(x) \geq 0$ for all $x > 0$, which follows by considering the $2 \times 2$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrix $(x)_{1\times1} \oplus 0_{1\times1}$. Suppose, for contradiction, that $f(x_0) = 0$ for some $x_0 > 0$. From equation (2.3) with $x = x_0$, $y = \frac{1}{x_0}$, we obtain
+
+$$
+0 = f(x_0)f\left(\frac{1}{x_0}\right) = f(1)^2 > 0,
+$$
+
+a contradiction. Hence, $f(x) > 0$ for all $x \in (0, \infty)$. Now define the functions
+
+$$
+g(x) := \frac{f(x)}{f(1)}, \quad x > 0, \qquad h(y) := \log g(e^y), \quad y \in \mathbb{R}. \qquad (2.4)
+$$
+
+Since $f$ is positive and continuous on $(0, \infty)$, the function $h$ is well-defined and continuous. Using (2.3) and (2.4), we have the following relations:
+
+$$
+g(xy) = g(x)g(y), \quad \forall x, y > 0, \qquad h(a+b) = h(a) + h(b), \quad \forall a, b \in \mathbb{R}.
+$$
+
+Since $h$ is continuous and satisfies the Cauchy functional equation, by Theorem 2.8, $h(y) = h(1)y$ for all $y \in \mathbb{R}$. Thus
+
+$$
+\log g(e^y) = h(1)y, \quad \forall y \in \mathbb{R}.
+$$
+
+Taking $e^y = x$ above and using (2.4), we obtain the following for all $x > 0$:
+
+$$
+\log g(x) = h(1) \log x \implies f(x) = f(1)x^{h(1)}.
+$$
+
+Finally, continuity of $f$ at $x = 0$ implies $h(1) \ge 0$. Therefore, $f(x) = f(1)x^\alpha$ for all $x > 0$, with $\alpha := h(1) \ge 0$. We now determine the value of $f(0)$ using the continuity of $f$.
+
+(i) If $\alpha = 0$, then $f(x) = f(1)$ for all $x > 0$. To ensure continuity of $f$ at $x = 0$, we must have $f(0) = f(1)$.
+
+(ii) If $\alpha > 0$, then $\lim_{x \to 0^+} f(x) = 0$, so $f(0) = 0$. Thus, $f(x) = f(1)x^\alpha$ for all $x \ge 0$.
+
+To extend this result to arbitrary $m, n \ge 2$, note that one can embed $A(x, y)$ and $B(x, y)$ into $m \times n$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices by padding them with zeros. Thus, the hypotheses imply that $f[-]$ preserves the sign regularity of the submatrices $A(x, y)$ and $B(x, y)$, and the result follows. $\square$
+
+Our next objective is to prove that for any fixed integers $m, n \ge 2$, every entrywise map preserving $m \times n$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices with non-negative entries must be continuous on $(0, \infty)$. To show this, we first present several intermediate results.
+
+**Theorem 2.10.** *Let $f : [0, \infty) \to \mathbb{R}$ and $\epsilon = (\epsilon_1, \epsilon_2)$ be a given sign pattern with $\epsilon_1 = 1$. Then the following statements are equivalent.*
+
+*(1) $f[-]$ preserves the set of $2 \times 2$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices with $\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_2$ of the form*
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ b & c \end{pmatrix}, \text{ where } a, b, c \ge 0 \text{ and } 0 \le b \le \sqrt{ac}.
+$$
+
+*(2) $f[-]$ preserves the set of $2 \times 2$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices with $\epsilon_1 \ne \epsilon_2$ of the form*
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} b & a \\ c & b \end{pmatrix}, \text{ where } a, b, c \ge 0 \text{ and } 0 \le b \le \sqrt{ac}.
+$$
+
+*(3) $f$ is non-negative, non-decreasing, and multiplicatively mid-convex on $[0, \infty)$; that is,*
+
+$$
+f(\sqrt{xy}) \le \sqrt{f(x)f(y)}, \quad \forall x, y \ge 0.
+$$
+
+*Moreover, $f$ is either identically zero or never zero on $(0, \infty)$.*
+
+*This theorem also holds if the domain $[0, \infty)$ is replaced by $(0, \infty)$.*
+
+*Proof.* We establish the cyclic chain of implications: (1) $\implies$ (2) $\implies$ (3) $\implies$ (1). Note that (1) $\implies$ (2) is immediate by Remark 2.1(iii). To show (2) $\implies$ (3), let $\epsilon_1 \ne \epsilon_2$ and assume that $f[-]$
+
+preserves all $2 \times 2$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices of the form $\begin{pmatrix} b & a \\ c & b \end{pmatrix}$. Consider the matrix
+
+$$
+A_1 = \begin{pmatrix} b & a \\ a & b \end{pmatrix}, \quad 0 \le b \le a.
+$$
+
+Note that $A_1$ is SR with $\epsilon_1 \ne \epsilon_2$. By hypotheses, $f[A_1]$ is SR($\epsilon$) and the determinant of $f[A_1]$ yields
+
+$$
+0 \le f(b) \le f(a), \text{ whenever } 0 \le b \le a.
+$$
+
+This shows that $f$ is non-decreasing and non-negative on $[0, \infty)$. Next, to show that $f$ is multiplicatively mid-convex, consider the matrix
+
+$$
+A_2 = \begin{pmatrix} \sqrt{ac} & a \\ c & \sqrt{ac} \end{pmatrix}, \quad a, c \ge 0.
+$$
+
+Then $A_2$ is SR($\epsilon$) and so is $f[A_2]$. Thus, the determinant of $f[A_2]$ gives
+
+$$
+f(\sqrt{ac}) \le \sqrt{f(a)f(c)}, \quad \forall a, c \ge 0.
+$$
+
+Thus, $f$ is multiplicatively mid-convex on $[0, \infty)$.Next, we claim that $f$ is either identically zero or never zero on $(0, \infty)$. To show this, let $I^+ = (0, \rho)$ for some $0 < \rho \le \infty$. Suppose that $f(x) = 0$ for some $x \in I^+$. Since $f$ is non-negative and non-decreasing on $I^+$, $f \equiv 0$ on $(0, x]$. It remains to show that $f(y) = 0$ for all $x < y < \rho$. Let $y \in (x, \rho)$ and choose large $n$ such that $y \left(\frac{y}{x}\right)^{\frac{1}{n}} < \rho$. Define
+
+$$
+x_k := x \left(\frac{y}{x}\right)^{\frac{k}{n}} \quad \text{for } k = 0, 1, \dots, n + 1.
+$$
+
+Then, $x_k \in I^+$ for all $k$ and $x_0 < x_1 < \dots < x_{n+1}$. Now, for each $i = 0, 1, \dots, n-1$, define an SR($\epsilon$) matrix
+
+$$
+A_i := \begin{pmatrix} x_{i+1} & x_i \\ x_{i+2} & x_{i+1} \end{pmatrix}.
+$$
+
+By assumption, $f[A_i]$ is SR($\epsilon$) with $\epsilon_1 \ne \epsilon_2$ for all $0 \le i \le n-1$. Taking their determinant yields
+
+$$
+0 \le f(x_{i+1}) \le \sqrt{f(x_i)f(x_{i+2})}, \quad 0 \le i \le n-1.
+$$
+
+Using induction and the fact that $f(x_0) = f(x) = 0$, it follows that $f(x_i) = 0$ for all $0 \le i \le n$. In particular, $f(x_n) = f(y) = 0$. Thus $f \equiv 0$ on $I^+$.
+
+Finally, we show that $(3) \implies (1)$. Let $\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_2$ and consider the following SR($\epsilon$) matrix
+
+$$
+A_3 = \begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ b & c \end{pmatrix}.
+$$
+
+This gives the following conditions on their entries: $a, b, c \ge 0$ and $0 \le b \le \sqrt{ac}$. Since $f$ is non-negative, non-decreasing, and multiplicatively mid-convex on $[0, \infty)$, we have
+
+$$
+f(a), f(b), f(c) \ge 0; \quad f(b) \le f(\sqrt{ac}) \le \sqrt{f(a)f(c)}.
+$$
+
+This shows that $f[A_3]$ is SR($\epsilon$). $\square$
+
+The preceding result shows that any function that entrywise preserves the set of $2 \times 2$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices with $\epsilon_1 = 1$ must be non-negative, non-decreasing, and multiplicatively mid-convex on $[0, \infty)$. Moreover, such a function is either identically zero on $(0, \infty)$ or positive on $(0, \infty)$. A classical result of Ostrowski [33] shows that any such function is continuous on $(0, \infty)$; for completeness, we recall this result below.
+
+**Theorem 2.11** (Ostrowski, [33]). *Let $f : (0, \infty) \to \mathbb{R}$ be a function that is positive, non-decreasing, and multiplicatively mid-convex. Then $f$ is continuous.*
+
+Before proceeding to the proof of our first main result, we recall a key result that identifies the precise locations of zero entries in matrices whose minors of size up to $2 \times 2$ are all non-negative. Such matrices are called *totally non-negative matrices of order 2 ($TN_2$)*.
+
+**Theorem 2.12.** [13, Theorem 1.6.4] *Let $A$ be a $TN_2$ matrix. If $A$ has a zero entry, then at least one of the following conditions must hold. Either all entries located to the south-west or to the north-east of the zero entry are zeros, or the row or column containing the zero entry consists entirely of zeros.*
+
+Equipped with the preceding results, we are now ready to prove Theorem A.
+
+*Proof of Theorem A.* We show the equivalences (1) $\Longleftrightarrow$ (2) and (2) $\Longleftrightarrow$ (3), which together complete the proof. The implication (1) $\implies$ (2) follows by embedding any $d \times d$ SR($\epsilon$) matrix into an $m \times n$ SR($\epsilon$) matrix by adding zero rows or columns. The converse implication, (2) $\implies$ (1), is immediate.
+
+We next prove (3) $\implies$ (2). Let $\epsilon = (\epsilon_1, \dots, \epsilon_d)$ with $\epsilon_1 = 1$. The case $d=1$ is trivial. For $d \ge 2$, the classification of power functions that preserve $d \times d$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices is given in Theorem 2.5.
+
+Next, we determine the sign patterns $\epsilon$ for which the signum function entrywise preserves $d \times d$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices for all $d \ge 2$. Let $c > 0$ and define $f(x) := c \operatorname{sgn}(x)$ for $x \ge 0$. This function clearly preserves all $2 \times 2$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices. However, it fails to preserve $d \times d$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices when $\epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3$ for all $d \ge 3$. For instance, let $d = 3$ and take the matrix $A$ equal to
+
+$$
+\text{either } \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 & 4 \end{pmatrix} \text{ or } \begin{pmatrix} 3 & 1 & 0 \\ 1 & 1 & 1 \\ 0 & 2 & 4 \end{pmatrix} \cdot P_3.
+$$
+
+Then $A$ is SR($\epsilon$) with $\epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3$, but $\epsilon_3 \det f[A] < 0$. Extending $A$ by padding with zeros produces counterexamples for all $d \ge 4$, showing that the signum function fails to preserve SR($\epsilon$) matrices whenever $\epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3$.
+
+Let $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$. We claim that $f[-]$ preserves all $d \times d$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices for $d \ge 3$. We first consider $d = 3$. Let $A$ be any $3 \times 3$ SR($\epsilon$) matrix. If all entries of $A$ are positive, then $\det f[A] = 0$, and the matrix $f[A]$ is SR($\epsilon$). Let $A$ be a matrix with at least one zero entry and let $\det f[A] \neq 0$. We claim that $\epsilon_3 \det f[A] > 0$. Without loss of generality assume that $\epsilon_2 = 1$, otherwise one can work with $A \rightsquigarrow AP_3$. Since $A$ is $\mathrm{TN}_2$, we apply Theorem 2.12 to derive the following constraints on the entries $a_{ij}$ of $A$.
+
+(i) If $a_{11} = 0$, then either the first row or first column of $A$ is entirely zero, leading to $\det f[A] = 0$. Thus, $a_{11} \neq 0$. Similarly, $a_{33} \neq 0$.
+
+(ii) If $a_{12} = 0$, then $a_{13} = 0$, and the submatrix
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} a_{22} & a_{23} \\ a_{32} & a_{33} \end{pmatrix} \qquad (2.5)
+$$
+
+must contain at least one zero entry since $\det f[A] \neq 0$. If $a_{22} = 0$, then either $a_{23} = 0$ or $a_{21} = a_{31} = a_{32} = 0$. In both cases, $\det f[A] = 0$. If $a_{23} = 0$, then $\epsilon_3 \det A < 0$, which is not true. Hence, we must have $a_{22} \neq 0$ and $a_{23} \neq 0$, and the only possible candidate for a zero entry is $a_{32}$. However, this configuration again leads to $\epsilon_3 \det A < 0$, which is a contradiction. Therefore, $a_{12} \neq 0$.
+
+(iii) If $a_{21} = 0$, then $a_{31} = 0$, and the $2 \times 2$ submatrix of $A$ in (2.5) must contain a zero entry since $\det f[A] \neq 0$. If $a_{22} = 0$, then $a_{32} = 0$, which gives $\det f[A] = 0$. Hence, $a_{22} \neq 0$. If either $a_{23} = 0$ or $a_{32} = 0$, both cases yield $\det A > 0$, contradicting $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$. Therefore, $a_{21} \neq 0$, and since $a_{12} \neq 0$, we also have $a_{22} \neq 0$.
+
+(iv) If $a_{23} = 0$, then $a_{13} = 0$ and $\det f[A] = 0$, a contradiction. Thus, $a_{23} \neq 0$. Similarly, if $a_{32} = 0$, then $a_{31} = 0$, and again $f[A]$ becomes singular.
+
+Therefore, all entries of $A$ must be non-zero except possibly $a_{13}$ and $a_{31}$. If exactly one of these is zero, then $\det f[A] = 0$. Thus both $a_{13} = 0$ and $a_{31} = 0$. Then $\det f[A] \neq 0$, and $\epsilon_3 \det f[A] > 0$. This shows the claim for $d = 3$.
+
+Let $d = 4$ and $A$ be any $4 \times 4$ SR($\epsilon$) matrix. We claim that $f[A]$ has rank at most 3, and therefore $\det f[A] = 0$, implying that $f[-]$ preserves all such SR($\epsilon$) matrices. The same reasoning applies to all $d \ge 4$, completing the argument that the signum function entrywise preserves $d \times d$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices whenever $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$.
+
+Using Remark 2.1(iii), without loss of generality assume that $\epsilon_2 = 1$. Suppose for contradiction that $\det f[A] \neq 0$. Then, $f[A]$ must contain a $3 \times 3$ submatrix of the following form – this follows from the $d = 3$ case:
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} c & c & 0 \\ c & c & c \\ 0 & c & c \end{pmatrix}. \qquad (2.6)
+$$
+
+Since $f[A]$ is SR($\epsilon$) and $\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_2 = 1$, $f[A]$ is $\mathrm{TN}_2$. Using Theorem 2.12 and computing the determinant of $f[A] = (f(a_{ij}))$ along the first row, we make the following observations:
+
+(i) If $f(a_{11}) = 0$, then either the first row or first column of $f[A]$ must be entirely zero, leading to $\det f[A] = 0$. Thus $f(a_{11}) \neq 0$.
+
+(ii) If $f(a_{12}) = 0$, since $\det f[A] \neq 0$, by Theorem 2.12, we must have $f(a_{13}) = f(a_{14}) = 0$. For $\det f[A] \neq 0$, the submatrix in (2.6) must be the principal submatrix of $f[A]$ indexed by rows and columns $\{2, 3, 4\}$. This, in turn, implies that the $3 \times 3$ submatrix of $A$ formed by rows $\{1, 2, 3\}$ and columns $\{1, 3, 4\}$ is upper triangular with non-zero diagonal entries, and therefore has a positive determinant, contradicting the assumption $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$. Hence, $f(a_{12}) \neq 0$.
+
+(iii) If $f(a_{13}) = 0$, by a similar argument as above $f(a_{14}) = 0$. Since $\det f[A] \neq 0$, $f[A]$ takes one of the following forms:
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} c & c & 0 & 0 \\ * & c & c & 0 \\ * & c & c & c \\ * & 0 & c & c \end{pmatrix} \quad \text{or} \quad \begin{pmatrix} c & c & 0 & 0 \\ c & * & c & 0 \\ c & * & c & c \\ 0 & * & c & c \end{pmatrix}, \quad \text{where } * \in \{0, c\}.
+$$
+
+In both configurations, the $3 \times 3$ submatrix occupying the upper-right corner of $A$ has a positive determinant. This contradicts the assumption $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$, so we conclude that $f(a_{13}) \neq 0$.
+
+(iv) If $f(a_{14}) = 0$, the structure of $f[A]$ must be one of the following:
+$$ \begin{pmatrix} c & c & c & 0 \\ * & c & c & 0 \\ * & c & c & c \\ * & 0 & c & c \end{pmatrix} \quad \text{or} \quad \begin{pmatrix} c & c & c & 0 \\ c & * & c & 0 \\ c & * & c & c \\ 0 & * & c & c \end{pmatrix} \quad \text{or} \quad \begin{pmatrix} c & c & c & 0 \\ c & c & * & 0 \\ c & c & * & c \\ 0 & c & * & c \end{pmatrix}, \quad \text{where } * \in \{0, c\}. $$
+
+Since $f[A]$ is $\text{TN}_2$, applying Theorem 2.12 to complete these matrices, we obtain:
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} c & c & c & 0 \\ * & c & c & 0 \\ * & c & c & c \\ 0 & 0 & c & c \end{pmatrix} \quad \text{or} \quad \begin{pmatrix} c & c & c & 0 \\ c & c & c & 0 \\ c & c & c & c \\ 0 & * & c & c \end{pmatrix} \quad \text{or} \quad \begin{pmatrix} c & c & c & 0 \\ c & c & c & 0 \\ c & c & c & c \\ 0 & c & c & c \end{pmatrix}, \quad \text{where } * \in \{0, c\}.
+$$
+
+The final matrix has two identical columns, so $\det f[A] = 0$. In the second matrix, regardless of whether $* = 0$ or $c$, two columns again become identical, implying $\det f[A] = 0$. In the first case, if $f(a_{21}) = 0$, then $f(a_{31}) = 0$, which forces the $3 \times 3$ submatrix of $A$ indexed by rows $\{1, 2, 3\}$ and columns $\{1, 2, 4\}$ to have a positive determinant, a contradiction. Hence, $f(a_{21}) \neq 0$. Similarly, if $f(a_{31}) = 0$, the lower-left $3 \times 3$ submatrix of $A$ becomes strictly upper triangular with positive diagonal entries, again violating the required sign condition. Thus $f(a_{31}) \neq 0$, and $\det f[A] = 0$, a contradiction.
+
+Thus, $f(a_{11}) = f(a_{12}) = f(a_{13}) = f(a_{14}) \neq 0$. Since $\det f[A] \neq 0$, $f[A]$ contains a $3 \times 3$ submatrix of the form (2.6) below the first row. One can verify that the matrix $A$ corresponding to every possible configuration of $f[A]$ contains at least one $2 \times 2$ negative minor, which contradicts the assumption. Thus, $\det f[A] = 0$. This shows that the signum function, applied entrywise, preserves all $d \times d$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrices whenever $\epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3$ for $d \ge 4$.
+
+Finally, we prove (2) $\implies$ (3). The case $d=1$ is trivial. For $d \ge 2$, we assert that the only functions that entrywise preserve $d \times d$ $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrices are either power functions or the signum function. This combined with Theorem 2.5 and the proof of (3) $\implies$ (2), completes the proof.
+
+Consider first the case $d=2$. By Theorem 2.10, the function $f$ must be non-negative, non-decreasing, and multiplicatively mid-convex on $[0, \infty)$. Moreover, Theorem 2.11 ensures that $f$ is continuous on $(0, \infty)$. Following a similar argument to that in Theorem 2.9, we conclude that
+
+$$
+f(x)f(y) = f(1)f(xy), \quad \forall x, y \ge 0. \qquad (2.7)
+$$
+
+Moreover, either $f \equiv 0$ on $[0, \infty)$ or $f(x) = f(1)x^\alpha$ with $f(1) > 0$, $\alpha \ge 0$, and all $x > 0$. Let $f$ be a non-zero function. Then $f(x) = f(1)x^\alpha$ as above. We now determine the value of $f(0)$, noting that $f(0) \ge 0$ since $\epsilon_1 = 1$.
+
+**Case 1.** $f(0) > 0$: Substituting $x = 0$ and $y > 0$ into (2.7) yields $f(y) = f(1)$ for all $y > 0$, implying $\alpha = 0$. Substituting $x = y = 0$ gives $f(0) = f(1)$. Hence, $f(x) = f(1)$ for all $x \ge 0$.
+
+**Case 2.** $f(0) = 0$: If $\alpha > 0$, then $f(x) = f(1)x^\alpha$ for all $x \ge 0$, and $f$ is continuous on $[0, \infty)$. The permissible values of $\alpha$ have already been classified in Theorem 2.5. If $\alpha = 0$, then $f(x) = f(1)$ for all $x > 0$, and with $f(0) = 0$, we obtain the (scaled) signum function. The sign patterns for which the signum function preserves $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrices are classified in the preceding implication.
+
+For $d \ge 3$, by embedding each $2 \times 2$ SR matrix considered in Theorem 2.10 into a $d \times d$ SR$(\epsilon)$ matrix by padding with zeros, it follows that $f[-]$ preserves all $2 \times 2$ SR$(\epsilon)$ matrices. Thus, $f$ is non-negative, non-decreasing, and multiplicatively mid-convex on $[0, \infty)$. Proceeding as in the proof for the case $d = 2$, the only functions preserving $\text{SR}(\epsilon)$ matrices entrywise in higher dimensions are power functions and the signum function. This finishes the proof. $\square$
+
+We next prove Theorem B using the following lemma.
+
+**Lemma 2.13.** *Let $f : (0, \infty) \to \mathbb{R}$ and $\epsilon = (\epsilon_1, \epsilon_2)$ be a given sign pattern with $\epsilon_1 = 1$. Then the following statements are equivalent.*
+
+*(1) $f[-]$ preserves the set of $2 \times 2$ SSR $(\epsilon)$ matrices with $\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_2$ of the form*
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} a & b \\ b & c \end{pmatrix}, \text{ where } a, b, c > 0 \text{ and } 0 < b < \sqrt{ac}.
+$$
+
+*(2) $f[-]$ preserves the set of $2 \times 2$ SSR $(\epsilon)$ matrices with $\epsilon_1 \neq \epsilon_2$ of the form*
+
+$$
+\begin{pmatrix} b & a \\ c & b \end{pmatrix}, \text{ where } a, b, c > 0 \text{ and } 0 < b < \sqrt{ac}.
+$$
+
+*(3) $f$ is positive, strictly increasing, and multiplicatively mid-convex on $(0, \infty)$. Moreover, $f$ is continuous on $(0, \infty)$.*
+
+*Proof.* That (1) $\implies$ (2) is trivial. The implication (3) $\implies$ (1) follows similarly to the proof of Theorem 2.10. We now show (2) $\implies$ (3) to complete the proof. Let $\epsilon_1 \neq \epsilon_2$ and suppose that $f[-]$ preserves all $2 \times 2$ SSR $(\epsilon)$ matrices of the form $\begin{pmatrix} b & a \\ c & b \end{pmatrix}$. Consider the matrix
+
+$$
+A_1(x, y) := \begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ y & x \end{pmatrix}, \quad 0 < x < y < \infty.
+$$
+
+Then $A_1(x, y)$ is SSR with $\epsilon_1 \neq \epsilon_2$, and so is the matrix $f[A_1(x, y)]$. The determinant of $f[A_1(x, y)]$ gives $f(y) > f(x)$ whenever $y > x$, which implies that $f$ is strictly increasing on $(0, \infty)$. To show positivity of $f$, consider the following matrix.
+
+$$
+A_2(x, \delta) := \begin{pmatrix} x & x + \delta \\ x & x \end{pmatrix}, \quad x, \delta > 0.
+$$
+
+Observe that $A_2(x, \delta)$ is SSR $(\epsilon)$ with $\epsilon_1 \neq \epsilon_2$. By hypotheses, $f[A_2(x, \delta)]$ is SSR $(\epsilon)$ and its $1 \times 1$ minors give $f(x) > 0$ for all $x > 0$.
+
+Since $f$ is strictly increasing on $(0, \infty)$, it can have at most countably many discontinuities, all of which are jump discontinuities. For $x > 0$, define the function $f^+(x) := \lim_{y \to x^+} f(y)$. Then $f^+(x) \ge f(x)$ for all $x$, and $f^+(x) = f(x)$ at all points of right continuity and has the same jumpsas $f$. To establish continuity of $f$, it suffices to show $f^+(x)$ is continuous. Consider the following matrix
+
+$$
+A_3(x, y, \delta) := \begin{pmatrix} \sqrt{xy} + \delta & x + \delta \\ y + \delta & \sqrt{xy} + \delta \end{pmatrix}, \quad x \neq y > 0 \text{ and } \delta > 0.
+$$
+
+This matrix is SSR with $\epsilon_1 \neq \epsilon_2$. By hypotheses, $\epsilon_2 \det f[A_3(x, y, \delta)] > 0$, and thus
+
+$$
+f(x + \delta)f(y + \delta) > f(\sqrt{xy} + \delta)^2, \quad \forall x \neq y > 0 \text{ and } \delta > 0.
+$$
+
+Taking $\delta \to 0^+$, we obtain
+
+$$
+f^+(x)f^+(y) \geq f^+(\sqrt{xy})^2, \quad \forall x, y > 0.
+$$
+
+This shows that $f^+$ is positive, strictly increasing, and multiplicatively mid-convex on $(0, \infty)$. Hence, by Theorem 2.11, $f^+$ is continuous on $(0, \infty)$, which implies that $f$ itself is continuous and multiplicatively mid-convex on $(0, \infty)$. $\square$
+
+We are now prepared to prove Theorem B.
+
+*Proof of Theorem B.* We establish the same equivalences as those in Theorem A to complete the proof. First, observe that $(1) \implies (2)$ follows from Theorem 2.6, which ensures that any $d \times d$ SSR($\epsilon$) matrix can be extended to an $m \times n$ SSR($\epsilon$) matrix by inserting rows and columns. The converse, $(2) \implies (1)$, is straightforward. To show $(3) \implies (2)$, we note that the case $d = 1$ is immediate, while the remaining cases follow from Corollary 2.7.
+
+It therefore remains to show that $(2) \implies (3)$. For $d = 1$, the result holds trivially. Let $d = 2$. By Lemma 2.13, $f$ is positive, strictly increasing, and continuous on $(0, \infty)$. We claim that $f(x) = f(1)x^\alpha$ for all $x > 0$, where $\alpha > 0$. Let $\epsilon_1 = \epsilon_2$ and define
+
+$$
+A(x, y, \delta) := \begin{pmatrix} x & xy \\ 1 - \delta & y \end{pmatrix}, \quad B(x, y, \delta) := \begin{pmatrix} xy & y \\ x & 1 + \delta \end{pmatrix}, \quad x, y > 0 \text{ and } 1 > \delta > 0.
+$$
+
+Both $A(x, y, \delta)$ and $B(x, y, \delta)$ are SSR($\epsilon$) matrices, so $\epsilon_2 \det f[A(x, y, \delta)]$, $\epsilon_2 \det f[B(x, y, \delta)] > 0$. These inequalities yield
+
+$$
+f(x)f(y) > f(xy)f(1 - \delta) \text{ and } f(xy)f(1 + \delta) > f(x)f(y), \quad \forall x, y > 0 \text{ and } 1 > \delta > 0.
+$$
+
+Taking the limit as $\delta \to 0^+$ and applying continuity of $f$, we obtain
+
+$$
+f(x)f(y) = f(1)f(xy), \quad \forall x, y > 0.
+$$
+
+Hence, the function $\frac{f(x)}{f(1)}$ is continuous, positive, strictly increasing, and multiplicative on $(0, \infty)$. Following a proof similar to case 2 of Theorem 2.9, it follows that $f(x) = f(1)x^\alpha$ for all $x > 0$, where $\alpha > 0$. The same conclusion holds when $\epsilon_1 \neq \epsilon_2$ by applying the above arguments to the matrices $A(x, y, \delta)P_2$ and $B(x, y, \delta)P_2$.
+
+For $d \ge 3$, we can extend the above $2 \times 2$ SSR matrices to $d \times d$ SSR($\epsilon$) matrices using Theorem 2.6. Now $f[-]$ preserves all $2 \times 2$ SSR($\epsilon$) matrices, and the conclusion follows from the case $d = 2$. The admissible exponents $\alpha$ are classified in Corollary 2.7, which concludes the proof. $\square$
+
+We next apply Theorems A and B to classify all entrywise functions that preserve (strict) sign regularity with non-positive (negative) entries, for every fixed sign pattern and in each fixed dimension.
+
+**Corollary 2.14.** *Let $m, n \ge 1$ be integers, and let $\epsilon = (\epsilon_1, \dots, \epsilon_d)$ be a sign pattern with $\epsilon_1 = -1$, where $d := \min\{m, n\}$. Let $g : (-\infty, 0] \to \mathbb{R}$ be a function. The following are equivalent.*
+
+*(1) $g[-]$ preserves the class of $m \times n$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices.*
+
+*(2) $g[-]$ preserves the class of $d \times d$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices.*
+
+*(3) (a) For $d = 1$: The function $g$ is non-positive.*
+
+*(b) For $d = 2$: $g(x) = c \operatorname{sgn}(|x|)$ or $g(x) = c|x|^\alpha$ for some $\alpha \in [0, \infty)$ and some $c \le 0$.*
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+(c) \text{ For } d=3: g(x) &= \begin{cases} c|x|^\alpha & \text{for some } \alpha \in \{0\} \cup [1, \infty) \text{ and some } c \le 0, & \text{if } \epsilon_2 \ne \epsilon_3, \\ c \operatorname{sgn}(|x|) & \text{or } c|x|^\alpha & \text{for some } \alpha \in [0, 1] \text{ and some } c \le 0, & \text{if } \epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3. \end{cases} \\
+(d) \text{ For } d \ge 4: g(x) &= \begin{cases} c|x|^\alpha & \text{for some } \alpha \in \{0, 1\} \text{ and some } c \le 0, & \text{if } \epsilon_2 \ne \epsilon_3, \\ c \operatorname{sgn}(|x|) & \text{or } c|x|^\alpha & \text{for some } \alpha \in \{0, 1\} \text{ and some } c \le 0, & \text{if } \epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3. \end{cases}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+*Proof.* The equivalence (1) ⇐⇒ (2) is straightforward. We now show (3) ⇒ (2). Let $A$ be any $d \times d$ SR($\epsilon$) matrix with $\epsilon_1 = -1$, and let $f$ be an entrywise preserver of $d \times d$ SR($\epsilon'$) matrices, where $\epsilon'_i = (-1)^i \epsilon_i$ for $i = 1, \dots, d$. Define $g(x) := -f(-x)$ for $x < 0$. Then, $-f[-A]$ is SR($\epsilon$) if and only if $f[-A]$ is SR($\epsilon'$). This observation shows that the entrywise preservers of SR matrices corresponding to the sign pattern $\epsilon$ coincide with those for the sign pattern $\epsilon'$. The implication (3) ⇒ (2) of Theorem A now completes the argument.
+
+To show (2) ⇒ (3), suppose $g[-]$ preserves the class of $d \times d$ SR($\epsilon$) matrices. The case $d=1$ is trivial. For $d \ge 2$, define a function $h : [0, \infty) \to \mathbb{R}$ by $h(x) := -g(-x)$. Then $h$ is an entrywise preserver of SR($\epsilon'$) matrices with $\epsilon'_1 = 1$. By Theorem A, we have the structure of $h$ for each $d \ge 2$. Now, by expressing $g$ in terms of $h$ as $g(x) = -h(-x)$ for all $x \le 0$ gives the corresponding form of entrywise preservers for SR($\epsilon$) matrices with $\epsilon_1 = -1$. This completes the proof. □
+
+We conclude this section by classifying entrywise preservers of $m \times n$ SSR($\epsilon$) matrices with $\epsilon_1 = -1$, for all fixed $m, n \ge 1$.
+
+**Corollary 2.15.** *Let $m, n \ge 1$ be integers, and let $\epsilon = (\epsilon_1, \dots, \epsilon_d)$ be a sign pattern with $\epsilon_1 = -1$, where $d := \min\{m, n\}$. Suppose $g : (-\infty, 0) \to \mathbb{R}$ is a function. The following are equivalent.*
+
+*(1) $g[-]$ preserves the class of $m \times n$ SSR($\epsilon$) matrices.*
+
+*(2) $g[-]$ preserves the class of $d \times d$ SSR($\epsilon$) matrices.*
+
+*(3) (a) For $d=1$: $g$ is any negative function.*
+
+*(b) For $d=2$: $g(x) = c|x|^\alpha$ for some $\alpha \in (0, \infty)$ and some $c < 0$.*
+
+$$
+(c) \text{ For } d=3: g(x) = \begin{cases} c|x|^\alpha & \text{for some } \alpha \in [1, \infty) \text{ and some } c < 0, \quad \text{if } \epsilon_2 \neq \epsilon_3, \\ c|x|^\alpha & \text{for some } \alpha \in (0, 1] \text{ and some } c < 0, \quad \text{if } \epsilon_2 = \epsilon_3. \end{cases}
+$$
+
+$$
+(d) \text{ For } d \ge 4 : g(x) = c|x| \text{ for some } c < 0.
+$$
+
+*Proof.* This follows from Theorem B, using an argument similar to the proof of Corollary 2.14. $\square$
+
+## 3. ENTRYWISE PRESERVERS OF SIGN REGULARITY FOR ALL SIGN PATTERNS
+
+This section is devoted to characterizing the functions that entrywise preserve the class of all $m \times n$ SR/SSR matrices – allowing all possible sign patterns – for each fixed $m, n \ge 1$. In this setting, applying such a function to an SR/SSR matrix may result in an SR/SSR matrix with a different sign pattern from that of the original matrix. We begin with the SR case and first establish some fundamental properties of their entrywise preservers.
+
+**Proposition 3.1.** *Let $m, n \ge 1$ be integers with $\max\{m, n\} \ge 2$, and let $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ be a function that entrywise preserves the class of $m \times n$ SR matrices. Then the following holds:*
+
+*(1) If $f(0) = 0$, then $f|_{(0,\infty)}$ and $f|_{(-\infty,0)}$ are each either a non-positive function or a non-negative function.*
+
+*(2) If $f(0) \neq 0$, then $f$ is either non-positive or non-negative on $\mathbb{R}$.*
+
+*Proof.* To show (1), suppose $f(0) = 0$. We first show that $f$ is either non-negative or non-positive on $(0, \infty)$. If $f \equiv 0$ on $(0, \infty)$, then we are done. Let $x_1 > 0$ such that $f(x_1) \ne 0$. Consider the $1 \times 2$ SR matrix $A = (x_1 \ x_2)$, where $x_2 > 0$. Since $f[A]$ is SR by hypothesis, the signs of $f(x_1)$ and $f(x_2)$ must agree for all $x_2 > 0$. This implies that $f|_{(0,\infty)}$ is either non-positive or non-negative. The same argument applies to $(-\infty, 0)$ by considering negative entries instead.
+
+To prove (2), assume $f(0) \neq 0$ and consider the $1 \times 2$ SR matrix $(0 \ x)$, where $x \in \mathbb{R}$. By hypothesis, both $f(0)$ and $f(x)$ have the same sign for all $x \in \mathbb{R}$ with $f(x) \neq 0$. Thus, $f$ is either non-positive or non-negative across the entire real line, depending on the sign of $f(0)$. These conclusions also hold for $2 \times 1$ SR matrices by considering the transpose of the above examples. If $\max\{m, n\} \ge 2$, then one of these classes of matrices can be embedded into larger $m \times n$ SR matrices by augmenting them with zeros. This completes the proof. $\square$
+
+We now proceed to derive further properties of entrywise preservers of sign regularity.
+
+**Proposition 3.2.** *Let $m, n \ge 2$ be integers with $(m, n) \neq (2, 2)$. Let $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ be an entrywise preserver of the set of all $m \times n$ SR matrices. Then, we have the following:*
+
+*(1) If $f(0) \neq 0$, then $f = f(0)$ on $\mathbb{R}$.*
+
+*(2) The restricted functions $f|_{(-\infty, 0]}$ and $f|_{[0, \infty)}$ are monotonic.*
+
+*(3) $f$ satisfies $f(\gamma x)f(\gamma y) = f(\gamma\sqrt{xy})^2$ for all $x, y \ge 0$ and for $\gamma \in \{\pm 1\}$.*
+
+*Proof.* To prove (1), without loss of generality assume $f(0) = c > 0$, and suppose $f \neq c$ on $\mathbb{R}$. Then there exists $x_1 \in \mathbb{R} \setminus \{0\}$ such that $f(x_1) = a \neq c$, where $a \ge 0$ by Proposition 3.1(2). Consider the following SR matrix and its image under entrywise application of $f$:
+
+$$
+A_1 = \begin{pmatrix} x_1 & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & x_1 & 0 \end{pmatrix} \implies f[A_1] = \begin{pmatrix} a & c & c \\ c & a & c \end{pmatrix}.
+$$
+
+The $2 \times 2$ minors of $f[A_1]$ are $c(a-c)$ and $c(c-a)$, which have opposite signs, contradicting the assumption that $f[A_1]$ is SR. Thus $a=c$, and therefore $f(x) = c$ for all $x \in \mathbb{R}$.
+
+We now prove (2). Using Proposition 3.1, without loss of generality assume $f \ge 0$ on $[0, \infty)$, and suppose $f$ is not monotonic on this interval. Then there exist $0 \le x_1 < x_2 < x_3 < \infty$ such that $0 \le f(x_1) < f(x_2)$ and $0 \le f(x_3) < f(x_2)$ (without loss of generality). Consider the SR matrix
+
+$$
+A_2 = \begin{pmatrix} x_1 & x_2 & x_3 \\ x_2 & x_2 & x_2 \end{pmatrix}.
+$$
+
+Then $f[A_2]$ is SR. However, its contiguous $2 \times 2$ minors $f(x_2)(f(x_1) - f(x_2)) < 0$ and $f(x_2)(f(x_2) - f(x_3)) > 0$ have opposite signs, a contradiction. By a similar argument one can show that $f$ is monotonic on $(-\infty, 0]$.
+
+To prove (3), fix $\gamma \in \{\pm 1\}$ and let
+
+$$
+A(x, y, \gamma) := \gamma \begin{pmatrix} x & \sqrt{xy} & x \\ \sqrt{xy} & y & \sqrt{xy} \end{pmatrix}, \quad x, y \ge 0.
+$$
+
+Then $A(x, y, \gamma)$ is SR, so $f[A(x, y, \gamma)]$ is SR. Thus the contiguous $2 \times 2$ minors of $f[A(x, y, \gamma)]$ gives the identity
+
+$$
+f(\gamma x)f(\gamma y) = f(\gamma\sqrt{xy})^2, \quad \forall x, y \ge 0.
+$$
+
+For $3 \times 2$ SR matrices, transpose the above matrices. For higher order SR matrices, the result follows by adding zero rows and columns to the above matrices. $\square$
+
+The above result shows that any function $f$ which entrywise preserves all $m \times n$ SR matrices with $m, n \ge 2$ and $(m, n) \neq (2, 2)$, must be a non-zero constant function on $\mathbb{R}$ if $f(0) \neq 0$. Consequently, we henceforth restrict our attention to functions $f$ satisfying $f(0) = 0$. Before moving forward, we summarize the properties of $f$ that have been deduced thus far.
+
+**Remark 3.3.** Let $m, n \ge 2$ be integers such that $(m, n) \neq (2, 2)$, and let $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ be a function such that $f[-]$ preserves the set of all $m \times n$ SR matrices. Then
+
+(1) either $f = f(0)$ on $\mathbb{R}$, with $f(0) \neq 0$, or
+
+(2) $f$ is given by
+
+$$
+f(x) = \begin{cases} f_1(x), & x \le 0, \\ f_2(x), & x \ge 0, \end{cases}
+$$
+
+where $f(0) = 0$, and $f_1 : (-\infty, 0] \to \mathbb{R}$, $f_2 : [0, \infty) \to \mathbb{R}$ satisfy the identities
+
+$$
+f_1(-x)f_1(-y) = f_1(-\sqrt{xy})^2 \text{ and } f_2(x)f_2(y) = f_2(\sqrt{xy})^2, \quad \forall x, y \ge 0. \quad (3.1)
+$$
+
+Moreover, each of $f_1$ and $f_2$ must satisfy one of the below sign conditions and monotonicity:
+
+(i) $f_1 \ge 0$ and increasing, (v) $f_2 \ge 0$ and increasing,
+
+(ii) $f_1 \ge 0$ and decreasing, (vi) $f_2 \ge 0$ and decreasing,
+
+(iii) $f_1 \le 0$ and increasing, (vii) $f_2 \le 0$ and increasing,
+
+(iv) $f_1 \le 0$ and decreasing, (viii) $f_2 \le 0$ and decreasing.
+
+We next study the functions $f_1$ and $f_2$. As a first step, we show the continuity of $f$ on $\mathbb{R} \setminus \{0\}$.
+
+**Theorem 3.4.** *Let $m, n \ge 2$ be integers such that $(m, n) \ne (2, 2)$, and let $f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ be a function with $f(0) = 0$ such that $f[-]$ preserves the set of all $m \times n$ SR matrices. Then $f$ is continuous on $\mathbb{R} \setminus \{0\}$.*
+
+*Proof.* If $f(0) = 0$ and $f[-]$ preserves $m \times n$ SR matrices for all $m, n \ge 2$ with $(m, n) \ne (2, 2)$, then $f$ must be as specified in Remark 3.3(2). It suffices to show that $f_1|_{(-\infty, 0)}$ and $f_2|_{(0, \infty)}$ are continuous.
+
+We first show that $f_1|_{(-\infty, 0)}$ and $f_2|_{(0, \infty)}$ are either identically zero or never vanish. Let $\gamma \in \{\pm 1\}$. Suppose $f(\gamma a) \ne 0$ for some $a > 0$; we claim that $f(\gamma x) \ne 0$ for all $x > 0$. Consider
+
+$$
+A(x, y, \gamma) := \gamma \begin{pmatrix} x & xy & x \\ a & ay & a \end{pmatrix}, \quad x, y \ge 0.
+$$
+
+Then $A(x, y, \gamma)$ is SR, and so is $f[A(x, y, \gamma)]$. This yields the identity
+
+$$
+f(\gamma x)f(\gamma ay) = f(\gamma a)f(\gamma xy), \quad \forall x, y \ge 0. \quad (3.2)
+$$
+
+Now, suppose $f(\gamma x_0) = 0$ for some $x_0 > 0$. Taking $x = \frac{a^2}{x_0}$ and $y = \frac{x_0}{a}$ in (3.2) gives $f(\gamma a) = 0$, a contradiction. Thus, if $f(\gamma a) \ne 0$, then $f(\gamma x) \ne 0$ for all $x > 0$.
+
+If $f_1|_{(-\infty, 0)} \equiv 0$ or $f_2|_{(0, \infty)} \equiv 0$, then the continuity is immediate. We henceforth assume that $f_1|_{(-\infty, 0)}$ and $f_2|_{(0, \infty)}$ are nowhere zero.
+
+We first show $f_2|_{(0, \infty)}$ is continuous. If $f_2$ satisfies condition (v), then continuity follows from Theorem 2.11. If $f_2$ satisfies (viii), then define the auxiliary function
+
+$$
+g_2 : (0, \infty) \to \mathbb{R} \text{ by } g_2(x) := -f_2(x). \quad (3.3)
+$$
+
+Now, $g_2$ is positive and monotonic increasing on $(0, \infty)$, and $g_2(x)g_2(y) = g_2(\sqrt{xy})^2$ for all $x, y > 0$. By Theorem 2.11, $g_2$ is continuous and hence $f_2$ is also continuous.
+
+Assume $f_2$ satisfies (vi). We now establish continuity of $f_2$ on an arbitrary open interval $I^+ = (0, \rho)$, where $0 < \rho \le \infty$. Fix $t \in I^+$, and choose $0 < \delta \le \min \left\{ \frac{t}{5}, \frac{\rho-t}{4} \right\}$. Then
+
+$$
+0 < t + \delta \le \sqrt{(t + 4\delta)(t - \delta)} < \rho. \quad (3.4)
+$$
+
+Since $f_2$ is non-negative and decreasing on $[0, \infty)$, using (3.1) and (3.4), we have
+
+$$
+f_2(t + \delta) \ge f_2\left(\sqrt{(t + 4\delta)(t - \delta)}\right) = \sqrt{f_2(t + 4\delta)f_2(t - \delta)}.
+$$
+
+Letting $\delta \to 0^+$ and using that $f_2 > 0$ on $I^+$, we conclude
+
+$$
+f_2(t^+) \ge \sqrt{f_2(t^+)f_2(t^-)} > 0 \implies f_2(t^+) \ge f_2(t^-).
+$$
+
+Since $f_2$ is decreasing, we also have $f_2(t^+) \le f_2(t) \le f_2(t^-)$, so $f(t^-) = f(t^+)$, proving continuity for an arbitrary $t \in I^+$. Thus $f_2|_{(0,\infty)}$ is continuous.
+
+To show that $f_2$ satisfying condition (vii) is continuous, consider the function $g_2$ as defined in (3.3). Since $g_2$ satisfies case (vi), it follows that $g_2$ is continuous, and therefore $f_2|_{(0,\infty)}$ is also continuous.
+
+For $f_1$, define $g_1: (0, \infty) \to \mathbb{R}$ by $g_1(x) := f_1(-x)$. Then $g_1$ satisfies the same functional identity given in the above remark and fits into one of the cases (v) to (viii), so it is continuous on $(0, \infty)$. Therefore, $f_1|_{(-\infty, 0)}$ is continuous. This completes the proof. $\square$
+
+The following result partially determines the functions that preserve the set of all $m \times n$ SR matrices under entrywise application, for all fixed integers $m, n \ge 2$ with $(m, n) \ne (2, 2)$.
+
+**Theorem 3.5.** *Let $m, n \ge 2$ be integers such that $(m, n) \ne (2, 2)$. Let $f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}$ be a function with $f(0) = 0$ such that $f[-]$ preserves the set of all $m \times n$ SR matrices. Then*
+
+$$
+f(x) = \begin{cases} c_1|x|^{\alpha_1} & \text{for some } \alpha_1 \ge 0 \text{ and some } c_1 \in \mathbb{R}, \quad \text{if } x < 0, \\ c_2x^{\alpha_2} & \text{for some } \alpha_2 \ge 0 \text{ and some } c_2 \in \mathbb{R}, \quad \text{if } x > 0. \end{cases}
+$$
+
+*Proof.* By Theorem 3.4, $f$ is continuous on $\mathbb{R} \setminus \{0\}$. Define $f_1 := f|_{(-\infty,0]}$ and $f_2 := f|_{[0,\infty)}$. Taking $a = \gamma = 1$ in (3.2), we obtain
+
+$$
+f_2(x)f_2(y) = f_2(1)f_2(xy), \quad \forall x, y \ge 0. \qquad (3.5)
+$$
+
+By Proposition 3.1(1), there exists $\gamma' \in \{\pm 1\}$ such that $\gamma'f_2 \ge 0$ on $[0, \infty)$. We now consider two cases.
+
+**Case 1.** $\gamma'f_2(1) = 0$: Setting $x = y \ge 0$ in (3.5) yields $f_2 \equiv 0$ on $[0, \infty)$.
+
+**Case 2.** $\gamma'f_2(1) > 0$: Similar to the first half of the proof of Theorem 3.4, one can show that $\gamma'f_2(x) > 0$ for all $x > 0$. Now define
+
+$$
+g(x) := \frac{f_2(x)}{f_2(1)}, \quad x > 0, \qquad h(y) := \log g(e^y), \quad y \in \mathbb{R}. \qquad (3.6)
+$$
+
+Then $g$ is positive, continuous, and multiplicative on $(0, \infty)$. Thus, $h$ is continuous on $\mathbb{R}$ and satisfies the Cauchy functional equation. By Theorem 2.8, $h(y) = h(1)y$ for all $y \in \mathbb{R}$. Translating back, we obtain
+
+$$
+f_2(x) = f_2(1)x^{h(1)}, \quad \forall x > 0, \qquad (3.7)
+$$
+
+with $f_2(1) \in \mathbb{R} \setminus \{0\}$. We now show $h(1) \ge 0$. Suppose instead that $h(1) < 0$. Let $0 < x_1 < x_2 < \infty$, then $\gamma'f_2(0) < \gamma'f_2(x_1) > \gamma'f_2(x_2) > 0$. Consider the matrix
+
+$$
+A = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & x_1 & x_2 \\ x_1 & x_1 & x_1 \end{pmatrix} \oplus 0_{(m-2) \times (n-3)},
+$$
+
+which is SR, but $f_2[A]$ fails to be SR, as its contiguous $2 \times 2$ minors have opposite signs, a contradiction.
+
+Combining cases 1 and 2, we conclude that $f_2(x) = c_2x^\alpha$ for all $x > 0$, where $\alpha := h(1) \ge 0$ and $c_2 := f_2(1) \in \mathbb{R}$.
+
+To determine the form of $f_1$, define the auxiliary function $k: [0, \infty) \to \mathbb{R}$ by $k(x) := f_1(-x)$. Now, $k|_{(0,\infty)}$ is continuous and $k(0) = 0$. By a similar argument as above, $k(x) = k(1)x^{q(1)}$ for all $x > 0$, where the function $q$ is defined similarly to $h$ in (3.6). Therefore, $f_1(x) = f_1(-1)|x|^{q(1)}$ for all $x < 0$ with $q(1) \ge 0$ and $f_1(-1) \in \mathbb{R}$. $\square$
+
+Observe that in the above theorem, if $c_1 = c_2 = 0$, then $f \equiv 0$ on $\mathbb{R}$. In contrast, when $c_1, c_2 \ne 0$, the function $f$ depends on the value of $\alpha$: for $\alpha = 0$, $f$ corresponds to a (scaled) signum function on the intervals $(-\infty, 0]$ and $[0, \infty)$; whereas for $\alpha > 0$, $f$ represents a power function on each of
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_99.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_99.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4407acc4c86b2289a886f3a0c57abbf1539d6653
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/normal_99.md
@@ -0,0 +1,741 @@
+arXiv:2509.17972v1 [cond-mat.stat-mech] 22 Sep 2025
+
+# When is nonreciprocity relevant?
+
+Giulia Garcia Lorenzana,¹,² David Martin,³ Yael Avni,⁴ Daniel S. Seara,⁵
+Michel Fruchart,⁶ Giulio Biroli,¹ and Vincenzo Vitelli⁴,⁷
+
+*¹Laboratoire de Physique de l'École normale supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris F-75005 Paris, France
+²Laboratoire Matière et Systèmes Complexes (MSC), Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 75013 Paris, France
+³LPTMC, Sorbonne Université & CNRS, Paris, 75252, France
+⁴James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
+⁵Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, IL 60607, USA
+⁶Gulliver, CNRS, ESPCI Paris, Université PSL, 75005 Paris, France
+⁷Leinweber Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA*
+
+(Dated: September 23, 2025)
+
+Nonreciprocal interactions are widely observed in nonequilibrium systems, from biological or so-ciological dynamics to open quantum systems.Despite the ubiquity of nonreciprocity, its impact on phase transitions is not fully understood. In this work, we derive criteria to perturbatively assess whether nonreciprocity changes the universality class of pairs of asymmetrically coupled systems undergoing a phase transition. These simple criteria are stated in terms of the unperturbed critical exponents, in the spirit of the Harris criterion for disordered systems, and agree with numerical simulations. Beyond nonreciprocity, our approach provides guidelines for assessing how dynamical phase transitions are affected by perturbations.
+
+In nonequilibrium systems, microscopic components can interact in a *nonreciprocal* way: the effect of A on B need not be equal to the one of B on A. Microscopic nonreciprocal interactions break time-reversal symmetry and can lead to drastic macroscopic consequences, such as the existence of nonequilibrium dynamical phases and phase transitions. However, it is also possible that they get essentially washed out at large scales [1–9].Examples range from active mixtures [10] and superradiant lasers [11] to biological tissues [12] and spin glasses [13, 14]. For instance, adding random nonreciprocal interactions in a Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model destroys its spin glass phase but does not lead to time-dependent behavior, while structured nonreciprocity between two populations morphs it into an oscillating spin glass [13, 14]. Yet, the precise conditions under which microscopic nonreciproc-ity leads to observable features at macroscopic scales are still unknown.
+
+In this Letter, we propose a simple criterion to perturbatively assess the effect of nonreciprocal perturba-tions on the universality class of systems undergoing a phase transition. Our criterion is stated in terms of the unperturbed critical exponents, in the spirit of the Harris criterion [15, 16] for equilibrium disordered systems (row 1 in Table I). It is particularly effective in systems composed of two (or more) asymmetrically coupled fields, which have emerged as a paradigmatic way of introducing nonreciprocity across scales [10, 17–29].Examples range from predator-prey dynamics [30, 31] and excitatory-inhibitory neuronal circuits [32], to open quantum systems [33–35] and socially-driven human dynamics [36].
+
+The scope of our Letter is not to perform detailed renormalization group (RG) calculations of critical ex-ponents. Instead, we develop simple criteria that can inform you a priori of what the result of such a cal-culation could be. In field theoretic language [37], the procedure we follow (summarized in Fig. 1) evaluates the relevance of a perturbation by identifying the corresponding operator and obtaining its tree-level scaling dimension from the exact exponents of the unperturbed critical fixed point. This procedure, formulated within the formalism of stochastic path integrals, encompasses both equilibrium and nonequilibrium systems.
+
+*Nonreciprocal Model A* — We first illustrate our approach on a nonreciprocal version of Model A, in the classification of Hohenberg and Halperin [38]，defined by the dynamical equations
+
+$$
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{split}
+\partial_t \phi_1 &= -V'(\phi_1) + \nabla^2 \phi_1 + [K_+ + K_-] \phi_2 + h_1 + \eta_1 \\
+\partial_t \phi_2 &= -V'(\phi_2) + \nabla^2 \phi_2 + [K_+ - K_-] \phi_1 + h_2 + \eta_2
+\end{split}
+\tag{1}
+\end{equation}
+$$
+
+for two real-valued scalar fields $\phi_i$ ($i$ = 1,2), where $V(\phi) = -a\phi^2/2 + b\phi^4/4$ is a symmetric double-well potential [39], $h_1$ and $h_2$ are auxiliary fields (used to define response functions and otherwise set to zero), $\eta_i(\mathbf{x}, t)$ are Gaussian white noises satisfying $\langle \eta_i(\mathbf{x}, t)\eta_j(\mathbf{x}', t') \rangle = 2T\delta_{ij}\delta(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x}')\delta(t-t')$. The coefficients $K_+$ and $K_-$ characterize the strength of the symmetric and antisymmetric (nonreciprocal) couplings, respectively.
+
+When $K_+ = K_- = 0$, Eq. (1) describes two identical and uncoupled order parameter fields that (for spatial dimension $d \ge 2$) undergo a spontaneous $\mathbb{Z}_2$ symmetry breaking in the Ising universality class. We will perturb this uncoupled case with a small antisymmetric interaction of strength $\delta K_-$. When $\delta K_- \ne 0$ and $K_+ = 0$, the coupled system is still invariant under simultaneous inversion of both fields $\phi \to -\phi$. To assess whether the perturbation $\delta K_-$ modifies the critical properties, we now compute the correction to the order parameters $\phi_1$ and $\phi_2$ to first order in $\delta K_-$ and compare its scaling to the unperturbed order parameter at the critical point. If the correction can asymptotically be neglected when approaching the critical point, the perturbation is irrelevant; otherwise it can alter the critical behavior (see Figure 1).
+
+
+
+FIG. 1. **When does a perturbation change a phase transition?** To answer this question, we proceed as follows. (i) Start with a system described by a – potentially nonequilibrium – action $S_0$ and exhibiting a phase transition with order parameter $\mathcal{O}$ at a critical parameter $p_c$. (ii) Choose a (potentially nonreciprocal) perturbation, encoded as $\delta S$ in the action. (iii) Check if the perturbation changes the critical parameter $p_c$. Using extra symmetries, it can be guaranteed that this does not happen at first order (End Matter). When it does, a correction has to be applied so that the corrected perturbation effectively moves the system parallel to the critical line, see End Matter. (iv) Calculate how the perturbation to the order parameter scales near the critical point($\delta\langle\mathcal{O}\rangle \sim (p-p_c)^{\beta'}$) and compare it to the scaling of the unperturbed observable ($\langle\mathcal{O}\rangle_0 \sim (p-p_c)^\beta$). (v) Conclude: the perturbation is relevant (i.e. changes the transition) at tree level when $\beta' > \beta$. (In the cases considered in the main text, $p$ is the temperature $T$.)
+
+Note that the perturbation can also shift the critical point. This leads to a trivial correction to the order parameter, which has to be subtracted before making conclusions on the relevance of the perturbation (EM). Here, inversion symmetry ensure that such a shift can be neglected because it is at least quadratic in $\delta K_-$ (see EM for generalizations).
+
+*Nonequilibrium dynamical action formalism — The probability of observing a given configuration $\phi = (\phi_1(\mathbf{x},t), \phi_2(\mathbf{x},t))$ can be expressed as [40–42]*
+
+$$
+\mathcal{P}[\phi] = \int D\hat{\phi} e^{-\int dxdt S[\phi, \hat{\phi}]} \quad (2)
+$$
+
+where $\hat{\phi}_i$ are auxiliary response fields. The action $S$ can be decomposed as $S = S_0 + \delta S$, where $S_0$ is the unperturbed action and
+
+$$
+\delta S = \delta K_{-} (\hat{\phi}_{1}\phi_{2} - \hat{\phi}_{2}\phi_{1}). \quad (3)
+$$
+
+is the perturbation (see SM for more details). The average magnetization of the first field is then given by
+
+$$
+\langle \phi_1 \rangle = \int D\phi \, \phi_1 \mathcal{P}[\phi] \approx \langle \phi_1 \rangle_0 + \delta\langle \phi_1 \rangle, \quad (4)
+$$
+
+where $\langle \cdot \rangle_0$ represents averaging with respect to $S_0$, and $\delta\langle\phi_1\rangle$ is the first order correction due to $\delta S$ (colors correspond to Fig. 1). Expanding the exponential of the action, the correction can be written as
+
+$$
+\delta\langle\phi_1(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle = - \left\langle \phi_1(\mathbf{x}, t) \int \delta S|_{\mathbf{x}', t'} d\mathbf{x}' dt' \right\rangle_0 . \quad (5)
+$$
+
+Using Eq. (3) (see SM for details), we further obtain
+
+$$
+\delta\langle\phi_1(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle = -\delta K_- \left\langle \phi_1(\mathbf{x}, t) \int_{\mathbf{x}', t'} \hat{\phi}_1 \phi_2|_{\mathbf{x}', t'} \right\rangle_0 . \quad (6)
+$$
+
+Since the two fields are independent under the unperturbed dynamics, we can average them separately. Using
+
+$$
+\left. \frac{\partial \langle \phi_i(\mathbf{x}, t) \rangle_0}{\partial h_i(\mathbf{x}', t')} \right|_{h_i=0} = \langle \phi_i(\mathbf{x}, t) \hat{\phi}_i(\mathbf{x}', t') \rangle_0, \quad (7)
+$$
+
+we find
+
+$$
+\delta\langle\phi_1\rangle = -\delta K_- \langle\phi_2\rangle_0 \chi + O(\delta K_-^2) \quad (8)
+$$
+
+where the susceptibility $\chi \equiv \partial\langle\phi_1\rangle/\partial h_1|_{h_1=0}$ is given by the integral of the response function (7).
+
+We now compare the scaling of this correction with the unperturbed order parameter when $T \to T_c$ by computing $\delta\langle\phi_1\rangle/\langle\phi_1\rangle_0$. Because the correction is proportional to $\langle\phi_2\rangle_0$ and the two fields are identical before the introduction of the perturbation, the correction due to nonreciprocity will dominate (i.e. $\delta\langle\phi_1\rangle/\langle\phi_1\rangle_0 \to \infty$ as $T \to T_c$) as long as the susceptibility diverges at the transition. In terms of the critical exponent $\gamma$ ($\chi \sim |T - T_c|^{-\gamma}$), our criterion for the relevance of the nonreciprocal perturbation reads $\gamma > 0$ (row 2 in Table I). This is the case for Model A as well as most physical systems, and in particular for all equilibrium ones [43] [44].
+
+| System | Perturbation | Irrelevant if | Conclusion | |
|---|
| 1. One field (Harris) | Random δJ(x) | νd > 2 | Depends | [15] | | 2. Uncoupled identical fieldsK+ = K- = 0, F1 = F2 | δK- | γ < 0 | Relevant | ✓ | | 3. Uncoupled nonidentical fieldsK+ = K- = 0, F1 ≠ F2 | δK- | Always | Irrelevant | | | 4. Reciprocally coupled fieldsK+ ≠ 0, K- = 0, F1 = F2 | δK- | Always | Irrelevant | ✓ | | 5. Uncoupled identical fieldsK+ = K- = 0, F1 = F2 | Random δK-(x) | νd > 4β | Irrelevant for 3D Ising,marginal for 2D Ising | | | 6. Nonreciprocally coupled fieldsK+ = 0, K- ≠ 0, F1 = F2 | Random δK-(x) | νd > 2 | Irrelevant for 3D swap | |
+
+TABLE I. **Summary of the results.** The first line is the Harris criterion, which was originally formulated to assess the stability of the ferromagnetic Ising transition with respect to the addition of a local random perturbation in the inter-spininteractions; *J* refers to nearest-neighbors couplings as in Figure 2. Other lines refer to Eq. (1) in which $-V'(\phi_i)$ is replaced with $F_i(\phi_i)$. A checkmark (✓) indicates results we have numerically tested.
+
+This result is in agreement with numerical simulations of two nonreciprocally coupled Ising models [22], whose corresponding field theory is similar to the one considered here, with some irrelevant higher order terms. It is also in agreement with renormalization group studies of similar field theories [7, 8, 45, 46]. These works find that the transition to order is destroyed in 2D, while in 3D the ordered phase exhibits persistent oscillations and the critical exponents are significantly modified, becoming compatible with the 3D XY universality class (Fig. 2).
+
+*Two critical points* — What happens if the two fields have different critical points in the unperturbed system? This happens when there are different potentials $V_1$ and $V_2$ on each line in Eq. (1). In an Ising model, this corresponds to different intra-species couplings $J_1$ and $J_2$. Let us suppose that, when going from the disordered to the ordered phase $\phi_1$ is the first to encounter the symmetry-breaking transition. We can carry out the same computation for the correction to $\langle\phi_1\rangle$, arriving again at Eq. (8).Nevertheless, around the transition of $\phi_1$, the field $\phi_2$ is still in the disordered phase, so that $\langle\phi_2\rangle_0 = 0$, and there is no correction at linear order in $\delta K_-$ (row 3 in Table I). In general, the coupling to a subcritical field is an irrelevant perturbation – this also holds in the nonreciprocal case.
+
+*Reciprocally coupled fields* — We have so far considered fields that were independent in the absence of the perturbation. What happens when the two fields have a finite symmetric coupling $K_+ > 0$ in the unperturbed theory? Two uncoupled Models A have four equivalent minima of the energy: each field can independently have positive or negative magnetization. The introduction of $K_+$ partially lifts this degeneracy, because states with same-sign magnetizations are now favored. Upon lowering the temperature the system will select one of these two same-sign states, hence undergoing a phase transition in the Ising universality class, with the order parameter being the sum of the two fields. Expressing the perturbed dynamics in terms of the sum and the difference of the two fields, we obtain two field theories with different critical points, coupled only via an irrelevant cubic term (SM). The nonreciprocal perturbation $\delta K_-$ takes the same anti-symmetric form in these new variables. Hence, as in previous section, nonreciprocity remains irrelevant for two reciprocally coupled fields (row 4 in Table I).
+
+This prediction is in qualitative agreement with numerical simulations of the nonreciprocal Ising Model performed in [22]: the addition of a reciprocal coupling between the two species of spins indeed leads to the restabilization of the paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition. To confirm this, we have measured the critical exponents of this phase transition in 3 dimensions, and they are compatible with the Ising ones (Figure 2), see EM for more details. Note that our approach only focuses on the case of small nonreciprocity. We do expect the critical behavior to change when nonreciprocal interactions become stronger than the reciprocal ones [23].
+
+*Random nonreciprocal perturbations* — Our dynamical procedure can also be used to evaluate the relevance of a random perturbation, generalizing the Harris criterion [15] to nonequilibrium settings, building on Ref. [47] (see EM and SM). Going back to nonreciproically coupled fields, we first consider a space-dependent random antisymmetric perturbation $\delta K_-(\mathbf{x})$, coupling $\phi_1(\mathbf{x})$ and $\phi_2(\mathbf{x})$. Here, $\delta K_-(\mathbf{x})$ is Gaussian distributed with mean zero and delta correlations $\overline{\delta K_-(\mathbf{x})\delta K_-(\mathbf{x}')}$ = $\delta\sigma_K^2\delta(\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x}')$, with the overbar indicating an average over the quenched disorder. We then compute the correction to the order parameter $\langle\phi_i\rangle$. Since the perturbation is random, so is the correction. Because it averages to zero ($\overline{\delta\langle\phi_i(\mathbf{x},t)\rangle} = 0$), its typical size is characterized by its variance (see SM)
+
+$$
+\frac{\overline{\delta\langle\phi_i(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle^2}}{\langle\phi_i\rangle_0^2} \sim \delta\sigma_K^2 \int_{\mathbf{x}', t', t''} \left\langle \frac{\partial\phi_i(\mathbf{x}, t)}{\partial h_i(\mathbf{x}', t')} \right\rangle_0 \left\langle \frac{\partial\phi_i(\mathbf{x}, t)}{\partial h_i(\mathbf{x}', t'')} \right\rangle_0 .
+$$
+
+
+
+FIG. 2. **Putting the criterion to the test.** (a) An example of a system to which our results apply: two coupled Ising models. Note that the couplings $K_\pm$ will be renormalized when going from the discrete model represented here to a field theory. (b-c) The relevance of the perturbation, in the RG sense, depends on whether there is a finite reciprocal coupling in the unperturbed system. Critical exponents $\nu, \gamma, \beta$, and Binder cumulant $U^*$ at the critical point for the 3D Nonreciprocal Ising model (red), with $K_+ = 0$ and $\delta K_- = 0.1$ (panel b, corresponding to row 2 of Table I) taken from Ref. [23] and $K_+ = 0.5$ and $\delta K_- = 0.1$ (panel c, corresponding to row 4 of Table I), which results from new simulations. The exponents are obtained using finite-size scaling, as described in Ref. [23]. Standard deviation is represented by a semi-transparent red rectangle. The corresponding values in the 3D Ising model and in the 3D XY model are shown in blue and green respectively, for comparison. In the absence of $K_+$, a weak nonreciprocity shifts the critical exponents of the phase transition away from the Ising universality class, whereas when $K_+$ is nonzero, the transition appears to remain within the Ising universality class, in agreement with our analytical results. Note that the discrepancy between Ising's and nonreciprocal Ising's $\beta$ in the $K_+ \neq 0$ case is reduced when systematic finite-size errors - omitted in the figure - are taken into account; see SM for details.
+
+Close to criticality, the response function scales as [37]
+
+$$
+\left\langle \frac{\partial \phi_i(\mathbf{x}, t)}{\partial h_i(\mathbf{x}', t')} \right\rangle_0 = \xi^{-d-z+\frac{\gamma}{\nu}} f\left(\frac{\mathbf{x}-\mathbf{x}'}{\xi}, \frac{t-t'}{\tau}\right) \quad (9)
+$$
+
+where $d$ is the spatial dimension while $\xi$ and $\tau$ are respectively the correlation length and time, diverging at the transition as $\xi \sim |T-T_c|^{-\nu}$ and $\tau \sim \xi^z$. In addition, the order parameter scales as $\langle\phi\rangle_0 \sim |T-T_c|^\beta$ in which $\beta$ is the associated critical exponent, related to the others by the identity $\gamma = d\nu - 2\beta$ obtained from Widom's and Fisher's scaling relations. Putting these together, we find that
+
+$$
+\frac{\overline{\delta\langle\phi_i(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle^2}}{\langle\phi_i\rangle_0^2} \sim \delta\sigma_K^2 (T - T_c)^{6\beta - \nu d} \quad (10)
+$$
+
+Hence, the introduction of random nonreciprocal interactions is relevant if
+
+$$
+2\beta - \frac{\nu d}{2} > 0. \quad (11)
+$$
+
+This inequality is not satisfied by the 3D Ising model, so we expect its universality class not to change. For the 2D Ising model, the left hand side of the inequality is exactly zero, so that the correction is marginal, and a more refined analysis is required, similarly to the Harris criterion for the two dimensional random bond Ising model [48]. This is summarized in row 5 of Table I.
+
+*Perturbing a nonequilibrium phase transition* — Lastly, we illustrate that our method encompasses situations where the unperturbed phase transition is already out of equilibrium. To do so, we take as the unperturbed system Eq. (1) with a finite nonreciprocal coupling $K_-$, and add as a perturbation a random inhomogeneous perturbation $\delta K_-(\mathbf{x})$, where $\delta K_-(\mathbf{x})$ is a delta-correlated Gaussian variable. We have previously shown that a small nonreciprocal coupling $K_-$ changes the critical behavior of the paramagnet/ferromagnet transition present when $K_{-} = 0$. The resulting phase transition at finite $K_{-}$ cannot be predicted from our criterion, but has been studied through renormalization group calculations [7, 8, 45, 46] and Monte-Carlo simulations [22, 23]. This phase transition, which is believed to fall in the *XY* universality class, separates a disordered (paramagnet) phase from a time-dependent oscillating phase, dubbed *swap phase*, where the fields $\phi_1$ and $\phi_2$ homogeneously and coherently oscillate in time [22, 23].
+
+Since the transition can be triggered by a change in $K_{-}$, the perturbation $\delta K_{-}(\mathbf{x})$ locally shifts the distance from the critical point. Our analysis, extended to this case (see SM), shows that the random perturbation is relevant whenever $\frac{\nu d}{2} < 1$, exactly as in equilibrium critical points. Thus we recover the Harris criterion's form, but with the crucial distinction that $\nu$ now refers to the critical exponent of the unperturbed nonequilibrium dynamical transition. The unperturbed system is believed to fall in the XY universality class [23] in $d = 3$, leading to $\nu = 0.672$ [49, 50]. Therefore, the perturbation is irrelevant (row 6 in Table I).
+
+*Generalizations* — In EM, we generalize our treatment to any system symmetric under exchange of the fields and inversion symmetry that exhibit a continuous phase transition characterized by a local order parameter. In particular, we do not assume that the unperturbed system is at equilibrium, nor that the order parameter fields are scalar. The proof follows the same steps as above, but requires some extra considerations, e.g. the space in which the order parameter lives is larger for more general symmetries and one has to specify how non-reciprocity acts on non-scalar fields. This includes $O(N)$ models, clock models with an even number of states and active matter models such as Malthusian flocks [51]. In the case of $O(N)$ models, renormalization group calculations [7, 8] indicate that the equilibrium critical point is destabilized by an infinitesimal nonreciprocal coupling, in agreement with our results.
+
+*Conclusion* — To sum up, we have derived simple perturbative criteria, à la Harris, to assess whether nonreciprocal perturbations are relevant in the RG sense. Our key results are summarized in Table I and generalizations relevant to less symmetric applications are presented in the End Matter.
+
+This work was supported by the Simons Foundation Grant No. 454935 (G.B.). V.V. acknowledges partial support from the Army Research Office under grant W911NF-22-2-0109 and W911NF-23-1-0212 and the Chan Zuckerberg Initiative. M.F. and V.V acknowledge partial support from the France Chicago center through a FACCTS grant. This research was partly supported from the National Science Foundation through the Center for Living Systems (grant no. 2317138) and the National Institute for Theory and Mathematics in Biology (NITMB).
+
+
+
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+[43] U. C. Täuber, Critical dynamics: a field theory approach to equilibrium and non-equilibrium scaling behavior (Cambridge University Press, 2014).
+
+[44] Equilibrium systems are characterized by a diverging correlation-length $\xi$ in the correlation function. Through the fluctuation-dissipation theorem, this translates in a response function $\chi$ diverging as $\xi^{2-\eta}$ with $\eta > 0$.
+
+[45] T. Risler, J. Prost, and F. Jülicher, Universal Critical Behavior of Noisy Coupled Oscillators, Physical Review Letters 93, 175702 (2004).
+
+[46] T. Risler, J. Prost, and F. Jülicher, Universal critical behavior of noisy coupled oscillators: A renormalization group study, Physical Review E 72, 016130 (2005).
+
+[47] T. Vojta and R. Dickman, Spatiotemporal generalization of the Harris criterion and its application to diffusive disorder, Physical Review E 93, 032143 (2016).
+
+[48] B. Shalaev, Critical behavior of the two-dimensional ising model with random bonds, Physics Reports 237, 129 (1994).
+
+[49] A. Pelissetto and E. Vicari, Critical phenomena and renormalization-group theory, Physics Reports 368, 549 (2002).
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+[50] M. Campostrini, M. Hasenbusch, A. Pelissetto, P. Rossi, and E. Vicari, Critical behavior of the three-dimensionalxyuniversality class, Physical Review B 63, 214503 (2001).
+
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+
+[52] It's instructive to see the effect of the extra term in the equation above when $T_c$ is shifted at linear order but the critical behavior in not altered: when computing the perturbative corrections to $\langle\phi\rangle \sim (T - T_c)^\beta$ this leads to a contribution $(\beta - 1)(T - T_c)^{\beta-1} \frac{dT_c}{dK_-}|_{\delta K_- = 0} \delta K_-$. This term is more singular the nonperturbed one, but it is not related to a change in the critical properties. The first term in eq. (12) correctly cancels it out.
+
+[53] J. Zinn-Justin, Quantum field theory and critical phenomena, Vol. 171 (Oxford university press, 2021).
+
+[54] T. Sarlat, A. Billoire, G. Biroli, and J.-P. Bouchaud, Predictive power of MCT: numerical testing and finite sizescaling for a mean field spin glass, Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment **2009**, P08014 (2009).
+
+[55] K. Binder, Finite size scaling analysis of ising model block distribution functions, Zeitschrift für Physik B Condensed Matter **43**, 119 (1981).
+
+[56] K. Binder, Monte carlo simulations in statistical physics, in *Statistical and nonlinear physics* (Springer, 2022) pp. 85–97.
+
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+
+## End Matter
+
+### Nonreciprocal perturbations nonparallel to the critical line
+
+
+
+FIG. 3. Panel (a) shows a symmetric case, like the ones studied in the main text, in which switching on the nonreciprocal perturbation moves the system parallel to the critical line. Panel (b) shows the general case in which the shift is not parallel, and hence move the system closer or away from criticality. This leads to a trivial singular contribution to the order parameter that has to be subtracted to assess the relevance of the perturbation. Symmetries of the stochastic action can enforce the symmetric case, at least to first order in $\delta K_-$. In these cases, a constraint of the form $|\langle \mathcal{O} \rangle_{\delta K_-}| = |\langle \mathcal{O} \rangle_{-\delta K_-}|$ where $\mathcal{O}$ is the order parameter field can be obtained from the symmetries of the action and the order parameter field. This constraint is not compatible with case (b) because the values of the order parameters at the points marked by crosses are not compatible with the constraint. In the cases considered in the main text, $p$ corresponds to the temperature $T$.
+
+Our procedure aims at investigating whether adding nonreciprocity is a singular perturbation which alters the critical behavior. In the absence of such perturbation, $\langle\phi\rangle \sim \epsilon^\beta$, where $\epsilon = T - T_c$ is the distance from the critical point in absence of the perturbation and $\beta$ the associated critical exponent. In the presence of even infinitesimal nonreciprocity, the critical behavior becomes $\langle\phi\rangle \sim \epsilon^{\beta'}$, with $\beta' \neq \beta$. It is important, while doing the comparison between perturbed and unperturbed scaling, to work at *fixed* $\epsilon$. In the main text, we examine systems with nonreciprocal perturbations for which the critical temperature remains unchanged to linear order in $\delta K_-$, while the critical point is approached along a direction perpendicular to the critical line (see Fig. 3a). This is guaranteed by symmetry considerations (see next section). Consequently, we indeed perform the comparison at fixed $\epsilon$. In more general cases, like Fig. 3b, the nonreciprocal perturbation is not parallel to the critical line, and hence does not keep $\epsilon$ fixed. In order to take into account the effect of the perturbation on the order parameter at fixed $\epsilon$ one has thus to focus on:
+
+$$
+\left. \frac{d\langle\phi\rangle}{dK_{-}} \right|_{\epsilon} = \frac{d\langle\phi\rangle}{dT} \frac{dT}{dK_{-}} + \frac{d\langle\phi\rangle}{dK_{-}}
+$$
+
+where $\frac{dT}{dK_{-}}$ is chosen to keep $\epsilon$ constant. Since $\epsilon = T - T_c(K_-)$, this leads to $\frac{dT}{dK_{-}} = \frac{dT_c}{dK_{-}}$. In conclusion, our procedure can be generalized to the cases illustrated in the lower panel of Fig. 3 by comparing the unperturbed critical behavior to the term:
+
+$$
+\left( \left. \frac{d\langle\phi\rangle}{dT} \right|_{\delta K_{-}=0} \left. \frac{dT_c}{dK_{-}} \right|_{\delta K_{-}=0} + \left. \frac{d\langle\phi\rangle}{dK_{-}} \right|_{\delta K_{-}=0} \right) \delta K_{-} \quad (12)
+$$
+
+The cases analyzed in the main text, in which an underlying symmetry guarantees that $T_c$ is not shifted at linear order [52], correspond to $\left. \frac{dT_c}{dK_{-}} \right|_{\delta K_{-}=0} = 0$. All terms in eq. (12) can be obtained from correlation and response functions of the *unperturbed* critical point [53]. Therefore the relevance of the nonreciprocal perturbation can be assessed only using the critical exponents of the unperturbed system. The procedure in the nonsymmetric case is more involved since one has to analyze more contributions in perturbation theory but remains conceptually identical to the one developed in the main text.
+
+### Symmetry requirements and general setting
+
+The analysis developed in the main text can be applied to any pair of identical fields undergoing a second order phase transition whose dynamics is symmetric under field exchange and that are only coupled by an antisymmetric perturbation. In the following we provide more details on these requirements.
+
+*Symmetries of the action* — Let us consider a system whose dynamics can be described by an action $S_0(\phi, \hat{\phi})$ where $\phi$ is not necessarily scalar. We assume the action to be invariant under a symmetry group $\mathcal{G}$, so that $\forall \mathcal{R} \in \mathcal{G}$, $S_0(\mathcal{R}(\phi, \hat{\phi})) = S_0(\phi, \hat{\phi})$. We only consider symmetry groups containing the inversion operation($\phi, \hat{\phi}) \to (-\phi, -\hat{\phi})$. Examples include the $O(N)$ symmetry, but also the dihedral group $D_{2n}$, i.e. the symmetry group of a regular polygon with an even number of sides. We suppose that the system undergoes a second order phase transition, after which the considered symmetry is spontaneously broken.
+
+We then study two identical copies of the system, $\phi_1$ and $\phi_2$. If the fields are not coupled, their dynamics is described by the sum of the two actions,
+
+$$
+S_0(\phi_1, \hat{\phi}_1, \phi_2, \hat{\phi}_2) = S_0(\phi_1, \hat{\phi}_1) + S_0(\phi_2, \hat{\phi}_2). \quad (13)
+$$
+
+This action is invariant under the exchange of the two fields
+
+$$
+S_0(\phi_1, \hat{\phi}_1, \phi_2, \hat{\phi}_2) = S_0(\phi_2, \hat{\phi}_2, \phi_1, \hat{\phi}_1), \quad (14)
+$$
+
+as well as under the independent transformation of each of the two fields: $\forall \mathcal{R}_1, \mathcal{R}_2 \in \mathcal{G}$,
+
+$$
+S_0(\mathcal{R}_1(\phi_1, \hat{\phi}_1), \mathcal{R}_2(\phi_2, \hat{\phi}_2)) = S_0(\phi_1, \hat{\phi}_1, \phi_2, \hat{\phi}_2) \quad (15)
+$$
+
+We now consider a perturbation $\delta S(\phi_1, \hat{\phi}_1, \phi_2, \hat{\phi}_2)$ that respects the following conditions:
+
+1. After the perturbation, the system is still invariant under a simultaneous transformation of the two fields. This can be imposed by requiring that $\forall \mathcal{R} \in \mathcal{G}$, $\delta S(\mathcal{R}(\phi_1, \hat{\phi}_1), \mathcal{R}(\phi_2, \hat{\phi}_2)) = \delta S(\phi_1, \hat{\phi}_1, \phi_2, \hat{\phi}_2)$.
+
+2. Exchanging the two fields changes the sign of the perturbation, $\delta S(\phi_2, \hat{\phi}_2, \phi_1, \hat{\phi}_1) = -\delta S(\phi_1, \hat{\phi}_1, \phi_2, \hat{\phi}_2)$.
+
+3. Inverting one of the two fields changes the sign of the perturbation, $\delta S(\phi_1, \hat{\phi}_1, -\phi_2, -\hat{\phi}_2) = -\delta S(\phi_1, \hat{\phi}_1, \phi_2, \hat{\phi}_2)$. Combining this property with the previous one implies that exchanging the two fields and inverting one of the two leaves the perturbation unchanged, $\delta S(\phi_2, \hat{\phi}_2, -\phi_1, -\hat{\phi}_1) = \delta S(\phi_1, \hat{\phi}_1, \phi_2, \hat{\phi}_2)$. Since such a transformation leaves also the unperturbed action $S_0$ unchanged, it is a symmetry of the *perturbed* system.
+
+4. $\delta S$ is an analytic function of its arguments
+
+The new system has two symmetries: thanks to condition 1 it has the same symmetry as one of the original two fields, and thanks to conditions 2-3 it has the symmetry $(\phi_1, \phi_2) \to (\phi_2, -\phi_1)$. The breaking of the first symmetry can therefore be detected by studying the average value of *either* of the two fields, which are order parameter fields of the unperturbed phase transition. In addition, the second symmetry prevents the critical point from being shifted at linear order in the perturbation. Indeed, a reversal of $\delta S$ amounts to exchanging the labels of the two fields (which are interchangeable thanks to the symmetry $(\phi_1, \phi_2) \to (\phi_2, -\phi_1)$), hence leaving the critical point unchanged: its shift must therefore be even in the parameter defining the perturbation. This arises from the constraint $|\langle\mathcal{O}\rangle_{\delta K_-}| = |\langle\mathcal{O}\rangle_{-\delta K_-}|$ where $\mathcal{O}$ is the order parameter $(\phi_1$ or $\phi_2)$, which is a direct consequence of the symmetry of $\mathcal{S}$. Since we expect analyticity (condition 4), the shift must be at least of quadratic order.
+
+Conditions 1 to 4 ensure two key properties: (1) the average value of the fields is the order parameter, (2) a small nonreciprocal perturbation shifts the system parallel to the critical line. Since our results derived in the main text relied on these two properties, they equally hold for any system complying with conditions 1 to 4. Hence, the introduction of nonreciprocity is relevant whenever the susceptibility diverges at the phase transition as discussed in a concrete case below.
+
+*A concrete example* — To perform the computation, we need to be more specific about the functional form of the perturbation. In systems with $O(N)$ symmetry, a quite general form that the perturbation can take is
+
+$$
+\delta S = \delta K_- (\hat{\phi}_1\phi_2 - \hat{\phi}_2\phi_1) f \left( \phi_1^2, \phi_2^2, (\hat{\phi}_1\phi_2 - \hat{\phi}_2\phi_1)^2 \right),
+$$
+
+where $f$ is any analytic function symmetric under the exchange of the first two arguments. For such a $\delta S$, we can use scaling arguments to show that the dominant contribution remains the same as in the main text. Let us consider $f = \phi_1^2 + \phi_2^2$ as an example. It corresponds to the following perturbed dynamics
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \partial_t \phi_1 &= \nabla^2 \phi_1 - V'(\phi_1) + \eta_1 + h_1 + \delta K_- \phi_2 (\phi_1^2 + \phi_2^2), \\ \partial_t \phi_2 &= \nabla^2 \phi_2 - V'(\phi_2) + \eta_2 + h_2 - \delta K_- \phi_1 (\phi_1^2 + \phi_2^2). \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+The correction to the order parameter is then given by
+
+$$
+\delta\langle\phi_1(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle = -\delta K_- \left\langle \phi_1(\mathbf{x}, t) \int_{\mathbf{x}', t'} (\hat{\phi}_1\phi_2 - \hat{\phi}_2\phi_1) (\phi_1^2 + \phi_2^2) \bigg|_{\mathbf{x}', t'} \right\rangle_0 \quad (16)
+$$
+
+Since the unperturbed fields are uncoupled, averages can be computed independently for $\phi_1$ and $\phi_2$. Note that terms that contain $\hat{\phi}_2$ do not contribute, because $\hat{\phi}_2(x, t)$ corresponds to the response to a perturbation at a time infinitesimally successive to $t$, so that $\langle\hat{\phi}_2\phi_2^2\bigg|_{\mathbf{x}', t'}\rangle_0 = 0$. We also remark that neither $\phi_1^2$ nor $\phi_2^2$ are critical fields, therefore they do not change the critical behavior of the dominant term (see SM). The perturbation is thus relevant whenever the susceptibility diverges.
+
+### Nonequilibrium Harris criterion
+
+We now sketch the derivation of the Harris criterion in a dynamical formulation, which allows us to generalize it beyond equilibrium systems. Our approach is similar to the one used in [47] for generalizing the Harris criterionto arbitrary spatio-temporal disorder. It is also a generalization of [54], which developed a dynamical formulation for the standard Harris case.
+
+We consider a field theory perturbed by a random variation of the mass term $\delta m(\mathbf{x})$
+
+$$
+\partial_t \phi = \nabla^2 \phi - V'(\phi) + \eta + \delta m(\mathbf{x}) \phi, \quad (17)
+$$
+
+where $V(\phi)$ is a potential function and $\eta$ is a Gaussian white noise of amplitude $T$. The Gaussian disorder $\delta m(\mathbf{x})$ is $\delta$-correlated in space
+
+$$
+\overline{\delta m(\mathbf{x}) \delta m(\mathbf{x}')} = \delta \sigma_m^2 \delta(\mathbf{x} - \mathbf{x}'), \quad (18)
+$$
+
+where the overline indicates averaging over quenched disorder. Using the MSRDJ approach, the probability of observing a given configuration of the field can be expressed as
+
+$$
+\mathcal{P}(\{\phi\}) = \int D[\hat{\phi}] e^{-\int d\mathbf{x} dt \mathcal{S}}, \quad (19)
+$$
+
+where $\hat{\phi}$ is an auxiliary field. The action $\mathcal{S}$ can be decomposed as $\mathcal{S} = S_0[\hat{\phi}, \phi] + \delta S[\hat{\phi}, \phi]$, with $S_0$ being the action in the absence of perturbations and $\delta S$ containing the perturbative terms
+
+$$
+S_0 = \hat{\phi} (\partial_t \phi - \nabla^2 \phi + V'(\phi)) + \frac{T}{2} \hat{\phi}^2, \quad (20)
+$$
+
+$$
+\delta S = \delta m(\mathbf{x}) \hat{\phi} \phi. \quad (21)
+$$
+
+To see whether the perturbation modifies the critical properties of the system, we compute the correction to a generic observable $\mathcal{O}$. This observable can correspond, for instance, to the magnetization $\phi(\mathbf{x}, t)$. Expanding the exponential of the action to first order in $\sigma_m$, we find
+
+$$
+\delta\langle\mathcal{O}(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle = -\langle\mathcal{O}(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle \int \delta\mathcal{S}|_{\mathbf{x}', t'} d\mathbf{x}' dt' \rangle_0 . \quad (22)
+$$
+
+This correction can be further expressed as
+
+$$
+\delta\langle\mathcal{O}(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle = -\left\langle \int \delta m(\mathbf{x}') G(\mathbf{x} - \mathbf{x}') d\mathbf{x}' \right\rangle_0, \quad (23)
+$$
+
+where $G(\mathbf{x} - \mathbf{x}') = \langle \frac{\delta \mathcal{O}(\mathbf{x})}{\delta m(\mathbf{x}')} \rangle_0$ is the response function of $\mathcal{O}$ with respect to a local variation of the linear term. Noting that the first order correction averages to 0, we set up to obtain its typical amplitude by deriving its variance as
+
+$$
+\overline{\delta\langle\mathcal{O}\rangle^2} = \delta\sigma_m^2 \int G(\mathbf{x}')^2 d\mathbf{x}'. \quad (24)
+$$
+
+Using critical scaling properties, we can show that
+
+$$
+G(\mathbf{x}') \sim \xi^{-(d+(\beta-1)/\nu)} f\left(\frac{\mathbf{x}'}{\xi}\right). \quad (25)
+$$
+
+Inserting this expression in (24) we obtain the typical amplitude of the correction as
+
+$$
+\sqrt{\overline{\delta(\mathcal{O})^2}}\sim \delta\sigma_m (T - T_c)^{d\nu/2+\beta-1}. \quad (26)
+$$
+
+Comparing (26) to the behavior of $\langle\mathcal{O}\rangle$ in the unperturbed system, we deduce the correction to dominate when $d\nu/2 < 1$: this is the Harris criterion.
+
+As in the case of nonreciprocal perturbations, note that symmetry prevents any shift of the critical temperature to linear order. Indeed, since the distribution of $\delta m$ remains symmetric around 0, reversing the sign of the perturbation leaves the system unchanged.
+
+## Supplementary material
+
+In this supplementary material, we report some additional details on the computations performed in the main text. In Section 1, we derive the field theory that we considered in this work, and the most general form of the correction to the order parameter. In Section 2, we focus on the case in which two identical uncoupled fields are perturbed by antisymmetric interactions. In Section 3, we add a constant nonreciprocal coupling. In Section 4 and 5, we consider random nonreciprocal perturbations. In Section 6 we give some details on the calculation of the critical exponents. In Section 7 we discuss the case of Directed Percolation.
+
+### 1. Field theory derivation
+
+In this appendix, we detail the derivation of the relevance criterion for field theory (1) with constant nonreciprocal couplings. We start by deriving the generic action valid for every type of couplings studied in this paper, namely for
+
+$$
+K_{12} = K_{+} + (K_{-} + \delta K_{-}(\mathbf{x})), \quad K_{21} = K_{+} - (K_{-} + \delta K_{-}(\mathbf{x})). \quad (27)
+$$
+
+The case of constant nonreciprocal couplings studied in the main text thus corresponds to $K_+ = K_- = 0$ and $\delta K_-(\mathbf{x}) = \delta K_+$, independently of the position. We start by recalling the time evolution of the fields
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} \partial_t \phi_1 = \nabla^2 \phi_1 - V'(\phi_1) + \eta_1 + K_{12} \phi_2 + h_1, \\ \partial_t \phi_2 = \nabla^2 \phi_2 - V'(\phi_2) + \eta_2 + K_{21} \phi_1 + h_2, \end{cases} \qquad (28)
+$$
+
+We first write the probability $\mathcal{P}(\{\phi_1, \phi_2\})$ of observing a trajectory of the fields $\{\phi_1, \phi_2\}$ by using the MSRJD formalism. It reads
+
+$$
+\mathcal{P}(\{\phi_1, \phi_2\}) = \langle \delta(\partial_t \phi_1 - \nabla^2 \phi_1 + V'(\phi_1) - \eta_1 + K_{12}\phi_2 + h_1) \delta(\partial_t \phi_2 - \nabla^2 \phi_2 + V'(\phi_2) - \eta_2 + K_{21}\phi_1 + h_2) \rangle, \quad (29)
+$$
+
+where the mean value $\langle \cdot \rangle$ runs over all possible trajectories of $\eta_1$ and $\eta_2$ while $\delta(\cdot)$ represents the Dirac delta. Using the integral representation of the Dirac deltas allows us to introduce the imaginary auxiliary fields $\hat{\phi}_1$ and $\hat{\phi}_2$ as
+
+$$
+\mathcal{P}(\{\phi_1, \phi_2\}) = \int D[\hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2, \eta_1, \eta_2] \exp \left( \int \mathcal{S}_{\eta}(\phi_1, \phi_2, \hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2) dx dt \right) \exp \left( -\frac{1}{2T} \int \eta_1^2 dx - \frac{1}{2T} \int \eta_2^2 dx \right), \quad (30)
+$$
+
+where the action $S_{\eta}$ reads
+
+$$
+S_{\eta} = \hat{\phi}_1 (\partial_t \phi_1 - \nabla^2 \phi_1 + V'(\phi_1) + K_{12} \phi_2 - \eta_1 + h_1) + \hat{\phi}_2 (\partial_t \phi_2 - \nabla^2 \phi_2 + V'(\phi_2) + K_{21} \phi_1 - \eta_2 + h_2) . \quad (31)
+$$
+
+As $S_{\eta}$ is linear in the noises $\eta_j$'s, we can use the Gaussian integration formula $\int_{-\infty}^{\infty} e^{-ax^2-bx} dx = \sqrt{\frac{\pi}{a}} e^{\frac{b^2}{4a}}$ with $b = -i\hat{\phi}_j$ to perform the integration over the $\eta_j$'s in (30). We obtain
+
+$$
+\mathcal{P}(\{\phi_1, \phi_2\}) = \int D[\hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2] \exp \left( - \int \mathcal{S}(\phi_1, \phi_2, \hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2) dx ds \right), \quad (32)
+$$
+
+where $S$ is given by
+
+$$
+S(\hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2, \phi_1, \phi_2) = S_0(\hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2, \phi_1, \phi_2) + \delta S(\hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2, \phi_1, \phi_2), \quad (33)
+$$
+
+with $S_0(\hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2, \phi_1, \phi_2)$ and $\delta S$ reading
+
+$$
+S_0(\hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2, \phi_1, \phi_2) = S_0(\hat{\phi}_1, \phi_1, h_1) + S_0(\hat{\phi}_2, \phi_2, h_2) + (K_+ + K_-)\hat{\phi}_1\phi_2 + (K_+ - K_-)\hat{\phi}_2\phi_1, \quad (34)
+$$
+
+$$
+\delta S(\hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2, \phi_1, \phi_2) = \delta K_-(\mathbf{x}) (\hat{\phi}_1\phi_2 - \hat{\phi}_2\phi_1), \quad (35)
+$$
+
+and $S_0(\hat{\phi}, \phi)$ is the action of an uncoupled field given by
+
+$$
+S_0(\hat{\phi}, \phi) = \hat{\phi} (\partial_t \phi - \nabla^2 \phi + V'(\phi)) + \frac{T}{2} \hat{\phi}^2 + \hat{\phi} h . \quad (36)
+$$
+
+The auxiliary fields $\hat{\phi}_i(\mathbf{x}, t)$ are also called “response fields” because they generate response functions according to
+
+$$
+\langle \phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t) \hat{\phi}_j(\mathbf{x}', t') \rangle = \frac{\delta \langle \phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t) \rangle}{\delta h_j(\mathbf{x}', t')} \Big|_{h_j=0} . \quad (37)
+$$
+
+We compute the average magnetization as
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \langle \phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t) \rangle &= \int D[\hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2, \phi_1, \phi_2] \phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t) e^{-\int (S_0(\hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2, \phi_1, \phi_2) + \delta S) dx'dt'} \\ &\approx \int D[\hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2, \phi_1, \phi_2] \phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t) e^{-\int S_0(\hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2, \phi_1, \phi_2) dx'dt'} \left(1 - \int \delta S dx'dt' + \mathcal{O}(\delta K_-^2)\right) \\ &\approx \langle \phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t) \rangle_0 - \langle \phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t) \rangle \int \delta S dx'dt' \rangle_0 + \mathcal{O}(\delta K_-^2), \end{aligned} \quad (38)
+$$
+
+where $\langle \cdot \rangle_0$ implies averaging over the $S_0$ action only. We finally obtain
+
+$$
+\delta \langle \phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t) \rangle = \langle \phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t) \rangle - \langle \phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t) \rangle_0 = - \int \langle \phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t) \delta K_-(\mathbf{x}) (\hat{\phi}_1 \phi_2 - \hat{\phi}_2 \phi_1) \Big|_{\mathbf{x}', t'} \rangle_0 d\mathbf{x}' dt' + \mathcal{O}(\delta K_-^2) . \quad (39)
+$$
+
+### 2. Uncoupled fields
+
+In this part, we assume that $\phi_1$ and $\phi_2$ are uncoupled before the introduction of the nonreciprocity, i.e. $K_+ = K_- = 0$. This implies that averages over the unperturbed action $S_0$ can be performed independently for the two fields. The integrand of (39) can then be evaluated as
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \langle \phi_1(\mathbf{x}, t) \delta S \rangle_0 &= \delta K_-(\mathbf{x}') (\langle \phi_1(\mathbf{x}, t) \hat{\phi}_1(\mathbf{x}', t') \rangle_0 \langle \phi_2(\mathbf{x}', t') \rangle_0 - \langle \hat{\phi}_2(\mathbf{x}', t') \rangle_0 \langle \phi_1(\mathbf{x}, t) \phi_1(\mathbf{x}', t') \rangle_0) \\ &= \delta K_-(\mathbf{x}') \langle \phi_1(\mathbf{x}, t) \hat{\phi}_1(\mathbf{x}', t') \rangle_0 \langle \phi_2(\mathbf{x}', t') \rangle_0 . \end{aligned} \quad (40)
+$$
+
+Note that, while we considered the case $j = 1$ in (40), the result can be straightforwardly extended to $j = 2$. To obtain (40), we have further remarked that $\langle \hat{\phi}_i \rangle_0 = 0$ since
+
+$$
+\langle \hat{\phi}_i \rangle_0 = \left. \frac{\delta}{\delta h_i(\mathbf{x}')} \right|_{h_i=0} \int D[\hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2, \phi_1, \phi_2] e^{-\int S_0(\hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2, \phi_1, \phi_2)dx ds} = \left. \frac{\delta}{\delta h_i(\mathbf{x}')} \right|_{h_i=0} 1 = 0. \quad (41)
+$$
+
+Replacing the response field with the corresponding derivative in $h_j$, we obtain
+
+$$
+\langle \phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t) \delta S \rangle_0 = \epsilon_{ji} \delta K_-(\mathbf{x}') \left. \frac{\delta \langle \phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t) \rangle_0}{\delta h_j(\mathbf{x}', t')} \right|_{h_j=0} \langle \phi_i(\mathbf{x}', t') \rangle_0 . \quad (42)
+$$
+
+The correction at first order in $\delta S$ thus reads
+
+$$
+\delta\langle\phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle = -\epsilon_{ji} \int \delta K_-(\mathbf{x}') \left. \frac{\delta\langle\phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle_0}{\delta h_j(\mathbf{x}', t')} \right|_{h_j=0} \langle\phi_i(\mathbf{x}', t')\rangle_0 d\mathbf{x}' dt', \quad (43)
+$$
+
+The unperturbed system is translationally invariant in time and space, therefore $\langle \phi_i(\mathbf{x}', t') \rangle_0$ is constant and can be pulled out of the integral. If $\delta K_-$ is also uniform in space, the integration only concerns the response function and we obtain
+
+$$
+\delta\langle\phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle = -\epsilon_{ji}\delta K_-\langle\phi_i\rangle_0\int \left. \frac{\delta\langle\phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle_0}{\delta h_j(\mathbf{x}', t')} \right|_{h_j=0} d\mathbf{x}' dt' = -\epsilon_{ji}\delta K_-\langle\phi_i\rangle_0 \left. \frac{\delta\langle\phi_j\rangle_0}{\delta h_j} \right|_{h_j=0} = -\epsilon_{ji}\delta K_-\langle\phi_i\rangle_0\chi, \quad (44)
+$$
+
+#### 2a. Alternative form of the perturbation
+
+To show that the argument holds for quite generic forms of the perturbation, in the End Matter we proposed to consider
+
+$$
+\delta S = \delta K_-( \hat{\phi}_1 \phi_2 - \hat{\phi}_2 \phi_1 ) ( \phi_1^2 + \phi_2^2 ) .
+$$
+
+The first order correction to the order parameter becomes
+
+$$
+\delta\langle\phi_1(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle = -\delta K_-\left\langle \phi_1(\mathbf{x}, t) \int_{\mathbf{x}', t'} (\hat{\phi}_1\phi_2 - \hat{\phi}_2\phi_1) (\phi_1^2 + \phi_2^2) \bigg|_{\mathbf{x}', t'} \right\rangle_0
+$$
+
+Since the unperturbed fields are uncoupled, averages can be computed independently for $\phi_1$ and $\phi_2$. Note that terms that contain $\hat{\phi}_2$ do not contribute, because $\hat{\phi}_2(x, t)$ corresponds to the response to a perturbation at a time infinitesimally successive to $t$, so that $\langle \hat{\phi}_2 \phi_2^2 |_{\mathbf{x}', t'} \rangle_0 = 0$. The only terms that contribute are therefore
+
+$$
+\delta\langle\phi_1(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle = -\delta K_- \int_{\mathbf{x}', t'} \left( \langle\phi_1(\mathbf{x}, t)\hat{\phi}_1(\mathbf{x}', t')\phi_1^2(\mathbf{x}', t')\rangle_0 \langle\phi_2(\mathbf{x}', t')\rangle_0 + \langle\phi_1(\mathbf{x}, t)\hat{\phi}_1(\mathbf{x}', t')\rangle_0 \langle\phi_2^3(\mathbf{x}', t')\rangle_0 \right)
+$$
+
+The two terms are equivalent to the one obtained in the previous section, except for some additional even powers of the two fields. Since $\phi_1^2$ and $\phi_2^2$ are not critical fields, they do not affect the critical behavior. For example, $\langle \phi_1^3 \rangle_0 \sim \langle \phi_1 \rangle_0$. The correction at leading order, which therefore still scales as in (44), and the perturbation is relevant whenever the susceptibility diverges.
+
+### 3. Constant nonreciprocal coupling on top of reciprocal coupling
+
+For simplicity, we consider a quartic potential $V(\phi) = -\frac{a}{2}\phi^2 + \frac{b}{4}\phi^4$ for the remainder of this section, but we expect our results to hold more generically. With this choice, the dynamics (28) becomes
+
+$$
+\begin{cases} \partial_t \phi_1 = \nabla^2 \phi_1 + a\phi_1 - b\phi_1^3 + (K_+ + \delta K_-)\phi_2 + \eta_1, \\ \partial_t \phi_2 = \nabla^2 \phi_2 + a\phi_2 - b\phi_2^3 + (K_+ - \delta K_-)\phi_1 + \eta_2, \end{cases} \qquad (45)
+$$
+
+In the presence of a finite reciprocal coupling, we expect the dynamics to simplify if we write in terms of the sum and difference of the two fields. We thus define
+
+$$
+\psi = \frac{\phi_1 + \phi_2}{\sqrt{2}}, \qquad \varphi = \frac{\phi_1 - \phi_2}{\sqrt{2}}. \qquad (46)
+$$
+
+Rewriting the dynamical equations in terms of $\psi$ and $\varphi$ yields
+
+$$
+\partial_t \psi = \nabla^2 \psi + (a + K_+) \psi - b \left( \frac{\psi^3}{2} + \frac{3}{2} \psi \varphi^2 \right) - \delta K_- \varphi + \eta \psi \qquad (47)
+$$
+
+$$
+\partial_t \varphi = \nabla^2 \varphi + (a - K_+) \varphi - b \left( \frac{\varphi^3}{2} + \frac{3}{2} \varphi \psi^2 \right) + \delta K_- \psi + \eta \varphi, \qquad (48)
+$$
+
+where $\eta_\psi$ and $\eta_\varphi$ are Gaussian white noises with the same statistics as $\eta_1$ and $\eta_2$. When $\delta K_- = 0$, $\psi$ and $\varphi$ are only coupled through a cubic term. Neglecting this higher order coupling, we have two uncoupled $\phi^4$ theories that only differ for their linear term, leading to two different transition points. $\psi$ has a larger linear term, therefore it will be the first to undergo the $\mathbb{Z}_2$-symmetry-breaking phase transition, as expected. The cubic term that couples $\psi$ to $\varphi^2$ is irrelevant for the critical properties of the system, since we already know it has to fall in the Ising universality class. When $\psi$ undergoes the phase transition, $\varphi$ is still subcritical: as such its fluctuations do not exhibit long range correlations and therefore will not change the large scale properties of the system.
+
+The system is therefore equivalent to two field theories with different critical points perturbed by an antisymmetrical coupling. As explained in the main text, this perturbation is irrelevant.
+
+### 4. Random nonreciprocal couplings
+
+In this section, we compute the variance of the correction to the order parameter $\langle \delta\phi_i \rangle$ when the perturbation $\delta K_-(\mathbf{x})$ is random. Using Eq. (43), we obtain to first order
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \overline{\delta\langle\phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle^2} &= \overline{\left( \left. -\epsilon_{ji} \int \delta K_-(\mathbf{x}') \frac{\delta\langle\phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle_0}{\delta h_j(\mathbf{x}', t')} \right|_{h_j=0} \langle\phi_i(\mathbf{x}', t')\rangle_0 d\mathbf{x}' dt' \right)^2 \\} & = \int d\mathbf{x}' d\mathbf{x}'' dt' dt'' \overline{\delta K_-(\mathbf{x}') \delta K_-(\mathbf{x}'')} \left. \frac{\delta\langle\phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle_0}{\delta h_j(\mathbf{x}', t')} \right|_{h_j=0} \langle\phi_i(\mathbf{x}', t')\rangle_0 \left. \frac{\delta\langle\phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle_0}{\delta h_j(\mathbf{x}'', t'')} \right|_{h_j=0} \langle\phi_i(\mathbf{x}'', t'')\rangle_0 \quad (49) \\ &= \delta\sigma_K^2 \langle\phi_i\rangle_0^2 \int d\mathbf{x}' dt' dt'' \left. \frac{\delta\langle\phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle_0}{\delta h_j(\mathbf{x}', t')} \right|_{h_j=0} \left. \frac{\delta\langle\phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle_0}{\delta h_j(\mathbf{x}'', t'')} \right|_{h_j=0}. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+Close to the critical point, the response function scales as [37]
+
+$$
+\left\langle \frac{\partial \phi_i(x, t)}{\partial h_i(x', t')} \right\rangle_0 = \xi^{-d-z+\frac{\gamma}{\nu}} f \left( \frac{x-x'}{\xi}, \frac{t-t'}{\tau} \right) . \qquad (50)
+$$
+
+Inserting such scaling in the integral, we obtain
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \overline{\delta\langle\phi_j(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle^2} ={}& \delta\sigma_K^2 \langle\phi_i\rangle_0^2 \xi^{2(-d-z+\frac{\gamma}{\nu})} \int d\mathbf{x}' dt' dt'' f\left(\frac{x-x'}{\xi}, \frac{t-t'}{\tau}\right) f\left(\frac{x-x''}{\xi}, \frac{t-t''}{\tau}\right) \\ & \propto \delta\sigma_K^2 \langle\phi_i\rangle_0^2 \xi^{2(-d-z+\frac{\gamma}{\nu})} \xi^{d+2z} \sim \delta\sigma_K^2 |T-T_c|^{2\beta} |T-T_c|^{-2\gamma+d\nu} \end{aligned} \qquad (51)
+$$
+
+Our computation can be generalized to interactions that are not fully antisymmetric, i.e. to the case in which the system is perturbed by two random interactions coefficients $\delta K_{12}(\mathbf{x})$ (for the effect of $\phi_2$ on $\phi_1$) and $\delta K_{21}(\mathbf{x})$ (for the effect of $\phi_1$ on $\phi_2$) such that
+
+$$
+\overline{\delta K_{12}(x)\delta K_{12}(x')} = \overline{\delta K_{21}(x)\delta K_{21}(x')} = \delta\sigma_K^2\delta(x-x'), \qquad \overline{\delta K_{12}(x)\delta K_{21}(x')} = \rho\delta\sigma_K^2\delta(x-x'), \qquad (52)
+$$
+
+where $\rho$ is a generic correlation coefficient. We find that the scaling of the correction is unchanged for any value of $\rho$, including in the case of symmetric interactions, for which it matches the equilibrium result.
+
+### 5. Nonreciprocally coupled fields with random perturbation
+
+In this section, we consider nonreciprocally coupled fields perturbed by random nonreciprocal interactions
+
+$$
+K_{ij} = (K_{-} + \delta K_{-}(\mathbf{x}))\epsilon_{ij}. \qquad (53)
+$$
+
+Even though we could directly apply the Harris criterion using our generalization to nonequilibrium systems, hereafter we derive the result in this particular setting. Lowering the temperature or decreasing $K_{-}$ the system undergoes a transition from a disordered to a “swap” phase with sustained oscillations [22]. The order parameter is the angular momentum $\mathcal{L}$, defined as
+
+$$
+\mathcal{L} = \langle \dot{\phi}_1 \phi_2 - \dot{\phi}_2 \phi_1 \rangle \equiv \langle \mathcal{O}_L(\mathbf{x}, t) \rangle . \qquad (54)
+$$
+
+The scaling of $\mathcal{L}$ at the transition defines the critical exponent $\beta$ as:
+
+$$
+\mathcal{L} \sim |K_{-} - K_c(T)|^{\beta}, \qquad (55)
+$$
+
+where $K_c(T)$ is the critical line. The phase transition is believed to fall in the XY universality class [7, 8, 45, 46], and the static critical exponents measured in Monte-Carlo simulations agree with their corresponding XY values within uncertainty [22] (see Figure 2).
+
+Our aim is to determine if this transition to oscillations is affected by the introduction of the random, inhomogeneous and nonreciprocal perturbation $\delta K_{-}(\mathbf{x})$. Note that in contrast to the previous sections, now the system is nonreciprocal even before the introduction of the perturbation, so that we will not be able to use equilibrium properties when averaging with respect to $S_0$. The perturbation of the action $\delta S$ takes the same form as in the previous section, whereas the unperturbed one has an additional term describing the uniform part of the nonreciprocal interactions. Defining the operator $\mathcal{O}_p(\mathbf{x}', t') = \hat{\phi}_1(\mathbf{x})\phi_2(\mathbf{x}) - \hat{\phi}_2(\mathbf{x})\phi_1(\mathbf{x})$, we can express the action as
+
+$$
+S_0(\hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2, \phi_1, \phi_2) = S_0(\hat{\phi}_1, \phi_1, h_1) + S_0(\hat{\phi}_2, \phi_2, h_2) + K_- \mathcal{O}_p, \qquad \delta S(\hat{\phi}_1, \hat{\phi}_2, \phi_1, \phi_2) = \delta K_-(\mathbf{x}) \mathcal{O}_p. \qquad (56)
+$$
+
+To linear order in $\delta K_{-}$, the deviation of the order parameter is given by
+
+$$
+\delta \mathcal{L} = \delta \langle \mathcal{O}_L(\mathbf{x}, t) \rangle = - \left\langle \int_{\mathbf{x}', t'} \mathcal{O}_L(\mathbf{x}, t) \delta K_{-}(\mathbf{x}') \mathcal{O}_p(\mathbf{x}', t') \right\rangle_0, \qquad (57)
+$$
+
+where $\langle \cdot \rangle_0$ indicates averaging with respect to $S_0$. The first order correction averages to 0: we therefore compute its variance $\delta \mathcal{L}^2$ as
+
+$$
+\overline{\delta \langle \mathcal{O}_L(\mathbf{x}, t) \rangle^2} = \int d\mathbf{x} dt' dt'' \delta\sigma_K^2 \langle \mathcal{O}_L(\mathbf{x}, t) \mathcal{O}_p(\mathbf{x}', t') \rangle_0 \langle \mathcal{O}_L(\mathbf{x}, t) \mathcal{O}_p(\mathbf{x}', t'') \rangle_0 . \qquad (58)
+$$
+
+To obtain the scaling of the correlators in the integrand at the transition, we remark that
+
+$$
+\int d\mathbf{x} dt' \langle \mathcal{O}_L(\mathbf{x}, t) \mathcal{O}_p(\mathbf{x}', t') \rangle_0 = \frac{\delta \langle \mathcal{O}_L(\mathbf{x}, t) \rangle_0}{\delta K_{-}} \Big|_{K_{-}=K_{-}}. \qquad (59)
+$$
+
+As $\langle \mathcal{O}_L(\mathbf{x}, t) \rangle_0 \sim (K_{-} - K_c)^\beta$ close to the transition, we deduce that
+
+$$
+\left. \frac{\delta \langle \mathcal{O}_L(\mathbf{x}, t) \rangle_0}{\delta K_{-}} \right|_{K_{-}=K_{-}} \sim (K_{-} - K_c)^{\beta-1}. \qquad (60)
+$$
+
+We further assume that $\langle \mathcal{O}_L(\mathbf{x}, t) \mathcal{O}_p(\mathbf{x}', t') \rangle_0 \sim \xi^{-\alpha}$, with $\xi$ being the correlation length scaling as $\xi \sim (K_- - K_c)^{-\nu}$. The left hand side of (59) then scales as
+
+$$
+\int d\mathbf{x} dt' \langle \mathcal{O}_L(\mathbf{x}, t) \mathcal{O}_p(\mathbf{x}', t') \rangle_0 \sim \xi^{d+z-\alpha} \sim (K_- - K_c)^{\nu(\alpha-d-z)}. \quad (61)
+$$
+
+Equating scaling (61) with the scaling of the right hand side of (59), we finally obtain $\alpha$ as
+
+$$
+\nu(\alpha - d - z) = \beta - 1 \implies \alpha = d + z + \frac{\beta - 1}{\nu}. \quad (62)
+$$
+
+Now that the critical behavior of $\langle \mathcal{O}_L(\mathbf{x}, t) \mathcal{O}_p(\mathbf{x}', t') \rangle_0$ is determined, we deduce the scaling of $\overline{\delta\langle\mathcal{O}_L(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle^2}$ using (58) as
+
+$$
+\overline{\delta\langle\mathcal{O}_L(\mathbf{x}, t)\rangle^2} \sim \xi^{-2\alpha+2z+d} \sim (K_- - K_c)^{2(\beta-1)+\nu d}, \quad (63)
+$$
+
+Comparing the standard deviation of the correction to the unperturbed order parameter, we find the disorder to be relevant if $\nu d < 2$, which corresponds to the standard Harris criterion. Note that our computation can be straightforwardly generalized to an $O(N)$ model, in which each field is replaced by a vector with $N$ components. The derivation is analogous and leads to the same result.
+
+### 6. Critical exponents calculation
+
+Figure 2 of the main text shows the critical exponents $\nu$, $\gamma$, and $\beta$, as well as the Binder cumulant at the critical point $U^* \equiv U(T = T_c)$ [55] of the 3D NR Ising model in two cases with distinct couplings. The case where $K_+ = 0$ and $\delta K_- = 0.1$ (with $k_B T = 1$) is taken from Ref. [23], while the case with $K_+ = 0.5$ and $\delta K_- = 0.1$ (with $k_B T = 1$) results from new simulations. These exponents and $U^*$ are obtained from finite-size scaling analysis using the same procedure as detailed in §VIII A of Ref. [23]. In Fig. 4, we show the finite-size scaling numerics, which should be compared with Fig. 14 of Ref. [23]. Note that, as in Ref. [23], we use the order parameter
+
+$$
+R = \langle s \rangle \equiv \left\langle \sqrt{(M_1^2 + M_2^2)/2} \right\rangle, \quad (64)
+$$
+
+where $M_1$ and $M_2$ are the total magnetizations of species 1 and 2 respectively, although other choices, such as $\langle M_1 + M_2 \rangle$, are also possible. The susceptibility $\chi$, and the Binder cumulant $U$ shown in Fig. 4 are defined as
+
+$$
+\chi = L^d (\langle s^2 \rangle - \langle s \rangle^2) \quad \text{and} \quad U = 1 - \frac{\langle s^4 \rangle}{3\langle s^2 \rangle^2}, \quad (65)
+$$
+
+where $L$ is the linear system size and $d$ the dimension. The parameter that represents the distance from the critical point in our calculation is $\tilde{J} = 2dJ/(k_B T)$, with $J$ the coupling between nearest-neighbors spins.
+
+The explicit values we obtain for the critical exponents (summarized in Fig. 2) are
+
+$$
+\nu = 0.675 \pm 0.005 \qquad \gamma = 1.328 \pm 0.009 \qquad \beta = 0.347 \pm 0.002 \quad (66)
+$$
+
+for $K_+ = 0$ and $\delta K_- = 0.1$ [23] and
+
+$$
+\nu = 0.631 \pm 0.004 \qquad \gamma = 1.253 \pm 0.009 \qquad \beta = 0.318 \pm 0.002 \quad (67)
+$$
+
+for $K_+ = 0.5$ and $\delta K_- = 0.1$. The Ising and XY values are respectively $\nu_I = 0.630$, $\gamma_I = 1.237$, $\beta_I = 0.326$ [49] and $\nu_{XY} = 0.672$, $\gamma_{XY} = 1.318$, $\beta_{XY} = 0.349$ [49, 50], respectively.
+
+We note a significant discrepancy between Ising’s and nonreciprocal Ising’s $\beta$ when $K_+ = 0.5$ and $\delta K_- = 0.1$ (approximately four standard deviation, see also Fig. 2). Note, however, that the reported standard deviation reflects only statistical uncertainties due to finite sampling (estimated via bootstrapping), and does not take into account other systematic errors such as finite-size corrections [56]. Repeating the same exact procedure for deriving the critical exponents while excluding the smallest system size ($L = 20$), we obtain the new values for the critical exponents as
+
+$$
+\nu = 0.636 \qquad \gamma = 1.262 \qquad \beta = 0.323 \quad (68)
+$$
+
+in which $\beta$ is much closer to the Ising exponent $\beta_I$. We conclude that the value of $\beta$ is consistent with the Ising universality class if we account for finite-size uncertainties on top of finite sampling errors.
+
+
+
+FIG. 4. Numerical determination of the critical exponents in the 3D NR Ising model with $K_+ = 0.5$ and $\delta K_- = 0.1$. The procedure, as well as the error evaluation, is similar to Fig. 14 in Ref. [23].
+
+### 7. Directed Percolation
+
+In this section, we assess the importance of inversion symmetries on which our procedure relies. To this aim, we study a system lacking such symmetries: Directed Percolation (DP). DP is a widely studied model describing spreading phenomena such as forest fires, epidemics, or particles reproducing and annihilating on a lattice. It undergoes a nonequilibrium phase transition between an active and an inactive phase. Any phase transition with a unique absorbing phase is conjectured to fall in the universality class of directed percolation.
+
+The Langevin equation of motion for the density of particles in DP is given by [57]:
+
+$$
+\partial_t \rho = \nabla^2 \rho + m\rho - \lambda\rho^2 + \sqrt{\rho}\eta, \qquad (69)
+$$
+
+where $\eta$ is a white Gaussian noise of amplitude $T$ while $m$ and $\lambda$ are fixed constants determining creation and pairwise destruction rates.
+
+A natural way to introduce nonreciprocal interactions between two species described by (69) is via a quadratic term: the two species interact only if both are present. The model becomes then equivalent to a Lotka-Volterra system with space and demographic fluctuations, which is given by
+
+$$
+\partial_t \rho_1 = \nabla^2 \rho_1 + m\rho_1 - \lambda\rho_1^2 + \sqrt{\rho_1}\eta_1 + \delta K_- \rho_1 \rho_2, \qquad (70)
+$$
+
+$$
+\partial_t \rho_2 = \nabla^2 \rho_2 + m\rho_2 - \lambda\rho_2^2 + \sqrt{\rho_2}\eta_2 - \delta K_- \rho_1 \rho_2. \qquad (71)
+$$
+
+Note a crucial difference with respect to the case studied in the main text: the $\rho_i$ are densities, and as such must be positive. This means that the system is not symmetric under the inversion of the two fields, and we cannot exchange the identities of the two species by reversing one of the two fields. The two species therefore need not be equivalent: there is no guarantee that they have the same critical point. Indeed, we expect the species unfavoured by the interaction (the ‘prey’) to encounter the transition to the absorbing phase before than it would have in the unperturbed case. Following this transition, the ‘predator’ undergoes a transition similar to the unperturbed case since the interaction term vanishes in the absence the other species. This example underlines the importance of inversion symmetry for our results to remain valid.
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_175.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_175.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# 基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学方法探究
+
+文/林春华
+
+**摘要**：《义务教育英语课程标准（2022年版）》在“课程理念”中指出，英语教学应当践行学思结合、用创为本的英语学习活动观，倡导学生在体验中学习、在实践中运用、在迁移中创新，从而使核心素养培养目标在初中英语课堂中真正落地生根。文章基于英语学习活动观的重要性探索了初中英语教学方法，旨在为广大初中英语教师提供微末参考借鉴，推动学习活动观在初中英语教学中的有效运用，以促进初中英语教学效果的提升。
+
+
+**关键词**：初中英语；学习活动观；教学方法
+
+**中图分类号**：G427
+
+**文献标识码**：A
+
+**文章编号**：2097-1737(2025)24-0040-03
+
+英语学习活动观倡导学生围绕真实情境和真实问题激活已知知识经验，从而更好地参与到指向主题意义探究的学习理解、应用实践、迁移创新等一系列相互关联、循环递进的语言学习和运用活动中。这为初中英语新课程改革工作的有效开展指明了方向。然而，就当前现状而言，部分初中英语教师在基于英语学习活动观实施教学时存在教学主体不准确、语篇研读不到位、教学活动目标指向不明确等方面的问题，影响了英语学习活动观的运用效果。基于此，笔者进行了此次探究。
+
+## 一、基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学的重要性
+
+第一，有助于学生的全面综合发展。英语学习活动观强调学生的英语学习应当依托学习理解、应用实践、迁移创新等一系列具有综合性、关联性、实践性等特征的英语学习活动从而完成[1]。活动过程中，学生基于自身已有知识经验，依托不同类型的语篇不断发现、思考、分析、解决问题，并在此基础上习得语言知识与技能、提升自身思维品质、树立正确的价值观[2]。
+
+第二，有助于推动学生学习方式的转变。《义务教育英语课程标准（2022年版）》（以下简称《课程标准》）指出，教师要有意识地为学生创设主动参与和探究主题意义的情境和空间，使学生获得积极的学习体验。而英语学习活动观反映了“学为中心”的教育理念，强调学生在学习中的主体地位。在基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学中，教师通过设计丰富多样的学习活动，可以调动学生的学习
+主动性，以推动学生从被动学习向主动学习方式的转变。
+
+第三，有助于英语教学效果的提升。《课程标准》中的英语学习活动观搭建了一个由学习理解、应用实践和迁移创新组成的三层活动框架。其中，学习理解层包含感知与注意、获取与梳理、概括与整合活动，强调基于语篇建构知识；应用实践层包含描述与阐释、判断与分析、内化与运用活动，强调深入语篇将知识转化为能力；迁移创新层包含推理与论证、批判与评价、想象与创造活动，强调超越语篇，将能力转化为素养。由此可见，基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学注重以循序渐进的方式引导学生进行英语学习，有助于整个英语教学效果的提升。
+
+## 二、基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学策略
+
+### （一）深入研读教学语篇
+
+《课程标准》指出，教学设计与实施要以主题为引领，以语篇为依托。语篇研读能为教师组织教学内容、设计教学活动、明确教学目标等活动奠定基础或提供依据[3]。因此，基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学设计与实施的首要步骤就是深入研读教学语篇。具体而言，教师在研读教学语篇时应重点回答What、Why、How引领的三个问题。其中，What是指语篇的主题和内容，主要对应课程六要素（即主题、语篇、语言知识、语言技能、文化知识、学习策略）中的主题和语篇，教师使用白描法翻译文本内容即可；Why是指语篇传递的意义，对应课程六要素中的文化知识，教师需要分析作者的态度、文本传递的价值观；How是指语篇的文体特征、内容结构、语言特点,以及相关配图或表格的意义和功能,对应课程六要素中的语言知识、语言技能和学习策略,因此教师需要明确文字与图片、段落与段落等的关系,梳理语篇中重要的词汇、句型、句式等。
+
+以人教版英语八年级(上册) Unit 4 What's the best movie theater? Section B-2b 的语篇研读教学为例。这是一篇名为 Who's got Talent? 的英语短文, 深入研读该教学语篇可知以下信息。
+
+What: 本文属于“人与社会”主题范畴,主要介绍了“达人秀”的起源、特征、为何受人追捧或被人讨厌,以及不同的人对才艺秀的不同看法,还提出了作者的观点“they give people a way to make their dreams come true”。
+
+Why: 作者希望学生能够辩证看待“达人秀”,在学会寻找并欣赏他人身上闪光点的同时,能批判性地看待事物。
+
+How: 本文是一篇阐述性说明文,结构清晰。第一部分引出话题,介绍了“达人秀”的起源;第二部分叙述话题,介绍世界各地“达人秀”的基本特点和规则;第三部分讨论话题,分析“达人秀”为何受人追捧或被人讨厌,并借此引发学生思考。文中使用 but、however 等转折词,层层递进,推动内容的发展,并使用 best、most 等形容词或副词的最高级介绍各种与“达人秀”相关的问题,如“They try to look for the best singers, the most talented dancers ...”。
+
+### （二）创设适宜教学情境
+
+《课程标准》在关于学习理解类、迁移创新类活动的介绍中都提到了情境要素,前者以情境激活学生的已有知识经验,铺垫必要的语言和文化知识背景,明确要解决的问题,后者则要求学生创造性地解决新情境中的问题。因此,在基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学中,教师必须结合实际情况创设适宜的教学情境,包括结合学习活动内容创设适宜的活动情境。需要注意的是,教师在创设情境时应贴近学生的现实生活,这样才能更好地激活学生的已有知识经验,从而激发学生的学习热情,促使学生积极主动地探究语篇的主题意义,自主学习相关知识技能。
+
+仍以 Who's got Talent? 的教学为例。很多学生都喜欢看国内外的“达人秀”节目。在课堂导入阶段,教师可为学生设计一个“猜测文本内容”的学习活动。在该活动中,教师可以先播放一则学生喜欢的“达人秀”现场视频,然后结合本文标题和教材中的插图创设情境,如此既能顺利引入本课话题,又能激发学生猜测文本内容的兴趣。教师也可为学生设计一个“探究‘达人秀’的基本规则”的学习活动。具体而言,教师可以利用文中提到的“American Idol”“America's Got”“China's Got Talent”这三个达人秀节目的视频(主要是介绍节目规则部分)创设情境,依托情境提出问题“What do talent shows have in common? Who decides the winner?”。如此一来,教师既通过创设情境为学生铺垫了必要的语言和文化背景知识,又依托情境提出了学生需要解决的问题。学生通过观看三个达人秀节目的视频,能够初步找到问题答案。然后,教师可以引导学生细读文本第二部分,通过梳理概括本部分内容,继续探究问题答案,然后将前后两次的答案进行对比,以帮助学生完成相关语言知识体系的建构。在本课教学之后,教师还可以为学生设计一个演讲活动,要求学生运用本课所学词汇和句型,根据自己的经历和见识,以“I think ... is the most talented person.”为主题进行演讲。教师可以通过拉条幅、准备话筒等方式为学生布置演讲场地,创设真实的演讲情境,引导学生在新情境中创造性地解决问题。
+
+### （三）精心设计教学目标
+
+目标在教学中起到统领作用[4]。基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学同样离不开目标的统领。《课程标准》中的英语学习活动观将英语学习活动分成了三个层次。教师可据此设计进阶的语篇教学目标,围绕主题意义探究进阶化的学习活动,使学生由浅至深、循序渐进地获取知识、形成能力、发展素养。
+
+仍以 Who's got Talent? 的教学为例。该语篇教学目标可设计为:通过阅读文本获取语篇关键信息,分析文章结构,概括文章各段落大意,并绘制本文的思维导图(学习理解);根据思维导图,用自己的方式将文章内容复述出来(应用实践);运用本课所学知识点谈论本班同学中谁是“The most talented writer”“The fastest runner”等(迁移创新)。
+
+基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学将各种学习理解、应用实践、迁移创新等学习活动作为教师教学或学生学习的载体。教师可将这些学习活动看作最小的教学单元。为保证这些最小教学单元的教学效果，教师可为各项学习活动设计具体的、可达成的、可操作的活动目标。
+
+例如, Who's got Talent? 在语篇教学结束后, 教师为学生设计了如下迁移创新类学习活动:请同学们以小组合作的方式创编对话,就“谁是本班‘The most talented writer’? 谁是本班‘The fastest runner’?”这些问题展开讨论,对话结束后还需就对话内容完成总结性报告,如“in our class, ... is the most talented dancer ..., because ...”。针对该活动,教师可设计如下活动目标:在对话、报告中,能够正确运用本课所学重点词汇、形容词或副词的最高级、句型等描述事物、表达观点能够发现同学身上的闪光点;能够认识到坚持不懈才是成功的必要因素。
+
+### （四）认真设计学习活动
+
+在基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学中,教师必须重视学习活动的设计[5]。教师要结合实际教学需求为学生设计必要的学习理解、应用实践、迁移创新类活动。需要注意的是,教师应当设计一些能够充分调动学生学习主动性、凸显学生学习主体地位的英语学习活动,让学生在活动中进行知识学习、意义探究等,让学习语言的过程成为学生发展核心素养的过程。
+
+仍以 Who's got Talent? 的教学为例。教师可以结合实际情况设计各种能够调动学生学习主动性的学习活动。例如,在课前,教师可要求学生自学本课单词,通过互联网搜集资料,了解国内外都有哪些著名的达人秀节目,以及这些节目的基本规则,为本课学习奠定良好基础。这是学习理解类活动,以自主探究的方式调动学生的学习主动性。在课中环节,教师可以为学生设计“探究‘达人秀’的基本规则”的学习活动,要求学生解答问题“What do talent shows have in common? Who decides the winner?”,借助问题引导学生进行探究式学习。这两个问题并非单纯依托文本提出,而是要求学生在观看“达人秀”节目视频后,自行总结归纳、推理判断出问题的答案,再与文本中给出的问题答案进行比对,本身具有一定的难度。对此,教师可以组织学生以小组合作的方式进行本次探究活动,如此既能发挥小组合作的作用,让所有学生都能积极主动地参与到本次探究活动中,又能通过同组学生间的相互沟通、交流,受到启发、相互借鉴,从而共同提升学习能力。该活动兼具学习理解与应用实践的特性,并能以问题引导、合作探究的方式调动学生的学习主动性。在课后,教师可为学生布置“××达人成长史”的写作活动,并用英文记录采访过程,最终形成一篇主题作文。这是迁移创新类学习活动,要求学生以自主探究的方式完成,不仅活动内容有趣,还很容易调动学生的学习主动性。
+
+## 三、结束语
+
+综上所述,基于英语学习活动观的初中英语教学活动有助于学生的全面发展,能促进学生学习方式的转变以及英语教学效果的提升。在具体的教学过程中,教师应当注意深入研读教学语篇、创设适宜的教学情境、精心设计教学目标、认真设计教学活动等,确保英语学习活动观能在初中英语教学中完整体现。此外,教师还应重视课堂教学评价,基于“教—学—评”一体化原则综合设计教学目标、学习活动和评价活动,同时还应重视评价主体的多元化,通过自评、他评、师评等多元主体评价确保评价结果的准确性,并借助评价为学生提供学习反馈,帮助学生更好地进行知识技能的查漏补缺并进一步改进学习策略等。当然,教师在日常教学中还应做好相关的总结与反思工作,探索更多基于英语学习活动观的英语教学方法,为初中英语教学质效的提升作出贡献。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1] 杨红.基于英语学习活动观的初中英语以读促写课教学探讨[J].读写算,2024(27):104-106.
+
+[2] 刘伊文.基于英语学习活动观的初中英语听说教学实践:以Unit 5 Integrated skills为例[J].英语教师,2024,24(14):90-93.
+
+[3] 娄方会.英语学习活动观在初中英语阅读课堂中的实践与探索[J].读写算,2024(27):155-157.
+
+[4] 伊智明.基于英语学习活动观的初中英语阅读教学实践探究[J].校园英语,2024(27):130-132.
+
+[5] 韩文芳.学习活动观视域下的初中英语教学实践探讨[J].学苑教育,2024(19):91-93.
+
+作者简介:林春华(1985.4-),女,贵州毕节人,任教于贵州省毕节市七星关区清水铺中学,一级教师,本科学历。
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+# 中华人民共和国最高人民法院赔偿委员会决定书
+
+(2024)最高法委赔监216号
+
+申诉人（赔偿请求人）：孙某秋，女，1962年9月6日出生，汉族，住河北省唐山市乐亭县。
+
+被申诉人（赔偿义务机关）：唐山市中级人民法院，住所地河北省唐山市路北区。
+
+申诉人孙某秋申请唐山市中级人民法院（以下简称唐山中院）错误执行赔偿一案，不服河北省高级人民法院（以下简称河北高院）赔偿委员会（2023）冀委赔23号国家赔偿决定，向本院赔偿委员会提出申诉。本院赔偿委员会依法对本案进行了审查，现已审查终结。
+
+孙某秋以错误执行为由向唐山中院申请国家赔偿，请求确认唐山中院在（2016）冀02执恢549、550号执行案中强行拆除孙某秋大棚的司法行为违法，赔偿孙某秋直接损失4476050元。唐山中院于2023年4月3日作出（2023）冀02法赔5号国家赔偿决定，驳回孙某秋关于错误执行要求赔偿直接损失4476050元的国家赔偿申请。孙某秋不服该决定，向河北高院赔偿委员会申请作出赔偿决定。
+河北高院赔偿委员会认定事实：
+
+## （一）关于案涉土地权属情况和土地租赁情况
+
+河北某某果业发展有限公司（以下简称某1公司）于2012年2月13日取得06第7\*\*5号国有土地使用权证，证书记载土地坐落于河北省乐亭县\*\*镇\*\*村，使用权面积33300㎡，地类为仓储用地。2013年11月30日，某1公司与孙某秋之夫郭某甾签订土地租赁合同，将该公司东侧未硬化土地7亩出租给郭某甾使用，土地用途为建设仓库、温室大棚、花卉及农作物种植等，租赁期限为15年。孙某秋主张，签订租赁合同时，某1公司向其提交了地图和记载抵押权于2013年2月15日到期的证据。郭某甾、孙某秋未到土地管理部门查询案涉土地是否被抵押和被司法机关查封的情况。
+
+某某银行股份有限公司唐山分行（以下简称唐山某某银行）与某1公司等诉讼和执行相关情况
+
+2012年4月17日，河北省石家庄市中级人民法院（以下简称石家庄中院）根据申请人唐山某某银行的申请，作出（2012）石立保字第00051号诉前保全民事裁定，冻结被申请人河北某某农业发展有限公司（以下简称某2公司）、某1公司、赵某强价值628.95万美元的银行存款或查封其同等价值的财产。2012年4月19日，石家庄中院向乐亭县房产管理所作出并送达（2012）石立保字第00051号协助执行通知书，查封某1公司所有的坐落于乐亭县城区\*\*社区\*\*路\*\*庄的房产若干。同日，石家庄中院向乐亭县国土资源局作出并送达（2012）石立保字第00051号协助执行通知书，查封某1公司06第7\*\*5号国有土地使用权，查封面积33300㎡，查封期间不得买卖、转让、过户、抵押及进行其他处置，查封期限自2012年4月19日至2014年4月18日。2012年6月6日，石家庄中院作出（2012）石民五初字第00135号民事调解书，确认当事人之间达成的和解协议，主要内容为：某2公司向唐山某某银行分期偿还尚欠信用证垫款本金560.337593万美元（折合人民币3537.065911万元）及利息……某1公司、赵某强承担连带偿还责任；如某2公司不能按协议指定期间履行任何一笔金钱给付义务，唐山某某银行有权就所有未履行部分的债务向人民法院申请强制执行。
+
+2013年10月17日，石家庄中院将其立案执行的上述案件委托唐山中院执行，并移交查封财产和执行卷宗。唐山中院于2013年11月21日立案执行，2014年4月9日作出（2014）唐执字第14-1号执行裁定及协助执行通知，主要内容为：继续查封某1公司名下土地证号为06第7\*\*5号的国有土地使用权及某1公司、某2公司的相关房产等财产，查封期限一年。2015年4月7日，唐山中院作出（2014）唐执字第14-3号执行裁定及协助执行通知，继续查封上述土地使用权、房产所有权等，查封期限为三年。上述执行裁定书及协助执行通知书已送达乐亭县房产管理所及乐亭县国土资源局。
+
+因申请执行人唐山某某银行将其对某2公司、某1公司和赵某强的债权及相关权利转让某某汇融（北京）投资有限公司（以下简称某某汇融），唐山中院于2017年11月10日作出（2016）冀02执恢502号执行裁定，准予变更申请执行人为某某汇融。
+
+经某某汇融申请，唐山中院于2018年3月21日作出（2016）冀02执恢502号之二执行裁定及协助执行通知，继续查封某1公司名下06第7\*\*5号土地使用权和房产等相关财产，查封时间三年。
+
+## （三）某某县农村信用合作联社（以下简称某某信联社）与某1公司等形成的2个借款合同纠纷案件相关案情、诉讼和执行情况
+
+2011年12月9日，某某信联社与某2公司签订了借款合同，借款金额人民币900万元，借款期限一年；2012年5月12日，某某信联社与某2公司签订了借款合同，借款金额人民币700万元，借款期限一年。对某2公司两笔借款，某1公司以其所有的06第7\*\*5号国有土地使用权及房屋提供抵押担保，办理了他项权证，抵押合同中未约定抵押期限。
+
+某某信联社分别于2013年6月20日、9月27日向河北省乐亭县人民法院（以下简称乐亭法院）提起民事诉讼，分别形成13乐民1658号和13乐民2437号案件。
+
+2013年10月31日，乐亭法院作出13乐民1658号民事调解书，主要内容为：某2公司、某1公司于2014年1月15日前偿还某某信联社借款本金150万元，剩余本金550万元自2014年2月起每月15日前还款50万元，至2014年12月15日前将所欠本金及全部利息还清。如2014年1月15日前不能偿还原告借款本金150万元，原告有权对所欠全部借款本金及利息申请法院强制执行。同日，乐亭法院作出13乐民2437号民事调解书，主要内容为：某2公司、某1公司于2014年1月15日前偿还某某信联社借款本金350万元，剩余本金550万元自2014年2月起每月15日前还款50万元，至2014年12月15日前将所欠本金及全部借款利息还清。如2014年1月15日前不能偿还某某信联社借款本金350万元，某某信联社有权对所欠全部借款本金及利息申请法院强制执行，不受前款分期付款时间的限制。
+
+2014年3月17日，乐亭法院对13乐民1658号民事调解书（借款本金700万元）和13乐民2437号民事调解书（借款本金900万元）立案执行，执行案号分别为（2014）乐执字第187号和191号。2015年12月7日，乐亭法院作出（2014）187号、191号执行裁定和协助执行通知，主要内容为查封某1公司06第7\*\*5号土地及相关房产，查封期限三年，该裁定和协助执行通知已经向某1公司和乐亭县国土资源局及房产管理部门送达。
+
+对上述两案，乐亭法院于2015年8月31日裁定终结本次执行程序；唐山中院于2016年11月2日恢复执行，恢复执行案号为（2016）冀02执恢549号、550号，同月24日裁定终结本次执行程序。
+
+## (四)移交查封财产情况
+
+唐山中院于2016年10月15日作出（2016）冀02执恢549号、550号商请移送执行函，主要内容为：由于（2012）石立保字第00051号执行案件于2012年4月19日首先查封了某1公司所有坐落于乐亭县城区\*\*社区\*\*路\*\*庄＊＊房＊＊号土地，根据《最高人民法院关于首先查封法院与优先债权执行法院处分查封财产有关问题的批复》的规定，商请（2016）冀02执恢502号出具移送执行函，将上述房产及土地移送（2016）冀02执恢549号、（2016）冀02执恢550号执行。
+
+2016年10月20日，唐山中院作出（2016）冀02执恢502号移送执行函，将（2016）冀02执恢502号于2012年4月19日首先查封的某1公司所有坐落于乐亭县城区\*\*社区\*\*路\*\*庄＊＊房＊＊号土地交由（2016）冀02执恢549号、（2016）冀02执恢550号办理。
+
+## (五)案涉土地拍卖、执行情况
+
+2016年11月28日，唐山中院作出（2016）冀02执恢549号、550号执行裁定，主要内容为：根据已经发生法律效力的乐亭法院13乐民2437号、13乐民1658号民事调解书，于2016年11月2日向被执行人送达了执行通知书，责令被执行人某2公司、某1公司履行调解书所规定的义务，但某2公司、某1公司至今未履行生效法律文书所确定的义务。依照《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百四十四条、第二百四十七条和《最高人民法院关于人民法院民事执行中拍卖、变卖财产的规定》第一条、第四条第一款之规定，裁定：评估、拍卖某1公司仓储用地及房产所有权，土地证号为06第7\*\*5号，房产证号为乐某权证城（涉）字第2＊＊1号、乐某权证城（涉）字第2＊＊2号、乐某权证城（涉）字第2＊＊3号、乐某权证城（涉）字第2＊＊4号。
+
+2018年7月9日，唐山中院执行人员约见郭某甾并制作执行笔录，告知某某信联社申请执行某1公司借款合同一案，已将某1公司名下房产、土地拍卖完毕，将进入清场，如有异议可向法院提出，如不提异议和诉讼，唐山中院将依法强制执行。此后，郭某甾未提出异议或诉讼。2018年9月10日，唐山中院作出（2016）冀02执恢549号之三、550号之三公告并进行张贴，责令承租人郭某甾在2018年9月17日前退出土地，到期仍不履行，唐山中院将依法强制执行。郭某甾于2018年10月12日因车祸去世。
+
+郭某甾、孙某秋夫妇共建有三个花卉大棚，唐山中院于2018年12月将其中一个因火灾未存放花卉的大棚推平。2019年2月14日，唐山中院组织强制清除另外两个大棚，因孙某秋、郭某再哄闹、冲击执行公务现场，不听从执法人员劝阻，唐山中院于当日作出（2016）冀02执恢549号、550号之一、之二拘留决定，对孙某秋、郭某再拘留15日。同月15日，唐山中院乐亭执行大队工作人员提审孙某秋、郭某再，在其二人承认错误后于当日予以释放，同时告知其将两个大棚的花卉迁到了“某锦花卉”，某某信联社交纳了租金，并将租赁合同送达孙某秋。
+
+河北高院赔偿委员会认为，本案争议的主要问题为：唐山中院对案涉土地进行拍卖是否侵犯了孙某秋的租赁权；唐山中院实施强制退出土地的执行行为是否给孙某秋成损失及是否应予赔偿。
+
+## （一）关于唐山中院对案涉土地进行拍卖是否侵犯了孙某秋的租赁权问题
+
+2007年10月1日起施行的《中华人民共和国物权法》第一百九十条规定：“订立抵押合同前抵押财产已出租的，原租赁关系不受该抵押权的影响。抵押权设立后抵押财产出租的，该租赁关系不得对抗已登记的抵押权。”《最高人民法院关于人民法院办理执行异议、复议案件若干问题的规定》第三十一条第一款规定：“承租人请求在租赁期间内阻止向受让人移交占有被执行的不动产，在人民法院查封之前已经签订合法有效的租赁合同并占有使用该不动产的，人民法院应予支持。”
+
+《最高人民法院关于人民法院民事执行中查封、扣押、冻结财产的规定》第二十六条规定：“被执行人就已经查封、扣押、冻结的财产所作的移转、设定权利负担或者其他有碍执行的行为，不得对抗申请执行人。第三人未经人民法院准许占有查封、扣押、冻结财产或者实施其他有碍执行行为的，人民法院可以依据申请执行人的申请或者依职权解除其占有或者排除其妨碍。”《最高人民法院关于人民法院民事执行中拍卖、变卖财产的规定》第三十一条第二款规定：“拍卖财产上原有的租赁权及其他用益物权，不因拍卖而消灭，但该权利继续存在于拍卖财产上，对在先的担保物权或者其他优先受偿权的实现有影响的，人民法院应当将其除去后进行拍卖。”
+
+根据上述法律和司法解释的规定，租赁权形成于抵押权之后的，租赁权不得对抗抵押权；租赁权形成于人民法院查封行为之后的，租赁权不得对抗申请执行人。人民法院拍卖被执行人财产时，如果财产上存在租赁权对在先形成的抵押权的实现有影响的，人民法院有权将租赁权除去后拍卖。
+
+本案某某信联社获得案涉土地抵押权的时间在2011年12月9日和2012年5月11日，石家庄中院因另案对案涉土地诉前查封时间为2012年4月19日，郭某甾于2013年11月30日与某1公司签订土地租赁合同时间晚于某某信联社获得抵押权时间，亦晚于石家庄中院查封案涉土地时间。根据上述法律和司法解释的规定，郭某甾的租赁权不能对抗抵押权人某某信联社，也不能对抗石家庄中院查封案件的申请执行人。郭某甾与某1公司签订的租赁合同期限长达15年，唐山中院在对案涉土地及相关房产进行处置中，认为郭某甾的租赁权对抵押权的实现有影响，未带租拍卖符合上述法律和司法解释的规定。某1公司作为出租人和相关案件的债务人，如果其在将案涉土地租赁给郭某甾时，未向郭某甾说明其已将案涉土地及其他房产抵押给某某信联社并被石家庄中院因另案查封，应由某1公司向郭某甾、孙某秋承担责任。综上，唐山中院对案涉土地未带租拍卖不违反相关法律和司法解释的规定，不属于执行错误，河北高院赔偿委员会对孙某秋关于唐山中院的执行行为侵犯其租赁权的主张不予支持。
+
+## （二）关于唐山中院实施的强制退出土地的执行行为是否给孙某秋某成损失问题及是否应予赔偿问题
+
+2017年7月1日施行的《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百五十条规定：“强制迁出房屋或者强制退出土地，由院长签发公告，责令被执行人在指定期间履行。被执行人逾期不履行的，由执行员强制执行。强制执行时，被执行人是公民的．应当通知被执行人或者他的成年家属到场；被执行人是法人或者其他组织的，应当通知其法定代表人或者主要负责人到场。拒不到场的，不影响执行。被执行人是公民的，其工作单位或者房屋、土地所在地的基层组织应当派人参加。执行员应当将强制执行情况记入笔录，由在场人签名或者盖章。强制迁出房屋被搬出的财物，由人民法院派人运至指定处所，交给被执行人。被执行人是公民的，也可以交给他的成年家属。因拒绝接收而造成的损失，由被执行人承担。”
+
+唐山中院在强制孙某秋退出土地过程中，已经通过当面谈话方式告知郭某甾案涉土地已拍卖，要求其退出土地，并告知其可以提出异议和诉讼，逾期将强制清场；后又以贴出强制执行公告的方式责令郭某甾限期退出土地。上述情形表明，唐山中院在强制执行退出土地前已经履行了告知责任。郭某甾去世后，因孙某秋没有按唐山中院的要求退出案涉土地，唐山中院强制其退出土地符合上述法律规定。唐山中院在开始强制执行退出土地时，孙某秋在场，因孙某秋等人妨碍执行，唐山中院依照《最高人民法院关于适用＜中华人民共和国民事诉讼法＞的解释》第一百八十七条规定对其采取拘留措施，后又因孙某秋等人承认错误，第二天即解除了对孙某秋的拘留措施，并无不当。唐山中院将孙某秋所养花卉迁到事先租赁的“某锦花卉”，将租赁合同交给孙某秋。唐山中院的上述执行行为符合《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百五十条关于强制退出土地的规定，并无明显不当。因唐山中院实施的上述强制孙某秋退出案涉土地行为不违反相关法律和司法解释的规定，故孙某秋主张唐山中院应对其损失承担赔偿责任缺乏事实和法律依据，河北高院赔偿委员会不予支持。
+
+综上，唐山中院对案涉土地的执行行为不违反相关法律和司法解释的规定，孙某秋申请唐山中院赔偿其损失缺乏事实依据和法律依据，唐山中院作出的赔偿决定并无不当，孙某秋的损失可另寻途径主张。
+
+据此，河北高院赔偿委员会于2024年5月27日作出（2023）冀委赔23号国家赔偿决定：维持唐山中院（2023）冀02法赔5号国家赔偿决定；驳回孙某秋的国家赔偿请求。
+
+孙某秋对河北高院赔偿委员会上述国家赔偿决定不服，向本院赔偿委员会提出申诉。其申诉请求为：撤销唐山中院（2023）冀02法赔5号国家赔偿决定、河北高院赔偿委员会（2023）冀委赔23号国家赔偿决定，由唐山中院承担赔偿责任及一、二审的诉讼费用。其主要理由为：（1）河北高院赔偿委员会在赔偿决定中遗漏庭审中已质证的关键证据，严重影响其决定的公平公正。本案庭审中，唐山中院执行法官荣某在庭审笔录中明确表示在2019年1月24日要求乐亭县电力局协助停电，并表示停的水电是另外一家冷库的电，依据是停电的变压器注明是“圣洁冷库”。此次停电时间一直延续到执行人员推平所有花棚。唐山中院执行法官在停其他当事人水电时误停孙某秋花棚水电，且长达22天，造成其花棚卷帘机无法工作，温室花卉遭受严重冻害，唐山中院应对其工作人员工作失误给孙某秋成的损失承担赔偿责任（赔偿金额见花卉价值表）；（2）原决定对于孙某秋花棚内花卉搬迁情况的认定缺乏证据证明。唐山中院在执行花卉搬迁时没有孙某秋或其家人在现场，搬迁后未明确告知搬迁时花卉的状况及搬迁后的场地地址、联系方式，只将某某信联社与“某锦花卉”的租赁合同给孙某秋，其上未记载“某锦花卉”地址与联系电话。且花卉已在停水电期间冻死，执行后花卉及花盆等附属设施设备也未见踪影。河北高院赔偿委员会在唐山中院未提交足以证明其笔录内容证据的情况下，采纳其说法，不符合法律规定。
+
+本院赔偿委员会审查查明的事实与原审查明的事实一致。
+
+本院赔偿委员会认为，根据审查查明的事实，结合孙某秋的申诉事项及理由，归纳本案争议焦点为唐山中院对案涉土地予以强制退出的执行行为是否给孙某秋成损失，应否予以赔偿。
+
+本案中，某某信联社于2011年12月9日、2012年5月11日就案涉土地设立抵押权，石家庄中院于2012年4月19日对案涉土地予以诉前查封，郭某甾于2013年11月30日与某1公司签订土地租赁合同。根据《中华人民共和国物权法》第一百九十条、《最高人民法院关于人民法院民事执行中查封、扣押、冻结财产的规定》第二十六条和《最高人民法院关于人民法院民事执行中拍卖、变卖财产的规定》第三十一条第二款的规定，郭某甾的租赁权形成于乐亭县农信联社抵押权和石家庄中院查封之后，即该租赁权不能对抗抵押权人某某信联社以及石家庄中院查封所涉案件的申请执行人。
+
+唐山中院在对案涉土地及相关房产处置过程中，认为郭某甾的租赁权对抵押权的实现有影响，未带租拍卖符合上述法律和司法解释的规定。郭某甾、孙某秋因租期未届满所受损失，可通过民事诉讼程序向出租人某1公司予以主张。河北高院赔偿委员会原决定认定唐山中院对案涉土地未带租拍卖的行为不属于错误执行，并无不当。
+
+根据查明的事实，唐山中院于2018年7月9日向郭某甾告知将对某1公司案涉土地予以清场，同时告知其可向人民法院提出异议和诉讼，对此执行人员制作了执行笔录。郭某甾未提出异议或诉讼，唐山中院于同年9月10日张贴公告，责令郭某甾在同月17日前退出土地。嗣后，唐山中院先后于2018年12月、2019年2月组织强制清除案涉土地。以上事实表明，唐山中院对案涉土地强制清场的时间前后长达半年，且该院以当面告知、释明权利、张贴公告、分批清场、协调转运保管等形式对承租人的权利予以保障。郭某甾于2018年10月12日因车祸去世，其不幸值得同情，但此亦非孙某秋等人长时间不予腾退的合法正当理由。
+
+孙某秋申诉提出因唐山中院工作人员失误导致其花棚停水电达22天，花卉遭受严重冻害，该院搬迁花卉后未明确告知花卉状况、搬迁后地址、联系方式等情况，但现有在案证据并不足以证实其主张。唐山中院于2019年2月14日组织强制清场时，因孙某秋、郭某再具有哄闹、冲击执行公务现场等行为，该院决定对其二人予以拘留，又于次日予以释放，告知已将花卉转至代为租赁的“某锦花卉”，并将租赁合同交给孙某秋。据此，河北高院赔偿委员会原决定认定唐山中院上述强制清除行为符合《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》第二百五十条的规定，并无明显不当。孙某秋申诉提出唐山中院应对其损失承担赔偿责任，但无证据予以证实，故其主张缺乏事实和法律依据，本院赔偿委员会不予支持。
+
+综上，孙某秋的申诉事项及理由不能成立，本案不符合《最高人民法院关于国家赔偿监督程序若干问题的规定》第十一条规定的重新审理条件。依照《中华人民共和国国家赔偿法》第三十条第一款、《最高人民法院关于国家赔偿监督程序若干问题的规定》第十三条第二项之规定，决定如下：
+驳回孙某秋的申诉。
+
+二〇二五年三月二十一日
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@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+# 中华人民共和国最高人民法院刑事判决书
+
+被告人尔某，绰号“沙合”，男，彝族，1989年6月18日出生，文盲，农民，户籍地四川省××县××乡××村××社××号。2018年10月29日被逮捕。现在押。
+
+被告人董某甲，男，汉族，1983年7月19日出生，高中文化，无业，户籍地辽宁省××市××区××社区××委××街×栋×单元×层×号。2018年10月29日被逮捕。现在押。
+
+被告人赵某，曾用名赵某甲，女，汉族，1985年7月12日出生，初中文化，无业，户籍地吉林省××市××区××街道××××委××组××大街××栋×门×楼×中门。2018年10月29日被逮捕。现在押。
+
+四川省凉山彝族自治州中级人民法院审理凉山彝族自治州人民检察院指控被告人尔某犯组织、领导黑社会性质组织罪，走私、贩卖、运输毒品罪，非法拘禁罪,敲诈勒索罪，故意伤害罪；被告人董某甲犯参加黑社会性质组织罪，走私、贩卖、运输毒品罪；被告人赵某犯参加黑社会性质组织罪，走私、贩卖、运输毒品罪，非法拘禁罪,敲诈勒索罪一案，于2020年7月31日以（2019）川34刑初201号刑事判决，认定被告人尔某犯组织、领导黑社会性质组织罪，判处有期徒刑十五年，剥夺政治权利五年，并处没收个人全部财产,犯走私、贩卖、运输毒品罪,判处死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产,犯敲诈勒索罪，判处有期徒刑二年，并处罚金人民币五千元,犯故意伤害罪，判处有期徒刑二年，决定执行死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产；被告人董某甲犯参加黑社会性质组织罪，判处有期徒刑七年，剥夺政治权利三年，并处没收个人全部财产，犯走私、贩卖、运输毒品罪,判处死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产，决定执行死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产；被告人赵某犯参加黑社会性质组织罪，判处有期徒刑三年，并处罚金人民币十万元,犯走私、贩卖、运输毒品罪,判处死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产,犯敲诈勒索罪，判处有期徒刑二年，并处罚金人民币三千元，决定执行死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产。宣判后，尔某、董某甲、赵某提出上诉。四川省高级人民法院经依法开庭审理，于2022年4月12日以（2021）川刑终125号刑事裁定，驳回上诉，维持原判，并依法报请本院核准。本院复核期间，根据被告人尔某、董某甲及赵某申请，通知司法部法律援助中心分别指派北京金诚同达律师事务所律师孟博、北京市诺恒律师事务所律师林悟江及北京市英岛律师事务所律师于红为三被告人提供辩护。本院依法组成合议庭，对本案进行了复核，依法讯问了被告人，听取了辩护律师意见。审查了最高人民检察院意见。现已复核终结。
+经复核确认:
+
+## 一、故意伤害事实
+
+2017年4月29日凌晨，被告人尔某和“沙祝”（真实身份不详）在四川省××市××路“××××酒吧”喝酒过程中与被害人毛某发生口角，尔某、“沙祝”持刀将毛某、海某（被害人）砍伤后逃离现场。经鉴定，毛某左侧额叶脑挫裂伤为轻伤一级，海某的左手伤属轻伤二级。
+
+上述事实，有第一审、第二审开庭审理中经质证确认的证人曲某某、沙某某、阿某某等人的证言，被害人毛某、海某的陈述，活体鉴定意见和现场勘验、检查、辨认笔录等证据证实。被告人尔某亦供认。足以认定。
+
+## 二、被告人尔某为首的犯罪集团实施的走私、贩卖、运输毒品事实和敲诈勒索事实
+
+被告人尔某负案潜逃至缅甸联邦共和国（以下简称“缅甸”）后，于2018年初至同年9月，先后纠集、招募、组织刘某（另案已判刑）、被告人董某甲、段某（另案已判刑）、俄某（另案已判刑）、被告人赵某、李某甲、郑某、唐某、王某甲、姜某、为某（均系同案被告人，已判刑）、赵某（另案已判刑）等十余名中国公民组成从缅甸向境内走私、贩卖、运输毒品的犯罪集团。以尔某为首的犯罪集团通过在互联网发布高薪带货等信息，诱骗、招募中国公民经云南省沧源县中缅边境至缅甸后统一看管并安排食宿，采取扣押身份证、拍摄被招募人员吞毒视频等方式威胁被招募人员走私、运输毒品入境，部分被招募人员回到缅甸后升格为管理人员，部分被招募人员无法吞服毒品的，该犯罪集团采取威胁手段逼迫其支付赎金才能回国。在犯罪集团中，尔某负责联系毒品下家，收取毒资，提供毒品给段某、刘某、董某甲、俄某等管理层人员并下达指令，由管理层安排手下人员层层落实走私、运输毒品入境及在国内接送毒品等事宜，集团成员的工资及走私、运输毒品人员的报酬等均由尔某提供。该犯罪集团以缅甸老街、木姐、佤邦新地方等地为据点，数十次组织人员通过体内运毒、箱包运毒或邮寄等方式走私、贩卖、运输大量毒品至云南省、四川省、陕西省、重庆市等地，具体事实如下：
+
+### (一)走私、贩卖、运输毒品事实
+
+1.2018年春节前后，被告人董某甲被刘某招募到缅甸老街后，在刘某的安排下通过体内藏毒方式走私、运输毒品海洛因10余颗（约50克）到四川省宜宾市。
+
+2.2018年3月中旬和4月下旬，该犯罪集团新招募人员唐某根据安排两次通过体内藏毒的方式从缅甸老街走私、运输毒品至重庆市。
+
+3.2018年5月初，段某、刘某安排该犯罪集团新招募人员被告人赵某、王某丙（另案已判刑）在缅甸佤邦新地方分别吞服海洛因30余颗（约150克）、60余颗（约300克）后走私、运输至重庆市。
+
+4.2018年5月4日晚，段某、刘某、俄某等人安排该犯罪集团新招募人员郑某、为某在缅甸佤邦新地方吞服海洛因，后分别走私、运输至四川省和云南省昆明市。
+
+5.2018年5月7日晚，段某、刘某、俄某安排该犯罪集团新招募人员林某、周某（均另案已判刑）在缅甸佤邦新地方吞服毒品并携带装有毒品的背包入境。同月9日，林、周二人乘车途经四川省宁南县境内时被公安人员抓获，从二人体内排出及携带的背包内共计查获海洛因2483.15克。
+
+6.2018年5月15日晚，段某、刘某、俄某安排该犯罪集团新招募人员张某甲、高某、蓝某（均另案已判刑）三人在缅甸佤邦新地方吞服毒品，后安排三人另携带装有毒品的手提包乘车前往云南省云县，段某在前探路。同月17日，公安人员在云县××酒店抓获段某，随后在云县××食宿店抓获张某甲、高某、蓝某三人，从三人体内排出及携带的手提包内共查获毒品甲基苯丙胺片剂（俗称“麻古”）3366.5克、海洛因733.3克。段某被抓获后，被告人尔某安排刘某负责佤邦新地方的毒品事宜。
+
+7.2018年6月3日，刘某安排唐某与“小四川”（另案处理）从缅甸佤邦新地方走私、运输毒品至云南省昆明市，交给负责接取毒品的胡某（另案已判刑）。同月9日下午，胡某在××区××村路口将装有毒品的两个手提包交给毒品买家安排的嘿某（另案已判刑）时被公安人员抓获，当场从嘿某处查获海洛因4943克。
+
+8.2018年4月左右，被告人董某甲根据被告人尔某安排带领王某甲到缅甸木姐负责向国内邮寄毒品事宜。同年6月，董某甲将一箱伪装成豆奶的毒品通过快递发往成都市，并安排被告人赵某接取毒品，赵某到快递点时，发现包裹已被他人取走并告知董某甲。
+
+9.2018年6月，被告人董某甲、王某甲将伪装成面膜的毒品通过快递邮寄到四川省攀枝花市，李某乙（另案已判刑）根据董某甲安排在攀枝花市取得毒品后交给下家。
+
+10.2018年6月底，被告人董某甲、王某甲将伪装成面膜的毒品通过快递寄往四川省成都市。同年7月1日，被告人赵某根据董某甲的安排接取上述毒品后交给吉某（同案被告人，已判刑）。当日15时许，吉某被公安人员抓获，从其处查获海洛因3491.9克。
+
+11.2018年6月底，被告人董某甲、王某甲将伪装成面膜的毒品通过快递寄往重庆市。同年7月3日，李某乙根据董某甲安排接取毒品后到重庆市××店××广场××天桥附近交给史某（女，另案已判刑）时被公安人员抓获，公安人员当场从史某处查获海洛因3495.8克。
+
+12.2018年7月5日，刘某和郑某安排该犯罪集团新招募人员谢某（另案已判刑）在缅甸佤邦新地方吞服海洛因后，走私、运输至陕西省西安市。
+
+13.2018年7月8日左右，刘某安排人员欲从缅甸佤邦新地方往境内走私、运输毒品，唐某、郑某共谋私吞该批毒品，并纠集王某丙参与。唐某、王某丙和董某乙（另案已判刑）三人携带该批毒品入境后，自行决定卖给郑某联系的毒品买家，但因毒品不符合买家要求致交易失败，三人又将毒品运至云南省永仁县寻找买家未果，后毒品被他人劫走。
+
+14.2018年7月上旬，被告人尔某怀疑李某甲挪用该组织资金，安排俄某在缅甸佤邦新地方控制李某甲，并安排被告人董某甲前往调查。李某甲趁俄某不备，偷走尔某的6块海洛因（约2100克），刘某得知后与李在云南省沧源县会合，并在昆明市将毒品贩卖后与李某甲分赃。后尔某安排董某甲负责缅甸佤邦新地方的毒品事宜。
+
+15.2018年7月底，谢某根据安排在成都市接取两名运毒人员走私、运输的海洛因，后被告人尔某安排谢某将毒品交给毒品买家。
+
+16.2018年7月底，被告人董某甲、赵某、郑某和俄某等人安排姜某与另一个被招募人员从缅甸佤邦新地方走私、运输毒品至四川省成都市后交给谢某。同月31日晚，谢某按照被告人尔某的安排在成都市××区×××路附近将装有海洛因的手提包交给洛某（另案已判刑）时被公安人员抓获，当场从包内查获海洛因3049.4克。
+
+17.2018年7月下旬，该犯罪集团新招募人员刘某（另案已判刑）根据安排在缅甸佤邦新地方吞服55颗（约275克）海洛因，走私、运输至成都市交给谢某。同年8月初，被告人赵某安排刘某从佤邦新地方走私、运输海洛因至成都市。
+
+18.2018年9月22日，该犯罪集团新招募人员许某（同案被告人，已判刑）根据安排在缅甸佤邦新地方吞服毒品并携带装有毒品的背包，后被告人赵某联系同案被告人王某丁（已判刑）让其驾车将许某从缅甸送至境内。同日中午，王某丁、许某驾乘缅甸牌照的白色商务车途经云南省沧源县境内时被公安人员查获，从许某携带的背包及体内共查获海洛因4280.95克。
+
+综上，被告人尔某为首的犯罪集团走私、贩卖、运输海洛因25352.5克、甲基苯丙胺片剂3366.5克；被告人董某甲和赵某分别参与走私、贩卖、运输海洛因10087.1克和10972.25克。
+
+上述事实，有第一审、第二审开庭审理中经质证确认的查获的海洛因及甲基苯丙胺片剂等物证，毒品称量笔录、微信聊天记录、银行卡交易记录及微信、支付宝转账记录等书证，证人周某的证言，毒品鉴定意见，辨认笔录，同案被告人郑某、李某甲、唐某、王某甲、姜某、许某、为某、吉某、王某丁及另案被告人段某、刘某、俄某、赵某、王某丙、林某、周某、张某甲、高某、蓝某、嘿某、李某乙、史某、罗某、谢某、董某乙、洛某、且某、刘某的供述等证据证实。被告人尔某对走私、贩卖、运输毒品事实，被告人董某甲、赵某对走私、运输毒品事实均予以供认。足以认定。
+
+### （二）敲诈勒索事实
+
+2018年5月1日，被告人尔某为首的犯罪集团招募被害人王某到缅甸佤邦新地方运输毒品，后因王某无法吞服毒品，同月18日晚，刘某召集李某甲、郑某、被告人赵某、为某和俄某到王某所住宾馆房间，威胁王某必须支付赎金才能回国。后刘某、赵某通过电话联系王某之父王某乙（被害人），威胁王某乙支付赎金1万元，王某乙被逼无奈，同意支付赎金3000元，王某将赎金转给刘某和郑某后才得以回国。
+
+上述事实，有第一审、第二审开庭审理中经质证确认的微信转账记录，证人张某乙、张某丙的证言，被害人王某、王某乙的陈述，辨认笔录，同案被告人郑某、李某甲、为某等的供述等证据证实。被告人赵某对向王某家人索要钱款的事实亦供认。足以认定。
+
+本院认为，被告人尔某组织、领导犯罪集团走私、贩卖、运输海洛因及甲基苯丙胺片剂；敲诈勒索他人数额较大财物，其行为已构成走私、贩卖、运输毒品罪和敲诈勒索罪；故意伤害他人身体，致人轻伤，其行为已构成故意伤害罪，对其所犯数罪应依法并罚。被告人董某甲走私、贩卖、运输海洛因，其行为已构成走私、贩卖、运输毒品罪。被告人赵某走私、贩卖、运输海洛因，敲诈勒索他人数额较大的财物，其行为已构成走私、贩卖、运输毒品罪和敲诈勒索罪，对其所犯数罪应依法并罚。对于董某甲及赵某的辩护律师所提以尔某为首的犯罪集团不是黑社会性质组织的意见，经查，第一审判决、第二审裁定认定以尔某为首的犯罪集团系黑社会性质组织的事实不清，证据不足，认定尔某犯组织、领导黑社会性质组织犯罪，董某甲、赵某犯参加黑社会性质组织犯罪不当，应予纠正，对该辩护意见本院予以采纳。尔某组织、领导犯罪集团走私、贩卖、运输毒品，数量巨大，社会危害极大，罪行极其严重，且系犯罪集团的首要分子，应按照集团所犯的全部罪行处罚，其虽能坦白毒品犯罪事实，但不足以对其从宽处罚；对于尔某辩护律师所提请求对其从宽处罚的意见，本院不予采纳。董某甲走私、贩卖、运输毒品数量巨大，在犯罪集团中直接听命于尔某，先后担任该集团在境外两个毒品窝点的负责人，其参与的大部分毒品犯罪均系作为负责人期间实施，系犯罪集团中地位、作用突出的主犯，应按照其所参与的全部犯罪处罚；对于董某甲辩护律师所提请求对其从宽处罚的意见，本院不予采纳。赵某参与走私、贩卖、运输毒品的数量巨大，但其在犯罪集团中主要听命于董某甲等人，地位、作用次于董某甲，对其判处死刑，可不立即执行；对于赵某辩护律师所提请求对其从宽处罚的意见，本院予以采纳。第一审判决、第二审裁定认定尔某走私、贩卖、运输海洛因25352.5克、甲基苯丙胺片剂3366.5克；董某甲走私、贩卖、运输海洛因10087.1克；赵某走私、贩卖、运输海洛因10972.25克，尔某与赵某敲诈勒索及尔某故意伤害的事实清楚，证据确实、充分，定罪准确。审判程序合法。对尔某、董某甲所犯走私、贩卖、运输毒品罪，尔某所犯敲诈勒索罪、故意伤害罪及赵某所犯敲诈勒索罪的量刑适当。依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第三百四十七条、第二百七十四条、第五十七条、第五十九条、第六十九条、第四十八条、第二十五条、第二十六条、《中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法》第二百四十六条、第二百五十条和《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法〉的解释》第四百二十九条第（二）项、第（五）项的规定，判决如下：
+
+一、撤销四川省高级人民法院(2021)川刑终125号刑事裁定和凉山彝族自治州中级人民法院(2019)川34刑初201号刑事判决中对被告人尔某以组织、领导黑社会性质组织罪判处有期徒刑十五年，剥夺政治权利五年，并处没收个人全部财产及决定执行死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产的部分；对被告人董某甲以参加黑社会性质组织罪判处有期徒刑七年，剥夺政治权利三年，并处没收个人全部财产及决定执行死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产的部分；对被告人赵某以参加黑社会性质组织罪判处有期徒刑三年，并处罚金人民币十万元，以走私、贩卖、运输毒品罪判处死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产及决定执行死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产的部分。
+
+二、核准四川省高级人民法院（2021）川刑终125号刑事裁定中维持第一审对被告人尔某以走私、贩卖、运输毒品罪判处死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产，以敲诈勒索罪判处有期徒刑二年，并处罚金人民币五千元，以故意伤害罪判处有期徒刑二年的部分，决定执行死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产；对被告人董某甲以走私、贩卖、运输毒品罪判处死刑，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产的部分。
+
+三、被告人赵某犯走私、贩卖、运输毒品罪，判处死刑，缓期二年执行，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产；与其犯敲诈勒索罪判处的有期徒刑二年，并处罚金人民币三千元并罚，决定执行死刑，缓期二年执行，剥夺政治权利终身，并处没收个人全部财产。
+
+本判决自宣告之日起发生法律效力。
+
+审判长 张建英
+
+审判员 章晓瑜
+
+审判员 许昱
+
+二〇二四年四月十九日
+
+书记员 杨洋
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+# 乡村振兴下乡村民俗文化建设的价值、困境及实践理路探赜
+
+刘 翔，李 莉
+
+(青岛恒星科技学院，山东 青岛 266100)
+
+**【摘 要】** 乡村民俗文化是中华优秀传统文化的重要组成部分，蕴含着丰富的历史内涵和价值观念，是弘扬中华民族
+精神的重要载体。然而，伴随着城市化的快速发展，乡村原有的生产方式被打破，传统的乡村民俗文化建设面临严峻挑战，
+存在民俗文化内核“去依附化”问题、民众日常生活“去本土化”现象、民俗传承人才“去接续化”难题、民俗文化表达“去
+传统化”趋势。在乡村振兴战略背景下，需要通过重构民俗生态圈、重塑文化认同感、重建传承人才链、重铸传统表达法，
+传承传统乡村民俗文化精华，实现优秀传统民俗文化与现代社会的融合发展，从而赋予乡村民俗文化持久的时代生命力。
+
+**【关键词】** 乡村振兴；乡村民俗文化；传承创新；乡村共同体意识
+
+**【中图分类号】** G122 **【文献标识码】** A **【文章编号】** 1671-7252（2025）04-0017-07
+
+**DOI**:10.19444/j.cnki.1671-7252.2025.04.002
+
+党的二十大报告明确提出，全面推进乡村振兴，加快建设农业强国，扎实推动乡村产业、人才、文化、生态、组织振兴。乡村文化振兴是乡村振兴战略的重要组成部分，乡村民俗文化作为乡村文化中的核心
+要素，其传承与创新成为推动乡村繁荣与振兴的关键 [1]。
+
+## 一、乡村民俗文化建设的现实价值
+
+乡村民俗文化是中华民族宝贵的精神财富，是民族精神的重要组成部分，蕴含着深厚的历史内涵和价值观念，对于传承文化与发展、增强民众的文化认同、促进社会和谐、激发乡村发展活力具有重要意义 [2]。
+
+### （一）对民俗文化而言——实现活态性传承与发展
+
+“文律运周，日新其业。变则其久，通则不乏。”[3]
+文化需要传承与发展才能行稳致远，才不会消逝或出现断层。乡村民俗文化建设的实质就是要推动其活态性传承与发展。要实现这个目标，首要前提是要弄清楚如何对“乡村民俗文化基因”进行保存。文化基因的保存主要有两种类型：一是“活态性传承保存”，二是“数字化档案保存”。“活态性传承保存”是通过减少或消除那些可能破坏文化基因活力的外部因素 ( 如文化遗忘、现代化冲击等 )，确保文化基因能够在新的社会环境中保持其生命力和影响力。“数字化档案保存”是利用技术手段将文化基因转化为可存储、可检索、可复制的数据信息，从而实现文化基因的稳定固化和长期存储。在实现民俗文化基因的完好保存之后，更重要的是要实现其生命力的活态发展。活态发展就是将文化的生命力等同于生物体般的动态存在，是文化基因从抽象到具体、从历史到现实的发展历程。民俗文化生命力的延续，不仅是静态地保留其原始的样貌和特征，更重要的是促进并维护其成长机制的活跃，确保文化群体能够持续焕发创造力，让文化的表达与传播得以生生不息。
+
+### （二）对乡村群体而言——增强文化认同感与自豪感
+
+推动乡村民俗文化振兴，关键在于深化乡村居民对本土文化的认同，包括价值层面的理性认同、心灵层面的情感共鸣以及行为层面的主动践行。乡村民俗文化作为千百年来乡村居民智慧与经验的结晶，经过时间的洗礼，逐渐成为该区域的行为准则和规范，进而转化为强大的内在约束力，深刻影响着该区域的社会生活。其中，村规民约、道德标准、价值观念等评价性文化是最重要的组成部分，是乡村居民身份认同和文化自豪感的重要来源，对提升乡村社会凝聚力与向心力具有重要作用。在“三农”领域全面转型的时代背景下，精心提炼乡村民俗文化所蕴含的精神标识与文化精髓，不仅可以丰富其内涵，还可以有效整合乡村社会的多维意识和价值观，使其找到属于自己的文化根源，进一步夯实乡村社会的共同思想基础，确保乡村民俗文化在保持其“原真性”底色的同时，能够不断创新、与时俱进。
+
+### （三）对乡村文明而言——呈现乡风民风和谐新气象
+
+乡村文明的建设与提升深植于乡村民俗文化的沃土之中。《中共中央关于进一步全面深化改革 推进中国式现代化的决定》明确指出，要实施文明乡风建设工程。文明的乡风民风，是乡村文化振兴的重要标志，不仅直观反映了乡村社会的发展成就和风貌，更深层次地塑造了乡村居民的精神世界与道德准则。传统乡村民俗文化以其深厚的底蕴和广泛的道德共识，为新时代乡风文明建设提供了源源不断的文化养分。它不仅为农村构建了坚实的道德观念和价值体系，为乡村居民提供明确的行为导向，还为乡民树立了清晰的行为规范和言语准则，引导乡村社会的正向发展。乡村民俗文化中的伦理制度、村规民约、家训族规等，作为维系乡村社会秩序的重要规则，蕴含着丰富的社会治理智慧。这些规则不仅倡导和谐邻里的理念，还在实际生活中有效约束乡民行为，促进了乡村社会关系的和谐与稳定，对改善乡村社会风气、提升乡村文明程度起到了积极作用。
+
+### （四）对乡村产业而言——促进农文旅深度融合发展
+
+文化作为社会意识形态的重要载体，不仅在化民成俗方面体现了其价值，还依托民俗文化的艺术性，实现了与产业的深度融合，凸显了其经济价值。随着乡村文旅产业的兴起，乡村民俗文化正成为乡村居民增收致富的新资源，利用好这一新赛道，对于推动农村经济发展至关重要。以当地民俗文化为抓手，举办节庆活动吸引游客，利用本地特色手工艺品和风味独特的地方食品等民俗产品，满足人们的鉴赏需求，使这些民俗文化产品成为乡村经济收入的来源，丰富了乡村经济的内涵，促使传统农业从单一的“产品输出”模式，向“创意驱动、文化赋能、品牌引领”的多元化模式转型。通过融入文化元素与创新思维，农产品及其背后的故事获得了更高的附加值，实现了从“卖单一产品”到“卖文化故事、卖情怀体验、卖品牌创意”的转变，这不仅提升了农村的整体竞争力，为乡民带来多元化的收入来源，也为乡村全面振兴注入了强大的文化动力与经济活力。
+
+## 二、乡村民俗文化建设面临的困境
+
+在传统农业文明向现代工业文明转型的过程中，乡村文化从表达方式、接受形式再到传承模式都面临着前所未有的挑战和冲击。特别是改革开放以来，随着经济体制由计划经济向市场经济转变，社会关系逐渐物质化和功利化，承载着深厚文化底蕴和集体记忆的乡村民俗文化，面临被边缘化甚至异化的风险。
+
+### （一）民俗文化内核“去依附化”问题
+
+正所谓“十里不同风，百里不同俗”，传统民俗文化是在漫长的历史发展过程中形成的，并深深扎根于特定地域及特有的生产和生活方式中。然而在现代化和城市化快速发展的大背景下，传统民俗文化的原生环境被不断摧毁，逐渐丧失了原有地位 [4]。根据国家统计局数据，近十年来，全国行政乡数量减少了 33.32%，村民委员会数量减少了 9.5%[5]。乡村民俗文化的发展呈现出“去依附化”的趋势。任何民俗文化如果脱离了本地区特有的原生环境，将丧失其文化精髓与特色，最终将导致文化内涵与价值的逐渐淡化和消亡，不仅影响了民俗文化的表层形式，也影响了其深层次的可持续发展。诚然，对于那些与现代生活不符的传统民俗文化可以适当舍弃，毕竟时代进步要求文化的传承与创新也要符合社会发展的客观规律。但不能忽视民俗文化承载历史记忆和维系情感纽带的重要作用。因此，应通过合理的外力引导，让更多民众了解先辈们如何在这片土地上通过辛勤劳动创造出灿烂的中华文化，增强民众对本土的热爱。
+
+### （二）民众日常生活“去本土化”现象
+
+全球化浪潮加速了信息流通、文化交流和商品流通，使不同地区的文化逐渐趋同。人们在饮食、服饰和节庆活动等方面同质化现象较为严重，传统的地方特色文化面临消失的风险，民众对本土民俗文化的认同感和归属感减弱，城市化进程进一步加剧了这一后果。大量人口从农村迁移到城市，农村“空心化”现象日益严重，城市生活方式和价值观念逐渐主导了人们的日常生活。国家统计局近十年人口统计数据显示，截至2023 年底，我国总人口增长了 2.41%，乡村人口却下降了 21.68%。乡村人口占总人口的比例由 2014 年的 44.25% 降到 2023 年的 33.84%，减少了 10.41%。在这种情况下，传统民俗文化在现代社会的影响范围急剧压缩，使其越来越脱离民众的日常生活，大众对于本土文化的认同感不断减弱。
+
+### （三）民俗传承人才“去接续化”难题
+
+乡村民俗文化承载着本地村民的群体记忆，是依托宗谱村志、口头传说、仪式活动以及活动场所等物质或非物质载体，通过实践“能动性”建构、积淀、传承及共享的集体记忆 [6]。但是随着现代社会的转型，地方性传统文化的集体记忆主体、记忆载体及其相应的仪式活动不可避免地发生了断层、缺位和变迁，从而导致民众对传统文化的集体失忆 [7]，民俗文化的传承链条出现断裂。许多传承人年事已高，身体状况不佳，难以继续承担传承责任。有些传承人缺乏将传统民俗技艺与当今社会发展需求相结合的能力，导致生活拮据、不得不转行，放弃了传统民俗技艺。年轻人受制于学习时间周期长、投入成本高、收益见效慢等原因而不愿从事民俗文化的传承工作，对传承传统技艺的学习意愿不强，传承人才断层现象严重。这一情况在传统手工技艺、非物质文化遗产等领域尤为明显。许多宝贵的传统手工技艺由于缺乏传承人，面临失传的危机。
+
+### （四）民俗文化表达“去传统化”趋势
+
+在如今商业化、娱乐化的大背景下，民俗文化的表达方式逐渐偏离了其传统的形式和内涵，被抽象成为一种符号和象征，被卷入到了现代消费社会的浪潮中，失去了原有的文化价值和艺术魅力，甚至美感的生产已经完全被吸纳在商品生产的总体过程之中 [8]，加剧了民俗文化被边缘化的危机，出现这种问题的根本原因是对文化的内生结构构成挖掘不足。民俗文化所蕴含的内生道德资本，其独特之处在于它超越了单纯的经济增值逻辑，成为一种推动社会整体进步与和谐的重要力量。这种资本不仅保障了经济产品的价值稳定与增长，更重要的是，作为一种社会理性精神的体现，引领着经济与社会向着更加公正、合理、高效的方向迈进，旨在实现经济效益与社会效益的统一，达到双赢乃至多赢的理想状态。然而在某些地区，由于人们理解不到位，民俗文化资源仅仅被当作商业演出活动的噱头，不仅削弱了其本身的文化价值和社会价值，也剥夺了游客深度体验和理解当地民俗文化的机会。近年来，自媒体快速发展，信息传播的速度和范围逐渐提高和扩展。自媒体是一种源于民众、活跃于大众、服务大众的共享媒体 [9]，然而一些自媒体博主为了博取流量，往往对乡村民俗文化元素进行夸张、扭曲甚至恶意改编，以制造所谓的“笑点”或“热点”，公众将其称之为“土味文化”。这种做法不仅损害了民俗文化的内涵和形象，也误导了公众对民俗文化的理解和认知，严重影响乡村民俗文化的接续发展。
+
+## 三、乡村民俗文化建设的实践理路
+
+进入新时代，文化振兴已成为实现共同富裕道路上不可或缺的关键要素。探究乡村民俗文化建设的实践理路，实则是在守护人民世代累积的智慧财富。只有为乡村提供更多的多样化、深层次的文化服务，才能使发展成果为全民所共享，实现中国式农业农村现代化的发展目标。
+
+### （一）以重构民俗生态圈为前提，深化文化根植力
+
+民俗文化的传承离不开其赖以生存的生态环境，生态环境为民俗文化的传承与创新提供了坚实的物质基础。以重构民俗生态圈为前提，通过建设民俗文化保护区和加大政策扶持力度，不断深化文化根植力是乡村民俗文化焕发生命力的重要路径。
+
+第一，设立民俗文化保护区。设立民俗文化保护区是保护传统村落和历史街区等文化遗产的重要措施，有助于恢复和维护其传统生态环境，为民俗文化的繁衍生息提供必要的生长土壤。通过开展传统节庆、手工艺制作等多样化活动，营造充满活力的文化生态环境，促进民俗文化的传承与发展。传统民俗文化要实现活态性传承，不应因循守旧，而应积极思变，在保留传统文化内核的基础上，探寻与现代社会相融合的方式，延续其生命力。学者布迪厄曾提出“文化再生产”的概念，他认为“文化是人的产物，是人在一定社会条件下，创造性、适应性改变的结果”[10]，这为乡村民俗文化的活化、创新提供了理论依据。
+
+第二，加大相关政策扶持力度。为实现上述目标，相关政策的支持必不可少。政府及相关机构要结合本地民俗文化发展实际，提供资金、技术和法律保障，为民俗文化的保护和传承构建良好环境。这将有助于提升公众对民俗文化的认知程度与参与度，形成全社会共同关注和支持的良好氛围。同时，政府也要调整好自己的角色，避免过多行政干预，而是要还俗于民，扮演好服务者的角色。
+
+### （二）以重塑文化认同感为核心，融入本土日常生活
+
+民俗文化起源并成长于民间，乡村本土是其孕育的摇篮。民俗文化的传承与创新同样离不开民众的认同与支持。民俗文化借助传统的名义，在传统中借助人的活动成为了现实的文化，获得了新的存在 [11]。因此，要以重塑民众文化认同感为核心，通过采取一系列措施，推动民俗文化重新深植于民众本土生活之中，不断挖掘当地文化所蕴含的丰富内容，汲取其中的思想精华 [12]，让民众深切感知民俗文化的历史感、情感交织的共鸣感、人文精神的底蕴感、文化记忆的归属感，这是延续乡村民俗文化生命力的关键。
+
+第一，挖掘民俗精髓，重塑文化自信。以本地区独有的乡村民俗文化资源禀赋为根基，开展民俗文化教育活动，深入挖掘并提炼核心理念与价值精髓，使其转化为贴近民众生活、通俗易懂、口口相传的民间好故事，唤起人们的地区归属感和文化认同，树立文化自信。
+
+第二，设置民俗课程，唤醒文化自觉。在乡村学校和社区中开设民俗文化课程和活动，不仅可以提高乡村居民特别是青少年的文化认知，而且可以让民众在学习中体悟民俗文化的魅力，唤起他们的主人翁意识，自觉投入乡村文化建设中。
+
+### （三）以重建传承人才链为途径，强化接续新机制
+
+民俗文化的生命力延续关键在于传承人才的接续。以重建传承人才链为途径，通过完善人才培育和激励机制，构建有效的师徒传承机制，确保民俗文化的代际传承和发展。
+
+第一，完善人才培育和激励机制。培养传承人才是首要任务，通过制定和完善相关的传承人培训计划，为有志传承民俗文化事业的人才提供学习机会。培训计划应涵盖理论知识、技艺传授、内涵塑造等多层次内容，并包括资金和政策扶持内容，以消除传承人的后顾之忧。此外，应建立传承人激励机制，通过奖励、资助和荣誉授予等方式，激励传承人积极投身于民俗文化的传承与传播，并将其视为毕生事业，从中获得满足感和成就感，进而保证民俗文化的接续发展。
+
+第二，构建有效的师徒传承机制。建立有效的传承机制是确保民俗文化代际传承的关键。可以借鉴传统的师徒制模式，通过严格的选拔和考核制度，确定合格的传承人，由经验丰富的老传承人指导，确保技艺精得以传承，使技艺在传者与受者之间不只是转手，而是让技艺牢固地融合为学徒的身体经验 [13]。建立传承人认定制度，对符合条件的传承人给予官方认证，提高其社会地位和影响力。这种制度不仅能够激励传承人积极参与，还能吸引更多人投身到民俗文化传承事业中，形成良好的传承氛围，实现乡村民俗文化的可持续发展。
+
+### （四）以重铸传统表达法为导向，弘扬文化正能量
+
+民俗文化传承的关键在于保护其传统的表达方式和深厚的文化内涵。在现代社会中，应重铸民俗文化传统表达方式，通过不断深掘其道德内涵，实现多元化传播，使民俗文化焕发新生。
+
+第一，重塑文化表达法，深掘民俗文化的道德内涵。民俗文化起源于民间，与人们日常生产生活密切相关。其中蕴含的人生哲学和处世之道通俗易懂，易于被人们接受和认可。一些流行的俗语如“狂饮伤身，暴食伤胃”“宁可穷而诚实，不可富而失信”等警示人们慎独；许多俗语蕴含了中华民族传统美德，如“富不过三代，道德传十代”“人而无信，不知其可也”等，都强调道德对塑造个人品格和营造良好社会氛围的重要性。重铸民俗文化话语权，创新表达方式不仅是对历史的尊重，更是对未来文化多样性发展的贡献。
+
+第二，加强民俗文化保护与传播多元化。要发挥人的创造力，赋予传统民俗文化新的生命力，促进民俗文化的传承与保护 [14]。设立传统文化保护项目，并适时为民俗文化申遗，同时聚焦于传统节庆、宗族活动、手工艺制作等，通过记录、整理、展示和宣传这些传统活动，增强民俗文化的艺术魅力和文化价值，让更多人感受民俗文化的独特韵味，避免其因时代变迁而消逝。要弘扬民俗文化的正面价值，传递积极、正能量的文化信息。充分利用现代传媒手段，如文化宣传、教育讲座、影视作品等，展示民俗文化的精神魅力，引导人们树立正确的价值观。这种传播方式不仅能够提升民众对传统民俗文化的认可度，还能让其真正地“活”起来，实现乡村民俗文化振兴。
+
+## 四、结语
+
+在推进乡村可持续发展、中国式农业农村现代化进程中，乡村民俗文化的功能与价值愈发凸显。因此，要深刻认识乡村民俗文化的独特性与时代性，既要传承与保护优秀的民俗文化传统，让古老的文化根脉在新时代焕发生机，又要勇于创新，巧妙地将现代文化元素融入乡村民俗文化的肌理之中，使之既保留传统韵味，又兼具时代气息，实现传统与现代的和谐共生，助力乡村振兴战略发展。
+
+## 【参考文献】
+
+[1] 张书豪 . 乡村振兴视域下农耕文化现代化的现实性与路径选择 [J]. 北京农业职业学院学报，2024,38(4):15-22.
+
+[2] 杨尚钊， 张宏胜， 陈品冬， 等 . 新发展阶段乡村建设的路径探析 [J]. 北京农业职业学院学报，2023,37(3):20-26.
+
+[3] 刘 勰 . 文心雕龙· 通 变 [M]. 长 沙：岳麓书社，2004:287．
+
+[4] 赵旭东，孙笑非 . 中国乡村文化的再生产：基于一种文化转型观念的再思考 [J]. 南京农业大学学报 ( 社会科学版 )，2017,17(1):119-127,148.
+
+[5] 国家统计局 . 中国统计年鉴 [EB/OL].(2024-09-01)[2024-10-10].https://www.stats.gov.cn/sj/ndsj/2024/indexch.htm.
+
+[6] 鲁可荣，胡凤娇 . 以竹为生：乡村传统手工艺的集体记忆建构及价值传承 [J]. 广西民族大学学报 ( 哲学社会科学版 )，2018,40(5):53-60.
+
+[7] 鲁可荣，曹斐浩 . 乡村传统民俗文化的集体记忆重构及价值传承：以妙源村“立春祭”为例 [J]. 浙江学刊，2020(2):225-231.
+
+[8] 詹姆逊 . 晚期资本主义的文化逻辑 [M]. 陈清侨，译 . 北京： 生活·读书·新知三联书店，1997:429.
+
+[9] 马晓乐，宁继鸣 . 技术进步与文化再生产的互系与互惠：基于印刷术和自媒体的分析 [J]. 文史哲，2015(6):146-154,167-168.
+
+[10] 宗晓莲 . 布迪厄文化再生产理论对文化变迁研究的意义：以旅游开发背景下的民族文化变迁研究为例 [J]. 广西民族学院学报 ( 哲学社会科学版 )，2002(2):22-25.
+
+[11] 高丙中 . 民间文化与公民社会：中国现代历程的文化研究 [M]. 北京：北京大学出版社，2008:9.
+
+[12] 刘翔，王立庭，翟小语 . 齐鲁文化融入民办高校的思考 [J]. 大众文艺，2024(11):173-175.
+
+[13] 李菲 . 身体与传承：非物质文化遗产研究的范式转型 [J]. 思想战线，2014,40(6):110-116.
+
+[14] 游红霞 . 生产性保护：非遗价值与市场的双向认同：以“上海绒绣”为例 [J]. 广西民族大学学报 ( 哲学社会科学版 )，2019,41(3):14-20.
+
+***
+
+【基金项目】2024 年度青岛市“双百调研工程”课题（2024-C-082）；2024 年度山东省老教授协会美育研究课题（MYKTB0059）
+
+【收稿日期】2024-12-15
+
+【作者简介】刘翔（1987— ），男，山东青岛人，青岛恒星科技学院讲师，硕士。研究方向：民俗文化。
+
+（责任编辑 魏瑞敏）
+
+# Exploring the Value, Challenges and Practical Path of Rural Folk Culture Construction Under Rural Revitalization
+
+LIU Xiang, LI Li
+
+(Qingdao Hengxing University,Qingdao Shandong 266100,China)
+
+**Abstract**: Rural folk culture is an important component of China's excellent traditional culture, containing rich historical connotations and values, and is an important carrier for promoting the spirit of the Chinese nation. However, with the rapid development of urbanization, the original production methods in rural areas have been broken, and the construction of traditional rural folk culture is facing severe challenges. There are problems such as the core of folk culture being “detached”, the phenomenon of people's daily lives being “delocalized”, the problem of “decontinuity” of folk heritage talents, and the trend of “detraditionalization” of folk culture expression. In the context of the rural revitalization strategy, it is necessary to inherit the essence of traditional rural folk culture, realize the integration of excellent traditional folk culture and modern social development, and endow it with lasting vitality of the times by reconstructing the folk ecosystem, reshaping cultural identity, rebuilding the inheritance talent chain, and recasting traditional expressions.
+
+**Keywords**: rural revitalization; rural folk culture; inheritance and innovation; rural community
+consciousness
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# 中华人民共和国最高人民法院行政赔偿裁定书
+
+(2025)最高法行赔申65号
+
+再审申请人（一审被告、二审被上诉人）：河北省石家庄市人民政府。住所地：河北省石家庄市。
+
+法定代表人：马某骏。
+
+委托诉讼代理人：刘某。
+
+委托诉讼代理人：胡子肸，北京市炜衡(石家庄)律师事务所律师。
+
+被申请人（一审原告、二审上诉人）：万某君，男，1949年7月26日出生，住香港特别行政区。
+
+委托诉讼代理人：苗静、陈德贤，河北德公律师事务所律师。
+
+再审申请人河北省石家庄市人民政府（以下简称石家庄市政府）因被申请人万某君诉其行政赔偿一案，不服河北省高级人民法院（2019）冀行赔终20号行政赔偿判决，向本院申请再审。本院依法组成合议庭进行了审查，现已审查终结。
+
+石家庄市政府申请再审称，二审判决认定违法接管行为与损害之间具有因果关系是错误的，万某君权益受损系其自身未积极行使股东权利导致，与石家庄市政府无关。二审判决认定事实不清、适用法律错误，请求撤销二审判决，再审维持一审判决。
+
+本院经审查认为，根据当时生效的《中华人民共和国公司法》（1994年施行）第五条规定：“公司以其全部法人财产，依法自主经营，自负盈亏。”、《中华人民共和国中外合作经营企业法》（1988年施行）第十一条规定：“合作企业依照经批准的合作企业合同、章程进行经营管理活动。合作企业的经营管理自主权不受干涉。”、《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法实施条例》（1983年实施）第七条规定：“在中国法律、法规和合营企业协议、合同、章程规定的范围内，合营企业有权自主地进行经营管理。各有关部门应给予支持和帮助。”以上法律、法规均明确规定了企业依法享有经营管理自主权，国家保护各种所有制经济产权和合法利益，坚持权利平等、机会平等、规则平等。企业因股东或者合资、合作双方出现分歧、经营某某发生严重困难形成公司治理僵局的，可依照《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》（1990年修正）第十四条及《全国人民代表大会关于修改<中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法>的决定（2001）》第七条规定，合营各方发生纠纷，先由公司董事会协商解决；董事会不能协商解决时，由中国仲裁机构进行调解或仲裁，也可由合营各方协议在其它仲裁机构仲裁；合营各方没有在合同中订有仲裁条款的或者事后没有达成书面仲裁协议的，可以向人民法院起诉。因此，企业发生经营困难、公司法人治理结构运作失灵，应当依照市场化、法治化原则处理；地方政府及其职能部门虽可从某1公司长远发展角度施以一定行政指导，但除非确有必要，地方政府及其职能部门不宜过度介入，更不宜在无法律依据的情况下以接管等形式直接参与公司经营。政府及其职能部门应当坚持在法治化轨道上，以市场化、法治化为前提，构建与企业及其所有者之间良性互动的政企关系，做到既不缺位，也不越位。政府及其职能部门对企业实施监管应当严格依照法定权限和程序进行，违法监管行为可能承担相应的赔偿责任。《中华人民共和国国家赔偿法》第四条即规定：“行政机关及其工作人员在行使行政职权时有下列侵犯财产权情形之一的，受害人有取得赔偿的权利：……（四）造成财产损害的其他违法行为。”人民法院生效行政判决已经确认石家庄市政府接管石家庄某1制冷设备有限公司（以下简称某2公司）的行政行为违法，石家庄市政府应当承担由此造成损害的赔偿责任。作为合资组建某2公司的原香港某某实业有限公司（以下简称香港某某公司）权利义务承受人，万某君有权提起行政赔偿诉讼。
+
+本案审查的焦点问题是,石家庄市政府的违法接管行为与万某君的财产损害之间是否存在因果关系；是否应当承担相应的赔偿责任及赔偿金额如何确定。本院作出以下方面分析。
+
+一、关于违法接管行为与财产损害之间的因果关系。本案中，石家庄某2制冷设备有限公司（国有企业，以下简称石家庄某某公司）与香港某某公司于1995年3月15日签订《中外合资经营石家庄某1制冷设备有限公司合同》，双方同意在中国境内组建某2公司。其中，香港某某公司出资占比55%，万某君任某2公司董事长。某2公司成立后生产经营出现问题，合资双方出现纠纷。石家庄市政府违法接管某2公司，宣布由合资企业中方接管某2公司并宣布由中方任命的各部门负责人，随后也由中方实际管理某2公司的日常事务一直到某2公司破产终结，在此情形下香港某某公司已无法参与某2公司生产经营与财务管理。鉴于合资企业成立后并未与合资前的石家庄某某公司分账建账，且合资前后公司的资产、负债及所有者权益并未完全分割清楚，石家庄市政府实施的接管行为，既让双方通过民事方式解决合资纠纷的可能性整体丧失，更造成合资企业中方在事实上获得了对香港某某公司相应所有者权益的控制权。若石家庄市政府未违法接管在先，香港某某公司仍能通过参与某2公司生产经营与财务管理有效维护自身所有者权益。正是由于违法接管行为，造成香港某某公司后续无法参与某2公司生产经营与财务管理，作为其权利义务承受人的万某君客观上也难以就违法接管行为与财产损害之间更为具体的因果关系进行举证。
+
+同时，石家庄市政府也未能提供充分证据证明万某君的所有者权益损失系由其他主体行为造成。因此，二审法院认定石家庄市政府违法接管行为与万某君所有者权益的损失之间具有因果关系，事实依据充分。石家庄市政府申请再审主张认定违法接管行为与损害之间具有因果关系错误，理据不足，本院不予支持。
+
+二、关于赔偿金额的确定。某2公司成立后，香港某某公司投入的注册资本金即成为某2公司所有的财产，香港某某公司只是享有相应的股权，对某2公司享有相应的所有者权益（即企业资产扣除负债后由所有者享有的剩余权益）。故，石家庄市政府违法接管某2公司所侵犯的香港某某公司的合法权益，只可能是其股权或是说所有者权益。因此确定损失金额或者说赔偿金额的关键，在于确定石家庄市政府于1997年10月29日接管某2公司时香港某某公司权利义务承受人万某君享有的所有者权益。对此，万某君在原审诉讼中并未提供充分证据。根据《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》第三十八条第二款的规定，在行政赔偿的案件中，原告应当对行政行为造成的损害提供证据，但因被告的原因导致原告无法举证的，由被告承担举证责任。本案中，石家庄市政府违法接管某2公司，导致香港某某公司已无法参与某2公司生产经营与财务管理，其客观上已无法就某2公司被接管之日香港某某公司享有的所有者权益举证。也就是说，因石家庄市政府的原因导致万某君无法就上述损害举证，应由石家庄市政府就上述损害承担举证责任。根据《最高人民法院关于适用<中华人民共和国行政诉讼法>的解释》第四十七条第二款的规定，对于各方主张损失的价值无法认定的，应当由负有举证责任的一方当事人申请鉴定；负有举证责任的当事人拒绝申请鉴定的，由其承担不利的法律后果。本案中，应当由石家庄市政府就上述损害申请鉴定，但石家庄市政府未申请鉴定。由于上述损害的确定直接关系行政赔偿数额，而行政赔偿属于国家赔偿，涉及国家利益，根据《最高人民法院关于民事诉讼证据的若干规定》第三十条第二款、《最高人民法院关于适用<中华人民共和国民事诉讼法>的解释》第九十六条第一款第一条的规定，人民法院在审理案件过程中认为待证事实需要通过鉴定意见证明且涉及可能损害国家利益的，人民法院应当依职权委托鉴定。因此，二审法院就石家庄市政府于1997年10月29日接管某2公司时万某君作为合资企业香港某某公司唯一股东享有的合法权益这一事项依职权委托鉴定，具有事实和法律依据。
+
+二审法院根据鉴定结果，认定石家庄市政府于1997年10月29日接管某2公司时万某君享有的所有者权益为13,166,742.42元，而某2公司已因破产财产分配完毕后尚不足支付第一顺序的职工安置费用，于2012年5月17日被石家庄市中级人民法院裁定终结破产程序，此时万某君享有的所有者权益已降为零。因此，二审法院认定万某君所有者权益的损失为13,166,742.42元，并无不当。据此，二审法院判决石家庄市政府赔偿万某君该项损失及利息，并由石家庄市政府向万某君支付鉴定费用，亦无不当。石家庄市政府以万某君权益受损系其自身未积极行使股东权利导致的再审理由不能成立，本院不予支持。
+
+综上，石家庄市政府的再审申请不符合《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》第九十一条规定的情形。依照《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国行政诉讼法〉的解释》第一百一十六条第二款规定，裁定如下：
+
+驳回河北省石家庄市人民政府的再审申请。
+
+审 判 长 耿宝建
+
+审 判 员 杨 军
+
+审 判 员 赵瑞强
+
+二〇二五年七月二十九日
+
+法官助理 王琪璟
+
+书 记 员 张 馨
\ No newline at end of file
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+第 34 卷 第 4 期
+Vol.34 No.4
+
+2013 年 7 月
+Jul.2013
+
+
+
+# 百年来的吐蕃音义及藏族族源研究
+
+王启龙
+
+(陕西师范大学西北民族研究中心 陕西西安 710062)
+
+**摘要:** “吐蕃”音义的考述与藏族族源问题密切相关，国内学术界对“吐蕃”音义的考证和藏族族源的探讨颇多。本文拟就对百年来中国学者相关的重要成果予以考述的基础上，对这一问题进行较为系统的回顾、分析和总结，以资学界参考。
+
+**关键词:** 吐蕃;音义;藏族;族源;述论
+
+**中图分类号:K281.4**
+
+**文献标识码:A**
+
+**文章编号:1003-8388(2013)04-0001-08**
+
+对“吐蕃”读音与语义的考证，总要涉及藏族族源问题的探讨，而对藏族族源研究的文章，也无法对吐蕃音义问题予以回避。可以说，吐蕃音义考证与藏族族源研究关系密不可分，犹如一个球体的两面，互为补充、不可或缺。这方面的文章颇多。可以毫不夸张地说，仅国内学者相关论文全部罗列恐怕有百篇以上。这里我们只列举主要篇目，并对其进行分类讨论，对代表性文章的得失给予评述，在此基础上提出本文不成熟的看法，以便学界今后讨论这一论题时可资参考。不至于浪费太多的时间做重复研究。谨按时间顺序依次描述如下：
+
+## 一、1949 年前
+
+1937 年（抗战爆发）以前，相关文章大多非常关注藏民族起源、形成、发展沿革，关注汉藏民族间的历史渊源关系以及藏族与其他少数民族的关系，从中华民族大家庭这个大背景下来认识、了解和研究藏族及藏族历史。但大多是通论性文章，其中 1906 年 8 月 14 日《外交报》第 151 期发表《西藏民族源流考》的文章，探讨藏族的起源问题。大概这是目前我们所知国内较早探讨藏族族源的文章。次年，《广益丛报》第 128 号发表了同名文章。此后，西藏民族的来源问题一直是学术界关注的一个热点，不断有相关文章发表。
+
+其中，陶志如（1912）的《西藏民族考》[1]和李安陆（1912）的《西藏略史》[2]都用文言写成，没有新式标点。但其所用方法已经不是过去文献材料的简单转抄，而是在分析整理的基础上运用现代科学论文的撰写方法写成。陶文在总结近世人种学、语言学界藏缅系民族的研究成果的基础上，结合“五族共和”的原则，广搜历代典籍资料，对藏族来源及其发展进程以及与其他民族的关系进行了比较详细的论述。而李文则是民国以来最早较为系统的西藏简史方面的文章，首先描述了历代对西藏地区的不同称谓及其所辖范围的发展变化，结合《汉书》等古代文献典籍论述藏族与中原的关系，进而阐述藏族在“五族共和”中所扮演的历史角色和发挥的重要作用，抨击了外人对我西藏的侵略行径。其次，作者还对西藏佛教、政教制度、文化习俗等等进行了较为简洁明了的叙述。对于当时人们了解西藏历史和民族文化，宣传中华民族一统的观念起到了一定的作用。这一时期的研究更多地依靠汉文史书中的有关记载，大多都把西藏民族和古代的羌族和其他民族联系在一起。同时，也提出了“汉藏同源说”这一著名的论断。黄箔生（1936）的《西藏民族是炎黄子孙之后裔说》[3]，冷亮（1937）的《汉藏一元论》[4]等具有代表性。此外，问苍（1916）的《西藏族考》、周渭光（1928）的《西藏沿革考》[5]、九世班禅大师（1931、1934）《西藏之史略》（刘家驹译）和《西藏历史》[6]、黄次书（1931）的《康藏民族之起源》[7]、方范九（1936）的《西藏民族来源考证》[8]、华企云（1936）的《西藏民族之检讨》[9]、德潜（1936）的《西藏名称之沿革及其人种之来源》[10]、冷亮（1936）的《西藏民族由来考》[11]等也是这方面较好的文章。而最有意思的文章应该是李旭华（1936-37）的《西藏民族之研究》，此文图文并茂、语言简洁、雅俗共赏，极其有助于普通国人了解和认识西藏。[12]
+
+
+
+[收稿日期]2013-06-10
+
+[作者简介]王启龙(1964-),男,贵州兴仁人,现为陕西师范大学西北民族研究中心教授、博士生导师,陕西省“百人计划”特聘专家,主要研究方向为藏学。
+
+抗战之后，从 1938 年起到 1949 年新中国建立这段时期，藏族族源、吐蕃王国史、西藏与祖国关系史依然备受关注。诸多学界名流高论频出，着实把这一研究推向了一个高潮：
+
+郑天挺（1939）的《发羌之地望与对音》[13]，论及发羌与藏族自称的“博”（bod）的关系，作者援引《说文》和段注、《广韵》，以及钱大昕有关“古读发如拨”的论断，西人 Karlgren 氏（高本汉）拟“吐蕃”为 Piwdt 等中西材料，力求证明中国史传中的“发羌”即西藏土名 Bod（西藏自称其种族曰 Bod，自称其人曰 Bod-Pa）之对音。
+
+翦伯赞（1943）的《土番种族来源考》[14]分三部分：第一部分简述吐蕃王国如何在中亚一带的争斗中兴起及其与中原唐朝曲折的关系史；第二部分叙述和分析了两唐书等汉文典籍中有关吐蕃传的史料记载，认为“羌族之南徙西藏，盖早在史前时代，发羌者，不过南徙之羌族之一支，所以土番的人种之主要的成分是南徙之诸羌，并非发羌一族，更非后来之秃髮族”[15]；第三部分一一辨析了西藏种族来自印度、来自缅甸等诸种说法之不可靠性，进一步认为西藏“种族之来源乃自史前以迄秦汉时代南徙诸羌之汇合”。
+
+姚薇元（1944）的《藏族考源》[16]认为“两唐书吐蕃传既谓本西羌属，又言出自秃髮，藏人自述为释迦佛种，英人则指为蒙古支族。各说纷纭，莫衷一是”，因此，作者“斟酌诸说，参以旧史所载，试为诠释”而撰成此文，据有关史料比较分析了中外各种观点，认为“今之藏族，即古之羌人，部落繁多。约当东晋时其中一部名‘发’羌者，统一诸部建立大国，诸羌因皆号‘发’族，而对异族则称‘大发’（Teu Bod）。唐书之‘吐蕃’，蒙古语之土伯特，阿拉伯语之 Tubbot，英语之 Tibet，皆‘大发’（古读杜拨）一名之译音或转呼也。”[17]也就是说，藏族祖先就是古代羌人部落“发羌”的后裔。其他文章还有王光璧（1940）的《汉藏同源论》[18]和黄子翼（1942）的《藏族名称之商榷》[19]等。
+
+冷亮（1941）的《西藏上古史探讨》[20]依据藏文古史传说，对西藏名称境域之沿革，有关西藏民族之起源的五种说法，即猿猴魔女相配说、印度释迦族北迁说、蒙古族分支说、西羌后裔说和汉族之分支说，以及西藏早期王统之发展，都做了介绍和分析。同时把西藏历史划分四个历史时期：西藏上古史，由民族起源（公元前 27 世纪）到松赞干布诞生（公元 623 年）；西藏中古史，有松赞干布（623 年）到宗喀巴之改革宗教（1357 年）；西藏近世史，自宗喀巴改革到（1357 年）到英军入侵拉萨（1904 年）；西藏近代史，由英军入侵拉萨到当代（1941 年）。显然是作者利用熟悉藏文史书的条件，对藏族族源进行的可贵的探讨。
+
+与族源研究密切相关的吐蕃音义、名号的考释，在吐蕃史研究成果中多有体现，这一阶段可谓盛极一时，名家名篇辈出：韩儒林（1940,1943）先后发表的《吐蕃之王族与宦族》[21]和《吐蕃古史与传说研究》[22]、任乃强（1940,1943）的《吐蕃开国考》[23]、《吐蕃音义考》[24]，谭英华（1947）的《吐蕃名号源流考》[25]等都是这方面杰作。
+
+其中，任乃强（1943）认为“吐蕃”应读“吐播”，理由是“番原读若婆”，可对译 bod，并提出吐蕃是“大蕃”转音。谭英华的《吐蕃名号源流考》对黄子翼、任乃强、姚薇元以及丁谦诸氏对于“吐蕃”考证之得失进行分析比较的基础上，结合大量汉藏史料及国内外有关成果，运用语言学音韵考证与史料补证的方式，对吐蕃名号的产生及衍变沿革进行了较为信实的考证。此外，金应熙（1947）的《吐蕃之兴起》[26]、任乃强（1947）的《隋唐之女国》[27]等文也值得一读。当然，由岑仲勉《<隋书>之吐蕃———附国》一文引发的任乃强与岑仲勉关于吐蕃问题的争论更是本时期学术自由争鸣的佳话。[28]
+
+另外，丁彇（1942）的《西南民族考释》[29]也涉及藏族族源这一论题。
+
+概言之，1949 年前的研究是一个循序渐进的过程，开始是一些通俗的介绍性文字，逐渐深入到引经据典的学历分析，尤其是在 1937 年抗战爆发后，由于多个著名高等院校和国家级科研院所的西移南下，使得一流专家学者有机会零距离接触边疆地区，他们怀着救国图存之志潜心于边疆史地研究，把藏族族源及吐蕃音义研究推向了深入。
+
+## 二、新中国成立到2000年
+
+1949 年新中国成立之后，学术的春天已然来临。国家高度重视包括藏区在内的边疆民族研究，除了文化大革命时期的短暂停滞之外，藏学基本上一直得以顺利发展。关于吐蕃音义及藏族族源的研究一直是学术界十分关心的课题，文章当然比过去多得多，但基本上是 20 世纪 70 年代末以来陆续发表的。
+
+1949 年到 1985 年，即新中国成立到 1986 年中国藏学研究中心成立之前这段时间，据初步统计，本期有关藏族族源的文章约有三十篇左右，通过一系列的研究，学术界逐渐抛弃了一些传统的错误说法，比如，西藏的人种外来说，以及王族“南来说”等，但仍然存在一定分歧，主要表现在藏族与“发羌”的关系上，有些学者还是在汉文史料的分析上面下工夫，比如包寿南（1979）的《藏族族源考略》[30]，安应民《藏族族源之探讨》（1980）、《藏族族源考》（1982）、《藏族远古社会的发展》（1984）和《藏族族源新探》（1984）[31]，唐嘉弘（1988）的《吐蕃族源及相关问题》[32]、王辅仁（1991）的《关于藏族形成和发展的几个问题》[33]等如是。其中：
+
+安应民的《藏族族源新探》主要从藏民族所处的地理位置和历史环境考察、分析其族源，据考古、史籍及其他研究成果，对藏区的“西戎”、“氐羌”、“三苗”等古代民族的称谓、地域及迁徙等活动作了分析；进而认为“藏族是我国古老民族之一，族源于古代的戎羌（当然包括至今还未搞清楚的一些古代民族在内）。但是，各地藏族又由于各方面历史条件的差别，在族源上也有差异，大体上今西藏藏族主要源于土著居民 （其中一部分是羌人，一部分还未搞清楚）和迁徙戎羌的结合。甘青川藏族主要源于戎羌，其中融合了一部分三苗的成份。”
+
+唐嘉弘（1988）的《吐蕃族源及相关问题》通过对汉文史籍的梳理和分析，从语言学和历史学角度论述了吐蕃族源及其相关的一系列问题，得出如下结论：1.羌人属羊系部落群；2.甲戎（嘉绒）属牛系部落群；3.吐蕃“犬种（犬图屯[图腾]）说”可能成立；4.党项“猕猴种说”当可成立；5.羌、甲戎、党项和吐蕃在漫长历史中相互影响，并有融合……吐蕃族源应为土著说和鲜卑说的结合交融……；6.“吐蕃”和胡父鲜卑母的“铁弗”、“拓跋”、“秃发”、图伯特（Tibet）当为同音通假，同词异写，同言异译。唐文在藏族族源问题基本上属于土著与羌人融合说一类[34]。可以参考。
+
+金宝祥（1985）的《吐蕃的形成、发展及其与唐的关系》[35]上半部分主要依据汉文史料讨论吐蕃起源，认为吐蕃源出鲜卑拓跋氏之一支：“一个同出于鲜卑拓跋氏的子孙，东汉之末，分而为二，一支留塞北，一支迁河西，留塞北的，步步南迁，努力汉化，终于统一中原，建立北魏，均田兵制，皆为隋唐帝国所继承、发扬，迁河西的，始建国于姑臧、西平，以秃髦为姓，嗣后部落繁衍，又兼称国号，华言吐蕃”。不管其立论成立与否，作者对汉文史料运用之娴熟，挖掘之全面，令人赞叹。
+
+但是，大多数藏族学者开始比较倾向于吐蕃王族及西藏民族本土说，韦刚（1982）的《藏族族源探索》、班马（1985）的《藏族族源初探》（谢热译）[36]、格勒（1988）的《藏族源于“发羌”的几点质疑》[37]、毛尔盖·桑木旦（1990）的《藏族族源及有关称谓辨析》[38]，以及恰白·次旦平措（1986）的《聂赤赞普是西藏人———略论“波杰”世系起源》[39]等如是。其中：
+
+韦刚（1982）的《藏族族源探索》和班马（1985）的《藏族族源初探》（谢热译）[40]均是先对“西羌说”、“印度释迦王系说”和“吐蕃本土说”三种不同观点进行分析和评述，最后得出的结论均认为藏族族源本土论比较可信。韦文最后认为：追溯藏族的族源，是雅鲁藏布江流域兴起之民族，而非外来，较为符合历史事实。班文经过考证，也认为：“猕猴与女妖结亲繁衍藏族之说是可信的”。还有一些藏族学者用藏语撰写了不少有关藏族族源的文章[41]，其中亦不乏赞成本土说者。
+
+格勒（1988）的《藏族源于“发羌”的几点质疑》[42]也从语言学和历史学角度，首先对相关文献记载进行了辨析考疑，然后通过藏语方言的古今音变分析了藏族自称“蕃”的来源，认为并非“发羌”之“发”的音变，而是古代藏族宗教“本”（bon）的音变；最后，从多个角度说明古代藏族并非源于“发羌”。颇有新意。毛尔盖·桑木旦（1990）的《藏族族源及有关称谓辨析》系藏文写成，由扎呷汉译发表，作者认为藏族几千年前就生活在藏族地区，藏族族源所谓南来说（印度说）、北来说（西羌说）等等都是荒谬的，并通过对藏汉文史料的分析比较，指出了藏汉译介过程中产生的一些错误；而后作者就甲绒（嘉绒）称谓之由来、藏传佛教中的某些译名和吐蕃时期藏区边界的一些情况等阐述了自己的看法。
+
+另外，田晓岫（1994）的《吐蕃王族族源新考》[43]提出了一个新的说法，即吐蕃属于西南夷濮人系统，吐蕃王族源出于西南夷濮人，西藏南部及东部的本土文化当属于中国古代西南夷文化圈。文章分四部分：一、“吐蕃”语源考；二、早期吐蕃即附国考；三、发羌、唐旄考；四、吐蕃王族源出西南夷濮人考。算是一家之言。[44]尼玛太（1985）的《藏民族形成的时代及其他》[45]分五部分[46]探讨了藏民族的形成问题，并对藏族族源问题提出了一些与其他学者不同的观点和看法。此外，曾文琼、格勒、常凤玄、赤列曲扎等人也撰文[47]都对藏民族作了概说，对于我们了解藏民族形成史还是有所裨益的。
+
+还有一种说法颇有人应和，那就是藏族族源多元说，持此观点的有如：李绍明（1990）的《论藏族的多元一体格局》[48]认为，藏族族源的多元性以及他们是由北南迁的民族是没有疑义的。这是因为：第一，藏族以讲藏语为主，但在一些地方也将藏缅语族其他语言，就语言而论，反映出多元一体性；第二，藏族原有的社会形态均属封建经济，但各地又有所不同，表现出一体性中的多元性；第三，藏族所处的自然环境复杂多样，决定了他们经济生活的多元性；第四，藏族在文化、心理状态以及风俗习惯诸方面亦显示出不拘一格、绚丽多彩的多元局面，但其核心部分又具有一体性。李文实（1989）的《藏族族源与汉藏关系》[49]认为，从史载看，吐蕃是由一个山南的小部落国发展壮大，把疆土扩张到了今甘、青、川及新疆地区，在民族上包容了诸羌、汉、突厥等多种成分，形成新的吐蕃族。加上后来南凉、西秦的鲜卑，北凉和夏的匈奴，民族成分越发众多。藏族可以说是宋元间新形成的一个民族共同体。石硕（1992）的《西藏石器时代的考古发现对认识西藏远古文明的价值》[50]认为，西藏高原在旧石器时代就有最早的土著居民。从新石器时代开始由于黄河上游的氐羌系统文化及北方草原的游牧文化分别从不同的方向汇聚于西藏高原，并与当地土著文化相融合，形成了卡若、曲贡和藏北细石器三大原始文化。这三种文化也就是后来形成藏民族的基本来源。何耀华（1988）的《古代羌人与藏区土著居民的融合》[51]认为藏族是古羌人与藏区的土著居民不断融合而成。但古代藏族不等于古代羌族。由于古羌族是“三苗”等内地民族与西北土著的融合体，所以，就古代藏族的族源来说，它还包括了祖国内地民族的成分。[52]
+
+除上述外，分说甘肃、青海、四川等地藏族族源的文章亦有不少，这些研究一方面使得学界对藏族族源问题的探讨更加细腻、深化，另一方面也为中国藏区地方史的研究提供了理论依据。比如，任乃强（1979）的《达布人的族源问题》、毛尔盖·桑木旦（1981）的《达布人及其族属》、陈宗祥（1980）的《“白马藏族”为氐族遗裔试证》、四川省民委调查组（1980）的《“白马藏人”调查资料辑录》、杨士宏（1985）的《白马藏族族源辨析》[53]等均对川、甘一带的白马藏族[54]及其族源作了探讨。其实，学界对于白马藏族及其族属问题的研究一直存在争议和分歧，并且有过激烈的争论。历史学者徐中舒、缪钺、邓子琴等认为“白马藏人”是历史上古老氐族的后裔；藏族学者毛尔盖·桑木旦等人认为是藏族；任乃强等则认为是古代“宕昌羌”的后裔；也有人主张是另一种民族。1978 年，费孝通曾经专程赶赴平武研究白马人，后来他在《关于我国民族的识别问题》[55]一文中，把“白马藏人”作为典型对象，向国内外介绍，引起了人们强烈的兴趣。费先生也认为：“平武藏人”在历史上并非藏族的可能性是存在的。因此，关于白马藏人的族属问题值得学界进一步深思和探讨。其他学者，比如闵文义、多识、戍夫、杨明等则对甘、川其他地区的藏族族源等问题作了论述[56]。除对川甘地区藏族族源问题的探讨外，声释（1981）的《青海黄南州关于藏族来源的传说》、陈光国 （1982） 的《青海藏族族源初探》[57]，李延恺（1982）的《关于同仁地区藏族来源的传说问题》和《从史籍和口碑看青海藏族的来源及变迁》[58] 等对青海地区藏族的族源及变迁作了探讨；格勒（1985）的《论古代羌人与藏族族源的历史渊源关系》和《隋唐时期的西山诸羌和康巴藏族的形成》[59]、王建西（1984）的《古羌与藏族》[60]等论述了古代羌族与藏民族形成、发展过程中历史渊源；吴静波（1984）的《三十九族及其所属部落的历史情况》和那曲地区文化局（1985）编印的《霍尔三十九族简史》[61]则讨论了西藏古代史中的那曲三十九族及其族属问题。
+
+总体上说，藏族族源的研究始终是一个剪不断理还乱的论题，至今众说纷纭，但有一个共同之处就是人们都不约而同地抛弃了南来说（印度说）[62]。但是，无论是本土说、北来说（据汉文史料），还是多元说等等，虽然都能言之有据，但尚有不少商榷之处。
+
+关于吐蕃音义的研究，这一时期最先引起学术界热烈讨论的是牙含章（1980）的《关于“吐蕃”、“朵干”、“乌斯藏”和“西藏”的语源考证》[63]，作者通过汉藏文语音、语源对堪比证，史料引证征及汉语古音韵分析，考证了上述称谓的读音和源流，其中第一部分考证认为“吐蕃”的“蕃”应读“播”。而西方学者把吐蕃的“吐”解释为“上部”（stod），完全是主观臆测。汉藏文史料中均无据可考。此文一经发表，可谓一石激起千层浪，紧接着的讨论异常热烈:
+
+有赞成“吐蕃”读“tubo”，并进行补充完善，进一步阐发“吐”字缘由的，比如江慰庐（1982）的《浅释“吐蕃”一词的由来及其涵义》[64]在前人基础上分四部分[65]对唐代“吐蕃”一词的语源作了考证，认为“蕃”应读 bo，并对学术界关于“吐”的不同观点进行了总结，然后通过史料分析、古音韵考述等方法研究认为：唐朝人称西藏地区和人民为“吐蕃”，系用中古“中原音变”前的古汉语音、义来对译当时藏族人民的“自称”名号，原意就是“大蕃(播，Bo)”。可算是一篇运用语言学考证历史的佳作。
+
+针对牙含章文中“唐朝人在‘蕃’字前为什么又加了一个‘吐’字，到现在还弄不清楚”之说，安瓦尔·巴衣图尔和克由木·霍嘉（1982）[66]独辟蹊径，根据突厥和维吾尔文献碑铭等进行了一番考证认为，突厥文献专称藏族或藏区之语为“Tüpüt”，很可能是突厥语的“Tüp”和藏语“bod”的通称，即“Tüp+bod”一词演变过来的。新、旧《唐书》等汉文文献中的“吐蕃”的“吐”很可能是古代突厥语“Tüp”一词的汉语音译。
+
+1986 年中国藏学研究中心成立，标志着中国藏学研究得到国家层面的高度重视和大力支持，中国藏学研究步伐从此开始了大发展、大飞跃。从1986 到 2000 年期间，发表的相关文章有五十多篇。
+
+藏族族源方面，田晓岫（1994、1997）先后撰写了《吐蕃王族族源新考》和《藏族族称考》[67]。其中后者首次对历代汉文史籍中所载藏族族称的各种写法进行了系统分类，指明其出处，考释其由来，并把历代藏族族称的汉文写法分为四类：第一类是依居住处的水名地名命名的族称，如藏人、藏民、藏族；第二类是依西藏高原周边部落的他称译写的族称，如吐蕃、土伯特、图白忒等；第三类是依藏族及其先民自称记音的族称，如番族、濮、百巴、北发、发羌等；第四类是藏族先民部落名称的译写，如悉补野、弗夜、宝、附国等。
+
+丹珠昂奔（1999）的《试说藏民族的形成》[68]说藏文明有两大发源地：一是象雄，一是雅砻河谷。“蕃”族称形成的标志是，象雄文明用本教统一了青藏高原，使藏民族脱离了思想意识形态的原始信仰阶段，形成了藏民族最早的统一语言、思想意识和风俗，奠定了共同的民族心理和文化基础；而雅砻河谷文明，推出了悉补野王朝，这一王朝以政治和军事统一了青藏高原，使藏民族脱离了原始社会遗留的联盟和小邦邦国阶段，形成了藏民族共同的生活地域。
+
+藏族关于猕猴与罗刹女相配衍生藏族的传说，人们一直没有把它与藏族起源联系起来，石硕（2000）的文章[69]认为，这个传说恰恰是一个隐含藏族起源真相的文本。作者根据相关藏文史料所载，结合敦煌吐蕃历史文献资料、藏族史地以及考古研究成果，经过较为缜密细致的历史语言学考证认为，传说中的“罗刹女”隐喻和象征西藏腹地的血缘氏族人群，“猕猴”象征青藏高原东部地区（横断山脉）的血缘氏族人群，即西藏腹地的氏族同朵康之地氏族联姻衍生了藏民族。不管学术界对该论文的认同度有多少，都无法否认这是一篇富有功力、颇有新意的学术论文[70]。
+
+关于藏族起源、形成、发展等诸多问题的论文还有不少，笔者认为，张月芬、孙林的《汉族西王母神话与藏羌民族猿猴神话的关系》，尹伟先的《关于突厥———维吾尔文献中的“吐蕃”名称问题》，洲塔的《试论甘肃藏族部落发展进程中的特点》，王继光的《青海隆务河流域藏族来源的社会考察》，恰嘎旦正的《藏族远古十二酋长统治时期的历史概况》[71]等文值得参考。
+
+吐蕃音义的探讨一直没有停歇，也没有最终的定论。本时期大约有十多篇文章，其中,吕一飞（1996）的《“吐蕃”即“上蕃”一说质疑》[72]根据多种史料和学术同行的研究成果，对吴均等的“吐蕃”即“上蕃”的说法提出质疑，认为：第一，“吐蕃”一词最早出现在魏晋南北朝的汉文史书中；第二，“吐蕃”、“秃发”、“Tubbat”、“Tüpüt”、“Tibet”等，都是同一个名称的几种写法；第三，“吐蕃”二字是一个整体，不能拆开。就其原始意义，是“鲜卑父胡母所生的后代”（汉晋时期蒙古草原上民族大融合的产物）。这一名称到公元 7 世纪青藏高原崛起的一支强大的少数民族承袭了这个名号“吐蕃”，但意义已经改变。颇有一定新意。祁振纲（1996）的《吐蕃起源及其读音问题试探》[73]则力图用历史和语言学方法考述吐蕃的起源及其读音问题，且认为“吐蕃”应读“土番”。
+
+安才旦的文章在同行研究成果及相关史料基础上，首先对关于“吐蕃”源流的几种代表性假说作了分析之后，从考证“吐蕃”和“Tüp觟t”这两种称呼由唐朝至今一千三百多年来的承袭线索入手，进一步论证“吐蕃”（确切地说是“吐”字）源于突厥语的观点[74]。材料丰富，角度新颖，分析深入，确实是值得参考的一篇妙文。
+
+尹伟先（1997）的文章[75]则将这个观点推向了一个极致，在对各种观点的得失进行评述的基础上，利用汉、藏、突厥等史料，较为扎实地考证了“吐蕃”源于古突厥语 TüPüT 这一命题的诸多理据。极有参考价值。
+
+南喀诺布 （1990） 的文章从四个方面评述了 Bod 来源，认为“无论从本教史书还是佛教经典都可以证实 Bod 一词自古以来就有了”[76]。朱文旭（2002）[77]撰文认为“吐蕃”源于 dbus。姚远（1987、1988）的文章[78]认为“吐蕃”的确与“秃发”等有关，应读 tǔbō，但认为“吐蕃”词源与藏族族源没有关系。这类文章还有姚远的《“吐蕃”词源及其名义问题重议》，杨志国的《也谈“吐蕃”一词的由来》，张绍臣的《关于“吐蕃”之“蕃”的读音问题》，嘉措顿珠的 《论“蕃”一词的由来及演变》，马德的《KHROM 词义考》[79]等。
+
+当然，“吐蕃”之“蕃”读“播”一说，有赞成者很多，张绍臣（1987）[80]、姚远（1987、1988）[81]、吕一飞（1993）[82]等如是。但不同的是，各自从对“蕃”之所以读 Bo 的理由阐发的角度、方式、深度不同。在此不赘。不过，也有人坚持认为，“蕃”应该念“番”（fan），彭志宪（1988）、姚良柱（1988）[83]等如是，理据单一。
+
+从语言学角度去考述“吐蕃”音义的，也鲜明地分为读 bo 和读 fan 两派：
+
+张济川（2002）[84]援引诸多辞书对“蕃”的注音，并根据相关韵书以及唐代诗文例证，对所有“吐蕃”主张念 tǔbō 的论点逐一进行批评，认为应念tǔfān。读起来似乎言之凿凿。紧接着，谢仁友（2003）[85]撰文提以丰富的材料从多个角度论证“吐蕃”应该念 tǔbō。再后来，郑张尚芳（2006）的《古译名勘原辨讹五例》[86]第五部分又以复杂的音韵推理确定“吐蕃”应该读 tufan，同时提出“蕃”源于苯教，而“吐”可能与突厥文 t觟pü（丘冈；头顶）有关云云。看起来缜密，但在分析史料时依然有疏漏。我们将另文讨论。
+
+总的看来，1937 年抗战前的文章大多是通俗的介绍性文字，学术论文鲜见，真正具有学术功力的论文在抗战爆发后西移南下的诸多著名学者笔下才诞生。新中国之后关于吐蕃名义及藏族族源的研究，始于 20 世纪 70 年代末，到 20 世纪 80 年代达到一个高潮。1986 年中国藏学研究中心成立之后，在国家的重视和大力扶持下，藏学研究发展迅猛。藏族族源和吐蕃音义的考述文章如雨后春笋，文章数量剧增，研究角度多维，且更具深度，出现了不少名篇佳作。不过，也存在些许不足，有些文章在讨论同一论题时，不知何故，常常对同行和前人的成果视而不见；有些文章在审视问题的角度过于单一，未能触类旁通；有些文章资料非常丰富，角度也非常新颖，可惜在史料的甄别、比较、分析和运用方面还是存在某些不足。可是，无论如何百来年的成果着实为我们今后系统研究吐蕃音义和藏族族源打下了坚实的基础。
+
+## [注释及参考文献]
+
+[1]文言竖排，有句读，无标点。连载于《西北杂志》第 1、2期，1912 年 11 月（学术 1－9 页）、12 月（学术 19－24 页）。
+
+[2]文言竖排，无标点。连载于《西北杂志》第 1、2、3、4 期，1912 年 11 月 （学术 13－18 页）、12 月 （学术 25－34 页）、1913 年 1 月（学术 35－48 页）、2 月（学术 49－58 页）。
+
+[3]原载《西北问题季刊》第 2 卷第 1、2 期，1936 年 7 月；后又于 1937 年 3 月载《人文月刊》第 8 卷第 2 期，署名“黄榴青”（《西北问题季刊》3 卷 1、2 期，1936 年 7 月）。
+
+[4]载《蒙藏旬刊》133 期，《中央日报》1937 年 4、5 月）。
+
+[5]载《史地论丛》第 1 期，1928 年 10 月。
+
+[6]此二文分别载《新亚细亚》月刊第 2 卷第 5 期，1931 年 8月（刘家驹译）和《蒙藏月报》第 2 卷第 3 期，1934 年 12 月。
+
+[7]载《蒙藏月刊》第 1 卷第 9、10 期，1931 年。
+
+[8]载《西陲宣化》第 1 卷第 6 期，1936 年 4 月。其他还有德潜的“西藏名称之沿革及其人种之来源考”（《新亚细亚》月刊第 12 卷第 1 期，1936 年 7 月）、黄箔生的“西藏民族是黄帝子孙后裔说”（原载《西北问题季刊》第 2 卷第 1、2 期，1936 年 7 月；后又于 1937 年 3 月载《人文月刊》第 8 卷第 2 期，署名“黄榴青”）等。
+
+[9]载《边事研究》3 卷 5 期，1936 年 4 月。
+
+[10]载《新亚细亚》月刊第 12 卷第 1 期，1936 年 7 月。
+
+[11]载《蒙藏月报》6—2，1936 年 12 月。
+
+[12]连载于《河北博物院画刊》第 114、115、117、119、124、126、127、129、131、133、137、140 期，1936 年 6－8 月、11－12 月、1937 年 1－7 月。
+
+[13]郑天挺（1939）：《发羌之地望与对音》，载《国立中央研究院历史语言研究所集刊》八本一分册，1939 年。
+
+[14]翦伯赞（1943）：《土番种族来源考》，载《中山文化季刊》第 1 卷第 4 期（1943），第 525－531 页。刘洪记、孙雨志（1999）将此文标题记为“吐蕃种族来源考”。
+
+[15]见上注，529－530 页。
+
+[16]姚薇元：《藏族考源》，载《边政公论》第 3 卷第 1 期，1944 年 1 月，第 50－53 页。
+
+[17]见上注，50 页、52 页。
+
+[18]王光璧（1940）：《汉藏同源论》，载《康导月刊》2 卷 11期，1940 年 7 月
+
+[19]黄子翼（1942）：《藏族名称之商榷》，载《边政公论》第 1卷第 7－8 期合刊，1942 年 3 月 10 日，第 93－94 页。
+
+[20]载《边政公论》，1—3、4，1941 年 11 月。
+
+[21]韩儒林（1940）：“吐蕃之王族与宦族”，载《中国文化研究所集刊》第 1 卷第 1 期，1940 年 9 月。
+
+[22]韩儒林（1943）：吐蕃古史与传说研究”，载《文史哲季刊》第 1 卷第 2 期，1943 年 6 月。
+
+[23]任乃强：“吐蕃开国考”，载《康导月刊》第 2 卷第 4 期，1940 年。此文又载《任乃强民族研究文集》（民族出版社，1990）117－121 页。
+
+[24]任乃强：“吐蕃音义考”，载《康导月刊》第 5 卷第 4 期，1943 年。此文又载《任乃强民族研究文集》（民族出版社，1990）137－1143 页。
+
+[25]载《东方杂志》第 43 卷第 4 期，1947 年 1－2 月，第 25－32 页。此文又刊《史地丛刊》第 1 卷第 3 期，1947 年 1－2 月。
+
+[26]金应熙：“吐蕃的兴起”，载《岭南学报》第 8 卷第 1 期，1947 年 12 月。
+
+[27]任乃强：“隋唐之女国”，载《康藏研究》月刊第 5－6 期，1947 年。此文又载《任乃强民族研究文集》（民族出版社，1990）第 212－234 页。
+
+[28]1946 年 4 月，岑仲勉先生根据《隋书》中有关史料考证，认为“附国”即吐蕃，发表了“《隋书》之吐蕃———附国”（载《民族学研究集刊》第 5 期，1946 年 4 月）一文。之后，任乃强先生读后认为“隋之附国为今西康之道孚、甘孜、德格等县地，与岑氏之说相差深远”，随即发表了“附国非吐蕃———与岑仲勉先生商榷”一文，以“相与研讨辨订”，从位置、河流、国名、王号、城栅、物产等六个方面论述，继而认为“隋之附国，为党项族（羌族）之农业古国”，而非吐蕃。接着又发表了“隋唐之女国”一文（载《康藏研究》第 5－6 期）对相关问题进行了深入讨论。任文发表以后，岑仲勉先生又发表了“从女国地位再论附国即吐蕃（附任乃强答案）”，为自己的观点进行辩护和补证，而值得一提的是，此文就发表在任乃强先生主办的《康藏研究》月刊第 10 期（1947年）上，这在今天看来的确是值得珍视的学术争鸣！学者之间的友谊并不为学术观点之不同而有所损益。
+
+[29]载《边政公论》1 卷 3 期，1942 年 3 月。
+
+[30]载《西北民族学院学报》1979 年第 1 期。
+
+[31] 分别载《西北史地》1980 年第 1 期；《西藏研究》（藏文版），1982 年第 3 期；《西北史地》1984 年第 4 期；《西藏研究》1984 年第 3 期，第 52-60 页。
+
+[32]载《中国藏学》1988 年第 2 期第 79-87 页。
+
+[33]载《中央民族学院建校 40 周年学术论文集》，1991 年。
+
+[34]郗萌的《藏族“猕猴变人”神话探索》（载《西北民族学院学报》1993 年第 1 期）也持此看法。另外，还有江应梁主编的《中国民族史·中册》（民族出版社，1990）、童恩正等《西藏昌都卡若新石器时代遗址的发掘及相关问题》（载《民族研究》1983 年第 1 期）、王辅仁与索文清编《藏族史要》（四川民族出版社，1980）、冉光荣等《羌族史》（同上，1984）等。
+
+[35]连载于《西北史地》1985 年第 1 期第 1-8 页、第 2 期第 1-8 页。
+
+[36]分别载《西藏研究》1982 年第 3 期，第 94-102 页；同上，1985 年第 3 期，第 94-98 页。
+
+[37]载《中国藏学》1988 年第 2 期第 64-78 页。
+
+[38]载《西藏研究》1990 年第 4 期第 83-89 页。
+
+[39]载《西藏研究》藏文版 1986 年第 4 期。
+
+[40]分别载《西藏研究》1982 年第 3 期，第 94-102 页；同上，1985 年第 3 期，第 94-98 页。
+
+[41]比如官却才旦的《简论藏族的起源》（载《章恰尔》藏文版 1981 年第 3 期）；群培多吉的《藏民族族源和吐蕃赞布血统漫谈》（载《西藏研究》藏文版 1983 年第 3 期）；沃噶的《论藏人之骨系》（同上，1984 年第 1 期）；东噶·洛桑赤列的《论西藏古代文化、宗教、民族的渊源》（同上，1984 年第 2 期）；桑杰仁钦的《藏族骨系略述》（同上，1984 年第 4 期）；日贡·多吉卡的《略谈藏族族源》（同上，，1985 年第 1 期）等。
+
+[42]载《中国藏学》1988 年第 2 期第 64-78 页。
+
+[43]载《中国藏学》1994 年第 1 期第 81-87 页。
+
+[44]另外，尕藏也属于此类学者，他的《也谈藏族族源》（载《青海民族学院学报》1994 年第 1 期）认为，藏族是源于青藏高原土生土长的古人类。
+
+[45]载《西藏研究》1985 年第 3 期，第 116-120 页。
+
+[46]即：一、藏族的先民；二、从雅隆部落说起；三、藏民族的形成；四、藏族地区的“部落”；五、关于不同地区的藏族。
+
+[47]参阅曾文琼的《藏族（西南少数民族简介）》（载《西南民族学院学报》1980 年第 1 期）；格勒的《青藏高原上的藏族》（载《民族团结》1983 年第 2、3 期）；常凤玄的《世界屋脊的开拓者———藏族》（载《人民日报》1983 年 7 月 25 日）；赤列曲扎的《藏族———祖国大家庭中历史悠久的民族》（载《西藏日报》1980 年 2 月 23 日、3 月 1 日）。
+
+[48]载《民族论丛》第八辑，1990 年。
+
+[49]载《青海民族学院学报》1989 年第 3 期。
+
+[50]载《中国藏学》1992 年第 1 期第 53-63 页。
+
+[51]载《中国藏学》1988 年第 3 期第 100-108 页。
+
+[52] 参阅胡杨全：《近十余年国内藏族族源研究概述》，载《历史教学》1995 年第 7 期第 53-54 页。
+
+[53]分别载《白马藏人族属问题讨论集》，1979 年；《章恰尔》（藏文版）1981 年第 2 期；《白马藏人族属问题讨论集》，四川省民族研究所编，1980；同上；《西北民族学院学报》1985 年第 4 期。
+
+[54]解放初期，将分布在四川平武、九寨沟和甘肃文县一带的少数民族定名为藏族，通称白马藏族，主要根据是由于他们与松潘、虎牙等藏民生活区毗邻。服饰十分独特，不论男女，头上都戴一顶盘形、圆顶、荷叶边由羊毛压模后制成的白色毡帽，并在帽顶侧面插上白色雄鸡的尾羽作饰物；有自己的语言，语音与羌语相近，却没有自己的文字；宗教信奉自然神，最崇信称为“叶西纳蒙”（意即“白马老爷”）的一座神山。
+
+[55]费孝通：《关于我国民族的识别问题》，载《中国社会科学》1980 年第 1 期。
+
+[56]参阅闵文义的《东迁蕃民与舟曲藏族———舟曲藏族渊源初探》（载《西北民族学院学报》1984 年第 2 期）；多识的《略谈天祝藏族族源》（载《西北民族学院学报》（藏文版）1985 年第 1 期）；戍夫的《甘南夏河科才部落的来历及其结构》（载《甘南文史资料》第 4 辑，1985）。多识全名多识·洛桑图丹琼排，著名学者。
+
+[57]分别载《青海民族学院学报》1981 年第 3 期；《民族学研究》第 2 辑，1982。
+
+[58]分别载《青海民族学院学报》1982 年第 2 期；同上，1982 年第 4 期。
+
+[59]分别载《中山大学学报》1985 年第 2 期；《民族文化》1985 年第 1 期。
+
+[60]载《民族论丛》第 2 辑，1984 年。
+
+[61]分别载《西藏党史通讯》1984 年第 4 期；《羌塘》（藏文版），那曲地区文化局编印，1985。
+
+[62]本时期藏族族源相关的其他文章还有丹珠昂奔：《谈藏族神话“猕猴变人”》，载《中央民族学院学报》1986 年第 1 期；安多·尼玛太：《略论藏民族的形成时代及其他问题》，载《西藏研究》（藏文版）1986 年第 1 期；芈一之：《论藏族的来源和形成———兼谈青海藏族来源问题》，载《攀登》1986 年第 2 期；谢继胜：《牦牛图腾型藏族族源神话探索》，载《西藏研究》1986 年第 3 期第 129—136 页；刘沛林：《有关西藏的历史沿革及名称由来》，载《地名丛刊》1988 年第 3 期；欧潮泉：《试论藏族先民的由来》，载《青海民族研究》1989 年第 1 期；石硕：《试论康区藏族的形成及其特点》，载《西南民族学院学报》1993 年第 2 期；《藏族族源“西羌说”的缘起及其不成立性》，载《西藏民族学院学报》1994 年第 2 期；岗措：《关于藏族族源问题的新思考》载《中国藏学》（藏文版）1994 年第 4 期等。
+
+[63]载《民族研究》1980 年第 4 期，第 3-6 页。据前言说，该文是早在 1961 年吴晗应周恩来总理看完话剧《文成公主》之后提出的有关“吐蕃”、“朵甘”、“乌斯藏”及“西藏”如何演变的问题，请苏克勤研究解决，而后者就与牙含章商量。不料文革耽误了该文的写作。直到文革后，牙含章才完成此文发表。
+
+[64]载《西藏研究》1982 年第 1 期，第 31-38 页。
+
+[65]即：一、唐代“蕃”字音读考；二、唐代“吐蕃”名号由来诸说辨正；三、唐朝人选用“吐蕃”一词的缘由；四、简短的结论。
+
+[66]安瓦尔·巴衣图尔、克由木·霍嘉（1982）：《关于“吐蕃”一词的语源考证》，载《新疆社会科学》1982 年第 3 期第122-124 页。
+
+[67]分别载《中国藏学》1994 年第 1 期第 81-87 页；《民族研究》1997 年第 3 期。
+
+[68]载《中央民族大学学报》1999 年第 5 期。
+
+[69]石硕（2000）：《一个隐含藏族起源真相的文本———对藏族始祖传说中“猕猴”与“罗刹女”含义的释读》，载《中国社会科学》2000 年第 4 期。
+
+[70]该文由达多藏译刊发于《中国藏学》（藏文版）2000 年第 4 期。
+
+[71]分别载《西藏民族学院学报》1997 年第 4 期，第 24-30 页；《西北史地》1997 年第 2 期；《中国藏学》1998 年第 3 期，第 74-79 页；《西藏研究》1998 年第 2 期，第 62-67 页；《中国藏学》（藏文版）1996 年第 1 期。其他文章还有恰嘎旦正的《藏区部分民族的祖源初探》（载《西藏研究》藏文版 1996 年第 4 期）、《藏族形成的年代》（同上，1997 年第 2期），旦杰的《浅析藏族的族源》（载《西藏艺术研究》1996 年第 1 期），乔高才让的《华热藏区源流考》（载《安多研究》1996 年第 1 期），卡卓才让的《太布藏族族源考》（载《合作民族师专藏文学报》1997 年第 1、2 期合刊），切排、桑代吉的《汉文史料关于藏族若干称谓考》（载《攀登》（藏文版）1998 年第 2 期）等文。
+
+[72]载《中国藏学》1996 年第 1 期第 33-37 页。
+
+[73]载《中央民族大学学报》1996 年第 2 期。
+
+[74]安才旦：《“吐蕃”一称语源及含义述评———兼论“吐蕃”源于古突厥语说》，载《中国藏学》1988 年第 4 期第 127—143 页。文章提到的八种假说即关于“吐蕃”源于藏语的五种说法（stod bod, lho bod, teu bod, de bod 等）、关于“吐蕃”源于汉语的说法、关于“吐蕃”源于阿尔泰语系语言的说法等。
+
+[75]尹伟先（1997）：《关于突厥———维吾尔文献中的“吐蕃”名称问题》，载《西北史地》1997 年第 2 期第 6-19 转 52 页。
+
+[76]南喀诺布著、格桑居冕译：《Bod 一词之由来》，载《中国藏学》1990 年第 1 期第 128—134 页。文章所述四部分为：（一）评 Bod 一词是从“出走”义的 Bud 演变而来之说；（二）评 Bod 是由国君名称转化而来之说；（三） 评 Bod 是从 Bon（本）转化而来之说；（四）论什么时候就有 Bod 一词。
+
+[77]朱文旭（2000）：《“吐蕃”考》，载《中国藏学》2000 年第 2 期第 85-88 页。
+
+[78]即《“吐蕃”词源及其名义问题重议》和《唐以前“吐蕃”问题初探》，分别载《青海社会科学》1987 年第 1 期第 84-90 页、1988 年第 1 期第 74-80 页。
+
+[79] 分别载《青海社会科学》1987 年第 1 期；《西藏研究》1987 年第 4 期；《湖北大学学报》1987 年第 6 期；《西藏大学学报》1989 年第 1 期；《中国藏学》1992 年第 2 期。
+
+[80]张绍臣（1987）：《关于“吐蕃”之“蕃”的读音问题》，载《湖北大学学报》1987 年第 6 期第 64-66 页。
+
+[81]姚远的《“吐蕃”词源及其名义问题重议》和《唐以前“吐蕃”问题初探》，分别载《青海社会科学》1987 年第 1 期第84-90 页；1988 年第 1 期第 74-80 页
+
+[82]吕一飞（1993）：《谈谈“吐蕃”一词》，载《历史研究》1993 年第 1 期第 139-140 页。
+
+[83]即彭志宪（1988）的《“吐蕃”的“蕃”字还应读“番”》和姚良柱（1988）的《也谈“吐蕃”的“蕃”字应读“番”》，分别载《新疆教育学院学报》1988 年第 1 期第 44-46 页、第 2 期第100-102 页。
+
+[84]张济川（2000）：《“吐蕃”：读 tǔbō 还是 tǔfān》，载《中国藏学》2000 年第 2 期第 76-84 页。
+
+[85]谢仁友：（2003）《“吐蕃”音辨》，载《中国语文》2003 年第 6 期第 522-530 页。
+
+[86]载《中国语文》2006 年第 6 期第 541-549 页。
+
+[责任编辑 顾祖成]
+[校 对 陈鹏辉]
+
+# On the Pronunciation and Meaning of“Tubo”and Origin of Tibetans
+
+Wang Qilong
+
+(Northwest Ethnology Centre, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian, Shaanxi, 710062)
+
+**Abstract:** The pronunciation and meaning of“Tubo”and the origin of Tibetans are closely intertwined, and the academia at home has made considerable studies into their relationship. As a retrospect upon the studies on the topic, this paper reviews, analyzes and summarizes the major research findings by Chinese scholars in the past 100 years.
+
+**Key words:** Tubo; pronunciation and meaning; Tibetan nationality; origin; review
+
+# On the Life Rituals in Huarui Tibetan Areas
+
+Dpal-rjs Dondrup
+
+(Gansu Tibetology Research Institute, Xiahe, Gansu , 747100)
+
+**Abstract:** The life rituals in Huarui Tibetan Areas reflect both the social material life and the national psychology as well. This article investigates the forms and the cultural connotations of these life practices by looking into the evolution of the reproduction conception as well as the rites of pregnancy and birth, name granting by Lama, haircutting and hairstyle-change ceremony and so forth.
+
+**Key words:** Huarui Tibetan areas; birth rite; adult ceremony; cultural connotation
+
+# On the Memory and Legends of the Origin of Baima Tibetans in Longnan Area, Gansu Province
+
+Pu Xiangming
+
+（Department of Literature, Long Nan Teacher’s College,Chengxian,Gansu,742500）
+
+**Abstract:** The memory and legends about the origin of Baima Tibetans appeared later than mythical stories, and some can even trace back to the ancient ancestors who survived after the long migration. As the historical and cultural record of Baima Tibetans produced through oral transmission, these legendary stories have developed into a colorful and unique form of Chinese folklores, which utilize special characters of local people, animals and sceneries, strange fantasies, supernatural images and miracle techniques, and thus are very attractive in plot and significant to literary, ethnological and folklore studies.
+
+**Key words:** Baima Tibetans；memory of national origin；Longnan; legend
+
+# The Historical Value of *Prose-Poems of Tibet in Trilateral Prose- Poem*
+
+Li Jun
+
+(College of Humanities, Gansu Agricultural University; College of Literature of Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070)
+
+**Abstract:** *Trilateral Prose-Poems*, which refers to *Prose-Poem of Tibet* by He Ning from Mongolia, Prose-*Poem of Bukui* by Ying He from Jilin and *Prose-Poem of Xinjiang* by Xu Song from Da Xing, are regarded as three prose-poems classics and also historical and geographical works. This paper researches the historical values of Prose-Poem of Tibet, and conducts the study from three aspects: the origin of Tibetans, the Tibetan Buddhism history and the contemporary administrative history of Tibet.
+
+**Key words:** *Trilateral Prose -Poems; Prose -Poem of Tibet*; historical value; Prose -Poem of frontier regions
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_190.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_190.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f606ad172a147160000535d9eecde3a83f3f8a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_190.md
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# 共享经济
+
+## 【申论视角解读】
+
+### 一、共享经济的意义
+
+1. 有助于化解过剩产能，有助于优化结构。共享经济的基本理念是实现供需关系平衡，实现社会资源利用最大化，所以共享经济在推进供给侧结构性改革，优化经济发展结构，实现中国经济高端化、轻型化、信息化方面，发挥着日益重要的作用。
+
+2. 体现创新驱动的强大力量。共享经济体现了经济发展的创新性、包容性和开放性，推动着大数据、云技术等新兴领域的增长，也引领着传统自行车制造、交通运输、房屋住宿等行业转型升级，走向创新发展。
+
+3. 助推中国经济治理的改革。共享经济作为新兴商业模式与资源配置方式，给传统的经济管理带来了新思路、新理念。
+
+### 二、共享经济发展遇到的问题
+
+1. 使用者缺乏公德心和规则意识。任意停放违规停放，给城市交通秩序，市容市貌造成负面影响；Airbnb、飞猪等房屋住宿共享中，频繁曝出损坏房屋甚至偷盜房主财产的恶劣行为。
+
+2. 企业管理不到位。缺乏行之有效的行业监督，企业为抢占市场份额，盲目扩大发展，短时间内投放量过大。
+
+3. 政府管理服务滞后。对于新兴行业政府相关管理服务制度缺失，公共服务没跟上，同时在软件、硬件设施上缺乏相应的预判。
+
+### 三、促进共享经济有序发展的对策
+
+1. 政府应加强引导、管理、服务。限定单车投放的数量，划定停车区域，规定停车方式；把共享厨房纳入食品监管范围，加强对企业的管理和服务。
+
+2. 企业应加强自身管理。分区域分时段的有计划的投放，登记注册需提交个人身份证明，可以通过用车记录与个人信用体系挂钩来加强对用户的约束。
+
+3. 用户自身应加强自我约束。形成规则意识，重视个人信誉，提高自身素质。
+
+**今日任务：请各位同学将上述文段中9个句子进行精简压缩，把精简后的句子依次罗列在下面的方框中。**
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_191.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_191.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9cf0e6052e6c5e41ec294d98bc6352f6684298a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_191.md
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# 一、独树一帜 VS 别具一格
+
+1. 独树一帜: 单独树起一面旗帜。形容独特新奇, 自成一家。
+
+2. 别具一格: 另有一种独特的风格。形容别致、新颖的样子。
+
+## 【区分】
+
+1. 独树一帜侧重强调形成了自己的一种风格、派别, 与其他均不同。
+
+例句: 苏轼擅长书法, 他取法颜真卿, 但能独树一帜, 与蔡襄、黄庭坚、米芾并称宋代四大家。
+
+2. 别具一格仅指风格特别, 体现不出“自成一家”的含义。
+
+例句: 这家咖啡店虽然小, 但是主人将其装饰得非常温馨, 餐具都别具一格且一尘不染。
+
+# 二、层出不穷 VS 屡见不鲜
+
+1. 层出不穷: 表示接连不断地出现, 没有穷尽。
+
+2. 屡见不鲜: 形容常常见到, 并不新奇。
+
+## 【区分】
+
+1. 层出不穷侧重强调连续出现, 数量很多。
+
+例句: 一年以来, 欧美国家示威、罢工活动此起彼伏, 暴力事件频发, 社会乱象层出不穷。
+
+2. 屡见不鲜侧重指常见到, 不新奇、不新鲜。
+
+例句: 应该用“启事”, 而滥用“公告”的现象屡见不鲜, 致使社会上有些人也见错而不怪了。
+
+# 三、振聋发聩 VS 微言大义
+
+1. 振聋发聩: 声音很大, 使耳聋的人也听得见。比喻用语言文字唤醒糊涂麻木的人, 使他们清醒过来。
+
+2. 微言大义: 指包含在精微语言里的深刻道理。
+
+## 【区分】
+
+1. 振聋发聩侧重强调语言文字的正确性。
+
+例句: 不少官场小说作家对那些不为人知的官场潜规则津津乐道时, 往往忽略了人性关怀和对于真善美的追求, 官场小说应当是敢于揭露丑恶, 读来令人振聋发聩的社会批判作品。
+
+2. 微言大义侧重指语言精微而道理深刻。
+
+例句: 众人起初听的疑惑不解, 但听了片刻后, 便觉得李健字字句句都是微言大义, 每一个用词都发人深省。
+
+# 四、一览无余 VS 一目了然
+
+1. 一览无余：一眼望去，所有的景物均看见了。形容视野广阔，没有阻碍，把事物或景象都看在眼里，没有遗漏。
+
+2. 一目了然：一眼就看得很清楚。形容事物、事情原委很清晰，一看就清楚、明了。
+
+## 【区分】
+
+1. 一览无余侧重强调没有遮挡，看的全面。
+
+例句：宇宙中最冷的地方是“回力棒星云”，那里的温度仅比绝对零度高1度。在绝对零度条件下，所有的原子都会冻结。捕捉到“回力棒星云”芳容的“阿尔玛”（望远镜）设在阿塔卡马沙漠中海拔5000米的高原上，那里几乎没有湿气或植被，能对天空一览无余。
+
+2. 一目了然侧重指一下子就看得很清楚，明了。
+
+例句：我们在日常的积累中，会发现有很多类型的材料，譬如描写景物的词语，或者环境描写的句段，这些都可以为我们以后的写作服务。因此，我们在日常的写作中可以采取目录法进行分类，使材料积累一目了然。
+
+# 五、随心所欲 VS 为所欲为
+
+1. 随心所欲：指随着自己的心意，想做什么就做什么。
+
+2. 为所欲为：表示想干什么就干什么。
+
+## 【区分】
+
+1. 随心所欲侧重强调随心意、随意愿，中性词。
+
+例句：在儒家制度的安排下，个体可以随心所欲，不受约束。
+
+2. 为所欲为侧重指想干什么就干什么，贬义词。
+
+例句：人类应该有所敬畏。对敬畏感的褒扬并非意味着宣传愚昧和迷信，抹杀人的主体性，而是主张对人的主体性加以适度限制，即对人的自负浅薄、妄自尊大、不自量力等予以合理规约。这种限制和规约，可以使人类不至于毫无顾忌地为所欲为。
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..064aa47318b6075caabbe302394cf32ce16a58f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_192.md
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+# 广场舞
+
+## 【申论视角解读】
+
+### 一、广场舞运动的意义
+
+1. 有益身心健康。锻炼身体，愉悦身心，能够丰富老年生活。
+
+2. 体现社会进步，彰显大国体育心态。满足群众对精神文化生活的追求，体现了社会的进步。竞技体育色彩渐淡，全民健身全民参与味道浓，彰显大国体育心态。
+
+3. 有利于弘扬社会主义核心价值观。
+
+### 二、广场舞引发争议的原因
+
+1. 广场舞噪音大扰民，存在安全隐患。
+
+2. 部分广场舞者规则意识法制意识淡薄。部分舞者素质不高，造成对时间秩序、空间秩序、环境秩序的侵扰。
+
+3. 城市公共活动空间预留不足。一方面城市设建设不合理，没有给市民活动预留出足够空间。另一方面，开发商在小区建设过程中，对小区公共用地预留不足。
+
+### 三、促进广场舞良性发展的对策
+
+1. 媒体应加大宣传，提倡舞者换位思考。鼓励其采取自律措施，分区分时段开跳，控制音量，缩短跳舞时间。
+
+2. 小区物业、业委会协调。物业应协调多方，保障大多数的权利，避免纷争。
+
+3. 政府增加场地供给，加强管理。发掘利用城乡商业广场、企业和社区场地、边角空地等社会场地资源；加大公共文化体育场馆免费开放力度，充分提高场馆利用率；加大体育运动场馆的建设力度；从时间、地点、音量等方面建规建制规范广场舞。
+
+4. 技术上减音降噪。研发生产适合广场舞的扬声器，只在一定范围内发声，超过范围分贝大幅降低。
+
+**今日任务：请各位同学将上述文段中10个句子进行精简压缩，把精简后的句子依次罗列在下面的方框中。**
+
+
+
+
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_193.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_193.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..88d1970d84e4d47eca72e6a5a318ee96965ab8bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_193.md
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# 智慧城市
+
+**【热点事例】** 雄安新区，海绵城市建设，新型城镇化等。
+
+## 【申论视角解读】
+
+### 一、智慧城市建设的意义
+
+1. **有利于提高城市效率**。有助于提高物与物、物与人、人与人的互联互通、全面感知和利用信息能力，降低城市运行和管理成本，提高城市效率。
+
+2. **有利于提高城市敏捷度**。能够及时传递、整合、交流、使用城市信息，增强城市对环境变化的反应速度，提高城市敏捷程度。
+
+3. **有利于创造新的城市服务**。丰富城市服务的多样性，提高城市服务能力，提升人民群众的物质和文化生活水平。
+
+4. **有利于催生新业态**。“旅游+科技”有利于推动智慧旅游，实现对景区、酒店等旅游企业运营状态的实时监管。
+
+### 二、智慧城市建设面临的问题
+
+1. **缺少统筹管理和顶层规划**。智慧城市建设还未形成国家层面的总体规划设计，未明确牵头部门，有关管理职责不清。各地智慧城市建设参差不齐，低水平重复建设，投入成本增高、资源利用率低。政策法规依据不足，未制订相应的管理制度，未形成严格规范的组织管理体系。
+
+2. **缺少核心技术及产品，技术支撑体系不健全**。高端芯片、关键组件、基础软件等核心技术储备不足，大部分核心技术、产品依赖国外，缺乏技术创新带动，发展后劲不足。
+
+3. **信息安全隐患堪忧**。缺乏物联网、云计算等技术标准，若照搬国际组织控制的相关标准，未来要支付大量的专利费用，大大增加成本和风险。
+
+4. **缺少合理的产业规划和良性循环的商业模式**。智慧城市建设进程和产业发展不协调，商业模式单一，主要依靠政府的投资和管理，未能有效引入社会力量的参与，不利于产业转型升级和发展方式转变。
+
+### 三、智慧城市建设的对策
+
+1. **发挥市场主体作用和政府辅导作用**。建立健全市场主体机制，搞好规制改革，完善政府辅导智慧城市的机制，创新体制机制，鼓励社会参与智慧城市建设。
+
+2. **以用为本、以人为本**。以智慧城市应用体系建设为指向，以切实满足市民的现实需求为目的，推进智慧城市建设。
+
+3. **因地制宜**。我国区域差异巨大，应根据不同城市的特殊性，提出有针对性的个性化解决方案。
+
+4. **资源共享。** 智慧城市建设必须实现部门之间、行业之间信息资源共享，实现业务的协同与集成创新。
+
+5. **做到可管可控。** 智慧城市建设必须重视网络安全、信息安全以及系统安全，通过软件与硬件设施以及安全标准体系的建设，确保智慧城市信息基础设施、数据基础设施、共享服务平台及众多应用系统安全可控。
+
+今日任务：请各位同学将上述文段中13个句子进行精简压缩，把精简后的句子依次罗列在下面的方框中。
+
+
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d477f05d7c7d3856906e3880d9c565bcfbab120e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_194.md
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+# 知识付费
+
+## 【申论视角解读】
+
+### 一、知识付费兴起的意义
+
+1. 助推健康内容环境的发展。在泡沫不断的时代，付费的形式能够帮助消费者筛选更有质量的知识或内容，有利于健康内容环境的成长和发展。
+
+2. 有助于营造全民学习终身学习的良好氛围。付费的形式有助于鼓励社会创新更多不一样的渠道和形式，为消费者提供更多的学习渠道和机会，而通过收费的方式给消费者带来付出感和代价感，能够督促他们更主动地学习。
+
+3. 产生新经济，促进就业。对于知识生产者，是一种新的营收方式，创造新的经济增长点，带动就业。
+
+### 二、知识付费带来的危害
+
+1. 行业变浑浊。利益的诱惑导致良心缺乏的内容制造者通过抄袭、洗文等方式盗取原创者的知识权益，知识生产和传播环境变得更加复杂浑浊。
+
+2. 内容难保证。被动付费的形式无法向消费者保证内容质量，且易导致内容同质化。
+
+### 三、促进知识付费行业良性发展的对策
+
+1. 打造精品内容，坚守知识人的良心。作为知识生产者，自己应对知识内容有基本的甄别能力，坚持为消费者提供真实有用高质量对胃口的内容，同时注意避免内容同质化。
+
+2. 加快技术升级。加密防盗版，尊重保护好原创者的知识产权；建立和完善内容筛选机制，细分和推广机制，后续跟踪服务机制。
+
+3. 创新知识供给方式，引导和创造新需求。注重学习与实践体验相结合，加强线上线下互动，商家可组织线下体验活动，争取最大复购率。
+
+**今日任务：请各位同学将上述文段中 8 个句子进行精简压缩，把精简后的句子依次罗列在下面的方框中。**
+
+
+
+
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_195.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_195.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..06694bbe81b6d4548d379420c2384d7fd8311702
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_195.md
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+# 算法权力在新闻短视频传播中的法治进阶
+
+李元华
+
+**摘要** "算法权力在新闻短视频传播中实现了全过程摄入、全封闭控制和全指标化评价，但算法权力蕴含着权力异化、反向驯化、俘获监管等诸多潜在风险，因此亟须对算法权力进行法律规制。可通过刺破算法权力的潜藏面纱，识破后真相时代的隐匿伪装，突破工具理性的中立束缚，实现对算法权力反客为主式的嬗迭目标。具体而言，权力语境下需由算法权力转向媒介权力，由软法权力转向硬法权力，由资本权力转向文化权力；权利语境下可细化隐私权的保护规则，赋予用户被遗忘权和算法解释权；义务语境下搭建算法风险评估机制和价值观预警机制，并由主流媒体进行中心再造；责任语境下分别基于行政法、刑法和民间法进行归责评价，力求在新闻短视频传播中实现对算法权力法治规训的进阶目标。
+
+**关键词** 算法权力;新闻短视频;法治规训;善治程式
+
+
+
+**作者简介** 李元华,男,太原科技大学法学院讲师。研究方向:行政诉讼法学、文化法学。电子邮箱:tgyxds@126.com。
+
+**基金项目** 中央高校基本科研费资助项目“交通政府规制与行政相对人的公共行政义务研究”(2242020S30043)、江苏省哲学社会科学重大项目“民生目标实现的区域协调发展行政法律措施”(2018SJZDA004)阶段性成果。
+
+目下，新闻短视频平台在新兴媒介的加持下已迅速成为舆论和流量交织的集聚地，部分平台更是以接近直播的形式将所记录之内容无差别地展现在公众面前，其中不乏有一些竭力扰动公民负面情绪并且会对社会秩序产生不利影响的虚假新闻。毋庸置疑，为了尽量减少影响社会安全和稳定的负面因素，对舆论导向的适度干预是必不可少的，而算法便是治理者最为有效的干预工具。进入数字社会，一方面，算法具有不可替代的独特优势，借助算法人类从未像现在这样可以在短时间内简单高效地使用大量数据，足以让社会各行各业都发生巨大的改变甚至颠覆[1]；另一方面，在流量为王的时代，以价值无涉为特性的算法权力弊端亦被充分暴露出来。在诸多重要问题上，标榜技术中立和工具理性的算法权力甚至对基本的价值导向都无法做出判断，以致引发真假难辨的信任困局。算法工程师在为算法充分赋权的同时却忘记了打造关住算法权力的笼子，而无论从效力视角还是效益视角分析，法律都将是规制算法运行的首要公器。当前理论界围绕算法规制的探讨大都基于单一的学科视角进行，跨学科或交叉式的建言畛域仍相对狭窄。本文将立足于法学和传播学的交叉视角，力求探讨一种在新闻短视频传播中法律可有效规训算法权力的善治路径，以期能够引发阅者更为广泛的思考。
+
+## 一、新闻短视频传播之算法权力的证成
+
+短视频等新兴媒介改变了信息的交互方式，同时也塑造了新型生产方式，如带货主播、职业自媒体创作人等。算法为新型生产方式提供了关键性服务，但如学者所言 “服务即控制”[2]，一方面，以数据和用户画像为原料，算法成为不可替代的服务提供者；另一方面，因为算法的不可置换，以至于其逐渐演变成为一种难以被驯服的权力。
+
+### (一)短视频传播的整体面相
+
+借助于数字技术的进步，我国短视频行业呈现出百花齐放的发展态势，尤其近年来，在字节跳动、快手、腾讯、哔哩哔哩短视频平台的商业运作下，视频时长和用户规模都呈现出爆发性增长趋势，PGC、PUGC 和 UGC 等多种内容生产模式同台竞技，短视频电商更是开启了“飞轮”运营模式[3]。2022 年 2 月，中国互联网络信息中心（CNNIC）发布了第 49 次《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》，据统计，截至 202 1 年 1 2 月，我国短视频用户规模已达 9.34 亿，网络新闻用户亦达到7.7 1亿[4]，但短视频行业爆发式增长的背后却隐藏了一系列复杂的社会问题，在此可将其划分为三个阶段：
+
+其一，内容生产端。在某些新闻短视频的传播中，各种虚假信息、盗版侵权视频、博取眼球的低俗违法内容等层出不穷，对良好的社会环境和市场经营秩序的维护增添了诸多致阻因素。例如为赚取流量收益制作并宣传“十堰火车站爆炸”虚假短视频被拘案[5]、2018 年推动法治进程十大案件之一———低俗短视频侵犯叶挺烈士名誉案[6]，等等，部分短视频创作者为赚取经济利益，不加识别地随意转发不实信息，尤其对民众较为感兴趣的群体性社会新闻的肆意传播所导致的负面影响更为显著，应当引起决策者足够的重视。其二，内容分发端。平台监管是一种事后监管，实践中当平台发现并采取措施对违法视频封号或下架处理时，其潜在的不良社会影响往往早已形成蔓延趋势，甚至部分平台因为自身经营能力的局限产生了数据瑕疵和算法漏洞，无法做到对违法视频的全面监控和及时处理[7]。其三，内容接收端。一方面，源于新兴媒介方式对传统纸质传媒市场的强力攻占，导致部分弱势群体尤其老年群体失去了接收信息的主要渠道，从而变相产生数据鸿沟；另一方面，部分视频中的有害信息对青少年群体成长造成了严重的负面影响，沉迷短视频、高额打赏创作者或网络欺凌等现象时有发生。
+
+### (二) 算法权力对新闻短视频的深度统摄格局
+
+媒介技术的革新使短视频行业成为狂飙猛进的弄潮儿，但与之伴随的还有“众神狂欢”的乱象，在算法的巨大推力下，对背离主流价值的文化区隔和群体极化现象的担忧并非多此一举[8]。而这一切皆可归因于算法权力对新闻短视频传播的深度统摄，其主要表现为三个层次：
+
+第一，算法的全过程摄入。新闻短视频的整个生产过程需历经四个环节，分别为新闻线索的收集、内容的文本化、事实的初步审查和内容的推送分发。算法权力通过对弥散信息的数据化处理、对把关审核程序的技术垄断以及针对用户画像的精准计算完成了对短视频传播的全过程控制[9]。某种程度上，除了算法设计者，短视频传播中每个环节的参与主体都是算法体系中的被计算元素，一旦离开算法，从内容生产者到流量消费者之间完整的利益链条便会瞬间中断。第二，算法的全封闭控制。非公开、不透明是算法的主要特性之一，而由此生成的算法黑箱便是全封闭控制的产物。在数据加工过程中，数量繁多且有序的指令是算法的组成要素，但此种有序指令的计算模型通常会被运营平台视为商业秘密不予公开，同时为保护个人信息，算法运作所形成的用户画像也自然会被商业平台借隐私权保护为借口据为己有。故由此形成的最终格局为：算法黑箱被人为创造出来，并且数据加工者以数据保护为借口堂而皇之地变成了数据的所有者，事实上这完全可视为一种对公民“数权”的侵占行为。第三，算法的全指标化评价。算法权力统摄下的传媒评价体系一般只有指标化的数字，算法的考核指标中缺乏现代文明社会所倡导的公益优先、公序良俗等主观价值导向，故算法根本无法从本质上辨别出新闻短视频比之于普通短视频的独特属性，自然也不会对其做出特殊安排，由此可见，在新闻短视频的传播过程中，若只依靠算法权力较难实现乌托邦式的传播图景[10]。
+
+## 二、新闻短视频传播中算法权力的风险外观
+
+新闻短视频运营主体意图凭借算法权力打造“千人千面”的差序格局[11]，为了完成这一宏伟的规划目标，算法工程师们尽可能地为算法赋权，但技术皆具有两面性，诚如孟德斯鸠所言，一切有权力的人都容易滥用权力，此为万古不易之经验[12]，故新闻短视频传播中算法权力滥用的风险亦不会缺席。
+
+### (一) 权力异化风险
+
+2019 年，TechCrunch 在其服务器上报告了来自美国、英国和越南用户等超过 4.19 亿条 Facebook 记录的个人数据信息，进而在之后的 2020 年，Facebook 的一个系统漏洞再次被利用，使人们可以看到每个与 Facebook 账户相连的电话号码，并且有相当一部分其他数据在黑客圈中被发现[13]。由此观之，即便实力雄厚的国际头部企业也无法避免算法权力肆意所导致的不利后果。由于缺乏有效规制算法的手段，算法权力的运行极易产生异化风险，具体表现为两个方面：
+
+一是算法的自动异化风险。尽管当前算法权力自动异化风险的防范机制尚未正式上升到制度层面，但这一现象并不会持续太久，人类对算法深度利用的背后是对算法控制限度的逐步缩减，这也是为了充分利用算法价值所不得不付出的代价。2019 年巴黎圣母院发生火灾，在排除了人为因素干涉的情景下，YouTube 网站居然将其与“9·11 事件”一并进行关联推荐，此即算法自动运行的结果，可见算法的自动异化风险不仅客观存在，而且单纯从技术层面竟然难以对其进行苛责[14]。二是算法的主动异化风险。算法的主动异化其实质是人为主导下的算法异变过程，算法偏见、数据陷阱、虚假广告的定向投放等都是以算法作为伪装的人为操控后果，并且此等后果将直接作用到新闻短视频的内容之中，新闻短视频的普通用户凭借自身能力根本无法轻易识别，此即意味着算法的异变过程具有极强的隐蔽性，需要专业的监管者介入方能实现有效规避。除此之外，以当前的科技发展水平尚不能生产出具有独立意识的人工智能生成物，故算法主动异化风险所带来的不利后果要远甚于算法的自动异化。因为算法的自动异化过程虽然可能带来直接的物质利益损失，却更易被识别，并且通常具有可回旋余地，其导致的利益损失也大都集中于个体私益，但算法的主动异化风险却因其具有伪装性而难以被轻易识别，且风险导致的后果具有迟滞性和非直接性，损害目标一般会集中于社会公共利益，故当监管者意识到潜在风险时，不利后果通常已经发生，社会公益的圆满状态已然无法进行恢复。
+
+### (二)反向驯化风险
+
+人类正在被算法绑缚，算法正在通过剥夺用户选择权的方式反向驯化用户[15]。在当前新闻短视频的传播程式中，诸多新闻短视频用户尤其是老年群体并不知道如何关闭个性化推荐功能，即便个别使用熟练的用户对广告推荐的内容无数次选择“不感兴趣”，却仍然无法阻止类似广告内容的频繁出现。从主动寻求新闻信息到被动接收内容推送，新闻短视频的用户在某种程度上已经被驯化成为算法的“棋子”。具体的驯化表现主要集中在以下三个方面：
+
+一者，对个体选择的驯化。当下单一个体都不得不在由算法交织而成的数字社会中生存，这是社会发展所给予的必然选择，但同时也是一种零和选择。如在众多的短视频 APP 中，如果用户不在使用前对开发者提前拟定的格式协议点选同意则根本无法使用该软件的功能，可见个体在享受算法所提供的服务时并不能体验经商谈达成合意的喜悦，这是一种非此即彼的合作模式，对于个体而言要么选择遵从，要么被迫出局。二者，对主体行为的驯化。当主体意识与算法导向出现冲突时，算法会通过剥夺用户观感的方式强迫主体做出遵从算法导向的行为。如在多数新闻短视频 APP 中均有个性化推荐的选项，平台一般会以默认选中的方式代替用户进行选择，但当用户无法忍受千篇一律的雷同内容而将个性化推荐选项关闭时，取而代之的是大量过时冗余、广告营销等无价值新闻，此时用户别无选择，只能被迫遵从算法所设定的推荐规则，而算法权力也借此实现了对用户的反向驯化。三者，对群体认知的驯化。算法可以通过对社会各行业的评价导向影响群体认知进而改变利益规则，在某种程度上甚至可以左右社会生产关系的走向。例如近年来对 MCN 运作模式的从业者、短视频创作者等新兴职业群体的社会评价均有较大变化，社会群体对此类新兴职业的认知评价正逐渐趋向于正面，产业职工规模性转向外卖骑手的社会现象亦可佐证此观点[16]，而算法在这悄然发生的转变中起到了推波助澜的关键性作用。
+
+### (三)“俘获”监管风险
+
+应当说明的是，算法所可能存在的监管风险是一种潜在的被动俘获风险。一般而言，按照监管的三个时期节点，算法对监管权的俘获过程需要经历三个步骤：
+
+第一步为监管空白期的资本外观隐匿。新闻短视频传播中的算法权力在兴起之初，其运作理念通常会被标榜为科技、创新甚至人类文明等，如此不仅可获得偏向于正面的社会评价，亦可绕过严格的资本监管规则，还能收获来自政策、技术甚至是资金等方面的扶持。可见隐藏在技术背后的资本外观为算法权力提供了宽松的土壤和生长环境，故此阶段对应监管的空白期。第二步为监管犹豫期的野蛮生长。此环节中，新闻短视频平台一般会通过各种优惠的让利手段吸引用户，扩大市场规模，同时以利益诱导用户，提供众多的优质资源和服务供用户免费使用，使其逐渐习惯算法的运作模式，目的在于通过“温水煮青蛙”的方式逐步实现对市场的抢夺。此阶段中监管权通常并不会完全介入，原因在于：一者，算法权力发展速度过快导致监管无法及时跟进；二者，算法主导下新生产方式的产业化前景仍不明朗；三者，算法权力运行所产生的社会问题并未大规模显现，故此时的监管权仍处于犹豫期。第三步为监管宽限期的非透明运营。当附随新闻短视频而发展壮大的算法权力已然可以规模化运作时，监管权恐已无能力再全面介入算法权力的运行过程。一方面，算法作为商业秘密的组成部分，监管权的介入需要履行必经的告知程序；另一方面，算法运行所形成的用户画像涉及公民的隐私权，监管也必须给予其必要的尊重。因此，在面对技术垄断和算法黑箱时，只能选择让步进而实行有限监管。综上可知，在新闻短视频的传播过程中，当算法权力实现垄断运作时，监管权的权力涵摄范围只能被迫压缩，从而不得不接受权力涵摄范围之外监管权被动俘获的事实。
+
+## 三、公权主体对算法权力“反客为主”的嬗迭向度
+
+若以短视频运营者视角观之，算法的权力主体是唯一的，即创造并控制算法的技术平台，但此认知对于新闻短视频而言却并不适用。2021 年 2 月《互联网用户公众账号信息服务管理规定》正式施行，其中第 18 条规定公众账号未经许可不得从事互联网新闻信息服务，此规定的实质是为互联网新闻传播增设了行政许可，也即意味着网络新闻服务除遵守一般规定外还要适用特殊的监管规则。因此新闻短视频发展应当突出自身独特的公共属性，改变算法权力主导的局面，国家公权力应当“反客为主”成为算法权力的主人。
+
+### (一)刺破算法权力的潜藏面纱
+
+当前人工智能生成物尚不具备独立法律人格，在社会关系中支撑起人工智能的算法自然也不具有主体意识，算法的背后是拥有自主价值观的算法工程师，而驱动算法工程师产生行为动机的依旧是资本权力，故经过层层解析后可发现算法权力其实质是经过伪装的资本权力。资本权力虽然通过操控算法权力逐步实现了对公民私权利和国家公权力的侵占，但严格意义上讲，资本权力还是必须通过算法权力间接实现运作目标，资本权力在名义上并未直接参与对权力或权利的侵占过程。如果单纯以法教义学视角观之，法律所能规制的依旧只有处于第一阵营的算法权力，但虚假新闻传播所造成的负面社会影响都是客观存在的，因此亟须一种可以延伸法律涵摄范围的正当解释，能够为法律直接规制资本权力提供正当性论证。在此认为可以借鉴公司法中刺破公司面纱的理论进行教义解释，按此理论，在特定情形下，法律可以对公司的法人人格进行否定继而直接追究股东的责任，故依此类比适用，监管者同样可以在特定情形下刺破算法权力的面纱，直接管制资本权力。当然，明晰新闻短视频传播中的主体地位是适用此理论的前提和基础，若主客体地位不清，则对资本权力的规制也将是纸上谈兵。新闻传播涉及意识形态、文化权力、社会舆论甚至国家安全等多个方面，国家利益和社会公共利益应当成为新闻传播行业发展的首要考虑因素。毋庸置疑，即便算法是当前新闻传播所必须依仗之工具，新闻传播的主导权也应当由国家公权掌握，算法权力在任何时刻都不能僭越国家公权，故新闻短视频传播中的主导角色不应是算法权力，更不是算法权力背后的资本权力，而应当是国家公权。
+
+### (二) 识破后真相时代的隐匿伪装
+
+舆论引导、思想引领、文化传承、服务人民是习近平总书记为主流媒体指定的发展方向[17]，新闻虽然不是主流媒体的专属物，但新闻传媒具有公共属性，应当对主流价值观的传递和公益理念的传播作出应有贡献，并且部分关系到舆论引导的新闻不同于普通的社会热点新闻，此类新闻在用户的认知中具有先入为主的权威性和真实性，因此新闻类媒体应主动承担社会责任，努力完成传承文化和服务人民的重要使命。然而这一目标的达成存在一个基本前提，即新闻应当是客观真实的而非加入主观因素干扰的后真相。
+
+在新闻短视频传播中，广义上的后真相一般来源于两个方面：一是来自内容本身。短视频虽然具有传播便利、内容凝练易理解的优势，但同时也具有不可修正的缺陷，即无法实现视频传播内容的完整表意。为博取流量收益，部分新闻短视频被人为剪辑，将重要内容技术处理并重新拼凑后上传平台诱导民众。身处后真相时代，部分用户只为情感上能引发共鸣，无法辨别甚至根本不在意客观真相，从而跟风转发，进一步增大了诱导性新闻的传播范围。二是来自算法推荐过程。算法推荐对后真相的形成起到了决定性作用，为迎合用户的情绪宣泄需求，算法权力运作形成的信息茧房通过不停地分发雷同性新闻，完整地主导了后真相的形成过程[18]。事实上，后真相只是一种资本迎合市场的隐匿伪装，后真相时代并非不可逆，尤其在新闻短视频传播中更要减少后真相的形成，识破后真相时代的隐匿伪装，故需从源泉上斩断后真相的“原料”。
+
+### (三) 突破工具理性的中立束缚
+
+德国社会学家马克斯·韦伯首次提出了工具理性的概念，基于目的合理性追求功利主义是工具理性的主要建构逻辑[19]。在短视频行业的发展进程中，工具理性、技术中立、避风港原则、红旗原则等皆可能成为算法权力的诉讼抗辩理由，并且成功率极高。根据研究机构统计，我国代表性互联网企业知识产权类案件胜诉率接近 90%[20]，但值得深思的是，工具理性所鼓吹的算法中立究竟应当如何理解？
+
+首先，法律意义上的算法中立是不存在的。当前我国的人工智能技术远远没有发展到人类无法有效控制的程度，我国立法也并未赋予人工智能创作物任何法律上的人格或身份，故独立人格尚不存在又何以遑论中立性地位。其次，中立性免责本身就是一种悖论。主张中立免责的抗辩主体一面强调算法无意识，民众应该包容因为算法无意识而造成的不良后果；另一面又主张算法是中立的，因此算法权力造成的损失应当归责于算法自身的运行瑕疵，与抗辩主体无关。但按上述逻辑，算法既然无独立之意识又何来中立一说，且无独立意识则无责任能力，将不利后果归结到无责任能力的主体上也并不符合法理规范，可见此逻辑本身便是自相矛盾的。最后，避风港等免责原则的扩大适用并无法律依据。《信息网络传播权保护条例》以及《电子商务法》第 42 条、第 45 条所规定的避风港原则和红旗原则只限在版权侵权领域适用，但版权问题只是新闻短视频行业发展中众多子问题之一，算法权力在其他领域所造成的不良后果并不能以此作为免责事由。综上可知，表面视之，过分强调工具理性似乎会构成对监管权的中立束缚，但如果严格按照法教义对此种束缚进行剖析可发现其并不成立，故即便在单纯的技术层面，行政和司法公权需要也应当实现“反客为主”，对新闻短视频传播中的算法权力进行更为严格的规训[21]。
+
+## 四、算法权力在新闻短视频传播中的规训程式
+
+权利、义务和责任是法律关系的基本组成要素，而规制算法权力又是建构新闻短视频法治程式的必经之路，故可尝试将其与上述三要素相结合，立足于权力、权利、义务、责任四种语境探讨算法权力场域下新闻短视频发展的法治程式。
+
+### (一)权力语境下的善治程式
+
+鉴于算法权力所衍生的各种社会问题，新闻短视频的发展路径不宜再延续旧有轨道继续进行，当下短视频的发展夹杂在国家公权、资本权力、算法权力、文化权力等多个权力情景中，亟须对其进行条分缕析并适度拓展畛域范围方能使内部机理协调发展。为此，新闻短视频发展需要实现三种转向：
+
+第一，由算法权力主导转向媒介权力主导。从权力属性分析，算法权力的调整对象主要面向用户，而权属主体也并非国家，故算法权力的实质属性为私权。但算法权力的私权属性具有特殊性，其所涵摄范围与公权深度重合，且公权并不占据实质主导地位，故为突破当前困境，新闻短视频传播中的主导地位应当由公权属性的媒介权力担当，广义上的媒介权力其本质为国家所掌控的社会公权，而算法权力应当成为媒介权力的附属性权力[22]。第二，由软法权力转向硬法权力。虽然短视频只是互联网行业中的细小分支，但新闻短视频涉及公共利益和国家舆论导向，因此对待新闻短视频的监管力度不能像对待普通自媒体一样，只对其进行形式监管。短视频平台守则、行业规则、组织规约等软法手段并不能有效规制算法权力的恣意，故软法权力可以与硬法权力相互配合形成合力，且由刑法、行政法以及互联网行业领域法组成的硬法权力应当占据绝对的主导地位。第三，由资本权力转向文化权力。事实证明，由资本权力支撑的新闻短视频行业并不能完成舆论引导和思想引领的制度使命。而文化权力以国家公权作为后盾，权力涵摄范围覆盖国家利益和社会公共利益，因此在特殊的新闻媒介领域，个体或小群体的私益应当服从于国家利益和社会公益，资本权力应当将对算法的支配权让渡给文化权力，为文化权力更好地服务于公共利益释放出制度空间。
+
+### (二)权利语境下的赋权法则
+
+鉴于平台行使权利也是以算法权力为工具，故新闻短视频平台所拥有的自主经营权并非此处讨论的重点，用户群体才是权利语境下的关键性主体。具体而言，用户权利的保障可从以下三个方面入手：
+
+其一，细化隐私权的保护规则。2021 年 11 月 1 日起，《中华人民共和国个人信息保护法》正式施行，公民的隐私权保护力度得到了进一步提升。然而，在新闻短视频传播领域，与之伴随的却是大量短视频 APP 版本的强制更新。在新版本软件中，新法增设的个人信息处理规定被移植到了使用 APP 之前的格式合同之中，用户面对的依旧是同意或放弃使用的二选一规则。事实上，此做法只是增加了几条用户必须点选同意的格式条款，除此之外对用户隐私权的保护并未有实质性提升。故为改善此问题，立法者可尝试对隐私信息进行细致的分级和分类，以比例原则为标尺规范平台的信息使用行为，确保采集信息的适当性、必要性和均衡性，同时出台相应行业规则对信息处理者的使用行为进行细化指导和规范指引。
+
+其二，建立被遗忘权行使规则。尽管被遗忘权并非法定的个人信息权利，但现实中网络暴力、网络水军有组织地恶意攻击等行为屡禁不止，因此为避免舆论制裁的边际效应过高，可允许新闻短视频的相关利益者在一定年限之后申请撤销关联内容，如对非重大事件，在 5 年后利益相关者可以向监管平台申请撤销所有关联信息，而无须经过发布者或第三方主体的同意，毕竟即便刑罚制裁也是有时间限度的[23]。
+
+其三，充分保障用户诉权。上文提及的平台逐年上升的高胜诉率应当引起社会足够的关注，因为其并不符合概率分布特点，平台的高胜诉率可能意味着用户的高败诉率。诉权保障依赖于律师的辩护能力、证据能力以及经济能力等诸多客观条件，诉讼能力对案件的裁决结果至关重要，客观物质条件在事实上也是诉讼能力的重要组成部分，而新闻短视频平台凭借自身强大的诉讼能力在事实上构成了对公民诉权的侵占，因此可将此类案件纳入法律援助制度以保证公民享有平等的诉权。
+
+### (三)义务语境下的规范赋能
+
+义务语境下新闻短视频传播的法治程式可分别从监管者义务、平台义务和用户义务三个角度出发进行具体的制度建构。首先，以监管者义务视角观之，新闻短视频传播的去中心化剥夺了传统编辑工作者的把关审核权，因此监管者不仅要履行监管职责，还要代替传统编辑工作者行使整体把关权，实现以监管者为中枢的“中心再造”[24]。当然，要求监管者做到事无巨细并不现实，监管者履行规范创设的义务是实现监管目标的首要前提。当前我国的《网络短视频内容审核标准细则》《网络短视频平台管理规范》等均系行业规定，缺乏强制力作为保证，因此可由行政机关制定行政法规或部门规章的方式予以详细的立法规制，立法条款应当着重加强对意识形态和主流价值的维护。其次，以平台视角观之，为保证算法权力规范运行，一者，平台应保证用户享有可实际行使的算法解释权；二者，在特定情形下向监管机关公开算法规则，实现算法的有限透明；三者，联合监管主体建立算法风险评估机制和价值观预警机制，及时删除不良诱导信息；四者，对新闻短视频进行标签化处理，对真实度进行分级评估标示，以起到提醒警示作用；五者，修订使用须知类的格式合同，将重要条款分级分类并用语音做重点提示。最后，以用户视角观之，用户须自觉遵守法律规定，理性使用和评论短视频，同时主动行权，发现违法行为应当积极举报等。
+
+### (四)责任语境下的限权规制
+
+此处的责任其含义为不利制裁后果，并不包括义务性规范。责任语境下新闻短视频传播法治程式的建构可从三个方面入手：
+
+第一，行政法意义的责任追究。行政规制是监管算法权力的主要手段，行政许可、行政处罚、行政强制等行政行为皆可有效担当这一角色。对新闻短视频经营主体的违法责任追究主要作用在行政相对人层面，监管机关应当坚持对算法权力的主观论原则[25]，要果断穿透算法权力对新闻短视频的运营主体进行追责，要主动寻找监管漏洞，按对社会的危害程度对违法主体进行差别化制裁。例如可对一般的违法主体处以行政警告或通报批评，而对无视主流价值观和意识形态的运营平台则可进行惩罚性处罚。第二，刑法意义的责任追究。公安机关可仿照“剑网”行动定期对违法传播行为进行专项打击，积极在新闻短视频传播中寻找犯罪行为线索，重点打击危害国家利益并造成严重社会影响的违法犯罪行为，例如网络诈骗、重大知识产权犯罪等。第三，民间法意义的责任追究。尽管行业规则、协会章程等民间法规范并非严格意义上的法律，但对于行业内部主体同样具有约束力，例如中国互联网协会、中国网络视听节目服务协会等组织发布的行业规定。当新闻短视频行业内的经营主体违反行业规定时，行业组织可以充分发挥管理职能，联合其他经营主体对其抵制或进行资源限制等。此外，对涉及个人信息保护、英烈保护等领域的新闻短视频，行业组织可就侵权行为向人民法院提起公益诉讼，从而更好地保护受损的公共利益。
+
+## 五、结语
+
+新闻短视频具有区别于普通短视频的独特属性，其承担着主流价值引领和维护意识形态的重要任务。融媒体时代下，算法权力通过全过程摄入、全封闭控制、全指标化评价实现了对新闻短视频传播的深度统摄，算法权力以技术中立和工具理性进行伪装逃匿监管，经过短时间的野蛮生长已然具备足以影响社会生产关系的能力。算法犹如给用户精准画像的画师，一方面，用户画像并非一成不变；另一方面，给用户画像的画师应当具备完全控制画像手法的能力，但结果却是画师经常以手法不受控制为由逃避承担画像失败的责任，因此对新闻短视频传播中的算法权力进行强有力的法律规制是必要的，同时也是可行的。事实上，监管者对算法权力从未有任何轻视，但数字社会的形成需要算法这一不可置换的工具，故不得不给予其一定的自由生长空间，因此对算法权力监管的正当性从来都不是问题的关键所在，监管的工具和方法才是重中之重。无数经验证明，法治是规训权力最为有效的国家公器，同样，对标榜价值无涉的算法权力而言更无例外。权力、权利、义务和责任是法律规控算法权力的四个锚点，在四个锚点的固定下，算法权力应平稳并规范地运行，以便更好地服务于媒介社会。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1]盘和林：《打造数字生态要融合与安全并重》，《中国报业》2021年第 7 期。
+
+[2]曾白凌：《媒介权力：论平台在算法中的媒体责任》，《现代传播（中国传媒大学学报）》2021 年第 10 期。
+
+[3]孙慕云：《2022 年中国短视频行业全景图谱》，2021 年 10 月 12日， 来源： https://www.qianzhan.com/analyst/detail/220/211012-ebcf4a51.html, 2022 年 5 月 2 日。
+
+[4]中国互联网络信息中心：《第 49 次中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》，2022 年 2 月 25 日，来源：http://www.cnnic.net.cn/hlwfzyj/hlwxzbg/hlwtjbg/202202/P020220311493378715650.pdf, 2022 年 5 月 3 日。
+
+[5]邓珉：《十堰一男子制作发布虚假短视频造成不良影响被拘留》，201 9 年 9 月 1 6 日，来源：http://hb.sina.com.cn/news/j/20190916/detail-iicezueu6028687.shtml, 2022 年 6 月 1 日。
+
+[6]《叶正光、叶敏等诉西安摩摩信息技术有限公司名誉侵权纠纷案》，西安市雁塔区人民法院（2018）陕 011 3 民初 8937 号民事判决书。
+
+[7]吕鹏、王明漩：《短视频平台的互联网治理：问题及对策》，《新闻记者》2018 年第 3 期。
+
+[8]蔡之国、孔令淑：《短视频“众神狂欢”乱象与现代化治理》，《中国出版》2021 年第 23 期。
+
+[9]喻国明、杨莹莹、闫巧妹：《算法即权力：算法范式在新闻传播中的权力革命》，《编辑之友》2018 年第 5 期。
+
+[10]邱立楠：《短视频平台算法推荐的“异化”与“驯化”》，《中国编辑》2021 年第 4 期。
+
+[11]温凤鸣、解学芳：《短视频推荐算法的运行逻辑与伦理隐忧———基于行动者网络理论视角》，《西南民族大学学报》（人文社会科学版）2022 年第 2 期。
+
+[12][法]孟德斯鸠：《论法的精神》（上册），张雁深译，北京：商务印书馆，1 9 95 年，第 87 页。
+
+[13]Steven,M.“Facebook Data for Over 500M Users Reportedly Leaks Online”.CNET Home,2021 April 04.Retrieved from https://www.cnet.com/news/privacy facebook-data-for-over-500m-users-reportedly leaks-online/.2022 May 03.
+
+[14]周利敏、刘和健：《人工智能时代的社交媒体与灾害治理———兼论国际案例》，《理论探讨》201 9 年第 6 期。
+
+[15]刘志杰、张嘉敏：《媒介生产中算法权力的扩张与规制》，《中国编辑》2021 年第 11 期。
+
+[16]董保华：《社会法“非中心化”调整模式的思考———新业态下劳动者权益保障的观念更新与制度调整》，《浙江社会科学》2021 年第 12 期。
+
+[17]孙振虎、何慧敏：《短视频平台驱动传统媒体融合发展的创新路径研究———以央视频为例》，《电视研究》2020 年第 7 期。
+
+[18]肖冬梅：《“后真相”背后的算法权力及其公法规制路径》，《行政法学研究》2020 年第 4 期。
+
+[19]郝雨、田栋：《媒介内容生产取向性偏差及“合理性”调适———基于工具理性、价值理性的辩证视角》，《国际新闻界》201 9 年第 6 期。
+
+[20]中国政法大学数据法治研究院课题组：《互联网领域知识产权司法保护数据分析报告》，2021 年 8 月 1 6 日,来源:https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s?_biz=Mzg3NjY5NTIyNg==&mid=2247485533&idx=1&sn=d17461397f8bebf4794c78340373705e&source=41#wechat_redirect, 2023 年 6 月 4 日。
+
+[21]黄方楠、李明德：《短视频舆情的非理性表达与互动分析》，《情报杂志》2022 年第 3 期。
+
+[22]刘建明：《西方学术语境中“媒介仪式”与“媒介事件”的异同———兼与郭毅商榷》，《新闻界》201 9 年第 11 期。
+
+[23]陈麟、李函笑：《短视频平台算法的法律规制研究》，《中国广播电视学刊》2020 年第 4 期。
+
+[24]田龙过、牟小颖：《短视频平台算法推荐机制对主流媒体新闻平台的启示》，《出版广角》2021 年第 4 期。
+
+[25]周辉：《算法权力及其规制》，《法制与社会发展》201 9 年第 6 期。
+
+
+# The Rule of Law Advancement of Algorithmic Power in News Short Video Communication
+
+LI Yuanhua
+
+**Abstract:** Algorithmic power realizes the whole process of ingestion,full closed control and full index evaluation in the short video dissemination of government affairs news,but algorithmic power contains many potential risks such as power alienation, reverse domestication, capture supervision,etc. Therefore,Legal regulation of algorithmic power is urgently needed. By piercing the hidden veil of algorithmic power,seeing through the hidden disguise of the post-truth era,and breaking through the neutral restraint of instrumental rationality, we can achieve the goal of transforming algorithmic power in an ant-i customer-oriented style. Specifically,in the context of power,it is necessary to shift from algorithmic power to media power,from soft-law power to hard-law power, and from capital power to cultural power;in the context of rights,the protection rules of privacy rights can be refined,giving The user's right to be forgotten and the right to explain the algorithm; the algorithm risk assessment mechanism and the value early warning mechanism are built in the context of obligation,and the mainstream media will recreate it;In the short video dissemination of government affairs news,the advanced goal of legal discipline of algorithm power is realized.
+
+**Key words:** Algorithmic Power; Short Video of Government Affairs News;Rule of Law Discipline;Good Governance Program
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+
+粉笔
+
+事业单位考试
+
+# 综应必背范文
+
+粉笔
+公考
+
+编著
+
+粉笔出品
+
+
+
+## 目录
+
+
+
+必背范文一...1
+
+必背范文二...3
+
+必背范文三...5
+
+必背范文四...7
+
+必背范文五...9
+
+必背范文六...12
+
+必背范文七...15
+
+必背范文八...18
+
+必背范文九...21
+
+必背范文十...24
+
+
+## 必背范文一
+
+### 推动新旧动能转换 助力经济改革发展
+
+新旧动能转换，说到底是一场涉及思想观念、生活方式、体制机制、工作模式等诸多方面深刻的革命性变革。当前，中国经济由高速增长阶段转向高质量发展阶段，处在转变发展方式、优化经济结构、转换增长动力的攻坚期，加快新旧动能转换是当下中国经济面临的一道紧迫考题。因此，要培育现代优势产业集群，转变发展思维，以推动新旧动能转换工程驱动经济改革的深入和升级。
+
+**新动能推动传统产业升级，引领经济发展加速跑，实现经济改革“弯道超车”**。习近平主席强调：“中国如果不走创新驱动发展道路，新旧动能不能顺利转换，就不能真正强大起来。”诚哉斯言，新旧动能转换成为中国经济持续增长的关键所在。纵观全国，山东省长期以来大而不强、发展不平衡不充分，特别是经济进入新常态后，曾经具有明显优势的传统产业也开始或多或少地出现问题。推动新旧动能转换成为解决山东一揽子问题的重大机遇，着力培育现代优势产业集群；科技革命和产业变革加速孕育、集聚迸发；维持战略性新兴产业、高科技产业等持续增长，逐步形成新动能主导经济发展的新格局，使其成为经济快速增长的重要动力。
+
+**冲破传统发展思维桎梏，创新思想，变革观念，打造员工与企业的利益共同体，助力新旧动能转换工程“落地开花”**。烟台杰瑞石油生产车间开启展板项目，重视员工的改善建议并让员工持股，使员工与企业缔结为利益共同体。不难发现，此举以人为本，创新工作思维，能够真正增加企业收入。但在当今时代，有些官员习惯于躺在过去的“功劳簿”上停滞不前，缺乏一份变革的魄力；有些企业主恐惧科技的发展而逡巡不前，缺少一份创新的勇气。在陷入改革瓶颈期的今天，好摘的“果子”早已被摘下，难啃的“骨头”却接踵而来，改革所面临的问题日益深刻。在这样的时代中，我们更需要敢于创新的头脑。
+
+**搭载互联网信息技术，发展新型大数据产业，让传统产业走向平台生态，实现新旧动能转换工程“扬帆远航”**。一方面，推动新旧动能转换需展开新一轮科技革命。从贵阳大数据交易所重新清洗建模到杭州工信新经济惊艳四方，这些城市的发展告诉我们，要想推动新旧动能转换，必须借助互联网信息技术。另一方面，推动新旧动能转换需加速孕育产业革命。传统动能不仅涉及高耗能高污染的制造业，还更宽泛地覆盖了利用传统经营模式经营的第一、二、三产业。因此，我们必须加紧推动传统产业转型升级，在产业变革中形成经济社会发展的新动力。
+
+正如铁犁破土、春雨润物，改革之路并非坦途，也非一蹴而就，需要政府官员真正解放思想，需要企业发展新技术、新产业、新模式，方能推动新旧动能顺利转换。我们坚信，在改革创新精神的旗帜下，定将早日实现全面深化改革的宏伟蓝图！
+
+#### 逻辑梳理
+
+本文主要围绕新旧动能转换这一话题进行介绍。对称式标题，点明了新旧动能转换的重要性。开篇第 1 段点明主题，阐述新旧动能转换的内涵和做法。第 2 段分析传统产业新旧动能转换的意义，即促进经济发展。第 3 段从产业自身角度阐述新旧动能转换的做法，即转变发展思维，打造敢于创新的头脑。第 4 段从外部环境的角度阐述新旧动能转换的具体做法，通过互联网信息技术打造优势产业集群，推动经济改革深入升级，发展新兴产业。第 5 段是展望式结尾，展望未来，说明新旧动能转换有助于全面深化改革。整体结构为递进逻辑，即“提出观点—分析意义—分析对策—总结升华”。
+
+#### 思维导图
+
+
+
+#### 素材积累
+
+（1）习近平主席强调：“中国如果不走创新驱动发展道路，新旧动能不能顺利转换，就不能真正强大起来。”
+
+（2）但在当今时代，有些官员习惯于躺在过去的“功劳簿”上停滞不前，缺乏一
+份变革的魄力；有些企业主恐惧科技的发展而逡巡不前，缺少一份创新的勇气。
+
+（3）正如铁犁破土、春雨润物，改革之路并非坦途，也非一蹴而就，需要政府官员真正解放思想，需要企业发展新技术、新产业、新模式，方能推动新旧动能顺利转换。
+
+
+## 必背范文二
+
+### 对症下药，破解大学生创业难题
+
+习总书记鼓励年轻人开启创业理想、开展创业活动，激发了“双创”热潮，越来越多的大学生选择自主创业。然而，大学生创业也面临不少问题：学校缺乏系统的创业教育，师资力量不足；政府引导扶持不足，大学生创业导向不明；创业者缺乏创业知识、技能和经验。这需要高校大力开展创业教育，政府积极扶持，更需要大学生提
+高创业实践能力和综合素质。
+
+**高校应开展创业教育，加强师资队伍建设，丰富创业教育内容，提升课程质量**。一方面可借鉴美国商学院的经验，建立一支由专职和兼职老师组成的教师队伍，同时为高校创业教师提供培训和交流平台，提升校内专职创业教师的素质；对于实践类课程，聘请社会上有经验的优秀企业家为学生讲解，提高课程实用性。另一方面还要开设有针对性和实用性的创业课程，采取必修与选修相结合的方式，分阶段进行培养，满足不同专业、不同年级学生的需要。
+
+**政府要为大学生创业提供支持，帮助大学生明确创业导向，提供创业平台和资金**。部分创业者盲目追随所谓的“风口”，导向不明确。政府应引导其将自身兴趣、优势与市场需求结合。还有部分创业者空有想法，对具体环节的落实却一头雾水，这就需要政府为其筑巢搭台，提供创业平台，建立企业孵化器，为其提供法律、税务上的指导咨询服务。企业成立初期，任何环节稍有不慎，就有可能夭折。此时，需要政府在税收上给予减免优惠、财政上给予支持，银行为大学生创业提供低息贴息贷款。
+
+**创业者自身更应主动提升创业能力和素质，为创业积累工作经验，选择合适的创业时机**。在校内，学生要积极争取学校提供的各种工作实践机会，比如去学生超市、食堂等实践平台应聘上岗，锻炼自己，积累工作经验；主动参加校就业中心举办的校友创业交流会，相互取长补短，择善而从。在校外，要参与企业或当地政府举办的创业
+论坛、创业设计大赛等模拟创业活动，提高创业意识，培养创业精神，增强创业能力。同时，还需要树立正确的择业观、创业观，选择合适的创业时机，充分做好前期准备，先规划后行动。
+
+当今时代是一个能够成就梦想的时代。青年一代只要有梦想、肯奋斗，就可以享有人生出彩、梦想成真的机会。让我们乘着“双创”等政策东风，搭上智能科技的快车，以梦为马，无畏创业风险，砥砺前行！
+
+#### 逻辑梳理
+
+本文主要围绕大学生创业这一话题进行介绍。比喻式标题，形象生动，点明需要追根溯源，才能有针对性地解决大学生创业问题。开篇第 1 段分析大学生创业难的原因，点明解决大学生创业难题需要从学校、政府、个人三个角度入手。第 2 段从高校的角度谈如何解决大学生创业难题，需要建立专业教师队伍、开设特色创业课程。第 3 段从政府的角度谈如何解决大学生创业难题，帮助大学生明确创业导向，提供平台、政策方面的支持。第 4 段从大学生自身的角度说明如何更好地创业，需在校内外参加各种实践活动，积累工作经验，树立正确的择业观、创业观。第 5 段以呼吁号召式结尾，呼吁青年人要坚持梦想，不畏困难挑战，跟随时代潮流，积极创业。整体结构为递进结构，即“提出观点—提出对策—总结升华”。
+
+#### 思维导图
+
+
+
+#### 素材积累
+
+（1）高校应开展创业教育，加强师资队伍建设，丰富创业教育内容，提升课程质量。
+
+（2）提高创业意识，培养创业精神，增强创业能力。
+
+（3）树立正确的择业观、创业观，选择合适的创业时机，充分做好前期准备，先规划后行动。
+
+（4）青年一代只要有梦想、肯奋斗，就可以享有人生出彩、梦想成真的机会。让我们乘着“双创”等政策东风，搭上智能科技的快车，以梦为马，无畏创业风险，砥砺前行！
+
+## 必背范文三
+
+### 发展共享经济关键是“健康有序”
+
+共享经济一般是指以获得一定报酬为主要目的，基于陌生人且存在物品使用权暂时转移的一种新的经济模式。近几年，共享经济获得了高速发展，有效地提高了资源利用率，便利了群众生活，也带来了更灵活、更开放的就业形式。
+
+随着热度的不断攀升，共享经济的发展却出现了资本“跟风”一哄而上，市场需求被迅速放大的“虚火旺盛”问题。在资本的热捧下，大量新出现的共享形态却未建立起清晰的盈利模式，而政府部门对共享经济等新兴领域的问题也缺乏调控。因此，**面对共享经济发展中暴露的各类问题，企业和政府都要及时采取措施，解决共享经济盈利模式不健康、无序发展的顽疾**。
+
+**企业需要在准确把握市场需求的基础上，采取符合市场规律的盈利模式**。首先要准确判断市场需求量大小，譬如充电宝等使用频率并不高的物品，使用流动性较大，借和还都不太方便，因此市场需求不大。但很多企业未做详细的市场调查便一哄而上挤入共享充电宝市场，无异于缘木求鱼。不仅如此，企业还要确保持续健康的盈利模式。汽车给人们出行带来巨大便利，共享汽车有着很大的市场需求。然而在运营过程中，却出现了使用人频繁违反交规、车辆保养差、存在安全隐患等一系列问题，导致客户流失，公司难以为继。因此，只有准确判断市场需求大小，探索持续的盈利模式，企业才能创造出适销对路的产品。
+
+**政府部门需要加强调控，引导资本方理智投资。支持共享经济的发展，不能一味打压，但对市场需求不大的行业，设立准入门槛，为资本跟风“降温”**。资本都是以牟利为导向，在利益的目标导向下容易出现不同资本代表的企业看清真正的市场需求，从而扰乱市场秩序，这就需要政府介入，以便恢复正常的市场秩序。除此之外，政府部门还应引导企业有序、良性竞争。许多城市共享单车乱停乱放现象严重，挤占人行道、公共出入口等，严重影响了交通秩序和城市形象。政府应及时约谈、处罚扰乱市场秩序的相关企业，引导共享经济健康、有序发展。
+
+万事万物都有两面性，共享经济也不例外，在新经济发展中我们应该趋利避害，通过企业自身和政府部门共同努力。共享经济的健康有序发展需要企业自身的调整，同时也需要政府灵活的支持和引导，唯有如此才能确保这个新型经济模式走得稳、走得好，才能确保其真正便利民众生活。
+
+#### 逻辑梳理
+
+本文主要围绕共享经济的话题进行介绍。标题直接明了，点明共享经济发展的必要条件，即“健康有序”对共享经济发展的重要性。开篇第 1 段和第 2 段呼应主题，分别阐述了共享经济的内涵和价值，以及当前影响共享经济“健康有序”发展的一系列问题，即大量共享企业未建立清晰的盈利模式，政府也对其问题缺乏调控，点明企业和政府都要采取措施，引出下文对策。承接上文，第 3 段从企业自身角度说明保障共享经济有序发展的具体措施，强调企业需要在准确把握市场需求的基础上采取符合市场规律的盈利模式。第 4 段是从外部监管的角度说明保障共享经济有序发展的具体措施，强调政府需要加强调控，引导资本方理性投资。第 5 段以呼吁号召式结尾，号召企业和政府共同努力，打造健康有序的共享经济环境。整体结构为递进结构，即“亮明观点—提出对策—结尾升华”。
+
+#### 思维导图
+
+
+
+#### 素材积累
+
+（1）随着热度的不断攀升，共享经济的发展却出现了资本“跟风”一哄而上，市场需求被迅速放大的“虚火旺盛”问题。
+
+（2）共享汽车有着很大的市场需求。然而在运营过程中，却出现了使用人频繁违反交规、车辆保养差、存在安全隐患等一系列问题，导致客户流失，公司难以为继。
+
+（3）支持共享经济的发展，不能一味打压，但对市场需求不大的行业，设立准入门槛，为资本跟风“降温”。
+
+## 必背范文四
+
+### 以人为本打造新农村
+
+以人为本的新农村不仅是服务人,关键是关怀人、建设人,让农民不再身处于新农村建设进程之外,而要成为被关怀和建设的重要主体。因此,要加强对农民生活与生产的关怀,建设职业农民队伍,真正做到以人为本,打造“人的新农村”。
+
+当前,农村有了翻天覆地的变化,然而与新农村的硬件相比,对人的关怀和建设还远远不够。人居环境恶劣、保障体系落后、精神贫瘠等,这些问题都倒逼“人的新农村”建设提上日程。
+
+**实现“人的新农村”,要完善农村硬件设施,丰富农民精神文化生活,改善人居环境,提升农民生活幸福感。脱贫攻坚,基础为先**。当下农村基建和城市相比还有较大差距,道路坑洼,网络、文化娱乐设施不完善等,都提醒我们要想缩小城乡差距,应实施农村水、电、路、房、网络和公共设施建设攻坚战,从而促进农村面貌日新月异。此外,提升农民生活质量,还应提高农民精神文化水平,构建“精神家园”,避免打麻将、喝大酒、推牌九等问题的出现。因此,举办多元文化活动是丰富农村文化生活的关键,要经常开展培训、演出等活动。
+
+**打造“人的新农村”,不仅要关怀生活状态,还要关怀生产情况,推动产业融合,发展现代产业,增加农民收入**。传统农业经济,种地是农民最重要甚至是唯一的谋生方式,然而这种靠天吃饭的营生却很难支撑一家人开支。这就需要优化产业结构,实现农业高质量发展。李营村根据市场变化调整种植结构,走出了一条旱改稻、生态棚菜、高档绿化苗木繁育基地相结合的多产业发展之路,推进村产业转型升级。可见,产业兴旺是乡村振兴的根本出路,应淘汰落后产能,培育新兴产业。
+
+**提升农民职业素养,培育新型职业农民,建设农村专业人才队伍,是打造“人的新农村”的“固本之源”**。人是现代农业中最活跃的因素,培育新型农民就要借力富民政策鼓励农民回乡创业,引进先进技术带动农民转型。越来越多从农村走出去的人才渴望回家乡寻求发展的平台,我们更应抓住需求,借助富民政策为他们打造平台。唯有此,才能打破过去“一亩三分地”的限制,让新型农民借助新技术、新理念、新方式,帮助农村实现转型。
+
+新农村的本质是“人的新农村”，加强对农民的关怀与建设，农村才能更好。随着农民生活富足，生产充实，素养提升，农村会成为农民最美的归宿。
+
+#### 逻辑梳理
+
+本文主要围绕农村建设的话题进行介绍。标题简洁清晰，点明人是乡村建设的根本。开篇第 1 段点明主题，以人为本关键要做到关怀人、建设人。第 2 段指出当前在“人的新农村”建设中存在许多问题。第 3 段提出要关怀农民的生活状态，既要完善农村基础设施建设，也要举办文化活动提升农民精神文化水平。第 4 段指出还要关怀生产情况，发展现代农业，并通过举例的方式加强论证。第 5 段提出要提升农民自身的职业素养，借助富民政策打造专业队伍，帮助农村实现转型。第 6 段总结收尾，升华主题。整体结构为递进结构，即“亮明观点——提出对策——总结升华”。
+
+####  思维导图
+
+
+
+####  素材积累
+
+（1）李营村根据市场变化调整种植结构，走出了一条旱改稻、生态棚菜、高档绿化苗木繁育基地相结合的多产业发展之路，推进村产业转型升级。
+
+（2）产业兴旺是乡村振兴的根本出路，应淘汰落后产能，培育新兴产业。
+
+（3）唯有此，才能打破过去“一亩三分地”的限制，让新型农民借助新技术、新理念、新方式，帮助农村实现转型。
+
+
+## 必背范文五
+
+### 在传承与创新中全面振兴乡村
+
+“三农”问题一直是关系国计民生的根本性问题，十九大报告中关于实施乡村振兴战略的全新提法，为未来中国农业农村发展定下了基调。如何促进乡村经济增长？如何解决谁来种地难题？如何吸引现代乡贤回归？实施乡村振兴战略仍需在传承与创新中全面布局。
+
+**创新农村振兴模式，推进电子商务营销模式的发展，从深层次“解放”第一产业，带动农村经济的新一轮增长**。长期以来，农产品和手工产品等一直是农民主要的经济收入来源。然而，难以形成规模化的销售模式成为束缚第一产业持续发展的桎梏。通过电子商务，把农产品卖到城里，实现农产品的最大价值，促进消费，扩大内需，提高农民增收，拉动农村经济增长。发展农村电子商务，需要政府、社会、农民共同努力，应势而谋，建立健全法律法规，完善农村物流体系，把发展农村电子商务作为推动经济增长的重要抓手。
+
+**做好农村土地流转，建立新型农业经营主体，促进农业经营向现代模式转变**。工业社会的迅猛发展，吸引越来越多的农民进城务工，农村“空心化”，土地抛荒问题日益严重。搞好农村土地流转，并根据劳动力转移就业状况确立土地规模，建立符合新时代农村发展的经营主体，用政策手段和认定标准引导其发展，兼顾公平与效率，推进农业现代化进程，让农村实现更大的发展。打造乡村宜居环境，盘活传统“村文化”，合理发展旅游产业，吸引现代乡贤回归建设家园。一座青山、一塘清水、几棵古树、几幢老屋，往往是美丽乡村的独特符号。
+
+**随着经济的发展，我们开始注重对乡村传统文化的挖掘，发展旅游业，如乌镇乌村，西安袁家村等，都是典型的代表**。但同时部分村落盲目建设“形象工程”，破坏环境的案例也屡见不鲜。从历史与经验的教训中，我们必须守住建设美丽家园的底线，营造宜居环境，实现人与自然和谐共生。如北京蟹岛绿色生态度假村，以餐饮、娱乐、健身为载体，以生态农业为中心，让客人享受清新自然的同时，带动经济的发展，如此，才能吸引更多的乡贤回归家乡，为家乡发展添砖加瓦。
+
+**发挥基层党组织领导核心作用，不断提升基层社会治理能力现代化，形成乡村治理强劲的向心力和凝聚力**。基层党组织是党在社会基层组织中构建社会主义和谐社会的战斗堡垒,是和谐社会的推动者、实践者。乡村建设要充分体现党组织的核心地位,健全完善村民自治制度,村务政务公开,同时加强农村法治与精神文明建设,加大宣传力度,鼓励优秀年轻人回乡,造福桑梓。
+
+实施乡村振兴战略,不仅要尊重其传统文化、历史、自然风貌,同时要在传承中力求突破和创新,升级新模式,建立新主体,不断提升乡村自治能力,从而实现产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕的总要求。
+
+#### 逻辑梳理
+
+本文主要围绕全面振兴乡村要兼顾传承与创新两方面进行介绍。标题通俗易懂,点明全面振兴乡村不仅要传承旧的东西,更要进行创新。开篇第 1 段点明主题,实施乡村振兴战略需要在传承与创新中全面布局。第 2 段介绍带动农村第一产业发展的具体做法,通过发展农村电子商务,形成规模化的销售模式。第 3 段是解决土地抛荒问题的具体做法,通过土地流转,建立符合新时代农村发展的经营主体。第 4 段为挖掘乡村传统文化的具体做法,发展旅游业,吸引乡贤回乡建设。第 5 段是乡村治理的具体做法,发挥基层党组织领导核心作用。第 6 段总结收尾,实施乡村振兴战略,需要兼顾传承与创新。整体结构为递进结构,即“提出观点——分析做法——总结提升”。
+
+#### 思维导图
+
+
+
+#### 素材积累
+
+（1）一座青山、一塘清水、几棵古树、几幢老屋,往往是美丽乡村的独特符号。
+
+（2）北京蟹岛绿色生态度假村,以餐饮、娱乐、健身为载体,以生态农业为中心,让客人享受清新自然的同时,带动经济的发展,如此,才能吸引更多的乡贤回归家乡,为家乡发展添砖加瓦。
+
+（3）实施乡村振兴战略, 不仅要尊重其传统文化、历史、自然风貌, 同时要在传承中力求突破和创新, 升级新模式, 建立新主体, 不断提升乡村自治能力, 从而实现产业兴旺、生态宜居、乡风文明、治理有效、生活富裕的总要求。
+
+## 必背范文六
+
+### 心中有民 脚下有路
+
+通常人们评价一位党员干部合格与否的标尺就是在为民服务中是否能饱含真挚情怀，这种情怀，既要体现在心中时刻“有民”，全心全意，有同理心，更体现在脚下“有路”，要能够采取合理方法，为群众办好事、办实事、解难事。正如习总书记所说，这样的干部，人民群众就会惦记他、信任他、支持他。不言而喻，为民服务需要将真挚情怀落到实处。
+
+**最是情怀出本心，提供社会公共服务要做到心中“有民”。为民服务要心里装着百姓，要时刻以群众利益为重**。从焦裕禄带领兰考县民众治理风沙，到谷文昌领着东山百姓走向致富之路；从廖俊波“俯下身子”扎根基层，心系百姓，到老支书黄大发带领民众历时三十余年绝壁凿“天渠”，不难发现，正是由于这些干部真心实意地对待群众，才能拉近与群众的距离，获得群众的爱戴。因此，只有将“民之所盼、民之所愿”作为工作的出发点，将真挚情怀落实到工作的方方面面，才能真正急民之所需，解民之所忧。
+
+**最是情怀含温情，落实群众服务环节更应脚下“有路”。为民服务不仅要改善方式方法，强调专业精神，还应兼顾原则性与灵活性，才能切实为人民群众做好事、办实事、解难事**。从“浙里办”到“粤省事”，从“最多跑一次”到“一次都不跑”，我们通过一次次的努力，不断改善方式，提高了便民服务的满意度。同样，在为民服务的过程中，我们也通过精简机构、明晰权责，让各部门回归专业主义，以更具专注度的履职行为，实现对社会生活的精准服务。另外，在服务中还应做到具体问题具体分析，结合实际，让工作的原则性和人性化并存，真正体现为民服务的真挚情怀。
+
+**只有充分“走心”，才能倍感“暖心”，形成干部与群众间良性互动**。所谓“民为邦本，本固邦宁”，人民群众之于政治发展、社会更迭的意义不言而喻。公共服务提供者不仅要通过大事难事来彰显担当，更要在点滴服务中展露温情。在履职过程中，只有我们坚守初心、饱含情怀，才能密切“办公室”与“街头巷尾”的关系，获得群众的信任和支持。也唯有我们真抓实干，时刻怀揣人民，才能真正令群众满意，亦能帮助政府真正实现“居其所而众星共之”。
+
+古人云：“利民之事，丝发必兴；厉民之事，毫末必去。”从古及今，利民为民、兼济苍生一直是国人崇高的理想，也是现代党员干部念兹在兹之举。时至今日，我们更应心中有民，脚下有路，心有所属，不惧路遥，在为民服务中永怀一份真挚情怀、一颗赤子之心。
+
+#### 逻辑梳理
+
+本文主要围绕为民服务的话题进行介绍。对称式标题，意义明确，即心中有民。开篇第1段点明主题，点明心中有民的重要性，即可以得到群众信任支持。第 2 段解释心中有民的含义，即要心中装着百姓，以群众利益为重。第 3 段说明实现心中有民的对策，即做到脚下有路，改善服务的方式方法，兼顾原则性与灵活性。第 4 段说明心中有民的意义，即形成干部与群众的良性互动。第 5 段总结收尾，发出号召，党员干部都要做到心中有民、脚下有路。整体结构为递进结构，即“开篇点题——含义分析——对策分析——意义分析——结尾升华”。
+
+#### 思维导图
+
+
+
+#### 素材积累
+
+（1）从焦裕禄带领兰考县民众治理风沙，到谷文昌领着东山百姓走向致富之路；从廖俊波“俯下身子”扎根基层，心系百姓，到老支书黄大发带领民众历时三十余年绝壁凿“天渠”。
+
+（2）从“浙里办”到“粤省事”，从“最多跑一次”到“一次都不跑”，我们通过一次次的努力，不断改善方式，提高了便民服务的满意度。综应必背范文
+
+（3）古人云:“利民之事,丝发必兴;厉民之事,毫末必去。”从古及今,利民为民、兼济苍生一直是国人崇高的理想,也是现代党员干部念兹在兹之举。
+
+## 必背范文七
+
+### 守规矩
+
+规矩是人们应该遵守的办事规程和行为准则，可以统一人们的思想和行动，是一种约束、一种准则、一个界限。习总书记指出，“治理一个国家、一个社会，关键是要立规矩、讲规矩、守规矩”。社会中的每一个人，无论何种职业、何种身份，都应该践行习总书记的观点。
+
+令人遗憾的是，从北京动物园女乘客违规下车被老虎袭击，到逃票攻略成为旅游“必备”，从车窗、高空抛物、“中国式过马路”看似小事的违章行为到偷税漏税、贪污腐败等违法行为……国民违法违规现象屡见不鲜，这些行为是对社会诚信、自身生命安全的挑战，也冲击了社会秩序和公共文明。“立规矩、讲规矩、守规矩”对全社会而言，是道必答题，绝非选做题。
+
+**立规矩就是要明确规则，完善立法，规范行为**。为让社会发展“有法可依”，相关部门要立好规矩，不断完善法律法规，明确行为界限。“无规矩不成方圆”，小到篮球场上排兵布阵，大到社会运转秩序，都要遵从相关规则法律的指引。新互联网经济增长风口——直播“野蛮生长”前期，为博人眼球，淫秽、色情、暴力等有悖社会伦理道德的内容充斥其中，恰巧处于“无法可依”的灰色时间。这就需要文化部、广电总局等部门重拳出击，明确直播准入门槛，为直播发展立规矩，逐步肃清直播歪风邪气。
+
+立规矩是为了给人们的行为提供一种外在约束的途径，社会的有序发展还需要讲规矩、守规矩，需要每一个公民和党员干部自我约束，提升自我内在品格和修养。
+
+**讲规矩、守规矩就是要认真遵循规矩中允许做的，既要增强法律意识，又要遵守社会制度公约，最终将规矩内化于心、外化于行**。习总书记曾明确指出，“要有坚持原则、不打折扣的执纪过程”，这要求每个人在工作生活中学法、懂法、用法，将法律作为约束自我行为的底线；除此之外，遵守社会制度公约，是守规矩更进一步的要求。不在公众场合吸烟，为弱者让座等，约束自我，遵守社会道德公约，将守规矩真正作为一种责任，内化于心，外化于行，从而提高整个社会的文明素养。
+
+**对于明文规定的规矩中未允许做的，也要做到开拓创新、勇于尝试。讲规矩并不是死守规矩，法律禁止的红线是绝对高压，坚决不能触碰，但法无禁止的领域需要我们敢于创新**。习近平总书记曾多次强调,创新是一个民族进步的灵魂,是一个国家兴旺发达的动力和源泉,也是中华民族最鲜明的民族禀赋。以改革开放为例,正是有“法无禁止即可为”的开拓创新精神,中国特色社会主义市场体系才得以蓬勃发展,40多年间才有了新中国的巨变。对此,我们既要做“讲规矩”的表率,也要做闯新路的先锋。
+
+“矩不正,不可为方;规不正,不可为圆。”规矩是每个人日常行为的标尺,只有立好规矩,人人讲规矩,人人守规矩,规矩意识才会蔚然成风,社会有序,依法治国才会凝聚更加磅礴的“规矩力量”。
+
+#### 逻辑梳理
+
+本文主要围绕规矩规则的话题进行介绍。标题简洁明确,点明主题,即遵守规矩。开篇第1段点明主题,规矩的内涵。接下来是举例论证,第2段承接上文,通过一系列违法违规的例子论证规矩的重要性,表明我们应立规矩、讲规矩、守规矩。第3段分析立规矩的做法,明确规则,完善立法,规范行为。第4段是过渡段,承上启下,引出下文重点,即社会的有序发展还需要讲规矩、守规矩。第5段是分析讲规矩、守规矩的做法,增强法律意识,遵守社会制度公约。第6段继续分析讲规矩的做法,讲规矩不是死守规矩,法无禁止的领域,也需开拓创新、勇于尝试。第7段总结收尾,回扣主题,即立规矩、讲规矩、守规矩对社会秩序的形成至关重要。整体结构为递进结构,即“分析内涵及重要性——分析做法——呼应观点”。
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..2f202ae1123430ee901dca7f98865854fd7680f7
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+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_2.md
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
+# 欧洲国家基于API的档案数据开放实践与启示*
+## ——以英国、法国、瑞典为例
+
+■ 赵跃1 陈玲均1 段先娥2
+
+**摘要**：近年来，API成为欧洲国家提升档案数据开放质量的关键技术工具。本文以英国、法国和瑞典为例，从政策法律、技术应用与路径策略三个维度剖析了三个国家基于 API 开放档案数据的实践特色，发现：英国以政策法律为驱动，通过 API 的创新设计与国家地方的联动推进档案数据开放；法国以欧盟指令为导向，借助多层级开放平台的支撑与跨部门的协作保障开放质量；瑞典以后发追赶为指引，善用国际标准协议与国际经验立足本国实际形成特色路径。基于对三个国家经验的总结提出对我国相关实践的启示：创造利用 API 开放档案数据的政策环境，构建灵活、安全与语义兼容的 API 设计框架，并探索利用API开放档案数据的协同共治之路。
+
+**关键词**：档案数据 档案数据开放 API 档案开放
+
+**Abstract**：In recent years, API has emerged as a key technological tool for enhancing the qual⁃ity of open archival data in European countries. This paper examines the practices of the United Kingdom, France, and Sweden in open archival data via API from three dimensions: legal and pol⁃icy frameworks, technological implementation, and strategic pathways. The study finds that the UK drives open archival data through legal-policy mechanisms, innovative API design and national-local coordination; France, guided by EU direc⁃tives, ensures data quality through multi- level open data platforms and interdepartmental collab⁃oration; Sweden, as a later adopter, leverages in⁃ternational standards and global experiences to develop a context- specific approach. Based on the comparative analysis of these cases, this pa⁃per proposes that China should foster a policy en⁃vironment conducive to API-based open archival data, develop a flexible, secure, and semantically compatible API design framework, and explore a collaborative governance model for open archival data.
+
+**Keywords**：Archival data；Open archival data；API；Open archives
+
+开放数据是一类可以被任何人免费使用、再利用、再分发的数据。[1]档案数据开放是国家档案馆将可开放的档案数据经法定程序以开放数据形式向社会提供利用的活动。它起源于 20 世纪末的信息自由运动。21 世纪以来，随着数字化转型的加速，人们对数据的需求和利用能力不断提升，档案数据开放的实践形式也更加多样，出现了门户展示、数据集下载、应用程序接口（Application Programming In⁃terface，API）、可视化开放[2]等多种方式。其中，API是一组预定义的函数或过程，通过一系列规则来促进不同软件系统之间的通信和数据交换。它可以根据不同需求定制和扩展，能有效提高数据共享效率和数据开放质量，已成为欧洲国家档案数据开放的关键技术工具。当前，我国档案数据开放工作在政策支持、数据资源基础与利用成效方面已有初步进展，但在整体制度设计与技术应用上仍显薄弱，截至2024 年 10 月，仅海南、北京、浙江与山东的档案数据开放使用了 API。[3]为此，本文选择英国、法国和瑞典三个颇具代表性的欧洲国家，基于案例分析和比较研究，分析其基于 API 开放档案数据的实践特色与经验，并讨论对我国相关实践的启示。
+
+## 一、英国、法国、瑞典基于API开放档案数据的实践
+
+英国、法国和瑞典基于 API 开放档案数据的实践均受欧盟《公共部门信息再利用的指令》（Direc⁃tive 2003/98/EC）[4]（简称 PSI 指令）的影响，该指令既是欧洲各国制定开放数据法律法规的准则，其演进也是档案数据开放历程的缩影。2003年，欧盟发布PSI指令，提供了一个共同的开放数据立法框架，规定了欧盟成员国对公共信息再利用的最低要求。但档案信息因涉及隐私、著作权或访问限制等问题，被视为“特殊资源”，未被纳入首轮开放框架，各成员国有较大自由裁量权决定是否开放档案信息。这一保守立场随着数字文化遗产工程的推进逐步改变。在欧洲数字图书馆（Europeana）和“欧洲档案门户”项目推动下，欧盟逐渐意识到文化资源的公共价值。2013 年修订版 PSI 指令[5]进一步将图书馆、博物馆和档案馆列为应促进信息再利用的公共机构，标志着欧盟层面档案信息从“可开放”到“应开放”的积极转向，推动了档案数据开放进程。2019 年，欧盟回应数字时代的技术趋势，将修订版 PSI 指令更名为《开放数据与公共部门信息再利用指令》[6]，提出应通过API提供高价值数据。这一演进过程不仅体现了开放对象从基础公共信息到文化信息再到数据的拓展，也展现出其在数据获取方式上由静态下载到基于 API 的动态接入的转变。基于此，笔者将从政策法律、技术应用和路径策略三个维度，分析英国、法国和瑞典基于API开放档案数据的实践。
+
+### （一）英国：以政策法律为驱动，通过API的创新设计以及国家与地方的联动推进档案数据开放
+
+1. 超前立法与专项政策的引导。英国的档案数据开放具有先发优势，在于其较早实施了将档案信息纳入开放范围的信息自由立法，并自主创设了开放许可协议。英国对档案数据开放的态度经历了从“行政保密优先”到“信息自由为本”的转变。20 世纪中叶之前，英国档案制度长期以保密审查为中心，直到 20 世纪 90 年代，伴随政府治理理念向“透明、问责”转型，信息公开与开放政府理念逐渐兴起，为档案数据开放奠定思想基础。2000年颁布的《信息自由法》[7]是英国最早的信息开放法律，其约束对象不仅涵盖各级政府部门，还包括档案馆，其“默认开放”和“豁免受限”的原则，打破了档案工作中的封闭惯性，为开放档案数据奠定法律基础，比规定将公共文化信息纳入开放范围的欧盟 2013 年修订版 PSI指令早了 13 年。同时，英国亦较早制定开放许可。2010 年 9 月，英国国家档案馆开发的“开放政府许可”（Open Government License，OGL）[8]发布，大幅降低档案数据再利用的法律门槛。
+
+在 API 应用方面，英国提供专项政策引导。2011 年发布的《政府 ICT 战略》[9]强调 API 与开放数据标准结合，视 API 为公共服务开放创新的核心工具，比欧盟2019年更新版PSI指令早8年。2018年发布的《API技术与数据标准》[10]指导公共部门统一API 设计和运营。例如，在设计 API 时，公共部门应遵循开放标准，确保跨部门及第三方系统的兼容性，应使用 HTTPS 协议保障数据传输安全，并通过OAuth 2.0 实现安全认证；发布 API 后，公共部门应实时监控 API 运行状态，定期审查使用情况等。可见，英国通过《信息自由法》、“开放政府许可”及具体的API政策规范，构建了系统完备、保障有力的档案数据开放法律政策体系。
+
+2. 面向不同档案数据的API设计。在技术应用上，英国根据不同类型档案数据设计专门 API，实现精细化开放。2010年起，英国国家档案馆通过Leg⁃islation API连接公共部门信息办公室网站和英国法律数据库，并基于此构建法律数据开放网站。[11]
+可以说，Legislation API既是网站的核心接口，也是其基础框架。相较于一般档案，法律文件具有高度结构化、时效性强与版本迭代频繁等特点，要求 API 支持用户直接访问特定部分，如某一条款或附录；同时支持版本控制，允许用户获取从原始文本到最新修订版本的完整演变历程。为实现以上功能，Leg⁃islation API 应用了国际图书馆协会和机构联合会提出的 FRBR 模型，[12]将法律档案数据抽象为“作品”“表达”和“呈现”三层结构。“作品”代表法律文本的抽象概念（如《1985 年交通法》），具有唯一标识；“表达”对应修订版本或语言变体（如 2003 年修订版或威尔士语版本）；“呈现”则指具体的数据格式，对法律文件的版本演变、地域适用差异及格式进行系统管理。此外，通过内容协商功能，Legisla⁃tion API 可动态转换数据格式，支持 XML、AKN、PDF、RDF 等十余种数据格式，允许用户按需指定返回格式。
+
+针对档案元数据开放，英国国家档案馆在官网开放档案检索系统上开发 Discovery API。[13-14]根据档案元数据特点和其有机联系，Discovery API基于国际档案描述标准建立起一套结构清晰、层级分明的元数据组织体系，包括馆藏、系列、案卷、件等多个层级，并通过唯一标识符、上下级字段与父子关系实现数据间的结构化链接。[15]API 的每条返回记录均嵌套了其在整体数据体系中的位置关系，支持用户构建完整的档案层级链条与导航路径，不仅便于开发应用，也支持学术研究再现档案形成背景与管理逻辑。总之，英国针对不同档案数据精细化地设计 API，实现了档案数据的高质量开放与多场景应用。
+
+3. 国家档案馆引导下国家与地方的联动。在路径策略上，英国基于 API 的开放档案数据实践体现出“国家档案馆引导下国家与地方联动”的特点。2011年以来，英国国家档案馆加强了对英格兰地方档案馆的领导与联系，在利用 API 开放档案数据的政策与技术层面均发挥了引领作用。政策上，国家档案馆不仅制定了开放许可协议，还主导《公共部门信息再利用条例》实施指南的起草与评估工作[16]等，鼓励采用标准化技术（包括 API）主动开放数据，为API 的广泛采用奠定政策基础。技术上，英国国家档案馆率先开发多个 API，推动档案数据开放从静态下载转向动态获取。其Legislation API是全球首个法律档案数据开放接口，体现了“API 优先”理念。[17]这种在 API基础上建设平台的方法提供了可借鉴的模式。同时，国家档案馆通过 Discovery 平台的“管理您的馆藏”服务[18]引入地方档案馆参与档案数据开放，支持地方档案馆通过标准化工具上传和维护目录数据。国家档案馆负责平台与 API 维护，地方档案馆在统一规范下自主发布与更新数据，实现高效的分布式协作。总之，英国在以国家档案馆为核心的同时联通地方档案馆，实现了基于 API的档案数据开放，在集中档案资源的同时促进了各级档案机构的有效参与。
+
+### （二）法国：以欧盟指令为导向，借助多层级开放平台的支撑与跨部门的协作保障开放质量
+
+1. 以欧盟PSI指令为导向的本土立法回应。法国档案数据开放的法律框架具有明显的欧盟导向。欧盟PSI指令发布后，法国于2005年通过第2005—650 号法令[19]予以回应，确立了行政文件的获取自由和公共信息再利用框架。但该法令在遵循PSI指令框架的前提下，授权档案馆在内的教育、科研及文化机构根据自身需求制定信息开放规则。这一时期，法国档案开放的态度仍显保守，以机构自主决定为主，且法国档案工作者高度重视档案的国家所有属性，反感将档案商品化，通过采用专属许可协议和差异化收费对商业或非商业用途做了明确的区分。[20]但随着信息社会的发展，开放政府理念在法国公共治理中逐渐显现，档案的公共价值日益凸显，促使立法层面对开放态度逐步松动。2008年，法国颁布第2008—696号法律，即新的档案法，取消针对所有公共档案普遍适用的 30 年封闭期，缩短保密期限，确立公共档案自由传播的原则，[21]促进了档案数据的非歧视性自由开放。
+
+欧盟 2013 年和 2019 年修订版 PSI 指令颁布后，法国迅速更新法律，推动档案数据开放的跃进。首先，法国第2015—1779号法律[22]规定了公共部门信息的免费提供和再利用标准，遵循欧盟 2013 版PSI指令，简化了文化、高等教育和研究领域的公共数据再利用，减轻档案馆等文化机构的负担，鼓励其允许用户免费利用数据。随后，2016年《遗产法典》第 211—1 条修订，[23]将“数据”纳入档案范畴，使档案数据成为档案管理的对象。在此基础上，2016年《数字共和国法》[24]成为法国档案数据开放的转折点。该法案明确开放数据需以“开放格式、可机读、免费”形式，要求档案馆在内的公共机构主动开放非敏感数据，开放档案数据成为档案馆的法定义务。2019年，法国文化部发布《公共文化数据开放：实用指南》[25]，倡导使用API提高数据可获取性。2021年发布的《文化部数据、算法和源代码政策路线图》[26]，提出应用国际图像互操作框架（International Im⁃age Interoperability Framework，IIIF） 、完善FranceArchives 门户等行动计划，为档案数据的开放提供明确指导。由此可见，法国通过积极响应欧盟指令，构建起内在逻辑统一的档案数据开放法律政策体系。
+
+2. 基于外部平台与自建平台的差异化设计。在技术应用上，法国利用两个平台进行 API 的差异化设计——档案数据依托上级部门的统一平台开放，数字档案图像则利用自建平台专门开放。一方面，业务档案数据、历史档案数据等专题数据集和元数据依托文化部开放数据平台[27]上的统一API——Ex⁃plore API[28]向公众开放。在数据结构方面，Explore API 的端点按数据资源层级组织，反映数据集之间的逻辑关系，便于用户按照不同资源级别查询、过滤数据。在数据格式方面，该API支持多种主流格式，且可以根据用户需求以数据分析格式和地理数据格式导出数据，不仅兼顾了不同用户的需求，还提升了数据的再利用效率。值得一提的是，Explore API还通过 Opendatasoft 技术提供可视化工具，如表格、地图与柱状图，帮助用户进行更直观的数据交互，体现了以用户为中心的理念。
+
+另一方面，海量档案数字件依托 IIIF，以图像形式在法国档案开放门户 FranceArchives[29]开放。当前，档案数字化过程中普遍存在扫描完成但未能转化为数据的问题，导致档案利用质量不高，亟需借助技术手段提升开放层级。2022 年，FranceArchives集成Mirador图像浏览器，广泛使用IIIF开放大量数字档案图像。[30]IIIF是一组规范，它确保全球图像资源的互操作性和可获取性，通过兼容的图像服务器，统一开放和利用以图像为载体的书籍、报纸、档案等在线资源。IIIF的核心技术包括图像（Image）API和呈现（Presentation）API。图像 API 通过静态 URL提供稳定的数字图像访问，支持对高清图像进行区域选取、调整尺寸和更改色彩参数等；呈现API则打包图像及其元数据，提供图像标题、来源等描述信息。利用 IIIF 开放数字档案图像有显著优势。首先，图像API和呈现API提高了数字档案图像的关联性。图像 API 打破了机构间的数据孤岛，用户可将数字档案图像与全球采用 IIIF的机构的图像资源关联，形成资源集合；同时，用户可根据呈现 API 提供的元数据联结跨机构、跨地域的同主题图像资源，建立知识关联。[31]其次，IIIF 具备可持续性与经济性，无需依赖特定平台托管，即使图像服务器或浏览器过时，图像亦可轻松迁移，保证长期可访问性。总之，法国在技术应用方面呈现出“结构化数据依托统一平台、数字档案图像依托 IIIF 框架”的双轨模式，既实现了数据的可视化、提升了可操作性，也实现了数字档案图像的互联与可持续开放。
+
+3. 主管部门协同下的档案机构主动作为。在国家数据开放战略框架下，法国档案机构充分发挥主体作用，依托上级部门的统筹与平台资源，形成一条主动参与和多平台协同的 API 开放档案数据路径。档案机构的领导机构文化部与国家数据开放机构Etalab 建立了稳定合作关系，[32]搭建了专门的文化数据开放平台，该平台与国家数据平台对接。在这种统筹机制下，国家档案系统的核心机构——法国国家档案局跨部门服务部与国家档案馆积极参与基于API的档案数据开放实践。一是积极上传档案数据。两大机构作为文化数据开放平台上档案数据的主要提供者，通过Explore API开放档案数据。在平台收录的 13 种文化数据中，除文化部机构数据外，档案数据集数量稳居第一。[33]二是整合地方档案资源。通过 FranceArchives平台，汇聚各地档案目录数据，并依托IIIF开放数字档案图像。FranceArchives还是欧洲档案门户的国家聚合器，推动法国档案数据在欧盟范围内的跨境互通。[34]三是推动档案数据再利用的转变。2017年，法国国家档案馆率先宣布其档案数据可完全免费、自由重复使用，成为首个放弃商业授权限制的国家文化机构，并带动十余个省级档案机构采用开放许可协议，[35]推动档案数据的非歧视性再利用。总之，在国家层面的机构协同下，法国档案机构主动作为，实现了基于 API 的档案数据开放，兼顾了开放质量与可持续发展。
+
+### （三）瑞典：以后发追赶为指引，善用国际标准协议与国际经验立足本国实际形成特色路径
+
+1. 从滞后到逐步完善的立法追赶。瑞典在档案数据开放方面的立法呈现“滞后—修正—追赶”路径，体现了从起初法律规范不足、响应迟缓，到近年逐步接轨欧盟法规的转变。最初，尽管瑞典以其悠久的信息自由传统著称，但在数据开放时代，其立法未能及时响应新兴需求，处于理念先进但立法滞后的矛盾状态。PSI 指令出台后，欧盟委员会批评瑞典未及时将指令内容纳入本国法律，指出其制度不足以满足指令的要求。[36]直至2010年，瑞典才颁布《关于公共行政文件再利用的法案》（2010：566）[37]，回应欧盟警告。但该法案允许档案馆、图书馆和博物馆在文化资源数字化时授予独家权利，即在特定时间内，档案馆可以只授权特定实体（如某一企业或组织）访问、使用或发布数字文化资源。这导致档案数据开放受限，进展缓慢。直到 2022 年，瑞典颁布《开放数据与公共部门信息再利用法案》（2022：818）[38]，标志着其数据开放立法的转型。新法案首次将“开放数据”作为法定义务，要求公共机构以开放格式并通过 API 提供高价值数据，全面响应欧盟2019年新版PSI指令。档案馆由此正式被纳入开放数据体系，其法律角色逐渐脱离边缘地位，档案数据开放和API应用拥有了坚实的法律基础。
+
+2. 对接国际标准提升数据互操作性。在API技术应用上，瑞典通过采用国际标准提升档案数据互操作性。2021 年，瑞典国家档案馆启动“瑞典国家档案馆作为数据平台”项目[39]，旨在通过 API开放馆藏档案数据及其元数据。该项目主要有三项成果：一是采用 OAI-PMH 协议[40]。瑞典国家档案馆采用开放档案倡议元数据收集协议批量收割元数据，供欧洲档案门户等平台集成，实现数据跨境互通。其元数据遵循 DCAT—AP—SE 规范[41]，该规范对欧盟数据目录词汇表的元数据规范 DCAT—AP 进行本土化，进一步支持档案数据跨境、跨部门开放；二是应用IIIF。2022年起，瑞典国家档案馆通过IIIF开放数字档案图像[42]，提高档案资源的互操作性和可获取性；三是 API 本地开发。2023 年，瑞典国家档案馆基于REST架构开发Sök-API[43]，支持外部系统用简单的网络请求（比如浏览器访问网址）直接检索调用国家档案馆的档案数据，推动跨平台开放。同时瑞典国家档案馆采用资源描述框架描述档案数据，[44]有利于开放后的深度分析。整体上看，瑞典的技术应用呈现出“国际标准本地化、本地资源语义化”的特征。通过在API中采用国际标准协议和关联数据，瑞典国家档案馆增强了档案数据的互操作性，为欧盟范围内数据流通与应用创造了坚实基础。
+
+3. 借鉴国际经验的本土化发展。瑞典国家档案馆在国家数据政策成型前承担先导建设职责，后期紧密对接国家开放数据政策，推动国际经验本土化。首先，在开放数据初期，国家档案馆承担了关键的基础建设职能。2017年，瑞典政府委托国家档案馆推进开放数据平台建设，协调公共机构发布数据，为后续成立的国家数字治理机构发挥作用奠定基础。2018年，国家档案馆联合标准化研究院发布本地化的DCAT—AP—SE元数据规范，提升了数据的一致性与可交换性，为基于 API 的档案数据互联提供保障。欧盟评估报告指出，随着瑞典国家档案馆相关任务的推进，瑞典开放数据指数排名显著提升，跻身“快速追赶者”行列。[45]其次，在 2022 年《开放数据法案》颁布也是瑞典开放数据步入正轨的后期，瑞典国家档案馆开始注重国际经验的本土转化，在机构内部积极响应政策，自主实现 API 在档案数据开放中的应用。例如通过“国家档案馆作为数据平台”项目，实现基于 API 的开放档案数据，其开放数据涵盖历史档案数据、业务档案数据、元数据和数字档案图像。针对历史档案OCR识别困难的问题，除了效仿国际经验引入 IIIF 外，国家档案馆还使用手写文本识别技术，与国际平台 Transkribus 合作，将难以识读的手写历史档案转录为文字，[46]再利用API以结构化数据开放。[47]总之，瑞典国家档案馆通过借鉴国际经验并进行本土转化，构建了独特的追赶型发展路径，值得其他后进国家借鉴。
+
+## 二、英国、法国、瑞典三国经验对我国的启示
+
+在全球档案数据开放不断发展的背景下，英国、法国与瑞典在API应用上各具特色。英国以政策先行和国家档案馆主导为特点，建立起制度完善、接口成熟的开放体系；法国紧随欧盟立法，在协调机制下对外部平台与自建平台进行差异化设计；而瑞典则从法律滞后起步，通过国家档案馆的积极行动，逐步实现技术接轨和国际经验的本土化，展现出追赶型国家的应对策略。三国实践对我国应用API开放档案数据具有现实启发意义。
+
+### （一）创造利用API开放档案数据的政策环境
+
+1. 明确档案数据开放的法律与政策基础。当前我国已初步形成档案数据开放的法律政策体系框架。《中华人民共和国政府信息公开条例》《关于加快公共数据资源开发利用的意见》《中华人民共和国档案法》《国家档案馆档案开放办法》以及很多地方性法规政策，均从不同层面对政府信息、公共数据和档案开放提出了方向性要求。但也存在以下问题：一是法律衔接冲突。《政府信息公开条例》要求行政机关主动公开信息，但移交至档案馆的政府信息需受《中华人民共和国档案法》25年封闭期限制，导致已公开信息可能被二次封闭。二是缺乏对档案馆开放数据义务的明确规定。《中华人民共和国档案法》及《国家档案馆档案开放办法》虽提及“档案信息化”和“提供利用”，但未明确要求开放“档案数据”，档案数据开放缺乏法律支撑和执行动力。与我国相比，在法律层面，英国、法国和瑞典打破了政府数据与档案数据之间的“隔阂”，均在法律中将档案馆纳入开放数据主体中。其中，英国通过《信息自由法》赋予档案馆信息公开的义务，将政府信息和档案视为一个整体，由该法统一负责其开放利用；法国档案法在2008年修订后确立了公共档案自由传播的原则，使得公共档案s与行政文件的访问制度协调一致，[48]在档案数据开放方面形成档案与信息两法相互衔接、并行支撑的格局。在政策层面，英国和法国通过发布如 API 技术规范、文化数据开放路线图等具体指导文件，为档案数据开放提供了清晰路径。
+
+我国档案数据开放应有更加坚实的法律保障和明确的政策支持。在法律层面，应着力完善政府信息公开与档案开放的衔接机制，同时明确国家档案馆的档案数据开放义务。其一，修订《中华人民共和国档案法》第15条，规定“行政机关已主动公开的政府信息移交档案馆后，豁免封闭期限制，直接开放”，同时应明确档案数据提前开放的具体适用范围，减少“一刀切”式的封闭与烦琐的审核程序。其二，在政府信息公开或政府数据开放的相关法律文件中将档案馆纳入信息公开或数据开放义务主体，在档案开放相关法律文件中更明确地提出“档案数据”或“历史数据”开放，提升档案数据开放的法定效力。在政策层面，应细化相关规定，引导和规范档案数据开放实践。其一，可由国家档案局或上级国家相关部门出台推进档案数据开放利用的指导意见，明确开放范围、标准与程序，统一全国档案馆的操作规范。其二，可制定档案数据开放指南，建立档案数据分级分类机制，结合档案内容和敏感性，确定不同开放等级，推动高价值档案数据优先开放。其三，可设置激励机制和保障性的政策，通过设置专项资金或允许档案馆通过数据合作获取社会收益，为档案机构提供开放数据的外部动力，同时加强专业培训、设立试点地区，逐步提升基层档案馆的数据开放能力，为全面推进档案数据开放打下坚实基础。
+
+2. 探索符合国情的档案数据开放许可协议。采用科学规范的开放许可协议，是实现档案数据有序、合规开放的重要一步。开放许可通过预设条款规范数据使用，明确政府和用户的权责，减轻了政府“怕开放”、用户“怕侵权”的顾虑。然而，目前我国档案数据开放多依赖网站发布的“使用声明”或“免责声明”，缺乏国家层面统一的、具有法律效力的开放许可，导致档案数据使用边界模糊，权责关系不明，不利于档案数据的安全有序流通与深度利用。
+
+在此背景下，无论是国家或地方政府制定开放许可协议，档案部门均应积极参与，确保许可条款既促进开放，又适用于档案数据的特殊性。若国家层面未建立统一的开放许可协议，档案部门可参照国际主流的开放许可协议，如英国的政府开放许可、法国的“Licence Ouverte”（LO）[49]、瑞典采用的CC BY知识共享许可协议和PDM公有领域标识[50]等，结合我国法律、信息安全及社会治理需求，作出有针对性的本土化调整，制定适合档案数据开放的许可变体。从法律属性看，开放许可协议是具有公法性质的“新型行政合同”，兼具公私法属性，涉及公权机构与用户间的权责安排。[51]其中，公法部分要求档案馆基于公共利益开放数据，确保档案数据的使用符合国家战略、社会治理和公共服务需求；私法部分则关注用户权利保障，如数据的合法使用、技术支持等。档案数据不同于一般政府数据，往往涉及敏感信息，故许可协议应特别注重两方面法律要求。公法方面，设置较为严格的隐私保护和数据滥用防范条款，如用户违约处罚规则，保证公共利益优先。私法方面，在协议中细化数据使用范围与责任界定，确保商业、企业和公众等不同用户间的公平透明，如在赋予档案馆单方中止违规访问、追溯数据流向权力的同时，保障用户异议权。
+
+### （二）构建灵活、安全与语义兼容的 API 设计
+框架
+
+1. 采用 RESTful API与语义网技术双轨并行的架构。设计 API 开放档案数据，可考虑同时采用REST 架构和语义网技术。我国档案数据开放存在地方档案机构技术能力不足、语义关联缺失的情况。一方面，地方档案机构面临资金短缺、技术能力弱的问题，传统定制化接口开发成本高、维护难；另一方面，传统静态数据集下载难以支持知识关联与智能检索，易致数据孤岛。RESTful API与语义网技术的双轨架构能够应对上述问题。首先，RESTful
+API 作为当前档案数据开放的主流技术架构，其轻量高效的特点能缓解地方档案机构的技术压力，降低接口开发门槛与运维成本。RESTful API 实现了客户端与服务端解耦，通过简单的 HTTP 请求和响应机制，便于快速调用与灵活部署。同时，其模块化、可扩展和兼容性强的特点支持分阶段实施，地方档案机构可根据自身需求和条件定制并逐步扩展功能，缓解资金压力。其次，语义网技术能提高档案数据互操作性。用 RDF语义化表示档案数据，将其转化为“三元组”形式，便于构建知识图谱，实现智能检索与跨域集成，提高档案数据再利用价值。英国、法国和瑞典的 API 均支持 RDF 格式，法国《文化部数据、算法和源代码政策路线图》明确文化部目标之一是文化数据的语义化，使“成千上万散布在网上的数据形成一个有意义的知识网络”[52]。总之，REST 架构保证开放效率与兼容性，语义网技术提升档案数据的深度利用潜力，双轨并行是未来技术架构优化的重要方向。
+
+2. 根据不同类型档案数据适配数据模型与交互标准。档案数据多样且结构复杂，设计 API 时需依据档案数据的内容与结构灵活设计数据模型，提升档案数据开放质量。对于法律档案数据，英国 Leg⁃islation API 采用 FRBR 模型，实现法律文件的版本控制与可追溯访问；对于档案元数据，Discovery API 基于国际档案描述标准构建多层级目录结构，通过嵌套字段与父子关系明确其上下文。我国在设计档案数据开放的 API 时不能只考虑技术可行性，而应充分考虑档案数据结构的语义与逻辑关联，根据档案数据的内容、结构以及利用需求，灵活设计相应的数据模型，避免简单套用统一模板。如文书档案数据可基于我国档案行业标准构建数据模型，法律档案数据可引入FRBR模型。
+
+设计API时，还需考虑档案数据的交互方式，应根据不同档案数据的特征选择合适的交互标准。对于数字档案图像，法国 FranceArchives 和瑞典国家档案馆均采用 IIIF，通过图像 API与呈现 API有效提升图像资源的互操作性。对于档案元数据开放，瑞典国家档案馆则采用 OAI—PMH协议，通过标准化元数据采集方式与欧洲档案门户对接，形成高效的数据协同共享机制。若无面向多类型档案数据的交互协议，易阻碍数据跨平台、跨系统、跨区域的高效流通。我国档案部门可根据不同档案类型特征灵活采用包括 IIIF 在内的多元交互协议，并根据本土需求进行改造，增强档案数据的互联互通，为我国档案数据的广泛传播与深度利用奠定技术基础。
+
+3. 为应用档案数据开放API创建安全可控的技术环境。保障安全性与合规性是应用API开放档案数据的重要前提。当前我国各级档案馆普遍存在“保密过度而开放不足”现象，严重影响档案数据开放水平。要破解此困境，在确保安全和合规前提下开放档案数据，可采取脱敏与访问控制相结合的做法。首先，在脱敏方面，要根据明确的档案数据分类分级制度，对涉及隐私、国家安全的数据信息设置脱敏规则与发布期限。严格执行匿名化、去标识化或假名化处理，确保任何单一数据或数据组合均无法回溯到具体个人或敏感主体。例如，瑞典国家档案馆的开放档案数据限定于 110 年前的信息，对其中包含个人信息的数据进行去标识或假名化处理后发布。其次，在访问控制上，可借鉴英国 DiscoveryAPI设置沙盒环境，[53]将API测试与实际生产系统隔离，对数据进行模糊化处理、加密处理或提供仿真数据、脱敏后的子集数据，保障开放安全。此外，针对科研、教育、政策制定等场景中对原始档案数据的合规利用需求，可效仿英国构建可信研究环境（Se⁃cureLab）[54]，通过身份认证、用途审批、环境隔离、操作记录审计等方式，允许符合条件的用户在受控环境中使用敏感档案数据，保障数据使用安全与可追溯性。
+
+### （三）探索利用API开放档案数据的协同共治之路
+
+1. 形成国家主导与地方联动的协同机制。目前，我国档案数据开放实践中存在以下问题：一是区域发展不平衡，地方响应差异大。山东、浙江等数字基础较好的地区已试点 API 开放，中西部仍以门户展示、数据集下载为主。二是标准规范不一。API设计自成体系，接口协议、数据格式兼容性差，整体处于无序状态。三是资源分配失衡。地方档案馆技术能力弱，缺乏专业人才与资金支持，难以独立完成API 开发与运维，陷入“有数据无接口”的困境。针对以上问题，参考欧洲国家经验，在利用API推动档案数据开放过程中，应建立以国家主导为核心、地方机构积极响应的多元协同机制，推动档案数据高效高质开放。
+
+首先，国家档案局作为制度设计与技术实施的中枢，可发挥示范引导作用。制度上，国家档案局可制定统一的技术标准和开放指南，为全国档案系统提供明确操作路径，降低地方执行的不确定性与技术门槛。技术上，国家档案局可统筹设立开放档案数据试点项目，探索标准化 API 开发、数据脱敏等技术实践。通过试点积累经验，形成技术模板与应用案例向全国推广，形成“以点带面、示范引领”的扩散效应。此外，还可以定期举办技术交流会议、档案数据开放竞赛、开发者大赛等活动，提升社会档案数据素养，激发各地参与开放创新的热情。
+
+其次，地方档案机构在协同机制中发挥着“特色创新”“分布式供给”的功能，宜因地制宜参与基于API 的开放数据实践。例如，东部地区地方档案机构先行试点，在权限范围内探索技术创新，总结先进经验。中西部地区注重基础能力建设，通过专项资金采购低代码工具与云服务资源，同时引才育才，降低技术门槛。地方档案馆可开发低成本的轻量接口，同时借鉴英国“管理您的馆藏”服务，通过标准化工具上传本地特色档案数据，聚合高价值的数据资源。唯有形成权责清晰、资源共享、机制互补的多元协作格局，方能实现基于 API 开放档案数据的高效利用与全域覆盖。
+
+2. 倡导用户友好与多元主体的共同参与。社会主体的广泛参与是利用 API 推动档案数据开放价值实现的重要环节。档案数据在来源、结构和技术上具有多元化特征，单靠机构难以充分释放其价值，需借助用户友好型技术设计与多元参与机制，激发科研、教育、企业和公众等多元主体的再利用活力，实现“可访问—可理解—可重用”的档案数据开放。
+
+首先，构建用户友好的技术环境，是优化档案数据利用的基础。英国、法国和瑞典重视API文档完备性、低代码工具、开发者支持与界面可操作性的建设。例如，英国Discovery API提供详尽的参数说明、示例代码和沙盒环境，帮助用户模拟请求、理解数据结构，其沙盒环境不仅提高了安全性，还可以帮助用户在档案数据真实调用前进行测试，降低试错成本；[55]法国Explore API整合可视化工具，将复杂数据以直观形式呈现，降低了非技术用户的理解门槛。因此，我国档案部门在设计 API 时可同步提供用户友好工具，包括开发者手册、接口演示、沙盒测试与调用模板，打造低门槛、强支持的用户友好环境。
+
+其次，鼓励多元主体参与档案数据开放和再利用。例如，英国鼓励用户对开放档案数据添加标签、提出修改建议，法国和瑞典的公共数据开放平台建立了用户社区，鼓励用户上传作品案例以获取用户反馈。我国档案部门在设计API时可允许用户通过API 对档案数据开放提交意见建议，鼓励各类社会主体基于档案数据进行开发、研究与传播；通过建立档案数据利用者社群，鼓励用户发布利用案例，推动政府、高校、企业、社群之间的应用共建，形成自下而上的反馈机制，使档案数据从“开放”走向“共用”，实现价值最大化。
+
+## 三、结语
+
+英国、法国与瑞典的实践表明，API已成为档案数据开放的关键技术路径，不仅推动了欧洲国家的档案数据开放实践，也为全球提供了范例。我国档案部门可借鉴欧洲国家经验，将 API 作为开放档案数据的重要工具，推动国家与地方协同治理，促进多元主体参与，实现智能化、可持续的档案数据开放。唯有在既有职责和权限框架内主动作为、寻求突破，通过法律政策创新与技术实践不断提升自身开放能力与服务能力，档案部门才能在国家数据战略中确立自身的价值坐标，赢得更大话语权与外部支持，实现从“被动管理者”向“数据服务者”与“组织领导者”的转型。
+
+*本文系国家社科基金项目“档案数据范式建构的基础问题研究”（项目编号：24CTQ036）阶段性研究成果。
+
+## 注释及参考文献：
+[1]What is Open Data?[EB/OL].[2025- 04- 28].https://opendatahandbook.org/guide/en/what-is-open-data/.
+[2]Data Visualisation Guide[EB/OL].[2025- 04- 25].https://data.europa.eu/apps/data-visualisation-guide/.
+[3]周文泓,熊小芳,代林序.档案机构参与公共数据开放：实践进展与展望[J/OL].山西档案,1-18[2025-04-28].http://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/14.1162.G2.20250409.1051.002.html.
+[4]European Union. Directive- 2003/98- EN-EUR- Lex: 2003/98/EU[EB/OL].[2025- 04- 24].https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2003/98/oj/eng.
+[5]European Union. Directive- 2013/37- EN- EUR-Lex: 2013/37/EU[EB/OL].(2013-06-26) [2025-04-24].https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2013/37/oj/eng.
+[6]European Union. Directive- 2019/1024- EN- psi di⁃rective-EUR-Lex: 2019/1024[EB/OL].(2019-06-26) [2025-04-24].https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2019/1024/oj/eng.
+[7]The Reuse of Public Sector Information Regulations 2005 (revoked): 2005 No.1515[EB/OL].[2025-04-24].https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/1515/contents.
+[8]Open Government Licence[EB/OL].[2025- 04- 24].https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open- government-licence/version/3/.
+[9]Government ICT Strategy[R/OL].(2011- 03)[2025- 04- 24].https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/me⁃dia/5a78c1e240f0b63247699ef7/uk- government- govern⁃ment-ict-strategy_0.pdf.
+[10]Government Digital Service and Central Digital and Data Office. API technical and data standards[EB/OL].(2024-07-19)[2025-04-24].https://www.gov.uk/guidance/gds-api-technical-and-data-standards.
+[11]Legislation API[EB/OL].[2025- 04- 24].https://www.legislation.gov.uk/index.
+[12]Legislation API[EB/OL].[2025- 04- 24].https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/cas- 82049- presentation-notes.pdf.
+[13]The National Archives. Annual report and accounts of the National Archives 2012-13[R/OL].[2025-04-24].https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/annual- report- 12-13.pdf
+[14]Discovery[EB/OL].[2025- 04- 24].https://www.api.gov.uk/tna/discovery/.
+[15]Discovery for developers: about the application pro⁃gramming interface(API) [EB/OL].[2025-04-24].https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/help/discovery- for- developers-about-the-application-programming-interface-api/.
+[16]Ministry of Justice,The National Archives. Amending Directive on Re- use of Public Sector Information[R/OL].[2025- 04- 24].https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5a8160dc40f0b62305b8ea1c/re- use- of- public- sector- infor⁃mation-impact-assessment.pdf.
+[17]Sheridan J. Putting APIs first: legislation.gov.uk – Government Digital Service[EB/OL].(2012-03- 30) [2025- 04- 24].https://gds.blog.gov.uk/2012/03/30/putting-apis-first-legislation-gov-uk/.
+[18]The National Archives. Annual Report and Ac⁃counts of The National Archives 2019- 20[R/OL].[2025- 04- 24].https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/annual-report-acccounts-2019-2020.pdf.
+[19] Ordonnance n° 2005-650 du 6 juin 2005 relative à la liberté d’accès aux documents administratifs et à la réutilisa⁃tion des informations publiques: 2005-650[EB/OL].(2005-06-07) [2025- 04- 24].https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000000629684/.
+[20] [35]ANNE- LAURE DONZEL. Archives et open data: quinze ans d’évolutions et d’inte-rac-tion[J].La Gazette des archi-ves, 2024(271): 17-36.[21]LOI n°2008-696 du 15 juillet 2008 relative aux ar⁃chives (1)[EB/OL] (2008-07-15)[2025-04-24]. https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000019198529.
+[22]LOI n° 2015-1779 du 28 décembre 2015 relative à la gratuité et aux modalités de la réutilisation des informations du secteur public - Dossiers législatifs - Légifrance: 2015-1779[EB/OL].(2016-12-27)[2025-04-24].https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/dossierlegislatif/JORFDOLE000030963991/.
+[23]Article L211-1 - Code du patrimoine - Légifrance[EB/OL].[2025-04-24].https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/codes/article_lc/LEGIARTI000032860025.
+[24]LOI n° 2016- 1321 du 7 octobre 2016pour une République numérique[EB/OL].(2016-10-07)[2025-04-24].https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/jorf/id/JORFTEXT000033202746/.
+[25]Ministère de la Culture. Ouverture des données pub⁃liques culturelles guide pratique[R/OL].(2019- 07) [2025- 04-25].https://www.culture.gouv.fr/Media/Thematiques/Innova⁃tion- numerique/Folder/Guide- pratique- dedie- a- l- ouver⁃ture-des-donnees-publiques-culturelles.
+[26] [52]Ministère de la Culture. Politique duministère de la Culture pour la donnée, les algorithmes et les codes sources[R/OL].(2021-09-15) [2025-04-25].https://www.culture.gouv.fr/content/download/295347/3378042?version=15.
+[27]Ministère de la Culture. Un Site Du Ministère De La Culture Accueil[EB/OL].[2025- 04- 24].https://data.culture.gouv.fr/pages/home/.
+[28]Ministère de la Culture. API—Ministère de laCulture[EB/OL].[2025- 04- 24].https://data.culture.gouv.fr/api/explore/v2.1/console.
+[29]FranceArchives[EB/OL].[2025-04-24].https://francearchives.gouv.fr/en.
+[30]IIIF, un outil pour visualiser les archives numérisées sur FranceArchives[EB/OL].[2025- 04- 24].https://francearchives.gouv.fr/fr/article/714850036.
+[31]赵雪芹,李天娥.国际图像互操作框架在数字图像档案中的应用研究[J].档案学研究,2021(2):45-53.
+[32]Ministère de la Culture[EB/OL].[2025- 04-24].https://data.culture.gouv.fr/pages/demarche/.
+[33]Ministère de la Culture, Explore[EB/OL].[2025- 04- 24].https://data.culture.gouv.fr/explore/?refine.theme=Archives&disjunctive.theme&disjunctive.keyword&sort=modified.
+[34]FranceArchives: réalisations[EB/OL].[2025- 04- 24].https://francearchives.gouv.fr/en/article/213604642.
+[36]Janssen K. The influence of the PSI directive on open government data: An overview of recent de⁃velopments[J].Government Information Quarterly,2011, 28(4): 446-456.
+[37]Lag (2010:566) om vidareutnyttjande av handlingar frän den offentliga förvaltningen[EB/OL].(2010-06-03)[2025-04-24].https://www.riksdagen.se/sv/dokument-och-lagar/do⁃kument/svensk- forfattningssamling/lag- 2010566- om- vida⁃reutnyttjande-av-handlingar_sfs-2010-566/.
+[38]Lag (2022:818) om den offentliga sektorns tillgängliggörande av data [EB/OL]. (2022- 06- 09)[2025- 04- 24]. https ://www. riksdagen. se/sv/doku⁃ment- och- lagar/dokument/svensk- forfattningssam⁃ling/lag-2022818- om- den- offentliga- sektorns_sfs-2022-818/.
+[39]Årsredovisning 2021 för riksarkivet[R/OL].(2022- 01- 21) [2025- 04- 24].https://riksarkivet.se/files/2024/09/riksarkivet_arsredovisning_2021.pdf.
+[40]OAI PMH[EB/OL].(2023- 01- 17) [2025-04-24].https://github.com/Riksarkivet/dataplattform/wiki/OAI-PMH.
+[41]DCAT- AP- SE version 3.0.1[EB/OL].[2025-04-24].https://docs.dataportal.se/dcat/en/.
+[42]IIIF[EB/OL].[2025- 04- 24].https://github.com/Riksarkivet/dataplattform/wiki/IIIF.
+[43]Sök API[EB/OL].(2023- 06- 28) [2025- 04-24].https://github.com/Riksarkivet/dataplattform/wi⁃ki/S%C3%B6k-API.
+[44]RDF representation[EB/OL].(2023- 06- 28)[2025- 04- 24].https://github.com/Riksarkivet/data⁃plattform/wiki/RDF-representation.
+[45]Halling S. 6 snabba med Sanja Halling, pro⁃jektledare på Riksarkivet[J].Arkiv Information Teknik,2018(2):14-15.
+[46]Maskintolkning av handskrivet källmaterial[EB/OL].[2025-04-24].https://riksarkivet.se/projekt/maskintolkning-av-handskrivet-kallmaterial.
+[47]Riksarkivet - Sök i arkiven[EB/OL].[2025- 04- 24].https://sok.riksarkivet.se/om-soktjansten/digitala-forskarsalen/htr.
+[48]吴硕娜.政府信息公开背景下档案开放对策研究——基于英国、美国、法国、瑞典政策法规的分析[J].浙江档案,2020(5):33-35.
+[49]Etalab.LicenceOuverte/OpenLicence[EB/OL].[2025-04-24].https://www.etalab.gouv.fr/licence-ouverte-open-licence.
+[50]DIGG. Rekommendation om öppna licenseroch immaterialrätt[EB/OL].(2025-03-28) [2025-04-24].https://www.digg.se/kunskap- och- stod/oppna-och- delade- data/offentliga- aktorer/rekommenda⁃tion-om-oppna-licenser-och-immaterialratt.
+[51]王真平.政府数据开放许可协议:理论源流、法律属性与法治进路[J].图书馆学研究,2021(11):58-65.
+[53]Discovery Web API sandbox[EB/OL].[2025-04-24].https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/API/sandbox/index#/FileAuthority.
+[54]Stora data & öppna data – exempel pä poli⁃cyinitiativ från Asien, Europa och USA[EB/OL].(2013)[2025- 04-24].https://www.tillvaxtanalys.se/publika⁃tioner/pm/pm/storadataoppnadataexempelpapolicyini⁃tiativfranasieneuropaochusa.555.html.
+[55]Usingthe DiscoveryAPIto analyse catalogue da⁃ta[EB/OL].(2018-07-27) [2025-04-28].https://blog.nationalarchives.gov.uk/using-the-discovery-api/.
+
+**作者单位：1. 四川大学公共管理学院**
+
+**2. 四川电力设计咨询有限责任公司**
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f41c113a2411b01262b0f9e639987ebcbf864e5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_200.md
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+# 编者的话
+
+第三十一辑发排在即,照例要写一篇“编者的话”,姑且谈谈读了本辑后的一点粗浅的感想吧。
+
+本辑学报一共有22篇文章,大抵分为方言、语法、词汇训诂、读书札记、研究生论坛等相关栏目;另外有3篇关于汉字史、汉语历史语法、汉语语音史的文献综述。这里仅就涉及词汇训诂方面的几篇文章酌作评述,以窥豹一斑。
+
+有的文章讨论的是老问题,但有了新的切入点和角度。
+
+例如,涉及出恭(排泄)等隐私类词语,以往已有较多的讨论。谭代龙教授《运动事件认知模式与汉语出恭事件的历史词汇问题》一文,从运动事件的角度,按照离开起点、位移运动、位移运动+目的地、准备、排泄、善后、返回等7个节点,对历史上表示出恭行为的相关词语进行了梳理描写,指出:“从汉语史的角度来说,指称这个认知模式中各个节点的词,不是一个共时系统,有早有晚。”虽然就具体的词语而言,这些归类是否合适,或有不同理解,但文章切入的视角很新,研究方法也较有新意。
+
+又如,“反训”是训诂学界的一个众说纷纭的老问题,肯定者与反对者各执一词,难于调和。陈菡《反训实例试析两则———对“语境+义素分析法”的实践性考察》一文,对历来的反训研究加以总结,在反思既有反训实例研究模式的基础上,提出“语境+义素分析法”,并以“保”“围”二词为例,进行分析考察。作者的思路是:对于反训词、反训词义的考察研究,应当深入到语境中和词义内部,去分析不同语境下义素的升降替换以至义位的变化,从而更真切地观察、把握词义的生成与演变,虽然运用“语境+义素分析法”可以推阐分析的词语究竟有多少不得而知,但本文的考辨无疑是一种有益的尝试,值得鼓励。
+
+有以方法或视角取胜的,也有以材料见长的。如董宪臣《北朝墓志词语释录举正》、谢文乾《贵州清水江经济文书疑难语词考释三则》二文,前者依据中古墓志,后者依据明清时期的契约文书,对相关的疑难词语做了考释,大抵稳妥可信。如董文第7则,举东魏兴和三年《司马僧光墓志》:“鄙 不生于心,憙愠弗形于色。”王连龙《南北朝墓志集成》认为“ ”为“俗”之讹刻,《文化安丰》(180)及《墨香阁藏北朝墓志》(48)皆录作“俗”。作者指出:“ ”为“悋”之讹。从词义搭配看,“鄙俗”指鄙陋庸俗,通常为外化表现,与心性关涉不大;“鄙悋”(鄙吝)则指心胸狭窄,为内心活动,故可言“不生于心”。证据充足,结论可信。“鄙悋”即“鄙吝”,中古作品习见,如《世说新语·德行》:“周子居常云:‘吾时月不见黄步度,则鄙吝之心已复生矣。’”
+
+研究生论坛的几篇,可能还比较稚嫩,但也都有一定的问题意识,尝试通过较短的篇幅,考释一则词语,解决一个问题。限于篇幅,就不一一述说举例了。
+
+要特别感谢本刊的各位审稿专家,正是有了你们多年来的认真把关和辛劳付出,才使我们学报能保持住应有的学术水准。也要感谢各位作者的惠予赐稿和大力支持,感谢编辑部的王诚老师、刘芳博士,他们多年为学报勤勤恳恳地工作,默默地付出,联系专家和作者,编辑排校,辛苦了!
+
+王云路
+2024年11月30日
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..46adf083785cc033a2faed930cf7a2866ccb2142
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+## 高考英语考前必背优秀作文
+
+一:假定你是李华。近日有网友在推特贴出了中国大妈带领美国大妈在新泽西大跳广场舞的照片,你的美国朋友 David 看过之后,很想了解中国流行的广场舞.(square dance)的相关情况。请你用英语给他写封回信,要点包括:
+
+1)广场舞跳的时间、地点、参与人员等;
+
+2)广场舞流行的原因;
+
+Dear David,
+
+**I am writing to tell you something about** the square dance in China. **As can be seen from the name,** square dance usually takes place at the square, where there is large space for lots of people to get together. In the morning or after dinner, people, especially elderly women, will gather in squares to dance to popular music. **With its popularity,** more and more young people are also joining in.
+
+There are many reasons behind its popularity. First of all, with social and economical development people have more time and energy to enjoy and relax themselves. Besides, **it provides people with** a platform to make new friends and doing the square dance is a good way for people to keep fit.
+
+If you want to know more about the square dance, welcome to China to experience it by yourself.
+
+Li Hua
+
+二、假设你是李华，你的朋友 Tom 刚被牛津大学录取，邀请你去参加今周六举行的庆祝 party，你刚好不能参加，请回信说明理由。内容要点：
+
+1. 祝贺录取
+
+2. 不能前往的原因
+
+3. 祝福
+
+Dear Tom,
+
+Congratulations on your being admitted to Oxford University!
+
+I'm grateful and honored to be invited to your celebration party to be held this Saturday evening. However, much to my regret, I have to decline your kind invitation. As you know, a Chinese Poetry Competition is being held in our school and I have successfully entered the finnal round competition, which happens to be scheduled on this Saturday and will not end until late into the evening. It's a great pity that I can't make it to your party. But I've prepared a gift for you and hopeful you will like it.
+
+May your party be a great success and enjoy yourself that day!
+
+Yours
+
+Li Hua
+
+三、假设你是李华，你校学生会将在下个学期在学校每周举行文化周活动，先向同学们征求意见，请向学生会写一封信，内容包括：
+
+1. 你的态度
+
+2. 你的建议
+
+3. 活动意义
+
+Dear Students Union,
+
+I heard that our school would organize “Lecture Week” next term so as to broaden our vision. I strongly agree to your decision that we’ll attend a series of lectures on different topics. It is said that there will be a lecture every day during the week.
+
+During the Lecture Week, as we will invite some famous professors to give us speeches on various subjects, I suggest a lecture on how to study English effectively should be included. The reason is that many students in our school are not so good at English. We have a strong desire to improve it.
+
+The Lecture Week, in my opinion, is a great chance to enrich our school life as well as encourage us to study successfully. I sincerely hope that we students will have such wonderful time in the Lecture Week.
+
+Best wishes!
+
+Li Hua
+
+四：假如你是李华，你的加拿大网友 Mike 圣诞节期间打算来中国，他对中国传统文化非常感兴趣，希望你能为他推荐一些名胜古迹。请你用英语给他发一封电子邮件，向他推荐一个或两个你所喜欢的名胜古迹。要点：
+
+1. 简介你推荐的名胜古迹； 2. 叙述你推荐的理由； 3. 表达你的祝愿。
+
+Dear Mike,
+
+**I'm glad to know that** you are coming to China during Christmas. **The following is a brief introduction about** some places of interest **that I strongly recommend to you.**
+
+The Great Wall of China is one of **the greatest wonders** in the world, which is visible from outer space. **Because of its** rich history and magnificent appearance, the Great Wall attracts a lot of tourists scientists, and historians.
+
+The famous West Lake is like a brilliant pearl embedded in the beautiful and fertile shores of the East China Sea near the mouth of the Hangzhou Bay. The view of the West Lake is simply charming. Different time and different weather make it a different scene.
+
+I am looking forward to **your arrival.** There are many other wonderful places here. **Wish you a nice journey.**
+
+Yours,
+
+Li Hua
+
+五：你校将要举行一次主题为“How to Communicate with Our Parents”的英语演讲比赛，请你用英语写一篇演讲稿。要点如下：
+
+1. 尊重并信任父母； 2. 常与父母聊天； 3. 换位思考问题。
+
+参考词汇：换位思考 put oneself in sb's shoes
+
+How to Communicate with Our Parents
+
+Hello, everyone. **I'd like to share my ideas about** the topic of communicating with our parents. Parents are the people **who love us most, so it's necessary to** keep a good relationship with them. **Here are my ideas on** how to make it easier to communicate with parents.
+
+First, **it goes without saying that** we should respect and trust our parents. They have experienced more and always **try their best** to protect us from dangers. **In addition, if** we often talk with them about our life and experiences, we will know each other better. **What's more,** we can often tell our parents how much we love them. **If** sometimes we don't agree with our parents' decisions, we should try to put ourselves into their shoes and we will soonunderstand them. Remember **what they really want** is only the best for us.
+
+Thank you for listening.
+
+六：近年来大城市交通拥堵严重，影响了人们的生活和经济发展，对此人们十分抱怨。假如你是李华，请用英语给报社写封信。
+
+要点：1.交通现状及影响；2.提出改进建议；3.希望建议被采纳。
+
+Dear editor,
+
+I am writing to you to talk about the **heavy traffic**. Nowadays, people in many big cities are complaining about the heavy traffic. It has **seriously influenced** people's daily life and economic development. **To solve the problem, I'd like to put forward some pieces of advice.**
+
+**For one thing**, more streets and roads **should be built.** In this way, we can speed up the flow of buses and cars. **For another,** the number of bikes and cars **can be limited**, **which** can decrease the traffic flow. But **the most important thing is that** the number of private cars **should be put under control. Meanwhile, it is suggested that** buses should have their own special routes **which** cannot be used by other vehicles. Besides, underground train and
+city train **should be developed quickly**.
+
+**I do hope you can take my suggestions into consideration.**
+
+Li Hua
+
+七: 假设你是李华, 临近毕业了, 你给高中英语老师 Miss.Li 写一封感谢信, 内容要点如下:
+
+1. 表示感谢;
+
+2. 你的近况;
+
+3. 你对大学的展望以及上大学后的打算。
+
+Dear Miss Li,
+
+How is everything going? I am writing to **express my sincere gratitude to you for your kind help with my study**. With your help, I make great progress in English.
+
+I am Senior Three now. **Devoted to** my study every day, I have learned much knowledge, **which will definitely promise** me a good performance in my college entrance exams. **I hope that I can be admitted into my dream university**, one with good equipment and learned professors. When I am in college, I won't bury myself in books the whole day. **Instead**, I'll be active and take part in many after-class activities **where** I can develop my social skills and mypotential. **Additionally**, it goes without saying that I will try my best to make more friends. **I firmly believe that** only in this way **can I make my college life more colorful.**
+
+Thanks again. Wish you a good day. Look forward to your early reply.
+
+Yours truly,
+
+Li Hua
+
+八：假如你是高三学生李华，请写一篇演讲稿，准备代表全体同学在毕业典礼上发言，内容要点如下：
+
+1)毕业的心情;
+
+2)高中三年的收获;
+
+3)感谢和决心。
+
+Good morning, everyone.
+
+I'm Li Hua. **It's my great honor to stand here to deliver my speech**. It has been three years since I started my high school. At this moment, I cannot bear to part but I am also eager for my new life in university. During the three years, not only have I made some true friends who shared sorrows and joys with me, but also I have gained various knowledge.
+
+Before leaving, **I'd like to express my sincere gratitude to my teachers**. **It was they who** patiently answered our endless questions.Besides, **I owe many thanks to my dear classmates.**
+
+Without their help and encouragement, I couldn't have overcome so many difficulties. Now I've been determined to lead a more meaningful life in university and I will live up to the expectations of my teachers and my parents.
+
+Thank you for your listening.
+
+七: 假设你是李华, 于上周六搭乘某运输公司大巴回老家看望爷爷奶奶, 到站后, 发现遗失了黄色行李箱(80 cm×40 cm×25 cm), 箱内装有给爷爷奶奶的礼物、个人衣物及几本书。现请用英文给该运输公司写一封信, 请他们帮你寻找。要点包括:
+
+1. 陈述写信原因；
+
+2. 描述行李箱；
+
+3. 期待回复并表示感谢。
+
+Dear Sir or Madam,
+
+My name is Li Hua, and I was a passenger on your early bus last Saturday, travelling from the center of the city to the village. Unfortunately, I found that my suitcase got lost when I arrived at the stop. **I am therefore writing** to ask for your help in finding my suitcase.
+
+
+The suitcase is a yellow one, 80 cm long, 40 cm wide and 25 cm thick, **with my name tag on the back.** It contains some clothes and several books about history. There are also some presents I bought for my grandparents. It will be a great disappointment to me if I can't find it.
+**I would greatly appreciate it if** you could help find my lost suitcase. I'm looking forward to hearing from you soon.
+
+Yours,
+
+Li Hua
+
+九: 假如你是李华, 最近你比较关注美国文化, 尤其对美国的节日感兴趣。请你给你的美国网友 Tom 写一封电子邮件, 询问关于感恩节的一些情况。要点如下:
+
+1. 介绍自己的近况;
+
+2. 询问关于感恩节的一些情况;
+
+3. 表示感谢。
+
+Dear Tom,
+
+Thanks for your e－mail last time. I'd like to tell you that I **am now focusing my attention on** American culture, especially American festivals.
+
+When it comes to American festivals, **what attracts me most is** Thanksgiving Day. Since I have never spent the festival in America in person, I know little about it. **I would appreciate it greatly if** you can tell me something about it. **My questions are as follows:** How did it come into being? How and when do people celebrate it? What's its significance?
+
+I hope you can give me assistance in these problems and thank you in advance.
+
+Best wishes!
+
+Yours,
+
+Li Hua
+
+十: 假设美国某中学师生一行要来你校开展联谊活动, 学校指定你代表学生会在联谊会上发言。请你用英语写一篇发言稿。要点:
+
+1. 欢迎来宾;
+
+2. 介绍学校(设施、老师、学生)
+
+3. 对联谊活动的期盼
+
+Ladies and gentlemen,
+
+**I feel greatly honoured to be here** with the guests from the USA. **Now allow me to express our warm welcome and sincere greetings to our American guests on behalf of the Student Union.**
+
+**Here I'd like to make a brief introduction to our school**. As you can see, our classrooms and science buildings **are well equipped**, with many trees and tall buildings around them. To make things better, our teachers are devoted and kind-hearted. Whenever we meet with difficulties, they will come to help us. Besides, we students are all hard－working and always help each other, as if we were a big family. In our Student Union, we have several clubs, which are founded by students of similar interest.
+
+In a word, this is a wonderful place to study and make friends. In the following days we will experience our colorful school life together and **hopefully it will become an unforgettable memory** in your life.
+
+That's all. Thank you.
+
+十一：在学习、生活和工作中，学会与人合作是非常重要的，请你写一篇题为“Being a Good Partner”的英文演讲稿。要点
+
+1. 合作的意义 2. 怎样成为好的合作伙伴 3. 你的观点
+
+Good afternoon, everyone!
+
+**The topic of my speech** today is “being a good partner”. **Cooperation is a good way for us to** learn from each other as well as to improve our friendship. Besides, successful cooperation can save us a lot of time and energy.
+
+How can we become a good partner? As for me, first of all, there is no doubt that we should try to listen to others' opinions. If he makes mistakes, we'd better try to point them out in a polite way. Besides, never force our own ideas on others. Sometimes, it can be difficult to team up with someone we dislike. In this case, we should learn to put up with some of his shortcomings and try to discover his advantages.
+
+Wish my views would be helpful. Thank you for your listening!
\ No newline at end of file
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+# 附件2
+
+## 应聘诚信承诺书
+
+本人已仔细阅读《山东省人民政府发展研究中心博士后创新实践基地 2023 年公开招聘博士后研究人员简章》和招聘岗位要求，且已周知报考纪律和违纪违规行为处理规定，理解且认可其内容，确定本人符合应聘条件。
+
+本人郑重承诺：本人所填写和提供的个人信息、证明资料、证件等真实、准确、有效，并自觉遵守事业单位公开招聘的各项规定及纪律要求，诚实守信报考，认真履行应试人员义务，不故意浪费招聘资源。本人在报名、考试、考察、体检、公示、聘用整个招聘期间保证遵守各项纪律要求，若有违反，愿意按相关规定接受处理。本人保证在报名至聘用期间保持联系方式畅通，保守面试内容的秘密，自觉保护个人隐私，不侵犯他人隐私，对因提供有关材料信息不实、违反有关纪律规定和以上承诺所造成的后果，本人自愿承担相应责任。
+
+承诺人：
+
+年 月 日
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,339 @@
+arXiv:2408.11791v1 [cs.LG] 21 Aug 2024
+
+# CRITIQUE-OUT-LOUD REWARD MODELS
+
+**Zachary Ankner1,2\*** **Mansheej Paul1\*** **Brandon Cui1**
+**Jonathan D. Chang1** **Prithviraj Ammanabrolu3,1**
+
+¹Databricks ²MIT ³University of California, San Diego
+
+## ABSTRACT
+
+Traditionally, reward models used for reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) are trained to directly predict preference scores without leveraging the generation capabilities of the underlying large language model (LLM). This limits the capabilities of reward models as they must reason implicitly about the quality of a response, i.e., preference modeling must be performed in a single forward pass through the model. To enable reward models to reason explicitly about the quality of a response, we introduce Critique-out-Loud (CLoud) reward models. CLoud reward models operate by first generating a natural language critique of the assistant's response that is then used to predict a scalar reward for the quality of the response. We demonstrate the success of CLoud reward models for both Llama-3-8B and 70B base models: compared to classic reward models CLoud reward models improve pairwise preference classification accuracy on RewardBench by 4.65 and 5.84 percentage points for the 8B and 70B base models respectively. Furthermore, CLoud reward models lead to a Pareto improvement for win rate on ArenaHard when used as the scoring model for Best-of-N. Finally, we explore how to exploit the dynamic inference compute capabilities of CLoud reward models by performing self-consistency decoding for reward prediction.
+
+## 1 INTRODUCTION
+
+In reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) (Christiano et al., 2017; Nguyen et al., 2017), a reward model is trained as a proxy for human preferences. Such reward models are then used to produce a human-preference aligned generation policy. Methods to do this include RL training or generating multiple responses and selecting the highest scoring generation under the reward model. In this work, we focus on improving the performance of reward models by training them to critique responses before predicting a reward.
+
+Generally, reward models are trained as simple LLM based classifiers of the user's prompt and the assistant's response (Stiennon et al., 2020; Ouyang et al., 2022). Importantly, the language modeling (LM) head of the underlying LLM is not used during reward modeling. We hypothesize that this limits the performance of classic reward models as they cannot explicitly reason about the quality of the response in a Chain-of-Thought (CoT) (Wei et al., 2022) like manner. Namely, without generating reasoning traces, all reasoning in classic reward models must be performed implicitly in the model within a single forward pass.
+
+The utility of reasoning traces for preference modeling is demonstrated by the LLM-as-a-Judge framework (Zheng et al., 2023), where a scoring rubric is provided to an LLM, and the LLM reasons about how the provided response adheres to the rubric before scoring the quality of the response. While LLM-as-a-Judge provides both the ability to define preferences at inference time through the judging rubric and interpretable evaluation by inspecting the produced CoT reasoning, LLM-as-a-Judge generally under-performs classic reward models at pairwise preference classification¹.
+
+In this work, we investigate how to leverage the language generation capabilities of LLMs to improve reward model performance. Adding the capacity for language generation to reward models enables them to explicitly reason about the quality of the input via variable inference compute in a CoT like manner. To this end, we propose Critique-out-Loud (CLoud) reward models: conditioned on the user's prompt and the assistant's response, CLoud reward models first generate a detailed critique about how well the response answers the user's query. Then, as a function of the user's prompt, the assistant's response, and the self-generated critique, the CLoud reward model produces a scalar reward for the quality of the response. We present an overview of CLoud reward models in Figure 1. By introducing language generation to classically trained reward models, our work provides the groundwork to unify classic reward models and LLM-as-a-Judge and inherits the advantages of both methods. To train CLoud reward models we assume access to a preference dataset composed of prompts, responses, and oracle critiques of the responses. We train CLoud reward models to both generate critiques by supervised finetuning (SFT) on the oracle critiques and to produce scalar rewards based on the Bradley-Terry (BT) preference model (Bradley & Terry, 1952).
+
+
+\* Equal contribution. Correspondence to ankner@mit.edu.
+Code made public at https://github.com/zankner/CLoud.
+¹https://huggingface.co/spaces/allenai/reward-bench
+
+
+
+Figure 1: **Overview of CLoud reward models.** CLoud reward models augment classic reward models with a language modeling (LM) head to provide critiques in addition to a scalar reward. Given a user's prompt and an assistant's response as inputs, a CLoud reward model first generates a critique describing the quality of the assistant's response. Then, conditioned on the prompt, response, and self-generated critique, the CLoud reward head produces a scalar reward.
+
+We also explore how to exploit the stochasticity in critique generation via multi-sample inference techniques to improve reward modeling performance. Specifically, we investigate self-consistency (Wang et al., 2023a) for CLoud reward models and sample multiple (critique, reward) predictions before marginalizing across critiques to produce a better estimate of the reward.
+
+**Contributions** Our work makes the following contributions:
+
+We introduce Critique-out-Loud (CLoud) reward models: reward models that are trained to explicitly reason about the quality of responses before scoring them. Through adding critique capabilities to reward models, CLoud lays the groundwork for unifying reward models and LLM-as-a-Judge.
+We demonstrate that CLoud reward models improve pairwise preference classification accuracy on RewardBench by up to 4.65 and 5.84 percentage points for the 8B and 70B base models respectively (Figure 3). Additionally, we show that CLoud reward models lead to a Pareto improvement for win rate on ArenaHard when used as the scoring model for Best-of-N (Figure 4).
+* We ablate an important design choice in the training of CLoud reward models, on versus off-policy training, and show that on-policy training is essential for the success of CLoud reward models for both preference classification and for BoN (Figures 6 and 7).
+* We investigate self-consistency over critiques as a method to trade added inference compute for better reward modeling. We demonstrate that self-consistency over the critiques improves pairwise preference classification accuracy for reasoning tasks by up to 0.70 and 0.49 percentage points for the 8B and 70B models respectively (Figure 7).
+
+
+
+Figure 2: **Overview of training CLoud reward models.** CLoud reward models are trained using a dataset that consists of user prompts, chosen and rejected assistant responses, and critiques of the response quality generated by an oracle. We first train a pretrained LLM to generate critiques for the responses by finetuning on the oracle critiques. We then rebuild the dataset by replacing oracle critiques with critiques generated by the finetuned model. Finally, we initialize a scalar reward head on top of the finetuned model and train on the new dataset composed of self-generated critiques to minimize both a language modeling and a preference modeling loss.
+
+## 2 METHODS
+
+In this section, we review how classic reward models that model human preferences are trained and we then extend this methodology to training CLoud reward models. We also detail how CLoud reward models are used to score samples at inference time using both standard and self-consistency decoding. Note, we will refer to the trunk of a pretrained LLM before the final language modeling layer as the *base model* and the linear or shallow multi-layer perceptrons (MLPs) that operate on the output of the base model as *heads*.
+
+### 2.1 CLASSIC REWARD MODELS
+
+Typically, classic reward model consists of a base model and a shallow MLP reward head. Its parameters are $(\theta_B, \theta_R)$, where $\theta_B$ and $\theta_R$ are the parameters of the base model and reward head respectively. Given a user prompt $x$ and an assistant response $y$, the classic reward model predicts a scalar reward score $\hat{R} = r_{\theta_B, \theta_R}(x, y)$. A classic reward model is initialized from a pretrained base model and a randomly initialized reward head and then trained on a dataset of $N$ examples, $D = \{(x, y^{-}, y^{+})_{i}\}_{i=1}^{N}$. Here, $x$ is a user's prompt and the $y$s are two different assistant responses to the prompt: $y^{+}$ is the chosen or preferred response and $y^{-}$ is the rejected response as judged by a human or a more powerful model. Reward models are trained to predict a higher reward for $y^{+}$ than for $y^{-}$ under the Bradley-Terry model (Bradley & Terry, 1952). This is achieved by minimizing:
+
+$$
+\mathcal{L}_{RM}(\theta_B, \theta_R, D) = -\mathbb{E}_{(x,y^-,y^+) \sim D} \left[ \log\left( \sigma\left( r_{\theta_B,\theta_R}(x,y^+) - r_{\theta_B,\theta_R}(x,y^-) \right) \right) \right]
+$$
+
+where $\sigma(*)$ is the sigmoid function.
+
+### 2.2 CLOUD REWARD MODELS
+
+In addition to the base model and reward head, CLoud reward models preserve the language modeling head of the original pretrained LLM and are defined by parameters $\theta = (\theta_B, \theta_{LM}, \theta_R)$ where $\theta_{LM}$ are the parameters of the language modeling head. CLoud reward models extend classic reward models by first generating a critique of the assistant's response and then predicting a scalar reward conditioned on the critique (depicted in Figure 1). Formally, given a user prompt $x$ and assistant response $y$ we first sample a critique $\hat{c} \sim p(*|x, y; \theta_B; \theta_{LM})$ and then predict a reward conditioned on the prompt, the response, *and the critique*: $\hat{R} = r_{\theta_B; \theta_R}(x, y, \hat{c})$.
+
+**Training CLoud reward models.** CLoud reward models are trained with a dataset of $N$ examples, $D = \{(x, y^{-}, y^{+}, c^{-}, c^{+})_{i}\}_{i=1}^{N}$, where we introduce oracle critiques, $c^{-}, c^{+}$, of the rejected and chosen responses $y^{-}, y^{+}$ respectively. The critiques are reasoning traces that provide feedback on the weaknesses of the responses and strategies for improving them. While ideally $c^{-}, c^{+}$ would be human critiques of the responses, we use critiques generated by a more powerful model, specifically Llama-3.1-405B-Instruct (Dubey et al., 2024), to approximate human critiques as done in prior work (Bai et al., 2022b; Dubois et al., 2024). Further details on how these oracle critiques are generated are provided in Appendix A.
+
+To train CLoud reward models we: (1) train the base model and LM head to generate critiques via supervised finetuning on the oracle critiques, (2) replace oracle critiques in the dataset with critiques generated by the finetuned model, and (3) train a reward head conditioned on self-generated critiques. We choose to train the reward head on self-generated critiques as to minimize the distribution shift in the critiques seen by the reward head between training and inference when oracle critiques are not available. We present an overview of CLoud reward model training in Figure 2.
+
+Before formally detailing the steps of CLoud reward model training, we introduce the following objectives. First, we modify $\mathcal{L}_{RM}$ to work with CLoud reward models as:
+
+$$
+\mathcal{L}_{RM}(\theta_B, \theta_R, D) = -\mathbb{E}_{(x,y^{-},y^{+},c^{-},c^{+})\sim D}[\log(\sigma(r_{\theta_B,\theta_R}(x,y^{+},c^{+}) - r_{\theta_B,\theta_R}(x,y^{-},c^{-})))]
+$$
+
+where the reward estimator $r_{\theta}(x, y, c)$ is now also conditioned on a critique $c$. Next, we introduce the critique SFT loss, which is the negative log likelihood of the rejected and chosen critiques:
+
+$$
+\mathcal{L}_{SFT}(\theta_B, \theta_{LM}, D) = -\mathbb{E}_{(x,y^{-},y^{+},c^{-},c^{+})\sim D}[\sum_{c_t^{-} \in c^{-}} \log p(c_t^{-}|x, y^{-}, c_{Similarly, we demonstrate that performing Best-of-N decoding with CLoud reward models is a Pareto improvement over classic reward models for ArenaHard win-rate. We further investigate how CLoud reward models can leverage additional inference compute via multi-sample decoding strategies. Specifically, we evaluate self-consistency decoding for CLoud reward models where we marginalize over sampled critiques to provide a better estimate of the reward. We find that CLoud reward models only benefit from self-consistency on reasoning problems and demonstrate that self-consistency is predominantly useful when assigning rewards to responses with short reasoning horizons. CLoud reward models establish a new paradigm for reward models by unifying language generation with preference modeling and open new avenues for improving reward models through variable inference compute.
+
+## ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
+
+We would like to thank Marc Marone, Aaron Gokaslan, and Cody Blakeney for their conversations and feedback regarding the paper. We would like to thank Brian Chu, Mihir Patel, and Abhi Venigalla for their engineering assistance.
+
+## REFERENCES
+
+Afra Feyza Akyurek, Ekin Akyurek, Ashwin Kalyan, Peter Clark, Derry Tanti Wijaya, and Niket Tandon. RL4F: Generating natural language feedback with reinforcement learning for repairing model outputs. In Anna Rogers, Jordan Boyd-Graber, and Naoaki Okazaki (eds.), *Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)*, pp. 7716–7733, Toronto, Canada, July 2023. Association for Computational Linguistics. doi: 10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.427. URL https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.427.
+
+Yuntao Bai, Andy Jones, Kamal Ndousse, Amanda Askell, Anna Chen, Nova DasSarma, Dawn Drain, Stanislav Fort, Deep Ganguli, Tom Henighan, et al. Training a helpful and harmless assistant with reinforcement learning from human feedback. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2204.05862*, 2022a.
+
+Yuntao Bai, Saurav Kadavath, Sandipan Kundu, Amanda Askell, Jackson Kernion, Andy Jones, Anna Chen, Anna Goldie, Azalia Mirhoseini, Cameron McKinnon, et al. Constitutional ai: Harmlessness from ai feedback. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2212.08073*, 2022b.
+
+Ralph Allan Bradley and Milton E. Terry. Rank analysis of incomplete block designs: I. the method of paired comparisons. *Biometrika*, 39(3/4):324–345, 1952. ISSN 00063444, 14643510. URL http://www.jstor.org/stable/2334029.
+
+Xinyun Chen, Maxwell Lin, Nathanael Schärli, and Denny Zhou. Teaching large language models to self-debug. In *The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations*, 2024. URL https://openreview.net/forum?id=KuPixIqPiq.
+
+Paul F Christiano, Jan Leike, Tom Brown, Miljan Martic, Shane Legg, and Dario Amodei. Deep reinforcement learning from human preferences. *Advances in neural information processing systems*, 30, 2017.
+
+Ganqu Cui, Lifan Yuan, Ning Ding, Guanming Yao, Wei Zhu, Yuan Ni, Guotong Xie, Zhiyuan Liu, and Maosong Sun. Ultrafeedback: Boosting language models with high-quality feedback. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2310.01377*, 2023.
+
+Hanze Dong, Wei Xiong, Bo Pang, Haoxiang Wang, Han Zhao, Yingbo Zhou, Nan Jiang, Doyen Sahoo, Caiming Xiong, and Tong Zhang. Rlhf workflow: From reward modeling to online rlhf. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.07863*, 2024.
+
+Abhimanyu Dubey, Abhinav Jauhri, Abhinav Pandey, Abhishek Kadian, Ahmad Al-Dahle, Aiesha Letman, Akhil Mathur, Alan Schelten, Amy Yang, Angela Fan, et al. The llama 3 herd of models. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.21783*, 2024.
+
+Yann Dubois, Chen Xuechen Li, Rohan Taori, Tianyi Zhang, Ishaan Gulrajani, Jimmy Ba, Carlos Guestrin, Percy S Liang, and Tatsunori B Hashimoto. Alpacafarm: A simulation framework for methods that learn from human feedback. *Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems*, 36, 2024.
+
+Deep Ganguli, Amanda Askell, Nicholas Schiefer, Thomas I Liao, Kamilė Lukošiūtė, Anna Chen, Anna Goldie, Azalia Mirhoseini, Catherine Olsson, Danny Hernandez, et al. The capacity for moral self-correction in large language models. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2302.07459*, 2023.
+
+Luyu Gao, Zhuyun Dai, Panupong Pasupat, Anthony Chen, Arun Tejasvi Chaganty, Yicheng Fan, Vincent Zhao, Ni Lao, Hongrae Lee, Da-Cheng Juan, and Kelvin Guu. RARR: Researching and revising what language models say, using language models. In Anna Rogers, Jordan Boyd-Graber, and Naoaki Okazaki (eds.), *Proceedings of the 61st Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers)*, pp. 16477–16508, Toronto, Canada, July 2023. Association for Computational Linguistics. doi: 10.18653/v1/2023.acl-long.910. URL https://aclanthology.org/2023.acl-long.910.
+
+Fabrizio Gilardi, Meysam Alizadeh, and Maël Kubli. Chatgpt outperforms crowd workers for text-annotation tasks. *Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences*, 120(30):e2305016120, 2023.
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+Zhibin Gou, Zhihong Shao, Yeyun Gong, yelong shen, Yujiu Yang, Nan Duan, and Weizhu Chen. CRITIC: Large language models can self-correct with tool-interactive critiquing. In *The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations*, 2024. URL https://openreview.net/forum?id=Sx038qxjek.
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+Fan Huang, Haewoon Kwak, and Jisun An. Is chatgpt better than human annotators? potential and limitations of chatgpt in explaining implicit hate speech. In *Companion proceedings of the ACM web conference 2023*, pp. 294–297, 2023.
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+Dongfu Jiang, Xiang Ren, and Bill Yuchen Lin. Llm-blender: Ensembling large language models with pairwise ranking and generative fusion. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2306.02561*, 2023.
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+Geunwoo Kim, Pierre Baldi, and Stephen McAleer. Language models can solve computer tasks. *Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems*, 36, 2024.
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+Seungone Kim, Jamin Shin, Yejin Cho, Joel Jang, Shayne Longpre, Hwaran Lee, Sangdoo Yun, Seongjin Shin, Sungdong Kim, James Thorne, et al. Prometheus: Inducing fine-grained evaluation capability in language models. In *The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations*, 2023.
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+Nathan Lambert, Valentina Pyatkin, Jacob Morrison, LJ Miranda, Bill Yuchen Lin, Khyathi Chandu, Nouha Dziri, Sachin Kumar, Tom Zick, Yejin Choi, et al. Rewardbench: Evaluating reward models for language modeling. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.13787*, 2024.
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+Harrison Lee, Samrat Phatale, Hassan Mansoor, Thomas Mesnard, Johan Ferret, Kellie Ren Lu, Colton Bishop, Ethan Hall, Victor Carbune, Abhinav Rastogi, and Sushant Prakash. RLAIF vs. RLHF: Scaling reinforcement learning from human feedback with AI feedback. In *Forty-first International Conference on Machine Learning*, 2024. URL https://openreview.net/forum?id=uydQ2W41KO.
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+Junlong Li, Shichao Sun, Weizhe Yuan, Run-Ze Fan, hai zhao, and Pengfei Liu. Generative judge for evaluating alignment. In *The Twelfth International Conference on Learning Representations*, 2024a. URL https://openreview.net/forum?id=gtkFw6sZGS.
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+Tianle Li, Wei-Lin Chiang, Evan Frick, Lisa Dunlap, Tianhao Wu, Banghua Zhu, Joseph E. Gonzalez, and Ion Stoica. From crowdsourced data to high-quality benchmarks: Arena-hard and benchbuilder pipeline, 2024b.
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+Tianqi Liu, Yao Zhao, Rishabh Joshi, Misha Khalman, Mohammad Saleh, Peter J Liu, and Jialu Liu. Statistical rejection sampling improves preference optimization. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2309.06657*, 2023.
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+Ilya Loshchilov and Frank Hutter. Decoupled weight decay regularization. In *International Conference on Learning Representations*, 2019. URL https://openreview.net/forum?id=Bkg6RiCqY7.
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+R Duncan Luce. *Individual choice behavior*, volume 4. Wiley New York, 1959.
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+Aman Madaan, Niket Tandon, Prakhar Gupta, Skyler Hallinan, Luyu Gao, Sarah Wiegreffe, Uri Alon, Nouha Dziri, Shrimai Prabhumoye, Yiming Yang, et al. Self-refine: Iterative refinement with self-feedback. *Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems*, 36, 2024.
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+Nat McAleese, Rai Michael Pokorny, Juan Felipe Ceron Uribe, Evgenia Nitishinskaya, Maja Trebacz, and Jan Leike. Llm critics help catch llm bugs. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2407.00215*, 2024.
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+Khanh Nguyen, Hal Daumé III, and Jordan Boyd-Graber. Reinforcement learning for bandit neural machine translation with simulated human feedback. In Martha Palmer, Rebecca Hwa, and Sebastian Riedel (eds.), *Proceedings of the 2017 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing*, pp. 1464–1474, Copenhagen, Denmark, September 2017. Association for Computational Linguistics. doi: 10.18653/v1/D17-1153. URL https://aclanthology.org/D17-1153.
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+Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Xu Jiang, Diogo Almeida, Carroll Wainwright, Pamela Mishkin, Chong Zhang, Sandhini Agarwal, Katarina Slama, Alex Ray, et al. Training language models to follow instructions with human feedback. *Advances in neural information processing systems*, 35: 27730–27744, 2022.
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+Robin L Plackett. The analysis of permutations. *Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C: Applied Statistics*, 24(2):193–202, 1975.
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+Keshav Ramji, Young-Suk Lee, Ramón Fernandez Astudillo, Md Arafat Sultan, Tahira Naseem, Asim Munawar, Radu Florian, and Salim Roukos. Self-refinement of language models from external proxy metrics feedback. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2403.00827*, 2024.
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+William Saunders, Catherine Yeh, Jeff Wu, Steven Bills, Long Ouyang, Jonathan Ward, and Jan Leike. Self-critiquing models for assisting human evaluators. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2206.05802*, 2022.
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+Jérémy Scheurer, Jon Ander Campos, Tomasz Korbak, Jun Shern Chan, Angelica Chen, Kyunghyun Cho, and Ethan Perez. Training language models with language feedback at scale. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.16755*, 2023.
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+Noah Shinn, Federico Cassano, Ashwin Gopinath, Karthik Narasimhan, and Shunyu Yao. Reflexion:Language agents with verbal reinforcement learning. *Advances in Neural Information ProcessingSystems*, 36, 2024.
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+Nisan Stiennon, Long Ouyang, Jeffrey Wu, Daniel Ziegler, Ryan Lowe, Chelsea Voss, Alec Radford,Dario Amodei, and Paul F Christiano. Learning to summarize with human feedback. *Advancesin Neural Information Processing Systems*, 33:3008–3021, 2020.
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+Gokul Swamy, Christoph Dann, Rahul Kidambi, Zhiwei Steven Wu, and Alekh Agarwal. Aminimaximalist approach to reinforcement learning from human feedback. *arXiv preprintarXiv:2401.04056*, 2024.
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+Haoxiang Wang, Wei Xiong, Tenyang Xie, Han Zhao, and Tong Zhang. Interpretable preferencesvia multi-objective reward modeling and mixture-of-experts. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.12845*,2024a.
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+Xuezhi Wang, Jason Wei, Dale Schuurmans, Quoc V Le, Ed H. Chi, Sharan Narang, AakankshaChowdhery, and Denny Zhou. Self-consistency improves chain of thought reasoning in languagemodels. In *The Eleventh International Conference on Learning Representations*, 2023a. URLhttps://openreview.net/forum?id=1PL1NIMMrw.
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+Zhilin Wang, Yi Dong, Jiaqi Zeng, Virginia Adams, Makesh Narsimhan Sreedhar, Daniel Egert,Olivier Delalleau, Jane Polak Scowcroft, Neel Kant, Aidan Swope, et al. Helpsteer: Multi-attribute helpfulness dataset for steerlm. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2311.09528*, 2023b.
+
+Zhilin Wang, Yi Dong, Olivier Delalleau, Jiaqi Zeng, Gerald Shen, Daniel Egert, Jimmy J Zhang,Makesh Narsimhan Sreedhar, and Oleksii Kuchaiev. Helpsteer2: Open-source dataset for trainingtop-performing reward models. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.08673*, 2024b.
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+Jason Wei, Xuezhi Wang, Dale Schuurmans, Maarten Bosma, Fei Xia, Ed Chi, Quoc V Le, DennyZhou, et al. Chain-of-thought prompting elicits reasoning in large language models. *Advances inneural information processing systems*, 35:24824–24837, 2022.
+
+Rui Yang, Ruomeng Ding, Yong Lin, Huan Zhang, and Tong Zhang. Regularizing hidden states
+enables learning generalizable reward model for llms. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2406.10216*, 2024.
+
+Zihuiwen Ye, Fraser Greenlee-Scott, Max Bartolo, Phil Blunsom, Jon Ander Campos, and Matthias Gallé. Improving reward models with synthetic critiques. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2405.20850*, 2024.
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+Lifan Yuan, Ganqu Cui, Hanbin Wang, Ning Ding, Xingyao Wang, Jia Deng, Boji Shan, Huimin Chen, Ruobing Xie, Yankai Lin, et al. Advancing llm reasoning generalists with preference trees. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2404.02078*, 2024a.
+
+Weizhe Yuan, Richard Yuanzhe Pang, Kyunghyun Cho, Xian Li, Sainbayar Sukhbaatar, Jing Xu, and Jason E Weston. Self-rewarding language models. In *Forty-first International Conference on Machine Learning*, 2024b. URL https://openreview.net/forum?id=0NphYCmgua.
+
+Yao Zhao, Rishabh Joshi, Tianqi Liu, Misha Khalman, Mohammad Saleh, and Peter J Liu. Slic-hf: Sequence likelihood calibration with human feedback. *arXiv preprint arXiv:2305.10425*, 2023.
+
+Lianmin Zheng, Wei-Lin Chiang, Ying Sheng, Siyuan Zhuang, Zhanghao Wu, Yonghao Zhuang, Zi Lin, Zhuohan Li, Dacheng Li, Eric Xing, Hao Zhang, Joseph E. Gonzalez, and Ion Stoica. Judging LLM-as-a-judge with MT-bench and chatbot arena. In *Thirty-seventh Conference on Neural Information Processing Systems Datasets and Benchmarks Track*, 2023. URL https://openreview.net/forum?id=uccHPGDlao.
+
+Banghua Zhu, Michael Jordan, and Jiantao Jiao. Principled reinforcement learning with human feedback from pairwise or k-wise comparisons. In *International Conference on Machine Learning*, pp. 43037–43067. PMLR, 2023.
+
+
+
+
+Figure 9: Prompt used to construct oracle critiques during dataset construction.
+
+## A GENERATING ORACLE CRITIQUES
+
+To approximate human critiques when constructing our dataset we generate oracle critiques using Llama-3.1-405B-Instruct (Dubey et al., 2024). The exact prompt we use to generate oracle critiques is displayed in Figure 9.
+
+## B TRAINING HYPERPARAMETER SWEEP
+
+For fair comparison, we sweep over the parameters of both the classic and CLoud reward models. For 8B models, we first evaluate learning rates of 1e-6, 5e-6, and 1e-5. Then, using the best learning rate, evaluate training for 1, 2, and 3 epochs. For CLoud reward models we also evaluate the SFT loss weight $\lambda$ at $\frac{3}{4}, 1$, and $\frac{5}{4}$. For the 8B base model, we find the best performing parameters for classic reward models are $\{ \text{lr}=5\text{e-6}, \text{epochs}=2 \}$ and the best performing parameters for CLoud reward models are $\{ \text{lr}=1\text{e-6}, \text{epochs}=1, \lambda = \frac{5}{4} \}$. We perform a similar sweep for 70B models, evaluating learning rates of 1e-6, and 5e-6. All 70B models are trained for only 1 epoch. For CLoud reward models we again evaluate $\lambda$ at $\frac{3}{4}, 1$, and $\frac{5}{4}$. We find the best performing parameters for classic reward models are $\{ \text{lr}=5\text{e-6} \}$ and the best performing parameters for CLoud reward models are $\{ \text{lr}=1\text{e-6}, \lambda = \frac{3}{4} \}$.
+
+## C SELF-CONSISTENCY FOR BON
+
+In this section we explore the effect of self-consistency decoding for CLoud reward models on BoN win rate for ArenaHard. For each number of responses that we are performing BoN over, we sample sixteen critiques at a temperature of 0.5 that we average the reward over. We plot the BoN win rate
+
+
+
+Figure 10: **Comparing BoN win rates on ArenaHard of CLoud reward models using greedy and self-consistency decoding**. The shaded area represents ±1 standard error from the mean. To perform self-consistency for BoN, we sample sixteen critiques of each response and average the reward across critiques. At both model sizes, we find no difference in BoN win rates between greedy and self-consistency decoding.
+
+for greedy and self-consistency decoding in Figure 10. For both model sizes, we find that the BoN win rate is the same for greedy reward scoring and for self-consistency reward scoring, meaning that there is no observed advantage in the BoN policy for performing self-consistency to predict the reward on ArenaHard.
+
+## D EXAMPLE REWARD PREDICTIONS ON REWARDBENCH
+
+In this section we present examples of the reward prediction process for CLoud reward models on RewardBench. We randomly sample an example from the chat and reasoning categories, and evaluate both the 8B and 70B CLoud reward models on these examples. For each example, we present the user's query, the preferred and non-preferred responses, the corresponding critiques, and the predicted rewards. We present the 8B CLoud critiques on the preferred and non-preferred chat responses in Figures 11 and 12 respectively, and the 8B CLoud critiques on the preferred and non-preferred reasoning responses in Figures 13 and 14 respectively. We present the 70B CLoud critiques on the preferred and non-preferred chat responses in Figures 11 and 12 respectively, and the 70B CLoud critiques on the preferred and non-preferred reasoning responses in Figures 13 and 14 respectively.
+
+
+
+
+Figure 11: Reward prediction process for an 8B CLoud reward model on the preferred response of an example from the chat category of RewardBench.
+
+
+
+Figure 12: Reward prediction process for an 8B CLoud reward model on the non-preferred response of an example from the chat category of RewardBench.
+
+
+
+Figure 13: Reward prediction process for an 8B CLoud reward model on the preferred response of an example from the reasoning category of RewardBench.
+
+
+
+Figure 14: Reward prediction process for an 8B CLoud reward model on the non-preferred response of an example from the reasoning category of RewardBench.
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,239 @@
+# 云终端使用说明书
+
+## 一、网络终端与服务器的连接:
+
+通过局域网, 使用单个或多个网络终端共享一台高性能服务器。网络示意图如下:
+
+
+
+图一
+
+如果需要访问 internet。则网络拓扑结构如下所示:
+
+
+
+### 第一步: 完成网络终端物理连接
+
+将键盘、鼠标、显示器、网线、电源与终端连接。
+
+### 第二步: 开启网络终端
+
+完成并确认所有电缆连接正确后, 开启网络终端的电源开关, 按照以下步骤顺序配置网络终端。
+
+#### A、系统启动画面
+
+
+
+#### B、系统默认开机画面 (主开机画面)
+
+1）在登陆界面中,有两个按钮,**“Connect”** 和 **“Settings”**。见下图。
+
+2）点击 **“Settings”** 对云终端进行配置。然后,在登录界面输入服务器的 IP 地址 (SERVER IP)和用户的账号(USER NAME)及密码(PASSWORD),再点 **“Connect”** 就可以登录到服务器。
+
+3）点击 **“Settings”** 之后, 可以设置的选项有：IP 地址的设置、分辨率的设置、音频的支持、U 盘的支持、带宽和打印机的支持。
+
+
+
+C、云终端的配置：在登陆界面点击 **“Settings”** 按钮对网络终端进行配置。详细步骤如下：
+
+1、设置 IP 地址：点击 **“Network”** 选项卡,如下图。有三种网络模式：LAN、3G(TD-SCDMA) 和 WIFI。
+
+
+
+1）有线网络设置：点击 “LAN” 选项。
+
+a）动态 IP 地址设置：点击 **“DHCP”** 选项,再点击 **“Setting”** 按钮进行动态 IP 的获取, 如下图:
+
+
+
+b） 静态 IP 地址设置：点击 **“Static IP”** 选项,如下图。设置本地 IP 地址 (Local IP) 192.168.3.18。输入子网掩码(Netmask)255.255.255.0。设置网关(Gateway)。设置域名解析服务器 IP (DNS),与服务器端相同即可。再点击 **“Setting”** 按钮使其生效。
+
+
+
+有线网络连接成功后可在 **“Net State”** 选项卡查看有线网络信息, 如下图:
+
+
+
+如果网络信息为空说明没有连接上, 需检查网络。
+
+2）3G(TD-SCDMA)网络设置：点击 **“TD-SCDMA”** 按钮即可进行3G网络连接。
+
+3）WIFI 设置：点击 **“ WIFI ”** 按钮,即可出现 WIFI 界面。如下图：
+
+
+
+点击 **“Enable”** 按钮激活 WIFI 模块,激活成功后 **“Enable”** 按钮变为 **“Disable”** 按钮(若想禁止 WIFI 模块点击 **“Disable”** 按钮即可),WIFI 激活成功后再点击 **“Refresh”** 按钮搜索 WIFI 热点, 如下图:
+
+
+
+选中想连接的 WIFI 热点,再点击 **“Connect”** 按钮进行与 WIFI 热点的连接,WIFI 列表的 STATUS 栏会显示连接状态。如果 WIFI 热点需要密码, 则会弹出密码框, 如下图:
+
+
+
+输入密码后点击 **“ 0K ”** 按钮进行与 WIFI 热点的连接。连接成功后可在 **“Net State”** 选项卡查看 WIFI 网络信息。如下图:
+
+
+
+如果网络信息为空说明连接失败,需检查网络。
+
+2、分辨率设置：点击 **“Resolution”** 选项卡,选择分辨率后再点击 **“Setting”** 按钮使其生效。如下图
+
+
+
+3、其它：点击 **“Other”** 选项卡
+
+
+
+1）音频(Audio)：选择打开(Audio enable),则支持声音。选择关闭(Audio disable) 则关闭声音功能。
+
+2）U 盘 (Local USB): 选择打开 (USB enable), 则可以在云终端上使用 U 盘, 可以从服务器端拷贝文件到云终端的 U 盘上。选择关闭,则不能使用 U 盘。如果用户需要从服务器端拷贝数据到 U 盘,则应打开此功能。详细情况见附后的说明。
+
+3）带宽 (Bandwidth): modem 为调制解调器 (56kbps) 模式,适合低网速环境下的文字办公应用, 占用带宽最少。Broadband 为高速带宽 (2Mbps~10Mbps) 模式, 适合高网速的应用。lan 为局域网 (10Mbps 或更高) 模式, 适合在局域网内使用, 可以显示完整的桌面环境, 例如墙纸。请根据不同的网络环境选择适应的带宽。
+
+4）打印机 (Printer)：选择打开 (Printer enable),在下面输入打印机名称,则支持终端打印机功能 (服务器需安装打印机驱动)。选择关闭 (Printer disable), 则不支持打印机功能。详细情况见附后的说明 (针对 USB 接口打印机)。
+
+4、网络状态 (Net state): 点击此选项卡可以看到网络状态。如下图:
+
+
+
+### 第三步: 登录服务器:
+
+在登录界面输入用户信息就可以登录服务器了。步骤如下:
+
+1、服务器 IP (Server IP): 192.168.3.141
+
+2、账号 (User Name): test21
+
+3、密码 (Passwork): test
+
+
+
+以上设置完毕后,点 “Connect” 按钮就可以登录服务器。
+
+## 二、 U 盘和打印机说明
+
+1、U 盘：将 U 盘插入终端,在主界面点击 **“Settings”** 按钮,然后再点击 **“Other”** 选项卡, 选中 **USB enable**, 点击 **“Setting”** 使设置生效。如下图:
+
+
+
+登陆服务器后,进入资料夹在其他一栏下可看见 U 盘盘符 (chipfly上的 USB), 如下图:
+
+
+
+2、打印机：首先在服务器上安装相应的打印机驱动,确保打印机在服务器上能正常使用。将打印机插入终端,在主界面点击 **“Settings”** 按钮,然后再点击 **“Other”** 选项卡,选中 **Printer enable**, 在下面的输入框填入打印机名称 (以下介绍如何确定打印机名称), 点击 **"Setting"** 使设置生效。例如：**HP LaserJet 1022**。如下图：
+
+
+
+打印机名称的确定: 在服务器上的**开始**菜单中点击**打印机和传真**选项, 如下图:
+
+
+
+点击后出现如下图片：
+
+
+
+鼠标右键单击打印机图标, 在弹出的菜单中点击**属性**选项, 如下图:
+
+
+
+点击后出现如下图片：
+
+
+
+第一栏即为打印机的名称。使能打印机后登陆服务器后进入**打印机和传真**查看, 如出现以下界面说明打印机映射成功 (例如: 会话 2 中的 chipfly (来自 chipfly)), 可正常使用。
+
+
+
+打印文档时, 会弹出选择打印机的界面, 如下图:
+
+
+
+选择会话 2 中的 **chipfly**(来自 **chipfly**)打印机即可。
+
+## 三、常见问题
+
+### 1、云终端机不能连接服务器怎么办?
+
+按照以下步骤逐一排查:
+
+1）确认服务器端是否正常安装,若正常,转下一步；
+
+2）确认云终端使用的登录账户是否为服务器端已经设定好了账户,若是,转下一步。
+
+3）检查网线连接是否正常,若正常,转下一步。
+
+4）检查网络是否正常。
+
+5）确认系统的远程桌面服务默认的端口号是：3725.
+
+### 2、云终端连接服务器后,自动断开,怎么办?
+
+首先检查服务器是否正常工作及网络是否正常 (排除认为误操作因素), 若正常, 检查服务器端软件安装是否正确,若服务器端不正常,卸载服务器端软件后重新安装即可。
+
+# 服务器端软件的安装与设置
+
+## 1. 服务器端软件的安装：
+
+1.1. 双击打开 **“Thin Client_V 1.004.exe”** 软件：如下图所示：
+
+
+
+1.2. 点击 **“next”**,如下图:
+
+
+
+1.3. 选择 **“I agree to the terms of this license agreement”**, 然后选择 **“Next”**, 如下图:
+
+
+
+1.4. **“Name”** 和 **“Company”**可以默认，点击“Next”，如下图：
+
+
+
+1.5. 点击 **“Change”** 按钮改变安装路径, 也可以默认为 C:\\Program Files\\Thin Client, 点击 Next, 如下图:
+
+
+
+1.6. 确认安装目录, 点击 **“Next”**, 如下图:
+
+
+
+1.7. 点击 **“Auto Add User Name”** 按钮进行批量增加用户,如下图:
+
+
+
+1.8. 在 **“UserName(U)”** 上写入用户名,在 **“PassWord(P)”** 上写入密码, 默认密码不能为空,如果让远程登陆的用户为空密码,则必须选择下面的 **“Use Blank Passworks”**。 在 **“Add User Number From...To... “** 可以输入添加用户的数量。然后选择用户是普通用户 **“User”**,还是管理员 **”Administrator“**。最后点击 **”Add “** 添加按钮,即可在下面显示所添加的用户名和密码。如下图:
+
+1.8.1. 添加用户时需要注意事项：
+
+1.8.1.1. 密码不能为汉字；
+
+1.8.1.2. 在 Windows 2008 操作系统上密码规则必须同时包含数字、字母和符号, 否则添加无效;
+
+1.8.1.3. 使用空密码登陆的功能选择一次就可以支持所有用户使用空密码登陆。支持 WindowsXP 和 Windows 2003 和 Vista 操作系统。
+
+1.8.1.4. 添加用户的数量必须从 1 开始；
+
+1.8.2. 设置实例: 添加用户名为 test, 密码为 test, 用户数量为 5 个, 选择普通用户 **User**,不选管理员 Administrator,不使用空密码登陆,点击 **“Add”** 按钮。 添加的用户就为test1、test2、test3、test4、test5,密码都为test。如下图：
+
+
+
+1.9. 点击 “Finish ” 按钮,如下图:
+
+
+
+1.10. 系统要求重启,点击 **“确定”**。安装完毕。服务端软件安装成功。
+
+## 2. 服务器端防火墙内开设 BOSS 终端设备需要的端口。
+
+BOSS 终端设备需要的端口号为: TCP 端口: 27605、3581、3597、3645、3646、3725。 UDP 端口为：1027、1283、3581、3725。以 WINDOWS XP 为例,说明如何开放相关端口。
+
+2.1. 找到 **“网络连接”**, 如下图:
+
+
+
+2.2. 在 **“本地连接”** 上单击右键, 选择 **“属性”**, 点击 **“高级”**。如下图:
+
+
+
+2.3. 在 **“本地连接”** 上点击 **“设置”**。如下图:
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_41.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_41.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ccca94607e04ed2b55d166e8e178d773c6567a0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_41.md
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+# 研究生工作部、研究生院简介
+
+中央财经大学研究生院是在原研究生部的基础上于2011年10月建立，其前身是1986年成立的研究生处。1992年，为适应研究生教育管理体制发展的需要，撤消研究生处并成立研究生部。研究生院的成立，带给我们的不仅是荣誉，更是责任和使命，这在中央财经大学研究生教育发展史上具有里程碑的意义，标志着我校向“有特色、多科性、国际化”高水平研究型大学的发展目标迈出了坚实的一步。2017年4月，为进一步做好研究生思想政治引领和理想信念教育工作，成立党委研究生工作部，与研究生院合署办公，标志着我校研究生工作从原来宽泛的学生工作体系中独立出来。研究生工作部将紧密围绕立德树人根本目标，打造科学思政工作体系，多驾齐驱，助力研究生成长成才，培养新时代可靠接班人。
+
+党委研究生工作部负责研究生思想政治教育与党建、研究生奖助和评奖评优、研究生综合事务等相关工作。研究生院负责我校研究生的招生、教学与学籍管理、学位管理及导师管理等工作。研究生工作部、研究生院在校党委和行政的统一领导下，本着“服务育人、管理育人”的理念，创造性地开展各项工作，已形成一支综合素质高，协作精神强，认真负责、甘于奉献，富有效率的团队，现有工作人员23名。今后，研究生工作部、研究生院将继续深入贯彻习近平总书记关于研究生教育工作的重要指示精神和全国教育大会精神，按照全国研究生教育会议部署，紧密配合学校中心任务，强化服务意识，与各部门和学院共同努力，继续深化研究生培养机制改革，不断提高研究生培养质量，为学校的发展做出新的更大的贡献。
+
+# 中央财经大学博士研究生执行培养方案的规定
+
+校发〔2014〕120号
+
+为加强我校博士研究生（以下简称博士生）培养工作，进一步提高培养质量，根据教育部有关文件精神，结合我校实际，制定本规定。
+
+## 一、培养目标
+
+全面贯彻党和国家的教育方针，坚持质量第一的原则，培养德智体美全面发展，深入系统地掌握学科基础理论和研究方法,具有创新研究能力,综合素质高的拔尖创新人才。
+
+## 二、学习年限
+
+全日制博士生的基本学习年限按学科专业不同分为3年和4年,最长学习年限为6年；在职博士生的基本学习年限为4年，最长学习年限为6年。学业成绩优异（课程成绩平均学分绩点不低于4.0），科研成果特别突出（以独立作者、第一作者或第二作者且指导教师（导师）为第一作者在A类期刊发表2篇及以上论文）的博士生可申请提前毕业，提前毕业时间不超过1年。
+
+## 三、培养方式
+
+博士生培养以科学研究为主，合理安排课程学习、科学研究、学术交流、调研实习等环节，注重培养博士生的优良学风和独立从事创造性科研工作的能力。
+
+博士生培养采取导师负责制，同时提倡建立博士生指导小组（以下简称导师组），充分发挥集体指导的优势，切实提高博士生培养质量。导师组由3-5名本学科专业和相近学科专业的专家组成，导师任组长。
+
+导师（组）应全面关心和指导博士生，重点做好以下工作：
+
+1. 指导博士生制定个人培养计划，并检查落实；
+
+2. 对博士生进行思想品德、学风、学术道德等方面的教育；
+
+3. 指导和检查博士生的课程学习、科学研究和学位论文工作等。
+
+博士生入学后，应至少每月向导师（组）汇报1次思想、学习和科研进展情况，听取指导意见。
+
+## 四、博士生个人培养计划的制定
+
+导师（组）根据《中华人民共和国学位条例》、我校学科专业培养方案并结合博士生个人情况，在博士生入学3个月内，指导学生填写《中央财经大学博士研究生个人培养计划》，经学院（研究院、中心，以下统称学院）主管院长（中心主任，以下统称院长）审核同意后执行，并报研究生院备案。
+
+个人培养计划应对博士生所学的课程名称、学分、时间安排、学习和考核方式、科学研究和学位论文的要求与进度、主要必读书目等进行明确规定。
+
+《中央财经大学博士研究生个人培养计划》一式四份，其中两份报研究生院，另两份分别由所在学院和导师（组）留存。在执行过程中如因客观条件变化，经所在学院主管院长同意，可以修订培养计划，并报研究生院备案。
+
+## 五、课程设置及要求
+
+为了使博士生进一步拓宽理论基础，深化专业知识，掌握学科前沿的最新科研成果和理论动态，提高创新能力和学术水平，学校授权学院根据学校统一规定按照学科和专业方向设置博士生课程。
+
+博士生培养采用学时制与学分制相结合的方式进行。博士生毕业所需学分为26学分，其中必修课学分不得超过22学分。博士生课程分为公共基础课、学科基础课和专业课三大类；按照课程性质又分为必修课和选修课。
+
+### 1. 必修课
+
+（1）政治理论课。政治理论课设置一门必修课《中国马克思主义与当代》（2学分，36学时），归入公共基础课。
+
+（2）外国语课。外国语课设置一门公共外语课（2学分，36学时）和一门专业外语课（2学分，36学时）。所有学院均需开设公共外语课，归入公共基础课；除优势学科创新平台外，其他学院均需开设专业外语课，内容以阅读、翻译外文文献为主，归入专业课。
+
+（3）学科基础课。经济学类专业必须开设高级宏观经济学（3学分，54学时）、高级微观经济学（3学分，54学时）、高级计量经济学（3学分，54学时）；管理学类专业必须开设高级微观经济学（3学分，54学时）、高级计量经济学（3学分，54学时）；其它专业根据学科专业方向设置相应的学科基础课。
+
+（4）经济学与管理学前沿问题研究。所有专业的博士生都必须修本门课程（3学分，54学时）。
+
+（5）专业课。每个专业至少开设一门专业方向课（3学分，54学时）。
+
+### 2. 选修课
+
+（1）政治理论课。政治理论课设置一门选修课《马克思主义经典原著选读》（2学分，36学时）。
+
+（2）第二外国语。第一语种不是英语的博士生必须选修第二外国语，且为英语（2学分，36学时）；第一语种为英语的博士生可自主选修第二外国语日语或法语（2学分，36学时）。
+
+（3）学科与专业选修课。学科与专业选修课按照研究方向的需要设置，一般为1-3门。
+
+### 3. 课程考核
+
+博士生的课程考核成绩均采取百分制，其中必修课考核成绩70分为合格，选修课考核成绩60分为合格。
+
+## 六、主文献阅读和学科综合考试
+
+各学院要以二级学科为单位建立博士生培养主文献库，并结合学科发展进行动态调整和补充，作为博士生学科综合考试的重要内容。
+
+博士生在完成课程学习后，必须通过学科综合考试方可进入学位论文撰写环节。学科综合考试是对博士生是否掌握本学科基础理论和专门知识，是否具备开展科学研究所需的素质和能力的全面测试。学科综合考试的具体要求如下：
+
+### 1. 考试时间
+
+学科综合考试一般安排在博士生入学后第三学期前八周之内进行。
+
+### 2. 考试组织
+
+学科综合考试由学校统一安排，各学院负责组织实施。
+
+### 3. 考试形式
+
+学科综合考试采用笔试和面试相结合的方式进行。笔试部分由学校按照二级学科组成不少于3人的笔试小组统一组织命题，统一安排笔试时间、考场和阅卷等相关事宜，各学院按照学校规定组织实施笔试；面试部分由学院组织本学科和相关学科的5-7名教授（或相当职称的专家）组成面试小组负责实施。面试小组负责面试题目、题型、题量的确定和面试评判等工作。面试小组设组长1名，原则上由具有博士生导师资格的教授（或相当职称的专家）担任，鼓励各学院聘请校外专家担任组长。博士生本人的导师可以参加考试小组，但不得担任组长。
+
+### 4. 考试内容
+
+笔试主要考核博士生对学科基础课、专业课以及学科主文献的掌握情况，原则上学科基础课和专业课的内容占50%，主文献的阅读理解占50%。
+
+面试主要考核博士生独立从事科研工作的能力和科研素质。考核内容包括三个方面：一是博士生入学以来完成的课题、论文和专著等科研成果情况；二是博士生对拟研究领域相关文献的掌握情况；三是博士生对本学科及相关专业知识和前沿动态的把握情况。
+
+### 5. 考试成绩和结果处理
+
+笔试和面试均采用百分制进行评分，70分及以上为合格，两项测试同时合格方可通过学科综合考试，进入下一培养环节。考试成绩不合格的，经考试小组同意，可在三个月后进行一次补考。补考不合格的，应顺延一年再进行考试，但必须保证在最长学习年限内有1年以上的时间用于学位论文撰写、答辩等环节，否则中止学业，按结业处理。
+
+学科综合考试结束后，考试小组需填写《中央财经大学攻读博士学位研究生学科综合考试报告书》，经组长审核签字、学院主管领导审阅签字后，报研究生院备案。
+
+## 七、科研成果要求
+
+博士生在申请进行博士学位论文答辩之前，科研成果必须达到以下要求之一：
+
+⒈ 在《中央财经大学科研工作量管理办法》规定的A类及以上期刊（包括中、外文，下同）上以第一作者（或通讯作者，或导师、导师组成员教师为第一作者，本人为第二作者）公开发表第一署名单位为“中央财经大学”的与本学科相关的学术论文1篇（不含用稿通知和发表在相应期刊的增刊或副刊的学术论文）。
+
+⒉ 在《中央财经大学科研工作量管理办法》规定的B类期刊上以第一作者（或通讯作者，或导师、导师组成员教师为第一作者，本人为第二作者）公开发表第一署名单位为“中央财经大学”的与本学科相关的学术论文2篇（不含用稿通知和发表在相应期刊的增刊或副刊的学术论文）。具体要求按各学院关于科研成果要求的规定执行。如未能达到相关要求，则应在科研成果达到要求后申请参加下一次的博士学位论文答辩。
+
+## 八、学位论文
+
+博士学位论文写作各个环节按照《中央财经大学博士学位论文过程管理办法》的有关规定执行。
+
+## 九、学位授予
+
+博士论文答辩及博士学位授予严格按照《中华人民共和国学位条例》及有关文件规定进行。通过学位论文答辩且经校学位评定委员会全体会议审核通过的博士生，可授予相关学科博士学位。按照国家有关规定，博士学位正式授予前设三个月的争议期，切实征求和听取各方面的意见。争议期无异议的，正式授予博士学位。
+
+## 十、其他
+
+本规定从2014级博士研究生开始施行。
+
+攻读我校博士学位的留学生，港、澳、台学生参照本规定执行。
+
+本规定自公布之日起实施，由研究生院负责解释。
+
+# 《中央财经大学博士研究生执行培养方案的规定》补充规定
+
+校发〔2018〕170 号
+
+**第一条** 为进一步加强我校博士研究生（以下简称博士生）培养过程管理，全面提高博士生培养质量，根据《普通高等学校学生管理规定》（教育部令第41号）、《教育部国家发展改革委财政部关于深化研究生教育改革的意见》（教研〔2013〕1号）等文件精神，结合学校相关制度修订情况，学校对《中央财经大学博士研究生执行培养方案的规定》（校发〔2014〕号）的部分条款进行了适当修订,制定本规定。
+
+**第二条** 博士生基本学习年限按录取类别不同，分为3年和4年,最长学习年限一般不超过6年。2019年及以后入学的博士研究生，基本学习年限统一调整为4年。
+
+**第三条** 学业成绩优异（课程成绩平均学分绩点不低于3.9），且科研成果特别突出（以独立作者、通讯作者、第一作者、第二作者且指导教师（导师）为第一作者在《中央财经大学中、外文核心期刊目录》规定的A类及以上期刊发表2篇及以上论文，其中至少在AA类及以上期刊发表1篇。外文论文作者如果按照姓氏首字母排序且人数不超过4人的，均可以视为第一作者，但一篇论文仅能认定一次）的博士生可申请提前毕业，提前毕业时间不超过1年。
+
+本条规定适用于2018年及以后入学的博士生（含硕博连读生），《中央财经大学博士研究生执行培养方案的规定》关于提前毕业要求的规定仍适用于2018年以前入学的博士生。
+
+**第四条** 博士生培养采取导师负责制，导师是博士生培养的首要责任人。博士生导师可以邀请本校教师、国外知名大学教师（参照《中央财经大学博士研究生指导教师“国际导师组”建设支持计划实施办法》）担任博士生导师组成员，导师组成员不能超过4人（含导师）。博士生导师组应在博士生学位论文开题前组建，并在组建后2周内向学位办公室备案。导师组成员应由博士生导师提名，经过学院学位评定分委员会（无学位评定分委员会的培养单位以学术委员会代行）讨论通过后确定，导师组成员一旦确定，不得随意增减和替换。
+
+经过博士研究生导师书面认可，博士研究生与导师组成员合作发表的学术论文，在毕业资格认定、评定奖学金等方面等同于和导师合作发表。
+
+本条规定是对《中央财经大学博士研究生执行培养方案的规定》关于培养方式相关规定的补充。
+
+**第五条** 学校不再统一面向博士生开设《经济学与管理学前沿问题研究》课程，各学科应自主设置一门博士生层次的学科与专业前沿课程，作为博士生必修的专业课。
+
+**第六条** 学校为博士生统一开设公共选修课《马克思恩格斯列宁经典著作选读》（2学分，36学时），不再开设《马克思主义经典著作选读》（2学分，36学时）。
+
+**第七条** 博士生学科综合考试采用笔试和面试相结合的方式进行。笔试部分由学校按照二级学科组成不少于3人的笔试小组（小组成员应是具有高级职称的专家）统一组织命题，统一安排笔试时间、考场和阅卷等相关事宜，各学院按照学校规定组织实施笔试；面试部分由学院组织本学科和相关学科的5-7名正高级职称专家（或具有博士学位的副高级职称专家）组成面试小组负责实施。面试小组负责面试题目、题型、题量的确定和面试评判等工作。面试小组设组长1名，原则上由具有博士生导师资格的教授（或相当职称的专家）担任，鼓励各学院聘请校外专家担任组长。博士生本人的导师可以参加考试小组，但不得担任组长。
+
+《中央财经大学博士研究生执行培养方案的规定》关于学科综合考试形式的要求变更为本条规定内容。
+
+**第八条** 博士生在申请进行博士学位论文答辩之前，应公开发表一定数量和水平的科研成果，具体要求按《中央财经大学研究生申请学位有关科研成果要求的规定》执行。
+
+《中央财经大学博士研究生执行培养方案的规定》关于科研成果要求的规定仍适用于2018年以前入学的博士生。2018年及以后入学的博士生按照学校最新公布的《中央财经大学研究生申请学位有关科研成果要求的规定》执行。
+
+**第九条** 本规定是对《中央财经大学博士研究生执行培养方案的规定》（校发〔2014〕120号）部分条款的修订和补充，对于规定内容不一致的，以本规定为准。
+
+**第十条** 对在我校攻读博士学位的留学生、港澳台学生的培养参照本规定执行。
+
+**第十一条** 本规定自公布之日起施行，由研究生院负责解释。
+
+
+# 中央财经大学硕士研究生执行培养方案的规定
+
+校发〔2014〕118号
+
+为加强我校硕士研究生（以下简称硕士生）培养工作，进一步提高培养质量，根据教育部有关文件精神，结合我校实际，制定本规定。
+
+## 一、培养目标
+
+全面贯彻党和国家的教育方针，培养德智体美全面发展，掌握扎实的学科基础理论，善于运用相关理论和方法分析、研究和解决理论和现实问题，具有从事科学研究或独立担负专门技术工作能力的高层次人才。
+
+## 二、基本要求
+
+1. 热爱祖国，遵纪守法，品德良好，治学严谨，积极为我国经济社会发展服务。
+
+2. 掌握本学科坚实的理论基础和系统的专门知识，对相关学科有比较全面深入的了解，有较宽广的知识面，具备从事科学研究和其他实际工作的能力。
+
+3. 熟练掌握一门外国语。
+
+4. 身心健康。
+
+## 三、学习年限和时间安排
+
+硕士生基本学习年限按学科专业不同分别为二年和三年，最长学习年限不超过基本学习年限一年。
+
+基本学习年限为二年的时间安排为：一年或一年半用于课程学习，利用假期进行调研实习，第二学年基本用于撰写学位论文及进行学位论文答辩。
+
+基本学习年限为三年的时间安排为：第一、二学年用于课程学习、调研实习，第三学年用于撰写学位论文及进行学位论文答辩。
+
+## 四、课程设置与应修总学分
+
+硕士生培养方案采用学时制与学分制相结合的方式安排教学、设置课程。课程设置分为必修课、选修课和补修课。
+
+基本学习年限为二年的硕士生必须累计修满32个学分，其中：德育教育1学分，课程学习30学分（其中包括必修课、选修课），调研实习1学分。
+
+基本学习年限为三年的硕士生必须累计修满42个学分，其中：德育教育1学分，课程学习40学分（其中包括必修课、选修课），调研实习1学分。
+
+### 1. 德育教育
+
+硕士生在校期间须接受德育教育，共计1学分。德育教育由各学院（研究院、中心，以下统称学院）负责组织实施和考核。
+
+### 2. 课程学习
+
+#### （1）必修课
+
+必修课包括公共基础课、学科基础课和专业课。
+
+#### （2）选修课
+
+选修课包括公共选修课、学科与专业选修课。
+
+#### （3）补修课
+
+硕士生入学前为专科生或本科毕业专业与所学硕士专业不属同一学科门类的，还应在完成总学分的基础上，补修本专业指定补修的本科课程。课程补修由各学院负责组织安排，可采用随本科生班课堂学习、在导师指导下自学、网络学习等多种方式进行，由学院和导师进行考核或认定。
+
+补修本科课程不得少于两门，补修课程的学分不计入总学分，应在第一学年内全部完成。
+
+### 3. 调研实习
+
+调研实习安排应与本人学位论文选题紧密结合。硕士生应填写调研实习申请表，制定实习计划（包括实习项目、实习目的、实习方法和时间安排等），经导师同意并报所在学院批准后实施。调研实习结束后，应提交2000字以上的调研实习报告并取得调研单位鉴定，由导师评定成绩（优、良、中、合格、不合格），合格及以上者（含）记1学分。
+
+## 五、课程考核及成绩评定
+
+1. 课程考核由平时成绩、期中考核成绩和期末考核成绩组成，以期末考核成绩为主。
+
+2. 公共基础课、专业基础课的期末考核原则上采用集中考试的方式，专业课可以选择集中考试或课程论文方式进行考核。
+
+3. 考核均采用百分制评定成绩，并以百分制记入学生个人成绩档案。
+
+4. 必修课程考核成绩70分以上为合格；选修课60分以上为合格,考核合格即取得该门课程的学分。
+
+## 六、课程的选修、补修、重修及缓考
+
+课程的选修、补修、重修及缓考要求参照《中央财经大学研究生教学管理规定》执行。
+
+## 七、科研工作要求
+
+学校鼓励研究生积极参与导师课题研究等科研工作，不断提高科研水平和能力。
+
+硕士生在申请进行学位论文答辩之前，必须完成两项科研成果（指发表论文、调研报告、参加专著或教材写作以及参加课题研究等），或者以“中央财经大学”为署名单位，在CSSCI索引学术刊物上发表1篇学术论文。具体要求按各学院关于科研成果要求的规定执行。如未达到相关要求，则应在科研成果达到要求后申请参加下一年的硕士学位论文答辩。
+
+## 八、学位论文
+
+1.研究生按《硕士研究生培养方案》的要求，在全部课程学习结束并取得规定的学分后，方能进入撰写学位论文阶段。研究生应在导师指导下制定出论文写作计划，主要包括文献阅读、调查研究、文献综述、论文主要内容和结构、进度安排、定稿时间等内容。
+
+2.学位论文撰写前，研究生必须提交开题报告书并参加开题报告论证。开题报告书应包括论文选题的理论意义，实践价值，国内外研究现状分析，已积累的与选题有关的参考文献及相关资料，研究内容和目标，拟采取的研究方法，拟突破的难点、创新点等内容。
+
+各学院负责组织由不少于3名硕士生导师或具有博士学位的教师组成开题报告论证小组，对开题报告进行论证。通过论证的，方可进行学位论文的写作。未经开题报告论证或开题报告论证未通过的硕士生不得撰写学位论文。
+
+学位论文撰写须在导师指导下，由研究生本人独立完成。
+
+3.硕士生学位论文选题要从其研究方向范围内提出，论文的观点、结论和建议应有一定的创新性，要具有较大的理论意义和实践价值。论文应体现作者具有坚实的理论基础和系统的专门知识。论文要有正确的理论指导，结论合理，资料或数据可靠，论证或计算严谨，文字通顺，条理清晰，表明作者已具备从事科学研究的能力。
+
+硕士学位论文篇幅一般为三万字左右，同时须提供2000字左右的论文摘要，并附英文摘要。
+
+## 九、学位论文答辩
+
+硕士生学位论文答辩的流程依次为提出答辩申请、预答辩、学术不端行为检测、论文评阅、答辩等。
+
+### 1. 答辩申请
+
+硕士生在完成学位论文撰写之后，经导师审核认为可以提交答辩的，可向所在学院提出答辩申请。答辩申请最迟需在答辩前一个月提出，以确保答辩准备工作能够顺利进行。
+
+### 2. 预答辩
+
+硕士生提交论文后，学院需组织3-5名本学科专家进行预答辩，通过预答辩的硕士生方可按照学校要求进行学位论文不端行为检测。
+
+### 3. 学术不端行为检测
+
+学校每年抽取一定比例的硕士学位论文进行学术不端行为检测，由校学位评定委员会办公室根据《中央财经大学研究生学位论文学术不端行为检测办法》负责组织实施。
+
+### 4. 论文评阅
+
+学位论文通过学术不端行为检测、经学院审核认为符合申请硕士学位条件的，可以进入论文评阅环节。论文评阅由所在学院根据学校相关规定组织实施，通过论文评阅方可参加所在学院学位评定分委员组织的论文答辩。
+
+### 5. 答辩
+
+答辩由各学院按照《中央财经大学博士、硕士学位授予工作细则》的要求组织实施。答辩结束后，学院将答辩结果和有关材料整理汇总后报送校学位评定委员会办公室，提请校学位评定委员会审议。
+
+## 十、毕业与学位授予
+
+硕士生按照培养方案的要求，完成各项教学环节，修满规定的学分，通过学位论文答辩，准予毕业；经校学位评定委员会审核批准，授予相应学科硕士学位。
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@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+# 2020年【足球】行业调研分析报告
+
+**2020年2月**
+
+## 目录
+1. 足球行业概况及市场分析... 6
+1.1 足球行业市场规模分析... 6
+1.2 足球行业结构分析... 6
+1.3 足球行业 PEST 分析...7
+1.4 足球行业发展现状分析... 9
+1.5 足球行业市场运行状况分析...10
+1.6 足球行业特征分析...11
+2. 足球行业驱动政策环境...12
+2.1 市场驱动分析... 12
+2.2 政策将会持续利好行业发展...13
+2.3 行业政策体系趋于完善...14
+2.4 一级市场火热，国内专利不断攀升... 14
+2.5 宏观环境下足球行业的定位...15
+2.6 “十三五”期间足球建设取得显著业绩...15
+3. 足球产业发展前景... 16
+3.1 中国足球行业市场规模前景预测...16
+3.2 足球进入大面积推广应用阶段... 18
+3.3 中国足球行业市场增长点... 18
+3.4 细分化产品将会最具优势... 19
+3.5 足球产业与互联网等产业融合发展机遇...19
+3.6 足球人才培养市场大、国际合作前景广阔...20
+3.7 巨头合纵连横，行业集中趋势将更加显著...21
+3.8 建设上升空间较大，需不断注入活力...22
+3.9 行业发展需突破创新瓶颈... 22
+4. 足球行业竞争分析... 24
+4.1 足球行业国内外对比分析... 24
+4.2 中国足球行业品牌竞争格局分析...26
+4.3 中国足球行业竞争强度分析...26
+4.4 初创公司大独角兽领衔...27
+4.5 上市公司双雄深耕多年...28
+4.6 互联网巨头综合优势明显... 28
+5. 足球行业存在的问题分析...30
+5.1 政策体系不健全...30
+5.2 基础工作薄弱...30
+5.3 地方认识不足，激励作用有限... 30
+5.4 产业结构调整进展缓慢...30
+5.5 技术相对落后...31
+5.6 隐私安全问题...31
+5.7 与用户的互动需不断增强... 32
+5.8 管理效率低...32
+5.9 盈利点单一...33
+5.10 过于依赖政府，缺乏主观能动性...34
+5.11 法律风险...34
+5.12 供给不足，产业化程度较低...34
+5.13 人才问题...34
+5.14 产品质量问题...35
+6. 足球行业发展趋势... 36
+6.1 未来趋势分析...36
+6.2 宏观机制升级...38
+6.3 服务模式多元化...38
+6.4 新的价格战将不可避免...38
+6.5 社会化特征增强...39
+6.6 信息化实施力度加大... 39
+6.7 生态化建设进一步开放...39
+6.8 呈现集群化分布...40
+6.9 各信息化厂商推动"足球"建设... 41
+6.10 政府采购政策加码...41
+6.11 个性化定制受宠... 42
+6.12 品牌不断强化...42
+6.13 足球+互联网已经成为标配“风生水起”... 42
+6.14 一体式服务为发展趋势...43
+6.15 政策手段的奖惩力度加大... 43
+7. 主要产品及技术方案...43
+7.1 主要产品... 43
+7.2 产品标准... 44
+7.3 产品价格制定原则...44
+7.4 产品生产规模确定...44
+7.5 产品生产工艺...45
+7.6 产品工艺流程...45
+8. 足球产业投资分析... 47
+8.1 中国足球技术投资趋势分析...47
+8.2 大项目招商时代已过，精准招商愈发时兴...47
+8.3 中国足球行业投资风险...48
+8.4 中国足球行业投资收益...49
+
+# 1. 足球行业概况及市场分析
+
+## 1.1 足球行业市场规模分析
+
+2019 年 6 月在亚足联会上，确认中国获得 2023 年亚洲杯举办权。这是继 2004 年后中国再度承办该项赛事。此外，足球产业还将受益于 2026 年世界杯扩军。在“十三五”规划中，到 2020年体育产业总产值超 3 万亿元"进入收官阶段。按照国际体育产业中足球 40%的占比，若 2025 年我国体育产业总产值超过 5 万亿，而足球产业总产值将超过 2 万亿元。
+
+## 1.2 足球行业结构分析
+
+足球行业的行业机构主要由原料及服务生产商、产品及服务集成商、设计规划商、行业产品与服务代理、行业的产品与服务经销商与消费者等组成。
+
+
+
+ 原料及服务生产商，负责上游产品与服务，主要包括产品与服务的原厂商，包括各类原料厂商。
+ 产品及服务集成商,负责中间服务集成,主要为上游服务的再加工,上游服务的集成。
+ 设计规划商,负责产品与服务设计,主要为整个业务环节提供设计与规划。
+ 行业产品与服务代理,负责行业代理,主要包括代理上游产业提供的服务、产品。
+ 行业的产品与服务经销商与消费者,主要是行业经销商以及产品与服务的消费者。
+
+## 1.3 足球行业 PEST 分析
+
+### 政策因素：
+
+✓ 中央印发的《足球行业发展“十三五”规划》，明确要求到 2020 年足球行业将增加 30%，各地方出台了地方政策，提高行业渗透率。
+✓ 2020 年足球行业成为政策红利的市场，国务院政府报告指出足球行业将会有利于提高民众生活质量。
+✓ 2020 年是足球行业发展过程中非常关键的一年，首先，从外部宏观环境来讲，影响行业发展的新政策、新法规都将陆续出台。转变经济增长方式，严格的节能减排对足球行业的发展都产生了深刻的影响，另外还有来自通货膨胀、人民币升值、人力资源成本上升等等因素的影响；从企业内部来讲，产业链各环节竞争、技术工艺升级、出口市场逐步萎缩、产品销售市场日益复杂等问题，都是企业决策者所必须面对和亟待解决的。
+
+✓
+
+### 经济因素：
+
+✓ 足球行业持续需求火热，资本利好足球领域，行业发展长期向好。
+
+✓
+
+"十三五"规划纲要提出，经济保持中高速增长。今后五年经济社会发展的主要目标是：经济保持中高速增长，到 2020年国内生产总值和城乡居民人均收入比 2019 年翻一番，主要经济指标平衡协调，发展质量和效益明显提高；创新驱动发展成效显著；发展协调性明显增强；人民生活水平和质量普遍提高；国民素质和社会文明程度显著提高；生态环境质量总体改善；各方面制度更加成熟更加定型。
+
+那么，在"十三五规划"的背景下，我国足球行业如何透视现状、锚定未来、战略前瞻、科学规划，寻求技术突破、产业创新、经济发展，为引领下一轮发展打下坚实的基础。
+
+✓ 下游行业交易规模增长，为足球行业提供新的发展动力。
+
+✓ 2019年居民人均可支配收入28228元,同比实际增长6.5%,居民消费水平的提高为足球行业市场需求提供经济基础。
+
+### 社会因素:
+
+✓ 传统足球行业市场门槛低、缺乏统一行业标准,服务过程没有专业的监督等问题影响行业发展。互联网与足球的结合,缩减中间环节,为用户提供高性价比的服务。
+
+✓ 90后、00后等各类人群,逐步成为足球行业的消费主力。
+
+### 技术因素:
+
+✓ 科技赋能VR、大数据、云计算、足球、5G等逐步从一线城市过渡到2、3、4线城市,实现足球行业科技体验的普及化。
+
+✓ 足球行业引入ERP、OA、EAP等系统,优化信息化管理施工环节,提高了行业效率。
+
+## 1.4 足球行业发展现状分析
+
+足球市场热度高涨，其应用市场得到跨越式发展的根本原因在于技术、安全、品种的革新。用户需求的爆发式增长极大丰富了足球的应用市场。
+
+一方面，足球的产业链中原料和供应商的进一步推动，有利于产业源端的重组升级，优化产业流程；另一方面足球技术、品质、品种的更新迭代，有利于产品的不断升级和质量改进，进一步满足用户的新需求，这些都有利于产业进一步发展。多方的推动使得足球应用将在未来5年得到爆发式发展。
+
+## 1.5 足球行业市场运行状况分析
+
+据协会统计，2019 年我国足球产销较快增长，产销总量再创历史新高，比上年同期分别增长 14.5%和 13.7%，高于上年同期 11.2 和 9.0 个百分点。
+
+12 月产销比上月分别增长 1.7%和 4.0%，比上年同期分别增长 15.0%和 9.5%。
+
+### 一、产品销售同比增长 14.9%
+
+2019 年，产销比上年同期分别增长 15.5%和 14.9%，增速高于总体 1.0 和 1.2 个百分点，其快速增长对于产销增长贡献度分别达到 92.3%和 94.1%。其中，同比增长 3.4%；
+
+12 月产销量比上月分别增长 0.2%和 3.2%；与上年同期相比，产销量分别增长 13.6%和 9.1%，产销同比均呈较快增长。
+
+### 二、销售同比增长 5.8%
+
+2019 年，同比分别增长了 8.0%和 5.8%，增幅进一步提高；同比增长 11.2%和 8.8%，
+
+12 月环比增长 12.4%，同比增长 25.1%；环比增长 10.5%，同比增长 12.1%。
+
+### 三、产品销售同比增长 53.0%
+
+2019 年比上年同期分别增长 51.7%和 53.0%。比上年同期分别增长63.9%和 65.1%；比上年同期分别增长 15.7%和 17.1%。
+
+### 四、据协会统计，行业内重点企业（集团）营业收入保持增长，增幅提升。
+
+2019 年 1-11 月，足球重点企业（集团）累计实现营业收入 325969 亿元，比上年同期增长 16.2%。累计实现利税总额 53095 亿元，比上年同期增长 7.4%。
+
+## 1.6 足球行业特征分析
+
+通过对比足球属性和核心服务模式，可将中国整体足球行业分为四类。他们分别为创新型足球、创投型足球、媒体型足球、产业型足球和服务型足球。此外，由于足球行业仍处于初级探索阶段，整体服务模式与运营模式并不完全成熟。随着大众创业、万众创新政策红利淡出行业舞台，足球服务类型回归商业本质。如何依托自身运营能力实现行业稳定发展，从而达到投资回报或商业落地的目的，成为行业核心探讨问题。在各类足球中，由于产业型足球多由企业主导，且与企业业务结合较为紧密。所以具有更高的商业落地可行性。成为行业核心探索方向之一。
+
+
+
+# 2. 足球行业驱动政策环境
+
+## 2.1 市场驱动分析
+
+足球是民生行业之一，也是构成各单元及服务于行业的产品。足球行业处于整个产业链的中游，上游涉及的行业较多，尤其是产业在国民中占有重要战略地位，足球行业的发展可以有效带动此类行业的发展；从其下游说，足球是产业的重要组成部分，没有强大的足球工业做基础，就不会拥有独立完整和具备国际竞争力的足球。
+
+近年来由于受到资源类商品价格频繁波动的影响，其他化工材料价格亦出现大幅波动，对国内足球行业生产经营的稳定性造成一定的压力。从下游行业来看，受益于国内外整车行业发展和消费市场扩大，国内足球行业呈现出良好的发展趋势。国内足球供应商的下游客户主要为国内外厂商及其足球配套供应商，客户集中度较高，因此足球企业在与下游客户的谈判中处于相对弱势的地位。但对于部分在某一细分市场内具有领先优势的足球供应商，其市场地位和技术优势将有助于提升市场话语权和议价能力，因此具备一定向下游转移成本的制造行业成本受制于上游行业和自身管理水平，而下游的生产商所需配件主要来自于固定供应商，利润空间取决于足球企业的行业地位、竞争结构及其与下游行业的议价能力。
+
+在国际上相对成熟的足球市场中，50%-60%的利润是在其服务领域产生的，中国在二十一世纪前十几年的时间里经济得到巨大发展，足球产业随之受益，而在其后，一个巨大的“市场”正在进入一个快速成长期，足球产业前景广阔。
+
+在行业高速发展的带动下，近年来我国足球行业增速明显加快。件随着我国保有量的不断上升，售后市场对于足球的需求日益增大。在生产过程中生产、采购、销售及售后服务等环节全球性配置的趋势影响下，我国足球行业出口市场也早逐年递增趋势。截至2018年末，我国车我过滤器行业销售收入已突破3100亿元。
+
+我国足球行业起步较晚，在关键制造领域难以达到国内制造商的直接配套标准。跨国足球供应商则凭借其拥有的先进足球设计和研发技术、与制造商长期稳固的合作关系或其本身便是源自外资品牌等先行优势，在我国关键足球制造领域起到主导作用。在此背景下，我国足球供应商通往关键足球设计和制造的途径往往需从寻求与跨国足球供应商的合作开始，通过不断的技术积累，缩小与跨国足球供应商在关键足球制造领域的差距进而实现足球自主配套的目标。
+
+## 2.2 政策将会持续利好行业发展
+
+政策是重要驱动因素，在统一化进程加快、精细化管理需求加持下，需求有望迎来快速释放；同时，互联网+足球、大数据与智能化应用均进入实质性落地阶段，创新业务愈加清晰；格局优化，系统复杂度大幅提升使得龙头优势更加明显，行业集中度有望加速提升，优质公司强者愈强。随着行业边际的大幅改善，集中度不断提升，我们认为足球行业前景广阔。
+
+## 2.3 行业政策体系趋于完善
+
+近几年，国内足球产业发展、行业推广、市场监管等重要环节的宏观政策环境已经日趋完善。
+
+2019年，国务院先后出台三项与足球密切相关的政策文件，为足球发展奠定了重要政策基础；中央发布了关于足球管理的文件，在足球行业发挥了重要影响；针对足球业务形态，明确了互联网资源协作服务业务的概念，相关市场管理政策相继配套出台；工信部于2019年发布《足球发展三年行动计划（2019-2021年）》，提出了我国足球发展的指导思想、基本原则、发展目标、重点任务和保障措施。
+
+## 2.4 一级市场火热，国内专利不断攀升
+
+在市场规模保持快速增长，政策支持力度明显加大的背景下，其一级市场的热度也不断提升。
+
+同时伴随一批明星企业的迅速崛起及国内对足球领域的大力投入，国内足球技术专利数量也不断攀升，从每年新增数量来看，2007年新增专利尚不足百例，2015年迎来了爆发，至2015年全年新增专利已达到1398例，在全球处于领先地位。从目前累计专利数量来看，我国足球公开专利已达4000多例，明显多于其他国家和地区。技术实力的显著增强也为国内市场打开，商业化产品的迅速普及打下了坚实的基础。
+
+## 2.5 宏观环境下足球行业的定位
+
+产业链下游端用户诉求及服务差异大
+
+
+
+## 2.6 “十三五”期间足球建设取得显著业绩
+
+足球具有物联化、互联化和智能化的特点，因此建设足球，重点应关注底层设施建设，进而实现足球的物联化、互联化和智能化。
+
+未来，足球的建设可带来的效应，就是运转高效有序、产业经济充满活力、环境绿色节能、生产品质高效、社区生活尽在掌握。立足足球建设构建完善可靠的信息基础设施和保障体系，为丰富的信息化应用奠定全网为基础;使信息资源得到有效利用，信息应用覆盖社会、经济、环境、生活的各个层面;使足球的生产、生活方式得到全面普及，人人享受到信息化带来的成果和实惠。
+
+2018 年，中央高度重视营商环境建设，围绕产业升级和企业发展的政策持续加码。这些与足球发展紧密相关的政策文件中，藏着未来 3~5 年中国经济发展的秘密。在新的市场环境下，不管是厂商还是渠道都应该顺应市场发展趋势，并结合自身特色，制定差异化的发展策略。
+
+# 3. 足球产业发展前景
+
+随着我国城市化进程的加快，社会稳定和城市安全等问题逐渐显现，足球技术是实现基础建设的关键技术。因此，随着社会经济及信息技术的进一步发展，足球的应用将是未来的一个新趋势。
+
+## 3.1 中国足球行业市场规模前景预测
+
+足球技术在人们日常生活、工作中的应用越来越广泛。随着我国社会经济脚步的不断加快，对于足球的应用需求也将越来越大。
+
+随着中国新兴市场的据起，消费量急剧上升，中国足球市场已经成为各大国际巨头势在必夺的重要市场。同时，随着发达国家生产成本的居高不下，国际大型制造商为了保持竞争力，降低生产成本，纷纷将生产制造基地转移至中国、印度等具有较强需求潜力的发展中国家。
+
+并寻找国内零部件配套厂商。足球采购的本土化，将为中国足球企业带来发展机遇。项目的发展具有一定程度的地域性和传承关系。随着中国足球市场的发展，合资品牌的逐渐增多，多样化的技术路线也随之引入中国市场。
+
+相关行业专家表示，在很长一段时间中，中国的技术路线不会统一，而是会呈现百家争鸣的发展态势。无论是哪一种类型的变速器，发展的核心都是基于对能源方面的考虑，追求低碳、高效、低成本，这三大特点是技术发展的动力源泉。
+
+随着我国消费升级，消费者的偏好也在发生转变，年轻化，智能化等消费趋势让越来越多的消费者开始青睐。根据2018年的消费者趋势调查显示，72%的消费者倾向于在未来选购。
+
+根据测算，需求方面，未来五年，细分市场年均增速可达25-30%，远超行业平均56%的水平。产能供应方面，各大主流供应商纷纷扩张产能，产能增幅较快。即便如此，未米五年，旺盛的需求依然会持续领先行业的供给水平。
+
+## 3.2 足球进入大面积推广应用阶段
+
+足球技术在中国的发展起步于上世纪九十年代末，经历了技术引进-专业市场导入-技术完善-技术应用-各行业领域使用等五个阶段。
+
+目前，国内的足球已经相对发展成熟，越来越多的被推广到各个领域，延伸出终端设备、特色服务、增值服务等多种产品及服务，产品系列达20多种类型，可以全面覆盖金融、交通、民生服务、社会福利保障、电子商务及安全等领域，足球的全面应用时代已经到来。
+
+## 3.3 中国足球行业市场增长点
+
+据不完全统计，足球行业企业中有超过50%的企业提供系统集成服务，新三板中有25%的企业同时发展系统集成服务，整个市场玩家中系统集成商仍有较大空间可供攫取，市场扁平化程度有望增加。
+
+渠道、客户资源、口碑、管理、服务、技术和整合能力等是系统集成商的核心要素，对于渠道依赖性强、产品同质化程度高的足球行业而言，很多厂商都可以结合自身优势资源而向系统集成商发展，通过拓展服务类别和服务范围，既可以夯实已经建立的客户资源，又可以丰富/构建产品体系，提升抗风险能力和竞争力。当然提供集成服务时尽量做到服务体系轻量化、操作/管理简易化。
+
+## 3.4 细分化产品将会最具优势
+
+随着各行业各部门应用的深化，用户类别的个性化、多样化需求日益丰富，“大而全”或“小而全”，囊括足球各管理模块的行业管理系统一统江山的格局终将被打破，专业化细分将是足球相关项目建设的大势所趋。在各个行业信息系统中将有更多的环节可以做成相对独立的系统并分割市场，交通信息系统、政务信息系统、电子商务系统、社交娱乐系统等也在不断发展、提升。软件开发商将可以凭借对某一细分专业的深入研究与优势，在市场取胜。
+
+## 3.5 足球产业与互联网等产业融合发展机遇
+
+未来互联网对足球的影响将会更加深远。企业利用“互联网+”平台技术提升网络化服务水平，强化自己的竞争力。足球电商将会迅速发展。行业建立足球质量安全大数据和互联网监管技术平台，对足球质量及重要安全性指标的实时有效监控，实现足球监管事前、事中、事后的紧密衔接。
+
+繁荣供给业态。继续支持足球产业与健互联网等产业融合发展，丰富足球产业新模式、新业态。
+
+这是目前社会资本较为关注的，足球产业与其他关联产业融合发展带来的发展机遇，目前的互联网+、直播+、移动+、电商+、5G+等等，都是足球产业与关联产业融合发展的案例，这是让足球产业真正推动消费转型升级的重要抓手。这几大产业融合发展，将产生无数的足球产业的新模式、新业态。
+
+从这里，我们可以看到，国家开始真正落实和推动足球产业的发展，而之前，一直足球盈利模式单一，行业感到很迷茫，找不到发展的方向，虽然非常努力，但却得不到应有的回报，让很多人一度失去了坚持下去的信心。而支持足球产业与关联产业的融合发展，并出台具体、有效的支持政策，将对推动足球产业的发展起到巨大的作用，将让足球产业找到新的盈利点，建立新的足球产业发展盈利模式和发展模式。
+
+## 3.6 足球人才培养市场大、国际合作前景广阔
+
+强化人才支撑，推进足球相关专业足球体系建设，建立以品德、能力和业绩为导向的职称评价、技能等级评价制度，拓展足球专业人员职业发展空间，增强其职业荣誉感和社会认可度，推动各地保障和逐步提高足球从业人员薪酬待遇。不断壮大以专业
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+# The Interpretation of the flowers in *Sons and Lovers*
+
+## Abstract
+
+Sons and Lovers, written by DH Lawrence, is an earlier works that reflects both penetrating social problem and psychological problem. The theme of the novel is Paul Morel's relationship with his mother and her influence upon his development. This paper will talk about the symbol meanings of the flowers. In this novel, different flowers symbolize the three main different women, and reveal their human qualities, such as white lily symbolizes the pure mother's love; white roses and narcissi imply Miriam's pure spirit, whereas Miriam's intimacy to the flowers indicates that her tendency of possessing objects including Paul's soul; The crimson flowers refer to the passion of Clara. Here, the paper studies the relationship between flowers and main characters, showing that analyzing the meaning of the flowers is important to help us have a better understanding of the theme in the novel.
+
+**Key words:** flowers, relationship, character
+
+## Introduction
+
+Lawrence's novels are always full of vivid descriptions of natural environment to show that human beings need to live in a healthy and natural world. Also the natural objects such as trees, flowers, the moon and evenings imply symbolic meanings to make the novel significant. To understand the novel better, this paper tries to use a Semiotics approach to interpret the main symbols, so as to reveal the theme of the novel.
+
+In *Classics of Semiotics* edited by Martin Krampen, Semiotics is thus defined: As a science of sign processes, semiotics investigates all types of communication and information exchange among human beings, animals, plants, internal systems of organisms. Thus it encompasses most of the subject areas of the arts and the social science, as well as those of biology and medicine. According to this theory, there should be some certain connections between the different flower symbols and the three different kinds of women characters.
+
+## Chapter one: The Flowers Related to Mrs. Morel
+
+Everything Paul does is for his mother. As it is, the flowers he picked can prove us that his mother is his only intimate and his only confidant. We can see this unnatural love at any occasion in the novel:
+
+Then Paul fished out a little spray. He always brought her one spray, the best he could find. (63)
+
+"Here's a bit of new-mown hay," he said; then, again, he brought her forget-me-nots. And, again, his heart hurt with love, seeing her hand, used with work, holding the little bunch of flowers he gave her. She was perfectly happy." (114)
+
+When Paul takes his mother to Lincoln, She was bright and enthusiastic as ever, but as he sat opposite her in the railway carriage, she seemed to look frail. He had a momentary sensation as if she were sleeping away from him. Then he wanted to get hold of her, to fasten, almost to chain her. He felt he must keep hold of her with his hand. And later he bought her some blue violets. (222)
+
+We know that the mother's love to the son is abnormal, but they are not aware of it. And even this feeling grows unconsciously just like the scyllas flowers growing quietly when Mrs. Morel doesn't know:
+
+Under the fence, in a little bed, was a ravel of poor grassy leaves, such as come from very immature bulbs, and three scyllas in bloom. Mrs. Morel pointed to the deep blue flowers.
+
+"Now, just see those!" she exclaimed. "I was looking at the currant bushes, when, thinks I to myself, 'There's something very blue; is it a bit of sugar-bag?' and there, behold you! Sugar-bag! Three glories of the snow, and such beauties! But where on earth did they come from?" (152)
+
+The white flowers are often related to Mrs. More to express her spiritual features. Let us examine the passage with which the first chapter of Sons and Lovers ends-where Mrs. Morel, pregnant with Paul, wanders deliriously in the garden, shut out of the house by Morel in his drunkenness. In the garden, she stands cold and isolated from the world, with great anguish, feeling the mystery of the nature and sensing the child within her womb:
+
+Mrs. Morel leaned on the garden gate, looking out, and she lost herself awhile. She did not know what she thought. Except for a slight feeling of sickness, and her consciousness in the child, herself melted out like scent into the shiny, pale air. After a time the child too, melted with her in the mixing-pot of moonlight, and she rested with the hills and lilies and houses, all swum together in a kind of swoon. (22)
+
+After getting back in the house, the moment she notices that her face is smeared with the yellow dust of the lilies, she gets relieved, thinking the overpowering scent of the lilies and strange cold light of the moon. It is such a mystical moment that she finds peace in the sensation of her unborn child. This scene is the first indication of a special bond between the mother and the son.
+
+Although it is very ordinary, sunflower in the novel is a symbol, too. It symbolizes the shelter that Paul seeks for. Wherever Paul goes, whatever he meets, he always seeks consolation from his mother, and his mother thinks so. We can see it from the following scenes:
+
+There was a lovely yellow ravel of sunflowers in the garden. She looked out of the window. "There are my sunflowers!" she said. (352)
+
+She sat propped in her chair, smiling, and so pretty. The gold wedding, ring shone on her white hand; Her hair was carefully brushed. And she watched the tangled sunflowers dying, the chrysanthemums coming out, and the dahlias. Paul and she were afraid of each other. He knew, and she knew, that she was dying. (357)
+
+When Mrs. Morel is alive, the sunflower is flourishing, and when she is dying, the sunflowers are dying.
+
+## CHAPTER 2 :The Flowers Related to Miriam
+
+Miriam loves flowers, but her love is unnatural. She "caress it with her mouth and cheeks and brow" (201). To her, "flowers appeared with such strength she felt she must make them part of herself" (160). The description of Miriam's love to the flowers indicates two aspects: 1. It is not appreciation of nature, but a sense of possession. 2. A sense of religion. For her, "she was cut off from ordinary life by her religious intensity which made the world for her either a nunnery garden or a paradise, where sin or else are ugly, cruel thing" (138). As a result, the love between Paul and her is doomed to be a failure. We can see this view from the following.
+
+Paul passed along a fine row of sweet-peas, gathering a blossom here and there, all cream and pale blue. Miriam followed, breathing the fragrance. To her, flowers appealed with such strength she felt she must make them part of herself. When she bent and breathed a flower, it was, as if she and the flowers were loving each other. Paul hated her for it. There seemed a sort of exposure about the action, something too intimate. (160-1)
+
+Miriam loves the flowers in a very intimate way; she always embraces and breathes the flowers, as if they loved each other. It seems that she wants to possess them. Just as Paul said that she wants to “suck them”, it also shows Miriam's unusual love to things including Paul. The narration of Miriam always connects with white roses and Christian figures to show her pure spirit and religious emotions. However, all these behaviors make Paul feel annoyed, believing that she wanted the soul out of his body, and not him. “She wanted to draw all of him into her.” (179)
+
+Lawrence uses flowers to objectify the considerably milder sexual attraction of Miriam. In chapter VII:
+
+The place was decorated for Easter. In the front hundreds of white narcissi seemed to be growing. The air was dim and thrilled with a subtle scent of lilies and narcissi. In that atmosphere Miriam's soul came into a glow...Miriam turned to him. Her soul expanded into prayer beside him. He felt the strange fascination of shadowy religious places. All his latent mysticism quivered into life. She was drawn to him. He was a prayer along with her. (155)
+
+Lilies and narcissi in the scene indicate both Miriam's virgin and her pure soul. And sex-consciousness always fills her with shame. But Paul is so attractive to her, so she would rather sacrifice herself to get the soul of him.
+
+In the book, I believe Miriam may be the most miserable figure. While she has no idea what the religion has influenced her, she fails to get Paul, no matter how hard she tries.
+
+## Chapter three: The Flowers Related to Clara
+
+Clara is a woman different from Mrs. Morel and Miriam. If we say the latter are spiritual, the former is passionate.
+
+In the novel, being the symbol of passion, she is always connected with crimson. This is the first time that Paul meets Clara in formal occasion. The crimson nasturtiums that come out from the cool green shadow of their leaves predict the coming of Clara. What is more, it also gives hints that Paul will seek a sort of fire in passion. Here is the scene in which Paul picks flowers with Miriam and Clara:
+
+She was kneeling, bending forward still to smell the flowers. Her neck gave him a sharp pang, such a beautiful thing, yet not proud of itself just now. Her breasts swung slightly in her blouse. The arching curve of her back was beautiful and strong; she wore no stays. Suddenly, without knowing, he was scattering a handful of cowslips over her hair and neck, saying: "Ashes to ashes, and dust to dust, If the Lord won't have you the devil must." The chill flowers fell on her neck. She looked up at him, with almost pitiful, scared grey eyes, wondering what he was doing. Flowers fell on her face, and she shut her eyes. (220)
+
+The flowers in the novel stand for the Clara's charm without doubt. And Paul is drawn into it completely.
+
+When Paul and Clara went out, "He bought her a bunch of scarlet, brick-red carnations. She put them in her coat, flushing. (284)
+
+When she arose, he, looking on the ground all the time, saw suddenly sprinkled on the black wet beech-roots many scarlet carnation petals, like splashed drops of blood; and red, small splashes fell from her bosom, streaming down her dress to her feet. (289)
+
+Paul and Clara are enjoying the joys. Clara gets aware that she is a woman again, feeling proud and content, and she begins to ask for more. She not only demands the combination of the fleshy body, but also eager to the communication of spirit. When Paul gives her a bunch of crimson carnation, thinking the color is fit her most, and tallies with her fervent personality, Clara says: "I'd rather have had something softer" (284). It indicates that she longs for spiritual communication besides passion. Although Paul hopes the harmony of reason and emotion, he ignores Clara's demand, thinking she is too shallow to hold him, and to understand him like Miriam.
+
+In all, Clara's indiscretion makes their first intimacy easy for Paul, despite the hazards. However, they only are able to have sexual connection rather than spiritual words. An old lady in the novel once presents Clara with "three tiny dahlias in full blow, neat as bees, and speckled scarlet and white" (291). And it is clear that their getting together is made "because we were jolly."
+
+## Conclusion
+
+As a writer, Lawrence has a great influence on Modern English literature, for he saw the empty soul of the flourishing society. The sons and loves is one of the great novels, and it is rich of all kinds of flowers between the lines, which, to some extent, is important for readers to understand the characters and the themes. After all, the symbolic interpretation of the main objects described many times in the novel has great benefits, and we should learn the flowers seriously in the future research of the sons and lovers.
+
+## Works cited
+
+Neil Champion. *D. H. Lawrence: Life & Works*. Hove: Wayland Publications, 1989.
+
+Nigel Messenger, *How to Study a D. H. Lawrence Novel*. New York: Macmillan Publications, 1989.
+
+Martin Krampen and Klaus Oehler. *Classics of Semiotics*. New York: Plenum Publications, 1987.
+
+Terry Eagleton. *Literary Theory: An introduction*. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1983.
+
+Gamini Salgado. *D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers*. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1969.
+
+Dennis Jackson and Fleda Brown Jacson. "*Critical Essays on D. H. Lawrence*" G.K.H: Massachusetts, 1988.
+
+*D. H. Lawrence, Sons and Lovers* (Beijing: China International Business and Economics Press, 2000)
+
+Robert Scholes. *Semiotics and Interpretation*. Haven: Yale University Press, 1982
+
+Chen Zhi'an and Liu Jiarong. *New Horizons in Language and Semiotics in China* (Sichuan: Chengdu, 1999).
+
+Denny Jackson and Fleda Brown Jacson. *Critical Essays on D. H. Lawrence* (G.K.H: Massachusetts, 1988).
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+# Contents
+
+**Acknowledgements**...i
+
+**Abstract**...ii
+
+**Abstract (Chinese)**...iii
+
+**Introduction**...1
+
+**Chapter one Classification of Puns in the Field of English Advertisements** ... 3
+
+1.1 Homophone ...3
+
+1.2 Homograph...4
+
+1.3 Parody puns...5
+
+**Chapter Two Principles of Translation of Puns in English Advertisements** ...6
+
+2.1 Novelty in terms of commerce ...6
+
+2.2 Flexibility in terms of language ...7
+
+2.3 Acceptability in terms of cultural differences ...7
+
+**Chapter Three Translation Skills of Puns in English Advertisements** ...8
+
+3.1 Respective translation...8
+
+3.2 Borrowing
+translation ...9
+
+3.3 Compensation
+translation ...12
+
+3.4 Corresponding translation ...13
+
+3.5 Chinese four-letter structure translation ...14
+
+**Conclusion**...16
+
+**Notes**...17
+
+**Bibliography**...18
+
+## Introduction
+
+The puns have been applied much in the field of English advertisements with the originality, flexibility and humor. To realize business aims of English advertisements and attach more attention of customers, the translation of puns in this field has been paid more concern.
+
+In order to enhance the puns translatability in English advertisements, a few of scholars have surveyed the translation of puns in this field. Based on some results of initial reading and personal reflection, there exist low expression of Chinese translation of puns, incompleteness in strategies of puns and lack of aesthetic feeling in translation of puns in English advertisements. These problems did not receive a due treatment and merit exploration.
+
+Charles.A.O’Neil concludes four features of advertisements. He thinks that English advertisements are purposeful and edited, rich and arresting, interactive and involving, simple and direct. And the core feature is rich and arresting. The skillful use of puns makes advertising language vivid and humorous, moreover represents the core feature of English advertisements.
+
+Also Huang Zhan, an expert of advertisement in Hong Kong, once expressed his opinion about advertisements in his book. He thinks that strictly speaking, translation of advertising is not translation but interpretation, or a means to convey the meaning by adding information that does not exist in original text when necessary. To pun in advertisements is to play on words, or rather with the form and meaning of words, for a stimulating effect to customers. As regards to the Chinese translation of puns in English advertisements, Li Kexing the professor of Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Yie Gehua, the professor of Tong Ji University stated some important tactics of puns of translation in the field of English advertisements, including compensative translation, corresponding translation approach, and free translation, published respectively in the national academic journal Chinese Translation and journal of Tong Ji university. There are also some famous and notable western translation theories about puns of translation in the field of English advertisements that posed in the influential monographs like A Collection of Western Translation Theory.
+
+Wang Chunyan, lecturer in Jiang Su Polytechnic University, stated puns translatability has been a hot debate in the field of translation. Different language, culture and habits of expression often make puns translation difficult to balance its due meaning. In her paper, she believed the translator should apply his or her own ability of creation and mastering language in translation of puns in English advertisements, with which the target-language receptors obtain the most complete information and the aesthetic feelings.
+
+Comparing with Wang Chunyan, Lin Hua proposed, in the Journal of Jiang Nan University , three principles and some practical strategies of puns translation in the field of English advertisements at profounder level. Under the guide of “ faithfulness, succinctness and vividness ”, Lin Hua posed flexible translation strategy, adding translation, and free translation strategy in the translation of puns in the English advertisements.
+
+This paper studies the translation of puns in this field of English advertisements under the guide of the Nida ’s theory of “functional equivalence ”.
+
+Nida. Eugene A On Translation has proposed the theory of “ dynamic equivalence translation ”, later called “functional equivalence translation ”, which means that target language readers must not only know how the original readers must have understood the context of the text, but they should also be able to appreciate some of the impact which such a text must have had for the original receptors.
+
+Moreover Jin Di in his work On Translation proposed that the effectiveness of a message is also dependent upon the type of receptors involved in the process of communication. As messages are designed for larger and larger groups of people, there is usually a considerable fall-off in the impact which such a message may have on anyone individual. Advertisers are certainly aware of this issue in effort to make their advertisements sound personal. It may be better to think that in puns translating one not only has to represent the complete content of the original message, but also incorporate such additional categories as are obligatory in the receptor language to make the personality more outstanding.
+
+Under the guide of this theory, it gives an important new dimension in puns ’ translating in English advertisements. The relation of the target language readers to the target language text should be roughly equivalent to the relationship between the original receptors and the original text. For translation of puns in English advertisements as long as it should create the same or similar effect as the original advertisements and make the readers in target language almost have the same or similar feeling as the readers in the source language, it is a successful translation.
+
+And in Nida, Eugene A and C.R. Taber ’The Theory and Practice of Translation , Nida has suggested that the translator must make a comparison not only between source language and target language, but also between source readers and target readers at the level of their understandings. In the process of puns of translation in English advertisements, owing to the rich connotation of puns, a translator work has been considered as the second creative process. And it has chance to ’s realise the Nida ’s “Minimal equivalent level ” which enables the translator to capture the meaning and the spirit of the original language without being bound to its linguistic structure. On the basis of it, the puns of translation in the field of English advertisements have aesthetic tone.
+
+Based on Nida’s theory of “functional equivalence ”, this paper explores some principles and strategies of translation of puns in English advertisements, creating the same or similar effect as the original advertisements and making the readers in the target language almost have the same feeling as they do in source-language.
+
+## Chapter One Classification of Puns in the Field of English Advertisements
+
+English advertisement is a style of immediate impact and rapid persuasion①. In general, whether the medium is print, radio, or television, the English advertisements can only rely on your attention for only a very short time; therefore the sales message must be short, distinctive and memorable. Based on these requests of English advertisements, puns have been applied much in English advertisements. This chapter classifies puns into three in this field, including homophone, homograph and parody puns.
+
+### 1.1 Homophone
+Homophone refers to a type of pun with the similar spelling, the same or similar pronunciation. That is to say that using the word with the same or similar pronunciation but different meaning replaces the intent of expression in this field of English advertisements. This pun is full of saucy wit and great appeal, moreover would impress consumers deeply.
+
+(1) Make your every hello a real good-buy.
+
+This is a phone advertisement, which sounds smooth and is full of mischievous sense of humor as the clever use of the homophone represented by good-buy and the“good-bye”. From the beginning of the call “hello” to-the end of the “good-buy ”, this advertisement is also to accurately convey to each other, so no matter where friends and family members are, can they transmit their care and greeting. By using of this point, this phone advertisement can move consumers successfully to realize its commercial purposes. Moreover the “good-buy” concludes the meaning of reasonable price and excellent quality
+
+(2) More sun and air for your son and heir.
+
+This is a bathing beach advertisement. The skillful use of the two homophonic words including the “sun-son” and “air-heir ” makes the advertisement sound smooth, sweet harmoniously, and its beautiful mood, so as to attract the majority of people who spend their holidays to come here.
+
+(3) Catch the Rain cheetahs and cheat the rain.
+
+This is a raincoat advertisement. “ Raincheetahs , ”the brand of a raincoat, has the same pronunciation with “raincheater” which is derived from windcheater. The last half sentence constitutes a pun through the use of a verb “cheat” with the same pronunciation. This advertisement attaches consumers’ attention strongly instead of garrulous feeling.
+
+### 1.2 Homograph
+
+Homograph is a kind of puns referring to a word with many meaning in specific context, that is to say, literally one word, but two different meanings are expressed at the same time. The subtle tactful and thought-provoking mood enhances effect of language. And the homograph has been widely applied in English advertisements as well as homophone.
+
+#### (1) Fresh up with 7-up
+
+This is an American soft drink advertisement “7” in the west is a lucky number. The number of “7”stands for the word “win in gamble game. “up”refers to “come up with ”, and “ lively ,clear-head , ” at the same time “7-up” is the trademark of soft—drink advertisement, so this forceful, rhythmic and inspiring advertising makes the “7-up” soft drink sold well in the market.
+
+#### (2) You need the strongest line of defense against gum diseases.
+
+This is Johnson dental floss ads of the United States. It is well known that the use of dental is to keep the mouth clean and prevent the rise of decayed tooth. The world “line” in this English advertisement refers to both “the dental floss ” and the defense line of preventing dental diseases, which makes clear to customers, And the arousing, exaggerated language of this English advertisement can build the strongest line of dense of gum disease so as to achieve the purpose of advertising.
+
+#### (3) Money does not grow on tree, but at blossom at our branches.
+
+This is an advertisement of lioyed bank of the UK. The word “Branch” is applied skillfully, representing two levels of meaning, literal meaning and deep meaning. The first meaning carries on the deep meaning refers to “the branches of bank ” or embranchments of bank. In fact the true purpose of this advertisement is to inspire more people to deposit their money into lioyed bank.
+
+### 1.3 Parody Puns
+
+Parody puns means that imitate structurally well-known aphorism, saying and so on. These advertisements applying parody puns not only strengthen the attraction for customers, but represent also the art of language based on former knowledge of culture, and in the unique form. ②Application of in advertisements makes English advertisements have more tasting implication so as to achieve these English advertisements reported widely.
+
+#### (1) Where there is a way, there is a Toyota
+
+The English advertisement promotes the brand of Toyota. The winter applied skillfully the form of “there is a will, there a way ” which can attract customers attention more easily. With the familiarity of people to epigrams and sayings, when consumers want to buy a car, he or she would think of the saying “There is a Toyota” spontaneously, furthermore attain the purpose of this English advertisement.
+
+#### (2) Better late than the late.
+
+This is a traffic safety advertisement, which imitates “Better late than never ”, moreover this English advertisement makes use of the pun meaning of the word “late”. The word “late’ means “being not on time”, while “the late”“died or have gone to west”. Therefore, someone has translated it that “迟到总比丧命好 ”. Although this translation is correct, sounds talking between people in stead of traffic safety warning. And the Chinese translation “迟到总比丧命好 ”gives people the impression that the phrase means mandatory. Owing to this reason, some people will turn a blind eye to act in reverse, while the translation “慢行回家，快行回老家 ”adds the humorous,interesting sense to people who would see an implicit understanding. So this English advertisement can serve as a warning.
+
+#### (3) Tasting is believing.
+
+This English advertisement is unique relying in that it borrows the famous English proverb “seeing is believing ” ( 百 闻 不 如 一 见 ) In the fast-paced society with large amount of advertisements, it is not easy to attract the attention of consumers. As a result, many merchants play delicious cuisine with the aid of diagrams, what’s more, they offer low price to win the majority of customers. However, this English advertisement copy originally “Tasting is believing ”to temperate customers, on the other hand, it implies high-quality of food, which gives an aftertaste to consumers. It is not easy to attract public attention and impress customers in the shortest possible time. The pun, concise and simple, lively and interesting, witty humorously and novel, is not only significant, but also makes people imaginative.
+
+## Chapter Two Principles of Translation of Puns in English Advertisements
+
+The translation of puns in English advertisements is not only required to reach the basic rules of translation, but achieve also the commercial purpose of inspiring consumers. It is no easy to balance the two points at the same time for a good translation of puns in this field. There are many scholars who had put their hands on this field. However some of researches applied directly the theories of famous translation, as a result, their papers are abstract and lose the practice values. While how to transmit really and exactly the information of English advertisements with puns, this chapter poses three principles about Chinese translation of puns in English advertisements under the guide of the Ni da’s theory “Functional Equivalence ” and with some experiences of my own.
+
+### 2.1 Novelty in terms of commerce
+
+Novelty is very important in Chinese translation of puns in English advertisements. Novelty is the soul of advertisement. The application of puns in this field is an unique novelty. Then how to represent the novelty in Chinese translation, as Nida put it, translator not only compare between the readers of source language and target language at the level of the understanding. That is to say that the translation text should be novel and lively if source language is attractive, novel extremely. Besides as the process of recreation, the work of translation makes the target language readers experience with their own culture and knowledge the novelty of advertisements brought by puns as source language readers, which can approach the “minimal equivalent level ” posed by Nida.
+
+### 2.2 Flexibility in terms of language
+
+The intentionality is the common characteristics of all language of human. To present the unique originality, English advertisements always apply pun to cater to consumers and inspire the commercial purposes. As a non-standard and unique language stylistic, the translator need to translate the English advertisements flexibly on the basis of the language characteristic of target language, after appreciating the information of the original English advertisements. The translator has to do well these two points in order to reach the flexibility of the Chinese translation text. One is succinctness, and the other is smoothness.
+
+On one hand, Nida has proposed in his book The Theory and Practice of Translation that a better translation strategy is to simplify the original text to “kernel level”which transfers into target language from source language, in the end to search stylistic and semantic equivalent expression in target language. Towards the Chinese translation of puns in this field, the principle of the succinctness is indispensible because puns always convey double meanings, surface meaning and implied meaning. The Chinese translation text of English advertisements with puns should be succinct in form and abundant in meaning.
+
+On the other hand, the Chinese translation should be smooth. Nida has expressed that owing to different forms of languages, the translator has to change the structure of original text to keep the valuable information for communication. Also the aim of the above rearrangement is to give smooth and fluent Chinese translation to agree with the language custom of the target language readers. Considering the Chinese translation of puns in English advertisements, if only the double meanings of puns can be conveyed integrally and exactly, can the form of original English advertisements be rearranged to some extent.
+
+### 2.3 Acceptability in terms of cultural differences
+
+The acceptability, the most basic principle of puns of translation in English advertisements, is expressed that the Chinese translation should agree with the Chinese culture as much as possible without changing the content of the original text so as to be appreciated and accepted by Chinese readers. Moreover it achieves the commercial purposes. People in different countries inherit different history and culture, and have different thought and favors. Meanwhile owing to the influence of the different history and culture, there exist obvious differences in custom, psychology, and concept of the value and the world.
+
+Nida has posed in Language, Culture, and Translating that the most serious fault of translators is caused by neglecting the culture instead of the inferior arrangement ability to language. Each level of language codes depend on the culture of language environment. The Chinese translation of English advertisements with puns has to transfer the uniqueness and originality of English advertisements into the language of advertising corresponding to the Chinese culture.
+
+The same advertising language is not appropriate in everywhere, and every culture has its own special written way about “sales promotion”. In the process of Chinese translation of puns in English advertisements, we should make English advertisements realize localization.
+
+## Chapter Three Translation Skills of Puns in the Field of English Advertisements
+
+Translation is the conversion of two different languages carrying information. Information covers various aspects, including the significance, content, sentiment, rhetoric, stylistic, style, culture and its form. The language of advertisement is subtle, concise, witty and full of inspiration and expression. The pun, in specific language context, was literary words of language to express dual meanings－obvious and hidden meanings. There are a lot of obstacles in translation of pun in English advertisement accordingly. Therefore the translation of English advertisement should apply appreciate Chinese language to avoid the loss of original information and preserve the original style under the guide of the above three principles based on the theory of “functional equivalence . ”This chapter proposes five translation skills in Chinese translation of puns in English advertisements through linking a number of practical examples.
+
+### 3.1 Respective translation
+
+The pun, one of the figures of speech, makes use of a word or sentence with the same pronunciation or various meaning to express a dual meaning concerning about two things. It is very difficult to present completely the dual meaning in the Chinese translation of puns in the field of English advertisements. Therefore this paper proposes the respective translation which expresses the dual meaning of puns in this field in the advertising form and with the similar Chinese expression to English language.
+
+#### ( 1) The self－made woman. She is living better all the time.
+
+译文：《自我》造就的女性，生活总是这么称心。
+
+This is a women ’s magazine advertisements named “self” of United States. The word “self” has two levels of meaning, one is the name of a magazine, the other is successful self-cultivation. In modern society, more and more people promote equality between men and women than ever before; moreover women can be more independent, which is relevant to the spirit of “women’s self struggle” promoted by this advertisement. And the word “self” with particularity, unconventionality and self-awareness itself, makes the reader know about effective influence enhancing unconsciously self-cultivation in order to attract the attention of female consumers. 《自我》 and “造就的 ” are the dual meaing of the word “The self-made”.
+
+This Chinese translation “《自我》造就的” , combining skillfully the dual meaning of the word “self-made”， transmits succinctly and vividly the orginal information. Furthermore, this respective translation “《自我》造就的女性 ” is harmonious with the latter Chinese translation. Choosing the respective translation not only making this magazine more obvious and chanractertistic but also promotes the spirit of “women’s self -struggle”, as a result makes this magzine advertisement more expressive.
+
+#### （2）A deal with us means a good deal to you.
+
+译文：同我们做买卖，是您回报丰厚的好买卖。
+
+This is a trading company advertisement. The composer of this advertisement applies cleverly and skillfully a double meaning of “a good deal” including the meaning of “a good trade” and the meaning “many benefits”. The pun is put into two and presented separately in Chinese translation to preserve the original meanings of the pun in this advertisement. This paper translates the former word “deal” into “买卖”, the later word “deal” “回报”. The respective translation can transmit the information accurately and clearly. The Chinese translation of puns is a difficult point, in the process of the translation; the translators sometimes must give up one part so that the integral information of original text can be presented. The standard of Chinese translation of puns in English advertisement achieves the equivalence of meaning on the basis of the theory of “Functional Equivalence”
+
+### 3.2 Borrowing translation
+
+There are a lot of English advertisements that borrow the established idioms, proverbs, phrases in order to achieve the desired advertising purposes. Therefore, borrowing translation is to apply the established Chinese sets to translate English advertisements with puns.
+
+#### (1) One man's disaster is another man's delight!
+
+The sale is now on!
+
+译文：几家欢乐几家愁！拍卖进行中！
+
+This is a typical example of parody pun. In this advertisement, the composer makes cleverly use of English proverb “One man’s meat is another man’s poison.”(甲之佳肴,乙之毒药)。This advertisement is similar to these advertisements reading “clearancesale” or “sale at a low price”.
+
+The word “delight” and “disaster” in this English advertisements form a sharp contrast. And these two corresponding words can be translated into corresponding Chinese word “欢乐”and “愁”. The Chinese translation “几家欢乐” corresponds consumers’ delight, and “几家愁” merchants’ high cost. According to this English-Chinese correspondence, this thesis chooses the borrowing translation to borrow the Chinese set “几家欢乐几家愁” in order to reach this effect that merchants paying the high cost is a disaster, contrary to the consumers, a good chance. This borrowing translation expresses appropriately and accurately the deep information, moreover, deepens the impression of consumers with regard to this advertisement. It can reach the equivalent effect between English and Chinese consumers.
+
+(2) All is well that ends well.
+
+译文：烟蒂好，烟就好。
+
+This is cigarette advertising. This advertisement, in fact, is an English idiom, which means “结局好,全都好”. But the composer puts it in the cigarette advertisement, then the word “ends” has a dual meaning including “outcome” and “end of cigarette”. This advertisement can borrow the original idiom set of translation and be translated “烟蒂好,烟就好”. The word “烟蒂” corresponds the word “结局” and the word “烟” implicating the meaning “smoking” a complete cigarette, corresponds the meaning of the word “全都好”. This advertisement borrows the original idiom set of translation “结局好,全都好” to translate this advertisement into “烟蒂好,烟就好”.This Chinese translation gives the pun word “end” abundant explaination and benefits.
+
+This translation “烟蒂好,烟就好” benefits to transmit the cultural connotation of original advertisement and makes the Chinese translation text concise, moreover the implication of puns can be represented fully.
+
+(3) Just A Reminder.
+
+This is why you Save Money
+
+As Easy As UCB
+
+United Carolina Bank
+
+译文：只是提醒一下
+
+这就是为什么您存钱
+
+就如同 UCB 一样容易
+
+卡罗林纳联合银行
+
+“As easy as UBC” is a parody pun, which imitates the English set “as easy as ABC”. When consumers saw this advertisement, it should be easy to think of a well-known idiom: as easy as ABC (very easy). So this Chinese translation “如同 ABC 一样简单” borrowing the well-known Chinese translation set that it is easier to save money in United Carolina Bank (UBC) than other banks. And this translation “如同 ABC 一样容易” is succinct in terms of language and can transmit the persuading information of the original English advertisement so as to attract more consumers’ attention.
+
+The composer of this advertisement applied the original idiom used widely in daily life. This makes customers feel affectionate greatly when reaching the purpose of it. The Chinese translation “就如同 UCB 一样容易” can transmit the persuading information of the original English advertisement.
+
+The borrowing translation added cultural factors presents enough the implication of puns and strengthen the sense of wit and humor of original text.
+
+### 3.3 Compensation translation
+
+When one level of meaning of puns in English advertisements is translated by the translator, but another level of meaning of puns can not be translated completely, then it is necessary to take some measures to compensate. In Chinese translation of puns in English advertisements, the most commonly used means of compensation is to carry audio-visual images of television and radio or graphic designs of newspapers and magazines to achieve goals of advertisements.
+
+#### (1) Shhhhh... ...
+
+译文：听！ ... ... 在洗碗呵 ... ...
+
+This is a dishwasher advertisement. When consumers see a simple word “Shhhhh... ...” they would not know what it is and can not be sure what products to sell. The compensation translation at this moment seems particularly important. The sounds language (simulating the “Esser Esser” sound of operation of the machine) or visual effects (compensate connotation information through television screen and magazine pictures) are able to be applied to attract the attention of the public. Meanwhile some caption words are very important to be complementary in the process of translation. The word “Shhhhh... ...” have two levels of meanings. The superficial meaning is the sound of dishwasher, while the deep meaning is to tell the listeners that this sound is beautiful, rhythmic and comfortable, reminding consumers to buy it. These two levels of meaning is difficult to be translated into Chinese advertisement text correspondingly completely. The Chinese translation “听？ ... 在洗碗呵 ... ...” is just accessory aside which is used to lead consumers to pay more attention the visual image of the dishwasher. This compensation translation “听！... ... 在洗碗呵 ... ...” combines harmoniously the audio and visual effect of the English advertisement and gives the abundant and perfect image about this dishwasher.
+
+The preponderance of compensation translation is determined by the compensatied visual or audio effects instead of the Chinese text. These above two Chinese translation text of advertisement examples are good proofs. So this paper gives this Chinese translation which presents well the two levels of puns meaning in this English advertisement.
+
+#### (2) OIC
+
+译文：哦，我看到了！
+
+This is a classic glasses advertisement with the shape of the three capital letters which is homograph of “Oh, I see”. This English advertising not only applies visual language to attract the attention of the public, but applies also audio language to make the consumers whose sight is not good feel comfortable. However, it is extremely difficult to balance the vision and hearing at the same time. The translation “哦，我看到了！” as an accessory aside, just serves as the hearing.Therefore the visual effect of this advertisement can only be carried media, making use of video and graphic to compensate the information implied.
+
+This compensation translation can give the English advertisement integral interpretation. The Chinese translation texts in this paper are applied to cooperate the audio and video effect to express the original and complete information so as to achieve the equivalence feel between English and Chinese consumers.
+
+### 3.4 Corresponding translation
+
+If words with two levels of meaning in original English advertisement have corresponding Chinese words, then the corresponding translation is applied to preserve the puns of original texts.This translation is the perfect effect.
+
+#### (1) I use Miracle-Gro to make everything in my garden look its best.
+
+译文：我使用“奇迹生长”肥料使我的花园尽善尽美。
+
+This is a flower-fertilizer advertisement. The word “Miracle-Gro”, the brand name of a flower fertilizer, making use of the same pronunciation of the word “Gro” and “grow” which has corresponding Chinese word “生长”, is translated “奇迹生长”. Besides the superficial meaning of the word “miracle-gro”, it has a deep meaning that the flower fertilizer has high quality. The Chinese translation “奇迹生长”not only corresponds the characteristics of the same pronunciation with the word “grow”, but also expresses appropriately the meaning that this kind of flower fertilizer benefits flowers growing well. And the Chinese translation text is skillful and flexible,and gives the same understanding and feeling between English and Chinese consumers. In other words, it reaches the equivalence effect.
+
+#### ( 2 ) The label to achievement.
+
+Black label commands more respect.
+
+译文：成功的标志，黑标啤酒为您赢得更多尊重。
+
+This is a Whiskey advertisement. The word "label" has two meanings, one is "mark", the other is "the brand of Whiskey". The Chinese translation "成功的标志" and "黑标啤酒" represents the dual meaning of the word "label" correspondingly. This pun in this English advertisement highlights the image of the Whiskey and success, moreover, serves the consumers for remembering this Whiskey. In the process of the translation, this thesis chooses the corresponding translation "成功的标志" to represent the meaning and the commercial purpose successfully, which reaches the equivalent understanding between English and Chinese customers.
+
+### 3.5 Chinese four-letter structure translation
+
+There exist many differences between English and Chinese language, however, there are some coinciding part between them. In the process of translation of these puns, the Chinese four-letter structure translation, balancing the form and meaning of the pun, is chosen to transfer the two levels of meaning successfully. The majority of Chinese advertisements is four-letter structure form which it can be traced back to the four-letter expression in a classic literature work named "Shi Jing": "关关雎鸠, 在河之洲窈窕淑女, 君子好逑 ...". Meanwhile the four-letter phrases are applied widely in our historical works and folk stories. Therefore some Chinese translation of English advertisements with puns can refer to this form. This translation requires deep understanding about English advertisement and sophisticated mastery about Chinese culture is classic, elegant and more acceptable for Chinese consumers.
+
+#### ( 1 ) Try our sweet corn, you will smile from ear to ear.
+
+译文：尝一尝甜玉米！你会胃口大开，笑口常开！
+
+It is a successful com advertisement. The composer of this advertisement gives the phrase "from ear to ear" a dual context including "吃了一个又一个" and "笑得合不拢嘴" through applying cleverly the word “ear” with double meaning “耳朵” and “玉米穗”. This dual context describes vividly the people love this com extremely. In the process of the Chinese translation, this paper chooses the Chinese four-letter structure “胃口大开” to substitute for “吃了一个又一个 ”,“笑口常开” for “笑得合不拢嘴”.
+
+The Chinese translation text “尝一尝甜玉米！你会胃口大开，笑口常开！” presents well the dual contexts and double language meanings of pun in original advertisement. Furthermore, the Chinese four-letter structure translation, kind, spontaneous and rhythmic, can attain the maxim of equivalent feeling between Chinese readers and English readers.
+
+#### (2) “Asier dusting by a stre-e-etch”
+
+译文：“拉拉拉长，除尘力强。”
+
+This is an English advertisement with homophone. The spelling of the word “str-e-etch” is stretched novelty besides as the brand and embodies vividly the effect of “除尘力强”, gives consumers fierce visual effect which represents well th action of the word “stretch”. The three times repetition of the word “拉”in Chinese translation text is corresponding with the three English letters “e-e-e” which presents perfectly “the effect of being stretched”. The Chinese translation “拉拉拉长” can present accurately and perfectly feeling and effect of being stretched.
+
+The four-letter structure translation “拉拉拉长，除尘力强” tends to localization, and its language is succinct, lifelike and rhythmical, furthmore, transmits a classical aesthetic feeling. The application of four letter structure and rhythm tally with the characteristic of Chinese advertisements.
+
+In this chapter, these five translation skills are posed according to different kind of puns. In the process of the Chinese translation of puns in English advertisements, it is difficult to find corresponding perfectly Chinese characters or sayings to translate these puns. Based on this condition, this paper studies five translation skills to achieve the equivalent feeling between two sides as much as possible. With the development of the study toward this field, better translation skills will be served, until each translation skill can transmits the ingenuity of puns in original English advertisements, keep the novelty in terms of commerce, and achieve the acceptability in terms of Chinese culture.
+
+## Conclusion
+
+The pun is the common figure of speech in English advertisements, and at the same time is a translation difficulty. Puns sometimes are considered as "untranslatable". There are some insurmountable obstacles of Chinese translation of pun in its structure and expression between English and Chinese language. However the Chinese translation of it is possible to a certain extent.
+
+The theory of "functional equivalence" which takes the readers in target language as its core, provides a new dimension for Chinese translation of puns in English advertisement. And as long as the Chinese translation of puns should creat the same or similar feeling as the readers in source language, it is a successful translation. In the process of translation of puns in this field, it is very difficult to reach the maxim of equivalence between translation text and original text. These five Chinese translation skills proposed in this paper keep the unique characteristics of puns in this field as much as possible; also enhance the translatability of puns in English advertisements. However it is initial study process. These five translation skills can not translate all of the puns in English advertisement perfectly, including homograph. The Chinese translation can not represent the dual meaning spontaniously, which seems not correspondent each other and lack aesthetic feeling. These problems can be solved in the further study.
+
+In the process of Chinese translation in English advertisements, translators have to keep its characteristics and transmit the accuratest information on the basis of its specific conditions. And the translators should consider fully information transmitted by specific advertisement and analyze the backgrounds, specific environment of English advertisements to achieve the maximal equivalence between the translation text and source advertisement text.
+
+## Notes
+
+1. Charles A. O'Neil The Language of Advertising. Toronto: Little Brown & Company Limited, 1996. p.28
+
+2. 梁婷. 广告英语[M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版,1992. p.15
+
+## Bibliography
+
+Nida. Eugene A. Language, Culture, and Translating [J]. Foreign Language Teaching and Research, 1986, (2).
+
+Nida. Eugene A. and C. R. Taber. The Theory and Practice of Translation [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.
+
+Charles A. O ' NeilThe Language of Advertising . Toronto: Little Brown & Company Limited, 1996.
+
+Jin Di, Nida. Eugene A. On Translation [M]. China Foreign Language Translation Press Company, 1984.
+
+Peter Newmark. Approach to Translation. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.
+
+冯翠华. 英语修辞大全 [M]. 上海:上海外语出版社 , 1996.
+
+刘宓庆. 文体与翻译 [M]. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司 , 1998.
+
+梁婷. 广告英语 [M]. 北京:外语教学与研究出版 ,1992.
+
+谭载喜. 新编奈达论翻译 [M]. 北京:中国对外翻译出版公司 ,1998.
+
+叶格华.“广告英语中的双关及其翻译” [M]. 南通工学院学报(社会科学版) 第 20 卷 第 3 期, 2004.119-120 页
+
+林华.“英语广告的理解与翻译””[M] 江汉大学学报(社会科学版) [M]2004 , 第 23 卷, 第 2 期
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+
+
+全国高等教育自学考试
+
+2021年10月
+
+
+
+# 人力资源开发与管理（北京）
+
+制作人 ○ 丁大乔
+
+审核人 ○ 郭烨宏
+
+尚德机构学术中心 ○ 电子刊
+
+
+
+## 目录
+第一章 人力资源管理及其价值... 1
+
+第二章 人力资源开发及其战略...4
+
+第三章 工作分析...6
+
+第四章 人员招聘与配置...9
+
+第五章 员工的培训与开发方法...12
+
+第六章 绩效考评与管理...15
+
+第七章 薪酬管理...18
+
+第八章 员工福利和社会保障... 22
+
+第九章 员工激励与员工关系协调... 24
+
+第十章 人力资源开发与管理的新趋势... 27
+
+## 第一章 人力资源管理及其价值
+
+### 一、单选题
+
+1.与物质资源相比，人力资源最为本质的属性是它的( )
+
+A.主观性 B.经济性 C.社会性 D.客观性
+
+2.根据人力资源的定义，人力资源在一定区域范围内可以被管理者运用产生经济效益和( )
+
+A.产生社会效益 B.完成企业绩效 C.实现管理目标 D.产生社会影响
+
+3.知识经济时代的核心生产要素是( )
+
+A.资本 B.人力资源 C.信息技术 D.土地与土地所有权
+
+4.组织能力理论属于( )
+
+A.市场营销领域 B.产业经济领域 C.战略管理领域 D.人力资本领域
+
+5.战略人力资源管理术语出现于 20 世纪的( )年代。
+
+A.60 B.70 C.80 D.90
+
+6.提出“社会人”假设的代表人物是( )
+
+A.麦格雷戈 B.泰勒 C.梅奥 D.霍桑
+
+7.梅奥提出了社会人假设的观点是基于著名的( )
+
+A.伯利恒钢铁厂实验 B.霍桑实验 C.砌砖动作研究 D.疲劳研究
+
+### 二、多选题
+
+8.在战略人力资源管理思想下，人力资源管理的角色转变为( )
+
+A.战略伙伴 B.职能专家 C.员工支持者 D.变革推动者
+
+9.随着管理科学的形成和发展，先后产生的“人性假设”包括( )
+
+A.复杂人假设 B.自我实现人假设 C.社会人假设 D.经济人假设
+
+### 三、名词解释
+
+10.人力资源
+
+### 四、简答题
+
+11.简述战略人力资源管理的定义、基本内涵和特征。
+
+### 五、论述题
+
+12.论述职能人力资源管理与战略人力资源管理的联系与区别。
+
+### ————答案&解析————
+
+1.答案：C
+
+解析：与物质资源相比，人力资源最为本质的属性就是它的社会性，人力资源的形成、发展与变化，既受人类生产和生存条件的限制，也受社会经济条件和特定的生产方式的制约，并与一定的社会环境相联系。
+
+故本题选C。
+
+2.答案：C
+
+解析：人力资源是在一定区域范围内，可以被管理者运用产生经济效益和实现管理目标的体力、智能与心力等人力因素的总和。C 项正确。“产生经济效益”与“实现管理目标”，强调的是人力资源的价值性。
+
+ABD项未提及，为干扰项，排除。
+
+3.答案：B
+
+解析：工业经济时代的核心生产要素是资本；排除A。
+
+知识经济时代是以人力资源为核心生产要素的时代，信息产业成为社会经济的主导产业。B 项正确，排除 C。农业经济时代的核心生产要素是土地和土地所有权；排除 D。
+
+4.答案：C
+
+解析：本题的破题点在于：组织能力理论。
+
+ABD项为干扰项，与题干不符，故排除。
+
+组织能力理论（CBT）是战略管理领域的概念。战略人力资源管理是战略管理与人力资源的结合，是战略思想在人力资源管理中的应用，尤其是组织能力理论在人力资源管理中的应用。
+
+故本题的正确答案为：C。
+
+5.答案：C
+
+解析：本题所考查的知识点关键词是：战略人力资源管理。
+
+A、B、D 项为干扰项，与题干不符，故排除。
+
+20 世纪 80 年代初期，出现了战略人力资源管理术语的应用。
+
+故本题的正确答案为：C。
+
+6.答案：C
+
+解析：本题所考查的知识点关键词是：“社会人”假设。
+
+“经济人假设”的代表人物是泰勒，麦格雷戈以理论对经济人的假设进行了总结。故排除 AB 选项。D 选项为干扰项，故排除。
+
+梅奥在著名的霍桑实验的基础上提出了社会人假设。故本题的正确答案为：C。
+
+7.答案：B
+
+解析：本题的破题点在于：社会人假设。
+
+D 选项为干扰项，故排除。
+
+AC 为泰勒进行的实验，是经济人假设提出的基础，故排除。
+
+梅奥在著名的霍桑实验的基础上提出了社会人假设，故本题的正确答案为：B。
+
+8.答案：ABCD
+
+解析：本题所考查的知识点关键词是：人力资源管理角色的转变。
+
+进行职能人力资源管理的人力资源部门更多的是充当职能“专家”和“救火队”的角色。
+
+在将人力资源视为战略资产的思想指导下，人力资源管理部门的角色也进行了全新的转变。沃尔里奇于 1997 年从“人员”与“组织目标”、“日常运作”与“未来/战略”四个角度将人力资源管理的角色分为四种：战略伙伴、职能专家、员工支持者、变革推动者。
+
+故本题的正确答案为：ABCD。
+
+9.答案：ABCD
+
+解析：近一个世纪以来，组织管理者看待员工的方式不断地发生变化，先后形成了经济人假设、社会人假设、自我实现人假设和复杂人假设等四种人性假设。
+
+故本题的正确答案为 ABCD 项。
+
+10.答案：人力资源是在一定区域范围内，可以被管理者运用产生经济效益和实现管理目标的体力、智能与心力等人力因素的总和，包括知识、技能、能力与品德素质等。
+
+11.答案：战略人力资源管理是指组织为能够实现目标的行为所采取的一系列有计划、有战略意义的人力资源部署和管理行为。这个定义具有四个基本内涵和特征：
+
+(1)人力资源的战略性；
+
+(2)人力资源管理的系统性；
+
+(3)人力资源管理的战略性，即“契合性”；
+
+(4)人力资源管理的目标导向性。
+
+12.答案：(1)职能人力资源管理与战略人力管理的联系：
+
+①两者的管理理念一致；
+
+②两者的管理方式一致；
+
+③两者所追求的最终目标一致。
+
+(2)职能人力资源管理与战略人力资源管理的区别：
+
+①两者的理论背景不一致；
+
+②两者支持组织总体战略的程度不一致；
+
+③两者人力资源管理部门的角色不一致；
+
+④两者的结果不一致；
+
+⑤两者的管理主体和工作范围不一致。
+
+## 第二章 人力资源开发及其战略
+
+### 一、单选题
+
+13.人力资源开发活动中，从事开发活动的领导者、计划者与组织实施者是( )
+
+A.开发客体 B.开发主体 C.开发对象 D.开发计划
+
+14.人力资源开发方法中，构建人力资源开发系统的出发点和目标点是( )
+
+A.组织开发 B.职业开发 C.管理开发 D.自我开发
+
+15.人力资源开发活动中所指向的素质与能力，包括体质、品性、智力、技能、知识等其他心理素质，是人力资源开发的( )
+
+A.开发对象 B.开发主体 C.开发客体 D.开发方式
+
+16.学习型组织理论的提出者是( )
+
+A.舒尔茨 B.马斯洛 C.薛恩 D.彼得·圣吉
+
+17.学习型组织最本质的特征是( )
+
+A.组织学习 B.个体学习 C.创新 D.协作
+
+### 二、多选题
+
+18.人力资源开发原理中的发展动力原理包括( )
+
+A.生存动力原理 B.竞争开发原理 C.需要动力原理 D.目标动力原理
+
+19.职业开发是指通过职业活动本身提高与培养员工人力资源的开发形式，主要包括( )
+
+A.工作设计 B.工作扩大化 C.工作评价 D.工作轮换
+
+### 三、名词解释
+
+20.组织开发
+
+### 四、简答题
+
+21.行为开发原理包括哪些基本原理？
+
+22.人力资源开发方法有哪些？
+
+23.工作设计的类型。
+
+### ————答案&解析————
+
+13.答案：B
+
+解析：(1)开发客体即接受人力资源活动的组织或个人，是开发活动的承受者。
+
+(2)开发主体即从事开发活动的领导者、计划者与组织实施者。
+
+(3)开发对象是指人力资源开发活动所指向的素质与能力，包括体质、技能、知识等其他心理素质。
+
+(4)开发方式是指人力资源开发活动中对各种要素所表现的组织方式。
+
+故本题选 B。
+
+14.答案：D
+
+解析：组织开发是指通过组织这个中介对组织中的成员进行开发的一种形式与活动。排除 A。
+
+职业开发是指通过职业活动本身提高与培养员工人力资源的开发形式。排除 B。
+
+管理开发是指通过管理活动来开发人力资源；排除 C。
+
+自我开发是建构人力资源开发系统的出发点与目标点。D 项正确。
+
+15.答案：A
+
+解析：开发对象是指人力资源开发活动所指向的素质与能力，包括体质、技能、知识等其他心理素质。A 项正确。
+
+开发主体即从事开发活动的领导者、计划者与组织实施者。排除 B。
+
+开发客体即接受人力资源活动的组织或个人，是开发活动的承受者。排除 C。
+
+开发方式是指人力资源开发活动中对各种要素所表现的组织方式。排除 D。
+
+16.答案：D
+
+解析：本题所考查的知识点关键词是：学习型组织理论的提出者。
+
+舒尔茨、库兹涅茨与 E · 丹尼森提出的是人力资本理论，故排除 A。
+
+马斯洛提出的是需求层次理论，故排除 B。
+
+薛恩提出的是“复杂人假设”，故排除 C。
+
+彼得・圣吉于 20 世纪 90 年代提出学习型组织理论。
+
+故本题的正确答案为：D。
+
+17.答案：A
+
+解析：本题所考查的知识点关键词是：学习型组织。
+
+B 选项说法错误，故排除。C、D 选项为干扰项，故排除。
+
+学习型组织最本质的特征就是组织学习。Simonin 和 Helleloid 认为， 一套完整的组织学习包括获取、处理、储存、增补这四个过程，通过组织学习能够提升组织的核心专长，从而使得组织保持长期的竞争优势。
+
+故本题的正确答案为：A。
+
+18.答案：ACD
+
+解析：人力资源开发原理中的发展动力原理包括生存动力原理、需要动力原理、自主动力原理、目标动力原理、压力原理、群体动力原理。ACD 符合。竞争开发原理属于人力资源开发原理中的行为开发原理，排除 B 项；故本题的正确答案为 ACD 项。
+
+19.答案：ABD
+
+解析：本题所考查的知识点关键词是：职业开发的内容。
+
+C 选项说法错误，故排除。
+
+职业开发指通过职业活动本身提高与培养员工人力资源的开发形式，就目前组织内部的活动来看，职业开发主要包括工作设计、工作专业化、工作轮换化、工作扩大化、工作平等化等。
+
+故本题的正确答案为：ABD。
+
+20.答案：组织开发是指通过组织这个中介对组织中的成员进行开发的一种形式与活动。
+
+21.答案：(1)需求导向原理；
+
+(2)利益对称原理；
+
+(3)信息催化原理；
+
+(4)竞争开发原理。
+
+22.答案：(1)组织开发，是指通过组织这个中介对组织中的成员进行开发的一种形式与活动。
+
+(2)职业开发，是指通过职业活动本身提高与培养员工人力资源的开发形式。
+
+(3)管理开发，是指通过管理活动来开发人力资源。
+
+(4)自我开发，是建构人力资源开发系统的出发点与目标点。
+
+23.答案：(1)拔高型工作设计；(2)优化型工作设计；(3)卫生型工作设计；(4)心理型工作设计。
+
+## 第三章 工作分析
+
+### 一、单选题
+
+24.用来定义、辨别和描述一个职位最重要特征的是( )
+
+A.人员说明书 B.资格说明书 C.工作说明书 D.职务说明书
+
+25.对从事该工作的员工所必备的知识、经验、操作技能和心理素质进行的分析是( )
+
+A.工作过程分析 B.工作条件分析 C.工作名称分析 D.工作规范分析
+
+26.根据工作分析的定义，工作分析的结果就是要形成工作描述和( )
+
+A.工作纪律 B.岗位名称 C.任职说明 D.绩效标准
+
+27.职位评价通过科学、规范的方法确定组织内每一个职位的( )
+
+A.经济价值 B.社会价值 C.绝对价值 D.相对价值
+
+28.职位评价的前提是( )
+
+A.工作分析 B.人员招聘 C.薪酬管理 D.人力资源规划
+
+### 二、多选题
+
+29.工作分析的基本工具包括( )
+
+A.系统分析法 B.观察法 C.工作元素分析法 D.问卷法
+
+### 三、名词解释
+
+30.资格说明书
+
+31.工作概要
+
+### 四、简答题
+
+32.简述观察法的优缺点。
+
+33.简述问卷法的优缺点。
+
+34.简述工作描述的内容。
+
+### 五、论述题
+
+35.工作分析在人力资源管理中的作用。
+
+### ————答案&解析————
+
+24.答案：C
+
+解析：(1)资格说明书又称工作规范，是工作分析结果的另一种表达形式，主要说明任职者需要具备什么样的资格条件及相关素质，才能胜任某一岗位的工作。
+
+(2)工作说明书又称职位说明书、职位描述、职位界定或岗位说明等，是用来定义、辨别和描述一个职位的最重要特征。
+
+(3)职务说明书可以看作工作描述再生形式中最为完整的一种，它包括了工作说明书与资格说明书中所有甚至更多的内容。
+
+故本题选 C。
+
+25.答案：B
+
+解析：(1)工作过程分析，包括对工作环节、人员关系与所受影响的分析。
+
+(2)工作条件分析，包括对从事该工作的员工所必备的知识、经验、操作技能和心理素质的分析。
+
+(3)工作名称分析，包括对工作特征的揭示与概括，工作名称的选择与表述的分析。
+
+(4)工作规范分析，包括对工作任务、责任、工作关系与工作强度的分析。
+故本题选 B。
+
+26.答案：C
+
+解析：工作分析的结果就是要形成工作描述与任职说明(C 项正确)。这是人力资源管理与开发中必不可少的环节。绩效标准属于工作描述的基本内容，排除D ； AB 项未提及，为干扰项，排除。
+
+27.答案：D
+
+解析：本题所考查的知识点关键词是：职位评价与薪酬设计的关系。
+
+A、B、C 项为干扰项，与题干不符，故排除。
+
+职位评价是薪酬设计的基础，职位评价形成了职位之间的相对价值，它反映了职位对企业贡献的相对比例，以职位评价作为员工薪酬等级评定和薪酬分配的依据，可以使员工感受到薪酬公平。
+
+故本题的正确答案为：D。
+
+28.答案：A
+
+解析：本题所考查的知识点关键词是：工作分析在职位评价中的作用。
+
+人员招聘和薪酬管理属于职位评价之后的人力资源管理流程，所以不是职位评价的前提，排除 BC。
+
+职位评价的一系列成果是人力资源规划的前提，所以 D 选项说法错误。
+
+工作分析是进行职位评价的前提，故本题的正确答案为：A。
+
+29.答案：BD
+
+解析：工作分析的基本工具有：观察法、访谈法、问卷法、工作日志法、主管人员分析法。
+
+系统分析法、工作元素分析法均属于人员定位分析方法，排除 AC 项；故本题的正确答案为 BD 项。
+
+30.答案：资格说明书又称工作规范，是工作分析结果的另一表达形式，说明任职者需要具备什么样的资格条件及相关素质，才能胜任某一岗位的工作。这里的资格条件及素质要求是最低的限制。
+
+31.答案：工作概要，又称职务摘要，指用简练的语言概述工作的总体性质、中心任务和要实现的工作目标。
+
+32.答案：优点：(1)真实性(提供一手资料)；(2)深度性；(3)灵活性；(4)有效性。
+
+缺点：(1)耗时长；(2)成本较高；(3)使用频率较低；(4)任职者容易“展示”出错误信息；(5)只能观察外在行为部分。
+
+33.答案：优点：(1)适应性强。(2)较高的信度与效度。(3)问卷法与访谈法有极高的互补性，二者结合使用，是目前职位分析的主流方法。(4)分析结果可通过对信息的统计分析加以量化。
+
+缺点：(1)与问卷设计者素质高度相关，常存在主观性较强、准确度不够、问题设计随意性高等缺陷；(2)问卷回收难度较大，需要上级主管的支持；(3)设计问卷并进行测量所耗费的钱财和时间较多；(4)不易了解被调查对象的态度和动机等深层次信息；(5)调查之前需说明，否则调查对象会理解不同，产生信息误差。
+
+34.答案：(1)工作识别，又称工作标志、工作认定，包括工作名称和工作地位(工作地位是指工作部门、等级、工资水平、工作时间、工作地点等)。
+
+(2)工作编号，又称岗位编号、工作代码。
+
+(3)工作概要，又称职务摘要，指用简练的语言概述工作的总体性质、中心任务和要实现的工作目标。
+
+(4)工作关系，又称工作联系，指任职者与组织内外其他人之间的关系。
+
+(5)工作职责，又称工作任务，是工作分析内容的主体，应逐条指明工作的主要职责、工作任务、工作权限及工作结果(工作的绩效标准)等。
+
+(6)绩效标准，即员工完成某些任务或工作量所要达到的标准。
+
+(7)工作条件和工作环境。
+
+35.答案：(1)在人力资源规划中：工作分析是企业制订和实施人力资源规划的重要条件和基础；
+
+(2)在招聘、甄选和任用中：有助于“为事择人、任人唯贤、专业对口、事得其人”；
+
+(3)在员工岗位培训中：工作分析是员工培训的必要条件；
+
+(4)在绩效管理中：工作分析是企业有效组织实施绩效管理的依据；
+
+(5)在职位评价和薪酬设计中：工作分析是进行职位评价的前提，职位评价又是薪酬设计的基础，职位评价形成了职位之间的相对价值。
+
+(6)在职业生涯规划中：可理清职位间在工作内容和任职资格上的逻辑关系和差异。
+
+## 第四章 人员招聘与配置
+
+### 一、单选题
+
+36.在招聘过程中，对应聘者进行心理测试往往安排在( )
+
+A.准备工作阶段 B.人员招募阶段 C.人员录用与评估阶段 D.人员甄选阶段
+
+37.以实际工作需要和岗位空缺情况为出发点，根据岗位对任职者的资格要求选用人员，这是遵循人员招聘的( )
+
+A.先内后外原则 B.因事择人原则 C.双向选择原则 D.依法招聘原则
+
+38.人力资源规划是将组织战略和目标转化成为( )
+
+A.人力需求 B.组织需求 C.组织绩效 D.个人发展动力
+
+39.企业招聘高级经营管理人员最主要和最常用的途径是( )
+
+A.猎头 B.学校 C.人才市场 D.劳动就业服务中心
+
+40.人员选拔里使用的评价中心是一个( )
+
+A.单位 B.地方 C.素质测评方法 D.工作评价方法
+
+41.评价中心技术起源于( )
+
+A.美国 B.德国 C.法国 D.英国
+
+### 二、多选题
+
+42.人员招募的渠道包括内部招募和外部招募，属于内部招募的有( )
+
+A.职位提升 B.平级调动 C.人员返聘或重新聘用 D.工作轮换
+
+43.为保证面试的效果，需要注意一些面试的方法和技巧，一般包括( )
+
+A.提问技巧 B.倾听技巧 C.观察技巧 D.评价技巧
+
+### 三、名词解释
+
+44.面试测评
+
+45.评价中心技术
+
+### 四、简答题
+
+46.简述人员配置的原则。
+
+47.简述人员配置的模型。
+
+48.简述评价中心技术的特点。
+
+### ————答案&解析————
+
+36.答案：D
+
+解析：(1)甄选阶段的工作主要是审查申请表、笔试面试、心理测试、体检等深度甄选。
+(2)心理测试指的是通过一系列心理学技术手段，将应聘者的某些心理特征数量化，来衡量应聘者的智力水平和个性方面差异的一种科学测量方法。故本题选 D。
+
+37.答案：B
+
+解析：先内后外原则：先从公司内部选聘合适人才，在此基础上进行对外招聘。排除 A。
+
+因事择人原则：选聘应以实际工作的需要和岗位的空缺情况为出发点，根据岗位对任职者的资格要求选用人员。B 项正确。
+
+双向选择原则：企业自主选人，劳动者自主择业。排除 C。
+
+依法招聘原则：招聘行为不得与法律、法规相抵触。排除 D。
+
+38.答案：A
+
+解析：人力资源规划是将组织战略和目标转化成人力需求，从组织整体的超前和量化的角度分析和制定人力资源管理的一些具体目标和实施计划。A 项正确。
+
+BCD 项未提及，为干扰项，排除。
+
+39.答案：A
+
+解析：本题的破题点在于：高级经营管理人员。
+
+学校是企业招聘应届生的主要和最常用的途径，故排除 B。
+
+人才市场和劳动就业服务中心是企业招聘一般初级人才、中高年龄人才和一些技术工人所采用的主要和最常用的途径，故排除 CD。
+
+猎头公司是为适应企业对高层次人才的需求与高级人才的求职需求而发展起来的，故本题的正确答案为：A。
+
+40.答案：C
+
+解析：本题所考查的知识点关键词是：评价中心技术的含义。
+
+A、B、D 项为干扰项，与题干不符，故排除。
+
+评价中心技术是以测评管理素质为中心的标准化的评价活动。它是一种测评的方式，不是一个单位，也不是一个地方。
+
+故本题的正确答案为：C。
+
+41.答案：B
+
+解析：本题所考查的知识点关键词是：评价中心技术的起源。
+
+A、C、D 项为干扰项，与题干不符，故排除。
+
+评价中心技术被认为是现代人员素质测评的一种新方法，它起源于德国心理学家 1929 年建立的一套用于挑选军官的非常先进的多项评价程序。
+
+故本题的正确答案为：B。
+
+42.答案：ABCD
+
+解析：(1)内部招募主要包括：职位提升、工作轮换、平级调动、人员返聘或重新聘用。
+
+(2)外部招募主要包括：人员举荐、求职者、失业者、竞争者与其他公司、职业介绍机构、学校、人才市场。故本题的正确答案为 ABCD 项。
+
+43.答案：ABCD
+
+解析：面试的方法技巧包括：(1)面试提问技巧；(2)面试倾听技巧；(3)面试观察技巧；(4)面试评价技巧。
+
+44.答案：面试测评，一种经过精心设计，在特定场景下，以面对面的交谈与观察来测评应试者有关素质的一种方法。
+
+45.答案：评价中心技术是以测评管理素质为中心的标准化的评价活动。
+
+46.答案：(1)效益优先原则：人力资源管理的最终目的都是提高组织效益；
+
+(2)用其所长原则：以人为本，充分了解员工的特点和特长，安排到合理的岗位；
+
+(3)能位相宜原则：选择人员的能力和素质要与组织中的岗位设置相匹配；
+
+(4)互补增值原则：合理安排人员，在组织中达到以己之长、补人之短的效果；
+
+(5)动态平衡原则：人与事的不适应是绝对的，适应是相对的。
+
+47.答案：(1)人岗关系型：招聘、轮换、试用、竞争上岗、末尾淘汰、双向选择等。
+
+(2)移动配置型：晋升、降职和调动。
+
+(3)流动配置型：安置、调整和辞退。
+
+48.答案：(1)情景模拟性；(2)综合性；(3)动态性；(4)标准化；(5)整体互动性；(6)全面性；(7) 逼真性。
+
+## 第五章 员工的培训与开发方法
+
+### 一、单选题
+
+49.在企业培训与开发工作中，衡量培训工作成败的根本性标准是( )
+
+A.提升企业整体绩效 B.提高员工素质与技能 C.改变员工的工作态度 D.传播组织的先进文化
+
+50.员工培训和开发的目的是改善员工的( )
+
+A.工作能力 B.工作态度 C.工作业绩 D.工作动机
+
+51.根据培训内容不同，可以将培训与开发分为基本技能培训、专业知识培训和( )
+
+A.岗前培训 B.工作态度培训 C.应急性培训 D.在职员工培训
+
+52.让受训者在多个部门之间轮流工作，使他们有机会接触和了解到组织其他的工作情况，这种培训方法是( )
+
+A.电脑化指导 B.工作轮换 C.在职培训 D.工作扩大化
+
+53.培训与开发的对象是企业的( )
+
+A.全体员工 B.高层员工 C.中层员工 D.新进员工
+
+54.培训第一步要做的活动是( )
+
+A.培训需求分析 B.培训内容设计 C.确定培训讲师 D.培训评估
+
+### 二、多选题
+
+55.员工培训与开发的通用流程包括( )
+
+A.战略分析 B.设置发展目标 C.拟定培训与开发计划 D.进行人员分析
+
+56.在以下四项对于培训和开发的解释中，正确的是( )
+
+A.员工自行组织自学，以改善工作业绩，属于培训
+
+B.只需要对基层员工进行培训和开发
+
+C.培训与开发的目的是改善员工的工作业绩并提升企业的整体绩效
+
+D.与员工工作无关的内容不应当包括在培训的范围之内
+
+### 三、名词解释
+
+57.员工培训
+
+### 四、简答题
+
+58.简述员工培训与开发的目标。
+
+59.简述员工培训与开发的实施过程。
+
+60.简述行为模仿法的步骤。
+
+### 五、论述题
+
+61.论述员工培训与开发的原则。
+
+62.论述培训与开发工作有效性的衡量。
+
+### ————答案&解析————
+
+49.答案：A
+
+解析：培训与开发的目的是改善员工的工作业绩并提升企业的整体绩效，应当说这是企业进行培训的初衷和根本原因，也是衡量培训工作成败的根本性标准，如果不能实现这一目标，培训工作就不成功。
+
+故本题选 A。
+
+50.答案：C
+
+解析：培训与开发的目的是改善员工的工作业绩并提升企业的整体绩效，应当说这是企业进行培训的初衷和根本原因，也是衡量培训工作成败的根本性标准，如果不能实现这一目标，培训工作就不成功。C 项正确。
+
+51.答案：B
+
+解析：按照培训的形式不同，可以将培训与开发分为岗前培训、在职培训和脱产培训。排除 A。
+
+按照培训的内容不同，可以将培训与开发分为基本技能培训、专业知识培训和工作态度培训。B 项正确。
+
+按照培训的目的不同，可以将培训与开发分为应急性培训和发展性培训。排除 C。
+
+按照培训的对象不同，可以将培训与开发划分为新员工培训和在职员工培训。排除D。
+
+52.答案：B
+
+解析：本题的破题点在于：多个部门之间轮流工作。
+
+A 选项为干扰项，故排除。
+
+在职培训法是让受训者对熟练员工进行观察和提问，然后再模仿他们的行为从而学习。不涉及轮流工作，故排除 C。
+
+工作扩大化是扩大原有的岗位工作内容，而不是轮流工作，故排除 D。
+
+工作轮换涉及多个部门之间轮流工作，故本题的正确答案为：B。
+
+53.答案：A
+
+解析：本题所考查的知识点关键词是：培训与开发的对象。
+
+培训与开发的对象是组织的全体员工，而不只是某部分员工，所以 BCD 项说法错误，故排除。
+
+故本题的正确答案为：A。
+
+54.答案：A
+
+解析：本题的破题点在于：培训的第一步活动。
+
+培训内容设计和确定培训讲师均是建立在培训需求分析基础上的后续培训活动，故排除 BC。
+
+培训评估通常是培训活动的最后一步，故排除 D。
+
+一般来讲，培训第一步要做的就是培训需求分析。故本题的正确答案为：A。
+
+55.答案：ABC
+
+解析：员工培训与开发的通用流程：战略分析，确定需求——设置发展目标——拟订培训与开发计划——严格执行计划——评估总结反馈。
+
+人员分析属于员工培训与开发的需求分析，排除 D；故本题的正确答案为 ABC 项。
+
+56.答案：CD
+
+解析：本题所考查的知识点关键词是：培训和开发含义的理解要点。
+
+培训与开发的主体是企业，也就是说培训应当由企业来组织实施。员工自学的开发主体不是企业，所以虽然改善了工作业绩，依然不算培训。故 A 选项错误。培训与开发的对象是组织的全体员工，而不只是某部分员工，所以培训和开发不只是局限于基层员工。故 B 选项错误。
+
+CD 说法都是正确的，考生要牢记。故本题的正确答案为：CD。
+
+57.答案：员工培训指组织通过一定的措施和方法，提高员工的知识、技能等，激发创造力，提高组织工作效率，实现经济效益。
+
+58.答案：从员工个体的角度，目标：(1)培养能力；(2)提高素质。
+
+从组织发展的角度，目标：(1)提高组织效益；(2)传播组织文化；(3)提高组织核心竞争力。
+
+59.答案：(1)确定培训讲师：从讲师知名度、专业性、价位等综合考虑，确定讲师需及早进行，尤其是外部讲师。
+
+(2)培训内容设计：培训讲师根据培训组织者提供的信息资料，进行课程设计。
+
+(3)培训地点选择：不同的培训与开发方法需要选择不同的场所。
+
+(4)培训筹备组织：主要是事务性工作：①组建培训项目小组②评估测评③整理资料④后期跟踪⑤总结提升。
+
+60.答案：(1)建立模式；(2)角色扮演；(3)不断强化；(4)鼓励受训者在将来的工作中采取正确的行为。口诀：坚决不顾。
+
+61.答案：(1)理论联系实际原则：培训要根据企业经营和发展状况及员工特点进行，既讲授专业知识技能和原理，又解决实际问题，以提高企业的整体效益和管理水平。
+
+(2)因材施教原则。根据企业员工状况，选择不同培训内容，采取不同培训方式。
+
+(3)心态原则。对任何企业的培训而言，员工的积极心态是非常重要的。
+
+(4)兴趣原则。使培训内容、方式能最大限度满足需要，由“要我学”变成“我要学”
+
+(5)自发创造原则。充分调动企业员工主动性、创造性，强调员工的参与和合作
+
+(6)启发性和激励的原则。把培训要求转化为员工内在需要，运用激励手段，调动其学习积极性和主观能动性，启发员工，提高发现、分析和解决问题的能力。
+
+(7)全员培训与重点提高的原则。有计划、有步骤地对在职员工进行全面培训，但应有重点，尤其是中高级管理员和关键技术骨干，让他们发挥“火车头”带动作用。
+
+62.答案：(1)反应层次：必须评估学员对教育培训的满意程度(或喜爱程度)评估方式。
+
+(2)学习层次：必须评估学员对培训内容的了解及吸收程度(思考如何应用而产生学习)评估方法：关键人物法、笔试、技能操作。
+
+(3)行为层次：必须评估学员对培训内容的应用及熟练程度(由学习而改变行为或习惯)评估方法：绩效考核法或比较评价法。
+
+(4)结果层次：必须评估培训内容使学员的个人绩效及其组织绩效提升的程度(因行为改变而产生的具体结果)。常用绩效评核与技能竞赛等方法，还可以用收益评价法，也可通过事故率、生产率等指标衡量。
+
+## 第六章 绩效考评与管理
+
+### 一、单选题
+
+63.一个绩效考评系统的收益要大于成本，这是绩效考评系统的( )
+
+A.高效度特点 B.可接受性特点 C.高信度特点 D.实用性特点
+
+64.用工作产出、工作任务、生产量等来衡量员工绩效的观点是( )
+
+A.行为观 B.结果观 C.能力观 D.价值观
+
+65.平衡记分卡是绩效考评的方法之一，建立平衡记分卡的中心工作是开发关键成功因素和( )
+
+A.确定关键事件 B.建立绩效考评要素 C.确定考评等级 D.开发关键绩效指标
+
+66.行为锚定评价法(BARS)是结合了评级量表法与( )
+
+A.排序法 B.自我报告法 C.360 度考评法 D.关键事件法
+
+67.绩效管理的根本目的在于( )
+
+A.员工的发展 B.员工的培训 C.改善员工的工作绩效 D.员工的晋升
+
+### 二、多选题
+
+68.一个有效的绩效考评系统应该具备的特点包括( )
+
+A.战略一致性 B.高信度 C.普适性 D.高效度
+
+### 三、名词解释
+
+69.绩效管理
+
+70.关键事件法
+
+71.行为锚定评价法
+
+72.360 考核法
+
+### 四、简答题
+
+73.简述绩效考评中的误区。
+
+74.绩效考评主体有哪些？
+
+75.360 考核法的缺点有哪些？
+
+### ————答案&解析————
+
+63.答案：D
+
+解析：本题考查绩效评价系统的特点。
+
+(1)高效度，是指一个绩效考评系统对与绩效相关的各个方面的内容进行评价的程度。
+
+(2)可接受性，是指一个绩效考评系统是否能够被考评者和被考评者接受。
+
+(3)高信度，信度是指一个绩效考评系统的一致性。
+
+(4)实用性，是指一个绩效考评系统的收益必须要大于成本。
+
+故本题选 D。
+
+64.答案：B
+
+解析：(1)“行为观”是随着人们对绩效问题研究的不断深入而提出来的；
+
+(2)持结果观的人认为，绩效就是“工作产出”“完成的工作任务”“生产量”等结果；
+
+(3)能力观是用发展的眼光看待员工的绩效，这种观点认为，员工的绩效不仅仅是其过去历史的反映，而应该将员工个人潜力、素质等一起纳入绩效考评的范畴。
+
+故本题选 B。
+
+65.答案：D
+
+解析：确定关键事件、建立绩效考评要素均属于建立行为锚定评价法的步骤，排除 AB。
+
+建立平衡计分卡的中心工作是开发关键成功因素(CSF)和关键绩效指标(KPI)，分别反映了定性和定量的思想。D 项正确。
+
+C 项未提及，为干扰项， 排除。
+
+66.答案：D
+
+解析：本题的破题点在于：结合、评级量表法。
+
+ABC 项为干扰项，与题干不符，故排除。
+
+行为锚定评价法是利用特定行为锚定量表上不同的点的图形测评方法，在传统的评级量表法的基础上演变而来，是评级量表法与关键事件法的结合。行为锚定评价法可以理解为按照考评量表上的关键事件进行考评的方法。
+
+故本题的正确答案为：D。
+
+67.答案：C
+
+解析：本题的破题点在于：根本目的。
+
+ABD 项均为绩效管理的中间过程和手段，与题干信息“中间目的”不符，故排除。
+
+绩效管理是指为了实现组织的目标，通过系统思考、持续沟通与改进，推动团队或个人有利于目标达成的行为，形成组织所期望的利益和产出的过程。根据定义可以看出绩效管理的根本目的是改善员工的工作绩效并最终提升组织的整体绩效。
+
+故本题的正确答案为：C。
+
+68.答案：ABD
+
+解析：一个有效的绩效评价系统，应该具备以下五个特点：战略一致性，高效度，高信度，可接受性，实用性。故本题的正确答案为 ABD 项。
+
+69.答案：绩效管理是指为达组织目标，系统思考、持续沟通与改进，推动团队或个人有利于目标达成的行为，形成组织所期望利益和产出的过程。
+
+70.答案：关键事件法将员工在考评期内表现出来的非同寻常的良好行为或者非同寻常的不良行为记录下来，根据所记录的特殊事件对员工进行考评。
+
+71.答案：行为锚定评价法利用特定行为锚定量表上不同的点的图形测评方法，在传统的评级量表法的基础上演变而来，是评级量表法与关键事件法的结合。
+
+72.答案： 360 度考评法中考评者包括员工的上级，也包括他的同事、下级、客户或者其他业务相关者等，对组织成员进行自上而下、自下而上全方位考评的绩效考评方法。
+
+73.答案：(1)晕轮效应；(2)居中趋势；(3)首因效应；(4)近因效应；(5)相似性错误；(6)对比效应；(7)偏见误差。
+
+74.答案：(1)上级考评(最主要和常见)；(2)同事考评；(3)下级考评；(4)员工本人自我考评、客户考评。
+
+75.答案：(1)忽视绩效；(2)考评效率低；(3)易受文化等因素影响；(4)实践中常与奖惩晋升联系，忽视反馈和改进工作。
+
+## 第七章 薪酬管理
+
+### 一、单选题
+
+76.薪酬不仅决定员工的物质生活，还可以表示一个人社会地位的重要性，这是薪酬系统的( )
+
+A.激励功能 B.保障功能 C.凝聚力功能 D.调节功能
+
+77.根据组织经济效益、职工实际完成的劳动数量和质量支付给职工的工资是( )
+
+A.学历工资 B.岗位工资 C.绩效工资 D.基本工资
+
+78.在常见工资类型中，能够综合考虑员工年资、能力、职务及绩效的工资类型是( )
+
+A.技能工资 B.职务工资 C.结构工资 D.绩效工资
+
+79.股权激励的一个重要功能是能够降低监督和( )
+
+A.沉没成本 B.机会成本 C.时间成本 D.代理成本
+
+80.对雇员所付出劳动的补偿，用以保障雇员及其家人的基本生存需要，这指的是( )
+
+A.社会保险 B.奖金 C.基本工资 D.津贴
+
+### 二、多选题
+
+81.在薪酬体系设计中，普通管理类人员的工资结构包括( )
+
+A.股票期权 B.基本工资 C.岗位工资 D.业务提成
\ No newline at end of file
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index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..90acdc078d88e2c61b98bfc9d2493b16420ab213
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+# 企业信息化管理制度
+
+## 第一章：总则
+
+
+
+### 第一条
+
+为了使企业在管理上跟上时代的发展，适应信息社会及网络经济下的市场竞争环境，运用先进的管理手段提高工厂的工作及管理效率，必须借助于网络及计算机等现代化的环境及工具，这就要求企业本身要注重信息化的发展，而信息化的健康发展就必须有一个好的管理制度来保障，籍以创造及巩固企业好的信息化发展的软环境及硬环境，因此，特制定《X公司信息化工作管理制度》。
+
+### 第二条
+
+信息化工程是一个长期的系统管理工程，必须做好系统测试、运行及维护工作，系统持续改善。
+
+## 第二章：信息化工作管理
+
+
+
+### 第三条
+
+严格按工厂发展规划及年度信息化发展计划开展工作。
+
+4、按工厂年度宣传计划,协助宣传部门搞好企业信息化宣传材料的准备工作,针对不同层次做到由浅入深,趣味多变。
+
+5、按工厂年度教育培训计划,协助教育部门搞好教材、教师、教学环境的准备工作。
+
+6、搞好企业信息化发展的外部环境,与各级政府及组织保持良好的关系,尽力争取经济政策上的支持。
+
+7、搞好企业各应用系统的选型、采购工作,其中软件的选型要从企业实际需求出发,多比较,强调软件原厂商及实施商的技术实力与发展软件产品的适应性,追求软件的性价比。实施时,与软件原厂商、实施商、技术依托单位保持密切联系,多交流思想认识,克服各种阻力。另外发挥各业务部门的主观能动性,以业务部门为主,树立服务的思想。硬件的采购到货比三家,追求性价比、实用性、安全性及扩充性等等。我订有效合同,搞好验收等把关工作。
+
+8、系统的软、硬件维护、管理及调配由信息中心组织实施,归口管理,维护工作做到系统的正常运行,管理工作做到账物一致,调配工作做到按需分配,充分发挥系统软、硬件的效率。
+
+9、办好企业网站,维护企业网页,同时对与 internet 的连接把好安全关(防火墙)。
+
+10. 搞好企业内部网的防毒作用,网络用机严禁私接光软驱,私自安装软件,尤其是游戏软件。
+
+11. 严禁拆换网络计算机及相关设备的零部件。
+
+12. 把好企业上 internet 关, 各部门确因工作需上网查询、发布信息、收发电子邮件, 填写申请书, 需经厂领导或信息中心主任批准后方可进行。
+
+13. 信息中心搞好网络管理工作, 企业内部网必须把好用户及密码的关, 合理分配 IP 地址, 搞好虚网划分及管理。
+
+14. 各部门对硬件设备的使用, 必须必须按相关设备操作规程进行, 严禁带电拨插计算机及相关设备, 不得私拉网线, 软件的使用严格按操作指南进行, 不得任意删改系统文件及别人的文件。
+
+15. 各单位计算机信息系统的保密管理应实行单位领导负责制, 由各单位主管领导负责, 并指定人员真心专管, 制订相应的管理制度, 对涉密的计算机要经严格审查, 并由经岗位保密培训的人员专门负责, 其计算机要设置口令。
+
+16. 网络及其他单元系统用机的软件安装及维护必须由信息中心相关管理人员确认以后进行。
+
+17. 信息系统的开发由信息中心主持进行, 尽量减少信息化孤岛, 开发的平台应结合网络系统实际来定, 避免孤立行事, 将开发纳入信息化发展正常渠道, 对于有难度的开发由信息中心确认后可派专人进行。
+
+18. 信息中心人员应指导、教授业务部门人员有关系统的应用, 保证业务部门人员能正确使用系统。
+
+19. IT 人员搞好自己理论学习工作, 平常有时间多看书, 多交流, 作好学习总结。
+
+20. 信息中心搞好全厂计算机及相关设备(软、硬件)的调研、选型、采购、实施、管理、维护(修)、调配等工作。
+
+21. 信息处理中心负责解答业务部门在使用网络及计算机过程中碰到的任何问题并协助处理好问题，搞好工厂宣讲工作，提高企业员工对工厂的认识。
+
+22. 定期进行设备的清查工作，尤其是设备调配之后，保证配置的完整性并作好封记，更新管理账目。
+
+23. 计算机及相关设备采购严格按需求或计划进行，验收时严格按合同设备配置清单执行，认真作好验收记录，对不合格品负责退换。
+
+24. 信息中心负责设备的入库或转固定资产工作，任何采购件必须转固定资产或入库，只有这样后才能持相关票据到财务处报账，任何领用品必须开增值税发票，增增税发票及入库单办理账务。
+
+## 第三章：内部电脑安全管理
+
+
+
+随着企业生产节奏的加快和办公现代化，我厂使用电脑的车间、处室越来越多，现有电脑安装部位普遍存在防范措施薄弱，安全隐患突出。而近期以来，地区高校内部和有关电脑经营公司均相继发生电脑被窃案件，给国家和集体财产造成了很大的损失。从案件性质分析，电脑已经成为犯罪分子重点侵袭的目标。因此，为安全使用电脑，防止各类案件的发生，结合工厂情况，特重申加强内部电脑安全管理的通知如下：
+
+一、凡配有电脑部门的领导要从思想上重视电脑部位的安全管理，必须建立健全必要的安全管理制度，认真落实安全防范措施，并负责对使用和管理电脑人员的教育管理工作。
+
+二、电脑管理和使用人员必须保持高度的警惕性，严格执行各项管理制度，完善电脑台帐，电脑软件未经领导批准，不得擅自带出和外借，自觉做好保密、防盗和防病毒工作，更不得用电脑从事任何违法活动。
+
+三、电脑室内必须加强对火种、电源的管理，不得擅自动明火，禁止存放易燃易爆物品，使用电源必须保证安全，人员离开后应切断电源。
+
+四、电脑部位的安全防护措施必须完善，应做到人员离开后能够关窗锁门。
+
+五、严格外来人员管理，未经同意不得擅自进入电脑室或操作电脑。
+
+六、此通知下发后，各部门要对电脑部位进行认真检查，重点检查安全管理制度是否健全，管理人员是否落实，防范措施是否完善，对存在的隐患要立即进行整改，杜绝各类案件的发生。
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@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+# 目录
+
+**第1篇 导言**
+
+第1章 经济学十大原理
+
+第2章 像经济学家一样思考
+
+第3章 相互依存性与贸易的好处
+
+**第2篇 市场如何运行**
+
+第4章 供给与需求的市场力量
+
+第5章 弹性及其应用
+
+第6章 供给、需求与政府政策
+
+**第3篇 市场和福利**
+
+第7章 消费者、生产者与市场效率
+
+第8章 应用：赋税的代价
+
+第9章 应用：国际贸易
+
+**第4篇 公共部门经济学**
+
+第10章 外部性
+
+第11章 公共物品和公共资源
+
+第12章 税制的设计
+
+**第5篇 企业行为与产业组织**
+
+第13章 生产成本
+
+第14章 竞争市场上的企业
+
+第15章 垄断
+
+第16章 垄断竞争
+
+第17章 寡头
+
+**第6篇 劳动市场经济**
+
+第18章 生产要素市场
+
+第19章 收入与歧视
+
+第20章 收入不平等与贫困
+
+**第7篇 深入研究的论题**
+
+第21章 消费者选择理论
+
+第22章 微观经济学前沿
+
+# 第1篇 导言
+
+## 第1章 经济学十大原理
+
+### 一、概念题
+
+1. 稀缺性 (scarcity)
+
+答：经济学研究的问题和经济物品都是以稀缺性为前提的。稀缺性指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有用性与有限性。人类消费各种物品的欲望是无限的，满足这种欲望的物品，有的可以不付出任何代价而随意取得，称之为自由物品，如阳光和空气；但绝大多数物品是不能自由取用的，因为世界上的资源（包括物质资源和人力资源）是有限的，这种有限的、为获取它必须付出某种代价的物品，称为“经济物品”。正因为稀缺性的客观存在，地球上就存在着资源的有限性和人类的欲望与需求的无限性之间的矛盾。经济学的一个重要研究任务就是：“研究人们如何进行抉择，以便使用稀缺的或有限的生产性资源（土地、劳动、资本品如机器、技术知识）来生产各种商品，并把它们分配给不同的社会成员进行消费。”也就是从经济学角度来研究使用有限的资源来生产什么、如何生产和为谁生产的问题。
+
+2. 经济学 (economics)
+
+答：经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。时下经常见诸国内报刊文献的“现代西方经济学”一词，大多也都在这个意义上使用。
+
+自从凯恩斯的名著《就业、利息和货币通论》于1936年发表之后，西方经济学界对经济学的研究便分为两个部分：微观经济学与宏观经济学。微观经济学是以单个经济主体（作为消费者的单个家庭或个人，作为生产者的单个厂商或企业，以及单个产品或生产要素市场）为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定的资源约束时如何进行选择的科学。宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于对经济总量的研究。
+
+3. 效率 (efficiency)
+
+答：效率指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入之比值，或者是效益与成本之比值，如果比值大，效率就高；反之，比值小，效率就低。效率与产出或者收益的大小成正比，而与成本或投入成反比，也就是说，如果想提高效率，必须降低成本或投入，提高收益或产出。
+
+4. 平等 (equity)
+
+答：平等指人与人的利益关系及利益关系的原则、制度、做法、行为等都合乎社会发展的需要，即经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。平等是一个历史范畴，不存在永恒的公平。在不同的社会中，人们对平等的观念是不同的。平等观念是社会的产物，按其所产生的社会历史条件和社会性质的不同而有所不同。平等又是一个客观的范畴，尽管在不同的社会形态中，平等的内涵不同，不同的社会、不同的阶级对平等的理解不同，但平等具有客观的内容，平等是社会存在的反映，具有客观性。
+
+5. 机会成本 (opportunity cost)
+
+答：机会成本指将一种资源用于某种用途，而未用于其他用途所放弃的最大预期收益。机会成本的存在需要三个前提条件：①资源是稀缺的；②资源具有多种生产用途；③资源的投向不受限制。从机会成本的角度来考察生产过程时，厂商需要将生产要素投向收益最大的项目，以避免带来生产的浪费，达到资源配置的最优。机会成本的概念是以资源的稀缺性为前提提出的，当一个社会或一个企业用一定的经济资源生产一定数量的一种或者几种产品时，这些经济资源就不能同时被使用在其他的生产用途方面。这就是说，这个社会或这个企业所能获得的一定数量的产品收入，是以放弃用同样的经济资源来生产其他产品时所能获得的收入作为代价的，这也是机会成本产生的缘由。因此，社会生产某种产品的真正成本就是它不能生产另一些产品的代价。
+
+6. 理性人 (rational people)
+
+答：理性人是指系统而有目的地尽最大努力去实现其目标的人。理性人是经济研究中所假设的、在一定条件下具有典型理性行为的经济活动主体，可以是消费者、厂商，也可以是从事任何其他经济活动的人。在经济研究中，往往从这种理性人的假设出发，推导出一定条件下人们经济行为的规律。比如，假设在完全竞争市场条件下，经济活动主体所追求的惟一目标是自身经济利益的最大化，即作为理性人的消费者追求效用最大化，作为理性人的厂商追求利润最大化等。
+
+7. 边际变动 (marginal changes)
+
+答：边际变动指对行动计划的微小增量调整。经济学中的边际指的是因变量随着自变量的变化而变化的程度，即自变量变化一个单位，因变量会因此而改变的量。边际的概念根植于高等数学的一阶导数的概念，如果函数的自变量为多个，则针对每个自变量的导数为偏导数。
+
+8. 激励 (incentive)
+
+答：激励是指引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。激励利用外部诱因使人的积极性和创造性受到调动与激发。这时外部刺激内化为个人的自觉行动，使人完成目标的行为处于高度的受鼓舞状态，从而最大限度地发挥人的潜力（智力和体力）。当人的某种需要产生时，心理上就会产生一种不安或紧张状态，从而造成一种内在驱动力，驱使人的行动指向目标。当目标达到后，需要即得到满足，激励状态解除，随后又会产生新的需要，这个过程就是激励过程。人的工作效率取决于他的能力和激励水平（即积极性的高低）。激励的手段包括物质利益激励、精神激励、环境激励、目标激励、任务激励和组织激励等。
+
+9. 市场经济 (market economy)
+
+答：市场经济指由家庭和企业在市场上的相互交易决定资源配置的经济。在市场经济下，经济决策是分散进行的，它由经济组织和个人各自独立地做出。市场经济对于资源的配置是通过市场机制来实现的，通过市场机制内的供给与需求、价格、竞争、风险等要素之间的相互作用来促进资源的优化配置和各部门的按比例发展。实际上，资源配置问题就是决定经济社会生产什么和生产多少、如何生产以及为谁生产的问题。
+
+(1) 生产什么。在市场经济中，市场机制通过供求规律来决定生产什么。当需求量超过供给量从而产生短缺时，市场机制促使价格上涨，刺激这种短缺商品的生产，减少对它的消费。当需求量小于供给量从而产生过剩时，市场机制促使价格下跌，压缩这种过剩商品的生产并增加对它的消费。在这两种情况下，最终会导致该商品的供求达到平衡。市场机制的作用在于变动价格水平来使每一种商品的生产适应它的需求。
+
+(2)如何生产。一旦产品构成确定以后,随后的协调工作就是确定如何生产这些产品。在这里,仍是价格机制来分配各个生产者所需要的生产要素。为了应对价格竞争和取得最大利润,生产者的最佳方法便是采用效率最高的生产方法,以便把成本降低到最低点。生产者在利润的刺激下,会用便宜的生产方法取代费用较高的生产方法。因此,在市场经济下,投入的生产要素将分配给使用它们进行生产的最富有成效的生产者。
+
+(3)为谁生产。为谁生产物品取决于生产要素市场上的供给和需求,要素市场决定了劳动、土地、资本和企业家才能的价格即工资率、地租、利息率和利润的大小,从而也就决定了这些要素所有者的报酬或收入。
+
+10. 产权 (property right)
+
+答: 产权又称“财产所有权”,是指个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力,或者可以理解为人们对其所交易的东西的所有权,即人们在交易活动中使自己或他人在经济利益上受益或受损的权力。产权是一定所有制关系在法律上的表现,也就是法律上确认的经济主体对自身所有的财产权利。
+
+11. 市场失灵 (market failure)
+
+答: 市场失灵指市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况,即价格机制在某些领域不能起作用或不能起有效作用的情况。从社会福利角度来看,价格机制并不是万能的,它不可能调节人们经济生活的所有领域。
+
+导致市场失灵的原因主要有以下几种:①外部性,即一个经济主体的行为造成的另一个经济主体的利益或成本的变化,而另一个经济主体又没有得到支付或补偿的情况；②公共物品，即对整个社会有益，但因不能获得收益或私人成本太高而私人厂商不愿意生产的产品和劳务，如国防、空间研究、气象预报等；③交易成本非零，如搜集信息、讨价还价、达成合同等所需要的成本，往往使得交易难以进行；④市场特权，如垄断的存在或过度的竞争；⑤市场机制不能够解决社会目标问题；⑥非对称信息，如生产者往往具有比消费者更多的关于商品的信息等等。一般均衡理论中所谓“竞争的市场可以达到帕累托最优状态”，是在假定市场上不存在上述导致市场失灵的任一因素的情况下发生的。因为只要其中一种因素存在，就会导致资源配置的效率损失，使经济不能达到帕累托最优状态。从20世纪初起，这些问题逐渐受到人们的重视。许多经济学家认为，市场的缺陷和不足是可以通过政府采取某些经济行为来纠正的。
+
+12. 外部性 (externality)
+
+答：外部性又称外部效应或外在性，指当一个人的行为对旁观者福利有影响时的情况，或者可以理解为市场交易对交易双方之外的第三者所造成的影响。
+
+外部性的影响方向和作用结果具有两面性，可分为正的外部性和负的外部性（也称为外部经济和外部不经济）。那些能为社会和其他个人带来收益或能使社会和个人降低成本支出的外部效应称为正的外部性，它是对个人或社会有利的外部性，如免疫计划；那些能够引起社会和其他个人成本增加或导致收益减少的外部效应称为外部不经济，它是对个人或社会不利的外部性，如工厂导致的污染。
+
+外部性会造成私人成本和社会成本之间或私人收益和社会收益之间的不一致，这种成本和收益差别虽然会相互影响，却没有得到相应的补偿，因此容易造成市场失灵。福利经济学认为，除非社会上的正外部性效果与负外部性效果正好相互抵消，否则外部性的存在使得帕累托最优状态不可能达到，从而也不能达到个人和社会的最大福利。外部性理论可以为经济政策提供某些建议，它为政府对经济的干预提供了一种强有力的依据，政府可以根据外部性的影响方向与影响程度的不同制定相应的经济政策，并利用相应的经济手段，消除外部效应对成本和收益差别的影响，实现资源的最优配置和收入分配的公平合理。
+
+13. 市场势力 (market power)
+
+答：市场势力指一个经济活动者（或是一个经济活动者的一个小团体）显著影响市场价格的能力。经济学的基本观点认为，造成市场失灵的一个重要原因是市场势力的存在。例如国家出台津贴扣税与实名购房的政令，其意图在于推动一个公开竞争市场的建构，但是最终却收效甚微。毫无疑问，被两则政令涉及到自身利益的强势话语权者，都充当了阻挠者，而他们行为的背后，更存在着权力寻租等腐败因素。
+
+14. 生产率 (productivity)
+
+答：生产率指一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务的量。生产率一般指劳动生产率，即劳动者生产某种产品的劳动效率。劳动生产率水平可以用单位时间内所生产的产品的数量来表示。单位时间内生产的产品数量越多，劳动生产率就越高；反之，则越低。劳动生产率水平也可以用生产单位产品所耗费的劳动时间来表示。生产单位产品所需要的劳动时间越少，劳动生产率就越高；反之，则越低。
+
+15. 通货膨胀 (inflation)
+
+答：通货膨胀指在纸币流通条件下，由于货币供应量过多，使有支付能力的货币购买力超过商品可供量，从而引起货币不断贬值和一般物价水平持续上涨的经济现象。在宏观经济学中，通货膨胀主要是指价格和工资的普遍持续上涨。
+
+通货膨胀按表现形式不同可分为开放型通货膨胀和抑制型通货膨胀两大类；按物价上涨的不同速度可分为爬行式通货膨胀（温和通货膨胀）、奔腾式通货膨胀和恶性通货膨胀（极度通货膨胀）；按通货膨胀形成的原因可分为需求拉上型通货膨胀和成本推进型通货膨胀等。
+
+通货膨胀只有在纸币流通的条件下才会出现，在金银货币流通的条件下不会出现此种现象。这是因为金银货币本身具有价值，作为贮藏手段的职能，可以自发地调节流通中的货币量，使它同商品流通所需要的货币量相适应。而在纸币流通的条件下，由于纸币本身不具有价值，它只是代表金银货币的符号，不能作为贮藏手段，因此，纸币的发行量如果超过了商品流通所需要的数量，造成流通中的纸币量比流通中所需要的金银货币量多了，货币就会贬值，这就是通货膨胀。
+
+16. 经济周期（business cycle）
+
+答：经济周期又称经济波动或国民收入波动，指总体经济活动的扩张和收缩交替反复出现的过程。现代经济学中关于经济周期的论述一般是指经济增长率的上升和下降的交替过程，而不是经济总量的增加和减少。一个完整的经济周期包括繁荣、衰退、萧条、复苏（也可以称为扩张、持平、收缩、复苏）四个阶段。在繁荣阶段，经济活动全面扩张，不断达到新的高峰；在衰退阶段，经济短时间保持均衡后出现紧缩的趋势；在萧条阶段，经济出现急剧的收缩和下降，很快从活动量的最高点下降到最低点；在复苏阶段，经济从最低点恢复并逐渐上升到先前的活动量高度，进入繁荣。衡量经济周期处于什么阶段，主要依据国民生产总值、工业生产指数、就业和收入、价格指数、利息率等综合经济活动指标的波动。经济周期的类型按照其频率、幅度、持续时间的不同，可以划分为短周期、中周期、长周期三类。对经济周期的形成原因有很多解释，其中比较有影响的主要是纯货币理论、投资过度论、消费不足论、资本边际效率崩溃论、资本存量调整论和创新论等。
+
+### 二、复习题
+
+1. 列举三个你在生活中面临的重大权衡取舍的例子。
+
+答：经济学十大原理的第一个原理就是：人们面临权衡取舍。为了得到一件喜爱的东西，人们通常就不得不放弃另一件喜爱的东西。做出决策要求人们在一个目标与另一个目标之间权衡取舍。在生活中面临的重要权衡取舍的例子很多，举三个例子如下：
+
+（1）大学入学时面临专业选择的权衡取舍，选学经济学就要放弃学习数学的机会，反之亦然。
+
+（2）大学生活中，面临选择安静学习还是参加社团结交朋友锻炼自己的权衡取舍。
+
+（3）大学毕业后，面临着是否继续深造的选择，选择继续上学攻读研究生学位，就意味着在今后三年中放弃参加工作、赚工资和积累社会经验的机会。
+
+2. 看一场电影的机会成本是什么？
+
+答：机会成本指将一种资源用于某种用途，而未用于其他用途所放弃的最大预期收益。看一场电影的机会成本是用看电影的时间或金钱做其他事情所能获得的最大收益。例如：用来看一场电影的时间可以用在看电视或者加班工作等，在这些活动中所能获得的收益即为看一场电影的机会成本。
+
+3. 水是生活必需品。一杯水的边际利益是大还是小呢？
+
+答：边际利益指消费者在一定时间内增加一单位商品的消费所得到的满足程度（常用效用量来衡量）的增量。边际利益存在递减规律，该规律的内容为：在一定时间内，在其他商品的消费量保持不变的条件下，随着消费者对某种商品消费量的增加，消费者从该商品连续增加的每一单位消费中得到的满足程度增量即边际利益是递减的。
+
+一杯水的边际利益多大取决于当时的环境。如果你正在参加马拉松赛跑，或者你在沙漠的太阳下奔走了三个小时，那么，此时的边际效用将会极大。但是，若你刚喝过其他的饮料，此时一杯水的边际利益就很小了。也就是说，虽然有些东西对人的生命是很重要的（比如水），但其边际利益并不总是很大的。
+
+4. 为什么决策者应该考虑激励？
+
+答：激励从其词意上看，就是指激发鼓励的意思。具体来说，激励指激发人的行为动机，使人有一股内在动力，以促使个体更好地实现行为目标。激励也可以说是调动积极性的过程。从人的行为规律来看，行为的每一个阶段，每一个过程都存在着如何激励的问题。激励有利于调动人们潜在的工作积极性和主动性，创造性地进行劳动，出色地去实现既定的目标，不断提高工作效率，创造更多的物质财富。
+
+政策制定者应该考虑激励的原因有：
+
+(1) 人们会对激励做出反应，而政策会影响激励。例如，对汽油征税，人们就会考虑开小型、节油型汽车。
+
+(2) 政策有时也会产生事先并不明显的影响。例如，美国国会通过立法要求汽车公司生产包括安全带在内的各种安全设备，使得安全带成为汽车的标准设备。安全带降低了司机伤亡的概率，从而减少了司机的车祸代价；换言之，安全带减少了缓慢而谨慎地开车的利益。在这种激励下，人们对安全带的反应是更快地开车，结果司机死亡人数变少，而行人死亡人数增加了。
+
+因此，在分析任何一政策时，政策制订者不仅应该考虑直接影响，而且还应该考虑因为激励而发生的间接影响，从而使制定的政策取得良好的效果。
+
+5. 为什么各国之间的贸易不像一场比赛一样有赢家和输家呢？
+
+答：经济学原理表明：贸易能使每个人的状况都变得更好。各国之间的贸易并不像一场比赛一样有赢家和输家，具体来讲，其原因可以从以下两个方面来分析：
+
+(1) 贸易不是零和博弈。一些人按照赢家和输家来看待交换。他们对贸易的反应是，在出售之后，如果卖者幸福，则买者一定倒霉，因为卖者必定从买者那里得到了点什么。也就是说，他们把贸易视为一方获益则另一方必定受损的零和博弈。这些人没有认识到，双方都是自愿交易而获益，因为允许各方从事其最有效的生产，然后交换另一方更有效生产的东西，没有人遭受损失，而且贸易是自愿的。
+
+(2) 各国之间的贸易之所以不像一场比赛一样有赢家和输家，是因为贸易可以使贸易各方受益。通过国际分工可以使各国专门从事自己最擅长的活动，这种专业化生产可以提高效率，再通过贸易交换可以使贸易各方都能以较低的成本获得各种各样的物品与劳务,从而使得各方的福利都增加。因此,在公平的贸易中可以得到“双赢”或者“多赢”的结果。
+
+6. 市场中的那只“看不见的手”在做什么呢？
+
+答：关于市场中的那只“看不见的手”如何发挥作用，可以从以下几点来分析：
+
+(1)亚当·斯密提出了“看不见的手”原理。亚当·斯密在他的《国富论》(1776年)中写道:“每个人都在力图使用他的资本,来使其生产品能得到最大的价值。一般地说,他并不企图增进公共福利,也不知道他所增进的公共福利为多少。他所追求的仅仅是他个人的安乐,仅仅是他个人的利益。在这样做时,有一只看不见的手引导他去促进一种目标,而这种目标决不是他所追求的东西。由于追逐他自己的利益,他经常促进了社会利益,其效果要比他真正想促进社会利益时所得到的效果要大。”
+
+(2)亚当·斯密“看不见的手”理论认为:只要每一个人都是理性的,并且都追求自身效用最大化,那么就不需要有人来管理,将会有一只“看不见的手”来进行调控,经济运行由此可以自动达到最佳状态。即“看不见的手”通过价格机制、供求机制、竞争机制来自动调节人们的行为以使社会福利最大化。
+
+(3)该思想包含着三个要点:①追求个人利益是人类从事经济活动的主要动力;②市场这只看不见的手自发地将各种个人利益转变为一种共同利益;③对国民财富的增长来说,政府对经济管得越少越好。福利经济学继承了亚当·斯密的思想,认为自由放任的市场可以自发地导致共同利益的增加。
+
+7. 解释市场失灵的两个主要原因，并各举一个例子。
+
+答：市场失灵指市场本身不能有效配置资源的情况，也即价格机制在某些领域不能起作用或不能起有效作用的情况。
+
+(1) 外部性是一个人的行为对旁观者福利的影响。当一个人不完全承担（或享受）他的行为所造成的成本（或收益）时，就会产生外部性。外部性的影响会造成私人成本和社会成本之间，或私人收益和社会收益之间的不一致，因此容易造成市场失灵。外部性又分为正的外部性和负的外部性。如一个人在公共场合吸烟，污染了环境，损害了他人健康，产生了负的外部性；而一个人的知识又会有外溢性，即产生正的外部性。
+
+(2) 市场势力指一个人（或一小群人）不适当地影响市场价格的能力。例如，某种商品的垄断生产者由于几乎不受市场竞争的影响，可以向消费者收取过高的垄断价格。
+
+8. 为什么生产率是重要的？
+
+答：生产率指一个工人一小时所生产的物品与劳务的量。生产率一般指劳动生产率，即劳动者生产某种产品的劳动效率。
+
+在那些每单位时间工人能生产大量物品与劳务的国家，大多数人享有高生活水平；在那些工人生产率低的国家，大多数人必须忍受贫困的生活。同样，一国的生产率的增长率决定了平均收入的增长率。所以，一国的生产率水平与该国的平均收入水平之间有正相关关系，生产率越高，该国的生活水平就越高。
+
+9. 什么是通货膨胀，什么引起了通货膨胀？
+
+答：（1）通货膨胀指在纸币流通条件下，由于货币供应量过多，使有支付能力的货币购买力超过商品可供量，从而引起货币不断贬值和一般物价水平持续上涨的经济现象。在宏观经济学中，通货膨胀主要是指价格和工资的普遍持续上涨。
+
+（2）引起通货膨胀的因素
+
+通货膨胀是流通中货币量的过度增加而造成的货币贬值，由此导致经济生活中价格总水平上升。所以，货币量增长引起了通货膨胀。按照西方经济学的解释，通货膨胀的主要原因有：需求拉上、成本推进、供求混合性以及结构性等因素。
+
+①需求拉上因素。这是从总需求的角度来分析的原因,它是指产品市场在现有的价格水平下,经济的总需求水平超过总供给水平,导致的一般物价水平上升引起的通货膨胀。引起总需求过多的因素有两大类:一类被称为实际因素,如消费需求和投资需求扩大、政府支出增加、减税以及净出口增加等因素都会使曲线向右移动,引起总需求曲线的向右移动,从而使经济在现有的价格水平下总需求超过总供给。另一类被称为货币因素,即货币供给量的增加或实际货币需求的减少,这会使得曲线向右移动,也会导致总需求在现有价格水平下扩大。在经济的总供给没有达到充分就业的产出水平之前,总需求的增加在使价格水平上升的同时,也使总产出增加。随着经济接近充分就业产出水平,总需求再增加,产出也不会再增加,而只会导致价格水平的上升。
+
+②成本推进因素。这是从供给的角度来分析通货膨胀的原因,它是指由于生产成本的提高而引起的一般物价水平的上升。供给就是生产,根据生产函数,生产取决于成本。因此,从总供给的角度看,引起通货膨胀的原因在于成本的增加。成本的增加意味着只有提高原有的价格水平才能达到原来的产出水平,即总供给曲线向左上方移动。在总需求不变的情况下,总供给曲线向左上方移动会使国民收入减少,价格水平上升。根据引起成本增加的原因不同,成本推进的通货膨胀可以分为工资成本推进的通货膨胀、利润推进的通货膨胀和进口成本推进的通货膨胀三种。
+
+③供求混合推进因素。这是把总需求与总供给结合起来分析通货膨胀的原因,许多经济学家认为,通货膨胀的根源不是单一的总需求拉上或总供给推进,而是两者共同作用的结果。
+
+④结构性因素。结构性通货膨胀是由于各经济部门劳动生产率的差异、劳动力市场的结构特征和各经济部门之间收入水平的攀比等引起的通货膨胀。
+
+10. 短期中通货膨胀与失业如何相关？
+
+答：短期中通货膨胀与失业之间存在着权衡取舍，是一种负相关的关系。具体来讲：
+
+(1) 短期中，低通货膨胀率通常是以高的失业率为代价的，这是由短期内价格粘性造成的。政府为了抑制通货膨胀会减少流通中的货币量，人们可用的货币量减少，但是商品价格在短期内是粘性的，仍居高不下，于是社会消费的商品和劳务量减少。消费量减少又引起企业开工不足，导致了失业。
+
+(2) 菲利普斯曲线就是说明失业率和货币工资率之间交替变动关系的一条曲线。它是由英国经济学家菲利普斯根据1861~1957年英国的失业率和货币工资变动率的经验统计资料提出来的，故称之为菲利普斯曲线。因为西方经济学家认为，货币工资率的提高是引起通货膨胀的原因，即货币工资率的增加超过劳动生产率的增加会引起物价上涨，从而导致通货膨胀。所以，菲利普斯曲线又成为当代经济学家用以表示失业率和通货膨胀率之间此消彼长、相互交替关系的曲线,即认为:失业率高,通胀率就低;失业率低,通胀率就高,并认为二者间这种关系可为政府进行总需求管理提供一份可供选择的菜单,即通胀率或失业率太高时,可用提高失业率的紧缩政策或提高通胀率的扩张政策来降低通胀率或降低失业率,以免经济过分波动,如图1-1所示。
+
+
+
+图1-1 菲利普斯曲线
+
+在图1-1中, *W* 为货币工资变动率, *u* 为社会的失业率, *L* 即为菲利普斯曲线。当失业率由 *u*₁ 降到 *u*₂ 时, 货币工资变动率就由 *W*₂ 上升到 *W*₁。这表明失业率与货币工资变动率有着一种交替关系。也就是说, 要实现充分就业就必然会出现较高的物价上涨率。由于货币工资变动率与物价上涨率有关, 而通货膨胀又用物价上涨率来表示。因而, 进一步对此图引伸, 便可表示通货膨胀率与失业率之间的关系。
+
+### 三、问题与应用
+
+1. 描述下列每种情况下所面临的权衡取舍:
+
+a. 一个家庭决定是否购买一辆新车。
+
+b. 国会议员决定对国家公园支出多少。
+
+c. 一个公司总裁决定是否新开一家工厂。
+
+d. 一个教授决定用多少时间备课。
+
+e. 一个刚大学毕业的学生决定是否去读研究生。
+
+答: a. 决定是否买一辆新车的家庭面临买新车还是把钱用到其他方面的权衡取舍。如果买新车就要减少家庭其他方面的开支,如:外出旅行,购置新家具;如果不买新车就享受不到驾驶新车外出的方便和舒适。
+
+b. 决定对国家公园支出多少的国会议员面临国家公园和其他支出项目之间的权衡取舍。对国家公园的支出数额大,国家公园的条件可以得到改善,环境会得到更好的保护。但同时,政府可用于交通、邮电等其他公共事业的支出就会减少。
+
+c. 决定是否开一家新厂的公司总裁面临开新厂和投资于其他可能使公司受益的活动之间的权衡选择。比如,公司也可以通过扩建原厂和升级设备来扩大企业规模,或者将资金投入于产品研发,从而提高生产率。总裁决策的根据是哪种策略可以使得利润增加最多。
+
+d. 决定备课时间多少的教授面临提高授课质量和参与其他活动的权衡取舍。如果加大备课时间,会提高授课质量,而如果将时间用于其他活动,比如用于研究活动,可能会出更多的成果。
+
+e. 决定是否读研的学生面临学士学位所能带来的潜在收入与更多教育所带来的收益之间的权衡取舍。如果他不读研,直接工作,可以比读研多赚几年工资;而如果读研,读研期间,他可能没有多少收入,但是他将获得更多的知识,以及未来可能拥有好的工作机会和更高的工资。
+
+2. 你正想决定是否去度假。度假的大部分成本(机票、住旅馆的费用、放弃的工资)都用美元来衡量,但度假的利益是心理上的。你将如何比较利益与成本呢?
+
+答: 这种心理上的利益可以用是否达到既定目标来衡量。对于这个行动前就做出的既定目标,人们一定有一个为实现目标而愿意承担的成本范围。在这个可以承受的成本范围内,度假如果满足了既定目标,如:放松身心、恢复体力等,那么,就可以说这次度假的利益至少不小于它的成本。具体来讲,可以采取以下两种比较方式:
+
+(1) 将度假与你可以用度假成本所做的其他事情进行比较。比如你可以买一套新的高尔夫球棒,然后比较你更喜欢度假还是高尔夫球棒。
+
+(2) 考虑度假的花费需要做多少工作来赚取,然后比较度假的心理收益与工作的心理成本。
+
+3. 你正计划用星期六的时间去做兼职,但一个朋友请你去滑雪。去滑雪的真实成本是什么?现在假设你已计划星期六在图书馆学习。这种情况下去滑雪的成本是什么?请解释。
+
+答: 真实成本指实际付出的成本加上机会成本。去滑雪实际付出的成本是直接的金钱支出,而滑雪的机会成本是指去滑雪所放弃的而从其他活动中所能获得的最大预期收益。
+
+(1) 如果你正计划用星期六去做兼职,去滑雪的真实成本就是滑雪的直接金钱支出以及丧失兼职时间的机会成本(周六打工所能赚到的工资)。
+
+(2) 如果你本计划在图书馆学习,那么去滑雪的成本就是滑雪的直接金钱支出以及丧失学习时间的机会成本(在这段时间里可以获得的知识)。
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+ MOTOROLA
+
+# 摩托罗拉移动医疗解决方案
+
+
+
+## 目录
+
+**摩托罗拉企业移动业务概述**
+
+**摩托罗拉企业移动业务在中国医疗行业的发展**
+
+**移动医疗解决方案**
+一、摩托罗拉企业移动医疗信息系统架构
+二、技术特点
+三、相关产品
+四．系统功能模块
+五、应用本系统后，医疗流程的典型优化
+六、系统的典型应用扩展
+
+**医药设备耗材及医院物资管理系统**
+药物管理
+标本采集
+药品配送系统
+血液管理
+固定资产管理
+
+**应用实例（部分三甲医院用户）**
+
+## 摩托罗拉企业移动业务概述
+
+
+
+摩托罗拉企业移动业务是全球企业移动解决方案领域的领导者，于 1995 年进入中国市场，将先进的企业移动解决方案和产品推广到中国的零售业、制造业、物流与运输行业、政府和医疗保健行业等领域，其产品和解决方案卓越的性能日益受到中国广大用户的青睐。
+
+★ 摩托罗拉企业移动业务产品包括：
+* 移动数据终端
+* 无线射频识别技术 (RFID)
+* 扫描器
+* Micro Kiosks
+* 无线基础架构
+* 移动管理软件
+
+★ 摩托罗拉企业移动业务在以下领域提供专业技术与解决方案：
+* 零售
+* 医疗保健
+* 制造
+* 政府机构
+* 运输
+* 批发分销
+
+## 摩托罗拉企业移动业务在中国医疗行业的发展
+
+
+
+1971年世界第一套临床信息系统在美国加州 El Camino 医院诞生，经过几十年的发展，El Camino 已成功利用无线和条码等先进技术进一步完善该临床信息系统，从而发展成为世界知名的“硅谷智能医院”。2004年美国宣布了一项“医疗信息电子化”10年计划，根据该计划，美国将全面发展电子健康病历，以笔墨书写纸病历和处方的方法将成为历史。由此可以看出，电子病历的建设已经成为医院信息化建设的必然趋势，为了使电子病历得以有效推广和应用，临床信息系统必将向网络无线化、应用移动化和条码化方向发展。
+
+2003年北京协和医院使用摩托罗拉企业移动业务的EDA (MC50) 将HIS系统中的诊疗信息下载至本地，在离线状态下把桌面系统延伸到医院每一个角落。2005年月10杭州邵逸夫医院与摩托罗拉企业移动业务合作，全面实施移动临床信息系统，采用摩托罗拉无线网络、移动计算、RFID及条码识别技术，在全国率先实现医院临床信息系统真正的数字化、移动化、条码化，医护人员可以随时随地实时获取、输入病人电子化的诊疗信息。2009年香港仁安医院，率先采用MC55升级换代。
+
+摩托罗拉企业移动业务结合在国内外成功开展移动临床信息系统的经验，希望通过本文与您共同分享摩托罗拉移动临床信息系统的安全、可靠、稳定和先进性，以及在推动医院信息化建设、加强医院管理、改进病人安全，提高病人满意度所起的重要作用。
+
+### 移动医疗解决方案
+
+
+
+通过企业移动解决方案，医院和医疗中心能够以更低的成本更有效地采集、及管理信息，这不仅节省了资金和时间，而且在特殊情况下还挽救了生命。医疗保健正处于从基于纸张的手动流程驱动的行业向基于无纸化的数据传输过程中。
+
+在针对医疗保健市场的全面企业移动解决方案中，摩托罗拉关注几个关键领域。从护士、医生到医院管理人员，摩托罗拉企业移动解决方案为广泛的应用提供了强有力的支持。
+
+目前针对中国医疗行业发展需求，摩托罗拉推出适应医疗行业需求的全而移动解决方案。
+
+#### 一、摩托罗拉企业移动医疗信息系统架构
+
+为了满足医院各种应用的需求，在医院现有局域网的基础上架构摩托罗拉无线局域网建立信息传输的硬件平台，为系统应用前端配置无线手持终端实现应用实时化和信息移动化，配合中间件技术建立面向服务的通用数据交换平台，便于现有应用系统的维护和未来系统的扩展。
+
+
+
+##### 1.1 摩托罗拉移动临床信息系统网络结构
+
+如右图所示,整个系统架构在医院原有局域网(LAN)之上,在数据中心配置应用服务器与LAN相连,提供系统应用服务;在主机房配置摩托罗拉RFS7000无线交换机与核心交换机连接;在LAN上配置摩托罗拉Airdefense,提供系统的安全、管理服务;在楼层通道根据通道长度配置相应数量的AP;根据AP数量以及连接AP的网线长度限制,在相应楼层配置供电交换机;在医护人员处配置应用前端(EDA)设备。由此组建一个完整的移动临床信息系统。
+
+
+
+通过上述拓扑图,可以清晰的看出本系统的建设对医院原有有线网络并没有做任何改动,我们在原来网络(LAN)的基础上,实现将网络信息点延伸到了临床以及时刻移动着的医护人员身边。
+
+#### 二、技术特点
+
+##### 2.1 应用优势
+
+□ 电子病历移动化,将电子病历从桌面应用推向移动应用
+当前国内各大医院纷纷展开电子病历系统的建设,随着医疗文书的电子化逐步加深,仅局限于桌面级的医疗文书的录入和调用方式将成为推进电子病历应用的瓶颈,无法解决实时电子化的医嘱执行、生命体征录入等问题,摩托罗拉移动临床信息系统的应用使得医护人员能随时随地访问电子病历,及时记录病人的相关信息并获得完整的诊疗信息。
+
+□ 加强医院管理效率和力度
+移动临床信息系统运用高效、实时、移动化的信息处理方式,实时记录医院各个环节的医疗信息、医疗和收费过程,便于医院管理者及时准确地掌握医院各项信息,从而利于管理层根据情况实时做出决策判断,完善医院的考核体系,提高了医院管理效率和管理力度。
+
+□ 减少医疗差错和事故
+利用一、二维条码自动识别技术,标志和识别药品、生化标本、设备、医护工作人员以及病人身份等信息,通过运用MC55进行条码扫描不仅可以快速进行信息对应关系的确认,而且也可有效杜绝人工判断差错的产生。
+
+□ 减轻了医护工作人员的工作强度,提高了医护人员的工作效率
+MC55的应用使医护人员能随时随地获得和处理病人诊疗信息,大大减轻了医护人员的工作强度以及工作压力,同时也全面提高了医护人员的各项工作效率。
+
+□ 优化信息存取流程
+借助条形码、移动计算等各种成熟技术,大大减少了医护工作中海量信息录入、手工抄写等工作环节。
+
+□ 实现“以病人为中心”的医院管理理念
+医护工作人员通过使用,实现实时获取和处理病人的诊疗信息,确保了患者能在第一时间得到恰当的诊疗。
+
+##### 2.2 技术优势
+
+移动临床信息系统在医院信息系统中是直接面向一线医护人员的,因此必须保证所选择技术的先进性、实用性、可靠性和安全性等要素。系统的整体建设主要通过以下先进技术来满足实际需求。
+
+###### 2.2.1 移动计算和 EDA 技术
+
+移动计算技术是采用智能计算终端设备在无线环境下解决不同网络的无缝接入,实现移动计算、数据传输及资源共享,将及时、准确的信息提供给任何时间、任何地点的任何用户。
+
+为了满足实际应用的移动性和便携性的需求,摩托罗拉结合移动计算、无线呼叫、VOIP、条码扫描及成像等技术推出比传统移动计算设备更具功能和使用优势的EDA(Enterprise Digital Assistant)企业数字助理,具有企业级应用程序操作性能的移动数据终端EDA不仅具有传统移动计算设备所具备的功能,而且还支持一、二维条码标签信息采集、灵活的语音和数据通信以及方便的无线局域网(WLAN)同步等功能。在结构设计上,不但小型轻便,而且具有防水、防尘和抗摔等特性,可承受在多种环境中每天使用的严格考验。
+
+###### 2.2.2 无线局域网技术
+
+无线网络技术带来的核心优势就是移动性，医疗机构信息非常庞大，无线网络在医疗机构中的应用正能满足建立“以人为本”医疗模式的需要。而医院应用的特殊性，要求所提供的无线局域网不仅能满足普通的覆盖、简单接入等功能，也要求具有全楼宇无缝漫游以及全面安全接入保障等功能。
+
+摩托罗拉作为世界一流的 WLAN 交换解决方案提供商，致力于移动应用解决方案，是802.11系列无线网络协议的创始公司之一。
+
+摩托罗拉提倡的高端无线网络解决方案“无线交换机WS+智能天线AP”有以下优势：
+
+* **易于配置和管理**
+ 摩托罗拉无线交换机采用中心管理模式，智能天线无需任何配置管理，通过一般的网络连接即可扩展无线的覆盖。基于摩托罗拉的MSP技术，不仅实现对无线网络设备的管理，也能轻易实现对无线网络内所接入终端的管理。
+* **易于维护**
+ 摩托罗拉AP的更换就像更换灯泡一样简单容易。
+* **安全可靠**
+ 摩托罗拉无线网络通过支持802.1x、WPA2、802.11i、802.11n等协议来保证无线网络的安全，同时也能方便部署WIPS/WIDS 入侵检测系统。
+* **通信质量可靠**
+ 摩托罗拉的AP拥有9个MAC地址，提供了8个BSSID，使得ESSID能够独立享受通信通道，保证了通信的质量QOS。
+* **负载均衡**
+ 摩托罗拉通过多个无线交换机能够轻松实现负载均衡。
+* **无缝漫游**
+ 摩托罗拉的核心交换的无线网络方案能轻松实现无缝的漫游。
+
+###### 2.2.3 中间件技术
+
+在医院的HIS数据中心中包含CIS、LIS、PACS、MIS以及BIS等数据库服务，为了保证医院信息系统的模块化、兼容性和扩展性，采用中间件技术屏蔽硬件平台的差异性和操作系统与网络协议以及各个系统接口的异构性，使应用软件能够比较平滑地运行于不同平台上。
+
+摩托罗拉企业移动移动临床信息系统采用合作伙伴公司的中间件技术实现了移动临床信息系统中重要的数据交换平台，大大提高了各组成部分建设的灵活性，便于已有系统和以后可能建设的系统的集成，同时协调不同用户的系统需要。
+
+
+
+###### 2.2.4 条码和 RFID 技术
+
+条形码和RFID技术在医院信息系统中的重要性主要体现在：一方面医院在诊疗过程中每天都有大量的病人诊疗信息、药品信息及标本信息等需要检索、录入和识别，另一方面每个病人又会涉及各种医疗、药品和费用等信息，而对这些数据处理结果如果仅仅依靠人工判断对应来完成，不但效率低下而且会有大量错误判定的出现。为了避免人工判断差错的出现以及提高医院工作效率，摩托罗拉移动临床信息系统通过一、二维条码和RFID技术来构建信息的主索引。通过条码扫描技术不仅能快速进行信息对应关系的确认，也有效杜绝了人工判断所造成的差错产生。
+
+**条码标签的应用：**
+
+* 病人腕带
+* 发放药品、输液
+* 标本采集及处理
+* 病历
+* 其它
+
+#### 三、相关产品
+
+##### 3.1 设备优势
+
+###### 3.1.1 MC5590
+
+MC5590 标志着袖珍式移动设备的功能性和灵活性上升到新的台阶。作为摩托罗拉最小巧轻便的耐用型 EDA 产品, MC5590 集对讲机、VoIP 电话、移动数据终端、条码扫描器和摄像头等功能于一身。这款强大的企业级设备采用了消费者喜爱的外观和人体工程学设计,能够满足移动工作人员、业务应用以及 IT 需求。有了 MC5590,各行各业的任务工作者(如零售职员和零售管理人员、医院的医护人员以及餐厅服务生)都可以享受到经济高效的移动语音和数据服务,从而简化任务,提高工作效率,缩短客户响应时间以及提升客户服务水平。企业级的坚固架构、易管理性、安全性和可扩展性使 MC5590 可以轻松满足最为严苛的 IT 策略和规定。同时,齐全的附件使 MC5590 的定制得以轻松实现,从而更好地满足您的特殊业务需求。
+
+
+
+###### 3.1.2 AP300 室内型智能天线 (接入端口)
+
+接入端口是深受好评的无线交换系统的关键组件,也是功能强大、成本低廉的第二代无线 LAN 体系架构。通过与摩托罗拉WS5100无线交换机的完美结合,AP 300 接入端口可以用于建立性能稳定且功能丰富的IEEE 802.11a/b/g连接。
+
+接入端口不但可以大大降低无线 LAN 的部署、实施和管理成本,而且可以显著提高无线 LAN 体系结构的特性、功能和安全性。借助虚拟 AP,每个接入端口可以支持四个单独的无线广播域,不仅可以降低整个网络流量,提升网络和设备的性能,延长设备的电池使用寿命,而且大幅削减了相关的成本。
+
+
+
+###### 3.1.3 RFS7000 无线交换机
+
+RFS7000 无线 LAN (WLAN) 交换机专为大规模、高带宽部署而设计,可为大型企业、园区和数据中心提供高度可扩展的企业移动功能。摩托罗拉标志性的下一代无线 (Wi-NG) 操作系统能够支持全面的服务,可提供无可比拟的安全性、弹性和移动性,有助于提升 802.11n 网络的性能。RFS7000 易于部署和管理,提供了一个统一的平台,可支持各类多媒体应用(数据、语音和视频)、无线联网、增值移动服务,例如,面向多 RF 网络(Wi-Fi、RFID 和 UWB)的可靠来宾访问以及定位。
+
+
+
+###### 3.1.4 MC3100
+
+MOTOROLA最新推出的MC3100是一款轻便、耐用的移动数据终端。对于需要在整个企业部署高质量的数据采集解决方案,以满足高强度扫描环境需要的医疗机构,MC1000 无疑是最理想的选择。在药库、药品标本运送路线的应用中,MC3100 卓越的人体工程学设计以及灵活的配置不仅提升了员工满意度,而且加快了决策制定的过程。
+
+空前的灵活性,无与伦比的功能和性能
+
+MC3100 配备了多种功能选项,其中包括一维(1D)激光和二维(2D)成像扫描功能,彩色或单色显示,批处理或无线通信,以及三种键盘选择。您可以通过这些灵活、卓越的功能,更好地满足后勤人员的需要。同时,这一款激光扫描器还配备了可以向左、向右、向前旋转的扫描支架,令用户操作舒适无比,工作效率空前提高。
+
+
+
+###### 3.1.5 DS6707
+
+Symbol DS6707 是一款高级通用扫描器,可提供最大的数据采集灵活性。该扫描器能够采集图像并且几乎可读取任何一维和二维条码以及直接部件标识(DPM) — 甚至最难读取的机打标识。这款功能丰富的设备是需要使用多种数据类型的行业(如医疗保健、航空和汽车)的理想选择。借助 DS6707-DP,工作人员可以适时采集所需信息,确保业务流程高效、无误 — 提高准确性和员工的工作效率。
+
+
+
+#### 四、系统功能模块
+
+系统功能软件模块由摩托罗拉合作伙伴根据行业需要定制,以下为部份样例:
+
+##### 4.1 移动医生站
+
+* 基本信息：
+
+查询病人住院基本信息,如:病历号,床号,姓名,性别,年龄,是否新病人,入科时间,临床科室,诊断,主治医生,是否病危,饮食,是否新生儿,护理级别,是否分娩,体重,升高,手术时间,过敏症状,医保类别等基本信息。如图1所示,此功能界面清晰有序,详细展示了病人的基本信息。
+
+
+
+*图 1*
+
+
+
+*图 2*
+
+* 医嘱信息：
+
+如图2所示,此功能查询病人(支持腕带扫描准确快速定位某病人)的医嘱信息,包括有效、停用、药物、其他医嘱信息。医嘱信息的顶部显示病人的病历号、床位、姓名和性别。姓名用颜色区分护理级别是否欠费。医嘱由医嘱类型、药名、开始时间、用法、频度、每日剂量、备注、医生等信息组成。选中一项医嘱时,高亮显示,以便进行“执行医嘱、停用医嘱、复制医嘱”操作。信息超过屏幕时,使用上下翻页的功能进行查看。
+
+* 报告查询：
+
+如图3、4所示,此功能查询选中病人所做的检查报告,
+如:化验、B超、心电图、X线、CT、ECT、骨密度、纤维支气管镜、骨髓检查、心脏超声、内窥镜、脑电图、肌电图、ENT、眼科检测、肠镜、MRI、肺功能、病理、全科检查等结果报告单。
+
+查询时选中左上查询大类,右上列表则显示此大类病人所做的按时间降序排列的报告单列表,选中报告单列表,显示屏下方显示报告单结果内容。
+
+
+
+*图 3*
+
+
+
+*图 4*
+
+* 生命体征查询：查询护士每天给病人记录的生命体征信息。
+
+* 手术安排查询：查询本科或全部的手术安排，也可以按当日、次日、次日以后查询手术安排。
+
+* 会诊单查询：查询本科室收到的会诊信息，以及本科室发出的会诊信息。
+
+* 医嘱输入：
+■ 处方：输入处方医嘱（药物医嘱）
+■ 检查：输入检查医嘱
+■ 手术：输入手术申请
+■ 会诊：输入会诊申请
+■ 诊断：输入病人各阶段的诊断信息
+
+##### 4.2 移动护士站
+
+* 基本信息:
+
+查询病人住院基本信息,如:病历号,床号,姓名,性别,年龄,是否新病人,入科时间,临床科室,诊断,主治医生,是否病危,饮食,是否新生儿,护理级别,是否分娩,体重,升高,手术时间,过敏症状,医保类别等基本信息。如图5所示,此功能界面清晰有序,详细展示了病人的基本信息。
+
+
+
+*图5*
+
+
+
+*图6*
+
+* 医嘱信息:
+
+如图6所示,此功能查询病人(支持腕带扫描准确快速定位某病人)的医嘱信息,包括有效、停用、药物、其他医嘱信息。医嘱信息的顶部显示病人的病历号、床位、姓名和性别。姓名用颜色区分护理级别是否欠费。医嘱由医嘱类型、药名、开始时间、用法、频度、每日剂量、备注、医生等信息组成。选中一项医嘱时,高亮显示,以便进行“执行医嘱、停用医嘱、复制医嘱”操作。信息超过屏幕时,使用上下翻页的功能进行查看。
+
+* 报告查询:
+
+如图7所示,此功能查询选中病人所做的检查报告,如:化验、B超、心电图、X线、CT、ECT、骨密度、纤维支气管镜、骨髓检查、心脏超声、内窥镜、脑电图、肌电图、ENT、眼科检测、肠镜、MRI、肺功能、病理、全科检查等结果报告单。
+
+如图8所示,查询时选中左上查询大类,右上列表则显示此大类病人所做的按时间降序排列的报告单列表,选中报告单列表,显示屏下方显示报告单结果内容。
+
+* 生命体征查询:
+查询护士每天给病人记录的生命体征信息。
+
+* 生命体征录入:
+病床边录入病人当时的生命体征信息。
+
+
+
+*图7*
+
+
+
+*图8*
+
+
+
+*图9*
+
+* 手术安排查询：查询本科或全部的手术安排，也可以按当日，次日，次日以后查手术安排。
+
+* 会诊单查询：查询本科室收到的会诊信息，以及本科室发出的会诊信息。
+
+* 医嘱执行：列出选中病人当前需执行的医嘱(支持腕带扫描准确快速定位某病人显示需执行的医嘱)，点击执行按钮可执行此条医嘱。该功能实时准确的记录当前护士所做医嘱执行的情况，有效保证了用药安全。
+
+* 医嘱执行情况查询：查询护士医嘱执行情况
+
+* 特殊医嘱处理：如皮试医嘱。
+
+##### 4.3 移动门诊输液管理
+
+通过扫描静脉滴注、移动门诊输液管理条码标签,系统自动将标签信息与医嘱信息匹配。结合病人腕带的扫描,系统自动完成静脉滴注药物、移动门诊输液管理与病人信息的正确匹配。如出现信息不相匹配的情况,EDA会发出报警提示操作人员,大大降低人为差错风险。
+
+#### 五. 应用本系统后，医疗流程的典型优化
+
+通过摩托罗拉移动临床信息系统的应用，避免了人工核对患者身份、减少了医护人员手工记录、修改医嘱信息、手工记录生命体征信息以及打印医嘱信息、生命体征信息等流程，不仅大大减少了医疗差错的发生，也全面优化了整个临床医疗流程。
+
+##### 5.1 优化医嘱执行流程
+
+
+
+##### 5.2 优化录入、读取生命体征信息流程
+
+
+
+#### 六、系统的典型应用扩展
+
+* 医疗管理中的实时审批
+在医院管理和医疗管理中涉及诸多审批流程,摩托罗拉移动临床信息系统的应用将使得审批可以随时随地的进行(例如:抗生素、麻醉药品的管理)。这样既减轻了临床医护人员的工作强度,又使患者得到及时治疗,从而使医院的审批制度既严格又切实可行。
+
+* 医护人员的工作业绩考核
+摩托罗拉移动临床信息系统的应用将医护人员的操作实时准确地记录到临床信息系统中,为医院管理者提供了准确的数字化考核依据。
+
+* 实时计费
+摩托罗拉移动临床信息系统的应用使医院实现了实时计费的收费模式,在病人诊疗过程中,任何诊疗服务的提供和药品的服用都实时记录到HIS数据中心,做到消费明晰、收费明晰、诊疗信息有据可循。
+
+* 呼叫对讲
+摩托罗拉移动临床信息系统的应用满足了医院医用对讲、无线点对点呼叫、无线集群呼叫的需求,增强了医护人员之间的沟通和交流,实现了对病人呼叫的实时响应。
+
+### 医药设备耗材及医院物资管理系统
+
+
+
+以下的应用可与配合临床系统相配合,也可以根据医院发展的进程分布实施搭建,具体的应用包括:
+
+* 药物管理
+
+* 标本采集
+
+* 药袋配送系统
+
+* 血液管理
+
+* 固定资产管理
+
+#### 药物管理
+
+自动化的药物验证系统采用先进的数据采集设备以及耐用的移动计算机和无线局域网(WLAN)通信功能,其所提供的一些优点可圈可点。病人及时准确地享受到降低了错误风险的药物管理。医院和诊所可以看到与这些系统相关的错误在减少,这样也就减少了药物浪费、不延长住院时间、以及降低了法律和安置方面的费用,从而节省了资金。此外,由于护士可以更有效地护理更多的病人,因此工作人员的工作效率得到提高。处理保险索赔的速度会更快、更准确且更节省费用。自动化药物管理过程使医院和诊所实现了以正确的剂量、正确的方法在正确的时间为正确的病人提供正确的药物。
+
+★ 优点总结:
+* 消除药物管理错误
+* 减少与错误相关的费用
+
+#### 标本采集
+
+自动化的标本采集系统采用自动数据采集以及耐用的移动计算机和无线局域网通信功能,可以获得很多收益。病人可以收到更准确的标本采集,减少了出错的风险和不便之处。医院会立即看到标本采集出错几率减小,需要的诊断试验更少并进而节省成本,减少了误诊的几率并获得积极有效的病人治疗效果。一些医院还会因此实现法律和安置方面费用的降低。从整体上讲,工作人员的工作效率得到提高,处理保险索赔的速度更快、更准确、且费用更低。标本采集过程自动化使得医院和诊所可以确保形成一个更为高度一致的有机整体。这就是,在标本采集的正确时间由正确的医疗保健人员按正确的顺序使用正确的容器为正确的病人提供服务。此外,医院还可以实时查找、跟踪及管理资产和库存,甚至包括不断移动的设备(如医疗监护设备)。
+
+
+
+★ 优点总结:
+* 避免在医疗点的标本采集出错
+* 提高病人安全并改进治疗
+* 减少与错误相关的费用
+
+#### 药品配送系统
+
+* 简化首剂药物供应流程
+* 取消准备、装入及返回等与药盒有关的任务
+* 加速整个网络中所有计划用药的供应
+* 替代笨重的手推车供应
+* 实际上无需操作人员再为药柜和小的药袋装药
+* 独立运行或与使用药盒的传统系统同时运行
+
+★ 药袋配送系统可以将技术人员的配发药过程减少到两步:
+* 技术人员手动取出药物并将药物放入药盒/药袋中
+* 技术人员将药袋放入一个大包内以进行最终检查并转交给护理单位
+
+★ 药袋配送系统执行的其他操作:
+* 接收药方信息系统(PIS)的指示
+* 系统打印患者的条码标签
+* 系统将标签应用到药袋
+* 系统将药袋移动到配发药位置
+* 取出药物并放入药袋中
+* 系统将药袋放置在储存箱中
+
+★ 药袋配送系统最适用于:
+* 手推车供应
+* 首剂药物供应
+* 药柜供应
+* 多点供应
+
+#### 血液管理
+
+计算机为每个血液单位额外生成一个补充的条码标签,其中包含血液中心ID、血型以及产品类型等信息。一旦在系统经过验证,就会生成另外一套条码标签用作交付标记。在系统接收后,工作人员就会使用- 扫描器扫描‘交付标记’标签,然后对血液单位按到期日期进行分类。
+
+#### 固定资产管理
+
+在典型医院环境中广泛分布着种类极多的医疗设备,通过建构于无线网络之上条形码和RFID 资产管理系统,医院可以对这些资产进行更有效的管理。核心的摩托罗拉企业移动解决方案包括无线局域网、自动化数据采集设备、RFID 和RTLS。
+
+## 应用实例（部分三甲医院用户）
+
+
+
+中国医学科学院北京市协和医院
+北京地坛医院(原北京市第一传染病医院)
+首都儿科研究所附属儿童医院
+北京肿瘤医院 北京大学临床肿瘤学院
+中国医学科学院肿瘤医院
+中国中医科学院广安门医院
+中国人民解放军总医院(三〇一医院)
+中国人民解放军三〇二医院
+武警总医院
+中国人民解放军第二五四医院
+中国人民解放军二五二医院
+盛京医院(原中国医科大学第二附属医院)
+大连大学附属中山医院
+无锡市人民医院
+无锡市妇幼保健院
+南京军区南京总医院
+浙江大学医学院附属第一医院(浙江省第一医院)
+浙江大学医学院附属第二医院(浙江省第二医院)
+浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院(JCI认证医院)
+杭州市第一人民医院
+温州医学院附属第二医院
+南京军区福州总医院
+福建省立医院
+山东省立医院
+济南市第四人民医院
+济南市妇幼保健院
+烟台毓璜顶医院
+中山大学附属第三医院
+江门市中心医院
+北京大学深圳医院
+四川大学华西医院
+
+*JCI (国际医院认证联合委员会)是“Joint Commission International”的缩写,是世界卫生组织(WHO)认可的全球评估医院质量的权威认证机构,成立于1998年,位于美国芝加哥,是美国医院评审委员会(JCAHO)下属的从事国际医疗机构认证和咨询的专职机构。JCI根据美国医院管理国际标准对美国以外的医疗卫生机构进行认证。一直致力于医院质量认证标准的制定,JCI标准已被公认为真正的国际标准,是对世界各地的医院进行认证的基础,2003年JCI第二版标准主要包括以下11个方面的368条标准、1033条测量要素及相应的解释。其中核心标准198条,是与病人安全直接相关,要求每一家接受认证的医院必须达到。
+
+
+
+全国免费咨询热线
+
+800-810-9921
+
+**摩托罗拉企业移动业务** www.motorola.com/cn/enterprise
+
+**售后技术支持热线**：
+
+中国北方地区：10800-713-0885 中国南方地区：10-800-130-0867 中国香港特区：300-27861 中国台湾省：00801-14-8690
+
+**销售咨询邮箱**：enterprise.cn@motorola.com
+
+
+MOTOROLA
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_69.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_69.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f01d7eb3ac0c6c083f50a4388a5da79bfe85a46c
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+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_69.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1005 @@
+# 工业剧毒化学品
+
+## 丙腈
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】丙腈
+
+【别名】乙基氰
+
+【危险货物编号】32160 易燃液体
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】116
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】无色液体，有醚样气味。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：50~100mg/kg(大鼠经口)；210 mg/kg(兔经皮)；半数致死浓度：367mg/m3，1小时(小鼠吸入)。
+
+【燃烧性】易燃
+
+【危险特性】其蒸气与空气可形成爆炸性混合物，遇明火、高热，能引起燃烧爆炸。与氧化剂能发生强烈反应。其蒸气比空气重，能在较低处扩散到相当远的地方，遇火源会着火回燃。在火场中，受热的容器有爆炸危险。具有刺激性。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用于合成树脂及用作杀霉菌剂、杀虫剂、水溶性还原剂等。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、通风的库房内。远离火种、热源，防止阳光直射，库温不宜超过300C。保持容器密封，防止渗透引起中毒。与氧化剂、还原剂、酸类、碱类、食用化学品分开存放，切忌混储。采用防爆型照明、通风设施。禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。
+
+【运输】运输车辆应配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。夏季最好早晚运输。运输时所用的槽(罐)车应有接地链，槽内可设孔隔板以减少震荡产生静电。严禁与氧化剂、还原剂、酸类、碱类、食用化学品等混装混运。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋，防高温。中途停留时应远离火种、热源、高温区。装运该物品的车辆排气管必须配备阻火装置，禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具装卸。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶，勿在居民区和人口稠密区停留。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】本品在体内析出氰离子，抑制呼吸酶，造成缺氧。急性中毒表现有严重头痛、头晕、恶心、呕吐、呼吸频率减慢、血压升高、心率增快；严重者一时混乱、定向力障碍，并可很快昏迷、癫痫样抽搐、严重酸中毒等。对皮肤有轻度刺激性。
+
+【防护】操作时应穿连衣式胶布防毒衣，戴橡胶耐油手套。可能接触毒物时，必须佩戴自吸过滤式防毒面具（全面罩）。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，建议佩戴空气呼吸器。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触：立即脱去污染的衣着，用流动清水或5%硫代硫酸钠溶液彻底冲洗至少20分钟。就医。眼睛接触：立即提起眼睑，用大量流动清水或生理盐水彻底冲洗至少15分钟。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。呼吸心跳停止时，立即进行人工呼吸（勿用口对口）和胸外心脏按压术。给吸入亚硝酸异戊酯，就医。食入：饮足量温水，催吐。用1:5000高锰酸钾或5%硫代硫酸钠溶液洗胃。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄漏】应迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区，并进行隔离，严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器，穿防毒服。不要直接接触泄漏物。尽可能切断泄漏源。防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。小量泄漏：用砂土或其它不燃材料吸附或吸收。也可以用大量水冲洗，洗水稀释后放入废水系统。大量泄漏：构筑围堤或挖坑收容。用泡沫覆盖，降低蒸气灾害。用防爆泵转移至槽车或专用收集器内，回收或运至废物处理场所处置。
+
+【火灾】应喷水冷却容器，可能的话将容器从火场移至空旷处。可用抗溶性泡沫、干粉、二氧化碳、砂土
+灭火。用水灭火无效。
+
+## 丙炔醇
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】丙炔醇
+
+【别名】2-丙炔-1-醇、炔丙醇
+
+【危险货物编号】33559 易燃液体
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】153
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】无色液体，有香叶气味，久置能形成有毒或有害的蒸气或气体。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：20mg/kg（大鼠经口）；16 mg/kg（兔经皮）；半数致死浓度：873ppm，2小时（大鼠吸入）。
+
+【燃烧性】易燃
+
+【危险特性】具有腐蚀性，能与氧化剂反应，对皮肤有强刺激作用。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用作除锈剂、化学中间体、腐蚀抑制剂、溶剂、稳定剂、实验室试剂。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、通风的专用仓库内。包装密封，远离火种、热源，防止阳光直射。
+
+【运输】切勿与氧化剂、碱类和食用化学品混运。运输时，防止雨淋曝晒，搬运时必须轻拿轻放，严禁摔、撞击容器。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】高浓度丙炔醇对眼睛、皮肤、粘膜和呼吸道有强烈的刺激作用。中毒表现有烧灼感、咳嗽、喘息、喉炎、气短、头痛、恶心和呕吐。严重者可能致死。
+
+【防护】操作时穿防毒衣，戴化学安全防护眼镜及橡胶耐油手套，可能接触其蒸气时，佩带自吸过滤式防毒面具（半面罩），必要时佩带空气呼吸器。
+
+【救治】接触皮肤后应立即用大量指定的液体冲洗，就医。接触眼睛，应立即用大量清水冲洗后，就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄露】应用大量水冲刷，洗液经稀释后放入废水系统。
+
+【火灾】可用雾状水、泡沫、二氧化碳、沙土灭火。
+
+## 丙酮氰醇
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】丙酮氰醇
+
+【别名】2-羟基异丁腈、氰丙醇
+
+【危险货物编号】61088 毒害品
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】12
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】无色或亮黄色液体。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：kg（小鼠经口）；140mg/kg（豚鼠经皮）；半数致死浓度：575ppm，2小时（小鼠吸入）。
+
+【燃烧性】易燃
+
+【危险特性】遇明火、高热易燃，与氧化剂可发生反应，受热分解成氢氰酸和丙酮。其蒸气比空气重，能在较低处扩散到相当远的地方，遇火源会着火回燃。若遇高热，容器内压增大，有开裂和爆炸的危险。具有刺激性。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+是有机玻璃单体-甲基丙烯酸甲酯的中间体，还用于有机合成、农药制造等。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、通风的库房内。远离火种、热源。与氧化剂、还原剂、酸类、碱类、食用化学品分开存放，切忌混储。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。
+
+【运输】运输前应先检查包装容器是否完整、密封，运输过程中要确保容器不泄漏、不倒塌、不坠落、不损坏。严禁与酸类、氧化剂、食品及食品添加剂混运。运输车辆应配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋，防高温。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶，勿在居民区和人口稠密区停留。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】本品的蒸气或液体对皮肤、粘膜均有刺激作用，一般接触4～5分钟后出现症状，早期中毒症状有无力、头昏、头痛、胸闷、心悸、恶心、呕吐、意识丧失、阵发性强直性抽搐，严重者可致死。可引起皮炎。
+
+【防护】操作时应穿胶布防毒衣，戴橡胶耐油手套。空气中浓度超标时，必须佩戴自吸过滤式防毒面具（全面罩）。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，应该佩戴空气呼吸器。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触：脱去污染的衣着，用大量流动清水冲洗。
+眼睛接触：提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。呼吸心跳停止时，立即进行人工呼吸（勿用口对口）和胸外心脏按压术。给吸入亚硝酸异戊酯，就医。食入：用1:5000高锰酸钾或5%硫代硫酸钠溶液洗胃。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄漏】应迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区，并立即隔离150m，严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器，穿防毒服。尽可能切断泄漏源。防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。小量泄漏：用砂土、蛭石或其它惰性材料吸收。也可以用大量水冲洗，洗水稀释后放入废水系统。大量泄漏：构筑围堤或挖坑收容。用泵转移至槽车或专用收集器内，回收或运至废物处理场所处置。
+
+【火灾】消防人员必须佩戴过滤式防毒面具(全面罩)或隔离式呼吸器、穿全身防火防毒服，在上风向灭火。尽可能将容器从火场移至空旷处。喷水保持火场容器冷却，直至灭火结束。处在火场中的容器若已变色或从安全泄压装置中产生声音，必须马上撤离。用水喷射逸出液体，使其稀释成不燃性混合物，并用雾状水保护消防人员。可用水、雾状水、抗溶性泡沫、干粉、二氧化碳、砂土灭火。
+
+## 2-丙烯腈
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】2-丙烯腈
+
+【别名】丙烯腈、乙烯基氰
+
+【危险货物编号】32162 易燃液体
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】119
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】无色液体，有桃仁气味。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：78mg/kg(大鼠经口)；148mg/kg (大鼠经皮)；半数致死浓度：333ppm，4小时(大鼠)。
+
+【燃烧性】易燃
+
+【危险特性】其蒸气与空气可形成爆炸性混合物。遇明火、高热易引起燃烧，稀溶液也有着火危险，并放出有毒气体。与氧化剂、强酸、强碱、胺类、溴反应剧烈。在火场高温下，能发生聚合放热，使容器破裂。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用于制造聚丙烯腈、丁腈橡胶、染料、合成树脂、医药等。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】通常商品加有稳定剂。应储存于阴凉、通风的库房内。远离火种、热源。库温不宜超过26℃。包装要求密封，不可与空气接触。应与氧化剂、酸类、碱类、食用化学品分开存放，切忌混储，桶的叠放不得超过两层，使塞孔朝上，如用槽车存放，槽车需位在地面之上，周围筑堤，堤内容量须足够容纳槽车的全部液量。不宜大量储存或久存。采用防爆型照明、通风设施。禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。
+
+【运输】运输车辆应配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。夏季最好早晚运输。运输时所用的槽(罐)车应有接地链，槽内可设孔隔板以减少震荡产生静电。严禁与氧化剂、酸类、碱类、食用化学品等混装混运。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋，防高温。中途停留时应远离火种、热源、高温区。装运该物品的车辆排气管必须配备阻火装置，禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具装卸。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶，勿在居民区和人口稠密区停留。严禁用木船、水泥船散装运输。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】本品在体内析出氰根，抑制呼吸酶；对呼吸中枢有直接麻醉作用。急性中毒：以中枢神经系统症状为主，伴有上呼吸道和眼部刺激症状。轻度中毒有头晕、头痛、乏力、上腹部不适、恶心、呕吐、胸闷、手足麻木、意识蒙胧及口唇紫绀等。眼结膜及鼻、咽部充血。重者除上述症状加重外，出现四肢阵发性强直抽搐、昏迷。液体污染皮肤，可致皮炎，局部出现红斑、丘疹或水疱。
+
+【防护】操作时穿连衣式胶布防毒衣，戴橡胶耐油手套。可能接触其蒸气时，必须佩戴自吸过滤式防毒面具（全面罩）。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，建议佩戴空气呼吸器。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触：立即脱去污染的衣着，用流动清水或5%硫代硫酸钠溶液彻底冲洗至少20分钟。就医。眼睛接触：提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。呼吸心跳停止时，立即进行人工呼吸（勿用口对口）和胸外心脏按压术。给吸入亚硝酸异戊酯，就医。食入：饮足量温水，催吐。用1:5000高锰酸钾或5%硫代硫酸钠溶液洗胃。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄漏】应迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区，并进行隔离，严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器，穿防毒服。尽可能切断泄漏源。防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。小量泄漏：用活性炭或其它惰性材料吸收。也可以用大量水冲洗，洗水稀释后放入废水系统。大量泄漏：构筑围堤或挖坑收容。用泡沫覆盖，降低蒸气灾害。喷雾状水或泡沫冷却和稀释蒸汽、保护现场人员。用防爆泵转移至槽车或专用收集器内，回收或运至废物处理场所处置。
+
+【火灾】消防人员必须穿特殊防护服，在掩蔽处操作。可用抗溶性泡沫、二氧化碳、干粉、砂土灭火。用水灭火无效，但须用水保持火场容器冷却。
+
+## 丙烯醛
+
+### 一、一、标识
+
+【品名】丙烯醛
+
+【别名】烯丙醛、败脂醛
+
+【危险货物编号】31024 易燃液体
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】143
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】无色或淡黄色液体，有恶臭。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：46mg/kg(大鼠经口)；562mg/kg(兔经皮)；半数致死浓度：300mg/m³，1/2小时(大鼠吸入)。
+
+【燃烧性】极度易燃
+
+【危险特性】其蒸气与空气可形成爆炸性混合物，遇明火、高热极易燃烧爆炸。受热分解释出高毒蒸气。液体比水轻，蒸气比空气重，能扩散相当远，遇到火源会燃烧，并把火焰沿气流相反方向引回。在空气中久置后能生成有爆炸性的过氧化物。与酸类、碱类、氨、胺类、二氧化硫、硫脲、金属盐类、氧化剂等猛烈反应。在火场高温下，能发生聚合放热，使容器破裂。具有强刺激性。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+为合成树脂工业的重要原料之一，也大量用于有机合成与药物合成。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、通风的库房内。远离火种、热源，防止阳光直射。库温不宜超过300C。包装要求密封，不可与空气接触。与氧化剂、还原剂、酸类、碱类、食用化学品分开存放，切忌混储。不宜大量储存或久存。采用防爆型照明、通风设施。禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。
+
+【运输】运输车辆应配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。夏季最好早晚运输。运输时所用的槽（罐）车应有接地链，槽内可设孔隔板以减少震荡产生静电。严禁与氧化剂、还原剂、酸类、碱类、食用化学品等混装混运。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋，防高温。中途停留时应远离火种、热源、高温区。装运该物品的车辆排气管必须配备阻火装置，禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具装卸。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶，勿在居民区和人口稠密区停留。严禁用木船、水泥船散装运输。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】吸入蒸气损害呼吸道，出现咽喉炎、胸部压迫感、支气管炎；大量吸入可致肺炎、肺水肿，还可出现休克、肾炎及心力衰竭。可致死。液体及蒸气损害眼睛；皮肤接触可致灼伤。口服引起口腔及胃刺激或灼伤。
+
+【防护】操作时应穿防静电工作服，戴橡胶耐油手套。可能接触其蒸气时，必须佩戴自吸过滤式防毒面具（全面罩）。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触：立即脱去污染的衣着，用大量流动清水冲洗至少15分钟。就医。眼睛接触：立即提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水彻底冲洗至少15分钟。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。就医。食入：用水漱口，给饮牛奶或蛋清。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄漏】应迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区，并立即进行隔离，小泄漏时隔离150m，大泄漏时隔离300m，严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器，穿防静电工作服。不要直接接触泄漏物。尽可能切断泄漏源。防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。小量泄漏：用活性炭或其它惰性材料吸收。或用大量水冲洗，洗水稀释后放入废水系统。大量泄漏：构筑围堤或挖坑收容。用泡沫覆盖，降低蒸气灾害。喷雾状水冷却和稀释蒸汽、保护现场人员、把泄漏物稀释成不燃物。用防爆泵转移至槽车或专用收集器内，回收或运至废物处理场所处置。
+
+【火灾】消防人员须戴好防毒面具，在安全距离以外，在上风向灭火。可用抗溶性泡沫、二氧化碳、干粉、砂土灭火。用水灭火无效。
+
+## O,O-二甲基-O-(2,2-二氯)-乙烯基磷酸酯
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】 O,O-二甲基-O-(2,2-二氯)-乙烯基磷酸酯(含量>80%)
+
+【别名】敌敌畏
+
+【危险货物编号】61874 毒害品
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】252
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】纯品是无色有芳香气味的液体。有挥发性。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量: 17mg/kg(大鼠经口); 750µg/kg(大鼠经皮); 半数致死浓度: 15mg/m3, 4小时(大鼠吸入)。
+
+【燃烧性】可燃
+
+【危险特性】遇明火、高热可燃。受热分解, 放出氧化磷和氯化物的毒性气体。与强氧化剂接触可发生化学反应。具有刺激性。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用作杀虫剂。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、通风的库房内。远离火种、热源。保持容器密封。与氧化剂、碱类、食用化学品分开存放, 切忌混储。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。
+
+【运输】运输前应先检查包装容器是否完整、密封, 运输过程中要确保容器不泄漏、不倒塌、不坠落、不损坏。严禁与酸类、氧化剂、食品及食品添加剂混运。运输车辆应配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋, 防高温。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】抑制体内胆碱酯酸, 造成神经生理功能紊乱。急性中毒: 短期内接触(口服、吸入、皮肤、粘膜)大量接触引起急性中毒。中毒表现有恶心、呕吐、腹痛、流涎、多汗、视物模糊、瞳孔缩小、呼吸道分泌物增加、呼吸困难、肺水肿、肌束震颤、肌麻痹。可出现中枢神经系统症状, 重者有脑水肿。部分患者有心、肝、肾损害。少数重度中毒者临床症状消失后数周出现周围神经病。重度中毒者在病情基本恢复3~5日后可发生迟发性猝死。对眼有刺激性。可致皮炎。血胆碱酯酶活性下降。
+
+【防护】操作时应穿胶布防毒衣, 戴橡胶手套。使用时, 建议佩戴自吸过滤式防毒面具(全面罩)。高浓度环境中, 必须佩戴自给式呼吸器。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触: 立即脱去污染的衣着, 用肥皂水及流动清水彻底冲洗污染的皮肤、头发、指甲等。就医。眼睛接触: 立即提起眼睑, 用大量流动清水或生理盐水彻底冲洗至少15分钟。就医。吸入: 迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难, 给输氧。如呼吸停止, 立即进行人工呼吸。就医。食入: 饮足量温水, 催吐。用清水或2%~5%碳酸氢钠溶液洗胃。就医。
+
+### 六、泄露处理
+
+【泄露】迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区, 并进行隔离, 严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器, 穿防毒服。不要直接接触泄漏物。尽可能切断泄漏源。防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。小量泄漏: 用砂土或其它不燃材料吸附或吸收。也可以用大量水冲洗, 洗水稀释后放入废水系统。大量泄漏: 构筑围堤或挖坑收容。用泡沫覆盖, 降低蒸气灾害。用泵转移至槽车或专用收集器内, 回收或运至废物处理场所处置。
+
+【火灾】消防人员须佩戴防毒面具、穿全身消防服, 在上风向灭火。可用抗溶性泡沫、干粉、砂土灭火。
+
+## 碘化汞
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】碘化汞
+
+【别名】碘化高汞、二碘化汞
+
+【危险货物编号】61030 毒害品
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】19
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】黄色结晶或粉末。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：18mg/kg(大鼠经口)；75mg/kg(大鼠经皮)。
+
+【燃烧性】不燃
+
+【危险特性】受热分解放出有毒的碘化物烟气。与三氟化氯、金属钾、金属钠剧烈反应。具有刺激性。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用于医药、化学试剂。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、通风的库房内。远离火种、热源。避免光照。包装密封。与氧化剂、食用化学品分开存放，切忌混储。储区应备有合适的材料收容泄漏物。
+
+【运输】运输前应先检查包装容器是否完整、密封，运输过程中要确保容器不泄漏、不倒塌、不坠落、不损坏。严禁与酸类、氧化剂、食品及食品添加剂混运。运输车辆应配备泄漏应急处理设备。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋，防高温。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】对眼睛、呼吸道粘膜和皮肤有强烈刺激性。汞及其化合物主要引起中枢神经系统损害及口腔炎，引起中毒性肾病。口服引起腐蚀性胃肠炎。可引起接触性皮炎。
+
+【防护】操作时应该穿连衣式胶布防毒衣，戴橡胶手套。佩戴头罩型电动送风过滤式防尘呼吸器。必要时，佩戴隔离式呼吸器。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触：立即脱去污染的衣着，用大量流动清水冲洗至少15分钟。就医。眼睛接触：立即提起眼睑，用大量流动清水或生理盐水彻底冲洗至少15分钟。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。就医。食入：催吐。用清水或2%碳酸氢钠溶液洗胃（忌用生理盐水），给饮牛奶或蛋清。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄露】隔离泄漏污染区，限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴防尘面具（全面罩），穿防毒服。不要直接接触泄漏物。小量泄漏：避免扬尘，用洁净的铲子收集于干燥、洁净、有盖的容器中。大量泄漏：用塑料布、帆布覆盖。然后收集回收或运至废物处理场所处置。
+
+【火灾】消防人员必须穿全身防火防毒服，在上风向灭火。可用雾状水、砂土灭火。
+
+## 碘甲烷
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】碘甲烷
+
+【别名】甲基碘
+
+【危险货物编号】61568 毒害品
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】134
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】无色液体，有特臭。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：76mg/kg(大鼠经口)；半数致死浓度：1300mg/m3，4小时(大鼠吸入)。
+
+【燃烧性】可燃
+
+【危险特性】受热分解放出有毒的碘化物烟气。具有刺激性。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用于医药、有机合成、吡啶的检验、显微镜检查等。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、通风的库房内。远离火种、热源。保持容器密封。与氧化剂、碱类、食用化学品分开存放，切忌混储。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。
+
+【运输】运输前应先检查包装容器是否完整、密封，运输过程中要确保容器不泄漏、不倒塌、不坠落、不损坏。严禁与酸类、氧化剂、食品及食品添加剂混运。运输车辆应配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋，防高温。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】本品对中枢神经和周围神经有损害作用，对皮肤粘膜有刺激作用。急性中毒：早期出现头晕、头痛、纳差、恶心、心悸、胸闷；症状加重可出现视力减退、复视、言语困难、定向障碍，甚至发生幻觉、抽搐、瘫痪、昏迷，符合中毒性脑水肿。少数患者以代谢性酸中毒表现为主，意识障碍可不明显，但1~2天后病情可突然恶化。血二氧化碳结合力下降。部分病例有周围神经损害。眼污染可致角膜损伤。皮肤污染可致皮炎。
+
+【防护】操作时应穿透气型防毒服，戴化学安全防护眼镜及防化学品手套。空气中浓度超标时，应该佩戴自吸过滤式防毒面具（半面罩）。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触：立即脱去污染的衣着，用肥皂水和清水彻底冲洗皮肤。就医。眼睛接触：立即提起眼睑，用大量流动清水或生理盐水彻底冲洗至少15分钟。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。就医。食入：饮足量温水，催吐。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄漏】迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区，并立即隔离150m，严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器，穿防毒服。不要直接接触泄漏物。尽可能切断泄漏源。防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。小量泄漏：用砂土、干燥石灰或苏打灰混合。大量泄漏：构筑围堤或挖坑收容。用泡沫覆盖，降低蒸气灾害。用防爆泵转移至槽车或专用收集器内，回收或运至废物处理场所处置。
+
+【火灾】消防人员须佩戴防毒面具、穿全身消防服，在上风向灭火。可用雾状水、泡沫、二氧化碳、砂土灭火。
+
+## 迭氮(化)钠
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】迭氮(化)钠
+
+【别名】三氮化钠
+
+【危险货物编号】61033 毒害品
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】101
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】无色六角结晶性粉末。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：27mg/kg(大鼠经口)；20mg/kg(兔经皮)；
+
+半数致死浓度：37mg/m3(大鼠吸入)。
+
+【燃烧性】不燃
+
+【危险特性】受热、接触明火、或受到摩擦、震动、撞击时可发生爆炸。本品与酸类剧烈反应产生爆炸性的叠氮酸。与重金属及其盐类形成十分敏感的化合物。具有爆炸性、刺激性。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用于制造炸药及用作分析试剂等。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、通风的库房内。远离火种、热源。库温不宜超过30℃。包装密封。与氧化剂、酸类、活性金属粉末、食用化学品分开存放，切忌混储。储区应备有合适的材料收容泄漏物。
+
+【运输】运输前应先检查包装容器是否完整、密封，运输过程中要确保容器不泄漏、不倒塌、不坠落、不损坏。严禁与酸类、氧化剂、食品及食品添加剂混运。运输车辆应配备泄漏应急处理设备。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋，防高温。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶，禁止在居民区和人口稠密区停留。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】急性中毒主要出现头晕、头痛、全身无力、血压下降、心动过缓和昏迷。头痛常较剧烈，呈持续性，持续时间较其它症状长。本品在有机合成中可有叠氮酸气体逸出，吸入中毒出现眩晕、虚弱无力、视觉模糊、呼吸困难、昏厥感、血压降低、心动过缓等。
+
+【防护】操作时应该穿连衣式胶布防毒衣，戴橡胶手套。可能接触其粉尘时，必须佩戴头罩型电动送风过滤式防尘呼吸器。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，佩戴自给式呼吸器。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触：脱去污染的衣着，用肥皂水和清水彻底冲洗皮肤。就医。眼睛接触：提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。就医。食入：饮足量温水，催吐。洗胃。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄露】隔隔离泄漏污染区，限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴防尘面具（全面罩），穿防毒服。不要直接接触泄漏物。小量泄漏：避免扬尘，用洁净的铲子收集于干燥、洁净、有盖的容器中。大量泄漏：用塑料布、帆布覆盖。然后收集回收或运至废物处理场所处置。
+
+【火灾】由于火场中可能发生容器爆破的情况，消防人员须在有防爆掩蔽处操作。尽可能将容器从火场移至空旷处。消防人员必须穿全身防火防毒服，在上风向灭火。可用雾状水、二氧化碳、泡沫灭火剂灭火。禁止使用沙土压盖。
+
+## 番木鳖碱
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】番木鳖碱
+
+【别名】二甲氧基马钱子碱、士的宁
+
+【危险货物编号】61121 毒害品
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】103
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】无色粉末。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：kg（大鼠经口）。
+
+【燃烧性】可燃
+
+【危险特性】受热分解放出有毒气体。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用于有机合成。消灭啮齿动物和食肉动物，“危险”，只用于工业和制造业。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、干燥的专用仓库内，实行双人收发、双人保管制度。远离火种、热源。
+
+【运输】运输时，防止雨淋曝晒，搬运时必须轻拿轻放，严禁摔、撞击容器。切勿与氧化剂和食用化学品混运。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】食入引起恶心、呕吐、烦躁、兴奋、颤搐，少数引起阵发性的肌肉痉挛（阵挛和肌肉紧张）和死亡。可引起触觉、听觉及视觉敏感，遇光、声、风等极微刺激后全身肌肉强直性痉挛、双拳紧握、角弓反张、口角向后牵引呈苦笑状，阵发性发作。病人可死于呼吸麻痹、窒息或心力衰竭。
+
+【防护】操作时应穿戴防毒面具和化学防护服。
+
+【救治】急症治疗：1.镇静、制止抽搐，静卧暗室，避免声光刺激。立即给予异戊巴比妥静脉注射或水合氯醛保留灌肠。2.口服中毒者，先灌入解毒剂（半杯水加入1g鞣酸或1毫升复方碘溶液），使马钱子沉淀成不溶性物质，再以1:5000高锰酸钾洗胃，或服甘草汤，最后胃内留置药用炭30g悬液。3.迅速给予氧气吸入。对症治疗：1.痉挛不能控制者，给予水合氯醛保留灌肠。也可使用乙醚或氯仿吸入麻醉。2.给予吸氧及输液，出现呼吸抑制时，可暂停使用镇静剂。中药治疗：熊胆、半夏对此类中毒有解毒作用。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄露】隔离泄露污染区，不要直接接触污染物，避免扬尘，用清洁铲子收集于干燥清洁有盖的容器中，运至废物处理场所处理。如大量泄露，收集或经无害处理后废弃。
+
+【火灾】消防人员必须做好安全防护，可用雾状水、二氧化碳、干粉、泡沫灭火。
+
+## 氟乙酸钠
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】氟乙酸钠
+
+【别名】氟醋酸钠
+
+【危险货物编号】61100 毒害品
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】75
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】白色粉末，无气味。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：100µg/kg(大鼠经口)；48mg/kg（大鼠经皮）。
+
+【燃烧性】可燃
+
+【危险特性】遇明火、高热可燃。其粉体与空气可形成爆炸性混合物，当达到一定浓度时，遇火星会发生爆炸。遇高热分解释出高毒烟气。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用作杀鼠剂。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、通风的库房内。远离火种、热源。防止阳光直射。包装密封。与氧化剂、酸类、食用化学品分开存放，切忌混储。储区应备有合适的材料收容泄漏物。
+
+【运输】运输前应先检查包装容器是否完整、密封，运输过程中要确保容器不泄漏、不倒塌、不坠落、不损坏。严禁与酸类、氧化剂、食品及食品添加剂混运。运输车辆应配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋，防高温。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶，勿在居民区和人口稠密区停留。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】多为误服或口服自杀。亦可经呼吸道或皮肤侵入。口服经一定时间潜伏期（一般约为30~120分钟，亦有更长者），出现流涎、恶心、呕吐、上腹痛、视物不清、恐惧感、低血压、心律紊乱、肌痉挛、抽搐、昏迷。可致死。对人致死量约为2~10mg/kg。
+
+【防护】操作时应该穿胶布防毒衣，戴橡胶手套。可能接触其粉尘时，必须佩戴防尘面具（全面罩）。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，应该佩带空气呼吸器。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触：立即脱去污染的衣着，用大量流动清水冲洗。就医。眼睛接触：提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。就医。食入：饮足量温水，催吐。洗胃，给服牛奶和蛋清保护胃粘膜。就医。特殊解毒剂：甘油—醋酸酯；乙酰胺（解氟灵）。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄露】隔离泄漏污染区，限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴防尘口罩，穿防毒服。不要直接接触泄漏物。小量泄漏：小心扫起，收集于密闭容器中。大量泄漏：收集回收或运至废物处理场所处置。
+
+【火灾】消防人员须戴好防毒面具，在安全距离以外，在上风向灭火。可用雾状水、泡沫、干粉、二氧化
+碳、砂土灭火。
+
+## 黄磷
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】黄磷
+
+【别名】白磷
+
+【危险货物编号】42001 自燃物品
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】57
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】无色至黄色蜡状固体，有蒜臭味，在暗处发淡绿色磷光。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：kg(大鼠经口)。
+
+【燃烧性】自燃
+
+危险特性】白磷接触空气能自燃并引起燃烧和爆炸。在潮湿空气中的自燃点低于在干燥空气中的自燃点。与氯酸盐等氧化剂混合发生爆炸。其碎片和碎屑接触皮肤干燥后即着火，可引起严重的皮肤灼伤。具有刺激性。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用作特种火柴原料，用于磷酸、磷酸盐及农药、信号弹等的制造。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应保存在水中，且必须浸没在水下，隔绝空气。储存于阴凉、通风的库房内。远离火种、热源。与氧化剂、酸类、卤素、食用化学品分开存放，切忌混储。采用防爆型照明、通风设施。禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具。储区应备有合适的材料收容泄漏物。
+
+【运输】运输车辆应配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。装运本品的车辆排气管须有阻火装置。运输过程中要确保容器不泄漏、不倒塌、不坠落、不损坏。严禁与氧化剂、酸类、卤素、食用化学品等混装混运。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋，防高温。中途停留时应远离火种、热源。车辆运输完毕应进行彻底清扫。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】急性吸入中毒表现有呼吸道刺激症状、头痛、头晕、全身无力、呕吐、心动过缓、上腹疼痛、黄疸、肝肿大。重症出现急性肝坏死、中毒性肺水肿等。口服中毒出现口腔糜烂、急性胃肠炎，甚至发生食道、胃穿孔。数天后出现肝、肾损害。重者发生肝、肾功能衰竭等。本品可致皮肤灼伤，磷经灼伤皮肤吸收引起中毒，重者发生中毒性肝病、肾损害、急性溶血等，以致死亡。
+
+【防护】操作时应穿胶布防毒衣，戴橡胶手套。可能接触毒物时，应该佩戴自吸过滤式防毒面具（全面罩）。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触：脱去污染的衣着，用大量流动清水冲洗。立即涂抹2%~3%硝酸银灭磷火。就医。眼睛接触：立即提起眼睑，用大量流动清水或生理盐水彻底冲洗至少15分钟。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。就医。食入：立即用%硫酸铜洗胃，或用1:5000高锰酸钾或1%过氧化氢溶液洗胃。洗胃及导泻应谨慎，防止胃肠穿孔或出血。用硫酸钠导泻。严禁脂肪类食物及牛奶。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄露】隔离泄漏污染区，限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器，穿防毒服。不要直接接触泄漏物。小量泄漏：用水、潮湿的沙或泥土覆盖。收入金属容器并保存于水或矿物油中。大量泄漏：在专家指导下清除。
+
+【火灾】消防人员必须穿橡胶防护服、胶鞋、并佩戴过滤式防毒面具(全面罩)或自给式呼吸器灭火。可用雾状水灭火。
+
+## O,O-二乙基-S-[（乙硫基）甲基]二硫代磷酸酯
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】O,O-二乙基-S-[（乙硫基）甲基]二硫代磷酸酯(含量>2%)
+
+【别名】甲拌磷、3911
+
+【危险货物编号】61875 毒害品
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】224
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】纯品为无色透明，有蒜臭的油状液体，工业品为棕黄色。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：1mg/kg(大鼠经口)；kg(大鼠经皮)；半数致死浓度：11mg/m³，1小时(大鼠吸入)。
+
+【燃烧性】可燃
+
+【危险特性】受热分解，放出磷、硫的氧化物等毒性气体。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+农药中用于浸种、拌种，不能用于喷洒。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、通风的库房内。远离火种、热源。保持容器密封。与氧化剂、碱类、食用化学品分开存放，切忌混储。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。
+
+【运输】运输前应先检查包装容器是否完整、密封，运输过程中要确保容器不泄漏、不倒塌、不坠落、不损坏。严禁与酸类、氧化剂、食品及食品添加剂混运。运输车辆应配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋，防高温。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶，勿在居民区和人口稠密区停留。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】抑制胆碱酯酶活性，造成神经生理功能紊乱。急性中毒：短期内接触(口服、吸入、皮肤、粘膜)大量引起急性中毒。表现有头痛、头昏、食欲减退、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、流涎、瞳孔缩小、呼吸道分泌物增多、多汗、肌束震颤等。重者出现肺水肿、脑水肿、昏迷、呼吸麻痹。部分病例可有心、肝、肾损害。少数严重病例在意识恢复后数周或数月发生周围神经病。个别严重病例可发生迟发性猝死。血胆碱酯酶活性降低。
+
+【防护】操作时应穿连衣式胶布防毒衣，戴氯丁橡胶手套。农业使用时，必须佩戴自吸过滤式防毒面具(全面罩)。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，应该佩戴空气呼吸器。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触：立即脱去污染的衣着，用肥皂水及流动清水彻底冲洗污染的皮肤、头发、指甲等。就医。眼睛接触：提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。就医。食入：饮足量温水，催吐。用清水或2%~5%碳酸氢钠溶液洗胃。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄露】迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区，并进行隔离，严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器，穿防毒服。不要直接接触泄漏物。尽可能切断泄漏源。防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。小量泄漏：用砂土或其它不燃材料吸附或吸收。大量泄漏：构筑围堤或挖坑收容。在专家指导下清除。
+
+【火灾】消防人员须佩戴防毒面具、穿全身消防服，在上风向灭火。可用抗溶性泡沫、干粉、砂土灭火。
+
+## 甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】甲苯-2,4-二异氰酸酯
+
+【别名】2,4-二异氰酸甲苯酯
+
+【危险货物编号】61111 毒害品
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】14
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】无色到淡黄色透明液体。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：5800mg/kg(大鼠经口)；半数致死浓度：14ppm，4小时(大鼠吸入)。
+
+【燃烧性】可燃
+
+【危险特性】遇明火、高热可燃。与氧化剂可发生反应。与胺类、醇、碱类和温水反应剧烈，能引起燃烧或爆炸。加热或燃烧时可分解生成有毒气体。其蒸气比空气重，能在较低处扩散到相当远的地方，遇火源会着火回燃。若遇高热，容器内压增大，有开裂和爆炸的危险。具有刺激性、致敏性。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用于有机合成、橡胶硫化剂、生产泡沫塑料、涂料和用作化学试剂。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、干燥、通风良好的库房内。远离火种、热源。库温不超过250℃，相对湿度不超过75%。保持容器密封。与氧化剂、酸类、碱类、醇类等分开存放，切忌混储。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。
+
+【运输】运输前应先检查包装容器是否完整、密封，运输过程中要确保容器不泄漏、不倒塌、不坠落、不损坏。严禁与酸类、氧化剂、食品及食品添加剂混运。运输车辆应配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋，防高温。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶，勿在居民区和人口稠密区停留。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】高浓度接触直接损害呼吸道粘膜，发生喘息性支气管炎，表现有咽喉干燥、剧咳、胸痛、呼吸困难等。重者缺氧、紫绀、昏迷。可引起肺炎和肺水肿。蒸气或雾对眼有刺激性；液体溅入眼内，可能引起角膜损伤。液体对皮肤有刺激作用，引起皮炎。口服能引起消化道的刺激和腐蚀。
+
+【防护】操作时应穿防毒物渗透工作服，戴化学安全防护眼镜及橡胶耐油手套。空气中浓度超标时，必须佩戴自吸过滤式防毒面具（半面罩）。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，应该佩戴空气呼吸器。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触：脱去污染的衣着，用大量流动清水冲洗。眼睛接触：立即提起眼睑，用大量流动清水或生理盐水彻底冲洗至少15分钟。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。如呼吸停止，立即进行人工吸。就医。食入：催吐。洗胃。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄漏】迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区，并进行隔离，严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器，穿防毒服。尽可能切断泄漏源。防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。小量泄漏：用砂土、蛭石或其它惰性材料吸收。大量泄漏：构筑围堤或挖坑收容。用泵转移至槽车或专用收集器内，回收或运至废物处理场所处置。
+
+【火灾】消防人员须佩戴防毒面具、穿全身消防服，在上风向灭火。尽可能将容器从火场移至空旷处。喷水保持火场容器冷却，直至灭火结束。处在火场中的容器若已变色或从安全泄压装置中产生声音，必须马上撤离。可用干粉、二氧化碳，砂土灭火。禁止用水、泡沫和酸碱灭火剂灭火。
+
+## O,O-二甲基-O-（4-硝基苯基）硫逐磷酸酯
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】O,O-二甲基-O-（4-硝基苯基）硫逐磷酸酯(含量>15%)【别名】甲基对硫磷、甲基 1605
+
+【危险货物编号】61125 毒害品
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】190
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】无色结晶粉末，工业品为棕色或黄色液体或固体。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：14~42mg/kg(大鼠经口)；63mg/kg(大鼠经皮)；半数致死浓度：34mg/m³，4小时(大鼠吸入)。
+
+【燃烧性】可燃
+
+【危险特性】受热分解，放出磷、硫的氧化物等毒性气体。在碱液中能迅速分解。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用作杀虫剂。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、通风的库房内。远离火种、热源。库温不宜超过30℃。包装密封。与氧化剂、食用化学品分开存放，切忌混储。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。
+
+【运输】运输前应先检查包装容器是否完整、密封，运输过程中要确保容器不泄漏、不倒塌、不坠落、不损坏。严禁与酸类、氧化剂、食品及食品添加剂混运。运输车辆应配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋，防高温。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶，勿在居民区和人口稠密区停留。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】抑制胆碱酯酶，造成神经生理功能紊乱。急性中毒：短期接触(口服、吸入、皮肤、粘膜)大量引起急性中毒。表现有头痛、头昏、食欲减退、恶心、呕吐、腹痛、腹泻、流涎、瞳孔缩小、呼吸道分泌物增多、多汗、肌束震颤等。重者出现肺水肿、脑水肿、昏迷、呼吸麻痹。部分病例可有心、肝、肾损害。严重中毒可在脱离昏迷状态后出现精神症状。血胆碱酶活性下降。
+
+【防护】操作时应穿连衣式胶布防毒衣，戴橡胶手套。农业使用时，必须佩戴自吸过滤式防毒面具(全面罩)。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，佩戴空气呼吸器。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触：立即脱去污染的衣着，用肥皂水及流动清水彻底冲洗污染的皮肤、头发、指甲等。就医。眼睛接触：提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。就医。食入：饮足量温水，催吐。用清水或2%~5%碳酸氢钠溶液洗胃。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄露】迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区，并进行隔离，严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器，穿防毒服。不要直接接触泄漏物。若是液体。尽可能切断泄漏源。防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。小量泄漏：用砂土或其它不燃材料吸附或吸收。大量泄漏：构筑围堤或挖坑收容。在专家指导下清除。若是固体，避免扬尘，用洁净的铲子收集于干燥、洁净、有盖的容器中。若大量泄漏，收集回收或运至废物处理场所处置。
+
+【火灾】消防人员须佩戴防毒面具、穿全身消防服，在上风向灭火。可用干粉、泡沫、砂土灭火。
+
+## 甲基肼
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】甲基肼
+
+【别名】甲肼、甲基联胺
+
+【危险货物编号】32183 易燃液体
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】112
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】无色液体，有氨的气味。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量:32mg/kg(大鼠经口);95mg/kg(兔经皮);半数致死浓度:64mg/m3,4小时(大鼠吸入)。
+
+【燃烧性】易燃
+
+【危险特性】其蒸气与空气可形成爆炸性混合物,遇明火、高热极易燃烧爆炸。在空气中遇尘土、石棉、木材等疏松性物质能自燃。遇过氧化氢或硝酸等氧化剂,也能自燃。高热时其蒸气能发生爆炸。具有腐蚀性,可致人体灼伤。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用作有机合成中间体、溶剂。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、通风的库房内。远离火种、热源,防止阳光直射。库温不宜超过300C。包装要求密封,不可与空气接触。与氧化剂、过氧化物、食用化学品分开存放,切忌混储。采用防爆型照明、通风设施。禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。
+
+【运输】运输车辆应配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。夏季最好早晚运输。运输时所用的槽(罐)车应有接地链,槽内可设孔隔板以减少震荡产生静电。严禁与氧化剂、过氧化物、食用化学品等混装混运。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋,防高温。中途停留时应远离火种、热源、高温区。装运该物品的车辆排气管必须配备阻火装置,禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具装卸。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶,勿在居民区和人口稠密区停留。严禁用木船、水泥船散装运输。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】意外吸入甲基肼蒸气可出现流泪、喷嚏、咳嗽,以后可见眼充血、支气管痉挛、呼吸困难,继之恶心、呕吐。皮肤接触引起灼伤。
+
+【防护】操作时应穿连衣式胶布防毒衣,戴橡胶耐油手套。工作时,佩带过滤式防毒面具(全面罩)。高浓度环境中,必须佩戴空气呼吸器或长管面具。紧急事态抢救或撤离时,建议佩戴自给式呼吸器。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触:立即脱去污染的衣着,用大量流动清水冲洗,至少15分钟。就医。眼睛接触:立即提起眼睑,用大量流动清水或生理盐水彻底冲洗至少15分钟。就医。吸入:迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难,给输氧。如呼吸停止,立即进行人工呼吸。就医。食入:用水漱口,给饮牛奶或蛋清。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄漏】迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区,并立即进行隔离,小泄漏时隔离150m,大泄漏时隔离450m,严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器,穿防毒服。不要直接接触泄漏物。尽可能切断泄漏源。防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。小量泄漏:用砂土或其它不燃材料吸附或吸收。也可以用大量水冲洗,洗水稀释后放入废水系统。大量泄漏:构筑围堤或挖坑收容。用泡沫覆盖,降低蒸气灾害。用防爆泵转移至槽车或专用收集器内,回收或运至废物处理场所处置。
+
+【火灾】消防人员必须佩戴过滤式防毒面具(全面罩)或隔离式呼吸器、穿全身防火防毒服,在上风向灭火,用水冲射消杀火势,小火也可用二氧化碳或干粉扑灭。由于甲基肼的燃烧范围宽,闪点低,容易再燃。使用干粉、二氧化碳喷水、泡沫等灭火,不如用水稀释有效。遇大火,消防人员须在有防护掩蔽处操作,用喷水趋散蒸气,并用喷水去保护堵漏的人员。可用抗溶性泡沫、二氧化碳、干粉、砂土灭火。
+
+## 磷化氢
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】磷化氢
+
+【别名】膦、磷化三氢
+
+【危险货物编号】23005 有毒气体
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】56
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】无色，有类似大蒜气味的气体。
+
+【毒性】半数致死浓度：11ppm，4小时(大鼠吸入)。
+
+【燃烧性】易燃
+
+【危险特性】具有强还原性。遇热源和明火有燃烧爆炸的危险。暴露在空气中能自燃。与氧接触会爆炸，与卤素接触激烈反应。与氧化剂能发生强烈反应。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用于缩合催化剂，聚合引发剂及制备磷的有机化合物等。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、通风的库房内。远离火种、热源。库温不宜超过30℃。与氧化剂、食用化学品分开存放，切忌混储。采用防爆型照明、通风设施。禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备。
+
+【运输】采用钢瓶运输时必须戴好钢瓶上的安全帽。钢瓶一般平放，并应将瓶口朝同一方向，不可交叉；高度不得超过车辆的防护栏板，并用三角木垫卡牢，防止滚动。运输车辆应配备相应品种和数量的消防器材。装运该物品的车辆排气管必须配备阻火装置，禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具装卸。严禁与氧化剂、食用化学品等混装混运。夏季应早晚运输，防止日光曝晒。中途停留时应远离火种、热源。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶，禁止在居民区和人口稠密区停留。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】磷化氢作用于细胞酶，影响细胞代谢，发生内窒息。其主要损害神经系统、呼吸系统、心脏、肾脏及肝脏。10mg/m³接触6小时，有中毒症状；409~846mg/m³时，半至1时发生死亡。
+急性中毒轻度中毒，病人有头痛、乏力、恶心、失眠、口渴、鼻咽发干、胸闷、咳嗽和低热等；中度中毒，病人出现轻度意识障碍、呼吸困难、心肌损伤；重度中毒则出现昏迷、抽搐、肺水肿及明显的心肌、肝脏及肾脏损害。
+
+【防护】操作时应穿带面罩式胶布防毒衣，戴化学安全防护眼镜及橡胶手套。工作情况下，必须佩带过滤式防毒面具（全面罩）。高浓度环境中，必须佩戴空气呼吸器。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触：用清水冲洗。就医。眼睛接触：用清水冲洗。就医，吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄漏】迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至上风处，并立即隔离 450m，严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员穿防毒服，必须戴自给正压式呼吸器。尽可能切断泄漏源。合理通风，加速扩散。喷雾状水稀释、溶解。构筑围堤或挖坑收容产生的大量废水。如有可能，将漏出气用排风机送至空旷地方或装设适当喷头烧掉。漏气容器要妥善处理，修复、检验后再用。<
+
+【火灾】消防人员必须佩戴过滤式防毒面具(全面罩)或隔离式呼吸器、穿全身防火防毒服，在上风向灭火。切断气源。若不能切断气源，则不允许熄灭泄漏处的火焰。喷水冷却容器，将容器从火场移至空旷处。可用雾状水、泡沫、干粉、二氧化碳灭火。
+
+## 磷化锌
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】磷化锌
+
+【别名】二磷化三锌
+
+【危险货物编号】43038 遇湿易燃物品
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】42
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】灰黑色立方结晶或粉末，有蒜臭。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：12mg/kg(大鼠经口)；40mg/kg(小鼠经口)，半数致死浓度：234mg/m³（大鼠吸入）。
+
+【燃烧性】遇湿易燃
+
+【危险特性】与氧化剂能发生强烈反应。遇水、潮湿空气或酸分解释出剧毒和自燃的磷化氢气体。遇浓硫酸和王水发生爆炸。遇高热分解释出高毒烟气。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用作杀鼠剂和粮食仓库的熏蒸剂。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、干燥、通风良好的库房内。远离火种、热源。防止阳光直射。包装必须密封，切勿受潮。与氧化剂、酸类、食用化学品等分开存放，切忌混储。储区应备有合适的材料收容泄漏物。
+
+【运输】运输车辆应配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。装运本品的车辆排气管须有阻火装置。运输过程中要确保容器不泄漏、不倒塌、不坠落、不损坏。严禁与氧化剂、酸类等混装混运。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋，防高温。中途停留时应远离火种、热源。运输用车、船必须干燥，并有良好的防雨设施。车辆运输完毕应进行彻底清扫。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】吸入中毒主要是本品在空气中能释放出磷化氢气体所致。误服磷化锌可致磷化氢中毒，表现有不同程度的胃肠症状，以及发热、畏寒、头晕、兴奋及心律紊乱等。严重者有气急、少尿、抽搐、休克及昏迷等。
+
+【防护】操作时应穿胶布防毒衣，戴橡胶手套。可能接触其粉尘时，必须佩戴防尘面具（全面罩）。紧急事态抢救或撤离时，应该佩戴空气呼吸器。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触：脱去污染的衣着，用流动清水冲洗。眼睛接触：提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。就医。食入：饮足量温水，催吐。洗胃。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄露】隔离泄漏污染区，限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给式呼吸器，穿防毒服。不要直接接触泄漏物。小量泄漏：小心扫起，收集于密闭容器中。大量泄漏：收集回收或运至废物处理场所处置。
+
+【火灾】消防人员须戴好防毒面具，在安全距离以外，在上风向灭火。可用干粉、二氧化碳、砂土灭火。禁止用水和泡沫灭火。
+
+## 氯
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】氯
+
+【别名】氯气、液氯
+
+【危险货物编号】23002 有毒气体
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】84
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】黄绿色、有刺激性气味的气体。
+
+【毒性】半数致死浓度：293ppm，1小时（大鼠吸入）。
+
+【燃烧性】助燃
+
+【危险特性】一般可燃物大都能在氯气中燃烧，一般易燃气体或蒸气也都能与氯气形成爆炸性混合物。氯气能与许多化学品如乙炔、松节油、乙醚、氨、燃料气、烃类、氢气、金属粉末等猛烈反应发生爆炸或生成爆炸性物质。它几乎对金属和非金属都有腐蚀作用。具有刺激性。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用于污水处理消毒、漂白、制造氯化合物、盐酸、聚氯乙烯等。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、通风的库房内。远离火种、热源。库温不超过30℃，相对湿度不超过80%。与易（可）燃物、醇类、食用化学品分开存放，切忌混储。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备。
+
+【运输】采用刚瓶运输时必须戴好钢瓶上的安全帽。钢瓶一般平放，并应将瓶口朝同一方向，不可交叉；高度不得超过车辆的防护栏板，并用三角木垫卡牢，防止滚动。严禁与易燃物或可燃物、醇类、食用化学品等混装混运。夏季应早晚运输，防止日光曝晒。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶，禁止在居民区和人口稠密区停留。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】对眼、呼吸道有强烈刺激作用。急性中毒：轻度者有流泪、咳嗽、咳少量痰、胸闷，出现气管炎和支气管炎的表现；中度中毒发生支气管肺炎或间质性肺水肿，病人除有上述症状的加重外，出现呼吸困难、轻度紫绀等；重者发生肺水肿、昏迷和休克，可出现气胸、纵隔气肿等并发症。吸入极高浓度的氯气，可引起迷走神经反射性心跳骤停或喉头痉挛而发生“电击样”死亡。皮肤接触液氯或高浓度氯，在暴露部位可有灼伤或急性皮炎。
+
+【防护】操作时应穿带面罩式胶布防毒衣及橡胶手套。空气中浓度超标时，建议佩戴空气呼吸器。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触：立即脱去污染的衣着，用大量流动清水冲洗。就医。眼睛接触：提起眼睑，用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。就医。
+吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处，保持呼吸道通常，吸氧。呼吸心跳停止时，立即进行人工呼吸和胸外心脏按压术。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄漏】迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至上风处，并立即进行隔离，小泄漏时隔离150m，大泄漏时隔离450m，严格限制出入。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式呼吸器，穿防毒服。尽可能切断泄漏源。合理通风，加速扩散。喷雾状水稀释、溶解。构筑围堤或挖坑收容产生的大量废水。如有可能，用管道将泄漏物导至还原剂（酸式硫酸钠或酸式碳酸钠）溶液。也可以将漏气钢瓶浸入石灰乳液中。漏气容器要妥善处理，修复、检验后再用。
+
+【火灾】消防人员必须佩戴过滤式防毒面具（全面罩）或隔离式呼吸器、穿全身防火防毒服，在上风向灭火。切断气源。喷水冷却容器，可能的话将容器从火场移至空旷处。可用雾状水、泡沫、干粉灭火。
+
+## 氯化汞
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】氯化汞
+
+【别名】升汞、氯化高汞
+
+【危险货物编号】61030 毒害品
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】18
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】无色或白色结晶性粉末，常温下微量挥发。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：1mg/kg（大鼠经口）；41mg/kg（兔经皮）。
+
+【燃烧性】不燃
+
+【危险特性】与碱金属能发生剧烈反应。具有刺激性。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用作有机合成的催化剂、防腐剂、消毒剂和分析试剂。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、通风的库房内。远离火种、热源。避免光照。库温不超过30℃，相对湿度不超过70%。包装密封。与氧化剂、碱类、食用化学品分开存放，切忌混储。储区应备有合适的材料收容泄漏物。
+
+【运输】运输前应先检查包装容器是否完整、密封，运输过程中要确保容器不泄漏、不倒塌、不坠落、不损坏。严禁与酸类、氧化剂、食品及食品添加剂混运。运输车辆应配备泄漏应急处理设备。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋,防高温。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】汞离子可使含巯基的酶丧失活性,失去功能;还能与酶中的氨基、二巯基、羧基、羟基以及细胞内的磷酰基结合,引起相应的损害。急性中毒:有头痛、头晕、乏力、失眠、多梦、口腔炎、发热等全身症状。可有食欲不振、恶心、腹痛、腹泻等。部分患者皮肤出现红色斑丘疹。严重者发生间质性肺炎及肾损害。口服可发生急性腐蚀性胃肠炎,严重者昏迷、休克,甚至发生坏死性肾病致急性肾功能衰竭。对眼有刺激性。可致皮炎。
+
+【防护】操作时应穿连衣式胶布防毒衣,戴化学安全防护眼镜及橡胶手套。作业时应佩戴自吸过滤式防尘口罩。必要时,佩戴隔离式呼吸器。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触:脱去污染的衣着,用肥皂水和清水彻底冲洗皮肤。就医。眼睛接触:提起眼睑,用流动清水或生理盐水冲洗。就医。吸入:迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难,给输氧。如呼吸停止,立即进行人工呼吸。就医。食入:催吐。用清水或2%碳酸氢钠溶液洗胃(忌用生理盐水),给饮牛奶或蛋清。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄露】隔离泄漏污染区,限制出入。建议应急处理人员戴防尘面具(全面罩),穿防毒服。不要直接接触泄漏物。小量泄漏:避免扬尘,用洁净的铲子收集于干燥、洁净、有盖的容器中。大量泄漏:用塑料布、帆布覆盖。然后收集回收或运至废物处理场所处置。
+
+【火灾】消防人员必须穿全身防火防毒服，在上风向灭火。可用水、砂土灭火。
+
+## 氯甲酸甲酯
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】氯甲酸甲酯
+
+【别名】氯碳酸甲酯
+
+【危险货物编号】32150 易燃液体
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】168
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】无色液体，有强烈刺激性气味。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：50mg/kg(大鼠经口)；7120mg/kg(兔经皮)；半数致死浓度：88ppm，1小时(大鼠吸入)。
+
+【燃烧性】易燃
+
+【危险特性】本品遇明火、高热易引起燃烧,并放出有毒气体。遇水或水蒸气反应放热并产生有毒的腐蚀性气体。具有腐蚀性、强刺激性。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用于有机合成及制造杀虫剂,也用于制取催泪性毒气。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、干燥、通风良好的库房内。远离火种、热源。库温不宜超过300C。包装要求密封，不可与空气接触。与酸类、碱类、醇类、胺类等分开存放，切忌混储。采用防爆型照明、通风设施。禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。
+
+【运输】运输车辆应配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。夏季最好早晚运输。运输时所用的槽（罐）车应有接地链，槽内可设孔隔板以减少震荡产生静电。严禁酸类、碱类、醇类、胺类、食用化学品等混装混运。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋，防高温。雨天不宜运输。中途停留时应远离火种、热源、高温区。装运该物品的车辆排气管必须配备阻火装置，禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具装卸。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶，勿在居民区和人口稠密区停留。严禁用木船、水泥船散装运输。
+
+### 五、健康危害及防护救治
+
+【健康危害】本品对呼吸道、眼结膜有剧烈刺激作用。人接触后表现为眼及上呼吸道刺激及表皮灼伤。较高浓度时发生肺水肿。本品刺激强度为氯气的5倍。涂于豚鼠皮肤引起深度坏死及形成焦痂。与兔眼接触造成永久性角膜损害。
+
+【防护】操作时穿防毒物渗透工作服，戴化学安全防护眼镜及橡胶耐油手套。可能接触其蒸气时，佩戴自吸过滤式防毒面具（全面罩）。必要时，佩戴空气呼吸器。
+
+【救治】皮肤接触：立即脱去污染的衣着，用大量流动清水冲洗至少15分钟。就医。眼睛接触：立即提起眼睑，用大量流动清水或生理盐水彻底冲洗至少15分钟。就医。吸入：迅速脱离现场至空气新鲜处。保持呼吸道通畅。如呼吸困难，给输氧。如呼吸停止，立即进行人工呼吸。就医。食入：用水漱口，给饮牛奶或蛋清。就医。
+
+### 六、事故处置
+
+【泄漏】迅速撤离泄漏污染区人员至安全区，并立即隔离 150m，严格限制出入。切断火源。建议应急处理人员戴自给正压式
+
+呼吸器，穿防毒服。不要直接接触泄漏物。尽可能切断泄漏源。防止流入下水道、排洪沟等限制性空间。小量泄漏：用砂土或其它不燃材料吸附或吸收。也可以用不燃性分散剂制成的乳液刷洗，洗液稀释后放入废水系统。大量泄漏：构筑围堤或挖坑收容。用泡沫覆盖，降低蒸气灾害。用防爆泵转移至槽车或专用收集器内，回收或运至废物处理场所处置。
+
+【火灾】消防人员必须佩戴过滤式防毒面具(全面罩)或隔离式呼吸器、穿全身防火防毒服，在上风向灭火。可用二氧化碳、干粉、砂土灭火。
+
+## 氯甲酸乙酯
+
+### 一、标识
+
+【品名】氯甲酸乙酯
+
+【别名】氯碳酸乙酯
+
+【危险货物编号】32151 易燃液体
+
+【剧毒化学品目录编号】169
+
+### 二、性状
+
+【外观与性状】无色液体，有刺激性气味。
+
+【毒性】半数致死量：50mg/kg(大鼠经口)；7120mg/kg(兔经皮)；半数致死浓度：840mg/m³，1小时(大鼠吸入)。
+
+【燃烧性】易燃
+
+【危险特性】本品遇明火、高热易引起燃烧，并放出有毒气体。遇水或水蒸气反应放热并产生有毒的腐蚀性气体。具有腐蚀性、刺激性。
+
+### 三、用途
+
+用于有机合成及用作溶剂。
+
+### 四、储运方法
+
+【储存】应储存于阴凉、干燥、通风良好的库房内。远离火种、热源。库温不宜超过300C。包装要求密封，不可与空气接触。与酸类、碱类、醇类、胺类等分开存放，切忌混储。采用防爆型照明、通风设施。禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具。储区应备有泄漏应急处理设备和合适的收容材料。
+
+【运输】运输车辆应配备相应品种和数量的消防器材及泄漏应急处理设备。夏季最好早晚运输。运输时所用的槽(罐)车应有接地链，槽内可设孔隔板以减少震荡产生静电。严禁与酸类、碱类、醇类、胺类、食用化学品等混装混运。运输途中应防曝晒、雨淋，防高温。中途停留时应远离火种、热源、高温区。装运该物品的车辆排气管必须配备阻火装置，禁止使用易产生火花的机械设备和工具装卸。公路运输时要按规定路线行驶，勿在居民区和人口稠密区停留。严禁用木船、水泥船散装运输。
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
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+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_7.md
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+科技与教育
+
+# 中国教育改革的回顾与展望
+
+■ 王元丰 李克平
+
+北京交通大学 北京 100044
+
+**摘要：[目的/意义]** 教育是民族振兴和社会进步的基础,是落实国家“创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享”五大发展理念的保障。中国作为拥有世界上最多人口的国家,政府一直将发展教育放在首位,建立起了世界上最为庞大的教育系统,中国教育的改革一直备受关注。**[方法/过程]**本文回顾了改革开放以来中国教育改革的目标和发展历程,分析了其中存在的问题,并对未来的教育改革与发展进行了展望。
+**[结果/结论]**分析表明,中国的教育改革虽然在扩大受教育范围方面取得了显著的成就,在提高教育质量和促进教育公平上也有较大进展但面向未来,一些问题依然突出,还需要深化改革,促进教育公平,提高教育质量和改革教育管理体制,应对全球化和新技术革命给教育带来的挑战。
+
+**关键词：**中国教育 综合改革 教育现代化
+
+**分类号：**G521
+
+**DOI:** 10.19318/j.cnki.issn.2096-1634.2016.06.05
+中国是社会主义国家,建国以后很长的一段时间,实行的是计划经济体制。教育也不例外,中国的教育管理体制,学校的专业设置、招生计划以及毕业生的分配都是按计划进行。自20世纪80年代中国改革开放后,为了适应国民经济和社会的发展,中国教育开始打破传统计划体制的约束,针对教育领域的多个方面开展了力度空前的改革。
+
+## 1 过去30年中国的教育改革
+
+新中国成立以后,中国的教育事业发展经历了8个阶段,其中,具有重要意义的是改革开放以后进行的4次教育改革[1-2]。改革的主要目标是为了适应国民经济和社会发展的需要,加大教育供给、扩大受教育范围、提高教育质量和改革教育管理体制。
+
+### 1.1 扩大受教育范围
+
+加大教育供给,全面扩大各级各类教育的受教育人数,提高国民的教育水平一直是过去30年中国教育改革的重点。
+
+早在1985年,中国改革开放之初,中共中央就出台了《中共中央关于教育体制改革的决定》(以下简称《体改决定》)。《体改决定》把发展基础教育的责任交给地方,提出了要有步骤地实行九年制义务教育,与此同时,还要努力发展幼儿教育和特殊教育。
+
+1993年,中国进行改革开放后的第2次教育改革,中共中央、国务院印发《中国教育改革和发展纲要》[3](以下简称《纲要》)。《纲要》确定中国教育事业发展的目标之一是到20世纪末,全民受教育水平明显提高,主要是基本普及九年义务教育。具体来说,是在占全国总人口85%的地区普及九年义务教育,重点是基本扫除青壮年文盲,到2000年,全国基本扫除青壮年文盲,使青壮年的非文盲率达到95%左右。
+
+随着改革开放的深入,中国经济社会发展对扩大受教育范围的需求进一步提高。1999年6月,中国开始第3轮教育改革,中共中央、国务院颁布了《关于深化教育改革全面推进素质教育的决定》(以下简称《决定》)。《决定》在确保2000年“两基”(基本普及九年义务教育和基本扫除青壮年文盲)目标实现和达标后进一步巩固与提高的基础上,强调要扩大高中阶段教育和高等教育规模,到2010年,中国同龄人口的高等教育入学率要达到15%左右。此外,再一次要求努力采取有效措施,切实加大教育投入,逐步实现国家财政性教育经费支出占国民生产总值4%的目标[4]。
+2010年7月,中国进行了改革开放后的第4轮教育改革。在这轮教育改革中,国务院颁布了《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010—2020年)》(以下简称《规划纲要》)[5]。《规划纲要》再次提出了实现全民教育的目标,即到2020年,基本普及学前教育,巩固提高九年义务教育水平,普及高中阶段教育,毛入学率达到90%。高等教育大众化水平进一步提高,毛入学率达到40%。为保障教育经费投入,该《规划纲要》再一次提出,提高国家财政性教育经费支出占国内生产总值比例,到2012年达到4%。
+
+### 1.2 提高教育质量
+
+从20世纪90年代开始,中国的教育改革开始关注提高中国教育的质量,提出教育改革要向提高全民教育素质的方向进行。
+
+在1993年颁布的《纲要》中明确指出,基础教育领域要切实转变教育观念,由应试教育向素质教育转变[3]。
+
+1999年颁布的《决定》,从理论和实践两个方面,全面提出了素质教育的内涵,前所未有地指明了实施素质教育的具体方向和道路[6]。《决定》要求将素质教育贯穿于各级各类教育,贯穿于教育的各个方面,同时把德育、智育、体育、美育等有机地统一到教育活动的各个环节中。
+
+而在2010年国务院颁布的《规划纲要》中,明确提出要全面提高高等教育质量,到2020年,若干所大学达到或接近世界一流大学水平。
+
+### 1.3 改革教育管理体制
+
+受计划经济体制的影响,中国教育管理体制计划经济色彩浓厚,曾被称为“计划经济的最后一个堡垒”。中国教育管理体制的改革一直备受瞩目,历年来也多次将其作为改革的内容,尤其是高等教育的管理体制。1985年颁布的《体改决定》中,首先提出了改革高等学校的招生计划和毕业生分配制度,扩大高等学校办学自主权。1999年颁布的《决定》中再次指出,要加快改革招生考试和评价制度,改变“一次考试定终身”的状况。
+
+中国共产党十五大以后,中国加快了高等教育管理体制改革。全国有31个省、自治区、直辖市和中央50个部门所属高校参与了“共建、调整、合作、合并”方式的改革。1998年以后,中国对撤销的国务院9个部门所属的93所普通高校、72所成人高校以及许多中专和技校的管理体制进行了调整。前后总共用了近10年的时间,基本上完成了高等教育宏观管理体制的改革,形成了中央和地方政府两级管理、分工负责的新体制。
+
+为了实现科教兴国的战略,规范和管理各级各类民办教育,2002年12月,第九届全国人大常务委员会通过了《中华人民共和国民办教育促进法》。该法的出台,是用法律来规范和促进民办教育的健康发展,同时维护民办学校和受教育者的合法权益。与此同时,随着1996年《中华人民共和国职业教育法》的颁布,中国职业教育改革和发展也进入依法治教的新阶段。
+
+## 2 中国教育改革实现的状况
+
+自1985年至今,中国教育改革已30余年。30多年来,中国的国民经济和社会发展取得了举世瞩目的成就,教育改革也在不断持续和深化。中国教育改革的许多目标已经实现,不论是在农村还是城市,免费的义务教育业已普及;同时,职业教育取得了快速发展,高等教育达到了普及化的新阶段。
+
+2012年,中国教育经费的实际投入实现了“国家财政性经费占GDP4%”的目标,实现了这个在1993年提出的要在2000年实现的目标,同时,国家财政性教育经费支出实现了28.3%的高增幅[7]。这些改变了教育经费严重短缺的局面,为中国教育改革的顺利实施提供了有力的保障,被认为是中国教育历史上具有里程碑意义的事件。
+
+在义务教育方面,根据全国人大报告,到2000年,中国在全国范围内如期实现了基本普及九年义务教育的目标,“普九”人口覆盖率达到85%,青壮年人口文盲率下降到5%以下[8]。到2007年底,相对落后的西部地区,“普九”人口覆盖达到了98%[9]。另据教育部统计公报,截至2010年底,全国2856个县(市、区)全部实现“两基”,全国“两基”人口覆盖率达到100%[10]。
+
+在高等教育方面,1997年高等学校逐步实行收费制度,1998年高等教育开始扩大招生,高等教育入学机会显著增加[11]。最新的中国教育事业发展统计公报显示,2015年中国高等教育毛入学率达到40%[12]。同时,高考制度也在进行相应改革,逐步废除了全国统一考试,逐步实行各省统一命题或联合命题。
+在职业教育方面,到2015年,中国高中阶段职业技术学校招生人数占高中阶段招生总数的比例达到43%[12]。对于学前教育,2015年,中国学前3年毛入园率达到75%,提前实现了规划目标[12]。同时,中国已经建立起从学前教育到研究生教育较为完整的家庭经济困难学生资助政策体系。
+
+从数据上来看,中国基础教育、职业教育和高等教育的发展,达到了历次教育改革所设定的扩大教育覆盖范围、加大教育供给的目标。然而,在如何促进教育公平、怎样提高教育质量、如何改进教育管理等方面,一些矛盾性的问题依然突出。具体来说包括以下几个方面。
+
+## 3 中国教育发展面临的问题
+
+### 3.1 教育公平问题突出
+
+过去30多年,虽然中国经济高速发展,但是,原有城市与农村的发展水平差距并未消除,而且这个差距在不断扩大。2010年颁布的《规划纲要》中提出的公平教育目标,遇到了很大的社会阻力。由于城乡发展的不均衡,城市有良好的财政、经济和人才等资源,对基础教育的投入普遍远好于农村。即使在城市,不同学校之间,也存在着很大的差别。
+
+尽管在2012年,中国教育经费的实际投入实现了“国家财政性经费占GDP4%”的目标;然而在教育经费管理和使用的过程中,存在着有限的教育经费使用结构不合理、效益不高的弊端,城乡之间教育资源的差距仍然较大。
+
+在中国,小学升初中的择校问题,广受社会关注。许多父母为孩子能够进入好学校而不遗余力地奔波,甚至花上大笔“择校费”,为孩子进入重点学校铺路[13]。应该说,择校现象有利有弊,但其弊大于利。择校现象的盛行,会导致个别学校生源的膨胀和教学资源的紧张,一些拥有较好资源家庭的孩子更容易上好的学校,这实际上是一种新的教育不公。另一方面,在广大的农村地区,自2001年开始的农村中小学撤点并校,使得教育资源集中到乡镇地区,大量村庄学校消失,村落小学和教学点大幅减少,乡村教师面临失业,许多农村孩子因为学校距离远而失学。
+
+高等学校招生制度是中国高等教育不公的另一个重要方面。目前,中国高考招生制度最为社会大众所指责的就是高校在各省份的招生名额分配不均。具体表现为很多重点大学在经济发达省市不论绝对招生人数还是相对招生人数都远高于其他省份。而且,目前高考制度大体上不允许持异省(直辖市)户籍考生在本地参加高考,占用本省(直辖市)的招生名额,这引发了长期在外地工作而没有当地户籍的务工人员子女参加高考的困难。
+
+高等教育资源配置的不均衡是中国教育的另一个突出问题。目前,中国的大学以公立大学为主,民办高校只有少量。公立大学又包括部属高校、省属高校、市属高校。自20世纪90年代起,国家先后开始实施“211工程”“985工程”等项目,以重点支持高校或其部分学科的建设,使中国的公立大学呈现出不同的阶层。2015年国务院发布的《统筹推进世界一流大学和一流学科建设总体方案》提出:到2020年,中国若干所大学和一批学科进入世界一流行列,若干学科进入世界一流学科前列;到2030年,更多的大学和学科进入世界一流行列,若干所大学进入世界一流大学前列,一批学科进入世界一流学科前列,高等教育整体实力显著提升;到本世纪中叶,一流大学和一流学科的数量和实力进入世界前列。但是,中国高等教育经费与政策扶持一直偏向本已有较强科研能力的重点大学,基本方向没有改变。这样,中国大学分层化明显,且愈加突出[14]。
+
+### 3.2 教育管理过于行政化
+
+中国的教育体制,政府在其中的主导作用一直沿续,按照行政化的方式进行管理。在学校内部,对于行政事物按一定的权力分工进行管理,形成层级分明的管理体系,是保证政令畅通,提高管理效率和效益所需要的重要措施。然而,由于制度不健全,教代会、校务委员会等制度往往是虚设,学校行政权力本身的运作没有得到较好的制约。因此,容易导致学校行政权力常常插手教学和学术事务,造成校内学术资源分配、教师职称晋升以及干部任命等受到来自行政权力的压力[15]。
+
+另一方面,由于中国绝大部分学校依靠政府财政支持,学校的发展很大程度上受政府的行政命令制约。学校的招生计划、学科设计以及办学模式等受政府行政化指导,学校在很大程度上没有自主权,中国的学校要花费很大的精力去政府部门申请各种各样教育资源项目,使得学校难以真正按照教育规律办学,难以满足社会和经济发展的需要,缺乏竞争力。
+
+### 3.3 教育质量不高
+
+不论是2010年的《规划纲要》,还是1999年出台的《决定》,推进素质教育是中国教育的一项重大任务。然而,由于一些深层次体制性障碍尚未消除,中国的基础教育“为应试而教,为应试而学”的现象广泛存在,考试分数、升学率仍然是教师评价学生、校长评价教师、社会评价学校的主要标准。这种应试教育,使得中国学校毕业的学生普遍创造性不够、适应社会能力弱。
+
+对中国的教育质量产生巨大影响的另一个问题是中小学生作业负担过重。为了进入顶尖的学校和大学,教师往往给学生布置超负荷作业量,损害了学生的身体和心理健康,引起了中国社会的普遍关注[16]。“减负”即要求减轻学生压力成为特别流行的词汇。
+
+在高端人才培养方面,改革开放以来,中国政府及相关管理部门极重视创新性人才及领军人物的培养,《规划纲要》中明确提出:到2020年,部分高校达到或接近世界一流大学水平。中国采取了诸多人才政策方面的措施来激励人才工作发展,如“千人计划”“长江学者”计划等等。然而,尽管近些年中国高校办学实力和办学水平有明显改进,但中国高等教育在整体质量上与教育强国仍然存在不小差距。
+
+一项旨在衡量工程教育质量的国际比较研究表明,中国和印度一样,工程教育质量仍然较低[17]。《金融时报》曾有一篇文章指出,随着中国大学的扩展,中国每年毕业的工程类本科生比美国多4倍,但绝大多数质量不高[18]。这些现象引发了著名的“钱学森之问”—————为什么中国的学校总是培养不出杰出人才?进一步来说,又如何去实现《规划纲要》中提出的建设世界一流大学的目标?2009年,原国务院总理温家宝曾专门对中国教育界提出了这些深层次的问题。
+
+### 3.4 职业教育和民办教育发展状况与理想状态尚有差距
+
+中国的职业教育远不能适应中国经济和社会发展需要[19]。学历性职业教育的政府主导模式限制了职业院校的自主发展,职业院校的专业设置、教育内容等不能应时应势而定[20]。社会职业教育与企业职业培训的办学主体大体上为私人或企业。缺乏合格教师和资金支持,严重制约了职业教育学校的发展。另一方面,中国的职业教育上升空间受教育体制的限制,高职学校毕业生没有学位证,若想进入本科继续学习,必须要通过专升本考试[21]。由此导致职业教育的社会认可度低,生源紧张。
+
+尽管在2002年中国就颁布了《民办教育促进法》,但中国的民办教育还很不理想,民办教育虽然规模不小,但确实水平不高、声誉不高[22]。对于民办教育,目前,中国没有一个独立的权威性管理机构,民办教育处在“谁都可以批,谁都可以管又谁都不管”的尴尬局面。有些民办教育内部管理混乱,在社会上造成不良影响,而且民办教育乱收费、高收费、挪用办学经费等现象时有发生。除此以外,大多数民办教育经费紧张、办学条件差、教育质量也令人担忧。
+
+### 3.5 教育国际化程度有限
+
+全球化背景下的教育国际化具有很高的战略意义。然而,同欧美国家相比,中国教育的国际化程度不高。在基础教育方面,自20世纪80年代以来,在全球化的时代背景下,中国一直致力于推进基础教育国际化。然而,中国当前基础教育的国际化模式多样、数量多,但是质量不高。主要的问题是国际化理念的认识水平与服务质量有待提高,不同地区基础教育国际化水平不均衡,部分基础教育国际化实践的规范性有待加强等[23-24]。而且,中国基础教育国际化存在浮于表面地借鉴国外教育理念,限于静态地理解教育国际化,流于形式地强调国际合作关系和疏于整合地推动教育国际化四大误区[25]。而欧美国家则是通过国家立法或政策创造有利于国际化教育推进的政策空间,强调教师、学生和学校的国际交流与合作,并注重将国际化要素渗透到课程之中。
+
+目前,中国教育的国际化主要体现在高等教育育国际化。在高等教育方面,中国虽然确立了国际化教育观,但是国际化的良好工作制度和机制还没有完全形成。尽管中国高校大都设置了国家合作交流处(港澳台办公室)等类似机构,国际交流较为活跃,但是离国际化还存在较大差距,如国际学生占学生总数的比例不高,国际竞争力不够;外籍教师数量很少,具有国际教育背景的教师比例不高。除此以外,虽然一些大学课程的国际化取得明显进展,但是教学内容还不能适应国际化办学需求[26]。相比之下,1989年,美国77%的四年制大学和46%的二年制院校在普通教育课程中就已至少开设一门含国际内容的课程。中国高等教育国际化主要由国家集中支持的一批重点大学承担,私立大学发展不足。而在发达国家,如日本,其私立大学接收各类国外留学生几乎占总数的3/4[27]。
+
+## 4 中国教育改革与未来发展的展望
+
+中国的教育经过几十年的探索和发展,取得了显著的成就,尤其是改革开放之后,中国教育服务社会经济发展的能力不断增强,与国际先进教育的差距也在逐步缩小,但中国教育存在的问题依然比较突出。中国是教育大国,但还不是教育强国。
+
+自2010年《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要》发布之后,时隔5年,2015年国家教育发展研究中心等部门对15个副省级城市教育现代化进行监测[28],监测的指标是根据教育现代化发展水平确定的。根据监测报告,中国教育存在的问题主要体现在:(1)在教育普及水平中,15个副省级城市教育普及水平区域化特征明显,即使在东部沿海地区,教育普及水平分化现象也较为严重。(2)教育公平水平表现出:一是在校际之间、县际之间、城乡一体化不均衡;二是经济发展水平与解决随迁子女公办学校就读能力不一致。(3)就教育条件保障水平而言,城市间办学条件差异显著,其中生均公共财政预算教育公用经费支出城市间差异系数最高达5倍;生均教学及辅助用房面积差异最高达4倍。副省级城市是中国经济和社会发展水平很高的城市(除去4个直辖市),它们的教育在中国应该是发展水平较好的,所存在的问题表明中国教育改革与发展还有大量的工作需要深入开展。
+
+2015年10月,中国共产党的十八届五中全会在北京召开,会议强调实现“十三五”时期发展目标,必须牢固树立“创新、协调、绿色、开放、共享”的发展理念[29]。这五大理念指明了中国加快推进教育现代化前进的方向:(1)创新理念,旨在创新人才培养模式,通过创新教育体制机制,激发教育发展活力;(2)协调理念,实际上是促进教育的均衡发展,目标是提高教育整体发展水平;(3)绿色理念,是为了全面推广素质教育,从德、智、体、美等方面培养新时期的人才;(4)开放理念,目的是提升资源整合能力;(5)共享理念,依然是为了大力促进教育公平。五大理念的提出,进一步丰富和发展了教育现代化的内容,也是新时期全面深化教育改革的行动指南。
+
+2016年3月,《中华人民共和国国民经济和社会发展第十三个五年规划纲要》通过十二届全国人大四次会议表决并正式发布[30]。在第十四篇第五十九章“推进教育现代化”中,提出“十三五”期间教育改革与发展的主要目标是:加快完善现代教育体系,全面提高教育质量,促进教育公平,培养德智体美全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人。并在该章下设有“加快基本公共教育均衡发展”“推进职业教育产教融合”“提升大学创新人才培养能力”“加快学习型社会建设”和“增强教育改革发展活力”五节,对基础教育、职业教育、高等教育、终生教育以及教育体制机制改革做出部署。此外,在该章设有专栏,列出推进教育现代化的十大工程。比较2010年颁布的《国家中长期教育改革和发展规划纲要(2010—2020年)》,到2020年基本实现教育现代化目标:(1)实现更高水平的普及教育;(2)形成惠及全民的公平教育;(3)提供更加丰富的优质教育;(4)构建体系完备的终身教育;(5)健全充满活力的教育体制。与“十三五”规划纲要中教育的目标是一致的。此外,对比这些目标与前3次改革的目标,可以看出是总体相同,但是在原来改革基础上的进一步推进和深化。当然,未来中国教育不仅仍然需要继续着力解决中国教育一直存在的公平、质量和体制机制问题,还需要建立全球化和信息化形势下适应经济和社会发展的现代教育体系。
+
+不论是2010年颁布的《规划纲要》,还是《“十三五”规划纲要》的教育部署,对未来教育的改革与发展,国家在战略层面做出了全面、系统的顶层设计;但在具体实施过程中,一些问题依然难以解决,顶层设计和现实差距明显。未来,如何清除教育改革道路上的障碍,如何实现中国教育的健康发展,政府和社会还需要做出更多的努力。
+
+为此,特别需要解决以下几个方面的问题:(1)切实树立以培养人才为根本目的教育理念,真正建立起科学的教育评价制度,扭转以升学率考核学校、以分数评价学生的现象,使得素质教育能够真正全面推广执行;(2)解决教育发展的不均衡问题,缩小区域间教育资源、办学条件等方面的差距,推进教育领域的精准扶贫,重点是中西部、东北地区,以及解决农民工子女教育边缘化问题;(3)优化教育结构,积极发展职业教育,提高职业教育的办学能力、办学水平,健全产教融合、校企合作的长效机制,以破解职业教育的服务经济与社会发展能力不够的问题;(4)多样化培养人才,拓宽成才通道,增强学生社会责任感、创新精神、实践能力,使社会经济的发展和人才培养的模式深度结合;(5)转变和优化政府管理的体制机制,避免越位、缺位、错位的现象,健全学校自主发展、自我约束机制,推进教育“管办评”分离,推进教育治理的现代化;(6)随着全球化和第4次工业革命的推进,新的时代对教育的理念、模式、教学方法和手段,以及学校的形态、教师的作用和教育管理的体制机制,提出一系列全新的问题与挑战,中国教育界特别需要深入研究问题,积极应对挑战[31]。
+
+## 5 结语
+
+综上所述,改革开放30多年来,中国教育改革与发展取得巨大成就,中国是世界上教育人口最多的国家。但中国还不是教育强国,仍然需要进一步改革,打破一些传统计划体制的约束,建立全球化和信息化形势下,适应经济和社会发展的现代教育体系。一方面,中国教育需要努力解决教育公平问题,形成真正意义上惠及全民的公平教育;另一方面,需要激发市场的活力,通过发展民办教育和职业教育,提供更加丰富的优质教育,构建体系完备的终身教育,以有利于提高各级各类学校的教育质量。此外,非常重要的是要建立健全充满活力的教育管理体制,积极应对新工业革命对教育的挑战,实现教育治理现代化的目标。
+
+## 参考文献：
+
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+
+**作者贡献说明**：
+
+**王元丰**：构建框架，理论分析；
+
+**李克平**：收集资料，调研分析。
+
+---
+
+作者简介 ：王元丰 (ORCID：00000003—0980—0875)，~C2-学社中央参政议政部副部长，北京交通大学教授，博士生导师，E-mail：cyfwang@bjtu．edu．cn；李克平 (ORCID：0000—0002—0754—5033)，北京交通大学教授 ，博士生导师。
+
+---
+---
+
+# Review and Prospect of China's Education Reform
+
+Wang Yuanfeng Li Keping
+
+Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044
+
+**Abstract: [Purpose/significance]** Education is the foundation for the development of the nation and society, and it is also the guarantee for the implementation of the five development concepts: innovation, coordination, green development, opening up and inclusiveness. China has the largest population in the world. The Chinese government has always put the development of education in the first place, and thus established the world's most massive educational system. China's education reform has been a concern. **[Method/process]** This paper reviewed the development of education reform in China after its reform and opening-up policies were launched. It analyzed the existing problems, and presented prospects for the future reform and the development of education. **[Result/conclusion]** This analysis shows that, although China's education reform has achieved remarkable achievements in strengthening education supply, improving the quality of education and promoting education equity, there are still outstanding problems that need to be addressed. It is also necessary to deepen reform, improve the quality of education, promote education equity, reform the management system of education, and cope with the challenges of globalization and the new technological revolution.
+
+**Keywords:** Chinese education comprehensive reform education modernization
+
+收稿日期: 2016-11-15 修回日期: 2016-12-01 本文责任编辑: 栾瑞英
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+# 一种新的噪声源的分析与设计
+
+赵 耿 殷 岁 田玉露
+
+北京电子科技学院, 北京 100070
+
+**摘要**: 本文深入分析了在实际加密过程中所使用的随机序列在周期、随机性、速度等方面要达到的要求。基于实际加密的需要,本文提出了一种新的基于Chua电路的混沌噪声源,利用此噪声源来设计真随机序列发生器。通过仿真和测试,表明了产生的随机序列具有良好的均匀性,随机性,不可预测性和不可重复性,可以广泛应用于数据加密等信息安全领域。
+
+**关键词**: 混沌; 噪声源; Chua 电路
+
+**中图分类号**:TN918.1 **文献标识码**:A **文章编号**:1672-464X(2017)2-06-06
+
+## 引言
+
+伪随机数发生器虽然可以通过随机数统计检测指标,但由于它产生的随机数有规律可寻,安全性较差,一般加密时不用其作为密钥产生源。因此便产生了一种所谓的真随机数发生器,通常是指物理噪声源。目前国内外研究成果主要有二大类,1、物理随机噪声源;2、采用物理器件振荡采样的噪声源,它利用了由热噪声引起的相位噪声产生的振荡器输出频率的抖动的原理。这两种方法要求噪声源有较明确的分布特性,然而噪声源产生情况比较复杂,实际情况下都很难满足,导致密码体系潜在的危险性;此外,随机序列的速率无法保证,难以适合高速的场合。
+
+近年来,越来越多的学者们投身于混沌噪声源和伪随机数发生器的研究,而且取得了很多研究成果。文献[1]提出了一种流加密雪崩效应新方案和比特串伪随机数发生器。文献[2]提出了一种基于三次多项式混沌判别定理,在广义同步中设计了伪随机数发生器和雪崩加密方案。文献[3]提出一种基于整数 logistic map 的伪随机数产生法和多维坐标法。文献[4]提出一种基于 Chua 电路的真随机数发生器的设计与实现。文献[5]研究了基于交叉耦合振荡器的高速物理随机数发生器。文献[6]提出了一种快速的物理随机数发生器。文献[7]提出了一种基于混沌信息熵的随机数发生器。
+
+本文利用著名的 Chua 电路[8]来产生混沌噪声源[9]信号,通过 A/D 转换器转换成数字信号。为了保证随机性和高速性,进一步用 m 序列扰动,组成了一个基于混沌的随机数信号发生器[10],来提供每次通信时的会话密钥,降低了实现的复杂度,提高了密码体制的安全性。
+
+## 1 混沌与噪声
+
+噪声过程反映了动力学系统中的一种复杂行为,动力学变量在这种过程中任意时刻的取值是随机的。混沌现象是指自然界客观存在的一种运动形式。对于混沌动力学系统,大范围的调节其参数的过程将呈现出各种周期性、拟周期性和非周期的运动。混沌运动是有规律的,在混沌运动过程的任意时刻,其物理量的取值一定。理论上,只要描述混沌系统的确定性方程满足解的存在与唯一性条件,并且假设能够完全精确地确定其初始条件,那么系统未来的状态就完全确定了。但事实上无法确保初始条件的取值是完全精确的,以致未来的状态也只能是有限的精度,因此混沌运动具有确定的内在随机性。
+
+
+
+**作者简介**: 赵耿(1964—),男,四川人,教授,主要研究方向:混沌密码理论及应用,计算机信息安全保密;
+殷岁(1991—),男,山西人,在读研究生,主要研究方向:混沌密码理论及应用,计算机信息安全保密。
+
+## 2 Chua 电路混沌信号发生器
+
+图1(a)所示为Chua电路,它由电阻、电感、电容和 Chua 氏二极管组成。图2.1(b)为 Chua氏非线性二极管等效电流-电压特性。
+
+Chua 混沌电路中令 $x = \frac{V_{C1}}{E}, y = \frac{V_{C2}}{E}, z = \frac{R_{i_L}}{E}, G = 1/R$, $\alpha = \frac{C_2}{C_1}$,
+
+其中,Vc1、Vc2 分别是 C1、C2 两端的电压。
+
+
+
+(a) Chua电路图
+
+
+
+(b) Chua二极管负阻特性曲线
+
+**图1 Chua 电路**
+
+令 $\beta = \frac{C_2 R^2}{L}$，$\dot{X} = F(X)$ 方程为
+
+$$
+\begin{cases}\dot{x} = \alpha [y - x - f(x)] \\\dot{y} = x - y - z \\\dot{z} = -\beta y
+\end{cases} \quad (1)
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{令式中: } X = \begin{bmatrix} x \\ y \\ z \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} x_1 \\ x_2 \\ x_3 \end{bmatrix} \\ F(X) = \begin{bmatrix} \alpha[x_2 - x_1 - f(x_1)] \\ x_1 - x_2 + x_3 \\ -\beta x_2 \end{bmatrix} \quad (2)
+$$
+
+$F(X)$ 是此混沌电路混沌方程。
+
+$$
+f(x) = nx + \frac{1}{2}(m-n)(|x+E| - |x-E|) \quad (3)
+$$
+
+其中, m=Gb, n=Ga。
+
+## 3 Chua 氏二极管负阻特性设计
+
+为了实现图1(b)的负阻特性[4][5], 使用两个运算放大器来实现负阻器件, 首先考虑一个运放的情况。
+
+
+
+**图2 负阻电原理图**
+
+设运算放大器为理想运算放大器, 则
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} V_o &= V_i - R_1 I \\ V_o &= V_i + V_i R_2 / R_3 \end{aligned} \quad (4)
+$$
+
+可得
+
+$$
+V_i = -(R_1 R_3 / R_2) I \quad (5)
+$$
+
+因此从运算放大器的两端看, 运算放大器具有负阻抗 $-R_1 R_3 / R_2$ 特性。当输入电压达到一定值后, 运算放大器饱和, 这时输出不再随输入电压变化。因此, 单放大器的 V-I 曲线如图 3 所示。
+
+
+
+**图3 负阻的 V-I 曲线**
+
+V-I关系包含三段,且中间段的斜率$K_1 = \frac{R_1R_3}{R_2}$,两侧段的斜率$K_0 = 1/R_1$
+
+假定运算放大器的零点电压0,且饱和值相等$|E_s^+| = |E_s^-| = E_s$,转折点出现在$\pm[R_3/R_2+R_3]$, $E_s$处,如果把图2所示的两个负阻器件并联。
+
+
+
+(a) 两个负阻器并联电路
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(b) 两个不同负阻器的V-I曲
+
+**图4 两个负阻器件并联**
+
+通过R11和R22的电流分别为$I_1$和$I_2$,则
+$I_1=f_1(V_i), I_2=f_2(V_i)$,可得
+
+$$
+I = f(V) = f_1(V_i) + f_2(V_i) \quad (6)
+$$
+
+因此两个并联的非线性压控负阻依然是非线性的压控器件。若选取不同的转折点为E1和E2,且$E1>E2$,由图4可得
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+Ga &= K_1^1 + K_1^2 \quad \text{V} < E2 \text{ or } V > -E2 \\
+Gb &= K_1^1 + K_0^2 \quad -E1 < V < E1 \quad (7) \\
+Gc &= K_0^1 + K_0^2 \quad \text{V} > E1 \text{ or } V < -E2
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+其特征曲线如图1(b)所示。两个负阻抗转换器实现了一个5段线性的负阻抗器件。可以通过先确定式(3-7)的各个量的值的大小,回过来确定各个电阻的大小。
+
+## 4 混沌噪声源
+
+Chua 电路产生的混沌信号要作为密钥还需转换成数据信号,同时为了提高混沌信号的变化速率以适应高速通信要求和保证良好的随机性,需采用进一步扰动的方法,在设计中采用了m序列扰动技术。如图5所示。产生的混沌信号通过跟随器保证不会受负载电路影响,由于得到的信号是小信号,需要放大电压以满足A/D转换器需求,然后通过m序列扰动来提高速率,以达到高速产生随机性序列的目的。
+
+m序列是一个线性反馈移位寄存器组(LF-SR),设{$x_i$}是0-1序列。0,1两个数对于模2加和普通数乘构成一个域,这个域用GF(2)表示,图6是线性反馈移位寄存器的流程图。
+
+
+
+**图5 混沌噪声源**
+
+图中标有$a_1, a_2, a_3, \dots, a_{n-1}, a_n$的方块表示二值(0,1)存储单元,用双稳触发器构成,这个二值存储单元称为该反馈移位寄存器的级。在任意时刻,这些级的内容构成该反馈移位寄存器的状态。这个反馈移位寄存器的状态对应于一个GF(2)上的n维向量,共有$2^n$种可能的状态。
+
+若反馈函数$f(a_1, a_2, \dots, a_n) = c_n a_1 \oplus c_{n-1} a_2 \oplus \dots \oplus c_1 a_n$,这个线性反馈函数是$a_1, a_2, a_3, \dots, a_{n-1}, a_n$的线性函数,这样的线性函数有$2^n$种,而n元布尔函数有$2^{2^n}$种,我们取$n=130$位,A/D采样13次,用高速时钟(80MHz)作移位运算,通过Protel DXP 仿真测试,输出速率可达2MHz, 已经是一个很满意的速率。
+
+
+
+**图6 n级线性反馈移位寄存器**
+
+## 5 仿真实验
+
+通过上述理论设计混沌信号发生器的具体电路(如图7),右边两个运放是Chua 基本电路, 左边有一个18mH的电感,是一个封闭的自震荡电路,在A处即可获得所要的混沌信号。在Protel DXP上,对Chua电路,m序列扰乱分别进行仿真,该电路达到了设计目的,Chua电路可用固定的动力学方程描述,其输出信号的宽带特性和进一步扰乱使其可在很高的输出工作频率上随机输出数字信号。通过m-序列与产生的混沌序列做乘法运算,这样能达到提高速率的目的。
+
+
+
+
+
+**图7 混沌信号发生器的具体电路**
+
+由仿真可以看出,R7在2KΩ左右时,输出电压信号波形最接近噪声,如图8所示。同时由于计算机的仿真是完全理想状,因此电压的幅值很小。但是在实际元器件中,输出电压幅值在15毫伏左右。将跟随放大后的模拟信号通过模数转换,由于使用的是8-bit的模数转换芯片,因此经过并串转换电路才能得到噪声源电路的输出比特流。最后,使用m-序列对该输出流进行切割,相当于用 m-序列跟输出流进行乘法运算,可得到高速的随机输出序列。本文只给出了经过 m-序列扰乱后的仿真图(如图9、10)。
+
+
+
+**图8 R7=2kΩ时,输出电压的时间信号**
+
+
+图9是R7=2kΩ时,Vc1-Vc2平面内双卷形吸引子,是一种很典型的混沌吸引子,很稳定,表明混沌特性很好。
+
+
+
+**图9 R7=2kΩ时,Vc1-Vc2平面内双卷形吸引子**
+
+
+
+**图10 经m-序列扰乱后输出**
+
+图10是经过m-序列扰乱后得到的最终随机序列,从上到下依次是混沌数字波形、m-序列输出波形、发生器最终输出波形,从图中可以大体观测下随机性。
+
+由图10可见,输出是无规则的噪声信号。
+
+## 6 结束语
+
+本文设计了一种基于 Chua 混沌电路的真随机数发生器,它具有电路设计简单、产生随机序列随机性强等特点。随机性测试结果显示,所产生的随机序列具有均匀性好、随机性强、不可重复性、速度快等特点。可以广泛应用于数据加密等信息安全领域。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1] 闵乐泉,韩丹丹.流加密雪崩效应新方案和比特串伪随机数发生器研究[C]//中国密码学会2015年混沌保密通信专委会第一届学术会议论文集,2015:198-208.
+
+[2] 杨秀平,闵乐泉,王雪.基于三次多项式混沌判别定理在广义同步中的应用设计伪随机数发生器和雪崩加密方案[C]//中国密码学会2015年混沌保密通信专委会第一届学术会议论文集,2015:347-354.
+
+[3] 董际国,宋寒松.基于整数 logistic map 的伪随机数产生法和多维坐标法[C]//中国密码学会2015年混沌保密通信专委会第一届学术会议论文集,2015:527-529.
+
+[4] 郭魁,陈迎亚,刘亦群,等.基于Chua电路的真随机数发生器的设计与实现[C]//中国密码学会2015年混沌保密通信专委会第一届学术会议论文集,215:533-537.
+
+[5] 马荔,张建国,张琪琪,等.基于交叉耦合振荡器的告诉物理随机数发生器[C]//中国密码学会2016年混沌保密通信专委会第一届学术会议论文集,211:74-177.
+
+[6] WANG An-bang, WANG Longsheng, WANG Yuncai. Fast Physical Random Number Generation with Minimal-postprocessing Using Optical Heterodyne Chaos [C]//中国密码学会2016年混沌保密通信专委会第一届学术会议论文集,2016:84-188.
+
+[7] TANG Xi, WU Zhengmao, WU Jiagui, et al. Tbits/s Physical Random Bit Generation Based on Mutually Coupled Semiconductor Laser Chaotic Entropy Source [C]//中国密码学会2016年混沌保密通信专委会第一届学术会议论文集, 2016:189-192.
+
+[8] 朱雷,包伯成,卜沛霞,等.蔡氏电路的实验制作[J]. 电气电子教学学报,2011,33(2): 78-80,84.
+
+[9] 王志刚. 基于混沌的噪声源研究与设计实现[D].西安:西安电子科技大学,2009.
+
+[10] 赵岩,陈岚. 基于电力线信道噪声的真随机数发生器的设计[J]. 电视技术,2014,38(7):164-167.
+
+# Analysis and Design of a Novel Noise Source
+
+**Zhao Geng Yin Sui Tian Yulu**
+
+Beijing Electronic Science and Technology Institute, Beijing 100070, China
+
+**Abstract**: This paper analyzes the requirements of random sequence in terms of period, speed and randomness in the actual encryption process. According to the analysis, we propose a novel source which based on Chua circuit, and design a really random sequence generator with it. Then by simulation and testing, we verified that the random sequence produced by this system has characteristics of fast-speeding, strong-randomness, and can be widely applied in the field of information security, data encryption..
+
+**Keywords**: Chaos; Noise source; Chua Circuit
+
+(责任编辑:鞠 磊)
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+# 自贸协定对山东省农产品出口的影响分析
+
+李晴晴,宋心亮
+
+(河北经贸大学 经济学院, 石家庄 050061)
+
+
+
+**摘要:** 在全球经济一体化的浪潮下,自由贸易协定的签署已经成为推动国家间贸易合作与发展的重要手段。近年来,中国政府不断地推动全球化的进展,与多个国家和地区签署了自由贸易协定(FTA),这些协定的签署不仅促进了中国与世界各国的经贸合作与发展,也为我国农产品进出口打开了新的渠道。作为中国的农业大省——山东以其优越的自然条件和丰富多样的农业资源,为我国农产品的出口提供了坚实基础。随着自贸协定的生效,对山东省的农产品出口带来了双重影响,若能因势利导,必将推进农业产业体系的进一步优化完善。
+
+**关键词:** 自贸协定;山东农产品;贸易壁垒;贸易自由化
+
+**中图分类号:** F746.12 **文献标识码: A**
+
+**文章编号: 1005-913X(2025)07-0103-04**
+
+
+
+## 一、山东省农产品出口优势明显
+
+### (一)自贸协定的概念
+
+自由贸易协定是两国或多国间为了促进贸易自由化、消除贸易壁垒而签订的一种具有法律约束力的契约。这种协定通常涵盖了商品、服务、投资等多个领域,旨在通过降低关税、取消非关税壁垒、增强知识产权保护等措施,为缔约方之间的贸易往来创造更加便利和公平的环境。简而言之,自由贸易协定是推动国际贸易自由化、便利化的重要工具。
+
+### (二)山东农业贸易概况及农产品出口现状
+
+山东省的农产品出口为我国的农产品出口贡献占比较大,山东省作为我国的农业大省,不仅农产品种类多且产量大,由于山东省的地形大多都为平原加上气候因素,农产品质量优良。因此在中国签订自贸协定后分析其对山东省农产品出口贸易的影响,有利于调整农产品品类生产占比进而在推进其农产品转型升级等方面都具有重要的意义。
+
+根据最新的海关部门发布的统计数据,山东省的农产品出口贸易总额在2024年第一季度就高达374.4亿元,同比增长13.2%,继续稳坐全国农产品出口的头把交椅。
+
+## 二、自贸协定概述及背景
+
+### (一)中国自贸协定的现状及特点
+
+2023年,自贸协定谈判和签署创造新的历史纪录,新签协定达到4个。2024年7月1日,中国——塞尔维亚自由贸易协定正式生效。这是我国与中东欧国家签署的第一个自贸协定,也是我国对外签署的第22个自贸协定。自由贸易协定生效后产生的贸易额占中国对外贸易总额的三分之一左右。自贸协定是推进协约国贸易合作、加快经济一体化进展、消除贸易壁垒的重要举措,具有法律约束力,并且和WTO等多边贸易体制相辅相成,对推动经济增长具有积极作用。
+
+自2023年RCEP正式实施以来,我国已初步形成了共享红利、共促发展的区域合作新局面,推动区域经济进入高质量发展新阶段。
+
+自贸协定是具有法律约束力的契约,一旦签署,各成员国即需严格遵守其中的条款和规定。其核心目标之一是促进经济一体化,通过减少或消除关税、贸易配额和优先级别等贸易壁垒,加强成员国之间的经济合作,使商品和服务能在成员国间更自由地流通。值得注意的是,尽管自贸协定在成员国内部实现了自由贸易,但通常并不设立共同对外关税。此外,自贸协定与以WTO为代表的多边贸易体制相辅相成,既可在WTO框架下作为最惠国待遇原则的例外存在,又不得提高区域对外贸易障碍。自贸协定的建立对于降低贸易双方的交易成本、刺激贸易需求增长、推动国家间产业分工的合理化以及经济增长均具有重要意义。
+
+
+
+**收稿日期:** 2024-08-15
+
+**作者简介:** 李晴晴(2001-),女,山东德州人,硕士研究生,研究方向:跨国经营与投资管理;宋心亮(2001-),男,河北邢台人,硕士研究生,研究方向:跨国经营与投资管理。
+
+### (二)自贸协定与农产品贸易的关系
+自贸协定与农产品贸易的关系密切,主要体现在以下几个方面:
+
+#### 1.促进农产品贸易自由化
+
+自贸协定的核心目标之一是消除贸易壁垒,这同样适用于农产品贸易。通过自贸协定,各国可以减少或消除对农产品的关税和非关税壁垒,使得农产品在国家间能够更加自由地流动。
+
+其路径之一是分阶段削减出口补贴与国内支持政策。在自贸协定的谈判过程中,各国会就降低农产品贸易壁垒、分阶段削减出口补贴与国内支持政策等议题进行协商,以实现农产品贸易的自由化。
+
+#### 2.推动农产品贸易增长
+
+互相给予贸易便利。自贸协定的签署为农产品贸易提供了更多的机会。例如,中国与东盟签署的《货物贸易协议》就使得双方降低了农产品关税,从而促进了双方农产品贸易的增长。
+
+提高市场准入。自贸协定通常包含市场准入条款,允许成员国的产品更容易进入对方市场。对于农产品来说,这意味着更多的农产品可以进入国际市场,从而增加出口量。
+
+#### 3.提升农产品国际竞争力
+
+自贸协定的签署促使各国根据市场需求调整农业生产结构,生产更具竞争力的农产品。同时,各国还会提高农业生产技术和管理水平,以提升农产品质量和附加值。自贸协定鼓励各国加强农产品品牌建设,打响农产品的知名度和美誉度。通过品牌建设,农产品可以更好地满足市场需求,提高国际竞争力。
+
+#### 4.促进区域经济一体化
+
+自贸协定的签署加深了区域内各成员国之间的经济合作,促进了区域经济一体化。在农产品贸易方面,各成员国可以共同制定贸易规则和标准,加强农产品质量监管和认证合作,推动农产品贸易的规范化发展。自贸协定的签署使得区域内各成员国形成了一个统一的市场,市场规模的扩大为农产品贸易提供了更多的发展机会。同时,区域内各成员国还可以通过优化资源配置和产业结构调整等方式,实现农产品的互补和共赢。
+
+## 三、RCEP 情境下山东农产品的出口现状
+
+### (一)农产品出口以水海产品和蔬菜为主
+
+2024年一季度的数据显示:水产品、蔬菜及食用菌和干鲜瓜果及坚果仍为山东省的重点出口商品。[1]山东的农产品出口结构呈现出多元化和高质量的特点。其中,蔬菜及食用菌的出口额达到了100.8亿元,同比增长33.4%,占山东省农产品出口总值的26.9%,成为拉动农产品出口增长的重要力量。同时,水产品出口额达到68.9亿元,占比18.4%;干鲜瓜果及坚果出口额22.5亿元,占比6%,这些产品的稳定出口也为山东省农产品出口作出了积极贡献。与日、韩、东盟等RCEP域内国家是重要的农产品贸易伙伴。为全面用好RCEP带来的开放与合作机遇,持续扩大全省农产品出口优势,让山东农产品更好“走出去”。
+
+### (二)农产品产地布局聚焦鲁东沿海
+
+山东省的农产品生产核心区域显著集中于其东部沿海地区,这一地区凭借其得天独厚的地理位置,成为山东省农产品进出口贸易的重要支柱。紧邻海洋的区位优势,不仅促进了海上运输的便捷性,还极大地推动了该地区与全球市场的紧密联系。沿海地区市场的高度活跃与开放特性,使得山东能够迅速接纳多样化的文化和商业模式,从而在国际农产品出口领域占据领先地位,引领行业发展潮流。
+
+### (三)出口市场版图以亚洲为中心,多元化拓展
+
+在“鲁贸全球”战略推动下,山东省农产品出口市场布局正加速优化。亚洲市场继续稳固其作为山东省农产品出口主阵地的地位,2024年第一季度出口值实现显著增长,达到13.9%,贡献了全省农产品出口总额的60.4%。同时,山东农产品出口展现出强劲的多元化趋势,对欧美市场的出口保持稳定增长,一季度内对欧盟和美国出口分别实现了8.9%和7.3%的增长。此外,山东还积极开拓拉丁美洲和非洲等新兴市场,一季度在这两个区域的出口分别激增32.1%和23.5%,进一步拓宽了国际市场的“朋友圈”,增强了全球市场的竞争力与影响力。
+
+## 四、自贸协定对山东农产品出口的影响
+
+### (一)关税减让刺激出口
+
+自贸协定的关税减让,会大大增加山东的农产品出口,加快资本、技术、人才要素的国际流动,双方实现优势互补且有利于农产品产业合力。这无疑会让山东省对RCEP成员国的农产品出口更进一步,加速进入成员国的市场。[2]
+
+### (二)优化山东省农业的出口结构
+
+山东目前出口的农产品主要以蔬菜、水果和水产品这三类初级产品为主,而其他农产品出口所占比重较小,所以山东省既要做好稳定当前主要农产品出口的工作,又要努力做到进一步宣传挖掘其他品种农产品,寻找与这些产品相适应的新兴市场,努力实现多种农产品互为补充、共同发展的格局。并且在开发新兴市场的同时,也要对各个国家的市场需求以及出口当地的法律法规进行进一步的研究,获取竞争优势从而达到完善出口结构的目的。[3]
+
+### (三)提升山东省农产品出口的竞争力
+
+随着我国农产品出口的增加,对进口国的农产品造成了一定的影响,为此对我国出口的农产品提出并制定了严格的标准及要求。为了占据出口市场,山东省的农产品生产要提升技术含量以达到进口国的标准,这也使得山东省的农业产业不断以转型升级来稳定农产品的价格优势,提升山东农产品的品牌影响力。
+
+### (四)占领更多的市场份额
+
+自贸协定的签署和生效为山东农产品占有更多的市场份额提供了强大的动力。这些协定不仅降低了关税和非关税壁垒,使得山东农产品能够更顺利地进入国际市场,而且也为山东农产品在竞争激烈的国际市场中脱颖而出创造了有利条件,这将使山东农产品在国际市场上更具竞争力,进一步占领市场份额。同时,自贸协定还带来了更广阔的市场空间。随着自贸协定的签署,山东农产品可以进入更多的国家和地区,接触到更多的潜在消费者。这将为山东农产品提供更多的销售机会,同时也能够降低对单一市场的依赖,降低市场风险。关税的减让使得山东省的农产品出口更具优势。
+
+### (五)RCEP 非关税壁垒及歧视性政策的制约
+
+企业农产品出口成本提高,国际竞争力下降。技术性贸易壁垒导致山东农产品出口企业面临复杂的检验检疫手续,增加时间成本和保鲜成本,同时技术改进和质量提升周期长、成本高,影响市场进入时机,降低企业利润和农产品国际竞争力。
+
+损害山东省出口农产品品牌形象,技术性贸易壁垒导致山东农产品品牌声誉受损,面临国际市场的抵制,如日本为山东生产的268批水果建立了农药检测系统,因技术性贸易壁垒被退货,不仅影响了山东的农产品出口量,还严重损害品牌形象。
+
+## 五、自贸协定下山东农产品出口面临的挑战与对策
+
+### (一)RCEP框架下山东省农产品出口面临的挑战
+
+#### 1.水产品出口在日本受限,关税减让空间待挖掘
+
+山东省农产品在日本的市场具有竞争优势,因此受到日本严格的贸易保护的威胁。RCEP政策的降税安排中,日本农产品降税力度小,约44%的农产品未对中国开放降税,包括山东优势水产品如鸡胸肉制品、鱼块及墨鱼、鱿鱼等均未获关税优惠。
+
+#### 2.日韩农产品出口物流潜力未充分发挥
+
+山东作为对日韩海运航线密集区,拥有“中日韩陆海联运40小时快线”独特优势,然而,该通道在促进农产品出口方面的潜力尚未被充分开发利用。
+
+#### 3.高质量“双循环”产业链供应链布局不足
+
+RCEP 十年内逐步取消关税的背景下,山东农产品企业需要前瞻布局,融入国内外市场,构建高效供应链,以把握消费升级机遇,实现高质量发展,但在这一方面,当前布局尚显不足。
+
+### (二)RCEP框架下山东农产品出口促进策略
+
+#### 1.推动中日关税减让
+
+强化远洋渔业优势,推进中日水产品关税减让,特别是对日鱿鱼出口减税,提升国际市场竞争力。山东作为远洋渔业与鱿鱼的出口重镇,应利用RCEP契机,深化与日本的关税合作,促进产业升级。
+
+#### 2.打造山东农产品的国际销售渠道
+
+要利用山东对日韩的海上贸易便利通道优势,借助于RCEP政策,打造“面向日韩、辐射全球”的农产品进出口跨境贸易通道,[4]打造农产品进出口黄金通道,增强区域辐射力,吸引更多企业参与。
+
+#### 3.优化农产品产业链
+
+预判RCEP进口水产品减税趋势,引导山东农产品企业前瞻布局,构建双循环产业链供应链,利用进口水产品减税契机,优化资源配置,促进优进优出。
+
+#### 4.打造农产品品牌优势
+
+加强农产品出口品牌培育。严查严管剧毒农药和违禁物品添加。推动产学研合作,大力发展技术含量高、附加值高的精深加工农产品。推动建立共同标准和国际认证,在国际市场上打响山东预制菜产业品牌。[5]
+
+建议在深入实施“三品一标”提升行动和“品牌强农”战略的基础上,推出具有国际竞争力的山东农产品整体品牌形象,引领山东企业“抱团出海”,加大品牌创建力度,做好品牌运营,实现品牌溢价。[6]针对山东农产品进出口特点,建立专业化、标准化的“山东RCEP研究体系”,含省级中心及分中心,为中小微企业提供精准指导与服务,应对复杂多变的国际贸易环境,抢占RCEP政策研究与应用高地。
+
+在当前贸易保护主义与单边主义加剧的国际背景下,RCEP协定的实施使得山东农产品进出口贸易面临着复杂多变的挑战与机遇。作为农产品贸易的重要参与者,中国与RCEP成员国如东盟、澳大利亚、新西兰的竞争尤为激烈。在此背景下,山东农产品出口呈现分化趋势:降税清单内的冷冻及盐渍蔬菜等产品将享受零关税待遇,促进对日出口优势放大;而清单外产品则面临税负劣势,需直面竞争国成本下降的冲击。
+
+为应对此局面,精准分析RCEP协定下的关税减让、原产地累积、贸易便利化等条款成为关键。建议山东组建RCEP研究中心,涵盖专家与区域专业团队,采取分区策略,如潍坊专注蔬菜、荣成聚焦水产品,形成政府多部门联动、企业深度参与的研究体系。通过构建“学习型企业”与“研究型企业”,不仅精通政策、擅长策略布局,还能为全国树立RCEP政策研究的山东典范,推动山东乃至全国在高质量开放道路上迈出坚实步伐。
+
+## 六、结论
+
+自贸协定的生效对山东农产品出口贸易产生了积极的影响。首先,它显著促进了山东农产品出口的增长,通过降低关税和消除非关税壁垒,为山东农产品打开了更广阔的国际市场,使得山东农产品能够更顺畅地与全球农产品竞争,从而提高了出口量和国际市场份额。其次,自贸协定还优化了山东农产品的出口结构,推动深加工、高附加值农产品的出口比重上升,并促使出口市场向多元化发展,包括巩固传统市场和积极开拓新兴市场。再次,自贸协定还提高了山东农产品的国际竞争力,通过激烈的国际竞争环境,促使农业生产企业和农户不断提升产品质量、降低成本、加强品牌建设等,同时也推动了山东农业技术的创新和发展。最后,自贸协定的签署还促进了山东农业产业的升级和发展,通过引入国外先进的农业技术和管理经验,推动了农业产业在品种改良、种植技术、加工技术等方面的显著进步,并推动了农业产业链的延伸和拓展,形成了更加完善的农业产业体系。
+
+
+
+## 参考文献：
+
+[1] 徐凯馨.RCEP技术性贸易壁垒对山东省农产品出口贸易的影响研究[J].中国商论,2023(12):56-59.
+[2] 陈长英.中国—韩国自贸区建立对山东省农产品出口的影响[J].现代管理,2020(2):181-187.
+[3] 肖文睿,陈秋锋.绿色贸易壁垒对山东农产品出口的影响研究[J].国际商务财会,2023(11):79-83.
+[4] 宋洁.山东省农产品出口竞争力提升策略研究[J].全国流通经济,2023(22):52-55.
+[5] 宋晓雨,陈琛,张珊.用足用好RCEP政策推动山东农业更高水平对外开放[N].联合日报,2022-08-26(02).
+[6] 陈秋玲.RCEP背景下山东省农产品扩大出口策略研究[J].南方农机,2023(3):43-45.
+
+[责任编辑:张雅安]
+
+
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@@ -0,0 +1,278 @@
+# 2024 天津市时政汇总
+
+
+
+
+
+粉笔公考·官方微信
+
+## 目录
+2024年天津市时政汇总...1
+ Part1：2024年11月重要时政...1
+ Part2：2024年10月重要时政...3
+ Part3：2024年9月重要时政...4
+ Part4：2024年8月重要时政...7
+ Part5：2024年7月重要时政...10
+ Part6：2024年6月重要时政...13
+ Part7：2024年5月重要时政...15
+ Part8：2024年4月重要时政...17
+ Part9：2024年3月重要时政...18
+ Part10：2024年2月重要时政...20
+ Part11：2024年1月重要时政...22
+
+## 2024年天津市时政汇总
+
+### Part1：2024年11月重要时政
+
+1. 11月30日,中石油(天津)燃料油有限责任公司(简称中石油天津燃料油公司)在天津港欧亚国际集装箱码头完成对国际航行船舶“WANHAI 359”号的保税燃料油加注, 标志着北方地区首单国际航行船舶保税燃料油加注业务在津完成,首单加注量达1248吨。
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+2. 11月29日,2024数字物流大会在天津召开。全国2000余位物流行业人士齐聚天津, 共话数字物流新技术、新模式、新业态。物流是实体经济的“筋络”,连接生产和消费、内贸和外贸,是延伸产业链、提升价值链、打造供应链的重要支撑。
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+3. 11月27日,第十二届(2024)中国商业保理行业峰会暨第十一届于家堡保理论坛在滨海新区天津经开区开幕。作为商业保理行业最具影响力、规模最大的年度盛会,本次峰会迎来了全国各地的商业保理企业及相关机构代表近500人参会。
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+4. 在11月22日举行的2024年世界职业技术教育发展大会闭幕式上,备受瞩目的世界职业教育大奖揭晓,此次大奖颁发给3个在全球职业教育领域作出卓越贡献的代表性个人和机构。其中,**鲁班工坊**上榜获殊荣。世界职业教育大奖由世界职业技术教育发展联盟设立,是我国设立的首个面向全球职业教育的大奖,表彰全球范围内对职业教育发展有重大贡献的个人与团队。本次首届大奖的获奖者包括来自澳大利亚的职业教育专家马丁·赖尔登、非洲技术与应用型大学与学院协会以及中国的鲁班工坊项目。中国鲁班工坊项目作为由天津首创的国际职业教育品牌,已在全球30个国家和地区设立并运营,推动青年技能培养和职业培训。
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+5. 11月21日,从国家超级计算天津中心传来好消息。根据2024年11月最新公布的Graph500 全球排名,**“天河”新一代超级计算机**以能效比6320.24MTEPS/W再次斩获 Big Data Green Graph500(**大数据图计算能效**)榜单**世界第一**。这已经不是“天河”超算第一次在该领域夺冠。在2021年7月发布的Graph500排名中,“天河”超算就曾获此殊荣。
+
+6. 11月21日晚,2024年世界职业院校技能大赛总决赛正式开赛,五支来自不同国家的顶尖职业院校队伍齐聚一堂。来自天津轻工职业技术学院的“生产单元数字化改造”项目最终获得本次大赛总决赛冠军。
+
+7. 2024年**世界职业技术教育发展大会**于11月20日至22日在天津举办。本次大会主题为：“创新赋能未来 技能塑造人生”。参会的外宾已超过600名，来自77个国家和地区。其中，作为2024年世界职业技术教育发展大会的重要成果，**世界职业技术教育发展联盟**11月21日在津成立。这是**首个由我国主导的世界职教合作组织机构**。来自全球五大洲43个国家和地区的高等院校、职业技术院校、行业企业以及教育组织等89个机构，成为联盟首批成员。
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+8. 11月15日，位于滨海新区的 SM 天津滨海城市广场屋顶分布式光伏发电项目正式启用。该项目利用SM广场自有停车楼屋顶建设光伏发电系统，采用“自发自用、余电上网”模式，总装机容量近6兆瓦，预计年均发电量超600万千瓦时，这也是全国商业单体最大光伏项目。
+
+9. 国务院国资委日前发布《国资国企社会责任蓝皮书（2024）》，我市泰达控股、轨道交通集团、水务集团、能源集团等4家企业社会责任案例入选《国资国企社会责任蓝皮书（2024）》优秀案例，入选数量位列全国省级国资委第一；能源集团、渤海证券、天津银行、天津农商银行、天津港集团、渤化集团、轨道交通集团、水务集团等8家集团入选“国有企业社会责任·先锋100指数（2024）”，入选数量位列全国省级国资委第四；天津港入选“国有企业上市公司ESG·先锋100指数（2024）”。
+
+10. 11月13日，中国石化在南港工业区正式投用了**国内首座冷热能互换站**。这座冷热能互换站年处理能力超过260万吨，也是我国首次实现LNG（液化天然气）接收站与周边大型石化产品生产装置之间能量耦合，每年可节省天然气1300万立方米、节电300万千瓦时。
+
+11. 日前，装载着8.8万吨铬矿的“繁荣”号货轮停靠天津港，经天津新港海关查验合格后，该批铬矿被提离码头。据统计，今年1至10月，天津口岸共进口金属矿及矿砂1.04亿吨，同比增长18%。其中，铬矿、锰矿进口量分别达1330.3万吨、1677.6万吨，均居全国首位。天津口岸已成为全国重要的**有色矿产品进境口岸**，进口矿产品以铬矿、铁矿石、锰矿为主，辐射京津冀、东北、西北等地企业。
+
+12. 11月9日，国家社科基金重大项目成果、“十四五”国家重点出版物出版规划项目、国家出版基金资助项目成果《从地中海到黄河——希腊化文明与丝绸之路》新书首发式在南开大学举行。该丛书由南开大学历史学院教授、南开大学丝路古代文明研究中心主任杨巨平总主编，中华书局出版，共计6卷、200余万字，是首部系统研究希腊化文明与丝绸之路关系的学术丛书。
+
+13. 11月6日，北大港湿地自然保护区工作人员在独流减河区域巡护时，发现国家一级重点保护野生动物——**白枕鹤**的大种群。白枕鹤又名红脸鹤、红面鹤，是大型涉禽，属于全球易危物种。相关资料显示,目前,全球白枕鹤数量为6500只左右,我国境内约有3700只。此次北大港湿地记录到的白枕鹤种群数量超过全国总量的五分之一,这一数字超越了2023年3月在七里海湿地观测到140只白枕鹤种群的记录。
+
+14. 11月1日,高校教育建筑遗产传承与发展论坛暨京津冀20世纪建筑遗产高校联盟研讨会在河北工业大学举办。会上,京津冀20世纪建筑遗产高校联盟成立并发出倡议,旨在促进京津冀高校产学研用一体化,建立推介中国20世纪建筑遗产的学术与学科体系,共筑20世纪建筑遗产学术高地,奋力书写文化遗产保护传承新篇章。
+
+### Part2: 2024年10月重要时政
+
+1. 10月30日,海洋石油工程股份有限公司天津智能制造基地二期工程投产,标志着我国首个海洋油气装备智能工厂全面建成,对加快发展海洋能源新质生产力具有重要意义。
+
+2. 日前,滨海新区知识产权法治文化主题公园在中新天津生态城揭牌,这是天津市首家以知识产权为主题的法治文化公园,该公园的建立将进一步强化公众知识产权保护意识,激发创新创造热情。
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+3. 近日,滨海新区茶淀玫瑰香葡萄入选中国绿色食品发展中心2024年第二批《中国农耕农品记忆索引名录》。
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+4. 近日,由我市专精特新企业— —天津昊野科技有限公司自主研发设计的首台(套)大功率千吨级无人潜航器动力系统,在国家水运监测装备产业计量测试中心完成测试并交付验收。该动力系统核心的泵喷推进器直径约2米,是目前全球已知最大的磁耦合泵喷推进器,其功率超百千瓦。针对此次研发的3项关键技术获评“国际首创”,其科学技术成果获评“国际先进”。
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+5. 10月24日,以“软件赋能产业变革,智能驱动数实结合”为主题的第二十六届中国国际软件博览会在天津拉开帷幕。本届软博会还设置了软件成果展,展陈面积达15000平方米,吸引了260余家知名企业参展,较去年增加约55%。
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+6. 2024第十七届中国邮轮产业发展大会(CCS17)由中国邮轮游艇游船产业联盟、中国交通运输协会邮轮游艇分会(CCYIA)主办,于10月17日-19日在天津滨海新区召开。本届邮轮产业发展大会以“构建邮轮新质生产力,谱写海洋强国新篇章”为主题,大会将聚焦畅通国内大循环、连通国内国际双循环,构建邮轮产业新质生产力和高质量发展。
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+7. 近日,装载着8.9万吨铬矿的“无限荣耀”号靠泊天津港,海关查验放行后,该批货物通过汽车被运往山西、河北等地。据统计,今年1至9月,天津口岸共进口铬矿砂及其精矿1211.4万吨,同比增加22%,进口量居全国首位。
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+8. 10月18日,2024海河国际消费论坛在津召开。本次论坛以“抓住政策新机遇 激发消费新动能”为主题,围绕消费新趋势、中国消费影响力等主题发表主旨演讲,开展圆桌对话。会上,商务部消费促进司发布了国际消费中心城市培育建设创新举措和优秀实践案例,“天津深入挖掘文体资源激发消费活力”“天津盘活用好存量资源拓展城市消费新空间”入选优秀实践案例。南开大学发布了《天津国际消费中心城市培育建设研究报告(2021—2024)》。
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+9. 10月15日,2024 **(第二十六届)中国国际矿业大会** 在天津开幕。大会以“共促矿业合作 共创美好未来”为主题,凝聚全球矿业合作共识,共促世界矿业繁荣发展。
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+10. 由国网天津市电力公司牵头,联合中国电科院、华北电力大学等共同完成的“静止同步串联补偿器(SSSC)关键技术、核心装备及工程应用”科技成果,日前获2024年度电力科学技术进步一等奖。这是国网天津电力时隔六年再次获得该奖项。电力科学技术奖是国家科技奖励工作改革后首批批准的26个社会力量设奖奖项之一,由中国电机工程学会和国家电网、南方电网等13家电力企业共同设立,是电力行业唯一具备推荐国家科技奖资格的科学技术奖。
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+11. 日前,由津企海洋石油工程股份有限公司(简称海油工程)承建的**我国首个深水高压气田“深海一号”二期天然气开发项目投产**,标志着我国完全攻克深水高压油气藏开发这一世界级难题,深水复杂油气资源开发能力跻身世界先进行列,对保障国家能源安全、提升我国深海资源开发整体水平具有重要意义。“深海一号”是我国首个自主勘探开发的超深水大气田,天然气探明地质储量超千亿立方米,二期项目天然气探明地质储量超500亿立方米、天然气高峰年产量超15亿立方米。
+
+### Part3: 2024年9月重要时政
+
+1. 日前,由天津地热勘查开发设计院与天津大学联合申报的“自然资源部天津中低温地热野外科学观测研究站”获得授牌。该站是自然资源部在中低温水热型地热资源领域批准的首个科技创新平台,也是我市首个获批的自然资源部野外科学观测研究站。
+2. 据天津海关统计,今年1至8月,我市出口自行车总值超40.18亿元,同比增长8.83%,占全国出口总值的31.3%,出口量和出口值均居全国首位。
+3. 9月24日,**全球首座移动式注热平台——“热采一号”** 出坞下水。该平台由津企中
+海油能源发展股份有限公司工程技术分公司研发建造,标志着我国海上稠油热采关键核心技术取得重大突破,为规模化、高效化撬动海上稠油资源开辟新路径,对保障国家能源安全具有重要意义。据介绍,“热采一号”是由我国自主设计建造的国内首个海上移动式试采平台“海洋石油162”升级改造而成。
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+4. 9月24日,在市住房城乡建设委指导下,天津市智能建造产业联盟成立大会在中铁十八局集团有限公司成功举行。会上,天津市智能建造产业联盟正式揭牌成立。作为全国首批智能建造试点城市,我市积极发挥特色优势,将发展智能建造作为推进新型城市建设、全面提升城市品质的重要举措,促进工业化、数字化、绿色化转型升级,加快发展建筑业新质生产力。
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+5. 日前,“数字经济海河论坛(2024)——数字赋能文化繁荣”在津举办。国内相关领域知名专家学者、企业代表齐聚一堂,围绕文旅数字化、AI赋能文化事业和文化产业创新发展等议题展开高层次学术研讨。会上,成立了天津市数字文旅产业研究院。
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+6. 9月19日,由津企海洋石油工程股份有限公司承建的我国首个深水油田二次开发项目——流花11-1/4-1油田二次开发项目投产,标志着我国成功开创深水油田经济高效开发的新模式,全类型深水油气装备的设计、建造和安装能力达世界先进水平,对保障国家能源安全、加快培育海洋能源新质生产力具有重要意义。据介绍,**流花11-1油田是我国第一个深水油田**,1996年3月建成投产。流花11-1油田与流花4-1油田联合开发,迎来了二次开发的机遇。
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+7. 9月19日,由天津泰达产业发展集团有限公司旗下全资子公司天津泰达科技工业园有限公司为原始权益人的博时津开科工产业园封闭式基础设施证券投资基金,正式登陆上海证券交易所。这是我市首单基础设施公募REITs(封闭式基础设施证券投资基金)项目,标志着我市在资本市场实现又一重要突破。
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+8. 当地时间9月15日晚,第47届世界技能大赛在法国里昂闭幕。中国代表团在本次大赛中表现十分出色,在全部59个项目中,共获得了36枚金牌、9枚银牌、4枚铜牌和8个优胜奖,金牌榜、奖牌榜和团体总分居首。其中,天津市电子信息技师学院学生李宏宇凭借出色表现,在信息网络布线项目中脱颖而出,为中国代表团赢得了一枚宝贵的金牌。这枚金牌也是该院自参加第42届世界技能大赛以来,荣获的第6枚世界技能大赛奖牌。
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+9. 15日,来自全球的近千位摩擦学专家学者会聚天津,参加由中国机械工程学会摩擦学分会主办、清华大学天津高端装备研究院承办的第七届亚洲国际摩擦学大会暨第九届中国国际摩擦学大会。这是我市首次承办该项会议。
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+10. 2024 中国文化旅游产业博览会,将是市场化程度高、国际化程度显著提升的大会。其间,全球旅行者(天津)大会将如期举行。全球旅行者大会主题为“世界正津彩”,由携程集团和 Tripadvisor(猫途鹰)主办,于9月13日在天津万豪酒店举办,旨在积极拥抱入境游市场复苏,抢抓时机吸引更多海外客源来到天津。
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+11. 9月12日,2024年国际邮轮大规模综合应急演习在天津国际邮轮母港举行。本次演习是今年以来全国规模最大的一次国际邮轮搜寻救助综合实战演练,实现了多个“全国首次”的突破————首次将AI技术应用于搜寻救助;首次使用磁吸北斗定位装置实时跟踪集装箱;首次将无人机应用于邮轮探火作业,为全国应对邮轮重特大海上突发事件提供借鉴。
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+12. 从中国海油天津分公司获悉,9月11日,我国海上最大油田————渤海油田所辖渤南油田群累计生产油气突破1亿吨大关,对保障国家能源安全具有重要意义。渤南油田群位于渤海南部海域,累计探明石油地质储量超10亿吨。自1989年第一个油田投产以来,共建成14个在生产油气田,目前拥有54座海上平台、超1000口开发井,日产油气当量27500吨,是渤海油田的主力产区。
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+13. 9月11日,“2024中国企业500强”名单在2024中国500强企业高峰论坛全体大会上发布,这是中国企业联合会、中国企业家协会连续第23次发布中国企业500强名单。天津荣程祥泰投资控股集团有限公司、云账户技术(天津)有限公司、天津泰达投资控股有限公司、天津友发钢管集团股份有限公司、渤海银行股份有限公司、天津渤海化工集团有限责任公司、天津华北集团有限公司进入榜单,上榜企业共7家,比去年增加1家。
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+14. 在9月10日由中国企业联合会、中国企业家协会指导,京津冀三地企业联合会、企业家协会联合主办的“2024京津冀百强企业、天津企业百强发布会暨数智赋能管理创新专题论坛”上,发布了2024天津企业百强榜单,百强企业营业收入合计32801亿元,同比上升5.65%,连续5年保持增长态势,其中22家企业营业收入同比增长10%。进入百强榜单的入围门槛为年营业收入74亿元,与去年基本持平。榜单中,营业收入超100亿元以上的企业有83家,500亿元以上的企业有18家,其中营业收入超1000亿元以上的企业有6家,比上年增加2家,分别为中国石化销售股份有限公司华北分公司、天津市新天钢钢铁集团、中海石油天津分公司、天津荣程祥泰投资控股集团、一汽丰田汽车有限公司、云账户技术(天津)有限公司。
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+15. 9月10日,2024中国500强企业高峰论坛在津启幕。在京津冀企业200强等3个榜单中,北京入围企业188家,占比31.3%;河北入围企业222家,占37%。其中,北京市服务业企业以72家占据榜首,天津66家居第2;河北省制造业企业以89家占据榜首,天津64家居第2。
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+16. 9月9日,国家天然气基础设施互联互通重点工程——国家管网集团天津LNG(液化天然气)二期项目投产,标志着天津LNG正式迈入千万吨级LNG接收站行列,增强了华北及周边地区天然气供应和应急调峰能力。
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+17. 从中国海油天津分公司获悉,9月9日,我国海上最老油田——埕北油田日产原油达3000立方米,创历史最高产量,书写了老油田持续稳产增产的“神话”,为渤海油田高质量推进海洋油气开发、保障我国能源安全作出重要贡献。**埕北油田**位于渤海西南部,是目前海上在生产的最老油田,也是中国海域第一个完全按照国际规范、标准建设的现代化油田,以及我国海上第一个开展对外合作的油田。自1985年投产至今,埕北油田始终坚持稳产“不掉队”,累计生产原油超过1400万立方米。
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+18. 日前,国家数据局发布了首批50个数字中国建设典型案例。其中,由市数据局推荐的中新天津生态城《智慧城市大脑“双管双放”模式》案例成功入选。
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+19. 日前,我国首艘集成式全电驱大型压裂船——海洋石油696完成压裂设备验收,这也是压裂船建造的重要节点,标志着我国海上油田压裂装备制造进入新阶段。海洋石油696船长99.8米、型宽22米、型深9.9米,内部配备了供液、混配、混砂等一系列压裂装备,具有高度集成化、智能化、高排量等性能,可实现海上高效规模化压裂作业,填补我国海上油田压裂技术和工程领域的空白。
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+20. 从中国海油天津分公司获悉,9月3日,渤海油田原油日产突破10万吨大关,创油田开发建设近60年来历史最高水平,对保障国家能源安全、推动国民经济发展、满足人民生活需要具有重要意义。渤海油田始建于1965年,是我国海洋石油工业的发源地,也是中国海域目前产量最高、规模最大、效益最好的主力油田,已建成50余个在生产油气田、200余座生产设施,累产油气当量超过5亿吨。
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+21. 从市农业农村委获悉,天津室内冰雪世界项目9月2日正式签约,我市将在滨海新区建设一座超大规模室内滑雪场,天津人在家门口就能实现“全年冰雪运动自由”。据了解,项目选址滨海新区汉沽长芦盐场,计划总投资25亿元,建成后将成为全国排名前3的超大规模雪场,可同时容纳6000—8000人滑雪及游乐。
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+### Part4: 2024年8月重要时政
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+1. 8月30日,天津港保税区企业天津凯普林光电科技有限公司(简称凯普林)正式发布全球首台20万瓦超高功率工业级光纤激光器,刷新了全球工业级光纤激光器的最高功率纪录,也标志着中国在该领域已稳居国际先进行列。据了解,凯普林20万瓦产品的关键技术具有自主知识产权,获授权发明专利12项、实用新型专利11项、外观专利1项。
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+2. 8月30日,中国海油体量最大、自动化程度最高的立体岩心库在滨海新区投入使用,预计容纳26万米岩心,可满足100人同时在线高效观察和取样。岩心是地质学中的重要概念,指的是在地质钻探过程中取得的圆柱状岩石样品,对了解地下地质结构和矿产情况具有重要作用。该岩心库引进了高分辨率岩心图像扫描系统和岩石薄片全幅面数字化采集系统,能全方位精细探查岩石样品,还可在同一操作界面调取钻井的测录井资料、岩心壁心图片及化验分析报告,为科研人员提供信息支撑。
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+3. 8月29日,“ESG中国·京津冀国有企业社会责任发布会”在雄安新区举办,京津冀三地首次联合发布国有企业社会责任蓝皮书。《天津国资国企社会责任蓝皮书(2024)》在会上发布。这是我市国资委自2023年以来第二次编制、发布蓝皮书。蓝皮书共收录市级国资监管国有企业社会责任案例82篇,篇数比去年同比增加33%。蓝皮书全面总结展现天津国资国企履行社会责任的优秀实践和宝贵经验。
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+4. 从中国海油天津分公司获悉,8月24日,**渤海首个千亿方大气田——渤中19-6气田**累计生产天然气突破10亿立方米,有力保障了京津冀及环渤海地区的用气需求。渤中19-6气田位于渤海中部海域,区域平均水深约20米,已探明天然气地质储量超2000亿立方米、探明石油地质储量超2亿立方米,是我国东部第一个大型、整装的千亿方大气田。
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+5. 从天津大学获悉,该校未来技术学院发布2024级新生招生通知,开设**全国首个脑机接口专业方向**,现已启动招生选拔。据了解,我国脑机接口已进入创新突破和应用拓展关键期,急需培养满足脑机接口这一综合性交叉领域的多元化复合型人才。脑机接口专业方向,汇集天津大学医学部、电气自动化与信息工程学院、微电子学院、智能与计算学部、数学学院等优势资源,集聚我国顶尖的脑机交互人才团队,形成完整覆盖脑机交互基础理论、器件系统、转化应用全链条的跨学科科研教学团队。
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+6. 日前,由中国气象服务协会联合新浪报贝壳财经评选的全国首届“避暑消夏好去处”避暑旅游项目名单发布。其中,**中新天津生态城旅游度假区获评“滨海避暑消夏好去处”,成为我市唯一上榜区域**。
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+7. 8月16日,中国企业联合会、中国企业家协会在北京召开“2024中国500强企业高峰论坛”新闻发布会,宣布该高峰论坛将于9月10日至11日在天津梅江会展中心举行。今年高峰论坛的主题为:向“新”而行 打造更多世界一流企业。论坛期间,将按惯例发布2024中国企业500强各项榜单及分析报告,为社会各界提供关于我国大企业发展的丰富资讯。这是该高峰论坛举办以来的第23届,也是自2005年在天津举办之后第二次来津。论坛期间,还将发布2024京津冀企业百强、天津企业100强。
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+8. 8月13日,由津企海洋石油工程股份有限公司(简称海油工程)承建的全球首套5兆瓦级海上高温烟气余热发电装置在滨海新区交付,标志着海上油气田电站烟气余热利用取得重大突破,对“双碳”目标下实现海上油气田绿色低碳开发具有重要意义。
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+9. 日前,载有16.4万吨进口锰矿的“皮格”号货轮抵达天津港南疆港区10号泊位,海关查验放行后,该批货物被运往河北、山东、内蒙古等地。据天津海关统计,今年前7个月,天津口岸累计进口矿产品7441.2万吨,同比增长21%。其中,锰矿、铬矿分别达1094.7万吨、938.2万吨,进口量均居全国首位。
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+10. 作为当前世界上覆盖人口最多、经贸规模最大、最具发展潜力的自由贸易协定,RCEP自实施以来不断释放政策红利。从天津海关获悉,今年前7个月,天津海关累计签发《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》(RCEP)项下原产地证书近3600份,涉及出口货值13.4亿元,同比分别增长26%和16.3%。
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+11. 蓟州区第四次全国文物普查工作进度已过半,截至目前新发现西后街村北汉代墓葬、邦均镇东汉时期石人造像、三八水库纪念碑、辛东汉代墓葬群等4处不可移动文物,为后续研究蓟州区汉代墓葬形制特征及丧葬习俗、汉代造像雕刻艺术、社会主义建设时期妇女解放运动等内容提供了重要参考。蓟州区是联合国命名的“千年古县”,历史悠久,底蕴深厚,拥有丰富的文物遗产。第三次全国文物普查期间,登记不可移动文物422处,经拆分、合并,现有229处。作为我市“四普”试点区,蓟州区以古墓葬为重点,选取古文化遗址、古建筑、近现代重要史迹及代表性建筑、石刻造像为试点调查对象,复查9处、新发现2处,为后续田野调查工作积累“实战经验”。
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+12. 近日,在东疆海事局政务中心,天津博航船务有限公司工作人员为该企业购买的一艘带租约的船舶办理了新的所有权证书和国籍证书。这是今年4月10日新版《船舶登记工作规程》实施以来,全国首单实现“带租过户不停航”的船舶登记业务。东疆是国内最大的船舶海工租赁中心,截至目前,累计租赁船舶800余艘,资产总规模超2000亿元。海事部门专门提供了不停航服务,仅用3天我们就拿到了新的证书,没有影响船舶正常作业。
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+13. 从中国海油天津分公司获悉,8月5日,超稠油四井同注及多级堵调热采新技术在渤海旅大5-2北油田应用,日增产原油约200吨,标志着我国海上特超稠油规模化开发技术体系进一步完善,为动用海上稠油储量提供了新路径。旅大5-2北油田是我国海上首个规模化热采开发的特超稠油油田。特超稠油开发属于世界级难题,在海上平台有限空间内进行特超稠油热采开发更是难上加难,对注热装备和注采工艺都提出了更高的技术要求。
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+14. 8月4日,由中交一航局承建的水运科学研究所天津海上溢油应急处置实验系统建设工程迎来重要节点——综合实验水池完成混凝土浇筑,这也是世界最大综合实验水池。水运科学研究所天津海上溢油应急处置实验系统建设工程是国家“十四五”规划的重点建设项目。项目位于天津中新生态城,占地面积46166平方米,建筑总面积16410平方米。本次浇筑成形的综合实验水池长210米、宽25米、最大池深7米,是世界上最大也是唯一能够进行四级海况下全尺寸溢油应急处置装备实验的科研设施。海上溢油应急处置是保护海洋生态环境的重要防线。该项目建成后将成为我国规模最大、综合实力最强的溢油应急处置实验系统,为加快建设交通强国和海洋强国提供有力支撑。
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+15. 近日,位于中新天津生态城的一汽丰田新能源工厂与国网(天津)综合能源服务有限公司达成购电合作,取得绿电消费凭证,加之自建光伏自发自用的绿电,预计工厂年绿电使用量为1亿千瓦时,成为我市首个100%全绿电工厂。经核算,工厂每年可减少碳排放约7.5万吨,相当于造林约9万亩。
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+### Part5: 2024年7月重要时政
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+1. 7月30日,中国人民银行官网挂出重磅信息:中国人民银行、金融监管总局、中国证监会、国家外汇局、天津市人民政府联合印发《关于金融支持天津高质量发展的意见》,提出一揽子层次高、范围广、含金量足、针对性强的支持措施,以提升天津金融业发展质量,营造良好金融发展环境,增强服务实体经济能力。这是金融创新运营示范区获批以来,**国家层面出台的首个支持天津发展的综合性金融政策**。
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+2. 商务部29日公示拟确定15个地区作为城市一刻钟便民生活圈首批全域推进先行区试点。15个试点地区为北京市东城区、北京市西城区、**天津市滨海新区**、河北省石家庄市、内蒙古自治区乌海市、黑龙江省佳木斯市、江苏省南京市、浙江省温州市、山东省济南市、河南省鹤壁市、湖北省武汉市、海南省三亚市、重庆市两江新区、甘肃省兰州市、宁夏回族自治区银川市。
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+3. 据天津海关统计,今年上半年,我市自行车出口总值达30.8亿元,同比增长8.6%,占全国的31.5%,**出口值位居全国首位**。电动自行车出口15.3亿元,同比增长36%。
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+4. 近日,经市政府同意,市规划资源局批复了《天津滨海国家海洋公园规划(2022—2035年)》，标志着天津滨海国家海洋公园正式进入建设实施阶段。这是我市首个按新规获批规划的国家级自然公园，总面积143.03平方公里。主要保护对象为沿海滩涂，牡蛎礁生境，以及遗鸥等珍贵、濒危鸟类重要栖息地。
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+5. 市统计局发布上半年我市经济运行情况，根据地区生产总值统一核算结果，上半年我市地区生产总值为8191.12亿元，按不变价格计算，同比增长4.9%。其中，第一产业增加值81.21亿元，增长2.8%；第二产业增加值2798.17亿元，增长4.3%；第三产业增加值5311.74亿元，增长5.2%。
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+6. 7月23日，爱达邮轮在津宣布，旗下邮轮“地中海号”正式更名为“爱达·地中海号”，并将在产品体验和硬件设施等方面进行全面升级，融入文旅创新体验，为华北地区旅客提供更加舒适、精致的海上邮轮度假体验。去年9月天津国际邮轮母港正式复航之时，爱达邮轮旗下“爱达·地中海号”在津开启母港航线。此次“爱达·地中海号”全新升级后，在保留原有地中海风情与艺术特色的同时，创新融合了更多中西文化元素。
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+7. 国家统计局天津调查总队夏粮产量调查结果显示，今年，我市夏粮总产量达79.9万吨，同比增长7.3%，收获“六连丰”。夏粮生产总体呈现出播种面积增、综合单产增、总产量增的“三增”态势。
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+8. 近日，在天津海关所属保税区海关的监管下，一架完成总装的空客A320飞机办结综合保税区出区手续，由空客天津总装线交付境外航空公司。据统计，今年上半年，我市累计进出口航空航天装备331.7亿元，同比增长20.5%，货值居全国首位，占全国比重达29.6%。
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+9. 日前，一列满载55个40英尺集装箱的“钢铁驼队”从天津港发出，将横跨大半个中国，沿着新亚欧大陆桥，经霍尔果斯口岸驶向哈萨克斯坦等中亚国家。这趟班列是由天津港集团、铁路、海关、航运及贸易企业多方紧密合作成功发运的，也是近年来天津港首趟中亚流向的国际联运班列。
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+10. 近日，**京津冀首个国家级钓鱼运动基地落户潮白河·渔生态小镇**，同期在这里举办的“上好佰福特杯”2024年中华钓鲫精英赛“奥林杯”天津宝unde分站赛。今年3月，该片区被列入天津市12个乡村旅游示范片区。近日，被中国钓鱼运动协会授牌“中国钓鱼运动基地”，成为京津冀地区首个国家级钓鱼运动基地、华北地区专业竞技垂钓与休闲垂钓相结合的重要赛事区。据介绍，近期在这里举办的2024年中华钓鲫精英赛天津宝坻分站赛，是近20年来京津冀地区举办的级别最高、规模最大的品牌国家级垂钓赛事。
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+11. 7月11日是第20个中国航海日，2024年中国航海日主论坛暨全国航海日活动周在天津滨海新区启动。主论坛发布了2023中国航运发展报告和中国智慧港口发展成果。2023年,中国的国际海运量已近全球海运量的三分之一,重点物资和国际集装箱运输服务保障能力进一步提升,国际邮轮运输全面复航,海运船队规模保持在世界前列;目前,中国已建和在建的自动化集装箱码头规模均居世界前列,中国自动化码头建设技术标准走出国门。
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+12. 近日从市卫生健康委获悉,国际标准化组织(ISO)最新发布 ISO 国际标准《中医药——一次性使用无菌三棱针》,该ISO国际标准由我国主导制定,天津中医药大学作为项目负责单位联合澳大利亚、加拿大、加纳、意大利、日本、沙特阿拉伯6个国家历时3年历经7个阶段共同完成。据介绍,该ISO国际标准的发布是中医药“天津标准”引领国际中医药发展的重要体现。
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+13. 近日,中山大学自贸区综合研究院发布“2023—2024年度中国自由贸易试验区制度创新指数”,在参与评估的57个片区的综合排名中,天津自贸试验区名列第五位。在省级排名中仅次于上海、广东,位列第三位。
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+14. 近日,华能天津港东疆北防波堤风电项目正式获批,成为全国首个获得用海批复的防波堤风电项目,这也是我市首次采用立体分层设权方式批复用海申请。通过大胆探索实践海域立体分层设权,我市不断丰富政策“工具箱”,充分释放海域资源要素潜能,推动海域管理模式实现从“平面”到“立体”、从“二维”到“三维”转变,培育壮大海洋新质生产力,塑造海洋型开放新优势。
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+15. 天津是中国最早兴办民航运输的城市之一。7月8日,位于天津的空客A320系列飞机亚洲总装线(简称空客天津总装线),正式交付第700架在津完成总装的飞机。该架飞机为空客A320neo飞机,由成都航空接收运营。目前,正在中国机队运营的有2300多架空客飞机,约三分之一出自天津。空客在全球范围内将拥有10条A320系列飞机总装线,其中2条位于天津。目前,空客在天津的第二条总装线正在加紧建设,预计2026年初正式投入运营。
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+16. 近日,工业和信息化部公布第八批国家级制造业单项冠军企业名单,位于静海区的天津友发管道科技有限公司成功入选。
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+17. 我国航海保障业务再拓疆域。7月1日,天津海岸电台首开**北极航线海上安全信息播发业务**,标志着我国对北极航道通信保障作用持续提升,有效保障了北极航运船舶尤其是中国籍船舶的航行安全。该业务由天津海岸电台通过中高频单边带无线电话播发,内容包括北极航线重点海域的海冰实况监测和气象预报信息。对白令海峡、德米特里·拉普捷夫海峡、维利基茨基海峡、喀拉海峡等重点海域的海冰密集度以及气象信息进行分析预测,形成北极海冰实况分布和气象预报解析报文,填补了我国对于北极航线气象信息服务的空白。
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+18. 7月1日,天津海关所属东疆海关为天津市揽驰汽车贸易有限公司申报的1台平行进口汽车签发了《货物进口证明书》和《进口机动车辆随车检验单》“两证合一”的证明书,标志着进口机动车辆“两证合一”改革首次在平行进口汽车领域落地。今年7月1日起,天津海关被正式纳入进口机动车辆“两证合一”改革试点范围,企业只需申请一次,海关部门便可对合法车辆出具一张统一的证书,用于公安部门办理车辆登记手续。
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+19. 7月1日,我市新添一条国际物流通道。天津国际陆港首趟**天津至莫斯科中欧班列**顺利开行,这条国际物流新通道将为京津冀进出口贸易提供新的物流平台,助力天津进一步提升国际陆路运输能力。这是天津国际陆港首次开行中欧班列,车上满载汽车配件、机械设备等货物,全程行驶约7800公里,预计15天左右到达目的地。
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+### Part6: 2024年6月重要时政
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+1. 6月29日,搭载着约2200名旅客的“梦想号”邮轮缓缓驶出天津国际邮轮母港, 开启了一段全新的海上之旅,这也是上半年该母港的最后一个航次。今年上半年,天津邮轮旅游市场需求旺盛,天津边检总站东疆边检站累计查验邮轮出入境(港)人员近23万人次、邮轮近100艘次,天津国际邮轮母港接待邮轮航次及旅客量稳居全国第二、北方第一。数据显示,上半年,共有来自法国、俄罗斯、美国等近80个国家的8000余名外籍旅客通过邮轮到访天津,多数旅客将京津两地作为主要观光游玩目的地。预计今年全年,天津国际邮轮母港将接待邮轮180余艘次、出入境(港)人员超40万人次。
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+2. 6月29日,第三届21世纪马克思主义高峰论坛在南开大学举行。来自中国社会科学院、中央党校,以及北京大学、清华大学、中国人民大学、南京大学等知名高校的专家学者围绕“21世纪马克思主义与建设中华民族现代文明”这一主题进行深入研讨。
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+3. 6月28日从天津大学获悉,该校脑机交互与人机共融海河实验室团队与南方科技大学等协同开发了**全球首个可开源片上脑智能复合体信息交互系统**,实现了培养“大脑”对机器人避障、跟踪、抓握等无人控制任务,完成了多种类脑计算的启发工作。其中部分研究成果近日在国际脑科学领域顶级期刊《Brain》(《脑》)发表。
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+4. 6月24日,国家科学技术奖励大会在北京召开,我市20项成果获得2023年度国家科学技术奖——按奖种分,自然科学奖3项、技术发明奖4项、科技进步奖13项;按等级分,一等奖5项、二等奖15项。
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+5. 近日,《中新天津生态城城市大脑白皮书》发布,这是全国首个区域级城市大脑白皮书,为其他地区开展“城市大脑”建设、推动城市数字化转型提供“生态城经验”。
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+6. 6月22日,在2024世界智能产业博览会上,天津港集团联合华为公司发布了天津港 PortGPT(港口大模型)1.0、全球首座港口全液冷超充站、《港口数字化转型白皮书》3项数字化转型成果,持续巩固天津港在全球智慧港口建设赛道的领跑优势。
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+7. 由天津市体育局、天津市工业和信息化局、世界智能产业博览会组委会秘书处主办,天津市智能体育竞技协会承办的第六届国际智能体育大会,6月21日在国家会展中心(天津)揭幕,这也是国际智能体育大会首次进入世界智能产业博览会主会场。本届国际智能体育大会为期3天,是2024世界智能产业博览会的重要组成部分。
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+8. 6月20日,中国软件借助2024世界智能产业博览会召开之际,在天津发布新一代政企数智底座——“熵舟”。“熵舟”数智底座是面向党政央国企用户数智转型与创新发展,充分融合云物移大智等新一代数字技术,提供集运行支撑、数据服务、人工智能、应用构建于一体的数智化底座,为系统高可靠运行、软件敏捷化开发、数据全链路治理、决策智能化支撑提供一站式解决方案。目前已打造知识助手、政策图谱、多模态态势感知等多款智能产品,具有从数据准备到模型推理及服务的全生命周期构建能力。
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+9. 据天津海关统计,今年1至5月,天津口岸共进口金属矿及矿砂5335.3万吨,同比增加21%。其中,锰矿、铬矿进口量分别达755.5万吨、656.2万吨,均居于全国首位。
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+10. 从市商务局获悉,2024年现代商贸流通体系试点城市评审结果近日出炉,天津等20个城市入选首批试点城市名单。《财政部办公厅 商务部办公厅关于支持建设现代商贸流通体系试点城市的通知》中提出,对试点城市的支持方向主要包括推动城乡商贸流通融合发展、建设生活必需品流通保供体系、完善农村商贸流通体系、加快培育现代流通骨干企业、完善城乡再生资源回收体系等。
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+11. 日前,我市两家银行成功落地两笔化工行业转型金融贷款,支持化工企业低碳转型发展。这也是全国首批符合化工行业转型金融标准的贷款。
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+12. 经商务部批准,由津渝联合、轮流举办的世界智能产业博览会将于今年6月20日至23日在天津首办。以“智行天下 能动未来”为主题,秉持“高端化、国际化、专业化、市场化”理念,集展览、体验、赛事于一体,联动津渝两市资源,聚力打造引领智能科技发展风向的高端盛会。日前,在天津市绿电绿证服务中心协助下,国家会展中心(天津)通过电力交易平台,成功获得500张绿色电力证书,折合绿电电量50万千瓦时,实现2024世界智能产业博览会100%绿电保障,也让绿色低碳成为博览会的一大亮点。
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+13. 6月6日从中国民航大学获悉,“可持续航空燃料技术研究平台”项目立项(代可研)报告获得中国民用航空局批复,将在中国民航大学东丽校区南区东南地块,建设可持续航空燃料安全性认证实验室和可持续性认证实验室。据了解,该项目是国内首个可持续航空燃料认证前瞻性技术研究的开放平台,是承担中国民航超前探索、面向下一代国际规章的中国方案研究、促进民航运输业和航空制造业“两业”融合的重要平台。
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+14. 6月5日,天津市绿电绿证服务中心在国网天津电力双碳中心揭牌。这也是国内首家省级绿电绿证服务中心。
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+15. 近日,由中国船舶大连造船自主设计的全球最大B型LNG(液化天然气)燃料舱(简称B型舱)吊装作业在中船(天津)船舶制造有限公司(简称中船天津)顺利完成。B型舱是用于LNG双燃料集装箱船的关键设备。本次吊装作业采用两台800吨大型龙门吊一次性安装到位,在国内属首次。B型舱吊装作业的顺利实施,填补了国内又一项技术空白,形成了系统性B型舱吊运、安装工艺“说明书”,为后续液化罐类船舶的建造提供强劲支撑。
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+### Part7: 2024年5月重要时政
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+1. 5月31日,由中国外文局、中共福建省委宣传部主办,当代中国与世界研究院、中共厦门市委宣传部承办的2024年国际传播协同协作工作会在厦门召开,会上举行了“2023年度对外传播十大优秀案例”发布和颁奖表彰仪式。我市报送的《“大国工匠”拓宽“一带一路”传播渠道——天津鲁班工坊打造中外人文交流国际品牌》入选“2023年度对外传播十大优秀案例”。
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+2. 从天津港保税区企业天津智汇谷科技服务有限公司获悉,日前,讯飞星火API(应用接口)能力面向全球用户正式免费开放。这也是科大讯飞在业界首推永久免费大模型。
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+3. 为更好地培养ESG(ESG是环境、社会和公司治理英文简称)专业人才,5月24日,国内首家ESG(环境、社会和公司治理)产业学院——天外策马ESG产业学院成立大会暨ESG论坛在天开高教科创园举行。近年来,ESG与可持续发展理念已成为各国经济社会的关注热点,成为全球经济发展和社会规则的重要理念和实践要求。
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+4. 由国家中药材标准化与质量评估创新联盟、中国医学科学院药用植物研究所、天津中医药大学等联合主办的“第十一届中药材基地共建共享交流大会”将于2024年5月24日-26日在国家会展中心(天津)隆重举行。本届大会以“品质提升、标准引领、高质量发展”为主题,通过政策解读、成果转化、现场联采等多种形式探讨中医药产业的现状和未来趋势,搭建优势资源共建共享平台,共同推动中医药产业高质量发展。
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+5. 5月18日,天津市肿瘤医院肝恶性肿瘤内放射(钇90树脂微球)治疗中心在天津市肿瘤医院空港医院揭牌成立。天津市肿瘤医院肝恶性肿瘤内放射(钇90树脂微球)治疗中心是全国首家开放型多学科钇90联合治疗中心,也是北方地区唯一肝恶性肿瘤内放射(钇90树脂微球)联合治疗开放平台。
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+6. 日前,装载着1700余辆进口商品车的“上汽安吉申诚”号远洋滚装船顺利靠泊环球滚装码头。首次靠泊天津港的该滚装船不仅是中国首艘清洁能源滚装船,也是全球现役装载量最大的清洁动力滚装船。据介绍,“上汽安吉申诚”号远洋滚装船总长199.9米、宽38米,拥有7600个车位,其高度相当于13层楼。
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+7. 9日,天津自贸试验区管委会、天津市商务局发布《中国(天津)自由贸易试验区数据出境管理清单(负面清单)(2024年版)》,这是国家互联网信息办公室《促进和规范数据跨境流动规定》实施以来,首个经省级网络安全和信息化委员会批准并报国家网信部门、国家数据管理部门备案的自贸试验区数据出境管理负面清单。今年2月,天津发布国内首个自贸试验区数据分类分级标准规范,此次《负面清单》出台后,二者共同形成了自贸试验区“双首个”数据跨境政策体系,有助于我市加快打造市场化、法治化、国际化一流营商环境。
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+8. 6日,随着“中远海运阿根廷”轮满载来自京津冀等地的工程机械、电器等集装箱货物驶离天津港集装箱码头,开往南美洲巴西里约热内卢等港口,京津冀地区近年来**首条直航南美洲东海岸集装箱航线**正式开通。作为今年天津港新增的首条南美洲金砖国家集装箱航线,该航线的开通将进一步织密天津港覆盖全球的集装箱航运网络,增强天津港作为京津冀“海上门户”和“一带一路”海陆交汇点的辐射带动作用,为京津冀地区外贸高质量发展再添新动能。
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+9. 携程发布《2024“五一”假期旅行总结》数据显示,“五一”假期,天津位列全国周边游最热门城市前八,酒店订单同比增长17%,主要客源地为北京、石家庄、唐山、济南、上海。热门景点景区为泰达航母主题公园、国家海洋博物馆、盘山、天津极地海洋公园、瓷房子等。
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+10. 在“五一”国际劳动节来临之际,2024年天津“最美职工”年度人物揭晓,密思斌等10人为天津“最美职工”年度人物。密思斌、冯萌萌、骆鑫生、何福渤、靳凯强、黄梅、王博文、马银辉、刘海玲、杨玉娟,10名“最美职工”年度人物全部来自我市基层一线。
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+### Part8: 2024年4月重要时政
+
+1. 4月29日,第28届“中国青年五四奖章”评选结果揭晓。我市青年、中船(天津)船舶制造有限公司党委书记、董事长朱平荣获“中国青年五四奖章”。
+
+2. 4月28日,市农业农村委与北京、河北有关部门就京津冀三地农村产权流转交易签署战略合作协议,这是国内首个省级农村产权流转交易市场区域合作。
+
+3. 4月27日,“公众视野下的20世纪遗产——第九批中国20世纪建筑遗产项目推介暨20世纪建筑遗产活化利用城市更新优秀案例研讨会”在津举办,推介了102个中国20世纪建筑遗产项目,其中,我市共有7个项目被推介,包括静园、天津第三棉纺厂旧址、刘冠雄旧居、扶轮中学旧址、天津机场地区近现代建筑群、天津古文化街(津门故里)、天津市原市公安局办公大楼。
+
+4. 4月24日,渤海油田渤中26-6凝析油田一期开发项目开钻,拉开**全球最大变质岩油田**开发的序幕。该油田位于渤海南部海域,距离天津市约170公里,平均水深超22米,今年新增油气探明地质储量超4000万立方米,推动该油田累计探明地质储量突破2亿立方米。
+
+5. 4月20日,**2024世界内燃机大会**在津开幕。本届世界内燃机大会以“绿色 可靠 智能 高效”为主题,由中国内燃机学会、天津大学联合主办,近40位中外院士和20余个国家的科学家、企业家及科技工作者参会。
+
+6. 文化和旅游部最新确定文化和旅游赋能乡村振兴十佳案例,蓟州区名列其中。近年来,蓟州区大力发展乡村旅游,推动全区农村产业深度融合,培育农村发展新业态,为实现乡村振兴注入了强大动力。
+
+7. 日前,由中国医疗器械行业协会数字疗法专业委员会主办的“数字健康标准制修订工作研讨会”在津举办,会议完成了数字健康标准制修订工作组的成立工作,同时通过了首个立项的《呼吸功能数据监测分析软件专用技术条件》团体标准。该项标准是国内首个呼吸健康领域的数字疗法团体标准。
+
+8. 按照中央要求,世界智能大会和中国国际智能产业博览会合并举办,正式更名为**世界智能产业博览会**,由天津市政府与重庆市政府等单位联合主办。2024世界智能产业博览会将于6月亮相国家会展中心(天津),是目前全国唯一以智能产业为主题的国际性展会。
+
+9. 日前,天津数据资产登记评估中心与藏金时代有限公司(简称藏金时代)在河北区通广产业园举行签约仪式,双方就非物质文化遗产数据资产登记评估业务达成合作协议。此次合作是全国首单针对非遗数据资产开展登记评估,旨在充分发挥双方在非遗文化数据资源保护、开发和利用方面的优势,共同推动非遗数据资产的价值实现和可持续发展。
+
+10. 近日,ISO/TR37112 国际标准技术报告《城市和社区可持续发展——智慧城市运行模型有效应对突发公共卫生事件的最佳实践案例集》发布。该报告精选了中国、美国、英国、马来西亚等国家的成功实践应用。其中,**中新天津生态城“智慧管理地图”作为中国案例入选,在智慧城市建设领域起到示范引领作用**。ISO(国际标准化组织)是世界上最大的非政府性标准化专门机构,也是WTO(世界贸易组织)的协调机构,其制定的标准被全球165个成员体直接采用。此次被纳入国际标准的案例——“智慧管理地图”是生态城聚焦突发公共卫生事件,推动智慧城市创新建设的又一自主研发成果。
+
+11. 日前,天津农村产权交易所(简称天津农交所)出具关于河北省唐山市乐亭县庞各庄乡8户8套闲置宅基地和闲置住宅(使用权)流转交易鉴证书,这意味着京津冀协同发展过程中闲置宅基地、闲置农宅首个跨省交易正式达成。
+
+### Part9: 2024年3月重要时政
+
+1. 2024世界新能源产业博览会将于10月26日至28日在国家会展中心(天津)举办。2024世界新能源产业博览会是由中国经济改革研究基金会指导,天津天开发展集团有限公司、天津市电池行业协会与天津中电新能源研究院联合主办的世界级专业博览会。本届博览会以“赋能双循环,创领新能源”为主题,旨在打造具有全球影响力的新能源产业国际化平台。
+
+2. 中国人工智能学会近日发布2023年度吴文俊人工智能科学技术奖奖励公告,70项成果(人)获2023年度吴文俊人工智能科学技术奖。其中,南开大学计算机学院和网络空间安全学院副教授李翔、天津大学智能与计算学部副教授王旗龙获得“优秀青年奖”。**吴文俊人工智能科学技术奖,被誉为“中国智能科学技术最高奖”**,具备提名推荐国家科学技术奖资格,代表人工智能领域的最高荣誉。该奖项设立于2011年,是我国智能科学技术领域以我国智能科学研究的开拓者和领军人、中国科学院院士吴文俊命名,奖励在智能科学技术领域取得重大突破、作出卓著贡献的科技工作者和管理者。
+
+3. 作为第二十二届中国北方国际自行车电动车展览会的重点活动之一,2024中国自行车电动车产业国际交流论坛3月28日在津举行。2023年,我市自行车和电动自行车的产量分别为2300余万辆和3100余万辆,分别占全国产量的50%和40%。天津是我国重要的自
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_83.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_83.md
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+arXiv:2403.13964v2 [math.ST] 9 Apr 2024
+
+# Enhanced Cauchy Schwarz inequality and some of its statistical applications
+
+S. Scarlatti*
+
+April 10, 2024
+
+## Abstract
+
+We present general refinements of the Cauchy-Schwarz and Buzano inequalities over complete inner product spaces showing these improvements have interesting statistical applications.
+
+**Keywords:** Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, Buzano inequality, Pearson correlation, Cauchy-Schwarz divergence, Numerical radius
+
+## 1 Introduction
+
+It is widely recognized that Cauchy-Schwarz (CS) inequality is one of the most important inequality in mathematical analysis, if not the most important one, see ([1]) and ([2]). This reputation comes from its large spectrum of applications in different fields of science ranging from physics to probability and statistics, but including also signal analysis, coding theory and computer science. It is ascertained that the Russian mathematician V. Bunyakovsky has contributed to its discovery and diffusion. It is also well known that the basic CS inequality admits several generalizations to function, matrix and operator spaces, however it is not so widely known that the basic inequality itself admits improvements. The aim of the present note is twofold: proving enhanced versions of the Cauchy-Schwarz and Buzano inequalities and showing by a set of examples arising from the fields of statistics and data analysis, except for the last one, that they are easy to apply and useful to consider.
+
+## 2 Enhanced Cauchy-Schwarz and Buzano inequalities
+
+Let $(H, \langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle)$ a real or complex Hilbert space and $||x|| = \sqrt{\langle x, x \rangle}$ the vector norm, the celebrated Cauchy-Schwarz inequality states that
+
+$$
+|\langle x, y \rangle| \le ||x|| \cdot ||y|| \quad \forall x, y \in H. \quad (1)
+$$
+
+In what follows only real Hilbert spaces will be contemplated. In a finite dimensional setting let us take $x, y \in H = \mathbb{R}^n$, endowed with the Euclidean norm, and consider the anti-symmetric
+
+*Dept. of Economics and Finance - University of Rome Tor Vergata, sergio.scarlatti@uniroma2.it
+
+square matrix $C = C(x, y)$ having elements defined as $(c_{ij}) \equiv \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}(x_i y_j - x_j y_i)$, $i, j = 1, \dots, n$, with $||C||_2 \equiv \sqrt{\sum_{i,j} c_{ij}^2}$ its $L^2$-norm. Then CS inequality stems from the evaluation of the matrix norm, that is:
+
+$$
+||C||_2^2 = ||x||^2 ||y||^2 - \langle x, y \rangle^2, \qquad (2)
+$$
+
+an identity which can be traced back to Lagrange, see ([1]) and ([3]). The following proposition, which sharpens CS inequality, is a consequence of the existence of orthogonal projections on closed subspaces of a Hilbert space, a classical theorem, see ([4]). We state it in the following useful form:
+
+**Proposition 2.1:** Let $(H, \langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle)$ a real Hilbert space, $V$ any closed subspace of $H$. Let $P \equiv P_V$ denote the orthogonal projection on $V$, that is $PH = V$, and define the following symmetric function:
+
+$$
+D(x, y|P) \equiv ||Px|| \cdot ||Py|| + ||x - Px|| \cdot ||y - Py|| \quad \forall x, y \in H. \qquad (3)
+$$
+
+Then it holds:
+
+$$
+|\langle x, y \rangle| \le D(x, y|P) \le ||x|| \cdot ||y|| \quad \forall x, y \in H. \qquad (4)
+$$
+
+Furthermore, let $\mathcal{P}$ denote the family of all orthogonal projections relative to all possible closed subspaces of $H$, then for each pair $(x, y)$ we have:
+
+$$
+D^{+}(x, y) \equiv \sup_{P \in \mathcal{P}} D(x, y|P) = ||x|| \cdot ||y|| \qquad (5)
+$$
+
+and
+
+$$
+D^{-}(x, y) \equiv \inf_{P \in \mathcal{P}} D(x, y|P) = |\langle x, y \rangle|. \qquad (6)
+$$
+
+The enhanced CS inequality is therefore the statement that for any orthogonal projection $P$ it
+holds
+
+$$
+D^{-}(x, y) \leq D(x, y|P) \leq D^{+}(x, y), \quad \forall x, y \in H. \qquad (7)
+$$
+
+**proof:** Writing $x = Px + (I - P)x$ by orthogonality we have $||x||^2 = p(x)^2 + q(x)^2$, where $p(x) = ||Px||$ and $q(x) = \sqrt{||x||^2 - p(x)^2} = ||(I - P)x||$; therefore
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} |\langle x, y \rangle| &= |\langle Px, Py \rangle + \langle (I - P)x, (I - P)y \rangle| \\ &\le |\langle Px, Py \rangle| + |\langle (I - P)x, (I - P)y \rangle| \\ &\le p(x)p(y) + q(x)q(y) \\ &\le \sqrt{p(x)^2 + q(x)^2} \sqrt{p(y)^2 + q(y)^2} = ||x|| \cdot ||y|| \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+by applying orthogonality, triangle inequality, the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality and noticing:
+
+$$
+(p(x)p(y) + q(x)q(y))^2 + (p(x)q(y) - p(y)q(x))^2 = (p(x)^2 + q(x)^2)(p(y)^2 + q(y)^2). \qquad (8)
+$$
+
+The second part of the statement follows by choosing $V = \{0\}$ or $V = H$, that is $PH = \{0\}$ or $PH = H$ in order to get $D^+(x, y)$. On the other hand the choice of $V = \{\lambda x\}$, that is of $P = P_x$, with $P_x z \equiv \langle \frac{x}{||x||}, z \rangle \frac{x}{||x||}$ leads to $D^-(x, y)$; indeed:
+
+$$
+D(x, y|P_x) = ||P_x x|| \cdot ||P_x y|| + ||x - P_x x|| \cdot ||y - P_x y||
+$$$$
+= ||x|| \cdot ||P_x y|| = ||x|| \cdot \langle \frac{x}{||x||}, y \rangle = ||\langle x, y \rangle|. \quad \square
+$$
+
+It is worth noticing the following basic properties of the decoupling symmetric function $D(\cdot, \cdot|P)$ which has been previously introduced (we set $P^{\perp} \equiv I - P$ to shorten the notation):
+
+(i) $D(x, x|P) = ||x||^2$ and $D(x, y|P^{\perp}) = D(x, y|P) \ge 0$,
+(ii) $D(\lambda x, \mu y|P) = |\lambda\mu|D(x, y|P) \quad \forall \lambda, \mu \in \mathbb{R}$ and $D(x + x', y|P) \le D(x, y|P) + D(x', y|P)$,
+(iii) $D(P^{\#}x, y|P) = ||P^{\#}x|| \quad ||P^{\#}y||$ for $P^{\#} \in \{P, P^{\perp}\}$,
+(iv) $D((P - P^{\perp})x, y|P) = D(x, y|P)$,
+(v) $D(x, y|P) = 0$ for all $(x, y) \in V \times V^{\perp}$, with $V = PH$.
+
+**Corollary 2.1:** Let $(X, \langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle)$ a real Hilbert space, then for any orthogonal projection $P$ on a closed subspace it holds
+
+$$
+2|\langle Px, y \rangle| \le D(x, y|P) + |\langle x, y \rangle| \quad \forall x, y \in X, \qquad (9)
+$$
+
+or equivalently
+
+$$
+|\langle Px, y \rangle| \le D(P^{\perp}x, y|P) + |\langle x, y \rangle| \quad \forall x, y \in X. \qquad (10)
+$$
+
+**Remark 2.1:** The less stringent inequality $2|\langle Px, y \rangle| \le ||x|| ||y|| + |\langle x, y \rangle|$ is proven in ([5]).
+
+**proof:** Similarly to ([6]) the basic observation is the following one:
+
+$$
+2|\langle Px, y \rangle - |\langle x, y \rangle| \le |\langle (P - P^{\perp})x, y \rangle| \le D((P - P^{\perp})x, y|P) = D(x, y|P) \quad \forall x, y \in X,
+$$
+
+the last equality coming from property (iv) of the $D$ function. Then inequality (10) follows from property (iii) and the very definition of the $D$ function. $\square$
+
+Recall that Buzano inequality is the statement:
+
+$$
+2|\langle x, z \rangle \langle z, y \rangle| \le ||z||^2 (||x||||y|| + |\langle x, y \rangle|), \forall x, y, z \in X, \qquad (11)
+$$
+
+see e.g. [1]. Notice that for $x = y$ it reduces to the CS inequality. However we have:
+
+**Corollary 2.3:** Let $(X, \langle \cdot, \cdot \rangle)$ a real Hilbert space, then for all $x, y, z$ in $X$ it holds:
+
+$$
+|\langle x, z \rangle \langle z, y \rangle| \le \sqrt{||z||^2 ||x||^2 - \langle x, z \rangle^2} \sqrt{||z||^2 ||y||^2 - \langle y, z \rangle^2} + ||z||^2 |\langle x, y \rangle| \quad . \qquad (12)
+$$
+
+**proof:** W.l.o.g. we may take $z \ne 0$ and set $v \equiv \frac{z}{||z||}$. By choosing $P = P_v$ in (10) we obtain
+
+$$
+|\langle x, v \rangle \langle v, y \rangle| \le ||P_v^{\perp} x|| \quad ||P_v^{\perp} y|| + |\langle x, y \rangle|. \qquad (13)
+$$
+
+and setting $v = \frac{z}{||z||}$ in this last formula we obtain (12). $\square$
+
+Since in (13) the quantity $D(x, y|P_v)$ is not greater than the quantity $||x||||y||$ we have obtained an improvement w.r.t. (11); we refer to ([7]) for refinements of different type.
+
+To grasp the content of the preceding results let us consider the following simple but instructive example:
+
+**Example 2.1** Let $H = \mathbb{R}^n$, endowed with the Euclidean distance $d_n$; for $k \ge 1$ consider the subspace $V_{1:k} \equiv \{z | z = (z_1, z_2, \dots, z_k, 0, \dots, 0)\}$ and its orthogonal complement $V_{1:k}^{\perp} = V_{k+1:n} \equiv \{z | z = (0, \dots, 0, z_{k+1}, z_{k+2}, \dots, z_n)\}$. Define the orthogonal projection $P_k H \equiv V_{1:k}$, then we have
+
+$$
+D(x, y | P_k) = \sqrt{x_1^2 + \dots + x_k^2} \sqrt{y_1^2 + \dots + y_k^2} + \sqrt{x_{k+1}^2 + \dots + x_n^2} \sqrt{y_{k+1}^2 + \dots + y_n^2} \quad (14)
+$$
+
+and by Proposition 2.1 the following inequalities
+
+$$
+\left| \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i y_i \right| \le D(x, y | P_k) \le \sqrt{x_1^2 + \dots + x_n^2} \cdot \sqrt{y_1^2 + \dots + y_n^2} \quad \forall x, y \in \mathbb{R}^n \quad (15)
+$$
+
+hold, with matrix form of $P_k$ w.r.t the canonical basis of $\mathbb{R}^n$ given by $diag(I_{k \times k}, \mathbf{0}_{(n-k) \times (n-k)})$. The interpretation of (15) is straightforward: pick two arbitrary points A and B in the n-dimensional euclidean space and orthogonally project them on $V_{1:k}$ getting points $\tilde{A}$ and $\tilde{B}$ and on $V_{1:k}^{\perp}$ getting points $\hat{A}$ and $\hat{B}$. Then the number $d_n(0, \tilde{A})d_n(0, \tilde{B}) + d_n(0, \tilde{A})d_n(0, \tilde{B})$ is not greater than the number $d_n(0, A)d_n(0, B)$ and not smaller than the value of the scalar product of the two vectors pointing from the origin to A and B. It is easy to see that there are cases for which the improvement can be relevant.
+
+## 3 Applications of the enhanced Cauchy-Schwarz and Buzano inequalities
+
+In this section, by means of a series of different examples, we show that sharpened CS and Buzano inequalities may find applications in applied statistics, data analysis and numerical functional analysis.
+
+**Example 3.1 (Sample covariance)** Let $H = \mathbb{R}^n$, $e = (\frac{1}{\sqrt{n}}, \dots, \frac{1}{\sqrt{n}})$ and $u = \sqrt{n}e$. Define $Px \equiv \langle x, e \rangle e$ for all $x \in H$, by Proposition 2.1 we have
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \left| \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i y_i \right| & \le |\langle x, e \rangle| \cdot |\langle y, e \rangle| + \sqrt{|x|^2 - |\langle x, e \rangle|^2} \cdot \sqrt{|y|^2 - |\langle y, e \rangle|^2} \\ & = \frac{|\langle x, u \rangle|}{\sqrt{n}} \cdot \frac{|\langle y, u \rangle|}{\sqrt{n}} + \sqrt{|x|^2 - \left(\frac{|\langle x, u \rangle|}{\sqrt{n}}\right)^2} \cdot \sqrt{|y|^2 - \left(\frac{|\langle y, u \rangle|}{\sqrt{n}}\right)^2}. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+therefore by setting $\bar{x} = \frac{x_1 + \dots + x_n}{n}$ we obtain the estimate:
+
+$$
+\left| \sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i y_i \right| \le n |\bar{x} \bar{y}| + \sqrt{|x|^2 - n |\bar{x}|^2} \cdot \sqrt{|y|^2 - n |\bar{y}|^2}. \quad (16)
+$$
+
+Notice that by applying (16) to $x' = x - \bar{x}u$ and $y' = y - \bar{y}u$ we get the sample covariance estimate
+
+$$
+|\langle x, y \rangle - n \bar{x} \bar{y}| \le ||x'|| ||y'|| = n \cdot \bar{s}(x) \bar{s}(y), \quad (17)
+$$where $\bar{s}(x)^2 \equiv \frac{1}{n}||x||^2 - \bar{x}^2$. Furthermore, squaring (16) gives
+
+$$
+(\sum_{i=1}^{n} x_i y_i)^2 \le \left( n|\bar{x}\bar{y}| + \sqrt{||x||^2 - n|\bar{x}|^2} \cdot \sqrt{||y||^2 - n|\bar{y}|^2} \right)^2 = \tag{18} \\ = ||x||^2 ||y||^2 - n \left( |\bar{x}|\sqrt{||y||^2 - n|\bar{y}|^2} - |\bar{y}|\sqrt{||x||^2 - n|\bar{x}|^2} \right)^2.
+$$
+
+Finally we notice that, in the same vein, one may choose $H = L^2(S, \mathcal{F}, Q)$, $\mathcal{F}$ a sigma-algebra, $Q$ a probability measure, and $\langle X, Y \rangle \equiv \mathbf{E}(XY)$. For any $X \in H$ define the one-dimensional projection $PX \equiv \langle X, 1 \rangle 1 = (\mathbf{E}X)1$. In this case $D(X, Y|P) = |\mathbf{E}X||\mathbf{E}Y| + \sigma_X \sigma_Y$ and (8) implies
+
+$$
+(\mathbf{E}(XY))^2 \le ||X||^2 ||Y||^2 - \left( |\mathbf{E}X|\sigma_Y - |\mathbf{E}Y|\sigma_X \right)^2 \le ||X||^2 ||Y||^2 \quad \forall X, Y \in H, \tag{19}
+$$
+
+which is the main result presented in ([8]), jointly with a pair of nice applications. It must be remarked that in case both $X$ and $Y$ have zero mean the estimate (19) offers no improvement over CS, and the same it holds for centered data in the previously displayed sample estimates. This is due to the fact that the chosen $P$ is projecting onto a subspace orthogonal to $W = \{X \in L^2 : \mathbf{E}(X) = 0\}$.
+
+**Example 3.2(Sample cross-covariance)** Let us consider the sample cross-covariance function $\overline{R}_{(x,y)}(h)$ among two temporal sequences of observations $(x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n)$ and $(y_1, y_2, \dots, y_n)$:
+
+$$
+\overline{R}_{(x,y)}(h) \equiv \frac{1}{n} \sum_{t=1}^{n-h} (x_t - \bar{x})(y_{t+h} - \bar{y}),
+$$
+
+with $h = 1, \dots, n-1$. In the following we shall suppose the observed data being generated by two mean-zero ergodic processes so, by assuming $n$ sufficiently large, we may take $\bar{x} = \bar{y} = 0$. For a fixed $h$ we take $H = \mathbb{R}^{n-h}$, and choose the projection $P_k$, $k \le n-h$, as in Example 2.1; by using the first inequality in (15), we have
+
+$$
+|\overline{R}_{(x,y)}(h)| = \frac{1}{n} |x_1 \underbrace{y_{1+h}}_{z_1} + x_2 \underbrace{y_{2+h}}_{z_2} + \dots + x_{n-h} \underbrace{y_n}_{z_{n-h}}| \le \frac{1}{n} D(x, z | P_k), \tag{20}
+$$
+
+with
+
+$$
+D(x, z | P_k) = \sqrt{x_1^2 + \dots + x_k^2} \sqrt{y_{1+h}^2 + \dots + y_{k+h}^2} + \sqrt{x_{k+1}^2 + \dots + x_{n-h}^2} \sqrt{y_{k+h+1}^2 + \dots + y_n^2}.
+$$
+
+For instance, setting $z_{r:s} \equiv (z_r, \dots, z_s) \in \mathbb{R}^{s-r+1}$, $1 \le r \le s \le n$ and choosing in (20) $k = h$ (for $h = 1, \dots, [n/2]$), the dimension of the subspace equalizing the number of the forward time-shift steps, leads to
+
+$$
+|\overline{R}_{(x,y)}(h)| \le \left(\frac{h}{n}\right) \sqrt{\overline{x^2}_{1:h}} \sqrt{\overline{y^2}_{h+1:2h}} + \left(1 - \frac{2h}{n}\right) \sqrt{\overline{x^2}_{h+1:n-h}} \sqrt{\overline{y^2}_{2h+1:n}},
+$$
+
+which is a linear combination of products of sample standard deviations on different time intervals improving over the classical CS inequality estimate.
+
+**Example 3.3 (Correlations)** We take $H = L^2(S, \mathcal{F}, Q)$ as in Example 3.1. By setting $X' \equiv X - \mathbf{EX}$ and $Y' \equiv Y - \mathbf{EY}$, CS inequality implies
+
+$$
+|\mathrm{cov}(X, Y)| = |\mathbf{E}(X'Y')| \leq ||X'|| ||Y'|| = \sigma_X \sigma_Y, \qquad (21)
+$$
+
+from which the classical bound $|\rho_{X,Y}| \leq 1$. Consider now any sub-sigma algebra $\mathcal{G} \subseteq \mathcal{F}$ and the closed subspace of $H$ given by $V_{\mathcal{G}} \equiv L^2(\mathcal{G}, Q)$. Let $P_{\mathcal{G}}H \equiv V_{\mathcal{G}}$ the associated orthogonal projection, therefore we have $P_{\mathcal{G}}X = \mathbf{E}(X|\mathcal{G})$ for all $X \in H$. Hence $P_{\mathcal{G}}X' = \mathbf{E}(X|\mathcal{G}) - \mathbf{EX}$ and
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+D(X', Y'|P_{\mathcal{G}}) &= ||\mathbf{E}(X'|\mathcal{G})|| \cdot ||\mathbf{E}(Y'|\mathcal{G})|| + ||X' - \mathbf{E}(X'|\mathcal{G})|| \cdot ||Y' - \mathbf{E}(Y'|\mathcal{G})|| \\
+&= ||\mathbf{E}(X|\mathcal{G}) - \mathbf{EX}|| \cdot ||\mathbf{E}(Y|\mathcal{G}) - \mathbf{EY}|| + ||X - \mathbf{E}(X|\mathcal{G})|| \cdot ||Y - \mathbf{E}(Y|\mathcal{G})|| \\
+&= \sigma_{\mathbf{E}(X|\mathcal{G})} \sigma_{\mathbf{E}(Y|\mathcal{G})} + \sqrt{\sigma_X^2 - \sigma_{\mathbf{E}(X|\mathcal{G})}^2} \sqrt{\sigma_Y^2 - \sigma_{\mathbf{E}(Y|\mathcal{G})}^2}.
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+By Proposition 2.1 we have $|\mathbf{E}(X'Y')| \leq D(X', Y'|P_{\mathcal{G}}) \leq ||X'|| \cdot ||Y'||$ that is
+
+$$
+|\mathrm{cov}(X, Y)| \leq \sigma_{\mathbf{E}(X|\mathcal{G})} \sigma_{\mathbf{E}(Y|\mathcal{G})} + \sqrt{\sigma_X^2 - \sigma_{\mathbf{E}(X|\mathcal{G})}^2} \sqrt{\sigma_Y^2 - \sigma_{\mathbf{E}(Y|\mathcal{G})}^2} \leq \sigma_X \sigma_Y, \quad (22)
+$$
+
+For instance, in case $X \in \mathcal{G}$ and $Y \in \mathcal{G}$ then (22) reduces to (21), while in case $X \notin \mathcal{G}$ and $Y \in \mathcal{G}$ then (22) takes the form:
+
+$$
+|\mathrm{cov}(X, Y)| \leq \sigma_{\mathbf{E}(X|\mathcal{G})} \cdot \sigma_Y \leq \sigma_X \sigma_Y. \qquad (23)
+$$
+
+Notice that when $\mathcal{G} = \sigma(Y)$ and the variables $(X, Y)$ are jointly normal we have $\mathbf{E}(X|\mathcal{G}) = \mu_X + \rho_{X,Y} \frac{\sigma_X}{\sigma_Y}(Y - \mu_Y)$, so the lower inequality in (23) becomes an equality.
+Finally, the above estimates suggest the consideration of correlation coefficients defined as
+
+$$
+\rho_{X,Y}^{\mathcal{G}} \equiv \frac{E(X'Y')}{D(X', Y'|P_{\mathcal{G}})}, \qquad (24)
+$$
+
+(in case $\rho_{X,Y}^{\mathcal{G}} = 0$ its value is set to zero) which values depend on the sigma-algebra $\mathcal{G}$ inherent to the problem under investigation. Indeed it holds $|\rho_{X,Y}| \leq |\rho_{X,Y}^{\mathcal{G}}| \leq 1$, therefore encoding information might significantly enlarge the range of the estimated correlation. When $\mathcal{G}$ is the trivial sigma-algebra the two numbers $\rho_{X,Y}$ and $\rho_{X,Y}^{\mathcal{G}}$ coincide, and the random variable $\rho_{X,Y|\mathcal{G}}$, defined in the standard way, also equalizes this value.
+
+**Remark 3.1:** Let $X, Y \in L^2(S, \mathcal{F}, Q)$, generalizing the idea of the previous example, we can use the lower inequality in (4) to define a P-correlation coefficient $\rho_{X,Y}(P)$ as
+
+$$
+\rho_{X,Y}(P) \equiv \frac{\mathrm{cov}(X, Y)}{D(X, Y|P)} \in [-1, 1], \qquad (25)
+$$
+
+Notice that $\rho_{X,Y}(I) = \rho_{X,Y}$ but in general $\rho_{X,Y}(P) \neq \rho_{PX,PY}$; obviously $\rho_{X,Y}(P_{\mathcal{G}}) = \rho_{X,Y}^{\mathcal{G}}$.
+
+**Example 3.4 (Density divergence estimation)** Consider the Hilbert space $L^2 \equiv L^2(\mathbb{R}^d, dx)$ and $\mathrm{Dens}^2 \equiv L^2 \cap \mathrm{Dens}(\mathbb{R}^d)$, where $\mathrm{Dens}(\mathbb{R}^d)$ is set of all probability density functions over $\mathbb{R}^d$.It is then possible to introduce the functional $\mathcal{D}iv(\cdot, \cdot|P) : \text{Dens}^2 \times \text{Dens}^2 \to [0, \infty]$ defined as follows
+
+$$
+\mathcal{D}iv(f, g|P) \equiv -\log\left(\frac{\int_{\mathbb{R}^d} f(x)g(x)dx}{D(f, g|P)}\right). \qquad (26)
+$$
+
+Recalling that $D(f, f|P) = ||f||^2$ we have $\mathcal{D}iv(f, g|P) = 0$ for $f = g$. For $P = I$ the functional is known as the Cauchy-Schwarz divergence and has found application in density based clustering and machine learning, ([9]), ([10]). CS divergence does not verify the triangle inequality and therefore does not define a true distance but only a pseudo-distance, however it is symmetric, positive and null on the diagonal. The CS P-divergence introduced by (26) shares exactly the same properties, moreover the following holds
+
+$$
+\mathcal{D}iv(f, g|I) - \mathcal{D}iv(f, g|P) = -\log\left(\frac{D(f, g|P)}{||f|| \quad ||g||}\right) \geq 0.
+$$
+
+Therefore, using (4), we have $\mathcal{D}iv(f, g|I) \ge \mathcal{D}iv(f, g|P) \ge 0$. Furthermore, if $(P_N)_{N \ge 1}$ is such that $||P_N u|| \to ||u|| \quad \forall u \in L^2$, then $D(f, g|P_N) \to ||f|| \cdot ||g||$ and the CS $P_N$-divergences converge to the CS divergence. This last property allows for a nonparametric estimation of the CS divergence among two densities based on projection estimators, see ([11]), which we are going to outline fixing $d=1$. Let $(e_k(\cdot))_{k \ge 1}$ be an orthonormal basis, for any $u \in L^2$ set $u_k \equiv \langle u, e_k \rangle$, so that $||u||^2 = \sum_{k=1}^\infty u_k^2$. For $N \ge 1$ define orthogonal projections $P_N u \equiv \sum_{k=1}^N u_k e_k$, clearly $||P_N u|| \to ||u|| \quad \forall u \in L^2$. Suppose $(X_1, \dots, X_n)$ be i.i.d. random variables having density $f$ and $(Y_1, \dots, Y_n)$ be i.i.d. random variables having density $g$ and define unbiased estimators for $f_k$ and $g_k$ respectively as $\hat{f}_{k,n} \equiv n^{-1} \sum_{i=1}^n e_k(X_i)$ and $\hat{g}_{k,n} \equiv n^{-1} \sum_{j=1}^n e_k(Y_j)$. It follows that $t_N(f) = ||P_N f||^2$ can be estimated by $\hat{t}_{N,n}(f) \equiv \sum_{k=1}^N \hat{f}_{k,n}^2$ and similarly $t_N(g)$ can be estimated by $\hat{t}_{N,n}(g)$. Henceforth, reconsideration of the basic Example 2.1 suggests that the CS $P_N$-divergence $T_N \equiv \mathcal{D}iv(f, g|P_N)$ may be estimated by using the statistics
+
+$$
+\hat{T}_{N,n}(\mathbf{X}, \mathbf{Y}) \equiv \log \left( \frac{\sqrt{\hat{t}_{N,n}(f)} \sqrt{\hat{t}_{N,n}(g)} + \sqrt{\hat{r}_{N,n}(f)} \sqrt{\hat{r}_{N,n}(g)}}{\sum_{k=1}^{2N} \hat{f}_{k,n} \hat{g}_{k,n}} \right),
+$$
+
+where $\hat{r}_{N,n}(f) \equiv \sum_{k=N+1}^{2N} \hat{f}_{k,n}^2$, so that for $n$ and $N$ sufficiently large this leads to an estimation of the CS divergence of the two densities.
+
+**Example 3.5 (Numerical radius and RKHS)** Let $X$ be a Hilbert space and $T$ a continuous linear map from $X$ into itself such that $D(T) = X$. The spectral radius and the numerical radius of $T$ are respectively the numbers $\rho(T) \equiv \{\sup|\lambda| : \lambda \in \sigma(T)\}$ and $w(T) \equiv \{\sup|\langle Tx, x \rangle| : x \in X, ||x|| = 1\}$ and it holds $\rho(T) \le w(T)$. As the spectral radius also the numerical radius turns out to be relevant in applications, for instance in the stability analysis of numerical schemes, see ([12]), ([13]), and in the diagnostic of MCMC algorithms, see ([14]). The numerical radius defines a norm equivalent to the operator norm $||T|| \equiv \{\sup||Tx|| : x \in X, ||x|| = 1\}$, by means of the estimates $2^{-1}||T|| \le w(T) \le ||T||$. An upper bound for $w(T)$, better of than the previous one, is due to ([15]):
+
+$$
+w(T) \le \frac{1}{2} (||T|| + ||T^2||^{1/2}), \qquad (27)
+$$moreover it also well known that $w(T^n) \le w(T)^n$ for all $n \ge 1$, we refer the reader to ([16]) for more results on the topic. Let us also introduce the number $c(T) = \inf_{\langle Tx, x \rangle : x \in X, ||x|| = 1} \{\inf_{\lambda \in \Omega} |\langle Tx, x \rangle| : x \in X, ||x|| = 1\}$, known as Crawford number, hence $0 \le c(T) \le w(T)$. We claim that, as a consequence of Corollary 2.2., the following inequality holds:
+
+$$
+w(T)^2 - w(T^2) \le ||T||^2 - c(T)^2. \qquad (28)
+$$
+
+Indeed by setting in (12) $x = Tz$, $y = T^*z$ and taking the supremum over $S = \{z \in X : ||z|| = 1\}$, we obtain
+
+$$
+w(T)^2 \le \sqrt{\sup_S ||Tz||^2 - (\inf_S |\langle Tz, z \rangle|)^2} \sqrt{\sup_S ||T^*z||^2 - (\inf_S |\langle T^*z, z \rangle|)^2} + w(T^2) \\ \le ||T||^2 - c(T)^2 + w(T^2).
+$$
+
+where we have used $||T|| = ||T^*||$ and $c(T) = c(T^*)$. Henceforth the estimate (28) bounds the gap $\Delta^{(2)} \equiv w(T)^2 - w(T^2)$ in terms of the difference between the operator norm and the Crawford number. We conjecture that (28) might hold for any $n \ge 1$. The previous analysis can be extended to the context of reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces (RKHS), a central topic in Statistical Learning. To this aim let $X = H(\Omega)$, a Hilbert space of functions defined on a non empty set $\Omega$ with a reproducing kernel $k_\lambda \equiv k(\cdot, \lambda) \in X$ for any $\lambda \in \Omega$. Once again consider a bounded linear operator $T : X \to X$ and unit vectors in $X$ given by $\hat{k}_\lambda = \frac{k_\lambda}{||k_\lambda||}$. The operator $T$ induces a function $\tilde{T}$ on $\Omega$ defined as $\tilde{T}(\lambda) \equiv \langle T\hat{k}_\lambda, \hat{k}_\lambda \rangle$, known as the Berezin transform of $T$, see ([18]) for more on the subject. The Berezin number of $T$ is then the value $\text{ber}(T) \equiv \sup\{|\tilde{T}(\lambda)| : \lambda \in \Omega\}$, clearly it holds $0 \le \text{ber}(T) \le w(T)$. Squaring $\text{ber}(T)$ not always produces a value larger than $\text{ber}(T^2)$, see e.g. ([17]), however we obtain
+
+$$
+|\text{ber}(T)^2 - \text{ber}(T^2)| \le ||T||^2 - c(T)^2. \qquad (29)
+$$
+
+Indeed a way of reasoning similar to the one leading to (28) proves the estimate.
+
+**Declaration:** This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
+
+## References
+
+[1] Steele J.M. (2004), The Cauchy-Schwarz Master Class, Cambridge Univ. Press
+
+[2] Dragomir S.S (2003), "A survey on Cauchy-Bunyakovsky-Schwarz type discrete inequalities", Jour.Inequal.Pure and Appl.Math. 4,art.63
+
+[3] Magnus J., Neudecker H. (2019), Matrix and Differential Calculus with Application in Statistics and Econometrics, Wiley
+
+[4] Berberian S. (1961), An introduction to Hilbert spaces, Oxford University Press
+
+[5] Dragomir S.S (2016), "Buzano's inequality holds for any projection", Bull.Austr.Math.Soc. 93, 504-510[6] Fuji M., Kubo F. (1993), "Buzano's inequality and bounds for roots of algebraic equations", Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 117, 359-361
+[7] Lupu C., Schwarz D. (2014), "Another look at some new Cauchy-Schwarz type inner product inequalities", Appl. Math. & Computation, 231, 463-477
+[8] Walker S.G. (2017), "A self-improvement to the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality", Statistics & Probability Letters 122, 86-89
+[9] Jenssen R., Principe J.C., Erdogmus D., and Eltoft T. (2006), "The Cauchy-Schwarz divergence and Parzen windowing: Connections to graph theory and Mercer kernels" Jour. Franklin Institute, vol. 343, no. 6
+[10] Kampffmeyer M., Løkse S., Bianchi F., Livi L., Salberg A., Jenssen R. (2019) "Deep divergence based approach to clustering", Neural Networks, 113, 91-101
+[11] Tsybakov A. (2009), Introduction to Nonparametric Estimation, Springer-Verlag
+[12] Goldberg M. (1998), "Stable difference schemes for parabolic systems: a numerical radius approach", SIAM Jour. Num. Anal. 35, 478-493
+[13] Chen Y., Wei Y. (2016), "Numerical radius for the asymptotic stability of delay differential equations", Linear & MultiLinear Alg., 65:11, 2306-2315
+[14] Roberts G, Rosenthal J. (2001), Markov Chains and the De-initializing processes, Scand. Jour. Stat., 28, 489-504
+[15] Kittaneh F. (2003), "A numerical radius inequality and an estimate for the numerical radius of the Frobenius companion matrix", Studia Math., 158(1), 11-17.
+[16] Bhunia P., Dragomir S.S., Moslehian M., Paul K. (2022), Lectures on the Numerical Radius Inequalities, Springer-Verlag
+[17] Majee S., Maji A., Manna A., (2023), "Numerical radius and Berezin inequality", Jour. Math. Anal. Appl., 517, 1265-66
+[18] Zhu K. (2021), "The Berezin transform and its applications", Acta Math. Scien., 41B(6): 1839-1858
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+# MODERATE DEVIATION AND BERRY-ESSEEN BOUNDS IN THE *p*-SPIN CURIE-WEISS MODEL
+
+SOMABHA MUKHERJEE, TIANYU LIU, AND BHASWAR B. BHATTACHARYA
+
+*Dedicated to the memory of K. R. Parthasarathy*
+
+ABSTRACT. Limit theorems for the magnetization in the *p*-spin Curie-Weiss model, for *p* ≥ 3, has been derived recently by Mukherjee et al. [39]. In this paper, we strengthen these results by proving Cramér-type moderate deviation theorems and Berry-Esseen bounds for the magnetization (suitably centered and scaled). In particular, we show that the rate of convergence is *O*(N⁻¹/²) when the magnetization has asymptotically Gaussian fluctuations, and it is *O*(N⁻¹/₄) when the fluctuations are non-Gaussian. As an application, we derive a Berry-Esseen bound for the maximum pseudolikelihood estimate of the inverse temperature in *p*-spin Curie-Weiss model with no external field, for all points in the parameter space where consistent estimation is possible.
+
+## 1. INTRODUCTION
+
+The *p*-spin Curie-Weiss model, for *p* ≥ 2, with inverse temperature *β* > 0 and a magnetic field *h* > 0, is a probability measure on {−1, 1}^N with mass function:
+
+$$
+\mathbb{P}_{\beta,h,p}(\mathbf{X}) = \frac{\exp\left\{\beta N^{1-p} \sum_{1 \le i_1, \dots, i_p \le N} X_{i_1} \dots X_{i_p} + h \sum_{i=1}^{N} X_i\right\}}{2^N Z_N(\beta, h, p)}, \quad (1.1)
+$$
+
+for **X** = (X₁, X₂, . , Xₙ). Here, ZN(β, h, p) is the normalizing constant (also known as the partition function), which is determined by the condition ∑x∈{−1,1}N $\mathbb P$β,h,p(x) = 1, that is,
+
+$$
+Z_N(\beta, h, p) = \frac{1}{2^N} \sum_{\mathbf{X} \in \{-1,1\}^N} \exp \left\{ \frac{\beta}{N^{p-1}} \sum_{1 \le i_1, i_2, \dots, i_p \le N} X_{i_1} X_{i_2} \cdots X_{i_p} + h \sum_{i=1}^N X_i \right\}.
+$$
+
+The Curie-Weiss model has been extensively studied for the case *p* = 2 (see [19, 23, 24, 32] among several others). It corresponds to the Ising model [30] on the complete graph and is the prototypical example of a mean-field spin system with pairwise interactions. For *p* ≥ 3, the *p*-spin Curie-Weiss model is a higher-order spin system where all the *p*-tuples of interactions are present (specifically, an Ising model on the complete *p*-partite hypergraph). Higher-order Ising models appear frequently in the analysis of multi-atom interactions in lattice gas models, such as the square-lattice eight-vertex model, the Ashkin-Teller model, and Suzuki's pseudo-3D anisotropic model (see [1, 29, 31, 42, 49, 50, 52, 54] and the references therein). Recently, higher-order spin systems have also found applications in statistics, for modeling peer-group effects in social networks [17, 40, 41].
+
+One of the fundamental quantities of interest in an Ising model is the *total magnetization* $S_N := \sum_{i=1}^{N} X_i$ (hereafter, simply referred to as the magnetization). Limit theorems for the magnetization in the 2-spin Curie-Weiss model was established in the classical work of Ellis and Newman [24]. Berry-Esseen bounds for magnetization in 2-spin Curie-Weiss model, that is, rates of convergence in the Kolmogorov distance, were subsequently obtained by Chatterjee and Shao [9] and Eichelsbacher and Löwe [21], using Stein's method based on exchangeable pairs. Dommers and Eichelsbacher [20] later established Berry-Esseen bounds for the inhomogeneous Curie-Weiss model with external field. Similar results for the closely related Potts model was derived in [22, 35].
+
+*Key words and phrases.* Central Limit Theorems, Stein's Method, Moderate Deviation, Spin Systems.
+
+Instead of quantifying the rate of convergence in terms of the Kolmogorov distance, one might also consider the *relative error* of the tail probabilities. This is the well-understood for the sum of i.i.d. random variables through Cramér's classical moderate deviation theorem [14]. Specifically, for i.i.d. random variables $Z_1, Z_2, \dots, Z_n$ with mean 0 and variance 1, such that the moment generating function of $\sqrt{|Z_1|}$ is finite in a neighborhood of 0, one has:
+
+$$
+\frac{\mathbb{P}\left(\sum_{i=1}^{n} Z_i > x\right)}{1 - \Phi(x)} = 1 + (1 + x^3){O}\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right),
+$$
+
+for $x \in [0, N^{\frac{1}{6}}]$, where $\Phi$ denotes the cumulative distribution function of the standard Gaussian (see [46] for a proof of this result and further discussion). Cramér-type moderate deviation results find many applications in statistics, for instance in global and simultaneous testing, stationary processes, L-statistics, self-normalized sums, linear processes, among others (see, for example, [27, 33, 34, 45, 46, 48, 53]). For the 2-spin Curie-Weiss model, Chen et. al. [11] derived Cramér-type moderate deviation theorems for the magnetization at the non-critical points using Stein's method. Moderate deviation for the critical 2-spin Curie-Weiss model was subsequently obtained by Can and Pham [6], using direct arguments based on the Laplace method.
+
+In this paper we derive moderate deviations and Berry-Esseen bounds for the magnetization in p-spin Curie-Weiss model, for $p \ge 3$, providing rates of convergence for the asymptotic distributions derived in [39]. We briefly summarize of our results below:
+
+* For almost all points in the parameter space $\Theta := (0, \infty)^2$ the average magnetization is known to concentrate at a unique point and have limiting Gaussian fluctuations centered around that point (see [39, Theorem 2.1 (1)]). These points will be hereafter referred to as *regular points*. For these points we establish a moderate deviation convergence rate of order $O(N^{-\frac{1}{2}})$. More precisely, we show that the relative error of the tail probability of the magnetization (suitably centered and scaled) and that of the Gaussian distribution at some point $x$ is bounded by $\max\{1, x^3\}O(N^{-\frac{1}{2}})$ (see Theorem 2 (1)). This moderate deviation result translates to a Berry-Esseen bound of rate $O(N^{-\frac{1}{2}})$ at the regular points (see Theorem 3 (1)).
+* There is a 1-dimensional curve in the parameter space (hereafter referred to as *critical points*), where the average magnetization concentrates at more than one (either two or three) points, and has limiting Gaussian fluctuations centered around each of the points, when conditioned to lie in their respective neighborhoods (see [39, Theorem 2.1 (2)]). For these points, similar to the regular points, we show that the moderate deviation relative error at a point $x$ is bounded by $\max\{1, x^3\}O(N^{-\frac{1}{2}})$ (see Theorem 2 (2)) and the Berry-Esseen convergence rate is of order $O(N^{-\frac{1}{2}})$ (see Theorem 3 (2)).
+* There are also one or two points in the parameter space, depending on whether $p \ge 3$ is odd or even, respectively (hereafter referred to as *special points*), where the magnetization has a non-Gaussian limiting distribution (see [39, Theorem 2.1 (3)]). For these points we show that the moderate deviation relative error at a point $x$ is bounded by $\max\{1, x^5\}O(N^{-\frac{1}{4}})$ (see Theorem 2 (3)). This also gives a Berry-Esseen bound of rate $O(N^{-\frac{1}{4}})$ at the special points (see Theorem 3 (3)).
+
+The proofs for the moderate deviations result for the regular and critical points use Stein's method based on exchangeable pairs developed in [11]. For the special points we use Laplace's method for approximating the normalizing constant, similar to that in [6] for the 2-spin case, although the arguments are more delicate for $p \ge 3$ due the presence of additional degeneracies (see Remark 3.1). The Berry-Esseen bounds follow from the moderate deviations results and the boundedness of the moments of the magnetization (suitably centered and scaled).
+
+We conclude with an application in statistical inference, by deriving Berry-Esseen bounds for the maximum pseudolikelihood (MPL) estimate of $\beta$ given a single sample $\mathbf{X}$ from the model (1.1) (assuming $h=0$). In particular, we prove a $O(N^{-1/2})$ rate of convergence (up to logarithmic factors) for the MPL estimate for all values of $\beta$ where consistent estimation is possible (see Theorem 4).
+
+1.1. **Organization:** The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we recall the results on the asymptotic distribution of the magnetization from [39]. In Section 3 we state the main results of the paper. The proofs of the main results are given Section 4. We discuss some possible future directions in Section 5.
+
+## 2. FLUCTUATIONS OF THE MAGNETIZATION
+
+In this section, we will recall from Mukherjee et al. [39] the results on the asymptotic distribution of the total magnetization $S = S_N := \sum_{i=1}^N X_i$ in the $p$-spin Curie-Weiss model (1.1). The limiting distribution of $S$ depends on location of the parameters $(\beta, h)$ in the parameter space $\Theta := (0, \infty)^2$. In particular, the maximizer(s) of the following function will play an important role:
+
+$$
+H(x) = H_{\beta,h,p}(x) := \beta x^p + hx - I(x) \quad (x \in [-1, 1]) \qquad (2.1)
+$$
+
+where $I(x) := \frac{1}{2}\{(1+x)\log(1+x) + (1-x)\log(1-x)\}$ denotes the binary entropy function. It was shown in [39] that the function $H$ can have one, two, or three global maximizers in the open interval $(-1, 1)$. This leads to the following partition of the parameter space $\Theta$:¹
+
+(1) The point $(\beta, h)$ is said to be $p$-regular, if the function $H_{\beta,h,p}$ has a unique global maximizer $m_* = m_*(\beta, h, p) \in (-1, 1)$ and $H''_{\beta,h,p}(m_*) < 0$.² Denote the set of all $p$-regular points in $\Theta$ by $\mathcal{R}_p$.
+
+(2) The point $(\beta, h)$ is said to be $p$-special, if $H_{\beta,h,p}$ has a unique global maximizer $m_* = m_*(\beta, h, p) \in (-1, 1)$ and $H''_{\beta,h,p}(m_*) = 0$. Denote the set of all $p$-special points in $\Theta$ by $\mathcal{S}_p$.
+
+(3) The point $(\beta, h)$ is said to be $p$-critical, if $H_{\beta,h,p}$ has more than one global maximizer. Denote the set of all $p$-critical points in $\Theta$ by $\mathcal{C}_p$.
+
+Note that the three cases above form a disjoint partition of the parameter space $\Theta$ (observe that $H''_{\beta,h,p}$ is non-positive at the global maximizer, by the higher-order derivative test). Furthermore, in [39, Lemma B.2] it was shown that when $p \ge 3$, there is only $p$-special point in $\Theta$ and when $p \ge 4$ even, there are two $p$-special points, which are symmetric about $h=0$. Also, it was shown in [39, Lemma B.3] that the set of points in $\mathcal{C}_p$ form a continuous 1-dimensional curve in the parameter space $\Theta$. For a schematic of the partition of the parameter space, see Figures 6 and 7 in [39]. The following result from [39] gives the asymptotic distribution of the total magnetization:
+
+**Theorem 1** (Theorem 2.1 in [39]). Fix $p \ge 3$ and $(\beta, h) \in \Theta$, and suppose $\mathbf{X} \sim \mathbb{P}_{\beta,h,p}$. Then the following hold:
+
+¹For a smooth function $f: [-1, 1] \to \mathbb{R}$ and $x \in (-1, 1)$, the first and second derivatives of $f$ at the point $x$ will be denoted by $f'(x)$ and $f''(x)$, respectively. More generally, for $s \ge 3$, the $s$-th order derivative of $f$ at the point $x$ will be denoted by $f^{(s)}(x)$.
+
+²A point $m \in (-1, 1)$ is a global maximizer of $H$ if $H(m) > H(x)$, for all $x \in [-1, 1] \setminus \{m\}$.
+
+(1) *Suppose that $(\beta, h) \in \mathcal{R}_p$, and denote the unique maximizer of $H$ by $m_* = m_*(\beta, h, p)$. Then, as $N \to \infty$,*
+
+$$
+\frac{S_N - Nm_*}{\sqrt{N}} \xrightarrow{D} N \left( 0, -\frac{1}{H''(m_*)} \right). \qquad (2.2)
+$$
+
+(2) *Suppose $(\beta, h) \in \mathcal{C}_p$, and denote the $K$ maximizers of $H$ by $m_1 := m_1(\beta, h, p) < \dots < m_K := m_K(\beta, h, p)$. Then, $K \in \{2, 3\}$, and as $N \to \infty$,*
+
+$$
+\frac{S_N}{N} \xrightarrow{D} \sum_{k=1}^{K} p_k \delta_{m_k},
+$$
+
+*where for each $1 \le k \le K$,*
+
+$$
+p_k := \frac{[(m_k^2 - 1)H''(m_k)]^{-1/2}}{\sum_{i=1}^{K} [(m_i^2 - 1)H''(m_i)]^{-1/2}}.
+$$
+
+*Moreover, if $A \subseteq [-1, 1]$ is an interval containing $m_k$ in its interior for some $1 \le k \le K$, such that $H(m_k) > H(x)$ for all $x \in A \setminus \{m_k\}$, then*
+
+$$
+\frac{S_N - Nm_k}{\sqrt{N}} \Big|_{\{S_N/N \in A\}} \xrightarrow{D} N \left( 0, -\frac{1}{H''(m_k)} \right). \qquad (2.3)
+$$
+
+(3) *Suppose that $(\beta, h) \in \mathcal{S}_p$, and denote the unique maximizer of $H$ by $m_* = m_*(\beta, h, p)$. Then, as $N \to \infty$,*
+
+$$
+\frac{S_N - Nm_*}{N^{\frac{3}{4}}} \xrightarrow{D} F, \qquad (2.4)
+$$
+
+*where the density of $F$ with respect to the Lebesgue measure is given by*
+
+$$
+dF(x) = \frac{2}{\Gamma(\frac{1}{4})} \left( -\frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)}{24} \right)^{\frac{1}{4}} \exp \left( \frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)}{24} x^4 \right) dx, \qquad (2.5)
+$$
+
+*with $H^{(4)}$ denoting the fourth derivative of the function $H$.*
+
+## 3. STATEMENTS OF THE MAIN RESULTS
+
+In this paper, we derive the rates of the convergence (in the Kolmogorov distance) for the results in (2.2), (2.3) and (2.4) by proving Cramér-type moderate deviations for the random variable
+
+$$
+W_N := \frac{S_N - Nm}{\alpha_N} \qquad (3.1)
+$$
+
+where $\alpha_N = \sqrt{N}$ if $(\beta, h) \in \mathcal{R}_p \cup \mathcal{C}_p$ and $\alpha_N = N^{3/4}$ if $(\beta, h) \in \mathcal{S}_p$, while $m$ denotes the unique maximizer of $H$ if $(\beta, h) \in \mathcal{R}_p \cup \mathcal{S}_p$, and one of the multiple global maximizers of $H$ if $(\beta, h) \in \mathcal{C}_p$. We formally state the moderate deviations result in Section 3.1. The Berry-Esseen bounds are stated in Section 3.2. In Section 3.3 we use this result to obtain Berry-Esseen bounds for the MPL estimate of $\beta$.
+
+**3.1. Moderate Deviations for the Magnetization.** Throughout $\Phi$ will denote the standard normal distribution function. Then we have the following moderate deviations result for the total magnetization $S_N := \sum_{i=1}^N X_i$.
+
+**Theorem 2.** *Suppose that $\mathbf{X}$ is a sample from the model (1.1) with $p \ge 3$. Then, there exists a constant $C > 0$ such that*
+
+*(1) If $(\beta, h) \in \mathcal{R}_p$, then for $r \in \{0,1\}$,*
+
+$$
+\frac{\mathbb{P}\left( (-1)^r \frac{S_N - Nm_*}{\sqrt{-N/H''(m_*)}} > x \right)}{1 - \Phi(x)} = 1 + (1 + x^3)\mathcal{O}\left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \right),
+$$
+
+*for all $x \in [0, CN^{1/6}]$, where $m_*$ is the unique global maximizer of the function $H$ defined in (2.1).*
+
+*(2) If $(\beta, h) \in \mathcal{C}_p$, then for $r \in \{0,1\}$,*
+
+$$
+\frac{\mathbb{P}\left( (-1)^r \frac{S_N - Nm}{\sqrt{-N/H''(m)}} > x \mid \frac{S_N}{N} \in A \right)}{1 - \Phi(x)} = 1 + (1 + x^3)\mathcal{O}\left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \right),
+$$
+
+*for all $x \in [0, CN^{1/6}]$, where $m$ is any global maximizer of $H$, and $A$ is a neighborhood of $m$ whose closure excludes any other maximizer of $H$.*
+
+*(3) If $(\beta, h) \in \mathcal{S}_p$, then for $r \in \{0,1\}$,*
+
+$$
+\frac{\mathbb{P}\left( (-1)^r \frac{S_N - Nm_*}{N^{3/4}} > x \right)}{1 - F(x)} = 1 + (1 + x^5)\mathcal{O}\left( \frac{1}{N^{1/4}} \right),
+$$
+
+*for all $x \in [0, CN^{1/20}]$, where $m_*$ is the unique global maximizer of $H$, and the density of $F$ with respect to the Lebesgue measure is given by*
+
+$$
+dF(x) = \frac{2}{\Gamma(\frac{1}{4})} \left( -\frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)}{24} \right)^{\frac{1}{4}} \exp \left( \frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)}{24} x^4 \right) dx,
+$$
+
+*with $H^{(4)}$ denoting the fourth derivative of the function $H$.*
+
+The proof of Theorem 2 is given in Section 4.1. For parts (1) and (2) we apply the technique for proving moderate deviations develop in [11] based on Stein's method. The proof of (3) is a more bare-hands approach based on the Laplace method-type arguments, similar to that in [6] where moderate deviations for the case $p = 2$ was obtained.
+
+**Remark 3.1.** One interesting difference in the rates for $p \ge 3$, compared to the case $p = 2$, is that for special points the rate of convergence is $O(N^{-1/4})$ for $p \ge 3$, whereas for $p = 2$ the rate of convergence is $O(1/\sqrt{N})$ (see [6, Corollary 1.5]). This is because for $p = 2$ at the special point, the fifth-derivative $H^{(5)}(m_*) = 0$, unlike that for $p \ge 3$ at the special points, where $H^{(5)}(m_*) \ne 0$. This non-zero $H^{(5)}$ term determines the rate of convergence of $N^{-1/4}$ for $p \ge 3$. As a result, more refined calculations are required $p \ge 3$ at the special points.
+
+**3.2. Berry-Esseen Bounds for the Magnetization.** The moderate deviation results in Theorem 2 coupled with the convergence of moments of $W_N$ (recall (3.1)) imply the following Berry-Esseen type bounds. The proof is given in Section 4.2.
+
+**Theorem 3.** *Suppose that $\mathbf{X}$ is a sample from the model (1.1) with $p \ge 3$. Then,*
+
+*(1) If $(\beta, h) \in \mathcal{R}_p$, then*
+
+$$
+\sup_{x \in \mathbb{R}} \left| \mathbb{P} \left( \frac{S_N - Nm_*}{\sqrt{-N/H''(m_*)}} \le x \right) - \Phi(x) \right| = O \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \right),
+$$
+
+*where $m_*$ is the unique global maximizer of the function $H$.
+
+*(2) If $(\beta, h) \in \mathcal{C}_p$, then for all global maximizers $m$ of $H$,*
+
+$$
+\sup_{x \in \mathbb{R}} \left| \mathbb{P} \left( \frac{S_N - Nm}{\sqrt{-N/H''(m)}} \le x \mid \frac{S_N}{N} \in A \right) - \Phi(x) \right| = O \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \right),
+$$
+
+*with $A$ being a neighborhood of $m$ whose closure excludes any other maximizer of $H$.*
+
+*(3) If $(\beta, h) \in \mathcal{S}_p$, then*
+
+$$
+\sup_{x>0} \left| \mathbb{P} \left( \frac{S_N - Nm_*}{N^{\frac{3}{4}}} \le x \right) - F(x) \right| = O \left( \frac{1}{N^{1/4}} \right),
+$$
+
+*where $m_*$ is the unique global maximizer of the function $H$.*
+
+**Remark 3.2.** Recently, Can and Röllin [7] studied a class of mean-field spin models where the Gibbs measure of each configuration depends only on its magnetization, which includes as a special case the $p$-spin Curie-Weiss model. They obtained rates of convergence of the magnetization in the Wasserstein distance in this general model, which, in the specific case of the $p$-spin Curie-Weiss model, for $p \ge 3$, imply rates of convergence of $O(N^{-1/2})$ for the regular and the critical points and of $O(N^{-1/4})$ at the critical points (see [7, Theorem 5.1]). In contrast, Theorem 3 gives Berry-Esseen bounds of the same orders, which do not directly follow from the Wasserstein bounds in [7]. Moreover, the moderate deviation bounds in Theorem 2, which quantifies the error in a stronger sense than the Kolmogorov distance, are, to the best of our knowledge, the first such results for $p$-spin Curie-Weiss model, for $p \ge 3$.
+
+**3.3. Berry-Esseen Bounds for the Maximum Pseudolikelihood Estimate of $\beta$.** The problem of parameter estimation in Ising models has been extensively studied [4, 8, 12, 13, 15, 16, 25, 26, 28, 36, 37, 38, 40, 41, 47]. Here, we consider estimating the parameter $\beta$ (assuming $h = 0$) given a single sample $\mathbf{X} = (X_1, X_2, \dots, X_n)$ from the model (1.1). Maximum likelihood estimation in this model is often inexplicit due to the presence of the intractable normalizing constant $Z_N$. An alternative computationally feasible strategy is the maximum pseudolikelihood (MPL) method [2, 3], which leverages the fact that the conditional distributions $\mathbb{P}_{\beta,0,p}(X_i|(X_j)_{j \ne i})$ have simple explicit forms, for $1 \le i \le N$. In particular, the MPL estimate of $\beta$ in the model (1.1) (with $h = 0$) is obtained as follows:
+
+$$
+\hat{\beta} := \arg \max_{\beta \in \mathbb{R}} L(\beta | \mathbf{X}),
+$$
+
+where
+
+$$
+L(\beta | \mathbf{X}) := \prod_{i=1}^{N} \mathbb{P}_{\beta,0,p}(X_i|(X_j)_{j \ne i})
+$$
+
+is the *pseudolikelihood* function.
+
+From results in [40] we know that there exists $\beta^*(p) > 0$ such that for $\beta > \beta^*(p)$, the MPL estimator $\hat{\beta}$ is $\sqrt{N}$-consistent, whereas for $\beta < \beta^*(p)$, no consistent estimate of $\beta$ exists. The threshold $\beta^*(p)$ is given by:
+
+$$
+\beta^*(p) := \inf \left\{ \beta \ge 0 : \sup_{x \in [0,1]} H_{\beta,0,p}(x) > 0 \right\}.
+$$
+
+In fact, [40, Theorem 2.14] shows that for all $\beta > \beta^*(p)$,
+
+$$
+\sqrt{N}(\hat{\beta} - \beta) \xrightarrow{D} N \left( 0, -\frac{H''_{\beta,0,p}(m_*)}{p^2 m_*^{2p-2}} \right),
+$$
+
+where $m_*$ is the unique positive global maximizer of $H_{\beta,0,p}$. The next result establishes a Berry-Esseen bound for this weak convergence. The proof is given in Section 4.2.
+
+**Theorem 4.** *Suppose $\hat{\beta}$ is the MPL estimate of $\beta$ in the model $\mathbb{P}_{\beta,0,p}$, with $p \ge 3$. Then for $\beta > \beta^*(p)$,*
+
+$$
+\sup_{x \in \mathbb{R}} \left| \mathbb{P} \left( \sqrt{N}(\hat{\beta} - \beta) \le x \right) - \mathbb{P} \left( N \left( 0, -\frac{H''_{\beta,0,p}(m_*)}{p^2 m_*^{2p-2}} \right) \le x \right) \right| = O \left( \frac{\log N}{\sqrt{N}} \right).
+$$
+
+## 4. PROOFS OF THE MAIN RESULTS
+
+In this section, we prove the results stated in Section 3. We start by proving the moderate deviation results.
+
+**4.1. Proof of Theorem 2.** We will prove parts (1) and (2) together. For this we will use the following result, which is a direct consequence of the results in [11] (see Theorem 3.1 and Remark 3.2 in [11]).
+
+**Theorem 5.** *[11] Suppose that $(Y, Y')$ is an exchangeable pair of random variables satisfying:*
+
+$$
+\mathbb{E}(Y - Y'|Y) = \lambda(Y - \mathbb{E}(R|Y)) \quad (4.1)
+$$
+
+*for some random variable $R$ and some constant $\lambda \in (0,1)$. Let $\Delta := Y' - Y$, $D := \frac{\Delta^2}{2\lambda}$ and assume that:*
+
+*(1) $|\Delta| \le \delta$ for some $\delta > 0$,*
+
+*(2) There exists $\delta_1 > 0$ such that $|\mathbb{E}(D|Y) - 1| \le \delta_1(1 + |Y|)$,*
+
+*(3) There exist $\delta_2 > 0$ and $\alpha < 1$ such that $|\mathbb{E}(R|Y)| \le \delta_2(1 + Y^2)$ and $\delta_2|Y| \le \alpha$,*
+
+*(4) There exists $\theta \ge 1$ such that $\mathbb{E}(D|Y) \le \theta$.*
+
+*Then, for $0 \le x \le \theta^{-1} \min\{\delta^{-\frac{1}{3}}, \delta_1^{-\frac{1}{3}}, \delta_2^{-\frac{1}{3}}\}$,*
+
+$$
+\frac{\mathbb{P}(Y > x)}{1 - \Phi(x)} = 1 + C_{\alpha} \theta^3 (1 + x^3) (\delta + \delta_1 + \delta_2), \quad (4.2)
+$$
+
+*where $C_{\alpha} > 0$ is a constant depending only on $\alpha$. $\square$*
+
+Returning to the main proof, assume, to begin with, $r = 0$. Let us define:
+
+$$
+\tilde{W}_N := \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} \sqrt{-H''(m)}W_N & \text{if } (\beta, h) \in \mathcal{R}_p \\ \sqrt{-H''(m)}W_N \middle| \{S_N/N \in A\} & \text{if } (\beta, h) \in \mathcal{C}_p \end{array} \right. , \quad (4.3)
+$$
+
+where $W_N := \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}(S_N - Nm)$, with $m$ denoting a global maximizer of $H$, and $A$ denoting a neighborhood of $m$ whose closure excludes any other maximizer of $H$. It follows from the proofsof Lemmas 3.1 and 3.3 in [41] that for every constant $K > 0$, there exists a constant $L = L_K > 0$ such that
+
+$$
+\mathbb{P}(|\tilde{W}_N| > K\sqrt{N}) \le e^{-LN}.
+$$
+
+Therefore, for every constant $K > 0$,
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \frac{\mathbb{P}(\tilde{W}_N > x)}{1 - \Phi(x)} &= \frac{\mathbb{P}\left(\tilde{W}_N > x \mid |\tilde{W}_N| \le K\sqrt{N}\right) (1 - O(e^{-LN}))}{1 - \Phi(x)} + \frac{O(e^{-LN})}{1 - \Phi(x)} \\ &= \frac{\mathbb{P}\left(\tilde{W}_N > x \mid |\tilde{W}_N| \le K\sqrt{N}\right)}{1 - \Phi(x)} + \frac{O(e^{-LN})}{1 - \Phi(x)}. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+Hence, in order to prove Theorem 2, it suffices to prove the same theorem with $\tilde{W}_N$ replaced by $T = T_N := \tilde{W}_N|\{|\tilde{W}_N| \le K\sqrt{N}\}$ for some constant $K > 0$ to be determined later. Note that the condition $\tilde{W}_N \le K\sqrt{N}$ is equivalent to the inequality
+
+$$
+\left| \frac{S_N}{N} - m \right| \le \frac{K}{\sqrt{-H''(m)}}.
+$$
+
+Hence, for $K$ sufficiently small, we may assume that the conditioned state space of the spin configuration $\mathbf{X}$ is such that $S_N/N \in [a, b]$, where $(a, b)$ is an interval containing exactly one maximizer $m$ of $H$. Throughout the rest of the proof, let us denote $\sigma^2 := -N/H''(m)$ and with $\bar{X} := S/N$.
+
+Let $I$ be denoted a uniformly distributed random variable on the set $\{1, \dots, N\}$ independent of $\mathbf{X}$, and given $I = i$, let $\mathbf{X}'$ denote the random vector obtained from $\mathbf{X}$ by replacing $X_i$ with $X_i'$ generated from the conditional distribution of $X_i$ given $(X_j)_{j \neq i}$. Let $T'$ denote the version of the statistic $T$ evaluated at $\mathbf{X}'$, i.e.
+
+$$
+T' = T + \frac{X_I' - X_I}{\sigma}.
+$$
+
+Then, $(T, T')$ is an exchangeable pair (see [40]). Now, denote the events
+
+$$
+\mathcal{E}_a = \{S - 2 \ge aN\} \quad \mathcal{E}_b = \{S + 2 \le bN\},
+$$
+
+and define
+
+$$
+U := \frac{2}{N\sigma} \cdot \frac{e^{-\beta p \bar{X}^{p-1} - h}}{2 \cosh(\beta p \bar{X}^{p-1} + h)} \cdot \frac{N}{2} (1 + \bar{X}) \mathbf{1}\{\mathcal{E}_a\} \quad \text{and} \quad V := \frac{2}{N\sigma} \cdot \frac{e^{\beta p \bar{X}^{p-1} + h}}{2 \cosh(\beta p \bar{X}^{p-1} + h)} \cdot \frac{N}{2} (1 - \bar{X}) \mathbf{1}\{\mathcal{E}_b\}.
+$$
+
+Then we have:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \mathbb{E}(T - T'|\mathbf{X}) &= \frac{1}{\sigma} \mathbb{E}(X_I - X_I'|\mathbf{X}) \\ &= \frac{2}{N\sigma} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \left[ \mathbf{1}(X_i = 1) \mathbb{P}(X_i' = -1|\mathbf{X}) - \mathbf{1}(X_i = -1) \mathbb{P}(X_i' = 1|\mathbf{X}) \right] \\ &= U - V. \end{aligned} \quad (4.4)
+$$
+
+Note that
+
+$$
+\frac{N}{2}(1 + \bar{X}) = \frac{1}{2}(\sigma T + Nm + N) \quad \text{and} \quad \frac{N}{2}(1 - \bar{X}) = \frac{1}{2}(N - \sigma T - Nm).
+$$
+
+Denote
+
+$$
+A(T) := \frac{\exp\left(-\beta p \left(\frac{\sigma T}{n} + m\right)^{p-1} - h\right)}{2 \cosh\left(\beta p \left(\frac{\sigma T}{n} + m\right)^{p-1} + h\right)} \quad \text{and} \quad B(T) := \frac{\exp\left(\beta p \left(\frac{\sigma T}{N} + m\right)^{p-1} + h\right)}{2 \cosh\left(\beta p \left(\frac{\sigma T}{n} + m\right)^{p-1} + h\right)}.
+$$Then (4.4) can we expressed as,
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\mathbb{E}(T - T'|\mathbf{X}) &= \frac{2}{\sigma} \cdot \frac{\sigma T + Nm + N}{2N} \cdot A(T) \mathbf{1}\{\mathcal{E}_a\} - \frac{2}{\sigma} \cdot \frac{N - \sigma T - Nm}{2N} \cdot B(T) \mathbf{1}\{\mathcal{E}_b\} \\
+&= (A(T) + B(T)) \left(\frac{T}{N} + \frac{m}{\sigma}\right) + \frac{1}{\sigma}(A(T) - B(T)) + Q, \\
+&= \left(\frac{T}{N} + \frac{m}{\sigma}\right) - \frac{1}{\sigma} \tanh \left( \beta p \left( \frac{\sigma T}{N} + m \right)^{p-1} + h \right) + Q,
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+where
+
+$$
+Q := -\frac{\sigma T + Nm + N}{N\sigma} A(T) \mathbf{1}\{\mathcal{E}_a^c\} + \frac{N - \sigma T - Nm}{N\sigma} B(T) \mathbf{1}\{\mathcal{E}_b^c\}.
+$$
+
+By a 2-term Taylor expansion of the function
+
+$$
+f(x) := \tanh \left( \beta p (x + m)^{p-1} + h \right)
+$$
+
+around 0, we have:
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+& \tanh \left( \beta p \left( \frac{\sigma T}{N} + m \right)^{p-1} + h \right) \\
+&= \tanh(\beta p m^{p-1} + h) + \frac{\sigma T}{N} \tanh'(\beta p m^{p-1} + h) \beta p (p-1) m^{p-2} + \frac{\sigma^2 T^2}{2N^2} \tilde{Q},
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+where
+
+$$
+\tilde{Q} := \tanh''(\beta p(m+\xi)^{p-1}+h) (\beta p(p-1)(m+\xi)^{p-2})^2 + \tanh'(\beta p(m+\xi)^{p-1}+h) \beta p(p-1)(p-2)(m+\xi)^{p-3},
+$$
+for some $\xi \in (0, \sigma T/N)$. Hence, noting that $\tanh(\beta pm^{p-1} + h) = m$, gives,
+
+$$
+\mathbb{E}(T - T'|\mathbf{X}) = \lambda(T - R) \quad (4.5)
+$$
+
+where
+
+$$
+\lambda := \frac{1}{N} \left( 1 - \tanh'(\beta pm^{p-1} + h) \beta p (p-1) m^{p-2} \right), \quad (4.6)
+$$
+
+$$
+R := \frac{\sigma T^2}{2N^2 \lambda} \tilde{Q} + \frac{S + N}{N \sigma \lambda} A(T) \mathbf{1}\{\mathcal{E}_a^c\} - \frac{N - S}{N \sigma \lambda} B(T) \mathbf{1}\{\mathcal{E}_b^c\}. \quad (4.7)
+$$
+
+Next, differentiating both sides of the identity $H(x) = \beta x^p + hx - I(x)$ gives,
+
+$$
+\tanh^{-1}(x) = \beta p x^{p-1} + h - H'(x) \implies x = \tanh \left( \beta p x^{p-1} + h - H'(x) \right).
+$$
+
+Differentiating the right hand side identity further,
+
+$$
+\tanh' \left( \beta p x^{p-1} + h - H'(x) \right) \left( \beta p (p-1) x^{p-2} - H''(x) \right) = 1.
+$$
+
+Now, putting $x = m$ in the above identity gives,
+
+$$
+\tanh'(\beta pm^{p-1} + h) = \frac{1}{\beta p(p-1)m^{p-2} - H''(m)}.
+$$
+
+Hence,
+
+$$
+\lambda = \frac{1}{N} \cdot \frac{H''(m)}{H''(m) - \beta p(p-1)m^{p-2}} = \frac{1 - \beta p(p-1)m^{p-2}(1-m^2)}{N} \in (0, 1),
+$$
+
+since $H''(m) < 0$. This establishes condition (4.1) in Theorem 5 with $\lambda$ and $R$ as in (4.6) and (4.7), respectively (recall (4.5)).Also, note that
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+& \mathbb{E} \left[ (T - T')^2 \middle| \mathbf{X} \right] \\
+&= \frac{1}{\sigma^2} \mathbb{E} \left[ (X_I - X_I')^2 \middle| \mathbf{X} \right] \\
+&= \frac{4}{N\sigma^2} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \left[ \mathbf{1}(X_i = 1) \mathbb{P}(X_i' = -1 | \mathbf{X}) - \mathbf{1}(X_i = -1) \mathbb{P}(X_i' = 1 | \mathbf{X}) \right] \\
+&= \frac{4}{\sigma^2} \cdot \frac{\sigma T + Nm + N}{2N} \cdot A(T) \mathbf{1}\{\mathcal{E}_a\} + \frac{4}{\sigma^2} \cdot \frac{N - \sigma T - Nm}{2N} \cdot B(T) \mathbf{1}\{\mathcal{E}_b\} \\
+&= \frac{2}{\sigma^2} (A(T) + B(T)) + \frac{4}{\sigma^2} \cdot \frac{\sigma T + Nm}{2N} (A(T) - B(T)) + Q_2 \\
+&= \frac{2}{\sigma^2} - \frac{2}{\sigma^2} \cdot \frac{\sigma T + Nm}{N} \tanh \left( \beta p \left( \frac{\sigma T}{N} + m \right)^{p-1} + h \right) + O \left( \frac{\mathbf{1}(\mathcal{E}_a^c \cup \mathcal{E}_b^c)}{\sigma^2} \right) \tag{4.8}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+where
+
+$$
+Q_2 := -\frac{4}{\sigma^2} \cdot \frac{\sigma T + Nm + N}{2N} \cdot A(T) \mathbf{1}\{\mathcal{E}_a^c\} - \frac{4}{\sigma^2} \cdot \frac{N - \sigma T - Nm}{2N} \cdot B(T) \mathbf{1}\{\mathcal{E}_b^c\}.
+$$
+
+Note that the last equality in (4.8) follows from the fact that $T = O(\sqrt{N})$. Now, by a 1-term Taylor expansion of the function $f(x) = \tanh(\beta p(x + m)^{p-1} + h)$ around 0 and using the identity $m = \tanh(\beta pm^{p-1} + h)$, gives
+
+$$
+\tanh \left( \beta p \left( \frac{\sigma T}{N} + m \right)^{p-1} + h \right) = m + \frac{\sigma T}{N} \tanh'(\beta p(m + \xi)^{p-1} + h) \beta p(p-1)m^{p-2} = m + \frac{\sigma T}{N} O(1).
+$$
+
+for some $\xi \in (0, \sigma T / N)$. Combining all these gives,
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\mathbb{E} \left[ (T - T')^2 \middle| \mathbf{X} \right] &= \frac{2}{\sigma^2}(1 - m^2) + O(1) \frac{T}{N\sigma} + \frac{2T^2}{N^2}O(1) + O\left(\frac{\mathbf{1}(\mathcal{E}_a^c \cup \mathcal{E}_b^c)}{\sigma^2}\right) \\
+&= \frac{2}{\sigma^2}(1 - m^2) + O(1) \frac{T}{N\sigma} + O\left(\frac{\mathbf{1}(\mathcal{E}_a^c \cup \mathcal{E}_b^c)}{\sigma^2}\right).
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+We will now verify the hypotheses of Theorem 5. To begin with, note that $\Delta := T' - T$ satisfies
+$|\Delta| \le \frac{2}{\sigma} = O(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}})$. Hence, trivially condition (1) of Theorem 5 holds with $\delta = O(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}})$. Next, note
+that
+
+$$
+\frac{2}{\sigma^2}(1 - m^2) = -\frac{2(1 - m^2)H''(m)}{N} = -\frac{2(\beta p(p-1)m^{p-2}(1 - m^2) - 1)}{N} = 2\lambda.
+$$
+
+Hence, we have the following with $D := \frac{\Delta^2}{2\lambda}$,
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+|\mathbb{E}(D|T) - 1| &= \left| O(1) \left( \frac{T}{2\lambda N \sigma} \right) + O \left( \frac{\mathbf{1}(\mathcal{E}_a^c \cup \mathcal{E}_b^c)}{2\lambda \sigma^2} \right) \right| \\
+&= O \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \right) |T| + O \left( \mathbf{1} (\mathcal{E}_a^c \cup \mathcal{E}_b^c) \right)
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+Note that since $m \in (a, b)$, there exists a constant $\varepsilon > 0$, such that
+
+$$
+\{\mathcal{E}_a^c \cup \mathcal{E}_b^c\} \subset \left\{ \left| \frac{S}{N} - m \right| > \varepsilon \right\}
+$$
+
+and the right hand side event becomes empty for $K$ small enough. Hence, we conclude that
+
+$$
+|\mathbb{E}(D|T) - 1| = O\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right) (1 + |T|),
+$$
+
+that is, condition (2) of Theorem 5 is satisfied with $\delta_1 = O(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}})$. Further, since $|T| = O(\sqrt{N})$, it also follows that $|\mathbb{E}(D|T)| = O(1)$ and hence, condition (4) of Theorem 5 is satisfied with $\theta = O(1)$. Finally, note that for $K$ small enough,
+
+$$
+R = \frac{\sigma T^2}{2N^2\lambda} O(1) \le \frac{BT^2}{\sqrt{N}},
+$$
+
+for some constant $B$. Now we can choose $K < 1/(2B)$ to ensure that $B\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}|T| < \frac{1}{2}$, which shows that condition (3) of Theorem 5 is satisfied with $\delta_2 = O(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}})$. Now, since all the conditions of Theorem 5 are satisfied, invoking (4.2) completes the proof of parts (1) and (2) of Theorem 2 for the case $r = 0$.
+
+If $r = 1$, then we can apply the same arguments for the random variables $-\tilde{W}_N$ and $-T_N$. In particular, note that the hypotheses of Theorem 5 are also valid for the exchangeable pair $(-Y, -Y')$, with the same $\lambda$ and the random variable $R$ being replaced by its negative $-R$. This completes the proof of parts (1) and (2) of Theorem 2.
+
+We now prove part (3). Once again, let us start with the case $r = 0$. To begin with, note that the model (1.1) can be written as:
+
+$$
+\mathbb{P}_{\beta,h,p}(\mathbf{X}) = \frac{\exp\{\beta N \bar{X}^p + h N \bar{X}\}}{2^N Z_N(\beta, h, p)} \quad (4.9)
+$$
+
+Then for any $m \in \mathcal{M}_N = \{-1, -1 + \frac{2}{N}, \dots, 1 - \frac{2}{N}, 1\}$,
+
+$$
+\mathbb{P}_{\beta,h,p}(\bar{X} = m) = \frac{1}{2^N Z_N(\beta, h, p)} \left( \frac{N}{\frac{N(1+m)}{2}} \right) e^{N(\beta m^p + hm)}.
+$$
+
+Define $W_N := N^{-3/4}(S_N - Nm_*)$ where $m_*$ denotes the unique global maximizer of $H$. Then for $x > 0$,
+
+$$
+\mathbb{P}(W_N > x) = \mathbb{P}(S_N > xN^{3/4} + Nm_*).
+$$
+
+Now, let us define
+
+$$
+y_{m,N} := 2^{-N} \sqrt{\frac{\pi N(1-m_*^2)}{2}} \left( \frac{N}{\frac{N(1+m)}{2}} \right) e^{N(\beta m^p + hm)} - NH(m_*).
+$$
+
+Then,
+
+$$
+\mathbb{P}(W_N > x) = \frac{1}{\sum_{m \in \mathcal{M}_N} y_{m,N}} \sum_{m \in \mathcal{M}_N} y_{m,N} \mathbf{1}(m > N^{-1/4}x + m_*).
+$$
+
+Let $\varepsilon := 0.24$ and $\zeta := 3.9$, and define:
+
+$$
+A_N = \sum_{m \in \mathcal{M}_N} y_{m,N} \mathbf{1}(|m - m_*| \ge N^{-1/4} + \varepsilon), \quad B_N = \sum_{m \in \mathcal{M}_N} y_{m,N} \mathbf{1}(|m - m_*| < N^{-1/4} + \varepsilon),
+$$
+
+$$
+\hat{A}_N = \sum_{m \in \mathcal{M}_N} y_{m,N} \mathbf{1} (m - m_* \ge N^{-1/4} + \varepsilon), \quad B_{N,x} = \sum_{m \in \mathcal{M}_N} y_{m,N} \mathbf{1} (N^{-1/4} x < m - m_* < N^{-1/4} + \varepsilon).
+$$In these notations,
+
+$$
+\begin{align}
+\mathbb{P}(W_N > x) &= \frac{\hat{A}_N + B_{N,x}}{A_N + B_N} \tag{4.10} \\
+&= \frac{\hat{A}_N}{A_N + B_N} + \frac{B_{N,x}}{B_N} \left(1 - \frac{A_N}{A_N + B_N}\right). \nonumber
+\end{align}
+$$
+
+We first estimate $\frac{\hat{A}_N}{A_N+B_N}$ and $\frac{A_N}{A_N+B_N}$.
+
+**Lemma 4.1.** *Let $A_N$, $\hat{A}_N$, $B_N$ and $B_{N,x}$ be defined as above. Then,*
+
+$$
+\frac{\hat{A}_N}{A_N + B_N} \le \frac{A_N}{A_N + B_N} = \exp \left\{ (1 + o(1)) \frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)}{4!} N^{4\epsilon} H^{(4)}(m_*) \right\} O(N^{\frac{3}{2}})
+$$
+
+*for all N large enough.*
+
+*Proof*. Clearly, $A_N \le \hat{A}_N$ and hence, $\frac{\hat{A}_N}{A_N+B_N} \le \frac{A_N}{A_N+B_N}$. Also,
+
+$$
+\frac{A_N}{A_N + B_N} = \mathbb{P} \left( |\bar{X} - m_*| \ge N^{-\frac{1}{4} + \epsilon} \right).
+$$
+
+The result in Lemma 4.1 now follows from [41, Lemma A.5].
+
+
+
+In the following lemma we obtain estimates for $B_N$ and $B_{N,x}$. The proof is given in Appendix A.
+
+**Lemma 4.2.** *Let $B_N$ and $B_{N,x}$ be as defined above. Then,*
+
+$$
+B_N = \frac{N^{\frac{3}{4}}}{2} \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} p_1(t) dt \left(1 + O\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right)\right). \quad (4.11)
+$$
+
+*Further, there exists a constant $D > 1$, such that for $x > D$,*
+
+$$
+B_{N,x} = \frac{N^{\frac{3}{4}}}{2} \hat{P}_1(x) + \frac{\sqrt{N}}{2} \hat{P}_2(x) + O(1) \left( N^{\frac{1}{4}} \hat{R}(x) + p_1(x) + \frac{p_2(x)}{N^{\frac{1}{4}}} + \frac{r(x)}{\sqrt{N}} \right) + O \left( e^{-N^{\zeta \epsilon}} \right), \quad (4.12)
+$$
+
+*with $\epsilon = 0.24$ and $\zeta = 3.9$, and for $x \le D$,*
+
+$$
+B_{N,x} = \frac{N^{\frac{3}{4}}}{2} \hat{P}_1(x) + \frac{\sqrt{N}}{2} \hat{P}_2(x) + O(N^{\frac{1}{4}}). \quad (4.13)
+$$
+
+By Lemma 4.1,
+
+$$
+\frac{\hat{A}_N}{A_N + B_N} \le \frac{A_N}{A_N + B_N} = \exp \left\{ (1 + o(1)) \frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)}{4!} N^{4\epsilon} H^{(4)}(m_*) \right\} O(N^{\frac{3}{2}}). \quad (4.14)
+$$
+
+Next, define
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+p_1(t) &= e^{\frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)}{4!}t^4}, \\
+p_2(t) &= e^{\frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)}{4!}t^4} \left( \frac{H^{(5)}(m_*)}{5!}t^5 + \frac{m_*}{1-m_*^2}t \right), \\
+r(t) &= \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}(1+t^4) + \frac{t^{11}}{N^{\frac{1}{4}}} + t^2 + t^6 + t^{10} \right) e^{\frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)}{4!}t^4}.
+\end{align*}
+$$Also, define
+
+$$
+\hat{P}_1(x) = \int_{x}^{\infty} p_1(t)dt, \quad \hat{P}_2(x) = \int_{x}^{\infty} p_2(t)dt, \quad \hat{R}(x) = \int_{x}^{\infty} r(t)dt.
+$$
+
+By Lemma 4.2, there exists a constant $D > 1$, such that
+
+$$
+\frac{B_{N,x}}{B_N} = \frac{\hat{P}_1(x) + N^{-\frac{1}{4}}\hat{P}_2(x) + O(1)\left(\frac{\hat{R}(x)}{\sqrt{N}} + \frac{p_1(x)}{N^{\frac{3}{4}}} + \frac{p_2(x)}{N} + \frac{r(x)}{N^{\frac{5}{4}}}\right)}{\hat{P}_1(-\infty) + O\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right)} + O\left(e^{-N^{\zeta\epsilon}}\right). \quad (4.15)
+$$
+
+for all $x > D$. Since $1 - F(x) = \frac{\hat{P}_1(x)}{\hat{P}_1(-\infty)}$, we can write in view of (4.10), (4.14) and (4.15),
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} & \frac{\mathbb{P}(W_N > x)}{1 - F(x)} \\ &= \frac{1 + \frac{\hat{P}_2(x)}{N^{\frac{1}{4}}\hat{P}_1(x)} + O(1)\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\frac{\hat{R}(x)}{\hat{P}_1(x)} + \frac{1}{N^{\frac{3}{4}}}\frac{p_1(x)}{\hat{P}_1(x)} + \frac{1}{N}\frac{p_2(x)}{\hat{P}_1(x)} + \frac{1}{N^{\frac{5}{4}}}\frac{r(x)}{\hat{P}_1(x)}\right)}{1 + O\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right)} \left(1 - O\left(e^{-N^{\zeta\epsilon}}\right)\right) \\ & \quad + \frac{O\left(e^{-N^{\zeta\epsilon}}\right)}{\hat{P}_1(x)}. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+Next, by properties of the incomplete gamma function (see for example [51]), we have
+
+$$
+\frac{\hat{R}(x)}{\hat{P}_1(x)} = O(x^{10}), \quad \frac{p_1(x)}{\hat{P}_1(x)} = O(x^3), \quad \frac{p_2(x)}{\hat{P}_1(x)} = O(x^8), \quad \text{and} \quad \frac{r(x)}{\hat{P}_1(x)} = O(x^{13}),
+$$
+
+Hence,
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} & \frac{\mathbb{P}(W_N > x)}{1 - F(x)} \\ &= 1 + (1 + o(1)) \frac{1}{N^{\frac{1}{4}}} \frac{\hat{P}_2(x)}{\hat{P}_1(x)} + O(1) \left( \frac{x^{10}}{\sqrt{N}} + \frac{x^3}{N^{\frac{3}{4}}} + \frac{x^8}{N} + \frac{x^{13}}{N^{\frac{5}{4}}} \right) + O(1) x^3 e^{\frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)}{4!}} x^{4-N^{\zeta\epsilon}} \\ &= 1 + (1 + o(1)) \frac{G(x)}{N^{\frac{1}{4}}} + O(1) \left( \frac{x^{10}}{\sqrt{N}} + \frac{x^{13}}{N^{\frac{5}{4}}} \right) + O(1) x^3 e^{\frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)}{4!}} x^{4-N^{\zeta\epsilon}}. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+with $G(x) := \frac{\hat{P}_2(x)}{\hat{P}_1(x)}$.
+
+For $x \le D$, using (4.13), we have by similar arguments as before,
+
+$$
+\frac{\mathbb{P}(W_N > x)}{1 - F(x)} = 1 + (1 + o(1)) \frac{G(x)}{N^{\frac{1}{4}}} + O\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right).
+$$
+
+Combining the two cases and the fact that $G(x) = O(1 + x^5)$, we have
+
+$$
+\frac{\mathbb{P}\left(\frac{S_N - Nm_*}{N^{\frac{3}{4}}} > x\right)}{1 - F(x)} = 1 + (1 + x^5)O\left(\frac{1}{N^{1/4}}\right),
+$$
+
+for all $x \in [0, CN^{\frac{1}{20}}]$, thereby completing the proof for the case $r = 0$. If $r = 1$, the same proof technique works, by replacing $m - m_*$ with its negative in the definitions for $\hat{A}_N$ and $B_{N,x}$.
+
+4.2. **Proof of Theorem 3.** Once again, we prove parts (1) and (2) together. Let $F_N$ and $\overline{F}_N$ denote the cumulative distribution function and the survival function of $\tilde{W}_N$ (recall (4.3)), respectively, and let $\overline{\Phi} := 1 - \Phi$ denote the survival function of the standard normal distribution. By Theorem 2 with $r = 0$,
+
+$$
+\sup_{0 \le x \le CN^{\frac{1}{6}}} \left| \overline{F}_N(x) - \overline{\Phi}(x) \right| \le \sup_{t \ge 0} \left\{ \overline{\Phi}(t)(1+t^3) \right\} O \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \right) = O \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \right). \quad (4.16)
+$$
+
+For $x > CN^{\frac{1}{6}}$, we have $\overline{\Phi}(x) \le \exp(-C^2N^{\frac{1}{3}}/2)$. Also, since all moments of $\tilde{W}_N$ converge to the corresponding Gaussian moments (see [39]), all moments of $\tilde{W}_N$ are bounded. Hence, it follows from Markov's inequality, that $\overline{F}_N(x) = O(x^{-4}) = O(N^{-2/3})$. Hence,
+
+$$
+\sup_{x > CN^{\frac{1}{6}}} \left| \overline{F}_N(x) - \overline{\Phi}(x) \right| = O(N^{-\frac{2}{3}}). \quad (4.17)
+$$
+
+Combining (4.16) and (4.17), we conclude that:
+
+$$
+\sup_{x \ge 0} \left| \overline{F}_N(x) - \overline{\Phi}(x) \right| = O \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \right). \quad (4.18)
+$$
+
+Next, note that Theorem 2 with $r = 1$ gives,
+
+$$
+\sup_{x \in [0, CN^{\frac{1}{6}}] \cap G} \left| F_N(-x) - \Phi(-x) \right| \le \sup_{t \ge 0} \left\{ \overline{\Phi}(t)(1+t^3) \right\} O \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \right) = O \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \right), \quad (4.19)
+$$
+
+for all $N \ge 1$, where $G$ is the intersection of the sets of continuity points of $F_n$ for $n \ge 1$, and hence, is the complement of a countable set. By right-continuity of $F_N$ and (4.19), one has:
+
+$$
+\sup_{x \in [-CN^{\frac{1}{6}}, 0]} |F_N(x) - \Phi(x)| = O\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right) \quad (4.20)
+$$
+
+Moreover, by a similar argument as before using the tail decay of the Gaussian distribution and Markov's inequality, one also has:
+
+$$
+\sup_{x < -CN^{\frac{1}{6}}} |F_N(x) - \Phi(x)| = O(N^{-\frac{2}{3}}). \quad (4.21)
+$$
+
+Combining (4.20) and (4.21), we conclude that:
+
+$$
+\sup_{x \le 0} |F_N(x) - \Phi(x)| = O\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right). \quad (4.22)
+$$
+
+Combining (4.18) and (4.22), parts of (1) and (2) of Theorem 3 now follows.
+
+For part (3), we can similarly let $F_N$ and $\overline{F}_N$ denote the cumulative distribution function and the survival function of $W_N$ (recall (3.1)), respectively, and let $\overline{F}$ denote the survival function of $F$. By Theorem 2, we have
+
+$$
+\sup_{0 \le x \le CN^{\frac{1}{20}}} \left| \overline{F}_N(x) - \overline{F}(x) \right| \le \sup_{t \ge 0} \left\{ \overline{F}(t)(1+t^5) \right\} O \left( \frac{1}{N^{1/4}} \right) = O \left( \frac{1}{N^{1/4}} \right). \quad (4.23)
+$$
+
+For $x > CN^{\frac{1}{20}}$, we have $\overline{F}(x) = \exp\{O(N^{-3/20})\}$. Also, since all moments of $W_N$ converges to the corresponding moments of $F$ (see [39]), all moments of $W_N$ are bounded in this case as well. Hence,it follows from Markov's inequality, that $\overline{F}_N(x) = O(x^{-20}) = O(\frac{1}{N})$. Hence,
+
+$$
+\sup_{x>CN^{\frac{1}{20}}} |\overline{F}_N(x) - \overline{F}(x)| = O\left(\frac{1}{N}\right). \qquad (4.24)
+$$
+
+Combining (4.23) and (4.24), we conclude that:
+
+$$
+\sup_{x \ge 0} |\overline{F}_N(x) - \overline{F}(x)| = O\left(\frac{1}{N^{1/4}}\right).
+$$
+
+This establishes the result in part (3) and completes the proof of Theorem 3.
+
+**4.3. Proof of Theorem 4.** In this section $\overline{\mathbb{P}}$ will be used to abbreviate the conditional distribution $\mathbb{P}_{\beta,0,p}(\cdot|\bar{X} \in A)$. Also, define
+
+$$
+a := g'(m) \quad \text{and} \quad b := \frac{g''(m)}{2\sqrt{N}},
+$$
+
+where $g(t) := p^{-1}t^{1-p} \tanh^{-1}(t)$.
+
+**Lemma 4.3.** Suppose that $m$ is a global maximizer of $H_{\beta,0,p}$ and let $A$ be a neighborhood of $m$ whose closure is devoid of any other maximizer. Let $W = \sqrt{N}(\bar{X} - m)$. Then, for every $t \in \mathbb{R}$,
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \overline{\mathbb{P}}\left(aW + bW^2 > t + \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right) - O\left(\frac{1}{N}\right) &\le \overline{\mathbb{P}}\left(\sqrt{N}(\hat{\beta} - \beta) > t\right) \\ &\le \overline{\mathbb{P}}\left(aW + bW^2 > t - \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right) + O\left(\frac{1}{N}\right), \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+where $\hat{\beta}$ is the MPL estimate of $\beta$ in the model $\mathbb{P}_{\beta,0,p}$.
+
+*Proof.* First, note that by a third-order Taylor expansion,
+
+$$
+\sqrt{N}(\hat{\beta} - \beta) = \sqrt{N}(g(\bar{X}) - g(m)) = aW + bW^2 + Q
+$$
+
+where $Q := \sqrt{N}(\bar{X} - m)^3 g^{(3)}(\xi)/6$ for some random variable $\xi$ between $\bar{X}$ and $m$. Hence,
+
+$$
+\overline{\mathbb{P}}\left(\sqrt{N}(\hat{\beta} - \beta) > t\right) \le \overline{\mathbb{P}}\left(aW + bW^2 > t - \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right) + \overline{\mathbb{P}}\left(Q > \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right)
+$$
+
+and
+
+$$
+\overline{\mathbb{P}}\left(\sqrt{N}(\hat{\beta} - \beta) > t\right) \ge \overline{\mathbb{P}}\left(aW + bW^2 > t + \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right) - \overline{\mathbb{P}}\left(Q \le -\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right).
+$$
+
+Thus, to prove Lemma 4.3 it suffices to show that
+
+$$
+\overline{P}\left(|Q| \ge \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right) = O\left(\frac{1}{N}\right).
+$$
+
+This follows from the fact that the moments of $W$ are bounded, so by Markov's inequality, one has:
+
+$$
+\overline{\mathbb{P}}\left(|Q| \ge \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right) \le N\mathbb{E}_{\overline{\mathbb{P}}}(Q^2) = O\left(N^2\mathbb{E}_{\overline{\mathbb{P}}}(\bar{X} - m)^6\right) = \frac{1}{N}O(\mathbb{E}(W^6)) = O\left(\frac{1}{N}\right).
+$$
+
+This completes the proof of Lemma 4.3. □
+
+In the next lemma, we show how to derive Berry-Esseen type bounds for the random variable $aW + bW^2$ from the Berry-Esseen bounds for $W$ established in Theorem 3.
+
+**Lemma 4.4.** *Recall the notations of Lemma 4.3 and let $Z \sim N(0, -1/H''(m))$. Then,*
+
+$$
+\sup_{t \in \mathbb{R}} \left| \bar{\mathbb{P}}(aW + bW^2 > t) - \mathbb{P}(aZ + t > 0) \right| = O \left( \frac{\log N}{\sqrt{N}} \right),
+$$
+
+where the constant in the $O(\cdot)$ term depends on $\beta$ and $p$.
+
+*Proof.* Denote $\psi(t) := at + bt^2$. Note that the set $J := \psi^{-1}((t, \infty))$ is a union of two (possibly empty) open intervals, i.e., there exist $a_1(t) \le b_1(t) < a_2(t) \le b_2(t)$ in the extended real line, such that $J = (a_1(t), b_1(t)) \cup (a_2(t), b_2(t))$. Now, note that:
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+& \left| \bar{\mathbb{P}}(aW + bW^2 > t) - \mathbb{P}(aZ + bZ^2 > t) \right| \\
+&= \left| \bar{\mathbb{P}}(W \in J) - \mathbb{P}(Z \in J) \right| \\
+&\le \sum_{i=1}^2 \left| \bar{\mathbb{P}}(W < b_i(t)) - \mathbb{P}(Z < b_i(t)) \right| + \sum_{i=1}^2 \left| \bar{\mathbb{P}}(W \le a_i(t)) - \mathbb{P}(Z \le a_i(t)) \right| \\
+&\le \frac{C}{\sqrt{N}}, \tag{4.25}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+where the last step uses Theorem 3, for some universal constant $C > 0$.
+
+Now, define $\alpha_N := \sqrt{-\log N/H''(m)}$. Note that
+
+$$
+\mathbb{P}(|Z| > \alpha_N) \le 2 \exp \left( \frac{\alpha_N^2 H''(m)}{2} \right) = \frac{2}{\sqrt{N}}.
+$$
+
+Hence,
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+& \left| \mathbb{P}(aZ + bZ^2 > x) - \mathbb{P}(aZ > x) \right| \\
+&\le \left| \mathbb{P}(aZ + bZ^2 > x, |Z| \le \alpha_N) - \mathbb{P}(aZ > x, |Z| \le \alpha_N) \right| + 2\mathbb{P}(|Z| > \alpha_N) \\
+&\le \left| \mathbb{P}(aZ + bZ^2 > x, |Z| \le \alpha_N) - \mathbb{P}(aZ > x, |Z| \le \alpha_N) \right| + \frac{4}{\sqrt{N}}. \tag{4.26}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+Next, note that:
+
+$$
+\mathbb{P}(aZ > x + |b|\alpha_N^2, |Z| \le \alpha_N) \le \mathbb{P}(aZ + bZ^2 > x, |Z| \le \alpha_N) \le \mathbb{P}(aZ > x - |b|\alpha_N^2, |Z| \le \alpha_N).
+$$
+
+Also, since the density function of $Z$ is bounded,
+
+$$
+\max_{r \in \{-1, 1\}} \left| \mathbb{P}(aZ > x + (-1)^r |b|\alpha_N^2, |Z| \le \alpha_N) - \mathbb{P}(aZ > x, |Z| \le \alpha_N) \right| = O \left( |b|\alpha_N^2 \right) = O \left( \frac{\log N}{\sqrt{N}} \right).
+$$
+
+Hence,
+
+$$
+\left| \mathbb{P}(aZ + bZ^2 > x, |Z| \le \alpha_N) - \mathbb{P}(aZ > x, |Z| \le \alpha_N) \right| = O \left( \frac{\log N}{\sqrt{N}} \right). \quad (4.27)
+$$
+
+Combining (4.26) and (4.27) gives,
+
+$$
+\sup_{x \in \mathbb{R}} \left| \mathbb{P}(aZ + bZ^2 > x) - \mathbb{P}(aZ > x) \right| = O \left( \frac{\log N}{\sqrt{N}} \right). \quad (4.28)
+$$
+
+The result in Lemma 4.4 now follows from (4.25) and (4.28). $\square$
+
+In view of Lemma 4.3 and Lemma 4.4 we have the following for every $t \in \mathbb{R}$ and every global maximizer $m$ of $H_{\beta,0,p}$:
+
+$$
+\mathbb{P} \left( aZ > t + \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \right) - O \left( \frac{\log N}{\sqrt{N}} \right) \le \mathbb{P} \left( \sqrt{N}(\hat{\beta} - \beta) > t \mid \bar{X} \in A \right) \le \mathbb{P} \left( aZ > t - \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \right) + O \left( \frac{\log N}{\sqrt{N}} \right),
+$$where $A$ is a neighborhood of $m$ whose closure is devoid of any other global maximizer, $a := g'(m)$ with $g(x) := p^{-1}x^{1-p} \tanh^{-1}(x)$, $Z \sim N(0, -1/H''(m))$, and the hidden constants in the $O(\cdot)$ terms depend only on $\beta$ and $p$. Since the density of $aZ$ is bounded, one also has:
+
+$$
+\sup_{t \in \mathbb{R}} \left| \mathbb{P}\left(aZ > t \pm \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right) - \mathbb{P}(aZ > t) \right| = O\left(\frac{1}{\sqrt{N}}\right).
+$$
+
+This shows that
+
+$$
+\sup_{t \in \mathbb{R}} \left| \mathbb{P}\left(\sqrt{N}(\hat{\beta} - \beta) > t \mid \bar{X} \in A\right) - \mathbb{P}(aZ > t) \right| = O\left(\frac{\log N}{\sqrt{N}}\right). \quad (4.29)
+$$
+
+Note that $aZ \sim N(0, -(g'(m))^2/H''(m))$. The result in Theorem 4 now follows from (4.29) on observing that $-(g'(m))^2/H''(m) = -\frac{H''(m)}{p^2m^{2p-2}}$, and on noting that $\mathbb{P}(\bar{X} \in A^c)$ is exponentially small (see Lemma 3.1 in [41]). □
+
+## 5. Future Directions
+
+There are several directions in which the results in this paper can be extended. For instance, one can consider the *p*-spin Potts model, for which the fluctuations of the magnetization has been proved recently by Bhowal and Mukherjee [5]. Obtaining rates of convergence for these results would be a natural next direction. Recently, the fluctuations of the magnetization in the 2-Curie-Weiss model were shown to be universal, that is, they continue to have the same asymptotic distribution for approximately regular graphs [18]. Extending this result to the *p*-spin case is another possible future direction.
+
+Going beyond the classical setting, it might also be interesting to study the quantum Curie-Weiss model [10] and possible connections with Parthasarathy’s groundbreaking work on quantum probability [43, 44].
+
+## REFERENCES
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+
+## APPENDIX A. PROOF OF LEMMA 4.2
+
+*Proof.* We begin by recalling a result about the properties of the higher-order derivatives of the function $H$, which follows from Lemma B.2 of [39].
+
+**Lemma A.1.** Let $H(x)$ be defined as in (2.1). Suppose that $(\beta, h) \in S_p$ and $m_*$ is the unique maximizer of $H$. Then,
+
+$$
+H'(m_*) = H''(m_*) = H^{(3)}(m_*) = 0 \quad \text{and} \quad H^{(4)}(m_*) < 0.
+$$
+
+To begin with, suppose that $|m - m_*| \le N^{-1/4+\epsilon}$. By Lemma A.1 and a Taylor expansion of $H(m)$ around $m_*$,
+
+$$
+H(m) - H(m_*) = \frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)}{4!} (m - m_*)^4 + \frac{H^{(5)}(m_*)}{5!} (m - m_*)^5 + \frac{H^{(6)}(\xi_{m,N})}{6!} (m - m_*)^6,
+$$
+
+where $H^{(5)}$ and $H^{(6)}$ denotes the fifth and sixth derivatives of the function $H$, respectively, and $\xi_{m,N}$ lies between $m$ and $m_*$. For $|m - m_*| \le N^{-1/4+\epsilon}$, $N(m - m_*)^5$ and $N(m - m_*)^6$ are both $o(1)$. Noticing that $e^x = 1 + x + O(x^2)$ for $x \to 0$, we have:
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+e^{N[H(m)-H(m_*)]} \\
+&= e^{N \frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)}{4!} (m-m_*)^4} \left( 1 + \frac{H^{(5)}(m_*)}{5!} N(m-m_*)^5 + O(N^2(m-m_*)^{10}) \right) \left( 1 + O(N(m-m_*)^6) \right) \\
+&= e^{\frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)}{4!} \frac{(s_N-Nm_*)^4}{N^3}} \left( 1 + \frac{H^{(5)}(m_*)}{5!} \frac{(s_N-Nm_*)^5}{N^4} + O(1) M_{s_N,N} \right),
+\end{align*}
+$$where
+
+$$
+s_N := Nm \quad \text{and} \quad M_{s_N,N} = \frac{(s_N - Nm_*)^6}{N^5} + \frac{(s_N - Nm_*)^{10}}{N^8} + \frac{(s_N - Nm_*)^{11}}{N^9}.
+$$
+
+Now, from Lemma A.5 in [39],
+
+$$
+y_{m,N} = \left(1 + O\left(\frac{1}{N}\right)\right) \sqrt{\frac{1 - m_*^2}{1 - m^2}} e^{N[H(m) - H(m_*)]}, \quad (A.1)
+$$
+
+whenever $m$ is bounded away from $\pm 1$. Also, now follows from (A.1) that for $|m - m_*| < N^{-\frac{1}{4}+\epsilon}$,
+
+$$
+y_{m,N} = \sqrt{\frac{1 - m_*^2}{1 - m^2}} e^{\frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)}{4!} \frac{(s_N - Nm_*)^4}{N^3}} \left( 1 + \frac{H^{(5)}(m_*)}{5!} \frac{(s_N - Nm_*)^5}{N^4} + O(1) R_{s_N,N} \right), \quad (A.2)
+$$
+
+where
+
+$$
+R_{s_N,N} = \frac{1}{N} + \frac{(S_N - Nm_*)^5}{N^5} + \frac{(S_N - Nm_*)^6}{N^5} + \frac{(S_N - Nm_*)^{10}}{N^8} + \frac{(S_N - Nm_*)^{11}}{N^9}.
+$$
+
+Next, note that
+
+$$
+\sqrt{\frac{1}{1 - m^2}} = \sqrt{\frac{1}{1 - m_*^2}} + m_*(1 - m_*^2)^{-\frac{3}{2}} \frac{s_N - Nm_*}{N} + O\left(\frac{(s_N - Nm_*)^2}{N^2}\right).
+$$
+
+Hence,
+
+$$
+\sqrt{\frac{1 - m_*^2}{1 - m^2}} = 1 + \frac{m_*}{1 - m_*^2} \cdot \frac{s_N - Nm_*}{N} + O\left(\frac{(s_N - Nm_*)^2}{N^2}\right).
+$$
+
+Therefore, from (A.2),
+
+$$
+y_{m,N} = e^{\frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)}{4!} \frac{(s_N - Nm_*)^4}{N^3}} \left( 1 + \frac{H^{(5)}(m_*)}{5!} \frac{(s_N - Nm_*)^5}{N^4} + \frac{m_*}{1 - m_*^2} \cdot \frac{s_N - Nm_*}{N} + O(1) U_{s_N,N} \right),
+$$
+
+where
+
+$$
+U_{s_N,N} = \frac{1}{N} + \frac{(s_N - Nm_*)^2}{N^2} + \frac{(s_N - Nm_*)^5}{N^5} + \frac{(s_N - Nm_*)^6}{N^5} + \frac{(s_N - Nm_*)^{10}}{N^8} + \frac{(s_N - Nm_*)^{11}}{N^9}.
+$$
+
+Defining the auxiliary variable $\ell := s_N - Nm_*$, we have
+
+$$
+\begin{align}
+B_N &= \sum_{|m-m_*| < N^{-\frac{1}{4}+\epsilon}, \ m \in \mathcal{M}_N} y_{m,N} \tag{A.3} \\
+&= \sum_{\substack{|\ell| < N^{\frac{3}{4}+\epsilon} \\ 2|(\ell+Nm_*+N)}} e^{\frac{H^{(4)}(m_*)\ell^4}{4!N^3}} \left( 1 + \frac{H^{(5)}(m_*)}{5!} \frac{\ell^5}{N^4} + \frac{m_*}{1-m_*^2} \cdot \frac{\ell}{N} + O(R_{\ell,N}) \right), \nonumber
+\end{align}
+$$
+
+where
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+R_{\ell,N} &:= \frac{1}{N} + \frac{\ell^2}{N^2} + \frac{\ell^5}{N^5} + \frac{\ell^6}{N^5} + \frac{\ell^{10}}{N^8} + \frac{\ell^{11}}{N^9} \\
+&= \frac{O(1)}{\sqrt{N}} \left( \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} + \left( \frac{\ell}{N^{\frac{3}{4}}} \right)^2 + \frac{1}{N^{\frac{3}{4}}} \left( \frac{\ell}{N^{\frac{3}{4}}} \right)^5 + \left( \frac{\ell}{N^{\frac{3}{4}}} \right)^6 + \left( \frac{\ell}{N^{\frac{3}{4}}} \right)^{10} + \frac{1}{N^{\frac{1}{4}}} \left( \frac{\ell}{N^{\frac{3}{4}}} \right)^{11} \right).
+\end{align*}
+$$
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_89.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_89.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1f017cf0695e14ff8881ff1bc397c4e87aadda5b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_89.md
@@ -0,0 +1,661 @@
+
+# Policy Mirror Descent with Lookahead
+
+
+Kimon Protopapas* Anas Barakat*
+
+## Abstract
+
+Policy Mirror Descent (PMD) stands as a versatile algorithmic framework encompassing several seminal policy gradient algorithms such as natural policy gradient, with connections with state-of-the-art reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms such as TRPO and PPO. PMD can be seen as a soft Policy Iteration algorithm implementing regularized 1-step greedy policy improvement. However, 1-step greedy policies might not be the best choice and recent remarkable empirical successes in RL such as AlphaGo and AlphaZero have demonstrated that greedy approaches with respect to multiple steps outperform their 1-step counterpart. In this work, we propose a new class of PMD algorithms called *h*-PMD which incorporates multi-step greedy policy improvement with lookahead depth *h* to the PMD update rule. To solve discounted infinite horizon Markov Decision Processes with discount factor *γ*, we show that *h*-PMD which generalizes the standard PMD enjoys a faster dimension-free *γ*^*h*-linear convergence rate, contingent on the computation of multi-step greedy policies. We propose an inexact version of *h*-PMD where lookahead action values are estimated. Under a generative model, we establish a sample complexity for *h*-PMD which improves over prior work. Finally, we extend our result to linear function approximation to scale to large state spaces. Under suitable assumptions, our sample complexity only involves dependence on the dimension of the feature map space instead of the state space size.
+
+## 1 Introduction
+
+Policy Mirror Descent (PMD) is a general class of algorithms for solving reinforcement learning (RL) problems. Motivated by the surge of interest in understanding popular Policy Gradient (PG) methods, PMD has been recently investigated in a line of works [25, 53, 29, 20]. Notably, PMD encompasses several PG methods as particular cases via its flexible mirror map. A prominent example is the celebrated Natural PG method. PMD has also close connections to state-of-the-art methods such as TRPO and PPO [50] which have achieved widespread empirical success [41, 42], including most recently in fine-tuning Large Language Models via RL from human feedback [35]. Interestingly, PMD has also been inspired by one of the most fundamental algorithms in RL: Policy Iteration (PI). While PI alternates between policy evaluation and policy improvement, PMD regularizes the latter step to address the instability issue of PI with inexact policy evaluation.
+
+Policy Iteration and its variants have been extensively studied in the literature, see e.g. [5, 32, 39]. In particular, PI has been studied in conjunction with the lookahead mechanism [12], i.e. using multi-step greedy policy improvement instead of single-step greedy policies. Intuitively, the idea is that the application of the Bellman operator multiple times before computing a greedy policy leads to a more accurate approximation of the optimal value function. Implemented via Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS), multi-step greedy policy improvement² contributed to the empirical success of some of the
+
+
+
+*Department of Computer Science, ETH Zürich, Switzerland. Contact: kprotopapas@student.ethz.ch, barakat9anas@gmail.com. Most of this work was completed when both authors were affiliated with ETH Zürich, K.P as a Master student and A.B. as a postdoctoral fellow. A.B. is currently affiliated with Singapore University of Technology and Design as a research fellow.
+
+²Note that this is different from *n*-step return approaches which are rather used for policy evaluation [47].
+
+most impressive applications of RL including AlphaGo, AlphaZero and MuZero [44, 45, 46, 40]. Besides this practical success, a body of work [12, 13, 49, 51, 52] has investigated the role of lookahead in improving the performance of RL algorithms, reporting a convergence rate speed-up when enhancing PI with *h*-step greedy policy improvement with a reasonable computational overhead.
+
+In this work, we propose to cross-fertilize the PMD class of algorithms with multi-step greedy policy improvement to obtain a novel class of PMD algorithms enjoying the benefits of lookahead. Our contributions are as follows:
+
+* We propose a novel class of algorithms called *h*-PMD enhancing PMD with multi-step greedy policy updates where *h* is the depth of the lookahead. This class collapses to standard PMD when *h* = 1. When the stepsize parameter goes to infinity, we recover the PI algorithm with multiple-step greedy policy improvement previously analyzed in [12]. When solving a Markov Decision Process problem with *h*-PMD, we show that the value suboptimality gap converges to zero geometrically with a contraction factor of $\gamma^h$. This rate is faster than the standard convergence rate of PI and the similar rate for PMD which was recently established in [20] for $h \ge 2$. This rate improvement requires the computation of a *h*-step lookahead value function at each iteration which can be performed using planning methods such as tree-search. These results for exact *h*-PMD are exposed in Sec. 4, when value functions can be evaluated exactly.
+We examine the inexact setting where the *h*-step action value functions are not available. In this setting, we propose a Monte Carlo sample-based procedure to estimate the unknown *h*-step lookahead action-value function at each state-action pair. We provide a sample complexity for this Monte Carlo procedure, improving over standard PMD thanks to the use of lookahead. Larger lookahead depth translates into a better sample complexity and a faster suboptimality gap convergence rate. However, this improvement comes at a more intensive computational effort to perform the lookahead steps. Sec. 5 discusses this inexact setting and the aforementioned tradeoff.
+* We extend our results to the function approximation setting to address the case of large state spaces where tabular methods are not tractable. In particular, we design a *h*-PMD algorithm where the *h*-step lookahead action-value function is approximated using a linear combination of state-action feature vectors in the policy evaluation step. Under linear function approximation and using a generative sampling model, we provide a performance bound for our *h*-PMD algorithm with linear function approximation. Our resulting sample complexity only depends on the dimension of the feature map space instead of the size of the state space and improves over prior work analyzing PMD with function approximation.
+* We perform simulations to verify our theoretical findings empirically on the standard DeepSea RL environment from Deep Mind's *bsuite* [34]. Our experiments illustrate the convergence rate improvement of *h*-PMD with increasing lookahead depth *h* in both the exact and inexact settings.
+
+## 2 Preliminaries
+
+**Notation.** For any integer $n \in \mathbb{N} \setminus \{0\}$, the set of integers from 1 to $n$ is denoted by $[n]$. For a finite set $\mathcal{X}$, we denote by $\Delta(\mathcal{X})$ the probability simplex over the set $\mathcal{X}$. For any $d \in \mathbb{N}$, we endow the Euclidean space $\mathbb{R}^d$ with the norm $\| \cdot \|_{\infty}$ defined for every $v \in \mathbb{R}^d$ by $\|v\|_{\infty} := \max_{i \in [d]} |v_i|$ where $v_i$ is the $i$-th coordinate. The relative interior of a set $\mathcal{Z}$ is denoted by $ri(\mathcal{Z})$.
+
+**Markov Decision Process (MDP).** We consider an infinite horizon discounted Markov Decision Process $\mathcal{M} = (\mathcal{S}, \mathcal{A}, r, \gamma, P, \rho)$ where $\mathcal{S}$ and $\mathcal{A}$ are finite sets of states and actions respectively with cardinalities $|\mathcal{S}|$ and $|\mathcal{A}|$ respectively, $P: \mathcal{S} \times \mathcal{A} \to \Delta(\mathcal{S})$ is the Markovian probability transition kernel, $r: \mathcal{S} \times \mathcal{A} \to [0, 1]$ is the reward function, $\gamma \in (0, 1)$ is the discount factor and $\rho \in \Delta(\mathcal{S})$ is the initial state distribution. A randomized stationary policy is a mapping $\pi: \mathcal{S} \to \Delta(\mathcal{A})$ specifying the probability $\pi(a|s)$ of selecting action $a$ in state $s$ for any $s \in \mathcal{S}, a \in \mathcal{A}$. The set of all such policies is denoted by $\Pi$. At each time step, the learning agent takes an action $a$ with probability $\pi(a|s)$, the environment transitions from the current state $s \in \mathcal{S}$ to the next state $s' \in \mathcal{S}$ with probability $P(s'|s, a)$ and the agent receives a reward $r(s, a)$.
+
+**Value functions and optimal policy.** For any policy $\pi \in \Pi$, we define the state value function $V^\pi: \mathcal{S} \to \mathbb{R}$ for every $s \in \mathcal{S}$ by $V^\pi(s) = \mathbb{E}_\pi[\sum_{t=0}^\infty \gamma^t r(s_t, a_t)|s_0=s]$. The state-action value function $Q^\pi: \mathcal{S} \times \mathcal{A} \to \mathbb{R}$ can be similarly defined for every $s \in \mathcal{S}, a \in \mathcal{A}$ by $Q^\pi(s, a) = \mathbb{E}_\pi[\sum_{t=0}^\infty \gamma^t r(s_t, a_t)|s_0=s, a_0=a]$ where $\mathbb{E}_\pi$ is the expectation over the state-
+
+action Markov chain $(s_t, a_t)$ induced by the MDP and the policy $\pi$ generating actions. The goal is to find a policy $\pi$ maximizing $V^\pi$. A classic result shows that there exists an optimal deterministic policy $\pi^* \in \Pi$ maximizing $V^\pi$ simultaneously for all the states [36]. In this work, we focus on searching for an $\epsilon$-optimal policy, i.e. a policy $\pi$ satisfying $\|V^* - V^\pi\|_\infty \le \epsilon$ where $V^* := V^{\pi^*}$.
+
+**Bellman operators and Bellman equations.** We will often represent the reward function $r$ by a vector in $\mathbb{R}^{SA}$ and the transition kernel by the operator $P \in \mathbb{R}^{SA \times S}$ acting on vectors $v \in \mathbb{R}^S$ (which can also be seen as functions defined over $S$) as follows: $(Pv)(s, a) = \sum_{s' \in S} P(s'|s, a)v(s')$ for any $s \in S, a \in A$. We further define the mean operator $M^\pi: \mathbb{R}^{SA} \to \mathbb{R}^S$ mapping any vector $Q \in \mathbb{R}^{SA}$ to a vector in $\mathbb{R}^S$ whose components are given by $(M^\pi Q)(s) = \sum_{a \in A} \pi(a|s)Q(s, a)$, and the maximum operator $M^* : \mathbb{R}^{SA} \to \mathbb{R}^S$ defined by $(M^*Q)(s) = \max_{a \in A} Q(s, a)$ for any $s \in S, Q \in \mathbb{R}^{SA}$. Using these notations, we introduce for any given policy $\pi \in \Pi$ the associated expected Bellman operator $\mathcal{T}^\pi: \mathbb{R}^S \to \mathbb{R}^S$ defined for every $V \in \mathbb{R}^S$ by $\mathcal{T}^\pi V := M^\pi(r + \gamma PV)$ and the Bellman optimality operator $\mathcal{T}: \mathbb{R}^S \to \mathbb{R}^S$ defined by $\mathcal{T}V := M^*(r + \gamma PV)$ for every $V \in \mathbb{R}^S$. Using the notations $r^\pi := M^\pi r$ and $P^\pi := M^\pi P$, we can also simply write $\mathcal{T}^\pi V = r^\pi + \gamma P^\pi V$ and $\mathcal{T}V = \max_{\pi \in \Pi} \mathcal{T}^\pi V$ for any $V \in \mathbb{R}^S$.
+
+The Bellman optimality operator $\mathcal{T}$ and the expected Bellman operator $\mathcal{T}^\pi$ for any given policy $\pi \in \Pi$ are $\gamma$-contraction mappings w.r.t. the $\|\cdot\|_\infty$ norm and hence admit unique fixed points $V^*$ and $V^\pi$ respectively. In particular, these operators satisfy the following inequalities: $\|\mathcal{T}^\pi V - V^\pi\|_\infty \le \gamma\|V - V^\pi\|_\infty$ and $\|\mathcal{T}V - V^*\|_\infty \le \gamma\|V - V^*\|_\infty$ for any $V \in \mathbb{R}^S$. Moreover, we recall that for $e = (1, 1, \dots, 1) \in \mathbb{R}^S$ and any $c \in \mathbb{R}_{\ge 0}, V \in \mathbb{R}^S$, we have $\mathcal{T}^\pi(V + c e) = \mathcal{T}^\pi V + \gamma c e$ and $\mathcal{T}(V + c e) = \mathcal{T}V + \gamma c e$. We recall that the set $\mathcal{G}(V^*) := \{\pi \in \Pi : \mathcal{T}^\pi V^* = \mathcal{T}V^*\}$ of 1-step greedy policies w.r.t. the optimal value $V^*$ coincides with the set of stationary optimal policies.
+
+## 3 A Refresher on PMD and PI with Lookahead
+
+### 3.1 PMD and its Connection to PI
+
+Policy Gradient methods consist in performing gradient ascent updates with respect to an objective $\mathbb{E}_\rho[V^\pi(s)]$ w.r.t. the policy $\pi$ parametrized by its values $\pi(a|s)$ for $s, a \in S \times A$ in the case of a tabular policy parametrization. Interestingly, policy gradient methods have been recently shown to be closely connected to a class of Policy Mirror Descent algorithms by using dynamical reweighting of the Bregman divergence with discounted visitation distribution coefficients in a classical mirror descent update rule using policy gradients. We refer the reader to section 4 in [53] or section 3.1 in [20] for a detailed exposition. The resulting PMD update rule is given by
+
+$$
+\pi_s^{k+1} \in \operatorname{argmax}_{\pi_s \in \Delta(\mathcal{A})} \{\eta_k \langle Q_s^{\pi_k}, \pi_s \rangle - D_{\phi}(\pi_s, \pi_s^k)\}, \quad (\text{PMD})
+$$
+
+where we use the shorthand notations $\pi_s^k = \pi_k(\cdot|s)$ and $\pi_s = \pi(\cdot|s)$, where $(\eta_k)$ is a sequence of positive stepsizes, $Q_s^{\pi_k} \in \mathbb{R}^A$ is a vector containing state action values for $\pi_k$ at state $s$, and $D_\phi$ is the Bregman divergence induced by a mirror map $\phi: \operatorname{dom} \phi \to \mathbb{R}$ such that $\Delta(\mathcal{A}) \subset \operatorname{dom} \phi$, i.e. for any $\pi, \pi' \in \Pi, s \in S$,
+
+$$
+D_{\phi}(\pi_s, \pi_s') = \phi(\pi_s) - \phi(\pi_s') - \langle \nabla \phi(\pi_s'), \pi_s - \pi_s' \rangle,
+$$
+
+where we suppose throughout this paper that the function $\phi$ is of Legendre type, i.e. strictly convex and essentially smooth in the relative interior of $\operatorname{dom} \phi$ (see [37], section 26). The mirror map choice gives rise to a large class of algorithms. Two special cases are noteworthy: (a) When $\phi$ is the squared 2-norm, the Bregman divergence is the squared Euclidean distance and the resulting algorithm is a projected $Q$-ascent and (b) when $\phi$ is the negative entropy, the corresponding Bregman divergence is the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence and (PMD) becomes the popular Natural Policy Gradient algorithm (see e.g. [53], section 4 for details).
+
+Now, using our operator notations, one can observe that the (PMD) update rule above is equivalent to the following update rule (see Lemma A.1 for a proof),
+
+$$
+\pi_{k+1} \in \operatorname{argmax}_{\pi \in \Pi} \{\eta_k \mathcal{T}^\pi V^{\pi_k} - D_\phi(\pi, \pi_k)\}, \quad (1)
+$$
+
+where $D_\phi(\pi, \pi_k) \in \mathbb{R}^S$ is a vector whose components are given by $D_\phi(\pi_s, \pi_s^k)$ for $s \in S$. Note that the maximization can be carried out independently for each state component.
+
+**Connection to Policy Iteration.** As previously noticed in the literature [53, 20], PMD can be interpreted as a ‘soft’ PI. Indeed, taking infinite stepsizes $\eta_k$ in PMD (or a null Bregman divergence) immediately leads to the following update rule:
+
+$$
+\pi_{k+1} \in \operatorname*{argmax}_{\pi \in \Pi} \{\mathcal{T}^{\pi} V^{\pi_k}\}, \qquad (\text{PI})
+$$
+
+which corresponds to synchronous Policy Iteration (PI). The method alternates between a policy evaluation step to estimate the value function $V^{\pi_k}$ of the current policy $\pi_k$ and a policy improvement step implemented as a one-step greedy policy with respect to the current value function estimate.
+
+### 3.2 Policy Iteration with Lookahead
+
+As discussed in [12], Policy Iteration can be generalized by performing $h \ge 1$ greedy policy improvement steps at each iteration instead of a single step. The resulting h-PI update rule is:
+
+$$
+\pi_{k+1} \in \operatorname*{argmax}_{\pi \in \Pi} \{\mathcal{T}^{\pi} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k}\}, \qquad (\text{h-PI})
+$$
+
+where $h \in \mathbb{N} \setminus \{0\}$. The h-greedy policy $\pi^{k+1}$ w.r.t $V^{\pi_k}$ selects the first optimal action of a non-stationary h-horizon optimal control problem. It can also be seen as the 1-step greedy policy w.r.t. $\mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k}$. In the rest of this paper, we will denote by $\mathcal{G}_h(V)$ the set of h-step greedy policies w.r.t. any value function $V \in \mathbb{R}^S$, i.e. $\mathcal{G}_h(V) := \operatorname*{argmax}_{\pi \in \Pi} \mathcal{T}^{\pi} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V = \{\pi \in \Pi : \mathcal{T}^{\pi} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V = \mathcal{T}^h V\}$. Notice that $\mathcal{G}_1(V) = \mathcal{G}(V)$. Overall, the h-PI method alternates between finding a h-greedy policy and estimating the value of this policy. Interestingly, similarly to PI, a h-greedy policy guarantees monotonic improvement, i.e. $V^{\pi'} \ge V^{\pi}$ component-wise for any $\pi \in \Pi$, $\pi' \in \mathcal{G}_h(V^\pi)$. Moreover, since $\mathcal{T}^h$ is a $\gamma^h$-contraction, it can be shown that the sequence $(\|V^* - V^{\pi_k}\|_\infty)_k$ is contracting with coefficient $\gamma^h$. See section 3 in [12] for further details about h-PI.
+
+*Remark 3.1.* While the iteration complexity always improves with larger depth $h$ (see Theorem 3 in [12]), each iteration becomes more computationally demanding. As mentioned in [14], when the model is known, the h-greedy policy can be computed with Dynamic Programming (DP) in linear time in the depth $h$.
+
+Another possibility is to implement a tree-search of depth $h$ starting from the root state $s$ to compute the h-greedy policy in deterministic MDPs. We refer to [14] for further details. Sampling-based tree search methods such as Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) (see [9]) can be used to circumvent the exponential complexity in the depth $h$ of tree search methods.
+
+## 4 Policy Mirror Descent with Lookahead
+
+In this section we propose our novel Policy Mirror Descent (PMD) algorithm which incorporates h-step lookahead for policy improvement: h-PMD.
+
+### 4.1 h-PMD: Using h-Step Greedy Updates
+
+Similarly to the generalization of PI to h-PI discussed in the previous section, we obtain our algorithm h-PMD by incorporating lookahead to PMD as follows:
+
+$$
+\pi_{k+1} = \operatorname*{argmax}_{\pi \in \Pi} \{\eta_k \mathcal{T}^{\pi} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} - D_{\phi}(\pi, \pi_k)\}. \qquad (\text{h-PMD})
+$$
+
+Notice that we recover (1), i.e. (PMD), by setting $h = 1$. We now provide an alternative way to write the h-PMD update rule which is more convenient for its implementation. We introduce a few additional notations for this purpose. For any policy $\pi \in \Pi$, let $V_h^\pi := \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^\pi$ for any integer $h \ge 1$. Consider the corresponding action value function defined for every $s, a \in S \times A$ by:
+
+$$
+Q_h^\pi(s, a) := r(s, a) + \gamma(PV_h^\pi)(s, a). \qquad (2)
+$$
+
+Using these notations, it can be easily shown that the h-PMD rule above is equivalent to:
+
+$$
+\pi_s^{k+1} = \operatorname*{argmax}_{\pi \in \Pi} \{\eta_k \langle Q_h^{\pi_k}(s, \cdot), \pi_s \rangle - D_{\phi}(\pi_s, \pi_s^k)\}. \qquad (\text{h-PMD})
+$$
+
+Before moving to the analysis of this scheme, we provide two concrete examples for the implementation of h-PMD' corresponding to the choice of two standard mirror maps.(1)
+
+*Projected $Q_h$-ascent.* When the mirror map $\phi$ is the squared 2-norm, the corresponding Bregman divergence is the squared Euclidean distance and $h$-PMD' becomes
+
+$$
+\pi_s^{k+1} = \mathrm{Proj}_{\Delta(\mathcal{A})}(\pi_s^k + \eta_k Q_h^{\pi_k}(s, \cdot)), \qquad (3)
+$$
+
+for every $s \in \mathcal{S}$ and $\mathrm{Proj}_{\Delta(\mathcal{A})}$ is the projection operator on the simplex $\Delta(\mathcal{A})$.
+
+(2) *Multiplicative $Q_h$-ascent.* When the mirror map $\phi$ is the negative entropy, the Bregman divergence $D_{\phi}$ is the Kullback-Leibler divergence and for every $(s,a) \in \mathcal{S} \times \mathcal{A},$
+
+$$
+\pi_{k+1}(a|s) = \pi_k(a|s) \frac{\exp(\eta_k Q_h^{\pi_k}(s, a))}{Z_k(s)}, \quad Z_k(s) := \sum_{a \in \mathcal{A}} \pi_k(a|s) \exp(\eta_k Q_h^{\pi_k}(s, a)). \quad (4)
+$$
+
+**Connection to AlphaZero.** Before switching gears to the analysis, we point out an interesting connection between $h$-PMD and the successful class of AlphaZero algorithms [45, 46, 40] which are based on heuristics.
+
+It has been shown in [17] that AlphaZero can be seen as a regularized policy optimization algorithm, drawing a connection to the standard PMD algorithm (with $h=1$). We argue that AlphaZero is even more naturally connected to our $h$-PMD algorithm. Indeed, the $Q$ values in [17, Eq. (7) p. 3] correspond more closely to the lookahead action value function $Q_h^\pi$ approximated via tree search instead of the standard $Q^\pi$ function with $h=1$. This connection clearly delineates the dependence on the lookahead depth (or tree search depth) $h$ which was not clear in [17]. We have implemented a version of our $h$-PMD algorithm with Deep Mind's MCTS implementation (see section D.6 and the code provided for details). Conducting further experiments to compare our algorithm to AlphaZero on similar large scale settings would be interesting. We are not aware of any theoretical convergence guarantee for AlphaZero which relies on many heuristics. In contrast, our $h$-PMD algorithm enjoys theoretical guarantees that we establish in the next sections.
+
+### 4.2 Convergence Analysis for Exact $h$-PMD
+
+Using the contraction properties of the Bellman operators, it can be shown that the suboptimality gap $||V^{\pi_k} - V^*||_\infty$ for PI iterates converges to zero at a linear rate with a contraction factor $\gamma$, regardless of the underlying MDP. This instance-independent convergence rate was generalized to PMD in [20]. In this section, we establish a linear convergence rate for the suboptimality value function gap of the exact $h$-PMD algorithm with a contraction factor of $\gamma^h$ where $h$ is the lookahead depth. We assume for now that the value function $V^{\pi_k}$ and a greedy policy $\pi_{k+1}$ in ($h$-PMD) can be computed exactly. These assumptions will be relaxed in the next section dealing with inexact $h$-PMD.
+
+**Theorem 4.1** (Exact $h$-PMD). *Let $(c_k)$ be a sequence of positive reals and let the stepsize $\eta_k$ in ($h$-PMD) satisfy $\eta_k \ge \frac{1}{c_k} \|\min_{\pi \in \mathcal{G}_h(V^{\pi_k})} D_\phi(\pi, \pi_k)\|_\infty$ where we recall that $\mathcal{G}_h(V^{\pi_k})$ is the set of greedy policies with respect to $\mathcal{T}^{h-1}V^{\pi_k}$ and that the minimum is computed component-wise. Initialized at $\pi_0 \in \mathrm{ri}(\Pi)$, the iterates $(\pi_k)$ of ($h$-PMD) with $h \in \mathbb{N} \setminus \{0\}$ satisfy for every $k \in \mathbb{N}$,*
+
+$$
+\|V^* - V^{\pi_k}\|_{\infty} \le \gamma^{hk} \left( \|V^* - V^{\pi_0}\|_{\infty} + \frac{1}{1-\gamma} \sum_{t=1}^{k} \frac{c_{t-1}}{\gamma^{ht}} \right).
+$$
+
+A few remarks are in order regarding this result:
+
+* Compared to [20], our new algorithm achieves a faster $\gamma^h$-rate where $h$ is the depth of the lookahead. It should be noted that the approach in [20] is claimed to be optimal over all methods that are guaranteed to increase the probability of the greedy action at each timestep. Adding lookahead to the policy improvement step circumvents this restriction.
+* Unlike prior work [53, 25] featuring distribution mismatch coefficients which can scale with the size of the state space, our convergence rate does not depend on any other instance-dependent quantities. This is thanks to the analysis which circumvents the use of the performance difference lemma similarly to [20].
+* Choosing $c_t = \gamma^{2h(t+1)}c_0$ for a positive constant $c_0$ for every integer $t$, the bound becomes (after bounding the geometric sum): $\|V^* - V^{\pi_k}\|_\infty \le \gamma^{hk} \left( \|V^* - V^{\pi_0}\|_\infty + \frac{c_0}{(1-\gamma)^2} \right)$. As $c_0 \to 0$ we recover the linear convergence result of $h$-PI established in [12].* This faster rate comes at the cost of a more complex value function computation at each iteration. However, our experiments suggest that the benefits of the faster convergence rate greatly outweigh the extra cost of computing the lookahead, in terms of both overall running time until convergence and sample complexity (in the inexact case). See section 7 and Appendix D for evidence.
+* The cost of computing the adaptive stepsizes is typically simply that of computing a Bregman divergence between two policies. See Appendix A.3, D.4 for a more detailed discussion.
+* We defer the proof of Theorem 4.1 to Appendix A. Our proof highlights the relationship between h-PMD and h-PI through the explicit use of Bellman operators. Notice that even in the particular case of $h = 1$, our proof is more compact compared to the one in [20] (see sec. 6 and Lemma A.1 to A.3 therein for comparison) using our convenient notations.
+
+## 5 Inexact and Stochastic h-Policy Mirror Descent
+
+In this section, we discuss the case where the lookahead action value $Q_h^{\pi_k}$ defined in (2) is unknown. We propose a procedure to estimate it using Monte Carlo sampling and we briefly discuss an alternative using a tree search method. The resulting inexact h-PMD update rule for every $s \in S$ is
+
+$$
+\pi_s^{k+1} = \operatorname*{argmax}_{\pi_s \in \Delta(\mathcal{A})} \left\{ \eta_k \langle \hat{Q}_h^{\pi_k}(s, \cdot), \pi_s \rangle - D_{\phi}(\pi_s, \pi_s^k) \right\}, \quad (5)
+$$
+
+where $\hat{Q}_h^{\pi_k}$ is the estimated version of the lookahead action value $Q_h^{\pi_k}$ induced by policy $\pi_k$. We conclude this section by providing a convergence analysis for inexact h-PMD and discussing its sample complexity using the proposed Monte Carlo estimator.
+
+### 5.1 Monte Carlo h-Greedy Policy Evaluation
+
+Estimating the lookahead action value function $Q_h^\pi$ for a given policy $\pi$ involves solving a h-horizon planning problem using samples from the MDP. Our estimation procedure combines a standard planning method with Monte Carlo estimation under a generative model of the MDP. We give an algorithmic description of the procedure below, and defer the reader to Appendix B.1 for a precise definition of the procedure. Applying the recursive algorithm below with $k := h$ returns an estimate for the action value function $Q_h^\pi(s, a)$ at a given state-action pair $(s, a) \in S \times A$.
+
+**Algorithm 1** Lookahead Q-function Estimation via Monte Carlo Planning
+***
+**Procedure** $Q(k, s, a, \pi)$
+**if** $k = 1$ **then**
+ **return** $r(s, a) + \frac{\gamma}{M} \sum_{i=1}^{M} \hat{V}^{\pi}(s'_i)$ (where $s'_i \sim P(\cdot|s, a)$ for $i \in [M]$)
+**else**
+ **return** $r(s, a) + \frac{\gamma}{M} \sum_{i=1}^{M} \max_{a' \in A} Q(k-1, s'_i, a', \pi)$ (where $s'_i \sim P(\cdot|s, a)$ for $i \in [M]$)
+**end if**
+***
+
+Note that the base case of the recursion estimates the value function using Monte Carlo rollouts, see Appendix B.1.
+
+*Remark 5.1.* Notice that actions are exhaustively selected in our procedure like in a planning method. Using bandit ideas to guide Monte Carlo planning (see e.g. [23]) would be interesting to investigate for more efficiency. We leave the investigation of such selective action sampling and exploration for future work. In practice, lookahead policies are often computed using tree search techniques [12].
+
+*Remark 5.2.* When $h = 1$, the procedure collapses to a simple Monte Carlo estimate of the Q-value function $Q^{\pi_k}$ at each iteration $k$ of the h-PMD algorithm.
+
+### 5.2 Analysis of Inexact h-PMD
+
+The next theorem is a generalization of Theorem 4.1 to the inexact setting in which the lookahead function $Q_h^{\pi_k}$ can be estimated with some errors at each iteration $k$ of h-PMD.
+
+**Theorem 5.3** (Inexact h-PMD). *Suppose there exists $b \in \mathbb{R}_+$ s.t. $\|\hat{Q}_h^{\pi_k} - Q_h^{\pi_k}\|_{\infty} \le b$ where the maximum norm is over both the state and action spaces. Let $\tilde{G}_h = \operatorname*{argmax}_{\pi \in \Pi} M^\pi \hat{Q}_h^{\pi_k}$ and let $(c_k)$ be a sequence of positive reals and let the stepsize $\eta_k$ in (h-PMD) satisfy $\eta_k \ge \frac{1}{c_k} \|\min_{\pi \in \tilde{G}_h} D_\phi(\pi, \pi_k)\|_{\infty}$where we recall that the minimum is computed component-wise. Initialized at $\pi_0 \in \text{ri}(\Pi)$, the iterates $(\pi_k)$ of inexact (h-PMD) with $h \in \mathbb{N} \setminus \{0\}$ satisfy for every $k \in \mathbb{N}$,*
+
+$$
+\|V^* - V^{\pi_k}\|_{\infty} \le \gamma^{hk} \left( \|V^* - V^{\pi_0}\|_{\infty} + \frac{1}{1-\gamma} \sum_{t=1}^{k} \frac{c_{t-1}}{\gamma^{ht}} \right) + \frac{2b}{(1-\gamma)(1-\gamma^h)}.
+$$
+
+The proof of this result is similar to the proof of Theorem 4.1 and consists in propagating the error $b$ in the analysis. We defer it to Appendix B.
+
+As can be directly seen from this formulation, the $\gamma^h$ convergence rate from the exact setting generalizes to the inexact setting. Therefore, higher lookahead depths lead to faster convergence rates. Another improvement with relation to [20] is that the additive error term has a milder dependence on the effective horizon $1 - \gamma$: the term $\frac{2b}{(1-\gamma)(1-\gamma^h)}$ is smaller for all values of $h \ge 2$ than $\frac{4b}{(1-\gamma)^2}$. Larger lookahead depths yield a smaller asymptotic error in terms of the suboptimality gap.
+
+We are now ready to establish the sample complexity of inexact h-PMD under a generative model using Theorem 5.3 together with concentration results for our Monte Carlo lookahead action value estimator.
+
+**Theorem 5.4** (Sample complexity of h-PMD). *Assume that inexact h-PMD is run for a number of iterations $K > \frac{1}{h(1-\gamma)} \log(\frac{4}{\epsilon(1-\gamma)(1-\gamma^h)})$, using the choice of stepsize defined by the sequence ($c_k$) := $(\gamma^{2h(k+1)})$. Additionally, suppose we are given a target suboptimality value $\epsilon > 0$, and a probability threshold $\delta > 0$. Finally, assume the lookahead value function $\hat{Q}_h^{\pi_k}$ is approximated at each iteration with the Monte Carlo estimation procedure described in section 5.1, with the following parameter values: $M_0 = \tilde{O}(\frac{\gamma^{2h}}{(1-\gamma)^4(1-\gamma^h)^2\epsilon^2})$ and for all $j \in [h]$, $M_j = M = \tilde{O}(\frac{1}{(1-\gamma)^6\epsilon^2})$. Then, with probability at least $1 - \delta$, the suboptimality at all iterations $k$ satisfy the following bound:*
+
+$$
+\|V^* - V^{\pi_k}\|_{\infty} \le \gamma^{hk} \left( \|V^* - V^{\pi_0}\|_{\infty} + \frac{1 - \gamma^{hk}}{(1 - \gamma)(1 - \gamma^h)} \right) + \epsilon \quad (6)
+$$
+
+*Using this procedure, h-PMD uses at most $KM_0HS + hKMSA$ samples in total. The overall sample complexity of the inexact h-PMD is then given by $\tilde{O}(\frac{S}{h\epsilon^2(1-\gamma)^6(1-\gamma^h)^2} + \frac{SA}{\epsilon^2(1-\gamma)^7})$ where the notation $\tilde{O}$ hides at most polylogarithmic factors.*
+
+Compared to Theorem 5.1 in [20], the dependence on the effective horizon improves by a factor of the order of $1/(1-\gamma)$ for $h > A^{-1}(1-\gamma)^{-1}$ thanks to our Monte Carlo lookahead estimator. Their sample complexity is of order $\tilde{O}(\frac{1}{\epsilon^2(1-\gamma)^8})$, whereas for $h > \frac{1}{A(1-\gamma)}$ ours becomes $\tilde{O}(\frac{1}{\epsilon^2(1-\gamma)^7})$.
+
+Our sample complexity does not depend on quantities such as the distribution mismatch coefficient used in prior work [53, 25], which may scale with the state space size.
+
+## 6 Extension to Function Approximation
+
+In MDPs with prohibitively large state action spaces, we represent each state-action pair $(s, a) \in S \times A$ by a feature vector $\psi(s, a) \in \mathbb{R}^d$ where typically $d \ll SA$ and where $\psi: S \times A \to \mathbb{R}^d$ is a feature map, also represented as a matrix $\Psi \in \mathbb{R}^{SA \times d}$. Assuming that this feature map holds enough “information” about each state action pair (more rigorous assumptions will be provided later), it is possible to approximate any value function using a matrix vector product $\Psi\theta$, where $\theta \in \mathbb{R}^d$. In this section, we propose an inexact h-PMD algorithm using action value function approximation.
+
+### 6.1 Inexact h-PMD with Function Approximation
+
+Using the notations above, approximating $Q_h^{\pi_k}$ by $\Psi\theta_k$, the inexact h-PMD update rule becomes:
+
+$$
+\pi_s^{k+1} \in \operatorname{argmax}_{\pi_s \in \Delta(\mathcal{S})} \{ \eta_k \langle (\Psi \theta_k)_s, \pi_s \rangle - D_{\phi}(\pi_s, \pi_s^k) \}. \quad (7)
+$$
+
+We note that the policy update above can be implicit to avoid computing a policy for every state. It is possible to implement this algorithm using our Monte Carlo planning method in a similar fashionto [27]: use the procedure in section 5.1 to estimate $Q_h^{\pi_k}(s, a)$ for all state action pairs $(s, a)$ in some set $C \subset S \times A$, and use these estimates as targets for a least squares regression to approximate $Q_h^{\pi_k}$ by $\Psi\theta_k$ at time step $k$. See Appendix C for further details. We conclude this section with a convergence analysis of $h$-PMD with linear function approximation.
+
+### 6.2 Convergence Analysis of $h$-PMD with Linear Function Approximation
+
+Our analysis follows the approach of [27]. We make the following standard assumptions.
+
+**Assumption 6.1.** The feature matrix $\Psi \in \mathbb{R}^{SA \times d}$ where $d \le SA$ is full rank.
+
+**Assumption 6.2** (Approximate Universal value function realizability). There exists $\epsilon_{FA} > 0$ s.t. for any $\pi \in \Pi$, $\inf_{\theta \in \mathbb{R}^d} \|Q_h^\pi - \Psi\theta\|_\infty \le \epsilon_{FA}$.
+
+We defer a discussion about Assumption 6.2 to Appendix C.2.
+
+**Theorem 6.3** (Convergence of $h$-PMD with linear function approximation). *Let $(\theta_k)$ be the sequence of iterates produced by $h$-PMD with linear function approximation, run for $K$ iterations, starting with policy $\pi_0 \in \text{ri}(\Pi)$, using step-sizes defined by $(c_k)$. Assume that targets $\hat{Q}_h^{\pi_k}$ were computed using the procedure described in sec. 5.1 such that with probability at least $1 - \delta$, $\forall k \le K, \forall z \in C \subset S \times A$ the targets satisfy $|\hat{Q}_h^{\pi_k}(z) - Q_h^{\pi_k}(z)| \le \epsilon$.³*
+
+*Then, there exists a choice of $C$ for which the policy iterates satisfy at each iteration:*
+
+$$
+\|V^* - V^{\pi_k}\|_{\infty} \le \gamma^{hk} \left( \|V^* - V^{\pi_0}\|_{\infty} + \frac{1}{1-\gamma} \sum_{t=1}^{k} \frac{c_{t-1}}{1-\gamma} \right) + \frac{2\sqrt{d}\epsilon + 2(1+\sqrt{d})\epsilon_{FA}}{(1-\gamma)(1-\gamma^h)}.
+$$
+
+The proof of Theorem 6.3 can be found in Appendix C.3. Notice that our performance bound does not depend on the state space size like in sec. 5 and depends on the dimension $d$ of the feature space instead. We should notice though that the choice of the set $\mathcal C$ is crucial for this result and given by the Kiefer-Wolfowitz theorem [22] which guarantees that $|\mathcal C| = \mathcal{O}(d^2)$ as discussed in [27]. Moreover, our method for function approximation yields a sample complexity that is instance independent. Existing results for PMD with function approximation [3, 54] depend on distribution mismatch coefficients which can scale with the size of the state space.
+
+In terms of computational complexity, at each iteration, $h$-PMD uses $O((MA)^h)$ elementary operations where $M$ is the size of the minibatch of trajectories used, $A$ is the size of the action space and $h$ is the lookahead depth. This computational complexity which scales exponentially in $h$ is inherent to tree search methods. Despite this seemingly prohibitive computational scaling, tree search has been instrumental in practice for achieving state of the art results in some environments [40, 19] and modern implementations (notably using GPU-based search on vectorized environments) make tree search much more efficient in practice.
+
+## 7 Simulations
+
+We conduct simulations to investigate the effect of the lookahead depth on the convergence rate and illustrate our theoretical findings. We run the $h$-PMD algorithm for different values of $h$ in both exact and inexact settings on the DeepSea environment from DeepMind's `bsuite` [34] using a grid size of 64 by 64, and a discount factor $\gamma = 0.99$. Additional experiments are provided in Appendix D. Our codebase where all our experiments can be replicated is available here: https://gitlab.com/kimon.protopapa/pmd-lookahead.
+
+**Exact $h$-PMD.** We run the exact $h$-PMD algorithm for 100 iterations for increasing values of $h$ using the KL divergence. Similar results were observed for the Euclidean divergence. We tested two different stepsize schedules: (a) in dotted lines in Fig. 1 (left), $\eta_k$ equal to its lower bound in sec. 4, with the choice $c_k := \gamma^{2h(k+1)}$ (note the dependence on $h$); and (b) in solid lines, $\eta_k$ identical stepsize schedule across all values of $h$ with $c_k := \gamma^{2(k+1)}$ to isolate the effect of the lookahead. We clearly observe under both stepsize schedules that $h$-PMD converges in fewer iterations when lookahead value functions are used instead of regular $Q$ functions.
+
+³This can be achieved by choosing the parameters as in Theorem 5.4 (see Appendix C for details).
+
+Figure 1: Suboptimality value function gap for *h*-PMD in the exact (left) and inexact (middle/right) settings, plotted against iterations in the exact case (left) and against both iterations (middle) and runtime (right) in the inexact case. 16 runs performed for each *h*, mean in solid line and standard deviation as shaded area. In dotted lines (left), the step size $\eta_k$ is equal to its lower bound in sec. 4, with the choice $c_k := \gamma^{2h(k+1)}$ (note the dependence on *h*) and in solid lines, the step size $\eta_k$ is set using an identical stepsize schedule across all values of *h* with $c_k := \gamma^{2(k+1)}$ to isolate the effect of the lookahead. Notice that higher values of *h* still perform better even in terms of runtime.
+
+**Inexact h-PMD.** In this setting, we estimated the value function $Q_h$ using the vanilla Monte Carlo planning procedure detailed in section 5 in a stochastic variant of the DeepSea environment, and all the parameters except for *h* were kept identical across runs. As predicted by our results, *h*-PMD converges in fewer iterations when *h* is increased (see Fig. 1 (middle)). We also observed in our simulations that *h*-PMD uses less samples overall (see Appendix D for the total number of samples used at each iteration), and usually converges after less overall computation time (see Fig. 1 (right)). We also refer the reader to Appendix D where we have performed additional experiments with a larger lookahead depth $h = 100$. In this case, the algorithm converges in a single iteration. This is theoretically expected as computing the lookahead values with very large *h* boils down to computing the optimal values like in value iteration with a large number of iterations. We also performed additional experiments in continuous control tasks to illustrate the general applicability of our algorithm (see Fig. 8 in Appendix D).
+
+*Remark 7.1. (**Choice of the lookahead depth** *h*.)* The lookahead depth is a hyperparameter of the algorithm and can be tuned similarly to other hyperparameters such as the step size of the algorithm. Of course, the value would depend on the environment and the structure of the reward at hand. Sparse and delayed reward settings will likely benefit from lookahead with larger depth values. We have performed several simulations with different values of *h* for each environment setting and the performance can potentially improve drastically with a better lookahead depth value (see also appendix D for further simulations). In addition, we observe that larger lookahead depth is not always better: see Fig. 7 in the appendix for an example where large lookahead depth becomes slower and does not perform better. Note that in this more challenging practical setting the best performance is not obtained for higher values of *h*: intermediate values of *h* perform better. This illustrates the tradeoff in choosing the depth *h* between an improved convergence rate and the computational cost induced by a larger *h*. We believe further investigation regarding the selection of the depth parameter might be useful to further improve the practical performance of the algorithm.
+
+## 8 Related Work
+
+**Policy Mirror Descent and Policy Gradient Methods.** Motivated by their empirical success [41, 42], the analysis of PG methods has recently attracted a lot of attention [1, 6, 21, 7, 53, 25, 20]. Among these works, a line of research focused on the analysis of PMD [53, 25, 28, 29, 20, 3] as a flexible algorithmic framework, and its particular instances such as the celebrated natural policy gradient [21, 54]. In particular, for solving unregularized MDPs (which is our main focus), Xiao [53] established linear convergence of PMD in the tabular setting with a rate depending on the instance dependent distribution mismatch coefficients, and extended their results to the inexact setting using a generative model. Similar results were established for the particular case of the natural policy gradient algorithm [6, 21]. More recently, Johnson, Pike-Burke, and Rebeschini [20] showed a dimension-freerate for PMD with exact policy evaluation using adaptive stepsizes, closing the gap with PI. Notably, they further show that this rate is optimal and their analysis inspired from PI circumvents the use of the performance difference lemma which was prevalent in prior work. We improve over these results using lookahead and we extend our analysis beyond the tabular setting by using linear function approximation. To the best of our knowledge, the use of multi-step greedy policy improvement in PMD and its analysis are novel in the literature.
+
+**Policy Iteration with Multiple-Step Policy Improvement.** Multi-step greedy policies have been successfully used in applications such as the game of Go and have been studied in a body of works [12, 13, 51, 15, 49]. In particular, multi-step greedy policy improvement has been studied in conjunction with PI in [12, 51]. Efroni et al. [12] introduced *h*-PI which incorporates *h*-lookahead to PI and generalized existing analyses on PI with 1-step greedy policy improvement to *h*-step greedy policies. However, their work requires access to an *h*-greedy policy oracle, and the *h*-PI algorithm is unstable in the stochastic setting even for *h* = 1 because of potentially large policy updates. We address all these issues in the present work with our *h*-PMD algorithm. Winnicki and Srikant [51] showed that a first-visit version of a PI scheme using a single sample path for policy evaluation converges to the optimal policy provided that the policy improvement step uses lookahead instead of a 1-step greedy policy. Unlike our present work, the latter work assumes access to a lookahead greedy policy oracle. More recently, Alegre et al. [2] proposed to use lookahead for policy improvement in a transfer learning setting. Extending Generalized Policy Improvement (GPI) [4] which identifies a new policy that simultaneously improves over all previously learned policies each solving a specific task, they introduce *h*-GPI which is a multi-step extension of GPI. We rather consider a lookahead version of PMD including policy gradient methods instead of PI. We focus on solving a single task and provide policy optimization guarantees in terms of iteration and sample complexities.
+
+**Lookahead-Based Policy Improvement with Tree Search.** Lookahead policy improvement is usually implemented via tree search methods [9, 43, 40, 24, 18, 14]. Recently, Dalal et al. [11] proposed a method combining policy gradient and tree search to reduce the variance of stochastic policy gradients. The method relies on a softmax policy parametrization incorporating a tree expansion. Our general *h*-PMD framework which incorporates a different lookahead policy improvement step also brings together PG and tree search methods. Morimura et al. [31] designed a method with a mixture policy of PG and MCTS for non-Markov Decision Processes. Grill et al. [16] showed that AlphaZero as well as several other MCTS algorithms compute approximate solutions to a family of regularized policy optimization problems which bear similarities with our *h*-PMD algorithm update rule for *h* = 1 (see sec. 3.2 therein).
+
+## 9 Conclusion
+
+In this work, we introduced a novel class of PMD algorithms with lookahead inspired by the success of lookahead policies in practice. We have shown an improved $\gamma^h$-linear convergence rate depending on the lookahead depth in the exact setting. We proposed a stochastic version of our algorithm enjoying an improved sample complexity. We further extended our results to scale to large state spaces via linear function approximation with a performance bound independent of the state space size. Our paper offers several interesting directions for future research. A possible avenue for future work is to investigate the use of more general function approximators such as neural networks to approximate the lookahead value functions and scale to large state-action spaces. Recent work for PMD along these lines [3] might be a good starting point. Enhancing our algorithm with exploration mechanisms (see e.g. the recent work [33]) is an important future direction. Our PMD update rule might offer some advantage in this regard as was recently observed in the literature [28]. Constructing more efficient fully online estimators for the lookahead action values using MCTS and designing adaptive lookahead strategies to select the tree search horizon [38] are promising avenues for future work. Our algorithm brings together two popular and successful families of RL algorithms: PG methods and tree search methods. Looking forward, we hope our work further stimulates research efforts to investigate practical and efficient methods enjoying the benefits of both classes of methods.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## Acknowledgments and Disclosure of Funding
+
+We would like to thank the anonymous area chair and reviewers for their useful comments which
+helped us to improve our paper. Most of this work was completed when A.B. was affiliated with ETH
+Zürich as a postdoctoral fellow. This work was partially supported by an ETH Foundations of Data
+Science (ETH-FDS) postdoctoral fellowship.
+
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+
+## Contents
+
+1 Introduction 1
+2 Preliminaries 2
+3 A Refresher on PMD and PI with Lookahead 3
+ 3.1 PMD and its Connection to PI 3
+ 3.2 Policy Iteration with Lookahead . . 4
+4 Policy Mirror Descent with Lookahead 4
+ 4.1 \( h \)-PMD: Using \( h \)-Step Greedy Updates . 4
+ 4.2 Convergence Analysis for Exact \( h \)-PMD . 5
+5 Inexact and Stochastic \( h \)-Policy Mirror Descent 6
+ 5.1 Monte Carlo \( h \)-Greedy Policy Evaluation 6
+ 5.2 Analysis of Inexact \( h \)-PMD 6
+6 Extension to Function Approximation 7
+ 6.1 Inexact \( h \)-PMD with Function Approximation 7
+ 6.2 Convergence Analysis of \( h \)-PMD with Linear Function Approximation 8
+7 Simulations 8
+8 Related Work 9
+9 Conclusion 10
+A Additional Details and Proofs for Section 4: Exact \( h \)-PMD 16
+ A.1 Auxiliary Lemma for the Proof of Theorem 4.1: Exact \( h \)-PMD 16
+ A.2 Proof of Theorem 4.1 17
+ A.3 Additional Comments About the Stepsizes in Theorem 4.1 . 19
+Additional Details and Proofs for Section 5: Inexact \( h \)-PMD 20
+ B.1 Details and Precise Notation for Lookahead Computation . 20
+ B.2 Proof of Theorem 5.3: Inexact \( h \)-PMD 20
+ B.3 Proof of Theorem 5.4 22
+C Additional Details and Proofs for Section 6: \( h \)-PMD with Function Approximation 25
+ C.1 Inexact \( h \)-PMD with Linear Function Approximation . 26
+ C.2 Discussion of Assumption 6.2 . . 27
+ C.3 Convergence Analysis of Inexact \( h \)-PMD using Function Approximation . . 28
+D Further Simulations 29
+ D.1 Simulations for \( h \)-PMD with Euclidean Regularization . . 29
+ D.2 Sample Complexity Comparison for Different Lookahead Depths . 29
+ D.3 Total Running Time Comparison for Different Lookahead Depths 29
+ D.4 About the Stepsizes in Simulations . . 30
+ D.5 Larger lookahead depths 30
+ D.6 Experiments with MCTS-based Lookahead Estimation . 31
+ D.7 Continuous Control Experiments . 32
+ D.8 Additional experiments 32
+
+
+
+
+
+## A Additional Details and Proofs for Section 4: Exact h-PMD
+
+**Lemma A.1.** *For any policies $\pi, \pi' \in \Pi$ and every state $s \in \mathcal{S}$, we have $\langle Q_s^{\pi'}, \pi_s \rangle = \mathcal{T}^{\pi} V^{\pi'}(s)$. As a consequence, the update rules (PMD) and (1) in the main part are equivalent.*
+
+*Proof.* Let $\pi, \pi' \in \Pi$. For every $s \in \mathcal{S}$, we have
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\langle Q_s^{\pi'}, \pi_s \rangle &= \sum_{a \in \mathcal{A}} Q^{\pi'}(s, a) \pi(a|s) && \text{(by definition of the scalar product)} \\
+&= \sum_{a \in \mathcal{A}} \left( r(s, a) + \gamma \sum_{s' \in \mathcal{S}} P(s'|s, a) V^{\pi'}(s') \right) \pi(a|s) && (Q^{\pi'} \text{ as a function of } V^{\pi'}) \\
+&= r^{\pi}(s) + \gamma \sum_{s' \in \mathcal{S}} \left( \sum_{a \in \mathcal{A}} P(s'|s, a) \pi(a|s) \right) V^{\pi'}(s') && \text{(by rearranging and using the definition of } r^{\pi}) \\
+&= r^{\pi}(s) + \gamma P^{\pi} V^{\pi'}(s) && \text{(using the definition of } P^{\pi}) \\
+&= \mathcal{T}^{\pi} V^{\pi'}(s). && (8)
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+The second part of the statement holds by setting $\pi' = \pi_k$.
+
+
+
+### A.1 Auxiliary Lemma for the Proof of Theorem 4.1: Exact h-PMD
+
+**Lemma A.2** (Triple Point Descent Lemma for *h*-PMD). *Let $h \in \mathbb{N} \setminus \{0\}$. *Initialized at* $\pi_0 \in \text{ri}(\Pi)$, *the iterates of h-step greedy PMD remain in* $\text{ri}(\Pi)$ *and satisfy the following inequality for any* $k \in \mathbb{N}$ *and any policy* $\pi \in \Pi$,*
+
+$$
+\eta_k \mathcal{T}^{\pi} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} \leq \eta_k \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} + D_{\phi}(\pi, \pi_k) - D_{\phi}(\pi, \pi_{k+1}) - D_{\phi}(\pi_{k+1}, \pi_k)
+$$
+
+*Proof.* Recall the definition of the *h*-step greedy action value function denoted by $Q_h^\pi : \mathcal{S} \times \mathcal{A} \to \mathbb{R}$ in (2). Then, recall that for each state $s \in \mathcal{S}$ and every $k \in \mathbb{N}$, we have
+
+$$
+\langle Q_h^{\pi_k}(s, \cdot), \pi_s \rangle = (\mathcal{T}^{\pi} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k})(s). \quad (9)
+$$
+
+Applying the three point descent lemma (see Lemma 6 in [53] with $\phi(\pi) = \langle Q_h^{\pi_k}(s, \cdot), \pi \rangle$ for any $\pi \in \Pi$ and $C = \Delta(\mathcal{A})$ with the notation therein), we obtain for any policy $\pi \in \Pi$,
+
+$$
+-\eta_k \langle Q_d^{\pi_k}(s, \cdot), \pi_s^{k+1} \rangle + D_{\phi}(\pi_s^{k+1}, \pi_s^k) \leq -\eta_k \langle Q_d^{\pi_k}(s, \cdot), \pi_s \rangle + D_{\phi}(\pi_s, \pi_s^k) - D_{\phi}(\pi_s, \pi_s^{k+1}).
+$$
+
+We obtain the desired result by rearranging the above last inequality and using (9). □
+
+
+
+**Lemma A.3.** *Let $h \in \mathbb{N} \setminus \{0\}$. *Initialized at* $\pi_0 \in \text{ri}(\Pi)$, *the iterates of h-step greedy PMD satisfy for every* $k \in \mathbb{N}$,*
+
+$$
+\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} \leq V^{\pi_{k+1}} + \frac{\gamma}{1-\gamma} c_k \mathbf{e},
+$$
+
+*where $(c_k)$ is the sequence of positive integers introduced in Theorem 4.1 such that $\frac{\tilde{d}_k}{\eta_k} \le c_k$ and $\tilde{d}_k = \|\min_{\pi \in \mathcal{G}_h(V^{\pi_k})} D_\phi(\pi, \pi_k)\|_\infty$.*
+
+*Proof.* Let $k \in \mathbb{N}$. Recall that any policy $\pi \in \mathcal{G}_h(V^{\pi_k})$ satisfies $\mathcal{T}^\pi \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} = \mathcal{T}^h V^{\pi_k}$. Using Lemma A.2 for $\pi \in \mathcal{G}_h(V^{\pi_k})$ together with the previous identity and the nonnegativity of the Bregman divergence implies that for any policy $\pi \in \mathcal{G}_h(V^{\pi_k})$,
+
+$$
+\mathcal{T}^h V^{\pi_k} \le \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} + \frac{\tilde{d}_k}{\eta_k} \mathbf{e} \le \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} + c_k \mathbf{e}, \quad (10)
+$$
+
+where the last inequality follows from the assumption on the stepsizes $\eta_k$. We now prove by recurrence that for every $n \in \mathbb{N}$,
+
+$$
+\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} \le (\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}})^{n+1} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} + \sum_{i=1}^{n} \gamma^i c_k \mathbf{e}, \quad (11)
+$$
+
+with $\sum_{i=1}^n \gamma^i = 0$ for $n=0$. The base case for $n=0$ is immediate. We now suppose that the result holds for $n$ and we show that it remains true for $n+1$. We have
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} &= \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} \mathcal{T}^{\pi_k} V^{\pi_k} && (\mathcal{T}^{\pi_k} V^{\pi_k} = V^{\pi_k}) \\
+&\le \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^h V^{\pi_k} && (\mathcal{T}^{\pi_k} V \le \mathcal{T} V \text{ for any } V \in \mathbb{R}^S \text{ and monotonicity of } \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}}) \\
+&\le \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} (\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} + c_k \mathbf{e}) && \text{(using (10) and monotonicity of } \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}}) \\
+&= (\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}})^2 \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} + \gamma c_k \mathbf{e} && (\mathcal{T}^\pi (V + c\mathbf{e}) = \mathcal{T}^\pi V + \gamma c \mathbf{e} \text{ for any } V \in \mathbb{R}^S, c \in \mathbb{R}) \\
+&\le \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \left( (\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}})^{n+1} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} + \sum_{i=1}^n \gamma^i c_k \mathbf{e} \right) + \gamma c_k \mathbf{e} && \text{(using recurrence hypothesis and monotonicity of } \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}}) \\
+&= (\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}})^{n+2} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} + \sum_{i=1}^n \gamma^{i+1} c_k \mathbf{e} + \gamma c_k \mathbf{e} \\
+&= (\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}})^{n+2} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} + \sum_{i=1}^{n+1} \gamma^i c_k \mathbf{e}, && (12)
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+which concludes the recurrence proof of (11) for every $n \in \mathbb{N}$. To conclude, we take the limit in (11) and use the fact that for any $V \in \mathbb{R}^S$, the sequence $((\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}})^n V)_n$ converges to the fixed point $V^{\pi_{k+1}}$ of the contractive operator $\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}}$. Hence, we obtain
+
+$$
+\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} \le V^{\pi_{k+1}} + \sum_{i=1}^{+\infty} \gamma^i c_k \mathbf{e} = V^{\pi_{k+1}} + \frac{\gamma}{1-\gamma} c_k \mathbf{e}. \quad (13)
+$$
+
+This concludes the proof. □
+
+*Remark A.4.* We note that although in our work the stepsize $\eta_k$ is chosen to be the same for all states for simplicity, the same result holds for a stepsize that is different for each state as long as $\eta_k(s) \ge \frac{1}{c_k} D_\phi(\pi_s, \pi_s^k)$ for each $s \in S$. The same is true for all results depending on this lemma (or the inexact variant).
+
+### A.2 Proof of Theorem 4.1
+
+As a warmup, we start by reporting a convergence result for the standard PMD algorithm, recently established in [20]. Using the contraction properties of the Bellman operators, it can be shown that the suboptimality gap $\|V^{\pi_k} - V^*\|_\infty$ for PI iterates converges to zero at a linear rate with a contraction factor $\gamma$, regardless of the underlying MDP. This instance-independent convergence rate was generalized to PMD in [20]. Before stating this result, we report a useful three-point descent lemma to quantify the improvement of the PMD policy resulting from the proximal step compared to an arbitrary policy.
+
+**Lemma A.5** (Three Point Descent Lemma). *Using the PMD update rule, we have for every $k \in \mathbb{N}$ and every $\pi \in \Pi$,*
+
+$$
+-\eta_k \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} V^{\pi_k} \le -\eta_k \mathcal{T}^{\pi} V^{\pi_k} - D_{\phi}(\pi_{k+1}, \pi_k) + D_{\phi}(\pi, \pi_k) - D_{\phi}(\pi, \pi_{k+1}). \quad (14)
+$$This lemma results from an application of Lemma 6 in [53] which is a variant of Lemma 3.2 in [10]. This same result was also used in [20].
+
+**Theorem A.6** (Exact PMD, [20]). *Let $(c_k)$ be a sequence of positive reals and let the stepsize $\eta_k$ in (PMD) satisfy $\eta_k \ge \frac{1}{c_k} \|\min_{\pi \in \mathcal{G}(V^{\pi_k})} D_\phi(\pi, \pi_k)\|_\infty$ where the minimum is computed component-wise. Initialized at $\pi_0 \in \text{ri}(\Pi)$, the iterates $(\pi_k)$ of (PMD) satisfy for every $k \in \mathbb{N}$,*
+
+$$
+\|V^* - V^{\pi_k}\|_{\infty} \le \gamma^k \left( \|V^* - V^{\pi_0}\|_{\infty} + \sum_{t=1}^{k} \gamma^{-t} c_{t-1} \right).
+$$
+
+We provide here a complete proof of this result as a warmup for our upcoming main result. Although equivalent, notice that our proof is more compact compared to the one provided in [20] (see section 6 and Lemma A.1 to A.3 therein) thanks to the use of our convenient notations, and further highlights the relationship between PMD and PI through the explicit use of Bellman operators.
+
+*Proof.* Using Lemma A.5 with a policy $\pi \in \mathcal{G}(V^{\pi_k})$ for which $\mathcal{T}^\pi V^{\pi_k} = \mathcal{T} V^{\pi_k}$, we have
+
+$$
+\eta_k \mathcal{T} V^{\pi_k} \le \eta_k \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} V^{\pi_k} - D_{\phi}(\pi_{k+1}, \pi_k) + D_{\phi}(\pi, \pi_k) - D_{\phi}(\pi, \pi_{k+1}). \quad (15)
+$$
+
+Setting $d_k := \|\min_{\pi \in \mathcal{G}(V^{\pi_k})} D_\phi(\pi, \pi_k)\|_\infty$ and recalling that $D_\phi(\pi, \pi_k) \ge 0$ for any policy $\pi \in \Pi$, we obtain
+
+$$
+\mathcal{T} V^{\pi_k} \le \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} V^{\pi_k} + \frac{d_k}{\eta_k} \mathbf{e}. \quad (16)
+$$
+
+Notice that for Policy Iteration we have $\mathcal{T} V^{\pi_k} = \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} V^{\pi_k}$ i.e. $\pi_{k+1} \in \mathcal{G}(V^{\pi_k})$. Instead, for PMD we have that $\pi_{k+1}$ is approximately greedy (see (16)).
+
+Applying Lemma A.5 again with $\pi = \pi_k$, recalling that $\mathcal{T}^{\pi_k} V^{\pi_k} = V^{\pi_k}$ and that $D_\phi(\pi, \pi') \ge 0$ for any $\pi, \pi' \in \Pi$, we immediately obtain $V^{\pi_k} \le \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} V^{\pi_k}$. Iterating this relation and using the monotonicity of the Bellman operator, we obtain $V^{\pi_k} \le \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} V^{\pi_k} \le (\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}})^2 V^{\pi_k} \le \dots \le (\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}})^n V^{\pi_k} \le \dots \le V^{\pi_{k+1}}$ where the last inequality follows from the fact that $\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}}$ has a unique fixed point $V^{\pi_{k+1}}$. We are now ready to control the suboptimality gap as follows:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} V^* - V^{\pi_{k+1}} &\le V^* - \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} V^{\pi_k} \\ &= V^* - \mathcal{T} V^{\pi_k} + \mathcal{T} V^{\pi_k} - \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} V^{\pi_k} \\ &\le V^* - \mathcal{T} V^{\pi_k} + \frac{d_k}{\eta_k} \mathbf{e} \\ &\le V^* - \mathcal{T} V^{\pi_k} + c_k \mathbf{e}, \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+where the first inequality follows from the inequality $V^{\pi_{k+1}} \ge \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} V^{\pi_k}$ proved above, the second one stems from (16), and the last one is a consequence of our assumption $d_k/\eta_k \le c_k$. We conclude the proof by taking the max norm, applying the triangle inequality and using the contractiveness of the Bellman optimality operator $\mathcal{T}$.
+
+**Proof of Theorem 4.1**
+
+*Proof.* Similarly to Lemma A.5, we show that for any $\pi \in \mathcal{G}_h(V^{\pi_k})$,
+
+$$
+\eta_k \mathcal{T}^\pi \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} \le \eta_k \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} - D_\phi(\pi_{k+1}, \pi_k) + D_\phi(\pi, \pi_k) - D_\phi(\pi, \pi_{k+1}), \quad (17)
+$$
+
+see Lemma A.2 for a proof. Setting $\tilde{d}_k := \|\min_{\pi \in \mathcal{G}_h(V^{\pi_k})} D_\phi(\pi, \pi_k)\|_\infty$ (note the difference with $d_k$ in the proof of Theorem A.6), and recalling that $\pi \in \mathcal{G}_h(V^{\pi_k})$ implies that $\pi \in \mathcal{G}(\mathcal{T}^{h-1}V^{\pi_k})$, we obtain from (17) an inequality similar to (16),
+
+$$
+\mathcal{T}^h V^{\pi_k} \le \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} + \frac{\tilde{d}_k}{\eta_k} \mathbf{e}. \quad (18)
+$$Then, we observe that
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} &= \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} \mathcal{T}^{\pi_k} V^{\pi_k} \\
+&\le \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^h V^{\pi_k} \\
+&\le \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} (\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} + \frac{\tilde{d}_k}{\eta_k} \mathbf{e}) \\
+&= (\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}})^2 \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} + \gamma \frac{\tilde{d}_k}{\eta_k} \mathbf{e} \\
+&\le (\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}})^2 \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} + \gamma c_k \mathbf{e}, \tag{19}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+where the second inequality follows from using (17) and monotonicity of $\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}}$ and the last inequality uses the assumption on the stepsizes. Then we show by recursion by iterating (19), taking the limit and using the fact that $\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}}$ has a unique fixed point $V^{\pi_{k+1}}$, that
+
+$$
+\mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} \leq V^{\pi_{k+1}} + \frac{\gamma}{1-\gamma} c_k \mathbf{e}, \quad (20)
+$$
+
+see Lemma A.3 for a complete proof. We now control the suboptimality gap as follows,
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+V^* - V^{\pi_{k+1}} &\le V^* - \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} + \frac{\gamma}{1-\gamma} c_k \mathbf{e} \\
+&= V^* - \mathcal{T}^h V^{\pi_k} + \frac{\gamma}{1-\gamma} c_k \mathbf{e} + \mathcal{T}^h V^{\pi_k} - \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} \\
+&\le V^* - \mathcal{T}^h V^{\pi_k} + \frac{1}{1-\gamma} c_k \mathbf{e}, \tag{21}
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+where the first inequality stems from (20) and the last one from reusing (18). Similarly to Theorem A.6,
+we conclude the proof by taking the max norm, applying the triangle inequality and using the
+contractiveness of the Bellman optimality operator *h* times to obtain
+
+$$
+\|V^* - V^{\pi_{k+1}}\|_{\infty} \leq \gamma^h \|V^* - V^{\pi_k}\|_{\infty} + \frac{1}{1-\gamma} c_k .
+$$
+
+A recursion gives the desired result.
+
+**A.3 Additional Comments About the Stepsizes in Theorem 4.1**
+
+**About the cost of computing adaptive stepsizes.** There is typically only one greedy policy at each iteration, and in the case that there is more than one it is possible to just pick any arbitrary greedy policy and the lower bound condition on the step size will still be satisfied. The cost of computing the step size is typically the cost of computing a Bregman divergence between two policies. We elaborate on this in the following using the discussion in [20] p. 7 in ‘Computing the step size’ paragraph which also applies to our setting. We use the step size condition $\eta_k \ge \frac{1}{c_k} \|\min_{\pi \in G_h(V^{\pi_k})} D_\phi(\pi, \pi_k)\|_{\infty}$. We have a minimum in the condition which means we can just pick a single greedy policy $\tilde{\pi} \in G_h(V^{\pi_k})$ (which can easily be computed given a lookahead value function in the exact setting or its estimate in an inexact setting). As for the maximum over the state space, this is because we use the same step size in all the states. This condition can readily be replaced by a state dependent step size $\eta_k(s) \ge \frac{1}{c_k} D_\phi(\tilde{\pi}(\cdot|s), \pi_k(\cdot|s))$ which is enough for our results to hold.
+
+**About the condition on the stepsizes.** First, notice that PMD has been analyzed using an increasing stepsize in the exact setting (see e.g. [25, 53, 29]) and this is natural as this corresponds to emulating Policy Iteration. In the present work, notice that we do not require the stepsize to go to infinity and the stepsize does not typically go to infinity under our condition. Recall that we only require the stepsize to satisfy the condition: $\eta_k \ge \frac{1}{c_k} \|\min_{\pi \in G_h(V^{\pi_k})} D_\phi(\pi, \pi_k)\|_{\infty}$. As the policy gets closer to the optimal one it should also get closer to a greedy policy (the optimal policy is greedy with respect to its value function) and the term containing a Bregman divergence will vanish (since the optimal policy is already greedy with respect to its own value function). This effect balances the decreasing $c_k$. Notice that we typically choose $c_k = \gamma^{2h(k+1)}$.
+
+We refer the reader to section D.4 for additional observations regarding stepsizes in experiments.
+
+## B Additional Details and Proofs for Section 5: Inexact h-PMD
+
+### B.1 Details and Precise Notation for Lookahead Computation
+
+We describe here our approach to estimate $Q_h^\pi$ in more detail and introduce the notation necessary for the analysis in the following sections. Assume that we are estimating $Q_h^\pi(s, a)$ at a given fixed state-action pair $(s, a) \in \mathcal{S} \times \mathcal{A}$. We define a sequence $(\mathcal{S}_k)$ of sets of visited states as follows: Set $\mathcal{S}_h = \{s\}$ and define for every $k \in [0, h-1]$, for every $\tilde{s} \in \mathcal{S}_{k+1}$ and for every $\tilde{a} \in A$ the multiset $\mathcal{S}_k(\tilde{s}, \tilde{a}) := \{s'_j \sim P(\cdot|\tilde{s}, \tilde{a}) : j \in [M_{k+1}]\}$ (including duplicated states) where $M_{k+1}$ is the number of states sampled from each state $\tilde{s} \in \mathcal{S}_{k+1}$, and $\mathcal{S}_k = \bigcup_{\tilde{s} \in S, \tilde{a} \in A} \mathcal{S}_k(\tilde{s}, \tilde{a}) \cup \mathcal{S}_{k+1}$ (without duplicated states). The estimation procedure is recursive. First we define the value function $\hat{V}_1$ by $\hat{V}_1(\tilde{s}) := \hat{V}^\pi(\tilde{s})$, $\forall \tilde{s} \in \mathcal{S}_0$, where $\hat{V}^\pi(\tilde{s})$ is an estimate of $V^\pi(\tilde{s})$ computed using $M_0$ rollouts of the policy $\pi$ from state $\tilde{s}$. More precisely, we sample $M_0$ trajectories $(\tau_j(\tilde{s}))_{j \in [M_0]}$ of length $H \ge 1$ rolling out policy $\pi$, i.e. $\tau_j(\tilde{s}) := \{(s_k^j, a_k^j, r(s_k^j, a_k^j))\}_{0 \le k \le H-1}$ with $s_0^j = \tilde{s}$ and $a_k^j \sim \pi(\cdot|s_k^j)$. Then the Monte Carlo estimator is computed as $\hat{V}^\pi(\tilde{s}) = \frac{1}{M_0} \sum_{j=1}^{M_0} \sum_{k=0}^{H-1} \gamma^k r(s_k^j, a_k^j)$. For each stage $k \in [1, h]$ for $h \ge 1$, we define the following estimates for every $\tilde{s} \in \mathcal{S}_k, \tilde{a} \in \mathcal{A}$,
+
+$$
+\hat{Q}_k(\tilde{s}, \tilde{a}) := r(\tilde{s}, \tilde{a}) + \frac{\gamma}{M_k} \sum_{s' \in \mathcal{S}_{k-1}} \hat{V}_k(s'), \quad \hat{V}_{k+1}(\tilde{s}) := \max_{\tilde{a} \in \mathcal{A}} \hat{Q}_k(\tilde{s}, \tilde{a}), \qquad (22)
+$$
+
+The desired estimate $\hat{Q}_h^\pi(s, a)$ is obtained with $k = h$. The recursive procedure described above can be represented as a (partial incomplete) tree where the root node is the state-action pair $(s, a)$ and each sampled action leads to a new state node $s'$ followed by a new state-action node $(s', a')$. To trigger the recursion, we assign estimated values $\hat{V}^\pi(\tilde{s})$ of the true value function $V^\pi(\tilde{s})$ to each one of the leaf state nodes $\tilde{s}$ of this tree, i.e. the state level $h-1$ of this tree which corresponds to the last states visited in the sampled trajectories. The desired estimate $\hat{Q}_h^\pi(s, a)$ is given by the estimate obtained at the root state-action node $(s, a)$. Recalling that $Q_h^\pi(s, a) := r(s, a) + \gamma(PV_h^\pi)(s, a)$ for any $s \in \mathcal{S}, a \in \mathcal{A}$ and $V_h^\pi := \mathcal{T}^{h-1}V^\pi$, the overall estimation procedure consists in using Monte Carlo rollouts to estimate the value function $V^\pi$ before approximating $V_h^\pi := \mathcal{T}^{h-1}V^\pi$ using approximate Bellman operator steps and finally computing the estimate $\hat{Q}_h^\pi(s, a)$ using a sampled version of $Q_h^\pi(s, a) := r(s, a) + \gamma(PV_h^\pi)(s, a)$.
+
+### B.2 Proof of Theorem 5.3: Inexact h-PMD
+
+Throughout this section, we suppose that the assumptions of Theorem 5.3 hold.
+
+**Lemma B.1.** *Let $\pi \in \Pi$, $k \in \mathbb{N}$. Suppose that the estimator $\hat{Q}_h^{\pi_k}$ is such that $\|\hat{Q}_h^{\pi_k} - Q_h^\pi\|_\infty \le b$ for some positive scalar $b$. Then the approximate h-step lookahead value function $\hat{V}_h^{\pi_k}(\pi) := M^\pi \hat{Q}_h^{\pi_k}$ is a b-approximation of $\mathcal{T}^\pi \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k}$, i.e.,*
+
+$$
+\| \hat{V}_h^{\pi_k}(\pi) - \mathcal{T}^{\pi} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} \|_{\infty} \le b. \qquad (23)
+$$
+
+*Proof.* The Hölder inequality implies that for any policy $\pi \in \Pi$:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \| \hat{V}_h^{\pi_k}(\pi) - \mathcal{T}^{\pi} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} \|_{\infty} &= \max_{s \in S} |\langle \hat{Q}_h^{\pi_k}(s, \cdot) - Q_h^{\pi_k}(s, \cdot), \pi_s \rangle| \\ &\le \max_{s \in S} \| \hat{Q}_h^{\pi_k}(s, \cdot) - Q_h^{\pi_k}(s, \cdot) \|_{\infty} \cdot \| \pi_s \|_1 \le b. \end{aligned} \quad \square
+$$
+
+**Lemma B.2** (Approximate h-Step Greedy Three-Point Descent Lemma). *For any policy $\pi \in \Pi$, the iterates $\pi_k$ of approximate h-PMD satisfy the following inequality for every $k \ge 0$:*
+
+$$
+\eta_k \mathcal{T}^{\pi} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} \le \eta_k \mathcal{T}^{\pi_{k+1}} \mathcal{T}^{h-1} V^{\pi_k} + D_{\phi}(\pi, \pi_k) - D_{\phi}(\pi, \pi_{k+1}) - D_{\phi}(\pi_{k+1}, \pi_k) + 2\eta_k \text{be.} \quad (24)
+$$
+
+*Proof.* We apply again the Three-Point Descent Lemma (see e.g. Lemma A.1 in [20]) to obtain:
+
+$$
+-\eta_k \langle \hat{Q}_h^{\pi_k}(s, \cdot), \pi_s^{k+1} \rangle + D_{\phi}(\pi_s^{k+1}, \pi_s^k) \le -\eta_k \langle \hat{Q}_h^{\pi_k}(s, \cdot), \pi_s \rangle + D_{\phi}(\pi_s, \pi_s^k) - D_{\phi}(\pi_s, \pi_s^{k+1}), \quad (25)
+$$
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_93.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_93.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f2c781269b41a44be52f37cbaaebe074fd4cb5db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_93.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1038 @@
+arXiv:2509.13963v1 [math.RA] 17 Sep 2025
+
+# ANTI-PRE-POISSON BIALGEBRAS AND RELATIVE ROTA-BAXTER OPERATORS
+
+QINXIU SUN AND MIN WU
+
+Abstract. In this paper, we first introduce the notion of an anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra, which is shown to be equivalent to both quadratic anti-pre-Poisson algebras and matched pairs of Poisson algebras. The study of coboundary anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras leads to the anti-pre-Poisson Yang-Baxter equation (APP-YBE). Skew-symmetric solutions of this equation give rise to coboundary anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras. Furthermore, we investigate how solutions without skew-symmetry can also induce such bialgebras, prompting the introduction of quasi-triangular and factorizable anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras. In particular, solutions of the APP-YBE whose symmetric parts are invariant induce a quasi-triangular anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra. Such solutions are also interpreted as relative Rota-Baxter operators with weights. Finally, we establish a one-to-one correspondence between quadratic Rota-Baxter anti-pre-Poisson algebras and factorizable anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras.
+
+## CONTENTS
+
+
+ Introduction 1
+ Representation of anti-pre-Poisson algebras 4
+ Anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras 9
+
+ 3.1. Anti-Zinbiel bialgebras and anti-pre-Lie bialgebras 9
+ 3.2. Quadratic anti-pre-Poisson algebras and anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras 13
+ 3.3. Coboundary anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras 15
+
+
+ Quasi-triangular anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras and factorizable anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras 21
+
+ 4.1. Quasi-triangular anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras 21
+ 4.2. Factorizable anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras 25
+
+
+ Relative Rota-Baxter operators and quadratic Rota-Baxter anti-pre-Poisson algebras 27
+
+ 5.1. Relative Rota-Baxter operators and the APP-YBE 27
+ 5.2. Quadratic Rota-Baxter anti-pre-Poisson algebras and factorizable anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras 29
+
+
+ References 33
+
+
+## 1. INTRODUCTION
+
+Pre-Lie algebras [4] serve as the underlying algebraic structures of symplectic forms on Lie algebras. A symmetric analogue of a symplectic form on a Lie algebra is a non-degenerate commutative 2-cocycle [9]. The notion of anti-pre-Lie algebras was introduced in [12] as the underlying algebraic structures of such non-degenerate commutative 2-cocycles on Lie algebras. These can be viewed as the ”anti-structures” ”anti-structures” of pre-Lie algebras and are characterized as Lie-admissible algebras whose negative left multiplication operators yield representations of the commutator Lie algebras. Anti-pre-Lie algebras are closely connected to various other algebraic structures, including transposed Poisson algebras [5] and differential algebras [7]. Builds upon these foundations, Gao, Liu, and Bai introduced anti-dendriform algebras in [10]. These retain the property of splitting associativity: the sum of their two bilinear operations forms an associative algebra. However, unlike dendriform algebras, where the left and right multiplication operators furnish a representation of the total associative algebra, while in an anti-dendriform algebra, it is the negatives of these operators that constitute a representation of the sum associative algebra. In particular, for an anti-dendriform algebra (A, ≻, ≺), if the relation x ≻ y = y ≺ x holds for all x, y ∈ A, then (A, ∗ =≻) is called an anti-Zinbiel algebra [14]. Notably, there exists a close relationship between anti-dendriform algebras and anti-pre-Lie algebras. The study of anti-dendriform algebras and their connections to Novikov-type algebras establishes a foundational framework relevant to anti-pre-Lie algebras, as demonstrated in [10]. Specifically, the following commutative diagram holds:
+
+
+
+
+
+2020 Mathematics Subject Classification. 17A30, 17A36, 17B38, 17B40, 16T10.
+
+Key words and phrases. anti-Pre-Poisson algebra, anti-pre-Poisson Yang-Baxter equatio, quasi-triangular anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra, factorizable anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra, relative Rota-Baxter operator.
+
+Bai and Liu integrated the structures of anti-Zinbiel algebras and anti-pre-Lie algebras on the same vector space, thereby introducing the notion of an anti-pre-Poisson algebra [14], which bears a close relationship to Poisson algebras. On the one hand, an anti-pre-Poisson algebra naturally gives rise to a Poisson algebra. This is realized through the sub-adjacent commutative associative algebra (from the anti-Zinbiel part) and the sub-adjacent Lie algebra (from the antipre-Lie part). On the other hand, an anti-pre-Poisson algebra can also be constructed from an anti-$\mathcal{O}$-operator on a Poisson algebra.
+
+A bialgebraic structure comprises an algebra and a coalgebra equipped with certain compatibility conditions. In the early 1980s, Drinfeld established the theory of Lie bialgebras [8], which were found to have deep connections with the classical Yang-Baxter equation and classical integrable systems. Subsequently, V. Zhelyabin introduced associative D-bialgebras in [24, 25].Aguiar later in [1] studied antisymmetric infinitesimal bialgebras as the associative analogue of Lie bialgebras, which are also equivalent to double constructions of Frobenius algebras [3]. Following the development of infinitesimal bialgebra theory [1, 3], similar bialgebraic frameworks have been extended to various other algebraic structures, such as pre-Lie algebras [2], Leibniz algebras [22], Novikov algebras [11] and pre-Novikov algebras [15]. A Manin triple of Poisson algebras corresponds to a Poisson bialgebra [17], offering a natural framework for constructing compatible Poisson brackets in integrable systems. However, the approach based on Manin triples with respect to invariant bilinear forms on both commutative associative algebras and Lie algebras is not well-suited for transposed Poisson algebras. Alternatively, Bai and Liu developed bialgebra theories for anti-pre-Lie algebras, transposed Poisson algebras and anti-pre-Lie Poisson algebras in [13], via Manin triples constructed from commutative 2-cocycles on Lie algebras. We have further established bialgebra theories for anti-dendriform algebras [20] and anti-pre-Novikov algebras [21].
+
+Within the theory of Lie bialgebras, coboundary Lie bialgebras especially quasi-triangular Lie bialgebras, which play a fundamental role in mathematical physics. As a specialized subclass of quasi-triangular Lie bialgebras, factorizable Lie bialgebras provide a crucial link between classical r-matrices and certain factorization problems. They exhibit diverse applications in integrable systems, see [16] and references therein. Recently, these results on factorizable and quasi-triangular structures have been successfully extended to antisymmetric infinitesimal bialgebras [18], pre-Lie bialgebras [23] and Leibniz bialgebras [6].
+
+It is natural to investigate bialgebra theory for anti-pre-Poisson algebras, which serves as the primary motivation for this work. Specifically, we introduce the notion of an anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra. The study of coboundary anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras leads to the anti-pre-Poisson Yang-Baxter equation (APP-YBE), where any skew-symmetric solution gives rise to an anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra. More importantly, we also examine how solutions without skew-symmetry can induce such bialgebras. In particular, we prove that solutions of the APP-YBE whose symmetric parts are invariant yield quasi-triangular anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras. Furthermore, we consider factorizable anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras as a special subclass of quasitriangular anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras. We show that the double space of any anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra naturally carries a factorizable structure. Finally, we characterize solutions of the APP-YBE with invariant symmetric parts in terms of relative Rota-Baxter operators on antipre-Poisson algebras.
+
+The paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we review fundamental concepts and results related to anti-pre-Lie algebras and anti-Zinbiel algebras. In particular, we study the representations of anti-pre-Poisson algebras. Section 3 builds upon these foundations to develop a bialgebra theory for anti-pre-Poisson algebras. By examining the coboundary case, we introduce the anti-pre-Poisson Yang–Baxter equation (APP-YBE), whose skew-symmetric solutions yield anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras. We further define the notion of $\mathcal{O}$-operators on anti-pre-Poisson algebras and use them to construct skew-symmetric solutions of the APP-YBE. In Section 4, we explore quasi-triangular and factorizable anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras. We prove that the double of any anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra naturally carries a factorizable structure. Finally, in Section 5, we introduce quadratic Rota-Baxter anti-pre-Poisson algebras and establish their correspondence with factorizable anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras.
+
+**Notations.** Throughout the paper, k is a field. All vector spaces and algebras are over k. All algebras are finite-dimensional, although many results still hold in the infinite-dimensional case. Let $V$ be a vector space with a binary operation ∗. Define linear maps $L_∗, R_∗, ad : V → End(V)$ by $L_∗(a)b := a ∗ b, R_∗(a)b := b ∗ a, ad(a)b = a ∗ b − b ∗ a$ for all $a, b ∈ V$. Assume that
+$r =\displaystyle\sum_{i}a_{i}\otimes b_{i}\in V\otimes V$. Put
+
+$$
+r_{12} * r_{13} := \sum_{i,j} a_i * a_j \otimes b_i \otimes b_j, r_{23} * r_{12} := \sum_{i,j} a_j \otimes a_i * b_j \otimes b_i, r_{31} * r_{23} := \sum_{i,j} b_i \otimes a_j \otimes a_i * b_j,
+$$
+
+$$
+r_{21} * r_{13} := \sum_{i,j} b_i * a_j \otimes a_i \otimes b_j, r_{32} * r_{21} := \sum_{i,j} b_j \otimes b_i * a_j \otimes a_i, r_{31} * r_{32} := \sum_{i,j} b_i \otimes b_j \otimes a_i * a_j,
+$$
+
+$$
+r_{13} * r_{32} := \sum_{i,j} a_i \otimes b_j \otimes b_i * a_j, r_{23} * r_{21} := \sum_{i,j} b_j \otimes a_i * a_j \otimes b_i, r_{21} * r_{31} := \sum_{i,j} b_i * b_j \otimes a_i \otimes a_j,
+$$
+
+$$
+r_{23} * r_{13} := \sum_{i,j} a_i \otimes a_j \otimes b_i * b_j, r_{12} * r_{31} := \sum_{i,j} a_i * b_j \otimes b_i \otimes a_j.
+$$
+
+## 2. REPRESENTATION OF ANTI-PRE-POISSON ALGEBRAS
+
+This section commences with a review of the foundational properties of anti-Zinbiel and anti-pre-Lie algebras, laid out in [10, 12, 13, 20].
+
+An **anti-dendriform algebra** is a vector space A together with two bilinear maps ≻, ≺: $A × A → A$ such that
+
+$$x≻(y≻z)=-(x·y)≻z=-x≺(y·z)=(x≺y)≺z,$$
+
+$$(x≻y)≺z=x≻(y≺z),$$
+
+for all $x, y,z ∈ A$, where $x · y = x ≻ y + x ≺ y$. $(A, ·)$ is an associative algebra, which is called the associated associative algebra of the anti-dendriform algebra $(A, ≻, ≺)$. Furthermore, $(A, ≻, ≺)$ is called the compatible anti-dendriform algebra structure on $(A, ·)$. When $x ≻ y = y ≺ x = x ∗y$, $(A, ∗)$ is called an anti-Zinbiel algebra. More precisely, an anti-Zinbiel algebra is a vector space A together with a bilinear map ∗ : $A × A → A$ such that
+
+$$x∗(y∗z)=-(x∗y+y∗x)∗z=-(y∗z+z∗y)∗x=z∗(y∗x),$$
+
+$$z∗(x∗y)=x∗(z∗y),$$
+
+for all $x, y,z ∈ A$. Denote $x\star y = x ∗ y+y ∗ x$, $(A, \star)$ is a commutative associative algebra, which is called the associated associative algebra of the anti-Zinbiel algebra $(A, ∗)$. Furthermore, $(A, ∗)$ is called the compatible anti-Zinbiel algebra structure on $(A, \star)$.
+
+Let $(A, ·)$ be a commutative associative algebra and $\omega$ be a bilinear form on $(A, ·)$. If $\omega$ is symmetric and satisfies
+
+$$
+(1)\quad\omega (x·y,z)+\omega(y·z,x)+\omega(z·x,y)=0,\forall x,y,z\in A,
+$$
+
+then $\omega$ is called a commutative Connes cocycle [10].
+
+Let $(A, ∗)$ be an anti-Zinbiel algebra. A bilinear form $\omega$ on $(A, ∗)$ is called invariant if
+
+$$
+(2)\quad\omega (x∗y,z)=-\omega(x,y\star z),\forall x,y,z\in A.
+$$
+
+**Proposition 2.1.** *[10] Let $(A, ∗)$ be an anti-Zinbiel algebra and $\omega$ be a symmetric invariant bilinear form on $(A, ∗)$. Then $\omega$ is a commutative Connes cocycle on the associated commutative associative algebra $(A, \star)$. Conversely, assume that $(A, \star)$ is a commutative associative algebra and $\omega$ is a non-degenerate commutative Connes cocycle on $(A, \star)$. Then $\omega$ is invariant on the compatible anti-Zinbiel algebra $(A, ∗)$ defined by Eq. (2).*
+
+A **representation (bimodule)** of an anti-Zinbiel algebra $(A, ∗)$ is a triple $(V, l_∗,r_∗)$, where $V$ is a vector space and $l_∗,r_∗ : A → End(V)$ are two linear maps satisfying the following relations, for all $x, y ∈ A$,
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+l_*(x)l_*(y) &= -l_*(x \star y) = -r_*(x)l_\star(y) = r_*(y * x), \\
+l_*(x)r_*(y) &= -r_*(y)l_\star(x) = -r_*(x)l_\star(y) = l_*(y)r_*(x), \\
+r_*(x * y) &= l_*(x)r_*(y), l_*(y)l_*(x) = l_*(x)l_*(y),
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+where $l_\star(x) = l_∗(x) + r_∗(x)$ and $x \star y = x ∗ y + y ∗ x$.
+
+Let $A$ and $V$ be vector spaces. For a linear map $f : A → End(V)$, define a linear map $f^∗: A → End(V^∗)$ by $⟨f^∗(x)u^∗,v⟩ = −⟨u^∗,f(x)v⟩$ for all $x \in A, u^∗ ∈ V^∗, v ∈ V$, where ⟨ , ⟩ is the usual pairing between $V$ and $V^∗$.
+
+**Proposition 2.2.** [20] *Let $(V, l_∗,r_∗)$ be a representation of an anti-Zinbiel algebra $(A, ∗)$. Then*
+
+(a) *$(V, −l_∗)$ is a representation of the associated associative algebra $(A, \star)$.*
+
+(b) *$(V, l_∗ + r_∗)$ is a representation of the associated associative algebra $(A, \star)$.*
+
+(c) *$(V^{∗}, l_{∗}^{∗}+r_{∗}^{∗},-r_{∗}^{∗})$ is also a representation of (A, ∗). We call it the **dual representation.***
+
+(d) *$(V^∗, l_{∗}^{∗})$ is a representation of $(A, \star)$.*
+
+(e) *$(V^∗, −l_{∗}^{∗},− r_{∗}^{∗})$ is a representation of $(A, \star)$.*
+
+An **anti-pre-Lie algebra** is a vector space A together with a bilinear map $\circ : A × A → A$ such that
+
+$$
+x\circ(y\circ z)-y\circ(x\circ z)=[y,x]\circ z,\\
+[x,y]\circ z+[y,z]\circ x+[z,x]\circ y=0,
+$$
+
+for all $x, y,z ∈ A$, where $[x, y] = x\circ y − y\circ x. (A, [ , ])$ is a Lie algebra, which is called the **sub-adjacent Lie algebra** of $(A,\circ)$ and is denoted by $g(A)$. Moreover, $(A,\circ)$ is called a **compatible anti-pre-Lie algebra** of $(A, [ , ])$.
+
+Recall that a commutative 2-cocycle [9] on a Lie algebra $(g, [ , ])$ is a symmetric bilinear form $\omega$ such that
+
+$$
+(3)\quad\omega ([x,y],z)+\omega([y,z],x)+\omega([z,x],y)=0,\forall x,y,z\in g.
+$$
+
+Let $(A,\circ)$ be an anti-pre-Lie algebra. A bilinear form ω on $(A,\circ)$ is called invariant if
+
+$$
+(4)\quad\omega (x\circ y,z)=\omega(y,[x,z]),\forall x,y,z\in g.
+$$
+
+**Proposition 2.3.** *[12] Let $(A,\circ)$ be an anti-pre-Lie algebra and ω be a symmetric invariant bilinear form on $(A,\circ)$. Then $\omega$ is a commutative 2-cocycle on the associated Lie algebra $(A,[ , ])$. Conversely, suppose that $(A, [ , ])$ is a Lie algebra and ω is a non-degenerate commutative 2-ocycle on $(A, [ , ])$ . Then $\omega$ is invariant on the compatible anti-pre-Lie algebra $(A,\circ)$ defined
+by Eq (4).*
+
+A representation of an anti-pre-Lie algebra $(A,\circ)$ is a triple $(V, l_\circ,r_\circ)$, such that $V$ is a vector space and $l_\circ,r_\circ : A → End(V)$ are linear maps for all $x, y ∈ A$ satisfying:
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+l_\circ(y\circ x) - l_\circ(x\circ y) &= l_\circ(x)l_\circ(y) - l_\circ(y)l_\circ(x), \\
+r_\circ(x\circ y) &= l_\circ(x)r_\circ(y) + r_\circ(y)l_\circ(x) - r_\circ(y)r_\circ(x), \\
+l_\circ(y\circ x) - l_\circ(x\circ y) &= r_\circ(x)l_\circ(y) - r_\circ(y)l_\circ(x) - r_\circ(x)r_\circ(y) + r_\circ(y)r_\circ(x).
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+**Proposition 2.4.** *[12] Let $(V, l_\circ,r_\circ)$ be a representation of an anti-pre-Lie algebra $(A,\circ)$.*
+
+(a) *$(V, −l_\circ)$ and $(V, l_\circ − r_\circ)$ are representations of the sub-adjacent Lie algebra $(g(A), [ , ])$.*
+
+(b) *$(V^∗,r_{_\circ}^{∗}-l_{\circ}^{∗},r_{\circ}^{∗})$ is a representation of $(A,\circ).$*
+
+(c) *$(V^∗,-l_{\circ}^{∗}$ is a representation of the sub-adjacent Lie algebra $(g(A), [ , ])$.*
+
+Now we come to study the representation theory of anti-pre-Poisson algebras.
+
+**Definition 2.5.** [1] An **anti-pre-Poisson algebra** is a triple $(A, ∗,\circ)$, where (A, ∗) is an anti-Zinbiel algebra, $(A,\circ)$ is an anti-pre-Lie algebra and the following conditions hold:
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+(5) &(x \circ y - y \circ x) * z = y * (x \circ z) - x \circ (y * z), \\
+(6) &(x * y + y * x) \circ z = -x * (y \circ z) - y * (x \circ z), \\
+(7) &z \circ (x * y + y * x) + x * (y \circ z) + y * (x \circ z) = x * (z \circ y) + y * (z \circ x).
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+for all $x, y,z ∈ A$.
+
+By Eq. (5), we obtain
+
+$$
+(8) y*(x\circ z)+x*(y\circ z)=x\circ(y*z)+y\circ(x*z).
+$$
+
+Let $(A, ∗, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson algebra. Define
+
+$$
+x\star y=x*y+y*x,[x,y]=x\circ y-y\circ x,\forall x,y\in A.
+$$
+
+Then $(A, \star,[ , ])$ is a Poisson algebra, that is, $(A, \star)$ is a commutative associative algebra,$(A, [ , ])$ is a Lie algebra and the following equation holds:
+
+$$
+(9) [z,x\star y]=[z,x]\star y+x\star[z,y],\forall x,y,z\in A.
+$$
+
+Moreover, $(A, \star, [ , ])$ is called the **sub-adjacent Poisson algebra** of $(A, ∗, \circ)$, and $(A, ∗, \circ)$ is called the **compatible anti-pre-Poisson algebra** of $(A, \star,[ , ])$.
+
+**Example 2.6.** Let $A$ be a vector space with a basis ${e_1, e_2, e_3}$. Define two bilinear maps $∗, \circ :A × A → A$ respectively by (only non-zero multiplications are listed):
+
+$$
+e_1∗e_2=e_3,e_1\circ e_2=e_3.
+$$
+
+By direct calculation, $(A, ∗, \circ)$ is an anti-pre-Poisson algebra.
+
+**Definition 2.7.** Let $(A, ∗, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson algebra, $V$ a vector space and $l_∗,r_∗, l_\circ,r_\circ : A → End(V)$ be linear maps. Then $(V, l_∗,r_∗, l_\circ,r_\circ)$ is called a **representation** of $(A, ∗, \circ)$ if $(V, l_∗,r_∗)$ is a representation of $(A, ∗), (V, l_\circ,r_\circ)$ is a representation of $(A, \circ)$ and they satisfy the following compatible conditions for all $x, y ∈ A$:
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+(10) &l_*(x \circ y - y \circ x) = l_*(y)l_\circ(x) - l_\circ(x)l_*(y), \\
+(11) &l_\circ(x * y + y * x) = -l_*(x)l_\circ(y) - l_*(y)l_\circ(x), \\
+(12) &r_*(x)(l_\circ(y) - r_\circ(y)) = r_\circ(y * x) - l_*(y)r_\circ(x), \\
+(13) &r_\circ(x)(l_*(y) + r_*(y)) = -r_*(y \circ x) - l_*(y)r_\circ(x), \\
+(14) &r_*(x)(l_\circ(y) - r_\circ(y)) = r_*(y \circ x) - l_\circ(y)r_*(x), \\
+(15) &r_\circ(x * y + y * x) + l_*(x)l_\circ(y) + l_*(y)l_\circ(x) = l_*(x)r_\circ(y) + l_*(y)r_\circ(x), \\
+(16) &l_\circ(x)(l_*(y) + r_*(y)) + r_*(y \circ x) + l_*(y)r_\circ(x) = l_*(y)l_\circ(x) + r_*(x \circ y).
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+By Eq. (16), we obtain
+
+$$
+(17) l_*(x)(l_\circ(y) - r_\circ(y)) - l_\circ(y)(l_*(x) + r_*(x)) = r_*(x \circ y - y \circ x).
+$$
+
+By Eqs. (10) and (11), we obtain
+
+$$
+(18) l_\circ(x * y + y * x) = -l_\circ(y)l_*(x) - l_\circ(x)l_*(y).
+$$
+
+By Eqs. (12) and (14), we get
+
+$$
+(19) r_*(y \circ x) - r_\circ(y * x) = l_\circ(y)r_*(x) - l_*(y)r_\circ(x).
+$$
+
+**Proposition 2.8.** *Let $(A, *, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson algebra and $(V, l_*, r_*, l_\circ, r_\circ)$ be a representation of $(A, *, \circ)$. Then*
+
+(a) *$(V^*, l_*^* + r_*^*, -r_*^*, r_\circ^* - l_\circ^*, r_\circ^*)$ is also a representation of $(A, *, \circ)$. We call it the **dual representation**.*
+
+(b) *$(V, -l_*, -l_\circ)$ is a representation of $(A, \star, [, ])$.*
+
+(c) *$(V, l_* + r_*, l_\circ - r_\circ)$ is a representation of $(A, \star, [, ])$.*
+
+(d) *$(V, l_*^*, -l_\circ^*)$ is a representation of $(A, \star, [, ])$.*
+
+*Proof*.(a) On the basis of Propositions 2.2 and 2.4, $(V^*, l_*^* + r_*^*, -r_*^*)$ is a representation of $(A, *)$ and $(V^*, r_\circ^* - l_\circ^*, r_\circ^*)$ is a representation of $(A, \circ)$. We only need to check that Eqs. (10)–(16) hold for $(V^*, l_*^* + r_*^*, -r_*^*, r_\circ^* - l_\circ^*, r_\circ^*)$. As an example, we give an explicit proof of (10). By Eqs. (10), (13) and (14), we have for any $x, y \in A, u \in V, v^* \in V^*$,
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+&\langle [(l_*^*(x) + r_*^*)(x \circ y - y \circ x) - (l_*^*(x) + r_*^*)(y)(r_\circ^* - l_\circ^*)(x) + (r_\circ^* - l_\circ^*)(x)(l_*^*(x) + r_*^*)(y)] v^*, u \rangle \\
+&= \langle v^*, (l_* + r_*)(y \circ x - x \circ y)u + (r_\circ - l_\circ)(x)(l_* + r_*)(y)u - (l_* + r_*)(y)(r_\circ - l_\circ)(x)u \rangle \\
+&= 0,
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+which yields that Eq. (10) holds for substituting $(l_*, l_\circ)$ by $(l_{*}^{*} + r_{*}^{*}, r_{\circ}^{*} - l_{\circ})$. Items (b) and (c) can be proved similarly. Combining Items (a) and (c), we get that Item (d) holds. $\square$
+
+**Example 2.9.** Let $(A, *, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson algebra. Then $(A, L_*, R_*, L_\circ, R_\circ)$ is a representation of $(A, *, \circ)$, which is called the **regular representation** of $(A, *, \circ)$. Moreover, $(A^*, L_*^* + R_*^*, -R_*^*, R_\circ^* - L_\circ^*, R_\circ^*)$ is the dual representation. Furthermore, $(A, -L_*, -L_\circ)$ and $(A^*, L_*^*, -L_\circ^*)$ are representations of $(A, \star, [, ])$.
+
+Recall the matched pairs of Poisson algebras from [17].
+
+**Proposition 2.10.** *[17] Let $(P_1, \star_1, [, ]_1)$ and $(P_2, \star_2, [, ]_2)$ be two Poisson algebras. Suppose that there exist four linear maps $\mu_1, \rho_1: P_1 \to \text{End}(P_2)$ and $\mu_2, \rho_2: P_2 \to \text{End}(P_1)$. Define multiplications on $P_1 \oplus P_2$ by*
+
+$$
+(20) [x + a, y + b] = [x, y]_1 + \rho_2(a)y - \rho_2(b)x + [a, b]_2 + \rho_1(x)b - \rho_1(y)a,
+$$
+
+$$
+(21) \ (x + a) \star (y + b) = x \star_1 y + \mu_2(a)y + \mu_2(b)x + a \star_2 b + \mu_1(x)b + \mu_1(y)a, \ \forall x, y \in P_1, a, b \in P_2.
+$$
+
+*Then $(P_1 \oplus P_2, \star, [, ])$ is a Poisson algebra if and only if the following conditions hold:*
+
+(a) *$(P_1, P_2, \mu_1, \mu_2)$ is a matched pair of commutative associative algebras.*
+
+(b) *$(P_1, P_2, \rho_1, \rho_2)$ is a matched pair of Lie algebras.*
+
+(c) *$(P_2, \mu_1, \rho_1)$ is a representation of $(P_1, \star_1, [, ]_1)$.*
+
+(d) *$(P_1, \mu_2, \rho_2)$ is a representation of $(P_2, \star_2, [, ]_2)$.*
+
+(e) *The following compatible conditions hold:*
+
+$$
+(22) \rho_2(a)(x \star_1 y) = (\rho_2(a)x) \star_1 y + x \star_1 (\rho_2(a)y) - \mu_2(\rho_1(x)a)y - \mu_2(\rho_1(y)a)x,
+$$
+
+$$
+(23) [x, \mu_2(a)y]_1 - \rho_2(\mu_1(y)a)x = \mu_2(\rho_1(x)a)y - (\rho_2(a)x) \star_1 y + \mu_2(a)[x, y]_1,
+$$
+
+$$
+(24) \rho_1(x)(a \star_2 b) = (\rho_1(x)a) \star_2 b + a \star_2 (\rho_1(x)b) - \mu_1(\rho_2(a)x)b - \mu_1(\rho_2(b)x)a,
+$$
+
+$$
+(25) [a, \mu_1(x)b]_2 - \rho_1(\mu_2(b)x)a = \mu_1(\rho_2(a)x)b - (\rho_1(x)a) \star_2 b + \mu_1(x)([a, b]_2),
+$$
+
+*for any $x, y \in P_1$ and $a, b \in P_2$. In this case, we denote this Poisson algebra simply by $P_1 \bowtie P_2$ and $(P_1, P_2, \mu_1, \rho_1, \mu_2, \rho_2)$ satisfying the above conditions is called a **matched pair of Poisson algebras**.*
+
+**Proposition 2.11.** *Let $(A_1, *_1, \circ_1)$ and $(A_2, *_2, \circ_2)$ be two anti-pre-Poisson algebras. Suppose that there are linear maps $l_1, r_1, \rho_1, \mu_1: A_1 \to \text{End}(A_2)$ and $l_2, r_2, \rho_2, \mu_2: A_2 \to \text{End}(A_1)$. Define multiplications on $A_1 \oplus A_2$ by*
+
+$$
+(26) \ (x + a) * (y + b) = x *_1 y + l_2(a)y + r_2(b)x + a *_2 b + l_1(x)b + r_1(y)a,
+$$
+
+$$
+(27) \ (x + a) \circ (y + b) = x \circ_1 y + \rho_2(a)y + \mu_2(b)x + a \circ_2 b + \rho_1(x)b + \mu_1(y)a, \ \forall x, y \in A_1, a, b \in A_2.
+$$
+
+*Then $(A_1 \oplus A_2, *, \circ)$ is an anti-pre-Poisson algebra if and only if the following conditions hold:*
+
+(a) *$(A_2, l_1, r_1, \rho_1, \mu_1)$ is a representation of $(A_1, *_1, \circ_1)$.*
+
+(b) *$(A_1, l_2, r_2, \rho_2, \mu_2)$ is a representation of $(A_2, *_2, \circ_2)$.*
+
+(c) *$(A_1, A_2, l_1, r_1, l_2, r_2)$ is a matched pair of anti-Zinibel algebras.*
+
+(d) *$(A_1, A_2, \rho_1, \mu_1, \rho_2, \mu_2)$ is a matched pair of anti-pre-Lie algebras.*
+
+(e) *The following compatible conditions hold:*
+
+$$
+(28) r_2(a)[x, y]_1 = -x \circ_1 r_2(a)y + y *_1 \mu_2(a)x - \mu_2(l_1(y)a)x + r_2(\rho_1(x)a)y,
+$$
+
+$$
+(29) (\mu_2(a)x - \rho_2(a)x) *_1 y + l_2(\rho_1(x)a - \mu_1(x)a)y = l_2(a)(x \circ_1 y) - x \circ_1 l_2(a)y - \mu_2(r_1(y)a)x,
+$$
+
+$$
+(30) (\rho_2(a)x - \mu_2(a)x) *_1 y + l_2(\mu_1(x)a - \rho_1(x)a)y = x *_1 \rho_2(a)y + r_2(\mu_1(y)a)x - \rho_2(a)(x *_1 y),
+$$
+
+$$
+(31) \mu_2(a)(x \star_1) = -x *_1 \mu_2(a)y - y *_1 \mu_2(a)x - r_2(\rho_1(y)a)x - r_2(\rho_1(x)a)y,
+$$
+
+$$
+(32) (l_{\star_2}(a)x) \circ_1 y + \rho_2(l_{\star_1}(x)a)y = -x *_1 \rho_2(a)y - r_2(\mu_1(y)a)x - l_2(a)(x \circ_1 y),
+$$
+
+$$
+(33) r_1(x)[a, b]_2 = r_1(\rho_2(a)x)b - a \circ_2 r_1(x)b + b *_2 \mu_1(x)a - \mu_1(l_2(b)x)a,
+$$
+
+$$
+(34) (\mu_1(x)a - \rho_1(x)a) *_2 b + l_1(\rho_2(a)x - \mu_2(a)x)b = l_1(x)(a \circ_2 b) - a \circ_2 l_1(x)b - \mu_1(r_2(b)x)a,
+$$
+
+$$
+(35) (\rho_1(x)a - \mu_1(x)a) *_2 b + l_1(\mu_2(a)x - \rho_2(a)x)b = -\rho_1(x)(a *_2 b) + a *_2 \rho_1(x)b + r_1(\mu_2(b)x)a,
+$$
+
+$$
+(36) \mu_1(x)(a \star_2 b) + a *_2 \mu_1(x)b + b *_2 \mu_1(x)a + r_1(\rho_2(b)x)a + r_1(\rho_2(a)x)b = 0,
+$$
+
+$$
+(37) (l_{\star_1}(x)a) \circ_2 b + \rho_1(l_{\star_2}(a)x)b + a *_2 \rho_1(x)b + r_1(\mu_2(b)x)a + l_1(x)(a \circ_2 b) = 0,
+$$
+
+$$
+(38) (\rho_2 - \mu_2)(a)(x \star_1 y) - x *_1 \rho_2(a)y - y *_1 \rho_2(a)x - r_2(\mu_1(y)a)x - r_2(\mu_1(x)a)y = 0,
+$$
+
+$$
+(39) [y, l_{\star_2}(a)x]_1 + (\mu_2 - \rho_2)(l_{\star_1}(x)a)y - l_2(a)(y \circ_1 x) - x *_1 \mu_2(a)y - r_2(\rho_1(y)a)x = 0,
+$$
+
+$$
+(40) [b, l_{\star_1}(x)a]_2 + (\mu_1 - \rho_1)(l_{\star_2}(a)x)b - l_1(x)(b \circ_2 a) - a *_2 \mu_1(x)b - r_1(\rho_2(b)x)a = 0,
+$$
+
+$$
+(41) (\rho_1 - \mu_1)(x)(a \star_2 b) - a *_2 \rho_1(x)b - b *_2 \rho_1(x)a - r_1(\mu_2(b)x)a - r_1(\mu_2(a)x)b = 0,
+$$
+
+*where $l_{\star_1} = l_1 + r_1, l_{\star_2} = l_2 + r_2, [x, y]_1 = x \circ_1 y - y \circ_1 x, [a, b]_2 = a \circ_2 b - b \circ_2 a$ and $x \star_1 y = x *_1 y + y *_1 x, a \star2 b = a *_2 b + b *_2 a$ for all $x, y \in A_1, a, b \in A_2$. In this case, we denote this anti-pre-Poisson algebra by $A_1 \bowtie A_2$, and $(A_1, A_2, l_1, r_1, \rho_1, \mu_1, l_2, r_2, \rho_2, \mu_2)$ satisfying the above conditions is called a **matched pair of anti-pre-Poisson algebras**.*
+
+*Proof.* To prove that $(A_1 \oplus A_2, *, \circ)$ is an anti-pre-Poisson algebra, we only need to check that Eqs. (5)-(7) hold for all $x + a, y + b, z + c \in A_1 \oplus A_2$ with $x, y, z \in A_1$, $a, b, c \in A_2$. Indeed, we may verify the following cases through direct computations:
+
+(a) Eq. (5) holds for $(x, y, a)$ if and only if Eqs. (10) and (28) hold.
+
+(b) Eq. (5) holds for $(x, a, y)$ if and only if Eqs. (14) and (29) hold.
+
+(c) Eq. (5) holds for $(a, x, y)$ if and only if Eqs. (12) and (30) hold.
+
+(d) Eq. (5) holds for $(x, a, b)$ if and only if Eqs. (12) and (35) hold.
+
+(e) Eq. (5) holds for $(a, x, b)$ if and only if Eqs. (14) and (34) hold.
+
+(f) Eq. (5) holds for $(a, b, x)$ if and only if Eqs. (10) and (33) hold.
+
+(g) Eq. (6) holds for $(x, y, a)$ if and only if Eqs. (11) and (32) hold.
+
+(h) Eq. (6) holds for $(x, a, y)$ if and only if Eqs. (13) and (32) hold.
+
+(i) Eq. (6) holds for $(x, a, b)$ if and only if Eqs. (13) and (37) hold.
+
+(j) Eq. (6) holds for $(a, b, x)$ if and only if Eqs. (11) and (36) hold.
+
+(k) Eq. (7) holds for $(x, y, a)$ if and only if Eqs. (18) and (38) hold.
+
+(l) Eq. (7) holds for $(a, x, y)$ if and only if Eqs. (16) and (39) hold.
+
+(m) Eq. (7) holds for $(x, a, b)$ if and only if Eqs. (16) and (40) hold.
+
+(n) Eq. (7) holds for $(a, b, x)$ if and only if Eqs. (18) and (41) hold.
+$\square$
+
+**Proposition 2.12.** *Let $(A_1, *_1, \circ_1)$ and $(A_2, *_2, \circ_2)$ be anti-pre-Poisson algebras, whose sub-adjacent Poisson algebras are $(A_1, \star_1, [, ]_1)$ and $(A_2, \star_2, [, ]_2)$. If $(A_1, A_2, l_{*_1}, r_{*_1}, l_{\circ_1}, r_{\circ_1}, l_{*_2}, r_{*_2}, l_{\circ_2}, r_{\circ_2})$ is a matched pair of anti-pre-Poisson algebras. Then $(A_1, A_2, l_{*_1} + r_{*_1}, l_{\circ_1} - r_{\circ_1}, l_{*_2} + r_{*_2}, l_{\circ_2} - r_{\circ_2})$ is a matched pair of Poisson algebras.*
+
+*Proof.* By Proposition 2.11, there is an anti-pre-Poisson algebra on $A_1 \oplus A_2$ given by (26) and (27). The sub-adjacent Poisson algebra is given by
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+(x + a) \star (y + b) &= (x + a)*(y + b) + (y + b)*(x + a) \\
+&= x \star_1 y + (l_2 + r_2)(a)y + (l_2 + r_2)(b)x + a \star_2 b + (l_1 + r_1)(x)b + (l_1 + r_1)(y)a, \\
+[(x + a), (y + b)] &= (x + a) \circ (y + b) - (y + b) \circ (x + a) \\
+&= [x, y]_1 + (\rho_2 - \mu_2)(a)y - (\rho_2 - \mu_2)(b)x + [a, b]_2 + (\rho_1 - \mu_1)(x)b - (\rho_1 - \mu_1)(y)a.
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+By Proposition 2.10, $(A_1, A_2, l_{*_1} + r_{*_1}, l_{\circ_1} - r_{\circ_1}, l_{*_2} + r_{*_2}, l_{\circ_2} - r_{\circ_2})$ is a matched pair of Poisson algebras.
+$\square$
+
+## 3. ANTI-PRE-POISSON BIALGEBRAS
+
+3.1. **Anti-Zinbiel bialgebras and anti-pre-Lie bialgebras.** We begin with recalling the bialgebra theories for anti-Zinbiel algebras and anti-pre-Lie bialgebras [13]. Since an anti-Zinbiel algebra is a special anti-dendriform algebra, one can turn to [20] for the anti-Zinbiel bialgebra theory.
+
+**Definition 3.1.** (a) An **anti-Zinbiel coalgebra** is a vector space $A$ together with a linear map $\Delta: A \to A \otimes A$ satisfying the following equations:
+
+ $$
+ \begin{align*}
+ (42) &(\tau \otimes I)(I \otimes \Delta)\Delta = (I \otimes \Delta)\Delta, \\
+ (43) &(I \otimes \Delta)\Delta = -[(\Delta + \tau\Delta) \otimes I]\Delta = (I \otimes \tau)(\tau \otimes I)(I \otimes \tau\Delta)\Delta = -(\tau \otimes I)(I \otimes \tau)[(\Delta + \tau\Delta) \otimes I]\Delta.
+ \end{align*}
+ $$
+
+(b) An **anti-Zinbiel bialgebra** is a triple $(A, *, \Delta)$, where $(A, *)$ is an anti-Zinbiel algebra and $(A, \Delta)$ is an anti-Zinbiel coalgebra such that for all $x, y \in A$, the following compatible conditions hold:
+
+ $$
+ \begin{align*}
+ (44) &\Delta(x \star y) = (I \otimes L_\star(x))\Delta(y) - (L_*(y) \otimes I)\Delta(x), \\
+ (45) &(\Delta + \tau\Delta)(x * y) = (L_*(x) \otimes I)(\Delta + \tau\Delta)(y) - (I \otimes R_*(y))\Delta(x),
+ \end{align*}
+ $$
+
+ where $x \star y = x * y + y * x$ and $\tau(x \otimes y) = y \otimes x$ for all $x, y \in A$.
+
+A **quadratic anti-Zinbiel algebra** $(A, *, \omega)$ is an anti-Zinbiel algebra together with a non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form $\omega$ such that Eq. (2) holds.
+
+**Theorem 3.2.** *Let $(A, *_{1})$ be an anti-Zinbiel algebra equipped with a comultiplication $\Delta: A \to A \otimes A$. Suppose that $\Delta^{*}: A^{*} \otimes A^{*} \to A^{*}$ induces an anti-Zinbiel algebra on $A^{*}$. Put $*_{2} = \Delta^{*}$. Then the following conditions are equivalent:*
+
+(a) *There is a quadratic anti-Zinbiel algebra $(A \oplus A^{*}, *, \omega)$ such that $(A, *_{1})$ and $(A^{*}, *_{2})$ are anti-Zinbiel subalgebras, where the bilinear form $\omega$ on $A \oplus A^{*}$ is given by*
+
+$$
+ \omega(x + a, y + b) = \langle x, b \rangle + \langle a, y \rangle, \ \forall x, y \in A, a, b \in A^{*}.
+$$
+
+(b) *$((A, \star_{1}), (A^{*}, \star_{2})), L_{*_{1}}^{*}, L_{*_{2}}^{*})$ is a matched pair of commutative associative algebras.*
+
+(c) *$(A, A^{*}, L_{*_{1}}^{*} + R_{*_{1}}^{*}, -R_{*_{1}}^{*}, L_{*_{2}}^{*} + R_{*_{2}}^{*}, -R_{*_{2}}^{*})$ is a matched pair of anti-Zinbiel algebras.*
+
+(d) *$(A, *_{1}, \Delta)$ is an anti-Zinbiel bialgebra.*
+
+Let $(A, *)$ be an anti-Zinbiel algebra and $r = \sum_{i} a_{i} \otimes b_{i} \in A \otimes A$. Denote
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+D(r) &= r_{12} * r_{23} - r_{12} * r_{13} + r_{13} \star r_{23}, \\
+D_{1}(r) &= r_{12} \star r_{13} + r_{23} * r_{12} - r_{23} * r_{13}, \\
+D_{2}(r) &= r_{13} * r_{23} + r_{12} \star r_{23} + r_{13} * r_{12}, \\
+D_{3}(r) &= r_{13} \star r_{23} + r_{12} * r_{23} + r_{21} * r_{13}, \\
+D_{6}(r) &= r_{31} \star r_{21} + r_{32} * r_{21} + r_{23} * r_{31}, \\
+D_{7}(r) &= r_{13} \star r_{23} + r_{12} * r_{23} - r_{21} * r_{31}, \\
+D_{8}(r) &= r_{31} \star r_{21} + r_{32} * r_{21} - r_{23} * r_{13}, \\
+D_{4}(r) &= r_{23} \star r_{12} + r_{13} * r_{12} + r_{23} * r_{21} + r_{13} \star r_{21} + r_{13} \star r_{23}, \\
+D_{5}(r) &= r_{31} \star r_{21} + r_{31} \star r_{23} + r_{21} * r_{23} + r_{21} \star r_{32} + r_{31} * r_{32}.
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+**Proposition 3.3.** *Let $(A, *)$ be an anti-Zinbiel algebra and $r = \sum_{i} a_i \otimes b_i \in A \otimes A$. Define a linear map $\Delta_r: A \to A \otimes A$ by*
+
+$$
+(46) \Delta_r(x) = -(I \otimes L_\star(x) + L_*(x) \otimes I)r, \ \forall x \in A.
+$$
+
+*Then we have*
+
+(a) *Eq. (42) holds if and only if the following equation holds:*
+
+ $$
+ (47) (L_*(x) \otimes I \otimes I - I \otimes I \otimes L_*(x))D_3(r) = 0.
+ $$
+
+(b) *Eq. (43) holds if and only if the following equations hold:*
+
+ $$
+ \begin{align*}
+ (48) &(L_*(x) \otimes I \otimes I)D_3(r) + I \otimes I \otimes L_\star(x))D_4(r) \\
+ &+ \sum_{i} \left[(L_*(x * a_i) \otimes I \otimes I + I \otimes L_*(x * a_i) \otimes I\right](r + \tau(r)) \otimes b_i] = 0, \\
+ (49) &(L_\star(x) \otimes I \otimes I)D_5(r) + (I \otimes I \otimes L_*(x))D_6(r) \\
+ &+ \sum_{i} (I \otimes I \otimes L_*(x * a_i) + I \otimes L_*(x * a_i) \otimes I)[(r + \tau(r)) \otimes b_i] = 0, \\
+ (50) &(L_*(x) \otimes I \otimes I)D_7(r) - (I \otimes I \otimes L_*(x))D_8(r) \\
+ &+ (I \otimes L_*(x) \otimes I)(r_{32} * r_{21} - r_{23} * r_{12}) = 0.
+ \end{align*}
+ $$
+
+(c) *Eq. (44) holds automatically.*
+
+(d) *Eq. (45) holds if and only if the following equation holds:*
+
+$$
+(51) (L_*(x)L_*(y) \otimes I - L_*(x * y) \otimes I - I \otimes L_*(x * y) + L_*(x) \otimes L_*(y))(r + \tau(r)) = 0.
+$$
+
+**Theorem 3.4.** *Let $(A, *)$ be an anti-Zinbiel algebra and $r = \sum_i a_i \otimes b_i \in A \otimes A$ skew-symmetric. Define a linear map $\Delta_r : A \to A \otimes A$ by Eq. (46). Then $(A, *, \Delta_r)$ is an anti-Zinbiel bialgebra if and only if the following equations hold:*
+
+$$
+(52) (L_*(x) \otimes I \otimes I - I \otimes I \otimes L_*(x))D(r) = 0,
+$$
+
+$$
+(53) (L_*(x) \otimes I \otimes I + I \otimes I \otimes L_\star(x))D(r) = 0,
+$$
+
+$$
+(54) (L_\star(x) \otimes I \otimes I)D_1(r) + (I \otimes I \otimes L_*(x))D_1(r) = 0,
+$$
+
+$$
+(55) (L_*(x) \otimes I \otimes I)D(r) - (I \otimes I \otimes L_*(x))D_1(r) = 0.
+$$
+
+The equation $D(r) = r_{12} * r_{23} - r_{12} * r_{13} + r_{13} \star r_{23} = 0$ is called the **anti-Zinbiel Yang-Baxter equation** or **AZ-YBE** in $(A, *)$. If $r$ is skew-symmetric, then
+
+$$
+D(r) = 0 \iff D_1(r) = 0 \iff D_2(r) = 0.
+$$
+
+**Theorem 3.5.** *Let $(A, *)$ be an anti-Zinbiel algebra and $r \in A \otimes A$. If $r$ is a skew-symmetric solution of the AZ-YBE in $(A, *)$, then $(A, *, \Delta_r)$ is an anti-Zinbiel bialgebra, where $\Delta_r : A \to A \otimes A$ is given by Eq. (46).*
+
+**Definition 3.6.** (a) An **anti-pre-Lie coalgebra** is a vector space $A$ together with a linear map $\delta : A \to A \otimes A$ such that
+
+$$
+(56) (I \otimes \delta)\delta - (\tau \otimes I)(I \otimes \delta)\delta = (\tau \otimes I)(\delta \otimes I)\delta - (\delta \otimes I)\delta,
+$$
+
+$$
+(57) [I^{\otimes 3} - \tau \otimes I + (\tau \otimes I)(I \otimes \tau) - (\tau \otimes I)(I \otimes \tau)(\tau \otimes I) + (I \otimes \tau)(\tau \otimes I) - \tau \otimes I](\delta \otimes I)\delta = 0,
+$$
+
+where $\tau : A \otimes A \to A \otimes A$ is a map defined by $\tau(x \otimes y) = y \otimes x$ for all $x, y \in A$.
+
+(b) An **anti-pre-Lie bialgebra** is a triple $(A,\circ, \delta)$, where $(A,\circ)$ is an anti-pre-Lie algebra and $(A, \delta)$ is an anti-pre-Lie coalgebra such that for all $x, y \in A$, satisfying the following compatible conditions:
+
+$$
+(58) \delta(x\circ y - y\circ x) = (I \otimes \mathrm{ad}(x) - L_{\circ}(x) \otimes I)\delta(y) - (I \otimes \mathrm{ad}(y) - L_{\circ}(y) \otimes I)\delta(x),
+$$
+
+$$
+(59) (I \otimes I - \tau)(\delta(x\circ y) - (L_{\circ}(x) \otimes I)\delta(y) - (I \otimes L_{\circ}(x))\delta(y) + (I \otimes R_{\circ}(y))\delta(x)) = 0,
+$$
+
+
+where $\mathrm{ad}(x) = L_{\circ}(x) - R_{\circ}(x)$.
+
+A **quadratic anti-pre-Lie algebra** $(A, \circ, \omega)$ is an anti-pre-Lie algebra together with a non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form $\omega$ such that Eq. (4) holds.
+
+**Theorem 3.7.** *Let $(A, \circ_1)$ be an anti-pre-Lie algebra equipped with a comultiplication $\delta : A \to A \otimes A$. Suppose that $\delta^* : A^* \otimes A^* \to A^*$ induces an anti-pre-Lie algebra on $A^*$. Put $\circ_2 = \delta^*$. Then the following conditions are equivalent:*
+
+(a) *There is a quadratic anti-pre-Lie algebra $(A \oplus A^*, *, \omega)$ such that $(A, *_1)$ and $(A^*, *_2)$ are anti-Zinbiel subalgebras, where the bilinear form $\omega$ on $A \oplus A^*$ is given by*
+
+$$
+\omega(x + a, y + b) = \langle x, b \rangle + \langle a, y \rangle, \forall x, y \in A, a, b \in A^*.
+$$
+
+(b) *$((A, [ , ]_1), (A^*, [ , ]_2), -L_{\circ_1}^* -L_{\circ_2}^*)$ is a matched pair of Lie algebras.*
+
+(c) *$((A, \circ_1), (A^*, \circ_2), -\mathrm{ad}_1^*, R_{\circ_1}^*, -\mathrm{ad}_2^*, R_{\circ_2}^*)$ is a matched pair of anti-pre-Lie algebras.*
+
+(d) *$(A, \circ_1, \delta)$ is an anti-pre-Lie bialgebra.*
+
+**Proposition 3.8.** *Let $(A, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Lie algebra and $r = \sum_i a_i \otimes b_i \in A \otimes A$. Define a linear map $\delta_r : A \to A \otimes A$ by*
+
+$$
+(60) \delta_r(x) = (L_\circ(x) \otimes I - I \otimes \mathrm{ad}(x))r, \forall x \in A.
+$$
+
+*Denote $S(r) = r_{12} \circ r_{13} + r_{12} \circ r_{23} - [r_{13}, r_{23}]$ and $\xi(x \otimes y \otimes z) = y \otimes z \otimes x$ for all $x, y, z \in A$. Then we have*
+
+(a) *Eq. (56) holds if and only if for all $x \in A$, the following equation holds:*
+
+$$
+(61) \begin{aligned} & [L_\circ(x) \otimes I \otimes I - (\tau \otimes I)(L_\circ(x) \otimes I \otimes I) - I \otimes I \otimes \mathrm{ad}(x)]S(r) \\ & + \sum_j (I \otimes L_\circ(a_j) \otimes \mathrm{ad}(x) - \mathrm{ad}(a_j) \otimes I \otimes \mathrm{ad}(x))[(r + \tau(r)) \otimes b_j] \\ & + (I^{\otimes 3} - \tau \otimes I) \sum_j (L_\circ(x \circ a_j) \otimes I \otimes I - L_\circ(x)R_\circ(a_j) \otimes I \otimes I)[(r + \tau(r)) \otimes b_j] = 0. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+(b) *Eq. (57) holds if and only if for all $x \in A$, the following equation holds:*
+
+$$
+(62) \qquad
+\begin{align*}
+&(I^{\otimes 3} + \xi + \xi^2)\left(-(I \otimes I \otimes L_o(x))S(r) + \sum_j (I \otimes I \otimes L_o([x, b_j]))(I^{\otimes 3} - \tau \otimes I)(a_j \otimes (r + \tau(r))) \right. \\
+&+ \sum_j (I \otimes \text{ad}(b_j) \otimes L_o(x))(a_j \otimes (r + \tau(r))) + \sum_j (I \otimes \text{ad}(a_j) \otimes L_o(x))(b_j \otimes (r + \tau(r))) \\
+&\left. + \sum_j (L_o(a_j) \otimes I \otimes L_o(x))(\tau \otimes I)(b_j \otimes (r + \tau(r))) + \sum_j (\text{ad}(b_j) \otimes I \otimes L_o(x))((r + \tau(r)) \otimes a_j) \right) = 0.
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+(c) *Eq. (58) holds if and only if for all $x, y \in A$, the following equation holds:*
+
+$$
+(63) (I \otimes L\circ(x \circ y) - I \otimes L_\circ(x) L_\circ(y) + L_\circ(x) L_\circ(y) \otimes I - L_\circ(x \circ y) \otimes I + L_\circ(y) \otimes L_\circ(x) - L_\circ(x) \otimes L_\circ(y))(r + \tau(r)) = 0.
+$$
+
+(d) *Eq. (59) holds automatically.*
+
+**Theorem 3.9.** *Let $(A, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Lie algebra and $r = \displaystyle\sum_i a_i \otimes b_i \in A \otimes A$ skew-symmetric. Define a linear map $\delta_r : A \to A \otimes A$ by Eq. (60). Then $(A, \circ, \delta_r)$ is an anti-pre-Lie bialgebra if and only if the following equations hold:*
+
+$$
+(64) [L_\circ(x) \otimes I \otimes I - (\tau \otimes I)(L_\circ(x) \otimes I \otimes I) - I \otimes I \otimes \mathrm{ad}(x)]S(r) = 0,
+$$
+
+$$
+(65) (I^{\otimes 3} + \xi + \xi^2)(I \otimes I \otimes L_\circ(x))S(r) = 0.
+$$
+
+The equation $S(r) = 0$ is called the **anti-pre-Lie Yang-Baxter equation** or **APL-YBE** in $(A, \circ)$.
+
+**Theorem 3.10.** *Let $(A, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Lie algebra and $r \in A \otimes A$. If $r$ is a skew-symmetric solution of the APL-YBE in $(A, \circ)$, then $(A, \circ, \delta_r)$ is an anti-pre-Lie bialgebra, where the linear map $\delta_r : A \to A \otimes A$ is given by Eq. (60).*
+
+**3.2. Quadratic anti-pre-Poisson algebras and anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras.** This section is devoted to presenting a bialgebra theory for anti-pre-Poisson algebras.
+
+**Definition 3.11.** An **anti-pre-Poisson coalgebra** is a triple $(A, \Delta, \delta)$, where $(A, \Delta)$ is an anti-Zinbiel coalgebra and $(A, \delta)$ is an anti-pre-Lie coalgebra and $\Delta$ and $\delta$ are compatible in the following sense:
+
+$$
+(66) \begin{aligned} & (I \otimes \tau)(\tau \otimes I)(I \otimes \Delta)\delta + (\tau \otimes I)(I \otimes \tau)(\tau \otimes I)(I \otimes \Delta)\delta + (I \otimes \delta)\Delta + (\tau \otimes I)(I \otimes \delta)\Delta \\ & = (I \otimes \tau)(I \otimes \delta)\Delta + (\tau \otimes I)(I \otimes \tau)(I \otimes \delta)\Delta, \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+$$
+(67) ((\delta - \tau\delta) \otimes I)\Delta = (\tau \otimes I)(I \otimes \delta)\Delta - (I \otimes \Delta)\delta,
+$$
+
+$$
+(68) ((\Delta + \tau\Delta) \otimes I)\delta = -(I \otimes \delta)\Delta - (\tau \otimes I)(I \otimes \delta)\Delta.
+$$
+
+Let $A$ be a vector space with linear maps $\Delta, \delta : A \to A \otimes A$ and $*, \circ : A^* \otimes A^* \to A^*$ be the linear dual of $\Delta, \delta$ respectively. By a straightforward computation, $(A, \Delta, \delta)$ is an anti-pre-Poisson coalgebra if and only if $(A^*, *, \circ)$ is an anti-pre-Poisson algebra.
+
+**Definition 3.12.** Let $(A, *, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson algebra. Suppose that there are two comultiplications $\Delta, \delta : A \to A \otimes A$ such that $(A, \Delta, \delta)$ is an anti-pre-Poisson coalgebra. If in addition, $(A, *, \Delta)$ is an anti-Zinbiel bialgebra, $(A, \circ, \delta)$ is an anti-pre-Lie bialgebra and $\Delta, \delta$ satisfy the following compatible conditions:
+
+$$
+(69) \delta(x \star y) = (I \otimes L_{\star}(x))\delta(y) + (I \otimes L_{\star}(y))\delta(x) + (L_{\circ}(x) \otimes I)\Delta(y) + (L_{\circ}(y) \otimes I)\Delta(x),
+$$
+
+$$
+(70) \Delta([x, y]) = -(L_{\circ}(x) \otimes I)\Delta(y) - (I \otimes L_{\star}(y))\delta(x) - (L_{*}(y) \otimes I)\delta(x) + (I \otimes \mathrm{ad}(x))\Delta(y),
+$$
+
+$$
+(71) \begin{aligned} \Delta(x \circ y) + \tau\Delta(x \circ y) = & (L_{\circ}(x) \otimes I)\Delta(y) + \tau(L_{\circ}(x) \otimes I)\Delta(y) + (I \otimes L_{\circ}(x))\Delta(y) \\ & + \tau(I \otimes L_{\circ}(x))\Delta(y) + (I \otimes R_{*}(y))\delta(x) + \tau(I \otimes R_{*}(y))\delta(x), \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+$$
+(72) \begin{aligned} \delta(x * y) - \tau\delta(x * y) = & (I \otimes L_{*}(x))\delta(y) - \tau(L_{*}(x) \otimes I)\delta(y) - (L_{\circ}(x) \otimes I)\Delta(y) \\ & - \tau(I \otimes L_{\circ}(x))\Delta(y) - (I \otimes R_{*}(y))\delta(x) - \tau(I \otimes R_{\circ}(y))\Delta(x), \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+for all $x, y \in A$, then $(A, *, \circ, \Delta, \delta)$ is called an **anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra**.
+
+**Remark 3.13.** $(A, \Delta, \delta)$ is an anti-pre-Poisson coalgebra if and only if $(A^*, *_{A^*}, \circ_{A^*})$ is an anti-pre-Poisson algebra, where $*_{A^*}, \circ_{A^*}$ are the linear dual of $\Delta, \delta$ respectively, that is,
+
+$$
+(73) \langle \Delta(x), \zeta \otimes \eta \rangle = \langle x, \zeta *_{A^*} \eta \rangle
+$$
+
+$$
+(74) \langle \delta(x), \zeta \otimes \eta \rangle = \langle x, \zeta \circ_{A^*} \eta \rangle, \forall x \in A, \zeta, \eta \in A^*.
+$$
+
+Thus, an anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra $(A, *, \circ, \Delta, \delta)$ is sometimes denoted by $(A, *, \circ, A^*, *_{A^*}, \circ_{A^*})$, where the anti-pre-Poisson algebra structure $(A^*, *_{A^*}, \circ_{A^*})$ on the dual space $A^*$ corresponds to the anti-pre-Poisson coalgebra $(A, \Delta, \delta)$ through Eqs. (73)-(74).
+
+**Definition 3.14.** Let $(A, *, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson algebra. If there exists a non-degenerate symmetric bilinear form $\omega$ on $A$ such that $(A, *, \omega)$ is a quadratic anti-Zinbiel algebra and $(A, \circ, \omega)$ is a quadratic anti-pre-Lie algebra, then we say that $(A, *, \circ, \omega)$ is a **quadratic anti-pre-Poisson algebra**.
+
+**Proposition 3.15.** *Let $(A, *, \circ, \omega)$ be a quadratic anti-pre-Poisson algebra, and $(A, \star, [, ])$ be its sub-adjacent Poisson algebra. Then $\omega$ is both a commutative Connes cocycle on the associative algebra $(A, \star)$ and a commutative 2-cocycle on the Lie algebra $(A, [, ])$. Conversely, assume that $(A, \star, [, ])$ is a Poisson algebra and $\omega$ is both a commutative Connes cocycle on the associative algebra $(A, \star)$ and a commutative 2-cocycle on the Lie algebra $(A, [, ])$. Then there exists a compatible quadratic anti-pre-Poisson algebra $(A, *, \circ, \omega)$ given by Eqs. (2) and (4).*
+
+*Proof.* Combining Proposition 2.1 and Proposition 2.3, we get the statement.
+
+□
+
+**Theorem 3.16.** *Let $(A, *_1, \circ_1)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson algebra equipped with two comultiplications $\Delta, \delta : A \to A \otimes A$. Suppose that $\Delta^*, \delta^* : A^* \otimes A^* \to A^*$ induce an anti-pre-Poisson algebra structure on $A^*$. Put $*_2 = \Delta^*, \circ_2 = \delta^*$. Then the following conditions are equivalent:*
+
+(a) *There is a quadratic anti-pre-Poisson algebra $(A \oplus A^*, *, \circ, \omega)$ such that $(A, *_1, \circ_1)$ and $(A^*, *_2, \circ_2)$ are anti-pre-Poisson subalgebras, where the bilinear form $\omega$ on $A \oplus A^*$ is given by*
+
+$$
+(75) \omega(x + a, y + b) = \langle x, b \rangle + \langle a, y \rangle, \forall x, y \in A, a, b \in A^*.
+$$
+
+(b) *$(A, A^*, L_{*_1}^*, -L_{\circ_1}^*, L_{*_2}^*, -L_{\circ_2}^*)$ is a matched pair of Poisson algebras.*
+
+(c) *$(A, A^*, L_{*_1}^* + R_{*_1}^*, -R_{*_1}^*, R_{\circ_1}^* - L_{\circ_1}^*, R_{\circ_1}^*, L_{*_2}^* + R_{*_2}^*, -R_{*_2}^*, R_{\circ_2}^* - L_{\circ_2}^*, R_{\circ_2}^*)$ is a matched pair of anti-pre-Poisson algebras.*
+
+(d) *$(A, *_1, \circ_1, \Delta, \delta)$ is an anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra.*
+
+*Proof.* By Theorem 3.7, Theorem 3.16 and Proposition 2.12, it follows directly that (a) $\iff$ (b) $\iff$ (c). It remains to show that (b) $\iff$ (d). In view of Theorem 3.7 and Theorem 3.16, it suffices to prove the following equivalences under the conditions
+
+$$
+\mu_1 = L_{*_1}^*, \rho_1 = -L_{\circ_1}^*, \mu_2 = L_{*_2}^*, \rho_2 = -L_{\circ_2}^*.
+$$
+
+In fact, for all $x, y \in A, a, b \in A^*$, we obtain
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \langle [a, L_{*_1}^*(x)b]_2, y \rangle &= \langle a \circ_2 (L_{*_1}^*(x)b) - (L_{*_1}^*(x)b) \circ_2 b, y \rangle \\ &= -\langle (I \otimes L_{*_1}(x))(\delta(y) - \tau\delta(y)), a \otimes b \rangle, \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \langle L_{\circ_1}^*(L_{*_2}^*(b)x)a, y \rangle &= -\langle a, (L_{*_2}^*(b)x) \circ_1 y \rangle = \langle R_{\circ_1}^*(y)a, L_{*_2}^*(b)x \rangle \\ &= -\langle b *_2 R_{\circ_1}^*(y)a, x \rangle = \langle a \otimes b, (R_{\circ_1}(y) \otimes I)\tau\Delta(x) \rangle, \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \langle -L_{*_1}^*(L_{\circ_2}^*(a)x)b, y \rangle &= \langle b, (L_{\circ_2}^*(a)x) *_1 y \rangle = \langle -R_{*_1}^*(y)b, L_{\circ_2}^*(a)x \rangle \\ &= \langle a \circ_2 (R_{*_1}^*(y)b), x \rangle = -\langle (I \otimes R_{*_1}(y))\delta(x), a \otimes b), \rangle, \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \langle (L_{\circ_1}^*(x)a) \star_2 b + L_{*_1}^*(x)([a, b]_2), y \rangle &= \langle (\Delta^* + \Delta^*\tau)((L_{\circ_1}^*(x)a) \otimes b), y \rangle - \langle [a, b]_2, x *_1 y \rangle \\ &= -\langle a \otimes b, (L_{\circ_1}(x) \otimes I)(\Delta + \tau\Delta)(y) + (\tau\delta - \delta)(x *_1 y) \rangle. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+Thus, (25) $\iff$ (72). Similarly, (22) $\iff$ (69), (23) $\iff$ (70), (24) $\iff$ (71). The proof is completed. □
+
+Let $(A, *, \circ, \Delta, \delta)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra. Then $(D = A \oplus A^*, *_D, \circ_D)$ is an anti-pre-Poisson algebra, where
+
+$$
+(76) (x + a) *_{D} (y + b) = x *_{A} y + (L_{*A^*}^{*} + R_{*A^*}^{*})(a)y - R_{*A^*}^{*}(b)x \\ + a *_{A^*} b + (L_{*A}^{*} + R_{*A}^{*})(x)b - R_{*A}^{*}(y)a,
+$$
+
+$$
+(77) (x + a) \circ_D (y + b) = x \circ_A y + (R_{\circ_{A^*}}^* - L_{\circ_{A^*}}^*)(a)y + R_{\circ_{A^*}}^*(b)x \\ + a \circ_{A^*} b + (R_{\circ_A}^* - L_{\circ_A}^*)(x)b + R_{\circ_A}^*(y)a,
+$$
+
+for all $x, y \in A, a, b \in A^*$. ($D = A \oplus A^*, *_D, \circ_D$) is called the double anti-pre-Poisson algebra.
+
+**3.3. Coboundary anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras.** In this section, we consider the coboundary anti-pre-Poisson bialgebras.
+
+**Definition 3.17.** An anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra $(A, *, \circ, \Delta, \delta)$ is called coboundary if there is some $r \in A \otimes A$ such that Eqs. (46) and (60) hold.
+
+**Proposition 3.18.** *Let $(A, *, \circ, \Delta_r, \delta_r)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra and $r = \displaystyle\sum_i a_i \otimes b_i \in A \otimes A$, where $\Delta_r, \delta_r : A \to A \otimes A$ are given by Eqs. (46) and (60) respectively. Then*
+
+(a) *Eq. (66) holds if and only if*
+
+$$
+(78) \sum_i (L_*([x, b_i]) \otimes I \otimes I)[(r + \tau(r)) \otimes a_i] - (L_*(x \star b_i) \otimes I \otimes I)(\tau \otimes I)[a_i \otimes (r + \tau(r))] \\ + (I \otimes I \otimes L_\circ(x \star b_i))[a_i \otimes (r + \tau(r))] + (I \otimes I \otimes L_\circ(x \star b_i))(\tau \otimes I)[a_i \otimes (r + \tau(r))] \\ + (I \otimes L_*([x, b_i]) \otimes I)[(r + \tau(r)) \otimes a_i] - (I \otimes L_\circ(x \star b_i) \otimes I)[a_i \otimes (r + \tau(r))] \\ + (L_*(x) \otimes I \otimes I)[r_{32}, r_{12}] + r_{13} \circ r_{32} + [r_{13}, r_{23}] - r_{12} \circ r_{23} + [r_{31}, r_{21}] \\ + (I \otimes L_*(x) \otimes I)[r_{31}, r_{21}] + r_{23} \circ r_{31} + [r_{23}, r_{13}] - r_{21} \circ r_{13} + [r_{32}, r_{12}] \\ + (I \otimes I \otimes L_\circ(x))(r_{13} \star r_{23} - r_{32} \star r_{12} - r_{31} * r_{12} - r_{31} \star r_{21} - r_{32} * r_{21}) = 0.
+$$
+
+(b) *Eq. (67) holds if and only if*
+
+$$
+(79) (I \otimes I \otimes L_\star(x))([r_{23}, r_{12}] - r_{13} \circ r_{12} + r_{23} \circ r_{21} - [r_{13}, r_{21}] + [r_{13}, r_{23}]) \\ - (L_\circ(x * a_i) \otimes I \otimes I)((r + \tau(r)) \otimes b_i) + (I \otimes L_\circ(x * a_i) \otimes I)((r + \tau(r)) \otimes b_i) \\ - (L_\circ(x) \otimes I \otimes I)(r_{13} \star r_{23} + r_{12} * r_{23} + r_{21} * r_{13}) \\ + (I \otimes L_*(x) \otimes I)(r_{21} \circ r_{13} - r_{12} \circ r_{23} + [r_{13}, r_{23}]) = 0
+$$
+
+(c) *Eq. (68) holds if and only if*
+
+$$
+(80) (I \otimes I \otimes \mathrm{ad}(x))(r_{13} * r_{12} + r_{23} \star r_{12} + r_{13} \star r_{21} + r_{23} * r_{21} + r_{13} \star r_{23}) \\ + (L_*(x) \otimes I \otimes I - I \otimes L_*(x) \otimes I)([r_{13}, r_{23}] - r_{12} \circ r_{23} + r_{21} \circ r_{13}) \\ - (L_*(x \circ a_i) \otimes I \otimes I + I \otimes L_*(x \circ a_i) \otimes I)[(r + \tau(r)) \otimes b_i] = 0.
+$$
+
+(d) *Eqs. (69) and (70) hold naturally.*
+
+(e) *Eq. (71) holds if and only if*
+
+$$
+(81) (I \otimes L_\circ(x)L_*(y) - I \otimes L_*(x \circ y) - L_*(x \circ y) \otimes I + L_\circ(x)L_*(y) \otimes I \\ + L_\circ(x) \otimes L_*(y) + L_*(y) \otimes L_\circ(x))(r + \tau(r)) = 0.
+$$
+
+(f) *Eq. (72) holds if and only if*
+
+$$
+(82) (I \otimes L_*(x)L_\circ(y) - I \otimes L_\circ(x * y) - L_\circ(x) \otimes L_*(y) - L_\circ(y) \otimes L_*(x) \\ - L_\circ(x)L_*(y) \otimes I + L_\circ(x * y) \otimes I)(r + \tau(r)) = 0.
+$$
+
+*Proof.* Using Eq. (7), we get
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} b_j * [x, b_i] + b_i \circ (x \star b_j) &= x * [b_i, b_j], \\ b_j \circ (x \star b_i) + b_i \circ (x \star b_j) &= -x \circ (b_i \star b_j). \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+Combining Eqs. (46) and (60), we have for all $x \in A$,
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} & (I \otimes \tau)(\tau \otimes I)[I \otimes (\Delta_r + \tau\Delta_r)]\delta_r(x) - (I \otimes \tau)(I \otimes \delta_r)\Delta_r(x) - (\tau \otimes I)(I \otimes \tau)(I \otimes \delta_r)\Delta_r(x) \\ & + (I \otimes \delta_r)\Delta_r(x) + (\tau \otimes I)(I \otimes \delta_r)\Delta_r(x) \\ &= \sum_{i,j} a_j \otimes [x, b_i] \star b_j \otimes a_i + [x, b_i] * a_j \otimes b_j \otimes a_i - a_j \otimes b_i \star b_j \otimes x \circ a_i - b_i * a_j \otimes b_j \otimes x \circ a_i \\ & + [x, b_i] \star b_j \otimes a_j \otimes a_i + b_j \otimes [x, b_i] * a_j \otimes a_i - b_i \star b_j \otimes a_j \otimes x \circ a_i - b_j \otimes b_i * a_j \otimes x \circ a_i \\ & - a_i \otimes [x \star b_i, b_j] \otimes a_j + a_i \otimes b_j \otimes (x \star b_i) \circ a_j - x * a_i \otimes [b_i, b_j] \otimes a_j + x * a_i \otimes b_j \otimes b_i \circ a_j \\ & - [x \star b_i, b_j] \otimes a_i \otimes a_j + b_j \otimes a_i \otimes (x \star b_i) \circ a_j - [b_i, b_j] \otimes x * a_i \otimes a_j + b_j \otimes x * a_i \otimes b_i \circ a_j \\ & + a_i \otimes a_j \otimes [x \star b_i, b_j] - a_i \otimes (x \star b_i) \circ a_j \otimes b_j + x * a_i \otimes a_j \otimes [b_i, b_j] - x * a_i \otimes b_i \circ a_j \otimes b_j \\ & + a_j \otimes a_i \otimes [x \star b_i, b_j] - (x \star b_i) \circ a_j \otimes a_i \otimes b_j + a_j \otimes x * a_i \otimes [b_i, b_j] - b_i \circ a_j \otimes x * a_i \otimes b_j \\ &= A(1) + A(2) + A(3), \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+where
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} A(1) &= \sum_{i,j} [x, b_i] * a_j \otimes b_j \otimes a_i + [x, b_i] \star b_j \otimes a_j \otimes a_i - x * a_i \otimes [b_i, b_j] \otimes a_j + x * a_i \otimes b_j \otimes b_i \circ a_j \\ & - [x \star b_i, b_j] \otimes a_i \otimes a_j + x * a_i \otimes a_j \otimes [b_i, b_j] - x * a_i \otimes b_i \circ a_j \otimes b_j - (x \star b_i) \circ a_j \otimes a_i \otimes b_j \\ &= \sum_i (L_*([x, b_i]) \otimes I \otimes I)[(r + \tau(r)) \otimes a_i] + b_j * [x, b_i] \otimes a_j \otimes a_i + (L_*(x) \otimes I \otimes I)([r_{32}, r_{12}] \\ & + r_{13} \circ r_{32}) - (L_*(x \star b_j) \otimes I \otimes I)(\tau \otimes I)(a_j \otimes \tau(r)) + b_i \circ (x \star b_j) \otimes a_j \otimes a_i \\ & + (L_*(x) \otimes I \otimes I)([r_{13}, r_{23}] - r_{12} \circ r_{23}) - (L_*(x \star b_j) \otimes I \otimes I)(\tau \otimes I)(a_j \otimes r) \\ &= \sum_i (L_*([x, b_i]) \otimes I \otimes I)[(r + \tau(r)) \otimes a_i] - (L_*(x \star b_j) \otimes I \otimes I)(\tau \otimes I)[a_j \otimes (r + \tau(r))] \\ & + (L_*(x) \otimes I \otimes I)([r_{32}, r_{12}] + r_{13} \circ r_{32} + [r_{13}, r_{23}] - r_{12} \circ r_{23} + [r_{31}, r_{21}]), \\ A(2) &= \sum_{i,j} a_j \otimes [x, b_i] \star b_j \otimes a_i + b_j \otimes [x, b_i] * a_j \otimes a_i - a_i \otimes [x \star b_i, b_j] \otimes a_j - [b_i, b_j] \otimes x * a_i \otimes a_j \\ & + b_j \otimes x * a_i \otimes b_i \circ a_j - a_i \otimes (x \star b_i) \circ a_j \otimes b_j + a_j \otimes x * a_i \otimes [b_i, b_j] - b_i \circ a_j \otimes x * a_i \otimes b_j \\ &= (I \otimes L_*([x, b_i]) \otimes I)(r \otimes a_i) + a_j \otimes b_j * [x, b_i] \otimes a_i + (I \otimes L_*([x, b_i]) \otimes I)(\tau(r) \otimes a_i) \\ & - (I \otimes L_\circ(x \star b_i) \otimes I)(a_i \otimes \tau(r)) + a_i \otimes b_j \circ (x \star b_i) \otimes a_j + (I \otimes L_*(x) \otimes I)([r_{31}, r_{21}] + r_{23} \circ r_{31}) \\ & - (I \otimes L_\circ(x \star b_i) \otimes I)(a_i \otimes r) + (I \otimes L_*(x) \otimes I)([r_{23}, r_{13}] - r_{21} \circ r_{13}) \\ &= (I \otimes L_*([x, b_i]) \otimes I)[(r + \tau(r)) \otimes a_i] - (I \otimes L_\circ(x \star b_i) \otimes I)[a_i \otimes (r + \tau(r))] \\ & + (I \otimes L_*(x) \otimes I)([r_{31}, r_{21}] + r_{23} \circ r_{31} + [r_{23}, r_{13}] - r_{21} \circ r_{13} + [r_{32}, r_{12}]), \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+A(3) &= \sum_{i,j} -a_j \otimes b_i \star b_j \otimes x \circ a_i - b_i * a_j \otimes b_j \otimes x \circ a_i - b_i \star b_j \otimes a_j \otimes x \circ a_i - b_j \otimes b_i * a_j \otimes x \circ a_i \\
+&+ a_i \otimes b_j \otimes (x \star b_i) \circ a_j + b_j \otimes a_i \otimes (x \star b_i) \circ a_j + a_i \otimes a_j \otimes [x \star b_i, b_j] + a_j \otimes a_i \otimes [x \star b_i, b_j] \\
+&= (I \otimes I \otimes L_\circ(x))(-r_{32} \star r_{12} - r_{31} * r_{12} - r_{31} \star r_{21} - r_{32} * r_{21}) + (I \otimes I \otimes L_\circ(x \star b_i))(a_i \otimes \tau(r)) \\
+&+ (I \otimes I \otimes L_\circ(x \star b_i))(\tau \otimes I)(a_i \otimes \tau(r)) + +(I \otimes I \otimes L_\circ(x \star b_i))(a_i \otimes r) \\
+&- a_i \otimes a_j \otimes b_j \circ (x \star b_i) + (I \otimes I \otimes L_\circ(x \star b_i))(\tau \otimes I)(a_i \otimes r) - a_i \otimes a_j \otimes b_i \circ (x \star b_j) \\
+&= (I \otimes I \otimes L_\circ(x))(r_{13} \star r_{23} - r_{32} \star r_{12} - r_{31} * r_{12} - r_{31} \star r_{21} - r_{32} * r_{21}) \\
+&+ (I \otimes I \otimes L_\circ(x \star b_i))[a_i \otimes (r + \tau(r))] + (I \otimes I \otimes L_\circ(x \star b_i))(\tau \otimes I)[a_i \otimes (r + \tau(r))].
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+Therefore, Eq. (66) holds if and only if Eq. (78) holds. The remaining items can be checked in the same way. □
+
+**Theorem 3.19.** *Let $(A, *, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson algebra equipped with linear maps $\Delta_r, \delta_r : A \to A \otimes A$ given by Eqs. (46) and (60) respectively. Then $(A, *, \circ, \Delta_r, \delta_r)$ is an anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra if and only if Eqs. (47)-(50), (61)-(63) and (78)-(82) hold.*
+
+*Proof.* This follows from Proposition 3.3, Proposition 3.8 and Proposition 3.18. □
+
+The following conclusion is apparent.
+
+**Proposition 3.20.** *Let $(A, *, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson algebra and $r = \displaystyle\sum_i a_i \otimes b_i \in A \otimes A$ skew-symmetric. Define linear maps $\Delta_r, \delta_r : A \to A \otimes A$ by Eqs. (46) and (60) respectively Then $(A, *, \circ, \Delta_r, \delta_r)$ is an anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra if and only if Eqs. (52)-(55), (64)-(65) and the following equations hold:*
+
+$$
+(83) (L_\circ(x) \otimes I \otimes I)D(r) - (I \otimes I \otimes L_\star(x) + I \otimes L_*(x) \otimes I)S(r) = 0,
+$$
+
+$$
+(84) (I \otimes I \otimes \mathrm{ad}(x))D(r) - (L_*(x) \otimes I \otimes I - I \otimes L_*(x) \otimes I)S(r) = 0,
+$$
+
+$$
+(85) (I \otimes L_*(x) \otimes I)S_2(r) + (L_*(x) \otimes I \otimes I)S_1(r) + (I \otimes I \otimes L_\circ(x))D(r) = 0,
+$$
+
+*where $S_1(r) = [r_{13}, r_{12}] - r_{23} \circ r_{12} - r_{23} \circ r_{13}, S_2(r) = [r_{12}, r_{23}] + r_{13} \circ r_{12} - r_{13} \circ r_{23}.$*
+
+**Remark 3.21.** Assume that $\sigma_{123}, \sigma_{23} : A \otimes A \otimes A \to A \otimes A \otimes A$ are linear maps defined respectively by
+
+$$
+\sigma_{123}(x \otimes y \otimes z) = z \otimes x \otimes y, \sigma_{23}(x \otimes y \otimes z) = x \otimes z \otimes y, \forall x, y, z \in A.
+$$
+
+If $r$ is skew-symmetric, then
+
+$$
+\sigma_{123} S(r) = S_1(r), \sigma_{23} S(r) = S_2(r).
+$$
+
+**Theorem 3.22.** *Let $(A, *, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson algebra and $r \in A \otimes A$ be skew-symmetric. Then $(A, *, \circ, \Delta_r, \delta_r)$ is an anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra if $S(r) = D(r) = 0$, where $\Delta_r, \delta_r$ are defined by Eqs. (46) and (60) respectively.*
+
+*Proof.* Combining Theorem 3.5, Theorem 3.10, Theorem 3.19, Proposition 3.20 and Remark 3.21, we can get the statement. □
+
+**Definition 3.23.** Let $(A, *, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson algebra and $r \in A \otimes A$. We say that $r$ satisfies **the anti-pre-Poisson Yang-Baxter equation** or **APP-YBE** in short if $r$ satisfies both the AZ-YBE:
+
+$$
+(86) D(r) = r_{12} * r_{23} - r_{12} * r_{13} + r_{13} \star r_{23} = 0
+$$
+
+and the APL-YBE:
+
+$$
+(87) S(r) = r_{12} \circ r_{23} + r_{12} \circ r_{13} - [r_{13}, r_{23}] = 0.
+$$
+
+Thus, the following conclusion is reached.
+
+**Corollary 3.24.** *Let $(A, *, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson algebra and $r \in A \otimes A$ be a skew-symmetric solution of the APP-YBE in $(A, *, \circ)$. Then $(A, *, \circ, \Delta_r, \delta_r)$ is an anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra, where $\Delta_r, \delta_r: A \to A \otimes A$ are linear maps given by Eqs. (46) and (60) respectively.*
+
+**Example 3.25.** Let $(A, *, \circ)$ be the 3-dimensional anti-pre-Poisson algebra given in Example 2.6 with a basis $\{e_1, e_2, e_3\}$. Then
+
+$$
+r = (e_1 + e_2) \otimes e_3 - e_3 \otimes (e_1 + e_2)
+$$
+
+is a skew-symmetric solution of the APP-YBE in $(A, *, \circ)$. Thus, $(A, *, \circ, \Delta_r, \delta_r)$ is an anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra, where $\Delta_r, \delta_r: A \to A \otimes A$ are linear maps given by Eqs. (46) and (60) respectively. Explicitly,
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \Delta(e_1) &= e_3 \otimes e_3, \Delta(e_2) = \Delta(e_3) = 0, \\ \delta(e_1) &= 2e_3 \otimes e_3, \delta(e_2) = -e_3 \otimes e_3, \delta(e_3) = 0. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+For a vector space $A$, the isomorphism $A \otimes A^* \simeq \operatorname{Hom}(A^*, A)$ identifies an element $r \in A \otimes A$ with a map $T_r: A^* \to A$. Explicitly,
+
+$$
+(88) T_r: A^* \to A, \langle T_r(\zeta), \eta \rangle = \langle r, \zeta \otimes \eta \rangle, \forall \zeta, \eta \in A^*.
+$$
+
+It is clearly that $T_r^* = T_{\tau(r)}$, $T_{r+\tau(r)}^* = T_{r+\tau(r)}$.
+
+**Proposition 3.26.** *Let $(A, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Lie algebra and $r = \sum_i a_i \otimes b_i \in A \otimes A$. Then the following conclusions hold:*
+
+(a) *$r$ is a solution of the APL-YBE $S(r) = r_{12} \circ r_{23} + r_{12} \circ r_{13} - [r_{13}, r_{23}] = 0$ if and only if*
+
+$$
+T_{\tau(r)}(\zeta) \circ T_{\tau(r)}(\eta) = T_{\tau(r)}(\mathrm{ad}^*(T_r(\zeta))\eta + R^*_o(T_{\tau(r)}(\eta))\zeta).
+$$
+
+(b) *$r$ is a solution of the APL-YBE $S(r) = r_{12} \circ r_{23} + r_{12} \circ r_{13} - [r_{13}, r_{23}] = 0$ if and only if*
+
+$$
+[T_r(\zeta), T_r(\eta)] = T_r(L^*_o(T_{\tau(r)}(\zeta))\eta + L^*_o(T_r(\eta))\zeta).
+$$
+
+(c) *$r$ is a solution of the equation $S_2(r) = r_{13} \circ r_{12} + [r_{12}, r_{23}] - r_{13} \circ r_{23} = 0$ if and only if*
+
+$$
+T_r(\zeta) \circ T_r(\eta) = -T_r(\mathrm{ad}^*(T_r(\zeta))\eta + R^*_o(T_{\tau(r)}(\eta))\zeta).
+$$
+
+(d) *$r$ is a solution of the equation $S_1(r) = [r_{13}, r_{12}] - r_{23} \circ r_{12} - r_{23} \circ r_{13} = 0$ if and only if*
+
+$$
+[T_{\tau(r)}(\zeta), T_{\tau(r)}(\eta)] = -T_{\tau(r)}(L^*_o(T_{\tau(r)}(\zeta))\eta + L^*_o(T_r(\eta))\zeta).
+$$
+
+*Proof.* According to Eq. (88), we have for all $\zeta, \eta, \theta \in A^*$,
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \langle \theta \otimes \zeta \otimes \eta, r_{12} \circ r_{13} \rangle &= \sum_{i,j} \langle \theta \otimes \zeta \otimes \eta, a_i \circ a_j \otimes b_i \otimes b_j \rangle \\ &= \sum_{i,j} \langle \theta, a_i \circ a_j \rangle \langle \zeta, b_i \rangle \langle \eta, b_j \rangle = \langle T_{\tau(r)}(\zeta) \circ T_{\tau(r)}(\eta), \theta \rangle, \\ \langle \theta \otimes \zeta \otimes \eta, [r_{23}, r_{13}] \rangle &= \sum_{i,j} \langle \theta \otimes \zeta \otimes \eta, a_i \otimes a_j \otimes [b_j, b_i] \rangle \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+&= \sum_{i,j} \langle \zeta, a_j \rangle \langle \theta, a_i \rangle \langle \eta, [b_j, b_i] \rangle = \langle \eta, [T_r(\zeta), T_r(\theta)] \rangle \\
+&= -\langle \mathrm{ad}^*(T_r(\zeta))\eta, T_r(\theta) \rangle = -\langle T_{\tau(r)}(\mathrm{ad}^*(T_r(\zeta))\eta), \theta \rangle, \\
+\langle \theta \otimes \zeta \otimes \eta, r_{12} \circ r_{23} \rangle &= \sum_{i,j} \langle \theta \otimes \zeta \otimes \eta, a_i \otimes (b_i \circ a_j) \otimes b_j \rangle \\
+&= \sum_{i,j} \langle \theta, a_i \rangle \langle \eta, b_j \rangle \langle \zeta, b_i \circ a_j \rangle = \langle \zeta, T_r(\theta) \circ T_{\tau(r)}(\eta) \rangle \\
+&= -\langle R^*_o(T_{\tau(r)}(\eta))\zeta, T_r(\theta) \rangle = -\langle T_{\tau(r)}(R^*_o(T_{\tau(r)}(\eta))\zeta), \theta \rangle.
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+Thus, Item (a) holds. The other items can be verified similarly. □
+
+**Proposition 3.27.** [19] *Let $(A, *)$ be an anti-Zinbiel algebra and $r \in A \otimes A$. Then*
+
+(a) *$r$ is a solution of the equation $D(r) = r_{13} \star r_{23} - r_{12} * r_{13} + r_{12} * r_{23} = 0$ in $(A, *, \circ)$ if and only if the following equation holds:*
+
+$$
+T_{\tau(r)}(\eta) * T_{\tau(r)}(\zeta) = -T_{\tau(r)}(R_{*}^{*}(T_{\tau(r)}(\zeta))\eta + L_{\star}^{*}(T_{r}(\eta))\zeta), \forall \eta, \zeta \in A^{*}.
+$$
+
+(b) *$r$ is a solution of the equation $D(r) = r_{13} \star r_{23} - r_{12} * r_{13} + r_{12} * r_{23} = 0$ in $(A, ≻, ≺)$ if and only if the following equation holds:*
+
+$$
+T_r(\eta) \star T_r(\zeta) = T_r(L_*^*(T_r(\eta))\zeta - L_*^*(T_{\tau(r)}(\zeta))\eta), \forall \eta, \zeta \in A^*.
+$$
+
+(c) *$r$ is a solution of the equation $D_2(r) = r_{23} \star r_{12} + r_{13} * r_{23} + r_{13} * r_{12} = 0$ in $(A, *, \circ)$ if and only if the following equation holds:*
+
+$$
+T_r(\eta) * T_r(\zeta) = T_r(R_*^*(T_{\tau(r)}(\zeta))\eta + L_\star^*(T_r(\eta))\zeta), \forall \eta, \zeta \in A^*.
+$$
+
+(d) *$r$ is a solution of the equation $D_1(r) = r_{12} \star r_{13} + r_{23} * r_{12} - r_{23} * r_{13} = 0$ in $(A, *, \circ)$ if and only if the following equation holds:*
+
+$$
+T_{\tau(r)}(\eta) \star T_{\tau(r)}(\zeta) = T_{\tau(r)}(L_{*}^{*}(T_{\tau(r)}(\zeta))\eta - L_{*}^{*}(T_{r}(\eta))\zeta), \forall \eta, \zeta \in A^{*}.
+$$
+
+Recall that an $\mathcal{O}$-operator $T$ of an anti-Zinbiel algebra $(A, *)$ associated to a representation $(V, l_*, r_*)$ is a linear map $T: V \to A$ satisfying $T(u) * T(v) = T(l_*(T(u))v + r_*(T(v))u)$ for all $u, v \in V$. An $\mathcal{O}$-operator $T$ of an anti-pre-Lie algebra $(A, \circ)$ associated to a representation $(V, l_\circ, r_\circ)$ is a linear map $T: V \to A$ satisfying $T(u) \circ T(v) = T(l_\circ(T(u))v + r_\circ(T(v))u)$ for all $u, v \in V$.
+
+**Definition 3.28.** Let $(A, *, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson algebra and $(V, l_*, r_*, l_\circ, r_\circ)$ be its representation. An $\mathcal{O}$-operator $T$ of $(A, *, \circ)$ associated to $(V, l_*, r_*, l_\circ, r_\circ)$ is a linear map $T: V \to A$ which is both an $\mathcal{O}$-operator of $(A, *)$ associated to $(V, l_*, r_*)$ and an $\mathcal{O}$-operator $T$ of $(A, \circ)$ associated to $(V, l_\circ, r_\circ)$, that is, the following equations hold:
+
+$$
+(89) T(u) * T(v) = T(l_{*}(T(u))v + r_{*}(T(v))u),
+$$
+
+$$
+(90) T(u) \circ T(v) = T(l_{\circ}(T(u))v + r_{\circ}(T(v))u), \forall u, v \in V.
+$$
+
+**Example 3.29.** Let $(A, *, \circ)$ be the 3-dimensional anti-pre-Poisson algebra given in Example 2.6 with a basis {$e_1, e_2, e_3$}. Define a linear map $T : A \to A$ by a matrix
+$\begin{bmatrix}
+t_{11} & 0 & 0\\
+t_{21} & t_{22} & 0\\
+t_{31} & t_{32} & t_{33}\\
+\end{bmatrix}$ with respect to the basis {$e_1, e_2, e_3$}, where $t_{ij} \in k$ ($i = 1, 2, 3$). Then $T$ is an $\mathcal{O}$-operator of $(A, *, \circ)$ associated to the representation $(A, L_*, R_*, L_\circ, R_\circ)$ if and only if the following equations hold:
+
+$$
+t_{11}t_{21} = t_{21}t_{33}, t_{11}^2 = 2t_{11}t_{33}, t_{11}t_{22} = (t_{11} + t_{22})t_{33}.
+$$
+
+**Example 3.30.** Let $(A, *, \circ)$ be the 3-dimensional anti-pre-Poisson algebra given in Example 2.6 with a basis $\{e_1, e_2, e_3\}$. Assume that $\{e_1^*, e_2^*, e_3^*\}$ is the dual basis of $A^*$. Define a linear map $T$:
+
+$A^* \to A$ by a matrix $ \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 0 & t_{13} \\ 0 & 0 & t_{23} \\ t_{31} & t_{32} & t_{33} \end{bmatrix}$ with respect to the basis $\{e_1^*, e_2^*, e_3^*\}$, where $t_{ij} \in k$ ($i = 1, 2, 3$).
+
+Then $T$ is an $\mathcal{O}$-operator of $(A, *, \circ)$ associated to the representation $(A^*, L_\star^*, -R_*^*, -\mathrm{ad}^*, R_\circ^*)$ if and only if the following equations hold:
+
+$$
+t_{23}t_{13} = t_{13}t_{32} - 2t_{23}t_{31}, t_{13}^2 = -t_{13}t_{31}.
+$$
+
+Combining Proposition 3.23 and Proposition 3.24, we have the following conclusion.
+
+**Theorem 3.31.** *Let $(A, *, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson algebra and $r \in A \otimes A$ be skew-symmetric. Then the following conditions are equivalent:*
+
+(a) *$r$ is a solution of the APP-YBE in $(A, *, \circ)$.*
+
+(b) *$T_r$ is an $\mathcal{O}$-operator of the Poisson algebra $(A, \star, [, ])$ associated to $(A^*, L_*^*, -L_\circ^*)$.*
+
+(c) *$T_r$ is an $\mathcal{O}$-operator of $(A, *, \circ)$ associated to $(A^*, L_*^* + R_*^*, -R_*^*, R_\circ^* - L_\circ^*, R_\circ^*)$.*
+
+In the light of Theorem 6.19 [20] and Theorem 2.26 [13], we have the following result.
+
+**Theorem 3.32.** *Let $(A, *, \circ)$ be an anti-pre-Poisson algebra and $(V, l_*, r_*, l_\circ, r_\circ)$ be a representation of $(A, *, \circ)$. Suppose that $(V^*, l_*^* + r_*^*, -r_*^*, r_\circ^* - l_\circ^*, r_\circ^*)$ is the dual representation of $A$ given by Proposition 2.8. Let $\hat{A} = A \ltimes V^*$ and $T: V \to A$ be a linear map which is identified an element in $\hat{A} \otimes \hat{A}$ through $(\mathrm{Hom}(V, A) \simeq A \otimes V^* \subseteq \hat{A} \otimes \hat{A})$. Then $r = T - \tau(T)$ is a skew-symmetric solution of the APP-YBE in the anti-pre-Poisson algebra $\hat{A}$ if and only if $T$ is an $\mathcal{O}$-operator on $(A, *, \circ)$ associated to $(V, l_*, r_*, l_\circ, r_\circ)$.*
+
+**Example 3.33.** Let $(A = ke_1 \oplus ke_2 \oplus ke_3, *, \circ)$ be the 3-dimensional anti-pre-Poisson algebra with an $\mathcal{O}$-operator $T$ given in Example 3.30. Denote the dual basis of $A^*$ by $\{e_1^*, e_2^*, e_3^*\}$. The semi-direct product $A \ltimes A^*$ of $(A, *, \circ)$ with respect to its representation $(A^*, L_*^* + R_*^*, -R_*^*, R_\circ^* - L_\circ^*, R_\circ^*)$ is an anti-pre-Poisson algebra with the multiplications $(*, \circ)$ defined by
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} (x+u) * (y+v) &= x * y + (L_*^* + R_*^*)(x)v - R_*^*(y)u, \\ (x+u) \circ (y+v) &= x \circ y + (R_\circ^* - L_\circ^*)(x)v + R_\circ^*(y)u, \forall x, y \in A, u, v \in A^*. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+Explicitly, the non-trivial multiplications $(*, \circ)$ are given by
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} e_1 * e_1 &= e_3, e_1 * e_3^* &= 2e_1^*, e_3^* * e_1 &= e_1^*, \\ e_1 \circ e_2 &= e_3, e_1 \circ e_3^* &= e_2^*, e_2 \circ e_3^* &= e_3^* \circ e_2 = -e_1^*. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+In the light of Theorem 3.32, we know that $r = \sum_{i=1}^3 T(e_i) \otimes e_i^* - e_i^* \otimes T(e_i)$ is a skew-symmetric solution of the APP-YBE in the anti-pre-Poisson algebra $A \ltimes A^*$. According to Corollary 3.24, $(A \ltimes A^*, \Delta, \delta)$ is an anti-pre-Poisson bialgebra with the linear maps $\Delta, \delta: A \ltimes A^* \to (A \ltimes A^*) \otimes (A \ltimes A^*)$ defined respectively by
+
+$$
+\Delta(x) = -(I \otimes L_\star(x) + L_*(x) \otimes I)r,
+$$
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_94.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_94.md
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,778 @@
+arXiv:2509.14336v1 [cond-mat.soft] 17 Sep 2025
+
+# Stress Response of Jammed Solids: Prestress and Screening
+
+Surajit Chakraborty,1 Jishnu N. Nampoothiri,1,2 Subhro Bhattacharjee,3 Bulbul Chakraborty,2 and Kabir Ramola1
+
+1*Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Hyderabad 500046, India*
+
+2*Martin Fisher School of Physics, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454, USA*
+
+3*International Centre for Theoretical Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru 560089, India*
+
+(Dated: September 19, 2025)
+
+Unlike classical elasticity, where stresses arise from deformations relative to a stress-free reference configuration, rigidity in amorphous systems is maintained by disordered force networks that generate internal prestress. Previously, we introduced a “stress-only” formulation, where mechanical equilibrium resembles Gauss’s law in a rank-2 tensor electrostatics with vector charges, and demonstrated that the mechanical response of jammed solids is described by the dielectric response of this gauge-theoretic formulation. Here, we extend this framework by incorporating scale-dependent screening that captures both dielectric and Debye-type behaviour. This introduces a characteristic length scale in stress correlations as well as in the response to external forces. Through numerical simulations of soft-sphere packings, we show that this length scale is set by the particle size, thus providing a natural ultraviolet cutoff while preserving long-wavelength emergent elasticity. We show that this lengthscale remains finite for all pressures, with no evidence for an emergent Debye-like screening near the frictionless unjamming transition. We demonstrate that although individual realisations show strong fluctuations, disorder averaging at fixed macroscopic conditions yields a robust dielectric-like response that persists up to unjamming. Finally, we also provide a physical interpretation of the gauge field within the electrostatic mapping: relative grain displacements in response to localised external perturbations correspond to difference in the gauge field, linking the field-theoretic description to particle-level mechanics.
+
+## I. INTRODUCTION
+
+The theory of classical elasticity of solids describes their mechanical responses to deforming forces. It assumes that internal forces, manifested as the stress tensor, arise from displacements relative to a well-defined, stress-free reference state. These forces are proportional to the strain field – calculated from the derivative of the displacement from the reference state, with the proportionality constant - the elastic modulus - characterising the rigidity of the solid in the linear regime [1]. Canonical examples are crystalline solids where the spontaneous symmetry breaking provides a unique zero stress reference state with respect to which the strain field is meaningfully defined, along with the right number of elastic moduli, with the structure of the latter tied to the nature of the symmetry breaking via the space-group [1].
+
+Many soft solids [2–9] exhibit structural and mechanical features that emerge from “frozen-in” stresses, or prestress that arise from a variety of sources. Jammed solids gain their rigidity from external forces, and the resulting prestress is essential in defining their solidity [3, 5, 10]. Colloidal and polymer gels form in processes where thermal fluctuations of the constituents are frozen, and the internal stresses that are generated can at best be partially redistributed [11–13]. Common to all these cases is the absence of a unique, stress-free reference state: prestress determines the mechanical response, which, in turn, influences the assembly of the stress-bearing network. This nonlinear feedback cannot be rigorously incorporated within the framework of classical elasticity, where strain, defined with respect to a stress-free reference structure, leads to stress, a derived quantity [1].
+
+Solids with prestress, nevertheless, exhibit elastic behaviour under small perturbations [14–17], with rigidity emerging from a disordered network of interparticle contacts that enforce local mechanical equilibrium. Jammed solids, composed of non-Brownian particles with purely repulsive interactions, are an extreme example since they acquire rigidity only when an externally applied stress exceeds a critical threshold [3, 5, 10, 18–20]. This mechanism underlies the physics of jamming transition, a unifying concept of rigidity in disordered materials such as foams, emulsions, and granular media [5, 18, 21–23]. In Jammed solids, therefore, the mechanical response *emerges* from the frozen-in internal stresses.
+
+Previously, some of the authors of this paper introduced the Vector Charge Theory of Granular mechanics (VCTG) for amorphous elasticity to explain the emergent elasticity of such prestressed solids [24, 25]. This was established through a mapping of mechanical equilibrium constraints to a tensor U(1) Tensor Gauge Theories [26] with vector charges. The prestress, generated by contact forces, appears as the analogue of the familiar polarisation field present in a dielectric in standard electromagnetism (EM) as summarised in Fig. 1.
+
+VCTG thus provides a stress-only, field-theoretic description [24, 25] of emergent elasticity in disordered solids. The conditions of mechanical equilibrium, force and the torque balance are built into its structure via Gauss’s law for a symmetric rank-2 tensor electric field sourced by the vector charge – the force. The *self-averaging* jammed solid corresponds to a dielectric of the tensor *electromagnetism* where the stress tensor $\sigma_{ij}$ corresponds to the electric displacement field $D_{ij}$. Forces act as vector charges, $\rho_j = \rho_j^{\text{ext}} + \rho_j^{\text{bound}}$, with $\rho_j^{\text{ext}}$ corresponding to external body force and $\rho_j^{\text{bound}}$ being the internal contact forces generated in response to the boundary and body forces. Analogous to standard dielectrics [27], the vector bound charges induce a tensor polarization field, $\mathcal{P}_{ij}$ [24, 25]. Mechanical response of the jammed solid is characterised by a fourth-rank tensor $\Lambda_{ijkl}^{-1}$, the analogue of a dielectric permittivity, relating stress to the unscreened field via $\sigma_{ij} = \Lambda_{ijkl}^{-1} E_{kl}$. The symmetric field Eij , derived from a vector, electrostatic potential, captures the compatible, irrotational response in the absence of internal constraints, while $\sigma_{ij}$ incorporates screening from boundary and body forces [25]. VCTG can also accommodate a Debye-type screening with an anisotropic screening length [25, 28–30].
+
+
+
+FIG. 1. Analogy between dielectric response in standard electromagnetism (EM) and the mechanical response of jammed solids described by VCTG. In both frameworks, the screened fields—**D** in EM and $\sigma_{ij}$ in VCTG—combine an unscreened field and a polarization contribution: $\mathbf{D} = \epsilon_0 \mathbf{E} + \mathcal{P}$ in EM, and $\sigma_{ij} = gE_{ij} + \mathcal{P}_{ij}$ in granular media, where $E_{ij}$ is a compatible tensor electric field and $\mathcal{P}_{ij}$ encodes internal prestress. Polarization fields follow $P_i = \epsilon_0 \chi E_i$ in linear dielectrics and $\mathcal{P}_{ij} = g\chi_{ijkl} E_{kl}$ is its analog in VCTG. The key distinction is that g depends on the macrostate of the solid and vanishes near unjamming. In heterogeneous media, spatial fluctuations in the polarisation field incur an energetic cost, which suppresses short-wavelength responses. In the EM, this leads to Debye screening in the limit $\chi^{-1} \to 0$, corresponding to highly polarizable materials. A mechanically analogous screening behaviour arises in the VCTG framework, where the limit $(g\chi)^{-1} \to 0$ plays a similar role.
+
+VCTG successfully predicts long-range anisotropic stress correlations that decay as a power law, $1/r^d$, in $d$ dimensions [7, 8, 31–33], with a non-trivial angular form-factor that gives rise to *pinch-point* singularities in Fourier space – a hallmark of stress correlations in granular systems [33–36]. Within the VCTG framework, these singularities emerge naturally as a consequence of Gauss’s law constraint on the stress tensor. These predictions have been tested in granular solids at high pressures and in gels near the rigidity transition, as well as near-crystalline systems [24, 25, 37–40].
+
+In this paper, we investigate three mechanical aspects of jammed solids: (i) stress-stress correlations across a range of pressures, approaching unjamming, (ii) the link between displacements of grains in response to external forces, and the potentials of VCTG, and (iii) the role played by disorder averaging in describing the jammed phase, especially close to the unjamming transition. Each of these aspects focuses on important features of the elasticity of jammed solids: (i) addresses the question of whether or not dielectric breakdown precedes unjamming, (ii) resolves the mapping between the electrostatic potential in VCTG and measurements of displacements in disordered, prestressed solids, and (iii) discusses the important role of disorder averaging, particularly close to unjamming where self-averaging is known to fail [20].
+
+Based on numerical observations of stress-stress correlations, we motivate a natural extension of the VCTG framework, and then numerically examine its consequences. The extended theoretical framework introduces a scale-dependent mechanical response, analogous to a scale-dependent susceptibility in dielectrics. As in the dielectric theory of electrostatics, the extended VCTG framework identifies natural conditions under which the dielectric framework could fail, potentially giving rise to Debye-type screening. However, our analysis reveals no evidence for such behavior in frictionless jammed solids.
+
+In addition to the stress response, we compute the displacement of the grains generated by localized deforming forces (Fig. 2). Stress fields are central to VCTG [41–43], though they are experimentally accessible only in model systems such as photoelastic disks [44, 45].
+
+In contrast, displacements relative to an unperturbed prestressed configuration can be directly measured in particle-tracking and imaging experiments on granular media, biological tissues and other soft solids, they are widely used in theoretical studies of amorphous elasticity [28, 46]. Establishing the link between displacement response and the stress-based field-theoretic formulation of VCTG is therefore essential and can offer a direct route to test the prediction of VCTG across diverse systems.
+
+Finally, we emphasize the crucial role of disorder averaging in revealing the emergent elasticity of amorphous solids. Near the unjamming transition, individual configurations exhibit strong sample-to-sample fluctuations and may undergo irreversible rearrangements in response to even small perturbations, resulting in plastic behavior. However, our numerical results show that ensemble averaging over such configurations—at fixed macroscopic conditions—smooths out these fluctuations and restores a dielectric-like elastic response consistent with VCTG predictions, even up to the unjamming point indicating that the weight of such plastic events averages out within our numerical protocol. This suggests that localized plastic events are statistical in nature and do not define a distinct “prejammed” phase in a self-averaging system. Alternatively, restricting attention to those configurations that remain elastic under local perturbations also yields representative responses in line with the VCTG framework. Thus, while it has been proposed that plasticity induces a finite screening length characteristic of a prejammed phase [28, 30], our findings show that the disorder-averaged response of frictionless jammed solids remains well described by the dielectric within the linear VCTG theory. However, near unjamming the re-sponse exhibits pressure-dependent nonlinear deviations, while clear structural changes appear only when the applied force exceeds the confining pressure, a criterion that also governs the response deep in the jammed phase. This effect is distinct from what would be expected from Debye-like screening, which introduces a screening length *within* linear response. This observation indicates the need for non-linear corrections to the dielectric formalism of VCTG, and we propose an approach in Appendix C.
+
+
+
+FIG. 2. Schematic illustration of the stress tensor convention and external forcing geometry used in this study. The grain-level force-moment tensor at grain $g_n$ is defined as $\sigma_{g_n} = \sum_m \mathbf{f}_{g_n, g_m} \otimes \mathbf{r}_{g_n, g_m}$, where $\mathbf{f}_{g_n, g_m}$ is the contact force exerted on grain $g_n$ by a neighboring grain $g_m$, and $\mathbf{r}_{g_n, g_m}$ is the vector connecting the centers of grains $g_n$ and $g_m$. The external force consists of a uniform distribution of force in the negative y-direction applied over a circular region centered at the origin over the grains shaded in orange, balanced by a line force in the positive y-direction applied at $y = -L/2 + 5$ applied on grains shaded in blue.
+
+The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II presents numerical results on pressure correlations in jammed soft-sphere packings, highlighting deviations from scale-independent elasticity at short length scales. Section III extends the VCTG framework by introducing polarization gradient terms that incorporate a finite length scale while preserving the long-wavelength behavior of the VCTG. Section IV compares the predictions of this modified theory with numerical measurements of the mechanical response to localized perturbations, provides a particle-level interpretation of the gauge potential, φ, as relative displacements, and investigates the pressure dependence of the emergent elastic moduli. Finally, Section V summarizes our findings and outlines possible directions for future research. The Appendices provide additional details: Appendices A and B cover technical aspects of the theoretical calculations and numerical analysis, Appendix C discusses the nature of the nonlinear corrections, and Appendix D presents the calculation of correlations and response for standard electrostatics.
+
+## II. PRESSURE CORRELATIONS
+
+A key prediction of the original formulation of VCTG [24, 25] is that, deep inside the jammed phase, different components of the stress tensor exhibit anisotropic correlations. In contrast, correlations of the pressure, the trace of the stress tensor, are isotropic and scale-independent at long wavelengths. In two dimensions, the VCTG calculations [24, 25] yield the Fourier-space correlation function of local pressure fluctuations,
+
+$$
+\langle P(\mathbf{q})P(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle = \frac{g(1+\nu)}{2} \equiv K_{2D}, \quad (1)
+$$
+
+where $P(\mathbf{q})$ denotes the Fourier components of the local pressure fluctuations (throughout this paper, we denote spatial fluctuations of the local pressure field by $P$, while $p$ refers to the global pressure of the system) with the average, $\langle \cdots \rangle$, taken over independent packings at fixed pressure, $p$. Here, $g$, and $ν$, are coupling constants of VCTG (see Fig. 1), and characterize the mechanical response of the jammed solid. As will be discussed in Section IV, these coupling constants play roles analogous to the Lamé coefficients in classical elasticity theory, with $g$ being the shear modulus and $ν$ the Poisson ratio. Thus, pressure correlations bear the signature of the emergent elasticity via, $g$, and $ν$.
+
+We start by numerically examining the validity of the prediction in Eq. (1) as a system approaches unjamming from the jammed side. We simulate two-dimensional jammed packings of a 50 : 50 bidisperse mixture of frictionless disks with a diameter ratio of 1 : 1.4, under periodic boundary conditions. Particles interact via short-range repulsive potential,
+
+$$
+v(r_{ij}) = \frac{\epsilon}{\alpha} \left(1 - \frac{r_{ij}}{a_{ij}}\right)^{\alpha}, \quad (2)
+$$
+
+where $r_{ij}$ is the inter-particle distance between particles $i$ and $j$, and $a_{ij} = \frac{a_i+a_j}{2}$ is the sum of their radii. We consider both Harmonic ($\alpha = 2$) and Hertzian ($\alpha = \frac{5}{2}$) interactions. Energies are measured in units of $\epsilon$ and lengths in units of the smaller particle diameter $a_0$. We set $\epsilon = 1$ and $a_0 = 1$ for convenience. Jammed configurations at various pressures $p$ are generated via conjugate gradient energy minimization, following [19].
+
+The grain-level force-moment tensor is obtained as
+
+$$
+\boldsymbol{\sigma}_{g_n} = \sum_m \mathbf{f}_{g_n, g_m} \otimes \mathbf{r}_{g_n, g_m}, \quad (3)
+$$
+
+where $\mathbf{f}_{g_n, g_m}$ is the contact force exerted on grain $g_n$ by a neighboring grain $g_m$, and $\mathbf{r}_{g_n, g_m}$ is the vector connecting their centers (Fig. 2). The above force-moment tensor has the dimensions of [energy]. This force-moment tensor, $\boldsymbol{\sigma}_g$, is readily averaged over and has straightforward generalizations to amorphous materials such as glasses, where longer-ranged interactions may be present. We however refer to this as stress instead of the force-moment tensor for brevity.
+
+
+
+FIG. 3. Fourier-space pressure correlation function, $\langle P(\mathbf{q})P(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle$, for harmonic packings of $N = 8192$ particles at pressures approaching the unjamming transition. (a) Correlation normalized by $p^2$, exhibiting a plateau whose height defines $K_{2D}$ [Eq. (1)]. The data collapse at low p and long-wavelength behavior reflects the scale-invariant correlations at large length scales. At large $|\mathbf{q}|$, the correlation decays in a pressure-independent manner, indicating universal suppression of short-wavelength pressure fluctuations. *Inset* shows that $K_{2D}$ scales as $p^2$ near unjamming. (b) Pressure correlation as a function of $|\mathbf{q}|$ at fixed $p = 10^{-4}$ for different system sizes, highlighting finite-size effects and convergence at both long and short wavelengths. Inset: Two-dimensional $\mathbf{q}$-space map showing isotropic correlations, with a crossover from a flat, long-wavelength regime to a short-wavelength decay.
+
+For a given configuration, the spatially averaged stress is defined as
+
+$$
+\bar{\boldsymbol{\sigma}} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_{g_n=1}^{N} \boldsymbol{\sigma}_{g_n}, \qquad (4)
+$$
+
+where $N = L^d \phi$ is the total number of grains in the system, and $\phi$ is the packing fraction. Local stress fluctuations relative to this average are then defined at the center of each grain, $r_{g_n}$, as
+
+$$
+\Delta\sigma_{ij}(\mathbf{r}_{g_n}) = \sigma_{ij}(\mathbf{r}_{g_n}) - \bar{\sigma}_{ij}. \qquad (5)
+$$
+
+The discrete Fourier transform of the stress fluctuations is given by
+
+$$
+\Delta\sigma_{ij}(\mathbf{q}) = \frac{1}{\sqrt{N}} \sum_{g_n=1}^{N} e^{i\mathbf{q} \cdot \mathbf{r}_{g_n}} \Delta\sigma_{ij}(\mathbf{r}_{g_n}). \quad (6)
+$$
+
+Note that in a periodic box of linear size, $L$, the spacing of the Fourier modes is given by $\Delta q = 2\pi/L$ in each direction. Finally, the Fourier-space stress correlations are computed as
+
+$$
+C_{ijkl}(\mathbf{q}) = \langle \Delta\sigma_{ij}(\mathbf{q}) \Delta\sigma_{kl}(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle. \qquad (7)
+$$
+
+Fig. 3(a) shows $\langle P(\mathbf{q})P(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle$ as a function of wavevector magnitude $|\mathbf{q}|$ for harmonic packings of $N = 8192$ particles across a range of pressures, approaching the unjamming threshold. At small $|\mathbf{q}|$, corresponding to long wavelengths, the correlation displays a plateau, consistent with the scale-invariant predictions of VCTG [Eq. (1)]. The inset demonstrates that the plateau height, $K_{2D}$, scales as $p^2$ near unjamming, consistent with the pressure dependence of effective moduli in two dimensions [34, 47] such that in the main panel, where we plot $\langle P(\mathbf{q})P(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle/p^2$ the data collapses across pressures in the low-$p$ regime and small $|\mathbf{q}|$.
+
+Importantly, at large $|\mathbf{q}|$, the correlation systematically decays, indicating a suppression of pressure fluctuations at short distances. Notably, the shape of this decay is independent of pressure near unjamming, pointing to a universal deviation from scale invariance at high wavevectors. Fig. 3(b) explores finite-size effects by plotting $\langle P(\mathbf{q})P(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle$ versus $|\mathbf{q}|$ for various system sizes at fixed pressure $p = 10^{-4}$, confirming the scale-free plateau at smaller $|\mathbf{q}|$ and the decay at shorter wavelengths. The inset of Fig. 3(b) displays the two-dimensional correlation map, revealing the isotropic nature of pressure fluctuations across all wavevectors, and clearly illustrating the crossover from a flat, long-wavelength plateau to a decay regime at higher $|\mathbf{q}|$.
+
+This short-distance decay reflects the limitations of a purely continuum description and implies the presence of a finite length scale below which the Gaussian theory of VCTG must be modified. In real space, this corresponds to a crossover beyond which the power-law decay of stress correlations emerges. We quantify this scale later and find it to be approximately two grain diameters. These observations naturally lead to the question: Can VCTG, which captures long-range, scale-invariant features, be extended to account for the finite-wavelength suppression of stress fluctuations?
+
+
+
+FIG. 4. Pressure correlation near unjamming compared with predictions of the extended VCTG including polarization gradient terms [Eq. (14)]. Simulation data for $p = 10^{-4}$, $10^{-5}$, $10^{-6}$ are shown scaled by $p^2$. The theoretical curve is fitted at $p = 10^{-4}$ with $\nu = 0.95$, with $g$ chosen to match the low-$|\mathbf{q}|$ plateau, and is scaled by the same factor for direct comparison. A finite polarization stiffness, $g\Gamma = 0.062$, reproduces the large-$|\mathbf{q}|$ decay and captures the crossover.
+
+In the following, we modify the VCTG theory [24, 25] to incorporate an intrinsic microscopic length scale. This extension preserves the scale-invariant features at long distances while regularizing short-range behavior consistent with our numerical observations.
+
+## III. MODIFIED FIELD THEORY AND ADDITIONAL LENGTHSCALE
+
+Within the VCTG, stress–stress correlations and linear response functions are computed from the partition function in the presence of an external body force $f_j^{\text{ext}}$ [25],
+
+$$
+\mathcal{Z}[f_j^{\text{ext}}] = \int [\mathcal{D}\mathcal{P}][\mathcal{D}\sigma] \delta(\partial_i\sigma_{ij} - f_j^{\text{ext}}) e^{-S_0}, \quad (8)
+$$
+
+where the delta function enforces Gauss’s law. To lowest order, the Gaussian action,$S_0$, is given in Fig. 1.
+
+To capture the short-lengthscale deviations from the scale-independent VCTG framework, as evident in the pressure correlation obtained from simulations of jammed solids (Fig. 3), we extend the theory by incorporating the leading symmetry-allowed gradient terms to obtain the extended action
+
+$$
+S = S_0 + S_1, \qquad (9)
+$$
+
+with the correction term
+
+$$
+S_1 = \frac{1}{2} \int d^d \mathbf{r} (\partial_\alpha \mathcal{P}_{ij}) \Gamma_{\alpha\beta i j k l} (\partial_\beta \mathcal{P}_{kl}). \quad (10)
+$$
+
+
+
+FIG. 5. Fourier-space stress correlation functions, $\langle \sigma_{ij}(\mathbf{q})\sigma_{kl}(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle$, obtained from Eq. (A10) with an isotropic polarization stiffness tensor. The columns display the four components $C_{xxxx}$, $C_{yyyy}$, $C_{xyxy}$, and $C_{xxyy}$. The first two rows show the effect of increasing $\Gamma$ at fixed $\nu = 0.9$ and $g = 4 \times 10^{-6}$, parameter values chosen consistently with the stress-response analysis and with correlations measured at pressure $p = 10^{-3}$. For $\Gamma = 0$ (top row), the correlations are independent of $|\mathbf{q}|$ and anisotropic. Finite $\Gamma$ progressively suppresses large-$|\mathbf{q}|$ fluctuations, and at sufficiently large $\Gamma$ the correlations are strongly attenuated except near small $|\mathbf{q}|$, where anisotropic pinch-point singularities persist (second row). The third row shows corresponding correlations measured in simulations of jammed packings at pressure $p = 10^{-3}$.
+
+Here, $\Gamma_{\alpha\beta ijkl}$ is a sixth-rank tensor that encodes the stiffness associated with gradients of the polarization field $\mathcal{P}_{ij}$. This correction penalizes local inhomogeneities in the internal stress organization. This formalism is analogous to the treatment of gradient terms in dielectric theories of standard electromagnetism, where spatial variations in the polarization field $\mathcal{P}$ contribute an energy density $\propto |\nabla\mathcal{P}|^2$. In standard dielectrics, such terms arise from the electrostatic energy of bound charges, which penalize non-uniform polarization. The analogy is illustrated in Fig. 1 and discussed further in Appendix D.
+
+Implementing the constraint of Gauss’s law via a Lagrange multiplier field, $\varphi$, we obtain
+
+$$
+\mathcal{Z}[f_j^{\text{ext}}] = \int [\mathcal{D}\mathcal{P}][\mathcal{D}\sigma][\mathcal{D}\varphi] e^{-\tilde{S}}, \quad (11)
+$$
+
+with the effective action
+
+$$
+\tilde{S} = \int d^d\mathbf{r}[ \frac{1}{2g} \left\{ \mathcal{P}_{ij}\chi_{ijkl}^{-1}\mathcal{P}_{kl} + (\sigma_{ij} - \mathcal{P}_{ij})\delta_{ijkl}^{-1}(\sigma_{kl} - \mathcal{P}_{kl}) \right\}+ \frac{1}{2} (\partial_{\alpha} \mathcal{P}_{ij}) \Gamma_{\alpha\beta ijkl} (\partial_{\beta} \mathcal{P}_{kl}) + i\sigma_{ij} J_{ij} + i\varphi_i f_i^{\text{ext}}]. \quad (12)
+$$
+
+Here, the coupling constant $g$, has dimensions of $[\text{energy}]^2[\text{length}]^d$, since the stress, $\sigma_{ij}$, and the polarization, $\mathcal{P}_{ij}$, are actually force-moment tensors, which have dimensions of [energy]. $J_{ij}$ is an auxiliary source field that couples linearly to the total field $\sigma_{ij}$ enabling the computation of stress-stress correlations via functional derivatives of $\log \mathcal{Z}[J]$ and $J_{ij} = J_{ij} + \frac{1}{2}(\partial_i\varphi_j + \partial_j\varphi_i)$. The detailed calculation is presented in Appendix A.
+
+To incorporate the consequences of polarization gradients, we consider the simplest isotropic form of the polarization stiffness tensor introduced in Eq. (10),
+
+$$
+\Gamma_{\alpha\beta ijkl} = \delta_{\alpha\beta} \frac{\Gamma}{2} (\delta_{ik}\delta_{jl} + \delta_{il}\delta_{jk}) \quad (13)
+$$
+
+with $\Gamma$ having dimensions of $[\text{length}]^{2-d}[\text{energy}]^{-2}$. This choice assigns equal stiffness to all components of $\mathcal{P}_{ij}$ and penalizes spatial variations isotropically, thereby preserving rotational invariance, ensuring that the trace of the stress tensor exhibits isotropic correlations. The resulting pressure–pressure correlation function reads
+
+$$
+\langle P(\mathbf{q}) P(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle = \frac{g(2 + g\Gamma q^2) [2(1 + \nu) + g\Gamma q^2(1 + 3\nu)]}{8 + 4g\Gamma q^2 [3 + 5\nu + g\Gamma q^2(1 + 3\nu)]}, \quad (14)
+$$
+
+which reduces in the long-wavelength limit ($|\mathbf{q}| \to 0$) to
+a scale-independent plateau given by Eq. (1). The parameter $\Gamma$ introduces a characteristic length scale,
+
+$$
+\ell = \sqrt{g\Gamma}, \quad (15)
+$$
+
+For wavevectors $|\mathbf{q}| \gtrsim |\mathbf{q}|^* \sim 1/\ell$, stress correlations deviate from their scale-free form. The length-scale, l, should be compared with the standard electrostatic screening length $\lambda = \sqrt{\epsilon_0 \Gamma}$ presented in Appendix D. A crucial point of difference between the VCTG screening length and the electrostatic one is that $\epsilon_0$ is a fundamental constant, whereas $g$ depends on the proximity to rigidity and goes to zero at the unjamming transition.
+
+Fig. 4 compares the scaled simulation data with Eq. (14). To compare to numerical results, we fix $\nu = 0.95$, consistent with the stress response analysis shown in Section IV. The coupling constant, g, is chosen to match the $|\mathbf{q}| \to 0$ plateau at $p = 10^{-4}$, and the theoretical curve is scaled by $p^2$ for comparison. A value $g\Gamma = 0.062$ captures the observed decay, yielding quantitative agreement with the data. Importantly, the crossover wavevector $|\mathbf{q}|^*$ is finite and pressure-independent, implying a microscopic screening length $|\mathbf{r}^*| \sim 2\pi\ell$, approximately two grain diameters. Beyond this scale, stress correlations revert to the continuum $1/r^d$ decay. Other components of the stress–stress correlations exhibit anisotropy [Eq. (A10)], with wavevector dependence entering through the amplitude $\tilde{K}_{2D}(\mathbf{q})$. Representative results are shown in Fig. 5 for $\nu = 0.9$, $g = 4 \times 10^{-6}$, chosen to match simulation results at $p = 10^{-3}$. When $\Gamma = 0$, the theory reduces to the scale-free VCTG with pinch points. Finite $\Gamma$ suppresses large-$|\mathbf{q}|$ fluctuations, leading to a crossover to short-range behavior while preserving pinch-point singularities at small $|\mathbf{q}|$ [Eq. (A10)]. The bottom row illustrates corresponding correlations measured in jammed packings at $p = 10^{-3}$.
+
+## IV. RESPONSE TO EXTERNAL FORCES
+
+We now turn to analyzing the effects of the polarization gradient terms [Eq. (10)] on the mechanical response of jammed solids to external perturbations, as we tune $p$ towards unjamming. For this we use a protocol, similar to that of Ref. [25], and illustrated in Fig. 2.
+
+To probe the response to external forces in real space, we compute coarse-grained stress and displacement fields. The coarse-grained stress field is given by
+
+$$
+\boldsymbol{\sigma}(\mathbf{r}) = \frac{1}{N_{\Omega}} \sum_{g_n \in \Omega} \boldsymbol{\sigma}_{g_n}, \quad (16)
+$$
+
+where $N_\Omega$ is the number of grains in the coarse-graining region $\Omega$.
+
+Similarly, grain displacements $\mathbf{u}_{g_i}$, from an initial reference configuration in static equilibrium are coarsegrained using the same procedure to obtain the displacement field
+
+$$
+\mathbf{u}(\mathbf{r}) = \frac{1}{N_{\Omega}} \sum_{i \in \Omega} \mathbf{u}_{g_i}. \quad (17)
+$$
+
+We note that within a static configuration, $N_\Omega$, in each coarse-graining box can vary, which can be an additional source of fluctuations in the coarse-grained fields. While coarse-graining is convenient for visualizing the spatial profile of stresses and displacements, stress correlations can be evaluated directly in Fourier space, without coarse-graining, as discussed in Section II.
+
+The gauge redundancy intrinsic to VCTG, reflects the absence of a unique zero-stress reference state, which results in the ambiguity in defining displacement vectors relative to any arbitrary reference configuration. As a result, displacements from *equally valid* reference configurations are *unobservable* in configuration averaged correlations and responses [24, 25]. In practice, however, numerical and experimental studies naturally resolve this issue by measuring displacement differences, analogous to differences in electrostatic potential, $\varphi$, By measuring displacements relative to configurations in the absence of the localised external forces, we can make direct comparisons with the *difference* in the electrostatic potential, $\varphi$, although the absolute value of the latter is *unobservable* in configuration averaged responses as discussed above. This establishes a direct correspondence between the gauge-theoretic formulation of the response functions and classical elasticity with $\varphi$ playing a role analogous to the relative displacement field $\mathbf{u}$, albeit without reference to a unique stress-free configuration. However, the mapping of the displacement fields to $\varphi$, also involves a careful analysis of the dimensions of these fields, and we address this in the context of determining the pressure dependence of the elastic moduli.
+
+To compute the responses in the stress and $\varphi$ fields, we perform a saddle-point analysis of the constrained action defined in Eq. (12). At the saddle point of the action with respect to the gauge potential $\varphi$, the Gauss-law constraint yields the condition of mechanical equilibrium,
+
+$$
+\partial_i \sigma_{ij} = f_j^{\text{ext}}. \quad (18)
+$$
+
+Variations of the action with respect to $\sigma_{ij}$ and $P_{ij}$ respectively yield the two constitutive equations
+
+$$
+\sigma_{ij} = P_{ij} - \frac{i}{2} g \delta_{ijkl} (\partial_k \varphi_l + \partial_l \varphi_k), \quad (19)
+$$
+
+$$
+\chi_{ijkl}^{-1} P_{kl} - \delta_{ijkl}^{-1} (\sigma_{kl} - P_{kl}) - g \Gamma_{\alpha\beta ijkl} \partial_{\alpha} \partial_{\beta} P_{kl} = 0. \quad (20)
+$$
+
+Substituting Eq. (19) into Eq. (20) eliminates $\sigma_{ij}$, which, followed by a Fourier transform gives:
+
+$$
+P_{kl}(\mathbf{q}) = g \tilde{\chi}_{ijkl}(\mathbf{q}) \frac{1}{2} (q_i \varphi_j + q_j \varphi_i), \quad (21)
+$$
+
+where
+
+$$
+\tilde{\chi}_{ijkl}(\mathbf{q}) = (\chi_{ijkl}^{-1} + g\Gamma_{\alpha\beta ijkl}q_{\alpha}q_{\beta})^{-1} \quad (22)
+$$
+
+is the scale-dependent susceptibility tensor. Eq. (21) mirrors the constitutive relation of dielectric theory of standard EM with polarization-gradient terms (Appendix D), where the vector polarization couples to the vector electric field through a scale-dependent susceptibility. The corresponding real-space relation for the vector polarization field is given in Eq. (D11), which, upon Fourier transformation, reduces to the same underlying form as Eq. (21), despite its different tensorial character.
+
+Substituting back into Eq. (19), we obtain the stress field in Fourier space:
+
+$$
+\sigma_{ij}(\mathbf{q}) = g (\tilde{\chi}_{ijkl}(\mathbf{q}) + \delta_{ijkl}) \frac{1}{2} (q_k \varphi_l + q_l \varphi_k) \quad (23)
+$$
+
+
+
+$$
+\equiv \tilde{\Lambda}_{ijkl}^{-1}(\mathbf{q}) \frac{1}{2} (q_k \varphi_l + q_l \varphi_k), \quad (24)
+$$
+
+where $\tilde{\Lambda}^{-1}$ is defined as the effective scale-dependent elastic tensor related to $\tilde{\chi}$ (see Eq. (A2)).
+
+In the $\mathbf{q} \to \mathbf{0}$ limit, upon disorder averaging, the dielectric permittivity tensor, $\Lambda_{ijkl}^{-1}$, reduces to an isotropic form [24, 25]. In analogy with isotropic elasticity theory, whose elastic modulus tensor, $K_{ijkl}$, is described by the two Lamé coefficients $(\mu, \nu)$, the shear modulus and the Poisson ratio, we parametrize $\Lambda_{ijkl}^{-1}$ as:
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \Lambda_{ijkl}^{-1} &= g(\delta_{ijkl} + \chi_{ijkl}), \\ \chi_{ijkl} &= \frac{1}{2}(\delta_{ik}\delta_{jl} + \delta_{il}\delta_{jk}) + \frac{2\nu}{1-\nu}\delta_{ij}\delta_{kl}, \end{aligned} \quad (25)
+$$
+
+where $\delta_{ijkl} = \frac{1}{2}(\delta_{ik}\delta_{jl} + \delta_{il}\delta_{jk})$ is the fourth-rank identity tensor.
+
+Inserting these into the Gauss-law leads to a Poisson equation for the potential :
+
+$$
+i \left[ \left( (g\chi)_{ijkl}^{-1} + \Gamma_{\alpha\beta ijkl} q_{\alpha} q_{\beta} \right)^{-1} + g\delta_{ijkl} \right] \frac{1}{2} q_i (q_k \varphi_l + q_l \varphi_k) = f_j^{\text{ext}}(\mathbf{q}). \quad (26)
+$$
+
+Eq. (26) is equivalent to a generalized Cauchy–Navier equation for an isotropic elastic medium [48]
+
+$$
+i \left[ \left( \tilde{g}(\mathbf{q}) \frac{1 + \tilde{\nu}(\mathbf{q})}{1 - \tilde{\nu}(\mathbf{q})} \right) q_i q_j + \tilde{g}(\mathbf{q}) q^2 \delta_{ij} \right] \varphi_j(\mathbf{q}) = \tilde{f}_i(\mathbf{q}). \quad (27)
+$$
+
+with scale-dependent moduli. The **q**-dependence introduced by the polarization gradient effects are given by
+
+$$
+\tilde{g}(\mathbf{q}) = \frac{g(2 + g\Gamma q^2)}{2(1 + g\Gamma q^2)}, \quad (28)
+$$
+
+and
+
+$$
+\tilde{\nu}(\mathbf{q}) = \frac{2\nu}{2 + g\Gamma q^2 (3 + 5\nu + g\Gamma q^2(1 + 3\nu))}. \quad (29)
+$$
+
+This demonstrates that the polarization stiffness Γ introduces a characteristic length scale that modifies the effective elastic response of the system.
+
+The corresponding Green's function $\tilde{c}_{ij}^{-1}(\mathbf{q})$, defined via $i\varphi_i = \tilde{c}_{ij}^{-1} f_j^{\text{ext}}$, is given by
+
+$$
+\tilde{c}_{ij}^{-1}(\mathbf{q}) = \frac{1}{\tilde{g}(\mathbf{q})q^2} \left( \delta_{ij} - \frac{1 + \tilde{\nu}(\mathbf{q})}{2} \frac{q_i q_j}{q^2} \right). \quad (30)
+$$
+
+From Eq. (24), the stress response is
+
+$$
+\sigma_{ij} = \tilde{G}_{ijk} f_k^{\text{ext}}, \quad (31)
+$$
+
+with Green's function
+
+$$
+\tilde{G}_{ijk}(\mathbf{q}) = \frac{1}{q^2} \left[ \tilde{\nu} q_k \delta_{ij} + q_i \delta_{kj} + q_j \delta_{ki} - (1 + \tilde{\nu}) \frac{q_i q_j q_k}{q^2} \right]. \quad (32)
+$$
+
+
+
+On the other hand, Eq. (26) reduces to an anisotropic generalization of the screened Poisson equation for standard EM [Eq. (D13)] with $g \to \epsilon_0$, and $\chi_{ijkl} \to \chi$. The limit $(g\chi)^{-1} \to 0$, corresponds to a high-polarizability (Debye-like) regime [Eq. (D14)], where, in exact analogy with standard electrostatics, the gauge potential would be screened, albeit with an anisotropic screening length. The appearance of such a regime would signal a transition from dielectric screening via bound charges to screening via unbound charges. It has been proposed that such a regime exists as a precursor to unjamming [28, 30]. The theory for this prejammed phase is based on an equation very similar to Eq. (26) with $i\varphi$ mapped to the displacement field (via a scalar with the dimensions of [energy][length]$^d$, as discussed in Section IV) emerging in response to an external force but with the $(g\chi)^{-1}$ term set to zero from the outset [28, 49].
+
+As we show later in this section through the analysis of the response to external perturbations, our numerical results are inconsistent with the existence of such Debye-like screening response. Our analysis demonstrates that the Poisson ratio $\nu$ becomes weakly pressure-dependent and tends toward unity as the pressure approaches the unjamming threshold, which would imply a diverging susceptibility $\chi$ (defined in Eq. (25)). However, the displacement response of jammed solids, shown in Fig. 7, does not exhibit the corresponding screening. This can be understood by noting that $g\chi \sim g(2\nu/(1-\nu)) \sim 2B\nu/(1+\nu)$ (where $B = g\frac{(1+\nu)}{(1-\nu)}$ is the Bulk modulus). It is well-known that for frictionless jamming, the bulk modulus remains finite at unjamming and decreases with pressure depending on the interaction potential between particles as the unjamming transition is approached [20]. Thus $g\chi$ remains finite as one approaches the unjamming transition at odds with Debye screening. This feature is specific to the frictionless unjamming transition and is not generic. Indeed it would be interesting to test whether such tensorial Debye screening occurs in certain situations such as in gels [38].
+
+
+
+FIG. 6. Theoretical response obtained by solving Eqs. (30) and (32) and Fourier transforming to real space. Columns (a–e) display the gauge potentials $\varphi_y$, $\varphi_x$ and the change in the stress components $\sigma_{yy}$, $\sigma_{xx}$, and $\sigma_{xy}$, respectively, for the external force geometry shown in Fig. 2. Results are presented for $p = 10^{-2}$ (top two rows) and $p = 10^{-3}$ (bottom two rows). For each pressure, the first row corresponds to the scale-independent case ($\Gamma = 0$), while the second includes a finite polarization gradient term ($g\Gamma = 0.05$). Introducing a finite Γ suppresses stress fluctuations at small length scales and smooths sharp features in the response, thereby capturing key qualitative trends observed in simulations (Fig. 7). The shear modulus $g$ is set from the long-wavelength plateau of the pressure–pressure correlations, and the Poisson ratio $\nu$ is fixed from the stress–response analysis presented later in this section. The gauge potentials $\varphi_i$ have been redefined to absorb the factor of $i$ in their Fourier representation.
+
+We numerically solve the response equations in Fourier space under an applied external body force, and obtain the corresponding real-space fields by inverse Fourier transform. The forcing protocol consists of a smoothed point force applied in the negative $y$-direction within a circular region of radius 2 centered at the origin, balanced by an equal and opposite line force at $y = −45$ to ensure global force neutrality, as illustrated schematically in Fig. 2. The corresponding spatial distributions of the gauge potentials $\varphi_y$ and $\varphi_x$, together with the stress components $\sigma_{yy}$, $\sigma_{xx}$, and $\sigma_{xy}$ (columns a–e), obtained by solving Eqs. (30) and (32), are presented in Fig. 6.
+
+The top two rows correspond to elastic parameters representative of a system at pressure $p = 10^{-2}$, with applied force amplitude $f_0 = 10^{-3}$. The Poisson ratio $\nu$ is chosen to match the angular structure of the stress response observed in simulations (shown below), while $g$ is fixed by requiring consistency with the amplitude of the pressure–pressure correlations for the same$\nu$. The first row shows the response for $\Gamma = 0$, corresponding to the scale-free theory. The second row includes a finite polarization gradient cost with $g\Gamma = 0.05$, which introduces a characteristic screening length $\ell \sim \sqrt{g\Gamma}$ [Eq. (15)] that smooths short-distance features in the response. The bottom two rows display results for parameters corresponding to $p = 10^{-3}$, with $f_0 = 10^{-4}$.
+
+While the Green's function for the gauge potential $\varphi_i$ depends on both $g$ and $\nu$, the stress response is determined solely by $\nu$. Consequently, the effect of the microscopic length scale introduced by $\Gamma$ is most clearly visible in the stress fields. For the chosen force geometry (Fig. 2), the $\sigma_{xx}$ component is particularly sen-sitive to the short lengthscale regularization through $\nu$, as evident from Eq. (32). The inclusion of $\Gamma$ suppresses short-wavelength stress fluctuations and regularizes short-range features of the response, leading to excellent qualitative agreement with simulations.
+
+
+
+FIG. 7. Disorder-averaged displacement and stress response fields from numerical simulations of jammed packings with harmonic repulsion at different pressures $p$, following the localized force geometry shown in Fig. 2. The applied body force has magnitude $10^{-1}p$ and the resulting fields are coarse-grained in unit-area boxes and averaged over 1000 independent configurations at fixed $p$. Panels display displacement components $u_y$ and $u_x$ (a,b), and the change in the stress components $\sigma_{yy}$, $\sigma_{xx}$, and $\sigma_{xy}$ (c–e). Each row corresponds to a different pressure: (1) $p = 10^{-2}$, (2) $p = 10^{-3}$, (3) $p = 10^{-4}$, and (4) $p = 10^{-5}$. Across all pressures, the response remains smooth and featureless at large scales, consistent with scale-free elasticity, while at shorter scales it agrees closely with the predictions of the extended theory. These results demonstrate that the polarization-gradient length scale stays microscopic across all $p$ and does not generate macroscopic features near unjamming
+
+Fig. 7 shows the disorder-averaged mechanical response of numerically generated jammed packings with harmonic repulsion, following the perturbation protocol of Ref. [25] and extended here to low-pressure systems near the unjamming transition. While individual configurations may exhibit strong sample-to-sample fluctuations and can undergo irreversible rearrangements leading to plastic behavior (see Appendix B), the disorder-averaged response remains smooth and featureless across all pressures studied, with no indication of a diverging length scale even as the system approaches the unjamming. These results also demonstrate that the large-scale mechanical behavior is well captured by the VCTG, without the need for a gradient-regularized polarization term.
+
+We observe that the disorder-averaged displacement fields obtained from simulations and the $\varphi_i$ field are
+structurally similar. Importantly, the $\boldsymbol{\varphi}$ field depends on emergent elastic moduli, which are determined by internal stress fluctuations, rather than being extracted from the response of the system to boundary deformations. This suggests that, under a given set of external conditions, the VCTG gauge potential can predict the disorder-averaged relative displacement field $\mathbf{u}$—defined as the difference between the perturbed and unperturbed states—up to a proportionality constant. This constant depends on the external conditions and thus varies with system parameters. In the following, we demonstrate this relationship explicitly by examining how both the emergent elastic moduli and the proportionality constant relating $\varphi_i$ to $u_i$ vary with pressure in jammed solids.
+
+Since $\Gamma$ introduces a length scale via a scale-dependent modulus, and the numerical observations of pressure correlations and localized responses suggest that its influence is confined to short-range features. In the subsequent analysis we focus on the large-scale features of the displacement and stress fields to obtain the behavior of the emergent moduli.
+
+
+
+FIG. 8. Angular dependence of the stress response measured in the annular region $r \in [25, 35]$, shown as a function of angle $\theta$ for different pressures. Rows compare systems with harmonic (top) and Hertzian (bottom) interactions, while columns show the change in the different stress components: (a) $\sigma_{yy}$, (b) $\sigma_{xx}$, and (c) $\sigma_{xy}$. Stress responses are normalized by the applied force magnitude. Solid lines denote predictions of the theory with $\Gamma = 0$, evaluated in the same annulus using the emergent Poisson ratio $\nu$ fitted at each pressure. The close agreement across pressures confirms that scale-free elasticity captures the large-scale response, with polarization-gradient effects restricted to short scales. At high pressures, the fitted $\nu$ depends on $p$, but this variation weakens at lower pressures, suggesting a limiting value of $\nu$ near unjamming. Nonlinear effects dominate very close to unjamming (see Appendix C), preventing a reliable determination of $\nu$ in this regime. The theoretical fits employ the same $\nu$ values as those obtained for the harmonic case. For Hertzian interactions, the fitted $\nu$ may differ slightly at comparable pressures.
+
+We investigate the angular structure of the stress response by analyzing the radially averaged stress components within a far-field annular region, $r \in [25, 35]$, as a function of the angle $\theta$ at different pressures. Fig. 8 presents these angular profiles for systems with (1) Harmonic and (2) Hertzian interactions (top and bottoms rows, respectively), showing the change in the three stress components: (a) $\sigma_{yy}$, (b) $\sigma_{xx}$, and (c) $\sigma_{xy}$. As the polarization gradient effects are negligible at these length scales and remain confined to shorter distances near the source, we compute the theoretical stress fields using $\Gamma = 0$, applying the same force geometry and evaluating the results within the same annular region. As the Green’s function for the stress response [Eq. (32)] depends only on emergent Poisson ratio $\nu$, we extract values of $\nu$, at each pressure, which closely match the simulation results. Importantly, the VCTG describes both harmonic and Hertzian systems, underscoring its universality
+
+As the system approaches unjamming, the fitted Poisson ratio exhibits progressively weaker pressure dependence, and the angular response profiles at different pressures tend to collapse. This behavior suggests that $\nu$ approaches a limiting value in the low-pressure regime. Very close to unjamming, however, nonlinear effects in the response become significant (see Appendix C), making it increasingly difficult to determine $\nu$ reliably. In this regime, the response scaled by the force magnitude does not collapse for different applied forces, indicating the need for a nonlinear generalization of the theory. Such a framework must incorporate the evolution of the emergent moduli under the nonlinear feedback from local stresses. We note that this regime is still characterized by a *dielectric* response at long wavelengths, and the **q** dependence is not affected by this nonlinearity.
+
+As shown previously in Fig. 7, the disorder-averaged displacement field, defined as the difference between perturbed and unperturbed configurations, shares the same spatial structure as the potential field $\varphi$. Here we compare the scaling with pressure, of the displacement field in jammed solids against the scaling of $\varphi$.
+
+As discussed earlier, the amplitude of stress correlations scales as $K_{2D} = \frac{g}{2}(1 + \nu) \sim p^2$ near unjamming. Since $\nu$ becomes independent of pressure in this regime, it follows that $g \sim p^2$. Combined with the Green's function for $\varphi$ [Eq. (30)], this yields the scaling
+
+$$
+\frac{\varphi}{|\mathbf{f}|} \sim p^{-2}. \qquad (33)
+$$
+
+
+
+FIG. 9. Displacement field components induced by the localized perturbation. Panels (1.a) and (2.a) show the angular dependence of the x-displacement, $u_x$, measured within the annular region $r \in [25, 35]$ for systems with harmonic (1.a) and Hertzian (2.a) interactions. Displacements are plotted as a function of angle $\theta$ for different pressures, revealing anisotropy that depends on both pressure and interaction type. Panels (1.b) and (2.b) show the angularly averaged magnitude of the $y$-displacement, $|u_y|$, as a function of radial distance $r$ measured from the edge of the forcing region (r = 2). All displacements are normalized by the magnitude of the applied point force. With this normalization, the fields exhibit pressure-dependent scaling: $u_x, u_y \sim p^{-1/2}$ for harmonic interactions and $\sim p^{-2/3}$ for Hertzian interactions. In our perturbation protocol, $u_y$ is negative near $x = 0$ and positive at larger $x$, and therefore, to compare displacements at different $r$, we plot the angular average of $|u_y|$ on a logarithmic scale.
+
+We now examine the displacement response obtained from simulations. In linear response, if **u** were identical to $\varphi$, then upon normalization by the force magnitude $f_0$ it should scale as $p^{-2}$ across pressures. Fig. 9 compares this expectation with numerical results for harmonic ($\alpha = 2$) and Hertzian ($\alpha = 5/2$) interactions. Panels (1.a) and (2.a) show the angular variation of $u_x(\theta)$ measured in the far field ($r \in [25, 35]$), while panels (1.b) and (2.b) display the angularly averaged $|u_y(r)|$ as a function of $r$, measured from the edge of the forcing region at $r = 2$, for a force applied in the $-y$ direction. The measured displacement response, once normalized by the applied force, exhibits a power-law dependence on pressure: $\mathbf{u} \sim p^{-1/2}$ for harmonic interactions and $\mathbf{u} \sim p^{-2/3}$ for Hertzian interactions. These results match the general scaling form
+
+$$
+\frac{\mathbf{u}}{|\mathbf{f}|} \sim p^{-\frac{\alpha-3/2}{\alpha-1}}, \qquad (34)
+$$
+
+demonstrating that while **u** and $\varphi$ share the same spatial structure, their pressure dependence differs. This difference can be rationalized by noting that the two fields carry distinct physical dimensions. The displacement **u** has units of length, whereas $\varphi$ , introduced as a Lagrange
+multiplier enforcing Gauss’s law, has units of [energy]$^{−1}$ [length]$^{−d+1}$. To relate $\varphi$ to the physical displacement, we introduce a proportionality constant $\beta(p)$ with dimensions of [energy] [length]$^d$:
+
+$$
+u_i = \beta(p)\varphi_i. \qquad (35)
+$$
+
+The observed scaling of **u** then implies $\beta(p) \sim p^{-\frac{\alpha-1/2}{\alpha-1}}$. The factor $\beta(p)$ encodes microscopic information set by both pressure and the details of the forcing protocol. In our case, a localized force applied near the origin, the response excites shear-like, non-affine motions governed by the connectivity of the contact network and the proximity of the system to isostaticity [50]. Incorporating these isostatic scaling arguments into the energetic framework underlying Eq. (35) reproduces the displacement scaling observed in simulations. Thus, once the deformation protocol and interaction potential are specified, the extended VCTG framework provides a consistent description of the displacement response in jammed solids.
+
+## V. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION
+
+In this work, we have extended the Vector Charge Theory of Granular solids (VCTG)—a stress-only elasticity framework of prestressed solids—to incorporate both dielectric-like and Debye-type screening. Using this framework, we characterized the mechanical response of jammed packings of frictionless disks in two dimensions by analyzing stress correlations, grain displacement fields, and the scaling of the emergent elastic moduli as the system approaches the unjamming transition.
+
+Our main conclusions can be grouped into four categories: Foremost, using the disorder-averaged response to small external perturbations, we find no evidence of an emergent Debye-like screening length scale. If such a scale were present, it would be expected to manifest in stress correlations or mechanical response functions. Instead, the dielectric-like response persists up to the unjamming point. A distinct “prejammed” phase with anomalous elasticity has been proposed in recent studies [28, 30], but such behavior does not emerge in our simulations. While those theoretical regimes can be formally recovered from our formulation in the Debye-like limit $(g\chi)^{-1} \to 0$, the systems we study remain in the dielectric regime all the way to unjamming. This does not rule out the possibility that other classes of prestressed solids may undergo a transition from dielectric to Debye screening. For instance, it would be interesting to explore whether such a transition occurs in gels [38].
+
+Second, our analysis indicates that the pressure dependence of the emergent Poisson ratio becomes weaker as the system approaches the unjamming transition. This trend suggests that, in the low-pressure limit, the Poisson ratio becomes effectively pressure-independent, while the emergent shear modulus follows the scaling $g \sim p^2$. However, the onset of non-linearities in the response near unjamming prevents a definitive determination of the pressure dependence of the elastic moduli. Capturing such effects may require extending the theory beyond the linear regime–incorporating, for instance, stress-dependent polarization or other network-level reorganizations. Within the linear regime, a dimensional analysis allows us to relate the VCTG moduli to conventional strain-based measurements, recovering the expected pressure scaling once changes in energy associated with the specific interparticle potential and details of the deformation are taken into account. For a fixed macrostate of the ensemble, the averaged response is therefore well captured by the dielectric framework of VCTG.
+
+Third, we clarified the physical role of the differences of gauge potential $\varphi$ within the VCTG framework, showing that changes in $\varphi$-induced by external forcing under gauge fixing-encode the relative displacement field defined as the difference between the perturbed and unperturbed states. This correspondence is analogous to experimental protocols that measure ensemble-averaged responses across multiple disordered realizations under fixed macroscopic conditions. We have also demonstrated that VCTG predictions can be translated to displacement fields that arise in response to force perturbations, with applications of the analysis presented in this paper to experiments on biological tissues [51, 52], gels [53] or frictional granular solids [46].
+
+Finally, our results underscore the crucial role of disorder averaging. While individual realizations of amorphous packings show strong fluctuations and plastic events, ensemble averaging yields a robust, linear dielectric response that remains valid all the way up to unjamming. This statistical emergence of elasticity is reminiscent of spin-ice systems [54], where local constraints enforce a gauge symmetry and global behavior arises only at the ensemble level.
+
+The theoretical framework presented in this paper is broadly applicable to disordered solids with prestress or residual stress. This gauge-theoretic, stress-only approach provides a robust formulation of prestress as arising from a screening mechanism that screens out “charges” that violate the divergence-free condition of the stress when external forces are present. The VCTG framework emerged out of a dielectric generalization of the vector-charge theory [26]. A similar generalization of the scalar charge-theory [26] would provide a useful framework for solids where prestress arises from the geometric frustration and the violation of the stress compatibility condition [55, 56] We plan to explore this connection in the near future.
+
+
+
+## ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
+
+The authors acknowledge fruitful discussions with Anupam Kundu, Pinaki Chaudhuri, Madan Rao, Srikanth Sastry, Smarajit Karmakar, Itamar Procaccia, Anaël Lemaˆıtre and Chandan Dasgupta. SB acknowledges funding by the Swarna Jayanti fellowship of SERBDST (India) Grant No. SB/SJF/2021-22/12; DST, Government of India (Nano mission), under Project No.DST/NM/TUE/QM-10/2019 (C)/7 and the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, under project no. RTI4001. S.C. and K.R. acknowledge support of the Department of Atomic Energy, Government of India, under Project Identification No. RTI4007. BC’s work was supported by NSF-DMR-2026834, and NSF CBET-2228681.
+
+## Appendix A: Correlation Functions for the Modified VCTG
+
+Here we provide the details the stress correlations in the VCTG augmented by the polarization gradient term [Eq. (10)]. Fourier transforming constraint action [Eq. (12)] and integrating out the polarization field $P_{ij}$ yields an effective action in terms of the stress tensor,
+
+$$
+\tilde{S}' = \int d^d \mathbf{q} \left[ \frac{1}{2} \sigma_{ij}(\mathbf{q}) \tilde{\Lambda}_{ijkl} \sigma_{kl}(-\mathbf{q}) + i \sigma_{ij}(\mathbf{q}) J_{ij}(-\mathbf{q}) \right. \\ \left. \qquad + i \varphi_i(\mathbf{q}) \rho_i(-\mathbf{q}) \right], \qquad (A1)
+$$
+
+where the emergent elasticity tensor acquires a nontrivial wavevector dependence,
+
+$$
+\tilde{\Lambda}_{ijkl}^{-1} = g (\tilde{\chi}_{ijkl} + \delta_{ijkl}), \qquad (A2)
+$$
+
+where the modified susceptibility $\tilde{\chi}_{ijkl}$ is given by Eq. (22). For brevity in notation, we suppress the explicit $\mathbf{q}$-dependence.
+
+Integrating out the stress tensor $\sigma_{ij}$ yields the partition function
+
+$$
+\mathcal{Z}[f_j^{\text{ext}}] = \int [\mathcal{D}\varphi] e^{-S_{\text{eff}}}, \qquad (A3)
+$$
+
+with the effective action:
+
+$$
+S_{\text{eff}} = \int d^d \mathbf{q} \left[ i \varphi_i(\mathbf{q}) f_i^{\text{ext}}(-\mathbf{q}) + \frac{1}{2} \{ \mathcal{J}_{ij}(\mathbf{q}) \tilde{\Lambda}_{ijkl}^{-1} \mathcal{J}_{kl}(-\mathbf{q}) + i \varphi_j(\mathbf{q}) q_i \tilde{\Lambda}_{ijkl}^{-1} \mathcal{J}_{kl}(-\mathbf{q}) - i \mathcal{J}_{ij}(\mathbf{q}) \tilde{\Lambda}_{ijkl}^{-1} q_k \varphi_l(-\mathbf{q}) \right. \\ \left. \qquad + \varphi_j(\mathbf{q}) q_i \tilde{\Lambda}_{ijkl}^{-1} q_k \varphi_l(-\mathbf{q}) \} \right]. \qquad (A4)
+$$
+
+Finally, integrating out $\varphi_i$ and differentiating $\log Z$ with respect to the source fields gives the stress–stress correlation function,
+
+$$
+\langle \sigma_{ij}(\mathbf{q}) \sigma_{kl}(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle_{f^{\text{ext}}=0} = \frac{\tilde{\Lambda}_{ijkl}^{-1} + \tilde{\Lambda}_{klij}^{-1}}{2} - \frac{1}{4} (\tilde{\Lambda}_{ijab}^{-1} + \tilde{\Lambda}_{abij}^{-1})(\tilde{\Lambda}_{klmn}^{-1} + \tilde{\Lambda}_{mnkl}^{-1}) q_b q_n \tilde{c}_{am}^{-1} \quad (\text{A5})
+$$
+
+with $\tilde{c}_{il} = q_j \tilde{\Lambda}_{jikl}^{-1} q_k$ introduced for compactness.
+
+Thus, polarization gradients renormalize the stress correlations through the wavevector dependence of $\tilde{\Lambda}_{ijkl}^{-1}$.
+
+### Scale-Dependent Elasticity
+
+To capture the effects of spatial gradients in the polarization field, we adopt an isotropic form for the polarization stiffness tensor in Eq. (13) to obtain a modified elastic tensor in Fourier space,
+
+$$
+\tilde{\Lambda}_{ijkl}^{-1}(\mathbf{q}) = \frac{g(2 + g\Gamma q^2)}{2(1 + g\Gamma q^2)}(\delta_{ik}\delta_{jl} + \delta_{il}\delta_{jk}) + \frac{4g\nu}{(2 + g\Gamma q^2)(1 - \nu + (1 + 3\nu)g\Gamma q^2)}\delta_{ij}\delta_{kl}. \quad (\text{A6})
+$$
+
+In two dimensions, this tensor has three eigenvalues corresponding to orthogonal modes: a compressional mode associated with the eigenvector (1, 1, 0), and two degenerate shear modes associated with the eigenvectors (1, −1, 0) and (0, 0, 1). These eigenmodes allow us to define wavevector-dependent elastic coefficients. The effective shear modulus is given in Eq. (28), reducing to the bare value $g$ in the long-wavelength limit ($|\mathbf{q}| \to 0$), and saturating to $g/2$ at short wavelengths ($|\mathbf{q}| \to \infty$). The compressional modulus acquires a similarly nontrivial dependence,
+
+$$
+\tilde{\lambda}(\mathbf{q}) = \frac{2g\nu}{(1 + g\Gamma q^2)(1 - \nu + g\Gamma q^2(1 + 3\nu))}. \quad (\text{A7})
+$$
+
+At small $|\mathbf{q}|$, this recovers the bare value $\tilde{\lambda}(\mathbf{q}) \to 2g\nu/(1 - \nu) \equiv \lambda$, while at large $|\mathbf{q}|$ it decays as $\tilde{\lambda}(\mathbf{q}) \sim |\mathbf{q}|^{-4}$. The crossover from scale-independent to scale-dependent elasticity is controlled by a characteristic length scale, $\ell = \sqrt{g\Gamma}$ [Eq. (15)].
+
+### Pressure Correlations and Screening
+
+The explicit form of the pressure–pressure correlation function is given in Eq. (14). In the long-wavelength limit, this reduces to the unscreened value
+
+$$
+\langle P(\mathbf{q}) P(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle \to \frac{g}{2}(1 + \nu) \equiv K_{2D}. \quad (\text{A8})
+$$
+
+At finite $|\mathbf{q}|$, the correlations acquire a scale dependence, which can be expressed in terms of the effective Lamé coefficients as
+
+$$
+\langle P(\mathbf{q}) P(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle = \frac{\tilde{g}(\mathbf{q})}{2} (1 + \tilde{\nu}(\mathbf{q})) \equiv \tilde{K}_{2D}(\mathbf{q}), \quad (\text{A9})
+$$
+
+with the scale-dependent Poisson ratio $\tilde{\nu}(\mathbf{q})$ defined in Eq. (29).
+
+
+
+More generally, the full stress–stress correlation tensor exhibits anisotropic angular structure that emerges naturally within the VCTG, specifically,
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \langle \sigma_{xx}(\mathbf{q}) \sigma_{xx}(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle &= 4 \tilde{K}_{2D}(|\mathbf{q}|) \sin^4 \theta, \\ \langle \sigma_{yy}(\mathbf{q}) \sigma_{yy}(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle &= 4 \tilde{K}_{2D}(|\mathbf{q}|) \cos^4 \theta, \\ \langle \sigma_{xy}(\mathbf{q}) \sigma_{xy}(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle &= 4 \tilde{K}_{2D}(|\mathbf{q}|) \sin^2 \theta \cos^2 \theta, \\ \langle \sigma_{xx}(\mathbf{q}) \sigma_{yy}(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle &= 4 \tilde{K}_{2D}(|\mathbf{q}|) \sin^2 \theta \cos^2 \theta, \\ \langle \sigma_{xx}(\mathbf{q}) \sigma_{xy}(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle &= 4 \tilde{K}_{2D}(|\mathbf{q}|) (-\sin^3 \theta \cos \theta), \\ \langle \sigma_{xy}(\mathbf{q}) \sigma_{yy}(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle &= 4 \tilde{K}_{2D}(|\mathbf{q}|) (-\sin \theta \cos^3 \theta).\quad (\text{A10}) \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+Fig. 5 illustrates the Fourier-space stress–stress correlation functions, $\langle \sigma_{ij}(\mathbf{q}) \sigma_{kl}(-\mathbf{q}) \rangle$. The four columns correspond to different stress components—$C_{xxxx}$, $C_{yyyy}$, $C_{xxyy}$, and $C_{xyxy}$—and each row presents results for increasing values of the polarization stiffness $\Gamma$, while keeping the elastic parameters fixed at $\nu = 0.9$ and $g = 4 \times 10^{-6}$, consistent with the values extracted from numerical simulations at pressure $p = 10^{-3}$. For $\Gamma = 0$, corresponding to the scale-free limit of linear elasticity, the correlations are long-ranged and exhibit strong anisotropy, characteristic of unscreened theory. As Γ is increased, short-scale screening becomes evident: correlations at large $|\mathbf{q}|$ are increasingly suppressed, regularizing the ultraviolet behavior of the theory. In real space, this manifests as a crossover from short-distance suppression to long-distance power-law correlations. Despite this suppression, the small-$q$ structure remains anisotropic, with pinch-point singularities that reflect directional dependence in the correlations as $|\mathbf{q}| \to 0$.
+
+## Appendix B: Effects of Averaging
+
+In disordered particle assemblies, where rigidity emerges from a complex contact network, sample-to-sample variations influence the mechanical response. These effects are particularly pronounced near the unjamming transition [20] and near rigidity transitions [57]. Fig. 10 illustrates this behavior in the displacement response of a jammed solid at two different pressures, $p$, for a system of $N = 8192$ particles subjected to a point force of magnitude $0.1p$. The first two rows show the response of the same configuration to forces applied at different locations, with displacement fields, specifically the $y$-component $u_y$, plotted relative to the force application point, whereas the third row shows the average over different realizations of the perturbing force. The field is obtained by coarse-graining in square boxes of length two grain diameters, as the number of grains within each box can vary across the configuration, this introduces additional fluctuations in the coarse-grained **u**-field.
+
+
+
+FIG. 10. Displacement response of a jammed solid at pressure, $p = 10^{-2}$ ($p = 10^{-4}$) in left (right) column for a system of $N = 8192$ particles subjected to a point force of magnitude $0.1p$. The first and second rows show responses of the same configuration for two different force-application points, with displacement fields plotted relative to the force location. The third row shows displacement fields averaged over 32 point-force realizations of the same configuration. Individual realizations may deviate strongly due to localized plastic events, but the averaged response remains elastic. At lower pressures, stronger background noise obscures the response structure, highlighting the need for averaging.
+
+
+Individual realizations can either follow reversible, elastic behavior or exhibit pronounced deviations, where localized, irreversible rearrangements of the contact network produce anomalous displacement patterns. To distinguish these behaviors, we compute the mean-squared displacement (MSD), defined as $\text{MSD} = \frac{1}{N} \sum_i |\mathbf{r}_f^i - \mathbf{r}_0^i|^2$, where $\mathbf{r}_0^i$ denotes the position of particle $i$ in the unperturbed configuration and $\mathbf{r}_f^i$ its position after the point force is removed and the system is re-minimized. Realizations with $\text{MSD} \le 10^{-7}$ are classified as elastic, while those with larger values correspond to plastic events. At $p = 10^{-2}$, 8 out of 32 realizations undergo plastic instabilities, whereas at $p = 10^{-4}$, 19 out of 32 realizations are elastic. This trend demonstrates the increasing likelihood of plastic rearrangements as the pressure is decreased. Importantly, when the displacement field is averaged over all 32 force realizations within a given configuration, the anomalous features are smoothed out, and the resulting pattern closely follows the elastic response, as shown in the third row of Fig. 10. Near unjamming with small applied forces, the displacement field is dominated by strong background noise, and clear elastic patterns emerge only after averaging over multiple realizations, while for larger forces (f0 ≥ p) the response exhibits significant nonlinear effects, as discussed in Appendix C.
+
+While plasticity has been proposed to generate a finite screening length characteristic of a “prejammed” phase [28, 30], our results show that the ensemble-averaged responses remain well described by the dielectric screening predicted by VCTG. In our protocol—where the perturbation strength scales with pressure by applying localized forces along $−y$ to grains near the origin—plastic rearrangements occur in localized regions but are smoothed out in the disorder-averaged response, even at low pressures close to unjamming. We therefore do not observe evidence of a distinct prejammed phase with a finite, non-microscopic Debye-like screening length. The observed differences may stem from the numerical protocols used, and it remains unclear whether plastic events acquire finite weight in ensemble-averaged observables under alternative driving conditions. Our simulations clearly demonstrate that, upon averaging over multiple configurations or perturbation points, the system exhibits elastic-like behavior up to unjamming, consistent with the *linear dielectric* VCTG. This behavior underscores the crucial role of disorder averaging in capturing the emergent elasticity of prestressed amorphous solids, where statistical observables become paramount. Such behavior is reminiscent of spin-ice systems [54], where local energetic constraints enforce Gauss’s law and global properties emerge only through disorder averaging.
+
+## Appendix C: Non-linear Effects
+
+To probe the limits of linear regime near the unjamming transition, we systematically vary the amplitude of the applied local force and measure the resulting displacement response. Fig. 11 shows the radial profiles angularly averaged $|u_y(r)|$, normalized by the force amplitude $f_0$, for a fixed pressure $p = 10^{-5}$. In a linearly elastic medium, the normalized displacement $|u_y|/f_0$ should be independent of $f_0$, and all curves would collapse. Instead, we observe clear deviations from collapse even for small forcing amplitudes, indicating that the response is intrinsically nonlinear in the vicinity of unjamming. This nonlinear behavior is strongly pressure dependent: as shown in the inset for $p = 10^{-4}$, the curves nearly collapse at small forces, signaling a recovery of linear response at higher pressures.
+
+
+
+FIG. 11. Deviation from linear regime near unjamming. Radial profiles of the angularly averaged absolute value of the $y$-displacement, $|u_y|$, normalized by the applied force magnitude $f_0$, are shown for a fixed pressure $p = 10^{-5}$ and three different forcing amplitudes: $f_0 = 0.1p$, $0.01p$, and $0.001p$. In a linear elastic medium, $u_y/f_0$ would be independent of $f_0$, resulting in collapsed curves. The observed separation between curves indicates a breakdown of linear response, suggesting that near unjamming, the system deviates from linear behavior even under infinitesimal perturbations. The inset shows the same analysis at a higher pressure $p = 10^{-4}$, where the curves nearly collapse, indicating recovery of linear behavior. In our perturbation protocol, $y$-displacement takes negative values near $x = 0$ and positive values at larger $x$ even in the linear response regime described well by VCTG. To compare displacements at different $r$ on a log scale, we use the angular average of the absolute value.
+
+We now turn to the spatial structure of the response fields. Fig. 12 shows that the early onset of nonlinear behavior at low pressures does not substantially modify the overall patterns. For applied forces up to the confining pressure ($f_0 \le p$), the displacement and stress fields retain their spatial structure, despite the deviations from linear scaling evident in Fig. 11. Pronounced structural changes appear only once the applied force exceeds the confining pressure ($f_0 > p$). Importantly, this criterion applies across all pressures: higher-pressure systems maintain linear scaling over a broader range of forces, yet the spatial structure alters only when $f_0$ surpasses $p$.
+
+In the following, we propose a possible theory for the non-linear effects observed in the response computation. In the linear regime, the stress tensor $\sigma_{ij}$ relates to the unscreened electric field $E_{kl}$ via the inverse dielectric (or elastic constant) tensor $\Lambda_{ijkl}^{-1}$:
+
+$$
+\sigma_{ij} = \Lambda_{ijkl}^{-1} E_{kl}, \quad \text{with } E_{ij} = \frac{1}{2}(\partial_i \varphi_j + \partial_j \varphi_i), \quad (C1)
+$$
+
+where $\varphi_i$ is the gauge potential, which we have related to the displacement field. For stress-dependent moduli, $\Lambda_{ijkl}^{-1}$ becomes a functional of the stress field:
+
+$$
+\Lambda_{ijkl}^{-1} \rightarrow \Lambda_{ijkl}^{-1}[\sigma], \quad (C2)
+$$
+
+leading to a nonlinear relation:
+
+$$
+\sigma_{ij} = \Lambda_{ijkl}^{-1}[\sigma] E_{kl}. \quad (C3)
+$$
+
+The mechanical equilibrium condition (Gauss’s law) remains:
+
+$$
+\partial_i \sigma_{ij} = f_j^{\text{ext}}, \quad (C4)
+$$
+
+but the constitutive relation now implicitly depends on $\sigma_{ij}$. To close the equations, we enforce the compatibility condition (Faraday’s law in the static limit):
+
+$$
+\epsilon_{iak} \epsilon_{jcd} \partial_a \partial_c (\Lambda[\sigma]\sigma)_{bd} = 0, \quad (C5)
+$$
+
+which ensures that Eij derives from a gauge potential $\phi_i$. For small deviations from a reference stress $\sigma^{(0)}$, we expand:
+
+$$
+\sigma_{ij} = \sigma_{ij}^{(0)} + \delta\sigma_{ij}, \quad \Lambda_{ijkl}^{-1}[\sigma] \approx \Lambda_{ijkl}^{(0)-1} + \left. \frac{\partial \Lambda_{ijkl}^{-1}}{\partial \sigma_{mn}} \right|_{\sigma^{(0)}} \delta\sigma_{mn}. \quad (C6)
+$$
+
+Substituting into Gauss’s law yields a Dyson-type equation:
+
+$$
+\partial_i \left( \Lambda_{ijkl}^{(0)-1} E_{kl} + \frac{\partial \Lambda_{ijkl}^{-1}}{\partial \sigma_{mn}} \delta \sigma_{mn} E_{kl} \right) = f_j^{\text{ext}}. \quad (C7)
+$$
+
+This can be solved iteratively for $\delta\sigma_{ij}$, with nonlinear corrections arising from the $\delta\sigma$-dependent term. A Similar construction, albeit expanding the elastic moduli in terms of the strain have been attempted in the literature [58]. We have not attempted to solve this equation, in this work, and leave its verification with numerics to future work.
+
+## Appendix D: Standard Electrostatics with Polarization Gradient Terms
+
+In heterogeneous dielectric media, spatial inhomogeneities in structure and composition lead to fluctuating internal fields and nonuniform polarization. Variational formulations of electrostatics have addressed such situations by allowing for arbitrary spatial variations of the dielectric susceptibility [59]. Here we explicitly extend linear dielectric theory by introducing a gradient penalty term that accounts for spatial variations in the polarization via
+
+$$
+S = \int d^d \mathbf{r} \left[ \frac{1}{2} \mathcal{P}_i \chi_{ij}^{-1} \mathcal{P}_j + \frac{1}{2} (D_i - \mathcal{P}_i) \epsilon_{ij}^{-1} (D_j - \mathcal{P}_j) + i D_i \partial_i \psi + i \psi \rho^{\text{ext}} + \frac{\Gamma_{\alpha \beta i j}}{2} (\partial_{\alpha} \mathcal{P}_i) (\partial_{\beta} \mathcal{P}_j) \right], \quad (\text{D1})
+$$
+
+
+
+where $\mathcal{P}_i$ is the polarization vector field, $D_i$ is the electric displacement field, and ψ is a Lagrange multiplier enforcing Gauss's law, $\partial_i D_i = \rho^{\text{ext}}$, with $\rho^{\text{ext}}$ representing the external charge density. The susceptibility and permittivity tensors are taken as $\chi_{ij} = \epsilon_0\chi\delta_{ij}$ and $\epsilon_{ij} = \epsilon_0\delta_{ij}$. In the absence of the gradient term, Eq. (D1) reduces to the standard energy functional for a linear dielectric.
+
+
+
+FIG. 12. Response of jammed packings to a point force applied at the system center, with fields coarse-grained over boxes of side length equal to grain diameter. Each row corresponds to a different combination of pressure p and applied force magnitude $f_0: p$ = 10⁻³ with $f_0 = p$ (row 1) and $f_0: = 10p$ (row 2); $p$ = 10⁻⁴ with $f_0 = p$ (row 3) and $f_0: = 10p$ (row 4); and $p$ = 10⁻⁵ with $f_0: p$ (row 5) and $f_0: = 10p$ (row 6). The five columns display (a) $u_y$, (b) $u_x$, (c) $\sigma_yy$ (d) $\sigma_xx$, and (e) $\sigma_xy$. As shown previously (Fig. 11), the onset of nonlinear response is pressure dependent, with low-pressure systems ($p$ = 10⁻⁵) exhibiting deviations already at $f_0 ≈ 0.1p$. Here we show that this onset does not substantially modify the spatial structure: for $f_0 ≤ p$ the displacement and stress fields remain nearly unchanged, while pronounced structural differences appear once the applied force exceeds the confining pressure ($f_0 > p$). Importantly, this trend also persists at higher pressures, where the response maintains its form up to larger forces before showing structural modifications once once $f_0 > p$.
+
+The gradient term penalizes spatial variations in the polarization field through a rank-4 isotropic tensor,
+
+$$
+\Gamma_{\alpha\beta ij} = \Gamma \left[ \delta_{\alpha\beta}\delta_{ij} + \frac{1}{2}(\delta_{\alpha i}\delta_{\beta j} + \delta_{\alpha j}\delta_{\beta i}) \right] \quad (\text{D2})
+$$
+
+Such an extension is particularly relevant for amorphous solids and jammed granular materials, where structural disorder and local constraints restrict polarization degrees of freedom. The gradient term introduces a characteristic length scale below which polarization fluctuations are suppressed, leading to modified electrostatic behavior. The corresponding outcome in jammed solids—where spatial variations in internal prestress are similarly penalized—is illustrated schematically in Fig. 1.
+
+### 1. Correlation Functions in Fourier Space
+
+Transforming Eq. (D1) to Fourier space and integrating out the polarization field $P_i$, we obtain an effective action for the displacement field $D_i$:
+
+$$
+\tilde{S}' = \int d^d \boldsymbol{q} \left[ \frac{1}{2} D_i(\boldsymbol{q}) \tilde{\Lambda}_{ij} D_j(-\boldsymbol{q}) + D_i(\boldsymbol{q}) q_i \psi(-\boldsymbol{q}) \right. \\ \left. \qquad + i \psi(\boldsymbol{q}) \rho^{\text{ext}}(-\boldsymbol{q}) \right].
+$$
+
+where the modified coupling tensor for the quadratic term is
+
+$$
+\tilde{\Lambda}_{ij} = \epsilon_{ij}^{-1} - \epsilon_{in}^{-1} A_{nm}^{-1} \epsilon_{mj}^{-1}. \quad (\text{D3})
+$$
+
+with $A_{ij} = \chi_{ij}^{-1} + \epsilon_{ij}^{-1} + \Gamma_{\alpha\beta ij} q_{\alpha} q_{\beta}$. To compute the correlation functions for $D_i$, we can now use the standard method of sources to obtain
+
+$$
+\langle D_i D_j \rangle = \tilde{\Lambda}_{ij}^{-1} - \tilde{\Lambda}_{in}^{-1} q_n C^{-1} \tilde{\Lambda}_{jm}^{-1} q_m, \quad (\text{D4})
+$$
+
+where $C = q_i \tilde{\Lambda}_{ij}^{-1} q_j$. For an isotropic medium the expression of $A_{nm}^{-1}$ simplifies to
+
+$$
+A_{nm}^{-1} = \frac{\epsilon_0 \chi}{(1 + \chi)(1 + \lambda^2 q^2)} \left[ \delta_{nm} - \frac{\lambda^2}{1 + 2\lambda^2 q^2} q_n q_m \right], \quad (\text{D5})
+$$
+
+where $\lambda^2 = \frac{\epsilon_0 \chi \Gamma}{1+\chi}$. Substituting into the definition of $\tilde{\Lambda}_{ij}$, we find the inverse modified coupling tensor:
+
+$$
+\tilde{\Lambda}_{ij}^{-1} = \frac{\epsilon_0(1+\chi)}{1+(1+\chi)\lambda^2 q^2} \left[ (1+\lambda^2 q^2)\delta_{ij} - \frac{\chi\lambda^2}{1+(1+\chi)2\lambda^2 q^2} q_i q_j \right].
+$$
+
+Substituting this form into the expression for the correlation function in Eq. (D4) yields:
+
+$$
+\langle D_i D_j \rangle = \frac{(1 + \lambda^2 q^2)}{1 + (1 + \chi)\lambda^2 q^2} \epsilon_0 (1 + \chi) \left[ \delta_{ij} - \frac{q_i q_j}{q^2} \right]. \quad (\text{D6})
+$$
+
+Due to the Gauss's law constraint, $q_i D_i = 0$ (for $\rho^{\text{ext}} = 0$), the displacement field correlations $\langle D_i D_j \rangle$ is strictly transverse, satisfying $q_i q_j \langle D_i D_j \rangle = 0$. In the absence of the polarization gradient term (i.e. $\Gamma = 0$), the correlation reduces to the standard form:
+
+$$
+\epsilon_0(1 + \chi) \left[ \delta_{ij} - \frac{q_i q_j}{q^2} \right]. \quad (\text{D7})
+$$
+
+However, finite Γ introduces a momentum-dependent amplitude through the prefactor $\frac{(1+\lambda^2 q^2)}{1+(1+\chi)\lambda^2 q^2}$. Since $\chi > 0$ this prefactor decays with increasing $q$, leading to a suppression of transverse correlations below the characteristic length scale $\lambda^2 = \frac{\epsilon_0 \chi \Gamma}{1+\chi}$.
+
+### 2. Saddle point analysis
+
+Variation of the constrained action (D1) yields the following set of coupled equations of $D$, $\mathcal{P}$ and $\psi$ for the dielectric response.
+
+(i) $$\partial_i D_i = \rho^{\text{ext}}, \quad (\text{D8})$$
+
+(ii) $$D_i = \mathcal{P_i} - i\epsilon_{ij}\partial_j\psi, \quad (\text{D9})$$
+
+(iii) $$\chi_{ij}^{-1} \mathcal{P_j} - \epsilon_{ij}^{-1} (D_j - \mathcal{P_j}) - \Gamma_{\alpha\beta ij} \partial_{\alpha} \partial_{\beta} \mathcal{P_j} = 0. \quad (\text{D10})$$
+
+Substituting Eq. (D9) into Eq. (D10) yields a modified constitutive relation for the polarization:
+
+$$
+\chi_{ij}^{-1} \mathcal{P_j} - \Gamma_{\alpha\beta ij} \partial_{\alpha} \partial_{\beta} \mathcal{P_j} = -i \partial_i \psi. \quad (\text{D11})
+$$
+
+In Fourier space, the polarization in an isotropic medium takes the form
+
+$$
+\tilde{\mathcal{P_i}} = \frac{\epsilon_0 \chi}{1 + 2\epsilon_0 \chi \Gamma q^2} q_i \tilde{\psi}. \quad (\text{D12})
+$$
+
+Substituting Eqs. (D9) and (D12) into Gauss’s law (D8) leads to a modified Poisson equation:
+
+$$
+\left( \frac{\epsilon_0 \chi q^2}{1 + 2\epsilon_0 \chi \Gamma q^2} + \epsilon_0 q^2 \right) i \tilde{\psi} = \tilde{\rho}^{\text{ext}} \quad (\text{D13})
+$$
+
+In the limit $\chi \to \infty$ corresponding to a highly polarizable medium, this equation reduces to:
+
+$$
+\left( \frac{1}{2\Gamma} + \epsilon_0 q^2 \right) i \tilde{\psi} = \tilde{\rho}^{\text{ext}}. \quad (\text{D14})
+$$
+
+Solving Eq. (D13) yields the potential response:
+
+$$
+i \tilde{\psi}(\boldsymbol{q}) = \frac{\tilde{\rho}^{\text{ext}}}{\epsilon_0(1+\chi)} \left( \frac{1}{q^2} + \frac{\chi}{q^2 + (\sqrt{2}\lambda)^{-2}} \right), \quad (\text{D15})
+$$
+
+where $\lambda^2 = \frac{\epsilon_0 \chi \Gamma}{(1+\chi)}$ is the screening length. The inverse Fourier transform of the expression, in three dimensions due to a point charge is
+
+$$
+\psi(r) = \frac{\rho^{\text{ext}}}{\epsilon_0(1+\chi)} \left( \frac{1}{r} + \chi \frac{e^{-r/(\sqrt{2}\lambda)}}{r} \right), \quad (\text{D16})
+$$
+
+where the second term reflects Yukawa-type screening with decay length $\lambda$. In the limit $\chi \gg 1$, this reduces to
+
+$$
+\psi(r) = \frac{\rho^{\text{ext}}}{\epsilon_0} \frac{e^{-r/(\sqrt{2}\lambda)}}{r}, \quad \text{with} \quad \lambda = \sqrt{\epsilon_0 \Gamma}. \quad (\text{D17})
+$$
+
+while in two dimensions, the corresponding expression is
+
+$$
+\psi(r) = \frac{\rho^{\text{ext}}}{2\pi\epsilon_0(1+\chi)} \left[ -\log(r) + \chi K_0 \left( \frac{r}{\sqrt{2}\lambda} \right) \right], \quad (\text{D18})
+$$
+
+where $K_0$ is the modified Bessel function of the second kind. This function exhibits a crossover from logarithmic behavior at short distances to exponential decay at large distances.
+
+
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\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_97.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_97.md
new file mode 100644
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+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/style_97.md
@@ -0,0 +1,663 @@
+arXiv:2509.17826v1 [math.RA] 22 Sep 2025
+
+# RECURRENCE RELATIONS OVER DIVISION ALGEBRAS
+
+ADAM CHAPMAN AND SOLOMON VISHKAUTSAN
+
+ABSTRACT. We generalize the solution of linear recurrence relations from fields to central division algebras, adapting the standard tools of companion matrices and characteristic polynomials to the non-commutative setting. We then solve linear recurrences of order 2 over octonion division algebras.
+
+## 1. INTRODUCTION
+
+A linear recurrence defines a family of sequences for which each term is a fixed linear combination of preceding terms in the sequence. It is the simplest type of recurrence relation, where each term is a function of preceding terms. We can write a general linear recurrence of order $n$ (i.e., every element in the sequence is determined by the $n$ preceding terms) in the following way:
+
+$$
+(1) \qquad a_{k+n} = -c_0a_k - c_1a_{k+1} - \cdots - c_{n-1}a_{k+n-1},
+$$
+
+where $k \ge 0$, $c_0 \ne 0$ and the coefficients $c_0, \dots, c_{n-1}$ belong to some field $F$ (the choice of negative signs is technical). It is clear, by induction, that given the first $n$ terms $a_0, a_1, \dots, a_{n-1}$ of the sequence in $F$, which are called *initial conditions* for the recurrence relation (1), there exists a unique sequence, defined over $F$, satisfying the linear recurrence. The existence and uniqueness of a solution to (1) are still true when the field $F$ is replaced by any ring $R$.
+
+A classical example of a linear recurrence is the Fibonacci sequence,
+
+$$
+a_{n+2} = a_n + a_{n+1}, \quad a_0 = 0, a_1 = 1.
+$$
+
+Its closed-form solution is Binet's formula
+
+$$
+a_n = \frac{\varphi^n - \psi^n}{\sqrt{5}}, \quad \text{where } \varphi = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{2}, \psi = \frac{1 - \sqrt{5}}{2}.
+$$
+＿＿＿＿＿
+
+2020 *Mathematics Subject Classification*. 11B37, 16K20, 17A35, 17A75, 15A18, 15B33, 12E15.
+
+*Key words and phrases*. linear recurrence relations, division algebras, skew fields, quaternions, octonions, companion matrix, eigenvalues over division algebras.
+
+This example shows that despite all elements in the sequence being rational, the closed-form expression may require us to extend the field $F$. This issue is redundant if the field $F$ is algebraically closed.
+
+Beyond their intrinsic algebraic interest, linear recurrence relations are ubiquitous in applied mathematics, with applications in cryptog-raphy, pseudorandom number generation and error correcting codes among others (e.g. [20, 11, 19]). Recent developments also highlight the role of noncommutative algebra in applied areas, ranging from skew-polynomial based coding theory and quaternion neural networks to division-algebraic models in physics (e.g. [10, 22, 9, 8]). By extending linear recurrence relation solution methods to division algebras, we aim to provide a framework that may support both theoretical advances and future applied investigations.
+
+The determination of a closed-form for a linear recurrence with given initial conditions is a classical topic in mathematics, usually taught in discrete mathematics courses to first year students (e.g. [23, 13]). The approach most commonly taken is to define the *characteristic polynomial* of the linear recurrence (1) to be the polynomial
+
+$$
+(2) \qquad p(x) = x^n + c_{n-1}x^{n-1} + \dots + c_1x + c_0.
+$$
+
+If the characteristic polynomial has $n$ distinct roots $\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_n$ in $\bar{F}$ (where $\bar{F}$ is the algebraic closure of $F$), then one can show that there exist unique $b_1, \dots, b_n \in \bar{F}$ such that the solution to the linear recurrence with initial conditions $a_0, \dots, a_{n-1}$ is given by the sequence
+
+$$
+(3) \qquad a_k = b_1 \lambda_1^k + \dots + b_n \lambda_n^k
+$$
+
+In the more complicated case when there exist multiple roots of the characteristic polynomial $p(x)$, the solution to the linear recurrence assumes the form
+
+$$
+(4) \qquad a_k = p_1(k)\lambda_1^k + \dots + p_t(k)\lambda_t^k,
+$$
+
+where $\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_t$ are the distinct roots of $p(x)$ with respective multiplicities $m_1, \dots, m_t$, and $p_1(x), \dots, p_t(x)$ are polynomials of degrees less than $m_1, \dots, m_t$, respectively.
+
+A more elegant approach to solving the linear recurrence is to consider the companion matrix of the linear recurrence (1), defined as
+
+$$
+(5) \qquad A = \begin{bmatrix}
+0 & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\
+0 & 0 & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\
+\vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
+0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1 \\
+-c_0 & -c_1 & -c_2 & \cdots & -c_{n-1}
+\end{bmatrix} .
+$$
+
+The $n \times n$ matrix $A$ is the transpose of the companion matrix as usually defined in linear algebra. Moreover, $p(x)$ is in fact the characteristic polynomial of the matrix $A$; thus, we have a correspondence between the eigenvalues of $A$ and the roots of $p(x)$. The companion matrix satisfies the matrix relation
+
+$$
+(6) \qquad \begin{bmatrix} a_{k+1} \\ a_{k+2} \\ \vdots \\ a_{k+n-1} \\ a_{k+n} \end{bmatrix} = A \begin{bmatrix} a_k \\ a_{k+1} \\ \vdots \\ a_{k+n-2} \\ a_{k+n-1} \end{bmatrix}.
+$$
+
+Therefore a solution to the linear recurrence can be obtained by computing the general $k$ th power of the companion matrix $A$, as
+
+$$
+(7) \qquad \begin{bmatrix} a_k \\ a_{k+1} \\ \vdots \\ a_{k+n-2} \\ a_{k+n-1} \end{bmatrix} = A^k \begin{bmatrix} a_0 \\ a_1 \\ \vdots \\ a_{n-2} \\ a_{n-1} \end{bmatrix}.
+$$
+
+This can of course be computed by diagonalizing $A$ if possible, or by bringing $A$ to its Jordan canonical form (see Section 2 for details).
+
+When $R$ is non-commutative, the recurrence relation defined in (1) should be called a *left* linear recurrence, which differs, for example, from the right linear recurrence
+
+$$
+(8) \qquad a_{k+n} = -a_k c_0 - a_{k+1} c_1 - \cdots - a_{k+n-1} c_{n-1}.
+$$
+
+We recall that a central division algebra is a division algebra $\mathcal{D}$ which is finite dimensional over its center $F$, a field. The dimension $[\mathcal{D} : F]$ is a square integer, and we call $d = \sqrt{[\mathcal{D} : F]}$ the degree of the algebra $\mathcal{D}$ over $F$. Unless otherwise stated, the algebras in this article are assumed to be associative and unital. The notion of an eigenvalue generalizes to left and right eigenvalues for a matrix defined over a division algebra, and these play different roles in the theory (See Section 3 for details and [16] for general reference on central division algebras).
+
+In this article we show that the solution method of using the companion matrix (5) generalizes to left linear recurrences over central division algebras under appropriate conditions, and that under these conditions, the classical methods for solving linear recurrences over fields follow through smoothly. One cannot expect these methods to work in general since, for example, the Jordan canonical form does not exist for general division algebras.
+
+Now we come to a subtle point in terminology. Over division alge-bras, the characteristic polynomial of a matrix has a different meaning, and it is not equal to the polynomial in (2); its precise definition will be recalled in Section 3. To avoid confusion, we refer to the polynomial $p(x) = x^n + c_{n-1}x^{n-1} + \cdots + c_1x + c_0$ associated with a left linear recurrence (1) defined over a division algebra as its *primitive characteristic polynomial*, to distinguish it from the characteristic polynomial of the companion matrix.
+
+Our results are as follows:
+
+**Theorem 1.1.** *Let $A$ be the companion matrix associated to a left linear recurrence (1) of order $n$ with coefficients in a central division algebra $\mathcal{D}$, and with fixed initial conditions $a_0, \dots, a_{n-1} \in \mathcal{D}$. Suppose that there exist $n$ distinct left (right) eigenvalues of $A$, denoted by $\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_n \in \mathcal{D}$, such that no three lie in the same conjugacy class. Let $V = V_n(\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_n)$ be the Vandermonde matrix (see Section 2). Then $V$ is invertible, and setting*
+
+$$
+(9) \qquad \begin{bmatrix} b_1 \\ b_2 \\ \vdots \\ b_n \end{bmatrix} = V^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} a_0 \\ a_1 \\ \vdots \\ a_{n-1} \end{bmatrix},
+$$
+
+*the unique solution to the left linear recurrence is given by $a_k = \lambda_1^k b_1 + \dots + \lambda_n^k b_n$ (note that the coefficients appear on the right).*
+
+**Theorem 1.2.** *Let $A$ be the companion matrix associated to a left linear recurrence (1) of order $n$ with coefficients in a central division algebra $\mathcal{D}$ of characteristic $0$, with fixed initial conditions $a_0, \dots, a_{n-1} \in \mathcal{D}$. Let $\phi(x)$ be the minimal polynomial of $A$ over $F$, the center of $\mathcal{D}$. If $\phi(x)$ factors in $\mathcal{D}[x]$ to a product of linear factors, then there exist distinct left eigenvalues $\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_t \in \mathcal{D}$ of $A$, positive integers $m_1, \dots, m_t$ with $\sum_{i=1}^t m_i = n$ and an invertible matrix $U$ such that if we set*
+
+$$
+(10) \qquad \begin{bmatrix} b_1 \\ b_2 \\ \vdots \\ b_n \end{bmatrix} = U^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} a_0 \\ a_1 \\ \vdots \\ a_{n-1} \end{bmatrix},
+$$
+
+*we get that the unique solution to the linear recurrence is of the form*
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+a_k ={}& p_1(k)\lambda_1^k b_1 + \dots + p_{m_1}(k)\lambda_1^k b_{m_1} \\
+& + p_{m_1+1}(k)\lambda_2^k b_{m_1+1} + \dots + p_{m_2}(k)\lambda_2^k b_{m_2} \\
+& \vdots \\
+& + p_{m_{t-1}+1}(k)\lambda_t^k b_{m_{t-1}+1} + \dots + p_n(k)\lambda_t^k b_n,
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+*where $p_1(x), \dots, p_n(x)$ are polynomials in $\mathcal{D}[x]$ such that $\deg(p_j(x)) < m_i$ when $m_{i-1} < j \le m_i$.*
+
+The characteristic 0 condition on the algebra $\mathcal{D}$ in Theorem 1.2 can be removed if we assume that the eigenvalues of $A$ are separable over $F$.
+
+Finally, in Section 5 we take a walk on the wild side, and consider left linear recurrences over non-associative division algebras. Specifically, we prove that for left linear recurrences of order 2 over octonion division algebras, the matrix relation (6) decomposes into a matrix relation over a quaternion subalgebra, allowing us to explicitly solve the recurrence.
+
+**Theorem 1.3.** *Let $p(x)$ be the primitive characteristic polynomial associated to a left linear recurrence of order 2, with coefficients in an octonion division algebra $O$, along with fixed initial conditions $a_0, a_1 \in O$. Assume that $p(x)$ has two distinct roots $\lambda_1, \mu_1$. Let $\overline{p(x)}$ be the conjugate (octonion conjugation) polynomial of $p(x)$. Then $p(x)$ also has two distinct roots $\lambda_2, \mu_2$ (in the same conjugacy class as $\lambda_1, \mu_1$, respectively), and there exist constants $b_1, b_2, c_1, c_2$ in a quaternion subalgebra $Q$ containing the coefficients of $p(x)$, such that the solution of the left linear recurrence is given by*
+
+$$
+a_k = \lambda_1^k b_1 + \mu_1^k b_2 + (c_1 \bar{\lambda}_2^k + c_2 \bar{\mu}_2^k) \ell,
+$$
+
+*where $\ell$ is some fixed element in $O$ (of trace $\ell + \bar{\ell} = 0$) such that
+$O = Q \oplus Q\ell$.*
+
+**Theorem 1.4.** *Let $p(x)$ be the primitive characteristic polynomial associated to a left linear recurrence of order 2, with coefficients in an octonion division algebra $O$ of characteristic 0, along with fixed initial conditions $a_0, a_1 \in O$. Assume that $p(x)$ has a unique root $\lambda \in O$, and let $\overline{p(x)}$ be its conjugate. Then $\overline{p(x)}$ also has a unique root $\mu$ (in the same conjugacy class as $\lambda$), and there exist constants $b_1, b_2, b_3, b_4$ and linear polynomials $p_1(x), p_2(x), p_3(x), p_4(x)$ over the quaternion subalgebra $Q$ generated by the coefficients of $p(x)$ such that the solution of the left linear recurrence is given by*
+
+$$
+a_k = p_1(k)\lambda^k b_1 + p_2(k)\lambda^k b_2 + (b_3\bar{\mu}^k p_3(k) + b_4\bar{\mu}^k p_4(k))\ell,
+$$
+
+*where $\ell$ is some fixed element in $O$ (of trace $\ell + \bar{\ell} = 0$) such that
+$O = Q \oplus Q\ell$.*
+
+## 2. LINEAR RECURRENCES OVER FIELDS
+
+In this section we recall the classical method of solving linear recur-rence relations over fields using the companion matrix. Recall that in the classical case of a linear recurrence relation over a field $F$, which we assume to be algebraically closed for simplicity, the recurrence can
+be described by the following matrix relation:
+
+$$
+(11) \quad \begin{bmatrix} a_{k+1} \\ a_{k+2} \\ \vdots \\ a_{k+n-1} \\ a_{k+n} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 & 1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & 1 \\ -c_0 & -c_1 & -c_2 & \cdots & -c_{n-1} \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} a_k \\ a_{k+1} \\ \vdots \\ a_{k+n-2} \\ a_{k+n-1} \end{bmatrix} .
+$$
+
+The square $n$ by $n$ matrix $A$ in (11) is the companion matrix of the linear recurrence (1); as mentioned in the introduction it is the trans-pose of the companion matrix to the characteristic polynomial
+$$p(x) = c_0 + c_1 x + \cdots + c_{n - 1} x^{n - 1} + x^n.$$
+
+Given an eigenvalue $\lambda$ of the matrix $A$, i.e., any root of the characteristic polynomial $p(x)$, we get a corresponding eigenvector
+
+$$
+v = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ \lambda \\ \vdots \\ \lambda^{n-2} \\ \lambda^{n-1} \end{bmatrix},
+$$
+
+as multiplying by $A$, we get (as we know that $p(\lambda) = 0$)
+
+$$
+Av = \begin{bmatrix} \lambda \\ \lambda^2 \\ \vdots \\ \lambda^{n-1} \\ -c_0 - c_1\lambda - \dots - c_{n-1}\lambda^{n-1} \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \lambda \\ \lambda^2 \\ \vdots \\ \lambda^{n-1} \\ \lambda^n \end{bmatrix} = \lambda v.
+$$
+
+This implies that $a_k = \lambda^k$ is a solution to the general recurrence relation (1) (i.e. without initial conditions).
+
+Given $t$ distinct eigenvalues $\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_t$, we can do a superposition of solutions, and obtain solutions to the general recurrence of the form
+
+$$
+(12) \qquad a_k = \alpha_1 \lambda_1^k + \dots + \alpha_t \lambda_t^k
+$$
+
+for any $\alpha_1, \dots, \alpha_t \in F$.
+
+If the matrix $A$ has $n$ distinct eigenvalues it is diagonalizable. This is equivalent to the characteristic polynomial having $n$ distinct roots.
+
+**Proposition 2.1.** *Suppose that the $n \times n$ companion matrix $C$ has $n$ distinct eigenvalues $\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_n$. Then we get a unique solution to the recurrence relation (1), given initial conditions $a_0, \dots, a_{n-1} \in F$.*
+
+*Proof.* The condition of $n$ distinct eigenvalues is equivalent to any of the following conditions:
+
+(1) The characteristic polynomial $p(x)$ has $n$ distinct roots.
+
+(2) The polynomial $p(x)$ is separable.
+
+(3) The discriminant of $p(x)$ is non-zero.
+
+(4) The Vandermonde matrix of the roots $\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_n$ of $p(x)$
+
+$$
+V = V_n(\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_n) = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 & \cdots & 1 \\ \lambda_1 & \lambda_2 & \cdots & \lambda_n \\ \lambda_1^2 & \lambda_2^2 & \cdots & \lambda_n^2 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ \lambda_1^{n-1} & \lambda_2^{n-1} & \cdots & \lambda_n^{n-1} \end{bmatrix}
+$$
+
+is invertible.
+
+(5) The determinant of $V$ is non-zero.
+
+This implies that $C$ is diagonalizable and we have $C = VDV^{-1}$, where
+
+$$
+D = \begin{bmatrix} \lambda_1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda_2 & \cdots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & \lambda_n \end{bmatrix}.
+$$
+
+The unique solution is given by $a_k = \alpha_1\lambda_1^k + \dots + \alpha_n\lambda_n^k$, where
+
+$$
+(13) \qquad \begin{bmatrix} \alpha_1 \\ \alpha_2 \\ \vdots \\ \alpha_n \end{bmatrix} = V^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} a_0 \\ a_1 \\ \vdots \\ a_{n-1} \end{bmatrix}.
+$$
+
+□
+
+Thus, in the case of $n$ distinct eigenvalues, the recurrence relation can be computed efficiently by
+
+$$
+(14) \qquad \begin{bmatrix} a_{k+1} \\ a_{k+2} \\ \vdots \\ a_{k+n} \end{bmatrix} = C^k \begin{bmatrix} a_0 \\ a_1 \\ \vdots \\ a_{n-1} \end{bmatrix} = V D^k V^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} a_0 \\ a_1 \\ \vdots \\ a_{n-1} \end{bmatrix},
+$$
+
+using the notations from the proof.
+
+Now we deal with the general case, i.e., when $A$ does not have $n$ distinct eigenvalues. Suppose that $\lambda$ is a multiple root of $p(x)$ of multiplicity $m$. In this case, since the geometric multiplicity of $\lambda$ is always 1 for a companion matrix (see [14, Theorem 3.3.14]), the matrix $C$ is no longer diagonalizable, and there is a unique Jordan block corresponding to $\lambda$, of the form
+
+$$
+J_{\lambda} = \begin{bmatrix} \lambda & 1 & \cdots & 0 \\ 0 & \lambda & \ddots & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & \cdots & \lambda \end{bmatrix}_{m \times m}.
+$$
+
+Taking the $k$ th power of $J_\lambda$, we get
+
+$$
+(15) \qquad J_{\lambda}^{k} = \begin{bmatrix} \lambda^{k} & \binom{k}{1} \lambda^{k-1} & \binom{k}{2} \lambda^{k-2} & \cdots & \binom{k}{m-1} \lambda^{k-(m-1)} \\ 0 & \lambda^{k} & \binom{k}{1} \lambda^{k-1} & \cdots & \binom{k}{m-2} \lambda^{k-(m-2)} \\ 0 & 0 & \lambda^{k} & \cdots & \binom{k}{m-3} \lambda^{k-(m-3)} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & \lambda^{k} \end{bmatrix}.
+$$
+
+Thus if $A$ has exactly $t$ distinct eigenvalues $\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_t$ with respective multiplicities $m_1, \dots, m_t$, we denote the respective Jordan blocks by $J_{m_1}(\lambda_1), \dots, J_{m_t}(\lambda_t)$. Then there exists an invertible matrix $U$ such that $A = UJU^{-1}$ where $J$ is the block diagonal matrix with blocks $J_{m_1}(\lambda_1), \dots, J_{m_t}(\lambda_t)$. Now it is clear that we get
+
+$$
+(16) \qquad \begin{bmatrix} a_k \\ a_{k+1} \\ \vdots \\ a_{k+n-1} \end{bmatrix} = C^k \begin{bmatrix} a_0 \\ a_1 \\ \vdots \\ a_{n-1} \end{bmatrix} = U J^k U^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} a_0 \\ a_1 \\ \vdots \\ a_{n-1} \end{bmatrix}.
+$$
+
+Setting
+
+$$
+(17) \qquad \begin{bmatrix} b_1 \\ b_2 \\ \vdots \\ b_n \end{bmatrix} = U^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} a_0 \\ a_1 \\ \vdots \\ a_{n-1} \end{bmatrix},
+$$
+
+we get, using (15), the solution (4) from the introduction.
+
+## 3. LEFT AND RIGHT EIGENVALUES IN DIVISION ALGEBRAS
+
+In this section, we collect known results from the literature that generalize the tools used in Section 2 to division algebras.
+
+Let $\mathcal{D}$ be a (associative) division algebra over a field $F$. Then $\mathcal{D}^n$ has a natural structure of a $\mathcal{D}$-bimodule, which, by convention, we call a vector space over $\mathcal{D}$. As usual, we let $M_n(\mathcal{D})$ denote the $F$- algebra of $n$ by $n$ matrices with coefficients in $\mathcal{D}$. A matrix in $M_n(\mathcal{D})$
+is an endomorphism of $\mathcal{D}^n$ when viewed as a right module over $\mathcal{D}$. The ring $M_n(\mathcal{D})$ can be embedded in $M_{nd}(K)$, where $K$ is a maximal subfield of $D$ and $d = [D : K]$ (not to be confused with the degree of $\mathcal{D}$ as defined in the introduction). We denote this embedding by $f : M_n(\mathcal{D}) \to M_n(K)$, and define the *characteristic polynomial* of $A \in M_n(\mathcal{D})$ by $\Phi_A(x) = \det(f(A) - xI)$.
+
+We denote by $\mathcal{D}[x]$ the algebra of polynomials in a central indeterminate $x$, with all coefficients on the left. For a polynomial $f(x) = c_nx^n + \cdots + c_1x + c_0 \in \mathcal{D}[x]$ and an element $\lambda \in \mathcal{D}$ we define $f(\lambda) = c_n\lambda^n + \cdots + c_1\lambda + c_0$. An element $\lambda \in \mathcal{D}$ is called a root of $f(x) \in \mathcal{D}[x]$ if $f(\lambda) = 0$. It is well-known that $\lambda$ is a root of $f(x)$ if and only if there exists a polynomial $g(x) \in \mathcal{D}[x]$ such that $f(x) = g(x)(x - \lambda)$ (see [12, Theorem 1]).
+
+The classical notion of eigenvalues and eigenvectors for matrices over fields extends to matrices over division algebras in two variants: given a division algebra $\mathcal{D}$ and a matrix $B \in M_n(\mathcal{D})$, an element $\lambda \in \mathcal{D}$ is a left¹ (or right, respectively) eigenvalue of $B$ if there exists a nonzero $v \in \mathcal{D}^n$ for which $Bv = \lambda v$ (or $Bv = v\lambda$). When $\mathcal{D}$ is an associative
+division algebra, the right eigenvalues are relatively well-understood (see [4]).
+
+The situation is more complicated for left eigenvalues, but neverthe-less, a complete description was obtained for 2 × 2 matrices over the real
+quaternion algebra ℍ in [15], and without any significant modification,
+their technique actually applies to any quaternion division algebra.
+
+Two elements $d_1, d_2$ in a division algebra $\mathcal{D}$ are conjugate if there exists some nonzero $q \in \mathcal{D}$ such that $d_1 = qd_2q^{-1}$. The conjugacy class of $d_1$ in $\mathcal{D}$ is the set of all its conjugates. It is a well-known fact that any conjugate of a right eigenvalue of a matrix in $M_n(\mathcal{D})$ is a right eigenvalue (see e.g. [6]).
+
+We recall the following theorem regarding the eigenvalues of companion matrices.
+
+**Theorem 3.1** *(Chapman–Machen[4]). Let $\mathcal{D}$ be a division algebra, and let $C$ be a companion matrix as in (11) with coefficients in $\mathcal{D}$, and let $p(x) = x^n + c_{n-1}x^{n-1} + \cdots + c_0$ be its primitive characteristic polynomial ². The left eigenvalues of C are exactly the roots of p(x), and for every root λ, a corresponding eigenvector is*
+
+$$
+v = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ \lambda \\ \lambda^2 \\ \vdots \\ \lambda^{n-1} \end{bmatrix}.
+$$
+＿＿＿＿＿
+¹In many texts, e.g. [6, Chapter 8], “our” left eigenvalue is called a singular eigenvalue, while left eigenvalue refers to a different type of eigenvalue.
+
+*Moreover, every left eigenvalue is also a right eigenvalue, and every right eigenvalue of C is in the conjugacy class of some left eigenvalue of C.*
+
+As we saw in §2 the Vandermonde matrix $V_n(a_1, \dots, a_n)$ is central to solving linear recurrence relations. If the values of $a_1, \dots, a_n$ in the Vandermonde matrix are in some division ring $D$, rather than lying in a field, then the values $a_1, \dots, a_n$ being distinct no longer guarantees nonsingularity of the Vandermonde matrix, as illustrated by the following example over Hamilton's quaternions $\mathbb{H}$:
+
+$$
+V_3(i, j, k) = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 1 & 1 \\ i & j & k \\ -1 & -1 & -1 \end{pmatrix}.
+$$
+
+Lam [18] proved the following sufficient condition for the Vandermonde matrix to be nonsingular.
+
+**Theorem 3.2 (Lam).** *Let $a_1, \dots, a_n$ be distinct elements in a division ring $D$. If no three of $a_1, \dots, a_n$ lie in one conjugacy class of $D$, then the Vandermonde matrix $V_n(a_1, \dots, a_n)$ is nonsingular.*
+
+**Corollary 3.3.** *For any two distinct elements $a, b$ in a division ring $D$ the Vandermonde matrix $V_2(a, b)$ is invertible.*
+
+We remark (as is well-known) that as in linear algebra over a field, a matrix over a division algebra is nonsingular if and only if it is invertible (see e.g. [7, Theorem 3.13.2]).
+
+Diagonalization (where possible) of a matrix $A \in M_n(D)$ is performed using right eigenvalues, as can easily be seen by the matrix relation $AU = UD$, where $D \in M_n(D)$ is a diagonal matrix and $U$ is a transformation matrix. Combining Theorems 3.1 and 3.2, we see that a companion matrix can be diagonalized using the Vandermonde matrix of $n$ distinct left eigenvalues (or equiv. roots of $p(x)$) when no three lie in the same conjugacy class.
+
+＿＿＿＿＿
+²In [4] the polynomial $p(x)$ is not given a name.
+
+We now come to the question of Jordan normal form of matrices over a division algebra. The following is a consequence of a theorem of Wedderburn (see L. Rowen's excellent article [24]):
+
+**Theorem 3.4.** *Let $A \in M_n(D)$ where $D$ is a central division algebra, let $F$ be the center of $D$ and let $f(x)$ be the minimal polynomial of $A$ over the field $F$. Then the following are equivalent:*
+
+(1) *Each irreducible factor of $f$ in $F[\lambda]$ has a root in $D$;*
+
+(2) *$f$ factors as a product of linear factors in $D[\lambda]$;*
+
+(3) *$A$ is triangularizable over $D$.*
+
+*In case the characteristic of $D$ in the theorem is 0, we can add a fourth equivalent statement:*
+
+(4) *$A$ is conjugate (similar) in $M_n(D)$ to a matrix in Jordan normal form.*
+
+The last statement in the theorem follows from a more general result in [21] (other sufficient conditions for the existence of the Jordan normal form have been proved earlier by Cohn [5]).
+
+As can easily be seen, any element $\lambda$ on the diagonal of either the triangular form or Jordan normal form of a matrix in Theorem 3.4 must be a right eigenvalue of $A$. Moreover, it can be replaced by any element in the conjugacy class of $\lambda$. In particular, for a companion matrix $A$ we can replace $\lambda$, using Theorem 3.1, by a left eigenvalue in the conjugacy class of $\lambda$, and we choose the same left eigenvalue for all the eigenvalues $\lambda$ in the same conjugacy class.
+
+We have one final piece required regarding the Jordan normal form of a companion matrix defined over a central division ring. As in the field case, every left eigenvalue $\lambda$ of a companion matrix corresponds to a unique Jordan block. In fact, it is shown in [4] that any corresponding eigenvector of $\lambda$ is of the form $vc$ where
+
+$$
+v = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ \lambda \\ \lambda^2 \\ \vdots \\ \lambda^{n-1} \end{bmatrix} ;
+$$
+
+therefore $A - \lambda I$ has a one-dimensional null space, and this is only possible if there is a unique Jordan block for $\lambda$.
+
+## 4. RECURRENCE RELATIONS OVER DIVISION ALGEBRAS
+
+Let $\mathcal{D}$ be a division algebra, and take a left linear recurrence with coefficients in $\mathcal{D}$. Denote by $C$ and $p(x)$ its companion matrix and primitive characteristic polynomial, respectively. Any root $\lambda$ of $p(x)$ provides a solution $\lambda^k$ to the left recurrence (1) by Theorem 3.1. Note however, that unlike the commutative case (see (12)), superposition is valid only when the coefficients appear on the right. That is, given roots $\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_t$ of $p(x)$ we get that
+
+$$
+(18) \qquad a_k = \lambda_1^k \alpha_1 + \dots + \lambda_t^k \alpha_t
+$$
+
+is a solution for the linear recurrence (without initial conditions) for any $\alpha_1, \dots, \alpha_t \in \mathcal{D}$.
+
+*Proof of Theorem 1.1.* Under the assumptions of the theorem and using Lam's result (Theorem 3.2), we get that $C$ is diagonalizable using the Vandermonde matrix, and the proof follows exactly as in the proof of Proposition 2.1. □
+
+**Example 4.1.** Let $a_0 = 1, a_1 = 1, a_{k+2} = (-1 - ij)a_k + ia_{k+1}$ be a left recurrence with coefficients in $\mathbb{H}$. The corresponding companion matrix is
+
+$$
+A = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ -1 - ij & i \end{pmatrix}
+$$
+
+and the primitive characteristic polynomial is $p(x) = x^2 - ix + ij + 1$. The polynomial has exactly two distinct roots $\lambda = j, \mu = i + j$.
+
+Define
+
+$$
+V = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ j & i + j \end{bmatrix}
+$$
+
+(this is the Vandermonde matrix of the two eigenvalues $\lambda, \mu$). This matrix is invertible, and its inverse is
+
+$$
+V^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 - ij & i \\ ij & -i \end{bmatrix}.
+$$
+
+We get $A = VDV^{-1}$, where
+
+$$
+D = \begin{bmatrix} j & 0 \\ 0 & i + j \end{bmatrix}.
+$$
+
+Now we compute the coefficients in (18) using $V^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} a_0 \\ a_1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} 1 + i - ij \\ ij - 1 \end{bmatrix}$.
+
+Thus the solution to the recurrence relation is
+
+$$
+a_k = j^k(1 + i - ij) + (i + j)^k(ij - 1)
+$$
+
+*Proof of Theorem 1.2.* According to the statement of the theorem, the minimal polynomial in $F[x]$ of the matrix $A$ satisfies the first statement of Theorem 3.4 and therefore there exists an invertible matrix $U$ such that $A = UJU^{-1}$ where $J$ is in Jordan normal form, with $t$ Jordan blocks associated to $t$ distinct left eigenvalues $\lambda_1, \dots, \lambda_t$ of sizes $m_1, \dots, m_t$, respectively (in fact the $t$ left eigenvalues are from distinct conjugacy classes). Now the formula for $a_k$ follows through by computing the power $J^k$ using (15) and then the product
+
+$$
+U J^k \begin{bmatrix} b_1 \\ b_2 \\ \vdots \\ b_n \end{bmatrix}.
+$$
+
+□
+
+**Example 4.2.** Given the recurrence relation
+
+$$
+a_{n+2} = ka_n + (i+j)a_{n+1},
+$$
+
+the companion matrix of the recurrence relation is
+
+$$
+A = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ k & i+j \end{pmatrix}
+$$
+
+Its primitive characteristic polynomial is $p(x) = x^2 - (i+j)x - k = (x-j)(x-i)$. This polynomial has a unique root $x = i$, which is a left eigenvalue of $C$. Indeed, any root of $p(x)$ must be a root of the companion polynomial $C_p(x) = p(x) \cdot \overline{p(x)} = (x^2+1)^2$ (the companion polynomial over the quaternions is actually the characteristic polynomial, as defined in Section 5, of the companion matrix $C$). Thus, any root must be in the conjugacy class of $i$; but if there was a second root of $p(x)$ conjugate to $i$ it would mean that the root was spherical, implying $j$ was a root, but it is not. For a general treatment on computing roots of quaternionic polynomials see [17].
+
+We obtain the Jordan form of $A$. An eigenvector of $A$ associated to $i$ is $v = \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ i \end{bmatrix}$. A generalized eigenvector $w$ solving $Aw - wi = v$ is
+$$w = \begin{bmatrix} -\frac{1}{2}j \\ \frac{1}{2}k+1 \end{bmatrix}.$$
+
+One can check that in fact if we take
+
+$$
+U = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -\frac{j}{2} \\ i & 1+\frac{k}{2} \end{pmatrix}, \quad U^{-1} = \begin{pmatrix} \frac{3}{4}+\frac{k}{4} & -\frac{i}{4}+\frac{j}{4} \\ -\frac{i}{2}+\frac{j}{2} & \frac{1}{2}-\frac{k}{2} \end{pmatrix},
+$$
+
+we get
+
+$$
+U^{-1}A U = \begin{pmatrix} i & 1 \\ 0 & i \end{pmatrix}.
+$$
+
+We compute the $n$ th power of $A$ :
+
+$$(19) \qquad A^n = U \begin{pmatrix} i & 1 \\ 0 & i \end{pmatrix}^n U^{-1} = U \begin{pmatrix} i^n & ni^{n-1} \\ 0 & i^n \end{pmatrix} U^{-1}.
+$$
+
+We set $\begin{bmatrix} b_0 \\ b_1 \end{bmatrix} = U^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} a_0 \\ a_1 \end{bmatrix}$ (where $a_0, a_1$ are the initial conditions of the linear recurrence). Multiplying through the matrices in (19) we get
+
+$$
+a_n = i^n b_0 + (-ni - \frac{j}{2}) i^n b_1.
+$$
+
+## 5. RECURRENCE RELATIONS OVER THE OCTONIONS
+
+In this section, we show how to solve homogeneous left linear re-currences of order 2 with coefficients in division octonion algebras. We start by recalling the construction of octonion algebras using the Cayley–Dickson doubling process.
+
+Let $F$ be a field and $A$ be an $F$-algebra with involution $\sigma$. The Cayley–Dickson doubling process requires a choice of an element $\gamma \in F^\times$ and produces an algebra $B = A \oplus A\ell$ with multiplication defined by
+
+$$
+(q + r\ell)(s + t\ell) = qs + \gamma\sigma(t)r + (tq + r\sigma(s))\ell, \quad \forall q, r, s, t \in A.
+$$
+
+We denote the algebra $B$ by the pair $(A, \gamma)$. The involution $\sigma$ extends to $B$ by $\sigma(q+r\ell) = \sigma(q)-r\ell$, and satisfies the identity $\sigma(xy) = \sigma(y)\sigma(x)$. For example, $(\mathbb{C}, -1) = \mathbb{H}$, Hamilton's quaternions, and $(\mathbb{H}, -1) = \mathbb{O}$, Cayley's octonions. (See [26] for a general treatise on Cayley-Dickson algebras). More generally, an 8 dimensional $F$-algebra generated by the Cayley-Dickson process is called an octonion algebra.
+
+Octonion algebras are non-associative, so that we cannot use the tools from §3. But in what follows we prove that for order 2 left linear recurrences over an octonion division algebra, we can reduce the problem to solving matrix relations over quaternion algebras. The main fact in our favor is that octonion algebras are alternative, i.e. any two elements generate a subalgebra of quaternions which is associative (see [25, p. 47]).
+
+Denote by $O$ an octonion division algebra. We denote its involution $\sigma(\tau)$ by $\bar{\tau}$ for short. Let $p(x)∈O[x]$ be a polynomial, defined in the same way we defined them for division algebras, with $x$ central and coefficients on the left. The (octonion) conjugate polynomial $\overline{p(x)} $ of $p(x)$ is defined by conjugating all the coefficients using the involution σ.
+We define the companion polynomial $C_p(x) = p(x)\overline{p(x)}$. This polynomial has real coefficients, and is in fact the characteristic polynomial of the companion matrix associated to the polynomial $p(x)$ as defined inSection 3 (see [1], [2] on octonion polynomials, and [3] for polynomials over general Cayley–Dickson algebras).
+
+Let $a_0 = \tau, a_1 = \nu$ and $a_{n+2} = \alpha a_n + \beta a_{n+1}$ where $\tau, \nu, \alpha, \beta \in O$. The companion matrix of this order 2 left linear recurrence is
+
+$$
+A = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ \alpha & \beta \end{pmatrix},
+$$
+
+with primitive characteristic polynomial $p(x) = x^2 - \beta x - \alpha$.
+
+As in the classical case,
+
+$$
+\begin{bmatrix} a_{n+1} \\ a_{n+2} \end{bmatrix} = A \begin{bmatrix} a_n \\ a_{n+1} \end{bmatrix}.
+$$
+
+Iterating backwards, we get
+
+$$
+\begin{bmatrix} a_n \\ a_{n+1} \end{bmatrix} = \underbrace{A(A(\cdots(A \begin{bmatrix} \tau \\ \nu \end{bmatrix}) \cdots))}_{n \text{ times}}.
+$$
+
+The coefficients $\alpha, \beta$ generate an associative subalgebra of $O$, as $O$ is alternative, contained in a quaternion subalgebra we denote by $Q$. Write $O = Q \oplus Q\ell$ for some element $\ell \in O$ of trace 0. Thus, we can write
+
+$$
+\tau = q + s\ell, \nu = r + t\ell,
+$$
+
+with $q, s, r, t \in Q$.
+
+**Lemma 5.1.** *Using the notation $Q$ and $\ell$ defined above, let $B = \begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & w \end{pmatrix} \in M_2(Q)$ and let $v = \begin{bmatrix} m \\ n \end{bmatrix} \in Q^2$. Then $B(v \cdot \ell) = \overline{（\bar{B}\bar{v}）}\ell$ (where $\bar{\phantom{x}□}$ denotes quaternion conjugation).*
+
+*Proof.* This is a straightforward computation:
+
+$$
+\begin{align*} B(v \cdot \ell) &= \begin{pmatrix} x & y \\ z & w \end{pmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} m\ell \\ n\ell \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} x(m\ell) + y(n\ell) \\ z(m\ell) + w(n\ell) \end{bmatrix} = \\ &= \overline{\begin{bmatrix} \bar x\bar{m} + \bar y\bar{n} \\ \bar z\bar{m} + \bar w\bar{n} \end{bmatrix}} \ell = \overline{(\bar{B}\bar{v})\ell}. \end{align*}
+$$
+
+
+
+Now,
+
+$$
+A \begin{bmatrix} \tau \\ \nu \end{bmatrix} = A \begin{bmatrix} q \\ r \end{bmatrix} + A \begin{bmatrix} s\ell \\ t\ell \end{bmatrix}
+$$
+
+Using the Lemma, we see that
+
+$$
+A \begin{bmatrix} \tau \\ \nu \end{bmatrix} = A \begin{bmatrix} q \\ r \end{bmatrix} + \overline{\left( \bar{A} \begin{bmatrix} \bar{s} \\ \bar{t} \end{bmatrix} \right)} \ell
+$$
+
+Iterating, we get by induction that
+
+$$
+A \left( A \left( \cdots A \begin{bmatrix} \tau \\ \nu \end{bmatrix} \right) \cdots \right) = A^n \begin{bmatrix} q \\ r \end{bmatrix} + \overline{\left( (\bar{A})^n \begin{bmatrix} \bar{s} \\ \bar{t} \end{bmatrix} \right)} \ell
+$$
+
+Both $A$ and $\bar{A}$ are companion matrices over $Q$ (this also makes the expression $A^n$ unambiguous). It therefore remains to find their normal forms, as in §4. A direct computation then gives us the required formula for $a_k$.
+
+**Remark 5.2.** Note that, in general, for two matrices $A, B$ with coefficients in a quaternion algebra $Q$ (and other noncommutative rings) we have $\overline{AB} \neq \bar{A}\bar{B}$ and $\overline{AB} \neq \bar{B}\bar{A}$.
+
+*Proof of Theorem 1.3.* As in the statement of the theorem, let $\lambda_1, \mu_1$ be the distinct roots of the primitive characteristic polynomial $p(x)$. If $\lambda_1, \mu_1$ are in the same conjugacy class, then in fact the roots are spherical, and all elements in the conjugacy class are roots (see [1, 2]). Moreover, this means $p(x)$ and the linear recurrence are defined over $F$, and the problem reduces to solving the recurrence over the subalgebra of quaternions generated by $\tau$ and $\nu$. We will therefore assume now that $\lambda_1, \mu_1$ belong to two distinct conjugacy classes.
+
+Let $\bar{A}$ be the conjugate matrix of $A$ (elementwise octonion conjugation), i.e.
+
+$$
+\bar{A} = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ \bar{\alpha} & \bar{\beta} \end{pmatrix}.
+$$
+
+Clearly $\bar{A}$ is a companion matrix, and its primitive characteristic polynomial is $\overline{p(x)} = x^2 - \bar{\beta}x - \bar{\alpha}$. Let $C_p(x) = p(x)\overline{p(x)} \in \mathbb{R}[x]$ be the companion polynomial of $p(x)$; it has the property that any root of $p(x)$ is also a root of $C_p(x)$ and any root of $C_p(x)$ is conjugate to some root of $p(x)$ (see [4]). Therefore $\overline{p(x)}$ has two roots from distinct conjugacy classes just like $p(x)$, which we denote by $\lambda_2, \mu_2$. Now $A$ and $\bar{A}$ are diagonalizable using the Vandermonde matrices $V_i(\lambda_i, \mu_i), i = 1, 2$, respectively, i.e.,
+
+$$
+(20) \qquad A^n \begin{bmatrix} \tau \\ \nu \end{bmatrix} = V_1 D_1^n V_1^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} q \\ r \end{bmatrix} + \overline{\left( V_2 D_2^n V_2^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} \bar{s} \\ \bar{t} \end{bmatrix} \right)} \ell,
+$$
+
+where
+
+$$
+D_1 = \begin{bmatrix} \lambda_1 & 0 \\ 0 & \mu_1 \end{bmatrix}, \quad D_2 = \begin{bmatrix} \lambda_2 & 0 \\ 0 & \mu_2 \end{bmatrix}.
+$$
+
+Setting
+
+$$
+(21) \qquad \begin{bmatrix} b_1 \\ b_2 \end{bmatrix} = V_1^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} q \\ r \end{bmatrix}, \quad \begin{bmatrix} c_1 \\ c_2 \end{bmatrix} = V_2^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} s \\ t \end{bmatrix},
+$$
+
+we get
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+a_n &= \lambda_1^n b_1 + \mu_1^n b_2 + \overline{\lambda_2^n c_1 + \mu_2^n c_2} \ell \\
+&= \lambda_1^n b_1 + \mu_1^n b_2 + (\bar{c}_1 \bar{\lambda}_2^n + \bar{c}_2 \bar{\mu}_2^n) \ell
+\end{align*}
+$$
+□
+
+**Example 5.3.** We take a very simple example of a left linear recurrence of order 2 defined over $\mathcal{O}$:
+
+$$
+a_{k+2} = (-1 - ij)a_k + ia_{k+1}
+$$
+
+with initial conditions $a_0 = 1, a_1 = \ell$. We have already seen the companion matrix in Example 4.1:
+
+$$
+A = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ -1 - ij & i \end{pmatrix}
+$$
+
+The expression $A \left( A \left( \cdots A \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ \ell \end{bmatrix} \right) \cdots \right)$ becomes
+
+$$
+A^n \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix} + \overline{\left( (\bar{A})^n \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} \right)} \ell.
+$$
+
+We remember from Example 4.1 that $A^n = V_1 D_1^n V_1^{-1}$ where
+
+$$
+V_1 = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ j & i+j \end{bmatrix}, \quad D_1 = \begin{bmatrix} j & 0 \\ 0 & i+j \end{bmatrix}, \quad V_1^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} 1-ij & i \\ ij & -i \end{bmatrix}.
+$$
+
+Since we only care about the first entry of the resulting vector, we see
+that the contribution of $A^n \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix}$ to this entry is $j^n(1-ij) + (i+j)^n ij$. The
+primitive characteristic polynomial of $\bar{A}$ is $\overline{p(x)} = x^2+ix+(1-ij)$. This
+polynomial has exactly two roots $j$ and $j-i$. So we get $\bar{A}^n = V_2 D_2^n V_2^{-1}$
+where
+
+$$
+V_2 = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 1 \\ j & j-i \end{bmatrix}, \quad D_2 = \begin{bmatrix} j & 0 \\ 0 & j-i \end{bmatrix}, \quad V_2^{-1} = \begin{bmatrix} 1+ij & -i \\ -ij & i \end{bmatrix}.
+$$
+
+Computing the first entry of $\overline{((\bar{A})^n \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix})} \ell$, we get
+
+$$
+\overline{(-j^n i + (j - i)^n i }\ell = (i(-j)^n - i(i - j)^n) \ell.
+$$
+
+So the solution to the left linear recurrence is
+
+$$
+a_n = j^n(1 - ij) + (i + j)^n ij + (i(-j)^n - i(i - j)^n)\ell.
+$$
+
+*Proof of Theorem 1.4.* The proof follows the same idea as in the proof of Theorem 1.3. One shows that if $p(x)$ has a unique root in $O$ then $\overline{p(x)}$ also has a unique root in $O$. Both quadratic polynomials split over $O$ guaranteeing the existence of jordan forms for $A$ and $\bar{A}$, and the rest proceeds in a straightforward way from the decomposition in (20). $\square$
+
+**Example 5.4.** We solve the recurrence relation
+
+$$
+a_{n+2} = ka_n + (i + j)a_{n+1},
+$$
+
+with initial conditions $a_0 = 1, a_1 = \ell$. As shown in Example 4.2, the companion matrix $A = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ k & i+j \end{pmatrix}$ has jordan form $J_1 = \begin{pmatrix} i & 1 \\ 0 & i \end{pmatrix}$, with transition matrix $U_1 = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & -\frac{j}{2} \\ i & 1+\frac{k}{2} \end{pmatrix}$. The conjugate matrix $\bar{A} =$ $\begin{pmatrix} 0 & 1 \\ -k & -i-j \end{pmatrix}$ has jordan form $J_1 = \begin{pmatrix} -j & 1 \\ 0 & -j \end{pmatrix}$ with transition matrix $U_2 = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & \frac{i}{2} \\ -j & 1-\frac{k}{2} \end{pmatrix}$. We compute
+
+$$
+U_1^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{3}{4} + \frac{k}{4} \\ -\frac{i}{2} + \frac{j}{2} \end{bmatrix}, \quad U_2^{-1} \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ 1 \end{bmatrix} = \begin{bmatrix} -\frac{i}{4} + \frac{j}{4} \\ \frac{1}{2} + \frac{k}{2} \end{bmatrix}.
+$$
+
+Using the same decomposition as in (20) we get
+
+$$
+\begin{align*} a_n &= i^n \left(\frac{3}{4} + \frac{k}{4}\right) + (-ni - \frac{j}{2})i^n \left(-\frac{i}{2} + \frac{k}{2}\right) + \overline{(-j)^n \left(-\frac{i}{4} + \frac{j}{4}\right) + (nj + \frac{i}{2})(-j)^n \left(\frac{1}{2} + \frac{k}{2}\right)} \ell\\ &= i^n \left(\frac{3}{4} + \frac{k}{4}\right) + (-ni - \frac{j}{2})i^n \left(-\frac{i}{2} + \frac{k}{2}\right) + {\left(\left(\frac{i}{4} - \frac{j}{4}\right)j^n + \left(\frac{1}{2} - \frac{k}{2}\right)j^n \left(-nj - \frac{i}{2}\right)\right)\ell} \end{align*}
+$$
+
+## REFERENCES
+
+[1] A. Chapman. Factoring octonion polynomials. *Internat. J. Algebra Comput.*, 30(7):1457–1463, 2020.
+
+[2] A. Chapman. Polynomial equations over octonion algebras. *J. Algebra Appl.*, 19(6):2050102, 10, 2020.
+
+[3] A. Chapman, A. Guterman, S. Vishkautsan, and S. Zhilina. Roots and critical points of polynomials over Cayley-Dickson algebras. *Comm. Algebra*, 51(4):1355–1369, 2023.
+
+[4] A. Chapman and C. Machen. Standard polynomial equations over division algebras. *Adv. Appl. Clifford Algebr.*, 27(2):1065–1072, 2017.
+
+[5] P. M. Cohn. The similarity reduction of matrices over a skew field. *Math. Z.*, 132:151–163, 1973.
+
+[6] P. M. Cohn. *Skew Fields: Theory of General Division Rings*. Encyclopedia of Mathematics and its Applications. Cambridge University Press, 1995.
+
+[7] G. Ehrlich. *Fundamental concepts of abstract algebra*. Courier Corporation, 2013.
+
+[8] C. Furey. Three generations, two unbroken gauge symmetries, and one eight-dimensional algebra. *Physics Letters B*, 785:84–89, 2018.
+
+[9] N. Furey and M. Hughes. Division algebraic symmetry breaking. *Physics Letters B*, 831:137186, 2022.
+
+[10] H. Gluesing-Luerssen. Introduction to skew-polynomial rings and skew-cyclic codes. In *Concise Encyclopedia of Coding Theory*, pages 151–180. Chapman and Hall/CRC, 2021.
+
+[11] S. Golomb. *Shift Register Sequences*. Aegean Park Press, 1982.
+
+[12] B. Gordon and T. S. Motzkin. On the zeros of polynomials over division rings. *Trans. Amer. Math. Soc.*, 116:218–226, 1965.
+
+[13] R. Grimaldi. *Discrete and Combinatorial Mathematics*, 5/e. Pearson Education, 2006.
+
+[14] R. A. Horn and C. R. Johnson. *Matrix analysis*. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed. edition, 2013.
+
+[15] L. Huang and W. So. On left eigenvalues of a quaternionic matrix. *Linear Algebra Appl.*, 323(1-3):105–116, 2001.
+
+[16] N. Jacobson. *Finite-Dimensional Division Algebras Over Fields*. Grundlehren der Mathematischen Wissenschaften Series. Springer, 1996.
+
+[17] D. Janovská and G. Opfer. A note on the computation of all zeros of simple quaternionic polynomials. *SIAM J. Numer. Anal.*, 48(1):244–256, 2010.
+
+[18] T. Y. Lam. A general theory of Vandermonde matrices. *Exposition. Math.*, 4(3):193–215, 1986.
+
+[19] G. Mullen and D. Panario. *Handbook of Finite Fields*. Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications. CRC Press, 2013.
+
+[20] H. Niederreiter. *Random Number Generation and Quasi-Monte Carlo Methods*. CBMS-NSF Regional Conference Series in Applied Mathematics. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 1992.
+
+[21] D. Ž. Đoković. Inner derivations of division rings and canonical Jordan form of triangular operators. *Proc. Amer. Math. Soc.*, 94(3):383–386, 1985.
+
+[22] T. Parcollet, M. Morchid, and G. Linarès. A survey of quaternion neural networks. *Artificial Intelligence Review*, 53(4):2957–2982, 2020.
+
+[23] K. H. Rosen. *Discrete Mathematics and Its Applications*. McGraw-Hill Education, 2011.
+
+[24] L. H. Rowen. Wedderburn's method and algebraic elements of simple Artinian rings. In *Azumaya algebras, actions, and modules (Bloomington, IN, 1990)*, volume 124 of *Contemp. Math.*, pages 179–202. Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1992.
+
+[25] R. Schafer. *An Introduction to Nonassociative Algebras*. Pure and applied mathematics. Academic Press, 1966.
+
+[26] R. D. Schafer. On the algebras formed by the Cayley-Dickson process. *Amer. J. Math.*, 76:435–446, 1954.
+
+*Email address*: adam1chapman@yahoo.com
+
+SCHOOL OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, ACADEMIC COLLEGE OF TEL-AVIV-YAFFO,
+RABENU YERUHAM ST., P.O.B 8401 YAFFO, 6818211, ISRAEL
+
+*Email address*: wishcow@gmail.com
+
+DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE, TEL-HAI ACADEMIC COLLEGE, UPPER
+GALILEE, 12208 ISRAEL
\ No newline at end of file
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+# 第二部分 公费医疗
+
+## 公费审批内容及范围
+
+### 一、各区、市、省公费医疗证识别方式
+
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+
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+
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+
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+
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+
+
+
+
+
+ | 名称 | 内容 |
|---|
| 省公费医疗 | 医疗证号码前两位 | 80、81(厅局级)、82(处级)、83(科级及以下)、90(家属) | | 离休门诊药费限额 | 不限金额 | | 普通门诊药费限额 | 不限金额 | | 肿瘤用药 | 不需审批 | | 透析 | 不需审批 | | 特殊检查或治疗及审批地点 | 500元以上,填写《广州市公费医疗特殊检查、治疗申请表》审批地点:单位 | | 住院药费限额 | 不限,根据病情需要 | | 离休干部超范围用药 | 不需审批 | | 材料费的报销原则 | 1. 人造器官和体内置放材料,按国产价格报销。对国内尚无同类产品的,并按照中间价纳入报销范围。个人选择进口产品的,费用高出国内产品部分,由个人自费。其中血管支架按不超过3万元/个、人工晶体按不超过3000元/个、心脏起搏器按不超过5万元/套纳入报销范围(低于限额标准的按照实际价格);2. 在职及退休人员使用省、市物价部门规定可单独收费的一次性医用材料,单价超过300元的,个人需先支付5%;3. 若当次治疗或材料的费用超过3万元的,其费用在扣除个人按比例自负部分外,公医记账55%,单位负责45%,单位在审批的时候应同时注明同意支付单位负责45%的部分;4. 家属的报销参照省直公费医疗在职人员 | | 地址和电话 | 广州市林和中路168号;电话: | | 市公费医疗 | 医疗证号码前两位 | 00、01、02、03、70、71、72、73、75 | | 离休门诊药费限额 | 300元 | | 普通门诊药费限额 | 100元,急诊留观300元/天 | | 肿瘤用药 | 填写《广州市公费医疗门诊特定项目申请表》 | | 透析 | 填写《广州市公费医疗门诊特定项目申请表》 | | 特殊检查或治疗及审批地点 | 500元以上,填写《广州市公费医疗特殊检查、治疗申请表》审批地点:单位 | | 住院药费限额 | 普通200元/天;抢救、肿瘤、透析等300元/天;71、73住盘松楼或ICU500元/天;70、72、75住盘松楼或ICU400元/天;离休干部不限。 | | 离休干部超范围用药 | 填写《广州市公费医疗离休干部超目录范围用药申请表》 | | 材料费的报销原则 | 1. 人工晶体1800元/个,心脏起搏器50000元/台,血管支架30000元/个,不设个人先自付比例。低于限额标准的按照实际费用纳入支付范围,超出限额部分须自费。2. 医保乙类材料,单项费用高于3000元且不超过50000元的,个人先自付10%;单项费用高于50000元的,个人应先支付20%;其余部分由公费医疗经费按规定比例支付。离休人员及一至六级残疾军人先支付比例为零。3. 安装心脏起搏器术、脏器移植(肾、骨髓移植)、心脏瓣膜置换术、冠状动脉成形术、支架植入术、射频消融术、介入栓塞化疗术、各类造影术等,须回公医处办理审批手续。审批后扣除自负比例标准后,公医医疗经费记账55%,单位分担45%。单位分担部分由个人垫付后按规定向单位零星报销。4. 离休人员住院无需办理住院备案手续。5. 住院不受选点限制。 | | 地址和电话 | 梅东路28号梅花村大厦;电话: | | 越秀区公费医疗 | 医疗证号码前两位 | 10、11、12 | | 离休门诊药费限额 | 300元(一至六级残疾军人、优抚参照离休人员标准执行) | | 普通门诊药费限额 | 100元, 急诊200元 | | 肿瘤用药 | 填写《广州市公费医疗特殊病种治疗申请表》 | | 透析 | 填写《广州市公费医疗特殊病种治疗申请表》 | | 特殊检查或治疗及审批地点 | 500元以上, 填写《广州市公费医疗特殊检查、治疗申请表》审批地点: 单位 | | 住院药费限额 | 普通200元/天; 抢救、肿瘤、透析等300元/天; 离休干部不限。 | | 离休干部超范围用药 | 填写《广州市公费医疗离休干部超目录范围用药申请表》 | | 材料费的报销原则 | 1. 人工晶体1800元/个, 心脏起搏器50000元/台, 血管支架30000元/个, 不设个人先自付比例。低于限额标准的按照实际费用纳入支付范围, 超出限额部分须自费。2. 医保乙类材料, 单项费用高于3000元且不超过50000元的, 个人先自付10%; 单项费用高于50000元的, 个人应先支付20%; 其余部分由公费医疗经费按规定比例支付。离休人员及一至六级残疾军人先支付比例为零。3. 安装心脏起搏器术、脏器移植(肾、骨髓移植)、心脏瓣膜置换术、冠状动脉成形术、支架植入术、射频消融术、介入栓塞化医疗术、各类造影术等, 须回公医处办理审批手续。审批后扣除自负比例标准后, 公医医疗经费记账55%, 单位分担45%。单位分但部分由个人垫付后按规定向单位零星报销。4. 离休人员住院无需办理住院备案手续。5. 住院受选点限制。 | | 地址和电话 | 惠福东路483-485号7楼 电话: | | 荔湾区公费医疗 | 医疗证号码前两位 | 30、31、32 | | 离休门诊药费限额 | 300元 | | 普通门诊药费限额 | 100元 | | 肿瘤用药 | 填写《广州市公费医疗特殊病种治疗申请表》 | | 透析 | 填写《广州市公费医疗特殊病种治疗申请表》 | | 特殊检查或治疗及审批地点 | 500元以上, 填写《广州市公费医疗特殊检查、治疗申请表》审批地点: 单位 | | 住院药费限额 | 普通200元/天; 抢救、肿瘤、透析等300元/天; 离休不限。 | | 离休干部超范围用药 | 填写《广州市公费医疗离休干部超目录范围用药申请表》 | | 材料费的报销原则 | 1. 人工晶体1800元/个, 心脏起搏器50000元/台, 血管支架30000元/个, 不设个人先自付比例。低于限额标准的按照实际费用纳入支付范围, 超出限额部分须自费。2. 医保乙类材料, 单项费用高于3000元且不超过50000元的, 个人先自付10%; 单项费用高于50000元的, 个人应先支付20%; 其余部分由公费医疗经费按规定比例支付。离休人员及一至六级残疾军人先支付比例为零。3. 安装心脏起搏器术、脏器移植(肾、骨髓移植)、心脏瓣膜置换术、冠状动脉成形术、支架植入术、射频消融术、介入栓塞化医疗术、各类造影术等, 须回公医处办理审批手续。审批后扣除自负比例标准后, 公医医疗经费记账55%, 单位分担45%。单位分但部分由个人垫付后按规定向单位零星报销。4. 离休人员住院无需办理住院备案手续。5. 住院受选点限制。 | | 地址和电话 | 逢源路127号3楼; 电话: | | 海珠区公费医疗 | 医疗证号码前两位 | 40、41、42 | | 离休门诊药费限额 | 300元 | | 普通门诊药费限额 | 100元 | | 肿瘤用药 | 填写《广州市公费医疗特殊病种治疗申请表》 | | 透析 | 填写《广州市公费医疗特殊病种治疗申请表》 | | 特殊检查或治疗及审批地点 | 500元以上,填写《广州市公费医疗特殊检查、治疗申请表》(报销比例按照市公医) 审批地点:单位 | | 住院药费限额 | 普通200元/天;抢救、肿瘤、透析等300元/天;离休不限。 | | 离休干部超范围用药 | 填写《广州市公费医疗离休干部超目录范围用药申请表》 | | 材料费的报销原则 | 1.人工晶体1800元/个,心脏起搏器50000元/台,血管支架30000元/个,不设个人先自付比例。低于限额标准的按照实际费用纳入支付范围,超出限额部分须自费。2.医保乙类材料,单项费用高于3000元且不超过50000元的,个人先自付10%;单项费用高于50000元的,个人应先支付20%;其余部分由公费医疗经费按规定比例支付。离休人员及一至六级残疾军人先支付比例为零。3.安装心脏起搏器术、脏器移植(肾、骨髓移植)、心脏瓣膜置换术、冠状动脉成形术、支架植入术、射频消融术、介入栓塞化疗术、各类造影术等,须回公医处办理审批手续。审批后扣除自负比例标准后,公医医疗经费记账55%,单位分担45%。单位分但部分由个人垫付后按规定向单位零星报销。4.离休人员住院无需办理住院备案手续。5.住院不受选点限制。 | | 地址和电话 | 宝岗大道龙媒大街2号5楼;电话: | | 白云区公费医疗 | 医疗证号码前两位 | 50、51、52 | | 离休门诊药费限额 | 300元 | | 普通门诊药费限额 | 100元 | | 肿瘤用药 | 填写《广州市公费医疗恶性肿瘤病人用药申请表》 | | 透析 | 填写《广州市公费医疗特殊检查、治疗申请表》 | | 特殊检查或治疗及审批地点 | 300元以上,填写《广州市公费医疗特殊检查、治疗申请表》审批地点:单位 | | 住院药费限额 | 普通200元/天;抢救、肿瘤、透析等300元/天;离休不限。 | | 离休干部超范围用药 | 填写《广州市公费医疗离休干部超目录范围用药申请表》 | | 材料费的报销原则 | 1.人工晶体:300元/只(含个人自负比例)2.人工心脏起搏器:20000元/台(含个人自负比例)3.人工器官(人工髋关节、人工膝关节、人工颈椎、人工腰椎、心脏瓣膜、人工内固定材料):扣除个人按比例自付部分外按国产价报销;无国产价对照,其费用在扣除个人按比例自付部分外,公医报55%,单位负责45%。4.脏器移植(肾\骨髓移植)(器官及劳务费由个人支付)、心脏瓣膜置换术、冠状动脉成形术、支架植入术、心脏消融术、介入栓塞化疗术和进行各类造影等:扣除个人按比例自付部分外公医报55%,单位负责45%。5.家属审批后可以直接按比例记账6.住院不受选点限制。 | | 地址和电话 | 柯子岭景云路22号5楼;电话: | | 黄埔区公费医疗 | 医疗证号码前两位 | 60、61、62 | | 离休门诊药费限额 | 300元 | | 普通门诊药费限额 | 100元 | | 肿瘤用药 | 填写《广州市公费医疗特殊病种治疗申请表》 | | 透析 | 填写《广州市公费医疗特殊病种治疗申请表》 | | 特殊检查或治疗及审批地点 | 500元以上,填写《广州市公费医疗特殊检查、治疗申请表》审批地点:公医办 | | 住院药费限额 | 普通200元/天;抢救、肿瘤、透析等(剔除二级目录范围内药品)300元/天;离休干部不限。 | | 离休干部超范围用药 | 填写《广州市公费医疗离休干部超目录范围用药申请表》 | | 材料费的报销原则 | 1.人工晶体1800元/个,心脏起搏器50000元/台,血管支架30000元/个,不设个人先自付比例。低于限额标准的按照实际费用纳入支付范围,超出限额部分须自费。2.医保乙类材料,单项费用高于3000元且不超过50000元的,个人先自付10%;单项费用高于50000元的,个人应先支付20%;其余部分由公费医疗经费按规定比例支付。离休人员及一至六级残疾军人先支付比例为零。3.安装心脏起搏器术、脏器移植(肾、骨髓移植)、心脏瓣膜置换术、冠状动脉成形术、支架植入术、射频消融术、介入栓塞化疗术、各类造影术等,须回公医处办理审批手续。审批后按住院比例记账,不存在单位分摊。4.离休人员住院无需办理住院备案手续。5.住院受选点限制。 | | 地址和电话 | 大沙路333号531 电话: | | 天河区公费医疗 | 医疗证号码前两位 | A0、A1、A2 | | 离休门诊药费限额 | 300元 | | 普通门诊药费限额 | 100元 | | 肿瘤用药 | 填写《广州市公费医疗特殊病种治疗申请表》 | | 透析 | 填写《广州市公费医疗特殊病种治疗申请表》 | | 特殊检查或治疗及审批地点 | 超300元以上的检查和治疗需要审批,填写《广州市公费医疗特殊检查、治疗申请表》 审批地点:单位 | | 住院药费限额 | 普通200元/天;抢救、肿瘤、透析等300元/天;离休不限。 | | 离休干部超范围用药 | 填写《广州市公费医疗离休干部超目录范围用药申请表》 | | 材料费的报销原则 | 1.人工晶体1800元/个,心脏起搏器50000元/台,血管支架30000元/个,不设个人先自付比例。低于限额标准的按照实际费用纳入支付范围,超出限额部分须自费。2.安装心脏起搏器术、脏器移植(肾、骨髓移植)、心脏瓣膜置换术、冠状动脉成形术、支架植入术、射频消融术、介入栓塞化疗术、各类造影术、骨科人工内固定材料及单项费用超过3000元的材料等费用特别昂贵的检查治疗项目,以上项目审批后需个人全额自费后回公医办零星报销。4.离休人员住院无需办理住院备案手续。5.住院不受选点限制。 | | 地址和电话 | 天府路1号2号楼10楼;电话: |
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_10.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_10.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d82e20e3f0dda088005740fbc97f02c9b7b8a9f3
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@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+# 全景幅 / PROⅡ型 镜头旋转式相机
+
+## 135专用附件
+## 使用说明书
+
+
+## WIDEPAN/PROⅡ
+PANORAMIC CAMERA
+
+### 附件视图与构件名称
+
+
+胶卷支架
+
+
+画幅遮幅器
+
+
+卷片器
+
+
+取景遮幅器
+
+### 135胶卷装卸与卷片计数
+
+#### 一、安装准备
+
+1. 开启后盖，计数器复位至起始位置，显示“S”。
+2. 装入全景遮幅器：
+将全景遮幅器按图示①位置放入，并放转压板固定。注意安装到位。
+3. 将取景器遮幅罩按图示②装入取景器。
+
+
+图示①
+
+
+图示②
+
+图示③
+
+
+图示④
+
+
+图示⑤
+
+#### 二、135胶卷安装
+
+1. 向下拉出倒片轴座，装入胶卷；再推上倒片轴座。图③
+2. 按图示④顺序安装胶卷。
+① 将胶片头穿过导片辊1从胶片导轨侧拉出，沿着全景遮幅卷片道插入连接板拉出。
+② 装入胶卷安装支架。见图⑤
+按入供片轴脱开按钮，供片轴下轴芯向外弹出，将胶卷安装支架插入供片轴上轴芯，并对准倒片轴座，再将供片轴下轴芯插入。
+③ 将胶卷片头从胶片导轨侧插入，穿过导片辊2之后拉出。
+④ 安装卷片器：
+按入卷片轴脱开按钮，卷片轴下轴芯向外弹出。将卷片器的卷片轴芯插入卷片轴下轴芯压住，并对准卷片轴上轴芯，再将卷片轴下轴芯推入，将片舌插入卷片器的片槽，并使槽内的挂齿进入片孔。见图⑥
+⑤ 装片完成效果图。见图⑦
+提示：把胶卷支架靠向遮幅器一侧。
+⑥ 关闭后盖。
+
+
+
+图示⑥
+
+
+
+图示⑦
+
+#### 三、卷片计数
+1. 第一画幅：
+旋转卷片旋钮至旋转不动，卷片自动定位于它一画幅，计数器显示“0”，可以进行第一画幅的拍摄。
+2. 第一画幅拍摄完成后，旋转卷片旋钮至自动定位于第二画幅，计数显示“1”……。
+3. 重复操作②，则可拍摄其余画幅。
+
+#### 四、取出胶卷
+1. 第十画幅拍摄完成后(计数器显示“9”)，依箭头方向拨动相机底部的倒片释放钮到底，使卷片轴下轴芯向外弹出。
+2. 按箭头方向旋转倒片旋钮，将已拍摄胶卷逐渐回收至暗盒，至计数器显示“S”。
+3. 开启后盖。
+4. 取出胶卷。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_11.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_11.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..ced8caa019893c153f330773d90c763a7929f755
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_11.md
@@ -0,0 +1,304 @@
+
+
+
+
+# Quad Supply and Line Monitor
+
+## FEATURES
+
+* Inputs for Monitoring up to Four Separate Supply Voltage Levels
+
+* Internal Inverter for Sensing a Negative Supply Voltage
+
+* Line/Switch Sense Input for Early Power Source Failure Warning
+
+* Programmable Under- and Over-Voltage Fault Thresholds with Proportional Hysteresis
+
+* A Precision 2.5V Reference
+
+* General Purpose Op-Amp for Auxiliary Use
+
+* Three High Current, >30mA, Open-Collector Outputs Indicate Over-Voltage, Under-Voltage and Power OK Conditions
+
+* Input Supply Under-Voltage Sensing and Start-Latch Eliminate Erroneous Fault Alerts During Start-Up
+
+* 8-40V Supply Operation with 7mA Stand-By Current
+
+## DESCRIPTION
+
+The UC1903 family of quad supply and line monitor integrated circuits will re-spond to under- and over-voltage conditions on up to four continuously moni-tored voltage levels. An internal op-amp inverter allows at least one of these levels to be negative. A separate line/switcher sense input is available to pro-vide early warning of line or other power source failures.
+
+The fault window adjustment circuit on these devices provides easy program-ming of under- and over-voltage thresholds. The thresholds, centered around a precision 2.5V reference, have an input hysteresis that scales with the win-dow width for precise, glitch-free operation. A reference output pin allows the sense input fault windows to be scaled independently using simple resistive dividers.
+
+The three open collector outputs on these devices will sink in excess of 30mA of load current when active. The under- and over-voltage outputs respond af-ter separate, user defined, delays to respective fault conditions. The third out-put is active during any fault condition including under- and over-voltage, line/switcher faults, and input supply under-voltage. The off state of this out-put indicates a "power OK" situation.
+
+An additional, uncommitted, general purpose op-amp is also included. This op-amp, capable of sourcing 20mA of output current, can be used for a num-ber of auxiliary functions including the sensing and amplification of a feed-back error signal when the 2.5V output is used as a system reference.
+
+In addition, these ICs are equipped with a start-latch to prevent erroneous un-der-voltage indications during start-up. These parts operate over an 8V to 40V input supply range and require a typical stand-by current of only 7mA.
+
+## BLOCK DIAGRAM
+
+
+
+ABSOLUTE MAXIMUM RATINGS (Note 1)
+
+Supply Voltage (+VIN)...+40V
+Open Collector Output Voltages...+40V
+Open Collector Output Currents...50mA
+Sense 1-4 Input Voltages...-0.3V to +20V
+Line/Switcher Sense Input Voltage...-0.3V to +40V
+Op-Amp and Inverter Input Voltages...-0.3V to +40V
+Op-Amp and Inverter Output Currents....-40mA
+Window Adjust Voltage...0.0V to +10V
+Delay Pin Voltages...0.0V to +5V
+Reference Output Current...-40mA
+Power Dissipation at TA = 25℃ (Note 1)...1000mW
+Power Dissipation at Tc = 25℃ (Note 1)...2000mW
+Operating Junction Temperature...-55℃ to +150℃
+Storage Temperature...-65℃ to +150℃
+Lead Temperature (Soldering, 10 Seconds)...300℃
+
+
+
+Note 1: Voltages are referenced to ground (Pin 3). Currents are positive into, negative out of, the specified terminals. Consult Packaging Section of Databook for thermal limitations and considerations of package.
+
+## CONNECTION DIAGRAMS
+
+
+
+| PLCC-20, LCC-20 (TOP VIEW)
+Q, L Package
+
+
+
+ |
+PACKAGE PIN FUNCTION |
+| FUNCTION | PIN |
+
|---|
+
+
+| +VIN |
+1 |
+
+
+| Vref (2.5V) |
+2 |
+
+
+| GROUND |
+3 |
+
+
+| GROUND |
+4 |
+
+
+| WINDOW ADJUST |
+5 |
+
+
+| N/C |
+6 |
+
+
+| SENSE 4 INVERTINPUT |
+7 |
+
+
+| SENSE 4 |
+8 |
+
+
+| SENSE 3 |
+9 |
+
+
+| SENSE 2 |
+10 |
+
+
+| SENSE 1 |
+11 |
+
+
+| OV DELAY |
+12 |
+
+
+|
+
+$\overline{OV FAULT}$
+
+ |
+13 |
+
+
+|
+
+$\overline{UV FAULT}$ |
+14 |
+
+
+| UV DELAY |
+15 |
+
+
+| POWER OK |
+16 |
+
+
+| LINE/SWITCHER SENSE |
+17 |
+
+
+| G.P. OP-AMP OUT |
+18 |
+
+
+| G.P. OP-AMP NI. |
+19 |
+
+
+| G.P. OP-AMP INV. |
+20 |
+
+
+
+
+**ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS**: Unless otherwise stated, these specifications apply for TA = -55℃ to +125℃ for the UC1903; -40℃ to +85℃ for the UC2903; and 0℃ to +70℃ for the UC3903; +VIN = 15V; Sense Inputs (Pins 6-9 and Pin 15) = 2.5V; VPIN 4 = 1.0V, $T_A = T_J.$
+
+| PARAMETERS | TEST CONDITIONS | UC1903 / UC2903 | UC3903 | UNITS |
|---|
| MIN | TYP | MAX | MIN | TYP | MAX |
|---|
| Supply | | Input Supply Current | No Faults | | 7 | 9 | | 7 | 11 | mA | | UV, OV and Line Fault | | 10 | 15 | | 10 | 18 | mA | | Supply Under Voltage Threshold (Vsuv) | Fault Outputs Enabled | 6.0 | 7.0 | 7.5 | 5.5 | 7.0 | 8.0 | V | | Minimum Supply to Enable Power OK Output | | | 3.0 | 4.0 | | 3.0 | 4.0 | V | | Reference | | Output Voltage (VREF) | TJ = 25℃ | 2.485 | 2.5 | 2.515 | 2.470 | 2.5 | 2.530 | V | | Over Temperature | 2.465 | | 2.535 | 2.465 | | 2.535 | V | | Load Regulation | IL = 0 to 10mA | | 1 | 10 | | 1 | 15 | mV | | Line Regulation | +VIN = 8 to 40V | | 1 | 4 | | 1 | 8 | mV | | Short Circuit Current | TJ = 25℃ | | 40 | | | 40 | | mA | | Fault Thresholds (Note 4) | | OV Threshold Adj. | Offset from VREF as a function of VPIN 4Input = Low to High, 0.5V ≤ VPIN 4 ≤ 2.5V | .230 | .25 | .270 | .230 | .25 | .270 | V/V | | UV Threshold Adj. | Offset from VREF as a function of VPIN 4Input = High to Low, 0.5V ≤ VPIN 4 ≤ 2.5V | -.270 | -.25 | -.230 | -.270 | -.25 | -.230 | V/V |
+
+**ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS**:Unless otherwise stated, these specifications apply for TA = -55℃ to +125℃ for the UC1903; -40℃ to +85℃ for the UC2903; and 0℃ to +70℃ for the UC3903; +VIN = 15V; Sense Inputs (Pins 6-9 and Pin 15) = 2.5V; VPIN 4 = 1.0V, TA = TJ.
+
+| PARAMETERS | TEST CONDITIONS | UC1903/UC2903 | UC3903 | UNITS |
|---|
| MIN | TYP | MAX | MIN | TYP | MAX |
|---|
+
+| Fault Thresholds (cont.) |
+
+| OV & UV Threshold Hyst. | 0.5V ≤ VPIN 4 ≤ 2.5V | 10 | 20 | 30 | 10 | 20 | 30 | mV/V |
+
+| OV & UV Threshold Supply Sensitivity | +VIN = 8V to 40V | | .002 | .01 | | .002 | .02 | %/V |
+
+| Adjust Pin (Pin 4) Input Bias Current | 0.5V ≤ VPIN 4 ≤ 2.5V | | ±1 | ±10 | | ±1 | ±12 | µA/V |
+
+| Line Sense Threshold | Input = High to Low | 1.94 | 2.0 | 2.06 | 1.9 | 2.0 | 2.1 | V | | Line Sense Threshold Hyst. | | 125 | 175 | 225 | 100 | 175 | 250 | mV | | Sense Inputs | | Sense 1-4 Input Bias Current | Input = 2.8V (Note 2) | | 1 | 3 | | 1 | 6 | µA | | Input = 2.2 (Note 2) | | -1 | -3 | | -1 | -6 | µA | | Line Sense Input Bias Current | Input = 2.3V (Note 2) | | 1 | 3 | | 1 | 6 | µA | | OV and UV Fault Delay | | Charging Current | | | 60 | | | 60 | | µA | | Threshold Voltage | Delay Pin = Low to High | | 1.8 | | | 1.8 | | V | | Threshold Hysteresis | TJ = 25℃ | | 250 | | | 250 | | mV | | Delay | Ratio of Threshold Voltage to Charging Current | 20 | 30 | 50 | 20 | 30 | 50 | ms/µF | | Fault Outputs (OV, UV, & Power 0K) |
+
+| Maximum Current | VOUT = 2V | 30 | 70 | | 30 | 70 | | mA | | Saturation Voltage | IOUT = 12mA | | .25 | .40 | | .25 | .40 | V |
+
+| Leakage Current | VOUT = 40 V | | 3 | 25 | | 3 | 25 | µA | | Sense 4 Inverter (Note 3) | | Input Offset Voltage | | | 2 | 8 | | 2 | 10 | mV | | Input Bias Current | | | .1 | 2 | | .1 | 4 | µA | | Open Loop Gain | | 65 | 80 | | 65 | 80 | | dB |
+
+| PSRR | +VIN = 8 to 40 V | 65 | 100 | | 65 | 100 | | dB | | Unity Gain Frequency | | | 1 | | | 1 | | MHz | | Slew Rate | | | .4 | | | .4 | | V/µs | | Short Circuit Current | TJ = 25℃ | | 40 | | | 40 | | mA |
+
+| G.P. Op-Amp (Note 3) | | Input Offset Voltage | | | 1 | 5 | | 1 | 8 | mV | | Input Bias Voltage | | | .1 | 2 | | .1 | 4 | µA | | Input Offset Current | | | .01 | .5 | | .01 | 1.0 | µA | | Open Loop Gain | | 65 | 120 | | 65 | 120 | | dB |
+
+| CMRR | VCM = 0 to +VIN = 2.0V | 65 | 100 | | 65 | 100 | | dB | | PSRR | +VIN = 8 to 40V | 65 | 100 | | 65 | 100 | | dB | | Unity Gain Frequency | | | 1 | | | 1 | | MHz | | Slew Rate | | | .4 | | | .4 | | V/µs | | Short Circuit Current | TJ = 25℃ | | 40 | | | 40 | | mA |
+
+Note 2: These currents represent maximum input bias currents required as the sense inputs cross appropriate thresholds.
+
+Note 3: When either the G.P. OP-Amp, or the Sense 4 Inverter, are configured for sensing a negative supply voltage, the divider resistance at the inverting input should be chosen such that the nominal divider current is ≤ 1.4mA. With the divider current at or below this level possible latching of the circuit is avoided. Proper operation for currents at or below 1.4mA is 100% tested in production.
+
+Note 4: Reference to pin numbers in this specification pertain to 18 pin DIL N and J packages and 18 pin SOIC DW package.UC1903
+
+
+
+## OPERATION AND APPLICATION INFORMATION
+
+
+
+**Figure 1.** The UC1903 fault window circuitry generates OV and UV thresholds centered around the 2.5V reference. Window magnitude and threshold hysteresis are proportional to the window adjust input voltage at Pin 4.
+
+## OPERATION AND APPLICATION INFORMATION
+
+### Setting a Fault Window
+
+The fault thresholds on the UC1903 are generated by cre-ating positive and negative offsets, equal in magnitude, that are referenced to the chip's 2.5V reference. The re-sulting fault window is centered around 2.5V and has a magnitude equal to that of the applied offsets. Simplified schematics of the fault window and reference circuits are shown in Figure 1 (see previous page). The magnitude of the offsets is determined by the voltage applied at the window adjust pin, Pin 4. A bias cancellation circuit keeps the input current required at Pin 4 low, allowing the use of a simple resistive divider off the reference to set the ad-just pin voltage.
+
+The adjust voltage at Pin 4 is internally applied across R4, and an 8k resistor. The resulting current is mirrored four times to generate current sources IOA, IOB, IOC, and IOD, all equal in magnitude. When all four of the sense inputs are inside the fault window, a no-fault condition, Q4 and Q5 are turned on. In combination with D1 and D2 this pre-vents LOB and LOD from affecting the fault thresholds. In this case, the OV and UV thresholds are equal to VREF + IOA(R5 + R6) and VREF - IOC(R7 + R8) respectively. The fault window can be expressed as:
+
+$$
+(1) \qquad 2.5V \pm \frac{V_{\text{ADJ}}}{4}.
+$$
+
+In terms of a sensed nominal voltage level, VS, the window as a percent variation is:
+
+$$
+(2) \qquad V_S \pm (10 \cdot V_{\text{ADJ}}) \%.
+$$
+
+When a sense input moves outside the fault window given in equation(1), the appropriate hysteresis control signal turns off Q4 or Q5. For the under-voltage case, Q5 is dis-abled and current source IOB flows through D2. The net current through R7 becomes zero as IOB cancels IOC, giv-ing an 8% reduction in the UV threshold offset. The over-voltage case is the same, with Q4 turning off, allowing IOD to cancel the current flow, IOA, through R6. The result is a hysteresis at the sense inputs which is always 8% of the window magnitude. This is shown graphically in Figure 2.
+
+
+
+**Figure 2.** The fault window and threshold hysteresis scale as a function of the voltage applied at Pin 4, the window adjust pin.
+
+### Fault Windows Can Be Scaled Independently
+
+In many applications, it may be desirable to monitor vari-ous supply voltages, or voltage levels, with varying fault windows. Using the reference output and external resis-tive dividers this is easily accomplished with the UC1903. Figures 3 and 4 illustrate how the fault window at any sense input can be scaled independently of the remaining inputs.
+
+
+
+**Figure 3.** Using the reference output and a resistive divider, a sense input with an independently wider fault window can be generated.
+
+
+
+**Figure 4.** The general purpose op-amp on the UC1903 can be used to create a sense input with an independently tighter fault window.
+
+Figure 4 demonstrates one of many auxiliary functions that the uncommitted op-amp on the UC1903 can be used for. Alternatively, this op-amp can be used to buffer high impedance points, perform logic functions, or for sensing and amplification. For example, the G.P. op-amp, combined with the 2.5V reference, can be used to pro-duce and buffer an optically coupled feedback signal in isolated supplies with primary side control. The output stage of this op-amp is detailed in Figure 5. The NPN emitter follower provides high source current capability. ≥20mA while the substrate device, Q3, provides good transient sinking capability.
+
+## OPERATION AND APPLICATION INFORMATION (continued)
+
+
+
+**Figure 5.** The G.P. op-amp on the UC1903 has a high source current (≥20mA) capability and enhanced transient sinking capa-bility through substrate device Q3.
+
+### Sensing a Negative Voltage Level
+
+The UC1903 has a dedicated inverter coupled to the sense 4 input. With this inverter, a negative voltage level can be sensed as shown in Figure 6. The output of the in-verter is an unbiased emitter follower. By tying the invert-ing input, Pin 5, high the output emitter follower will be reverse biased, leaving the sense 4 input in a high imped-ance state. In this manner, the sense 4 input can be used, as the remaining sense inputs would be, for sensing posi-tive voltage levels.
+
+
+
+**Figure 6.** Inverting the sense 4 input for monitoring a negative supply is accommodated with the dedicated inverter.
+
+### Using The Line/Switcher Sense Output
+
+The line switcher sense input to the UC1903 can be used for early detection of line, switcher, or other power source, failures. Internally referenced to 2.0V, the line sense com-parator will cause the POWER OK output to indicate a fault (active low) condition when the LINE/SWITCHER SENSE input goes from above to below 2.0V. The line sense comparator has approximately 175mV of hystere-sis requiring the line/switcher input to reach 2.175V be-fore the POWER OK output device can be turned off, allowing a no-fault indication. In Figure 7 an example showing the use of the LINE/SWITCHER SENSE input for early switcher-fault detection is detailed. A sample sig-nal is taken from the output of the power transformer, rec-tified and filtered, and used at the line/switcher input. By adjusting the R2C time constant with respect to the switching frequency of the supply and the hold up time of the output capacitor, switcher faults can be detected be-fore supply outputs are significantly affected.
+
+
+
+**Figure 7.** The line/switcher sense input can be used for an early line or switcher fault indication.
+
+### OV and UV Comparators Maintain Accurate Thresholds
+
+The structure of the $\overline {OV}$ and $\overline {UV}$ comparators, shown in Figure 8 results in accurate fault thresholds even in the case where multiple sense inputs cross a fault threshold simultaneously. Unused sense inputs can be tied either to the 2.5V reference, or to another, utilized, sense input. The four under- and over-voltage sense inputs on the UC1903 are clamped as detailed on the Sense 1 input in Figure 8. The series 2k resistor, R1, and zener diode Z1, prevent extreme under- and over-voltage conditions from inverting the outputs of the fault comparators. A parasitic diode, D1, is present at the inputs as well. Under normal operation it is advisable to insure that voltage levels at all of the sense inputs stay above -0.3V. The same type of input protection exists at the line sense input, Pin 15, ex-cept a 5k series resistor is used.
+
+The fault delay circuitry on the UC1903 is also shown in Figure 8. In the case of an over-voltage condition at one of the sense inputs Q20 is turned off, allowing the internal 60µA current source to charge the user-selected delay capacitor. When the capacitor voltage reaches 1.8V, the $\overline {OV}$ and POWER OK outputs become active low. When the fault condition goes away Q20 is turned back on, rap-idly discharging the delay capacitor. Operation of the un-der-voltage delay is, with appropriate substitutions, the same.
+
+## OPERATION AND APPLICATION INFORMATION (continued)
+
+
+
+**Figure 8.** The OV and UV comparators on the UC1903 trigger respective fault delay circuits when one or more of the sense inputs move outside the fault window. Input clamps insure proper operation under extreme fault conditions. Terminating the UV delay ca-pacitor to VREF assures correct logic at power up.
+
+### Start Latch and Supply Under-Voltage Sense Allow Predictable Power-Up
+
+The supply under-voltage sense and start-latch circuitry on the UC1903 prevents fault indications during start-up or low input supply (+VIN) conditions. When the input sup-ply voltage is below the supply under-voltage threshold the $\overline {OV}$ and $\overline {UV}$ fault outputs are disabled and the POWER OK output is active low. The POWER OK output will remain active until the input supply drops below ap-proximately 3.0V. With +VIN below this level, all of the open collector outputs will be off.
+
+When the input supply is low, the under-voltage sense cir-cuitry resets the start-latch. With the start-latch reset, the UV fault output will remain disabled until the input supply rises to its normal operating level (8-40V), and all of the sense inputs are above the under-voltage threshold. This allows slow starting, or supply sequencing, without an ar-tificial under-voltage fault indication. Once the latch is set, the UV fault output will respond if any of the sense inputs drop below the under-voltage threshold.
+
+UNITRODE CORPORATION
+7 CONTINENTAL BLVD. • MERRIMACK, NH 03054
+TEL. (603) 424-2410 • FAX (603) 424-3460
+
+## IMPORTANT NOTICE
+
+Texas Instruments and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make changes to their products or to discontinue any product or service without notice, and advise customers to obtain the latest version of relevant information to verify, before placing orders, that information being relied on is current and complete. All products are sold subject to the terms and conditions of sale supplied at the time of order acknowledgement, including those pertaining to warranty, patent infringement, and limitation of liability.
+
+TI warrants performance of its semiconductor products to the specifications applicable at the time of sale in accordance with TI's standard warranty. Testing and other quality control techniques are utilized to the extent TI deems necessary to support this warranty. Specific testing of all parameters of each device is not necessarily performed, except those mandated by government requirements.
+
+CERTAIN APPLICATIONS USING SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS MAY INVOLVE POTENTIAL RISKS OF DEATH, PERSONAL INJURY, OR SEVERE PROPERTY OR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE ("CRITICAL APPLICATIONS"). TI SEMICONDUCTOR PRODUCTS ARE NOT DESIGNED, AUTHORIZED, OR WARRANTED TO BE SUITABLE FOR USE IN LIFE-SUPPORT DEVICES OR SYSTEMS OR OTHER CRITICAL APPLICATIONS. INCLUSION OF TI PRODUCTS IN SUCH APPLICATIONS IS UNDERSTOOD TO BE FULLY AT THE CUSTOMER'S RISK.
+
+In order to minimize risks associated with the customer's applications, adequate design and operating safeguards must be provided by the customer to minimize inherent or procedural hazards.
+
+TI assumes no liability for applications assistance or customer product design. TI does not warrant or represent that any license, either express or implied, is granted under any patent right, copyright, mask work right, or other intellectual property right of TI covering or relating to any combination, machine, or process in which such semiconductor products or services might be or are used. TI's publication of information regarding any third party's products or services does not constitute TI's approval, warranty or endorsement thereof.
+
+Copyright © 1999, Texas Instruments Incorporated
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_12.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_12.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..205cc4480d071def66f17933d9b09d79b1c82a93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_12.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+
+
+
+# 手机快速指南
+
+品名: TD-LTE数字移动电话机
+
+市场名: Z2型号: Z2131
+
+www.zuk.com
+
+## 手机外观
+
+
+
+
+
+## 手机外观
+
+
+
+## 插卡指导
+
+### 插入Nano-SIM卡
+
+1. 用取卡针插入Nano-SIM卡插槽旁的小孔，直至卡座弹出。
+2. 取出卡座，将Nano-SIM卡金属触点面朝下、截角朝外置入卡座。
+3. 将卡座插回手机侧面的插槽中。
+
+
+
+### 取出SIM卡
+
+1. 关闭手机，并且移去充电器等外部电源。
+2. 用取卡针插入Nano-SIM卡插槽旁的小孔，直至卡座弹出。
+3. 取出卡座，将Nano-SIM卡从卡座中取出。
+4. 将卡座插回手机侧面的插槽中。
+
+**温馨提示**
+仅可使用标准Nano-SIM卡。使用非标准或自行加工的Nano-SIM卡可能损坏您的手机。
+
+## 关于网络
+
+### 双卡双待
+- 全网通7模22频。
+- 支持移动、联通、电信的4G+ /4G / 3G / 2G网络。
+- 双卡双待，使用标准 Nano-SIM 卡。
+
+
+
+**温馨提示**
+1. 双Nano-SIM卡槽,任意卡槽均可设置为主卡，并可以随意切换。
+2. 当主卡使用4G或4G+数据时,副卡最高支持联通3G网络语音通话。
+3. 两张电信卡无法同时使用:同时使用时一张卡可使用 4G 网络,另一张卡将不能注册网络。
+4. 移动卡作为主卡,可以支持 VoLTE高清语音通话。
+
+## 充电和开关机
+
+### 为电池充电
+1. 将USB数据线接口插入手机的Type C USB接口中。
+2. 将USB数据线的另一端插入充电器尾部的接口中。
+3. 将充电器的电源插头插入到电源插座中，开始为电池充电。
+
+
+
+**温馨提示**
+请小心操作，不要强行拔出充电座插头，否则可能会损坏手机或充电器。
+
+### 开机和关机
+
+开机: 长按电源键直至手机屏幕出现开机的画面。
+关机: 长按电源键直至弹出手机选项菜单，轻触关机。
+强制重启: 长按电源键不做任何处理，系统会在振动之后强制重启。
+
+
+## 安全信息
+如不遵循安全说明，可能导致火灾、电击或其他伤害，或者损坏本产品或其他财物。
+- 请勿尝试自行更换手机中的可充电电池。该电池只能由神奇工场授权的维修机构或技术人员进行更换。神奇工场授权的维修机构或技术人员将根据当地的法律法规回收电池。
+- 请在凉爽、通风的室内给电池充电。否则充电时环境温度过高，会引起电池的发热、冒烟、燃烧或变形，甚至爆炸。
+- 本电池只能使用专用的充电器充电，勿在0°C至45°C（32°F至113°F）的温度范围外充电，并且连续充电的时间严禁超过12个小时。
+- 请不要拆卸或改装充电器，严禁在电源线损坏的情况下使用充电器，否则会导致触电、起火和充电器损坏。
+- 严禁短路充电器，严禁机械振动或晃动充电器，严禁阳光直射，严禁在浴室等高湿度的地方使用充电器。
+- 只能使用神奇工场认可的电池、充电器和配件。对因使用第三方的电池、充电器和配件造成的任何后果，神奇工场不承担任何责任。
+- 使用耳机时请注意控制适当的音量，以免损伤听力。
+- 该操作系统仅支持官方提供的系统更新，若用户刷第三方ROM系统或采用任何破解的方式修改系统文件，可能会导致系统不稳定，可能会带来安全风险或危险，用户需要为类似行为承担责任。
+- 本产品电磁辐射比吸收率（SAR）最大值小于2.0W/KG，符合国家标准GB 21288-2007的要求。
+
+## 回收与环境信息
+
+### 《废弃电器电子产品回收处理管理条例》提示性说明
+
+神奇工场鼓励拥有神奇工场品牌产品的用户当不再需要此类产品时，遵守国家废弃电器电子产品回收处理相关法律法规，将其交给当地具有国家认可的回收处理资质的厂商进行回收处理。
+
+### 中国RoHS
+
+为满足中华人民共和国电子电器产品有害物质限制相关的法律法规和其他要求，神奇工场对本产品中有害物质，按部件分类，声明如下。
+
+| 部件名称 | 有害物质 |
|---|
| 铅(Pb) | 汞(Hg) | 镉(Cd) | 六价铬(Cr(VI)) | 多溴联苯(PBB) | 多溴二苯醚(PBDE) |
|---|
| 印制电路板组件 | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | | 显示屏 | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | | 外观件 | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | | 电池 | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | | 充电器 | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | | 配件(耳机、USB线) | × | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ |
+
+本表格依据SJ/T 11364的规定编制。
+
+○：表示该有害物质在该部件所有均质材料中的含量均在GB/T 26572 规定的限量要求以下。
+
+×：表示该有害物质至少在该部件的某一均质材料中的含量超出 GB/T 26572规定的限量要求。
+
+注：表中标记“×”的部件，皆因全球技术发展水平限制而无法实现有害物质的替代。
+
+***
+
+在中华人民共和国境内销售的电子电器产品必须标识此标志，标志内的数字代表在正常使用状态下的产品的环保使用期限。
+
+***
+
+## 装箱清单
+
+
+
+
+| 序号 |
+名称 |
+数量 |
+单位 |
+
+
+
+
+| 1 |
+主机 |
+1 |
+台 |
+
+
+| 2 |
+充电头 |
+1 |
+个 |
+
+
+| 3 |
+USB线 |
+1 |
+条 |
+
+
+| 4 |
+SIM卡针 |
+1 |
+枚 |
+
+
+| 5 |
+快速指南 |
+1 |
+本 |
+
+
+| 6 |
+三包凭证 |
+1 |
+本 |
+
+
+| 7 |
+游戏礼包卡 |
+1 |
+张 |
+
+
+
+
+当您打开包装后，如发现包装盒内遗漏以上内容，请速与运营商或电商联系，以保证您的正常使用。
+
+## 了解更多
+
+### 联系我们
+神奇工场服务热线：400-8828-228
+
+### 购买神奇产品
+为了您的安全，请您使用正品手机和配件。
+神奇工场官网商城：www.zuk.com
+
+### 商标
+ZUK是神奇工场所属企业的品牌商标。本指南提及的公司名称、产品或服务名称可能是神奇工场所属企业或其他公司的商标。
+
+**温馨提示**
+本指南的用途在于帮助您正确地使用神奇工场产品，并不代表对本产品的软硬件配置的任何说明。有关产品配置情况，请查阅与本产品相关合约（若有），或咨询向您出售产品的销售商。
+本指南中的图片仅供参考，如果有个别图片与产品实物不符，请以产品实物为准。
+
+
+
+
+
+V1.0 20160413
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+斗柄西指、虫鸣渐歇，从云贵梯田到秦岭山区，从黄淮海平原到东北黑土地，水稻、玉米等秋粮作物籽粒渐丰。
+
+“解决好吃饭问题，始终是治国理政的头等大事”“在粮食安全这个问题上不能有丝毫麻痹大意”...习近平总书记对粮食安全念兹在兹。
+
+“十四五”以来，我国粮食总产量始终保持在1.3万亿斤以上；2024年粮食总产量首次超过1.4万亿斤。今年，夏粮创下历史第二高产纪录；早稻亩产首次突破400公斤；秋粮面积稳中有增，作物长势正常偏好，夺取新一季丰收有基础、有条件。
+
+岁稔年丰，为有效应对各种风险挑战提供充足底气。走进金秋的田野，感受丰收中国的斑斓色彩、大国粮仓的殷实稳固。
+
+品丰收味道
+
+丰收是什么味道？
+
+“中原粮仓”河南，种粮大户崔立伍剥开玉米苞叶，清甜扑鼻而来。
+
+漯河市临颍县三家店镇崔庄村，站在自家地头，看着即将“定格”的丰收景象，崔立伍感慨：“这甜是拼出来的！”将近200亩地,一季麦子、一季玉米,今年崔立伍一直和旱情“赛跑”。
+
+种夏粮,持续的高温少雨导致小麦灌浆期缩短,成熟期提前。“麦收不等人,光靠人工根本收不过来。”崔立伍说,多亏镇里协调了10多台联合收割机“抢收”,“效率比往年高出一大截”。
+
+种秋粮,旱情持续,正当崔立伍为玉米叶片因高温发黄打蔫忧心,河南打响“夺粮保卫战”:农田里喷灌设备昼夜不息;水库调水,把水送到最需要的地方。崔立伍地里的庄稼,“喝”上附近五里河抽上来的水。玉米灌浆后期,田间布设滴管,细细水流带着可溶性肥料,把养分精准送到玉米根部。
+
+闯过一道道难关,细算丰收账:今年小麦亩产1100多斤,玉米亩产预计1200斤左右,产量与往年基本持平。
+
+抗灾闯关夺丰收,不只是今年。2021年严重秋汛致我国主产区冬小麦大面积晚播;2023年黄淮遭遇罕见“烂场雨”;2024年夏季“龙舟水”“暴力梅”,秋季极端暴雨、超强台风...当极端天气给我国粮食生产带来越来越大不确定性时,稳住连年丰收好势头,靠什么?
+
+政策更硬核——中央一号文件连续多年把确保国家粮食安全摆在首要位置,党政同责考核持续发挥“指挥棒”作用,粮食安全保障法正式施行,中央财政专项资金精准投向防灾救灾、促进稳产等领域...从顶层设计到制度约束，政策举措集中发力，“米袋子”愈发牢靠。
+
+“十四五”以来，主产区、主销区、产销平衡区“饭碗一起端”，粮食播种面积连年保持增长，2024年31个省(区、市)有26个省份增产，总产量首次突破1.4万亿斤，比2020年增产740亿斤。
+
+应变有韧性——重要农时节点，专家指导组、产业专家服务团和科技小分队，深入田间地头蹲点包片开展指导服务。为上紧齐鲁粮仓丰产“安全锁”，山东气象、农业农村部门联动，精准预警；为确保农田“熟一块、收一块”，河北分地块、分环节建立农机作业台账，协调补充农机缺口...
+
+截至目前，全国累计建成超过10亿亩高标准农田，黄淮海等粮食主产区“平急两用”区域农业应急救灾中心加速布局。我国3.4亿亩冬小麦，完全靠天吃饭的旱地麦仅占约两成，八成以上有水浇条件。今年以来，水利部多措并举推进抗旱保灌，全国春灌累计供水570亿立方米，为夏粮丰收、早稻总产单产双增收提供了坚实水利保障。
+
+看丰收成色
+
+黑龙江省宝清县，黑土地上稻浪翻涌。南元村的宋喜超是当地有名的种粮大户，近年秋收，他每亩都能多收好几十斤。高产秘诀是啥？“秸秆腐熟更彻底，地有劲儿了，产量自然是噌噌涨。”宋喜超抓起一把黑土，松软的土壤从指缝间漏下。
+
+宝清县冬季气温较低，水稻秸秆还田速度慢。在中国水稻研究所北方水稻研究中心专家指导下，宋喜超的900亩稻田用上了“寒地水稻秸秆全量原位还田缓释多效综合技术”，春季插秧后，通过增施复合微生物菌肥等措施，帮助秸秆70至90天内在田间分解。
+
+生产生态一起抓，换来了响当当的好效益。“亩均少施两成氮肥，水稻根系好，基本不用补苗。综合下来，一亩省了20元左右。”宋喜超说，他跟几家种粮大户联合办起了农民合作社，“绿色生态大米每斤能多卖2毛钱左右。”
+
+粒粒丰收粮，折射出愈发鲜明的生态底色。
+
+土地“养”得更健康。在东北，黑土地保护性耕作行动计划实施面积已超过1.12亿亩，从减少风蚀水蚀、改善土壤肥力，到提高作物产量、降低作业成本，效果持续显现；在南方，重点县实施酸化耕地治理720多万亩次，治理后土壤的pH值提高0.5，产能提升10%左右。
+
+粮食“吃”得更健康。“我们针对不同地区土壤有机质、酸碱度的差异，为生产经营主体提供土壤取样检测服务，分析确定最佳的氮磷钾配比，量身定制专用复合肥。”中化化肥有限公司渠道与协同业务部总经理王帅说。
+
+丰收成色更足，来自日益强劲的科技支撑。
+
+前不久，重庆市永川、梁平水稻示范片亩均产量双双超过800公斤。“之前，我们在科研试验田或者个别条件较好的田块，水稻亩产能达到800公斤以上。这次是在百亩示范片及万亩示范片核心区，多个点位超过800公斤，说明我们的高产技术经过多年集成，已经可以大范围推广。”重庆市农技总站粮油科科长方立魁说。
+
+试验田成果正源源不断转化为大田实际产量。2024年，全国粮食亩产达到394.7公斤，比“十三五”末提高了12.5公斤，单产提升对粮食产量增长的贡献超过80%。
+
+一项项新技术撑起丰收底气：“云”端，卫星遥感、物联网、大数据与智能装备深度融合，让种地更有“数”；地头，优质高产水稻、优质专用小麦、高油高产大豆等生产急需的重大品种育成，大喂入量谷物联合收割机、精量播种机等部署到生产一线，合理密植、一喷多促、水肥一体化等增产技术广泛应用……
+
+当前，我国农业科技进步贡献率达到63.2%，农业科技已成为保障粮食安全和重要农产品供给的强劲引擎和根本动力。
+
+掂丰收分量
+
+安徽省凤台县岳张集镇六院村，90后新农人徐甲甲轻推手中摇杆，一架植保无人机腾空而起。
+
+眼前这位姑娘，是一名标准的“粮三代”。6年前，徐甲甲扛起家里种粮的担子。在一季接一季的丰收里，她磨砺着本领。
+
+“下个月就要收获了，2000亩托管服务订单，每一环必须保质保量完成，还要去县里的高素质农民专题培训班‘充电’。”徐甲甲说。今年夏天，她负责的160亩小麦高产攻关田，亩产超过600公斤，在全县排名第一。
+
+谁来种地？怎么种地？农业发展面临的新课题，也是保障粮食安全的必答题。从“老把式”到新农人，一代代种粮人接续奋斗，丰收答卷更有分量。
+
+沉甸甸的“中国饭碗”，承载着生产经营方式之变。
+
+江西省宁都县东山坝镇大布村，金色的稻浪里藏着增收致富的秘诀。办起规模化育秧中心，对接优质粮食收购渠道，打造生态稻田观光区...粒粒丰收粮，正衍生出更有吸引力的乡村产业。
+
+我国已累计培育高素质农民900多万人次,家庭农场、农民合作社、农业产业化龙头企业等,构成新型农业经营主体“新雁阵”,全国110多万个经营性主体开展社会化服务,覆盖粮食作物达17.1亿亩次。新理念、新模式、新业态,推动粮食安全持续向更高层次跃升。
+
+沉甸甸的“中国饭碗”，承载着大国的责任担当。
+
+经过艰苦努力,我国以占世界9%的耕地、6%的淡水资源,养育了世界近1/5的人口,告别4亿人吃不饱的过去,迎来14亿多人吃得好的今天。数据显示:全球每5斤谷物,就有1斤多产自中国。“谁来养活中国”的问题有了响亮答案。
+
+“在维护全球粮食安全、能源安全等问题上体现大国担当,发挥表率作用”“支持减贫和粮食安全国际合作”...在全球发展和南南合作基金支持下,我国已向30多个国家实施了50多个粮食援助项目。
+
+喜看稻菽千重浪。大国粮仓根基稳固,展现了我国农业高质量发展的崭新气象。接续奋斗,坚决扛稳粮食安全这个重任,迎接一个又一个穰穰满家的丰收年。
+
+《人民日报》(2025年09月24日 01版)
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_14.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_14.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..22b88bb6e61371d2eb49007aa671281f5fc1d888
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_14.md
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+# 中华人民共和国最高人民法院刑事判决书
+
+（2024）最高法刑再 1 号
+
+抗诉机关最高人民检察院。
+
+原审被告人于某庆，男，1966 年 10 月 1 日出生于江苏省建湖县，高中文化，原系法定代表人。1988 年 2 月因犯诈骗罪被判处免予刑事处分。2005 年 4 月 19 日因犯故意伤害罪被判处有期徒刑六年，剥夺政治权利一年，在刑罚执行期间被裁定减刑二次共计减去有期徒刑一年十个月，2008 年 5 月 22 日刑满释放。2015 年 3 月 17 日曾因本案被逮捕，同年 4 月 23 日释放；2024 年 9 月 29 日再因本案被逮捕。现在押。
+
+辩护人凌建豪，江苏泰和律师事务所律师。
+
+辩护人吴恩雅，江苏泰和律师事务所律师。
+
+江苏省建湖县人民法院审理建湖县人民检察院指控被告人于某庆犯故意伤害罪、故意毁坏财物罪，被告人汤某虎犯故意伤害罪、放火罪及附带民事诉讼原告人左某红提起附带民事诉讼一案，于 2005 年 2 月 5 日作出（2004）建刑初字第 299 号刑事附带民事判决，认定于某庆犯故意伤害罪，判处有期徒刑八年，剥夺政治权利二年，犯故意毁坏财物罪，判处有期徒刑四年六个月，决定执行有期徒刑十一年六个月，剥夺政治权利二年；汤某虎犯故意伤害罪，判处有期徒刑八年，剥夺政治权利二年，犯放火罪，判处有期徒刑八年，剥夺政治权利二年，决定执行有期徒刑十五年，剥夺政治权利四年；于某庆、汤某虎赔偿左某红经济损失共计人民币 215724.25 元，二人承担连带赔偿责任。宣判后，于某庆、汤某虎和左某红提出上诉。江苏省盐城市中级人民法院于 2005 年 4 月 19 日作出（2005）盐刑一终字第 46 号刑事附带民事判决，认定于某庆犯故意伤害罪，判处有期徒刑六年，剥夺政治权利一年；汤某虎犯故意伤害罪，判处有期徒刑六年，剥夺政治权利一年，犯放火罪，判处有期徒刑六年六个月，剥夺政治权利一年，决定执行有期徒刑十一年，剥夺政治权利二年；于某庆、汤某虎赔偿左某红经济损失共计人民币 213224.25 元，二人承担连带赔偿责任。判决发生法律效力后，左某红向本院提出申诉，本院于 2009 年 2 月18 日作出（2008）刑监字第 221 号指令再审决定，指令江苏省高级人民法院再审本案。江苏省高级人民法院于 2015 年 4 月23 日作出（2014）苏刑二再提字第 00001 号刑事裁定，维持原二审刑事附带民事判决。左某红又向最高人民检察院提出申诉，最高人民检察院于 2023 年 10 月 10 日以高检审刑抗﹝2023﹞Ｚ1 号刑事抗诉书向本院提出抗诉。本院经审查后于2024 年 9 月 29 日作出（2023）最高法刑抗 2 号再审决定，提审本案。本院依法组成合议庭，于 2024 年 11 月 21 日召开庭前会议，并于同年 12 月 4 日公开开庭审理了本案。最高人民检察院指派检察员罗庆东、刘辰、检察官助理李轩出庭履行职务。原审被告人于某庆及其辩护人凌建豪、吴恩雅到庭参加诉讼。现已审理终结。
+
+江苏省建湖县人民法院原一审判决认定：2000 年 11 月，被告人于某庆被被害人左某红公司员工李某权打伤致残，于某庆认为是左某红指使，遂欲报复左某红。2002 年夏天，于某庆向被告人汤某虎提出打伤左某红的腿或眼睛，汤某虎表示同意。2003 年 3 月间，汤某虎到于某庆的公司上班，二人又多次计议报复左某红。汤某虎在请人实施报复不成的情况下决定自行加害左某红，于某庆表示同意。2003 年 12 月 21 日 20 时许，汤某虎携带一根自来水管驾驶摩托车至左某红的住处附近守候，发现左某红后，汤某虎即持自来水管连续打击左某红的头部、右小腿处，尔后驾车逃离。左某红经抢救脱险。经鉴定，左某红因颅脑损伤致硬脑膜外血肿，构成重伤，伤残程度八级；右腓骨骨折，构成轻伤。
+
+2004 年春节前，被告人于某庆听说左某红的伤势不重且无后遗症，并将此情况告知被告人汤某虎。汤某虎表示由其将左某红的新车挡风玻璃砸掉或用油漆浇一下，把车子损坏开不出来，于某庆表示同意。2004 年 2 月 26 日凌晨，汤某虎携带装有柴油、汽油的油箱，驾驶摩托车至左某红轿车停放处，把装油箱的蛇皮袋铺在左某红的别克牌凯越 1.6Ｌ银色轿车尾部下面，倒上柴油、汽油，点燃纸团后抛至该车尾部，导致车辆被烧毁。
+
+上述事实，有经原一审庭审举证、质证的书证、证人证言、被害人陈述、鉴定意见、现场勘验检查笔录及被告人供述等证据证实。
+
+江苏省建湖县人民法院认为，被告人于某庆为泄私愤,指使被告人汤某虎伤害左某红，致左某红重伤，构成八级伤残，二被告人的行为均构成故意伤害罪。二被告人预谋毁坏左某红的轿车,由汤某虎纵火将车烧毁，危及公共安全，于某庆的行为构成故意毁坏财物罪，汤某虎的行为构成放火罪。遂对二被告人作出前述原一审判决。
+
+江苏省盐城市中级人民法院原二审判决认定上诉人于某庆、汤某虎故意伤害及汤某虎放火的事实、证据与原一审相同，认为于某庆虽然与汤某虎计议损坏左某红的车辆，但于某庆并未要求汤某虎以危害公共安全的放火方式实现其报复意图，汤某虎的行为违背了于某庆主观故意，亦超出二人共同计议的范围，于某庆的行为不构成故意毁坏财物罪。同时认为，考虑到本案的具体情节，原一审量刑偏重，依法可予以改判。于某庆和汤某虎应按照鉴定的修复该车所需费用承担赔偿责任。遂作出前述原二审判决。
+
+江苏省高级人民法院再审认为，江苏省建湖县人民法院原一审判决认定事实清楚，证据确实、充分，定性准确。江苏省盐城市中级人民法院原二审判决撤销原审被告人于某庆犯故意毁坏财物罪属适用法律错误。鉴于于某庆接受改造，刑罚已经执行完毕，在再审庭审中当庭认罪悔罪，向被害人左某红赔礼道歉，并已全额赔偿了左某红经济损失，根据《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法〉的解释》（法释〔2012〕21 号）第三百八十六条“除人民检察院抗诉的以外，再审一般不得加重原审被告人的刑罚”的规定，原二审判决应予维持。遂作出前述再审裁定。
+
+最高人民检察院抗诉认为，原审被告人于某庆构成故意毁坏财物罪，本案原一审判决定性准确，原二审判决撤销于某庆犯故意毁坏财物罪系对案件定性错误导致的适用法律错误；江苏省高级人民法院再审在认为原二审判决撤销于某庆犯故意毁坏财物罪属适用法律错误的情况下，仍裁定维持该错误判决，亦属适用法律错误；江苏省高级人民法院再审裁定错误理解适用了“再审一般不得加重原审被告人的刑罚”的规定。
+
+庭前会议中，检察员提交了原审被告人于某庆签署的认罪认罚具结书，并建议对于某庆以故意毁坏财物罪判处有期徒刑三年二个月，与其所犯故意伤害罪的刑罚并罚，决定执行有期徒刑七年至八年，剥夺政治权利一年。
+
+再审庭审中，原审被告人于某庆表示认罪。其辩护人提出本案存在多个从轻或者减轻处罚情节：1.毁坏财物的犯意是由汤某虎提起，并非是于某庆提起；2.毁坏财物的合意仅限于车窗玻璃以及轮胎，汤某虎超出犯意之外的烧车行为不应当由于某庆承担法律责任；3.故意伤害、故意毁坏财物的行为都是由汤某虎一人实施，于某庆并未参与实施；4.于某庆认罪认罚，对自身的罪名以及量刑均予以认可，并且签署了认罪认罚具结书；5.于某庆全额赔偿了左某红的全部财产损失，积极履行了赔偿义务；6.于某庆在刑满释放后表现良好。请求对于某庆从宽判决。
+
+本院经再审查明，本案故意伤害事实与原一、二审判决认定一致，故意毁坏财物事实为：原审被告人于某庆在同案原审被告人汤某虎打伤被害人左某红后不久，获悉左某红伤势不重，未留下后遗症，遂找汤某虎商议毁坏左某红的车辆以再次报复。2004 年 2 月 26 日凌晨，汤某虎驾驶摩托车到左某红家附近，用携带的汽油、柴油将左某红的别克牌凯越 1.6Ｌ银色轿车点燃，致车辆毁坏，造成经济损失人民币 129444.2 元。经消防人员扑救，火势未蔓延到旁边居民住宅。
+
+上述事实，有经原一审和再审庭审质证确认的相关书证，证人符某亮、郑某堂、陶某、颜某祥、张某良、高某花、吴某凤等的证言，被害人左某红的陈述，鉴定意见，现场勘验检查笔录，同案原审被告人汤某虎的供述和原审被告人于某庆的供述等证据证实。
+
+针对最高人民检察院的抗诉意见及辩护人的辩护意见，根据再审查明的事实、证据，本院综合评判如下：
+
+一、关于原审被告人于某庆的行为是否构成故意毁坏财物罪
+
+经查，被害人左某红车辆被烧毁的事实有现场勘验检查笔录、物价鉴定意见等证据证明，检辩双方无异议，同案原审被告人汤某虎亦供认烧车系其直接所为。
+
+原审被告人于某庆与左某红存在积怨，汤某虎与左某红则无矛盾。汤某虎供认是受于某庆指使打伤左某红，后于某庆又授意其毁坏左某红的车辆。于某庆在侦查阶段亦多次供认在得知左某红被打伤情不重后，找到汤某虎商议如何再行报复。辩护人所提于某庆没有毁车故意，是汤某虎为讨好于某庆主动提议毁坏左某红车辆的辩护意见与事实不符，不予采纳。
+
+原审被告人于某庆供述在与汤某虎商议时有谈到砸左某红车辆玻璃、泼油漆，也供述要让左某红的轿车开不出去，对汤某虎具体以何种方式实施毁坏车辆予以默许。另外，于某庆在得知汤某虎将左某红车辆烧毁后，安排汤某虎躲到外地，对汤某虎的毁车行为表示默认。于某庆与汤某虎的供述相互印证，充分证明二人对毁坏左某红车辆存在共同犯意。但是，汤某虎以纵火方式毁坏车辆，危及公共安全，超出了共同犯意范围，属于实行过限。辩护人所提于某庆不应对汤某虎以纵火方式毁坏车辆的行为负责的辩护意见不能成立，于某庆应对车辆毁损承担责任，构成故意毁坏财物罪。
+
+二、关于江苏省高级人民法院再审维持原二审判决是否属于确有错误
+
+《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法〉的解释》（法释〔2012〕21 号）第三百八十六条规定“除人民检察院抗诉的以外，再审一般不得加重原审被告人的刑罚”。该规定并非要求一律不得加重原审被告人刑罚，司法实践中应根据案件具体情况，综合考虑再审程序的启动方式，原生效裁判认定事实、适用法律是否确有错误，该错误是否严重违反罪责刑相适应原则导致量刑畸轻等情况，审慎决定是否加重原审被告人刑罚。
+
+本案中，被害人曾向本院提出申诉，本院认为江苏省盐城市中级人民法院未认定原审被告人于某庆构成故意毁坏财物罪属适用法律错误，遂指令江苏省高级人民法院再审。江苏省高级人民法院再审亦认为盐城市中级人民法院原二审未认定于某庆构成故意毁坏财物罪不当，却以再审一般不得加重原审被告人刑罚为由维持原二审判决，属于适用法律错误。现被害人申诉不止，最高人民检察院依法抗诉，且最高人民检察院抗诉理由成立，根据上述条文规定，可改判加重于某庆刑罚。
+
+本院认为，原审被告人于某庆为泄私愤，指使同案原审被告人汤某虎伤害被害人左某红，致左某红重伤，于某庆、汤某虎的行为均已构成故意伤害罪；于某庆、汤某虎共同预谋损坏左某红的车辆，汤某虎在实施过程中采用纵火的方式，危及公共安全，其行为构成放火罪，于某庆的行为构成故意毁坏财物罪。江苏省建湖县人民法院原一审判决认定事实清楚，证据确实、充分，定性准确。江苏省盐城市中级人民法院原二审判决撤销于某庆犯故意毁坏财物罪，江苏省高级人民法院再审裁定维持原二审判决，适用法律确有错误，应予纠正。最高人民检察院提出的抗诉理由成立，予以采纳。于某庆已赔偿左某红经济损失，在本院再审期间自愿认罪，并签署认罪认罚具结书，其辩护人所提从轻处罚的部分辩护理由成立，予以采纳。最高人民检察院所提量刑建议适当，予以采纳。经本院审判委员会刑事审判专业委员会讨论决定，依照《中华人民共和国刑法》第二百三十四条第二款、第二百七十五条、第二十五条第一款、第五十六条第一款、第五十五条第一款、第六十九条和《最高人民法院关于适用〈中华人民共和国刑事诉讼法〉的解释》（法释〔2021〕1 号）第四百七十二条第一款第（三）项、第（四）项的规定，判决如下：
+
+一、撤销江苏省高级人民法院（2014）苏刑二再提字第00001 号刑事裁定；
+
+二、撤销江苏省盐城市中级人民法院（2005）盐刑一终字第 46 号刑事附带民事判决对原审被告人于某庆的定罪量刑部分，维持其余部分；
+
+三、原审被告人于某庆犯故意伤害罪，判处有期徒刑六年，剥夺政治权利一年；犯故意毁坏财物罪，判处有期徒刑三年二个月，决定执行有期徒刑七年六个月，剥夺政治权利一年（已执行）。
+
+（刑期从判决执行之日起计算。判决执行以前先行羁押的，羁押一日折抵刑期一日，并减去已经执行的刑期四年二个月，即自 2024 年 9 月 29 日起至 2027 年 12 月 20 日止）
+
+本判决为终审判决。
+
+审 判 长 周 庆
+
+审 判 员 邢海莹
+
+审 判 员 夏建勇
+
+二〇二五年五月十七日
+
+法官助理 施文烨
+
+书 记 员 白明晓
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..d65817a19db666a7e64bc4c67beaf451fc826107
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_15.md
@@ -0,0 +1,87 @@
+**01**
+**用秋日限定丰收图鉴**
+**打开“五谷丰登”**
+
+如何用一幅画“装下”
+沉甸甸的秋天？
+万亩登丰图卷堪称最佳范例
+这幅近一米的长卷
+让“五谷丰登”具象化了
+
+
+
+
+
+△清 万亩登丰图卷 故宫博物院藏
+
+秋日晴空万里
+远处尚有绿意的群山连绵不绝
+山脚下，屋舍俨然
+满是静谧悠然的田园风光
+
+
+
+宽阔的河面波光粼粼
+岸上微风过处，尽是丰收的金黄
+
+
+
+整齐排列的田地间
+农人正在忙碌秋收：
+收割、晒谷、贮藏，井然有序
+
+
+
+农忙场景之外
+田间地头还有骑牛吹笛的牧童
+奔跑的小狗、鸡群
+
+
+
+
+
+整幅画卷细节满满
+定格下了古代农耕文化的生动一幕
+
+**02**
+**神韵悠然**
+**感受笔墨间的文人意趣**
+
+画下万亩登丰图卷的
+是清代书画家董诰
+
+
+
+△清 万亩登丰图卷 故宫博物院藏
+
+父亲董邦达与他在画界
+并称为“大、小董”
+董诰的山水画深受家学影响
+风格雅秀、独具一格
+他擅长运用墨色和枯笔长皴(cūn)
+作品神韵悠然
+皴法是中国画表现技法之一，通过毛笔侧锋淡干墨皴擦，模拟山石树木的脉络、质地及明暗关系。
+
+
+
+△清 董诰 山水扇面 故宫博物院藏
+
+《清代画史增编》评价董诰
+“禀承家学，山水绝伦”
+可见其山水画之精妙
+在他的笔下
+有林木葱郁、山峦起伏的
+辽阔秀美
+
+
+
+△清 董诰 律宣韶景册 故宫博物院藏
+
+也有花枝绽放、春意盎然的
+小巧生动
+
+
+
+△清 董诰 花卉册 故宫博物院藏
+
+尽显文人画里平淡天真的意趣
\ No newline at end of file
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+# 从系统的角度对化学反应的知识进行建构2——系统化知识对学科认知的改变
+
+江敏
+
+(南京市金陵中学 江苏南京 210005)
+
+**摘要:** 虽然用类比的方法,可以建立氧化还原反应和酸碱反应之间的联系,但是真正使学生们形成从系统的角度认识酸碱反应的系统化知识体系,是融合在具体教学过程中逐渐实现的。通过溶液中离子平衡的系统化知识的建立以及时常困扰学生学习的,如反应可行性、溶液的酸碱性、离子共存等若干问题的讨论,说明系统化知识对学生认知方式所产生的影响。
+
+**关键词:** 系统;酸碱反应;系统行为
+
+**文章编号:** 1002-2201(2012)08-0003-05 **中图分类号:** G632.4 **文献标识码:** A
+
+氧化还原反应和酸碱反应是中学化学重点研究的两大反应体系。回想从系统的角度建立氧化还原反应和酸碱反应之间联系的过程,依旧是极具有画面感的场景! H原子就像裁判一样,将电子(“小球”)抛出,进行了一场别开生面的传球大赛——系统化的氧化还原反应。游戏是如此有趣,以至于抛出电子后的H⁺也不甘袖手旁观,它将自己也作为一个“大球”,玩起了相似的传球游戏——这就是系统化的酸碱反应(见图1)。
+
+
+
+图1 酸碱反应的系统化
+
+虽然这是用类比的方法建立起酸碱反应的系统化知识体系,但是这种系统行为与自然界物质间的反应行为的契合,也从另一个角度说明系统行为本身也是自然界物质变化过程中的普遍规律。
+
+然而,当系统化的化学知识从教师的理解走向学生的认识并成为一种认知习惯时,这就将经历一个多角度、有层次、逐渐完善的过程。
+
+## 一、系统化的酸碱反应知识体系的建立与理解
+
+### 1. 从氧化还原反应的类比,建立最初的$H^+$转移的酸碱反应体系
+
+如果氧化还原反应的系统化知识,始于对物质的氧化性、还原性相对强弱的有序排列,那么酸碱反应的系统化知识,也是从一组常见酸的酸性相对强弱顺序开始的。
+
+依物质酸性的逐渐衰减,仿照氧化还原反应中氧化剂到还原产物的转化,也自然形成了基本的酸碱反应序列(见图2)。
+
+
+
+图2 基本酸碱反应的系统化
+
+然而,细心的学生从概念的认知角度发现新的困惑,酸还是原来的酸,可是一转眼原来由酸生成的盐,怎么此时就变成了“碱”?
+
+由于是从氧化还原反应类比而来,从氧化剂与还原产物、还原剂与氧化产物的对应关系来看,此时的同学们虽然没有明晰的共轭酸碱对的概念,但是联系以前学习的$Na_2CO_3$和$NaHCO_3$溶液具有碱性的经验,同学们对酸与“共轭”碱的对应关系就比较释然了。
+
+依据对称性原则,同学们会进一步设想:是否存在某些碱接受$H^+$以后,生成的相应的盐就能转变为“酸”?结论是肯定的!
+
+在此,同学们对酸碱的认识,已经不再囿于阿累尼乌斯酸碱理论,或者只是从文字表征层面上对酸碱进行界定。他们很自然地从物质间的内在联系层面上理解酸碱反应的本质。在建立酸碱反应系统化知识的同时,实质上已经触及路易斯酸碱质子理论的核心内容(从对物质变化规律的理解层面上讲,此时的同学们是否明确路易斯酸碱理论的具体研究范畴并不显得特别重要)。
+
+### 2. 从电离到水解的类比,形成对盐的酸碱行为新认识
+
+电离平衡和水解平衡是水溶液中两类重要的离子平衡体系。教学中选择溶液均呈酸性的$CH_3COOH$和$NH_4Cl$作为代表物进行比较(见表1、表2)。
+
+**表1 电离过程**
+
+| 条件 |
+
+$CH_3COOH \rightleftharpoons CH_3COO^- + H^+$ |
|---|
| 平衡 | $c(H^+)$ | $c(CH_3COO^-)$ | pH |
|---|
| + HAc | ← | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | | + $H_2O$ | → | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | | 升温 | → | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | | 降温 | ← | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | | + HCl | ← | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | | + NaAc | ← | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | | + NaOH | → | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ |
+
+**表2 水解过程**
+
+| 条件 |
+
+$NH_4^+ + H_2O \rightleftharpoons NH_3 \cdot H_2O + H^+$ |
|---|
| 平衡 | $c(H^+)$ | $c(NH_3 \cdot H_2O)$ | pH |
|---|
| + $NH_4Cl$ | ← | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | | + $H_2O$ | → | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | | 升温 | → | ↑ | ↑ | ↓ | | 降温 | ← | ↓ | ↓ | ↑ | | + HCl | ← | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | | + $NH_3$ | ← | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ | | + NaOH | → | ↓ | ↑ | ↑ |
+
+同学们惊奇地发现,原以为有很大差异的电离平衡和水解平衡竟有太多相似之处,不由得对以上离子平衡的认知角度发生转变(见图3);当盐水解呈现酸性时,其行为就相当于弱酸;可以想象,当盐水解呈现碱性时,其行为就相当于弱碱。
+
+
+
+图3 离子平衡的认识角度
+
+这种比较是有意义的:一是就学习本身而言,同学们可以通过化归的方法,将对盐的水解平衡的认识直接转化为原有的对弱酸、弱碱的电离平衡的认识(当然,水解与电离的区别在于对水的电离平衡的影响是不同的,但是这种差异并不影响对溶液中物质间发生反应的可行性的理解)。二是从认知结构而言,拓展了概念的外延,使得电解质在水溶液中的反应可以统一在“强酸制弱酸”的基本反应规律之下。最后是更重要的、也是必要的,就是通过以上的比较,为前面用类比法建立的酸碱反应体系确立了客观真实的认知基础。
+
+至此,依据有关电离平衡常数和相关实验事实,按物质的酸碱性相对强弱的顺序,酸碱反应序可以扩展为
+
+如图4所示的一般形式。
+
+
+
+图4 扩展后的酸碱反应的系统化
+
+### 3. 对金属阳离子酸性的理解
+
+在上述酸碱反应序中,首次出现具有酸性的阳离子的身影。从表面上看,表中的$Al^{3+}$不能通过丢失$H^+$以后转化为$Al(OH)_3$。如果从金属阳离子的水解本质是$[Al(H_2O)_6]^{3+} = [Al(OH)(H_2O)_5]^{2+} + H^+$、$[Al(OH)(H_2O)_5]^{2+} = [Al(OH)_2(H_2O)_4]^{+} + H^+$、$[Al(OH)_2(H_2O)_4]^{+} = [Al(OH)_3(H_2O)_3] + H^+$……就不难理解$Al^{3+}$作为酸的意义,$Al^{3+}$仅不过是水合铝离子的简单表征。
+
+虽说不同金属阳离子的水解趋势,是各元素自然属性的体现,同时又受到各种因素的影响,但静电作用仍将是金属阳离子水解过程中的最核心因素之一。从点电荷电场的模型观念来看,由于金属阳离子(包括$NH_4^+$)的半径差异不大,金属阳离子水解趋势(酸性)的相对强弱,即金属阳离子结合$OH^-$的能力,即可从中心离子所带电荷数进行简单估算。
+
+研究不同的金属阳离子形成金属氢氧化物的$K_{sp}$数据,可以得出以下比较粗略的一般规律:虽然同种价态不同阳离子的水解趋势的强度会在一较为集中的范围内波动,并且个别不同价态金属阳离子的水解趋势会有某些交叉,但是不同价态阳离子的水解趋势仍表现出最显著的突变趋势(见图5)。
+
+
+
+图5 金属阳离子水解趋势相对强弱对溶液酸性的影响
+
+亦即金属阳离子的价态越高,水解的相对趋势越强,酸性越强。据此就可以理解,在配制高价态的金属阳离子溶液时,尤其需要关注抑制其水解的问题(如,配制$SnCl_4$或$FeCl_3$等溶液,均先将固体溶于浓盐酸,再加水稀释到相应的浓度,否则将析出相应的氢氧化物沉淀);同时,金属氯化物在从溶液中析出晶体时,其操作方式也发生着与金属阳离子的价态相关联的有序变化(见图6)。
+
+
+
+图6 不同价态金属的氯化物的性质渐变
+
+$AlCl_3$ (+3价)在从溶液中析出时,就需要补充浓盐酸以抑制 $Al^{3+}$ 的水解; $MgCl_2$ (+2价)可以从溶液中析出 $MgCl_2 \cdot 6H_2O$ 晶体,但当晶体加热脱水时,则需要在 $HCl$ 气氛中抑制其水解(其中水解趋势较强的 $MCl_2 \cdot xH_2O$,则需要在 $SOCl_2$ 中加热脱水, $SOCl_2$ 有更强的抑制水解的作用);而 $NH_4Cl$ (+1价)通过常规的分离操作,就可得到 $NH_4Cl$ 晶体。
+
+以上的有序变化,可归结为金属阳离子的水解趋势越强,溶液中的 $c(H^+)$就越高,就越容易引起 $HCl$ 的挥发,最终导致氯化物向水解的方向移动。同时也就理解了无水 $AlCl_3$ 难以从溶液中获得,而通常采用 $Al$ 和干燥的 $Cl_2$ 或 $HCl$ 直接反应的方法制备(即便是 $SOCl_2$ 也难以抑制 $AlCl_3 \cdot 6H_2O$ 在受热脱水过程中的水解)。
+
+此外,在图4中的$Al^{3+}$和$NH_4^+$具有符号意义,它们分别代表着不同价态阳离子一般酸性的相对强弱。由于金属阳离子的水解趋势在一定范围内波动,可将金属阳离子的酸碱反应序和一般酸碱反应序并列使用(见图7、图8)。
+
+
+
+图7 金属阳离子的酸碱反应序
+
+
+
+图8 金属阳离子在酸碱反应序中的一般位置
+
+依据以上酸碱反应序,就能理解以下具有共性意义的除杂方式。当 $M^{2+}$ ($Cu^{2+}$、$Zn^{2+}$、$Mg^{2+}$)溶液中含有 $M^{3+}$ ($Al^{3+}$或$Fe^{3+}$),一般除杂试剂可以是 $M^{2+}$ 对应的难溶于水的氧化物、氢氧化物或碳酸盐等。因为 $M^{3+}$ 的酸性不仅强于 $M^{2+}$,而且强于碳酸,所以 $M^{3+}$ 既可溶解 $MO$ 或 $M(OH)_2$,又可溶解 $MCO_3$,同时 $M^{3+}$ 自身转化为 $M(OH)_3$ 沉淀。反应过程一般可表示为: $2M^{3+} + 3H_2O + 3MO = 3M^{2+} + 2M(OH)_3 \downarrow$、$2M^{3+} + 3M(OH)_2 = 3M^{2+} + 2M(OH)_2 \downarrow$、$2M^{3+} + H_2O + MCO_3 = M^{2+} + M(OH)_3 \downarrow + CO_2 \uparrow$。而且这种除杂模式与用饱和 $NaHCO_3$ 溶液除去 $CO_2$ 中混有 $HCl$ 是一致的,都是利用强酸制弱酸的原理。
+
+这就不难理解,当 $Cu^{2+}$ (其符号意义是代表着不能被氧化的 $M^{2+}$)中含有 $Fe^{2+}$ 时,一般是用合适的氧化剂将 $Fe^{2+}$ 氧化为 $Fe^{3+}$,然后再用 $CuO$ 或 $Cu(OH)_2$ 或 $Cu_2(OH)_2CO_3$ 浸泡的方法除去 $Fe^{3+}$ 的巧妙之处。
+
+然而,当 $Fe^{3+}$ 中含有 $Cu^{2+}$,是否能用 $Fe_2O_3$ 浸泡含 $Cu^{2+}$ 的溶液呢?这绝不是一个简单的模仿过程。如若可行的话,此时发生的将是弱酸制强酸的过程,这是难以实现的!同样 $Cu^{2+}$ 中含有 $Ag^+$,也不能用 $CuO$ 作为除杂试剂。此时的除杂思路就不能只是从酸碱反应的角度展开,而可以从氧化还原反应的角度寻找解决问题的方案。结合元素化合物知识较为可行的除杂方案是:前者先用 $Fe$ 将 $Cu^{2+}$ 还原为单质铜,此时不可避免的是$Fe^{3+}$ 也被还原为 $Fe^{2+}$,经滤出 $Cu$ 单质后,再用合适的氧化剂将 $Fe^{2+}$ 氧化为 $Fe^{3+}$ 即可;而 $Cu^{2+}$ 中含有 $Ag^+$,只需用铜直接还原即可。
+
+值得注意的是;在关注价态影响阳离子水解趋势相对强弱的另一方面,水解生成的金属氢氧化物的颗粒大小也发生着有序的变化。即金属阳离子的价态越高,水解趋势越强,且其对应的水解产物的颗粒就越大(见图9)。
+
+
+
+图9 金属阳离子水解趋势相对强弱对溶液酸性和水解产物颗粒大小的影响
+
+正是基于以上对水解过程的全面理解,就可以清晰地认识到同样存在着金属阳离子的水解过程,但是可选择 $CuSO_4$ 溶液作为溶液的代表物(二价 $Cu^{2+}$)形成的氢氧化物颗粒较小,不容易观察到丁达尔现象);用饱和 $FeCl_3$ 溶液滴于沸水中制备 $Fe(OH)_3$ 胶体($Fe^{3+}$的水解趋势较强,形成的氢氧化物颗粒较大,加热促进水解的目的,就是通过反应条件的调节,恰当地控制了氢氧化物颗粒的大小)。同时也理解了为什么氢氧化物的胶体总与 $M^{3+}$ 的水解产生关联?在实际生活中,不仅 $Al^{3+}$ 常用作为净水剂,而且 $Na_2FeO_4$ 在水处理中也受到越来越多的关注($Na_2FeO_4$ 具有强氧化性,可作杀菌消毒剂,而其还原产物 $Fe^{3+}$ 经水解形成的胶体,可吸附水体中的悬浮物质而作为净水剂),就是上述有序变化中的必然。
+
+至此,用金属阳离子的酸碱反应序(图7)作为图1的酸碱反应序的必要补充,就形成了在中学阶段对酸碱反应的相对较为完整的认识。
+
+## 二、建立系统化知识对学科认识的影响
+
+### 1. 在酸碱反应的系统中,整合对物质的性质和化学反应的认知
+
+这是一个事实与规则相交互的结果,是对相关化学事实的总结,形成酸碱反应序;而通过对酸碱反应序的系统认识,又能够更好地对物质的性质或物质间的反应过程进行直观化的整合。
+
+如,酸碱反应序就是以“酸”与“碱”的对应关系为基础,直接解决了有关物质酸性或碱性的关联及相对强弱问题,而无需将学习的认知建立在诸如“越弱越水解”的口诀上。据酸碱反应序可得出:等物质的量浓度的$CH_3COONa$、$NH_3 \cdot H_2O$、苯酚钠、$Na_2CO_3$、$NaOH$ 溶液的碱性逐渐增强;等物质的量浓度的盐酸、醋酸、$AlCl_3$ 溶液、$H_2CO_3$ 溶液的酸性逐渐减弱。此时,同学们清晰地认识到溶液酸碱性的相对强弱与物质的类别无关,从而告别了原有的似乎是碱的碱性强于盐溶液的碱性、酸的酸性强于盐溶液的酸性等这样的模糊概念。
+
+在此,同学们也从另一个侧面理解了工业生产常讲的“三酸两碱”中的两碱指 NaOH 和 Na₂CO₃的真实含义,以及泡沫灭火器中,之所以使用Al₂(SO₄)₃代替强酸作反应物和NaHCO₃反应产生气体,就是因为不仅生成的Al(OH)₃沉淀可形成泡沫,而且这样有利于提高灭火的效果,更重要的是Al³⁺的酸性强于H₂CO₃。
+
+又如,利用酸碱序就很容易理解以下反应过程(细化的局部酸碱反应见图10):
+
+(1) 苯酚钠与 CO₂ 的反应, 主要生成苯酚和 NaHCO₃; 而苯酚与碳酸钠溶液反应也只能主要生成苯酚钠和 NaHCO₃。
+
+
+
+图10 细化的局部酸碱反应序
+
+(2) CO₂与AlO₂⁻反应时,根据CO₂的用量可生成HCO₃⁻或CO₃²⁻。
+
+(3) SO₂与NH₃·H₂O反应,可依据SO₂和NH₃·H₂O物质的量的比值不同,生成(NH₄)₂SO₃或NH₄HSO₃;而CO₂与NH₃·H₂O反应以生成NH₄HCO₃为主。
+
+(4) NH₄HCO₃与NaOH反应时,因NH₄⁺的酸性强于HCO₃⁻, OH⁻将优先与NH₄⁺反应,随后才能与HCO₃⁻反应。而NH₄HSO₃与NaOH反应,则将优先与HSO₃⁻反应,其后再是与NH₄⁺反应。
+
+诸如此类等,都是物质在酸碱反应序中其系统行为的体现。
+
+### 2. 在系统的行为中,深化对化学反应的认知
+
+离子共存是中学化学会涉及的又一重要命题。离子间因发生相互促进水解(即俗称“双水解”)而反应完全,是其中一种重要的反应形式。以往对“双水解”反应得以进行完全的原因归结于反应过程中能够同时产生沉淀和气体。这种基于现象的释疑难免会遭遇更多的质疑。而在酸碱反应序中,相关问题均可迎刃而解。
+
+就最简单的NH₄⁺与CH₃COO⁻在溶液中大量共存的问题而言,虽然NH₄Cl和CH₃COONa溶液因NH₄⁺和Ac⁻的水解而分别呈现酸性和碱性,将其混合时NH₄⁺和CH₃COO⁻会相互促进彼此的水解,但因为CH₃COOH的酸性强于NH₄⁺,所以醋酸可与氨水反应是主要的(CH₃COOH + NH₃ = CH₃COO⁻ + NH₄⁺)。由于NH₄⁺的酸性弱于CH₃COOH,此时NH₄⁺和CH₃COO⁻间的反应只能是次要的:NH₄⁺ + CH₃COO⁻ + H₂O = NH₃·H₂O + CH₃COOH。
+
+再以NH₄⁺和CO₃²⁻在水溶液中的存在形态为例,其反应过程可表示为NH₄⁺ + CO₃²⁻ + H₂O = NH₃·H₂O + HCO₃⁻(强酸制弱酸)。这与氨碱工业中的关键反应CO₂ + NH₃ + H₂O = NH₄HCO₃的本质是一致的。至于工业上用过量的NH₃促进CO₃²⁻的生成,以提高Na₂CO₃的纯度,只不过是用促进平衡移动的方法,在主要反应的基础上试图优化生产过程而已:NH₄HCO₃ + NH₃ = (NH₄)₂CO₃。
+
+当Fe³⁺和ClO⁻相混合时,由于Fe³⁺的酸性强于HClO,即便HClO可溶于水,但并没有从反应体系中脱离出去,Fe³⁺依旧可以和ClO⁻相互反应生成Fe(OH)₃沉淀和HClO溶液:Fe³⁺ + 3ClO⁻ + 3H₂O = Fe(OH)₃↓ + 3HClO₃。
+
+而Al³⁺能够与CO₃²⁻或HCO₃⁻发生反应,生成Al(OH)₃沉淀和CO₂气体,仅不过是Al³⁺的酸性强于碳酸而已。凡此种种,均是“强酸制弱酸”的表现,与反应过程中是否出现沉淀或气体并无本质的关联。
+
+然而,当Al³⁺与SO₃²⁻或HSO₃⁻相遇时,其情形与前者就有差别了。Al³⁺与SO₃²⁻在溶液中不能共存[Al³⁺ + 3SO₃²⁻ + 3H₂O = Al(OH)₃↓ + 3HSO₃⁻],但Al³⁺却能与HSO₃⁻共存。换言之,亚硫酸能溶解Al(OH)₃[Al(OH)₃ + 3H₂SO₃ = Al³⁺ + 3HSO₃⁻]。以上推测均可被相关实验所证实。
+
+因此,从酸碱反应序的角度理解“双水解”,不仅切人了问题的实质,而且也避免了因孤立地记忆一组组不能共存的“离子对”,而使化学学习陷于繁琐的尴尬局面。
+
+### 3. 在酸碱反应的系统行为中,形成对化学反应知识的增殖
+
+在酸碱反应中,“酸”与“碱”之间的组合反应,其本身就拓展了对化学反应的研究空间。然而利用酸碱反应序,还能够从观念上拓展对化学知识的理解。以酸式盐和缓冲溶液的酸碱性的理解为例。
+
+#### (1) 酸式盐溶液的酸碱性。
+
+在中学化学学习中,会涉及两类重要的酸式盐:一是强酸的酸式盐NaHSO₄,它因表现强酸和可溶性钠盐的电离特性,而使其溶液呈酸性:NaHSO₄ = Na⁺ + H⁺ + SO₄²⁻(虽然HSO₄⁻的电离是不完全的,但在中学阶段一般将其处理为理想的强电解质的全部电离)。另一类是弱酸的酸式盐,如NaHSO₃、NaHCO₃、NaH₂PO₄、Na₂HPO₄等。其中又以NaHSO₃和NaHCO₃为典型的代表物,同样是二元弱酸的酸式盐,NaHSO₃溶液呈酸性、而NaHCO₃溶液却呈碱性。
+
+对上述问题的解释,一种方法可以从上述两种酸的电离平衡常数的角度加以解释。然而在教材中没有出现电离平衡常数的情况下,同学们对上述问题的认识,最多只能是通过实验,记住相关的实验事实。而系统化的知识,就使得同学们在实验的基础上又多了一层理性分析的过程。
+
+当分析 NaHSO₃溶液的酸碱性时,自然界中一组具有对称性的物质相互反应形成的产物在此发挥了重要的作用(见图11)。这组物质就是醋酸和氨水,它们的对称性表现在等物质的量浓度的醋酸和氨水,其电离程度几乎完全相同。因而等物质的量浓度的醋酸和氨水等体积混合以后,其溶液呈中性,亦即醋酸铵的溶液呈中性。可以假设将NaHSO₃溶液中HSO₃⁻分为等物质的量的两份:一份扮作酸,一份扮作碱。因此对NaHSO₃溶液的酸碱性判断,就与NH₄⁺酸性和Ac⁻碱性的参比有关:当HSO₃⁻作为酸时,其酸性强于NH₄⁺;当其作为碱时,其碱性又弱于Ac⁻。这两份HSO₃⁻溶液相混合以后,其酸性必定强于NH₄Ac而呈酸性。进一步关注HSO₃⁻溶液产生酸性或碱性的原因,这就分别对应于HSO₃⁻的电离和水解,从而得出HSO₃⁻在水溶液中电离程度大于水解程度的结论。
+
+
+
+图 11 包含中性对称点的局部酸碱反应序
+
+同样的方法,使用于NaHCO₃溶液(见图12)。将溶液中的HCO₃⁻分为等物质的量的两份,就会发现作为酸的HCO₃⁻其酸性弱于NH₄⁺,而作为碱的HCO₃⁻其碱性强于Ac⁻。由此NaHCO₃溶液就必然呈碱性,由此可说明在NaHCO₃溶液中HCO₃⁻的水解程度大于电离程度。
+
+
+
+图 12 包含中性对称点的局部酸碱反应序
+
+
+以上分析还揭开了一个容易被忽略的问题,一般会认为醋酸的酸性强于碳酸,就以为NaHCO₃溶液的碱性强于CH₃COONa溶液。正因为酸式盐溶液中存在着电离与水解的双重平衡过程,所以酸式盐溶液的酸碱性相对强弱是具有特殊性的。由于HCO₃⁻电离平衡的存在,NaHCO₃溶液的碱性相比于只存在水解过程的一元酸所对应的盐应该是有所削弱的,因此就不一定比CH₃COONa溶液的碱性强。如果将这种效应放大,更显著的实例是用盐酸和亚硫酸作类比:盐酸的酸性强于亚硫酸,它们分别生成NaCl和NaHSO₃以后,NaCl溶液呈中性,而NaHSO₃溶液呈酸性。
+
+#### (2) 缓冲溶液的酸碱性。
+
+在中学化学学习过程中,经常会涉及缓冲溶液中有关离子浓度的大小判断,而对离子浓度大小判断的最重要的依据就是缓冲溶液的酸碱性。根据对盐的水解原有的先验知识,“相比于中和反应,水解的趋势是微弱的”,同学们会误认为等物质的量的弱酸与对应的盐(如HAc和NaAc等)相混合以后其溶液一定呈酸性;而等物质的量相混合的碱和对应的盐(如NH₃·H₂O和NH₄Cl等)则会呈碱性。
+
+以上的判断对上述两个具体的事例是正确的,但是并不代表可将上述结论推演为一般规律。依旧是以利用呈中性的对称点 NH₄Ac 作为参比物质,就能很好解决上述问题(见图 13)。
+
+
+
+图 13 NH₄HCO₃与NaOH反应过程中的定量关系
+
+等物质的量 CH₃COOH 和 CH₃COONa 的混合液可看作是将 CH₃COONH₄ 中的 NH₄⁺ 代换为 CH₃COOH，因为CH₃COOH 酸性强于 NH₄⁺，所以由 CH₃COOH 和CH₃COONa 形成的缓冲容量最大（即 CH₃COOH 和CH₃COONa 物质的量相等）时溶液 pH < 7。同理，等物质的量混合的 NH₃·H₂O 和 NH₄Cl 溶液，其 pH > 7。
+
+从酸碱反应序的角度审视上述两个特殊点的pH,就会发现由共轭酸碱对组成的缓冲最大时的溶液的酸碱性,在发生着由酸性到碱性的渐变。由此就可以推测在此渐变的序列中,有可能存在某一特殊的点,其缓冲溶液正好呈中性。而越过这一点,就可能出现原有概念中的弱酸和对应盐组成的缓冲溶液的pH>7的情形。如苯酚/苯酚钠的混合溶液就呈碱性,及至在有关习题中出现HCN/NaCN的混合溶液 pH>7的情形,同学们就不再感到奇怪了。
+
+以下物质虽然不是传统意义上的缓冲溶液,但是它们的溶液仍然具有缓冲的能力。依据以上原则,可以很容易判断 NH₄HSO₃、NH₄F 溶液呈酸性(NH₄F 溶液不能用玻璃器皿保存),NH₄HCO₃ 溶液呈碱性等。由此系统化的知识不仅给同学们带来了知识的增殖,而且也提高了思维的广阔性和对问题认识的准确性。
+
+## 三、教学反思
+
+正如在前篇论文中所阐述的是,酸碱反应的系统化并不追求对反应过程精细描摹,只是对酸碱反应的基本变化趋势进行整体认识。
+
+可以说,系统化的知识使同学们有机会从整体上把握物质间反应的基本趋势,当需要对反应过程加以准确认识时,又可以使同学们能够迅速切入反应细节进行深入研究。在此,可以体会到有实际意义的宏观与微观之间的交互,这也是将系统化知识坚持长期应用于教学实践的意图之所在。
+
+感谢金陵中学的张登考老师,是他最早提示金属阳离子水解趋势的强弱与其价态有直接相关性。也正因为有了这样的思考,才使看待化学的眼光从纯粹的化学世界延伸到自然科学的其他领域,形成用模型的观点认识化学的基本方法。
+
+**(本文编辑:甘泉)**
+
+专业提供学术期刊、学位论文下载、外文文献检索下载服务 购买地址:http://wxfw.taobao.com
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+# 传统水墨的现代性转译与历史重构——孔维克历史题材人物画的学术价值探析
+
+◎ 黄家馨 王安民
+
+**摘要：**孔维克作为当代中国画坛备受瞩目的人物画家，其历史题材创作在传承儒家美学精神、重构历史叙事范式、探索水墨现代性表达等方面具有重要学术价值。本文通过对其创作理念的三重文化自觉、艺术特征的多维度突破以及代表作品的图像学解析，揭示其如何以传统笔墨重构集体记忆，在全球化语境下实现中国画的当代转型。
+
+**关键词：**孔维克；历史题材人物画；水墨现代性；图像叙事；儒家美学
+
+中国人物画作为中华文明与传统文化的重要载体，历经千年沉淀，承载着无数历史记忆与文化精神的传承使命。在当代中国画语境中，如何以传统水墨语言重构历史叙事、传递人文精神，成为美术家们亟待解决的重大课题。孔维克，作为中国当代人物画的领军者之一，凭借深厚的历史责任感、独特的艺术语言以及对传统文化的深刻理解，在历史题材人物画领域开辟出一条现代性探索之路。本文将从创作理念、艺术特征、代表作品分析及历史意义等维度，系统探究孔维克历史题材人物画的学术价值与艺术贡献。
+
+## 创作理念：三重文化自觉的生成路径
+
+孔维克的历史题材创作贯穿着对“历史使命”的深刻认知。他坚信，艺术家肩负着通过作品“承载历史责任，留下具有艺术震撼力的文化记忆”的重大使命。这种理念的形成，源于他多重身份的交织与融合。作为孔子第七十三代后裔，儒家文化的传承使命感如血脉般流淌在他的艺术创作之中；作为民革中央画院院长、全国政协委员，他对近现代中国重大历史主题的挖掘深刻而独到；作为国家艺术基金评委，历任中国美术家协会理事、山东画院院长、山东美术家协会领导等职，他对当代美术的时代特征与艺术使命有着精准的把握，并自觉将其融入长期的美术创作中，使当代历史题材人物画焕发出鲜活的生命力。
+
+血脉基因：儒家美学的当代表达
+
+儒家思想在中国文化史的长河中，宛如基石与支柱，潜移默化地渗透到各类人文事物之中。对于孔维克而言，这种文化传承更增添了一份无法取代的血脉力量，成为他绘画中不可或缺的意识内核。自 1993 年起，孔维克便不间断地创作孔子题材的作品，且作品中的“使命感”愈发凸显。《孔子周游列国》堪称这方面的代表作，淋漓尽致地映衬出他的创作心态与激情。他在这幅作品中倾注了大量心血，作品呈现出其特有的血脉感。在形式上追求恢宏大气，以巨幅壁画样式的篇幅展现，与《六艺图》形成鲜明对比，意在震撼观者心灵。《杏坛讲学》组画则以孔子和儒家文化为主题，以宏大的叙事和典雅的气韵，描绘了孔子一生的伟大教育成就，营造出有着独特审美体验的艺术天地，走出了一条极具探索价值的艺术之路。正如杨之光评价道：“他以东方文化特有的博大情怀和细腻清雅的古韵，为我们营造了一方有着独特审美体验的艺术天地，走出了一条极具探索价值的艺术之路。”
+
+在《孔子诞生传说》中，孔维克突破传统写实造型，大胆运用象征性符号，如祥云、瑞兽等，烘托圣贤诞生的神话氛围。这种创作手法既保留了汉代画像的叙事逻辑，又融入了当代装饰性构图，实现了传统与现代的完美融合。此后创作的《孔子与弟子七十二贤图》《孔子与四配》《心学宗师王阳明》《孔子登泰山图》等作品，都是对这一主题的持续性深入探索。他通过绘制圣哲先贤的肖像，展现儒家、理学的文脉传承，着力融合中国美学精神和时代审美，赢得了广泛的社会美誉度。
+
+历史在场：现实主义的叙事重构
+
+孔维克的大型历史题材创作及其现实主义作品的艺术成就，既源于其深厚的艺术造诣，更得益于其多重社会身份赋予的独特视角。作为美术工作组织者和全国政协委员，同时身兼民革中央画院负责人的特殊经历，使其创作呈现出显著的历史纵深与政治格局。这种复合型身份不仅赋予其对历史事件深刻的政治解读能力，更塑造了兼具人文关怀与时代精神的创作理念。
+
+
+
+孔维克《孔子诞生的传说》中国画 129cm×263cm 2013年
+
+在其艺术实践中，《公车上书》《北上》等重大历史主题创作，通过严谨的史学考证与当代艺术语言的转换，实现了历史真实性与艺术表现力的有机统一。这种从历史纵深到现实观照的创作谱系，完整展现了艺术家在社会角色与艺术追求之间的辩证思考，形成了独具特色的主题性创作方法论。
+
+《公车上书》以强烈的艺术形式感及浓郁的艺术感染力，一问世就在美术界引起很大反响，成为那个时代不可忽视的艺术里程碑的作品。作品先后于 1999 年、2009 年进行两度创作，第一次创作斩获“第七届全国美展铜奖”，第二次创作入围国家重大历史题材美术创作工程。其精湛的艺术被专家誉为“众多人物关系的笔墨处理、宏大场面的把握、前所未有的艺术表现，把中国画的笔墨语言推向了一个新的高度。”
+
+“公车上书”作为中国近代史上极为重大的历史事件，具有深远的历史意义。然而，在近现代文艺创作中，“公车上书”这一极好的艺术表现题材却极少被涉及。孔维克在创作中秉持“以史为鉴，以画传情”的理念，对 1895 年“公车上书”事件进行了严谨的史料考据。在创作中他也独具匠心，将一百多年前的会试举人康有为、梁启超等数十人分组放置，把彷徨、义愤等不同神态的士人“集中成似半段城墙、一柱黑风般的曲线状块，坠于画面下部”，而上部则留有大块空白，给人以庄严感、历史感。人物的刻画虽写实又略带夸张变形，“以强调形象、动势的个性，在用笔和塑造上追求生涩感、重量感，以烘托悲壮的气氛”。孔维克在构思及画正稿时力求注意的是在这样的情形下达到史与实、实与虚的互为补充：营造悲愤怆然、远去尘烟的气氛，渲染强调阴霾、灰朦、薄雾的画面氛围，刻画这些清末举人交杂着觉醒、痛苦、麻木、超然等不同表情，强调破旧残败的感觉，格调上追求宏大、悲壮、压抑、低沉的效果。
+
+
+
+孔维克《公车上书》中国画 308cm×600cm 2009年
+
+面对历史题材作品，孔维克强调“以艺术重构历史的真实”，通过田野考察、文献考证与图像互证，追求历史细节的精确性。例如为创作《孙中山先生在青岛》，他查阅青岛大量德国殖民档案、实地考察三江会馆遗址，甚至复原了横幅上的“欢迎孙逸仙博士”字样，以微观视角呈现宏观历史，让观众在欣赏艺术作品的同时，感受历史的厚重与真实。
+
+笔墨辩证：写生写意的美学融合
+
+写生与写意，作为中国传统绘画的两大重要范畴，在艺术长河中相互交融、彼此成就，共同构筑起中国绘画独特的审美体系。写生强调对客观物象的真实描绘与直观感受，是艺术家与自然对话、捕捉生活瞬间的直接方式；写意则侧重于艺术家主观情感的抒发与意境的营造，通过笔墨语言传达出超越物象本身的精神内涵。二者在辩证统一的关系中，推动着中国绘画不断向前发展，孔维克的重庆写生系列作品便是对这一关系的生动诠释。如《鹅岭公园》《十八梯》等作品，生动展现了速写笔触与水墨意蕴的完美融合。在创作过程中，他深入生活现场，以敏锐的观察力捕捉光影的动态变化，将瞬间即逝的自然景象定格于笔端。这种对生活的细致观察与直接体验，为他的作品注入了鲜活的生命力。
+
+以《洪崖洞》为例，这幅作品堪称写生与写意辩证统一的典范之作。面对洪崖洞这一复杂的建筑景观，孔维克并未局限于对客观物象的简单摹写，而是巧妙地将写生与写意相结合，力求用中国画的元素与素描结合，画出中国式的风景写生。他以淡光影法渲染吊脚楼的层叠肌理，通过类似于笔墨的浓淡干湿变化，用铅笔营造出一种朦胧、悠远的空间感，仿佛将观者带入了一个充满诗意的世界。人群剪影，寥寥数笔，便将人物的动态与神韵展现得淋漓尽致。这种以简驭繁的技巧不仅突出了画面的主体，更形成了一种虚实相生的时空张力，使作品在写实的基础上，蕴含了深厚的写意精神。
+
+在孔维克的作品中，写生为写意提供了丰富的素材与灵感，使他的笔墨语言更加贴近生活、贴近自然；而写意则赋予了写生作品以灵魂与内涵，使其超越了客观物象的束缚，升华为具有艺术感染力的精神表达。
+
+## 艺术特征：传统笔墨的现代性重构
+
+孔维克以其独特的历史题材创作展现出非凡的艺术魅力，在中国画表现层面实现了三大显著突破，即造型语言的写意革新、叙事结构的时空重组、色彩体系的意象升华，成功实现了传统水墨与当代美学的有机融合，为传统笔墨注入了现代性活力。
+
+造型语言：线面交响的视觉革命
+
+在《公车上书》这幅经典之作中，孔维克对人物造型进行创新性处理，拉长人物形象，这种独特的造型方式为画面奠定了别具一格的基调。他巧妙运用线条的疏密对比来强化动态节奏，使人物仿佛在画面中跃动起来。画面里，文人学士的衣褶以枯笔飞白技法精心描绘，生动展现出他们在急促书写时身体所蕴含的张力，仿佛能让人感受到当时紧张而激昂的氛围。而背景中的石狮，则以大块墨色进行渲染，与人物的线条形成鲜明对比，刚柔并济，营造出独特的视觉韵律。这种“局部写意，整体写实”的创作手法堪称一绝。在局部细节上，充分发挥写意的自由与灵动，展现笔墨的趣味；而在体画面布局上，又保持写实的严谨与真实，增强历史场景的戏剧性，让观者仿佛置身于那个波澜壮阔的历史时刻。从画面整体明暗处理、构图结构团块布局，到人物的结构塑造与变幻丰富的线条咬合交织，处处都彰显着孔维克将中西技法及观念成功融合的探索精神。
+
+叙事结构：多时空的蒙太奇拼贴
+
+孔维克在作品画面叙事结构上展现出独特的创新思维，他并未局限于西方绘画单一的场景再现方式，而是巧妙借鉴传统中国画手卷的构图特点以及散点透视技法，将历史事件分解为多个精彩片段。
+
+《北上》是孔维克为纪念中共中央颁布“五一口号”75周年而创作的一幅近代史重大主题画。画面中孔维克将北上民主人士的征程解构为“启航—跋涉—登陆”三重时空。画面以对角线分割海陆空间：左侧波涛翻滚的航道上，木帆船桅杆倾斜构成动态张力；中部码头台阶层层递进，形成视觉导引线；右侧蜿蜒山道间，北上队伍呈S形延展至云霭处。这种非线性的时空并置，既保留了传统手卷的散点透视精髓，又赋予历史事件电影分镜般的叙事节奏。特别值得注意的是对行李箱的意象化处理——开启的箱体内散落着 《新民主主义论》 等文献，既暗示知识分子的精神行囊，又隐喻民主理念的跨海传播。
+
+
+
+孔维克《北上》中国画 200cm×410cm 2023年
+
+作品《北上》这种叙事方式既是对中国传统绘画时空观的延续，如《韩熙载夜宴图》所展现的独特时空处理手法，又吸收了电影分镜头的现代思维，使历史事件在画面中以一种全新的方式呈现。观者在欣赏作品时，仿佛跟随画家的笔触，在历史的长河中穿梭，感受着每一个关键时刻的紧张与激昂，极大地增强了作品的艺术感染力和观赏性。
+
+色彩体系：古雅基调的意象升华
+
+在色彩运用上，孔维克有着独到的见解和精湛的技艺。他摒弃了艳丽色彩的堆砌，以墨色为主调，辅以赭石、花青等传统矿物色，营造出浓厚的历史沧桑感。这种色彩选择不仅符合历史题材的厚重氛围，更赋予作品一种古雅的韵味。
+
+在 《孙中山先生在青岛》 中，他运用“没骨法”巧妙表现警察制服的黑色块面，通过水墨浓淡的细腻变化，暗示出布料的质感，仿佛能让人触摸到历史的纹理。而讲台上的菊花则以淡彩点染，色彩淡雅清新，既象征着革命者的高洁品格，又构成画面色彩节奏的“呼吸点”，使整个画面在古雅的基调中充满了生机与活力。这种色彩体系的意象升华，让观者在欣赏作品时，不仅能感受到视觉上的美感，更能引发内心深处的情感共鸣。
+
+
+孔维克在历史题材创作中，通过对造型语言、叙事结构和色彩体系的创新突破，实现了传统笔墨的现代性重构。他的作品不仅是对历史的记录与呈现，更是对传统文化的传承与创新。
+
+## 代表作品解析：历史叙事的多元呈现
+
+孔维克通过一系列代表性作品，构建了历史叙事的四种典型范式，分别为群体肖像的史诗重构、个体与时代的镜像映射、精神肖像的哲学表达以及东西方叙事逻辑的对话与超越，为传统水墨画注入了新的活力与内涵。
+
+《公车上书》（2009年）：群体肖像的史诗重构
+
+《公车上书》这幅3米乘6米的巨制，堪称水墨群像画的创新典范，开创了新的创作范式。孔维克以“书写”这一核心意象贯穿全画，将120余位维新志士巧妙地分为三组。左侧人物握笔凝思，展现出对国家命运的深切思索；中部群体振臂疾呼，凸显出他们内心的愤慨与抗争的决心；右侧队列持卷前行，象征着变革的步伐坚定而有力。
+
+画面通过墨色晕染的渐变效果，巧妙地暗示了事件从酝酿到爆发的时间流动，使观者仿佛能感受到当时紧张而激昂的历史氛围。在对清代服饰的处理上，孔维克展现出独特的艺术智慧。他以直线表现长袍的垂坠感，体现出服饰的庄重与规整；以圆弧线勾勒瓜皮帽的轮廓，既规避了清代服饰可能带来的单调感，又强化了时代符号的识别度，让观者一眼便能感受到作品所描绘的历史时期。
+
+这幅作品不仅是对“公车上书”这一历史事件的生动再现，更是对那个时代知识分子精神风貌的深刻描绘。它以宏大的叙事和精湛的笔墨，展现了群体在历史变革中的力量与担当，成为历史题材绘画中的经典之作。
+
+《孙中山先生在青岛》（2013年）：个体与时代的镜像映射
+
+《孙中山先生在青岛》聚焦于孙中山实业救国的历史瞬间，以“演讲”场景为中心，构建了多层次的空间关系。前景中，警察的背影以大块的墨块构成视觉支点，给人一种沉稳而庄重的感觉；中景里，听众密集排列，形成涌动的人潮，仿佛能听到他们热烈的掌声和激昂的呼声；远景处，德式建筑通过淡墨皴擦，暗示出当时的殖民语境，使作品具有了深刻的历史背景。
+
+孔维克在此作中大胆挑战了中国画的“黑色表现难题”。他运用积墨法反复叠加制服纹理，甚至借鉴油画的光影处理手法，在帽檐、肩章处留出高光，使黑色具有了丰富的层次变化。这种创新的表现方式，不仅让画面更加生动逼真，也展现了中国画在表现现代题材时的无限可能性。
+
+这幅作品通过对个体人物孙中山的刻画，以及与时代背景的巧妙融合，生动地反映了那个时代的社会风貌和历史变迁。孙中山先生坚定的眼神和激昂的神情，成为那个时代追求进步与变革的象征，使观者在欣赏作品的同时，也能深刻感受到历史的厚重与沧桑。
+
+
+
+孔维克 《孙中山先生在青岛》 中国画310cm×600cm 2013年
+
+《心学大师——为王阳明先生造像》（2016年）：精神肖像的哲学表达
+
+与前两幅作品的宏大叙事不同，《心学大师——为王阳明先生造像》以王阳明独坐洞窟悟道的瞬间切入，展现出一种独特的艺术魅力。画家以“虚境”营造思想张力，在画面中形成了鲜明的对比。人物以工笔细描，每一根线条都细腻入微，生动地展现了王阳明的神态和气质；而背景山石则以泼墨写意，豪放洒脱，与人物形成“实人虚景”的强烈对比。
+
+王阳明手中书卷的朱砂题字“心即理”成为画面唯一亮色，这一抹红色犹如一盏明灯，隐喻着儒家心学的精神火炬。这种“以形写神”的手法，超越了传统肖像画对形似的追求，直指思想史的精神内核。它让观者在欣赏作品时，不仅仅是被人物的外貌所吸引，更能感受到王阳明内心深处的思想光芒和哲学智慧，引发了观者对哲学、历史和人生的深刻思考。
+
+
+
+孔维克 《心学大师——为王阳明先生造像》 中国画360cm×180cm 2016年
+
+《北上》（2023年）：东西方叙事逻辑的对话与超越
+
+在人类视觉艺术史上，西方历史画经过文艺复兴到新古典主义的演变，形成以大卫《马拉之死》为代表的“瞬间美学”范式。这种通过黄金分割构图凝固历史时刻的创作理念，在德拉克洛瓦《自由引导人民》中达到戏剧化叙事的巅峰。而中国历史画自顾恺之《洛神赋图》始，便开创了手卷式的时空叙事传统，至五代《韩熙载夜宴图》形成多视点叙事的成熟体系。这两种截然不同的视觉思维，在《北上》创作中发生了深层的观念碰撞。
+
+《北上》这张反映民主党派响应“五一口号”，北上筹备成立新政协，创建新中国的宏大题材的作品，是中国近代史、新政协史、统战史、民主党派史上的重大事件。《北上》采用“之字形”空间架构：海路、陆路与思想传播路径相互交织，形成多声部叙事场域。画面中《五一宣言》文本的书法性呈现，既区别于油画的文字图解模式，又通过笔势动感强化理论传播的动能，这种“以书入画”的东方智慧，构建起独特的叙事语法。
+
+孔维克的实践证明，中国画的历史叙事非但没有本体局限，反而因其媒介特性孕育出迥异于西方油画的表达维度。在数字图像时代重构了水墨艺术的叙事主权，为文明基因的当代转译开辟了新的美学路径。
+
+## 历史意义：文化基因的现代激活
+
+孔维克的历史题材创作犹如一座桥梁，横跨传统与现代、东方与西方，蕴含着三重深刻的文化价值，即重构民族集体记忆、探索水墨现代性路径、跨文化对话的美学实验，为当代中国画的发展注入了新的活力。
+
+重构民族集体记忆
+
+在孔维克看来，历史画无论画事件还是画肖像，最终表现的是人，是作者对历史人物的理解，因为是人创造了历史。“通过画历史也是学习历史、把握历史、再现历史、演绎历史。”
+
+孔维克的系列作品，如 《齐鲁曙光——王尽美、邓恩铭肖像》通过革命先驱的面部肌理刻写精神年轮。王尽美手执《共产党宣言》的细节既构成个体生命的确证，其指节力度与文献肌理形成的视觉和弦，又隐喻马克思主义在齐鲁大地的思想启蒙。《抗战老兵》系列通过地域性服饰符号与伤痕体征的并置，使个体创伤记忆升华为民族精神图腾。这种将肖像作为历史铭文的美学实践，实质是将唯物史观具象化为可感知的生命痕迹，将地方史巧妙地纳入国家叙事的大框架中，实现了集体记忆的视觉重建。
+
+探索水墨现代性路径
+
+中国画在宏大历史叙事领域长期面临传统范式与当代诉求的美学博弈。传统卷轴形制与散点透视体系虽擅于营造诗意化的意境空间，却在表现复杂历史场景时受限于时空连续性弱、视觉焦点分散等结构性难题。孔维克通过解构性创作思维，将线性历史进程解译为多维时空切片，在 《公车上书》《北上》 等作品中创造性地运用“时空折叠”与“图像蒙太奇”手法——既保留传统笔墨的写意特质，又借助画面板块的戏剧性并置与节奏化铺陈，构建出具有史诗质感的视觉编年史，为水墨媒介介入重大主题创作提供了方法论示范。
+
+跨文化对话的美学实验
+
+在《日本遣唐使》《香凝如故》等作品中，孔维克积极尝试以东方笔墨诠释跨文化主题，搭建起中西美学对话的桥梁。在《香凝如故》中，他运用没骨法表现何香凝的素衣，通过衣纹的流动感暗示其革命生涯的波澜起伏。没骨法是中国传统绘画中的一种技法，注重笔墨的韵味和意境的表达。孔维克巧妙地运用这一技法，将何香凝的形象塑造得生动而富有感染力，使观者能够感受到她坚韧不拔的革命精神。
+
+
+
+孔维克《香凝如故》中国画 200cm×200cm 2018年
+
+而背景的梅花则以篆书笔法勾勒，将文人画意象转化为女性主义符号。篆书笔法具有古朴、凝重的特点，与梅花的坚韧品格相契合。通过这种独特的艺术处理，孔维克将东方美学元素与女性主义主题相结合，展现了东方文化在跨文化语境中的独特魅力。
+
+## 结语：在历史长河中锚定当代坐标
+
+孔维克的历史题材人物画，既是个人艺术探索的结晶，也是中国水墨现代化进程的缩影。他通过“以古鉴今”的创作观，将儒家“文以载道”的精神传统转化为当代文化自觉。通过“中西互鉴”的技法革新，证明了传统水墨的强大表现力。在全球化语境下，这种既植根本土文化基因，又具备现代审美价值的艺术实践，为构建中国美术的主体性提供了重要启示。正如方增先所言：“孔维克的探索，让中国人物画的未来充满可能。”
+
+作者简介：黄家馨，中国国家画院《中国美术报》美育中心副主任；王安民，甘肃省文艺创作传播中心副主任。
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+DOI:10.16124/j.cnki.cn13-1390/c.2019.03.018
+
+# 公安院校大学生法治意识及培育思路
+
+陈钰
+
+(中国人民公安大学 马克思主义学院,北京 100038)
+
+***
+
+**摘要:** 加强公安院校大学生法治意识，是全面依法治国背景下法治公安建设的必然要求。公安院校大学生的法治意识存在于法治认知、法治情感与法治实践三个维度，具体内容包括法律规范意识、权利平等意识、权力控制意识、法律至上意识、自律意识、正当程序意识以及责任意识等。据我们的调查显示，当前我国公安院校大学生的法治意识在三个维度中呈现出了喜忧参半的状况，他们的法治意识受到个人、学校、社会等多种因素的影响。公安院校可通过提升法治认知、培养法治情感、强化法治实践来培育学生的法治意识。
+**关键词:** 公安院校大学生;法治意识;法治意识培育
+
+**中图分类号:** D920.4 **文献标志码:** A **文章编号:** 1674-3210(2019)03-0109-06
+
+***
+
+党的十九大开启了全面依法治国的新时代。公安院校大学生作为未来的执法者,承担着打击犯罪、保护人民、维护国家安全的重要职责,其法治意识不仅关乎公安执法规范化建设,也关系着全面依法治国的成效。加强公安院校大学生的法治意识,是培养新时代高素质公安人才和法治人才的应有之义,也是助力法治国家建设的必然要求。本文旨在调研公安院校大学生的法治意识状况并提出相应改进对策。
+
+## 一、公安院校大学生法治意识概述
+
+### (一)公安院校大学生法治意识的含义
+
+法治意识是社会成员对法本身及法现象的一种态度、情感与评价,并将法治规则、理念、精神运用于分析、处理法治实践问题的思维习惯。这一概念中包含了认知、情感及实践三个维度。公安院校大学生作为未来的执法者,他们的法治意识与一般大学生法治意识最大的不同在于多了一层执法者这一身份要素。也正因此,公安院校大学生的法治意识与其他院校大学生的法治意识相比,具有以下特征:
+
+第一,公安院校大学生的法治意识更注重规范性,强调在执法过程中自觉运用法律,规范地处理各类社会矛盾纠纷。
+
+第二,公安院校大学生的法治意识更具有专业性。公安院校大学生,将来大部分要成为执法者,在校学习期间,就应具备系统扎实的公安法律专业知识,能够在未来执法中准确定位与适用法律,培养专业意识。
+
+第三,公安院校大学生的法治意识更具有职业性,强调与人民警察这个职业的核心价值观间的密切联系。“忠诚、为民、公正、廉洁”是人民警察的核心价值观,它对公安院校大学生的法治意识起着重要的引领作用。“忠诚”是法治意识的本质,突出公安机关的法律属性是人民民主专政的重要工具;“为民”是法治意识的基本内核,突出公安民警全心全意为人民服务的宗旨;“公正”是法治意识的价值追求,突出公安民警促进社会公平正义的职责要求;“廉洁”是法治意识的保障,突出公安民警清正廉洁的执法准则。
+
+### (二)公安院校大学生法治意识的基本内容
+
+从法治意识的基本含义出发,公安院校大学生法治意识的基本内容可从三个维度进行分析,即法治认知、法治情感、法治实践。(见图1)
+
+
+
+图1 公安院校大学生法治意识三维度及其内容
+
+#### 1. 法治认知维度
+法治认知维度的法治意识是指主动学习法律知识、正确理解法治价值的主观倾向及活动的法治意识,具体包括法律规范意识、权利本位意识及权力控制意识。法律规范意识即公安院校大学生正确运用法律规范、法律原则、法律方法论等知识的意识,这是法治认知的知识要素;权利本位意识即公安院校大学生能够秉持“以人民为中心”的执法理念,充分保障公民权利,正确处理权利与权力的辩证关系的意识;权力控制意识即公安院校大学生明晰法律边界,自觉控制执法权的行使,防止权力扩张。权利本位意识与权力控制意识是公安院校大学生法治认知的价值要素。
+
+#### 2. 法治情感维度
+法治情感维度的法治意识是带有对法治的关注、信任与依赖的情感倾向的法治意识,对公安院校大学生而言,具体包括法律至上意识和自律意识。法律至上意识即法律应该在公安院校大学生心中具有至高无上的权威。亚里士多德认为:“凡不能维持法律威信的城邦都不能说它已经建立了任何政体。法律应在任何方面受到尊重而保持无上的权威。”①习近平总书记更是强调:“领导干部都要牢固树立宪法法律至上、法律面前人人平等、权由法定、权依法使等基本法治观念”②。应当看到,不仅对领导干部来讲要树立宪法法律至上的意识,对公安院校大学生或者将来的公安干警来说,更应如此。公安院校大学生具备法律至上意识,意味着其在未来执法中会首选法律作为解决问题的手段,这是法治国家执法者的基本素养。自律意识即自觉自愿遵守法律、运用法律约束自身执法行为的意识。这种意识产生于对法律的尊重与信任,是法治情感的真实流露。无论在何种情况下,都需要依法行事,这才体现出公安院校大学生高度自觉的法治意识。
+
+#### 3. 法治实践维度
+法治实践维度的法治意识是指在实践中利用“对于具体问题进行感知后形成的初步信息或归类信息”③,摒弃被动使用法律的状况,而表现出更高程度的法治自觉。公安院校大学生是否真正具备法治意识,需要在实践中予以检验,经过实践检验的法治意识反过来指导法治理论,这符合马克思主义认识论的逻辑思路。法治实践维度的法治意识包括正当程序意识和责任意识。程序是法律内部生命的体现,是实体正义实现的重要保障,能否自觉遵循程序规则是衡量法治意识成熟与否的标准。责任意识主要是指公安院校大学生在未来执法中自觉承担过错责任的意识,这是法治实践中不可或缺的一环。对于执法者而言,责任与权力相伴而生,具备责任意识是正确行使公权力的重要前提。公安院校大学生未来将处在执法的第一线,将是法律的执行者和具体操作者,其法治意识直接关乎执法的规范化水平。
+***
+①亚里士多德:《政治学》,吴寿彭译,商务印书馆,1995年版,第191页。
+
+②习近平:《领导干部要做尊法学法守法用法的模范 带动全党全国共同全面推进依法治国》,中国共产党新闻网,2019-07-20,http://cpc.people.com.cn/xuexi/n/2015/0211/c385474-26544811-5.html.
+
+③韩春晖:《论法治思维》,《行政法学研究》2013年第3期。
+
+## 二、公安院校大学生法治意识现状及其影响因素
+
+为研究当前公安院校大学生的法治意识,并提出相应对策,我们进行了涵盖面较广、具有代表性的调研。在调研的基础上,我们分析了影响公安院校大学生法治意识的各种因素。
+
+### (一)公安院校大学生法治意识现状
+
+本文以公安院校大学生为调查对象,在全国公安院校中随机发放了问卷。调查内容包括这些学生法治认知、法治情感与法治实践三个维度的权利本位意识、权力控制意识、法律至上意识、正当程序意识、责任意识等具体要素,调查中的评价指标包括法律知识、法治关注、法治评价、法治实践等多个可量化的要素。问卷基本信息如表1所示。
+
+**表1 问卷对象和基本数据**
+
+| 问卷样本 | 回收有效问卷1126份 |
|---|
| 调查院校 | 中国人民公安大学、中国刑事警察学院,山东警察学院、大连警官学院、甘肃政法学院、贵州警察学院、河南警察学院、湖北警官学院、吉林警察学院、辽宁警察学院、南京森林警察学院、洛阳警察学院、铁道警察学院、中国人民武装警察部队学院、新疆警察学院、云南警察学院、浙江警察学院、中央司法警官学院 | | 学历分布 | 大专78人(6.8%)、大学本科932人(82.8%)、硕士研究生115人(10.2%)、博士研究生1人(0.1%) | | 专业分布 | 公安学405人(36%)、公安技术学218人(19.4%)、其他257人(22.8%)、法学246人(21.9%) |
+
+通过对上述数据的分析,总结出公安院校大学生法治意识的现状如下。
+
+#### 1. 法治认知维度的状况
+
+公安院校大学生对法律知识的掌握不足。这里的法律知识是指对现行法律的具体规定的熟悉程度。调查发现,公安院校大学生虽然掌握了一定的法律知识,为法治意识的建立提供了基础条件,但他们掌握的程度远未达到一名执法者应具备的水平。如在关于“是否熟悉《人民警察法》的内容”问题中,回答能够熟练掌握该法内容的仅有6.9%、基本掌握的有18.8%、大致了解的有42.4%,身为一个公安院校学生,仅仅大致了解《人民警察法》是绝对不够的;还如在关于“十五周岁的赵某对自己所犯的盗窃罪是否需要承担刑事责任”的问题中,仅有69.3%的人对这么简单的问题做出了正确的回答,正确率过低;在回答“对严重危害公共安全或者他人人身安全的精神病人,人民警察可以采取什么措施”的问题时,70.6%的人选择了“保护性约束措施”。另外,关于“法律知识主要来源”问题,93.3%的人选择“课堂老师传授”,64%的人在生活中以碎片化方式获取,55.2%的人会利用课余时间自主学习,另有26.4%的人需要时再临时学习。这些数据说明学生们接受法律知识的途径过于单一,主动性严重不足,也说明他们自身的专业精神严重欠缺。
+
+公安院校大学生对法治价值的理解存在严重偏差。调查中,当问及“如何看待法的价值问题”时,87.7%的人认为法律可以保障公民的权利,虽然百分比不低,但也有不少人怀疑法律对权利的保障作用;75%的人认为法律可以实现社会公平正义,这说明法律的维护社会正义价值受到了学生们的怀疑;70.7%的人认为法律的主要功能是维护秩序,另有44.2%的人认为法律是为统治阶级服务的,这个问题就相当严重了,作为将来国家机器操作者的公安院校的大学生,对法律的阶级性本质认识不清,使人深感忧虑。
+
+通过以上调查数据,我们可以简单总结公安院校大学生在法治认知维度的法治意识状况:总体上,公安院校大学生法治认知状况较好,但存在一些不足之处。具体表现为:第一,公安院校大学生对法治的本质价值有一定认识,但不坚定、不深入,停留在表面现象,这对将来从事执法工作、掌管国家机器严重不利;第二,学生们对法律知识有一定了解,但部分公安院校大学生对简单的法律知识掌握不牢,而这些知识又是未来执法过程中无法回避的重要方面;第三,法律知识获取的途径过于单一且被动,学生的专业精神不足。
+
+#### 2. 法治情感维度的状况
+
+公安院校大学生具备一定的法治关注意识。法治关注是指对日常生活中发生的与法律相关事件的关注度,它能够反映出法律在学生心中的地位。对法律的关注度越高,意味着大学生运用法律知识分析、解决问题的法治意识就越强。调查显示,关于“是否有意识去关注公安法治建设的进程”问题,有84.2%的人表示会积极关注,并且有45.3%的人认为关注法律案件可提升自身的法治意识。这个数据说明,大多数人有积极关注公安法治建设的意愿,不过,关注法治的动机并不是发自内心的主动追求。
+
+公安院校大学生对法治有正向评价,但也存在认识不足的问题。法治评价是指对法律本身及其相关内容的价值判断,是“法治意识的重要组成部分,直接影响社会成员对法治的信仰”①。调查中,当问及“如何评价公安院校大学生的法治意识”时,有79.9%的人认为比较强,17.9%的人认为“一般”;与此相对应的关于“自己的法律知识能否满足未来公安工作的需要”的问题,12.4%的人认为非常满足,32.6%的人认为比较满足,另有16.9%的人认为无法满足;关于“学校的法律课传授的知识能否满足警察法律素养的要求”,76.7%人认为可以满足;关于“排除专业需要,法律在生活中是否有用”的问题,70.8%的人选择“比较有用,是解决多数问题的良好途径”。
+
+通过分析以上数据,我们可以看到:多数公安院校大学生能够积极关注法治,但关注度还有待提高,关注的动机还应该更主动积极。在问及“学习法律知识的原因”时,竟然有81%的人是出于未来工作的需要,这反映出公安院校大学生法治意识带有极强的功利性色彩,并非源于对法治精神的追求。
+
+#### 3. 法治实践维度的状况
+
+调查显示,公安院校大学生具备基本的法治实践意识,但仍需大力加强。当问及“程序规则在警察执法过程中的地位”时,选择非常重要和比较重要的分别占了66.3%和28.2%;当问及“在生活中遇到侵害自己权益的事情时会如何处理”,85%的人选择“走法律途径”;关于“除了专业需要,法律在生活中是否有用”的问题,有70.8%的人认为法律比较有用,27.6%的人认为法律在特定情况下有用。而关于“公安院校大学生亟待提高的法治意识有哪些”的问题,责任意识高居榜首,占了81.7%,其次是权利意识和法治信仰,分别有70.4%和70.1%,认同程序意识的有66.3%,最少的为契约意识,仅占了46.3%。
+
+通过调查分析,我们可以看到:多数学生能够将法律作为解决实践问题的首要选择,这标志着公安院校大学生能够将法治意识付诸实践,使其从意识形态领域进入到社会实践当中。但对法律在生活中的用途的认识,竟然有高达27.6%的人仅认为它在特定情况下有用,这说明学生们对法治在实践中的作用还是有很大怀疑度的。
+***
+① 陈立峰:《新社会阶层法治意识及其培育——以浙江省的问卷调查为基础》,《中共浙江省委党校学报》2017年第3期。
+
+### (二)公安院校大学生法治意识提升的影响因素
+当前公安院校大学生的法治意识总体较好。但同时也要看到,公安院校大学生法治意识的发展过程中存在一些制约因素,影响了其进一步提升。
+
+#### 1. 个人因素
+调查显示,公安院校大学生的法律知识掌握不足、学习法律的动机不纯,是制约其法治意识提升的主要内因。首先,法律知识掌握不牢,直接影响法律规范意识的形成。法律规范意识以法律知识的熟练运用为基础,公安院校大学生在对法律不了解的情况下,很难做到严格规范公正文明执法,因为查询法律规定、遵循法定程序无疑会增加执法成本,从而降低运用法律解决问题的积极性。由此造成的法律约束力的下降,滋生了权力的滥用,固化了传统的人治思维,给法治意识的发展带来了障碍。其次,法律工具主义思想影响较大。尽管公安院校大学生具备主动学习法律的意识,但学习的功利性较强。主要表现为:只学习具体的法律条文,却不深挖法律条文背后的价值内涵;只学习未来执法中最常用到的刑事法律知识,却不重视法治理论的学习与法治精神的培养。这种典型的法律工具主义思想,造成公安院校大学生在法律学习中只知其一不知其二,不能全面掌握与灵活运用法律,法律学习效果不佳、法治意识提升困难。
+
+#### 2. 学校因素
+学校作为公安院校大学生法治意识培育的最重要主体,对公安院校大学生法治意识的提升发挥着重要作用。调查数据显示,有23.3%的同学认为课堂传授的法律知识难以满足警察法律素养的需要;当问及“公安院校学生法治意识的培育应该首选哪种方式进行”时,有26.5%的同学选择“丰富课堂教学内容”。这说明当前公安院校的法律教育存在问题,教育效果不佳。一方面,“部分公安院校在法学教育上与地方院校法学教育模式趋于相同”①。公安院校应以培养应用型基层执法民警为目标,相应地在法学教育上应围绕执法的理论与实践展开。另一方面,“公安院校开设的法律课程存在理论与实践脱节的问题,导致学生在校学习的法律知识难以经受公安一线工作的考验”②。教学中存在的问题,不利于公安院校大学生对法治价值的全面理解,造成法治情感淡薄,阻碍了法治意识的提升。
+
+#### 3. 社会因素
+公安院校大学生作为社会成员之一,其法治意识难免会受到社会氛围与思潮的影响,当前,社会法治氛围尚未全面形成及西方价值观的渗透成为制约公安院校大学生法治意识提升的主要外因。
+
+首先,社会法治氛围仍需进一步营造。社会法治氛围是指社会中的人们对法治的整体认知,其形态由低到高可分为“不敢违法的法治氛围、不能违法的法治氛围、不愿违法的法治氛围”三个层次。③最后一个层次体现出了人们对法律的尊崇,是与法治意识相适应的社会法治氛围。调查显示,“身边缺乏法治氛围”在公安院校大学生对法治意识制约因素的重要程度排序中位列第三。可见,当前社会法治氛围尚未全面形成,人们对法律的遵守大多停留在“不敢”“不能”的层面,离尊崇法治、敬畏法律、信仰法治还有一定距离。其次,西方价值观对公安院校大学生法治意识的冲击较大。西方价值观是以西方意识形态为基础,以维护资产阶级利益为目的形成的社会主流思想,其中的一些思想不利于公安院校大学生法治意识的提升。例如,功利主义思想会使公安院校大学生对法治价值的追求出现懈怠,片面强调法律的工具作用,难以树立法治信仰;个人主义会使公安院校大学生过于关注自身利益,弱化集体意识,不利于打造纪律严明的公安铁军。因此,西方多元价价值观的干扰,容易歪曲公安院校大学生尚不稳定的价值观,阻碍其法治意识的提升。
+***
+① 徐跃飞:《论公安专业学生公正执法意识的培养路径——以程序法教学为视角》,《科教导刊》(上旬刊)2014年第11期。
+
+② 吴星儒:《当代中国公安院校法治观教育研究》,博士学位论文,吉林大学马克思主义学院,2017年,第105页。
+
+③ 夏锦文:《法治思维》,江苏人民出版社,2015年版,第298页。
+
+## 三、公安院校大学生法治意识的培育思路
+
+法治意识培育对于未来要从事执法工作的公安院校大学生而言必不可少。针对公安院校大学生法治意识的现状,结合法治意识提升的制约因素,本文从认知、情感、实践三个维度提出有针对性的培育思路。
+
+### (一)学习法律知识,提升法治认知
+
+第一,加强学生法律基础知识学习。法律基础知识包括基本的法律规范和法律原理。公安院校大学生需要掌握基本的部门法律规范、法律原理,并且能够根据具体的法律解决实际问题。公安院校可通过开设基本的法律通识课程,来提升学生的法律基础知识,同时还要根据警察的职业特色,着重教授学生与公安工作密切相关的法律、法规、规章、条例等,使公安院校大学生在步入工作岗位前就熟练掌握执法所需的法律知识。通过对执法相关法律知识的学习,弥补学生法律知识的欠缺,促使其形成法律规范意识。
+
+第二,强化学生法律方法论的运用。法律方法论即法律适用的技术性方法,当法律过于模糊、概括、不具有可操作性时,需要依据法律方法论来理解适用法律。常见的法律方法论有法律发现方法、法律解释方法、法律论证方法、法律推理方法等。①这些法律适用的技术性方法是法学教育中的重要内容,公安院校应开设专门的法律方法论课程,教授学生在未来执法中遇到法律空白或法律规定模糊的情况时,该如何正确适用法律,解决现实的执法问题。强化法律方法论的学习,有利于帮助学生形成法律规范意识,提升法治认知水平。
+
+第三,引导学生树立正确的执法理念。公安民警的执法理念涉及到法治价值的选择,是对法律内涵的深层次理解,因而可归属于法律知识的范畴。树立正确的执法理念,需要正确理解权利与权力的关系问题。权利平等与权力控制即实现公民权利与自由的平衡状态。博登海默认为:“如果享有实施与执行法律职能的机关能够使赋予平等权利同尊重这些权利相一致,那么一个以权利平等为基础的社会秩序,在通往消灭歧视的道路上就有了长足的进展。”②“以人民为中心”的执法理念是公安民警在执法中的指导思想,贯彻落实该理念,意味着公安院校大学生理解了法治的本质,即控制公权力、保障私权利。公安院校的法治教育要重视对学生执法理念的灌输,引导学生纠正“重法律规范、轻法律理念”的错误思想。在法律基础课程中,加入对执法理念、精神的学习,培养学生权利平等意识和权力控制意识,从价值观层面进一步深化法治认知水平。
+
+### (二)营造法治氛围,培养法治情感
+
+法治情感是连接法治认知和法治实践的重要纽带,强烈的法治情感以成熟的法治认知为基础,同时又为法治实践提供充足的动力。公安院校大学生法治情感的培养,旨在增强学生对法律的信任与依赖,具体可通过营造良好的公安院校法治文化氛围予以实现。
+
+第一,举办校园法治文化活动。法治文化活动可以使学生在参与活动的过程中,潜移默化地受到法治文化的熏陶,逐渐形成一定的法治情感。公安院校可定期举办法律知识讲座、开展法律知识竞赛、辩论赛等,鼓励师生共同参与活动,发挥老师的教育、引导作用,帮助学生理解活动中涉及的法律问题,指导学生将课堂上所学的理论知识运用于实践。
+
+第二,吸收公安文化元素用于校园法治文化建设。学校可定期邀请公安一线的优秀执法民警走进校园,与学生交流实践中的执法问题,让学生直观感受到法律在执法实践中的具体操作;同时传播实践中先进的警务理念,使老师发现理论教学中的问题,及时更新教学内容、方式等,实现理论与实践的充分融合。
+
+第三,借助现代化手段营造校园法治文化。现代网络技术的发展,丰富了教育教学手段,增加了教育的实效性。公安院校可利用信息网络,进行法制文化宣传。例如,在校园官方微信公众号上定期发布法律知识、法律事件、法律文章等,引导学生关注、学习、评价法律;组织学生观看法治人物评选节目、法律相关电影、电视节目等,使学生在观看中感受法治力量、培养法治情感、加深法治理解。
+
+第四,公安院校与地方公安机关建立校局合作机制。学校定期组织学生参观警营,提升学生对警营法治文化的认同,加深对法治实践价值的理解;根据培养计划,安排学生到公安机关开展实习工作,切身体会法律知识在日常公安工作中的重要性,促使其形成法治情感,不断提升自身的法治意识。
+***
+① 陈金钊:《思维、法治能力的考查需要法律方法》,《扬州大学学报》(人文社会科学版)2017年第2期。
+
+② 博登海默:《法理学——法律哲学与法律方法》,邓正来译,中国政法大学出版社,1999年版,第286页。
+
+### (三)重视程序规范,强化法治实践
+法治实践是公安院校大学生法治意识培育的最后一个阶段,该阶段强调公安院校大学生在未来的执法实践中,必须严格遵循法定程序,具备正当程序意识;同时还要勇于承担执法的过错责任,具备责任意识。
+
+首先,正当程序意识的培育要从依法执法和公开执法两个方面展开。公安民警执法的首要前提是坚持“法无授权不可为”的基本原则,即只能行使法律授予的权力,严格遵循法律程序要求,执法过程公开透明。因此,要加强公安院校大学生对执法程序规定的应用,包括《刑事诉讼法》《行政诉讼法》《公安机关办理刑事案件程序规定》《公安机关办理行政案件程序规定》《公安机关执法细则》等。通过在课堂上模拟执法流程,提高学生对执法程序的运用能力;通过观看实践中“教科书式执法”案例,增强学生规范执法的意识。此外,学校还要培养学生执法公开意识,即任何执法行为的实施都要依程序告知执法对象,充分保障执法对象的知情权。公安院校大学生在校期间,可通过遵守警务化管理的规章、制度等来强化程序意识。学校则要在涉及学生利益的事务上做到遵守程序、流程公开、公平公正等。
+
+其次,责任意识的培育。不规范的执法行为会产生相应的执法责任,对执法主体责任的追究应属程序规范的最后一个环节。因此,强化公安院校大学生的法治实践少不了要提升责任意识。第一,公安院校的法治教育应引导学生正视而非逃避现实问题,认识现实社会的多元性与复杂性,锻炼学生运用法治意识化解社会矛盾纠纷的能力。面对矛盾纠纷,要勇于承担责任,不逃避、不推卸,真正做到权责统一。第二,公安院校法治教育要强化学生的反思理性。公安院校大学生要能够根据实际情况,及时改变不恰当的执法方式,把其他学科知识运用到执法过程中,追求执法过程的规范化。同时,还要尊重执法对象的个体差异,保障个人权利不受公权力的侵害,要不断反思个人的执法行为,及时纠正错误行为,避免造成严重后果,承担起维护社会稳定及公平正义的责任。
+
+## 结语
+
+通过调查分析,公安院校大学生法治意识的现状可谓喜忧参半。尽管公安院校大学生具备了一定的法治意识,但距离形成法治信仰还相差较远。法治公安建设对公安院校大学生的法治意识提出了更高要求,公安院校大学生不仅要熟练掌握基本的法律知识,更重要的是要从心理层面认可法律,善于运用法律。因此,公安院校大学生的法治意识培育要重视发挥法治情感的纽带作用,实现法治认知、法治情感与法治实践三者的和谐统一,最终推动公安院校大学生法治意识的不断提升。
+
+# Law Awareness of Public Security College Students and the Way of Cultivation
+
+CHEN Yu
+
+(College of Marxism, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China)
+
+**Abstract:** Strengthening law awareness of college students in public security colleges is an inevitable requirement for the construction of the rule of law in the context of comprehensive administration of the country. The awareness of the rule of law of public security college students can be divided into three dimensions, that is, law cognition, law emotion, and law practice, including legal norm consciousness, rights equality consciousness, power control consciousness, legal supremacy, self-discipline consciousness, due process consciousness, responsibility consciousness, etc. The survey shows that the awareness of the rule of law among college students in public security colleges presents a unique situation in three dimensions. Their awareness of the rule of law is influenced by many factors such as individual, school and society. Public security colleges can cultivate students' awareness of the rule of law by raising awareness of the rule of law, cultivating the emotions of the rule of law, and strengthening the practice of the rule of law.
+
+**Key words:** college students in public security colleges; awareness of rule of law; cultivation of rule of law awareness
+
+***
+
+**收稿日期:** 2019-04-13
+
+**作者简介:** 陈钰(1995—),女,河北廊坊市人,中国人民公安大学马克思主义学院硕士研究生,主要研究公安管理学、公安思想政治教育。
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..f9adfdb9c1f0fe1924e3c1fdb9c592e20e2a5c60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_19.md
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+金秋时节,多地农民趁着晴好天气,将收获的农作物在房前屋后晾晒,五彩缤纷的农作物与乡村景致交相辉映,勾勒出一幅幅美丽的丰收画卷。
+
+
+
+↑2025年9月21日,江西省上饶市婺源县江湾镇篁岭村,徽派民居的木架上晾晒着红辣椒、玉米、南瓜、豆角等农作物。(无人机照片)CICPHOTO/胡敦煌 摄
+
+
+
+↑2025年9月20日,农民在甘肃省酒泉市肃州区三墩镇晾晒红辣椒。(无人机照片)CICPHOTO/曹红祖 摄
+
+
+
+↑2025年9月18日,农民在贵州省黔西市锦星镇木渣黑社区晾晒玉米和红辣椒。(无人机照片)CICPHOTO/范晖 摄
+
+↑2025年9月17日，农民在安徽省黄山市歙县深渡镇阳产村晾晒稻谷、玉米、南瓜、红辣椒等农作物。CICPHOTO/施亚磊 摄
+
+
+
+↑2025年9月15日，农民在安徽省黄山市徽州区呈坎村晾晒稻谷、玉米、南瓜、红辣椒、笋干等农作物。（无人机照片）CICPHOTO/潘祯祥 摄
+
+↑2025年9月15日，农民在贵州省从江县高增乡小黄侗寨晾晒稻谷。（无人机照片）CICPHOTO/吴德军 摄
+
+↑2025年9月13日,农民在山东省青州市庙子镇局子峪村晾晒玉米。CICPHOTO/王继林 摄
+
+
+
+↑2025年9月13日,农民在贵州省黔东南苗族侗族自治州从江县东朗镇摆啊村翻晒稻谷。(无人机照片)CICPHOTO/樊绍光 摄
+
+↑2025年9月11日,工人在甘肃省张掖市高台县南华工业园区翻晒制种玉米。
+(无人机照片) CICPHOTO/王将 摄
+
+
+
+↑2025年9月7日,农民在重庆市南川区黎香湖镇西湖村晾晒稻谷、玉米、花生、
+红辣椒等农作物。(无人机照片) CICPHOTO/罗川 摄
+
+↑2025年9月4日,农民在贵州省黔西市太来彝族苗族乡硐口村晾晒玉米。(无人机照片)CICPHOTO/周训超 摄
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_2.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_2.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..3cc2c3c2158cde9d99b8219e2a150023fa57bda7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_2.md
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# 在第八次人口普查动员会发言稿
+
+## 第八次人口普查综合试点会讲话
+
+尊敬的各位领导、同志们：
+
+为探索第八次全国人口普查工作经验，推动全区“六普”工作的顺利进行，市第八次全国人口普查领导组办公室将全市的人口普查综合试点工作放在我区办事处海楼路、南温泉、黑泥地三个社区进行。我们召开这次会议的目的，就是动员全区相关部门积极参与到试点工作中来，共同为“六普”工作探索和总结经验。今天，市“六普”领导组组长、市统计局王崇明局长及市试点领导组相关领导也应邀到会作指导，在此，我谨代表区人民政府及区人普领导小组向市“六普”领导小组组长、市统计局王局长及办公室所有成员的到来表示热烈欢迎！对大家长期以来给予我区的关心支持表示衷心的感谢！
+
+### 一、统一思想、高度重视，充分认识综合试点工作的重要意义
+
+区是市政治、经济、文化中心，外来、人户分离和流动人口规模在全市最大，人口信息最为复杂，在全市最具代表性。办事处是区政府所在地，辖 22 个社区居委会，截止到末，有入住户数 34382 户，人口 97849 人。在全区 20 个乡（镇）、办事处中经济发达程度最高，交通便利、人户分离现象较为严重，流动人口规模较大，有利于取得人口普查所包含的各种复杂信息。办事处所辖的社区具有城区、城郊结合部、村庄三种不同的城乡结构，在全区和全市都具有地域代表性。选取的海楼路、南温泉、黑泥地三个社区分别代表三种城乡结构，能充分反映人口普查的复杂性和代表性。综合试点工作将对三个社区居委会的 25 个普查小区，4414 户人家，14467 人进行试点，要求从普查的组织、宣传、“两员”选调培训、小区划分、户口整顿、摸底、入户登记、复查、事后质量抽查、快速汇总、质量控制及数据处理等环节都真实地模拟全过程演练。通过综合试点，发现问题，找出解决问题的方法和措施，获取人口普查各个环节和各个方面的经验，为我区及全市人口普查工作探索和总结出行之有效的工作方法和经验，为正式的普查登记奠定扎实的基础。综合试点在我区进行，是对我区人口普查组织协调工作、各部门分工协作、以及普查队伍业务素质的一次综合检验。试点的成败不仅关系到我区“六普”的进展，而且关系到全市人普工作的全面推进。同时，本次试点是正式普查的一次预演，是为了探索经验，锻炼队伍，培训骨干，为人口普查工作顺利开展奠定基础，涉及到人口普查的全过程。同时，通过它可以检验我区人普组织工作；搞准人口总量的各项措施和对普查方案的理解和熟悉程度。为此，各级各部门一定要把思想统一到市人普领导组的安排部署上来，统一到区委、区政府的相关要求上来，进一步强化责任、狠抓落实，举全区之力搞好此次综合试点工作。
+
+### 二、明确目标、精心组织，扎实开展好这次综合试点工作
+
+#### （一）进一步明确这次试点的目的
+
+一是演练人口普查流程，检验普查方案的科学性和可行性。试点是确保普查方案科学可行、普查组织保障有力的必要前提，是普查成功的必要保证。通过对试点方案的完整演练，认真研究试点中出现的新情况、新问题，发现方案实施中的重点、难点，详细总结各环节工作过程，检验普查方案和各项细则是否科学可行，检验各项组织工作是否严密有效，为全市执行好国家的人口普查方案和细则、组织实施好人口普查工作提供经验借鉴。二是积累组织普查的经验。需要通过试点，模拟普查的全过程，查找实际操作中的问题，积累组织实施的经验。区普查办、办事处，各成员单位要明确和界定各相关部门的责任，切实担负起人口普查的日常组织和协调职能，牢固树立责任意识，切实增强工作的主动性，在普查试点工作的组织实施中多发现问题，多提出建议，多研究措施，多总结经验，努力把综合试点工作做细致、做扎实、做出成效。三是锻炼普查队伍，提高“两员”选调和培训的针对性和有效性。人口普查需要一支素质好、能力强、热情高的普查队伍去执行，普查指导员和普查员的选调和培训是搞好普查工作的关键。要将试点工作与培训结合起来，把试点的过程变成培训的过程，分阶段、抓重点搞好培训工作，尤其是要做好入户登记的业务培训。通过试点参与普查全过程的演炼，充分吸取经过实践检验的好经验、好做法，为下一步组织和指导全区、乃至全市大规模的业务培训打下坚实基础。四是发现问题并提出解决问题的办法或措施。此次普查存在锁定调查对象难度加大、不可预见因素增多、提高数据质量压力增大、普查成本不断增加、普查员选任、入户登记困难等问题。这些问题在普查中如何解决，都要通过试点来回答。
+
+#### （二）熟练掌握人口普查的各项业务要求，认真研究试点中可能遇到的新情况、新问题
+
+综合试点一定要严格按照试点方案和市人普办制定的各项实施要求去执行。我区参与此次试点的人员要系统地掌握人口普查工作流程，认真研究和分析入户登记中的新情况、新问题和特殊情况、特殊问题，结合实际组织好各地的业务技术工作和入户登记工作。
+
+### 三、强化领导、落实责任，确保试点工作取得实效
+
+#### （一）加强领导，明确分工
+
+此次试点工作参与人员规模大，人数多，认真组织好参与人员的住宿、学习和观摩工作任务繁重。我们作为具体承办者，要当好东道主，为参会人员提供一个好的学习和试点环境，营造良好的学习和实践氛围。各成员单位要按照区第八次人口普查部门职责的要求，统一思想，服从大局，发挥部门优势、积极主动配合相关部门做好试点和正式普查登记工作。
+
+一是区普查办：接受市普查办的业务和技术指导，负责与市普查办进行业务联系，与相关单位进行沟通协调，拟定试点区域具体位置；负责指定地域的实地勘察、划界、划分普查区与普查小区并绘图；负责组织抽调相关基层普查员、普查指导员；进行人口情况摸底、填写住户摸底底册；负责组织相关基层普查员、普查指导员参加培训并开展入户普查登记；负责进行手工过录及计算机数据处理等。
+
+二是区公安分局：负责户口整顿及试点工作，摸清户籍人口、流动人口、人户分离人口、应落未落户人口、应销未销户人口等情况，并将有关资料提交区普查办，供普查登记时参考。我区此次试点要求户口整顿和摸底工作同时进行。此项工作，由区公安分局牵头，开展户口整顿和摸底工作，要求在 6 月 27日前完成。
+
+三是计生局：负责查准出生人口方面的协调配合工作。提供搞准全区出生人口所需的育龄妇女及生育情况资料，流动人口资料。组织基层计生干部和群众参与、配合普查登记工作。每月 7 日以前提供各乡镇出生、死亡人口台帐。
+
+四是区委宣传部：负责牵头宣传工作的组织实施。要求调动广播、电视、报纸、网络等媒体组织开展多种形式的宣传工作。联系电视台在试点期间进行全市人口普查综合试点的新闻报导和宣传，营造普查氛围，使广大群众尤其是试点区域的群众理解和支持人口普查工作，做到家喻户晓。对有关的领导宣传试点的意义，特别要讲清试点数据仅为总结经验、指导普查工作服务，不作为评价本地区相关工作的依据。同时，要做好群众的宣传工作，告知所有参与试点的单位和工作人员，为被调查户提供的家庭和个人信息保密，以消除他们的顾虑，如实反映情况。认真组织好有关单位和人员，精心排练，圆满完成 7 月1 日的普查试点启动仪式的文艺演出任务。公务员之家
+
+五是办事处：负责协助区普查办组织开展好普查综合试点工作，完成“两员”选调和搞好群众宣传工作。配合区人普办公室对选定的区域按社区划分普查区，并在普查区内 25 个普查小区中再按标准确定普查员和指导员，“两员”的选调工作必须在 6 月 5 日前完成。绘制试点普查区、普查小区地图，并标明普查区、普查小区的边界线、主要建筑物、道路和人员情况等，此项工作必须在 6 月 10 日前完成。负责试点区域群众的宣传动员工作，在适宜的地方悬挂和张贴普查标语和宣传资料并认真组织入户登记工作。
+
+#### （二）严格纪律，依法普查
+
+担任入户登记任务的普查指导员和普查人员要注意依法进行普查，合法取得普查资料，严禁使用非法手段，伪造普查数据。对弄虚作假或干扰人口普查工作的，要依法严肃查处，追究责任。
+
+#### （三）积极探索，认真总结
+参与试点的普查指导员、普查员要勤于思考，勇于实践，把试点中摸索出的一些好经验、方法及时总结出来，为正式开展普查工作提供参考。同时，对试点中发现的问题，认真做好记录，并逐项进行研究，向市、区人普办提出意见和建议。区人普办要认真总结试点工作过程，真实反映试点存在的困难和问题，分析原因，提出解决办法，为市普查办积累组织实施经验，提供具有可操作性的原则和方法，用以指导全市人口普查工作。同志们，此次试点工作从筹备到启动只有不到一个月的时间，时间紧、任务繁重、工作难度大。但我相信在市试点领导小组及办公室的精心组织和周密安排下，在区人普办、办事处以及各成员单位的通力协作下，通过普查指导员、普查员和与会同志的共同努力，一定能圆满完成此次综合试点任务，达到试点目的和要求。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_20.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_20.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..54b4f2a34cd370e5bccd301c5ab3e3c7333be7a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_20.md
@@ -0,0 +1,122 @@
+今天是教师节
+让我们一起跟着铜镜
+学尊师重道
+
+
+
+**唐代的铜镜会讲故事**
+
+《列子·天瑞》中有这样一则故事
+话说有一天
+孔子游览泰山
+偶遇荣启期一边弹琴一边歌唱
+他虽衣着简陋
+却怡然自得
+
+
+
+△荣启期，春秋时期隐士。图片来源：竹林七贤与荣启期砖画（局部），南京博物院藏
+
+孔子感到好奇
+便上前请教
+问曰：“先生所以乐，何也？”
+荣启期以“人生三大乐事”作答
+
+对曰：“吾乐甚多。天生万物，唯人为贵，而吾得为人，是一乐也。男女之别，男尊女卑，故以男为贵，吾既得为男矣，是二乐也。人生有不见日月，不免襁褓者，吾既已行年九十矣，是三乐也。”
+
+虽然荣启期的“三乐”
+具有一定的时代局限性
+但他知足常乐、安贫乐道的精神
+被孔子评价为
+“善乎！能自宽者也。”
+
+
+
+一问一答
+这样简单的故事
+被唐人在铜镜上留了下来
+铜镜的正上方书九个字的铭文
+“荣启奇问曰答孔夫子”
+简要概括故事大意
+
+（荣启奇即荣启期，属用字差异）
+
+
+
+一株枝叶下垂的杨柳
+占据铜镜的下方
+使得画面的上下左右
+四个部分达到协调
+也象征着荣启期超然物外的处世态度
+
+**“三人行，必有我师”**
+**具象化了**
+
+在这枚铜镜上
+孔子头戴冠
+身着宽袖长袍
+右手持杖，左手抬起前指
+呈现出请教问题的姿态
+
+
+
+荣启期戴冠披裘
+左手执琴，头部微侧
+呈现出答言状的老者形象
+
+
+
+看到这儿你可能会疑问
+在这件铜镜上
+与其说孔子
+不如说荣启期才是主角?
+其实,这正体现出孔子的一则教育理念
+复习一遍:
+三人行,必有我师焉。择其善者而从之,其不善者而改之。
+无论他人贤能与否
+皆可作为自身学习的对象
+既要从他人的优点中汲取长处
+也要通过反思其缺点
+而实现自我完善
+“至圣先师”孔子
+亲自演绎了什么是
+谦虚好学、学无止境的修养
+
+**唐代人的镜子背面**
+**还有哪些花样……**
+
+中国铜镜的历史
+从现有的考古资料
+大约可以追溯至4000年前
+发展到了唐代
+铜镜的纹饰、形制更加丰富
+它不仅是人们日常照容的工具
+更是当时社会文化和审美观念的体现
+三乐镜便是唐代人物故事镜的一种
+画面简单、极具叙事特征
+
+
+
+△上海博物馆收藏的三乐镜拓片
+
+此外，花鸟纹铜镜
+因其吉祥美好的寓意
+也非常受欢迎
+比如下面这件 Blingbling 的
+“动态特效”花鸟纹铜镜
+
+
+
+△金银平脱鸾凤花鸟纹铜镜 洛阳博物馆藏
+
+还有以狩猎为题材的铜镜
+画面充满动感
+紧张、激烈的氛围和宏大场面
+跃然“镜上”
+
+
+
+“有教无类”“因材施教”
+“学思结合”“知行合一”
+孔子的诸多教育理念
+至今仍被广泛采用，影响深远
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_22.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_22.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..49764519b05aeca5d633192b9d6dc49f918e94a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_22.md
@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+
+
+# JAVA流程控制第0094讲：流程控制
+
+主讲人：徐彤
+
+
+
+# 流程控制
+
+在本单元您能了解如下知识点
+
+生活的流程控制;
+
+程序的流程控制;
+
+三种流程控制结构;
+
+顺序结构;
+
+判断结构。
+
+
+
+# 流程控制
+
+█ 现实生活是复杂的，软件是计算机的执行，这就注定了程序更为复杂，原因是计算机只是固定的描述，并没有灵便的智慧。
+
+
+
+# 流程控制
+
+█ 对现实生活的事物进行总结，对万事万物进行分析，在逻辑层面上处理有规律的内容，这就是流程控制所要解决的问题。
+
+█ 要理解流程控制，为什么会出现流程控制，这是学习流程控制的前提。
+
+
+
+培训平台: http://www.itflight.net
+
+java 培训网: http://www.010java.comC
+
+C 培训网: http://www.010c.com.cn
+
+ios 培训网: http://www.010ios.com.cn
+
+android 培训网: http://www.010android.com
+
+php 培训网: http://www.010php.com.cn
+
+.NET 培训网: http://www.010net.com.cn
+
+慕课网: http://www.010mooc.com
+
+北京慕课网: http://www.010muke.com
+
+IT慕课网: http://www.itmuke.com
+
+毕业设计网: http://www.010bs.com.cn
+
+官方网站: http://www.unitefly.com
+
+# 流程控制
+
+
+
+# 三种结构
+
+◆ 经过深刻的思辨, 软件编程分析总结出3中流程控制结构。
+
+◆ 第一：顺序结构。代表事物在其生命周期中具有一定的顺序性。也就是具有一定的步骤性。
+
+◆ 第一：判断结构。其代表了现实生活中的基本判断。
+
+◆ 第二：循环结构。代表了现实生活中一些有规律的反复。从大的角度上说叫轮回。
+
+
+
+# 三种结构
+
+
+
+
+
+# 顺序结构
+
+◆ 顺序有开始,有结束,还有中间的处理。这些环节是不可以颠倒的。这就是顺序内涵。顺序具有不可逾越性。
+
+
+
+培训平台: http://www.itflight.net
+
+java 培训网: http://www.010java.com
+
+C 培训网: http://www.010c.com.cn
+
+ios 培训网: http://www.010ios.com.cn
+
+android 培训网: http://www.010android.com
+
+php 培训网: http://www.010php.com.cn
+
+.NET 培训网: http://www.010net.com.cn
+
+慕课网: http://www.010mooc.com
+
+北京慕课网: http://www.010muke.com
+
+IT 慕课网: http://www.itmuke.com
+
+毕业设计网: http://www.010bs.com.cn
+
+官方网站: http://www.unitefly.com
+
+# 顺序结构
+
+◆ 现实生活中这种事例很多。例如：
+
+ 人生命的周期。幼儿——》少年——》青年——》中年——》老年。
+
+ 每天的时间段：凌晨——》早上——》上午——》中午——》下午——》傍晚——》深夜
+
+
+
+# 顺序结构
+
+
+
+# 判断结构
+
+◆ 判断的特征就是不确定性。在数学上我们常称为比较。根据比较的结果决定事物的流程。判断具有选择性的特征。
+
+毕业后我去北京上班吗？
+我能选择软件开发的工作吗？
+我的工资能达到3000吗？
+
+
+
+
+
+# 循环结构
+
+◆ 循环结构在早期有一定的争议，有部分学者把它归为判断的范畴。
+
+◆ 在国内的大多数书籍上把其单列出来。循环代表的是重复，代表的是多次，也可以代表多个，其强调多的概念，也就是有规律的多。
+
+◆ 通过循环，可以从头直指尾部，方便介绍事物的流程，循环具有概括性，全面性，单步性的特征。
+
+
+
+培训平台: http://www.itflight.net
+
+java 培训网: http://www.010java.com
+
+C 培训网: http://www.010c.com.cn
+
+ios 培训网: http://www.010ios.com.cn
+
+android 培训网: http://www.010android.com
+
+php 培训网: http://www.010php.com.cn
+
+.NET 培训网: http://www.010net.com.cn
+
+慕课网: http://www.010mooc.com
+
+北京慕课网: http://www.010muke.com
+
+IT 慕课网: http://www.itmuke.com
+
+毕业设计网: http://www.010bs.com.cn
+
+官方网站: http://www.unitefly.com
+
+# 循环结构
+
+◆ 现实生活中循环的情况很多。我们可以举出很多个事例
+
+ 岁月悠悠，人海茫茫。云卷云舒，潮涨潮落
+
+ 前世，今生，来世。轮回的概念
+
+ 月亮，地球，太阳的运转
+
+ 手表指针运转
+
+
+
+
+
+# 循环结构
+
+
+
+
+
+# 总结
+
+■ 软件是现实生活的抽象,这三种结果在软件中的描述,是通过特定的标识符与语句进行表现的。这就是我们常规上所说的关于流程的语法。三种结构以语句为载体进行表现。
+
+
+
+# 总结
+
+◆ 顺序：没有特定的标识符，就是同一个区间的语句。
+
+◆ 判断：if else if else switch case ?:
+
+◆ 循环：for while do...while
+
+
+
+# 本讲回顾
+
+
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_23.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_23.md
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,605 @@
+文章编号:2095-3852(2025)03-0359-07 文献标志码:A
+
+# 数字经济发展对经济集聚的影响
+
+冯宇¹,谢鹏²
+
+(1. 南京大学 社会学院 江苏 南京 210023;2.重庆大学 新闻学院 重庆 400044)
+
+摘要:数字经济在全球范围内成为经济增长的重要引擎。为探讨数字经济对区域经济活动集中模式的影响,基于2011—2019年的中国城市面板数据,运用双向固定效应模型和空间杜宾模型,实证分析了数字经济对经济集聚的影响。结果表明:数字经济发展水平与经济集聚呈现U型曲线关系,数字经济发展初期促进经济分散,随后促进经济集聚。数字经济对经济集聚的影响存在明显的空间溢出效应和区域异质性。
+
+关键词:数字经济;经济集聚;空间杜宾模型;空间溢出效应;区域不平衡
+
+中图分类号:F127; F49 DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.2095-3852.2025.03.011
+
+城市作为资源、技术和人才等生产要素的汇聚地,在现代经济增长中扮演着核心角色。中国政府在推进城镇化进程中,始终坚持调控大城市规模的政策取向。2014年实施的国家新型城镇化规划(2014—2020年)明确提出“加快发展中小城市,优化城镇规模和结构”。然而,大城市扩张迅速、小城市继续萎缩的趋势仍在持续。从2000年到2015年,中国的366个城市中约有80%经历了不同程度的萎缩,其中低度至中度萎缩占总数的64%[1]。中国的中小城市正面临经济活力不足和人口减少的挑战,对城市聚集现象的深入探索,可为推进新型城镇化进程和区域平衡发展提供理论支撑。
+
+以现代化信息网络作为重要载体的数字经济,极大地改变了人类的生产和生活方式,成为全球经济社会发展的关键力量[2],对空间距离的重塑引发了学术界的广泛关注。数字经济是指以数字化知识和信息为关键生产因素,以现代信息网络为重要载体,通过数据要素的创造、流通和应用,重构经济活动模式的新型经济形态[3]。数字经济涵盖了数字技术对传统行业的转型和创新,强调信息的流动、数据的生成与利用和数字平台的作用[4]。在中国,数字经济在经济格局中的地位日益突出,成为中国经济增长的重要驱动力。根据《中国数字经济发展研究报告(2024)》2023年我国数字经济规模达53.9万亿元,较上年增长3.7万亿元,占国内生产总值比重提升至42.8%。
+
+已有研究表明,互联网无处不在的影响正在缩小“经济鸿沟”,构建了一种与物理空间弱关联的新型信息资源配置模式[5]。这种演变在空间和时间上模糊了商业运营的传统界限,促进了人才、资本和信息等资源的无缝流动[6]。但也有学者认为信息资源分布不均加剧了空间差异,互联网强化了经济活动向中心城市的集中[7]。互联网并没有完全消除地理的影响。数字经济的兴起和发展,与信息技术、人工智能、大数据等技术的应用紧密相关,改变了传统资源配置方式和经济活动模式,带来了更加灵活和高效的生产、消费和分配方式。那么,数字经济是否会对城市集聚程度产生影响,进而改变经济地理格局呢?探讨数字经济对城市集聚的影响,对于把握中国区域发展不平衡现象,实施区域协调发展战略具有重要的现实意义。基于此,选取中国数字经济兴起后2011—2019年266个地级市的数据,从互联网的发展和数字金融的普及两个方面构建数字经济发展指标,采用空间计量模型实证分析数字经济对集聚经济的直接和间接影响。
+
+## 1 理论基础与假设提出
+
+经济集聚作为最具代表性的空间组织形式,是规模经济的重要体现。马歇尔认为劳动力池、中间产品共享和技术外溢是推动经济活动集聚的三大决定性因素,随后的经济集聚理论多是基于马歇尔外部性进行深化和拓展。克鲁格曼在此基础上进一步提出了新经济地理理论,其核心思想涵盖了本地市场效应、价格指数效应和市场拥挤效应[8]。其中,本地市场效应和价格指数效应是促进经济集聚的向心力,市场拥挤效应是促进经济分散的离心力,区域的经济空间分布状况是在向心力和离心力权衡下的空间均衡。自第一次工业革命以来,技术进步不仅通过提升劳动生产效率和降低生产成本促进了经济增长,还推动了运输技术的进步,显著地降低了运输成本。这些因素的共同作用导致经济活动更趋向于在特定地理区域内集聚。数字经济作为以数字技术为依托的新兴经济形态,已被证实能有效降低冰山运输成本[9]。经济集聚的向心力和离心力在这一过程中可能出现新的均衡,进一步推动着地区经济空间分布格局的演变。
+
+数字经济的核心特征之一是信息的快速流动和跨地域的连接。在线交流取代了面对面的互动,远程交流成本的下降降低了地理邻近的重要性[10]。新经济地理理论认为,当区际冰山运输成本低于区内拥挤成本时,会呈现分散的空间均衡[11]。计算机技术可以补充或替代特定的劳动技能,影响产业和人口对空间集聚的需求。就业机会的均等预计将减缓劳动力向大城市的迁移[12]。互联网技术通过在线编码和知识传播,扩大了知识传播的范围,增加了企业和个人选择地点的灵活性[13]。公司可以设在任何地方,并通过互联网相互沟通,从而促进了工作场所的灵活性。数字技术的泛化效应使新技术相互支持和渗透,进一步模糊了时间和空间的界限。技术生态系统的扩展使新的应用和场景能够连接不同地区的不同行业[14]。数字经济的蓬勃发展推动了电子商务的广泛普及和快速增长。多渠道的销售方式加剧了市场竞争的激烈程度[15]。电子商务的快速扩展不仅提升了产品和服务市场的竞争力,也对传统实体店铺带来了挑战,迫使它们不得不寻求竞争更少的市场环境来维持业务。通过互联网和数字平台,企业可以在全国范围内进行资源配置,劳动力也不再受传统物理空间的限制。在数字经济发展的初期,本地市场效应和价格指数效应的拉力减弱,有助于打破城市之间的物理隔阂,促进了不同地区的互动和联动,促进了区域经济的分散。
+
+随着数字经济的逐渐成熟和深入,产业间的融合和协同效应增强。相关企业、创新公司和服务商的集聚会提高生产效率和创新能力。尽管信息技术的发展在一定程度上减少了信息跨地域流动的成本,但隐性知识依然展现出其地域性特征[16]。数字技术的发展要求更多的专业技术和高技能人才,这会促使企业趋向于在技术、人才和资源集中的地方集聚。虽然互联网为企业提供了更大的自由,不受地域限制,但拥有完善信息基础设施的城市使企业更容易从数字红利中受益。此外,数字经济的发展后期还伴随着网络效应的深化,数字经济不仅是信息流的传递,更强调网络效应的叠加,在发展过程中会形成范围经济效应与规模经济效应[17]。在电商、金融科技、在线广告等领域,随着用户数量的增加,平台的价值也随之上升。因此,拥有更多用户、商家、消费者的市场和平台会形成网络效应,从而使得经济活动逐步向这些集中的地区倾斜。同时,数字经济的深入发展也意味着基础设施和服务的集中。高端基础设施,如数据中心、云计算平台、5G网络等需要集中布局,促使企业向大城市或特定经济区集聚,形成更加集中的产业群。数字经济的成熟也能缓解拥挤效应,提升城市承载能力,缓解中心城区承载压力[18]。已有研究表明,基于数字技术应用的智慧城市建设导致城市人口增长更快。具体而言,污染治理和绿色生产等领域的数字治理改善了生态环境,吸引了更多的人口向城市迁移,这种效应在长距离迁移中更为明显[19]。数字经济发展领先的城市能凸显本地市场效应,同时弱化了拥挤效应,经济活动和产业逐渐向某些地区集中,从而形成集聚效应。基于此,提出以下假设:
+
+**H1** 数字经济发展的初期对经济集聚水平产生抑制效果,随着数字经济发展的深入,会对经济集聚产生促进效果。
+
+数字经济发展与要素市场化配置均存在正向的空间相关性和空间溢出效应[20]。这意味着一个地区的数字经济发展不仅能提升本地区的要素配置效率和创新效率,还能对邻近地区产生积极影响,形成“集聚-优化-再集聚”的良性循环。数字经济加速人才、知识、技术等创新资源的跨时空整合,推动区域创新范式的数字化转型。这种整合强化了区域创新网络的虚拟集聚和各创新主体对创新要素的配置效率,弱化了技术溢出的地理距离衰减特征,放大了创新集聚带来的知识溢出效应。基于此,提出以下假设:
+
+**H2** 数字经济对经济集聚的影响存在空间溢出效应。
+
+## 2 研究设计
+
+### 2.1 基准模型建构
+
+数字经济具有自我膨胀性和边际效益递增性,其对经济活动分布的影响可能并非线性,为探讨数字经济发展对经济集聚的影响,构建以下基准模型:
+
+$$
+EA_{it} = \beta_0 + \beta_1 DG_{it} + \beta_2 DG_{it}^2 + \beta_j Z_{jit} + \mu_i + \delta_t + \varepsilon_{it} \quad (1)
+$$
+
+式中: $EA_{it}$ 为城市 i 在 t 时期内的经济集聚程度; $DG_{it}$ 为城市 i 在 t 时期内的数字经济发展水平指标; $Z_{jit}$ 为城市 i 在 t 时期内的控制变量 j 的水平; $μ_{i}$ 和 $δ_{t}$ 分别为个体固定效应和时间固定效应; $ε_{it}$ 为随机扰动项。
+
+### 2.2 空间效应分析
+
+考虑到数字经济具有一定的空间溢出性,为探讨数字经济发展对经济集聚在空间上的影响,构建以下空间面板模型:
+
+$$
+EA_{it} = \alpha + \rho WEA_{t} + \beta_1 DG_{it} + \beta_2 DG_{it}^2 + \gamma_1 WDG_{it} + \gamma_2 WDG_{it}^2 + \beta_j Z_{jit} + \gamma_3 WZ_{it} + \mu_i + \delta_t + \tau W\varepsilon_{it} + v_{it} \quad (2)
+$$
+
+式中: ρ 为空间自回归系数; W 为空间权重矩阵。若 τ 为 0, 则式(2)为空间杜宾模型(SDM); 若 τ 和 γ 系数均为 0, 则式(2)为空间滞后模型(SAR); 若 ρ 和 γ 系数均为 0, 则式(2)为空间误差模型(SEM)。
+
+### 2.3 变量选取与数据来源
+
+被解释变量为经济集聚程度(EA),用单位土地面积上的劳动力数量进行衡量[21]。其中,城市的劳动力数量为城市年末单位从业人员、城镇私营和个体从业人员、年末登记失业人数之和。
+
+核心解释变量为数字经济发展水平(DG),从互联网发展和数字金融的普惠性两个方面来构建[22]。具体为每百人中互联网宽带的接入用户数和移动电话用户数、计算机服务和软件业从业人员占城镇单位从业人员比重、人均电信业务总量、数字普惠金融指数,其中数字普惠金融指数来源于北京大学数字普惠金融指数[23],通过熵权法得到城市的数字经济发展水平得分。
+
+控制变量包括:城市的户籍人口密度(lnPR),采取年平均人口除以行政区域面积进行计算,并取对数;城市的经济发展水平(lnPGDP),用城市的人均GDP取对数表示;城市的房价收入比(HI),已有研究表明城市的房价与工资水平对劳动力的流动会造成影响,城市的房价收入比可以在一定程度上衡量城市的生活成本、购房难易程度,采用城市的实际房价与年末在岗职工的平均工资之比来衡量;城市的人力资本水平(LC),采用城市的本专科生数量与城市的常住人口数量之比来表示;政府的一般公共预算水平(BE),用城市的政府一般公共预算支出水平与城市的GDP之比来表示;城市的基础设施水平(PR),用城市的人均道路密度表示。
+
+本文的样本城市来源于中国的直辖市与地级行政区划,根据中国民政部公布的县级以上行政区划变更情况,剔除2011—2019年行政区域发生变动的地级行政区,并剔除统计数据缺失严重的城市,共得到266个样本城市。其中,城市的实际房价数据来源于国家信息中心宏观经济与房地产数据库,其余数据均来自历年的《中国城市统计年鉴》、城市或区域的统计年鉴、统计公报,剩余的少量缺失数据用插值法补齐。变量的描述性统计如表1所示。
+
+表1 变量的描述性统计(N=2 394)
+
+| 变量 | 均值 | 标准差 | 最小值 | 最大值 | | EA | 0.159 | 0.383 | 0.001 | 6.421 | | DG | 0.137 | 0.070 | 0.017 | 0.656 | | lnPR | 5.731 | 0.906 | 1.773 | 7.876 | | lnPGDP | 10.690 | 0.573 | 8.773 | 13.060 | | HI | 0.102 | 0.042 | 0.007 | 0.503 | | BE | 0.201 | 0.102 | 0.059 | 0.915 | | LC | 1.706 | 2.057 | 0.000 | 14.200 | | PR | 4.476 | 4.108 | 0.209 | 70.490 |
+
+## 3 实证结果及分析
+
+### 3.1 基准回归结果
+
+基准回归结果如表2所示,所有结果都控制了个体和时间效应,并对于加入了二次项的模型,均汇报了 U-test 检验的结果。对比列(1)和列(2)、列(3)的回归结果可知,数字经济发展对城市经济集聚的影响并非线性的,数字经济与经济集聚程度呈U型关系。究其原因可能是,在数字经济发展初期,企业进行数字化转型可能面临较高的生产成本和市场准入障碍,发展数字经济的负外部性大于正外部性,导致经济集聚的离心力大于向心力;而在数字经济发展到一定水平后,数字经济带来的生产效率提高和市场交易成本降低使数字经济的正外部性大于负外部性因此经济集聚的向心力大于离心力。
+
+表 2 基准回归结果
+
+
+
+
+| 变量 |
+(1)EA |
+(2)EA |
+(3)EA |
+
+
+
+
+| DG |
+-0.183(-0.34) |
+-2.403**(-2.37) |
+-2.083**(-2.34) |
+
+
+| DG2 |
+ |
+3.919***(3.64) |
+3.613***(2.72) |
+
+
+| lnPR |
+0.940**(2.26) |
+ |
+0.831**(2.13) |
+
+
+| lnPGDP |
+0.001(0.73) |
+ |
+0.002(1.12) |
+
+
+| HI |
+0.139*(1.70) |
+ |
+0.135*(1.69) |
+
+
+| BE |
+-0.005(-0.68) |
+ |
+-0.003(-0.50) |
+
+
+| LC |
+-0.000(-0.07) |
+ |
+0.000(0.62) |
+
+
+| PR |
+-0.000(-1.12) |
+ |
+-0.001*(-1.92) |
+
+
+| 常数项 |
+-0.555**(-2.27) |
+0.027***(4.05) |
+-0.489**(-2.17) |
+
+
+| 拐点值 |
+ |
+0.307**(2.30) |
+0.288**(2.24) |
+
+
+| 个体/时间固定效应 |
+是 |
+是 |
+是 |
+
+
+| 观测值 |
+2,394 |
+2,394 |
+2,394 |
+
+
+|
+
+$R^2$
+
+ |
+0.225 |
+0.107 |
+0.257 |
+
+
+| F |
+4.17 |
+7.89 |
+4.76 |
+
+
+
+
+注:\***、\**、\*分别表示在1%、5%、10%的水平上显著;括号内数字为t值,t值采用以城市为聚类的稳健标准误进行计算,下同
+
+### 3.2 空间计量模型回归结果
+
+基于空间地理距离权重矩阵进行回归分析,空间权重矩阵的构造方式为: $W_{ij} = \begin{cases} 1/d_{ij}^2, & i \neq j \\ 0, & i = j \end{cases}$ $d_{ij}$为两城市之间的距离。采用Moran's I 进行空间自相关检验 检验结果如表3所示。由表3可知,2011—2019年的数字经济发展水平和经济聚集程度均达到1%的显著水平,且在空间分布上呈现集聚现象。
+
+表 3 Moran's I 检验结果
+
+
+
+
+| 年份 |
+DG |
+EA |
+
+
+| Moran's I |
+Z |
+P |
+Moran's I |
+Z |
+P |
+
+
+
+
+| 2011 |
+0.315*** |
+12.550 |
+0.000 |
+0.163*** |
+7.923 |
+0.000 |
+
+
+| 2012 |
+0.304*** |
+12.078 |
+0.000 |
+0.157*** |
+7.542 |
+0.000 |
+
+
+| 2013 |
+0.299*** |
+12.019 |
+0.000 |
+0.192*** |
+9.457 |
+0.000 |
+
+
+| 2014 |
+0.302*** |
+11.933 |
+0.000 |
+0.199*** |
+9.477 |
+0.000 |
+
+
+| 2015 |
+0.303*** |
+11.962 |
+0.000 |
+0.202*** |
+9.243 |
+0.000 |
+
+
+| 2016 |
+0.301*** |
+11.832 |
+0.000 |
+0.202*** |
+9.267 |
+0.000 |
+
+
+| 2017 |
+0.307*** |
+11.962 |
+0.000 |
+0.215*** |
+9.595 |
+0.000 |
+
+
+| 2018 |
+0.265*** |
+10.300 |
+0.000 |
+0.207*** |
+9.361 |
+0.000 |
+
+
+| 2019 |
+0.198*** |
+7.738 |
+0.000 |
+0.206*** |
+9.578 |
+0.000 |
+
+
+
+
+空间计量模型选择的检验结果如表4所示,可以看出本研究应选用时间与空间双重固定效应的空间杜宾模型。鉴于空间杜宾模型得出的回归系数并不能直接反映各变量的边际效应,因此表5汇报了各解释变量的直接效应、间接效应和总效应。
+
+表 4 空间计量模型选择的检验结果
+
+
+
+
+| 空间计量模型 |
+Z |
+P |
+
+
+
+
+
+| LM － test |
+Moran's I |
+2.638 |
+0.008 |
+
+
+| LM - lag |
+6.141 |
+0.013 |
+
+
+| Robust － LM － lag |
+14.831 |
+0.000 |
+
+
+| LM - error |
+1.586 |
+0.208 |
+
+
+| Robust - LM - error |
+10.277 |
+0.001 |
+
+
+| Hausman - test |
+Fixed /Ｒandom |
+45.240 |
+0.000 |
+
+
+| LR - test |
+LR － both /ind |
+35.760 |
+0.008 |
+
+
+| LR - both/time |
+3 825.910 |
+0.000 |
+
+
+| LR - test |
+LR - SDM/SAR |
+110.190 |
+0.000 |
+
+
+| LR - SDM/SEM |
+128.420 |
+0.000 |
+
+
+| Wald － test |
+Wald - SDM/SEM |
+18.130 |
+0.020 |
+
+
+| Wald - SDM/SEM |
+17.870 |
+0.022 |
+
+
+
+
+表 5 空间杜宾模型的回归结果
+
+
+
+
+| 变量 |
+地理权重矩阵 |
+人口引力矩阵 |
+
+
+| 直接效应 |
+间接效应 |
+总效应 |
+直接效应 |
+间接效应 |
+总效应 |
+
+
+
+
+| DG |
+-1.575**(-2.39) |
+-4.300*(-1.69) |
+-5.875*(-1.91) |
+-1.651**(-2.35) |
+-4.685(-1.48) |
+-6.336*(-1.70) |
+
+
+|
+
+$DG^2$ |
+2.599**(2.17) |
+10.713**(2.03) |
+13.312**(2.34) |
+2.693**(2.23) |
+10.309*(1.83) |
+13.002**(2.17) |
+
+
+| 控制变量 |
+控制 |
+控制 |
+控制 |
+控制 |
+控制 |
+控制 |
+
+
+| 个体/时间固定效应 |
+是 |
+是 |
+是 |
+是 |
+是 |
+是 |
+
+
+| N |
+2 394 |
+2 394 |
+2 394 |
+2 394 |
+2 394 |
+2 394 |
+
+
+| 对数似然函数值 |
+2 518.698 |
+2 518.698 |
+2 518.698 |
+2 506.516 |
+2 506.516 |
+2 506.516 |
+
+
+
+
+由表5可知,数字经济对城市集聚的影响存在空间溢出效应。数字经济发展扩大了经济活动的时空范围,增强了城市间经济活动的关联性。本地区的数字经济发展不仅会导致本地区的经济先扩散后集聚,还会作用于周边的地区,在达到一定的发展水平后,促进周边地区的经济集聚。
+
+为使空间模型的回归结果更加稳健,替换空间权重矩阵进行回归,基于“人口迁移法则”构造人口流动的引力矩阵,人口引力矩阵的构造方式为:$W_{ij} = \begin{cases} Pop_i \times Pop_j \times d_{ij}^{-2}, & i \neq j \\ 0, & i = j \end{cases}$
+$d_{ij}$为两城市之间的距离,Pop为城市的户籍人口数,取2011—2019年平均值。表5还展示了人口引力矩阵的回归结果,回归系数的符号与地理权重矩阵一致,表明数字经济对城市集聚的影响存在显著的空间溢出效应,且这种效应具有稳定性。
+
+## 4 进一步检验与分析
+
+### 4.1 稳健性检验
+
+为使模型估计结果更加可靠,采用以下方法进行稳健性检验:①采取剔除国家区域中心城市的样本数据进行回归;②对所有变量进行1%缩尾处理后回归;③更换被解释变量,采用单位面积内第二产业和第三产业的产出之和(ED)进行衡量;④进一步控制省份与年份的交互项。表6为稳健性检验的回归结果,列(1)至列(4)分别对应上述稳健性检验方法,回归结果表明前文的估计结果稳健。
+
+表6 稳健性检验的回归结果
+
+| 变量 | (1)EA | (2)EA | (3)ED | (4)EA |
|---|
+
+| DG | -2.173**(-2.20) | -1.624***(-3.12) | -4.037***(-5.19) | -1.687**(-2.07) |
+
+|
+
+$DG^2$ | 3.706**(2.39) | 4.048***(4.32) | 8.447***(3.62) | 2.334*(1.66) |
+
+| 控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 |
+
+| 拐点值 | 0.293**(1.90) | 0.201***(3.01) | 0.239***(2.70) | 0.361(0.96) |
+
+| 个体/时间固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | 是 | | 省份/时间固定效应 | 否 | 否 | 否 | 是 |
+
+| N | 2 322 | 2 394 | 2 394 | 2 394 |
+
+|
+
+$R^2$ | 0.257 | 0.249 | 0.391 | 0.374 |
+
+### 4.2 内生性检验
+
+采取工具变量法来缓解内生性问题。借鉴相关学者的做法,用地级市历史上的邮电数据构造工具变量进行内生性检验,考虑到1984年中国的行政区划与2011年的差别较大,采用1984年的数据构建工具变量会缺失较多的样本数据,而中国正式接入互联网是在1994,故采用1993年的历史数据构造工具变量同样满足工具变量的相关性和外生性。因此,采用1993年城市的万人邮局数/人均固定电话数与样本数据的观测年份滞后一期的互联网投资额构造交互项。内生性检验的结果如表7所示,可知在考虑了内生性问题之后,数字经济对经济集聚的影响依旧呈U型关系。
+
+表7 内生性检验结果
+
+| 变量 | 第一阶段 | 第二阶段 |
|---|
| DG | DG2 |
|---|
+
+| DG | | | -39.514***(-2.89) |
+
+| DG2 | | | 51.601***(3.23) | | IV1 | 0.043***(4.68) | 0.038***(5.29) | | | IV2 | -0.802***(-3.77) | -0.464**(-2.15) | | | 控制变量 | 控制 | 控制 | 控制 | | 个体/时间固定效应 | 是 | 是 | 是 | | N | 2 394 | 2 394 | 2 394 | | F | 11.06 | 10.95 | 6.88 | | Kleibergen - Paaprk LM statistic | 3.979(0.046) | 3.979(0.046) | 3.979(0.046) | | Kleibergen - Paaprk Wald F | 5.911[4.58] | 5.911[4.58] | 5.911[4.58] |
+
+注 []内数值为 Stock - Yogo 弱识别检验 15% 水平上的临界值
+
+### 4.3 异质性分析
+
+为进一步研究数字经济发展对不同区域经济集聚程度的影响差异,基于中国经济区域的划分,将所研究的城市按东部地区、中部地区和西部地区进行划分并重新进行回归,回归结果如表8所示。由表8可知,东部地区的拐点值为0.383,在10% 水平上显著,高于全国整体的拐点值0.288;西部地区的拐点值为0.160,在5% 水平上显著,东部地区和西部地区拐点值的差异可能是因为东部地区更靠近沿海,改革开放的时间更早,工业化水平更高,因此东部地区的市场拥挤效应更加明显,数字经济的兴起显著改变了传统产业的格局,该地区原有产业的规模经济被打破,数字经济的负外部性显著,需要数字经济发展到一定水平,形成更高的本地市场效应,才会出现经济集聚的向心力大于离心力从而东部地区的拐点值更高。
+
+表 8 异质性回归结果
+
+
+
+
+| 变量 |
+东部 |
+中部 |
+西部 |
+
+
+
+
+| DG |
+-3.390*(-1.80) |
+-0.201(-1.33) |
+-0.265**(-2.19) |
+
+
+| DG2 |
+4.424***(2.02) |
+1.065***(3.77) |
+0.826***(3.04) |
+
+
+| 控制变量 |
+控制 |
+控制 |
+控制 |
+
+
+| 拐点值 |
+0.383*(1.48) |
+0.094(1.16) |
+0.160***(2.10) |
+
+
+| 个体/时间固定效应 |
+是 |
+是 |
+是 |
+
+
+| N |
+882 |
+792 |
+720 |
+
+
+| R2 |
+0.382 |
+0.339 |
+0.170 |
+
+
+
+
+## 5 结论
+
+(1)数字经济与经济集聚呈现U型曲线关系表明经济集聚的过程并非是线性的,而是经历了分散-集聚的转变。具体来说:早期阶段数字经济的规模效应不明显,由于技术的去中心化特点和跨地域的便利性,降低区域间的冰山运输成本,使得经济活动能够在更多区域内分布,分散化趋势较为明显。后期阶段,随着数字经济的深入发展,形成范围经济效应和规模经济效应不仅具备本地市场向心力,还能一定程度缓解拥挤效应带来的离心力,经济活动和产业逐渐向某些地区集中,从而形成集聚效应。
+
+(2)数字经济对经济集聚的影响具有空间溢出效应。从长远来看,数字经济的空间溢出效应可能导致资源和人口向数字经济发达地区集中,从而加剧地区间的经济差异,形成“马太效应”,即强者愈强、弱者愈弱的现象。因此,政府应加强对落后地区的数字投资,涵盖互联网基础设施、数字金融包容性发展等与数字经济相关的领域,推动数字经济与实体经济的深度融合,加速数字工业化和产业数字化进程,从而突破数字经济发展的门槛,促进落后地区的可持续发展。
+
+(3)发展数字经济对原有经济体系具有一定的冲击,特别是会打破传统产业所具有的规模经济,引发结构性调整和市场重组。这不仅改变了企业的业务模式,也对整个市场的竞争力格局产生了深远影响。政府应促进大、中、小城市及乡镇间的合理分工,避免资源的重复配置和不健康竞争。推动城市间的功能互补和产业空间的合理布局,对于促进区域经济的协调发展和实现经济的可持续发展具有重要意义。
+
+## 参考文献：
+
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+[2] AKAEV A, DEVEZAS T, ICHKITIDZE Y, et al. Forecasting the labor intensity and labor income share for G7 countries in the digital age [J]. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2021, 167: 120675.
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+
+# The Impact of Digital Economy Development on Economic Agglomeration
+
+FENG Yu, XIE Peng
+
+**Abstract:** The digital economy has become an important engine of economic growth worldwide. To explore the impact of the digital economy on the concentration pattern of regional economic activities, this paper empirically analyzed the impact of the digital economy on economic agglomeration based on the panel data of Chinese cities from 2011 to 2019, using the two-way fixed effects model and the spatial Durbin model. The results indicated that the level of digital economy development exhibits a "U"-shaped curve relationship with economic agglomeration. In the early stages of digital economy development, it promoted economic dispersion, and subsequently, it fostered economic agglomeration. And the impact of digital economy on economic agglomeration has a significant spatial spillover effect and regional heterogeneity.
+
+**Key words:** digital economy; economic agglomeration; spatial Durbin model; spatial spillover effects; regional imbalance
+
+**FENG Yu**: Doctorial Candidate; School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
+***
+收稿日期:2024-12-30.
+
+作者简介:冯宇(1994-),女,博士研究生,研究方向为碳排放、环境行为.
+
+基金项目:中国博士后科学基金面上项目(2023M730395);中央高校基本业务费专项资金项目(SWU1609240).
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_24.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_24.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..c4ceb01e22fb3080be24c7a5651aa7db75ed6f6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_24.md
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+# 爱仕特科技有限公司宣传册
+
+## 一、公司简介：
+
+深圳爱仕特科技有限公司专注于第三代半导体碳化硅(SiC)MOS芯片设计、功率模块的生产制造及其基于SiC器件在新能源领域的应用系统开发方案，由武岳峰资本及国内多家知名投资机构投资数亿元，中国科学院及清华大学博士领军，数十位半导体行业资深人士共同组建的高科技技术创新性企业。
+
+公司拥有全自主知识产权，已申请25项专利技术，采用6英寸技术已量产20余款650V~3300V全系列 SiC MOSFET 产品，并建立起车规级的SiC MOS模块工厂，可为客户提供整套应用解决方案。产品已大量出口欧洲和美国客户。
+
+## 二、公司愿景：
+
+一流的碳化硅半导体公司，推进功率半导体产业的升级换代；发展高效节能产业，减少能源损耗，为绿色地球减轻负担。
+
+## 三、产线介绍
+
+公司占地3000平米，自建有万级洁净模块工厂，采用进口关键设备，可年产 SiC MOS 功率模块5万只，通过欧洲客户认证，产品已批量出口。
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+## 四、实验室介绍
+
+公司拥有省级工程试验中心,从事基于 SiC MOS 器件的应用系统方案研究,可为客户提供基于 SiC MOS 的驱动板,上位机及整机方案。
+
+
+
+
+
+## 五、SiC 芯片产品介绍
+
+### 1、产品目录
+
+| Product Type1 | Model Name | Package | Voltage | Ron | Temperature Range |
|---|
| SiC Chips | ASC8N650MT3 | TO-247-3 | 650V | 320mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC12N650MT3 | TO-247-3 | 650V | 245mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC20N650MT3 | TO-247-3 | 650V | 130mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC60N650MT3 | TO-247-3 | 650V | 35mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC60N650MT4 | TO-247-4 | 650V | 35mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC60N650MD8 | DFN8\*8 | 650V | 35mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC100N650MT3 | TO-247-3 | 650V | 15mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC100N650MT4 | TO-247-4 | 650V | 15mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC60N900MT3 | TO-247-3 | 900V | 36mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC60N900MT4 | TO-247-4 | 900V | 36mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC100N900MT3 | TO-247-3 | 900V | 16mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC100N900MT4 | TO-247-4 | 900V | 16mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC5N1200MT3 | TO-247-3 | 1200V | 350mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC10N1200MT3 | TO-247-3 | 1200V | 280mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC18N1200MT3 | TO-247-3 | 1200V | 160mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC30N1200MT3 | TO-247-3 | 1200V | 80mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC30N1200MT4 | TO-247-4 | 1200V | 80mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC60N1200MT3 | TO-247-3 | 1200V | 40mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC60N1200MT4 | TO-247-4 | 1200V | 40mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC60N1200MD8 | DFN8*8 | 1200V | 40mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC100N1200MD10 | DFN10*12 | 1200V | 17mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC100N1200MT3 | TO-247-3 | 1200V | 17mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC100N1200MT4 | TO-247-4 | 1200V | 17mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC5N1700MT3 | TO-247-3 | 1700V | 1000mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC100N1700MT4 | TO-247-4 | 1700V | 20mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC20N3300MT4 | TO-247-4L | 3300V | 200mohm | -40~150°C |
+
+
+
+6 寸晶圓
+
+
+
+4 寸晶圓
+
+
+
+DFN8*8
+
+
+
+TO-247-3L
+
+
+
+TO-247-4L
+
+
+
+T0268
+
+### 2、芯片特性：
+
+● 全系列采用 6 英寸晶圆量产
+
+● 最高耐压 3300V
+
+● 最低内阻 15 毫欧
+
+● 高雪崩耐量, 100% UIS 测试
+
+● 满足车规级要求：按照 AEC-Q101 标准测试
+
+## 六、Sic 模块产品介绍
+
+### 1、产品目录
+
+
+| Product Type2 | Model Name | Package | Voltage | Ron | Temperature Range | | Sic Modules | ASC100N1200 | Easypim | 1200V | 20mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC300N1200 | HP1/DWC3 | 1200V | 6.7mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC600N1200 | HP1/DWC3 | 1200V | 3.3mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC1000N1200 | DWC3 | 1200V | 1.7mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC800N1200 | Econodual | 1200V | 3.8mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC1000N900 | Econodual | 900V | 1.3mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC700N1200 | HPD | 1200V | 2.2mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC600N1200 | HPD | 1200V | 2.9mohm | -40~150°C | | ASC300N1200 | XM3 | 1200V | 8mohm | -40~150°C |
+
+
+
+EASYPIM
+
+
+
+DWC3
+
+
+
+XM 3
+
+
+
+HP1
+
+
+
+HPD
+
+
+
+Econodual
+
+### 2、模块特性：
+
+● 最高结温 175℃
+
+● 正温度系数
+
+● 氮化铝绝缘基板
+
+● 直接水冷散热
+
+● 集成负温度系数传感器
+
+● 2.5KV 绝缘电压
+
+### 3、电路拓扑：
+
+
+
+## 七、Sic 应用系统产品介绍
+
+### 1、产品目录
+
+| Product Type3 | Model Name | Description |
|---|
| SiC Motor Controller | ASTM0705F | Rated power 70KW,peak power120KW,power density31KVA/L,height<6.5Kg | | ASTM1205F | Rated power 120KW,peak power185KW,power density53KVA/L,height<6.5Kg |
+
+| SiC Driver Board | ASDB1-DWC3 | Driver board for DWTC3 SiC MOS module | | |
+
+
+
+ASDB1-DWC3
+
+
+
+ASTM0705F/ ASTM1205F (加外壳)
+
+
+
+ASTM0705F
+
+
+
+ASTM1205F
+
+L
+
+### 2、SiC MOS 应用系统特性：
+
+● 功率密度高：最大功率密度达到 50KW/计
+
+● 高可靠性的汽车级 SiC MOS 功率模块
+
+● 符合 ISO26262 功能安全要求的架构设
+
+● 可分别提供驱动板或者整机产品
+
+## 八、产品应用领域
+
+
+
+## 九、合作客户：
+
+
+
+（欧美客户由于供货协议限定未能展示）
+
+## 十、公司联系方式：
+
+**公司总部地址**：深圳市坪山区翠景路43号华意隆产业园1#楼2层
+
+**联系人**：李安 手机：18126115420（微信同号）
+
+**惠州分公司地址（模块厂）**：惠州大亚湾石化大道西67号（5号厂房）
+
+一楼 爱仕特科技有限公司惠州分公司
+
+**联系人**：李安 手机：18126115420（微信同号）
+
+**网站**：https://www.astsic.com/
+
+**授权代理商**
+
+深圳亿伟世科技有限公司
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_25.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_25.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..4b8decd59255eda7ad707f0cc54c0c65e9d74e91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_25.md
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+# 百年来的吐蕃音义及藏族族源研究
+
+王启龙
+(陕西师范大学西北民族研究中心 陕西西安 710062)
+
+**摘要:**“吐蕃”音义的考述与藏族族源问题密切相关,国内学术界对“吐蕃”音义的考证和藏族族源的探讨颇多。本文拟就对百年来中国学者相关的重要成果予以考述的基础上,对这一问题进行较为系统的回顾、分析和总结,以资学界参考。
+
+**关键词:** 吐蕃;音义;藏族;族源;述论
+
+**中图分类号:** K281.4 **文献标识码:** A **文章编号:** 1003-8388(2013)04-0001-08
+
+对“吐蕃”读音与语义的考证,总要涉及藏族族源问题的探讨,而对藏族族源研究的文章,也无法对吐蕃音义问题予以回避。可以说吐蕃音义考证与藏族族源研究关系密不可分,犹如一个球体的两面互为补充、不可或缺。这方面的文章颇多。可以毫不夸张地说,仅国内学者相关论文全部罗列恐怕有百篇以上。这里我们只列举主要篇目,并对其进行分类讨论,对代表性文章的得失给予评述,在此基础上提出本文不成熟的看法,以便学界今后讨论这一论题时可资参考。不至于浪费太多的时间做重复研究。谨按时间顺序依次描述如下:
+
+## 一、1949 年前
+
+1937年(抗战爆发)以前,相关文章大多非常关注藏民族起源、形成、发展沿革,关注汉藏民族间的历史渊源关系以及藏族与其他少数民族的关系,从中华民族大家庭这个大背景下来认识、了解和研究藏族及藏族历史。但大多是通论性文章,其中1906年8月14日《外交报》第151期发表《西藏民族源流考》的文章探讨藏族的起源问题。大概这是目前我们所知国内较早探讨藏族族源的文章。次年,《广益丛报》第128号发表了同名文章。此后,西藏民族的来源问题一直是学术界关注的一个热点,不断有相关文章发表。
+
+其中陶志如(1912)的《西藏民族考》$^{[1]}$和李安陆(1912)的《西藏略史》$^{[2]}$都用文言写成,没有新式标点。但其所用方法已经不是过去文献材料的简单转抄,而是在分析整理的基础上运用现代科学论文的撰写方法写成。陶文在总结近世人种学、语言学界藏缅系民族的研究成果的基础上,结合“五族共和”的原则,广搜历代典籍资料,对藏族来源及其发展进程以及与其他民族的关系进行了比较详细的论述。而李文则是民国以来最早较为系统的西藏简史方面的文章,首先描述了历代对西藏地区的不同称谓及其所辖范围的发展变化,结合《汉书》等古代文献典籍论述藏族与中原的关系,进而阐述藏族在“五族共和”中所扮演的历史角色和发挥的重要作用,抨击了外人对我西藏的侵略行径。其次,作者还对西藏佛教、政教制度、文化习俗等等进行了较为简洁明了的叙述。对于当时人们了解西藏历史和民族文化,宣传中华民族一统观念起到了一定的作用。这一时期的研究更多依靠汉文史书中的有关记载,大多都把西藏民和古代的羌族和其他民族联系在一起。同时,也出了“汉藏同源说”这一著名的论断。黄箔生(1936)的《西藏民族是炎黄子孙之后裔说》$^{[3]}$ 冷亮(1937)的《汉藏一元论》$^{[4]}$等具有代表性。此外,问苍(1916)的《西藏族考》、周渭光(1928)的《西藏沿考》$^{[5]}$、九世班禅大师(1931、1934)《西藏之史略》(刘家驹译)和《西藏历史》$^{[6]}$、黄次书(1931)的《康藏民族之起源》$^{[7]}$、方范九(1936)的《西藏民族来源考证》$^{[8]}$、华企云(1936)的《西藏民族之检讨》$^{[9]}$、德潜(1936)的《西藏名称之沿革及其人种之来源》$^{[10]}$、冷亮(1936)的《西藏民族由来考》$^{[11]}$等也是这方面好的文章。而最有意思的文章应该是李旭华(1936-37)的《西藏民族之研究》,此文图文并茂、言简洁、雅俗共赏,极其有助于普通国人了解和识西藏。$^{[12]}$
+
+
+[收稿日期]2013-06-10
+[作者简介]王启龙(1964-)男,贵州兴仁人,现为陕西师范大学西北民族研究中心教授、博士生导师,陕西省“百人计划”特聘专家,主要研究方向为藏学。
+
+抗战之后,从1938 年起到1949年新中国建这段时期,藏族族源、吐蕃王国史、西藏与祖国系史依然备受关注。诸多学界名流高论频出,着把这一研究推向了一个高潮:
+
+郑天挺(1939)的《发羌之地望与对音》$^{[13]}$,论及发羌与藏族自称的“博”(bod)的关系,作者援引《说文》和段注、《广韵》,以及钱大昕有关“古读发如拨”的论断,西人 Karlgren 氏(高本汉)拟“吐蕃”为Piwdt 等中西材料,力求证明中国史传中的“发羌”即西藏土名 Bod(西藏自称其种族曰 Bod,自称其人曰 Bod-Pa)之对音。
+
+翦伯赞(1943)的《土番种族来源考》$^{[14]}$分三部:第一部分简述吐蕃王国如何在中亚一带的争中兴起及其与中原唐朝曲折的关系史;第二部叙述和分析了两唐书等汉文典籍中有关吐蕃传史料记载,认为“羌族之南徙西藏,盖早在史前代,发羌者,不过南徙之羌族之一支,所以土番人种之主要的成分是南徙之诸羌,并非发羌一更非后来之秃髮族”$^{[15]}$;第三部分一一辨析了西种族来自印度、来自缅甸等诸种说法之不可靠进一步认为西藏“种族之来源乃自史前以迄秦时代南徙诸羌之汇合”。
+
+姚薇元(1944)的《藏族考源》$^{[16]}$认为“两唐书吐传既谓本西羌属,又言出自秃髮藏人自述为释佛种,英人则指为蒙古支族。各说纷纭,莫衷一”因此,作者“斟酌诸说,参以旧史所载,试为诠”而撰成此文,据有关史料比较分析了中外各种点,认为“今之藏族即古之羌人,部落繁多。约东晋时其中一部名“发”羌者,统一诸部建立大国,诸羌因皆号“发”族,而对异族则称“大发”(Teu Bod)。唐书之“吐蕃”蒙古语之士伯特,阿拉伯语之 Tubbot,英语之Tibet,皆“大发”(古读杜拨)一名之译音或转呼也。”$^{[17]}$也就是说,藏族祖先就是古代羌人部落“发羌”的后裔。其他文章还有王光璧(1940)的《汉藏同源论》$^{[18]}$和黄子翼(1942)的《藏族名称之商榷》$^{[19]}$等。
+
+冷亮(1941)的《西藏上古史探讨》$^{[20]}$依据藏文古史传说,对西藏名称境域之沿革,有关西藏民族之起源的五种说法,即猿猴魔女相配说、印度释迦族北迁说、蒙古族分支说、西羌后裔说和汉族之分支说,以及西藏早期王统之发展,都做了介绍和分析。同时把西藏历史划分四个历史时期:西藏上古史,由民族起源(公元前27世纪)到松赞干布诞生(公元623年);西藏中古史,有松赞干布(623年)到宗喀巴之改革宗教(1357年);西藏近世史,自宗喀巴改革到(1357年)到英军入侵拉萨(1904年);西藏近代史,由英军入侵拉萨到当代(1941年)。显然是作者利用熟悉藏文史书的条件,对藏族族源进行的可贵的探讨。
+
+与族源研究密切相关的吐蕃音义、名号的考释,在吐蕃史研究成果中多有体现,这一阶段可谓盛极一时,名家名篇辈出。韩儒林(1940,1943)先后发表的《吐蕃之王族与宦族》$^{[21]}$和《吐蕃古史与传说研究》$^{[22]}$、任乃强(1940,1943)的《吐蕃开国考》$^{[23]}$、《吐蕃音义考》[24],谭英华(1947)的《吐蕃名号源流考》$^{[25]}$等都是这方面杰作。
+
+其中,任乃强(1943)认为“吐蕃”应读“吐播”,理由是“番原读若婆”,可对译bod,并提出吐蕃是“大蕃”转音。谭英华的《吐蕃名号源流考》对黄子翼、任乃强、姚薇元以及丁谦诸氏对于“吐蕃”考证之得失进行分析比较的基础上,结合大量汉藏史料及国内外有关成果,运用语言学音韵考证与史料补证的方式,对吐蕃名号的产生及衍变沿革进行了较为信实的考证。此外,金应熙(1947)的《吐蕃之兴起》$^{[26]}$、任乃强(1947)的《隋唐之女国》$^{[27]}$等文也值得一提。当然,由岑仲勉《<隋书>之吐蕃——附国》一文引发的任乃强与岑仲勉关于吐蕃问题的争论更是本时期学术自由争鸣的佳话。$^{[28]}$
+
+另外,丁彌(1942)的《西南民族考释》$^{[29]}$也涉及藏族族源这一论题。
+
+概言之,1949年前的研究是一个循序渐进的过程,开始是一些通俗的介绍性文字,逐渐深入到引经据典的学历分析,尤其是在1937年抗战爆发后,由于多个著名高等院校和国家级科研院所的西移南下,使得一流专家学者有机会零距离接触边疆地区，他们怀着救国图存之志潜心于边疆史地研究，把藏族族源及吐蕃音义研究推向了深入。
+
+## 二、新中国成立到2000年
+
+1949年新中国成立之后，学术的春天已然来临。国家高度重视包括藏区在内的边疆民族研究，除了文化大革命时期的短暂停滞之外，藏学基本上一直得以顺利发展。关于吐蕃音义及藏族族源的研究一直是学术界十分关心的课题，文章当然比过去多得多，但基本上是20世纪70年代末以来陆续发表的。
+
+1949年到1985年，即新中国成立到1986年中国藏学研究中心成立之前这段时间，据初步统计，本期有关藏族族源的文章约有三十篇左右，通过一系列的研究，学术界逐渐抛弃了一些传统的错误说法，比如，西藏的人种外来说，以及王族“南来说”等，但仍然存在一定分歧，主要表现在藏族与“发羌”的关系上，有些学者还是在汉文史料的分析上面下工夫，比如包寿南（1979）的《藏族族源考略》$^{[30]}$，安应民《藏族族源之探讨》（1980）、《藏族族源考》（1982）、《藏族远古社会的发展》（1984）和《藏族族源新探》（1984）$^{[31]}$，唐嘉弘（1988）的《吐蕃族源及相关问题》$^{[32]}$、王辅仁（1991）的《关于藏族形成和发展的几个问题》$^{[33]}$等如是。其中：
+
+安应民的《藏族族源新探》主要从藏民族所处的地理位置和历史环境考察、分析其族源，据考古、史籍及其他研究成果，对藏区的“西戎”、“氐羌”、“三苗”等古代民族的称谓、地域及迁徙等活动作了分析；进而认为“藏族是我国古老民族之一，族源于古代的戎羌（当然包括至今还未搞清楚的一些古代民族在内）。但是，各地藏族又由于各方面历史条件的差别，在族源上也有差异，大体上今西藏藏族主要源于土著居民（其中一部分是羌人，一部分还未搞清楚）和迁徙戎羌的结合。甘青川藏族主要源于戎羌，其中融合了一部分三苗的成份。”
+
+唐嘉弘（1988）的《吐蕃族源及相关问题》通过对汉文史籍的梳理和分析，从语言学和历史学角度论述了吐蕃族源及其相关的一系列问题，得出如下结论：1.羌人属羊系部落群；2.甲戎（嘉绒）属牛系部落群；3.吐蕃“犬种（犬图屯[图腾]）说”可能成立；4.党项“猕猴种说”当可成立；5.羌、甲戎、党项和吐蕃在漫长历史中相互影响，并有融合……吐蕃族源应为土著说和鲜卑说的结合交融……；6.“吐蕃”和胡父鲜卑母的“铁弗”、“拓跋”、“秃发”、图伯特（Tibet）当为同音通假，同词异写，同言异译。唐文在藏族族源问题基本上属于土著与羌人融合说一类$^{[34]}$。可以参考。
+
+金宝祥（1985）的《吐蕃的形成、发展及其与唐的关系》$^{[35]}$上半部分主要依据汉文史料讨论吐蕃起源，认为吐蕃源出鲜卑拓跋氏之一支：“一个同出于鲜卑拓跋氏的子孙，东汉之末，分而为二，一支留塞北，一支迁河西，留塞北的，步步南迁，努力汉化，终于统一中原，建立北魏，均田兵制，皆为隋唐帝国所继承、发扬，迁河西的，始建国于姑臧、西平，以秃髦为姓，嗣后部落繁衍，又兼称国号，华言吐蕃”。不管其立论成立与否，作者对汉文史料运用之娴熟，挖掘之全面，令人赞叹。
+
+但是，大多数藏族学者开始比较倾向于吐蕃王族及西藏民族本土说，韦刚（1982）的《藏族族源探索》、班马（1985）的《藏族族源初探》（谢热译）$^{[36]}$、格勒（1988）的《藏族源于 “发羌” 的几点质疑》$^{[37]}$、毛尔盖・桑木旦（1990）的《藏族族源及有关称谓辨析》$^{[38]}$，以及恰白・次旦平措（1986）的《聂赤赞普是西藏人 ——— 略论 “波杰” 世系起源》$^{[39]}$等如是。其中：
+
+韦刚（1982）的《藏族族源探索》和班马（1985）的《藏族族源初探》（谢热译）$^{[40]}$均是先对 “西羌说”、“印度释迦王系说” 和 “吐蕃本土说” 三种不同观点进行分析和评述，最后得出的结论均认为藏族族源本土论比较可信。韦文最后认为：追溯藏族的族源，是雅鲁藏布江流域兴起之民族，而非外来，较为符合历史事实。班文经过考证，也认为：“猕猴与女妖结亲繁衍藏族之说是可信的”。还有一些藏族学者用藏语撰写了不少有关藏族族源的文章$^{[41]}$，其中亦不乏赞成本土说者。
+
+格勒（1988）的《藏族源于 “发羌” 的几点质疑》$^{[42]}$也从语言学和历史学角度，首先对相关文献记载进行了辨析考疑，然后通过藏语方言的古今音变分析了藏族自称 “蕃” 的来源，认为并非 “发羌” 之 “发” 的音变，而是古代藏族宗教 “本”（bon）的音变；最后，从多个角度说明古代藏族并非源于 “发羌”。颇有新意。毛尔盖・桑木旦（1990）的《藏族族源及有关称谓辨析》系藏文写成，由扎呷汉译发表，作者认为藏族几千年前就生活在藏族地区，藏族族源所谓南来说（印度说）、北来说（西羌说）等等都是荒谬的，并通过对藏汉文史料的分析比较，指出了藏汉译介过程中产生的一些错误；而后作者就甲绒（嘉绒）称谓之由来、藏传佛教中的某些译名和吐蕃时期藏区边界的一些情况等阐述了自己的看法。
+
+另外，田晓岫（1994）的《吐蕃王族族源新考》$^{[43]}$、田晓岫（1994）的《吐蕃王族族源新考》$^{[43]}$提出了一个新的说法，即吐蕃属于西南夷濮人系统，吐蕃王族源出于西南夷濮人，西藏南部及东部的本土文化当属于中国古代西南夷文化圈。文章分四部分：一、“吐蕃” 语源考；二、早期吐蕃即附国考；三、发羌、唐旄考；四、吐蕃王族源出西南夷濮人考。算是一家之言。$^{[44]}$尼玛太（1985）的《藏民族形成的时代及其他》$^{[45]}$分五部分$^{[46]}$探讨了藏民族的形成问题，并对藏族族源问题提出了一些与其他学者不同的观点和看法。此外，曾文琼、格勒、常凤玄、赤列曲扎等人也撰文$^{[47]}$对藏民族作了概说，对于我们了解藏民族形成史还是有所裨益的。
+
+还有一种说法颇有人应和，那就是藏族族源多元说，持此观点的有如：李绍明（1990）的《论藏族的多元一体格局》$^{[48]}$认为，藏族族源的多元性以及他们是由北南迁的民族是没有疑义的。这是因为：第一，藏族以讲藏语为主，但在一些地方也将藏缅语族其他语言，就语言而论，反映出多元一体性；第二，藏族原有的社会形态均属封建经济，但各地又有所不同，表现出一体性中的多元性；第三，藏族所处的自然环境复杂多样，决定了他们经济生活的多元性；第四，藏族在文化、心理状态以及风俗习惯诸方面亦显示出不拘一格、绚丽多彩的多元局面，但其核心部分又具有一体性。李文实（1989）的《藏族族源与汉藏关系》$^{[49]}$认为，从史载看，吐蕃是由一个山南的小部落国发展壮大，把疆土扩张到了今甘、青、川及新疆地区，在民族上包容了诸羌、汉、突厥等多种成分，形成新的吐蕃族。加上后来南凉、西秦的鲜卑，北凉和夏的匈奴，民族成分越发众多。藏族可以说是宋元间新形成的一个民族共同体。石硕（1992）的《西藏石器时代的考古发现对认识西藏远古文明的价值》$^{[50]}$认为，西藏高原在旧石器时代就有最早的土著居民。从新石器时代开始由于黄河上游的氐羌系统文化及北方草原的游牧文化分别从不同的方向汇聚于西藏高原，并与当地土著文化相融合，形成了卡若、曲贡和藏北细石器三大原始文化。这三种文化也就是后来形成藏民族的基本来源。何耀华（1988）的《古代羌人与藏区土著居民的融合》$^{[51]}$认为藏族是古羌人与藏区的土著居民不断融合而成。但古代藏族不等于古代羌族。由于古羌族是 “三苗” 等内地民族与西北土著的融合体，所以，就古代藏族的族源来说，它还包括了祖国内地民族的成分。$^{[52]}$
+
+除上述外，分说甘肃、青海、四川等地藏族族源的文章亦有不少，这些研究一方面使得学界对藏族族源问题的探讨更加细腻、深化，另一方面也为中国藏区地方史的研究提供了理论依据。比如，任乃强（1979）的《达布人的族源问题》、毛尔盖・桑木旦（1981）的《达布人及其族属》、陈宗祥（1980）的《“白马藏族” 为氐族遗裔试证》、四川省民委调查组（1980）的《“白马藏人” 调查资料辑录》、杨士宏（1985）的《白马藏族族源辨析》$^{[53]}$等均对川、甘一带的白马藏族$^{[54]}$及其族源作了探讨。其实，学界对于白马藏族及其族属问题的研究一直存在争议和分歧，并且有过激烈的争论。历史学者徐中舒、缪钺、邓子琴等认为 “白马藏人” 是历史上古老氐族的后裔；藏族学者毛尔盖・桑木旦等人认为是藏族；任乃强等则认为是古代 “宕昌羌” 的后裔；也有人主张是另一种民族。1978 年，费孝通曾经专程赶赴平武研究白马人，后来他在《关于我国民族的识别问题》$^{[55]}$一文中，把 “白马藏人” 作为典型对象，向国内外介绍，引起了人们强烈的兴趣。费先生也认为：“平武藏人” 在历史上并非藏族的可能性是存在的。因此，关于白马藏人的族属问题值得学界进一步深思和探讨。其他学者，比如闵文义、多识、戍夫、杨明等则对甘、川其他地区的藏族族源等问题作了论述$^{[56]}$。除对川甘地区藏族族源问题的探讨外，声释（1981）的《青海黄南州关于藏族来源的传说》、陈光国 （1982） 的《青海藏族族源初探》$^{[57]}$，李延恺（1982）的《关于同仁地区藏族来源的传说问题》和《从史籍和口碑看青海藏族的来源及变迁》$^{[58]}$等对青海地区藏族的族源及变迁作了探讨；格勒（1985）的《论古代羌人与藏族族源的历史渊源关系》和《隋唐时期的西山诸羌和康巴藏族的形成》$^{[59]}$、王建西（1984）的《古羌与藏族》$^{[60]}$等论述了古代羌族与藏民族形成、发展过程中历史渊源；吴静波（1984）的《三十九族及其所属部落的历史情况》和那曲地区文化局（1985）编印的《霍尔三十九族简史》$^{[61]}$则讨论了西藏古代史中的那曲三十九族及其族属问题。
+
+总体上说，藏族族源的研究始终是一个剪不断理还乱的论题，至今众说纷纭，但有一个共同之处就是人们都不约而同地抛弃了南来说（印度说）$^{[62]}$。但是，无论是本土说、北来说（据汉文史料），还是多元说等等，虽然都能言之有据，但尚有不少商榷之处。
+
+关于吐蕃音义的研究，这一时期最先引起学术界热烈讨论的是牙含章（1980）的《关于 “吐蕃”、“朵干”、“乌斯藏” 和 “西藏” 的语源考证》$^{[63]}$，作者通过汉藏文语音、语源对堪比证，史料引证征及汉语古音韵分析，考证了上述称谓的读音和源流，其中第一部分考证认为 “吐蕃” 的 “蕃” 应读 “播”。而西方学者把吐蕃的 “吐” 解释为 “上部”（stod），完全是主观臆测。汉藏文史料中均无据可考。此文一经发表，可谓一石激起千层浪，紧接着的讨论异常热烈：
+
+有赞成 “吐蕃” 读 “tubo”，并进行补充完善，进一步阐发 “吐” 字缘由的，比如江慰庐（1982）的《浅释 “吐蕃” 一词的由来及其涵义》$^{[64]}$在前人基础上分四部分$^{[65]}$对唐代 “吐蕃” 一词的语源作了考证，认为 “蕃” 应读 bo，并对学术界关于 “吐” 的不同观点进行了总结，然后通过史料分析、古音韵考述等方法研究认为：唐朝人称西藏地区和人民为 “吐蕃”，系用中古 “中原音变” 前的古汉语音、义来对译当时藏族人民的 “自称” 名号，原意就是 “大蕃 (播，Bo)”。可算是一篇运用语言学考证历史的佳作。
+
+针对牙含章文中 “唐朝人在‘蕃’字前为什么又加了一个‘吐’字，到现在还弄不清楚” 之说，安瓦尔・巴衣图尔和克由木・霍嘉（1982）$^{[66]}$独辟蹊径，根据突厥和维吾尔文献碑铭等进行了一番考证认为，突厥文献专称藏族或藏区之语为 “Tüpüt”，很可能是突厥语的 “Tüp” 和藏语 “bod” 的通称，即 “Tüp+bod” 一词演变过来的。新、旧《唐书》等汉文文献中的 “吐蕃” 的 “吐” 很可能是古代突厥语 “Tüp” 一词的汉语音译。
+
+1986 年中国藏学研究中心成立，标志着中国藏学研究得到国家层面的高度重视和大力支持，中国藏学研究步伐从此开始了大发展、大飞跃。从 1986 到 2000 年期间，发表的相关文章有五十多篇。
+
+藏族族源方面，田晓岫（1994、1997）先后撰写了《吐蕃王族族源新考》和《藏族族称考》$^{[67]}$。其中后者首次对历代汉文史籍中所载藏族族称的各种写法进行了系统分类，指明其出处，考释其由来，并把历代藏族族称的汉文写法分为四类：第一类是依居住处的水名地名命名的族称，如藏人、藏民、藏族；第二类是依西藏高原周边部落的他称译写的族称，如吐蕃、土伯特、图白忒等；第三类是依藏族及其先民自称记音的族称，如番族、濮、百巴、北发、发羌等；第四类是藏族先民部落名称的译写，如悉补野、弗夜、宝、附国等。
+
+丹珠昂奔（1999）的《试说藏民族的形成》$^{[68]}$说藏文明有两大发源地：一是象雄，一是雅砻河谷。“蕃” 族称形成的标志是，象雄文明用本教统一了青藏高原，使藏民族脱离了思想意识形态的原始信仰阶段，形成了藏民族最早的统一语言、思想意识和风俗，奠定了共同的民族心理和文化基础；而雅砻河谷文明，推出了悉补野王朝，这一王朝以政治和军事统一了青藏高原，使藏民族脱离了原始社会遗留的联盟和小邦邦国阶段，形成了藏民族共同的生活地域。
+
+藏族关于猕猴与罗刹女相配衍生藏族的传说，人们一直没有把它与藏族起源联系起来，石硕（2000）的文章$^{[69]}$认为，这个传说恰恰是一个隐含藏族起源真相的文本。作者根据相关藏文史料所载，结合敦煌吐蕃历史文献资料、藏族史地以及考古研究成果，经过较为缜密细致的历史语言学考证认为，传说中的 “罗刹女” 隐喻和象征西藏腹地的血缘氏族人群，“猕猴” 象征青藏高原东部地区（横断山脉）的血缘氏族人群，即西藏腹地的氏族同朵康之地氏族联姻衍生了藏民族。不管学术界对该论文的认同度有多少，都无法否认这是一篇富有功力、颇有新意的学术论文$^{[70]}$。
+
+关于藏族起源、形成、发展等诸多问题的论文还有不少，笔者认为，张月芬、孙林的《汉族西王母神话与藏羌民族猿猴神话的关系》，尹伟先的《关于突厥 —— 维吾尔文献中的 “吐蕃” 名称问题》，洲塔的《试论甘肃藏族部落发展进程中的特点》，王继光的《青海隆务河流域藏族来源的社会考察》，恰嘎旦正的《藏族远古十二酋长统治时期的历史概况》$^{[71]}$等文值得参考。
+
+吐蕃音义的探讨一直没有停歇，也没有最终的定论。本时期大约有十多篇文章，其中，吕一飞（1996）的《“吐蕃” 即 “上蕃” 一说质疑》$^{[72]}$根据多种史料和学术同行的研究成果，对吴均等的 “吐蕃” 即 “上蕃” 的说法提出质疑，认为：第一，“吐蕃” 一词最早出现在魏晋南北朝的汉文史书中；第二，“吐蕃”、“秃发”、“Tubbat”、“Tüpüt”、“Tibet” 等，都是同一个名称的几种写法；第三，“吐蕃” 二字是一个整体，不能拆开。就其原始意义，是 “鲜卑父胡母所生的后代”（汉晋时期蒙古草原上民族大融合的产物）。这一名称到公元 7 世纪青藏高原崛起的一支强大的少数民族承袭了这个名号 “吐蕃”，但意义已经改变。颇有一定新意。祁振纲（1996）的《吐蕃起源及其读音问题试探》$^{[73]}$则力图用历史和语言学方法考述吐蕃的起源及其读音问题，且认为 “吐蕃” 应读 “土番”。
+
+安才旦的文章在同行研究成果及相关史料基础上，首先对关于 “吐蕃” 源流的几种代表性假说作了分析之后，从考证 “吐蕃” 和 “Tüp 觟 t” 这两种称呼由唐朝至今一千三百多年来的承袭线索入手，进一步论证 “吐蕃”（确切地说是 “吐” 字）源于突厥语的观点$^{[74]}$。材料丰富，角度新颖，分析深入，确实是值得参考的一篇妙文。
+
+尹伟先（1997）的文章$^{[75]}$则将这个观点推向了一个极致，在对各种观点的得失进行评述的基础上，利用汉、藏、突厥等史料，较为扎实地考证了 “吐蕃” 源于古突厥语 TüPüT 这一命题的诸多理据。极有参考价值。
+
+南喀诺布 （1990） 的文章从四个方面评述了 Bod 来源，认为 “无论从本教史书还是佛教经典都可以证实 Bod 一词自古以来就有了”$^{[76]}$。朱文旭（2002）$^{[77]}$撰文认为 “吐蕃” 源于 dbus。姚远（1987、1988）的文章$^{[78]}$认为 “吐蕃” 的确与 “秃发” 等有关，应读 tǔbō，但认为 “吐蕃” 词源与藏族族源没有关系。这类文章还有姚远的《“吐蕃” 词源及其名义问题重议》，杨志国的《也谈 “吐蕃” 一词的由来》，张绍臣的《关于 “吐蕃” 之 “蕃” 的读音问题》，嘉措顿珠的 《论 “蕃” 一词的由来及演变》，马德的《KHROM 词义考》$^{[79]}$等。
+
+当然，“吐蕃” 之 “蕃” 读 “播” 一说，有赞成者很多，张绍臣（1987）$^{[80]}$、姚远（1987、1988）$^{[81]}$、吕一飞（1993）$^{[82]}$等如是。但不同的是，各自从对 “蕃” 之所以读 Bo 的理由阐发的角度、方式、深度不同。在此不赘。不过，也有人坚持认为，“蕃” 应该念 “番”（fan），彭志宪（1988）、姚良柱（1988）$^{[83]}$等如是，理据单一。
+
+从语言学角度去考述 “吐蕃” 音义的，也鲜明地分为读 bo 和读 fan 两派：
+
+张济川（2002）$^{[84]}$援引诸多辞书对 “蕃” 的注音，并根据相关韵书以及唐代诗文例证，对所有 “吐蕃” 主张念 tǔbō 的论点逐一进行批评，认为应念 tǔfān。读起来似乎言之凿凿。紧接着，谢仁友（2003）$^{[85]}$撰文提以丰富的材料从多个角度论证 “吐蕃” 应该念 tǔbō。再后来，郑张尚芳（2006）的《古译名勘原辨讹五例》$^{[86]}$第五部分又以复杂的音韵推理确定 “吐蕃” 应该读 tufan，同时提出 “蕃” 源于苯教，而 “吐” 可能与突厥文 t 觟 pü（丘冈；头顶）有关云云。看起来缜密，但在分析史料时依然有疏漏。我们将另文讨论。
+
+总的看来，1937 年抗战前的文章大多是通俗的介绍性文字，学术论文鲜见，真正具有学术功力的论文在抗战爆发后西移南下的诸多著名学者笔下才诞生。新中国之后关于吐蕃名义及藏族族源的研究，始于 20 世纪 70 年代末，到 20 世纪 80 年代达到一个高潮。1986 年中国藏学研究中心成立之后，在国家的重视和大力扶持下，藏学研究发展迅猛。藏族族源和吐蕃音义的考述文章如雨后春笋，文章数量剧增，研究角度多维，且更具深度，出现了不少名篇佳作。不过，也存在些许不足，有些文章在讨论同一论题时，不知何故，常常对同行和前人的成果视而不见；有些文章在审视问题的角度过于单一，未能触类旁通；有些文章资料非常丰富，角度也非常新颖，可惜在史料的甄别、比较、分析和运用方面还是存在某些不足。可是，无论如何百来年的成果着实为我们今后系统研究吐蕃音义和藏族族源打下了坚实的基础。
+
+## [注释及参考文献]
+
+[1]文言竖排，有句读，无标点。连载于《西北杂志》第 1、2期，1912 年 11 月（学术 1－9 页）、12 月（学术 19－24 页）。
+[2]文言竖排，无标点。连载于《西北杂志》第 1、2、3、4 期，1912 年 11 月 （学术 13－18 页）、12 月 （学术 25－34 页）、1913 年 1 月（学术 35－48 页）、2 月（学术 49－58 页）。
+[3]原载《西北问题季刊》第 2 卷第 1、2 期，1936 年 7 月；后又于 1937 年 3 月载《人文月刊》第 8 卷第 2 期，署名“黄榴青”（《西北问题季刊》3 卷 1、2 期，1936 年 7 月）。
+[4]载《蒙藏旬刊》133 期，《中央日报》1937 年 4、5 月）。
+[5]载《史地论丛》第 1 期，1928 年 10 月。
+[6]此二文分别载《新亚细亚》月刊第 2 卷第 5 期，1931 年 8月（刘家驹译）和《蒙藏月报》第 2 卷第 3 期，1934 年 12 月。
+[7]载《蒙藏月刊》第 1 卷第 9、10 期，1931 年。
+[8]载《西陲宣化》第 1 卷第 6 期，1936 年 4 月。其他还有德潜的“西藏名称之沿革及其人种之来源考”（《新亚细亚》月刊第 12 卷第 1 期，1936 年 7 月）、黄箔生的“西藏民族是黄帝子孙后裔说”（原载《西北问题季刊》第 2 卷第 1、2 期，1936 年 7 月；后又于 1937 年 3 月载《人文月刊》第 8 卷第2 期，署名“黄榴青”）等。
+[9]载《边事研究》3 卷 5 期，1936 年 4 月。
+[10]载《新亚细亚》月刊第 12 卷第 1 期，1936 年 7 月。
+[11]载《蒙藏月报》6—2，1936 年 12 月。
+[12]连载于《河北博物院画刊》第 114、115、117、119、124、126、127、129、131、133、137、140 期，1936 年 6－8 月、11－12月、1937 年 1－7 月。
+[13]郑天挺（1939）：《发羌之地望与对音》，载《国立中央研究院历史语言研究所集刊》八本一分册，1939 年。
+[14]翦伯赞（1943）：《土番种族来源考》，载《中山文化季刊》第 1 卷第 4 期（1943），第 525－531 页。刘洪记、孙雨志（1999）将此文标题记为“吐蕃种族来源考”。
+[15]见上注，529－530 页。
+[16]姚薇元：《藏族考源》，载《边政公论》第 3 卷第 1 期，1944 年 1 月，第 50－53 页。
+[17]见上注，50 页、52 页。
+[18]王光璧（1940）：《汉藏同源论》，载《康导月刊》2 卷 11期，1940 年 7 月
+[19]黄子翼（1942）：《藏族名称之商榷》，载《边政公论》第 1卷第 7－8 期合刊，1942 年 3 月 10 日，第 93－94 页。
+[20]载《边政公论》，1—3、4，1941 年 11 月。
+[21]韩儒林（1940）：“吐蕃之王族与宦族”，载《中国文化研究所集刊》第 1 卷第 1 期，1940 年 9 月。
+[22]韩儒林（1943）：吐蕃古史与传说研究”，载《文史哲季刊》第 1 卷第 2 期，1943 年 6 月。
+[23]任乃强：“吐蕃开国考”，载《康导月刊》第 2 卷第 4 期，1940 年。此文又载《任乃强民族研究文集》（民族出版社，1990）117－121 页。
+[24]任乃强：“吐蕃音义考”，载《康导月刊》第 5 卷第 4 期，1943 年。此文又载《任乃强民族研究文集》（民族出版社，1990）137－1143 页。
+[25]载《东方杂志》第 43 卷第 4 期，1947 年 1－2 月，第 25－32 页。此文又刊《史地丛刊》第 1 卷第 3 期，1947 年 1－2月。
+[26]金应熙：“吐蕃的兴起”，载《岭南学报》第 8 卷第 1 期，1947 年 12 月。
+[27]任乃强：“隋唐之女国”，载《康藏研究》月刊第 5－6 期，1947 年。此文又载《任乃强民族研究文集》（民族出版社，1990）第 212－234 页。
+[28]1946 年 4 月，岑仲勉先生根据《隋书》中有关史料考证，认为“附国”即吐蕃，发表了“《隋书》之吐蕃———附国”（载《民族学研究集刊》第 5 期，1946 年 4 月）一文。之后，任乃强先生读后认为“隋之附国为今西康之道孚、甘孜、德格等县地，与岑氏之说相差深远”，随即发表了“附国非吐蕃———与岑仲勉先生商榷”一文，以“相与研讨辨订”，从位置、河流、国名、王号、城栅、物产等六个方面论述，继而认为“隋之附国，为党项族（羌族）之农业古国”，而非吐蕃。接着又发表了“隋唐之女国”一文（载《康藏研究》第 5－6 期）对相关问题进行了深入讨论。任文发表以后，岑仲勉先生又发表了“从女国地位再论附国即吐蕃（附任乃强答案）”，为自己的观点进行辩护和补证，而值得一提的是，此文就发表在任乃强先生主办的《康藏研究》月刊第 10 期（1947年）上，这在今天看来的确是值得珍视的学术争鸣！学者之间的友谊并不为学术观点之不同而有所损益。
+[29]载《边政公论》1 卷 3 期，1942 年 3 月。
+[30]载《西北民族学院学报》1979 年第 1 期。
+[31] 分别载《西北史地》1980 年第 1 期；《西藏研究》（藏文版），1982 年第 3 期；《西北史地》1984 年第 4 期；《西藏研究》1984 年第 3 期，第 52-60 页。
+[32]载《中国藏学》1988 年第 2 期第 79-87 页。
+[33]载《中央民族学院建校 40 周年学术论文集》，1991 年。
+[34]郗萌的《藏族“猕猴变人”神话探索》（载《西北民族学院学报》1993 年第 1 期）也持此看法。另外，还有江应梁主编的《中国民族史·中册》（民族出版社，1990）、童恩正等《西藏昌都卡若新石器时代遗址的发掘及相关问题》（载《民族研究》1983 年第 1 期）、王辅仁与索文清编《藏族史要》（四川民族出版社，1980）、冉光荣等《羌族史》（同上，1984）等。
+[35]连载于《西北史地》1985 年第 1 期第 1-8 页、第 2 期第1-8 页。
+[36]分别载《西藏研究》1982 年第 3 期，第94-102 页；同上，1985 年第 3 期，第 94-98 页。
+[37]载《中国藏学》1988 年第 2 期第 64-78页。
+[38]载《西藏研究》1990 年第 4 期第 83-89 页。
+[39]载《西藏研究》藏文版 1986 年第 4 期。
+[40]分别载《西藏研究》1982 年第 3 期，第94-102 页；同上，1985 年第 3 期，第 94-98 页。
+[41]比如官却才旦的《简论藏族的起源》（载《章恰尔》藏文版 1981 年第 3 期）；群培多吉的《藏民族族源和吐蕃赞布血统漫谈》（载《西藏研究》藏文版 1983 年第 3 期）；沃噶的《论藏人之骨系》（同上，1984 年第 1 期）；东噶·洛桑赤列的《论西藏古代文化、宗教、民族的渊源》（同上，1984 年第 2期）；桑杰仁钦的《藏族骨系略述》（同上，1984 年第 4 期）；日贡·多吉卡的《略谈藏族族源》（同上，，1985 年第 1 期）等。
+[42]载《中国藏学》1988 年第 2 期第 64-78 页。
+[43]载《中国藏学》1994 年第 1 期第 81-87 页。
+[44]另外，尕藏也属于此类学者，他的《也谈藏族族源》（载《青海民族学院学报》1994 年第 1 期）认为，藏族是源于青藏高原土生土长的古人类。
+[45]载《西藏研究》1985 年第 3 期，第 116-120 页。
+[46]即：一、藏族的先民；二、从雅隆部落说起；三、藏民族的形成；四、藏族地区的“部落”；五、关于不同地区的藏族。
+[47]参阅曾文琼的《藏族（西南少数民族简介）》（载《西南民族学院学报》1980 年第 1 期）；格勒的《青藏高原上的藏族》（载《民族团结》1983 年第 2、3 期）；常凤玄的《世界屋脊的开拓者———藏族》（载《人民日报》1983 年 7 月 25 日）；赤列曲扎的《藏族———祖国大家庭中历史悠久的民族》（载《西藏日报》1980 年 2 月 23 日、3 月 1 日）。
+[48]载《民族论丛》第八辑，1990 年。
+[49]载《青海民族学院学报》1989 年第 3 期。
+[50]载《中国藏学》1992 年第 1 期第 53-63 页。
+[51]载《中国藏学》1988 年第 3 期第 100-108 页。
+[52] 参阅胡杨全：《近十余年国内藏族族源研究概述》，载《历史教学》1995 年第 7 期第 53-54 页。
+[53]分别载《白马藏人族属问题讨论集》，1979 年；《章恰尔》（藏文版）1981 年第 2 期；《白马藏人族属问题讨论集》，四川省民族研究所编，1980；同上；《西北民族学院学报》1985 年第 4 期。
+[54]解放初期，将分布在四川平武、九寨沟和甘肃文县一带的少数民族定名为藏族，通称白马藏族，主要根据是由于他们与松潘、虎牙等藏民生活区毗邻。服饰十分独特，不论男女，头上都戴一顶盘形、圆顶、荷叶边由羊毛压模后制成的白色毡帽，并在帽顶侧面插上白色雄鸡的尾羽作饰物；有自己的语言，语音与羌语相近，却没有自己的文字；宗教信奉自然神，最崇信称为“叶西纳蒙”（意即“白马老爷”）的一座神山。
+[55]费孝通：《关于我国民族的识别问题》，载《中国社会科学》1980 年第 1 期。
+[56]参阅闵文义的《东迁蕃民与舟曲藏族———舟曲藏族渊源初探》（载《西北民族学院学报》1984 年第 2 期）；多识的《略谈天祝藏族族源》（载《西北民族学院学报》（藏文版）1985 年第 1 期）；戍夫的《甘南夏河科才部落的来历及其结构》（载《甘南文史资料》第 4 辑，1985）。多识全名多识·洛桑图丹琼排，著名学者。
+[57]分别载《青海民族学院学报》1981 年第 3 期；《民族学研究》第 2 辑，1982。
+[58]分别载《青海民族学院学报》1982 年第 2 期；同上，1982 年第 4 期。
+[59]分别载《中山大学学报》1985 年第 2 期；《民族文化》1985 年第 1 期。
+[60]载《民族论丛》第 2 辑，1984 年。
+[61]分别载《西藏党史通讯》1984 年第 4 期；《羌塘》（藏文版），那曲地区文化局编印，1985。
+[62]本时期藏族族源相关的其他文章还有丹珠昂奔：《谈藏族神话“猕猴变人”》，载《中央民族学院学报》1986 年第 1期；安多·尼玛太：《略论藏民族的形成时代及其他问题》，载《西藏研究》（藏文版）1986 年第 1 期；芈一之：《论藏族的来源和形成———兼谈青海藏族来源问题》，载《攀登》1986年第 2 期；谢继胜：《牦牛图腾型藏族族源神话探索》，载《西藏研究》1986 年第 3 期第 129—136 页；刘沛林：《有关西藏的历史沿革及名称由来》，载《地名丛刊》1988 年第 3期；欧潮泉：《试论藏族先民的由来》，载《青海民族研究》1989 年第 1 期；石硕：《试论康区藏族的形成及其特点》，载《西南民族学院学报》1993 年第 2 期；《藏族族源“西羌说”的缘起及其不成立性》，载《西藏民族学院学报》1994 年第2 期；岗措：《关于藏族族源问题的新思考》载《中国藏学》（藏文版）1994 年第 4 期等。
+[63]载《民族研究》1980 年第 4 期，第 3-6 页。据前言说，该文是早在 1961 年吴晗应周恩来总理看完话剧《文成公主》之后提出的有关“吐蕃”、“朵甘”、“乌斯藏”及“西藏”如何演变的问题，请苏克勤研究解决，而后者就与牙含章商量。不料文革耽误了该文的写作。直到文革后，牙含章才完成此文发表。
+[64]载《西藏研究》1982 年第 1 期，第 31-38 页。
+[65]即：一、唐代“蕃”字音读考；二、唐代“吐蕃”名号由来诸说辨正；三、唐朝人选用“吐蕃”一词的缘由；四、简短的结论。
+[66]安瓦尔·巴衣图尔、克由木·霍嘉（1982）：《关于“吐蕃”一词的语源考证》，载《新疆社会科学》1982 年第 3 期第122-124 页。
+[67]分别载《中国藏学》1994 年第 1 期第 81-87 页；《民族研究》1997 年第 3 期。
+[68]载《中央民族大学学报》1999 年第 5 期。
+[69]石硕（2000）：《一个隐含藏族起源真相的文本———对藏族始祖传说中“猕猴”与“罗刹女”含义的释读》，载《中国社会科学》2000 年第 4 期。
+[70]该文由达多藏译刊发于《中国藏学》（藏文版）2000 年第 4 期。
+[71]分别载《西藏民族学院学报》1997 年第 4 期，第 24-30页；《西北史地》1997 年第 2 期；《中国藏学》1998 年第 3期，第 74-79 页；《西藏研究》1998 年第 2 期，第 62-67 页；《中国藏学》（藏文版）1996 年第 1 期。其他文章还有恰嘎旦正的《藏区部分民族的祖源初探》（载《西藏研究》藏文版1996 年第 4 期）、《藏族形成的年代》（同上，1997 年第 2期），旦杰的《浅析藏族的族源》（载《西藏艺术研究》1996 年第 1 期），乔高才让的《华热藏区源流考》（载《安多研究》1996 年第 1 期），卡卓才让的《太布藏族族源考》（载《合作民族师专藏文学报》1997 年第 1、2 期合刊），切排、桑代吉的《汉文史料关于藏族若干称谓考》（载《攀登》（藏文版）1998 年第 2 期）等文。
+[72]载《中国藏学》1996 年第 1 期第 33-37 页。
+[73]载《中央民族大学学报》1996 年第 2 期。
+[74]安才旦：《“吐蕃”一称语源及含义述评———兼论“吐蕃”源于古突厥语说》，载《中国藏学》1988 年第 4 期第 127—143 页。文章提到的八种假说即关于“吐蕃”源于藏语的五种说法（stod bod, lho bod, teu bod, de bod 等）、关于“吐蕃”源于汉语的说法、关于“吐蕃”源于阿尔泰语系语言的说法等。
+[75]尹伟先（1997）：《关于突厥———维吾尔文献中的“吐蕃”名称问题》，载《西北史地》1997 年第 2 期第 6-19 转 52 页。
+[76]南喀诺布著、格桑居冕译：《Bod 一词之由来》，载《中国藏学》1990 年第 1 期第 128—134 页。文章所述四部分为：（一）评 Bod 一词是从“出走”义的 Bud 演变而来之说；（二）评 Bod 是由国君名称转化而来之说；（三） 评 Bod 是从 Bon（本）转化而来之说；（四）论什么时候就有 Bod 一词。
+[77]朱文旭（2000）：《“吐蕃”考》，载《中国藏学》2000 年第 2期第 85-88 页。
+[78]即《“吐蕃”词源及其名义问题重议》和《唐以前“吐蕃”问题初探》，分别载《青海社会科学》1987 年第 1 期第 84-90 页、1988 年第 1 期第 74-80 页。
+[79] 分别载《青海社会科学》1987 年第 1 期；《西藏研究》1987 年第 4 期；《湖北大学学报》1987 年第 6 期；《西藏大学学报》1989 年第 1 期；《中国藏学》1992 年第 2 期。
+[80]张绍臣（1987）：《关于“吐蕃”之“蕃”的读音问题》，载《湖北大学学报》1987 年第 6 期第 64-66 页。
+[81]姚远的《“吐蕃”词源及其名义问题重议》和《唐以前“吐蕃”问题初探》，分别载《青海社会科学》1987 年第 1 期第84-90 页；1988 年第 1 期第 74-80 页
+[82]吕一飞（1993）：《谈谈“吐蕃”一词》，载《历史研究》1993年第 1 期第 139-140 页。
+[83]即彭志宪（1988）的《“吐蕃”的“蕃”字还应读“番”》和姚良柱（1988）的《也谈“吐蕃”的“蕃”字应读“番”》，分别载《新疆教育学院学报》1988 年第 1 期第 44-46 页、第 2 期第100-102 页。
+[84]张济川（2000）：《“吐蕃”：读 tǔbō 还是 tǔfān》，载《中国藏学》2000 年第 2 期第 76-84 页。
+[85]谢仁友：（2003）《“吐蕃”音辨》，载《中国语文》2003 年第6 期第 522-530 页。
+[86]载《中国语文》2006 年第 6 期第 541-549 页。
+[ 责任编辑 顾祖成]
+[ 校 对 陈鹏辉]
+
+# On the Pronunciation and Meaning of “Tubo” and Origin of Tibetans
+
+Wang Qilong
+
+(Northwest Ethnology Centre, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian, Shaanxi, 710062)
+
+**Abstract:** The pronunciation and meaning of “Tubo” and the origin of Tibetans are closely intertwined, and the academia at home has made considerable studies into their relationship. As a retrospect upon the studies on the topic, this paper reviews, analyzes and summarizes the major research findings by Chinese scholars in the past 100 years.
+
+**Key words:** Tubo; pronunciation and meaning; Tibetan nationality; origin; review
+
+# On the Life Rituals in Huarui Tibetan Areas
+
+Dpal-rjs Dondrup
+
+(Gansu Tibetology Research Institute, Xiahe, Gansu, 747100)
+
+**Abstract:** The life rituals in Huarui Tibetan Areas reflect both the social material life and the national psychology as well. This article investigates the forms and the cultural connotations of these life practices by looking into the evolution of the reproduction conception as well as the rites of pregnancy and birth, name granting by Lama, haircutting and hairstyle-change ceremony and so forth.
+
+**Key words:** Huarui Tibetan areas; birth rite; adult ceremony; cultural connotation
+
+# On the Memory and Legends of the Origin of Baima Tibetans in Longnan Area, Gansu Province
+
+Pu Xiangming
+
+(Department of Literature, Long Nan Teacher's College, Chengxian, Gansu, 742500)
+
+**Abstract:** The memory and legends about the origin of Baima Tibetans appeared later than mythical stories, and some can even trace back to the ancient ancestors who survived after the long migration. As the historical and cultural record of Baima Tibetans produced through oral transmission, these legendary stories have developed into a colorful and unique form of Chinese folklores, which utilize special characters of local people, animals and sceneries, strange fantasies, supernatural images and miracle techniques, and thus are very attractive in plot and significant to literary, ethnological and folklore studies.
+
+**Key words:** Baima Tibetans; memory of national origin; Longnan; legend
+
+# The Historical Value of Prose-Poems of Tibet in Trilateral Prose-Poem
+
+Li Jun
+
+(College of Humanities, Gansu Agricultural University;
+College of Literature of Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730070)
+
+**Abstract:** *Trilateral Prose-Poems*, which refers to *Prose-Poem of Tibet* by He Ning from Mongolia, *Prose-Poem of Bukui* by Ying He from Jilin and *Prose-Poem of Xinjiang* by Xu Song from Da Xing, are regarded as three prose-poems classics and also historical and geographical works. This paper researches the historical values of Prose-Poem of Tibet, and conducts the study from three aspects: the origin of Tibetans, the Tibetan Buddhism history and the contemporary administrative history of Tibet.
+
+**Key words:** *Trilateral Prose-Poems*; *Prose-Poem of Tibet*; historical value; Prose-Poem of frontier regions
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..8a470e92b4e53a8b07f33c0daa7e6070ef588e0a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_26.md
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+DOI:10.16124/j.cnki.cn13-1390/c.2025.03.009
+
+# 短视频热潮下高校思政课的“视频化生存”及教学效果提升策略研究
+
+秦步焕,许方瀚
+
+(河南工业大学 马克思主义学院,河南 郑州 450001)
+
+**摘要:** 短视频的“火山喷发式”形成和“细水长流式”发展给高校思政课带来诸多影响,高校思政课呈现“视频化生存”状态。在短视频热潮背景下,高校思政课在价值、内容、形式、功能、目标五个维度都面临着不同程度的挑战。针对这些问题,需要着重处理好统一性与多元性、经典性与娱乐化、整体性与碎片化、批判性与建构性、主流与非主流这五对矛盾,更好地发挥高校思政课立德树人作用。
+
+**关键词:** 短视频;视频化生存;高校思政课
+
+**中图分类号:** G641 **文献标志码:** A **文章编号:** 1674-3210(2025)03-0092-10
+
+近些年,以抖音、快手为代表的短视频在网络中异军突起,“刷抖音”“玩快手”越来越成为人们生活中的一部分,“上到九十九,下到刚会走”,短视频已经深入影响到人民群众尤其是大学生的生活方式和学习方式。短视频热潮下,高校思政课有哪些新机遇,面临哪些新挑战,如何应对这些挑战,越来越成为高校思政课教学不可回避的重要问题。而越来越多的学者也开始关注短视频热潮下思政课教学问题$^{①}$。但是从目前的研究成果看,大多是定性分析,缺少定量分析,而且研究视角各有侧重,缺少整体性、系统性。鉴于此,需要着眼于高校思政课的教学效果,在定性分析与定量分析相结合的基础上,从价值、内容、形式、功能、目标等多个维度出发,就短视频热潮下高校思政课教学效果提升策略展开系统研究。
+
+## 一、短视频热潮的形成与高校思政课的“视频化生存”
+
+### (一)短视频热潮的形成
+
+短视频的发展呈现出“火山喷发”和“细水长流”$^{②}$的基本态势。
+
+
+
+**收稿日期:** 2025-02-11
+**基金项目:** 河南工业大学生物工程学院 2024 年度本科教育教学改革专项项目“短视频热潮下高校思政课教学效果提升路径研究”(SWXYJG202405)、河南省高等教育教学改革研究与实践项目(思政课类)“习近平文化思想融入马克思主义基本原理课教学研究”(2024SJGLX0985)阶段性成果。
+**作者简介:** 秦步焕(1991—),男,河南辉县人,法学博士,河南工业大学马克思主义学院讲师,主要研究马克思主义理论、当代中国社会发展。
+① 在中国知网对篇名含“短视频”“思想政治”等关键词的文献进行模糊检索,梳理后可知:研究始于2019年,截至目前,有相关学术期刊论文126篇,其中发表在北大核心期刊和CSSCI 来源期刊上的论文6篇;有相关硕士学位论文27篇。相关专著有《网络思想政治教育》(艾四林著)、《新媒体时代的大学生思想政治教育》(陈志勇著)等。
+② 彭兰:《短视频:视频生产力的“转基因”与再培育》,《新闻界》2019年第1期。
+
+#### 1. 火山喷发:短视频热潮快速形成
+
+2016年是短视频元年,各类短视频软件的相继出现开创了短视频年代,赋予了视频时代新的活力$^{①}$。以“抖音”为例,从百度指数来看,2018年的搜索指数首次超过平均值,之后不断升高,在最近三年时间,更是呈现出新的高涨态势(如图1所示)$^{②}$。而根据CNNIC发布的第54次《中国互联网络发展状况统计报告》显示,截至2024年6月,我国网民规模近11亿人,随着用户对优质内容需求的不断增长和行业环境的不断优化,网络视频行业呈现蓬勃发展势头,短视频用户占网民整体的95.5%$^{③}$。这表明,近些年,随着短视频的快速兴起,短视频的公众关注度越来越高,短视频热潮已经形成。
+
+
+
+图1 百度指数中“抖音”指数变化
+
+#### 2. 细水长流:短视频热潮持续存在
+
+从增长速度来看,在“火山喷发”后,短视频的市场增长或许会放缓,但是从绝对值来看,短视频将进入长线持续的生产与消费,也就是说,短视频热潮将长期存在。这是因为:第一,从条件支撑看,技术成本逐步降低。5G技术广泛应用于各个领域,进一步推动了短视频的生产与消费。第二,从技术要求看,门槛代价不断降低。相较于长视频而言,短视频制作门槛更低,更容易满足“多元化”的生产者;相较于传统文字阅读而言,观看短视频所付出的代价更少,更容易吸引“懒”的消费者。第三,从内容需求看,情感共鸣更易实现。与文字相比,视觉力量在唤起情感方面更直接、快速,而且短视频更适合碎片化、伴随化的多样化场景,且更便于在社交平台中分享,这一系列的优势都更容易满足人们的情感共鸣需求。
+
+### (二)短视频热潮下高校思政课的“视频化生存”
+
+随着数字技术革命的不断推进,人类视觉历史掀起了一轮又一轮的浪潮,“视频化生存”$^{④}$早已成为一种普遍的社会现象,而短视频热潮的形成与长期存在,使得“视频化生存”逐渐趋向于“短视频化生存”,进一步深化了社会“视频化生存”的程度和内涵,加剧了技术与文化之间的互构关系。短视频热潮下,大学生的“视频化生存”已然成为一个客观事实。2024年10月,笔者对郑州市三所高校的968名大学生(其中,文科类如哲学、经济学、法学、教育学、文学、历史学、管理学、艺术学等学科的大学生362名,非文科类如理学、工学、农学、医学等学科的大学生606名)进行问卷调查(除特别说明外,本论文所用数据均出自本次问卷调查),结果显示:近80%的大学生每天会花费1个小时以上的时间刷短视频,而近1/3的大学生每天会花费3个小时以上的时间刷短视频(其中,1小时以内选择占比20.45%、1—3小时选择占比47.31%、3—5小时选择占比19.63%、5小时以上选择占比12.60%)。进一步而言,高校思政课的“视频化生存”亦成为摆在每一位思政课教师面前的一道必答题。具体来讲,高校思政课在“视频化生存”中呈现出一“降”一“升”两个明显特征。
+
+①李慧颖:《抖音APP的传播依赖研究》,《中国报业》2018年第2期。
+②《百度指数中“抖音”指数变化》, https://index.baidu.com/v2/main/index.html#/trend/%E7%9F%AD%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91?words=%E7%9F%AD%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91,访问时间:2025年1月7日。
+③《第54次〈中国互联网络发展状况统计报告〉发布》, https://news.cctv.cn/2024/08/29/ARTIV5SscNSBZtvlwUtMdJWR240829.shtml,访问时间:2024年10月27日。
+④“视频化生存”的含义是:“视频通过对人类感官的重置,再造了图像媒介的虚拟性,创造了个体与外部世界联系的新型方式。视频由一种类型的媒介形态,转变为人类生存的基本方式。”社会文化机制也发生了变革,视频化成为社会运作的重要元素。视频化生存及其未来发展,正在创造技术文化的崭新形态,刷新人类主体的含义。参见孙玮:《技术文化:视频化生存的前世、今生、未来》,《新闻与写作》2022年第4期。
+
+#### 1. 高校思政课在知识传播上“降维”
+长期以来,知识的传播者往往以高高在上的姿态对被接受者进行说教,高校思政课知识的传播也以这种引领式的启蒙者姿态对大学生进行说教。但是随着社会“视频化生存”的到来,这种姿态到了今天面对“后浪”时已完全失效,需要“降维启蒙”。所谓“降维”,就是启蒙者或者说教者需要“放平心态”“降低身份”“主动屈尊”“跌到尘埃里”,主动融入“后浪”的场域,用他们喜闻乐见的方式来和他们对话和分享$^{①}$。从现实情况来看,短视频热潮下,高校思政课在知识传播上也具有了某种程度的“降维”趋势。一个很典型的例子就是一些考研政治辅导老师在网上持续爆火$^{②}$,出于考研等目的而寻求思政课知识的大学生对他们争相追随,甚至一些大学生在考研成功后还要听他们的思政课——这与高校思政课堂低抬头率形成了鲜明对比。宁愿在“B站大学”“抖音大学”学习,也不愿意在现实中的课堂听“水课”,成了很多大学生的信条。问卷调查显示,超过91%的大学生会在B站、抖音等平台上主动搜索或者刷到与思政课内容有关的视频来进行学习(其中,“经常搜索”选择占比17.46%、“偶尔搜索”选择占比37.91%、“不会主动搜索,刷到了就看看”选择占比36.36%、“不会主动搜索,也没刷到过”选择占比8.26%)。在一定程度上讲,高校思政课在知识传播上呈现的“降维”特征,是短视频热潮下高校思政课的必然体现,因为在“视频化生存”环境中,谁掌握了流量,谁就抓住了人心。
+#### 2. 高校思政课在课堂技术上“升级”
+短视频热潮下,思政课堂的“视频化生存”方式主要体现为两方面。一方面,在思政课教学活动中插播短视频成为直观展示思政知识的常见做法。问卷调查显示,在思政课堂上,超过95%的教师会采取播放相关视频材料的方法进行课堂教学(其中,“经常播放”选择占比43.39%、“偶尔会播放”选择占比52.27%、“几乎不播放”选择占比3.10%、“从没播放过”选择占比1.24%)。同时,利用短视频辅助课堂教学也是提高思政课抬头率的一种方法。笔者在“中国近现代史纲要”教学过程中(2023年秋季学期),曾利用“学习通”对所在班级开展过一项期中教学调研,征集大学生对本门思政课的意见。结果显示,除了建议老师多讲之外,更多的意见(约90%的大学生)是希望“课堂上多放点相关视频”。这表明,插播视频的确可以达到提高思政课教学效果的目的。另一方面,大学生在思政课堂上抬头率不高的一个重要原因就是他们中的一些人在低头看手机(玩游戏、刷短视频等)。在这两方面的体现中,第一个方面是短视频对思政课堂正面的技术支持,第二个方面是短视频对思政课堂反面的技术干扰,两者共同促成了短视频热潮下高校思政课的“视频化生存”状态。
+
+①许纪霖:《面对“后浪”文化,如何“降维启蒙”》,《上海文化》2021年第10期。
+②截至2024年11月7日,考研政治教师徐涛在抖音平台上的粉丝量为40.8万,在B站的粉丝量为283.3万;考研政治教师陆寓丰(腿姐)在抖音平台的粉丝量为33.4万,在B站粉丝量为98.4万。
+
+## 二、短视频热潮下高校思政课面临的挑战
+
+从高校思政课的价值、内容、形式、功能、目标五个维度来看,短视频热潮下高校思政课面临着比较严峻的挑战。
+
+### (一)短视频的去中心化消解了大学生对思政课价值的认同
+
+如前文所述,大学生每天花费大量时间刷短视频,而就大学生所浏览到的短视频的类型来看,可谓多种多样、包罗万象。问卷调查显示,大学生浏览的短视频的类型按照问卷结果显示的选择数量由多到少依次为:影视剪辑(电视剧、电影、纪录片、动漫等)选择占比73.14%;娱乐八卦(明星、游戏、星座、搞笑段子、鬼畜、营销号等)选择占比72.21%;生活情感(美食、美妆、宠物、运动、亲子、旅行、vlog等)选择占比62.50%;知识科普(科技、人文、教育、健康、社会等)选择占比59.09%;时事新闻选择占比55.27%;艺术鉴赏(音乐、舞蹈、绘画、书法、乐器等)选择占比35.74%;短剧和微短剧选择占比25.21%。
+
+在各种类型的短视频中,主流媒体(人民日报、新华社、央视新闻等)发布的短视频内容占比非常小。问卷调查显示,对于主流媒体发布的短视频,超过81%的大学生每天只能刷到不超过10条,而接近一半的大学生每天刷到不超过5条。其中,1—5条选择占比49.38%、6—10条选择占比32.54%、11—15条选择占比8.88%、15条以上选择占比9.19%。这表明:大学生刷到的短视频内容大多是非主流媒体发布的内容,海量的多样化的非主流内容流向大学生的手机端,受互联网去中心化内容生产和传播方式的影响,主流媒体发布的短视频内容已不再是单一的“中心”,正如习近平总书记指出的:“很多人特别是年轻人基本不看主流媒体,大部分信息都从网上获取。”$^{①}$大学生接收到了更多方面的信息,而大量非主流媒体发布的短视频内容会导致“大学生在价值观养成期不再局限于权威价值观的教育,而是在短视频提供的海量资源中自主形成其价值观念”$^{②}$。“思政课是落实立德树人根本任务的关键课程”$^{③}$,落实立德树人根本任务、弘扬社会主义核心价值观、培养德智体美劳全面发展的社会主义建设者和接班人理应成为思政课的根本价值。而短视频的去中心化稀释了整个社会的正确价值导向,也在一定程度上消解了大学生对思政课价值的认同。问卷调查显示,虽然有超过61%的大学生感觉自己不会受到非主流媒体短视频的负面影响,甚至还有超过42%的大学生认为自己能受到非主流媒体短视频的正面影响而更加坚定自己对思政课价值的认同,但是一个不容忽视的事实是:有相当一部分大学生很容易受到非主流媒体短视频的负面影响而变得容易消沉、焦虑甚至否认自己对思政课价值的认同,而这一部分的占比接近四成!(如图2所示)
+
+
+
+图2 关于大学生受非主流媒体短视频影响程度的调查
+
+① 中共中央文献研究室编:《习近平关于全面建成小康社会论述摘编》,北京:中央文献出版社,2016年版,第106页。
+② 梁冰倩:《短视频融入高校思想政治教育工作的机遇、挑战和实现路径》,《廊坊师范学院学报(社会科学版)》2025年第1期。
+③ 习近平:《论教育》,北京:中央文献出版社,2024年版,第184页。
+
+### (二)短视频的泛娱乐化影响了大学生对思政课内容的认知
+
+海量的短视频中包含大量与“思想道德与法治”“中国近现代史纲要”“马克思主义基本原理”“毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系概论”“习近平新时代中国特色社会主义思想概论”等高校思政课相关的内容。问卷调查显示,超过82%的大学生经常(选择占比21.49%)或者偶尔(选择占比60.85%)会刷到这类短视频。而在刷到过这些短视频的大学生当中,又有超过86%的大学生会经常(选择占比27.73%)或者偶尔(选择占比58.72%)刷到通过泛娱乐化的演义、戏说等形式呈现出的与思政课内容相关的短视频。更进一步地说,绝大多数刷到过这些短视频的大学生认为,他们所刷到的泛娱乐化的短视频内容影响到了他们对思政课内容的认知。其中,正面影响占了主要方面,即刷到的短视频使他们更加坚信或者更为清晰地掌握自己所学到的内容。同时,也有超过11%的大学生认为自己受到了短视频的负面影响,即刷到的短视频使得自己对思政课内容的信心动摇了或者印象模糊了。(如图3所示)这表明,在一定程度上,短视频的泛娱乐化强化了大学生对思政课内容的认知。但是同时需要警惕的是,思政课的内容具有经典性、深刻性、学理性,这与短视频的泛娱乐化又存在矛盾。短视频的泛娱乐化有可能使大学生对思政课内容的认知庸俗化、肤浅化(虽然有强化认知之效),甚至动摇瓦解大学生对思政课内容的信心。
+
+您刷到的泛娱乐化的短视频内容是否会影响到您对思政课内容的认知
+
+
+
+图3 关于大学生受泛娱乐化短视频影响程度的调查
+
+### (三)短视频的碎片化吸引走了大学生对思政课形式的兴趣
+
+传统的高校思政课堂普遍是45分钟一节课,而能够集中精力听45分钟满堂灌式的讲课对于大学生而言具有一定挑战性。问卷调查显示,能够集中精力听30—45分钟线下课的不到四成,大多数在30分钟以下,而中位数和众数(超过四成)集中在15—30分钟。(如图4所示)这表明:课堂讲述时间过长是导致大学生对思政课形式兴趣降低的重要原因。问卷调查还显示,能够完整且不开倍速地观看视频时长超过30分钟的大学生约占1/3,大多数在30分钟以下,这与大学生集中精力听线下课的时长是一致的。而从调查结果看,与听线下课程相比,大学生观看长视频的耐心似乎更小,他们更乐意看“短”视频。(如图5所示)“短视频”的“短”体现为一种碎片化,与长时间的满堂灌式的讲课相比,手机中低门槛的海量短视频更能引起大学生的注意,在课堂上低头看手机中碎片化的短视频使大学生对思政课兴趣的降低雪上加霜。
+
+您一般能集中精力听多长时间的线下课
+
+
+
+图4 关于大学生集中精力听课时间长短的调查
+
+您一般能完整且不开倍速地看完多长时间的视频
+
+
+
+图5 关于大学生观看视频耐心程度的调查
+
+### （四）短视频的动机异化消磨了大学生对思政课功能的信心
+
+这里讲的短视频的动机异化,是指在市场经济大潮下,短视频的制作者和传播者们以流量为王,只讲经济效益,不讲社会效益,背离了“记录美好生活”的初衷。例如,超级头部网红李佳琦在直播时面对粉丝对产品价格的吐槽高高在上地指责粉丝工作不努力,被网友痛斥“脱离了人民群众”;在平台上有千万粉丝的网红“东北雨姐”直播销售的红薯粉条被曝出涉嫌虚假标注,现已被平台禁言;为博流量编造“秦朗作业落在法国机场”假新闻的网红“猫一杯”遭到众多网友批评……卖假货、编造假新闻、偷税漏税、低俗无下限等为博流量和关注而毫无底线的行为在短视频平台上屡见不鲜。短视频的动机异化对大学生产生了一定的冲击。问卷调查显示,当大学生看到短视频网红博主赚得盆满钵满时难免会有当博主的念头,这一比例竟高达63%以上!进一步讲,短视频的动机异化还消磨了大学生对思政课功能的信心。就思政课功能而言,思政课有实现知识目标、能力目标和情感目标的功能,而问卷调查显示,这三项功能均在一定程度上(占比近四成)受到短视频动机异化的冲击,当看到短视频网红博主赚得盆满钵满时,超过15%的大学生认为思政课因不能赚钱而没什么用,或者除了应付考试之外没什么用,而只有不到63%的大学生对思政课的功能依然充满信心。(如图6所示)
+
+
+
+图6 关于大学生受短视频动机异化影响程度的调查
+
+### （五）短视频的非主流化消弭了大学生对思政课目标的信仰
+
+如前文所述,“短视频的去中心化消解了大学生对思政课价值的认同”,这里的去中心化的一个重要表现就是非主流化。主流的价值观具体表现为各种社会正能量——这与思政课目标是一致的,而非主流的价值观则体现为个人主义、消费主义、娱乐至上等观点——这些观点显然与思政课目标是相悖的。问卷调查显示,大学生在短视频中接触的各种观点,既有社会正能量的,也有个人主义、消费主义、娱乐至上等,虽然前者是多数(选择占比85.54%),但也不能忽视后者(选择占比均在50%以上)。这表明,短视频的价值观呈现出主流占主导、主流和非主流并重的格局。而主流与非主流并重可能带来的后果就是——非主流价值观过多以至于湮没了主流价值观的声音。问卷调查证明了这一点:只有不到30%的大学生认为自己不会受到短视频中非主流价值观的任何影响,将近60%的大学生感觉自己可能会受到短视频中个人主义、消费主义、娱乐至上等观点的影响,甚至有超过11%的大学生非常认同这些非主流观点。(如图7所示)这表明,短视频的非主流化在很大程度上消弭了大学生对思政课目标的信仰。
+
+
+
+图7 关于大学生受短视频非主流观点影响程度的调查
+
+## 三、短视频热潮下高校思政课教学效果的提升策略
+
+习近平总书记指出,“要提高网络育人能力,扎实做好互联网时代的学校思想政治工作作和意识形态工作”$^{①}$。为应对短视频热潮下高校思政课教学面临的挑战,必须有针对性地提出短视频热潮下高校思政课教学效果提升的系统策略。
+
+### (一) 解决好统一性与多元性的矛盾,增强大学生对思政课价值的认同
+
+#### 1. 加强主流媒体融入思政课堂,发挥思政课价值引领作用
+主流媒体发布的短视频内容价值导向正确、内容丰富直观,具有权威性,与思政课所传达的价值相契合,是思政课有益的教学素材,所以必须发挥好其对大学生的引领作用,保障思政课传达的主流价值的权威性。思政课堂要利用好这一资源,将主流媒体发布的时事热点、重要理论思想融入课堂,帮助大学生正确认识国家发展大势和社会进步情况。但海量信息充斥网络空间,“信息茧房”效应使大学生接触主流媒体发布短视频的机会减少,娱乐八卦、负面舆论、假新闻等算法推送的视频成为困住不少大学生的“茧房”。为进一步深化互联网信息服务算法综合治理,规范算法应用生态,2024年11月24日,中央网络安全和信息化委员会办公室秘书局、工业和信息化部办公厅、公安部办公厅、国家市场监督管理总局办公厅联合印发通知,部署开展“清朗·网络平台算法典型问题治理”,重点整治营造“信息茧房”、算法数据杀熟等问题$^{②}$,这不仅是应对算法滥用、炒作舆论、危害互联网生态等问题的有力举措,同时也为促进短视频生态向上向善提供了良好契机。在算法导向正确的基础上,思政课教师可以将观看相关主流短视频作为课下作业,提高大学生的搜索频率,使大学生刷到的短视频类型丰富多样起来,让主流短视频更多更好地进入大学生视野,使大学生在耳濡目染中加强对思政课价值的认同。
+
+#### 2. 帮助大学生辨析多元信息,强化思政课价值塑造功能
+在短视频热潮下,要积极对多元、多变、多方的言论和思潮进行主动辨析,增强大学生对思政课教育的价值认同,有意识地处理好“多”涌现出来的各种问题。具有争议性的短视频的广泛传播极易引发网络舆情,引发各方观点对峙交锋,而大学生尚未完全形成系统的价值观,容易在舆情中跟风站队。面对这种情况,思政课要引导大学生在接收信息时保持客观理性的精神,在处理各种网络舆情时保持“让子弹再飞一会儿”的心态,增强大学生辨别是非善恶的能力。思政课教师也要在课堂上适时对当下网络热点进行分析,用马克思主义的立场、观点、方法对热点事件、社会舆论和各类现象进行解读和辨析,为大学生的思想纠偏,帮助大学生正确看待短视频中的部分内容。
+
+#### 3. 理解大学生多变易变情绪,优化思政课价值调节机制
+短视频中繁杂的信息也会造成大学生情绪上的多变易变。在大量的自媒体短视频中,社会正能量和积极向上的内容总体来说占据主要方面,但也不乏消极躺平、情感低迷等内容。对于这类问题,思政课堂要发挥引导作用,帮助大学生正视自己的情绪,甄别短视频对自身的不良影响。在这一过程中,教师不应采取说教的方式,而应充分包容和理解大学生们的各类想法。思政课教师在课程中要努力充当心理辅导老师,运用历史事件、伟人故事、哲学原理、英雄榜样等对大学生进行正确引导,将道理讲得深入浅出,帮助他们做好心理调节。
+
+①《习近平在中共中央政治局第五次集体学习时强调 加快建设教育强国 为中华民族伟大复兴提供有力支撑》,《人民日报》2023年5月30日。
+②《“清朗·网络平台算法典型问题治理”专项行动开展》,《人民日报》2024年11月25日。
+
+### (二) 解决好经典性与娱乐性的矛盾,深化大学生对思政课内容的认知
+
+#### 1. 积极迎合短视频潮流,主动引导大学生参与短视频制作
+短视频热潮对于思政课教学并非百害而无一利,事实上,不少与思政课相关的内容也在用短视频的方式呈现,且呈现的方式多种多样,这在大学生中间产生了一定的正向反馈,进一步加深了大学生对思政课所讲内容的认识。因此,在思政课堂上就可以充分利用大学生对短视频接受度较高的现实,做好引导工作。马克思主义是一种实践的理论,思政课也要求大学生通过实践内化理论知识,而短视频就是一种非常好的实践形式。思政课教师在布置大学生实践任务时,可以让大学生拍摄制作与思政课所讲内容相关的短视频,并在课堂上播放,让大学生分享制作时的感受与体会。通过这一过程,不仅能让大学生深入了解思政课所讲的史实、道理和理论,思政课教师也能从大学生的短视频作品中获得启示,充实短视频中的思政课内容,用新视角呈现大学生期待的新故事。
+
+#### 2. 进行立场和立意把关,确保大学生在守正基础上创新
+
+在鼓励大学生对作业形式进行创新的同时,需要警惕的是,部分与思政课相关的短视频出现了泛娱乐化的倾向。这就要求思政课教师要把好关,坚持松紧适度的原则,在短视频的创作类型上充分发挥大学生的主观能动性,鼓励丰富多样的创新,适度放松对大学生作业形式上的要求。但对制作的短视频中的主要内容和立意要进行严格审核,并及时纠正在这一过程中出现的问题。要用好理论、尊重事实,不能纵容过度娱乐化、随意改编,更不能容忍立场出错,不能为迎合大学生需求而放松对正确方向的把控,必须守正方向道路和立场使命,使思政课亲和力与严肃性并存。
+
+### (三)解决好整体性与碎片化的矛盾,提高大学生对思政课形式的兴趣
+
+#### 1. 把握课堂节奏和时长,利用好思政课堂时间
+
+大学生是思维活跃、富有创造力的群体,容易接受新鲜事物,普遍接受短视频这一较为新颖的形式。因此,在思政课上播放视频也成为不少思政课教师丰富课堂形式、吸引大学生兴趣的选择。但由于大学生平时在短视频上花费的时间较多,再加上短视频自身时长短、节奏快等特点,会使大学生难以集中较长时间的注意力进行高效的课堂听讲。根据调查结果反馈,超过六成的大学生高效听课时间在30分钟以内,这就要求教师要科学把握课堂节奏、合理掌握课堂时机。例如,为了提高听课效率,教师可以对思政课堂进行分割,避免从头到尾地讲课输出,可以在30分钟这一时间节点选择播放短视频等活动。与此同时,也要对视频时长进行考量,既要考虑每节课的内容安排,也要注意到大部分大学生观看视频时长的精力集中度,不宜过长或过短。一般而言,选择时长3—5分钟的短视频较为适宜,这样既能让大学生进行适当的调节,又能完整看完视频内容,实现插播短视频效果的最大化。
+
+#### 2. 挖掘思政短视频资源,延伸好思政课堂空间
+
+“思政课的本质是讲道理,要注重方式方法,把道理讲深、讲透、讲活。”$^{①}$ 思政课教学目前面临的问题之一就是方式方法不灵活,大学生对于课堂上讲授的内容缺乏兴趣,对于思政课上所讲的内容并没有深刻的认识与体会,以至于不少大学生认为思政课是“水课”。而要使“水课不水”,就应该让兴趣做老师。短视频中包含着大学生群体关注的各类信息,其中针对思政课内容也有不少通俗易懂、深入浅出的解读。思政课教师应积极融入互联网世界,选取大学生普遍关注和感兴趣的内容作为切入点,发掘真正适合大学生学习观看的碎片化的短视频作为整体性的课堂补充。通过课上课下有机结合,将优质的思政课短视频融入教学中,丰富思政课教学形式,让思政课也能紧跟“网络潮流”。通过短视频将空间延伸到社会生活的各个领域,使思政课教育的空间范围不局限于课堂上和课件中,最终提高大学生对思政课的兴趣。
+
+①《习近平在中国人民大学考察时强调 坚持党的领导传承红色基因扎根中国大地 走出一条建设中国特色世界一流大学新路》,《人民日报》2022年4月26日。
+
+### (四)解决好批判性与建构性的矛盾,提升大学生对思政课功能的信心
+
+#### 1. 批判短视频的异化动机,帮助大学生正确认识自我价值
+
+在短视频“流量为王”的影响下,部分大学生认为可以通过当网红等途径毫不费力地实现“财富自由”并收获一大批拥趸,这种只追求个人物质生活条件而忽视个人社会价值的现象与思政课教育功能背道而驰。这种想法的实质是拜金主义、轻视劳动和读书无用论的思想作祟,忽视了个人对于自我、社会的深层价值,对大学生群体的成长成才造成了不小的威胁。在思政课堂上,教师必须向大学生明确表达这样的观点:网红等作为互联网时代的新兴职业,本身并无好坏之分,要充分尊重大学生不同的职业选择。与此同时,为批判不良观点,也需要思政课发挥好作用。相较于直接告诉大学生不要梦想通过当网红掌握“财富密码”,不如反问大学生要当好网红需要什么条件?什么样的网红才值得关注?鼓励学生在课堂上畅所欲言,通过个人的思考和不同观点的碰撞,让大学生深刻体会做网红梦并非触手可及,明白什么样的网红才值得尊重。
+
+#### 2. 发挥思政课的育人功能,鼓励大学生努力实现社会价值
+
+习近平总书记指出:“人无德不立,育人的根本在于立德。这是人才培养的辩证法。”$^{①}$习近平总书记多次强调,青年学子要扣好人生的第一颗扣子。思政课担负着立德树人的重要使命,是塑造大学生价值观的重要阵地。广大青年学子是时代的追梦人,也是圆梦人,思政课要发挥好教育功能,对短视频中的不良言论、互联网上的错误思潮要坚决予以纠正。必须要让大学生明白任何职业选择都要利于个人发展和社会进步,不能只向“钱”看,不能只关心个人利益。要让大学生充分认识到,奋斗是为了“人类的幸福和我们自身的完美”$^{②}$,引导大学生作出正确的价值判断和价值选择,鼓励大学生将个人奋斗融入中华民族的复兴伟业之中,在对社会的贡献中实现人生价值。
+
+### (五)解决好主流与非主流的矛盾,强化大学生对思政课目标的信仰
+
+#### 1. 多用主流内容,潜移默化地增强认同
+
+习近平总书记要求:“要上好思政课,教育引导学生明德知耻,树牢社会主义核心价值观,立报国强国大志向,努力成为堪当强国建设、民族复兴大任的栋梁之材。”$^{③}$随着媒体融合发展,主流媒体也纷纷入驻短视频平台,成为短视频平台重要的内容生产者,思政课堂也要牢牢抓住这一机遇,将短视频中的主流内容融入思政课教学。短视频中的主流内容,既有主流媒体发布的国家战略,也有自媒体发布的暖心故事,要让这些内容多出现在思政课堂,与大学生“多见面”,用主流内容冲淡非主流内容,引导大学生与消费主义、拜金主义、个人主义等不良价值观念划清界限。在课下也可以利用公众号、社交软件等载体多与大学生分享,搭建师生交流平台,潜移默化地增强学生对思政课的认同,增强大学生为强国建设作贡献的信心。
+
+#### 2. 善用主流内容,毫不动摇地强化信仰
+
+互联网是重要的舆论阵地,这个阵地必须牢牢把握好,不能任由各种思潮肆意泛滥而坐视不理。思政课讲的是马克思主义真理,培养的是社会主义接班人,要让大学生弘扬真善美,鞭挞假恶丑。思政课教师应结合思政课程对短视频内容进行筛选,让内容尽可能多元丰富,亲切有趣。同时还要对所选的短视频内容进行深入分析,提炼出其中的价值观念和主要思想。此外,内容劣质、观点偏颇的短视频也可以作为典型案例和反面教材,充分发挥大学生在课堂上的主体作用,通过分组讨论、课堂辩论等形式,鼓励大学生谈谈个人对这些视频的看法,让大学生在“辩”中明是非、学真理。青年是国家的未来,要保障大学生在各种思想的交流碰撞中毫不动摇地坚持马克思主义真理、坚定共产主义远大理想,思政课要始终贯彻育人目标,引导大学生努力成为堪当民族复兴重任的时代新人。
+
+①《习近平在北京大学师生座谈会上的讲话》, http://politics.people.com.cn/GB/n1/2018/0503/c1024-29961468.html,访问时间:2024年11月1日。
+②《马克思恩格斯全集》第40卷,北京:人民出版社,1982年版,第7页。
+③《习近平在湖南考察时强调 坚持改革创新求真务实 奋力谱写中国式现代化湖南篇章》,《人民日报》2024年3月22日。
+
+综上,通过运用矛盾分析法、问卷调查法、定量分析法等方法研究可知,短视频去中心化、泛娱乐化、碎片化、动机异化、非主流化等特征,在价值、内容、形式、功能、目标五个维度给高校思政课带来了严峻挑战。在这一背景下,要促进高校思政课教学效果进一步提升,就必须处理好统一性与多元性、经典性与娱乐化、整体性与碎片化、批判性与建构性、主流与非主流这五对矛盾,在此基础上有效应对短视频热潮,增强思政课的感染力、感召力和亲和力。
+
+[责任编校 金久红]
+
+# Research on the “Video-Based Existence” of Ideological and Political Courses in Universities
+and Strategies for Teaching Effect Improvement Under the Short Video Boom
+
+QIN Buhuan, XU Fanghan
+
+*(School of Marxism, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou Henan 450001, China)*
+
+**Abstract:** The “volcanic eruption” formation and “steady stream” development of short videos have profoundly influenced ideological and political courses(IPCs) in universities, leading to a “video-based existence” for these courses. In the context of the short video boom, IPCs in universities face challenges in five dimensions: value, content, form, function, and goal. To address these issues, it is necessary to handle effectively five pairs of contradictions: unity and diversity, classicality and entertainmentization, integrity and fragmentation, criticality and constructiveness, and mainstream and non-mainstream, in order to better play the role of IPCs in fostering virtue through education in universities.
+
+**Key words:** short videos; video-based existence; ideological and political courses in universities
\ No newline at end of file
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+# 西北少数民族新生代农民工的群体特征研究
+
+何乃柱 王丽霞
+
+(兰州大学 西北少数民族研究中心 甘肃 兰州 730020)
+
+**摘要:** 西北少数民族新生代农民工因区域环境、民族文化、宗教信仰等因素影响而具有以下群体特征:他们在当地农民工群体中所占比例较高,多来源于周边民族地区;与其他地区的新生代农民工相比,他们的年龄更小、受教育水平更低;其就业领域集中于具有民族特色的服务业;少数民族新生代女性农民工与其他地区的新生代女性农民工相比数量较少,受教育程度更低,城市融入更难;其居住格局呈现围寺而居、小聚居、大杂居等特点;西北少数民族新生代农民工大多数有宗教信仰,以信仰伊斯兰教为主;其人际交往呈现“去内卷化”特征,族际通婚的现象渐多。
+
+**关键词:** 中国西北;少数民族新生代农民工;群体特征
+
+**中图分类号:** C912.2 **文献标志码:** A **文章编号:** 1674-6627(2013)05-0065-08
+
+有人认为,“农民工”这个词汇最早是由社会学家张玉林教授于1983年提出来的$^{[1]}$。“农民工”一词是政府及学术界用以称呼那些户籍在乡下、“进城”打工的农民,是他称。出生于20世纪80年代及其以后的第二代或第三代农民也陆续加入到了中国的农民工行列,成为城市化浪潮中最值得关注的生力军。2010年《中共中央国务院关于加大统筹城乡发展力度进一步夯实农业农村发展基础的若干意见》第一次将这一群体明确称呼为“新生代农民工”。全国总工会新生代农民工问题研究课题组对“新生代农民工”的界定是,“出生于20世纪80年代以后,年龄在16岁以上,在异地以非农就业为主的农业户籍人口”。
+
+第六次全国人口普查数据显示,2010年全国流动人口数量为2.6139亿人,同2000年相比,流动人口增加了10036万人,增加了82.89%。据全国总工会统计,2010年这支首次被写入中央一号文件的群体人数大约1个亿,占2.6亿农民工总人数的60%$^{[2]}$。
+
+全国总工会总结的新生代农民工群体的基本特征为:大多是初中毕业就第一次出来务工,平均年龄23岁,近八成未婚;职业类型已经与父辈不同,主要集中于服务业和制造业,较少从事建筑业;务农经验少,吃苦经历较少,成长经历与城市同龄人趋同;在受教育与职业技能方面,他们比父辈们要高。课题组将这一群体的基本特征总结为时代性、发展性、双重性和边缘性。
+
+全国总工会总结的这些基本概况和基本特征,与笔者近四年对西北少数民族新生代农民工群体观察和调研了解到的情况基本符合,但因为西北少数民族新生代农民工群体加入了民族、文化、宗教、黄土高原等政治、地域、自然环境方面的变量因素,使其具有独特的特征,也使得其在城市适 应和融入方面面临的问题更为复杂和多样。本文以兰州市为调研重点,采用文献研究、参与观察、 个案访谈等方法开展调查,旨在描绘西北少数民族新生代农民工的群体特征。
+
+
+
+**收稿日期:** 2013-07-13
+
+**基金项目:** 国家社科基金青年项目“甘青宁地区少数民族新生代农民工城市适应问题研究”(11CMZ035)
+
+**作者简介:** 何乃柱(1984-),男,广西武鸣人,兰州大学西北少数民族研究中心博士生,主要从事民族社会工作、民族社会学研究;王丽霞(1985-),女,宁夏平罗人,兰州大学西北少数民族研究中心博士生,主要从事民族社会学研究。
+
+## 一、西北少数民族新生代农民工在当地农民工群体中所占比例较高，多来源于周边民族地区
+
+一般认为行政区划下的中国西北地区主要包括陕西、甘肃、青海、宁夏回族自治区、新疆维吾尔自治区等5省区。其中兰州是古丝绸之路上的重镇,也是西北各大城市的交通要塞,史称“金城”取“金城汤池”之意。如今兰州作为西北重要的人流、物流、信息流的枢纽吸引着周边大量的少数民族农民工。兰州市辖5个区、3个县面积1631.6平方公里。据兰州市政协调查统计 2012年兰州市共有382.73万人,居住着51个少数民族少数民族常住人口约12.7万人,人口排名前五位的是回族、东乡族、藏族、满族、蒙古族。其中回族、东乡族、撒拉族、保安族、维吾尔族等信仰伊斯兰教的少数民族约11万人约占全市少数民族总人口的87.7%$^{[3]}$。兰州市因地缘优势等原因也成为西北地区少数民族流动人口的流入目的地。第六次全国人口普查显示,兰州市2010年的流动人口为59.2万人(未包括尚未办暂住证或16岁以下人员),比2000年全国第五次人口普查统计的56.9万增加了近3万人,其中来自本省其他市县的人口约18.4万,来自外省的约9.6万,其他为市内流动人员$^{[4]}$。
+
+而据兰州市公安局的统计和西北民族大学的调查 2006年兰州市区流动人口大约有103万人(未包括尚未办暂住证或16岁以下人员),这些流动人口流入兰州的目的有务工、经商、出差、学习、疗养、投靠亲人、访友、旅游及打工等其中农民工约80万,占流动人口总数的77.6%$^{[5](38)}$。郝苏民等学者联合兰州市公安局开展的抽样调查表明,2006年兰州市103万流动人口中汉族约占64.8%,回族、东乡族、维吾尔族、保安族等穆斯林民族约占31.7%,其中约80%以务工为目的$^{[6](73)}$。
+
+兰州市民委统计,兰州市每年有少数民族流动人口6万人左右,主要以东乡族和回族为主$^{[7](45)}$;6万人中有80%即约4.8万人是农民工这4.8万人还不包括尚未办暂住证或16岁以下的农民工。笔者调查了解到在兰州,一般暂住满30日且年满16岁以上者才需要办理暂住证,而在穆斯林家庭中男主人办了暂住证就代表了全家都办了暂住证因此可估算4.8万人当中约60%的人即2.88万人是少数民族新生代农民工,并且数量在逐年上升。截至2012年笔者估计兰州市少数民族新生代农民工数量大约3万人,以信仰伊斯兰教的穆斯林新生代农民工为主藏族、裕固族、蒙古族等其他少数民族较少。
+
+高翔等人2010年的调查显示穆斯林农民工有92%来自省内,人口排在前五位的地区是东乡县、临夏市、张家川回族自治县、康乐县及广河县$^{[8](62)}$。这一调查结果与汤夺先的西北大城市的少数民族人口多来自距离大城市较近的周边民族地区的观点一致$^{[9](32)}$。
+
+青海西宁、新疆乌鲁木齐、宁夏银川、陕西西安等地在兰州大致一样。这一点与东部沿海城市及南方珠江三角洲地区不同流入当地的少数民族可能来自四面八方,而在西北的省会城市流入当地的汉族为省内外的汉族而流入当地的少数民族多来自省会城市附近的西北民族地区的县市或农村。陈玮等人认为西宁市有流动人口约30.4万人,来自本省的占76.87%,来自外省的占23.13%$^{[10](97)}$。良警宇2005年在西宁市城东区富强巷社区调查了52位少数民族,回族有46人,其中有6人来自甘肃甘南藏族自治州和临夏回族自治州45人来自西宁市周边的县市,1人为来自山东的未婚女性回族$^{[11](28)}$。
+
+新疆民委民族研究所的研究显示2000年以后维吾尔族等少数民族开始流入首府乌鲁木齐,他们从传统的赶巴扎(集市)改为进城打工和经商,人数大约30万人,他们主要来自新疆南疆的喀什、和田、阿克苏三个地区以及北疆的伊犁州$^{[12](51)}$。与银川市、兰州市和西宁市一样,流入西北各省会城市的少数民族农民工大多是来自周边市县的少数民族,其中少数民族新生代农民工一般占2/3强。
+
+## 二、与其他地区相比,西北少数民族新生代农民工群体的年龄更小、受教育水平更低
+
+全国总工会2010年界定的新生代农民工主要是指出生于20世纪80年代的农民工,而在西北少数民族新生代农民工群体中不仅有20世纪80年代出生的,也有20世纪90年代出生的,甚至还出现了2000年及以后出生的,年龄阶段在12岁到32岁之间,跨度较大。
+
+兰州市每年少数民族流动人口约6万人,其中约有4.8万人是农民工,全家流动的占1/4强,由于部分少数民族有早婚的传统,因而出现了第三代少数民族新生代农民工的现象,其中部分是辍学者。据2012年兰州市教育局公布的数据显示,截至2011年底,兰州市流动人口子女入学人数达到了10.41万人,占中小学在校生总数的20.7%$^{[13]}$。但事实上还有许多流动人口子女未能入学。如2004年兰州市小西湖柏树巷失学儿童约1000人,其中10岁以上的约700人$^{[14]}$,到2012年他们已经18岁了。据兰州市某农民工子女学校原校长2008年透露,兰州市小西湖少数民族流动人口聚居区失学儿童约2400人$^{[15](48)}$。可见,他们的受教育水平较低。笔者在调查中发现,辍学之后他们就随父母在城里打工,清真餐饮业如牛肉拉面、烤肉店等是他们的主要工作场所。
+
+笔者通过在兰州市小西湖、上西园街道、东部市场等地调查走访得知,他们辍学而早早地加入打工行列原因诸多,如家境贫寒、语言不通、公办学校里没有少数民族传统文化课而害怕文化传承断裂、孤儿失助、害怕家中女孩子学坏而拒绝送其上学等。相当一部分的少数民族农民工子女虽然处于九年义务教育阶段,但未进入学校接受教育,这部分适龄儿童很快就转变成为了新生代农民工,其中部分是第三代农民工,于是“童工”问题和少数民族新生代农民工违法犯罪问题就十分突出。笔者调研发现,许多清真饮食业的门店都存在雇佣童工的问题。汤夺先估算了兰州市少数民族童工雇佣的问题,他认为,兰州市的清真餐饮点若按4000家来算,每家雇佣童工两人,一共就有约8000名少数民族新生代农民工以“童工”形式出现$^{[15](48)}$。
+
+## 三、西北少数民族新生代农民工的就业领域集中于具有民族特色的服务业
+
+与广东、上海、北京等地不同,西北少数民族地区因为开办大型机械制造的工厂少、新生代农民工受教育程度与职业技能培训水平远低于中东部地区,加之清真食品产业是西北民族地区经济发展的特色和亮点$^{[16]}$,具有民族特色的服务业和建筑业成为了西北少数民族新生代农民工的主要就业行业,在制造业领域从事工作的相对较少。从现代行业的划分标准看,他们所从事工作涉及的行业有非正式的运输业如摩的、零售业如街头摆摊、餐饮业和社会组织、建筑业等。
+
+据兰州市有关部门2008年统计,兰州市共有直接经营清真餐饮的企业和个体户2888多家,登记在册的从业人员20023人。此外,在兰州市流动人口聚居区还存在大量未在工商行政部门登记注册,临时摆摊设点经营清真食品的个体经营人员。牛肉面馆、清真食品的加工与销售是兰州市少数民族的主要就业渠道$^{[3]}$。这些行业吸收了大量的新生代农民工。前文所提到的“童工”基本上被这些行业吸收。这与汪永臻的调查结果一致,他以抽样调查访谈了2000份样本分析后发现,兰州市的少数民族农民工主要就业领域是服务业(如餐馆、旅店及各类行业的雇员等),占总数的86.5%$^{[17](90)}$,其中新生代农民工是主体。
+
+此外,被称为“三D行业”(Dangerous、Difficult、Dirty)的工作,如废品收购、维修业、装卸搬运、拆迁工、个体运输如摩的等也是部分西北少数民族新生代农民工不得不选择的职业,这些工作对文化要求不高、科技含量较低、待遇很差、基本没有保障。这些工作也都是他们通过地缘、血缘、族缘和教缘的社会关系找到的。
+
+东乡族农民工在兰州市是一支较为特殊的群体,目前从乡下到兰州的东乡族农民工约有4000人。其中20%的农民工有了住房,18%的家庭有了兰州户口,54%的家庭从事个体经商如经营饭馆、餐饮服务、清真食品批发零售、屠宰等,16%的人是纯体力劳动者,收入很低,25%的人是小商贩$^{[18]}$。他们常在路边、夜市、小吃街等摆地摊,经营清真特色小吃如鸡蛋醪糟、烤肉、炒面、羊肉面片、羊杂碎、甜酷子等,年收入约8000元,但可以免去税收和场地租赁费、垃圾处理费等支出。部分先致富的东乡族人自主创业后也会招聘同乡人来就业,如在兰州马大胡子羊羔肉、云峰手抓等都是东乡族人开办的知名清真饭店。
+
+除了甘肃兰州,在宁夏、青海等地与清真饮食产业有关的行业也已然成为了吸纳少数民族新生代农民工的重要载体。据统计,青海、宁夏、新疆等西北地区的清真饮食产业逐渐壮大,仅青海就有清真食品生产、加工厂家300多家,清真餐饮服务企业5500余家,2011年清真产业产值约30亿元。新疆因此出台了《促进新疆特色餐饮产业发展的政策措施》。宁夏全区性规模以上 的清真食品企业120多家,年实现产值60亿元左右,产品远销阿拉伯及欧美等国$^{[19]}$。这些清真产业必然吸引了不少当地的少数民族务工人员。
+
+西安市外来少数民族流动人口的就业形态也呈现出以清真食品为主的就业特点,约2.1万人中有1.7万人就业于清真食品行业$^{[20]}$。生活在乌鲁木齐的5个少数民族流动人口聚居区的维吾尔族农民工,其就业行业与西北其他省会城市少数民族农民工尤其是信奉伊斯兰教的少数民族农民工一样,主要从事着拆迁、打零工、小商小贩、清真食品加工、房屋出租、餐饮等工作,月收入一般在800元~1200元之间。他们几乎是“有什么活干什么活,就业极为不稳定,家无隔夜粮,几乎没有任何储蓄”。因各种原因,有1600多个新生代农民工及其子女都是“三无人员”,即无户口,无住房,无职业$^{[12](50)}$。在银川,高翔等调查了190名少数民族新生代农民工,在被问及进城后最适合自己工作时,57.4%的人认为是清真餐饮和食品加工,7.9%的人选择建筑与维修,7.4%的人回答是民族产品零售,认为其他工作更适合的占27.3%$^{[21](42)}$。
+
+## 四、与其他地区相比，西北少数民族新生代女性农民工数量较少、受教育程度更低、城市融入更难
+
+2010年《深圳新生代农民工生存状况调查报告》显示,深圳市新生代农民工中男性占46.8%,女性占53.2%;其中未婚人员较多,占71.5%;已婚人员,占27.8%$^{[22]}$。这与笔者2011年在深圳龙岗区作调研时看到的当地新生代农民工当中女性比例和男性比例情况一致。
+
+而笔者在西北少数民族地区调查后发现,西北少数民族新生代农民工群体中女性比例较小,男性比例较多;到城市务工的女性大多数已婚;女性的受教育水平与同地区的男性新生代农民工相比较低。与东部沿海地区及南方的新生代女性农民工相比,西北少数民族新生代女性农民工数量更少、受教育程度更低、已婚人数更多。这一点尤其在受伊斯兰教文化影响下的城市民族社区表现更突出。
+
+徐如明2008年调查了兰州市200名少数民族农民工,其中男性125人,占调查总体的62.5%,女性75人,占37.5%;已婚者137人,占调查总数的68.5%;处于文盲和半文盲水平的有35人,占17.5%,上过小学的有54人,上过初中的有67人$^{[23](281)}$。
+
+西北少数民族新生代女性农民工之所以呈现出这样的群体特征,主要原因在于宗教角色与社会化角色对女性的期盼,在于当地少数民族社区伦理对其行为规范的约束等。通过下文笔者调查的个案可以说明问题。
+
+兰州市某公益机构在某基金会的资助下,在临夏回族自治州与某乡政府合作,针对少数民族地区贫困家庭的青壮年劳动力进行可持续技能的培训。2010年,第二期牛肉拉面技术培训班中有10位女学员,两人已婚,其他多数是初中刚毕业。YYL是其中一位学员,女,东乡族,1993年出生,时年17岁,小学毕业后再没上学;全家六口人,妹妹 YR,1994年出生,时年16岁,小学未毕业就辍学了;两个弟弟在上学。外人如果到他们家做客,女性必须回避,即使是吃饭,女性也只能在厨房里吃,不能到大厅与客人同桌同餐。当问及姐妹俩的未来打算时,其父说过一两年就把她们嫁人;其母说,学会了拉面技术目前也没用,只有嫁了人才能出去打工。
+
+姐妹俩虽然成绩好,也学习了拉面技术,但是乡村社区伦理要求女性扮演的角色是家庭主妇,认为女孩子不需要上很多学。在当地民众的文化情境中,姐妹俩没结婚之前是不能到外面去打工的,他们认为如果未婚就进城打工,这样的女孩子“不纯洁、不干净”,有悖于教义的要求,以后很难嫁出去;而她们一般在18岁就要求考虑婚嫁问题。在西北少数民族地区受伊斯兰教文化影响的民族社区,这样的案例比较多。她们没有接受更高学历的教育和职业技能培训,较之男性,外出务工的比例较低且大多数已婚。当然有一部分家境较好的少数民族新生代女性农民工随丈夫进城后,主要负责家务、接送孩子等工作,他们融入城市的难度较小、人际交往圈狭窄。
+
+由于缺乏技术,加上文化水平低等原因,西北少数民族新生代女性农民工从事的工作大多数是“三D行业”,收入微薄。汪永臻2011年的调查也验证了这个结果,他通过对1928份问卷的分析得出,在兰州市,月收入在1000元以下的西北少数民族新生代农民工,其中男性有543人,占调查总数的31.5%,女性有88人,占调查总数的32%。而当时兰州市的最低工资线是760元,她们的收入基本处于最低工资线上下,而在物价、房价很高的省会城市兰州,她们适应和融入城市的困难更大。在乌鲁木齐,维吾尔族人大多是携家带口的流入,只有男主人或成年男子工作,家庭人口众多,妇女一般都是扮演家庭主妇角色,在家做家务和带孩子$^{[21](52)}$。西宁市的流动人口中男性多于女性,2006年男性流动人口15.8万人,女性14.6万人。推测可知,来自陕西、甘肃和宁夏而且信仰伊斯兰教的少数民族女性农民工数量远远少于男性人数$^{[10](97)}$。
+
+## 五、从居住格局看,西北少数民族新生代农民工群体呈现围寺而居, 小聚居、大杂居等特点
+
+在深圳,新生代农民工将近一半居住在集体宿舍,社会交往凸显乡缘、业缘两个特点。而在西北,少数民族新生代农民工进城务工选择居住地时,首先考虑的因素是哪里有清真寺,其次是考虑业缘关系和清真餐饮业分布点。因宗教生活的需要,围寺而居是他们租房首要考虑的条件。
+
+笔者调查发现,穆斯林新生代农民工居住点的选择要素有四个:一是居住地与宗教场所的距离远近,二是居住地是否为本民族人口聚居区,三是清真餐饮点的距离远近,四是离上班地点的距离远近。高翔等人利用GIS方法研究发现,兰州市主要的清真寺与清真餐饮的空间分布与穆斯林新生代农民工的居住点选择成正相关,大体上清真餐饮业以清真寺为核心圆点,表现出自市中心向市郊逐渐递减的走势$^{[8](64)}$。
+
+以兰州为例,兰州市目前共有清真寺和拱北等宗教场所83处,其中66处主要分布在城关区和七里河区$^{[3]}$,七里河区毗邻兰州市南大门,两个小时车程就是临夏回族自治州,因而成为受伊斯兰教文化影响的回族、撒拉族、东乡族等少数民族新生代农民工群体的首选居住地,而城关区的九州开发区成为了藏族农民工的聚居地。
+
+笔者调查发现,回族、撒拉族、东乡族等少数民族新生代农民工群体的居住地主要分布于兰州市七里河区的龚家湾、小西湖、上西园、下西园、五星坪等地以及城关区的金城关、西关、南关、徐家湾、李家湾、皋兰山、伏龙坪、大沙坪、东部市场等地。大部分少数民族新生代与父辈居住在一处,少部分与汉族等其他民族杂居。民族认同、宗教生活、风俗习惯、族缘与业缘等因素是影响其居住分布的重要因素。在兰州市七里河区的少数民族流动人口聚居村落“广东村”,就因其居住人员大部分是来自临夏回族自治州广河县和东乡县的回族和东乡族等穆斯林农民工而得名。调查发现,他们当中77.4%的人是租赁房子居住,有20.5%的人是居住在雇主提供的房屋中,独自居住者占19.8% 44.2%的人是合租,夫妻同住者占25.1%$^{[17](91)}$。有一小部分人通过多年的打拼在兰州购置了房产$^{[11]}$。
+
+在西安莲湖区和新城区也形成了一些回族聚居区,吸引着外来的少数民族农民工$^{[20]}$。西宁市的少数民族农民工也体现着同业、同乡、同族和共同宗教信仰的聚居格局特征,他们的认同也是围绕本民族的经济、文化和生活方式为基础产生的$^{[11]}$。在乌鲁木齐流入城市的少数民族流动人口以维吾尔族为主,主要居住在乌鲁木齐市南部的城乡结合带上,围绕瓜果批发市场、维吾尔族传统商业区和牛羊屠宰加工批发市场等选择居住,这些居住区域原为回、汉、维吾尔多民族杂居,后逐渐转变成相对集中的维吾尔族流动人口聚居区[12](50)。这种居住格局有较强的排他性,有着明显的血缘、地缘、业缘关系,大多数是全家居住在一起,西北少数民族新生代农民工就融合在其中。
+
+## 六、西北少数民族新生代农民工群体大多数有宗教信仰，以信仰伊斯兰教为主
+
+与广东、上海等地的新生代农民工不同,西北少数民族新生代农民工群体大多数有宗教信仰,他们主要信仰伊斯兰教、藏传佛教、基督教等,其中以信仰伊斯兰教者居多。笔者看了《深圳新生代农民工生存状况调查报告》全文,未发现提及调查对象有关宗教信仰的内容。相比而言,在西北少数民族地区宗教信仰在民族认同与宗教生活中占据了重要的作用,因而宗教信仰在西北少数民族新生代农民工群体中凸显,成为其与其他地区新生代农民工不同之处。徐如明的调查也印证了这一点2008年他在兰州市以问卷调查方式调查了200名少数民族农民工,其中145人信仰伊斯兰教34人信仰佛教,信仰其他宗教者有21人$^{[23]}$。
+
+但与父辈相比,西北少数民族新生代农民工的宗教信仰出现了世俗化的倾向。如笔者的一位朋友家住兰州市红古区回族,1980年出生,自来到兰州念书毕业后,就在社会上流荡,无正式职业,多次跳槽,虽然自己是回族,但基本上不去清真寺做礼拜,每天也不会按照伊斯兰教要求的五个时刻做礼拜,最后还娶了一个汉族女性为妻。高翔等人对兰州某清真寺做礼拜的农民工做了一次调查。在主麻日对204名男性的访谈中,当问及每周到清真寺做主麻的次数时,96人是每周都去清真寺,占调查总数的41.03% 69人选择偶尔去,占29.48%其他的选择不去$^{[8](66)}$。
+
+## 七、西北少数民族新生代农民工群体的人际交往也呈现“去内卷化”特征 族际通婚的现象渐多
+
+汪国华认为,当前新生代农民工出现了流动的去内卷化、文化的去内卷化和社会交往的内卷化(Involution)特征$^{[24](39)}$。他们与第一代农民工相比,其城市适应的逻辑差异明显。从社会支持网络情况可以印证这一点。如汪永臻在兰州调查了482名少数民族农民工,其中有16.33%是自己找到工作的68.53%的人是通过老乡、朋友和亲戚找到的工作,自主创业的占10.07% $^{[17](40)}$。窦开龙采用分区域配额抽样方式选择了10个县,以问卷形式开展的调查发现,500名少数民族农民工到了城里找工作时23%的人靠亲戚,33%的人靠朋友,28%的人靠老乡,而在城里遇到了困难,12%的人找同学,35%的人找老乡,26%的人找朋友,12%的人找同事。而他们的交往对象排名前六名的是老乡、朋友、同学、老板、亲戚和城市居民$^{[25](42)}$。马振林等人的调查也验证了这点,他们回收的1928份问卷中,46.9%的人没有兰州朋友,约7.3%的人不愿意和兰州人交往。笔者2007年访谈了31名少数民族新生代农民工,他们当中只有8人新结识了兰州的朋友。这种社会支持网呈现了趋同性很强、异质性很低的特点。在乌鲁木齐,维吾尔族农民工聚居区的住民大多只有小学文化程度,汉语能力差,人际交往圈狭窄,信息闭塞,很少有时间和能力看书、看报、看电视和听广播等$^{[12](51)}$。
+
+高永久等人调查后认为,宁夏、甘肃和新疆的穆斯林与汉族通婚的比例很低,他们仍然持守着传统的通婚观念,这种观念受宗教信仰和传统文化等因素的影响[26](241),西北的少数民族新生代农民工也如此。但通过调查发现,受文化多元社会的影响,族际通婚尤其是信仰伊斯兰教的少数民族与汉族的通婚现象逐渐增多,人们的思想越来越开放。徐如明在兰州的调查发现,23.5%的居民对农民工中不同民族之间的通婚表示无所谓,42%的人赞同族际通婚,34.5%的人表示反对[23](281)。马振西等人让1928名受访者从10个择偶标准中进行不定项的选择时发现,少数民族流动人口选择较多的前三个择偶标准是:宗教信仰是否一致占85.4%、品质是否优秀占62%、志趣是否相投占45.2%;选择较少的是“出身良好”占7.8%,“收入可观”的占9.3%[27](51)。笔者在兰州市4年的观察和研究也发现,少数民族新生代农民工在婚恋范围和婚恋对象的民族选择上,文化水平、城乡差异、不同的社区类型等不是重要的影响因素,宗教才是最重要的影响因素。在银川,52.1%的少数民族新生代农民工赞成族际通婚,14.2%的人不赞成,33.7%的人表示说不清楚或没想过;在择偶标准上,55.3%的人认为感情好最重要,21.6%的人首先考虑民族相同,18.9%的人选择宗教信仰相同,4.2%的人首先考虑是否门当户对[21](42)。
+
+## 八、结语
+
+西北少数民族新生代农民工群体与其他地区的新生代农民工相比,因为加入了民族、文化、宗教、自然环境、政治、地域等方面的变量因素,使其具有独特的群体特征:西北少数民族新生代农民工在当地农民工群体中所占比例较高,多来源于周边民族地区市县和农村;与其他地区相比,西北少数民族新生代农民工年龄更小,受教育水平更低,城市融入更难;他们的就业领域集中于具有民族特色的服务业;与其他地区的农民工相比,西北少数民族新生代女性农民工数量较少,受教育程度更低,城市融入更难;他们的居住格局呈现围寺而居,围业而居,小聚居、大杂居等特点;西北少数民族新生代农民工群体大多数有宗教信仰,信仰伊斯兰教者居多;他们的人际交往呈现“去内卷化”特征,族际通婚的现象渐多。
+
+除了本文所重点陈述和验证的以上西北少数民族新生代农民工的群体特征之外,笔者初步调研也发现,西北少数民族新生代农民工群体在思想观念、生活方式以及权利意识等方面与父辈有很大不同;他们更喜欢城市,有更强烈的市民化取向,不愿意再被贴上“农民工”的标签,他们由“亦工亦农”逐渐向“全职非农”转变,他们的父辈依恋和复制着“乡土文化”,在他们身上正逐渐褪色。这一群体的许多特征需要日后更为科学和系统的调查与总结,这对我们的各项工作很有启迪意义。
+
+## 参考文献：
+
+[1] 迅之.应取消“农民工”称谓[N].南方日报 2005-03-04.
+[2] 全国总工会新生代农民工问题研究课题组.关于新生代农民工问题的研究报告[N].工人日报 2010-06-21.
+[3] 兰州市政协.关于兰州少数民族流动人口现状的调查报告[EB/OL].兰州政协之声 2012-07-16.
+[4] 国家统计局人口与社会科技统计司,国家民委经济发展司.2000年人口普查中国民族人口资料[M].北京:民族出版社 2002.
+[5] 李荣华.兰州城区流动人口子女教育现状[J].南京人口管理干部学院学报 2006(1).[6] 马忠才,郝苏民. 兰州市流动人口调查报告[J]. 西北民族研究,2006(3).
+[6] 马忠才，郝苏民． 兰州市流动人口调查报告［J］． 西北民族研究，2006(3).
+[7] 王平. 关于城市少数民族流动人口子女教育问题的思考[J]. 民族教育研究,2008(2).
+[8] 高翔,鱼腾飞,张燕. 城市中穆斯林流动人口的空间行为特征及动力机制研究[J]. 世界地理研究,2012(6).
+[9] 汤夺先. 西北大城市少数民族流动人口若干特点分析[J]. 民族研究,2006(1).
+[10] 陈玮,任晓军. 西宁市流动人口的调查与城市社会融合问题研究[J]. 西北人口,2009(5).
+[11] 良警宇,张海洋. 散杂居民族调查:现状与需求[M]. 北京:中央民族大学出版社,2006.
+[12] 徐平,王平. 7·5事件与维吾尔族流动人口调查研究[J]. 民族宗教研究动态,2010(3).
+[13] 康劲. 兰州通过四个“一视同仁”有效解决上学难[N]. 工人日报,2012-02-06.
+[14] 牛庆国. 纪实:城市边缘的孩子们[N]. 甘肃日报,2004-05-26.
+[15] 汤夺先. 城市少数民族流动人口子女义务教育问题的调查分析——以对兰州市的调查为观点[J]. 黑龙江民族丛刊,2010(1).
+[16] 杨静,骆晓飞. 清真食品产业成为西北民族地区经济发展新亮点[EB/OL]. 新华网,2012-07-19.
+[17] 汪永臻. 西北少数民族流动人口城市经济融入研究——以甘肃省兰州市为视阈[J]. 青海民族大学学报,2012(4).
+[18] 马少虎,马进山,马少彪. 城市化进程中流动人口的教育观念研究[J]. 发展,2009(10).
+[19] 杨静,骆晓飞. 西北民族地区清真食品产业发展现状探讨[EB/OL]. 中国行业研究网,2012-07-19.
+[20] 西安市民族宗教事务委员会. 关于少数民族流动人口在我市务工情况的调查[A]. 中国都市人类学会秘书处. 城市中的少数民族[C]. 北京:民族出版社,2001.
+[21] 高翔,宋相奎. 银川市新生代少数民族流迁人口城市适应研究[J]. 中南民族大学学报,2011(6).
+[22] 深圳市总工会. 深圳新生代农民工生存状况调查报告[EB/OL]. 人民网,2010-07-15.
+[23] 徐如明. 浅析城市少数民族民族流动人口的族际通婚——以兰州市为例[J]. 法制与社会,2009(15).
+[24] 汪国华. 新生代农民工交往行为的逻辑和文化适应的路向[J]. 中国青年研究,2009(5).
+[25] 窦开龙. 西北少数民族流动人口大都市困境适应的人类学分析[J]. 西北第二民族学院学报,2007(4).
+[26] 高永久,主编. 西北少数民族地区城市化及社区研究[M]. 北京:民族出版社,2005.
+[27] 马振西,汪永臻,马亮. 西北地区少数民族城市流动人口社会融入研究[J]. 经济研究导刊,2011(26).
+
+【责任编辑 马明德】
+
+# A Study on the Group Characteristics of New Generation of Ethnic Minorities' Migrant Workers in Northwest China
+
+HE Nai-zhu, WANG Li-xia
+
+(Center for Studies of Ethnic Minorities in Northwest China, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730020, China)
+
+**Abstract:** The new generation of migrant workers who are the ethnic minorities in northwest China, have some special group characteristics: property accounts for a very high share of local new generation of migrant workers; most of them mi-grant from rural areas surrounding; They are more young and their degrees more lower comparison with other new generation of migrant workers in China's eastern coastal cities; services with ethnic characteristic are the major source of their employ-ments; the ratios of the women new generation of migrant workers are lower than other areas; most of them have religion belief etc.
+
+**Key words:** Northwest China; New Generation of Migrant Workers; Group Characteristics
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_28.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_28.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b157e0a54c7f7111583aad6b48cbe112e3a3d9b3
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+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_28.md
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+# 化工环保概论课程论文
+
+学生姓名 李伟涛
+论文名称 空气污染
+院(系)名称 化学与化工学院
+专业名称 化学工程与工艺
+年级班级 2010级2班
+学号 10040202007
+
+## 目录
+
+内容摘要...1
+关键词...1
+Abstract...1
+Key words...1
+1 空气污染 ...2
+1.1 空气污染 ...2
+2. 空气污染物...2
+2.1 空气污染物种类...2
+2.2 大气的主要污染源和污染物 ...3
+3. 空气污染的危害及指标...3
+3.1 大气污染的危害 ...3
+3.2 空气污染指标 ...4
+4.生活中的大气污染...4
+4.1 南乐县一化工厂毗邻学校 黑烟熏人老师戴口罩上课…………4
+4.2 苯污染祸害一家人 ...5
+4.3 伦敦烟雾事件 ...5
+4.4 四日事件 ...5
+5. 空气污染的防御 ...5
+5.1 减少污染物的排放量...5
+5.2 控制排放和充分利用大气自净能力...6
+5.3 合理规划工业区和非工业区...6
+5.4 绿化造林 ...6
+参考文献...7
+
+
+**内容摘要**:空气污染即空气中含有一种或多种污染物,其存在的量、性质及时间会伤害到人类、植物及动物的生命,损害财物、或干扰舒适的生活环境,如臭味的存在。换言之,只要是某一种物质其存在的量,性质及时间足够对人类或其他生物、财物产生影响者,我们就可以称其为空气污染物;而其存在造成之现象,就是空气污染。换言之,某些物质在空气中不正常的增量就产生空气污染的情形。空气污染是大气中污染物浓度达到有害程度,超过了环境质量标准和破坏生态系统和人类正常生活条件,对人和物造成危害的现象。凡是能使空气质量变坏的物质都是空气污染物。
+
+**关键词**:空气污染 危害 工业 防护
+
+**Abstract**: Air pollution in the air that contains one or more pollutants, the existing quantity, nature and time will harm to human, plant and animal life, damaging property, or interfere with the comfortable life environment, such as the existence of odor. In other words, as long as it is a kind of material of its existing quantity, nature and time enough to humans or other biological property, impact person, we can say the air pollutants, and its existence in the phenomenon, is air pollution. In other words, some substances in air abnormal increment will produce air pollution situation.
+Air pollution is the atmosphere pollutant concentration to harmful degree, more than the environment quality standards and destroy the ecological system and human normal living conditions, and physical harm to the phenomenon. Those who can make the air quality change bad matter is air pollutants.
+
+**Key words**: Air pollution danger industry entrench
+
+## 第一章 空气污染
+
+### 1.1 空气污染
+
+空气污染即空气中含有一种或多种污染物,其存在的量、性质及时间会伤害到人类、植物及动物的生命,损害财物、或干扰舒适的生活环境,如臭味的存在。换言之,只要是某一种物质其存在的量,性质及时间足够对人类或其他生物、财物产生影响者,我们就可以称其为空气污染物;而其存在造成之现象,就是空气污染。换言之,某些物质在空气中不正常的增量就产生空气污染的情形。
+
+空气污染是大气中污染物浓度达到有害程度，超过了环境质量标准和破坏生态系统和人类正常生活条件，对人和物造成危害的现象。凡是能使空气质量变坏的物质都是空气污染物。空气污染物到 2009 年 2 月为止，已知约有 100 多种。有自然因素（如森林火灾、火山爆发等）和人为因素（如工业废气、生活燃煤、汽车尾气、核爆炸等）两种，且以后者为主，尤其是工业生产和交通运输所造成的。主要过程由污染源排放、大气传播、人与物受害这三个环节所构成。影响大气污染范围和强度的因素有污染物的性质（物理的和化学的），污染源的性质（源强、源高、源内温度、排气速率等），气象条件（风向、风速、温度层结等），地表性质（地形起伏、粗糙度、地面覆盖物等）。防治方法很多，根本途径是改革生产工艺，综合利用，将污染物消灭在生产过程之中；另外，全面规划，合理布局，减少居民稠密区的污染；在高污染区，限制交通流量；选择合适厂址，设计恰当烟囱高度，减少地面污染；在最不利气象条件下，采取措施，控制污染物的排放量。
+
+
+工业大气污染
+
+这是一张某市大气污染物日均值表
+
+ | 二氧化硫 | 飘尘 | 一氧化碳 | 二氧化碳 | 臭氧 |
|---|
| 2月1日 | 0.153 | 0.301 | 0.303 | 0.080 | 0.072 | | 2月2日 | 0.201 | 0.341 | 0.801 | 0.102 | 0.065 | | 2月3日 | 0.220 | 0.350 | 0.622 | 0.105 | 0.052 | | 2月4日 | 0.182 | 0.360 | 0.901 | 0.110 | 0.100 | | 2月5日 | 0.192 | 0.291 | 1.030 | 0.120 | 0.092 |
+
+## 第二章 空气污染物
+
+### 2.1 空气污染物的种类
+
+空气污染物的种类包含很多,它们的形态可能是固体状的粒子,也可能是液滴或是气体,或是这些形态的混合存在。目前我国法令所定义的空气污染物有哪些种类呢?依据空气污染防制法及相关规定所定义,空气污染物可分为四大项目。
+
+（1） 气状污染物
+包括硫氧化物、一氧化碳、氮氧化物、氯气、气化氢、氯化氢等
+
+（2） 粒状污染物
+包括悬浮微粒、金局煤烟、黑烟、酸雾、落尘等
+
+（3） 二次污染物
+指污染物在空气中在经光化学反应而产生之污染，包括光化学烟雾、光化学性高氧化物等
+
+（4）恶臭物质
+包括氯气、硫化氢、硫化钾基、硫醇类、甲基胺类 等
+
+### 2.2 大气的主要污染源和污染物
+
+大气污染源就是大气污染物的来源，主要有以下几个：
+
+（1）工业：工业生产是大气污染的一个重要来源。工业生产排放到大气中的污染物种类繁多，有烟尘、硫的氧化物、氮的氧化物、有机化合物、卤化物、碳化合物等。其中有的是烟尘，有的是气体。
+
+（2）生活炉灶与采暖锅炉：城市中大量民用生活炉灶和采暖锅炉需要消耗大量煤炭，煤炭在燃烧过程中要释放大量的灰尘、二氧化硫、一氧化碳、等有害物质污染大气。特别是在冬季采暖时，往往使污染地区烟雾弥漫，呛得人咳嗽，这也是一种不容忽视的污染源。
+
+（3）交通运输：汽车、火车、飞机、轮船是当代的主要运输工具，它们烧煤或石油产生的废气也是重要的污染物。特别是城市中的汽车，量大而集中，尾气所排放的污染物能直接侵袭人的呼吸器官，对城市的空气污染很严重，成为大城市空气的主要污染源之一。汽车排放的废气主要有一氧化碳、二氧化硫、氮氧化物和碳氢化合物等，前三种物质危害性很大。
+
+（4）森林火灾产生的烟雾。
+
+## 第三章 空气污染的危害及指标
+
+### 3.1 大气污染的危害
+
+#### 3.1.1 对人体健康的危害
+
+人需要呼吸空气以维持生命。一个成年人每天呼吸大约2万多次，吸入空气达15~20立方米。因此，被污染了的空气对人体健康有直接的影响。
+
+大气污染物对人体的危害是多方面的，主要表现是呼吸道疾病与生理机能障碍，以及眼鼻等粘膜组织受到刺激而患病。
+
+比如，1952年12月5~8日英国伦敦发生的煤烟雾事件死亡4000人。人们把这个灾难的烟雾称为“杀人的烟雾”。据分析，这是因为那几天伦敦无风有雾，工厂烟囱和居民取暖排出的废气烟尘弥漫在伦敦市区经久不散，烟尘最高浓度达4.46毫克/米³，二氧化硫的日平均浓度竟达到3.83毫升/米³。二氧化硫经过某种化学反应，生成硫酸液沫附着在烟尘上或凝聚在雾滴上，随呼吸进入器官，使人发病或加速慢性病患者的死亡。这也就是所谓的光化学污染。
+
+由上例可知，大气中污染物的浓度很高时，会造成急性污染中毒，或使病状恶化，甚至在几天内夺去几千人的生命。其实，即使大气中污染物浓度不高，但人体成年累月呼吸这种污染了的空气，也会引起慢性支气管炎、支气管哮喘、肺气肿及肺癌等疾病。
+
+#### 3.1.2 对植物的危害
+
+大气污染物，尤其是二氧化硫、氟化物等对植物的危害是十分严重的。当污染物浓度很高时，会对植物产生急性危害，使植物叶表面产生伤斑，或者直接使叶枯萎脱落；当污染物浓度不高时，会对植物产生慢性危害，使植物叶片褪绿，或者表面上看不见什么危害症状，但植物的生理机能已受到了影响，造成植物产量下降，品质变坏。
+
+### 3.1.3 对天气和气候的影响
+
+①减少到达地面的太阳辐射量:从工厂、发电站、汽车、家庭取暖设备向大气中排放的大量烟尘微粒,使空气变得非常浑浊,遮挡了阳光,使得到达地面的太阳辐射量减少。据观测统计,在大工业城市烟雾不散的日子里,太阳光直接照射到地面的量比没有烟雾的日子减少近40%。大气污染严重的城市,天天如此,就会导致人和动植物因缺乏阳光而生长发育不好。
+
+②增加大气降水量:从大工业城市排出来的微粒,其中很多具有水汽凝结核的作用。因此,当大气中有其他一些降水条件与之配合的时候,就会出现降水天气。在大工业城市的下风地区,降水量更多。
+
+③下酸雨:有时候,从天空落下的雨水中含有硫酸。这种酸雨是大气中的污染物二氧化硫经过氧化形成硫酸,随自然界的降水下落形成的。硫酸雨能使大片森林和农作物毁坏,能使纸品、纺织品、皮革制品等腐蚀破碎,能使金属的防锈涂料变质而降低保护作用,还会腐蚀、污染建筑物。
+
+④增高大气温度:在大工业城市上空,由于有大量废热排放到空中,因此,近地面空气的温度比四周郊区要高一些。这种现象在气象学中称做”热岛效应”。
+
+⑤对全球气候的影响:近年来,人们逐渐注意到大气污染对全球气候变化的影响问题。经过研究,人们认为在有可能引起气候变化的各种大气污染物质中,二氧化碳具有重大的作用。从地球上无数烟囱和其他种种废气管道排放到大气中的大量二氧化碳,约有50%留在大气里。二氧化碳能吸收来自地面的长波辐射,使近地面层空气温度增高,这叫做”温室效应”。经粗略估算,如果大气中二氧化碳含量增加25%,近地面气温可以增加0.5~2℃。 如果增加100%,近地面温度可以增高1.5~6℃。有的专家认为,大气中的二氧化碳含量照现在的速度增加下去,若干年后会使得南北极的冰熔化,导致全球的气候异常。
+
+### 3.2 空气污染指标
+
+空气污染指标(Pollutant Standard Index,简称PSI)为参考美国环保署及其他机构所研议决定的指标,以0至500的数值来表示空气污染的程度。这个指标值和健康的影响关系分为以下五个等级:
+
+指标值
+0~50 健康影响:良好
+51~100 (Good):中等
+101~199 (Moderate):不良
+200~299 (Unhealthy):极不良
+300~350 (Very Unhealthy):有害
+
+## 第四章生活中的大气污染
+
+### 4.1 南乐县一化工厂毗邻学校 黑烟熏人老师戴口罩上课
+
+日前,记者接到南乐县韩张镇读者的投诉称,在他们村子附近有一家化工厂大量排放难闻的气体,并且工厂附近还有一所中学,有1000多名学生长期在这样的环境中学习生活,希望有关部门能管一管。
+
+这是一家叫做宏业生化的公司,投产已经三四年的时间,空气中浓重的酸臭味道是该企业的主打产品———糖醛的气味。有村民告诉记者,该企业白天排放气味还不算大,每天傍晚以后排放的黑烟,味道更浓,而且还会有粉尘飘落,晒被子、晾衣服都会落上一层灰尘。
+
+该校由于距离烟囱比较近,有的学生出现过头晕、恶心等不适现象。有的不适应的老师甚至戴着口罩上课。学校的用水也都是来自地下水,由于担心学校附近的地下水质问题,很多老师的生活用水都是从几公里外的村拉水。
+
+## 4.2 苯污染祸害一家人
+
+2001年8月份,为了美化居室环境,刘女士一家决定自己动手把居住多年的46平米的居室简单装修一下,于是购买了天津裕华公司的津华牌建饰漆、醇酸树脂漆8桶用于粉刷门窗。由于在产品中未注明详细的使用说明,刘女士一家再不知道其危害下,仍然居住在刚装修完的房间里。
+
+装修以后,一家人在室内居住,开始出现头晕、胸闷、恶心、呕吐、掉头发、耳朵肿状,随着时间的推移,2001年11月份,刘女士一家先后发病,年仅18岁正在读高中的儿子患白血病,刘女士也绝得浑身无力,经检查血小板下降、红血球升高。一家人为看病花钱,但是,儿子的病情并未有明显好转。他们怎么也没想到,花钱费力装修完的房间,是个十足的“毒气室”。
+
+那么,祸害刘女士一家的罪魁祸首就是苯系物,如甲苯和二甲苯。它存在于油漆、等墙涂料中。由于苯属芳香烃类,人一时不易警觉其毒性。但如果在散发着苯气味的密室里,人可能短时间内就会出现头晕、胸闷、恶心、呕吐等症状,若不及时脱离现场便会死亡。另外苯也可致癌,引发血液病等,已经被世界卫生组织确定为致癌物质。卫生部制定的《室内空气质量卫生规范》规定室内空气中苯的标准是每立方米小于0.087毫克。
+
+### 4.3 伦敦烟雾事件
+
+1952年12月初的一天,本来就污染严重的英国伦敦,突然出现阴雨天气,天空中灰黑色烟雾缭绕,并有浓重的生葱头似的辛辣味,伦敦上空的能见度太低,飞往世界各地的班机全部取消。浓雾中,粒径小米般大小的黑色晶体纷纷扬扬地降落着,撒落在街道上、建筑物上、人们的衣服上,天地之间仿佛降了一场黑雪。整个伦敦开始了一场集体性烟气中毒。医院里咳嗽、呕吐声不绝于耳,4天之后,伦敦城死去4000多人;2个月后,伦敦市统计部门统计,这次黑色浩劫共夺去了8000位无辜市民的生命。这就是震惊世界的英国伦敦烟雾事件。
+
+### 4.4 四日事件
+
+1955年以来,以石油联合企业为主的日本四日市工业迅速发展,每年排到大气中的粉尘和SO2总量达13万吨,使城市终年烟雾弥漫,严重污染了空气,并蔓延到其它城市。人们由于吸入了有害气体而患支气管炎、支气管哮喘、肺气肿及肺癌等呼吸道疾病,称为“四日市哮喘病”。截止到1972年,患四日市哮喘病患者高达6376人。
+
+## 第五章 空气污染的防御
+
+### 5.1 减少污染物的排放量
+
+改革能源结构,多采用无污染能源(如太阳能、风能、水力发电)和低污染能源(如天然气),对燃料进行预处理改进燃烧技术等均可减少排污量。另外,在污染物未进入大气之前,使用除尘消烟技术、冷凝技术、液体吸收技术、回收处理技术等消除废气中的部分污染物，可减少进入大气的污染物数量。
+
+### 5.2 控制排放和充分利用大气自净能力
+
+气象条件不同，大气对污染物的容量便不同，排入同样数量的污染物，造成的污染物浓度便不同。对于风力大、通风好、湍流盛、对流强的地区和时段，大气扩散稀释能力强，可接受较多厂矿企业活动。逆温的地区和时段，大气扩散稀释能力弱，便不能接受较多的污染物，否则会造成严重大气污染。因此应对不同地区、不同时段进行排放量的有效控制。
+
+
+
+### 5.3 合理规划工业区与非工业区
+
+厂址选择、烟囱设计、城区与工业区规划等要合理，不要排放大气过度集中，不要造成重复迭加污染，形成局部地区严重污染事件发生。
+
+### 5.4 绿化造林
+
+茂密的林丛能降低风速，使空气中携带的大粒灰尘下降。树叶表面粗糙不平，有的有绒毛，有的能分泌粘液和油脂，因此能吸附大量飘尘。蒙尘的叶子经雨水冲洗后，能继续吸附飘尘。如此往复拦阻和吸附尘埃，能使空气得到净化。
+
+## 参考文献
+
+[1]空气污染百度百科
+[2]大河网-河南日报2012年10月26日 08:18
+[3]中国网 | 时间: 2006年6月14日
+[4]http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_4c08b8910100ahik.html
+[5]新华社人民网2000年05月28日
+[6]http://www.doc88.com/p-065193406139.html
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_29.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_29.md
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+附件1
+
+# 山东省“机器人+”创新产品与应用场景征集工作方案
+
+为落实《工业和信息化部等十七部门关于印发“机器人+”应用行动实施方案的通知》《山东省机器人产业高质量发展行动计划(2025-2027年)》等文件精神，进一步培育和发掘机器人创新产品和应用场景，助推我省打造全国机器人研发制造增长极和应用新高地，现开展山东省机器人创新产品与应用场景征集工作。
+
+## 一、总体要求
+
+坚持市场主导、应用牵引、典型引领、创新驱动、供需融合为原则，以产品创新和场景推广为着力点，分类施策拓展机器人应用深度和广度，培育机器人发展和应用生态，为构筑高技术、高成长、大体量的产业新支柱，打造全球人工智能与机器人产业创新高地提供有力支撑。聚焦“机器人+”10个应用重点领域，发布并推广一批具有较高技术水平、较强示范引领作用和较好的推广前景的“机器人+”创新产品和应用场景，布局建设覆盖工业、服务、特种和人形机器人四大领域的关键创新平台，推动机器人产业与人工智能深度融合，实现机器人产品从传统作业模式向具身智能作业模式转变、从中低端应用场景向中高端领域拓展。
+
+## 二、征集范围
+
+面向社会民生改善和经济发展需求,聚焦制造业、农业、建筑、能源、商贸物流、医疗健康、养老服务、教育、商业社区服务、安全应急和极限环境应用等重点领域,遴选有较好基础、应用覆盖面广、辐射带动作用强的机器人创新产品与应用场景。
+
+1. 制造业。焊接、装配、喷涂、搬运、磨抛、检测等机器人创新产品；智能检测、精密装配、自动配送、电气设备制造、高精度磨抛、半导体晶圆搬运等机器人应用场景。
+
+2. 农业。除草、割胶、生态巡护、果蔬采摘、植保、园林消杀等机器人创新产品；种/肥/水/药精准投放、精准收获、果蔬智能分选、精准饲喂、畜禽远程诊断、环境实时监测、病虫害和鸟类野生动物监测等机器人应用场景。
+
+3. 建筑。测量、材料配送、钢筋加工、混凝土浇筑、楼面墙面装饰装修、构部件安装和焊接、机电安装等机器人创新产品；外墙/室内喷涂、建筑材料搬运码垛、桥梁拉索智能检测、管道健康检测、混凝土预制构件制作、钢构件下料焊接、隔墙板和集成厨卫加工、安防巡检、高层建筑清洁等机器人应用场景。
+
+4. 能源。行李分拣搬运、货舱装卸、跑道维护、安防巡检、迎宾导览、集装箱装卸、智能岸桥/场桥、智能理货、货舱舱内作业、AGV自动导引车、港口自动驾驶集卡、轨道巡检、接触网检修、隧道检测、车辆探伤检查、车站客流管理、道路基础设施运维、智慧停车、交通管控智能辅助等机器人创新产品；机场、港口、轨道交通、城市交通等机器人应用场景。
+
+5. 商贸物流。自动导引车、自主移动机器人、配送机器人、自动码垛机、智能分拣机、物流无人机等机器人创新产品；城市复杂场景即时配送、智能物流柔性拣选、智慧园区运营等机器人应用场景。
+
+6. 医疗健康。咨询服务、手术、辅助检查、辅助巡诊、重症护理、急救、生命支持、检验采样、消毒清洁等机器人创新产品；辅助超声诊断和筛查、影像全自动诊疗、辅助精准定位、远程手术治疗、医疗物资配送等机器人应用场景。
+
+7. 养老服务。残障辅助、助浴、二便护理、康复训练、家务、情感陪护、娱乐休闲、安防监控等机器人创新产品；失智康复照护、康复训练、残障辅助、智慧家务等机器人应用场景。
+
+8. 教育。交互、教学、竞赛、实训等教育机器人创新产品及编程系统；教学科研、技能培训、校园安全等各级院校机器人教学内容和实践场景。
+
+9. 商业社区服务。餐饮、配送、迎宾、导览、咨询、清洁、代步等商用机器人创新产品；烹饪、清洗、监护、陪伴等家用机器人创新产品；酒店、餐厅、商超、社区、家庭等服务应用场景；景区、公园、文化场馆、文化街区、主题乐园等文化旅游应用场景。
+
+10. 安全应急和极限环境应用。矿山、民爆、社会安全、应急救援、极限环境等领域机器人创新产品；智能采掘、灾害防治、巡检值守、井下救援、智能清理、无人化运输、地质探测、危险作业等矿山应用场景；危险化学品生产装置和储存设施现场巡检、值班值守、特殊作业等安全生产应用场景。炸药装药、生产制备、包装、装卸运输、在线检测等民爆行业应用场景；安保巡逻、海关货检查验、反恐防暴、勘查取证、交通边防、治安巡逻、特战处置、服务管理等社会安全应用场景；防爆智能巡检、消防巡检、工程抢险、海洋捕捞、海上溢油及危化品船舶救援、自然灾害救援、安全生产事故救援、核应急安全救援等危险环境应用场景；空间、水下、深地等极限环境应用场景。
+
+11. 其他场景。具有全国推广价值，已经实现一定规模应用的高价值场景。
+
+## 三、征集要求
+
+（一）申报单位应是山东省范围内主要从事机器人创新产品设计、生产或制造的企事业单位，具有创新能力、示范能力和高成长潜力。
+
+（二）申报单位应有较好经济效益、良好的安全生产和环保等信用记录，近3年无因违法失信行为被行政机关实施联合惩戒或被司法部门采取失信惩戒措施。
+
+（三）机器人创新产品与应用场景的关键技术应处于国内领先或国际先进水平，且无知识产权纠纷。
+
+（四）应用场景按照已成熟落地场景和1-2年内计划落地场景分别申报，要求具有较强的示范引领作用和较好的推广前景，能够切实解决行业痛点，提升生产效率和服务质量。
+
+（五）申报材料内容描述应重点突出、言简意赅、逻辑严密，突出产品与场景结合的技术创新性、适用性、可推广性、经济效益及社会效益等方面。
+
+（六）申报单位愿意主动配合开展现场调研和后续宣传工作，积极参与供需对接等活动。
+
+## 四、组织申报和宣传推广
+
+（一）征集工作应遵循政府引导、企业自愿原则，应结合实际，严格把关。
+
+（二）各地市工业和信息化部门牵头，联合地市有关部门共同组织征集工作。
+
+（三）省工业和信息化厅会同省有关部门，通过专家论证、调研比较等方式，择优遴选一批技术先进、成效显著、应用前景广阔的创新产品和应用场景，形成《山东省机器人创新产品与应用场景推荐目录》，对入选推荐目录的创新产品和已成熟应用场景进行宣传推广，对1-2年内计划落地的场景给予政策支持。
+
+（四）省工业和信息化厅将组织开展供需对接活动，推动相关创新产品在应用场景规模应用。
\ No newline at end of file
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+# 2021 年财政局个人总结 2021 财政个人工作总结
+
+财政局负责地方的财政工作，贯彻执行财务制度，按照政策组织财政收入,保证财政支出，那么，财政局个人总结怎么写呢?下面 WTT 给大家分享几篇 2021 年财政局个人总结，一起看一下吧!
+
+## 2021 年财政局个人总结篇 1
+
+2021 年，在上级主管部门及局领导的正确领导和指导下，局办公室紧紧围绕财政工作中心，自觉服从和服务经济建设大局，积极投入财政改革，在参政议政、协调服务、文书档案、计划生育、信息调研、财政宣传等方面，抓住“服务、参谋、协调、督办”四个方面不放松，充分发挥办公室的职能作用，有力推进了全局各项工作的开展。一年来，我办主要做了如下几个方面的工作：
+
+### 一、规范服务工作
+
+始终将“服务”作为办公室的主要职责，按照“少环节、快节奏、高效率”的原则，着重抓了“办会、办文、办事”等工作的规范化管理，使各项工作有章可循，环环相扣，基本做到了“快、精、细、严”。
+
+一是强化办文意识，提高办文效率。始终坚持“一口进出、分口办理”的办文程序，全年审核办理各类文件件，通过规范办文，树立财政机关的良好形象。
+
+二是强化服务意识，提高服务质量。在后勤服务方面，规范来人来客接待，完善车辆、机关财务等方面的管理，努力节减机关经费支出。积极向领导建议改善局机关大院环境，绿化空坪多平方米，并安装了彩灯，使机关环境大为改观。
+
+### 二、提高参谋水平
+
+作为“参谋部”的办公室，坚持围绕财政工作中心，紧扣理财主题，切实强化参谋意识，使办公室成为领导“大脑的天线、手足的延伸”。
+
+一是及时总结情况，反馈信息，为领导决策提供依据。按照局领导的布置，全年完成财政形势分析^p 篇，参与财税形势分析^p 起草篇，执笔完成、发稿篇、和、《农村财政与财务》、《财政》等报刊杂志上发表，并被收入人民日报出版社出版的《财税改革与管理全书》、人民日报时代潮杂志《人民公仆》大型画册。局办和人教股共同创作的摄影作品在全省、全市财政系统摄影比赛中分别荣获三等奖和一、二等奖。
+
+三是财政信息传递及时。全年编发《财政信息》期，编发信息多条，其中被市局采用条。
+
+### 四、强化内部管理
+
+根据每个人的业务素质能力，结合办公室工作实际，健全了办公室内部分工责任制，对公文处理、后勤服务、计划生育、车辆和财务管理等工作明确了专人负责，实行既有分工又有合作，确保了办公室工作的有序开展。为提高办公室人员的业务能力，在加强办公室人员平时业务知识学习的同时，局领导还先后派出文秘、档案人员参加上级有关部门组织的专业培训，着力提高办公室人员的综合素质，使办公室人员不仅甘于寂寞、乐于奉献吃苦，还能胸怀全局、服务大局、务实高效的开创办公室工作的新局面。
+
+## 2021 年财政局个人总结篇 2
+
+2021 年，面对愈来愈大的经济下行压力，我们在县委、县政府的正确领导下，根据省市经济工作会议和财政工作会议精神，结合我县国民经济和社会发展的目标任务，大力加强财政宏观调控，深化财税制度改革，提升财政保障能力，不断完善财政公共了职能，优化财政收支结构，加强财政科学精细管理，严格控制一般性支出，较好地保障了全县各项工作的正常运转。
+
+### 一、2021 年度工作总结
+
+#### (一)财政收支执行情况
+
+| 项目 | 1-11月累计完成 | 同期占比 | 年度计划占比 |
|---|
| 收入执行情况 | | | | | 财政总收入 | 193140万元 | 87.26% | 63.27% | | 公共财政收入 | 427万元 | 96% | 63% | | 政府性基金收入 | 13308万元 | 69% | 79% | | 预计全年完成情况 | | | | | 总收入 | 20.4亿元 | - | - | | 公共财政收入 | 10.8亿元 | - | - | | 政府性基金收入 | 1.34亿元 | - | - | | 支出执行情况 | | | | | 公共财政支出 | 141926万元 | 102% | 72% | | 政府性基金支出 | 16277万元 | 109% | 67% | | 预计全年完成情况 | | | | | 总支出 | 14.8亿元 | - | - |
+
+#### (二)主要工作
+
+1、采取多种举措，加大财政征管力度，今年以来，我们针对煤焦支柱产业市场疲软的状况，积极开展了矿产资产品销售市场的调研活动，根据资产品市场行情，及时调整矿产资产品最低保护价格，扼制了低价合同，差价现金交易的非法行为，堵塞了矿产资税费流失漏没事，针对房地产契税征收，开展了契税政征宣传和征缴检查，堵塞了契税征管上的跑冒滴漏，切实提高契税申报率和入库率。加强了对重点行业，重点纳税户的征收管理，严格征收政策，提高征收质量。加强了对非税收入的征收管理，以“能征不免，应征尽征”为原则，清理列收列支，截止 11 月底全县完成非税收入 121400 万元。
+
+2、优化支出结构，增强财政保障能力。加大对医疗、卫生、文化及农林水等事业性事务支出的力度，持续关注民生，完善社会保障体系建设。截止 11 月底，教育支出累计完成20497 万元，占市计划的 103%，科学技术累计完成 1654 万元，占市计划的 145%，医疗卫生与计划生育支出 6306 万元，占同期的 67%，文化体育支出 975 万元，占同期的 77%，农林水事业性支出 13083 万元，占同期的 147%;社会保障与就业支出 7322 万元，占同期的 102%。有力推进了教育科技、医疗、文化事业的发展，强农惠农政策达到了全面贯彻深化。
+
+________年财政局个人总结”的人【end】
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diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_30.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_30.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..87b234dcaa3d28cfe1e267e5f47467fc3a9da569
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@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+arXiv:2408.11043v1 [cs.CY] 20 Aug 2024
+
+# Reconciling Methodological Paradigms: Employing Large Language Models as Novice Qualitative Research Assistants in Talent Management Research
+
+Sreyoshi Bhaduri
+Amazon
+Arlington, Virginia, USA
+
+Satya Kapoor
+Amazon
+Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
+
+Alex Gil
+Amazon
+Arlington, Virginia, USA
+
+Anshul Mittal
+Amazon
+Arlington, Virginia, USA
+
+Rutu Mulkar
+Amazon
+Seattle, Washington, USA
+
+## Abstract
+
+Qualitative data collection and analysis approaches, such as those employing interviews and focus groups, provide rich insights into customer attitudes, sentiment, and behavior. However, manually analyzing qualitative data requires extensive time and effort to identify relevant topics and thematic insights. This study proposes a novel approach to address this challenge by leveraging Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) based Large Language Models (LLMs) for analyzing interview transcripts. The novelty of this work lies in strategizing the research inquiry as one that is augmented by an LLM that serves as a novice research assistant. This research explores the mental model of LLMs to serve as novice qualitative research assistants for researchers in the talent management space. A RAG-based LLM approach is extended to enable topic modeling of semi-structured interview data, showcasing the versatility of these models beyond their traditional use in information retrieval and search. Our findings demonstrate that the LLM-augmented RAG approach can successfully extract topics of interest, with significant coverage compared to manually generated topics from the same dataset. This establishes the viability of employing LLMs as novice qualitative research assistants. Additionally, the study recommends that researchers leveraging such models lean heavily on quality criteria used in traditional qualitative research to ensure rigor and trustworthiness of their approach. Finally, the paper presents key recommendations for industry practitioners seeking to reconcile the use of LLMs with established qualitative research paradigms, providing a roadmap for the effective integration of these powerful, albeit novice, AI tools in the analysis of qualitative datasets within talent management research.
+
+## Keywords
+
+Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG), AI in Talent Management, Qualitative Research
+
+## 1 Introduction
+
+Talent management researchers frequently work backwards from their customers, the employees at the organization. Understanding employee sentiment and behavior often involves conducting deep-dive interviews, explanatory in nature – e.g., demystifying the why behind customer choices, attitudes or behaviors (e.g., [22]). Talent management research, at its core, seeks to use science to equip every employee with resources to help them best navigate their careers [40].
+
+Consequently, qualitative research methodology plays a criti-cal role in talent management. Many of the key considerations around employee engagement, motivation, and workforce culture involve subjective, context-dependent factors that are best explored through in-depth interviews, focus groups, and other qualitative data collection approaches. Talent management professionals often rely on rich qualitative datasets to gain deep insights into employee experiences, organizational dynamics, and the nuances of human capital. However, these qualitative paradigms can clash with the more positivist, quantitative worldview that underlies many of the analytic tools used to evaluate talent management data. Talent man-agement researchers may find that standard statistical techniques and data visualization approaches struggle to fully capture the complexities inherent in qualitative datasets, leading to potential misinterpretations or oversimplifications of the human elements involved in managing an organization's workforce. Navigating this tension between qualitative and quantitative approaches is an on-going challenge for talent management professionals.
+
+Large language models (LLMs) like BERT, GPT-3 and PaLM have demonstrated strong aptitude for summarization (e.g., [37]), classi-fication (e.g., [31]), and information extraction (e.g., [13]) for text-based data. Consequently, LLMs are also increasingly being lever-aged within talent management contexts for tasks such as interview analysis. However, language models are themselves designed pri-marily from a quantitative, data-driven paradigm. These models are trained on vast troves of text data using statistical machine learn-ing techniques optimized for numerical patterns and correlations. While powerful at extracting insights from large-scale datasets, LLMs can often struggle to fully capture the nuanced, contextual nature of language [1], [14] that is critical for qualitative informa-tion sourced from interviews, focus groups, and other qualitative research methods common in talent management.
+
+Talent management professionals must therefore continuously navigate a tension between the quantitative orientation of their analytical tools and the qualitative richness of the human dynamics they seek to understand. Bridging this gap requires innovative ap-proaches that combine the opportunity for scale and speed offered by LLM-powered analysis augmented by borrowing evaluative nu-ances of traditional qualitative techniques. Talent leaders, thus,must carefully select and configure their AI-powered tools to en-sure the voices and experiences of employees are authentically represented, rather than reduced to oversimplified metrics. Master-ing this balance is an ongoing challenge, but one that is critical for talent management to yield truly holistic and impactful insights.
+
+This paper presents results from leveraging LLMs as a novice qualitative researcher to augment qualitative research workstreams, specifically for data generated through semi-structured interviews.
+
+The purpose of this paper is two-fold – 1) provide an overview of a successful implementation of a Retrieval Augmented Generation-based model for analyzing semi-structured interviews, and more importantly, 2) enumerate pragmatic take-aways and learnings drawing from traditional qualitative research to help fellow in-dustry practitioners in reconciling the methodological paradigms. We posit the second purpose to be valuable to the larger discus-sion within talent management research communities on how and where to integrate AI capabilities across different talent manage-ment workstreams.
+
+## 2 Quantitative and Qualitative Paradigms
+
+Quantitative and qualitative research represent two fundamental paradigms or philosophical frameworks that guide research strate-gies, methods, analysis, and use of results [38]. While both method-ological approaches seek to rigorously study research problems, they are based on distinct assumptions and procedures adapted to investigating particular types of questions and drawing different conclusions. Quantitative research is based on the assumptions of positivism, the philosophical tradition premised on the application of natural science methods to the study of social reality and beyond [6]. Quantitative researchers believe that objective facts and truths about human behavior and society can be measured and quantified numerically. Quantitative methods such as surveys, structured ob-servations, and experiments aim to test hypotheses derived from theories by examining relationships between precisely measured variables statistically analyzed using large sample sizes [10]. These methods seek to minimize subjectivity and generalize findings to a population. In contrast, qualitative research aligns with inter-pretivist and constructivist philosophical traditions by embracing subjectivity and focused meaning-making by and with research participants [11].
+
+Qualitative researchers often use an inductive approach aimed at discovering and understanding processes, experiences, and world-views by collecting non-numerical data through methods like in-depth interviews, ethnographic fieldwork, and document analysis. Findings derive from themes that emerge openly from the data rather than testing predetermined hypotheses. Samples tend to be small and purposely selected to illuminate a phenomenon in depth and detail. The aim is particularization rather than generalization, with a priority on ecological validity and multiple realities situated in time, place, culture, and context.
+
+While debates once positioned these paradigms in opposition, contemporary mixed methods research leverages the complemen-tary strengths of quantitative and qualitative approaches [18]. Mixed methods investigations integrate quantitative and qualitative data collection and analysis within a single program of inquiry by com-bining these approaches in creative ways to deepen understanding[8] [9] [17]. This reconciliation of methodological perspectives of-fers opportunities to generate more robust, contextualized insights to address complex research problems. The use of large language models (LLMs) as novice qualitative research assistants, as explored in this paper, can be considered an exercise in mixed methods research design.
+
+Prior to LLMs, in previous work, Natural Language Processing based modeling of qualitative data from social science contexts, have also been used as "novice insight" augmented by the more ex-pert contextualization provided by human researchers (e.g., [3], [4]). Popular traditional topic modeling techniques (e.g. Latent Dirichlet Allocation), however, suffer from several limitations (e.g. specifying number of clusters) when compared to existing deep learning-based methods. They also often fail to capture the contextual nuances and ambiguities inherent in natural language, as they rely heav-ily on predefined rules and patterns [12] [32]. This can make it challenging to handle the complexities and variations present in real-world text data, and may require domain-specific knowledge or fine-tuning to achieve acceptable performance [21]. Recent ad-vancements in LLMs, such as BERT and GPT, have largely overcome these limitations by leveraging deep neural networks to learn rich, contextual representations from large amounts of text data [35] [12]. These powerful models can capture subtle semantic and prag-matic features of language, and demonstrate strong generalization capabilities through transfer learning [5] [32].
+
+Further, in traditional qualitative research, thematic analysis is the process of gathering themes across topics from qualitative data, such as interview data, through iteratively analyzing the dataset for topics of interest [8]. Inductive coding and deductive coding are two approaches to analyzing data from semi-structured interviews. Inductive coding involves starting with raw data and gradually developing codes and categories based on patterns and topics that emerge from the data as the researcher manually interacts with it [29] [34]. This approach is bottom-up, where the data drives the development of codes and theories [16]. Deductive coding, on the other hand, involves starting with preconceived codes or theories and applying them to the data [30]. This approach is top-down, where existing theories or frameworks guide the coding process [26]. Researchers in industry typically work backwards from re-search question of interest. Most of the research questions in in-dustry driving qualitative data collection are also explanatory (i.e., tend to explain the quantitative findings such as low customer sat-isfaction, low product adoption numbers), rather than exploratory (i.e., ethnography of a community of interest or a phenomenon) and as a result deductive approaches are often more popular than inductive coding.
+
+Ultimately, by augmenting traditional deep-dive qualitative anal-ysis with the time and resource efficient pattern recognition and text processing capabilities of LLMs, researchers can integrate quan-titative and qualitative techniques to enhance the speed, depth, and rigor of their investigations. This mental model of a novice-LLM approach holds promise for bridging the divide between positivist and interpretive paradigms, ultimately working towards a more comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon under study.
+
+
+
+**Figure 1: Comparison across prompting approaches**
+
+## 3 Dataset
+
+We used an open-source dataset [28] to demonstrate how an LLM prompted as a novice researcher can enhance traditional qualitative deductive thematic coding. This dataset was originally collected to explore educators’ experiences implementing open educational practices [28]. The dataset contains eight transcripts each from hour-long interviews conducted with educators to understand how they are using openly accessible sources of knowledge and open-source tools. The original research involved a deep-dive qualitative analysis through using a phenomenological approach to extract topics manually from the dataset. We chose this open-source dataset for two reasons – 1) structural match to proprietary dataset, and 2) rich description and manually identified topics by an expert to serve as a gold standard to measure the efficacy of our LLM based approach. Semi-structured interviews provide critical insights through participant perspectives, making them foundational in various industry settings.
+
+The semi-structured approach used to create this dataset is a close match to proprietary talent management data from our or-ganization, where employees are interviewed on a particular phe-nomenon to get deeper understanding of their related sentiment, attitudes, and behaviors. Manually extracted topics serve as gold standard for benchmarking findings from our LLM-based approach. The paper [28] describing the dataset explains the manual pro-cess establishing how each transcript was read twice: first, for a comprehensive analysis, and subsequently, to initiate a thematic exploration. Additional reviewing continued as codes and topics emerged and intersected among the interviews. A manual qualita-tive coding approach was applied at each iteration to reveal themes, following constant comparison methodology [16].
+
+We posit that our approach, as demonstrated on this sample semi-structured interview dataset, can easily extend to multiple industry settings in talent management research where researchers conduct interviews and focus groups.
+
+
+
+**Figure 2: Sample of the interview transcript**
+
+## 4 Thematic Analysis Using LLMs
+
+In traditional, manual qualitative research, deductive thematic anal-ysis process begins with the researcher first formulating the re-search questions. Then, upon collection of the data, such as in-terview transcripts, the researcher iterates manually through the transcripts to identify and extract themes or topics of interest. This labor-intensive process involves carefully reading through the data, taking notes, and organizing the topics iteratively into broader co-herent themes that address the research questions. The researcher may go through multiple rounds of coding and analysis to refine the themes and ensure they comprehensively capture the key in-sights from the data. Our approach finds that LLMs can quickly uncover topics of interest from the dataset which can then be it-erated upon to garner broader themes of interest across topics. Thus, for our novice-LLM led approach, we leveraged the power of Large Language Models (LLMs) as a novice research assistant in the thematic analysis process. Specifically, we used the open-source framework called Langchain to create dynamic prompt templates, such as few-shot prompts and chain of thoughts, that guided the LLM in performing topic modeling and generating insights from the interview transcripts. We then opted to use Anthropic's Claude2 model to execute these prompts and extract the relevant themes.
+
+To initiate the analysis, we first selected a main research question and corresponding sub-questions from our dataset [28]. We then fed these research questions, along with the interview transcripts, into the LLM-powered Langchain framework. The model was able to quickly identify and summarize the key topics, and iteratively, themes emerging from the data. This approach provided a quick yet relatively comprehensive analysis that would have taken a human researcher significant time and effort to reproduce manually.
+
+### 4.1 Thematic analysis enhanced through Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG)
+
+In our LLM based approaches, we experiment with four meth-ods - zero-shot prompting, few-shot prompting, chain-of-thought reasoning, and Retrieval Augmented Generation based Question Answering. In zero-shot prompting we provide a single prompt to the model. In few-shot prompting, we provide a set of topics and anecdotes to the model as examples. In the chain of thought (COT) approach, we provide a set of instructions for the model to follow. Finally, for Retrieval Augmented Generation (RAG) we provide context and questions to the model, from which it extracts information.
+
+Zero-shot prompts are simple instructions or tasks given to an LLM that have not been specifically trained on that task. It serves as a baseline because it demonstrates the model's fundamental ability to understand and respond to prompts based solely on its pre-training [19]. In few-shot prompting, a small set of examples illustrating the desired outcome are manually selected and provided to the LLM. These examples allow the model to understand the tasks at hand and generate similar results [5]. Chain-of-thought prompting provides a set of intermediate steps to guide the LLM to mimic human-like reasoning. This significantly improves the capa-bility of the LLM to understand complex reasoning and generate better topics [36]. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) combines the capabilities of an LLM with a retrieval system to source and integrate additional information into its responses [23]. This effort provides contextually richer and ultimately more accurate outputs. We do this by providing all the interview transcripts to the LLM as a custom knowledge base. Two considerations helped the RAG approach outperform the other approaches:
+
+4.1.1 *Focused Analysis:* In our approach, LLM searches the knowl-edge base to find and retrieve parts of documents that are most relevant to the question in the query. This narrows the focus to the most relevant information and ensures attention to critical topics and nuances.
+
+4.1.2 *Context Dilution/Managing Information Overload:* Using all transcripts as input in a single instance creates information over-load scenarios, ultimately leading to dilution of important topics or nuances. If the dataset is too large or complex, LLM might lose track of what's most relevant to specific query, leading halluci-nations. Hallucinations or inaccuracies within this context refers to instances where the model generates information which is not grounded in input data. In our approach, the use of RAG mitigates some of the hallucination by anchoring LLM responses relevant information, and providing a form of contextual validation for the output.
+
+## 5 Findings
+
+In the paper describing the dataset leveraged for this work, the authors collected and conducted a manual analysis [28]. Their re-search led to identification of significant, recurring topics within the interviews. Our evaluation strategy uses these manually gen-erated topics from the paper’s work as gold standard to compare against topics generated by the LLMs-based approach. We use Pre-cision (Equation 1), Recall (Equation 2), and F1-score (Equation 3) to benchmark topics generated by our LLM-augmented qualita-tive research approach against the topics generated by the human researcher.
+
+$$
+R_{BERT} = \frac{1}{|x|} \sum_{x_i \in x} \max_{{x}_j \in \hat{x}} x_i^T \hat{x}_j \qquad (1)
+$$
+
+$$
+P_{BERT} = \frac{1}{|\hat{x}|} \sum_{\hat{x}_i \in \hat{x}} \max_{x_j \in x} \hat{x}_i^T x_j \qquad (2)
+$$
+
+$$
+F_{BERT} = 2 \cdot \frac{P_{BERT} \cdot R_{BERT}}{P_{BERT} + R_{BERT}} \qquad (3)
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{Cosine Similarity} = \frac{x_i^T \hat{x}_j}{\|x_i\| \|\hat{x}_j\|} \qquad (4)
+$$
+
+These metrics are the current evaluation standard for classifica-tion models, but they can be adapted for text generation tasks [39]. Precision and Recall measure the proportion of correctly identified positive cases. In the context of our experiment, every word from predicted text gets matched to a word in the referenced text to compute recall. This process is inverted to then compute precision. The precision and recall values are then combined to compute an F1 score. These metrics use cosine similarity (Equation 4) in which each predicted word is paired with its closest corresponding word from the reference text with the aim of maximizing the similarity score.
+
+In Table 1, the performance of various LLM prompting tech-niques including Chain of Thought, Few Shot, Zero Shot and RAG, are compared across different embedding models (Distillbert-base-uncased, Bert-base-uncased, and Roberta-large). This comparison aims to evaluate the robustness and effectiveness of these prompting techniques. Our results indicate that while each prompting tech-nique shows varying level of precision, recall and F1-score, RAG consistently outperform the others on all three metrics, achieving highest performance across all models.
+
+## 6 Learnings
+
+Treating large language models (LLMs) as novice research assistants during thematic analysis offered valuable insights for our research. By framing the LLM as a novice collaborator with little knowledge or insight of the context, prompts can be crafted to better guide the model and leverage its capabilities. Used prudently, similar novice LLM-augmented approaches can significantly increase time and resource efficiency compared to traditional qualitative coding meth-ods in talent management research. The following sections explore some of our key learnings that may benefit other researchers con-sidering designing LLMs as novice researchers to optimize thematic nalysis.
+
+### 6.1 Approaching LLMs as Novice Research Assistants can help prepare better prompts
+
+A novice is a person who, “has no experience with the situations in which they are expected to perform tasks” [2]. The novice is thus at a basic proficiency level for skill acquisition, with limited information and prior experience related to a task at hand [27]. For large qualitative datasets analyzed using LLMs we propose that a novice-led approach to analysis is a good fit. In our approach the human behaves as an expert prompting the novice LLM to provide insights related to topics of interest. We found this framework as a helpful mental model to ground the primary researcher prompting the LLM as they iteratively uncover insights from the dataset.
+
+### 6.2 Used prudently, LLMs can help increase time effectiveness and resource efficiency
+
+LLMs have advanced the field of natural language processing with their ability to understand and generate responses that closely mimic human language [33]. The strengths of LLMs extend beyond metrics, these models are adept at processing vast amounts of text rapidly, demonstrating a level of topic modeling that can mimic human analysis. Manual topic modeling is human labor intensive and time inefficient [7]. LLMs also enhance efficiency by streamlin-ing the processing of large datasets, allowing for the extraction of topics from qualitative data more quickly. Improvisations of these model using techniques like few-shot and zero-shot learning ca-pabilities further reduce the need for expensive data labeling and annotations. In a nutshell, LLMs boost speed, reduce human effort, scale to massive datasets, and lower labeling costs. However, human expertise is still essential for judgment, validation and end-to-end framework design.
+
+### 6.3 LLM augmented approaches offer significant increase in ease and enhanced context compared to traditional NLP approaches.
+
+Using a RAG approach towards an LLM-augmented qualitative re-search analyzing semi-structure interviews shows great promise compared to natural language processing methods like Latent Dirich-let allocation (LDA). Currently, there are no widely accepted meth-ods for comparing the two approaches as there is no bridge to compare keywords to themes, except from a human-evaluator ease of interpretability standpoint. We performed topic modeling anal-ysis on the same dataset with the broader aim of finding themes. Manually comparing both approaches, each researcher of this work-stream independently found that any of the approaches using an LLM yielded much greater context and consequently, better inter-pretability than the traditional LDA approach. This is likely because, with LDA, the model outputs a list of words and probability for each topic. With these words, the researcher would then have to manually define the topic. While this approach increases researcher flexibility, it remains time and resource consuming. In contrast,with the LLM approach, the output is richer in context of what par-ticular topics mean. For example, our LDA model yielded 5 topics (see: Appendix A Figure 3). The first 10 words for topic 1 can also be seen in Table 2. Putting these words together into a comprehensive theme can be challenging without more context. However, an LLM is able to generate context grounded in the participant's voice for researchers to work with. An example of an extracted theme and its corresponding anecdote using an LLM can also be seen in Table 2, above.
+
+| Distillbert-base-uncased | Precision | Recall | F1-Score |
|---|
+
+| Chain of Thought | 67% | 62% | 64% |
+
+| Few Shot | 72% | 67% | 70% |
+
+| Zero Shot | 68% | 66% | 67% |
+
+| RAG | 79% | 80% | 79% |
|---|
+
+| Bert-base-uncased | Precision | Recall | F1-Score |
|---|
+
+| Chain of Thought | 56% | 48% | 52% |
+
+| Few Shot | 64% | 56% | 60% | | Zero Shot | 59% | 55% | 57% |
+
+| RAG | 70% | 70% | 70% |
|---|
+
+| Roberta-large | Precision | Recall | F1-Score |
|---|
+
+| Chain of Thought | 89% | 85% | 87% | | Few Shot | 90% | 87% | 88% | | Zero Shot | 89% | 86% | 88% | | RAG | 92% | 91% | 91% |
|---|
+
+**Table 1: Comparison of Results across the LLM Enhanced Thematic Analysis Strategies Employed**
+
+|
+Example: Keywords from LDA Topic One
+Students
+Course
+Develop
+People
+Institution
+Project
+Science
+Discipline
+Material
+Start
+ |
+|
+Example: Output from LLM approach
+Collaboration: Co-creating resources and connecting with others
+Corresponding Anecdote: You can also in your teaching have students connect with people outside the course in various ways. Like, maybe some people outside the course are commenting on blogs and student are getting in a conversation around that.
+ |
+
+
+**Table 2: Example Output from LLM approach compared to Keywords from LDA Topic One**
+
+## 7 Recommendations
+
+Traditional qualitative research is evaluated based on several crite-ria that ensure quality and rigor of the research, both in terms of methods as well as findings. Prior research has established four cri-teria for increased rigor and trustworthiness of qualitative research studies around credibility, dependability, confirmability, and trans-ferability [24]. We recommend three ways in which quality criteria from traditional qualitative research can be used by practitioners employing LLM augmented analysis of qualitative data.
+
+### 7.1 Establishing credibility of findings by incorporating mechanism for member checks.
+
+Member checks, i.e., the strategy of soliciting insights from research participants on research findings, are often relied on as the gold standard for increasing trustworthiness of qualitative research ap-proaches (e.g., [29] [20]). Qualitative researchers employing LLMs can work on deepening their understanding of the research con-text using appropriate data-collection methods and tools that work best for particular contexts, as well as conduct adequate member checking to ensure the accuracy of findings.
+
+### 7.2 Practicing increased researcher reflexivity.
+
+Qualitative researchers are recommended that they acknowledge and address their own biases, thus recognizing the influence of their own experiences and opinions on the research process [15]. Similar exercises on reflectivity can also be helpful for researchers augmenting qualitative data analysis through employing LLMs. Researcher reflexivity in such instances can extend to querying the LLM to ask for rationale on why certain topics were extracted, grounding topics in anecdotes from the transcripts, and recognizing the influence the human researcher's prior knowledge and biases will have on the prompts used. Future work in extending LLMs for qualitative research should continue to draw on evaluation criteria grounded in traditional qualitative research paradigm.
+
+### 7.3 Increasing transparency of decisions made throughout the research study.
+
+Qualitative researchers are recommended to thoroughly document all decisions that guide their analysis process by providing thick descriptions, allowing for increased transparency. This practice enhances reliability and reproducibility of the research [24]. Quali-tative researchers employing LLMs should also similarly strategize maximizing transparency through mechanisms such as document-ing changes in workflow, sharing prompts, and detailing model preferences.
+
+## 8 Closing Thoughts
+
+The approach outlined in this paper offers a promising avenue for industry-based talent management practitioners seeking to in-crease the time and resource efficiency of qualitative interview data analysis. By leveraging large language models (LLMs) as novice
+
+qualitative research assistants, organizations can potentially ac-celerate the coding, categorization, and thematic synthesis of rich interview data - a critical bottleneck in many talent management research initiatives.
+
+However, as the field of LLM-assisted qualitative research ma-tures, it will be essential to not only benchmark model performance against traditional quantitative evaluation metrics, but also consider quality criteria more prominent within the qualitative research par-adigm. Factors such as credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability will need to be carefully evaluated as LLMs are integrated into qualitative workflows. Furthermore, the ethical use of AI assistants in sensitive domains like talent management will require close, multi-disciplinary attention to issues at the intersec-tion of data privacy, algorithmic bias, and model transparency, for which researchers will have to be trained [25].
+
+Future research should seek to establish guidelines and best practices for LLM-augmented qualitative analysis that uphold the rigor and trustworthiness expected within the qualitative research community. Only by doing so can talent management scholars and practitioners unlock the full potential of these powerful lan-guage models, while respecting the epistemological foundations of qualitative inquiry. As the field evolves, we believe that a judi-cious, ethically-grounded approach to LLM integration can yield substantial gains in research efficiency and organizational impact.
+
+## References
+
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+
+## A Results from analyzing the same dataset using an LDA Approach.
+
+Traditional topic modeling using approaches such as Latent Dirich-let Allocation (LDA) often present the most representative words
+
+for each generated topic. For instance, for Topic 1 words such as "students", "develop", "institution", "science", etc. were found impor-tant. Attempting to interpret the underlying thematic meaning of these word lists can be challenging without additional contextual information about how those words were used within the original corpus. In contrast, large language models (LLMs) have demon-strated the capability to synthesize the semantically related words and phrases into more coherent topical representations. This ability of LLMs to generate primitive yet formative contextual information threading together words and phrases of interest and thereby pro-vide researchers with a more insightful starting point for further analysis and interpretation of the latent topics uncovered through the LDA process.
+
+
+
+**Figure 3: Topic Modeling using LDA**
\ No newline at end of file
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@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+# The Interpretation of the flowers in Sons and Lovers
+
+## Abstract
+
+Sons and Lovers, written by DH Lawrence, is an earlier works that reflects both penetrating social problem and psychological problem. The theme of the novel is Paul Morel's relationship with his mother and her influence upon his development. This paper will talk about the symbol meanings of the flowers. In this novel, different flowers symbolize the three main different women, and reveal their human qualities, such as white lily symbolizes the pure mother's love; white roses and narcissi imply Miriam's pure spirit, whereas Miriam's intimacy to the flowers indicates that her tendency of possessing objects including Paul's soul; The crimson flowers refer to the passion of Clara. Here, the paper studies the relationship between flowers and main characters, showing that analyzing the meaning of the flowers is important to help us have a better understanding of the theme in the novel.
+
+**Key words**: flowers, relationship, character
+
+## Introduction
+Lawrence's novels are always full of vivid descriptions of natural environment to show that human beings need to live in a healthy and natural world. Also the natural objects such as trees, flowers, the moon and evenings imply symbolic meanings to make the novel significant. To understand the novel better, this paper tries to use a Semiotics approach to interpret the main symbols, so as to reveal the theme of the
+novel.
+
+In Classics of Semiotics edited by Martin Krampen, Semiotics is thus defined: As a science of sign processes, semiotics investigates all types of communication and information exchange among human beings, animals, plants, internal systems of organisms. Thus it encompasses most of the subject areas of the arts and the social science, as well as those of biology and medicine. According to this theory, there should be some certain connections between the different flower symbols and the three different kinds of women characters.
+
+## Chapter one: The Flowers Related to Mrs. Morel
+
+Everything Paul does is for his mother. As it is, the flowers he picked can prove us that his mother is his only intimate and his only confidant. We can see this unnatural love at any occasion in the novel:
+
+Then Paul fished out a little spray. He always brought her one spray, the best he could find. (63)
+
+"Here's a bit of new-mown hay," he said; then, again, he brought her forget-me-nots. And, again, his heart hurt with love, seeing her hand, used with work, holding the little bunch of flowers he gave her. She was perfectly happy." (114)
+
+When Paul takes his mother to Lincoln, She was bright and enthusiastic as ever, but as he sat opposite her in the railway carriage, she seemed to look frail. He had a momentary sensation as if she were sleeping away from him. Then he wanted to get hold of her, to fasten, almost to chain her. He felt he must keep hold of her with his hand. And later he bought her some blue violets. (222)
+
+We know that the mother's love to the son is abnormal, but they are not aware of it. And even this feeling grows unconsciously just like the scyllas flowers growing quietly when Mrs. Morel doesn't know:
+
+Under the fence, in a little bed, was a ravel of poor grassy leaves, such as come from very immature bulbs, and three scyllas in bloom. Mrs. Morel pointed to the deep blue flowers.
+
+"Now, just see those!" she exclaimed. "I was looking at the currant bushes, when, thinks I to myself, `There's something very blue; is it a bit of sugar-bag?' and there, behold you! Sugar-bag! Three glories of the snow, and such beauties! But where on earth did they come from?" (152)
+
+The white flowers are often related to Mrs. More to express her spiritual features. Let us examine the passage with which the first chapter of Sons and Lovers ends-where Mrs. Morel, pregnant with Paul, wanders deliriously in the garden, shut out of the house by Morel in his drunkenness. In the garden, she stands cold and isolated from the world, with great anguish, feeling the mystery of the nature and sensing the child within her womb:
+
+Mrs. Morel leaned on the garden gate, looking out, and she lost herself awhile. She did not know what she thought. Except for a slight feeling of sickness, and her consciousness in the child, herself melted out like scent into the shiny, pale air. After a time the child too, melted with her in the mixing-pot of moonlight, and she rested with the hills and lilies and houses, all swum together in a kind of swoon. (22)
+
+After getting back in the house, the moment she notices that her face is smeared with the yellow dust of the lilies, she gets relieved, thinking the overpowering scent of the lilies and strange cold light of the moon. It is such a mystical moment that she finds peace in the sensation of her unborn child. This scene is the first indication of a special bond between the mother and the son.
+
+Although it is very ordinary, sunflower in the novel is a symbol, too. It symbolizes the shelter that Paul seeks for. Wherever Paul goes, whatever he meets, he always seeks consolation from his mother, and his mother thinks so. We can see it from the following scenes:
+
+There was a lovely yellow ravel of sunflowers in the garden. She looked out of the window. "There are my sunflowers!" she said. (352)
+
+She sat propped in her chair, smiling, and so pretty. The gold wedding，ring shone on her white hand; Her hair was carefully brushed. And she watched the tangled sunflowers dying, the chrysanthemums coming out, and the dahlias. Paul and she were afraid of each other. He knew, and she knew, that she was dying. (357)
+
+When Mrs. Morel is alive, the sunflower is flourishing, and when she is dying, the sunflowers are dying.
+
+## CHAPTER 2 :The Flowers Related to Miriam
+
+Miriam loves flowers, but her love is unnatural. She "caress it with her mouth and cheeks and brow" (201). To her, "flowers appeared with such strength she felt she must make them part of herself" (160). The description of Miriam's love to the flowers indicates two aspects: 1. It is not appreciation of nature, but a sense of possession. 2. A sense of religion. For her, "she was cut off from ordinary life by her religious intensity which made the world for her either a nunnery garden or a paradise, where sin or else are ugly, cruel thing" (138). As a result, the love between Paul and her is doomed to be a failure. We can see this view from the following.
+
+Paul passed along a fine row of sweet-peas, gathering a blossom here and there, all cream and pale blue. Miriam followed, breathing the fragrance. To her, flowers appealed with such strength she felt she must make them part of herself. When she bent and breathed a flower, it was, as if she and the flowers were loving each other. Paul hated her for it. There seemed a sort of exposure about the action, something too intimate. (160-1)
+
+Miriam loves the flowers in a very intimate way; she always embraces and breathes the flowers, as if they loved each other. It seems that she wants to possess them. Just as Paul said that she wants to “suck them”, it also shows Miriam's unusual love to things including Paul. The narration of Miriam always connects with white roses and Christian figures to show her pure spirit and religious emotions. However, all these behaviors make Paul feel annoyed, believing that she wanted the soul out of his body, and not him. “She wanted to draw all of him into her.” (179)
+
+Lawrence uses flowers to objectify the considerably milder sexual attraction of Miriam. In chapter VII:
+
+The place was decorated for Easter. In the front hundreds of white narcissi seemed to be growing. The air was dim and thrilled with a subtle scent of lilies and narcissi. In that atmosphere Miriam's soul came into a glow…Miriam turned to him. Her soul expanded into prayer beside him. He felt the strange fascination of shadowy religious places. All his latent mysticism quivered into life. She was drawn to him. He was a prayer along with her. (155)
+
+Lilies and narcissi in the scene indicate both Miriam’s virgin and her pure soul. And sex-consciousness always fills her with shame. But Paul is so attractive to her, so she would rather sacrifice herself to get the soul of him.
+
+In the book, I believe Miriam may be the most miserable figure. While she has no idea what the religion has influenced her, she fails to get Paul, no matter how hard she tries.
+
+## Chapter three: The Flowers Related to Clara
+
+Clara is a woman different from Mrs. Morel and Miriam. If we say the latter are spiritual, the former is passionate.
+
+In the novel, being the symbol of passion, she is always connected with crimson. This is the first time that Paul meets Clara in formal occasion. The crimson nasturtiums that come out from the cool green shadow of their leaves predict the coming of Clara. What is more, it also gives hints that Paul will seek a sort of fire in passion. Here is the scene in which Paul picks flowers with Miriam and Clara:
+
+She was kneeling, bending forward still to smell the flowers. Her neck gave him a sharp pang, such a beautiful thing, yet not proud of itself just now. Her breasts swung slightly in her blouse. The arching curve of her back was beautiful and strong; she wore no stays. Suddenly, without knowing, he was scattering a handful of cowslips over her hair and neck, saying: "Ashes to ashes, and dust to dust, If the Lord won't have you the devil must." The chill flowers fell on her neck. She looked up at him, with almost pitiful, scared grey eyes, wondering what he was doing. Flowers fell on her face, and she shut her eyes. (220)
+
+The flowers in the novel stand for the Clara’s charm without doubt. And Paul is drawn into it completely.
+
+When Paul and Clara went out, "He bought her a bunch of scarlet, brick-red carnations. She put them in her coat, flushing. (284)
+
+When she arose, he, looking on the ground all the time, saw suddenly sprinkled on the black wet beech-roots many scarlet carnation petals, like splashed drops of blood; and red, small splashes fell from her bosom, streaming down her dress to her feet. (289)
+
+Paul and Clara are enjoying the joys. Clara gets aware that she is a woman again, feeling proud and content, and she begins to ask for more. She not only demands the combination of the fleshy body, but also eager to the communication of spirit. When Paul gives her a bunch of crimson carnation, thinking the color is fit her most, and tallies with her fervent personality, Clara says: "I'd rather have had something softer" (284). It indicates that she longs for spiritual communication besides passion. Although Paul hopes the harmony of reason and emotion, he ignores Clara's demand, thinking she is too shallow to hold him, and to understand him like Miriam.
+
+In all, Clara's indiscretion makes their first intimacy easy for Paul, despite the hazards. However, they only are able to have sexual connection rather than spiritual words. An old lady in the novel once presents Clara with "three tiny dahlias in full blow, neat as bees, and speckled scarlet and white" (291). And it is clear that their getting together is made "because we were jolly."
+
+## Conclusion
+
+As a writer, Lawrence has a great influence on Modern English literature, for he saw the empty soul of the flourishing society. The sons and loves is one of the great novels, and it is rich of all kinds of flowers between the lines, which, to some extent, is important for readers to understand the characters and the themes. After all, the symbolic interpretation of the main objects described many times in the novel has great benefits, and we should learn the flowers seriously in the future research of the sons and lovers.
+
+## Works cited
+
+Neil Champion. D. H. Lawrence: Life & Works. Hove: Wayland Publications, 1989. Nigel Messenger, How to Study a D. H. Lawrence Novel. New York: Macmillan Publications, 1989.
+
+Martin Krampen and Klaus Oehler. Classics of Semiotics. New York: Plenum Publications, 1987.
+
+Terry Eagleton. Literary Theory: An introduction. Oxford: Basil Blackwe11, 1983. Gamini Salgado. D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers. Houndmills: Macmillan, 1969. Dennis Jackson and Fleda Brown Jacson. “Critical Essays on D. H. Lawrence” G.K.H: Massachusetts, 1988.
+
+D. H. Lawrence, Sons and Lovers (Beijing: China International Business and Economics Press, 2000)
+
+Robert Scholes. Semiotics and Interpretation. Haven: Yale University Press, 1982 Chen Zhi'an and Liu Jiarong. New Horizons in Language and Semiotics in China (Sichuan: Chengdu, 1999).
+
+Denny Jackson and Fleda Brown Jacson. Critical Essays on D. H. Lawrence (G.K.H: Massachusetts, 1988).
\ No newline at end of file
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+
+
+# 电化学法制备高密度导电聚吡咯的性能研究*
+
+王杰 徐友龙† 陈曦 杜显锋 李喜飞
+
+(西安交通大学电信学院, 西安 710049)
+(2006年11月3日收到; 2006年12月6日收到修改稿)
+
+系统地研究了溶剂、温度和聚合电流密度对电化学制备本征导电聚吡咯(PPy)膜密度的影响,分别用四探针法和热失重(TG)法研究了不同密度的PPy膜的电导率和热稳定性。用循环伏安法(CV)和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)法比较了不同密度的PPy膜的电化学性能。研究表明,在室温下,在乙氰/水(AN/H₂O, 99/1)溶液比在水溶液中容易得到高密度的PPy膜。高聚合电流密度(如10 mA/cm²)可以进一步提高PPy膜的密度。用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对其结构进行了分析。在AN/H₂O(99/1)溶液中用小电流密度(0.1 mA/cm²)聚合时,低温(-20℃)有利于提高PPy膜的密度;然而在高电流密度(10 mA/cm²)时,低温(-20℃)不利于提高PPy膜的密度。高密度的PPy膜(1.42 g/cm³)用电流密度10 mA/cm²在0℃的AN/H₂O(99/1)溶液中制得。该合成方法和常用的低温低电流密度方法制备高密度的PPy膜相比,合成时间短,条件易实现,更利于实用化。更重要的是,高密度的PPy膜不仅具有高电导率(~220 S/cm)和高热稳定性,还具有低的电化学活性。因此,高密度的PPy膜不仅是一种优异的电子导电的电极材料,而且是一种潜在的优异的防腐材料。
+
+关键词: 聚吡咯膜, 密度, 电导率, 热稳定性
+**PACC:** 8235, 7360, 8160
+
+## 1. 引 言
+
+自从上世纪70年代末,电子导电聚合物(ECP)问世以来,由于优异的物理与化学性质以及在电解电容器[1,2]、传感器[3]、执行器[4,5]、电化学储能[6,7]、微波[8]、光通讯[8]、光伏电池[9]和电致发光[10,11]等领域中的潜在运用,ECP材料就得到了广泛的研究。其中,聚吡咯(PPy)不仅表现出优异的性能[1-8,13],而且还具有环境友好[14]与合成容易的优势,因此得到广泛的关注。特别是,PPy作为一种良好的电子导电和热稳定性电极材料,目前在固体电解电容器领域国内已经实现产业化并得到实际运用[15]。当然,如果PPy的电导率和热稳定性能得到进一步提高,不仅可以进一步提高固体电解电容器的性能,而且还将具有更广泛的运用前景。
+
+近年来,电化学原位合成的PPy膜在金属防腐方面的研究又吸引了科学家们的兴趣。根据前人的研究结果,尽管有多种防腐机理,如原电池效应[16]、聚合物协助金属生成钝化层[17]和物理隔离[18]等,但高密度的PPy膜总会比相同成分的低密度的PPy膜具有更好的防腐效果[19,20]。然而,电化学合成PPy膜的密度通常在0.6—0.8 g/cm³。目前高密度的PPy膜是通过电化学还原或热处理除去掺杂对离子得到[20]。但这样会降低PPy膜导电性甚至引起PPy降解。更理想的办法是直接合成高密度的PPy膜。通常认为,在低温和低电流密度下有利于得到更规整的PPy,因而可以得到更高密度的PPy膜[21]。Yoon等[22]在玻璃碳电极上电流密度0.02 mA/cm² 在-40℃下制备了密度约为1.4 g/cm³的PPy膜。但是,该方法不仅需要很低的温度,而且由于聚合电流很小,需要较长的聚合时间,不利于实用化。
+
+在本文中,高密度、高导电率的PPy膜在乙氰/水(AN/H₂O)混合溶剂中用高电流密度在较短的时间内制备。同时发现,在高聚合电流密度下,太低的聚合温度(例如-20℃)并不利于得到高密度、高导电率的PPy膜。然后用热失重分析考察了不同密度的PPy膜的热稳定性。用XPS表征了高密度PPy膜的结构,并对其高密度、高电导率和高热稳定性做出了初步的解释。最后用循环伏安（CV）和电化学阻抗谱（EIS）等方法研究了高密度的 PPy 膜的电化学性能.
+
+
+\* 国家自然科学基金（批准号：50473033）和高等学校博士学科点专项科研基金（批准号：20040698016）资助的课题.
+† E-mail：ylxu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn
+
+## 2. 实 验
+
+### 2.1. 聚吡咯膜的制备
+
+电化学合成在单一电解池中进行.工作电极为钽电极(15 mm×15 mm),对电极为铂电极.吡咯单体（Py，Fluka）浓度为0.1 mol/L,使用前减压蒸馏.在所有的电化学聚合中,对甲基苯磺酸(TOSH)作为支撑盐并提供掺杂离子甲基苯磺酸根(TOS⁻),其浓度为0.1 mol/L.系统地调节聚合溶液中乙氰(AN)和水的比例、聚合电流密度和聚合温度.聚合完成后,用刀片从工作电极上剥下自支撑的PPy膜,多次洗涤,烘干以备测试.
+
+### 2.2. 聚吡咯膜的表征
+
+X射线光电子能谱分析在英国VG公司生产的ESCALABMKⅡ多功能电子能谱仪上进行,发射源为镁靶.热重(TGA)分析在Dupont TA-2000型热分析系统上进行.电导率采用四探针法测得.质量采用瑞士梅特勒-托利多(Mettler-Toledo)公司的AG 135型电子天平(精度0.1 mg)测试.
+
+### 2.3 聚吡咯膜的电化学性能测试
+
+所有电化学测试均在带阻抗测试功能的VMP2型电化学工作站(普林斯顿应用研究)上进行,对电极为铂电极,参比电极为饱和甘汞电极(SCE,以下所有电位均相对于SCE).循环伏安测试扫描速率为5 mV/s,电位范围为-0.3—0.3V.电化学阻抗谱测试是在工作电极在溶液中浸泡4 h后,在开路电位(OCP)上加振幅为10 mV的正弦交流电位进行测试,测试频率为100 kHz—10 mHz.
+
+## 3. 结果与讨论
+
+在室温下，用不同聚合电流密度（$J_p $）在纯水溶剂和AN/H₂O（体积比99/1）混合溶剂中制备的PPy膜的密度（$\rho $）如表1所示。从表1可以看出，在水溶剂中合成的PPy膜的密度在0.6—0.8g/cm³之间，和文献相符合.然而在AN/H₂O（99/1）的混合溶剂中制备的PPy膜的密度在1.1-1.3 g/cm³.但在纯乙氰溶剂中，我们很难得到均匀的 PPy 膜，并且聚合效率低，聚合溶液很快由无色变成黑色.在乙氰溶剂中加入少量的水可以提高聚合效率和制得更高电导率的 PPy 膜，这是公认的事实，但是其机理仍不明确，目前有以下几种解释. 其一，少量的水影响了吡咯在聚合初期形成的中间体自由基阳离子的结构而减少了 PPy 聚合初期产物的溶解[23].其二，因为 PPy 的聚合机理是自由基阳离子的耦合，而少量的水的存在可以减小自由基阳离子间的排斥而增加聚合速率[24，25].其三，水俘获了在聚合过程中产生的质子[26，27]，如果这些质子由电极/溶液界面的吡咯单体或刚在电极表面聚合的 PPy 俘获，将阻碍吡咯的进一步聚合.在纯有机溶剂中，这些质子还可能使 PPy 生成不共轭的齐聚物，而影响其导电性[28，29]. 总之，在乙氰中加少量的水，特别是用 TOS⁻ 作为掺杂离子时[30]，有利于得到更加规整的 PPy 而提高其电导率和密度.
+
+表 1 PPy 膜的密度与电导率与合成条件的关系
+
+
+
+| Jp/(mA/cm2) |
+AN/H2O (V/V) |
+ρ/(g/cm3) |
+σ/(S/cm) |
+
+
+| 0.1 |
+0 |
+0.73 |
+30 |
+
+
+| 1 |
+0 |
+0.64 |
+5 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+0 |
+0.78 |
+90 |
+
+
+| 0.1 |
+99/1 |
+1.20 |
+120 |
+
+
+| 1 |
+99/1 |
+1.11 |
+110 |
+
+
+| 10 |
+99/1 |
+1.26 |
+160 |
+
+
+
+从表1还可以看出,在两种溶液中,聚合电流密度为1mA/cm²制备的PPy膜的密度最低.更低的电流密度,例如0.1 mA/cm²有利于得到更高密度的PPy膜.这是由于在低电流密度,合成的PPy链将更加规整,缺陷更少,因此密度更高[31].然而,更高的密度却是在聚合电流密度10 mA/cm²下制得,这似乎和前人得出的低电流密度有利于得到高密度和高电导率的PPy膜结论相矛盾,因此我们对在AN/H₂O(99/1)的溶液中用电流密度10 mA/cm²制备的PPy膜进行了XPS分析.其N原子的1s电子的XPS谱如图1所示.
+
+
+
+图 1 高电流密度(10 mA/cm²)合成的 PPy 膜的 N1s 的 XPS图
+
+从图1中可以看出,高密度的PPy膜的N 1s电子的XPS谱图由两部分组成,代表一维结构的中心能级在399.7 eV的峰和代表二维结构的中心能级在401.9 eV的峰[32].这说明在高电流密度下制备的PPy 膜中含有大量的二维结构.这两种结构最早由Schmerβer 等给出[33],分为平面型(类石墨)和非平面型两种.在一维结构中,PPy 链间依靠范德华力结合，而二维结构中,链间用共价键连接.因此二维结构可以减小了 PPy 链间的距离而增加了 PPy 膜的密度.因此,在低电流密度合成的一维结构 PPy 膜时，低的电流密度有利于得到更规整的一维结构而提高 PPy 膜的密度;而较高的电流密度(> 3 mA/cm²)[34]却有利于得到二维结构的 PPy 因而提高了 PPy 膜的密度.
+
+在 AN/H₂O(99/1)的溶液中进一步研究了温度对 PPy 密度的影响.在电流密度为 0.1 mA/cm² 和 10mA/cm²下温度和 PPy 膜的密度的关系分别如图2(a)所示.从图2(a)可以看出,在低电流密度下（0.1 mA/cm²）,随着的温度的降低,PPy 膜的密度逐渐增加,这是由于在低的聚合温度下,一维结构的 PPy 链的缺陷较少,链间更加规整[35],因此 PPy 膜的密度会更高.另一方面,当聚合电流密度为 10 mA/cm² 时,在室温下制备的 PPy 膜的密度为 1.26 g/cm³ ,如表1和图2(a)所示,随着聚合温度的降低, PPy 膜密度逐渐增加,但当聚合温度低于 0℃ 时, PPy 密度随温度降低而降低,这可能是低温不利于反应物扩散导致的。最高密度的 PPy 在 0℃ 附近得到,如图2(a)所示,其密度高达1.42 g/cm³,与Yoon等[22]在低温(−40℃)、低电流密度(0.02—0.05 mA/cm²)条件下得到的值相近。但是,PPy的密度还与聚合电量有关,用电流0.02—0.05 mA/cm²聚合需要在-40℃下聚合15—40 h,成本高,周期长。而在0℃下用电流密度10 mA/cm²聚合,聚合时间仅需几分钟,成本低,周期短,更具有实用性。
+
+PPy 的电导率($\sigma$)与溶剂,电流密度和温度的关系分别如表1和图2(b)所示。从表1和图2可以发现,制备条件对电导率的影响规律与对密度的影响规律是一致的。也就是说,在低聚合电流密度下,低温有利于得到高电导率的PPy。这是由于低温有利于使低电流密度得到的一维结构的PPy链更加规整和缺陷较少,有利于PPy电导率的提高[31,35]。另一方面,高电流密度有利于得到的二维结构的PPy而具有高电导率[34]。因此,本文中最高电导率的PPy (~220 S/cm)在0℃的AN/H₂O(99/1)溶剂中,用电流密度10 mA/cm²制得。
+
+
+
+图2 在AN/H₂O(99/1)中合成的PPy膜的密度（a）和电导率（b）与合成温度和电流密度的关系
+
+另外,PPy的高密度也有利于提高其电导率,因为PPy的电阻主要来源于链间电阻[36,37],在相同的结构下,更高密度的PPy有利于减小链间电阻而提高PPy的导电性。
+
+我们用热失重(TG)法考察了用常规方法(室温,TOSH 水溶液,电流密度1 mA/cm²)制备的低密度的PPy(Low density PPy, LD-PPy, ~0.7 g/cm³)和在0℃的AN/H₂O(99/1)中用电流密度10 mA/cm² 制备的高密度的PPy(High density PPy, HD-PPy, ~1.4 g/cm³)的热稳定性。它们在空气中的热失重曲线如图3所示。首先,在50—100℃开始有一个轻微的失重,这是由PPy膜的吸附水蒸发引起[38]。随着温度的增加,第一次大量的失重分别发生在210℃和270℃附近,这是由于掺杂离子TOS⁻脱掺杂引起的[39]。第二次大量失重分别发生在400℃和450℃附近,这是由于PPy链在热和空气的作用下分子链发生降解所致[40]。我们可以看出,首先,HD-PPy比LD-PPy有更少的吸附水;其次,HD-PPy比LD-PPy的脱掺杂温度高约60℃,这是由于高密度的PPy阻碍了对离子的脱去;再次,HD-PPy的分子链的热降解温度也明显高于LD-PPy,这是由于二维结构的分子链具有更高的热稳定性;最后,HD-PPy的失重率也低于LD-PPy。综上所述,HD-PPy比LD-PPy表现出更高的热稳定性。
+
+
+
+图3 低密度(曲线 1)和高密度(曲线 2)PPy 膜的热失重曲线
+
+上述的相同聚合电量的LD-PPy 和 HD-PPy 在3.5wt% NaCl溶液中的循环伏安曲线如图4所示,扫描速率为5mV/s。LD-PPy的循环伏安曲线呈矩形,表现出快速的离子嵌入/脱嵌过程和较大的电化学容量[41],而在相同扫描速率下HD-PPy的电流响应比LD-PPy小得多,约为其1/10。也就是说,溶液中的阴离子(Cl⁻)难以进入HD-PPy。3.5wt% NaCl溶液是防腐性能测试常用的测试液之一[17]。从上可以看出,HD-PPy在对腐蚀阴离子具有明显的阻碍作用,将是一种优异的防腐材料。
+
+
+
+图4 低密度（曲线1）和高密度（曲线2）的PPy膜在 NaCl溶液中的CV曲线
+
+采用电化学阻抗谱(EIS)进一步研究了两种密度的PPy在3.5wt% NaCl溶液中的电化学行为。上述的LD-PPy和HD-PPy的EIS见图5。阻抗谱主要由用两部分组成,高频区的半圆表示界面电荷转移的电化学电阻,低频的斜线表示离子扩散机理[42].LD-PPy在低频时阻抗曲线的虚部几乎垂直于实部,表现出离子可以快速进出 PPy 膜,具有较好的电化学容量行为;而 HD-PPy 在低频时其阻抗曲线的虚部与实部呈 45°角,表现出 Warburg 扩散机理[43],也就是HD-PPy 对溶液中的离子进入 PPy 膜表现出有效的阻挡作用.
+
+
+
+图5 密度(曲线1)和高密度(曲线2)的PPy膜在NaCl溶液中的EIS图
+
+用软件 ZSimpWin 模拟可以发现,LD-PPy 的 EIS 曲线可以用图5左上角的电路来模拟,而 HD-PPy 的EIS 曲线可以用图 5 右下角的电路来有效的模拟.其中,Rs表示溶液电阻,Cdl表示高频时 PPy 膜的电双层电容，Rct 表示电荷转移电阻,Q表示常相位角元件,由Y0 和 n 两个参数来表示,当 n = 1 时表示理想电容，n = 0 时表示理想电阻,n = -1 时表示理想电感.W 表示 Warburg 扩散,是 Q 的参数 n = 0.5的一种特殊情况.模拟结果表明,LD-PPy 表现出在高频时具有较低的电荷转移电阻(0.37 Ω/cm²)和较高的电双层容量(0.098 F/cm²),在低频时也表现出较好的电化学容量行为,Q的Y0 = 0.37 S·sⁿ/cm²,n = 0.88,表明溶液中的阴离子容易进入PPy膜并容易发生电荷交换.HD-PPy 在高频时电荷转移电阻为80 Ω/cm²,电双层容量不能用纯电容Cdl来模拟,只能用常相位角元件Q来模拟,Q的Y0 = 0.2 S·sⁿ/cm²,n = 0.69.W的Y0 = 0.09 S·s⁰.⁵/cm².HD-PPy 高的电荷转移电阻,低的电双层容量和低频 Warburg 扩散表明溶液中的腐蚀离子难以进入HD-PPy膜. 再次表明 HD-PPy 是一种潜在的优异的防腐材料.
+
+## 4. 结论
+
+PPy 膜在 AN/H₂O(99/1)的对甲基苯磺酸根溶液中电化学合成时可以得到比水溶液中更高的密度.在该溶液里,低温时(低于0℃)，低电流密度(小于0.1 mA/cm²)有利于得到高密度的PPy，但是在0℃时，高电流密度(例如10 mA/cm²)有利于合成二维结构的PPy,因此可以得到更高密度的PPy膜.本文中得到的高密度的PPy(HD-PPy)的密度约为1.42g/cm³.与在水溶液中用常规的方法合成的低密度的PPy(LD-PPy,密度约为0.6—0.8g/cm³)相比，HD-PPy具有更高的电导率(约220 S/cm)和热稳定性以及更低的电化学活性.因此,HD-PPy不仅是一种优异的电子导电电极材料,而且将是一种潜在的优异的防腐材料.
+
+
+
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+
+# Properties of electropolymerized high density polypyrrole films*
+
+Wang Jie Xu You-Long† Chen Xi Du Xian-Feng Li Xi-Fei(School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi' an Jiaotong University, Xi' an 710049, China)(Received 3 November 2006; revised manuscript received 6 December 2006)
+
+Abstract
+
+The high density PPy films ( HD-PPy, ρ > 1.4 g/cm³ ) doped with p-toluenesulfonate ( TOS⁻ ) counterions were electropolymerized by a facile approach in H₂O and acetonitrile ( AN ) mixed solvent. The structure and electrochemical properties of the HD-PPy films were measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy ( XPS ), thermogravimetric ( TG ) analysis , cyclic voltammetry ( CV ) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy ( EIS ). The results show that appropriate ratio of AN/H₂O ( 99/1 ) could be favorable to increase the density of PPy films. Further enhancement of the density could be obtained by using higher current density ( such as 10mA/cm² ), as it favors the formation of two-dimensional structure. Generally , low temperature of polymerization , Tₚ( e. g. – 20℃ ), is advantageous to the enhancement of density and conductance of PPy films. But if Tₚ is too low , it beesmes disadvantageous in case of the high current density of polymerization. The HD-PPy films ( 1.42 g/cm³ ) were obtained at 0 ℃ with 10 mA/cm² in AN/H₂O ( 99/1 ) solution. Furthermore , HD-PPy films were characterized not only by high electronic conductivity ( ~ 220S/cm ) and high thermal stability , but also by low electrochemical activity. It was indicated that the HD-PPy would be not only an excellent electrode material but also a promising corrosion protection material.
+
+**Keywords**: polypyrrole film, density, conductivity, stability
+**PACC**: 8235, 7360, 8160
+
+
+\* Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50473033) and the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No. 20040698016).
+† E-mail : ylxu@mail.xjtu.edu.cn.
\ No newline at end of file
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+# 西藏概况
+
+西藏自治区人民政府网
+
+西藏自治区简称藏。位于中国的西南边陲,青藏高原的西南部。面积122.84万平方公里,约占中国总面积的八分之一,仅次于新疆维吾尔自治区。南北最宽约1000公里,东西最长达2000公里,是世界上面积最大,海拔最高的高原,有“世界屋脊”之称。它北邻新疆,东北紧靠青海,东西接连四川,东南界云南,南边和西部与缅甸、印度、不丹、锡金、尼泊尔等国接壤。国境线长达3842公里,是中国西南边陲的重要门户,战略位置十分重要。
+
+## 行政区划
+
+西藏自治区首府为拉萨市。有6个地级市、1个地区,74个县。
+
+## 气候
+
+西藏空气稀薄,气压低,含氧量少,平均空气密度为海平面空气密度的60%-70%,高原空气含氧量比海平面少35%-40%。太阳辐射强烈,日照时间长,年日照时数为1443.5-3574.3小时,其中阿里地区大部、日喀则市西部在3000小时以上,那曲市中西部、日喀则市东部、山南市西部为2800--3300小时,那曲市东部、昌都市西部、拉萨河河谷、年楚河河谷为2500-3000小时。气温低,积温少,昼夜温差大,年平均气温为-2.4℃ -12.1℃,自东南向西北递减,月平均气温6月或7月最高,1月最低,大部分地区气温日较差在15℃以上,气温日较差冬季大、夏季小。降水少,季节性明显,夜雨率高,年降水量在66.3-894.5毫米之间,呈东南向西北递减分布规律,年内降水高度集中在5-9月,占年降水量的80-95。干季时间长,多大风,夏季多冰雹和雷暴,大部分地区年大风日数在30天以上,西部和北部高达100-160天,以冬、春季最多,西藏冰雹多,居全国之首。气象灾害种类多,发生频率高,干旱、洪涝、雪灾、霜冻、冰雹、雷电、大风、沙尘暴等灾害性天气频繁发生。气候类型复杂,垂直变化大,自东南向西北依次为:热带、亚热带、高原温带、高原亚寒带、高原寒带。区域气候变暖明显,尤其是1991-2010年西藏增温强烈,升温率达0.79℃/10年,明显高于全国其他区域。
+
+## 自然资源和物产
+
+全区各类天然草场面积有0.83亿公顷,占全区土地面积的67%,约占中国天然草场面积的26% 森林覆盖面积达632万公顷,占西藏土地面积的5% 约占全国森林面积的5.5%,森林总蓄积量为14.4亿立方米,占中国总蓄积量的14%;耕地面积为22.15万公顷,占西藏土地面积的0.18%,另有一定数量未开垦的后备资源。主要农区分布在藏南雅鲁藏布江河谷地区,藏南山地和谷地以及藏东“三江”流域峡谷地区。其耕地约占全区耕地面积的65%,粮食产量占70%。
+
+已探明的矿产达70多种,已探明储量的26种矿产中,有11种的储量分别名列中国的前5位。铬铁矿质量好,品位高达50%左右,已经探明的远景储量居中国之冠;铜矿的远景储量仅次于江西省。藏东玉龙大型班岩铜矿储量高达600多万吨,世界罕见。锂的远景储量居世界前列。非金属矿中石膏居中国第二位;硼砂、菱镁矿、重晶石居中国第三位;砷、白云母、泥炭居中国第四位;陶瓷土居中国第五位。还有食盐、天然碱、芒硝、硫、磷、钾、硅藻土、冰洲石、大理石、刚玉、水晶、玛瑙等多种矿产。
+
+水能、地热能、太阳能、风能等均非常可观,尤以水能资源最为丰富。全区平均径流总量约3590亿立方米,年平均天然水能蕴藏量约为2亿千瓦,约占中国的30%。水能集中在西藏的东南部地区,约占全区的70%,仅雅鲁藏布江干流,天然水能蕴藏量即达8000万千瓦,经初步考察,雅鲁藏布江干流上可建水电站的河段和地点就有10多处。特别是如果在雅鲁藏布江下游大场弯峡谷附近开凿一条36公里的隧道,将江水由巴宜区的派区直接引到墨脱县的里冬桥,便可获得2190米的落差,可建起装机容量为4000万千瓦的巨型水电站,将成为中国和世界最大的水电站。西藏的地热显示点有600多处,地热能蕴藏量居中国首位。初步估算,西藏地热总热流量为55万千卡/秒。西藏当雄羊八井地热田为中国最大的高温湿蒸汽热田,也是世界大型热田之一。
+
+西藏的高等植物有5766种之多。粮食作物主要有青稞、小麦,豆类作物主要有蚕豆、豌豆,油料作物主要有油菜籽。在藏东南亚热带地区,还产水稻、玉米、荞麦、鸡爪谷、高梁、花生、芝麻等。水果有苹果、桃、梨、香蕉、橘子、葡萄、西瓜等。西藏的苹果现已实现自给有余。经济作物有核桃、茶叶。
+
+## 人口
+
+根据人口抽样调查资料推算 年末全区常住人口总数为350.56万人,比上年净增加6.74万人。其中,城镇人口110.57万人,占总人口的31.5%;乡村人口239.99万人,占总人口的68.5%。人口出生率14.6‰,死亡率4.5‰,自然增长率10.1‰。
+
+## 综合
+
+初步核算,2019年,实现地区生产总值(GDP)1697.82亿元,按可比价计算,比上年增长8.1%。其中,第一产业增加值138.19亿元,增长4.6%;第二产业增加值635.62亿元,增长7.0%;第三产业增加值924.01亿元,增长9.2%。人均地区生产总值48902元,增长6.0%。按年平均美元汇率折算,人均地区生产总值7088.8美元。
+
+## 农牧业
+
+全年农作物种植面积 269.77 千公顷,比上年增加 0.84 千公顷。其中,青稞面积 139.19 千公顷,减少 0.39 千公顷;小麦面积 32.35 千公顷,增加 0.61 千公顷;油菜籽面积 21.45 千公顷,减少 1.01 千公顷;蔬菜面积 25.83 千公顷,增加 1.83 千公顷。
+
+全年粮食总产量 104.69 万吨,比上年增长 0.3%,其中,青稞 79.29 万吨,增长 1.9%。油菜籽 5.69 万吨，下降 2.2%。蔬菜 77.49 万吨，增长 6.8%。
+
+年末牲畜存栏总数 1702.81 万头(只、匹)，比上年末减少 23.65 万头(只、匹)。其中，牛 621.89 万头，增加 15.16 万头；羊 1016.98 万只，减少 29.09 万只。全年猪牛羊肉产量达 27.75 万吨，比上年下降 0.2%。奶类产量 46.66 万吨，增长 14.2%。
+
+## 财政、金融和保险
+
+全年实现一般公共预算收入 222.00 亿元，比上年下降 3.6%。其中，税收收入 157.52 亿元，增长 1.1%。实现一般公共预算支出 2180.88 亿元，增长 10.6%。其中，与民生息息相关的卫生健康、农林水事务、交通运输、教育、科学技术、社会保障和就业、住房保障等七项民生相关支出合计 1409.33 亿元，增长 17.3%，占一般公共预算支出 64.6%。
+
+年末，全区金融机构人民币存款余额 4973.91 亿元，比上年增长 0.9%。其中，住户存款 960.19 亿元，增长 3.8%。金融机构人民币贷款余额 4695.22 亿元，增长 3.1%。
+
+全年保险公司保费收入 36.65 亿元，比上年增长 9.6%。财产保险保费收入 24.76 亿元，增长 11.7%。其中，机动车辆险保费收入 12.76 亿元，增长 13.8%。人身险保费收入 11.90 亿元，增长 5.3%。其中，寿险保费收入 4.82 亿元，增长 10.0%；意外险保费收入 3.10 亿元，下降 10.9%；健康险保费收入 3.99 亿元，增长 15.8%。全年共支付各类赔款 22.58 亿元，增长 25.5%。
+
+## 对外贸易
+
+2019 年，全区货物进出口总额 48.76 亿元，比上年增长 2.6%。其中，出口 37.45 亿元，增长 31.1%；进口 11.30 亿元，下降 40.4%。
+
+在进出口贸易中，边境小额贸易 29.33 亿元，比上年增长 21.6%。其中，出口 29.01 亿元，增长 21.6%；进口 0.33 亿元，增长 20.0%。
+
+2019 年，我区与 71 个国家或地区有贸易往来，前三大贸易伙伴是尼泊尔、印度尼西亚和美国。其中对尼泊尔贸易总额31.65亿元比上年增长26.7%,占全部进出口的64.9%;对印度尼西亚贸易总额4.30亿元增长132.7倍;对美国贸易总额1.76亿元,下降40.9%。
+
+## 国内贸易
+
+全年社会消费品零售总额649.33亿元,比上年增长8.7%。按销售单位所在地分,城镇消费品零售额540.80亿元,增长7.9%;乡村消费品零售额108.53亿元,增长12.8%。按消费形态分,商品零售539.29亿元,增长8.4%;餐饮收入110.04亿元,增长10.0%。
+
+在限额以上批发和零售业零售额中,增长较快的有:棉麻类增长24.6倍,家具类增长5.2倍,体育、娱乐用品类增长59.1%,服装、鞋帽、针纺织品类增长56.6%,汽车类增长35.3%。
+
+## 固定资产投资
+
+全年固定资产投资总额比上年下降2.1%。按产业分,第一产业投资下降27.5%,第二产业投资下降10.8%,第三产业投资增长1.5%。按经济类型分,国有经济投资下降10.4%,集体经济投资增长69倍,个体经济投资下降9.2%,其他各种经济类型投资增长17.9%。全年民间投资增长2.9%。
+
+在固定资产投资中,农林牧渔业投资比上年下降26.5%,采矿业投资增长94.9%,制造业投资增长13.5%,电力、燃气及水的生产和供应业投资增长1.3%,建筑业投资下降95.7%,交通运输、仓储和邮政业投资下降6.0%,信息传输、软件和信息技术服务业投资下降40.8%,批发和零售业投资下降49.5%,住宿和餐饮业投资下降17.6%,金融业投资增长1倍,租赁和商务服务业投资增长77.8%,科学研究和技术服务业投资下降15.9%,水利、环境和公共设施管理业投资下降11.6%,居民服务、修理和其他服务业投资下降42.3%,教育投资增长47.6%,卫生和社会工作投资下降9.5%,文化、体育和娱乐业投资增长16.3%,公共管理、社会保障和社会组织投资下降23.9%。
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_34.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_34.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..70e775fa9d51584792419313da56ddf4a507018d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_34.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1552 @@
+# 凝胶过滤层析
+
+新一代分子筛尺寸排阻层析(SEC)预装柱
+
+适合小规模制备及分析更高的分辨率和更短的实验时间
+
+
+
+"Increase" 平台是我们新一代的分子筛预装柱，专门为小规模的制备纯化及分析设计。
+
+相比原有的高分辨率分子筛，Increase 平台提供*：
+
+* 节省实验时间，同等分辨率下更短的实验时间，或者更高的通量
+
+* 更高的分辨率，提高蛋白的纯度与分析数据的精度
+
+* 批次差异更小，获得更好的可重复性
+
+**Cytiva 现已推出了完整的 Increase 平台：**
+
+* Superdex™ 30 Increase
+
+* Superdex™ 75 Increase
+
+* Superdex™ 200 Increase
+
+* Superose™ 6 Increase
+
+**四款专为小规模制备和分析设计的新一代 SEC 填料，涵盖了大部分生物分子的分离应用**
+
+
+
+
+
+Superdex™
+30 Increase
+多肽及小生物分子
+分离范围分子量:
+100 - 7 000 Da
+
+
+
+Superdex™
+75 Increase
+重组蛋白
+分离范围分子量:
+3 000 - 70 000 Da
+
+
+
+Superdex™
+200 Increase
+单抗及其它抗体
+分离范围分子量:
+10 000 - 600 000 Da
+
+
+
+Superose™
+6 Increase
+大蛋白及复合物
+分离范围分子量:
+5 000 - 5 000 000 Da
+
+
+
+扫描二维码查看视频
+看看 Increase 平台是如何帮助科学家更快完成任务的
+《小细节，大影响！Increase 平台提高您的实验效率》
+
+**相比原有的分子筛，新一代 Increase 平台分子筛提供更优的表现** *
+
+分子筛凝胶球经过修饰改进，获得了更优的表现：
+平均粒径更小且粒径分布更集中，刚性和硬度更强，选择性更高。
+
+**相同流速下更高分辨率** *
+
+
+
+Resolution (Rs) data
+
+ | Superde x™ Peptide | Superd ex™ 30 Increase |
|---|
| Peak 1-2 | 2.19 | 3.41 | | Peak 2-3 | 3.24 | 4.84 | | Peak 3-4 | 3.88 | 4.94 | | Peak 4-5 | 1.33 | 1.82 | | Peak 5-6 | 1.16 | 1.64 |
+
+**相同分辨率下更高流速**
+
+
+
+图1：与Superdex™ Peptide 相比较，新一代的Superdex™ 30 Increase 在相同流速下提高了50%分辨率；而在相同的分辨率下，只需要1/3的实验时间。
+
+**为不同的实验目的，提供 3 种不同规格的预装柱**
+
+
+
+**10 mm × 300 mm
+(Tricorn™ 10/300 GL)**
+
+* 高分辨率分析 (上样量 25-500μl)
+
+* 小规模制备级 (mg 级)
+
+
+
+**3.2 mm × 300 mm
+(Precision Column 3.2/300)**
+
+* 高分辨率分析 (上样量 4-50μl)
+
+* 小规模制备级 (μg 级)
+
+* 低样品及缓冲液损耗
+
+
+
+**5 mm × 150 mm
+(Tricorn™ 5/150 GL‡)**
+
+* 纯度检测
+
+* 快速筛选
+
+* 低上样量 (4-50μl) 及低缓冲液损耗
+
+以上高分辨层析柱推荐搭配 ÄKTA™ 系统及传统的HPLC 系统使用，使用时请参照说明书。
+透明的柱管便于直接观测柱床情况。
+
+**订货信息**
+
+| 规格 (mm × mm) | Superdex™ 30 Increase | Superdex™ 75 Increase | Superdex™ 200 Increase | Superose™ 6 Increase |
|---|
| 10 × 300 | 29219757 | 29148721 | 28990944 | 29091596 | | 5 × 150 | 客户定制‡ | 29148722 | 28990945 | 29091597 | | 3.2 × 300 | 29219758 | 29148723 | 28990946 | 29091598 |
+
+\* Superdex™ 30 Increase 替换 Superdex™ Peptide, Superdex™ 75 Increase 替换 Superdex™ 75, Superdex™ 200 Increase 替换 Superdex™ 200, Superose™ 6 Increase 替换 Superose™ 6.
+
+† 此图片根据来自 Wikimedia Commons (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Protein_AP2A1_PDB_1gw5.png) 的图像重制并且已在 Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license 条款下被许可。
+
+‡ 此 Superdex™ 30 Increase 层析柱的规格不作为标准产品出售，但是可以作为客户定制产品进行订购。
+
+## 凝胶过滤预装柱
+
+
+
+
+| 产品代码 |
+产品 |
+内径 x 床高 (mm) |
+柱体积 (mL) |
+平均颗粒 (µm) |
+球蛋白分离范围 (Da) |
+应用 / 特性 |
+耐压 (MPa) |
+最高流速 (mL/min) |
+
+
+
+
+| Superdex™ 预装柱高分辨率优选 |
+
+
+| 半制备纯化 |
+
+
+| 29219757 |
+Superdex™ 30 Increase 10/300 GL |
+10/300 |
+24 |
+9.0 |
+100-7,000 |
+肽及其他小分子的半制备和高性能分析纯化 |
+3.0 |
+1.2 |
+
+
+| 29148721 |
+Superdex™ 75 Increase 10/300 GL |
+10/300 |
+24 |
+9.0 |
+3,000-70,000 |
+蛋白、肽、核甘酸及其它小分子的半制备和高性能分析纯化 |
+3.0 |
+1.6 |
+
+
+| 29148722 |
+Superdex™ 75 Increase 5/150 GL |
+5/150 |
+3 |
+0.75 |
+
+
+| 28990944 |
+Superdex™ 200 Increase 10/300 GL |
+10/300 |
+24 |
+8.6 |
+10,000-600,000 |
+蛋白、DNA 片段及其它小分子的半制备和高性能分析纯化 |
+3.0 |
+1.8 |
+
+
+| 28990945 |
+Superdex™ 200 Increase 5/150 GL |
+5/150 |
+3 |
+0.75 |
+
+
+| 制备纯化 |
+
+
+| 28989331 |
+HiLoad™ 16/600 Superdex™ 30 pg |
+16/600 |
+120 |
+34 |
+< 10,000 |
+小分子的半制备和高性能分析纯化肽及其他小分子制备纯化 |
+0.3 |
+1.6 |
+
+
+| 28989332 |
+HiLoad™ 26/600 Superdex™ 30 pg |
+26/600 |
+320 |
+4.4 |
+
+
+| 28989333 |
+HiLoad™ 16/600 Superdex™ 75 pg |
+16/600 |
+120 |
+34 |
+3,000-70,000 |
+蛋白、肽、核甘酸及其它小分子的快速制备纯化 |
+0.3 |
+1.6 |
+
+
+| 28989334 |
+HiLoad™ 26/600 Superdex™ 75 pg |
+26/600 |
+320 |
+4.4 |
+
+
+| 28989335 |
+HiLoad™ 16/600 Superdex™ 200 pg |
+16/600 |
+120 |
+34 |
+10,000-600,000 |
+蛋白、DNA 片段及其它小分子的快速制备纯化 |
+0.3 |
+1.6 |
+
+
+| 28989336 |
+HiLoad™ 26/600 Superdex™ 200 pg |
+26/600 |
+320 |
+4.4 |
+
+
+| 分析纯化 |
+
+
+| 29219758 |
+Superdex™ 30 Increase 3.2/300 |
+3.2/300 |
+2.4 |
+9.0 |
+100-7,000 |
+肽及其他小分子的半制备和高性能分析纯化 |
+3 |
+0.15 |
+
+
+| 29148723 |
+Superdex™ 75 Increase 3.2/300 |
+3.2/300 |
+2.4 |
+9.0 |
+3,000-70,000 |
+蛋白、肽、核甘酸及其它小分子的快速制备纯化 |
+2 |
+0.15 |
+
+
+| 28990946 |
+Superdex™ 200 Increase 3.2/300 |
+3.2/300 |
+2.4 |
+8.6 |
+10,000-600,000 |
+蛋白、DNA 片段及其它小分子的半制备和高性能分析纯化 |
+2 |
+0.15 |
+
+
+| Superose™ 预装柱分离范围最宽广 |
+
+
+| 29091596 |
+Superose™ 6 Increase 10/300 GL |
+10/300 |
+24 |
+8.6 |
+5,000-5,000,000 |
+专为大蛋白和蛋白复合体纯化设计 |
+3 |
+1.5 |
+
+
+| 29091597 |
+Superose™ 6 Increase 5/150 GL |
+5/150 |
+3 |
+8.6 |
+5,000-5,000,000 |
+专为大蛋白和蛋白复合体纯化设计 |
+3 |
+0.75 |
+
+
+| 29091598 |
+Superose™ 6 Increase 3.2/300 |
+3.2/300 |
+2.4 |
+8.6 |
+5,000-5,000,000 |
+专为大蛋白和蛋白复合体纯化设计 |
+3 |
+0.15 |
+
+
+| 29323952 |
+HiLoad™ 16/600 Superose™ 6 pg |
+16/600 |
+120 |
+30 |
+5,000-5,000,000 |
+专为大蛋白和蛋白复合体的快速制备纯化 |
+0.3 |
+1.6 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+扫描二维码
+查看本页产品
+数据文件和使用说明
+
+## 凝胶过滤预装柱
+
+
+
+
+| 产品代码 |
+产品 |
+包装 |
+内径 x 床高 (mm) |
+柱体积 (mL) |
+平均颗粒 (µm) |
+球蛋白分离范围 (Da) |
+应用 / 特性 |
+耐压 (MPa) |
+最高流速 (mL/min) |
+
+
+
+
+| Sephadex™ 预装柱脱盐、缓冲液置换优选 |
+
+
+| 29048684 |
+HiTrap™ Desalting |
+1 x 5 mL |
+16/25 |
+5 |
+15-88 |
+1,000-5,000 |
+快速脱盐/缓冲液交换制备和高低分子量的分离(Sephadex™ G-25SF) |
+0.3 |
+15 |
+
+
+| 17140801 |
+HiTrap™ Desalting |
+5 x 5 mL |
+
+
+| 17508701 |
+HiPrep™ 26/10 Desalting |
+1 x 53 mL |
+26/100 |
+53 |
+17-132 |
+1,000-5,000 |
+快速脱盐/缓冲液交换制备和高低分子量的分离(Sephadex™ G-25F) |
+0.15 |
+40 |
+
+
+| 17508702 |
+HiPrep™ 26/10 Desalting |
+4 x 53 mL |
+
+
+| 17085101 |
+Pre-packed DisposablePD-10 |
+30 支 |
+14.5/50 |
+8.3 |
+38-235 |
+1,000-5,000 |
+一次性组分脱盐 / 缓冲液置换制备(Sephadex™ G-25M) |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| Sephacryl™ 预装柱经济高效, 选择最多 |
+
+
+| 17116501 |
+HiPrep™ 16/60 Sephacryl™ |
+S-100 HR |
+16/600 |
+120 |
+47(25-75) |
+1,000-100,000 |
+蛋白及肽的制备纯化 |
+0.15 |
+1 |
+
+
+| 17119401 |
+HiPrep™ 26/60 Sephacryl™ |
+S-100 HR |
+26/600 |
+320 |
+2.6 |
+
+
+| 17116601 |
+HiPrep™ 16/60 Sephacryl™ |
+S-200 HR |
+16/600 |
+120 |
+47(25-75) |
+5,000-250,000 |
+蛋白, 如: 血清蛋白 (白蛋白)的制备纯化 |
+0.15 |
+1 |
+
+
+| 17119501 |
+HiPrep™ 26/60 Sephacryl™ |
+S-200 HR |
+26/600 |
+320 |
+2.6 |
+
+
+| 17116701 |
+HiPrep™ 16/60 Sephacryl™ |
+S-300 HR |
+16/600 |
+120 |
+47(25-75) |
+10,000-1,500,000 |
+蛋白, 如: 膜蛋白和血清蛋白(抗体)的制备纯化 |
+0.15 |
+1 |
+
+
+| 17119601 |
+HiPrep™ 26/60 Sephacryl™ |
+S-300 HR |
+26/600 |
+320 |
+2.6 |
+
+
+| 28935604 |
+HiPrep™ 16/60 Sephacryl™ |
+S-400 HR |
+16/600 |
+120 |
+47(25-75) |
+20,000-8,000,000 |
+多糖、具延伸结构的大分子如蛋白多糖、脂质体 |
+0.15 |
+1 |
+
+
+| 28935605 |
+HiPrep™ 26/60 Sephacryl™ |
+S-400 HR |
+26/600 |
+320 |
+2.6 |
+
+
+| 28935606 |
+HiPrep™ 16/60 Sephacryl™ |
+S-500 HR |
+16/600 |
+120 |
+47(25-75) |
+40,000-20,000,000(葡萄糖) |
+多糖、具延伸结构的大分子如蛋白多糖、脂质体及 < 1078bp DNA 限制片段 |
+0.15 |
+1 |
+
+
+| 28935607 |
+HiPrep™ 26/60 Sephacryl™ |
+S-500 HR |
+26/600 |
+320 |
+2.6 |
+
+
+
+
+## 分子筛 Marker
+
+分子筛 Marker, 也就是确定分子筛不同分子量球形蛋白出峰位置即保留体积 (时间) 的标品蛋白, 可以用标品蛋白在分子筛柱子上跑一个专为你自己的柱子量身定跑的标品图
+
+| 产品代码 | 产品 | 包含标品类型 |
|---|
| 28403841 | Gel Filtration Calibration kit LMW | 含分子量分别为: 6500 Da、13700 Da、29 kDa、43 kDa、75 kDa、2000 kDa 的六种分子 | | 28403842 | Gel Filtration Calibration kit HMW | 含分子量分别为: 43 kDa、75 kDa、158 kDa、440 kDa、669 kDa、2000 kDa 的六种分子 |
+
+扫描二维码
+查看本页产品
+数据文件和使用说明
+
+
+
+## 凝胶过滤填料
+
+| 产品代码 | 产品 | 包装 | 球蛋白分离范围 (Da) | 颗粒大小 (μm) | 应用/特性 | 耐压 (MPa) | 最高流速 (cm/h) | pH 稳定性 工作[清洗] |
|---|
+
+| Superdex™ 填料高分辨率优选
+
+* 目前 Cytiva 产品中分辨率、选择性最高的凝胶过滤填料,流速快且反压低
+
+* 低非特异性吸附,提高回收率
+
+* 化学物理稳定性高,耐受一定浓度的HCl及NaOH
+
+* 装柱方法简单方便,可自行装入实验室用Tricorn™、XK柱、生产用BPG柱等层析柱
+
+* 另有三种专为FPLC、HPLC分析、检测工作设计的Superdex™ Increase 预装柱
+
+
+
+ |
+
+
+| 17090501 |
+Superdex™ 30 pg |
+150 mL |
+< 10,000 |
+22-44 |
+重组蛋白/肽类, 多糖, 小蛋白等 |
+0.3 |
+90 |
+3-12 [1-14] |
+
+
+| 17090503 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17090504 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17104401 |
+Superdex™ 75 pg |
+150 mL |
+3,000-70,000 |
+22-44 |
+重组蛋白、细胞色素 |
+0.3 |
+90 |
+3-12 [1-14] |
+
+
+| 17104402 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17104404 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17104301 |
+Superdex™ 200 pg |
+150 mL |
+10,000-600,000 |
+22-44 |
+单抗、大蛋白 |
+0.3 |
+90 |
+3-12 [1-14] |
+
+
+| 17104302 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17104304 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| Superose™ 填料分离范围最宽广
+
+* 宽广的分离范围配合高分辨率,能一次性分离生物分子大小差异大的混合物
+
+* 刚性特好,在高粘性液体如8M尿素下也能保持流速,适合糖类、核酸、病毒,特别是包涵体蛋白在促溶剂中的纯化凝胶的寿命长
+
+* 颗粒细小,大小分布集中,允许高流速纯化,适合中、高压层析系统使用
+
+
+
+ |
+
+
+| 17048901 |
+Superose™ 6 pg |
+125 mL |
+5,000-5 × 106 |
+20-40 |
+肽类、蛋白、多糖、寡核甘酸、病毒 |
+0.4 |
+40 |
+3-12 [1-14] |
+
+
+| 17048903 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17048904 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17053601 |
+Superose™ 12 pg |
+125 mL |
+1,000-300,000 |
+20-40 |
+肽类、蛋白、多糖 |
+0.7 |
+40 |
+3-12 [1-14] |
+
+
+| 17053603 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17053604 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| Sephacryl™ 填料经济高效,选择最多
+
+* 五种不同分离范围,提供了广阔的选择性
+
+* 经济型 HiPrep™ 16/60、26/60 Sephacryl™ S-100, 200, 300,400, 500 HR 预装柱提高重复性和分辨率
+
+
+
+ |
+
+
+| 17061210 |
+Sephacryl™ S-100 HR |
+150 mL |
+1,000-100,000 |
+25-75 |
+肽类、激素、小蛋白 |
+0.15 |
+60 |
+3-11 [2-13] |
+
+
+| 17061201 |
+750 mL |
+
+
+| 17061205 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17058410 |
+Sephacryl™ S-200 HR |
+150 mL |
+5,000-250,000 |
+25-75 |
+蛋白,如: 血清蛋白、白蛋白血液抗体、单抗 (IgG/mAb) |
+0.15 |
+60 |
+3-11 [2-13] |
+
+
+| 17058401 |
+750 mL |
+
+
+| 17058405 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17059910 |
+Sephacryl™ S-300 HR |
+150 mL |
+10,000-1.5 × 106 |
+25-75 |
+蛋白,如: 膜蛋白和血清蛋白 血液抗体、单抗 (IgG/mAb) |
+0.15 |
+60 |
+3-11 [2-13] |
+
+
+| 17059901 |
+750 mL |
+
+
+| 17059905 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17060910 |
+Sephacryl™ S-400 HR |
+150 mL |
+20,000-8 × 106 |
+25-75 |
+多糖、具延伸结构的大分子如蛋白多糖 |
+0.15 |
+60 |
+3-11 [2-13] |
+
+
+| 17060901 |
+750 mL |
+
+
+| 17060905 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17061310 |
+Sephacryl™ S-500 HR |
+150 mL |
+40,000-2 × 107 (葡聚糖) |
+25-75 |
+多糖,具延伸结构的大分子如蛋白多糖、脂质体及<1078 bp DNA 限制片段 |
+0.15 |
+50 |
+3-11 [2-13] |
+
+
+| 17061301 |
+750 mL |
+
+
+| 17061305 |
+10 L |
+
+
+
+
+
+扫描二维码
+查看本页产品
+数据文件和使用说明
+
+## 凝胶过滤填料
+
+| 产品代码 | 产品 | 包装 | 球蛋白分离范围 (Da) | 颗粒大小 (μm) | 应用/特性 | 耐压 (MPa) | 最高流速 (cm/h) | pH 稳定性 工作[清洗] |
|---|
+
+| Sepharose™ Fast Flow 填料高流速大分子分离
+
+* 高度交联的琼脂糖填料，大大加强了机械性能，流速特快，适合工业规模生产
+
+* 经去电荷处理，非特异性吸附极低，提高回收率
+
+* 极高的化学稳定性，可用多种促溶剂、有机溶剂工作及 1-2M NaOH 在位清洗
+
+
+
+ |
+
+
+| 17015901 |
+Sepharose™ 6 FF |
+1 L |
+10,000-4 × 106 |
+45-165 |
+巨大分子如 DNA 质粒病毒 |
+0.1 |
+300 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17015905 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17014901 |
+Sepharose™ 4 FF |
+1 L |
+60,000-20 × 106 |
+45-165 |
+巨大分子如重组乙型肝炎表面抗原、病毒 |
+0.1 |
+250 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17014905 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| Sepharose™ CL 填料有机溶剂纯化
+
+* Sepharose™ 和 2,3 二溴丙醇反应而成，增强了 Sepharose™ 的物理和化学稳定性
+
+* 特别适合含有机溶剂的分离，能承受较强的在位清洗，并可以高温消毒
+
+* 流速方面比传统的 Sepharose™ 有明显提高
+
+ |
+
+
+| 17014001 |
+Sepharose™ CL-2B |
+1 L |
+70,000-40 × 106 |
+60-200 |
+蛋白、大分子复合物、病毒核酸、蛋白多糖、分子量的测量、特别是不能溶解/凝集于水溶液的分子 |
+0.02 |
+15 |
+3-13[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17014005 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17015001 |
+Sepharose™ CL-4B |
+1 L |
+60,000-20 × 106 |
+45-165 |
+大蛋白、肽类、多糖、特别是不能溶解/凝集于水溶液的分子 |
+0.025 |
+26 |
+3-13[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17015005 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17016001 |
+Sepharose™ CL-6B |
+1 L |
+10,000-4 × 106 |
+45-165 |
+蛋白、肽类、多糖、特别是不能溶解/凝集于水溶液的分子 |
+0.045 |
+30 |
+3-13[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17016005 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| Sepharose™ 填料传统大分子分离
+
+* 传统的偶联琼脂糖填料，非特异性吸附性低，回收率高
+
+* 有三种不同浓度的琼脂糖供选择，分离范围十分宽阔，从 10,000 到 20,000,000 Da，适合分离分子量大小差异大，分辨率要求不高的样本
+
+ |
+
+
+| 17012001 |
+Sepharose™ 4B |
+1 L |
+60,000-20 × 106 |
+45-165 |
+蛋白、多糖、肽类、分子量的测定 |
+0.018 |
+11 |
+4-9 |
+
+
+| 17012005 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17011001 |
+Sepharose™ 6B |
+1 L |
+10,000-4 × 106 |
+45-165 |
+蛋白、多糖、肽类、分子量的测定 |
+0.02 |
+14 |
+4-9 |
+
+
+| 17011005 |
+10 L |
+
+
+
+扫描二维码
+查看本页产品
+数据文件和使用说明
+
+
+
+## 凝胶过滤填料
+
+| 产品代码 | 产品 | 包装 | 球蛋白分离范围 (Da) | 颗粒大小 (μm) | 应用/特性 | 最高流速 (cm/h) | pH 稳定性 工作[清洗] |
|---|
+
+| Superdex™ 填料大量文献可供参考
+
+* 经典的葡聚糖和环氧氯丙烷 (Epichlorohydrin) 偶联填料，拥有极高的选择性
+
+* 多种分离范围、颗粒大小供选择。粗颗粒 (Coarse) 流速较快，细颗粒 (Fine) 流速较慢，分辨率较高
+
+* Sephadex™ 已逐渐被新一代 BioProcess™ 凝胶所代替
+
+ |
+
+| 17001001 | Sephadex™ G-10 | 100 g | < 700 | 干粉
40-120 | 抗生素的分析，也适合亲水蛋白、多肽和寡糖类样品有效去除杂质 | 50 | 2-13 | | 17001002 | 500 g | | 17001003 | 5 kg | | 17002001 | Sephadex™ G-15 | 100 g | 100-1,500 (肽) | 干粉
40-120 | 实验室中的缓冲液交换、脱盐、去除酶的小分子、分离分子量接近的小分子、肽等 | 50 | 2-13 | | 17002003 | 5 kg | | 17003401 | Sephadex™ G-25 Coarse | 100 g | 1,000-5,000 (肽) | 干粉
100-300 | 工业上脱盐及缓冲液置换
+
+ | 480 | 2-13 | | 17003402 | 500 g | | 17003403 | 5 kg | | 17003301 | Sephadex™ G-25 Medium | 100 g | 1,000-5,000 | 干粉
50-150 | 缓冲液置换
+ | 100 | 2-13 | | 17003302 | 500 g | | 17003303 | 5 kg | | 17003201 | Sephadex™ G-25 Fine | 100 g | 1,000-5,000 | 干粉
20-80 |
+工业上脱盐及缓冲液置换 | 47 | 2-13 | | 17003202 | 500 g | | 17003203 | 5 kg | | 17003101 | Sephadex™ G-25 Superfine | 100 g | 1,000-5,000 | 干粉
20-50 |
+工业上脱盐 | 20 | 2-13 | | 17003102 | 500 g | | 17003103 | 5 kg |
+
+| Sephadex™ LH-20 填料中草药及小分子纯化
+
+* 羟丙基化的新型葡聚糖填料，选择性更好，应用范围更广
+
+* 具有凝胶过滤层析和吸附型层析的特点，可以分离结构非常相近的分子
+
+* 即可在水相中应用，也可以在有机溶剂或有机溶剂与水组成的混合溶剂中使用，可用于分离纯化常规生物大分子和各种天然产物
+
+
+
+ |
+
+| 17009010 | Sephadex™ LH-20 | 25 g | 4,000-5,000 | 干粉
18-111 | 胆固醇/脂肪酸/激素/
天然产物(黄酮/苷类/甙类) | 700 | 2-13 | | 17009001 | 100 g | | 17009002 | 500 g | | 17009003 | 5 kg |
+
+
+
+
+
+扫描二维码查看视频
+《Sephadex™, 60 年的传奇故事》
+以及查看本页产品数据文件和使用说明
+
+# 标签蛋白纯化
+
+## His 标签及 IMAC 蛋白纯化预装柱
+
+
+
+
+| 产品代码 |
+产品 |
+包装 |
+平均颗粒(µm) |
+每毫升载量 |
+应用/特性 |
+耐压(MPa) |
+最高流速(mL/min) |
+pH 稳定性工作[清洗] |
+
+
+
+
+| Ni Sepharose™ High Performance 预装柱高性能组氨酸标签蛋白的纯化 |
+
+
+| 29051021 |
+HisTrap™ HP |
+1 × 1 mL |
+34 |
+> 40 mg (His)6 重组蛋白 |
+组氨酸标签蛋白。HisTrap™ HP是预装 Ni Sepharose™ HP 填料 |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+3-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17524701 |
+5 × 1 mL |
+4 |
+
+
+| 17524801 |
+1 × 5 mL |
+20 |
+
+
+| 17524802 |
+5 × 5 mL |
+20 |
+
+
+| Ni Sepharose™ 6 Fast Flow 预装柱高流速组氨酸标签蛋白的纯化 |
+
+
+| 17531901 |
+HisTrap™ FF |
+5 × 1 mL |
+90 |
+40 mg (His)6 重组蛋白 |
+组氨酸标签蛋白, 高动态载量,低配基脱落, 稳定性好 |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+3-13[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17525501 |
+HisTrap™ FF |
+5 × 5 mL |
+0.3 |
+20 |
+
+
+| 28936551 |
+HisPrep™ FF 16/10 |
+1 × 20 mL |
+0.15 |
+10 |
+
+
+| 29048631 |
+HisTrap™ FF Crude |
+1 × 1 mL |
+90 |
+40 mg (His)6 重组蛋白 |
+裂解液无需过滤, 即直接上样高动态载量, 低配基脱落, 稳定性好 |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+3-13[2-14] |
+
+
+| 11000458 |
+5 × 1 mL |
+4 |
+
+
+| 17528601 |
+5 × 5 mL |
+20 |
+
+
+| Ni Sepharose™ excel 预装柱真核分泌型组氨酸标签蛋白的纯化 |
+
+
+| 29048586 |
+HisTrap™ excel |
+1 × 1 mL |
+90 |
+> 10 mg (His)6 蛋白 |
+组氨酸标签蛋白, 较高载量, 极低 Ni 离子脱落, 适合纯化真核细胞外分泌表达的组氨酸标签蛋白 |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+2-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17371205 |
+5 × 1 mL |
+4 |
+
+
+| 17371206 |
+5 × 5 mL |
+20 |
+
+
+| IMAC Sepharose™, TALON® Superflow®, Capto™ Chelating 和 Chelating Sepharose™ 预装柱用于金属离子螯合纯化 |
+
+
+| 17092003 |
+HiTrap™ IMAC HP |
+5 × 1 mL |
+34 |
+15 µmol Ni2+/Zn2+ |
+可与金属作用的蛋白、肽类、核甘酸 |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+3-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17092005 |
+5 × 5 mL |
+20 |
+
+
+| 17092102 |
+HiTrap™ IMAC FF |
+5 × 1 mL |
+90 |
+25 µmol Cu2+ |
+可与金属作用的蛋白、肽类、核甘酸 |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+3-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17092104 |
+HiTrap™ IMAC FF |
+5 × 5 mL |
+0.3 |
+20 |
+
+
+| 28936552 |
+HiPrep™ IMAC 16/10 |
+1 × 20 mL |
+0.15 |
+10 |
+
+
+| 29048565 |
+HiTrap™ TALON® crude |
+1 × 1 mL |
+60-160 |
+> 20 mg (His)6 蛋白 |
+当纯度比收率重要时, 方便地从未澄清的细胞裂解液中纯化组氨酸标签蛋白 |
+0.3 |
+420 |
+3-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 28953766 |
+5 × 1 mL |
+
+
+| 28953767 |
+5 × 5 mL |
+
+
+| 17548511 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ Chelating |
+5 × 1 mL |
+75 |
+23-33 µmol Cu2+ |
+可与金属作用的蛋白、肽类、核甘酸等 |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+2-14 |
+
+
+| 17548512 |
+HiTrap™ Capto™ Chelating |
+5 × 5 mL |
+20 |
+
+
+| 17548510 |
+HiScreen™ Capto™ Chelating |
+4.7 mL |
+3.5 |
+
+
+| 17040801 |
+HiTrap™ Chelating HP |
+5 × 1 mL |
+34 |
+23 µmol Cu2+ |
+纯化含暴露氨基酸的蛋白/肽:His(Cys, Trp) 如巨球蛋白、干扰素 |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+3-13[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17040901 |
+1 × 5 mL |
+20 |
+
+
+| 17040903 |
+5 × 5 mL |
+20 |
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+扫描二维码查看视频
+《小细节, 大影响! HisTrap™ excel 无惧脱 Ni+!》
+以及查看本页产品数据文件和使用说明
+
+## His 标签及 IMAC 蛋白纯化填料
+
+
+
+
+| 产品代码 |
+产品 |
+包装 |
+颗粒大小 (μm) |
+每毫升载量 |
+应用/特性 |
+最高流速 (cm/h) |
+pH 稳定性 工作[清洗] |
+
+
+
+| Ni Sepharose™ 填料组氨酸标签蛋白的纯化 |
+
+
+| 17526801 |
+Ni Sepharose™ HP |
+25 mL |
+34 |
+~15 µmol Ni2+ > 40 mg (His)6 蛋白 |
+可与金属作用的蛋白、脂类、核甘酸, Ni2+ 脱落极低 |
+< 150 |
+3-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17526802 |
+100 mL |
+
+
+| 17531806 |
+Ni Sepharose™ 6 FF |
+5 mL |
+90 |
+~15 µmol Ni2+/mL 胶 > 40 mg (His)6 蛋白 |
+适合大规模 His 标签重组蛋白 纯化 |
+250~400 |
+3-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17531801 |
+25 mL |
+
+
+| 17531802 |
+100 mL |
+
+
+| 17531803 |
+500 mL |
+
+
+| 17371201 |
+Ni Sepharose™ excel |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+> 10 mg (His)6 蛋白 |
+直接纯化含 EDTA 的样品, Ni 离子脱落低, 无需脱 Ni 进行 NaOH 彻底清洗 |
+600 |
+2-12 |
+
+
+| 17371202 |
+100 mL |
+
+
+| 17371203 |
+500 mL |
+
+
+| IMAC Sepharose™, TALON® Superflow®, Capto™ Chelating 和 Chelating Sepharose™ 填料金属离子螯合纯化 |
+
+
+| 17092007 |
+IMAC Sepharose™ High Performance |
+100 mL |
+34 |
+15 µmol Ni2+/Zn2+ 25 µmol Cu2+ |
+可与金属作用的蛋白、肽类、核甘酸等 |
+150 |
+3-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17092107 |
+IMAC Sepharose™ 6 FF |
+25 mL |
+90 |
+15 µmol Ni2+/Zn2+ 25 µmol Cu2+ |
+可与金属作用的蛋白、肽类、核甘酸等 |
+600 |
+3-12[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17092108 |
+100 mL |
+
+
+| 17092109 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 28957499 |
+TALON® Superflow® |
+10 mL |
+90 |
+> 20 mg (His)6 蛋白 |
+当纯度比收率重要时, 方便地从未澄清的细胞裂解液中纯化组氨酸标签蛋白 |
+2000 cm/h H2O in a 0.75×10 cm (i.d. × H) column. |
+2-14 |
+
+
+| 28957502 |
+50 mL |
+
+
+| 17548501 |
+Capto™ Chelating |
+25 mL |
+75 |
+23-33 µmol Cu2+ |
+可与金属作用的蛋白、肽类、核甘酸等 |
+600 |
+2-14 |
+
+
+| 17548502 |
+100 mL |
+
+
+| 17548503 |
+1 L |
+
+
+| 17548504 |
+5 L |
+
+
+| 17548505 |
+10 L |
+
+
+| 17057501 |
+Chelating Sepharose™ FF |
+50 mL |
+90 |
+24-30 µmol Zn2+ |
+可与金属作用的蛋白、肽类、核甘酸等 |
+370 |
+3-13[2-14] |
+
+
+| 17057502 |
+500 mL |
+
+
+| 17057504 |
+5 L |
+
+
+
+扫描二维码
+查看本页产品
+数据文件和使用说明
+
+
+## MBP 标签蛋白纯化预装柱
+
+| 产品代码 | 产品 | 包装 | 颗粒大小 (µm) | 每毫升载量 | 应用/特性 | 最高流速 (mL/min) | pH 稳定性 工作 [清洗] |
|---|
| Dextrin Sepharose™ High Performance 预装柱 | | 29048641 | MBPTrap™ HP | 1 × 1 mL | 34 | Approx. 7 mg MBP-ΔSalApprox. 16 mg MBP-bGal | 纯化 MBP 标签蛋白 | 4 | [2-13] | | 28918778 | 5 × 1 mL | 4 | | 28918779 | 1 × 5 mL | 20 | | 28918780 | 5 × 5 mL | 20 |
+
+## MBP 标签蛋白纯化填料
+
+| 产品代码 | 产品 | 包装 | 颗粒大小 (µm) | 每毫升载量 | 应用/特性 | 最高流速 (cm/h) | pH 稳定性 工作 [清洗] |
|---|
| Dextrin Sepharose™ High Performance 填料 | | 28935597 | Dextrin Sepharose™ HP | 25 mL | 34 | Approx. 7 mg MBP-ΔSalApprox. 16 mg MBP-bGal | 纯化 MBP 标签蛋白 | 300 | > 7 | | 28935598 | 100 mL |
+
+## Strep (II) 标签® 蛋白纯化预装柱
+
+| 产品代码 | 产品 | 包装 | 颗粒大小 (µm) | 每毫升载量 | 应用/特性 | 最高流速 (mL/min) | pH 稳定性 工作 [清洗] |
|---|
| Strep-Tactin® 预装柱 | | 29401317 | StrepTrap™ XT | 1 × 1 mL | 34 | ~ 10 mg Strep (II)标签® 蛋白 | 纯化 Strep (II) 或双 Strep (II) 标签® 蛋白 | 4 | [6-10] | | 29401320 | 5 × 1 mL | 4 | | 29401322 | 1 × 5 mL | 20 | | 29401323 | 5 × 5 mL | 20 |
+
+## Strep (II) 标签® 蛋白纯化填料
+
+| 产品代码 | 产品 | 包装 | 颗粒大小 (µm) | 每毫升载量 | 应用/特性 | 最高流速 (cm/h) | pH 稳定性 工作 [清洗] |
|---|
| Strep-Tactin® 填料 | | 29401324 | Strep-Tactin® XT Sepharose™ | 10 mL | 34 | ~ 10 mg Strep (II) 标签®蛋白 | 纯化 Strep (II) 或双 Strep (II) 标签® 蛋白 | 300 | > 7[6-10] | | 29401326 | 50 mL |
+
+
+
+扫描二维码
+查看本页产品
+数据文件和使用说明
+
+## GST 标签蛋白纯化预装柱及相关产品
+
+
+
+
+| 产品代码 |
+产品 |
+包装 |
+平均颗粒(µm) |
+每毫升载量 |
+应用 / 特性 |
+耐压(MPa) |
+最高流速(mL/min) |
+pH 稳定性工作 [清洗] |
+
+
+
+
+| Glutathione Sepharose™ High Performance 预装柱 |
+
+
+| 17528101 |
+GSTrap™ HP |
+5 x 1 mL |
+34 |
+> 7 mg GST 融合蛋白 |
+谷胱甘肽 S- 转移酶 (GST) 标签蛋白, 用 pGEX 系列表达载体表达 |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+3-12[3-12] |
+
+
+| 17528201 |
+1 x 5 mL |
+15 |
+
+
+| 17528202 |
+5 x 5 mL |
+15 |
+
+
+| Glutathione Sepharose™ 4 Fast Flow 预装柱 |
+
+
+| 17513002 |
+GSTrap™ FF |
+2 x 1 mL |
+90 |
+> 10 mg GST 融合蛋白 |
+谷胱甘肽 S- 转移酶 (GST) 标签蛋白, 用 pGEX 系列表达载体表达 |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+3-12[3-12] |
+
+
+| 17513001 |
+GSTrap™ FF |
+5 x 1 mL |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+
+
+| 17513101 |
+GSTrap™ FF |
+1 x 5 mL |
+0.3 |
+15 |
+
+
+| 17513102 |
+GSTrap™ FF |
+5 x 5 mL |
+0.3 |
+15 |
+
+
+| 28936550 |
+GSTPrep™ FF 16/10 |
+1 x 20 mL |
+0.15 |
+10 |
+
+
+| Glutathione Sepharose™ 4B 预装柱 |
+
+
+| 29048609 |
+GSTrap™ 4B |
+1 x 1 mL |
+90 |
+> 25 mg horse liver GST |
+谷胱甘肽 S- 转移酶 (GST) 标签蛋白, 用 pGEX 系列表达载体表达 |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+4-13[4-13] |
+
+
+| 28401745 |
+5 x 1 mL |
+4 |
+
+
+| 28401747 |
+1 x 5 mL |
+20 |
+
+
+| 28401748 |
+5 x 5 mL |
+20 |
+
+
+| Benzamidine Sepharose™ 4 Fast Flow 预装柱去除 Thrombin Protease/Factor Xa Protease |
+
+
+| 17514302 |
+HiTrap™ Benzamidine FF |
+2 x 1 mL |
+90 |
+≥ 35 mg 胰蛋白酶原 |
+专门纯化丝氨酸蛋白酶, 胰蛋白酶和类胰蛋白酶, 可用于去除Thrombin Protease 及 Factor XaProtease |
+0.3 |
+4 |
+1-9 |
+
+
+| 17514301 |
+5 x 1 mL |
+4 |
+
+
+| 17514401 |
+1 x 5 mL |
+20 |
+
+
+
+
+| 产品代码 | 产品 | 包装 | 应用 / 特性 |
|---|
| PreScission™ Protease 与 Thrombin Protease切除 GST 标签的蛋白酶 | | 27084301 | PreScission™ Protease | 500 units | 蛋白酶 (经纯化), 对 pGEX-P 载体表达的 GST 融合蛋白上的 GST 标签进行位点特异性切割, 酶本身自带 GST 标签 | | 27084601 | Thrombin Protease | 500 units | 蛋白酶 (经纯化), 对 pGEX-T 载体表达的 GST 融合蛋白上的 GST 标签进行位点特异性切割 |
+
+## GST 标签蛋白纯化填料
+
+| 产品代码 | 产品 | 包装 | 平均颗粒(µm) | 每毫升载量 | 应用 / 特性 | 最高流速(cm/h) | pH 稳定性工作 [清洗] |
|---|
| Glutathione Sepharose™ 填料 | | 17527901 | Glutathione Sepharose™ HP | 25 mL | 34 | > 7 mg GST 融合蛋白 | 含谷胱甘肽 S- 转移酶的重组融合蛋白或依赖 S- 转移酶或谷胱甘肽的蛋白 | 600 | 3-12[3-12] | | 17527902 | 100 mL | | 17513201 | Glutathione Sepharose™ 4 FF | 25 mL | 90 | > 10 mg GST 融合蛋白 | 含谷胱甘肽 S- 转移酶的重组融合蛋白或依赖 S- 转移酶或谷胱甘肽的蛋白 | 450 | 3-12[3-12] | | 17513202 | 100 mL | | 17513203 | 500 mL | | 17075601 | Glutathione Sepharose™ 4B | 10 mL | 90 | > 25 mg GST 融合蛋白 | 含谷胱甘肽 S- 转移酶的重组融合蛋白或依赖 S- 转移酶或谷胱甘肽的蛋白 | 450 | 4-13[4-13] | | 17075605 | 100 mL | | 17075604 | 300 mL |
+
+扫描二维码
+查看本页产品
+数据文件和使用说明
+
+
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_35.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_35.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..1fc7cb8f93a9a83a2c7839239deca4157ed3fbbc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_35.md
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+## 表 36 化妆品注册和新原料注册备案情况
+
+2024年单位: 件
+
+| 类别 | 国产 | 进口 | 合计 |
|---|
| 特殊化妆品 | 首次申报 | 受理 | 14525 | 1169 | 15694 | | 批准 | 13889 | 1132 | 15021 | | 未批准 | 611 | 136 | 747 | | 延续 | 受理 | 2168 | 405 | 2573 | | 批准 | 2168 | 405 | 2573 | | 未批准 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 变更 | 受理 | 5160 | 567 | 5727 | | 批准 | 4500 | 718 | 5218 | | 未批准 | 119 | 43 | 162 | | 注销 | 266 | 215 | 481 | | 新原料 | 注册 | 批准 | 0 | 1 | 1 | | 未批准 | 1 | 1 | 2 | | 备案 | 信息公开 | 78 | 12 | 90 | | 实有在册 | 31217 | 4762 | 35979 |
+
+注：自 2023 年起，“实有在册”只包含特殊化妆品、新原料期末有效数量。
+
+## 表 37 化妆品生产企业日常监管情况
+
+2024年
+
+| 项目 | 计量单位 | 数量 |
|---|
| 检查化妆品生产企业次数 | 家次 | 7507 | | 出动检查人次 | 人次 | 18181 | | 完成整改的企业 | 家次 | 2438 | | 飞行检查化妆品生产企业次数 | 家次 | 1514 | | 责令暂停生产企业家次 | 家次 | 206 | | 完成整改后恢复生产企业家次 | 家次 | 258 |
+
+## 表 38 截至 2024 年底各省（区、市）化妆品生产企业许可情况
+
+单位: 家
+
+| 省份 | 化妆品生产企业总数 | 牙膏生产企业总数 |
|---|
| 合计 | 5935 | 286 | | 北京 | 38 | 1 | | 天津 | 66 | 11 | | 河北 | 57 | 3 | | 山西 | 16 | 0 | | 内蒙古 | 11 | 1 | | 辽宁 | 62 | 5 | | 吉林 | 27 | 1 | | 黑龙江 | 31 | 0 | | 上海 | 237 | 7 | | 江苏 | 308 | 28 | | 浙江 | 654 | 10 | | 安徽 | 68 | 11 | | 福建 | 108 | 6 | | 江西 | 52 | 4 | | 山东 | 227 | 16 | | 河南 | 107 | 6 | | 湖北 | 105 | 10 | | 湖南 | 67 | 2 | | 广东 | 3310 | 133 | | 广西 | 67 | 5 | | 海南 | 22 | 1 | | 重庆 | 26 | 1 | | 四川 | 63 | 4 | | 贵州 | 34 | 2 | | 云南 | 52 | 7 | | 西藏 | 6 | 1 | | 陕西 | 60 | 8 | | 甘肃 | 14 | 0 | | 青海 | 2 | 0 | | 宁夏 | 4 | 0 | | 新疆 | 31 | 2 | | 新疆兵团 | 3 | 0 |
+
+## 表 39 全国查处化妆品案件情况
+
+2024年
+
+| 分类 | 计量单位 | 一般程序案件 | 简易程序案件 | 合计 |
|---|
| 案件数 | 件 | 32636 | 954 | 33590 | | 其中: 涉及互联网 | 件 | 1283 | 13 | 1296 | | 案件来源 | 投诉举报 | 件 | 4620 | 29 | 4649 | | 监督抽验 | 件 | 1283 | 11 | 1294 | | 执法检验 | 件 | 602 | 17 | 619 | | 日常监管和专项检查 | 件 | 24227 | 834 | 25061 | | 其他部门通报 | 件 | 607 | 3 | 610 | | 其他 | 件 | 1297 | 60 | 1357 | | 货值 | 2万元以下 | 件 | 32217 | 954 | 33171 | | 2万-20万元 | 件 | 307 | - | 307 | | 20万-50万元 | 件 | 34 | - | 34 | | 50万-1000万元 | 件 | 65 | - | 65 | | 1000万元-1亿元 | 件 | 9 | - | 9 | | 1亿元以上 | 件 | 4 | - | 4 | | 主要违法环节 | 生产环节 | 件 | 971 | 6 | 977 | | 经营环节 | 件 | 30248 | 831 | 31079 | | 其中: 美容美发机构 | 件 | 9044 | 313 | 9357 | | 集中交易市场 | 件 | 701 | 38 | 739 | | 其他 | 件 | 1417 | 117 | 1534 | | 货值金额 | 万元 | 103789.22 | 1.46 | 103790.68 | | 没收违法所得金额 | 万元 | 5064.63 | - | 5064.63 | | 捣毁制假售假窝点 | 个 | 84 | - | 84 | | 责令停产停业 | 户 | 48 | - | 48 | | 其中: 生产企业 | 户 | 12 | - | 12 | | 撤销批准文号或备案号 | 件 | 3 | - | 3 | | 吊销许可证 | 件 | 8 | - | 8 | | 移送司法机关案件数 | 件 | 262 | - | 262 | | 刑事判决数 | 件 | 11 | - | 11 | | 刑事处罚 | 人 | 24 | - | 24 | | 行政处罚案件信息公开数 | 件 | 23531 | - | 23531 |
+
+## 表 40 科研情况
+
+2024年
+
+| 指标名称 | 计量单位 | 数量 |
|---|
| 科技经费总计 | 万元 | 54263.69 | | 科技项目经费合计 | 万元 | 32587.72 | | 其中:软课题 | 万元 | 6621.51 | | 科技项目数合计 | 项 | 2345 | | 其中:软课题 | 项 | 586 | | 科技成果情况 | | 成果评价项数 | 项 | 282 | | 成果转化项数 | 项 | 337 | | 成果转化费合同金额 | 万元 | 3556.00 | | 成果转让项数 | 项 | 33 | | 成果转让费合同金额 | 万元 | 1414.80 | | 成果推广项数 | 项 | 45 | | 科技成果获奖情况 | | 获奖数量合计 | 项 | 134 | | 其中:软课题 | 项 | 29 | | 国家级奖 | 一等 | 项 | 0 | | 二等 | 项 | 2 | | 小计 | 项 | 2 | | 省部级奖 | 一等 | 项 | 4 | | 二等 | 项 | 21 | | 三等 | 项 | 6 | | 小计 | 项 | 31 | | 社会力量奖 | 项 | 101 |
+
+## 表 41 省级药品检查员情况
+
+2024年
+
+| 项目 | 计量单位 | GMP | GSP |
|---|
| 本年末具有资格人数 | 人 | 7793 | 9452 | | 其中:可从事检查工作的检查员人数 | 人 | 7356 | 9283 | | 按所在单位划分 | 行政机关 | 人 | 3195 | 6454 | | 检验检测机构 | 人 | 2057 | 686 | | 检查机构 | 人 | 1620 | 1476 | | 其他单位 | 人 | 484 | 667 | | 本年总检查次数 | 人次 | 31341 | 31563 |
+
+## 表 42 医疗器械 GMP 检查员情况
+
+2024年
+
+| 项目 | 计量单位 | 数量 |
|---|
| 本年末具有资格人数 | 人 | 6254 | | 其中: 可从事检查工作的检查员人数 | 人 | 5908 | | 按所在单位划分 | 行政机关 | 人 | 3082 | | 检验检测机构 | 人 | 880 | | 审评中心 | 人 | 598 | | 检查机构 | 人 | 1126 | | 其他单位 | 人 | 222 | | 本年总检查次数 | 人次 | 37881 |
+
+## 表 43 化妆品检查员情况
+
+2024年
+
+| 项目 | 计量单位 | 数量 |
|---|
| 本年末具有资格人数 | 人 | 4284 | | 其中: 可从事现场检查工作的检查员 | 人 | 4264 | | 按所在单位划分 | 行政机关 | 人 | 2346 | | 检验检测机构 | 人 | 480 | | 审评中心 | 人 | 383 | | 检查机构 | 人 | 710 | | 其他单位 | 人 | 345 | | 本年总检查次数 | 人次 | 8403 |
+
+## 表 44 执业药师职业资格考试情况（药学类）
+
+2024年单位:人
+
+| 省份 | 本期报考人数 | 本期参考人数 | 本期成绩合格人数 | 累计成绩合格人数 |
|---|
| 合 计 | 294640 | 226366 | 31248 | 814556 | | 北 京 | 6478 | 4707 | 549 | 16947 | | 天 津 | 2267 | 1782 | 279 | 10845 | | 河 北 | 11694 | 9341 | 1436 | 39900 | | 山 西 | 6173 | 4883 | 720 | 23367 | | 内蒙 古 | 8533 | 6491 | 832 | 20079 | | 辽 宁 | 5387 | 4069 | 552 | 23759 | | 吉 林 | 6067 | 4742 | 614 | 19672 | | 黑 龙 江 | 5362 | 4134 | 567 | 21703 | | 上 海 | 4448 | 3307 | 447 | 16051 | | 江 苏 | 15676 | 11791 | 1774 | 43560 | | 浙 江 | 9869 | 7499 | 1054 | 33588 | | 安 徽 | 14267 | 10958 | 1660 | 45553 | | 福 建 | 6171 | 4757 | 707 | 22180 | | 江 西 | 5575 | 4369 | 653 | 20744 | | 山 东 | 15712 | 12406 | 1921 | 60214 | | 河 南 | 10176 | 7953 | 1260 | 53616 | | 湖 北 | 7523 | 5776 | 912 | 32559 | | 湖 南 | 10797 | 8444 | 1307 | 36725 | | 广 东 | 29117 | 24414 | 3764 | 75309 | | 广 西 | 10175 | 8168 | 876 | 27645 | | 海 南 | 3611 | 2725 | 249 | 5900 | | 重 庆 | 5763 | 4425 | 701 | 19883 | | 四 川 | 16605 | 12721 | 1844 | 42520 | | 贵 州 | 14160 | 9576 | 1049 | 12493 | | 云 南 | 25508 | 20025 | 2297 | 29287 | | 西 藏 | 827 | 594 | 62 | 770 | | 陕 西 | 11466 | 8032 | 1257 | 26371 | | 甘 肃 | 9674 | 7236 | 876 | 14618 | | 青 海 | 2346 | 1657 | 182 | 2803 | | 宁 夏 | 3125 | 2307 | 262 | 4346 | | 新 疆 | 9266 | 6515 | 505 | 11168 | | 新 疆 兵 团 | 822 | 562 | 80 | 381 |
+
+说明：本报告期内相应人数为 2023 年报考、参考及成绩合格人数。本期成绩合格人数统计时间截至 2024 年 2 月底。
+
+## 表 45 执业药师职业资格考试情况（中药学类）
+
+2024年单位: 人
+
+| 省份 | 本期报考人数 | 本期参考人数 | 本期成绩合格人数 | 累计成绩合格人数 |
|---|
| 合 计 | 418279 | 343315 | 51512 | 723505 | | 北 京 | 7668 | 6083 | 791 | 12388 | | 天 津 | 3599 | 2945 | 447 | 6611 | | 河 北 | 15460 | 12979 | 2077 | 23506 | | 山 西 | 11535 | 9589 | 1537 | 21972 | | 内 蒙 古 | 15673 | 12738 | 1773 | 22106 | | 辽 宁 | 14743 | 12121 | 1685 | 27159 | | 吉 林 | 8864 | 7253 | 901 | 14974 | | 黑 龙 江 | 10371 | 8505 | 1244 | 25224 | | 上 海 | 3434 | 2720 | 424 | 5978 | | 江 苏 | 22442 | 17960 | 2930 | 34029 | | 浙 江 | 17112 | 13796 | 1979 | 31587 | | 安 徽 | 15005 | 12179 | 1962 | 27518 | | 福 建 | 9193 | 7463 | 1192 | 20814 | | 江 西 | 9492 | 8011 | 1453 | 19383 | | 山 东 | 27559 | 23044 | 3743 | 54643 | | 河 南 | 15664 | 12736 | 2167 | 44140 | | 湖 北 | 14092 | 11753 | 2079 | 34996 | | 湖 南 | 13846 | 11598 | 1987 | 37108 | | 广 东 | 37733 | 32905 | 5190 | 78439 | | 广 西 | 14247 | 12320 | 1584 | 24447 | | 海 南 | 2680 | 2149 | 236 | 2471 | | 重 庆 | 11715 | 9642 | 1479 | 19469 | | 四 川 | 27919 | 23418 | 3905 | 54213 | | 贵 州 | 12818 | 9575 | 1181 | 8391 | | 云 南 | 25054 | 20872 | 2520 | 19672 | | 西 藏 | 524 | 384 | 54 | 409 | | 陕 西 | 13525 | 10151 | 1497 | 18256 | | 甘 肃 | 14580 | 11461 | 1356 | 15753 | | 青 海 | 2379 | 1831 | 227 | 2005 | | 宁 夏 | 6236 | 4989 | 707 | 5410 | | 新 疆 | 12069 | 9344 | 1087 | 9913 | | 新 疆 兵 团 | 1048 | 801 | 118 | 521 |
+
+说明:本报告期内相应人数为2023年报考、参考及成绩合格人数。本期成绩合格人数统计时间截至2024年2月底。
+
+## 表 46 执业药师注册情况
+
+2024年 单位:人
+
+| 省份 | 累计在有效期内人数 | 执业类别 | 执业领域 | 学历分布 |
|---|
| 药学 | 中药学 | 药学与中药学 | 药品生产企业 | 药品批发企业 | 药品零售企业 | 医疗机构 | 其他 | 博士 | 硕士 | 本科 | 大专 | 中专 |
|---|
| 合计 | 814283 | 329175 | 435339 | 49769 | 5351 | 41884 | 741407 | 25382 | 259 | 439 | 7246 | 223486 | 352541 | 230571 | | 北京 | 8528 | 3237 | 4924 | 367 | 105 | 871 | 7142 | 380 | 30 | 43 | 290 | 3912 | 3651 | 632 | | 天津 | 8482 | 4488 | 3728 | 266 | 168 | 579 | 7073 | 662 | 0 | 9 | 262 | 3529 | 3414 | 1268 | | 河北 | 37777 | 21510 | 15362 | 905 | 80 | 1442 | 34044 | 2211 | 0 | 23 | 496 | 11549 | 18369 | 7340 | | 山西 | 21770 | 8709 | 12408 | 653 | 78 | 898 | 19870 | 924 | 0 | 3 | 136 | 5654 | 10653 | 5324 | | 内蒙古 | 21840 | 7236 | 13787 | 817 | 43 | 577 | 19702 | 1518 | 0 | 5 | 93 | 5257 | 10969 | 5516 | | 辽宁 | 31261 | 11504 | 19295 | 462 | 31 | 888 | 29860 | 482 | 0 | 30 | 481 | 10709 | 14979 | 5062 | | 吉林 | 20623 | 10760 | 8947 | 916 | 149 | 1373 | 18597 | 504 | 0 | 13 | 298 | 8039 | 9317 | 2956 | | 黑龙江 | 21165 | 7049 | 12876 | 1240 | 52 | 1230 | 19292 | 591 | 0 | 2 | 195 | 6599 | 9502 | 4867 | | 上海 | 8602 | 4774 | 3350 | 478 | 200 | 756 | 7528 | 98 | 20 | 18 | 164 | 2935 | 3660 | 1825 | | 江苏 | 46814 | 18769 | 25858 | 2187 | 68 | 2320 | 44059 | 361 | 6 | 19 | 453 | 15528 | 21276 | 9538 | | 浙江 | 39474 | 14720 | 22172 | 2582 | 447 | 2710 | 36069 | 216 | 32 | 95 | 80 | 3443 | 6913 | 28943 | | 安徽 | 35160 | 20411 | 13073 | 1676 | 365 | 1931 | 28814 | 4046 | 4 | 11 | 385 | 10190 | 15602 | 8972 | | 福建 | 19209 | 5680 | 11998 | 1531 | 259 | 808 | 17829 | 313 | 0 | 7 | 138 | 5337 | 8766 | 4961 | | 江西 | 16642 | 4539 | 11622 | 481 | 74 | 1346 | 14993 | 227 | 2 | 2 | 58 | 4548 | 8221 | 3813 | | 山东 | 59286 | 23036 | 34666 | 1584 | 347 | 2241 | 54215 | 2465 | 18 | 14 | 460 | 13223 | 25471 | 20118 | | 河南 | 51134 | 24683 | 25557 | 894 | 178 | 2127 | 47196 | 1630 | 3 | 6 | 326 | 11323 | 22061 | 17418 | | 湖北 | 31956 | 11193 | 19845 | 918 | 315 | 2055 | 28479 | 1074 | 33 | 16 | 379 | 8816 | 13636 | 9109 | | 湖南 | 34799 | 11935 | 18052 | 4812 | 100 | 1414 | 32644 | 627 | 14 | 6 | 147 | 6542 | 14278 | 13826 | | 广东 | 81767 | 26016 | 39644 | 16107 | 847 | 4022 | 76337 | 530 | 31 | 36 | 693 | 22325 | 33912 | 24801 | | 广西 | 30058 | 12532 | 16281 | 1245 | 59 | 914 | 28677 | 407 | 1 | 4 | 143 | 7719 | 11993 | 10199 | | 海南 | 5516 | 3461 | 1751 | 304 | 138 | 931 | 4264 | 167 | 16 | 1 | 93 | 2727 | 2072 | 623 | | 重庆 | 23075 | 8523 | 14061 | 491 | 463 | 2031 | 20198 | 381 | 2 | 11 | 187 | 6254 | 10882 | 5741 | | 四川 | 55855 | 17104 | 35128 | 3623 | 213 | 2658 | 50588 | 2376 | 20 | 29 | 381 | 12583 | 25166 | 17696 | | 贵州 | 15386 | 8116 | 6846 | 424 | 86 | 625 | 14093 | 582 | 0 | 9 | 189 | 5673 | 6101 | 3414 | | 云南 | 25102 | 12333 | 10848 | 1921 | 318 | 1605 | 22518 | 659 | 2 | 7 | 192 | 8323 | 12045 | 4535 | | 西藏 | 1058 | 485 | 505 | 68 | 7 | 249 | 776 | 26 | 0 | 0 | 10 | 473 | 382 | 193 | | 陕西 | 26781 | 14183 | 11482 | 1116 | 22 | 1275 | 24796 | 683 | 5 | 10 | 250 | 8421 | 13156 | 4944 | | 甘肃 | 14016 | 4818 | 8515 | 683 | 79 | 797 | 12294 | 846 | 0 | 2 | 66 | 3592 | 6100 | 4256 | | 青海 | 2477 | 1077 | 1250 | 150 | 26 | 212 | 2187 | 52 | 0 | 1 | 20 | 1076 | 1018 | 362 | | 宁夏 | 5659 | 1540 | 3952 | 167 | 20 | 406 | 5069 | 144 | 20 | 1 | 51 | 2339 | 2689 | 579 | | 新疆 | 11060 | 3992 | 6497 | 571 | 14 | 501 | 10386 | 159 | 0 | 6 | 110 | 4106 | 5339 | 1499 | | 新疆兵团 | 1951 | 762 | 1059 | 130 | 0 | 92 | 1818 | 41 | 0 | 0 | 20 | 742 | 948 | 241 |
+
+## 表 47 执业药师注册情况（注册类型）
+
+2024年单位:人
+
+| 省份 | 首次注册 | 延续注册 | 变更注册 | 注销注册 |
|---|
| 合计 | 52773 | 134382 | 173721 | 30994 | | 北京 | 471 | 1452 | 1774 | 246 | | 天津 | 384 | 1375 | 1820 | 170 | | 河北 | 2341 | 6555 | 8900 | 1566 | | 山西 | 1635 | 3782 | 3983 | 672 | | 内蒙古 | 2008 | 3851 | 4944 | 921 | | 辽宁 | 1426 | 4734 | 6820 | 925 | | 吉林 | 1433 | 4250 | 4188 | 792 | | 黑龙江 | 1256 | 3649 | 4016 | 1159 | | 上海 | 336 | 1430 | 2083 | 111 | | 江苏 | 2556 | 7056 | 9826 | 482 | | 浙江 | 1767 | 6824 | 8459 | 0 | | 安徽 | 2238 | 5550 | 7680 | 2313 | | 福建 | 970 | 3293 | 3653 | 271 | | 江西 | 1126 | 2673 | 3163 | 1175 | | 山东 | 3864 | 9985 | 11367 | 3950 | | 河南 | 2974 | 9625 | 7444 | 2056 | | 湖北 | 1884 | 5251 | 6847 | 949 | | 湖南 | 1973 | 5624 | 9056 | 1379 | | 广东 | 3901 | 14059 | 20266 | 3486 | | 广西 | 1444 | 5239 | 6962 | 1348 | | 海南 | 353 | 982 | 1063 | 281 | | 重庆 | 1538 | 3979 | 5322 | 1558 | | 四川 | 3913 | 8569 | 10923 | 875 | | 贵州 | 1900 | 2297 | 3172 | 1165 | | 云南 | 2907 | 2846 | 5326 | 1053 | | 西藏 | 104 | 167 | 252 | 34 | | 陕西 | 2463 | 4292 | 5339 | 528 | | 甘肃 | 1402 | 2140 | 2486 | 444 | | 青海 | 305 | 333 | 391 | 12 | | 宁夏 | 565 | 693 | 1927 | 354 | | 新疆 | 1112 | 1564 | 3783 | 661 | | 新疆兵团 | 224 | 263 | 486 | 58 |
+
+## 表 48 特定地区执业药师情况
+
+2024年单位: 人
+
+| 省份 | 累计取得资格人数 | 累计在有效期内注册人数 |
|---|
| 合计 | 2817 | 664 | | 内蒙古 | 32 | 10 | | 广西 | 40 | 23 | | 重庆 | 10 | 1 | | 四川 | 596 | 118 | | 贵州 | 69 | 31 | | 云南 | 351 | 129 | | 西藏 | 120 | 10 | | 陕西 | 38 | 3 | | 甘肃 | 436 | 55 | | 青海 | 94 | 23 | | 宁夏 | 28 | 13 | | 新疆 | 853 | 224 | | 新疆兵团 | 150 | 23 |
+
+## 表 49 药品监管行政复议案件情况
+
+2024年单位: 件
+
+| 项目 | 被同级(或上级)政府审理的复议 | 被本部门审理的复议 |
|---|
| 被受理 | 5370 | 67 | | 被受理 | 药品 | 2438 | 16 | | 医疗器械 | 975 | 33 | | 化妆品 | 1912 | 18 | | 其他 | 45 | 0 | | 中止 | 63 | 26 | | 终止 | 申请人撤回 | 1290 | 13 | | 和解 | 30 | 11 | | 其他 | 41 | 0 | | 调解 | 128 | 0 | | 复议决定 | 驳回复议申请 | 1065 | 36 | | 维持 | 1945 | 26 | | 确认无效 | 9 | 0 | | 不撤销,但确认违法 | 80 | 4 | | 撤销、部分撤销 | 122 | 4 | | 变更 | 27 | 1 | | 责令限期履行职责 | 43 | 0 | | 合计 | 3291 | 71 | | 其中: 给予赔偿 | 1 | 0 |
+
+## 表 50 药品监管行政诉讼案件情况
+
+2024年单位: 件
+
+| 项目 | 药品 | 医疗器械 | 化妆品 | 其他 | 合计 |
|---|
| 法院受理 | 423 | 151 | 189 | 10 | 773 | | 一审 | 原告撤诉 | 92 | 25 | 38 | 6 | 161 | | 驳回起诉 | 58 | 10 | 46 | 5 | 119 | | 终结 | 27 | 16 | 9 | 1 | 53 | | 判决结果 | 驳回诉讼请求 | 119 | 39 | 53 | 5 | 216 | | 确认违法、无效 | 3 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 4 | | 撤销、部分撤销 | 4 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 10 | | 变更 | 7 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 10 | | 责令履行职责 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | | 其他 | 33 | 13 | 8 | 0 | 54 | | 判决合计 | 166 | 59 | 64 | 6 | 295 | | 其中: 给予赔偿 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 二审 | 原告撤诉 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 0 | 17 | | 裁定维持 | 40 | 13 | 11 | 1 | 65 | | 终结 | 8 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 14 | | 判决结果 | 判决维持 | 64 | 27 | 24 | 2 | 117 | | 改 判 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 5 | | 发回重审 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | | 判决合计 | 67 | 29 | 24 | 2 | 122 | | 其中: 给予赔偿 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_36.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_36.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..798071126861c412aceaeac8c95bdda129f5cf81
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_36.md
@@ -0,0 +1,940 @@
+## 表 20 进口药品检验情况三（按国家和地区分类）
+
+2024年
+
+| 国家或地区 | 价值(万美元) | 批次 |
|---|
| 总金额 | 合格品价值 | 不合格品价值 | 总批次 | 合格批次 | 不合格批次 | 不合格率(%) |
|---|
| 阿富汗 | 2.39 | 2.39 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 阿塞拜疆 | 8.24 | 5.85 | 2.40 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 40.00 | | 埃塞俄比亚 | 79.85 | 79.85 | 0.00 | 11 | 11 | 0 | 0.00 | | 爱尔兰 | 628751.12 | 628751.12 | 0.00 | 302 | 302 | 0 | 0.00 | | 奥地利 | 45009.51 | 45009.51 | 0.00 | 224 | 224 | 0 | 0.00 | | 澳大利亚 | 55.32 | 55.32 | 0.00 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | | 巴基斯坦 | 85.93 | 52.69 | 33.23 | 36 | 28 | 8 | 22.22 | | 巴西 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.00 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | | 比利时 | 61315.05 | 61315.05 | 0.00 | 65 | 65 | 0 | 0.00 | | 波多黎各 | 1063.38 | 1063.38 | 0.00 | 17 | 17 | 0 | 0.00 | | 波兰 | 33.13 | 33.13 | 0.00 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | | 丹麦 | 179872.92 | 179872.92 | 0.00 | 413 | 413 | 0 | 0.00 | | 德国 | 309124.53 | 308920.70 | 203.82 | 1240 | 1238 | 2 | 0.16 | | 俄罗斯 | 101.73 | 101.73 | 0.00 | 510 | 510 | 0 | 0.00 | | 法国 | 126467.20 | 126467.20 | 0.00 | 549 | 549 | 0 | 0.00 | | 哥斯达黎加 | 24.60 | 24.60 | 0.00 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | | 哈萨克斯坦 | 11.07 | 11.07 | 0.00 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0.00 | | 韩国 | 15361.98 | 15359.82 | 2.16 | 638 | 637 | 1 | 0.16 | | 荷兰 | 804.48 | 804.48 | 0.00 | 7 | 7 | 0 | 0.00 | | 吉尔吉斯斯坦 | 1.37 | 1.37 | 0.00 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | | 加拿大 | 7274.51 | 6860.42 | 414.09 | 152 | 144 | 8 | 5.26 | | 捷克 | 0.43 | 0.43 | 0.00 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | | 克罗地亚 | 1.73 | 1.73 | 0.00 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | | 肯尼亚 | 690.11 | 686.06 | 4.05 | 98 | 97 | 1 | 1.02 | | 老挝 | 1101.90 | 1092.61 | 9.29 | 313 | 310 | 3 | 0.96 | | 罗马尼亚 | 136.48 | 136.48 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 马达加斯加 | 91.10 | 64.22 | 26.88 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 50.00 | | 马耳他 | 10.82 | 10.82 | 0.00 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0.00 | | 马来西亚 | 58.22 | 58.22 | 0.00 | 8 | 8 | 0 | 0.00 | | 美国 | 309788.92 | 309788.92 | 0.00 | 1568 | 1568 | 0 | 0.00 | | 缅甸 | 3063.80 | 3028.17 | 35.63 | 727 | 716 | 11 | 1.51 | | 墨西哥 | 0.23 | 0.23 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 尼泊尔 | 137.31 | 137.31 | 0.00 | 22 | 22 | 0 | 0.00 | | 尼日利亚 | 28.96 | 28.96 | 0.00 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | | 日本 | 22837.21 | 22837.21 | 0.00 | 256 | 256 | 0 | 0.00 | | 瑞典 | 16673.59 | 16673.59 | 0.00 | 236 | 236 | 0 | 0.00 | | 瑞士 | 244576.01 | 244576.01 | 0.00 | 874 | 874 | 0 | 0.00 | | 塞浦路斯 | 0.77 | 0.77 | 0.00 | 4 | 4 | 0 | 0.00 | | 斯洛伐克 | 8.69 | 8.69 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 斯洛文尼亚 | 19.66 | 19.66 | 0.00 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0.00 | | 苏丹 | 316.37 | 316.37 | 0.00 | 48 | 48 | 0 | 0.00 | | 索马里 | 139.47 | 139.47 | 0.00 | 28 | 28 | 0 | 0.00 | | 泰国 | 3003.57 | 2827.83 | 175.74 | 1189 | 1162 | 27 | 2.27 | | 坦桑尼亚 | 6.03 | 6.03 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 土耳其 | 15.82 | 15.82 | 0.00 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0.00 | | 乌克兰 | 3.52 | 3.52 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 乌兹别克斯坦 | 26.37 | 26.37 | 0.00 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0.00 | | 西班牙 | 26715.48 | 26672.75 | 42.73 | 588 | 587 | 1 | 0.17 | | 希腊 | 602.97 | 602.97 | 0.00 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0.00 | | 新加坡 | 257.14 | 257.14 | 0.00 | 49 | 49 | 0 | 0.00 | | 匈牙利 | 1.34 | 1.34 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 伊朗 | 196.68 | 196.68 | 0.00 | 32 | 32 | 0 | 0.00 | | 意大利 | 32855.00 | 32855.00 | 0.00 | 192 | 192 | 0 | 0.00 | | 印度 | 1615.10 | 1586.50 | 28.60 | 462 | 449 | 13 | 2.81 | | 印度尼西亚 | 1911.06 | 1866.16 | 44.90 | 319 | 309 | 10 | 3.13 | | 英国 | 7849.43 | 7849.43 | 0.00 | 60 | 60 | 0 | 0.00 | | 越南 | 4199.44 | 4098.13 | 101.31 | 745 | 725 | 20 | 2.68 | | 中国澳门 | 96.18 | 96.18 | 0.00 | 13 | 13 | 0 | 0.00 | | 中国台湾 | 2996.76 | 2996.76 | 0.00 | 72 | 72 | 0 | 0.00 | | 中国香港 | 24939.47 | 24939.47 | 0.00 | 2942 | 2942 | 0 | 0.00 | | 合计 | 2082421.48 | 2081296.64 | 1124.84 | 15076 | 14967 | 109 | 0.72 |
+
+## 表 21 药品不良反应报告和监测情况
+
+2024年单位: 份
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+合计 |
+化学药品 |
+中药 |
+生物制品 |
+其他 |
+
+
+
+
+| 不良反应报告数量 |
+2596904 |
+2109670 |
+330768 |
+85749 |
+70717 |
+
+
+| 严重药品不良反应报告数量 |
+453882 |
+386892 |
+26304 |
+26303 |
+14383 |
+
+
+| 新的药品不良反应报告数量 |
+508038 |
+339324 |
+130682 |
+17470 |
+20562 |
+
+
+| 药品群体不良事件报告数量 |
+0 |
+0 |
+0 |
+0 |
+0 |
+
+
+| 报告来源 |
+医疗单位 |
+2368829 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| 生产单位 |
+95052 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| 经营单位 |
+131636 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| 个人 |
+0 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+| 其他 |
+1387 |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+- |
+
+
+
+
+## 表 22 药品安全性评价情况
+
+2024年单位:个
+
+| 项目 | 数量 |
|---|
| 安全性评价药品数量 | 54 | | 按药品类别分 | | 化学药 | 24 | | 中药 | 26 | | 生物制品 | 4 | | 按评价结果采取的管理措施分 | | 发布药品不良反应信息通报 | 0 | | 修改说明书 | 33 | | 限制性使用 | 0 | | 非处方药转处方药 | 0 | | 废止药品标准 | 0 | | 撤销 | 1 | | 其他 | 1 |
+
+## 表 23 全国查处药品、药品包装材料案件情况
+
+2024年
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+计量单位 |
+一般程序案件 |
+简易程序案件 |
+合计 |
+
+
+
+
+| 案件数 |
+件 |
+54838 |
+16047 |
+70885 |
+
+
+| 其中: 涉及互联网 |
+件 |
+1028 |
+182 |
+1210 |
+
+
+| 案件来源 |
+投诉举报 |
+件 |
+4912 |
+574 |
+5486 |
+
+
+| 监督抽验 |
+件 |
+2174 |
+221 |
+2395 |
+
+
+| 执法检验 |
+件 |
+919 |
+279 |
+1198 |
+
+
+| 日常监管和专项检查 |
+件 |
+40256 |
+13963 |
+54219 |
+
+
+| 其他部门通报 |
+件 |
+2750 |
+411 |
+3161 |
+
+
+| 其他 |
+件 |
+3827 |
+599 |
+4426 |
+
+
+| 货值 |
+10万元以下 |
+件 |
+54216 |
+16047 |
+70263 |
+
+
+| 10万-20万元 |
+件 |
+206 |
+- |
+206 |
+
+
+| 20万-50万元 |
+件 |
+158 |
+- |
+158 |
+
+
+| 50万-1000万元 |
+件 |
+209 |
+- |
+209 |
+
+
+| 1000万元-1亿元 |
+件 |
+30 |
+- |
+30 |
+
+
+| 1亿元以上 |
+件 |
+19 |
+- |
+19 |
+
+
+| 主要违法环节 |
+生产环节 |
+件 |
+853 |
+132 |
+985 |
+
+
+| 经营环节 |
+件 |
+37659 |
+12106 |
+49765 |
+
+
+| 医疗机构 |
+件 |
+13760 |
+3531 |
+17291 |
+
+
+| 其他 |
+件 |
+2566 |
+278 |
+2844 |
+
+
+| 货值金额 |
+万元 |
+447556.87 |
+11.07 |
+447567.94 |
+
+
+| 没收违法所得金额 |
+万元 |
+20344.16 |
+- |
+20344.16 |
+
+
+| 责令关闭 |
+户 |
+574 |
+- |
+574 |
+
+
+| 捣毁制假售假窝点 |
+个 |
+424 |
+- |
+424 |
+
+
+| 责令停产停业 |
+户 |
+93 |
+- |
+93 |
+
+
+| 其中: 生产企业 |
+户 |
+14 |
+- |
+14 |
+
+
+| 经营企业 |
+户 |
+79 |
+- |
+79 |
+
+
+| 撤销批准文号或备案号 |
+件 |
+1 |
+- |
+1 |
+
+
+| 吊销许可证 |
+件 |
+79 |
+- |
+79 |
+
+
+| 其中: 生产许可证 |
+件 |
+2 |
+- |
+2 |
+
+
+| 经营许可证 |
+件 |
+77 |
+- |
+77 |
+
+
+| 制剂许可证 |
+件 |
+0 |
+- |
+0 |
+
+
+| 送司法机关案件数 |
+件 |
+4717 |
+- |
+4717 |
+
+
+| 刑事判决数 |
+件 |
+146 |
+- |
+146 |
+
+
+| 刑事处罚 |
+人 |
+127 |
+- |
+127 |
+
+
+| 行政处罚案件信息公开数 |
+件 |
+31957 |
+- |
+31957 |
+
+
+
+
+续表
+2024年
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+案件数(件) |
+货值金额(万元) |
+吊销许可证(件) |
+移送司法机关
案件数(件) |
+
+
+
+| 生产假劣药 |
+590 |
+175020.84 |
+0 |
+164 |
+
+
+| 假药 |
+189 |
+158137.83 |
+0 |
+154 |
+
+
+| 劣药 |
+401 |
+16883.01 |
+0 |
+10 |
+
+
+| 销售假劣药 |
+9237 |
+75144.85 |
+13 |
+1830 |
+
+
+| 假药 |
+3283 |
+72745.86 |
+9 |
+1739 |
+
+
+| 劣药 |
+5954 |
+2398.99 |
+4 |
+91 |
+
+
+| 其中:互联网销售假劣药 |
+172 |
+18784.43 |
+0 |
+122 |
+
+
+| 假药 |
+142 |
+18781.86 |
+0 |
+115 |
+
+
+| 劣药 |
+30 |
+2.57 |
+0 |
+7 |
+
+
+| 使用假劣药 |
+6729 |
+1120.92 |
+0 |
+115 |
+
+
+| 假药 |
+241 |
+607.85 |
+0 |
+85 |
+
+
+| 劣药 |
+6488 |
+513.07 |
+0 |
+30 |
+
+
+
+
+## 表 24 麻醉药品、精神药品和药品类易制毒化学品生产定点情况²
+
+2024年单位:家
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+数量 |
+
+
+
+
+| 麻醉药品定点生产企业数量 |
+34 |
+
+
+ |
+含原料药 |
+16 |
+
+
+| 含制剂 |
+28 |
+
+
+| 精神药品定点生产企业数量 |
+281 |
+
+
+ |
+第一类定点生产企业数量 |
+28 |
+
+
+ |
+其中:含原料药 |
+15 |
+
+
+| 含制剂 |
+21 |
+
+
+| 第二类定点生产企业数量 |
+266 |
+
+
+ |
+其中:含原料药 |
+74 |
+
+
+| 含制剂 |
+228 |
+
+
+| 麻醉药品、精神药品定点生产企业数量 |
+300 |
+
+
+| 药品类易制毒化学品定点生产企业数量 |
+23 |
+
+
+
+
+## 表 25 麻醉药品、精神药品和药品类易制毒化学品经营定点情况
+
+2024年单位:家
+
+| 项目 | 数量 |
|---|
| 麻醉药品和第一类精神药品定点全国性批发企业数量 | 3 | | 麻醉药品和第一类精神药品定点区域性批发企业数量 | 616 | | 从事第二类精神药品批发企业数量 | 2585 | | 经营第二类精神药品零售连锁企业数量 | 78 | | 药品类易制毒化学品原料药定点经营企业数量 | 73 |
+
+
+
+² 同时生产原料药、制剂的定点生产企业，统计时分别计入原料药、制剂定点生产企业，企业总数仅计一家。
+
+## 表 26 医疗器械产品注册情况
+
+2024年单位:件
+
+| 类别 | 本期备案 | 首次注册 | 延续注册 | 变更注册 | 登记事项变更备案 | 注/撤销 | 期末实有 |
|---|
| 受理 | 批准 | 受理 | 批准 | 受理 | 批准 |
|---|
| 境内第一类医疗器械 | 21748 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 155056 | | 进口第一类医疗器械 | 431 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 10216 | | 境内第二类医疗器械 | - | 17278 | 14149 | 12460 | 11640 | 13716 | 12608 | 19094 | 1384 | 109676 | | 境内第三类医疗器械 | - | 2953 | 2655 | 2058 | 1934 | 2535 | 2196 | 4885 | 27 | / | | 进口第二类医疗器械(含港澳台) | - | 286 | 309 | 1632 | 1595 | 1346 | 1272 | 821 | 13 | / | | 进口第三类医疗器械(含港澳台) | - | 408 | 399 | 1176 | 1127 | 1323 | 1433 | 1049 | 33 | / | | 合计 | 22179 | 20925 | 17512 | 17326 | 16296 | 18920 | 17509 | 25849 | 1457 | / |
+
+注：“/”表示未获得具体数据。
+
+## 表 27 地方医疗器械监督抽检情况
+
+2024年
+
+| 类别 | 抽检批次 | 不合格批次 | 不合格率(%) |
|---|
| 按器械类别分 | 一类 | 1510 | 56 | 3.71 | | 二类 | 15489 | 471 | 3.04 | | 三类 | 5291 | 19 | 0.36 | | 按抽检环节分 | 生产环节 | 5106 | 130 | 2.55 | | 经营环节 | 7710 | 279 | 3.62 | | 使用环节 | 9474 | 137 | 1.45 | | 合计 | 22290 | 546 | 2.45 |
+
+## 表 28 医疗器械标准制、修订情况
+
+2024年单位：项
+
+
+
+
+| 产品分类 |
+国家标准 |
+行业标准 |
+
+
+| 累计 |
+累计 |
+
+
+ |
+强制 |
+推荐 |
+ |
+强制 |
+推荐 |
+
+
+
+
+| 合计 |
+296 |
+89 |
+207 |
+1727 |
+176 |
+1551 |
+
+
+| 医疗器械综合 |
+67 |
+2 |
+65 |
+174 |
+7 |
+167 |
+
+
+| 一般与显微外科器械 |
+24 |
+12 |
+12 |
+183 |
+22 |
+161 |
+
+
+| 眼科与耳鼻喉科手术器械 |
+0 |
+0 |
+0 |
+9 |
+0 |
+9 |
+
+
+| 口腔科器械、设备与材料 |
+15 |
+3 |
+12 |
+169 |
+16 |
+153 |
+
+
+| 矫形外科、骨科器械 |
+28 |
+10 |
+18 |
+197 |
+15 |
+182 |
+
+
+| 其他专科器械 |
+3 |
+1 |
+2 |
+46 |
+2 |
+44 |
+
+
+| 医疗设备通用要求 |
+0 |
+0 |
+0 |
+4 |
+0 |
+4 |
+
+
+| 普通诊察器械 |
+4 |
+2 |
+2 |
+1 |
+0 |
+1 |
+
+
+| 医用电子仪器设备 |
+6 |
+6 |
+0 |
+25 |
+12 |
+13 |
+
+
+| 医用光学仪器设备与内窥镜 |
+18 |
+9 |
+9 |
+94 |
+19 |
+75 |
+
+
+| 医用超声、激光、高频仪器设备 |
+9 |
+4 |
+5 |
+74 |
+11 |
+63 |
+
+
+| 理疗与中医仪器设备 |
+2 |
+2 |
+0 |
+55 |
+12 |
+43 |
+
+
+| 医用射线设备 |
+45 |
+14 |
+31 |
+140 |
+13 |
+127 |
+
+
+| 医用化验设备 |
+20 |
+2 |
+18 |
+271 |
+1 |
+270 |
+
+
+| 体外循环、人工脏器、假体装置 |
+14 |
+5 |
+9 |
+86 |
+17 |
+69 |
+
+
+| 手术室设备 |
+7 |
+4 |
+3 |
+61 |
+16 |
+45 |
+
+
+| 公共医疗设备 |
+29 |
+10 |
+19 |
+65 |
+10 |
+55 |
+
+
+| 医用卫生用品 |
+2 |
+1 |
+1 |
+71 |
+3 |
+68 |
+
+
+| 标准化、质量管理 |
+0 |
+0 |
+0 |
+2 |
+0 |
+2 |
+
+
+| 医用加速器 |
+2 |
+1 |
+1 |
+0 |
+0 |
+0 |
+
+
+| 钢铁产品综合 |
+1 |
+1 |
+0 |
+0 |
+0 |
+0 |
+
+
+| 其他单子合金 |
+0 |
+0 |
+0 |
+0 |
+0 |
+0 |
+
+
+
+
+## 表 29 截至 2024 年底医疗器械生产企业情况³
+
+| 项目 | 单位 | 数量 |
|---|
| 生产企业情况 | 一类医疗器械产品生产备案凭证数量 | 个 | 21288 | | 仅生产二类医疗器械产品生产许可证数量 | 个 | 15550 | | 仅生产三类医疗器械产品生产许可证数量 | 个 | 1182 | | 同时生产二、三类医疗器械产品生产许可证数量 | 个 | 2048 | | 生产企业总数 | 家 | 32752 | | 监管企业情况 | 重点监管企业总数 | 家 | 2648 |
+
+## 表 30 截至 2024 年底医疗器械经营企业情况
+
+单位: 家
+
+| 项目 | 数量 |
|---|
| 经营企业情况 | 仅从事第二类医疗器械经营的企业 | 932232 | | 仅从事第三类医疗器械经营的企业 | 86154 | | 同时从事第二、三类医疗器械经营的企业 | 411154 | | 从事无菌或植入性医疗器械经营的企业 | 434943 | | 从事体外诊断试剂(IVD)经营的企业 | 380968 | | 专门提供医疗器械运输贮存服务的企业 | 1193 | | 从事医疗器械网络销售的企业 | 360982 | | 提供医疗器械网络交易服务第三方平台服务的企业 | 851 |
+
+
+
+³ 许可证/备案证数量统计口径为：如果生产一类产品（有备案证），计入一类备案证数量；如果只生产二类（许可证仅含二类产品），计入仅二类许可证数量；如果只生产三类（许可证仅含三类产品），计入仅三类许可证数量；如果同时生产二三类（许可证同时包含二、三类产品），计入同时生产二、三类许可证数量。
+
+## 表 31 截至2024年底各省(区、市)医疗器械生产企业情况⁴
+
+单位:个,家
+
+| 省份 | 一类备案凭证数量 | 仅二类许可证数量 | 仅三类许可证数量 | 同时生产二、三类许可证数量 | 生产企业总数 |
|---|
| 合计 | 21288 | 15550 | 1182 | 2048 | 32752 | | 北京 | 451 | 468 | 138 | 196 | 1002 | | 天津 | 452 | 388 | 37 | 69 | 739 | | 河北 | 1472 | 616 | 22 | 27 | 1872 | | 山西 | 131 | 275 | 3 | 8 | 417 | | 内蒙古 | 28 | 62 | 2 | 3 | 95 | | 辽宁 | 287 | 402 | 16 | 21 | 669 | | 吉林 | 474 | 321 | 12 | 14 | 616 | | 黑龙江 | 118 | 235 | 3 | 6 | 326 | | 上海 | 568 | 535 | 145 | 162 | 1151 | | 江苏 | 3082 | 1868 | 247 | 488 | 4398 | | 浙江 | 1684 | 1154 | 87 | 221 | 2482 | | 安徽 | 520 | 395 | 18 | 38 | 793 | | 福建 | 361 | 325 | 62 | 35 | 603 | | 江西 | 457 | 450 | 11 | 40 | 941 | | 山东 | 4015 | 1114 | 58 | 162 | 4406 | | 河南 | 1074 | 814 | 20 | 55 | 1566 | | 湖北 | 1012 | 699 | 27 | 67 | 1427 | | 湖南 | 745 | 942 | 13 | 40 | 1359 | | 广东 | 2893 | 2652 | 168 | 257 | 4883 | | 广西 | 239 | 277 | 0 | 22 | 434 | | 海南 | 28 | 66 | 2 | 4 | 79 | | 重庆 | 194 | 255 | 18 | 30 | 390 | | 四川 | 323 | 462 | 37 | 53 | 736 | | 贵州 | 165 | 107 | 2 | 4 | 237 | | 云南 | 57 | 146 | 1 | 4 | 191 | | 西藏 | 10 | 13 | 1 | 0 | 24 | | 陕西 | 332 | 317 | 23 | 17 | 642 | | 甘肃 | 51 | 87 | 5 | 5 | 116 | | 青海 | 17 | 23 | 1 | 0 | 41 | | 宁夏 | 4 | 24 | 0 | 0 | 27 | | 新疆 | 28 | 47 | 3 | 0 | 68 | | 新疆兵团 | 16 | 11 | 0 | 0 | 22 |
+
+
+
+⁴ 许可证/备案证数量统计口径为:如果生产一类产品(有备案证),计入一类备案证数量;如果只生产二类(许可证仅含二类产品),计入仅二类许可证数量;如果只生产三类(许可证仅含三类产品),计入仅三类许可证数量;如果同时生产二三类(许可证同时包含二、三类产品),计入同时生产二、三类许可证数量。
+
+## 表 32 截至2024年底各省(区、市)医疗器械经营企业情况
+
+单位:家
+
+| 省份 | 仅从事第二类医疗器械经营的企业 | 仅从事第三类医疗器械经营的企业 | 同时从事第二、三类医疗器械经营的企业 | 经营第二、三类医疗器械企业总数 |
|---|
| 合计 | 932232 | 86154 | 411154 | 1429540 | | 北京 | 29723 | 1116 | 13451 | 44290 | | 天津 | 6401 | 788 | 6206 | 13395 | | 河北 | 44124 | 3299 | 14211 | 61634 | | 山西 | 15731 | 4416 | 16561 | 36708 | | 内蒙古 | 12482 | 3353 | 13330 | 29165 | | 辽宁 | 22084 | 2058 | 23612 | 47754 | | 吉林 | 16889 | 5144 | 13106 | 35139 | | 黑龙江 | 9864 | 1643 | 23031 | 34538 | | 上海 | 14597 | 1437 | 19629 | 35663 | | 江苏 | 51030 | 5369 | 21032 | 77431 | | 浙江 | 51797 | 4023 | 12312 | 68132 | | 安徽 | 37885 | 2388 | 12353 | 52626 | | 福建 | 23393 | 1582 | 5297 | 30272 | | 江西 | 21582 | 2329 | 18991 | 42902 | | 山东 | 80142 | 6796 | 34323 | 121261 | | 河南 | 49725 | 5988 | 25912 | 81625 | | 湖北 | 23319 | 5476 | 17777 | 46572 | | 湖南 | 24448 | 2710 | 13172 | 40330 | | 广东 | 148570 | 5124 | 26572 | 180266 | | 广西 | 38303 | 1204 | 7418 | 46925 | | 海南 | 8269 | 315 | 1390 | 9974 | | 重庆 | 22968 | 1872 | 5603 | 30443 | | 四川 | 78641 | 5249 | 13536 | 97426 | | 贵州 | 25249 | 1702 | 5308 | 32259 | | 云南 | 16925 | 3123 | 18003 | 38051 | | 西藏 | 1410 | 162 | 338 | 1910 | | 陕西 | 24101 | 3178 | 14487 | 41766 | | 甘肃 | 10027 | 820 | 4821 | 15668 | | 青海 | 2596 | 384 | 297 | 3277 | | 宁夏 | 8418 | 1390 | 1630 | 11438 | | 新疆 | 10402 | 1602 | 6364 | 18368 | | 新疆兵团 | 1137 | 114 | 1081 | 2332 |
+
+## 表 33 医疗器械生产企业日常监管情况
+
+2024年单位:家次
+
+
+
+
+| 项目 |
+数量 |
+
+
+
+
+| 检查生产企业家次 |
+26477 |
+
+
+| 其中:含一类医疗器械产品的生产企业 |
+7679 |
+
+
+| 其中:要求停产整改 |
+131 |
+
+
+| 其中:含二类医疗器械产品的生产企业 |
+15051 |
+
+
+| 其中:要求停产整改 |
+783 |
+
+
+| 其中:含三类医疗器械产品的生产企业 |
+5419 |
+
+
+| 其中:要求停产整改 |
+134 |
+
+
+| 其中:含体外诊断试剂医疗器械产品的生产企业 |
+1675 |
+
+
+| 其中:要求停产整改 |
+30 |
+
+
+| 重点企业 |
+国家重点监管企业 |
+2505 |
+
+
+全面检查
高风险企业 |
+含无菌或植入性医疗器械的生产企业 |
+6643 |
+
+
+| 创新医疗器械生产企业 |
+429 |
+
+
+| 第三类医疗器械的生产企业 |
+4835 |
+
+
+| 检查委托生产企业 |
+注册人 |
+2025 |
+
+
+| 受托生产企业 |
+1550 |
+
+
+| 检查集中带量采购中选产品生产企业 |
+国家集中带量采购中选产品生产企业 |
+590 |
+
+
+| 省级和省级联盟集中带量采购中选产品生产企业 |
+1316 |
+
+
+| 医疗器械生产企业飞行检查 |
+3024 |
+
+
+| 其中:停产整改 |
+333 |
+
+
+| 存在违法违规的生产企业 |
+3333 |
+
+
+| 完成整改的生产企业 |
+6180 |
+
+
+| 立案查处的生产企业 |
+583 |
+
+
+
+
+## 表 34 医疗器械经营企业、使用单位日常监管情况
+
+2024年单位:家次
+
+| 项目 | 数量 |
|---|
| 检查经营企业、使用单位、医疗器械网络交易服务第三方平台家次 | 1278295 | | 其中 | 经营企业 | 802333 | | 无菌或植入性医疗器械经营企业 | 145204 | | 从事医疗器械网络销售的企业 | 117416 | | 专门提供医疗器械运输贮存服务的企业 | 1237 | | 使用单位 | 469259 | | 医疗器械网络交易服务第三方平台数 | 6703 | | 省级及以下组织医疗器械经营企业飞行检查 | 21746 | | 存在违法违规的企业或单位 | 64784 | | 其中 | 经营企业 | 35678 | | 无菌或植入性医疗器械经营企业 | 6610 | | 从事医疗器械网络销售的企业 | 4299 | | 专门提供医疗器械运输贮存服务的企业 | 146 | | 使用单位 | 28998 | | 医疗器械网络交易服务第三方平台数 | 108 | | 完成整改的企业或单位 | 67997 | | 其中 | 经营企业 | 39292 | | 无菌或植入性医疗器械经营企业 | 7931 | | 从事医疗器械网络销售的企业 | 4429 | | 专门提供医疗器械运输贮存服务的企业 | 252 | | 使用单位 | 28444 | | 医疗器械网络交易服务第三方平台数 | 261 | | 立案查处的企业或单位 | 20928 | | 其中 | 经营企业 | 8643 | | 无菌或植入性医疗器械经营企业 | 896 | | 从事医疗器械网络销售的企业 | 1358 | | 专门提供医疗器械运输贮存服务的企业 | 5 | | 使用单位 | 12267 | | 医疗器械网络交易服务第三方平台数 | 18 | | 移交卫生部门处理的单位 | 119 |
+
+## 表 35 全国查处医疗器械案件情况
+
+2024年
+
+| 分类 | 计量单位 | 一般程序案件 | 简易程序案件 | 合计 |
|---|
| 案件数 | 件 | 31109 | 5923 | 37032 | | 案件来源 | 投诉举报 | 件 | 2942 | 124 | 3066 | | 监督抽验 | 件 | 1303 | 64 | 1367 | | 执法检验 | 件 | 777 | 108 | 885 | | 日常监管和专项检查 | 件 | 23442 | 5210 | 28652 | | 其他部门通报 | 件 | 1014 | 130 | 1144 | | 其他 | 件 | 1631 | 287 | 1918 | | 货值 | 5万元以下 | 件 | 30454 | 5923 | 36377 | | 5万-20万元 | 件 | 330 | - | 330 | | 20万-50万元 | 件 | 115 | - | 115 | | 50万-1000万元 | 件 | 199 | - | 199 | | 1000万元-1亿元 | 件 | 10 | - | 10 | | 1亿元以上 | 件 | 1 | - | 1 | | 主要违法环节 | 生产环节 | 件 | 946 | 121 | 1067 | | 经营环节 | 件 | 14101 | 2678 | 16779 | | 医疗机构 | 件 | 15395 | 3039 | 18434 | | 其他 | 件 | 667 | 85 | 752 | | 货值金额 | 万元 | 79031.9 | 2.74 | 79034.64 | | 没收违法所得金额 | 万元 | 5357.52 | - | 5357.52 | | 取缔无证经营 | 户 | 118 | - | 118 | | 捣毁制假售假窝点 | 个 | 13 | - | 13 | | 责令停产停业 | 户 | 21 | - | 21 | | 其中: 生产企业 | 户 | 8 | - | 8 | | 经营企业 | 户 | 13 | - | 13 | | 撤销批准文号或备案号 | 件 | 2 | - | 2 | | 吊销许可证 | 件 | 56 | - | 56 | | 其中: 生产许可证 | 件 | 5 | - | 5 | | 经营许可证 | 件 | 51 | - | 51 | | 移送司法机关案件数 | 件 | 136 | - | 136 | | 刑事判决数 | 件 | 4 | - | 4 | | 刑事处罚 | 人 | 36 | - | 36 | | 行政处罚案件信息公开数 | 件 | 19674 | | 19674 |
+
+续表
+
+| 项目 | 一般程序案件合计(件) | 简易程序案件合计(件) | 案件数合计(件) | 货值金额合计(万元) |
|---|
| 涉及医疗器械质量 | 8994 | 137 | 9131 | 24154.17 | | 违反证照管理 | 2314 | 160 | 2474 | 28230.60 | | 违反流通秩序 | 2217 | 466 | 2683 | 2879.60 | | 其他案件 | 17584 | 5160 | 22744 | 23770.27 | | 小计 | 31109 | 5923 | 37032 | 79034.64 | | 其中: 涉及互联网 | 1883 | 543 | 2426 | 804.57 |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_37.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_37.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..b109c6caaffbf23d9203f0510bcc31a68e7516af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_37.md
@@ -0,0 +1,342 @@
+# AlGaN/GaN 高电子迁移率器件外部边缘电容的物理模型*
+
+刘乃漳 张雪冰 姚若河†
+
+(华南理工大学电子与信息学院, 广州 510640)
+(2019年12月20日收到; 2020年1月31日收到修改稿)
+
+AlGaN/GaN HEMT 外部边缘电容 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 是由栅极垂直侧壁与二维电子气水平壁之间的电场构成的等效电容. 本文基于保角映射法对 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 进行物理建模, 考虑沟道长度调制效应, 研究外部偏置、阈值电压漂移和温度变化对 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 的影响: 随着漏源偏压从零开始增加, $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 先保持不变再开始衰减, 其衰减速率随栅源偏压的增加而减缓; AlGaN 势垒层中施主杂质浓度的减小和 Al 组分的减小都可引起阈值电压的正向漂移, 正向阈值漂移会加强沟道长度调制效应对 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 的影响, 导致 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 呈线性衰减. 在大漏极偏压工作情况下, $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 对器件工作温度的变化更加敏感.
+
+**关键词:** HEMT, 外部边缘电容, 沟道长度调制效应, 模型
+**PACS:** 73.40.Kp, 73.61.Ey, 71.10.Ca**DOI:** 10.7498/aps.69.20191931
+
+## 1 引言
+
+AlGaN/GaN 高电子迁移率晶体管 (high electron mobility transistor, HEMT) 具有良好的高频和高功率特性, 在射频领域得到了广泛的关注[1,2]. GaN HEMT 的 C-V 特性是器件的一个重要参数. 其栅极电容可以分为本征电容和二维电子气 (two-dimensional electron gas, 2DEG) 电极边缘电容两部分, 而边缘电容在总的栅极电容中占有相当大的比例, 器件正常工作状态下占 10% 以上, 在弱反型或截止区时甚至达到 90%[3]. 边缘电容包括内部边缘电容 $C_{\text{ifs/d}}$ 和外部边缘电容 $C_{\text{ofs/d}}$, 其中 $C_{\text{ofs/d}}$ 会受到外部偏置的影响, 特别是漏端一侧的外部边缘电容 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 所受的影响尤为明显.
+
+Pregaldiny 等[4] 曾指出 LDD MOSFET 内部边缘电容 $C_{\text{ifs/d}}$ 与器件所施加的栅极电压密切相关, 建立了 $C_{\text{ifs/d}}$ 对应的物理模型. Bansal 等[5] 利用保角映射法对 DGMOS 的外部边缘电容 $C_{\text{ofs/d}}$ 进行了物理建模, 该 $C_{\text{ofs/d}}$ 模型中的变量由工艺参数决定, 未考虑外加偏压对 $C_{\text{ofs/d}}$ 的影响. 之后, Zhang 等[3] 推导了 GaN HEMT 包含边缘电容 $C_{\text{ifs/d}}$ 和 $C_{\text{ofs/d}}$ 的电容模型, 认为边缘电容对 GaN HEMT 器件开关特性有着重要的影响. 最近, Li 等[6] 建立了适用于 GaN HEMT 边缘电容的电荷模型, 指出外部边缘电容与施加的漏极偏压相关, 之后 Jia 等[7] 对 GaN HEMT 边缘电容模型进行了改进, 在传统 $C_{\text{ofs/d}}$ 模型前添加指数修正函数来表述 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 随外加偏压的变化情况. 到目前为止, 由于利用保角映射法推导得到的 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 模型只与工艺参数相关, 常被当作固定值处理. 而实验发现它会受到外加偏置电压的影响, 但目前已报道的研究文献尚未给出 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 关于外加偏压的理论解释及相应的物理模型, $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 关于外加偏压的物理模型有待确立.
+
+
+
+* 国家重点研究计划 (批准号: 2018YFB1802100) 资助的课题.
+† 通信作者. E-mail: phrhyao@scut.edu.cn
+
+**© 2020 中国物理学会 Chinese Physical Society***http://wulixb.iphy.ac.cn*
+
+本文通过分析外部边缘电容的形成机理,推导出新的$C_{ofd}$的核心模型,同时利用沟道长度调制效应确定漏端沟道长度,研究了外加偏压、温度变化及阈值电压漂移对$C_{ofd}$的影响,建立了相应的$C_{ofd}$物理模型.
+
+## 2 物理模型推导
+
+GaN HEMT 的沟道长度与器件工作状态相关,以耗尽型 GaN HEMT为例,其关断(OFF)与开启(ON)状态示意图如图1所示.当$V_g$低于阈值电压($V_{th}$)时,器件处于关断状态,此时$V_g$太小不足以在AlGaN/GaN形成能供2DEG运动的势阱,在栅极下方形成一小区域的耗尽区[7],2DEG沟道被耗尽区隔开为漏端沟道和源端沟道.同时,在栅极与漏极之间,靠近栅极的AlGaN类施主表面陷阱起着“虚栅”的作用[8],这个能够俘获电子的虚栅使栅极和漏极之间的等效电位($V_{GD}$)降低,把栅极靠近漏端下方的2DEG也耗尽[9],导致耗尽区向漏端延伸,漏端沟道长度($L_d$)减小;当$V_g$足够大且稳定时,HEMT处于开启状态,栅极下方的耗尽区消失,同时类施主表面陷阱释放电子,由虚栅引起的耗尽区也连同消失,这时漏或源端沟道长度都达到最大值.
+
+
+
+图1 GaN HEMT 不同工作状态下外部边缘电容示意图
+(a) 处于关断状态; (b) 处于开启状态
+Fig. 1. Schematic of GaN HEMT outer fringing capacitances in different state: (a) In the OFF-state; (b) in the ON-state.
+
+$C_{ofs/d}$是由栅极垂直侧壁与漏(源)2DEG 水平壁之间的电场构成的等效电容,该电容与沟道长度密切相关. 而由于$L_d$同时受沟道长度调制效应和表面陷阱变化的影响,$C_{ofd}$随外部偏压变化情况比$C_{ofs}$更复杂.
+
+### 2.1 $C_{ofd}$核心模型
+
+图2是与$C_{ofd}$相关电场的示意图,$T_g$是栅极的厚度,$T_{AlGaN}$是AlGaN势垒层的厚度,$L_{dep\_d}$是类施主表面陷阱对2DEG的耗尽长度,$L_d$是不考虑沟道长度调制效应时的漏端沟道长度.
+
+
+
+图2 栅极侧壁与2DEG之间的电场示意图
+Fig. 2. Schematic of normal electric field between the side wall of the gate and the 2DEG.
+
+求解$C_{ofd}$需要先将电场转换成共焦电场,以最里面的电场线作为参考,它的焦点是
+
+$$
+f = \sqrt{L_{\text{dep\_d}}^2 - T_{\text{AlGaN}}^2} \quad (L_{\text{dep\_d}} \ge T_{\text{AlGaN}}). \quad (1)
+$$
+
+假设其外部的共焦电场表达式为
+
+$$
+\frac{x^2}{(L_{\text{dep\_d}} + L_{\text{cd}})^2} + \frac{y^2}{(T_{\text{AlGaN}} + T_{\text{cg}})^2} = 1, \quad (2)
+$$
+
+结合(1)式可以求出外部电场与内部电场共焦时$T_{cg}$应当满足的条件:
+
+$$
+T_{\text{cg}} = \sqrt{L_{\text{cd}}^2 + 2L_{\text{dep\_d}}L_{\text{cd}} + T_{\text{AlGaN}}^2} - T_{\text{AlGaN}}. \quad (3)
+$$
+
+共焦后的电场示意图如图3(a)所示,令$L_{cd} = L_d$后电场示意图如图3(b)所示.
+
+求出共焦电场后利用转换函数将共焦电场转换成平板电容模型,转换函数如下:
+
+$$
+v = \cosh^{-1} \left[ \frac{x^2 + y^2 + 1 \pm \sqrt{(x^2 + y^2 + 1)^2 - 4x^2}}{2} \right]^{\frac{1}{2}}, \quad (4a)
+$$
+
+图3 (a)共焦后的电场示意图;(b) $L_{cd} = L_d$ 时的共焦电场
+Fig. 3. (a) Electric field lines after transforming the nonconfocal elliptical system to the confocal system; (b) the confocal system with $L_{cd} = L_d$.
+
+$$
+u = \sin^{-1} \left[ \frac{x^2 + y^2 - 1 \pm \sqrt{(x^2 + y^2 - 1)^2 + 4y^2}}{2} \right]^{\frac{1}{2}}, \quad (4b)
+$$
+
+其中, x 和 $y$ 都是 X-Y 坐标系对 $f$ 归一化后的数值, $u$ 表示电势, $v$ 表示电场. 把 $v_1$ 和 $v_2$ 与 Y 轴的交点 $(0, T_{AlGaN}/f)$ 和 $(0, (T_{AlGaN} + T_{cg})/f)$ 分别代入 (4a) 式可以求出 $v_1$ 与 $v_2$,
+
+$$
+v_1 = \ln \left( \frac{L_{\text{dep\_d}} + T_{\text{AlGaN}}}{f} \right),
+$$
+
+$$
+v_2 = \ln \left( \frac{T_{\text{cg}} + T_{\text{AlGaN}} + \sqrt{{L_{\text{dep\_d}}}^2 + {T_{\text{cg}}}^2 + 2T_{\text{AlGaN}}T_{\text{cg}}}}{f} \right).
+$$
+
+同时把 (3) 式代入到 $v_2$ 中可以得到 $v_2$ 关于 $L_{cd}$ 的表达式,
+
+$$
+v_2 = \ln \left( \frac{L_{\text{dep\_d}} + L_{\text{cd}} + \sqrt{{L_{\text{cd}}}^2 + 2L_{\text{dep\_d}}L_{\text{cd}} + {T_{\text{AlGaN}}}^2}}{f} \right). \quad (5)
+$$
+
+同理, 也把两个交点代入 (4b) 中可以求得 $u_1$ 和 $u_2$ 的表达式: $u_1 = 0, u_2 = \pi/2$. 然后利用平板电容的公式,
+
+$$
+C = \frac{\Delta Q}{\Delta V} = \frac{\Delta E}{\Delta u} \varepsilon_i = \frac{v_2 - v_1}{u_2 - u_1} \varepsilon_i \quad (6)
+$$
+
+把 $v_1, v_2, u_1, u_2$ 全部代入到 (6) 式中可以计算出共焦电场的等效边缘电容 $C_{ofd}$,
+
+$$
+C_{\text{ofd}} = \frac{2\varepsilon_x W}{\pi} \times \ln \left( \frac{\sqrt{{L_{\text{cd}}}^2 + 2L_{\text{dep\_d}}L_{\text{cd}} + {T_{\text{AlGaN}}}^2} + L_{\text{dep\_d}} + L_{\text{cd}}}{L_{\text{dep\_d}} + T_{\text{AlGaN}}} \right). \quad (7)
+$$
+
+其中: $\varepsilon_x$ 是介于钝化层 SiN$_x$ 与 AlGaN 势垒层之间的等效介电常数[3], 这是因为电场线同时穿过钝化层 SiN$_x$ 和 AlGaN 势垒层; $W$ 表示器件宽度.
+
+如图 4 所示, 因为在计算共焦电场时, 作出了 $L_{cd} = L_d$ 的假设, 所以得出的外部共焦电场其实比原本的最外部的电场大, 需要在 $L_{cd}$ 前添加修正函数 $\eta$, 最终得到的 $C_{ofd}$ 表达式如下,
+
+$$
+C_{\text{ofd}} = \frac{2\varepsilon_x W}{\pi} \times \ln \left( \frac{\sqrt{(\eta L_{\text{cd}})^2 + 2\eta L_{\text{cd}} L_{\text{dep\_d}} + {T_{\text{AlGaN}}}^2} + L_{\text{dep\_d}} + \eta L_{\text{cd}}}{L_{\text{dep\_d}} + T_{\text{AlGaN}}} \right), \quad (8)
+$$
+
+其中:
+
+$$
+\eta = \exp \left( \frac{\tau T_g^3 - \sqrt{{L_{cd}}^2 + 2L_{dep\_d}L_{cd} + {T_{AlGaN}}^2} + T_{AlGaN}}{aT_g^2 + bT_g + c} \right);
+$$
+
+$\tau$, $a$, $b$, $c$ 为拟合参数.
+
+
+
+图 4 $L_{cd} = L_d$ 所引入的误差
+Fig. 4. Error in the confocal system with $L_{cd} = L_d$.
+
+
+### 2.2 沟道长度调制效应
+
+当 $V_{ds}$ 较大时漏端沟道长度因为沟道长度调制效应而减小, 假设沟道长度变化量为 $\Delta L$, 漏端实际沟道长度 $L_{cd}$ 为:
+
+$$
+L_{cd} = L_d - \Delta L, \quad (9)
+$$$$
+\Delta L = p \sinh^{-1} \left( \frac{V_{ds} - V_{dse}}{pE_{sat}} \right), \quad (10)
+$$
+
+$$
+V_{dse} = \frac{V_{ds}}{\left(1 + \left(\frac{V_{ds}}{V_{dsat}}\right)^m\right)^{\frac{1}{m}}}, \quad (11)
+$$
+
+其中, p, m 为拟合参数, $E_{sat}$ 为饱和电场, $V_{dse}$ 为渐变沟道末端的电位, $V_{dsat}$ 为夹断点电势. (11) 式中 $V_{dsat}$ 可以通过以下方式确定.
+
+当势垒层 AlGaN 中的载流子被完全耗尽后, 2DEG 沟道内电子浓度 $n_s$ 表达式可以写成[10],
+
+$$
+n_s = \frac{\varepsilon}{qd} (V_g - V_{th} - \varphi_s), \quad (12)
+$$
+
+$$
+\varphi_s = V_c + E_f, \quad (13)
+$$
+
+其中, d 是 AlGaN 层的厚度 ($d = T_{AlGaN}$), $\varphi_s$ 表示表面势, $V_c$ 表示不同沟道位置处的电势. 由于位于漏端附近的沟道受到栅极电压的控制相对较弱, 因此当 $V_d$ 升高时, 靠近漏端的势阱先消失形成耗尽区. 耗尽区内电子很少, 与 2DEG 沟道内的电子浓度相比可以忽略, 假设沟道和耗尽区交界的夹断点处 $n_s = 0$, 此时 $V_c$ 就是夹断点电势 $V_{dsat}$, 稍作修正后表达式为
+
+$$
+V_{dsat} = \frac{(V_g - V_{th})}{(\xi_1 - \xi_2 E_f)} - E_f, \quad (14)
+$$
+
+其中, $\xi_1$ 和 $\xi_2$ 是拟合参数; $E_f$ 为费米能级, 是一个与器件工作状态相关的物理量. $E_f-n_s$ 的经验表达式为[11]:
+
+$$
+E_f = k_1 + k_2 n_s^{\frac{1}{2}} + k_3 n_s, \quad (15)
+$$
+
+$$
+n_s = \left( \left\{ -k_2 + \left[ k_2^2 + 4k_3'(V_g - V_{th} - k_1) \right]^{\frac{1}{2}} \right\} / 2k_3' \right)^2, \quad (16)
+$$
+
+其中, $k_3' = k_3 + qd/\varepsilon$; $k_1, k_2, k_3$ 是拟合参数, 在 $T = 300$ K 下分别为: $k_1 = -0.0802$ V, $k_2 = 1.039 \times 10^{-9}$ V·m, $k_3 = 1.0454 \times 10^{-18}$ V·m$^2$.
+
+本文提出的 $C_{ofd}$ 模型中, $E_f$ 以及阈值电压 $V_{th}$ 都与温度相关[12], 而由于 $E_f$ 随温度变化对 $C_{ofd}$ 的贡献相对于 $V_{th}$ 来说要小得多, 在 300—500 K 条件下由 $E_f$ 引起 $C_{ofd}$ 的变化比由 $V_{th}$ 引起的变化少 3 个数量级, 因此对 $C_{ofd}$ 进行温度仿真时可以近似认为 $E_f$ 与温度无关. 阈值电压关于温度的关系表达式为[13]
+
+$$
+V_{th}(T) = V_{th} + V_{temp} \left( \frac{T}{T_{NOM}} - 1 \right), \quad (17)
+$$
+
+其中, $V_{temp}$ 是 $V_{th}$ 的温度依赖系数, $T_{NOM}$ 表示器件的温标, 可由实验数据拟合得到.
+
+阈值电压 $V_{th}$ 与 AlGaN/GaN HEMT 内部参数相关, 经典 $V_{th}$ 表达式为[14]:
+
+$$
+V_{th} = \phi_b(x) - \Delta E_c(x) - \frac{{qN_D d_d}^2}{2\varepsilon} - \frac{\sigma_{\text{AlGaN}} (\mathbf{d}_d + \mathbf{d}_i)}{\varepsilon}, \quad (18)
+$$
+
+其中: x 表示 Al$_x$Ga$_{1-x}$N 中 Al 的组分, $N_D$ 是 AlGaN势垒层的施主杂质的掺杂浓度, $d_d$ 表示 AlGaN 势垒层的厚度, $d_i$ 表示本征隔离层的厚度, $d = d_d + d_i$, $\varphi_b$ 是 AlGaN 表面肖特基接触势垒高度, 它关于 x 的表达式为[15]
+
+$$
+\phi_b = 1.3x + 0.84. \quad (19)
+$$
+
+$\sigma_{AlGaN}$ 表示 Al$_x$Ga$_{1-x}$N 极化感生电荷密度, $a$ 是 Al$_x$Ga$_{1-x}$N 晶格常数, $e_{31}$ 和 $e_{33}$ 表示压电常数, $c_{13}$ 和 $c_{31}$ 表示弹性常数, $P_{sp}$ 表示 Al$_x$Ga$_{1-x}$N 自发极化强度[16],
+
+$$
+\sigma_{\text{AlGaN}} = 2 \left( \frac{a(0) - a(x)}{a(x)} \right) \left( e_{31}(x) - e_{33}(x) \frac{c_{13}(x)}{c_{33}(x)} \right) + P_{\text{sp}}(x) - P_{\text{sp}}(0), \quad (20)
+$$
+
+其中, $a = (-0.077x + 3.189) \times 10^{-10}$, $P_{sp} = -0.052x - 0.029$, $e_{31} = -0.11x - 0.49$, $e_{33} = 0.73x + 0.73$, $c_{13} = 5x + 103$, $c_{33} = -32x + 405$.
+
+$\Delta E_c$ 是 AlGaN/GaN 异质结界面的导带阶, 它关于 x 的表达式为[17]:
+
+$$
+\Delta E_c(x) = 0.63(E_g^{\text{AlGaN}}(x) - E_g^{\text{GaN}}), \quad (21)
+$$
+
+$$
+E_g^{\text{AlGaN}}(x) = x E_g^{\text{AIN}} + (1-x) E_g^{\text{GaN}} - x(1-x). \quad (22)
+$$
+
+## 3 模型仿真与分析
+
+为了验证所推导的模型, 采用表 1 的器件参数进行仿真验证.
+
+### 3.1 $C_{ofd}$ 核心模型验证
+
+GaN HEMT 从关态转变为开态并处于稳定时, $L_{dep\_d}$ 会逐步转变为零. 对 $C_{ofd}$ 的核心公式(8)式进行仿真, $L_{dep\_d}$ 扫描范围设置为 0 到 0.6 µm, 同时把仿真结果与文献[7]的实验数据进行对比, 结果如图 5 所示, 仿真结果与实验数据有较好的拟合度, 而相比以往的 $C_{ofd}$ 模型, 本文提出的模型包含了 $L_{cd}$ 项, 可进一步研究外加偏压对 $C_{ofd}$ 的影响.
+
+表1 模型仿真的器件参数值
+Table 1. Model parameters in this paper.
+
+| 参数 | 定义 | 数值 |
|---|
| εx | 有效介电常数 | 7.65ε0 | | Esat/V·μm-1 | 饱和电场 | 15 | | Ld/μm | 漏端沟道长度 | 1 | | Tg/μm | 栅极厚度 | 0.3 | | TAlGaN/nm | AlGaN层厚度 | 22 | | EgAIN/eV | AlN禁带宽度 | 6.13 | | EgGaN/eV | GaN禁带宽度 | 3.42 | | Vtemp | Vth的依赖系数温度 | 0.1689 | | TNOM/K | 器件温标 | 300 | | ξ1 | 拟合参数 | 1.1 | | ξ2 | 拟合参数 | 0.24 | | m | 拟合参数 | 1.2 | | p | 拟合参数 | 0.307 | | τ | 拟合参数 | 3.2 | | a | 拟合参数 | 1.497 | | b | 拟合参数 | 1.9 | | c | 拟合参数 | 0.31 |
+
+
+
+图5 2DEG沟道被类施主表面陷阱耗尽的长度对$C_{ofd}$的影响关系图
+Fig. 5. $C_{ofd}$ versus the extended depletion length induced by donor-like surface traps.
+
+### 3.2 偏置条件对 $C_{ofd}$ 的影响
+
+#### 3.2.1 $V_{dsat}$ 与 $V_g$ 的关系
+
+由(15)式和(16)式得到的$E_f-n_s$与$V_g$关系如图6所示, 由图可得当$V_g = -3$ V时, 已经存在浓度高达$10^{11}$ cm$^{-2}$的2DEG, 这些电子主要来源于类施主表面陷阱和AlGaN/GaN的极化效应[15]; 当$V_g$处于I区时, HEMT工作在中反型区[18], $V_g$增大使势阱加深, 此时由AlGaN/GaN 极化效应产生的极化电场$E_{AlGaN}$较强, 该电场把 AlGaN层被表面陷阱俘获的电子和内部杂质电离的价电子扫向势阱[19], 势阱内的电子浓度急剧增加导致$E_f$往远离导带底部的方向移动, $E_f$迅速增加; 当$V_g$处于II区时, HEMT工作在强反型区, 此时由AlGaN层扫向势阱的电子已经相对较多, 这些电子与留在AlGaN层的电离施主杂质和表面陷阱共同形成电场$E_{2DEG}$, 该电场与极化电场$E_{AlGaN}$方向相反, 抑制2DEG浓度$n_s$的继续增加, 并且随着$n_s$的增加其抑制作用逐渐增强, 导致$n_s$的增量减缓, $E_f$趋向线性变化.
+
+
+
+图6 $V_g$与2DEG浓度$n_s$和$E_f$的关系曲线
+Fig. 6. The curve of the density $n_s$ of 2DEG and $E_f$ versus $V_g$.
+
+基于该$E_f$模型得到的$V_{dsat}$与$V_g$关系如图7所示, 结果与实验数据进行对比, 实验数据来源于文献[20]. 分析图7发现, 新$V_{dsat}$模型与实测数据拟合度较高, $V_{dsat}$与$V_g$呈微弱的非线性关系, 这是由$E_f$随$V_g$的非线性变化引起的, 而准确的$V_{dsat}$是分析 HEMT沟道调制效应的关键.
+
+
+
+图7 $V_g$与$V_{dsat}$的关系曲线
+Fig. 7. The curve of $V_{dsat}$ versus $V_g$.
+
+#### 3.2.2 沟道长度调制效应对 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 的影响
+
+给栅极施加足够大的偏压使 HEMT 工作在开启状态, $V_{\text{ds}}$ 变化范围设置为 0 到 60 V, 图 8 是 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 与 $V_{\text{ds}}$ 的关系图, 上 3 条曲线是本文 $C_{\text{ofd}}-V_{\text{ds}}$ 的仿真结果, 下 3 条曲线是在 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 传统模型前添加修正函数后的仿真结果, 对比模型来源于文献[7] 中给出的 $C_{\text{ofd}}-V_{\text{ds}}$ 模型. 由新 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 模型曲线可知: 当 $V_{\text{ds}} < V_{\text{dsat}}$ 时, 由于不存在沟道长度调制效应, $L_{\text{cd}}$ 保持在最大值, 此时 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 不受 $V_{\text{ds}}$ 变化的影响, 对 $V_g$ 的变化也不敏感; 当 $V_{\text{ds}} \ge V_{\text{dsat}}$ 且 $V_{\text{ds}}$ 不断增加时, 沟道长度调制效应作用增强, 夹断点不断往源端移动, $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 因为 $L_{\text{cd}}$ 的减小而衰减; 当 $V_g$ 升高时 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 曲线衰减速率减慢, 这是因为 $V_g$ 与 $V_{\text{dsat}}$ 呈非线性正相关关系, $V_g$ 的升高会导致 $V_{\text{dsat}}$ 相应增加, 更高的 $V_{\text{dsat}}$ 意味着 $L_{\text{cd}}$ 受沟道长度调制效应调制作用所消耗的 $V_{\text{ds}}$ 变大, $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 衰减起点被延后, 曲线整体衰减速率减缓.
+
+
+
+图 8 传统模型和本文模型得到的 $V_{\text{ds}}$ 与 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 的关系曲线
+Fig. 8. The curve of $C_{\text{ofd}}$ versus $V_{\text{ds}}$ obtained from the traditional model and the model in this paper.
+
+从图 8 下面 3 条曲线可以看出传统 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 模型随 $V_{\text{ds}}$ 的变化呈指数级衰减, 衰减速率最大的地方在 $V_{\text{ds}} = 0$ 处, 而且在 $V_{\text{ds}} = 0$ 时 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 因为 $V_g$ 的改变表现出不稳定的问题. 然而从前面分析可知, $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 在 $V_{\text{ds}} < V_{\text{dsat}}$ 期间基本不变, 对 $V_g$ 的变化也不敏感, 这是传统 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 模型存在的问题. 导致新旧模型变化趋势不一样的原因在于: 本文提出的新模型是从器件内部针对外加偏置的物理建模, 而传统模型忽略了外加偏置对 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 的影响, 只是添加指数函数作为修正项, 然而单纯添加修正函数未能准确地预测 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 随 $V_g$ 或 $V_{\text{ds}}$ 的变化趋势.
+
+#### 3.2.3 阈值电压漂移对 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 的影响
+
+由于保角映射法是数学几何的建模方法, 建模过程在 2DEG 沟道到栅极之间进行, 因此它考虑到的工艺参数仅限于从栅极到 AlGaN 势垒层的外部几何参数, 未能进一步研究 AlGaN/GaN 内部参数对 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 的影响, 包括 AlGaN 势垒层的掺杂浓度 $N_D$ 和 Al 的组分 x. 在本文提出的新模型中, HEMT 的内部参数可以利用 $V_{\text{th}}$ 进行表征, $V_{\text{th}}$ 与 $N_D$ 和 x 的关系如图 9 的内插图所示, Al 组分 x 的减小会引起 AlGaN 势垒层自发极化和压电极化减弱, 更弱的极化效应使势垒层底部的感生极化电荷密度减小, 减弱了电子在 GaN 的积累作用[15], 2DEG 浓度减小, 阈值电压发生正向漂移. AlGaN 势垒层掺杂浓度的变化也会对 $V_{\text{th}}$ 产生影响, 但是相对 x 对 $V_{\text{th}}$ 的影响来说要小得多. 由 AlGaN 内部参数变化引起的阈值电压漂移可以对 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 产生影响. 假设 $V_{\text{th}}$ 从 -4 到 0 变化, 固定 $V_g = 0$ 保证器件处于开启状态, 得到的仿真结果如图 9 所示. 当 $V_{\text{ds}} = 0$ 时, 不存在沟道长度调制效应, $V_{\text{th}}$ 的变化不能影响 $L_{\text{cd}}$, $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 保持不变; 当 $V_{\text{ds}}$ 大于 $V_{\text{dsat}}$ 后, $V_{\text{th}}$ 的正向漂移使势阱内的 $n_s$ 减少, 此时要产生相同强度的沟道长度调制效应所需要的 $V_{\text{ds}}$ 减小. 如果器件工作在固定的 $V_{\text{ds}}$, 那么沟道长度调制效应对沟道的调制作用会随着 $n_s$ 的减小不断加强, 更强的沟道长度调制效应使 $L_{\text{cd}}$ 被耗尽得更快, $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 呈线性衰减. 由图 9 还可以发现, 虽然 $V_{\text{ds}}$ 对 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 的影响比 $V_{\text{th}}$ 更加显著, 但是随着 $V_{\text{ds}}$ 的增加, $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 对 $V_{\text{th}}$ 的变化越来越敏感.
+
+
+
+图 9 $V_{\text{th}}$ 对 $C_{\text{ofd}}$ 的影响关系曲线 (插图为 $V_{\text{th}}$ 与 Al 组分 x 和掺杂浓度 $N_D$ 的关系曲线)
+Fig. 9. The curve of $C_{\text{ofd}}$ versus $V_{\text{th}}$ (The illustration shows the curve of $V_{\text{th}}$ with Al component and doped concentration).
+
+图10是$C_{\text{ofd}}$在$V_{\text{ds}} = 50-54$ V偏置条件下关于温度的仿真结果,由图10可知,在较大的漏极偏压条件下$C_{\text{ofd}}$会因为器件工作温度波动而发生变化,这是由温度变化引起器件阈值电压漂移造成的.在众多受温度影响的参数变量中,肖特基势垒对阈值电压的贡献最显著[21],当温度升高时,肖特基势垒高度增大引起$V_{\text{th}}$发生正向漂移,当器件工作在大的$V_{\text{ds}}$情况下$C_{\text{ofd}}$对阈值电压的漂移会更加敏感,这时温度的变化会引起$C_{\text{ofd}}$发生偏移,而且这种现象会随着$V_{\text{ds}}$的增加而增强.
+
+为了进一步研究不同$V_{\text{ds}}$偏压下$C_{\text{ofd}}$对温度的敏感程度,我们将$C_{\text{ofd}}$对温度求导得到$\alpha_i$, 表征$C_{\text{ofd}}$对温度的敏感程度:
+
+$$
+\alpha_i = \left. \frac{\partial C_{\text{ofd}}}{\partial T} \right|_{V_{\text{ds}}=V(i)}. \quad (23)
+$$
+
+不同$V_{\text{ds}}$偏置条件对应的$\alpha_i$如图11所示,从图中可以发现在$V_{\text{ds}} < 40$ V的情况下$C_{\text{ofd}}$对温度的变化不敏感,然而随着$V_{\text{ds}}$继续增加,$\alpha_i$呈现出指数增长的趋势,这时由器件工作温度波动而引起的$C_{\text{ofd}}$偏移会进一步增强.实际上,器件在高温工作情况下还存在着组分变化和杂质再分布等问题,这些都会加强温度波动所造成的阈值电压漂移,使$C_{\text{ofd}}$受温度变化影响进一步加强,因此在现实应用中,当器件需要施加大的$V_{\text{ds}}$时,由温度变化对$C_{\text{ofd}}$影响就更加不能被忽视.
+
+
+
+
+图10 温度$T$对$C_{\text{ofd}}$的影响关系曲线
+Fig. 10. The curve of $C_{\text{ofd}}$ versus $T$.
+
+
+
+图11 不同漏极偏压下$C_{\text{ofd}}$对温度敏感程度的关系曲线
+Fig. 11. The curve of temperature sensitivity of $C_{\text{ofd}}$ under different drain bias.
+
+## 4 结论
+
+本文基于保角映射法同时考虑沟道长度调制效应,对$C_{\text{ofd}}$进行了物理建模,新模型考虑了$V_g$、$V_{\text{ds}}$和$V_{\text{th}}$变化对$C_{\text{ofd}}$的影响,具有较高的精度.分析研究发现:当$V_{\text{ds}} < V_{\text{dsat}}$时,不存在沟道长度调制效应,这时$C_{\text{ofd}}$不受$V_{\text{ds}}$和$V_g$的影响;当$V_{\text{ds}} \ge V_{\text{dsat}}$后,$V_{\text{ds}}$的增大会使沟道长度减小引起$C_{\text{ofd}}$的衰减,而衰减速率随$V_g$的增加而减缓;AlGaN势垒层中掺杂浓度的减小和Al组分的减小都可以引起阈值电压的正向漂移,正向阈值漂移使得势阱内二维电子气浓度减小,导致器件沟道所受到的调制作用增强,实际的沟道长度变得更小,$C_{\text{ofd}}$随$V_{\text{th}}$的正向增加呈线性衰减.且在大$V_{\text{ds}}$工作状态下,$C_{\text{ofd}}$对阈值电压漂移会更加敏感,这时器件工作温度的升高会加强阈值电压的漂移现象,使$C_{\text{ofd}}$因为温度的变化出现偏移.并且随着漏极偏压的上升,$C_{\text{ofd}}$受温度变化波动的也越来越敏感,在实际大电压应用中这些问题需加以关注.
+
+## 参考文献
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+
+# The physics-based model of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor outer fringing capacitances*
+
+Liu Nai-Zhang Zhang Xue-Bing Yao Ruo-He †
+
+(*School of Electronics and Information Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China*)
+
+(Received 20 December 2019; revised manuscript received 31 January 2020)
+
+## Abstract
+
+With the development of the application of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors in the radio frequency field, a capacitance model that can accurately describe the C-V characteristics of the device has become an important research topic. The gate capacitance of GaN HEMT can be divided into two parts: intrinsic capacitance and fringing capacitance related to two-dimensional electronic gas (2DEG) electrode. The fringing capacitance plays an important part in the switching device. The outer fringing capacitance $C_{ofs/d}$ dominates the fringing capacitance and is affected by the bias applied, especially the drain outer fringing capacitance $C_{ofd}$.
+
+In order to establish the $C_{ofd}$ model which is related to the bias condition, the physics-based model of $C_{ofd}$ is established based on the conformal mapping, including the drain channel length variable. Since the drain channel length is related to the bias applied, the channel length modulation effect can be used to study how bias apllied effect the channel, and the relationship between $C_{ofd}$ and the bias condition is obtained. In addition, the threshold voltage variable is introduced when the channel length modulation effect is considered, and the threshold voltage drift caused by changes in the internal parameters and temperature of the device is studied using the threshold voltage variable in the model, and the relationship between $C_{ofd}$ and threshold voltage and temperature under different bias was obtained.
+
+It is found from the results of the study that as drain bias increases from zero, the channel length modulation effect keeps $C_{ofd}$ unchanged at lower drain bias. When the drain bias continues to increase, $C_{ofd}$ begins to decay again, and its decay rate slows down with the increase of gate bias. The decrease of donor impurity concentration and Al component in AlGaN barrier layer may increase the threshold voltage, which will strengthen the channel length modulation effect on $C_{ofd}$, resulting in linear attenuation of $C_{ofd}$. With the increasing of drain bias, the influence of threshold voltage shift on $C_{ofd}$ is enhanced, and the change of device operating temperature will enhance the threshold voltage shift and cause the deviation of $C_{ofd}$. Moreover, with the continuous increase of drain bias, $C_{ofd}$ becomes more sensitive to the temperature variation.
+
+**Keywords:** HEMT, outer fringing capacitances, channel length modulation effect, model
+
+**PACS:** 73.40.Kp, 73.61.Ey, 71.10.Ca**DOI:** 10.7498/aps.69.20191931
+
+
+
+* Project supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (Grant No. 2018YFB1802100).
+† Corresponding author. E-mail: phrhyao@scut.edu.cn
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_38.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_38.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..63cfdff02a1325c2e1c93cc607ba93f25c694d25
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@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+# 药品监督管理统计年度数据
+（2024年）
+
+国家药品监督管理局综合和规划财务司
+国家药品监督管理局信息中心
+
+## 说 明
+
+本报告所用数据来源于药品监督管理统计调查制度的
+月报、季报和年报。除特殊说明外，数据报告期为2024年1月1日至2024年12月31日。
+
+## 目 录
+
+表1 国家局受理药品申请事项...1
+表2 境内新药临床申请申报的审批情况...1
+表3 新上市药品的申报审批情况...1
+表4 境外生产药品申请的审批情况...1
+表5 批准创新药上市、临床试验情况...2
+表6 药品再注册申请的审批情况...2
+表7 药品上市后变更的审批及备案情况...2
+表8 进口药材审批情况...2
+表9 按药品管理的体外诊断试剂的审批情况...3
+表10 截至2024年底境内、境外生产药品批准文号情况...3
+表11 药品标准制、修订情况...3
+表12 截至2024年底各省（区、市）实有药品生产企业许可证情况...4
+表13 截至2024年底各省（区、市）药品经营企业许可情况...5
+表14 药品生产企业日常监管情况...6
+表15 药品经营企业日常监管情况...6
+表16 国家药品抽检情况...6
+表17 地方药品抽检情况...7
+表18 进口药品检验情况一（总表）...7
+表19 进口药品检验情况二（按口岸所分类）...8
+表20 进口药品检验情况三（按国家和地区分类）...9
+表21 药品不良反应报告和监测情况...10
+表22 药品安全性评价情况...11
+表23 全国查处药品、药品包装材料案件情况...12
+表24 麻醉药品、精神药品和药品类易制毒化学品生产定点情况...14
+表25 麻醉药品、精神药品和药品类易制毒化学品经营定点情况...14
+表26 医疗器械产品注册情况...15
+表27 地方医疗器械监督抽检情况...15
+表28 医疗器械标准制、修订情况...16
+表29 截至2024年底医疗器械生产企业情况...17
+表30 截至2024年底医疗器械经营企业情况...17
+表31 截至2024年底各省（区、市）医疗器械生产企业情况...18
+表32 截至2024年底各省（区、市）医疗器械经营企业情况...19
+表33 医疗器械生产企业日常监管情况...20
+表34 医疗器械经营企业、使用单位日常监管情况...21
+表35 全国查处医疗器械案件情况...22
+表36 化妆品注册和新原料注册备案情况...23
+表37 化妆品生产企业日常监管情况...23
+表38 截至2024年底各省（区、市）化妆品生产企业许可情况...24
+表39 全国查处化妆品案件情况...25
+表40 科研情况...26
+表41 省级药品检查员情况...26
+表42 医疗器械GMP检查员情况...27
+表43 化妆品检查员情况...27
+表44 执业药师职业资格考试情况（药学类）...28
+表45 执业药师职业资格考试情况（中药学类）...29
+表46 执业药师注册情况...30
+表47 执业药师注册情况（注册类型）...31
+表48 特定地区执业药师情况...32
+表49 药品监管行政复议案件情况...32
+表50 药品监管行政诉讼案件情况...33
+
+
+## 表 1 国家局受理药品申请事项
+
+2024年 单位:件| 项目 | 中药天然药物 | 化学药品 | 生物制品 | 合计 |
|---|
| 境外生产(含港澳台)药品 | 临床试验申请 | 0 | 308 | 256 | 564 | | 上市申请 | 0 | 365 | 114 | 479 | | 再注册申请 | -1 | - | - | 774 | | 补充申请 | - | - | - | 1408 | | 境内生产药品 | 临床试验申请 | 101 | 1780 | 937 | 2818 | | 上市申请 | 43 | 5940 | 143 | 6126 | | 补充申请 | - | - | - | 6233 |
+
+## 表 2 境内新药临床申请申报的审批情况
+
+2024年 单位:件| 项目 | 批准临床试验 |
|---|
| 中药天然药物 | 60 | | 化学药品 | 1356 | | 生物制品 | 813 | | 合计 | 2229 |
+
+## 表 3 新上市药品的申报审批情况
+
+2024年 单位:件| 项目 | 批准上市 |
|---|
| 中药天然药物 | 12 | | 化学药品 | 3150 | | 生物制品 | 170 |
+
+## 表 4 境外生产药品申请的审批情况
+
+2024年 单位:件| 项目 | 批准 |
|---|
| 临床 | 上市 |
|---|
| 中药天然药物 | 0 | 0 | | 化学药品 | 313 | 219 | | 生物制品 | 241 | 86 | | 合计 | 554 | 305 |
+
+¹表中的“-”指不存在相关业务或未统计相关数据。
+
+## 表 5 批准创新药上市、临床试验情况
+
+2024年 单位:个、件| 项目 | 批准上市品种数量 | 批准临床品种数量 |
|---|
| 中药天然药物 | 3 | 49 | | 化学药品 | 23 | 1247 | | 生物制品 | 22 | 844 | | 合计 | 48 | 2140 |
+
+## 表 6 药品再注册申请的审批情况
+
+2024年 单位:件| 项目 | 批准 |
|---|
| 境内生产 | 境外生产 |
|---|
| 中药天然药物 | 10897 | 8 | | 化学药品 | 15379 | 711 | | 生物制品 | 487 | 60 | | 合计 | 26763 | 779 |
+
+## 表 7 药品上市后变更的审批及备案情况
+
+2024年 单位:件| 项目 | 国家局审批事项 | 省局药品上市后变更备案 |
|---|
| 批准 | 未批准 | 通过 | 未通过 |
|---|
| 中药天然药物 | 2433 | 115 | 8639 | 618 | | 化学药物 | 4420 | 511 | 16193 | 1780 | | 生物制品 | 790 | 58 | 1211 | 127 | | 合计 | 7643 | 684 | 26043 | 2525 |
+
+## 表 8 进口药材审批情况
+
+2024年 单位:件| 项目 | 数量 |
|---|
| 首次进口批准 | 批准 | 161 | | 未批准 | 4 | | 备案 | 4212 | | 补充申请 | 批准 | 50 | | 未批准 | 0 |
+
+## 表 9 按药品管理的体外诊断试剂的审批情况
+
+2024年 单位:件| 项目 | 批准上市申请 | 批准再注册申请 | 批准补充申请 |
|---|
| 境内生产 | 0 | 0 | 1 | | 境外生产 | 0 | 7 | 1 | | 合计 | 0 | 7 | 2 |
+
+## 表 10 截至2024年底境内、境外生产药品批准文号情况
+
+2024年 单位:件| 项目 | 境内生产文号数量 | 境外生产文号数量 |
|---|
| 中药天然药物 | 57864 | 85 | | 化学药品 | 98571 | 2666 | | 生物制品 | 1901 | 485 | | 境外生产药品分包装 | - | 16 | | 合计 | 158336 | 3252 |
+
+## 表 11 药品标准制、修订情况
+
+2024年 单位:项| 项目 | 药典标准期末累计 | 局颁标准期末累计 |
|---|
| 化学药品 | 2740 | 3242 | | 中药 | 2719 | 13194 | | 生物制品 | 153 | 16 | | 药用辅料 | 346 | - | | 药包材 | 0 | 0 | | 通用技术要求 | 367 | 0 | | 合计 | 6325 | 16452 |
+
+## 表 12 截至2024年底各省(区、市)实有药品生产企业许可证情况
+
+单位:件，家
+
+| 省份 | 药品生产许可证数量 | 截至2024年底生产企业数量 |
|---|
| 原料药和制剂 | 生产制剂企业 | 其中：生物制品 | 生产原料药企业 | 生产化学药企业 | 生产中药企业(含饮片) | 生产中成药企业 | 生产中药饮片企业 | 按药品管理的体外诊断试剂 | 医用气体 | 特殊药品 |
|---|
| 合计 | 8886 | 5924 | 5219 | 379 | 1712 | 4760 | 4912 | 2457 | 2455 | 25 | 743 | 268 | | 北京 | 307 | 227 | 227 | 36 | 24 | 166 | 135 | 75 | 60 | 6 | 7 | 10 | | 天津 | 117 | 97 | 77 | 6 | 34 | 69 | 47 | 36 | 11 | 0 | 7 | 9 | | 河北 | 436 | 259 | 216 | 7 | 83 | 209 | 251 | 99 | 152 | 1 | 38 | 7 | | 山西 | 167 | 117 | 106 | 4 | 39 | 102 | 99 | 70 | 29 | 0 | 26 | 25 | | 内蒙古 | 115 | 70 | 56 | 1 | 24 | 50 | 67 | 30 | 37 | 0 | 20 | 3 | | 辽宁 | 251 | 188 | 160 | 16 | 63 | 154 | 133 | 89 | 44 | 0 | 24 | 4 | | 吉林 | 340 | 250 | 240 | 21 | 47 | 204 | 253 | 155 | 98 | 2 | 21 | 5 | | 黑龙江 | 277 | 196 | 186 | 4 | 33 | 154 | 199 | 127 | 72 | 0 | 22 | 3 | | 上海 | 254 | 229 | 209 | 50 | 44 | 164 | 65 | 48 | 17 | 4 | 10 | 18 | | 江苏 | 676 | 562 | 463 | 61 | 230 | 505 | 164 | 98 | 66 | 3 | 47 | 29 | | 浙江 | 469 | 330 | 254 | 20 | 151 | 301 | 160 | 84 | 76 | 0 | 28 | 8 | | 安徽 | 527 | 237 | 205 | 9 | 62 | 187 | 392 | 94 | 298 | 0 | 19 | 11 | | 福建 | 173 | 117 | 105 | 6 | 28 | 96 | 82 | 42 | 40 | 3 | 20 | 2 | | 江西 | 248 | 151 | 137 | 2 | 39 | 129 | 177 | 93 | 84 | 0 | 22 | 4 | | 山东 | 519 | 378 | 302 | 21 | 156 | 316 | 219 | 107 | 112 | 1 | 53 | 21 | | 河南 | 406 | 262 | 236 | 8 | 80 | 199 | 242 | 110 | 132 | 0 | 51 | 39 | | 湖北 | 430 | 307 | 246 | 10 | 111 | 257 | 205 | 115 | 90 | 0 | 45 | 6 | | 湖南 | 249 | 145 | 129 | 3 | 49 | 119 | 157 | 76 | 81 | 2 | 33 | 5 | | 广东 | 695 | 450 | 426 | 44 | 85 | 352 | 380 | 181 | 199 | 3 | 43 | 10 | | 广西 | 241 | 146 | 138 | 2 | 28 | 108 | 182 | 108 | 74 | 0 | 33 | 3 | | 海南 | 174 | 166 | 161 | 2 | 36 | 153 | 69 | 63 | 6 | 0 | 3 | 5 | | 重庆 | 182 | 117 | 105 | 8 | 34 | 98 | 94 | 40 | 54 | 0 | 15 | 11 | | 四川 | 539 | 318 | 276 | 20 | 105 | 262 | 329 | 143 | 186 | 0 | 42 | 14 | | 贵州 | 169 | 105 | 103 | 2 | 8 | 63 | 134 | 78 | 56 | 0 | 20 | 1 | | 云南 | 258 | 128 | 120 | 8 | 36 | 91 | 191 | 70 | 121 | 0 | 34 | 1 | | 西藏 | 62 | 52 | 52 | 2 | 0 | 34 | 32 | 17 | 15 | 0 | 2 | 0 | | 陕西 | 261 | 188 | 176 | 2 | 40 | 140 | 181 | 130 | 51 | 0 | 21 | 10 | | 甘肃 | 188 | 56 | 46 | 3 | 18 | 38 | 154 | 30 | 124 | 0 | 17 | 1 | | 青海 | 49 | 26 | 25 | 0 | 5 | 12 | 41 | 22 | 19 | 0 | 4 | 2 | | 宁夏 | 39 | 16 | 9 | 0 | 11 | 12 | 28 | 5 | 23 | 0 | 4 | 1 | | 新疆 | 65 | 32 | 28 | 1 | 7 | 16 | 48 | 20 | 28 | 0 | 12 | 0 | | 新疆兵团 | 3 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 0 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
+
+注：数据来源于药品业务应用系统（信息采集类）。药品生产许可证数量为 2020 年 7 月 1 日前按原分类码发证数量及 2020 年 7 月 1 日后按新分类码发证数量之和。药品生产企业类别依据药品生产许可证上的分类码进行统计，生产多种类别的企业则各类分别统计。如，既生产化学药又生产诊断试剂，则分别填入化学药和诊断试剂项下。原料药和制剂生产企业不含 dq。药用辅料和空心胶囊按 2020 年 7 月 1 日之前发证的分类码统计，7 月 1 日之后发的证不含这两项的分类码，不作统计。
+
+## 表 13 截至2024年底各省(区、市)药品经营企业许可情况
+
+单位:家| 省份 | 小计 | 批发 | 总部连锁 | 零售 |
|---|
| 法人 | 非法人 | 企业数量 | 门店数量 |
|---|
| 合计 | 705449 | 14380 | 736 | 6667 | 389951 | 293715 | | 北京 | 5477 | 218 | 12 | 89 | 2737 | 2421 | | 天津 | 5830 | 105 | 25 | 60 | 2338 | 3302 | | 河北 | 38250 | 514 | 101 | 595 | 23922 | 13118 | | 山西 | 18657 | 237 | 117 | 103 | 7853 | 10347 | | 内蒙古 | 20366 | 241 | 1 | 146 | 9462 | 10516 | | 辽宁 | 27668 | 378 | 30 | 278 | 15013 | 11969 | | 吉林 | 18505 | 600 | 0 | 418 | 7469 | 10018 | | 黑龙江 | 24970 | 386 | 215 | 281 | 12638 | 11450 | | 上海 | 4637 | 156 | 0 | 47 | 4119 | 315 | | 江苏 | 38951 | 511 | 12 | 335 | 20499 | 17594 | | 浙江 | 25574 | 678 | 16 | 314 | 13964 | 10602 | | 安徽 | 24748 | 545 | 19 | 274 | 13999 | 9911 | | 福建 | 13188 | 216 | 0 | 89 | 5340 | 7543 | | 江西 | 15598 | 594 | 8 | 119 | 7754 | 7123 | | 山东 | 48844 | 648 | 22 | 630 | 33705 | 13839 | | 河南 | 40244 | 750 | 32 | 417 | 20367 | 18678 | | 湖北 | 25788 | 694 | 1 | 228 | 13924 | 10941 | | 湖南 | 29891 | 481 | 29 | 151 | 21477 | 7753 | | 广东 | 70916 | 1408 | 8 | 591 | 31897 | 37012 | | 广西 | 26417 | 390 | 20 | 231 | 17758 | 8018 | | 海南 | 6341 | 423 | 0 | 29 | 4221 | 1668 | | 重庆 | 20328 | 901 | 12 | 107 | 6897 | 12411 | | 四川 | 53190 | 985 | 9 | 504 | 43975 | 7717 | | 贵州 | 21567 | 289 | 8 | 120 | 7717 | 13433 | | 云南 | 25596 | 635 | 11 | 119 | 14210 | 10621 | | 西藏 | 1278 | 105 | 0 | 12 | 493 | 668 | | 陕西 | 20567 | 470 | 6 | 116 | 7640 | 12335 | | 甘肃 | 9885 | 348 | 19 | 86 | 3324 | 6108 | | 青海 | 2544 | 92 | 0 | 35 | 1424 | 993 | | 宁夏 | 6029 | 109 | 3 | 46 | 3544 | 2327 | | 新疆 | 11533 | 225 | 0 | 82 | 8931 | 2295 | | 新疆兵团 | 2072 | 48 | 0 | 15 | 1340 | 669 |
+
+## 表 14 药品生产企业日常监管情况
+
+2024年| 项目 | 计量单位 | 数量 |
|---|
| 检查生产企业家次 | 家次 | 16953 | | 其中: 疫苗生产企业 | 家次 | 638 | | 麻醉药品、精神药品、药品类易制毒化学品生产企业 | 家次 | 1057 | | 含血液制品、注射剂等高风险品种的生产企业 | 家次 | 2242 | | 延伸检查原料药、辅料、直接接触药品的包装材料和容器的生产企业 | 家次 | 622 | | 延伸检查中药材GAP符合性的生产企业 | 家次 | 130 | | 出动检查人次 | 人次 | 48592 | | 发现违法的生产企业 | 家次 | 128 | | 发现违规的生产企业 | 家次 | 2639 | | 完成整改的生产企业 | 家次 | 5193 | | 立案查处的生产企业 | 家次 | 160 |
+
+## 表 15 药品经营企业日常监管情况
+
+2024年 单位: 家次| 项目 | 批发企业 | 药品网络交易服务第三方平台 | 零售连锁企业总部 | 零售企业 | 使用单位 | 合计 |
|---|
| 检查企业家次 | 19733 | 898 | 7109 | 1066792 | 639857 | 1734389 | | 发现违法违规的企业 | 4004 | 75 | 1565 | 87270 | 51859 | 144773 | | 涉及假药 | 19 | 0 | 22 | 705 | 171 | 917 | | 涉及劣药 | 55 | 0 | 15 | 2833 | 5017 | 7920 | | 无证经营 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 530 | 74 | 604 | | 非法渠道购进药品 | 5 | 0 | 2 | 1290 | 704 | 2001 | | 其他 | 3829 | 75 | 1445 | 79757 | 45979 | 131085 | | 完成整改的企业 | 5965 | 114 | 1808 | 81944 | 48483 | 138314 | | 立案查处企业 | 244 | 1 | 104 | 22694 | 11226 | 34269 |
+
+## 表 16 国家药品抽检情况
+
+2024年| 类别 | 抽检批次 | 不合格批次 | 批次不合格率(%) |
|---|
| 按药品类别分 | 化学药品 | 11474 | 46 | 0.40 | | 中成药 | 6684 | 9 | 0.13 | | 中药饮片 | 2192 | 63 | 2.87 | | 生物制品 | 254 | 0 | 0 | | 按抽检环节分 | 生产环节 | 4804 | 30 | 0.62 | | 经营环节 | 14632 | 71 | 0.49 | | 使用环节 | 1168 | 17 | 1.46 | | 合计 | 20604 | 118 | 0.57 |
+
+## 表 17 地方药品抽检情况
+
+2024年| 类别 | 抽检批次 | 不合格批次 | 不合格率(%) |
|---|
| 按药品类别分 | 化学药品 | 98795 | 72 | 0.07 | | 中成药 | 77690 | 186 | 0.24 | | 中药材、中药饮片 | 36194 | 593 | 1.64 | | 生物制品 | 641 | 0 | 0 | | 药品包装材料 | 1821 | 11 | 0.60 | | 药用辅料 | 1121 | 2 | 0.18 | | 抽检环节 | 生产环节 | 47478 | 103 | 0.22 | | 经营环节 | 109490 | 392 | 0.36 | | 使用环节 | 59196 | 357 | 0.60 | | 合计 | 216164 | 852 | 0.39 |
+
+## 表 18 进口药品检验情况一（总表）
+
+2024年| 药品类别 | 拟进口数量 | 进口数量 | 不合格 | 性状不合格 | 鉴别不合格 | 检查不合格 | 含量不合格 | 其他不合格 |
|---|
| 批次 | 总金额(万美元) | 批次 | 批次 | 批次 | 批次 | 批次 | 批次 | 批次 |
|---|
| 化学药品 | 457 | 17754.29 | 454 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 1 | 0 | | 中药 | 8631 | 75945.35 | 8526 | 105 | 62 | 12 | 54 | 24 | 4 | | 生物制品 | 5988 | 1987597.00 | 5987 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | | 合计 | 15076 | 2081296.64 | 14967 | 109 | 62 | 12 | 57 | 25 | 5 |
+
+## 表 19 进口药品检验情况二(按口岸所分类)
+
+| 口岸 | 价值(万美元) | 批次 |
|---|
| 总金额 | 合格品价值 | 不合格品价值 | 总批次 | 合格批次 | 不合格批次 | 不合格率(%) |
|---|
| 中检院 | 1059670.54 | 1059627.81 | 42.73 | 1042 | 1041 | 1 | 0.10 | | 上海 | 440723.46 | 440547.97 | 175.48 | 2198 | 2167 | 31 | 1.41 | | 广东 | 164764.60 | 164588.87 | 175.73 | 5999 | 5995 | 4 | 0.07 | | 广州 | 28808.62 | 28788.60 | 20.01 | 435 | 427 | 8 | 1.84 | | 北京 | 183809.36 | 183809.36 | 0.00 | 1510 | 1510 | 0 | 0.00 | | 天津 | 179996.19 | 179922.42 | 73.77 | 980 | 958 | 22 | 2.24 | | 青岛 | 1767.73 | 1697.91 | 69.82 | 189 | 182 | 7 | 3.70 | | 大连 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | | 陕西 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | | 厦门 | 5.88 | 5.88 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 海南 | 611.75 | 396.15 | 215.60 | 19 | 12 | 7 | 36.84 | | 武汉 | 5.32 | 5.32 | 0.00 | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0.00 | | 江苏 | 1806.50 | 1802.50 | 3.99 | 110 | 109 | 1 | 0.91 | | 重庆 | 307.49 | 305.09 | 2.40 | 82 | 80 | 2 | 2.44 | | 福建 | 1032.64 | 1029.87 | 2.77 | 17 | 16 | 1 | 5.88 | | 四川 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.00 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0.00 | | 浙江 | 2111.47 | 2102.20 | 9.26 | 190 | 187 | 3 | 1.58 | | 广西 | 1501.46 | 1426.59 | 74.88 | 173 | 162 | 11 | 6.36 | | 苏州 | 2137.97 | 2137.97 | 0.00 | 18 | 18 | 0 | 0.00 | | 深圳 | 7559.57 | 7532.69 | 26.88 | 338 | 336 | 2 | 0.59 | | 山东 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | | 湖南 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | | 河南 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | | 辽宁 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.00 | | 无锡 | 444.85 | 226.80 | 218.04 | 9 | 4 | 5 | 55.56 | | 云南 | 5171.37 | 5157.89 | 13.48 | 1232 | 1228 | 4 | 0.32 | | 西藏 | 82.67 | 82.67 | 0.00 | 14 | 14 | 0 | 0.00 | | 黑龙江 | 101.73 | 101.73 | 0.00 | 510 | 510 | 0 | 0.00 | | 合计 | 2082421.48 | 2081296.64 | 1124.84 | 15076 | 14967 | 109 | 0.72 |
\ No newline at end of file
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new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,217 @@
+方向高质量发展。客户资源丰富，产品结构优质，工艺技术精深，产品产能合规，产业链成熟度高的企业将更具竞争力，在政策的引导下更快更好地发展。
+
+从行业地位的稳定性来看，国内市场方面，公司近十年位列全国农药行业销售百强榜前十；国际市场方面，公司近五年均位列全球农化企业农药销售前二十（不包含2024年，2024年度统计结果尚未颁布），市场地位处于领先水平。
+
+行业现状及发展趋势对业内企业提出了更高的要求，也带来了诸多挑战和机遇。依据当前的市场情况和行业政策，公司会顺应内外部环境的变化趋势，主动变革，适应新要求，专注主业，谋求高质量发展，将可持续发展深化到日常经营中，强化核心竞争优势，提升风险应对能力，在机遇与挑战中克难求进，实现企业长远健康发展。
+
+### （三）财务分析
+
+#### 1. 资产负债结构分析
+
+单位：元
+
+| 项目 | 2024年末 | 2023年末 | 变动比例% |
|---|
| 金额 | 占总资产的比重% | 金额 | 占总资产的比重% |
|---|
| 货币资金 | 1,115,897,036.20 | 9.37% | 1,506,435,119.48 | 11.92% | -25.92% | | 应收票据 | - | 0.00% | - | 0.00% | | | 应收账款 | 1,427,417,547.30 | 11.99% | 973,466,781.94 | 7.70% | 46.63% | | 存货 | 1,550,020,658.03 | 13.02% | 1,960,686,648.98 | 15.51% | -20.95% | | 投资性房地产 | 111,432,214.00 | 0.94% | 115,228,635.01 | 0.91% | -3.29% | | 长期股权投资 | 1,714,790,751.00 | 14.40% | 2,027,040,796.65 | 16.03% | -15.40% | | 固定资产 | 3,358,327,328.04 | 28.21% | 2,770,477,673.35 | 21.91% | 21.22% | | 在建工程 | 785,637,868.13 | 6.60% | 1,383,517,302.47 | 10.94% | -43.21% | | 无形资产 | 711,931,308.34 | 5.98% | 747,606,491.35 | 5.91% | -4.77% | | 商誉 | 374,366,777.39 | 3.14% | 463,154,133.20 | 3.66% | -19.17% | | 短期借款 | 2,612,915,817.81 | 21.95% | 3,208,917,430.75 | 25.38% | -18.57% | | 长期借款 | 849,146,118.05 | 7.13% | 767,542,439.45 | 6.07% | 10.63% |
+
+##### 资产负债项目重大变动原因：
+
+1. 应收账款较上年期末增加 46.63%，主要系报告期内公司销售款项尚未到期所致，公司面对激烈的市场竞争，为促进销售、提升竞争力，在严格把控信用风险的前提下，采取了适当放宽客户信用政策，延长回款周期等销售策略；
+
+2. 在建工程较上年期末减少43.21%，主要系子公司重要在建项目达到预定可使用状态后转固所致。
+
+##### 境外资产占比较高的情况
+
+□适用 √不适用
+
+#### 2. 营业情况分析
+
+##### (1) 利润构成
+
+单位：元
+
+| 项目 | 2024年 | 2023年 | 变动比例% |
|---|
| 金额 | 占营业收入的比重% | 金额 | 占营业收入的比重% |
|---|
| 营业收入 | 5,659,103,023.14 | - | 5,694,589,619.24 | - | -0.62% |
|---|
| 营业成本 | 5,050,444,692.66 | 89.24% | 4,690,197,562.45 | 82.36% | 7.68% |
|---|
| 毛利率 | 10.76% | - | 17.64% | - | - |
|---|
| 销售费用 | 95,811,650.50 | 1.64% | 99,781,586.38 | 1.70% | -3.98% | | 管理费用 | 328,210,910.50 | 5.63% | 363,365,088.74 | 6.19% | -9.67% | | 研发费用 | 173,428,698.20 | 2.97% | 166,540,895.64 | 2.84% | 4.14% | | 财务费用 | 132,613,174.53 | 2.27% | 120,853,541.98 | 2.06% | 9.73% | | 信用减值损失 | -3,728,302.10 | -0.06% | 13,233,146.50 | 0.23% | 128.17% | | 资产减值损失 | -276,155,710.13 | -4.74% | -87,258,225.06 | -1.49% | 216.48% | | 其他收益 | 27,694,384.24 | 0.48% | 68,928,803.25 | 1.17% | -59.82% | | 投资收益 | -226,970,520.98 | -3.89% | -70,571,926.79 | -1.20% | 221.62% | | 公允价值变动收益 | - | 0.00% | -802,444.18 | -0.01% | -100.00% | | 资产处置收益 | 3,207,056.93 | 0.06% | 21,883,529.25 | 0.37% | -85.34% | | 汇兑收益 | - | 0.00% | - | 0.00% | 0.00% | | 营业利润 | -628,954,111.52 | -10.79% | 166,736,471.62 | 2.84% | -477.21% | | 营业外收入 | 5,950,140.66 | 0.10% | 8,051,218.01 | 0.14% | -26.10% | | 营业外支出 | 15,498,385.57 | 0.27% | 11,568,939.96 | 0.20% | 33.97% | | 净利润 | -595,980,085.88 | -10.22% | 91,174,238.94 | 1.55% | -753.67% |
+
+###### 项目重大变动原因：
+
+1. 信用减值损失较上年同期变动比例为128.17%，主要系上年同期收回前期应收款项，本期应收账款规模增加，相应计提坏账增加所致；
+
+2. 资产减值损失较上年同期变动比例为216.48%，主要系本期子公司因长期资产减值而计提了减值准备所致；
+
+3. 其他收益较上年同期减少59.82%，主要系公司本期收到的政府补助减少所致；
+
+4. 投资收益较上年同期变动比例为221.62%，主要系公司联营单位美国 ALBAUGH 公司受行业低迷的影响，盈利水平下降，归属于公司的投资亏损增加所致；
+
+5. 公允价值变动收益较上年同期减少100.00%，主要系公司期末未持有交易性金融资产，未产生公允价值变动收益所致；
+
+6. 资产处置收益较上年同期减少85.34%，主要系上年同期子公司吉隆达产生较大资产处置收益，本年此类处置收益较少所致；
+
+7. 营业利润、净利润较上年同期大幅减少，主要系受客户需求放缓、市场竞争加剧等因素影响，产品价格持续走低，导致产品毛利率下降，进而使得公司整体利润下滑，加之主要联营单位受农化行业低迷影响，盈利水平大幅下降，造成公司产生较多投资亏损，同时受产品销售价格持续下跌影响，经营情况不及预期，个别公司相应资产组出现减值迹象，相关资产计提了减值准备，对公司净利润产生较大影响；
+
+8. 营业外支出较上年同期增加33.97%，主要系本期个别公司提前终止排污使用权产生损失所致。
+
+##### (2) 收入构成
+
+单位：元
+
+| 项目 | 2024年 | 2023年 | 变动比例% |
|---|
| 主营业务收入 | 5,601,312,389.18 | 5,601,027,134.82 | 0.01% |
|---|
| 其他业务收入 | 57,790,633.96 | 93,562,484.42 | -38.23% | | 主营业务成本 | 5,012,304,949.25 | 4,623,563,123.66 | 8.41% |
|---|
| 其他业务成本 | 38,139,743.41 | 66,634,438.79 | -42.76% |
+
+###### 按产品分类分析：
+
+单位：元| 分产品 | 营业收入 | 营业成本 | 毛利率% | 营业收入比上年同期增减% | 营业成本比上年同期增减% | 毛利率比上年同期增减 |
|---|
| 自产农化产品 | 4,894,394,785.99 | 4,381,456,536.20 | 10.48% | -1.75% | 7.29% | 减少 7.54个百分点 | | 贸易农化产品 | 653,894,173.24 | 605,698,448.56 | 7.37% | 14.02% | 17.11% | 减少2.44个百分点 |
|---|
| 技术咨询服务 | 53,023,429.95 | 25,149,964.49 | 52.57% | 14.88% | 10.84% | 增加1.73个百分点 | | 其他业务收入 | 57,790,633.96 | 38,139,743.41 | 34.00% | -38.23% | -42.76% | 增加 5.22个百分点 | | 合计 | 5,659,103,023.14 | 5,050,444,692.66 | - | - | - | - |
|---|
+
+###### 按区域分类分析：
+
+单位：元
+
+| 分地区 | 营业收入 | 营业成本 | 毛利率% | 营业收入比上年同期增减% | 营业成本比上年同期增减% | 毛利率比上年同期增减 |
|---|
| 国外销售 | 2,890,048,051.79 | 2,565,610,851.87 | 11.23% | -4.68% | 2.57% | 减少 6.27个百分点 | | 国内销售 | 2,769,054,971.35 | 2,484,833,840.79 | 10.26% | 4.00% | 13.53% | 减少 7.53个百分点 |
|---|
| 合计 | 5,659,103,023.14 | 5,050,444,692.66 | - | - | - | - |
|---|
+
+**收入构成变动的原因：**
+
+1. 报告期内，其他业务收入减少38.23%，其他业务成本减少42.76%，主要系本期原材料及副产品销售收入减少所致。
+
+##### （3）主要客户情况
+
+单位：元| 序号 | 客户 | 销售金额 | 年度销售占比% | 是否存在关联关系 |
|---|
| 1 | 客户1 | 499,200,950.56 | 8.82% | 否 |
|---|
| 2 | ALBAUGH | 417,720,699.33 | 7.38% | 是 |
|---|
| 3 | 客户2 | 235,259,547.37 | 4.16% | 否 |
|---|
| 4 | 客户 3 | 177,338,619.66 | 3.13% | 否 |
|---|
| 5 | 客户 4 | 134,044,202.94 | 2.37% | 否 |
|---|
| 合计 | 1,463,564,019.86 | 25.86% | - |
|---|
+
+##### (4) 主要供应商情况
+
+单位：元
+
+| 序号 | 供应商 | 采购金额 | 年度采购占比% | 是否存在关联关系 |
|---|
| 1 | 供应商1 | 183,071,400.11 | 4.23% | 否 | | 2 | 供应商2 | 167,277,811.06 | 3.86% | 否 | | 3 | 供应商 3 | 154,116,361.95 | 3.56% | 否 | | 4 | 供应商 4 | 131,651,152.69 | 3.04% | 否 | | 5 | 供应商 5 | 121,874,214.25 | 2.82% | 否 | | 合计 | 757,990,940.06 | 17.51% | - |
|---|
+
+#### 3. 现金流量状况
+
+单位：元
+
+| 项目 | 2024年 | 2023年 | 变动比例% |
|---|
| 经营活动产生的现金流量净额 | 249,890,150.37 | 38,227,051.23 | 553.70% | | 投资活动产生的现金流量净额 | -385,169,948.85 | -528,320,020.12 | -27.10% | | 筹资活动产生的现金流量净额 | -69,638,923.27 | 8,126,963.65 | -956.89% |
+
+##### 现金流量分析：
+
+1. 报告期内，公司经营活动产生的现金流量净额较上年同期增加553.70%，主要系公司持续提高资金管理水平，强化账期管理，加之本期支付税费及薪酬较上年同期减少共同所致；
+
+2. 报告期内，公司筹资活动产生的现金流量净额较上年同期减少956.89%，主要系公司重大在建工程完工，融资需求减少加之公司优化融资结构偿还借款共同所致。
+
+### (四) 投资状况分析
+
+#### 1、总体情况
+
+□适用 √不适用
+
+#### 2、报告期内获取的重大的股权投资情况
+
+□适用 √不适用
+
+#### 3、报告期内正在进行的重大的非股权投资情况
+
+√适用 □不适用
+
+单位：元
+
+| 项目名称 | 本期投入情况 | 累计实际投入情况 | 资金来源 | 项目进度 | 预计收益 | 截止报告期末累计实现的收益 | 是否达到计划进度和预计收益的原因 |
|---|
| 农药原药产品转型升级及副产精酚综合回收利用项目 | 54,687,970.80 | 348,080,932.84 | 募集资金 | 100.00% | 不适用 | 30,180,000.00 | 不适用 | | 合计 | 54,687,970.80 | 348,080,932.84 | - | - | 不适用 | 30,180,000.00 | - |
|---|
+
+#### 4、以公允价值计量的金融资产情况
+
+√适用 □不适用
+
+单位：元
+
+| 金融资产类别 | 初始投资成本 | 资金来源 | 本期购入金额 | 本期出售金额 | 报告期投资收益 | 本期公允价值变动损益 | 计入权益的累计公允价值变动 |
|---|
| 金融衍生工具 | 239,643,636.00 | 自筹 | 239,643,636.00 | 239,643,636.00 | 3,132,618.20 | - | - | | 金融衍生工具 | 921,116,010.00 | 自筹 | 921,116,010.00 | 921,116,010.00 | -3,220,900.00 | - | - | | 金融衍生工具 | 117,399,150.00 | 自筹 | 117,399,150.00 | 117,399,150.00 | 1,996,500.00 | - | - | | 金融衍生工具 | 28,000,000.00 | 自筹 | - | 28,000,000.00 | - | - | - | | 合计 | 1,306,158,796.00 | - | 1,278,158,796.00 | 1,306,158,796.00 | 1,908,218.20 | - | - |
|---|
+
+#### 5、理财产品投资情况
+
+□适用 √不适用
+
+#### 6、委托贷款情况
+
+□适用 √不适用
+
+#### 7、主要控股参股公司分析
+
+√适用 □不适用
+
+##### (1) 主要控股子公司及对公司净利润影响达10%以上的参股公司情况
+
+单位：元
+
+| 公司名称 | 公司类型 | 主要业务 | 注册资本 | 总资产 | 净资产 | 主营业务收入 | 主营业务利润 | 净利润 |
|---|
| 江苏常隆 | 控股子公司 | 农药原药及中间体产品研发、生产、销售 | 358,000,000.00 | 2,062,120,762.49 | 758,575,212.48 | 1,766,410,027.76 | 185,619,170.99 | 88,057,040.00 |
|---|
| 上虞颖泰 | 控股子公司 | 农药原药产品研发、生产、销售 | 176,796,658.00 | 2,111,782,857.38 | 718,419,315.82 | 1,250,665,475.14 | 56,220,689.51 | -76,056,058.77 | | 山东福尔 | 控股子公司 | 中间体产品研发、生产、销售 | 226,000,000.00 | 1,648,587,445.07 | 708,505,209.98 | 584,829,718.82 | -69,986,518.88 | -215,817,653.46 | | ALBAUGH | 参股公司 | 生产、储存、批发及零售各种农业及工业化学产品 | 1,100,000,000.00 美元 | 15,596,498,958.40 | 1,878,824,919.60 | 14,577,531,308.00 | 2,771,745,328.40 | -1,029,888,283.60 |
+
+##### (2) 主要控股参股公司情况说明
+
+###### 主要参股公司业务分析
+
+□适用 √不适用
+
+| 公司名称 | 与公司从事业务的关联性 | 持有目的 |
|---|
| ALBAUGH | 公司开拓美国及欧洲销售市场的主要渠道 | 公司市场渠道 |
+
+###### 子公司或参股公司的经营业绩同比出现大幅波动
+
+□适用 √不适用
+
+2022年农化行业在经历高景气周期后，随着前期规划的新增产能集中释放，市场供需格局发生逆转。行业整体呈现产能结构性过剩特征，主要产品价格进入下行通道，叠加市场竞争加剧，公司产品盈利能力下降，子公司上虞颖泰、杭州颖泰及山东福尔经营业绩同比出现大幅波动。公司主要联营单位美国 ALBAUGH 公司亦受此行业影响，报告期内经营业绩同比出现大幅下降。
+
+##### (3) 报告期内取得和处置子公司的情况
+
+□适用 √不适用
+
+##### (4) 公司控制的结构化主体情况
+
+□适用 √不适用
+
+##### (五) 税收优惠情况
+
+□适用 √不适用
+
+根据《中华人民共和国企业所得税税法》，对经认定的高新技术企业减按15%的税率征收企业所得税。
+
+本公司于2022年10月18日通过复审，经国家税务总局北京市税务局、北京市科学技术委员会、北京市财政局批准，取得高新技术企业证书，证书有效期为2022年10月18日起至2025年10月18日，本公司在有效期内按15%税率缴纳企业所得税。
+
+颖泰分析2012年获得高新技术企业证书，到期后通过复审，经国家税务总局北京市税务局、北京市科学技术委员会、北京市财政局批准，获得高新技术企业证书，证书有效期为2023年11月30日至2026年11月 30 日。颖泰分析在有效期内按15%税率缴纳企业所得税。
+
+上虞颖泰于2024年12月6日通过高新技术企业复审，经浙江省经济和信息化厅、浙江省财政厅、国家税务总局浙江省税务局批准，取得高新技术企业证书，有效期三年，上虞颖泰在有效期内按15%计缴所得税。
+
+山东福尔2023年通过高新技术企业认证复审，于2023年11月29日取得高新技术企业证书，有效期三年，报告期按照15%计缴所得税。
+
+福尔特种设备2023年通过高新技术企业认证复审，于2023年12月7日取得高新技术企业证书，有效期三年，报告期按照15%计缴所得税。
+
+科稷达隆于2022年12月1日，被认定为北京市2022年第三批高新技术企业。科稷达隆报告期按照15%计缴所得税。
+
+根据财政部、税务总局《关于小微企业和个体工商户所得税优惠政策的公告》（财政部、税务总局公告2023年第6号），自2023年1月1日至2024年12月31日，对小型微利企业年应纳税所得额不超过100万元的部分，减按25%计入应纳税所得额，按20%的税率缴纳企业所得税。根据《关于进一步实施小微企业所得税优惠政策的公告》（财政部 税务总局公告2022年第13号），自2022年1月1日至2024年12月31日，对小型微利企业年应纳税所得额超过100万元但不超过300万元的部分，减按25%计入应纳税所得额，按20%的税率缴纳企业所得税。
+
+本集团管理层预计山东颖泰检测、敬咨达、禾益肥料、禾益作物以及江苏颖泰符合小型微利企业认定要求，因此2024年度按小微企业所得税税率确认所得税费用(前述子公司全称可参见附注)。
+
+依据财政部、国家税务总局关于促进残疾人就业税收优惠政策的通知《财税〔2016〕52号》第一条规定:对安置残疾人的单位，实行由税务机关按单位实际安置残疾人的人数，限额即征即退增值税。山东福尔依该条文享受限额即征即退增值税的税收优惠。
+
+##### （六） 研发情况
+
+###### 1、 研发支出情况：
+
+单位：元
+
+| 项目 | 本期金额/比例 | 上期金额/比例 |
|---|
| 研发支出金额 | 173,428,698.20 | 166,540,895.64 | | 研发支出占营业收入的比例 | 3.06% | 2.92% |
|---|
| 研发支出资本化的金额 | - | - |
|---|
| 资本化研发支出占研发支出的比例 | - | - |
|---|
| 资本化研发支出占当期净利润的比例 | - | - |
|---|
+
+**研发投入总额占营业收入的比重较上年发生显著变化的原因**
+
+□适用 √不适用
+
+**研发投入资本化率变化情况及其合理性说明**
+
+□适用 √不适用
+
+###### 2、研发人员情况：
+
+| 教育程度 | 期初人数 | 期末人数 |
|---|
| 博士 | 26 | 25 | | 硕士 | 94 | 90 | | 本科 | 152 | 160 | | 专科及以下 | 276 | 268 | | 研发人员总计 | 548 | 543 | | 研发人员占员工总量的比例(%) | 11.14% | 12.07% |
+
+###### 3、专利情况：
+
+| 项目 | 本期数量 | 上期数量 |
|---|
| 公司拥有的专利数量 | 391 | 383 | | 公司拥有的发明专利数量 | 216 | 196 |
+
+###### 4、研发项目情况：
+
+√适用 □不适用
+
+| 研发项目名称 | 项目目的 | 所处阶段/项目进展 | 拟达到的目标 | 预计对公司未来发展的影响 |
|---|
| 4000 吨/年嘧菌酯原药连续化工艺工程技术开发研究 | 针对产品的产能、连续化工艺、工程、三废等进行绿色清洁新技术的工艺开发研究。 | 车间建设及设备安装完成， 水试车完毕， 达到预定可使用状态。 | 产能目标， 达到 4000 吨/年；质量目标， 原药含量 ≥98%；三废目标， 达到预期三废处理要求指标；主工段采用连续操作的方式， 溶剂回收部分采用连续操作方式、后处理工序除过滤操作为间歇操作外，其他均采用连续操作方式。 | 本项目的实施， 在工艺方面进行了全面的技术创新， 采用了清洁生产工艺以及连续化自动化装置， 基本实施连续化、自动化生产， 对降低安全风险、减少废水、废气的产生和产品规模方面均具有突出作用。 | | 2-硝基-4-甲砜基苯甲酸的催化剂、溶剂及连续化工艺技术开发研究 | 作为公司主要产品的关键原料，开发其新的清洁工艺，从催化剂合成、硝化和氧化连续化等方面开展绿色清洁新技术的工艺开发研究。 | 项目中试研究阶段 | 创新性的使用新的连续化反应方式进行硝化及氧化反应，优化了氧化后产品的后处理方案，提高产品质量。同时也开发新工艺关键催化剂的合成研究。 | 公司采用自主开发新工艺的连续化反应技术，通过优化工艺物料比、控制条件及过程监控、采用创新的反应器等方案，提供硝化、氧化的本质反应安全，实现了工艺收率稳定、三废数量大大降低。从生产到后处理环节实现自动化控制、对可能存在的风险通过连锁控制进行预防。目前该产品采用的连续化工艺处于国内领先地位。 | | 15000 吨/年精异丙甲草胺连续化清洁生产技术 | 对产品的产能、连续化工艺、工程、三废等进行绿色清洁新技术的工艺开发研究 | 达到预定可使用状态 | 产能目标，15000 吨/年，质量目标含量 ≥98%，有效减少能耗、降低成本；建成15000 吨/年清洁化生产装置。 | 本项目的投产与应用，在提高或保持相同药效的前提下，将减少近半数的农田除草剂用量，对保障农业生产和保护生态环境具有重要意义。 |
+
+###### 5、与其他单位合作研发的项目情况：
+
+√适用 □不适用
+
+| 合作单位 | 合作项目 | 合作协议的主要内容 |
|---|
| 江苏扬农化工股份有限公司 | 新型免疫激活剂的高效绿色规模产业化 | 1、项目由政府拨付专项经费支持，公司提供部分配套资金；
2、公司与江苏扬农化工股份有限公司共同承担“十四五”国家重点研发项目的子课题“新型免疫激活剂的高效绿色规模产业化”，公司负责进行部分关键制剂和设备的研发。 | | 中国农业大学 | 农药关键中间体清洁工艺中试研究 | 1、由公司提供研究经费和报酬、技术资料和产品样品；
2、公司委托中国农业大学开展关键中间体的清洁工艺中试研究，包括绿色催化剂，工艺路线收率、三废排放及废水总量要求。 |
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_4.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_4.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e09e86506cc5c15d7f18aebab4a389cd916fe057
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_4.md
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+# 第一节 凯恩斯革命
+
+
+
+一、古典宏观经济理论与凯恩斯革命
+
+二、凯恩斯就业理论体系
+
+## 一、古典宏观经济理论与凯恩斯革命
+
+
+
+新古典经济学：边际效用学派、洛桑学派和剑桥学派。
+
+理论：假设充分就业，考察资源配置问题，核心内容是供求均衡价格论，主要内容属于微观经济学。
+
+研究方法：边际分析、均衡分析。
+
+政策主张：反对国家干预和调节，主张自由竞争、自动调节、自由放任的经济政策。
+
+## 一、古典宏观经济理论与凯恩斯革命
+
+
+
+新古典经济学对宏观经济问题的观点：
+
+供给会创造自己的需求，资本主义经济活动中能够创造出足够需求来吸收或购买所有的商品和劳务，总供给和总需求存在恒等关系。整个社会不可能出现生产过剩的经济危机和大量的失业。供求失衡都只是暂时、局部的现象。
+
+《就业、利息和货币通论》（1936）奠定了现代宏观经济学的理论基础。凯恩斯认为传统理论不符合事实，只适用于特殊情况。
+
+## 一、古典宏观经济理论与凯恩斯革命
+
+
+
+### 凯恩斯对传统经济学前提的否定
+ 真实工资不等于现行就业量的边际负效用
+ 社会的有效需求或总需求不足引起非自愿失业
+ 否定了萨伊定律
+### 凯恩斯革命的实质
+ 以低于充分就业的理论替代充分就业理论
+ 以国家干预主义反对自由放任主义
+ 以宏观经济分析取代微观经济分析
+
+## 凯恩斯就业理论体系
+
+
+
+凯恩斯就业理论的核心：有效需求理论。
+
+有效需求原理认为，决定收入水平、产量水平和就业水平的是有效需求。
+
+有效需求是指市场有支付能力或有购买能力的需求，是决定总就业水平有效的社会总需求。
+
+## 凯恩斯就业理论体系
+
+
+
+凯恩斯就业理论体系中的三类因素：
+
+ 不变因素。假设现有可支配劳动力的技巧和数量不变，现有可支配的资本设备的质量和数量不变，现有生产技术、竞争程度、消费者的嗜好和习惯不变，以及社会结构不变。
+
+ 因变量。被决定的因素，即就业量和国民收入。
+
+ 自变量。即决定就业量和国民收入的直接因素，主要包括三个基本心理规律，边际消费倾向递减、资本边际效率递减、流动性偏好。
+
+## 凯恩斯就业理论体系
+
+
+
+凯恩斯就业理论要点：
+
+ 总收入决定于总就业量。
+ 消费支出决定于收入水平，从而决定于总就业量。
+ 总就业量决定有效需求，有效需求是由消费支出和投资支出两部分构成。
+ 均衡时，总需求等于总供给。因此，总供给超过消费有效需求部分等于投资有效需求。
+ 均衡时，总供给等于总需求，总需求决定于消费倾向与投资量。因此，就业量决定于总供给函数、消费倾向和投资量。
+
+## 凯恩斯就业理论体系
+
+
+
+
+
+图10-1凯恩斯就业理论体系
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_40.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_40.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e757deb45bac949b4e1b509a7960f3b3d95006b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_40.md
@@ -0,0 +1,541 @@
+This shows that $u \in H_V^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$. For the general case, where $\text{supp}(u)$ may not be compact, consider a truncation function $\eta \in C_0^\infty(\mathbb{R}^N)$ such that $\eta = 1$ in $B_1$ and $\eta = 0$ in $B_2^c$. Define $\eta_k(x) = \eta(x/k)$ and $u_k = \eta_k u \in H^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$. Note that each $u_k$ has compact support. By the previous case, $(u_k) \subset H_V^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$. Since $|\eta_k| \le 1$ and $V(x)u^2 \in L^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$, the Lebesgue convergence theorem implies $\|u_k - u\|_V \to 0$. Since $H_V^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$ is a Banach space, we conclude that $u \in H_V^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$. The same argument applies to $H_{V_P}^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$, by replacing $V$ with $V_P$.
+
+To prove the second part, we choose $R > 0$ such that $-1 + V_P(x) < V(x) < 1 + V_P(x)$, for $x \in B_R^c$. Then, for any $u \in H_{V_P}^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$,
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V(x)u^2 dx &\le \int_{B_R} V(x)u^2 dx + \int_{B_R^c} (V_P(x) + 1)u^2 dx \\
+&\le \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V_P(x)u^2 dx + \sup_{x \in B_R} |V(x) - V_P(x)| \int_{B_R} u^2 dx + \int_{B_R^c} u^2 dx \\
+&\le \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V_P(x)u^2 dx + M_0 \|u\|_2^2,
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+where $M_0 = \max \{\sup_{x \in B_R} |V(x) - V_P(x)|, 1\}$. Using (V1), we obtain
+
+$$
+\|u\|_V^2 \le (1 + M_0 d_1^{-1}) \|u\|_{V_P}^2.
+$$
+
+By (1.9), we have $H_{V_P}^1(\mathbb{R}^N) \subset H_V^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$. Replacing $V$ with $V_P$, we similarly obtain $H_V^1(\mathbb{R}^N) \subset H_{V_P}^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$, with $\|u\|_{V_P}^2 \le (1 + M_0 d_1^{-1})\|u\|_V^2$. Finally, since $V \in L^\infty(\mathbb{R}^N)$ we have $\|u\|_V \le C\|u\|$, for any $u \in H^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$, and some $C > 0$. The characterization (1.9) then implies that $H^1(\mathbb{R}^N) \hookrightarrow H_V^1(\mathbb{R}^N). \qquad \square$
+
+Next we describe the minimax structure of the energy functional $I$.
+
+**Lemma 2.2.** *I has the mountain pass geometry. Precisely,*
+
+*i): There exist $r, b > 0$ such that $I(u) \ge b$, whenever $\|u\|_V = r$;*
+
+*ii): There is $e \in H^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$ with $\|e\|_V > r$ and $I(e) < 0$.*
+
+*Proof. i)*: The first part is standard: Using (f1) and (g1) together with some Sobolev inequalities,
+
+$$
+I(u) \ge \|u\|_V^2 \left( \frac{1}{2} - \varepsilon C_1 - C_2(\varepsilon) \|u\|_V^{p_\varepsilon - 2} - C_3(\varepsilon) \|u\|_V^{2^* - 2} \right) > 0,
+$$
+
+for suitable $\varepsilon > 0$ and $\|u\|_V > 0$ small enough.
+
+*ii)*: Let $u_0 \in H^1(\mathbb{R}^N) \setminus \{0\}$. By (h1) and Fatou's lemma, we have
+
+$$
+\frac{I(tu_0)}{t^2} = \frac{1}{2} \|u_0\|_V^2 - \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \frac{F(x, tu_0) + b(x)G(tu_0)}{(tu_0)^2} u_0^2 dx \to -\infty, \quad \text{as } t \to \infty.
+$$
+
+$$
+\text{Hence } \textstyle \lim_{t \to \infty} I(tu_0) = \lim_{t \to \infty} \left({I(tu_0)}/{t^2}\right) t^2 = -\infty. \qquad \square
+$$
+
+**Remark 2.3.** *The minimax level defined above coincides with the usual minimax level of the mountain pass type geometry, i.e., define $\hat{c}(I) = \inf_{\hat{\xi} \in \hat{\Gamma}_I} \sup_{t \in [0,1]} I(\hat{\xi}(t))$, where*
+
+$$
+\hat{\Gamma}_I = \{ \hat{\xi} \in C([0,1], H^1(\mathbb{R}^N)) : \hat{\xi}(0) = 0, \|\hat{\xi}(1)\| > r \ and \ I(\hat{\xi}(1)) < 0 \}.
+$$
+
+*Then, by [11, Theorem 2.1], $\hat{c}(I)$ is well defined and $c(I) = \hat{c}(I)$. In fact, given $\xi \in \Gamma_I$, we know of the existence of $t_0 > 0$ such that $\|\xi(t_0)\| > r$ and $I(\xi(t_0)) < 0$. Define $\hat{\xi}(t) = \xi(tt_0)$, for $t \in [0, 1]$. Then $\hat{\xi} \in \hat{\Gamma}_I$ and $\hat{c}(I) \le \sup_{t \in [0,1]} I(\hat{\xi}(t)) = \sup_{t \ge 0} I(\xi(t))$. Because $\xi \in \Gamma_I$ is arbitrary, we have $\hat{c}(I) \le c(I)$. Conversely, taking $\hat{\xi} \in \hat{\Gamma}_I$, the path defined by $\xi(t) = \hat{\xi}(t)$, for $t \in [0, 1]$, and $\xi(t) = t\hat{\xi}(1)$, for $t \ge 1$, belongs to $\Gamma_I$. Moreover, $c(I) \le \sup_{t \ge 0} I(\xi(t)) = \sup_{t \in [0,1]} I(\hat{\xi}(t))$. Likewise, $c(I) \le \hat{c}(I)$.*
+
+**Remark 2.4.** *Let $u_0 \in H^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$ be a critical point of $I_P$ and suppose (h\*). Consider the first case of (h\*) and take the path $\xi(t) = tu_0$. It is standard to prove that $t = 1$ is the unique critical point of $t \mapsto I_P(tu_0)$and by the proof of Lemma 2.2, $c(I_P) \le \sup_{t \ge 0} I_P(\xi(t)) = I_P(u_0)$. For the second case of (h\*), we use the well-known fact [34] that the following Pohozaev identity holds,*
+
+$$
+\int_{\mathbb{R}^N} F_P(u_0) + b_P G_P(u_0) - \frac{V_P}{2} u_0^2 dx = \frac{N-2}{2N} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} |\nabla u_0|^2 dx,
+$$
+
+to see that the path $\zeta(t) = u_0(\cdot/t)$, $\zeta(0) := 0$, belongs to $\Gamma_{I_P}$ and possesses a unique critical point $t = 1$. In particular, $c(I_P) \le \sup_{t \ge 0} I_P(\zeta(t)) = I_P(u_0)$. In summary, condition $(h_*)$ implies $c(I_P) \le I_P(u_0)$.
+
+We now establish our minimax estimate for $c(I)$, involving the general critical nonlinearity $b(x)g(s)$. For the following, we use the notation $\bar{G}_b(s) := \|b\|_{\infty} \bar{G}(s) = \|b\|_{\infty} g(s) s$ and
+
+$$
+\mathbb{S}_{\bar{G}_b} := \inf \left\{ \|\nabla u\|_2^2 : u \in D^{1,2}(\mathbb{R}^N) \text{ and } \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \bar{G}_b(u) dx = 1 \right\} > 0.
+$$
+
+**Lemma 2.5.** $c(I) < ((\mu_* - 2)/(2\mu_*))\mathbb{S}_{\bar{G}_b}^{N/2}$.
+
+*Proof.* Our argument involves the use of the functions
+
+$$
+U_{\varepsilon}(x) = C(N) \frac{\varepsilon^{(N-2)/4}}{(\varepsilon + |x|^2)^{(N-2)/2}}, \quad \varepsilon > 0, \text{ where } C(N) = (N(N-2))^{(N-2)/4},
+$$
+
+that attain the infimum of (1.11), see [28]. Let $\psi \in C_0^\infty(\mathbb{R}^N)$, with $0 \le \psi \le 1$ and such that $\psi(x) = 1$, if $|x| \le \varrho/2$, and $\psi(x) = 0$, if $|x| \ge \varrho$. For
+
+$$
+W_{\varepsilon}(x) = (\varepsilon + |x|^2)^{(2-N)/2}, \text{ denote } v_{\varepsilon} := \psi W_{\varepsilon} \text{ and } w_{\varepsilon} = v_{\varepsilon} \|v_{\varepsilon}\|_{2^{*}}^{-1}.
+$$
+
+Following [9, 17], we obtain the following asymptotic behavior of $w_\varepsilon$ for small values of $\varepsilon \in (0, 1)$:
+
+$$
+\|\nabla w_{\varepsilon}\|_{2}^{2} = \mathbb{S} + \mathcal{O}(\varepsilon^{(N-2)/2}), \qquad (2.3)
+$$
+
+$$
+\|w_{\varepsilon}\|_{q}^{q} = \begin{cases} \mathcal{O}(\varepsilon^{(N/2)(1-q/2^{*})}), & \text{if } q > 2^{*}/2, \\ \mathcal{O}(\varepsilon^{(N-2)(q/4)}|\ln \varepsilon|), & \text{if } q = 2^{*}/2, \\ \mathcal{O}(\varepsilon^{(N-2)(q/4)}), & \text{if } q < 2^{*}/2, \end{cases} \qquad (2.4)
+$$
+
+$$
+\|w_{\varepsilon}\|_{2}^{2} = \begin{cases} \mathcal{O}(\varepsilon), & \text{if } N > 4, \\ \mathcal{O}(\varepsilon|\ln \varepsilon|), & \text{if } N = 4, \\ \mathcal{O}(\varepsilon^{(N-2)/2}), & \text{if } N = 3, \end{cases} \qquad (2.5)
+$$
+
+where the Bachmann–Landau notation $\beta(\varepsilon) = \mathcal{O}(\alpha(\varepsilon))$ stands for the existence of $c_1, c_2 > 0$ such that $c_1 \le \beta(\varepsilon)/\alpha(\varepsilon) \le c_2$. In particular $\lim_{\varepsilon \to 0} \|w_\varepsilon\|_q^q = 0$ for all $2 \le q < 2^*$. On the other hand, let us consider the path $\zeta_k^{(\varepsilon)}(t)(x) = \gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}j_k} w_\varepsilon(\gamma^{j_k}(x/t))$, $\zeta_k^{(\varepsilon)}(0) := 0$, where $j_k \to +\infty$, $k \in \mathbb{N}$. Then, $I(\zeta_k^{(\varepsilon)}(t)) = (1/2)t^{N-2}\|\nabla w_\varepsilon\|_2^2 - t^N E_k^{(\varepsilon)}$, and by (g1),
+
+$$
+E_k^{(\varepsilon)} = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \gamma^{-N j_k} F(\gamma^{-j_k} tx, \gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2} j_k} w_\varepsilon) dx + \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b(\gamma^{-j_k} tx) G(w_\varepsilon) dx - \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \gamma^{-2 j_k} V(\gamma^{-j_k} tx) w_\varepsilon^2 dx.
+$$
+
+Notice that hypotheses $(f_3)$ and $(g_2)$, together with (2.3)–(2.5) imply the existence of $C_0 > 0$ such that $E_k^{(\varepsilon)} > C_0$, for any $\varepsilon \in (0, \varepsilon_0)$, $\varepsilon_0$ small enough and $k$ sufficiently large. Consequently, for this choice of $k$ (fixed) and $\varepsilon_0$, the path $\zeta_k^{(\varepsilon)}$ belongs to $\Gamma_I$, for any $\varepsilon \in (0, \varepsilon_0)$. Thus it suffices to prove that $\max_{t \ge 0} I(\zeta_k^{(\varepsilon)}(t)) < ((\mu_* - 2)/(2\mu_*))\mathbb{S}_{\bar{G}_b}^{N/2}$. Let
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \psi_{\varepsilon}(t) &= \frac{1}{2} t^{N-2} \|\nabla w_{\varepsilon}\|_{2}^{2} + \frac{B_{k}}{2} t^{N} \|w_{\varepsilon}\|_{2}^{2} - \lambda A_{k} t^{N} \|w_{\varepsilon}\|_{p_{0}}^{p_{0}} - t^{N} \int_{\mathbb{R}^{N}} b_{0} G(w_{\varepsilon}) dx \\ &= \frac{1}{2} \|\nabla w_{\varepsilon}\|_{2}^{2} t^{N-2} - C_{k}^{(\varepsilon)} t^{N}, \quad t \ge 0, \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+where $A_k = \gamma^{j_k(\frac{N-2}{2}p_0-N)}$, $B_k = \gamma^{-2j_k}\|V\|_\infty$ and $C_k^{(\varepsilon)} = \lambda A_k \|w_\varepsilon\|_{p_0}^{p_0} + \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b_0 G(w_\varepsilon) \,dx - (B_k/2)\|w_\varepsilon\|_2^2 > 0$. Then, $\max_{t \ge 0} I(\zeta_k^{(\varepsilon)}(t)) \le \max_{t \ge 0} \psi_\varepsilon(t) = \psi_\varepsilon(t_\varepsilon)$, for $t_\varepsilon = (\|\nabla w_\varepsilon\|_2^2/(2^*C_k^{(\varepsilon)}))^{1/2}$. In particular, we see that there are $a_1, a_2 > 0$ with $a_1 < t_\varepsilon < a_2$, for any $\varepsilon \in (0, \varepsilon_0)$. This yields the estimate,
+
+$$
+\psi_{\varepsilon}(t_{\varepsilon}) \leq \max_{t \geq 0} \varphi_{\varepsilon}(t) + \frac{B_k}{2} a_2^N \|w_{\varepsilon}\|_2^2 - \lambda A_k a_1^N \|w_{\varepsilon}\|_{p_0}^{p_0},
+$$
+
+where $\varphi_\varepsilon(t) = ((\|\nabla w_\varepsilon\|_2^2/2)t^{N-2} - (\int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b_0 G(w_\varepsilon) \,dx) t^N$. Furthermore, computing the explicit maximum of $\varphi_\varepsilon$, we have
+
+$$
+\psi_{\varepsilon}(t_{\varepsilon}) \le \frac{1}{N} \left( 2^* \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b_0 G(w_{\varepsilon}) \,dx \right)^{-\frac{N-2}{2}} \|\nabla w_{\varepsilon}\|_2^{N} + \frac{B_k}{2} a_2^N \|w_{\varepsilon}\|_2^2 - \lambda A_k a_1^N \|w_{\varepsilon}\|_{p_0}^{p_0},
+$$
+
+Next, using the elementary inequality
+
+$$
+(a+b)^\alpha \le a^\alpha + \alpha(a+b)^{\alpha-1}b, \quad \alpha \ge 1, a, b > 0,
+$$
+
+and (2.3) we have $\|\nabla w_\varepsilon\|_2^N \le \mathbb{S}^{N/2} + \mathcal{O}(\varepsilon^{(N-2)/2})$. Summing up,
+
+$$
+c(I) \le \frac{1}{N} \left( 2^* \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b_0 G(w_\varepsilon) \,dx \right)^{-\frac{N-2}{2}} \mathbb{S}^{N/2} + \mathcal{O}(\varepsilon^{(N-2)/2}) + \frac{B_k}{2} a_2^N \|w_\varepsilon\|_2^2 - \lambda A_k a_1^N \|w_\varepsilon\|_{p_0}^{p_0}.
+$$
+
+Nevertheless, from $(g_2)$ and $(g_3)$, the following inequality holds
+
+$$
+\frac{1}{N} \left( 2^* \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b_0 G(w_\varepsilon) \,dx \right)^{-\frac{N-2}{2}} \mathbb{S}^{N/2} \le \frac{\mu_* - 2}{2\mu_*} \mathbb{S}_{\bar{G}_b}^{N/2}.
+$$
+
+Using that $\mathbb{S}_{\bar{G}_b} = \|b\|^{-2/2^*}_\infty \mathbb{S}_{\bar{G}}$ and considering each case of $(f_3)$-i), $(f_3)$-ii) and $(f_3)$-iii), together with (2.3)-(2.5), we can deduce that for $\varepsilon > 0$ sufficiently small or for sufficiently large $\lambda$, $\mathcal{O}(\varepsilon ^{(N-2)/2}) + (B_{k}/2)a_2^N \|w_\varepsilon\|_2^2 - \lambda A_k a_1^N \|w_\varepsilon\|_{p_0}^{p_0} < 0$. The lemma is proved. $\qquad \square$
+
+Notice that if $b(x) \equiv 1$ and $g(s) = |s|^{2^*-2}s$, then $\mu_* = 2^*$ and $\mathbb{S}_{\bar{G}_b} = \mathbb{S}$. Consequently, we recover the well established estimate $c(I) < (1/N)\mathbb{S}^{N/2}$.
+
+## 3. PROFILE DECOMPOSITION FOR BOUNDED SEQUENCES
+
+The profile decomposition given by Theorem A stems from the general theory developed by K. Tintarev and F. Fieseler in [33]. In their work, the authors establish an abstract framework for profile decomposition in separable Hilbert spaces by introducing the concepts of *D*-weak convergence and dislocation spaces relative to a suitable group of unitary operators *D*. Theorem A, proven in [33, Chapter 5], is the application of this framework to the specific case of $H = D^{1,2}(\mathbb{R}^N)$, where the group *D* is generated by translations in $\mathbb{Z}^N$ and dilations by integer powers of $\gamma$,
+
+$$
+D = \{d_{y,j} : D^{1,2}(\mathbb{R}^N) \to D^{1,2}(\mathbb{R}^N) : d_{y,j} \varphi = \gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}} \varphi(\gamma^j(\cdot - y)), y \in \mathbb{Z}^N, j \in \mathbb{Z}\}.
+$$
+
+For the remainder of the paper, it is convenient to introduce a notation for the action of the group elements appearing in the decomposition. For a given $(y_k^{(n)}, j_k^{(n)}) \in \mathbb{Z}^N \times \mathbb{Z}$, we define the operator $d_{k,n}$ and its inverse $d_{k,n}^{-1}$ by
+
+$$
+d_{k,n} \varphi = \gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2} j_k^{(n)}} \varphi(\gamma^{j_k^{(n)}}(\cdot - y_k^{(n)})) \quad \text{and} \quad d_{k,n}^{-1} \varphi = \gamma^{-\frac{N-2}{2} j_k^{(n)}} \varphi(\gamma^{-j_k^{(n)}} \cdot + y_k^{(n)}). \quad (3.1)
+$$
+
+Using this notation, we can express (1.2) and (1.5) as $d_{k,n}^{-1} u_k \rightharpoonup w^{(n)}$ and
+
+$$
+u_k - w^{(1)} - \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_* \setminus \{1\}} d_{k,n} w^{(n)} \to 0, \text{ when } k \to \infty, \text{ in } L^{2^*}(\mathbb{R}^N),
+$$
+
+respectively. This convergence illustrates that if $w^{(n)} = 0$ for all $n \in \mathbb{N}_* \setminus \{1\}$, then $u_k \to w^{(1)}$ in $L^{2^*}(\mathbb{R}^N)$. Consequently, the term $\sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}* \setminus \{1\}} d_{k,n} w^{(n)}$ can be interpreted as capturing the lack of compactness in the convergence of $(u_k)$ to its weak limit $w^{(1)}$ in $L^{2^*}(\mathbb{R}^N)$.
+
+**Remark 3.1.** *[33, Lemma 5.4] Under the conditions of Theorem A, if in addition $(u_k) \subset H^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$ and $(\|u_k\|_2)$ is bounded, then $w^{(n)} = 0$ for any $n \in \mathbb{N}_-$. Thus, one can take $\mathbb{N}_- = \emptyset$. Moreover, for any $p \in (2, 2^*)$,*
+
+$$
+u_k - \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0} w^{(n)}(\cdot + y_k^{(n)}) \to 0, \quad \text{as } k \to \infty, \text{ in } L^p(\mathbb{R}^N), \qquad (3.2)
+$$
+
+*and the series in (3.2) converges absolutely in $H^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$ and uniformly in $k$. Additionally, for $m, n \in \mathbb{N}_0$,*
+
+$$u_k(\cdot + y_k^{(n)}) \rightharpoonup w^{(n)}, \quad \text{as } k \to \infty, \text{ in } D^{1,2}(\mathbb{R}^N), \qquad (3.3)$$
+$$|y_k^{(n)} - y_k^{(m)}| \to +\infty, \quad \text{as } k \to \infty, \text{ for } m \neq n.$$
+
+**Remark 3.2.** *The translation sequence $(y_k^{(n)})_k$ can be redefined as 0 provided $(|\gamma^{j_k^{(n)}} y_k^{(n)}|)_k$, $n \in \mathbb{N}_*$, is bounded. This assertion is established in the third part of the proof of [33, Theorem 5.1].*
+
+3.1. **Existence of a bounded Palais-Smale sequence.** Lemma 2.2 guarantees the existence of a Cerami sequence $(u_k) \subset H^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$, that is, $I(u_k) \to c(I)$ and $(1 + \|u_k\|_V)\|I'(u_k)\|_* \to 0$. (see [6, Theorem 6, p. 140]). The main goal of this section is to prove that this sequence is bounded. To this end, we first establish the following technical lemma.
+
+**Lemma 3.3.** *$I(u) \ge I(tu) + 2^{-1}(1-t^2)I'(u) \cdot u$, for all $u \in H^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$ and $t \in [0, \theta_0]$.*
+
+*Proof.* After some computations, we obtain
+
+$$
+I(u) - I(tu) - \frac{1-t^2}{2} I'(u) \cdot u = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \frac{1-t^2}{2} f(x, u)u - (F(x, u) - F(x, tu)) \,dx \\ + \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \frac{1-t^2}{2} b(x)g(u)u - b(x)(G(u) - G(tu)) \,dx, \quad \forall t \in [0, \theta_0].
+$$
+
+The proof now follows by using $(f_2)$ and $(g_3). \qquad \square$
+
+We use the weak convergence decomposition given in Theorem A to prove that $(u_k)$ is a bounded sequence even in the presence of the critical term $g$.
+
+**Proposition 3.4.** *$(u_k)$ is a bounded sequence.*
+
+*Proof.* We proceed by contradiction and assume that $\|u_k\|_V \to \infty$ (up to a subsequence). Define the normalized sequence $v_k = u_k \|u_k\|_V^{-1}$. Applying Theorem A and Remark 3.1 to $(v_k)$, we obtain a profile decomposition $(w^{(n)})_{n \in \mathbb{N}_*}$ as described in (1.2), (1.5), and (3.2). Suppose first that $w^{(n)} = 0$, for any $n \in \mathbb{N}_*$. Then, by (1.5) and (3.2), we have $v_k \to 0$, in $L^p(\mathbb{R}^N)$ for $p \in (2, 2^*]$. Next, we fix $R > 0$ and use $(f_1)$ to get the estimate $\limsup_{k \to \infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} F(x, Rv_k) \,dx \le \varepsilon c_2 R^2$, where $c_2 = \limsup_{k \to \infty} \|v_k\|_2^2$. Choosing $\varepsilon = 1/(4c_2)$, we get
+
+$$
+\limsup_{k \to \infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} F(x, Rv_k) \,dx \le \frac{R^2}{4} \quad \text{and} \quad \limsup_{k \to \infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b(x)G(Rv_k) \,dx = 0. \qquad (3.4)
+$$
+
+Now, define $t_k = R \|u_k\|_V^{-1}$. For sufficiently large $k$, we have $t_k \in (0, \theta_0]$. By Lemma 3.3,
+
+$$
+c(I) + o_k(1) = I(u_k) \ge I(t_k u_k) + \frac{1-t_k^2}{2} I'(u_k) \cdot u_k = I(Rv_k) + o_k(1). \qquad (3.5)
+$$
+
+Furthermore,
+
+$$
+I(Rv_k) = \frac{R^2}{2} - \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} F(x, Rv_k) \,dx - \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b(x)G(Rv_k) \,dx,
+$$
+
+Combining this with (3.4), we obtain $\limsup_{k \to \infty} I(Rv_k) \ge R^2/4$. Taking the $\limsup_{k \to \infty}$ in (3.5) we arrive at the contradiction: $c(I) \ge R^2/4$, for any $R > 0$. Therefore, there exists a nonzero $w^{(n)}$, for some $n \in \mathbb{N}_* = \mathbb{N}_0 \cup \mathbb{N}_+$. In particular, up to a subsequence, one can find a set $U$ with positive Lebesgue measure such that
+
+$$
+0 < |w^{(n)}(x)| = \lim_{k \to \infty} |d_{k,n}^{-1} v_k(x)| = \lim_{k \to \infty} \frac{|d_{k,n}^{-1} u_k(x)|}{\|u_k\|_V}, \quad \forall x \in U, \qquad (3.6)
+$$
+
+where $d_{k,n}^{-1}$ is given by (3.1). This implies $|d_{k,n}^{-1}u_k(x)| \to +\infty$, for all $x \in U$. If $n \in \mathbb{N}_+$, then $(g_1)$ yields
+
+$$
+\int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b(x)G(d_{k,n}^{-1}u_k)dx = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b(\gamma^{{j_k}^{(n)}}(x - y_k^{(n)}))G(u_k)dx.
+$$
+
+By Fatou's Lemma, together with $(g_2)$ (or $(g_3)$) and $b_0 > 0$, there exists a subsequence, which we still denote by $(u_k)$, such that
+
+$$
+\lim_{k \to \infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \frac{b(x)G(u_k)}{\|u_k\|_V^2} dx = \lim_{k \to \infty} \int_U b(\gamma^{{j_k}^{(n)}}(x - y_k^{(n)})) \frac{G(d_{k,n}^{-1}u_k)}{(d_{k,n}^{-1}u_k)^2} (d_{k,n}^{-1}v_k)^2 dx = +\infty. \quad (3.7)
+$$
+
+Consequently, we obtain the contradiction
+
+$$
+0 = \lim_{k \to \infty} \frac{c(I)}{\|u_k\|_V^2} = \lim_{k \to \infty} \frac{I(u_k)}{\|u_k\|_V^2} = \lim_{k \to \infty} \left[ \frac{1}{2} - \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \frac{F(x, u_k)}{\|u_k\|_V^2} dx - \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \frac{b(x)G(u_k)}{\|u_k\|_V^2} dx \right] = -\infty. \quad (3.8)
+$$
+
+The only remaining possibility is the existence of $w^{(n)} \neq 0$, with $n \in \mathbb{N}_0$. In this case, Fatou's Lemma, $(f_3)$, and (3.6) imply
+
+$$
+\lim_{k \to \infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \frac{F(x, u_k)}{\|u_k\|_V^2} dx = \lim_{k \to \infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \frac{F(\cdot + y_k^{(n)}, u_k(\cdot + y_k^{(n)}))}{(u_k(\cdot + y_k^{(n)}))^2} (v_k(\cdot + y_k^{(n)}))^2 dx = +\infty,
+$$
+
+up to a subsequence. This leads to the same contradiction as in (3.8). In conclusion, the sequence $(u_k)$ cannot be unbounded. $\qquad \square$
+
+3.2. **Behavior of the functional under profile decomposition.** We now analyze the behavior of the energy functional $I$ with respect to the profile decomposition from Theorem A. Our analysis adapts the concentration-compactness arguments of [32] and [33, Lemmas 1.5, 1.7, 3.4, 5.5 and Corollary 5.2] to describe the asymptotic behavior of each component of the functional. For the reader's convenience and to make the exposition self-contained, we detail the key arguments. We note that a related analysis for a different setting was recently performed by M. Okumura in [19].
+
+**Lemma 3.5.** *If $(u_k)$ and $(v_k)$ are bounded sequences in $H^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$ such that $u_k - v_k \to 0$ in $L^p(\mathbb{R}^N)$ for some $p \in (2, 2^*)$, then*
+
+$$
+\lim_{k \to \infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} F(x, u_k) - F(x, v_k) dx = 0. \quad (3.9)
+$$
+
+*In particular, if $v_k = u_k$, then*
+
+$$
+\lim_{k \to \infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} f(x, u_k)u_k dx = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} f(x, u)u dx.
+$$
+
+*Proof.* By an interpolation inequality, if $q < p$ then $\|u_k - v_k\|_q \le \|u_k - v_k\|_2^\alpha \|u_k - v_k\|_p^{1-\alpha}$ where $1/q = \alpha/2 + (1-\alpha)/p$, and if $q > p$ then $\|u_k - v_k\|_q \le \|u_k - v_k\|_p^\alpha \|u_k - v_k\|_{2^*}^{1-\alpha}$ for $1/q = \alpha/p + (1-\alpha)/2^*$. Summing up, $u_k - v_k \to 0$ in $L^q(\mathbb{R}^N)$ for all $q \in (2, 2^*)$. We use $(f_1)$ as follows,
+
+$$
+\left| \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} F(x, u_k) - F(x, v_k) dx \right| \le \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \int_{v_k}^{u_k} |f(s)| ds \ dx \\ \le \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \varepsilon \left( \frac{1}{2} ||u_k| u_k - |v_k|v_k| + \frac{1}{2^*} ||u_k|^{2^*-1} u_k - |v_k|^{2^*-1} v_k| \right) + \frac{C_\varepsilon}{p_\varepsilon} ||u_k|^{p_\varepsilon-1} u_k - |v_k|^{p_\varepsilon-1} v_k | dx.
+$$
+
+Applying the following inequality
+
+$$
+\left| |a|^{q-1}a - |b|^{q-1}b \right| \le q 2^{q-2} (|a|^{q-1} + |a-b|^{q-1}) |a-b|, \quad q \ge 2, \quad (3.10)
+$$
+
+with $q = p_\varepsilon$ and using Hölder's inequality with exponents $p_\varepsilon$ and $p_\varepsilon/(p_\varepsilon - 1)$, we obtain
+
+$$
+\int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \left| |u_k|^{p_\varepsilon-1} u_k - |v_k|^{p_\varepsilon-1} v_k \right| dx \le p_\varepsilon 2^{p_\varepsilon-2} \left( \|u_k\|_{p_\varepsilon}^{p_\varepsilon-1} \|u_k - v_k\|_{p_\varepsilon} + \|u_k - v_k\|_{p_\varepsilon}^{p_\varepsilon} \right).
+$$
+
+Since $u_k - v_k \to 0$ in $L^{p_\varepsilon}(\mathbb{R}^N)$, the right-hand side of the above inequality converges to zero as $k \to \infty$.
+Therefore,
+
+$$
+\limsup_{k \to \infty} \left| \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} F(x, u_k) - F(x, v_k) dx \right| \le \varepsilon C, \quad \forall \varepsilon > 0,
+$$
+
+for suitable $C > 0$ depending only on the $\limsup$ of $\|u_k\|_q$ and $\|v_k\|_q$, for $q = 2$ or $q = 2^*$. Now, observe that $\hat{F}(x, s) := f(x, s)s$ satisfies ($f_1$). Hence, the last statement is obtained by an application of the first part (3.9). This finishes the proof. $\qquad \square$
+
+The following result describes the asymptotic behavior of the subcritical energy term. It shows that the limit of $\int_{\mathbb{R}^N} F(x, u_k) dx$ splits into a sum that distinguishes between the weak limit $w^{(1)}$, which interacts with $F$, and the other profiles, which interact with the periodic potential $F_P$.
+
+**Proposition 3.6.** *Let $(u_k) \subset H^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$ be a bounded sequence and $(w^{(n)})_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0}$ the profiles given by Theorem A (cf. Remark 3.1). Then*
+
+$$
+\lim_{k \to \infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} F(x, u_k) dx = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} F(x, w^{(1)}) dx + \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0 \setminus \{1\}} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} F_P(x, w^{(n)}) dx.
+$$
+
+*Proof.* Let us denote $\Phi(u) = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} F(x, u) dx$, $u \in H^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$. We first prove that
+
+$$
+\lim_{k \to \infty} \left[ \Phi\left(\sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0} w^{(n)}(\cdot - y_k^{(n)})\right) - \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0} \Phi\left(w^{(n)}(\cdot - y_k^{(n)})\right) \right] = 0. \quad (3.11)
+$$
+
+Because the convergence in (3.2) is uniform in $k$ and $\Phi \in C^1$, the series $\sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0} \Phi(w^{(n)}(\cdot - y_k^{(n)}))$ is also uniformly convergent in $k$ and we can reduce the proof of (3.11) to the case where $\mathbb{N}_0$ is finite. Moreover, using the density of $C_0^\infty(\mathbb{R}^N)$ in $H_V^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$ we can assume that $w^{(n)} \in C_0^\infty(\mathbb{R}^N)$ in (3.11). Consequently, by (1.3) we have,
+
+$$
+\mathrm{supp}(w^{(n)}(\cdot - y_k^{(n)})) \cap \mathrm{supp}(w^{(m)}(\cdot - y_k^{(m)})) = \emptyset, \quad \text{for } m \neq n \text{ and } k \text{ large enough.}
+$$
+
+Convergence (3.11) follows by taking $k$ sufficiently large and denoting $W_k = \bigcup_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0} \mathrm{supp}(w^{(n)}(\cdot - y_k^{(n)}))$, to obtain
+
+$$
+\int_{\mathbb{R}^N} F(x, \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0} w^{(n)}(x - y_k^{(n)})) dx = \int_{W_k} F(x, \sum_{m \in \mathbb{N}_0} w^{(m)}(\cdot - y_k^{(m)})) dx \\ = \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0} \int_{\mathrm{supp}(w^{(n)})} F(x + y_k^{(n)}, w^{(n)}) dx.
+$$
+
+We now proceed with the proof by noticing that Remark 3.1 and Lemma 3.5 yield
+
+$$
+\lim_{k \to \infty} \left[ \Phi(u_k) - \Phi\left(\sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0} w^{(n)}(\cdot - y_k^{(n)})\right) \right] = 0.
+$$
+
+Next, following the same reasoning above, the series $\sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0} \Phi(w^{(n)}(\cdot - y_k^{(n)}))$ converges uniformly in $k$ and by taking $\Phi_P(u) := \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} F_P(x, u) dx$, $u \in H_V^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$, one can use ($f_1$), ($H_\infty$) and the dominated convergence theorem to get
+
+$$
+\lim_{k \to \infty} \left[ \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0} \Phi(w^{(n)}(\cdot - y_k^{(n)})) - \Phi(w^{(1)}) - \sum_{\mathbb{N}_0 \setminus \{1\}} \Phi_P(w^{(n)}) \right] = 0. \quad (3.12)
+$$
+
+The proof follows by combining (3.11)–(3.12). $\qquad \square$
+
+An immediate consequence of Proposition 3.6 is the next result for the periodic potential.
+
+**Corollary 3.7.** $\displaystyle\lim_{k \to \infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} F_P(x, u_k) dx = \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} F_P(x, w^{(n)}) dx.$
+
+Next we prove that the functional $u \mapsto \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V(x)u^2 dx$ is sequentially weakly lower semicontinuous with respect to the profile decomposition of Theorem A.
+
+**Proposition 3.8.** *Let $(u_k)$ be a bounded sequence in $H^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$ and $(w^{(n)})_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0}$ given by Theorem A. Then*
+
+$$
+\liminf_{k \to \infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V(x)u_k^2 dx \ge \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V(x)|w^{(1)}|^2 dx + \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0 \setminus \{1\}} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V_P(x)|w^{(n)}|^2 dx.
+$$
+
+*Proof.* Up to a suitable renumbering of $\mathbb{N}_0$, and using successively the classical Brezis-Lieb lemma [4], it suffices to prove that
+
+$$
+\int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V(x)u_k^2 dx = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \left( (V(x))^{1/2}(u_k - w^{(1)}) - (V_P(x))^{1/2} \sum_{n=2}^{m} w^{(n)}(\cdot - y_k^{(n)}) \right)^2 dx \\ + \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V(x)|w^{(1)}|^2 dx + \sum_{n=2}^{m} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V_P(x)|w^{(n)}|^2 dx + o_k(1). \quad \forall m \in \mathbb{N}_0, \quad (3.13)
+$$
+
+We start by checking that (3.13) holds for $m = 2$. Indeed, because $u_k \rightharpoonup w^{(1)}$ in $H^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$ (see (1.2)) we have
+
+$$
+\int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V(x)u_k^2 dx = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V(x)|w^{(1)}|^2 dx + \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V(x)(u_k - w^{(1)})^2 dx + o_k(1). \quad (3.14)
+$$
+
+By Remark 3.1 and the fact that $u_k(\cdot + y_k^{(2)}) \rightharpoonup w^{(2)}$ in $H^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$,
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V(x)(u_k - w^{(1)})^2 dx &= \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V(x + y_k^{(2)})(u_k(\cdot + y_k^{(2)}) - w^{(1)}(\cdot + y_k^{(2)}))^2 dx \\ &= \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \left( (V(x + y_k^{(2)}))^{1/2}(u_k(\cdot + y_k^{(2)}) - w^{(1)}(\cdot + y_k^{(2)})) - (V_P(x))^{1/2}w^{(2)} \right)^2 dx \\ &\quad + \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V_P(x)|w^{(2)}|^2 dx + o_k(1). \qquad (3.15) \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+Substituting (3.15) into (3.14), we obtain (3.13) for $m = 2$. We now prove that (3.13) holds for $m + 1$ provided that it is true for $m$. To do this, we argue as in (3.15), replacing $y_k^{(2)}$ by $y_k^{(m+1)}$,
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \left( (V(x))^{1/2}(u_k - w^{(1)}) - (V_P(x))^{1/2} \sum_{n=2}^{m} w^{(n)}(\cdot - y_k^{(n)}) \right)^2 dx = & \\ \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \left( (V(x))^{1/2}(u_k - w^{(1)}) - (V_P(x))^{1/2} \sum_{n=2}^{m+1} w^{(n)}(\cdot - y_k^{(n)}) \right)^2 dx & \\ + \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V_P(x)|w^{(m+1)}|^2 dx + o_k(1). \qquad (3.16) & \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+Next we use the induction hypothesis (3.13) again to obtain
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} & \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \left( (V(x))^{1/2}(u_k - w^{(1)}) - (V_P(x))^{1/2} \sum_{n=2}^{m} w^{(n)}(\cdot - y_k^{(n)}) \right)^2 dx - \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V_P(x)|w^{(m+1)}|^2 dx \\ & = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V(x)u_k^2 dx - \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V(x)|w^{(1)}|^2 dx - \sum_{n=2}^{m+1} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} V_P(x)|w^{(n)}|^2 dx + o_k(1). \qquad (3.17) \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+Substituting (3.16) into (3.17) we conclude that (3.13) holds for $m + 1. \qquad \square$
+
+We now collect some key properties of the self-similar nonlinearity $g$ that are essential for our analysis. These results are established in [33, Section 5.2] and [22, 31].
+
+**Lemma 3.9.** *If $g \in C(\mathbb{R})$ is a self-similar function ($g_1$), then*
+
+*i): $g(s) = \gamma^{-\frac{N+2}{2}}j_g(\gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}}js)$ and condition ($\hat{g}_1$) holds.*
+
+*ii): For a given $M \in \mathbb{N}$, there exists $C = C(M) > 0$ such that for any $a_1, \dots, a_M \in \mathbb{R}$ we have*
+
+$$
+\left| G \left( \sum_{m=1}^{M} a_m \right) - \sum_{m=1}^{M} G(a_m) \right| \le C \sum_{m \ne n}^{M} |a_m|^{2^* - 1} |a_n|.
+$$
+
+*Proof.* i): Take the interval $L = [\gamma^{-\frac{N-2}{2}}, \gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}}]$. By continuity, there exists $C = C(L) > 0$ such that $|g(s)| \le C|s|^{2^*-1}$, for all $s \in L$. Let $0 < s < \gamma^{-\frac{N-2}{2}}$ or $s > \gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}}$. Then, in either case, there exists $j \in \mathbb{Z}$ such that $\gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}}j_s \in L$. Consequently,
+
+$$
+\gamma^{\frac{N+2}{2}j}|g(s)| = |g(\gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}j}s)| \le \gamma^{\frac{N+2}{2}j}C|s|^{2^*-1}.
+$$
+
+The case where $s < 0$ is analogous.
+
+ii): We start by proving the existence of $C > 0$ such that
+
+$$
+|G(a_1 + a_2) - G(a_1) - G(a_2)| \le C (|a_1||a_2|^{2^*-1} + |a_1|^{2^*-1}|a_2|). \quad (3.18)
+$$
+
+To do this, we consider the class of intervals $L_k = [-\gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}k}, \gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}k}]$, and take $k, k_0 \in \mathbb{N}$ in such a way that $\gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}}k_0 > 2$ and $\gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}(k-k_0)} > 1$. With this choice, one can see that if $a_1$ and $a_2 \in L_{k-k_0}$, then $a_1 + a_2 \in L_k$. Because $G$ is a locally Lipschitz function, there is $C > 0$ such that $|G(s) - G(t)| \le C|s - t|$, for any $s, t \in L_k$. The proof follows by considering several cases.
+
+*Case 1:* Assume that $a_1$ and $a_2 \in L_{k-k_0}$ with $|a_1| \le 1 \le |a_2|$. Thus
+
+$$
+|G(a_1 + a_2) - G(a_1) - G(a_2)| \le C(|a_1| + |G(a_1)|).
+$$
+
+By condition $(\hat{g}_1)$ we can estimate
+
+$$
+|a_1| + |G(a_1)| \le C(|a_1||a_2|^{2^*-1} + |a_1|^{2^*-1}|a_2|).
+$$
+
+*Case 2:* Assume that $a_1$ and $a_2 \in L_{k-k_0}$ with $|a_1|, |a_2| \ge 1$. Then, there exists $j_1 \in \mathbb{Z}$, $j_1 \le 0$, such that for $b_1 := \gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}j_1}a_1$, one has $|b_1| \le 1$. Because $b_1 \in L_{k-k_0}$, we know that $b_1 + a_2 \in I$, hence by the first case, we have the following estimate
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} |G(b_1 + a_2) - G(b_1) - G(a_2)| &\le \gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}j_1} C(|a_1|^{2^*-1}|a_2| + |a_1||a_2|^{2^*-1}) \\ &\le C(|a_1|^{2^*-1}|a_2| + |a_1||a_2|^{2^*-1}). \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+This allows us to obtain the following inequality
+
+$$
+|G(a_1 + a_2) - G(a_1) - G(a_2)| \le |G(b_1 + a_2) - G(b_1) - G(a_2)| + |G(a_1 + a_2) - G(b_1 + a_2) + G(b_1) - G(a_1)|,
+$$
+
+with
+
+$$
+|G(a_1 + a_2) - G(a_1) - G(b_1 + a_2) + G(b_1)| \le 2C|a_2| \le C|a_1|^{2^*}|a_2|.
+$$
+
+*Case 3:* Assume that $a_1$ and $a_2 \in L_{k-k_0}$ with $|a_1|, |a_2| \le 1$. Let $b_1 = \gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}j_0}a_1$ and $b_2 = \gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}j_0}a_2$. Take $j_0 \in \mathbb{Z}$ such that $|b_1| \ge 1$ or $|b_2| \ge 1$. Consequently we can use the first or the second case to get that
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \gamma^{Nj_0}|G(a_1 + a_2) - G(a_1) - G(a_2)| &= |G(b_1 + b_2) - G(b_1) - G(b_2)| \\ &\le \gamma^{Nj_0}C(|a_1|^{2^*-1}|a_2| + |a_1||a_2|^{2^*-1}). \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+*Case 4:* We suppose that $a_1 \notin L_{k-k_0}$ or $a_2 \notin L_{k-k_0}$. In this case we can argue as before, taking $j_* \in \mathbb{Z}$ such that $b_1 = \gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}j_*}a_1, b_2 = \gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}j_*}a_2 \in L_{k-k_0}$, and applying one of the previous cases. This proves (3.18).
+
+*The general case:* Next, we proceed using an induction argument. Suppose that the following inequality holds for $l \in \mathbb{N}$,
+
+$$
+\left| G \left( \sum_{m=1}^{l} a_m \right) - \sum_{m=1}^{l} G(a_m) \right| \le C \sum_{m \ne n}^{l} |a_m|^{2^* - 1} |a_n|,
+$$
+
+for some $C = C(l)$. Given $a_{l+1} \in \mathbb{R}$, one can use the induction hypothesis together with (3.18) to get
+
+$$
+\left| G \left( \sum_{m=1}^{l+1} a_m \right) - \sum_{m=1}^{l+1} G(a_m) \right| \le \left| G \left( \sum_{m=1}^{l} a_m + a_{l+1} \right) - G \left( \sum_{m=1}^{l} a_m \right) - G(a_{l+1}) \right| + \left| G \left( \sum_{m=1}^{l} a_m \right) - \sum_{m=1}^{l} G(a_m) \right| \le C \sum_{m \ne n}^{l+1} |a_m|^{2^*-1} |a_n|. \quad \square
+$$
+
+We now establish the counterpart to Lemma 3.5 for the critical nonlinearity $g$.
+
+**Lemma 3.10.** *Let $(u_k)$ and $(v_k)$ be bounded sequences in $D^{1,2}(\mathbb{R}^N)$, such that $u_k - v_k \to 0$ in $L^{2^*}(\mathbb{R}^N)$. Then*
+
+$$
+\lim_{k \to \infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b(x)(G(u_k) - G(v_k)) \, dx = 0.
+$$
+
+*Particularly, if $v_k = u$, then*
+
+$$
+\lim_{k \to \infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b(x)g(u_k)u_k \, dx = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b(x)g(u)u \, dx.
+$$
+
+*Proof.* The proof is quite similar to that of Lemma 3.5. By (3.10) we have,
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \left| \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b(x)(G(u_k) - G(v_k)) \, dx \right| &\le \|b\|_{\infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \int_{u_k}^{v_k} |g(s)| \, ds \, dx \\ &\le \|b\|_{\infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} \frac{a_*}{2^*} | |u_k|^{2^*-1} u_k - |v_k|^{2^*-1} v_k | \, dx \\ &\le \|b\|_{\infty} a_* 2^{2^*-2} \left( \|u_k\|_{2^*}^{2^*-1} \|u_k - v_k\|_{2^*} + \|u_k - v_k\|_{2^*}^{2^*} \right) \to 0, \quad \text{as } k \to \infty. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+The last statement follows from the fact that $\bar{G}(s) = g(s)s$ also satisfies $(\hat{g}_1). \qquad \square$
+
+We now provide the counterpart to Proposition 3.6 for the critical energy term.
+
+**Proposition 3.11.** *Let $(u_k) \subset D^{1,2}(\mathbb{R}^N)$ be a bounded sequence and $(w^{(n)})_{n \in \mathbb{N}_*}$ be the profiles given by Theorem A. Then*
+
+$$
+\lim_{k \to \infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b(x)G(u_k) \, dx = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b(x)G(w^{(1)}) \, dx + \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0 \setminus \{1\}} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b_P(x)G(w^{(n)}) \, dx + \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_+} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b^{(n)}G(w^{(n)}) \, dx,
+$$
+
+*where $b^{(n)} = b(z^{(n)})$ if $(y_k^{(n)})_k$ is bounded, with $z^{(n)} = \lim_{k \to \infty} y_k^{(n)}$, and $b^{(n)} = b_P(0)$ if $|y_k^{(n)}| \to \infty$, as $k \to \infty$ (up to a subsequence).*
+
+*Proof.* The idea is similar to the one used in the proof of Proposition 3.6. Considering $\Phi_*(u) = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b(x)G(u) \, dx$, $u \in D^{1,2}(\mathbb{R}^N)$, by Lemma 3.10 and (1.5), we have
+
+$$
+\lim_{k \to \infty} \left[ \Phi_*(u_k) - \Phi_* \left( \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_*} d_{k,n} w^{(n)} \right) \right] = 0, \quad (3.19)
+$$
+
+where $d_{k,n}w^{(n)}$ is given by (3.1). The uniform convergence of the series in (1.5) allows us to reduce to the case where $\mathbb{N}_*$ is finite. If $(| \gamma^{j_{k}^{(n)}} y_k^{(n)}|)_k, n \in \mathbb{N}_+$, is bounded, we have $z^{(n)} = 0$ (see Remark 3.2). If not, $b^{(n)} = b(z^{(n)})$, for $z^{(n)} = \lim_{k \to \infty} y_k^{(n)}$ and $b^{(n)} = b_P(0)$, for $|y_k^{(n)}| \to \infty$, up to a subsequence. Using this, defining $\Phi_{*,P}(u) = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b_P(x)G(u) \, dx$ and $\Phi_{*,n}(u) = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b^{(n)}G(u) \, dx$, $u \in D^{1,2}(\mathbb{R}^N)$, we are going to prove that
+
+$$
+\lim_{k \to \infty} \left[ \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_*} \Phi_*(d_{k,n}w^{(n)}) - \Phi_*(w^{(1)}) - \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0 \setminus \{1\}} \Phi_{*,P}(w^{(n)}) - \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_+} \Phi_{*,n}(w^{(n)}) \right] = 0. \quad (3.20)
+$$We make use of the expression
+
+$$
+\Phi_*(d_{k,n}w^{(n)}) = \int b(\gamma^{-j_k^{(n)}} x + y_k^{(n)})G(w^{(n)}) dx.
+$$
+
+Let $n \in \mathbb{N}_+$. Our analysis is split into two cases: $\lim_{k \to \infty} y_k^{(n)} = z^{(n)}$ or $|y_k^{(n)}| \to \infty$. For the first case, by ($g_1$) and the Lebesgue theorem, we have $\Phi_*(d_{k,n}w^{(n)}) \to \Phi_{*,n}(w^{(n)})$. For the second case,
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \Phi_*(d_{k,n}w^{(n)}) &= \int \left( b(\gamma^{-j_k^{(n)}} x + y_k^{(n)}) - b_P(\gamma^{-j_k^{(n)}} x + y_k^{(n)}) \right) G(w^{(n)}) dx + \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b_P(\gamma^{-j_k^{(n)}} x) G(w^{(n)}) dx \\ &\to \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b_P(0) G(w^{(n)}) dx = \Phi_{*,n}(w^{(n)}), \quad \text{as } k \to \infty. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+The case where $n \in \mathbb{N}_0$ and $\Phi_*(d_{k,n}w^{(n)}) \to \Phi_{*,P}(w^{(n)})$, $k \to \infty$, follows as above considering $j_k^{(n)} = 0$. It remains to prove that
+
+$$
+\lim_{k \to \infty} \left[ \Phi_* \left( \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_*} d_{k,n} w^{(n)} \right) - \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_*} \Phi_*(d_{k,n} w^{(n)}) \right] = 0. \quad (3.21)
+$$
+
+Indeed, by Lemma 3.9 we have
+
+$$
+\left| \Phi_* \left( \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_*} d_{k,n} w^{(n)} \right) - \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_*} \Phi_*(d_{k,n} w^{(n)}) \right| \le C \sum_{\substack{m \ne n \\ m,n \in \mathbb{N}_*}} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} |d_{k,n}|^{2*-1} |d_{k,m}| dx.
+$$
+
+On the other hand, by a change of variable it holds
+
+$$
+\int_{\mathbb{R}^N} |d_{k,n}|^{2^*-1} |d_{k,m}| dx = \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} |w^{(n)}|^{2^*-1} g_k(|w^{(m)}|) dx,
+$$
+
+where
+
+$$
+g_k(|w^{(m)}|) = \gamma^{\frac{N-2}{2}(j_k^{(m)} - j_k^{(n)})} w^{(m)} \left( \gamma^{j_k^{(m)}-j_k^{(n)}} \left( \cdot - \gamma^{j_k^{(n)}} (y_k^{(m)} - y_k^{(n)}) \right) \right) \rightharpoonup 0 \text{ in } D^{1,2}(\mathbb{R}^N),
+$$
+
+due to (1.3) and [33, Lemma 5.1]. Since $v \mapsto \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} |w^{(n)}|^{2*-1}v dx$ is a continuous linear functional in $D^{1,2}(\mathbb{R}^N)$ we conclude (3.21). □
+
+$$
+\textbf{Corollary 3.12.} \quad \lim_{k \to \infty} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b_P(x)G(u_k) dx = \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_0} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b_P(x)G(w^{(n)}) dx + \sum_{n \in \mathbb{N}_+} \int_{\mathbb{R}^N} b_P(0)G(w^{(n)}) dx.
+$$
+
+## 4. $\mathbb{Z}^N$-PERIODIC CASE: PROOF OF THEOREM 1.1
+
+Our proof of the existence of ground states for ($\mathcal{Q}_P$) relies on the well-known fact that nontrivial critical points are bounded away from zero in norm.
+
+**Lemma 4.1.** *There exists $C > 0$ such that $\|u\|_{V_P} \ge C$, for all $u \in \text{Crit}(I_P)$.*
+
+*Proof.* By ($f_1$) and ($\hat{g}_1$), for $u \in \text{Crit}(I_P)$, we have $\|u\|_{V_P}^2 \le \varepsilon\|u\|_2^2 + C_\varepsilon \|u\|_{P_\varepsilon}^{p_\varepsilon} + (\varepsilon + a_* \|b_P\|_\infty) \|u\|_{2^*}^{2^*}$. The conclusion follows by the appropriate use of Sobolev inequalities. □
+
+Next we consider $\mathcal{G}_S(I_P)$, the ground state level associated with $I_P$, which is defined as in (1.12), replacing $I$ by $I_P$.
+
+*Proof of Theorem 1.1 completed.* By the results of Section 3.1, there is a bounded sequence $(u_k) \subset H_{V_P}^1(\mathbb{R}^N)$ such that $I_P(u_k) \to c(I_P)$ and $\|I'_P(u_k)\|_* \to 0$. Let $(w^{(n)})_{n \in \mathbb{N}_*}$, $(y_k^{(n)})_k$ and $(j_k^{(n)})$, $n \in \mathbb{N}_*$, be the profiles given by Theorem A and Remark 3.1. The proof is divided into several steps.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_41.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_41.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..dd28c6172c3514886e6b459ba0e8cc0c22b576d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_41.md
@@ -0,0 +1,714 @@
+Observe that for any $x, y \in I_{(a,b)}$, we have
+
+$$
+(2.2) \qquad \left|T_p(x) - T_p(y)\right|_p = \left|p^a \left(\frac{1}{x} - \frac{1}{y}\right)\right|_p = p^{-a} \frac{|y - x|_p}{|xy|_p}.
+$$
+
+Since $|x|_p = |y|_p = p^{-a}$, it follows that $|T_p(x) - T_p(y)|_p = p^a|x - y|_p$. Therefore, the Schneider map is locally expanding, with expansion factor $p^a$ on each cylinder $I_{(a,b)}$. Consequently, the countable partition $\{I_{(a,b)}\}_{(a,b)\in E}$ generates the topology on $p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F$. Define the map $\pi : \Sigma \to p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F$ given by
+
+$$
+(a_i, b_i)_{i \in \mathbb{N}} \mapsto \bigcap_{i=0}^{\infty} T_p^{-i} (I_{(a_{i+1}, b_{i+1})}).
+$$
+
+Since $\pi([a, b]) = I_{(a,b)}$ and each $I_{(a,b)}$ is both open and closed in the $p$-adic topology, $\pi$ defines a homeomorphism between $\Sigma$ and $p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F$. In particular, $(\Sigma, \sigma)$ and $(p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F, T_p)$ are topologically conjugated ([Wal00]). Henceforth, for real-valued functions $f: p\mathbb{Z}_p \to \mathbb{R}$, and $g: \Sigma \to \mathbb{R}$, we denote by $S_n f(x)$ and $S_n g(x)$ the Birkhoff sums $\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} f \circ T_p^k(x)$ and $\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} g \circ \sigma^k(x)$ respectively.
+
+A function $\rho: p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F \to \mathbb{R}$ is said to be *Hölder* continuous with exponent $0 < \alpha \le 1$ if there exists a constant $C > 0$ such that for all $x, y \in p\mathbb{Z}_p$,
+
+$$
+|\rho(x) - \rho(y)| \le C|x - y|_p^\alpha.
+$$
+
+For any $n \ge 1$, we define the variation of $\rho$ on cylinders of length $n$ by
+
+$$
+\mathrm{Var}_n(\rho) := \sup\{|\rho(x) - \rho(y)| : a_i(x) = a_i(y) \text{ and } b_i(x) = b_i(y) \text{ for } 0 \le i \le n-1\}.
+$$
+
+If $\rho: p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F \to \mathbb{R}$ is Hölder continuous, the *topological pressure of* $\rho$ is defined by
+
+$$
+(2.3) \qquad P(\rho) := \sup \left\{ h_{\mu} + \int \rho \, d\mu : \mu \in \mathcal{M}(p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F, T_p), -\int \rho \, d\mu < \infty \right\},
+$$
+
+where $h_\mu$ denotes the measure-theoretic entropy of $\mu$, and $\mathcal{M}(p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F, T_p)$ denotes the set of $T_p$-invariant probability measures. Any measure achieving the supremum is called an *equilibrium state* for $\rho$. If $\sum_{k \ge 1} \mathrm{Var}_k(\rho) < \infty$, then $P(\rho)$ can be computed using periodic points ([BS03, Cor. 1])
+
+$$
+(2.4) \qquad P(\rho) = \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n} \log \left( \sum_{T_p^n x = x} e^{-S_n \rho(x)} \right).
+$$
+
+## 3. RESTRICTING THE SCHNEIDER MAP TO BOUNDED VALUATIONS
+
+Let us restrict the Schneider map to the set of points $x \in p\mathbb{Z}_p$ for which the digits $a_i(x)$ are bounded by a fixed integer $n \ge 1$. We denote this subset by $p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n}$, and write $T_{p,n}$ for the restriction of $T_p$ to $p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n}$. Let $E_n = \{1, \dots, n\} \times \{1, \dots, p-1\}$ and $\Sigma_n = E_n^\mathbb{N}$. Analogously to $(T_p, p\mathbb{Z}_p)$, the subsystem $(T_{p,n}, p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n})$ is topologically conjugated to the full-shift $(\Sigma_n, \sigma)$ via the map
+
+$$
+\begin{gathered} \pi_n : \Sigma_n \to p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F \\ (a_i, b_i)_{i \in \mathbb{N}} \mapsto \bigcap_{i=0}^{\infty} T_{p,n}^{-i} (I_{(a_{i+1}, b_{i+1})}). \end{gathered}
+$$
+
+For simplicity, we denote by $P_n$ the topological pressure, whether computed on $\Sigma_n$ or on $p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F$. For Hölder continuous potentials, $P_n$ can be computed using periodic points as in (2.4). Our proof of Theorem 1.1 follows the spirit of [Iom10, Theorem 4.1] and [AH24, Theorem 5.1]. To that end, we first establish an analogous result for the Lyapunov spectrum of $T_{p,n}$. In fact, we obtain a complete multifractal description of these dynamical systems, summarized in Theorem 3.2 below.
+
+Let $\nu$ be any $T_{p,n}$-invariant measure. For $x \in p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n}$, the *upper* and *lower pointwise dimensions of* $\nu$ at $x$ are defined by
+
+$$
+\bar{d}_{\nu}(x) = \limsup_{r \to 0} \frac{\log \nu(B(x, r))}{\log r}, \quad \text{and} \quad \underline{d}_{\nu}(x) = \liminf_{r \to 0} \frac{\log \nu(B(x, r))}{\log r}.
+$$
+
+If these two limits coincide, their common value is denoted by $d_\nu(x)$ and is called the *pointwise dimension of $\nu$ at $x$*. It quantifies how the measure $\nu$ distributes upon different scales (see [Fal14, Chapter 17] and [PW97b]). The measure $\nu$ is said to be exact dimensional if $d_\nu(x)$ exists and is constant $\nu$-almost everywhere on $p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n}$. Exact dimensional measures describe the fine-scale geometry (see [PW97b]) through the fractal decomposition given by the level sets
+
+$$
+K_{\alpha} = \{x \in p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} : d_{\nu}(x) = \alpha\}.
+$$
+
+The associated dimension spectrum is defined by
+
+$$
+(3.1) \qquad f_{\nu}(\alpha) = \dim_{H}(K_{\alpha}).
+$$
+
+Let $K_\infty$ denote the set of points where the pointwise dimension does not exist. Then
+
+$$
+p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} = K_{\infty} \cup \bigcup_{\alpha \in \mathbb{R}} K_{\alpha}.
+$$
+
+Given a Hölder continuous function $\zeta$ on $(\Sigma_n, \sigma)$. A $\sigma$-invariant probability measure $\mu$ on $\Sigma_n$ is called a *Gibbs measure* for $\zeta$ if there exists a constant $C \ge 1$ such that, for all $m \in \mathbb{N}$, $w \in E_n^m$, and all $(x_i)_{i \in \mathbb{N}} \in [w]$
+
+$$
+C^{-1} \le \frac{\mu([w])}{\exp(S_m\zeta(x_i) - mP_n(\zeta))} \le C.
+$$
+
+Let $\mu_\zeta$ be the unique equilibrium state for $\zeta$ (see [PU10] for the existence and uniqueness of $\mu_\zeta$).
+
+Now let $\rho : p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F \to \mathbb{R}$ be Hölder continuous, and define $\zeta = \rho \circ \pi_n$. Set $\nu_\rho = (\pi_n)_*\mu_\zeta$ the pushforward measure of $\mu_\zeta$. Then $\zeta$ is Hölder continuous on $\Sigma_n$, $\mu_\zeta$ is a Gibbs measure for $\zeta$, and consequently $\nu_\rho$ is an equilibrium state for $\rho$. Define the Hölder continuous function $\vartheta$ on $\Sigma_n$ by $\log \vartheta = \zeta - P_n(\zeta)$. By construction, $P_n(\log \vartheta) = 0$, and $\mu_\zeta$ is also the equilibrium state for $\log \vartheta$. Moreover, the map $q \mapsto P_n(q \log \vartheta)$ is differentiable and strictly convex for all $q \in \mathbb{R}$ [PU10, Section 5.6]. It is a classical result in thermodynamic formalism that for each $q \in \mathbb{R}$ there exists a unique $\mathcal{T}(q) \in \mathbb{R}$ such that the potential
+
+$$
+\phi_{q,n} = \mathcal{T}(q) \log(\psi \circ \pi_n) + q \log \vartheta,
+$$
+
+satisfies $P_n(\phi_{q,n}) = 0$. Each potential in the one-parameter family $\{\phi_{q,n}\}_{q \in \mathbb{R}}$ is Hölder continuous and admits a unique Gibbs measure $\mu_q$.
+
+Theorem 3.2 shows that the potential function $\log \psi$ plays the same role as $\log \|Df\|$ in the theory of conformal expanding maps on compact manifolds ([PW97a, Theorem 1]). Although the proof follows the same general strategy, several technical adaptations are required. First, $\log \psi(x) = a_1(x) \log p$ controls the diameter of cylinder sets, and for all $x \in p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F$ the product $\prod_{k=0}^n p^{-a_{1+k}(x)}$ decays exponentially. Second, the following Bowen-type formula provides the Haussdorf dimension of the attractor. See the last section for a complete proof of Lemma 3.1 and Theorem 3.2.
+
+**Lemma 3.1.** *For each $n \in \mathbb{N}$ we have $\mathcal{T}(0) = \dim_{H}(p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F)$, that is,*
+
+$$
+P_n(-\dim_{H}(p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F) \log \psi) = 0.
+$$
+
+*Moreover, $\dim_{H}(p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F)$ is the unique positive real number $\tilde{s}$ satisfying*
+
+$$
+\sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{p^{k\tilde{s}}} = \frac{1}{p-1}.
+$$
+
+**Theorem 3.2.** *For each $n \in \mathbb{N}$, the following holds:*
+
+*(1) The measure $\nu_\rho$ is exact dimensional. Moreover, for $\nu_\rho$-almost every $x \in p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F$*
+
+$$
+d_{\nu_{\rho}}(x) = \frac{\int_{\Sigma_n} \log \vartheta \, d\mu_{\zeta}}{-\int_{\Sigma_n} \log(\psi \circ \pi_n) \, d\mu_{\zeta}}.
+$$
+
+(2) *The function $q \mapsto \mathcal{T}(q)$ is real analytic, $\mathcal{T}(1) = 0$ and $\mathcal{T}''(0) \ge 0$.*
+
+(3) *The function $\alpha(q) := -\mathcal{T}'(q)$ takes values in $[\log p, n \log p]$ and $\nu_\rho$ is fully supported in $p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F$. Furthermore,*
+
+$$
+f_{\nu_{\rho}}(\alpha(q)) = \mathcal{T}(q) + q\alpha(q).
+$$
+
+(4) *For any $q \in \mathbb{R}$*
+
+$$
+\mathcal{T}(q) = - \lim_{r \to 0} \frac{\log \left( \inf_{\mathcal{V}} \sum_{B \in \mathcal{V}} \nu_{\rho}(B)^q \right)}{\log r},
+$$
+
+*where the infimum is taken over all finite covers $\mathcal{V}$ of $p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F$ by open balls $B$ of radius $r$.*
+
+We now restate a result of Weiss connecting this formalism with the Lyapunov exponent, which in our setting follows from the same proof (see [Wei99, Theorem 2.3]).
+
+**Theorem 3.3.** *For each $n \in \mathbb{N}$ and for $\nu_\rho$-almost every $x \in p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F$ we have*
+
+$$
+d_{\nu_{\rho}}(x) = \frac{P_n(\rho) - \bar{\rho}(x)}{\lambda_p(x)} = \frac{h_{\nu_{\rho}} + \int \rho d\nu_{\rho} - \bar{\rho}(x)}{\lambda_p(x)},
+$$
+
+*where $\bar{\rho}(x) = \displaystyle\lim_{m \to \infty} \frac{1}{m} \sum_{k=0}^{m-1} \rho(T_{p,n}^k(x))$.*
+
+Since both $\bar{\rho}$ and $\lambda_p$ are constant $\nu_\rho$-almost everywhere, this yields the desired relation, analogous to equation (1.2). Let $L_{p,n}$ denote the Lyapunov spectrum associated with $(T_{p,n}, p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F)$, that is, $L_{p,n}(\alpha) = \dim_{H}(J_{p,n}(\alpha))$ where $J_{p,n}(\alpha) = \{x \in p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F : \lambda_p = \alpha\}$.
+
+**Theorem 3.4.** *For each $\alpha \in [\log p, n \log p]$,*
+
+$$
+(3.2) \qquad L_{p,n}(\alpha) = \frac{1}{\alpha} \inf_{t \in \mathbb{R}} \{P_n(-t \log \psi) + t\alpha\} = \frac{1}{\alpha} P_n(-t_{\alpha} \log \psi) + t_{\alpha},
+$$
+
+*where $t_\alpha$ is the unique real number $t$ satisfying*
+
+$$
+(3.3) \qquad -\alpha = \log p \cdot \left( \frac{n}{p^{tn}-1} - \frac{p^t}{p^t-1} \right).
+$$
+
+*Moreover, there exists a unique equilibrium state $\nu_{t_\alpha}$ of the potential $-t_\alpha \log \psi$ which is supported on $\{x \in p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F : \lambda_p(x) = \alpha\}$.*
+
+*Proof.* The middle term in equation (3.2) is known to be the Legendre transform of $P_n$. For each $t \in \mathbb{R}$, consider the Hölder continuous potential $-t \log \psi(x)$, and let $\nu_{t,n}$ denote its unique equilibrium state. By Theorem 3.3, for $\nu_{t,n}$-almost every $x \in p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F$, we have
+
+$$
+(3.4) \qquad \lambda_p(x) = \frac{P_n(-t \log \psi)}{d_{\nu_{t,n}}(x) - t},
+$$
+
+where $\bar{\rho}(x) = \overline{-t \log \psi}(x) = t\lambda_p(x)$. Since $\nu_{t,n}$ is exact dimensional, it follows that $\lambda_p(x)$ is constant $\nu_{t,n}$-almost everywhere. Moreover, $\lambda_p(x) = -\frac{d}{dt}P_n(-t \log \psi)$ (see [PU10, Chapter 5]). Therefore, since the function $t \mapsto P_n(-t \log \psi)$ is strictly convex, its derivative is injective, and the function $L_{p,n}(\alpha)$ is given by the Legendre transform of $P_n(-t \log \psi)$ (see [PW97a]). This yields the infimum in equation (3.2). As the equilibrium states of geometric potentials $-t \log \psi$ support the level setsof the Lyapunov exponent, the values $\alpha$ in the domain of $\lambda_p$ correspond precisely to the range of $-\frac{d}{dt}P_n(-t \log \psi)$. Since $P_n(-t \log \psi) = \log(p-1) + \log(\frac{p^{tn}-1}{p^{tn}(p^t-1)})$, we obtain
+
+$$
+\frac{d}{dt} P_n(-t \log \psi) = \log p \cdot \left( \frac{n}{p^{tn}-1} - \frac{p^t}{p^t-1} \right).
+$$
+
+The range of this derivative determines the domain of $L_{p,n}$, namely $[\log p, n \log p]$. By the convexity of $t \mapsto P_n(-t \log \psi)$, the infimum in equation (3.2) is attained at $t_\alpha$, the unique real solution of $\frac{d}{dt}P_n(-t \log \psi)|_{t=t_\alpha} = -\alpha.\qquad \square$
+
+*Remark 3.5.* Note that $P_n(-t \log \psi) = \log(p-1) + \log(\frac{p^{tn}-1}{p^{tn}(p^t-1)})$ implies that the topological entropy $h(T_{p,n}) = \log(p-1) + \log n$, since $P(0) = h(T_{p,n})$.
+
+**Example 1.** *Let us compute $t_\alpha$ explicitly for $n=2$. Set $X = p^t$, and $k = \frac{-\alpha}{\log p}$. From equation (3.3) we must solve*
+
+$$
+(3.5) \qquad k = \frac{2}{X^2-1} - \frac{X}{X-1},
+$$
+
+*which simplifies to*
+
+$$
+(k+1)X^2 + X - (k+2) = 0.
+$$
+
+*Thus*
+
+$$
+X = \frac{-1 \pm \sqrt{(2k+3)^2}}{2(k+1)} = \frac{-1 \pm |2k+3|}{2(k+1)}.
+$$
+
+*The only admissible solution of equation (3.5) is $X = -\frac{k+2}{k+1}$, then $p^{t_\alpha} = -\frac{k+2}{k+1}$. Note that when $\alpha = -\frac{3}{2} \log p$, equation (3.5) has no solution; but since $\frac{d}{dt}P(-t \log \psi)|_{t=0} = -\frac{3}{2} \log p$, we obtain $t_{\frac{3}{2} \log p} = 0$ due to injectivity of $\frac{d}{dt}P_2(-t \log \psi)$. Using $P_2(-t \log \psi) = \log(p-1) + \log(\frac{p^{2t}-1}{p^{2t}(p^t-1)})$ and substituting $k = -\frac{\alpha}{\log p}$, we obtain*
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} P_2(-t_\alpha \log \psi) &= \log(p-1) + \log \left( \frac{-k-1}{(k+2)^2} \right) \\ &= \log(p-1) + \log \log p + \log(\alpha - \log p) - 2 \log(2 \log p - \alpha). \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+*From direct computation, Theorem 3.4 implies that*
+
+$$
+L_{p,2}(\alpha) = \frac{\log(p-1) + \log \log p}{\alpha} + \log(\alpha - \log(p)) \left( \frac{1}{\alpha} - \frac{1}{\log p} \right) + \log(2 \log p - \alpha) \left( \frac{1}{\log p} - \frac{2}{\alpha} \right),
+$$
+
+*and $L_{p,2}(\frac{3}{2} \log p) = \frac{2}{3} (\frac{\log(p-1)+\log 2}{\log p})$. From this, we can estimate that $L_{p,2}(\log p) = \frac{\log(p-1)}{\log p}$, and $L_{p,2}(2 \log p) = \frac{\log(p-1)}{2 \log p}$. The maximum value of $L_{p,2}$ (see Lemma 3.1) is the only real $s$ such that $p^{2s} = (p-1)p^s + (p-1)$ which is*
+
+$$
+\dim_{H}(p\mathbb{Z}_{p,2}) = \log_p \left( \frac{p-1 + \sqrt{p^2 + 2p - 3}}{2} \right).
+$$
+
+*From Theorem 3.4, this value is attained at*
+
+$$
+\alpha = \log p \cdot \left( \frac{p-1+\sqrt{D}}{p-3+\sqrt{D}} - \frac{2}{D+(p-1)\sqrt{D}} \right),
+$$
+
+*where $D = p^2 + 2p - 3$.*
+
+*Remark 3.6.* In contrast with Theorem 1.2, to obtain an explicit expression of the Lyapunov spectrum $L_{p,n}$ in Theorem 3.4 one must find the positive root of
+
+$$
+X^n(K + 1) + X^{n-1} + \cdots + X + K - n = 0,
+$$
+
+where $K = \frac{-\alpha}{\log p}$. Analogously, from Lemma 3.1 the Haussdorf dimension $\dim_H(p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F)$ is obtained as the positive root of
+
+$$
+X^{n+1} + pX^n + p - 1 = 0.
+$$
+
+Moreover, for the explicit value $\alpha = \frac{n+1}{2} \log p$ we have $t_\alpha = 0$, since $\frac{d}{dt}P_n(-t \log \psi)|_{t=0} = -\frac{n+1}{2} \log p$. Consequently,
+
+$$
+L_{p,n} \left( \frac{n+1}{2} \log p \right) = \frac{2}{n+1} \left( \frac{\log(p-1) + \log n}{\log p} \right).
+$$
+
+## 4. PROOF OF MAIN THEOREMS
+
+We begin this section by developing the thermodynamic formalism associated with the Schneider map. Recall that $\log \psi$ is locally constant on cylinders of length 1. Hence, from equation (2.4) we obtain
+
+$$
+(4.1) \qquad P(-t \log \psi) = \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n} \log \left(\sum_{{(a_i,b_i)}^n_{i=1}\in E^n}\prod_{k=1}^{n}(p^{a_k})^{-t}\right) = \log \left( \frac{p-1}{p^t - 1} \right).
+$$
+
+By Sarig’s results on Countable Markov shifts (see [Sar99]) $P_n(-t \log \psi) \to P(-t \log \psi)$ as $n \to \infty$. Recall $\lim_{t \to 0^+} P(t) = \infty$, then for each $\alpha > \log p$ and $n \in \mathbb{N}$ sufficiently large there exists a unique $t_{\alpha,n} \in \mathbb{R}$ such that $-\alpha = \frac{d}{dt}P_n(-t_{\alpha,n} \log \psi)$. Let $\nu_{\alpha,n}$ denote the equilibrium state of $-t_{\alpha,n} \log \psi$.
+
+Let $\varepsilon > 0$. Then
+
+$$
+\alpha = \int_{p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n}} \log \psi \, d\nu_{\alpha,n} = \int_{p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus B(0,\varepsilon)} \log \psi \, d\nu_{\alpha,n} + \int_{B(0,\varepsilon)} \log \psi \, d\nu_{\alpha,n}.
+$$
+
+Define $M_\varepsilon := \inf\{\log \psi(x) : x \in B(0, \varepsilon)\}$. Since $a_1(x) \le n$ for $x \in p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n}$ we have $M_\varepsilon \le n \log(p)$. Hence
+
+$$
+\alpha \ge \int_{p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus B(0,\varepsilon)} \log \psi \, d\nu_{\alpha,n} + M_\varepsilon \cdot \nu_{\alpha,n}(B(0,\varepsilon)),
+$$
+
+which implies
+
+$$
+\frac{\alpha}{M_\varepsilon} \ge \nu_{\alpha,n}(B(0, \varepsilon)).
+$$
+
+Therefore, for every $\delta > 0$ and $n$ sufficiently large, there exists $\varepsilon(\delta) > 0$ such that
+
+$$
+\nu_{\alpha,n}(p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus B(0, \varepsilon)) = 1 - \nu_{\alpha,n}(B(0, \varepsilon)) \ge 1 - \frac{\alpha}{M_\varepsilon} \ge 1 - \frac{\alpha}{n \log(p)} \ge \delta.
+$$
+
+In other words, $\{\nu_{\alpha,n}\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ is a tight sequence of probability measures. By Prohorov’s theorem, it admits a weak-* convergent subsequence. If $\nu_\alpha$ is an accumulation point, then $\nu_\alpha(p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F) = 1$. Indeed, $\{t_{\alpha,n}\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ also admits a convergent subsequence, since $\{\frac{d}{dt}P_n(-t \log \psi)\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ is a decreasing sequence of functions and $\frac{d}{dt}P_n(-t \log \psi) \ge \frac{d}{dt}P(-t \log \psi)$ for all $n$. If $t_\alpha$ is an accumulation point of $\{t_{\alpha,n}\}$, then $\nu_\alpha$ is an equilibrium state for the potential $-t_\alpha \log \psi$ (see [Iom10, section 6]). Combining equation (2.4) with the thermodynamic formalism for countable Markov shifts (see [Sar99]), we obtain the following result.
+
+**Theorem 4.1.** *For all $t \in \mathbb{R}$*
+
+$$
+(4.2) \qquad P(-t \log \psi) = \begin{cases} \log \left( \frac{p-1}{p^t-1} \right) & if \ t > 0 \\ \infty & if \ t \le 0, \end{cases}
+$$
+
+*and for each $t > 0$ there exists a unique equilibrium state $\nu_t$ of $-t \log \psi$. If $\alpha = -\frac{d}{dt}P(-t \log \psi)|_{t=t_\alpha}$, then $\nu_{t_\alpha}$ is a weak-\* accumulation point of the sequence $\{\nu_{\alpha,n}\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$.*
+
+*Remark 4.2.* In this setting, the equilibrium state for $-\log \psi$ (when $t=1$) coincides with the Haar measure. Indeed, $P(-\log \psi) = 0$ and $\mu_p$ attains the supremum in equation (2.3) since
+
+$$
+(4.3) \qquad h_{\mu_p} - \int \log \psi \, d\mu_p = \frac{p}{p-1} \log p - \frac{p}{p-1} \log p = 0,
+$$
+
+where $h_{\mu_p} = \frac{p}{p-1} \log p$ ([HN22, Theorem 1.1]) and $\int \log \psi \, d\mu_p = \frac{p}{p-1} \log p$ ([HW11, Theorem 3]). Furthermore, $L_p$ achieves its maximum value $\dim_H(p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F) = 1$ at $\alpha = \frac{p \log p}{p-1}$.
+
+*Proof of Theorem 1.1.* By Theorem 3.4, for each $n \in \mathbb{N}$ and $\alpha \in [\log p, n \log p]$
+
+$$
+(4.4) \qquad L_{p,n}(\alpha) = \frac{1}{\alpha} \inf\{P_n(-t \log \psi) + t\alpha\}.
+$$
+
+Since $p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F \subset p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n+1} \setminus F$ for every $n \ge 1$, the sequence $\{L_{p,n}(\alpha)\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ is monotone increasing and bounded above by the Hausdorff dimension of $p\mathbb{Z}_p$, which equals one. From equation (4.4), for each $\alpha \ge \log p$
+
+$$
+(4.5) \qquad \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{\alpha} \inf_{t \in \mathbb{R}} \{P_n(-t \log \psi) + t\alpha\} \le L_p(\alpha),
+$$
+
+since $J_{p,n}(\alpha) \subset J_p(\alpha)$ for all $n \in \mathbb{N}$. To show that the Legendre transform of $P$ is bounded above by $L_p(\alpha)$, we employ the notion of infimally convergence. We say that the sequence $\{P_n\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ *converges infimally* to $P$ if, for every $t \in \mathbb{R}$
+
+$$
+(4.6) \qquad \lim_{\beta \to 0} \liminf_{n \to \infty} \inf\{P_n(-s \log \psi) : |t-s| < \beta\} = \lim_{\beta \to 0} \limsup_{n \to \infty} \inf\{P_n(-s \log \psi) : |t-s| < \beta\} = P(-t \log \psi).
+$$
+
+Recall that the map $t \mapsto P_n(-t \log \psi)$ is non-increasing. Hence, for any $\beta > 0$,
+
+$$
+\inf\{P_n(-s \log \psi) : |t-s| < \beta\} = P(t+\beta).
+$$
+
+On the other hand, from [Sar99, Theorem 2], for all $t \in \mathbb{R}$,
+
+$$
+(4.7) \qquad \lim_{n \to \infty} P_n(-t \log \psi) = P(-t \log \psi).
+$$
+
+We obtain $\limsup_{n \to \infty}$ and $\liminf_{n \to \infty}$ in equation (4.5) coincide for every $\beta > 0$. Therefore, $\{P_n\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ converges infimally to $P$.
+
+By Wijsman's work on infimally convergence (see [Wij66, Theorem 6.2]), infimmally convergence of $\{P_n\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ to $P$ is equivalent to infimmaly convergence of their Legendre transforms. In particular, the sequence of functions $\{\frac{1}{\alpha} \inf_{t \in \mathbb{R}} \{P_n(-t \log \psi) + t\alpha\}\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ converge infimally to $\frac{1}{\alpha} \inf_{t \in \mathbb{R}} \{P(-t \log \psi) + t\alpha\}$ as functions on $\alpha$. Moreover, the function obtained by pointwise convergence dominates that arising from infimally convergence (see [Wij66, section 5]). This implies that
+
+$$
+\frac{1}{\alpha} \inf_{t \in \mathbb{R}} \{P(-t \log \psi) + t\alpha\} \le \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{\alpha} \inf_{t \in \mathbb{R}} \{P_n(-t \log \psi) + t\alpha\}.
+$$
+
+Together with inequality (4.5) we get
+
+$$
+(4.8) \qquad \frac{1}{\alpha} \inf_{t \in \mathbb{R}} \{P(-t \log \psi) + t\alpha\} \le L_p(\alpha).
+$$
+
+Now we prove the reverse inequality. Fix $t > 0$ and $\varepsilon > 0$. Since the function $t \mapsto P(-t \log \psi)$ is strictly decreasing on $[0, \infty)$, by definition of topological pressure we obtain
+
+$$
+P_{\varepsilon} := P(-(t + \varepsilon) \log \psi) - P(-t \log \psi) = P(-(t + \varepsilon) \log \psi) - P(-t \log \psi) < 0.
+$$
+
+Equation (2.4) implies there exists $M \in \mathbb{N}$ such that for all $k \ge M$
+
+$$
+\sum_{x:T_p^k x=x} e^{-(t+\varepsilon)S_k \log \psi - kP(-t \log \psi)} < e^{\frac{P_\varepsilon k}{2}} < 1.
+$$
+
+Let $\delta > 0$ such that $\frac{P_\varepsilon}{2} - \delta \frac{P(-t \log \psi)}{\alpha} < 0$. On the other hand, for every $y \in J_p(\alpha)$ there exists $N_y \in \mathbb{N}$ such that for all $k \ge N_y$
+
+$$
+\left| \frac{S_k \log \psi}{k} - \alpha \right| < \delta.
+$$
+
+Using this fact, we construct for each $k \in \mathbb{N}$ a countable cover of cylinder sets with diameter at most $p^{-k}$. Notice that each interval $I_{(a_i,b_i)_{i=1}^n}$ satisfies
+
+$$
+N[(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^n] := \min\{N_y : y \in J_p(\alpha) \cap I_{(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^n}\} < \infty.
+$$
+
+We define
+
+$$
+\overline{A_k} := \{I_{(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^k} : N[(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^n] \le k\},
+$$
+
+and for every $n > k$ we set
+
+$$
+A_n := \{I_{(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^n} : N[(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^n] = n\}.
+$$
+
+Let $\mathcal{A}_k = \overline{A}_k \cup \bigcup_{n>k} A_n$. The set $\mathcal{A}_k$ is a countable cover of $J_p(\alpha)$ since each $A_n$ is a countable collection of cylinders. On the other hand, recall that $T_p$ is distance expansive, then for any cylinder $I_{(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^n} \in \mathcal{A}_k$ we have that $|I_{(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^n}|_p \le p^{-n}$.
+
+Recall that $|I_{(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^n}|_p = e^{-S_n \log \psi(y)}$ for all $y \in I_{(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^n}$. Thus, following the definition of Hausdorff dimension, for $l = t + \varepsilon + \frac{P(-t \log \psi)}{\alpha}$ we get
+
+$$
+\mathcal{H}_{p-k}^{l}(J_{p}(\alpha)) \leq \sum_{I_{(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^n} \in \mathcal{A}_k} e^{-lS_n \log \psi(x_{(a_i, b_i)})},
+$$
+
+where $x_{(a_i, b_i)}$ is the periodic point of $I_{(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^n}$ with period $n$. Since $N[I_{(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^n}] \le n$,
+
+$$
+-lS_n \log \psi(x_{(a_i, b_i)}) = -\left(t + \varepsilon + \frac{P(-t \log \psi)}{\alpha}\right) S_n \log \psi(x_{(a_i, b_i)}) \\ \le -(t + \varepsilon)S_n \log \psi(x_{(a_i, b_i)})) - n \frac{P(-t \log \psi)}{\alpha}(\delta - \alpha).
+$$
+
+Therefore,
+
+$$
+\begin{align*} \mathcal{H}_{p^-k}^{l}(J_{p}(\alpha)) &\le \sum_{I_{(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^n} \in \mathcal{A}_k} e^{-(t+\varepsilon)S_n \log \psi(x_{(a_i, b_i)}) - n \frac{P(-t \log \psi)}{\alpha}(\delta-\alpha)} \\ &= \sum_{n=k}^{\infty} e^{-\frac{n\delta P(-t \log \psi)}{\alpha}} \sum_{I_{(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^n} \in \mathcal{A}_k} e^{-(t+\varepsilon)S_n \log \psi(x_{(a_i, b_i)})) + nP(-t \log \psi)} \\ &= \sum_{n=k}^{\infty} e^{-\frac{n\delta P(-t \log \psi)}{\alpha}} \sum_{x:T_p^n x=x} e^{-(t+\varepsilon)S_n \log \psi(x)+nP(-t \log \psi)}. \end{align*}
+$$
+
+Thus, for all $k \ge M$ we have that
+
+$$
+(4.9) \qquad \mathcal{H}_{p^-k}^l(J_p(\alpha)) \le \sum_{n=k}^{\infty} e^{-\frac{n\delta P(-t \log \psi)}{\alpha} + \frac{P_\epsilon n}{2}} = \sum_{n=k}^{\infty} e^{n\left(\frac{P_\epsilon}{2} - \frac{\delta P(-t \log \psi)}{\alpha}\right)}.
+$$
+
+Since $\frac{P_\epsilon}{2} - \frac{\delta P(-t \log(\psi))}{\alpha} < 0$, we obtain a geometric series on the right-hand side of inequality (4.9). Therefore,
+
+$$
+\mathcal{H}^l(J_p(\alpha)) = \lim_{k \to \infty} \mathcal{H}_{p^-k}^l(J_p(\alpha)) = 0.
+$$
+
+This implies that $\dim_H(J_p(\alpha)) = L_p(\alpha) \le t + \epsilon + \frac{P(-t \log(\psi))}{\alpha}$ for all $t > 0$ and $\epsilon > 0$. Thus,
+
+$$
+L_p(\alpha) \le \frac{1}{\alpha} \inf\{P(-t \log(\psi)) + t\alpha : t \in \mathbb{R}\},
+$$
+
+and together with inequality (4.8) equality follows. Finally, from construction, it is straightforward to note that the domain of $L_p$ is $[\log(p), \infty) = \bigcup_{n=1}^{\infty}[\log(p), n \log(p)]$. The fact that the infimum is attained in a unique $t_\alpha > 0$ such that $\frac{d}{dt}P(-t \log(\psi))|_{t=t_\alpha} = -\alpha$ is a consequence of Theorem 3.4 and that $\{\frac{d}{dt}P_n(-t \log(\psi))\}_{n \in \mathbb{N}}$ converge to $\frac{d}{dt}P(-t \log(\psi)). \qquad \square$
+
+*Proof of Theorem 1.2* Let $\alpha \ge \log p$. Since $\frac{d}{dt}P(-t \log \psi) = -\log p \cdot \frac{p^t}{p^{t}-1}$, the value $t_\alpha$ is the unique positive real number such that $\alpha = \log p \cdot \frac{p^{t_\alpha}}{p^{t_\alpha}-1}$, that is,
+
+$$
+t_{\alpha} = \log_{p} \left( \frac{\alpha}{\alpha - \log p} \right).
+$$
+
+A direct computation then gives
+
+$$
+P(-t_{\alpha} \log \psi) = \log(p-1) + \log(\alpha - \log p) - \log \log p.
+$$
+
+Substituting these values into equation (1.7) yields precisely equation (1.8). $\qquad \square$
+
+**Example 2.** *If $x \in p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F$ is a periodic point of $T_p$ with period $n$, then there exist positive integers $a_1, \dots, a_n$ such that $\lambda_p(x) = \log p \cdot \frac{a_1+\dots+a_n}{n} = \log p \cdot A(\{a_i\})$, where $A(\{a_i\})$ denotes the arithmetic mean of the digits $\{a_1, \dots, a_n\}$. If $x$ is a fixed point of $T_p$ in $I_{(a,b)}$, then $\lambda_p(x) = a \log p$, and Theorem 1.2 yields*
+
+$$
+L_p(a \log p) = \begin{cases} \frac{\log(p-1) + \log(a-1)}{a \log p} + \frac{\log\left(1 + \frac{1}{a-1}\right)}{\log p} & if \ a \neq 1 \\ \frac{\log(p-1)}{\log p} & if \ a = 1 \end{cases}.
+$$
+
+*If $x$ is periodic and $\lambda_p(x) = \log p \cdot A(\{a_i\})$ such that $a_i \ne a_j$ for some $1 \le i, j \le n$, then*
+
+$$
+L_p \left( \log p \cdot A(\{a_i\}) \right) = \frac{\log(p-1) + \log(A(\{a_i\}) - 1)}{A(\{a_i\}) \log p} + \frac{\log \left( 1 + \frac{1}{A(\{a_i\})-1} \right)}{\log p}.
+$$
+
+*Remark 4.3.* It is worth noting that fixed points $x$ of $T_p$ satisfy
+
+$$
+(4.10) \qquad x^2 + b_1(x)x - p^{a_1(x)} = 0.
+$$
+
+In contrast, fixed points of the Gauss map correspond to the so-called metallic means (see [dS99]). These are positive solutions of $y^2 + ny - 1 = 0$. For instance, when $n = 1$, the golden ratio $g$ satisfies that $g - 1$ is a fixed point of the Gauss map.
+
+## 5. RATIONAL APPROXIMATION FOR CONTINUED FRACTION EXPANSIONS
+
+We now turn to the rational approximations obtained from the truncations in Schneider's continued fraction expansion. For each $n \in \mathbb{N}$ and $x \in p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F$, we consider the limit
+
+$$
+(5.1) \qquad - \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n} \log \left| x - \frac{p_n(x)}{q_n(x)} \right|_p,
+$$
+
+whenever it exists. Define $\psi_2 : p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F \to \mathbb{R}$ by
+
+$$
+\psi_2(x) = p^{-a_1(x)} \left| x - \frac{p^{a_1(x)}}{b_1(x)} \right|_p^{-1}.
+$$
+
+Next, we introduce the real-valued function $\varphi : p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F \to \mathbb{R}$ defined by $\varphi(x) = p^{a_2(x)}\psi_2(T_p(x))/\psi_2(x)$.
+
+**Lemma 5.1.** *The limit in equation (5.1) coincides with the pointwise limit of Birkhoff's means for $\log \varphi$. Indeed,*
+
+$$
+-\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n} \log \left| x - \frac{p_n(x)}{q_n(x)} \right|_p = \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \log \varphi \left( T_p^k x \right)
+$$
+
+*Proof.* Let $x \in p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F$. By definition, the second rational approximation satisfies
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \psi_2(T_p(x)) &= p^{-a_1(T_p(x))} \left| \frac{p^{a_1(T_p(x))}}{b_1(T_p(x)) + T_p^2(x)} - \frac{p^{a_1(T_p(x))}}{b_1(T_p(x))} \right|_p^{-1} \\ &= p^{-a_2(x)} \left| \frac{p^{a_2(x)}}{b_2(x) + T_p^2(x)} - \frac{p^{a_2(x)}}{b_2(x)} \right|_p^{-1}, \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+and by equation (2.2) we have $\psi_2(T_p(x)) = p^{-a_2(x)-a_1(x)} \left|x - \frac{p_2(x)}{q_2(x)}\right|_p$.
+
+Hence
+
+$$
+\varphi(x) = \frac{\psi_2(T_p(x))}{\psi_2(x)} = \frac{\left| x - \frac{p_2(x)}{q_2(x)} \right|_p^{-1}}{\left| x - \frac{p_1(x)}{q_1(x)} \right|_p^{-1}}.
+$$
+
+Consequently,
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \log \varphi(x) &= - \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \log \left| x - \frac{p_{k+1}(x)}{q_{k+1}(x)} \right|_p - \log \left| x - \frac{p_k(x)}{q_k(x)} \right|_p \\ &= - \log \left| x - \frac{p_{n+1}(x)}{q_{n+1}(x)} \right|_p + \log \left| x - \frac{p_1(x)}{q_1(x)} \right|_p. \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+Dividing by $n$ and taking limits yields
+
+$$
+\lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \log \varphi \left( T_p^k x \right) = \lim_{n \to \infty} -\frac{1}{n} \log \left| x - \frac{p_{n+1}(x)}{q_{n+1}(x)} \right|_p.
+$$
+
+$\square$
+
+**Proposition 5.2.** *The potential $\log \varphi$ is locally constant on cylinder sets of length 3. Moreover, for each $x \in p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F$,*
+
+$$
+\log \varphi(x) = v_p (T_p^2(x)) \log p = a_3(x) \log(p).
+$$
+
+*Proof.* Observe that
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\frac{\psi_2(T_p(x))}{\psi_2(x)} &= \frac{p^{-a_1(T_p(x))} \left| T_p(x) - \frac{p^{a_1(T_p(x))}}{b_1(T_p(x))} \right|_p^{-1}}{p^{-a_1(x)} \left| x - \frac{p^{a_1(x)}}{b_1(x)} \right|_p^{-1}} \\
+&= p^{a_1(x)-a_1(T_p(x))} \frac{\left| \frac{b_1(T_p(x))T_p(x) - p^{a_1(T_p(x))}}{b_1(T_p(x))} \right|_p^{-1}}{\left| \frac{xb_1(x) - p^{a_1(x)}}{b_1(x)} \right|_p^{-1}} \\
+&= p^{a_1(x)-a_1(T_p(x))} \left| \frac{b_1(T_p(x))T_p(x) - p^{a_1(T_p(x))}}{xb_1(x) - p^{a_1(x)}} \right|_p^{-1}.
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+Using the definition of $T_p$, one finds $\left| \frac{p^{a_1(x)}}{b_1(x)+T_p(x)} b_1(x) - p^{a_1(x)} \right|_p = |T_p(x)|_p |x|_p$, so that
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+\frac{\psi_2(T_p(x))}{\psi_2(x)} &= p^{a_1(x)-a_2(x)} \left| \frac{T_p(x)T_p^2(x)}{xT_p(x)} \right|_p^{-1} \\
+&= p^{a_1(x)-a_2(x)} \cdot p^{v_p(T_p^2(x))-v_p(x)} \\
+&= p^{v_p(T_p^2(x))-v_p(T_p(x))}.
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+Therefore, if $x$ and $y$ belong to the same cylinder of length 3 (that is, $a_i(x) = a_i(y)$ and $b_i(x) = b_i(y)$ for $1 \le i \le 3$), then
+
+$$
+\begin{align*}
+|\log \varphi(x) - \log \varphi(y)| &= \left| \log \left( p^{a_2(x)} \frac{\psi_2(T_p(x))}{\psi_2(x)} \right) - \log \left( p^{a_2(y)} \frac{\psi_2(T_p(y))}{\psi_2(y)} \right) \right| \\
+&= |a_2(x) + v_p(T_p^2(x)) - v_p(T_p(x)) - a_2(y) - v_p(T_p^2(y)) + v_p(T_p(x))| \\
+&= |v_p(T_p^2(x)) - v_p(T_p^2(y))| \\
+&= |a_3(x) - a_3(y)| = 0.
+\end{align*}
+$$
+
+So $\log \varphi$ is locally constant on such cylinders, and $\log \varphi(x) = a_3(x) \log p$ for all $x \in p\mathbb{Z}_p \setminus F. \qquad \square$
+
+Let $x \in J_p(\alpha)$. Since $J_p(\alpha)$ is a $T_p$-invariant set, we have $\alpha = \lambda_p(x) = \lambda_p(T_p^2(x))$. Then, by Lemma 5.1 and Proposition 5.2,
+
+$$
+\alpha = \lim_{n \to \infty} \log p \cdot \frac{a_1(T_p^2(x)) + \dots + a_n(T_p^2(x))}{n} = \lim_{n \to \infty} \log p \cdot \frac{a_3(x) + \dots + a_3(T_p^{n-1}(x))}{n}.
+$$
+
+Hence
+
+$$
+\lambda_p(x) = \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} \log \varphi(T_p^k(x)) = - \lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n} \log \left| x - \frac{p_n(x)}{q_n(x)} \right|_p .
+$$
+
+Thus, the Lyapunov exponent of $x$ coincides with the mean exponential rate at which $p$-adic rational approximations converge to $x$. Consequently, Theorem 1.2 implies Corollary 1.3. Indeed, Theorem 3.4 yields an analogous statement for each subsystem $(T_{p,n}, p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F)$. This allows us to characterize, in terms of dimension theory, sets of $p$-adic integers in $p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n}$ according to the rate at which their rational approximations converge.
+
+**Theorem 5.3.** *Let $n \in \mathbb{N}$. For each $\alpha \in [\log p, n \log p]$ the Hausdorff dimension of the set of points $x$ in $p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F$ satisfying*
+
+$$
+-\lim_{m \to \infty} \frac{1}{m} \log \left| x - \frac{p_m(x)}{q_m(x)} \right|_p = \alpha,
+$$
+
+*equals $\frac{1}{\alpha}P_n(-t_{\alpha} \log \psi) + t_{\alpha,n}$, where $P_n(-t_{\alpha,n} \log \psi)$ denotes the topological pressure of the potential $-t_{\alpha,n} \log \psi$ and $t_{\alpha,n}$ is the unique real number $t$ satisfying*
+
+$$
+-\alpha = \log p \cdot \left( \frac{n}{p^{tn}-1} - \frac{p^t}{p^t-1} \right).
+$$
+
+## 6. PROOF OF TECHNICAL RESULTS.
+
+6.1. **Proof of Lemma 3.1.**
+
+*Proof.* Let $\delta > 0$ and $N_\delta = \min\{n \in \mathbb{N} : p^{-n} \le \delta\}$. Then, the family
+
+$$
+\{I_{(a_i, b_i)} : (a_i, b_i) \in E_n, \text{ where } i \in \{1, \dots, N_\delta\}\}
+$$
+
+is an open and countable covering of $p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F$. For any $s > 0$
+
+$$
+\mathcal{H}_{\delta}^{s}(p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F) \le \sum_{(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^{N_{\delta}} \in E_n^{N_{\delta}}} \left| I_{(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^{N_{\delta}}} \right|_p^s = \sum_{(a_1, \dots, a_{N_{\delta}}) \in \{1, 2, \dots, n\}^{N_{\delta}}} (p-1)p^{-s \sum_{i=1}^{N_{\delta}} a_i},
+$$
+
+because each $a_i$ is considered $p-1$ times for each $b_i$. Due to each $a_i$ belongs to $\{1, \dots, n\}$, thus we obtain
+
+$$
+\mathcal{H}_{\delta}^{s}(p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F) \le (p-1)^{N_{\delta}} \left( \sum_{k=1}^{n} p^{-ks} \right)^{N_{\delta}}.
+$$
+
+Recalling that $\sum_{k=1}^n p^{-ks} \to 0$ as $s \to \infty$, and $\sum_{k=1}^n p^{-ks} \to n$ as $s \to 0$, then by continuity, there exists $\tilde{s} > 0$ such that
+
+$$
+(6.1) \qquad \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{p^{k\tilde{s}}} = \frac{1}{p-1}.
+$$
+
+In this way, for all $\delta > 0$
+
+$$
+\mathcal{H}_{\delta}^{\tilde{s}}(p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F) \le (p-1)^{N_{\delta}} \left( \sum_{k=1}^{N} p^{-k\tilde{s}} \right)^{N_{\delta}} = 1.
+$$
+
+We deduce that $\dim_H(p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F) \le \tilde{s}$. Furthermore, we conclude $\tilde{s} \le 1$, since
+
+$$
+(p-1)^{N_{\delta}} \left( \frac{p^n-1}{p^n(p-1)} \right)^{N_{\delta}} = \left( 1 - \frac{1}{p^n} \right)^{N_{\delta}} \le 1.
+$$
+
+On the other hand, let $\mathcal{U}$ be a countable covering such that $|\mathcal{U}_i|_p < \delta$. Since $p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n}$ is a compact space, we can consider a finite collection of elements in the covering. We suppose that the subcovering has $M$ elements. For each $1 \le i \le M$, let $k_i$ the only positive integer such that
+
+$$
+p^{-(k_i+1)} \le |\mathcal{U}_i|_p \le p^{-k_i}.
+$$
+
+For each $k \in \mathbb{N}$, we define the open cover
+
+$$
+B_k = \left\{ B \left( x_{(a_i, b_i)}, p^{-k} \right) : (a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^{N_{\delta}} \in E_n^{N_{\delta}} \right\},
+$$
+
+where $x_{(a_i,b_i)}$ denotes the periodic point in $I_{(a_i,b_i)_{i=1}^{N_\delta}}$ with period $N_\delta$. If $j \ge k_i$, then $\mathcal{U}_i$ intersects at most $(n \cdot (p-1))^{\lfloor \frac{j-k_i}{n} \rfloor}$ balls of $B_j$. By definition of $\tilde{s}$
+
+$$
+(n(p-1))^{j-k_i} = n^{j-k_i} (p-1)^j \left( \sum_{k=1}^{n} \frac{1}{p^{k\tilde{s}}} \right)^{k_i} \le n^j (p-1)^j \left( \frac{1}{n} \sum_{k=0}^{n-1} p^{-k\tilde{s}} \right)^{k_i} p^{\tilde{s}} |\mathcal{U}_i|_p^{\tilde{s}}.
+$$
+
+Furthermore, $p^{-k\tilde{s}} \le 1$ since $\tilde{s} \ge 0$. Then
+
+$$
+(n \cdot (p-1))^{j-k_i} \le (n(p-1))^j p^{\tilde{s}} |\mathcal{U}_i|_p^{\tilde{s}}.
+$$
+
+If we choose $j \ge \max\{k_i\}$, we bound by the number of balls $B_j$ that intersect each element in $\mathcal{U}$
+
+$$
+(n(p-1))^j \le \sum_{i=1}^{M} (n \cdot (p-1))^{j-k_i} \le \sum_{i=1}^{M} (n(p-1))^j p^{\tilde{s}} |\mathcal{U}_i|_p^{\tilde{s}}.
+$$
+
+Therefore, $p^{-\tilde{s}} \le \sum_{i=1}^{M} |\mathcal{U}_i|_p^{\tilde{s}}$ which is independent of $\delta$, so $\mathcal{H}^{\tilde{s}}(p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F) \ge 0$. By definition of Hausdorff dimension $\tilde{s} \le \dim_H (p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F)$. Finally, computing pressure as in equation (2.4) we get
+
+$$
+\begin{aligned} P_n(-\tilde{s} \log \varphi) &= \lim_{m \to \infty} \frac{1}{m} \log \left( \sum_{T_{p,n}^m x=x} e^{-\tilde{s} S_m \log \varphi(x)} \right) \\ &= \lim_{m \to \infty} \frac{1}{m} \log \left( \sum_{(a_i, b_i)_{i=1}^m \in E_n^m} \prod_{k=1}^m p^{-\tilde{s} a_k} \right) \\ &= \lim_{m \to \infty} \frac{1}{m} \log \left( (p-1)^m \left( \sum_{k=1}^n p^{-\tilde{s} k} \right)^m \right), \end{aligned}
+$$
+
+where the last expression is equal to zero by equation (6.1). $\qquad \square$
+
+6.2. **Proof of Theorem 3.2.** We recall that a cover $\mathcal{V}$ of $p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F$ is said to be a *Moran cover* if there exists $M > 0$ such that for each $x \in p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F$ and any $r > 0$ we have
+
+$$
+\#\{V_i \in \mathcal{V} : V_i \cap B(x, r) \neq \emptyset\} \leq M.
+$$
+
+Let $x \in p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F$. Since, $\psi(x) = p^{a_1(x)}$, then for each $m \in \mathbb{N}$
+
+$$
+(6.2) \qquad 0 \le \left( \prod_{k=0}^{m-1} \psi(a_{1+k}(x)) \right)^{-1} \le p^{-m}.
+$$
+
+Given any element $w \in \Sigma_n$ and $r > 0$, there exists a unique $m(w) \in \mathbb{N}$ such that
+
+$$
+(6.3) \qquad \prod_{k=0}^{m(w)-1} p^{-a_{1+k}(\pi_n(w))} > r > \prod_{k=0}^{m(w)} p^{-a_{1+k}(\pi_n(w))}.
+$$
+
+From inequality (6.2) we notice $m(w) \to \infty$ as $r \to 0$. Fix $w \in \Sigma_n$ and consider the cylinder
+
+$$
+C(w) = [(a_i(\pi_n(w)), b_i(\pi_n(w))) : 1 \le i \le m(w)],
+$$
+
+where $m(w)$ satisfies inequality (6.3). Note that if $w'' \in C(w)$, then for each $0 \le k \le m(w) - 1$ we have $a_{1+k}(\pi_n(w'')) = a_{1+k}(\pi_n(w))$. Thus, $m(w'') = m(w)$ and so $C(w) = C(w'')$. Furthermore, the collection $\{C(w)\}_{w \in \Sigma_n}$ is a partition of $\Sigma_n$. On the other hand, by inequality (6.2) there exists $N_r \in \mathbb{N}$ such that for each $w \in \Sigma_n$ we have $m(w) \le N_r$. So, the cover $C_r = \{C(w)\}_{w \in \Sigma_n}$ is a finite and open cover of $\Sigma_n$. Thus, we write $\mathcal{C}_r$ as $\{C_r^j\}_{j=1}^{M_r}$, for some $M_r \in \mathbb{N}$. We define $R_r^j$ as the image of $C_r^j$ via $\pi_n$, that is
+
+$$
+\mathcal{R}_r = \pi_n(\mathcal{C}_r) = \{R_r^i\}_{i=1}^{M_r}
+$$
+
+is a finite and open cover of $p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F$.
+
+**Lemma 6.1.** *Let $r > 0$. Then $\mathcal{R}_r$ is a Moran cover of $p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F$.*
+
+*Proof.* By definition of the partition $\mathcal{R}_r$, for each $R_r^j$ and for any $x \in R_r^j$
+
+$$
+R_r^j = B \left( x, \prod_{k=0}^{m(\pi_n^{-1}(x))} p^{-a_{1+k}(x)} \right) \subseteq B(x, r) \subseteq B \left( x, \prod_{k=0}^{m(\pi_n^{-1}(x))-1} p^{-a_{1+k}(x)} \right).
+$$
+
+Now let $x \in p\mathbb{Z}_{p,n} \setminus F$. If $R_r^j \cap B(x, r) \neq \emptyset$ for some $R_r^j \in \mathcal{R}_r$ and $y \in R_r^j \cap B(x, r)$, by the ultrametric property of the $p$-adic metric
+
+$$
+B \left( y, \prod_{k=0}^{m(\pi_n^{-1}(y))} p^{-a_{1+k}(y)} \right) = R_r^j.
+$$
+
+Therefore $B(y, r) = B(x, r)$, and so
+
+$$
+B \left( y, \prod_{k=0}^{m(\pi_n^{-1}(y))} p^{-a_{3+k}(y)} \right) \subseteq B(x, r) \subseteq B \left( y, \prod_{k=0}^{m(\pi_n^{-1}(y))-1} p^{-a_{3+k}(y)} \right).
+$$
+
+Moreover, for each $1 \le k \le m(\pi_n^{-1}(x)) - 1$ we have that $a_k(x) = a_k(y)$ and $b_k(x) = b_k(y)$. Since $(a_k(y), b_k(y)) \in E_n$, then we obtain
+
+$$
+\#\{R_r^j \in \mathcal{R}_r : R_r^j \cap B_p(x, r) \neq \emptyset\} \le n(p-1).
+$$
+
+$\square$
+
+Let $0 < r < 1$. Let $\mathfrak{m}$ be the equilibrium state of $-\tilde{s}\log \psi$. Recall that $\mu_q$ is the equilibrium state of $\phi_{q,n}$ and $\nu_q = (\pi_n)_*\mu_q$. Moreover, $\mathfrak{m}$, $\nu_q$ and $\nu_\rho$ are Gibbs measures, thus for each $q \in \mathbb{R}$ there exist positive constants $C_1$ and $C_2$ such that for each set $R_r^j$ (see [PW97a, Lemma 1])
+
+$$
+(6.4) \qquad C_1 \le \frac{\nu_q(R_r^j)}{\mathfrak{m}(R_r^j)^{T(q)\tilde{s}} \cdot \nu_\rho(R_r^j)} \le C_2.
+$$
+
+For each $\alpha \ge 0$ we define
+
+$$
+\tilde{K}_\alpha = \left\{ w \in \Sigma_n : \lim_{m \to \infty} \frac{\sum_{k=0}^{m-1} \log(\vartheta \circ \sigma^k(w))}{\sum_{k=0}^{m-1} \log(\psi \circ \pi_n(\sigma^k(w)))} = \alpha \right\},
+$$
+
+and the corresponding spectrum $\tilde{f}_{\nu_\rho}(\alpha) = \dim_{H}(\tilde{K}_\alpha)$. For each $q \in \mathbb{R}$, let
+
+$$
+\alpha(q) = \frac{\int_{\Sigma_n} \log \vartheta(w) \, d\mu_q}{\int_{\Sigma_n} \log(\varphi \circ \pi_n(w)) \, d\mu_q}.
+$$
+
+**Lemma 6.2.** *For each $q \in \mathbb{R}$ we obtain*
+
+(1) *$\nu_q(\pi_n(\tilde{K}_{\alpha(q)})) = 1$.*
+
+(2) *$d_{\nu_q}(x) = \mathcal{T}(q) + q\alpha(q)$ for $\nu_q$-almost every point $x \in \pi_n(\tilde{K}_{\alpha(q)})$.*
+
+(3) *$\dim_{H} \pi_n(\tilde{K}_{\alpha(q)}) = \mathcal{T}(q) + q\alpha(q)$.*
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_5.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_5.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e74568f9c26d6caa56d4ccfe0612a651eadd95a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_5.md
@@ -0,0 +1,172 @@
+BOSSARD
+Proven Productivity
+
+
+
+
+ecosyn® SEF
+运行安全的接触式螺钉连接
+
+
+
+ECOSYN® SEF
+## 运行安全的接触式螺钉连接
+
+ecosyn® SEF 将自锁螺母与锥形弹簧垫圈以及大接触面垫圈集成在一起。
+
+### 一颗紧固零件，结合多种优势
+
+ecosyn® SEF 是一种多功能紧固零件，特别适用于高电压条件下导电触点的安全连接。而 ecosyn® SEF 也非常适合纯机械性连接。在单一零件中集成了多种功能提供许多优点。
+
+▪ 实现采购和物流合理化
+▪ 缩短准备时间与安装时间
+▪ 减少装配错误
+▪ 提高自动化处理的工艺可靠性
+▪ 提高连接安全性
+▪ 零件可重复使用性
+
+### 高压范围内对电缆接头的接触要求
+
+运行安全的电气设备将接触式螺钉的可靠性放在首位。越来越多的规范，如欧盟指令（RoHS、REACH等）以及相关的设计规范对载流部件的要求越来越高。在不同的材料搭配、分离点和不同的工作温度的短时夹持条件下，弹簧组件可以抵消预紧力的损失。弹簧垫圈组件刻意不被压平，以免因电发热而产生热膨胀。为保持预紧力，以额定组件夹紧力的75-90％进行操作，足以实现阻力要求。当振动或外部载荷作用于夹紧点时，特殊螺纹已被证明可以防止接触式螺钉的连接松动。垫圈减少了因重复装配而产生的表面凹陷，从而确保了完美的电流传输。ecosyn ® SEF L 较大的接触面降低了表面压强，可以有效地用于长条孔的电力传输。
+
+### 一体化
+
+螺纹锁紧
+螺母
+锥形弹簧垫圈*
+垫圈
+ecosyn® SEF
+
+
+Four functional elements in one = ecosyn® SEF
+
+
+
+\* 根据电气连接的相关标准，建议使用带有弹性元件的螺钉式连接。
+
+### 自锁式螺纹技术
+
+公司重新设计了标准的内螺纹，并在外螺纹的根部增加了一个特殊的30度楔形斜面。这种特殊的内螺纹形式，称为，适用于所有标准公制螺纹的螺钉。ecosyn® SEF的优点。
+
+▪ 极强的抗振性
+▪ 无需其它安全机制
+▪ 与标准外螺纹部件兼容
+▪ 可重复用性
+▪ 改善连接寿命
+▪ 根据型号不同，耐温可达300° C。
+▪ 耐化学物质
+
+
+
+楔形斜面内螺纹
+
+### 根据DIN 65151测试抗振性能
+
+通过螺钉式连接的两块板受到强制振动（相对运动）。无防松机制的螺钉式连接在短时间内完全松动。ecosyn® SEF能有效地抵抗螺钉部件的动态横向应力。可保持高达80%的原始装配预紧力。
+
+
+
+振动测试中的预紧力损失
+
+### 拧紧力矩和预载力
+
+BN 33855 ecosyn® SEF L Class 8
+BN 33966 ecosyn® SEF M Class 8
+
+当屈服强度Rp0.2的利用率为90%的时候，ecosyn® SEF螺母的锁紧扭矩 MA [Nm]，以及可实现的预紧力FM[kN]。
+
+ | M5 | M6 | M8 | M10 |
|---|
| 锁紧扭矩标准值MA [Nm] | 6,5 | 11,3 | 27,3 | 54 | | 预紧力 FM [kN]1) | 7 | 9,9 | 18,1 | 28,8 | | 螺钉材料 | 钢8,8 | | 摩擦系数 ~μtot | 0,14 to 0,24 |
+
+1) 可实现预紧力的基本紧固件指导值
+
+所有的建议都应通过实际安装测试进行检查。
+
+### 锁紧扭矩和接触阻力
+
+电导率,又称导电率或EC值,表示物质的电流传导能力。
+
+接触电阻是指部件连接时在接触点所产生的电阻。这取决于所使用的材料和连接的质量。为了保持低接触电阻并防止发热，预紧力应设置在75%的螺栓屈服强度Rp0.2值上（0.2%保证应力，单位为N/mm2），最高可达约90% Rp0.2。设计时必须考虑到使用的材料及其发热的工作条件。相关规定有可能与上述情况有所偏颇，必须妥善检查，必要时，及时调整。
+
+
+
+### 影响接触式螺钉连接的安全性要素
+
+电气连接，对于所需能量传递的功能取决于连接点的接触电阻。它会受夹紧力、材料配合以及接触面设计与表面条件的决定性影响。恰当的材料配合可以降低接触性腐蚀的风险。
+
+
+
+### 锥形弹性垫圈锁紧螺母的产品范围
+
+BN 33855 – ecosyn® SEF L
+钢, 8级
+锌镍涂层/非电解锌片涂层, 添加润滑剂
+
+| d₁ (mm) | M5 | M6 | M8 | M10 |
|---|
| e min. | 8,79 | 11,05 | 14,38 | 18,9* |
|---|
| s nom. | 8 | 10 | 13 | 17* |
|---|
| m max. | 4,7 | 5,3 | 6,8 | 8,4 |
|---|
| a nom. | 2,3 | 2,3 | 2,4 | 2,7 |
|---|
| d₂ max. | 15 | 18 | 24 | 30 |
|---|
| h ~ | 9,1 | 9,8 | 12,1 | 14,4 |
|---|
+
+*对边宽度(M10)参照DIN934
+
+
+
+BN 33966 – ecosyn® SEF M
+钢, 8级
+锌镍涂层/非电解锌片涂层, 添加润滑剂
+
+| d₁ (mm) | M5 | M6 | M8 | M10 |
|---|
| e min. | 8,79 | 11,05 | 14,38 | 18,9* |
|---|
| s nom. | 8 | 10 | 13 | 17* |
|---|
| m max. | 4,7 | 5,3 | 6,8 | 8,4 |
|---|
| a nom. | 2,3 | 2,3 | 2,4 | 2,7 |
|---|
| d₂ max. | 12 | 15 | 19 | 24 |
|---|
| h ~ | 9,1 | 9,8 | 12,1 | 14,4 |
|---|
+
+*对边宽度(M10)参照DIN934
+
+
+
+### 应用领域
+
+ecosyn® SEF 螺母特别适用于电气接触、槽型螺钉连接 (仅限 ecosyn® SEF L) 以及振动环境下的连接：
+
+* 电动汽车
+
+* 机车车辆(如电力电子设备)
+
+* 与安全相关的电气设备连接
+
+* 高压电池
+
+* 变压器
+
+* 槽形连接, 例如用于调整的连接方式
+
+* 具有大膨胀系数的有色金属随温度而波动的复合材料
+
+* 铝、铜或软质材料制成的高沉降部件的螺纹连接
+
+### 产品特性
+
+* 专为高压和低压应用中的接头而设计
+
+* 经过验证的防松保护
+
+* 对沉降现象的高补偿能力。
+
+* 高效装配的多功能解决方案
+
+* 使用 ecosyn® SEF L 可实现大通孔的大面积覆盖
+
+敬请垂询当地的Bossard经销商, 了解当前的产品范围和尺寸。其它类型也可按您的要求提供。
+
+成熟生产力 - 我们对客户的承诺
+## 成功的策略
+
+
+
+与客户合作多年以来，我们知道什么才是需要证实的，并持续影响企业的成功因素。我们已经发现了加强客户竞争力的关键问题。因此，我们在三个战略核心领域为客户提供支持。
+
+首先，找到最佳的产品解决方案，就是对客户产品中特定功能下的最佳紧固件进行评估和使用。
+
+第二，我们的 装配技术专家 服务可以为所有可能遇到的紧固挑战提供最智能的解决方案。我们的服务从客户开发新产品的那一刻开始，一直到装配流程优化以及为客户员工提供紧固技术培训。
+
+第三,通过智能物流系统和量身定制的解决方案,作为我们的研究方法,智能工厂物流可提供智能化和精益化,以优化客户的生产。
+
+理解对客户的一贯承诺，“成熟生产力”包含两个要素：第一，它被证明是行之有效的。其次，它可持续、可衡量，提高了客户的生产力和竞争力。
+
+对我们而言,它是一种激励,是我们从始至终保持领先一步的坚定信念。
+
+
+www.bossard.com
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_6.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_6.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..e2fc50b56ac154c22676d4831fa12dac213374bf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_6.md
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+# 2016年北京大学化学与分子工程学院全国优秀大学生化学夏令营自我介绍PPT模板
+
+北京大学化学与分子工程学院
+
+2016年7月
+
+## 注意事项
+
+
+1. 面试及PPT所述内容必须真实可信，如有造假，一经发现，即取消录取资格。
+
+2. 自我介绍时间请控制在3~4分钟左右，PPT大约6页。具体情况与变动请见当年通知。
+
+3. PPT务求风格简洁，内容清晰。建议白底黑字，如有背景，请勿影响观看效果。
+
+4. 此PPT模板仅列出自我介绍的主要方面，作为参考而非严格要求，希望同学们能根据实际情况，作出能够充分展现自身特色与能力的面试材料。
+
+## 第一页
+
+
+首页内容包括PPT标题、姓名、本科学校、面试时间等基本信息
+
+## 第二页
+
+
+第二页内容建议包括本人的教育经历、兴趣爱好、本科阶段所获荣誉及其他个人基本情况，时间不超过1分钟。
+
+## 第三至五页
+
+
+此为自我介绍主要内容。介绍自己本科期间的实验室导师、研究方向和自己的科研经历，必须真实可信。若无科研经历，可以着重介绍自己印象深刻的基础实验或重大科学发现。时间大约2~3分钟。
+
+## 第六页
+
+
+致谢部分
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_7.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_7.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..68cfc46e33c18c1cc71e28c668a936bc772891b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_7.md
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+# Haier
+
+**前置过滤器**
+使用说明书
+
+
+
+▪ 使用前请仔细阅读本说明书
+▪ 本公司保留说明书解释权
+▪ 产品外观请以实物为准
+▪ 阅后请与发票一并妥善保存
+▪ 如遇产品技术或软件升级，恕不另行通知
+▪ 本产品只适合在中国大陆销售和使用
+
+
+
+智能家电操控
+智慧场景定制
+智家商城购物
+家电报装报修
+
+型号
+HPF28型
+
+## 目录
+
+使用注意事项...1-2
+▪ 注意事项...1
+▪ 装箱清单... 2
+产品简介...3-4
+▪ 产品型号及主要参数...3
+▪ 产品部件名称...3
+▪ 产品功能及特点... 4
+安装及维护...4-6
+▪ 安装示意图...4
+▪ 接头安装...5
+▪ 维护保养...5
+▪ 故障诊断及排除...6
+使用说明...6
+▪ 操作说明...6
+环保清单...7
+产品中食品接触材料列表...7
+保修服务...8
+▪ 用户须知...8
+▪ 保修说明...8
+“1+5”成套服务... 9
+
+## 使用注意事项
+
+### 注意事项
+
+注：本项目所有内容均与安全有关，请用户务必遵守。
+
+本项目中的注意事项只是为了正确地使用本产品。
+
+注意事项中解释了危险、危害的程度大小及可能发生的事
+
+1. 请勿使用未经厂商许可的其他配件，若因此造成机器故障，保修将自动终止。
+2. 请在拆除包装后检查产品是否有损伤，核对配件是否齐全。
+3. 儿童及无行为能力人请在监护人监督下使用本产品。
+4. 倘若发生故障，应立即拔掉电源插头，关闭自来水进水阀门，切勿将有缺陷的产品置于工作状态。
+5. 本产品在海尔授权的维修中心维修，在非授权的维修中心维修时，易引发其他不安全因素。
+
+|
+
+禁止标志 |
+凡是带有该标志的内容，是必须禁止的行为，否则可能会造成产品的损坏或危及使用者的人身安全。 |
+|
+
+警示标志 |
+凡是带有该标志的内容，必须严格按照要求操作，否则可能会造成产品的损坏或危及使用者的人身安全。 |
+|
+
+注意标志 |
+凡是带有该标志的内容，是使用者必须引起重视的部分，否则会因操作不当引起产品损伤或造成其他损失。 |
+
+
+|
+
+ 禁 止 |
|---|
+|
+
+避免阳光及户外避免安装在阳光直射及户外的场所 |
+
+
+防冻请勿将产品储存或暴露在0℃以下的环境中 |
+
+
+受热禁止在机体附近存放易燃易爆或受热易变形变质物品 |
+
+
+|
+
+ 警 示 |
|---|
+|
+
+故障处理机器出现故障时，请迅速切断水源、电源 |
+
+
+避免小孩接触请勿让小孩操作 |
+
+
+紧急呼叫寻求帮助请呼叫当地销售服务中心 |
+
+
+|
+
+ 注 意 |
|---|
+
+|
+
+维护请勿自行拆卸机器上的零部件，以防机器漏水和受损 |
+
+
+温度请在4℃~40℃干燥场所使用 |
+
+
+停用超过24小时不使用净水机，请关闭其水源、电源 |
+|
+
+配件和滤芯为保持机器正常运转，请务必使用带本公司防伪标贴的配件和滤芯请使用带有海尔防伪标贴的滤芯 |
+
+
+正确的维修服务本公司指定的经过专业培训持证上岗人员方可维修此机 |
+
+
+### 装箱清单
+
+| 配件名称 | 数量 | 备注 | | 前置过滤器 | 1支 | 40微米 | | 六角螺母 | 2只 | | | 舌型接头 | 2只 | 6分 | | PE管 | 1米 | 2分 | | 使用说明书 | 1本 | | | 扳手 | 1个 | | | 密封垫片 | 4个 | | | O型圈 | 1个 | |
+
+注：根据实际安装环境，可能需要另购管路和接头。
+
+## 产品简介
+
+### 产品型号及主要参数
+
+| 产品名称 | 海尔牌HPF19型前置过滤器 | | 产品型号 | HPF28型 | | 过滤精度 | 40微米 | | 适用水质 | 市政自来水 | | 适用水压 | 0.15MPa~1MPa | | 适用水温 | 5℃~38℃ | | 环境温度 | 4℃~40℃ | | 净水流量 | 4.0m³/h | | 总净水量 | 1000m³, 建议过滤120m³水后清洗过滤网 | | 出水水质 | 符合《生活饮用水水质处理器卫生安全与功能评价规范——一般水质处理》(2001)的要求 | | 产品净重 | 1.0kg | | 产品尺寸 | 159x87x237mm | | 批准文号 | 浙(07)卫水字(2020)第0002号 | | 执行标准 | QB/T4695-2014《家用和类似用途前置过滤器》 |
+
+### 产品部件名称
+
+
+
+### 产品功能及特点
+
+产品功能：
+可有效过滤水中的泥沙、铁锈、悬浮物等大颗粒杂质，对下游管道或用水设备起到积极保护作用。
+
+产品特点：
+大净水量，用水更贴心；
+集成排污技术，维护更舒心；
+食品级不锈钢滤网，使用更放心。
+
+## 安装及维护
+
+### 安装示意图
+
+
+
+
+注意：
+(1)安装前，先确认零部件是否齐全，需由专业人员安装；
+(2)安装前，关闭进水总阀，然后排走管道内的余水；
+(3)安装时，请注意阀体上标记的水流方向和管道内水流方向是否保持一致；
+(4)本产品安装后，滤瓶组件必须保持竖直；
+(5)本产品不宜安装在室外；
+(6)安装完成后，仔细观察各接头连接处是否有漏水现象。
+
+### 接头安装
+
+1）关闭进水总阀，然后排走管道内的余水。
+2）安装时，请注意阀体上标记的水流方向和管路内的水流方向是否保持一致。
+3）本系列产品安装后，滤瓶组件必须保持竖直。
+4）在安装前先确认零部件是否齐全。
+5）PPR管路安装，需要专用焊接设备，要求焊接牢固。
+6）金属硬管安装，则需要根据实际情况外加管路。
+7）在缠绕生料带时需充分均匀的缠绕。
+8）本产品不宜安装在室外，尽可能远离紫外线、热源、燃油以及各种化学品等。
+9）在扳手拧紧六角螺母时需确保其它部位不能随着转动。
+10）安装完成后仔细观察各接头连接处是否有漏水现象。
+
+
+ 
+
+### 维护保养
+
+(1)关闭进水总阀，打开水龙头，排出管路中的余水。
+(2)打开产品底部的排污球阀，排出滤瓶内的余水。
+(3)如图1所示，按①②③步骤，用专用扳手按图中箭头方向拧开滤瓶，取出不 锈钢滤网及刮洗组件。
+(4)用毛刷和清水清洗不锈钢滤网及刮洗组件表面的杂质。
+(5)如图2所示，按①②③步骤，将不锈钢滤网及刮洗组件装回到前置过滤器内， 旋上滤瓶，并用扳手按图中箭头方向 拧紧滤瓶。
+
+
+
+### 故障诊断及排除
+
+| 故障现象 | 可能原因 | 处理方法 | | 不出水 | 水源是否有水进水总阀是否打开 | 等待供水打开进水总阀 | | 出水流量小 | 进水总阀是否完全打开过滤网表面部分堵塞 | 将进水总阀完全打开冲洗滤网, 清除杂物 | | 接头处有渗水 | 过滤器零部件是否自行拆卸过渗水处的零件松动渗水处密封件老化或损坏 | 检查密封圈是否错位或脱落用扳手将螺纹接头重新拧紧更换密封件 |
+
+## 使用说明
+
+### 操作说明
+
+(1)安装完毕后，打开进水总阀，观察是否有漏水现象。
+(2)初次使用时，需先打开前置过滤器底部排污球阀，进行冲洗。 大约冲洗30秒即可。
+(3)视各地水质不同，至少每月冲洗一次。 冲洗时排污球阀开关三次，每次冲洗 30秒，冲洗的同时按图中箭头方向旋 转底部的刮洗旋钮3-4圈。用户可根 据实际使用情况适当缩短冲洗周期。
+(4)连续使用本产品8-12个月，需对过滤网进行清洗。用户也可 根据滤瓶内杂质堆积程度适当缩短清洗周期。
+(5)清洗、维护时，需注意保护好各部件完好。
+
+
+
+## 环保清单 |
+标记“×”部件在废弃后，如处理不当，会对环境造成污染，也会造成资源的浪费。
+
+### 产品中限用物质的名称及含量
+
+| 部件名称 | 限用物质 |
|---|
| 铅(Pb) | 汞(Hg) | 镉(Cd) | 六价铬 (Cr(VI)) | 多溴联苯 (PBB) | 多溴二苯醚 (PBDE) |
|---|
| 外壳 | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | | 球阀 | X | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | | 电子组(器)件 | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | | 包装件 | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | | 胶带、打包带 | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | | 密封圈 | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | | 滤网 | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο | Ο |
+
+本表格依据SJ/T11364的规定编制。
+
+○: 表示该限用物质在该部件所有均质材料中的含量在GB/T 26572规定的限量要求以下。
+×: 表示该限用物质至少在该部件的某一均质材料中的含量超出GB/T 26572规定的限量要求。
+*明细表中的部件为不同型号产品所包含的主要部件的汇总，本产品是否包含该部件，以产品的实际配置为准。
+*明细表中未列明的其它部件及其均质材料均不含限用物质。
+*明细表中标记“×”部件，皆因行业技术发展水平限制而无法实现限用物质的替代。
+
+温馨提示：
+为了保护环境，本产品或其中的部件报废后，作为消费者的您有责任将其与生活垃圾分开，送至有资质的回收站点，由回收处理站点按照国家相关规定进行分类拆解、回收再利用等。
+有关本产品的回收处理的详细信息，请咨询当地政府、废品处理机构等。
+
+
+在中华人民共和国境内销售的电子信息产品必须标识此标志。
+圆圈内的数字表示正常使用状态下产品的环保使用期限。
+
+备注：前置过滤器中与水接触材料(汞、铅、镉、六价铬析出量）均符合卫生部《生活饮用水水质处理器卫生安全与功能评价规范——一般水质处理器》（2001）和GB5749-2006中的要求。
+
+## 产品中食品接触材料列表
+
+| 部件名称 |
+部件材质 |
+执行标准 |
+部件名称 |
+部件材质 |
+执行标准 |
+| 机头 | 铜 | GB/T 17219-1998生活饮用水输配水设备及防护材料卫生安全评价规范(2001) | 刮条 | 硅胶 | GB/T 17219-1998生活饮用水输配水设备及防护材料卫生安全评价规范(2001) | | 滤瓶 | PC或改性PC | PE管 | PE | | 滤网 | 不锈钢 | 垫片 | 聚四氟乙烯 | | 排污球阀 | 铜 | 滤网骨架 | POM | | 备注：明细表中的部件为不同型号产品所包含的主要部件的汇总，本产品是否包含该部件，以产品的实际配置为准。 |
+
+## 保修服务
+
+### 用户须知
+
+1、当您需要正常咨询或维修时，请与您所在的售后服务中心联系，如在咨询或维修时出现异议，可
+拨打服务电话咨询和反应。
+2、维修时若需收费，服务人员必须向您出示统一的收费标准，并说明需收费项目才能进行收费。
+3、各地售后服务中心如有变动，恕不另行通知，请谅解；但可拨打服务电话联系，由话务工程师向
+您指定就近的维修点为您提供服务。
+4、生产日期：产品序列号的倒数第5、6、7位字符分别代表生产日期的日、月、年；
+日的代表：数字1~9，代表1~9日，字母A~X，代表10~31日；
+月份的代表：数字1~9，代表1~9月，字母A~C，代表10~12月；
+年份的代表：数字1~9，代表2001~2009年，字母A~X,代表2010~2031年；
+注：字母中无I和O，顺序以此类推。
+
+### 保修说明
+
+尊敬的用户：
+感谢您使用我们的产品。我们将按照《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》的有关规定为您提供优质服务。
+1. 您可凭正规商场提供的本机有效购买发票原件享受我公司为您提供的以下服务：
+（1）产品发生性能故障后，前置过滤器免费包修一年。
+（2）前置过滤器不能用作商业用途，否则前置过滤器及主要配件的包修期为3个月，除非购销合同中另有规定。
+（3）包修期限一律以购机发票日期为准开始计算。
+2. 下列情况，不属于包修服务范围，我公司可向您提供产品有偿收费服务。
+（1）超过我公司规定的三包有效期，经修复仍可继续使用；
+（2）由于用户自身原因运输、保管不善而损坏或未按说明书要求进行操作而损坏；
+（3）未经我公司许可，自行拆动的或经非本厂保修点修理后的产品；
+（4）不能出示正规商场提供的本机有效购买发票或发票涂改的产品；
+3. 产品已超过国家规定的使用寿命期的发生性能故障后，我公司不再提供相关修理服务，请参照国家相关废旧家电报废规定或政策对产品进行更新替换，旧机应进行报废处理不得再流向市场销售。
+
+### 温馨提示
+
+如果您的住所是高层建筑，自来水压力超过额定压力范围（如：大于0.4MPa）
+建议您联系我们售后购置减压阀，这样可以保证前置过滤器可靠使用，保证前置过滤器使用寿命。
+
+## “1+5”成套服务
+
+尊敬的用户：
+感谢您选择和使用我们的产品。我们承诺：您的产品需要安装或维修等服务时，
+我们将提供：
+**“1+5”成套服务**：
+1：一次就好服务。
+5：五项增值服务：
+（1）安全测电服务：为您提供安全测电并提醒讲解到位服务；
+（2）讲解指导服务：向您讲解产品使用、保养常识，指导用户正确使用服务；
+（3）一站通检服务：服务好本产品，对家中其他本企业产品进行通检服务；
+（4）全程无忧服务：为您提供设计、送货、安装、清洗、延保、以旧换新等服务；
+（5）现场清理服务：服务完成后将服务现场清理干净。
+
+为体现真诚、贴心，我们友情提醒：
+产品的安装服务，因用户的安装环境、个性需求不同，安装过程中如需辅加材料或有特殊服务项目需要支付材料等费用，您可通过“海尔智家”APP-“智家服务”-“收费标准”进行查看，并给予监督。如未按标准收费或服务规范执行不到位，可拨打服务监督电话400 699 9999，或通过“海尔智家”APP-“智家服务”-“在线客服”进行监督、评价。
+如果您的产品有服务需求，欢迎体验海尔智家自助服务专区（预约服务、一键安装、一键维修）：手机搜索安装“海尔智家”APP，您可通过“智家服务”版块选择安装、维修等服务。
+如您需要选购更多产品，可在“海尔智家”APP-“商城”进行选购。
+（更便捷、更快速、更省钱）
+
+期待您的参与！
+
+合格证
+Certificate of Quality
+
+检验员：
+
+**青岛海尔施特劳斯水设备有限公司**
+地址:山东省青岛胶州市海尔路1号
+生产商：海宁市倍世环保科技有限公司
+地址:海宁市长安镇(农发区)启潮路109号
+
+版次：2020年 第1版
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_8.md b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_8.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..9100be35fa73ceab20113c4979dbc77f51d653c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/RAG_eval/doc_md/wide_8.md
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+# Me 系列科普读物 6 册
+
+## 01 Me and the Measure of Things 《我的趣味测量》
+
+作者：琼·斯威尼
+绘者：安妮特·凯布尔
+这是我出生那一天的照片。
+那时，我重 7 磅（约 3.175 千克），长 20 英寸（约 50.8 厘米）。
+这是现在的我。我重 52 磅（约 23.59 千克），高 48 英寸（约 121.9 厘米）。
+每当我想知道某个东西的尺寸时——它重多少、长多少——我就用各种度量工具来进行测量。
+做煎饼需要多少烘焙粉？
+一袋小熊软糖重几盎司？
+农贸市场离我家有多远？
+度量工具可以告诉我多少、多重、多高和多远。
+我用特殊的勺子和杯子来测量干的东西。这是 1 茶匙的量。3 茶匙就是 1 大汤匙。16 汤匙等于 1 杯。我需要两杯烘焙粉来做煎饼。
+我还需要 1 杯牛奶。但测量液体的东西，我需要用盎司、杯、品脱、夸脱和加仑。
+我每天早上喝八盎司果汁，也就是一杯。
+当我的哥哥也喝一杯果汁的时候，我们的两杯就相当于 1 品脱。如果我们为全家人都倒上果汁，那我们需要倒 4 杯，或者说两品脱。这也就相当于 1 夸脱果汁。4 夸脱等于 1 加仑——可以把我的洒水壶装满了。当然是用水装，不是果汁哦。
+在糖果店，他们用秤来给东西称重。1 盎司的小熊软糖可以放满我的手掌。16 盎司小熊软糖等于 1 磅——整整一袋。
+2000 磅小熊软糖就是 1 短吨1。我们小镇的孩子们每人都能有一颗了！
+假设我想知道一样东西有多长时，我是这样子计算的。这张邮票长 1 英寸。12 英寸就是 1英尺，这也是我尺子的长度。3 英尺等于 1 码——1 码长的纸可以用来画一张大海报了。不过它要比我矮一英尺。
+5280 英尺就是 1 英里。这是我家到农贸市场的距离。
+在农贸市场里，人们用盒子和篮子进行测量。我们买了 1 品脱草莓。我们还买了 1 夸脱李子——也就是两品脱。
+我们买了 1 配克土豆——也就是 8 夸脱。我们还买了 1 蒲式耳的苹果——相当于 4 配克。
+我们很容易明白为什么这些度量工具在我们的生活中扮演着重要的角色。因为每一天我们都用它们进行测量！
+
+## 02 Me and My Amazing Body 《我的奇妙身体》
+作者：琼·斯威尼
+绘者：安妮特·凯布尔
+这是我和我的奇妙身体。
+这些是我能看见的身体部位。
+但是我身体的大部分，我都是看不见的，因为我的皮肤几乎裹住了我的整个身体。皮肤有很多种颜色。它让我的身体成为一个整体，让我可以感知事物，比如小猫咪软软的毛发，或者仙人掌的尖刺。哎哟！
+我的皮肤下面是骨头。一共有 206 块！当我的骨头组成一个整体的时候，就叫做骨架。我的骨架支撑起我的皮肤，就像帐篷杆支撑起帐篷一样。骨头很硬，可以帮助我保护柔软的内脏。
+
+
+1 1 短吨（美制计重单位）约等于 907.185 千克，1 长吨（英制计重单位）约等于 1016.047 千克，1 公吨（吨）等于 1000 千克。
+
+粘附在骨头上的是我的肌肉。我的身体有 600 多块肌肉。它们就像橡皮筋一样可以伸展和收缩。向四周活动我的身体，向前向后，向上向下这样有一定难度的任务是由肌肉完成的。当我微笑的时候我也会用到肌肉哦！
+我的肌肉可以活动，这是由我的大脑指挥的。大脑是我身体的指挥中心，它让我拥有一些属于自己奇思妙想。如此重要的大脑，当然占用着身体首要部位的一席之地——头，并被坚硬的头盖骨包裹着。我的大脑可以接收、传送来自身体各个部位的信息。
+我的身体和大脑需要许多能量来维持正常运转。它们可以从我的血液中获取能量。血液里面含有来自空气的氧气和来自食物的养分。我的血液通过静脉和动脉这两种特殊的管道遍布全身。如果我的皮肤由于割伤或者 擦伤流血了，不用担心！我的身体会持续地制造血液。
+单靠血液本身，它是不能在我的全身流动的。它需要我的心脏——胸腔内一组强劲有力的肌肉——来使它流动。我的心脏就像我的小小发动机。即使是在我睡觉的时候，它也会将血液不断地输送到我的全身。如果我把手放在胸口，我可以感受到自己的心跳。
+当我深呼吸的时候我也可以感受到肺在工作。我的肺就像气球一样充满了新鲜空气，并将我需要的气体——氧气输送到我的身体里。
+然后我的肺把废气呼出来。过一会儿之后，我又可以重新吸入新鲜空气了。
+我的身体除了需要空气还需要食物——不然我就不能长大了！当我感觉饿的时候我会吃东西，吃下去的食物会向下进入我的胃里。我的胃会将我吃下去的食物分解成非常小的小块。然后我的身体会吸收有用的部分用于获取能量和生长，并把不需要的部分排出体外。
+我身体的各个部位共同运作，让我能够生活下来……并让我成长。有一天我会长成一个真正的大人！
+是不是很奇妙呢？
+最奇妙的是——世界上的每个人都有着一个相似的身体，但每个人都是与众不同的。
+世界上不会有另外一个和你一模一样的人。也不会有另外一个和我一模一样的人。
+将来也不会有！
+
+## 03 Me Counting Time 《我的时间计算》
+作者：琼·斯威尼
+绘者：安妮特·凯布尔
+这是我。我正在邀请我的朋友们来参加我的生日聚会。我马上就要 7 岁了。
+试想一下——7 根蜡烛代表 7 岁。
+但是一年并不是一根蜡烛，一年是时间的一种计算方法。
+时间有不同的单位——秒、分、时、天等等。我是如何区分它们的呢？
+首先我想到眨一次眼。这大约是 1 秒。我可以通过说”one Mississippi, two Mississippi”来数秒数。
+然后我想到 60 秒。也就是 1 分钟。1 分钟我可以写完一封聚会的邀请函。
+然后我想到 60 分钟。也就是 1 小时——做生日蛋糕需要 1 小时！
+然后我想到 24 小时。也就是 1 天。地球每天转动一周。
+然后我想到 7 天。也就是 1 周。
+然后我想到 4 周。大约是 1 个月。大部分的月份都比 4 周稍微长一点，只有二月正好是 4 周——除了闰年。那就是 4 周再加上一天了。
+然后我想到 12 个月。也就是 1 年。从冬天到春天到夏天直到秋天。
+然后我想到 10 年。10 年（在英文中）可以叫做 decade——比我生活过的时间还要长。
+然后我想到 10 个 10 年。100 年。也就是一个世纪。一个世纪可以让一棵小树长得很高很高了。
+然后我想到 10 个世纪。也就是 1 个千禧年。1000 年！
+想象一下。一千年相当于眨眼 31,556,926,000 次。
+这可是很长很长的时间！
+比 7 年可长多了！那么我怎样将 1000 年和我的时间联系起来呢？从 1000 年前到现在？下面是我的方法。
+1000 年前，某个人建造了一艘像这样的海盗船。现在它将会有 1000 岁了——10 个世纪！
+1 个世纪以前，我的祖祖祖父拍了这幅照片。现在它有 100 岁了。
+十年前，我的外婆为我的妈妈缝制了这件婚纱。现在它 10 岁了。
+1 年前，我们搬进了一个新家，现在它 12 个月了。
+大约 1 个月前，我的猫咪生了小猫。现在它们 4 周大了。
+1 周前，我得到一双新的足球鞋。现在它们 7 天大了。
+1 天前，我画了这幅画。现在它 24 小时大了。
+我的爸爸可以在 1 个小时之内做好我的生日蛋糕。1 个小时就是 60 分钟。1 分钟是 60 秒。1秒钟等于眨一次眼所花的时间。
+还有 7 天，我就 7 岁了。
+7 根蜡烛。相当于眨动眼睛 220,898,482 次。
+真希望我的生日快点到来。
+我要享受我生命中的重要时刻啦!
+
+## 04 Me on the map 《从地图上找到我》
+作者：琼·斯威尼
+绘者：安妮特·凯布尔
+这是我。
+这是我的房间。
+这是我房间的平面图。
+这是在房间平面图中的我。
+这是我的家。
+这是我家的平面图。
+这是在我家平面图中的我的房间。
+这是我居住的街道。
+这是我居住的街道的地图。
+这是在街道地图中的我的家。
+这是我居住的小镇。
+这是我居住的小镇的地图。
+这是在小镇地图中的我居住的街道。
+这是我居住的州。
+这是我居住的州的地图。
+这是在州地图中的我居住的小镇。
+这是我的国家。美利坚合众国。
+这是我国家的地图。
+这是在国家地图中的我居住的州。
+这是我所在的世界。它叫做地球。
+它看上去像一个大球。
+如果你可以展开世界并把它抚平……
+它看上去就会像这幅世界地图一样。
+这是在世界地图中的我的国家。
+下面是我在世界地图中找到我的独特位置的方法。首先我看着世界地图找到我的国家。
+然后我看着国家的地图找到我的州。
+然后我看着州地图找到我的小镇。
+然后我看着小镇的地图找到我的街道。
+在街道上我找到了我的家。
+在我的家里我找到了我的房间。
+在我的房间我找到了自己！
+试着想象一下……在房间里，在家里，在街道上，在小镇里，在世界上的每一个国家里，每个人都在世界地图中有着自己的独特位置。
+就像我一样。
+就像地图中的我一样。
+
+## 05 Me and My Family Tree 《我和家庭树》
+作者：琼·斯威尼
+绘者：安妮特·凯布尔
+这是我和我的家庭。
+我家里有哥哥、爸爸、妈妈、爷爷、奶奶、外公、外婆、姨妈、姑姑、伯伯，还有表妹、堂哥、堂弟。
+他们和我是什么关系呢？
+我将用我的家庭树为您呈现。
+首先从我自己开始。
+然后是我的哥哥，Alan. 我们都是家庭树的一部分。
+这是我的父母亲。
+我的妈妈和我的爸爸。
+他们也是家庭树的一部分。
+这是我妈妈的妈妈——我的外婆。
+这是我妈妈的爸爸——我的外公。
+这是我爸爸的妈妈——我的奶奶。
+这是我爸爸的爸爸——我的爷爷。
+他们也是家庭树的一部分。
+妈妈有一个妹妹2——我的姨妈 Sally。她和我的姨父 Lee 结婚了。他们有一个女儿——我的表妹 Alice。
+他们都是我家庭树的一部分。
+爸爸有一个哥哥——我的伯伯 Jim。他和我的伯母 Margie 结婚了。他们有两个儿子——我的堂哥 Jeff 和堂弟 David。爸爸还有一个妹妹——我的姑姑 Pat。
+他们都是我家庭树的一部分。
+现在——你们能猜到我是怎么来的吗？
+外婆和外公生了我妈妈和姨妈。
+奶奶和爷爷生了爸爸和他的哥哥、妹妹。
+
+
+2 由于英文中 sister 可以表示姐姐或妹妹，brother 可表示哥哥或弟弟，cousin 可表示堂/表兄弟姐妹，翻译时可联系上下文，如文中没有足够信息，可灵活翻译。
+
+我的伯母和伯伯生了我的堂兄弟。
+我的姨妈和姨父生了我的表妹。
+我的妈妈和爸爸生了我的哥哥。
+然后……我的妈妈和爸爸生了我。
+有一天我也可能会有孩子，他们也都会成为我家庭树的一部分。
+想象一下，世界上的每个人都有一个家庭树。
+和你我一样。
+
+## 06 Me and My Place in Space 《我的神奇太空》
+作者：琼·斯威尼
+绘者：安妮特·凯布尔
+这是地球上的我——地球是我在太空中所处的位置。
+今晚，我可以从我在太空中所处的位置看见月亮。
+月亮是一个岩石球，它围绕着地球旋转。就像地球围绕着太阳旋转一样。
+太阳是一个大火球，大小相当于一百万个地球。
+太阳又亮又烫，照耀着……我们的整个太阳系——九个不同的行星3，包括地球，它们都围绕着太阳旋转。
+水星是距离太阳最近的行星。在水星上，白天像火烧一样炙热，晚上像寒冰一样寒冷。
+从金星上看，太阳是从西方升起的。
+它闪闪发光的云层使它成为九大行星中最明亮的星球。
+我在太空中所处的位置——美丽的地球——是距离太阳第三近的星球。也是太阳系中唯一一个有生命体存在的星球。
+很久以前，火星上可能也有生命。但现在，火星看上去锈迹斑斑，又脏又冷。
+木星是一个巨大的气体星球，比其它几个行星加起来还要大。
+土星宽宽的行星环是由冰粒构成的，有一些和房子一样大。
+在天王星上，永远都很寒冷，即使太阳一连照耀 42 年，也仍旧温暖不起来。
+海王星看起来像是天王星的蓝色孪生兄弟；它的大暗斑是一个巨大的风暴区，风速可达 700英里每小时。
+冥王星是一个距离太阳很远的冰球，太阳看起来就像是远方的一个小点。
+虽然我们的太阳系很大，但它也只是银河系中很小的一部分［银河系是由数千亿星体组成的巨大星系，其中有一部分星体有自己的“太阳系”（恒星系统）］ 。
+银河系也仅仅只是宇宙众多星系中的一个。宇宙中的星系如此之多，你可能数也数不过来。
+宇宙是如此如此的辽阔，可能你遨游数万亿年还到不了宇宙的另一边。
+有时候我会想。
+太空中是不是还有另外一个和我的银河系一样的星系？
+另一个和我的太阳系一样的“太阳系”（恒星系统）？
+另一个和我的太阳一样的太阳？
+另外一个和地球一样的星球？
+那里也会有个和我一样的人？
+也许吧。
+
+
+3 在 2006 年 8 月 24 日于布拉格举行的第 26 界国际天文联会中通过的第 5 号决议中，冥王星被划为矮行星，并命名为小行星 134340 号，从太阳系九大行星中除名。所以现在太阳系只有八颗行星。
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+# 合肥物质院研究生学位论文开题和中期考核说明
+
+## 一、考核专家组组成
+
+研究生开题和中期考核专家组成员可由合肥物质院各学科专业委员会、各科研单元或研究室/中心指定，专家组成员学科专业和研究领域应与研究生学科专业相同或相关。硕士生开题和中期考核小组成员由3-5名具有高级技术职称（正高或副高）的专
+家组成；博士生开题和中期考核专家组成员由5-7位具有正高级专业技术职称（研究员或教授，其中博导不得少于3人）的专家组成。
+
+研究生开题或中期考核原则上应聘请1-2名外单位专家（硕士1名，博士2名）为考核专家组成员。
+
+专业学位研究生（工程硕士、工程博士）开题或中期考核需有1名企业实践导师作为考核专家组成员。
+
+外单位评审专家可按照《中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院研究生教育管理劳务酬金发放管理办法》（科合院发研教字〔2018〕1号）中第三条第二款的规定发放评审劳务酬金，费用由相关实验室/中心指定课题或导师课题经费支出。合肥物质院院内评审专家不发放开题和中期考核评审劳务酬金。
+
+## 二、考核时间
+
+合肥物质院集中开展开题和中期考核的时间一般为每年的12月1日至12月31日。每年的4月1日至4月15日，对因首次开题或中期考核未通过或其他原因未集中开题的同学进行补充开题和中期考核。
+
+因特殊情况需临时组织开展开题或中期考核的，需由学生本人提出申请，经导师和研究室/中心批准并报研究生处审核后，方可按照要求组织开展开题和中期考核。
+
+### 1、开题时间：
+
+硕士生和直博生开题一般在入学后第三学期进行；统招博士生开题一般在入学后第一学期进行。
+
+硕博连读生在博士入学后第一学期进行开题（重新开题）。
+
+根据《中国科学技术大学硕士、博士学位授予实施细则》（校学位字〔2023〕117号）的有关规定，硕士开题通过后满半年方可申请学位论文评审，博士开题通过后满1年方可申请学位论文评审。
+
+### 2、中期考核时间：
+
+硕士生及博士生需在开题通过6个月后、18个月内开展首次学位论文中期考核。
+博士生须在其入学后4年内参加首次学位论文中期考核。
+开题未通过的学生不得参加中期考核。
+
+## 三、开题
+
+开题将对研究生学位课程学习、文献调研、论文选题等方面进行考察
+
+### 1、开题内容和方式：
+
+#### 1）开题报告
+
+研究生本人撰写开题报告，并准备开题报告PPT。
+
+开题报告参考内容：
+
+填写《研究生学位论文开题报告》（https://gradschool.ustc.edu.cn/column/193：
+《研究生开题报告样表、评审表》）。
+
+填写《研究生培养计划和成绩登记表》（https://gradschool.ustc.edu.cn/column/193：《研究生培养计划和成绩登记表2020版》）。
+
+#### 2）开题报告PPT参考内容：
+
+a.硕士研究生在开题时，需报告学位课程学习情况，主要包括公共必修课、学科基础课、专业基础课有无挂科等，供专家审核；
+b.参考文献调研情况，是否按照导师要求进行了充分的文献调研；
+c.对国内外研究现状和发展趋势把握情况是否准确；
+d.对论文选题研究意义的把握情况；
+e.论文选题与本人学科专业是否一致，学术成果与论文选题和内容的相关性；
+f.选题内容、拟采用的方法和手段的可行性分析是否准确；
+g.目前已经具备的工作基础或已经开展的工作情况；
+h.论文工作量是否饱满，是否满足硕士或博士学位论文的要求；
+i.该选题有哪些创新之处（硕士可不做要求）；
+j.所需科研条件及预期成果分析是否合理；
+k.论文工作进度安排是否合理。
+
+### 2、导师评议：
+
+导师根据学生的思想品德表现、学习成绩、学习态度、论文选题和准备情况等进行 综 合 评 定 ， 并 在 《 研 究 生 学 位 论 文 开 题 报 告 评 审 表 》 （https://gradschool.ustc.edu.cn/column/193：《研究生开题报告样表、评审表》）签署意见。
+
+### 3、集中考核：
+
+学生以PPT报告形式，向考核专家组汇报个人学业及论文选题等情况，考核专家提出问题，并在《硕士研究生学位论文开题评审打分表》（附件1）或《博士研究生学位论文开题评审打分表》（附件2）上打分。
+
+每名学生做开题报告（需做PPT）时间硕士一般为15-20分钟，博士为20-25分钟，专家提问和评审时间15-20分钟。
+
+### 4、考核结论：
+
+开题评审采取专家打分方式，专家打分75分及以上为通过票，75分以下为不通过票。
+
+通过票数达到总体票数2/3的，学位论文开题结果评定为“通过”，否则结果评定为“不通过”。
+
+根据研究生开题报告内容和专家提问回答情况，结合专家打分结果，由开题评审专家组在《研究生学位论文开题报告评审表》上给出考核意见和考核结论。
+
+开题结果评定位“通过”的硕士或博士生，如果其学位论文选题或研究内容发生重大变化的，应重新开题。
+
+首次参加开题的硕士和博士研究生，如考核结果为不通过，需在1年以内重新进行开题。
+
+博士生学位论文开题最迟须在第四学年第一学期内完成并通过，未在规定时间内完成开题并通过的博士生，《中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院博士研究生培养分流退出机制实施细则》（科合院发研字〔2024〕4号）的规定，启动分流退出程序。
+
+## 四、中期考核
+
+中期考核将对研究生学业和学位论文进展情况，以及德、智、体等各方面进行一次全面系统的检查。
+
+### 1、中期考核内容和方式：
+
+1）研究生本人撰写中期报告，并准备中期考核PPT。
+2）中期报告参考内容：
+请见《研究生学位论文中期报告》（https://gradschool.ustc.edu.cn/column/193：《研究生中期进展报告样表、评审表》）。
+3）中期考核PPT参考内容：
+a.博士研究生在中期考核时，填写《研究生培养计划和成绩登记表》（https://gradschool.ustc.edu.cn/column/193：《研究生培养计划和成绩登记表2020版》），主要包括公共必修课、专业课学习情况及有无挂科等，硕转博研究生同时需要提供硕士阶段课程学习情况。同时，对于跨专业硕转博的学生，需要明确是否按照转博后学科专业培养方案中硕博一体化培养模式（详见各学科培养方案），补齐了该专业硕士阶段基础课程（公共必修课、学科基础课及专业基础课），并取得了相应的学分。
+b.论文研究方向和内容与学科专业的一致性，以及与开题的相关性；
+c.论文实质性进展情况及已经取得的成绩（新发现、新工艺、已发表的学术成果、获得奖励奖项等），学术成果与学位论文的相关性（与论文章节对应性）；
+d.论文创造性或创新性进展情况（硕士可不做要求）；
+e.对论文目前存在的主要问题、拟解决途径和改进措施的准确性和有效性分析；
+f.能否按照计划完成论文内容和目标；
+g.下一步工作计划及预计答辩时间；
+h.其它需要向评审专家汇报的内容。
+
+### 2、导师评议：
+
+导师根据学生的思想品德表现、学习成绩、科研工作能力和学位论文进展情况等进 行 综 合 评 定 ， 并 在 《 研 究 生 学 位 论 文 中 期 考 核 评 审 表 》 （https://gradschool.ustc.edu.cn/column/193：《研究生中期进展报告样表、评审表》）上签署意见。
+
+### 3、集中考核：
+
+学生以PPT报告形式，向考核专家组汇报论文工作开展情况，考核专家提出问题，并在《硕士研究生学位论文中期考核评审打分表》（附件3）或《博士研究生学位论文中期考核评审打分表》（附件4）上打分。学生做中期报告（需做PPT）时间硕士一般为15-20分钟，博士为20-25分钟，专家提问和评审时间15-20分钟。
+
+### 4、考核结论：
+
+中期考核采取专家打分方式，专家打分75分及以上为通过票，75分以下为不通过票。
+
+通过票数达到总体票数2/3的，学位论文中期考核结果评定为“通过”，否则结果评定为“不通过”。
+
+根据研究生中期报告内容和专家提问回答情况，结合专家打分结果，由中期考核专家组在《研究生学位论文中期考核评审表》（https://gradschool.ustc.edu.cn/column/193：《研究生中期进展报告样表、评审表》）上给出考核意见和考核结论。
+
+首次参加中期考核的硕士和博士研究生，如考核结果为不合格，需在其后6个月以内重新进行中期考核。
+
+博士生第二次中期考核仍未通过的研究生，按照《中国科学院合肥物质科学研究院博士研究生培养分流退出机制实施细则》（科合院发研字〔2024〕4号）的规定，启动分流退出程序。
+
+## 五、其他
+
+1、开题或中期考核为第二次考核通过的研究生，其学位论文将列为教育部、中国科学技术大学，以及合肥物质院学位论文抽查重点关注对象。
+
+2、因故不能按时参加开题或中期考核的学生，需提交《研究生学位论文延期开题（中期考核）申请表》（附件5），并由导师、研究室/中心和所领导签署意见后，参加下一批次的开题或中期考核。
+
+每名学生原则上只能申请一次延期开题和一次延期中期考核。
+
+合肥物质院研究生处
+
+2025年3月
\ No newline at end of file
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