\documentclass[twocolumn,english,aps,prd,reprint,floatfix,notitlepage,footinbib,preprintnumbers,superscriptaddress,altaffilletter]{revtex4-2} \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsfonts} \usepackage{hyperref,breakurl,cleveref,url} \usepackage{color} \usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage[export]{adjustbox} %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% % AUTHORS' MACROS BEGIN HERE % %%%%%%%%%%_ LEVEL 0 _%%%%%%%%%% %%%%% Math Packages %%%%% \usepackage{accents,mathrsfs,mathtools} %%%%% Formatting %%%%% \renewcommand{\paragraph}[1]{% \textit{#1}.---% } \def\skip{\vskip1.5pt} \newcommand\trick[1]{} %\protect\trick. \usepackage{enumitem} \setlist[enumerate]{ label={}, leftmargin=2em, itemsep=2pt, topsep= 2pt, partopsep=0pt, parsep=0pt, } %%%%% Referencing %%%%% \let\oldeqref\eqref \renewcommand{\eqref}[1]{Eq.\,\smash{\oldeqref{#1}}} \newcommand{\eqrefs}[2]{Eqs.\,\smash{\oldeqref{#1}} and \smash{\oldeqref{#2}}} \newcommand{\rcite}[1]{Ref.\,\cite{#1}} \newcommand{\rrcite}[1]{Refs.\,\cite{#1}} \newcommand{\fref}[1]{Fig.\,\ref{#1}} \newcommand{\App}[1]{Appendix~\ref{#1}} \def\JHK{{J.-H.\,K. }} %%%%%%%%%%_ LEVEL 1 _%%%%%%%%%% %%%%% MathOperators %%%%% \def\Re{{\operatorname{Re}}} \def\Im{{\operatorname{Im}}} \DeclareMathOperator{\sinc}{sinc} \DeclareMathOperator{\sinhc}{sinhc} \DeclareMathOperator{\Exp}{Exp} \DeclareMathOperator{\diag}{diag} %%%%% Abbreviations, spacings %%%%% \def\mem{\hspace{0.1em}} \def\hem{\hspace{0.05em}} \def\nem{\hspace{-0.1em}} \def\hnem{\hspace{-0.05em}} \def\hhem{\hspace{0.025em}} \def\hhnem{\hspace{-0.025em}} \def\hhhem{\hspace{0.0125em}} \def\hhhnem{\hspace{-0.0125em}} \def\ssnem{\hspace{-0.031em}} \def\blank{{\,\,\,\,\,}} %%%%% Abbreviations, implies %%%%% \def\qiq{{\quad\implies\quad}} \def\iq{{{\implies}\quad}} %%%%% Symbols, greek %%%%% \def\a{\alpha} \def\b{\beta} \def\c{{\gamma}} \def\d{{\delta}} \def\e{\epsilon} \def\ve{\varepsilon} \def\m{\mu} \def\n{\nu} \def\r{\rho} \def\s{\sigma} \def\k{\kappa} \def\l{\lambda} \def\t{\tau} %%%%% Symbols, barred greek %%%%% \def\bpsi{\bar{\psi}} %%%%% Symbols, alphabetical %%%%% \def\bQ{\bar{Q}} %%%%% Symbols, spacings adjusted %%%%% \def\mtimes{{\mem\times\mem}} \def\mdot{{\mem\cdot\mem}} %%%%%%%%%%_ LEVEL 2 _%%%%%%%%%% %%%%% Macros, Big Brackets %%%%% \newcommand{\BB}[1]{\Big(\,{#1}\,\Big)} \newcommand{\bb}[1]{\bigg(\,{#1}\,\bigg)} \newcommand{\bigbig}[1]{\big(\mem{#1}\mem\big)} \newcommand{\pr}[1]{(\mem{#1}\mem)} \newcommand{\bbsq}[1]{\bigg[\,{#1}\,\bigg]} %%%%% Indices %%%%% \def\da{{\dot{\a}}} \def\db{{\dot{\b}}} \def\dc{{\dot{\c}}} \def\dd{{\dot{\d}}} %%%%% Spinors %%%%% % \def\tdo{\widetilde{o}} % \def\ti{\widetilde{\iota}} \def\tdo{\tilde{o}} \def\ti{\tilde{\iota}} \newcommand{\wrap}[1]{{\smash{#1}\vphantom{\beta}}} %%%%% Spinor brackets %%%%% \def\lsq{{ \kern-0.037em \adjustbox{scale=0.919,valign=c}{$ { \adjustbox{raise=-0.0855em}{$\lfloor$} \llap{\reflectbox{\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{$\lfloor$}}} } $} \kern-0.04em }} \def\rsq{{ \kern-0.04em \adjustbox{scale=0.919,valign=c}{$ { \rlap{\reflectbox{\rotatebox[origin=c]{180}{$\rfloor$}}} \adjustbox{raise=-0.0855em}{$\rfloor$} } $} \kern-0.037em }} %%%%% This paper %%%%% \def\vex{\vec{x}} \def\vea{\vec{a}} \def\txi{{\protect\tilde{\xi}}} \def\tzeta{{\protect\tilde{\zeta}}} \def\tpi{{\protect\tilde{\pi}}} \def\tz{{\tilde{z}}} \def\tm{{\tilde{m}}} \def\tZ{\smash{\tilde{Z}}} \def\tchi{\tilde{\chi}} \def\te{\tilde{\epsilon}} \def\tell{\smash{\tilde{\ell}}} \def\trho{\smash{\tilde{\rho}}} \def\ttheta{\smash{\tilde{\theta}}} \def\teta{\smash{\tilde{\eta}}} \def\rstar{{r}} \def\rprol{{\tilde{r}}} \def\zag{} \def\zig{} \def\tQ{{\smash{\widetilde{Q}}}} \def\tM{{\smash{\widetilde{M}}}} \usepackage{hyphenat} \hyphenation{Schwarz-schild} \usepackage{lipsum} \usepackage{simpler-wick} \newcommand{\Jac}[1]{\mathrm{Jac}\hem\big(\hem{#1}\hem\big)} %\def\lb{\{\nem\{} %\def\rb{\}\nem\}} \def\lb{\{\kern-0.15em\{} \def\rb{\}\kern-0.15em\}} \newcommand{\pb}[2]{\{\hem{#1},{#2}\hem\}} \newcommand{\dpb}[2]{\lb\hem{#1},{#2}\hem\rb} \newcommand{\tpb}[2]{\{\nem\lb\hem{#1},{#2}\hem\rb\nem\}} \newcommand{\comm}[2]{[\hem{#1},{#2}\hem]} \def\R{\mathbb{R}} \def\g{\mathfrak{g}} \def\su{\mathfrak{su}} \def\diff{\mathfrak{diff}} \def\SU{\mathrm{SU}} \def\GL{\mathrm{GL}} \def\Nc{{N_\text{c}}} \def\tphi{\tilde{\phi}} \def\P{\mathcal{P}} \def\Aflat{\mathbb{A}} \def\A{\mathcal{A}} \def\can{{\text{can}}} \def\cov{{\adjustbox{raise=-0.06em,scale=0.85}{${}_\nabla$}}} \def\YM{{\text{YM}}} \def\O{\mathcal{O}} \def\N{\mathcal{N}} \def\M{\mathcal{M}} %%%%% Symbols, spacings adjusted %%%%% \def\mwedge{{\mem\wedge\mem\hhem}} \def\swedge{{\mem{\wedge}\,}} % \def\edge{{\hhhem\mem\wedge\mem}} \def\mtimes{{\mem\times\mem}} \def\mdot{{\mem\cdot\mem}} \def\mt{{\mem\times}} \def\md{{\mem\cdot}} \def\modot{{\mem\odot\mem}} \def\mtensor{{\mem\otimes\mem}} \def\mplus{{\mem+\mem}} \def\mcdots{{\mem\cdots\mem}} \def\mminus{{\mem-\mem}} \def\mlra{{\mem\leftrightarrow\mem}} \def\tensor\otimes \def\bplus{{\,+\,}} %%%%% TikZ %%%%% \usepackage{tikz} \usetikzlibrary{calc} % to use relative coordinates \usetikzlibrary{shapes.geometric} % to draw regular polygons \usetikzlibrary{positioning} % to use right=of \usetikzlibrary{fit} % for fit size \usepackage[a]{esvect} % arrow styling %f \tikzset{empty/.style = {inner sep = 0pt, outer sep = 0, minimum size = 0}} \tikzset{b/.style = {inner sep = 2pt, outer sep = 4pt, minimum size = 12pt}} \tikzset{w/.style = {inner sep = 1pt, outer sep = 2pt, minimum size = 12pt, anchor = west}} \usepackage[export]{adjustbox} \tikzset{every node/.style = {inner sep = 0pt, outer sep = 0, minimum size = 0}} %\tikzset{every path/.style = {draw, line width = 1.2pt}} \tikzset{dot/.style = {circle, draw=black, fill=black, inner sep=0pt, outer sep=0pt, minimum size=2.5pt, line width=1.2pt}} \definecolor{lgray}{RGB}{150,150,150} \tikzset{ dprop/.style = { draw, line width=0.8pt, dotted, line cap=round, dash pattern=on 0pt off 2.53pt, color=lgray } } \tikzset{l/.style = {draw, line width = 1.2pt}} 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\bigg\} \,, }} \newcommand{\contxyd}[4]{ \times 4 {\color{guides}\small% \text{\quad\, from \quad} \bigg\{ \begin{aligned}[c] #1 &\text{---} #2 \\[-0.4\baselineskip] #3 &\text{---} #4 \end{aligned} \bigg\} \text{\,,\,\,} \bigg\{ \begin{aligned}[c] #2 &\text{---} #1 \\[-0.4\baselineskip] #4 &\text{---} #3 \end{aligned} \bigg\} \text{\,,\,\,} \bigg\{ \begin{aligned}[c] #3 &\text{---} #4 \\[-0.4\baselineskip] #1 &\text{---} #2 \end{aligned} \bigg\} \text{\,,\,\,} \bigg\{ \begin{aligned}[c] #4 &\text{---} #3 \\[-0.4\baselineskip] #2 &\text{---} #1 \end{aligned} \bigg\} }} %%%%% Symbols, vectors %%%%% %\definecolor{spacegray}{RGB}{20,20,75} %\newcommand{\csg}[1]{{\color{spacegray}#1}} % %\def\X{\csg{\mathbf{X}}} %\def\P{\csg{\mathbf{P}}} % %\def\Ph{\csg{\mathbf{\Phi}}} %\def\tPh{\csg{\tilde{\mathbf{\Phi}}}} % %\def\Ps{\csg{\mathbf{\Psi}}} %\def\tPs{\csg{\tilde{\mathbf{\Psi}}}} % %\def\E{\csg{\mathbf{E}}} \def\X{\mathbf{X}} \def\P{\mathbf{P}} \def\Th{\mathbf{\Theta}} \def\bTh{\bar{\mathbf{\Theta}}} \def\Ph{\mathbf{\Phi}} \def\tPh{\tilde{\mathbf{\Phi}}} \def\Ps{\mathbf{\Psi}} \def\bPs{\bar{\mathbf{\Psi}}} \def\tPs{\tilde{\mathbf{\Psi}}} \def\E{\mathbf{E}} \def\Ric{{\mathrm{Ric}}} %\definecolor{LRarrows}{RGB}{41,40,160} %\newcommand{\LA}[1]{{ % \accentset{\footnotesize\color{LRarrows}\xleftarrow{}}{#1} %}} %\newcommand{\RA}[1]{{ % \accentset{\footnotesize\color{LRarrows}\xrightarrow{}}{#1} %}} \newcommand{\LA}[1]{{\smash{ \accentset{\footnotesize\blacktriangleleft}{#1} }}} \newcommand{\RA}[1]{{\smash{ \accentset{\footnotesize\blacktriangleright}{#1} }}} \def\LPs{\LA{\mathbf{\Psi}}} \def\LbPs{\LA{\bar{\mathbf{\Psi}}}} \def\RPs{\RA{\mathbf{\Psi}}} \def\RbPs{\RA{\bar{\mathbf{\Psi}}}} \def\LTh{\LA{\mathbf{\Theta}}} \def\LbTh{\LA{\bar{\mathbf{\Theta}}}} \def\RTh{\RA{\mathbf{\Theta}}} \def\RbTh{\RA{\bar{\mathbf{\Theta}}}} \newcommand{\la}[1]{{\smash{ \accentset{\adjustbox{scale=0.45}{$\scriptsize\blacktriangleleft$}}{#1} }}} \newcommand{\ra}[1]{{\smash{ \accentset{\adjustbox{scale=0.45}{$\scriptsize\blacktriangleright$}}{#1} }}} \def\lPs{\la{\mathbf{\Psi}}} \def\lbPs{\la{\bar{\mathbf{\Psi}}}} \def\rPs{\ra{\mathbf{\Psi}}} \def\rbPs{\ra{\bar{\mathbf{\Psi}}}} \def\lTh{\la{\mathbf{\Theta}}} \def\lbTh{\la{\bar{\mathbf{\Theta}}}} \def\rTh{\ra{\mathbf{\Theta}}} \def\rbTh{\ra{\bar{\mathbf{\Theta}}}} \usepackage{makecell} \newcommand{\para}[1]{\noindent\textbf{#1.}|} \def\mflat{\mathbb{M}} \def\V{\mathbb{V}} \def\btheta{\bar{\theta}} \def\ps{\mathcal{P}} \def\YM{{\text{YM}}} \def\BI{{\text{BI}}} \def\Grav{{\text{Grav}}} \newcommand{\normal}[1]{{{:}\mem{#1}\mem{:}}} \def\ta{{\smash{\tilde{a}}}{}} \def\tb{{\smash{\tilde{b}}}{}} \def\tc{{\smash{\tilde{c}}}{}} \def\td{{\smash{\tilde{d}}}{}} \def\te{{\smash{\tilde{e}}}{}} \def\tf{{\smash{\tilde{f}}}{}} \def\R{\mathbb{R}} \def\C{\mathbb{C}} \def\so{\mathfrak{so}} \def\g{\mathfrak{g}} \def\tg{\tilde{\mathfrak{g}}} \def\diff{\mathfrak{diff}} \def\sdiff{\mathfrak{sdiff}} \def\tphi{\widetilde{\phi}} \def\Nc{{N_\text{c}}} %\def\mathe{e} \def\mathe{{\scalebox{1.01}[1]{$\mathrm{e}$}}} % % AUTHORS' MACROS END HERE %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \begin{document} \title{ % Field Equations from Particle Phase Spaces Double Copy and the Double Poisson Bracket } \author{Joon-Hwi Kim} \affiliation{Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA} \begin{abstract} We derive first-order and second-order field equations from ambitwistor spaces as phase spaces of massless particles. % In particular, the second-order field equations of Yang-Mills theory and general relativity are formulated in a unified form $\dpb{H}{H}_\cov = 0$, whose left-hand side describes a doubling of Poisson bracket in a covariant sense. % This structure originates from a one-loop diagram encoded in gauge-covariant, associative operator products on the ambitwistor worldlines. % A conjecture arises that the kinematic algebra might manifest as the Poisson algebra of ambitwistor space. \end{abstract} \preprint{CALT-TH 2025-005} % \date{\today} \bibliographystyle{utphys-modified} \renewcommand*{\bibfont}{\fontsize{8}{8.5}\selectfont} \setlength{\bibsep}{1pt} \maketitle \input{body.tex} \medskip \noindent\textit{Acknowledgements.}|% The author is grateful to Clifford Cheung, Toby Saunders-A'Court, and Sonja Klisch for discussions. % The author would like to thank Lionel Mason for insightful discussions during the conference ``The Mathematics behind Scattering Amplitudes'' held in August 2024; % the author thanks the Galileo Galilei Institute for Theoretical Physics, Florence for hospitality. % The author is grateful to Sebastian Mizera for encouraging comments and Julio Parra-Martinez for bringing the history of Feynman brackets to his attention. % The author thanks the attendees of California Amplitudes Meeting 2023 on March 18\textsuperscript{th} for comments on the idea of approaching double copy via Feynman brackets, presented in the talk \cite{caamps23spt}. % J.-H.K. is supported by the Department of Energy (Grant {No.}~DE-SC0011632) and by the Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics. % \newpage \appendix \onecolumngrid \input{app.tex} % \phantom{.} % \newpage % \newpage % \input{supp.tex} \twocolumngrid \bibliography{references.bib} \end{document}