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What conditions are considered upper respiratory tracts infections? | common cold, pharyngitis, otitis, sinusitis, laryngotracheitis, epiglottitis | [
"BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract infections RTIs are a major morbidity factor contributing largely to health care costs and individual quality of life. The aim of the study was to test whether obesity BMI ≥ 30 kg/m. is one of the risk factors underlying frequent RTIs in the German adult population. METHODS: We recrui... | 1,563 | 328 | BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract infections RTIs are a major morbidity factor contributing largely to health care costs and individual quality of life. The aim of the study was to test whether obesity BMI ≥ 30 kg/m. is one of the risk factors underlying frequent RTIs in the German adult population. METHODS: We recruited 1... |
What conditions are considered lower respiratory tract infections? | bronchitis, pneumonia and bronchiolitis | [
"BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract infections RTIs are a major morbidity factor contributing largely to health care costs and individual quality of life. The aim of the study was to test whether obesity BMI ≥ 30 kg/m. is one of the risk factors underlying frequent RTIs in the German adult population. METHODS: We recrui... | 1,563 | 329 | BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract infections RTIs are a major morbidity factor contributing largely to health care costs and individual quality of life. The aim of the study was to test whether obesity BMI ≥ 30 kg/m. is one of the risk factors underlying frequent RTIs in the German adult population. METHODS: We recruited 1... |
What immune cells are primarily involved in eliminating virus-infected cells? | NK cells (CD3-/CD16+/CD56+) | [
"BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract infections RTIs are a major morbidity factor contributing largely to health care costs and individual quality of life. The aim of the study was to test whether obesity BMI ≥ 30 kg/m. is one of the risk factors underlying frequent RTIs in the German adult population. METHODS: We recrui... | 1,563 | 330 | BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract infections RTIs are a major morbidity factor contributing largely to health care costs and individual quality of life. The aim of the study was to test whether obesity BMI ≥ 30 kg/m. is one of the risk factors underlying frequent RTIs in the German adult population. METHODS: We recruited 1... |
What molecules have been shown to hinder T cell responses to viral infections? | Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) | [
"BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract infections RTIs are a major morbidity factor contributing largely to health care costs and individual quality of life. The aim of the study was to test whether obesity BMI ≥ 30 kg/m. is one of the risk factors underlying frequent RTIs in the German adult population. METHODS: We recrui... | 1,563 | 331 | BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract infections RTIs are a major morbidity factor contributing largely to health care costs and individual quality of life. The aim of the study was to test whether obesity BMI ≥ 30 kg/m. is one of the risk factors underlying frequent RTIs in the German adult population. METHODS: We recruited 1... |
The accumulation of what molecule hinders phagocytic activity in T cells? | reactive oxygen species (ROS) | [
"BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract infections RTIs are a major morbidity factor contributing largely to health care costs and individual quality of life. The aim of the study was to test whether obesity BMI ≥ 30 kg/m. is one of the risk factors underlying frequent RTIs in the German adult population. METHODS: We recrui... | 1,563 | 332 | BACKGROUND: Respiratory tract infections RTIs are a major morbidity factor contributing largely to health care costs and individual quality of life. The aim of the study was to test whether obesity BMI ≥ 30 kg/m. is one of the risk factors underlying frequent RTIs in the German adult population. METHODS: We recruited 1... |
What is discussed in this publication? | the potential anti-virus activity of inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), a well characterized effector of the cellular homeostatic response to an overloading of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein-folding capacity. IRE1, an ER-membrane-resident ribonuclease (RNase), upon activation catalyses regulated cleavage of se... | [
"The mammalian genome has evolved to encode a battery of mechanisms, to mitigate a progression in the life cycle of an invasive viral pathogen. Although apparently disadvantaged by their dependence on the host biosynthetic processes, an immensely faster rate of evolution provides viruses with an edge in this confli... | 1,593 | 2,466 | The mammalian genome has evolved to encode a battery of mechanisms, to mitigate a progression in the life cycle of an invasive viral pathogen. Although apparently disadvantaged by their dependence on the host biosynthetic processes, an immensely faster rate of evolution provides viruses with an edge in this conflict. I... |
What is discussed in this publication? | The review first discusses the anti-viral mechanism of the OAS/RNaseL system and evasion tactics employed by different viruses. This is followed by a review of the RIDD pathway and its potential effect on the stability of viral RNAs. | [
"The mammalian genome has evolved to encode a battery of mechanisms, to mitigate a progression in the life cycle of an invasive viral pathogen. Although apparently disadvantaged by their dependence on the host biosynthetic processes, an immensely faster rate of evolution provides viruses with an edge in this confli... | 1,593 | 2,467 | The mammalian genome has evolved to encode a battery of mechanisms, to mitigate a progression in the life cycle of an invasive viral pathogen. Although apparently disadvantaged by their dependence on the host biosynthetic processes, an immensely faster rate of evolution provides viruses with an edge in this conflict. I... |
What is reported in this publication? | comparison of the enzymatic activity of the two RNases followed by deliberations on the physiological consequences of their activation. | [
"The mammalian genome has evolved to encode a battery of mechanisms, to mitigate a progression in the life cycle of an invasive viral pathogen. Although apparently disadvantaged by their dependence on the host biosynthetic processes, an immensely faster rate of evolution provides viruses with an edge in this confli... | 1,593 | 2,468 | The mammalian genome has evolved to encode a battery of mechanisms, to mitigate a progression in the life cycle of an invasive viral pathogen. Although apparently disadvantaged by their dependence on the host biosynthetic processes, an immensely faster rate of evolution provides viruses with an edge in this conflict. I... |
What is the conclusion regarding IRE1 and RNaseL proteins? | In the context of a virus infection, the pathway leading from both these proteins have the potential to lead to cell death. Notwithstanding the fact that this might be an efficient way of virus clearance, it also portends pathological outcomes for the infected organism. Future research would probably lead to design of ... | [
"The mammalian genome has evolved to encode a battery of mechanisms, to mitigate a progression in the life cycle of an invasive viral pathogen. Although apparently disadvantaged by their dependence on the host biosynthetic processes, an immensely faster rate of evolution provides viruses with an edge in this confli... | 1,593 | 2,469 | The mammalian genome has evolved to encode a battery of mechanisms, to mitigate a progression in the life cycle of an invasive viral pathogen. Although apparently disadvantaged by their dependence on the host biosynthetic processes, an immensely faster rate of evolution provides viruses with an edge in this conflict. I... |
What is the effect of oseltamivir and zanamivir? | neuraminidase inhibitors | [
"Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lu... | 1,596 | 5,236 | Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lung ep... |
What is Glycyrrhizin? | a triterpene saponine | [
"Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lu... | 1,596 | 5,237 | Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lung ep... |
What is the effect of Glycyrrhizin in viral infections? | interfere with replication and/or cytopathogenic effect (CPE) induction of many viruses | [
"Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lu... | 1,596 | 5,238 | Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lung ep... |
What is another word for hypercytokinaemia? | cytokine storm' | [
"Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lu... | 1,596 | 5,239 | Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lung ep... |
What has been correlated with the pathogenicity of the H5N1 infection? | caspase-dependent apoptosis in airway cells | [
"Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lu... | 1,596 | 5,240 | Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lung ep... |
What is the conclusion of the study? | glycyrrhizin might also serve as lead structure for the development of novel anti-influenza drugs | [
"Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lu... | 1,596 | 5,241 | Glycyrrhizin is known to exert antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, the effects of an approved parenteral glycyrrhizin preparation Stronger Neo-Minophafen C were investigated on highly pathogenic influenza A H5N1 virus replication, H5N1-induced apoptosis, and H5N1-induced pro-inflammatory responses in lung ep... |
When did WHO declare a pandemic of pH1N1/2009v influenza? | 11 June 2009 | [
"BACKGROUND: To date, there is little information that reflects the true extent of spread of the pH1N1/2009v influenza pandemic at the community level as infection often results in mild or no clinical symptoms. This study aimed at assessing through a prospective study, the attack rate of pH1N1/2009 virus in Reunion... | 1,601 | 5,256 | BACKGROUND: To date, there is little information that reflects the true extent of spread of the pH1N1/2009v influenza pandemic at the community level as infection often results in mild or no clinical symptoms. This study aimed at assessing through a prospective study, the attack rate of pH1N1/2009 virus in Reunion Isla... |
What is the classical cutoff value for antibody titers? | 1/40 | [
"BACKGROUND: To date, there is little information that reflects the true extent of spread of the pH1N1/2009v influenza pandemic at the community level as infection often results in mild or no clinical symptoms. This study aimed at assessing through a prospective study, the attack rate of pH1N1/2009 virus in Reunion... | 1,601 | 5,257 | BACKGROUND: To date, there is little information that reflects the true extent of spread of the pH1N1/2009v influenza pandemic at the community level as infection often results in mild or no clinical symptoms. This study aimed at assessing through a prospective study, the attack rate of pH1N1/2009 virus in Reunion Isla... |
What is meant by a protective HIA titer? | conferring 50% protection against a viral challenge | [
"BACKGROUND: To date, there is little information that reflects the true extent of spread of the pH1N1/2009v influenza pandemic at the community level as infection often results in mild or no clinical symptoms. This study aimed at assessing through a prospective study, the attack rate of pH1N1/2009 virus in Reunion... | 1,601 | 5,258 | BACKGROUND: To date, there is little information that reflects the true extent of spread of the pH1N1/2009v influenza pandemic at the community level as infection often results in mild or no clinical symptoms. This study aimed at assessing through a prospective study, the attack rate of pH1N1/2009 virus in Reunion Isla... |
What are the results of the study? | a substantial proportion of Reunion Island's population had pre-existing immunity to 2009 pandemic influenza virus | [
"BACKGROUND: To date, there is little information that reflects the true extent of spread of the pH1N1/2009v influenza pandemic at the community level as infection often results in mild or no clinical symptoms. This study aimed at assessing through a prospective study, the attack rate of pH1N1/2009 virus in Reunion... | 1,601 | 5,259 | BACKGROUND: To date, there is little information that reflects the true extent of spread of the pH1N1/2009v influenza pandemic at the community level as infection often results in mild or no clinical symptoms. This study aimed at assessing through a prospective study, the attack rate of pH1N1/2009 virus in Reunion Isla... |
What was the interpretation for the crossreactive antibodies? | the remote exposure of these individuals to H1N1 viruses circulating before 1957 | [
"BACKGROUND: To date, there is little information that reflects the true extent of spread of the pH1N1/2009v influenza pandemic at the community level as infection often results in mild or no clinical symptoms. This study aimed at assessing through a prospective study, the attack rate of pH1N1/2009 virus in Reunion... | 1,601 | 5,260 | BACKGROUND: To date, there is little information that reflects the true extent of spread of the pH1N1/2009v influenza pandemic at the community level as infection often results in mild or no clinical symptoms. This study aimed at assessing through a prospective study, the attack rate of pH1N1/2009 virus in Reunion Isla... |
How long did the pH1N1/2009 viral outbreak last? | 9 weeks | [
"BACKGROUND: To date, there is little information that reflects the true extent of spread of the pH1N1/2009v influenza pandemic at the community level as infection often results in mild or no clinical symptoms. This study aimed at assessing through a prospective study, the attack rate of pH1N1/2009 virus in Reunion... | 1,601 | 5,261 | BACKGROUND: To date, there is little information that reflects the true extent of spread of the pH1N1/2009v influenza pandemic at the community level as infection often results in mild or no clinical symptoms. This study aimed at assessing through a prospective study, the attack rate of pH1N1/2009 virus in Reunion Isla... |
What was the focus of this study? | the antiproliferative effect of a copper (II) complex on HT-29 colon cancer cells | [
"Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect ... | 1,607 | 5,277 | Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a ... |
What is the third most prevalent cancer in females in the United States? | colorectal cancer | [
"Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect ... | 1,607 | 5,278 | Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a ... |
What is the 1-year survival rate for colorectal cancer patients? | 83.2% | [
"Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect ... | 1,607 | 5,279 | Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a ... |
What is the 5-year survival rate for colorectal cancer patients? | 64.3% | [
"Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect ... | 1,607 | 5,280 | Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a ... |
How were nuclear morphological changes in HT-29 cells measured? | detection of nuclear condensation | [
"Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect ... | 1,607 | 5,281 | Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a ... |
What is directly related to nuclear condensation? | apoptotic chromatin changes | [
"Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect ... | 1,607 | 5,282 | Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a ... |
What morphological cell changes are most associated with apoptosis? | membrane permeability, cell shrinkage, disruption of the mitochondrial membrane, and chromatin condensation | [
"Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect ... | 1,607 | 5,283 | Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a ... |
What types of cells are suitable for colon cancer studies? | HT-29 cells | [
"Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect ... | 1,607 | 5,284 | Metal-based drugs with extensive clinical applications hold great promise for the development of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. In the last few decades, Schiff bases and their complexes have become well known for their extensive biological potential. In the present study, we examined the antiproliferative effect of a ... |
What is fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FgI2)? | a pro-coagulant protein | [
"Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is subst... | 1,631 | 5,292 | Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is substantia... |
What represses murine hepatitis virus strain 3 (MHV-3) infection? | Fgl2 depletion | [
"Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is subst... | 1,631 | 5,293 | Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is substantia... |
What was the goal of this study? | to determine the role of CC10 in FH and the regulation of Fgl2 by CC10 | [
"Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is subst... | 1,631 | 5,294 | Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is substantia... |
What is fulminant hepatitis? | a serious life-threatening disease characterized by massive hepatocyte necrosis | [
"Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is subst... | 1,631 | 5,295 | Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is substantia... |
How does Prothrombinase Fgl2 affect the coagulation process? | transforming prothrombin directly into thrombin, | [
"Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is subst... | 1,631 | 5,296 | Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is substantia... |
How long after MHV-3 infection were liver samples taken? | 72 h | [
"Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is subst... | 1,631 | 5,297 | Background: Fulminant hepatitis FH is a serious threat to human life, accompanied by massive and rapid necroinflammation. Kupffer cells, the major immune cell population involved in innate immune responses, are considered to be central for FH. Fibrinogen-like protein 2 Fgl2 is a pro-coagulant protein that is substantia... |
What changes do viruses make to be unrecognizable to previously neutralizing antibodies? | point mutations on immunodominant regions of surface proteins | [
"The immune response against some viral pathogens, in particular those causing chronic infections, is often ineffective notwithstanding a robust humoral neutralizing response. Several evasion mechanisms capable of subverting the activity of neutralizing antibodies nAbs have been described. Among them, the elicitati... | 1,661 | 5,163 | The immune response against some viral pathogens, in particular those causing chronic infections, is often ineffective notwithstanding a robust humoral neutralizing response. Several evasion mechanisms capable of subverting the activity of neutralizing antibodies nAbs have been described. Among them, the elicitation of... |
What is hepatitis C? | positive-sense single stranded RNA enveloped virus | [
"The immune response against some viral pathogens, in particular those causing chronic infections, is often ineffective notwithstanding a robust humoral neutralizing response. Several evasion mechanisms capable of subverting the activity of neutralizing antibodies nAbs have been described. Among them, the elicitati... | 1,661 | 5,164 | The immune response against some viral pathogens, in particular those causing chronic infections, is often ineffective notwithstanding a robust humoral neutralizing response. Several evasion mechanisms capable of subverting the activity of neutralizing antibodies nAbs have been described. Among them, the elicitation of... |
How large is the HCV genome? | 3,000 aminoacids | [
"The immune response against some viral pathogens, in particular those causing chronic infections, is often ineffective notwithstanding a robust humoral neutralizing response. Several evasion mechanisms capable of subverting the activity of neutralizing antibodies nAbs have been described. Among them, the elicitati... | 1,661 | 5,165 | The immune response against some viral pathogens, in particular those causing chronic infections, is often ineffective notwithstanding a robust humoral neutralizing response. Several evasion mechanisms capable of subverting the activity of neutralizing antibodies nAbs have been described. Among them, the elicitation of... |
What are the non-structural proteins encoded by the HCV genome? | p7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B | [
"The immune response against some viral pathogens, in particular those causing chronic infections, is often ineffective notwithstanding a robust humoral neutralizing response. Several evasion mechanisms capable of subverting the activity of neutralizing antibodies nAbs have been described. Among them, the elicitati... | 1,661 | 5,166 | The immune response against some viral pathogens, in particular those causing chronic infections, is often ineffective notwithstanding a robust humoral neutralizing response. Several evasion mechanisms capable of subverting the activity of neutralizing antibodies nAbs have been described. Among them, the elicitation of... |
Why has it been difficult to develop a therapy for the Hepatitis C virus? | high mutation rate | [
"The immune response against some viral pathogens, in particular those causing chronic infections, is often ineffective notwithstanding a robust humoral neutralizing response. Several evasion mechanisms capable of subverting the activity of neutralizing antibodies nAbs have been described. Among them, the elicitati... | 1,661 | 5,167 | The immune response against some viral pathogens, in particular those causing chronic infections, is often ineffective notwithstanding a robust humoral neutralizing response. Several evasion mechanisms capable of subverting the activity of neutralizing antibodies nAbs have been described. Among them, the elicitation of... |
An antibody response to which proteins correlates with reduced HCV levels? | glycoproteins E1 and E2 | [
"The immune response against some viral pathogens, in particular those causing chronic infections, is often ineffective notwithstanding a robust humoral neutralizing response. Several evasion mechanisms capable of subverting the activity of neutralizing antibodies nAbs have been described. Among them, the elicitati... | 1,661 | 5,168 | The immune response against some viral pathogens, in particular those causing chronic infections, is often ineffective notwithstanding a robust humoral neutralizing response. Several evasion mechanisms capable of subverting the activity of neutralizing antibodies nAbs have been described. Among them, the elicitation of... |
How are type A, B, and C viruses determined? | antigenic differences of their nucleoprotein and matrix protein | [
"The immune response against some viral pathogens, in particular those causing chronic infections, is often ineffective notwithstanding a robust humoral neutralizing response. Several evasion mechanisms capable of subverting the activity of neutralizing antibodies nAbs have been described. Among them, the elicitati... | 1,661 | 5,169 | The immune response against some viral pathogens, in particular those causing chronic infections, is often ineffective notwithstanding a robust humoral neutralizing response. Several evasion mechanisms capable of subverting the activity of neutralizing antibodies nAbs have been described. Among them, the elicitation of... |
Which type of influenza causes epidemics and pandemics? | influenza A | [
"The immune response against some viral pathogens, in particular those causing chronic infections, is often ineffective notwithstanding a robust humoral neutralizing response. Several evasion mechanisms capable of subverting the activity of neutralizing antibodies nAbs have been described. Among them, the elicitati... | 1,661 | 5,170 | The immune response against some viral pathogens, in particular those causing chronic infections, is often ineffective notwithstanding a robust humoral neutralizing response. Several evasion mechanisms capable of subverting the activity of neutralizing antibodies nAbs have been described. Among them, the elicitation of... |
When did lions first occupy Europe? | By Mid Pleistocene (,500,000 years ago) | [
"The lion Panthera leo is one of the world's most charismatic carnivores and is one of Africa's key predators. Here, we used a large dataset from 357 lions comprehending 1.13 megabases of sequence data and genotypes from 22 microsatellite loci to characterize its recent evolutionary history. Patterns of molecular g... | 1,662 | 5,171 | The lion Panthera leo is one of the world's most charismatic carnivores and is one of Africa's key predators. Here, we used a large dataset from 357 lions comprehending 1.13 megabases of sequence data and genotypes from 22 microsatellite loci to characterize its recent evolutionary history. Patterns of molecular geneti... |
What was the purpose of this study? | to assess the evolutionary history of lion | [
"The lion Panthera leo is one of the world's most charismatic carnivores and is one of Africa's key predators. Here, we used a large dataset from 357 lions comprehending 1.13 megabases of sequence data and genotypes from 22 microsatellite loci to characterize its recent evolutionary history. Patterns of molecular g... | 1,662 | 5,172 | The lion Panthera leo is one of the world's most charismatic carnivores and is one of Africa's key predators. Here, we used a large dataset from 357 lions comprehending 1.13 megabases of sequence data and genotypes from 22 microsatellite loci to characterize its recent evolutionary history. Patterns of molecular geneti... |
When was the novel Coronavirus first reported? | December 2019 | [
"We are proposing to use machine learning algorithms to be able to improve possible case identifications of COVID-19 more quicker when we use a mobile phone-based web survey. This will also reduce the spread in the susceptible populations. Text: Emerging and novel pathogens are a significant problem for global publ... | 2,522 | 1,219 | We are proposing to use machine learning algorithms to be able to improve possible case identifications of COVID-19 more quicker when we use a mobile phone-based web survey. This will also reduce the spread in the susceptible populations. Text: Emerging and novel pathogens are a significant problem for global public he... |
How many COVID-19 cases were confirmed on the Diamond Princess cruise ship? | 199 | [
"To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members... | 2,555 | 1,187 | To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members. A b... |
What was the time period of peak infection of COVID-19 on the Diamond Princess cruise ship? | 2 to 4 February 2020, | [
"To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members... | 2,555 | 1,188 | To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members. A b... |
With the intervention of movement restrictions starting on 5th February 2020, what were the confirmed cases for COVID-19, were limited to? | 102 and 47 cases, respectively. | [
"To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members... | 2,555 | 1,190 | To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members. A b... |
Who was the first COVID-19 identified case patient on the Diamond Princess cruise ship? | case was diagnosed on 1 February, the ship was requested to remain in the ocean near Yokohama from 3 February onwards. | [
"To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members... | 2,555 | 1,191 | To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members. A b... |
When was the first passenger patient on the Diamond Princess cruise ship diagnosed with COVID-19? | he case was diagnosed on 1 February | [
"To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members... | 2,555 | 1,192 | To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members. A b... |
How many COVID-19 cases were confirmed on the Diamond Princess cruise ship? | Out of a total of 3711 persons (consisting of 2666 passengers and 1045 crew members), 199 symptomatic cases have been diagnosed on board as of 24 February, and additional asymptomatic infections and symptomatic cases after disembarkation have also been reported | [
"To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members... | 2,555 | 1,193 | To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members. A b... |
What is the estimated mean incubation period for COVID-19 infection on the Diamond Princess cruise ship? | about 5.0 days | [
"To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members... | 2,555 | 1,194 | To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members. A b... |
What was the effect of movement restriction policy on the Diamond Princess cruise ship started on 5th February 2020. | highly successful in greatly reducing the number of secondary transmissions on board. | [
"To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members... | 2,555 | 1,196 | To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members. A b... |
What would have the number of confirmed cases on the Diamond Princess cruise ship, without a movement restriction starting on the 5th February 2020? | the cumulative incidence with and without close contact would have been as large as 1373 (95% CI: 570, 2176) and 766 (95% CI: 587, 946) cases, | [
"To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members... | 2,555 | 1,189 | To understand the time-dependent risk of infection on a cruise ship, the Diamond Princess, I estimated the incidence of infection with novel coronavirus COVID-19 . The epidemic curve of a total of 199 confirmed cases was drawn, classifying individuals into passengers with and without close contact and crew members. A b... |
When was the a cluster of pneumonia cases were first reported ? | 31 December 2019, | [
"A cluster of pneumonia cases linked to a novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was reported by China in late December 2019. Reported case incidence has now reached the hundreds, but this is likely an underestimate. As of 24 January 2020, with reports of thirteen exportation events, we estimate the cumulative incidence in Ch... | 2,554 | 1,235 | A cluster of pneumonia cases linked to a novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was reported by China in late December 2019. Reported case incidence has now reached the hundreds, but this is likely an underestimate. As of 24 January 2020, with reports of thirteen exportation events, we estimate the cumulative incidence in China a... |
What is the number of inbound passengers from China? | 63.1 million per year in 2017 | [
"A cluster of pneumonia cases linked to a novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was reported by China in late December 2019. Reported case incidence has now reached the hundreds, but this is likely an underestimate. As of 24 January 2020, with reports of thirteen exportation events, we estimate the cumulative incidence in Ch... | 2,554 | 1,236 | A cluster of pneumonia cases linked to a novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was reported by China in late December 2019. Reported case incidence has now reached the hundreds, but this is likely an underestimate. As of 24 January 2020, with reports of thirteen exportation events, we estimate the cumulative incidence in China a... |
What percent of inbound passengers from China were from Wuhan? | 2.1% | [
"A cluster of pneumonia cases linked to a novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was reported by China in late December 2019. Reported case incidence has now reached the hundreds, but this is likely an underestimate. As of 24 January 2020, with reports of thirteen exportation events, we estimate the cumulative incidence in Ch... | 2,554 | 1,237 | A cluster of pneumonia cases linked to a novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV was reported by China in late December 2019. Reported case incidence has now reached the hundreds, but this is likely an underestimate. As of 24 January 2020, with reports of thirteen exportation events, we estimate the cumulative incidence in China a... |
What is the mechanism of action for rupintrivir? | prevents cleavage of viral proteins required for replication | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 314 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
Has rupintrivir been shown to reduce the symptoms of a rhinoviral infection? | in studies of natural infection, it did not significantly affect viral loads or symptom severity | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 315 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What is the primary etiology of acute respiratory infection? | viral | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 308 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What is RSV? | respiratory syncytial virus | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 309 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What virus is most commonly associated with acute respiratory infections? | human rhinovirus | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 310 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What viruses are most frequently associated with acute respiratory infections? | HRVs, coronaviruses (CoV), influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and parainfluenza viruses (PIV) | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 311 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What are the clinical characteristics of asthma? | chronic airway inflammation, and a history of respiratory symptoms such as wheeze, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 313 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What risk factor was associated with hospitalization and death during the 2009 H1N1 influence pandemic? | morbid obesity | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 317 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
How many surface proteins are on the H1N1 influenza virus? | two | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 319 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What are the 2 surface proteins on the H1N1 influenza virus? | haemagglutinin (HA) and the neuraminidase (NA) | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 320 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What pharmaceutical targets the NA glycoprotein of the H1N1 influenza virus? | oseltamivir | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 322 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
What genetic mutation decreases a person's susceptibility to the H1N1 influenza virus? | H275Y | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 323 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
Why is ribavirin treatment limited? | difficulty with aerosol delivery, cost and potential harm to healthcare workers | [
"The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work ... | 1,740 | 324 | The Human Viral Challenge HVC model has, for many decades, helped in the understanding of respiratory viruses and their role in disease pathogenesis. In a controlled setting using small numbers of volunteers removed from community exposure to other infections, this experimental model enables proof of concept work to be... |
When is this especially true? | when not all exacerbation events occurred during the viral infection but may also occur well after viral clearance (Kim et al., 2008; Stolz et al., 2019) in particular the late onset of a bacterial infection | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,963 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What is the current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations? | that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggravates disease symptoms. | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,855 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What have evoked new understandings as to the mechanisms of viral exacerbations? | Recent advances in in vitro air-liquid interface 3D cultures, organoid cultures and the use of novel human and animal challenge models | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,856 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases? | Respiratory virus infection | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,854 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What is the focus of this review? | recent novel findings that elucidate how respiratory viral infections alter the epithelial barrier in the airways, the upper airway microbial environment, epigenetic modifications including miRNA modulation, and other changes in immune responses throughout the upper and lower airways. | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,857 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What have the authors reviewed? | the prevalence of different respiratory viral infections in causing exacerbations in chronic airway inflammatory diseases. | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,858 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What is summarized? | how recent models have expanded our appreciation of the mechanisms of viral-induced exacerbations. | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,859 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What is highlighted by the authors? | the importance of the virome within the airway microbiome environment and its impact on subsequent bacterial infection. | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,860 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What is consolidated in this review? | the understanding of viral induced exacerbation in chronic airway inflammatory diseases and indicates pathways that may be targeted for more effective management of chronic inflammatory diseases. | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,861 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What is this disease characterized by ? | airway inflammation leading to complications such as coughing, wheezing and shortness of breath. | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,862 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
Where can this disease manifest? | in both the upper airway (such as chronic rhinosinusitis, CRS) and lower airway (such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD) | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,863 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
Why do treatment and management vary in efficacy? | due to the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease. | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,864 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What complicates this further? | the effect of episodic exacerbations of the disease, defined as worsening of disease symptoms including wheeze, cough, breathlessness and chest tightness | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,865 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What are such exacerbations due to? | the effect of enhanced acute airway inflammation impacting upon and worsening the symptoms of the existing disease | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,866 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What do the acute exacerbations cause? | morbidity and sometimes mortality in patients, as well as resulting in major economic burdens worldwide | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,867 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What are acute exacerbations usually due to ? | the presence of environmental factors such as allergens, pollutants, smoke, cold or dry air and pathogenic microbes in the airway | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,869 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What does the immune response elicited by these agents lead to? | infiltration of activated immune cells that further release inflammatory mediators that cause acute symptoms such as increased mucus production, cough, wheeze and shortness of breath. | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,870 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
Among these agents which is a major driver? | viral infection is one of the major drivers of asthma exacerbations accounting for up to 80-90% and 45-80% of exacerbations in children and adults respectively | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,871 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What is the viral involvement in COPD exacerbation? | 30-80% of acute COPD exacerbations | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,872 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What is the reason for the involvement of respiratory viruses in exacerbation? | their ease of transmission and infection | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,873 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What does the involvement of respiratory viruses contribute to? | important to identify the exact mechanisms underpinning viral exacerbations in susceptible subjects | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,874 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
Why is it important to identify the exact mechanisms underpinning viral exacerbations in susceptible subjects? | to properly manage exacerbations via supplementary treatments that may alleviate the exacerbation symptoms or prevent severe exacerbations. | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,875 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What is the lower airway the site of? | dysregulated inflammation in most chronic airway inflammatory diseases | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,876 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
Where is the the first point of contact with sources of exacerbation | the upper airway | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,877 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What is the focus of this review? | recent findings of viral interaction with the upper airway. | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,878 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What is complied by the authors? | how viral induced changes to the upper airway may contribute to chronic airway inflammatory disease exacerbations, to provide a unified elucidation of the potential exacerbation mechanisms initiated from predominantly upper airway infections. | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,879 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
Before linking respiratory viruses, what was linked to acute exacerbations? | Despite being a major cause of exacerbation, reports linking respiratory viruses to acute exacerbations only start to emerge in the late 1950s (Pattemore et al., 1992) ; with bacterial infections previously considered as the likely culprit for acute exacerbation | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,880 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What did the advent of PCR technology lead to? | viruses were recovered during acute exacerbations events and reports implicating their role emerged in the late 1980s | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,881 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
What are the predominant viruses linked to airway inflammatory diseases? | Rhinovirus (RV) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) | [
"Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which ... | 2,504 | 3,882 | Respiratory virus infection is one of the major sources of exacerbation of chronic airway inflammatory diseases. These exacerbations are associated with high morbidity and even mortality worldwide. The current understanding on viral-induced exacerbations is that viral infection increases airway inflammation which aggra... |
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