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language-families/language_evolution.json

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+{
+  "metadata": {
+    "version": "1.0",
+    "created": "2025-12-16",
+    "description": "Comprehensive dataset of world language families and evolution"
+  },
+  "proto_world": {
+    "note": "Hypothetical common ancestor - not scientifically established",
+    "estimated_date": "50000-100000 BCE",
+    "status": "hypothetical"
+  },
+  "language_families": [
+    {
+      "id": "japonic",
+      "name": "Japonic",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Japonic",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 500,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          700,
+          300
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "medium",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Korean Peninsula",
+          "coordinates": [
+            37.0,
+            127.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": [
+            "Southern China"
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 128000000,
+      "number_of_languages": 12,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "Japan"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": {
+        "language": "Old Japanese",
+        "date_bce": -700,
+        "writing_system": "Man'y\u014dgana"
+      },
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "japanese",
+          "name": "Japanese"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "ryukyuan",
+          "name": "Ryukyuan"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [],
+      "proposed_relationships": [
+        {
+          "hypothesis_name": "Japonic-Koreanic",
+          "related_families": [
+            "korean"
+          ],
+          "status": "controversial",
+          "evidence_level": "moderate"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "mongolic",
+      "name": "Mongolic",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Mongolic",
+        "estimated_date_bce": -750,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          -500,
+          -1000
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "medium",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Eastern Mongolia",
+          "coordinates": [
+            48.0,
+            115.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": []
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 6000000,
+      "number_of_languages": 14,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "East Asia",
+        "Central Asia"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": {
+        "language": "Middle Mongol",
+        "date_bce": -1200,
+        "writing_system": "Mongolian script"
+      },
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "eastern-mongolic",
+          "name": "Eastern Mongolic"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "western-mongolic",
+          "name": "Western Mongolic"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [],
+      "proposed_relationships": [
+        {
+          "hypothesis_name": "Altaic",
+          "related_families": [
+            "turkic",
+            "tungusic",
+            "koreanic",
+            "japonic"
+          ],
+          "status": "rejected",
+          "evidence_level": "weak"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "tungusic",
+      "name": "Tungusic",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Tungusic",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 0,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          500,
+          -500
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "high",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Manchuria",
+          "coordinates": [
+            45.0,
+            125.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": []
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 100000,
+      "number_of_languages": 12,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "Siberia",
+        "Manchuria"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": {
+        "language": "Jurchen",
+        "date_bce": -1119,
+        "writing_system": "Jurchen script"
+      },
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "northern-tungusic",
+          "name": "Northern Tungusic"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "southern-tungusic",
+          "name": "Southern Tungusic"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [],
+      "proposed_relationships": [
+        {
+          "hypothesis_name": "Altaic",
+          "related_families": [
+            "turkic",
+            "mongolic",
+            "koreanic",
+            "japonic"
+          ],
+          "status": "rejected",
+          "evidence_level": "weak"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "kartvelian",
+      "name": "Kartvelian",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Kartvelian",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 2500,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          3000,
+          2000
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "medium",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "South Caucasus",
+          "coordinates": [
+            42.0,
+            44.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": []
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 5000000,
+      "number_of_languages": 4,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "Georgia"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": {
+        "language": "Old Georgian",
+        "date_bce": -430,
+        "writing_system": "Georgian script"
+      },
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "svan",
+          "name": "Svan"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "georgian-zan",
+          "name": "Georgian-Zan"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [],
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "hmong-mien",
+      "name": "Hmong-Mien",
+      "alternative_names": [
+        "Miao-Yao"
+      ],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Hmong-Mien",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 2000,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          2500,
+          1500
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "medium",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Southern China",
+          "coordinates": [
+            28.0,
+            110.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": []
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 10000000,
+      "number_of_languages": 35,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "Southern China",
+        "Southeast Asia"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": null,
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "hmongic",
+          "name": "Hmongic"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "mienic",
+          "name": "Mienic"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [],
+      "proposed_relationships": [
+        {
+          "hypothesis_name": "Austric",
+          "related_families": [
+            "austronesian",
+            "austroasiatic",
+            "kra-dai"
+          ],
+          "status": "controversial",
+          "evidence_level": "weak"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "pama-nyungan",
+      "name": "Pama-Nyungan",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Pama-Nyungan",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 5500,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          6000,
+          5000
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "high",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Northeastern Australia",
+          "coordinates": [
+            -15.0,
+            145.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": []
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 50000,
+      "number_of_languages": 300,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "Australia"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": null,
+      "branches": [],
+      "controversies": [],
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "indo-european",
+      "name": "Indo-European",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Indo-European",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 4500,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          6400,
+          3500
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "high",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Pontic-Caspian steppe",
+          "coordinates": [
+            48.0,
+            40.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": [
+            "Anatolian hypothesis"
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 3400000000,
+      "number_of_languages": 445,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "Europe",
+        "South Asia",
+        "Americas",
+        "Oceania"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": {
+        "language": "Hittite",
+        "date_bce": 1700,
+        "writing_system": "Cuneiform"
+      },
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "anatolian",
+          "name": "Anatolian",
+          "estimated_divergence_bce": 3500
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "indo-iranian",
+          "name": "Indo-Iranian",
+          "estimated_divergence_bce": 2200
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "hellenic",
+          "name": "Hellenic",
+          "estimated_divergence_bce": 2500
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "italic",
+          "name": "Italic",
+          "estimated_divergence_bce": 3000
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "celtic",
+          "name": "Celtic",
+          "estimated_divergence_bce": 3000
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "germanic",
+          "name": "Germanic",
+          "estimated_divergence_bce": 3300
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "balto-slavic",
+          "name": "Balto-Slavic",
+          "estimated_divergence_bce": 2800
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "armenian",
+          "name": "Armenian",
+          "estimated_divergence_bce": 2800
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "albanian",
+          "name": "Albanian",
+          "estimated_divergence_bce": 1000
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "tocharian",
+          "name": "Tocharian",
+          "estimated_divergence_bce": 3700
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [
+        {
+          "topic": "Indo-Hittite hypothesis",
+          "positions": [
+            "Anatolian as first branch",
+            "Anatolian as sister to PIE"
+          ],
+          "status": "ongoing"
+        }
+      ],
+      "proposed_relationships": [
+        {
+          "hypothesis_name": "Indo-Uralic",
+          "related_families": [
+            "uralic"
+          ],
+          "status": "controversial",
+          "evidence_level": "moderate"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "sino-tibetan",
+      "name": "Sino-Tibetan",
+      "alternative_names": [
+        "Trans-Himalayan"
+      ],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Sino-Tibetan",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 5000,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          6000,
+          4000
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "high",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Yellow River valley, North China",
+          "coordinates": [
+            34.9,
+            108.9
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": [
+            "Southwest China"
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 1400000000,
+      "number_of_languages": 460,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "East Asia",
+        "Southeast Asia",
+        "South Asia"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": {
+        "language": "Old Chinese",
+        "date_bce": 1250,
+        "writing_system": "Oracle bone script"
+      },
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "sinitic",
+          "name": "Sinitic"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "tibeto-burman",
+          "name": "Tibeto-Burman"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [
+        {
+          "topic": "Unity of Sino-Tibetan",
+          "positions": [
+            "Valid family",
+            "Not a valid family"
+          ],
+          "status": "ongoing"
+        }
+      ],
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "afro-asiatic",
+      "name": "Afro-Asiatic",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Afro-Asiatic",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 12000,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          15000,
+          10000
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "high",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Horn of Africa",
+          "coordinates": [
+            10.0,
+            49.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": [
+            "North Africa"
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 495000000,
+      "number_of_languages": 375,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "North Africa",
+        "Horn of Africa",
+        "West Asia"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": {
+        "language": "Ancient Egyptian",
+        "date_bce": 3300,
+        "writing_system": "Hieroglyphics"
+      },
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "semitic",
+          "name": "Semitic"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "berber",
+          "name": "Berber"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "chadic",
+          "name": "Chadic"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "cushitic",
+          "name": "Cushitic"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "omotic",
+          "name": "Omotic"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "egyptian",
+          "name": "Egyptian"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [
+        {
+          "topic": "Omotic branch membership",
+          "positions": [
+            "Omotic is a branch of Afro-Asiatic",
+            "Omotic is a separate family"
+          ],
+          "status": "ongoing"
+        }
+      ],
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "niger-congo",
+      "name": "Niger-Congo",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Niger-Congo",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 12000,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          15000,
+          10000
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "high",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "West Africa",
+          "coordinates": [
+            10.0,
+            0.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": []
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 700000000,
+      "number_of_languages": 1500,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "Sub-Saharan Africa"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": null,
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "mande",
+          "name": "Mande"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "atlantic",
+          "name": "Atlantic"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "ijoid",
+          "name": "Ijoid"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "kru",
+          "name": "Kru"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "gur",
+          "name": "Gur"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "adamawa-ubangi",
+          "name": "Adamawa-Ubangi"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "kwa",
+          "name": "Kwa"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "benue-congo",
+          "name": "Benue-Congo"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "kordofanian",
+          "name": "Kordofanian"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [
+        {
+          "topic": "Unity of Niger-Congo",
+          "positions": [
+            "Valid family",
+            "Not a valid family"
+          ],
+          "status": "ongoing"
+        }
+      ],
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "austronesian",
+      "name": "Austronesian",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Austronesian",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 3500,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          4000,
+          3000
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "medium",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Taiwan",
+          "coordinates": [
+            23.5,
+            121.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": []
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 386000000,
+      "number_of_languages": 1200,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "Maritime Southeast Asia",
+        "Madagascar",
+        "Pacific Islands"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": null,
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "formosan",
+          "name": "Formosan"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "malayo-polynesian",
+          "name": "Malayo-Polynesian"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [],
+      "proposed_relationships": [
+        {
+          "hypothesis_name": "Austro-Tai",
+          "related_families": [
+            "kra-dai"
+          ],
+          "status": "controversial",
+          "evidence_level": "moderate"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "dravidian",
+      "name": "Dravidian",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Dravidian",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 3500,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          4500,
+          2500
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "medium",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "South India",
+          "coordinates": [
+            13.0,
+            77.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": [
+            "Indus Valley"
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 250000000,
+      "number_of_languages": 80,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "South India",
+        "Sri Lanka",
+        "Pakistan"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": {
+        "language": "Tamil",
+        "date_bce": 300,
+        "writing_system": "Tamil-Brahmi"
+      },
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "south-dravidian",
+          "name": "South Dravidian"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "south-central-dravidian",
+          "name": "South-Central Dravidian"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "central-dravidian",
+          "name": "Central Dravidian"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "north-dravidian",
+          "name": "North Dravidian"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [
+        {
+          "topic": "Relationship to Indus Valley Civilization",
+          "positions": [
+            "Dravidian languages were spoken by the Indus Valley Civilization",
+            "No connection"
+          ],
+          "status": "ongoing"
+        }
+      ],
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "uralic",
+      "name": "Uralic",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Uralic",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 5000,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          6000,
+          4000
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "high",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Ural Mountains region",
+          "coordinates": [
+            60.0,
+            60.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": [
+            "Western Siberia",
+            "Central Siberia"
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 25000000,
+      "number_of_languages": 38,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "Northern Eurasia"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": null,
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "finnic",
+          "name": "Finnic"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "ugric",
+          "name": "Ugric"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "saamic",
+          "name": "Saamic"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "samoyedic",
+          "name": "Samoyedic"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "permic",
+          "name": "Permic"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "mari",
+          "name": "Mari"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "mordvinic",
+          "name": "Mordvinic"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [],
+      "proposed_relationships": [
+        {
+          "hypothesis_name": "Indo-Uralic",
+          "related_families": [
+            "indo-european"
+          ],
+          "status": "controversial",
+          "evidence_level": "moderate"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "austroasiatic",
+      "name": "Austroasiatic",
+      "alternative_names": [
+        "Mon-Khmer"
+      ],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Austroasiatic",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 4000,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          5000,
+          3000
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "high",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Mainland Southeast Asia",
+          "coordinates": [
+            16.0,
+            102.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": [
+            "South China"
+          ]
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 117000000,
+      "number_of_languages": 168,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "Southeast Asia",
+        "South Asia"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": {
+        "language": "Old Khmer",
+        "date_bce": 611,
+        "writing_system": "Pallava script"
+      },
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "mon-khmer",
+          "name": "Mon-Khmer"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "munda",
+          "name": "Munda"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [],
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "kra-dai",
+      "name": "Kra-Dai",
+      "alternative_names": [
+        "Tai-Kadai"
+      ],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Kra-Dai",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 1500,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          2000,
+          1000
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "medium",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Southern China",
+          "coordinates": [
+            25.0,
+            110.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": []
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 93000000,
+      "number_of_languages": 95,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "Southeast Asia",
+        "Southern China"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": null,
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "tai",
+          "name": "Tai"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "kadai",
+          "name": "Kadai"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "kra",
+          "name": "Kra"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [],
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "turkic",
+      "name": "Turkic",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Turkic",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 0,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          500,
+          -500
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "high",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Central Asia/Mongolia",
+          "coordinates": [
+            47.0,
+            97.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": []
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 170000000,
+      "number_of_languages": 35,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "Eurasia"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": {
+        "language": "Old Turkic",
+        "date_bce": -700,
+        "writing_system": "Orkhon script"
+      },
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "common-turkic",
+          "name": "Common Turkic"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "oghur",
+          "name": "Oghur"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "yakut-dolgan",
+          "name": "Yakut-Dolgan"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [],
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "eskimo-aleut",
+      "name": "Eskimo-Aleut",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Eskimo-Aleut",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 2000,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          3000,
+          1000
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "high",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Bering Strait",
+          "coordinates": [
+            65.0,
+            -169.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": []
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 100000,
+      "number_of_languages": 11,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "Arctic regions of North America and Siberia"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": null,
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "eskimo",
+          "name": "Eskimo"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "aleut",
+          "name": "Aleut"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [],
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "na-dene",
+      "name": "Na-Dene",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Na-Dene",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 7000,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          8000,
+          6000
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "high",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Alaska/Yukon",
+          "coordinates": [
+            65.0,
+            -140.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": []
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 200000,
+      "number_of_languages": 40,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "North America"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": null,
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "athabaskan",
+          "name": "Athabaskan"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "eyak",
+          "name": "Eyak"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "tlingit",
+          "name": "Tlingit"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [
+        {
+          "topic": "Haida membership",
+          "positions": [
+            "Haida is a member of Na-Dene",
+            "Haida is a language isolate"
+          ],
+          "status": "ongoing"
+        }
+      ],
+      "proposed_relationships": [
+        {
+          "hypothesis_name": "Dene-Yeniseian",
+          "related_families": [
+            "yeniseian"
+          ],
+          "status": "proposed",
+          "evidence_level": "moderate"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "algic",
+      "name": "Algic",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Algic",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 1000,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          2000,
+          0
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "high",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Pacific Northwest",
+          "coordinates": [
+            45.0,
+            -120.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": []
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 200000,
+      "number_of_languages": 30,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "North America"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": null,
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "algonquian",
+          "name": "Algonquian"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "yurok",
+          "name": "Yurok"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "wiyot",
+          "name": "Wiyot"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [],
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "uto-aztecan",
+      "name": "Uto-Aztecan",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Uto-Aztecan",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 3000,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          4000,
+          2000
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "high",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Southwestern United States / Northwestern Mexico",
+          "coordinates": [
+            35.0,
+            -115.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": []
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "established",
+      "speakers": 2000000,
+      "number_of_languages": 60,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "Western United States",
+        "Mexico"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": null,
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "northern-uto-aztecan",
+          "name": "Northern Uto-Aztecan"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "southern-uto-aztecan",
+          "name": "Southern Uto-Aztecan"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [],
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "nilo-saharan",
+      "name": "Nilo-Saharan",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Nilo-Saharan",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 11000,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          12000,
+          10000
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "high",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "Central/Eastern Africa",
+          "coordinates": [
+            10.0,
+            30.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": []
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "controversial",
+      "speakers": 37500000,
+      "number_of_languages": 200,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "North Africa",
+        "East Africa",
+        "Central Africa"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": null,
+      "branches": [
+        {
+          "id": "eastern-sudanic",
+          "name": "Eastern Sudanic"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "central-sudanic",
+          "name": "Central Sudanic"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "saharan",
+          "name": "Saharan"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "maban",
+          "name": "Maban"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "fur",
+          "name": "Fur"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "koman",
+          "name": "Koman"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "gumuz",
+          "name": "Gumuz"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "kunama",
+          "name": "Kunama"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "berta",
+          "name": "Berta"
+        },
+        {
+          "id": "songhay",
+          "name": "Songhay"
+        }
+      ],
+      "controversies": [
+        {
+          "topic": "Unity of Nilo-Saharan",
+          "positions": [
+            "Valid family",
+            "Geographic grouping (Sprachbund)"
+          ],
+          "status": "ongoing"
+        }
+      ],
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "trans-new-guinea",
+      "name": "Trans-New Guinea",
+      "alternative_names": [],
+      "proto_language": {
+        "name": "Proto-Trans-New Guinea",
+        "estimated_date_bce": 8000,
+        "date_range_bce": [
+          10000,
+          6000
+        ],
+        "date_uncertainty": "high",
+        "homeland": {
+          "region": "New Guinea highlands",
+          "coordinates": [
+            -6.0,
+            147.0
+          ],
+          "alternative_theories": []
+        }
+      },
+      "classification_status": "proposed",
+      "speakers": 3500000,
+      "number_of_languages": 400,
+      "geographic_distribution": [
+        "New Guinea"
+      ],
+      "earliest_attestation": null,
+      "branches": [],
+      "controversies": [
+        {
+          "topic": "Internal classification",
+          "positions": [
+            "Highly uncertain"
+          ],
+          "status": "ongoing"
+        }
+      ],
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    }
+  ],
+  "language_isolates": [
+    {
+      "id": "basque",
+      "name": "Basque",
+      "iso_639_3": "eus",
+      "status": "living",
+      "speakers": 750000,
+      "location": {
+        "region": "Iberian Peninsula",
+        "coordinates": [
+          43.0,
+          -2.0
+        ]
+      },
+      "first_attested_bce": -1000,
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "burushaski",
+      "name": "Burushaski",
+      "iso_639_3": "bsk",
+      "status": "living",
+      "speakers": 100000,
+      "location": {
+        "region": "Northern Pakistan",
+        "coordinates": [
+          36.5,
+          74.5
+        ]
+      },
+      "first_attested_bce": null,
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "sumerian",
+      "name": "Sumerian",
+      "iso_639_3": "sux",
+      "status": "extinct",
+      "speakers": 0,
+      "location": {
+        "region": "Mesopotamia",
+        "coordinates": [
+          33.0,
+          44.0
+        ]
+      },
+      "first_attested_bce": 3500,
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "ainu",
+      "name": "Ainu",
+      "iso_639_3": "ain",
+      "status": "critically_endangered",
+      "speakers": 10,
+      "location": {
+        "region": "Northern Japan",
+        "coordinates": [
+          43.0,
+          143.0
+        ]
+      },
+      "first_attested_bce": null,
+      "proposed_relationships": [
+        {
+          "hypothesis": "Altaic",
+          "status": "rejected",
+          "notes": "Proposed connection to Altaic languages is widely rejected."
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "korean",
+      "name": "Korean",
+      "iso_639_3": "kor",
+      "status": "living",
+      "speakers": 80000000,
+      "location": {
+        "region": "Korean Peninsula",
+        "coordinates": [
+          37.0,
+          127.0
+        ]
+      },
+      "first_attested_bce": -600,
+      "proposed_relationships": [
+        {
+          "hypothesis": "Altaic",
+          "status": "rejected",
+          "notes": "Proposed connection to Altaic languages is widely rejected."
+        },
+        {
+          "hypothesis": "Japonic",
+          "status": "controversial",
+          "notes": "Proposed connection to Japonic languages is debated."
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "nihali",
+      "name": "Nihali",
+      "iso_639_3": "nll",
+      "status": "living",
+      "speakers": 2000,
+      "location": {
+        "region": "Central India",
+        "coordinates": [
+          21.5,
+          76.5
+        ]
+      },
+      "first_attested_bce": null,
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "kusunda",
+      "name": "Kusunda",
+      "iso_639_3": "kgg",
+      "status": "critically_endangered",
+      "speakers": 2,
+      "location": {
+        "region": "Nepal",
+        "coordinates": [
+          28.0,
+          84.0
+        ]
+      },
+      "first_attested_bce": null,
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "haida",
+      "name": "Haida",
+      "iso_639_3": "hai",
+      "status": "critically_endangered",
+      "speakers": 20,
+      "location": {
+        "region": "Pacific Northwest",
+        "coordinates": [
+          53.0,
+          -132.0
+        ]
+      },
+      "first_attested_bce": null,
+      "proposed_relationships": [
+        {
+          "hypothesis": "Na-Dene",
+          "status": "disputed",
+          "notes": "Sometimes included in Na-Dene, but this is disputed."
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "zuni",
+      "name": "Zuni",
+      "iso_639_3": "zun",
+      "status": "living",
+      "speakers": 10000,
+      "location": {
+        "region": "New Mexico",
+        "coordinates": [
+          35.0,
+          -108.0
+        ]
+      },
+      "first_attested_bce": null,
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    },
+    {
+      "id": "purepecha",
+      "name": "Pur\u00e9pecha",
+      "iso_639_3": "tsz",
+      "status": "living",
+      "speakers": 140000,
+      "location": {
+        "region": "Mexico",
+        "coordinates": [
+          19.5,
+          -101.5
+        ]
+      },
+      "first_attested_bce": null,
+      "proposed_relationships": []
+    }
+  ],
+  "macro_families": [
+    {
+      "name": "Nostratic",
+      "status": "rejected",
+      "proposed_date_bce": 15000,
+      "included_families": [
+        "indo-european",
+        "uralic",
+        "altaic",
+        "kartvelian",
+        "dravidian",
+        "afro-asiatic"
+      ],
+      "proponents": [
+        "Holger Pedersen",
+        "Vladislav Illich-Svitych",
+        "Aharon Dolgopolsky"
+      ],
+      "evidence": "Lexical and morphological similarities",
+      "mainstream_acceptance": "low",
+      "controversies": "Methodological flaws, reliance on reconstructed forms, and the time depth involved make it highly speculative."
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "Eurasiatic",
+      "status": "rejected",
+      "proposed_date_bce": 15000,
+      "included_families": [
+        "indo-european",
+        "uralic",
+        "altaic",
+        "koreanic",
+        "japonic",
+        "eskimo-aleut"
+      ],
+      "proponents": [
+        "Joseph Greenberg"
+      ],
+      "evidence": "Lexical and morphological similarities",
+      "mainstream_acceptance": "low",
+      "controversies": "Similar to Nostratic, methodological flaws and reliance on reconstructed forms make it highly speculative."
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "Altaic",
+      "status": "rejected",
+      "proposed_date_bce": 2000,
+      "included_families": [
+        "turkic",
+        "mongolic",
+        "tungusic",
+        "koreanic",
+        "japonic"
+      ],
+      "proponents": [
+        "Gustaf John Ramstedt",
+        "Nicholas Poppe"
+      ],
+      "evidence": "Lexical and morphological similarities",
+      "mainstream_acceptance": "low",
+      "controversies": "Now considered a Sprachbund (linguistic area) rather than a genetic family by most linguists."
+    },
+    {
+      "name": "Austric",
+      "status": "controversial",
+      "proposed_date_bce": 8000,
+      "included_families": [
+        "austronesian",
+        "austroasiatic",
+        "kra-dai",
+        "hmong-mien"
+      ],
+      "proponents": [
+        "Wilhelm Schmidt"
+      ],
+      "evidence": "Lexical similarities",
+      "mainstream_acceptance": "low",
+      "controversies": "Not widely accepted due to lack of systematic sound correspondences."
+    }
+  ],
+  "terminology_notes": {
+    "deprecated_terms": [
+      {
+        "old_term": "Ural-Altaic",
+        "current_term": "Uralic and Altaic (as separate entities)",
+        "reason": "The proposed Ural-Altaic family is now rejected by mainstream linguistics."
+      },
+      {
+        "old_term": "Sino-Tibetan",
+        "current_term": "Trans-Himalayan",
+        "reason": "Some scholars prefer 'Trans-Himalayan' to avoid implying a close relationship between Sinitic and Tibeto-Burman."
+      }
+    ],
+    "controversial_terms": [
+      {
+        "term": "Altaic",
+        "controversy": "The validity of Altaic as a genetic family is highly disputed. Many linguists now consider it a Sprachbund.",
+        "alternatives": [
+          "Transeurasian"
+        ]
+      },
+      {
+        "term": "Nilo-Saharan",
+        "controversy": "The unity of Nilo-Saharan is highly disputed. Some linguists reject it entirely.",
+        "alternatives": []
+      }
+    ]
+  }
+}